２０２４年度
総合型選抜Ⅲ 世界人材志向型
適 性 検 査第１問

次の英文を読み、４００字以内の日本語に要約しなさい。解答用紙（１）に記入すること。

Some educators worry students may use ChatGPT to cheat on schoolwork. The AI tool
could write reports and computer codes like those done by humans. A growing number ofAmerican school systems have blocked ChatGPT on their computers and networks.
Kui Xie and Eric Anderman are professors of educational psychology and educational
technology. In their research, they have found that the main reason students cheat is their desire
to do better in school. For example, some students want to get a high grade, and others want tolearn all that they can about a subject. The decision to cheat or not often relates to how schoolwork
and tests are built and graded. When students can rewrite a report or retake a test, if they do not
do well at first, they are less likely to cheat.
Xie and Anderman recently explained how teachers can use ChatGPT to increase theirstudents’ desire for learning and prevent cheating. Their research shows that students are more
likely to cheat when school assignments are designed in ways that push them to outperformtheir classmates. However, students are less likely to cheat when assignments lead them to work
together and center on learning rather than getting a good grade. For example, a science teacher
can assign students to work with ChatGPT to design a hydroponic* vegetable garden. Students
could use ChatGPT to discuss the growing requirements for vegetables and think of design ideas
for a hydroponic system. These activities are designed to improve knowledge rather than justearning a good grade.
Research shows that when students feel confident that they can successfully do the work,
they are less likely to cheat. An important way to improve students’ confidence is to provide themwith many ways to be successful. ChatGPT can provide those experiences by offering students
individualized support and breaking down complex problems into smaller tasks. Perhaps, students
are asked to design a vehicle that can use gasoline more efficiently than a traditional car. ChatGPT
could suggest they first develop an overall idea for the vehicle before deciding the size of the caror what kind of fuel will be used.
Research shows personalized feedback can improve students’ self-confidence. ChatGPT
can be directed to deliver feedback using cheerful language. If a student does something
incorrectly, ChatGPT may start a conversation with the student instead of just telling them theyare wrong. This will help students feel supported and understood while receiving feedback forimprovement. Teachers can easily show students how to direct ChatGPT to provide them withsuch feedback.

* hydroponic 水耕の
Adapted from:
Original Source: 3 ways to use ChatGPT to help students learn - and not cheat by Kui Xie andEric M. Anderman, The Conversation, June 6, 2023

第２問 次の英文を読み、その要旨とあなたの意見を解答用紙（２）に英語で書きなさい。
（語数は問いません）
Voluntary euthanasia refers to the mercy killing of a patient with their consent. It can take theform of doctor-assisted suicide or assisted suicide in which a patient is given the means to end their own
life. In Switzerland, for example, a doctor gives the patient enough medicine for them to kill themselves(Lewis, 2015). There is no doubt that this is a serious ethical and emotional issue with supporters on bothsides of the debate. However, in the case of a patient with a terminal illness who is certain to die anyway,
there are no slippery slope*1 risks, which means there is no chance for misuse or abuse of the strict
guidelines that would allow euthanasia. Furthermore, it is a doctor's duty to improve a patient's quality oflife by reducing suffering, and a person’s right to life also gives them a right to die, so euthanasia should
be an option for patients with a terminal illness.
First of all, opponents of euthanasia as an option for terminally ill patients would say that it would
cause a slippery slope effect that would lead to involuntary euthanasia. In other words, there might be apossibility for euthanasia to be allowed in other situations where patients might not have a choice in theirown death. However, such an argument is simply nonsensical. For example, in Switzerland, there are very
strict conditions that must be met, such as the person who wishes to die must be aware of the decision, theymust have a continuing wish to die, and they must be willing to commit suicide by themselves (Fahy, 2018).
As you can see, the slippery slope argument is eliminated by strict guidelines that would prevent any
potential abuse of the euthanasia option.
Another argument made by opponents of euthanasia as an option for terminally ill patients is thatit goes against the morality and ethics of what constitutes the job of a doctor. They would argue that doctors
take the "Hippocratic Oath"*2: a promise to never do or cause harm to a patient, and that the job of a doctor
is to keep a person alive to the best of their ability. However, the Hippocratic Oath is from ancient Greek
times and is very much outdated. For instance, the oath also states that women should not be allowed topractice medicine, nor should doctors break the skin of patients (Cheng, 2016). Moreover, actually inancient Greece, a physician was allowed to give a patient a lethal drug to reduce suffering. Therefore, thejob of a physician is to care for their patients, even if that means eliminating any suffering. Thus, it is clearthat euthanasia does not go against the code of medical ethics and it should be allowed as a choice forterminally ill patients.
Yet another argument made by people who oppose euthanasia as an option for terminally illpatients would say that reducing pain and suffering is what doctors are obligated to do, not helping theirpatients to die. However, this misses the point of euthanasia. The point of allowing patients this option isconnected to control over their right to life and death. If the patient has requested and given explicit consent

to how their own body should be treated, this should be allowed. Professor Niekerk, a distinguishedprofessor of Philosophy and director of the Centre for Applied Ethics at Stellenbosch University argues
that a right to die is an important part of a democracy and that doctor-assisted suicide, if requested by apatient, is the right thing to do (Niekerk, 2016). Therefore, it is a patient’s right to die if they choose because
people have a right to both life and death.
In conclusion, the topic of death and dying makes many people feel uncomfortable, but it is afact of life that we are all going to die. All people should have a right to choose how their own life willend, particularly in the case of terminal illness where death is clearly coming very close. The arguments
made here clearly showed that there is no fear of a slippery slope effect, it is a doctor’s duty to improve
the quality of life for patients, and that it is a person’s right to life and death; therefore, euthanasia should
be an option for terminally ill patients with their direct consent.

*1 slippery slope ひとつのことを認めることで物事に歯止めがなくなってしまうこと*2 Hippocratic Oath ギリシャの哲学者ヒポクラテスに由来する医学倫理を順守するための誓約References
Fahy, J. (2018, February 14). Growing number of people sign up for assisted suicide. Retrieved fromhttps://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/a-way-out_growing-number-of-people-sign-up-for-assistedsuicide/43899702

Lewis, P. (2015, October 06). Assisted dying: What does the law in different countries say? Retrieved
from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-34445715

Toynbee, P. (2018, March 22). The ban on assisted death ignores the reality of illnesses like dementia. The
Guardian. Retrieved April 12, 2019, fromhttps://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/mar/22/assisted-dying-dementia-alzheimersguernsey

Niekerk, A. V. (2016, Oct. 26). We have a right to die with dignity. The medical profession has aduty to assist. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/we-have-a-right-to-die-with-dignitythe-medical-profession-has-a-duty-to-assist-67574