No.18
ISSN 0289 - 8721

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The Union of National
Economic Associationsin Japan

日本経済学会連合

1998

Correspondence to be addressed:
Secretariat of the Union of National Economic Associations in Japan,
c/o School of Commerce,
Waseda University,
Nishiwaseda 1-6-1,
Shinjuku-ku,
Tokyo 169-8050, JapanCOPYRIGHT 1998 BY THE UNION OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONS IN JA PA N
Printed in Japan. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS INSTITUTE, INC. Tel. (03) 5273-0473
ISSN 0289-8721

Editorial Committee
Mikio EDA, Meiji University
Masahiko Y OSHII, Kobe University
Yoshiaki WATANABE, Josai University
Yasushi MORIMIYA, Meiji University
Yoshinori SHIMIZU, Hitotsubashi University
Shuji ISHII, Komazawa Univreisty
Shinjiro HAGIWARA, Yokohama National University
Jin MORIOKA, Komazawa University
Naohiko JINNO, T he University of Tokyo
Akifusa FUJIOKA, Keiai University
Kazuo UEDA, Senshu University
Directors of the Union
President

Masao UNO, Josai Kokusai University
Yasuo OKAMOTO, Aoyama Gakuin University
Kyoichi FUTAGAMI, Aichi Gakuin University
Yujiro HAYAMI, Aoyama Gakuin University
Toshiya HANAWA, Chuo University
Takashi NEGISHI, Aoyama Gakuin University
Tokusaburo Y OSHIDA, Chubu Gakuin University
Kiyoshi OGAWA, Josai Kokusai University
Toshinosuke KASHIWAZAKI, Waseda University
Rinya SHIBAKAWA, Teikyo University

Secretary General
Ken-ichi ENATSU, Waseda University
AuditorOsamu NISHIZAWA, Waseda University
Masu UEKUSA, Toyo University
Emeritus
Shigeta TSURU, Hitotsubasi University
Yoichi lTAGAKI, Yachiyo Intertational University
Takashi SHIRAISHI, Kyorin University

THE UNION OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONSIN JAPAN
日本経済学会連合
The Union of National Economic Associations in Japan, established in 1950.
celebrated its 40th anniversary in 1990, as the sole nationwide federation of administration.
In order to obtain membership an association is subject to an examination of its academic
work. As of 1998, the Union had a membership of 50 associations, as listed on pp. 78-95.
The aims and objectives of the Union are to support the scholarly activities of its
member associations and to promote academic exchanges both among members themselves,and between Japanese and academic societies overseas. The main activities of the Union
are: (1) the publication and distribution of academic material concerning Japanese economics
and papers presented by member scholars, (2) the sending of members to overseas
conferences, (3) the holding and supporting of international conferences in Japan, (4)providing financial assistance to member associations who invite foreign scholars to Japan,and (5) collecting information on activities of member associations and the issuing of anews bulletin.
The Union published in 1974 Keizaigaku No Doko (The Trend in Japanese
Economics), based on a survey of economic studies undertaken in postwar Japan. A
supplementary volume covering Japanese economic studies after 1974 was published in
1982.
The Union and the International Economic Association (IEA) jointly held the Fifth
World Congress of the IEA in Tokyo from August 29 to September 3, 1978. The Union
joined the International Institute of Public Finance in holding the Institute's 37th Congress
at Tokyo in September 1981.

The Union dispatched 20 member scholars to the Eighth
World Congress of IEA held in India in 1986. Most recently the Union successfullysponsored the IEA Tokyo Round Table Conference on "Institutions in a New DynamicSociety" held between 15 and 17 September 1987, and hosted the 1996 IEA Tokyo Round
Table Conference between 16 and 19 December, on the theme "The Institutional Foundationof Economic Development in East Asia"
The Union celebrated in 1980 the 30th anniversary of its founding by launching avariety of activities, including the publication of The Information Bulletin.

Prof. Paul

Snowden of Waseda University acts as editorial adviser.

Address: Secretariat of the Union, c/o School of Commerce, Waseda University,
Nishiwaseda 1-6-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan.

CONTENTSCOMPARATIVE ECONOMIC STUDIES, THE ASSOCIATION FOR ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・(Formerly: SOCIALIST ECONOMIES, THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY IN)

Page
1

CONSUMPTION ECONOMY JAPAN ACADEMY FOR ·· ··· ·· · • • • • · · ·· ·· 7
INSURANCE SCIENCE THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・

14

MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION, JAPAN SOCIETY OF ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ 20
(Formerly: COMMERCIAL SCIENCES, JAPAN SOCIETY OF)
MONETARY ECONOMICS THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ 29
PERSONNEL AND LABOR RESEARCH, JAPAN SOCIETY FOR ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ 38
POLITICAL ECONOMY AND ECONOMIC HISTORY SOCIETY, THE ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ 49
(Formerly: AGRARIAN HISTORY SOCIETY, THE)

POPULATION ASSOCIATION OF JAPAN THE ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ 55
PUBLIC FINANCE THE JAPAN INSTITUTE OF・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ 62
(Formerly: FISCAL SCIENCE, JAPANESE ASSOCIATION)·REGIONAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL '·'''''''·· • · ··· 67
THE JAPAN SECTION OF THE

RISK MANAGEMENT SOCIETY JAPAN ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ 74

LIST OF MEMBER ASSOCIATIONS· • ········· • • · • · • ·········· • • • · • · 78
NEW MEMBERSOCIAL SCIENCE OF ACCOUNTING, THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ · 95

THE ASSOCIATION FOR COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC STUDIES
1. Short history and renaming problem
The predecessor of the Association, the Society for the Study in Socialist
Economies, was founded by 57 specialists in this field on November 14, 1963. On
October 27, 1967, the Society became the Association for the Study in Socialist
Economies, with 75 members. The purpose of the Association at that time was topromote studies of socialist economies from both theoretical and empirical view­
points. The focus of research by members was mainly put on how the socialist
economies of the Soviet Union, Eastern European countries and mainland China
were and should be functioning.
However, because of the international environment in the second half of the
1980s and the first half of the 1990s, the Association decided to alter its name. On
the one hand, after Mikhail Gorbachev became the general secretary of the Com­munist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), the Soviet Union and Eastern European
countries tried to change their systems to compete with Western developed coun­tries, and in the end abandoned their socialist political and economic systems, step­
ping up the transformation of their systems into democracy and market economies.
On the other hand, since Deng Xiaoping seized power, China has been liberalizing
its economy step by step, saying that China has reached the stage of'socialist mar­ket economy'.
Under these circumstances, at the general meeting of the Association in 1990
the chief representative at that time Tuneaki SATO (Nihon University) proposed
renaming the Association. After several years of discussion, at the 33rd conferenceat Hokkaido University in May 1993, the Association decided to alter its name to
the Association for Comparative Economic Systems. (See Information Bulletin of
the Union of National Economic Associations in Japan, No.13, 1993, pp.11-16 forthe details of the renaming problem.)
2. Current research concerns
Together with altering its name, the Association also changed its research
purpose. Today, the research scope of the Association is not limited within thestudies of (former) socialist economies but extends to the studies of comparative
economic systems, including capitalist systems. The Association welcomes spe­cialists in fields other than former socialist economic systems to join the Associa­
tion, and did invited specialists of economies of developed and developing coun­tries to its annual meetings. But, of course, the main research concern of the Asso­
ciation still is the transition process of (former) socialist countries.
As is well known, the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 led the Cen­
tral and Eastern European countries to give up their socialist political and economic
systems and to transform their systems in accordance with standards of Westerndeveloped countries. Then at the end of 1991 the Soviet Union itself ended its
seventy-four years of life and the fifteen countries that succeeded it started out on
their own courses. At first, most people not only in these former socialist countries
but also in Western developed countries thought that their socialist systems could
be easily replaced with new democratized and marketized systems and the transi­tion process could end with great success in a few years.
This dream, however, soon turned out to be impossible. Some of these coun­tries experienced abrupt shrinkage of economic activities and hyperinflation with­out succeeding in the transition to market economies. For example, Russian indus­
trial production decreased by 48% and consumer prices increased more than 450
times between 1992 and 1994. These countries began to recognize that they shouldhave had grander designs for successful systemic transformation and more intricate
prescriptions for future economic development.
While the Central and Eastern European countries and former Soviet coun­tries tried to transform their economic systems in a relatively short term, China andVietnam chose another approach of gradual transition to market economies. After
Mao Tse-Tung's death in 1976 and the grasp of political power by Deng Xiaopingin 1978, China proceeded with agricultural reform. In the middle of the 1980s it
embarked on reform of other sectors. China especially nominated some coastal
cities as special economic areas for foreign direct investment and opening the Chi­nese economy to the outside world. As has been seen, China spent about twenty
years to transform its economic systems, and reforming of many state-owned in­
dustrial enterprises have remained intact.
Other than transformation of economic systems, there have been differencesin approaches. Among them, the Chinese Communist Party has retained its mono­
political power, although the Central and Eastern European countries and former
Soviet countries have given up their communist regimes.
Even among Central and Eastern European countries and former Soviet coun­tries, there also are differences in approaches to and results of transition to market
economies. For example, some countries used vouchers or coupons to transfer
state-owned assets to their citizens at a stroke. Others did not, or even tried to sell
assets to foreign investors.
Members of the Association have done research on the transitional processes,
and thought where countries in transition would go. Taking into account these andother diversities in approaches to transition, the Association has selected the main
themes of each annual conference.
3. Themes of annual conferences
Below we show the papers presented at the annual conferences for the last
four years. The Association usually holds an annual conference between the end of
May and the beginning of June. The conference is divided into two parts, one of2

which is the main theme session, while the other is a free theme session. In addi­tion, the Association has one more session: a sub-conference devoted to the studyof quantitative analysis. The main conference lasts two days, and one more day isfor the quantitative analysis session.
In 1995 the 35th annual conference was held at Nihon University from June 8
to 10.
(1) Main Theme Session: Comparative Political and Economic Analysis of China
and Russia.
Chairpersons: Katsuji NAKAGANE (The University of Tokyo), Masaaki KUBONIWA(Hitotsubashi University)"China's Economic Reform to Socialist Market Economic System", Kazuyoshi
UEHARA (Kyoto University)"Economic Policy and Privatization of the Present Russia", Satoshi MIZOBATA (Kyoto
University)"Two-track Approach in China's Reform Process", Nobuo MARUYAMA (Institute ofDeveloping Economies)"Problems of Privatization in Russia: Vouchers and Stocks", Takehiko SOMEYA(Nishogakusha University)℃hange in the Chinese Rural Economy after the 1979 Reform", Nobuaki MURAOKA(Seinan Gakuin University)"Comparison of Macroeconomic Performance between Russia and China",
Shin'ichiro TABATA (Hokkaido University)"Political and Social Problems of Post-Deng China", Susumu Y ABUKI (Yokohama
City University)"Russian Society and the Perspective of the Market System", Shigeki HAKAMADA(Aoyama Gakuin University)(2) Free Theme Session"Misesian Criticism of Socialism and Historical Socialism", Masashi MORIOKA(Ritsumeikan University)"Socialism and Cooperation Network", Makoya KAGEYAMA (Yokohama City Uni­
versity)"Soviet Economic Performance Reconsidered: G. Khanin's Estimation and Its Im­
plications", Manabu SUHARA (Nihon University)(3) Quantitative Analysis Session℃ hanges of Chinese Economic Structure and Environmental Burden", Yuichi
HASEBE (Yokohama National University)"Downward Bias of the Russian Output Statistics and Its Microeconomic Founda­
tions", Masaaki KUBONIWA (Hitotsubashi University)
In 1996 the 36th annual conference was held at Ritsumeikan University from3

May 30 to June 1.
(1) Main Session: Status Quo and Tasks of State Enterprise Reform
Chairpersons: Sadayoshi OHTSU (Kobe University), Akira UE GAKI (Seinan Gakuin
University)"Status Quo and Tasks of State Enterprise Reform in Russia and Eastern Europe",
Rihito Y AMAMURA (Hokkaido University)"State Enterprise Reform toward Market Economy", Midori KIZAKI (Yokohama
National University)"Problems of State Enterprises'Reforms in Poland", Hiroichi IYEMOTO (Nanzan
University)"The Characteristics of Privatization in Advanced Countries", Hiromi T AMAMURA(Ritsumeikan University)"Privatization in Brazil: A Case Study on Reforming State-Owned Enterprises in
Developing Countries", Kotaro HORISAKA (Sophia University)(2) Free Theme Session"Privatization Process in the Russian Oil and Gas Industry", Takashi MURAKAMI(Hokkaido University)"Present Rice Production Policy in Myanmar", Akio TAKAHASHI (The Universityof Tokyo)(3) Special Report"The New Trends of the International Co-operative Movement and the Reconstruc­tion of Co-operatives in Russia and the Central-Eastern European Countries", Yoshio
IMAI (Kogakuin University)(4) Quantitative Analysis Session"Studies on Interregional Migration in the Former Soviet Union and Russia: A Sur­vey", Kazuhiro KUMO (Kyoto University)"On the Debate between 'Gradualism'and 'Big-Bang': A Consideration from a
Hayekian Perspective", Hiroyuki OKON (Wakayama University)
In 1997 the 37th annual conference was held at Asahikawa University from
June 5 to 7.
(1) Main Theme Session: Systemic Transition and International Relationships
Chairpersons: Masayuki IWATA (Chiba University), Kunihiko AOKI (Tohoku Uni­
versity), Shozaburo SAKAI (Chuo University)"The Evolution of Worldmarket-type Relations and the Collapse of the Socialist
Type of International Relations", Hiroyuki OKADA (Hosei University)"What the Soviet Union has left for the Cuban Economy", Hiroyuki SUGAWA(Asahikawa University)"Russians in Central Asia", Hidesuke KIMURA (Yokohama National University)"The Orientation of International Division of Labour after the Collapse of CMEA",
Shuzo NAHMA (Yokohama Commercial College)
4

"Ethnical Relations in the Former Yugoslavia", Shosaku TOKUNAGA (Sapporo Uni­
versity)℃hina's Market Economy and Hongkong", Susumu YABUKI (Yokohama City Uni­
versity)(2) Free Theme Session℃urrent Situation of the Systemic Transformation in the Czech Republic", Nobuko
INAGAWA (Tokoha Gakuen Hamamatsu University)"The Economic Policies in W. Germany, Japan and S. Korea after World War II: a
Comparative Analysis", Soo-Il KIM (Kyoto University)(3) Quantitative Analysis Session"Balance of Payments of the Russian Federation", Akira UEGAKI (Seinan Gakuin
University)"Foreign Trade Statistics of Russia", Shin'ichiro TABATA (Hokkaido University)"Sino-U.S. Trade Friction Occurring with the Statistical System", Jinjun XUE (Oita
University)"Foreign Trade Statistics of China after the 1949 Revolution", Kimei GAKU (Japan
Society for the Promotion of Science)"Polish Foreign Trade Statistics in Transition", Masahiro TAGUCHI (Okayama Uni­
versity)
In 1998 the 38th annual conference was held at Hokuriku University from
June 5 to 7.
(1) Main Theme Session: What is the role of Governments in the Transition Process
Chairpersons: Kunihiko AOKI (Tohoku University), Kazuyoshi UEHARA (Kyoto
University), Hiroyuki OKADA (Hosei University)"Macroeconomic Stabilization Policy and the Role of the State: From the Experi­ence of Hungary", Hiroshi TANAKA (Kochi University)"Center and Peripheries in Chinese Economic Reform", Nobuo MARUYAMA (Aichi
University)"Industrial Policy and Capital Restructuring in Russia", Satoshi MIZOBATA (Kyoto
University)"Industrial Policies in Central and Eastern European Countries", Masahiko YOSHII(Kobe University)"Marketization of Labor Force and the Role of the Central and Local Government
in China", Tsuneto YAMAMOTO (Osaka University of Econmoics)"Labour Administration, Labour Problems and Labour Policies in Russia", Sadayoshi
OH TSU (Kobe University)(2) Free Theme Session
Division 1"Foreign Trade and Economic Development in East Asia", Yuichi HASEB E(Yokohama National University)
5

"Structure and Functions of a New Industrial Management System in Uzbekistan",lchiro IWASAKI (Hitotsubashi University)
Division 2℃ haracteristics of the New Russian Budget System", Tetsuro HOSAKA (Kochi
University)"Development of the View on Markets of Austrian Schools", Ken HINATA (Yamanashi
Gakuin University)(3) Quantitative Analysis Session"Monopoly and Price Liberalization in Russia", Eiko TOMIYAMA (Niigata Univer­sity)℃hina's Regional Disparities and Demand Effects after the Reform" Kunag-hui
CHEN (Kobe University)"Russia's Development of Employment after the Transition", Tsuyoshi ISHIKAWA(Shimane University)
4. Future challenges
For 35 years since the establishment of the Society for the Study in Socialist
Economies, the research by the members has advanced a great deal in both quanti­tative and qualitative terms, with the number of members of the Association havinggrown to 245 as of June 1998. But the Association has reached a crossroad.
For many years China, Central and Eastern European Countries and former
Soviet countries have moved along the way of transition to market economies. Someof them have already made great progress. At first, the Czech Republic, Hungary
and Poland became members of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD), and these and other Central and Eastern European countries
will join the European Union at the beginning of the 21st Century, which is theextreme objective of transition for them. That is, the day will come soon whenmany countries in Central and Eastern Europe will not be able to be called countries
in transition. Moreover, China's GDP in terms of PPP is said to exceed Japan'sGDP, and in the first half of the 21st century China would be a real economic giant
as well as a political one.
As is shown, many countries in transition could accomplish the objective oftransition around the first half of 21st century. At that time, the research concernsof the Association will have to alter their aspects and may have to concentrate on
genuine comparison of the explicit and implicit economic systems that may exist in
the 21st century.
(Masahiko Y OSHII, Kobe University)

6

JAPAN ACADEMY FOR CONSUMPTION ECONOMY
1. Historical Background and Foundation
As if touched off by the upsurge of consumer movements in the States, such
similar movements as claims on product liabilities, and lawsuits for air, water orsoil pollution, industrial waste dumping, and price manipulation by means of buy­
ing up commodities, a kind of cartel conduct, occurred in Japan during the late 60's
and 70's.
Reflecting these social movements, the Consumer Protection Act became law
here in 1968, six years after President Kennedy's special message for consumer
protection on the "consumer's four rights."
In conformity with the spirit of the Act, numerous ordinances dealing withlocal environmental issues have been enforced by municipal governments. It issaid that the earliest ones were the Environmental Preservation Act for Akashi City,and the Consumer's Living Protection Act for Higashi Kurume City in 1973.
In order to negotiate with administrative agencies and big corporations on aneven standpoint, various consumer groups and institutions were organized during
the late 60's and 70's. For instance, the Consumer Union of Japan was organized in
1967, the Japan Consumer Information Center in 1970, the Association of Educa­
tors for Consumers' Everyday Life in 1977, the Japan Association for HEIB and theConsumer Affairs Professionals in Business in 1978, the Association of Consumer
Affairs Professionals (ACAP) in1980, and the Japan Academy of Consumer Edu­
cation in 1981.
Influenced by these historical developments, an interdisciplinary academic
association, the Japan Academy for Consumption Economy, was established in 1974.
It was rather a unique association in the society of Japanese academies because ofits member structure consisting of scholars from such fields as economics, sociol­ogy, law, finance, accounting, management, marketing and home economics.
2. Composition and Activities
As of June 1998, there are 517 individual members and 8 corporate members
divided into seven districts, namely Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kansai, Chu­
Shikoku and Kyushu. Most of the individual members are professors at universi­
ties and colleges in these districts.
The Academy's activities are implemented under the leadership of the presi­dent, Dr. Shigeru NISHIMURA, and the 32 directors from the seven districts together
with 2 auditors.
The articles of the Academy define the following activities:
1) Planning and executing the annual convention and seminars.
2) Coordinating members'joint study and research.
3) Publishing the annals, newsletters, and treatises.
74) Collecting papers and reports on the consumption economy.
5) Corresponding with related associations in Japan and overseas.
6) Evaluating members' works and giving the Academy's prize.
7) Other activities necessary to attain our objectives.
In executing these activities, we have committees responsible for organizing
an annual convention, publishing annals and treatises, nominating individuals for
the Academy's prize, canvassing and judging membership, and promoting interna­
tional exchanges.
3. Themes and Places of Annual Conventions in the Past Ten Years
1989 Transition of the Consumption Economy and its Outlook in the 90's
Josai University
1990 Systematization of the Study of Consumption Economics
Aichi Gakuin University
1991 Tasks and Prospects of the Consumption Economy in the 90's
Hokusei Gakuen University
1992 Globalization and Japan's Consumption Economy
Daito Bunka University
1993 Today's Tasks on Consumer Problems
Hannan University
1994 New Directions in the Consumption Economy
Kagawa Junior College
1995 Structural Change of the Japanese Consumption Economy-- In Search of a New Paradigm -Takushoku University
1996 Deregulation and Consumer Interest
Chukyo University
1997 Consumption Economy in the Information-Oriented Society-- Towards the 21st Century -Chuo Gakuin University
1998 Tasks Towards a Sustainable Society and the Consumption Economy
Osaka University of Commerce
4. The Shift of Concerns in the Past Ten Years
If we dare try to find any trends from the subject of papers in the past ten
years, the following phenomena can be seen.
In the early period of 1989-92, just after the economic bubble was punctured
in 1989, damage was not so severe in the consumer's daily life; therefore, such
topics as internationalization, leisure and resorts, trade friction, paradigm change,
and trade liberalization were seemingly popular.
However, in the later period of 1993-1998, when the frnancial crisis and po8

litical turbulence got worse, the members' interest has shifted to such topics as theaging society, social security, environmental issues, sustainable society, deregula­tion, product liability, consumer protection, public and nonprofit organizations, con­sumer financing, consumer life, consumer behavior, household expenditure, and soon.
In the following, the titles of papers concerned with the above-mentioned
topics are listed, so that the contents of the topics can be imagined.
5. Current Topics in Recent Papers(1)The Agin,g Society, Welfare, Social Security:
Convenience Store Retailing in the Aging Society,
Katuko MORIMIYA (Bunkyo Women's University)'98
An Estimate of the Aged Care Market Created by Reverse Mortgages on Life Insur­
ance, Takako IWATA (Chukyo University)'98
T he Recent Amendment in the Social Security Law and Livelihood Protection,
Shinichi YAMAMOTO (Shimane University)'98
Factors Influencing the Medical Service Consumption of Aged People,
Akiko YOKOTA (Hiroshima University)'98
A Case Study of Adopting the U.S. Cafeteria Plan: in Benesse Corporation,
Yoshiro MIYAGI (Sakata Junior College)'96
Case Studies on Collaborating Medical Networks in the Aging Society,Takako IWATA (Aichi Gakuin University)'96
A Historical Study of Living Economics Welfare: On the Amendments of thePension Law in 1933, Shinichi YAMAMOTO (Shimane University)'94
Financing and Saving in the Double Family Household in the Aging Society,
Toru SAKAI (Hokusei Gakuen University)'94
A Comparative Study of the Patients' Burden in the Costs of Medical Service,
Akiko YOKOTA (Kawamura Junior College)'94
A Historical Study of Social Welfare: the Military Pension Act 1923,
Shinichi YAMAMOTO (Shimane University)'93
A Survey of Income and Spending in Aged Households,
Takamitu YAMANAKA (Hiroshima Women's College of Commerce)'93(2)An Environmental, Recycling, Sustainable Society:
Environmental Policy and Economics,
Toru SAKAI (Hokusei Gakuen University)'98
Direction and Tasks of Environment Oriented Marketing,Toshiko YOSHII (Chuo Gakuin University)'98
Environment Oriented Retailing Strategy of the ICA in Sweden,
Eiji NAITOH (Shonan Junior College)'98
Introduction of the Economic Incentive Regulation in the U.S. Air Pollution Con-，

trol Act, lkuoOKUDA (Nagoya City University)'97
WaterRates and Environmental Issues,
Keichi SHIRASAWA (Matusyo Gakuen Junior College)'94
Auto Loans Contradict theSustainableSociety,
Manzo Y AMANISHI (Osaka Labor FinancialBank)'94
Consumer Issues in theRecycling-MindedSociety,
KatukoMORIMIYA (Bunkyo Women's University)'93(3)Deregulation, Global Competition:
Deregulation in the Life Insurance Industry,YasushiSEKIKAWA (NagoyaBunri Junior College)'96
Deregulation in Transportation Fares and Consumers'Benefits,
NorihikoKURI HARA (DistributionScience University)'96
Deregulation and Consumers'Benefits,
UtakoHORI (Sakushin Gakuin University)'96
Deregulation andNewPrice Competition,
HouSHU (Nihon University, Post Graduate)'96
Increase in Imported Foods and InsufficientSupply of Information,
KazuyoSATO (Sano Women's Junior College)'96
Adjusting to theDeregulation andProduct Liability Act forDistributors,
TomosaburoHOTTA (Nagoya Legal Information College)'95
An Examination onDeregulation Arguments,
KazuyoshiMABE (Kansai University)'95
Value of Consumer Credit forDeveloping a Consumer Economy and theNecessity
forPragmaticResearch to Achieve FinancialDeregulation,
AkiyoshiOTSUBO (Nagoya Women's University)'94
Liberalization ofBeef Imports and Competition with DomesticProducts,
TadatoshiSUZUKI (Rakuno Gakuen University)'93(4)Product Liability, ConsumerProtection, ConsumerMovement:
Execution of theProduct Liability Act and theProcess of Arbitration,
KatukoMORIMIYA (Bunkyo Women's University)'96
Consumer Issues in thePatentMedicine Industry,
MuneyoshiHOTTA (Hirosaki University)'95
Swedish Consumers'ProtectionPolicyBefore and AfterParticipation in the EU,
EijiNA ITO (Shonan Junior College)'95
Safety GuaranteeMarks and their Compensation forDamage,Kazue W ATANABE (MatuyamaShinonome Junior College)'94
Protection forDepositors inBankBankruptcy,
YasushiSEKIKAWA (NagoyaBunri Junior College)'94
The Way the JapaneseProduct-LiabilitySystemShouldBe,
10

