HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS
Hiroshima Peace InstituteVol.25 No.2 March 2023

Symposium

Memories of War: Striving to Fill Voids in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Chie Shijo
On July 18, 2022, the symposium, “Memories of War: Striving to Fill Voids in Hiroshima andNagasaki,” was co-organized by the Hiroshima Peace Institute (HPI) of Hiroshima City University(HCU), the Chugoku Shimbun, and the Research Center for Nuclear Weapons Abolition,
Nagasaki University (RECNA). The invasion of Ukraine, which Russia launched in February2022, has so far shown no signs of resolution. Devastated by this news, citizens of Hiroshima andNagasaki, who have experienced tremendous suffering due to the atomic bombings, have beenprotesting Russia’s attack. The atomic bombings of the two cities, where many people were living,inflicted one of the most distressing wartime disasters among various types of catastrophes in the20th century, which is known as “the century of wars.” Whereas many survivors have described
their experiences of atomic bombing, there still remain many facts that have not been revealed
even though 77 years have passed since the incidents. Efforts have been made continuously to fillthese voids, which is a difficult process. To seek the optimal way to pass on stories of the damage
caused by the atomic bombings to future generations, the symposium shed light on the efforts tofill these voids, particularly the efforts taken on the frontline of press and scholarship in Hiroshima
and Nagasaki.

A family photo taken in Urakami district, Nagasaki,
sometime between 1938 and 1939. Except for only
one, all the girls in this photo were killed in theatomic bombing. <From Presentation II>

Presentation I“The Chugoku Shimbun ’s Reporting on the Atomic Bombing and Its Ongoing Series‘Striving to Fill Voids in Hiroshima’”by Kyosuke Mizukawa, staff writer, Chugoku Shimbun
At the Chugoku Shimbun, many of whose staff members were
killed in the atomic bombing, reporters have been working torecord and report unknown damages of the atomic bombing.
Based on this tradition, in 2019, a group of journalists, primarilyof reporters in their 20s and 30s, began writing the series titled:“Striving to Fill Voids in Hiroshima.” One of the main themesof the series is to clarify the exact number of people killed in
the atomic bombing in Hiroshima. While the Hiroshima Peace
Memorial Museum indicates a death toll of around 140,000
based on the estimates that Hiroshima and Nagasaki reported to
the United Nations in 1976, there is a significant gap between
this value and 89,025 persons (as of the end of March 2019)
identified in the demographic survey of atomic bomb victims
conducted by Hiroshima City. In the demographic survey, it
was particularly difficult to count the deaths in the following
cases: when the whole family was killed; victims had moved toHiroshima from the Korean Peninsula; and infants died before
being registered in any societal group. Since it is difficult for
the Hiroshima municipal government alone to investigate therecords of victims kept outside Hiroshima Prefecture, including
those in overseas countries, the investigation should involve
the national government as a leading participant. Another major

theme of the series of articles concerns the return of remains
to bereaved families. Around 70,000 remains of unidentified
victims are buried in the Atomic Bomb Memorial Mound in
Hiroshima Peace Park. Of those, only 814 have been identified.
In the process of news gathering, the remains of two individuals
were identified and returned to their bereaved families.
Additionally, the Chugoku Shimbun collected photographs fromits subscribers of Hiroshima taken before the atomic bombing
since such old photographs had not been collected or preserved
systematically. In the newspaper, past images of various ruined
areas, including Hondori Street and Nakajima District, wereintroduced in the feature article titled, “Reproduction of Old
Streets.” More than 1,200 photographs, whose locations wereidentified, have also been introduced on a related website.
It is important to search for what is missing in our memories
by carefully studying the social situations lying behind individual
lost memories – or voids. In addition to well-known stories, weshould also pass on stories of what remains unknown to ensurethat all damages of the atomic bombings will be remembered. In
conclusion, it is essential that the civil society and governments
combine efforts to identify atomic bomb impacts and legacies one
by one and record them for future generations.

Contents

Symposium
Memories of War: Striving to Fill Voids in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Chie Shijo …………………… 1-2
New Publication
Sengo Nihon no Heiwa Minshushugi Jichi no Ronten: KOBAYASHI Naoki Kenpogaku tono
“Taiwa” ni Mukete (The Issues of Peace, Democracy, and Local Self-Government in
Post-War Japan: Towards Dialogue with Naoki KOBAYASHI’s Constitutional Theory)
Akihiro Kawakami …………… 3
Research on the Diplomatic History over Nuclear Weapons
Yasuhiro Yamada ……………… 4
On the 50th Anniversary of the Normalization of Japan-China Diplomatic Relations
Xu Xianfen ……………………… 5
Hello from GSPS: Feature Article on Scholarships …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6
Tell Me about the Graduate School of Peace Studies (GSPS)—Frequently Asked Questions— ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7
The Second Online Briefing Session on Admission to the Graduate School of Peace Studies 2022
Makiko Takemoto ……………… 7
Diary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8

Visit HPI’s website at https://www.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/

