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ÀOH8VHUV\RVKLL'HVNWRSLQGH[KWPO

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ÀOH8VHUV\RVKLL'HVNWRSLQGH[KWPO

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ÀOH8VHUV\RVKLL'HVNWRSLQGH[KWPO

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ÀOH8VHUV\RVKLL'HVNWRSLQGH[KWPO

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ÀOH8VHUV\RVKLL'HVNWRSLQGH[KWPO

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ÀOH8VHUV\RVKLL'HVNWRSLQGH[KWPO

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ÀOH8VHUV\RVKLL'HVNWRSLQGH[KWPO

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ÀOH8VHUV\RVKLL'HVNWRSLQGH[KWPO

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ᢏ⾡࣭Ⓨ᫂ࡢ㐍໬ㄽⓗゎ㔘ྐ໭ᾏ㐨኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ◊✲⛉ ༤ኈᚋᮇㄢ⛬                                  ᑠᯘ኱ᕞ௓
࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ㸸ᢏ⾡ࡢ㐍໬ ᢏ⾡ࡢ┠ⓗㄽⓗᛶ᱁ࠊ⣔⤫ࠊᢏ⾡࡜ேᕤ≀ ࢖ࣥࢺࣟࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥ ᢏ⾡ࡀ⏕≀ࡢᶵ⬟ࡸ┠ⓗࢆ⾲⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡣྂࡃ࠿ࡽᏑᅾࡋࠊྂ௦ࢠࣜࢩ࢔᫬
௦ࡢဴᏛ⪅ࡽࡶࡋࡤࡋࡤᢏ⾡࡜⏕≀ࡢ࣓ࢱࣇ࢓࣮ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ୰ୡ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⮬↛≀࡜ேᕤ≀ࡢ༊ูࡣࠊ୍⯡ேࡢ㛫࡛ࡣᪧែ౫↛࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ᐀ᩍᏛ⪅ࡸဴᏛ⪅ࠊ⛉Ꮫ⪅ࡽࡢ㛫࡛ࡣᚎࠎ࡟༊ูࡉࢀࠊᚎࠎ࡟ಶู࡟ㄽࡌࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡺࡃࠋࡑࡋ࡚  ୡ⣖ࠊ⏕≀ࡢ㐍໬ࡀ࣐ࣛࣝࢡࡸࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥࡽ࡟ࡼࡾᚎࠎ࡟᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡉࢀ࡚ࡺࡃ࡟ࡘࢀ⏕≀ࡢ㐍໬ࡣ♫఍ᛮ₻࡟ࡲ࡛ᾐ㏱ࡋࠊࡇࡢ͆㐍໬ㄽ͇ࣈ࣮࣒ࡣᢏ⾡Ⓨᒎㄽ࡜ࡢ࣓ࢱࣇ࢓࣮ࢆᩘከࡃ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓࠋ≉࡟⪃ྂᏛࡸࠊ͆Ⓨ͇᫂ࡢ⏤᮶ࢆᢅࡗࡓㄽ⪅➼ࡀ㐍໬࡜ࡢ࣓ࢱࣇ࢓࣮ࢆከ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
7DUGH *LOILOODQ 8VKHU ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓὶࢀࡣᡓᚋࡶ⥆ࡃࡀࠊ୍᪉࡛⏕≀ࡢ㐍໬࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࠊ
ᢏ⾡࡟ࡼࡾ≉᭷ࡢ㐍໬య⣔ࢆᶍ⣴ࡍࡿືࡁࡶぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ =LPDQHWDO ࠋ ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᢏ⾡࡜⏕≀ࡢჾᐁ࡟ࡣࡑࡶࡑࡶࠊࡑࡢ͆┠ⓗ͇ࡸ͆ᶵ⬟͇ࡢ⎔ቃ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡜࠸
ࡗࡓᮏ㉁ⓗ࡞࢔ࢼࣟࢪ࣮ࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊࡑࢀࡀྂࡃ࠿ࡽࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ࣓ࢱࣇ࢓࣮ࢆ⏕ࢇ࡛ࡁࡓཎᅉ
࡜ࡶ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣࠊᢏ⾡ࡢ͆┠ⓗ͇ࡸ͆ᶵ⬟͇࡜࠸ࡗࡓഃ㠃࠿ࡽࠊᢏ⾡࡜⏕≀㐍໬ࡢ࢔ࢼࣟࢪ࣮ࢆ෌⪃ࡋࠊࡑࡢ㛵ಀࢆ෌ྫྷ࿡ࡋ࡚ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡑࡇ࠿ࡽ᪂ࡋ࠸ྵពࡀᚓࡽࢀ
ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢆ⪃࠼ࡓ࠸ࠋ ᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣࠊḟ❶ࡢ➨㸯❶࡛ྂ௦ࢠࣜࢩ࢔࠿ࡽ㐍໬ㄽ௨๓ࡢ୰ୡ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢏ⾡ᴫᛕࢆࠊࡑࡋ࡚➨㸰❶࡛ࡣ  ୡ⣖௨㝆࠿ࡽ⌧௦࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࡢࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ͆㐍໬ㄽ͇࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡓ㆟ㄽࢆࠊࡑࡋ࡚➨㸱❶࡛ࡇࡢὶࢀࢆᴫほࡋࠊ㐍໬ⓗᢏ⾡ほࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟Ⓨ㐩ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࠿ࢆ⪃ᐹࡋࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ྵព࡬ࡢᶍ⣴ࢆࡍࡿࠋ
 ྂ௦a୰ୡ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢏ⾡࡜⏕≀ࡢ࣓ࢱࣇ࢓࣮
 ྂ௦ࢠࣜࢩ࢔࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
͆ᢏ⾡͇࡜ゝ࠺ㄒࡣ௒᪥ⓗ࡞ព࿡ࡼࡾࡶᗈࡃࠊࣉࣛࢺࣥࡣࡇࡢㄒࠊᢏ⾡ ࢸࢡࢿ࣮ ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࠕ㌟యࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ་Ꮫࡸయ⫱Ꮫࢆࡣࡌࡵࠊඹྠయࡢ㐠Ⴀ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᨻ἞ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࠊኳయࡢ㐠ືࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿኳᩥᏛࠊᩘᏛࡸᅗᙧ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⟬⾡ࡸᗄఱᏛࠖ>ᮧ
⏣>@ ࡲ࡛ࡶྵࡳࠊ
͆▱㆑͇࡟㏆࠸ࠊࡼࡾᗈ࠸ព࿡ࢆ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋࣉࣛࢺࣥࡢᢏ⾡ㄽࡣ௨㝆ࡢ㆟ㄽࡢ㔜せ࡞ᇶ♏࡜࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚㛗ࡃࡣ࡞ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟࣮࣌ࢪࢆ๭ࡃ
ࡇ࡜࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
 ࣉࣛࢺࣥ ྂ௦ࢠࣜࢩ࢔࡟࠾࠸࡚ࣉࣛࢺࣥࡣᚋ࡟͆ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࠿ࡽࡢ㆟ㄽ͇࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡟㢮ఝࡋࡓㄽ⪃ࢆࠊᑐヰ࡜ゝ࠺ᙧᘧࢆ⏝࠸࡚⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮧ⏣>@࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊྂ௦ࢠࣜࢩ࢔ேࡢ኱
ၥ㢟ࡢ୍ࡘࡣࠕࣆࣗࢩࢫ ⮬↛ ࡜ࣀࣔࢫ ேⅭ ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ࡝࠺⪃࠼ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠖ
S ࠋࣆࣗࢩࢫࡣ≀஦ࡢᮏ㉁ࢆ⾲ࢃࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡼࡾᬑ㐢ⓗᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊࣀࣔࢫࡣ
♫఍࣭Ẹ᪘ࠊṔྐ➼࡟ࡼࡾ␗࡞ࡾኚ໬ࡍࡿ┦ᑐⓗࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙜ᫬ࡢࢯࣇ࢕ࢫࢺࡓࡕࡣᬑ
㐢ⓗ࡞ጇᙜᛶࢆᣢࡘ⮬↛ࡢ᪉ࡀᢏ⾡ⓗேⅭࡼࡾࡶ౯್ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢᢏ⾡ࡢ୰࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ⮬↛ࡢせ⣲ࡀከ࠸ࡶࡢ ་⾡ࡸ㎰⪔ ࡀࠊࡑࡢせ⣲ࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ ⤮⏬ࡸ㡢ᴦ ࡼࡾࡶ㧗ࡃホ౯ࡉࢀࡿഴྥ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊࣉࣛࢺࣥࡢ͆Ꮡᅾㄽ͇ࡢ୰᰾࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀ
͆࢖ࢹ࢔͇ࡢᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢ࢖ࢹ࢔ࡣ඲࡚ࡢ஦≀ࡢ⌮᝿ⓗ࡞㗪ᆺ࡜ࡉࢀࠊᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ⾲ࢃࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⌧ୡ⏺࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢࡣࡑࡢࢥࣆ࣮࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ࣮ࣝࢫ>@࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ࢖ࢹ࢔ࡣࠕ✲ᴟⓗ࡞ྜ⌮ᛶࢆഛ࠼ࡓ࣓ࢱୡ⏺࡟ᒓࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢୡ⏺ࢆඹ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣᩘᏛࡢἲ๎࡟㝈ࡽࢀࡿࠖ S ࠋᡃࠎࡢ⤒㦂ࡢ㡿ᇦࡣ㒊ศⓗ࡟ࠊ࢖ࢹ࢔ࡢୡ⏺࡟ཧ୚ࡍࡿᙧ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡢࡳᐇᅾࡋࠊࡇࢀࡣࠕ⏕ᡂ࡜ᔂቯࡢ㡿ᇦࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣኚ໬࡜᫬㛫ࡢ㡿ᇦࠖ
LELGS ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࣉࣛࢺࣥࡣពᅗࢆకࢃ࡞࠸ཎᅉ࡜ࠊ┠ⓗࢆᣢࡗࡓཎᅉࢆศࡅࡓࠋ࣮ࣝࢫ
ࡣࠊࣉࣛࢺࣥ࡟ࡼࡿ͆ᡂ㛗͇ࡢㄝ᫂ࢆ౛࡟ᣲࡆࡿࠋேࡀᡂ㛗ࡍࡿࡢࡣ㣧㣗࡟ࡼࡾ᪂ࡓ࡞⾑ࡸ⫗ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ͆⏕⌮Ꮫⓗㄝ͇᫂ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ୙༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᅉᯝ
ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ㝿࡟ࠊ͆౯್࡜┠ⓗ͇࡜࠸࠺ูࡢᅉᯝ㛵ಀࡶᚲせ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ࣮ࣝࢫࡣࣉࣛࢺ
ࣥࡢⴭసࠗࣃ࢖ࢻࣥ࠘ࡢḟࡢ୍⠇ࢆᘬ⏝ࡋࡓࠋ ⛛ᗎ࡙ࡅࡿ⢭⚄ࡀࡍ࡭࡚ࢆ⛛ᗎ❧࡚ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ≀ࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀࠊࡑ࠺࠶ࡿ࡭ࡁ᭱ၿ࡬࡜㓄⨨ࡍࡿࠋࡶࡋఱ࠿ࡢཎᅉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡘࡲࡾࡣࠊఱ࠿ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚⏕ࡌࠊᾘ࠼ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᏑᅾࡍࡿ
ࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚Ⓨぢࡋࡓ࠸ࡢ࡞ࡽࠊᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡢࡣࡓࡔࠊࡑࡢఱ࠿࡟࡜ࡗ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
᭱ၿ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊࡑࡢఱ࠿ࡀⅭࡍ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜ࠊࡶࡋࡃࡣࡑࡢఱ࠿࡟ᑐࡋ࡚Ⅽࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡜
ࡋ࡚᭱ၿ࡛࠶ࡿࡢࡣఱ࠿ࢆⓎぢࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࣉࣛࢺࣥ ࠗࣃ࢖ࢻࣥ࠘EF㸹ヂ᭩ S  ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᑐ㇟ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡾࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞͆ᅛ᭷ࡢ౯್͇ࡀ᭷ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ほⅬࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡂ㛗ࡢ౛࡛ࡣࠊᡂ㛗ࢆᮃࢇ࡛㣧㣗ࢆࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࢀࡤࠕࡑࡢཎᅉࡣᑗ᮶ࡢ≀஦࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ⌧ᅾ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㐣ཤ࡟࠶ࡿ⤖ᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ LELGS ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇ
 ࡇࡢࣆࣗࢩࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᘅᕝ>@ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭ࡿࠋ
ࠕࣆࣗࢩࢫࡀ͐ⲡᮌࡢ⏕㛗࣭Ⓨ⫱ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᙧጼࢆព࿡ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࢀࡣࡲࡓ࢚ࣥ࣌ࢻࢡࣞࢫ࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡶࡢࡢㄌ⏕࣭㉳※ࢆࡶ⾲ࢃࡋࠊ௚᪉ࠊ⏕㛗࣭ㄌ⏕ࡢព࿡࠿ࡽ㞳ࢀ࡚ࠊࡶࡢࡢᛶ᱁࣭ᮏᛶࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠖ S ࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊࣆࣗࢩࢫ
ࡣ඲⮬↛ࠊ⮬↛ୡ⏺඲యࡢព࿡ࢆᣢࡘࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡺࡃࠋ

࠺ࡋࡓ┠ⓗࡸ౯್ࡣே㛫ࡀᣢࡘࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࢖ࢹ࢔ࡢୡ⏺࡟ᒓࡍࡿ▱ᛶ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢୡ
⏺࡟⛛ᗎࢆ୚࠼ࡿ⚄ࡀ୚࠼ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ ͆ᢏ⾡͇ࡣࣉࣛࢺࣥ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ
ࠕᑐ㇟ࡢᮏᛶࢆ▱ࡗࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊᮏᛶ࡟ࡩࡉࢃࡋ࠸௙᪉࡛
ᑐ㇟ࢆᢅ࠺௙᪉࡟ᑐࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᑐ㇟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ┿⌮ࡸၿࡢ▱㆑࡟ࡶ࡜࡙࠸ࡓᑐ㇟ࡢᢅ࠸᪉ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ ᮧ⏣>@ ࠋࡼࡗ࡚͆ᛌᴦ͇ࡢᐇ⌧ࢆࡣ࠿ࡿࡢࡣ͆⤒㦂͇࡛࠶ࡾࠊ୍᪉͆ᢏ⾡͇ࡣࡑࡢ┠ⓗࡀᑐ㇟ࡢᮏᛶ࡟࠿࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊၿࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊᢏ⾡ࡣᑐ㇟࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ㄽⓗㄝ᫂࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠾ࡾࠊᬑ㐢ⓗ࡛୙ኚⓗ࡞࢖ࢹ࢔ ᮏᛶ ࢆᣢࡘᢏ⾡ࡇࡑࡀࠊ᭱ୖࡢᢏ⾡࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࣉࣛࢺࣥࡣࠕᑐ
㇟ࡢᮏᛶࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡣ౑⏝ࡢሙ㠃࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᙉㄪࠖ S ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ
ࠕ㤿ලࡀఱ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢၿࡉࠊṇࡋࡉ࡞࡝ࢆ▱ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡣ㤿࡟஌ࡿ౑⏝⪅࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㤿ල⫋ேࡣ౑⏝⪅ࡢุ᩿࡟ᚑ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡢࡳࠊ㐨ලࢆ〇సࡋᨵⰋࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠖS ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࣉࣛࢺࣥࡣ౑⏝ࡢᢏ⾡ࢆ〇సࡢᢏ⾡ࡼࡾࡶ୍ẁపࡃぢ࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺ࡔࠋᢏ⾡ࡢ࢖ࢹ࢔ࡀ౑⏝࡟ࡼࡾ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ౑⏝ࡢᢏ⾡ࡢ౯್ࡀ〇సࡢᢏ⾡ࡼࡾࡶపࡃぢࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࣉࣛࢺࣥᢏ⾡ㄽࡢ୙ᩚྜࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ࣮ࣝࢫ  ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊࣉࣛ
ࢺࣥࡀ┿࡟ᇳ╔ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠕୡ⏺ࡢ」㞧ᛶ࠿ࡽࡑࡢ⫼ᚋ࡟࠶ࡿ▱ᛶ̿ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡍࡿ▱ᛶ̿࡬࡜ྥ࠿࠺ᒎ㛤࡜ゝ࠺͐㆟ㄽ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠖ LELGS ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠕࣉࣛࢺࣥࡢ┠ⓗㄽ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ┠ⓗ࡜ࡣࠊእ㒊ࡢせᅉ࠿ࡽࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞≀஦࡟ㄢࡉࢀࡓእᅾⓗ࡞┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡇ࡛࠸࠺እ㒊ࡢせᅉ࡜ࡣࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮ࡓࡿ⚄ࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠖ LELGS ࡜ゝ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡀࡍ࡛࡟Ꮡ
ᅾࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ౑⏝࡟࠸ࡓࡗ࡚ึࡵ࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡿ࢖ࢹ࢔࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡣᑡ࡞࠿ࡽࡎ▩┪ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ
 ࢔ࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫ ࣉࣛࢺࣥࡀᩘᏛⓗࠊㄽ⌮ⓗᩚྜᛶࡢ⨾ࡋࡉࠊ⤫୍ⓗ࡞┠ⓗㄽ࡜͆ࢹࢨ࢖͇ࣥࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ྥ࠿ࡗࡓ୍᪉࡛ࠊ࢔ࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫࡣ⏕≀Ꮫࢆ◊✲ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ┠ⓗㄽࡣࣉࣛࢺࣥࡢࡶࡢ࡜
ẚ࡭ࠊࡼࡾ࢔ࢻ࣍ࢵࢡ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࣉࣛࢺࣥࡀᢏ⾡ⓗேᕤ≀࡟࢖ࢹ࢔ࢆぢฟࡋࡓࡢ࡟
ᑐࡋࠊ࢔ࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫࡣᢏ⾡ࢆ͆⮬↛ࡢᶍೌ͇࡜ᤊ࠼ࡓࠋ࣮ࣝࢫ  ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ࢔ࣜࢫࢺ
ࢸࣞࢫࡣࣉࣛࢺࣥྠᵝࠊே㛫ࡢពᛮ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ゐࢀࠊࠕ⚾ࡓࡕ⮬㌟ࡀఱ࠿ࢆᐇ⾜ࡋࡓࡾࠊఱ࠿
ࢆᐇ⾜ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ㐨ලࢆసࡿࡢࡣࠊ⮬㌟ࡢ┠ᶆࢆど㔝࡟ධࢀ࡚ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠖ LELG S
࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣᢏ⾡࡜⏕≀࡜ࢆၥࢃࡎࠊࡑࡢᵓᡂせ⣲ࡣఱࡽ࠿ࡢ┠ⓗࢆకࡗࡓ⾜Ⅽ࡟ࡼࡾసࡾฟࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢⅬ࡛ࡣࣉࣛࢺࣥ࡜㏆࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ┠ⓗࡀ✲ᴟⓗ࡞ၿࡢ࢖ࢹ࢔ࢆᣢࡘࠊ
እⓗ࡞๰㐀୺࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮ࡢᡭ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺㆟ㄽ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢔ࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞ
ࢫࡣࠕၿࡸ┠ⓗᅉࠖࡀಶయ࡟ෆᅾࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᶵ⬟ࡸ≉ᚩࡣࡑࡢᡤ᭷⪅ࡢᖾ⚟ࡢࡓࡵ࡟Ꮡᅾ
ࡍࡿ࡜ㄽࡌࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ࢔ࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫࡢⴭ᭩ࠊࠗື≀㒊ศㄽ࠘࡟ࡶ⾲ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᐇ㝿ࠊᐙࡀࣞࣥ࢞ࡸ▼ᮦࡢࡓࡵ࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࢀࡽࡀᐙࡢࡓࡵ࡟࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠋࡑࡢ௚ࡢ⣲ᮦ࡟ ࣉࣛࢺࣥࡣࣄ࢚ࣛࣝࣄ࣮ࡢ㡬Ⅼ࡟࠶ࡿᢏ⾡࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕࢹ࢕࢔ࣞࢡࢸ࢕ࢣ࣮ ၥ⟅⾡ ࠖࢆᣲࡆࡿ ᮧ⏣>@ ࠋ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶࡑࢀࡣྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡿ͐ࠋ᫬㛫ࡢⅬ࡛ࡣ⣲ᮦ࡜⏕ᡂࡀඛ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᐃ⩏ࡢⅬ࡛ࡣᮏ㉁࡜ྛࠎࡢࡶࡢ
ࡢᙧࡀඛ࡛᭷ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲ↛ⓗ࡞ࡢࡔ͐ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊᘓ⠏సᴗࡢᐃ⩏ࡣᐙࡢᐃ⩏ࢆྵࡴࡀࠊᐙࡢᐃ⩏ࡣᘓ⠏సᴗࡢᐃ⩏ࢆྵࡲ࡞࠸࠿ࡽࠋ͐ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊㅖࠎࡢᵓᡂせ⣲࡜࠸࠺⣲ᮦࡀࠊㅖࠎࡢྠ㉁㒊ศࡢࡓࡵ࡟
࠶ࡿࠋ                                                 ࢔ࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫ>@S ࣉࣛࢺࣥࡣࠕᏱᐂ඲యࡢ୰࡟┠ⓗࢆぢࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ࢔ࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫࡣಶయࣞ࣋ࣝࠊ⫗య࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ⪃࠼ࡓࠖࠋ୍᪉ࠊࠕ࢔ࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢ✲ᴟⓗ࡞⚄ࠊࡘࡲࡾ୙ືࡢື⪅ࡣࠊ⚾ࡓࡕ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⮬ࡽࡢ᏶ᡂࢆ┠ㄽࡴࡇ࡜࡟᫬㛫ࢆ㈝ࡸࡍࠖࣝ
࣮ࢫ  S ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣮ࣝࢫࡣ࢔ࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫࡀ⏕≀ࢆ◊✲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࢹࢨ
࢖ࣥࡍࡿ⢭⚄ࡢᒃሙᡤࡀ⛉Ꮫࡢ୰࡟ࡣ↓ࡃಶయࡢ┠ⓗ࡟࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ┠ⓗࡸࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡣ㐺ᛂࡢၥ㢟࡟㛵ಀࡋ࡚⪃࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡇࡢࠊෆᅾⓗ┠ⓗ࡜እᅾⓗ┠ⓗࡢࣃࣛࢻࢡࢫࢆ࢔ࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫ࡟ࡼࡿၥ㢟ᥦ㉳࡜ࡳࡓࠋ
୰ୡ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡟࠶ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊᢏ⾡ࡢᤊ࠼᪉ࡣ͆๰㐀͇࡜࠸ࡗࡓ࢟ࣜࢫࢺᩍⓗᛮ₻࡟ᙉࡃᕥྑࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ⮬↛ࢆᚁ᭹ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ⏕ά㡿ᇦࢆᣑ኱ࡋ࡚ࡺࡃ୰࡛ࠊ༢࡞ࡿ͆⮬↛ࡢᶍೌ͇ࢆ㉺࠼ࡓᢏ⾡ࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋࣇࣛࣥࢩࢫ࣭࣮࣋ࢥࣥࡣࠗࣀࣦ࣒࣭࢜ࣝ࢞
ࢾ࣒࠘࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ▱㆑ࡢ⋓ᚓ࡜ࡑࡢᛶ㉁࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᗄࡘ࠿㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
⣲ᡭࡶࡦ࡜ࡾ࡟௵ࡉࢀࡓ▱ᛶࡶ࠶ࡲࡾຊࢆᣢࡓࡎࠊ㐨ලࡸ⿵ຓ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚஦ࡣᡂࡋ㐙ࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀ
ࡽࡣ▱ᛶ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊᡭ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚࡟ຎࡽࡎᚲせ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ᡭࡢ㐨ලࡀࠊ㐠ືࢆࡤᡈ࠸ࡣ୚࠼
ᡈ࠸ࡣไᚚࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⢭⚄ࡢ㐨ලࡶࠊ▱ᛶ࡟ᡈ࠸ࡣຓゝࡋᡈ࠸ࡣ⏝ᚰࡉࡏࡿࠋ
ே㛫ࡢ▱㆑࡜ຊ࡜ࡣࡦ࡜ࡘ࡟ྜ୍ࡍࡿࠊཎᅉࢆ▱ࡽ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ⤖ᯝࢆ⏕ࡐࡋࡵ࡞࠸࠿ࡽࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ
ࡇࢀ࡟ᚑ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡽ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣᚁ᭹ࡉࢀ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ͐ࠋ
࣮࣋ࢥࣥࠗࣀࣦ࣒࣭࢜ࣝ࢞ࢾ࣒࠘S̿ ࣮࣋ࢥࣥࡣᢏ⾡࡟ࡼࡿ⮬↛࡬ࡢ௓ධࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚▱㆑ࡀ⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᢏ⾡ࡣ⮬↛࡜࠸࠺እⓗ⎔ቃࢆศᯒࡋࠊ▱㆑ࢆᢳฟࡋ࡚⌮ㄽࢆྍ⬟࡜ࡍࡿࠋᖐ⣡ἲ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ
ᢏ⾡ࡣ༢⣧࡟⎔ቃ࡟㐺ᛂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ㐨ල࠿ࡽࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞▱㆑ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ㄆ
㆑ࡀຍࢃࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
 ࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥ๓ᚋ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢏ⾡㐍໬ㄽ ᮧ⏣ࡣࡇࡢ㒊ศ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ࢔ࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢ➨୍ࡢཎᅉࡣ┠ⓗᅉ࡟࠶ࡾࠊస⏝ᅉࡸᙧ㉁ᅉ࡛ࡣ
↓࠸࡜ࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭ࡿࠋ
ࠕ௨ୖࡢᴫᛕ⿦⨨ࢆ౑࠺࡜ࠊඛ࡟ぢࡓࣉࣛࢺࣥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿேᕤ≀ࡢ࢖ࢹ࢔ࢆࡵࡄࡿၥ㢟࡟୍ᐃࡢ௙᪉࡛⟅࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᐙࡢࡼ࠺࡞ேᕤ≀ࡣࠊࡑࡢᮦᩱ࡛࠶ࡿ↢⎰ࡸ▼ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࡲࡔᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣ⌧ᐇⓗ࡟ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛࠶ࡾࠊᐙ࡜࠸
࠺ࡑࢀࡽࡢ┠ⓗࡢ᪉࠿ࡽࡳࡿ࡜ࠊྍ⬟ⓗ࡟ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠖ
ࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࠸ࡲࡔᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᢏ
⾡ⓗႠࡳࡶ͆ྍ⬟ⓗ࡞௙᪉͇࡛Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ ͆ᢏ⾡͇࡜ゝ࠺ㄒࡣᮏ᮶ࠊ⫋ேࡢୡ⏺࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ≀஦ࢆᕦࡳ࡟᧯ࡿᡭ⭎ࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜
ࡉࢀࡿࠋࢠࣜࢩ࢔ㄒࡢࢸࢡࢿ࣮ࠊࣛࢸࣥㄒࡢ࢔ࣝࢫ $UV ࡣ͆⾡͇࡜࠸࠺ព࿡ࢆᣢࡕࠊⱥㄒ
ࡢ $UW ࡶࣛࢸࣥㄒࡢ $UV ࠿ࡽὴ⏕ࡋࡓ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⛉Ꮫࡢᛂ⏝࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᢏ⾡ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ $UW ࡜ࡣ༊ูࡉࢀࡓ͆7HFKQRORJ\͇࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡣ  ୡ⣖༙ࡤ࠿ࡽ౑ࢃࢀጞࡵࡓ࡜࠸࠺㸦ஂ
ᯇ>@㸧ࠋᢏ⾡ࡀ᪂ࡋ࠸ㄒ࡜ᐃ⩏ࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡗࡓࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࠊ㐍໬ㄽ ≉࡟ࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࢽࢬ࣒ ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ᢏ⾡ㄽࡀᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࠋ ࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥࡢ㐍໬ㄽࡀ♫఍ⓗᛮ₻࡜࡞ࡿ௨๓ࠊே㢮Ꮫࡸ⪃ྂᏛ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᏛၥࡢⓎᒎ࡟ࡼࡾᢏ⾡ㄽࡸᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ7ULJJHU>@࡟ࡼࡿ࡜  ୡ⣖ࠊ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔໭㒊ࡢၟᴗ㒔ᕷ࡛ࡣᏛ⪅ࡽࡀྡኌࡸᶒጾࡢࡓࡵ࡟㑇≀ࢆ཰㞟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᙼࡽࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊࡼࡾ㧗ᗘ࡞ᩥ࡛᫂᭷
ࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࣮࣐ࣟࢆᶍೌࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㐣ཤࡢ㐍ࢇࡔᩥ᫂࠿ࡽࡢ▱㆑ࡣࠊ᐀ᩍ௨እࡢ஦࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ S ࠋ㐣ཤ࠿ࡽࡢேᕤ≀ࡸ㑇≀ࡀ᪂ࡓ࡞⯆࿡ࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡾࠊୖὶ㝵⣭ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ዲྂ㊃࿡࡜࠸ࡗࡓ
ࣈ࣮࣒ࡶ㉳ࡇࡾࠊ㐣ཤࡢ㑇≀ࡢ཰㞟ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ཰㞟ရࡢቑຍࡣᚲ↛ⓗ࡟ࠊࡑࡢศ㢮ࡢᚲせᛶࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡿࠋ୰ୡࡢከࡃࡢྂ≀◊✲⪅ࡣࠊᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡣⱁ⾡ⓗ㛵ᚰ࠿ࡽࠊࡑࡢ͆ᵝᘧ͇࡛ศ㢮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ୍᪉࡛ࡑࡢ⣲ᮦ࡟ࡼࡿศ㢮ࡀᚋࡢ⪃ྂᏛࡢ♏࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ࢚࣮࢞ࢫ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓศ㢮ࡣྂ௦ࢠࣜࢩ࢔࠿ࡽ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
࣊ࢩ࢜ࢻࢫࡣ㯤㔠ࡢ᫬௦ࠊ㖟ࡢ᫬௦ࠊ㟷㖡ࡢ᫬௦ࠊ㕲ࡢ᫬௦࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄒࡾࠊࣝࢡࣞࢸ࢕࢘ࢫࡣᩍカリࠕ஦≀ࡢᮏ㉁࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠖࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࠊᩥᏐ࡝࠾ࡾࠕ኱᫇ࡣᡭ࡜ṑࡀṊჾ࡟࡞ࡾࠊ▼࡜ᮌࡢᯞࡀṊჾ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ࠶࡜࡛㕲࡜㟷㖡ࡀฟ⌧ࡋࡓࡀࠊ᭱ึ࠶ࡽࢃࢀࡓࡢࡣ㟷㖡࡛ࠊ㕲ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡢࢆ▱ࡿࡢࡣࡑࢀࡼࡾᚋ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠖ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸦࢚࣮࢞ࢫ>@S㸧 ୰ୡ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡛ࡣ  ୡ⣖ࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢࣃࣝࢸ࣑ࣝࡸ࣐ࣝࢸ࢕࣭࣒ࣥࢫࣁࣝࢺࡽ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᮦ㉁࡟ࡼࡿศ㢮ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡀࠊᮏ᱁ⓗ࡞◊✲ࡀጞࡲࡗࡓࡢࡣ  ୡ⣖ึ㢌ࠊࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡᅜ❧༤≀㤋࡟࠾࠸࡚ࢺ࣒ࢭࣥࡀ⾜ࡗࡓ  ᫬ᮇ༊ศἲ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉࡛ࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥ
ࡀᐃᘧ໬ࡋࡓ͆⣔⤫͇࡟ࡼࡿ✀ࡢㄝ᫂ࡣࠊᢏ⾡ࡸⓎ᫂ࡢ⏤᮶࡟㛵ࡍࡿูࡢ㆟ㄽࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㐍໬ㄽ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡓே㢮Ꮫࡸ⪃ྂᏛࡢᡂᯝ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡾ
⏕ࡌࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿᢏ⾡࡜Ⓨ᫂ࡢ⌮ㄽࢆᴫほࡍࡿࠋ Ⓨᒎẁ㝵ⓗㄝ᫂࡜⣔⤫ⓗㄝ᫂  ୡ⣖ึ㢌ࠊࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡᅜ❧༤≀㤋ࡢ஦ົᒁ㛗ࡢ⫋ࢆᚓࡓࢡࣜࢫࢸ࢕࢔࣭ࣥࢺ࣒ࢭࣥࡣࠊ
ࡑࡢ⭾኱࡞ᩘࡢࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࢆศ㢮ࡍࡿ௙஦࡟╔ᡭࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ୰࡛ࠊࢺ࣒ࢭࣥࡣඛྐ᫬௦
ࡢ㑇≀ࢆ▼ჾࠊ㟷㖡ჾࡑࡋ࡚㕲ჾ࡟㆑ูࡋࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡀࡑࡢ᫬௦ࢆ௦⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ඛ
ྐ᫬௦ࡢ  ᫬ᮇ༊ศἲࢆ☜❧ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ༊ศἲࡣࠊྐⓗ၏≀ㄽࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡶὀ┠ ࢚࣮࢞ࢫ>@࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊᚋୡ୕᫬ᮇ༊ศ࡟཯ᑐࡍࡿ⪅ࡀࠊࢺ࣒ࢭࣥࡢᡭἲࢆࠕࡦ࡜ࡘࡢᅗᘧ࡟ᅛᇳࡋࠖࠊࡋࠊࠕ࡞࡟ࡀࡘࡃࡽࢀࡿ࠿࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ປാᡭẁࢆࡶࡗ࡚ࡘࡃࡽ
ࢀࡿ࠿ࡀࠊ⤒῭ⓗㅖ᫬௦ࢆ༊ูࡍࡿࠖ ࣐ࣝࢡࢫ>@࿴ヂ  ᕳ S ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥࡀ͆✀ࡢ㉳※͇ࢆⓎ⾲ࡋ࡚ᚋࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ༢⣧࡞⣲ᮦ࡟ࡼࡿ᫬௦༊ศ࠿ࡽࠊ㑇≀ࡢ⏤᮶ࡸ᫬㛫࡟ࡼࡿኚ໬ࢆ㏣࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾᖺ௦≉ᐃࢆࡍࡿ◊✲ࡀ࠾ࡇ࡞ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞
ࡿࠋ࢜ࢫ࣭࢝ࣝࣔࣥࢸࣜ࢘ࢫࡣᆺᘧᏛ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿᖺ௦

ᐃἲࢆ☜❧ࡋࠊ⪃ྂᏛⓗ◊✲ἲࡢ♏ࢆ⠏࠸ࡓ⪃ྂᏛ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙼࡣࢺ࣒ࢭࣥྠᵝࠊඛྐ᫬௦ࡢᖺ௦࡟㛵ᚰࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࣚ
࣮ࣟࢵࣃ୰ࡢ㑇≀ࢆㄪ࡭Ṍ࠸ࡓࠋᖺ௦ࢆ☜ᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ≉ᐃࡢᙧࡸᩥᵝ࡛ྛᆅࡢฟᅵ≀ࢆศ㢮ࡍࡿ࠺ࡕࠊࣔࣥࢸࣜ࢘ࢫࡣ㑇≀ࡀ⏕≀ࡢ✀ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㐍໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆぢฟࡋࡓࠋࣔ
ࣥࢸࣜ࢘ࢫࡣ㥐㤿㌴࠿ࡽᐈ㌴㌴୧࡬ࡢ㐍໬ࡢ౛ࢆᣲࡆࠊேᕤ≀ࡢከࡃࡀ㐃⥆ᛶࢆᣢࡕࠊ㐣ཤ࠿ࡽࡢᣊ᮰ຊ࡟⦡ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆぢฟࡋࡓࠋᜍࡽࡃࣔࣥࢸࣜ࢘ࢫ࡜ࡑࡢྠ൉ࠊࣄࣝࢹ
ࣈࣛࣥࢺࡢ  ྡ࡟ࡼࡿ◊✲ࡀࠊࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥࡢ⏕≀㐍໬㔝⌮ㄽࢆேᕤ≀࡟㐺⏝ࡋࡓ᭱ึࡢ◊✲࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ ࢚࣮࢞ࢫ>@S ࠋ≉ᐃࡢேᕤ≀ࡢᆺࡢྛ᫬௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿศᕸࡣ͆ఏ᧛͇
ࠊࡶࡋࡃࡣ͆ᣑᩓ͇࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ᆅᇦ࡟ࡼࡿࡇࡢ͆ఏ᧛͇ࡢᕪࡣࠊேᕤ≀࡛ࡢ᫬ᮇ༊ศࡀ༢⣧࡟㐺⏝ฟ᮶࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࠊே㢮Ꮫࡸ⪃ྂᏛ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ͆ఏ᧛ㄝ͇➼࡟ゐⓎࡉࢀࠊ͆Ⓨ͇᫂ࢆ♫఍Ꮫⓗ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺ヨࡳࡀࠊ♫఍Ꮫࡢ㯪᫂ᮇ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࣇࣛࣥࢫேࡢ◊✲⪅࡟ࡼࡾ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋ
 ࢞ࣈ࢚࣭ࣜࣝࢱࣝࢻࡢ͆ᶍೌࡢ⌮ㄽ͇ ࢞ࣈ࢚࣭ࣜࣝࢱࣝࢻࡣ♫఍Ꮫࡢ㯪᫂ᮇ࠿ࡽࡇࡢᏛၥ࡟㈉⊩ࡋࡓ୍ே࡛࠶ࡾࠊ≢⨥♫఍Ꮫࡸᚰ⌮♫఍Ꮫ࡜࠸ࡗࡓศ㔝࡛⊂⮬ࡢ⌮ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚࠸ࢃࡺࡿ͆ᶍೌࡢ⌮ㄽ͇ࡢᥦၐ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢱࣝࢻࡣ୺ⴭࠊࠗᶍೌࡢἲ๎࠘>@ࡢ୰࡛༢⣧࡞♫఍ᐇᅾㄽⓗ࡞୍⯡໬ࢆᢈุࡋࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ⌧㇟ࢆⓎ᫂ࡸⓎぢ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㠉᪂ⓗ࡞๰ពⓗάື࡜ࠊᶍೌ࡟ࡼࡿつ๎ⓗ࡞㏣㝶࡜࡟ศࡅ࡚ศᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㢮ఝ ⩦័ࡸὶ⾜ࠊඹឤ࡞࡝ ࡣே㢮Ꮫࡸ⪃ྂᏛ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ͆ఏ᧛ㄝ͇࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᙧែ࡟ࡼࡿ͆ᶍೌ͇ࡢ⏘≀࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࢱࣝࢻࡢゝ࠺͆Ⓨ͇᫂ࡣ࠸ࢃࡺࡿᢏ⾡ⓗⓎ᫂ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟ᗈ࠸ព࿡ࢆᣢࡕࠊゝㄒࡸ᐀ᩍࠊ⾜ᨻࠊἲᚊࠊ㐨ᚨࠊ⏘ᴗࠊⱁ⾡➼ࠊ࠶ࡽࡺࡿศ㔝࡟࠾ࡅࡿ๰ពࢆ⾲ࢃࡋࠊࠕ♫఍ⓗ࡟ゝ࠼ࡤࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢࡶࡢࡣⓎ᫂࠿ᶍೌ࡟࡯࠿࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ 7DUGH>@S ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⓎ᫂ࡣఱࡶ࡞࠸࡜ࡇࢁ࠿ࡽ⏕ࡌࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ௚ࡢᶍೌࡢὶࢀ࡜ࡢࠕᖾ
㐠࡞ฟ఍࠸ LELGS ࠖ࡟ࡼࡾ⏕ࡌࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢱࣝࢻ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊⓎ᫂࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ὀពࡍ࡭
ࡁⅬࡣࠕ➨୍࡟ࠊࡑࢀࡣḟ➨࡟ఏ᧛ࡋ࡚ࡺࡃࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡍࡿಙ௮ࢆቑ኱ࡉࡏ
ࡿࠋ➨஧࡟ࠊࡑࢀࡣࡑࢀ࡜ྠࡌ┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ྠࡌḧồ࡟࠾࠺ࡌࡿูࡢⓎ᫂ࡸⓎぢ࡟㐼㐝ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡍࡿಙ௮ࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࡿ LELG S ࠖࠊ࡜ゝ࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨  ࡢࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛

ࠕ▼ჾࡣࡍ࡭࡚▼ჾ᫬௦ࠊ㟷㖡ࡣࡍ࡭࡚㟷㖡ჾ᫬௦ࠊ㕲ჾࡣࡍ࡭࡚㕲ჾ᫬௦ࠖ࡟࠸ࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓ࡜࠿࠸ࡗ
࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡀࠊ
ࠕࡴࡋࢁࢺ࣒ࢭࣥࡇࡑ㐨ලࡢᙧែࡢኚ໬࡜ቡ቎ࡢᙧែࡢኚ໬࡜ࡀᑐᛂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓ᭱ึ
ࡢே࡛࠶ࡿࠖ S ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ ࡉࡽ࡟ே㢮Ꮫ⪅ࡢ࣮ࣔ࢞ࣥࡶࢺ࣒ࢮࣥ࡟ゐⓎࡉࢀࠊࠗྂ௦♫఍࠘ࡢ୰࡛͆㔝⻅͇ࠊ͆ᮍ㛤͇ࠊࡑࡗࡋ࡚͆ᩥ͇᫂ࡢ  ᫬ᮇ༊ศࢆᥦၐࡋࡓ ࣔࣝ࢞ࣥ ࠋࡣࠊ᪂ᪧࡢ㸰ࡘࡢⓎ᫂ࡀ͆ㄽ⌮ⓗᑐỴ͇࡟ࡼࡾࡑࡢ⏕Ꮡࢆ࠿ࡅ࡚ᡓ࠺ࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡿࠋᑐỴ࡟ࡼࡿඃຎࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ேࡸ㝵⣭ࠊሙᡤࠊ᫬ᮇ࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿ࠿࡟ࡼࡾ␗࡞ࡗ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡿ
ࡀࠊᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡣ͆ḧồ͇ࡀᶍೌࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣࠕㄽ⌮ⓗἲ๎ࠖࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠕ㉸ㄽ⌮ⓗἲ๎࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊ๓⪅ࡣࡑࡢෆᅾࡍࡿព࿡ࡸຊࢆࠊᚋ⪅ࡣⓎ᫂⪅ࡢጾཝࡸᙳ㡪ຊ ᶓᒣ>@S ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᶍೌࡉࢀࡿࠋ ࢱࣝࢻࡣ⪃ྂᏛࡸṔྐᏛⓗ࡞どⅬ࠿ࡽࠊࠕࡦ࡜ࡘࡢⓎ᫂࡜ࡣࡅࡗࡁࡻࡃࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࠊࡦ࡜ࡘ
ࡢ⬻̿ᐇ㝿࡟ࡣࡦ࡜ࡘࡢ౛እⓗ࡞⬻࡛࠶ࡿ̿ࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࠊ஫࠸࡟␗࡞ࡿᶍೌࡢᨺᑕ࡟ࡓ࠸ࡋ
࡚᪂ࡓ࡞✺◚ཱྀࡀ㛤࠿ࢀࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉Ṧ࡞ฟ఍࠸ࡀ㉳ࡇࡿᶵ఍ࡶࡲࡓቑ኱ࡍࡿࠖ
7DUGH>@S ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊ
ࠕே㛫ࡀⓎ᫂ࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞࠺ࡢࡣⓎ᫂ࡢ႐ࡧࡢࡓ
ࡵ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢḧồࢆឤࡌ࡜ࡾࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᛂࡌࡿࡓࡵ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࠕ㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣⓎ᫂ࡢ⣔ิ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊḧồࡢ⣔ิ࡞ࡢࡔࠖ࡜࠸࠺཯ㄽࡀ᭷ࡾᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ LELGS ࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊࢱࣝࢻࡢⓎ᫂ほࡣ௨ୗࡢᵝ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
᭷ࡿᑐ㇟࡬ࡢḧồࡣࠊࡑࡢᑐ㇟࡬ࡢほᛕࡼࡾඛ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ࠸࠿࡞ࡿ♫఍ⓗ࡞ḧồࡶࠊࡑࡢḧồࢆ‶㊊ࡉࡏࡿࡼ࠺࡞㣗ᩱࡸၟရࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡀⓎ᫂ࡉࢀࡿ௨๓࠿ࡽᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ
ࡣࡎࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡓࡋ࠿࡟ࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢⓎ᫂ࡀఱࡽ࠿ࡢ₍↛࡜ࡋࡓḧồ࡬ࡢ཯ᛂ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ㟁ሗࡢ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࡣࠊᡭ⣬ࡼࡾ㎿㏿࡞ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆồࡵࡿ᫇࠿ࡽࡢせồ࡟ࡇࡓ࠼ࡿࡶ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࡢ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࡀ㟁ሗ࡜ゝ࠺᫂☜࡞ᙧࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚⌧ࢀࡓ࠿ࡽࡇࡑࠊᡭ⣬ࡼࡾ㎿㏿࡞ࢥ
࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆồࡵࡿḧᮃࡣᙉ໬ࡉࢀᣑ኱ࡉࢀ࡚ࠊ♫఍ⓗ㡿ᇦࡢ୰࡟⏕ࡲࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ
ࡑࡢḧᮃ⮬యࡶࠊ࠶ࡿⓎ᫂ࡸࡑࢀ௨๓ࡢ୍㐃ࡢⓎ᫂࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᖖ࡟Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
7DUGH>@S  ࡇࡢ୍ᩥࡣࠊⓎ᫂ࡀḧᮃ࡟ࡼࡾ⏕ࡌࡿ࡜࠸࠺཯ㄽ࡜ゝ࠺ࡼࡾࡶࠊ୍㒊ࡑࢀࢆㄆࡵ࡚ࡣ࠸
ࡿࡀࠊࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢᙳ㡪ୗ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࢱࣝࢻࡣࠊ༢⣧࡞͆┠ⓗㄽ͇࠿ࡽᑡࡋ㊥㞳ࢆ⨨ࡁࠊ
Ⓨ᫂ࡢᬑ㐢ⓗ⌮ㄽࢆ⪃࠼ࡓ࠺࠼࡛͆Ⓨ͇᫂࡜͆ᶍೌ͇࡬࡜ᢳ㇟໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢព࿡࡛ࠊྂ௦ࡢဴᏛ⪅ࡀᢏ⾡ࡸேᕤ≀ࡢ͆✲ᴟࡢ┠ⓗ͇ࢆᛕ㢌࡟ࡋ࡚ಶูࡢᢏ
⾡ࢆ㝵ᒙ௜ࡅࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊᶍೌࡢ⌮ㄽࡣேᕤ≀ࡸᢏ⾡ࡢ㏻᫬ⓗࠊ✵㛫ⓗ࡞Ⓨᒎࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ
ࡢ࡟㐺ࡋࡓ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࢱࣝࢻࡢ♫఍Ꮫࡣࡘ࠸࡟ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ↓࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊ ୡ⣖ึ㢌ࡢ♫఍Ꮫ⪅ࡽ࡟ࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓࠋ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ ୡ⣖ึࠊ
͆Ⓨ͇᫂ࢆᢅ࠺♫఍Ꮫࡀ┒ࢇ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
 Ⓨ᫂ࡢ♫఍Ꮫ  ୡ⣖௨㝆ࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࢆ୰ᚰ࡟⏘ᴗ㠉࿨࡜┦ࡲࡗ࡚ຍ㏿ࡋࡓ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡ࡸㅖᏛၥࡢⓎᒎࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ▱ⓗ⎔ቃࡢከࡃࢆḢᕞ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚
࠸ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ ୡ⣖࠿ࡽ  ୡ⣖ࢆ㏻ࡌࠊᚎࠎ࡟Ḣᕞ࡬ࡢᢏ⾡ⓗ౫Ꮡ࠿ࡽ⮬❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ
࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣࠊ⊂⮬ࡢᢏ⾡ㄽࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࢼ࢖࢚ࣥ࢝ࣥࣉࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢏ⾡▱㆑ྐࢆヲ⣽࡟◊✲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᙼ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜  ᖺ௦ࡇࢁࡲ࡛ࠊᕤᏛ⪅ࡸᢏ⾡⪅ࡽࡣࠊᢏ⾡ࡢᶆ‽໬ࡸᑓ㛛໬ࢆ┠ᣦࡋࠊᢏ⾡⪅ࡢ⫱ᡂ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇࡔࠋᢏ⾡⪅ࡢ㉁ࡢྥୖ࡜ᢏ⾡ࡢ」㞧໬ࡣࠊ≉チࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋࡓಶேⓎ᫂ᐙࡢᶵ఍ࢆᚎࠎ࡟ዣࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࢫࢥࢵࢳ࣐࣮
6FRWFKPHU>@ ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭ࡿࠋࢺ࣮࣐ࢫ࣭࢚ࢪࢯࣥ  ᖺἐ ࠊࢦࢵࢺ࣮ࣜࣉ࣭ࢲ࢖࣒࣮ࣛ  ᖺἐ ࠊࢪ࣭ࣙࣥࢲࣥࣟࢵࣉ ᖺἐ ࠊ࢔ࣞࢡࢧࣥࢲ࣮࣭ࢢࣛࣁ࣒࣭࣋ࣝ  ᖺἐ ࠊࢪ࣮ࣙࢪ࣭࢖࣮ࢫࢺ࣐ࣥ  ᖺἐ ࠊࢢ࢚࣭࣐ࣜࣝࣔࣝࢥ࣮ࢽ  ᖺἐ ࡞࡝ࡣⓙࠊ⮬Ꮿ࡟సࡗࡓ㉁⣲࡞◊✲ᐊ࡛వᬤ࡟◊✲ࢆ㔜ࡡࡓ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᙼࡽࡢึࡵ࡚ࡢ≉チࢆᚓࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡇࡢ᪉ἲࡣ㛗⥆ࡁࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ ୡ⣖ࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞Ⓨ᫂ࡢከࡃࡣ኱つᶍ࡞タィࢳ࣮࣒ࡸ◊✲᪋タࢆᚲせ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡶࡣࡸⓎ᫂ࡣᆅୗᐊࡢ᪥᭙Ⓨ᫂ᐙࡢᡭ࡟ࡣ࠾࠼࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ                                           6FRWFKPHU  S   ୡ⣖ᮎ࠿ࡽ  ୡ⣖ึ㢌࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࢹࣗࣝࢣ࣒ࡸࢱࣝࢻࡽࡀ♫఍Ꮫ࡜࠸࠺Ꮫၥⓗ㡿ᇦࢆ௚ࡢㅖ⛉Ꮫ࠿ࡽศ㞳ࡋ࡚❧ࡕୖࡆࡓࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࠊ ᖺ௦࡟ධࡾࠊ኱Ꮫ࡛ࡶᩍ⫱ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺
࡟࡞ࡗࡓ♫఍Ꮫࡀࡦ࡜ࡘࡢࢹ࢕ࢩࣉࣜࣥ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ⊂⮬ࡢᆅ఩ࢆ☜❧ࡋࡓࡢࡣࢩ࢝ࢦ♫఍Ꮫ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࢱࣝࢻࡢ♫఍ᚰ⌮Ꮫࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࢀ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡓࢥ
ࣟࣥࣅ࢔኱Ꮫࡢࢠࢹ࢕ࣥࢢࢫࡣࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝♫఍Ꮫࡢ๰ጞ⪅ࡢࡦ࡜ࡾ࡟ᩘ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢࢠ
ࢹ࢕ࣥࢢࢫ࡟ᖌ஦ࡋࡓ࢜ࢢࣂ࣮ࣥࡣࠊࡇࡢࢩ࢝ࢦ♫఍Ꮫࡢ➨  ୡ௦࡜ࡋ࡚♫఍Ꮫ㒊ࡢᏛ㒊㛗࡟㉱௵ࡋࠊᢏ⾡࣭Ⓨ᫂࡜♫఍࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆㄽࡌࡓㄽᩥࢆᩘከࡃᇳ➹ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ௚
ࡢ♫఍Ꮫ⪅ࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࠊᢏ⾡⪅ࡽࡀࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㆟ㄽ࡟ຍࢃࡾࠊ♫఍Ꮫ⪅ࡢࢠࣝࣇ࢕ࣛࣥࡀゝ࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡢࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ͆Ⓨ᫂ࡢ♫఍Ꮫ͇࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ୍㐃ࡢ㆟ㄽࡀ⏕ࡌࡓ *LOILOODQ  ࠋ
ࡇࡢ͆Ⓨ᫂ࡢ♫఍Ꮫ͇࡜ゝ࠺ㄒࡣࢠࣝࣇ࢕ࣛࣥࡢ㐀ㄒ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᗈࡃ㏻⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ
࡞࠸ࡀࠊ୍᪉࡛ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟⾜ࢃࢀࡓⓎ᫂࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡿࡢ࡟㠀ᖖ࡟౽฼࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࠊᢏ⾡⪅ࡸࢪ࣮ࣕࢼࣜࢫࢺࠊṔྐᐙ࡞࡝ࢆᕳࡁ㎸ࢇࡔᢏ⾡ㄽࡀ┒ࢇ࡟⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡑࡇ࡛୰ᚰⓗᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊࢩ࢝ࢦ኱Ꮫࡢ♫఍Ꮫ⪅࢘࢕ࣜ࢔࣒ )࢜ࢢࣂ࣮ࣥࠊ
6&ࢠࣝࣇ࢕ࣛࣥࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࣁ࣮ࣂ࣮ࢻࡢ⤒῭ྐᐙ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࢔࣎ࢵࢺ࣭࢔ࢵࢩ࣮࡛ࣕ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
 ࢜ࢢࣂ࣮ࣥࡣࢥࣟࣥࣅ࢔኱Ꮫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ィ㔞ⓗ࡞♫఍Ꮫࢆಟࡵࡓࡢࡕࠊ ᖺࢩ࢝ࢦ኱Ꮫ
♫఍Ꮫࡢ➨  ୡ௦࡜ࡋ࡚ࢩ࢝ࢦ࡟㉱࠸ࡓࠋᙜ᫬ࡢ♫఍㐍Ṍほ࡟ࡣࠊࢫ࣌ࣥࢧ࣮ࡢ♫఍㐍໬ ࢫࢥࢵࢳ࣐࣮ࡣࡲࡓࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡶ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕ ᖺ௦ࠊࡑࡢᙜ᫬ࡢࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ⏘ᴗࡢ఍♫ ౛࠼ࡤ⯟✵ᶵࡸࢪࣕ࢖ࣟࢫࢥ࣮ࣉࡢ〇㐀ᴗ⪅ ࡣࠊ࠾ࡼࡑ  ே࡯࡝ࡢ࢚ࣥࢪࢽ࢔ࢆ㞠⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀᬑ㏻ࡔࡗࡓࠋ
͐⯟✵ᶵࠊ⮬ື㌴ࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮ࠊ࣐࢖ࢡ࢚ࣟࣞࢡࢺࣟࢽࢡࢫࠊ኱つᶍ࡞ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ ୡ⣖ࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡣࡼࡾ኱つᶍ࡞タィࢳ࣮࣒ࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࠖ 6FRWFKPHU S 
 7RVWH  ࢆぢࡼࠋ7RVWH ࡣึᮇࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝♫఍Ꮫࡢ※ὶࡢ୍ࡘࢆࢱࣝࢻ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
 0F*HH  ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊⓎぢࡢ♫఍Ꮫࡢㄽ⪅࡟ࡣࠊ࢜ࢢࣂ࣮ࣥࠊࢠࣝࣇ࢕ࣛࣥࠊ࢔ࢵࢩ࣮ࣕࡢ௚࡟ࠊࢪ
࣮ࣕࢼࣜࢫࢺࡢ :DOGHPDU.DHPSIIHUWࠊ♫఍Ꮫ⪅ࡢ //%HUQDUGࠊ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡⪅ࡢ -RVHSK5RVVPDQ ࡞࡝ࡀ࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢᙜ᫬ࡢࢩ࢝ࢦ኱Ꮫࡢヲ⣽࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᐆ᭶࡜୰㔝  ࡢࠗࢩ࢝ࢦ♫఍Ꮫࡢ◊✲࠘ࢆぢࡼࠋㄽ࡜㐺⪅⏕Ꮡㄽࠊࡑࡋ࡚㑇ఏᏛࡢ㐍Ṍ࡞࡝ࡢᙳ㡪࡟ࡼࡾࠊඃ⏕Ꮫⓗ࡞せ⣲ࡀከศ࡟ྵࡲࢀ
࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡾࠊすὒࡢ≀㉁ᩥ᫂ࡢඃ఩ࡣ㑇ఏⓗ࣭⏕≀ⓗ࡞ඃ఩࡟࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ㄽㄪࡀ
ᗈࡃ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢே㢮Ꮫ⪅ࡢ )࣎࢔ࢬࡸ $/ࢡ࣮ࣟࣂ࣮ࠊࡑࡋ࡚♫఍Ꮫ⪅ࡢ࢜ࢢࣂ࣮ࣥࡽࡣࡇࢀ࡟཯ㄽࡋࠊ㐍Ṍࡢᩥ໬ⓗ࣭♫఍⎔ቃⓗせᅉࢆ◊✲ࡋጞࡵࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠕⓎ᫂ࡢ♫఍Ꮫࡣே✀ⓗ♫఍ࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࢽࢬ࣒࡟ᑐࡍࡿ཯஘࡟ࡑࡢ㉳※ࢆࡶࡘࠖ
0F*HHS ➹⪅ヂ ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢜ࢢࣂ࣮ࣥࡣⴭస 2JEXUQ ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ⏕≀ࡢ㐍໬ࡣ₞㐍ⓗ࣭⣼✚ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᩥ໬ࡢ
㐍໬ࡣ᩿⥆ⓗ࡛ࠊ㊴㌍ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࠊᩥ໬ⓗ㐍໬࡜⏕≀ⓗ㐍໬ࡢ㛫࡟ࡣ㛵ಀࡀ↓࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋ࠸ࢃࡺࡿᩥ᫂ே࡜ᮍ㛤ேࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࠊᩥ໬ⓗᡤ⏘ࡢ」㞧ᛶ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡾࠊ▱ᛶ PLQG ࡢၥ㢟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡼࡗ࡚ᩥ᫂ே࡜ᮍ㛤ேࡢ㛫࡟࠾࠸࡚⤫୍ⓗ࡞ᚰ⌮ࣔࢹࣝࡀᚲ⏝࡜ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊⓎ᫂ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᚰ⌮ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡣࠊࢱࣝࢻࡀ⾜ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡟͆๰㐀ᛶ͇ࢆࡶࡘ୺యࡀ࡝࠺ࡋ࡚ࡶᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛࢜ࢢࣂ࣮ࣥࡣṇつศᕸࡸேཱྀ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୍ᐃ๭ྜࢆࡶࡗ࡚ࡇࡢ⬟ຊࢆᣢࡘ࡜ࡍࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊࡇࡢ๭ྜࡀⓎ⌧ࡍࡿᗘྜ࠸ࡣカ⦎ࡸไᗘ࡟ࡼࡾ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢜ࢢࣂ࣮ࣥࡶࡲࡓࢱࣝࢻ࡜ྠࡌࡃࠊⓎ᫂ࡀ᪤࡟࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢ⤖ྜ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠾ࡾࠊⓎ᫂ࡀ⣼✚ⓗ࡟ቑຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⤖ྜ࡟
౑࠼ࡿⓎ᫂ࡀቑຍࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊⓎ᫂ࡢቑຍࢆẚ㍑⣭ᩘⓗ࡟ຍ㏿ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡞
ࢃࡕࠊ೧኱࡞Ⓨ᫂ࡣࠊ๰㐀ᛶࢆࡶࡘ୺యࡢಶேⓗ࡞ດຊ࡟ࡼࡾ㐩ᡂࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡣࠊ
ࡴࡋࢁ♫఍ᩥ໬ࡢ⣼✚ⓗⓎᒎࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢜ࢢࣂ࣮ࣥࡢྠ൉࡛࠶ࡗࡓࢠࣝࣇ࢕ࣛࣥࡣ  ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢᢏ⾡㐍໬ㄽࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࠊ ᖺ
࡟ 6RFLRORJ\RI,QYHQWLRQ ࢆฟ∧ࡋࠊึࡵ࡚͆Ⓨ᫂ࡢ♫఍Ꮫ͇࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓࠋࢠࣝ
ࣇ࢕ࣛࣥࡶࡲࡓ⣼✚ⓗ࣭⤖ྜⓗⓎ᫂ほࢆ⥅ᢎࡋࡘࡘࠊ ࡟ཬࡪⓎ᫂ࡢ♫఍Ꮫⓗཎ๎ࢆᩚ⌮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ᭱ึࡢཎ๎ࡣ  ࡘࡢୗ㒊ཎ๎࠿ࡽᡂࡿࡀࠊ௨ୗࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㸬 D 㔜せ࡞Ⓨ᫂࡜ゝ࠺ࡶࡢࡣᑠࡉ࡞Ⓨ᫂ࡢ⣼✚ DFFUHWLRQ ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ E ጞࡲࡾࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ᏶ᡂࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ
ࡑࡋ࡚ᐃ⩏ྍ⬟࡞ቃ⏺ࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸ GHILQDEOH OLPLWV ࠋ F ࡼࡗ࡚Ⓨ᫂ࡣ࠶࠸ࡲ࠸࡟ࠊᗄศ࠿᜛ពⓗ࡟ࠊⱥㄒࡢ༢ㄒࡸࣇ࣮ࣞࢬࠊࡲࡓⓎ᫂ࡸࡑࡢ⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᶆ‽ⓗ࡞⩦័࡟ࡼࡾᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࠋ G Ⓨ
᫂ࡣ๰సࡢ㐃⥆࡜ゝ࠺ࡼࡾࡶࡴࡋࢁ͆㐍໬͇࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⏕≀ⓗ࡞㐣⛬࡟㏆࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࡇࢀࡣே㛫ࡢ▱ᛶࢆ㏻ࡌࠊ⏕≀ࡢ㐍໬࡜᰿ᮏⓗ࡞㢮ఝࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ                                                               *LOLILOODQS 

 0F*HH  ࡣᙜ᫬ࡢ㐍Ṍほ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭ࡿࠋ
͆$IWHUDOO FXOWXUHLVDIXQFWLRQRIPLQG

0LQGLVDIXQFWLRQRIEUDLQ%UDLQLVWKHSURGXFWRIELRORJLFDOHYROXWLRQ,QWKLVZD\VXSHULRUPDWHULDOFXOWXUHZDVXVHGDVHYLGHQFHIRUWKHH[LVWHQFHRIPRUHKLJKO\HYROYHGKXPDQEHLQJLQWKH:HVWµ ࡇࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊࢱࣝࢻࡶྠᵝࡢᣦ᦬ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆὀグࡋ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋࢱࣝࢻ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ
ࠕ✺↛ኚ␗࡟ࡼࡿ㐍໬࡜࠸࠺ㄝࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ㫽㢮ࡢ⩼ࡀ∐⹸㢮ࡢ୧㊊࡟ྲྀࡗ࡚௦ࢃࡿࡢ࡟ᚲせ࡞᫬㛫ࡣࠊᶵ㛵㌴ࡀ஌ྜ㤿㌴࡟ྲྀࡗ࡚௦ࢃࡿࡢ࡟ᚲせ࡞᫬㛫ࡼࡾࡶࡣࡿ࠿࡟㛗࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣᐜ᫆࡟ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡔࢁ
࠺ࠖ 7DUGH   S ࠋ ࢜ࢢࣂ࣮ࣥ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞๰㐀ᛶࡣࠊᮍ㛤ே࡛ࡶᩥ᫂ே࡛ࡶྠᵝࡢ๭ྜ࡛ฟ⌧ࡍࡿࠋ ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓⓎ᫂ࡸ᪂ወᛶ࡟͆⤖ྜ͇ࢆ㔜どࡍࡿぢ᪉ࡣࢱࣝࢻࡸࢩ࣮ࣗࣥ࣌ࢱ࣮࡟㢧ⴭ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ୍᪉࡛
0F*HH ࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ ᖺ࡟๓㏙ࡢ 5REHUW7KXUVWRQ ࡀ᪤࡟ࡇࡢᴫᛕࢆ୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ

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 ࢠࣝࣇ࢕ࣛࣥࡣ͆㐍໬ⓗ͇㐃⥆ᛶࡀゝㄒࡸ⩦័ࠊ♫఍ⓗ័⩦࡞࡝࡟ࡶぢࡽࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓⓎ᫂ࡢ㐃⥆ᛶࡣࠊࡑࡢᬑཬ㐣⛬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᗄࡘ࠿ࡢẁ㝵 ᑟධᮇ࣭ᬑཬᮇ࣭
㣬࿴ᮇ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ ࢆࡶࡘࠊ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢ͆ࣛ࢖ࣇࢧ࢖ࢡ͇ࣝ࡟ᚑ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋᙼ
ࡣࢱࣝࢻࡸࢧ࢖࣭ࣔࣥࢡࢬࢿࢵࢶࡽࡀࡇ࠺ࡋࡓⓎ᫂ࡢᬑཬ㐣⛬ࡢඛ㥑ࡅ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡀࠊィ㔞ⓗ◊✲ࢆ㔜どࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ୧⪅ࡣ☜࠿࡟ 6 Ꮠ㛵ᩘⓗ࡞ᬑཬ㐣⛬ࢆࡑࡢⴭస࡛グ㏙ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 7DUGH  ࠊ.X]QHWV  ࠋࢠࣝࣇ࢕ࣛࣥࡣࠊⓎ᫂ࡢ」㞧ᛶࢆㄆࡵࡘࡘࡶࠊ
୍⯡໬࡛ࡁࡿཎ๎ࡸᶵᲔⓗỴᐃㄽࢆᶍ⣴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋ ᭱ᚋ࡟࢔࣎ࢵࢺ࣭࢔ࢵࢩ࣮ࣕࡢ㆟ㄽࢆぢ࡚ࡺࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ࢔ࢵࢩ࣮ࣕࡣࣁ࣮ࣂ࣮ࢻࡢ⤒῭ྐᐙ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࢖ࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻࡢ⤒῭ྐ࡞࡝ࡢⴭసࢆ」ᩘṧࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ+LVWRU\ RI PHFKDQLFDOLQYHQWLRQ  ࢆⴭࢃࡋ࡚Ⓨ᫂࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ㄽࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢔ࢵࢩ࣮ࣕࡶࡲࡓࠊ⤖ྜⓗ࣭⣼✚ⓗⓎ᫂ほࢆಖᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ࢜ࢢࣂ࣮ࣥࡸࢠࣝࣇ࢕ࣛࣥࡢⓎ᫂ㄽࡀࡸࡸᶵᲔⓗ࡟㐣ࡂࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣂ࣮ࣀ࣭ࣥࣝࢱࣥࡣࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭ࡿࠋ ࢔ࢵࢩ࣮ࣕࡣࡲࡓࠊࢩ࢝ࢦ♫఍ᏛࡢᶵᲔⓗ㐣⛬ㄽࢆࡶ㏥ࡅࡿࠋᙼࡀ࢜ࢢࣂ࣮ࣥࡸࢠࣝࣇ࢕ࣛࣥࡽ࡟
ࡼࡿ⤒㦂ⓗ◊✲ᡂᯝࡢ㔜せᛶࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ♫఍Ꮫ⪅ࡽࡣࠊⓎ᫂㐣⛬ࡀ඾ᆺⓗ࡟ࡣࠊẚ㍑ⓗከᩘࡢせ⣲ࡀ㛗ᮇ㛫ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⣼✚ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ
㉸㉺ㄽ࡟␗㆟ࢆ⏦ࡋ❧࡚࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࢔ࢵࢩ࣮ࣕࡣࠊࡇࡢⓎ᫂㐣⛬ࡀ´ᚲせµࡢᅽຊ࡛⏕ࡌࠊಶࠎࡢ
Ⓨ᫂ᐙࡀṔྐⓗ㐣⛬ࡢ༢࡞ࡿ⿦⨨ LQVWUXPHQW ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ᶵᲔㄽⓗ࡞௬ㄝ࡟ࡣ཯ᑐࡋࡓࠋᙼࡀ㆟ㄽࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣⓎ᫂㐣⛬࡟࠾࠸࡚ᅛ᭷ࡢ᩿⥆ᛶࢆぢⴠ࡜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᩿
⥆ᛶࡸ㞀ᐖࢆ஌ࡾ㉺࠼ࡿࡢ࡟ᚲせ࡞´ὝᐹࡢάືµࡣࠊⓎ᫂ᐙࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡢ୰࡛ࠊၥ㢟ࡢㄆ㆑ࡸゎỴࡢせ⣲ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡼ࠺࡞᮲௳ࡢୗ࡛⾜ືࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ㝈ࡽࢀࡓᩘࡢಶே࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡢࡳྍ⬟࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺
ࡋࡓ᮲௳ୗ࡛ࡉ࠼ࠊၥ㢟ゎỴ࡟ᚲせ࡞Ὕᐹࡢ⾜ືࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣ☜࠿࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ                                    5XWWDQ9>@ ࡑࡇ࡛࢔ࢵࢩ࣮ࣕࡣࠊⓎ᫂ࡢ᪂ወᛶࡸ㠉᪂ᛶࡀఱ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࢆゎ᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࢤࢩࣗࢱࣝࢺᚰ⌮Ꮫࢆ౑࠸ࠊⓎ᫂ࡀḟࡢ㸲ẁ㝵ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ⤒࡚࡞ࡉࢀࡿ࡜㆟ㄽࡋࡓࠋ ၥ㢟ࡢㄆ▱㸸ࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣࠊ୙᏶඲࣭୙‶㊊࡞ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡸࠊせồ ZDQW ࢆ‶ࡓࡍ᪉ἲࢆ▱ぬࡍࡿࠋ ࢫࢸ࣮ࢪࡢタᐃ㸸ࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣࠊゎỴࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡞せ⣲ࡸ᝟ሗࡀࠊᗄࡘ࠿ࡢ࢖࣋ࣥࢺࡸᛮ⣴ࡢᵓ㐀ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿࠋゎỴ⟇ࡢᗄࡘ࠿ࡢせ⣲ࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊ௚ࡢせ⣲ࢆᢅ࠺ࡢ࡟༑ศ࡞ᢏ⾡ࢆᣢࡘಶேࡶྵࡲࢀࡿࠋ

 ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᬑཬ㐣⛬ࡢ⤒㦂ⓗ◊✲ࡣࡑࢀ௨㝆ࡶ┒ࢇ࡟⾜ࢃࢀࡓ ࢢࣜࣜ࢝ࢫࠊ࣐ࣥࢫࣇ࢕࣮ࣝࢻࠊᗈᒸ➼ ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊࣟࢪࢫࢸ࢕ࢵࢡ᭤⥺ࡀ౑ࢃࢀࠊᅇᖐศᯒࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢱࣝࢻࡸࢡࢬࢿࢵࢶࡽࡣࠊ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓィ㔞ⓗ◊✲࡬ࡢ㐨ࢆసࡗࡓࠋ Ὕᐹࡢάື㸸ࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ၥ㢟ࡢᇶᮏⓗゎỴ⟇ࡀⓎぢࡉࢀࡿࠋ࢔ࢵࢩ࣮ࣕࡣࠊከࡃࡢ୙☜ᐃせ⣲ࡀὝᐹࡢάືࢆྲྀࡾᅖࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ஦ᐇࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࠋ࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌࡵࠊ᫬ᮇࡸゎỴ⟇ࡢṇ☜࡞ᵓ㐀ࢆணࡋᚓ࡞࠸ࡢࡣࠊࡇࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶࡢࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᢈุⓗ෌⪃㸸ࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣࠊ᪂ࡋࡃㄆ▱ࡉࢀࡓ㛵ಀࡀ᏶඲࡟⌮ゎࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢ㛵ಀࡢᩥ⬦඲య࡟ຠᯝ
ⓗ࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࠋ
8VKHU>@ ௨ୖࡢ㐣⛬࡛ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣ◊✲ᐊࡢ୰࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᑠࡉ࡞Ⓨ࡛᫂࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇ࠺ࡋ
ࡓⓎ᫂ࡣࠊࡑࢀ⮬యࡀ㔜せ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡼࡾつᶍࡢ኱ࡁ࡞Ⓨ᫂ࡢ୰࡛⤫ྜⓗ࡟౑ࢃࢀࡿࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓつᶍࡢ኱ࡁ࡞Ⓨ᫂ࡀ♫఍ࡢⓎᒎࢆ᪉ྥ࡙ࡅࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ  ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟Ⓨ᫂ࡢ♫఍Ꮫࡢㄽ⪅ࡽࡣࠊᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡣ♫఍ࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࢽࢬ࣒࡟཯ᑐࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ
ࡑࡢ⌮ㄽࡢᇶᮏⓗᵓ㐀ࡣ´⣼✚ⓗ㐍໬µࠊ´⤖ྜµࡑࡋ࡚´㑅ᢥµ࡜ࠊ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ༤≀Ꮫࡸࢲ࣮࢘࢕
ࢽࢬ࣒➼࡛ぢࡽࢀࡿ⌮ㄽࢆ⏝࠸ࠊ᪂ᢏ⾡ࡢฟ⌧ࢆㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
 ➨  ḟ኱ᡓᚋࡢ㐍໬ⓗᢏ⾡ㄽࢩ࣮ࣗࣥ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡣࡑࡢⴭస 6FKXPSHWHU>ࠊ@㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊⓎ᫂࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡿᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡜ࠊࡑࢀࡀ⏕ࡌࡓ⤒῭㒊㛛ࢆ㉸࠼࡚௚ࡢ㒊㛛ࡲ࡛ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍἼཬຠᯝࢆࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋
ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㔜せ࡞ᛶ㉁࡜ࡋ࡚ᥥ࠸ࡓࠋᙼࡣࠊࠗ⤒῭Ⓨᒎࡢ⌮ㄽ࠘࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡿ´๰㐀ⓗ◚ቯµࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ⪃ᐹࡋࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠗᬒẼᚠ⎔ㄽ࠘࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒
ࢆᬒẼᚠ⎔ࡢ㛗ᮇἼື࡜㛵㐃௜ࡅ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ヨࡳࡓࠋࡇࢀ௨㝆ࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡢ◊✲⪅ࡣࠊࢩ࣮ࣗࣥ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡢᚋࢆ⥅ࡂࠊᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡜ࡑࡢἼཬຠᯝࡀ⤒῭࡟୚࠼ࡿ࢖ࣥࣃࢡࢺࢆ୰ᚰⓗ࡞ࢸ࣮࣐࡜ࡋ࡚◊✲ࡋ࡚ࡺࡃࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ  ᖺ௦ࡲ࡛ࡣࠊ୺࡟ࣃࢸࣥࢺࡢᙳ㡪ࡸᢏ⾡ࡸ᪂ၟရࡢᬑཬ࡞࡝ࡀᙼࡽࡢ୺࡞ࢸ࣮࣐࡛
࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡢࢫࢱࢢࣇ࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ⤒࡚ࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀ࠸ࡘࠊ࡝ࡇ࡛ࠊ
࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⏕ࡌࡿ࠿ࡀࡼࡾ㔜せ࡞ၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡢ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚≉ᚩⓗ࡞ࡢࡀࠊ⤒῭ᢏ⾡ྐࡸ⤒Ⴀ⣔ࡢ◊✲⪅ࡽ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚୺ᙇࡉࢀࡓ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ´㌶㐨µࡢ⪃࠼࡜ࠊࡶ࠺୍
᪉࡛ࢡ࣮ࣥ࡟ጞࡲࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞⛉Ꮫㄆ㆑ㄽࢆᢏ⾡Ⓨᒎ࡟ᛂ⏝ࡋࡓࠊ´ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒µㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ
ࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣑ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ◊✲ࡣᵝࠎ࡞ศ㔝㸦♫఍⛉ᏛࠊṔྐࠊᚰ⌮Ꮫࠊ⮬↛⛉Ꮫ࡞࡝㸧ࡢ◊✲⪅ࡀΰᅾࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠕ◊✲ᑐ㇟ࡸ◊✲⪅ࡢ⤒Ṕࡢከᵝᛶ࡟ࡼࡾࠊࡑࢀ
ࡒࢀࡢ◊✲ࡢ㐃ᦠࡣ㐍ࢇ࡛ࠖ࠾ࡽࡎࠊࠕ஦ᐇࡀࡤࡽࡤࡽ࡟Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࠊ୍㈏ࡋࡓ▱㆑య⣔࡟ࡣ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞ࠖ㸦1HOVRQ DQG :LQWHU>@㸧࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊ5RVHQEHUJ>㸪@
ࡸࠊ1HOVRQ ࡜ :LQWHU>ࠊ@ࠊ'RVL>ࠊ@ࠊ6DKDO>@ࡽࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ▱㆑ࢆ ࡇࡢⴭస࡛ࠊࢩ࣮ࣗࣥ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡣ͆Ⓨ͇᫂ࡢ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ*LOILOODQ ࡸ 8VKHU ࡽ࠿ࡽ኱࠸࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡓࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࢖ࣥ࣋ࣥࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡢ㐪࠸ࡣ᫂☜࡟༊ูࡋࡓࠋ ´㌶㐨µࡢ⪃࠼ࡢᄏ▮࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ´ࣉࣟࢲࢡࢺࣛ࢖ࣇࢧ࢖ࢡࣝµㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊၟရࡢࣛ

࢖ࣇࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࡀᕷሙࡢᡂ㛗࡜ࡑࡢ㣬࿴࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊᗄࡘ࠿ࡢẁ㝵࡟ศࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿࡶࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿ 9HUQRQ>@ࠊ8WWHUEDFNDQG$EHUQDWK\>@ࠋ
㸧





෌ᵓᡂࡋ࡚ࠊࡼࡾ⤫୍ⓗ࡞య⣔ࢆసࡾࠊ᪂ྂ඾ὴ࡟ࡼࡾ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࣜࢽ࢔Ɇࣔࢹࣝࢆ
ᢈุࡋࡓࠋᙼࡽࡀඹ㏻ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡢࡣࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣࡑࡢึᮇ࡟኱ࡁ࡞୙☜ᐇᛶ࡜ࣜࢫࢡࢆᣢࡕࠊᚎࠎ࡟´㌶㐨µ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿᏳᐃࡋࡓ⤒㊰ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚ࡺࡁࠊᬑཬࡀ㣬࿴ࡍࡿࡲ࡛⤒㊰ࡀ⥆ࡃࠊ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡔࠋࡇࢀࢆ 5RVHQEHUJ ࡣ´↷‽㸦IRFXVLQJGHYLFHV㸧µ࡜࿧ࡧࠊ
1HOVRQ ࡜ :LQWHU ࡣ´⮬↛㌶㐨 QDWXUDO WUDMHFWRU\ µࠊ'RVL ࡣ´ᢏ⾡㌶㐨 WHFKQRORJLFDOWUDMHFWRU\ µࠊ6DKDO ࡣ´࢞࢖ࢻ࣏ࢫࢺ JXLGH SRVW µ࡜࿧ࡪࠋᙼࡽࡢ◊✲ࡣᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ≀ࡀᇶ♏ᢏ⾡࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡾࠊࡲࡓၟရࡔࡗࡓࡾ࡜ከᵝ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࡝ࢀࡶ᪂ྂ඾ὴ࡛௬ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿࡼ࠺࡞᏶඲᝟ሗࡢྰᐃࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ୺యࡣ≉ᐃࡢ⎔ቃ࡟࠾࠸࡚▱ぬࡉࢀࡓ㝈ࡽࢀࡓ⤒㊰ ㌶㐨 ࢆ㑅ᢥࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞ࡃࠊ࠸ࡗࡓࢇ⤒㊰ࡀỴࡲࡿ࡜ࡑࢀ௨እࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㐨ࡣ㛢ࡊࡉࢀࠊෆ㒊ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡀᢏ⾡ホ౯ࡢᇶ‽࡜࡞ࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ୍࡛⮴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡢ◊✲ࡀ㐍ࡴ࡟ࡘࢀࠊ⛉Ꮫⓗ▱㆑ࡢ⵳✚ࡀᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡸࠊ⛉Ꮫ࡜ᢏ⾡ࡢ㛵㐃ࢆㄽࡌࡿ◊✲ࡶ┒ࢇ࡟࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲࡟ᑡ࡞࠿ࡽࡎᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡀ⛉ᏛဴᏛ⪅ .XKQ>@࡟ࡼࡿࠊ⛉Ꮫࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⛉Ꮫࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒
ㄽࡣࡉࡽ࡟ࠊᢏ⾡ⓗၥ㢟ゎỴࡢつ⠊ࢆ࡝࠺ᢅ࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺␲ၥࢆ⏕ࡌࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᢏ⾡ࡢࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࠿ࠊ࡝࠺ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿ࠿ࡀ᪂ࡓ࡞ၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
 'RVL ࡟ࡼࡿᢏ⾡ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࡢᐃ⩏*LRYDQQL'RVL>DE@ࡣ௨㝆ࡢᢏ⾡ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ㄽࡢཎᆺ࡜࡞ࡿᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡢࣔࢹࣝ
ࢆసࡿࠋ'RVL ࡀᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓၥ㢟ࡣࠊᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡀ 'HPDQGSXOO ࠿ 7HFKQRORJLFDO3XVK ࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥㄽࡢྂࡃ࠿ࡽࡢၥ㢟ࡸࠊ᪂ྂ඾ὴࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ´ᢏ⾡µࡢᐃ⩏ࠊ㒊㛛㛫࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡢࢫࣆ࣮ࢻࡢᕪ࡞࡝࡛࠶ࡾࠊᙼࡢᥦၐࡍࡿ´ᢏ⾡ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒µࡢᴫᛕࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓ㸬'RVL ࡣ .XKQ ࡢࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ㄽ࡜ࡢ㢮᥎࡟࠾࠸࡚´ᢏ⾡ⓗࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒µࢆࠊࠕ㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡓ⮬↛⛉Ꮫⓗཎ⌮ࡸᇶᮏⓗ㸦PDWHULDO㸧ᢏ⾡ࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡋࡓࠊ㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡓᢏ⾡ⓗၥ㢟ࡢゎỴࡢ´ࣔࢹࣝµ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ´ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥµ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ´⛉Ꮫࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒µࡀࠊࡑࡢศ㔝࡟࠾ࡅࡿ◊✲ࡢ᪉ྥᛶࢆタᐃࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ´ᢏ⾡ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒µࡶࡲࡓࠊᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞᪉ྥ௜ࡅࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ´ᢏ⾡ࡢࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮໬µࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡿࠋ.XKQ ࡣ᪤Ꮡࡢࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡑࡢ୰㌟ࢆ඘ᐇࡉࡏࠊ᏶ᡂࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ࡟⾜࡞ࢃࢀࡿ◊✲ࢆ´㏻ᖖ
⛉Ꮫµ࡜࿧ࡪࡀࠊ'RVL ࡣࡇࡢ´㏻ᖖ⛉Ꮫµࡢࡼ࠺࡟᪤Ꮡࡢᢏ⾡ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ୖ࡟࠾࠸࡚ၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿάືࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ1HOVRQ ࡜ :LQWHU>@ࡀᐃ⩏ࡋࡓ´⮬↛㌶㐨㸦QDWXUDOWUDMHFWRU\㸧µࡢᴫᛕࢆᘬ⏝ࡍࡿࠋ1HOVRQ ࡜ :LQWHU ࡽࡣ 5 ' ᡓ␎࡟࠾࠸࡚ᵝࠎ࡞ᢏ⾡ⓗྍ⬟ᛶࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊ࡜ࡿ࡭ࡁ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡀ↓ᩘ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ≧ἣ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊࠕᢏ⾡ࡀ≉ᐃࡢ᪉ྥ࡟ྥ
࠿࠸ࠊᗈ⠊ᅖ࡟ࢃࡓࡿ㟂せ⎔ቃࡢୗ࡛ࡑࡢ㐍Ṍࡢ᪉ྥ࡟ᡂᯝࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠖ
1HOVRQ DQG :LQWHU>@ ࡇ ࡜ ࢆ ᣦ ᦬ ࡋ ࠊ ᙼ ࡽ ࡣ ࡑ ࢀ ࢆ ´ ⮬ ↛ ㌶ 㐨 µ ࡜ ࿧ ࢇ ࡔ ࠋ'RVL>@ࡣࡇࡢ´⮬↛㌶㐨µࡢ⪃࠼ࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏࠊ≉ᐃࡢᢏ⾡ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ෆ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
 ࣜࢽ࢔Ɇࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡣࠊ⛉Ꮫⓗ▱㆑࠿ࡽᢏ⾡◊✲ࠊࡑࡋ࡚〇ရ࡬࡜୍᪉ྥⓗ࡞ὶࢀ࡛࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀ㐍ࡴ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼࡛࠶ࡿࠋከḟඖ㸦⤒῭ⓗ࣭♫఍ⓗ㸧ࡢࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࢜ࣇస⏝࡟ࡼࡾつᐃࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞㡿ᇦࢆ´ᢏ⾡㌶㐨
㸦WHFKQRORJLFDO WUDMHFWRU\㸧µ࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢᢏ⾡㌶㐨ࡣゝࢃࡤࠊࣛ࢝ࢺࢩࣗࡢゝ࠺ࠕ⫯ᐃⓗⓎぢἲࠖ࡜ࠕྰᐃⓗⓎぢἲࠖ࡟ࡼࡾ᪉ྥ௜ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋゝ࠸᥮࠼ࡿ࡜ࠕᢏ⾡ⓗࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒㸦ࡶࡋࡃࡣ◊✲ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ㸧ࡣࠊᢏ⾡ኚ໬ࡢ᪉ྥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ఱࢆồࡵࠊఱࢆ↓どࡍ࡭ࡁ࠿࡜࠸ࡗࡓࠊᙉ࠸´つᐃµࢆㄢࡍࠖࠋᢏ⾡ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࡣᢏ⾡⪅ࡢ᝿ീຊࢆᙉࡃᨭ㓄ࡋࠊ≉ᐃࡢᑐ㇟࡟㛵ᚰࢆྥࡅࡉࡏࡿࡢ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊࡑࡢ࡯࠿ࡢᢏ⾡ⓗྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㐨ࢆ㛢ࡊࡋࠊࡑࡋ࡚ఱࡀ´㐍Ṍµ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠊࢆᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࠋᢏ⾡ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࡣࢡ࣮ࣥࡢゝ࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡢ´ぢᮏ H[HPSODUV µ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡋ࡚´ࣄ࣮ࣗࣜࢫࢸ࢕ࢵࢡࡢ᮰µ DVHWRIKHXULVWLFV ࡢᙺ๭ࢆᣢࡘࠋ୍᪉࡛ᢏ⾡㌶㐨ࡣࡑࢀࡽ࡟ࡼࡾつᐃࡉࢀࡘࡘ㐍⾜ࡍࡿᢏ⾡ⓗ㠉᪂ࡢ´άືµ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࡿ 'RVL>E@ ࠋ 'RVL>@ࡣࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㑅ᢥࡉࢀࠊ☜❧ࡍࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶゝཬࡍࡿࠋᙼࡣ⡆␎໬ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᑐ㇟ࢆࠕ⛉Ꮫ࣭ࠖࠕᢏ⾡࣭ࠖࠕၟရࠖ࡜ࠊ´ୗྥⓗ࡟ GRZQZDUG µ㐃࡞ࡿ㸱ࡘࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡟ศ㢮ࡍࡿࠋࠕ⛉Ꮫࠖࡢࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࡣࠊࡑࡢୗὶ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࠕᢏ⾡ࠖࡢࣃࣛࢲ࢖
࣒࡟኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࠊࡑࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆไ㝈ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࠕ´࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᐇ㝿ୖࡢ㐺⏝ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࠿µࠊࡶࡋࡃࡣ´ᕷሙ໬ࡋ࠺ࡿ௬ㄝࡢ㐺⏝ྍ⬟ᛶࡣ࠶ࡿ࠿µ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࡢୖ࡟ࠊ᭱ึࡢẁ㝵࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㑅ᢥࡀ⏕ࡌ࠺ࡿࠖ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡓ´ᢏ⾡ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒µࡣྍ⬟࡞ᢏ⾡ࡢࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮࡛࠶ࡿ´ᢏ⾡㌶㐨µࢆつᐃࡍࡿࠋ'RVL ࡣࡇࡢ´ᢏ⾡㌶㐨µࡢ≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ
࡚ࠊ㌶㐨㛫ࡢ⿵᏶ᛶࡸ㌶㐨ࡢ⣼✚ᛶࠊ஦๓࡟㌶㐨ࡢⰋࡋᝏࡋࢆホ౯ࡋᚓ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡞࡝ࢆᣲ
ࡆࡿࠋ♫఍ⓗせᅉࡸไᗘࡣᢏ⾡㌶㐨࡟ᑐࡋࠊ㔜኱࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࡀࠊࡑࡢ஦๓୙☜ᐃᛶࡺ࠼࡟ࠊ´ᕷሙཎ⌮µࡣ⏘ᴗࡢⲡ๰ᮇ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢏ⾡ࡢ㑅ᢥ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ´஦๓ⓗµ࡟ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ᙅ࠸ຊࡋ
࠿ᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣ๓⠇࡛㏙࡭ࡓ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᕷሙࡀỴᐃⓗ࡟㔜せ࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡣ࢖ࣀ
࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀ᭱ࡶୗὶ࡟࠶ࡿࠊࠕၟရࠖࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟⮳ࡗࡓ᫬࡛࠶ࡿࠋ'RVL>@ࡣࠕ㏻ᖖࠊ౪⤥ࢧ࢖ࢻ࡟࠾࠸࡚㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡓᖜᗈ࠸ᢏ⾡ⓗࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ᪤࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓၟရ࡟ᑐࡋ
࡚ࠊᕷሙࡣ´஦ᚋⓗµ࡟㑅ᢥᶵᵓ࡜ࡋ࡚ാࡃࠖ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊᙼࡣࠊ1HOVRQ ࡜ :LQWHU>@ࡀࡇࡢᕷሙ㑅ᢥࡢ⌧㇟ࢆ⏕≀ࡢ⎔ቃ㑅ᢥ࡜ࡢ࢔ࢼࣟࢪ࣮࡟ࡼࡾㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ
࡚ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭ࡓࠋࠕ⤒῭ⓗ࣭♫఍ⓗ⎔ቃࡣᢏ⾡㐍Ṍ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ ㏻ࡾࡢ᪉ἲ࡛ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࠋ➨୍࡟´ኚ␗ࡢ᪉ྥµ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㑅ᢥ㸦ᢏ⾡ⓗࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࡢ㑅ᢥ㸧࡛࠶ࡾࠊḟ࡟ࠊࡼࡾࢲ࣮࢘࢕
ࣥⓗ࡞ព࿡࡟࠾ࡅࡿኚ␗㛫ࡢ㑅ᢥ㸦ࢩ࣮ࣗࣥ࣌ࢱ࣮ⓗ࡞ヨ⾜㘒ㄗࡢ㛫࡟ാࡃ´஦ᚋⓗ࡞µ㑅ᢥ㸧࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᚋ⪅ࡀ≉ᐃࡢᢏ⾡㌶㐨ෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊᕷሙ࡟ࡼࡿ㑅ᢥ࡜࡞ࡿ㸸➹⪅㸧ࠖࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠕ᪂
ࡓ࡞ᢏ⾡ⓗࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࡢฟ⌧ࡣࠊ⤒῭ⓗ࡟ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡓ´ࢽ࣮ࢬµࡢฟ⌧࡜ᩥ⬦ⓗ࡞ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࢆ
ᣢࡘࠖ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ´஦๓࡟µ࠾࠸࡚౪⤥ࢧ࢖ࢻࡣ࡝ࡢ㑅ᢥࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡣศ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ´஦ᚋⓗ࡟µᵝࠎ࡞ヨ⾜㘒ㄗࡢ୰࠿ࡽぢ㎸ࡳࡢ࠶ࡿࡶࡢ㸦ࢽ࣮ࢬࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡶࡢ㸧ࡀ㑅ࡤࢀ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡀᢏ⾡㌶㐨࡟ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡍࡿࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚௒ᗘࡣࠕࡇ
ࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆࠊ⤒῭⎔ቃ࠿ࡽᢏ⾡࡬´ୖྥⓗ࡟µ㸦XSZDUG㸧ศᯒࠖࡋ࡞ࡅ
ࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᕷሙ࠿ࡽᢏ⾡ࠊࡑࡋ࡚⛉Ꮫ࡬ࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡣࠊᕷሙ㑅ᢥ࡟ࡼࡾ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋ୍࡚㐃ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࡍࡿၥ㢟ࡣㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿࠋ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢせᅉࡣᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡣᢏ⾡㐍Ṍ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᢏ⾡࡬࡜㑏ඖࡉࢀࡿࠋ᪂ྂ඾ὴࡢࠊ´せ⣲ᢞධ࡟ࡓ࠸ࡍࡿ⏕⏘ྍ⬟✵㛫࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᢏ⾡µ࡜࠸࠺ᐃ⩏ࡣᲠ༷ࡉࢀࠊࡼࡾ⌧ᐇⓗ࡞ᢏ⾡ࡢᐃ⩏ࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡾࠊࡑࡋ࡚㒊㛛㛫ࡢᢏ⾡㐍Ṍࡢᕪࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ⏘ᴗࡀ❧⬮ࡍࡿᢏ⾡ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࡢ㐍Ṍࡢࢫࣆ࣮ࢻࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࠋ  ᢏ⾡ࡢ♫఍ᵓᡂ୺⩏
 .XKQ ࡢࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ㄽࡣ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ◊✲࡟࠾ࡅࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡣูࡢࡶ࠺୍᪉
ࡢ࣮ࣝࢺࢆ⤒࡚ࠊ´ᢏ⾡ࡢ♫఍Ꮫµ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ㄽࡣ⛉Ꮫࡢ㐍Ṍࢆࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ⛉ᏛဴᏛ࡛⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡞⛉Ꮫࡢ₞㐍ⓗ࣭⣼✚ⓗ㐍Ṍ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼ࡎࠊ㠉࿨࡟ࡼࡾࠊ࠶ࡿࠕつ⠊ࠖ࠿ࡽูࡢࠕつ⠊ࠖ࡬࡜⛣⾜ࡍࡿ୙㐃⥆࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ࠶ࡽࡺࡿほᐹࡣఱࡽ࠿ࡢ௬ㄝ࡞ࡾ⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ⌮ㄽࢆᙧసࡿㄆ▱ⓗつ⠊ࡣࠊࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒࠿ࡽ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣṔྐࡢ≉ᐃࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟࠾࠸࡚⛉Ꮫ⪅ࡢඹྠయ࡟ࡼࡾカ⦎ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ඹ᭷ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓつ⠊࡟ࡼࡿゎ㔘ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿほᐹࡀࡉࢀࠊࡑࢀࡀ↓ど࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ከᩘࡢᏛὴࡀ⏕ࡌ➇தࡀ㉳ࡇࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋ᪂ࡓ࡞ほᐹࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿඃࢀࡓᴗ⦼ࡀ⌧ࢀࡿ࡜ࠊᏛὴࡢᩘࡣῶࡾࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕ㏻ᖖ⛉Ꮫࠖ࡬࡜ᡠࡗ࡚ࡺࡃࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿ㸦.XKQ>@㸧ࠋᚑ᮶ࡢ⛉Ꮫほࡼࡾࡶࡼࡾ┦ᑐ୺⩏ⓗ࡞ࡇࡢぢ᪉ࡣࠊࠕ᪂ࡋ࠸⛉Ꮫࡢ♫఍Ꮫࠖࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍ /HFRXUW'>@ ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚´⛉Ꮫ⪅ࡢඹྠయµࡢศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾ⛉Ꮫࡢ♫఍ⓗᛶ᱁ࢆὙ࠸ฟࡑ࠺࡜࠸࠺◊✲ࡀ┒ࢇ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ୰࡛ࡶ 'DYLG%ORRUࡀ୰ᚰ࡜࡞ࡗ
ࡓ࢚ࢪࣥࣂࣛᏛὴࡣ´▱㆑ࡢ♫఍Ꮫµࢆᥖࡆࠊ⛉Ꮫⓗ▱㆑ࡢ♫఍Ꮫⓗ࡞ศᯒࢆ㐍ࡵࡓࠋ⛉Ꮫ▱㆑ࡢ♫఍Ꮫⓗ෌ホ౯࡜࠸࠺ព⩏ࡣ኱ࡁࡃࠊࠕᢏ⾡ࡢ♫఍ᵓᡂ୺⩏ 6RFLDO &RQVWUXFWLRQ RI
7HFKQRORJLFDO6\VWHPV ࠖࢆၐ࠼ࡓ :LHEH(%LNHU ࡸ 7UHYRU3LQFK ࡽࡢ┤᥋ࡢ᪉ἲⓗࡼࡾ࡝ࡇࢁ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
 %LNHU:(࡜ 3LQFK7>@ࡣࠊࡑࢀ௨๓ࡢỴᐃㄽⓗᢏ⾡Ⓨᒎㄽࢆᙉࡃᢈุࡍࡿࠋᙼࡽࡣ
5RVHQEHUJ ࡸ 'RVL ௨๓ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ◊✲⪅ࡀᢏ⾡ࢆ´ࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣎ࢵࢡࢫ໬µࡋࠊ5 ')UHHPDQ ࡜ 3HUH]>@ࡽࡸࠊ)UHHPDQ>@ࡣᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡢ♫఍ⓗࠊ⤒῭ⓗኚ㠉ࢆࡶྵࡵࡓࠊᢏ⾡࣭⤒῭ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࢆ୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣ 'RVL>D@࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊµ࣐ࢡࣟᢏ⾡ⓗᴫᛕµ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ'RVL ࡀᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࡼࡾ኱ࡁ࡞⠊ᅖࢆࣦ࢝࢓࣮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᢏ⾡࣭⤒῭ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࡣᗄࡘ࠿ࡢ´࣑ࢡࣟµࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒㛫ࡢඹ㏻ࡋࡓ≉ᛶࡸ⿵᏶ᛶࠊ┦஫㛵ಀࢆ࡜ࡽ࠼ࡿᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ3HUH] ࡸ )UHHPDQ ࢆཷࡅ⥅࠸࡛ࠊࣇ࢛࣮ࢹ࢕
ࢬ࣒ࢆ୍ࡘࡢࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒࡜ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞◊✲ࡶ࠶ࡿ㸦5RREHHN>@㸧ࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥࡸ࢖ࣀ࣋
࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢩࢫࢸ࣒ㄽ࡜㛵ࢃࡾࢆᣢࡘࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ'RVL ࡢពᅗࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡣᑡࡋ␗࡞ࡿࠋ
 NXKQ ⮬㌟ࡣࠗᵓ㐀࠘ࡀᴟ➃࡞┦ᑐ୺⩏ࡢᮏ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜ࡢぢ᪉࡟཯ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ⛉Ꮫࡢ♫఍ᵓᡂ୺⩏࡟ࡼࡿᡂᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ᠜␲ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㸦)XOOHU>@ࠊ㔝ᐙ>@ ࠋ
 3RSSHU㸦/DNDWRVDQG0XVJUDYH>@㸧ࡣࠊ.XKQ ࡢぢゎ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ´┦ᑐ୺⩏ࡢࢸ࣮ࢮµ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
ࠕᯟ⤌ࡳࡣ཯ド࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࢸ࣮ࢮࡣ཯ドྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓ཯ド࡟⪏࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆᙉࡃᣦ
᦬ࡋࡓࠋ3RSSHU ⮬㌟ࡣ⤯ᑐ୺⩏⪅࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࠕᐈほⓗࠖ஦ᐇࡢᏑᅾࢆಙࡌࡿ࡜㏙࡭ࡿࠋ
%ORRU'>@ࡣࠊ⛉Ꮫࡢ₞㐍ⓗ㐍Ṍࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ 3RSSHU ࡜ .XKQ ࡢㄽத࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ୧⪅ࡣᖜᗈ࠸ศ㔝࡛㏆࠸㒊ศࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࠊࡑࡢᚤጁ࡞┦㐪Ⅼࡣ .XKQ ࡀᣲࡆࡿࢤࢩࣗࢱࣝࢺ㌿᥮࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣྠࡌ
ㅖ஦㇟࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶ␗࡞ࡿീࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ᚰ⌮Ꮫ⏝ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ3RSSHU>@ࡣ♫఍Ꮫࡸᚰ⌮Ꮫࡀࠕὶ⾜࡜↓つ๎࡞ࢻࢢ࣐࡛✰ࡔࡽࡅ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽ࠿ࡽࠕᐈほⓗ࡞ࠊ⣧⢋࡞グ㏙ࠖࢆぢฟࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᥦゝࡢ㐣ࡕࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࠊࠕⓎぢࡢㄽ⌮Ꮫࡣ◊✲ࡢᚰ⌮Ꮫ࠿ࡽᏛࡪࡶࡢࢆ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ᣢࡓ࡞࠸ࡢ࡟཯ࡋ࡚ࠊᚋ
⪅ࡣ๓⪅࠿ࡽᏛࡪ࡭ࡁከࡃࡢࡶࡢࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭࡚ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᚰ⌮Ꮫࢆ᥼⏝ࡋࡓ .XKQ ࢆ⓶⫗ࡗࡓࠋࡸ⤒Ⴀ⟶⌮ࡢ㠃࠿ࡽࡤ࠿ࡾ◊✲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࠊᢏ⾡ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢᮏ㉁ࡢ◊✲ࢆ↓どࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜㏙࡭ࡿࠋᙼࡽࡣ 'RVL ࡢ´ᢏ⾡ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒µ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂ㄽ࡜ࡢẚ㍑࡟࠾࠸୍࡚ᐃࡢホ౯ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊ஦౛◊✲࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡂຌ࣭ኻᩋࡢ´ᑐ⛠ⓗµ࡞♫఍Ꮫⓗㄝ᫂ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊᢏ⾡ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࡢ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ㆟ㄽࡍࡿ࡜ࠊேᕤ≀ࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡬ࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀ୙᫂░࡜࡞ࡿࠊ࡞࡝ࡢၥ㢟ࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋ%LMNHU ࡽࡀᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿ࢔ࣉࣟ
࣮ࢳࡣࠊ♫఍ᵓᡂ୺⩏࡟ࡣᇶᮏⓗ࡞ࠊ´」ᩘ᪉ྥⓗほᛕ PXOWLGLUHFWLRQDO YLHZ µࢆᣢࡗࡓࡶ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᡂຌࡋ࡚⾲ࢀࡓࡶࡢࡔࡅࡀࠊ၏୍ࡢ㐨࡛࠶ࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺Ⅼࢆᙉㄪࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ%LNHU>@ࡣᢏ⾡Ⓨᒎࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟ᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࡿ  ࡘࡢᴫᛕⓗᯟ⤌ࡳࢆᣲࡆࡿࠋ㸯ኚ໬㸭㐃⥆ᛶ      㸸ᴫᛕⓗᯟ⤌ࡳࡣࠊᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞㐃⥆ᛶࡸᏳᐃᛶ࡜ྠࡌࡃࠊࡑࡢኚ໬ࡢศᯒࡶせồࡉࢀࡿࠋ㸰ᑐ⛠ᛶ          㸸ᴫᛕⓗᯟ⤌ࡳࡣࠊேᕤ≀ࡢ´స⏝µࢆࠊㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡶࡢ H[SODQDQGXP ࡜ࡋ࡚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ H[SODQDQV ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡍ࡞
ࢃࡕࠊᶵᲔࡢ᭷ຠ࡞స⏝ࡣ♫఍࣭ᢏ⾡ࡢⓎ㐩ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢཎᅉ࡛ࡣ࡞
࠸ࠋ㸱୺య㸭ᵓ㐀        㸸ᴫᛕⓗᯟ⤌ࡳࡣࠊ୺యࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡋࡓศᯒࠊᢏ⾡ࡢᵓ㐀ⓗ࡟ไ㝈ࡉࢀࡓഃ㠃࡜ྠ᫬࡟അⓎⓗ࡞ഃ㠃ࡢศᯒࡶせồࡉࢀࡿࠋ
㸲↓⦭ᛶ VHDPOHVV ZHE 㸸ᴫᛕⓗᯟ⤌ࡳࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤ♫఍ⓗࠊᢏ⾡ⓗࠊ⛉Ꮫⓗࠊᨻ἞ⓗࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ࢔ࣉ
ࣜ࢜ࣜࡢ༊ูࢆࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ


%LMNHU ࡽࡢ◊✲ᑐ㇟ࡣࠊ୺య࡜ᢏ⾡㸦୺࡟ேᕤ≀㸧ࡢ཮᪉ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᢏ⾡ⓗⓎᒎࡣ㛵 㐃 ࡍ ࡿ ♫ ఍ ⓗ ࢢ ࣝ ࣮ ࣉ UHODWHG VRFLDO JURXS ࡢ ┦ ஫ స ⏝ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡜ ࡳ ࡞ ࡍ ࠋ%LMNHU:(࡜ 3LQFK7>@ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ %LMNHU>@ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᴫᛕⓗᯟ⤌ࡳࢆ౑࠸ࠊ ୡ⣖࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⮬㌿㌴ࡢ㐍໬ࡸྜᡂᶞ⬡ࡢ୍✀࡛࠶ࡿ࣮࣋ࢡࣛ࢖ࢺࡢᢏ⾡㐍Ṍࡢ౛ࢆࠊࡑࢀ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ♫఍㞟ᅋࡢάື࡟ࡼࡾㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ
 %LMNHU ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ᙜ᫬ࡢ⮬㌿㌴ࡣ๓㍯ࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟኱ࡁࡃࠊ஺㏻ᡭẁ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡣࢫ࣏࣮ࢶࡢ
୍✀࡛࠶ࡾࠊᏳ඲ᛶࡸ஌ࡾᚰᆅࡣࡑࢀ࡯࡝㔜せどࡉࢀ࡚ࡣ࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊዪᛶࡸ㧗㱋⪅ࡣ₯ᅾⓗᕷሙ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⏕⏘⪅ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ౑⏝⪅ࡶ⪃៖࡟࠸ࢀࡓ⮬㌿㌴࡙ࡃࡾࢆ⪃࠼࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊேᕤ≀࡛࠶ࡿ⮬㌿㌴࡟ࡣ」ᩘࡢ㛵㐃ࡍࡿ♫఍ⓗࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㸦ዪᛶࠊ㧗㱋⪅ࠊ⏕⏘⪅ࠊࢫ࣏࣮ࢶࢧ࢖ࢡࣜࢫࢺࡽ㸧ࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊࡲࡓࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡣಶูࡢ
」ᩘࡢၥ㢟㸦ࢫࣆ࣮ࢻࡸ᱁ዲࡢⰋࡉࠊᏳ඲ᛶࠊ஌ࡾᚰᆅ㸧ࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡣ୍㏻ࡾ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸦Ᏻ඲ᛶࡢၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ๓㍯ࢆᑠࡉࡃࡋࠊࣈ࣮ࣞ࢟ࢆᨵⰋ

ࡲࡓࡑࡢࡇࢁࠊᢏ⾡ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࡢᐇド◊✲ࡣࠊ'RVL ࡢ⌮ㄽࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀࡓࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊ㏆ᖺࡣ 0DOHUED>@ࠊ&DVWHOODFFL)>@ࡸ 3HLQH$>@࡞࡝ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
 %LNHU:(࡜ 3LQFK7>@ࡽࡣࠊᢏ⾡ⓗேᕤ≀ࡢⓎᒎ㐣⛬ࡣ㐍໬࡟࠾ࡅࡿኚ␗ࡸ㑅ᢥࡢ௦⏝≀࡛࠶ࡿ
࡜㏙࡭ࠊᙼࡽࡢᴫᛕࡀ㐍໬ⓗ࢔ࢼࣟࢪ࣮ࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ





ࡋ«➼㸧
➼㸧
ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࠊ♫఍ⓗࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡜ேᕤ≀ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ၥ㢟࡜ࡑࡢゎ➼ࠊᵝࠎ࡞せ⣲ࡀ⤡ࡳྜࡗ࡚ேᕤ≀ࡢ㐍໬ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚⮬㌿㌴ࡢ㐍໬ࡣ༢⥺ⓗ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼ࡎࠊᵝࠎ࡞せ⣲ࡢ⤡ࡳྜ࠸ࡢ୰࡛ḟࠎ࡜㐍໬ࡋ࡚ࡺࡁࠊࡑࢀࡀ࠶ࡿ୍ࡘࡢᙧ࡟Ᏻᐃ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣṤ࡝࡞࠸࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ ୍᪉࡛ %LMNHU>@ࡣࠊ1HOVRQ
1HOVRQ ࡜ :LQWHU>@ࡢゝ࠺ᢏ⾡ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡸࠊ
ࡢゝ࠺ᢏ⾡ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡸࠊ'RVL>@ࡢᢏ⾡ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿᴫᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᢏ⾡ⓗࣇ࣮࣒ࣞ WHFKQRORJLFDOIUDPHKQRORJLFDOIUDPH ࢆᥦၐࡍࡿࠋࡑ
ࡢෆᐜࡣࠊ⌧᫬Ⅼ࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⌮ㄽࡸ┠ⓗࠊၥ㢟ゎỴࡢᡓ␎ࡸࠊᐇ㝿ࡢ౑⏝య㦂࡞࡝ࠊᖜᗈ࠸ព࿡ࢆྵࡴࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ᖜᗈ࠸ព࿡ࢆྵࡴࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ%LMNHU ࡣ 1HOVRQ ࡸ 'RVL ࡽࡢᴫᛕ࡜ࡢ㐪࠸࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᢏ⾡⪅ࡢࡓࡵࡢࣇ࣮࣒࡛ࣞࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᢏ⾡ࡢࣇ࣮࣒࡛ࣞ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᢏ⾡⪅ࡀேᕤ≀ࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟౑࠺ࣇ࣮࣒ࣞ࡜ゝ࠺ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ౑⏝⪅ࡀࡑࡢᢏ⾡ࢆ౑࠸ࠊ࡝࠺ホ౯ࡍࡿ࠿ࡲ࡛ࡶྵࡲࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢᴫᛕࡢ㔜せᛶࡣࠊࡑࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡀඹ᭷ࡉࢀࠊ┦஫స⏝ࡍࡿ´㞟ᅋµࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ%LMNHU ࡣࠊேᕤ≀ࡀఱࡽ࠿ࡢព࿡ࢆ㞟ᅋ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚
௜ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡁࠊᢏ⾡ⓗࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࡀࡑࡢ㞟ᅋ࡟ࡼࡾඹ᭷ࡉࢀࡿࠕᩥἲࠖࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࠊ࡜㏙࡭
ࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚㛵ಀࡍࡿ♫఍ⓗࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡀᏳᐃ
ࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚㛵ಀࡍࡿ♫఍ⓗࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡀᏳᐃⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᩥἲ࡞ࡾᢏ⾡ⓗࣇ࣮ࣞⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᩥἲ࡞ࡾᢏ⾡ⓗࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࡣᏳᐃࡍࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ ⾲ ᢏ⾡ࡢ♫఍ᵓᡂ୺⩏࡜ᢏ⾡ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࡢẚ㍑
ᢏ⾡ࡢ♫఍ᵓᡂ୺⩏࡜ᢏ⾡ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࡢẚ㍑㸦2OVHQ(2DQG(QJHQ$2>@2OVHQ(2DQG(QJHQ$2>@ࡼࡾ➹⪅ヂ㸧 ㏆ᖺࡢ㐍໬ⓗᢏ⾡ㄽ ࢹ࢙ࣛ࢘࢔኱Ꮫ࡛ᢏ⾡ྐࢆᩍ࠼ࡿࢪ࣮ࣙࢪ࣭ࣂࢧࣛࡣ  ᖺࠊᢏ⾡㐍໬ࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆᢅࡗ
ࡓⴭసࠊ7KH(YROXWLRQRI7HFKQRORJ\
7HFKQRORJ\ ࢆห⾜ࡋࠊᢏ⾡࡜㐍໬ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ⪃ᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣂࢧ
ᢏ⾡࡜㐍໬ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ⪃ᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣂࢧ

ࣛࡣ๰ࡽࢀࡓࣔࣀࡢከᵝᛶࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࠊே㢮ࡀ༢࡟⎔ቃ࡟㐺ᛂࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟≀ࢆసࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺
ㄝ᫂ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᚲせ࡜ຠ⏝࠿ࡽࡢㄝ࡛᫂ࡣ↓ࡃࠊㄝ᫂ࡢ㐨ල࡜ࡋ࡚㐍໬ᴫᛕࢆ౑࠺ࡢࡀⰋ
࠸࡜㏙࡭ࡓ %DVDOOD>@S ࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊᢏ⾡࡜⏕≀㐍໬ࡢࡑࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࠊ➨㸯࡟ே㛫άືࡣࠊ↓సⅭ࡞⮬↛㑅ᢥࡢ⏘≀࡛࠶ࡿ⏕≀㐍໬࡜ࡣ㐪࠸┠ⓗᚿྥᆺ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࡋ࡚➨㸰࡟ᢏ⾡ࡣே㛫ࡢᡭࢆ௓ࡉࡎ࡟ࡣࠊࡑࢀ⮬య࡛ࡣ෌⏕⏘ࡉࢀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣂࢧࣛࡣࠊ
ேᕤ≀ࡀഅ↛ࡢ⤖ྜ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⏕≀ⓗࠊᢏ⾡ⓗࠊᚰ⌮ⓗࠊ♫఍ⓗࠊ⤒῭ⓗࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᩥ໬ⓗ┠ⓗࡢ㏣ồ࡟ࡼࡾ෌⏕⏘ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㏙࡭ࡿ %DVDOOD>@S ࠋ⏕≀࡛ࡣኚ␗࡜㑅ᢥࡣ␗࡞ࡿせᅉ࡟ࡼࡾ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊேᕤ≀ࡢሙྜࠊኚ␗ࡢከᵝᛶࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍせᅉࡣ⮬↛㑅ᢥࡢせᅉ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ⏕≀✀ࡣᙧែⓗ࡟㏆࠸ࡶࡢࢆ͆✀͇࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡀࠊே
ᕤ≀ࡢᙧែ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶᙧែᏛⓗ࡞⪃࠼ࢆᛂ⏝࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊேᕤ≀ࡢᆺࡣᖖ࡟௚
ࡢ✀࡜⤖ྜࡋ࡚᪂ࡓ࡞ࡶࡢࢆ⏕ࡌࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡾ⣔⤫ࡀศᒱࡋࠊ᪤࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ௚ࡢᯞ࡟྾཰
ࡉࢀ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ✀ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛ࡺࡃࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ேᕤⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࢆ᫂░࡞͆✀͇ࡸ͆ᆺ͇࡜
ࡋ࡚ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡍࡿᚲせࡣ↓ࡃࠊࡑࢀࡺ࠼࡟⏕≀✀㐍໬࡜ࡢ࢔ࢼࣟࢪ࣮ࡣ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛࣓ࢱࣇ࢓
࣮ࡸࣄ࣮ࣗࣜࢫࢸ࢕ࢵࢡࢫ࡛࠶ࡿ %DVDOOD>@S ࠋ ᕤᏛ⪅ࡢ࣮࣭࣊ࣥࣜ࣌ࢺࣟࢫ࣮࢟ࡣⴭసࠊ7KH(YROXWLRQRI8VHIXO7KLQJV>@ࡢ➨ ❶࡛ࠊࣇ࢛࣮ࢡࡀ㣗஦ࡢᵝᘧ࡜క࡟㐍໬ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ༢⣧࡟ࠕᙧࡣᶵ⬟࡟ᚑ࠺ࠖࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞
࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ㏙࡭ࡿࠋᙼࡣࠊ
ࠕࢼ࢖ࣇ࡜ࣇ࢛࣮ࢡࡢᙧࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㐍໬ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࠿ࠊࡲࡋ࡚ࡸ㣗࡭≀ࢆཱྀ࡟㐠ࡪ࡜࠸࠺ࡲࡗࡓࡃྠࡌࢹࢨ࢖ࣥୖࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡢ࡟ࠊᮾὒࡢᩥ໬࡜すὒࡢᩥ໬࡛࡝ࢀ࡯࡝ከᵝ࡞᪉ἲࡀ࡜ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ࠿ࠖࢆ⪃࠼ࢀࡤࠊࠕ㣗࡭ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᇶᮏⓗ࡞ၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⟅ࡣࠊ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡓࡔ୍ࡘ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ S ࡜㏙࡭ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ
ࠕࡍ࡭࡚ࡢேᕤ≀ࡢᙧ
࡜ᛶ㉁࡜౑⏝ἲࡣࠊᨻ἞࡜⾜൤సἲ࡜ಶேⓗ࡞ዲࡳ࡟ᙳ㡪ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊᢏ⾡࡜࠸࠺࠶ࡢⲉ₍࡜ࡋࡓᏑᅾ࠿ࡽࡶᙳ㡪ࢆ࠺ࡅࡿࠖ S ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ」㞧࡞㛵ಀࢆ⪃៖ࡋࠊ࣌ࢺࣟࢫ
࣮࢟ࡣᙧࡀ༢⣧࡟ᶵ⬟࡟ᚑ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ぢ᪉࡛ࡣ↓ࡃࠊ͆ᙧࡣኻᩋ࡟ᚑ࠺͇࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡢࣈࣛ࢖࢔࣭ࣥ࢔࣮ࢧ࣮ࡣ  ᖺࠊ7KH1DWXUHRI7HFKQRORJ\ ࢆⴭࢃࡋࠊᢏ⾡࡜࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆ㐍໬ⓗほⅬ࠿ࡽᗈ⠊࡟⪃ᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢔࣮ࢧ࣮ࡣᢏ⾡ࡀ࣮࢜ࢺ࣏࢖࢚
࣮ࢩࢫⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㏙࡭ࠊ͆Ⓨ᫂ࡢ♫఍Ꮫ͇ࡢㄽ⪅ࡢࡼ࠺࡟͆⤌ྜࡏ͇࡟ὀ┠ࡋࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡑࡇ࠿ࡽࠊᢏ⾡ࡢ͆ᵓ㐀͇࡬࡜㆟ㄽࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࠋ࢔࣮ࢧ࣮ࡣ↓⥺࠿ࡽ࣮ࣞࢲ࣮࡬ࡢ᩿
⥆ⓗ㐍໬ࡢ౛ࢆᣲࡆࠊ᰿ᮏⓗཎ⌮ࡀ␗࡞ࡿᢏ⾡ࡀྠࡌ┠ⓗࢆᯝࡓࡍࡇ࡜ࢆ㏙࡭ࡓࠋ࢔࣮ࢧ
࣮ࡣࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮࡟ᑐࡋ͆ே㛫ࡢ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿᢏ⾡͇ࠊ͆ᐇ㊶᪉ἲ࡜ࢥ࣏࣮ࣥࢿࣥࢺࡢ⤌ࡳ❧࡚͇ࠊࡑࡋ࡚͆ᩥ໬࡟ᙺ❧࡚ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ⿦⨨࡜ᕤᏛࡢ㞟ྜయ͇࡜࠸࠺ᐃ⩏௜ࡅࢆࡍࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤ⵨Ẽᶵ㛵ࡣ᪂ࡓ࡞ᴫᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡋࠊ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࠋ㟁ᏊᕤᏛࡣࢥࣥ
࣏࣮ࢿࣥࢺࡢ࿘㎶࡛Ⓨᒎࡋࠊ㒊ရ࡜ᐇ㊶᪉ἲࡢኚ᭦࡟ࡼࡾⓎᒎࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮
඲⯡ࡣࡼࡾᗈࡃࠊྂ࠸ࡶࡢࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡛ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿ᪂せ⣲࡟ࡼࡾࠊ᭷ᶵⓗ࡟Ⓨᒎࡍࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿ S ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ␗࡞ࡿᵓ㐀ࢆ௦⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᢏ⾡ࡣࡑࡢ༢఩࡜࡞ࡿࢥ࣏࣮ࣥࢿࣥࢺ࡜ࠊ┠ⓗ࡟ࡑࡗࡓᶵ⬟࡟ࡼࡿࢻ࣓࢖ࣥ࡟ࡼࡾᵓ㐀ࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ࢔࣮ࢧ࣮࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ࢚ࣥࢪࢽ࢔ࣜࣥࢢ࡟࠾ࡅࡿၥ㢟ゎỴࡣ࣑࣮࣒ㄽࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࢸ
ࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢ㛫࡛ᶍೌࡉࢀࠊูࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡟฼⏝ྍ⬟࡞せ⣲࡜࡞ࡿࠋ୍ぢࢿ࢜ࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࢽࢬ࣒ⓗ࡞㐍໬ࡀ㐺ᛂྍ⬟࡟ࡣぢ࠼ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࡣ₞㐍ⓗ⣼✚㐍໬࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡣࠊ┠ⓗ࡟ἢࡗ࡚⤌ࡳྜࢃࡉࢀࡓၥ㢟ゎỴἲࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ S ࠋ࢔࣮ࢧ࣮ࡣࠊ
ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࡢ͆㞟ྜయ͇ࡢ㐍໬ࡣ⮬ᕫቑṪⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮⮬య࡟ព㆑ࡀ᭷ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ↓ࡃࠊ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࡢᵓᡂせ⣲ࡣࡍ࡭࡚᪤Ꮡࡢᢏ⾡࠿ࡽ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゝ࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢜ࢢࣂ࣮ࣥࡶ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡔࡀࠊᢏ⾡ࡢࢥ࣏࣮ࣥࢿࣥࢶࡀቑຍࡍࡿ࡯࡝
ࡑࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡣቑຍࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ⏕≀ࡢჾᐁࡢᵝ࡞ᵓ㐀ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࠊ⏕≀㐍໬࡜㢮ఝࡢ⌧㇟ࡶぢࡏࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊ⏕≀㐍໬࡛ࡣ኱つᶍ࡞㐍໬ࡣ㉳ࡇࡾ࡟ࡃ࠸ࡀࠊࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࡢୡ
⏺࡛ࡣࠊࠕቑṪࡢ⇿Ⓨ࡜⤌ࡳ᥮࠼ࡢ࡞ࡔࢀࠖ ࢔࣮ࢧ࣮>@S ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋၥ㢟ࡢⓎ⏕࡜ゎỴࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀࠊ⤒῭ࡢ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ͆ᵓ㐀ኚ໬͇࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ⌧㇟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࠕࡇ
ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊከⓎࡍࡿኚ໬ࡢ୰࡛⤒῭ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࠊ෌ᙧᡂࡉࢀࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚࡞࠿ࡗ
ࡓ஦㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢၥ㢟࡟ᑐฎࡍࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞ᑐᛂࡀㅮࡌࡽࢀࠊ┦஫࡟ᨭ᥼ࡍࡿᶵ఍ࡢࢽࢵࢳ
ࡀ㛤࠿ࢀࡿࠖ LELGS ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡲ࡜ࡵ ௨ୖ࡛ぢ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᢏ⾡㐍໬ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣ୰ୡࡲ࡛ࡣ͆≀ࡢṔྐ͇ࡢゎ࡛᫂᭷ࡾࠊࢲ࣮
࢘࢕ࢽࢬ࣒ࡀὶ⾜ࡋࡓ  ୡ⣖୰ࡈࢁ࡟ࡣࠊࣛࢹ࢕࢝ࣝ࡞㢮᥎ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࠊ ୡ⣖࡟ࡣࡼࡾࢩ
ࢫࢸ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢵࢡ࡞⪃ᐹࡀጞࡲࡗࡓࠋ ୡ⣖࡟ጞࡲࡗࡓᮏ᱁ⓗ◊✲ࡢึᮇ࡟ࡣᢏ⾡㐍໬ㄽࡣࢱࣝࢻࡀጞࡵࡓࠊ
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(FRQRPLFV期待効用理論の批判的評価
岡敏弘∗

2013 年 3 月 16 日 進化経済学会 中央大学

1 はじめに
期待効用理論は、不確実性下の行動を説明する理論として、いろいろの応用分野で今でも支配的な地位を占めているが、それが実際の消費者の選択をうまく説明しないことは、実験や観察によって早くから指摘されてきた。そうした期待効用理論に反する現実の例を説明できる「非期待効用理論」が提唱されてきた。その代表的なものが、カーネマンとトベルスキーのプロスペクト理論である。ところが、彼らは、期待効用を最大化する行動こそが合理的行動であり、プロスペクト理論に従う行動は、現実がそうであるとしても、不合理で異常なもので、「規範的には受け入れがたい結果をもたらす」ものと見なした。そうだとすると、規範的経済学たる
厚生経済学とその応用分野は相変わらず期待効用理論に頼らなければならないことになる。
実は、期待効用理論が説明できない現実の行動の中には、不合理な行動もあるが、合理的な行動もたくさんある。その区別を知る上で重要な事実は、期待効用理論が「基数的効用」という概念に依存しているということである。基数的効用は、マーシャルやピグーといった功利主義の経済学者にとって不可欠の概念であったが、ヒックスやカルドアによって消費者選択理論と厚生経済学が刷新されて以降は、一般的なミクロ理論では必要とされなくなった。すなわち、序数的効用で十分だというのが今日のミクロ経済学の合意事項である。
ところが、いくつかの分野ではいまだに基数的効用の概念が用いられている。マクロ経済学に「ミクロ的基礎を与える」と称される、異時点間最適化の枠組などがそうであるが、期待効用理論こそ、その代表格である。
そして期待効用理論によって説明されない現実行動のうちのかなりの部分が、基数的効用概念から生まれているものなのである。消費者選択理論で基数的効用理論が過去のものであり、もはや不要のものであれば、基数的効用理論故に生じている期待効用理論の難点などは、基数的効用概念とともに単に捨て去ればいいのではないか。そうすれば、規範的には期待効用理論にしがみつき続けなければならないなどということはないのではないか。プロスペクト理論は効用関数に代えて「価値関数」というものを立てたが、それはやはり基数的な関数である。基数的効用とともに、やはり基数的な価値関数も捨てた方がいいのではないか。その通りだということを本論文は明らかにする。
まず、期待効用理論を説明し、それの難点と言われているものを紹介する。第１に、期待効用理論が前提としている「独立性公理」への反例であり、第２に、保険を買うと同時に賭けを買うという行動である。そして、
非期待効用理論としてのプロスペクト理論がそれらをいかに説明するかを述べると同時にその欠点を明らかにする。そして、基数的効用概念を捨てた理論の可能性の 1 つとして、一般化された期待効用理論を紹介し、序数的効用に基づく不確実性のミクロ理論の方向を提示する。最後に、規範的分析でも基数的効用は必要ないことを示す。

∗ 福井県立大学経済学部、910-1195 福井県吉田郡永平寺町松岡兼定島 4-1-1、0776-61-6000、oka ＠ fpu.ac.jp。

1

2 期待効用理論
期待効用理論 (以下「期待効用最大化仮説」または「期待効用仮説」とも言う) は、期待値無限大の賭に誰も無限大の金額を投じようとしないという「セント・ペテルスブルクの逆説」を説明できるように、N. ベル
ヌーイが提出した行動仮説である。フォン・ノイマンとモルゲンシュテルン (von Neumann and Morgenstern1944) は、効用が、完全性、推移性、連続性、独立性という 4 つの公理を満たせば、人は期待効用を最大化す
るように行動していると見なしてよいことを示した。このうちはじめの 3 つの公理は、一般的な消費者選択理論で仮定されるものであるが、最後の独立性公理は、不確実性下の理論に特有のもので、普通の消費者選択理論では必要とされない。
複数の事象とそれらの起こる確率との組を「プロスペクト」と呼ぶ。たとえば、10 分の 1 の確率で 500 万ドルが得られ、10 分の 9 の確率で何も得られないという選択肢は、「プロスペクト (0.1, 0.9; 0 ドル, 500 万ドル)」と書ける。一般的には、金額 xi , (i = 1, 2, · · · , n) が確率 pi (i = 1, 2, · · · , n) で得られるというプロスペ

クトは (p1 , p2 , · · · , pn ; x1 , x2 , · · · , xn ) と書ける。独立性とは、任意の 3 つのプロスペクト A, B, C と任意の確率 p(0 ! p ! 1) について

A " B ⇔ (α, 1 − α; A, C) " (α, 1 − α; B, C)となることである。

A = (p1 , p2 , · · · , pn ; a1 , a2 , · · · , an ), B = (q1 , q2 , · · · , qn ; b1 , b2 , · · · , bn ) のとき、期待効用仮説が成り立!n
つということは、金額 ai , bi の効用 U (ai ), U (bi ) を使って期待効用 EU (A) =i=1 pi U (ai ), EU (B) =!ni=1 qi U (bi ) が定義できて、
A " B ⇔ EU (A) # EU (B)となるということである。EU (A) # EU (B) であれば、明らかに αEU (A) + (1 − α)EU (C) # αEU (B) +(1 − α)EU (C) となるから、A " B =⇒ αA + (1 − α)C " αB + (1 − α)C 、すなわち、期待効用仮説が成り立てば、独立性が成り立たなければならない。

期待効用仮説は、セント・ペテルスブルクの逆説を説明し、リスク回避あるいはリスク愛好といった人の行動を効用関数の形状だけで説明した。すなわち、効用関数が凹であれば—つまり効用逓減であれば—、リスクのあるプロスペクトがもたらす期待効用は、それと金額の期待値が等しい、リスクのない確実なプロスペクトがもたらす期待効用よりも小さくなるので、リスク回避的になる (図 1)。逆に効用関数が凸であれば、リスク愛好的になる。
U(x)U (xc)
pU (x1)+ (1-p) U (x2)

p

1-p
x1

図1

xc

x2

期待効用理論—リスク回避の場合—

2xところが、不確実なプロスペクトの間の選択が必ずしも独立性公理を満たさないということが実験的に観察されてきた。

3 期待効用理論の難点
3.1 独立性公理への反例
たとえば、

a1 = (0, 1, 0 ; 0, 1, 5)(金額の単位は 100 万ドル、以下同じ)と

a2 = (0.01, 0.89, 0.10 ; 0, 1, 5)との間では a1 を選好するが、

a3 = (0.89, 0.11, 0 ; 0, 1, 5)と

a4 = (0.90, 0, 0.10 ; 0, 1, 5)との間では a4 を選択する人が多いという (Allais 1952)。
これは独立性公理に反する。なぜなら、

