HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS
Hiroshima Peace InstituteVol. 2 No. 4 March 2000

China and prospects for preventive diplomacy in the Asia-PacificBy Nobumasa Akiyama
The quest for preventive diplomacy in the Asia-Pacific began withthe establishment of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in 1994. Since
then, some commentators have voiced skepticism over the evolution of
preventive diplomacy in the region. Granted, the region's politicalenvironment differs from that of Europe, where such frameworks havebeen in place for some time. The Asia-Pacific is characterized by its
diversity, comprising, as it does, several types of states, including western
democratic countries such as the United States and Australia, communist
China, and small, developing states such as Laos. Many countries in theregion, particularly those in Asia, are still strongly oriented toward
economic development, and regard national sovereignty as being of
utmost importance. Under these circumstances, it is only natural thatpreventive diplomacy, having experienced teething problems, is only now
beginning to find its shape. As a result, it is better to withhold judgementon whether or not the region's experiment with preventive diplomacy has
succeeded.
Meanwhile, most agree that the ARF's effectiveness as a framework

President of 2000 NPT ReviewConference visits HPIof preventive diplomacy will depend on whether China, a regional power,
can be persuaded to commit itself to regional security. In that sense, theARF was at least successful in involving China in a multilateral security
dialogue. However, it remains to be seen how China will respond to theidea of preventive diplomacy, which may determine its future role in theregion. The first Joint Conference of the Japan-China Preventive
Diplomacy Research Group provided a much-needed opportunity tosound out China's attitude toward preventive diplomacy. Following is a
discussion of China's stance on the issue, illustrated by several matters
brought up at the conference "Potential and prospects of preventive
diplomacy in Asia and the Pacific," held on February 10 at theInternational House of Japan in Tokyo.
The fact that most of the Chinese participants acknowledged theimportance of preventive diplomacy could be taken as a sign that China isbecoming more aware of its role and responsibilities in the region, and isdeepening its understanding of regional cooperation. In addition, China
chaired the ARF Inter-Sessional Supporting Group (ISG) on ConfidenceBuilding Measures in 1997. However, a more detailed examination ofcomments made by Chinese representatives at the conference suggest thecountry is still handling preventive diplomacy with caution.
Continued on Page 6-①

Cause for optimism on Korean Peninsula stability

Ambassador Abdallah Baali, permanent
representative of Algeria to the United Nations, who will
be presiding over the 2000 NPT Review Conference, isconfident progress will be made at the conference, due tobe held from April 24 to May 19 in New York. Baali
made the comments during a visit to Hiroshima on
March 12, when he also discussed nuclear disarmament and related
issues with researchers at the Hiroshima Peace Institute.
The conference's prospects have been described as gloomy, due tosuch issues as continuing international dismay over the nuclear tests
by India and Pakistan, the refusal of the U.S. Senate to ratify the
CTBT, and the delay in ratification of STARTⅡ by the Russian Duma.
Baali acknowledged the conference would be "difficult," andhighlighted the need for nuclear weapon states to take a lead. "Unless
nuclear weapon states make concessions to non-nuclear states, theconference will make hardly any progress. I hope there will be somesuccess, which would promote the signing and ratification of the
CTBT, and Russia's ratification of STARTⅡ."
Baali, who was on his second visit to Japan, but first toHiroshima, said: "I was very moved by what I saw. We have heard andread about the city, but it is a little bit different when you come and see
it with your own eyes." He said he understood the magnitude of thesuffering experienced by survivors of the atomic bombing. Regarding
the role of Hiroshima and HPI, he said, "I hope you will act withmoral authority in (the movement for) nuclear disarmament."
By Kazumi Mizumoto, associate professor at HPI

2nd symposium on peace in Northeast Asia held in Kyoto

By Kazumi Mizumoto

CONTENTSThe NPT regime and prospects for the Review Conference ― By Ambassador Thomas Graham, Jr. ………………2
Kosovo's interim administration faces myriad challenges ― By Yoshifumi Okamura …………………………………3
Internet access to the FIRST database system ― By Gerd Hagmeyer-Gaverus and Niklas Oxeltoft ……………4〜5
Monterey Institute creating nonproliferation community ― By Masafumi Kaneko ……………………………………7
Diary …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………8Experts on Northeast Asian security called for concerted efforts toencourage North Korea to play a responsible role in international society
to maintain stability, and to prevent conflicts and the proliferation of
weapons of mass destruction and missiles on the Korean Peninsula.
In a three-day symposium held at Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto
from December 15, 1999, about 40 participants from Japan, South Korea
and China, as well as those from the United States, Russia and Europe,exchanged views on issues related to the peninsula, which has been
affected by economic difficulties and famine. There is also international
concern over suspected nuclear weapons and missile development.
The symposium, titled "Korea and the Search for Peace in Northeast
Asia," was co-organized by the university and the Hiroshima Peace
Institute (HPI), and was sponsored by the United Nations trust fund. It
was the second symposium of its kind, the first having taken place inDecember 1998.
The event was attended by researchers, diplomats, journalists andinternational agency officials from nine countries. They included Robert
Scalapino, professor at the University of California, Berkeley, andYasushi Akashi, former U.N. Undersecretary General for Humanitarian
Affairs and former president of HPI, who chaired the symposium.
In a keynote speech titled "The Korean Peninsula-Prospects andPolicies," Scalapino presented a cautiously optimistic view, saying,"Recent developments relating to the Korean peninsula appear more
promising than at any time in recent years." Behind such a view, he
explained, were signals from North Korea that it was willing to pursue
expanded diplomatic relationships and to promote economic reform,
including the dispatching overseas in 1998 of some 100 people toundertake training in the economic, legal and scientific fields. Scalapino
was also encouraged by North Korean leader Kim Jong Il's second
meeting in October 1999 with Chung Ju-yung, founder of the Hyundaigroup in South Korea.
Continued on Page 6-②−１−Visit HPI's web site at http://serv.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/English/index.htm

