I

No.:ョ

[]Information Bulletin of

The Union of National
Economic Associationsin Japan

日本経済学会連合

1983

-INFORMATION BULLETIN OF
THE UNION OFNATIONALECONOMICASSOCIATIONS IN JAPANThis Information Bulletin isde_signed to serve as an introduction of the academic activities ofmemb�r�ssociations of th.e Uh ion to the economic societies throughou_t the world. It will be
distributed by the secretariat. of the Union to economists and societies in other countries
which are recognizedby the member associations of the Union.
Managing Editor
Makoto IKEMA, Hitotsubashi Uivers1ty • ·Junko NISHIKAWA, . Tokyo·Metropolitan
Fumimasa HAMADA, Keio University
College of Commerce
Toshinobu KATO, Asia University
Moriyuki, TAJIMA, Hitotsubashi University
Hideo TAMURA, Chuo University
Masami KITA, Soka University
Kazuo NIMURA, Hosei Univel"sity
Shigeru TANESE, HitotsubashiUniversity•
Koichf TANOUCHI, Hitotsubashi University
Editorial Committee
Seiji FURUTA, Keio University$hizuya NISHIMURA, Hosei University
TLan Kang GO, Chuo University
lkujiro NONA囮�. Hitotsubashi University
lwao ISHltAKA, Keio University
Kiyoshi OKA�OTO, Hitotsubashi lJniversity
Kenichi MASUI,Keio University
lsamu_ OTA.Toyo University
Tsuneo NAKAUCHI, lnt�mational
Yasuo OKADA, Keio University
Christian University- Takafusa SHIMIZU, Chiba University
Syunsaku NISHIKAWA, Keio University
N_obuo YASUI, Chuo University
Directors of the Union
Presi曲nt·
Susumu TAKAMIYA, Sophia Universffy·Secretary General ·Taka$hi SHIRAISHI, Keio University
Yoshio ANDO, SeijolJniversity
Shigeo Aoki, Wasedat:Jniversity
Soichiro GIGA, Osaka City University .
Masaci HAMABAYASHI, Hitotsubashi University
Yoichi ITAGAKl., Asia University
Yasu;wmi IWAO, Chuo University
Haruo KANEKO, Tokyo Metropolitan University
Hiroshi KAWAGUCHI, Chuo. University
Yoshio MIYAKE, St. Paul University
Kaichiro OISHI, University of Tokyo
Kimio SHIOZAWA, Nagoya University
MU<io SUMIYA, Tokyo Women's ChrisUan University
砂
Auditor· Heizaburo SONODA, Nihon University
Kyojiro SOMl;YA, Waseda University
砂Noboru YAMAMOTO, Soka University
Emeritus
Business letters to be addressed, Secretariatof The lJnion of National EconomicAssociationin Japan, C/0 ProfessorTakashi Shirashi, Keio-University, 2-15-45, Mita, Minatoku, Tokyo 108,Japan
囀

©COPYRIGHT 1981 BYTHE UNION OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION
Printed in Japan: DAITO ART PRINTING CO., LTD:iel. (03)0552-8341

INFORMATION BULLETIN
The publication of The Information Bulletin is part of a program, aimed at promotinginternational exchanges of economic studies, commemorating in 1981 the 30th anniversary of
the establishment of the Union of National Economic Associations in Japan, when the firstissue of The Information Bulletin appeared.
The purpose of The Bulletin is to introduce all over the world the development of Japanese
economic studies. We would be most pleased if The Bulletin will assist every sort ofacademic societies and circles throughout the world in becoming familiar with the economic
studies in Japan. It would also be our pleasure if economic researches in Japan, introduced in
The Bulletin, could interest scholars abroad and thus contribute to the advancement of
economic studies in other countries.
The Information Bulletin No.3, 1983, provides record of the papers given, and thediscussion taken place, at the latest annual meetings of Japanese economic associations
during the past academic year of 1982-1983. Included in The Bulletin is a special essay,
titled The Development of Business Studies in Japan. Finally, as an appendage to The
Bulletin, a list of the member associations, containing relevant organizational information, ispresented.
The Information Bulletin is an annual publication, 砥th each annual issue being com­pleted in March of each year. A copy will be sent, 叫th compliments of the Union, touniversities, economic research centres, and scholars who are connected to the member
associations, throughout the world.

CONTENTS
Development of Business Studies ................................ 1
Activities of the Membership Associations on 1982 ー 1983
The Japan Accounting Association................................ 4
The Agrarian History Society ..... . . .............................. g
The Agricultural Economic Society of Japan ........................ 13
Japan Association for Asian .Political and Economic Studies .......... 17
Japan Society for the Study of Business Administration .............. 20
Japan Business English Association .............................. 23
Business History Society of Japan ................................ 25
Japan Society of Business Mathematics ........................... 28
Japan Society of Commercial Sciences ............................ 30
Japan Society of Commodity Science ............................. 32
The Society for the History of Economic Thought .................... 35
The Japan Association of Economics and Econometrics ............. 38
The Association of Economics Geographers ....................... 41
Japan Economic Policy Association .............................. 45
Japanese Association of Fiscal Science ........................... 47
Japan Academy for Foreign Trade ................................ 49
The Japanese Society of Insurance Science ........................ 51
The Japanese Society of International Economics ................... 52
Japan Society of Monetary Economics ............................ 54
Academic Association for Organizational Science .................. 58
Japan Society for Personnel and Labor Research ................... 60
Japan Society of Political Economy ............................... 63
The Population Association of Japan .............................. 67
The Japan Society of Public Utility Economics ...................... 69
The Japan Section of the Regional Science Association .............. 71
The Society for Economic Studies of Securities ..................... 7 4
Association for the Study in Socialist Economies ................... 77
Society for the Study of Social Policy .............................. 80
Socio Economic History Society .................................. 83
Japan Statistical Society .... ····· ·· ·· ··· ··· ·· · · ····· ··· ··· ·· ··85
Japan Society of Transportation Economics ........................ 87
The Society of Economic Sociology ................................ 90
List of Member Association .. ···· · · · ·· ····· · · ·· ··· ·· · ·· · · ··93

THE UNION OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC
ASSOCIATIONS IN JAPAN
日本経済学会連合

The Union of National Economic Associations in Japan was established in 1950, a sole
nationwide federation of associations of scholars and experts on economics, commerce, andbusiness administration. In order to obtain membership to the Union, ·an association is
subject to a strict examination of its academic activities. As of 1981, the Union had a
Membership of 32 associations as in the table of contents. Inclusion of a recent entrant to theUnion, The Society of Economic Sociology, brings the total membership for 1982 to 33
associations.
The aims and objectives of the Union are to support scholarly activities of its member
associations and to promote academic exchanges both among members themselves, andbetween Japanese and overseas academic societies. The main activities of thw Union are: (1)the publication and distribution of academic materials concerning Japanese economics andpaper presented by member scholars, (2) the sending of member scholars to overseas con­ferences, (3) holding and supporting of international conferences in Japan, (4) provision offinancial assistance to member associations inviting foreign scholars to Japan, and (5)c9llecting information on activities of member associations and the issuing of a news bulletin.
The Union published in 1974 "KEIZAIGAKU NO DOKO" (The Trend in Japanese
Economics), based on a survey of economic studies undertaken in postwar Japan. A similar
book covering Japanese economic studies after 1974 was published in 1982.
The Union and the International Economic Association (IEA) jointly held the Fifth World
Congress of the IEA in Tokyo from August 29 to September 3 in 1978. The Union
despatched 30 member scholars to the Sixth World Congress of the IEA held in Mexico in
1980. And most recently, the Union and the International Institute of Public Finance jointly
held the Institute's 37th congress in Tokyo in September, 1981.
The Union celebrated the 30th anniversary of its foundation in 1980 by launching avariety of activities, one of which was the publication of this present book.
A d r e s s :Professor Takashi SHIRAISHI (Secretary General) The Union of National
Economic Association's in Japan, Keio University, 2-15-45, Minato-ku,
Tokyo 108, ] apan.

DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS STUDIES IN JAPANKuniyoshi URABE*

I

Pre•War Time Development
Japan started her industrization half a century later than either Germany or theUnited States. However, shortly after the turn of the 20th century, she reached thesecond stage of industrialization, involving the development of heavy industries,
including steel, shipbuilding, machinery and the arms industry. This process wasgiven impetus by the two wars; namely, the Russo-Japanese War (1904-5) and theFirst World War. It was in 1909 when Teijiro UEDA opened his first course on"Commercial and Industrial Business" at Tokyo Higher Commercial School (thepredecessor of the present Hitotsubashi University).
As the heavy industries expanded, the size of plants increased, and in order toconcentrate capital, the corporation's form of enterprises developed at a rapid pace.
Around 1920 Japan reached the stage 9f monopoly capitalism. Then, at this stage,
Japanese business science was established as a discipline, distinct from poliical
economy, under the strong influence of German historical school and "Betrieb­
swirtschaftslehre" in Germany.
Before the Second World War there was a sharp conflict between two different
schools; namely, the normative-practical school and the critical-theoretical school.
Teijiro UEDA left two disciples. One is Yojiro MASUCHI (Hitotsubashi University)and the other is Yasutaro HIRAI (Kobe University). Both studied'Betrieb­
swirtschaftslehre" in Germany. MASUCHI published his first book, titled "AnIntroduction To Business Economics", based on the line of German "Betrieb­
swirtschaftslehre." Under the influence of German scholar, H. Nicklisch, he adopted
an ethically-normative approach to business studies, replacing the profitability
principle by the "Wirtschaftlichkeit" principle as a disciplinary criterion.
MASUCHI not only made an empirical study of the separation between theownership and management in the pre-war times of Japan in clarifying the essential
quality of the modern corporations, but he also studied F.W. Taylor's ScientificManagement and specially explored the various wage payment systems.
Although slightly different in methodology, HIRAI was ideologically in a similar
position although taking a more practical approach to business science. It ischaracteristic of his approach that he regarded the essence of business management as
an organization which is a consciously integrated whole led by the visible hand incontrast to the market economy led unconsciously by the invisible hand. MASUCHIand HIRAI represented the normative-practical school of business studies and held aleading position in the pre-war time.
The approach of the critical-theoretical school was different. The first champion ofthis school is Torao NAKANISHI (University of Tokyo). He published an influencial
book on business economics in 1932. There, by rejecting the normative-practicalschool, he tried to build the business science as a pure theoretical science, based on
Marx's Das Kapital. Under Marxism every business management method may be
regarded as a technique for the exploitation of labor in order to maximize the surplus-1-

valuefortheaccumulationofcapital.

Manybrilliantscholars

welcomed

1\AKA1\1SHI's perception and his critical approach in the dark decades of the 1930's
and 1940's.
丁he critical-theoretical school had many followers in Japan. Among them are
Yoshimoto KOBAYASHI (Kobe University), Katsuzo BABA (Kyushu University),
Kichiro SASAKI (Meiji University) and so on. Although its influence greatly
diminished after the Second World War, it still maintains a potential sub-stream in
the Japanese academic circle of business studies even at present time.
Finally, mention must be made of Keiji BABA (じniversity of Tokyo) amongst
those involved in the pre-war time development of Japanese business studies. He
devoted his whole life to the theoretical construction of business science, rejecting thecritical approach based on Marx, and arrived at the notion that organizational
theory should be the methodological basis of the business studies, taking into accountthe Barnard-Simon theory in the じnited States. Shortly after the end of the Second
World War, he established the Academic Association for Organizational Science
which is now led by Susumu TAKAMIYA (Sangvo 1':oritsu University). BABA wasa link between pre-war and post-war developments.
II

Development After the Second World War
With the defeat of]apanese militarism in 1945 and the consequent establishment of

aじS. occupation government, came a marked change in our socio-economic andpolitical system. 1':ew efforts aimed toward the recovery of competitive capitalism andtheir encouragement of the trade union movement, to retard the reconstruction ofJapanese militarism, necessitated a transformation of the practices of management ofJapanese industrial enterprise with a more emphasis on the democratization ofbusiness management.
Under the influence of T. Veblen and J .R. Commons, the Institutional Economistsof the United States, the separation of capital and management brought about by thedemobilization of the Japanese financial cliques and the after-the-,\·ar inflation was
regarded as a key factor for the democratization of Japanese business management on
the basis of management professionalization.

The thought of "Institutional

Economics" seems to continue to be one of the backbones of the Japanese businessstudies from the pre-war time until the present time.
In the 1960's while enjoying a high growth rate of Japanese economy, the Human
Relations theory originating from the Hawthorne experiments led by Elton Mayo in
the United States penetrated very rapidly into the practices of management of theJapanese large enterprises for the purpose of both modernization and democratizationof business management. It seems to us that its hypothesis of social man with aemphasis on the sense of belongingヽas in congruence with the idea of the Japaneselife-time employment system, which, established since around 1920, also emphasized
the group and company loyalty.
The Human Relations theory had a great impact on the methodology of Japanesebusiness studies in the sense that it brought a new perspective of beha\·ioral science
which was utterly alien to Japanese business scholars who, influenced for long by
German "Betriebswirtschaftslehre", confined themselves to a limited economic and-2-accounting aspect of business management in the pre-war era. It is also important in
the other sense that its beha\·ioral science approach led to a later deYelopment of themodern management theory chiefly based upon the Barnard-Simon theory.
In our academic circle, we classify the deYelopmental stages of management theory
chiefly on the basis of different models of man as described below;
1)
Classical �1anagement theory; in this category \\·e include F.\V. Taylor's
Schientific :\,fanagement, H. Fayol's management process theory and�1ax\Veber's bureaucracy theory.
2)

�eo-classical theory; this category is represented by the Human Relations
theory.

3) �1odern�1anagement theory; this category emcompasses a whole series ofmanagement studies, including business strategy, organi:ation, information and4)

moti\·ation theory, deYeloped chiefly on line of the Barnard-Simon theory.
�ew Human Relations theory; here\\·e include Yarious studies of participatiw
management system and job redesign (autonomous work group, QC circle) on
the basis of model of a self-realiこing man under the influence of A.H.�1aslm\·, D.
�1acGregor, C. Argyris, R. Likert, F. Herこ berg and others.

5)

Contingency theory; the socio-technical system theory and J. \X'oodword's study
in Great Britain concluded that the effecti\·eness of organiこation was contingent
upon the technological system and other em·ironmental factor. This last has
been particularly influential in Japan recently.
Already in 1960's there were a number of articles criticiこing the irrational nature of

Human Relations theory, its emphasis on informal organi:ation and its inadequate
hypothesis of human need. These accumulated critiques led finally to a generation ofthe �1odern�1anagement theon·\\·hich is characteriこed by its emphasis on theformal organiこation and its decision-making approach.�1odern�1anagement theory
not only facilitated the interdisciplinary approach between economics, sociology,
psycholog)·, cultural anthropology and other social sciences for the study of business
management, but also encouraged the open system approach leading to the acti\·estudies of business strategies and organiこations of the Japanese enterprises to adapt to
the new economic, technological and social endronments.
It seems to us that the�ew Human Relations theory and the Contingency theory
should be integrated into the�1odern�1anagement theory rather than replacing it.
At present, the Japan Society for the Study of Business Administration has 1800
members. In addition to that, are there independent academic societies interested inbusiness studies including Business History Society of Japan, Academic Association
for Organizational Science, Japan Society for Personnel and Labor Research, Societyof Financial Management, Society of Industrial Management, Society of Operations
Research and so on.
At present, the comparati\·e studY of business management and the analysis of theJapanese management system together\\·ith study of other nations experience in thisfield、gi\·es Japanese academicians the opportunitY to pursue a stimulating subject.
*Dean of School of Economies and Commerce,�ihonじniversity of Lite rature andScience-3-

JAPAN ACCOUNTING ASSOCIATIONThe 41st Annual Meeting of Japan Accounting Association was held during thefour days from the 2nd to the 5th of June 1982 at the Schools of Commerce andEconomics at Nihon University, with more than 820 members attending.
The main theme of this conference was "Contemporary Problems of AccountingStandards in Japan." At each meeting on "Business Accounting Principles", "Cost
Accounting Standards" and "Auditing Standards", many positive proposals were
submitted.
1st Meeting: "A Proposal for Business Accounting Principles"(1) Reports:
1) Yasuo KAKURAI (Hosei University)
Business Accounting Principles leaned excessively towards "accounting
freedom" for the purpose of vast accumulation of big enterprises during theperiod of high economic growth, and could not take a coherent attitude on
the development of disclosure. This represents a decline in both guidance
capacity and social confidence in the Business Accounting Principles. And
we believe its causes can be found in the very logical structure of BusinessAccounting Principles.
Assisted by the principles of conservatism and those of accounting freedom,
True and Fair View ("Grundsatz der Wahrheit"), a supreme principle ofBusiness Accounting Principles, reinforces its subjectivity and relativity. It is
why the application of "principles of accounting freedom" should be
restricted.
2) Kiyoshi KUROSAWA (Yokohama National University)
Instituted in 1949, the Business Accounting Principles must have declared, as
one of their purposes, the improvement and unification of the generalbusiness accounting system. It was nothing but a series of paradigmatic
revolutions of business accounting. The Business Accounting Principles must
primarily be the declaration for community of accounting paradigms.
3) Ryuji TAKEDA (Kobe University)
We should like to emphasize as our proposals on the following 5 items;(a) to find new applications of Business Accounting Principles to the present
busmess accountmg s1tuat1on,(b) to clarify the defining and assigning functions of a series of documents
concerned with Business Accounting Principles(c) to clarify the institution of Business Accounting Principles,(d) publication of the draft and the opening of public hearings at the time ofinstitution and abolition of the Business Accounting Principle,
and(e) the instituting committee should be composed of the members fromdifferent fields of activities.
-4-(2) Round Table Meeting:
K入KURAI's analysis and proposals were as follows:
At the beginning,

the Business Accounting Principles adopted "theGrundsatz dwr Wahrheit" as their basic principle and sought a means of
disclosure. In the next stage, the notion of accounting freedom graduallybecame influential, resulting in the conservatism dominance; With such andunderstanding and from the viewpoint of an accounting democracy,
unification of the accounting system is further needed to restrict the scope ofsubjective accounting; Moreover, this process should aim at researching trueand fair accounting and an enlarging disclosures in accordance with thenation's right to know.
KUROSA WA's analysis and proposals were as follows:
The interim report "Business Accounting Principles" of the year 1949 can be
defined as a declaration for community's accounting paradigms; Today, forthe purpose filling up the gaps produced by various modifications in thefollowing evolution,

Complete Accounting Principles as well as In­

terpretation for Complete Accounting Principles should be established,taking into account the Japanese cultural climate; Moreover, the organizing
policy of the Business Accounting Principles and the formation of the in、
stituting subject should be built up.
Referring to such points, his proposals aimed at the practical problems of ourorganization.
TAKEDA's analysis and proposals were as follows:
The characteristics of the Business Accounting Principles and the proprietyof the general hypothesis in these principles should be examined in theconnection with Commercial Law: The Improvement and compensation of
the Business Accounting Principles should be fulfilled through a comparisonof the current Business Accounting Principles and their related documentswith the Commercial Law and its related documents; and then, he men­tioned, as his proposal, the formation of the institution of Business Ac­
counting Principles after examining its characteristics.
2nd Meeting: "A Proposal for Cost Accounting Standards"(1) Reports:
1)

Michiharu SAKURAI (Senshuh University)

About 20 years have passed since the institution of the Cost AccountingStandards. During this period, development of the theories on Cost Acヽ
counting and its practice have produced a big deviation from the Cost

Accounting Standards. Our proposal consists of the institutionalization of
direct costing, from the viewpoint of up-grading the profit control function.
In addition, we would like to point out the necessity to have a point of viewon cost management, concerning the standard cost accounting.
2)

Masaaki MIYAMOTO (Osaka University)
We would like to propose an introduction of the notion of direct costing incost accounting from the viewpoint of costing's purpose. This direct costing-5-

should be broken down, in an ordinary way, into the variable cost and thefixed cost.
Thereby,
1. accounting per segment becomes available, and2. flexibility on costing method or acc?unting operations can beassured.
Especially when we consider the development and diversification of ac­
counting procedure and techniques, we should leave a large arbitrary margin
to the substitutable accounting operations within the, accounting process,provided that the principle of consistency was observed on condition of clear
definition of costing's entrance and exit.
3) Kyuji YAMAGATA (Osaka City University)
We would like to propose the following from the viewpoint of disclosure's
purpose of the Cost Accounting Standards:
1. Emphasis on recognition of the sociality of cost,
2. Clarification of the notion of products cost; for example,a) costs related to producing activitiesb) correspondence to the producing activitiesc) normality, etc.
3. Conversion of the fixed costs into the variable costs, for example,
Capacity cost should be considered as variable costs, that is, as acosts' amount calculated by using the working hours method.
4. Establishment of costing standards, depending rather on the standard
cost accounting rather than on the actual cost accounting.
5. Standardization of the social cost.
(2) Round Table Meeting:
SAKURAI, supporting principally the current standards, insisted, however, on
reinforcement of the controlled accounting trend and pointed out the
problems from multiple angles.
MIYAMOTO proposed the flexible institution of the standards, to leave toenterprises an autonomy within the framework of the standards which is apart of the Business Accounting Standards.
YAMAGATA, stating only the standards for disclosure's purpose, insisted thatthe social cost on both qualitative and quantitative aspects should be taken
into consideration.
After a member's suggestion that we should modify the standards accounting to
the different purposes of cost accounting, we discussed integration, separation
and adjustment of these purposes.
Moreover, our debate extended to cover the substituting subject of standards
and the anticipation of their role.
3rd Meeting: "A Proposal for Audit Standards"(1) Reports:
1) Hidetoshi KAWAI (Aichi University)
The auditing standards which are able to answer to not only the Securities-6-and Exchange Act but also the accounting disclosure system of Commercial
Law should be instituted. Especially, the institution of the Auditing Stan­dards of Commercial Law is necessary from today's viewpoint. In addition,some examinations should be made on fairness, legality, mateliality, internal
control, testing and fraud, etc. Moreover, the Auditing Standards common
to the Securities and Exchange Act and Commercial Law as theoreticalnorms, and the working rules of field work and working rules of reporting aspractical norms, should be instituted.
The Institution of the standards, working rules and series of opinions, shouldbe performed by a Committee composed of members from various fields, forthe purpose of fairness.
2)

Hajime MISAWA (Seikei University)
We would like to submit the proposals on both the orientation of AuditingStandards modification and the requirements to be considered at thatmoment. The former aims at the reconstitution of the Auditing Standards ascomplete practical norms. In other words, strictly speaking, the current
Auditing Standards are not practical norms. Therefore, Auditing Standards
including Working Rules of Interim Financial Statements Audit should beestablished as practical norms. As regards the latter, the International
Auditing Standards should be taken into consideration. The BusinessAccounting Deliberation Council should publish the interpretation of the
Auditing Standards and the Working Rules.

3)

Minoru MORI (Kagawa University)
Concerning the development of the system audit, continuous audit,
analytical audit, and business approach, establishment of a new audit notion
would be required. For this purpose, it is necessary that the AuditingStandards and Working Rules become applicable to the audit of all in­formation and be more generalized. On the other hand, their par­ticularlization would be required so as to provide concrete guides to each
audit on multiplex information.

(2) Round Table Meeting:
KAWAl, citing the auditing problems by the Commercial Law and its relation
with the International Auditing Standards, insisted on the up-grading ofAuditing Standards and the dualization of the Working Rules to theCommercial Law and the Securities and Exchange Act, as a way to con­stitute the Auditing Standards.
MISAWA proposed the integration of working Rules of Interim Financial
Statements Audit into the Auditing Standards, as regards the reinforcementof practical norm character of the Auditing Standards. Then, regarding themodification of Auditing Standards, he mentioned the relation with theInternational Auditing Standards or with the auditing subject, and the
publication of interpretation on Auditing Standards and Working Rules.
MORl's proposal was for the reorganization of·the Auditing Standards whichaims at the constitution of the general auditing principles, general working-7-rules of fieldwork and individual financial statement auditing standards. The
clarified problems were as follows:
standards. The clarified problems were as follows:
1. characteristics of auditing standards,
2. institution of auditing standards,
3. audit objectives in auditing standards,
4. target level of the objectives on auditing standards,
5. auditing standards and statutory audits,
6. publication of audit standards documents.
The agreed upon main theme of the conference of the year 1983 was "SomeProblems of Contemporary Accounting". Reports and discussions are scheduled
mainly on the reserve and management accounting.
(Susumu KATSUYAMA)-8-

THE AGRARIAN HISTORY SOCIETY

The Agrarian History Society was reorganized in 1982. Under the newarrangements, an editorial committee and a research committee with their own
responsibilities were established under the board of directors. Under the new system,
the National Conferences in spring and autumn are managed with mutual
associations. The Society is divided into three fields — theory, analysis of current
situation, and history. In previous meetings, each of the three divisions engaged instudying the common theme at the national conferences, while each carrying in­dependent themes. But it has been changed, and it is now regarded important tostudy the common theme from different angles so that individual viewpoints andmethods of these three fields could be taken into consideration.
As a result, the 1982 convention in autumn adopted the "Triple Strata Difference
Structure" as the common theme, and, as a preparatory stage, the spring convention
conducted an analysis of the recent census of agriculture and forestry, in threenations - Japan, the United States and West Germany.

I.