#
1
10
a =
, 0,
; 0, 1, 5
1111
k = (0, 1, 0 ; 0, 1, 5)∗"

C ∗ = (0, 1, 0 ; 0, 1, 5)c∗ = (0, 0, 1 ; 0, 1, 5)とするとき、

a1 = (0.11, 0.89 ; k, C ∗ )a2 = (0.11, 0.89 ; a∗ , C ∗ )a3 = (0.11, 0.89 ; k, c∗ )a4 = (0.11, 0.89 ; a∗ , c∗ )と表せるから、独立性公理によれば、a1 を a2 よりも選好する人は、必ず k を a∗ よりも選好し、したがって、

a3 を a4 よりも選好しなければならないからである。選択の対象となる 2 つのプロスペクトに共通に含まれるC ∗ や c∗ が、選好に影響を及ぼさないというのが独立性公理の意味するところだが、上の例では共通の要素が影響を与えている。これは「共通結果効果 (common consequence effect)」と呼ばれている (Machina 1983,

pp.276-277)。
次に、

c1 = (0.1, 0.9, 0 ; 0, 3000, 6000)
3(金額の単位はドル、以下同じ)

と

c2 = (0.55, 0, 0.45 ; 0, 3000, 6000)との間では c1 を選好するが、

c3 = (0.998, 0.002, 0 ; 0, 3000, 6000)と

c4 = (0.999, 0, 0.001 ; 0, 3000, 6000)との間では、c4 を選好する傾向があるという (Kahneman and Tversky 1979)。n = (1, 0, 0, ; 0, 3000, 6000)
とすると、

#
1 449
,
; c1 , n
450 450
"
#
1 449
c4 =
,
; c2 , n
450 450c3 ="だから、独立性公理が成り立てば、c1 を c2 よりも選好する人は必ず c3 を c4 よりも選好しなければならない。

c1 を c2 よりも選好し、かつ c4 を c3 よりも選好するのは独立性公理に反するのである。
X = 3000, Y = 6000, p = 0.9, q = 0.45, α = 1/450 とすると、c1 〜c4 は
c1 : p の確率で X が得られ、1 − p の確率で何も得られない
c2 : q の確率で Y が得られ、1 − q の確率で何も得られない

c3 : αp の確率で X が得られ、1 − αp の確率で何も得られない
c4 : αq の確率で Y が得られ、1 − αq の確率で何も得られないと書ける。共通に現れる比率 α が生み出す効果なので、「共通比率効果」と呼ばれている (Machina 1983,

p.278)。
さらに、期待効用理論を前提として効用関数の形を決めようとする場合に起こる現象も独立性公理を否定す
るものになる。ある金額 M の効用 U (M ) を 1 と、また U (0) = 0 と基準化し、任意に 0 < p < 1 であるような p を選び、プロスペクト (1 − p, p ; 0, M ) と選好上無差別な確実所得を実験によって求める。これが c1 であったら、c1 の効用が U (c1 ) = p と決まる。次に、プロスペクト (1 − p, p ; 0, c1 ) と無差別な確実所得を求め、それが c2 であったら、U (c2 ) = p2 と決まる。また、プロスペクト (1 − p, p ; c1 , M ) と無差別な確実所得を求め、それが c3 であったら、U (c3 ) = 2p − p2 と決まる。この作業を繰り返せば、0 と M との間の効用関数が得られる (図 2)。独立性公理が満たされるなら、こうして得られる効用関数は p にどの値を選ぼうと変わらないはずである。ところが、p が高ければ高いほど、U (x) が高くなる傾向が観察されたのである。これは「効用評価効果」と呼ばれた (Machina 1983, pp.281-282)。

3.2 保険と賭け
不確実な損失に対して保険をかけ、同時に不確実な利得に対して賭けを行うのは普通の行動である。ところが、期待効用理論ではこれをうまく説明できない。効用関数が広域で凹であれば、期待効用最大化を目指して4

U( x)

1

2p-p2
p
p2

1-p

p

p c 21-p c 1

図2

c3
p

1-p

M

x

期待効用理論を使った効用関数の推定

行動する限り、決して賭けは選択されない。つまりその人は常に危険回避的である。逆に効用関数が広域に凸であれば、一貫してリスク愛好的であって、決して保険を購入しない。
保険と賭との同時購入を説明するためには、現在の所得よりも低い所得領域では凹の、それよりも高い領域
では凸の効用関数を仮定すればよいが、そうすると、凹から凸へと転換する点が、所得の変化とともに動くことになり、それは効用関数のシフトを意味する。効用関数の形状によって行動を説明するのが期待効用理論の特徴だったのだから、その効用関数がふらふらと動いては、期待効用理論は台無しになる。

4 プロスペクト理論
これらの難点を克服すべく、期待効用理論に代わる理論が提出されてきた。代表的なものがカーネマンとトベルスキーが提出したプロスペクト理論である (Kahnemann and Tversky 1979)。そこでは、金額 xi が pi の確率で得られる (i = 1, 2, · · · , n) とき

n$π(pi )v(xi )i=1が最大になるように行動すると見なされる。

v(xi ) は「価値関数」と呼ばれる。効用関数に相当するものだが、任意の x1 , x2 (x1 < 0 < x2 ) について、"

v (x1 ) > v " (x2 ), v "" (x1 ) > 0, v "" (x2 ) < 0 と仮定される。つまり、xi は正のとき利得、負のとき損失を表し、利得も損失も大きくなればなるほど限界価値は減少するが、損失は利得よりも常に重く評価される (図 3)。

π(pi ) は「確率重み付け関数」と呼ばれる。これによって客観的な確率が主観的なものに変換される。
π(0) = 0, π(1) = 1 だが、0 ! p ! 1 で π(p) は連続ではなく、p が 0 に近いとき π(p) > p だが、0 < p < 1 でπ(p) + π(1 − p) < 1 とされる (図 4)。

最初の a1 〜a4 の例について言えば、π(1) = 1, π(0) = 0, v(0) = 0 とすると、[1 − π(0.89)]v(1) > π(0.1)v(5) > π(0.11)v(1)つまりπ(0.1)v(1)π(0.1)>>π(0.11)v(5)1 − π(0.89)であれば、a1 を a2 よりも選好し、かつ a4 を a3 よりも選好するという行動を説明できる。確率重み付け関数についての仮定から

π(0.1)π(0.1)>π(0.11)
1 − π(0.89)
5

VALUELOSSES

GAINS

図3

カーネマンとトベルスキーの価値関数

図4

カーネマンとトベルスキーの確率重み付け関数が成り立つので、v(1)/v(5) がこれらの間にあれば、上の行動が起こる。

c1 〜c4 の例については、

π(0.001)v(3000)π(0.45)>>π(0.002)v(6000)π(0.9)

であれば、c2 よりも c1 が選ばれ、かつ、c3 よりも c4 が選ばれる。価値関数の形から v(3000)/v(6000) は 1/2よりも大きい。確率重み付け関数の形から π(0.45)/π(0.9) はそれよりも小さい可能性が高い。また、非常に小さい確率 0.001 が 2 倍になったとき、その重み付け関数の値は 2 倍よりもかなり小さい値にしかならないか
ら、この不等式は成り立つだろう。
保険と賭けについては、価値関数の形からは、賭けも保険も購入しないという行動が導かれる。両者を購入させるものは、確率重み付け関数の形である。すなわち、非常に低い確率について π(p) > p であれば、価値関数の形にもかかわらず、保険と賭けをともに購入することがあり得る。
このように、プロスペクト理論は、独立性公理への反例の多くを説明し、保険と賭けの購入も許容する。しかし、理論の価値は、単に何でも説明できるというところにあるのではない。効率よく説明できる、つまり、より少ない仮定とより少ない装置でより多くの現象を説明するのが優れた理論である。効用関数の形だけでリスク回避かリスク愛好かを説明したという意味では、期待効用理論は効率的であった (しかし、間違っていたが) 利得か損失かで場合分けして価値関数を仮定し、かつ、確率がどう知覚されるかを反映した重み付け関数

6を恣意的に仮定すれば、たいていのことは説明できるだろう。しかし、これだけ恣意的な装置を積み上げると、不具合も出てくる。その 1 つが確率優位なプロスペクトが選択されない可能性である。
たとえば、p > p" , p + q = p" + q " , x > y > 0 のとき、プロスペクト (p, q; x, y) は (p" , q " ; x, y) よりも明らかに有利であるが、これが必ず選択されるためには

π(p)v(x) + π(q)v(y) > π(p" )v(x) + π(q " )v(y)でなければならない。これはπ(p) − π(p" )v(y)>π(q " ) − π(q)v(x)

を意味する。x を y に近づけるとき、v(y)/v(x) は 1 に近づく。そこで、上の式が常に成り立つためには

π(p) − π(p" ) # π(q " ) − π(q)でなければならないが、上の条件を満たす p, p" , q, q " でこれが常に成り立つ保証はない (期待効用理論ならp" − p = q " − q によって確率優位のプロスペクトが必ず選択されることが保証される)。

カーネマンとトベルスキーは、選択行為を、「編集」と「価値付け」の 2 段階からなるとし、基準点を決めて利得か損失かを決めたり、複雑なプロスペクトを単純化したり、比較の際無視できる共通要素を無視したりする「編集」の段階で、確率劣位なプロスペクトは排除されると見なした。しかし、そこまでやればそれこそ何でも説明できる*1 。

5 一般化された期待効用理論
マシーナは、単に独立性公理を捨てて、非常に単純なわずかの仮定をおくという、プロスペクト理論とは異なった方向での問題の解決を図った (Machina 1983)。彼は、独立性公理を必要とする期待効用理論を、最大化される目的関数 (期待効用) が確率の線形関数であるものだと特徴付けた。そのことは期待効用の定義

EU =

n
$

pi U (xi )i=1から明らかである。これが独立性公理の意味でもある。マシーナの戦略は、これを線形でなくし、単に確率の微分可能な関数とするという単純なものである。期待効用理論とマシーナの枠組との違いは、次のよ
うな「確率三角形」を使えばよくわかる。3 つの所得金額 x1 , x2 , x3 (x1 < x2 < x3 ) の得られる確率をそれぞれ p1 , p2 , p3 (p1 + p2 + p3 = 1) とすると、p = (p1 , p2 , p3 ) は、横軸に p1 、縦軸に p3 をとった平面の

p1 # 0, p3 # 0, p1 + p3 ! 1 によって表される領域、すなわち、図 5 の三角形上の 1 点として表される。
金額の大小から、p1 が減れば減るほど、p3 が増えれば増えるほど、好ましい状態になるから、図 5 の平面上を左上方へ動くとき、より好ましい状態になる。したがって、選好上の無差別曲線は右上がりの曲線になる。
独立性公理、つまり、期待効用の線形性は、この無差別曲線が互いに平行な直線であるというのと同じことになる。実際、U (x1 ), U (x2 ), U (x3 ) の大きさは三角形上のどこにあろうと変わらず決まっているというのが線形性、あるいは独立性の意味だから、そのことは明らかだろう。図 5 の右上がりの実線群が無差別曲線群である。
一方、所得金額の期待値もまた、p の線形関数であるから、所得金額の期待値の等しい点を表す「等期待所得線」も、この三角形上の直線として表される。図の破線がそれである。図 5 のように、無差別曲線の傾きが*1 後に彼らは、累積的プロスペクト理論というものによって、確率劣位なプロスペクトの選択を防ぐことができることを示した(Tversky and Kahneman 1992)。

7

1

Indifference curve

Constant expected value line
p3

1

O
p1

図5

確率三角形: 独立性が成り立つ場合

等期待所得線の傾きよりも急であることは、等期待所得線に沿った右上への移動が個人の状態を悪化させることを意味する。右上方への移動は、所得 x2 の確率が減って、所得 x1 と x3 の確率が上がること、つまりリス
クの高い状態への移動を示すから、所得期待値が同じでリスクの増える変化が選好されないということは、リ
スク回避的であることを示している。すなわち、無差別曲線が等期待所得線よりも急であることがリスク回避を示す。この図と反対に、無差別曲線が等期待所得線よりも緩やかであれば、リスク愛好的である。
一般化された期待効用理論は、無差別曲線が互いに平行な直線であることを必要としない。ただ、それがな
めらかで接線が存在する曲線であることを仮定している。そして、無差別曲線の接線の傾きが等期待所得線の傾きよりも急であれば、その場所でリスク回避的である。確率三角形上を左上に移動することは必ず個人の状態を改善するが、確率優位なプロスペクトはより左上方にあるので、確率優位なプロスペクトが選好されないということは起こりえない。
この理論は、期待効用理論への反例をすべてうまく説明する。初めの問題の a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 は、x1 = 0, x2 =100 万, x3 = 500 万 とすると、図 6 の 4 点 a1 = (0, 0), a2 = (0.01, 0.10), a3 = (0.89, 0), a4 = (0.90, 0.10) として表せる。a2 − a1 と a3 − a4 とは平行だから、独立性公理が成り立ってすべての無差別曲線が互いに平行な直線であれば、a1 が a2 よりも選好されるなら、a3 が a4 よりも選好されなければならない。しかしながら、線形性を放棄するならば、図 6 のように、a1 が a2 よりも選好され、かつ a4 が a3 よりも選好されることを可能にする無差別曲線群はいくらでも存在するのである。
このような共通結果効果を説明しうる無差別曲線群の特徴は、左上方に位置する無差別曲線が右下方に位置する無差別曲線に比べて大きい勾配をもつということである。つまり、無差別曲線群が「扇状に広がっている(fanning-out)」のである (Machina 1983, p.283)。これは確率優位な分布に移るとき、よりリスク回避的になることを意味する。
共通比率効果も、この扇状無差別曲線によって説明できる。プロスペクト c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 は、図 7 の 4 点

c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 によって表される。c2 − c1 と c4 − c3 とは平行だから、独立性が成り立てば、c1 を好む人は c3をも好まなければならない。しかし、独立性を放棄して扇状無差別曲線を仮定すれば、c1 を好みながら c4 を好むことが可能になる。
扇状無差別曲線は効用評価効果も説明する。プロスペクト (0.5, 0.5; 0, M ) と無差別な確実所得を c1 とし、図 8 が、金額 0, c1 , M の得られる確率 p1 , p2 , p3 についての確率三角形であるとしよう。(0.5, 0.5; 0, M ) と確
実な c1 とが無差別であるから、三角形の斜辺の中点 A を通る無差別曲線が原点を通る。次に縦軸に沿った三

8

1

a*

p3

a4

a2

1

O a

1

p1

a3

図 6 確率三角形: 共通結果効果

図 7 確率三角形: 共通比率効果

角形の辺の中点 B で表されるプロスペクトと無差別な確実所得を求めるのが次の手続きである。これが c2 であるとすると、U (0) = 0, U (M ) = 1 と基準化したとき、U (c1 ) = 0.5, (c2 ) = 0.75 というように効用関数の値が決まる。
初めに (0.5, 0.5; 0, M ) と無差別な確実所得ではなく、(0.25, 0.75; 0, M ) と無差別な確実所得を求めても、同じ効用関数が得られるはずだというのが独立性公理に基づく期待効用理論の予想であるが、実際はそうならず、後者の方が大きい効用の値を与える。扇状無差別曲線を前提とすれば、この現象は次のように説明される。
プロスペクト (0.25, 0.75; 0, M ) は三角形の斜辺を左上方から 1:3 に内分する点 C によって表されるが、無差別曲線が扇状であれば、この点は点 B よりも好まれない可能性が高い。そのとき、点 C と無差別な確実所
得 c"1 は c2 よりも小さくなる。効用評価の手続きからして (c"1 ) = 0.75 となるが、(0.5, 0.5; 0, M ) から始めた
ときは U (c2 ) = 0.75 だったのだから、(0.25, 0.75; 0, M ) から始めた方がより小さい金額で 0.75 の効用を与え

9

1

C

B

D

A

p3

E
1

O
p1

図 8 確率三角形: 効用評価効果

ることになる。つまり、より高い効用関数が得られるわけである。
扇状無差別曲線では、三角形上の左上方に移動すればするほど、無差別曲線の勾配が急になる。図 8 で点 Dを通る無差別曲線が点 E を通るそれよりも急な勾配をもつように、である。これは、点 E では、低い金額の確率の上昇を補償して効用を一定に保つために必要な高金額の確率の上昇が小さくてすむのに対して、点 D では、高金額の確率がもっと大きく増えなければ補償されないということを示している。左上方では右下方に比べて、高金額の確率が増加し、低金額の確率が減少している。このとき、高金額確率の低金額確率に対する限界代替率が上昇しているのである。これをマシーナは「低確率事象の確率変化の過大評価」と呼んだ (Machina

1983, pp.278-281) が、一般の財の消費者選択に関する理論での限界代替率逓減に相当する現象で、そこでは普通に仮定されることである。
これは、低金額の確率が低くなればなるほど、リスク回避的になり、保険を買う可能性が高くなるということを意味している。逆に低金額の確率が高ければ、リスク愛好的になり、賭けを買う。

6 序数主義的分析
マシーナの枠組では、確率三角形上のどの 1 点もある水準の効用を与えるが、効用の絶対的な大きさについて何も言う必要がなく、ある点から別の点に移動したときに効用がどれだけ変化するかを言う必要がない。その意味で「序数主義」的分析と言っていいだろう。一般に効用関数で考えるのが「基数主義」の特徴であり、無差別曲線で考えるのをが「序数主義」の特徴である。
無差別曲線で考える場合、表現できる変数の数には限りがあり、効用に影響を与える変数としては金額と確率の両方があるのだから、いろいろな種類の無差別曲線分析が可能である。マシーナの場合は、金額を固定して確率が変化する枠組での無差別曲線分析を行った。確率を固定して金額を変化させる無差別曲線枠組を提出したのがミシャンである。
ミシャン (Mishan 1976) は、図 9 のように、縦軸に確実所得 m0 をとり、横軸に確率 p で得られる所得 m1をとる。右上方へ行くほど効用は高まるから、無差別曲線は右下がりで通常下に凸だろう。図の I はその 1 つである。ある個人の初めの状態が図の ā だったとしたら、この個人は、確実所得を m̄0 、確率 p の不確実所得

10

を m̄1 (< 0) だけもっている。つまり、確率 p で −m̄1 を失い、所得は m̄0 + m̄1 になってしまうかもしれないのである。ここで、その損失をもたらす事象が起こったときに金額 x を受け取る保険を対価 πx で購入できる
機会が開かれたとすると、点 ā を通る傾き −π の直線上の任意の点を選択できるようになる。これは予算線である。このとき、無差別曲線 I がこの図のように予算線と縦軸との交点で予算線に接していたとすると、この個人は点 ā を選択するだろう。保険を購入して所得を m̄0 + π m̄1 に確定させたのである。ちなみに、π = p な
らば、保険をかける前と後との所得の期待値が同じである。

図9

金額を変数とした序数主義分析

もしも、図 10 のように、無差別曲線が縦軸上ではない a" のような点で予算線と接していたら、損害額以上の保険をかけることになる。つまり、保険を買って所得 m̄0 + π m̄1 に確定した上でさらに、当たれば m"1 がもらえるくじを πm"1 払って買ったのである。

図 10

金額を変数とした序数主義分析—賭けを買う場合

このように、この枠組では、保険をかけると同時に賭けを買う行動は別に不思議ではない。なぜなら、保険をかける行為と賭を買う行為とは、ともに、不確実所得を増やす (損失の場合は損失を減らす) という同じ行為だからだ。ミシャンは、「リスク」という語を、損失を被る可能性だけに使い、利得を得る可能性には「チャンス」という語を当てている。行動は、初期状態の点の位置と、無差別曲線が予算線とどこで接するかとによって決まるが、予算線上を右下へ動く行動をとるとき、この個人はリスク回避またはチャンス追求をしている。

11

その行動がリスク回避であるかチャンス追求であるかは、縦軸の左か右かによる。逆に予算線を左上へ動く行
動をとるとき、この個人はリスク追求かチャンス回避をしているのである。

7 規範的分析への応用
以上、確率を変数とするものであれ、金額を変数とするものであれ、無差別曲線を用いた序数主義的分析が、基数的効用を前提にする期待効用理論や基数的価値関数を前提にするプロスペクト理論と同じかそれ以上の予測力をもち、かつ、期待効用理論が陥った難点からは最初から自由であったということを示してきた。カーネマンとトベルスキーは、規範的には期待効用理論に頼るしかないと考えていたようだが、規範的応用分野で期待効用理論はそもそも必要ではなかったし、期待効用理論を使うことはかえって有害であることを示そう。
人の健康や生命に関わる影響をもつ公共事業や規制に費用便益分析を適用する際、人命の価値を測る必要が生じるが、交通事故の補償などの際に用いられる逸失所得に基づく評価が、長く人命の価値として用いられてきた。しかし、便益・費用は、支払意思額 (WTP)・受入補償額 (WTA) でなければならないという、厚生経
済学上確立された原則から、それは明らかに外れている。しかし、意味のある有限の値として、死亡の WTA
や死亡回避の WTP を考えることはできない。この行き詰まりを破ったのが、不確実な死亡の確率の増減については、意味のある WTP や WTA を考えることができるというアイデアであった (Schelling 1968, Mishan1971)。つまり、微少な死亡率の減少に対して人は現に金を払っているだろうし、微少な死亡率の増加と引き換えに人は金を得ているだろう。こうして、リスク削減への WTP(またはリスク増加の WTA) を測り、それを当のリスク削減量 (または増加量) で割ったものを「確率的生命の価値 (value of a statistical life)」と呼び、それを、公共事業や規制の費用便益分析に用いるようになった。
人命に関わる費用便益分析の厚生経済学的基礎は以上で尽きているが、この確率的生命の価値の概念を、さらに期待効用理論によって「基礎付け」ようとする経済学者が多い (Cropper and Freeman 1991, Thaler andRosen 1976, Shepard and Zeckhauser 1982)。このようなモデルの代表的なものは、人々が、現在から先の生
涯のうちの各年齢での消費から得られる効用の、死亡率を考慮した期待値、すなわち期待効用を最大化するよ
うに行動すると仮定する。すなわち、現在 j 歳の消費者が

Vj =

T
$

(1 + ρ)j−t qj,t U (ct )t=jを最大化すると仮定する—ただし、T は生存可能な最高年齢、ρ は主観的時間割引率、qj,t は t 歳まで生きる
確率、U (ct ) は t 歳時の消費 ct から得る効用—(Cropper and Freeman 1991)。ただし、消費 ct は制約条件
T$t=jqj,t (1 + r)j−t ct =T$

qj,t (1 + r)j−t yt + Wjt=jに従う—r は利子率、yt は t 歳時の所得、Wj は初期資産—。k 歳までの生存率 qj,k の減少に対する、この j
歳の消費者の WTA は、上の Vj を最大化する問題の解 Vj∗ を、そうした生存率の減少にもかかわらず一定に保つような初期資産 Wj の増加分であると定義される。これを生存率減少分で割ると確率的生命の価値が得られるというわけである。
しかし、この「基礎付け」は、確率的生命の価値という概念が必要になった出発点を否定している。なぜな
ら、これは、生きて ct だけ消費する場合の効用 U (ct ) と死亡した場合の効用との、それぞれの生起確率を重みとした期待値を最大化するという行動を仮定しているが、生きている場合の効用と死んだときの効用とが有限の差をもって定義できるのなら、確実な死を受け入れるに足る有限の補償金額とか、それを避けるための支払12意思額とかが定義できそうだからである。それができるのなら、不確実な状況を想定して WTP や WTA を考える必要もなかったであろう。
健康・生命に関わる費用便益分析で必要なのは、リスクの増減に対する WTA・WTP が存在するということだけである。それが期待効用最大化行動から帰結するという理論は必要でもなければ有益でもない。WTP
や WTA の計測においてそうした理論が用いられたこともない。リスク削減を横軸に取り、貨幣を縦軸にとった平面に、右下がりで凸の無差別曲線群が存在すれば、WTP や WTA は定義でき、計測できるのである。

8 むすび
以上のように、記述的分析においても、規範的分析においても、序数主義の枠組で十分であり、基数的効用を前提とする期待効用理論は初めから不要だったし、その難点を克服するためのプロスペクト理論も無益なの
である。

参考文献
[1] Allais, M. (1952), ‘The foundations of a positive theory of choice involving risk and a criticism of the
postulates and axioms of the American school,’ (translation of ‘Fondements d’une théorie positivedes choix comportant un risque dt critique des postulats et axioms de l’ecole Americaine, ’ Paris
CNRS), in [2].
[2] Allais M. and O. Hagen (1979), Expected utility hypotheses and the Allais Paradox: contemporary
discussions of decisions under uncertainty with Allais’ rejoinder, D. Reidel, Dortrecht, Holland.
[3] Cropper, M. L. and A. Myrick Freeman III (1991),‘Environmental health effects,’ J. E. Braden and
C. D. Kolstad eds. Measuring the demand for environmental quality, Elsevier Publishers, 165-211.
[4] Kahnemann and Tversky (1979), ‘Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk,’ Econometrica,
47, 263-291.
[5] Machina, M. J. (1983), ‘Generalized expected utility analysis and the nature of observed violationsof the independence axiom,’ in [11], 263-293.
[6] Mishan, E.J. (1971b), ‘Evaluation of life and limb: a theoretical approach’, Journal of Political
Economy, pp.687-705.
[7] Mishan, E.J. (1976), ‘Choices involving risk: simple steps toward an ordinalist analysis’, Economic
Journal, 86 (December), 759-777.
[8] Neumann, J. von and O. Morgenstern (1944), Theory of games and economic behavior, 1st edition,
Prinston University Press, 3rd edition 1953.
[9] Schelling, T. C. (1968), ‘The life you save may be your own’, in Chase, S. B., Jr. ed. Problems in
Public Expenditure, Brookings Institution, pp. 127-176.
[10] Shepard, D. S. and R. J. Zeckhauser (1982) ‘Life-cycle consumption and willingness to pay forincreased survival,’ Jones-Lee ed. The value of life and safety, North-Holland, 95-141.
[11] Stugum, B. P. and F. Wenstøp (eds.) (1983), Foundations of utility and risk theory with applications,
Reidel.
[12] Thaler, R. and S. Rosen (1976), ‘The value of life savings,’ in Household production and consumption
ed. N. Terleckyj, Columbia U Pr.

13[13] Tversky, A. and Kahnemann, D. (1992), ‘Advances in prospect theory: cumulative representation of
uncertainty’, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5 (4), 297-323.

14ࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࡜☜⋡㠉࿨❧ᩍ኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ㒊Ⲩᕝ❶⩏㸯 ☜⋡㠉࿨࡜ࡣఱ࠿
㸯㸷ୡ⣖௨๓ࡢ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅜᐙ⤫ィࡣࠊࡏ࠸ࡐ࠸ࠊฟ⏕ࠊṚஸࠊ፧ጻグ㘓ࠊ⫋ᴗูࡢఫẸࠊᅵᆅࠊᘓ≀ࠊᐙ␆ࠊ࡞࡝࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠊ࡜ࡉ
ࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡣ୺࡟཰⛯ࡢࡓࡵࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸦ࡲࡉࡋࡃᅜᐙ Stat ࡢࡓࡵࡢ⤫ィµStatistikµ㸧ࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝බ⾲ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ゝࢃࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸯㸷ୡ⣖௨㝆ࡢ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅜᐙ⤫ィࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢࡶ
ࡢ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊࡲࡉࡋࡃᩘ࠼ୖࡆࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢࡍ࡭࡚㸫㌟㛗ࠊయ㔜ࠊ⬚ᅖ࡞࡝ࡢಶ
ேࡢ㌟యⓗ≉ᛶࠊᐙィࡢᡤᚓࠊ㝙ᑂࡢุỴグ㘓㸫ࢆ⥙⨶ⓗ࡟ᩘ࠼ୖࡆࡼ࠺࡜ࡍ
ࡿࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ఱࡽ࠿ࡢ㐓⬺⾜Ⅽ㸫⮬ẅࠊ≢⨥ࠊ≬Ẽࠊ኎᫓ࠊ⑌⑓㸫࡟㛵ࢃࡿ⤫ィࡣࠊ≉࡟⇕ᚰ࡟཰㞟ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢࡶࡢࢆᩘ࠼ୖࡆࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽ࠿ࡽࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀே㛫♫఍࡟ࡣ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢἲ๎ᛶࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀḟ➨࡟᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࢃࢀࢃࢀே㛫♫఍࡟ࡣࠊࠕ኱ᩘࠖⓗ࡟ぢࢀࡤࠊಶࠎࡢே㛫ࡢ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸࠿ࡽࡣ᏶඲࡟⊂❧ࡋࡓ୍ᐃࡢࠕ⤫ィⓗつ๎ᛶࠖࠊࠕ⤫ィⓗἲ๎ᛶࠖࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊேཱྀẚ࠶ࡓࡾࡢ⮬ẅᩘࠊ≢⨥ᩘࠊ⑌⑓ᩘࠊ࡞࡝ࡣࠊ᫬௦ࡸ♫఍ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆ㉸࠼࡚ࠊ࡯ࡰ୍ᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠊࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠊࢃ
ࢀࢃࢀே㛫♫఍࡟ࡣࠊᨭ㓄࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࢆᨭ㓄࡛ࡁࡿἲ๎ࠊ↓ἲ⪅ࢆࡍࡽ⮬↛ἲ๎࡟ᚑࢃࡏࡿἲ๎ࠊእぢୖࡢ↓⛛ᗎ࡟᏶඲࡞つ๎ࢆാ࠿ࡏࡿἲ๎ࠊ୙つ๎࡞ᨻ἞ⓗࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ᙳ㡪ࡉࢀ࡞࠸⛛ᗎࠊࡀཝ↛࡜Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿
࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢἲ๎ᛶࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀࠊ➨୍࡟ࠕಶูࠖࡢ୰࡟࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠕ኱ᩘࠖࡢ୰࡟ぢฟࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿἲ๎ᛶࡣಶேࡢ᣺
ࡿ⯙࠸࠿ࡽ᏶඲࡟⊂❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࠊ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ➨஧࡟ࠕ☜⋡࡛ࠖ⾲⌧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࠊ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ➨୕࡟ࠊࠕṇつᛶࠖࡸࠕᶆ‽࠿ࡽࡢ೫ᕪࠖ࡜࠸࠺
ᴫᛕࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࠊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣐ࢡࣟ࡟࠾ࡅࡿἲ๎ࡢᏳᐃᛶࡣࠊ࣑ࢡ
ࣟ࡟࠾ࡅࡿΰἁ࡜࡞ࢇࡽ▩┪ࡣࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ࠸ࢃࡤ♫఍ࡣࠕ⤫ィ໬ࠖࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶

ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㔜せ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⮬↛⛉Ꮫࡢἲ๎ᛶ࡟ẚ⫪ࡋᚓࡿࡼ࠺࡞⤫ィⓗつ๎ᛶ࣭ἲ๎ᛶࡢⓎぢࡣࠊ➨୍࡟ࠊࠕ⮬↛ࠖࡢ㡿ᇦ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࠕ♫఍ࠖࡢ㡿ᇦ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊ➨஧࡟ࠊ୺࡟⤫ィࡢࠕ⌮ㄽᐙࠖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࡛
ࡣ࡞ࡃࠕᐇົᐙࠖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⯆࿡῝࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᅜᐙ⤫ィࡣࠊࣉࣟ࢖ࢭࣥࢆ௦⾲࡜ࡍࡿᮾ࣮ࣚࣟ
ࢵࣃ࡜࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࣭ࣇࣛࣥࢫࢆ௦⾲࡜ࡍࡿす࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡛࠾࡞ࡌࡼ࠺࡟཰㞟ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤫ィἲ๎ࡣ࠾ࡶ࡟す࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡛Ⓨぢࡉࢀࠊᮾ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡛ࡣⓎぢࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ
࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍⯡࡟ࠊす࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢᛮ᝿࣭ဴᏛࡢ୺ὶࡣࠊཎᏊㄽⓗ࣭ಶே୺⩏ⓗ࣭࡛ࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᮾ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢᛮ᝿࣭ဴᏛࡢ୺ὶࡣࠊ඲య
ㄽⓗ࣭㞟ᅋ୺⩏ⓗ࣭ಖᏲⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡋࡤࡋࡤゝࢃࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚⤫ィⓗつ๎ᛶ࣭ἲ๎ᛶࡢⓎぢࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ୍ぢࠊཎᏊㄽⓗ࣭ಶே୺⩏ⓗ࡞ᛮ᝿࣭ဴᏛࡼࡾࡣࠊ
඲యㄽⓗ࣭㞟ᅋ୺⩏ⓗ࡞ᛮ᝿࣭ဴᏛࡢ᪉ࡀࠊࡼࡾ㐺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ஦ᐇࡣ㏫࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤫ィⓗつ๎ᛶ࣭ἲ๎ᛶࡢⓎぢࡣࠊே㛫♫఍࡟ࡶࢽ࣮ࣗࢺࣥ
ⓗἲ๎ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠊࡑࢀ⮬యࡣ᰿ᣐࡢ࡞࠸ࠊࡋ࠿ࡋ࢔ࣉ
ࣜ࢜ࣜ࡞ಙᛕࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࡜↓㛵ಀ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟Ⓨぢࡉࢀࡓ⤫ィⓗつ๎ᛶ࣭ἲ๎ᛶࡣࠊᙜึࡣ⮬ẅࠊ≢⨥ࠊ≬Ẽࠊ኎᫓ࠊ⑌⑓࡞࡝ࡢ㐓⬺⾜Ⅽ࡟㛵㐃ࡋ࡚⪃ᐹࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ⌧ᅾࡢ⤫ィⓗ᥎ㄽ࡛ࡣࠊ᝟ሗ㸦information㸧ࡸ⤫ไ㸦control㸧࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⏝ㄒࡀ౯್୰❧ⓗ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⏝ㄒࡣࠊ㐓⬺⾜Ⅽࢆ⾜࠺㞟ᅋࢆ⤫ไ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⓨ᝿ࡀࡑࡢ㉳※࡟࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㸰ே㛫ᮏᛶ㸦ࢥࣥࢻࣝࢭࡢ♫఍ᩘᏛ㸧࠿ࡽṇᖖே㸦ࢣࢺ࣮ࣞࡢ♫఍≀⌮Ꮫ㸧࡬㸯㸷ୡ⣖ࡢ༙ࡤࡲ࡛࡟ࡣࠊṇつศᕸ㸦ㄗᕪ᭤⥺ࠊ࣋ࣝᆺ࣮࢝ࣈࠊ࢞࢘ࢫศᕸ
࡜ࡶ࿧ࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㸧ࡢᏑᅾࡣࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍ࡘ࡟ࡣࠊ஧㡯ศᕸࡢᴟ㝈࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡶ࠺୍ࡘ࡟ࡣࠊほኳᩥᏛࡢ⵹↛ㄗᕪࢆ⾲ࡍ᭤⥺࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࡛

࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ኳᩥᏛ⪅࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࢔ࢻࣝࣇ࣭ࢣࢺ࣮ࣞࡣࠊࡇࡢṇつศᕸࡀࠊ㌟㛗࣭య㔜࣭⬚ᅖࡢศᕸ࡞࡝ே㛫ࡢከࡃࡢ≉ᛶ࡟ぢฟࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆⓎぢࡍࡿࠋࢣࢺ࣮ࣞࡀࡇࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠕᖹᆒேࠖ㸦homme moyenne㸧࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆసࡾ

ฟࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ᭷ྡ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࢣࢺ࣮ࣞࡣࠊࡇࡢᖹᆒேࢆᴟᗘ࡟⌮᝿໬ࡋࠊᖹᆒ࠿ࡽࡢ೫ᕪࡣḞ㝗࡛࠶ࡾࠊㄗㅸࡢ⏘≀࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᖹᆒ
ேࡢࡳࡀࠊ♫఍ࡢ⌮᝿ⓗᨻ἞ࠊ⨾Ꮫࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ㐨ᚨࢆయ⌧࡛ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡢ
࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛㔜せ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࢣࢺ࣮ࣞࡀࠊṇつศᕸࡢព࿡ࢆ᰿ᮏⓗ࡟ኚ࠼ࡓ࡜࠸࠺
ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢣࢺ࣮ࣞ௨๓࡟ࡣࠊṇつศᕸࡣࠊᐃჾලࡸᐃ⮬యࡢࠕㄗᕪࠖ

ࡢศᕸࡢ≉ᛶࢆ⾲ࡍἲ๎࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡔࡀࢣࢺ࣮ࣞ௨ᚋࡣࠊṇつศᕸࡣࠊ♫఍ࡸ⏕≀ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢࠕኚ␗ࠖࡢศᕸࡢ≉ᛶࢆ⾲ࡍἲ๎࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋᖹᆒ࡜ࡣࠊ༢࡟ಶࠎࡢே㛫ࡢ㌟㛗ࢆ⟬⾡ⓗ࡟ᢳ㇟໬ࡋࡓ
௬ᵓࡢᩘ್࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊࡴࡋࢁ㞟ᅋࡢ┿ࡢ≉ᛶࢆᐈほⓗ࡟グ㏙ࡋࡓᩘ್࡟࡯࠿࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣࠊே㛫ࡢ㌟㛗࣭య㔜࣭⬚ᅖࡣࠊṇつศᕸ࡟ᚑࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊእᅜⅭ᭰ࡢ౯᱁ኚືࠊ
ᐙィࡢᡤᚓࡸ௻ᴗࡢ஦ᴗつᶍࡣࠊ࣋࢟ศᕸ࡟ᚑࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡞࡝ࡣࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀࡓ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀ࡟క࠸ࠊே㛫࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ㄽࡣ኱ࡁࡃኚ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ☜⋡㠉࿨௨๓ࡢ᫬௦ࠊၨⵚࡢ᫬௦࡟ࡣࠊேࠎࡀே㛫ࢆㄒࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟౫ᣐࡍࡿࣇ࣮࣒࣮ࣞ࣡ࢡ
ࡣࠊࠕே㛫ᮏᛶࠖ㸦human nature㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋேࠎࡣே㛫ࢆㄒࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࠊࠕே
㛫ᮏᛶࠖ࡜ࡣఱ࠿㸽࡜ၥ࠺࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ☜⋡㠉࿨௨㝆ࡢ᫬௦࡟ࡣࠊேࠎࡀே㛫ࢆㄒࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟౫ᣐࡍࡿࣇ࣮࣒࣮ࣞ࣡ࢡࡣࠊ
ࠕࣂࣛࢶ࢟ࡢἲ๎
࡟ᚑ࠺ṇᖖேࠖ㸦normal man㸧࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋேࠎࡣࠊே㛫ࢆㄒࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࠊ௒ᗘ
ࡣࠕṇᖖ࡞ே㛫ࠖ࡜ࡣఱ࠿㸽ࡇࡢ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࡣṇᖖ࠿㸽࡜ၥ࠺ࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡜ᖹ⾜ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㸯㸶ୡ⣖ᆺࡢ☜⋡ィ⟬࡜ㅖ⛉Ꮫࡣ㸯㸷ୡ⣖ᆺࡢ☜⋡ィ⟬࡜ㅖ⛉Ꮫ࡬࡜ኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࢡࣝࣀ࣮ࡸ࣏࢔ࢯࣥࡣࠊ
ࠕ☜⋡ࠖ㸦probabilite㸧࡜ࠕഅ↛ࠖ㸦chance㸧ࢆ༊ูࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢ༊ูࡣ࡯
ࡰ⌧ᅾࡢ୺ほⓗ☜⋡࡜ᐈほⓗ☜⋡࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚ࡼ࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚㸯㸶ୡ⣖ࡢ☜⋡ィ⟬ࡣࠊ☜⋡ࢆ୺࡟ࢡࣝࣀ࣮ࡢᐃ⩏࡟࠾ࡅࡿ☜⋡ࡢព࿡࡛ᤊ࠼࡚࠾ࡾࠊ☜⋡ࡣ⌮ᛶⓗ࡞ಙᛕࡢᣦᶆ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
☜⋡ィ⟬ࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞㡿ᇦ㸫㉃༤ࠊಖ㝤ࠊኳᩥᏛࠊ་Ꮫࠊドゝࡢಙ㢗ᛶࠊἲᘐุỴࡢṇ☜ࡉࠊ⤒῭ⓗ౯್ㄽࠊ᪤▱ࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽᮍ▱ࡢཎᅉࡢ᥎⌮㸫࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣࡍ࡭࡚ಶேࡢಙᛕࡸ⾜ືࡢྜ⌮ᛶ࡟㛵ࢃࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡓ
࡜࠼ࡤࠊኴ㝧⣔ࡣ༢୍ࡢ⤫୍ⓗ࡞ཎᅉࡀാ࠸࡚ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓ࡜ಙࡌࡿࡢࡣ⌮ᛶⓗ࠿࡝࠺࠿㸽ࢭࣥࢺ࣭࣌ࢸࣝࢫࣈࣝࢢࡢࣃࣛࢻࢵࢡࢫࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡼ࠺࡞ࢥ࢖ࣥᢞ
ࡆࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ⌮ᛶⓗ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿㸽୍ᗘほᐹࡉࢀࡓ⌧㇟ࡣ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ಙࡌࡿࡢࡣ⌮ᛶⓗ࠿࡝࠺࠿㸽࡞࡝ࠋࡇࢀ࡜ᖹ⾜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㸯㸶ୡ⣖ࡢ㐨ᚨ⛉Ꮫࡣࠊಶேࡢಙᛕࡸ⾜ື࡟ᑐࡍࡿྜ⌮ⓗ᰿ᣐࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ
࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢᑐ㇟ࡀࠊἲ࡛࠶ࢀࠊᨻ἞࡛࠶ࢀࠊ⤒῭࡛࠶ࢀࠊಶேࡢྜ⌮ⓗಙᛕ࡜⾜ືࡢᚰ⌮Ꮫࢆ୰ᚰၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព࿡࡛ࡣࠊ㸯㸶ୡ⣖ࡢ☜⋡ィ⟬࠾ࡼࡧ㐨ᚨ⛉Ꮫࡣࠊಶே୺⩏ⓗࠊᚰ⌮Ꮫⓗࠊつ⠊ⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆྲྀࡗ࡚࠸
ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ㸯㸷ୡ⣖௨㝆ࡢ☜⋡ィ⟬ࡣࠊ☜⋡ࢆࢡࣝࣀ࣮ࡢᐃ⩏࡟࠾ࡅࡿഅ↛ࡢព࿡࡛ᤊ࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࠊ☜⋡ࡣ⤫ィⓗ㢖ᗘࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
☜⋡ィ⟬ࡣࠊ
㸦ྜ⌮ⓗ㸧ಶேࡢ⾜ື࡜࠸࠺࣑ࢡࣟࡢࣞ࣋ࣝࡢつ๎ᛶ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡴ
ࡋࢁ♫఍඲య࡜࠸࠺࣐ࢡࣟࡢࣞ࣋ࣝࡢつ๎ᛶ࡟㛵ࢃࡿࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀ࡜ᖹ⾜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㸯㸷ୡ⣖ࡢ㐨ᚨ⛉Ꮫࡣࠊࢥࣥࢺࡸ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ♫఍ࢆಶࠎேࡢ㞟ィ࡜ࡋ࡚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࢀ⮬㌟ࢆಶே࠿ࡽ⊂❧ࡋࡓ᭷ᶵయ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࠊ
ࡇࡢ♫఍ἲ๎ࡢ≀⌮ἲ๎࡜ྠᵝࡢỴᐃㄽⓗ࡞ཝ᱁ࡉࢆ୰ᚰၥ㢟࡜ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞
ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព࿡࡛ࡣࠊ㸯㸷ୡ⣖ࡢ☜⋡ィ⟬࠾ࡼࡧ㐨ᚨ⛉Ꮫࡣࠊ཯ಶே୺
⩏ⓗࠊ཯ᚰ⌮Ꮫⓗࠊᐇドⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆྲྀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㸯㸶ୡ⣖ࡢᛮ᝿ᐙ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ♫఍ࡣἲ๎࡟ᨭ㓄ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢ
⌮⏤ࡣࠊ♫఍ࡀࠕྜ⌮ⓗࠖಶேࡢ⥲ィࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡔࡀࠊ㸯㸷ୡ⣖ࡢᛮ᝿ᐙ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ♫఍ࡣྠᵝ࡟ἲ๎࡟ᨭ㓄ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ♫఍ࡣࠕ㠀ྜ⌮ⓗࠖ࡞ಶேࡢ⥲ィ࡛࠶ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸱 ☜⋡㠉࿨࡜࿘㎶ㅖ⛉Ꮫ㸦⇕࣭⤫ィຊᏛ࡜ࣂ࢖࣭࣓࢜ࢺࣜࢡࢫ㸧ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞☜⋡ᴫᛕࡢኚ໬ࡣࠊ㐨ᚨ⛉Ꮫ࡟㝈ࡽࡎࠊ≀⌮Ꮫࡸ⏕≀Ꮫ࡟ࡶ㠉᪂ⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊẼయศᏊ㐠ືㄽ୪ࡧ࡟⤫ィຊᏛࡢᡂ❧ࢆࠊࡶ࠺୍ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⏕≀⤫ィᏛ࣭ィ㔞⏕≀Ꮫ㸦Biometrics㸧ࡢᡂ❧ࢆ࠶ࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡎࡣẼయศᏊ㐠ືㄽ୪ࡧ࡟⤫ィຊᏛࡢᡂ❧࡜☜⋡ᴫᛕࡢኚ໬ࡢ㛵ಀࢆㄝ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ
ẼయศᏊ㐠ືㄽ࡜ࡣࠊẼయࡢ࣐ࢡࣟ࡞ᛶ㉁ࡸ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࢆࠊẼయࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ࣑
ࢡࣟࡢศᏊࡢ㐠ື࠿ࡽㄝ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺≀⌮Ꮫࡢ⌮ㄽࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢẼయศᏊ㐠ືㄽࡢඛ㥑⪅ࡣࠊ࣋ࣝࢾ࣮࢖࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ࣋ࣝࢾ࣮࢖ࡣࠊẼయ࡜ࡣࠊ⃭ࡋࡃ㐠ືࡋ࡚࠸ࡿከᩘࡢ⢏Ꮚ࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝࢆ❧࡚ࡓࠋࡑࡋ
࡚ࠊẼయࡢᅽຊ࡜ࡣࠊከᩘࡢ⢏Ꮚࡀᐜჾࡢቨ࡟⾪✺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࠋ࣋ࣝࢾ࣮࢖ࡣࠊẼయࡢᮏᛶ୪ࡧ࡟Ẽయࡢᅽຊࡢ㉳※ࢆཎᏊㄽࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺⪃ᐹࢆࠊึࡵ࡚⾜ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣋ࣝࢾ࣮࢖ࡣࠊࡇࡢ⪃ᐹ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᅽຊࡀయ✚࡟཯ẚ౛ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺࣎࢖ࣝࡢἲ๎ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ࡜ඹ࡟ࠊᅽ
ຊࡀ⢏Ꮚࡢ㏿ᗘࡢ 2 ஌࡟ẚ౛ࡍࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࠋ
ࡑࡢ㸯㸮㸮ᖺ࡯࡝ᚋ࡟ࠊࢡࣛ࢘ࢪ࢘ࢫࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ⇕ຊᏛࡢ➨୍ἲ๎㸦࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ಖᏑࡢἲ๎㸧࣭➨஧ἲ๎㸦࢚ࣥࢺࣟࣆ࣮ቑ኱ࡢἲ๎㸧࡞ࡽࡧ࡟࢚ࣥࢺࣟࣆ࣮
ࡢᴫᛕࢆᐃᘧ໬ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ⇕ຊᏛࡢ➨୍ἲ๎࡜ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ㛢ࡌࡓ⣔ࡢ୰ࡢ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡢ⥲㔞ࡣኚ໬ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠊࢆ㏙࡭ࡓἲ๎ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⇕ຊᏛࡢ➨୍ἲ๎࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ⇕࡜௙஦ࡣ஫࠸࡟஺᥮ྍ⬟࡞ྠࡌ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡢ୍✀࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⣔࡟ຍ࠼ࡽࢀࡓ⇕㔞ࡢศࡔࡅෆ㒊࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡀቑຍࡋࠊ⣔ࡀእ⏺࡟ᑐࡋ࡚⾜ࡗࡓ௙஦ࡢศࡔࡅෆ㒊࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡀῶᑡࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠊఱࡶ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮※ࡢ࡞࠸࡜ࡇࢁ࠿ࡽ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡀࡦ࡜ࡾ࡛࡟⏕ࡲࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㏫࡟୍᪦Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡀࡦ࡜ࡾ࡛࡟ᾘ⁛ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࢡࣛ࢘ࢪ࢘ࢫࡣࠊࡇࡢ⇕ຊᏛࡢ➨୍ἲ๎ࢆ⌧ᅾࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙧࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ㛢ࡌࡓ⣔ࡢෆ㒊࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡢኚ໬ࢆ dUࠊ⣔ࡀእ㒊࠿ࡽຍ࠼ࡽࢀࡓ⇕㔞ࢆ dQࠊ⣔ࡀእ㒊࡟ࡋࡓ௙஦ࢆ dW ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊdU=dQ-dWࠊࡢᙧ࡟ᐃᘧ໬ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ⇕ຊᏛࡢ➨஧ἲ๎࡜ࡣࠊ⇕ࡣᚲࡎ㧗ࡢ≀య࠿ࡽప

ࡢ≀య࡟⛣ືࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㏙࡭ࡓἲ

๎ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢡࣛ࢘ࢪ࢘ࢫࡣࠊࡇࡢ⇕ຊᏛࡢ➨஧ἲ๎ࢆࠊ௙஦࠿ࡽⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ⇕㔞ࢆ Qࠊ≀యࡢᗘࢆ T ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊҔdQ/Tӌ㸮ࠊࡢᙧ࡟ᐃᘧ໬ࡍࡿ࡜ඹ࡟ࠊ

ࡇࡢ dQ/T ࢆ᪂ࡓ࡟ dS ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡋࠊࡇࡢ dS ࢆ✚ศࡋࡓ㔞࡛࠶ࡿ S ࢆྍ㏫ᛶࡢᣦ
ᶆ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࠊ࢚ࣥࢺࣟࣆ࣮࡜ྡ௜ࡅࡓࠋ
ࡑࡢᚋࠊ࣐ࢡࢫ࢙࢘ࣝ࡜࣎ࣝࢶ࣐ࣥࡣࠊ⣔ࡢ⇕ຊᏛⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁ࠊ⣔ࡢ࣐ࢡࣟ࡞
ᛶ㉁ࢆࠊẼయศᏊ㐠ືㄽࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⣔ࡢศᏊࡢ࣑ࢡࣟࡢ㐠ື࠿ࡽ₇⧢ࡋࡼ࠺࡜
࠸࠺⤫ィຊᏛࢆ㛤ጞࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ⤫ィຊᏛ࡛ࡣࠊ⣔ࡢศᏊࡢ࣑ࢡࣟࡢ㐠ືࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞≧ែࡣ☜⋡ⓗ࡟ฟ⌧ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⣔ࡀ࠶ࡿ࣑ࢡࣟࡢ≧ែࢆ࡜ࡿ࡜ࡁࡢ
≀⌮㔞ࡣ☜⋡ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ฟ⌧ࡍࡿࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ࣑ࢡࣟࡢ≧ែ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿ
⇕ຊᏛⓗ࡞࣐ࢡࣟࡢ≧ែࡣࠊࡑࡢᮇᚅ್࡜ࡋ࡚ᐇ⌧ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚࣎ࣝࢶ࣐ࣥࡣࠊ⌮᝿Ẽయࡢ࢚ࣥࢺࣟࣆ࣮ࡀ୙ྍ㏫㐣⛬࡛ࡣቑ኱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜
ࢆ♧ࡍᐃ⌮ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⇕ຊᏛ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢚ࣥࢺࣟࣆ࣮ࡢᴫᛕࢆศᏊㄽⓗ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ࣎ࣝࢶ࣐ࣥࡢ H ᐃ⌮ࢆᐃᘧ໬ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ࣐ࢡࢫ࢙࢘ࣝ࡜࣎ࣝࢶ࣐ࣥࡣࠊ
ࡇࡢ⇕⌧㇟ࢆศᏊࡢ☜⋡ㄽⓗゎᯒ࠿ࡽㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ⤫ィຊᏛࢆࠊ♫఍⤫ィ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣐ࢡࣟⓗࡢἲ๎ᛶࡢᏑᅾࢆࣄࣥࢺ࡟⪃᱌ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ḟ࡟ࠊ⏕≀⤫ィᏛ࣭ィ㔞⏕≀Ꮫ࡜☜⋡ᴫᛕࡢኚ໬ࡢ㛵ಀࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࠋ
ࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥࡢ㐍໬ㄽࡢ㠉࿨ⓗ࡞Ⅼࡣࠊ㐺ᛂࡢᴫᛕࢆ⤯ᑐ㐺ᛂ࠿ࡽ┦ᑐ㐺ᛂ࡟ኚ࠼ࡓࡇ࡜ࠊ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ኚ␗ࡢᴫᛕࢆᚲ↛ኚ␗࠿ࡽ✺↛ኚ␗࡟ኚ࠼ࡓࡇ
࡜࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼✺↛ኚ␗ࡀᐇ㝿࡟࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࢆィࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡀࢦ࣮ࣝࢺࣥ࡜ࣆ࢔ࢯࣥ࡟ࡼࡿ⏕≀⤫ィᏛ࣭ィ㔞⏕≀Ꮫࡢ㛤ጞ࡟⧅ࡀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢦ࣮ࣝࢺࣥࡣࠊᖹᆒ࡬ࡢᅇᖐ࡜࠸࠺⌧㇟ࢆⓎぢࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࡲࡓࣆ࢔ࢯࣥࡣ⥺ᙧᅇᖐࡸ࢝࢖஧஌᳨ᐃࢆᐃᘧ໬ࡋࡓ
ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࡲࡓ཮᪉࡜ࡶ࡟ᝏྡ㧗࠸ඃ⏕Ꮫ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚᭷ྡ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ゝ࠼ࡤࠊᩘ⌮⤫ィᏛ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ┦㛵ࡸᅇᖐࡢᴫᛕࡢ⢭⦓໬࡟኱ࡁࡃᐤ୚ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ࡞࡝ࡢ♫఍⛉Ꮫ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡇࡢ⏕≀⤫ィᏛ࣭ィ㔞⏕≀Ꮫ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㸲 ☜⋡㠉࿨࡜⤒῭Ꮫ☜⋡㠉࿨ࡣ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㅖ⛉Ꮫࡢᛶ㉁ࢆ᰿ᮏⓗ࡟ኚ࠼ࡓࠋࡔࡀࠊ၏୍ࡢ౛እࠊࡑࢀࡀ⤒῭Ꮫ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡣ☜⋡㠉࿨௨๓ࡢࠊ㸯㸶ୡ⣖ࡢ☜⋡ィ⟬࡜㐨ᚨ⛉Ꮫࡀᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡓྜ⌮ⓗಶேࡢ⾜ືࡢᚰ⌮Ꮫ࡜࠸࠺≉ᛶࢆ⥔ᣢࡋ⥆ࡅࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ☜⋡㠉࿨ࡀ♫఍⛉Ꮫࡢ୰࡛⏕ࡲࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࠊ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟࠸ࢃࡺ
ࡿ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ୺ᑟ⪅ࡀࡇ࡜ࡈ࡜ࡃ☜⋡࣭⤫ィᴫᛕ࡟⢭㏻ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ
㡿ᇦ࡛㔜せ࡞௙஦ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࡞࡝ࡢ஦ᐇࢆ⪃࠼ࢀࡤࠊࡁࢃࡵ࡚ወጁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
Ỵᐃㄽⓗ࡞᪉ἲㄽ࠿ࡽࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ㐲࠸ࡣࡎࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡀࠊࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ㠀Ỵᐃㄽ࡟᢬ᢠ
ࡋࡓ࡜ゝ࠺ࢃࡅࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊࢡࣝࣀ࣮ࡣᩘ⌮⤒῭Ꮫࡢࣃ࢖࢜ࢽ࢔࡜ࡋ࡚᭷ྡ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᐇࡣ☜⋡࡜⤫ィ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㠀ᖖ࡟᭷ྡ࡞ⴭసࢆ᭩࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸦"Exposition de la Theorie
des Chances et des Probabilites"㸧ࠋࡲࡓࠊࢪ࢙ࣦ࢛ࣥࢬࡣࠊࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔࡛Ẽ㇟Ꮫ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ⤒Ṕ
ࢆฟⓎࡉࡏ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢᚋ࣐ࣥࢳ࢙ࢫࢱ࣮ࡢ⤫ィ༠఍࡛ᣦᑟⓗ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆ₇ࡌࡿ࡯࡝࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ࢚ࢵࢪ࣮࣡ࢫࡣࠊࢦ࣮ࣝࢺࣥࠊࣆ࢔ࢯࣥ࡜୪ࡧᩘ⌮⤫ィᏛࡢ๰ጞ⪅୕⩚ⅲ࡜ゝࢃࢀࡿ࡯࡝ࡢඃ⚽࡞⤫ィᏛ⪅࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊᙼࡣࡑࡢ⬟ຊࢆ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟㛵ࢃࡿၥ㢟࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ౯᱁ᣦᩘ➼ࡢၥ㢟࡟ᛂ⏝ࡍࡿ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡗࡓࠋ
࡜ࡣゝ࠼ࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡓࡕࡣ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞☜⋡㠉࿨ࡢᡤ⏘ࢆ඲ࡃ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ྲྀࡾධࢀ࡚ࡇ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡓࡕࡢ☜⋡㠉࿨ࡢᡤ⏘ࡢྲྀࡾධࢀ᪉ࡇࡑࡀࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡢ௙஦ࡢ┿ࡢ≉ᚩࢆᾋ࠿ࡧୖࡀࡽࡏ
ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡀ☜⋡㠉࿨ࡢᡤ⏘ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⮬ࡽࡢ⌮ㄽࡢ୰࡟ྲྀࡾධࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࠿ࢆࠊ᭱ึ࡟ࣇࣛࣥࢡ࣭ࢼ࢖ࢺࠊḟ࡟࢔ࣝࣇࣞࢵࢻ࣭࣐࣮ࢩࣕࣝࠊ୪ࡧ࡟ࡑࡢᘏ㛗⥺ୖ࡟࠶ࡿࢺࣜࢢࣦ࢙࣭࣮ࣦ࣍
࢙ࣝࣔࠊࡑࡋ࡚᭱ᚋ࡟ࢪ࣭࣓ࣙࣥ࢖ࢼ࣮ࢻ࣭ࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡢ௙஦࡟㛵ࡋ࡚⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ
ࢼ࢖ࢺࡢࠕࣜࢫࢡࠖ࡜ࠕ୙☜ᐇᛶࠖࡢ༊ูࡣ᭷ྡ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࢼ࢖ࢺࡢࡇ
ࡢ༊ูࡣࠊ୍⯡࡟ࡣṇ☜࡟ࡣ⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ୍⯡࡟ࡣࠊࢼ࢖ࢺࡢゝ࠺ࠕࣜࢫࢡࠖ࡜ࡣࠊಶࠎࡢ஦㇟ࡢ⏕㉳☜⋡࡟☜⋡ศᕸࡀ๭ࡾ᣺ࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞୙☜ᐇᛶࡢࡇ࡜ࢆࠊࡲࡓࢼ࢖ࢺࡢゝ࠺ࠕ୙☜ᐇᛶࠖ࡜ࡣࠊಶࠎࡢ஦㇟ࡢ⏕㉳☜⋡࡟☜⋡ศᕸࡀ๭ࡾ᣺ࢀ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞୙☜ᐇᛶࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋᐇ
ࡣࢼ࢖ࢺ⮬㌟ࡢᐃ⩏ࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࢼ࢖ࢺ⮬㌟ࡢゝ࠺ࠕࣜࢫࢡࠖ
࡜ࡣࠊࠕ࣐ࢡࣟⓗ࡟ࡣࠖಶࠎࡢ஦㇟࡟⏕㉳☜⋡ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࠶ࡿ୍ᐃࡢ⤫ィⓗつ๎ᛶࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊࡉࡽ࡟ಶࠎࡢ஦㇟ࡢⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ☜⋡ࡣ஫࠸࡟⊂❧࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊẸ㛫ࡢಖ㝤఍♫ࡀಖ㝤ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࠊࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࡑࡢࣜࢫࢡࢆ♫఍඲య࡟ศᩓ
࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠊࡑࡢࣜࢫࢡࢆ♫఍඲య࡛㈇ᢸ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞୙☜ᐇᛶࡢࡇ࡜ࠊ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࢼ࢖ࢺ⮬㌟ࡢゝ࠺ࠕ୙☜ᐇᛶࠖ࡜ࡣࠊ
ࠕ࣐ࢡࣟⓗ࡟ࡣࠖಶࠎࡢ஦㇟࡟
⏕㉳☜⋡ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࠶ࡿ୍ᐃࡢ⤫ィⓗつ๎ᛶࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣಶࠎࡢ஦㇟
ࡢⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ☜⋡ࡣ஫࠸࡟⊂❧࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊẸ㛫ࡢಖ㝤఍♫ࡀಖ㝤ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ
ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡎࠊࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࡑࡢࣜࢫࢡࢆ♫఍඲య࡟ศᩓ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ࠊࡑࡢࣜ
ࢫࢡࢆ♫఍඲య࡛㈇ᢸ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞୙☜ᐇᛶࡢࡇ࡜ࠊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ⮬ື㌴஦ᨾࡣࠕࣜࢫࢡ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡀࠊಽ⏘ࡣࠕ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ⮬ື㌴஦ᨾࡢⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ☜⋡࡟ࡣࠊ♫఍඲య࡛ぢࢀࡤ࠶ࡿ୍ᐃࡢᏳᐃⓗ࡞⤫ィⓗつ๎ᛶࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊ
ࡲࡓ⮬ື㌴஦ᨾࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ☜⋡ࡣ஫࠸࡟⊂❧࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊಖ㝤఍♫ࡣ⮬ື㌴஦
ᨾ࡟ᑐࡍࡿಖ㝤ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋಽ⏘ࡢⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ☜⋡࡟ࡣࠊ⮬ື㌴஦ᨾ࡜ྠᵝࡢ࠶ࡿ୍ᐃࡢᏳᐃⓗ࡞⤫ィⓗつ๎ᛶࡀᏑᅾࡏࡎࠊࡲࡓಽ⏘ࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ☜⋡ࡣ஫࠸࡟⊂❧࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊಖ㝤఍♫ࡣಽ⏘࡟ᑐࡍࡿಖ㝤ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࢼ࢖ࢺࡢࡇࡢ༊ูࡀࠊே㛫♫఍࡟ࡣࠊࠕ኱ᩘࠖⓗ࡟ぢࢀࡤࠊಶࠎࡢே㛫ࡢ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸࠿ࡽࡣ᏶඲࡟⊂❧ࡋࡓ୍ᐃࡢࠕ⤫ィⓗつ๎ᛶࠖࠊࠕ⤫ィⓗἲ๎ᛶࠖࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠊ☜⋡㠉࿨ࡢᡤ⏘࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
࣐࣮ࢩࣕࣝࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊ୍ゝ࡛ゝ࠼ࡤࠊᕷሙࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㟂せ࡜౪⤥ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣐࣮ࢩࣕࣝࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࡛ࡣࠊᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈈࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㟂せ࡜౪⤥࡟↔Ⅼࡀᙜ࡚ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢ㟂せ࡜౪⤥ࡢ➼ࡋࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊ㈈ࡢ౯᱁࡜ᩘ㔞ࡀỴࡲࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ㟂せ࡜౪⤥ࢆ➼ࡋࡃࡍࡿ㈈ࡢ౯᱁࡜ᩘ㔞ࡣᙜ↛୍ࡘ࡟Ỵࡲࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᑡ
࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶࡑࢀࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࠊᬯ㯲ࡢ࠺ࡕ࡟๓ᥦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ࢚ࢵࢪ࣮࣡ࢫࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊ୍ゝ࡛ゝ࠼ࡤࠊಶࠎேࡢ┦ᑐྲྀᘬࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢚ࢵࢪ࣮࣡ࢫࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࡛ࡣࠊಶࠎࡢ⤒῭୺యࡀ㈈࡜㈈ࢆ┤᥋஺᥮ࡋྜ࠺ࡼ࠺࡞┦ᑐྲྀᘬ࡟↔Ⅼࡀᙜ࡚ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊྛ⤒῭୺యࡀ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡞┦ᑐྲྀᘬࢆ⾜࠼ࡤࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣࣃ࣮ࣞࢺ᭱㐺࡛ಶࠎࡢ⤒῭୺యࡀ஺᥮๓
ࡼࡾᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࡼ࠺࡞㈨※㓄ศࡢ≧ែࡀᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢚ࢵ
ࢪ࣮࣡ࢫࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ែࡢࡇ࡜ࢆࢥ࢔࡜ྡ௜ࡅࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ࢚ࢵࢪ࣮࣡ࢫ
ࡣࠊࡇࡢࢥ࢔ࡣࠊ⤒῭୺యࡢᩘࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿ࡟ᚑࡗ࡚ࠊᕷሙࡢ➇தᆒ⾮࡟࠾ࡅ
ࡿ㈨※㓄ศ࡟㏆௜࠸࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⤒῭୺యࡢᩘࡀ↓㝈኱࡜࡞ࡿᴟ㝈࡛ࡣࠊ➇தᆒ⾮࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈨※㓄ศ࡟᏶඲࡟୍⮴ࡍࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㏫
࡟ゝ࠼ࡤࠊࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ⤒῭୺యࡢᩘࡀ↓㝈኱࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊࢥ࢔ࡣ➇த
ᆒ⾮࡟᏶඲࡟ࡣ୍⮴ࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࠊྛ⤒῭୺యࡀ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟஺᥮ࢆ⾜࠺㈈ࡢ
஺᥮ẚ⋡ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ౯᱁ࡀ」ᩘ࠶ࡾᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠊ࢚ࢵ
ࢪ࣮࣡ࢫࡣࠊ࣐࣮ࢩࣕࣝࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࡛ࡣࠊ౯᱁ࡀ୙☜ᐃ࡟࡞ࡿ㡿ᇦࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡣ
ࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋ࣐࣮ࢩࣕࣝࡣࠊࡇࡢ࢚ࢵࢪ࣮࣡ࢫࡢᢈุ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࠕ₻ὶ࢔ࢼࣟࢪ࣮ࠖ
࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࢆᥦ♧ࡋࠊ࡜ࡾ࠶࠼ࡎࡣ࢚ࢵࢪ࣮࣡ࢫࡢㄽத࡟຾฼ࡍࡿࡇ࡜
ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࡇ࠺࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࣐࣮ࢩࣕࣝ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ⤒῭Ꮫࡢἲ๎ࡣࠊ≀⌮Ꮫࡢἲ๎࡜ẚ࡭ࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢண
ᛶࡸṇ☜ᛶ࡛ຎࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡽࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ⏕ࡁࡿ⤒῭ࡣࠊ࠶ࡲࡾ࡟ከࡃࡢ」㞧࡞せᅉࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀ
ࡺ࠼ࢃࢀࢃࢀ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅࡟࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡏ࠸ࡐ࠸⤒῭࡟㛵ࡍࡿ኱㞧ᢕ࡞ഴྥᛶ
ࢆᑟࡁฟࡍࡇ࡜࡛ࡋ࠿࡞࠸ࠋ㟂せࡀቑຍࡍࢀࡤ౯᱁ࡣୖ᪼ࡍࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࠊ౪
⤥ࡀቑຍࡍࢀࡤ౯᱁ࡣୗⴠࡍࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࠊ࡞࡝࡞࡝࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣐࣮ࢩࣕࣝࡣࠊ
⤒῭ࡢἲ๎࡜ࡣࠊ≀⌮Ꮫࡢἲ๎ࡢࡼ࠺࡟༢⣧࡛⢭ᐦ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡴࡋࢁᾏ

ὒࡢ₻ὶࡢἲ๎ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠺ࠋࠕ⤒῭ࡢἲ๎ࡣࠊ୓᭷ᘬຊࡢἲ๎ࡢࡼ࠺࡟༢⣧࡛⢭ᐦ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࡝ࡕ
ࡽ࠿࡜ゝ࠼ࡤࠊᾏὒࡢ₻ὶࡢἲ๎࡟㏆࠸࡜ゝࡗ࡚Ⰻ࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋே㛫ࡢ⾜ືࡣࠊከᵝ࡛୙☜ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊே㛫⾜ື࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⛉Ꮫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࠸࠿࡟᭱ၿ
ࡢഴྥ࿨㢟ࢆᶞ❧ࡍࡿ࡟ࡏࡼࠊࡑࢀࡣ୙⢭ᐦ࡛୙᏶඲࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡽࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞
࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ1ࠕ୓᭷ᘬຊࡢἲ๎ࡣࡁࢃࡵ࡚つ๎ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊᮌᫍࡢ㌶㐨ࡣࠊᴟࡵ࡚
ṇ☜࡟ண࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ₻ࡢᖸ‶ࡢணࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋ₻ὶࡢືࡁ࡟ࡣ஧ࡘࡢせᅉࡀ⤡ࢇ࡛ࡃࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᇶᮏせᅉࡣࠊ᭶࡜ኴ㝧ࡢᘬຊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ
ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣṇ☜࡟ண࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡶ࠺୍ࡘ㔜せ࡞せᅉࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣẼ㇟ࡢᙳ㡪࡛࠶ࡿࠋẼ㇟ࡢணࡀᅔ㞴࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣ࿘▱ࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᖾ࠸ࠊ

ࡇࡢẼ㇟ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣ๪ḟⓗ࡜ぢࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࠊከᑡࡢㄗᕪࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡣゝ࠼ࠊኳᩥᏛ
ࢆ㥑౑ࡋ࡚ࣔࢹࣝࢆ⤌ࡳ❧࡚ࢀࡤࠊ㐺ษ࡞ணຊࢆഛ࠼ࡿ⌮ㄽࢆᵓ⠏࡛ࡁࡿࠖ2࣐࣮ࢩࣕࣝࡣࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ₻ὶࡢືࡁࡣࠊ஧ࡘࡢせᅉࡢྜᡂࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ
࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍ࡘࡣࠊṇ☜࡟ண࡛ࡁࡿᇶᮏせᅉ࡛࠶ࡿ᭶࡜ኴ㝧ࡢᘬຊ࡛࠶

ࡾࠊࡶ࠺ࡦ࡜ࡘࡣ๪ḟⓗ࡞せᅉ࡛࠶ࡿẼ㇟ࡢᙳ㡪ࠊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚࣐࣮ࢩࣕࣝࡣࠊ⤒῭ࡢືࡁࡢᛶ㉁ࡣࠊࡇࡢ₻ὶࡢືࡁࡢᛶ㉁࡜ྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࠋ࣐࣮
ࢩࣕࣝࡣࠊ⤒῭ࡢືࡁࠊᕷሙࡢാࡁࡣࠊṇ☜࡟ண࡛ࡁࡿᇶᮏせᅉ࡛࠶ࡿ㟂せ࣭౪⤥ࡢຊ࡜ࠊ๪ḟⓗ࡞せᅉ࡛࠶ࡿᑠࡉ࡞᧠஘㡯ࡢྜᡂࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀᐇ㝿࡟ほࡍࡿᕷሙ౯᱁ࡸᩘ㔞࡞࡝ࡢ್ࡣࠊ

ࠕ┿ࡢᆒ⾮್ࠖ࡜ࠕ☜⋡᧠஘㡯ࠖࡀྜᡂࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠊ࣐࣮ࢩࣕࣝࡣࠊே㛫♫఍࡟ࡣ୍ᐃࡢࠕ⤫ィⓗつ๎ᛶࠖࠊࠕ⤫ィⓗἲ๎ᛶࠖࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊほኳᩥᏛ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⵹↛ㄗᕪ࡜ྠᵝࡢᙧ࡛ࠊ☜⋡ࡢᴫᛕࢆ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ᑟධࡋࠊ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞ᯟ⤌ࡳࢆ≉࡟ኚ᭦ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃᕦጁ࡟

Ꮡࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡑࡋ࡚࣐࣮ࢩࣕࣝࡢࡇࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊ㟂せ࡜౪⤥ࢆ➼ࡋࡃࡍࡿᆒ⾮౯᱁ࡀ୙☜ᐃ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺࢚ࢵࢪ࣮࣡ࢫࡢᢈุ࡟┤᥋ⓗ࡟ᛂ࠼ࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊ

1
2

Marshall(1920), p.32
Marshall(1920), p.33

ࡇࡢ࢚ࢵࢪ࣮࣡ࢫࡢᢈุࢆ࠺ࡲࡃ࠿ࢃࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋ࣐࣮ࢩࣕࣝ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ
ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀ⌧ᐇ࡟ほࡍࡿ౯᱁ࡣࠊ
ࠕ┿ࡢᆒ⾮್ࠖ㸩ࠕ☜⋡᧠஘㡯ࠖ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ

࠶ࡿ୍ᐃࡢ୙☜ᐃ࡞ᖜࢆṧࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࡇࡢ࣐࣮ࢩࣕࣝࡢ࢔ࣉ
࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊᙜ᫬ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊᴟࡵ࡚ࣂࣛࣥࢫࡢ࡜ࢀࡓ୰ᗤⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡟ぢ࠼ࡓ࡟㐪࠸࡞࠸ࠋᙜ᫬ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡢୡ⏺࡛ࡣࠊ⌮ㄽ࡜ᐇド࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡸࡸ
ᴟ➃࡞஧ࡘࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ୍ࡘࡣ࢙࢘ࢬ࣮࣭࣑ࣜࢵࢳ࢙ࣝ࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿᬒẼᚠ⎔ㄽࠊ୍ࡘࡣࣛ࢖࢜ࢿ࣭ࣝࣟࣅࣥࢬ࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿ⣧⢋⤒῭Ꮫㄽࠊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᙜ᫬ࡢ࠸ࢃࡺࡿᬒẼᚠ⎔ㄽࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞⤒῭ᣦᶆࢆࡦࡓࡍࡽほᐹࡋศᯒࡍࢀ
ࡤࠊࡑࡇ࡟⮬ࡎ࡜⤫ィⓗ࡞つ๎ᛶࡀ⌧ࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞つ๎ᛶࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ⌮ㄽⓗ࡞࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝⪃៖ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࢡ
࣮ࣉ࣐ࣥࢫࡢ࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡢ⌮ㄽ࡞ࡁィ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ⣧⢋⤒῭ᏛㄽࡣࠊᩘᏛࡀ୍ぢ⮬᫂࡞බ⌮࠿ࡽࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞⮬࡛᫂࡞࠸ᐃ⌮ࢆ࢔ࣉࣜ࢜
ࣜ࡟ᑟࡁฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ⤒῭Ꮫࡣ⤒㦂ⓗ࡟⮬᫂࡞௬ㄝ࠿ࡽࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞
⮬࡛᫂࡞࠸࿨㢟ࢆ࢔ࣉࣜ࢜ࣜ࡟ᑟࡁฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⌮ㄽࢆᐇドࡍࡿ⤫ィⓗ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ㔜ࡁࢆ⨨࠿࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ࠸ࢃࡺࡿィ࡞ࡁ⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ࣐࣮ࢩࣕࣝࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊ⌮ㄽ࡜ᐇドࡢ┦஫స⏝ࢆ㔜どࡋࠊ⌮ㄽࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ୙༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊィࡔࡅ࡛ࡣព࿡ࡀ↓࠸࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ࣐࣮ࢩࣕࣝࡢ₻ὶ࢔ࢼࣟࢪ࣮ࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࢆࠊ⌮ㄽ࡜ᐇド࡜࠸࠺ഃ㠃࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡼࡾཝᐦ࡟ᇶ♏௜ࡅࡓࡢࡀࠊ࣮ࣦ࢙࣍ࣝࣔࡢ☜⋡ㄽⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍
⯡࡟ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀ⤒῭⌮ㄽࢆᐇドࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ㝿࡟ࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᅔ㞴࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ࡛ࡣࠊከࡃࡢ⮬↛⛉Ꮫ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚ไᚚᐇ㦂ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡋࠊ⤒῭Ꮫࡀධᡭྍ⬟࡞ほ

ࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ㏻ᖖࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞᫬Ⅼࢆ㊬ࡗࡓ

ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ஫࠸࡟⊂❧࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋࡲࡓࡑࡢほࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀᐇドࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ⤒῭⌮ㄽࡀ᫂♧ⓗ࡟⪃៖࡟ධࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞せᅉࡢᙳ㡪ࢆྵࢇ࡛ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࣮ࣦ࢙࣍ࣝࣔࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟ࡣࠊࢿ࢖࣐ࣥ㸻ࣆ࢔ࢯࣥࡢ㛤ጞࡋࡓ᥎⤫ィᏛࡢ௬ㄝ᳨ᐃࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࢆ㐺⏝ࡍࢀࡤ኱ࡋࡓၥ㢟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡓࠋࢿ࢖࣐ࣥ㸻ࣆ࢔ࢯࣥࡢ㛤ጞࡋࡓ᥎⤫ィᏛ࡜ࡣࠊ࿘▱ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ↓సⅭᢳฟࡉࢀࡓ㒊ศ㞟ᅋ㸦ᢳฟ㞟ᅋࠊᶆᮏ㞟ᅋ㸧࠿ࡽᢳฟඖ඲య㸦ẕ㞟ᅋ㸧ࡢ≉ᚩࠊᛶ㉁ࢆ
᥎ᐃࡍࡿ⤫ィᏛࡢศ㔝ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊࡇࡢ᥎

⤫ィ࡟࠾ࡅࡿⅬ᥎ᐃ࡜ࡣࠊ㒊ศ㞟ᅋࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚ẕ㞟ᅋࡢศᕸࢆ⾲⌧ࡍࡿࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿ

ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡋࠊ༊㛫᥎ᐃ࡜ࡣࠊⅬ᥎ᐃ࡛᥎ᐃࡋࡓࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡢࣂࣛࢶ࢟ࡸಙ㢗༊㛫㸦㸷㸳㸣࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㸷㸷㸣㸧ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ௬ㄝ᳨ᐃ࡜ࡣࠊࢹ࣮
ࢱࡀ≉ᐃࡢศᕸ࡟ᚑ࠺ẕ㞟ᅋ࠿ࡽᢳฟࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡍࡿ௬ㄝࢆ❧࡚ࠊࡇࡢ௬ㄝࡢ᳨
ᐃࢆ⾜࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ௬ㄝ࠿ࡽண᝿ࡉࢀࡿ⤫ィ㔞࡜ࠊᐇ㝿࡟ᢳฟ㞟ᅋࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽィ⟬ࡉࢀࡓ⤫ィ㔞ࡀ୍⮴ࡍࡿ☜⋡㸦p ್㸧ࢆồࡵࠊࡑࡢ☜⋡ࡀணࡵỴࡵࡓᇶ‽(᭷ពỈ‽ࠊ㸳㸣ࡲࡓࡣ㸯㸣)ࡼࡾࡶᑠࡉ࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡣࠕ᭷ពᕪࡀ࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ࡉ
ࢀࠊୖࡢ௬ㄝࡣᲠ༷ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚࣮ࣦ࢙࣍ࣝࣔࡢ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡎ➨୍࡟ࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢほࡍࡿほࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊ࣐࣮ࢩࣕࣝࡢ₻ὶ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ┿ࡢᆒ⾮್㸦⌮ㄽ್㸧࡜☜⋡᧠஘㡯ࡀྜᡂࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ➨஧࡟ࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⌮ㄽ࡜ほࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ㛵ಀࡣࠊ᥎

⤫ィᏛࡢ௬ㄝ᳨ᐃ࡟࠾ࡅࡿẕ㞟ᅋ࡜ࢧࣥࣉࣝࡢ㛵ಀ࡜ྠࡌࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚౛࠼ࡤ㹬᫬Ⅼ࡟㊬ࡗࡓほࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ⊂❧ࡋࡓ㹬ಶࡢ☜⋡ศᕸ㸦ࢆᣢࡗࡓẕ㞟ᅋ㸻⌮ㄽ㸧࠿ࡽᢳฟࡉࢀࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㹬ಶࡢኚᩘࢆᣢࡗࡓ㸯ಶࡢ⤖ྜ☜⋡ศᕸ㸦ࢆᣢࡗࡓẕ㞟ᅋ㸻⌮ㄽ㸧࠿ࡽᢳฟࡉࢀࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࠊᐇ㝿࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࡀࠊ⤒῭⌮ㄽ࡟ᚑࡗࡓ☜⋡ศᕸ㸦ẕ㞟ᅋ㸧࠿ࡽᑟ࠿ࢀࡿ☜⋡ࢆィ⟬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ☜⋡ࡀணࡵᐃࡵࡽࢀࡓᇶ‽ࡼࡾ኱ࡁࡅࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢ⤒῭⌮ㄽࡣ࡜ࡾ࠶࠼ࡎࡣᲠ༷ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡋࠊᑠࡉࡅࢀࡤ᏶඲࡟Რ༷ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋ
ࡲ࠺ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ࣮ࣦ࢙࣍ࣝࣔࡢ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡣࠊ⤒῭⌮ㄽࢆᐇドࡍࡿ㝿ࡢᅔ㞴ࢆ୍ᛂࡣᅇ
㑊࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ὀពࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊほࢹ࣮ࢱࡀࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞᫬Ⅼ࡟

㊬ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ஫࠸࡟⊂❧࡛࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊほࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⊂❧ࡋࡓ㹬ಶࡢ☜⋡ศᕸ㸦ࢆᣢࡗࡓẕ㞟ᅋ㸻⌮ㄽ㸧࠿ࡽᢳฟࡉࢀࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ
㹬ಶࡢኚᩘࢆᣢࡗࡓ㸯ಶࡢ⤖ྜ☜⋡ศᕸ㸦ࢆᣢࡗࡓẕ㞟ᅋ㸻⌮ㄽ㸧࠿ࡽᢳฟࡉ
ࢀࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᅇ㑊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊほࢹ࣮ࢱࡀ⤒῭⌮ㄽࡀ⪃៖࡟ධࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸せᅉࡢᙳ㡪ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊほࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ┿ࡢ⌮ㄽ್࡜☜⋡᧠஘㡯ࡢྜᡂ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࠊ☜⋡᧠஘㡯࡜࠸࠺ࣂࢵࣇ࢓࣮ࢆ
ྵࡲࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᅇ㑊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣮ࣦ࢙࣍ࣝࣔࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊ᥎
⤫ィᏛࡢᡂᯝࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ࣐࣮ࢩࣕࣝࡢ₻ὶ࢔ࢼࣟࢪ࣮ࢆ࠸ࢃࡤཝᐦ࡟ᇶ♏௜ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡀࠊ⤒῭ᏛࡢṔྐ࡟࠾࠸࡚඲ࡃ⊂๰ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞
ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡀึࡵ࡚ࠊே㛫♫఍࡟ࡣಶࠎࡢே㛫ࡢ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸࠿ࡽࡣ⊂❧ࡋࡓ୍ᐃࡢࠕ⤫ィⓗつ๎ᛶࠖࠊࠕ⤫ィⓗἲ๎ᛶࠖࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺☜⋡㠉࿨ࡢᡤ⏘ࢆࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ᑟධࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡢ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊࡶࡕࢁࢇ༢࡞ࡿᅜẸᡤᚓ⤫ィࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ྠ
ࡌ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࿘▱ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡣࠊ⤒῭඲య࡟࠾ࡅࡿᾘ㈝ࡀ࡯ࡰᡤᚓ࡟
ẚ౛ࡋ࡚ኚືࡋࠊࡲࡓࡑࡢศᩓࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟ᑠࡉ࠸ࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ⤒῭඲య࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
ᢞ㈨ࡣࡁࢃࡵ࡚⮬ᚊⓗ࡟ኚືࡋࠊࡲࡓࡑࡢศᩓࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟኱ࡁ࠸ࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࢀࡺ࠼
ᬒẼኚືࡢከࡃࡣ୺࡟ᢞ㈨ࡢኚື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ࡞࡝ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ὕᐹࡣࠊࡑࡶࡑࡶ⤒῭ࢆࠕ࣐ࢡࣟࠖⓗ࡟⪃ᐹࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ
ᚓࡽࢀ࡞࠸Ὕᐹ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡉࡋࡃಶࠎࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ♫఍඲యࡢࣞ
࣋ࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⤫ィⓗἲ๎ᛶ࣭つ๎ᛶࢆⓎぢࡋࡓ☜⋡㠉࿨ࡢᡤ⏘࡟࡯࠿࡞ࡽ࡞
࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡣࠊᐇ㉁㈤㔠ࡀປാᕷሙࢆᆒ⾮ࡉࡏࡿỈ‽ࡼࡾ㧗ࡍࡂࡿࡇ࡜
࡟ࡼࡿྂ඾ⓗ࡞ኻᴗࡸࠊ௙஦ࡢ࣑ࢫ࣐ࢵࢳ࡟ࡼࡿᦶ᧿ⓗኻᴗ࡜༊ูࡋ࡚ࠊ᭷ຠ
㟂せ୙㊊࡟ࡼࡿኻᴗࢆ㠀⮬Ⓨⓗኻᴗ࡜ྡ௜ࡅࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃ⩏ࡋࡓࠋ
ࠕ㈤㔠㈈ࡢ౯᱁ࡀ㈌ᖯ㈤㔠࡟ẚࡋ࡚ࢃࡎ࠿࡟ୖ᪼ࡋࡓሙྜ࡟ࠊ⌧⾜ࡢ㈌ᖯ㈤㔠࡛ാࡇ࠺࡜ḧࡍࡿ⥲ປാ౪⤥࡜ࠊࡑࡢ㈤㔠࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⥲ປാ㟂せࡀ࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ㞠⏝㔞ࡼࡾࡶ኱࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊேࠎࡣ㠀⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟ኻᴗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ
࡜ࠖ3ࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡣࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࠊᐇ㉁㈤㔠ࡀୗⴠࡋࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࠊປാ㟂せ࡜ປാ౪⤥ࡀඹ࡟ୖ᪼ࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ㠀⮬ⓎⓗኻᴗࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ኻᴗࡣࠊ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ᝿ᐃ࡛ࡁࡿ✀㢮ࡢኻᴗ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸
ࡇ࡜ࡣ☜࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢୡ⏺࡛ࡣࠊᐇ㉁㈤㔠ࡀୗⴠࡍࢀࡤࠊປാ㟂せࡣୖ᪼ࡍࡿࡀࠊປാ౪⤥ࡣῶᑡࡍࡿࡣࡎࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㏫࡟ゝ࠼ࡤࠊࡇࡢࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡢᐃ⩏࠿ࡽศ࠿ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࠊኻᴗࡀྂ඾ὴⓗ࡞≧ែ࠿ࡽⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡾࠊኻᴗࡀ᭷ຠ㟂せ୙㊊࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព࿡࡛
ࡣࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬ⮬㌟ࡢ㠀⮬Ⓨⓗኻᴗࡢᐃ⩏ࡣࠊỴࡋ࡚༑ศ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡓࡔࠊࡇࡇ࡛ὀពࡍ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡣࠊ᭷ຠ㟂せ୙㊊࡟ࡼࡿ㠀⮬Ⓨⓗኻᴗࡢᐃ⩏ࢆࠊ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࠕ࣐ࢡࣟࠖⓗ࡟⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜㸦ࠕ⥲ࠖປാ౪⤥࡜ࠕ⥲ࠖ
3Keynes(1937), p.15

ປാ㟂せ㸧ࠊ୪ࡧ࡟ࠕ≧ែ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠕኚ໬ࠖ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜㸦ࢃࡎ࠿࡟ࠕୖ᪼ࠖࡋࡓሙྜ࡟࣭࣭࣭ࡼࡾࡶࠕ኱࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡞ࡽࡤ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ⯆࿡῝࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡇࡢࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡢ㠀⮬Ⓨⓗኻᴗࡢᐃ⩏ࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊࣦ࣋࢓ࣜࢵࢪ᭤⥺ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ᭷ຠ㟂せ୙㊊࡟ࡼࡿኻᴗ࡜௙஦ࡢ࣑ࢫ࣐ࢵࢳ࡟ࡼࡿኻ
ᴗࡢ༊ู࡜ᖹ⾜ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࣦ࣋࢓ࣜࢵࢪ᭤⥺࡜ࡣࠊᶓ㍈࡟Ḟဨ⋡ࠊ⦪㍈࡟ኻᴗ⋡ࢆྲྀࡾࠊࡇࡢ୧⪅ࡢ㛵ಀࢆᖹ㠃ୖ㸦u-v ᖹ㠃㸧࡟᫬㛫ࢆ㏣ࡗ࡚ࣉࣟࢵࢺࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡋ⌧ᅾⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿኻᴗࡀ᭷ຠ㟂せ୙㊊࡟ࡼࡿኻᴗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊḞဨ⋡ࡣୗࡀࡿ୍᪉ኻᴗ⋡ࡣୖ᪼ࡍࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼⤒῭ࡀ u-v ᖹ㠃ୖࢆᕥୖ᪉ྥ࡟⛣ືࡋ࡚࠸ࡃሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ⤒῭࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿኻᴗࡣࠊ᭷ຠ㟂せ୙㊊ࡀཎᅉ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ௚᪉ࠊࡶࡋ⌧ᅾ
Ⓨ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿኻᴗࡀ௙஦ࡢ࣑ࢫ࣐ࢵࢳ࡟ࡼࡿኻᴗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊḞဨ⋡ࡶኻᴗ⋡ࡶඹ࡟ୖ᪼ࡍࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼⤒῭ࡀ u-v ᖹ㠃ୖࢆྑୖ᪉ྥ࡟⛣ືࡋ࡚࠸ࡃሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ⤒῭࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿኻᴗࡣࠊ௙஦ࡢ࣑ࢫ࣐ࢵࢳࡀཎᅉ࡛࠶ࡿ
࡜ุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣦ࣋࢓ࣜࢵࢪ᭤⥺ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ㠀⮬Ⓨⓗኻᴗࡢᐃ⩏ࡣࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬ⮬㌟ࡢᐃ⩏࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡇࡢࣦ࣋
࢓ࣜࢵࢪ᭤⥺ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᐃ⩏ࡣࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬ⮬㌟ࡢᐃ⩏ࡼࡾࠊ㠀⮬Ⓨⓗኻᴗ࡜ᦶ᧿
ⓗኻᴗࢆ༊ูࡍࡿୖ࡛ࡣࠊࡣࡿ࠿࡟┤᥋ⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࡲࡓ᫂ᛌ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㔜せ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡇࡢࣦ࣋࢓ࣜࢵࢪ᭤⥺ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᐃ⩏ࡣࠊ㠀⮬Ⓨⓗኻᴗࡢᐃ⩏ࢆࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬ⮬㌟ࡢᐃ⩏࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࠕ࣐ࢡࣟࠖⓗ࡟ࠊࡲࡓࠕኚ໬࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠖ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡣࠊ࡞ࡐࠊ᭷ຠ㟂せ୙㊊࡟ࡼࡿ㠀⮬Ⓨⓗኻᴗࡢᐃ⩏ࢆࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠕ࣐ࢡࣟࠖⓗ࡟ࡲࡓࠕኚ໬࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠖ⾜࠺࡜࠸࠺ࠊᅇࡾࡃ࡝࠸᪉ἲ࡛⾜ࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡑࢀࡣ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ປാᕷሙࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࡢ㈈ᕷሙ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊᆅᇦࠊ⫋✀ࠊᖺ㱋ࠊᛶูࠊᩍ⫱Ỉ‽࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ศ᩿໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㉸㐣㟂せ࡜㉸㐣౪⤥ࡀᜏᖖⓗ࡟୪Ꮡࡍࡿᕷሙ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࡜ࡁࠊ࠶ࡿኻᴗࢆಶู࡟࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ࣑ࢡࣟⓗ࡟⪃ᐹࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ
ࡑࡢኻᴗࡣከࡃࡢሙྜྂ඾ὴⓗ࡞ኻᴗ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᦶ᧿ⓗኻᴗࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᫎࡿࠋ౛࠼
ࡤࠊ࠶ࡿ㖟⾜ဨࡀ㖟⾜ࢆゎ㞠ࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࡇࡢ㖟⾜ဨࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ
࡜ࡶᙜ㠃ࡣ௚ࡢ㖟⾜࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡢ⫋ࢆ᥈ࡑ࠺࡜ࡋࠊࡍࡄ࡟ࣇ࢓ࢫࢺࣇ࣮
ࢻࡢᗑ㛗࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡾ㐠㏦఍♫ࡢ㐠㌿ᡭ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࣟࣂ
࣮ࢺ࣭࣮ࣝ࢝ࢫࡣࠊ㠀⮬Ⓨⓗኻᴗ࡞࡝Ꮡᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠊ࠶ࡽࡺࡿኻᴗࡣࢪࣙࣈࢧ࣮
ࢳ㸦ᦶ᧿ⓗኻᴗ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࣮ࣝ࢝ࢫࡢぢゎࡣࠊኻᴗࢆ࣑ࢡ

ࣟⓗ࡟⪃ᐹࡍࡿ㝈ࡾࠊ୍ぢṇࡋ࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋ㖟⾜ࢆゎ㞠ࡉࢀࡓ㖟⾜ဨࡣࠊ☜࠿࡟ࢪࣙࣈࢧ࣮ࢳࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡇࡢኻᴗࢆ⤒῭඲య࡛࣐ࢡࣟⓗ࡟⪃ᐹࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ஦ែࡣ඲ࡃ␗࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᫎࡿࠋࡶࡋ⤒῭ࡀ u-v᭤⥺ࢆྑୖ᪉ྥ࡟⛣ືࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ㖟⾜ဨࡀኻᴗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ⤒῭࡟᭷ຠ㟂せࡀ୙㊊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀཎᅉ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ௙஦ࡢ࣑ࢫ࣐ࢵࢳࡀཎᅉ࡛ࡣ࡞
࠸ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊࡶࡋ⤒῭࡟༑ศ࡞᭷ຠ㟂せࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࠊ㖟⾜ဨࡣࡑࡶࡑࡶ㖟⾜ࢆゎ㞠ࡉࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ௚ࡢ㖟⾜ࡸ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵࡟⫋ࢆぢ௜ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ࡛
࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠊ᭷ຠ㟂せ୙㊊࡟ࡼࡿ㠀⮬Ⓨⓗኻᴗ࡜࠸࠺⌧㇟ࡣࠊ࣑ࢡ
ࣟⓗ࡟ぢࡿ㝈ࡾ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ┠ࡢ๓࠿ࡽᾘ࠼࡚ࡋࡲ࠸ࠊ࣐ࢡࣟⓗ࡟ぢࡿ㝈ࡾ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊึࡵ࡚ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ║ࡢ๓࡟⌧ࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣮ࣝ࢝ࢫࡀぢⴠ࡜ࡋࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡀṇ☜࡟ㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡣࠊࡲࡉࡋࡃࡇࡢ஦ᐇ࡟࡯࠿࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡔ࠿ࡽࡇࡑࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡣࠊ᭷ຠ㟂せ୙㊊࡟ࡼࡿ㠀⮬Ⓨⓗኻᴗࢆࠊ࣐ࢡࣟⓗ࡟ኚ໬࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠊ୍ぢᅇࡾࡃ࡝࠸᪉ἲࢆྲྀࡽࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀඛ࡟ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㸯㸶ୡ⣖ࡢ☜⋡ィ⟬ࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚ಶேࡢಙᛕ
ࡸ⾜ືࡢྜ⌮ᛶ࡟㛵ࢃࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㸯㸶ୡ⣖ࡢ㐨ᚨ⛉Ꮫࡣࠊಶேࡢಙ
ᛕࡸ⾜ື࡟ᑐࡍࡿྜ⌮ⓗ᰿ᣐࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢᑐ㇟
ࡀࠊἲ࡛࠶ࢀࠊᨻ἞࡛࠶ࢀࠊ⤒῭࡛࠶ࢀࠊಶேࡢྜ⌮ⓗಙᛕ࡜⾜ືࡢᚰ⌮Ꮫࢆ୰ᚰၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព࿡࡛ࡣࠊ㸯㸶ୡ⣖ࡢ☜⋡ィ⟬࠾ࡼࡧ㐨ᚨ⛉Ꮫࡣࠊಶே୺⩏ⓗࠊᚰ⌮Ꮫⓗࠊつ⠊ⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆྲྀࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ
࡚࠸ࢃࡺࡿ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡀࠊࡇࡢ㸯㸶ୡ⣖ࡢ㐨ᚨ⛉Ꮫࡢ≉ᚩࢆࡑࡗࡃࡾࡑࡢ
ࡲࡲಖᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
㸯㸷ୡ⣖௨㝆ࡢ☜⋡ィ⟬ࡣࠊ㸦ྜ⌮ⓗ㸧ಶேࡢ⾜ື࡜࠸࠺࣑ࢡࣟࡢࣞ࣋ࣝࡢつ๎ᛶ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡴࡋࢁ♫఍඲య࡜࠸࠺࣐ࢡࣟࡢࣞ࣋ࣝࡢつ๎ᛶ࡟㛵ࢃࡿࡶࡢ࡜
࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㸯㸷ୡ⣖ࡢ㐨ᚨ⛉Ꮫࡣࠊ♫఍ࢆಶࠎேࡢ㞟ィ࡜ࡋ࡚࡛ࡣ࡞
ࡃࠊࡑࢀ⮬㌟ࢆಶே࠿ࡽ⊂❧ࡋࡓ᭷ᶵయ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࠊࡇࡢ♫఍ἲ๎ࡢ≀⌮ἲ๎࡜ྠᵝࡢỴᐃㄽⓗ࡞ཝ᱁ࡉࢆ୰ᚰၥ㢟࡜ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព࿡࡛ࡣࠊ
㸯㸷ୡ⣖ࡢ☜⋡ィ⟬࠾ࡼࡧ㐨ᚨ⛉Ꮫࡣࠊ཯ಶே୺⩏ⓗࠊ཯ᚰ⌮Ꮫⓗࠊᐇドⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆྲྀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡀ᭷ຠ㟂せ୙㊊࡟ࡼࡿ㠀⮬Ⓨⓗኻᴗ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆ᪂ࡋࡃᐃ
⩏ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ࣑ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫ㸻᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࡜ࡣ඲ࡃูࡢయ⣔࡛࠶ࡿ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫ㸻ࢣ࢖ࣥࢬ⤒῭Ꮫࢆసࡾฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡢࡣࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡀࠊಶࠎࡢ⤒῭୺యࡸᕷሙࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ⤒῭඲యࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⤫ィⓗἲ๎ᛶ࣭つ๎ᛶࢆⓎぢࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࠊ㸯㸷ୡ⣖௨㝆ࡢ☜⋡ィ⟬࡜㐨ᚨ⛉Ꮫࡢ⢭⚄ࢆ⤒῭Ꮫࡢୡ⏺࡟ᑟධࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓ࠿ࡽ࡟࡯࠿࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡣ
ࡇࡢࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ึࡵ࡚ࠊ㸯㸶ୡ⣖ࡢ☜⋡ィ⟬࡜㐨ᚨ⛉Ꮫ࡛࠶ࡿ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࠿ࡽࠊ⮬ࡽࡢ㌟ࢆᘬࡁ㞳ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊከࡃࡢேࡣࠊ௨ୖࡢࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࢆ☜⋡㠉࿨ࡢᡤ⏘࡜ぢࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ⪃ᐹ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ㸰ࡘࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ␲ၥ࡟ᛮ࠺ࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍ࡘࡣࠊࢣ
࢖ࣥࢬࡢࢸ࢕ࣥࣂ࣮ࢤࣥ࡬ࡢᢈุࡣࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⪃࠼ࢀࡤⰋ࠸ࡢ࠿ࠊࡶ࠺୍ࡘ
ࡣࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡢ☜⋡ࡢᴫᛕ࡜࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟࠿ࢇࡀ࠼ࢀࡤࡼ
࠸ࡢ࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡎ๓⪅ࡢၥ㢟࠿ࡽ⪃࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ࿘▱ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡣࠊࢸ࢕ࣥࣂ࣮ࢤࣥ
ࡀ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ࣔࢹࣝ⏝࡟㛤Ⓨࡋࡓィ㔞⤒῭Ꮫⓗᡭἲ࡟ࡣẚ㍑ⓗᢈุⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠊ
࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡣࠊィ㔞⤒῭Ꮫⓗᡭἲࡢ඲࡚࡟ᢈุⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡣࠊ⌮ㄽࡀㅖኚᩘ㛫ࡢᐃᛶⓗ࡞ᅉᯝ㛵ಀࢆணࡵつᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ๓ᥦࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊࡑࡇ࡟⌧ࢀࡿࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊィ㔞⤒῭Ꮫⓗᡭἲࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟᭷ຠ࡞ᡭẁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࢣ࢖ࣥ
ࢬࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ኚᩘ㛫ࡢᐃᛶⓗ࡞ᅉᯝ㛵ಀࢆつᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⌮ㄽࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀṇࡋ࠸࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊィ㔞⤒῭Ꮫⓗᡭἲࡣ඲ࡃ↓ຊ࡛࠶ࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋィ㔞⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊ⤒῭⌧㇟࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿព࿡ࡢ࠶ࡿ
せᅉࡣ඲࡚ᐃྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ๓ᥦࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ⌧ᐇ࡟ࡣࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞

࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕ࣭࣭࣭ព࿡ࡢ࠶ࡿせᅉࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡀ

ᐃྍ⬟࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜

ࡀ᮲௳࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢ᮲௳ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊᅇᖐศᯒ࡛ࡣࠊ
ᨻᗓࡢᨻ⟇ࠊⓎ᫂ࡢ㐍Ṍࠊᮇᚅࡢ≧ἣࢆྵࡴᨻ἞せᅉࠊᚰ⌮せᅉ࡟ᙳ㡪ࡉࢀࡿ⤒῭ၥ㢟ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡀᢤࡅⴠࡕࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊᬒẼᚠ⎔ࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡣ㐺⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠖ4ࡇࡢࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡢᢈุ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࢸ࢕ࣥࣂ࣮ࢤࣥࡢゎ⟅ࡣࠊࡲࡉࡋࡃ࠶ࡢ࣐࣮ࢩ
ࣕࣝࡢ₻ὶ࢔ࢼࣟࢪ࣮࡜ྠᵝࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋせࡍࡿ࡟ࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀ⌧ᐇ࡟ほ4ࡍࡿ⤒῭ࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊ
ࠕ┿ࡢᆒ⾮್ࠖ࡜ࠕ☜⋡᧠஘㡯ࠖࡀྜᡂࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶

Tinbergen(1940), p.

ࡾࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡢゝ࠺ព࿡ࡢ࠶ࡿ

ᐃྍ⬟࡛࡞࠸せᅉࡣࠊ☜⋡᧠஘㡯࡟ධࢀࢀࡤ

Ⰻ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㏫࡟ゝ࠼ࡤࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡀࢸ࢕ࣥࣂ࣮ࢤࣥࡢィ㔞⤒῭Ꮫ࡬ࡢᢈุ࡟࠾࠸࡚┿࡟ᢈุࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡣࠊࡲࡉ࡟ࡇࡢ࣐࣮ࢩࣕࣝࡢ₻ὶ࢔ࢼࣟࢪ࣮ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⪃࠼᪉ࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡢ☜⋡ࡢᴫᛕ࡜࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ⪃࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ࿘▱ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡣࠊ
ࠗ☜⋡ㄽ࠘࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊྂ඾ⓗᴫᛕ࡜ࡶ㢖ᗘᴫᛕ࡜ࡶ୺ほⓗᴫᛕ࡜ࡶ␗࡞ࡿㄽ⌮ⓗᴫᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ☜⋡ࡢᴫᛕࢆᐃᘧ໬ࡋࠊ☜⋡ࢆ㸰ࡘࡢ࿨㢟㛫ࡢㄽ⌮ⓗ㛵ಀࢆ⾲ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢㄽ⌮ⓗᴫᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ☜⋡ㄽࡣࠊᚋ࡟ࢪ࢙ࣇ࣮ࣜࢫ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ⓨᒎࡉࡏࡽࢀࠊ࢝ࣝࢼࢵࣉ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࡯ࡰ᏶ᡂ
ࡉࡏࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤᖐ⣡ⓗ☜⋡ㄽ࡜࿧ࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀ
ࡣࠊࡇࡢㄽ⌮ⓗᴫᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ☜⋡ㄽࡀࠊᖐ⣡ⓗ᥎ㄽࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞᥎ㄽࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡼ࠺5ࠋձ ࡇࡢ㘽ࡀ㕲〇࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢ㘽ࡣࡇࡢ☢▼࡟ᘬࡁ௜ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋղ ࡇࡢ㘽ࡣࡇࡢ☢▼࡟ᘬࡁ௜ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋճ ᨾ࡟ࠊࡇࡢ㘽ࡣ㕲〇࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࠊձղࡢ㸰ࡘࡢ࿨㢟࠿ࡽճࡢ࿨㢟ࢆ₇⧢ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡑ
ࢀࡺ࠼ࠊࡇࡢ᥎ㄽࡣࠊ₇⧢ⓗ᥎ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ༢⣧࡟ㄗࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡶࡋࡇࡢ
࿨㢟ձղࡀ┿࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ☜࠿ࡵࡽࢀࡓሙྜࠊ࿨㢟ճࡀ┿࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ₇⧢ⓗ࡟ࡣṇᙜ໬࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ┿࡛࠶ࡿ⵹↛ᛶࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣṇᙜ໬࡛ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡢࡀྜ⌮ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡢㄽ⌮ⓗᴫᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ☜⋡ࡢᴫᛕ࡜ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ
࠺࡞ሙྜࡢ⵹↛ᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࢆᩘ್࡛⾲ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡟࡯࠿࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࠕࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࠊ஦ᐇ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿ୍⤌ࡢㅖ࿨㢟࡛࠶ࡿドᣐ࡜ࠊࡑࡢ࿨
㢟࡟ࡼࡗ࡚୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿ᰿ᣐ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚࢙࢘࢖ࢺࢆ௜ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡶ࠺୍⤌ࡢㅖ࿨㢟࡛࠶ࡿ⤖ㄽ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛ࠊㄽ⌮ⓗ㛵㐃ᛶࢆṇࡋࡃㄆ㆑ࡋࡼ࠺࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠖ6ࠕ๓ᥦ࡜⤖ㄽࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀఱࡽ࠿ࡢㅖ࿨㢟ࡢ㞟ྜ㹦ࠊa ࡛ฟ᮶࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ
ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࡶࡋ㹦ࡢ▱㆑࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ș࡜࠸࠺ᗘྜ࠸ࡢ a ࡬ࡢྜ⌮ⓗಙᛕࡀṇᙜ໬ࡉࢀࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ㹦࡜ a ࡢ㛫ࡢȘࡢ☜⋡㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠺ࠖ7௨ୗࡢ౛ࡣࠊỌ஭࣭኱❑ 1986 ࡟㈇࠺ࠋKeynes(1921), pp5-6.
7 Keynes(1921), p4.
56

ࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࢀ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡣࠊࡇࡢㄽ⌮ⓗᴫᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ☜⋡ࡢᴫᛕࡣࠊྜ
⌮ⓗ☜ಙᗘࢆ⾲ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀඛ࡟ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ
㸯㸶ୡ⣖ࡢ☜⋡ィ⟬ࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚ಶேࡢಙᛕࡸ⾜ືࡢྜ⌮ᛶ࡟㛵ࢃࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࡛
࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼㸯㸶ୡ⣖ࡢ㐨ᚨ⛉Ꮫࡣࠊಶேࡢಙᛕࡸ⾜ື࡟ᑐࡍࡿྜ⌮ⓗ᰿ᣐࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊಶேࡢྜ⌮ⓗಙᛕ࡜⾜ືࡢᚰ⌮Ꮫࢆ୰ᚰၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋࡓࡽࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡢ☜⋡ࡢᴫᛕࡣࠊ
㸯㸶ୡ⣖ࡢ☜⋡ࡢᴫᛕ࡜ྠᵝ୺ほⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㸯㸶ୡ⣖ࡢ☜⋡ィ⟬࡟ඛ♽㏉ࡾࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡣࠊࡇࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡇࡢࡼ࠺
࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕㄽ⌮Ꮫ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡞ព࿡࡛ࠊ☜⋡ࡣ୺ほⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕேࡢẼࡲࡄࢀ࡟ᕥྑࡉࢀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠶ࡿ࿨㢟ࡀ☜࠿ࡽࡋ࠸ࡢࡣࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀ
ࡀࡑ࠺⪃࠼ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ▱㆑ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿ஦ᐇࡀ୍ᗘ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿ
࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ⎔ቃ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊఱࡀ☜࠿ࡽࡋࡃఱࡀࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸࠿ࡣᐈほⓗ࡟Ỵࡵࡽࢀࠊࡑࢀࡣࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢពぢ࡜ࡣ㛵ಀࡀ࡞࠸ࠋᚑࡗ࡚☜⋡ࡣㄽ⌮ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓ᮲௳ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࡢྜ⌮ⓗ࡞ಙᛕࡢᗘྜ࠸࡟㛵ࢃࡾࠊྜ⌮ⓗ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠊ≉ᐃࡢಶேࡀᢪࡃ༢࡞ࡿ⌧ᐇⓗಙᛕࡢᗘྜ࠸࡟㛵ࢃࡿࡶࡢ࡛
ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ8ゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࡢ☜⋡ࡢᴫᛕࢆࠊᚭ㢌ᚭᑿᐈほ୺⩏ⓗ࡛ㄽ⌮୺⩏ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡢ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫࡀࠊಶே୺⩏ⓗ࣭ᚰ⌮Ꮫⓗ࡞㸯㸶ୡ⣖ࡢ☜⋡ィ⟬࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ཯ಶ
ே୺⩏ⓗ࣭཯ᚰ⌮Ꮫⓗ࡞㸯㸷ୡ⣖ࡢ☜⋡ィ⟬ࡢᡤ⏘࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ⪃࠼࡜᏶඲࡟ᩚྜⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊኻᴗࡢཎᅉࡣᐇ㉁㈤㔠ࡀ㧗ࡍࡂࡿࡇ࡜࠿࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ
ࢪࣙࣈࡢ࣑ࢫ࣐ࢵࢳ࡟㝈ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊኻᴗ࡜ࡣࠊᗈ࠸ព࿡࡛ࡢປാ⪅ࡢ⮬
ᕫ㈐௵࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢព࿡࡛ࡣࠊ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࡜ࡣࠊࣜࢫࢡࢆ⣽࠿ࡃ⣽ศ໬ࡋ࡚ಶே࡟ࡑࡢ㈐௵ࢆ㏣ࢃࡏࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࠕࣜࢫࢡ⣽ศ໬♫఍ࠖࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚
࠾ࡾࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕ᤼㝖ᆺ♫఍ࠖ㸦exclusive society㸧ࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑ
ࡋ࡚ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢᛶ㉁ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀࠊಶேࡢྜ⌮ⓗಙᛕ࡜⾜ືࡢᚰ⌮Ꮫࢆ୰ᚰၥ㢟࡜ࡍࡿ㸯㸶ୡ⣖ࡢ☜⋡ィ⟬࠾ࡼࡧ㐨ᚨ⛉Ꮫ࡟⏤᮶ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ
8

Keynes(1921), p4.

࡜࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊኻᴗࡢཎᅉࡣ⤒῭඲యࡢ᭷ຠ㟂せࡀ୙㊊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊኻᴗ࡜ࡣࠊࡑࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣປാ⪅ࡢ⮬
ᕫ㈐௵࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢព࿡࡛ࡣࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬ⤒῭Ꮫ࡜ࡣࠊࣜࢫࢡࢆ♫఍໬ࡋ࡚♫఍඲య࡛ࡑࢀࢆ㈇ᢸࡋ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࠕࣜࢫࢡ♫఍໬♫఍ࠖࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚
࠾ࡾࠊࠕໟᦤᆺ♫఍ࠖ
㸦inclusive society㸧ࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡇࡢࡼ
࠺࡞ࢣ࢖ࣥࢬ⤒῭Ꮫࡢᛶ㉁ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀࠊ♫఍ࢆಶே࠿ࡽ⊂❧ࡋࡓ᭷ᶵయ࡜ࡋ࡚
ᤊ࠼ࠊࡇࡢ♫఍ἲ๎ࡢỴᐃㄽⓗ࡞ཝ᱁ࡉࢆ୰ᚰၥ㢟࡜ࡍࡿ㸯㸷ୡ⣖ࡢ☜⋡ィ⟬ཬࡧ㐨ᚨ⛉Ꮫ࡟⏤᮶ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
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+DDYHORPR 7   ´7KH 3UREDELOLW\ $SSURDFK LQ (FRQRPHWULFVµ

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Porter, T.(1986). The Rise of Statistical Thinking 1820-1990, Princeton
University Press.
Porter, T.(1996). Trust in Numbers, Princeton University Press.
Salsburg, D.(2002). The Lady Tasting Tea: How Statistics Revolutionized

Science in the Twentieth Century, Holt Paperbacks.
Sutton, J.(2000). 0DUVKDOO·VTendencies, MIT Press.
Stigler, S.(1986). The History of Statistics, the Measurement of Uncertainty

before 1900, Harvard University Press.
Stigler, S.(2002). Statistics on the Table, the History of Statistical Concepts

and Methods, Harvard University Press.
Tinbergen, J.(1940). ´$ 0HWKRG RI 6WDWLVWLFDO %XVLQHVV-Cycle Research: A
Replyµ, Economic Journal, vol.150.
Young, J.(1999). The Exclusive Society: Social Exclusion, Crime andDifference in Late Modernity, Sage Publications.
ఀ⸨㑥Ṋ(1999)ࠊࠗࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡢဴᏛ࠘ࠊᒾἼ᭩ᗑ.
⏣ᓮᬕ᫂(2000)ࠊࠗ⇕ຊᏛ࠘ࠊᇵ㢼㤋.
⏣ᓮᬕ᫂(2008)ࠊࠗ⤫ィຊᏛϨ࠘ࠊᇵ㢼㤋.
⏣ᓮᬕ᫂(2008)ࠊࠗ⤫ィຊᏛϩ࠘ࠊᇵ㢼㤋.
Ọ஭ᡂ⏨ࠊ኱❑ᚨ⾜(1986)ࠊࠗᖐ⣡ⓗ☜⋡࡜ᵝ┦ࡢㄽ⌮࠘ࠊ᪩✄⏣኱Ꮫฟ∧㒊.

௻⏬ࢭࢵࢩࣙࣥ
ࠕ័⩦ࡢ㐍໬࡜⤒῭༴ᶵ̿̿ࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ࡜ࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒̿̿ࠖࠕമᶒࡢドๆ໬࡜ἲࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶࡢၥ㢟̿̿J. R. ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽ̿̿ࠖ
㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍➨ 17 ᅇ඲ᅜ኱఍
㸦᪊㸸୰ኸ኱Ꮫ㸪2013 ᖺ 3 ᭶ 16࣭17 ᪥㸧ᑎᕝ㝯୍㑻㸦ᖇிᖹᡂ኱Ꮫ㸧࣭ᰘ⏣ᚫኴ㑻㸦ᮾி኱Ꮫ㸧

1 ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
00 ᖺ௦ࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ㧗཰┈ࡣ㸪㔠⼥㒊㛛࡟ᨭ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ 2007ᖺࡢࢧࣈࣉࣛ࢖࣒༴ᶵ࡛㟢࿊ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࡑࡢෆᐇࡣ㸪㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡀ⮬ᕫ㈨ᮏẚ⋡つไࡢ⥙ࡢ┠ࢆ
㏨ࢀ㸪ࣜࢫࢡࡢ㧗࠸⼥㈨ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡛⏕ࡲࢀࡓࣂࣈࣝࡔࡗࡓ㸬㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡀࣜࢫࢡࢆྲྀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞
ࡗࡓ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣ㸪80 ᖺ௦௨ᚋࡢ㔠⼥つไ⦆࿴࡜㸪ࠕドๆ໬ࠖ࡜⥲⛠ࡉࢀࡿ㔠⼥ᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑ
ࡋ࡚ 2001 ᖺࡢ IT ࣂࣈࣝᔂቯᚋࡢୡ⏺ⓗ࡞㔠⼥⦆࿴ࡀ㸪ᢞᶵⓗྲྀᘬࢆᚋᢲࡋࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬௒ᅇࡢࢧࣈࣉࣛ࢖࣒༴ᶵ࡟≉ᚩⓗ࡞ࡢࡣ㸪኱ᜍៃࡢ࡜ࡁ࡜ࡣ㐪࠸ࠕ᭱ᚋࡢ㈚ࡋᡭ࣭ࠖ㡸㔠ಖ㝤ᶵᵓ࣭ࠕ኱ࡁ࡞ᨻᗓࠖ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿࢭ࣮ࣇࢸ࢕࣭ࢿࢵࢺࡀഛࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ㸪༴ᶵࡀୡ⏺୰࡟ఏ᧛ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢཎᅉࡣࠕドๆ໬ࠖࢆྵࡴ࢔࣮࣒ࢫ࣭ࣞࣥࢢࢫ㸦ᕷሙ㸧ᆺ㔠⼥ࡢᬑཬ࡟࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ఫᏯ᢬ᙜമᶒࢆఱ㔜࡟ࡶࠕドๆ໬ࠖࡋࡓ CDO㸦മົᢸಖドๆ㸧ࢆḢ⡿ࡢ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡀಖ᭷ࡋ㸪Ḣ⣔㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡀࢻࣝᘓ࡚㔠⼥༺኎ᕷሙ࡛㈨㔠ㄪ㐩ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵ㸪࢔୍࣓ࣜ࢝ᅜ࡟
࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎୡ⏺୰࡟㔠⼥༴ᶵࡀἼཬࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࣮࣐࣭ࣜࣥࢩࣙࢵࢡᚋࡢୡ⏺ࡣ㸪㔠⼥෌つไࡢὶࢀ࡟࠶ࡿ㸬ᙜᒁ࡟ࡼࡿつไࡀ㸪ᕧ኱࠿ࡘ」㞧
࡞ᕷሙࢆ㐺ษ࡟ࢥࣥࢺ࣮࡛ࣟࣝࡁࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣ⌧≧࡛ࡣ୙㏱࡛᫂࠶ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣᙜᒁ࡟ࡼࡿつไࡢྍྰࢆၥ࠺๓࡟㸪ࡑࡶࡑࡶ࡞ࡐ࠿ࡃࡶ」㞧࠿ࡘὶືⓗ࡞㔠⼥㒊㛛ࡀᡂ❧ࡋᚓ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ
࠿㸪ࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡓ࠸㸬⤖ㄽ࠿ࡽゝ࠺࡜㸪ࡑࢀࡣၟྲྀᘬࢆᨭ࠼ࡿ࣮ࣝࣝࡀከᒙⓗ࡟Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㔠⼥㒊㛛࡟≉ᚩⓗ࡞㧗ᗘࡢὶືᛶࡣ㸪ࡑࡇ࡛኎㈙ࡉࢀࡿമᶒࡀ᭷య㈈࡜
␗࡞ࡾ≀⌮ⓗᐇయࢆᣢࡓࡎ㸪᫬㛫ࡸሙᡤ࡟ཎ๎ⓗ࡟ᣊ᮰ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡢᖐ⤖࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ᑗ
᮶᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡢᨭᡶ࠸⣙᮰࡛࠶ࡿമᶒࡀᐇຠᛶࢆᣢࡘࡢࡣ㸪⣙᮰ࢆᏲࡽ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡣྲྀᘬᡤ࡛ࡢྲྀᘬ
೵Ṇ࡜࠸࠺Ẹ㛫ࡢไ⿢ࡸ㸪㈨⏘ࡢᕪࡋᢲࡉ࠼࡞࡝࡜࠸ࡗࡓἲⓗไ⿢ࡀ⛉ࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡽࡔ㸬つไᙜᒁࡢᢅ࠺ἲࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ᕷሙ࡛ࡢၟྲྀᘬࡢ୰࠿ࡽ⏕ࡲࢀ࡚ࡃࡿၟ័⾜ࡶྵࡴ㸪ᵝࠎࡢ࡛࣮ࣞ࣋ࣝࣝ
ࣝࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪㧗ᗘ࡟」㞧࡞㔠⼥ᕷሙࡣᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࡜ࡇࢁ࡛㸪ఱࡽ࠿ࡢつไࢆ⾜࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ࡑࡢつไࡢ㏱᫂ᛶࡀ㔜せࡔ࡜ࡋࡤࡋࡤゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡶࡕࢁࢇἲ࡜ࡣᩘከࡢಶูࡢ஦᱌ࡢᣦ㔪࡜࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ㸪ࡑࡇ࡛౑ࢃࢀࡿᩥゝࡣྍ⬟࡞㝈ࡾ᫂☜࡛࠶ࡿ࡭ࡁࡔࢁ࠺㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋࡓ࡜࠼᫂☜࡞࣮ࣝࣝࢆసࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ࡟ࡏࡼ㸪ࡑࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࢆ
ಶࠎࡢ஦᱌࡟㐺⏝ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࡑࡢゎ㔘ࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ၥ㢟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸㸬ἲᏛ࡛ゝࢃࢀࡿࠕἲࡢ㐺⏝ࠖࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Vinogradoff 1959=1972: 106㸧㸬ἲࡢᩥゝࡣ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ
࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ࡑࢀࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁಶࠎࡢ஦౛ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ≉Ṧ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡢ≉Ṧᛶࢆࡍ1࡭࡚ໟᦤ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟஦๓࡟❧ἲࡍࡿࡢࡣ㸪⚄࡞ࡽࡊࡿே㛫ࡢ㌟࡟ࡣ୙ྍ⬟࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡇ࡛㸪ἲࡀ⏕ࡁࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪୍⯡ᛶ࡜≉Ṧᛶࡢ㛫ࢆᯫᶫࡍࡿゎ㔘ࡢసᴗࢆḞ࠿ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ
࡞࠸㸬ࡘࡲࡾ࣮ࣝࣝ࡜ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢᑐ㇟࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿಶࠎࡢ஦᱌࡜ษࡾ㞳ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸Ꮡᅾ࡞ࡢ
࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ಶࠎࡢ஦᱌ࡀ⏕㉳ࡍࡿ୰࡛ࡑࡢእᘏ࡜ෆໟࢆ⦆ࡸ࠿࡟㸪࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣ๻ⓗ࡟ኚ࠼࡚࠸ࡃືⓗ࡞ᣦ㔪࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬(1)࣮ࣝࣝࡇࡑࡀ≀⌮ⓗᐇయ࡜ษࡾ㞳ࡉࢀࡓ㧗ᗘ࡟ὶືⓗ࡞ၟྲྀᘬࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜㸪(2)ࡇࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡀಶࠎࡢάື࡜⊂❧࡞ᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃάືࡢ୰࡛ኚᐜࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸୍࡚ࡘࡢぢ㏻ࡋࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡢࡀ㸪ᡓ㛫ᮇ࡟ά㌍ࡋ㸪➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ୰ࡢ 1934 ᖺ࡟୺ⴭࠗไᗘⓗ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࢆୖᱻࡋࡓ J. R. ࢥࣔࣥࢬ(1862-1945)࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢどⅬࡀ㸪⌧௦ࡢ㔠⼥༴ᶵࢆ⪃࠼ࡿୖ࡛㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࡓ࠸㸬2 ⠇࡛ࡣ㸪㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ㧗ᗘ໬ࢆࣔࣀ࡜ᡤ
᭷ᶒࡢศ㞳࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ⤒῭㐣⛬ࣔࢹࣝࢆ⣲ᥥࡋ㸪ࡑࡢ࢖ࣥࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆ 3 ⠇࡛ㄽࡌࡿ㸬4 ⠇࡛ࡣ㸪ࢥࣔࣥࢬ࣭ࣔࢹࣝࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿ㧗ᗘ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡜࣮ࣝࣝࡢၥ㢟ࢆ㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㔠⼥ไᗘࡢṔྐ࡟༶ࡋ᳨࡚ウࡍࡿ㸬5 ⠇㸪6 ⠇㸪7 ⠇࡛ࡣ⌧௦ࡢ༴ᶵࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࠕドๆ໬ࠖࡢၥ
㢟ࢆᢅ࠺㸬5 ⠇࡛ࡣࠕドๆ໬ࠖࡀᚑ᮶ᆺࡢ㔠⼥ࣔࢹࣝࡢḞⅬࢆඞ᭹ࡋࡘࡘࡶ㸪ࡑࢀ࡟ᅛ᭷ࡢᙅⅬࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙅⅬࡢ࠺ࡕ 6 ⠇࡛ࡣᦆኻ㈇ᢸࡢၥ㢟ࢆ㸪7 ⠇࡛ࡣ㛵ಀ⪅㛫ࡢㄏᅉࡢ⾪✺࡜฼┈┦཯ࢆᢅ࠺㸬᭱⤊⠇࡛ࡣࠕドๆ໬ࠖࡢᙅⅬ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟❧ἲࡉࢀࡓࢻࢵࢻ࣭ࣇࣛࣥࢡἲ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿ㸬

2 ࣔࣀ࡜ᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ஧㔜㐣⛬ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣᏛㄝྐୖ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ไᗘᏛὴ࡟఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀ㸪୺࡟࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢປാྐ◊✲࡜㸪ⱥ⡿ࡢ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢἲไᗘ࡟ὀ┠ࡋࡓṔྐ◊✲࡛▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬㏆ᖺࡣ㸪௻ᴗ⤌⧊ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ྲྀᘬ㈝⏝࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀ┒ࢇ࡟⾜ࢃࢀࡿ୰㸪ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡀ⪃᱌ࡋࡓࠕྲྀᘬ(transaction)ࠖᴫᛕࡶ⬮ගࢆᾎࡧࡿࡼ
࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢྲྀᘬᴫᛕࡣ㸪ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡀ㸪⤒῭Ꮫࡢఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ࠕ஺᥮(exchange)ࠖᴫᛕࢆๅ
᪂ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᑟධࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬࡞ࡐๅ᪂ࢆヨࡳࡓࡢ࠿㸬ࡑࢀࡣᕷሙ࡛ࡢ኎㈙ࢆࣔࣀ࡜ࣔࣀ
ࡢ஺᥮࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࠕ஺᥮ࠖᴫᛕ࡛ࡣ㸪⤒῭Ꮫࡢ㯪᫂ᮇࡢ 18 ୡ⣖ࡢᕷሙ࡜㸪኱つᶍ࡞㈨ᮏ࡜ከ
ࡃࡢປാຊࡢືဨ࡟ࡼࡾ⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡓ኱㔞ࡢၟရࢆ㸪ಙ⏝ไᗘࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ศ㓄ࡍࡿ 20 ୡ⣖ࡢᕷሙ࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ྂ඾ὴ㸪㝈⏺ຠ⏝Ꮫὴࡣ㸪≀⌮Ꮫ㸪࡜ࡾࢃࡅྂ඾ຊᏛ࡜
ࡢ㢮ẚ࡛⤒῭άືࢆグ㏙ࡍࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋྍ㏫ⓗ᫬㛫ࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ࡋࡓᆒ⾮ศᯒ࡛ࡣ㸪ᕷሙࡀṔྐⓗ࡟㐍໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ஦ែࢆᢕᤊ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸬㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢṔྐⓗ㐍໬ࢆᤊ࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪ࠕཎᏊࡢࡶࡘᆒ⾮࡬ࡢഴྥ࡜࠸࠺ಶே୺⩏࡞࠸ࡋ㟼ᏛࡢどⅬࠖ(Commons [1925] 2008: 254)࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࠕጞࡲࡾࡶ⤊
ࢃࡾࡶ࡞ࡃὶࢀࡿ♫఍㐣⛬ࡢどⅬࠖ(Commons [1925] 2008: 254)ࢆྲྀࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞どⅬ࠿ࡽࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣ㸪20 ୡ⣖ࡢ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࢆグ㏙ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ 1 ࡘࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆᥦฟࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆ෌᳨ウࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪21 ୡ⣖ࡢ༴ᶵ࡟ 1 ࡘࡢぢ㏻ࡋࢆᚓࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡢࡀᮏ
ሗ࿌ࡢヨࡳ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬2

2.1 ⤒῭㐣⛬ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ 4 ࡘࡢ㐣⛬ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࣔࢹࣝࡣ㸪ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ 4 ࡘࡢ┦㛵ࡋࡓ㐣⛬࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿ㸬ᅗ 1

