Vol.19 No.1 July 2016

“Where were you at that time?”–– Recollections of the post-war generation

I was courteously requested by your esteemed editorial department
to submit some lines on the 70th anniversary of the atomic bombings.
Although I have always had a certain degree of interest in thebombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, I feel somewhat awkward
speaking in public about my interest in this subject in your fine city,and had decided to instead maintain my silence. To be honest, I felt
rather uncomfortable, as someone who was in Tokyo until Japan’s
defeat in the war, to talk publicly in Hiroshima as if I had some kindof firsthand knowledge about what happened.
I was in my second year of junior high school at the time,
and the day after the bombing of Hiroshima I remember hearing
an Imperial General Headquarters announcement on a radio news
broadcast (or “hodo” as news was called back then) at 3:30 PM
stating that an attack by a small number of B29 bombers had caused
a considerable amount of damage, and I remember instinctively
feeling that I didn’t feel like doing anything at all. I think thecitizens of Tokyo became acutely interested in what had happened
in Hiroshima City for about ten days before the end of war. And (orperhaps I should say “however”) after August 15 Hiroshima wasn’t a
topic of discussion at all. There was however, a female student in ourneighborhood community association who had been evacuated toHiroshima and who had returned to the house of her father, who wasa local police chief, and we were unable to forget the sight of thepainful-looking burn scar on her right arm every time she appearedat the gatherings where relief supplies were handed out.
In summer of the following year I accompanied my father when
he returned to his hometown in Miyazaki Prefecture on account ofsome business and the train we were on got stuck at Hiroshima Station
over night because of a typhoon that was moving over the Chugoku
Region. When the train finally started off early the following morningand we were passing by Yokogawa Station I remember seeing a seriesof unbelievable sights from the window of our slow-moving train,including seeing an elderly person leading their young granddaughterby the hand amidst a tranquil pastoral landscape and I remember
suddenly realizing with a start that it had once been a street in a busy
shopping area. The next time I visited Hiroshima City was after I had
taken up my post at Tsuda College in Tokyo after having left Hokkaido
University where I had worked in the Slavic Research Center for 10
years: I had been invited to the wedding reception of a graduate who
had been a student of mine. I heard from city councilors attending
the reception about Hiroshima City’s struggle to recover from thebombing, and, curbing my desire to stay on longer in Hiroshima, I
rushed back to Tsuda College for my classes the following day.
On the morning of the wedding ceremony I noticed a “Hiroshima
Renaissance Exhibition” as I was rushing to my ex-student’s
reception, and incredibly enough, the title of a report submitted thenext day by my graduate student was, “The Bulgarian Renaissance,”and I remember being fearful that the student—who has now
surpassed her old teacher and become the president of a certain
university—would notice my giddy mood. At each subsequent
career discussion meeting I requested to be transferred to Hiroshima
and several times I thought my wish might finally be fulfilled.
This continued for more than ten years until I retired from Tsuda
College upon reaching retirement age, but five years after retiring

Hiroshi Momose

a completely coincidental occurrence led me to have dealings with
Hiroshima City University. Ultimately, however, I was unable tocommit my memories to the annals of your esteemed university.
My student, whose wedding ceremony I have made mention of,is currently engaging in fantastic work in her hometown relating to theculture of Hiroshima. When chatting with her father he mentioned that
he had been conscripted into military and had participated in the relief
operations in Hiroshima City, and then he asked me “Where were youat that time?” Before asking me that question he had reminisced about
how he had witnessed the bombing of Tokyo on March 10, 1945 andI’m sure that our conversation after he asked that question was deep
and involved, but that question resounded in my ears independentlyof what came before and after it in our conversation that day.
Having said that however, I didn’t entirely give up on the ideaof attempting to communicate my thoughts on the topic. After retiringfrom your esteemed university, I submitted to the bulletin of theInstitute of International & Cultural Studies at Tsuda College where
I used to work, a column in which I, with great difficulty, admitted
that I was unable to summon forth the will to puff out my chest andpresume to talk about the bombing of Hiroshima. This is what I
wrote in the column: “When I hear the word ‘Hiroshima’ the thing
I immediately remember is the following dry and dull line from an
old textbook which is related to Japanese-Sino War—‘His Majesty
shifted the Imperial General Headquarters to Hiroshima.’ I am now
filled with remorse when I think that, based on that information anda bird’s-eye view photograph of the city, the textbook instilled in me
the impression that Hiroshima was just ‘another boring city.’ It wasn’t
until several decades later that I became acquainted with the writing of
Tamiki Hara in which he depicted the exotic townscapes and people of
Meiji-/Taisho-era Hiroshima.”
Incidentally, just a month ago, I met up with one of my old
students who is now active in her academic field both overseas andin Japan, and while we were talking she suddenly mentioned thather father had been sent to Hiroshima on the orders of the army
to participate in the relief operations and had died a few year ago
after a long struggle with radiation sickness. She also revealed
that after his death she had visited Hiroshima City for the firsttime to reminisce about her father and that tears had streamed
down her face. She had never mentioned this before in class or inconversation, and if there had been a reason for her to tell me aboutit, I feel it may have been related to the old column I had written.
My only involvement in your esteemed research institute wasrelated to internal administration-related affairs so I have neither
the capacity nor the right to behave as if I can talk about peace
research. However, looking at the topic from a wider perspective,
since peace is considered to be an eternal challenge for all of
humanity, it is my earnest desire that large numbers of people getinvolved in peace research to facilitate continuous progress in thefield. At the same time, I am also quite obsessed with the dream:that your esteemed institute in Hiroshima will continue to hold as
it core-mission the passing on the history about where it all began.
(Professor Emeritus at Tsuda Collegeand Hiroshima City University)

