HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS
Hiroshima Peace InstituteVol.24 No.2 March 2022

Open the Door to Every Activity
That Strives to Realize “Peace”

Hiroshima Peace Instituteʼs History and Raison d'Etre

Kazumi Mizumoto

Introduction
This year marks the 24th anniversary of the establishment of theHiroshima Peace Institute (HPI) at Hiroshima City University(HCU). When the HPI was founded on April 1, 1998, I was
employed as the first researcher, and I am due to retire at the endof this academic year. As the researcher with the next longest
career at the HPI was hired in April 2002, I’m the only one who
knows about the HPI at the time of its establishment. Prior to
my retirement in March 2022, I would like to review the HPI’s
achievements under each of the past Directors, and consider the
institute’s future role and raison d'être.
Establishment of the Hiroshima Peace InstituteThe history of the HPI can be traced back to August 1982, whenthen Mayor of Hiroshima City proposed in the Peace Declarationthat “an international institute for research on peace anddisarmament should be established.” Afterward, it was decided
at Hiroshima City’s planning meeting, held in July 1991, thatan academic research institute on peace would be founded as anaffiliated organization of HCU, which was scheduled to open
three years later. After the university was opened in 1994, anestablishment preparation committee, comprising researchers activeon the frontlines in Japan, was formed. Under the committee wasan expert committee whose main membership comprised teaching
staff from the Faculty of International Studies. Four years later, inFebruary 1998, the HPI (Tentative) Basic Concept was formulated.
The HPI was formally established in April 1998, only twomonths after the formulation of the basic concept. Such a quick
establishment was achieved largely thanks to Yasushi Akashi’s
assumption as the HPI’s first Director. He had demonstrated great
achievements as Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations,
including those related to the UN Peace Keeping Operations in
Cambodia. Believing that the establishment of the HPI would be an
event symbolizing the realization of Hiroshima’s long-anticipatedwish, then Mayor of Hiroshima Takashi Hiraoka was seeking arenowned Director candidate who could appeal broadly to society.
The mayor believed that Mr. Akashi would be appropriate as a
new representative of Hiroshima, because he knew the reality ofinternational politics through his work at the UN, but still upheld
an idealism and had a high profile in the international arena.
Director Yasushi Akashi (April 1998 – February 1999)
Every move Mr. Akashi made drew attention from the media. He

aimed to develop the HPI into a thinktank that presented policy
recommendations on ongoing global issues, such as nuclear
disarmament and international conflicts. Utilizing his global
networks, he called international conferences attended by experts
active on the frontlines both at home and abroad, served as thechair for such events, and condensed the relevant discussions
before presenting recommendations. That was his style. He did
not need big names but young or mid-level researchers withlight footwork who could support conferences behind the scenes.
Believing that research results would not reach the global arena
if they were disseminated in a language other than English, heensured that all the meetings within the HPI were conducted
in English, in principle. Additionally, he employed researchers
on merit and introduced a fixed-term employment system forassistants and lecturers to encourage young staff to compete toproduce favorable outcomes within a limited timeframe. In thefirst year, four researchers were employed, including an associate
professor.
For its part, Hiroshima City showed the utmost consideration
to Mr. Akashi. The city ensured that the HPI could rent an officebuilding located in the city center, and that the institute’s secretariat
consisted of three city officials - the Deputy Director General,
the Senior Officer, and the Officer – plus some contract workers
who were fluent in English. Supported by such an excellent staff,
the HPI focused on holding international symposia and issuing
newsletters from its early days.
Nevertheless, Director Akashi’s tenure did not last even ayear. This was because he was aggressively urged by the Liberal
Democratic Party to run in the Tokyo gubernatorial election to beheld in April 1999, and he accepted the offer. Behind his decision
lay the fact that then Mayor Hiraoka of Hiroshima City, who was
Mr. Akashi’s most trusted supporter, had decided not to run for the
Hiroshima mayoral election to be held in January, immediately
prior to the Tokyo gubernatorial election, and had been replacedwith a new mayor. This sudden replacement apparently made Mr.
Akashi, who had every confidence in Mr. Hiraoka, feel it would be
difficult to fulfill his responsibilities as HPI Director. Mr. Akashi’s
resignation left negative legacies with the HPI. The most serious ofthese was a deep-rooted distrust from A-bomb victims and citizens.
At the same time, Mr. Akashi’s stepping down also left
positive legacies, including global recognition of the HPI as a
research institute. In May 1998, India and Pakistan conductednuclear tests, causing then Minister of Foreign Affairs Keizo

Contents

Open the Door to Every Activity That Strives to Realize “Peace”
Hiroshima Peace Institute’s History and Raison d'Etre
Kazumi Mizumoto ……………… 1-2
Former Lieutenant Onoda Seen from a French Perspective
Hitoshi Nagai ………………………… 3
The Atomic Bombing and My Home Town
Chie Shijo …………………………… 4
Afghanistan Situation and Russia
Mihoko Kato ………………………… 5
From War to Peace (Or, From Nagasaki to Hiroshima)
Toshiya Umehara …………………… 6“Peace and Governance in Asia”
Gen Kikkawa ………………………… 7“Nuclear Bodies: The Global Hibakusha”
Robert Jacobs ………………………… 7
Diary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8
Visit HPI’s website at https://www.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/