Katuko MORIMIYA (Bunkyo Women's University)'94
The Points at Issue in the Swedish ProductLiability Act,
Eiji NAITO (Shonan Junior College)'94
Consumers' Networking Movements in East Asia,
Takako NISHIMURA (Osaka University of Commerce)'93(5)Public and Nonprofit Organizations:Student-Consumerism in the University,
Yukio HAYAKAWA (Murata Bookkeeping School)'98
The Customer-Oriented Concept in the University,
Hiroyuki OHNO (Kokusai Gakuin Saitama College)'98
The Effects of Public Goods Spending byLocal Governments,
Chiaki SHIMADA (Meiji University)'97
Marketing inLocal Governments,
Yoshiaki WATANABE (Josai University)'94(6)Consumer Financing:Electronic Money and Customer Networks,
Manzou Y AMANISHI (Osaka University of Economics)'97
Electronic Information Settlement and Consumer Security,
Takashi MIYAZAKI (Keisen Women's Junior College)'97
Consumer Dealings in the Digital Finance System,
Manzo Y AMANISHI (OsakaLabor Financial Bank)'96
The Relationship Between Interest Rates and Demand in Consumption,
Kisaburo SEKIYA (Nihon University)'95
Preference Between Trade Credit and Consumer Credit,
Fumitaka Y AMAZAKI (Japan Credit Industry Association)'95
The Problem of Multiple Debts and Consumer Education,
Takashi MIYAZAKI (Keisen Women's Junior College)'93
The Credit Card Revolving System and Consumer Protection,
Atsushi SOUMA (Waseda University)'93(7)Information-Oriented Society:
Consumption Economy in the Information-Oriented Society,
Koi TSUJIMOTO (Nagoya University of Economics)'97
The Un-symmetry Situation in Consumer Information,
Takako NISHIMURA (Osaka University of Commerce)'97(8)Consumers'Life, Consumer Behavior, Household Expenditure
Consumer's Behavior on Choice in the Post-Bubble Era,
Hirotsugu NAKAMOTO (Daito Bunka University)'98
11

Genetically Modified Food: Its Pros and Cons,
Keiichi SHIRASAWA (Matsushou Gakuen Junior College)'97
The Decision Making Process in Consumer Behavior: Comparison Between Japan,
Korea and Taiwan,
Denya INUZUKA (Ochanomizu Women's University)'97
A Consideration of the Women's Market from the Standpoint of Employment
Structure, Rie SUZUKI (Tanaka Chiyo Gakuen Junior College)'97
Movements in Selecting Financial Assets by the Household Economy in and after
the Bubble, Atsushi SOUMA (Daito Bunka University)'96
An Economic Analysis on the Affordability of Nursing Costs,
Yoshie ISHIDA (Aichi Shukutoku University)'96
Unbalanced Explanation of℃redit" in High School Textbooks,
Bunkei YAMAZAKI (Japan Credit Industry Association)'96
Advertising of Hazardous Goods: from Negative Feedback to Feed Forward
System, Takashi MIYAZAKI (Keisen Junior College)'96
Some Shifts in the Time Allocation of Japanese Daily Life,
Reikichi HONDA (Tokyo International University)'96
Economical and Psychological Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior in the De­
mands of Medical Service,
Akiko Y OKOTA (Kawamura Junior College)'96
Comparative Research on the Purchasing Behavior of Japanese and Chinese Col­lege Students,
Yoshitaka SHIROTA (Shizuoka Seika Junior College)'95
Japanese Traveling Behavior in the Post-Bubble Recession Period,
Zenkichi KURITA (Transportation Research Bureau)'95
Symbolic Meaning of Product in Consumer Behavior: Self-Concept, Product-Mean­
ing and Marketing,Asami TAKEHAMA (Ritsumeikan University)'94
The Toiletries Market and Purchasing Behavior in the Mie and Shizuoka Area,
Yoshitaka SHIROTA (Shizuoka Seika Junior College)'93
5. Publication Activities(1)Publication of the Annals
The annals are composed primarily of the program and papers presented ateach annual convention, reports of seminars held in the seven districts during theyear, and the annual plan and statement of accounts.
(2)Publication of the Collection of Treatises
Commemorating the 10th anniversary of the Academy, the first collection oftreatises under the title Present Problems in the Consumption Economy was pub­lished in 1986, and eight years later in 1993, the second collection of treatises, An
12Introduction to the Science of Consumption Economy: New Frontiers in the Living
Science followed.
To commemorate the 25th anniversary, an editing committee is about to beorganized to compose the third collection of treatises.
(3) Publication of a Reference Book
A reference book on the Japanese Consumption Economy and Living Eco­nomics in eight volumes is being compiled with the cooperation of members spe­cializing in each related field. The composition of the volumes is: ① Living Eco­nomics and Culture, ② Aging Society and Its Problems, ③ Consumer Issues andPolitical Policy, ④ Consumer Movements, ⑤ Consumer Benefits and Their Prob­lems, ⑥ Consumer Protection Law and Regulations, ⑦ Footsteps and Tasks for
Consumer Policy, ⑧ Consumer Issues and Movements in the World. It is sched­
uled to be published by Chuo Keizaisha in 1998.
6. International Exchange Activities(1) Academic Exchange Symposium with the Marketing Association, ROC:
The symposium, under the theme of "Revolution in the Field of Distribution
and Its Affect on Consumer Behavior: Comparative Studies Between Japan andTaiwan," was held in Taipei from August 30 to September 3, 1995.
(2) Academic Exchange Symposium with the Korean Academy for Consumption
Economy:The Symposium, "The Consumption Structure in Japan and Korea" was heldin Seoul on August 26-30, 1996.
(3) Participation in the 2nd meeting of The Asian Consumer and Family Economics
Association:
The meeting, under the theme of "The Consumer Market in China", was held
in Guangdong, China on July 4-6, 1997.
The leading members of the Chubu districts took initiatives in these activi­
ties.
7. The next National Convention in the year 1999
The next convention will be held on June 3-5, 1999 at Koriyama Women's
University and College.
(Yoshiaki WATANABE, Josai University)

13THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INSURANCE SCIENCE
I. Outline of the Society
The Inaugural Conference of the Japanese Society oflnsurance Science (JSIS)
was held at the University of Tokyo on November 24, 1940, when 218 scholars andinsurance people gathered together from all over the country. Its activities werededicated to expanding and deepening studies on insurance. These activities, how­ever, were interrupted during the war from 1944 to 1949, with the exception of the
publication of the society's journal in 1944. The first meeting following the war
was held at Hitotsubashi University in 1950.
The aims of JSIS have centered on the promotion of studies on risk and insur­
ance and cooperation among members in the exchange of observations, ideas andviews on theoretical and practical matters related to insurance, and collaboration
with related societies and organizations both at home and abroad. For these pur­poses, the society has supported the following activities: (1) General meetings formembers to report on the society's yearly activities and its annual financial state­
ment; (2) Annual meetings for the presentation of members' studies and the ex­change of opinion; (3) Divisional meetings for the presentation of members' re­search and studies in the Kanto and Kansai districts and in Kyushu; (4) Publicationof the bulletin and other materials related to the society's activities; (5) Other activi­
ties authorized by the board of directors.
The society consists of scholars and insurance company members. The chair­man of the board of directors is Yutaka MAEKAWA (Keio University), re-appointed
at the board meeting in 1997, succeeding Tatsunori SUZUKI (Waseda University) in
1995.
Membership in the society numbers 1,330 as of March 1998, an increase of
230 over the membership of 1,100 in March 1994. The annual meeting is held inlate October for two days. The host university has shifted between Tokyo and other
cities every other year. In general, a common theme has been selected by the board
for discussion from ideas and opinions of society members for the first day of themeeting. Divisional meetings are held three or four times a year in the Kanto andKansai districts and in Kyushu.
The society's bulletin, Journal of Insurance Science, has been published fourtimes a year since 1951, when issue 378 was reissued. Issue 562 was published in
September 1998.
14

II. The Trend of Studies
Generally the studies have focused on the nature of insurance based on prac­
tical learning, and having real relevance for people and firms dealing with risks. It
is no exaggeration to say that we are surrounded by risks; these risks are related toa multitude of factors and sources, including the occurrence of various types ofaccidents, natural and man-made disasters, asset, liability and personal exposure,moral and morale hazards. To deal with these risks, risk management concepts
have been studied. Historically insurance has been one of the practical risk man­agement techniques of treating risks. In addition, problems regarding the law in­eluding insurance contracts, litigation and legal judgements, insurance fraud havegrown. The Japanese insurance market is closely tied to movements in interna­
tional insurance markets, since it, dating back to its very beginning, has been trans­
acted in a global market. Greater globalization of the market will give Japanese
insurers the opportunity to consider new products utilizing financial derivatives.
Further our present accelerated process toward an aging society, faster than in any
other country, makes necessary the building of the framework for a new economic
security system to reflect the trend toward a nuclear family. These are all suitable
themes for our study. Changes of regulatory principles due to the enactment of the
Product Liability Law, the Insurance Business Law, financial developments andothers could also be included as subjects. Thus, the trend of the society's studies
has centered on and has been consistent with the insurance market and related fac­
tors. ·Recent disastrous accidents, contemporary market conditions, the changing
nature of financial regulatory guidance and the like have been reflected in the themes
and symposiums at the society's annual meetings. In addition to the above reports,
there have been a number of valuable presentations offered during the free topics
sessions at the meetings.
III. Report on Annual Meetings from 1995 to 1998.
1995 Annual Meeting
The 55th annual meeting, hosted by Hiroshima Shudo University, was occu­
pied by a major concern of the participants, which was the Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake. The quake struck the city of Kobe and its environs on January 17,
1995, resulting in a large number of deaths and injuries and huge property damage.
The society considered that it was its social responsibility to hold a special sympo­
sium on the first day of the annual meeting, focused on the theme of Earthquake
Disaster and Insurance. Takashi OcHI (Tokyo International University), as the chair­man of the meeting, delivered a paper under the title, "The Viewpoints of Discus­
sion on Earthquake Disasters and Insurance: Introduction to Points of Issue at the
Symposium," based on past reports and statistical figures of The Great Kanto Earth15

quake and other major quakes. Yoshihumi ANEZAKI (Kobe University of Com­
merce), who was in the city during the quake, emphasized the importance of in­forming the public of the nature of the present insurance schemes and of how they
can cope with natural disasters in his speech, "The Present Situation and Issues ofEarthquake Insurance." From the point of economics, Akira SUDA (Aichi Gakusen
University) gave his presentation on "Earthquake Insurance and the Compensation
Principle of New Welfare Economics." In his study, he concluded that earthquake
insurance protection should be considered for damages not covered by compensa­
tion from the public sector. Hiroaki TSUBOKAWA (Fire and Marine Insurance Rat­
ing Association of Japan) summarized the background and evaluation methods ofearthquake hazard from the viewpoint of scientific and engineering studies madesince the Meiji era. He then clarified "The State of the Art in Rate-making Method­
ologies for Earthquake Insurance" in his presentation. Miyoji KOBAYASHI (Dai­
Ichi Mutual Life Insurance Co.), who participated in the rescue of injured persons
following the Kobe quake, discussed℃ountermeasures of the Japanese Life Insur­
ance Industry against Earthquake Disaster-Insurance Benefit and Medical Emer­
gency Relief."
On the second day of the symposium, a panel discussion on the New Insur­
ance Business Law was held. As it was obvious that the revised law would bringabout drastic changes in the insurance market from the following April, the mem­bers of the society felt a strong incentive to select this as the common theme. Seiichi
OCHIAI (The University of Tokyo) as the chairman raised several important points
on the revision of the new insurance business law. Kazuo IKEO (Keio University),
who was invited as a guest speaker to the meeting, questioned whether the insur­
ance regulations of the Ministry of Finance (MOF) could be effective from thestandpoint of policyholder protection in his presentation on "Insurance Reform in
the Changing Financial Environment." He concluded that we need to pay attention
to the ministerial ordinances of MOF as they are put into practice under the new
insurance business law. Hideaki OTSUKA (Waseda University) selected the struc­tural revision of mutual insurance companies for discussion, as it was one of the
topics in the process of the revision of the law. He referred to the significant mean­ing of the new Article 58 in his speech, "Reconstruction of the Legal Concept inSurplus Distribution of Mutual Insurance Companies." Masatoshi FURUSE(Ritsumeikan University) covered several points on the regulatory provisions in­eluding solvency margins, standard reserves, the role of the actuary and the asset­
share method in his presentation, titled "Accounting and Disclosure of Insurance
Companies." Concerning the deletion of the old Article 83, he raised some doubts
including the possibility that it might run counter to the trend on disclosure on
insurers'financial statements. Hiroshi SUZAKI (Kyoto University) outlined the re­vised role of intermediaries. He then joined the discussion on the "Activities of16

Insurance Intermediaries," in which he referred to the unclear regulations regardingtransactions through insurance brokers and urged further examination of these prob­
lems.
1996 Annual Meeting
The 56th annual meeting, hosted by Keio University, centered on Several
Issues of the New Insurance Business Law. In April 1996, the New Insurance Busi­
ness Law was enacted, which was the first major revision in 56 years. Thoughsubjects concerning the new law were presented last year, we planned to further
develop this theme and held a panel discussion on the New Insurance Business Law
at the annual meeting, as the industry faced drastic changes in the insurance busi­
ness environment. Chairman of the discussion was Yasuichiro KURASAWA (Keio
University), who raised a number of important points on the subject of the "Signifi­
cance and Characteristics of the New Insurance Business Law." In his remarks, hecommented on the virtual end of supervision from the standpoint of both internaland external factors. The first were characterized as changes in the governmental
insurance policy, the restoration of the rights of the insurance consumer and thedevelopment of the accident and health insurance area - the so-called third insur­
ance area and for the second, the internationalization of the financial system, andsocial changes brought about by an aging and information-oriented society. Fol­lowing his introduction, Tsukasa MIYAJIMA (Keio University) referred to the "In­ter-Entry to the Insurance Markets by the Subsidiaries of Insurance Companies,"
including several interpretive differences regarding inter-entry of subsidiaries un­
der finance-related laws. Takuma ISHIYAMA (Waseda University) reported on "Mu­tual Corporations under the New Insurance Business Law." He recognized the factthat the stock corporation is a better organizational form than the mutual corpora­tion and evaluated the significant new parts of the revised law that has opened theway to change corporate form from a mutual to a stock corporation. Yasutaka OSAWA(Yokohama National University) gave a presentation on "Marketing Regulations
under the New Insurance Business Law: An Inquiry about Article 300 of the New
Insurance Business Law" which includes a comprehensive number of restrictions
on insurance marketing. He compared and analyzed the meaning of Article 300 of
the new law with that of the previous Law Concerning the Control of Insurance
Soliciting which was abolished in 1996.
1997 Annual Meeting
Tohokugakuin University hosted the 57th annual meeting. The common theme
selected was Deregulation of the Insurance Business for the panel discussion. Afterthe passage of the new insurance business law, Japan-US Insurance Talks were held
last December and reached agreement on some points, which has sped up the de­regulation of the insurance market. This could well indicate a greater freedom from17

the strong administrative guidance of MOF, and lead to the introduction of pricecompetition in the insurance market and provide the consumer with expanded op­
tions in the selection of insurance cover and insurers. Chairman Takashi OCHI
(Tokyo International University) first made clear his general view of "Deregulationin the Insurance Business and the Consumer's Interest" from the point of "free, fairand global principles" as the ongoing revolution in our financial system. Takehiko
FUJITA (Hiroshima Shudo University) addressed the non-symmetrical situation of
information surrounding economic losses including insurance as reported in his
paper titled "Disclosure and the Consumer's Sovereignty in the Insurance Busi­
ness." He emphasized the fact that we should pay great attention to the consumer's
sovereignty, as a right to cope with economic losses, which is a step beyond mere
consumer protection. Tomio IGUCHI (Ryukoku University) presented his outline
for℃ompetition in the Insurance Business and the Consumer's Interest." He dis­cussed two points from the theoretical viewpoint of industrial organization andwhether the new law could stimulate competition and if the consumer can expect tobenefit from the competition. Toyoki OKADA (Kobe Gakuin University) first ex­
amined regulations in the Insurance Business Law and the Law Concerning Non­
Life Insurance Rating Organizations and then suggested the necessity of construct­
ing a legal theory focused on the protection of the consumer in his presentation on"Consumer's Protection in the Insurance Business Law and Other Related Laws."
1998 Annual Meeting
Hitotsubashi University hosted the 58th annual meeting of JSIS on October
24 to 25. According to current changes in the financial environment raised by thegovernmental policy of the "Big Bang," the society selected "Financial Big Bangand Insurance" as the common theme of the meeting. Kazuya MIZUSHIMA (Ryutsu­
Kagaku University) was asked to chair the meeting, since he was once the chairmanof the Insurance Council of MOF and has led the Council to liberalize the Japanese
insurance industry. T he chairman selected Satoshi TAMADA (Osaka University ofCommerce), Masatoshi FURUSE (Ritsumeikan University) and Michio KAMIYAMA(Chuo University) as presenters based on their recent remarks and publications on
the Insurance Big Bang.
IV. International Activities
JSIS is the Japan Chapter of Association Internationale de Droit des Assur­
ances (A.I.D.A.), which holds a World Congress every four years. T he 10th World
Congress hosted by the Marrakech Chapter of A.I.D.A. was held at the Palais desCongres in Marrakech, Morocco from May 11 to 15, 1998, with more than 700
participants and guests present. A.I.D.A. awarded its Gold Medal to Eiichi KIMURA,
the former president of JSIS, for his dedication to the association. Tomonobu
18

YAMASHITA (The University of Tokyo) and Yasushi MORIMIYA (Meiji University)
represented the society at the Congress. Their presentations were on "Liability
Insurance" and "Intermediaries" respectively.
In addition to the association with A.I.D.A., JSIS has maintained close ties
with the Korean Insurance Society (KIS). Both JSIS and KIS have exchanged
speakers and representatives every year to promote the exchange of views and mu­
tual understanding between members of the two organizations.
(Yasushi MORIMIYA, Meiji University)

19THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION
1 Organization Structure and Research Work
The Japan Society of Marketing and Distribution (JSMD) has been the core
institute of commerce specialists and related fields since it started in 1951. It has
played a big role in both theoretical and empirical research on marketing and distri­bution in Japan. In 1998, membership was over 800. The main activities of JSMD
are to promote meetings for presentation and discussion of the research by its mem­bers. JSMD has five divisional branches in Japan. There is a national conference
once a year, and each divisional branch holds four or five meetings a year. Since
1998, JSMD has published a refereed journal.
JSMD is headed by a president (presently, Masanori TAMURA of Kobe Uni­
versity) who is supported by board of directors representing each divisional branch.
The highest legislative organ is the annual general meeting, which is open to allmembers. It has an independent secretariat with full time staff at Ryutsu Keizai
Kenkyusho in Tokyo.
Marketing and Distribution research has been promoted as one of the mostimportant areas in social sciences as national economies have matured. Throughthe maturity of Japanese economy, the objectives and methodologies of marketingand distribution have been expanded quantitatively and qualitatively, and havemaintained and achieved a realistic level in their analytical approaches.
Marketing management has developed from 4Ps to 6Ps, from the domestic toglobal, from micro to macro approaches. It has also integrated logistics and con­sumer behavior.
The service industry has also become an important part of marketing. Poor
marketing behaviour is thought to be one of the main factors behind the banking
crisis which triggered the crisis in the Japanese economy.
The rapid development of information technology is also strongly influenc­
ing the arts and theories of marketing. The prevalence of POS or EDM, and CAD
or ID as well as the Internet, have led to great innovations in marketing manage­
ment. Thus, the implementation of the marketing concept has progressed remark­ably. Marketing has integrated production, distribution, and finance to its area afterall.
Any affluent society is always accompanied by darker sides ranging fromenvironmental aspects to poverty. Social marketing has emerged to provide solu­
tions. In this respect, discussion is centered on whether marketing management ismerely a tool of profit for big business. Thus, marketing ethics has emerged as anintegral part of marketing. Mention should also be made of the critical discussionof progressive marketologists against the general trends of managerial marketing,which is mainly concerned with profit.
Apart from the theoretical interests of JSMD, mention should be made of its
20

more realistic role in Japan. Japan has entered its most serious turning point since
the end of the high growth economy. It has had to deregulate many parts of its
economy in the process of its highest recession period after the collapse of the
bubble economy in 1991. The role of marketing for both business and society is
being seriously tested.
JSMD has tackled these problems in its discussion themes at meetings at bothnational and regional levels. The themes at the annual general meeting have provento be a real contribution by JSMD to Japanese society. For instance, the unified
theme for next years'annual meeting (1999) will be the Influence of Complete
Deregulation of the Large Store Law, which at present is one of the most urgent
problems facing Japan.
At any rate, marketing and distribution studies have been tested as to how
they can be useful on both a micro and macro basis in solving real problems domes­
tically as well as internationally. The role of JSMD has gained an important level
not achieved before.
Masanori TAMURA (Kobe University), the President of JSMD, contributed apreface to the first issue of Ryutsu Kenkyu, the organ of JSMD, clarifying the maintask of JSMD. He stated, "The percept of distribution studies has changed as theobjectives of research areas have changed." From a bird's eye view, the struggle ofdisciplines with other areas has been tensified. The traditional problems of distri­bution have been invaded by researchers from other areas. Sociology and anthro­pology are playing a part in the discussion of the macro side of distribution eco­nomics while theories of management strategy, economic organization, psychol­ogy, anthropology, econometrics and other areas are playing an increasing part indiscussion of the micro side of marketing. On the other hand, distribution special­ists are entering new areas such as consumption, finance, transportation, medical
treatment, leisure, education and culture which had been traditionally seen as be­longing to other areas of distribution studies. Therefore, the concepts and approaches
used by distribution specialists have been greatly diversified. A positive interdisci­
plinary approach is appreciated to meet the problems extended both quantitatively
and qualitatively. But it should be designed to enrich the theories and arts of mar­keting and distribution, not in a way to be assimilated or solved with other disci­plines."2 Promotion of research
A Start of the new journal Ryutsu Kenkyu
JSMD started issuing the refereed journal Ryutsu Kenkyu in March 1998 topromote the research activities of members. It is published twice a year. The crite­
rion of the journal is set at a high level to emulate top level counterparts in foreigncountries. It will prove to be the most authoritative journal of marketing and distri—bution studies in Japan.
21