Contents“Where were you at that time?”–– Recollections of the post-war generation
Hiroshi Momose… …………………… 1
Report of HPI Research Project, Fiscal Year 2013-2015 Nuclear Weapon & Disarmament Project Kazumi Mizumoto… ………………… 2
Attending NPT Review Conference and UN Conference on Disarmament Issues–– My Three Years at Hiroshima Jogakuin Senior High School ––Miku Tokuyama………………………… 3
Public Lecture Series (2nd semester, 2015)
Akihiro Kawakami… ………………… 4
HPI Research Forum
Hitoshi Nagai / Hyun Jin Son… …… 5
1st HPI English Language Lecture Series
Robert Jacobs………………………… 6-7
Encyclopedia for Peace and Security Released
Makiko Takemoto……………………… 7
Diary………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8
Visit HPI’s website at http://www.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/modules/peace_e/index.php

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Report of
HPI Research
Project, Fiscal
Year 2013～2015

Nuclear Weapon &Disarmament Project
Kazumi Mizumoto

The HPI started three research projects in April 2013, when Gen Kikkawa was assigned to new HPI president. Namely, they are project on(1) Nuclear Weapon and Disarmament, (2) Human Security, and (3) Confidence and Security Building Measures.
Regarding the Nuclear Weapon and Disarmament project, we organized a total of 17 research meetings in the three years – almost
every two months – in which we had a total of 26 presentations: 10 times by HPI researchers, 2 times by researchers of Hiroshima City
University, 2 times by researchers of Research Center for Nuclear Weapons Abolition (RECNA) at Nagasaki University, 3 times by
researchers of other local universities, 5 times by researchers from Metropolitan area, 2 times by journalists, and 2 times by oversea
researcher and practitioner.
As for the topic, there were 18 reports on nuclear issues, 2 reports on conventional weapons, 1 report on chemical weapon, 2 reports
on export control, 1 report each on the role of civil society, the issue of nuclear power plant, and the issue of Afghanistan.
The 7 meetings from September 2014 to March 2015 were related to the publication of a book entitled “Why We Can’t Eliminate
Nuclear Weapons II,” which is to be published by mid-July 2016.
Here is the table of 17 research meetings with dates, presenters, and topics.
date2013.6.27(Thu)2013.9.26(Thu)presenter
Robert Jacobs, Associate Professor, HPI
Kazumi Mizumoto, Professor, HPI
Hirofumi Tosaki, Senior Research Fellow, Center for
the Promotion of Disarmament and Non-Proliferation,
Japan Institute of International Affairs

2013.11.28(Thu)

Takanori Mikami, Professor, Hiroshima Shudo University

2014.5.29(Thu)

Associate Professor, HPI

2014.9.25(Thu)2014.10.23(Thu)

Kazumi Mizumoto, Professor, HPI
Robert Jacobs, Associate Professor, HPI
Itsuki Kurashina, Associate Professor, Hiroshima City
University

2014.11.27(Thu)

Ikuo Kayahara, Professor Emeritus, Takushoku University
Osamu Yoshida, Professor, Hiroshima University

2014.12.25(Thu)

Noriko Sado, Professor, Hiroshima Shudo University
Associate Professor, HPI

2015.1.25(Sun)Yoko Yamamoto, Staff Writer, Chugoku Shimbun
Satoshi Hirose, Professor, RECNA, Nagasaki University

2015.2.26(Thu)2015.3.27(Fri)2015.6.5(Wed)2015.6.23(Tue)2015.11.26(Thu)2015.12.17(Thu)

2016.2.5(Fri)2016.3.17(Thu)2

Norito Kunisue, Editorial Writer, Asahi Shimbun
Gen Kikkawa, President, HPI
Keiko Nakamura, Associate Professor, RECNA, Nagasaki
University
Kazumi Mizumoto, Professor, HPI
Yasuhito Fukui, Associate Professor, HPI
Hideo Ikebe, Political Affairs Officer, United Nations
Assistance Mission in Afghanistan
Tatsuya Abe, Professor, Aoyama Gakuin University
Masahiro Kikuchi, Former Board Member, Nuclear
Material Control Center
Hiroshi Sukemura, Visiting Professor, Hiroshima City
University (Intellectual Property Advisor)
Heigo Sato, Professor, Institute of World Studies,
Takushoku University
Zafar Nawaz Jaspal, Director & Associate Professor,
School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid-iAzam University
Associate Professor, HPIHIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS Vol.19 No.1, July 2016

topic
Understanding the Bomb in the US, 1945-46: Nuclear Weapons
Create a New World
Recent Trends of Nuclear Disarmament
Hiroshima Report, Evaluation of Achievement in Nuclear
Disarmament, Non-Proliferation and Nuclear Security: 20102012
Significance and Task of Hiroshima Report: from the Viewpointof Influence on Formulation of Norms
Nuclear Issues of North Korea: Its Nuclear Weapon and Missile
Program
1st meeting on “Why We Can’t Eliminate Nuclear Weapons”
Today’s Nuclear Weapons and International Peace
2nd meeting on “Why We Can’t Eliminate Nuclear Weapons”
The Nuclear Culture in the United States
Security of Europe and NATO’s Nuclear Weapon Policy
3rd meeting on “Why We Can’t Eliminate Nuclear Weapons”
Nuclear Weapon Policy of China
Nuclear Weapon in South Asia and India-Pakistan Conflict
4th meeting on “Why We Can’t Eliminate Nuclear Weapons”
Arms Control and Disarmament of Conventional Weapons
Nuclear Development of North Korea
5th meeting on “Why We Can’t Eliminate Nuclear Weapons”
Special Report “Decommissioning of Nuclear Power Plants
in Japan and Europe”
Importance of CTBT and Possibility of Entry into Force
6th meeting on “Why We Can’t Eliminate Nuclear Weapons”
Conditions of Abolishing Nuclear Weapons
Evolution of the Arms and International Peace
7th meeting on “Why We Can’t Eliminate Nuclear Weapons”
Role of International Civil Society and NGO
Role of Japan as Atomic-Bombed Nation
Participating in 2015 NPT Review Conference
Afghanistan: Key to National Reconstruction
Present Situation and Problems of Chemical Weapons in Syria
Present Situation and Problems of Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Present Situation and Problems of Export Control in Universities
Present Situation and Problems of Export Control System
Pakistan’s Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Policy
North Korea’s fourth nuclear test and future course(Professor at Hiroshima Peace Institute)