1

Presentation II“Photos Tell a Story”by Mitsuhiro Hayashida, Project Researcher, RECNA at
Nagasaki University
Together with the Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall for
the Atomic Bomb Victims, the RECNA is currently involved in
the digitization and building of an online project of materials
related to the atomic bombing to convey the actual situation of
the incident. This project has two major themes: first, producing
aerial photo of Nagasaki before and after the atomic bombing
by using aerial shots; and second, collecting photographs ofscenes of citizens’ daily lives before the bombing. Using thesematerials, we also plan to create textbooks for peace education.
To produce archive, we are currently integrating 121 aerial
photographs of Nagasaki City taken before and after the atomic
bombing. On the public website, we will post them on a website
so that viewers will be able to see the state of the city before theatomic bombing and how it transformed the city into burnt ruins.
In the long term, we hope to present these maps together withtestimonies of hibakusha.
Along with the aging of hibakusha, many hibakushaorganizations have been dissolved. When they pass away,
valuable photographs can be discarded. To preserve photographsof scenes of daily life before the bombing, we began collecting

photographs in the end of July 2021. To date, 20 people haveoffered more than 6,000 photographs of family lives andstreets in Nagasaki before the bombing. After digitizing thesephotographs, we plan to build an archive and make it available
on a website. In addition, using these photographs, we arepreparing videos and presentation slides for use in peaceeducation. When we added colors to a few monochrome photos
and showed them to students, they said that they felt closer
affinity to the subjects since their expressions and clothing weremore vivid. Since the colors were selected by AI, it is important
to indicate that these photos are not faithful reproductions
have been augmented, though viewers feel more empathetic tocolored photos. To fill voids, we need to reproduce the vivid
imagery of the daily lives that people were deprived of by theatomic bombing: stimulating viewers’ sense of reality is aneffective way to do so. To share the terror of nuclear weapons
with many more people by evoking their empathy, I believe it isnecessary to show images in which viewers can find common
aspects between subjects in photos and their own daily lives.

Presentation III“Voids in ‘Atomic Bomb Survivors’ Testimonies’”by Chie Shijo, Associate
Professor, HPI at Hiroshima City University
In the present situation where actual use of nuclear weapons
has become more and more conceivable due to the Russian
invasion of Ukraine, many people have begun to listen to
testimonies of atomic bomb survivors or hibakusha with greater
seriousness than before. However, there are still many stories
as yet untold about the impacts of the atomic bombings. Among
the reasons why some stories have not yet been told is thatmarginal people among hibakusha find it particularly difficult
to tell their experiences. For example, in the publication on
the experiences of deaf hibakusha, issued 40 years after theatomic bombings, there is a passage: “The presence of deaf
persons have been forgotten.” While considerable numbersof books on hibakusha’s experiences were published from thelatter half of the 1960s to the 70s, publication on experiences ofdeaf hibakusha in Nagasaki did not begin until the mid-1980s.
The time lag between the publication periods indicates thefact that deaf persons were obliged to remain silent for a longtime. Since it is difficult to study the actual state of such people
accurately, there are few official records on their experiences.
For many years, only a few attempts have been made to detectand share the damage they endured. Moreover, because of theirdisabilities, some deaf persons needed many years before theyrecognized structures of collective memory. For example, some
had not known the term kinoko-gumo (mushroom cloud) until
the 1980s. These facts indicate that primarily hearing people,
who comprised the majority of hibakusha, described experiencesof the atomic bombings and their impacts on them. This means
the history has been compiled by hearing people. Even though
the atomic bombings are past incidents, considering why somehibakusha did not talk about their own experiences reveals
problems of our present society. By paying attention to what
has not been said, we can broaden and deepen discussions on
the catastrophe caused by the atomic bombing. At the sametime, it helps us consider present social problems from multiple
viewpoints. It is important to reconsider the conventionalframework of testimonies and broaden discussions about thedamages caused by the atomic bombings. I believe that efforts
to pass on stories of hibakusha, including the stories that have
not yet been told, will help build a more inclusive society, that iscompassionate towards all people.

Following the presentations, a video was shown featuring three poems on atomic bombings read by an actress, Ms. Sayuri Yoshinaga. The
video was prepared as one of the events to commemorate the 130th anniversary of the Chugoku Shimbun. A panel discussion was thenheld with Dr. Hibiki Yamaguchi (RECNA visiting fellow and program-specific associate professor) as a moderator. While Dr. Yamaguchi
raised questions, audience members also asked questions of panelists. Dr. Yamaguchi questioned whether the term “void” was adequate
to refer to something that existed but remained invisible. Concerning the capacity of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to offer information to theinternational community based on comprehensive surveys, he pointed out that their capacity is declining as compared to the one they had in
the 1970s. He also provided various suggestions, including the need of considering historical contexts in the peace education that would use
photographs.
Even though 77 years have passed since the atomic bombings, there still remains the damages of the bombings that are rarely
discussed. An audience member asked, “how can we use the lessons of the devastation of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to help thereconstruction of Ukraine?” Considering the situation of Ukrainian people from the viewpoint of the “voids in Hiroshima and Nagasaki,”
we suppose that some damages inflicted on Ukrainian people are rarely discussed. Based on the experiences of the tremendous damage
caused by the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, we can probably use our imagination to understand the pains of people indifferent societies, including Ukrainian people. The symposium showed the possibility of linking the past calamities of Hiroshima andNagasaki with the present, ongoing ones in Ukraine.
The symposium was held in the following two forms: a Zoom webinar and a live event at Chugoku Shimbun Hall. A total of 300
people participated in the event. Finally, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the speakers, audience, and all other relatedparties.
(Associate Professor at HPI)2

HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS Vol.25 No.2, March 2023

N ew P ublication
Sengo Nihon no Heiwa Minshushugi Jichi no Ronten: KOBAYASHI
Naoki Kenpogaku tono Taiwa ni Mukete（The Issues of Peace,
Democracy, and Local Self-Government in Post-War Japan:
Towards Dialogue with Naoki KOBAYASHIʼs Constitutional Theory ）Author: Akihiro Kawakami
Publisher: Keibundo
Price: 4,950 yen

Akihiro Kawakami“From the present time, humanity is likely to go on the path to decline… The presence of countries
that continue to produce, test, stockpile, and plan to use weapons of mass destruction, particularly
nuclear weapons, evokes such an awful suspicion in the minds of many people. This suspicion will
surely become a reality if an incessant arms race continues, without being controlled.”
This is a quote from the first passage of The Constitution of Japan, Article 9, which becamea bestseller in 1982. The book was written by Naoki Kobayashi (October 3, 1921–February 8,2020), who was a constitutional scholar. Kobayashi consistently supported the peace policy basedon demilitarization, which is stipulated in the Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan. Rather thanconsidering that this policy reflected a merely humanistic and idealistic view or the antipathy to war
embraced by the Japanese people who experienced defeat in World War II, Kobayashi regarded it as arealistic policy that had relative advantage over a national security policy based on military systems, inprotecting the lives of people and preventing the annihilation of humanity in this age of globalizationand nuclear proliferation. Based on this view, Kobayashi advocated strategies to realize his vision.
At the present day, 40 years after the publication of the book, the world is under the threat of a nuclear war. On February 24, 2022, thePutin administration of Russia attacked Ukraine with its military. President Putin implied the possible use of nuclear weapons, announcing:“Russia remains one of the most powerful nuclear states… There should be no doubt for anyone that any potential aggressor will face defeat
and ominous consequences should it directly attack our country.” In this environment, increasing numbers of people in the world have begun
to consider the need of improving deterrent and offensive capacities by possessing nuclear weapons to protect the people of their own states.
Utilizing this momentum, some Japanese people have begun to demand the doubling of Japan’s defense budget, building the capacity to
attack enemy bases (counterattack ability, including command and control functions in addition to missile bases), sharing nuclear weapons,
and amending Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan. On the other hand, there are also many Japanese people who are concerned not only forthe loss of many precious lives in the war in Ukraine but also for the rise of militarism that permits the possession of nuclear weapons.
It might be beneficial to build up arms, possess nuclear weapons, and reinforce alliances, only if these policies enhance the securityof people in Japan and help build a peaceful world. In actuality, however, opposition to potential enemies can make those very enemies
fear for their own security and undertake measures to expand their military forces. Consequently, security-increasing measures can lead totensions, diminishing the security of both parties. We should look squarely at this paradox, which is known as the security dilemma.
Amid this age of crisis, I had an opportunity to publish a new book titled Sengo Nihon no Heiwa Minshushugi Jichi no Ronten:
KOBAYASHI Naoki Kenpogaku tono Taiwa ni Mukete (The Issues of Peace, Democracy, and Local Self-Government in Post-War Japan:
Towards Dialogue with Naoki KOBAYASHI’s Constitutional Theory) (hereinafter referred to as “the book”) from Keibundo in Tokyo on
June 20, 2022.
Kobayashi, one of the leading constitutional scholars of post-war Japan, provided lectures on constitutional law at the Faculty of
Law of the University of Tokyo (called Tokyo Imperial University until 1947). He succeeded the classes given by Prof. Tatsukichi Minobe
and Toshiyoshi Miyazawa. Kobayashi is known for his leadership in providing theoretical background for the movement in support of thecurrent Constitution. As a researcher, in addition to the hermeneutics of the Constitution, he engaged in extensive studies concerning theprinciple theory of the Constitution (jurisprudence of the Constitution), dynamic analysis of the Constitution (constitutional sociology andconstitutional politics) and constitutional policies.
Despite his achievements, there have been no academic publications that present a complete picture of his research and publications.
It would be a great pleasure and honor for me if the book will trigger extensive research on Kobayashi’s studies of constitutional law.
The book (412 pages) comprises an introduction and the following eight chapters: Chapter 1 - Kobayashi Naoki’s wartime andmilitary experience; Chapter 2 - August 15, 1945, and the formulation of the new Constitution; Chapter 3 - previous works of Naoki
Kobayashi and their views of peace and democracy; Chapter 4 - challenges for the post-war democracy; Chapter 5 - upheavals in the
1970s, constitutional pacifism, and lawsuits regarding the Constitution; Chapter 6 - the situation of the Constitution in the 1980s andpeace issues as part of constitutional policies; Chapter 7 - local self-government and the democracy featuring citizens’ autonomy; andChapter 8 - the situation of the Constitution in the post-Cold War period and challenges in the 21st century.
To write the book, I conducted a hearing survey, meeting with Naoki Kobayashi 13 times (2010–13) as part of the research projectof Hiroshima City University, to which I am affiliated. Based on the research outcome, I have written the entire content and the book was
published as one of a series of books of the Japan Research Institute for Local Government.
In the book, I have discussed a wide variety of topics including the nature of military forces based on wartime and military
experiences; the processes of the post-war democratization and formulation of the new Constitution; the issues of the Japan-U.S. Security
Treaty in 1960 and the case of the Sunagawa lawsuit; the theory of popular sovereignty; the issues of the emperor is the symbol of thestate; lawsuits concerning the Self-Defense Forces, and right to live in peace; a vision of education as a human right; peace theory as aconstitutional policy; theory on the Self-Defense Forces as unconstitutional but not illegal; theory on local self-government; issues ofamending of the Constitution, and global issues, including nuclear weapons, environmental destruction, and food and energy problems;
and the concept of a World Federal Government.
Without pandering to authorities or social trends, Kobayashi consistently pursued accurate analysis of the present situation andsought the optimal ways to realize his visions. I firmly believe that his studies of the Constitution provide us with clues to overcome thepresent critical situation. I hope the book will be read by many people.
(Associate Professor at HPI)