1Obuchi to play the leading role in organizing the international
conference, the “Tokyo Forum for Nuclear Non-proliferation andDisarmament.” This international conference, co-organized by
the Japan Institute of International Affairs (JIIA) and the HPI,
continued even after Mr. Akashi stepped down as Director. All
the remaining staff members were united in performing practicalwork. They completed a report in July 1999 and submitted it to the
UN. The way they worked for the conference was recognized andhighly regarded by the JIIA and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
which supported the event. This evaluation boosted the HPI staff
members’ confidence at a time when they were experiencing thecrisis of a vacancy in the position of Director.
Director Haruhiro Fukui (April 2001 – March 2005)
Following a two-year vacancy in the directorship after Mr.
Akashi’s resignation, Dr, Haruhiro Fukui, Professor Emeritus of
the University of California, Santa Barbara, assumed the positionof the second Director. His most important responsibilities wereto increase the staff of the HPI, and place the institute’s activities
on track. He believed that the HPI should become an aggregationof individual researchers, that researchers should be selected fromamong applicants solicited widely both at home and abroad, andthat the researchers should be allowed to engage in their research
topics related to peace in a broad sense. In 2001, when he took up
the new position, two open calls were launched, with each drawing
approximately 100 applicants from both Japan and abroad. In
accordance with Dr. Fukui’s request, the HPI asked prominent
specialists in Japan and overseas to form a screening committee,
and organized employment interviews both in Japan and abroad.
This led the HPI to employ a wide variety of researchers
from Japan, the U.S., Europe, Australia and Asia. The range of theinstitute’s specialized fields extended to cover not only the social
sciences (politics and international relations), but also history,sociology and other fields. The number of researchers increased tonearly 10, with lively discussions held every day at the HPI. It wasaround this time when the prototypes of the HPI’s activities today
were mostly established, such as citizens lecture series, researchforums, and other events as well as lectures given by the HPI staff
in turn at HCU and the HPI research projects.
Director Motofumi Asai (April 2005 – March 2011)
After Director Fukui completed his four-year term, Mr. Motofumi
Asai, a former diplomat became the third Director. One of the
expectations placed on Mr. Asai was to bring teamwork to the
HPI, which was characterized as an aggregation of individual
researchers. He aimed to develop the HPI into a research instituteconsiderate of the feelings of the A-bomb victims. While callingon the HPI’s researchers, each of whom had strong individualized
research agendas, to show common cause and cooperation, he
tried to make the importance of these values understood at the
researchers staff meetings through dialogues.
In addition, he believed that the HPI needed to hire researchers
specializing in the Constitution of Japan, the experience of theatomic bombing, peace movements, and other themes that could
draw significant attention of citizens. As a result, the number ofthe HPI’s researchers reached 12. Mr. Asai always maintained his
stance of foregrounding A-bomb victims. For example, he evendecided to cancel an international symposium when a group of
A-bomb victims expressed their opposition to part of the program.
Before serving as HPI Director, he actively posted his commentson political, diplomatic and social issues on his own blog. He is
still disseminating his opinions on Hiroshima.
Director Gen Kikkawa (April 2013 – March 2019)
The post of the fourth Director was assumed by Dr, Gen Kikkawa.
Based on the recognition that the HPI’s existence was threatened,
he set the following targets to be worked on as early as possible:
1) to establish a Graduate School of Peace Studies; and 2) to issue
an encyclopedia on peace and security and a yearbook analyzing
the nuclear situation in Asia. For 1), the necessary preparation
was completed by the end of Director Kikkawa’s tenure, and theschool was opened in April 2019. Regarding 2), the Encyclopedia
2

HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS Vol.24 No.2, March 2022

for Peace and Security was released in March 2016, while Peace,
Nuclear Weapons and Governance Issues in Asia was releasedin February 2019. Director Kikkawa also actively formed a
network with research institutes both at home and abroad. The HPI
concluded comprehensive partnerships with the Research Center
for Nuclear Weapons Abolition, Nagasaki University (RECNA),
Sejong Institute in South Korea, the Institute for Peace andUnification Studies of Seoul National University, the Institute ofJapan Studies of Liaoning University in China, and other entities,
thereby expanding the scope of its research interaction activities.
Director Ryo Oshiba (April 2019 – Present Day)In April 2019, Dr. Ryo Oshiba assumed the position of Director,
and the HPI embarked on new efforts. At the same time as his
assumption of the position, the HPI launched an M.A. Programat the Graduate School of Peace Studies. In April 2021, a Ph.D.
Program was also initiated. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic,
the graduate school is focusing on drawing not only students inJapan, but also international students and working professionals.
Moreover, the HPI released A Hiroshima Approach to Peace
Studies, the first collection of papers written by all the HPI’s
researchers, in August 2021. The number of the institute’s
researchers has increased to 15, with important outcomes being
generated both in joint research entailing teamwork and in researchby individuals.
HPI’s Raison d'Etre
I’ve made a brief review of the HPI’s history above. The earlier
the period, the longer my description. This is because, as the
only researcher who knows the situation right after the institute’s
establishment, I would like the present staff to refer to thedescriptions of the HPI’s early days. Finally, I would like toexplore the roles to be played by the HPI and its raison d'être.
Since the HPI is a research institute belonging to a university,
it should fulfill the roles that are generally expected to be
fulfilled by universities, namely education, research and social
contributions. Considering the background to the establishmentof the HPI and from the perspective of citizens, particular focus
should be placed on social contributions. Specifically, the HPI’s
contributions can be categorized into two types: 1) contribution to
the hometown of Hiroshima, and 2) more extensive contribution
to Japan and international society. Since there are many groups
working for 2) in Hiroshima, I would like to consider 1).
In Hiroshima, there are a wide variety of entities committed
to peace, and they can be divided into the following groups:
Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture and other local governments(peace administration); Peace Memorial Museum, Hiroshima
National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims, andother museums (handing down the experiences and memoriesof the atomic bombing); Mayors for Peace, UNITAR Office inHiroshima, and JICA Chugoku Center (international cooperationand international contribution); Hiroshima City Board of
Education, elementary schools, junior and senior high schools,
Teachers’ Union, etc. (peace education); media (peace coverage);and A-bomb victims’ organizations, NPOs, and NGOs (peace
movements).
I believe it is the HPI’s role to support everyone who seeks
advice on his/her activity related to peace. Based on this belief,
since I began my career at the HPI, I have provided as muchcooperation as I can, though I have done so personally in mostcases, and I have learned a lot through this process. My humble
experience has convinced me that this role is the centerpiece of the
responsibilities the HPI is expected to discharge, and that the HPI’s
raison d'être lies precisely in fulfilling this role. It goes without
saying that education and research are important. Particularly inthe field of social contributions, however, the HPI should open
the door to every activity that requires consultation or support
to realize peace, and ensure that all the researchers address andrespond appropriately to such needs. I feel that this is the mostimportant mission that the HPI is expected to complete.
(Professor at HPI)