The NPT regime and prospects for the Review Conference
By Ambassador Thomas Graham, Jr.
The most important threat to international security now and in theforeseeable future is the danger associated with the proliferation of
nuclear weapons. This is not to suggest that proliferation is a new
problem. Indeed, Manhattan Project scientists were concerned about the
spread of nuclear weapons to other countries even before the UnitedStates attacked Hiroshima and Nagasaki with nuclear weapons in August
1945. Despite this initial concern, however, the Cold War focused
attention on efforts to control the bilateral U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms race.
With the demise of the superpower rivalry, arms control efforts haveshifted back to the proliferation question.
The centerpiece of efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons
is the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which now has 187
state parties. Under the NPT, 182 states have pledged never to develop orotherwise acquire nuclear weapons and to submit to internationalsafeguards intended to verify compliance with this commitment. In
exchange, these states were promised unfettered access to peaceful
nuclear technologies. The five nuclear weapon states-the United States,
Russia, the United Kingdom, France, and China-also pledged, in NPT
Article VI, to engage in disarmament negotiations aimed at the ultimate
elimination of their nuclear arsenals. This central bargain, nonproliferation in exchange for nuclear arms reductions and eventual
nuclear disarmament, is the foundation upon which the NPT regime rests.
When the NPT was negotiated, nations such as Germany, Italy andSweden were concerned that a permanent NPT would deny them thebenefits of peaceful nuclear energy and lock them into a discriminatory
regime. As a result of these concerns, its drafters gave the treaty only a
25-year life span, with the option thereafter of extending the treaty for a
fixed period or periods, or indefinitely. The concerns of non-nuclear
weapon states that an indefinite NPT would lock the nuclear status quo inplace were very much on the minds of some of the NPT state parties at
the Review and Extension conference convened to decide the future
existence of the treaty in 1995. Several non-nuclear weapon states
believed that the nuclear weapon states had shown insufficient progressin fulfilling their Article VI disarmament commitments and feared that apermanent NPT would leave the non-nuclear weapon states with noleverage with which to press the nuclear weapon states to improve theirrecords.
To ameliorate these concerns, when the NPT state parties agreed at
the 1995 Review and Extension conference to indefinitely extend the
NPT, they also negotiated an associated Statement of Principles andObjectives for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament. In addition
to pledging the NPT state parties to work toward a variety of nuclear
disarmament objectives, the Statement of Principles and Objectives
reaffirmed the commitment of all state parties to Article VI disarmament
commitments.
With the first Review Conference, since the treaty was indefinitely
extended, set for April 2000, the non-proliferation regime is in serious
jeopardy. The 1998 nuclear tests by India and Pakistan, a general lack ofprogress in further reductions in U.S. and Russian strategic nuclear
arsenals, ongoing concern over nuclear and missile programs in Iran, Iraq
and North Korea, movement toward a possible unilateral U.S.
deployment of a national missile defense system, the U.S. Senate
rejection of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and otherproblems demonstrate the troubled condition of the regime. Unlesssincere efforts are taken by the state parties, particularly the nuclear
weapon states, to revitalize the NPT, the situation is likely to worsen.
Without positive action at the April Review Conference, the NPT
regime may begin to unravel as some non-nuclear weapon states begin toreconsider their commitment to the regime. In one scenario, nations suchas North Korea, Iran, Iraq or others eventually may test nuclear weapons,
which could prompt other prominent states presently committed to nonproliferation to acquire indigenous nuclear deterrents. The NPT regime
would be destroyed and, because of the delicate compromise it contains,
could never be revived. Proliferation by as few as one or two key states
could spark a chain reaction that would lead in the medium term to the

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existence of a significant number of new states with nuclear weapons.
Alternatively, it is possible that some states that remain committed tonuclear non-proliferation and disarmament-some of the more than 110
nations party to Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone agreements for examplemay determine that they no longer benefit from their membership of the
NPT regime. These states, which are not proliferation risks but frustrated
disarmers, may decide to withdraw from the NPT and instead pursue anon-discriminatory convention banning nuclear weapons. While thewithdrawal of these states would not directly be proliferative, it would
seriously, if not fatally, weaken the NPT regime and thus inhibit efforts toconvince would-be proliferators that continued adherence to the nonproliferation norms established by the NPT regime is the appropriate
path. The nuclear weapon states would, of course, not subscribe in theforeseeable future to a nuclear weapons convention.
To prevent either outcome, the NPT state parties could consider
agreeing to an additional statement of principles and objectives at the2000 NPT Review Conference as part of an agreement to diffuse
widespread disaffection and criticism at the conference. In such anunderstanding, the non-nuclear weapon states would pledge to refrainfrom acting in a manner that would question the NPT regime at and after
the 2000 Conference, and the nuclear weapon states would agree topursue specific additional steps prior to the 2005 Review Conference.
These could include good faith efforts to bring the CTBT into force,
universalize no-first-use policies among the nuclear weapon states or
establish legally binding negative security assurances for NPT nonnuclear weapon state parties, maintain the viability of the ABM Treaty,
and pursue reductions in U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals to a level well
below proposed START III levels.
Under such an agreement, if sufficient progress, or at least a goodfaith effort, is perceived to have been made toward fulfilling thesecommitments, the 2005 Conference would reaffirm the fundamental
international commitment to the NPT. Otherwise, support for the NPT
regime might begin to erode after the 2005 Conference.
If the NPT regime is reaffirmed at the Review Conference of 2005,
the nuclear disarmament process could continue. After 2005, the UnitedStates and Russia could agree to a comprehensive transparency regime, alimit of 500 nuclear tactical warheads each, and a subsequent limit of
1,000 total nuclear weapons each. This in turn could lead to theestablishment of a five-power nuclear disarmament process with threemain objectives:
・ A reduction in U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals to residual levels in
the low hundreds.
・ A reduction in Chinese, French and British nuclear arsenals to levels
below 100.
・ The elimination of Indian, Pakistani and Israeli nuclear arsenals, butwith their fissile material retained on their territories underinternational safeguards as a hedge against a breakdown of theagreement. These three states would also agree to join the NPT as nonnuclear weapon states.
In addition, as an essential part of this process, all the non-nuclear
weapon states would pledge again their non-nuclear status and all the
NPT parties would commit themselves to joint action-including force ifnecessary-against any violator. These levels would be the end point until
the world has changed sufficiently to permit contemplation of aprohibition on nuclear weapons.
If the nuclear non-proliferation regime is to be strengthened over thelong term, sincere, concerted efforts will need to be undertaken by theinternational community. A course of action such as this may help toensure that the horrors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are never again visited
upon the world.
Graham is president of the Lawyers Alliance for World Security(LAWS) in the United States. He was the Special Representative of the
U.S. President for Arms Control, Non-Proliferation, and Disarmament
during the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the NPT.

−２−HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS, Vol.2 No.4 March 2000

Kosovo's interim administration faces myriad challenges
By Yoshifumi Okamura
Almost nine months since its establishment last June under U.N.
Security Council Resolution 1244-adopted after NATO ended its air
strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia-the U.N. Interim
Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) has been performing
civilian administrative functions in the war-ravaged province. For the
first time in the history of interim government operations, internationalorganizations and agencies are working together under UNMIK;
humanitarian assistance is being provided by UNHCR, democratizationand institution-building by the OSCE, economic reconstruction by theEU, and civil administration by the United Nations itself.
It is extremely difficult to govern the province's two million people
and help them develop democracy given the chaos wrought by thecontinuos outflow and repatriation of refugees. Houses, buildings andother key components of Kosovo's infrastructure were devastated, andethnic hostilities between Serbs and Albanians, ether real orremembered, remain.
At the beginning of UNMIK's operation, murders and arsons
proliferated as Albanians tried to take revenge on their erstwhile
Serbian tormentors. Increases were also observed in other crimes, withoffenders taking advantage of the general disorder that had descended
on the province. The mission's immediate task was simply to restore
order. The deployment of civilian police officers, who now exceed
2,300, from around the world, and improvements in their management
have brought noticeable improvements. The number of murders, forexample, decreased from more than 20 a week last September to just a
handful at most at present.
A scarcity of such basic public services as electricity and runningwater, coupled with the immense task facing a relatively small numberof UNMIK staff, have gradually been addressed with the support ofnational governments, nongovernmental organizations and otherinternational bodies. There has also been an increase in the number of
UNMIK personnel, 937 of whom are stationed at the headquarters andin the province's 29 municipalities.
Last autumn, the province was preparing for a particularly severe
winter, with temperatures plummeting to minus 20C and heavy
snowfall expected. We desperately needed to put a plan into action toprotect villagers before winter took hold. Thanks to support frominternational agencies and NGOs, deaths caused by the cold andanother exodus of refugees were evaded.
For its part, Japan has made a substantial contribution, providing
500 prefabricated houses, repairing more than 1,500 damaged homes
and procuring firewood and coal for heating.
Although Kosovo still has some way to go before any semblanceof normality returns, people appear less wary of one another now that
economic activity has returned. Considering the level of confusion seen
immediately after the conflict, UNMIK has achieved success, however
limited, in bringing a degree of stability to everyday life.
On the other hand, many problems remain to be solved. First, it
has been extremely difficult to "ensure conditions for a peaceful andnormal life for all inhabitants of Kosovo," as stipulated in the UNSC
resolution. Albanians whose family members were killed and theirhouses burned by Serb soldiers and security police, find it difficult toaccept Serbs as neighbors. Reports continue of acts of violence andintimidation carried out in the name of a Kosovo solely for Albanians
against Serbs, Romany communities and other minorities, leading to a
Serb exodus from Kosovo and the isolation of Serb communities. WithUNMIK investing so much energy in protecting Serbs and guaranteeing
them education and medical services, the realization of the ideal of amultiethnic Kosovo seems a long way off.
Second, UNMIK has encountered problems securing financial
resources. The total budget for this fiscal year was DM423 million(U.S.$214 million). Matters are made worse by the fact that, with many
people having lost their jobs, it is not possible to collect taxes. Besides

HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS, Vol.2 No.4 March 2000

imposing tariffs on imported goods and levying taxes on restaurants,
shops and other businesses, financial support comes from individual
national governments. Although many countries, including those in theEU, have pledged more financial assistance, the payments are alreadybehind schedule, and public servants, such as doctors and teachers, havegone without salaries and public works projects have been neglected.
As a result, the province's administrative structure is on the verge ofcollapse.
Although there is a need to establish a taxation system and build astable financial base, it should be remembered that Kosovo was anunderdeveloped province long before the recent war, and was able tomanage its administration only with subsidies from the federal
government. With local resources limited, it is inevitable that Kosovo
will, for the foreseeable future, have to rely on the international
community for financial support.
The third task facing Kosovo is the swift completion of elections.
The UNSC resolution calls for the promotion of substantial autonomy
and self-government as one of its most important missions. With theestablishment of the Joint Interim Administrative Structure now underway, Kosovo residents will have greater opportunities to take part in theadministration of their province. The fact remains, however, thatelections are the best means of reflecting the will of local people inlocal administration, and of encouraging people to shoulder the
responsibilities of government. Preparations for local elections to beheld in the autumn have proved problematic. Since household registers
were lost or destroyed during the recent conflict, we will have to draw
up new registers, from which electoral registers can be drawn up. It will
also be difficult to determine the voting status of Albanians who havefled tyranny at home and settled in other countries during the past 10
years, and of Serbs who sought refuge outside the province more
recently. There are also people who occupy others' homes because theirown were destroyed, and registering their addresses is a delicate matter.
One should also not forget the sheer magnitude of the task that lies
ahead-that of registering an estimated 1.5 million residents in justthree to four months.
UNMIK's biggest problem stems from the UNSC resolution's callto promote the establishment of democratic institutions, while
maintaining that the province remains a region "within the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia." If the people of Kosovo-90 percent of whom
are Albanians-were asked were given the chance to democratically
express their plans for the province, an overwhelming majority would
support independence.
International society, however, by opposing secession andindependence, has shown a disregard for the apparent will of Kosovo's
people. It fears that such a move would invite secession calls fromethnic minorities in other parts of the world. That, however, is scantjustification for keeping the secession issue off Kosovo's fledgling
democratic decision-making agenda.
The UNSC resolution did not indicate where an ultimate solution
to Kosovo's problems lies. That is why political movements, which
abide by their own emotive resolutions, are aggravating the confusion.
In early February, in the predominantly Serb sector in northern Kosovo,
Albanian residents were attacked in another round of ethnic violence,
seen by some as an attempt to render fait accompli Serb-enforced
incorporation of the sector into the Serbian Republic. In the short-term,
UNMIK is struggling to carry out its commitment to oversee theprovisional administration of Kosovo, while leaving aside the province's
status in the future. In this sense, the situation is different from that ofEast Timor, where a similar interim administration is helping decidethat province's long-term fate.
Okamura is the principal officer, Office of the Special
Representative of the Secretary General for UNMIK. Before joining
UNMIK, he was a counsellor at the Japanese Embassy in India.

−３−

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Internet access to the FIRST database system
Institutes launch comprehensive IRS database

By Gerd Hagmeyer-Gaverus and Niklas Oxeltoft
The widespread use of the Internet has dramatically changed ourattitudes towards information retrieval. We increasingly rely on theInternet as a major information resource in our daily work because it
offers us fast access to new and updated information. The Internet
information pool, however, has become so immense that collecting
relevant information takes a considerable amount of time. One
approach to overcome the necessity of jumping from link to link is to
package specific high-quality information in one Internet location. The
Facts on International Relations and Security Trends (FIRST) databasesystem (http://first.sipri.org/) represents such an approach. It offers theInternational Relations and Security (IRS) community a one-point
stop where facts and data from different sources can be retrieved froma single link; a simple user-interface allows a country-wise search fora variety of data, connecting users to a series of database systems in
different global locations and returning the search results in one result
page. The main objective of the project is to provide relevant, highquality data to experts and the general public. Its ultimate goal is toincrease transparency in complicated IRS issues and thereby provide
the basis for better analysis and better political decision making.
Background
The project set up to create such a database system emanatedfrom the Geneva 1996 Conference on Institutes and the Security
Dialogue that was organized by the United Nations Institute for
Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) in Geneva. In a special working
group on information needs, the idea was born to coordinate access tofacts and data in the area of international relations and security.
Several workshops were subsequently organized to discuss all facetsof database cooperation; one feasible idea was to build up a federated
and interconnected database system. In close partnership between the
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and theInternational Relations and Security Network (ISN) in Zurich,
Switzerland, the ISN funded a project on "Integrating fact databasesin International Relations and Security." First, a pilot-project was
conducted in 1998 at SIPRI in which surveys of the needs for data in
the IRS community were carried out and the technical feasibility of afederated database system was tested. The surveys-one with a groupof experts and one with the general public-indicated an
overwhelming (over 90%) demand for IRS data and facts. A
prototype of a federated database system developed by us proved that
it was possible to interconnect databases in different geographicallocations to one system using existing Internet technology. In early
1999 we started the present project at SIPRI with the aim of building
up a comprehensive federated database system, again with the ISN asa partner and the project funder. In cooperation with a computerconsultancy company and the software company Oracle, wedeveloped a new connectivity interface which allows real-time accessto databases in different locations and in accordance with ourdemands for simplicity and security. The technology used is based on
the Java programming language for establishing a connection and theExtended HTML (XML) standard for transferring data, twoapproaches which are today at the forefront of Internet softwaredevelopment.