Visit HPI’s website at https://www.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/

3Research on the Diplomatic History overNuclear Weapons
Yasuhiro Yamada
I became a faculty member of the Hiroshima Peace Institutein April 2022. I specialize in the contemporary history of U.S.
foreign relations, focusing on the history of U.S. foreign relations
concerning nuclear weapons.
Studies of history related to nuclear weapons have
implications for policy planning. One example is a historical study
concerning the impact of the threat of using a nuclear weaponon the cease-fire negotiations of the Korean War. Regarding
the background of the negotiations, Eisenhower, who was thenthe president of the United States, announced that even thougharmistice talks once had been deadlocked, both parties reached anagreement in July 1953 because the United States threatened China
by suggesting the possible use of nuclear weapons. Historicalstudies, particularly one by Rosemary Foot, however, revealed
that the comment by the former president did not correspond to
the facts. (Rosemary Foot, A Substitute for Victory: The Politics
of Peacemaking at the Korean Armistice Talks. Ithaca: Cornell
University Press, 1990). As indicated in this case, historicalstudies of the armistice talks of the Korean War do not prove theeffectiveness of threatening a negotiation partner with the possible
use of nuclear weapons as a means of diplomatic policies.

Photo 2: The Hyde Park aide-mémoire , in the custody of the UK
National Archives (photo by the author, September 26, 2019)

Photo 3: The glass copy of the Hyde Park aide-mémoire , in thecustody of the UK National Archives (photo by the author,
September 26, 2019)
Photo 1: The UK National Archives (photo by the author, September 21, 2019)

In historical studies of nuclear weapons, primary sources areof great significance. I have a few experiences of being surprised
while observing primary sources. To show a recent case, when I
was looking at the Hyde Park aide-mémoire, September 18, 1944
at the UK National Archives (Photo 1) in 2019, I was astonishedto find two hand-written notes (Photo 2. PREM 3/139/11A, the
UK National Archives in Kew, London). The Hyde Park aidemémoire is the agreement of September 1944 between then the U.S.
President Roosevelt and the then British Prime Minister Churchillon the development of an atomic bomb and nuclear power anduse of an atomic bomb against Japan. By that time, I had alreadyread the Foreign Relations of the United States, issued by the
U.S. Department of State, which indicated the presence of writingin the margin on the original hard copy. Additionally, I had also
observed the photocopy of the Hyde Park aide-mémoire without
the writings, which was in the custody of the Franklin D. Roosevelt
Library. Despite these facts, I was utterly astonished to see thehand-written notes at the UK National Archives. Paradoxically,
it was a breathtaking experience for me probably because I had
already known of the presence of the writings. I was even more
surprised when I found a glass copy of the aide-mémoire (Photo
3. ditto) in another file. The glass copy featured a negative image
with black and white reversed, but the written notes remained there
without being erased. Such surprising experiences made me feelthe real thrill of research activities.
There are a few challenges in the studies of history related
to nuclear weapons. One of the challenges concerns the limitedaccess to related materials due to security concerns. In 2012, when
I was studying the process by which Japan became involved in the
U.S. nuclear strategies, I found the papers of Curtis LeMay (Photo
4).
When I was looking for a certain document in a folder at the
Library of Congress, instead of the item, I found a sheet of paper
indicating that the item I was looking for remained classified(Photo 4: B30775 Folder, Box 204, the Papers of Curtis E. LeMay,
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HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS Vol.25 No.2, March 2023