Former Lieutenant Onoda Seenfrom a French Perspective
Hitoshi Nagai
On October 8, 2021, Onoda: 10,000 Nights in the Jungle was released
at movie theaters across Japan. Directed by the French film director
Arthur Harari, this movie depicts the life of former Lieutenant Hiroo
Onoda, who continued to hide out on Lubang Island in the Philippines
for about 30 years after the end of World War II, until his surrender in
1974. Opening the Un Certain Regard section of the 74th Cannes Film
Festival, the work also drew attention in Japan.
When conceiving the film, Director Harari reportedly referred toa book written by French authors in the year of Onoda’s surrender. It
was ONODA: 30 ans seul en guerre [ONODA: 30 years alone in war],
jointly authored by Bernard Cendron and Gérard Chenu. Published in1974 in Paris, the work was the earliest biography of Onoda. Probably
because the book is written in French, it has attracted scant attention in
Japan so far.
1. Bernard Cendron
Bernard Cendron, one of the authors, is a businessman who has been
engaged in introducing high-end French brands to the Japanese market
for more than 40 years. After serving as the President of Parfums
Christian Dior Japan and the Representative of Cartier International in
Japan, he currently serves as the President of BCIL JAPON.
Cendron was born in Paris in May 1946. Influenced by his
grandfather and mother, he has been familiar with Japanese culture
since his childhood. While studying English literature at Sorbonne
University, he also studied Japanese at the National Institute for Oriental
Languages and Cultures. In July 1969, he made his first visit to Japan asa backpacker. He worked as a guide for the French Pavilion at the Osaka
EXPO from June to September 1970. In January 1971, he visited Japan
once again. He served in the PR section of the French Embassy in Japanfor more than a year as an alternative to mandatory military service.
Then, he returned to France the following year and began to work at the
Banque Nationale de Paris [National Bank of Paris].
What prompted this banker to write a biography of former
Lieutenant Onoda? Behind this turn of events lay a series ofcoincidences. The news of the former lieutenant surrender caused a great
sensation in France as well as in other countries. One day at that time,
Cendron was eating dinner at his parents’ home in Paris together with
Jacques Arthaud, a friend of his father and the president of a publishingcompany. Arthaud proposed that Cendron write a book about Onoda.
This idea stirred Cendron’s spirit of adventure. He accepted the proposalon the spot and soon discussed it with his acquaintance Chenu, a military
expert. As a result, it was decided that Chenu would conduct research inthe suburbs of Paris on the Imperial Japanese Army Nakano School andother military affairs, while Cendron would visit Japan to collect various
information, using his long summer vacation from the bank. This was
the beginning of his journey tracing the steps of Onoda.
2. Quest for Testimonies
On the evening of March 9, 1974, former Lieutenant Onoda appearedin front of former Major Yoshimi Taniguchi, his wartime superior, andNorio Suzuki, the first person to discover Onoda, and surrendered. Threedays after, on March 12, Onoda returned to Japan. Why did the former
lieutenant continually refuse to surrender for 30 years? To explore thebackground to this burning question that puzzled many, Cendron visited
Japan around June of the same year.
In Japan, Cendron interviewed not only Onoda, of course, butalso his father Tanejiro and his elder brother Toshio, as well as former
First-Class Private Yuichi Akatsu, his fellow soldier, and former Major
Taniguchi. Cendron also traveled to the Philippines to interview officialsof the government and the military authorities, with the support of thelocal French embassy. He interviewed Minister of Public Information
Francisco Tatad, Commander of the Air Force Jose Rancudo, andMajor Humberto Kapawan, and others, and these interviews served asimportant information sources for the book. To investigate the actual site,
Cendron extended his visit to Lubang Island, where he also interviewed

island residents and military officials.
3. ONODA: 30 ans seul en guerre
In November 1974, ONODA: 30 Ans seul en guerre, co-authored by
Cendron and Chenu, was published by Arthaud in Paris. The manuscript
was prepared by Cendron. After completing his research in Japanand the Philippines, he returned to France and began to write around
August 1974. To concentrate on his writing, he confined himself to his
friend’s vacation home. In September, when he returned to his work at
the bank, he continued to write into the evenings after returning homefrom work, as well as on weekends. In the book’s preface, he writes
that “The authors brought together research findings, some of whichwere contradictory, collated them, and sorted them out, before deciding
to complete the book in one setting to simply present a story of Onoda
while respecting the integrity of the relevant people and events in goodfaith without taking the more rigorous approach of a historian.”
The book has a total of 254 pages. It comprises a short preface,a main body of 14 chapters, and a concluding chapter, as well as
appendixes and a reference list at the end of the book. The book also
contains photos that Fred Santamaria, a French cameraman, who
accompanied Cendron took during the research. Cendron wrote based on
the interviews he had conducted in Japan and the Philippines, newspaper
and magazine articles, materials provided by the French Embassy, andthe military information collected by Chenu. Of particular value isan overview of the interview Cendron conducted with Onoda (in the
concluding chapter). The interview was conducted on June 15, 1974 at
Mikasa Kaikan in Ginza, Tokyo. According to the former lieutenant,when former First-Class Private Kinshichi Kozuka, with whom Onoda
had served together for many years, was shot to death in October 1972
in a gunfight with the Philippine Constabulary, Onoda was greatly upset
and wanted to avenge him. Onoda sometimes dreamed of Kozuka. In
the interview, the former lieutenant said that he had felt alone afterlosing Kozuka. He also stated that he had wanted to return to Japan.
In addition, he disclosed the fear that he had felt, saying, “As I was
climbing down the mountain to meet Major Taniguchi and Mr. Suzuki,
I was very anxious [about his future].” Meanwhile, when asked about
what had supported him for those 30 years, Onoda clearly responded,“Myself.”
Why did he hold out for as long as 30 years? Now, about half acentury since the interview, Cendron assumes the following: Onoda
refused to surrender out of his loyalty to the Emperor, and the values of
the Empire of Japan; he probably knew that the war had ended but he
did not want to accept it or to surrender, and return to Japan as a loser.
Conclusion
ONODA: 30 ans seul en guerre, by Cendron and Chenu, offers
significant insights based on many interviews with people concernedright after Onoda’s return to Japan. The book is unusual in that theauthors are neither Japanese nor Filipino, but French, citizens of athird country. The book presents various aspects that differ from thosefound in the former lieutenant’s autobiography, making the work evenmore fascinating. For example, the book describes the experiences andmemories of Lubang Islanders, while also revealing the human side of
Onoda through the interview.
In 2020, the book was republished for the first time in 46 years
in paperback by Arthaud Poche in Paris. This was to coincide with therelease of the film by Director Harari. This book is a perfect document
to review the war that Japan fought, as well as the post-war aftermath.
In addition, it is an invaluable resource containing firsthand information.
It is hoped that a Japanese translation of the book will also be publishednear the future.
[Acknowledgments] The author would like to thank Mr. Bernard
Cendron for the interviews and generous suggestions for this article.
(Professor at HPI)