The Spring National Convention, 1982

It was held on June 26th at the Department of Economics of the University ofTokyo, under the theme of "Analysis of the Census of World Agriculture andForestry in 1980". Toshihiko ISOBE of Chiba University took the chair, and TomioSHIMAMOTO (The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry) gave a report on Japan;
Katsumi KITA (Hosei University) on the United States; and Toshiaki MATSUURA(Institute of General Studies of Agriculture) on West Germany.
In his report, SHIMAMOTO put an emphasis on farming households; labor
power; and the possession of land, and analyzed the phases observed in 1975-1980.
Under the structural depression, the tendency showed the slowdown of class fluc­tuations, and the intensification of part-time farming and the ratio of old people
engaging in agriculture. On the other hand, he pointed out the trends of thedevelopment of facility-type agriculture and seceding-type upper stratum farming, as
well as the development of land renting in the upper stratum and field farming.
KITA referred to the censuses in 1974 and 1978, and first clarified the classdivisions in the capitalistic management, as observed in the United States, such as
rich farming, average farming and small-scale part-time farming. Then he went on to
say that big-scale farms, centering around facility-type agriculture, get integrated into
the agribusiness. And during the process, the agricultural capitalism gets intensified,
while existence conditions for middle and small family farms have been diminished.
They are now pressed to choose whether to abandon the farming or to stay as small­size farms under the stabilized part-time farming method. The expansion of rented
land in the big-scale farming is advancing, centering around the Middle Westgrainfield area. He pointed out that the instability of the operation is connected withthe "American Agricultural Movement" (AAM).
MATSUURA reported that the medium agricultural stratum in West Germany-9-tries to specialize in field farming, and tries to expel the employment labor power andto strengthen the trend of family operation by expanding the rented land. On theother hand, part-time farming has come to take hold in small-scale farms. But hestated that, in the operation of the facility-type agriculture, employment has probably
been expanded, and, especially in stock farming, the tendency of concentration andthe scale expansion is conspicuously observed.
II. The Autumn National Convention, 1982
The convention was held on Oct. 30 and 31, at Shizuoka University, under thecommon theme of "Triple Strata Difference Structure". It was co-chaired by Miyoko
SHIMAZAKI (Nihon University of Welfare) and Masaharu TOKIWA (Keio
University). The following three reports were presented.
1. "The Triple Strata Difference Structure in Postwar Japan and the Mechanism of
Crisis" by Satoshi NIHEI (Senshu University). 2. "Distribution of Classified Labor
Powers in the'Region' and the Labor Control - A Joint Study with 'Regional
Structure Study Group "' by Hikaru NOHARA (Nihon University of Welfare).
3. "Current Phases of the Japanese Agriculture and Direction Toward
Reorganization" by Yoshio ISHII.
NIHEI first referred to a concept of the Japanese capitalism. The Japanese
capitalism has a militaristic and semi-feudal character. The prewar structure, whichcentered around light industries, collapsed, and in the postwar era, the reformationof the foundation of heavy chemical industries, supported by the American'cold war'strategy, was launched. The postwar stage of heavy chemical industries came to bemarked in the first half of the 1960s. But at the same time the postwar reorganization
created three strata difference structure, which is a structure where considerable
differences of productivity and income exist among the following groups ー (1)monopolized heavy chemical industries; (2) middle and small-scale light industries;and (3) small and poor farming s.
The reporter went on to study this strata difference structure. First, he stated thatthe dissociation and dislocation are underlying between the heavy chemical in­
dustries (based upon the production of manufacturing measures) and light industries(based upon the production of consumption goods). It is impossibl�to understand it
under Lenin's formula of uneven development, and it should rather be grasped by aformula of militaristic production. It means that the rapid expansion of the primarydepartment was conducted, not for the production department of essential con­sumption goods, but for the production department of war supplies. He maintainedthat the similar theory had worked in the high accumulation of heavy chemicalindustry which was regarded as potential military industry under the postwar 'cold
war' system. Secondly, he referred to the difference of productivity as well as ofincome, and stated that it was impossible to understand it through the theory ofmonopoly's value exploitation of non-monopolies and farmers. In the case of middle
and small industries, which have low productivity, the ability of value formation
itself is inferior. He explained it with the irradiation from the international factors, aswell as through the study of'The Capital'. In the end, he emphasized that such strata
difference structure caused a structural excess and re-created the subordination to the-10-United States. Also it dissolved the bottom structure and fundamentally conditioned
the crisis of the whole structure since the 1970s.
NOHARA's report was given based upon a fact-finding survey of the businessgroup of A company in car manufacturing industry. In the case of the A company's
group, there are such conspicuous features as unsubstantial labor process; increase oflabor density; and predominance in wages and welfare conditions in the upper
stratum industry. Meanwhile, in the lower stratum industry, there exist the con­tinuance of'skilled' work and relaxation of capital control in the work. Youngworkers, who were employed by the A company and such upper stratum industries,
will be divided into a group of people who advance to managerial posts and escapefrom monotonous work, or others who will get out of the industry, unable to endure
the monotonous work. The latter group are pressed to choose whether to find workin subcontract industries under the A company or in service or sales business relatedwith automobiles, or to find work in city's miscellaneous jobs in Nagoya, or to return
to hometown. Thus, the A company prepares receiving measures for the discharged
labor power, in the expanding regions of local districts, where the company's
subcontractors or related industries gather, or in the city of Nagoya, or in thehometown of laborers. By smoothly carrying out the discharge of inappropriate
workers, it makes it possible to get continuous supply of young workers.
In his report, ISHII confirmed, from various angles, the current crucial situation of
the Japanese agriculture, which positions at the bottom of the three strata difference
structure. Through the study of the causes, he raised questions about various politicalconditions which are necessary for the revitalization of the Japanese agriculture.
First, he pointed out that, after the farmland reform, or especially after the higheconomic growth, the Japanese agriculture had been affected by the rapid increase of
the import of agricultural products. Under the progress of land development, land
prices rose and there was a conspicuous reduction of the basis in the agricultural
productions. Despite the expansion of the domain of the subject under the policy of
prices of agricultural products, the value realization standard in agricultural labor
does not reach the wage standard of the workers of the small-scale industries. Suchsituation is rapidly deteriorating, especially since the emergence of excess ofagricultural products. The farming economy is approaching the level of thehouseholds of city workers, but still has characteristically low wages of preparatory
employment and part-time works. In taking a general look at the dissolution of
farmers stratum, there is little upturn in'agricultural factors' in comparison with an
upturn in'deserting-agriculture type' factors, such as in construction work. And such
trend is very unstable. Also he pointed out that the overwhelmingly declining
dissolution could not be judged just as a trend seen among farmers who turn into
'land-owning workers'.
The reporter stated that the cause of such crucial situation could not be directly
sought among small-scale farming, but it should rather be found in a fact that theland possession and the farmers agricultural operation after the reform had been
woven into the bottom of the difference structure during the reorganization processof the capitalism of subordinate national monopoly. And it has been made as the-11-basis for exploitation in their reinforcement and accumulation. Therefore, he statedthat the demands of various agricultural classes should be taken into consideration,and the reorganization of the Japanese agriculture should be carried out as a part ofdemocratic reformation of the overall Japanese economy.
Qunko NISHIKAWA)-12-

THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC SOCIETY OF JAPANThe 1982 convention of the Agricultural Economic Society of Japan was held at
Kyoto University on April 2, 1982. The common theme of the convention was the"Problems of Part-Time Farm Households and the Japanese Agriculture".
The problems of part-time farm households have come to characterize Japan's
agricultural structure since World War IL It has been decided to discuss this now
partly because the Japanese census figures of 1980 have recently become available andpartly because the problem is not unique to Japan but has a world-wide application.
In the first report, titled "Part-Time Family Farms in the Age of Low Economic
Growth- Agricultural Census Analysis", Sadako NAKAYASU stated as follows:
The employment picture of farm family members is as follows. The ratios of thepeople with primary job in agriculture among new school leavers and other youths offamily farms are as extraordinarily low as in the period of high economic growth. The
labour turn-over rates of employed persons in family farms are remarkably low
compared with that in the period of high economic growth in the past. A number ofyoung and middle aged farm family members are earning their main income fromnon-farm jobs, but they are also engaged in agriculture as a secondry job. Personal
employment with dual job holding has tended to persist for a long time and is likely
to continue because many people engaged in non-farm jobs do return to full-time
fa'rmers after their retirement at the fixed age.
These tendencies of employment are caused by relatively adverse employment
condition in non-farm sectors and poor old aged pensions for farm family members.
A number of part-time family farms are contriving to maintain agricultural
production as far as possible, even under the condition of rapidly decreasing farmincome. In future, young and middle aged persons in full-time agricultural jobs willcontinue to decrease. The increase in family farms mainly supported by non-farmincome will continue to grow.
In the second report, titled "An International Perspective of Part-Time Farming inJapan", Ryohei KADA said:
After an examination of the definition of part-time farming, the trend and mainfeatures of part-time farming in OECD countries were analyzed. Then by comparing
with these countries, the major characteristics of part-time farming in Japan werepointed out, which include the following; (1) the extremely high percentage of Type II
part-time farm households in which o任farm earnings exceed net farm income; (2) thecontinued importance of part-time farm households in the agricultural sector; (3) the
relatively small difference in terms of productivity performance between full-time andpart-time farm households; and (4) the high stability (or limited mobility) of part-time
farm households in the Japanese agricultural structure.
Finally, policy implications of part-time farming for Japanese agriculture were
examined. In essence, due to the limited opportunities for farm sixe expansion, part--13-

time farming has been expanded by the necessary adjustment of farmers, rather thana choice, in response to the changing labour and market conditions. This trend,
however, has caused some serious agricultural problems, especially with respect to thecontinued small-scale farm structure and inefficient land use patterns. At least for the
purpose of maintaining a high income level and for equitable access to employment
opportunities, part-time farming has seemingly contributed beneficially to the far­ming population of Japan.
The third report was presented by Hiroshi SUZUKI, under the title of "Part-Time
Farm Households and Agriculture Cooperatives". SUZUKI stated as follows:
1. There is an opinion which regards part-time farmers as the land-owning workers
whose living depends upon stabilized high wages, while maintaining that the lands ofsuch part-time farmers should be passed to the care of full-time farmers to achieve
higher productivity. But this would create injustice for part-time farmers, rarely earnenough elsewhere, and their agricultural operations are indispensable factors in theirliving.
2. Part-time farm households are very important for rural communities, for theyoften provide intellectual leadership. They are enabled to do this, on a part-time basis
because some other (no冠arm) income is coming in. This applies to men and for
womens. In both cases full-time farming would present any type of community work.
3. The Agricultural Cooperative Association was originally established to en­
courage mutual assistance and the principle of equality in rural communities.
Therefore, it does not advocate putting lands under the care of some especially
productive full-time farm households.
It would be better to encourage the "appropriate part-time farming", by efficientand labour saving farm methods for housewives and old people, who primarily
engage in farming. The Agricultural Cooperative Associations should work forwards
such policy, as it will surely contribute to establishing regional agriculture.
In the fourth report, titled "Role of Part-Time Households and the Direction of theJapanese Agriculture", Keiichi SAKAMOTO stated as follows:
It has been observed that due to their small-scale production in general, part-time
farm households have low productivity and sometimes lack zeal. This observation
has recently led to the view that in order to nurture large scale tenant farmers,
inefficient part-time farm households should be eliminated. The danger here is that,it simply evaluates the part-time farm households merely from the viewpoint of its
productivity.
This report inquires first into the decisions which lead a farm household to becomea part-time farm household and, in addition, it evaluates the role of part-time farmhouseholds through a case study among the part-time farm households in Nishiwaki
City and Tatsuno City of Hyogo Prefecture where more than 90% of the farmhouseholds are Type II part-time farm households.
i) Farming is not only the source of income for part-time farm households, but it isa means of preserving the land as an asset, a working place for non-marketable family
labour, a base for maintaining a status in the community, a secure place of return at
the time of recession or retirement, and also a mode of living which provides a-14-

preferable rural environment. Moreover, o町arm employment is a way of acquiring
an extra income for the part-time farm households, when the income from farming is
not sufficient to meet with household expenditures, and a means for adapting or
assimilating themselves with the urban like life-style.
ii) Part-time farm households are contributing to the reduction in the regional
administrative and economic expenditures through the participation in the com­munity affairs and, moreoever, playing a major role in the formation of social andnatural environment.
iii) Part-time farm households are playing the role of a "Shock-absorber for thefluctuating business" in the sence that they supply the necessary labour power to theindustries as well as play a role in absorbing those unemployed at the time ofrecess10n.
iv) Part-time farm households are contributing to the stability of national life
through the functions of social welfare, preservation and maintenance of rural
population and rural life as well as balanced utilization of land.
About the first report, Junichi SAKAI raised the following problems. I) What are
the regional differences concerning part-time farm households? 2) Would it bepossible to evaluate the movement of the young and the middle-aged who try toreturn to the farming; 3) What effect would the mobilization of agricultural lands
have when there are the changes of employment during a period of low economic
growth; and 4) Would it be possible to encourage the return of young and middle
aged to full-time farming by some mobilization of land and or more intensive landuse?
On the second report, T oshiaki MATSUURA mentioned of the following points.
1) It may not be adequate to base a judgement on views from the management side. It
is necessary to restudy the definition of the part-time farming; 2) The OECD report
may not be taken as the proper date for the period of low economic growth;
3) What's the significance of the tendency towards part-time farming among themainstay farm households; 4) How do you explain the differences of management
between rice-paddy farming and field & stock farming? and their involvement with
part-time farming will be explained; and 5) If part-time farmers are able to engage incompound management?
Concerning the third report, Kichiro NORIMOTO pointed out the following
problems. 1) Part-time farmers are situated in-between the full-time farmers and non­farming households, and they may have high intelligence, not to be bothered withthings in the past. Are they not the ones who would carry on agricultural reforms?
2) In handling problems of part-time farming, it will be necessary to hold views, notonly from the economic standpoint, but also from human and cultural standpoints,
as well as from the standpoint of agricultural liberation. 3) In studying the problemsof part-time farming, it is important to consider how to solidify the foundation forpolitical manuevers in backing up the agriculture.
On the fourth report, Seiro TAKAHASHI raised the following points. 1) What are thecomprehensive measures of social science, different from economic science, in analyzing
problems of part-time farming? 2) Will it be possible to gain national consensus in-15-

evaluating part-time farmers as the advocators of new civilization? 3) The concept of'regional complex', as mentioned by the researcher, is said to be based on new evaluation
system, but what is the old evaluation system which should be sublimated, and where to be
sublimated?
After the presentations by the commentators, a joint discussion was conducted. It
seemed that each reporter had actively tried to position the part-time farming in linewith the future development and the reorganization of the Japanese agriculture. But
the discussion focused on how to position the full-time farming, which is on the
oposite end, and if it's proper to expect the full-time farmers to engage actively in thedevelopment of agriculture, especially of the complex agriculture. A heateddiscussion was carried out, and there was an opinion that it would be important, notonly to grasp the full-time or part-time issues in opposite directions, but to consider
them as positioned group organizations and to establish a system to conduct acomprehensive study for the regional agriculture. This problem will be further
discussed and studied in coming society conventions. The 1983 Convention is to beheld at Hokkaido University on July 9 and 10, under the title (provisional) of"Problems of the Scale in the Japanese Agriculture".
(Makoto HOSHI)-16-

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR ASIAN POLITICAL
AND ECONOMIC STUDIESThe Association holds a national conference every year. In addition, an annual regional
conference is held by the Kanto and Kansai branches of the Association.
The Association publishes a quarterly journal called "Asian Studies" in Japanese, andthe latest issue (Vol.30, No.2) was released in Jul, 1983. The Association offers someresearch subsidy annually (mainly in the field of Chinese studies) either to a single member
or a group of members and publishes in book from the results of such a research. The
Association has a special fund donated by one of its oldest members, Kakuten HARA, anduses this to offer a scholarship to one or two young members every year. Since 1972, sometwenty scholars have benefited from it.
In the early years of the Association, members were mostly drawn from the field ofChinese studies. However, gradually, scholars specialising in the studies of other Asian
countries were also admitted. Recently membership of the Association has been further
diversified to include scholars of African studies. The Association is truly becoming aleading academic forum for political and economic studies of the Third World.
The thirtyーsixth national conference was held at Waseda University on November 2728. On the first day speakers concentrated on China, Korea and on South East Asia.
Yoichi OGATA (Waseda University) dealt with the revolt in China of Kuo Song Ling
against Chang Tsuo Lin in 1925 together with the results of his earlier research on North
East China. His work is based on detailed work on the papers of the Japanese and Chinese
government's Ministries of Foreign Affairs.
North East China. His work is based on detailed work on the papers of the Japaneseand Chinese government's Ministries of Foreign Affairs.
Toru KUBO (University of Tokyo) read a paper on "the Chinese Nationalist Partyat the period of Nanking Government" in which he analized the Conference of the
Nationalist Party held immediately after the establishment by the Party's of theGovernment at Peking.
Akira DOI (Daito Bunka University) reported on "The reexamination of Mao Tse
Tung" and reviewed some problems which arose at the end of the Cultural
Revolution. He referred to the too hasty pursuit of economic growth which resulted
in a serious set back.
Chung Hsun Yu (International University) dealt with "The Industrial Growth of
China and its Agricultural Basis" and presented an analytical survey of theories
relating to agriculture as a basis of growth.
Masao OKONOGI (Keio University) dealt with the attack by the US Army against
Northern Korea under the title of "The Application of'liberation strategy' to Korea". He
examined the decision making process and the relationship between the National Security
Council and the President. The movement of the US Army and the military experts in the
USSR have been analiz叫-17-Hajime IZUMI (Research Institute of Peace and Security) reported on the effects ofcloser relationship between USA and China on the North - South unification in
Korea. Light has been shed on the rapid change in the attitude of South Korea
towards North Korea under Nixon doctrine which lead to statement of July 1972 by
North and South Korea.
These were six reports on south East Asia.
Eiji MURASHIMA (Institute of Developing Economy) reported on the student
movement in Thailand in the 1970's in relation to the movement of communism.
Since 1969, Thai student movement has been strongly influenced by communism
and the pressure from the ultra-right has produced confrontation.
Yasushi KIKUCHI (Waseda University) reported on the position of minority groups andsocial development in the Philippines. In South East Asia, minority groups seldom haveautonomy. They are either absorbed into the larger group or annihilated.
lchizo KOBAYASHI (Kyoto Industrial University) and Mitsuo ESAKI (Kyoto
University) reported on the econometric models of the Indonesian Economy. A coremacro model based on 1969-80 data and a monetary sector model have been taken up andthe supply-determined-nature of the model has been pointed out. The salient features ofthe sub-model of the recent Indonesian monetary sector has been presented.
features of the sub-model of the recent Indonesian monetary sector has beenpresented.
Shinichi ICHIMURA (Kyoto University) presented the empirical survey on thelocal responses towards Japanese management in Asia. Country-wide differences in
the responses among local managers have been surveyed with respect to the Ringi
sytems, seniority wage system, etc.
Yuhei OGAWA (Seinangakuin University) reported on the economic develop­
ment policies of ASEAN as the first of the two series of reports. The attemps weremade to give an evaluation of the fifteen years of ASEAN's development with em­
phasis on its relationship with NICs.
Yoneji KUROYANAGI (The Japan Institute of International Affairs) summarized thepolitical aspects of fifteen years of ASEAN development and referred to basic topics such as
Indo-China and the possible impacts of the enlargement of ASEAN.
On the second day, three reports have been presented under the common title of"Modernization and Social Tension".
Atau MASUDA (Waseda University) reported on the modernization of Indonesia. He
summarized his work in terms of political economic and cultural problems and also referred
to corruption and back wash effects.
Shigeru ITAYA (Nagoya University of Commerce) explained ESCAP's pantographic
development strategy of Asian rural area. In lieu of centralized urban area surrounded by
the subordinate rural sectors, each rural sector collects their own developmental energy
and dynamatize their growth potentials. He has explored some examples of various
ESCAP countries to show this allegorical tramcar style of using pantograph rather thancentralized locomotives.
Saneki NAKAOKA (International College of Commerce and Economics) reported on
the labour migtation in Middle East viewed with reference to the development and social-18-

tensions. Models have been established on each factor. of causes of migration, period,
destination, the ratio of migrants to total labour force, ethnic factors, and remittance.
Factors responsible for an increase in the social tension has been analysed from both supply
and demand side.
For the above three reports, Hiroshi MATSUO (Osaka University of Foreign Studies),
Yoshinori MURAI (St. Sophia University) and Hiroshi KAGAYA (Osaka University ofForeign Studies) have raised comments in the corresponding order, which have been
followed by the active discussion from the floor.
(Tsuneo NAKAUCHI)-19-

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

The 56th National Convention of Japan Society for the Study of Business Ad、
ministration was held at St. Paul's University in Tokyo for four days from September
6 to 9, 1982. The unified theme for discussion at this annual convention was "New
Aspects oflndustrial Technology and Problems in Business Administration". On thistheme, nine papers were read, and then a symposium followed. Besides these,
another thirty papers were presented on free subjects. Numbers of interestingpresentations were made and fruitful discussions followed throughout the sessions of
this year's convention.
Although most of those who read papers on the unified theme were scholars
specializing in the study of production management or management information
system, their standpoints as well as the focuses of their attention were diverse enoughfrom each other to shed light on various aspects of new industrial technology andmany problems of business administration.
Nowadays, the rapid pace of technological change tests the adaptability of businessenterprises. The appearance of the so-called "manless plant" takes on a larger
significance in this context. For the "manless plant" is largely the results of many
preceding steps in the application of microelectronics and computerization to
manufacturing, and this trend has been called "the second industrial revolution", achange that is expected to transform the manufacturing process and the work place asmuch as the introduction of mass production techniques did in the nineteenth
century. The "manless plant" represents a wedding of computer equipment andprogramming with traditional mechanical automation - a link that the Japanese
now call "mechatronics". The highest extent of the art for the present is the FMS (theflexible manufacturing system), composed of industrial robots and machining
centers, to make large variety of products, each in a small quantity. Eiji OGAWA(Nagoya University) pointed out that the emergence of "mechatronics" as atechnological innovation of the latest can never fail to bring about substantialchanges in markets and products as well as in materials and machine parts, whichhave an impact not only upon the business strategy but also on the organization andmanagement of business enterprises. He stressed above all the need of highly
developed knowledge and skills of the personnel to cope with the situation, andproposed to implement the planned change.
Numerical-controlled machine tools,

industrial robots and a CAD/CAM(computer叫ded design/computer aided manufacturing) system are looked upon as
forming in a mechanical workshop a trinity called the factory automation. Noriaki
IWATA (Nagasaki University) analyzed the nature of each element of the factory
automation as well as its effect upon production management (i.e., production
planning and time-, cost-, and quality-control). While the automation of mechanical-20-

workshop is still restricted within processes of designing and the manufacturing ofparts, he argued, special efforts are now being made to develop a technology for
automatizing the assembly process composed of complicated jobs. Alongside ofrobotization and factory automation, now going on are the computerization ofmanagement information systems and office automation. The fourth generation
computers, having been developed by using LSI (large scale integration) technology,
possesses three outstanding features, i.e., multiprogramming, remote computing andlarge-scale storage, which remove many serious barriers and raise the horizons of the
production and supply of timely and accurate management-control and strategicplanning information. Hiroaki WAKUTA (Toyo University) concluded that thesethree features of the present generation computers strengthen the tendency toward
decentralization as well as increased flexibility of the use of information. His
suggestions were the creation of intermediary stations for integrating the wholesystem, the enlargement of the department in charge of maintaining management
information system, and the reinforcement of the staff for helping the users of in­formation. The prospect was given that the information would be accessible to all themembers of an organization and, what is more, each of them would be offered a freechoice.
Another three researchers presented papers on the actual conditions of industrial
technology and business administration in Japan. Munehiro MIYAGAWA (St.
Paul's University) elucidated the dynamics of business strategy and corporate
behavior at the advent of a new industry, citing the case of petrochemical industry
from 1950s up to the present as a typical one. He reminded us of the subtle
relationship between competition and monopolistic practices among enterprises
concerned as well as the effects of governmental policies upon the actual mode of therelationship. Hiroshi TACHIBANA (Osaka Municipal University) traced the whole
history of Japanese automobile industry, covering from the industry as a whole toeach of four representative passenger-car manufacturers. His analysis spotlighted thestrategic importance of technological innovation (that related to the development of
new products and that related to processes of manufacturing, respectively) in the
midst of intense competition within domestic market as well as overse.as, and also
pointed out the significance of the policy to utilize a large number of medium andsmall sized enterprises as subcontractors. Masaki HAYASHI (Chuo University)
conducted research on the present state of (1) the automation of production, (2) the
management methods on the shop floor, and (3) productive labor, observed in two
representative industries: the iron-and-steel industry as an example of basic material
industries, and the automobile industry as one of the more sophisticatedmanufacturing industries. He recognized that the "participation" or "autonomy"proclaimed by the advocates of the so-called "self-management system" or "small
group activities" is a mere cloak under which the cost reduction through work-force
curtailment and intensified labor is enforced.
Papers on theoretical problems in the study of business administration were read byremaining three researchers. Shunji MORI (Shiga University) re-examined how todefine the nature and significance of the research and development function in a-21-

business enterprise, and suggested that the function could be regarded as a kind of
the line functions. He supported his contention by allusion to the fact that the so、
called R&D-oriented businesses or high-technology-oriented venture firms have been
on a sharp rise in recent years and are beginning to enjoy rapid growth. Yoshio
YOKO KAW A (Sapporo University) emphasized the need for establishing a dynamic
approach to the management of multi-dimensional relationships. He insisted upon
beginning the task to meet the need with correlating two series of systems with eachother: that is, information-, decision-, and operation-systems, on the one hand, andtechnology-, process-, and product-systems, on the other. Takao NUKI (Musashi
University) scrutinized the character of technology specific to the present age to haveascertained that the modern technology is inflicted with striking imbalance among
every kinds of techniques which it comprises. To illustrate the imbalance with someexamples: (1) among production techniques, the manufacturing technique has ad­vanced excessively to have the advantage, say, over resource-related techniques, (2)production techniques over, so to speak, distribution techniques, (3) among
management techniques, the decision-making technique over the motivation
technique. These findings could have been acquired only through the application ofa minute classification of techniques which the technology comprises.
A symposium on the unified theme, chaired by Tasuku NOGUCHI (Keio
University) and Kuniyoshi URABE (Kobe University) offered the occasion tocomplement each speaker's argument and, through discussions, to widen thereference to some other important topics involved, though the consumative
arrangement of arguments and elaborating on an embracing theory yet remain to be
done.
The 57th national convention of the Society is to be held on牛7, September 1983, atKwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo. The unified theme for discussion was
decided to be "Ownership and Control of the Contemporary Business Enterprise".
Admittedly, fifty years have passed since'、The Modern Corporation and Private Property"
by A.A. Berle and G.C. Means was first published in 1932, and it will also be two centuries
since Adam Smith enlarged the third edition of his "Wealth of Nations" in 1884 with anelaborate description of the joint stock company. It is hoped that the opportunity to discussand to promote all the trends and prospects in research and study of the forms of businessenterprise and related fields.
(Mizuho NAKAMURA)-22-

JAPAN BUSINESS ENGLISH ASSOCIATION (JBEA)The 42nd National Convention was held on October 9th and 10th, 1982 at Kansai
Gaikokugo Daigaku, and in 1982 seven local meetings were also held, three of themin the Kansai district and four of them in Kyushu-Yamaguchi district.
The Association will soon publish "Nihon Shogyo Eigo Gakkai Kenkyu Nempo(The JBEA Annual Studies)" containing nine papers which have been read at the
42nd National Convention mentioned above.
The subjects and resumes of these nine papers, and their reporters are as under:(1)'、The Interface between linguistic studies of Business English and its human­centered studies" by Shigeru OZAKI (Aoyama Gakuin University): Language­
oriented studies of Business English put emphasis on doing research along linguistic
and Business English lines by completely separating Business English from otherrelated areas. On the other hand, human-centered studies of Business English treat
human beings and Business English as an inseparable entity and stress the in­vestigation of its concrete and realistic aspects.
(2jj "Education of Business English for College Students", by Akira KOJIMA(Kansai University of Foreign Studies): The reporter applied some devices to thestudents for the purpose of getting them acquainted with Business English: as first he
introduced "First in and First out" method in translation, and made the students
read the letter from the beginning to the end at least 2 or 3 times without using any
dictionary, then let them grasp the letter contents without analyzing each word.
(3) "Analysis of Words in English Correspondence with a Computer" by Seiji
MATSUMOTO (Kitakyushu University): This paper shows high frequency English
words in business letters between companies in Japan and abroad, which have been
analyzed with a computer and arranged in rank order. Nowadays it is often pointed
out that university graduates, who have studied English for more than ten years, arepoor especially in composing business letters in English. To improve this the writer
suggests that they should master the 3,006 vocabulary entries and the 610 junior highschool compulsory words thoroughly before going out into the business world.
(4) "International Communications with a Hotel about Accommodations" byHidesaburo FUJIMOTO (The Osaka University of Commerce): The reporter intends
to introduce Business English into communication about accommodation at a hotel,
which has rarely been dealt with in books on business communication. As a result of
the increase of foreign travellers who put up at hotels in Japan, the study of Business
English relevant to accommodation business which forms a branch of tourist in­
dustry has become more necessary than before.
(5) "A Study of Intermediaries as Communication Bottlenecks in Contract
Negotiation" by Takao MUKOH (Osaka University of Foreign Studies): This study
intends to analyze the behavioral patterns of a particular kind of intermediary - theJapanese subsidiary companies of their Western enterprises - who block healthy,
contract-related communication flow between a Western parent enterprise and a-23-

Japanese medium-sized manufacturer, and suggests possible solutions to benefit theJapanese parties who have less strong negotiation leverage than their Westerncounterparts.
(6) "Practicability,

Adaptability andApplicabilityof English" by Tadashi

KATOH (Kyoto Industrial College): The reporter puts emphasis on "Practicability"and "Applicability" of English to our real life rather than on its so-called "academic"and "theoretical" study: abstract, cold, unpractical, unreal and merely logical.
Thence, some instances of how the "AIDA" - ("Attention" must be drawn. "In­terest" must be aroused. "Desire" must be created. "Action" must be motivated.) Formula has been applied.
(7) "Activo-Passive" Patient-subject Construction" by Junzo HAYASHI (Kyoto
Women's University): The reporter looks at a sentence construction which is called"activo-passive". In this construction, the patient of the verb is expressed as the
subject with the semantic agent left unexpressed, and verb remains active. This
construction is possible when the agent is not important for the occurrence of theaction, but the speaker sees the patient as more important and the most responsible
for the event; the property of the patient plays a great role in its occurrence. Thus,
the patient takes the position of the subject of the sentence, regarded as the generatorof the action.
(8) "Overseas PR Activities by Japanese Enterprises" by Shigeo URABE (Aoyama
Gakuin University): In the past, Japanese enterprises primarily endeavored only tohave better sale of their products overseas, but nowadays the direction of their en­
deavor was rather shifted to winning better understanding from foreigners. This
paper deals with the various ways the Japanese enterprises are now trying to makethemselves better understood overseas, mainly focusing on their activities ofpublishing English-language PR magazines.
(9) "The Trend of Actual Business Letters Observed through Letters of Inquiry"
by Hirosuke SHIMA (Showa Machine Works, Ltd.): The reporter approached theabove subject by checking 300 letters of inquiry; they are part of those received by hiscompany for the past 12 years. The survey reveals that they were not written muchalong the guidelines set by the text books for Business English. The reporter con­eludes that unfortunately Business English is not used in business letters received not
only by his company but also by most of the Japanese firms from their trade partners.
(Norio IWANE)-24-

BUSINESS HISTORY SOCIETY OF JAPANThe 18th Annual Conference of Business History was held at Yokohama
Municipal University on 6th and 7th November 1982. Our theme was "Themaritime industries of Japan between the World Wars", proposed by our president
Keiichiro NAKAGAWA (Fukushima University) and chaired jointly by Masaaki
KOBAYASHI(KantoGakuinUniversity)

and Yasuo

MISHIMA(Kohnan

University).
NAKAGAWA emphasized how important to our society was the study of maritime
industrial development both in terms of the rapid growth in the Meiji period and of ourpresent economic prosperity. He illustrated Japan's miracle recovery from the ruins ofWorld War II, by reference to Japan's premier position in world shipbuilding after 1965 andworld shipping after 1970. He demonstrated the characteristics and business organisation,of the major ship-owners as efficient operators whether running ships for coastal-trade orocean-going purposes.
Yukio YAMASHITA gave a paper of "Shipping and Shipbuilding of Japan bet­
ween the World Wars," which indicated the manoeuvres of business leaders to escapefrom post-war economic depression. He also emphasized the successful collaboration
between the two industries. TERATANI (Yokohama Municipal University) com­mented on the paper evaluating the importance of government aid to the ship­building industry by the Act of ZOUSEN KOUKAI SHOREIHO (Encouraging
Naval Architecture and Navigation) after 1896.
Takao SHIBA (Kyoto Industrial University) gave a paper on "Two Examples oflarge shipbuilding companies between the Wars, MITSUBISHI Engineering and
KAWASAKI Shipyard" which focused on the differences between the two firms.
The former nationalized by concentrating on marine-engineering and closing the oldrailway sector of the plant while the latter tried to extend diversification. MIT­SUBISHI confined her business to shipbuilding although diversifying within this
sector, while KAWASAKI attempted, unsuccessfully, to enter shipping management.
After the Washington treaty of disarmament, MITSUBISHI trade was to slim theirbusiness while KAWASAKI moved into the aero-industry and sheer steel production
which led to premature bankruptcy. Hisatomi NARUSE (Chiba Commercial
College) reminded the audience of the differences in the two firm's managemental
background and referred to the peculiar character of the KAWASAKI Industry's
founder, Shozou KAWASAKI.
Kazuo SUGIYAMA (Seikei University) gave a paper on'、The Relationship of con­struction and finance of the Naval Architecture during the depression of the 1920's",
where he stressed the significance of progressive maritime managers in order to lead to thelater success of diesel engine ship-construction. Mariko TATSUKI (Teikyo University)commented on the managerial differences of firms such as Nippon Yusen Kaisha, Tokyo
Kisen, Mitsui Shipping and Kokusai Kisen.