Photo 4: The Papers of Curtis E. LeMay , indicating that the item
remained classified (Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.)(photo by the author, September 22, 2012)

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.). The material that I was
unable to see probably contained information that would help
me clarify my research question. If so, the non-disclosure of thematerial interfered with my studies.
Another challenge in historical studies concerning nuclear
weapons is related to methodology. An important question in therelated history is why nuclear weapons have not been used sinceAugust 1945, except for their explosions in testing programs. It
is never easy to clarify why something did not happen. While itis relatively easy to show reasons why some event happened, it isdifficult to offer persuasive explanations for something that did not
happen since there are few appropriate methods to be used for thispurpose.
Although there are various challenges in studying the history
related to nuclear weapons, the moment I encounter new ideas andfindings, I feel an overwhelming enjoyment just as researchers inother fields do.
(Professor at HPI)

On the 50th Anniversary of the Normalizationof Japan-China Diplomatic Relations
Xu Xianfen
Introduction
On September 29, 1972, the Japan-China Joint Communique wassigned by Japan’s then-Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka and thenForeign Minister Masayoshi Ohira, who had assumed their posts
shortly before (July 7), as well as by China’s then-Premier Zhou Enlai
and then-Foreign Minister Ji Pengfei. The year 2022 marks the 50th
anniversary of the normalization of Japan-China diplomatic relations.
On this occasion of the 50th anniversary, I would like toreview the consensus reached by both parties through negotiations
on the normalization of diplomatic relations. This consensus
resulted in the 1972 regime, which formed the basis for current
Japan-China relations. The 1972 regime was formed on theconsensus of the two parties regarding the Taiwan issues andhistorical issues.
Taiwan issues
Before Prime Minister Tanaka’s visit, the Chinese side insisted that
it would normalize the diplomatic relations on the condition that
the Japanese side accept “the three principles for the restorationof relations” regarding the Taiwan issues. Accordingly, both sides
discussed “the three principles for the restoration of relations” at
official bilateral talks. While the Chinese side demanded that a
Joint Communique include “the three principles for the restorationof relations” with its content unchanged, the Japanese side refused
this, and suggested that the following passage be included in thepreamble: “The Japanese side reaffirms its position that it intends
to realize the normalization of relations between the two countries
from the stand of fully understanding ‘the three principles for the
restoration of relations’ put forward by the Government of thePeople’s Republic of China.” The consensus on the Taiwan issues
can be summarized in the following four items:[1] Concerning the first principle, it was stipulated that “TheGovernment of Japan recognizes the Government of the People’s
Republic of China as the sole legal Government of China” (Article2). This led to the severing of diplomatic relations between Japanand the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan.
[2] Concerning the second principle, it was stipulated that
“The Government of the People’s Republic of China reiterates
that Taiwan is an inalienable part of the territory of the People’s
Republic of China,” and that “The Government of Japan fully
understands and respects this stand of the Government of thePeople’s Republic of China, and it firmly maintains its stand under
Article 8 of the Potsdam Proclamation (Article 3). The phrase “itsstand under Article 8 of the Potsdam Proclamation” refers to thefulfillment of the Cairo Declaration, which stipulates “Taiwan
and the Pescadores shall be returned to the Republic of China.” Incase Japan recognizes that “Government of the People’s Republicof China as the sole legal Government of China,” the phrase inquestion means Japan’s approval of the return of Taiwan to China,
which in this case shall be the People’s Republic of China.
[3] Concerning the third principle “The Japan-ROC Peace
Treaty is illegal and invalid, and it should therefore be abolished,”
the Japanese side did not approve the terms “illegal and invalid,”
but at the press conference, Foreign Minister Ohira stated that asa result of the normalization of Japan-China diplomatic relations,the treaty lost its significance and was recognized as having been
terminated. In line with this statement, the Japan-ROC Peace
Treaty was abolished.
[4] Concerning Taiwan, the Japanese side suggested thatJapan was not in a position to comment the Taiwan issue since it
abandoned all rights and title to Taiwan under the San Francisco
Peace Treaty. This was what the Japanese side emphasized to theChinese side.
Historical issues
Concerning historical issues, studies of the negotiations preceding