Visit HPI’s website at https://www.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/

3

The Atomic Bombing and My Home Town
Chie Shijo
Last year I left Nagasaki, where I had lived for 15 years, and returned tomy home town of Hiroshima. Since I was involved in Hiroshima City
University’s extracurricular program entitled “Ichidai Juku” (Hiroshima
City University’s academy), I have been working on the developmentof fieldwork programs related to atomic bomb damage, and I use every
opportunity to walk around the city of Hiroshima. We can find tracesof the atomic bomb, dropped 76 years ago, everywhere in the streetsof Hiroshima, including Hiroshima Castle and its surrounding areas,
the areas along the former Ujina railway line, and the Eba district.
I sometimes wonder what happened in those days to the village ofMidorii in Asa-minami Ward, where I was born and raised. The former
Kawauchi Village in Asa-gun, located next to Midorii Village, wasseriously damaged by the atomic bombing. Of the volunteer fighting
corps formed by the people of Kawauchi Village, a well-known producerof a leaf vegetable called “Hiroshima-na,” the advance contingent wassent on August 6, 1945 to the central part of Hiroshima City to engage inbuilding demolition work to create a firebreak belt. About 200 membersof the advance contingent were killed by the atomic bomb. Only sevenmembers were said to have returned home before they died. What was
the situation of Midorii Village, adjacent to Kawauchi Village?
The three villages of Kawauchi, Yagi and Midorii in Asa-gun(at the time of the atomic bombing) were merged into Sato Town in
1955, which also ceased to exist after being merged into Hiroshima
City in 1973. Hiroshima Genbaku Sensaishi (“Record of the Hiroshima
A-bomb Disaster”) states that a volunteer fighting corps from Midorii
Village was sent for work on August 5, one day before the atomic
bombing, and on August 6, they were off duty. The record provides noinformation about their work destination. If they had been sent to thebuilding demolition work on August 5, it means that one day became
the difference between life and death. The three villages, located along
one of the major routes from Hiroshima City to the northern part ofHiroshima Prefecture, served as evacuation areas, drawing a large
number of evacuees. People living in the three villages desperately tried
to rescue those survivors. A record says that a shelter established inMidorii Elementary School accommodated about 300 people, and that
100 dead bodies were disposed of. The History of Sato Town, editedby the Hiroshima municipal government after the merger of the threevillages, states that since the evacuees died one after another, the threevillages had to cremate the dead bodies almost every day. In addition to
the volunteer fighting corps from Kawauchi Village, a large number ofresidents of the Sato district died because they were in Hiroshima Cityat the time of the atomic bombing. They include students engaged inbuilding demolition work due to student mobilization, their teachers, andworkplace volunteer corps members. These facts provide a glimpse into
the influence of building demolition work conducted in the central partof the city.
Based on a photo of a memorial cenotaph I found in a photocollection entitled, “Omoide no Sato-cho” (“Sato Town of Memories”),
I visited the old cenotaph standing by the side of Senzobo Temple (ofthe Hongan-ji school of the Jodo Shinshu sect) in Midorii. When I wasa child, I used the road beside the cenotaph many times, but I did notknow until my later visit that it was a monument erected for the war
dead. The cenotaph, about four meters in height, was erected by theresidents of the Midorii district in 1959. Beside it lies a memorial tablet
engraved with “the names of Midorii residents who died in the war,”
donated by the village mayor at the time of the Greater East Asia War.
On the memorial tablet, there are the names of those who died in the4

HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS Vol.24 No.2, March 2022

Boshin War, the Sino-Japanese War, and the Greater East Asia War, as
well as 56 persons who died in the course of their public duties due tothe atomic bombing. I visited Senzobo Temple and asked the chief priest
whether the temple had any information about the cenotaph. He said
that in those days after the atomic bombing, the former chief priest wasin China, and his mother who took over the temple work had performed
funeral rites for those who died while on their way to a shelter. “As time
passes, those who had detailed information have died,” he continued.
I walked through the graveyard of the temple. There were thephrases, “Died due to the A-bombing on August 6, 1945” and “Dieddue to the war on August 7, 1945” engraved on gravestones. There
were graves for those who died on the same day. “Died on August 6,
7, 9, and 14...” I wondered if these people had also been killed by theatomic bombing. There were also many graves of those with various
titles, including a corporal in the army and a flying warrant officer in
the navy. There was a gravestone engraved with detailed information on
the military career of the deceased, which seemed to me to be a father’s
grieving cry for his son. Not even halfway through the graveyard, which
was not particularly large, I had already seen many gravestones of those
who died in 1945.
At present, Midorii, Asa-minami Ward has a population of
16,456, a six-fold increase from 1950 when the population of Midorii
Village was less than 3,000. In the postwar period, the rural landscapes
stretching in the suburbs of Hiroshima City were turned into residential
districts, becoming commuter towns for the city. The graveyard of
Senzobo Temple, which is too small to build graves for new parishioners,
still retains poignant remnants of the war. As the chief priest of thetemple said, only a few people can talk about the situation at that time.
When I was an elementary school student, I saw elderly men and womenbending down to plow fields and harvest rice near the Yagi irrigation
channel. Since they have already passed away, it is no longer possible toask them to describe the situation of Midorii during the war.
I used the retrieval system of the Hiroshima Municipal Archives tosearch historical materials related to Midorii. Among documents issued
by the village office and later inherited by the Hiroshima Municipal
Archives at the time of its merger into Sato Town, there were several
hits for the word “Midorii,” including a document related to prayer
for victory in the war and a document about a ceremony announcing
the end of the Greater East Asia War at the shrine and praying for thereconstruction of the nation. According to The History of Hiroshima
Prefecture: Resource Materials on the Atomic Bombing, there seems to
be a list detailing the receipt of written requests filed for pensions andcondolence money for surviving families. These documents provide a
glimpse into how local people were living during the wartime as reportedby those immersed in the war, and how they suffered from the war andthe atomic bombing. Today, it is an invaluable opportunity to directly“hear” talk of what happened around 76 years ago. Furthermore, we canfind traces of the war and the atomic bombing not only in the central
part of Hiroshima City, but also in its suburbs. In addition to talking
to people who experienced the war and the bomb and reading suchpeople’s war memoirs, we will be able to know the history of Hiroshimaby visiting memorial cenotaphs, graves and other remains, and reading
history books and the remaining official documents. I would like to do
my best to search for and rescue historical materials concerning the war
and the atomic bombing, even if in a humble way.
(Associate Professor at HPI)