Attending NPT Review Conference and
UN Conference on Disarmament Issues～My Three Years at Hiroshima Jogakuin Senior High School ～Miku Tokuyama
1st year student
University of Tokyo, Humanities and Social Sciences III
My motive to think about education

In Hiroshima, many people are working hard to abolish nuclear
weapons. My high school, Hiroshima Jogakuin High School,
also works towards this goal by doing peace education. This isbecause more than 352 students and teachers were killed instantly
when Hiroshima was attacked by the A-bomb. I took part insome peace activities at my school; the petition drive to abolishnuclear weapons, guiding visitors in the Peace Memorial Park, andrecording A-bomb survivors testimonies. Marie Louise Towari,came to my school, she survived the genocide in Rwanda in 1994.
She is now the chairperson of an NPO called, “Think About
Education Rwanda.” Meeting her made my mind change about
how to realize a peaceful world. She told me about her experiencesin 1994 and emphasized the importance of education. In her book,she also said, “people who have no chance for education and can
only follow an unreasonable leader, lost their dear family andfriends in the civil war which was made by the colonial powersof Belgium.” In other words, the lack of education caused anincredible situation that pitted brother against brother. In the end,
about nine hundred thousand people died in just three months.

My experience to realize the importance of
education
In April 2015 I was fortunate enough to be chosen to go to the United
Nations Headquarters in New York as a Youth Communicator for
a World without Nuclear Weapons. We submitted about 60,000
signatures that we collected that year to the United Nations. During
our stay in NY, we observed the 2015 NPT Review Conference,
visited Stuyvesant High School, and made a presentation at the United
Nations. The topic of our presentation was
passing down war memories. After ourpresentation, the mayor of Fulon, Norway
said, young people who realize their task
to carry on the hopes of A-bomb survivors
and receive good education will become
leaders who conduct peace activities allover the world.
At Stuyvesant High School, we discussed nuclear weapons.
I had a little fear that there are still opinions that we can finish
the war earlier by using an A-bombs or the possession of nuclear
weapons is necessary to obtain power. In reality, American students
believed these opinions before they learned about the effects of
the A-bomb. However, they said that they changed their way of
thinking after they realized how disastrous the use of nuclear
weapons can be. Through this discussion, I came to realize how
important it is to know the facts of a situation.

How to make apeaceful world

How can we give
people the chance toknow the tragedy ofHiroshima?
From the viewpointof the conveying what
it was like to be in Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, HiroshimaArchive is a very good tool. Hiroshima Archive is a digital recordof A-bomb survivors’ on the Internet. It was started by Hidenori
Watanabe, an associate professor at Tokyo Metropolitan University.
We help with this project and collect hibakusha’s testimonies. Withthe use of Hiroshima Archive, we can understand the awfulness of
the A-bomb.
Many hibakushas hope to save future generations from thesame tragedy, so their experiences have a great value as a legacy inthe future.
The 2015 NPT Review Conference ended without a final
agreement due to a conflict of interests. As before, we can only
regret the situation that many still believe in the myth of nuclear
deterrence.
I participated in the 25 th United Nations Conference on
Disarmament Issues which was held in Hiroshima in 2015. I
discussed disarmament issues with students from Japan, Germany,and China. These students visited the Peace Memorial Park andthe museum. Finally, we had the same view toward A-bombs, thatthey should never be used again. This is a normal idea, I believe,that people come to when they realize the true destructive power ofnuclear weapons.
Now, I am a student at the University of Tokyo. I will major in
education in order to spread peace and citizenship education.
Taking advantage of past experiences, I will enrich my study fromnow on to create a better future.

Visit HPI’s website at http://www.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/modules/peace_e/index.php

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Public Lecture Series (2nd semester, 2015)

The 70 postwar years: Issues and challenges
The public lecture series for the 2nd semester of 2015 was held from November 6 to December 11 at the “Gojinsha Wendy
Hito-Machi Plaza”. 2015 was the 70th anniversary of the end of World War II and of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima
and Nagasaki. The two previous lecture series covered the topics of World War I (2nd semester, 2014) and World War II(1st semester, 2015) and examined their historical significance. This latest series incorporated awareness of the issues
covered in the previous two series while looking at the course of postwar history over the last 70 years with regard to
Japan and international society, as well as related issues and points of contention.