Prime Minister Tanaka’s visit revealed the following three facts:[1] there were disputes between the two parties concerning thetermination of the state of wars, [2] concerning war reparations
from Japan, the Chinese side suggested that it would abandon its
right and expected that the Japanese side would express gratitude,
and [3] concerning the recognition of war responsibility, although
there is no evidence of discussions held by the Chinese side, a draft
prepared by the Japanese side contained the following line: “Japan
expresses its deep regret on the past war.”
The two countries reached agreement on the following threepoints: [1] Concerning the recognition of war responsibility, atthe banquet held on the evening of September 25, Prime Minister
Tanaka said, “Our country gave great troubles to the Chinese
people.” This remark evoked strong opposition by the Chinese
people. After painful consideration, Foreign Minister Ohira cameup with the following line, which is included in the preamble:“The Japanese side is keenly conscious of the responsibility for theserious damage that Japan caused in the past to the Chinese people
through war, and deeply reproaches itself.”[2] Concerning the war reparations, the Chinese sidesuggested the following sentence: “The government of the People’s
Republic of China abandons its right to demand war reparations
from Japan.” The Japanese side, however, insisted that thissentence did not need to be included in the communique and that
China no longer had the right to demand reparations. Although the
Chinese side resented this, the term “right” was not included in the
final document. In the end, Article 5 was made as follows: “TheGovernment of the People’s Republic of China declares that… it
renounces its demand for war reparation from Japan.”[3] Concerning the termination of the state of war, the Chineseside insisted that the state of war would end “on the date of this Joint
Communique,” whereas the Japanese side suggested that the war
had already ended. After the negotiation went through difficulties,
both sides agreed that the phrase “put an end to the abnormal state ofaffairs” included in the preamble, which would be followed by “therealization of the aspiration of the two peoples for the termination of
the state of war and the normalization of relations between Japan and
China.” After noting the “termination of the state of war” in thesephrases in the preamble, Article 1 stipulates: “The abnormal stateof affairs that has hitherto existed between Japan and the People’s
Republic of China is terminated on the date on which this Joint
Communique is issued.” In this way, a complex structure was adopted
in the communique to express the termination of the state of war.
Conclusion
The pillars of the 1972 regime comprise the consensus achievedconcerning the Taiwan issues and historical issues. However, there
are several other issues agreed upon by the two parties that are notexplicitly stated. They include keeping silent about the Japan-US
security system and maintaining economic and cultural relations
between Japan and Taiwan. These issues continue to have deep
implications for Japan-China relations. Although many people
seem to have forgotten, there is also the following passage inthe preamble: “In spite of the differences in their social systems
existing between the two countries, the two countries should, andcan, establish relations of peace and friendship.”The 1972 regime enabled the both parties to build diplomatic
relations. At the moment when I am writing this article (on thenight of November 17, 2022), a summit meeting between Japanand China is being held. It is my sincere hope that without being
excessively restricted by existing problems, both leaders will
work to build a consensus to open the future, and develop bilateralrelations for the new age or the “2022 regime.”(Associate Professor at HPI)

Visit HPI’s website at https://www.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/

5Hello from GSPS: Feature Article on Scholarships
Nearly five years have passed since the Master’s Degree Program opened at the Graduate School of Peace Studies(GSPS) in April 2019. In March 2023, GSPS has 19 students, including those in the Doctoral Program launchedin April 2021. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, students have fewer options of side jobs, which makes it difficult
for most students to concentrate on their studies without also worrying about tuition fees and living expenses.
For such students, this issue of “Hello from GSPS” introduces GSPS’s originating scholarships for international
students from two Asian countries (South Korea and China).
＊ The application period has already closed for students to enter GSPS in April 2023. Please understand thatthe information given below is the outline of scholarships, rather than application guidelines. To file out anapplication, please download the Application Guidelines from the website of Hiroshima Peace Institute toconfirm the latest information.
< Kang In Soo Scholarship >A grant-type scholarship funded by the donation from Mr. KangIn Soo, the director of the medical corporation Yachiyokai,
which operates various facilities, including Merry House (afacility for the elderly)*Applicant eligibility: applicants should meet all thefollowing conditions:[1] students who will enroll in GSPS in April 2024
[2] students who have South Korean nationality, or
who have “Korea” inscribed in the “nationality/
region” section on their residence cards, or who
are Koreans living in the People’s Republic ofChina, and[3] students who demonstrate excellent academic
performance and character.
*The number to be granted: to one student< Matsuo Takashi Memorial Foundation Scholarship >A grant-type scholarship funded by the donation from the
Matsuo Takashi Memorial Foundation. Mr. Matsuo, who wasborn in Hiroshima, is known as the founder of Calbee, Inc.
*Applicant eligibility: applicants should meet all thefollowing conditions:[1] students who will enroll in GSPS in April 2024
[2] students of either the Master’s Program or theDoctoral Program of GSPS who have graduatedfrom Liaoning University in the People’s Republicof China[3] students who demonstrate excellent academic
performance and character, and[4] students who are eager to engage in international
exchange activities.
*The number to be granted: to one student