Afghanistan Situation and Russia
Mihoko Kato
On August 30, 2021, the U.S. military completed its withdrawal fromAfghanistan, facing fierce criticism from both in and outside the UnitedStates. On the following day, President Joe Biden declared the end of
the 20-year-long U.S. war in Afghanistan, the longest war in American
history. He also said that the decision meant the end of major military
operations to remake other countries. On August 15, just before the U.S.
withdrawal of the last troops from the country, the Taliban, overthrown by
the Bush administration in 2001, seized control of the capital city Kabul,and declared the establishment of an interim government on September
7. Presently, Western nations, China and Russia have not recognized the
Taliban as the new government in Kabul. However, it is evident that it will
be difficult to stabilize Afghanistan and its surrounding regions without
negotiations with the Taliban, which wields the real power. What should theinternational community do to ensure the peace and stability of the country,
and how should it relate to the Taliban? The following is a discussion of therelationship between the Taliban and Russia, which was quick to initiate a
dialogue with the Taliban.
USSR/Russia and Afghanistan
The northern part of Afghanistan formerly shared a border of about 2,000
kilometers with the southern part of the USSR. Following the breakup of the
USSR, it now shares borders with Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan.
Looking back over history, Afghanistan acted politically as a buffer zone in
the Great Game between the Russian Empire, which was trying to advancesouthward, and the British Empire, which had colonized India. After
gaining independence from British rule in 1919, Afghanistan establisheddiplomatic relations with the USSR, relying deeply on the country in termsof security and military and economic support. After taking power in a coupd’état in April 1978, Nur Mohammad Taraki of the People’s Democratic
Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) forced through radical agricultural reforms
and concluded an alliance with the USSR, arousing fierce resistance amongconservative Islamic extremist groups. Consequently, Taraki was deposed
and killed in another coup by the PDPA’s opposition forces in September
1979. In December of the same year, the Brezhnev administration of the
USSR resorted to military intervention in Afghanistan due to fears that the
new Afghan leader, Hafizullah Amin, might approach the United Statesand fall within its sphere, and that the Islamic Revolution in Iran might
spread to Afghanistan. After that, the Soviet forces and Afghan government
forces continued a protracted war against the anti-government guerrillaforces supported by the military service of the United States, known as the“Mujahideen” until the Soviet military’s withdrawal from Afghanistan in
1989.
After the Soviet withdrawal, Afghanistan plunged into a state ofanarchy due to conflicts among various factions. Around that time, theTaliban, a strict Islamic fundamentalist group, was formed in the northernpart of Pakistan. The Taliban expanded its power into the southwestern partof Afghanistan and eventually seized the capital Kabul in September 1996,
establishing a reign of terror in which the Afghan people were forced tocomply with Islamic Sharia law.
Putin Administration and the Taliban
Now, let’s return to the present situation. Immediately after the Taliban
took control of Kabul in August 2021, the Russian Embassy in Afghanistan
announced that there was no need to evacuate because there was no threat tothe Embassy, and the embassy officials and other staff members continued
to work there. As Western nations and Japan were scurrying about in
confusion to evacuate their citizens and other people who had helped themover the years, the Russian Ambassador to Afghanistan, Dmitry Zhirnov,
announced that the evacuation of those wishing to leave the country
had been completed on August 26. The Russian Special Presidential
Representative for Afghanistan, Zamir Kabulov, said that although it wasnecessary to coordinate their relations with the new administration in
Afghanistan, Russia was relatively comfortable with the changes in the

country because it had been preparing for the Taliban’s return to power forthe past eight years.
Under the first Putin administration, which had a cooperative
relationship in the War on Terror with the Bush administration, Russia put
the Taliban on its list of designated terrorist and illegal organizations. Whenthe Islamic State (IS) expanded its territory in the 2010s, however, Kabulov
expressed the view that “the Taliban’s interests objectively coincide withthose of Russia” in the fight against IS. As far as I know from the news
reports, Russia made official contact with the Taliban since November
2018. The Russian government has sought a role as peace mediator between
the Taliban and the Afghan government by holding a meeting to provide
an opportunity for representatives from both sides to engage in direct talks.
The U.S. media criticized this move, stating that although Russia has shown
it is back in the “Great Game” 30 years after pulling out of Afghanistan
by hosting Taliban-Afghan peace talks, there have been no significant
breakthroughs.
When looking back on Russia’s movement over the three months
since the fall of the capital Kabul, the Putin administration does not seeminterested in interfering in the domestic affairs of Afghanistan or mediatingin the conflicts facing the Taliban. According to a speech President Putin
delivered at the United Russia party congress held in late August, major
direct threats to Russia resulting from the present situation in Afghanistan
are the potential expansion of conflict to neighboring nations by various
terrorist groups who have found havens in Afghanistan amid the chaos
left by Western countries, the expansion of drug trafficking routes, andthe highly acute issue of illegal immigration. It is difficult for a country
to address those transnational issues by itself. The Putin administration
has declared the active utilization of multilateral frameworks led by
Moscow, including the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO),
the Expanded Troika (comprising the United States, Russia, China andPakistan), the Moscow Format, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO).
Among these, the third Moscow Format Talks on Afghanistan, heldon October 21, drew global attention as the largest international conference
involving representatives from the Taliban since the inauguration of theprovisional Taliban government. Ten countries participated, including
China, Pakistan, Iran and India (the U.S. was notably absent). The
joint statement issued after the meeting emphasized the importance ofthe participating nations considering the reality that the Taliban had
come to power, regardless of whether or not they officially recognized
the provisional government, and called on the Taliban to enhance its
governance and establish a truly inclusive government. It also called forthe establishment of an international donor conference sponsored by theUN, and referred to the responsibility of the U.S. government—although
it did not directly mention the U.S. by name—by saying that the main
responsibility for the economy, financial reconstruction and developmentof Afghanistan lay with the presence of the military actor that had beenstationed in the country for the past 20 years.
Conclusion
Continuing interest and support from the international community are
indispensable to putting an end to the history of the power game repeatedly
played by the great powers, and helping Afghanistan achieve self-relianceand stability. Japan, together with various Western countries, needs to callon the provisional Taliban administration to protect the rights of womenand children, and promote the participation of various types of domestic
forces in politics. At the same time, Japan should help Afghanistan workin harmony with the whole international community by keeping its eye on
multilateral talks led by Russia and China, participating in such talks inareas where it can cooperate, and thereby preventing a specific great nationfrom gaining power in Afghanistan.
(Lecturer at HPI)