B Plan to start interregional research groups on innovative themes.
JSMD is now planning to start interregional research groups to promote re­search of innovative themes by interregional division members. Groups applying
for this plan should submit their themes to JSMD. They can obtain the subsidies forholding a symposium if their themes are accepted by the board. The plan will startin 1999.
3 Reports on Annual Meetings (1994-1997)
1994 Annual Meeting
The 44th Annual Meeting of JSMD was held at Senshu University in Tokyo.
Its unified theme was Concerning Deregulation and Regulation of Distribution.
The papers given in this session are mentioned here.
Wang HUI (Kobe University) presented a paper on "Regulation of Distribu­
tion" which emphasized marketing perception is necessary for the regulation of
distribution in an age of globalization. Kazuo ICHIHARA (Pacific Trading Inc.,)presented a paper on "The Real Issue on Large Stores'Strategic Adjustment and theLimit of Deregulation." He discussed the criteria for the regulation of the activitiesof large stores based on the concept of symbiosis and harmonious relationships
among large stores, small stores and consumers.
Eisaku YAMADA (Niigata University of Management) spoke on "The De­
regulation of Japanese Distribution and US Trade Acts." He examined the US
government's approach to opening the Japanese market by resorting to US tradestatutes and the Japanese government's fine-tuning response which caused the risein the yen and the hollowing of the Japanese economy. HOSONO Suehiro's paper(Chuo University) was entitled "Empirical Tests of Regulation Structure of Large
Stores." He analyzed the effects of the Large Store Law by utilizing the changing
probability of the number of large stores and their sales. He insisted that the effectof the regulation was most severe for mass-sales shops, and most lenient for depart­
ment stores. His conclusion was that coordination of the purpose and the effect of
the Large Store Law was necessary. Junji NISHIMURA (Konan University) spoke on"Wholesalers and Keiretsu-ka in the Distribution Channel". He argued that re­search on Keiretsu-ka based on wholesalers and retailers was more necessary thanresearch on manufactures to understand the changing Japanese distribution under
deregulation.
1995 Annual Meeting
The 45th Annual Meeting was held on September 12th-14th at the Universityof Marketing and Distribution Science in Kobe, despite the great earthquake earlier
in the year, centered on the area where the university is located.
Its unified theme was New Price Competition and Distribution Revolution.
Twelve papers were presented at the session, which showed the strong interest of22

members in a theme which reflected the urgent problems of the Japanese economy.
Almost all of the papers were empirically based. Some of the notable papers are
now mentioned.
Koji ASADA (Kyorin University) presented a paper on℃ ollaborative Trad­
ing Partner Relationships through the Category Management Process." He argued
that it was indispensable for finely worked-out merchandising of the target custom­ers based on categorical planning in seeking customer satisfaction as well as profit(ROI) to establish, collaborate, and supplement the relationship between maker,
broker, and retailer successfully, and to combine all of the management resources.
He emphasized the role of the retailer as a category specialist by showing its depen­dency in category planning.
Tatsuo SHODA (Niigata University of International and Information Studies)presented a paper on "Private Label and National Brand Manufacture." Heoverviewed the recent research in the areas of the U.S. and Japan to find the catego­ries of goods which had a higher share of private brands. He suggested that it wasnecessary in pursuing this theme to tackle a multivariate analysis of many factors
related to both private brands and national brands.
Masahiro SUGAWARA (Takarazuka University of Arts and Design) spoke on"Perspective on the Value Chain System in Retailing in the Age of the Power Cen­
ter: The Intent of the Retail Revolution in the 1990s." He analyzed drastic pricereductions in the context of emerging power center type retail stores which con­sisted mainly of category killers, supercenters, and big boxes. He argued that theessence of the revolution of distribution consisted in the development of the power
center. The power center must be qualified to meet the varieties of conditions ofwhich he called the chained value system. His conclusion was that Japan must
introduce a strong U.S. power center system to obtain support from Japanese con­sumers.
Yoshiaki SATO (University of Sapporo) and Tomonori TAKAMIYAGI (Otaru
University of Commerce) gave a paper on "The W holesaler-Distributor: Strategy
and Management." They refused to accept the declining tendencies of wholesalersthrough analytical data, and suggested that an analysis of successful cases of whole­salers under recession was useful for the perspective of wholesalers. They also
argued that no big difference could be found in situations between industrial goods
wholesalers and consumer goods wholesalers. Their conclusion was that the whole­salers'role remains basically unchanged, however with the addition of the new roleof strengthing the relationship with retailers.
Koich SHIMOKAWA (Hosei University) delivered a paper on "The Way of Au­
tomobile Distribution Innovation in Japan." The traditional system of auto distri­bution in Japan was the typical Keiretsu franchise led by the makers'initiative. But
the maturity of the Japanese economy gave an impetus for a change to the business
operation at an international standard in which he argued that dealers'business is23

more independent from manufacturers. He argued for innovation from a mono­
lithic car agent to a car-life supporting business covering a variety of services.
Yukio NASU (Nippon Bunri University) spoke on "Anti-Monopoly Law Man­
agement." He surveyed the new trend of business operations in fair competition
under current situations whereby Japan-U.S. economic structure negotiation wasstrained, and the dissatisfaction of Japanese consumers against the internal-external
price difference was rising.
Tatsuro WATANABE (Ryutsu Kagaku University) gave a paper on "Evolutionof the Vertical Collaboration in Distribution Channels." He spoke on the so-called
secondary stage of the distributive revolution and its theoretical backgrounds, which
he believed not to have been satisfactorily developed in Japan. He analyzed thedevelopment of the channel approaches based on the power conflict theory, re­flected in the history of channel structure from the manufacturer-led channel to thelarge merchant-led channel in the U.S. He also mentioned the situation of channels
in Japan, which follows that of the U.S.
Yoshinobu SATO (University of Marketing and Distribution Science) spokeon "Difficulties of Value Marketing due to Prisoner's Dilemma." He analyzed thesituations of the EDLP group and the High-Low group in the U.S. as a proceeding
model for Japan. He noted that the rivalry relationship between these two groups
reflected the existence of two contrasting types of women consumers groups, i.e.
full time housewives and busy working women, even though the general trend ismore inclined to that of the EDLP. He concluded that Japan has just entered thisdevelopmental stage of competition in following the more mature U.S. consumer
behaviour.
1996 Annual Meeting
The 46th Annual Meeting of JSMD was held at Tokyo Keizai University on
June14th-15th. The unified theme was The Japanese Distribution System: Its
Progress and Task. A special forum on "The Reconstruction of the Japanese Distri­bution System" was also held at the meeting, where some panellist were from top
management in the Japanese distributive industry.
From this meeting, the newly elected board commenced business. Masanori
TAMURA (Kobe University) became president. The board of executive directors
representing the five divisional branches decided to be more positively involved in
the operation of JSMD. First of all, the board planned to start an organ with arefereed screening system. Secondly, the board became directly involved in theoperation of the annual meeting, especially in the decision of the unified theme andin the selection of the presenters.
Almost all of the presentations given in the unified secession of the ann叫meeting were empirical works. Some more notable presentations follow.
Satoshi EGAMI (Kyushu International University) presented a paper on "An24

Analysis of the Japanese Distribution System using a Input--Output Model." Hereviewed the previous works based on the same model in Japan and proposed his
own analysis, which proved that Japanese retailers could get more profit than U.S.
retailers.
Keisuke SUYAMA (Kansai University) spoke on "Brand Strategy and Channel
Management: The Case of Shiseido." He insisted that the significance of brandmanagement increased in the 90s. But he argued that research on brand structure or
brand system within an enterprise has not been deep enough to understand Japanesebrand strategy. Therefore, he tackled the problems of multi-brand management
strategy in terms of channel strategy based on the case study of Shiseido. He dis­cussed the framework of the analysis from the perspective of interplay of verticaland horizontal arrangements of brands, which he insisted is the theoretical coordi­
nation between brand strategy and channel strategy.
Hiroyuki KIKUCHI (The Distribution Policy Institute) presented a paper on"Open Price in Distribution: Processed Food Distribution." He insisted that the
manufacturer's traditional quotation price system, which guarantees the profit of
distributors, is raising problems in changing Japanese distributive circumstances.
He analyzed how the transition of price systems influenced the traditional distribu­
tion system by presenting a case study of the food industry. He concluded that thetraditional distribution system in which manufacturers guaranteed some level ofgross profit for distributors should be converted into a system which required more
independent operation by distributors, i.e., in marking up of margins through com­
petition. That meant that distributors by themselves should be competitive enoughfor their own survival.
Eiji KAMO (Osaka Gakuin University) spoke on "Saihansei (Pre-arranged
Resale Price System) and the Japanese Distribution System." It was examined in
the context of deregulation, especially in the context of reinforcing the anti-mo­
nopoly law. It was argued usually that Saihansei has stiffened retail prices, andabolished efforts for competition by retailers. However, his research, based oncomparative studies between the industries where Saihansei is prevalent and theothers without it, proved paradoxically that Saihansei is not unproductive but a
productive system for distribution. His conclusion was unique in arguing that
Saihansei enhances the productivity of distribution for small and medium storesand makes them more competitive with large retailers in Japan.
Huang LIN (Kobe University) gave a paper on "The Changing Japanese Trad­
ing Practice." He reviewed the validity of the previous approaches to this theme
which could be classified into two types, i.e., the distribution-marketing approachand the economic approach. He appreciated the social economic approach, andalso that of theory of trade evolution. Furthermore, he investigated the changing
Japanese trading system through a survey of the evaluation of the Japanese tradesystem by Japanese wholesalers, and emphasized that businesses should innovate
25

trade practice, taking into account their management strategy. He also introduced a
successful case study of Daika & Co., a wholesaler which had abolished the systemof refunding the unsold goods.
Tatsuo SHODA (Niigata University of International and Information) gave apaper on "The Keiretsu: Yukijirushi Access." His survey tackled the problem ofKeiretsu (a vertically collaborated system in distribution) through the case study of
Yukijirushi Access, into which Yukijirushi Dairy Co.'s five former vertical market­
ing agents were merged. The newly-merged Yukijirushi Access had greatly ex­panded the commodity lines it handled from those made by its parent company tothose of national brands made by other makers, to effectively meet the needs oflarge stores. Thus, the paradigm of the management of Yukijirushi Access haschanged from being maker-oriented to customer-oriented, thereby strengthening
retail support. It could innovate marketing and logistics on a national level. He
pointed out that this successful transformation from a Keiretsu agent to a large scaled
general distributive service company could only be realized with the cooperation of
Yukijirushi Dairy, the parent company, which was concerned strongly with the im­provement of the profit of Keiretsu agents. He also pointed out that this trend isprevalent elsewhere at present.
Yoshimitsu TORIGOE (Okayama Shoka University) gave a presentation on"Commercial Vitalization in Depopulated Areas: A New Proposal of Welfare Com­
merce." He defined the concept of welfare commerce as a social activity for sup­plying the necessities of life for residents to support maintenance and reproductionof life, and to promote independency of life and integration of it to social life. Thisis an area beyond commerce as business and can be implemented through societal
rather than market principles. His paper was based on a case study of a depopulated
town in Shimane Prefecture.
Kiyoshi Y OSHIDA (Osaka Prefectural Institute for Advanced Industry) pre­sented a paper on "the Globalization of the Japanese Wholesale Industry: Its Impact
on Regional Economy." His research was concerned with the globalization of whole­salers through an empirical study on apparel and its related goods. It was designed
to clarify the direct and indirect influence of the globalization to a regional economy.
Wholesalers'sourcing from Asia has developed price competitiveness of popular
goods while quality goods continue to be supplied from US and Europe as well asfrom domestic sources. The development of textile imports from Asia by wholesal­
ers from Osaka would make Osaka once again the traditional center of wholesaling.
1997 Annual Meeting
The 47th Annual Meeting of JSMD was held at Osaka City University on
May 24th-25th. The unified theme was the Reconstruction of Marketing Theory.
The presentations for the session of the unified theme were concentrated on theo­
retical problems. The following are some of the more notable papers.
26

Mitsuteru SHIMAGUCHI (Keio University) gave a paper on "Strengthening theCustomer Relationship through Market Interaction: Theoretical Challenge to Inter­
active Marketing." His presentation emphasized the relationship in analyzing mar­keting behaviour. He argued that marketing behaviour by individual organizations
is perceptible as a transaction mode of creating market value through flexibility,
swiftness, and contingent interaction in the market, under a strong relationship withcustomers. The main process of constructing or strengthening the relationship con­sisted of the postulates of relationship construction and contingency. He suggested
that further research on the significance and the effects of the relationship in thecontext of social, economic, and cultural implication was necessary to make a strong
theory on relationship. A more integrated model of the interactive process thatcomprehends both buyers and sellers is also required for developing the theory.
Junzo ISHII (Kobe University) spoke on Marketing Dynamism. He argued
that transactions in the market were not always set on a presupposed rule, that a rule
emerges as behaviour develops, and that a rule could come later than behaviour. He
stated that this idea could suggest some initiative for marketing theory. Three types
of approaches could be suggested: First, the theoretical approach to clarify the sys­
tem of emergence of a rule, second, the empirical approach to how such a system
might take a potential form, and third, the approach not reducing but developing anidea elliptically.
Shinya ABE (Fukuoka University) gave a presentation on "Reconstruction ofMarketing Theory: Facing the Socio-Economic Change." He looked for a perspec­tive on the development of a new marketing theory that corresponded to the change
in social and economic environments. He approached this problem two ways: first,
through the task of establishing a recycling channel, and secondly, through the taskof meeting the needs for public and collective consumption (like parks or roads).
He argued that both were located in the area between market system and public
system, i.e., in the marketing of semi-public goods which belonged to the areas forthe application of Market-Hierarchy-Network.
Akira MIYAZAKI (Kyushu International University) spoke on "Why Do We
Ask for Value in Use?" He traced the polemic on use value in the context of thevalue theory of Marxist economics, i.e., whether culture is relevant to use value or
not. The polemic was about whether use value is inherent to commodities or not.
His conclusion was that the relationship between culture and use value should be
reduced to a problem of the qualitative, rather than the quantitative aspect of pro­ductive power.
Katsuyoshi TAKASHIMA (Kobe University) gave a presentation on "A His­
torical Perspective on Distribution Study." He noted that many distribution theo­ries presupposed a logical system of distribution while the history of distribution
has not always developed logically. He tackled the problem of the separation be­
tween history and logics to clarify the dynamic nature of transaction in distribution.
27

Shuzo ABE (Yokohama National University) spoke on "Methods and Issues
in Consumer Behaviour Research." He made a research survey into consumer
behaviour emerging in the 80s, when the interpretative approach classified as akind of relativism was emerging. He took a stand on positivism at the same time,
accepting the criticism of relativism. In conclusion, he proposed a critical plural­
ism which accepted the different approaches while maintaining a reciprocal criti­
c1sm.
Katsunori KAMINUMA (Kanagawa University) gave a paper on "New Phi­losophy of Marketing." He queried the exclusion of the marketing management
approach represented by Howard, Kotler and others from the category of science,an act ensuing from the dispute about marketing studies as science. He concluded
that marketing research should develop free from the constraints of the dispute on
science, i.e., from the direction suggested by Hunt, to establish it's own academic
identity, and to seach for the development of the marketing concept.
4 Recent International Exchange Activities
JSMD co-sponsored the World Marketing Forum of the Japan Marketing As­
sociation held in Tokyo in April 1998.
JSMD has been engaged in international exchange activities positively since
it first started.
(Toyokuni Y AMANAKA, Fukuoka University)

28

JAPAN SOCIETY OF MONETARY ECONOMICS
1.

Since its foundation in 1943, the Japan Society of Monetary Economics has
been pursuing its mission to contribute to the progress of academic research andeconomic development through theoretical and policy-oriented research in mon­etary, financial economics, money and banking.
The society has three major fields of activities to facilitate members'research.
The first activity is members'meetings. General meetings are held twice a year.
The spring meeting is held in the Tokyo area, and the fall meetings are held in otherareas of the country. In addition to the bi-annual general meetings, the society
supports sub-meetings in six regions, each of which are held two or three times ayear. At the last general meeting, a new sub-section based on a specific topic, theResearch Sub-section on the Central Bank, was approved and started its activities.
Secondly, the society publishes its official bulletin, Review of Monetary and
Financial Studies, (Kinyukeizai-kenkyu), twice a year. This journal contains sev­
eral papers by members, which are approved by referees appointed by the editorial
board, a brief summary of papers, a question and answer section, as well as outlinesof panel discussions at the previous meeting. It also contains book reviews mainly
published by members. In the past years, continuous efforts have been made toenhance the quality of this journal. Within a year, the journal is scheduled to beopen to non-members for paper submission.
Thirdly, in response to the globalization of the financial markets in recent
years, the society is actively promoting international exchange activities. The hon­orary foreign member program is a five-year plan to appoint distinguished scholars
who live overseas as honorary members and to invite them to give lectures at the
spring general meetings. All lectures made by the honorary members are publishedin the Review of Monetary and Financial Studies. Exchange activities with a cor­
responding overseas academic association, the China Society of Monetary Eco­nomics, are under way to facilitate mutual understanding of monetary and financial
problems in each country.
The current president of the society is Akiyoshi HORIUCHI (The University ofTokyo). The membership is increasing and covers a wide range of academic andbusiness economists who are interested in monetary and financial economics. Re­
cently, business economists and graduate students have increased in number. The
Society now has 1,000 members and seven supporting institutional members.
2.

A general meeting is held for two days and begins with the opening presiden­tial address. Throughout his term as a president, the ex-president, Ryoichi MIKITANI(Kobe Gakuin University), picked up topics related with Central Bank Indepen29

dence. He pointed out the necessity of reforming the Bank of Japan Act at the fallmeeting in 1994, when nobody explicitly challenged this topic. He made six presi­
dential lectures during his term as president exclusively on this topic from different
aspects, and encouraged members of the society to discuss this topic at meetings.
Two years later, the Bank of Japan Law became an important political issue. An­other two years later, from April 1998, the new Bank of Japan Act was actually put
in force. This is a good example of how the society has indicated the direction of
the Japanese financial system and the economy.
Likewise, the topics chosen as common themes for panel discussion at eachmeeting clearly represent key issues of the Japanese economy at each point of time.
The common themes of the last five years have been as follows:
Tri-polar System and International Monetary System, Fall, 1993
Soundness and Activation of the Financial System, Spring, 1994
Asian Financial System Reform and Japanese Financial System: Can Japan be a
Model? Fall, 1994.
The Heisei Depression: Macro Economy and Financial System, Spring, 1995.
International Monetary System Reform and the Choice for Japan, (I) Fall, 1995
Central Bank Independence, (II) Fall, 1995.
Reconstruction of the Financial System, Spring, 1996.
Central Bank Independence, (I) Fall, 1996.
The Financial System in Transition, (II) Fall, 1996.
Problems and Prospects of Public Finance, Spring, 1997.
The Japanese Big Bang, Fall, 1997.
Stability of the Financial System: Maintenance of an Orderly Credit System, Spring,
1998.
The Asian Currency Crisis and the Role of Japan, Fall, 1998.
3.
1995 Meetings
The Spring meeting was held at Waseda University on May 27 and 28. In thefree topic session, 28 papers were presented covering a wide range of topics. Those
included insurance and bequests, foreign exchange market, behavior of banks, fi­nancial liberalization, business fluctuations, social responsibility of banks, bad loans,
Asian financial markets, derivatives, the main bank system, bad loans, financial
market efficiency and so on.
The common theme of the panel discussion was The Heisei Depression: Macro
Economy and Financial System, and the four panelists discussed as follows:
Yuzo HONDA (Kobe University) recommended positive fiscal policy and de­regulation as well as financial system reform to exclude inefficient financial institu­
tions, to prevent moral hazard, and to strengthen the deposit insurance system.
Kunio OKINA (Bank of Japan) stressed the important role of monetary policy30

to maintain price stability and the principle of management's responsibility in deal­
ing with troubled financial institutions.
Akira SADAHIRO (Economic Planning Agency) identified the fall in the bankloan growth rate as evidence of improved corporate cash-flow due to an economic
recovery. He asserted that the current economic condition is on the path of slow
recovery.
Giichi TAKAO (Nomura Research Institute) described the current economic
situation and pointed out the importance of financial system stability to revitalize
the economy.
The 1995 Fall meeting was held at Kobe University on October 28 and 29.
Thirty-one papers were presented covering a wide range of topics such as the money
market, the international monetary system, public finance, prudence policy, behav­
ior of financial institutions, corporate governance, central bank theory, macroeco­
nomic fluctuations, and so on.
Benjamin FRIEDMAN of Harvard University gave a special lecture on the His­
tory of Monetary Targeting in the United States. He listed the problems of money
supply targeting and strongly supported the Keynesian view of using interest rates
as an instrument of monetary policy.
The first theme of two panel discussions held at this meeting was Intema­tional Monetary System Reform and the Choice for Japan.
To solve two basic problems of liquidity and misalignment, Keikichi HONDA(Bank of Tokyo) reviewed three alternatives, namely, the reconstruction of the U.S.
dollar key currency system, a multiple key currency system, and a common cur­rency system throughout the world. He recommended that Japan equilibrate saving
and investment, internationalize the yen by opening financial and capital markets
further, and support the IMF's reconstruction through larger funding and personnel
contribution.
After surveying the merits and demerits of a flexible and fixed exchange rate
system, and proposed reform plans of the international financial system, Masahiro
KAWAI (The University of Tokyo) asserted the necessity of internationalization of
the yen and international policy coordination to stabilize exchange rates.
Ikuya FUKAMACHI (Kumamoto Gakuen University) reviewed the history of
the pound sterling and the dollar as key currency systems and identified the exces­
sive amount of the dollar, due to the U.S. deficits in the balance of payments, as thecause of the current problem. He pointed out that the trade balance deficits are an
important incentive for Asian countries to use yen as their key currency.
Another theme of two panel discussions of this meeting was Central Bank
Independence, on which two panelists out of four discussed as follows:
Keizo NAGATANI (Kobe University) asserted that the concept of an indepen­
dent central bank is based on a belief that a central bank can do better if it is more
independent from the government. This belief, however, remains only a hypothesis31

at present. The academic interest on this topic lies in whether a system design ispossible to prove this hypothesis true.
Akiyoshi HORIUCHI (The University of Tokyo) distinguished between inde­
pendence in setting its target and independence in choosing the means using instru­
ments to achieve it. Giving a central bank the former type of independence is desir­able. He also argued that increased independence has to be matched by the in­creased transparency so that its performance can be checked by the public.
1996 Meetings
The 1996 Spring meeting was held at Musashi University on May 25 and 26.
Thirty-three papers were presented on a variety of topics: the role of financial insti­
tutions, the international monetary system, historical analysis of the banking sys­tem, banking in other countries, electronic money, corporate finance, EMU, etc.
The theme of the panel discussion was Reconstruction of the Financial Sys­tem.
Masaru YOSHITOMI (Cho-Gin Sogo Research Institute) claimed that banks
are forced to enter the high-risk high-return field due to the fall in their charteredvalue caused by financial liberalization, hence raising the risk of banking panic. He
observed this as a global tendency and simply questioned how to cope with thissituation without giving any answer.
Tadaaki ITO (Fuji Sogo Research Institute) accused the "guarded fleet sys­tem" of being the cause of problems and advocated the need to get rid of it. He
asserted that banks cannot survive without restructuring their business and that merg­
ers aiming at scale merits will not be successful. He recommended the introductionof a bank holding company system.
Kunio OKINA (Bank of Japan) stressed the importance of disclosure and trans­parency of rules as a means to stabilize the financial market based on market disci­pline under rapid technical progress.
Kazuhito IKEO (Keio University) criticized the way the Jusen problem washandled and advocated a rapid and drastic change of the financial system. He called
for a sense of danger and a reform of financial regulatory agencies.
The Fall meeting was held at Kumamoto Gakuen University on October 19
and 20, with 30 paper presentations and two panel discussions. Free topics covered
include the Hong Kong financial market, the yen exchange rate, credit risk, banking
history in the U.S., asymmetric information, neutrality of money, and many others.
The theme of one panel discussion was Central Bank Independence. Fivepanelists reviewed the organization and independence of central banks of five coun­tries: Ryoichi MIKITANI (Kobe Gakuin University) on the Federal Reserve System,
Kenichi ISHIGAKI (Kobe University) on the Central Bank of New Zealand, Hisashi
HARUI (Kwansei Gakuin University) on the Bank of England, Koetsu AIZAWA(Nagasaki University) on the German Bundesbank, and Tsuyoshi KAMAGAE (Chukyo
32