-25-

The special lecture of our honorary president Yoshitaro WAKIMURA (Emeritus
Professor University of Tokyo) was given on "A comparative history of the tankerヽ
business in Japan and elsewhere". This lecture, which was warmly received, helped as
to share his knowledge and experience of the business world and gave us a clear
picture of the relationship between the Imperial Navy and the private shipping
sector. The active discussion emphasized international comparison, mainly with the
U.K. internal comparison among companies in Japan, and different sectors of heavy
industries at that time.
Three of fourteen papers on the first day of the conference were also on the subjectof the shipping and shipbuilding industries including .Moriaki TSUCHIYA(University of Tokyo), "Japanese purchases of foreign used vessels between theWars", Masaaki KOBAYASHI (Kanto Gakuin University) "The Workforce of theshipping with special reference to in case of OSAKA SHOUSEN" and W.D. Lay(British Columbia University of Canada), "Company Autonomy and the abortive,
Merger of N.Y.K.-0.S.K. of 1932", all of which showed how much concerned withthis particular field of shipping and shipbuilding's study among the society ofBusiness History of Japan at present.
The last, and fifth, conference of The Second Series of Fuji International BusinessHistory was held with and from the Taniguchi Foundation, on the subject of "In、
ternational Comparison of Family Business" between 5th and 8th, January 1983. The
conference was chaired by Akio OKOCHI (University of Tokyo) and presided overby Shigeaki YASUOKA (Doshisha University) as the project leader. The invitedforeign guests were P.L.Payne (Aberdeen University, Scotland), J. Brockstead (Berlin
University, W. Germany), M.L. Leboyer (Paris University, France). Some internal
invited guests (who were involved with research in Korea and India) and members of
the committee together with the foreign guests, had a fruitful conference con­centrating on a comparative study of the family business, its contribution to in­
dustrialisation and present activity. The proceedings of this conference will be
published later by Tokyo University Press.
The 3rd series of Fuji Conferences was officially agreed by the executive committee of theSociety of Business History of Japan and was also happily approved by the Taniguchi
Foundation who provide the financial support. The 3rd series of conferences would be
expected to cover subjects such as Maritime business, Managerial capitalism, SOUGOSHOSHA Qapan's origin of General Trading Companies), Transfer of Technology andInstitutions, and Japan Style Management. The qualification of applications and necessary
information for conferences was detailed in "The Business History Review of Japan"
Vol.17, No.4, January 1983. The 3rd series will open early in 1984 on a℃omparison of
Maritime History".
Our Society, to celebration 20 years of successful effort, is planning to publish a
History of Business History of Japan, in E�glish and also an English Year Book of theSociety.
The Society of Business History of Japan besides its annual conference is to sponsor
local conferences in the Kanto region (Greater Tokyo, office at University of Tokyo),Kansai (Greater Osaka, office at Osaka University) and Nishi Nippon (Western-26-

Japan, Office at Seinan Gakuin University).
The first conference of North American Japan Business Workshop was held atSocial Science Research Centre of British Columbia University on 26th and 27th
February, 1982 aided by American Social Science Research Council, where Keiichiro
NAKAGAWA and Hidemasa MORIKAWA (Hosei University) were invited tocontribute.
The 3rd European Shipbuilding Conference: "One Hundred Years of Change" washeld at the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London, between 13th and 15th
April 1983. Tsunehiko YUi (Meiji University) was sponsored by the Japan Academic
Council as the representative of the Business History Society of Japan. His paper wasa study of maritime history in Japan.
The 8th World Congress of Economic History was held at Budapest, Hungary, inthe summer of 1982. The formal representative from Japan was Keiichiro
NAKAGAWA although many other Japanese business historians attended.
(Masami KITA)-27-

JAPAN SOCIETY OF BUSINESS MATHEMATICSThe 24th Annual academic meeting was held on the 5th of June in 1982 at the
School of Business of Yokohama National University.
The main theme of this meeting was "The Problems of Cost-Benefit Analysis",
Kesato FUJISAWA of Kanagawa University, after reviewing C.B.A. in general,commented on the difficulties in the analysis, indicating several key points whichwere as follows: the objectives of a proposed project, the decision makers who areresponsible for financing it, the economic horizon and the methodology of evaluatinginternal and especially external effects. As for the last point, shadow prices anddiscount factors were noticed. ("A Consideration on Cost-Benefit Analysis","Science Reports of Research Institute for Engineering", Kanagawa University, No.5,
sept. in 1982). Yoichi SHIMOZAWA of China Commercial College reported on"Analysis of Travel Cost by Operations Research", ("Annual Reports of Japan
Society of Business Mathematics", No.35, 1982). His arguments were as follows: as
the price of a trip consists of the vehicle operating costs, time costs and a toll paid,
given constant returns to scale, employment of operating rules would lead to a Pareto
optimal utilization of an existing transportation network. He considered two rules,
i.e., (1) establish short-run marginal cost prices for the use of each link in an existing
network, and (2) alter the size of each link so that the toll revenues may equal to thecost of providing the link.
As for free themes, various subjects were discussed. Masao HISATAKE reported
on "Calculation of Interest Rate in the Simple Interest Annuity by Newton-Raphson
Ill Method", ("Annual Reports", ibid.). In order to calculate the interest rate fromthe data of final values or present values of the simple interest annuity, the in­terpolation method of first degree or second degree is usually adopted; however,through the use of Newton-Raphson Ill variable method, the far more accurate
values are available than the ordinary interpolated values. Explanation of thismethod and numerical examples were presented. Katsushige SAWAKI of Nanzan
University discussed about "A Dynamic Version of the State Dependent Search
Model", ("Annual Reports, ibid.) over a finite planning horizon, where the states ofthe economy follow a Markov chain and the cost of search does not only depend on
the state of the economy but also on the time period. Explicitly explored are the effectof increased uncertainty about the state transition probabilities and the wage offer
distribution. It was also shown under fairly weak conditions that there exists a simple
optimal search strategy and that increased uncertainty about the wage offer
distribution is beneficial to the worker as a searcher. Discussed were the relationships
between the expected value of duration and the variance of wage offer distribution.
Teruhiko YOSHIDA of Kobe University of Commerce dealt with "Optimal Two­
Stage Production Planning and Scheduling" ("Annual Reports", ibid.), i.e., theproblem of determining both the quantities of products to be produced and their-28-

production schedules. In order to make an optimal decision, two problems should be
solved simultaneously. A basic mathematical model for determining both the
production quantities and their schedules is constructed on a two-stage production
system and an optimizing algorithm is developed based on the branch�andふoundmethod. Eiichi MORIYA of Kanagawa University proposed a model for computing"An Optimal Inventory Policy in the Case of Normal Demand and Gamma Lead
Time" ("Annual Reports", ibid.) backorder cost being assumed to be proportional tothe period of lost sales.
Takeo YOSHIKAWA of Yokohama National University discussed℃ontrol of
Product's Market Performance Based on Adaptive Accounting Control Theory",("Annual Reports", ibid.). In order to analyze the market performance of each product,developed is a comprehensive product's market performance evauation system, which
incorporates several concepts proposed by W.F. Bentz and R.F. Lusch. This system, basedon an adaptive control theory, uses ex ante planning variances, revised variances andimplementation variances from control point of view. Each variance can be divided into
three factors, i.e., operational factor, environmental factor and strategic factor. The system
can provide effective accounting information to each responsibility center and can control
product's market performances in order to achieve the highest profit performance. Taisuke
SHIRAISHI discussed "Integer solution of Linear Systems and the Evaluation of Deter­minants", ("Annual reports", ibid.) from the point of view of using the computer.
(Kesato FUJISAWA)-29-

JAPAN SOCIETY OF COMMERCIAL SCIENCEE

In recent years the Japanese economy has been experiencing low economic growth.
Although the Japanese position in the world economy is relatively good, Japanesebusinesses have been quite severely affected. In an effort to extricate themselves fromthis situation, business companies have attempted to cut costs by reducing thenumber of workers, use less raw materials, and advertise less. More positively, they
have tried to increase sales by introducing new products and adopting new marketing
methods.
Many companies have diversified. Some have funded new firms extending existinglines of business;others are new ventures not in any way related to the existing lines ofbusiness.
As a natural corollary, the Commercial Science Society has been under pressure to
do useful research and to devise some guide lines. Perhaps we can now see the resultsof our research.
The 32nd national annual convention of Japan Society of Commercial Science washeld in Tokai University, Tokyo, between May 21 and 23, 1982.
The special theme for the convention was "Problems in Strategy for Developing
New Products and New Ventures;'. This theme was selected because of the urgency todevelop new products and expand business companies to assist both Japanese andworld economies at the time of present depression.
Reporters and their specific themes under the special theme were as follows:
Strategy for New Ventures of Retailing Companies
Eiji MIIE (Kyoto Gakuen University)
Strategic Management and New Product Development
Yoshitomo MIYAHARA (Yokohama University of Commerce)
Changes in Types of Operation and Types of Innovation
Yoshihiro TAJIMA (Gakushuin University)

Developing International Business for Production Patent of Peanut Power and Oil
Morihiro YAMAGUCHI (Malaysian Embassy)
Product Attributes viewed from the points of Life Style and Psychographics
Choji YOKOTA (Meiji University)
Also, a symposium on the special theme was held with the following members
participating:Kazuo ONO (Hakodate University)

Kozaburo SAKAI (Aoyama Gakuin University)
Koichi TANOUCHI (Hitotsubashi University)
Masanori TAMURA (Kobe University)

Shigeru SHIMIZU (Tokai University)
acted as a moderator.

-30-

In the symposium, development of new products and ventures were discussed fromsuch angles as local identity, demographics, and maturity in consumption.
We also had reporters on free themes. The themes and reporters were as follows:
History and Structural Characteristic of Japanese Distribution Industry
Kin-inchiro TOBA (Waseda University)
Value System of Distribution Company Men
Shuji HAYASHI (University of Tokyo)
Import-Increasing Function of Foreign Trade Companies Specializing in Small
Number of Products·
Kazuo UMEZU (Osaka Foreign Language University)
Petroleum Wholesaling Companies and Foreign Exchange Rate Fluctuation
Makoto YOSHIKI (Osaka Economics and Law University)
Limit in Foreign Company Management in Japan
Yutaka KARASAWA (University oflndustrial Efficiency)
An Observation on Sales Promotion Activities of Fresh Flower Merchants
Hiroshi OTA (Keisen Women's College)
An Observation on Store Cooperation Activities and Growth Conditions forSpeciality Stores
Naga-aki KAMIYA (Grand School for Small and Medium Businesses)
On User Utility Concept
Akira MIYAZAKI (Yawata University)
Analysis of Utility Criterion
Kazuyoshi HOTTA (Keio University)
International Comparison of Distribution Structure
Masafusa MIYASHITA (Research Institute for Distribution Policy) andOsamu AIHARA (Seikei University)
Consumer Behavior seen from the angles of Planned Purchase and Impulsive Pur­
chase
Hiroshi OTSUKI (The Distribution Economics Institute of Japan)
Position and Task of Consulting Selling in Channel Communication
Akiyoshi SUGA WARA (University oflndustrial Efficiency)(Koichi TAN OUCHI)-31-JAPAN SOCIETY FOR COMMODITY SCIENCE

The 33rd National Convention of the Japan Society for Commodity Science in 1982 washeld on May 29-31 at Hitotsubashi University.
A symposium was held on the theme of'、Thoughts on the Characteristic of Com­
modities from the Phenomena of Markets". Commodities go through the movement of
production, circulation in the market, and consumption. During the process, the market
plays two functions - connecting production with consumption and fultilling the desiresof producers and consumers. Therefore, various phenomena in markets are caused, notonly by the special qualities of commodities, but also by other factors. So we tried toanalyze the relevance between markets and commodity features, by studying how and why
the various markets phenomena are related to commodity features.
commodity features.
From the particular viewpoint of the study of merchandies, we considered whether
it is possible to distinguish those features which are specific to the commodity groups
and the presence and actions of other groups. For this purpose, we held a discussion
on various phenomena of markets.
In viewpoint (1) Isao NAKAMURA (Nagoya Gakuin University) argued that com­
petition, supplementation or substitution are the determining long-term variables inmarket competitions, and that diversification of products is a result of competition. It isnecessary to make scientific srudies of diversification and merchandise features, in order todistinguish these features from their background, using a chosen range of markets.
chosen range of markets.
The usage value of merchandise equals social usage value, with the qualities
evaluated in markets. Therefore, the diversification should not simply be a diversityof material forms, but should mean a diversity in the forms of usage value. Also, in
spatial-temporal generality, economic society has a system of merchandise production
in a realistic structure of material productions. And a subject in the study of mer­chandise and its originality will surface through the understanding of the rule ofcausal relation, which decides the system of merchandise production as related with
its social production style. Under this causal relation, the merchandise features are
considered to be special natures concerning materials which are produced, circulated
and consumed in society.
Furthermore the idealistic phenomena of markets, under a free competition-style ofproduction, were clarified. And he gave his study of diversification, by explaining themarket phenomena, which come out of the monopolistic phase as a result of thestiffened market functions, especially with the transitional process which moves frompure quality competition to a disparate quality competition. In this way he explained
the diversification from the point of merchandise production, and stated that, indeveloped, industrial nations, there is a trend of diversification as a result of a multi­
lateral consumption structure; or an expansion of the scale of merchandise-32-

production. But he maintained that the true meaning of diversification should bequestioned, not from the materialistic standpoint, but from the point of living cultureof human beings.
Kunihiro TAKARADA (Aichi Gakuin University) presented Viewpoint (2) He
introduced the concept of market share and explained its meaning and nature. Also
he examined the construction of market share models and explained how quality (amerchandizing feature), and quantity (which affects market share) are affected. Can astudy of market share become an original analytic tool in the study of merchandizing?
The market share is decided as a result of the degrees of the acceptance of certain
merchandise in some particular markets. A time comes when the merchandisefeature becomes an important determining factor in the variables of the market
share. Also, in order to clarify the relation between the two, it is sometimes necessary
to introduce regional features or regional preference, backed by the transitions ofdemand structure, as the parameter of the merchandise feature.
In Viewpoint (3), Hisashi TAKEi (Ohita University) concentrated on thephenomenon of systematization in circulation, among the circulation structure, andstated his view about its causal relation with the merchandise feature.
He researched into the material feature and other features, as viewed throughpurchase actions, regarding cars, electric appliances, sewing machines, keyed in、
struments, cosmetics and bread, of which systematization has advanced to the stageof retailing.
In general, efficient dispersal of goods will only be done by securing cooperation ofwholesalers and retailers. Merchandise must be classified in order to aid marketing.
The classification by M.T. Copeland, is interesting dividing the merchandise into
categories of'to be bought in neighborhood','to be bought after comparison', and'specialty goods'. Another classification comes from L. V. Aspinwall including
purchasing frequency (replacement ratio); gross margin; adjustment (accessory
service); consuming hour; searching hour (LL. Aspinwall); unit price; importance ofpurchase; purchasing hour and efforts; transitional ratio of technology and fashion;technological intricacy; consumer's desire toward service; purchasing frequency;
swiftness in consumption and degree of usage (G.E. Miracle).
Other reports were given under the heads of technical theory, commercial theory
and the commodity history.
In the study of merchandise from the technical viewpoint, Takao IKEGAMI (Kinki
University) had earlier studied methods for judging better'persimmon' before it isripe. He had discovered that the distribution pattern and the distribution ratio of
crystal forms of "Leaf Aschenbild" of persimmon could actually be utilized. Thistime, in the fourth report, he proved from a theoretical viewpoint that the一arrangement pattern - 4
6�8 of Leaf Aschenbild is quite significant in appraising
the quality of high economic nature of persimmon, since the grouping through thearrangement of crystal forms of the Leaf Aschenbild of persimmon matches mor­
phologic features of plants.
Kenro TAKATORI (Yamaguchi University) held a view that, in standardizing theusage test of merchandise, the utility which evaluates the functions of the-33-

materialization of the usage value on the usage level should be the fundamental
standard. He stated the effectiveness of a method which forms a certain criterion in
the subjective judgement by the person who judges, and seeks the ordinal utility
through semi-absolute appraisal. Jira AYUKAWA (Chiba Commercial College)
investigated features of water; water contamination and its causes in Kasumigaura;
and water contamination and its causes in rivers in Ichikawa City. He stated thatthose factors are closely linked to economic and social problems.
From the commercial viewpoint of the study of merchandise, Tatsumi INOUE(Kyushu Institute of Design) argued that merchandise was closely connected with themerchants desire to make a living. Kinoe MABUCHI (Kagawa University) said that
consumers do not wholly trust the traders and like themselves to judge materials
when selecting merchandise. Shinichi SAITO (Tohoku Gakuin University) referredto the evaluation of the quality of tea, and proved that, in grasning the basic elementsof good tea, it is impossible to evaluate the quality, only by looking at the mer­chandise itself (material quality), and said that ideological quality should be taken
into consideration. Yoshiaki ISHII (Tokyo Metropolitan College of Commerce)referred to the regulations on synthetic detergents in the area surrounding Lake
Biwa, in Shiga Prefecture, where the sales ratio of natural soap powder and non­phosphorus detergent is about 5:5. He proved that the number of consumers who
buy the latter detergent is rapidly increasing. Yoko KENMOKU (Hitotsubashi
University) studied the role of merchandise information, in the sale of cosmetics.
Furthermore she also studied the meaning of the advertisements for cosmetics, whichappeared in newspapers. Hisao MORISAWA (Akechi High School of Commerce)stated that the Consumer Protection Law of South Korea (enacted in January, 1980)
was established under the reciprocal influence of various factors, such as thestrengthening of power in international competition; expectations for the boosting ofdomestic demand and the purchasing power in rural area; or the export boom.
From the viewpoint of merchandising history, Mitsuru OBA Qapan I.B.M.)
examined in detail the processes which are involved in marketing an electronic
calculator. Takashi SAITO, etc. (Kimizu High School of Commerce) referred to theformation and development of regional industries in Chiba Prefecture, and provedthat relating conditions could be classified into three categories, including resources,
natural and regional nd social features.
(Takao IKEGAMI)-34-

THE SOCIETY FOR THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT
The 46th annual meeting of the Society was held on 6th and 7th, November, 1982,
at Toyo University in Tokyo. The theme of the symposium is the same as the 45th
meeting, namely, "Advanced vs. underdeveloped countries as a problem in thehistory of economic thought". Three papers were read on this theme. Chairmen of
the symposium were Saiichi MIYAZAKI (Tokyo Woman's Christian University) andMasaharu TANAKA (Konaan University).
The first paper was read by Takashi UENO (Aizu Junior College) entitled, "Michel
Chevalier's view on the new world - theory of economic policy of a Frenchtechnocrate". The contents of this paper are as follows. Chevalier, an ex-Saint­
Simonian, went to USA in 1833 as a member of research group of the system oftransportation and wrote several observations on America. He was essentially atechnocrate and, anxious to develop the low-level productive power of France and tofollow up England and America. He observed American financial, manufacturing
and transportation systems in their rising stage in 1830's. In contrast to his con­temporary, A. de Tocqueville, who inquired into the American democracy andrecommended it to the European public, Chevalier's interest in New World wasconcentrated on technology transfer especially of machines and transportation
system. This seems to be one of reasons why Chevalier has been forgotten in theprocess of history while Tocqueville has not.
Chevalier took a special note of the significance of free labour in USA, especially in
the East and West. He foresaw the American Civil War recognising the conflict
between people for the free labour in the North and those who want to keep slavery
and forced labour in the South and in Mexico. His views on the transportation
system reflected what had already happened to the French transportation system
which has already developed. He also made a defence of Napoleon Ill's attempts toconquer Mexico. His theory of development of capitalistic system was to be a defenceof the capitalist development and the imperialistic colonial policy.
The second paper, "German agricultural policy of A.F. von Haxthausen", was readby Eiichi HIZEN (University of Tokyo). The life-long objective of Haxthausen was tore-establish a kingdom based on status to confront the influence of the French
revolution. This objective in mind, he made local researches in every part of Prussia,
and searched into the historical origin of the social condition of peasants. He foundout three types of peasants, namely, 1st, system of German origin in North Westernparts; 2nd, free system of German and Celtic origin in South Western parts: 3rd,
dependent system of German, Celtic and Slavic origin in Eastern parts. He tried totransfer the 3rd type to the second.
Modern society is, according to Haxthausen, a society resulting from thedissolution of the community, and consisting of the rich with wealth and culture andthe outcast. Both has a common feature of indifference to land and mother country.
Germany was progressively modernized in 1840's, and natural status (nobility,-35-

citizen, peasant) was so broken down as not to be able to recover itself; therefore, heclaimed further modernization should be prevented by creating artificial status(clergy, officer, bureaucrat) under the initiative of the king. This claim to re-establish
nation-wide community was ignored in Germany, but accepted in Russia and became
one of the ideological spring of the Russian emancipation of serfs.
The third paper, "Herzen on Russian Socialism", was read by Mitsuo
NAGANAWA (Yokohama National University). Herzen's view on Russiansocialism was formed through his observation on February revolution in 1848. His
concept of "bourgeois" was different from that of Marx and a sort of ethical andmoral one. He found the essential problem of the bourgeois society in the over­concentration of state power oppressing citizen's individuality and the prevalance ofegoism pursuing self-interest. To overcome this problem was the main objective of his
socialism. For him economic problem was only one phase of socialism. To revolu­
tionize the pattern of thinking and logic was the chief problem.
Revolution in this sense is easier in those parts where the degenerating influence ofthe bourgeois culture is felt to a less degree. This is "the advantage of the un­derdeveloped". The future of Russia lies in village community. This community has
many characteristics among which the habit of self-government in contrast to thecentralized state-power, the absence of the concept of private property, the solidarityand mutual confidence among villagers, and the spirit of anti-power and anti­
authority are specially noteworthy. On the other hand, Herzen admitted the absenceof self-consciousness in the village community. Therefore his hope on the future of
the Russian socialism turned to the cooperation of the community folk with theyoung intelligentsia educated by the West European intellectualism and rationalism.
Discussion followed. Keiko KUR!丁A (Waseda University), Shinichi TAMURA(Hokusei University) and Yoshio IMAI (Kogakuin University) were the com­mentators on these papers. The main points of discussion were the evaluation of thecommunity and the view on nation-state by these thinkers.
Papers read in this annual meeting other than these on common theme were as
follows:
Mandeville on Civil Society, by Kiyofumi YAHATA (Hitotsubashi University)
Formation of Adam Smith's "The Wealth of the Nations" and Revision of "TheTheory of Moral Sentiments", by Nobuyoshi KAWASHIMA (Seinan Gakuin
University)
Proudhon's View on Credit Reform, by Etsunori SAITO (Kagoshima Junior College)
On the Process of the Formation of the Theory of Duality of Labour by Marx, by
Takeo SHIBATA (University of Tokyo)
The Significance and Viewpoint of J. Mill's "The History of British India", byMichihiro OTONASHI (Chuo University)
French Revolution and the Navigation Act, by Koichi YAMAZAKI (Musashi
University)
Yasuma TAKADA on Poverty, Standard of Living and Production, by Ryoji
KANEDA (Tenri University)-36-Adam Smith's Theory of the Division of Labour, by Takeo NAKAYA (Kochi JuniorCollege)
The Logic of Market and the Concept of Society by J.B. Say, by Keiko KURITA(Waseda University)
The Controversy on Economic Policy in Germany at the End of Nineteenth Cen­tury, by Shinichi TAMURA (Hokusei Gakuin University)
Capital Accumulation and Crisis in Classical School, by Toru MATSUHASHI(Chuo University)
To Refute Malthus'Theory on Population, by Yoshiro TAMANOI (Okinawa
Kokusai University)
The Formation Process of Keynes'General Theory, by Toshiaki HIRAI (Senshu
University)
History of the Introduction of Keynes' Economic into Japan, by Tadashi
HAYASAKA (University of Tokyo)(Masaharu TANAKA)-37-

THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMICSAND ECONOMETRICS

The 1982 annual conference of the Japan Association of Economics andEconometrics was held at Kyoto Industry University in the northern suburbus ofKyoto on October 16 and 17, 1982. As last year, the great majority of Japanese
economists attended this meeting. Seventy-two papers were presented in twenty
sessions. The number of papers presented has increased and much more researchers
could participate in this convention.
There were two panel discussions, one about the world economy modelling andanalysis and the other about Flexible Exchange Rate Regime. In addition, there werethirteen sessions on the topics of general theme: General Equilibrium Analysis,
Regional Economic Analysis, Financial System, the Theories and Measurement of
Production Function, Flexible Exchange Rate System, Employment and Wage,
Distribution and Justice, the Method of Econometrics, Rational Expectations, Public
Decision Making and System, Imperfect Competition, Fiscal Policy and Economic
Analysis of Energy. There were also five sessions for specific topics.
Tatsuji MATSUMOTO (Kyoto Industry University) chairman of the executive
committee, kindly read our president Tadao UCHIDA's (University of Tokyo) paper
which he was unable to deliver because of ill-health.
The big events in this year's convention were the two panel discussions which werevery interesting and attracted many people. The first panel discussion on the World
Economy was composed of the presentation of four papers by Shuntaro SHISHIDO(Tsukuba University) by Akihiro AMANO and his associate (Kobe University), andby Soshichi KINOSHITA (Nagoya University) with the discusstant panelist, Shinji
MORIGUCHI (Kyoto University). Their papers raising possibilities of model analysis
of world wide economic relations stimulated a vigorous discussion.
The second panel concentrated on a current hot issue of the floating system of
exchange rate. The session started with the presentation of a paper by Y oshinori
IKEDA of the Nihon Keizai Shinbun, Inc., entitled "A Comparison of the Theories
of Exchange Rate using a Econometric Model", and was followed with the panel
discussion by four panelists who were Akihiro AMANO (Kobe University), Kazuo
UEDA (Osaka University), Ryutaro KOMIYA (University of Tokyo) and Eiji
SAKAKIBARA of the Ministry of Finance. The discussion was concerned muchwith the policy implication in the Japanese economy as well as the theoreticalframeworks of exchange rate systems.
At the same time, e�ghteen sessions were held on various topics. The interests andconcerns in these sessions were so wide-ranging that it is not easy to outline them inthis space. But the qualitative diversity in the presented papers may characterize thesituation of today's Japanese economists who face the various difficult economic
problems domestically and externally. For example, Yoshio IMAI (Sophia-38-

University), presented a paper entitled "A Theoretical Approach to the Appearanceof Defence Expenditure Differentials", and Haruki NIWA and his associate (Kyoto
Industry University) reported a paper "Cost-Benefit Analysis of Military Expenditurewith IO-LP Model". These papers express the political interests of the economists
confronted with the world wide trade frictions around Japan. Yozo HONDA (KobeCommerce University) presented a paper entitled "Risk, Risk Aversion and Many
Control Variables", to examine the effects of uncertainty on economic choice.
Yoshinari MIYAMOTO (Osaka University) read a paper "A Labour-Managed
Firm's Reaction Function Reconsidered", and Tadashi HAYASAKA (University ofTokyo) reported a paper entitled "Keynes' Thoughts about Society and Nation",
which examined the original idea of Keynes himself using bibliographical material.
There were other papers by Shigeo AKASHI (Seijo University) and his associate,
entitled "An Endogenous Model of Cyclical Monetary Growth", etc.
In the session of General Equilibrium Analysis, Akira YAMAZAKI (Hitotsubashi
University) presented a paper "Asymptotic Property of Losses in Paretian
Economies", and Eiji HOSODA (Keio University) reported a paper "Market Price,
Production Price and Uniform Rate of Profit". The Regional Economic Analysis was
a popular session and Miki SEKO (Nippon University) presented a paper entitled"Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of Spatial Distribution of Housing in Tokyo",which treated a very serious housing problem in Japan.
Imperfect competition also provided an attractive session with Yasuo
KAWASHIMA (Meiji Gakuin University) presenting a very interesting paper"Marginal Consumer and Market Structure in a Differentiated Market". The Session
on Employment and Wage was another popular topics and Isao OHASHI of Tsukuba
University reported a paper "Wage Differentials and Unemployment", and Yoshio
HIGUCHI (Keio University) and his associate read a paper "An Analysis: The
Labour Supply of Married Women", which examined a specific feature of theJapanese labour market.
In this conference were there some empirical study sessions and Shinichiro
NAKAMURA (Bonn University) presented a paper "A Multy-Sectoral Translog
Model of Production of FRG", and in the Econometric session Naoto KUNITOMO(University of Tokyo) reported a paper entitled "Asymptotic Efficiency and Higher
Order Efficiency of the LIML Estimator when the Number of Excluded Exogenous
Variables is Large". In the Public Economics or Fiscal Policy sessions, a paper entitled"Efficiency of Representative Democracy on Compatibility of Neutrality andAggregate" by Hirobumi SHIBATA (Osaka University) a paper "Correct Revelation
for Public Goods" by Kimitoshi SATO (Asia University), and a paper "Govern­
ment's Deficits and Capital Formation" by Toshihiro IBORI (Tokyo Metroporitan
University), etc. were presented. In the session of Welfare economics of Distribution
and Justice, Tateo YOSHIDA (Setsunan University) presented a paper "The Lorenz
Partial Ordering and Lerner's Probabilistic Egalitarianism".
And in a session on the topic of Rational Expectation, Kiyoshi KOTANI (Tokyo
University of Economies) gave a paper on "Non-neutrality of Money under the
Perfect Information", in which he attempted to deny the general neutrality of money,-39-

the assertion of Rational Expectationists. In a session on Flexible Exchange Rate
Regime Masanao AOKI (Osaka University) reported a paper entitled "Comparative
Dynamic Analysis of a Three-Country Model under Flexible Exchange Rate Regime
and Exchange Rate Union between Two Countries", and Michio OYAMA (Keio
University) also presented a theory of Forward Exchange Market.
Finally in a session of the Economic Analysis of Energy, Makoto OTA (Tsukuba
University) read a paper entitled "Gasoline Price and Automobile Prices in the U.S.
for 1970-81", which analysed the quality change of consumer demand caused by therise of oil price theoretically and empirically. And a paper entitled "An Estimation of
the Economic Efficiency of the Wind-Mill", by Takeshi MUROTA of Hitotsubashi
University was also noteworthy and gave us a stern warning against the efficiency
first economics. But these are the only few examples of all the papers reported in thisyear's conference.
(Tamon YAMADA)-40-

THE ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHERS

Among the various activities of the Association of Economic Geographers during
the year of 1982, the following two matters (1, II), as well as the 1983 Convention(theme & reporters) (Ill) will be specified here.
I. The opening of the 29th Convention (1982) of the Association of Economic
Geographers;
IL Publication program of the 3rd series, of Achievements and Themes of Economic
Geography;
Ill. The 30th Convention (1983) of the Association of Economic Geographers.
I.
The 29th Convention
The 1982 Convention was held on May 23 at the Sendai Fukko Memorial Hall in
Sendai City. The theme of the symposium was "Problems of Regional Developmentin Provincial Areas". First, Chairman of the Convention Preparation Committee
Kiyoji MURATA (Chuo University) explained the purpose of the symposium. Oneof the main targets of regional development policies in Japan after the Second World
War to correct inequalities between the local and central regions. Some problems
were seen in macro-terms, but in the regions, the difficulty was lack of local
knowledge. More local research was therefore necessary. The following three reports
were presented: 1. "Regional Development in Tohoku Area" by Katsutaka
ITAKURA (Tohoku University); 2. "Various Problems Concerning Regional
Development in Hokuriku Area - Concerning around Energy Population, Income
and Industry", by Yoshihiro KITABAYASHI (Bunkyo University); 3. "Regional
Differences and Incompatibility, as observed in Kyushu and Oita Areas" byYasuhiko FUNAHASHI (Oita University).
All of these reports are based on minute analysis of each region, and pointed out
the roles, achieved by postwar regional policies, and the problems.
In his report, ITAKURA mentioned the decline of independent development, as aresult of the dependency upon central government subsidies in Tohoku area. He
advocated an independent development line, centering around the cultivation of
local industries. Shiro WATANABE (Fukushima University) commented on thenecessity of encouraging local industries, but pointed out the need to prepare con­ditions for inviting leading factories.
KITABAYASHI reported that the most important subject in the future regional
development in Hokuriku area is to improve the industrial structure to attract ad­vanced industries. Meanwhile, the flow of personnel and materials in Fukui,
Ishikawa, Toyama and Niigata is erratic and each prefecture follows separate
measures. Surely these should be some co-ordination towards a common objective?
Shuhei KONNO (Fukui Medical University) commented that the Hokuriku area, as
an economic entity does not have same capacity as other areas like Tohoku or-41-

Kyushu. He suggested an improvement in infrastructure, and then the establishmentof basic development theory taking into consideration geographical features of
Hokuriku area (a middle zone between a big city region and underdeveloped region).
Thirdly, he pointed out the necessity of reexamining the large-scale development
program, especially from the administrative and financial viewpoints.
In the last report, FUNAHASHI stated that (1) regional differences are decreasing
despite the fact that there exist no effective policies or measures to expand the in­dustrial production of the local economy. (2)'regional development is very uneven';and (3) direct connection between central and local areas became more real with thedevelopment of a controlled society. He commented that the reduction of regional
differences in Kyushu was probably due to a redistribution of income to local areas
due to developments of public enterprises or agricultural assistance. Gojiro
NAKAMURA (Kanazawa University), emphasized that the main purpose ofregional development is to solve regional problems, and, even if the reduction ofregional differences took place it would not be considered successful unless problems
within the regions were solved. NAKAMURA also stressed the quality as well as thequantity of regional developments. He stated that it would be meaningless to makeone-sided criticisms of loca structures, without criticizing the failure to local control.
And he suggested that the theme of regional promotion should be independent,
while centering around the so-called'1.5'industries (between primary and secondary
industries) and local industries.
Based upon those three reports and three comments, Chairman Seiji KOMORI(Kobe University of Commerce) led others in discussions. The main theme con­cerned with problems surrounding regional differences of income; problems ofregional level and regional development ; and the actual situation of the so-called'J'
turn or 'U' turn phenomena. The chairman stated that they could not reach any
unified viewpoint concerning how the regional development should be from now on,
but said that they had all recognized the necessity to restudy the conventionalsituation and ideology. He concluded that, as a future problem, it would be im­portant to consider conversion toward post industrial society or information society,or to prepare for the regional development, related to a change in population
structure or future tendencies.
In the end, Tetsuro KAWASHIMA said that, under a highly developed capitalistic
economy, we should reconsider the meaning of decentralization of power. He noted
the significance of the fact that a symposium for this theme was held in a local city,
Sendai.
II. Publication Program"The Achievements and Themes of Economic Geography
the 3rd series" is to be
published in March 1984 (by Taimeido Publishing Co.
about 350 pages by acommittee under the chairmanship of Masashi KANEDA (Chuo University) tomark the 30th anniversary of the foundation of the Association of Economic
Geographers. The purpose and the contents are as follows:
1. The Association has already published the first and second series of "TheAchievements and Themes of the Economic Geography", which have proved useful.

—
—

-42-

The third series will include all the major publications in Japan1 between April, 1975
- March, 1981, concernmg economic geography.
2. The third series is in two parts, part I coversing on economic geography, and also
on social science, such as geography and economics. Part II carries a list of researchachievements by the Association members, and will play a significant part in shaping
future studies. For one friends overseas it includes an English summary.
3. A table of contents and the writers are as follows:
Forward Tetsuro KAWASHIMA (Osaka City University)
Part I- Trends & Theme in Economic Geography
Opening Chapter - Recollection of the Conventions of Economic Geographers
Association, held in the past 30 years
Isamu OTA (Tokyo University)
CHAPTER 1
Takashi OKUNO (Tsukuba University)
Masanori KOGA (Hitotsubashi University)
Ken-ichiro MORITAKI (Okayama University)
CHAPTER2
Iwao MATSUMURA (Kumamoto University)
Hisashi TAJIMA (Shizuoka University)
CHAPTER 3
Atsuhiko TAKEUCHI (Nihon Institute of Technology)
CHAPTER4
Yoshiaki TAGUCHI (Osaka City University)
Noboru HAYASHI (Nagoya University)
Shuhei KONNO (Fukui Medical University)
CHAPTERS
Seiji KOMORI (Kobe University of Commerce)
CHAPTERS…

…

Hirao NAITO (Ochanomizu University)
CHAPTER 7
Shigeru MORIKAWA (Osaka University of Economics)
CHAPTERS
Yasuo MIYAKAWA (Aichi University of Education)
Shigeru YAMAMOTO (Saitama University)
Mikio HIRATO (Takushoku University)
CHAPTER9
Makoto KAWAKAMI (Metropolitan Haneda Senior High School)
Akinobu TERASAKA (Tokyo Metropolitan University)
FINAL CHAPTER
A discussion in Commemoration of the 30th Anniversary of the Foundation of the
Association of Economic Geographers - Looking back to the time of the foundation
Part II- Summary of Achievements in Economic Geography
4. Above-mentioned formation of the contents roughly corresponds to the ones of-43-

the series I and II. The characteristic points of this series are that it includes, in the
opening chapter, a resume of the conventions held in the past 30 years. The contentsof the symposium (held 28 times during 1955-1982) are divided into five themes, suchas (1) subject and method of economic geography; (2) regional concept, structure,formation & division; (3) regional problems & regional differences; (4) regional
development policy, location, policy of location; and (5) agriculture versus industry& rura1 areas versus ettles.
The 30th anniversary memorial discussion, (the last chapter) was attended by fivemembers - Toshio AOKI (Hitotsubashi University); Masuo ANDO (Aichi
University); Yoshitaka KAZAMAKI (Kobe University of Commerce); Tetsuro
KAWASHIMA (Osaka City University); and Minoru BEIKA (Fukuyama
University). They talked about prewar activities of Japan Economic Geographers
Association, which was established in 1935, and about the period ranging from 1952
when a symposium of the economic geography was held, to 1954 when the current
Association was established. Also their talks concerned the establishment of Kansai
and Chubu Branches. It will remain as a very precious record of development of the
Association, for a long time to come.
Ill. The 30th Convention
The 30th Convention of the Association of Economic Geographers (1983) was heldon May 21 and 22, at Toyo University. On the first day, President KAWASHIMA
gave a commemorative lecture, titled "Modern Themes of Economic Geography".
Then three sectional meetings (cities; agricultural, mountain and fishing villages; andindustry) were held.
On the second day, a symposium was held under the theme of "Development of
Methodology of Economic Geography in postwar Japan". Following the presentationof questions by Akira EBATO (Meiji University), Chairman of Convention
Preparation Committee, three members gave reports.
Mitsuo YAMAKAWA (Fukushima University) - "Economic Geography &Regional Structure of National Economy" Masashi KANEDA (Chuo University) "About Methodology from a Point of Achievements in Recent Economic Geog ap�y
四- with emphasis on the approach through the theory of location - Ken-1ch1ro
MORITAKI - "Resource theory: Trends and Themes"
Commentators were Takashi OKUNO (Tsukuba University); Kuniaki SUGINO(Ritsumeikan University); Kiyoshi NAKAJIMA (Yokohama City University); Fujio
MIZUOKA (Hitotsubashi University); and Shinsaku YAMANA (Osaka City
University).
The Chairman were Hisao NISHIOKA (Aoyama Gakuin University); Takashi
MATSUDA (Meiji University) and Masayasu MURAKAMI (Utsunomiya
University).
(Masashi KANEDA)-44-

JAPAN ECONOMIC POLICY ASSOCIATION
The annual convention for 1982 of Japan Economic Policy Association (Nihon
Keizai Seisaku Gakkai) was held at Osaka City University in Osaka on May 29 and30, 1982. Approximately 370 members attended. The common theme of the con­vention was "Demand Side and Supply Side in Economic Policy," which reflected thekeen concern among economists regarding the efficiency of Keynesian policies vs. theadequacy of so-called "supply side economics" and monetarism. Because this concern
was caused primarily in such countries as U.S.A. and U.K. and extended to the restof the world, the discussion of this year's convention focused rather on the problems
in developed countries including Japan. A kind of balanced division of academic
activity seems to have been maintained between this year's debate and that of 1981's
which had dealt with the problem of "Pacific Cooperation and the Japanese
Economy" including the problem of Asian developing countries.
The first paper "Demand Side and Supply Side in Economic Theory and Economic
Policy" was presented by Mitsuharu ITO (Chiba University) who criticized the so、
called "Laffer Curve" as a myth. ITO tried to distinguish Keynesian theory (ofKeynes himself) from the American Keynesianism. He defended Keynes by ex­
plaining that he had referred to supply function in his theory and suggested the way
to shift the function downward through the promotion of productivity caused by theabsorption of investment from abroad into the domestic market. This argument
stimulated arguments by Yuichi SHIONOYA (Hitotsubashi University), thediscussant, whose Keynesian interpretation was different. According to ITO,
American Keynesians distorted Keynesian recommendations on anti-cyclical policyon the grounds that a continual rise in the .national debt in the long run which was
responsible for the inflation in the U.S.A.
Masaru YOSHITOMI (Economic Planning Board) presented his paper: "Economic
Policies in Japan - Supply and Demand Management" in which he estimated thatthe expanded public investment for 1979 and 1978 was only one plausible policy inJapan. He argued that the Keynesian remedy should have been applied only for large、
scale depressions instead of depressions in general. YOSHITOMI's argument on
Japan's supply-side policy was divided into two parts: policy for industrial adjustment
itself seemed to be plausible, and SHINOYA's dissatisfaction because of the omissionof the distribution problem in YOSHITOMl's presentation.
The third paper "Keynesian Economic Policy in the Post War U.S. and Reagan's
New Economic Policy" was read by Shigetsugu OKUMURA (Osaka City Univerヽsity). After having analysed the motives for the switch from the continued demands
creative policy to Reaganomics, OKUMURA forecast the unsuccessful result of
Reagan's policy. According to him it would seem to result from a failure in recon­
struction from supply side and bring forth severer inflation from demand side.
In spite of the ITO's intention to extend the problem towards supply function, the-45-

debate did not develop in that direction sufficiently through the session for thecommon theme. Still the discussion has so much inspired the participants that it canbe expected to bring them towards a further follow-up of this problem.
Besides this main session, there were some sessions with free themes including thefollowing presentations. "New Problems on Japanese Public Finance- Simulation
Analysis of Supply Side Effect-", presented by Yoshio Imai (Sophia University),"Resource Allocation by Social Purpose and the Supply Sectors" by Kimio UNO(University of Tsukuba), "Price and Equipment Adjustment in Japanese
Manufacturing Industry" by Hiroshi SAITO (Aichi Gakuin University), "'Learning
Effect' Factor in Japanese Industrial Organization" by Minoru NISHIDA,"Technological Innovation in Japan - Analysis on the so-called Applied Technology
ー" by Kiichi KAGEYAMA (Chiba Commercial College), "On the Economic
Analysis of Patent Claim and Patent Policy" by Takayuki KAMI (Osaka Gakuin
University), "Responses of the Economic System to Outside Shocks" by Fumitoshi
TAKAKURA (Fukuoka University), "The Curtailment of Government Spendings
and Money Supply" by Junichi Hoshikawa and Makoto Mori (Osaka City
University), "Economic Policy and the Mechanism of Stagflation" by Kenji
KOMATSU (Chiba University), "The Reality of Japanese Industrial Regulation from Macroeconomic Viewpoint - by Takashi SUZUKI (Kinki University),"Development of Textile Industries in Asia and Necessary Reactions in Japan" byAtsushi MURAKAMI (Kobe University), "Renewal of the Textile Industry in
Developed Countries and World Textile Trade" by Ippei YAMAZAWA (Hitot­
subashi University), "Stabilization Policy under Floating Exchange Rates - A StockApproach- "by Masumi KISHI (Tokai University), "Demand Expanding Policy andPrice Increase" by Haruki NIWA and Taichi KATSUKI (Kyoto Industrial College),"The Influence of the Different Policy Makers on Macroeconomic Policy" by
Hiroyuki KOSAKA (Nagoya Institute of Technology), and "Economic Policy in theFederal Republic of Germany in the 1970s" by Makoto Yamada (Kagoshima
University).
The panel discussion was held with the theme "Some Economic Issues on theLatest Technical Innovation" which was carried on with three presentations:"Technological Innovation and Labour" by Kaname IIO (Wakayama University),"Technological Innovation and Enterprise Group" by Hitoshi MISONOU (Tokyo
University of Economics), and "Technological Innovation and Medium and Smaller
Enterprise" by Hiroshi UENO (Osaka Prefectural Institute of Commercial and In­
dustrial Economy). As the discussant Tetsuro NAKAOKA (Osaka City University)
put accent on the dark impact of technological innovation and stimulated thediscussion.
(Hisao ONOE)-46-

JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF FISCAL SCIENCE
The 39th Annual Convention of the Japanese Association of Fiscal Science was heldat the Department of Commerce of Nihon University on the outskirts of Tokyo on
October 16 and 17, 1982. As usual, it attracted a great number of scholars and ex­
perts in the field of public finances from all over Japan. The special feature of thisConvention can be seen not only in the ordinarily academic analysis of government
finances, but also in the policy discussion dealing with the medium-run over-view ofthe Ministry of Finance.
In the first day of the Convention, dramatically opposite opinions were presented
by Kazuo YOSHIDA (Ministry of Finance) and Kisaburo NISHIMURA (Komazawa
University) concerning the common topics, namely, Medium-run Over-view on theJapanese Public Finances.
YOSHIDA tried to clarify theoretically the mechanism of growing fiscal deficits. In
the first place, the main reasons for expanding public expenditures can be seen in theincrease of quasi public goods such as social security expenditures, and not in thepure public goods such as defense, education and personnel expenses. Secondly, hemaintained that even though the increases of tax revenues during the period of higheconomic growth encouraged government expenditure, the main reason for their
growth could be found in the decrease of tax prices of public goods under the
democratic decision-making processes. He also claimed that after recognizing theeffects of fiscal illusion of national debts which increased cumulatively the size ofbudgets budgetary balances should be promptly recovered by measuring the actual
fiscal illusion using certain types of fiscal demand functions.
From the viewpoint of policy-making, he seemed only to suggest that the quasi
public goods such as social security services could be controlled de facto by direct
regulations under the principle of the incrementalism. In other words, he pointed out
the effectiveness of controlling government expenditures in the general account by
setting a ceiling represented by the ratio of marginal tax revenue to increased GNP.
In view of the importance of social security expenditures as the main cause ofstructural deficits, it was expected that he would clarify methods of sweeping away
the accumulated deficits. On the other hand, NISHIMURA took an entirely dif­ferent view. Firstly, he pointed out the over-estimation of tax revenues made by the
Ministry of Finance by making good use of his own calculation of elasticities of tax
revenue to national income. He also emphasized that it was unrealistic and over­optimistic to expect government expenditures to be drastically cut following therecommendation of. the Secondary Extraordinary Committee on Reform of Ad­
ministration. Secondly, he expressed his own standpoint that the budgetary balance
could only be achieved throu5sh the attainment of balance of national economy.
Even though the increase of government expenditures had absorbed the high growthof private savings, the passive attitute of the Ministry of Finance toward fiscal policy-47-

would cause deflationary effects in the near future. Therefore, he emphasized that the
fiscal policy should aim at recovering the balance of the national economy throughmaintaining a certain level of economic growth which promised full employment.
The discussion by the two reporters and three discussants gave a fascinating insight
into the problems even of so difficult a theme and the session was rated a great
success.
On the second day, there were two common topics, i.e., Effectiveness of Fiscal andMonetary Policy and Problems of Local Tax System. Takashi HOHJYO (Daito
Bunka University) presented a paper entitled "Fiscal and Monetary Policy under
Stagflation" investigating the differences among the theories of Keynes, Hicks andFriedman on the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy against stagflation.
Toshio TAKAHASHI read a paper "The Tax cut Policies taken by the Keynesians
and Supply-Siders", making clear the differences between the two economic theories
which reflected in the tax cut policies in 1964 and 1981 in the U.S. Contrary to thesetwo papers, Kazuo HIGO presented a paper entitled "Toward a Reform of the Systemthrough Reduction of Public Expenditures", in which he made clear his assertion on
the common topics discussed in the first day. He maintained that the accumulation ofnational debt caused uncontrollability of fiscal policy and the increase 0£money­
supply which in turn restrained private investments through raising long-term in­, terest rates. He also claimed that we should discriminate the deficit for stabilizationfrom the structural deficit and cut the latter by reforming the system of publicfinances.
In the field of local public finances, the "Problems of Local Tax System" was chosen
as the second theme on the afternoon of the second day. Three reports were
presented, i.e., "User Charges and Tax Burden" by Takaaki NIZURE (Hiroshima
University), "Special Tax Treatment of Local Taxes" by Keiji NAKANISHI (Institutefor Local Government Problems), "Establishment of Metropolitan Tax System andIncome Taxation" by Tadashi USHIJIMA (Nagoya City University). It was worthyof note that USHIJIMA reappraised the indirect consumption tax for the sources of
local government finances besides local income taxes which have been the main
sources of local autonomies.
(Seiji FUR UTA)

-48-

JAPAN ACADEMY FOR FOREIGN TRADE (JAFT)"Trade and Industrial Structure of Japan"- The common subject of Annual General Meeting in 1982
The condition of trade and the industrial structure of Japanese textile steel,automobile and electronics were introduced by four members. The measures for
expanding world markets without international conflicts had been suggested by thesefour scholars.
Kaoru WATANABE (Hannan University) analysed the factors responsible for theJapanese deficits of international trade of textile. He stressed the importance ofvoluntary restriction of export by NIC's to Japan. Also, he suggested the applicationof MFA to structural adjustments of Japanese textile industry.
Hiromoto TODA Qapanese Steel Manufacturer's Associations) introduced theconditions of world steel markets and organised trade of steel products.
Kiichi KAGEYAMA (Chiba University Commerce) analysed the conditions ofworld automobile markets. He pointed out several important factors relating to thecompetitiveness of Japanese automobile industry which focused on the industrialorganisation and QCC movement. The specific industrial organisation among
machine manufacturers, material producers and suppliers' encourages the industry toincrease its productivity. The high productivity comes mainly from the specific typeof allocation of economic resources based upon Japanese types of market economy.
So-called administrative guidance was not so effective for industrial activity as toincrease the competitiveness.
Atsushi KAGEYAMA (Matsushita Trading Corporation) pointed out two aspectsof trade conflicts on electronics. One is competition between the industrially ad、vanced countries. The other is competition between the industrially advanced
countries and NIC's. He stressed the importance of voluntary restriction of export by
NIC's, and suggested several means to keep a balanced growth of world electronics
markets.
Discussion was held regarding as follows:(1) Industrial structure and competiveness of price and quality of Japanese products.
(2) Changes industrial structure.