Status and Features
On 17 January 2000 we launched an official version of the Facts
on International Relations and Security
Trends(FIRST) database system, which
Do you use the World Wide Web as a resource for
How often do you quotecollecting information in your daily work?
Internet documents in your reports?
replaced the prototype version containing 12
databases. The new version has a new,Never
All the timecomplete set of 19 updated databases.
3
2%
Seldom
3
2
%
Yes
3
2
%
Compared to the previous version, moreNo
content has been added to these data sets,allowing for the retrieval of much more
Regularly
information.
In addition, the new version has
3
2%
0%
20% 40% 60% 80% 100%a considerably improved design and extended
functionality. We have emphasized userHow do you find the information you retrieve from the internet?
friendliness and transparency. For example,
Other
Seldomeach data set has explanatory information
Regular sites in my list ofsuch as a link to a 'sources and methods' text.
Sometimes
bookmarks
International Relations andThe
FIRST database system is based on
Regularly
Security Network (ISN)
Oracle database software and currently
Very often
Suggestions fromfriends/colleagues
contains data and facts which are organized in
All the time
Big search engines such as
Alta Vista,Infoseek,Yahoo,etc.
19 database tables, including those of "Arms
0
50
0
1
0
00
15
00
20
00
25
0
0
30
0
0
control and disarmament agreements,""Military expenditure" and "Major armed
What Internet Information do you use most?
conflicts," as well as of "Transfers andOther
How would you classify the material you
licensed production of major conventional
Facts andNews/Wire
collect from the Internet?
1%
figures
service
weapons" and "Armed forces personnel,
1
4
%
1
4
%
Primary
employment
in arms production and weapons
Bibliographic
sourceOtherreferencesmaterial
Official full-text
6%
Backgroundholdings."
1
5%
documents
2
8%material
1
5%
Seventeen of these tables are stored
2
6%
Statistics
locally
in a database at SIPRI, while two are1
1%stored in databases at different geographical
Reports
Secondary
Maps and14%locations to which we make a real-timesourcegraphics
material
Journal articles
9%
connection when we package all the data.
4
0
%
1
4
%
Currently, two of the four non-SIPRIGraphs are based on respondents to a questionnaire about the need for hard data in the field of international relations
databases-the ISN and the Interand security, conducted by SIPRI. All information is valid as of March 15, 2000.
Parliamentary Union (IPU) datasets-are

Visit HPI's web site at http://serv.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/English/index.htm−４−

HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS, Vol.2 No.4 March 2000

accessed in real-time at their original
locations. The data from Heidelberg Instituteof International Conflict Research at
University of Heidelberg (HIIK) and Bonn
International Centre for Conversion (BICC)
are temporarily accessed locally from a
database copy on a SIPRI server. The main
reason for this temporary solution is that both
HIIK and BICC are for the moment unable toimplement the connectivity software on theirrespective servers owing to a lack of resources.
Initiative on Conflict Resolution and Ethnicity(INCORE), University of Ulster and United
Nations University in Northern Ireland, andNorman Paterson School of International
Affairs (NPSIA) in Ottawa are in the processof being connected. More non-SIPRI data will
be added in the next few months. The retrieval
system is, in the initial stage, based on theconcept of country profiles. The service is freeof charge, but we require user registration.
Upon entering the system, the user is provided
with a search interface which allows her or
him to choose a country, a year and a set ofdata tables. As an additional feature we
provide the possibility to retrieve the mostrecent data if data for the chosen year are notavailable. The result of the retrieval ispresented to the user in one HTML page andas a set of HTML tables. A table of contents
for all retrieved data is also provided at the
beginning of the output.

Web sites and on-line databases on security issues
International Security Network (ISN) http://www.isn.ethz.ch/
A links library and full-text searches of carefully selected web sites of internationalorganizations, government bodies, research institutes.
The US State Department Arms Control Bureau http://www.acda.gov/
The web site of the former ACDA provides official documents of the U.S. Government
and legislatures. International treaties and related reports could also be obtained.
Canadian Forces College http://www.cfcsc.dnd.ca/
Comprehensive guide to military and defense-related resources, including armed forces of
the world, contemporary conflicts, military biography and history.
Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) http://www.csis.org/
Research papers on security analysis and policy are available.
Federation of American Scientists http://www.fas.org/
Provides data on weapons of mass destruction, missiles and missile defense systems.
Monterey Institute of International Studies http://www.miis.edu/
One of the biggest databases, containing information about proliferation of weapons ofmass destruction and their delivery systems compiled from over 340 source publications.
Only available to members who subscribe to the service.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation http://www.nato.int/
Official documents and relevant information on NATO.
"Poly-Cy" by Faculty of Political Science, West Virginia University
http://www.polsci.wvu.edu/PolyCy/
Provides collection of links relating to international relations, foreign policy and politics.

Problems
The Henry L. Stimson Center http://www.stimson.org/
The increasing Internet traffic overload is
Project reports on nuclear and security issues, foreign policy and arms control.
one of the major problems Internet users face
today. We all have experience of the Internet
Initiative on Conflict Resolution & Ethnicity (INCORE)
slowing down to an unacceptable level. Most
http://www.incore.ulst.ac.uk/
affected is intercontinental traffic. In theProvides database on conflicts and ethnicity based on researchers and regions.
framework of the FIRST system we confront
this problem on two levels: A) the overseas
The URLs listed above are based on respondents to a questionnaire about the needusers who want to access the system, which isfor hard data in the field of international relations and security, conducted by SIPRI.
located in Sweden; and B) the internal
connections the system makes to databases
partners and discussions in the respective institutes. When the system
located overseas. Overseas users' access problems (A) can in the longis expanded, a referee group in the form of a scientific council should
run be eliminated by establishing mirror sites of the system. The
be established to ensure that the system maintains its high quality.
mirror sites should, however, be strategically located along the mainroutes in the global Internet topology. Internal connections to
Next steps
overseas databases (B) can effectively be managed by a timeThe next phase of the project will concentrate, in addition tocontrolled real-time connection/cache file access switch. Caching is afurther development of the existing system, on the design andmethod that is widely used in, for example, today's Browser systems.
theoretical outline of an extended retrieval system that goes beyond
If an internal real-time connection to a partner database exceeds a
the country-profiles approach. This phase requires much research andpredefined time limit, the real-time connection is aborted and a cacheconceptualization, since the search will permit data and facts retrieval
file is accessed instead. Any successful connection creates such aon such general terms as "nuclear policy," thus retrieving both data
cache. The cache file is simply the HTML code for the respective
and facts on nuclear issues for all countries, as well as policy
table, which is then kept for 48 hours.
There are also considerable difficulties in finding partners. At
documents. While increasing the amount and type of data in thepresent, relatively few databases on IR facts and figures are available
system, new retrieval methods such as intelligent agents and/oron the Internet. Many sites which claim to have a database have only
referenced dictionaries need to be applied.
Although we are in the initial stage of the running of the project,a collection of static HTML pages, often without a search engine
the FIRST system has already attracted the attention of many in theconnected to it. In many instances the sources of the data are not
IRS community. We would like to invite interested institutes to join
revealed, calling into question the reliability of the data.
Displaying several sets of the same category of data increases
our effort by contributing their databases. Please send e-mail to:the user's choices when these datasets emanate from a well-known,hagmeyer-gaverus@sipri.se, or oxeltoft@sipri.se.
reliable organization. Data of the same category usually differ in thesources and methods used; by providing the sources and methods for
Hagmeyer-Gaverus is head of the information technology
each dataset, we allow the user to choose the most relevant data for
department at SIPRI. Oxeltoft is a research assistant for a project
the intended use. Decisions on which data should be included in the"Integrating Fact Database in the field of International Relations andsystem are currently based on multilateral consultations with the
Security" led by Hagmeyer-Gaverus.

HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS, Vol.2 No.4 March 2000

−５−

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Internet access to the FIRST database system
Institutes launch comprehensive IRS database

By Gerd Hagmeyer-Gaverus and Niklas Oxeltoft
The widespread use of the Internet has dramatically changed ourattitudes towards information retrieval. We increasingly rely on theInternet as a major information resource in our daily work because it
offers us fast access to new and updated information. The Internet
information pool, however, has become so immense that collecting
relevant information takes a considerable amount of time. One
approach to overcome the necessity of jumping from link to link is to
package specific high-quality information in one Internet location. The
Facts on International Relations and Security Trends (FIRST) databasesystem (http://first.sipri.org/) represents such an approach. It offers theInternational Relations and Security (IRS) community a one-point
stop where facts and data from different sources can be retrieved froma single link; a simple user-interface allows a country-wise search fora variety of data, connecting users to a series of database systems in
different global locations and returning the search results in one result
page. The main objective of the project is to provide relevant, highquality data to experts and the general public. Its ultimate goal is toincrease transparency in complicated IRS issues and thereby provide
the basis for better analysis and better political decision making.
Background
The project set up to create such a database system emanatedfrom the Geneva 1996 Conference on Institutes and the Security
Dialogue that was organized by the United Nations Institute for
Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) in Geneva. In a special working
group on information needs, the idea was born to coordinate access tofacts and data in the area of international relations and security.
Several workshops were subsequently organized to discuss all facetsof database cooperation; one feasible idea was to build up a federated
and interconnected database system. In close partnership between the
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and theInternational Relations and Security Network (ISN) in Zurich,
Switzerland, the ISN funded a project on "Integrating fact databasesin International Relations and Security." First, a pilot-project was
conducted in 1998 at SIPRI in which surveys of the needs for data in
the IRS community were carried out and the technical feasibility of afederated database system was tested. The surveys-one with a groupof experts and one with the general public-indicated an
overwhelming (over 90%) demand for IRS data and facts. A
prototype of a federated database system developed by us proved that
it was possible to interconnect databases in different geographicallocations to one system using existing Internet technology. In early
1999 we started the present project at SIPRI with the aim of building
up a comprehensive federated database system, again with the ISN asa partner and the project funder. In cooperation with a computerconsultancy company and the software company Oracle, wedeveloped a new connectivity interface which allows real-time accessto databases in different locations and in accordance with ourdemands for simplicity and security. The technology used is based on
the Java programming language for establishing a connection and theExtended HTML (XML) standard for transferring data, twoapproaches which are today at the forefront of Internet softwaredevelopment.

Status and Features
On 17 January 2000 we launched an official version of the Facts
on International Relations and Security
Trends(FIRST) database system, which
Do you use the World Wide Web as a resource for
How often do you quotecollecting information in your daily work?
Internet documents in your reports?
replaced the prototype version containing 12
databases. The new version has a new,Never
All the timecomplete set of 19 updated databases.
3
2%
Seldom
3
2
%
Yes
3
2
%
Compared to the previous version, moreNo
content has been added to these data sets,allowing for the retrieval of much more
Regularly
information.
In addition, the new version has
3
2%
0%
20% 40% 60% 80% 100%a considerably improved design and extended
functionality. We have emphasized userHow do you find the information you retrieve from the internet?
friendliness and transparency. For example,
Other
Seldomeach data set has explanatory information
Regular sites in my list ofsuch as a link to a 'sources and methods' text.
Sometimes
bookmarks
International Relations andThe
FIRST database system is based on
Regularly
Security Network (ISN)
Oracle database software and currently
Very often
Suggestions fromfriends/colleagues
contains data and facts which are organized in
All the time
Big search engines such as
Alta Vista,Infoseek,Yahoo,etc.
19 database tables, including those of "Arms
0
50
0
1
0
00
15
00
20
00
25
0
0
30
0
0
control and disarmament agreements,""Military expenditure" and "Major armed
What Internet Information do you use most?
conflicts," as well as of "Transfers andOther
How would you classify the material you
licensed production of major conventional
Facts andNews/Wire
collect from the Internet?
1%
figures
service
weapons" and "Armed forces personnel,
1
4
%
1
4
%
Primary
employment
in arms production and weapons
Bibliographic
sourceOtherreferencesmaterial
Official full-text
6%
Backgroundholdings."
1
5%
documents
2
8%material
1
5%
Seventeen of these tables are stored
2
6%
Statistics
locally
in a database at SIPRI, while two are1
1%stored in databases at different geographical
Reports
Secondary
Maps and14%locations to which we make a real-timesourcegraphics
material
Journal articles
9%
connection when we package all the data.
4
0
%
1
4
%
Currently, two of the four non-SIPRIGraphs are based on respondents to a questionnaire about the need for hard data in the field of international relations
databases-the ISN and the Interand security, conducted by SIPRI. All information is valid as of March 15, 2000.
Parliamentary Union (IPU) datasets-are

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HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS, Vol.2 No.4 March 2000

accessed in real-time at their original
locations. The data from Heidelberg Instituteof International Conflict Research at
University of Heidelberg (HIIK) and Bonn
International Centre for Conversion (BICC)
are temporarily accessed locally from a
database copy on a SIPRI server. The main
reason for this temporary solution is that both
HIIK and BICC are for the moment unable toimplement the connectivity software on theirrespective servers owing to a lack of resources.
Initiative on Conflict Resolution and Ethnicity(INCORE), University of Ulster and United
Nations University in Northern Ireland, andNorman Paterson School of International
Affairs (NPSIA) in Ottawa are in the processof being connected. More non-SIPRI data will
be added in the next few months. The retrieval
system is, in the initial stage, based on theconcept of country profiles. The service is freeof charge, but we require user registration.
Upon entering the system, the user is provided
with a search interface which allows her or
him to choose a country, a year and a set ofdata tables. As an additional feature we
provide the possibility to retrieve the mostrecent data if data for the chosen year are notavailable. The result of the retrieval ispresented to the user in one HTML page andas a set of HTML tables. A table of contents
for all retrieved data is also provided at the
beginning of the output.

Web sites and on-line databases on security issues
International Security Network (ISN) http://www.isn.ethz.ch/
A links library and full-text searches of carefully selected web sites of internationalorganizations, government bodies, research institutes.
The US State Department Arms Control Bureau http://www.acda.gov/
The web site of the former ACDA provides official documents of the U.S. Government
and legislatures. International treaties and related reports could also be obtained.
Canadian Forces College http://www.cfcsc.dnd.ca/
Comprehensive guide to military and defense-related resources, including armed forces of
the world, contemporary conflicts, military biography and history.
Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) http://www.csis.org/
Research papers on security analysis and policy are available.
Federation of American Scientists http://www.fas.org/
Provides data on weapons of mass destruction, missiles and missile defense systems.
Monterey Institute of International Studies http://www.miis.edu/
One of the biggest databases, containing information about proliferation of weapons ofmass destruction and their delivery systems compiled from over 340 source publications.
Only available to members who subscribe to the service.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation http://www.nato.int/
Official documents and relevant information on NATO.
"Poly-Cy" by Faculty of Political Science, West Virginia University
http://www.polsci.wvu.edu/PolyCy/
Provides collection of links relating to international relations, foreign policy and politics.