University) on the Bank of Japan.
After commenting on these five reports, Yutaka FUJIKI (Kyoto University)
called for a consensus on the definition of price stability and expressed his prefer­ence for inflation targeting and price indexed bonds.
The second panel discussion was held by four panelists on Financial System
in Transition.
Juro TERANISHI (Hitotsubashi University) argued that the current financial
system contributed to the high growth, income equality, and stability of the Japa­
nese economy. Thus, financial system reform should be pursued without losing themerits of the Japanese economy such as the dominance of banks, mutual stock
holdings, and the close relationship between banks and corporations.
Shinichi GOTO (Aichi Gakuin University) discussed exclusively the history
and the current reforms of credit associations and recommended mergers to leave
one or two credit associations per prefecture.
From the viewpoint of regional banks, Seiichi INAGAKI (Higo Bank) charac­terized financial intermediation as the key function of banks and pointed the impor­tance of close mutual dependence with regional customers. Then he stressed thenecessity to establish a computer support system by accumulating the existing close
relationship in the form of a database.
Yoshiaki SHIKANO (Policy Institute for the 21st Century) pointed to financial
globalization and informationalization as main driving forces to change the finan­cial system. He also noted such factors as vested interests, trade habits and network
extemality as barriers to system reform.
1997 Meetings
The Spring meeting was held at Chiba University of Commerce on May 31
and June 1 with 35 paper presentations. The topics ranged from electronic money,
venture finance, financial system instability, to minority finance in the U.S., andinflation in Latin American countries. The panel discussion was between five pan­elists on Problems and Prospects of Public Finance.
Yoichi TAKAHASHI (Ministry of Finance) defined the Fiscal Investment and
Loan Program (FILP) as a means to implement fiscal policy through financial tech­niques. He assessed that the FILP has its own role even after financial liberaliza­
tion, provided that it is fiscally democratic and financially consistent with private
markets.
Hideo KIKUCHI (Saitama University) focused his attention on information
production by the Public Financial Institution for Small and Medium businesses,
presenting six hypotheses to differentiate them from private banks.
Naoyuki Y OSHINO (Keio University) made an international comparison of
FILP and surveyed the related problems such as market failure, postal savings, andFILP exit institutions.
33

Masaaki HONMA (Osaka University) talked about the necessity to change
FILP and the basic principle of the structural reform in doing so. He argued for"entrance" reform to reduce excessive inflow of funds into FILP. He recommend
restructuring "exit" institutions through disclosure and privatization after separat­
ing them into the two categories of business institutions and financing institutions.
Fuminori TAKEUCHI (Cho-Gin Research Institute) pointed out disclosure andthe adoption of a unified accounting standard as a base of the reform and recom­
mended introducing a democratic checking system, screening by an efficiency stan­dard, a market mechanism, and new financial techniques to FILP.
The Fall meeting was held on November 1 and 2 at Hokkaido University with
34 paper presentations on free topics which covered a wide variety of areas: theyear 2000 problem, regional financing, history of banks in Shanghai, postal sav­
ings, information by rating, speculative attack, monetary policy, etc.
The theme of the panel discussions was made by four panelists on the Japa­
nese Big Bang.
Based on the Security Transactions Council Report, Shoichi ROYAMA (Osaka
University) reviewed the purpose, the strategy, process, regulation, and basic struc­ture of the Big Bang in the securities market. He characterized the Big Bang as thetransformation of the market from a supplier of industrial funds to an asset manage­
ment service, emphasizing that the success and failure depends on the strong will of
all people involved.
Hirohiko OKUMURA (Gakushuin University) talked about the relation between
financial deregulation and the Big Bang, how it affects financial structure and fi­
nancial behavior and its effect on the financial system performance.
Masahiro KAWAI (The University of Tokyo) discussed the revision of the for­eign exchange law as a "front runner" of the financial system reform. He warned
that the deregulation of foreign exchange transactions without domestic financial
system reform could lead to macro-economic instability and called for drastic fi­
nancial system reform as "second and third runners" of the reform.
Yoshio TSUTSUI (Osaka University) criticized the unsuccessful system re­form led by the Financial System Research Council and its new plan for not allow­
ing new entry from non-financial fields. He was pessimistic about the success of
the Big Bang because it lacked the incentives for regulatory agencies to deregulate
and remarked that a "Big Bang from below" instead of a "Big Bang from above"
would occur, only after domestic financial institutions are overpowered by foreign
financial institutions.
1998 Meetings
The 1998 Spring meeting was held on May 3 and 4 at the Tokyo Keizai Uni­
versity with 28 paper presentations on free topics: the Asian currency crisis, corpo­
rate finance, issues of financial history, finance in the U.S. and Europe, interna34

tional finance, payment systems, and so on. The theme of the panel discussion was
Stability of the Financial System: Maintenance of an Orderly Credit System, which
was discussed by four panelists.
Kazuo UEDA (Bank of Japan), as a member of the policy board of the Bank ofJapan, carefully chose words to describe the present economic situation and ex­pressed the willingness of the BOJ to make efforts to find out ways to stabilize thefinancial system and reactivate the current sluggish economy.
Yoshinori SHIMIZU (Hitotsubashi University) described the current instabil­
ity problem of the financial system as a combined result of three causes, i.e., asset
deflation, mis-management of economic policy, and structural change of the finan­cial system. He proposed the temporary suspension of taxation on land transac­
tions, the maintenance of a long-term sustainable money supply growth to stop
deflation spirals, and the enforcement of full disclosure and complete transparency
as basics for market mechanisms to work to stabilize the financial system.
Mitsuru IWAMURA (Waseda University) pointed out the possibility of elec­
tronic money to enable fund transfers without banks, which could reduce the sys­
temic risk and help to separate stability problems of the financial system from thoseof individual institutions. He suggested the importance of taking technical progress
into account in dealing with the stability problems of the financial system.
Based on the understanding that incomplete disclosure of bad loans aggra­vated the stability problem, Toshinori Sugimoto (Federation of Bankers Associa­
tion of Japan) surveyed the history of disclosure and tried to understand the reasonsfor the disclosure criteria at each point of time.
At this meeting, Iwao KURODA (Bank of Japan) gave a special lecture on "theBank of Japan in the 21st Century." He talked about the technical possibility ofmaintaining the stability of the payment system.
4.
International Exchange Activities
Corresponding to the globalization of the financial world, the society has started
to appoint distinguished foreign scholars as honorary foreign members, one mem­ber per year. They are invited to Spring meetings to give lectures on topics ofinternational concern.
The first honorary member was C.E.A. GOODHART of the London School of
Economics. At the 1995 Spring meeting, he delivered a lecture on "Central Bank
Independence." He questioned whether the good performance of the Bank of Japan
in keeping inflation low without strong independence was an exception to experi­ence in the rest of the world. He compared two models of central banks, repre­
sented by New Zealand and Germany. The applicability of two models depends on
the social consensus regarding the importance of price stability and the reputationof the central bank. He recommended the German model as a model for a more
35

independent Bank of Japan.
The second honorary member was George G. KAUFMAN of Loyola Univer­sity, Chicago, who gave a lecture at the 1996 Spring meeting on "Preventing Bank­
ing Crises in the Future: Lessons from Past Mistakes." He pointed out that banks
are special because they are protected by a politically bestowed and poorly de­signed safety net in almost all countries. Then he explained the implication of apoorly designed deposit insurance structure, the way to improve it and the implica­tion of the reform actually enacted as FDICIA in the U.S. In conclusion, in orderfor Japan to recover from the financial crisis, he recommended that Japan make asimilar deposit insurance reform like FDICIA by learning from the success as wellas the mistakes of the U.S.
The third honorary member was Jacob FRENKEL, Governor of the Bank ofIsrael, who gave a lecture at the 1997 Spring meeting on the "Independence of theCentral Bank and Monetary Policy." He stressed the influence of information tech­
nology that changed the financial market environment and the resulting importanceof deregulation as a means to boost economic growth. As a heavy burdened policy
maker, he explained the actual problems he faces in making policy decisions. As apractical way to keep central bank independence to achieve its mission under politi­
cal pressure, he highly recommended the usefulness of inflation targeting policy.
The fourth honorary member was Charles W. CALOMIRIS of Columbia Uni­
versity, who gave his lecture at the 1998 Spring meeting on "Historical and Con­
temporary Perspectives on Banking Instability, Deposit Insurance, and Prudential
Regulation and Supervision." Speaking historically, he characterized the banking
system today as far riskier than ever before. He suggested several reform plans,such as introduction of a subordinated debt requirement to cover banks'capital loss.
The key point of his reform plan was to make bank risk and capital regulation
market-based and ratio叫At the 1996 Fall meeting at Kumamoto Gakuen University, as a first exchange
activity with China, the president of the China Society of Monetary Economics,
HUANG Da (former president of Beijing University) attended the meeting and gave
a lecture on "The Present Situation and Prospects of Financial Reform in China."
He reviewed the financial system reform over the last 18 years since its start, point­
ing out major changes in 1987. Since 1993, when the policy of reducing inflation
was put in force, two big problems of the bad loans of banks and high cost offinancing have emerged. The former problem has to be solved gradually in linewith the reform of publicly owned corporations. For the latter problem, govern­
ment budgets have to be strengthened and an alternative channel of direct financing
has to be developed. He showed a strong confidence in eventually solving these
problems eventually and developing the Chinese economy in the future.

36

5.
Currently, the Japanese economy faces the unprecedented difficulties of se­vere depression and financial system instability. How to cope with the situation isthe biggest concern of not only Japan, but also the rest of the world. The financial
system's stability is the core of the issue. It is exactly the time when the society's
contribution to solve this difficulty is urgently required more than ever before. Theseare exactly the type of problems of which the society is capable, and has to contrib­
ute to solving them with its long accumulated expertise and the cooperation of all
members. In the past, the society has made efforts to solve the problems. The
problems, however, still exist and have become worse. The society has to deliber­
ate how it can most effectively contribute to the world economy based on members'
expertise in this field.
In addition, due to the technical progress, globalization and deregulation, fi­nancial markets are in a process of great transition. The problems we face are
becoming ever more complex and difficult, requiring more research and collabora­tion by members of the society. In this sense, the role and the responsibility of theJapan Society of Monetary Economics are ever increasing.
(Yoshinori SHIMIZU, Hitotsubashi University)

37THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR PERSONNEL AND LABOR RESEARCH
1. Administration of the Society
The Japan Society for Personnel and Labor Research has 28 years'history
since its foundation in 1970. It maintains its intention of establishing and promot­
ing interdisciplinary research. It also supplies new information and research results
concerning personnel management and industrial relations in the broad sense of theword. As information on the Society's administration since its foundation was giv­
en in Information Bulletin No. 13, the trends in the last 5 years will be briefly
overviewed here.
(1) Membership
The starting membership of the Society was around 300, covering many dis­
ciplines and parts of the country. Now it is still growing and the total number ofmembers had increased up to 775 on July 1, 1998. The research areas of members
spread extensively, reflecting the interdisciplinary characteristics of the Society.
They include business administration, labor economics, industrial relations, sociol­ogy, psychology, labor law, human engineering and other related sciences. The 775
members, including graduate students, consist of 643 belonging to universities andresearch institutes and 132 working for private companies and other organizations.
The recent characteristic of the Society's membership is that young researchers likegraduate students and foreign students in graduate schools are increasing. The ad­ministration of the Society is managed by elected governors representing various
research areas.and it is devised so that the Society can talk about new research
trends of all disciplines concerned.
(2) Annual Conference
The annual conference of the Society is usually held in June. The host uni­
versity of the annual congress is chosen by turns in the Kanto area or Kansai area asa general rule, but sometimes held in another area, taking into account the facilities
offered.
The program of the annual conference is divided into two parts. One is thecommon theme which reflects the main interests of the Society at that time and isdiscussed by all members of the Society. Another is voluntary presentation, forwhich any member can apply. Both common theme applicants and voluntary pre­sentation applicants are coordinated by the Board of Governors.
The recent prominent feature of the annual conference is that the applications
from young researchers are increasing. Therefore the Board of Governors always
has to coordinate more than 20 applicants. The increase in young presenters has
made it necessary for the Society to revise the presentation form, so that the intro­
duction of a new presentation form is being considered from 1999.
38

The common theme and the host universities where the annual conference
has been held are as follows:
24th 1994 Human Renaissance: Human Restoration in Work and Life,
Nippon University.
25th 1995 A New Paradigm of Personnel Management and Industrial Relations,
Kyoto University.
26th 1996 The Problems and Methods of Human Resource Management: Towards
a New Employment System,
Komazawa University.
27th 1997 Labor Problems at the Beginning of 21st Century,
Aichi Gakuin University.
28th 1998 Men and Women's Joint Participation in Management and a New Formof Work,
Yamanashi Gakuin University.
At the annual conference, the Society often invites prominent overseas researchers,
senior directors of leading companies, or national or local government officials andgets lectures and first-hand information on topics which the Society's members areinterested in. At the 28th annual conference, Ms. Noriko MATSUBARA, Vice-Minis­
ter of the Ministry of Labor was invited and she gave good information of the amend­
ment law of equal employment.
(3) Publication
The Society publishes the Annual Report of the Japan Society for Personnel
and Research, besides the proceedings of the annual conference. The Annual Re­
port contains all of the presentations in the common subject session and voluntary
presentation session. It is usually edited by the host university and delivered to allof the members of the Society without any additional payment. But with the expan­
sion of the Society's research activities, it is becoming hard to show all of the resultsof the Society's research activities only in the Annual Report and the proceedings ofannual conference. Therefore, the Society has decided to change its publications.
First of all, it has been decided to issue a journal twice a year instead of the Annual
Report. In addition, it has been decided to enrich the contents of the traditional
proceedings and change the proceedings to an equivalent for the Annual Report.
The editorial committee has been set up for the Journal, whose title has been
decided as Journal of Human Resource Management. The first Journal is planned
to be issued in December, 1998. As mentioned above, the Journal will be publishedtwice a year. One edition is to be dedicated as a special edition for the annual
conference, while the other is to be composed of open contributions by members.
Contributed papers will be judged under a referee system.
39

(4) Others
As the Society's members are spread around the nation, the five districts of
Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kansai and Kyushu provide two or more local meetingsoutside the ann叫conference. The Representative Governor of each district ar­ranges the local meeting. It stimulates exchange of opinions and mutual aid in
academic research among the local members. It also helps to establish friendly
relationships among members.
The Society has long had an award system to stimulate young researchers'
research activities. The award is given to the two or three excellent researchers in
the past two years whose papers have been published in the Annual Report. The
Society is now considering a new award system for all members to motivate andstimulate research by not only young researchers.
2. Recent Trends of Research
It may be possible to say that the research trends for the last five years in theSociety have concentrated on finding a new paradigm and contents for personnel
management and industrial relations. This is due to a kind of social change which isproceeding fast from an industrial society to a post-industrial or information-cen­tered society. The social transition to an information-centered society means thattechnologies and industries on which social life is based change their features rad­ically. In the industrial society, the base of social life is technology like machines
and other apparatuses, and the key industries are occupied by manufacturing com­panies. In this type of society, the competition between companies develops aroundsuperiority in cost and quality of products.
In comparison with industrial society, an information-centered society has
severed apparent differences. This type of society is based on high technology likecomputers, information equipment and network system companies and between
companies or countries. The key industries in this sort of society are occupied byinformation technology companies and software companies. It is most important
for these companies not to produce products but to create new information or knowl­edge. Therefore, these industries or companies are often called "knowledge cre­
ative companies". In an information-centered society, competition between com­panies develops around the originality, creativity or difference of products and ser­vices.
The different feature of competition between companies in the industrial so­ciety and the information-centered society is reflected in management systems. In
the industrial society, companies strive to get technology, organization and man­agement methods which bring superiority of cost and quality. During the 80's, thestrong competition power of Japanese manufacturing companies in the world mar­ket was mainly brought by the organization and management of high-tech manu­
facturing technology and high quality manpower which made it possible for Japa40

nese companies to gain superiority in cost and quality of products. Above all the
management and organization of manpower is well-known as the Japanese man­agement system. But now, with transition to the information-centered society, many
researchers have begun to bring up important questions about the whole system ofthis manpower management.
This means that the Japanese management system which seemed to be a sourceof Japanese companies'competition advantage is after all compelled to change dras­
tically. The introduction and diffusion of information technologies and network
systems to Japanese companies affect the traditional work style and human rela­tions at work. There exist three main changes. First of all, the introduction andutilization of information equi�ment or information technologies influence the con­tents of traditional jobs, orgamzation structure, manning, composition of manpow­
er, etc. Second, organizational changes or reforms of business process throughutilization of information technologies affect the traditional treatment system of
employees, evaluation system, working conditions and so on. Third, the diffusionof information technologies and the change in the products market change the nec­
essary conditions for manpower and raise the importance of manpower develop­
ment.
The common themes of the Society for these recent five years concentrate on
the question of searching for new forms of personnel management and industrial
relations in a new era. Looking at the recent research activities and presentation of
papers at the annual conference, three trends are mainly recognizable.
(1) Research on new trends or forms of personnel management
As already mentioned above, the management environment surrounding Jap­
anese companies has changed radically from the 90's. These changes demand thereform of the traditional management system, particurarly the manpower manage­
ment system. Therefore, many researchers are struggling to find a new direction
for manpower management which adapts to the new information-centered society.
But reflecting the differences in researchers'awareness of issues, there are various
approaches to find this new direction. In the main, three directions are recogniz­able.
(i) New views of employees and enlarged scope of personnel management
The main research subjects of the Society are workers who are working for an
organization. Therefore, many researchers'interest is directed at grasping the fea­tures of workers in the new information society, because it is a precondition toclarify the views of employees for the new personnel management.
"On the Relation between Job Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction" by Koichi
ONO at the 24th Conference, for example, points out that a new type of workers
who want to enjoy either work or leisure is gradually increasing and suggests thatthe new direction of personnel management should consider not only improvement41

of job content but also enrichment of life content.
"On the Autonomy of Work among Provincial City Workers" by Shinichi
KIYABU at the 27th Conference is also on the lines of ONO's research. According to
KIYABU, the autonomy of work includes the three dimensions of economic inde­
pendence, freedom of vocational choice and satisfaction of working life. KIYABU issearching for the conditions to secure autonomy of work through field research. He
finds that participation in community activities is the most important condition forautonomy of work. Based on his research results, he also suggests that new person­nel management should include policies considering employees'social life.
"Restoration of Humanity from the Viewpoint of the Change of Young Peo­
ple's Values" by Takashi NEMOTO at the 24th Conference gives his attention to theappearance of a new type of young people who want to enjoy work and leisure
together. He suggests that it is necessary for the new personnel management tointroduce elements of "entertammgness" or "play".
"Japanese Enterprise and the IndividualAIInvestigation of New Integration
ParadigmAI" and "Specialistic Trends of Employees and Personnel Management"
by Hajime OTA at the 24th and the 27th Conferences show the new viewpoint ofworkers as in the above researches. He argues that it is necessary to construct a new
personnel management based on the human model of a specialist who wants to becommitted to the job or to demonstrate his or her own capability.
As is shown above, many researchers insist that it is necessary to create a new
personnel management system based on new human models fitting for the new era.
There is a common feature of the new human model in these researches: the new
personnel management system should premise the professional and specialist or
people who want to serve both their companies and their community. Two attempts
at conceptualization of these human models are found in researches by JunkoyANAGIDA and Mitsuyo HANADA.
"A Problem of Autonomy Oriented Job Design" by Y ANAGIDA at the 25th
Conference investigates the necessary condition for organizational change. She
finds that the key is to establish autonomy in the job performance process in orderto accomplish organizational change. In addition, she insists that it is important tomake a long-term career development plan to establish autonomy in the job perfor­
mance process', because autonomous employees it in order to fit in.
"A Consideration of Future Organization and Personnel Problems " by HAN­
ADA at the 27th Conference also suggests that it is important for Japanese compa­
nies to develop "an autonomous person" under a medium or long-range plan. An
autonomous person means a worker who can control his own work by adjusting to
the self-actualization activities of other's. He shows through a field survey that thistype of person can be brought up not by career development within companies, but
by career development considering a whole life plan or social life outside compa­
nies. He argues like other researchers that future personnel management should
42

give its attention to individuals who are responsible for their social life outsidecompanies.
In transition to the information-centered society, many researchers focus theirattention on the autonomous person model or professional man model as a newparadigm of personnel management. Norio KANBAYASHI is investigating a specificperson within an organization who fits such a human model. "The Development ofInformation Technology and A New Role of Middle Managers "by KANBAYASHI at
the 25th Conference finds the importance of middle managers'core role within an
organization through fieldwork. Under such recognition, he argues that a new di­rection of personnel management should bring the traditional middle manager up to
strategic middle managers.
(ii) The Change in Employment Trends and New Personnel Management
The coming of the information-centered society has changed the contents ofwhite-collar jobs and is increasing the employment unrest of white-collar employ­ees. Among others, Japanese Management at a New Stage, the report issued by theJapan Federation of Employers Associations (JFEA, NIKKEIREN) in 1995 sug­gests a new direction of employment form in Japanese companies such as the long­term capability accumulation type, specialist capability utilization type and flexible
employment type. These three types of employment are important as showing thefuture composition of employees in Japanese companies.
"A New Japanese Management and a Renewed Employment System" by To­
mio MAKINO at the 26th Conference shows a critical review of this report by the
JFEA. His criticism is that the basic philosophy of "respect for humanity" includedin this report is a sort of deception and renewed system of Japanese exploitation.
"The Changes and Problems of the Employment System in Postwar Japan" by Kikuo
ANDO at the 26th Conference reviews the historical development of the Japaneseemployment system in postwar Japan. Referring to the JFEA's report, he suggeststhat it is important to built a new viewpoint for utilization of regular employees andcontingent employees.
These two researchers focus on the future trend of the Japanese employment
system as it is forecasted by an employers'association. But there is also someinteresting research which is analyzing the future employment trend from a more
macro viewpoint. "A Work Style under a Voluntary Economy" by Yoko SANO atthe 26th Conference suggests that it is important to develop a new area of economic
activities, or "voluntary economy," in order to avoid future unrest in employment.
The term "voluntary economy" is contrasted with the term "market economy." Theworld of the market economy is managed by gold-collar workers as a new name forprofessionals and the principle of profit-making. As contrasted with this market
economy, the world of voluntary economy is occupied by activities like volunteer­
ism or community services and attaches greater importance to the quality of life.
43But it is a necessary condition for existence of the voluntary economy to maintainthe development of the market economy. And it is necessary for the developmentof the market economy to have strong competitive power in the international mar­ket, and creativity. Therefore, considering future employment problems, she sug­gests that it is important to bring up persons with strong competitive capability andcreativity.
(iii) The Development from Personnel Management to Human Resource Manage­ment
As already mentioned above, the progress to the information-centered soci­ety demands changes in the contents and practices of traditional personnel manage­
ment. The use of the term "human resource management" instead of the term "per­sonnel management" reflects these changes and this demand . But among research­ers, the contents and method of human resource management are not yet sorted out
sufficiently. Therefore, there has also appeared a new research trend to theorize
human resource management.
"Problems and Analytical Viewpoints of Human Resource Management" by
Koji OKUBAYASHI at the 26th Conference is genuine research into theorizing hu­
man resource management. He argues that the novelty of human resource manage­
ment is found in not only the enlargement of research scope including the coordina­tion with business strategy, management of the whole human resource within acompany and considering employees'social life, but also involving the viewpointof employees who want continuous growth in their capability. Therefore, he insiststhat the research method of human resource management should be a compoundapproach including both the executive and employees'viewpoint.
"Problems and Methods of Human Resource Management" by Ichiro NOROat the 26th Conference examines the characteristics and contents of the human re­source management through a survey of many items of literature. Through thissurvey, he shows that the characteristics of human resource management are thestrategic system and human-centered management policy. He also points out thatthe contents of human resource management include the creation of company cul­
ture and the fulfilment of cost performance of labor.
(2) The Problems of Developing Human Resources
The second trend of research in the Society concentrates on manpower devel­
opment or human resource development within companies. As already mentioned,
the transition to the information-centered society changes the features of competi­tion among companies. Companies compete on the superiority of added-values ordifferences of products instead of traditional superiority of cost and quality. Thismeans that Japanese companies have to make the transition from the traditional
management system of the process innovation type to the management system of
44