4 ࡘࡢ┦㛵ࡋࡓ㐣⛬

ࡇࡢ 4 ࡘࡢ㐣⛬࡜࠸࠺ᅗᘧࡢ๓ᥦ࡟ࡣ㸪⤒῭㐣⛬ࢆࠕ≀⌮ⓗ㐣⛬(physical process)࡜ᡤ᭷ⓗ㐣⛬(proprietary process)ࡢ┦㛵ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿ㸪ࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟⊂≉࡞どⅬࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ㸬ࠕ≀⌮ⓗ㐣⛬ࠖ࡜ࡣ㸪ࣔࣀࡀ⏕⏘㐣⛬࡟ᢞධࡉࢀ࡚ኚᙧࡋ㸪ὶ㏻࡟஌ࡗ࡚⛣ືࡍࡿ㸪ࡕࡻ࠺࡝⤒῭㐣⛬ࡢ≀⌮ⓗᐇయ࡟ᙜࡓࡿ㒊ศࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚ࣔࣀࡢኚᙧ㸪⛣ື࡜┦㛵㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿࠕᡤ᭷ⓗ㐣⛬ࠖ࡜ࡣ㸪ࣔࣀ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᡤ᭷ᶒࡀ⛣㌿ࡋ㸪ᡤ᭷⪅ࡀኚࢃࡿ㐣⛬ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ1㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞どⅬ࠿ࡽぢࡿ࡜㸪ἲไᗘࢆ୚௳࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅࡗ࡚ࡁࡓᚑ᮶ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡣ㸪ࣔࣀࡀ⏕⏘㐣⛬࡟ᢞධࡉࢀ㸪ὶ㏻࡟஌ࡗ࡚⛣ືࡋ㸪᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ᾘ㈝ࡉࢀࡿࠕ≀⌮ⓗ㐣⛬ࠖࡢࡳࢆ㟼Ꮫⓗ࡟ᢅࡗ࡚ࡁ
ࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡺ࠼࡟ྂ඾ὴࡶ㝈⏺ຠ⏝Ꮫὴࡶ㸪ᕷሙ࡛ࡢ஺᥮ࢆグ㏙ࡍࡿࡢ࡟㸪≀ࠎ஺᥮ࡢࣔ
ࢹ࡛ࣝࡼࡋ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࢃࡅࡔ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢⓎᒎ࡜ඹ࡟㸪⌧ᐇࡢᕷሙࢆ≀ࠎ஺᥮ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝグ㏙ࡍࡿࡢࡣᅔ㞴࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ㸬࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶ㸪ࡑࡶࡑࡶᕷሙ࡛኎㈙ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣࣔࣀࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞
ࡃ㸪ࣔࣀ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᡤ᭷ᶒ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢⓎᒎ࡜ࡣᡤ᭷ᶒࢆ኎㈙ࡍࡿᕷሙࡢⓎᒎ࡟௚࡞ࡽ࡞࠸
࠿ࡽࡔ㸬ࡇࡢⓎᒎࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪⌧௦ࡢᕷሙ࡛ࡣ㸪ᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ⛣ື࡜ࣔࣀࡢ⛣ື࡜ࡀᚲࡎࡋࡶ୍⮴ࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ලయⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪኱㔞⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡓၟရࡢ኱ཱྀྲྀᘬࡢࡓࡵ࡟タࡅࡽࢀࡓྲྀᘬᡤ㸦༺኎ᕷሙ㸧࡛ࡣ㸪ၟရࡑࡢࡶࡢࡣᣢཧࡉࢀࡎ࡟㸪ࡑࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࡢࡳࡀ኎㈙ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬኎ࡾᡭࡣᑗ᮶ࡢ≉ᐃࡢ
᫬Ⅼ࡜ሙᡤ࡛㸪≉ᐃࡢᩘ㔞ࡢၟရࢆ⣡ධࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⣙᮰ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪⌧ᅾ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࣔࣀࢆᘬࡁΏࡍ
ࡇ࡜࡞ࡃᡤ᭷ᶒࡢࡳࢆㆡΏ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽ㸪ࡑࡢ⣡ᮇࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫㸪㈙࠸ᡭࡶྠᵝ࡟ࡋ࡚➨୕⪅࡟㌿኎࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢሙྜ㸪ᡤ᭷ᶒࡣ 2 ᅇ⛣ືࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ࣔࣀ⮬యࡣ⣡ᮇ࡟᭱ึࡢ኎ࡾᡭ࠿ࡽ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞ᶒ฼ಖ᭷⪅࡬࡜ 1 ᅇࡋ࠿⛣ືࡋ࡞࠸㸬ࣔࣀࡢ⛣ືࢆᑗ᮶࡟⧞ࡾᘏ࡭ࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ࣔࣀࡢ⛣ືࢆకࢃࡎ࡟ᡤ᭷ᶒࡀ⛣ືࡍࡿ஦ែࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪኎㈙ࡢỴ῭ࡣ㸪◳㈌ࡸ⣬ᖯ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ≀ⓗᐇయࢆᣢࡘἲ㈌࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ἲ㈌ࡢᨭᡶ࠸ࢆཷࡅࡿ
ᶒ฼࡛࠶ࡿ㖟⾜㡸㔠ࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࢆ㖟⾜ࡢᖒ⡙ୖ࡛⛣㌿ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬኎ࡾ
ᡭ࠿ࡽ㈙࠸ᡭ࡟ၟရ࡜࠸࠺ࣔࣀࡀ⛣ືࡍࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪㈙࠸ᡭ࠿ࡽ኎ࡾᡭ࡟ࣔࣀ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㈌ᖯ
㸦ἲ㈌㸧ࡣ⛣ືࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬(1)ᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ⛣ືࡀᚲࡎࡋࡶࣔࣀࡢ⛣ືࢆకࢃ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜㸪(2)ၟ

1ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣㄝ᫂ࢆ༢⣧໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪ࣔࣀࡢ኎㈙ࡢࡳࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡶࡕࢁࢇᕷሙ࡛኎㈙ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ
ࡣࣔࣀ࡟࠿ࡂࡽࡎ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ㸪മᶒ㸪↓ᙧ㈈⏘ᶒ㸦ᰴᘧ㸪ࡢࢀࢇ㸪ၟᶆ࡞࡝㸧ࡢከᒱ࡟ࢃࡓࡿ㸬3ྲྀᘬࡢỴ῭࡟࠾࠸࡚ࣔࣀ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㈌ᖯࡣ⛣ືࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜㸪௨ୖࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡿ࡜㸪⌧௦ࡢᕷሙࢆ≀ࠎ஺᥮ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝグ㏙ࡍࡿࡢ࡟ࡣ㝈⏺ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡺ࠼࡟ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣ㸪ࣔࣀࡢ⛣ື࡜ᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ⛣ືࢆ༊ูࡋ㸪ࣔࣀࡢኚᙧ㸪⛣ື࡜ᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ஺᥮࡜࠸࠺ 2 ࡘࡢᒙ࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࣔࢹࣝࢆ❧࡚ࡿࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿ㸬≀ࠎ஺᥮࠿ࡽࠕ≀⌮ⓗ㐣⛬࡜ᡤ᭷ⓗ㐣⛬ࡢ┦㛵ࠖ࡬㸪ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᕷሙࣔࢹࣝࢆ᭦᪂
ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟ព㆑ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚㸪ࡇࡇ࠿ࡽࡣ⤒῭㐣⛬ࡢ 20 ୡ⣖ⓗ≧ἣࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ 4 ࡘࡢ┦㛵ࡋࡓ㐣⛬ࡢෆᐇࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺㸬

2.1.1 ㈈ࡢ≀⌮ⓗ⏕⏘࡜㍺㏦
1 ࡘࡵࡢ㐣⛬ࡣ㸪ேຊ࡜⮬↛ࡢ⣲ᮦࢆᢞධࡋ㸪㈈ࢆ⏕⏘㸪㍺㏦ࡍࡿ㸪⏕⏘࡜ὶ㏻ࡢ㐣⛬ࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ๓㏙ࡢࣔࣀࡀኚᙧ㸪⛣ືࡍࡿࠕ≀⌮ⓗ㐣⛬ࠖࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ゝ࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⏕⏘㸪㍺㏦ࢆேࡧ࡜ࡀ⾜࠺ࡢࡣ㸪ࡑࡢ⏘ฟࢆ౑⏝౯್࡜ࡋ࡚฼⏝ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ⏘ฟࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡢࡣ㸪୍యㄡ࡞ࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸬⮬⤥⮬㊊୰ᚰࡢ⤒῭࡛ࡣ⏕⏘ࡣ౑⏝ࡢࡓࡵ࡟⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡢ࡛㸪⏕⏘⪅࡜⏘ฟࡢ౑⏝⪅ࡣ㸪⾑⦕㸪ᆅ⦕㞟ᅋ༢఩࡛⪃࠼ࡿ࡜୍⮴ࡍࡿ㸬ࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ᝿ᐃࡍࡿᕷሙ୰ᚰࡢ⤒῭࡛ࡣ㸪⏕⏘ࡣ౑⏝ࡢࡓࡵ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㈍኎ࡢࡓࡵ࡟
⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡢ࡛㸪⏘ฟࢆ౑⏝౯್࡜ࡋ࡚฼⏝ࡍࡿࡢࡣ㸪⏕⏘⪅ᮏே࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࡑࡢ⏘ฟࢆ෌ຍᕤࡍ
ࡿูࡢ⏕⏘⪅ࡸ㸪ᾘ㈝⪅ࡢᡭඖ࡟ᒆࡅࡿὶ㏻ᴗ⪅㸪ࡑࡋ࡚ᾘ㈝ࡍࡿᐙィ࡜࠸ࡗࡓูࡢ୺య࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ࠸ࢃࡺࡿᕷሙ㐣⛬࡜ࡣ㸪⏘ฟࢆ୍᪉࠿ࡽ௚᪉࡟ࠕᘬࡁΏࡋ(deliver)ࠖ㸪ᡤ᭷⪅ࢆኚ᭦ࡍࡿ
ࠕᡤ᭷ⓗ㐣⛬ࠖ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢᣦ᦬ࡍࡿ 4 ࡘࡢ㐣⛬ࡢṧࡾࡢ 3 ࡘࡣ㸪ࡇࡢᡤ᭷ⓗ㐣⛬ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ㒊ศ㐣⛬࡛࠶ࡿ㸬

2.1.2 ≀⌮ⓗᘬࡁΏࡋ࡜ἲⓗᘬࡁΏࡋᡤ᭷ⓗ㐣⛬ࡣ㸪㈈ࡢᡤ᭷⪅ࡀኚ᭦ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡛᏶஢ࡍࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㈈ࡀ኎ࡾᡭ࠿ࡽ㈙࠸ᡭ࡟㸪≀⌮ⓗ࡟ࡶἲⓗ࡟ࡶᘬࡁΏࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᡤ᭷ⓗ㐣⛬ࡢ┠ᶆ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪᭱⤊ᒁ㠃࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋୖ㏙ࡢࡼ࠺࡟༺኎ᕷሙࢆ௓ࡍࡿὶ㏻㐣⛬࡛ࡣ㸪㈈ࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ⛣㌿ࡀᚲࡎࡋࡶ㈈ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢ⛣ືࢆకࢃࡎ࡟⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡺ࠼࡟ᡤ᭷ⓗ㐣⛬ࡢࠕᘬࡁΏࡋ(delivery)ࠖࡢᒁ㠃ࡣ㸪ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡀ 2
ࡘ┠࡜ 3 ࡘ┠ࡢ㐣⛬࡜ࡋ࡚ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿ㸪ࠕ㈈ࡢ≀⌮ⓗᘬࡁΏࡋ(physical delivery)ࠖ࡜ࠕ᭷య㈈⏘ࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࡢἲⓗᘬࡁΏࡋ(legal delivery)ࠖ࡜࠸࠺㸪┦㛵㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿࡀูࠎ࡟ᐇ⾜ࡉࢀࡿ 2 ࡘࡢ㐣⛬࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬

2.1.3 ἲⓗዎ⣙ࡉ࡚㸪⏕⏘⪅ࡀࡑࡢ⏕⏘≀ࢆ௚⪅࡟ᘬࡁΏࡍࡢࡣ㸪⏕⏘≀࡜஺᥮࡟㈌ᖯࢆཷࡅྲྀࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࡲࡎ⏕⏘≀࡜㈌ᖯࡢ஺᥮ẚ⋡㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ౯᱁ࢆ஺΅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡵ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸬౯᱁࡜ࡣ㸪ᕷሙ࡛ࡢ㈈࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㟂せ࡜౪⤥࡜ࡢẚ⋡࡛Ỵࡲࡿ౯್࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ⏕⏘≀࡟ࡣ㸪౑⏝౯್࡜ࡣู࡟㸪ᕷሙ࡛኎㈙ࡍࡿ㝿ࡢࠕ㈨⏘౯್ࠖࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㈨⏘౯್ࡣ㸪ࣔࣀࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡟ഛࢃࡿᒓᛶ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ౑⏝౯್࡜␗࡞ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ᫬ࠎࡢᕷሙ࡛ࡢ౪⤥4㔞࡜㟂せ㔞࡜࡛Ỵࡲࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟ὶືⓗ࡞ᛶ᱁ࢆᣢࡘ㸬ၟရࡢ౪⤥㔞࡜㟂せ㔞࡜ࡢẚ⋡ḟ➨࡛㸪㈨⏘౯್ࡣ࡝ࡇࡲ࡛ࡶ㧗㦐ࡋࡓࡾ㸪ࡑࢀ࡜ࡣ㏫࡟㈙࠸ᡭࡀࡘ࠿ࡎࢮࣟ࡟ࡲ࡛ᭀⴠࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ᕷሙ⤒῭࡛ࡣ㸪࣮ࣝࣝ࡟ࡢࡗ࡜ࡗࡓ➇தࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪➇ྜၟရ࡟㈇ࡅ࡚⮬♫ၟရࡀ኎ࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓሙྜ㸪ᅇ཰࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㈝⏝ࡣᦆኻ࡜ࡋ࡚⏑ཷࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋᦆኻ
ࡢཎᅉ࡛࠶ࡿ኎ୖ୙᣺ࡀ㸪➇ྜࡍࡿ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡿࢲࣥࣆࣥࢢࡸ㸪⢒ᝏ࡞ࢥࣆ࣮ရࡢ㔞⏘ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿሙྜࡣ㸪ྖἲᶵ㛵࡟ッ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞୙බṇ࡞ᡭἲࢆ᤼㝖ࡋ㸪ᦆᐖ㈺ൾࢆㄳồ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬
ࡇࢀࡣ㏫࡟ゝ࠺࡜㸪୙ṇ࡞ᡭἲ࡟ࡼࡿ฼┈ࡣ㸪ἲⓗ࡟ࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡔ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㈨⏘౯್ࡣࡑࡢ᫬ࠎࡢ㟂⤥᮲௳࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ኚືࡍࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࢀࡣ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶ㸪࣮࡛ࣝࣝᐃࡵࡽࢀࡓᯟࡢ୰
࡛ࡢኚື࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㈈ࡢᡤ᭷⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ㸪㈈ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ࡑࡢ㈈ࡀࡶࡘ㈨⏘౯್ࡶ㈈⏘࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ᭷ᙧ≀࡛࠶ࡿ㈈ࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡜㐪ࡗ࡚㸪ࡑࡢ᫬ࠎࡢᕷሙ࡛ࡢ㈙࠸ᡭࡢホ౯࡛࠶ࡿ㈨⏘౯್ࡣ㸪┤᥋࡟ಖ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸬ࡑࢀ࡛ࡶୖ㏙ࡢࡼ࠺࡟୙ṇ࡞ᡭἲࡀἲⓗ࡟᤼㝖ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪㈨⏘౯್ࡣ㛫᥋ⓗ࡟ಖㆤࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᡤ᭷⪅ࡀ┤᥋ᡤ᭷࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸪㈈ࡢᕷሙ࡛ࡢホ౯ࡣ㸪ἲᚊୖࠕ↓ᙧ㈈⏘(intangible property)ࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(Commons [1925] 2008: 255)㸬
኎㈙ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡞࠸࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࡣ㈨⏘౯್ࡣ⏕ࡲࢀ࡞࠸ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࢆἲⓗ࡟ಖㆤࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛⏕ࡲࢀࡿ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࡶᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸㸬࠸ࢃࡺࡿᕷሙ㐣⛬࡜ࡣ㸪㈨⏘౯್ࡀ࣮࡛ࣝࣝᐃࡵࡽࢀࡓᯟࡢ୰࡛ኚືࡍࡿ
࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛㸪↓ᩘࡢ኎㈙ࡢὶࢀࡢ୰࡟↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿἲⓗ㐣⛬࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚ᕷሙ࡛ࡢ஺΅࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡜ሙᡤ࡛ࡢ㈨⏘౯್㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࡢෆᐇࡀ☜ᐃࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡉ࡚㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㈈࡜㈌ᖯࡢ஺᥮ẚ⋡ࡀỴࡲࡗࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪㈙࠸ᡭࡀྜពࡋࡓ㔠㢠ࢆᨭᡶࡗ࡚
ࡃࢀࡿ☜ドࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ㸪⏕⏘⪅ࡣ⏕⏘≀ࢆᘬࡁΏࡍẼ࡟࡞ࢀࡎ㸪஺᥮ࡣᡂ❧ࡋ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺㸬㈙࠸
ᡭࡢഃ࠿ࡽぢ࡚ࡶ㸪ᘬࡁΏࡋࡢ☜ドࡀᚓࡽࢀ࡞࠸࡞ࡽ㸪ࡸࡣࡾ஺᥮ࡣᡂ❧ࡋ࡞࠸㸬ࡑࡇ࡛ᐇ㝿࡟⏕⏘≀ࡢᘬࡁΏࡋ࡜㈌ᖯࡢᨭᡶ࠸ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ๓࡟㸪஺΅࡛ྜពࡋࡓ᮲௳࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃἲⓗዎ⣙ࡀ⤖ࡤࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢዎ⣙ࡣ཮ົዎ⣙࡛࠶ࡾ㸪኎ࡾᡭ࡟ࡼࡿࠕ㈈ࡢᘬࡁΏࡋ⣙᮰(promise todeliver)ࠖ࡜㸪㈙࠸ᡭ࡟ࡼࡿࠕ㈌ᖯࡢᨭᡶ࠸⣙᮰(promise to pay)࡛ࠖᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡽࡢ⣙᮰ࡣ㸪➃ⓗ࡟ゝ࠺࡜മົ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪୙ᒚ⾜ࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣୖ఩ᶒຊ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᦆᐖ㈺ൾࡀㄢࡉࢀࡓࡾ㸪ᙉไⓗ࡟ᇳ⾜ࡉࢀࡓࡾࡍࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡓࡵമᶒ⪅ࡣ㸪ᑗ᮶᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡢᘬࡁΏࡋ㸪ᨭᡶ࠸ࢆ࠿࡞ࡾࡢ⛬ᗘᮇᚅ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾമᶒࡣ㸪ࡑࡢᡤ᭷⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ㸪ᑗ᮶ࡢᒚ⾜ࡀἲⓗ࡟ಖㆤࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡
࡛㸪㈈⏘࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬മᶒࡣ㈈⏘࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ≀ⓗᐇయࢆࡶࡘ᭷ᙧ≀࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪ἲᚊࡢ⏝ㄒἲ࡛ࡣ᭷ᙧ≀࡛࠶ࡿࠕ᭷య㈈⏘(corporeal property)ࠖ࡜༊ูࡋ࡚㸪ࠕ↓య㈈⏘(incorporeal property)ࠖ
࡜࿧ࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ (Commons [1925] 2008: 255) 㸬௨ୖࡢᕷሙ࡛ࡢ኎㈙஺΅࡜ἲⓗዎ⣙ࡢ⥾⤖ࡢ㐣⛬ࡀ㸪ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢゝ࠺ 4 ࡘ┠ࡢ㐣⛬㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕᘬࡁΏࡋ⣙᮰࡜ᨭᡶ࠸⣙᮰࡜࠸࠺ᙧࢆ࡜ࡿ↓య㈈⏘࡜↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࡢἲⓗ㐣⛬࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ㸬

2.2 ㈇മࡢㆡΏᛶ̿̿ຍ㏿ࡍࡿၟྲྀᘬ
࡜ࡇࢁ࡛㸪ୖ㏙ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾമᶒࡀ㸪ἲⓗಖㆤࡢ࠾࠿ࡆ࡛㸪ᮇ᪥ࡲ࡛ᚅࡕࡉ࠼ࡍࢀࡤ࡯ࡰ☜ᐇ࡟ᘬࡁΏࡋ㸪ᨭᡶ࠸ࢆཷࡅࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸪ዎ⣙ࢆ⤖ࢇࡔᙜ஦⪅࡛࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶ㸪മົ⪅࡟ࡼࡿമົᒚ

5

⾜ࢆᮇᚅ࡛ࡁࡿࡣࡎࡔ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪⏕⏘≀࡜㐪ࡗ࡚ࡑࢀ⮬య౑⏝౯್ࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸㈌ᖯࡣ㸪ᨭᡶᮇ᪥ࡲ࡛⤒῭㐣⛬࠿ࡽ㏥ⶶࡉࢀࡿࡼࡾࡶ㸪࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅ᪩ࡃ෌ᢞධࡉࢀࡿ᪉ࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸㸬ࡑࡇ࡛㸪ᨭᡶ࠸⣙᮰ࡢㆡΏᛶࡀἲⓗ࡟ᩚഛࡉࢀ㸪ᮇ᪥࡟㈌ᖯࡢᨭᡶ࠸ࢆཷࡅࡿᶒ฼㸦ᡭᙧ㸧ࢆ⌧ᅾࡢ➨୕⪅࡜ࡢྲྀᘬࡢᨭᡶ࠸࡟౑⏝㸦⿬᭩ㆡΏ㸧ࡋࡓࡾ㸪㔠⼥ᶵ㛵࡟኎༷㸦๭ᘬ㸧ࡋࡓࡾ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ2㸬㈇മࡀ㉎㈙ຊࢆᣢࡘࡢ࡜ྠ᫬࡟㸪㈇മࡑࡢࡶࡢࡶ኎㈙ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࢃࡅࡔ㸬ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࡇࡇ
࡛㸪ᨭᡶ࠸⣙᮰ࡢ୰࡛ࡶ᭱ࡶಙ⏝ຊࡢ࠶ࡿ㖟⾜ࡢࡑࢀ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕせồᡶ࠸㡸㔠ࡀ㸪࠶ࡽࡺࡿྲྀᘬࡢỴ῭࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀ㸪஦ᐇୖࡢ㈌ᖯ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Commons [1925] 2008:258㸧㸬ᕷ୰ࡢၟྲྀᘬ࡛ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓᨭᡶ࠸⣙᮰ࡣ㸪᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣ㡸㔠࡜࠸࠺㖟⾜ࡢ㈇മࢆ㖟⾜ࡢᖒ⡙ୖ࡛௜ࡅ᭰࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡛Ỵ῭ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㡸㔠㏻㈌ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢୗ࡛ࡣ㸪◳㈌㸪⣬ᖯ࡜࠸࠺ᐇయࢆࡶࡗࡓἲ㈌ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝Ꮡᅾឤࢆኻࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶ㡸㔠㔠⼥ᶵ㛵࡛࠶ࡿ㖟⾜ࡀ୍㒊ࡢᨭᡶ࠸‽ഛࢆṧࡋ࡚㈚௜ࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ἲ㈌ࡢ㔞ࢆ㐭࠿࡟ୖᅇࡿ㡸㔠ࢆ๰㐀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿
ࡽࡔ3㸬ࡇࡢᕧ㢠ࡢ㡸㔠ࡀ㸪」㞧࠿ࡘ኱つᶍ໬ࡋࡓ⌧௦ࡢၟྲྀᘬࢆᨭ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠕ㈇മࡢㆡΏᛶ㸦negotiability of debt㸧ࠖࡀ☜❧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ᨭᡶᮇ᪥ࡀ฿᮶ࡍࡿ๓
࡟㈌ᖯࢆ⤒῭㐣⛬࡟෌ᢞධ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ၟྲྀᘬࡢᅇ㌿㏿ᗘࡣ኱ᖜ࡟ຍ㏿ࡍࡿ㸬ࠕ㔠ᒓ㈌ᖯ
࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࡢ㖟⾜ಙ⏝ࡢᢏ⾡ⓗ┠ⓗࡣ㸪ᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿၟရࡢᅇ㌿ࡢ㏿ᗘࢆ኱ࡁࡃ㧗ࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶
ࡾ㸪ࡑࡋ࡚ࡇࢀࡣᅜẸ⏕⏘ᛶࡢ኱ᖜ࡞ୖ᪼࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ㸦Commons [1934] 1990: 450㸧㸬㈙࠸ᡭ
ࡣᡭඖ㈨㔠ࡀ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶ㸪⮬ࡽࡢ஦ᴗࡢ཰┈ࢆぢ㎸ࢇ࡛ᡭᙧࢆ᣺ࡾฟࡍ࠿㸪ࡶࡋࡃࡣ௚ࡢㄡ࠿࠿ࡽ
ཷࡅྲྀࡗࡓᡭᙧࢆ⿬᭩ㆡΏࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ၟရࢆ㉎ධ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡇࡇ࡛ゝ࠺ᡭඖ㈨㔠࡜ࡣࡶࡣࡸ⌧㔠ࡢࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ᙜᗙ㡸㔠ཱྀᗙࢆ㛤タࡋ࡚࠶ࡿ㖟⾜ࡢ㡸㔠മົࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪Ỵ῭ࡢ㝿࡟ࡣࡓࡔᑠษᡭࢆ᣺ࡾฟࡋࡉ࠼ࡍࢀࡤࡼ࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬௒ࡸఱ࠿ࢆ㉎ධࡍࡿ࡟ᙜࡓࡗ࡚ࡣ㸪
ἲ㈌ࢆᡭඖ࡟⏝ពࡍࡿᚲせ࡞࡝࡞ࡃ㸪ᑠษᡭࢆษࢀࡤ༶ᗙ࡟Ỵ῭࡛ࡁࡿࡋ㸪ᑗ᮶ࡢ཰┈ࡸമᶒᅇ཰ࡢぢ㎸ࡳࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪㖟⾜ࡀࡑࢀࢆಙ⏝ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿ࡞ࡽᨭᡶ࠸ࢆᑗ᮶࡟⧞ࡾᘏ࡭ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸬㡸㔠㏻㈌ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣ㸪㈌ᖯࢆἲ㈌ࡢᣢࡘ≀⌮ⓗไ⣙࠿ࡽゎᨺࡋ㸪ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝၟྲྀᘬࡢ㏿ᗘࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬⌧௦ࡢᕷሙ࡛ࡣࣔࣀࡢᘬࡁΏࡋࢆᚅࡓࡎ࡟ࣔࣀࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࡀḟࠎ࡟ㆡΏࡉࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࢀࢆᨭ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㈇മࡢㆡΏᛶ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ㡸㔠㏻㈌ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㈈ࡶ㈌ᖯࡶࣔࣀࡢࡃࡧࡁࢆ㏨ࢀ࡚ᡤ᭷ᶒ࡜ࡋ࡚኎㈙ࡉࢀ㸪㧗࠸ὶືᛶࢆᚓ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࣜࢫࢺ࡛ゝ࠺࡜ 3 ࡘࡵ࡜ 4 ࡘࡵࡢἲⓗ㐣⛬ࡀ㸪⌧௦ࡢᕷሙ㐣⛬࡛ࡣ୰ᚰⓗᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓ
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬

3 ࢥࣔࣥࢬ࣭ࣔࢹࣝࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿࡶࡢ
ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࠕ≀⌮ⓗ㐣⛬࡜ᡤ᭷ⓗ㐣⛬ࡢ┦㛵ࠖࣔࢹࣝ࠿ࡽ㸪⌧௦ࡢ㔠⼥༴ᶵࢆ⌮ゎ
2ࠕ࡝࠺ࡋ࡚≉ᐃࡢᩘ㔞࣭≉ᐃࡢ᪥௜࡛ἲ㈌ࢆᨭᡶ࠺⣙᮰ࢆ㸪౛࠼ࡲࡔ࠾㔠ࡀ⏝ព࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶ㸪㈈㈌࡜஺᥮࡟➨ 3 ⪅࡟኎ࡾΏࡋ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞✀㢮ࡢ⣙᮰ࢆㆡΏྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿᡭἲࢆⓎ᫂ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ㸪17 ୡ⣖ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࡑࢀ௨㝆⌧ᅾ࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࡢᩘୡ⣖ࡀᚲせࡔࡗࡓ㸬᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣࠗὶ㏻ドๆ(negotiable instruments)࠘ἲ࡟㸪㈌ᖯࡀᡭ࡟ධࡿ༢࡞ࡿぢ㎸ࡳࢆ㈌ᖯࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡬࡜㌿᥮ࡍࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲࡢἲ
ⓗྲྀࡾỴࡵࡀ࡜ࡾࡲ࡜ࡵࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ
㸦Commons [1934] 1990: 392㸧
3 ୰ኸ㖟⾜࡟ᅖ࠸㎸ࢇࡔ㔠ࢆ࣮࣋ࢫ࡟ᕧ㢠ࡢ㡸㔠㏻㈌ࡀ๰㐀ࡉࢀࡿ㏫ࣆ࣑ࣛࢵࢻᆺࡢᵓ㐀ࢆ㸪ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣ
ࠕ㈇മࣆ࣑ࣛࢵࢻࠖ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ㸦Commons [1934] 1990: 395㸧㸬6ࡍࡿୖ࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞♧၀ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿㸬

3.1 ᡤ᭷ⓗ㐣⛬ࡢ㞳ᗋ
ୖ㏙ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ㸪⌧௦ࡢᕷሙ㐣⛬࡟≉ᚩⓗ࡞ࡢࡣ㸪ᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ⛣ື࡜ࣔࣀࡢ⛣ື࡜ࡀᚲࡎࡋࡶ୍⮴ࡋ࡞࠸Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ၟရࡣ༺኎ᕷሙࡢ☜❧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪㈌ᖯࡣ㡸㔠㏻㈌ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ☜❧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ≀⌮ⓗᘬࡁΏࡋࢆᑗ᮶࡟⧞ࡾᘏ࡭࡚㸪≀⌮ⓗไ⣙࠿ࡽ⮬⏤࡟኎㈙࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿ㸬⌧≀ࡸ⌧㔠ࢆ⏝ពࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᫬㛫ࡸ㈝⏝ࡀ࠿࠿ࡽ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ၟྲྀᘬࡢᅇ㌿㏿ᗘࡀྥୖࡋ㸪ྠ㢠ࡢ㈨ᮏ୍࡛ᒙከࡃࡢ኎ࡾୖࡆࢆᐇ⌧࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࢃࡅࡔ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㧗㏿ࡢၟྲྀᘬࡣ㸪᏶඲࡟≀⌮ⓗไ⣙࠿ࡽゎᨺࡉࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸬࠶ࡃࡲ࡛
ࡶၟရ࡜㈌ᖯࡢ≀⌮ⓗᘬࡁΏࡋࢆᑗ᮶࡟⧞ࡾᘏ࡭࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ὀពࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ
࡞࠸㸬⧞ࡾᘏ࡭ࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ㸪⏕⏘⪅ࡀ⣙᮰ࡋࡓᮇ᪥࡟ၟရࢆᘬࡁΏࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡇ࡜㸪ࡑࡋ࡚㖟⾜ࡀ࠸ࡘ࡛ࡶἲ㈌ࢆᘬࡁΏࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡬ࡢಙ㢗ࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡶࡋᮇ᪥࡟ၟရ
ࡢᘬࡁΏࡋࢆཷࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡾ㸪㡸㔠ࡢᘬࡁฟࡋࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡾࡍࡿ࡞ࡽ㸪ಙ㢗ࡣ⊜␲ᚰ࡟཯㌿ࡋ㸪≀⌮ⓗᘬࡁΏࡋࡢ⧞ࡾᘏ࡭ࡣ୙ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ᡤ᭷ⓗ㐣⛬ࡣ≀⌮ⓗ㐣⛬࡜㝈ࡾ࡞ࡃ୍⮴ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺㸬
ࡇࢀ࡜ࡣ㏫࡟ዲἣࡢ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣ㸪ᡤ᭷ⓗ㐣⛬ࡣ≀⌮ⓗᘬࡁΏࡋࡀᐇ⾜ࡉࢀࡿࡲ࡛ఱᅇ㌿ࡶࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ࡇࡇ࡛㸪ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡀᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ㸪1922 ᖺࡢᬒẼᅇ᚟ᮇࡢ࣎ࢫࢺࣥ࠿ࡽࢽ࣮࣮ࣗ࢜ࣜ
ࣥࢬ࡬ࡢ㠐ࡢฟⲴࡢ౛ࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺㸬㕲㐨࡛ࡢฟⲴ࡟せࡍࡿ 1 㐌㛫࡞࠸ࡋ 10 ᪥ࡢ࠶࠸ࡔ࡛㸪㠐ࡣ 12 ᅇ኎ࡽࢀࡓ㸬࠸ࡎࢀࡶྠ
ࡌ㠐࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ㍺㏦࡜ࡣ㠐ࡢ〇㐀࡟せࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ྠᵝࡢ͐͐ປാ㐣⛬࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬͐͐㸭ࡋ࠿ࡋ࣎ࢫࢺࣥࡢၟရᕷሙ࡛኎ࡽࢀࡓࡢࡣ㸪㠐࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ̿̿㠐ࡢᡤ᭷ᶒ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ἲᚊ⏝ㄒࢆࡘ࠿࠺࡜㸪ࡑࡇ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡢࡣ 12 ᅇ࡟ࢃࡓࡿᡤ᭷ᶒࡢㆡΏ࡜⋓ᚓ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬͐͐㸭࠾ࡑࡽࡃྛㆡΏ࡜⋓ᚓࡣ㸪ྜ⾗ᅜࡢಙ⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ࡝ࡇ࠿࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿ㖟⾜࡬ࡢ㡸㔠࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᣺ࡾฟࡉࢀࡿᑠษᡭ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓ㸬ࡇࢀࡀ㖟⾜ᐙࡢ⟶⌮ࡍࡿ㈌ᖯᕷሙ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬͐͐஦ᐇࡇࡢᕷሙ࡛ࡣ㸪㠐ࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲࡢ್ẁࡸ౯್⥲㢠࡟ᛂࡌ࡚㸪ࡘࡲࡾ㠐୍㊊࠶ࡓࡾࡢ㧗㦐ࡍࡿᢞᶵⓗ౯᱁ࡸ඲ฟⲴ㔞ࡢ㧗㦐ࡍࡿ㈌ᖯ౯್࡟ᛂࡌ࡚㸪᪂ࡋࡃ㈌ᖯࡀ๰㐀ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿ㸬㸦Commons 1950: 175㸧࠶ࡿᮇ᪥࡛ࡢࢽ࣮࣮ࣗ࢜ࣜࣥࢬΏࡋࡢ㠐ࡀ㸪ࢃࡎ࠿ 10 ᪥ࡢ㛫࡟ 12 ᅇࡶ㌿኎ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ 12 ᅇࡢ኎㈙ࡢヲ⣽࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣゐࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀ㸪ᢞᶵ࡜⪃࠼࡚㛫㐪࠸࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺㸬ྲྀᘬᡤ࡛ࡢ㏻ᖖࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ኎㈙ࡀᢞᶵ࡬࡜ኚ㉁ࡍࡿࡢࡣ㸪ྲྀᘬᙜ஦⪅ࡢᴦほⓗண᝿࡟㡸㔠㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡀಙ⏝ࢆ౪୚ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ゝ࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃ㸪ᢞᶵⓗ࡞౯᱁ࡢ㧗㦐ࡣ᪩ᬌ㸪ࡑࡢ㧗㦐ࡋࡓ౯᱁࡛㠐ࡀ኎ࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡢⓎぬ࡟ࡼࡾᭀⴠ࡬࡜཯㌿ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟⌧௦ࡢᕷሙࡣ㸪≀⌮ⓗᘬࡁΏࡋࢆ⧞ࡾᘏ࡭ࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪฼₶ᶵ఍࡟⣲᪩ࡃ཯ᛂ࡛ࡁࡿ
ࡼ࠺࡟㧗ᗘ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬࠸ࢃࡤᡤ᭷ⓗ㐣⛬ࡀ㸪≀⌮ⓗ㐣⛬࠿ࡽ㞳ᗋࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋࡇࡢ㧗7ᗘ໬ࡣ㸪ྠ᫬࡟୙Ᏻᐃᛶࢆ࿧ࡧ㎸ࡴࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ᡤ᭷ⓗ㐣⛬ࡣ㸪᭱⤊ⓗ࡟≀⌮ⓗᘬࡁΏࡋࡀᐇ
⌧ࡍࡿࡲ࡛᏶஢ࡋ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪୙☜ᐇᛶࢆࡣࡽࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ேࡧ࡜ࡣᑗ᮶࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ண᝿ࢆ
❧࡚㸪⌧ᅾ኎㈙ࡍࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚฼₶ᶵ఍࡟⣲᪩ࡃࣇ࢓࢖ࢼࣥࢫࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟⏕ࡲࢀࡓ㡸㔠㏻㈌ࢩࢫࢸ
࣒ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢ཯㠃ேࡧ࡜ࡢᛮᝨࡢኚ໬ࢆ኱ᖜ࡟ቑᖜࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᛶ᱁ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᕷሙࡣ㧗ᗘ໬ࡀ㐍ࡴ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚㸪ᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟㠀ᖖ࡟୙Ᏻᐃ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬

3.2 ᡤ᭷ⓗ㐣⛬ࢆᨭ࠼ࡿ࣮ࣝࣝ
ᡤ᭷ⓗ㐣⛬ࡀ㞳ᗋࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ᕷሙࡣ㧗ᗘ໬ࡍࡿ࡜ඹ࡟୙Ᏻᐃᛶࢆᢪ࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣᢞᶵࡸᜍៃࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼㸪㏻ᖖࡢᕷሙ࡛ࡣ᪥ࠎୡ⏺つᶍ࡛㠀ᖖ࡟」㞧࡞ྲྀᘬࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᑗ᮶ࡢᘬࡁΏࡋ࡬ࡢಙ㢗ࡀேࡧ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛☜ᅛࡓࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿ㸬ࡔࡀ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ಙ㢗ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㔊ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸬୍⯡࡟㸪≀⌮ⓗᘬࡁΏࡋࡲ࡛
࡟ᡤ᭷ⓗ㐣⛬ࡀఱᅇ㌿ࡶࡍࡿ࡜㸪ᘬࡁΏࡋࢆཷࡅࡿᶒ฼ࢆಖ᭷ࡍࡿ⪅࡜㸪ᘬࡁΏࡋࢆࡍࡿ⩏ົࢆ㈇ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⪅࡜ࡢ㛫࡟┤᥋ࡢ㛵ಀࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿሙྜࡀ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ேࡧ࡜ࡣぢࡎ▱ࡽࡎࡢ⪅ࡢ⣙᮰ࢆಙ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡣ୍య࡝࠺࠸࠺ヂ࠿㸬ࡑࢀࡣᙉไຊࡢ࠶ࡿ࣮ࣝࣝࡀከ
ᒙⓗ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡎ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞࣮ࣝࣝࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺㸬౛࠼ࡤ㖟⾜ᑠษᡭࡀỴ῭ᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ᗈࡃ౑ࢃࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿ୰࡛᩿ᅛ࡜ࡋ࡚㔠ᒓ㈌ᖯ࡛ࡢỴ῭ࢆồࡵ⥆ࡅࡿ⪅ࡣ㸪኱ከᩘࡢ⪅࡜ྲྀᘬࡀ࡛ࡁࡎ㸪᪩ᬌၟ኎࡟⾜ࡁワࡲࡿࡔࢁ࠺㸦Commons 1950: 111㸧㸬ᑠษᡭࡢ౑⏝࡜࠸࠺ၟ័⾜࡟ᚑࢃ࡞࠸࡜⤒῭ⓗ୙฼┈ࢆ⿕ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛㸪ၟ័⾜ࡣᙉไຊࢆᣢࡘࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㖟⾜ࡢᨭᡶ࠸⬟ຊ࡬ࡢಙ㢗ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྠㄪᅽຊ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄪ㐩ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿഃ㠃ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪㖟⾜ࡢせồᡶ࠸⣙᮰࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ
࠶ࡽࡺࡿዎ⣙ࡀᐇຠᛶࢆᣢࡘࡢࡣ㸪᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣࡑࢀࡀἲไᗘ࡜࠸࠺ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞࣮ࣝࣝ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸
࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ேࡧ࡜ࡣ㸪⣙᮰ࡀᒚ⾜ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡣἲⓗไ⿢ࡀ⛉ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪㠃㆑ࡢ᭷↓ࢆၥࢃࡎ⣙᮰ࢆㆡΏ㸪⋓ᚓ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡀࣜࢫࢺࡢ 4 ࡘ┠ࢆࠕ↓య㈈⏘࡜↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࡢἲⓗ㐣⛬ࠖ࡜ࡋࡓࡢࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព࿡࡛ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ἲไᗘࡇࡑࡀ㸪ᡤ᭷ⓗ㐣⛬ࡢ㞳ᗋࢆ᰿ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬

3.3 ἲࡢ✵ⓑ࡜࣮ࣝࣝࡢ㐍໬㧗ᗘ࡞ᕷሙࡢᏑ❧࡟ࡣ㸪࣮ࣝࣝࡀḞ࠿ࡏ࡞࠸㸬ࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽ࣮ࣝࣝࡢព࿡࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㋃ࡳ㎸ࢇ࡛⪃࠼ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬࣮ࣝࣝ࡜ࡣఱ࠿㸬ࡑࢀࡣேࡧ࡜ࡀ㞟ᅋ⾜ືࢆࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᣦ㔪࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ேࡧ࡜ࡣఱࡽ࠿ࡢᣦ㔪ࢆඹ᭷ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀ࡟ᚑ࠺ࡇ࡜࡛㸪⾜ືࢆ㉳ࡇࡍᗘ࡟ಶே㛫࡛஺΅ࡍࡿᡭ㛫ࢆ┬ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᣦ㔪ࡢᏳᐃᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡢࡀ㸪ᣦ㔪࡜⾪✺ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞⾜Ⅽࢆ᤼㝖ࡍࡿไ⿢࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ၟ័⾜ࡢሙྜࡣ⤒῭ᶵ఍ࡢ႙ኻ࡜࠸࠺⤒῭ⓗไ⿢࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ἲไᗘࡢሙ
ྜࡣ୺ᶒຊ࡟ࡼࡿἲⓗไ⿢࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡓࡔࡋἲⓗไ⿢ࡀ࠸࠿࡟ᙉຊ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼㸪⤫἞⪅ࡀࡑࢀࢆ౑ࡗ࡚⮬⏤࡟ேࡧ࡜ࡢ⾜ືࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮࡛ࣟࣝࡁࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸬8ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ㸪ዪᛶࡢ᭱ప㈤㔠ࢆዪᛶࡢ㈤㔠ࡢ័⩦ⓗỈ‽ࡼࡾࡶ㧗࠸࠿ࡑࢀ࡜ྠ➼ࡢỈ‽࡟ἲⓗ࡟タᐃࡋࡓࡾ㸪័⾜࡟཯ࡋ࡚඲㠃ⓗ⚗㓇ἲࢆไᐃࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ヨࡳࡣ㸪ኻᩋ࡟⤊ࢃࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ㸬࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࡤ㹙ᥦッࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㹛㝙ᑂဨࡣ᭷⨥ุỴࢆୗࡉ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺
ࡋ㸪ドேࡶドゝࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࡽࡔ㸬୺ᶒࢆᥱࡗࡓ⊂⿢⪅࡛ࡉ࠼㸪័⩦࡟㠉࿨ⓗኚ໬ࢆᑟධࡍࡿࡢ࡟ࡣ㌋㌉ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬(Commons 1950: 110)័⩦ࡀ❧ἲࡢ㝈⏺ࢆ⏬ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព࿡࡛ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣ㸪ᐇຠᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ୍࣮ࣝࣝ⯡ࢆࠕ័⩦(Custom)ࠖ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ㸦Commons 1950: Ch.9㸧㸬ࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜័⩦࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࣮ࣝࣝ࡜ࡣ㸪ࠕᑗ᮶࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ࡯ࡰኚ໬ࡏࡎ࡟ࡘ࡙ࡃࡢࡀ
ᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞୍ᵝࡢ⾜ືࠖ㸦Commons 1950: 110㸧࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡓࡔࡑࢀࡀ័⩦ⓗ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ
࡜࠸࠺⌮⏤ࡔࡅ࡛㸪ࠕಶேࡀ㸪ㄽ⌮࣭⌮⏤࣭⚾┈࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ㸪௚ேࡀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟㡰ᛂࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ㸦Commons 1950: 111㸧ᙉไⓗ࡞ᛶ᱁ࢆᣢࡘࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ4㸬ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ἲไᗘ
ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ័⩦࡜኱ࡁࡃ▩┪ࡋ࡞࠸࠿ࡓࡕ࡛❧ἲࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸬࡜ࡇࢁ࡛័⩦ࡣ㸪ᙉຊ࡞ྠㄪᅽຊࢆᣢࡘ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼㸪Ỵࡋ࡚୙ኚࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸬ேࡧ࡜ࡀࠕ୍
ᵝࡢ⾜ືࠖࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡍ୰࡛㸪⎔ቃࡢኚ໬࡟ᛂࡌ࡚័⩦ࡣᑡࡋࡎࡘኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㸬ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ἲไᗘࡀ❧ἲࡉࢀࡓ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣ㸪඲ࡃ᝿ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓ⾜Ⅽࢆㄆࡵࡿ័⩦ࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡇ࡟㸪᝿ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸஦ែ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᣦ㔪ࢆ♧ࡍࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࠕἲࡢ㐺⏝ࠖࡢၥ㢟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ㸦Vinogradoff 1959㸧㸬ἲ࡟✵ⓑࡀ⏕ࡌࡿሙྜ㸪␌❵ேࡧ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛⣮தࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞
ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢἲⓗ⣮த࡟⿢ุᡤࡀุỴࢆୗࡍࡇ࡜࡛㸪ἲࡣ᪂ࡋ࠸័⩦࡜ᪧ᮶ࡢἲ࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢ⿣ࡅ┠ࢆᯫᶫࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬⿢ุᡤࡣಶࠎࡢ஦௳࡟ἲࢆ㐺⏝ࡍࡿ࡟ᙜࡓࡗ࡚㸪ࡑࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡜ሙᡤ࡛ࡢᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞័⩦ࢆཧ↷ࡋࡘࡘ୍ࡘࡢゎ㔘ࢆୗࡍ㸬ࡑࡢ㝿ࡢ⿢ุᡤࡢุ᩿ᇶ‽ࡣ㸪ࠕ㐨⌮࡟࠿࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿(reasonable)࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ㸬ࠕ⿢ุᡤࡣ㸪⣮த᫬㸪ㄪᰝࡢ⤖ᯝぢࡘ࠿ࡿ㐨⌮ⓗ័⾜ࢆᙉ⾜ࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺㸬ࡇࢀࡽࡢ⚾ⓗ័⾜ࡣ㸪ࡶࡋ㐨⌮࡟࠿࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿ࡞ࡽ㸪ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࡢ୍㒊࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ(Commons 1950: 111)㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣ㸪ࠕࠗ⿢ุᐁࡢసࡗࡓ(judge-made)࠘
ἲࢆ㸪ࡑࢀࡀ័⩦࡜ࡋ࡚ࡍ࡛࡟Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࢆࠗⓎぢࡍࡿ࠘ࡇ࡜࡛ᙧᡂࡍࡿࢥ࣭࣮࣭࣓ࣔࣥࣟ
ࢯࢵࢻ(common law method)ࠖ(Commons 1950: 111)ࡀ㸪ἲไᗘࢆ୙᩿࡟᭦᪂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ἲࡢ✵ⓑࢆ㸪ุỴࢆ✚ࡳ㔜ࡡ㸪᫬࡟ࡣ᪂ࡓ࡟❧ἲࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᯫᶫࡋ㸪ἲไᗘࡣ⌧ᐇ࡟࢟ࣕࢵࢳ࣭
࢔ࢵࣉࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡀ㸪⎔ቃࡢኚ໬࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ࡲࡓ័⩦ࡣ᪂ࡓ࡞ᙧࢆྲྀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ㸬㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡣ㸪ἲไᗘ࡜័⩦ࡢ㛫ࡢࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᚠ⎔㛵ಀ࡟ࡼࡾࡑࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࢆ᭦᪂ࡋ㸪㐍໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢᙉไຊࡢ⠊ᅖ࡜ᙉࡉࡢ㐪࠸࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠕ័⾜ (practices)ࠖ㸪ࠕ័౛(usages)ࠖ㸪ࠕၟ័⩦(customs)ࠖ㸪ࠕࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟ(common law)ࠖࢆ༊ูࡍࡿ㸬
㸦Commons 1950: 111㸧ࠕ័⾜ࠖ㸪ࠕ័౛ࠖࡣ㸪ேࡧ࡜ࡢάືࡢ୰࡛⮬⏕ⓗ࡟⏕ࡲࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ㐪࠸ࡣ㏻⏝ࡍࡿ⠊ᅖࡢ㐪࠸࡛ࡋ࠿࡞࠸㸬ࡇࡢࠕ័⾜ࠖ㸪ࠕ័౛ࠖࡢゎ㔘ࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚⏕ࡌࡿ⣮தࢆ㸪୰ୡ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣၟேࢠࣝࢻ㸪⌧௦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣドๆྲྀᘬᡤࡢㄪ೵
ጤဨ఍ࡸປ౑ㄪ೵ጤဨ఍࡜࠸࠺⚾ⓗᶵ㛵ࡀ⿢ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ࡼࡾᙉ࠸ᣊ᮰ຊࢆᣢࡘࠕၟ័⩦ࠖࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡿ㸬᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪බⓗ࡞⿢ุᡤࡀ⣮த࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡑࢀࡽࡢࠕၟ័⩦ࠖࢆᢎㄆࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ࠕၟ័⩦ࠖࡣἲⓗᣊ᮰ຊࢆᣢࡘࠕࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࠖ࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬
49

4 ἲไᗘ࡜័⾜ࡢ┦஫㐺ᛂⓗ㐍໬㸦࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㔠⼥ไᗘࡢ㐍໬㸧ࡇࡢ⠇࡛ࡣ㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㔠⼥ไᗘࢆ౛࡟࡜ࡾ㸪ἲไᗘ࡜័⾜ࡢ┦஫㐺ᛂⓗ㐍໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺㸬

4.1 ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㔠⼥ไᗘࡢ≉㉁࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢἲไᗘࡣ㐃㑥ไᗘ࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿ஧ඖⓗไᗘ࡛㸪ࠕᕞࡢ୺ᶒࠖࡀ㐃㑥ᨻᗓ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᑛ㔜ࡉࢀࡿ௙⤌ࡳ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ஧ඖⓗไᗘࡢୗ࡛㸪ࠕ኱つᶍ࡞㔠⼥ᶵ㛵࡬ࡢ⤒῭ຊࡢ㞟୰ࡣᮃࡲࡋࡃ
࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᗈࡃᐃ╔ࡋࡓ♫఍ⓗつ⠊ࡀ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ศᩓ໬ࡢཎືຊ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸬࣏ࣆࣗࣜࢬ࣒ࡀ㸪ᨻ἞ຊࢆᣢࡘ≉ᐃࡢ฼┈㞟ᅋ㸦ᑠࡉ࡞⏫ࡢ㖟⾜ᐙ㸧࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡃࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ⱥ⊂࡛㐍⾜ࡋࡓ㖟⾜ྜྠ㐠ື࡟ࡼࡿᨭᗑ㖟⾜ไᗘࡢⓎ㐩࡜୰ኸ㖟⾜ࡢᙧᡂࢆ㜼ᐖࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Roe 1994: Ch.4,
Hofstadter 1955: 215㸧㸬
ࡇࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㔠⼥ไᗘࡣ㸪1907 ᖺᜍៃ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡑࡢᙅⅬࢆ㟢࿊ࡍࡿ㸬ᙅⅬࡣ 2 ࡘ࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ձ୰ኸ㖟⾜ࡢ୙ᅾ㸬୰ኸ㖟⾜ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪⛅ࡢ཰✭ᮇ࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿᏘ⠇ⓗ࡞㈨㔠㟂せࡢᣑ኱࡟ᰂ㌾࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ղ㖟⾜‽ഛ㔠ࡢᰴᘧᕷሙ࡛ࡢ㐠⏝㸬ศᩓⓗ࡞㖟⾜ไᗘࡢୗ࡛㸪ᆅ᪉㖟⾜ࡢ‽ഛ㔠ࡣ௦⌮ᗑዎ⣙ࢆ⤖ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ୰ኸ㒔ᕷ㖟⾜࡟ὶධࡋ㸪ᰴᘧྲྀᘬᡤࣈ࣮࣮ࣟ࢝
࡬ࡢ㈚௜࡟㐠⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬ࡇࡢ 2 ࡘࡢᙅⅬࡀ⤖ࡧࡘࡃࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ᰴᘧᕷሙ࡛ࡣ㈨㔠୙㊊
ࡀᏘ⠇ⓗせᅉ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬

4.2 㐃㑥‽ഛไᗘࡢタ❧ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᙅⅬࢆ᫝ṇࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪1913 ᖺ࡟㐃㑥‽ഛἲࡀไᐃࡉࢀ㸪㔠⼥ไᗘࡢᏳᐃ໬ࡀᅗࡽ
ࢀࡓ㸬ձ㐃㑥‽ഛไᗘࡢタ❧࡟ࡼࡾ㸪Ꮨ⠇ⓗ࡞㈨㔠୙㊊ࡢゎᾘࡀ┠ᣦࡉࢀࡓ㸬ղᰴᘧྲྀᘬᡤࣈࣟ
࣮࣮࢝࡬ࡢ㈚ࡋ௜ࡅ࡟௦ࢃࡿ㐠⏝ඛ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ᡭᙧ๭ᘬᕷሙࡢ๰タࡀᅗࡽࢀࡓ㸬ࡇࡢἲไᗘᨵ㠉ࡣ㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟ẚ࡭࡚Ᏻᐃⓗ࡞࢖ࢠࣜࢫࡢ㔠⼥ไᗘࢆᶍೌࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬័⩦ࡢ␗࡞ࡿ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟࢖ࢠࣜࢫࡢไᗘࢆᣢࡕ㎸ࡴࡇ࡜࡟ࡣᅔ㞴ࡀకࡗࡓ㸬࢖ࢠࣜࢫᆺࡢ㔠⼥ไᗘࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝
࡛ಟṇࢆవ൤࡞ࡃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃ㸬ձ஧ඖไᗘࡢୗ࡛ᅜἲ㖟⾜ࡣ㐃㑥‽ഛไᗘ࡬ࡢຍ┕ࢆ⩏ົ௜ࡅࡽࢀࡓࡀ㸪ၟἲ㖟⾜ࡢຍ┕ࡣ௵ព࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࡢࡓࡵ㸪㠀ຍ┕ᕞἲ㖟⾜ࡢἲᐃ‽ഛ㔠ࡣ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚㒔ᕷ㖟⾜࡟㡸クࡉࢀ⥆ࡅࡓ㸬ຍ┕㖟⾜ࡢἲᐃ‽ഛ㔠ࡣ㐃㑥‽ഛ㖟⾜࡟㡸㔠ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡀ㸪ἲᐃ‽ഛ㔠௨እࡢ㈨㔠ࡣ୰ኸ㒔ᕷ㖟⾜࡟㡸クࡉࢀ⥆ࡅࡓ㸬ղ௦᭰ⓗ㈨㔠㐠⏝ඛ࡜ࡋ࡚ᮇᚅࡉࢀࡓ㖟⾜ᘬཷᡭᙧ㸦BA㸧ᕷሙࡢ⫱ᡂࡣ࠺ࡲࡃ࠸࠿࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬BA ࡢ᣺ࡾฟࡋࢆዡບࡍࡿࡓࡵ㐃㑥‽ഛ㖟⾜ࡀప฼࡛ BA ࢆ㉎ධࡋࡓࡓࡵ㹀㸿ᕷሙ㔠฼ࡀపỈ‽࡜࡞ࡾ㸪㈨㔠㐠⏝ඛ࡜ࡋ࡚㨩ຊ࡟ஈࡋࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶
ࡿ㸬ճ࢖ࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻ㖟⾜ࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣබᐃṌྜࡀᕷሙ㔠฼ࡼࡾࡶ㧗࠸ࠕ⨩๎࣮ࣞࢺ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓࡀ㸪㐃㑥‽ഛไᗘࡢሙྜࡣᕷሙ㔠฼௨ୗ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࡢࡓࡵ㸪ຍ┕㖟⾜ࡣ㐃㑥‽ഛ㖟⾜࠿ࡽࡢ೉ࡾධ
ࢀ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚㈚ࡋ௜ࡅࢆ⾜࠼ࡤ฼㠧ࡀ✌ࡆࡿ≧ἣ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸬⤖ᒁ㸪1913 ᖺࡢἲไᗘᨵ㠉ࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㔠⼥័⾜ࢆ᰿ᮏⓗ࡟ኚ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿ㸬ἲไᗘᨵ㠉ࡢᡂᯝࡣḟࡢ 2 ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ձ୰ኸ㖟⾜タ❧࡟ࡼࡾ㸪Ꮨ⠇ⓗ࡞ὶື㈨㔠୙㊊ࡢ

10ၥ㢟ࡣゎỴࡉࢀࡓ㸬ղ୰ኸ㖟⾜ࡢࠕ᭱ᚋࡢ㈚ࡋᡭࠖᶵ⬟࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ᰴ౯ᭀⴠࡀ㖟⾜ᜍៃ࡟┤⤖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㜵ࡀࢀࡓ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ᢞᶵⓗ࡞㔠⼥័⾜ࡢಟṇ࡟ࡣᡂຌࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ձ㖟⾜㈨㔠ࡀ㒔ᕷ㖟⾜࡟㡸クࡉࢀ㸪ᰴᘧᕷሙ࡛㐠⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺㔠⼥័⾜ࢆኚ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ղຍ┕㖟⾜ࡢ㐃㑥‽ഛ㖟⾜࠿ࡽࡢ೉ࡾධࢀࡀᢞᶵࢆຓ㛗ࡍࡿ⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ἲไᗘᨵ㠉ࡢពᅗࡣ㒊ศⓗ࡟ࡣᐇ⌧ࡉࢀࡓࡀ㸪ᢞᶵⓗ࡞㔠⼥័⾜ࡢಟṇ࡟ࡣኻᩋࡋࡓ㸬
ࠕ᭱ᚋࡢ㈚ࡋᡭࠖࡢタ❧ࡣ㸪୍㠃࡛ࡣ㔠⼥
Ᏻᐃ໬࡟㈉⊩ࡋࡓࡀ㸪௚㠃࡛ࡣពᅗࡏࡊࡿ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢞᶵⓗ័⾜ࢆຓ㛗ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡀ㸪⃭Ⅿ࡞㖟⾜ᜍៃ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬㖟⾜ಽ⏘ࡢἼཬ࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ၟᴗ㖟⾜ࡢᩘࡣ 43㸣ࡶῶᑡࡋࡓ㸬࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㔠⼥័⾜ࡣᣢ⥆ᅔ㞴࡟㝗ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᰘ⏣ 1996: ➨ 4 ❶㸧㸬

4.3 ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᮇࡢ㔠⼥ไᗘᨵ㠉ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞༴ᶵ࡟┤㠃ࡋࡓ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣ㸪1933㸫35 ᖺ࡟ࡼࡾ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞㔠⼥ไᗘᨵ㠉ࡀᐇ᪋ࡉࢀࡓ㸬ࡑࡢෆᐇࡣࠕつไࡋᩆ῭ࡍࡿࠖ㔠⼥ไᗘࡢ☜❧࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ᢞᶵⓗ࡞ಙ⏝౪୚ࢆ஦๓࡟ࠕつไࠖࡋ㸪ࠕᩆ῭ࠖᶵᵓࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㔠⼥ᜍៃࡢⓎ⏕ࢆ஦ᚋⓗ࡟㜵ࡄ௙⤌ࡳࡀᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡓ㸬ලయⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪ձၟᴗ㖟⾜ᴗົ࡜ᢞ㈨㖟⾜ᴗົࡢศ㞳࡜㔠฼つไ㸪ղ㐃㑥‽ഛᒁࡢ㐃㑥‽ഛไᗘ⌮஦఍࡬ࡢᨵ⤌࡟ࡼࡿࠕ᭱ᚋࡢ㈚ᡭࠖᶵ⬟ᙉ໬㸪ճ㐃㑥㡸㔠ಖ㝤බ♫㸦FDIC㸧ࡢタ❧㸪ࡀ୺せ࡞ᰕ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦ᰘ⏣ 1996: 216-7㸧㸬ࡇࡢ㔠⼥ไᗘᨵ㠉࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㔠⼥័⾜ࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ኚㇺࢆ㐙ࡆࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ၟᴗ㖟⾜ࡢ㈨㔠㐠⏝ඛ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ドๆྲྀᘬᡤࣈ࣮࣮ࣟ࢝࡬ࡢ㈚ࡋ௜ࡅࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡍࡿドๆᢸಖ㈚௜ࡢ㔜せᛶࡀపୗࡋ㸪௦ࢃࡗ࡚ᅜമಖ᭷ࡀቑຍࡋ㸪୰ᑠ௻ᴗ࡬ࡢࢱ࣮࣒࣭࣮ࣟࣥࡸᾘ㈝⪅㔠⼥࡬ࡢ㐍ฟ࡞࡝ᴗົࡢከゅ໬ࡀጞࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓኚ໬࡟ᡓ᫬⤒῭ࡢᙳ㡪ࡀຍࢃࡿ㸬ᡓ᫬ᅜമࡢ኱㔞Ⓨ⾜࡜Ẹ㛫࡟ࡼࡿᾘ໬࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ࣜࢫࢡࡢ࠶ࡿẸ㛫മົࢆᏳ඲࡞ᅜᐙമົ࡟⨨ࡁ᥮࠼㸪Ẹ㛫㒊㛛ࡢ㈨⏘࣭㈇മẚ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ᡓ᫬ᮇ࡟㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡀࠕ᭱ᚋࡢ೉ᡭࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓩሙࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢẸ㛫㒊㛛࡟ࡼࡿᅜമࡢ኱㔞ಖ᭷ࡣ㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㔠⼥ไᗘࡢᏳᐃᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ᡓᚋࡢᬒẼᣑ኱ᮇ࡟Ẹ㛫௻ᴗࡣಖ᭷ࡍࡿᅜമࢆ኎༷ࡍࡿ࠿㸪㖟⾜೉ࡾධࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㈨㔠ㄪ㐩ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸬㖟⾜ࡶಖ᭷ࡍࡿᅜമࢆ኎༷ࡋ࡚㈚ࡋฟࡋࡢᣑ኱ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ㸬ᅜമ኎༷࡟క࠺ᅜ
മ౯᱁ࡢୗⴠࣜࢫࢡࢆపῶࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡀ㸪㐃㑥‽ഛࡢᅜമ⟶⌮㸦ప㔠฼㸧ᨻ⟇࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦ᰘ⏣
2007: 31㸧㸬

4.4 ࢖ࣥࣇࣞ࡜㔠฼つไࡢ▩┪௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ᡓᚋ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢᏳᐃⓗ࡞㔠⼥័⾜ࡣ㸪ձࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᮇࡢ㔠⼥ไᗘᨵ㠉㸪ղᡓ᫬ᮇࡢẸ㛫㒊㛛࡟ࡼࡿᅜമ኱㔞㉎ධ㸪ճ㐃㑥‽ഛࡢᅜമ⟶⌮ᨻ⟇㸪࡜࠸࠺ 3 せᅉ࡟つᐃࡉࢀ࡚ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡔࡀ㸪ᅜമࡢ኱㔞ಖ᭷࡜࠸࠺ᡓ᫬ࡢ㑇⏘ࡀ౑࠸ᑾࡃࡉࢀࡿ࡜㸪㔠⼥୙Ᏻᐃᛶࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ⅆ✀ࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡓ㸬Ẹ㛫㒊㛛ࡢ㈨⏘࣭㈇മẚ⋡ࡀపୗࡋࡓ 1960 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙࡟࡞ࡿ࡜㸪
௻ᴗࡢ㈨㔠ㄪ㐩࡟༨ࡵࡿ㖟⾜೉ࡾධࢀࡢࢩ࢙࢔ࡀ㧗ࡲࡾ㸪㖟⾜ࡀᕷሙ࡛㈨㔠ࢆㄪ㐩ࡍࡿ㝿ࡢྡ┠㔠฼ࡀ࢖ࣥࣇࣞ⋡ࡢୖ᪼࡜ඹ࡟ᛴୖ᪼ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬㔠⼥㐕㏕࡟ࡼࡗ࡚▷ᮇ㔠฼ࡀᛴ㦐ࡋࡓ
1966 ᖺ࡟ࡣ㸪CD ࡢὶ㏻฼ᅇࡾࡀࣞࢠ࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ Q ࡟ࡼࡿୖ㝈㔠฼ࢆ㉸࠼ࡓࡓࡵ㸪㖟⾜ࡣつ11

Ⓨ⾜ CD ࡢ೉ࡾ᥮࠼ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡾ㸪௻ᴗࡢ㈨㔠㟂せ࡟ᛂࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᅔ㞴࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸬㖟⾜ࡢ㔠⼥௰௓ᶵ⬟ࡀᶵ⬟୙඲࡟㝗ࡾ㸪ࢡࣞࢪࢵࢺ࣭ࢡࣛࣥࢳࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ
ࢡࣞࢪࢵࢺ࣭ࢡࣛࣥࢳࡣ 69-70㸪74-75 ᖺ࡟ࡶⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࡀ㸪㐃㑥‽ഛ࡜㡸㔠ಖ㝤ᶵᵓࡢ༠ຊ࡟
ᇶ࡙ࡃ㔠⼥ࡢࢭ࣮ࣇࢸ࢕࣭ࢿࢵࢺࡢᏑᅾ࡜㸪㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢ㈈ᨻ㉥Ꮠᣑ኱࡟ࡼࡿᬒẼᚋ㏥ᢚไຠᯝ࡟
ᨭ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚㸪㔠⼥ᜍៃࡢⓎ⏕ࡣᢚṆࡉࢀࡓ㸬ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᮇࡢ㔠⼥ไᗘᨵ㠉࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᙧᡂࡉࢀ
ࡓࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ἲไᗘ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ༴ᶵ᫬ࡢࠕ᭱ᚋࡢ㈚ᡭᶵ⬟ࠖ࡜㡸㔠ಖ㝤ᶵᵓࡢᩆ῭࡬ࡢಙ㢗ࡀ㸪୙Ᏻ࡟࠿ࡽࢀࡓ㡸㔠ᘬࡁฟࡋࢆᕪࡋ᥍࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺័⾜ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࠕ኱ࡁ࡞ᨻᗓࠖ࡜࠸࠺ἲไᗘ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢᬒẼᏳᐃ໬ᶵ⬟࡬ࡢಙ㢗ࡀ㸪୙ἣᮇࡢᢞ㈨࣭㞠⏝ࡢ๐ῶࢆᢚไࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᢞ㈨័⾜ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ἲไᗘᙧᡂ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࢭ࣮ࣇࢸ
࢕࣭ࢿࢵࢺ࡬ࡢಙ㢗ࡀ㸪㔠⼥ᜍៃࡢⓎ⏕ࢆᢚไࡍࡿ័⾜ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸬

4.5 㔠⼥㠉᪂࡜つไ⦆࿴㔠⼥ᜍៃࡢⓎ⏕ࡣ㜵Ṇࡉࢀࡓࡀ㸪࢖ࣥࣇࣞ⋡ࡢୖ᪼࡜㔠฼つไࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟▩┪ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ
࡚ࡁࡓ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ≧ἣࡢ୰࡛ドๆ఍♫୺ᑟࡢ㔠⼥㠉᪂ࡀ㉳ࡇࡾ㸪฼Ꮚࡀ௜ࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸せồᡶ࠸㡸㔠࡟௦ࢃࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸㔠⼥ၟရ㸦฼Ꮚ௜ࡁỴ῭ᡭẁ㸧ࡀⓏሙࡍࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡀ㸪1971 ᖺ࡟๰タࡉࢀࡓ
MMMF㸦Money Market Mutual Fund㸸▷ᮇ㔠⼥ᕷሙᢞ㈨ಙク㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㖟⾜㡸㔠㢮ఝཱྀᗙࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡜ᬑཬ࡟ᑐᢠࡋ࡚㸪㡸㔠㔠⼥ᶵ㛵㸦ၟᴗ㖟⾜㸪㈓⵳㈚௜⤌ྜ[S&L]㸪┦஫㈓⵳㖟⾜㸪ಙ⏝⤌ྜ㸧ࡶ㢮ఝࡢ㔠⼥ၟရࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㸬ࡑࢀࡀ㸪ドๆ⌧ඛ㸦࣮࢜ࣂ࣮ࢼ࢖ࢺ RP㸧㸪
NOW ຺ᐃ㸪ࢩ࢙࢔࣭ࢻࣛࣇࢺ຺ᐃ࡞࡝࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦᫓⏣ 1992: 50-51㸧㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㔠⼥㠉᪂ࡢᬑཬ࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᮇ࡟ไᐃࡉࢀࡓ㔠฼つไࡣᙧ㧁໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㸬ࡑࡇ࡛㸪㔠฼つไࡢᙧ㧁໬ࢆ㏣ㄆࡍࡿᙧ࡛ࠕつไ⦆࿴ࠖࡀᐇ᪋ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃ㸬1980 ᖺࡢ㔠⼥ἲ࡛ࡣ㸪ձ㡸㔠㔠฼ࡢ⮬⏤໬㸪ղ฼௜Ỵ῭຺ᐃࡢ㏣ㄆ㸪ճ㈓⵳㔠⼥ᶵ㛵㸦S&L㸪┦஫㈓⵳㖟⾜㸪ಙ⏝⤌ྜ㸧ࡢ㈨⏘㐠⏝ᙎຊ໬㸪࡜࠸࠺ෆᐜࡢつไ⦆࿴ࡀᐇ᪋ࡉࢀࡓ㸬ࡔࡀ㸪ࡇࡢつไ⦆࿴ࡣ㡸㔠㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ෆ㒊ࡢ➇த⃭໬ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ㸪79-82 ᖺࡢ୙ἣ࡜㧗㔠฼ࡢୗ࡛ S&L ࡢ฼㠧㏫㌿࡟ࡼࡿ⤒Ⴀ༴ᶵࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࡇ࡛㸪82 ᖺ㔠⼥ἲ࡛⥭ᛴᩆ῭ᶵᵓࡀᣑ඘ࡉࢀ㸪S&L ࡢ㈨⏘㐠⏝ከᵝ໬ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸦ᰘ⏣ 2007: 39㸧㸬௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪࢖ࣥࣇࣞࡢ㧗㐍࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ἲไᗘ࡟୙ഛࢆ⏕ࡌ㸪ࡇࡢ୙ഛ࡟ᑐฎࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㔠⼥័⾜ࡢ㠉᪂ࡀ⏕ࡲࢀ㸪ࡇࡢ㔠⼥័⾜ࡢ㠉᪂ࢆ㏣ㄆࡍࡿ㔠⼥つไᨵ㠉㸦つไ⦆࿴㸧ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ࡜࠸
࠺㸪ἲไᗘ࡜័⾜ࡢ┦஫㐺ᛂⓗ㐍໬ࡢ㐣⛬ࡀぢࡽࢀࡓ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚㸪ࠕつไࡋᩆ῭ࡍࡿࠖ㔠⼥ไᗘࡣࠕつไ⦆࿴ࡋᩆ῭ࢆᣑ඘ࡍࡿࠖ㔠⼥ไᗘ࡬࡜ኚ㉁ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ㸬

4.6 ࠕつไ࡜ᩆ῭ࠖ࠿ࡽࠕつไ⦆࿴࡜ᩆ῭ᣑ඘ࠖ࡬ࡇࡢኚ㉁ࡣఱࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡢ࠿㸬ᢞᶵࡢ஦๓つไ࡜⥭ᛴ᫬ࡢ஦ᚋᩆ῭ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡓไᗘ࠿ࡽ㸪ᢞᶵࡢチᐜ࡜⥭ᛴ᫬ࡢᩆ῭ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡓไᗘ࡬ࡢ㌿᥮ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿ㸬ᢞᶵ࡟㉮ࡗ࡚ࡶኻᩋࡋࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ᩆࡗ࡚ࡶࡽ࠼ࡿ࡜࡞ࢀࡤ㸪ᙜ↛㸪ᢞᶵⓗ࡞㈨㔠㐠⏝ࡀᬑཬࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ5㸬5㡸㔠ಖ㝤ไᗘࡶ㸪ಽ⏘ࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸㖟⾜ࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪㖟⾜ࢆಽ⏘ࡉࡏ࡚ಖ㝤㔠ࢆᨭᡶ࠺ Pay off ᪉ᘧࡼ

12

S&L ࡣ㸪ࣁ࢖ࣜࢫࢡ࣭ࣁ࢖ࣜࢱ࣮ࣥࡢࢪࣕࣥࢡ࣎ࣥࢻ࡬ࡢᢞ㈨࡜ၟᴗ୙ື⏘᢬ᙜ㈚௜ࢆᣑ኱ࡋ
ࡓ㸬ၟᴗ㖟⾜ࡶ 80 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙࡟ၟᴗ୙ື⏘᢬ᙜ㈚௜ࢆᣑ኱ࡋࡓ㸬ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ἲつไᨵ㠉࡟ᑐᛂࡋ࡚㸪࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ᢞᶵⓗ័⾜ࡀ୍⯡໬ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡀ㸪1980 ᖺ௦ᮎ࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓ㔠⼥༴ᶵ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬S&L ࡢᩘࡣಽ⏘࡟ࡼࡾ༙ῶࡋ㸪FSLIC㸦㐃㑥㈓⵳㈚௜ಖ㝤බ♫㸧ࡣᇶ㔠ᯤῬ࡟ࡼࡾ◚⏘≧ែ࡟㝗ࡗࡓ㸬ၟᴗ㖟⾜ࡢಽ⏘ࡶᛴቑࡋ㸪ಖ㝤ᇶ㔠‽ഛࡣపୗࡋࡓ㸬ࠕつไ⦆࿴ࡋᩆ῭ࢆᣑ඘ࡍࡿࠖ㔠⼥ไᗘࡀࠕࣔࣛࣝࣁࢨ࣮ࢻࠖࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ἲつไࡢぢ┤ࡋࡀ᳨ウࡉࢀ㸪1991 ᖺἲ㸦㐃㑥㡸㔠ಖ㝤බ♫ᨵ㠉ἲ㸸FDIC1A㸧ࡀไᐃࡉࢀࡓ㸬୺࡞ෆᐜ࡞㸪ձࠕ᪩ᮇ᫝ṇᥐ⨨ࠖࡢᑟධ㸦㖟⾜࡟⮬ᕫ㈨ᮏẚ⋡ࡢ඘ᐇࢆせㄳࡋ㸪୙༑ศ࡞ሙྜ࡟
ࡣάືไ㝈ࡸ㛢㙐ࡢᥐ⨨ࢆྲྀࡿ㸧㸪ղࣜࢫࢡᑐᛂࡢಖ㝤ᩱ⋡ࡢ᥇⏝㸪ճ◚⥢ฎ⌮᪉ἲࡢ㑅ᢥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᭱ᑠࢥࢫࢺཎ๎ࡢ᥇⏝㸪մ᳨ᰝࡢᙉ໬㸪࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࠕ⮬ᕫ㈨ᮏẚ⋡つไ࡜ᩆ῭ࠖࡢ㔠⼥ไᗘ࡬ࡢ㌿᥮ࡀᅗࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬

4.7 ⮬ᕫ㈨ᮏẚ⋡つไ࡜ࠕ㔠⼥ࡢドๆ໬ࠖࡇࡢἲつไᨵ㠉ࡣࠕ㔠⼥ࡢドๆ໬ࠖࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬㔠⼥័⾜ࡢ OTH㸦originate tohold㸧ࣔࢹࣝ࠿ࡽ OTD㸦originate to distribute㸧ࣔࢹࣝ࡬ࡢ㌿᥮ࡀ㐍⾜ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬୙Ⰻമᶒࡢቑຍ࡟ࡼࡾ⤒Ⴀ༴ᶵ࡟┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㖟⾜㒊㛛ࡣࠕ᪩ᮇ᫝ṇᥐ⨨ࠖࡢᑟධࢆཷࡅ࡚㸪⮬ᕫ㈨ᮏ
ẚ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࣜࢫࢡ࢙࢘࢖ࢺࡢ㧗࠸㈚ฟമᶒࢆ๐ῶࡋ㸪ドๆᴗົࢆᣑ኱ࡋࡓ㸬ᐙィ㒊㛛ࡢ㔠⼥㈨⏘ᵓᡂࡶ㡸㔠ࡢࢩ࢙࢔పୗࡀⴭࡋࡃ㸪ᰴᘧ㸪࣑࣮ࣗࢳࣗ࢔࣭ࣝࣇ࢓ࣥࢻ㸦ドๆᢞ㈨ಙクࡢ୍✀㸧㸪ᖺ㔠ᇶ㔠ࡢࢩ࢙࢔ቑຍࡀ㢧ⴭ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸬1999 ᖺἲ㸦ࢢ࣒࣭࣮ࣛࣜࢳ࣭ࣈࣛ࢖࣮ࣜἲ㸸
GLB ἲ㸧࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ၟᴗ㖟⾜ࡢドๆᴗົ࡬ࡢཧධࡀ඲㠃ⓗ࡟ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ OTD ࣔࢹࣝ࡬ࡢ㌿᥮ࢆຍ㏿ࡍࡿせᅉ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࡢ㌿᥮ࢆ㸪ఫᏯ᢬ᙜ㈚௜ࢆ౛࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺㸬1992 ᖺ࡟ 48㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓఫᏯ᢬ᙜമົ࡟
༨ࡵࡿ㖟⾜ࡢࢩ࢙࢔ࡣ 2007 ᖺࡲ࡛࡟ 37㸣࡟పୗࡋ㸪Ẹ㛫ᴗ⪅࡟ࡼࡿఫᏯ᢬ᙜ㈚௜മᶒࡢドๆ໬ࡢࢩ࢙࢔ࡣ 4 ಸ࡟ቑ࠼࡚ 19㸣࡟㐩ࡋࡓ㸦ERPr 2012: Ch.4㸧㸬OTD ࣔࢹࣝࡀቑຍࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿ㸬࡛ࡣ㸪OTD ࣔࢹࣝࡢᬑཬࡣఱࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸬

5 OTH ࣔࢹࣝ࠿ࡽ OTD ࣔࢹࣝ࡬5.1 ࣮ࣜࣞࢩࣙࣥࢩࢵࣉ㔠⼥ࡢ㛗ᡤ࡜ᙅⅬᚑ᮶ᆺࡢ㛫᥋㔠⼥ࡢ័⾜ࡣ OTH ࣔࢹࣝ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ࣮ࣜࣞࢩࣙࣥࢩࢵࣉ㔠⼥࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࡣ㸪೉ᡭ A㸫㈚ᡭ B㸫㡸㔠⪅ C㸪࡜࠸࠺༢⣧࡞ᵓᅗ࡛⾲⌧࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ձ㈚ᡭ B ࡣമᶒಖ᭷
⪅࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛㸪೉ᡭ A ࡢമົ୙ᒚ⾜࡟ࡼࡿᦆኻࣜࢫࢡࡣ㈚ᡭ B㸦ၟᴗ㖟⾜ࡸ S&L㸧࡟㞟୰ࡋࡀࡕ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ղ㈚ᡭ B ࡣಖ᭷ࡍࡿമᶒࡀമົ୙ᒚ⾜࡟࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ៅ㔜࡞㈚௜ࢆ⾜࠺ㄏᅉࢆᣢࡘ㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟㸪B ࡣ೉ᡭ A ࡜ࡢᐦ᥋࡞㛵ಀࢆ⤖ࡧ soft information ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ㸦IMF 2012:ࡾࡶಽ⏘ࡉࡏࡎ࡟㈙཰ඛࢆ᥈ࡍ P&A ᪉ᘧࡢ᪉ࡀ㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࡇ࠿ࡽ㸪too big to failၥ㢟ࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ㸬ᖹ㔝[2007]13

Ch.3㸧㸬ճB ࡣ A ࡢ㏉῭ࡀ㡰ㄪ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢆ┘どࡍࡿㄏᅉࢆᣢࡕ㸪A ࡢ㏉῭㐜ᘏࡀ⏕ࡌࡓሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪೉ࡾ᥮࠼࡟ᛂࡌࡓࡾ࣮ࣟࣥ᮲௳ࡢಟṇ࡟ᛂࡌࡓࡾ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ᰂ㌾࡞ᑐᛂࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸪೉ࡾᡭࡢ୍᫬ⓗ࡞༴ᶵࢆᩆ࠸㸪㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ᡂ㛗ࢆᨭ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬մ㡸㔠⪅ࡣ㡸㔠ಖ㝤࡛Ᏺࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪୙Ᏻ࡟㥑ࡽࢀࡓ㡸㔠ᘬࡁฟࡋࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸㸬ࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡀ㸪㖟⾜ࡢ
ᰂ㌾࡞ᑐᛂࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬յࡔࡀ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㈚ᡭ࡜೉ᡭࡢᐦ᥋࡞㛵ಀࡣᙅⅬ࡟ࡶ࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ㸬
1990 ᖺ௦ࡢ᪥ᮏࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪㏣࠸㈚ࡋࡢ㛗ᮇ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚୙Ⰻമᶒࢆ㞃ⶸࡍࡿ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᘢᐖࡶ㉳ࡇࡾ࠺ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪࣮ࣜࣞࢩࣙࣥࢩࢵࣉ㔠⼥ࡣ㛗ᡤࡶᙅⅬࡶᣢࡕྜࢃࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࡢᙅⅬࡺ࠼࡟ࡇࡢ㔠⼥ࣔࢹࣝࡣ⾶㏥࡟ྥ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࡜ࡽ࠼ࡿྥࡁࡶ࠶ࡗࡓ6㸬

5.2 OTD ࣔࢹࣝࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓၥ㢟Ⅼࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪᪂ࡋ࠸㛫᥋㔠⼥ࡢ័⾜ࡣ OTD ࣔࢹࣝ㸪ࡶ࠺ᑡࡋᗈ࠸ᩥ⬦࡛ࡣ arm̓s lengthᆺ㸦ᕷሙᆺ㛫᥋㔠⼥㸧࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ㸬ᇶᮏᙧࡣ㸪೉ᡭ A㸫㈚ᡭ㸦㔠⼥௰௓⪅㸧B㸫മᶒ⪅ C ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ఫᏯ㔠⼥࡟࠾ࡅࡿⓎᒎᙧࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ㸬೉ᡭ A 㸫 ࣈ࣮࣮ࣟ࢝B 㸫 ఫᏯ㔠⼥఍♫ C 㸫 㖟⾜࣭ᢞ㈨㖟⾜ D㸦ドๆ໬ၟရ⤌ᡂ㸧㸪᱁௜ࡅ఍♫ E㸪ಖ㝤఍♫ F 㸫 ࣇ࢓ࣥࢻ࣭࣐ࢿ࣮ࢪ࣮ࣕG 㸫
ᢞ㈨ᐙ H㸬ࡇࢀࡣ㸪OTOTD㸦outsource to originate to distribute㸧ᆺ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪㛫᥋㔠⼥ࡢ㔜ᒙ໬ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣ㸪ḟࡢ 2 Ⅼࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀࡓ㸬ձ೉ᡭ A ࡢമົ୙ᒚ⾜࡟ࡼࡿᦆኻࣜࢫࢡࡣከࡃࡢ
മᶒ⪅ C ࡟ᗈࡃศᩓࡉࢀࡿ㸬ղ㏱᫂࡞ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢୗ࡛㸪⾶㏥ࡍࡿ௻ᴗ࡬ࡢ㈨㔠౪⤥ࢆ๐ῶࡋ㸪᭷ᮃ࡞᪂つཧධ⪅࡬ࡢ㈨㔠౪⤥ࢆᣑ኱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ຠ⋡ⓗ࡞㈨※㓄ศࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿ㸬ࡔࡀ㸪
OTD ࣔࢹࣝࡢఫᏯ㔠⼥ศ㔝࡬ࡢᬑཬࡣ㸪2007 ᖺࡢ㔠⼥༴ᶵⓎ⏕௨㝆㸪ᵝࠎ࡞ၥ㢟ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬
ձ㈚ᡭ࡜മᶒಖ᭷⪅㸦ᢞ㈨ᐙ㸧ࡀศ㞳ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪മົ୙ᒚ⾜ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓሙྜ㸪ᦆኻࡢ㈇ᢸ
ࡣ㈚ᡭ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᢞ㈨ᐙࡀ㈇࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡓࡵ㸪ղ㈚ᡭࡀៅ㔜࡞㈚௜ࢆ⾜࠺ㄏᅉࡣ OTH ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ẚ࡭࡚పࡃ࡞ࡿ㸬㈚ᡭࡣ฼㠧ࡼࡾࡶᡭᩘᩱ཰ධ࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪ៅ㔜࡞㈚௜ࡼࡾࡶ㈚௜㔞ࡢᣑ኱ࢆᚿྥࡍࡿ㸬ࡇࡇ࡟㸪㈚ᡭ࡜മᶒಖ᭷⪅ࡢ㛫ࡢㄏᅉࡀ⾪✺ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ၥ
㢟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪㈚ᡭࡣ೉ᡭ࡜ᐦ᥋࡞ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ㛵ಀ࡟࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪೉ᡭ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ hard
information ࡋ࠿ධᡭ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸬ճ㸦㞟㔠㸪㏦㔠㸪୙Ⰻമᶒࡢᦆኻ⦆࿴࡞࡝ࡢ㸧ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗົࡢ
ᢸ࠸ᡭ࡜മᶒಖ᭷⪅ࡀศ㞳ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢧ࣮ࡀ೉ᡭࡢ㏉῭≧ἣࢆ┘どࡍࡿㄏᅉࡣప࠸㸬࣮ࣟࣥ᮲௳ࡢಟṇࢆྲྀࡾࡲ࡜ࡵࡿㄏᅉࡶప࠸㸬ࡇࡇ࡟㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢧ࣮࡜മᶒಖ᭷⪅ࡢ㛫ࡢㄏᅉ⾪✺ࡢၥ㢟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ㸬մㄏᅉࡢ⾪✺ၥ㢟㸪฼┈┦཯ၥ㢟ࡣ㸪᱁௜ࡅ఍♫࡜മᶒಖ᭷⪅㸪ࣇ࢓ࣥࢻ࣭࣐
ࢿ࣮ࢪ࣮ࣕ࡜മᶒಖ᭷⪅㸦ᢞ㈨ᐙ㸧ࡢ㛫࡟ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿ㸬յ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵㸦㈚ᡭ࣭ドๆ໬ၟရ⤌ᡂ⪅࣭ࣇ࢓ࣥࢻ㸧ࡢ㈨㔠ㄪ㐩࡟༨ࡵࡿ㡸㔠ࡢࢩ࢙࢔ࡣపୗࡋ㸪༺኎ᕷሙࡢࢩ࢙࢔ࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪୙Ⰻമᶒࡢቑຍࡣ㈨㔠ㄪ㐩ࡢᅔ㞴࡟ࡼࡿὶືᛶ༴ᶵ࡟┤⤖ࡍࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ୙Ⰻമᶒฎ⌮ࡢ㏿ᗘ
6ࣛࢪࣕࣥ࡜ࢪࣥ࢞ࣞࢫࡣ㸪࣮ࣜࣞࢩࣙࣥࢩࢵࣉ㔠⼥ࡢᙅⅬࢆ㸱ࡘᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ձ๓౛ࡢ࡞࠸᪂ࡋ࠸ᶵ
఍࡟㐺ษ࡞㔠⼥ࢆㅮࡌ࡞࠸㸬ղࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ୙㏱᫂ᛶࡢࡓࡵ࡟㸪ࡼࡑ⪅㸪࡜ࡃ࡟᪂ཧ⪅ࢆᕪูࡍࡿഴྥࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ㸬ճᅔ㞴࡟┤㠃ࡋࡓ᪤Ꮡࡢᡂ⇍௻ᴗࢆಖㆤࡋࡀࡕ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㸦Rajan & Zingales 2003: Ch.11㸧

14ࢆ㏿ࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺฼Ⅼࢆᣢࡘࡀ㸪㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺ḞⅬࢆᣢࡘ㸬௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪2 ࡘࡢ㛫᥋㔠⼥ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ฼Ⅼ࡜ḞⅬࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪2007 ᖺ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ጞࡲࡗࡓࢧࣈࣉࣛ࢖࣒㔠⼥༴ᶵࡣ OTD ࣔࢹࣝ㸦࢔࣮࣒ࢫ࣭ࣞࣥࢢࢫ㔠⼥㸧ࡢᙅⅬࢆ㟢࿊ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ᙅⅬࢆᩚ⌮ࡍࡿ࡜ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ձ㈚ᡭ࡜മᶒ⪅ࡀศ㞳ࡋࡓࡓࡵ㸪㈚௜ࡢ⠇ᗘࡀపୗࡋ㸪മົ୙ᒚ⾜࡟ࡼࡿᦆኻࢆㄡࡀ㈇ᢸࡍࡿ࠿ࡀ୙☜ᐃ࡜࡞ࡿ㸬ղ㔠⼥௰௓ࡢ㔜ᒙ໬࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ㄏᅉࡢ⾪✺㸪฼┈┦཯ࡢၥ㢟ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ㸬ճὶືᛶ༴ᶵࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࡇ࡛㸪ᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣձ࡜ղࡢၥ㢟ࢆලయⓗ࡟᳨ウࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺㸬

6 ㄡࡀᦆኻࢆ㈇ᢸࡍࡿࡢ࠿
6.1 R&W㸦⾲᫂ಖド㸧࡟㛵ࡍࡿッゴࡢᛴቑ
OTH ࣔࢹࣝࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣമົ୙ᒚ⾜࡟ࡼࡿᦆኻࣜࢫࢡࡣ㖟⾜࡟㞟୰ࡍࡿ㸬ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪OTDࣔࢹࣝࡣࣜࢫࢡࡢศᩓࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㔠⼥ᕷሙ࡟Ᏻᐃᛶࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࡜ᮇᚅࡉࢀࡓ㸬ࡔࡀ㸪OTD ࣔࢹࣝࡢᬑཬࡣ㔠⼥௰௓ࡢከᒙ໬ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ㸪㔠⼥༴ᶵⓎ⏕௨㝆㸪മົ୙ᒚ⾜࡟ࡼࡿᦆኻࢆㄡࡀ㈇࠺࡭
ࡁ࡞ࡢ࠿࡟㛵ࡍࡿἲⓗ࡞⣮தࡀᣑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ఫᏯ᢬ᙜ㈚௜മᶒࡢドๆ໬࡜኎༷ࢆ⾜࠺㔠⼥ᴗ⪅ࡀⓎ⾜ࡍࡿ⾲᫂ಖド㸦Representations and Warranties㸸R&W㸧࡟㛵ࡍࡿッゴࡀᛴቑࡋ㸪ドๆ໬ၟရࡢ㉎ධ⪅㸦ᢞ㈨ᐙ㸧࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㈚ࡋᡭ㸦ドๆ໬ၟရ⤌ᡂ⪅㸧ࡢ㈐௵ၥ㢟ࡀᾋୖࡋ㸪ἲⓗ࡞୙☜ᐃᛶࡣ᪂ࡋ࠸ఫᏯ᢬ᙜಙ⏝ࡢ౪୚ࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿせᅉ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ERPr 2012: Ch.4㸧㸬

6.2 GSE ࡟ࡼࡿ࣮ࣟࣥࡢ㈙࠸ᡠࡋㄳồ㈚௜ࢆ⾜࠺ᴗ⪅࡜ᢞ㈨ᐙࡢ㛫࡟ධࡿ௰௓⪅ࡢᩘࡀቑ࠼ࡿ࡟ᚑ࠸㸪㈚ᡭ㈐௵ࡢఏ㐩ࡣ㐺ษ࡟⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡾ㸪മᶒࡢ㉁ࡢไᚚࡣᅔ㞴࡜࡞ࡿ㸬ከࡃࡢ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡣ㸪⏣⯋ࡸ࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕ࡀከࡃఫ
ࡴᆅᇦ࡛ࡣ⊂❧ࡢ࣮ࣔࢤ࣮ࢪ࣭ࣈ࣮࣮ࣟ࢝࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࣈ࣮࣮ࣟ࢝ࡣ⊂❧ࡢዎ⣙⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ఫᏯᡤ᭷⪅࡜࣮ࣟࣥዎ⣙ࢆ⤖ࡧ㸪ࡑࡢఫᏯ᢬ᙜമᶒࢆ኱ᡭ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵࡟኎༷ࡍࡿ㸬㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡣ㉎ධࡋࡓമᶒ࠿ࡽドๆ໬ၟရࢆ⤌ᡂࡋ࡚኎༷ࡍࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡀ OTOTD ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿ㸬㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡣ⤌ᡂࡋࡓドๆ໬ၟရࢆ኎༷ࡍࡿ㝿࡟㸪཰㞟ࡋࡓ᝟ሗࡢㄔᐇࡉࢆ⿬௜ࡅࡿἲⓗ࡞⾲᫂ಖド㸦R&W㸧ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ⾲᫂ಖドࡣ㸪೉ࡾᡭࡢᡤᚓ㸪㈨⏘㸪ఫᏯࡢホ౯౯್࡞࡝㸪࣮ࣟࣥ⏦ㄳࡢࡓࡵࡢ㔜せ஦㡯ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ㸬ドๆ໬ၟရࡢ⤌ᡂ࡟⥆ࡃ≉ᐃࡢᮇ㛫࡟㸪ᢞ㈨ᐙࡢ agent㸦ཷク⪅㸧ࡣ࣮ࣟࣥ࡟㛵ࢃࡿᩥ᭩ࡢ஦ᚋⓗ┘ᰝࢆ⾜࠺㸬ཷク⪅ࡀ≉ᐃࡢ࣮ࣟࣥ࡟ R&W 㐪཯ࢆぢࡘࡅࡓሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪ドๆ໬ၟရࢆ⤌ᡂࡋࡓ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡣドๆ໬ࣉ࣮ࣝ࠿ࡽࡑࡢ࣮ࣟࣥࢆ㈙࠸ᡠࡉ࡞ࡅ
ࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸬୙ᒚ⾜࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࣮ࣟࣥࡢ R&W ࡟㐪཯ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓሙྜࡣ㸪୍ᐃࡢ┘ᰝᮇ㛫ࢆ㐣ࡂ࡚࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ᢞ㈨ᐙࡢ agent ࡣ࣮ࣟࣥࡢ㈙࠸ᡠࡋㄳồࢆ⾜࠺㸬ࡇࡢ࣮ࣟࣥ㈙ᡠࡋㄳồᶒࡣ㸪ドๆ໬ࢆ⾜࠺㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡀ R&W 㐪཯ࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪മົ୙ᒚ⾜࡜࡞ࡗࡓ࣮ࣟࣥࡢᦆኻࡢࣜࢫࢡࢆ㈇࠺ࡇ࡜
ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿ㸬௦⾲ⓗ࡞౛ࡣ㸪GSE㸦Fannie Mae ࡜ Freddie Mac㸧࡟ࡼࡿ Bank of America ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᪧ Countrywide㸦ఫᏯ㔠⼥఍♫㸧ࡢ࣮ࣟࣥࡢ㈙࠸ᡠࡋㄳồ࡛࠶ࡿ7㸬
7Bank of America ࡣ 2008 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 1 ᪥࡟ Countrywide Financial Corporation ࡢ㈙཰ࢆ᏶஢ࡋࡓ㸬15

6.3 ἲゎ㔘ࡢ୙୍⮴
ᢞ㈨ᐙ࡟ຍ࠼࡚㸪ドๆ໬ၟရ࡟ಖドࢆ୚࠼࡚༴ᶵ࡟㝗ࡗࡓಖ㝤఍♫ࣔࣀࣛ࢖ࣥࡶ㸪ᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡓ
᝟ሗ࡜஦ᐇࡀ␗࡞ࡿ࡞࡝ࡢ⌮⏤࡛㸪ドๆ໬ၟရࡢ⤌ᡂࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵࡟㈺ൾㄳồࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ドๆ໬ၟရࢆ⤌ᡂࡋࡓ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡣ㸪㐺ษ࡞ᩥ᭩ࡢ࡞࠸Ḟ㝗ࡢ࠶ࡿ࣮ࣟࣥࢆࣈ࣮ࣟ
࣮࢝࡟㈙࠸ᡠࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸬ᙼࡽ࡟ࡣ㈨㔠ຊࡶ࡞ࡃ㸪㈐௵ࡶ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡓࡵ㸪മົ୙ᒚ⾜࡟ࡼࡿᦆኻࡢࣜࢫࢡࡣ㸪ドๆ໬ࢆ⾜࠺㖟⾜ࢆྵࡴ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵࡟㞟୰ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬㈙ᡠࡋㄳồ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㈺ൾ㔠ㄳồッゴ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪R&W 㐪཯ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࠿࡝࠺࠿㸪≉ᐃ┘ᰝᮇ㛫௨㝆ࡢ㈙࠸ᡠࡋㄳồࡣ᭷ຠ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡀதⅬ࡜࡞ࡿ㸬ἲⓗᶒ฼ࡢゎ㔘ࡢ୙୍⮴ࡀ㢧ᅾ໬ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㈙࠸ᡠࡋㄳồ⪅ࡣ R&W 㐪཯ࢆᣑ኱ゎ㔘ࡋ㸪≉ᐃ┘ᰝᮇ㛫ᚋࡢ㈙ᡠࡋㄳồࡣṇᙜ࡞ᶒ฼࡛࠶ࡿ
࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿ㸬ㄳồࢆཷࡅࡓ㔠⼥ᴗ⪅ࡣ R&W 㐪཯ࢆཝ᱁࡟ゎ㔘ࡋ㸪≉ᐃ┘ᰝᮇ㛫ࢆ㐣ࡂࡓ㈙ᡠࡋ
ㄳồࡣ↓ຠ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿ㸬മᶒࡢ」㞧ࡉ࡜ッゴࡢከࡃࡢᩘࡣ㸪ἲᘐ࡛ࡢゎỴ࡟᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ἲゎ㔘ࡢ୙୍⮴ࡀἲไᗘࡢ୙☜ᐃᛶࡢせᅉ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡀఫᏯ
㔠⼥ᕷሙࡢᏳᐃ࡜ᅇ᚟ࡢ㞀ᐖ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᐃホࡢ࠶ࡿ኱ᡭ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡣホุࡀపୗࡍࡿࣜࢫࢡࢆ
ᢪ࠼࡚࠾ࡾ㸪㈺ൾ㔠ࡢᨭᡶ࠸࡛ጇ⤖ࡍࡿሙྜࡀከ࠸㸬Bank of America ࡣ GSE ࡟ከ㢠ࡢ㈺ൾ㔠ࢆᨭᡶ࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ጇ⤖ࡋࡓ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ஦ែࢆཷࡅ࡚㸪㈙ᡠࡋㄳồࢆᜍࢀ࡚ドๆ໬ᴗົ࠿ࡽᡭࢆᘬࡇ
࠺࡜ࡍࡿ㔠⼥ᴗ⪅ࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪OTD ࣔࢹࣝࡢᬑཬࡣ㸪മົ୙ᒚ⾜࡟క࠺ᦆኻࢆㄡࡀ㈇ᢸࡍࡿ࡭ࡁ࡞ࡢ࠿࡜࠸
࠺ᢠதࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ㸪ఫᏯ㔠⼥ᕷሙ᚟άࡢ㞀ᐖ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬GSE ࡟ࡼࡿ㈙ᡠࡋㄳồၥ㢟࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ゝ࠼ࡤ㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡣゎỴࡀᅔ㞴࡞஧ᚊ⫼཯ၥ㢟࡟┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬୍᪉࡛ࡣ㸪୙Ⰻമᶒ
ࢆ㈙࠸ᡠࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ GSE ࡢമົࢆῶࡽࡋ㸪බⓗ㈇ᢸࢆ࡞ࡿ࡭ࡃᑡ࡞ࡃࡋࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺㈈ᨻ㈇ᢸ๐ῶࡢㄏᅉࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪௚᪉࡛ࡣ㸪㈙࠸ᡠࡋㄳồࡀ࠶ࡲࡾ࡟ࡶ↓ไ㝈࡟ㄆࡵࡽࢀ
ࡿ࡜㸪ఫᏯ࣮ࣟࣥドๆ໬ࡢᢸ࠸ᡭࡀ࠸࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜࠸࠺ᠱᛕࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿ㸬

7 ㄏᅉࡢ⾪✺࡜฼┈┦཯ၥ㢟
OTD ࣔࢹࣝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿၥ㢟ࡣࡶ࠺ 1 ࡘ࠶ࡿ㸬ㄏᅉࡢ⾪✺࡜฼┈┦཯ࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬OTH ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣ㸪ఫᏯ᢬ᙜ㈚௜ࡣ㖟⾜ࡸ S&L㸦㈓⵳㈚௜⤌ྜ㸧ࡀ┤᥋⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬㈚ࡋᡭࡀ
മᶒࢆಖ᭷ࡋ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗົࡶ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪OTD ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣ㸪മᶒಖ᭷⪅࡛
࠶ࡿᢞ㈨ᐙࡣࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗົࢆ➨୕⪅࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ᢬ᙜമᶒࡢಖ᭷࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗົࡢศ㞳ࡣ㸪ᢞ㈨ᐙ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗົࢆ⾜࠺㔠⼥ᴗ⪅ࡢ㛫ࡢㄏᅉࡢ⾪✺࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓ㸬ドๆ໬ၟရࡢ⤌ᡂࡣ㸪ඃඛࡉࢀࡿമᶒ⪅࡜ඃඛࡉࢀ࡞࠸മᶒ⪅ࡢ㛫ࡢㄏᅉࡢ⾪✺࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓ㸬ࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡀ㸪ఫᏯ᢬ᙜമົၥ㢟ࡢゎỴࢆᅔ㞴࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬㏉῭ཷࡅྲྀࡾࡢඃඛ㡰఩ࡀప࠸ᢞ㈨ᐙࡣ㈚௜㔠㢠ࡢῶ㢠࡟ࡼࡿ࣮ࣟࣥ᮲௳ࡢಟṇ᱌࡟཯ᑐࡍ
ࡿㄏᅉࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬㏉῭㢠ࡀ኱ᖜ࡟ῶ㢠ࡉࢀࡿᜍࢀࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬മົ⪅ࡸඃඛᗘࡢ㧗࠸മᶒ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣᮃࡲࡋ࠸࣮ࣟࣥ᮲௳ࡢಟṇ᱌ࡀ㸪ඃඛᗘࡢప࠸മᶒ⪅ࡢ཯ᑐ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᐇ⌧ࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿ㸬ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗົࢆᢸ࠺㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡀ஧ḟ᢬ᙜࢆಖ᭷ࡍࡿሙྜࡶ㸪ྠᵝࡢၥ㢟ࡀ㉳ࡇࡿ㸬㔠⼥༴
ᶵⓎ⏕௨㝆࡟኱ᡭ㖟⾜ࡀఫᏯ㔠⼥఍♫ࢆ㈙཰ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓࡓࡵ㸪኱ᡭ㖟⾜ࡣఫᏯ㔠⼥ࡢࢧ

16࣮ࣅࢫᴗົࢆᢸ࠺࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪஧ḟ᢬ᙜᶒタᐃ࡟ࡼࡿ Home Equity Loan ࡢമᶒಖ᭷⪅࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺❧ሙ࡟❧ࡘࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࡇ࡟฼┈┦཯ၥ㢟ࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ㸬മົ⪅࡜୍ḟ᢬ᙜᶒタᐃ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃമᶒಖ᭷⪅ࡢࡓࡵࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗົ㐙⾜࡜࠸࠺❧ሙ࡛ࡣ࣮ࣟࣥࡢῶ㢠ࢆྵࡴ࣮ࣟࣥ᮲௳ࡢಟ
ṇ᱌⟇ᐃࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࡀ㸪஧ḟ᢬ᙜᶒタᐃ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃമᶒಖ᭷⪅ࡢ❧ሙ࡛ࡣ㏉῭ཷྲྀ㢠ࡀ኱ᖜ࡟ῶ㢠ࡉࢀࡿಟṇ᱌ࡣᴟຊ㑊ࡅࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡓࡵ㸪࣮ࣟࣥࡢῶ㢠ࢆྵࡴ᮲௳ࡢಟṇ᱌సᡂࡣᢚไࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ࡉࡽ࡟㸪࣮ࣟࣥ᮲௳ࡢಟṇࡣ㈝⏝࡜ᡭ㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡾ୙☜ᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢧ࣮ࡣ᢬ᙜὶࢀ
㸦foreclosure㸧࡟ࡍࡿㄏᅉࢆᣢࡘ㸦FRS 2012㸧㸬ࡇࡢࡓࡵ㸪OTH ᆺࡢఫᏯ࣮ࣟࣥ࡟ẚ࡭࡚㸪OTD
ᆺࡢドๆ໬ࡉࢀࡓఫᏯ᢬ᙜമᶒࡢ࣮ࣟࣥ᮲௳ࡀಟṇࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣ࠿࡞ࡾపࡃ࡞ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢧ࣮ࡢሗ㓘ࡣ࣮ࣟࣥṧ㧗࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡢ࡛㸪ࡑࡢಟṇࡀ᭱㐺࡛࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡶ㸪ᙼࡽ࡟ࡣ㔠฼ࢆῶࡽࡋ࡚ඖᮏࢆቑࡸࡍࡼ࠺࡞࣮ࣟࣥ᮲௳ࡢಟṇࢆ⾜࠺ㄏᅉࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓㄏᅉࡢᏑᅾࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪☜❧ࡉࢀࡓἲⓗ࡞ඛ౛ࡢḞዴ࡜┦ࡲࡗ࡚㸪᪩ᮇࡢ࣮ࣟࣥ᮲௳ಟṇࡣḟࡢ㸱ࡘ࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ձᮍᡶ࠸㔠ࡢඖᮏ⧞ࡾධࢀ㸪ղARM㸦ኚື㔠฼ᆺఫᏯ࣮ࣟࣥ㸧ࡢ㔠฼ᘬࡁୗࡆ㸪ճ㔠฼ࡢ෾⤖㸬௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪OTD ࣔࢹࣝࡢᬑཬࡣ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗົࢆᢸ࠺㔠⼥ᴗ⪅ࡢ฼┈┦཯ၥ㢟㸪മᶒ⪅㛫ࡢㄏᅉࡢ⾪✺ၥ㢟ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡣ㸪㐣ᑡᢸಖ࡟ⱞࡋࡴമົ⪅ࡢᩆ῭ࢆᅔ㞴࡟ࡋ㸪୙Ⰻമᶒฎ⌮ࡢ㞀ᐖ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ྠᵝࡢ฼┈┦཯ၥ㢟ࡣ㸪᱁௜఍♫ࡸࣇ࢓ࣥࢻ࣭࣐ࢿ࣮ࢪ࣮ࣕ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬᱁௜఍♫ࡣ⮬ࡽࡀࣜࢫࢡࢆ㈇ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪᱁௜ᡭᩘᩱࢆ✌ࡄࡓࡵ࡟ᴦほⓗ࡞ά௜ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࡞ࡿ࡭ࡃከࡃࡢ᱁௜ࢆཷὀࡋࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ㄏᅉ࡟࠿ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ᢞ㈨ᐙࡢ฼┈࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ᡭᩘᩱࢆᨭᡶࡗ࡚ࡃࢀࡿ⤌ᡂᴗ⪅࡛࠶ࡿ㖟⾜࡜⮬♫ࡢ฼┈ࡀඃඛࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜࠸࠺฼┈┦཯ࡢၥ㢟ࡀࡇࡇ࡟ࡣᏑᅾࡍࡿ㸬ࣇ࢓ࣥࢻ࣭࣐ࢿ࣮ࢪ࣮ࣕࡢሙྜࡣ࡝࠺࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿㸬฼ᅇࡾࡢ㧗࠸ドๆ໬ၟရࢆ೉㔠࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚኱㔞࡟ಖ᭷ࡍࢀࡤ⮬ศࡢᢅ࠺ࣇ࢓ࣥࢻࡢ཰┈⋡ࡣ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢࣇ࢓ࣥ
ࢻ࡟㞟ࡲࡿ㈨㔠ࡶቑ࠼㸪ᙼࡽࡢሗ㓘ࡣከ㢠࡜࡞ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡶᙼࡽࡣࣜࢫࢡࡢ㈇ᢸ⪅࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸬ࣇ࢓ࣥࢻࡀ◚⥢ࡋ࡚ࡶ⫋ࢆኻ࠺ࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ḟࡢ⫋ࢆ᥈ࡏࡤࡼ࠸㸬ࡇࡇ࡟ࠕ฼┈┦཯ၥ㢟ࠖࡢᗋࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࠕ▷ᮇᴗ⦼୺⩏ࠖ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃሗ㓘య⣔ࡀࠕ▷ᮇ฼┈⮳ୖ୺⩏ࠖࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ㸪ᢞ㈨ᐙࡢ
㛗ᮇⓗ฼┈࡜▩┪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬

8 ࠾ࢃࡾ࡟
1991 ᖺἲ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࠕ᪩ᮇ᫝ṇᥐ⨨ࠖࡢᑟධࡣ㸪㔠⼥័⾜ࡢ OTH ᆺ࠿ࡽ OTD ᆺ࡬ࡢ㌿᥮ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ఫᏯ᢬ᙜ㔠⼥ࡢศ㔝࡛ࡶ OTOTD ᆺࡢ㛫᥋㔠⼥័⾜ࡀᛴ㏿࡟ᬑཬࡋ㸪ఫᏯࣂࣈࣝࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍ୍ᅉ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡑࡢఫᏯࣂࣈࣝᔂቯࡀ 2007 ᖺ࡟ጞࡲࡗࡓ㔠⼥༴ᶵࡢཎᅉ
࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࡢ༴ᶵ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ఫᏯ㔠⼥ࡢ OTD ࣔࢹࣝࡣᙅⅬࢆ㟢࿊ࡋࡓ㸬ձ㈚௜ࡢ⠇ᗘపୗ࡜⾲᫂ಖド㐪཯ࡢἲゎ㔘ࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶၥ㢟㸪ղ㔠⼥௰௓ࡢ㔜ᒙ໬࡟క࠺ㄏᅉࡢ⾪✺࣭฼┈┦཯ၥ㢟㸪ࡀ
ࡑࡢᙅⅬ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡍࡿᑐ⟇ࡣ㸪HARP2.0㸦Home Affordable Refinance Programࡢಟṇ∧㸪2011 ᖺ 12 ᭶Ⓨຠ㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ヨࡳࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢಟṇࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡣ㸪ձ㔠฼㈇ᢸ
㍍ῶ࣮ࣟࣥࢆ⤌ࢇ࡛ドๆ໬ࡋ GSE ࡟㈍኎ࡍࡿሙྜ㸪⾲᫂ಖド࡟ࡼࡿ㈚ᡭ㈐௵ࢆ㍍ῶࡋ㸪㈚ᡭࡀ

17ࡇࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ࡟㛵୚ࡍࡿㄏᅉࢆ㧗ࡵࡿ㸪ղ㔠฼㍍ῶ࣮ࣟࣥ࡬ࡢ⤌ࡳ᭰࠼࡟᢬ᢠࡍࡿ஧ḟ᢬ᙜᶒಖ᭷⪅࡞࡝࡬༠ຊࢆồࡵࡿ㸪࡜࠸ࡗࡓෆᐜࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࡼࡾ኱ࡁ࡞ᩥ⬦࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕ⮬ᕫ㈨ᮏẚ⋡つไ࡜ᩆ῭ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ἲつไࡢ⤌ࡳ᭰࠼ࡀᥦ㉳ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡀ㸪2010 ᖺ 7 ᭶࡟࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㆟఍࡛ྍỴ࣭ᡂ❧ࡋࡓࢻࢵࢻ࣭ࣇࣛࣥࢡἲ㸦㔠⼥つไᨵ㠉ἲ㸧࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ୺せ࡞ෆᐜࡣ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬
1. 㖟⾜㸪㖟⾜ᣢࡕᰴ఍♫ཬࡧࡑࡢᏊ఍♫࡬ࡢつไ㸫ձ⮬ᕫ຺ᐃ࡛ࡢドๆ㸪ドๆ㛵㐃ࡢࢹࣜࣂࢸ
࢕ࣈ㸪ၟရඛ≀࡞࡝ࡢ▷ᮇⓗ࡞኎㈙⚗Ṇ㸬ղ࣊ࢵࢪࣇ࢓ࣥࢻ࡬ࡢᢞ㈨㸪ࣉࣛ࢖࣮࣋ࢺ࣭࢚ࢡ
࢖ࢸ࢕ࣇ࢓ࣥࢻ࡬ࡢᢞ㈨㸪ࡑࡢࢫ࣏ࣥࢧ࣮ᴗົࡢ⚗Ṇ㸬
2. ࢩࢫࢸ࣑ࢵࢡࣜࢫࢡࢆ┘どࡍࡿ㔠⼥Ᏻᐃ┘ど༠㆟఍㸦FSOC㸧ࡢタ⨨㸫ձ㐃⤖㈨⏘つᶍ 500൨ࢻࣝ௨ୖࡢ㖟⾜ᣢᰴ఍♫㸪ࡲࡓࡣ㐃㑥‽ഛࡀつไࡍࡿࣀࣥࣂࣥࢡࡀ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㔠⼥ࡢᏳᐃᛶࢆ⬣࠿ࡍ࡜༠㆟఍ࡀุ᩿ࡋࡓሙྜ㸪つᶍࢆ⦰ᑠࡉࡏࡿ㸬ղ㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ୖ⬣ጾࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ
࡜༠㆟఍ࡀุ᩿ࡋࡓ㐃⤖㈨⏘つᶍ 500 ൨ࢻࣝ௨ୖࡢ㖟⾜ᣢᰴ఍♫㸪ࡲࡓࡣ㐃㑥‽ഛࡀつไࡍࡿࣀࣥࣂࣥࢡࡣ㸪ࣞࣂࣞࢵࢪẚ⋡ࢆ 15 ಸ௨ୗ࡟ไ㝈ࡍࡿ㸬
3. ᱁௜఍♫࡬ࡢつไ㸫SEC ෆ࡟᱁௜఍♫ࢆ┘╩ࡍࡿಙ⏝᱁௜ᒁࢆタ⨨ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪බㄆ᱁௜ᶵ㛵࡟ᑐࡋ㸪ࢥ࣮࣏࣮ࣞࢺ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᙉ໬㸪฼┈┦཯ࡢ⟶⌮㸪᱁௜㐣⛬ࡢ㏱᫂ᛶྥୖ㸪ࢹ࢕ࢫࢡ࣮ࣟࢪ࣮ࣕࡢᙉ໬࡞࡝ࢆồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬
4. ドๆ໬ၟရᕷሙ࡟㛵ࡍࡿつไ㸫ドๆ໬ᴗ⪅࡟ᑐࡋ㸪ᑐ㇟㈨⏘ࡢಙ⏝ࣜࢫࢡࡢ⿢ᐃ 5㸣ࡢಖ᭷⩏ົ௜ࡅ㸬ドๆ໬㛵ಀ⪅࡟ᑐࡋ㸪኎༷ᚋ 1 ᖺ㛫ࡣ㔜኱࡞฼┈┦཯ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ⾜Ⅽࡢ⚗Ṇ㸬ᢞ㈨ᐙࡀࢹ࣮࣭ࣗࢹࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࢆ⾜࠺ࡢ࡟ᚲせ࡞ཎ㈨⏘ࢹ࣮ࢱ➼ࡢ㛤♧ࢆ⩏ົ௜ࡅ㸬
5. ᙺဨሗ㓘࡟㛵ࡍࡿつไ㸫㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡢᙺဨሗ㓘࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᝟ሗ㛤♧ᙉ໬㸪ሗ㓘ጤဨ఍ࡢ⊂❧ᛶᙉ໬㸬
6. ᩆ῭ᶵᵓࡢ⫧኱໬ᑐ⟇㸫ࠕtoo big to fail ᩆ῭ࡢ⤊⤖ࠖ㸬ձ㐃⤖㈨⏘つᶍ 500 ൨ࢻࣝ௨ୖࡢ㖟⾜ᣢᰴ఍♫㸪ࡲࡓࡣ㐃㑥‽ഛࡀつไࡍࡿࣀࣥࣂࣥࢡࡀ⤒Ⴀ◚⥢࡟㝗ࡗࡓሙྜ㸪ࢩࢫࢸ࣑ࢵࢡ
ࣜࢫࢡࢆᅇ㑊ࡋࡘࡘ⛛ᗎࡔࡗࡓΎ⟬ᡭ⥆ࡁ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ◚⥢ฎ⌮ࢆ⾜࠺㸬ղΎ⟬࡟せࡍࡿ㈝⏝ࡀ◚⥢㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡢ㈨⏘኎༷࡛㈥࠼࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪ୖグࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ୖ㔜せ࡞㔠⼥ᶵ㛵࡟ࣜࢫࢡ࡟
ᛂࡌࡓ㈇ᢸ㔠ࢆㄢࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ⣡⛯⪅ࡢ㈇ᢸࢆᅇ㑊ࡍࡿ㸬ճ◚⥢㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡢ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡣ㏣ᨺࡋ㸪ฎ⌮ࢥࢫࢺࡣമᶒ⪅࡜ᰴ୺ࡀ㈇ᢸࡍࡿ8㸬௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࢻࢵࢻ࣭ࣇࣛࣥࢡἲࡣ㸪ࠕつไ⦆࿴ࡋᩆ῭ࡍࡿࠖ㔠⼥ไᗘࡸࠕ⮬ᕫ㈨ᮏẚ⋡つไ࡜ᩆ῭ࠖࡢ㔠⼥ไᗘ࠿ࡽࠕ෌つไࡋ↓ไ㝈࡟ࡣᩆ῭ࡋ࡞࠸ࠖ㔠⼥ไᗘ࡬ࡢᨵ㠉࡬㸪➨୍Ṍࢆ㋃ࡳฟࡋࡓἲ᱌࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡼ࠺㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ᵝࠎ࡞౛እつᐃࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟㸪㔠⼥ᴗ⏺࠿ࡽつไࢆᙧ㧁໬ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿືࡁࡀฟ࡚ࡃࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ☜ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࠕtoo big to fail ᩆ῭ࡢ⤊⤖ࠖ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ࢩࢫࢸ࣑ࢵࢡࣜࢫࢡࢆᅇ㑊ࡋࡘࡘ⛛ᗎࡔࡗࡓΎ⟬ᡭ⥆ࡁࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣྍ⬟࡞ࡢ࠿㸪⤒Ⴀ⪅ࢆ㏣ᨺࡋ㸪മᶒ⪅ࡸᰴ୺ࡀᦆኻࢆ㈇ᢸࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ฎ⌮ࢆ⌧ᐇ࡟ᐇ⾜࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࠿ࡀၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿ㸬ἲつไᨵ㠉ࡣ័⾜࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁࡿࡀ㸪ἲつไጤᨵ㠉ࡢពᅗࡋࡓ┠ⓗࡀᐇ⌧ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸㸬
8ࢻࢵࢻ࣭ࣇࣛࣥࢡἲ᱌ࡢෆᐜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪USGPO(2010), ᑠ❧(2010), 㕥ᮌ(2011), ᆏᮾ(2010)࡞࡝ࢆཧ↷㸬

18ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡀ 20 ୡ⣖ࡢ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡟ぢࡓࠕᡤ᭷ⓗ㐣⛬ࡢ㞳ᗋࠖࡣ㸪21 ୡ⣖ࡢ௒㸪࠸ࡼ࠸ࡼ㧗ᗘ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ୍ࡘࡢ฿㐩Ⅼ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪00 ᖺ௦ࡢമᶒࡢࠕドๆ໬ࠖ࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿ OTD ᆺ㔠⼥ࡣᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬௚᪉࡛࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㔠⼥ไᗘࡢṔྐࡣ㸪㈌ᖯࡢᡤ᭷ⓗ㐣⛬ࡀ㞳ᗋࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛࿧ࡧ㎸ࡲࢀࡓ୙Ᏻᐃᛶ
࡬ࡢᑐᛂࡢṔྐ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ἲไᗘ࡜័⾜࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽゝ࠺࡜㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㔠⼥ไᗘࡣ㸪ᢞᶵࡸᜍៃࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡼ࠺࡞㔠⼥័⾜ࢆࠕ୙ྜ⌮(unreasonable)࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ேⅭⓗ࡟Ὲửࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࡢῈửࢆ⤒࡚ࡶ㸪⎔ቃࡢኚ໬࡟ᛂࡌ࡚័⾜ࡣᕷሙ࡛ࡉࡽ࡟ኚᐜࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㸬90 ᖺ௦ࡢ⮬ᕫ㈨ᮏẚ⋡つไࡣ㸪⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᕷሙࢆ୍ᒙ୙Ᏻᐃ໬ࡉࡏࡓ࢔࣮࣒ࢫ࣭ࣞࣥࢢࢫᆺࡢ㔠⼥័⾜ࢆ࿧ࡧ㎸ࡴࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬OTD ࣔࢹࣝࡣᚑ᮶ࡢ OTH ࣔࢹࣝࡢᙅⅬࢆඞ᭹ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀࡓ
ࡀࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣ㈚௜ࡢ⠇ᗘࢆᘱ⦆ࡉࡏఫᏯࣂࣈࣝ࡜ࡑࡢᔂቯࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㔠⼥༴ᶵᚋࡢ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝⾲㠃໬ࡋࡓ R&W ࡟㛵ࡍࡿッゴࡸ㸪OTD ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ෆᅾࡍࡿㄏᅉࡢᑐ❧࡜฼┈┦཯ࡢၥ㢟ࡣ㸪᪂ࡓ࡞㔠⼥័⾜ࡀᪧ᮶ࡢἲไᗘࡢ᝿ᐃࢆ㉸࠼ࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆᾋࡁ᙮ࡾ
࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬࠸ࢃࡤ࣮࣐࣭ࣜࣥࢩࣙࢵࢡᚋࡢୡ⏺ࡣ㸪෌ࡧ㔠⼥័⾜ࡢ࠺ࡕࠕ୙ྜ⌮࡞ࠖࡶࡢࢆ᦬
ࡳྲྀࡾ㸪ࠕ㐨⌮࡟࠿࡞ࡗࡓࠖࡶࡢࢆ㑅ࡾศࡅࡿẁ㝵࡟ධࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢὝᐹࡣ㸪௒࡞࠾⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬[ᩥ⊩]
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2012, The U.S. Housing Market: Current

Conditions and Policy Considerations, Washington D.C.㸦FRS 2012 ࡜␎グ㸧Council of Economic Advisors, 2012, Economic Report of the President, Government
Printing Office.㸦ERPr 2012 ࡜␎グ㸧Commons, John R., [1924] 1995, Legal Foundations of Capitalism, with a new introduction
by Jeff E. Biddle and Warren J. Samuels, New Brunswick and London: Transaction
Publishers.
̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ [1925] 2008, Reasonable Value. Reprinted in Warren J. Samuels ed., 2008,

Documents from F. Taylor Ostrander at Oxford, John R. Commons' Reasonable Valueand Clarence E. Ayres' Last Course. Research in the History of Economic Thought andMethodology: A Research Annual, v. 26-B, Bingley: Emerald JAI.
̿̿̿̿ [1934] 1990, Institutional Economics: Its Place in Political Economy , with a New
Introduction by Malcolm Rutherford, 2 volumes., New Brunswick and London:
Transaction Publishers.
̿̿̿̿ 1950, The Economics of Collective Action, New York: Macmillan.
Hofstadter, R., 1955, The Age of Reform ² From Bryan to F. D. R., New York : A.A.Knopf.
IMF, 2012, Global Financial Stability Report, October 2012.
Rajan, R.G. and L. Zingales, 2003, Saving Capitalism from the Capitalists: Unleashing the19Power of Financial Markets to Create Wealth and Spread Opportunity, New York:
Crown Business.
Roe, M.J., 1994, Strong Managers, Weak Owners: The Political Roots of American Corporate

Finance, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
U.S. Government Printing Office, 2010, H.R.4173, Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform andConsumer Protection Act.
Vinogradoff, Paul, 1959, Common Sense in Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press. 㸦㸻1972㸪ᮎᘏ୕ḟ࣭ఀ⸨ṇᕭヂࠗἲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᖖ㆑࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ㸬㸧ᑠ❧ᩗ㸪2010㸪
ࠕ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㔠⼥ไᗘᨵ㠉ἲࡢᡂ❧̿̿ࢻࢵࢻ࣭ࣇࣛࣥࢡἲࡢᴫせࠖ㔝ᮧ㈨ᮏ
ᕷሙ◊✲ᡤࠗ㔝ᮧ㈨ᮏᕷሙࢡ࣮࢜ࢱ࣮ࣜ࠘Summer㸬ᰘ⏣ᚫኴ㑻㸪1996㸪ࠗ኱ᜍៃ࡜⌧௦㈨ᮏ୺⩏࠘ᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫㸬̿̿̿̿2007㸪ࠕ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡜ไᗘࡢඹ㐍໬ࠖ㸦ᰘ⏣ᚫኴ㑻⦅ࠗไᗘ࡜⤌⧊࠘➨ 1 ❶㸧ᱜ஭᭩ᗑ㸬㕥ᮌ༤㸪2011㸪ࠕ⡿ᅜࡢ㔠⼥ไᗘᨵ㠉ἲ࡜㔠⼥ᶵ㛵⤒Ⴀ̿̿኱つᶍ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡢ⤒ႠࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽࠖࠗ㎰ᯘ㔠⼥࠘1 ᭶㸬᫓⏣⣲ኵ㸪1992㸪ࠕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㔠⼥㠉᪂࡜㔠⼥◚⥢ࠖ㸦ㄴᒣṇ࣭᫓⏣⣲ኵ⦅ࠗ᪥⡿Ḣࡢ㔠⼥㠉᪂࠘➨Ϩ㒊㸪᪥ᮏホㄽ♫㸧㸬ᆏᮾὒ⾜㸪2010㸪ࠕࢻࢵࢻ࣭ࣇࣛࣥࢡἲ̿⥲ㄽ࡜ྛᶵᵓᨵ㠉̿ࠖࢩ࣏ࣥࢪ࣒࢘ࠗⱥ⡿ࡢ㔠⼥ไᗘᨵ㠉ࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿ̿᪥ᮏࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ཷࡅṆࡵࡿ࡭ࡁ࠿࠘᪩✄⏣኱Ꮫ㸬ᖹ㔝⿱୕㸪2007㸪ࠕFDIC ࡢ࣮࢜ࣉ࣭ࣥ࢔ࢩࢫࢱࣥࢫ㸦OBA㸧࡜᭱ᚋࡢ㈚ࡋᡭࠖ
㸦ᰘ⏣ᚫኴ㑻⦅ࠗไᗘ࡜⤌⧊࠘➨ 5 ❶㸧ᱜ஭᭩ᗑ㸬20ࠕ័⩦ࡢ㐍໬࡜⤒῭༴ᶵ̿ࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ࡜ࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒ࠖ
ࠕࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢไᗘ㐍໬ㄽ̿Ⴀ฼௻ᴗࡢ⾶㏥ㄽࢆᡭࡀ࠿ࡾ࡟ࠖ
㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍➨㸯㸵ᅇ඲ᅜ኱఍
㸦᪊㸸୰ኸ኱Ꮫ㸪2013 ᖺ 3 ᭶ 16࣭17 ᪥㸧᪂஭⏣ᬛᖾ㸦ᮾி኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔㸧ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀࠗ᭷㛩㝵⣭ࡢ⌮ㄽ࠘([1899])࡛ዲホࢆᚓࡓࡢࡕ࡟ⴭࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊᙼࡢ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ㄽ࡜࠸࠺࡭ࡁࠗ௻ᴗࡢ⌮ㄽ࠘([1904])࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡢⴭసࡶࠊㄽࡌࡿᑐ㇟ࡀ⌧ᅾࡢࠕไᗘࠖ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣඹ㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕไᗘࠖ࡜ࡣࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠕᛮ⪃⩦័࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ
ᬑཬࡋࡓ⢭⚄ែᗘࡸே⏕ほࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ1ࠋṇᙜᛶࡸ౯್ほࡢᇶ‽࡞࡝ࠊ₍↛࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ
♫఍ࡢ⾜ືᵝᘧࢆつᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᛮ⪃ࡸព㆑ࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡀࠊࡑࡢ◊✲ᑐ㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠗ᭷㛩㝵⣭ࡢ⌮ㄽ࡛࠘ࡣࠊᾘ㈝ࢆぢࡏࡧࡽ࠿ࡍࡼ࠺࡞᭷㛩㝵⣭ࡢ⾜ືᵝᘧࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᡂ❧ࡋࠊ⌧௦ⓗ࡟ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙧ࡛つ⠊࡜ࡋ࡚ṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡀᥥ࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ
ࠗ௻ᴗࡢ⌮ㄽ࡛࠘
ࡣࠊႠ฼௻ᴗࡢ⾜ືᵝᘧ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡑࡢᡂ❧࡜⌧௦ⓗ࡞ᶵ⬟ࢆᥥ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ไᗘศᯒࡢ≉ᚩࡢ୍ࡘࡣࠊ⌧௦࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿไᗘࡢṔྐࢆᥥࡃࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠋ᫬
㛫ⓗࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡣ࠿࡞ࡾ␗࡞ࡿࡀࠊ
ࠗ᭷㛩㝵⣭ࡢ⌮ㄽ࡛࠘ࡣཎጞᮍ㛤♫఍࠿ࡽ⌧௦ࡲ࡛ࡢᩥ᫂
ྐࢆไᗘࡢኚ㑄࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᥥࡁࡔࡋࠊ
ࠗ௻ᴗࡢ⌮ㄽ࡛࠘ࡣࠊ㏆௦ึᮇࡢᡭᕤᴗࡢ᫬௦࠿ࡽࠊ⌧௦ࡢᶵᲔไ኱ᕤᴗࡢ᫬௦ࡲ࡛ࢆᥥ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⌧௦ࡢไᗘࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓṔྐⓗ⤒㊰ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣไᗘࡀṔྐⓗ࡟㐍໬ࡍࡿᏑᅾ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㐣ཤ࡜ษࡾ㞳ࡏ࡞࠸せ⣲ࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢⴭసࡣ᭷㛩㝵⣭ࡸႠ฼௻ᴗ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᢈุ⢭⚄ࢆ⾲ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡢࡣ᫂ࡽ
࠿࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊྠ᫬࡟ࡇࢀࡣไᗘ㐍໬ㄽࡢᛂ⏝࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡇ࠿ࡽࡑࡢ⌮ㄽⓗᯟ⤌ࡳࢆᢳฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄢ㢟࡟↷ࡽࡍ࡜ࠊࠕ㏆௦ᩥ᫂࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⛉Ꮫࡢᆅ఩ࠖ
([1906])࡞࡝࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿ⛉Ꮫㄽࡸ▱㆑ㄽࡶࠊྠᵝࡢไᗘ㐍໬ㄽࡢᛂ⏝࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡽ
ࡣ┦஫⿵᏶ⓗ࡟ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢไᗘ㐍໬ㄽࡢ඲యࢆᙧసࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣࠊ
ࠗ௻ᴗࡢ⌮ㄽ࠘ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢⴭసࢆᢅ࠸࡞ࡀࡽࠊไᗘ㐍໬ㄽࡢ≉ᚩࢆࡍࡃ࠸ฟࡍࡇ
࡜࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡓ࠸ࠋࡲࡎࠊ㸯⠇࡛ࡣࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ㄽࡢᴫ␎ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ㸰⠇࡛ࡣྠᵝࡢᅗᘧ࡛ᥥ࠿ࢀࡿࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢᩥ᫂ྐࡢᒎ㛤ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡀ༢⥺ⓗ࡞㐍໬ࣔࢹࣝࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡀࡕ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ▱㆑ㄽࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞
1 ࠕไᗘ࡜ࡣࠊᐇ㉁ⓗ࡟࠸࠼ࡤࠊಶேࡸ♫఍ࡢ≉ᐃࡢ㛵ಀࡸ≉ᐃࡢᶵ⬟࡟㛵ࡍࡿᗈࡃ⾜ࡁࢃࡓࡗࡓᛮ⪃⩦័࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚⏕άᵝᘧ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࠊࡘࡲࡾࠊ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ♫఍ࡢⓎᒎ㐣⛬ࡢ୍ᐃࡢ᫬࡜ᡤ࡛ຠຊࢆࡶࡘㅖไᗘࡢ඲యࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊᚰ⌮Ꮫⓗ࡞㠃࠿ࡽࡳ࡚ࠊᗈࡃ⾜ࡁࢃࡓࡗࡓ⢭⚄ែᗘࡸே⏕ほࡔ࡜ࠊ࠾࠾ࡼࡑ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋ
ࠖ(Veblen[1899]p.132,ヂ 214 㡫)㐍໬ᴫᛕࡀ᥇ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ㸱⠇࡛☜ㄆࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ㸲⠇࡛ࡣࠗ௻ᴗࡢ⌮ㄽ࠘࡟࠾ࡅࡿႠ฼௻ᴗࡢ⾶㏥ㄽ࡟ࠊከᒙⓗ࡞ไᗘࡢ⵳✚ࢆᢅࡗࡓࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢไᗘ㐍໬ㄽࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࡳ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ
1. ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ㄽࡢᴫ␎ࠗ௻ᴗࡢ⌮ㄽ࠘ࡣ⌧௦㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢᇶ♏࡟࠶ࡿႠ฼௻ᴗࡢᑗ᮶ࢆ༨ࡗࡓ᭩࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋᮏ᭩
ࡢ⤖ࡧࡢᩥ❶ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕႠ฼௻ᴗࡢ᏶඲࡞ᨭ㓄ࡣᚲ↛ⓗ࡟㐣Ώⓗᨭ㓄࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡔࡅࡣ࠸࠼ࡑ࠺࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ஧ࡘࡢูࠎࡢᩥ໬ⓗഴྥࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡢࡶࡢࡀ຾฼ࢆ࠺ࡿ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊႠ฼௻ᴗࡣ⤖ᒁࡣᩋ໭ࡢ㐠࿨ࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞ࢇ࡜࡞ࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡢࡶࡢࡢ⯆㝯࡜ࡶ୧❧ࡋ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠖ(Veblen[1904]p.400,ヂ 316 㡫)Ⴀ฼௻ᴗࡣᚲ↛ⓗ࡟⾶㏥ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ⤖ㄽ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣᩥ໬ⓗഴྥࡢᖐ⤖࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊႠ฼௻ᴗࡢᏑᅾవᆅࡀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡇࡢไᗘ㐍໬ࡣ༢⥺ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ὀពࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠕ஧ࡘࡢูࠎࡢᩥ
໬ⓗഴྥࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡢࡶࡢࡀ຾฼ࢆ࠺ࡿ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࠖ࡜᮲௳࡙ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢෆᐜࡣᚋ㏙ࡍ
ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ஧ࡘࡢ᪉ྥ࡛ไᗘ㐍໬ࡀ㉳ࡇࡾ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㆟ㄽࡣධࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛࠾ࡾࠊ኱ࡲ࠿࡞ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢไᗘ㐍໬ㄽࢆぢࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊࡉࡽ࡟⢭⦓࡟ぢ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠋ
ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ㄽࡢᴫ␎ࡣẚ㍑ⓗ༢⣧࡞ᅗᘧ࡛ㄝ᫂ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ࠗ௻ᴗࡢ⌮ㄽ࠘ࡢෑ
㢌ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ጞࡲࡿࠋ
ࠕ㏆௦ᩥ᫂ࡢ≀㉁ⓗእᯟࡣ⏘ᴗయไ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢእᯟ࡟⏕Ẽࢆ࠶ࡓ࠼ࡿᣦᑟຊࡣႠ฼
௻ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠖ(Veblen[1904]p.1,ヂ 5 㡫)ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ≀㉁ⓗእᯟ࡜ᣦᑟຊ࡜ࡀᑐẚࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≀㉁ⓗእᯟ࡛࠶ࡿ⏘ᴗయไࡣࠊ⌧௦࡛ࡣᶵᲔ㐣⛬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᙧసࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊᶵᲔไ⏘ᴗࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺
ព࿡࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎࠊ⏘ᴗࡢ኱つᶍ࡞㐃㛵࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ♫఍඲యࡢືࡁࡀᶵᲔࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡍࣜࢬ
࣒࡟ᨭ㓄ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௚᪉࡛ࠊࡇࡢయไࢆ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵࡿࡢࡣႠ฼௻ᴗ࡛࠶
ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣ฼₶ࡢࡓࡵࡢᢞ㈨࡜࠸࠺‽๎࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ⴀࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ୧⪅ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⏘ᴗ࡜௻ᴗ࡜ࡣᡭࢆᦠ࠼࡚Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⌧௦㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࡣ▩┪ࢆࡣࡽࡴ㛵ಀ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢぢ❧࡚࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡣ⏘ᴗࡀⓎᒎࡋࡼࡾ኱つᶍ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᶵᲔ㐣⛬ࡢ᫬௦࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀཎᅉ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ௻ᴗࡶࡼࡾ኱つᶍ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ⊂༨ⓗ࡞኱௻ᴗࡀⓏሙࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡇࡢ⏘ᴗࡢኚ໬࡟ᑐࡋ࡚Ⴀ฼௻ᴗࡢཎ๎ࡣኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋᶵᲔ㐣⛬࡜ࡑࢀࢆື࠿ࡍ኱௻ᴗ࡜࠸
࠺⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡣ▩┪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࡇࡇ࡛ಙ⏝ࡢᣑᙇࡸ㈨ᮏ౯್ࡢព࿡ࡢኚ໬
࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࣂࣈࣝࡀ㉳ࡁࡸࡍ࠸≧ែࡢฟ⌧࡜ࠊ៏ᛶⓗ୙ἣࡢཎᅉࡢⓎ⏕ࢆㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ
ࡼࡾ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞▩┪࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⏘ᴗ࡜௻ᴗࡀ␗࡞ࡗࡓᛮ⪃⩦័ࢆ⫱ࡴࡇ࡜ࢆ㔜どࡍࡿࠋ⏘ᴗࡣࡑࢀ࡟ᚑ஦ࡍࡿປാ⪅ࡢᛮ⪃⩦័ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿᅇ㊰࡜࡞ࡿࡀࠊᶵᲔ㐣⛬ࡢ᫬௦࡟ࡣࠊࡑࡇ࡛