Problems
The Henry L. Stimson Center http://www.stimson.org/
The increasing Internet traffic overload is
Project reports on nuclear and security issues, foreign policy and arms control.
one of the major problems Internet users face
today. We all have experience of the Internet
Initiative on Conflict Resolution & Ethnicity (INCORE)
slowing down to an unacceptable level. Most
http://www.incore.ulst.ac.uk/
affected is intercontinental traffic. In theProvides database on conflicts and ethnicity based on researchers and regions.
framework of the FIRST system we confront
this problem on two levels: A) the overseas
The URLs listed above are based on respondents to a questionnaire about the needusers who want to access the system, which isfor hard data in the field of international relations and security, conducted by SIPRI.
located in Sweden; and B) the internal
connections the system makes to databases
partners and discussions in the respective institutes. When the system
located overseas. Overseas users' access problems (A) can in the longis expanded, a referee group in the form of a scientific council should
run be eliminated by establishing mirror sites of the system. The
be established to ensure that the system maintains its high quality.
mirror sites should, however, be strategically located along the mainroutes in the global Internet topology. Internal connections to
Next steps
overseas databases (B) can effectively be managed by a timeThe next phase of the project will concentrate, in addition tocontrolled real-time connection/cache file access switch. Caching is afurther development of the existing system, on the design andmethod that is widely used in, for example, today's Browser systems.
theoretical outline of an extended retrieval system that goes beyond
If an internal real-time connection to a partner database exceeds a
the country-profiles approach. This phase requires much research andpredefined time limit, the real-time connection is aborted and a cacheconceptualization, since the search will permit data and facts retrieval
file is accessed instead. Any successful connection creates such aon such general terms as "nuclear policy," thus retrieving both data
cache. The cache file is simply the HTML code for the respective
and facts on nuclear issues for all countries, as well as policy
table, which is then kept for 48 hours.
There are also considerable difficulties in finding partners. At
documents. While increasing the amount and type of data in thepresent, relatively few databases on IR facts and figures are available
system, new retrieval methods such as intelligent agents and/oron the Internet. Many sites which claim to have a database have only
referenced dictionaries need to be applied.
Although we are in the initial stage of the running of the project,a collection of static HTML pages, often without a search engine
the FIRST system has already attracted the attention of many in theconnected to it. In many instances the sources of the data are not
IRS community. We would like to invite interested institutes to join
revealed, calling into question the reliability of the data.
Displaying several sets of the same category of data increases
our effort by contributing their databases. Please send e-mail to:the user's choices when these datasets emanate from a well-known,hagmeyer-gaverus@sipri.se, or oxeltoft@sipri.se.
reliable organization. Data of the same category usually differ in thesources and methods used; by providing the sources and methods for
Hagmeyer-Gaverus is head of the information technology
each dataset, we allow the user to choose the most relevant data for
department at SIPRI. Oxeltoft is a research assistant for a project
the intended use. Decisions on which data should be included in the"Integrating Fact Database in the field of International Relations andsystem are currently based on multilateral consultations with the
Security" led by Hagmeyer-Gaverus.

HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS, Vol.2 No.4 March 2000

−５−

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Continued from Page 1-①

diplomacy in the Asia-Pacific region are in their infancy, China's
The ARF process for the peace and prosperity of the region
emphasis on confidence building appears realistic, and wascomprises three stages-confidence building, preventive
supported by conference chairman Yasushi Akashi in his statement.
diplomacy and conflict resolution. China said the gradual approach
Furthermore, the region's diversity prevents the establishment of a
toward building confidence among countries in the region should
regional security system that would satisfy all parties in the region.
be thoroughly pursued before discussing preventive diplomacy,
since the latter may leave open the possibility of interference in a
Nevertheless, there is also cause for optimism in China's
country's domestic affairs.
modest, but positive, attitude toward preventive diplomacy. Japanand China should continue their dialogue on peace and stability in
A Chinese participant said: "It is not true that China takes a
the Asia-Pacific, and on possible cooperation in the area of conflictnegative attitude toward preventive diplomacy. Our position is thatprevention, without allowing their respective national interests to
we should allow time for preventive diplomacy to evolve. By doing
gridlock talks. By continuing dialogue, both countries will be
so, we will achieve a stable outcome." The participant added thatencouraged to recognize their heavy responsibility to ensure theChina emphasized bilateral confidence building, particularly
evolution of preventive diplomacy and to exercise it themselves. In
between major powers, rather than multilateral dialogues.
this sense, the first joint conference of the Japan-China Preventive"Although the Sino-Japanese relations are generally good, a
Diplomacy Research Group was a step in the right direction forperception gap concerning history may create mutual distrust," hepreventive diplomacy in the Asia-Pacific.
said. China appears to be wary of Japan taking a leading role inpromoting preventive diplomacy in the region. In this context, we
Akiyama is a research associate at HPI.
may interpret China's chairing of the ISG
Continued from Page 1-②
on CBM as an attempt to take discussions
on preventive diplomacy in the direction it
These developments, together with the "sunshine policy" of the Kim Dae-jung
desires.
administration in South Korea, its improved relations with Japan, and consultations on
One of the key issues in preventive
security matters with China, pointed toward a stabilization of the security environment
diplomacy is how to deal with thein Northeast Asia, Scalapino said. U.S.-North Korea relations, he added, remained theprinciple of noninterference in domestic
most important factor. He said the United States had indicated its willingness toaffairs. For example, during the Kosovo
respond affirmatively in the Perry Report should North Korea take a "constructive
crisis, the United Nations was able topath," adding that Pyongyang had shown an interest in the proposal.
predict, but unable to prevent, theRegarding the development of North Korea, Scalapino cited five possible
outbreak of armed conflict. Instead, ascenarios: Imminent collapse; a gradual growth of elitist friction over economic andregional, multilateral force in the form of
related policies; a regime that maintains the status-quo; a strike by the North against
NATO intervened under the banner of
the South; and cautious acceptance by the North of an evolutionary process, with thehumanitarian intervention, signaling a
initial emphasis upon economic interaction with its neighbors. He called on the
break with the traditional principle of noninternational community to aim toward a realization of the fifth scenario.
interference in domestic affairs.
Prof. Izumi Hajime of the University of Shizuoka, and two other participants fromInternational organizations such as thethe United States and Russia, reported on recent developments in North Korea andU.N. High Commissioner for Refugees
Northeast Asia in general. Following the reports, participants split up into two groups(UNHCR), the U.N. Development
to discuss how best to encourage North Korea to become involved in the international
Program (UNDP) and nongovernmental
community while maintaining peace and stability in the region. The discussions wereorganizations (NGOs) have stepped up
closed, to allow participants to speak as individuals rather than as representatives of
their role in assisting the victims of war.
their respective organizations.
Such humanitarian concerns have been
At a press conference held at the end of the symposium, Akashi released againing currency as legitimate excuses forstatement compiled using the results of two days of group discussions. The statement
conflict intervention and conflictexpressed concerns over the possibility of renewed deterioration of the North Koreanprevention,
even
when
national
economy, the possibility of political destabilization brought on by upcoming nationalsovereignty and the principle ofassembly elections in South Korea or the U.S. presidential election, and the pursuit by
noninterference in domestic affairs areNorth Korea of weapons of mass destruction. The statement expressed optimism,
superseded. China is uncomfortable withhowever, over improvements in consultations between Washington, Seoul and Tokyo,
this trend, since it, too, faces problems,and an easing of the famine in North Korea. Regarding policy coordination efforts, thesuch as minority groups in Tibet andstatement said priority should be placed on:
Uyghur, as well as Taiwan. While anothera) Preventing war.
Chinese participant concurred with ab) Promoting the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction, etc.
Japanese colleague who praised thec) Maintaining regional stability.
important role played by NGOs ind) Promoting peaceful change in North Korea through gradual integration with thepreventive
diplomacy,hesaid
outside world.
intergovernmental
diplomacyandThe statement also included the following recommendations made during groupconfidence building were more important.
discussions:
China has given credit to the ARFa) Support for expansion of consultations to include Russia and the European Union as
because it is ASEAN, not the Unitedpart of policy coordination efforts among the United States, Japan and South Korea.
States or Japan, that plays the leading roleb) Support for expanded South Korean efforts to continue the North-South dialogue.
in the forum. China is also comfortablec) Avoidance of Korean peninsula-related policy consultations being adverselywith ASEAN's flexibility and the priority
influenced by the U.S.-China relationship and other major bilateral relationships.
it places on economic development, asd) Reaffirmation of the 1994 Agreed Framework.
well as member states' adherence to thee) Encouragement of expanded North Korean participation in regional consultations
principle of noninterference in theand multilateral lending agencies.
domestic affairs of others. In addition, thef) Support for U.N.-led humanitarian and technical assistance activities in North
ARF has adopted an evolutionary
Korea.
approach toward preventive diplomacy.
Mizumoto is an associate professor at HPI.
Since moves toward preventive