Visit HPI’s website at https://www.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/

5From War to Peace(Or, From Nagasaki to Hiroshima)
Hiroshima)
Toshiya Umehara
In the spring of 2021, I left The Asahi Shimbun Newspaper
where I had worked for 33 years, and drew an end to my career
as a journalist (for the time being at least) to make a fresh start
as a Doctoral Degree Program student at the Graduate School of
Peace Studies, Hiroshima City University. Before the COVID-19
pandemic, I never imagined I would become a doctoral student. In
retrospect, this is one example of how my life’s destiny felt to me
to be occurring by chance.
It was the spring of 2001 when I faced a first crossroads. In
those days, I was living in Vienna as a correspondent responsible
for the Balkans, and visited Skopje, the capital of Macedonia(currently North Macedonia), a state of the former Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia, to provide news coverage.
After the Cold War ended, the former Yugoslavia continued
to see ethnic conflicts, but only Macedonia managed to stay outof such wars. At that time, however, ethnic Albanians formed anarmed guerrilla group in some areas of northwest Macedonia andoften engaged in armed clashes with the government security
forces. In 1998, violent ethnic conflicts broke out in neighboring
Kosovo between ethnic Albanians and Serbians, which resulted
in an intervention for humanitarian reasons by NATO (North
Atlantic Treaty Organization) forces, led by the United States, inthe following year. Consequently, Kosovo was virtually separated
from Serbia. Milosevic, the dictator of Serbia who controlled theformer Yugoslavia, was forced from office by a popular uprisingin 2000. Just when calm was about to return to the Balkan region,
tensions flared up in Macedonia, driving the region to the brink of
renewed fierce conflicts.
Macedonia lagged economically behind the other nationsof the former Yugoslavia. Only a few hotels had fully developed
communications infrastructure and good access to transportation.
One day, I was staying in one such hotel, and as I was passing
the front desk I was stopped by a Japanese man who seemed
worried about something. He told me that he had been refusedaccommodation at the hotel due to overbooking. At that time,
media crews from around the world, including the American
network CNN, had flocked to the hotel to cover the deteriorating
situation of the country. Regrettably, I could not be of much help.
All I could do was provide him with information on other hotels.
I exchanged business cards with him and learned that he was ascholar of international politics specializing in European security.
We agreed to share a meal to exchange views on the recent regionalsituation.
That was my first encounter with Prof. Gen Kikkawa. If I had
passed the front desk a few minutes earlier or later, I do not think I
would have met him. A chance meeting with him changed my lifeand led me to study in Hiroshima. At that time, Prof. Kikkawa gaveme information about Mr. Ryochu Umeda, with whom his father,
who had been a military attache stationed in Bulgaria during WorldWar II, had been connected. Based on this information, I proceededwith my coverage and wrote a book.
Another catalyst that changed my life was that the place of
my first assignment as a newspaper reporter was Nagasaki. This
was also the result of a chance event. Before formally entering
the company, I was notified of my assignment to a different
prefecture. However, I was sent to Nagasaki due to other people’s
6

HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS Vol.24 No.2, March 2022

convenience. I think that the important starting point that led to mycurrent life was that in 1990, on the 45th anniversary of the atomic
bombing, I was assigned to cover the realities of the bombing andissues concerning support for atomic-bombing survivors.
After entering the field of international reporting, I visited
various places for coverage, including nuclear tests by Pakistan,which became a concrete example of nuclear arms proliferation,and damage to civilians caused by U.S. airstrikes on Serbia andKosovo. In 2007, I was embedded with the U.S. Marine Corps toprovide battlefield reports on how the Bush Administration, whichtoppled the Saddam Hussein regime, was struggling to maintainsecurity in Iraq. Although I often experienced mentally challenging
times, I had many opportunities to gain real-life experience ofchanges in international society in the post-Cold War era.
As a company employee, I was not allowed to choose mywork focus. After returning from London in the summer of 2016,
I was appointed to a managerial position in the newsroom of theTokyo Head Office of The Asahi Shimbun. It was a challenging
job, but I no longer had opportunities to go out in the field. Since
I did not have to work irregular hours, I decided to study again tosystematically organize the knowledge I had accumulated. I was
admitted to the online Master’s program of the Department of War
Studies, King’s College London. As a remote international student,
I studied after returning from my regular work and on weekends.
In mid-2019, I was freed from managerial work at thecompany and, as a journalist, started to cover the U.S. presidential
election. Less than one year later, however, the COVID-19
pandemic broke out around the world, making it difficult to engage
in journalistic activities, not only abroad but also in face-to-faceinterviews for coverage in Japan. This gave me an opportunity toembark towards new horizons, including participating in online
seminars, but it was hard not to feel frustrated.
At that time, I learned that doctoral programs had beenlaunched in the Graduate School of Peace Studies, Hiroshima
City University. I had previously visited the campus to see Prof.
Gen Kikkawa and Prof. Kazumi Mizumoto, a former colleague
at the Asahi Shimbun Company, both of whom were working
for the Hiroshima Peace Institute. Since studying at KCL I had
written a Master’s thesis on norms of non-use of nuclear weapons
and Japan’s national security, I wanted to engage in researchin Hiroshima as a continuation of my studies. At KCL, where I
received a Master’s degree, I studied in the Department of “War.”I thought it would be nice to enter the Graduate School of “Peace”
Studies to gain a doctoral degree. If realized, it would mean I could
see a transition of my studies from “war” to “peace.” Since mycompany was inviting applications for early retirement, I decided
to leave the company and enter the university.
In my first year in Hiroshima, it would be difficult to say
I could take full advantage of living in Hiroshima, a city struckby the atomic bomb, due to the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic.
However, I take various opportunities, including jogging aroundthe Peace Memorial Park, to think of Hiroshima’s tragic history
and further boost my motivation to conduct research here.
Reflecting on where I have been, I would like to live a productive
life as a researcher.
(PhD Program Student at HCU Graduate School of Peace Studies)N ew P ublications
Peace and Governance in Asia