Lecture details(1) November 6 (Friday), Takeshi Yuasa (Professor,
Hiroshima Peace Institute): “A Correlative Historyof Japan and International Society, 1945-2015”
Professor Yuasa’s lecture took a fresh, comprehensive look at
Japan’s foreign policies and security policies over a span of 70
years based on the understanding that these policies correlatewith the changes in international politics over the sevendecades since WWII. Within this context he examined the shift
from a bipolar world in which the United States and the Soviet
Union stood in opposition to each other, to the dissolution of
the Soviet Union—the global power shift that has become
increasingly pronounced in recent years.
(2) November 13 (Friday), Akihiro Kawakami (Associate
Professor, Hiroshima Peace Institute): “The
Structure of Peace in Postwar Japan”
This lecture looked at the history of Japan’s postwar constitution
while also examining at ① the global structure of the Cold War,
② regional U.S.-Japan security structures, ③ national Liberal
Democratic Party administrations and the “1955 System,” and ④
the “four-tiered structure” (Tetsuro Kato) of the social-corporate
society upon which Japan’s postwar political and economic
structure is said to have been based. The lecture also lookedat the degree to which these are currently experiencing any
changes, and examined the structure of Japan’s postwar peacefrom the perspective of constitutional sociology.
(3) November 20 (Friday), Makiko Takemoto (AssistantProfessor, Hiroshima Peace Institute): “The 70
Postwar Years: The Case of Germany”
Assistant Professor Takemoto’s lecture dealt with the Federal
Republic of Germany (West Germany/unified Germany), a
country that has found itself at the center of the discussion
regarding the two world wars and subsequent war andpeace. The lecture focused on how German people view theworld wars and how they discuss them, as well as looking at
examples of the “overcoming the past” denazification initiative(Vergangenheitsbewältigung), and the antinuclear and pacifist
movements. The lecture also presented issues surrounding
peace in the 70 years since WWII while revealing thedifferences between discussions in Japan and Germany relating
to issues such as historical perception and war responsibility.

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HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS Vol.19 No.1, July 2016

(4) December 4 (Friday), Yasuhito Fukui (Associate
Professor, Hiroshima Peace Institute): “Disarmamentand International Law after WWII: From theViewpoint of Treaty Negotiation Frameworks”
Associate Professor Fukui’s lecture explored frameworks fornegotiations on multilateral treaties in the field of disarmamentand provided an outlook for future disarmament treaty
negotiations. Starting with an overview of the current state ofdisarmament initiatives including efforts to revitalize the work of theConference on Disarmament, which has been stalled now for close
to 20 years, he provided examples of cases of the use of negotiation
frameworks other than the Conference on Disarmament in orderto carry out negotiations on treaties relating to cluster bombs
and the prohibition of antipersonnel land mines, as well as theuse of negotiating mandate based on a U.N. General Assembly
resolution to negotiate the Arms Trade Treaty.
(5) December 11 (Friday), Kazumi Mizumoto, (VicePresident and Professor, Hiroshima Peace Institute)“Nuclear Disarmament in the Postwar Era andAtomic Bomb Survivors’ Accounts of the Atrocities:
The Role of the Atomic Bombed City”
Professor Mizumoto’s lecture dealt with ① the course of thenuclear arms race from the United States’ development of
nuclear bombs to postwar proliferation, ② nuclear disarmament
initiatives, and ③ appeals regarding the risks and inhumanenessof nuclear weapons based on firsthand experiences of atomic
bombing, and based on this the lecture looked at the tasks androles set for the international community, Japan (as a country
having been subjected to atomic bombing), and Hiroshima (as acity having been subjected to atomic bombing) in order to movetoward the complete restriction/elimination of nuclear weapons.
All five lectures were very well attended with approximately
100 people attending each, and a large number of questions
were asked at each session making it a very lively series.
We also received a large amount of feedback from thequestionnaires that were handed out. We intend to make gooduse of this valuable information in future.
Akihiro Kawakami(Associate Professor at Hiroshima Peace Institute)

HPI Research Forum
November17, 2015“A Thousand Hills” Rwanda: Challenges to Building Symbiotic Societies after Genocide
Kazuyuki Sasaki (Head of Department, Department of Peace and Conflict Studies,
Protestant Institute of Arts and Social Sciences (PIASS))
Aya Tsuruta (Lecturer, School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University)

At the HPI Research Forum held at Hiroshima City University’s
Satellite Campus on November 17 last year, two researchers
delivered talks to a receptive audience of 50 on the common themeof “‘A Thousand Hills’ Rwanda: Challenges to Building Symbiotic
Societies after Genocide.”
Situated in central Africa, Rwanda is 1.5 times the size ofJapan’s Shikoku Island and has a population of approximately 12.1
million. Banana trees can be seen throughout the country, which due
to its hilly terrain is referred to as “the land of a thousand hills.”: its
rapid economic growth in recent years has been garnering attention.
However, Rwanda is also a country with a painful past with an
ethnic genocide that took place at the end of the 20th century. The
last HPI Research Forum looked at the background to the genocide(fatalities are said to have numbered between 800,000 and one
million) that began following the assassination of the president inApril 1994, lasting until July of the same year, and also looked atsubsequent developments in the country.
The first of the talks, given by Dr. Aya Tsuruta, lecturer at
the School of International Liberal Studies of Chukyo University,
was titled “Ethnicity in Rwanda: Understanding the Historical
Background of Genocide.” The genocide in Rwanda was the resultof conflict between the Tutsi and Hutu ethnic groups, and Dr.
Tsuruta suggested that these ethnicities themselves were a politicohistorical product of the era in which the country was colonizedby Germany and Belgium from the end of the 19th century. She
also pointed out that even after gaining independence in 1962
policymakers continued to exploit this situation in an arbitrary
manner and this, coupled with other domestic and international
factors, worked to exacerbate interethnic hostility and violence.
She also talked about the importance of understanding the process
and function of the formation of these ethnicities and addressing
how past events that led up to the genocide are remembered anddiscussed in order to prevent a future recurrence of violence.
The next to take the stage after Dr. Tsuruta was Dr. Kazuyuki
Sasaki, an associate professor at the Protestant Institute of Arts andSocial Sciences (PIASS) in the district of Huye in southern Rwanda.