the product innovation type. The product innovation type system needs, as a matterof course, a new type of human resource. The necessity for a new type of humanresource raises a demand for manpower development within companies and per­sons who can step in and do a necessary job at any time. The former is related to the
problems of training or career development within companies; the latter is related
to the mobility of the labor market.
℃ areer Development of Persons Working in the R&D Department" by
Masanobu FUKUTANI at the 27th Conference clarifies through field research a newcompetence which is demanded for employees working at the R&D department.
According to this field research, the new competence includes self-choice and self­
responsibility, persistence for one's own ideas, self-assertion, specialist talent withinternational validity, designing ability and so on. He argues that it is necessary to
introduce an individual management system in order to bring up persons with a newcompetence.
"The Actual Situation and the Direction of Manpower Development in Com­
panies" by Aki NAKANISHI & Hirohisa KOSHIZUKA at the 27th Conference also
clarifies through a field survey the image of persons or talent which are required toaccomplish a business strategy. According to the results of this field survey, many
Japanese companies intend to encourage development of universal skills or talents.
It means that Japanese companies are now going to bring their employees up as
professionals. Through these findings, NAKANISHI & KOSHIZUKA argue that the"expression of strategic role actions" and "information opening" are needed to raise
professionals.
These two pieces of research show the direction of training within companies
through an investigation of the image of persons or competence which are requiredin the new era. In contrast with them, "Universality of Job Capability and a New
Direction of Manpower Development" by Terutaka IZUMI at the 27th Conferenceshows another approach to manpower development. Manpower development inJapanese companies is generally regarded as special, differing from company tocompany. But IZUMI argues through a field survey that the job capability accumu­
lated in each company has universality in terms of problem-solving, multi-skilling,
information handling and personal relationships. Based on these findings, he sug­gests that the personnel management in future should aim to accumulate these ca­pabilities systematically.
As mentioned above, it is necessary to secure various persons in order to get
the competitive advantage in the information-centered society. It is important for
securing various persons to raise mobility in the labor market. "New Control Sys­
tems of Labor Market in Japan after the De-Regulation" by Kazunori MORISHITA atthe 28th Conference examines the reformation of the Japanese labor market. He
argues that it is necessary to raise the ability of placement under cooperation be­
tween the government and the private sector in order to promote the mobilization of45

the redundant employees within companies. In addition, he suggests that it is nee­essary to enact a new employment stabilization act preceding this direction.
(3) Problems concerning Women's Employment
The third trend of research in the Society concentrates on the problems around
women's employment. It is said that the information-centered society is character­ized as a female type society in contrast with a male type society, which character­izes the industrial society. This means that in the information-centered society,women's sensitivity becomes an important element to get the competitive advan­
tage. In addition, women in Japanese society are tending to live longer, have fewer
children and be educated to higher levels than before. Against this social back­ground, women joining workplaces are rapidly increasing. But women are notgiven the treatment they merit at Japanese companies. Therefore, many researchers
are showing interest in employment problems concerning women. The approaches
to this problem are various. For example, it is investigated from the viewpoint oflabor law, organizational psychology, business administration, etc.
"Problems of Women's Career Broadening from the Viewpoint of Compati­
bility with Work and Home" by Akira WAKISAKA at the 24th Conference is a pio­neer piece of research about the women's employment problem. Under the recogni­tion that career expansion within companies is essential for women, he investigates
the present state of work continuity by women, and he suggests that the effect of
support systems like child-care leave plans and nursery schools should be analyzed
in relation with women's career formation. "Integrating Work and Family Lives:
Psycho-Social Foundation of Employees'Taking Parental and Nursing-Care Leaves"by Satoru YOSHIDA & Takao MINAMI at the 28th Conference analyses the same
subject from the viewpoint of organizational psychology. They examine through aquestionnaire survey the conditions of work continuity for female workers, nurs­
ing-care leave acquisition by male workers and parental leave acquisition by maleworkers. As the results of survey, they conclude as follows: first, work continuity
by women depends on the availability of nursery schools: second, the condition ofparental leave acquisition by men is influenced by the reduction of income differ­ence between wife and husband and the change of consciousness about the divisionof roles by sex; and third, the condition of nursing-care leave acquisition by men
depends on who is to be looked after.
"Problems and Prospects of Employment Management by Courses" by Takashi
WATANABE at the 25th Conference investigates the problems of employment man­agement by courses which was rapidly introduced by big Japanese companies after
the enforcement of the Equal Employment Opportunity Law. Through his investi­
gation, he finds some systematic and administrative problems involved in employ­ment management by courses, and suggests the necessity of preparation of social
conditions which promote the progress of employment management adapted to the46philosophy of the Equal Employment Opportunity Law.
The employment problems of female workers were discussed intensively atthe 28th Conference. "New Directions of Female Employment under the Amend­
ments of Japan's Equal Employment Opportunity Law and Labor Standards Law"
by Tadashi HIROISHI examines critically and comprehensively these two amend­
ment laws from the viewpoint of labor law researcher. He concludes that though
the amended Law of Equal Employment Opportunity has many advanced aspects
compared with the original law, it cannot drastically change the present state offemale workers' treatment in companies. In addition, he refers to the abolition of
female protection provisions. Among others, he gives attention to removal of theprohibition provision of night shift work for female workers and suggests that thischange could create a new personnel management system not by sex, but by indi­vidual characteristics.
"Labor Standards Reconsidered in terms of'Deregulation"' by Maki OMORI
at the 28th Conference examines the relations between the recent amendment of thelegal framework and the employment system in Japanese companies. She findsthat the employment custom by sex still exists and the trade unions are losing their
check role on sex discrimination. Under the recognition to such a present situation,
she suggests that it is necessary to establish a clear labor standard or rule to secure
fairness in the labor market.
There also exist works of research about the utilization of female labor ap­
proaching it from the viewpoint of business administration. "Affirmative Action
Programs in the United Nations and Proposals to Apply their Experience to theJapanese Labor Practice" by Kazuko YOKOYAMA at the 28th Conference examines
the labor practices in the United Nations. She recognizes that Japanese society will
confront a shortage of labor forces and it is indispensable for women to join work­
places. But looking at the labor practices of Japanese companies, she sees that theenvironments of workplaces in Japanese companies are not prepared to utilize fe­
male labor fully. Therefore, referring to experiences of affirmative action at inter­national agencies, she suggests that it is necessary to promote female employment
and to prepare the social conditions for women's work under the control of govern­
ment.
"Analyzing Women's Employment and Joint Participation in Management by
Women and Men" by Kiyoko TSUTSUI at the 28th Conference also examines theconditions of sex discrimination dissolution. She analyses the present states ofwomen's work and argues that sex discrimination still exists at workplaces evenafter the enforcement of Equal Employment Opportunity Law. Therefore, she in­sists that it is necessary to practice affirmative or positive action. At the same time,
she suggests that it is necessary to change the "static consciousness of specializa­tion by sex" which is shared among all employees including executives, managers
and female workers. In addition, she suggests that top management should con47

struct a management philosophy which promotes actively the utilization of female
workers.
(4) The Other Research Trends
As already mentioned above, the economic environment of Japan in the '90's
has changed drastically. In addition to the transition to an information-centeredsociety, aging and globalization of the economy are rapidly proceeding. In thechanges of these economic and business administrative environments, there arealso researchers examining the utilization of aged people and the problems of adap­
tation to global standards of labor conditions.
"International Cooperation and Common Problems around 'Humanization ofWork"' by Kazutaka Korn at the 24th Conference for example, outlines the progressof the international cooperation movement about the humanization of work and theimprovements of labor conditions at workplaces. He suggests that it is necessary tobuild an action program and support system for promoting respect for human be­
ings.
"Personnel Management at Workplaces for Aged People" by Eiichi OYAMA­DA at the 24th Conference investigates middle-aged and aged people's conscious­
ness of their jobs and daily lives through a questionnaire survey and examines theirutilization of them. According to the survey, middle-aged and advanced aged peo­ple suffer pervasive dissatisfaction, from economic conditions to human relations
and jobs at work. 0YAMADA finds that these complaints are due to traditional per­sonnel management. Therefore, based on this finding, he suggests that it is neces­sary to establish a basic presumption of coordination with the company's logic ofefficiency and the employees' logic of community.
The Japan Society for Personnel and Labor Research always takes up current
topics, stimulates members' interests and promotes their discussion. Through these
activities, the Society contributes not only to the improvement of personnel man­agement at Japanese companies, but to improvement of the quality of life as a whole.
The next National Conference will be held at Yokohama College of Commerce andtake up the employment problems of the present day as its common theme. The
Society also is going to celebrate the 30th anniversary of its foundation at Kobe
University.
(Shuji ISHII, Komazawa University )48

THE POLITICAL ECONOMY AND ECONOMIC HISTORY SOCIET Y(Formerly: THE AGRARIAN HISTORY SOCIETY )The Political Economy and Economic History Society (formerly The Agrari­an History Society) has attained its 50th anniversary in 1998. The objective of thisSociety's foundation is to contribute to the progress of the Japanese people and thedevelopment of world history through a political-economic and historical study ofcurrent situations in the world. As reported in Information Bulletin No. 14, ourSociety has four divisions: Economic Theory and Current Analysis, Japanese Eco­nomic History, Agrarian Problems, and Foreign Economic History. The four divi­
sions are usually supposed to take turns organizing academic conferences, whichhave been held semiannually on common themes. However, all of the four divi­
sions made a united effort to organize the conference which celebrated our 50th
anniversary, in the autumn of 1998. This conference was held on November 21-23,
1998 at the Department of Economics of the University of Tokyo, and its common
theme was Twentieth-Century Capitalism: A Review of History and its Methods.
The following is a review of the Society's academic activities in the spring
and autumn meetings from 1995 to 1997.
In 1995, the Japanese Economic History Division planned and organized theconferences. The spring conference was held on June 24, 1995 at the Departmentof Economics of the University of Tokyo. The theme for discussion in this confer­ence was A Review of the Japanese Capitalism in Formative Years: On the New
Trend of Research in Industrial History; two research papers were presented. The
title of the first was "The Economic Development of Infant Industries and the Jap­
anese Industrial Revolution" by Masayuki TANIMOTO (Tohoku University), and thesecond was "The Machine Industry in the Japanese Industrial Revolution" by Jun
SUZUKI (The University of Tokyo).
TANIMOTO picked out the cotton and soy sauce industries in the formative
years of Japanese capitalism, and stre.ssed that men of property in the countrysideplayed a crucial role in the development of modern Japanese industry. This ap­
proach was very different from the traditional study and understanding of the Japa­
nese Industrial Revolution. SUZUKI expressed also his new idea of the machineindustry in the formative years of Japanese capitalism. Criticizing the opinion of
the Koza School which stressed the backward machine industry in Japan, he point­
ed out the development of compatible machinery parts and stressed that it played a
key role in the Japanese Industrial Revolution. After much discussion about theirpresentation, Naosuke TAKAMURA (The University of Tokyo), who was in the chair,concluded that we should not jump to any conclusion in our historical research into
the Japanese Industrial Revolution because there were many approaches to it.
The autumn conference was held on October 28-29, 1995 at the Departmentof Economics of Senshu University. In a symposium on the second day, the topic
49

for discussion was Japanese Capitalism in the Second World War: Wartime Econo­
my in Historical Perspective. At the beginning, Akira HARA (The University ofTokyo) delivered an opening address to the participants on the purpose of this sym­
posium. Reviewing the history of research activities into the past fifty years, heinsisted that we should inquire more deeply into the three fields for further under­
standing of the Japanese wartime economy. The first was the systematic mobiliza­tion of munitions industries especially in the last stage of the war, the second was
the reaction of private enterprises to government control in the wartime economy,
and the third was the mobilization and social integration of the peasantry and small
traders.
Three research papers were presented at this symposium. The title of the firstwas "The Evolution of a Japanese Scheme for Industrial and Mining Mobilization
during the Second World War" by Shiro YAMAZAKI (Tokyo Metropolitan Universi­ty), the second was "Corporate Groups during the Wartime Economy" by Masahiro
SHIMOTANI (Kyoto University), and the third was "Wartime labor Mobilization in
Japan, 1937-45: Its Impact on Peasant Families and Urban Traders" by Masakatsu
OHKADO and Asobu YANAGISAWA (Tsuru Bunka University and Keio University).
YAMAZAKI pointed out that the Japanese industrial and mining mobilization
was carried out in two stages. In the former stage (1937-1941) the Japanese gov­
ernment administered a long-range scheme for mobilization. However, in the latterstage (1942-45) the government lacked consistency between their whole schemeand the rapid mobilization because of the urgency of the situation. He insisted that
the Japanese mobilization had distinctive features that were based on the market
mechanism, the profit motive, and competition among the strategic industries throughthe two stages.
SHIMOTANI showed us that Japanese corporate groups were formed in thesecond half of the 1930s and their business activities continued in spite of the war.
In his presentation, he especially focused on the corporate groups'countermeasuresagainst the wartime corporate control and regulation.
OHKADO and YANAGISAWA clarified the effects of man-power mobilization
schemes, especially focusing on the rural peasant and urban trading population. In
their opinion, the Japanese wartime labor mobilization had serious effects on ruralfarm management and urban trade because male adults were extracted from theirown businesses.
Through discussion about the topics here presented, it was finally understoodthat the wartime economy was linked with the system of the postwar Japanese econ­omy.
In 1996, the Agrarian Problems Division planned and organized the confer­ences. The spring conference was held on June 29, 1996 at the Department of
Economics of the University of Tokyo. The theme for discussion was Agriculture
in Socialism: Its Transformation and Reform; two research papers were presented.
50

The title of the first was "Transformation of Russia and Its Agrarian Problems: On
the Reform in Land and Management" by Susumu OKADA (Tokyo University ofForeign Studies), and the second was "Transformation of the Agriculture and Col­lective-Ownership in China" by Keisuke SUGANUMA (Niigata University).
OKADA made a presentation on the land and management reform in Russia
from the former Soviet Union to the present. In his opinion, there could be found arealistic possibility of reforming the collective farms in the period of Perestroika.
However, the situation in Russian agriculture turned into disaster because Pere­stroika failed and the policy for creating independent farm management in Russia
completely destroyed the trend of reforming the collective farms.
SUGANUMA explained that changes in land ownership of the agricultural sec­
tor came about within a framework of collective ownership in China. Since 1978,even the private sector had been allowed and encouraged, and transformation of theChinese agrarian system had led to a formation of village collective ownership inrural areas.
Through discussion, the differences between the Russian and Chinese trans­
formation of collective ownership in the agricultural sector became clear.
The autumn conference was held on October 12-13, 1996 at the Departmentof Economics of Hokkaido University. At the symposium on the second day, thetopic for discussion was The World Trade Organization and Japanese Agriculture:
In the Global Reorganization of Agriculture and its Policies. At the beginning,
Tamotsu TABATA (General Research Institute for Agriculture) delivered an opening
address to the participants on the purpose of this symposium. He explained why we
had picked out this topic for discussion. He said that the World Trade Organization
agenda showed a reduction in the level of protection of agriculture in the interest of
agribusiness, one item being the introduction of international trade rules for farm
products based on the market mechanism.
Responding to this opening address, three research papers were presented.
The title of the first was "The Recent Structural Changes in Trade of Farm Products
under the New Scheme of the World Trade Organization and its Implications fortheir Trend" by Kenji HORIGUCHI (Waseda University), the second was "The Chang­ing Structure of Contemporary Agriculture and Transnational Agribusiness in the
United States" by Isshin NAKANO (Kyoto University), the third was "The Common
Agricultural Policy Reform of the European Union and the World Trade Organiza­tion" by Masahiro FUKUSHI (The Tokyo College of Economics), and the fourth was"Reform of the Japanese Agricultural Policy after the Uruguay Round and its Impli­
cations for the Structure of Agriculture" by Mitsuzo GOTOH (Musashi University).
HORIGUCHI pointed out that the United States had changed its farm policy
and stopped playing an active role in food security for allied countries after theSoviet Union collapsed, and stressed that a recent wild fluctuation in the prices offarm products was due to a new scheme of the WTO, which was an international51

trade regime after the Cold War era. In his opinion�this policy change had made theimbalance much worse between demand and supply of farm products in markets.
NAKAN O made a presentation on the impact of activities of U.S. transnational
agribusiness around the world, and FUKUSHI reported on the Common Agricultural
Policy of the European Union with reference to the new WTO rules.
GOTOH traced the relationship between the changing structure of Japanese
agriculture and agricultural policy reform after the late 1980s, and sharply criti­
cized the cu汀ent policy reform which intended to introduce a free market system
into the Japanese international trade of farm products under the influence of the
Uruguay Round.
After a long discussion on these presentations, Yoichi TASHIRO (Yokohama
National University), who was in the chair, concluded as follows. First, we hadfound that the world market situation of farm products was becoming unstable.
Second, we had to apply a many-sided approach to the study of the background of
the WTO. And finally we had to study the relationship between state and economy
from a new point of view.
In 1997, the Foreign Economic History Division planned and organized theconferences. The spring conference was held on June 28, 1997 at the Departmentof Economics of the University of Tokyo. The theme for discussion was An Ideal­
ized Vision of Human Beings in Economic History: On the Methods of the Otsuka
Historical School. Hisao OTSUKA, one of the founders of the Society, passed awayin 1996. In order to commemorate his great work, the Foreign Economic History
Division planned to discuss the methods of the Otsuka Historical School. Four
research papers were presented. The title of the first was "An Idealized Vision of
Human Beings in Comparative Economic History School as a Social Thought" by
Naoki ODANAKA (Tohoku University), the second was "On an Understanding ofRobinson Crusoe by Hisao OTSUKA" by Ryutaro IWAO (Seinan Gakuin University),
the third was "An Idealized Vision of Human Beings in a Social Understanding ofModern Japan" by Takashi Furn (Niigata University), and the fourth was "The Ge­
nealogy of the Commerce Spirit and a Vision of Human Beings in Economy" by
Yasunori FUKAGAI (Tokyo Metropolitan University).
ODANAKA examined how the self-discipline of a modern human being pre­sented by the comparative history school had an essential meaning even in contem­
porary Japan. IWAO pointed out some misunderstanding of Robinson Crusoe by
Hisao OTSUKA. Furn compared the works of Hisao OTSUKA with those of Kunio
Y ANAGIDA. FUKAGAI reviewed the vision of a human being in an economy fromthe point of view of the history of economics.
The autumn conference was held on October 18-19, 1997 at the Departmentof Economics of Yokohama National University. At the symposium on the second
day of this conference, the topic for discussion was Implementation of Keynesian
Policy and Economic Integration.
52

Two sessions ran simultaneously. The first session, whose topic for discus­
sion was Implementation of Keynesian Policy, was chaired by Kohji FUJISE (Aichi
Shukutoku University) andYoshio ASAI (Seijo University). Three research papers
were presented at this session. The title of the first was℃ontinuity and Disconti­
nuity on the Concepts of Investment and Equilibrium in the Formation of the Gen­
eral Theory" by Hideo DOI (Yokohama National University), the second was "TheBritish Economy and the Steps towards the Keynesian Revolution in the 1930s" by
Yuichi KANAI (Nagoya University) and the third was "Harry Dexter White andGlobal Keynesianism" by Eiichi AKIMOTO (Chiba University).
In this session, first, DOI reviewed the economics of Keynes and its applica­tion to the real world in the theoretical view. Second, KANAI tried to find what steps
had been taken in Britain towards performing the Keynesian monetary policy dur­ing the 1930s. Third, AKIMOTO showed us the planning process of the postwar
international monetary system, especially focussing on the role of Harry Dexter
White.
The second session, whose topic for discussion was The Economic Integra­
tion after the Second World War: Europe and Asia, was chaired byYasuo GoNJo(Yokohama National University) and Masato MASUDA (Hosei University). Three
research papers and one comment were presented. The title of the first was "TheFoundation of the United States International Monetary and Financial Policy after
the Second World War: Postwar Planning for the European Payments Union" by
Isao SUTO (Nagoya City University), the second was "The Development of Euro­pean Integration, 1945-1958" byYukihiko ISHIYAMA (Yokohama National Univer­sity), and the third was "The Economic Integration ofAsia and the Economic Res­
toration of Japan after the Second World War" by Hiroshi NISHIKAWA (Hokkai
Gakuen University). A comment on the three papers was made by Takashi SHIMIZU(Komazawa University).
In this session, first, SUTO clarified the historical meaning of the European
Payments Union in view of the United States monetary and financial policy. Sec­
ond, ISHIYAMA examined the endogenous logic of creation of the European Eco­nomic Community after the Second World War. Third, NISHIKAWA studied thepossibility of economic integration in Asia and concluded that the integration of
Asian countries in the post-war global economic system was difficult because it
required a new system of intergovernmental cooperation and control, which wasbeyond the level of a European experience. After the presentations by the three,
SHIMIZU commented on them from an agricultural viewpoint.
In the concluding session, there was much discussion based on the first andsecond session. Yasuo GONJO, who was in the chair, finally concluded as follows.
First, the economic integration after the Second World War had a very specificcharacter in history because the nations were becoming more closely integrated in
the postwar era on the policy of Keynesianism. Second, we were living in the age
53

of multinational corporations and the contemporary nations always had to respondto the behavior of multinationals. We had to review the concept of nation because
the meaning of nation was becoming different from the classical one. And finally,
we had to think about the historical process in which Keynesian policy was accept­
ed, and why this policy was implemented in the advanced capitalist societies. Think­ing of this problem from the point of social regulation, we had to have a view ofKeynesianism from the labor side.
The symposium, which was held at Yokohama National University on Octo­
ber 19, 1997, had a large attendance and was a great success.
(Shinjiro HAGIWARA, Yokohama National University)