Gen Kikkawa

Today, the deterioration of freedom and democracy has been observed in various parts of the world. A Freedom House survey
has found that in Asia there has been an increase in the number of countries rated as “Not Free,” while military tensions have
escalated in the region. East Asia now finds itself in a critical situation, mainly due to a potential crisis in the Korean Peninsula
resulting from the nuclear development of North Korea, China’s rise as a military superpower, and the mounting crisis inrelations between Beijing and Taipei. Asia is in need of peace without nuclear weapons at this juncture. It must be the type of
peace that can achieve both peace and human security without nuclear weapons. This is because compatibility between peaceand human security cannot always be ensured. What challenges do we need to address to create a peaceful Asia in whichhuman security is ensured and freedom and democracy are guaranteed?
Based on interest in these issues, the Hiroshima Peace Institute published a book entitled Peace and Governance in Asia
(Yushindo Kobunsha) in March 2022. The purpose of this book is to question relations between the structure of international
relations—the keynote for Asia, which is heading for nuclear development—and the national governance of existing nuclear
powers. This book consists of five parts. Part I “International Relations in a Radically Changing East Asia,” discusses the
structure of crises in international relations in East Asia, with a focus on America’s East Asia diplomacy, Japan-China relations,and Japan-Korea relations. Part II “Nuclear Development and International Relations,” clarifies the background to the nuclear
development of nuclear powers and other nations, showing the movement of nuclear development from the perspective ofinternational relations surrounding those nations. At the same time, it also examines recent trends in the civilian use of nuclear
energy. Part III “Human Security and Governance,” explores the characteristics and current status of domestic politics thatcome to a deadlock in promoting democracy, by looking at the governance trends of existing nuclear powers, with a focus
on freedom and democracy. Part IV “The Organizing of Peace and International Agencies,” reveals the recent trends andcurrent status of Asia’s international organizations for creating peace by looking at important roles played by internationalorganizations in creating peace and ensuring human security. Part V “Japan in Asia,” analyzes the role played by U.S. nuclear
weapons in Japan’s national security, the relations between Japan’s security environment and the norm of disuse of nuclear
weapons, and the role played by Japanese anti-nuclear movements.
I hope this book will provide a clue to learning the structure of crises in Asia and provide an opportunity to consider
measures to create an Asian peace zone that ensures compatibility between international peace and human security. This
book has been published as a sequel to Peace, Nuclear Weapons and Governance Issues in Asia: Nuclear Development andGovernance from the Perspective of International Relations (Kyodo News, Feb. 2019). Please refer to the new publication in
conjunction with this book.
(Specially Appointed Professor at HPI)

Nuclear Bodies: The Global Hibakusha

Robert Jacobs

My new monograph titled, Nuclear Bodies: The Global Hibakusha, will be published by the Yale University Press at the endof March 2022. (URL: https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300230338/nuclear-bodies) The title “Global Hibakusha” refers to
the millions who have been exposed to fallout radiation since 1945. These exposures come from nuclear testing, nuclear power
plant accidents, and the production of nuclear fuel. Exposures have happened on every continent, including Antarctica. The
book traces the impact of these exposures on the health of the global hibakusha, the disruption of families and communities
that follow close behind exposures, and contamination of the global ecosystems.
The fact that there wasn’t a direct full-scale nuclear war between the Cold War superpowers is often presented by scholars
and politicians as proof that the Cold War never turned “hot,” that is, it would never lead to a nuclear war, and American
historian John Lewis Gaddis described it as the “long peace.” In a chapter titled “Selecting the Irradiated,” I detail how thenuclear weapons states were fully aware of the nature and danger of radioactive fallout, which dictated their choice of test sites,such as colonial, postcolonial spaces, or adjacent to marginal populations far from political centers. The book points out that
the Cold War was a limited nuclear war conducted by technologically advanced against the politically powerless.
The decades of nuclear weapon testing have spread fallout worldwide. A 2011 study found more radiation from global
testing 2 km from ground zero in Nagasaki than from the 1945 atomic bombing. In addition, some high-level nuclear waste,so-called nuclear waste, is planned to be buried in deep geological repositories 500 m below the surface of the Earth, andthousands of future generations will be forced to coexist with the waste we leave behind.
Research for this book was conducted in more than 20 countries by myself and my collaborator, Dr. Mick Broderick.
Funding of this work came from the Hiroshima Peace Institute, Hiroshima City University, the Japan Society for the Promotionof Science and multiple other sources.
(Professor at HPI)

Visit HPI’s website at https://www.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/