December11, 2015

His talk was titled “Lights andShadows of Rwanda: National
Unity and Reconciliation after
Genocide.” Dr. Sasaki also serves
as Head of the PIASS Departmentof Peace and Conflict Studies,
which was founded in 2011.
Mr. Serge Muvunyi, a PIASS employee who also happened to bea member of the first batch of students to study in the Departmentof Peace and Conflict Studies, also attended the forum. Dr. Sasaki
explained the efforts that are being made to repair the damaged
relationships between the victims and perpetrators, between
family members, and between ethnic groups in Rwanda. He talked
about how national unity and reconciliation polices have been
implemented, including the traditional “Gacaca” (“justice amongst
the grass”) community justice system, removal of ethnic informationfrom ID cards, and endeavors to establish good governance including
consensus-based democracy and strengthening of the rule of law. On
the other hand, he also pointed out problem areas and the limitationsof government policy such as the government’s interference in the
judiciary, the curbing of citizens’ political rights, and the emphasis
on Tutsi victimhood at memorial events indicating divergence in thethinking of the Hutus and Tutsis.
In addition to highlighting the depth of the wounds of
genocide that Rwanda still suffers, both of the talks indicated theimportance of, and difficulty in, rebuilding the country following
the genocide and overcoming the barriers that still remain between
the divided ethnic groups.
The research forum was co-hosted with the Chugoku-Shikoku
Branch of the Japan Association for African Studies (JAAS), andwas coordinated by Dr. Gen Tagawa, Associate Professor of the
Department of International Studies, Hiroshima City University,and Dr. Hitoshi Nagai, Professor of Hiroshima Peace Institute(HPI), Hiroshima City University.
Hitoshi Nagai(Professor at Hiroshima Peace Institute)

The Future of the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asian Peace
Shin Yongwoon, (Director General of Unification Policy Advisory Bureau, theNational Unification Advisory Council)

Shin Yongwoon, Director General of Unification Policy Advisory
Bureau of the National Unification Advisory Council’s Secretariat,
a constitutional institution of South Korea, was invited to give alecture at the Hiroshima Peace Institute Research Forum held on
December 11, 2015.
Mr. Shin has worked for many years within the South Korean
government drafting policies on North Korea-related issues andKorean unification and is an advisor to the South Korean president
on unification policies and overseas cooperation. Utilizing thisexperience, he focused his lecture on South Korean policies
relating to North Korea and Korean Peninsula issues, explainingthat while Korean peninsula issues were internal issues for the
Korean people they are at the same time international in nature.
That is—the peninsula was divided as a result of the occupation
policies of the Allied forces and the U.S., and the Soviet Union,
and the ideological split between North and South Korea resulted
in the outbreak of the Korean War. This division has been
entrenched ever since the subsequent armistice.
Mr. Shin explained that South Korea’s Unification Policy
involves working on the normalization of North-South relations
through the Korean Peninsula Trust-Building Process. He
mentioned that the core of the Korean Peninsula Trust-Building
Process is designed to enable relations between the two to be
developed in a positive direction thereby establishing peace on the
Korean peninsula and to also attempt to consolidate a foundation
for peaceful unification. For the South Korean government toprovide economic, political, and security cooperation in the
Northeast Asia region, a framework for multinational cooperationneeds to be constructed to resolve difficult
issues, in incremental steps, to make it possible
to respond effectively to discord between nations arising from
historical and territorial issues, as well as to factors that present
new common national threats including those relating to energy
issues and the environment.
Mr. Shin specifically stressed the importance of having a
multinational framework for security cooperation to build peacein Northeast Asia, and also stressed in particular the necessity of
restoring relationships of trust between South Korea, Japan, andChina—whose relationships have worsened due to historical andterritorial issues—and the need for international principles basedon the principles of joint security and mutual prosperity.
On the other hand, North Korea continues to pose a threat
to regional security with its continued nuclear testing and shortand medium-distance missile launches, despite the concerns
expressed by the international community. Mr. Shin pointed outthat North Korea’s possession of nuclear weapons, and the threat
this poses, represents the greatest threat to security and order in the
Northeast Asia region and not only prompts an arms race amongst
neighboring countries but is also highly likely to create a nuclear
domino effect in the Northeast Asia region. In order to resolve
North Korea-related issues he suggested that it is necessary toestablish a regional security framework involving South Korea,
Japan, and the United States, or a joint security council involving
South Korea, Japan, the United States and China.
Hyun Jin Son(Associate Professor at Hiroshima Peace Institute)
Visit HPI’s website at http://www.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/modules/peace_e/index.php

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1st HPI English Language Lecture Series
Robert Jacobs, Professor, HPI
The Hiroshima Peace Institute held its first English Language Lecture Series in January/February 2016 at the Satellite
Campus of Hiroshima City University. The series featured four HPI professors offering lectures on their research to thecommunity. The lectures were well attended by a variety of people including students, teachers, journalists, membersof the peace and hibakusha communities and other citizens of Hiroshima. Each lecture was followed by a spirited andengaged discussion between the lecturer and the audience members.  
The four lecturers in the series were Professors Narayanan Ganesan, Yasuhito Fukui, Mikyoung Kim and Robert Jacobs.
A synopsis of each lecture follows below:

Lecture 1
January 15,
2016

Democracy and Peace in Myanmar
since the 2010 Elections
Lecturer:
Narayanan Ganesan, Professor, HPI

The lecture focussed on the developments that have taken place
in Myanmar during the period of democratic transition between
2010 and 2015 led by the semi-civilian government of President
Thein Sein. The talk began with a brief historical introduction andthen divided issues into political and socio-economic ones before
examining the challenges that lie ahead for the National League for
Democracy (NLD) government led by Aung San Suu Kyi that took
power after an overwhelming electoral victory in late 2015.
During the introductory remarks the speaker focussed on the originsof the military government going back to the coup against the elected
government by U Ne Win in 1962. Afterwards he referred to thecollapse of that Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) government
in 1989 and the resulting transition that witnessed widespreaddemonstrations against the government. Owing to the politicalviolence during that transition and its refusal to hand over power to the
NLD that won the previous election in 1990, the military government
became widely hated, paving the way for the NLD’s victory.