(3) Organised trade and voluntary restriction"Other subjects discussed at the annual general meeting"
The British Trading House at Hirado and the Satsuma Akira KADOTA (Kagoshima Prefectural College)
On the "Certified Trader" system in Korea·—
Shuzaburo FUJIMOTO (Osaka University of Commerce)
Food Trade in Asia Mitsuharu FUJIWARA (Yashirogakuin University)
Oil Crisis and New Types oflnternational Economic Cooperation --49-

Shigeo IRIE (Yokohama University of Commerce)
Yen-Shift in Import FinanceHiroshi KUSUMOTO (Kinki University)
Lessons from Transaction Conflicts in the Imports of Peanuts —Youichi USUI (North Kyushu University)
Trade Conflicts and Overseas Direct Investments —Giichi MIYASAKA (Kyushu University oflndustry)
Development Strategy for North-Sea Wells —Kenji YAMADA (Gifu College of Economics)
Korean-Japan Economic Relationships and Korean Steel Industry —Hideaki WAKUI (St. Paul's University)
Shift of Paradigm in GATT —Norio IWANE (Kansai Gakuin University)"Trade conflicts and their perspectives"The common subject of Annual General Meeting in 1983.
Four members made presentation on their views regarding the common subjects.
Trade Conflicts and Japanese Production and Distribution SystemTetsuo MINATO (Aoyama Gakuin University)
Present Condition and Problem of Transactions between Third Countries of Sogo­
ShoshaYoshiyuki IKEDA (Nihon University)
Internationalisation of Japanese Industry —Shigeo IRIE (Yokohama College of Commerce)
Corporate Strategy towards Trade Conflicts —Makoto TAKAI (Kansaigakuin University)(Kiichi KAGEYAMA)-50-

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INSURANCE SCIENCE

The 1982 National Convention of the Japanese Society of Insurance Science washeld on Oct. 2 and 3 at Nihon University in Tokyo. In the past conventions,common themes had been set up for discussions, but, in this convention, no common
theme was adopted. And discussions were carried out on free subjects. Themes &reporters, and affiliating organs are as follows. Reports are limited to those whichappeared in the Journal oflnsurance Science, a magazine published by the Society.
"Business Life Insurance and Human Assets Management in the Business Enterprise"by Kuniaki ISHINAZAKA (Komazawa University)"A Study to Increased Value Insurance"by Toshiaki KAMEi (Kansai University)"A Study of Background and Meaning of the Revision of Lloyd's S.G. Policy Form"
by Osamu KATO (The Tokyo Marine & Fire Insurance Co., Ltd.)"Private Insurance and Social Insurance"by Joichi SUZUKI (Chuo University)"On Some Questions Relating to Hull War Risk Insurance" by Kei HAYASHIDA(Taisei Fire & Marine Insurance Co., Ltd.)"Problem of Revised General Fire Insurance Conditions- Clause 1, 2—"by Akemi
KANEKO (Ryukoku University)
In 1982, three sectional meetings were held in both Kanto and Kansai. The themes,
reporters and the affiliating organs are as follows. They are limited to the ones whichappeared in the Society publication.
"A Study of Competition in the Insurance Market - On the Price and Entry-" byKunikazu OKAMURA (Keio University)℃lause and Law of Contract"by Kazuo AOTANI (Kagoshima University)"Growing Similarities of Insurance Companies and Co-operative Societies as In、
surers, with Particular Reference to Article 3 of the Insurance Business Law" by
Yoshihiro YAMAUCHI (The Life Insurance Association of Japan)"1981 Amendment of the French Insurance Code" by Ryo IWASAKI (Osaka City
University)"A Study of Diffusion Process of Insurance - Social and Cultured Aspects of Life
Insurance Development in the 19th Century in U.S.A." by Kazuo UEDA
(Senshu University)
The national convention of 1983 is scheduled to be held in October at Ryukoku
University in Kyoto.
The society has enjoyed in continuous international exchanges. In 1981 and 1982,
two .members from Korean Insurance Academic Society attended the conferences of
our Society. In 1981, two members of the Japanese Society, and in 1982 one member,attended the Korean Society conferences, and presented reports. Also in 1982, threemembers of the Japanese Society attended the Association Internationale de Droit
d'Assurance in France.
(Nobuo YASUI)-51-

THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS
The 41st national convention of the Japan Society of International Economics washeld on October 23、24, 1982. The program of the convention was as follows,
Common Subject; Present Situation and Future of the World Trade Organization, 1.
Structural analysis of world trade development, Takashi SHIRAISHI (Keio
University); 2. Characterization of present world economy and internationalmonetary system, Etsuji KINOSHITA (Kyushu University); 3. World economic
system and the intensification of interdependence, Tadashi KAWADA (Sophia
University); The free topics; 1. Trade conflict and specific factor model, Seiji ABE(Chiba University); 2. Intermediate goods, trade balance and macro-economic ad­
justment, Yoshio KUROSAKA (Musashi University); 3. Effectiveness and limits of
the international commodity agreement, Shigeo IRIE (Yokohama College ofCommerce); 4. Fostering of the Sogoshosha in Korea, Chong-yun RHEE (Hitot­
subashi University}. 6. Export and industrialization of Latin America, Shiro
KOBAYASHI QETRO); 7. Market disruption, Yorizumi WATANABE (Sophia
University); 8. Asian green revolution and aid policies, Tadao KAWAMOTO(Kyushu University); 9. CMEA and Soviet Union, Hisao TANAKA (Industrial
College of Kyoto); 10. Demand function of imports of Japan, Masayuki OHKAWA
and Kazuhiro OHTANI (Kobe College of Commerce); 11. Traditional ceramicindustry in Japan, Mitsuhiko KIMURA (Nagoya Gakuin College); 12. Development
and import of uranium, Shinzo SAKAMOTO Qohsai University); 13. Cooperation
strategies for developing countries, Hiroshi KUSUMOTO (Kinki University); 14.
Product cycle and technological capacitation process, Mikoto USUI (Tsukuba
University); 15. North-South problems, Yoshiharu SHIMIZU (Kanagawa
University); 16. Comparative advantage and sub-contract system in Japan, Tetsuo
MINATO (Aoyama Gakuin University); 17. International cooperation and market
mechanism in Japan, Hirohisa KOHAMA (IDCJ); 18. Structure of balance of
payment in Japan, Giichi MIYASAKA (Industrial College of Kyushu).
Rather than give a full summary of this convention, I would like to make some
remarks on the common subject which aimed to bring into focus the problems andthe solutions in the world trade organization.
Takashi SHIRAISHI presented a viewpoint as follows: The present world economy
is at the bottom of Kondratiev's or Kuznet's cycle which can be induced by big in­novations, and is now in a period of transition to the structural change by new big
innovations which are going to commercialize the economy. He tried to apply
Schumpeter's theory of the world economy. In the process of international diffusionof creative destruction from the leading countries to the following countries, it makes
not only the alternation from old industries to new industries, but also restructuringof international division of labour, and international conflicts often occur. He in­sisted that the economic growth of post-world war II used larger amounts of natural
resources, because the leading innovator was the United States, a resource richcountry. He mentioned that investment for the development of natural resources also-52-has a cycle because of demand-supply gap and price fluctuation which corresponds tothe world's economic growth. He explained that price fluctuations of natural
resources and induced innovations are produced from these cyclical gaps between thedevelopment of natural resources and economic growth. He concluded that it isnecessary to remove the impediments in international creative destruction and topromote innovations and their diffusion, and to improve the effectiveness of market
mechanism for the development of world economy.
Etsuji KINOSHITA tried to create the characteristics of present stage in thedevelopment process of world economy by taking a Marxian approach to two
periods, post-world war II and the period between World War I and IL He concluded
that the present stage is that of structural crisis similar to that of the 1930's, however,the degree of crisis of the former is lesser than the latter. He pointed·out the reasonsof difference in degree why there were such factors as the united States' strategies tocounter depression, promE:>te recycling of big oil money and attempt to integrate theworld market between 1974-79. After 1979, the world economy has been going into
more severe structural crisis with the aggravation of inflation and financial difficulties
in some countries, increasing international trade rivalry. His presentation can besummarised as follows: (1) The difficult problems which modern capitalism is facing
are caused basically by excess production capacity, which is impossible to resolve by
only reducing the oil price, (2) to overcome the world crisis, a world wide effdrt must
be made, (3) latent development demand from third world and socialist countries isuseful for the stimulation of world market and will perhaps lead to the conquest ofworld crisis. He proposed to make a big international credit by .establishing a newinternational currency system which might succeed in some redistribution todeveloping countries.
Tadashi KAWADA thought that the development of international economic
system in post-world war II enables us to see the establishment of world supremacy of
the United States. We have been seaching for a new international economic systemafter the Bretton Wood system collopsed (following the suspension of gold如llar
conversion of 1971) and then the Smithonian Agreement, bringing the switch to thefloating rate system. Taking the international economic organization of post-world
war IL KAWADA extracted two factors; 1. the request for establishing NIEO fromdeveloping countries, and 2. the summit meeting system supported the maindeveloped countries. He noted that is in the stage of international monopolistic
capitalism or the post-Keynsian economy. He remanded us that North - South
interrelationship is raising many problems, perhaps the East-West economic
relation is going to make for a more open system in the long run?
Comments on the common subject were as follows: (1) The role of large in­novations in Kondratiev's cycle, (2) the economic relation between capitalism andsocialism, convergence, dialectic relations, or jungle law, etc., (3) the possibility andeffectiveness of policy measures from viewpoints of the enforcement and the theory ofinternation.al organization. The Association adopted the common subject of "causes
and countermeasures to the world crisis" for its 42nd annual national convention,
which was held on October 22-23, 1983.
(Masaru SAITO)-53-

JAPAN SOCIETY OF MONaARY ECONOMICS
Two general conferences are held each year, in spring and autumn. We discuss here
the Autumn Conference of 1981 and the Spring Conference of 1982. The common
topic at the former conference held at the University of Kyushu was℃ hanges in the
Financial Structure and the Institutional Reform', on which four papers were
presented.
Shoichi ROYAMA (Osaka University) dealt with the case of Japan. From the mid1970s the following changes have occurred in the financial environment; (1) the
appearance of big budget deficits and the massive issue of government bonds; (2)internationalization of the financial markets: (3) the appearance of large industrial
undertakings as lenders of funds in the market. These changes have necessitatedfinancial innovations and institutional changes, of which the most important areperhaps the developments in the short-term financial markets. They are; (1) com­mencement of transactions of government bonds under repurchase or resaleagreements (Gensaki transactions). By this method, the banks which are forced tobuy sizeable portions of newly-issued government bonds have been enabled to usethem to raise funds in the market when necessary. (2) Industrial firms with financial
surpluses have come to use these repurchase and resale agreement transactions as
outlets for their idle funds, because the interest rates obtainable on them are
more attractive than those on bank deposits. This has compelled the banks to give
more advantageous terms to the deposits of business firms. (3) The Bank of Japan's
policy target has been changed in July 1978 from bank lendings to the money supply.
In order effectively to control it the Bank has had to introduce a greater measure ofinterest rate flexibility. These changes and reforms have contributed to the more
efficient allocation of funds, have reduced interest rate differentials on comparable
assets and have enabled the authorities to conduct the monetary policy with moreease. In this sense they have brought the system nearer to Pareto optimality. There isa danger, however, that the authorities may introduce non-Pareto optimal reforms by
imposing upon banks tighter regulations and supervision with the intention of
securing sound banking practices. In principle, financial innovation should be
pursued by banks and securities companies without undue restraints by theauthorities.
Yasuhiko IKEUCHI (Daiichi Kangyo Bank) read a paper on West Germany. The
most conspicuous recent developments are: (1) the diversification of the portfolios of
the personal sector and of the ways of fund raising of the corporate sector, both ofwhich trends have led to the decline of the share of the commercial banks. (2)Liberalisation of the interest rates in 1967, which stimulated competition among
financial institutions and has also led to the shrinkage of the share of the commercial
banks. (3) Internationalization of the financial markets, which, coupled with thefloating of the exchanges, increased the financial risks. Against these backgrounds,-54-the Gessler Committee (Studienkommission der Grundsatzfragen der Kredit­
wirtschaft) was appointed in 1974 and submitted its final report in May 1979. Its gist
is that (1) there is no need to abolish the traditional system of universal banking, (2)the banks'participation in industrial undertakings should be restricted to 25 percent
plus one share of their share capitals and (3) the equity capital base of the commercial
banks should be strengthened. The third point is currently being hotly debated,because the German banks have been rapidly increasing their overseas lending
through their Luxemburger subsidiaries. Thus, the authorities are facing the problemof whether to include the foreign subsidiaries of the domestic banks in their super­
vision and regulation. Japan, too, faces the same problem, so that we should keenly
watch the further developments in West Germany.
Masaya FUJISAWA (Kanazawa University) reported on the U.K. The original
intention of the Competition and Credit Control in 1971 was to liberalise thefinancial markets and to control the economy more effectively through the market
mechanism. The performance of the economy after 1971, however, did not show any
remarkable amelioration. Against this background, the Wilson Committee(Committee to Review the Functioning of the Financial System) was appointed andsubmitted its final report in June 1980. It contains a number of recommendations,but its diagnosis of the British economic crisis is of more general interest. The highand volatile rate of inflation is at the root of all the problems. For one thing, inflation
stimulates savings by households and thus contributes to the depression. For
another, the interest rate is pushed up because of the Fisher effect and also because
the authorities are forced to adopt tighter policy to combat inflation. Thus industrial
investment is discouraged. It has, however, been recognised that the control of the
cash base and of the monetary aggregates is the necessary condition for inflation
control and a new method of monetary control has been introduced in March 1981.
Masakichi ITOH (Hitotsubashi University) read a paper on the U.S. The post-war
U.S. economy was characterised by chronic inflation and the secular rise in theinterest rates. They have given rise to a number of distortions. (1) Reserve
requirements have been raised to higher levels, which put the member banks at a
disadvantage vis-a-vis the non-member banks, so that a number of banks secededfrom the Federal Reserve System. This detracted from the efficacy of the reserve
requirements as a weapon of monetary policy. (2) Because the banks and the savings
institutions were forbidden to pay competitive rates of interest on their deposits inspite of the soaring market rates, financial disintermediation ensued. They havecountered this tendency by developing a number of novel arrangements, such as theNOW (Negotiable Orders of Withdrawal), the ATS (Automatic Transfer Service),share drafts and so on, which again tended to erode the efficacy of the monetary
policy. Thus, the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act
was enacted in March 1980. By this law the Regulation Q is to be progressively
dismantled and reserve requirements are to be applied to the non-member banks,
mutual savings banks, savings and loan associations and credit unions. There are,however, remaining problems. The securities companies have dev�loped new facilities
such as the MMF (Money Market Fund) and the CMA (Cash Management Ac-55-

count), which are in serious competition with bank deposits. Then, the prohibitionof inter-state branch networks is an out of-date regulation, which puts banks at a
disadvantage in comparison with the non-bank financial intermediaries.
Tsuyoshi SHIGENARI (Bank of)apan) and Kaichi SHIMURA (Chiba University)
べwere the commentators on these four papers. Ten free topics papers were also read at
this conference.
The Spring General Conference for the year 1982 was held on 2-3 May at Sophia
University in Tokyo. The common topic at this conference was'The Floating Ex­change Rate Regime in Retrospect and Prospect'. Four papers were presented under
this topic.
Michihiro OHYAMA (Keio University) read a paper entitled'The Theory of the
Exchange Rates and the Balance of Payments'. He argued that most of the current
debates on the asset market approach to the balance of payments are conducted byassuming a small country. That is, the terms of trade are determined in the in、
ternational markets and the small country has to accept them (the price-takerassumption). Then, the residents of the small country are assumed to hold both theirhome currency and foreign currencies, while other countries' residents do not holdthe small country's currency (local currency assumption). These assumptions areunsatisfactory in that they do not apply to bigger countries like the U.S., theEuropean Economic Community and Japan. Moreover, the price-taker assumption isincompatible with the traditional flow-approach, such as the Marshall-Lernercondition. Then, it has been observed that in most cases the exchange rate
depreciation involves an unfavourable movement of the terms of trade. This in­teresting covariance between exchange rates and the terms of trade is also excluded
from the analysis under this assumption. The local currency assumption is also too
restrictive. The asset market approach presupposes that the home and foreign
currencies can readily be exchanged. We must therefore elucidate how in equilibrium
the relative holdings of home and foreign currencies are determined both in thehome and the foreign countries and also how they are affected by exogenous
distrubances. By relaxing these assumptions and by constructing a symmetrical two­country two-goods model, OHYAMA has drawn a number of conclusions which
integrate the. elasticity and the absorption approaches with the asset market ap
preach.
Ikuya FUKAMACHI (Kyushu University) read a paper entitled 'The Floating
Exchange Rate Regime in Retrospect and in Prospect'. Various countries haverecently come to value the stability of their currencies vi咋vis the US dollar and theword'dollar standard'has come into fashion. There are two reasons for this. (1) The
international transactions of most primary products are denominated in the dollar,
so that a weakening of the exchange rate against the dollar leads to a rise in the pricesof the imported commodities and hence to higher inflation rate. (2) The integrationof the national money and capital markets means that a change of the exchange rate
may easily cause a vicious circle in that it may induce movements of the short-term
capital, which affect the exchanges, which again may affect the balance of payments
and so on. In such a world, moreover, private enterprises, particularly theヽ-56-multinationals, must engage themselves in large-scale hedging operations, which
force the banks to cover their own positions in the forward exchange market. The
currency predominantly used for these operations is naturally the one with the widest
and the deepest market, i.e. the US dollar. Hedging operations are also conducted byborrowing or lending in the Euro-currency market. In this case, too, the mostfavoured currency is the dollar. Thus, the floating exchange rate system has brought
about a spectacular expansion of the forward exchange market and of the Euro、dollar
market. The asset market approach is a theory which reflect this hypertrophy offinancial transactions and the accumulation of the fictitious capital.
Mitsuhiro FUKAO (Bank of Japan) read a paper entitled'Experiences under the
Floating Exchange Rate Regime and the Theories of the Exchange Rate Deter­
mination'. He made an extensive review of the various models, i.e. Mundell-Flemingflow model, monetary approach to the balance of payments and the portfolio balance
2tpproach. He said that the flow model was inadequate in that it was based upon theelasticity optimism, it did not take into account the role of the expected rates ofchange of the exchange rates and it assumed that the speculative capital movements
were stabilising. The monetary approach has lost its pertinence when it has become
apparent that the exchange rates movements are not explicable in terms of thepurchasing power parities and of the differentials of the real interest rates. The
portfolio balance approach differs from the monetary approach in that it does notassume perfect substitutability between financial assets denominated in different
currencies. One version of this approach which has been developed by J. Artus, by
W.H.L. Day and by M. Fukao assume that assets denominated in a foreign currency
involve exchange risks, which are a function of the cumulative current accountimbalances. This approach is thus a synthesis of the flow and the stock approaches
and is supported by empirical evidences.
Hidesuke SAKAKIBARA (Ministry of Finance) read a paper entitled'Floating
Exchange Rates and the Capital Mobility'. He argued that capital transactions haveall but been liberalised in Japan. One consequence of this has been that their volume
has been enormously expanded. In other words the impact of the current balance on
the exchange rates has been very much lessened. Another result has been that thevolume of transactions in the foreign exchange market has registered a remarkableincrease. Including the forward and swap transactions, the average dealings
amounted to 3.6 billion dollars per day in 1981, whereas in 1972 the average per day
was only 44 million. Then, the yen has come to be dealt extensively in foreign
markets, which means that the Bank of Japan's intervention in the market has lostmuch of its influence. Indeed, the non-residents' yen holdings are estimated to havereached 70 billion dollars. This, together with the more active long-term capital
movements, is tending to make it more and more difficult to pursue an independent
monetary policy.
Koichi HAMADA (University of Tokyo), Hiroyuki KASAI (Bank of Tokyo), andMasaru YOSHITOMI (Economic Planning Agency) were the commentators on thesefour papers. Twelve free topics papers were also read before this conference.
(Shizuya NISHIMURA)-57-

ACADEMIC ASSOCIATION FOR ORGANIZATIONAL SCIENCE
In the year 1982-1983, the Academic Association for Organizational Science held
two general meetings and monthly meetings, and also published quarterly journal of"Organizational Science".
The research activities of the members of this Association mainly concentrated on
subjects, such as the characteristics of Japanese management and organizations,employee's participating systems, leadership and motivation, research anddevelopment activities in organizations, and so on.
As to the subject of Japanese management and organization, we held the firstannual meeting at Hosei University on the 13th and 14th of November 1982, under
the title of "Japanese Organization".
Jiro KAMISHIMA (Rikkyo University) dealt with the characteristics of Japaneseorganizations from the political viewpoint. Yasuo OKAMOTO (University ofTokyo) reported "Organization and management in Japanese corporations". Tadao
KAGONO (Kobe University) and lkujiro NONAKA (Hitotsubashi University)
compared Japanese management and organizational strategy with that of othercountries. SHIMIZU (Keio University) reported on the problems of Japanese top
management. Koichi SHIMO KAWA (Hosei University) reported on the sub­contractors system in the Japanese automobile industry, reminding us of the peculiar
relationship between parent company and subcontractors. He emphasized that themodernization of this cooperative systems made the Japanese automobile industry
powerful. Other two reports dealt with the small group activities in Japan. Yuichi
YAMADA (Meiji University) reported "Japanese peculiarities in organization seenby small group activities" and Jyuji MISUMI (Osaka University) and Noriko
MANNARI reported "Actual analysis concerning feasibility of measurement methodof leadership in corporate organizations".
All these contributors agreed that "collectivism" was the characteristic of Japaneseorganization, but there was little common ground on the origin of collectivism. Some
believe that Japanese collectivism is peculiar to Japan and was formed during Japan'slong history. Others insist that Japanese collectivism has been created since the Meiji
era by management policies of the Japanese corporations.
Esyun HAMAGUCHI (Osaka University) stresses that the characteristics ofJapanese organization rest on the "contextualism" (inter-personal relationships). A
Japanese, is trained to think always, how his behavior influences others. We must
conclude that the Japanese personality is not individualistic but collective, although"corporatism" would more accurately express the Japanese willingness to co-operatewith each other.
Jiro KAMISHIMA also insisted that in Japan, there is an unusual relationshipbetween ruler and ruled. Subordinates trust the superior who consider his behaviour
carefully. But he argued that Japanese characteristics should not be regarded as-58-

collectivism but as "singlism". In modern Japan, family has collapsed and a man has
no spiritual bond even with his family. Because of this "singlism", the Japanese
identify himself not with his family but with other organizations (company orpolitical body). So, according to KAMISHIMA, by this "singlism", bureaucraticorganization in modern Japan can easily arise.
Koichiro HIOKI (Kyoto University) and Oh Chong SUK (Pusan University)
reported on "A Comparative study of bureaucratic behaviour between Japan and
Korea". Their research suggested that, although the Korean may be more in­dividualistic than the Japanese, both nations are group-minded, although possibly
the Korean makes family group loyalty inside the organization a priority the Japanese
is loyal directly to the organization. As to the latter school, they stressed that, inMeiji and Taisho periods the large corporation in Japan consiously adopted a policyof life-employment and a seniority system in order to hold highly skilled workers andalso maintain low wages. There is therefore no reason why the Japanese management
systems such as QC circle and life-employment system can not be applied to theUnited States and other countries.
Based on this viewpoint NONAKA and KAGONO compared Japaneseorganization and strategies with United States.
The second general meeting was held on June 11-12th, 1983 at Tsukuba University.
We had 20 reports in this meetng. Though there was no common theme, we could
find out two main trends in the subjects of the reports.
The first trend is the problem concerning technology. Problems of management ofresearch and development activities and of organizational influence of officeautomationandrobotization

were

discussed.

Junichi

BABA

and

Kazuo

YANAGISHIT A (Mitsubishi Electric Co.) reported on "issue management andtechnological development strategy", and Toshiro HIROTA (Kansai University)
reported management strategies of high technological corporations.
The second trend is theoretical and methodological one. Teruya NAGAO(Tsukuba University) stressed in his report that, in order to analyse Japaneseorganization, it must be analysed not by positivism, but by phenomenology.
(Satoru TAKAYANAGI)-59-

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR PERSONNEL
AND LABOUR RESEARCH ACTIVITIESThe Japan Society for Personnel and Labour Research organizes an annual
national convention and regional meetings to time at different places each year, andboard meetings to decide and promote various activities. The national convention,
the highlight of the year, was held at Kumamoto College of Commerce on May 21
and 22, 1982. This is the 12th National Convention of the Society. The proceedingsof this convention were published subsequently.
In lieu of reporting our annual activities, let us therefore list the reports of theconvention, which we believe represent focus of interest of our Society reasonably, if
not completely.
The programme of the convention which represents our current major interests isdivided into, free topics and common themes.

Free Topics

1.

Session 1.
"On Systematization of Labour Management".
lsao SEKIGUCHI (Senshu University)"Historical Development of Labour Management Policies in A.T.&T."
Hideo KAWADA (Senshu University)"An Empirical Study of the Span of Control".
Mamoru SANO, Yoshitoshi EMI and Naoji CHINO (Aichi Gakuin
University)

2.

Session 2.
"Guest Workers in Western Europe".
Toshia TAKAHASHI (Meiji University)"The Beginning of Worker Rrpresentation System to Management - in Con­junction with Mutual Aid Systems in Pre-Industrial Period".
Tsunekazu SASAKI (Kobe Gakuin University)"Technology Transfer and Labour Problems of Japanese Multi-National Owned
Corporations in Western Europe"
Hideo INOHARA (Sophia University)

3.

Session 3.
"On Special Characteristics ofJapanese Labour Management".
Masao HANAOKA (Daito Bunka University)"Internal Promotion and Human Resource Development: A Case of Software
Occupations".
Toshitaka YAMANOUCHI (Seiryo Women'sJunior College)"Aging of Labour Force, Vocational Ability and Wages".
Shozo INOUE (Nagasaki University)-60-

Common Theme

1.

Session 4"A Prospect of Technological Innovations in the 1980s and Management andLabour Policies".
Nobuo KUDO (Fuji Television Co. Ltd.)"Changes in Organization and Job Structure due to Advances of Office
Automation, and New Tasks of Personnel Management".
Etsuhiro GODA (Hihon Seikojo Co. Ltd.)Special Report"Socio-Economical Situation and Working Conditions Impact of Women Workers in
Textile Mills, Japan and Thailand".
Malinee Wongphanich (Mahidol University)
2. Session 5.
"Micro-Electronics and Labour Problems".
Mitsuyoshi GOTO (International Labour Office)"Micro-Electronics Revolution and Employment Problems".
Tadashi NAKAMURA (Ministry of Labour)"Vitalization of Individuals and Organization".
Reiki OKUI (Mitsubishi Electric Co. Labour Union)
3. Session 6.
"Issues of Managing Software Labour".
Kazuo SEKIGUCHI (General Research Institute of Electric Com­
mumcations)"Innovations of Production Technology and Labour Processes".
Minoru HARADA (Kyushu University)"Micro-Electronics and Corporate Employment Policies"
Yoko SANO (Keio University)
A look at the range of issues dealt with by the papers presented in the "free topics"
section of the convention eloquently indicates scholarly interest in highly practicalissues of labour and personnel management. The papers focus on such issues as theoutstanding or peculiar nature of Japanese labour and personnel management, recent
developments in Western Europe both in the light of European problems and ofinterface with Japanese corporations, and impacts of structural changes, etc.
The common theme chosen by the board of the Society indicates the area which
attracts the broadest attention not only of scholars but also of practitioners involvedin labour and personnel management, namely, the impact of technological in、
novation, particularly, of accelerating penetratio�of micro-electronic technologies.
To discuss and understand this very important and highly complex problem
properly with a well-balanced perspective, we invited to our national convention not
only member scholars but also some well informed and experienced experts frombusiness corporations, labour unions, and the government as reporters.
In fact, prior to this national convention, a similar attempt was made in November
1981 by the initiative of members of Keio University to organize a regional con­ference on the equivalent topic, which attained a notable success. The program of the-61-national convention may be interpreted as being a full-fledged development andenrichment along the same line.
In the national convention, Nobuo KUDO and Etsuhiro GODA, both in chargeof labour management and planning at their respective companies, provided
systematic accounts of impacts of retent technological innovations particularly of
micro-electronic technologies and office automation upon labour and personnel
management fields. These reports by business managers were followed by com­prehensive reviews by policy planners of employment and other labour problems
arising from micro-electronic "revolutions," reasonable policy option and on-going
research efforts presented by Mitsuyoshi GOTO oflLO and Tadashi NAKAMURA
of Ministry of Labour. A unique view of vitalization of workers and organizations
was added by a unionist, Reiki OKUL
The final session aimed at going somewhat deeper into some specific problems, suchas management of software workers as reported by Kazuo SEKIGUCHI, a specialistof technology management, and also into theoretical and analytical understanding of
the issues we commonly face. Minoru HARADA and Yoko SANO, both academics,
attempted, respectively, theorization on the impact of technological innovation on
labour process, and policy analysis of corporate employment behaviour under the
impact of micro-electronic innovations.
(Haruo SHIMADA)-62-

JAPAN SOCIETY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY
The 30th annual convention of the Japan Society of Political Economy was held(with about 440 participants) at Hitotsubashi University on 2-3 October 1982. The
common theme of the convention was "The long-ranging world depression andJapanese

capitalism".