54THE POPULATION ASSOCIATION OF JAPANThe Population Association of Japan was established in 1948 and celebrated
its fiftieth anniversary this year. The association started a big project in 1997 topublish a Dictionary of Population in 2001 to commemorate the anniversary. Near—ly 200 authors including Association members and non-members will take part inwriting the manuscript.
The association has been publishing its journal, Jinkogaku Kenkyu (The lour­
nal of Population Studies), since 1978; it celebrated its twentieth issue in 1997 andstarted to be published twice a year from that year. The commemorative 20th issue
collected review articles overlooking the achievements in the six major fields of
population studies over those 20 years in Japan, i.e. (1) population structure andaging (SAGAZA 1997), (2) migration, urbanization and distribution (OTOMO 1998),(3) fertility (OTANI 1997), (4) mortality and morbidity (NANJO and SHIGEMATSU
1997), (5) nuptiality, family and households (HIROSIMA 1998), (6) labour force andunemployment (KANEKIYO 1997), and (7) population projection and population
policy (including family planning) (OKAZAKI 1997) which appeared in issues num­ber 20 to 23.
We can grasp the whole idea of the progress in population studies in recent
Japan since around 1975 from these articles, including another article on historicaldemography in issue number 19 (KITO 1996).
Annual Meeting
In order to facilitate the development of population studies in Japan, we holdan annual meeting once a year, usually in June, with regional meetings in three
regions, i.e. Kyushu, Kanto and Kansai. The fiftieth meeting was held at Chuo
University this year, also celebrating its own fiftieth anniversary; it included a mul­tinational session attended by guest speakers from Korea and China. The fifty-firstannual meeting will be held in Sapporo, hosted by Hokkaido Tokai University inJune, 1999.
The annual meetings include general sessions for members to report on any
theme, a symposium and special sessions on pre-arranged themes.
1. Symposium
The themes of the symposiums sometimes relate to the locality of the host
university, or focus on some general concern on other occasions.
The themes and the titles of the presentations from 1994 to 1998 were as
follows.
1994: Can the global population be controlled below ten billion?
• Sustainable development and population control by Makoto ATOH (Institute of55

Population Problems, Ministry of Health and Welfare)• Women's empowerment and its population implications by Shigemi KONO (Reit­
aku University)• The effectiveness of family planning programs by Kenji HAYASHI (Institute of
Public Health)• Population Policies and Human Rights by Tatsuro KUNUGI (International Chris­tian University)
1995: Regional problems in a zero-sum population society: based on the area of
Kyushu• Trends in Japanese population and its regional distribution by Makoto A TOH (In­stitute of Population Problems, Ministry of Health and Welfare)• Regional problems from the social-economic aspect by Hiroshi MORIMOTO (Re­search Institute of Kyushu Economy)• Regional problems of public health and welfare by Takao S HIGEMATSU (Fukuoka
University)• Regional policy for ageing and reproduction by Moriyuki OE (Institute of Popula­tion Problems, Ministry of Health and Welfare)
1996: Population problems in the Capital Region• Has the population concentration on the Capital Region ended? by Senichi OBA­YASHI (Statistics Bureau)• Characteristics of population composition in the Capital Region: gender, ethnici­ty, and aging by Machiko WATANABE (Kaetsu Women's College)• Changes in the Capital Region and its future by Masahisa FUKUSHI (Kanto Gakuen
University)
1997: Future of population and civilization• Waves of population and civilization by Hiroshi OHBUCHI (Chuo University)• Past, present and future of population and families by Hiroshi KITO (Sophia Uni­
versity)• Future of Global Population and Civilization by Makoto ATOH (National Instituteof Population Problems and Social Security)
1998: Is Malthus alive?- in commemoration of the bicentenary of the publicationof the first edition of Malthus'Essay on Population, in conjunction with the Malth­us Association of Japan• Renaissance of Malthus in recent years: centering around Wicksell by Hitoshi
HASHIMOTO (Kyoto Sangyo University)• Malthus and modem debate on population by Minoru OKADA (Chuo University)• Malthus in the twenty-first century by Yoichi OKAZAKI (Nihon University)56

2. Special Sessions
The themes of the special sessions reflect general concerns in the fields of
population studies. During the five years from 1994 to 1998, we had 15 special
sessions. The most common themes of special sessions related to the causes of the
low fertility of Japan since the middle of 1970's, while other sessions dealt withwidely diverse themes. Four were on fertility and marriage (Socio-Economics ofMarriage in 1994, Socio-Economic Theories of Fertility:Children as Public Goods
in 1995, Externalities of Reproductive Behavior in 1996 and Discussing the Era of
Persons W ho Never Marry in 1997), three were on historical perspectives (Popula­tion and Generation: with Special Reference to the Population Change of the Post­
war 50 Years in 1995 and Population and Philosophy in Early Modern Japan in
1996 and Historical Demography of the Family in 1998), and two were on themethodology or history of population studies (Frontiers of Formal Demography in1997 and 50Years of Demography in Japan in 1998). The other six were on othervarious aspects of population (Global Environment and Local Population in 1996,
Population Problems of New Towns in 1994, Changes in Working Status and La­bour Population in 1997, and Longevity and Health in the Twenty-First Century,
Gender and Population Problems and Issues Surrounding the Population Theory ofMalthus in 1998).
We show below the titles of the presentations under each theme of the special
session year by year.
1994A:Socio-Economics of Marriage• Trends of studies on marriage by Naohiro Y ASHIRO (Sophia University)• Trends and characteristics of marriage in Japan by Hiroshi KOJIMA (Institute ofPopulation Problems, Ministry of Health and Welfare)• Socio-economic impact of marriage on the employment system and social securi—ty system by Machiko OSAWA (Asia University)
B:Population Problems of New Towns• From a social perspective by Haruo SAGAZA (Waseda University)• From an economic perspective by Norihiro NAKAI (Tokyo Institute of Technolo­gy)• From a geographical perspective by Satoshi NAKAGAWA (Institute of Population
Problems, Ministry of Health and Welfare)• On the New Town School Districts in Nagoya by Sadahiro SAKAI (Aichi Shutoku
University)
1995A:Socio-Economic Theories of Fertility:Children as Public Goods• Children and sociality:'goods' for fulfilling public wants by Motosuke SUGINO(Kyushu Kyoritsu University)• With special reference to economic policy byYoshikuni Ism (Josai University)57

• With special reference to family policy by Hiroshi KOJIMA (Institute of Popula­tion Problems, Ministry of Health and Welfare)
B: Population and Generation: with Special Reference to the Population Change of
the Postwar 50 Years• The generation's changes in fertility and mortality in Japan by Yoshikazu WA­
TANABE (Institute of Population Problems, Ministry of Health and Welfare)• A study of parent-child relations in the Japanese family by Hiroaki SHIMIZU (Ni­hon University)• Changes in attitudes of the Japanese over the postwar Showa-era: cohort analysisof the data from the Surveys on the Japanese National Character by Takashi NAKA­
MURA (The Institute of Statistical Mathematics)
1996A: Population and Philosophy in Early-Modem Japan• Population behavior of farmers: a case study in the Aizu region by Hiroshi KAWAGU­
CHI (Tezukayama University)• Child-bearing and -rearing, and labor supply of farmers by Motoko OTA (Koriya­
ma Women's University)• Policy and philosophy on population in early modem Japan by Masayoshi ISHI­
HARA (Kanto Gakuen University)
B: Global Environment and Local Population• Population transition in a traditional small group: fertility change over a long
period observed in the Gidera tribe, Papua New Guinea by Ryutaro OT SUKA (The
University of Tokyo)• Population change in an agri-ecological system: the case of Northeastern Thailand
by Katsuro FUKUI (Kyoto University)• Global change and future study of local population by Moriyuki OE (Institute ofPopulation Problems, Ministry of Health and Welfare)
C: Externalities of Reproductive Behavior• External economy and endogenous fertility by Keisuke SASAKI (Toyo University)• Income distribution by age and child-bearing behavior by Shigemi KONO (Reit­
aku University)• Are children public assets? by Jin MORIOKA (Komazawa University)• Non-marketability of child-bearing and economic policy for recovering fertility
by Yoshikuni ISHI (Josai University)• Externalities of reproduction and population policy by Hiroshi OHBUCHI (Chuo
University)
1997 A: Frontiers of Formal Demography• Application and development of mathematical demography by Hisashi INABA(Tokyo University)• Development of demographic modelling research by Ryuichi K,心EKO (National
58

Institute of Population Problems and Social Security)• Progress in research on health and mortality by Yasuhiko SAITO (Nihon Universi­ty)• Development of a method of event history analysis by Noriko TSUYA (Nihon
University)
B: Discussing the Era of Persons Who Never Marry• Sociology of the never-married by Terue OHASHI (Reitaku University)• Sociology of marriage by Masahiro Y AMADA (Tokyo Gakugei University)• Demographic change in marriage by Shigesato TAKAHASHI (National Institute ofPopulation Problems and Social Security)• Change in marriage and household composition by Tohru SUZUKI (National Insti­
tute of Population Problems and Social Security)
C: Change in Working Status and Labour Population• Mobilization in employment due to internationalization by Masaaki Y ORIMITSU(Hitotsubashi University)• Age structure of Japanese women by occupational group by Rumi IIZUKA (Inter­national Institute of Communication Policy)• Unwilling part-time workers by Akira WAKISAKA (Okayama University)• Desire to work by female labourers and tendency of dependence of home labouron outsiders by Kohei WADA (Chuo University)
1998A: 50 Years of Demography in Japan• From the economic point of view by Naohiro OGAWA (Nihon University)• From the sociological point of view by Noriko TSUYA (Keio University)• From the medical and health science point of view by Ryuzaburo SATO (National
Institute of Population Problems and Social Security)• Demographic geography in the postwar fifty years and its task by Shinichi TAKA­HASHI (Kobe University)
B: Longevity and Health in the Twenty-First Century• Statistical analysis of longevity and health of the Japanese by Kazuo UEMURA(Ryutsu Keizai University)• Frontier of study on longevity and health in Japan and United States by Yasuhiko
SAITO (Nihon University)• Lengthening of life expectancy and its influence on medical expenditure by Tet­
suo FUKAWA (National Institute of Population Problems and Social Security)
The following three special sessions without discussants were spontaneously orga­
nized by application.
C: Historical Demography of the Family• Baby rearing law and the family: Did welfare policy in pre-modem Japan increase
population? by Miyuki TAKAHASHI (International Research Center for JapaneseStudies)59• Cycles of household composition in early-modem farmer villages by Aoi OKADA(Teikyo University)• Population and families of early-modem farmers looking through patterns of leaving
home by Satomi KUROSU (International Research Center for Japanese Studies) andAoi OKADA (Teikyo University)• Parent-child coresidence and demographic constraints at the beginning of the Meiji
Era by Emiko OCHIAI (International Research Center for Japanese Studies)• Family succession and demographic factors in the early-modem age: the case of
Aizu Han by Reiko TSUBOUCHI (Ryukoku University)• Family composition and productive base in Yakushima at the middle of the early­
modem age by Tsunetoshi MIZOGUCHI (Nagoya University)
D: Gender and Population Problems• Demographic transition in Japan from the viewpoint of gender by Makoto A TOH(National Institute of Population Problems and Social Security)• The elderly and gender by Hiromichi SAKAI (Seisen Jogakuin College)• Gender and migration: investigating Irish migration by Yukiko KOBAYASHI (Lon­don School of Economics)• Sex ratio at birth in East Asian countries by Kenji HAYASHI (Institute of Public
Health)• Marital status and gender in Zimbabwe by Yasuko HAYASE (Institute of Develop­
ing Economies) and Kao-Lee LIAW (McMaster University)
E: Issues Surrounding the Population Theory of Malthus• History of Japanese population from the perspective of the Essay on Populationby Malthus by Masayoshi ISHIHARA (Kanto Gakuen University)• Is Malthus antagonistic to population? by Rie HARADA (Chuo University)• The Malthus model and the Boserup model by Yoshikuni Ism (Josai University)• Capital accumulation and gender gap in the Essay on Population by Malthus by
Hiroo NOGAMI (Institute of Developing Economies)• The marriage institution in the Essay on Population by Malthus by Miho
IWASAWA(National Institute of Population Problems and Social Security)
Under the 15 themes of the special sessions, more than 50 presentations weremade and lively discussions were aroused, which showed the way for further progressin the various fields of the population studies.
International Activities
To enhance mutual understanding and cooperative work among demogra­
phers in East Asia, the Association's committee for international exchange began
its international activities in 1995 in cooperation with Japan Aging Research Cen­
ter. The committee held a special lecture session titled'Population Problems in
Asia'at the forty-eighth annual meeting of the Association in Ota City in 1996. The
lectures were On Malthus'Principles of Population by Takao SATO (Kanto Gakuen
60

University), Population problems in China by Zhen-Yu XIAO (China Institute forAging Science), Population problems in Korea by Ehn-Hyun CHOE (Korea Insti­
tute for Health and Social Affairs), and Population problems in Taiwan by Te-Hsi­
ung SUN (Research Development Committee, Taiwan Government).
Chinese and Japanese demographers held a meeting in Beijing in 1997 anddiscussed future cooperative activities on the occasion of the International Popula­tion Conference held by the International Union for the Scientific Study of Popula­tion (IUSSP).
An international forum was held at the fiftieth ann叫meeting of the Associ­ation this year. The theme was Aging: Issues in Urban Areas in East Asia. Reports
on population aging in urban areas present and in future in each country and region
were reported: in China by Shi-Xun Gur (East China Normal University), in Korea
by Ehn-Hyun CHOE (Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs), in Taiwan by
Te-Hsiung SUN (Taiwan University), and in Japan by Atsushi OTOMO (Japan Wom­en's University).
Aging issues and policies in urban areas were reported in Shanghai by Shi­
Xun GUI, in Seoul by Jong-Joo Y OON (Gerontology Association of Korea), in Tae­gu by Sung-Kook LEE (Kyungpook Medical University), in Taipei by Ming-Cheng
CHANG (Tokai University), and in Japan by Naomi MARUO (Nihon University).
T he committee is planning further joint work among East Asian demogra­
phers in the near future.
Kiyosi HIROSIMA, "Twenty Years of Japanese Family Demography", Jinkogaku Ken­kyu (Journal of Population Studies), No. 22, 1998.
Hiroyuki KANEKIYO, "Labour Force and Unemployment", Jinkogaku Kenkyu, No.
20, 1997.
Hiroshi KITO, "Historical Demography in Japan", Jinkogaku Kenkyu, No. 19, 1996.
Zenji NANJO and Takao SHIGEMATSU, "Researches on Deaths and Diseases in Ja­pan", Jinkogaku Kenkyu, No. 21, 1997.
Yoichi OKAZAKI, "Population Projections and Population Policy", Jinkogaku Ken­kyu, No. 20, 1997.
Kenji OTANI, "Twenty Years of Studies on Fertility of Japanese Population",
Jinkogaku Kenkyu, No. 20, 1997.
Haruo SAGAZA, "Development in Research of Population Structures and Ageing",
Jinkogaku Kenkyu, No. 20, 1997.
(Kiyosi HIROSIMA, Shimane University)

61THE JAPAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC FINANCE
1 The Institute's Founding
The Japan Institute of Public Finance was established in 1940, with 63 initial
members. Its first annual conference convened in the same year on October 26th,
following a commencement ceremony at Tokyo's Gakushi Kaikan. The second,
third and fourth annual conferences were in turn held from 1941 to 1943, but theintensification of the war saw further conferences suspended for the duration. The
Institute's fifth conference, and the first held in the wake of the war, opened in 1949,
with a membership of about 90.
With the seventh and eighth conferences, held respectively at Kobe Univer­sity in 1950 and the University of Tokyo in 1951, a tradition of holding an annual
conference in the fall, in either October or November, was established. A further
tradition, of having a fellowship gathering as part of the annual conference, wasalso founded at this time.
2 The Organization of the Institute
The Japan Institute of Public Finance seeks to encourage research on publicfinance, to foster the communication of the results from such research, and to facili­tate friendly relations among the membership. To these ends, the Institute holds
study and lecture meetings, publishes books and journals, and engages in othersuch activities as the directors' council deems appropriate. While the Institute does
not, at present, publish a regular journal per se, its bulletin of summaries of reports
made to the annual meeting is regarded as the equivalent.
The Institute's membership consists of researchers in the field of public fi­nance. Admission to membership is by the decision of the directors' council, and isbased on the recommendation of two current members. The admission is usually
made and announced at the Institute's annual meeting.
At present, the annual membership fee is 6,000 yen. In principle, member­ship is forfeit should a member fail to pay the fee for three consecutive years.
There are 37 directors and two auditors to manage the Institute's affairs. Of
the 37 directors, 25 are elected by the membership to three-year terms, with a maxi­
mum limit of three consecutive terms. The remaining 12 directors are chosen by
the 25 elected directors, with an emphasis on avoiding undue concentration con­ceming the institutions the directors belong to and the regions in which those insti­
tutions are located.
As of 1998, the Institute's total membership has reached 699.
3 International Activities
62

In line with the general trend towards internationalization, the Japan Instituteof Public Finance also seeks to participate in international activities. The mostimportant of these activities is the holding of international public finance confer­ences. Under the Institute's sponsorship, the International Institute of Public Fi­
nance convened its annual conference in Tokyo from September 9th to 11th, 1981.
Attendees from abroad totalled 120, and 214 researchers from within Japan were
present.
Moreover, between August 24th and 28th, 1997, the Institute hosted an inter­national conference on Public Investment and Public Finance at Kyoto's Ritsumeikan
University. For this conference, there were 265 participants from abroad, repre­
senting 45 countries, and 322 from within Japan, for a total of 587 attendees, thus
making it the largest and most diverse ever meeting of the International Institute of
Public Finance.
4-1 The 50th Conference, 1993
The 50th annual conference was held on October 29th to 30th, 1993, at Fukuoka
University. The conference's main themes were 1) structural changes in the economy
and the tax system, and 2) how best to impose local taxes on enterprises. In addi­tion, there were many reports on themes chosen by individual presenters.
The special commemorative lecture for the fiftieth anniversary of the Japan
Institute of Public Finance was given by Dr. Vito TANZI, then president of the Inter­national Institute of Public Finance and Director of Public Finance in the lntema­tional Monetary Fund. Dr. TANZI lectured on "Tax Systems and Change in Eco­nomic Structure."
An additional commemorative lecture was given by Masao OKAWA of Tokyo
International University, on "The History and Future Prospects of the Japan Insti­
tute of Public Finance."
The symposium for this conference dealt with "The Reevaluation of the Roleof Public Finance as a Counter-Cyclical Policy." Kazuo HIGO (Meikai University)
was the moderator, and Shoichi MIZUNO, Kazuo YOSHIDA (Kyoto University) andToshihiro IHORI (The University of Tokyo and Osaka University) were panelists.
4-2 The 51st Conference, 1994
The 51st conference convened at Daito Bunka University, on October 21stand 22nd, and centred on 1) current tasks for local govemmentfinance, 2) the pen­sion and health care systems and their finances, 3) international aspects of publicfinance, 4) social overhead capital and public finance, 5) public finance and envi­
ronmental problems, 6) a review of the role of goovemment.
63

A special lecture having become a tradition for the annual conference, the1994 meeting saw Torn HASHIMOTO (Osaka Gakuin University) give one under thetitle of "Between Reality, Theory and Policy."
Also featured at this convention was a symposium on tax reform, with thepanelists Hiroshi KATO (chairman of the Tax System Study Commission), Risho
TAKAOKA (chairman of Seiyu Corporation's board of directors), Hiromitsu ISHI
(Hitotsubashi University), Tatsuo HAT TA (Osaka University) and Konichi Miyamoto(Ritsumeikan University).
4-3 The 52nd Conference, 1995
The 52nd annual conference was hosted at Okayama Prefecture's Okayama
University on October 21st and 22nd. The main themes were 1) the fiscal problemsof state-affiliated institutions, 2) finances and natural disasters, 3) fiscal aspects ofageing and welfare, 4) public finance and activities for public benefit, 5) the tax
system and environmental management, and 6) the tax system and the half-century
of the postwar era. Moreover, Alan WILLIAMS gave a special presentation on "Tran­sitions in Health Care Financing: Principles and Philosophy," and the conference
also had a symposium on "Finances and Decentralization."
4-4 The 53rd Conference, 1996
The 53rd annual conference convened at Nihon University, Tokyo on Octo­
ber 26th and 27th. The main themes of this conference were 1) fiscal issues andlong-term care, 2) public finance and the environment, and 3) the land-tax system.
This conference also featured a symposium on "The Fiscal and Administrative Is­sues Concerning the Transfer of Urban Functions," whose keynote speech was given
by Takeyuki IGARASHI (National Land Agency). The other panelists for this event
included the chair, Hidehiro ICHIKAWA (Chuo University), as well as Hideki KAn(United Nations Centre for Regional Development), Seibei SAITO (Tochigi Prefec­ture), Seiji TSUNEMATSU (formerly ofDokkyo University), and Motohiko NAKAJIMA(City of Tokyo).
5 The 54th Conference, 1997
The 54th, and most recent, annual conference was held at Tokyo's Asia Uni­
versity on October 18th and 19th. Its central themes were 1) issues relating tocorporate income taxes, 2) a comprehensive treatment of problems concerning pub­lic investment, and 3) fiscal issues and decentralization. Also hosted at this event
was a symposium on "Reform of the Fiscal Investment and Loan Plan," whose
keynote speech was given by Kazuo YOSHIDA (Kyoto University) and which was
64chaired by Hiromitsu Ism (Hitotsubashi University). The other panelists wereHiroshi TAKEUCHI (Ministry of Finance), Tom NAKAKITA (Asia University), andYoshio MISAKI (Japan Banking Association).
5-1 Aspects of Current Corporate Income Taxation
The combined incidence of national and subnational corporate taxation isquite heavy in Japan, and reform of the system in a globalizing context is an impor­tant contemporary theme in Japanese fiscal studies. In this respect, Yasuyuki
HASHIMOTO (Kansai University), along with Toshiyuki UEMURA and Toshiharu
MIYAGAWA (both Kwansei Gakuin University graduate students), gave a paper atthe 1997 conference devoted to an economic analysis of Japan national-level cor­porate taxes. As for the local authorities'corporate enterprise tax, problems con­ceming uneven inter-regional distribution were reported on by Kazuyuki NAKAMURA
and Toshikichi FURUTA (both of To6t yama University). Moreover, Eiji TAJIKA(Hitotsubashi University) and Yuji Y UI (Seijo University) together presented a pa­
per on impending reforms to the national corporate income tax and the subnational
corporate enterprise tax.
5-2 Problems Concerning Public Investment
Public investment composes a large share of fiscal expenditures in Japan,
with road-building for example being in large part funded through earmarking of
the Gasoline Tax. But the effectiveness of expanding such expenditures, as a fiscal
stimulus during recessions, is increasingly regarded as dubious. At this most recent
conference, N akayuki YOSHINO (Keio University) and Keigo KAMEDA (Keio Uni­
versity graduate student) reported the results of their empirical estimation of changes
in Japanese fiscal expenditures, employing an open macro-model asset approach.
Also, Shozo KISHI (Otemon Gakuin University) presented research on problems
with fiscal resources and highways, while Tokue SHIBATA (Tokyo Keizai Univer­sity) gave a paper on fiscal issues relating to road-building.
5-3 Fiscal Issues and Decentralization
In 1995, Japan instituted the Law for the Promotion of Decentralization, andin the wake of that some progress has been made on devolution. Accordingly, someof the fiscal aspects of decentralization were taken up at the conference, which
included a paper by Jun IRIYA and Masayuki TAMAOKA (both of Kobe University)
researching the structure of postwar Japan's system of fiscal adjustment. In addi­tion, Tadashi YAMAZAKI (Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology) reported
on the problem of local autonomy and equity in local tax burdens, while Hideo
65

NAKAI (Kinki University), Hirofumi I TO (Kyushu University) and Shin SAITO (Osaka
University) jointly gave a paper on the system of fiscal responsibility among theGerman local authorities.
5-4 Open T hemes
Other themes taken up at the conference included fiscal issues relating to theenvironment, welfare, and decentralization, with some papers affording interna­
tional comparisons on these matters.
On welfare, Jun MATSUMOTO (Keio University graduate student) presented
research on taxation and public pensions, while Yasuhiro TSUKAHARA (Meiji Uni­
versity Junior College) reported findings from survey research on participants andnon-participants in social security. Also, Yoko KIMURA (Nara Women's Univer­sity) gave a paper on corporate welfare and the tax system.
Moreover, Hisae ONOZUKA (Tokyo Kasei Gakuin Junior College) and Kimiko
TAKEDA (Kyoto Prefectural University) presented a paper on family policy andtaxation.
Concerning the environment, Toru MOROTOMI (Kyoto University graduate
student) reported on environmental taxation in Denmark, Kaori YAMAMOTO (Kobe
University of Commerce graduate student) on the reform of environmental taxes inHolland, while Naosumi ATODA (Osaka University) and Yuri YOSHIDA (Osaka Uni­
versity graduate student) jointly presented their economic research on environmen­
tal taxation.
Regarding decentralization, Shuzo NISHIMURA (Kyoto University) gave a pa­
per on some implications for national health insurance, Ko KATATA (Yamanashi
Gakuin Junior College) on empirical research concerning local revenues, and Toru
NAKAZATO (The University of Tokyo graduate student) on Japan's system of fiscal
adjustment for dealing with cyclic variations in local revenues.
Papers were also given on fiscal issues in Mongolia and ASEAN countries.
Finally, Jun IKEGAMI (Fukui Prefectural University) presented a paper on con­temporary fiscal issues from the perspective of new economic paradigms involving
both social evolution and economics.
(Naohiko JINNO, T he University of Tokyo)