Details and application procedures for Kang In Soo Scholarshipand Matsuo Takashi Memorial Foundation Scholarship< Amounts and Periods of Scholarships >[1] 100,000 yen is granted monthly, which does not need to be
repaid.
[2] The scholarships are provided for two years, regardless of thetype of program (master’s or doctoral).
[3] In principle, scholarships are paid monthly into the recipients’bank account after their ongoing enrollment in the graduate
school is confirmed by monthly meetings with them.
*Recipients must open accounts at a Japanese bank designated by
the university.
< Period for Application >The same as the period for application for entrance examinations< Others >[1] The result of screening will be notified by post or other meansby the end of April.
[2] Application documents should be sent only by post, such as
EMS (Express Mail Service).
[3] In addition to the application form, applicants should submit
documents that certify their eligibility as detailed above. Pleaseconfirm necessary documents specified in the Guidelines forApplicants as early as possible.
[4] Contact: (No inquiries will be accepted regarding the result of
screening).
Student Support Group, Student Support Office, Hiroshima
City University
gakusei@m.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp< Other Scholarship Programs >In addition to the programs mentioned above, students of GSPS have received various other scholarship programs,
including the Kumahira Scholarship & Cultural Foundation, JEES-MUFG Emergency Support Scholarship (a lump-sum
payment), and JASSO Scholarships for Study in Japan.
For details of the scholarships of the Japan Student Services Organization (JASSO), local governments, and privateorganizations, please visit the following website:

6

HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS Vol.25 No.2, March 2023

Tell Me about the Graduate School of Peace Studies (GSPS)
̶ Frequently Asked Questions ̶
The Graduate School of Peace Studies (GSPS) holds its online briefing sessions on admission annually in June and October. This page
introduces questions concerning the Master’s Program that were frequently asked at previous briefing sessions. We hope this page will help
you understand the entrance examinations and educational program of the GSPS.
Q1: I am concerned about whether my study theme corresponds to the education provided at GSPS. Also, I want to know in what
way a supervisor will be determined.
You can check GSPS’s curricula on the website of Hiroshima Peace Institute (hereafter referred to as “the website”). Visit the page
“Education” > “Master’s Program.” If you desire to know more about the content of courses provided by individual faculty members,
visit “Education” > “For Current Students” > “C: About Courses” and click “3: Syllabus.” You will find the syllabus for the year
concerned (in Japanese only). If you desire to consult with a supervisor before taking the entrance examination, please contact theAdmissions Office of Hiroshima City University (nyushi@m.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp).
Q2: What should I study to prepare for the entrance examination?
Examinations for the Master’s Program comprise short essays and oral tests. You can check questions in previous examinations. If you
want to obtain them, contact the Admissions Office.
Q3: Is it possible to gain credits necessary for completing the program by attending only English courses?
Yes. The Master’s Program offers various courses in English. You can also write a thesis for a master’s degree in English.
Q4: I am concerned about whether I can obtain the mandatory number of credits for a master’s degree while continuing mybusiness career?
The Master’s Program has a Long-Term Study System for students who enter the graduate school by taking a special examination
for adult learners. While the term of the Master’s Program is basically two years, you can extend the term to three or four years if
your application for this system is accepted and you are approved as a long-term study student. In such cases, you can take courses
systematically over the extended term. Moreover, tuition fees for two years can be paid over three or four years. That is, you will nothave to pay additional fees for extending your course term.
Q5: Please tell me about the career paths for graduates.
Although the number of graduates is not great at this moment, a few have joined the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, while a few others joined private companies. Some graduates have enrolled in
graduate schools outside Japan.
(Admission Committee at HPI)The Second Online Briefing Session on Admission to the
Graduate School of Peace Studies 2022

Makiko Takemoto

The Hiroshima Peace Institute (HPI) held the second online briefing session of AY 2022 on the admission to the Graduate School of
Peace Studies (GSPS) via Zoom on October 7, 2022.
As in the online briefing session held in June, an outline of the GSPS, and the entrance examination system were introduced in
the beginning. Then, the possible career paths of graduates, scholarship possibilities, and the status of the acceptance of international
students were explained. Three current graduate students in the master's program at GSPS shared their personal experiences about
student life in Hiroshima. In the second half, eight participants talked individually with faculty members and graduate students inthe master's and doctoral programs using Zoom's breakout room function.
(Associate Professor/Admission Committee at HPI)The Forthcoming Online Briefing Session on Admission to the Graduate
School of Peace Studies in 2023 ──────────────────
The first online briefing session on admission to the GSPS for AY 2023
will be held on June 2, 2023. Everyone is welcome, not only those who
would like to study at the GSPS from October 2023 but also those who
would like to get information about the entrance exam for the April 2024
enrollment. We will be better able to answer your questions if you could
send them when applying to participate. You can talk personally with theprofessors in the breakout room session. English explanations are alsoavailable.

Date and Time: June 2, 2023, 6:30–8:00 p.m. (Japan Standard Time)How to hold the event: Online (Zoom meeting)Fee for the participation: Free
Deadline of the application: May 26, 2023, 5 p.m.
Contact: office-peace@m.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp
For further information, please visit the HPI website.