The

speakers

were

Yasuhiko

YONEDA(Fukushima

University), Yoshiharu KIKUMOTO (Kobe University of Commerce) and Makoto
ITOH (University of Tokyo). As designated commentators, Tadao KAWAKAMI(Hosei University), Shojiro TOKUNAGA (Kyushu University) and Masashi
TOKUSHIGE (Chuo University) gave their comments on the speakers' reports,
preceding the general discussion arranged by the chairmen, Yoichiro HONMA(Yokohama National University), Yuichi OSHIMA (Nagoya University) and Kiyoko
IMURA (Keio University).
In addition, the convention usually has other subsessions and some specialised
sessions, giving speakers an opportunity to speak on various issues concerning
Marxian political economy. 15 speakers presented their papers in these sessions, on awide range of subjects from the methodological implications of Marx's analysis on thecommodity in his "CAPITAL" to the computer-making industries in the People's
China and the Soviet Union.
The common theme was chosen in order to elucidate the nature and causes of therecent worldwide depression. The three speakers essentially agreed that thisdepression was not a merely cyclical, as a phase of normal industrial fluctuation, but
the evident manifestation of

structual crisis caused by the dissolution of basic

framework of the post-war development of world capitalism. On the basis of thiscommon understanding, as will be seen below, the three speakers presented theirarguments in their own way.
YONEDA, in his report entitled "The Structure and contradiction of theworldwide system of state monopoly capitalism", presented his argument from theviewpoint of theory of state monopoly capitalism (SMC). He mentioned the or­
thodox definition of SMC which emphasized an overall state intervention in favourof the working of reproduction-accumulation processes of capital in a phase of theimperialist stage of capitalist development, but by stressing that this state in­tervention comprised the promotion of new types of technology and products (e.g.,
public expenditure for R & D investment) and that this state intervention wasexerted through national and supra-national state apparatus, he proposed his own
definition of SMC as a system of the worldwide domination of national financecapital based on double frameworks of both national and supra-national state ap­
paratus and private economic mechanism of dominant finance capital. In his view,the establishment of SMC as such came about only in the period of post-World War
II as the worldwide system of Pax-Americana.
According to him, the basic contradiction of SMC has its root in the tendency of-63-monopolistic accumulation to stagnate, i.e., the tendency of excess-capital to increase
under monopoly capitalism. The pursuit of monopoly profit by means of setting
monopoly prices necessarily prevents monopoly capital from the baptism of "value
revolution" forced by the economic crisis and results in the increasmg excess-capital(i.e., productive capital and commodity capital). This excess-capital yields the ten­dency of capital accumulation to stagnate. Under SMC, the state intervention
counteracts this tendency mainly by means of fiscal and financial policies (i.e.,
Keynesianism). The so-called stagflation is nothing but a revelation of the limit of thisstate intervention mainly financed by means of inflationary measures.
YONEDA concluded his argument by stressing that the so-called stagflation had
not to be considered as a mere parallelism of inflation and depression (or unem­
ployment), but ought to be grasped as the outcome of interacted factors which aremainly (1) the falling rate of profit and unemployment resulted from the tendency ofmonopolistic accumulation to stagnate, (2) the weakened working of the function of
SMC restricted by the fiscal crisis, (3) the aggravation of uneven development ofworld capitalism represented by the degradation of American capitalism, (4) the crisisof international monetary system caused by the instability of balance of payments in
the imperialist countries, (5) the impoverishment of the living standard of nations
under the continual inflation.
KIKUMOTO, in his report entitled "The crisis of contemporary capitalism and its
aggravation", attacked the problem from the viewpoint of Okishio's theory of capital
accumulation. He insisted that in advanced capitalist countries, the basic deter­minants of rate of realized profit consist in the rate of capital accumulation measured
by the means of production, the ratio of excess-deficit to revenue in the fiscal balance
and the ratio of excess-export to import in the balance of trade. The first is mostimportant, and the stagflation in 1970s was caused mainly by the influence of thisfactor, i.e., the stagnation of capital accumulation. This stagnation has its root
mainly in the two conditions; (1) the decline of growth potential by the results of thestagnated technical progress, the increasing environmental constraints and thedecreasing disposability of foreign resources for advanced capitalist countries, and (2)the inflationary barrier which stands for counter-inflationary policies forced to adopt
against inflation caused by the vicious cycle of wage-price and which results in theslowing down of rate of economic growth. Under these circumstances of stagnation,
the antagonistic requirements of monopoly capitals for raising prices and of theworking class for maintaining real wage level inevitably yield the strong pressure to
bring forth the stagflation (i.e., raising prices under depression). In addition, theantagonistic requirements between the imperialist countries and the resource­
supplying countries aggravate this stagflation.
The major countervailing power against the stagnation of capital accumulationconsists in the state-sustaining for accumulation by means of the compensatory fiscal
deficit. This factor can compensate the stagnation to the extent that the private
financial market can absorb the increasing issuance of public debt at the level ofreasonable price, but beyond a certain limit, the accumulated public debt crowds out
private investment by way of raising the rate of interest caused by the lowered prices-64-

of bond. This means the transformation of the state-sustaining into the opposite, i.e.,
the factor aggravating the stagnation of capital accumulation. Another coun­
tervailing power consists in the excess-export. In 1960s, the excess-export in advanced
capitalist countries really served as such by having the excess-import in developing
countries as its counterpart. In 1970s, especially after the oil-crisis in 1973, advanced
capitalist countries could not occupy the position of the excess-exporting countries asa whole. Consequently, trade frictions gave rise among them in order to win that
position exclusively, and in turn, this aggravates the stagnation of capital ac­
cumulation.
In conclusion, KIKUMOTO emphasized that, under the lower rate of capital
accumulation•in the 1970s and after, it would be possible to maintain the high rate ofrealized profit by means of increasing fiscal deficit and/or realizing excess-export, butthese measures, having only temporary effects of easing the difficulties, could notovercome the long-ranging world depression.
ITO, in his report entitled "The recent long-ranging world depression", presented
his argument from the viewpoint of Uno's theory of economic crisis emphasizing theoveraccumulation of capital. Comparing the recent great depression with those in theend of the 19th century and in the 1930s, he pointed out the characteristics of thepresent depression in the following three aspects; (1) the continual increase ofunemployment, (2) the durable and accelerated inflation, (3) the failure ofKeynesianism and the rise of new conservatism.
In his view, the principal cause of this depression consists in the dissolution of thebasic framework of the posじwar capitalist development. This framework was mainly
sustained on the following four pillars; (1) the predominancy of American economy
over the post-war capitalist world, which enabled her to diffuse enormous dollars
politically and militarily, (2) the deployment of innovation based on the oil-absorbing
types of technology such as petro-chemicals and automobiles, (3) maintaining boththe low level of prices of primary goods and the favourable terms of trade to advanced
capitalist countries, and (4) the durable supply of relatively inexpensive and com­pliant workers. However, these conditions disappeared in the course of the durable
economic growth in 1960s. This resulted in the great depression in 1970s.
According to him, the basic factor prolonging the depression is the postponing
clearance of overaccumulated capital. In this respect, the four major conditions ought
to be taken into account, i.e,, (1) the existence of overcapacity in the key industries
such as steel-making, automobiles and machine-tools industries, (2) non-emergence of
new wave of innovation which ought to absorb unemployment and to replace theformer types of innovation based on cheap oil, (3) the emergence of fiscal crisis which
resulted from the Keynesianistic policies aiming at the control of global demand andwhich testified the ineffectiveness of the policies in terms of the clearance ofoveraccumulated capital. Moreover, the economic policies of new conservatism,standing on the criticism of Keynesianism, cannot help aggravating the overac­cumulation by shifting the burden of depression on the working class'shoulders, andhence by contracting the global demand through restricting the personal con、
sumption, (4) the aggravation of trade frictions caused by seeking the outlet of in、-65-ternal economic difficulties toward the international market.
He concluded his report by suggesting a pessimistic perspective on the politico­
economic situation of Japan under these circumstances. In the perspective, ap­
parently confronting but really corresponding with the tendencies toward protec­
tionism and militarism in the U.S., the nationalistic conservatism in Japan may bestrengthened on the basis of pursuing the global policy aiming at the control ofstructural crisis.
The first commentator, KAWAKAMI stressed the importance of political factors
such as the declining hegemony of the US in the capitalist world caused by her defeat
in the Vietnamese War and the rise of nationalism in the Third World largely linked
with the US defeat. These political factors are also the constituents of the structural
crisis of the world capitalism, inseparably linked with the economic aspects of thecrisis on which the three speakers focused their attention. Moreover, with respect tothe role of the post-war innovation, he emphasized the necessity to distinguish thecase in the US from the cases in the other developed capitalist countries such as EC
countries and Japan. The post-war innovation was really growth-stimulating in thelatters, while in the former it was not necessarily so.
The second commentator, TOKUNAGA insisted on the existence of the vitalability of capitalism to overcome the 顕called structural crisis by pointing out theintensive and extensive enlargement of capitalist market even in the period of
stagflation in 1970s, not to speak of the period of economic growth in 1960s. In thisrespect, he ventured an anti-thesis to the crisis-approach which was a common
starting point of the three speakers and also most of the attendants. Unfortunately,
this anti-thesis had not chance to be discussed seriously, mainly for lack of time.
The last commentator, TOKUSHIGE posed an interesting question concerning
the beginning of the present depression. Contrasting YONEDA's view in which the
beginning was marked by the collapse of international monetary system in 1971, i.e.,the breaking down of the fixed rates of exchange in the IMF with ITO's view in which
the beginning was considered to be the worldwide revelation of unemployment
resulted from the oil-crisis in 1973, he presented his own opinion in which the
beginning was set in 1973-74, on the basis of disputable recognition of the periodical
economic crisis in 1974 in Japan as well as in the other advanced capitalist countries.
This problem is significant in the sense that, from theoretical viewpoint, thedetermination of the beginning of great depression indispensably links with theunderstanding of the nature and causes of the depression.
In passing, the next 31st annual convention of the Society was held at Japan
University of Social Welfare on 1-2 October 1983 under the common theme "Marx's℃APITAL' and contemporary capitalism" in commemoration of the centenary of
Marx's death.
(Yuichi OSHIMA)-66-

THE POPULATION ASSOCIATION OF JAPANThe 34th Annual Meeting of the Population Association of Japan was held at theCollege of Economics of Nihon University in Tokyo from June 4 to 5, 1982. The
program included a symposium, a special session and a general session.
This annual meeting was specifically characterized by major emphasis on migration
study, taking into account the national concern regarding the radically changing
migration flow and consequential change of distribution of population in Japan aswell as international awareness of imbalanced regional distribution of population.
This symposium, "Migration in Japan: Trends and Policies", was organized andchaired by Toshio KURODA (Nihon University) together with three reporters.
They were:Atsushi OTOMO (Utsunomiya University), dealing with "Recent Trends ofPopulation Redistribution in Japan",
Hiroshi KAWABE (Institute of Population Problems, Ministry of Health andWelfare), discussing "Teiju-ken (the integrated residence policy) and thePopulation Change in Metropolitan Areas",
Kiyohide SEKI (Nihon University), taking up "Migration and Development"
based on the Hokkaido experience.
Their discussions are summarized as follows:
OTOMO explored determinants of internal migration in Japan, based on theSurvey on Reasons for Migration conducted by the Land Agency of the Japanese
Government. This survey was unique in the sense that it was designed on the basis ofnational sampling and also covered all migrants aged 15 years and over between shi,ku, machi and mura, or minor administrative units in Japan, for a one-year period
from July 1980 to June 1981. Interesting findings are as follows:Firstly, the most dominant reason for overall migration flow wai,'employment', but
this economic reason accounted for only 39 percent of all migrants. However, hefound that non-economic factors such as'family reasons','marriage','housing', and'education' were also significant. In addition, quite different sets of reasons of
migration according to different patterns off lows, were also pointed out.
On the basis of detailed analysis of population changes of local urban areas andthree large metropolitan areas - Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya - KAWABE made a
noticeable comment that drastic change of population distribution shifting fromconcentration in large metropolitan areas to local urban areas is not true. Severely
imbalanced distribution of population created by high economic growth is stillpreserved. Consequently, he is not convinced about the redistributive effect of
population policy which is now under serious consideration by the government.
SEKI, the last speaker, taking Hokkaido as a case study of migration anddevelopment, made a historical introduction of migration and development in
Hokkaido, and concluded that both moderate propensity to move and to stay should-67-be encouraged deliberately in order to establish a vital society.
KURODA, chairman, made a final comment on each speakers'report and con、
eluded that the rapid solution of excessively'crowded'and'depopulated'com­
munities is not easy, but very careful and constant study on migratory behavior of
people and industrial location, could provide necessary information for policy for­mulation and implimentation by the government.
Special session focused on migration in foreign countries. United States (Hiroyuki
KANEKIYO), Europe (Shigemi KONO), Middle-East (Asao MIZUNO and Yoshio
YOSHIDA), Asia (Atsushi OTOMO and Yasuko HAY ASE) and South East Asia
(Yoshiro TSUBOUCHI) were taken up respectively.
Furthermore, four reports dealing with migration were made separately withemphasis on specific aspects. The general session included 28 reporters. Aging of
population, fertility and mortality were also attractive topics for members. In par­ticular, it should be noted that six members read papers on fertility questions inJapan. It suggests that demographers are now seriously concerned about prospective
changes of Japanese fertility, because the future trend of fertility which is already very
low is a critical factor affecting future population size and comosition.
(Toshio KURODA)-68-

THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF PUBLIC UTILITY ECONOMICS
The 31st annual meeting was held on May 29 and 30, 1981 at the Matsuyama
Commerce University on Shikoku Island. The meeting was opened by the Chair­man, Hideo HOSONO. Later Eijiro NAWATA took the chair and H.
WATANABE, M. MIYAZAKI and K. HOTTA reported on individual themes.
Later, during the lunchhour the board of trustees and the ordinary general meetingwere held.
In the afternoon, under the chairmanship of Yoshinobu MAEDA and Kunio
OHSHIMA, the main theme of "Public Utilities and Environmental Change" wastaken up by M. TSUCHIYA, T. SATO and H. SASAKI as reporters. This wasfollowed by discussion.
After the research report, the customary party was held at the Telegraph andTelephone Hall of Matsuyama near the University. Teizo TAKAZAWA, Dean,
School of Business Administration, welcomed the delegates on behalf of theuniversity.
The meeting was opened on May 30, by Tsutomu ENDO and Naoto KANO. The
reporters were T. NOGIMURA, S. FUJITA and Y. ISHIGAKL In the afternoon,
Atsutaka FUJII and Hisao SEKIJIMA presided. T. SAITO, E. YANO and T.
ICHINOSE were the reporters. Vice Chairman Hisao SEKIJIMA conducted theproceedings by expressing the thanks of all for the opportunity to meet in the quiet
and splendid atmosphere ofMatsuyama Commerce University Campus.
Titles ofpresented papers are as follows:1.
Individual papers"On the Movement ofElectric Power Shift in Western Countries",
Hiroshi WATANABE (Shikoku Electric Power Co., Inc.)"Island Steamship Lines in the Setouchi Area",
Mitsuru MIYAZAKI (Matsuyama Commerce University)"The Relationship Between Public Enterprises and Government in France",
Kazuhiro HOTTA (Kinki University)"Deregulation and Anti-trust Policy ofthe U.S. Truck Transportation Industry",
Tadakuni NOGIMURA (Nihon University)"Transition of the Number of Men Transported by and the State of Profit andLoss ofMotor Bus Corporations in Hokkaido",
Shoichi FUJITA (Sapporo University)"The Characteristics of the Electric Industry in Okinawa and Problems on Its
Private Ownership",
Yodai ISHIGAKI (Okinawa Electric Works Company)
2.
The common topic papers (Main Theme of 1981: Public Utilities andEnvironmental Change)"Telecommumcat1on in the 21st Century",-69-

Morinosuke TSUCHIYA (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Cor­
poration)"Movement of Personal Communication Media",
Tsutomu SATO (Shikoku Postal Service Bureau)"Recent Critical Situation Towards Regulation for Public Utilities",
Hiroshi SASAKI (Kobe University)"The Change of Business Environment of Atomic Power Generation in the
Court Judges of Western Countries"
To SAITO (Central Research Institute of Electricity)"The Sewer Service of Kobe City",
Eiichiro YANO (Sewer Service Bureau, Kobe City)"Public Utilities in International Society Era",
Tomoji ICHINOSE (International Christian University)
Main Theme of 1982: Productivity of Public Utilities and Public Enterprises
PUBLICATIONS
Contents of]. of PUE., Vol. 33 No.3, March 1982.
Articles:"Public Utilities and Industrial Pollution Problems",
Hisao SEKIJIMA (Seikei University)℃omparative Study on Management - Form of the Tobacco Industry",
Shusaku YAMAYA (University of Tokyo)"Good Sense in the Study of Water Enterprise",
Tatsuo TAKENAKA (Kobe University)
Translation:
Martin T. Farris and Roy J. Sampson, "Public Utilities (VIII): Regulation,
Management and Ownership", Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1973,
translated by Yoshio NISHIKAWA (Tokyo Keizai University) and Yasunori
FUJII (Long Range Credit Bank)Book Review:
Koyo TERAO, "Water Supply Industry in Japan", 1982, by Hisao SEKIJIMA(Seikei University)(Tomoji ICHINOSE)-70-

THE JAPAN SECTION OF
THE REGIONAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION
In 1982, the Japan Section of RSA held its own annual domestic conference andthe first Japan-Australia Regional Studies Workshop (tentatively named) under thejoint auspice of the Australia and New Zealand Section of RSA, and'issued "Studies

in Regional Science - the papers and proceedings of the Japan Section of RSA —”(Chiiki-gaku Kenkyu), Vol. 12.

I.

THE CONFERENCE

The 19th Annual Domestic Conference of the-Japan Section of RSA was held at

Kagawa University in Takamatsu, Kagawa Prefecture in the Shikoku region from
Nov. 19 to 21, 1982. It attracted a number of regional scientists who were scholars
and experts in economics, geography, sociology, civil engineering and in related fields
from all over Japan. Highly qualified reports and discussions were presented, making
the conference a success.
Two main themes and a symposium were adopted for this conference. One of themain themes was entitled "Land Use and Industrial Structure". Three papers werereported in the session of this term. The titles and reporters were as follows:1)"Empirical Studies in the Effects of Trunk Roads on the Formation of Urban
Areas", Kazuo UCHIDA (Toshi-keizai Kenkyosho)

2)"A Fundamental Study in the Relation of Land Use and Industrial Structure in
Cities Designated Urbanizing Area", Yoshiyuki OHSAKAYA (Ministry ofConstructlon)

3)"A Study of Transport Facilities Planning at Commercial Center", Hirorp.asa
CHIBA and Hideo IGARASHI (Hokkaido University)

UCHIDA explained in his empirical study that the construction of trunk roads
around existing urban areas had caused these areas to expand outwards and em­
phasized that these expanding processes had to be taken into account in road im­provement planning.
OHSAKAYA reported on how to change the land use and industrial structure inurbanizing areas in cities designated by the new City Planning Act amended overall
in 1968, by statistically analysing actual data available.
CHIBA and IGARASHI proposed a systematic method to estimate the capacity ofparking facilities at commercial center, by applying the Lorenz Curve in forecasting
the demand for parking space.
In the session for the another main theme entitled "Transportation and Regional
Development", four papers were presented.
1)"A Study in the Change of Air Transport Structure by Means oflmprovement ofLocal Airport", Keiichi SATO, Hiromasa CHIBA and Hideo IGARASHI(Hokkaido University)

2)"Functions

of

Local

AirportandRegional-71-

Development",

Yoshinobu

TAKAHASHI (Kagoshima University of Economics and Sociology)"A Study in Systems Analysis for Transportation Planning in Metropolitan
Area", Hirokazu YOSHIKAWA, Mamoru HARUNA and Kiyoshi
KOBAYASHI (Kyoto University)
4) "The Effects of Public Investments on Regional Development", Hirotada
KOHNO (University of Tsukuba)
SATO, CHIBA and IGARASHI indicated that the change in the demand ofpassengers and freights for air transport were caused by improvements of air tran­
sport facilities, especially the introduction of jets and the improvement in jetport.
TAKAHASHI pointed out that the improvement in local air transport facilities to3)accommodate the jet age was one of strategies for regional development, and alsoemphasized the necessity to improve the accessibility between urban center and air
terminal.
YOSHIKAWA, HARUNA and KOBAYASHI presented a systems analysis fortransportation planning processes which were divided into four stages. The results ofthe first structural analysis of regional economic system on the base of regionalframework as datum were broken down into the final systems analysis of land-use
and transport system on micro zone level.
KOHNO proposed a method of measuring indirect effects of public investment
which is known to be difficult to estimate numerically. He attempted to build up themarket equilibrium model to measure the indirect effects of the public investment
project and also applied this model to the evaluation of road investment andpresented a numerical calculation to verify this.
In the symposium on "The Present Situation and Problems to be solved in Shikoku
Region", three papers were reported. It started with the presentation of "The Present
Situation and Problems to be solved in Shikoku's Economies" by lsao MAT­
SUMIYA (Minsitry of International Trade and Industry). He pointed out that
Shikoku's economic activities accounted for only three per cent of the total and its
growth rate was lower than that of the whole nation. he also emphasized thesignificance of industrial policies to accelerate strategically the change of its industrial
structure in order for its economies to take off.
Takeo IHARA (Kagawa University) presented his paper on "Transportation andRegional Development in Shikoku Region". He explained the present situations oftransportation facilities in Shikoku and intra- and inter-regional passenger andfreight flows, and stressed on the shortage of jet airport and expressway network. To
stimulate the economic development in Shikoku, he concluded the necessity of early
construction of expressways in Shikoku.
Shoichi YAMASHITA (Hiroshima University) reported on his paper entitled"Present Situation of Economic Development in Shikoku Compared with Other
Regions". he compared Shikoku with other developing regions and suggested
strategic policies for regional development.
Discussants for these report were Yasuo SAKAKIBARA (Doshisha University),
Yoshinobu TAKAHASHI (Kagoshima University of Economics and Sociology) and
Makoto NOBUKUNI (Saitama University). Fruitful and constructive discussions-72-

among reporters, discussants and the floor were highly appreciated by all par­t1c1pants.
In addition to the above sessions, twenty-one very interesting papers were
presented in six sessions under free topics. Some of them were:
1) "A Static Analysis of Residential Location - A Systematic Approach to NUE
Model-", Asao ANDO (Kyoto University),
2) "A Land Use Model Using Data for Long Periods", Masuo KASHIWADANI(Ehime University),
3) "A Behavioural Scientific Analysis of Residential and Industrial Locations on the
Reclained Land in Osaka Bey", Mamoru HARUNA (Kyoto University),
4)"A Economic Analysis of Factors of Rural-Urban Migration", Makoto
NOBUKUNI (Saitama University),5) "A Economic Analysis of Agglomeration in Cities", Ryohei NAKAMURA(University of Tsukuba), and
6) "A'Nonsurvey Method'to Estimate 1-0 System in the Case of a Small Scale ofRegion", Komei SASAKI (Tohoku University) and Hirao SHIBATA (Yamagata
University).
II. THE JAPAN-AUSTRALIA REGIONAL STUDIES WORKSHOPWhen the 7th Pacific Regional Science Conference was held in Australia in 1981,
the Australia and New Zealand Section of RSA proposed to the Japan Section tohave the Japan-Australia Regional Studies Workshop to promote regional studies byencouraging cooperation and exchanging ideas between regional scientists in bothcountries. This workshop was officially accepted and the first workshop wasorganized at Kagawa University on Aug. 21 and 22, 1982 after closing the 19th
annual domestic conference of the Japan Section. Four papers dealing with in­terregional input-output analysis and the application of information theory toregional analysis were presented and many constructive and enlightening opinions
were exchanged among participants from both countries.
III. ANNOUNCEMENTThe Japan Section of RSA organized two conferences and a workshop in 1983.
1) The 8th Pacific Regional Scinece Conference of RSA will be held in Tokyo from
Aug. 17 to 19, 1983. About 24 topics will be adopted for the conference.
2) The 2nd Japan-Australia Regional Studies Workshop will be held at Nagoya
University of Commerce in suburban Nagoya on Aug. 22 and 23, 1983.
3) The 20th Annual Domestic Conference will be held at Keio University in Tokyo
from Oct. 29 to 31, 1983. The main theme for the conference will be "The Futureof Regional Science".
(Katsuyuki KURASHIMO)-73-

SOCIETY FOR ECONOMIC STUDIES OF SECURITIESIn 1982 the Society for Economic Studies of Securities held a national convention
and two division meetings, one in eastern Japan and the other in western Japan, as
well as eight regional meetings, four in Kanto, three in Kansai and one in Kyushu.
There were two main themes in the 19th national convention held at Ritsumeikan
University in Kyoto on May 22nd and 23rd, 1982. One of them was "Public Offeringof Stocks and Stock Price Movements". The following reports were presented on thistheme:
1. "Stock Trading by Investment Trusts in Japan", Hidefumi TSUMURA (Senshu
n1vers1ty)
2. "On the Public Offering of Stocks at the Market Price", Katsuhiro MAT­
SUMURA (Ritsumeikan University)
3. "An Analysis of Underwriting Agreements in Stock Offerings", Michio
KUNIMURA (Nagoya Municipal University)
TSUMURA presented the results of an empirical study in the stock trading
behavior of Japanese investment trusts as a whole, using annual data (1952-1981),
quarterly data (1964-1980) and monthly data (1964-1980). He co�cluded that its
stock tradings on balance tended to be very adaptive to the total am0unt of entrusted
funds under its management and to resist the stock market trend in the previous year
and, to a less extent, that of the same year, while having no definite relationship withshorter-term stock market movements.
MATSUMURA explored the consequences of stock public offerings prevailing inJapanese stock issue market since 1970 or so. He emphasiz�d the attained higher
flexibility of corporate financial decision-making owing to the accelerated growth ofpaid-in surplus and retained earnings, coupled with added power of the management,on the part of issuing corporations.
KUNIMURA found that the underwriter's fee relating to stock offerings was
generally higher in Japan than in U.S.A. and U.K. He measured the value of un­derwriter's risk in the standardized underwriting agreement of each nation, using theoption valuation model, and found that the excess of underwriter's fee over risk
showed much less difference among these nations than the underwriter's fee.
Through measuring also the average value of that excess for Japan from a sample dataand comparing it with the similar measurements by P. Marsh for U.S.A. and U.K.,
he confirmed the above-mentioned findings.
Another main theme of the national convention was "Banking and Securitiesu ·Business".
The following reports were presented on this theme:
1. "Internationalization of Tokyo Financial Markets", Yukio AIDA (Nomura
Securities Co.)
2. "Financial Innovations in U.S.A.", Ryoichi MIKITANI (Kobe University)

-74-

3.

"On the Basic Points of Controversy Concerning the Boundary between
Banking and Securities Business in Japan", Shinji KAWAGUCHI (Kansei­
Gakuin University)

4.