66

THE JAPAN SECTION OF
THE REGIONAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL
I. Regional Scientists Welcomed by Emperor --- 5th World Congress
His Majesty the Emperor and Her Majesty the Empress of Japan opened the
5th Regional Science Association International (RSAI) World Congress and thenstayed on to have tea with visiting regional scientists. It is difficult to imagine amore dramatic start for a scientific congress.
The RSAI's 5th World Congress was held in Tokyo at Rissho University dur­ing the period May 2-6, 1996. It was attended by 400 scientists, 100 spouses, and100 Japanese Ph.D. students. The participants came from 42 countries on six con­tinents. Japan supplied the most participants (182), followed by the United Stateswith 21 participants, Sweden and the United Kingdom (9 each), Korea (8), Taiwan(6), Norway and the Netherlands (5 each), and Australia, China, Indonesia, Israel
and Malaysia (4 each). The participants in the 5th World Congress were treated toseven plenary sessions including a stimulating presidential address by K. HAYNES(George Mason University), 77 concurrent sessions with 245 paper presentations,
two special symposia, five organized dinners including the formal conference din­ner, technical visits and a special session to award the Founders Medal to J. PAELINK.
Plenary sessions provided thoughtful overviews of emerging trends and is­sues, challenges and opportunities. Concurrent sessions allowed for testing of new
approaches and perspectives before a thoughtful and critical audience. There wereabundant opportunities to develop or expand scientific networks. The World Con­
gress also heightened awareness of regional science in Japan. The Congress fos­tered partnerships with public and private corporations, agencies, and organiza­
tions. Because it was a large, high profile event, it had to enhance the cachet of
regional science in the eyes of all those fortunate enough to participate.
Who made all of this possible? There are dozens of people who could belisted but a handful of key players from the Japan Section were: Hirotada KOHNO(Tokiwa University), Chair of the Local Organizing Committee; Takao FUKUCHI(Asahi University), Chair of the Fund Raising Committee; Yoshio KIMURA (Chukyo
University), Chair of the Program Committee; Katsuya FUKUOKA (Rissho Univer­sity), Chair of the Congress Venue Committee; and Yasuhiko OISHI (The Universityof Tokyo, Emeritus).
RSAI was represented in congress planning by Executive Director G. HEWINGS(University of Illinois), Past President P. NIJKAMP (Free University), and Immedi­
ate Past President L. J. GIBSON (University of Arizona).'The Organizing Commit­
tee had 34 members and the Program Committee 61 scholars from all over theworld.
Finally, it is important to recognize that a variety of partners were essential to
the success of the undertaking. The partners were important because of the subsi67

dies that they provided, but even more because they represent ties between regional
science and national and international scientific networks, corporations and gov­
emmental institutions. At the opening ceremony, two major partners were acknowl­
edged: the Japan Economic Policy Association and the Science Council of Japan.
There were also over 20 corporate-type sponsors.
II. Pacific Regional Science Conferences(1) 14th Conference in Taipei, Taiwan
The 14th meeting of the Pacific Regional Science Conference Organization(PRSCO) was held in Taipei, Taiwan during July 24-31 1995. The conference site
was at Academia Sinica in Nankang, a northeastern suburb of Taipei city. Main
themes of the conference were: 1) international trade and regional restructure; 2)urban economics and location theory; 3) transportation and spatial structure; 4)interregional environment issues; 5) population processes and regional develop­
ment; 6) public goods and local finances.
(2) 15th Conference in Wellington, New Zealand
The 15th PRSCO Conference was held in Wellington, New Zealand during
the period 8-12 December 1997. The conference was one of the three Super-re­
gional conferences that made up RSAI's 1997 conference year; it was organized for
PRSCO by the Australian and New Zealand Section of RSAI. This section held its
21st meeting in conjunction with the 15th PRSCO. Sessions were held on the cam­pus of Victoria University, hosted by the Institute of Geography and the School of
Economics and Finance.
The meeting was exceptionally well organized and scientific, practitioner,and social programs all were very strong. Local organizers P. MORRISON and J.
POOT (Victoria University) and S. BEVIN (Napier City Council) are to be congratu­
lated for their outstanding leadership. There were approximately 230 participants.
Twenty-one countries and six continents were represented. Countries sending themost delegates were Australia (65), New Zealand (44), Japan (40), the USA (32),Canada (7), Korea (6), the United Kingdom (5) and Italy and Taiwan with four
each. In all, there were 206 papers (including five plenary papers) offered in thepaper sessions.
(3) 16th Conference to be held in 1999
The next major conference of PRSCO will be held in Korea in 1999. It isbeing organized by PRSCO Vice President Sam Ock PARK and other Korean col­leagues.
(4) PRSCO Summer Institutes
PRSCO hosts one of RSAI's superregional conferences every other year. In
68,

1990, PRSCO initiated its Institutes; these are scheduled in years which do not havea full conference. The first Institute was held in Bandung, Indonesia; the second
was in 1992 in Taipei, Taiwan. The third was held on the eastern side of the PacificRegion, in Cuernavaca, Mexico in 1994.
The 4th PRSCO Summer Institute was not as large as other conferences, but
it was an outstanding affair. The Institute followed the 5th World Congress in To­
kyo and convened in Tsukuba, Japan during May 7-8, 1996. The Institute wasorganized by Hirotada KOHNO (University of Tsukuba). Some 50 scientists fromsix continents attended.
The Institute was opened by Leo ESAKI (Nobel Prize-winning President, Uni­
versity of Tsukuba), and by PRSCO President Chung-Hsin YANG. Following open­
ing ceremony there were 11 research papers offered in six concurrent sessions anda plenary session. On May 8th, five research papers were presented and there wasa well-attended plenary session on the Future Development of PRSCO.
III. Annual Domestic Conferences(1) 30th Annual Conference, Aoyama Gakuin University, 1993
The 30th Annual Conference of the Japan Section of the RSAI was held on
the city campus of Aoyama Gakuin University, Tokyo, October 16-17, 1993. About
200 Association members, including international distinguished regional scientists
L. J. GIBSON (University of Arizona), P. NIJKAMP (Free University) and G. HEWINGS(University of Illinois) participated in the Conference, and actively contributed toacademic communication. Forty papers were presented in the four concurrent ses­
sions, two chairpersons steered each session, and two discussants were assigned foreach paper. The session titles included Cost-Benefit Analysis of Public Investment,
Regional Culture, Input-Output Analysis, Local Finance, Tourism, Regional
Economy, Information and Telecommunication, Ecology, Spatial Location, Trans­
portation and Optimal City Size.
The symposium was on Festschrift in honor of Professor Doctor Yasuhiko
OISHI (The University of Tokyo, Emeritus). Four invited papers were read and thefestschrift was presented to him.
A special session was held for Festschrift in honor of Professor Doctor M.
GREENHUT (Texas A&M University). The festschrift, Does Economic Space Mat­
ter? was presented to him.
(2) 31st Annual Conference, Niigata University, 1994
The Japan Section's 1994 conference was held on the campus of the Niigata
University's College of Commerce during the period October 8-9. Forty-five pa­
pers were offered in a dozen sessions. Attendance at the conference was about 150.
Session themes were Land Use, Northeast Asia, Metropolis, Transportation(I, 11), Regional Analysis, Investment, Resource and Environment, Asian Economy,
69

and International Cooperation. In addition to the regular paper sessions, there was aspecial plenary session on the afternoon of the 9th titled Economic Development inNortheast Asia: Views and Strategies. Given Niigata's role in Northeast Asian af­
fairs, the symposium topic was clearly appropriate.
(3) 32nd Annual Conference, Rissho University, 1995
The 32nd Annual Conference of the Japan Section of the RSAI was held on
the beautiful, compact and accessible city campus of Rissho University, Tokyo,
October 7-8, 1995. About 170 Association members including once again interna­
tional distinguished regional scientists L. J. GIBSON (University of Arizona), P.
NIJKAMP (Free University) and G. HEWINGS (University of Illinois) participated.
They also enjoyed hospitality and accommodations arranged by the local organiz­ing committee Chairman, Katsuya FUKUOKA (Rissho University). Forty papers
were presented in the four current sessions, two chairpersons steered each session,and two discussants were assigned for each paper. The session titles included Land
Value, Population, Environment (I, II), China and Asia, Earthquakes, Information
and Telecommunication, Ecology, Spatial Model, Social Overhead, Regions, andOmnibuses. In the plenary session on Ecology and Development, three speakers
made lectures on Global Environment and Land Use, A Long-term Perspective on
Environment and Development in the Asia-Pacific Region, and A 'Model Forest'
Network in the Canada Area, which six panelists discussed.
(4) 33rd Annual Conference, Chukyo University, 1996
The 33rd Annual Conference of the Japan Section of the RSAI was held on
the campus of Chukyo University, Nagoya, October 26-27, 1996. About 200 Asso­
ciation members including the three regular international distinguished regional
scientists and Mr. and Mrs. J. PAELINK took part. They enjoyed hospitality ar­ranged by the local organizing committee Chairman, Yoshio KIMURA (Chukyo Uni­
versity. Forty papers were presented in the four current sessions, two chairpersons
steered each session, and two discussants were assigned for each paper. The ses­sion titles included Environment (I, II), Japan-China Problem, Theoretical Regional
Analysis, Regional Econometrics,.Local Management, Information Network, andso on.
Two symposia were held. The first one was on Frontiers of Regional Science,chaired by Takao FUKUCHI (Nagoya City University) and Yoshio KIMURA (Chukyo
University). Five papers were read. P. NIJKAMP and A. REGGIANI (Free University)in "On the Dynamics of Network Synergy" aimed to construct a dynamic, spatiallycompetitive models of actors (e.g., nodes in a network) who aim to improve theirrelative performance by a creative generation, adoption or adaptation with respect
to new techno-economic opportunities. Toshihiko MIYAGI (Gifu University) in "Re­cent Developments in Multiregional General Equilibrium Modeling: Economic
70Transportation Interaction Models" focused on recent developments of spatial com­putable general equilibrium models for estimating the spatial and economic effects
arising from transport policies as well as from improvements in transportation in­
frastructure, and searched its possibility and limitation. Makoto TAWADA (Nagoya
City University) in "International Trade Theory and Regional Economics" reviewed
researches on the relationship between international trade theory and regional eco­nomic theory, following after the P. KRUGMAN's paper written in 1991. M. SONIS(Bar Ilan University) and G. HEWINGS (University of Illinois) in "Theoretical andApplied Input-Output Analysis: A New Synthesis" represented an overview of somerecent developments, explorations and extensions of input-output analysis under­
taken during the last decade. Makoto NOBUKUNI (Nagoya City University) in "Re­search Agenda for Subregional Development in the Post-Cold War Era with Special
Attention to Northeast Asia" proposed that while trade and investment between theconventional market economies and those in transition from centrally planned
economy to free market economy had come to be a significant part of new eco­nomic frontier, the distribution of regional science studies did not shift accordinglywith such changes. The panel discussion between the above five presenters andthree panelists, Yasuhiro SAKAI (University of Tsukuba), Hiroyuki KOIDE (Nagoya
Keizai University) and Hitoshi KONDO (Nanzan University) was greatly appreci­
ated by all participants.
The second symposium was on The Movement of Capital Functions of Japan.
Four papers were read by Shogo KAWAKAMI (Nagoya University), Tatsuo HATTA(Osaka University), L.J. GIBSON (University of Arizona) and Tatsuo ITO (Yokkaichi
University). Discussions between them and two panelists, Takeo IHARA (Kagawa
University) and Etsuo Y AMAMURA (Hokkaido University), were very much appre­
ciated.
(5) 34th Annual Conference, Keiai University, 1997
The Japan Section of the RSAI held its 34th annual conference on the campusof Keiai University in Chiba. The meeting opened on Friday, September 26 with a
Board Meeting. Paper sessions were held on the 27th and 28th. Some 170 scholars
attended these sessions. There were 12 breakout-type sessions and one symposiumplus a business meeting. There were 40 papers given in the 12 breakout sessions.
The theme of the symposium was T he Advancement of Information Technology andRegional Development ..
Immediately following the Annual Conference, the 9th International Sympo­
sium was convened. On Monday, September 29, thirty-one invitees gathered at
Keiai University and focused their attention on just four papersAltwo with substan­tial policy implications and two which raised major theoretical and technical issues.
(6) 36th Annual Conference, Nagoya University, 1998
71

The 35th Japan Section Annual Conference was held on the campus of Nagoya
University, October 10-11, 1998, with the symposium Regional Science in the 21stCentury. Immediately before the Conference, an International Symposium washeld at Chukyo University, Nagoya.
IV. Publication
The Japan Section of the RSAI has published, on an annual basis, 27 volumesof Studies in Regional Science (Chiikigaku Kenkyu). Since 1990, Chiikigaku Kenkyu
has been divided into Studies in Regional Science No. 1 and Studies in Regional
Science No. 2. No. 1 is mainly based on papers selected through a strict refereesystem from those read at annual conferences, and contains the proceedings of the
JRSAI.No. 2 aims at encouraging high quality scholarship on important theoreti­
cal and empirical issues in regional and urban research, and is edited in English andselects only highly advanced papers from among those submitted.
In the last five years, volumes from 23 to 27 have been published. Table 1
shows the name of the editor, the number of articles and the total pages for each ofthem.
The editor of No.2 is Yoshio KIMURA (Chukyo University).
V.Awards
The Japan Section of the RSAI Awards were established in 1992 in com­
memoration of our thirtieth anniversary. Distinguished Service Awards were pre­sented to six members from 1993 to 1997 whose contribution to our society wasoutstanding. Best Article Awards went to seven members in the same period. Pro­
motion Awards were presented to five young members. Those who received theseAwards are listed in Table 2.
(Hitoshi MITOMO, Senshu University)72

Table 1 : Studies in Regional Science No. 1
Editor�olume (Year of Issue)
Katsuyuki KURASHIMO
Vol. 23 (1993)
Vol. 24 (1994)
Hisao NISHIOKA

Number of Articles
Pages
Research Paper 15 (2 in English) 316
Symposium
5
Research Paper
15 (3)
Research NoteVol. 25 (1995)
Makoto NOBUKUNI

Vol. 26 (1996)

Case Study
Symposium

3
3 (1)
7

Research Paper
Research Note

13 (2)
4

Case Study
Symposium
Panel Discussion

1

Research Paper
Katsuya FUKUOKA

Vol. 27 (1997)
Yoshio KIMURA

399

350

5 (3)
1
15 (3)
2

Proposal
Case Study
Symposium

4 (1)
3 (1)

Research Paper
Research Note
Case Study

8 (2)
43
4

Symposium

9 (7)

328

302

Table 2 : Winners of the Japan Section of the RSAI Awards
DistinguishedService Award
1st (1992)

2nd (1993)

Yasuhiko OISHI
Isao ORISHIMO---

3rd (1994)

Hideo IGARASHI

4th (1995)
5th (1996)

Eiji KOMETANI
Zen-ichi ITO

6th (1997)

Hirotada KOHNO

Best Article Award
Takao FUKUCHI

Promotion Award
Hitoshi MITOMO

Yoshio KIMURA
Hirotada KOHNO
Etsuo yAMAMURA
Shogo KAWAKAMI---

Takeo IHARA
Makoto NOBUKUNI

73--Keiko NAKAYAMA
Hiroyuki SHIBUSAWA
Kunihiko IWASAKI
Takaaki OKUDAJAPAN RISK MANAGEMENT SOCIETY
1. Introduction
In 1998, the Japan Risk Management Society ("JARMS") sees the 20th anni­
versary of its founding. JARMS celebrated this important milestone at Kansai Uni­
versity earlier in 1998, noting that since its founding year (1978), JARMS has hosted
20 national conferences and 60 local conferences. During this time, JARMS hascontributed significantly to the academic development and practical application ofrisk and crisis management in Japan, as well as abroad.
Through published articles in the academic journal of JARMS, the concern
and interest of our members and the insurance and broader business community canbe evidenced.
A survey of back issues of the JARMS journal highlights the recurring themeof risk management, through noting the titles of articles published. Consider thefollowing list:"Function and limit of Insurance Management" (1985)"Criminal Risks of Business and Risk Management" (1986)"Modern Society and Risk Management" (1987)"Selection of Risk Management Tools" (1989)"Business Administration and Risk Management" (1990)"International Aspect of Risk Management" (1991)"History and Future of Risk Management" (1992)"Prospects of Risk Management" (1994)"Bankruptcy and Risk Management" (1995)℃orporate Disaster and Risk Management" (1996)℃risis Management and Risk Management Adviser and Risk Management Con­sultant" (1996)"Deregulation and Risk Management" (1997)"Legal Risk Management" (1998)
2. Recent research trends
The objective of this paper, mindful of the recurring theme of risk manage­
ment, is to examine research trends concerning risk management.
The fundamental task of risk management study, research and implementa­tion is to manage the variety of risks that have the potential to effect individuals,organizations, corporations, and other entities.
Because risk management is such a fundamental factor in the process of mak­ing consumer and business decisions, the process of risk control and risk financecan be affected from time to time by the environment in which such decisions are
made. In other words, circumstances at different times are bound to produce new74

risks. As a result, the risk manager must estimate and, as accurately as possible,
predict such changes of environment and use their best endeavors to minimize thelosses suffered by entities that face such risks.
Considering that, broadly speaking, the community at large (and particularly
the insurance industry) became aware of and sensitized to risk management con­cepts and issues after the middle of the 20th Century, we can identify three particu­
lar circumstances that illustrate the contemporary risk management approaches andpolicy.
• Catastrophic events that cause destruction and loss (e.g. the Great Hanshin Earth­quake in 1995 and the poison gas incident caused by the Aum cult in 1995).
• The reform process of the Japanese financial system - the so called "Japanese
Big Bang" (since1996 and on-going)• The occurrence of, and resultant erosion of consumer confidence by, bankrupt­
cies within the banking, securities and life insurance sectors of the Japanese
economy (since 1996).
3. Great Hanshin Earthquake
In response to this event, JARMS took an active part as a representative in­dustry organization, in an academic context, in the following ways:• collation and publication of relevant papers, written by academic members, in
relation to the earthquake;• organizing a symposium entitled "Earthquake Losses and Risk Management";• convening national academic meetings with the theme of "Corporate Losses
and Risk Management".
Through these activities, JARMS, the industry, and the media reached con­clusions about how risk control and risk finance methods might be adopted andapplied in situations involving such unpredictable events causing catastrophic dam­age and subsequent loss.
4. Reform of the Japanese financial system - the so called "Japanese Big Bang"
In 1997 JARMS organized and convened a national meeting with the double
theme of Deregulation and Risk Management and Reforming Insurance Business
Law and Risk Management.
This was a response to the new insurance business law recently introduced (in1996), which has effectively created a new operating environment for the insurance
industry for the first time in over 5 decades (the last revision of the legislation
having taken place 56 years ago).
As a consequence, the need to understand and appreciate the new structure,and focus on the critical new features of the new insurance business legislation has
become self evident. Some of the new features include:75• a mutual entry system between life and non-life insurance companies throughthe use of subsidiaries, which means that life insurance companies can also sell
non-life insurance (vice versa), that is, change from single company to com­posite company. Therefore, this also means that competition is promoted among
msurance compames.
• the introduction of a "new entrant" insurance broker (a full-time specialist in­termediary offering a service on the basis of a reasonable standard of profes­
sional expertise and competence and offering advice and arranging insurance
as agent for the insured). Brokers had not been participants in the market until
the introduction of the new legislation.
• the switch from a "prior approval" of premium system to a "notification" sys­
tem for certain products. This means a shift from the same rates, same productin the so-called "No-drop out policy" of the Ministry of Finance to rate settingby each company degree by degree;
These three changes, together with others, will assist in the overall "liberal­
ization" of the Japanese insurance market and thus theoretically increase the levelof competition. An increased number of players in a field of commerce equateswith an increased level of competition, which ought to lead to cheaper and better
products, as well as quicker service.
However, although competition amongst insurance providers is thought nec­
essary for the benefit of consumers, such competition also brings with it the added
burden of managing the consequent increase in a variety of management and mar­keting risks involved with the operations of competitive insurance companies. An
excess of competition has the potential to bring negative effects to the market (bothto insurers and consumers alike).
Thus the important effects on free and stable market competition that willflow from adequate and accurate risk management will be seen only if it is possible
to assess and manage the performance of products in term of the returns generated
against the risks involved.
5. Future Issues of Risk Management• More attention to market risk, investment risk and management risk
Risk is divided into two types: pure risk and speculative risk. Examples ofpure risk are fire, earthquake, traffic accidents etc. and many of these risks are
traditional and measurable ones. We have tried to treat them mainly by the insur­
ance system. But the frequency and damage of speculative risks like market risk,
investment risk, and management risk of companies are higher and larger and more
unexpected than many pure risks, and difficult or impossible to treat by the insur­
ance system.
Needless to say, pure risks and speculative risks hit the individual person,
family, company and nation at the same time, but the predictability of occurrence of76

almost all speculative risks is difficult and may bring unexpectedly huge losses.
Every economic entity has the possibility of speculative risk, and in particularfinancial institutions like banks, security companies and insurance companies bear
more market risk and investment risk than other types of industry. The stability andefficiency of financial institutions are critical to the performance of the entire
economy. Therefore, we at JARMS ought to pay more attention to market risk,
investment risk, management risk of financial services sector.
• The need for global standards of risk management
As markets have become increasingly global, the volume of cross-border fi­
nancial activity has increased. A consequence is that competition in many financial
markets occurs globally, rather than at the national or regional level, presenting
both opportunities and the menace of risks for financial service providers. These
provide the basis for the need of risk management study and research about market
risk, investment risk and market or marketing risk.
Market risk, investment risk and management risk are typical risks that will
occur across borders almost all simultaneously. These risks may occur in eachcountry, but they are often connected with each other and may cause a chain reac­tion. This is the main reason why we need to exchange information about the cause
and effect of these cross-border risks and need to do research into other countries'
risk situation.
JARMS has connections with both the Korea Risk Management Society and
the Taiwan Risk Management Society and exchanges of guest speakers at meetings
every year. These kinds of academic exchange will contribute to sharing eachcountry's valuable information about risk management. Through these activities,
JARMS will surely lead to making ready some fundamental global guidelines aboutrisk management in the near future.
The coming 22th JARMS academic meetings will be held at Tohoku Fukushi
University in September in 1999.
(Kazuo UEDA, Senshu University)77List of Member Associations

ニニ;·-·-�1998

響

THE JAPAN ACCOUNTING ASSOCIATION

日本会計研究学会·Established: 1937
·Number of Members: 1,654·President: Masa-atsu TAKADA (Kyoto Gakuen University)·Publication: Monthly bulletin, Kaikei (Accounting)·Liaison Office of the Japan Accounting Association
c/o Moriyama Co., Hayashi Building,
1-10, Nishiki-cho, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0054, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kyoto Gakuen University on September 9-11, 1999.

THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SOCIETY OF JAPAN(Formerly: THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC SOCIETY OF JAPAN)

日本農業経済学会·Established: 1924
·Number of Members: honorary 28, regular 1,212, associate (students) 208, cooperative 23·Chairman: Takaaki OHTAHARA (Hokkaido University)·Publication: Bulletin of the Society, Nogyokeizai Kenkyu (Journal of Rural Economics)- quarterly·The Agricultural Economics Society of Japan
c/o Business Center for Academic Societies of Japan,
5-16-9, Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8622, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Rakuno Gakuen University on July 24-25, 1999 with thesymposium℃hanges in Japanese Agricultural Policy."

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR APPLIED MANAGEMENT (JSAM)

実践経営学会·Established: 1967
·Number of Members: 543·President: Takatsugu NATO (Emeritus, Nihon University)·Publication: The Practice of Management (No. 1-35)
News Letter - twice a year
·Japan Society for Applied Management (JSAM)
c/o Assistatn Professor Takashi HIROI
College of Economics, Nihon University,
1-3-2, Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8360, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kinki University on September 3-5, 1999 with thesymposium "The Rebirth of Japanese Economy and the Renewal of Japanese Manufacturers."

78

麗瓢鵬瓢瓢疇鵬ー，丑干THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR ASIAN POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC STUDIES

アジア政経学会·Established: 1953
·Number of Members: 1,000·President: Tomoyuki KOJIMA (Keio University)·Publication: Asian Studies - quarterly·Japan Association for Asian Political and Economic Studies
c/o Professor Ryosei KOKUBUN
Faculty of Law, Keio University,
2-15-45, Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan.

JAPAN AUDITING ASSOCIATION

日本監査研究学会·Established: 1978
·Number of Members: 429·President: Nobuo HIDA (Chuo University)·Publication: Monograph, Research Series - once a year
Modem Auditing - semi-annual journal·Japan Auditing Association
c/o Faculty of Business Administration, Kobe University,
2-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held in November, 1999.

JAPAN SOCIETY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

日本経営学会·Established: 1926
·Number of Members: 2,077·President: Tasuku NOGUCHI (Soka University)·Publication: Keieigaku Ronshu - once a year
Journal of Business Management - twice a year
·Japan Society of Business Administration
c/o The Office for Management Research,
Faculty of Commerce, Hitotsubashi University, Dai 2 Kenkyukan,
2-1, Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8601, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Doshisha University in the fall of 1999 with the symposium"A New Century and Revolution of Business Management."79

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THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR RESEARCH ON
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATIVE BEHAVIOR

経営行動研究学会·Established: 1991
·Number of Members: individual 360, corporate 5·Representative: Toshio KIKUCHI (Nihon University)·Publication: The Annals of The Japan Association for Research on Business Administrative
Behavior
News Letter·The Japan Association for Research on Business Administrative Behavior
c/o The Institute of Business Administrative Behavior,Tokyo Chuo Building, 401, 4-4-8, Iidabashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0072, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Waseda University on July 19-20, 1999.

JAPAN BUSINESS ENGLISH ASSOCIATION (JBEA)

日本商業英語学会·Established: 1934
·Number of Members: honorary 4, regular 225, supporting 3: total 232·President: Katsumi ITO (Waseda University)·Publication: Nihon Shogyo Eigo Gakkai Kenkyu Nempo (]BEA Annual Studies) - annually·Japan Business English Association
c/o Professor Koji TSUBAKI
School of Commerce, Waseda University,
1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Toyo Gakuen University of Foreign Studies on October
9-10, 1999.

BUSINESS HISTORY SOCIETY OF JAPAN

経営史学会·Established: 1964
·Number of Members: personal 860, institutioal 38·President: Hiroaki YAMAZAKI (Tokai Gakuen University)·Publication: Japan Business History Review - quarterly
Japan Yearbook for Business History - annually·Business History Society of Japan
c/o Institute of Social Science, The University of Tokyo,
7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Chukyo University on October 23-24, 1999 with thecommon theme "Problems in the Methodology of Business History."攀ずダタぶ--ふ� ぶ' .-→磁響:

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80

JAPAN SOCIETY OF BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
日本経営数学会·Established: 1959
·Number of Members: 135·President: Shigeo OHTSUKI (Musashi Institute of Technology)·Publication: Journal of Japan Society of Business Matehmatics·Japan Society of Business Mathematics
c/o Professor Akira UCHINO,
School of Commerce, Senshu University,
2-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8580, JapanThe next annual conference will be held at Senshu Umversity on June 4-5, 1999.

CIRIEC Japanese Section(Japan Society of Research and Information on Public and Co-operative Economy)
国際公共経済学会（公共•協同経済国際研究情報センタ ー 日本支部）·Established: 1985
·Number of Members: individual 318, cooperative 16·Representative: Shunzo NITTA (Toyo University)·Publication: International Public Economy Study·CIRIEC Japanese Section
c/o Professor Shunzo NITIA
Faculty of Economics, Toyo University,
5-28-20, Hakusan, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8606, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held in December, 1999.

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR COMMODITY SCIENCE
日本商品学会·Established: 1935
·Number of Members: regular 270, foreigner 12 and supporting 2·President: Masao UNO (Josai Kokusai University)·Publication: Quarterly bulletin, Shahin Kenkyu (Studies on Commodities)·Japan Society for Commodity Sciencec/o Hitotsubashi University,
2-1, Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8601, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Senshu University on May 21-22, 1999.

81

THE ASSOCIATION FOR COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC STUDIES(Formerly:THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY IN SOICALIST ECONOMIES)

比較経済体制学会·Established: 1967
·Number of Members: 246·Chief Representative: Fumio ASHIDA (Ritsumeikan University)·Publication: Bulletin of the Association for Comparative Economic Studies - annually·The Association for Comaparative Economic Studies
c/o Associate Professor Masahiko YosHn
Faculty of Economics, Kobe University,
2-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
The next annual meeting will be held at Yokohama National University on June 4-5, 1999.

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF MANAGEMENT(Formerly: ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF SOCIALIST ENTERPRISE)

比較経営学会·Established: 1976
·Number of Members: 254·President: Masaki NAKATA (Ritsumeikan University)·Publication: Annual Report of Japan Association for the Comparative Studies of Management·Japan Association for the Comparative Studies of Management
c/oProfessor Masaki NAKATA
Faculty of Business Administration, Ritsumeikan University,
1-1-1, Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu-shi, Shiga 525-8577, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Ritsumeikan University on March 29-30, 1999 withthe unified theme "Enterprise System and the Role of Government in Transition."JAPAN ACADEMY FOR CONSUMPTION ECONOMY

日本消費経済学会·Established: 1974
·Number of Members: 503·Chief Representative: Shigeru NISHIMURA (Takushoku University)·Publication: Annals of the Japan Academy for Consumption Economy·Japan Academy for Consumption Economy
c/o Faculty of Commerce, Takushoku University,
3-4-14, Kohinata-cho, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0006, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Koriyama Women's University and College on June 3-5,
1999. The theme will be "Problems to be solved on the Consumption Economy in the 21stCentury."82

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JAPANESE ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION(Formerly: THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMICS AND ECONOMETRICS)

日本経済学会·Established: 1934
·Number of Members: 2,538·President: Michihiro OHYAMA·Publication: The Japanese Economic Review·Japanese Economic Association
c/o The Institute of Statistical Research,
1-18-16, Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0004, JapanThe next Spring meeting will be held at Kagawa University on May 15, 1999·and the Autumn
meeting will be held at The University of Tokyo on October 16-17, 1999.

THE SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY

経済社会学会·Established: 1966
·Number of Members: 351·President: Masakatsu TAMURA (Waseda University)·Publication: The Annual of the Society of Economic Sociology·The Society of Economic Sociology
c/o Professor Masakatsu TAMURA
School of Social Science, Waseda University,
1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Ryukyu University in October·1999.

THE SOCIETY FOR THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT

経済学史学会·Established: 1950
·Number of Members: 858·President: Takashi NEGISHI (Aoyama Gakuin University)·Publication: The Annual Bulletin of the Society for the History of Economic Thought
The Society for the History of Economic Thought Newsletter
The Proceedings of Annual Meeting·The Society for the History of Economic Thought
c/o Professor Nobuyuki ISHII
School of Economics, Aoyama Gakuin University,
4-4-25, Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8366, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kumamoto Gakuen University in the early November,
1999.

83

THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHERS

経済地理学会·Established: 1954
·Number of Members: 757, patronage members: 6·.President: Keiichi TAKEUCHI (Komazawa University)·Publication: Keizai Chirigaku Nempo (Annals ofthe JapanAssociation ofEconomic Geographers)- quarterly·The Japan Association of Economic Geographers
c/o Division of Contemporary of Economics, Hitotsubashi University, East Bldg.,
2-1, Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8601, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Chukyo University on May 22-24, 1999.

JAPAN ECONOMIC POLICY ASSOCIATION

日本経済政策学会·Established: 1940
·Number of Members: individuals 1,273, institutional 6·President: Hiromi YOKO! (Nagoya Gakuin Univresity)·Publication: Nippon Keizai Seisaku Gakkai Nempo (The Annals of the Japan Economic Policy
Association) - annually·Japan Economic Policy Association
c/o Institute of International Sciences, Nagoya Gakuin University,
1350, Kamishinano-cho,.Seto-shi, Aichi 480-1298, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Tokai University (Shonan Campus) on May 29-30,
1999 with the symposium "The Framework of Policy Crisis-Seeking for New Principles of
Economic Policy-."

JAPAN FINANCE ASSOCIATION

日本経営財務研究学会·Established: 1977
·Number of Members: 479·President: Michihiro IKOMA (Kinki University)·Publication: The Annual Report of the Japan Finance Association - annually·Japan Finance Association
c/o Faculty of Business Administration, Kobe University,
2-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Shiga University on October 23-24, 1999.

84

JAPAN ACADEMY FOR FOREIGN TRADE (JAFT)

日本貿易学会·Established: 1960
·Number of Members: 451·President: Hiroichi IINUMA (Wako University)·Publication: The Annual Bulletin of the Japan Academy for Foreign Trade
JAFT News - twice yearly·Japan Academy for Foreign Trade
c/o Professor Teruyuki MIYAKE
Faculty of Economics, Wako University,
2160, Kanai-cha, Machida-shi, Tokyo 195-8505, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Shizuoka Sangyo University on June 4-6, 1999.

THE SOCIETY FOR INDUSTRIAL STUDIES

産業学会·Established: 1975
·Number of Members: 334·Representative: Teruhiko ISHIZAKI (Kanagawa University)·Publication: Annals of The Society for Industrial Studies Japan·The Society for Industrial Studies
c/o Institute for Economic Research, Osaka City University,
3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka-shi 558-0022, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kanagawa University at YokohamaCity on June 2-3,
1999 with the symposium "Strategic Responces of the Japanese, the American, and the European
Industries to Globalization."

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INSURANCE SCIENCE

日本保険学会·Established: 1940
·Number of Members: honorary 9 including two foreigners, ordinary 1,319 including 39 foreigners,
supporting organizations 88·Chairman: Yasushi MORIMIYA (Meiji University)·Publication: Journal of Insurance Science (Hoken-gaku Zassh1) - quarterly·The Japanese Society of Insurance Science
c/o The Non-Life Insurance Institute of Japan,
2-9, Kanda Awaji-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101°8335, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kobe University on October 23-24, 1999.

85

JAPANESE ASSOCIATION FOR INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STUDIES

国際会計研究学会·Established: 1984
·Number of Members: 493·President: Satoru KAMIMORI (Toa University)·Publication: Kokusai Kaikei Kenkyu Gakkai Nempo (Annual Report of Japanese Association
for International Accounting Studies)·Japanese Association for international Accounting Studies
c/o Professor Satoru KAMIMORI
School of Business Administration, Toa University,
2-1, Ichinomiya Gakuen-cho, Shimonoseki-shi 751-0807, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Hokkaido University in July, 1999.

THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS

国際経済学会·Established: 1950
·Number of Members: individual's 1,272, corporate 12·President: Makoto IKEMA (Hitotsubashi University)·Publication: Kokusai-Keizai (International Economy) - two issues a year
·The Japan Society of International Economics
c/o Professor Haruo OGA wA
Faculty of International Relations, Asia University,
5-24-10, Sakai, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8629, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Osaka Sangyo University on October 22 (symposium),
23 and 24, 1999.

JAPAN LOGISTICS SOCIETY

日本物流学会·Established: 1983
·Number of Members: individual 326, corporate 17·President: Masao UNO (Josai Kokusai University)·Publication: Journal of Japan Logistics Society·Japan Logistics Society
c/o Professor Osamu NISHIZAwA
School of Commerce, Waseda University
1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Tokyo University of Merchantile Marine undecided in
September, 1999.

86

NIPPON ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT EDUCATION

日本経営教育学会·Established: 1979
·Number of Members: individual 841, corporate 12·Representative Manager: Mitsuo MORIMOTO (Aoyama Gakuin University)·Publication: Annals of the Nippon Academy of Management Education, published by theadministrative office of the academy·Nippon Academy of Management Education
c/o Yamashiro Keiei Kenkyujo,
4-8-4, lidabashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0072, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held atToyo University inJune, 1999 and HiroshimaPrefectural
University in autumn, 1999.

THE ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY

経営哲学学会·Established: 1984
·Number of Members: 342·Representative Manager: Tadashi MITO (Chukyo University)·Publication: Keiei Tetsugaku Ronshu (The·Annual Report of the Academy of Management
Philosophy)·The Academy of Management Philosophy
c/oProfessor Koji OHIRA, Meiji Gakuin University,
1-2-37, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0071, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Chuo Gakuin University (Chiba), 1999.

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

日本経営システム学会·Established: 1981
·Number of Members: regular 427, advisory 3, corporate 7·President: Tomonori NISHKAWA (Toyohashi Sozo College)·Publication: Journal ofJapan Association for Management Systems, biannually and JAMS NEWS,- quarterly·Japan Association for Management Systems
c/o Ballard Heim No. 703, 1-20-3, Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, JapanThe 22nd national conference is supposed to be held at Takushoku University on May 8-9, 1999
with some topic of the Progress of Information Technology and Management Systems.

87

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THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MONETARY ECONOMICS
日本金融学会·Established: 1943
·Number of Members: 1,052·President: Ryoichi MIKITANI (Kobe Gakuin University)·Publication: Review of Monetary and Financial Studies - biannually·The Japan Society of Monetary Economics
c/o Toyo Keizai Shinpo-sha,
1-2-1, Hongoku-cho, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku Tokyo 103-0021, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Meiji University in Spring, 1999.

JAPAN SOCIETY OF MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION(Formerly: JAPAN SOCIETY OF COMMERCIAL SCIENCES)
日本商業学会·Established: 1951
·Number of Members: honorary 6, ordinary 880, supporting companies 16·President: Masanori TAMURA (Kobe University)·Publication: Journal of Marketing and Distribution - twice a year
·Japan Society of Marketing and Distribution
c/oThe Distribution Economics Institute of Japan,
The 3rd T.O.C. Bldg., 7-23-1, Nishigotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0031, JapanThe 1999 Annual Conference will be held at Okayama College of Commerce on May 28-30,
under the theme "Revolution in Distribution Policies."

THE ACADEMIC ASSOCIATION FOR ORGANIZATIONAL SCIENCE
組織学会·Established: 1959
·Number of Members: individual 1,572, company 22·President: Ikujiro NONAKA (Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Hokuriku)·Publication: Organizational Science - quarterly·The Academic Association for Organizational Science
c/o Keiei Kenkyujo,
1-36, Kandajinbo-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo I 01-0051, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kyoto University on June 5-6, 1999 with the symposium℃reating a New Organizational Science in Japan."88

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR PERSONNEL AND LABOR RESEARCH

日本労務学会·Established: 1970
·Number of Members: 799·Representative Director: Koji OKUBAYASHI (Kobe University)·Publication: Annual Report of Japan Society for Personnel and Labor Research·Japan Society for Personnel and Labor Researchc/oProfessor Koji OKUBAYASHI
School of Business Administration, Kobe University,
2-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Yokohama University of Commerce on June 4-6, 1999,
with the symposium℃urrent Problems of Employment and Human Resources Management."

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR PLANNING ADMINISTRATION

日本計画行政学会·Established: 1977
·Number of Members: 1,312·President: Takashi FUJII (Rissho University)·Publication: Planning Administration - quarterly·Japan Association for Planning Administration
c/o The Institute of Statistical Research,
1-8-16, Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0004, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at The University of Tokyo on September 17-18, 1999 withthe symposium "Long-Term Scenarios in the 21st Century and the Planning Administration."JAPAN SOCIETY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

経済理論学会·Established: 1959
·Number of Members: 1,013·Chief Representative: Koji MORIOKA (Kansai University)·Publication: The Annual Bulletin of the Society ofPolitical Economy - annually·Japan Society of Political Economy
c/o Professor Koji MORIOKA
Faculty of Economics, Kansai University,
3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8680, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Hosei University in October, 1999.

89

THE POLITICAL ECONOMY AND ECONOMIC HISTORY SOCIETY(Formerly: THE AGRARIAN HISTORY SOCIETY)

土地制度史学会·Established: 1948
·Number of Members: 914·Representative Director: Akira HARA (The University of Tokyo)·Publication: Tochi Seido Shigaku (The Journal of Political Economy and Economic History)- quarterly·The Political Economy and Economic History Society
c/o Professor Kazutoshi KASE
Institute of Social Science, The University of Tokyo,
7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kyoto University on October or 30-31, 1999.

THE POPULATION ASSOCIATION OF JAPAN

日本人口学会·Established: 1948
·Number of Members: 376, honorary 10, students 24, special corporate 4, corporate 4·President: Shigemi KONO (Reitaku University)·Publication: Jinkogaku Kenkyu (The Journal of Population Studies)·Population Association of Japan
c/o Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Ministry of Health and Welfare,
1-2-3, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0013, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Hokkaido Tokai University on June 5-6, 1999.

JAPAN PORT ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION

日本港湾経済学会·Established: 1962
· Number of Members: 350· Representative Manager: Toshiro KITANI (Shizuoka Sangyo University)·Publication: Ko wan Keizai Kenkyu (The Annual Report ofthe Japan Port Economics Association)·Japan Port Economics Association
c/o Yokohama Kowan Kaikan,
279, Yamashita-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama, 231-0023, Japan

90

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日本財政学会· Established: 1940
·Number of Members: 711·Chairman: Naohiko JINNO (The University of Tokyo)· Publication: Annual Report of the Japan Institute of Public Finance·The Japan Institute of Public Financec/o The Institute of Statistical Research,
1-18-16, Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0004, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Shimane University of Commerce, 1999.
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公益事業学会·Established: 1949
·Number of Members: regular members 425, corporation members 75·Chairman: Hiroshi SASAKI (Kobe University)·Publication: Journal of Public Utility Economics·Koeki Jigyo Gakkai ( The Japan Society of Public Utility Economics)
c/o 1-12-31, Minamiaoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107,-0062 JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Hirosaki University on June 5-6, 1999 under the theme"Economic Structural Reform and Public Utility Industries."

THE JAPAN SECTION OF THE REGIONAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL

日本地域学会·Established: 1962
·Number of Members: 665·President: Shogo KAWAKAMI (Nagoya University)·Publication: Studies in Regional Science (Chiikigaku Kenkyu)- the Journal of the Japan SectionofRSA! Vol. 28. No. 1 (in Japanese) & No. 2 (in English) - annually·The Japan Section of the Regional Science Association International
c/o Professor Yoshiro HIGANO
Institute of Agricultural and Forest Engineerig, University of Tsukuba,
1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba Science City 305-8572, JapanThe next 36th annual meeting will be held at Kumamoto University on October 2-3, 1999. A
tentative theme of the symposium, which wil be open to the public, is "Re-Activation of theCentral Districts of the Local City."
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日本リクスマネジメント学会·Established: 1978
·Number of Members: individual 465, supporting 41·Representative Management: ToshiakiKAMEI (Kansai University)·Publication: ]ARMS Report (Report and Insurance Management)·Society for the Study of Risk Management
c/o Professor Toshiaki KAMEi
School of Commerce, Kansai University,
3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8680, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Tohoku Fukushi University in September, 1999.
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THE SOCIETY FOR THE ECONOMIC STUDIES OF SECURITIES

証券経済学会·Established: 1966
·Number of Members: 535·Representative: Yoshinori SUZUKI (Kanagawa University)·Publication: Annals of the Society for the Economic Studies of Securities - annually·Society for the Economic Studies of Securities
c/o Japan Securities Research Institute,Tokyo Shoken Kaikan,
1-5-8, Nihonbashi-Kayaba-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0025, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Keio University in Spring 1999.

THE SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF SOCIAL POLICY、社会政策学会·Established: 1950
·Number of Members: 930·Representative: Setsu ITO (Showa Women's. University)·Publication: SHAKAISEISAKU GAKKAI NEMPO (Annual of the Society for the Study ofSocial Policy)·Society for the Study of Social Policy
c/o Institute of Women's Culture,
I-7, Taishido, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 154-8533, JapanThe next annual meetings will be held in Spring 1999 with the symposium "The State and theRegion in Social Policy," and in autumn 1999 with the symposium "Labor Issues in Changing
Society."�

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社会経済史学会·Established: 1930
·Number of Members: 1,272·Representative Director: Yasuo OKADA (Keio University)·Publication: Shakai Keizai Shigaku (Socio-Economic History) - bimonthly·Shakai Keizaishi Gakkai (Socio-Economic History Society)c/o Professor N. NAMBU
School of Political Science and Economics, Waseda University,
1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kyoto University on May 29-30, 1999 with the symposiumof Hostorial Aspects of Regional Integration."JAPAN STATISTICAL SOCIETY

日本統計学会·Established: 1931
·Number of Members: 1,436·President: Nariaki SUGIURA (Tsukuba University)·Publication: Journal of the Japan Statistical Society - biannually·Japan Statistical Society
c/o The Institute of Statistical Mathematics,
4-6-7, Minami-Azabu, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-8569, JapanThe next annual meeting will be hosted by Okayama University of Science, Okayama, and heldon July 28-31, 1999.

JAPAN SOCIETY OF TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS

日本交通学会·Established: 1941
·Number of Members: 402 regular members including 7 advisory individuals and 44 special
corporations·President: Yataro Furn (Keio University)·Publication: Kotsugaku Kenkyu (Annual Report of Transportation Economics)·Japan Society of Transportation Economics (Nihon Kotsu Gakkai)
c/o Unyu-Chosa-Kyoku,
7-1-1, Ueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-0005, JapanThe next annual Meeting will be held at Waseda University in October, 1999.

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NIPPON URBAN MANAGEMENT AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH ASSOCIATION
日本地方自治研究学会·Established: 1984
·Number of Members: individual 350, group 6·Representative Manager: NOBORU KITA (Tokyo International University)·Publication: Journal of Urban Management and Local Government Research (Annals ofNippon
Urban Management and Local Government Research Association)·Nippon Urban Management and Local Government Research Association
c/o Seibunsha Pub. Co.,
7-2, Minami-Ogimachi, Kita-ku, Osaka 530-0052, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Kwansei Gakuin University in November, 1999 (thedates and common theme are undecided).

94

New Membership 1998
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THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE OF ACCOUNTING
会計理論学会DATE OF ESTABLISHMENT: 6 September, 1986
OBJECTIVE:
The comprehensive study of A ccounting theory as Social science
NUMBER OF MEMBERS:
individual 194, corporate 20
REPRESENTATIVE:
Hidekazu NOMURA (Nihon Fukushi University)
ANNUAL MEETINGS:
Nation-wide meeting―once a year
PUBLICATION:
Annals of The Japan Society for Social Science of Accounting
ADDRESS:THE JA PA N SOCIETY FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE OF ACCOUNTING
c/o Professor Sadao KONDO
Faculty of Business Administration, Komazawa University,
1-23-1, Komazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 154-0036, JapanThe next annual meeting will be held at Hachinohe University in mid-October, 1999.

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This Information Bulletin is designed to serve as an introduction of the academic activities ofmember associations of the Union to economic societies throughout the world.

Copies will be

distributed by the secretariat of the Union to libraries and institutions in other countries whosenames have been given by member associations of the Union.