extremism, the refugee issue, disarmament and non-proliferation,
maritime security, as well as regional situations such as North Korea,
the Middle East, and Ukraine. As for the non-proliferation anddisarmament statement, the basis for its diplomatic process, known
as “NPDG (Non-Proliferation Directors Group),” is the statement
adopted last year in Lübeck. This lecture focused on the substantial
issues in the Lübeck statement and the forward-looking aspects to becontained in the statement which will be agreed to in Hiroshima.
Fukui gave an overview of G7 Foreign Ministers’ Meeting documents(standard set from precedent case) from Lübeck and the heightenedissues in the G7 Statement on Non-Proliferation and Disarmament.
The non-proliferation and disarmament statements deal with the
major issues in this field and are a good bird’s-eye-view of its status
quo.
Fukui proposed a series of items to be included in the final document
to be agreed upon by the participating States in the G7 foreign
ministers’ meeting. First: issues related to the NPT; current issues
and new trends such as the humanitarian approach. Second: positiveand forward looking tones to be included in the document which
may catalyze the stagnation. Third: strong messages in quest forinternational peace and stability. Forth: appropriate issues for the
document to be adopted in Hiroshima.

The greatest political achievements of the Then Sein government
were the expansion of the bilateral ceasefire agreements signed
between the government and the ethnic insurgent armies. Three
major groups came into the fold in March 2012 that eventually led
to the signing of the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) in
October 2015 although only 8 out of the 16 groups signed it. Otherchanges included the freeing of political prisoners, amnesty forexiles, easier registration for political parties and NGOs and a more
liberal political environment that included greater press freedom.

After the G7 foreign ministers’ meeting, in addition to the traditional“G7 Statement on Non-proliferation and Disarmament,” the G7
Foreign Ministers’ Hiroshima Declaration on Nuclear Disarmamentand Non-Proliferation was also adopted. Unfortunately, in these
documents the humanitarian approach, which is an important
catalyzer, is not mentioned. As for nuclear disarmament, thetraditional stance expressed as “a determined, realistic andincremental approach” was maintained.

Important socio-economic issues include the merging of the black
market exchange rate with the official rate and the negotiation ofdebt settlements. Bank licensing was liberalized and there was better
control of the country’s currency. Socially the government worked on
more public housing projects and sought to subsidize essential items.

Lecture 3

Going forward the greatest problems would be bringing theremaining insurgent groups into the dialogue process andnegotiating a ceasefire in Kachin state where there has beenrenewed fighting since 2011. Also, the extremely polarized
relationship between Muslims and Buddhists requires moderation.
Finally he hoped that the military which retains power in many
areas will cooperate with the new government.

Lecture 2
January 22,
2016

Highlighting the G7 Lübeck Statementon Non-Proliferation and Disarmament
Lecturer:
Yasuhito Fukui, Associate Professor, HPIIn April 2016, the G7 Foreign Ministers’ Meeting was held in
Hiroshima and key topics for discussion included pressing issues
faced by the international community, such as terrorism and violent
6

HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS Vol.19 No.1, July 2016

January 29,
2016Japanese Perceptions of Territorial
Disputes: Opinion Poll Surveys in
the Southwestern Part of Japan

Lecturer:
Mikyoung Kim, Associate Professor, HPI

Public opinion fluctuates per contextual tides. One area in need offurther exploration is the relationship between public opinion andgovernment behavior where public opinion functions as intervening
variable. The recent watershed momentums in East Asian territorial
disputes, for example, suggest limited validity of procedural cycletheorem of conflict resolution. The process instead is more dynamic
and interactive where a national government has multiple behavioral
options which also entails multitude of choices from the counterpart.
One state has one set of 3 policy options which induces another setof 3 behavioral responses from its counterpart. When two statesinteract with each other, 9 types of policy options become available.
When the Korean President Lee decided to visit the Dokdo/
Takeshima in August 2012, he was aware of the ardent Koreanconviction of the islet ownership. With the strong popular backing,he opted to raise the tension level vis-a-vis Japan. This, in turn,aggravated Japanese public opinion which was translated into
Japan’s nationalization of the Daioyudao/Senkaku in the following
month. The public support for nationalization, in turn, was instigatedunexpected collision incident committed by the drunk Chinese
fishing boat captain: a hard to predict and difficult to control typeof contingency which can destabilize East Asian regional dynamics.
With the sweeping victories of Abe Shinzo’s Liberal Democratic
Party in December 2012 elections, Tokyo’s stance demonstrates aclear difference from the previous Democratic Party of Japan. The
central government, for instance, dispatched a high ranking official
to the Takeshima Day ceremony on February 22, 2013 and 2014.
The rising tide of nationalism in China and Korea would lead to titfor-tat type of tension escalation.
This lecture demonstrates a weak causality between sociopsychological measurements and territorial perceptions. The public
sentiment on territorial claims stay relatively unchanged andindependent of socio-economic conditions. This lecture calls foralternative explanatory model which can encompass increasinglyinteractive and simultaneous nature of intra-state behavior.