"Some Peculiarities in the Structural Change of Japanese Money Market",
Takatoshi NAKAMURA (Hosei University)
After a review of recent changes in the international financial markets, AIDA

outlined the successive steps made hitherto and the present status of Japanesefinancial markets'internationalization, and referred to some points of issue, such as
the low-level use of Japanese "yen" as a means of international settlements, therigidity of institutional arrangements and government policy for Japanese financial
business, and so on.
MIKITANI traced the progress of financial innovations in U.S.A., found thecauses of them in interest rates liberation, inflation, computerization, loosening
regulatory restrictions, and so on, explored their effects upon the financial markets
and the government monetary policy, and made suggestions about the prospects offinancial innovations in Japan.
KAWAGUCHI first emphasized the thesis: "The market structure of an industry isdetermined basically by two factors: one the economic forces govering the demand
for and supply of its products (goods or services), and the other the governmental andself-imposed regulations for the industry, and the same applies to the financial in­
dustry as well." Through referring to the universal banking system, the opposite
system with securities business separated from banking and the blending of theformer two, he presented some considerations as the basis for judging the con­troversy.
NAKAMURA discussed the peculiarities of Japanese money market as compared tothose of U.S.A. and other nations from the viewpoint of longer-term structuralchanges. He pointed out the necessity of establishing CP market in Japan as an open
market following the precedents of "Gensaki" market (short-term credits in the formof repurchase agreements of bonds) and CD market, together with the difficulties
accompanied with it.
Among papers presented at the Society's national, divisional and regional meetings
held in 1982, 16 (see below) were published in Annuals of the Society for Economic
Studies of Securities, No.18 in May 1983.
"Financial Innovation in U.S.A.", Masana HASEGAWA"Business Groups and the Stock Market in Japan", Yasuhiko HATTORI"National Debt Issues and Crowding Out Effects", Yasuhiro YONEZAWA"Corporate Behavior and

Government Regulation in

U.S.A.",

ToshioKIKUCHI"Financial Oligarchy and International Money Market", Tadashi SAKAMOTO"On the Conflicts of Interest in the U.S. Securities Market", Sadakazu
ISHIHARA"Financial Revolution and Subsequent Reform of the Financial System in
U.S.A.", Kzauo TATEWAKI"General Meetings of Stockholders and Corporate Control in Japan", Mitsuhiro-75-

HIRATA"The Relations between Market aud Accounting Betas in Japanese Stock
Market", Jiro ONO"On the Price Formation in the U.S. Stock Market in 1970s", Takuo SAGA
"Ownership and Control in Corporations", Takeshi SHINODA"The German Money Market in 1920s", Shigeo OHYA"On the International Financial Crisis of 1982", Kenji FUKIY A"The British Capital Issue Market and Monetary Policy in 1950s", Takao
KAMIKAWA"The Trend of Corporate Disclosure System in U.S.A.", Kunio ITOH
"The Bank of Japan's Loans Secured by Stocks: A Historical Review",Masaaki
MUTO(Masuzo KIMURA)-76-

ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY IN
SOCIALIST ECONOMIESThe 22nd Convention of the Association for the Study of Socialist Economies washeld on May 22 and 23, 1982, at Yamaguchi University.
There were two reports submitted under the free theme, while under the common
theme, four reports were presented. These all produced active discussions. The
common theme was "International Economic Relations in Socialist Countries - inConnection with Internal Factors — ". The setting of this theme indicates that
economists in our country have begun to take an increasing interest in the in 、
ternational economic relations of the socialist countries, as they observed the crisis ofsocialist economy which has been so clearly manifested in Poland. At this con­vention, it was considered to be important to study and thoroughly analyze the issue,
not only in its relation to the rise of petroleum prices or to the economic depression
in the Western nations, but also in connection with the domestic factors. Under thecommon theme, reports were presented as follows:
1. "Soviet Agriculture and Its External Relations" by Hiromasa NAKAYAMA(Meiji Gakuin University)
2. "Development and Its Limit of East-West Trade" by Shigeyasu SUZUKI(Yamaguchi University)"China's Modernization and Overseas Economic Relations" by Hideo UENO
(Kinki University)
4. "Plan and Market in COMECON" by Shoichiro TAKENAMI (Momoyama
Gakuin's University)
NAKAYAMA focused his report on the grain import problem in the Soviet
Union. He clarified the Soviet grain production during 1972、 76; examining both theimport and export of grain together with the source of import and the destination ofexports. Secondly, he explained that the import of agricultural products had acontinuous and effect on the Soviet balance of international payments. Those in thecontinuous and negative effect on the Soviet balance of international payments.
Such situation was clarified on the basis of a Western estimation of the Soviet
balance of international payments. Thirdly, he analyzed the causes of agricultural
recession in the Soviet Union discussing natural conditions, technology and labor
power. He concluded that an outlook for the Soviet grain import problems is
pessimistic. He pointed out that the adoption of the'Food Programme' in the Soviet
Union indicates that the Soviet authorities also have no optimistic view of the future.
The second report concerned the study of the possibility and limitations of thedevelopment of the East-West trade, from a standpoint that it is trade between two
opposing economic systems. In this report, SUZUKI made the following five points.
Firstly, the East-West trade used to act as a'buffer' till the end of the 1960s, but sincethen, it has come to play an important part in the trade of the East. Also, from theWest viewpoint, it's no longer just a simple supplement toward the market recession
3.

-77-

in the Western circle. Secondly, the East-West trade is affected by various factors
which determine intensive or extensive development of international division oflabour, such as geographical distance in connection with transportation cost; degreeof self-sufficiency in the economy of each nation; vertical or horizontal division oflabour; or the scale of economy in each nation. Thirdly, the East-West trade is af­
fected by the degree of marketability in the East and West, or especially in the East
side, which depends upon the principle of exchange of the equivalents; settlement
mechanism; or international multi-lateralism of commodity exchange. Fourthly, thedifferences in the control and operation of the trade in each side will influence theEast-West trade. Fifthly, the East-West trade can be encouraged as long as it's based
upon the benefit of an international division of labour. But it will be suspended if theEast-West trade comes to affect the existance of the economic system.
In the third report, UENO presented his study of China's overseas economic
relations, in its connection to the domestic modernization, by referring to features
such as changes in overseas economic policy; introduction of foreign capital andadvanced technology; and the reformation of trade system. About the changes inoverseas economic policy, he mentioned the active introduction of plants andtechnology; diversification of trade forms; establishment of joint ventures; ac­
ceptance of foreign loans and direct investments; and joining in the IMF or theWorld Bank group. As shown in such changes, overseas economic policy has recently
been undergoing fundamental changes, from the conventional policy of simply
securing exports in order to maintain import of necessary materials, to a new policyof accelerating the tempo of modernization, through the capital participation by theforeign nations and the technical transitions. The introduction of foreign capital andadvanced technology, demanded not only government loans but also finance frominternational foreign funds and direct private investment. Various specialty banks in
China, which used to be simply'distribution organs' of the government funds, havecome to possess extended discretionary power, and now play an important role in theloan of foreign capital, through the participation in the international monetary
market. He also pointed out that the joint exploration and development of thesubmarine oil fields for the development of energy have been under way, and thepolicy of'special economic wards' is progressing in Kuangtung and others. About thereformation of overseas trade system, he made an explanation of the regional
decentralization in overseas trade which has been conducted since 1980.
The fourth report presented a theoretical analysis of a possibility of efficientutilization of economic cooperation in the COMECON nations. TAKENAMI stated
that, in a situation where most of the COMECON nations take the centralized
system, that is in other words, are under the multi-centralized model, they tend to
adopt the principle of balanced trade between two nations and the method ofbilateral trade agreement. As a result, the transfer rouble cannot have ordinarypurchasing power, so it won't be able to function fully as international currency. Also
it would not be useful in the optimization of the calculation of international
economy. Also he stated that, under the multi-centralized model, there exists a limit
even in the improvement of the COMECON currency monetary system. He pointe�
-78-

out that there are very difficult obstacles in the development of efficient economic
cooperation among the Socialist nations.
Concerning the reports under the common theme, Takeshi OKAMOTO (Osaka
University of Foreign Studies); Shuzo NAJIMA (Yokohama College of Commerce);
Kazuo YAMANOUCHI(Hosei University) and Kinya INUGAI (N igata
University) gave comments.
During the Convention, apart from the common theme, two reports with related
discussions were presented under the free theme. The first report was "Theory of theState and Its Method in the USSR" by Michio KANEKO (Osaka University of
Economics and Law). The second report was "Distribution Policy and Activities ofPrivate Trades during the Period of War Communism"by Akira UEGAKI. The
former tried to explicate methodological characters of the new theory of the State,
which appeared in the Soviet Union since the beginning of the 1960s. The frameworkof the new theory of the State recognizes historical inevitability of dictatorship. But
under the name of'creative development', the inclination toward non-class character
was added to the recognition of the state, and it goes on to denying dictatorship. In
the capitalistic society, the theory of the State by the ruling class is allowed to exist in
various forms, but in the Socialist nations, only one theory of the State is acceptable.
And problems in such situation of the study of the state are connected withmethodological subjects in the recognition of the state. He clarified that situations,where concrete studies of state power are restricted, or be turned into the abstract,
will be creating the foundation of expansive re-production of arbitrariness in themethodology of the state. Along with such arguments concerning the socialistic
theory of state, it will be necessary to make note that, in Japan, there are some criticalstudies concerning etatisme of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Europe.
The latter expressed his viewpoint that the policies in the period of 'War Com­munism' were put under the pressure of war, but they aimed at the construction ofthe'communism'. And he presented his study concerning the connections between
an experiment to establish a system for the exchange of products in kind in the periodof'war communism', and the activities of private trades. UEGAKI made a concrete
analysis concerning the system and the actual situation of spot'commodity exchange'(ToBaroo6Men). He pointed out that from August 1, 1918 to July 31, 1919, about halfof the total grain procurement was obtained in exchange with industrial products ofabout 1.5 billion rubles, and he stated that the scale of such exchange could not beignored. Also, it was positively clarified that, during the period of 'War Com­munism', the sphere of activities of private trades, uncontrolled by the state, wasquite extensive. It should be evaluated as a part of the study of the Soviet history,
which is successfully carried out in Japan.
The 23rd Convention of 1983 is scheduled to be held on June 11 and 12. The
common theme is "Possibility and Reality of Socialism". It aims at examining theimage of Socialism now, 100 years after the death of Marx, in its relation to current
Socialism.
(Yoshiaki NISHIMURA)-79-

SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF SOCIAL POLICYThe Society for the Study of Social Policy is an inter-disciplinary body devoted tothe study of labor and social problems. It holds two national conferences annually inspring and autumn. Each of its five regional organizations also hold their own
meetings at least once a year. In addition, the society has four study groups composedof members who share common research subjects: trade unionism, living conditions,social secu.rity and workers welfare. The annual bulletin of the society, SHAKAISEISAKU GAKKAI NENPO is published through the Ochanomizu Shobo
Publishing Company. It carries a list of the members'works. Volume 27 of thebulletin, titled "Contemporary Industrial Rationalization" (GENDAI NO GORIKA)
appeared in May 1983.
The 64th national conference of the society was held on May 15-16 at Chuogakuin
University, Abiko City, Chiba Prefecture. Approximately 250 members attended,
four of whom delivered talks on the main theme of "Contemporary Industrial
Rationalization."
Industry's recent micro-electronification, in the form of industrial robots andnumerically controlled machine tools, together with the spread of office automation,
signalled the advent of a new stage of rationalization in Japan. The common goal ofthis collection of papers is to clarify, theoretically and empirically, the nature of the"contemporary era of rationalization" and its influence on employment and the labor
movement.
Masafumi NAKAMURA (Kagoshima University) writes on "Renovation andRationalization of the System of Productive Forces". Starting from a general notionof technology, he examines theoretically the historical nature of the current
rationalization movement and its effects on the working class.
Toshio AIDA (Hosei University) reports on "The Problem of Reorganization and
Employment in the Japanese Shipbuilding Industry." He notes that the number ofworkers in the industry declined by half during the late 1970s. Focusing on theemployment cutback, he places it in terms of the 1978 "Basic Plan fat Stabilization of
the Shipbuilding Industry" and the scrapping of 35 percent of shipbuilding facilities.
He also explains the cut-back in terms of the relationship between big capital andmedium and small capital within the industry.
Satoshi BANDO (Labor Research Institute) analyzes "Rationalization andLabor/Management Relations in the Electrical 11:.dustry." The large electrical in­
dustries are manufacturers of industrial robots. At the same time, as users of suchrobots, they are on a par with the automobile and precision machinery industries. He
argues that, at the present stage, micro-electronification has not had a great impact
for the following reasons. Robots have been introduced primarily to do work that is
dirty and physically onerous. Workers like robots and do not oppose their in­troduction. On the contrary, they are eager to acquire new techniques. Second, the-80-adoption of micro-electronics is still incomplete. Because they have been introduced
chiefly in the growth industries, they have not had an overall negative effect inreducing employment.
Yasuyuki HIPPOH (Rissho University) reports on "The Rationalization Problem in
the Construction Industry". That industry accounts for 10 percent of all industry inJapan and employs 5. 7 million people. Stressing that fact, he explains how thedistinctive "multilayered system of subcontracting" in the construction industry has
been restructured through rationalization.
Concerning these four reports, the following people submitted commentaries:
Makoto KUMAZAWA (Konan University), ltsutomo MITSUI (Keio University),
Kenichi KOBAYASHI (Hosei University) and Akira TAKANASHI (Shinshu
University). Afterwards, a lively discussion took place, chaired by Yoshihisa
TOKITA (Ritsumeikan University). In addition to the common theme, four separate
workshops were held at the conference and a total of eleven papers were presented.
One workshop was on "The Problem of Organizing Labor Unions"; another was on"Medical Security in a Period of Transition"; and the remaining two were freed'1scuss1ons.
About 300 people attended the 65th national convention held on November 27

and 28, 1982, at Kyoto University. Altogether 8 papers were presented on thecommon theme of "Structural Change', Workers and Labor Administration". The
first speaker, Takayoshi KITAGAWA (Nagoya University) addressed℃hanges inIndustrial and Social Structure and the Worker". After making a typology of changes
in social structure since World War II, he went on to analyze the transformation of
the industrial structure and its effects on workers.
Setsu ITOH (Tokyo Metropolitan Junior College, Tachikawa) took up the problemof "The Present Day Life Structure of Japanese Workers", focusing mainly on family
budgets and the statistical breakdown of the average day.
Takeshi INAGAMI (Hosei University), speaking on "Solidarity, Competition and
Identity", presented a theoretical model of the consciousness and behavior ofworkers.
Kazuo MATSUBAYASHI (Gunma University) reported on "Japanese-style
Labor/Management Relations and Labor Administration". After analyzing
historically labor administration in postwar Japan, he pointed out problems in thecurrent administration of labor and presented a direction for its reform.
Shigetoh KAWAGOE (Iwate University) examined "Labor Standards Ad­
ministration and Working Life". He noted that the supervision of labor standards
does not function well and criticized the government for its negative posture.
Naoyuki KAMEYAMA (National Institute of Employment and Vocational
Research) reported on "Trends in the Labor Market and Employment Policy".
Noting that surpluses and shortages of employment co-existed, he pointed to the factthat no matter how much employment increased, irremediable unemployment
always exists. He then went on to argue the need to clarify just what sort of people are
the unemployed who should be the true object of employment policy.
Yasuo WAKABAYASHI (Kinki University) spoke on "The Administration of-81-Labor/Management Relations and Labor Disputes." His report, on the situation of
local labor committees and their problems, was based on a research questionnaire.
sent to people involved in the work of such committees.
Lastly, Saburo MATSUOKA (Meiji University), looking back on the postwar
history of "The Labor Union Movement and Labor Administration", discussed thetasks that lie ahead.
(Kazuo NIMURA)-82-

SOCIO 一 ECONOMIC HISTORY SOCIETY

1.

The Socio-Economic History Society was established in 1930 as an inter­disciplinary body for the study of economic, social and intellectual history. In Japan,
economic history in universities is usually taught in the department of economics.
Economic historians in this country have not necessarily been trained as economists,
but they are mainly members of the department or institute of economics.
The Society has published the journal, "Shakai-Keizai-Shigaku" (Socio-Economic
History), continuously since 1931, except for a brief break at the end of and just after
the World War II. Since 1960, the journal has been published bimonthly, and in
1982, six issues of volume 48 were printed. All articles have summaries written inWestern languages, usually English. Kenichiro SHODA (Waseda University) is atpresent executive director and he represents the Society. The board of directors (30members) and 6 members of the executive committee decide the activities.
There are three other standing committees: editing, chaired by Shinichi
YONEKAWA (Hitotsubashi University), planning chaired by Minoru MOROTA(Kanagawa University), and international liaison, chaired by Sakae TSUNOYAMA(Wakayama University).
As the Society passed its fiftith year anniversary

m 1980, commemorative

publications, including surveys of the studies in economic history in Japan, the fifty
years history of the Society, and the general index of the journal, are now in progress.
2.

The 51st annual meeting was held in Tokyo on 15 and 16 May, 1982. The

meeting was hosted by Hosei University and "Industrialization and Transportation"
was the topic of the second day. The'Introduction' was presented by Hirofumi
YAMAMOTO (Hosei University) who reminded the audience of the early problemsof road and rail transport during the 1870s and 1880s and how the railway network,on which Japan's successful industrialization has depended, was eventually completed
by private enterprise in the 1890s.
'Japan's Industrial Development Policy and lnlandwater Ways; by Hiroshi
MASUDA (Bunkyo Junior College) discussed the important role of river tran­
sportation, in the 1870s and 1880s when despite of the emergence of the railway,
survived as a complimentary method of transport until the 1930s.
'Industrialization and the Network of Railways in Japan', by Katsumasa HARAQA(Wako University) pointed out that the original construction of railways in Japan was
begun for political rather than economic reasons. But the railway age (since the1880s) was an economic initiative, necessary as part of the industrializing process, andharnessing private capital to bring it to fruition.
'Japanese Shipping during the Establishment of Japanese Industrial Capitalism' by
Kohzaburo KATOH (Senshu University) dealt with the establishment of the IndianLine for transporting India's raw cotton to Japan, where a modern cotton industry-83-

grew rapidly in the late 1880s. As Japan was a late-comer to this industry, it wasnecessary to import raw cotton as cheaply as possible. The competition between
NYK, a Japanese shipping company representing the Boseki Rengokai (Federation ofJapanese Textile and Trading Companies) and the Western companies, particularly
P. & 0. Co., was stiff, but finally in 1896 they negotiated a freight charge agreement.
'The Development of the English Railway System as a Means of Transport'by
Takeshi YUZAWA (Gakushuin University) treated the role of railways, tran­
sportation of goods as well as passengers, charges and revenues of railway companies,
and the relations to merchants during the English industrialization.
'Die lndustrielle Revolution und der Verkehr im Westdeutschen Wirtschaftsraum'
by Hisashi WATANABE (Kyoto University) analyzed the relation between thedevelopment of transportation using the Rhine and of industry in the surrounding
regions.
'Los Ferrocarriles Argentinos y la Transformacion de la Economia Pampeana'by
Keiko IMAI (Institute of Developing Economies) concerned the establishment ofrailways in Argentine with foreign capital and its specialization in the transportationof agricultural and dairy products for export from La Pampa area.
All of these papers have been printed in a special issue of the Shakai-Keizai­
Shigaku, Vo.48, No.5., with summaries written in Western languages.
(Akira HAYAMI)-84-

JAPAN STATISTICAL SOCIETY
The 50th Convention of the Japan Statistical Society was held at Chiba
University, Chiba, July 13-15, 1982. The number of participants was more than four
hundred, and 114 papers were presented during the period. An exhibition of per­sonal computers (both domestic and foreign) was held, interested many participants.
A session on graphics studies using microcomputers was also held. In another session,
package programs on microcomputers for non-linear estimation and simulation of
econometric models were also discussed.
A brief summary of the papers presented at sessions concerning economic studies
are as follows: International Compparison of Economic Structure and Economic
Behaviour, chaired by Sohichi KINOSHITA (Nagoya University). Osamu
YOSHINO (Komazawa University) read a paper titled, "Wage Share in Manufac­
turing in Great Britain", where he reported a model analysis and empirical resultswith an emphasis on determinants of wage shares. He assumed there is some stable
relationship between wage share and size of the firm. Jiro NEMOTO (Nagoya
University) presented a paper on "A U.S. - Japan Comparison of the substitutability
between Capital and Energy". He assumed the weak separability of capital andenergy among other productive factors, and made use of the multi-factor CES
production function in estimating structures of manufacturing industries both ofJapan and the United States. He arrived at a conclusion that capital and energy seemto be complementary, but the U.S. manufacturers appear to be more sensitive to therelative price changes than the Japanese manufacturers. Kazushi SUZUKI (the Japan
Development Bank) presented a paper titled, "Rational Expectation and Investment
in Plant and Equipment", where he estimated investment equations of Abel type for
the Japanese and the U.S. economy. Making use of the estimated parameters, he tried
to estimate the effects of tax policies such as corporate income tax, tax credit for
expenditures on investmenting plants and equipments. He has found somesignificant differences between his empirical results and those of other preceedent
researchers. Mitsuo YAMADA (Saga University) reported an empirical study on
export shares based on a Hickman and Hickman-Lau model. Date used in his study,
were on exports in the Japanese Standard Classification of 20 items of the World
Trade Statistics. He also attempted to estimate the so-called "Trade-Link" model, andanalyzed differences of commodity trade patterns by country in terms of export
elasticity with respect to the relative price.
The 51st Convention of the society is to be held at Hiroshima University,
Hiroshima, July 20-22, 1983. The number of papers expected to be read at thesessions of the convention is about one hundred and thirty. The titles concerning
economic studies are as follows: Shigeru TANAKA (Keio University), "Demand
Analysis of Aged Persons Medical Care"; Kuniyoshi OHTA (Tokyo Keizai
University), "An Analytical Model and its Application to Sex-Ratio and AgeDistribution of Population," Tomomi OHTSUKA (Nihon University), "On the-85-

Socio-Economic Determinants of Death Rate,"; Akira OGATA (Fukui Medical
College) et al., "Statistics of Sex-Ratio at birth by Status,"; Takemi Y ANAGIMOTO(Institute of Statistical mathematics), "A Regression Analysis of Cyclical Pattern ofFood consumption,"; Makoto MORITA (Waseda University), "An Analysis of
Determinants of Complementary Expenses for Education,"; Yoko MORIIZUMI(Kyorin University), "Housing Demand elasticity with respect to price in Japan,";Haruo OHNISHI (Tsukuba University), "On Selecting Variables in the constrained
Least Squares Method,"; Yoshikaza SUNADA (Soka University), "Forward Price of
Woolen Yarn and Demand Analysis".
One interesting session or the computers and information date processing, as asort of the "Common Theme" session, was opened to specialists and also for a wider
range of users of soft programs. The session chaired by Naoto NIKI (Institute of
Statistical Mathematics) includes seven reports such as a new statistical program
package, "NISAN", a summation argont. hm of the questionnaires for an example ofresearch of demand for the socio-economic statistics data base and so forth. Thissession also includes a paper on program-package for a micro-computer.
We w1'Uhave two more common theme sessions on the soc10-econom1c studies, thatis, the one is a session on statistical analysis of the aged in society: problems of
population, Employment and Reemployment, chaired by Yohichi OKAZAKI(Institute of Population Problems, Ministry of Welfare), and the other is on ap­
plications of time series models to economic analysis, chaired by Naohito
KUNITOMO (University of Tokyo).
The former session includes papers as below: Yohichi OKAZAKI (Institute ofPopulation Problems, Ministry of Welfare), "An Analysis of the Aged from the view­
point of Demography,"; Toshio KURODA (Nihon University), "A Change of
Empirical Law of Aged Population,"; Makoto OFUJI (Institute of Population
Problems, Ministry of Welfare), "Determinants of Aged Population: Present andfuture of the Birth Rage in Japan,"; Yasuo IIBUCHI and Keiko HIGa (Ryukyu
University), "Death Statistics in a Study of the Aged in Society," Keisuke SUZUKI(Ryutsukeizai University), "Structure of Population Mobility of Age Classes."
The latter session includes papers as below: Katsuto TANAKA (Kanazawa
University), "Estimation of Contagious Function in cycle Numbers,"; Takashi
OHKUBO (The Bank of Japan), "An Analysis of Causal Relation among Economic
Variables in Noise contribution Rate,"; Hajime WAGO (Tsukuba University) and
Sumihiko OHIRA (Economic Planning Agency), "Applications of Multi-Variate
Time-Series Model to Japanese Economy,", Hajime WAGO (Tsukuba University),"Time-Series Analysis of Causal Relation among Import Price of Oil, WPI and CPI,";
Hirotsugu AKAIKE (Institute of Statistical Mathematics) et al., "Time-Series
Analysis of Japanese Economy from the View-Point of Control Theory,"; Muneo
HAMADA (Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry) et al., "An
Analysis and forecasting of Demand for Electric Power".
Last December, Ryoichi SUZUKI (Keio University) was elected as the 16th
President of the Japan'Statistical Society, and the executive members were also newly
nominated.
(Fumimasa HAMADA)ヽ-86-

JAPAN SOCIETY OF TRANSPORTAT/ION ECONOMICS

concerning "The People's Transportation Costs" and has announced the results, andYoshimasa SATAKE (Gakushuin University) and Jun-ichi SUZUKI (Institute ofTransportation Economics) offer its introduction and critique here.
Our society convened its 41st conference in October 1982 in Osaka under thegeneral basic theme of "The People's Livelihood and Transportation." With thehistorical background of this traditional theme being currently the center of renewedinterest, the degree of reliance on transportation in Japanese life has increased
remarkably along with economic growth, and this can be considered one social trend
in the striving for a better quality of life.
Until now, the trend of academic research has focused much interest on themarked results of transportation service by the management of transportation
systems,but this general theme has resulted in researchers attention being directed
toward the user side of transportation.
"Transportation and Information - An Economic Introduction to Intangible
Goods," by Yasuo SAKAKIBARA (Doshisha University), points out that, in thepast, transportation economics has, if anything, concentrated on objects and has
only thought of the movement of people and information incidentally. It concludes
that a theory must be developed which sufficiently considers service information inboth economics and transportation economics.
"The People's Livelihood and Transportation Subsidies—The Purpose and Effect ofAssistance for Commuting Students," by Ushio CHUJO (Keio university),
makes it clear that, based on a conscientious analysis of household budget statistics,of all transportation subsidies that occur for the purpose of income redistribution, thesystem of discounts for student commuter passes is one of the least effective.
"Transportation Cost Outlays from the Standpoint of the Structure Household
Budgets - Automobile Maintenance Costs," by Etsuko SHIBATA (Osaka City
University), shows how much of a burden automobile maintenance imposes onhousehold outlays annualy based on a survey of the actual state of automobile
mamtenance costs.
"The People's Livelihood and Physical Distribution - A Downstream Approach,"by Tani-ichi TANIMOTO (Osaka College oflndustry), criticizes the old approach ofphysical distribution theory which takes the side of the supplier of goods or the
manifacturer. It theorizes that the construction of a national economic physicaldistribution theory first becomes possible with a discussion of the purpose of
rationalization and the function of physical distribution from the consumer's
standpoint.
"Transportation Problems in an Aging Society," by Haruya HIROOKA (Hosei
University), forecasts problems, which will arise in the supply and demand
relationship of transportation service as Japan rapidly approaches a population-87-

structure with a growing number of aged citizens, and it offers measures to counteract
this.
In 1981, the Transportation Economics Research Center carried out research
According to a report in which members freely chose themes, the following seven
were picked. It is notable that younger reseachers are working in particular on U.S.
and European transportation policy and the nature and evaluation o.f transportation
service.
The Direction of West Germany's Transportion Policy - The Federal Tran­
sportation Route Plan
Masahiro SUGIYAMA (Waseda University)
London's Fare Issue
Arata MARUMO (Kansei Gakuin University)
Problems Involving Economic Regulation in Transportation Industry - Centeringon U.S. and European Trucking
Kunihiko KATAYAMA (Kobe shoka University)
Marketing Strategy for Transportation Enterprises
Shigeo HOSODA (Aichi University)
The Service Level of Transportation Enterprises - A Social Appraisal
Toshio MATSUZAWA (Osaka City University)
The Quality of Transportation Service and the Spread of Private Transportation
Yasuo IKUTA (Ryutsu Keizai University)
The Management Development and Market Condition of the Tohbu Railway
Company in the 1920's
Yoshinobu OIKAWA (Kawaguchi High School)
The 1983 Conference will consider policies being advanced at the governmental
level for Japanese National Railway's management conditions and the liquidation ofits deficit. The general theme is expected to be "JNR's Management and Tran、
sportation Policy- The Problem of JNR's Rehabilitation." The society is thinking of
making positive statements on transportation policy surrounding JNR.
Throug the year our academic society has held numerous meetings of its Kanto andKansai chapters centered on Tokyo and Osaka respectively. Reports were made on
the following topics in 1982.
KANTO:
June 1982 - "The Urban Transit Fare system in the future," by Masahiro FUJITA(Teito Rapid Transit).
Because Tokyo's subway network has become increasingly complicated, theadoption of a concentric zone fare system is under study in an attempt to simplify andclarify the fare system. This meeting reported and evaluated on the system's actual
introduction.

July — "An Analysis of Freight Mortorization in Post-War Japan," by Tadashi
MURAO (Kanagawa University).
The increase of road traffic in Japan in the 1960s and in particular the rise in thenumber of trucks has brought about a significant decline in the railway's share of-88-

freight traffic. But with the improvement in service drivers' working conditions havedeteriorated, traffic pollution and traffic accidents have increased. This report also
testified to the difficulty of making economies of scale work in the trucking industry.
November - "The Ninth Highway construction Five-Year Plan and Highway
Funds," by Fumio TAKEDA (Expresswa·y Research Council).
�ighway construction as social capital has advanced considerably, but the
government's financial difficulties have put a brake on investment plans for the time
being. This report offers a word on the utilization of tollways to cope with thisproblem.
December - "The Issue of Taxis and Regulation Policy," by Hirotaka YAMAUCHI(Keio University).
An undesirable phenomena has appeared in today's taxi market due to thegovernment's mixing its supervision in areas it should overlook with those it
shouldn't. Study is called for concerning the method of regulation and this reportoffers a concrete proposal.
December - "A Quantitative Analysis of the Mechanism for Determining Traffic
Volume," by Keisuke SUZUKI (Ryutsu Keizai University).
The total domestic freight volume and the real gross national product seem to havelost their interelationship since the oil crisis of 1973. However this report shows that
this is only a temporary phenomena caused by a drastic change in the parameters andthat the two will revert to their former close relationship.
March 1983 — "A Study of a Short-Term Demand Forecast Model through theApplication of Time Sereis Data Analysis," by Akira AKIBA (ITE).
This is a report on the method of applying spectrum analysis to the time series data
analysis of monthly or quaterly traffice volume or to demand forecasting.