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HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS, Vol.2 No.4 March 2000

on
i
n
i
op
y
M

Monterey Institute creating nonproliferation community
By Masafumi Kaneko

Like the Hiroshima Peace Institute, the Center for Nonproliferation
Studies (CNS) at the Monterey Institute of International Studies in
California is devoted to researching arms control, nonproliferation anddisarmament issues, focusing on weapons of mass destruction (WMD),
such as nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. I am currently a visiting
fellow at the CNS' Washington office, where I am researching security
policies.
Since I am a second-generation hibakusha (survivor of the atomic
bombings) from Hiroshima, I have long been interested in issues related tonuclear weapons. My grandparents' generation lived through the A-bombattack, and the pain they experienced after the bombing remains a vivid
memory. I have been able to appreciate, in a very immediate way, theterror of nuclear weapons through talking to my grandparents, more sothan if I had just learned about it by studying reports on the damage
caused.
My mother was an unborn baby when the attack took place, and so
was not directly involved in the disaster. However, every time a change in
the number of leukocytes is detected in her body, she worries that it may
have something to do with the aftereffects of the atomic bombing, andbecomes depressed that the scars of an event that happened more than 50
years ago have yet to heal. Also, it has yet to be confirmed thatradioactivity poses no risk of genetic damage to my generation and thosethat follow. We should not forget that the inhumanity of nuclear weapons is
extraordinary, not just because of the sheer scale of death and destruction,
but also in terms of the duration of their aftereffects.
International society has tried to prevent nuclear war through nuclear
deterrence, a component of which has been Japan's dependence on the
U.S. nuclear umbrella. Nuclear powers place high priority on nuclear
weapons as the guarantor of their own security. There seems to be little
mileage in calling for the abolition of nuclear weapons unless there are
improvements, including in the area of nuclear weapons, in the overall
security environment.
The clear inhumanity of nuclear weapons, when set against therealities of international security, places hibakusha and the families ofpeople killed by atomic bombs in a dilemma. However, through mytraining in the United States, I have come to believe that it is indeed
possible to make realistic suggestions to devalue, step by step, the role ofnuclear weapons, in order to influence policy makers.
In making realistic suggestions, limiting discussions to the issue of
nuclear disarmament will not accomplish much. Instead, it is important tofully appreciate the entire global security situation and nuclear weapons'
place within it. This is why I decided to study at the Monterey Institute.
The institute is highly regarded internationally-the result, I suppose, of
the accumulation of the many small steps it has taken over the years. In
this article, I will introduce some of the institute's special features.
Dissemination of research achievements
Like other think tanks and private research bodies in the United States,
the Monterey Institute attaches importance to the effective disseminationof research achievements. Lists of pertinent congressmen, senators, andgovernment offices, as well as people in the media, researchers andparticipants in conferences, are kept on the institute's computer system.
The institute publishes the results of research projects, conference
information and news of updates on its Web site and via facsimile news
releases and in copies of its journal, Nonproliferation Review. In order tohave a real influence on the policy-making process, it is important, besides
conducting high-level research, to bring the institute's achievements to theattention of politicians and government officials. While the institute's Web
site contains a great deal of information, it is still important to ensure thatthe site is visited regularly. During last October's discussions in the Senate
on ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, the institute,
together with others knowledgeable about the issue, sent messages to theCongress, the Senate and the media. It sometimes takes part inconferences sponsored by NGOs and other political activities.

HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS, Vol.2 No.4 March 2000

ChemBio Weapons and WMD Terrorism NewsThe CNS Washington office distributes news on biological andchemical weapons, and WMD terrorism via e-mail, three times a week.
Graduate interns are in charge of collecting relevant news articles from theInternet, summarizing them in a pre-determined format, and sending themto more than 700 subscribers. The service is free of charge.
Nonproliferation database
The nonproliferation database of the Monterey Institute, which is
known throughout the world, is available on CD-ROM and the Internet.
The head office in California is responsible for creating the database,which features more than 300 sources, many in foreign languages,
including trade journals, government documents, newspapers, Web sites,books and conference proceedings.
Emphasis on education
Since the Monterey Institute is an educational institution, the missionof the CNS is "to combat the spread of weapons of mass destruction bytraining the next generation of nonproliferation specialists anddisseminating timely information and analysis." Together with its graduate
programs, the institute's California head office draws up curriculums totrain specialists in nonproliferation and arms control. They are also given
the opportunity to work as assistants at the center. Compared with otherorganizations of this type, the institute's programs place greater emphasison broadening the views of interns and offering them the chance to learn
new skills. With some of those who completed programs having obtained
jobs with governmental organizations or institutions specializing in arms
control, the institute is steadily expanding the nonproliferation community.
The institute accepts visiting research fellows from foreign organizations,such as one from Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as part of efforts toreach beyond the domestic community and to create an international
community favorable toward nonproliferation.
Influence on policy planning process
Researchers of the Monterey Institute are often invited to express
their opinions at meetings of the U.S. Department of State and theDepartment of Defense, or at Congressional hearings. Activities of thiskind have been made possible by the institute's relentless efforts in theareas of information dissemination and human networking mentioned
earlier. The creation of networks cannot be accomplished overnight, but
tributes should be paid to Dr. Lawrence Scheinman, distinguishedprofessor of the CNS Washington office, and former officials of the U.S.
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency for Nonproliferation and RegionalArms Control, for their help in bringing the institute and policy makers
closer together.
Since the end of the Cold War, the number of nuclear weapons has
been radically reduced. However, nuclear proliferation, exemplified by
nuclear tests by India and Pakistan, the suspected possession of nuclear
weapons technology by North Korea, and suspicion that Russia isexporting nuclear weapons technology, as well as the concept of nuclear
weapons acting as a deterrent against WMDs, has given rise to fears thatthe "second nuclear age" is just around the corner. There is a need forpolicies that go beyond bringing about a decrease in the number of nuclear
weapons. If the motivation for such policies can come from a city that has
experienced a nuclear attack, the impact, both practical and symbolic, willbe all the greater. I strongly hope the Hiroshima Peace Institute remains
ahead of the times and fully realizes its potential to contribute toward thecreation of a more peaceful world.
Kaneko is a visiting fellow at the Center for Nonproliferation Studies
at the Monterey Institute of International Studies. He is also a fellow of the
Matsushita Institute of Government and Management in Chigasaki,
Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.