Visit HPI’s website at https://www.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/

7

DIARY

July 1, 2022 ― December 31, 2022

2022
◆ Jul. 2 Yasuhiro Yamada gives a lecture titled, “Myths andInterpretations on the Use of the Atomic Bombs on Japan,”as part of Hiroshima Peace Forum Lecture Series 2022 at theHiroshima Peace Memorial Museum.
◆ Jul. 8 Mihoko Kato contributes an article titled, “Russian
Invasion of Ukraine and Asia – Russia’s Military and Foreign
Policy and the Future of International Order,” in Kazuko
Kawamoto ed., Russian Invasion of Ukraine (Nippon Institutefor Research Advancement).
◆ Jul. 16 Narayanan Ganesan serves as the discussant for a panel
on Southeast Asia at the international workshop “Peace Studies
in Asia: Seeking Sustainable Peace in Democracy,” held at Seoul
National University, via Zoom. ▽Makiko Takemoto gives a paper
titled, “Peace Studies in Japan: Coevolution of Knowledge andPractice,” at the same international workshop, via Zoom.
◆ Aug. 28 Ryo Oshiba contributes an article based on aninterview, “Japan’s Action Needed for Nuclear Disarmament,”
to the Chugoku Shimbun.
◆ Sep. 4 Tadashi Okimura participates as a discussant, at
the first regular research meeting of the Japan Association ofInternational Relations (JAIR) Graduate Students and Young
Researchers Section, via Zoom.
◆ Sep. 16 Robert Jacobs presents a talk on his book, Nuclear
Bodies: The Global Hibakusha to the School of Public Policies
and Global Affairs and the History Department at the Universityof British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
◆ Sep. 17 Chie Shijo participates as a discussant, in the first
symposium of the Interdisciplinary Symposium on the WorldWar II and its Long-term Effects in Japan 2022, Considering a
Safe Space for Vulnerable People to Share their Experiences ofthe War, via Zoom.
◆ Oct. 7 Xu Xianfen presents a lecture titled, “On the 50th
Anniversary of the Normalization of Japan China Diplomatic
Relations,” to the students of School of Global Humanities andSocial Sciences of Nagasaki University, via Zoom.
◆ Oct. 19 Jacobs presents a talk on his book, Nuclear Bodies:
The Global Hibakusha, to the Center of East Asian Studies at
the University of Chicago, via Zoom.
◆ Oct. 27 Akihiro Kawakami gives a lecture titled,“The Pacifism Provision of the Constitution of Japan and
HIROSHIMA,” for students of Meito Senior High School
visiting Hiroshima on a school excursion at the HCU.

◆ Oct. 28 Shijo presents an online lecture titled, “Narratives ofA-bomb Damage in Yukaku,” at the Study Group for Grant-inAid for Scientific Research (B): “Reconstruction Discourse of
A-bombed Cities and Women,” via Zoom.
◆ Oct. 29 Kato presents a paper titled, “Europe’s Fault Lines
Growing in the Post-Cold War Era: From the Perspective ofRussia’s Multilateral Diplomacy,” at the Russia and Eastern
European studies section I of the 2022 annual convention of theJapan Association of International Relations.
◆ Nov. 5 Ganesan publishes an article titled, “Russian Arms
and Influence in Myanmar,” at the East Asia Forum, Crawford
School of Public Policy, Australian National University.
◆ Nov. 9 Oshiba, Gen Kikkawa, Jacobs, Hitoshi Nagai, andTakemoto, participate in interviews by students of Nagoya
University Affiliated Lower Secondary Schools on theInternational Understanding and Peace Study Tour, at Hiroshima
City University. ▽Tetsuo Sato presents a brief lecture on the
United Nations and peace as part of an interview by a student of
the same Junior High School, held online.
◆ Nov. 11 Jacobs presents a paper titled, “When is a ‘Test’
Actually an ‘Attack’? Cold War Nuclear Testing and Downwind
Fallout Clouds,” to the Society for the History of Technology
annual conference in New Orleans, USA, via Zoom.
◆ Dec. 9 Kikkawa presents a paper titled, “The Road toAnnexation of Crimea – The formation of Logic of Irredentism,”
at the Meeting for the Study of International Relations, at Sophia
University, Tokyo.
◆ Dec. 16 Kikkawa presents a keynote lecture titled, “World
Affairs and Peace in 2022,” at the Hiroshima Korea Forum 2022,
co-hosted by Consulate General of the Republic of Korea in
Hiroshima and the Hiroshima Peace Institute. ▽Okimura presentsa paper titled, “Energy Issues in Japan and Korea in the Face ofthe War in Ukraine,” at the same Forum, held in Hiroshima.
◆ Dec. 19 Kato participates as a discussant for a reportpresented by Minister-Counsellor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs ofThailand, Dr. Rangsimaporn Paradorn, at the seminar “Central
Asia and Southeast Asia Exploring the Dynamics of Greater
Engagement,” organized by UBRJ, Slavic-Eurasian ResearchCenter, Hokkaido University, via zoom.
※For other entries of the DIARY,
please visit our website.

< Publications edited by the Hiroshima Peace Institute >HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS● Published by● Printed by

8

Vol.25 No.2（March 22, 2023）

Editorial Committee (Robert Jacobs, Xianfen Xu, Mihoko Kato), Hiroshima Peace Institute, Hiroshima City University
3-4-1, Ozuka-higashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima, 731-3194 Japan
Phone: +81（0）82 830 1811
Fax: +81（0）82 830 1812
E-mail: office-peace@m.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp
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HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS Vol.25 No.2, March 2023

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