KANSAI:

April 1982 - "The division and Private Management of Japanese National Railway,"
by Ryohei KAKUMOTO (Transportation Economy Research Center).
This is a report on practical method for JNR's reformation.
June — "The Traveler's Movement and Time Value," by Ken-ichi SHOJI. (Kobe
University).
A new view point is unfolded here on time benefit, the basic approach of tran­
sportation economics.
December - "The City and Transportation," by Hiroyuki YAMADA (Kyoto
University).
This introduces urban pproblems of Europe and the state of research on thembased on the author's experience during his two years of study in England.
January 1983 — "Trends and Issues of the'Third Sector' in Transportation," byYasunori DOI (Ritsumeikan University).
This is a criticism of attempts to form a "Third" type of management body by local
communities in concert in conjunction with the operation of JNR's local lines.
In addition, three preliminary reports were presented for the national confenrenceat the regional chapters, one in September in Kanto and two in Kansai in May and
September.
Gunichi SUZUKI)-89-

THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY
The 18th annual meeting of the Society of Economic Sociology was held at Oh、
birin College in Tokyo on November 27 —28, 1982.
I. Presentation of Reports
1. Specail Topics
A. "Evironmental Problems and Economic Sociology"
Co-chaired by Yasujiro DAIDO (Matsuyama Commercial University) andShoji SAITO (Nihon University).
(1) "Environment and Organization" by Yoshimatsu AONUMA (Keio
University).
In order to study the current situation, which is characterized with transitions
beginning with the 19th-centiry 'market society' toward the 20th-century'organizational society', it is hoped to proceed from the standpoint of the "Theory ofOrganization". It is necessary to discuss the organization, not just as a sole factor, but
in its connection to the environment. What characterizes the "Post Industrial
Society" is the infiltration of 'Professionalism' into industries. Based upon the in­dustrial professionalization, and by overcoming a characteristic'organizational man'in the bureaucracy which is a closed system, it will open a way for a person to reveal
individuality in organization. Thus, by making organization as an open system,encourageing individuality, it will become possible to develop the theory oforganization from the point of social science, toward a direction for improving theenvironment.
(2) "Evolutionary Approach to Environmental Problems: A Paradox in
Affluence" by Takashi GUNJIMA (Doshisha University).
High economic growth caused serious environmental pollution and it alarmed
many, including some of the middle class. "A Paradox in Affluence" resulted inwhich trash became the'third pollution'. What is to be done with the Trash problem
which creates such social expense? It has become necessary to take a new look at theliving structure or economic structure, from the point of civilization.
(3) "Looking back upon the 1980 Tokyo Conference of the Club of Rome—”
by Hiroshi SEGAWA (Ohbirin College).
With the 1980s there is an increasing fear of the possible distinction of our natural
universe by forces which we, as humans, ought to be able to control. But in theunclear age and with Marxian and Capitalist interpretations can 'human ex­termination weapons', be controlled? Contemporary meaning can be found in thefundamental thesis of the historical view of economic philosophy, which overcomes
epistemological Metlodology simply as general conditions for Marxian theory or themodern economic theory in social science. This'View of History of the Philosophy of
Political Economy in Social Existence', which I advocate as a new third historicalview, cultivated for viewing the process of social existence dialectically, brings the-90-

'development of fundamental thesis of dialectic of Social Existence', and has its
significance in this very point.
Discussants: Toshio HAYASE (Teikyo University) Nobutada USHIZU(Nagasaki Junior College of Foreign Languages).
B. "Contemporary Problems of Welfare State" Co-chaired by Yoichi ITAGAKI(Asia University) and Hiromi YOKOI (Nagoya Gakuin University).
Gakuin University).
(1) "Social Change and Social Welfare at the turning Point"
by Kouichi HIRAOKA (The Social Development Research Institute).
Japan is currently facing social changes, and in order to cope with the resulting
advancement and diversification of welfare need, the present social welfare system(social welfare in a narrow sense = welfare service) would not be sufficient. The
welfare society is at a great turning point. In studying the transitions which socialchanges bring upon social welfare from the points of both sides of a change of need
and a change of social conditions which support social welfare, there are thefollowing fundamental points. (I) The establishment of original social welfare('personal social service', in English terminology), separate from the idea ofguaranteeing the minimum living standard; (II) transformation of policy target andpolicy subject through normalization; (Ill) reorganization of service supply system;(IV) systematization and organiation of various services through regional welfare
system; (V) necessity of evaluation of policies and system reform, based upon acertain standard; and (VI) problems of'Social Planning'.
(2) "A Sociological Consideration on the Welfare Social Policy"
by Kenichi TOMINAGA (University of Tokyo).
Under the existing circumstances, there are many instances where discussions are
conducted about the welfare policy by developing arguments for and against it,
without clarifying the theory underlying the discussions. After the pursuit of various
traditional viewpoints, it would be permissible to use an expression of'welfare state',in so far as the state is the program subject in welfare policy. And the state itself is theorganization through which policies will be achieved. The object of welfare is thepeople (in the case of the central government), or local communities (in the case of
local governments). The meaning of welfare policy is the'performance capacity of thefunctional requisites of the social system'. In that sense, welfare means provision
which an individual finds it difficult or impossible to achieve for himself. Welfare
policy therefore aims to raise the welfare standard, and should be considered as'Social Planning'.
(3) "The Social Foundati9n of Welfare State" by Toshimasa MUKAI (Kobe
University).
The national welfare policy was'economic welfare policy' during the 19th and into
the first half of the 20th century. But, at the present time, it is shifting to a policy,
which puts its emphasis on various non-economic targets. From that viewpoint, so far
as non-economic targets are studied as specialized social science, a theoreticalanalysis, focused on a particular object, has indispensable significance. As a par--91-

ticular object it lists up the'relationship of man to man', or'society' as a proper'interpersonal'("zwischenmenschlich") phenomenon with its own meaning. It wasargued that current welfare policy could be considered as'social welfare policy'.
(4) "The Social ldea Rooted in the Welfare State"
by Yuzo YAMADA(Former Director of Social Development ResearchInstitute).
At the basis of the welfare society, there lies the concept of the democratic society.
YAMADA discussed Beveridge's 'Free Society', G. Myrdal's 'Democratic Par­
ticipation', and the OECD's'The Welfare State in Crisis', and especially he con­firmed the idea of democratic society which accompanies self-control. Through that
confirmation, the following three points were mentioned as problems in the case ofJapan.(I) In the post war period, with the introduction of a policy of the welfare state,
the social security scheme had been improved, but the understanding of thedemocratic society, which should be the foundation, was not necessarily improved.
(II) The problems of a national minimum were not fully studied, and as a result the'self-ontrol' in democratic society was not emphasized.(III) Furthermore, recently,
pressures from outside, against the policies of welfare state, increased. Some public
opinion wished to encourage the weapons-industry, at the expense of the welfare
state thus making a challenge of democratic society itself.
2. Free Topics(1) "A Study of E. Durkheim's Doctrine of Social Division of Labour" by
Tomoyuki YOSHISUJI(Kobe Gakuin University)(2) "An Existential Theme in Economic Philosophy" by Mitsuro MUTO
(Waseda University)(3) "Women's Economic Role in Non-Market and Market Labour"by Terue OHASHI(Daiko Adventising Inc.)(4) "The business Organization as Total System of Effectiveness and Practice"
by Akira YAMADA (Nihon University) and Kazuyoshi KARASAWA(Keio University)
IL Publications
The Annual Bulletin of the Society of Economic Sociology, Vol. IV was publishedin a book form Qichosha Ltd., Tokyo) in December, 1982, under the following title:"Thorstein Veblen and the Institutional School", which mainly consists of the papers
presented to the Special Topics at the annual meeting of the Society for the year of
1981. In addition to that, the papers presented to the free theme, study notes andbook reviews, etc. are included in it.
III. Plan for the Special Topics at the 19th Annual Meeting, 1983.
The year 1983 marks the centenary of the death of K. Marx, and also the 100th
anniversary of the births of J.M. Keynes, J.A. Schumpeter, and Yasuma TAKATA
who was the pioneering founder of this Society. In commemoration of those facts, theSociety is planning to hold meetings under Special Topics.
(Toshimasa MUKAI)-92-

List of Member Associations
1983**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"THE JAPAN ACCOUNTING ASSOCIATION
日本会計研究学会• Established on December 24, 1937
• Number of members: 1,540• President: Toshio IINO (Chuo University)• Publication: Monthly bulletin, "Kaikei" (Accounting)• Liaison Office of the Japan Accounting Association
c/o Moriyama Co., Hayashi Building, 1-10, Nishiki-cho,Kanda Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o** o **o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o** o **o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o** o ** o **o**o

THE AGRARIAN HISTORY SOCIETY
土地制度史学会• Established on June 26, 1948
• Number of members: 923• Representative Director: Kaichiro OISHI (University of Tokyo)● Publication: "Tochi Seido Shigaku (The Journal of Agrarian History) quarterly• Agrarian History Society
cl o Institute of Social Science, The University of Tokyo
7ふ1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113,Japan**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**"**"**'**'**'**'**'**"**'**'**'**"**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC SOCIETY OF JAPAN
日本農業経済学会• Established on November 19, 1924
• Honorary members 19, regular members 1,059, associate member (students)
129, cooperative members: 27• Chairman: Seiji SAKIURA (Hokkaido University)• Publication: Bulletin of the Society, "Nogyokeizai Kenkyu" Oournal of rural
Economics) - quarterly• The Agricultural Economic Society of]apan
c/o Business Center for Academic Societies,Japan
2-4-16, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113,Japan..........................................................................................................................................
-93-

*'°*'"""が,.,,,,,...,社,..,..。木紅"""'はou c中''''"'"'""'社,....,,. �,.,.,.,,..,社,.が"""'-'·"''紅中和,.,叫.., 社n枯°本・"'""四c.
： ,.,.c.,.,.o心°紐• o-,,o,,,,,c.,.,.o.,.,.,...,蕊·冴却THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR ASIAN POLITICAL
AND ECONOMIC STUDIES
アジア政経学会• Established on May 5, 1953
• Number of members: 600• President: Katsu YANAIHARA (Keio University)• Publication: "Asian Studies" - quarterly• Japan Association for Asian Political and Economic Studies
clo Professor Saburo YAMADA,
Institute of Oriental Culture, The University of Tokyo
7ふ1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**"**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**''*'**'**'出*°... 0**'*< 0 .. 0 ••• 0 ** 0 ** 0 ** 0 **'.. ,JAPAN SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
日本経営学会• E9tablished on July 10, 1926
• Number of members: 1,788• President: Shigetaka MOHR! (Yamanashi Gakuin University)● Publication: "Keieigaku Ronshu" - once a year
• Japan Society for the Study of Business Administration
cl o The Institute of Business Research, Hitotsubashi University
Kunitachi, Tokyo 186, Japan**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**゜出："'**'*''出*'**'**'**'"*'**'**'

JAPAN BUSINESS ENGLISH ASSOCIATION BJBEA)
日本商業英語学会• Established on July 20, 1934
• Honorary members 1, regular members 172, supporting members 6, totalling179• Chairman: Mikito NAKAMURA (Kwansei Gakuin University)• Publication: "Nihon Shogyo Eigo Gakkai Kenkyu Nempo (The JBEA
Annual Studies)" - once a year
• Japan Business English Association
cl o Professor Mikito NAKAMURA
Kwansei Gakuin University
1-bancho, Uegahara, Nishinomiya, Hyogo Ken 662, Japan**'**'**"**'**'**'**'**'**"**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**"**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**"**'*"''-94-

...,,..,杜'*"心＊＊匹,,ほ0本"叫.,叫"''杜ロ

科知,,,.,し,.,.,.,,ぶ.,・刃科0杜0社叫が440杜吐,.,社°社o,印謎⇔＊味l渕ぷ

BUSINESS HISTORY SOCIETY OF JAPAN
経営史学会• Established on Autumn of 1964
• Number of members: personal 601, institution 44• President: Keiichiro NAKAGAWA (Fukushima University)• Publication: "Japan Business History Review" - quarterly• Business History Society of]apan
cl o Professor Moriaki TSUCHIYA
Faculty of Economics, The University of Tokyo
7ふ1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan,,o,,o.,o.,o.,o.,o••o.,o•• o•• o•• o•• o,,o,,o.,o,,o,,o,,o•• o.,o,,o••o,.o,,o,,o,,o•• o.,o,,o,,o••o••o••o,,o•• o•• o••o••o••o••o••o••o•• o.,o,,o,,oJAPAN SOCIETY OF BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
日本経営数学会• Established on July 3, 1959
• Number of members: 75• President: Shinkichi SATO (Chiba University of Commerce)• Publication: "Annual or Semi-Annual Report of Japan Society of Business
Mathematics"• Japan Society of Business Mathematics,
cl o Laboratory of Professor Kesato FUJISAWA
Kanagawa University
3-27, Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 22, Japan**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"

JAPAN SOCIETY OF COMMERCIAL SCIENCES
日本商業学会• Established on April 21, 1951
• Number of members: honoray 6, ordinary 582, supporting companies 10• President: Ryusuke KUBOMURA (Nihon University)• Publication: "Journal of Japan Society of Commercial Science" - annually• Japan Society of Commercial Sciences
Room 513, Graduate School Building of Meiji University
1-1 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**'**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o*''o*''o*,いO-95-磁勺却.,.,.,や,.,...,..゜材俎＊吐,.,.,ぶ.....,,

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR COMMODITY SCIENCE
日本商品学会• Established on April 4, 1935
• Number of members: regular members 299 , supporting members 7• Chairman: Saburo KIT AHARA• Publication: Quarterly bulletin, "Shohin Kenkyu" (Studies on Com­
modities)• Japan Society for Commodity
clo Hitotsubashi University,
Kunitachi, Tokyo 186, Japan**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"THE SOCIETY FOR THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT
経済学史学会• Established on April 22, 1950
• Number of members: 780• President: Masao HAMABAYASHI (Hitotsubashi University)• Publication: "The annual bulletin of the solciety" - once a year
• The Society for History of Economic Thought
cl o Faculty of Economics,
Hitotsubashi University,
Kunitachi, Tokyo 186, Japan••o••o••o.,o.,o.,o ••o••o••o••o••o•• o••o ••o••o••o ••o ••o••o••o••o••o ••o ••o••o ••o ••o ••o ••o ••o ••o ••o •• o•• o•• o,.o•• o•• o••o••o.,o••o•• o•• o•• o•• o

THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMICS AND ECONOMETRICS
理論・計量経済学会• Established in October, 1947
• Number of members: 1,612• President: Tadao UCHIDA (University of Tokyo)• Publication: "Economic Studies Quarterly" - three times a year
● The Japan Association of Economics and Econometrics
c/o Tokei Kenkyukai
1-18-16 Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105, Japan**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"-96-

....,杜''"·''"し。,.., 本'°**匹"-社0杜0や,.,,..,祖,,祖,, 和一_.._.,枯叫_, 心"心租ふ印荘0社°枯,..、0ふ,.,,,.,,,中,ヰ,,,炉9は,_和紐社0仕,.,.,.,,,,印中 ,,,,,,.,,ニ,,山はO社O,

THE ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHERS
経済地理学会• Established on April 29, 1954
• Ordinary members: 630 patronage members: 14• President: Tetsuro KAWASHIMA (Osaka City University)• Publication: Bulletin:"Keizai-Chiri Gaku Nemp6y"(Annuals of the

Association of Economic Geographers) - quaterly• The Association of Economics Geographers,
clo Institute of Economics Geography,

Faculty of Economics, Hitotsubashi University,
Naka 2-1, Kunitachi City, Tokyo 186, JAPAN**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"••···············"···················································

JAPAN ECONOMIC POLICY ASSOCIATION
日本経済政策学会• Established on May 15, 1940

• Number of members: individuals 982, institutional organization 5• President: Kojiro NUNO (Kobe University)• Publication: "Nippon Keizai Seisaku Gakkai Nenppo" (the Annual of theJapan Economic Policy Association) - annual• Japan Economic Policy Association
clo Professor Kojiro NUNO
Kobe University

Rokkodai, Nadaku, Kobe 657, Japan,,o,,o,,o,,o,,o,,o••o•• o•• o•• o•• o•• o•• o•• o•• o•• o••o••o••o••o••o••o••o••o••o•• o•• o••o ••o ••o••o••o ••o ••o•• o•• o•• o.,o ••o.,o,,o ••o,.o,.o••o•• oJAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF FISCAL SCIENCE
日本財政学会• Established on October 26, 1940
• Number of members: 562• Chairman: Masazo OHKAWA (Hitotsubashi University)• Publication: "Annual Report of the Japanese Association of Fiscal Science"• The Japanese Association of Fiscal Scienceclo Hitotsubashi University
Naka 2-1, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186, Japan••o.,o.,o.,o••o••o••o••o••o••o••o••o••o••o••o••o••o ••o ••o ••o ••o ••o ••o ••o ••o ••o ••o••o•• o•• o••o ••o••o•• o••o ••o ••o,.o••o••o••o,,o,,o.,o••o,.o-97-

心,..,,却社qやか枯叫l況ぶ社味1一ぶ心社鴻いか尊社n心叫心U叫n社叫9心°鯰叫い,,,,,が社叫,,..,,ぶ,,,屯喰'"'埒批ぽ'"—°杜畑l叫や誌吐↓°社0JAPAN ACADEMY FOR FOREIGN TRADE (JAFT)
日本貿易学会• Established on September 29, 1961
• Number of members: 2 4 5• President: Ryohei ASAOKA (Waseda University)• Publication: "The Annual Bulletin of the Japan Academy for Foreign
Trade".
(Annual publication.) ]AFT News, 3 times in a year
• Japan Academy for Foreign Trade
c/o Professor, I. SAKURAI
Department of Commerce, Meiji University
Kanda、Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**"**'**'**"**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF INSURANCE SCIENCE
日本保険学会• Established on November 24, 1940
• Honorary members 15 including two foreigners, ordinary member 767 in­eluding 20 foreigners, supporting members 56 organizations• Chairman: Eiichi KIMURA (Hitotsubashi University)● Publication: "Journal of Insurance Science" (Hoken-gaku Zasshi) - quar­terly• Japan Society oflnsurance Science
c/o The Life Insurance Association of]apan
4-1, Marunouchi 3-chome, Chiyoda知，Tokyo 100, Japan••o.,o.,o••o.,o•• o••o ••o ••o••o••o••o••o ••o••o••o,,o••o.,o,.o.,o.,o•• o., o•• o•• o,.o••o.,o•• o.,o••o,,o••o,,o••o.,o ••o,.o ••o ••o ••o ••o ••o ••o••o

THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS
国際経済学会• Established on April 29, 1950
• Number of members: 1,000• President: Taro WATANABE (Osaka University)• Publication: "The International Economy" ー yearly• The Japan Society of International Economics
cl o Professor Ken'ichi ODAWARA,
Faculty of Economics, Jochi (Sophia) University,
7 Kioicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"-98-•に,..,.,.如木和·に'"に'"和＊＊＊却＊が耳""七・ト°七ぬ.,斗"*'、..,.印や,..,こ'"*'"中' "ォォo,に,.,に印：や'"・中ゃ.ド'"りに'"・中や吟硲紐·に, 勺·. に,..,こ,..に,....゜ヤや却＊ゃ．に,. ·に,.,吟知THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MONETARY ECONOMICS
金融学会• Established on June 17, 1943
• Number of members: 642• President: Ryuichiro TACHI (University of Tokyo)• Publication: "Bulletin of the Japan Society of Monetary Economics" - twicea year• Japan Society of Monetary Economics
cl o Tokyo Keizai Shinpo-sha
1-4, Hongoku, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 110,Japan**o*,o**o'*"**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o'*o**o**o**o**o'*o**o**o'*o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o**o'*o"o

ACADEMIC ASSOCIATION FOR ORGANIZATIONAL SCIENCE
組織学会• Established on September, 1959
• Number of members: individual members 953, company members 38• President: Susumu TAKAMIYA, (Sophia University)• Publication: "Organizational Science" - quarterly• Academic Association for Organizational Science
c/o Room No.614, Department of Economics, The University of丁okyo
7ふ1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113,Japan
JAPAN SOCIETY FOR PERSONNEL AND LABOR RESEARCH
日本労務学会• Established on December 5, 1970
• Number of members: 427• Representative director: Tadashi MITO (Rikkyo University)• Publication: "Series in Personnel and Labor Problems"—annual• Japan Society for Personnel and Labor Researchcl o Professor Tadashi Mito
Department of Economics, Rikkyo University
3-34-1, Nishi-lkebukuro, Toshima知，Tokyo 171,Japan

-99-

,.o,

材勺却糾""ね蛉'"わ,<.にご'"·は叫拉祖 · 岱社0心,., ヰ�'''"*'"糾叫ヰ"''—砂,,,ea-,叫,.,.,ニ,.,.,和"に,.,�砂'"'

ぷ祖如や蕊叫↓”社°栢味,.叫,,�,,ぶ.,.,.,心吐l、社C社叫が中砂l．

JAPAN SOCIETY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY
経済理論学会• Established on May 10, 1959
• Number of members: over 1,000• Chief Representative: Shigeru TANESE (Hitotsubashi University)● Publication: "The Annual Bulletin of the Society of Political Economy" annual• Japan Society of Political Economy
cl o Professor Shigeru TANESE
Hitotsubashi University,
Kunitachi, Tokyo 186, Japan'*''*''*''*''*''*'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**''*'**'**'**'**'**'**''*'**'**'**'**'*""'*'THE POPULATION ASSOCIATION OF JAPAN
日本人口学会• Established in November 1948
• Members: 281, honorary members 6, special member 1• President: Nobuo SHINOZAKI (Foundation-Institute for Research ofPopulation Problems)• Publication: "Jinkogaku Kenkyu" (The Journal of Population Studies)• Population Association of Japan
clo Institute of Population Problems
Ministry of Health and Wealfare
2-2, 1-chome, Kasumigaseki Chiyod砂u, Tokyo 100, Japan••o.,o.,o,,o,,o,,o,,o,,o,.o,,o,,o,.o,.o,,o.,o.,o,,o,,o,,o,,o,,o,.o,,o,,o,.o ••o,,o,,o ••o,,o,,o ••o,,o,,o,,o,,o,,o,,o,,o,,o,.o,,o ••o ••o. オo,.o

THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF PUBLIC UTILITY ECONOMICS
公益事業学会• Established on January, 24• Number of members: regular member 280, corporation member 70• Deputy Chairman: Hisao SEKI]IMA (Seiki University)• Publication: "Journal of Public Utility Economics"• Koeki Jigyo Gakkai(The Japan Society of Public Utility Economics)
clo Nikkoo Gotanda Bldg.
2-29-5, Nishigotanda, Shinagaw砂u, Tokyo 141, Japan**o**"**'**'**"**'**"**"**"**'**"**"**'**"**"**'**'**"**'**'**"**"**'**"**"**'**"**"**'**"**"**'**"**"**°**"**'**"**o**"**"**"**"**o**"**o-100-

木9ほ°終c,ド'''* ''社むほ'*"'*'''中炉却本が3和..
。一＊木が-却枯,,.・""可..,.,.,,,.,.,・'''''*'''''*'''ヰ"'に炉*'"*が3本ド紐虹"*"'本K心,..・,..ふ'·'·"'""し,.,,,'THE JAPANESE SECTION OF THE REGIONAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION
日本地域学会• Established on June 19, 1962
• Number of members: 493• President: Hirotada KOHNO (University of Tsukuba)• Publication: "Studies in Regional Science - the Papers and Proceedings of
the Japan Section of R.S.A. —" ("Chiikigaku Kenkyu" inJapanese) - once a year
• The Japan Section of the Regional Science Association
clo Institute of Socio-Economic Planning
The University of Tsukuba
Sakura, lbaraki, 305, Japan•• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o •• o

SOCIETY FOR THE ECONOMIC STUDIES OF SECURITIES
証券経済学会• Established on November 21, 1966
• Number of members: 321• Representative: Masuzo KIMURA (Aoyamagakuin University)● Publication: "Annuals of Society for the Economic Studies of Securities" annual● Society for the Economic Studies of Securities
c/o Japan Securities Research InstituteTokyo Shoken Kaikan
5-8, Nihonbashi-Kayabacho 1-chome, Chuo知，Tokyo 103, Japan**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY IN SOCIALIST ECONOMICS
社会主義経済学会• Established on November 14, 1963
• Number of members: 209• Chief Representative: Heihachiro OSAKI (Yokohama National University)• Publication: Bulletin of "The Association for the Study in Socialist
Econom1es - annual• Association for the Study in Socialist Economies
clo Associate Professor Yoshiaki NISHIMURA
Hitotsubashi University
Naka 2-1, Kunitachi-shi 186, Japan**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**"**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'-101-

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SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF SOCIAL POLICY
社会政策学会• Established on July 1950
• Number of members: 757• Representative manager: Ken KURITA (Meiji University)• Publication: The Society's "Annual Report"● Society for Study of Social Policy
cl o Professor Ken KURITA
Meiji University
1-1 Surugadai, Kanda,Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo 101,Japan*'"'*0*'0*'" "" "" ""'*"**"**0"0"" ""**"**"*'" "" **"**"**"**"*'0"" "" """0"0"0"" *'"'*0"0"""0** O **"**"" "** "**"**"**"""**"**""0

SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY SOCIETY
社会経済史学会• Established on December 27, 1930
• Number of members: 1018
• Representative Director: Kenichiro SHODA(Waseda University)• Publication: "Shakai-Keizai-Shigaku" (Socio-Economic History)
monthly●-by­Shakai Keizai Gakkai (Socio-Economist History Society)clo Professor HAYAMI
Keio University,
2-15-45, Mita,Minato知，Tokyo 108, Japan** o ** o ** o **o**o**o ** o ** o ** o ** o ** o ** o ** o ** o ** o ** o ** o ** o ** o ** o ** o **o**o**o **o** o **o**o**o **o**o**o ** o **o**o**o**o**o**o** o ** o ** o ** o ** o ** o ** oJAPAN STATISTICAL SOCIETY
日本統計学会• Established on April 27,1931• Number of members: 1080
• President: Ryoichi SUZUKI (Keio University)• Publication: "Journal of the Japan Statistical Society" - twice a year
• Japan Statistical Mathematics
cl o The Institute of Statistical Mathematics
4-6-7, Minami-Azabu,Minato-ku,Tokyo,106 Japan**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**"**o**"** o ** o ** o **"'*o** o-102-

,.µqぶ社1ぶ•卓いは叫砂虹0糾吋ぷ'*'砕'JAPAN SOCIETY OF TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS
日本交通学会• Established on 1941
• Number of members: 352 regular members including one honorary member(individuals) and 35 special members (corporations)• President: Genpachiro KONNO (Takai University)● Publication: "Kotsugaku Kenkyu" (Annual Report on Transporation
Econom1cs)● The Japan Society of Transportation Economics, (Nihon Kotsu Gakkai)
c/o Unyu-Chosa-Kyoku,
2-5-6, Kokubunji, Tokyo, Japan**'**'**o**'**•••••*'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**"**'**'**'**"**"**"**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'**'THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY
経済社会学会• Established on February 13, 1966
• Number of members: 310• President: Yukio KITANO (Koobegakuin University)• Publication: The Annual of the Society of Economic Sociology• The Society of Economic Sociology
c/o The Faculty of Economics, Kobe University
2-1, Rokko-Daicho, Nad砂u, Kobe 657, Japan..........亭〇傘拿.........................傘傘O傘傘.....事O亭.............................愈事°拿牟..氏..........................大...................企卓O-103-