7

DIARY
2021◆ Jun. 6 Kyungjin Ha participates in the Japan Society for
Studies in Journalism and Mass Communication 2021 Spring
Conference as a moderator of the symposium, “The Media
Structure of Discrimination?: The Public Sphere in the Age ofSNS,” held online.
◆ Jun. 20 Tetsuo Sato attends the Board of Councilors of theJapanese Society of International Law, held online.
◆ Jul. 5 Robert Jacobs presents a lecture titled, “The Global
Hibakusha and post-Cold War Nuclear Humanities,” at the
University of Gour Banga in Malda, West Bengal, India, via
Google Meet.
◆ Jul. 8 Kazumi Mizumoto attends the 3rd meeting on thePeace Declaration organized by the City of Hiroshima, held atthe Hiroshima City Hall.
◆ Jul. 18 Sato’s article, “International Legal Order and NonState Actors in the Globalized International Society: An Analysis
of a Work Experience at the International Law Association” (inJapanese), printed in, International Relations and the Rule ofLaw: Festschrift for Judge Owada Hisashi in commemoration of
his retirement from the International Court of Justice (Iwasawa
Yuji and Okano Masataka eds., Shinzansha Publisher Co., Ltd,2021).
◆ Jul. 19 Chie Shijo contributes an article based on aninterview, “Importance of Historical Materials to Supplement
the A-bomb Experience,” to the Chugoku Shimbun.
◆ Jul. 24 Jacobs presents a lecture titled, “Being Present
with the Past and the Future at Nuclear Weapon Test Sites: A
Challenge for TPNW Effectiveness,” as part of the ongoingseries of seminars focused on the implementation of the Treaty
on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons at Soka University inTokyo, Japan, via Zoom.
◆ Aug. 7 Mizumoto presents a lecture titled, “The Inhumanityof Nuclear Weapons and the Inhumanity of the War,” to highschool students attending “Future Leaders’ Program for Global
Peace,” organized by Hiroshima Prefecture, held online.
◆ Aug. 19 Mihoko Kato presents a lecture titled, “Introduction
to Russia’s Foreign Policy Studies,” in the summer schoolorganized by the Japan Association for Russian and East
European Studies, held online.
◆ Aug. 31 Shijo presents a lecture titled, “Where is ‘The Boyof Cremation Site’ Going: Building of Collective Memories ofAtomic Bomb Damage Seen in Photographs,” at the Society for
Nagasaki Atomic Bomb History, held online.
◆ Oct. 6 Xianfen Xu presents a lecture titled, “Sino-Japanese
Relations in Asia,” to the students of the School of Global
Humanities and Social Sciences of Nagasaki University, via
Zoom.
◆ Oct. 16 Hitoshi Nagai presents a lecture titled, “TheA-bombing and Reconstruction in Hiroshima,” at the “Hiroshima
Peace Forum” organized by the Hiroshima Peace Culture
Foundation, held at the Memorial Hall of Hiroshima Peace
Memorial Museum.
◆ Oct. 18 Mizumoto attends the meeting of “Hiroshima
for Global Peace” Plan Promotion Committee, organized by
Hiroshima Prefecture, held online.
◆ Oct. 20 Narayanan Ganesan presents a lecture titled,“Political Developments in Southeast Asia,” to the Estoril
Political Forum, Lisbon, Portugal, via Zoom.
◆ Oct. 22 Jacobs presents the keynote talk titled, “Nuclear
Memory Effects: Remembering Hiroshima and Forgetting

HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS● Published by● Printed by

8

June 1, 2021 ― December 31, 2021

Fukushima,” to the Troubling Anniversaries Conference, held
jointly by Queen’s University Belfast and the Institute ofHistorical Research of the University of London, via Zoom.
◆ Oct. 29 Ryo Oshiba participates, as a discussant, in the panel
titled, “Methodological Developments in the Studies of SDGs,”
at the Annual Convention meeting of the Japan Association ofInternational Relations (JAIR), via Zoom.
◆ Oct. 30 Tadashi Okimura participates, as a discussant, inthe environment subcommittee at the 2021 Annual Convention
meeting of the Japan Association of International Relations(JAIR), via Zoom.
◆ Oct. 31 Oshiba participates in the Roundtable: Japan’s
Foreign Policy under the New Administration, at the Fall
Convention meeting of the Japanese Association of Political andLegal Studies of Japan, via Zoom.
◆ Nov. 5 Akihiro Kawakami presents a lecture titled, “Article
9, the Constitution of Japan and Peace,” to the Christian Aishin
High School in Gotsu City, Shimane Prefecture.
◆ Nov. 8 & 29 Ha participates as a judge for the PR Awards
Grand Prix, organized by the Public Relations Society of Japan,
held at the International House of Japan, Tokyo.
◆ Nov. 11 Hyun Jin Son and Makiko Takemoto held adiscussion with students of Nagoya University Affiliated Lower
Secondary Schools who were visiting Hiroshima on a school
excursion, at Hiroshima City University.
◆ Nov. 12 Kawakami presents a lecture titled, “The Pacifism
Provision of the Constitution of Japan and HIROSHIMA,” tostudents of Meito Senior High School visiting Hiroshima on aschool excursion, at Hiroshima City University.
◆ Nov. 12 Mizumoto attends a meeting for revising the Peace
Education Program for the junior and senior high schools,
organized by the Hiroshima Municipal Board of Education, heldat Hiroshima City Education Center.
◆ Nov. 27 Jacobs presents a lecture titled, “Greenwashing
Plutonium: Transforming US Nuclear Weapon Legacy Sites
into Nature Preserves,” as part of the “Hiroshima, America, andNuclear Legacies” symposium presented to the 49th annual
conference of the Chugoku-Shikoku Association of American
Studies, Hiroshima, Japan, via Zoom.
◆ Dec. 4 Okimura serves as moderator for the panel discussion
in an online symposium titled, “East Asia on the Move,” held by
the Hiroshima Peace Institute and others, via Zoom.
◆ Dec. 6 Ganesan presents a lecture entitled, “AUKUS and
its Impact on ASEAN,” at the 174th Diplomatic Roundtable
meeting of the Japan Forum on International Relations (JFIR)
and the Council on East Asian Community (CEAC) in Tokyo,
via Zoom.
◆ Dec. 10 Takemoto presents a paper titled, “Japanese Peaceand Pacifism: a Comparative Study between Japan and West
Germany” to the international conference, “Trails of Peace
Between History, Memory and Communication,” held atUniversità IULM in Milan, Italy, via Zoom.
◆ Dec. 14 Okimura presents a paper titled, “Climate Crisisand International Regimes,” at the Japan-Korea Security Forum“Global Security Issues and Japan-Korea Cooperation,” hosted
by Sejong Institute, via Zoom.
◆ Dec. 20 Gen Kikkawa publishes an essay entitled, “Conflict
between Human Rights and Security,” INTERNATIONALAFFAIRS, No. 704, December 2021, pp.1–4.
※For other entries of the DIARY, please visit our website.
Vol.24 No.2（March 22, 2022）

Editorial Committee (Robert Jacobs, Xianfen Xu, Chie Shijo), Hiroshima Peace Institute, Hiroshima City University
3-4-1, Ozuka-higashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima, 731-3194 Japan
Phone: +81（0）82 830 1811
Fax: +81（0）82 830 1812
E-mail: office-peace@m.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp
Letterpress Co., Ltd.

HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS Vol.24 No.2, March 2022

©Hiroshima City University 2022. All rights reserved.