−７−

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D I A RY

December 1, 1999〜February 29, 2000
◆December 4
Kazumi Mizumoto delivers a report, "Idealism and Realism of
Recommendations for Nuclear Disarmament: Discussions on the Tokyo Forum," ata local study meeting of the Peace Studies Association of Japan, at Hiroshima
University.
◆December 9
Nobumasa Akiyama attends a workshop on Central Asia and Kavkaz at the
Sasakawa Peace Foundation in Tokyo. He also attends a workshop sponsored by
the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, held at the Institute of Applied
Energy.
◆December 10
Mizumoto participates in a study-group meeting, "Exploring Japan's proactive
peace and security strategies: the case of the nuclear umbrella," organized by the
National Institute for Research Advancement (NIRA) in Tokyo.
◆December 11
Mizumoto delivers a lecture on the current situation surrounding nuclear
weapons as part of a training program for Hiroshima Peace Volunteers, sponsoredby Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum.
◆December 11-12
Akiyama attends JIIA's 40th anniversary symposium, "In quest of Human
Security," cosponsored by the Japan Institute of International Affairs (JIIA) and theUnited Nations University, held at the university.
◆December 14
Masamichi Kamiya participates in a workshop on preventive diplomacy
sponsored by and held at the Center for Preventive Diplomacy in Tokyo.
◆December 15-17
Mizumoto, Akiyama and Kamiya attend a symposium, "Korea and the Search
for Peace in Northeast Asia," cosponsored by Ritsumeikan University and HPI, andheld at the university in Kyoto.
◆December 18
Akiyama participates in a workshop of the Strategic Studies Fellowship
Program sponsored by the Research Institute for Peace and Security (RIPS), held at
the International House of Japan in Tokyo.
◆December 19
Mizumoto acts as a commentator at an international symposium,"Denuclearization in Asia and Japan's role-What remains to be done?" sponsoredby the International Peace Research Institute Meigaku (PRIME) in Tokyo.
◆December 21
Mizumoto delivers a report, "Idealism and realism in nuclear disarmament," atthe Forum on New Thinking on Security Issues, held at and sponsored by the
Tokyo Foundation.
◆January 7
Mizumoto participates in a study-group meeting, "Exploring Japan's proactive
peace and security strategies: The case of the nuclear umbrella," organized by
NIRA in Tokyo.
◆January 13
Akiyama attends a workshop on Central Asia and Kavkaz at the Sasakawa
Peace Foundation in Tokyo.
◆January 19-21
Kamiya attends an international conference, "On the threshold: The United
Nations and global governance in the new millennium," sponsored by and held at
the United Nations University in Tokyo.
◆January 26
Kamiya visits the Arms Control and Disarmament Division of the Japanese
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and discusses small arms and light weapons, as well as
the 2000 NPT Review Conference to be held in April. He also participates inmeetings of the Center for Preventive Diplomacy, held at the center in Tokyo.
◆January 28-February 4
Ikuko Togo visits the U.N. headquarters in New York and Harvard University
in Boston, Mass., to make an international comparative analysis of peace-keeping
and environmental activities.
◆January 29
Akiyama participates in a seminar organized by the Strategic Studies
Fellowship Program, sponsored by RIPS and held at the International House ofJapan in Tokyo.
◆February 2
Mizumoto and Akiyama attend a lecture by Max Van der Stoel, the OSCEHigh Commissioner on National Minorities, at the NIRA in Tokyo.

◆February 3
Mizumoto and Kamiya attend the 128th workshop of the Institute for Peace
Science at the Hiroshima University, titled "The CTBT Ratification Process andU.S. Nuclear Policy."◆February 10
Mizumoto, Akiyama and Kamiya attend an inaugural joint conference,"Potential and prospects of preventive diplomacy in Asia and the Pacific,"cosponsored by the Center for Preventive Diplomacy, the China Institute ofContemporary International Relations (CICIR) and HPI, and held at theInternational House of Japan in Tokyo.
◆February 15-17
Kamiya participates in the 12th U.N. Regional Disarmament Meeting in the
Asia-Pacific Region, in Katmandu, Nepal.
◆February 17
Mizumoto attends a special colloquium, "Russia between the Parliamentary
and the Presidential Elections," sponsored by the Research & Exchange
Committee, faculty of international studies, Hiroshima City University, at HPI.
Features a lecture by Prof. Evgeny Torchinov of St. Petersburg State University,
Russia.
Akiyama attends a workshop on Central Asia and Kavkaz at the Sasakawa
Peace Foundation.
◆February 19
Akiyama acts as a coordinator at an Asia-Europe Forum symposium.
◆February 21
Mizumoto attends the 2nd Annual JNC International Forum on the Peaceful
Use of Nuclear Energy, sponsored by the Japan Nuclear Cycle Development
Institute in Tokyo. He also participates in a workshop, "Nuclear Nonproliferation:
The Viewpoint of the International Atomic Energy Agency," sponsored by theJapan Forum on International Relations (JNC), in Tokyo.
Kamiya attends meetings of the Center for Preventive Diplomacy in Tokyo.
◆February 24
Mizumoto, Akiyama and Kamiya attend an international symposium, "The
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime: In the Face of a Possible Renewed Nuclear
Arms Race," sponsored by the Center for the Promotion of Disarmament and NonProliferation, JIIA, and held at the New Takanawa Prince Hotel.
◆February 25-26
Akiyama attends a conference, "Securing Peace and Stability in the Asia
Pacific: the U.S. Presence," cosponsored by RIPS and the Tokyo American Center.
◆February 28
Mizumoto attends a forum on new thinking on security issues, "Ballistic
Missile Defense" and "Recent Japan-U.S. Security Issues," held at and sponsoredby the Tokyo Foundation.
◆February 28-March 3
Kamiya observes the 1st preparatory committee for the U.N. Conference on
the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Aspects, to be held in
2001, held at the U.N. headquarters in New York.

―Visitors to HPI―

◆January 24
Ambassador Dr. David D. Malone, president of the International Peace
Academy (IPA) in New York
Masafumi Takubo, member of the People's Research Institute on Energy andEnvironment (PRIEE) in Tokyo

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Vol.2, No.4 March 31, 2000

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HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS, Vol.2 No.4 March 2000