Lecture 4
February 5,
2016

The Global Hibakusha Project:
Connecting Young People in
Radiation Affected Communities

Lecturer:
Robert Jacobs, Associate Professor, HPI

Jacobs spoke about the work of the Global Hibakusha Project andits research outcomes. The talk began with a discussion about theissues surrounding the use of the term “global” and “hibakusha”
together. Scholars and activists have begun to use this term asa means of inclusion for the millions of people who have been
exposed to ionizing radiation and who live in radiologicallycontaminated areas.  
A primary cause is the more than 2,000 nuclear weapon tests andthe nuclear fuel cycle. The Global Hibakusha Project, designed
and carried out by Jacobs and Dr. Mick Broderick of Murdoch
University in Australia, conducts field research in these radiation
affected communities, collecting oral history testimonies,
artwork and historical records. The project seeks to establish
commonalities in the experiences of people in these radiation
affected communities and to begin to establish linkages between
members of these communities to facilitate information sharing
and community building.  
From the beginning Jacobs and Broderick were aware thatsuch academic inquiry risks becoming a form of academiccolonialism in which researchers extract stories from nuclear testsite communities and return to their wealthy home countries andbuild careers with little change affected in the communities. The
project was designed with consciousness of this risk and worked
to overcome its structural barriers. One outcome of these efforts
was to begin a series of workshops for third generation hibakusha(people whose grandparents experienced either nuclear attack or
nuclear testing) and to train them in oral history techniques. There
were two goals to these workshops: first, to facilitate the collection
and maintenance of historical memories within communities rather
than in academic institutions, and second, to build bonds between
these communities among young people who had the capacity tosustain these links via Web 2.0 technologies, and perhaps build
long-term relationships between radiation affected communities.
The first of these workshops was held in the Republic of the
Marshall Islands, the second in Hiroshima, and the third this year
in the Yalata community of South Australia.  

The success of this first series has led us to begin planning for a
2nd English Language Lecture Series to be held next year.  

Encyclopedia for Peace and Security Released
The Hiroshima Peace Institute published the Encyclopedia
for Peace and Security in March 2016 through the publishingcompany Horitsu Bunka Sha. The encyclopedia has 1,300
entries covering the ten fields of the bombing of Hiroshima
and Nagasaki, armaments and nuclear weapons, international
politics and security, the history of international politics andwarfare, conflict theory and war theory, the peace movement
and pacifism, peacebuilding, law and human rights, nuclear
power issues, and the environment and development with
explanations of basic terms, theories, concepts, incidents,
treaties, and international organizations. It is an interdisciplinary
encyclopedia that reflects the substantial changes in peace andsecurity theories and international politics since the conclusionof the Cold War.
The preparation and editing work in the lead up to the
publication of the encyclopedia was carried out over a periodof roughly three years beginning in April 2013, and wasbased on the research topic “A Basic Study for the Purposeof Creating a Peace Encyclopedia to Promote Peace Studies
from Hiroshima,” supported by a Hiroshima City University
peace-related research grant. A total of 46 specialists fromaround Japan participated as editing committee members,
including Hiroshima Peace Institute researchers and academic
staff members from Hiroshima City University’s Faculty ofInternational Studies. 227 writers were involved including
two international researchers, one from China and one fromSouth Korea, as well as the abovementioned editing committee
members. The encyclopedia was certified by Hiroshima City as
a project marking the 70th anniversary of the atomic bombings,

and is a work that examines
the results of Japanese peace
research from a Hiroshimabased perspective.
Entries in the encyclopedia
are listed in the order of
the Japanese syllabaryand most also include
English headings. Related
Entries and a Bibliography
are also included as wellas two columns written
in English at the end of
the encyclopedia. These
characteristics encourage
users to not only look up
single entries but to engage
in further learning.
Thanks to the financial assistance from Hiroshima City
University and the support from the NPO “Music bring Peace,”
the price of the encyclopedia (3,888JPY) has been kept low
enough to make it relatively accessible. It is our hope that alarge number of people working in related fields as well as
those interested in peace, security, and international issues will
make good use of the encyclopedia as a resource.
Makiko Takemoto
Assistant Professor at Hiroshima Peace Institute
Visit HPI’s website at http://www.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/modules/peace_e/index.php

7

DIARY◆Oct. 3 Kazumi Mizumoto attends as panelist the symposiumof 10th National Training Assembly in Hiroshima, organized by
the NHK Gakuen Community School Network, held at JMS
Aster Plaza in Hiroshima City.
◆Oct. 5 Mizumoto serves as vice-chair at the 19th meeting of
the of the Exhibition Review Committee of the Hiroshima Peace
Memorial Museum, held at the Museum.
◆Oct. 7–27 Yasuhito Fukui conducts joint research on
disarmament treaties with the WMD team of International law
and Policy Institute, Oslo.
◆Oct. 15 Fukui gives lecture on ATT at the Pluricout Project
Seminar, at Faculty of Law, Oslo University.
◆Oct. 16 Gen Kikkawa gives presentation, “What is International
Peace?: the Paradox of Peace Order as a Threat to Human Security”
at a lecture meeting organized by and held at the International
Relations Program, Graduate School of Global Studies, Sophia
University in Tokyo. ▽Akihiro Kawakami serves as group leader
and discussant of the Interest Group on “Peace Constitution” atthe bi-annual Research Meeting of Japan Association for Studies
of Constitutional Law, held at Kyoto Sangyo University.
◆Oct. 19 Mizumoto gives lecture, “Hiroshima and Peace:
Atomic Bombing Experience and Reconstruction” at thetraining program on “Educational Reform for Sustainable Social
Construction in Cambodia” for the staff of Cambodian Ministryof Education, Youth and Sport, co-organized by Hiroshima
Prefecture and JICA, held at the Hiroshima Prefectural Office.
◆Oct. 29 Mizumoto gives lecture, “the Atomic BombExperience of Hiroshima and the Danger of the Nuclear
Weapon” at the program “JENESYS 2015 for graduate andundergraduate students of Laos on Non-proliferation and Peace
Building” organized by the Japan International Cooperation
Center, held at HPI.
◆Nov. 6 Mizumoto gives lecture, “Contribution to International
Peace” at a training program for Level III Certified Nursing
Administrators organized by and held at the Hiroshima Nursing
Association.
◆Nov. 21 Kikkawa gives lecture, “Ethnicity and Nation in East
Europe” at the lecture series “War and Peace in 21 st Century
World held at Waseda University.
◆Nov. 22–27 Kikkawa visits Beijing, Nanking, and Shanghai as
leader of the 13th Hiroshima Citizens Delegation for Peace andFriendship with China.
◆Nov. 28 Mizumoto gives report, “An Analysis of Recent
Trends and Debates on Nuclear Weapons” at a public lecture
meeting organized by the Advisory Research Committee of theHiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, held at the museum.
◆Dec. 2 Mizumoto gives lecture, “Destruction by andReconstruction from Atomic Bombing in Hiroshima: the Role ofLocal Government” at the training program of local government
officials of Korea, held at Satellite Campus of HCU.
◆Dec. 4 Son Hyun Jin gives presentation, “New Securityrelated Legislation of Japan and the Takeshima Issue: fromthe View Point of International Law” at an academic meetingorganized by the Institute of Border Studies, Keimyung
University, held at Daegu, South Korea.
◆Dec. 9 Kikkawa, Mizumoto and Son attend a joint researchmeeting organized by the Sejong Institute and HPI held in Seoul.
Mizumoto gives report, “Issues of Pre-war Japan’s Policy toward
the Korean Peninsula and China” and Son gives report on “Japan’s
Security-related Legislation and the Korean Peninsula.”◆Dec. 10 Kikkawa, Mizumoto and Son visit the Institute for
Peace and Unification Studies, Seoul National University to
discuss the possibilities of future joint research.
◆Dec. 15 Mizumoto attends as judge at the graduate essay
contest for Super Global High School held at Hiroshima
Jogakuin Senior High School.
◆Dec. 23 Kikkawa gives lecture, “Peace and Democracy” for

HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS● Published by● Printed by

8

Oct. 1, 2015 – Apr. 30, 2016

the special lecture series “Peace and Democracy” organized by
the Center of Liberal Arts Education, Ristumeikan University,
held in Kyoto.
◆Jan. 15, 2016 Mizumoto attends as committee member the
Hiroshima Prefecture’s “Hiroshima Report Drafting Project”
meeting organized by and held at the Center for the Promotionof Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, Japan Institute ofInternational Affairs.
◆Feb. 1 Mizumoto serves as vice-chair at the 20th meeting of
the of the Exhibition Review Committee of the Hiroshima Peace
Memorial Museum, held at the Museum.
◆Feb. 1–5		 Narayanan Ganesan conducts a training session
for the Myanmar civil service in Naypyitaw, Myanmar.
◆Feb. 19 Mizumoto attends as reviewer the second researchmeeting for Super Global High School, organized by and held at
Hiroshima Jogakuin Senior High School.
◆Feb. 22 Ganesan gives lecture, “Democratic developments in
Myanmar, 2010 to 2015” for the New Zealand Asia Society at
Auckland University, New Zealand.
◆March 7 Kikkawa, Mizumoto and Son attend the meetingfor research exchange at Institute of Japan Studies, Liaoning
University, held in Shenyang, China.
◆March 14–18 Ganesan conducts a training session for the
Myanmar civil service in Pagoh Division, Myanmar.
◆March 16 Mizumoto serves as vice-chair for the annual
meeting of the Advisory Research Group of the Hiroshima Peace
Memorial Museum, held at the museum.
◆March 24 Mizumoto gives lecture, “The Experience ofAtomic Bombing and the danger of the Nuclear Weapon” atthe second peace research seminar of “Conveying Hiroshima
Project” organized by the Hiroshima Support Center forInternational Students, held at Hiroshima International Center.
◆March 25 Son gives report on “The Present State of Judicial
Scrivener System in Japan and the Cases following the Openingof Judicial Market” at the seminar organized by the Judicial
Scriveners Association of Republic of Korea, held in Seoul.
◆March 27 Mizumoto attends as moderator the panel
discussion of the Hiroshima Forum of Former YouthCommunicators for a World without Nuclear Weapons,organized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, held at Hiroshima
Peace Memorial Museum.
◆March 28 Mizumoto attends the preparation meeting of
the “Global Mirai Juku in Hiroshima” a training program forhigh school students organized by and held at the Hiroshima
Prefecture government.
◆April 2 Fukui gives presentation of Lethal Autonomous
Weapons Systems (LAWS) of CCW at international law study
group of Kyoto University.
◆April 5 Mizumoto attends the 1st & founding meeting of theexecutive committee of the 2013 Hiroshima International Youth
Conference for Peace in the Future, organized by the Hiroshima
Municipal Board of Education, held in Hiroshima.
◆April 9 Fukui participates in the annual academic conferenceof the Japan Association of Disarmament Studies as a discussantin the CTBT session.
◆April 11–15 Fukui participates in the informal meeting ofexperts on LAWS held in United Nations Office in Geneva.
◆April 20
Jacobs presents a paper at the “Visions of War:
Experience, Imagination and Predictions of War in the Past and
the Present” conference hosted by the Estonian War Museum in
Tallinn, Estonia.
◆April 21
Kikkawa gives lecture, “Japan’s Pacifism at a
Crossroads” for the students of Carleton College, US, at theHiroshima Peace Culture Foundation.
◆April 24 Mizumoto attends the 1st meeting on Peace Declaration
organized by the City of Hiroshima, held at the Hiroshima Peace
Memorial Museum.
Vol.19 No.1（July 20, 2016）

Editorial Committee (Akihiro KAWAKAMI, Kazumi MIZUMOTO, Mikyoung KIM), Hiroshima Peace Institute, Hiroshima City University
3-4-1, Ozuka-higashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima, 731-3194 Japan
Phone: +81（0）82 830 1811
Fax: +81（0）82 830 1812
E-mail: office-peace@peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp
Letterpress Co., Ltd.

HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS Vol.19 No.1, July 2016

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