ᇵࢃࢀࡿᛮ⪃⩦័ࡣ௨๓࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣᶵᲔⓗ࡞ᶆ‽࡟ྜࢃࡏࡓᛮ
⪃࡛࠶ࡾࠊ༶≀ⓗ࡛㠀ே᱁ⓗ2࡞ᅉᯝ㛵ಀ࡟࡞ࡌࢇࡔᛮ⪃⩦័࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ௨๓ࡢ᫬௦࡟
୍⯡ⓗࡔࡗࡓࠊᅉ⩦ⓗ࡛ே᱁ⓗ࡞ᛮ⪃⩦័࡜ࡣᑐ❧ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ௚᪉࡛௻ᴗ
ᐙࡸἲᚊᐙࠊᨻ἞ᐙ࡞࡝ࡣࠊᶵᲔ㐣⛬࡜ࡢ㛵ࢃࡾࡀ┤᥋ⓗ࡟ࡣᙅࡃࠊྂ࠸ཎ๎࡟ࡋࡓࡀ࠺
ࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ᛮ⪃⩦័ࢆཷࡅධࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊ୧⪅ࡢ㛫࡛ࡣᛮ⪃⩦័ࡢᑐ❧ࡀᣑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢᑐ❧ࡣປാ⤌ྜ࡜௻ᴗ࡜ࡢᑐ❧ࡸ♫఍୺⩏㐠ື࡞࡝࡜࡞ࡗ࡚㢧ᅾ໬ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㊅ໃⓗ࡟ࡣࡇࢀࡀႠ฼௻ᴗయไࢆ⾶㏥ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ᒎ㛤࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᅗᘧⓗ࡞ㄝ᫂ࡣࠊせࡍࡿ࡟ࠊᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡍᛮ⪃⩦័ࡀไᗘࢆつᐃࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢᩥ᫂ྐࡣ኱ࡲ࠿࡟ࡣࡇࡢᅗᘧ࡛ᥥ
࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡼ࠸ࠋ
2. ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢᩥ᫂ྐ
ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢᩥ᫂ྐࡢ඲యീࢆぢࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀࡣࡉࡽ࡟᫂☜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣே㢮ྐࢆ኱ࡁࡃ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟ศ๭ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡎࡣཎጞᮍ㛤᫬௦࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡣே㢮ྐࡢ኱㒊ศࢆྵࡴ๓ྐ᫬௦࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿࠋᩥ᫂ࡀ
㉳ࡇࡿ๓ࡢ᫬௦࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ㎰ᴗࡶႠࡲࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸᫬௦ࡀ᝿ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ3ࠋ㞟ᅋ⏕ά࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⊁⊟᥇㞟ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡢ᫬௦ࡣࠊ㈋ࡋ࠸ࡀࡺ࠼ࡢᖹ➼࡛ᖹ࿴ⓗ࡞♫఍࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ḟ࡟ࡃࡿࡢࡣ㔝⻅᫬௦࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡣ᭷ྐ௨㝆ࠊᑒᘓไࡀゎయࡍࡿ㏆௦ࡲ࡛ࡢ᫬௦ࡀ᝿
ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㎰ᴗࡀ⏕άࡢᇶ┙࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᅵᆅ࡜⤖ࡧࡘ࠸ࡓ♫఍㛵ಀࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿࡢࡀࡇࡢ᫬௦࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡢ⛛ᗎࡢᙧᡂࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣ๓ᮇ㔝⻅᫬௦࡜ᚋᮇ
㔝⻅᫬௦࡜ࡢ༊ูࢆࡍࡿࠋ㎰ᴗ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㈈ࡀ⵳✚ࡉࢀࡿ≧ἣ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ௚㞟ᅋࡢ㈈ࢆ␎ዣࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࣓ࣜࢵࢺࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࡢࡀࡇࡢ᫬௦ࡢᖥ㛤ࡅࡔࡗࡓ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞
ᛶ᱁ୖࠊ๓ᮇࡣዲᡓⓗ࡞♫఍࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ␎ዣࡸ㜵⾨࡟㈨ࡍࡿṊຬࡢ㈨㉁ࡀ㧗ࡃホ౯ࡉࢀࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㌟ศไࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࠊᶒጾ࡜᭹ᚑࡢ⛛ᗎࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᫬ᮇ
࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࠊᚋᮇ㔝⻅᫬௦ࡣዲᡓᛶࡀపୗࡋࠊ༙ᖹ࿴ឡዲⓗ࡞♫఍࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡑࢀ
ࡣᡓ㜚⾜Ⅽࡀ㠀᪥ᖖⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚ࠊṊຬࡢ㈨㉁ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀホ౯ࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡾ࡟
ࡃࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ௦ࢃࡗ࡚ホ౯ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ㔠㖹ࡢᡤ᭷࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶ
࡜ࡶ࡜Ṋຬࡢドᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⵳✚࡜࠸࠺ព࿡ྜ࠸ࡔࡗࡓ㈈⏘ࡣࠊࡑࢀ⮬యࡀホ౯ࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡉ
ࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ዲᡓᛶࡀపୗࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊ㔝⻅᫬௦ࡣ㌟ศไࡸᶒጾ࡜
2ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣᶵᲔ㐣⛬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⩦័࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿᛮ⪃ࡢ≉ᚩࢆࠊ๓㏆௦ࡢᛮ⪃࡜༊ูࡋ࡚ࠊ
ࠕ༶≀ⓗ(matter-of fact)ࠖ
ࠕ㠀ே᱁ⓗ(impersonal)ࠖ࡜ᙧᐜࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣ஦㇟ࡢ
⫼ᚋ࡟ពᛮⓗ࡞Ꮡᅾࢆ᝿ᐃࡏࡎ࡟ࠊ஦ᐇ࡟༶ࡋࡓᅉᯝ㛵ಀࡢࡳ࡛⌮ゎࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ
ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
3 ཎጞᮍ㛤᫬௦ࡀ⊁⊟᥇㞟ࡢ᫬௦࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㔝⻅᫬௦ࡀ㎰ᴗࡢ᫬௦࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺༊ศࡣࠊࡑࢀ
࡯࡝ࡣࡗࡁࡾ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ
ࠗ〇సᮏ⬟ㄽ࠘([1914])࡛ࡣึᮇࡢ㎰ᴗࡸ∾␆࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᮍ㛤᫬௦ࡢࡇ࡜࡜ࡋ࡚ᥥ࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᫬௦༊ศࡣࠊ㎰ᴗ࡞࡝ࡀ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘ
Ⓨᒎࡋࠊ⵳✚ࡉࢀࡓ㈈ࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚␎ዣⓗ࡞⾜Ⅽࡀᗈ⠊࡟㉳ࡇࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࡶࡗ࡚࡞
ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゎ㔘ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

᭹ᚑࡢ⛛ᗎࢆ୍㈏ࡋ࡚ಖᣢࡋࠊᛅㄔࡸឡᅜᚰࡢ⨾ᚨࢆᇵࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ
ḟ࡟ࡃࡿࡢࡣ㏆௦࡛࠶ࡾࠊᑒᘓไࡀゎయࡋ࡚௨㝆ࠊ⌧௦ࡲ࡛ࡢ᫬௦࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ
᫬ᮇࡣᕤᴗࡀ㔜せᛶࢆቑࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᕤᴗࡢᛶ᱁ࡀ♫఍࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡶ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿࡟ศ๭ࡋ࡚≉ᚩࢆ༊ูࡍࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ๓ᮇ㏆௦ࡣᡭᕤᴗࡢ᫬௦࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⫋ே࡟ࡼࡿ๰స࡜ᡂᯝࠊປാ࡜ᡤ᭷࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡀ᫂☜ࡔࡗࡓࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡇ
ࡢ᫬௦࡟⮬↛ᶒᛮ᝿ࡸ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡀ☜❧ࡋࡓࠋ㏆௦ࡣ㌟ศไࢆᗫᲠࡋࡓᚋ࡟ࠊಶேࡀ⮬⏤࡞ዎ⣙࡟ࡼࡗ࡚♫఍㛵ಀࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿไᗘ࡬࡜㌿᥮ࡋࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ㔠㖹ࡢᡤ᭷ࢆホ౯ᇶ‽࡜ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᚋᮇ㔝⻅᫬௦ࡢไᗘࡣ⥅⥆ࡋࠊࡇࡢ᫬௦ࡣ⮬⏤࡞㔠㖹యไ࡜≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡇ
࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊᚋᮇ㏆௦ࡣᶵᲔไᕤᴗࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚௨㝆ࡢ᫬௦ࢆᣦࡍࠋ⮬↛ᶒᛮ᝿ࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡋࡓ⮬⏤࡞㔠㖹యไࡣ⥅⥆ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊᶵᲔ࡟ࡼࡿᛮ⪃⩦័ࡀࡑࢀ࡜┦࠸ࢀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞⛛ᗎ࡬ࡢ⫾ືࡀጞࡲࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࠊୖ㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡢ≉ᚩ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢᩥ᫂ྐࡣ⏘ᴗࡢኚ໬ࡀ♫఍ไᗘࡢኚ໬ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࡜ࡋ୍࡚㈏ࡋ࡚㏙࡭ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࡑࢀࡣ୍᪉ⓗ࡞㛵ಀ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࠶ࡿ♫఍ไᗘࡢࡶ
࡜࡛⏘ᴗࡢኚ໬ࡀᑟ࠿ࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺㛵ಀࡶྵࢇࡔ཮᪉ྥⓗ࡞㛵ಀ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄒࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ4ࠋཎጞᮍ㛤᫬௦࡟ࡣࠊ⊁⊟᥇㞟࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㞟ᅋࡢ⏕Ꮡࢆ⥔ᣢࡍ࡭ࡃࠊᖹ➼࡛ඹྠⓗ࡞♫఍ࡀᙧᡂࡉ
ࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊ⏕⏘ຊࢆ㧗ࡵࡿດຊࡣࡸࡀ࡚㎰ᴗᢏ⾡ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࠋ㎰ᴗ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᐃఫࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࠊ㈈⏘ࡢ⵳✚ࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊඹྠయࡢ㛫࡛␎ዣࡀ㉳ࡇࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࠊ⏕⏘ࡼࡾࡶṊຬ
ࡢ㈨㉁ࡀ㧗ࡃホ౯ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣඹྠయࡢෆ㒊࡛Ṋຬ࡟ࡼࡿ㌟ศไࢆⓎ⏕ࡉࡏࠊ㔝⻅᫬௦ࡢ⛛ᗎࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋ㔝⻅᫬௦ࡣᚋᮇ࡟ࡣ༙ᖹ࿴ឡዲⓗ࡟࡞ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ⏕⏘ᛶࡢ
ྥୖࡢ㏣ồࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡾࠊᡭᕤᴗࡀⓎ㐩ࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㔝⻅᫬௦ࡢ㝵⣭⛛ᗎ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ⮬↛ᶒᛮ᝿ࢆ⫱ࡳࠊ㏆௦࡬ࡢ㐨ࢆ㛤ࡃࠋ㏆௦ࡢ⮬⏤࡞㔠㖹యไࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊᡭᕤᴗࡣࡉࡽ࡟Ⓨᒎࡍࡿࡀࠊࡸࡀ࡚ᶵᲔࡀḟࠎ࡜Ⓨ᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜ࠊᶵᲔไᕤᴗࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞⏕⏘యไ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡀ⌧ẁ㝵ࡢ♫఍࡛࠶ࡾࠊḟ࡟ࡣᶵᲔไᕤᴗ࡟༶ࡋࡓ♫఍ไᗘࡀⓏሙࡍࡿࡣࡎࡔ࡜࠸࠺
ࡇ࡜ࡀࠊࡇࡢ⬦⤡࠿ࡽㄞࡳྲྀࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡇࡢᅗᘧࡣ୍ぢࡍࡿ࡜༢⥺ⓗ࡞ᩥ᫂ࡢ㐍Ṍࢆᥥ࠸ࡓ㐍Ṍྐほࡢࡼ࠺࡞༳㇟ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡢ࡛
ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ࠿࡞ࡾ㛗ᮇࡢ᫬㛫ࢫࢣ࣮࡛ࣝᥥ࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ༢⣧໬ࡉࢀࡓே㢮ྐࡔࡅࢆ⪃࠼ࢀࡤࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ཷࡅṆࡵ᪉ࡶ↓⌮ࡀ࡞࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣไᗘࡢ㐍໬㐣⛬ࡢ⣛వ᭤ᢡ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ⪃ᐹࢆᛰࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ≉࡟ࠊ㏆⌧௦ࡢไᗘࢆㄽࡌࡿ࡟
࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡢኚ໬ࡀ⡆༢࡟㐍ࡴࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ៅ㔜࡞ែᗘࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㒊ศ࡟ὀ┠ࡋ࡚ࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢไᗘ㐍໬ㄽࢆࡼࡾ⦓ᐦ࡟ࡳ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ

4

ࠗ〇సᮏ⬟ㄽ࠘ࡢࠕࡣࡋࡀࡁࠖ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡣ᫂ᛌ࡟♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕᩥ໬ࡢ⏕ᡂ࡜ࡑࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ಖᣢ࡜࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞័౛ࡢㅖ஦ᐇࡀࠊᢏ⾡ⓗഃ㠃௨እ࡛ࡢᩥ᫂ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡜᪉ἲ࡜ࢆᇶ♏࡙ࡅつไࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࠊ᰿ᗏⓗࠊỴᐃⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࠕࡓࡔࡋࠊ࠶ࡿᩥ᫂ࡢ
ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ័⩦ࡀࠊ௒ᗘࡣࠊ⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࡢ≧ែ࡟཯స⏝ࡍࡿ⛬ᗘࢆࠊ᤼㝖ࡋࡓࡾ┳㐣ࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ព࿡࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ(Veblen[1914]p.1,ヂ 1 㡫)

3. ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ▱㆑ㄽ࡜ไᗘ㐍໬ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢไᗘᴫᛕࡣᖜᗈ࠸ࡶࡢࢆྵࡴࡀࠊࡑࡢ㔜せ࡞せ⣲࡟▱㆑ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡇ
ࡢ▱㆑ࡢ㐍໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡓㄽᩥ࠿ࡽࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ㐍໬ᴫᛕࢆࡼࡾṇ☜࡟⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵࠊࡇࡇ࡛ゐࢀ࡚࠾ࡃࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ▱㆑ㄽࡣࠕ㏆௦ᩥ᫂࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⛉Ꮫࡢᆅ఩ࠖ([1906])ࡸࠕ⛉Ꮫⓗぢᆅࡢ㐍໬ࠖ
([1908])࡞࡝࡛ᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࡲࡎ▱㆑ࡀ஧ࡘࡢ␗࡞ࡿཎᅉ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍ࡘࡣࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢵࢡ࡞▱㆑࡛࠶ࡾࠊ┠ⓗㄽⓗࠊຌ฼ⓗࠊ౽ᐅⓗ࡞⾜ື࡟ྥ࠿࠺ᛶ㉁ࡢ▱㆑࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ᪥ᖖ⏕ά࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᭷⏝ᛶࡢ㏣ồࡀཎᅉ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ♫఍ไᗘࢆ཯ᫎࡋࡓฎୡ⾡࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠊ⾲㠃ⓗ࡞▱㆑࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡼ࠸ࠋࡶ࠺୍᪉࡟ࡣዲወᚰ࡟ࡼࡿ
▱㆑ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢵࢡ࡞▱㆑࡜ࡣᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ࠊ┤᥋ⓗ࡟⏕άୖࡢ౽
ᐅࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ▱㆑⮬యࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋୡ⏺ࢆ୍㈏ࡋࡓయ
⣔࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡋࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ḧồࡀࡇࡢ✀ࡢ▱㆑ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⾪ືࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࡢࡣே㛫ࡢᮏ⬟࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢዲወᚰ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᮏᛶࢆᣢࡘᏑᅾࡀ㆟ㄽࡢ๓ᥦ࡜࡞ࡿࣦ
࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢே㛫ീ࡛࠶ࡿ5ࠋࡇࡕࡽࡢ▱㆑ࡣ௚᪉࡟ẚ࡭ࡿ࡜ࠊࡼࡾ῝ᒙ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ
࡛ࡁࠊࡼࡾᏳᐃⓗ࡞▱㆑࡞ࢃࡅࡔࡀࠊ⏕ά࠿ࡽࡣ㊥㞳ࡢ࠶ࡿࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞▱㆑ࡶኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡃࠋࡇࡢኚ໬ࢆᥥ࠸ࡓࡶࡢࡀࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢᩥ᫂ྐࡢ୍ഃ㠃࡛࠶ࡿࠋཎጞᮍ㛤᫬௦ࡢዲወᚰ࡟ࡼࡿ▱㆑ࡣࠊ⚄ヰࡢᙧ࡛ୡ⏺ࢆయ⣔ⓗ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡔ
ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊ஦≀ࢆㄌ⏕ࠊᡂ㛗ࠊ⭉ᮙࡢᚠ⎔࡛ᥥࡃࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿ(Veblen[1906]pp.8-9)ࠋ
ዲወᚰ࡟ࡼࡿ▱㆑ࡢ࢔ࢽ࣑ࢬ࣒ࡣᚋ࡟ࡶཷࡅ⥅ࡀࢀ࡚࠸ࡃ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡑࢀ
ࡣ᭱ࡶᙉࡃ⌧ࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣᙜ᫬ࡢ⏕άࡢ཯࡛ᫎ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊᖹ➼࡞♫఍ไᗘࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࠊ⊁⊟᥇㞟ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ᫬௦࡟ࡣࠊୡ⏺ࢆே㛫ࡸ⏕≀࡟ᶍࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⮬↛ࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㔝⻅᫬௦࡟࡞ࡿ࡜⚄ヰࡢᛶ᱁ࡣኚࢃࡿࠋ㌟ศไࡸ㝵⣭ไࢆ཯ᫎࡋ࡚ࠊ⚄ヰࡶ఩㝵ไࡸᨭ㓄࡜ᚑᒓࡢ㛵ಀࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚య⣔❧࡚ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ⚄ࡢᴫᛕࡣࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡣඛ♽ࡔ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡶࡢࡀࠊ᐀୺࡜ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ(Veblen[1906]p.11)ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ᙉᅽ
ⓗ࡞୍⚄ᩍࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿࡢࡀࡇࡢ᫬௦ࡢ▱㆑ࡢ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㏆௦࡟ධࡿ࡜⚄ヰࡣ෌ࡧᛶ᱁ࢆኚ࠼ࡿࠋᑒᘓⓗ࡞ไᗘࡀゎయ࡟ྥ࠿࠸ࠊᡭᕤᴗࡀ⯆㝯ࡋ࡚ࡃࡿ࡜ࠊୡ⏺ࡢ஦㇟ࡣ⫋ேࡢᢏ㔞ࡢほⅬ࡛⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ(Veblen[1906]p.13)ࠋ༶
≀ⓗ࡞ᅉᯝ㛵ಀࡀࡼࡾ㔜どࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡣࠊ⚄ヰ࠿ࡽᢤࡅฟࡋࡘࡘ࠶
ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡀࠊࡲࡔ୍㈏ࡋࡓయ⣔࠿ࡽࡣ⚄ࡀᾘ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ⚄ࡣୡ⏺ࡢᨭ㓄⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡀࠊ๰㐀୺࡬࡜ព࿡ࢆኚ࠼ࠊ⮬↛ἲࡣ⚄ࡀタィࡋࡓ⮬↛ࡢ௙ᵝ᭩ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⌮ゎࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ(Veblen[1906]p.14)ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌮⚄ㄽⓗ࡞ୡ⏺ほࡀ๓ᮇ㏆௦ࡢ▱㆑ࡢ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࢔ࢽ࣑ࢬ࣒ࡢせ⣲ࡣ╔ᐇ࡟ῶᑡࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ

5ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢไᗘ⌮ㄽࡣࡍ࡭࡚᰿ᗏ࡟⊂≉ࡢᮏ⬟ㄽࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣヲ⣽࡟ࡣゐࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ࠶ࡽࡺࡿไᗘࡣᮏ⬟ࡀᣦࡋ♧ࡍ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᡭẁ࡜࠸࠺ᛶ㉁ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊไᗘኚ
໬ࡣከᵝ࡞ᮏ⬟ࡢ࠺ࡕ࡝ࢀࡀࡼࡾᙉࡃⓎ᥹ࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡀኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࡔ࡜ゝ࠸᥮࠼ࡿࡇ
࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋヲࡋࡃࡣᣋ✏(᪂஭⏣[2006])ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᶵᲔไ⏘ᴗࡀⓏሙࡋࡓᚋᮇ㏆௦࡟ධࡿ࡜ࠊࡘ࠸࡟࢔ࢽ࣑ࢬ࣒࠿ࡽ⬺༷ࡋࡓ▱㆑ࡢయ⣔ࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀ㏆௦⛉Ꮫ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ༶≀ⓗ࡞ᅉᯝ㛵ಀࡢ㐃⥆ࡢࡳ୍࡛㈏ࡋࡓ▱㆑ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡶࡣࡸ⚄ࡣⓏሙࡋ࡞࠸(Veblen[1906]pp.15-16)ࠋ
ࡇࢀࡀ⌧௦ࡢዲወᚰ࡟ࡼࡿ▱㆑ࡢጼ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࡇࡢ㆟ㄽࡣ⚄ヰ࡜㏆௦⛉Ꮫࢆྠࡌ⣔ิ࡟࠾࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࡝ࡕࡽࡶࡑࢀ⮬యࡣ⏕άୖࡢ᭷⏝ᛶࢆồࡵࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ዲወᚰ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᑟ࠿ࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢయ⣔໬ࡢ࡞ࡉࢀ᪉ࡀ᫬௦࡟ࡼࡗ࡚␗࡞ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ▱㆑ࡢ㐍໬ࡢᅗᘧࡣࠊ⏘ᴗࡢኚ໬ࢆ཯ᫎࡋ࡚▱㆑ࡢᛶ᱁ࡀኚࢃࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⏘ᴗ࡜ไᗘࡢ୍
⯡ⓗ࡞㐍໬ࡢᥥࡁ᪉࡜ྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࠊ᫬௦ࢆ㏣࠺ࡈ࡜࡟୍㈏ࡋ࡚࢔ࢽ࣑ࢬ࣒ࡢせ⣲ࡢῶᑡࡀ㉳ࡇࡿ࡜࠸࠺ぢ᪉࡟ࡣࠊࡲࡓࡋ࡚ࡶ㐍Ṍྐほⓗ࡞せ⣲ࡀᇉ㛫ぢ࠼ࡿ6ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢ▱㆑ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ༢⥺ⓗ࡞Ṕྐほ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿぢ᪉ࡶࡣࡗࡁࡾ࡜ᥦ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㏆௦⛉Ꮫࡢ※ὶ࡜ࡣఱ࡞ࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ
ㄽᩥࡢ୺㢟࡛࠶ࡿࢃࡅࡔࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣዲወᚰ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ୡ⏺ࢆ୍㈏ࡋࡓయ
⣔࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿḧồࡀ᰿※࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡣ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡢ⚄ヰࡶ㏆௦⛉Ꮫࡶྠࡌ࡛
࠶ࡿ࡜⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊዲወᚰ࡟ࡼࡿయ⣔໬ࡉࢀࡓ▱㆑ࡀࠊ᫬௦ࡈ࡜࡟༢୍ࡢࡶࡢ࡜
ࡋ࡚ᬑཬࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᫬௦ࡀኚࢃࡿ࡜ࡑࡢ▱㆑య⣔ࡀ୸ࡈ࡜᪂ࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡟ኚ㉁ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛▱㆑ࡀ㐍໬ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋኚࢃࡿࡢࡣࠊࠕᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ࠖ▱㆑య⣔࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ௨๓࡟ᨭ㓄ⓗࡔࡗࡓ▱㆑ࡀᬑཬࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊูࡢ▱㆑ࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡟࡞ࢀࡤࠊࡑ
ࢀࡀࡑࡢ㞟ᅋ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ▱㆑ࡢ㐍໬࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠶ࡿ▱㆑య⣔ࡀ⁛ࡪᚲせࡣ࡞ࡃࠊྠ᫬࡟」ᩘࡢ▱㆑ࡀేᏑࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞▱㆑ࡀ஺௦ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡇࡑࣦ
࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ㐍໬ࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪ࡛࠶ࡿ7ࠋࡇࢀࡣ≉࡟㔝⻅᫬௦ࡢ▱㆑ࡀ㏆௦௨㝆⾶㏥ࡍࡿ㐣⛬ࡢ⾲⌧࡟ࡼࡃ⌧ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㔝⻅᫬௦ࡢ⚄ヰࡢయ⣔ࡣࠊᙉᅽⓗ࡞㌟ศไࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞▱㆑࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣ୺࡟

6࢔ࢽ࣑ࢬ࣒ࡢ୍㈏ࡋࡓῶᑡ࡜࠸࠺ぢ᪉ࡣࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀ⤒῭ᏛࡢṔྐࢆᢅ࠺࡜ࡁ࡟ᙉㄪࡋࡓぢ᪉࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕ࡞ࡐ⤒῭Ꮫࡣ㐍໬ㄽⓗ⛉Ꮫ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࠖ([1898])࡞࡝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞ
ࣥࡣ⮬↛⛉Ꮫ࡞࡝ࡀࠊ㏆௦ⓗᛮ⪃⩦័࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࢔ࢽ࣑ࢬ࣒࠿ࡽᢤࡅฟࡋࠊ༶≀ⓗ࡞ᅉᯝ㛵ಀ࡟ࡼࡿ㸦㸻㐍໬ㄽⓗ࡞㸧⛉Ꮫ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ⤒῭Ꮫࡀᮍࡔ࡟ࡑ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸
ࡇ࡜ࢆᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᢈุࡣࠊ⛉Ꮫࡀ㐍໬ㄽⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡟Ⓨᒎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲ↛࡛࠶ࡿ࡜᩿ᐃࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ㄽㄪ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊᮏሗ࿌࡛ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡓࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ㐍໬ㄽ࡜ࡣᩚྜ
ⓗ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸ࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣึᮇ࡟ࡣࡼࡾ㐍Ṍྐほⓗ࡞ไᗘ㐍໬ㄽࢆ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡑ
ࢀࡀ௒ᅇྲྀࡾୖࡆࡓࡼ࠺࡞❧ሙ࡟ኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀሗ࿌⪅ࡢぢゎ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀ
࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᶵ఍ࢆᨵࡵ࡚ሗ࿌ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
7 ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ไᗘ㐍໬ㄽࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࠊ
࣍ࢪࢯࣥࡣಶయⓎ⏕ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜⣔⤫Ⓨ⏕ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࢆ༊ูࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭ࡿࠋಶయⓎ⏕ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡣࠊ୍ࡘࡢไᗘࡀᮍ⇍࡞ᙧែ࠿ࡽ
ᡂ⇍ࡋࡓᙧែ࡬࡜㐍໬ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᒎ㛤ࢆࡓ࡝ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ」ᩘࡢไᗘ㛫ࡢ㛵ಀࡸࡑࡢ➇ྜ࡜㑅ᢥ࡞࡝ࡣᢅ࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ⣔⤫Ⓨ⏕ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡣࠊ」ᩘࡢไᗘࡢ⩌࡟┠ࢆྥࡅࠊಶูࡢไᗘࡢⓎ⏕ࡸ㑅ᢥࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊไᗘࡢ⩌ࡀኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㐣⛬ࢆ㐍໬࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼
ࡿࠋ࣍ࢪࢯࣥࡣ⣔⤫Ⓨ⏕ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡇࡑࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥⓗ࡞㐍໬ᴫᛕࡔ࡜ホ౯ࡋࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀ
ࡇࡢไᗘ㐍໬ㄽࡢ㛤ᣅ⪅࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ

ᨭ㓄㝵⣭ࡢ㛫࡛ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋேཱྀⓗ࡟ࡣࡼࡾ኱ࡁ࡞ୗᒙ㝵⣭ࡢ㛫࡛ࡣࠊᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞⚄ヰࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉ᚩࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸Ẹヰࡸఏㄝࡀఏᢎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋᚋ࡟㏆௦⛉Ꮫ࡬࡜ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ
ࡼ࠺࡞▱㆑ࡢ⣔⤫ࡣࡇࡕࡽࡢ᪉࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㔝⻅᫬௦ࡢᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞▱㆑࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࣦ࢙
ࣈࣞࣥࡢ୺ᙇ࡛࠶ࡿ(Veblen[1906]pp.22-25)ࠋ
ᩚ⌮ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊዲወᚰ࡟ࡼࡿ▱㆑࡟ࡣ኱ࡁࡃ஧ࡘࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋཎጞᮍ㛤᫬௦࠿ࡽᙧࢆኚ࠼࡞ࡀࡽ⥅ᢎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ▱㆑࡜ࠊ㔝⻅᫬௦ࡢ㌟ศไ♫఍࡛⏕ࡲࢀࡓ▱㆑࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ୧⪅ࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ᆅ఩ࢆ஺௦ࡉࡏ࡞ࡀࡽᏑ⥆ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ
ࡀࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ▱㆑ࡢ㐍໬ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ▱㆑ࡣ༢⥺ⓗ࡟㐣ཤࡢࡶࡢࢆᾘࡋཤࡾ࡞ࡀࡽኚࢃࡗ
࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊከᵝ࡞⣔⤫ࡢ▱㆑ࡀ㔜ᒙⓗ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ࡞࠿࡛ᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡀ஺௦ࡋ࡚
࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢὶࢀࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࡣࠊ㐣ཤࡢ▱㆑ࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ᆅ఩࡟᚟άࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ
ᙜ↛࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ไᗘ㐍໬ࡢᅗᘧࡣࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᬑ㐢ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠗ᭷㛩㝵⣭ࡢ⌮ㄽ࠘ࡢ୺㢟ࡣࠊ㢧♧ⓗᾘ㈝࡞࡝ࡢ⾜ືᵝᘧࡀࠊ㔝⻅᫬௦ࡢ␎ዣⓗ࡞ᩥ໬ࢆ⥅ᢎࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
㏆௦ࡢ⏘ᴗ♫఍࡟ࡣ࡞ࡌࡲ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㔠㖹ⓗ࡞ไᗘ࡜⏘ᴗⓗ࡞ไᗘࡀᑐ❧ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛㔝⻅᫬௦௨᮶ࡢᩥ໬࡟ᑐᢠࡍࡿࡢࡣࡲࡗࡓࡃ᪂ࡋ࠸ᩥ໬࡛࠶ࡿ
ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣࡉࡽ࡟ྂ࠸ཎጞᮍ㛤♫఍ࡢᩥ໬ࡢ⣔⤫࡟ᒓࡍࡿᛶ᱁ࢆᣢࡘࠋᖹ࿴ⓗ࡞ไᗘࡢࡶ࡜࡛⏕⏘ࡢຠ⋡ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺≧ែࡀࠊཎጞᮍ㛤♫఍࡜ᡭᕤᴗࡢ᫬௦࡟ඹ
㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡶཎጞᮍ㛤᫬௦ࡢࡶࡢ࡜㔝⻅᫬௦ࡢࡶࡢ࡜ࡢᨭ㓄ࡢ஺௦࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ไᗘ㐍໬ࡣᥥ࠿ࢀࡿࠋ▱㆑ㄽ࡜␗࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊ▱㆑య⣔ࡀ㏆௦⛉Ꮫࡢᬑཬ࡟ࡼ
ࡗ࡚㏆௦ࡢ⏘ᴗ࡟ࡩࡉࢃࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᩥ໬ⓗ࡞㠃࡛ࡣ⌧௦࡟࠸ࡓࡗ࡚ࡶ
㔝⻅᫬௦ࡢࡶࡢࢆከࡃṧࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣ⏘ᴗ࡜ࡢ୙ㄪ࿴࡟ࡣゝཬࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᩥ໬ࡀᚲࡎ⏘ᴗ࡟ྜࢃࡏࡿᙧ࡛㐍໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜ࡣ㏙
࡭࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
ࠗ᭷㛩㝵⣭ࡢ⌮ㄽ࠘ࡣࠊ᭷㛩㝵⣭ࡢ⾜ືᵝᘧࡀ࠸࠿࡟᰿῝࠸ࡶࡢ࠿ࢆࠊࡉࡲࡊ
ࡲ࡞ഃ㠃࠿ࡽㄽࡌࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡀ⾶㏥ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆணゝࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࣦ࢙ࣈ
ࣞࣥࡢไᗘ㐍໬ㄽࡀ༢⥺ⓗ࡞㐍Ṍྐほ࡛࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࡜ࡇࢁ࠿ࡽࡶㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿ
ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
4. Ⴀ฼௻ᴗࡢ⾶㏥ㄽ࡜ไᗘ㐍໬ヰࢆ෌ࡧࠗ௻ᴗࡢ⌮ㄽ࠘࡟ᡠࡍ࡜ࠊࡇࡇ࡛ぢࡓࡼ࠺࡞ከᵝ࡞⣔⤫ࡢไᗘࡢ㔜࡞ࡾ࡜ࠊࡑ
ࡢᨭ㓄ⓗᆅ఩ࡢኚ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ไᗘ㐍໬ࢆᥥࡃ࡜࠸࠺᪉ἲࡣࠊᮏ᭩࡛ࡶ୍㈏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ
࡛୺㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅࢃࢀࡿไᗘࡣࠊ
ࠕႠ฼ཎ๎(business principles)࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ
ࠕႠ฼௻ᴗࡢ⢭⚄ⓗᇶ♏ࡣࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࡢไᗘ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࠖ(Veblen[1904]p.66,ヂ 55 㡫)ࡑࡇ࡛ࠊࡇࡢ⚾᭷㈈⏘ᶒࡢไᗘࡢᡂࡾ❧ࡕࢆぢࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣᡤ᭷ᶒࡢᡂ❧ࡀẚ
㍑ⓗ᪂ࡋ࠸⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭ࡿࠋࠕ⤯ᑐⓗ࡟ࡳࢀࡤࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࡢไᗘࡀྂ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣ␲࠸ࡀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⾑⦕㛵ಀࠊᅜᐙࡶࡋࡃࡣ୙⁛ࡢ⚄ࠎ࡟ẚ㍑ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀࡣࡎࡗ࡜᪂ࡋ࠸ࠋ࡜ࡃ࡟ࡑࡢ༑ศ࡞Ⓨᒎࡀẚ

㍑ⓗ᭱㏆࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊすḢࡢṔྐୖࡢẚ㍑ⓗ᭱㏆ࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟࠸ࡓࡿࡲ࡛ࡣࠊ㠀㔠㖹ⓗᛶ᱁ࡢ࠶ࡽࡺࡿไ㝈࠿ࡽゎᨺࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞ࡃࠊࡲࡓಶேⓗ㈐௵ࡸ㝵⣭ⓗ≉ᶒࡢ௜ᒓ≀ࢆ࡜ࡶ࡞ࢃ࡞࠸⣧↛ࡓࡿ㠀ே㛫ⓗ࡞❧ሙ࡟❧ࡘࡇ࡜ࡶ࡞࠿
ࡗࡓࠋዎ⣙ࡢ⮬⏤࡜୙ྍ౵ᛶࡣࠊ᭱㏆࡟࠸ࡓࡿࡲ࡛ࡣࠊ◚ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸‽๎࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ஦ᐇࠊࡑࢀࡣࡲࡔ↓᮲௳࡟ᢎㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊࡲࡓࠊ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᡤ᭷≀࡟ཬࡰࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
ࠖ(Veblen[1904]p.69,ヂ 57 㡫)ࡇࡇ࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ༑ศ࡞Ⓨᒎ࡜ࡣࠊ㝵⣭ⓗ≉ᶒ࡜ᡤ᭷ᶒ࡜ࡢศ㞳ࡸࠊዎ⣙ࡢ⮬⏤ࡢᢎㄆࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡑࡢ㐺⏝⠊ᅖࡀ࠶ࡽࡺࡿࡶࡢ࡟ᗈࡀࡿࡇ࡜࡞࡝ࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ
࠺ࡋࡓ㏆௦ⓗ࡞ᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ※Ἠࡣࣟࢵࢡ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࣟࢵࢡࡀᡤ᭷ᶒࢆ⮬↛ᶒ࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ㄽ໬ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⮬ศࡢປാࢆΰࡐྜࢃࡏࡓࡶࡢࡣ⮬ᕫࡢ㈈⏘࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⮬⏤࡞ฎศࡣᶒ฼࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺᱁⋡ࡀᡂ❧ࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀ௨๓ࡢ୰ୡᮇ࡟ࡣࠊࠕ័⩦ୖࡢᶒጾ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ
ᶒ฼ࠊᶒ⬟ࠊ≉ᶒ࡞࡝ࡀᬑ㏻ࡑࢀ࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࠾ࡼࡑࡢ᰿ᣐ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࠖ
(Veblen[1904]pp.73-74,ヂ 61 㡫)ୡくⓗ࡞㌟ศࡀᡤ᭷ࢆṇᙜ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ᫬௦࡟⥆࠸࡚ࠊ⮬↛ᶒ࡟ࡼࡿᡤ᭷ᶒࡢᛮ᝿ࡀᐃ╔ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢኚ໬ࡣ⏘ᴗࡢኚ໬࡜ࡢ┦஫స⏝࡟ࡼࡿࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢᩥ᫂ྐࡢᅗᘧ࡛ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿࠋ๓
㏆௦ࡢ㌟ศ࡟ࡼࡿᡤ᭷ࡣࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀ࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡢ㔝⻅᫬௦ࡢไᗘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊዲᡓⓗ࡞๓ᮇ㔝⻅᫬௦࡟ࡣࠊṊຬࡢ㈨㉁ࡀホ౯ࡉࢀࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㌟ศไࡀసࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࠊ
Ṋຬࡢ㈨㉁ࢆ⾲ࡍࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᡓ฼ရࡢᡤ᭷ࡀ➇ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋᚋᮇࡢ༙ᖹ࿴ឡዲⓗ࡞᫬௦࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊṊຬࡢドᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㔠㖹ࡢᡤ᭷ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀホ౯ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࠊ
㈈⏘ࡢ⵳✚ࡀ➇ࢃࢀࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡶᡤ᭷ࡢ᰿ᣐࡣ┦⥆࡟ࡼࡿ⥅ᢎ࠿ࠊ␎ዣⓗ࡞⾜Ⅽ࡟ࡼࡿ⋓ᚓ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊປാ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓྂ࠸ᡤ᭷ᶒࡢไᗘࡣࠊࣝࢿࢧࣥࢫᮇ࡟
ᔂቯࡋጞࡵࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ᴫᛕࡣ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࡛Ⓨᒎࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ
ࠕ୍ࡘࡢᛮ⪃⩦័࡜ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠊ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࢖ࢠࣜࢫⓗ࡞ᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ≀㉁ⓗࠊṔྐⓗᇶ♏ࡣࠊ୰ୡᮇࡢ㌟ศ࡜Ṋຬࡢไᗘ࡜ࡣ
␗࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊᡭᕤᴗࡸ㈠᫆ࡢ㏆௦ⓗ࡞⤒῭ⓗせᅉ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࠖ(Veblen[1904]p.76,
ヂ 63 㡫)ᡭᕤᴗࡸ㈠᫆ࡀࡼࡾ㔜せᛶࢆ㧗ࡵ࡚࠸ࡃ࡞࠿࡛ࠊࡑࢀ࡟㐺ྜⓗ࡞ᛮ᝿࡜ࡋ࡚⮬↛ᶒ
ࡀⓏሙࡍࡿࡢࡔࡀࠊ࢖ࢠࣜࢫࡣ኱㝣࡟ẚ࡭࡚ᑒᘓⓗ࡞ᨭ㓄ࡢຊࡀᙅ࠿ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺
࡞ᛮ⪃⩦័ࡢᬑཬࡀ᪩࠿ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚࠿ࡘ࡚࡜ᡤ᭷ࡢ᰿ᣐࢆኚ࠼ࡿᙧ࡛㏆௦ⓗ࡞⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ᆅ఩࡟ࡘ࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
Ⴀ฼ཎ๎࡜ࡣࠊࡇࡢ㏆௦ⓗ࡞ᡤ᭷ᶒࡢୖ࡟ᡂࡾ❧ࡘไᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋປാ࡟ࡼࡿᡤ᭷࡜ዎ⣙ࡢ⮬⏤࡜࠸࠺⮬↛ᶒࡢཎ๎࡟ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚஦ᴗࡣႠࡲࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊྠ᫬࡟Ⴀ฼ཎ๎ࡣ๓᫬
௦࠿ࡽ㔠㖹ࡢ⵳✚➇த࡜࠸࠺ᛶ᱁ࢆཷࡅ⥅࠸࡛࠸ࡿࠋᡤ᭷ࡢ᰿ᣐࡣኚࢃࡗࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊᡤ᭷
ࢆ➇࠺Ⅼ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣኚࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ㔠㖹యไ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ≉ᚩࡣ⥅⥆ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ
័⩦ୖࡢᶒጾࡸ≉ᶒࡀᗫᲠࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ⮬⏤࡞㔠㖹యไࡀᡂ❧ࡋࡓࡢࡀ㏆௦ࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ
ไᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࡇࡢႠ฼ཎ๎ࡀ⌧௦㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢཎ๎࡜ࡋ࡚ᨭ㓄ⓗ࡛࠶ࡾ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ
ㄆࡵࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡣ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⏘ᴗ࡜ࡣ㐺ྜⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⏘ᴗࡣᡭᕤᴗ࠿ࡽᶵᲔไᕤᴗ࡬࡜⛣ࡾኚࢃࡾࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊປാࡢᢞධ࡜ࡑࡢᡂᯝࡢྲྀᚓ࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ࡢ
ᡤ᭷ᶒࡣㄝᚓຊࢆኻ࠺ࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣ⮬↛ᶒᛮ᝿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᙉㄪࡍࡿࠋ
ࠕࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᴫᛕࡣࠊᡭᕤᴗࡸᡭ⫋ࡢ᫬௦࡟ᒓࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀ⌧ᅾ࡟ࡲ࡛ఏ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡢ
ࡣࠊᡭᕤᴗ᫬௦௨ᚋࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓࡑࡢ᫬௦ࢆ⤒㐣ࡋ࡚࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊᡭᕤᴗ
యไ࡟ࡨࡗࡓࡾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊᡭᕤᴗ௨እࡢ≧ἣ࡛ࡣࠊ⏕άࡢ஦ᐇ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࡯࡝
᏶඲࡟ㄪ࿴ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
ࠖ(Veblen[1904]p.79,ヂ 65 㡫)ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᶵᲔ㐣⛬ࡀᛮ⪃⩦័࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭ࡿࠋࠕᶵᲔ㐣⛬ࡣࠊ㠀ே㛫ⓗᛶ᱁ࡢ⌧㇟࡜࠿ࠊࡑࡢຊࡀே㛫ⓗ࡞೫ྥ࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞
ࡃࠊࡲࡓ⩦័࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡘࡃࡾฟࡉࢀ࡚ࡶ࠸࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞⥅㉳ࡸ┦㛵㛵ಀ࡜࠿࡟ࡓ࠸ࡍࡿ
ከ࠿ࢀᑡ࡞࠿ࢀ⤯࠼㛫࡞࠸ὀពࢆᙉせࡍࡿࠋᶵᲔࡣ⚄ேྠᙧㄽⓗᛮ⪃⩦័ࢆ᤼㝖ࡍࡿࠋ͐ᶵᲔᢏ⾡ࡣࠊປാ⪅ࡢ⇍⦎ࠊ໅ຮࡶࡋࡃࡣಶேⓗຊ㔞࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑ
ࢀࡣࠊປാ⪅ࡢୖᙺࡢ⩦័ࡸᛶྥ࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡣࠊ࡞࠾ࡉࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ㠀ே㛫ⓗࠊ≀㉁ⓗ࡞ᅉᯝ㛵ಀ࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿ▱㆑࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࠋ͐ࡑࢀࡣࠊ୙㏱࡛᫂㠀ே㛫ⓗ࡞ᅉᯝ㛵ಀࢆᇶ‽࡜ࡋ࡚≀஦ࢆ⪃࠼ࠊ័⩦ࡸࠊ័⩦࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡘࡓ࠼ࡽࢀࡓᅉ⩦ⓗᶆ‽࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿ┿ᐇࡢつ⠊ࢆ➼㛩どࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᩍ࠼ࡿࠋ
ࠖ(Veblen[1904]p.310,ヂ 246 㡫)ᶵᲔ㐣⛬ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊປാ⪅ࡣᡭᕤᴗࡢ᫬௦࡟㌟࡟௜ࡅ࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡞ே㛫ⓗ࡞ᢏ㔞࡛≀஦ࢆࡳࡿ⩦័࠿ࡽ⬺༷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ⌮⚄ㄽⓗ࡞๰㐀࡟ࡼࡿୡ⏺ほ࠿ࡽࠊ⚄ࡢពᛮࢆ᤼ࡋ
ࡓ༶≀ⓗ࡞ᅉᯝ㛵ಀ࡟ࡼࡿୡ⏺ほ࡬࡜▱㆑ࡀ㐍໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡢ࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⏘ᴗࡢኚ໬ࡀ᪥ᖖࡢᛮ⪃⩦័ࢆࡶኚ࠼࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊඛ࡟☜ㄆࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ᛮ⪃⩦័ࡢⓏሙࡣࠊྂ࠸ᛮ⪃⩦័ࢆᾘࡋཤࡗࡓୖ
࡟㉳ࡇࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ⮬↛ᶒᛮ᝿ࡣႠ฼ཎ๎ࢆྵࡵ࡚೺ᅾ࡛࠶ࡿࡋࠊࡉࡽ࡟ྂ࠸㔝⻅᫬௦ࡢᛮ⪃⩦័ࡶኻࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢྂ࠸ᛮ⪃⩦័ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⌧ࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡲࡓ༢⣧࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࠕ௻ᴗ⪅㝵⣭ࡢࡶࡢࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡟ࡓ࠸ࡍࡿ✲ᴟࡢ┿ᐇᛶࡢ᰿ᣐࡣࠊ㈈⏘ࡢ⮬↛ᶒࡢ᰿ᣐ̿≀㉁ⓗᅉᯝᛶࢆᇶ‽࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃᘧ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞஦ᐇୖࡢ┿ᐇᛶࡼࡾࡶࠊ
ࡴࡋࢁࠊ࠶ࡿไᗘⓗ┿ᐇᛶࢆࡶࡘᅉ⩦ⓗࠊ⚄ேྠᙧㄽⓗ஦ᐇ࡛̿࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟཯ࡋ࡚ࠊ
ᶵᲔไ⏘ᴗ࡟ᚑ஦ࡍࡿ㝵⣭ࡣࠊከࡃࡢࡤ࠶࠸ࠊᅉᯝ⣔ิࡢၥ㢟࡟ἐ㢌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ͐≀㉁ⓗ࡞ᅉᯝᛶࢆ᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡇ࡞ࢃࢀࡿㄽ㆟ࡣࠊᅉ⩦ⓗ࡞๓౛࡜࠿ࠊᘚドἲⓗ࡟༑ศ࡞⌮⏤࡜࠿࠿ࡽࡢㄽ㆟ࡸࠊࡑࡢ཯ᑐࡢഃ࠿ࡽࡢㄽ㆟࡜ࡣㄪᏊࡀྜࢃ࡞࠸ࠋࠖ(Veblen[1904]p.318,ヂ 252 㡫)ࡇࡇ࡛♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ᪂ᪧࡢᛮ⪃⩦័ࡢᢸ࠸ᡭࡀ㝵⣭࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ศ࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ஦౛࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ᪂ࡋ࠸ᛮ⪃⩦័ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍᶵᲔ㐣⛬ࡢ㏆ࡃ࡟࠸ࡿࡢࡣປാ⪅㝵⣭࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊᙼࡽࡣ
ࡑࡢᙳ㡪ࢆᙉࡃཷࡅ࡚ࠊࡼࡾ⮬↛ᶒᛮ᝿࠿ࡽࡣ㐲ࡊ࠿ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ௻ᴗᐙࡸᨻ἞ᐙ
࡞࡝ࡣࠊ㔠㖹ⓗ࡞ไᗘࡸᡤ᭷ࡢไᗘ࡟ࡼࡾᙉࡃ㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ⮬↛ᶒᛮ᝿ࢆከࡃṧࡋ⥆ࡅࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ᛮ⪃⩦័ࡢᑐ❧ࡣ㝵⣭ᑐ❧࡜➢ྜࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊྂ࠸ᛮ⪃⩦័ࡢṧᏑࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ

ࠕ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ㝵⣭ࡢࡦ࡜ࡢே㛫ᛶࡢ࡞࠿࡟ࡣࠊ㐣ཤ࠿ࡽཷࡅ⥅ࡀࢀࠊࡑࡋู࡚ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟ࡴ࠿ࡗ࡚స⏝ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᛶྥࡸ⩦Ⓑࡢ࠶ࡲࡾ࡟ࡶከࡃࡢṧ⁦ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ͐᫇࠿ࡽཷࡅ⥅ࡀࢀࡓ⩦Ⓑࡸᅉ⩦ࡢᇶ┙ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ࡟ࡶໟᣓⓗ࠿ࡘᚭᗏⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺
࡞᏶ᡂ࡟ࡓ࠸ࡍࡿ㐲ᕳࡁ࡞᥋㏆௨ୖࡢࡶࡢࢆࡺࡿࡉ࡞࠸ࡃࡽ࠸࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ(Veblen[1904]
pp.309-310,ヂ 246 㡫)㝵⣭࡟ࡼࡿᛮ⪃⩦័ࡢ㐪࠸ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢேࠎ࡟ඹ㏻ࡋ࡚ྂ࠸ᛮ⪃⩦័ࡀṧᏑࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢලయⓗ࡞౛ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕ௦㆟ᨻయࡣ୺࡜ࡋ࡚௻ᴗ฼┈ࡢ௦⾲ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋᨻᗓࡣከࡃࡢࡤ࠶࠸ࠊ࠿࡞ࡾ⤊ጞ
୍㈏ࡋࡓ༢୍ࡢ┠ⓗࢆࡶࡗ࡚௻ᴗ⪅ࡢ฼┈ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ാࡃࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᨻᗓࡣࠊ௻ᴗ⪅ࡢ฼┈࡟ࡓ࠸ࡍࡿࡑࡢ㓄៖ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ୍⯡ࡢୡㄽ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᨭᣢࡉࢀࡿࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊே
Ẹࡢ࠶࠸ࡔ࡟ࡣࠊேẸࡢ≀㉁ⓗ฼ᐖࡣࠊྠࡌ௙⤌ࡳࡢᨻᗓᶵᵓࡢᯟෆ࡟ఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ௻
ᴗ⪅ࡢ㔠㖹ⓗ฼ᐖ࡜ࠊ୙ᛮ㆟࡞௙᪉୍࡛⮴ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⣲ᮔ࡛␲ၥࡢవᆅࡀ
࡞࠸☜ಙࡀᗈࡃ࠾ࡇ࡞ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ(Veblen[1904]p.286,ヂ 227 㡫)ࠕ௻ᴗ┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵࡢᨻᗓ࡟ࡓ࠸ࡍࡿ୍⯡ⓗᢎㄆࡢᇶ♏࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿẼศⓗ࡞᰿ᣐࡣࠊ
ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞஧ࡘࡢ㡯┠࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊឡᅜᚰ࡜㈈⏘࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ
ࡢ஧ࡘࡢ᮲௳ࡣ࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ≧ἣ࡜ࡣ࠸ࡕࡌࡿࡋࡃ␗࡞ࡗࡓ㐣ཤ࠿ࡽࡘࡓ࠼ࡽࢀࡓ
ไᗘⓗ஦ᐇࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿࠋ͐ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᇶᮏⓗ࡞ไᗘⓗᛮ⪃⩦័㸦࠾ࡑࡽࡃ⢭⚄ⓗ⩦័࡜࠸ࡗࡓ᪉ࡀ࠸ࡗࡑ࠺ࡼ࠸㸧ࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ๓ࡢࡶࡢࡣࠊᛅㄔࡢᑒᘓ᫬௦࠿ࡽࠊẶ᪘⏕άࡸẶ᪘ⓗ៮ᝏࡢ࠸ࡗࡑ࠺ึᮇࡢ᫬௦࡟࠸ࡓࡿࡲ࡛ࡢࠊึᮇࡢ㔝⻅ᩥ໬ࡢ⣖ᚊ࡟ࡲ࡛ࡉ࠿ࡢࡰࡿࠋࠖ(Veblen[1904]p.288,ヂ 228 㡫)ឡᅜᚰ࡜㈈⏘ࡀ≉࡟ᙉຊ࡟ṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᛮ⪃⩦័࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚௻ᴗࡢ฼┈࡟࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᨻ⟇ࡀ඲యⓗ࡟ᨭᣢࢆཷࡅࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ⌧ᅾࡢ⏘ᴗ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ
࡞ࡃࠊྂ࠸᫬௦ࡢᛮ⪃⩦័ࡀᏑ⥆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿࠋ≉࡟ឡᅜᚰ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㔝⻅᫬௦ࡢึᮇ࡟ࡲ࡛ࡉ࠿ࡢࡰࡿᛮ⪃⩦័࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀ࠸ࡲࡔ࡟ຊࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࠿
ࡽࡣࠊႠ฼௻ᴗ࡟㛵ࢃࡿᛮ⪃⩦័ࡀከᒙ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋ୍ࡘࡣ⌧ᅾࡢ⏘ᴗయไ࡟㉳ᅉࡍࡿᶵᲔⓗ࡞ᅉᯝ㛵ಀࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡍᛮ⪃⩦័࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡣࠊᡭᕤᴗ᫬௦࡟ᡂ❧ࡋࡓ⮬↛ᶒᛮ᝿࡛࠶ࡾࠊႠ฼௻ᴗࡀࡼࡗ࡚❧ࡘႠ฼ཎ๎ࡣࡇࡢไᗘࡢୖ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ
㔝⻅᫬௦࠿ࡽཷࡅ⥅ࡀࢀ࡚࠸ࡿឡᅜᚰࡸᛅㄔ࡞࡝ࡢ⨾ᚨࡶྠ᫬࡟Ꮡ⥆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡣ㝵⣭࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᙉࡉࡢ๭ྜ࡟ᕪࡣࡳࡽࢀࡿ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢேࠎ࡟ᬑཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊႠ฼௻ᴗࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᛮ⪃⩦័ࡢୖ࡟⌧Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ከᒙࡢᛮ⪃⩦័ࡀㄪ࿴ⓗ࡛࡞࠸ࡢࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡇ࡟ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᑐ❧ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢ᭱ࡓࡿࡶࡢࡣ㝵⣭㛫࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿᛮ⪃⩦័ࡢᑐ❧࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㔠㖹ⓗ࡞ไᗘ࡜⏘ᴗⓗ࡞ไᗘࡣᑐ❧ࢆ῝ࡵ࡚ࡺࡃࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋᶵᲔ㐣⛬ࡀࡼࡾ㐍ᒎࡍࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚ࠊ
⏘ᴗⓗ࡞ไᗘࡢຊࡣᙉࡃ࡞ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ᆅ఩࡟ྥ࠿ࡗ࡚㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿
ࡋࠊ⏘ᴗࡢࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣࢆࡩࡲ࠼࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᚲ↛ⓗ࡟⏘ᴗⓗไᗘࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࡣ㏙࡭࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋᶵᲔ㐣⛬ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭ࡿࠋࠕႠ฼௻ᴗࡢᡂ㛗ࡣࠊࡑࡢ≀㉁ⓗᇶ♏࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᶵᲔᢏ⾡࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௻ᴗ࡟࡜ࡗ
࡚ࡣᶵᲔไ⏘ᴗࡣ୙ྍḞࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௻ᴗࡣࠊᶵᲔ㐣⛬ࡀ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣࡸࡗ࡚ࡺࡅ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋᶵᲔ㐣⛬ࡢ⣖ᚊࡣࠊႠ฼௻ᴗࡢ⢭⚄ⓗࠊไᗘⓗᇶ♏ࢆษࡾࡃࡎࡍࠋᶵᲔไ⏘ᴗࡣࠊႠ฼௻ᴗࡢ⥅⥆ⓗ࡞ᡂ㛗࡜୧❧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ௻ᴗࡣࠊ⤖ᒁࠊᶵᲔ㐣⛬࡜୧❧ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋႠ฼ཎ๎ࡣࠊࡔ࠿ࡽᶵᲔ㐣⛬ࡢᩥ໬ⓗᙳ㡪࡟ࡓ࠸ࡍࡿ㜚த࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⤖ᒁࠊ຾ࡘࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊᶵᲔไᗘࡢ❓ᴟࡢẋᦆࡸᢚไࡀႠ฼௻ᴗࢆࡋ
ࡔ࠸࡟ቨࡂࢃ࡟ᢲࡋࡘࡅࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࠊᶵᲔไᗘࡢ⮬⏤࡞ᡂ㛗࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊႠ
฼ࡢཎ๎ࡣ㛫ࡶ࡞ࡃ⾶㏥࡟࠾ࡕ࠸ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࠖ(Veblen[1904]p.375,ヂ 296-297 㡫)
ࡇࡇ࡛㏙࡭ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊᶵᲔ㐣⛬ࡀႠ฼ཎ๎࡜୧❧ࡏࡎࠊࡑࢀࢆ᥀ࡾᔂࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜
࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍ぢࠊ⏘ᴗࡢ≧ែ࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚ไᗘࡀ㐍໬ࡋࠊྂ࠸ࡶࡢࡀࡍࡓࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ヰ࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࡀࠊႠ฼ཎ๎ࡢ⾶㏥ࡢᚋ࡟ᶵᲔ㐣⛬ࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡍᛮ⪃⩦័ࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࡣ㏙
࡭࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ὀពࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠗ௻ᴗࡢ⌮ㄽ࠘ࡢ᭱⤊❶ࡣࠊࠕႠ฼௻ᴗࡢᚲ↛ⓗ⾶㏥ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࢱ࢖ࢺ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ⾶㏥ࡢ௙᪉࡟ࡣከᵝ࡞⤒㊰ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡟࡞
ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊ୍ࡘࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡣᶵᲔ㐣⛬࡟ࡼࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸ᛮ⪃⩦័ࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜
ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕ௻ᴗࡢ฼ᐖࡣࠊ✚ᴟⓗ࡞ᅜᐙᨻ⟇ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࠋ͐ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᨻ⟇ࡣឡᅜ୺⩏ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ዲᡓⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ(Veblen[1904]p.391,ヂ 309 㡫)
ࠕᡓதࡸ㌷ഛࡢኊほ࡜࠿ࠊᡓதࠊᩋᡓࡶࡋࡃࡣ㝣ᾏ㌷ຊࡢẚ㍑࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ឡᅜⓗ࡞㄂ࡾࡸᩛពࢆ↽᝟ⓗ࡟࠿ࡁ❧࡚ࡿࡇ࡜࡜࠿ࡣࠊឡᅜ୺⩏ⓗࠊྩ୺ไⓗ⛛ᗎ࡟ࡓ࠸ࡍࡿኻࢃ
ࢀࡓ⌮᝿ࡸᙅࡵࡽࢀࡓ☜ಙࢆ᚟άࡏࡋࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟స⏝ࡍࡿࠋࠖ(Veblen[1904]pp.392-393,
ヂ 310 㡫)ࡇࡇ࡛♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ௻ᴗࡀࡑࡢไᗘⓗᆅ఩ࢆᏲࢁ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊேࡧ࡜࡟ඹ㏻࡟ᣢࡓࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿ㔝⻅᫬௦௨᮶ࡢᛮ⪃⩦័࡟ッ࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࣃࢱ࣮࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ┤᥋ⓗ࡟฼┈࡟࠿࡞࠺ᨻ⟇࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊឡᅜᚰ࡟ッ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᨭᣢࢆㄪ㐩࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵ࡟௻ᴗ
࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ዲ㒔ྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋከᵝ࡞ᛮ⪃⩦័ࡀᢡࡾ㔜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟฼⏝ࡉࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢ᪉ἲ࡟ࡣ௻ᴗ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜኱࡞ⴠ࡜ࡋ✰ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࠕᛅㄔᚰࡸឡᅜᚰ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡞㔝⻅᫬௦ࡢ⨾ᚨࡣࠊᅜᐙࡸྩ୺ไࡢຌ⦼ࡸᣑ኱࡟❧⬮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྂ௦ࡢ⨾ᚨࡣࠊ࠸ࡘࡲ࡛ࡶṚࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸ࠋ୍͐ࡓࡧࠊ
ዲᡓⓗ࡞௻ᴗᨻ⟇ࡀ௻ᴗୖࡢ┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵ࡟㛤ጞࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᛅㄔᚰࡣࡋࡔ࠸
࡟ࠊ௻ᴗⓗ㛵ᚰ࠿ࡽࠊዲᡓⓗྩ୺ไࡢ㛵ᚰ࡬࡜⛣ࡗ࡚ࡺࡃࠋ͐ࡑࡢ⤖ᒁࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ௻ᴗⓗ࡞฼ᐖࡣẚ㍑ⓗ㛩༷ࡉࢀ࡚ࠊྂ࠸ឡᅜⓗ៮ᝏࡸྩ୺ⓗᛅㄔᚰࡀ᚟άࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ
࡜࡟࡞ࡽࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࠋ
ࠖ(Veblen[1904]pp.394-395,ヂ 311 㡫)௻ᴗࡣ⮬ࡽࡢ฼┈࡟࡞ࡿ㝈ࡾ࡛ឡᅜᚰࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ㄽࡴࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣᐜ᫆࡟௻ᴗࡢ
฼┈ࢆᗘእどࡋ࡚ࠊ㔝⻅᫬௦ࡢᛮ⪃⩦័ࢆᮏ᱁ⓗ࡟᚟άࡉࡏ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⤖ᒁࠊឡᅜᚰࡶࡲࡓႠ฼ཎ๎࡜ࡣ┦࠸ࢀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋႠ฼ཎ๎ࡣᡭᕤᴗ᫬௦࡟ᡂ❧ࡋࡓ⮬↛ᶒᛮ᝿࡟❧⬮ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣ㔝⻅᫬௦ࡢไᗘࢆྰᐃࡋࡓୖ࡟ᡂࡾ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿไᗘ࡛࠶

ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀᶵᲔไ⏘ᴗ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᥀ࡾᔂࡉࢀ࠿ࡅࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࠊṧᏑࡍࡿ㔝⻅᫬௦ࡢᛮ⪃⩦័࡟ッ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡲࡓูࡢ᪉㠃࠿ࡽ⮬↛ᶒࢆ᥀ࡾᔂࡍ⤖ᯝࢆᣍࡃࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࣦ࢙
ࣈࣞࣥࡢ⤖ㄽࡣࠊႠ฼௻ᴗࡢ஧㏻ࡾࡢᑗ᮶ࢆண

ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋᶵᲔᢏ⾡ࡢ㏣ồࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼࡟ࡃ࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ௻ᴗࡀྩ୺ไ࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡃࡢࢆ㑊ࡅ࡚㏻ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ
⪃࠼࡟ࡃ࠸ࠋ࡝ࡕࡽࡶ⪃࠼࡟ࡃ࠸࡜ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊᶵᲔ㐣⛬ࡢᛮ⪃⩦័ࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡟࡞ࡿ࠿ࠊྩ୺
ไⓗ࡞ᛮ⪃⩦័ࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡟࡞ࡿ࠿ࡢ࡝ࡕࡽ࠿࡟ไᗘࡣ㐍ࡴࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡋ࡚
ࡶႠ฼௻ᴗࡣᏑᅾࡍࡿవᆅࡀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡲ࡜ࡵࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢไᗘ㐍໬ㄽࢆࠊ▱㆑ㄽࡸႠ฼௻ᴗࡢไᗘㄽ࡞࡝ࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡳ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊ
ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ㆟ㄽࡢ⊂⮬ᛶࡣ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊඹ㏻ࡋ࡚ぢ࡚ྲྀࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊไᗘࡢ㐍໬㐣⛬ࡣࠊไᗘࡀ⵳✚ࡋ࡚ከᒙ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㐣⛬࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㐣ཤࡢไᗘࡣኻࢃࢀࡿࡢ࡛
ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᙳ㡪ຊࢆపୗࡉࡏ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊṧࡾ⥆ࡅࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ⌧௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿไ
ᗘࡢ⥲య࡟ࡣࠊཎጞᮍ㛤♫఍࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿࡶࡢࠊ㔝⻅᫬௦࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿࡶࡢࠊ㏆௦ࡢᡭᕤᴗ᫬
᫬௦

୺せ⏘ᴗ

ཎጞᮍ㛤

⊁⊟

ᡤ᭷ᶒ࡟㛵ࢃࡿไᗘ
ඹྠⓗ࡞ᡤ᭷

ዲᡓⓗᩥ໬
㌟ศไ
㎰ᴗ
ᚋᮇ㔝⻅

๓ᮇ㏆௦

ᚋᮇ㏆௦

Ṋຬ࡟ࡼࡿᡤ᭷

࣭ᶒጾ࡜

Ў

᭹ᚑ

㔠㖹ⓗᩥ໬

࣭ᛅㄔ࡜

㌟ศ࡜␎ዣⓗ⾜Ⅽ

ឡᅜᚰ

࡟ࡼࡿᡤ᭷

ᕤᴗ

⚄ヰ㸦᐀୺࡟ࡼࡿ
ᨭ㓄࡜఩㝵ไࡢ
≀ㄒ㸧
㸻୍⚄ᩍ

⮬↛ᶒᛮ᝿

ᡭᕤᴗ

ᶵᲔไ

⚄ヰ㸦ㄌ⏕ࠊᡂ㛗ࠊ⭉ᮙࡢ≀ㄒ㸧

᥇㞟
๓ᮇ㔝⻅

య⣔ⓗ▱㆑

⚄ヰ㸦๰㐀୺

㌟ศไࡢ

ປാ࡟ࡼࡿᡤ᭷

࡟ࡼࡿୡ⏺

ᔂቯ

ዎ⣙ࡢ⮬⏤

ࡢタィ㸧

эႠ฼ཎ๎

㸻⌮⚄ㄽ

᪂ࡋ࠸ᛮ⪃⩦័㏆௦⛉ᏛᶵᲔⓗᅉᯝ㛵ಀ㸦༶≀ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ⾶㏥

࡞ᅉᯝ㛵
ಀ㸧

⌧௦
ᅗ

ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ᫬௦༊ศ࡜ᡤ᭷ᶒ࠾ࡼࡧయ⣔ⓗ▱㆑ࡢ㐍໬௦࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿࡶࡢࠊࡑࡋ࡚⌧௦ࡢᶵᲔ㐣⛬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡀྵࡲ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ࡝ࡢせ⣲ࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡛ไᗘࡣ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⌧௦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡇࡢ࡝ࢀࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ᆅ఩࡟࠶ࡿ࠿ࡣࠊศᯒࡍࡿไᗘࡢᑐ㇟࡟ࡼࡗ࡚
␗࡞ࡿࠋ⌧௦ࡢ⏘ᴗ࠿ࡽࡢᙳ㡪ࡀࡶࡗ࡜ࡶㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ㏆௦⛉Ꮫ࡜࠸࠺య⣔ⓗ▱㆑࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢไᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࡋࠊ᭷㛩㝵⣭ࡢᩥ໬࡟╔┠ࡍࢀࡤࠊ㔝⻅᫬௦ࡢᩥ໬ࡀࡲࡔᙉࡃṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ௻ᴗࡢไᗘ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊႠ฼ཎ๎ࢆᨭ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ㏆௦ࡢ⮬↛ᶒࡢไᗘࡀ᥀ࡾᔂࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡾࠊᶵᲔ㐣⛬࡟ࡼࡿᛮ⪃⩦័࠿ࠊ㔝⻅᫬௦ࡢᛮ⪃⩦័࠿ࡀᑗ᮶ⓗ࡟ᨭ㓄ⓗ࡟࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭷㛩㝵⣭ࡢᩥ໬ࡸႠ฼ཎ๎ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛㏙࡭ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡼ࠺࡞㐣ཤࡢไᗘࡢಖᏲࡸ᚟άࡣࠊไᗘࡢከᒙ໬࡜࠸࠺㐍໬ࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࡇࡑᥥࡅࡿ
⌧㇟࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓไᗘࡢከᒙᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊྛไᗘࡣ┦஫࡟⊂❧ࡢᏑᅾ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡑࢀࡽࡣᖖ࡟ᑐ❧ࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞ᚿྥᛶࢆࡶࡘࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊᑒᘓ
ไᗘࡀᔂቯࡋ࡚㏆௦࡬࡜⛣ࡾኚࢃࡿᒁ㠃࡛ࡣࠊ㔝⻅᫬௦ࡢᶒጾⓗ࡞ᛮ⪃⩦័࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬↛ᶒᛮ᝿࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ㏆௦ⓗ࡞ᛮ⪃⩦័ࡀᑐ❧ࡋࡓࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊཎጞᮍ㛤♫఍ࡢᖹ➼ࢆᚿྥࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᛮ⪃⩦័ࡶࡑࢀࢆᚋᢲࡋࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋไᗘኚ໬ࡢ㝿࡟ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓไᗘ㛫ࡢྠㄪࡀ㉳ࡇࡾࡸࡍ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ᛮ⪃⩦័ࢆそࡍ࡟ࡣᑐᢠࡍࡿᛮ⪃⩦័ࡀᙉ࠸ຊࢆࡶࡓ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࠿ࡽゝ࠼ࡿࡢࡣࠊไᗘ㐍໬ࡣࡓࡔ᪂ࡋ࠸ࡶ
ࡢࡀྂ࠸ࡶࡢ࡟ྲྀࡗ࡚௦ࢃࡿᒁ㠃࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠸࠿࡞ࡿᒁ㠃࡛ࡶከᵝ࡞ᛮ
⪃⩦័ࡀ」ྜࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ᛮ⪃⩦័ࡀຊࢆᙅࡵࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ᛮ⪃⩦័
ࡀⓏሙࡍࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊኻࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿࡟ࡳ࠼ࡿ㐣ཤࡢᛮ⪃⩦័ࡀࠊᨭ㓄ⓗᛮ⪃⩦័ࡢ஺௦
࡟ຊࢆⓎ᥹ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪂ࡋ࠸ไᗘࡣྂ࠸ไᗘ࡟ྲྀࡗ࡚௦ࢃࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ྂ࠸ไᗘ
࡜ྠㄪࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡢୖ࡟ไᗘࡣ㐍໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋไᗘࡣከᵝ࡟㐍໬ࡋ࠺ࡿࡀࠊࡲࡗࡓࡃ↓㌶㐨࡞㐍໬ࢆ㐙ࡆࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⏘ᴗᢏ⾡࡜ࡢ㛵ࢃࡾࡸ⵳✚ࡉࢀࡓ㐣ཤࡢไᗘ࡜ࡢ㛵ࢃࡾ࡛᪉ྥᛶࡀỴࡲࡿࠋ⌧≧ࡢไᗘᢈุࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⌧௦࡟ṧࡿ㐣ཤࡢไᗘࡢṧ⁦ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓⅬࢆ♧ࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ
ࡢ㈉⊩ࡣ࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
[ᩥ⊩]
Hodgson, G. M. [1993] Economics and Evolution: Bringing Life Back into Economics,
Blackwell Publishers㸦す㒊ᛅ┘ヂ[2003]ࠗ㐍໬࡜⤒῭Ꮫ̿⤒῭Ꮫ࡟⏕࿨ࢆྲྀࡾᡠࡍ࠘ᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫㸧
Veblen,T[1898] ´Why is Economics not an Evolutionary Science?µ in Veblen,T[1919] The

Place of Science in Modern Civilisation and Other Essays, New York, B.W.Huebsch,
pp.56-81
̿[1899] The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of

Institutions, New York, Macmillan㸦㧗ဴ⏨ヂ[1998]ࠗ᭷㛩㝵⣭ࡢ⌮ㄽ࠘ࡕࡃࡲᏛⱁᩥ

ᗜ㸧̿[1904] The Theory of Business Enterprise, New York, Charles Scribner·s Sons㸦ᑠཎᩗኈヂ[1965]ࠗ௻ᴗࡢ⌮ㄽ࠘ວⲡ᭩ᡣ㸧̿[1906@´The Place of Science in Modern CivilisationµLQ9HEOHQ7>@ The Place of

Science in Modern Civilisation and Other Essays, New York, B.W.Huebsch, pp.1-31
̿[1908] ´The Evolution of the Scientific Point of Viewµ The Place of Science in Modern

Civilisation and Other Essays, New York, B.W.Huebsch, pp.32-55
̿[1914] The Instinct of Workmanship and the State of the Industrial Arts, New York,
Macmillan㸦ᯇᑿ༤ヂ[1997]ࣦ࢙ࠗࣈࣞࣥ ⤒῭ⓗᩥ᫂ㄽ̿⫋ேᢏᮏ⬟࡜⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࡢⓎᒎ࣑̿࠘ࢿࣦࣝ࢓᭩ᡣ㸧᪂஭⏣ᬛᖾ[2006] ࠕࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢไᗘㄽࡢᵓ㐀̿ே㛫ᮏᛶ࡜ไᗘࠊไᗘ㐍໬̿ࠖ⤒῭Ꮫ◊✲㸲㸷ྕ pp.1-12ᣂ⥄↱ਥ⟵ߦ߅ߌࠆࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߣࡊ࡜ࡦ
̆‫ᧄ⾗ޡ‬ਥ⟵ߩᣂߚߥ♖␹‫ࠍޢ‬ᚻ߇߆ࠅߦ̆㗇↰ᶏ⠧Ⴆᢥ᣿㧔ㄘᨋ᳓↥⋭ㄘᨋ᳓↥᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ㧕᣿㧔ᄢ㒋Ꮢ┙ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮⚻ᷣቇ⎇ⓥ⑼㧕

㧝㧚ߪߓ߼ߦ
ᧄⓂߢ⚫੺ߔࠆ⼏⺰ߪ‫ࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀ࡯࠲ࠢࠕޔ‬ℂ⺰߿ࡏ࡞࠲ࡦࠬࠠ࡯࡮࠹ࡧࡁ‫ࡧࡦࠦޔ‬ࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦℂ⺰ߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥ‫␠ߥࠢ࠶ࠖ࠹ࡑࠣ࡜ࡊࠆߌ߅ߦࠬࡦ࡜ࡈޔ‬ળ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥߩ
േะࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ ‫ߊ⛯ޕ‬㧞㧚ߢߪߎ߁ߒߚầᵹߩਛ߆ࠄ‫ࡦࠝࠪࡦࠔࡧࡦࠦޔ‬ℂ⺰ߣࠕࠢ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢℂ⺰ࠍ߹ߕขࠅ਄ߍࠆߎߣߦߒ‫ޔ‬੐‛ߦ࿐߹ࠇߚⅣႺ਎⇇ߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦߦၮߠ޿ߡ‫ߪߊߒ߽ޔ‬੐‛ߦଦߐࠇߡ‫⋧߇࡯࠲ࠢࠕޔ‬੕ߩᦼᓙߣⴕὑࠍ
⺞ᢛߔࠆ઀⚵ߺࠍ⺰ߓࠆ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧟㧚ߢߪ‫ߩࡁࡧ࠹ޔ‬ㄭᐕߩ⼏⺰ࠍ‫ ޔ‬4㧚ߢߪࡏ࡞࠲ࡦࠬ
ࠠ࡯࡮ࠪࠕࡍࡠߩ‫ᧄ⾗ޡ‬ਥ⟵ߩᣂߚߥ♖␹‫ࠍޢ‬ขࠅ਄ߍ‫࡯ࠫ࡟࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬ࡓ‫ߦ࠹ࠪߩ࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊޔ‬㑐ߔࠆ⼏⺰ࠍዷ㐿ߔࠆߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㧞㧚ࡊ࡜ࠣࡑ࠹ࠖ࠶ࠢߥࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴
㧔㧝㧕ࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦℂ⺰ߩᚑᨐDiaz-Bone, Thévenot (2010)ߦࠃࠇ߫‫ࡦࠝࠪࡦࠔࡧࡦࠦޔ‬ℂ⺰ߩᣂⷙᕈߪ೙ᐲ⚻ᷣቇߣࡊ࡜ࠣࡑ࠹ࠖ࠶ࠢ␠ળቇߣߩ⚿วߦ޽ࠅ‫ߩࠬࡦ࡜ࡈޔ‬ᣂߒ޿␠ળ⑼ቇߩㅴൻࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ
ߣ޿߁‫␠ࠬࡦ࡜ࡈߡߟ߆ޕ‬ળቇߩࠪ࡯ࡦࠍᡰ㈩ߒߡ޿ߚࡉ࡞࠺ࡘ࡯␠ળቇߪౣ↢↥ࠍ⺑᣿ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬ᡰ㈩ߩ᭴ㅧ⊛ࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓࠍ⸃᣿ߔࠆߩߦ⽸₂ߒߚ‫․ߩߘޕ‬ᓽߪ‫ⴕޔ‬ὑߣߘߩ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠭ࡓ‫ߩ࡯࠲ࠢࠕޔ‬⢻ജ‫್ߩߘߩߌࠊࠅߣޔ‬ᢿ⢻ജ‫޿⁜ߩߡ޿ߟߦࠄࠇߎޔ‬઒ ⺑ߦଐ᜚ߒߡ޿ߚߎߣߦ޽ࠅ‫ⴕޔ‬ὑߩേᯏࠍ೑ኂߩߺߦ❗ᷫߒߚߎߣߦ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬80 ᐕઍᧃߦߎ߁
ߒߚ⁜ߐࠍ⣕ළߒ‫⹺ߩ࡯࠲ࠢࠕޔ‬⍮⊛‫⹏ޔ‬ଔ⊛⢻ജߦߟ޿ߡ㐿߆ࠇߚࠕࡊࡠ࡯ ࠴ߩ⊓႐߇ࡊ࡜ࠣࡑ࠹ࠖ࠶ࠢ␠ળቇߩ⢛᥊ߦ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᒰೋ‫␠ߩߎޔ‬ળቇߪࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߩࡊ࡜ࠣࡑ࠹ࠖ࠭ࡓ
㧔࠺ࡘ࡯ࠗ߿ࠫࠚ࡯ࡓ࠭‫ࠬ࡯ࡄޔ‬㧕ࠍෳᾖߔࠆߎߣ߇ߥ߆ߞߚ߇‫ࡑࡈࠧ߿࠼࡯ࡒߒ߆ߒޔ‬ࡦࠍㅢߓߡ‫ⴕޔ‬ὑ⁁ᴫߦ߅ߌࠆ್ᢿࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆࠛࠬࡁࡔ࠰࠼ ࡠࠫ࡯ࠍዉ౉ߒߚ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ዷ㐿ߩਛߢ‫ޡߩࡁࡧ࠹ߣ࡯ࠠࠬࡦ࠲࡞ࡏޔ‬ᱜᒰൻߩℂ⺰‫್⊛౏ޔߪ ޢ‬ᢿߦ᦯ߔࠆᛕ್ߣᱜ
ᒰൻߩ૞ᬺߦ㓸ਛߒ‫ޔ‬๟࿐ߩ‛⾰⊛਎⇇ࠍ઻ߞߚ⃻ታߩ⹜㛎ࠍ㑐ਈߐߖࠆᣂߒ޿␠ળቇℂ⺰ࠍឭଏߒߚ‫⃻ޟߢߎߎޕ‬ታߩ⹜㛎‫ߩࡓ࠭ࠖ࠹ࡑࠣ࡜ࡊߩࠞ࡝ࡔࠕߪߩ߁޿ߣޠ‬ㆮ↥ߣ ANT
ߣ㑐ㅪߠߌࠄࠇࠆ‫ߩߟ৻߁߽ߚ߹ޕ‬㎛᭎ᔨߣߒߡ‫౒ޟ‬ㅢༀ‫ࠅࠃߦࠇߎޔࠅ޽߇ޠ‬㆏ᓼືቇ‫ޔ‬᡽ᴦືቇߩવ⛔ߣౣ⚿วߐࠇࠆߎߣߣߥߞߚ‫ߦߢߔ߇ࡁࡧ࠹ߦࠄߐޕ‬એ೨ߦ⏕┙ߒߡ޿ߚ᭎ᔨ‫ߩࡓ࡞ࠜࡈޟ‬ᛩ⾗‫╬ࠆߔ⸽଻ࠍ⚂▵ߩࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࡀࠖ࠺࡯ࠦޔߪࠇߎޔࠅ޽߇ޠ‬ଔᒻᘒ㧔ࠦ࡯࠼‫ޔ‬ಽ㘃‫ޔ࡞࡯࡞ޔ‬ᮡḰ‫ޔ⸽⹺ޔ‬ᘠ⠌ߥߤ㧕ߩࠦࠬ࠻ࠍ઻߁⏕┙ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߎߎߢࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦߣߪ‫ⴕޔ‬ὑ⁁ᴫߩ⹏ଔߣ⥄ࠄߩࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦ⌕ᚻߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ࠅࠃߦ࡯࠲ࠢࠕޔ‬㐿ᜏߐࠇ‫㉼⸃ࠆࠇߐ↪૶ޔ‬ᨒ⚵ߺߩߎߣߢ޽ࠅ‫ࠝࠪࡦࠔࡧࡦࠦ ޔ‬ࡦ⚻ᷣቇ EC ߦࠃࠇ߫ࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߚߜߪ෻⋭⊛ߦࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦࠍ૶↪ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ
ߣᗐቯߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ᓐࠄߪ‫⃻ޔ‬ታ⁁ᴫ߳ߩࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦߩㆡว‫⁁ޔ‬ᴫߦ߅ߌࠆߘߩታᣉߦߟ

޿ߡ್ᢿߢ߈ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ ߦ⊛⥸৻ޕ‬EC ߪ‫ޔ‬ਇ⏕ታᕈߩਅߢߩࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ໧㗴߳ߩ⸃᳿╷ߣߒߡࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦࠍߣࠄ߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߒ߆ߒࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦ߳ߩଐ᜚ߣ‫⋧ޔ‬੕૞↪⁁ᴫ߳ߩߘߩㆡᔕߪ‫࡚ࠪ࡯ࡀࠖ࠺࡯ࠦޔ‬ࡦߩᚑഞࠍᔅߕߒ߽ᜂ଻ߒߥ޿‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᛕ್߿੎޿ߩᤨ‫ޔߪࡦࠝࠪࡦࠔࡧࡦࠦޔ‬ᱜᒰൻߩ⒎ᐨ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬உᄢߐ‫ޠ‬㧩ଔ୯ߣߒߡෳᾖߐࠇࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬႐ว‫ޔ‬ᓐࠄߪኻ┙ߔࠆⶄᢙߩࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪ
ࠝࡦࠍേຬߔࠆ‫⥄ޔߊߥߪߢࠬ࠘࠻ࡆࡂߪࡦࠝࠪࡦࠔࡧࡦࠦޕ‬േ⊛ߦታ⃻ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥり૕ൻߐࠇߚ᭴ㅧߢߪߥ޿‫ߡ޿ߟߦࡦࠝࠪࡦࠔࡧࡦࠦߪߜߚ࡯࠲ࠢࠕޕ‬෻⋭ߒ‫ࡦࠔࡧࡦࠦޔ‬ࠪࠝࡦߪ‫ⷰߩࡓ࠭ࠖ࠹ࡑࠣ࡜ࡊޔ‬ὐ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬㓸ว⊛໧㗴ߦ⋥㕙ߒߚࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ ⁁ᴫߦ߅ߌࠆ㓸ว⊛⚻㛎ߩ⚿ᨐߥߩߢ޽ࠆ‫⁁ࠍࡦࠝࠪࡦࠔࡧࡦࠦߪߜߚ࡯࠲ࠢࠕޕ‬ᴫߦ߅޿ߡ
૞ࠅ಴ߒ‫ߪࡦࠝࠪࡦࠔࡧࡦࠦߩߎޔ‬቟ቯൻߐࠇ‫࡮࡯࠲ࠢࠕޔ‬੐‛࡮ⷰᔨߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߩ
ਛߢᒝ࿕ߣߥࠅ‫ޔ‬ㅒߦߎߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍ቟ቯൻߐߖࠆ‫ߪߜߚ࡯࠲ࠢࠕߦࠄߐޕ‬᭽‫ࠦߥޘ‬ࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦߩ㑆ߢߩᣂߚߥᅷදࠍഃ಴ߒ‫ߩࡦࠝࠪࡦࠔࡧࡦࠦޔ‬ᄌൻ ߦ⽸₂ߔࠆ‫߁ߎޕ‬ߒߡࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦ ߩ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠭ࡓ߇ࡊ࡜ࠣࡑ࠹ࠖ࠶ࠢߥⷰὐ߆ࠄዉ౉ߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥ
ߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬એਅߢߪ‫┵⇣ࠆߌ߅ߦࠬࡦ࡜ࡈޔ‬ᵷℂ⺰߇޿߆ߦⴕὑ߿ࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪ
ࡦ໧㗴ߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߢ߈ߚ߆ࠍᢛℂߒߡ߅ߎ߁‫ޕ‬㧝㧕೙ᐲߦࠃࠆⴕὑߩᣇะઃߌ
࡟ࠡࡘ࡜ࠪࠝࡦℂ⺰ߪ‫ޔ‬೙ᐲ㧔೙ᐲ⻉ᒻᘒ㧕߇ࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߩⴕὑࠍᣇะઃߌࠆߎߣߦߟ޿
ߡ⺑᣿ߒߡ߈ߚ‫߇ࠇߘޕ‬り૕ൻߐࠇߚ᭴ㅧߣߒߡߩ‫ࠬ࠘࠻ࡆࡂޟ‬㧔ࡉ࡞࠺ࡘ࡯㧕‫⸒ߦޠ‬෸ߒߡ޿ࠃ߁߇޿߹޿߇‫ޔ‬೙ᐲ߇ⴕὑࠍᣇะઃߌࠆߣ޿߁⺑᣿࿑ᑼߦઍࠊࠅߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬೙ᐲ⻉ᒻᘒ߇‫ޔ‬୘ੱ⊛ࠛ࡯ࠫࠚࡦ࠻߇ߘࠇߦࠃߞߡ⥄ࠄߩᄾ⚂ࠍ✦⚿ߔࠆ㓙ߩࡑࠢࡠ⊛ⷙೣᕈࠍ଻
⸽ߒ‫ోޔߡߒߊ߆ޔ‬૕ߣߒߡߩⷙೣᕈߩౣ↢↥ࠍଦߔࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬୘ੱ⊛ⴕὑࠍዉߊߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎ߁ߒߚ೙ᐲߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⻉㓏⚖㑆ߢߩᅷදߦࠃࠅ᭴▽ߐࠇ‫ߚ߹ޔ‬ෂᯏߦࠃࠅୃᱜߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ㅴൻߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎ߁ߒߚℂ⺰᭴ᚑߩⓥᭂߩࠤ࡯ࠬߪ F.ࡠ࡞࠼ࡦߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠃ߁‫⁁ߩ߹߹ߩ↢ޟޕ‬ᘒߢߩࠦ࠽࡯࠻࠘ࠬ㧔ᧄ⾰⊛ࠦ࠽࡯࠻࠘ࠬ㧕߇‫⥄ޔߢ⊛⥸৻ޔ‬േ⊛ߥ᰼ᦸജ‫ߩߒߥ⊛⋡ޟޔ‬᰼ᦸ‫ޔޠ‬ߔߴߡߩᵴേߩේേജߘߩ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔࠍࠬ࠘࠻࡯࠽ࠦ⊛⾰ᧄߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬⒳೎⊛᰼ᦸߣߒߡ⃻ታൻߒ‫ߩࠇߎࠇ޽ޔ‬ᣇะ߳ߣᣇะઃߌࠆࠃ߁ⷙቯߔࠆߩߪ૗ߢ޽ࠆߩ߆‫߇ߘߎࠇߘޕ‬ᖱേߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᖱേߪߤߎ߆ࠄ߿ߞߡߊࠆߩ߆‫ޔ‬૗߇ᚒ‫ߩޘ‬ᖱേࠍ㚟ࠅ┙ߡࠆߩ߆‫ޕ‬ᄖ࿷⊛ߥࡕࡁߦࠃࠆ㧔ࡕࡁߣߩ಴ળ޿ߦࠃࠆ㧕ᖱേ༐⿠ affectations ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓥߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᚒ‫ޘ‬ߦߣߞߡᄖ࿷⊛ߥࡕࡁߢ޽ࠆ೙ᐲ߇‫ޔ‬ᚒ‫ⴕߩޘ‬േࠍ‫ⷙޟ‬ᩰൻߔࠆ‫ޔ߫ࠇߔߣޠ‬೙ᐲ߇‫޽ޔ‬ࠇߢߪߥߊߡߎࠇࠍߐߖࠆߣߔࠇ߫‫ޔ‬೙ᐲ߇ᚒ‫ⴕߩޘ‬ὑࠍዉߊߩߢ޽ࠆߣߔࠇ߫‫ޔ‬೙ᐲ߇ᚒ‫ࠍޘ‬ᖱേ༐⿠ߔࠆ૗ࠄ߆ߩജࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᚒ‫ߦࠬ࠘࠻࡯࠽ࠦߩޘ‬ኻߒߡ‫ޔ‬೎ߩᣇะߢߪߥߊ‫ࠆ޽ޔ‬ᣇะࠍߣࠄߖࠆࠃ߁ߦⷙ ቯߔࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬឵⸒ߔࠇ߫‫ޔ‬೙ᐲ߇ߘࠇ⥄りߩᮭജࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޟ߁⸒ߩࠩࡁࡇ߽ࠬߩ߁޿ߣޕ‬ജ⢻‫ޠ‬puissance ߇߹ߐߦߘࠇߥߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ᖱേ༐⿠ߔࠆജ‫ޔ‬೎ߩࡕࡁߦኻߒߡലᨐࠍ↥಴ߔࠆ޽ࠆ
ࡕࡁߩജߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ലᨐߣߪ‫ޔ‬ᖱേ༐⿠ߐࠇߚࡕࡁߩࠦ࠽࡯࠻࠘ࠬߩ෻ᔕ‫ޔ‬ᣇะォ឵ߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫․߇⑳ߒ߽ޔ߫ࠇߔ⚂ⷐޕ‬ቯߩ೙ᐲ⊛㑐ଥߩਅߢ↢ᵴߒߡ޿ࠆߣ߈‫․߇⑳ޔ‬ቯߩⴕേࠍណ↪ߔࠆߣߔࠇ߫‫ⷙߦ߁ࠃࠆߔ߁ߘޔ‬ቯߐࠇߡ޿ߚ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠅ‫߇⑳ߡߞ߇ߚߒޔ‬ᖱേ༐⿠ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠅ‫߇⑳ޔ‬૗ࠄ߆ߩജ⢻ߩലᨐߦ᦯ߒߡ޿ߚ߆ࠄߢ ޽ࠆ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ജ⢻ߪ‫ޔ‬೙ᐲߩߘࠇߢ޽ࠆ‫␠ޔߦߎߎޕ‬ળ⊛೙ᐲߦ㑐ߔࠆࠬࡇࡁࠩߩℂ⺰ߩᦨೋߩⷐὐ߇
޽ࠆ‫ޟࠅ߹ߟޕ‬೙ᐲߩജ⢻߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ‫ޔࠎࠈߜ߽ޕޠޠ‬ᚒ‫ޔߪࠇߎߪޘ‬᭴ㅧਥ⟵ߩ৻ߟߩࡃ
࡯࡚ࠫࡦߢ޽ࠆ‫ߣޔ‬⠨߃ࠆ‫ ߒ߆ߒޕ‬Lordon ߦࠃࠇ߫ߎࠇߪࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߦ㑐ߔࠆ᭴ㅧਥ⟵structuralisme energetique ߣ๭߫ࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬Lordon ߦࠃࠇ߫‫ޔ‬೙ᐲ⊛ᖱേߩ․ᓽߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬‫౒ޟ‬ㅢ‫ޠ‬ߣ‫ޟ‬ᄢⷙᮨ‫ޔߪࠇߘߜࠊߥߔޕ߁޿ߣࠆ޽߇ޠ‬ᄙߊߩ୘ੱߦ‫ޔ‬หᤨߦ‫ߟ߆ޔ‬ห᭽ߦᖱേ༐
⿠ߐߖࠆߣ޿߁ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪࠇߘߚ߹ޕ‬ᐢ▸࿐ߦ౒ㅢߩᖱേࠍ ↥಴ߐߖࠆ‫․ޕ‬ቯߩ೙ᐲߪ‫ޔ‬߶ߣࠎߤߔߴߡߩੱߦᖱേ༐⿠ߐߖࠆᮭജࠍᜬߟ㧔⸒⺆߿࿖ኅ‫⽻ޔ‬ᐊ㧕‫ޕ‬೙ᐲ߇ᜬߟߎ߁ߒ
ߚജ⢻ߪ‫⚿ޕ߆ࠆߊߡߞ߿ࠄ߆ߎߤޔ‬ዪߩߣߎࠈ‫ࠍ࠼࡯ࡘ࠴ࠖ࠹࡞ࡑޟ‬ᖱേ༐⿠ߐߖࠆߎ
ߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆജ⢻ߪࡑ࡞࠹ࠖ࠴ࡘ࡯࠼ߦ↱᧪ߔࠆ‫ޕࠆߥߦߣߎ߁޿ߣޔޠ‬ߥ߅‫ߚߒ߁ߎޔ‬೙ᐲߪ㓸ว⊛ߥ⹺⍮⊛ᨒ⚵ߺࠍߥߒ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߩࠦࡦࡇ࠹ࡦࠬࠍ⵬
ቢߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߽ᔓࠇߡߪߥࠄߥ޿‫ ߫߃଀ޕ‬Caliskan, Callon (2009)ߪ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣቇ⠪ߚߜ߇‫␠ޟ‬ળ⊛⹺⍮⊛ੱᎿ⵬ⵝౕ‫ߡߒߣޠ‬೙ᐲࠍߣࠄ߃ߡ߈ߚߎߣࠍ⚫੺ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߤߥ⿷⟵ࠅ ߹ߟޕ‬ߩ㓚߇޿⠪↪ߩੱᎿ⵬ⵝౕߣߒߡߩ೙ᐲ߇ࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߩੱ㑆ሽ࿷ߦẜ࿷ߔࠆࠦࡦࡇ࠹ࡦࠬࠍ
ะ਄ߐߖ‫⊒ޔ‬േߐߖࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ੱߚߒ߁ߎߚ߹ޕ‬Ꮏ⵬ⵝౕߪਥ૕ൻ subjectification ߩ㆏ౕߢ߽޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬Ꮢ႐ߦ޽ߞߡߪ‫ޔ‬೙ᐲߥ޿ߒᏒ႐⊛࠺ࡃࠗࠬ߇୘ੱ⊛ࠕࠢ࠲࡯ࠍ⚻ᷣࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߣߒߡࡈࠜ࡯ࡑ࠶࠻ൻߔࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬೙ᐲ߇⚻ᷣࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߩࠦࡦࡇ࠹ࡦࠬࠍౝ↢⊛ߦⷙቯߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ⷰὐߪ৻ߟߩ೔㆐ὐࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧞㧕ࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦߦࠃࠆⴕὑߩᣇะઃߌ
ࠦࡦࡌࡦ࡚ࠪࡦߦߟ޿ߡߩᬌ⸛ߪ‫ޔ‬ㅴൻࠥ࡯ࡓℂ⺰ (Sugden ߿ Young)ߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬‫ⶄޟ‬ᢙဋ
ⴧࠥ࡯ࡓߩ቟ቯߒߚဋⴧ⸃‫⥄ޟߒ޿ߥޠ‬Ꮖታ⃻ߔࠆⷙೣ‫(ޠ‬Sugden, 1986, p.32)ߣߒߡᛒࠊ
ࠇߡ߈ߚ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ㅴൻࠥ࡯ࡓℂ⺰ߦ޽ߞߡߪ‫ⶄޟߪߣࡦ࡚ࠪࡦࡌࡦࠦޔ‬ᢙဋⴧࠍ᦭ߔࠆ⋧੕ⴕὑߦߣߞߡߩ㕖᳿ቯ໧㗴ࠍ⸃᳿ߔࠆߎߣ‫(ޠ‬Young, 1996, p.105)‫ࠅ߹ߟޔ‬ဋⴧߩㆬᛯߩ
໧㗴߳ߣ❗ᷫߐࠇࠆ‫ޔ߽ߢࠇߘޕ‬Sugden(1989)߇‫ޔ‬‫޽߽ߢ▸ⷙ߫ߒ߫ߒߪࡦ࡚ࠪࡦࡌࡦࠦޟ‬ࠆ‫(ޠ‬p.150)ߣㅀߴࠆࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ㅴൻࠥ࡯ࡓℂ⺰ߢߐ߃‫⥄ޔ߇ࡦ࡚ࠪࡦࡌࡦࠦޔ‬ᓞ ᕈࠍ᦭ߔࠆ
␠ળ⊛ജߣߒߡ⃻ࠇ‫ߩ࡯࠲ࠢࠕߪࠇߘޔ‬ᗧ⼂߿ⴕὑࠍᄌኈߐߖࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈ࠆߣ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫▸ⷙߩࡦ࡚ࠪࡦࡌࡦࠦߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᕈߩ⠨ᘦߪ㊀ᄢߢ޽ࠆ‫␠ޔ߽ߩ߁޿ߣޕ‬ળ⊛ߥࠨࡦ࡚ࠢࠪࡦߩሽ࿷߇‫ޔ‬ဋⴧߥࠄߑࠆࠦࡦࡌࡦ࡚ࠪࡦࠍน⢻ߣߔࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬߹ߚࠦࡦࡌࡦ࡚ࠪࡦ߇৻⥸ൻߐࠇߚାᔨ߳ߣቴⷰൻߐࠇࠆߎߣߢ‫ޔ‬୘ੱ⊛ⴕὑࠍᣇะઃ
ߌࠆ᭽ߪ‫ޔ‬Leibenstein (1982)ߩ‫ޟ‬ദജߩࠦࡦࡌࡦ࡚ࠪࡦ‫ޠ‬㧔ߘߎߢߪ‫ޔ‬ห௥ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦࠃࠆ
୶ℂ⊛ ࿶ജ ࠍㅢ ߓߡ ‫ࡘ ࠪ࠶ ࠽ޔ‬ဋ ⴧߥ ࠄߑ ࠆࠦ ࡦࡌࡦ ࡚ࠪ ࡦ߇ ⏕┙ ߔࠆ ߎߣ ߦߥ ࠆ㧕߿
Spence ߩ‫ޟ‬ᢎ⢒ࠪࠣ࠽࡞‫(ࡦࠕ࡟࡞ࠝޕߚ޿ ߡࠇߐ␜ߦߢߔ߽ߢޠ‬Orléan, 2008)ߦࠃࠇ߫‫ޔ‬ࠬࡍࡦࠬ߇‫ޟ‬ຠ⾰ߩࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦ‫⥝ߦ⺰⼏ࠆߋ߼ࠍޠ‬๧ᷓ޿ነਈࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߦߥߞߚ
ߣ޿߁‫ߪߡߞ޽ߦࠬࡦࡍࠬߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ຠ⾰ߩࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦߣߪ㓸ว⊛ߦᛚ⹺ߐࠇߚ ⷰኤน⢻ߥ౒ㅢ⴫⽎ߩߎߣߥߩߢ޽ࠅ‫ౕޔ‬૕⊛ߦᓐߪ‫⾓ޔ‬㊄ߣᢎ⢒᳓Ḱߣࠍ⚿วߐߖࠆ‫ޕ‬ഭ௛⠪ߩ‫ޟ‬ຠ⾰‫↥↢ߩߘࠆߚޠ‬ᕈߪਇ⏕ታߥߩߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ߒ߆ߒޔ‬㓹↪ਥ߇޿ߞߚࠎ‫ޔ‬ᢎ⢒᳓Ḱ㨥ࠍዉ౉ߔࠆ߿‫ޔ‬W(y)㧙C(y)ߣ޿߁‫⥄ޟ‬Ꮖታ⃻⊛ାᔨ‫⊓߇ޠ‬႐ߒ‫ޔ‬y ߩ᳓Ḱߢᦼᓙߐࠇ
ࠆ⾓㊄ߣ y ࠍ㆐ᚑߔࠆߦᔅⷐߥࠦࠬ࠻ߩᏅ㗵ࠍᦨᄢൻߐߖࠆࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ฦੱ߇ⴕേߔࠆߣ޿
߁ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪࠬࡦࡍࠬߡߒ߁ߎޕ‬Ꮢ႐⊛ࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦ߅ߌࠆ㓸ว⊛ାᔨߩᓎഀࠍ
᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫⥝ߦࠄߐޕ‬๧ᷓ޿ߩߪ‫ޔ‬Ꮢ႐⊛ࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫⾓ޔ‬

㊄ߪ㒢⇇↢↥ᕈߩߺߦ㑐ࠊࠅ‫ߩઁޔ‬ᄖ↢⊛ᄌᢙ߇㒰෰ߐࠇࠆએ਄‫⊛ࠬ࡜࡞ࡢޔ‬਎⇇ߢߪ↵
ᅚห৻⾓㊄߇⺖ߖࠄࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫↵ߦࠇߎߪࠬࡦࡍࠬޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᅚߩ‫ޟ‬ᕈ‫ⷰ߁޿ߣޠ‬ኤน⢻ߥᄌᢙࠍዉ౉ߒ‫ޔ‬ᕈࠍ౒᦭⍮ߩኻ⽎ߣߔࠆߎߣߢ‫߇ࠇߎޔ‬ຠ⾰ߩࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦߦ
⛔วߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ଔᩰ㧔⾓㊄㧕ߦ෻ᤋߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ࠎࠈߜ߽ߪߢߎߎޕ‬ᕈߪ㒢⇇↢↥ᕈߦߣߞߡౝ࿷⊛ߥຠ⾰ߢߪߥ޿‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬੐ᓟ⊛ߦቴⷰൻߐࠇߚၮḰߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ߩߎࠎߚߞ޿ޔ‬ାᔨ߇౒᦭⍮ߣߥࠆ߿‫ޔ‬ାᔨߩ⥄Ꮖታ⃻ߥ޿ߒ‫ޟ‬ାᔨߩဋⴧ‫ߢߎߎޕࠆߥߦߣߎࠆߓ↢߇ޠ‬ߪ‫⥄ߪߣࡦࠝࠪࡦࠔࡧࡦࠦޔ‬Ꮖታ⃻ߔࠆ౒ㅢ⴫⽎ߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩࠬࡦࡍࠬࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᢎ⢒ࠪࠣ࠽࡞ߪ‫ޔ‬Ꮢ႐⊛⋧੕ⴕὑࠍน⢻ߣߐߖࠆ‫ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿㓸ว⊛⋡ශࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔߪࠇߎޕ‬ᢎ⢒᳓Ḱߣ޿߁‫ޔ‬ㆬᅢ߿⾗Ḯ‫↥↢ޔ‬㑐ᢙߣ޿ߞߚࡈࠔࡦ࠳ࡔࡦ࠲࡞࠭ߣߪή㑐ଥߥ‫ޔ‬⢛᥊⊛⍮⼂߳ߩࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߚߜߩวᗧߦࠃࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫⚻ࠆࠃߦ࡯࠲ࠢࠕޔߪߦߎߎޕ‬ᷣ߿ⅣႺ⊛⢛᥊ߦኻߔࠆห৻ߩ⴫⽎߇‫ޔ‬໡ຠߩቴⷰ ᕈߩᧄ⾰ࠍߥߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬⛯޿ߡࠝ࡞࡟ࠕࡦ(Orléan, 2008)ߪࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦߩᄖ࿷ᕈߣቴⷰᕈߦߟ޿ߡ‫࡜࡞ࡢޔ‬ࠬ⊛Ꮢ႐ⓨ㑆ࠍ੐଀ߦ‫ߩ߳⽷ޔ‬㑐ଥߩቴⷰൻࠍ⺰ߓߡ޿ࠆ‫⊛ࠬ࡜࡞ࡢޕ‬Ꮢ႐ⓨ㑆ߦ޽ߞߡߪ‫ߩ⽷ޔ‬ຠ⾰ߪဋ⾰ߢ޽ࠆߣหᤨߦߔߴߡߩࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߦߣߞߡ౒᦭⍮ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬਎⇇ߢߩࡢ࡞࡜ࠬ⊛୘ੱߪ‫ޔ‬ᓐࠍขࠅᏎߊⅣႺ߿ઁ⠪ߦߟ޿ߡߩ⴫⽎ࠍᒻᚑߔࠆߎߣߥߊ‫ޔ‬ቴⷰൻߐࠇߚᄌᢙ㧔ଔᩰߣຠ⾰㧕‫ߩੱࠅ┹ࠅ߹ߟޔ‬ต߱ଔᩰࡌࠢ࠻࡞ߦࡄ࡜ࡔ࡯࠲⊛ߦ෻ᔕߔࠆߦߔ߉ߕ‫ ⊛⋡ߩࠇߙࠇߘޔߢߣߎࠆߔ߁ߘޔ‬㑐ᢙ㧔ᶖ⾌⠪ߦߣߞߡߩല↪㑐ᢙ‫↥↢ޔ‬⠪ߦߣߞߡߩ↢↥㑐ᢙ㧕ࠍᦨᄢൻߔࠆࠃ߁ߦ⺞ᢛߔࠆ‫⊛ࠬ࡜࡞ࡢޕ‬਎⇇ߢߪ‫߇ੱࠅ┹ޔ‬ቴⷰൻߐࠇߚ೙ᐲ⊛ᇦ੺ߣߒߡ੤ㅢାภᯏߩᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠇߙࠇߘࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ߩ࠼࡜ࠗࡃ࡯ߪ‫ߩ࡯ࡃࠗ࡜࠼ߩઁޔ‬ାᔨࠍ⴫⽎ߔࠆߎߣߥߊ‫ޔ‬ାภߩ⦡ߦ ࡄ࡜ࡔ࡯࠲⊛ߦ෻ᔕߔࠇ߫ో૕⊛ࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߇⏕଻ߐࠇࠆ㧔ߘߩ೙ᐲൻߐࠇߚᕈᩰ߆ࠄߒߡ‫ߘޔ‬ࠇߪ‫⊛↢⥄ޟ‬⒎ᐨ‫߁ࠈ߆ߥߪߢߤߥޠ‬㧕‫ޕ‬ߟ߹ࠅߎߎߢߪ‫⋧ߩ࡯࠲ࠢࠕޔ‬੕ⴕὑߦ߅޿ߡ‫߁޿ߣ⽷ޔ‬੐‛߇ቢోߥࠆᇦ੺ࠍߥߒߡ
߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬ฦੱߩ໡ຠ߅ࠃ߮ߘߩଔᩰ߳ߩ㑐ଥߩߺߦࠃߞߡ‫߇࡯࠲ࠢࠕߩࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬ቢోߦቯ⟵ߐࠇ‫ઁߪ࡯࠲ࠢࠕޔ‬⠪ߣߩ⋥ធ⊛㑐ଥߦ౉ࠆᔅⷐ߽ߥ޿‫⊛ࠬ࡜࡞ࡢߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬วᗧߦ޽ߞߡߪ‫߇⽷ޔ‬Ꮢ႐⊛ࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍଦㅴߔࠆ౒ㅢ⸒⺆ࠍߥߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߒ߁ߎߒ߆ߒޕ‬ߚቴⷰᕈ߇േំߔࠆ߿‫⋧ޔ‬ᚻߩ⴫⽎ߦߟ޿ߡߩ⴫⽎㧔ߐࠄߦߘߩ⴫⽎ߦߟ޿ߡߩ⋧ᚻߩ⴫⽎ߩ⴫⽎‫ޔޔޔ‬㧕ߣ޿ߞߚ㏜௝෻኿⊛ߥᚢ⇛⊛วℂᕈࠍ⊒േߐߖߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߕ‫ޔ‬Ꮢ႐ขᒁ߇
ෂᯏߦ㒱ࠆ㧔ࠕࠞࡠࡈߩ‫ޠࡦࡕ࡟ޟ‬㧕‫ޕ‬߹ߚࠝ࡞࡟ࠕࡦ(Orléan, 2005)ߪ‫ߥ⊛ࠬ࡜࡞ࡢޔ‬Ꮢ႐ࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ߼ߋߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᣂ⚻ᷣ␠ળቇ㧔ࠣ࡜ࡁࡌ࠶࠲࡯ࠄ㧕ࠍᛕ್ߔࠆ‫ߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ᣂ⚻ᷣ␠ળቇߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛⚿วࠍੱߣੱߣߩ㑆ߩỚኒߥࡄ࡯࠰࠽࡞ߥ㑐ଥߣߒߡ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆߚ߼ߦ‫⻉ޔߥ߁ࠃࠆߌ߅ߦ࡞࠺ࡕ⊛ࠬ࡜࡞ࡢޔ‬୘ੱ߇ଔᩰࠪࠣ࠽࡞ߦߒ߆෻ᔕߖߕ‫ઁޔ‬⠪ߣ߽಴ળ߁ߎߣ߇ߥ޿ࠃ߁ߥ਎⇇ࠍ‫⯯ߩߊోޔ‬᭴ߣߒߡߒ߆⠨߃ࠄࠇߥ޿ߩߦኻߒߡ‫⚻ࡦࠝࠪࡦࠔࡧࡦࠦޔ‬ᷣቇߪ ୘ੱߩᏒ႐⊛ಽᢿࠍࡢ࡞
࡜ࠬ⊛ᐛᗐߣߒߡ

ߠߌࠆߎߣࠍᜎุߒ‫ޔ‬ᱜᒰൻ น⢻ߥⴕὑࡕ࠺࡞ߩ৻ߟߣߒߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߟ߹ࠅᏒ႐⊛਎⇇߇ࡄ࡯࠰࠽࡞ߥࠄߑࠆ⚿วߢḩ⿷ߢ߈ࠆߣߔࠇ߫‫ޔߪࠇߘޔ‬㧔ࡕࡁ߳ߩ․
ᱶߥ㑐ଥߦၮߠ޿ߚ㧕␠ળ᭴ㅧߩ߅߆ߍߥߩߢ޽ࠆ‫߅ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬੕޿ߦోߊߥߓߺߩߥ޿⻉୘ੱࠍ⚿วߐߖࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ߥ⊛ࡦࠝࠪࡦࠔࡧࡦࠦ߁޿ߣ⽷ޔ‬੐‛ (Livet, Thévenot, 1994)߇੐
೨ߦࡈࠜ࡯ࡑ࠶࠻ൻߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫࠻࠶ࡑ࡯ࠜࡈߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ൻߦࠃࠅ⽷ߩหቯ‫ޔ‬ଔᩰߦࠃࠆ౒ㅢߩ⹏ଔ߇น⢻ߣߥࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬୘ੱ⊛ⴕὑߩ␠ળ⊛‫ޟ‬ၒ߼ㄟߺ‫ߪޠ‬ᣂ⚻ᷣ␠ળቇߩ⠨߃ࠆࠃ߁ߥ‫⚿⊛ੱߥ࡞࠽࠰࡯ࡄޔ‬วߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߦࠃࠆߣ޿߁ࠃࠅ߽‫߻ޔ‬ߒࠈ੐‛ߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߦၮߠߊߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ၒ߼ㄟߺߦ߅ߌࠆ੐‛ߩㆊዊ⹏ଔ߇‫ޔ‬ᣂ⚻ᷣ␠ળቇߦኻߒߡ‫ޔ‬Ꮢ႐⊛⚿วߦ߅ߌࠆࡄ࡯࠰࠽ ࡞ߥࠄߑࠆ㑐ଥߩℂ⸃ࠍᅹߍߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߥ߅‫⚻ࡦࠝࠪࡦࠔࡧࡦࠦࠆ޽ߊࠃޔ‬ᷣቇ߳ߩᛕ್ߦ‫⚻ࡦࠝࠪࡦࠔࡧࡦࠦޟ߫߃଀ޔ‬ᷣቇߩ୘ੱߪ‫౏ޔ‬ᐔή⑳ߥ㆏ᓼ⊛ሽ࿷ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕࠆ޽߇ߩ߁޿ߣޠ‬Amable, Palombarini (2003)ߪ‫ޔ‬ߎߎߦ‫ⴕޔ‬ὑߩേᯏઃߌߣߒߡߩ೑ኂ߇౒ㅢༀߩត᳞ߦߣߞߡઍ߃ࠄࠇࠆߩࠍ⷗ࠆ‫ࡦࠦޕ‬ࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦ⚻ᷣቇ߅ࠃ߮ࡈ࡜ࡦࠬߩࡊ࡜ࠣࡑ࠹ࠖ࠶ࠢ␠ળቇ (ࡏ࡞࠲ࡦࠬࠠ߿࠹ࡧࡁࠄ‫ޔ‬
GSPM ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊࠍਛᔃߣߒߚ⎇ⓥࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴)ߪ‫␠࡯ࡘ࠺࡞ࡉޔ‬ળቇ߿࡟ࠡࡘ࡜ࠪࠝ࠾ࠬ
࠻ߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ⴕޔ‬ὑߩേᯏࠍ೑ኂߩߺߦ❗ᷫ ߖߕ‫୶ޔ‬ℂ⊛ࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߣߒߡ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⚻ᷣ⊛ࠕࠢ࠲࡯ࠍౣቯ⟵ߔࠆ৻ᣇߢ‫⚐ޔ‬ὼߚࠆᣇᴺ⺰⊛୘ੱਥ⟵ߣ߽⇣ߥࠆ㧔ࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝ࠽࡝ࠬ
࠻ߪ‫ࠍࠄ⥄ޔ‬ᣇᴺ⺰⊛୘ੱਥ⟵ߩᑧ㐳✢਄ߦ߅ߊߎߣ߇ߒ߫ߒ߫ߢ޽ࠆߣߒߡ߽㧕‫߁޿ߣޕ‬ߩ߽ᣇᴺ⺰⊛୘ੱਥ⟵ߪ‫ޔ‬੐‛ߦࠃࠆⴕὑ↢ᚑ⢻ജ‫ⴕࠅ߹ߟޔ‬ὑ߇⛔วߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ๟࿐Ⅳ
ႺߩᡰᐲḰ஻ appretement ࠍㆊዊ⹏ଔߔࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ(Génard, 2011)‫ߥࠢ࠶ࠖ࠹ࡑࠣ࡜ࡊޕ‬ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߦ߅޿ߡ‫ߪ࡯࠲ࠢࠕޔ‬ᄙ᭽ߥࠦࡦࡇ࠹ࡦࠬࠍઃਈߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ᛕ್⊛ߥࠦࡦࡇ࠹ࡦࠬߛߌߢߥߊ‫ޔ‬ᗲ߿ⷫኒߥ㑐ଥߦ ౉ࠅㄟ߻ࠦࡦࡇ࠹ࡦࠬ ࠍઃਈߐࠇ‫ߦࠄߐޔ‬‫ޟ‬ቯဳൻߐࠇߚ‫ޔޠ‬‫ޟ‬ᡰᐲḰ஻ߐࠇߚ appretes‫ޠ‬਎⇇ߩਛߢ‫ࠦࠆࠇߐ૶ⴕࠅࠃߦ࡯࠲ࠢࠕޔ‬ࡦࡇ࠹ࡦࠬࠍઃਈߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧟㧕੐‛ߦࠃࠆⴕὑߩᣇะઃߌ㧔ࠕࠢ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢℂ⺰ ANT㧕ߐߡ‫ޔ‬೙ᐲ߿ࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦߛߌߢߥߊ‫ޔ‬੐‛߽߹ߚࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߩ⋧੕ⴕὑ‫⋧ޔ‬੕ߩᦼᓙࠍ⺞ᢛߔࠆߎߣࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚߩߪ‫ࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀ࡮࡯࠲ࠢࠕޔ‬ℂ⺰ ANT ߩ⽸₂ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
Callon (1991)ߪߎ߁ߒߚ੐‛ࠍᇦ੺‛ߣฬઃߌ‫ޔ‬ᰴߩࠃ߁ߦቯ⟵ߔࠆ‫ߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ᇦ੺‛ߣߪ‫࡯࠲ࠢࠕޔ‬㑆ߢ⏕┙ߐࠇࠆ㑐ଥߩ‫ޔ‬ᒻߣ⚛᧚ࠍᜬߞߚ੐‛ߢ޽ࠅ‫⋧ߩ࡯࠲ࠢࠕޔ‬੕ⴕὑߪᇦ੺‛ߩᵹㅢࠍㅢߓߡߥߐࠇࠆߣ޿߁‫ޕ‬⠡ߞߡࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߪ‫⋧ޔ‬੕ⴕὑߩਛߢ‫ޔ‬‫⋧ޟ‬੕ⷙቯ
entre-définition‫ߡ޿߅ߦޠ‬ᛠីߐࠇ‫߇ࠄ⥄ޔߪࠇߘޔ‬ᵹㅢߐߖࠆᇦ੺‛ ߩਛߦౕ૕ൻߐࠇߡ
޿ࠆ(p.198)‫߫ࠄߥࠇߘޕ‬ᇦ੺‛ߦߪߤࠎߥࡕࡁ߇޽ࠆ߆‫ޔߕ߹ߪࠇߘޕ‬ᢥሼߦࠃࠆࠗࡦࠬ
ࠢ࡝ࡊ࡚ࠪࡦ‫ߩߘߣࡦ࡚ࠪࡊ࡝ࠢࠬࡦࠗߩߎޕࠆ޽ߢ࠻ࠬࠠ࠹ࠅ߹ߟޔ‬ᵹㅢߪ‛⾰⊛ᡰ߃ࠍ೨ឭߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᡰ߃ߦࠃࠅャㅍߦ⠴߃‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ਇᄌᕈ‫ߩߎޕࠆࠇߐ଻⏕߇ޠ‬ਇᄌᕈߦࠃ
ߞߡ‫ᤨޔ‬㑆ߣⓨ㑆ࠍ⿥߃ߚ⋧੕ⴕὑ߇น⢻ߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ᰴߩᇦ੺‛ߪᛛⴚ⊛ੱᎿ‛ߢ޽ࠅ‫ߘޔ‬ߩઁߦੱ㑆ሽ࿷‫ߌࠊࠅߣޔ‬ᓐࠄ߇⡺૕ൻߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠬࠠ࡞㧔ࡁ࠙ࡂ࠙߿࡞࡯࠹ࠖࡦ㧕߿⽻ᐊ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㕖ੱ㑆⊛ߥᇦ੺‛‫ޔ‬ᛛⴚ⊛࠺ࡃࠗࠬ߇ߥߗࡋ࠹ࡠߥࠕࠢ࠲࡯ࠍⷙቯߒ‫⚿ޔ‬วߐߖࠆߎߣ
߇ߢ߈ࠆߩߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫߁޿ߣޔ‬໧޿ߦኻߒߡ Callon (1991,p.200)ߪએਅߩࠃ߁ߦ╵߃ࠆ‫ߟޕ‬߹ࠅᛛⴚ⊛࠺ࡃࠗࠬߪ޿ࠊ߫ⴕേࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍߥߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠬࠠ࠹ࠍࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀߪࠇߎޕ‬࠻ൻߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ᛛⴚ⊛࠺ࡃࠗࠬߩਛߦ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߣߒߡ⸥タ㧔ࠗࡦࠬࠢ࡝ࡊ࠻㧕ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᇦ੺‛ߪήญߥߩߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬⠡⸶ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ㧔࡜ࠫࠞ࠮ߦߪ on ߣ߆ off ߣ߆‫ޔ‬ᣧㅍࠅߣ߆ᦠ߆ࠇߡ޿ࠃ߁㧕‫ޔߪ࡯࠽ࠗࠩ࠺߫߃଀ޕ‬ᛛⴚ⊛࠺ࡃࠗࠬߦኻߒߡᛛⴚ⊛ㆬᛯߣหᤨߦ␠ળ ⊛ㆬᛯ߽⸥タߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔ᾖ᣿ౕེ߇᡿㓚ߒߚߣ߈‫↪૶ߩੱ⚛ޔ‬⠪ߦࠃࠆୃℂࠍ⸵ߔߩ߆‫߽ߣࠇߘޔ‬ኒ㐽ߐࠇߡ‫ޔ‬㔚᳇ኾ㐷ᐫߩଥຬߦࠁߛ
ߨࠄࠇࠆߩ߆㧕‫ޕ‬ߎߩࠃ߁ߦᛛⴚ⊛࠺ࡃࠗࠬߚࠆᇦ੺‛ߪࡅࡘ࡯ࡑࡦߣࡁࡦ࡮ࡅࡘ࡯ࡑࡦߦኻߒߡᓎഀࠍ
ഀࠅᝄࠅ‫ోࠍࠄࠇߎޔ‬૕ߣߒߡ⚿วߐߖࠆ⢻ജ㧔ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍ൮៨ߔࠆ⢻ജ㧕߇޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬޿ࠊ߫ⴕേࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍߥߒߡ޿ ࠆ‫ߪࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊߩߎޕ‬ᢥሼ㧔ߤߩࠃ߁ߥᒻߢ޽ࠇ㧕ߦࠃࠅ⠡⸶ߐࠇ‫ߩࠬࠗࡃ࠺ߩߎߪࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޔ‬ਛߦ⺒ߺขࠄࠇࠆ‫ߡߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᇦ੺‛ߪ‫ޔ‬ታ૕߇౉ࠅㄟࠎߢ޿ࠆࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍ⸥ㅀߒ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛⚿วߦኻߒߡ৻⽾ᕈࠍਈ߃ࠆ‫␠ޕ‬ળ⊛ߥࠆ߽ߩߪ‫ޔ‬ᇦ੺‛ࠍ≹วߐߖࠆࠗࡦࠬࠢ࡝ࡊ࡚ࠪࡦߩਛߢ⺒ߺขࠄࠇ ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ (p.204)‫ޕ‬ߎ߁ߒߡ‫⋧ޔ‬੕ⴕὑߪࡁࡦ࡮ࡅࡘ࡯ࡑࡦߥ੐‛ߦࠃߞߡᨒ⚵ߺઃߌࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ߩߎޔ‬੐‛߇ߥߌࠇ߫⋧੕ⴕὑߪ޽ࠄࠁࠆᣇะߦ᳚Ửߒߡߒ߹߁ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ੱࠅ߹ߟޕ‬㑆ߦ߅޿ߡ⋧੕ⴕὑ߇ࡠ࡯ࠞ࡞ൻߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᨒ⚵ߺઃߌࠄࠇ‫⛽ޔ‬ᜬߐ ࠇ‫ޔ‬቟ቯൻߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߪ‫ߘޔ‬ࠇߪ߹ߐߦ‫ੱޔ‬㑆ߥࠄߑࠆ੐‛ߣ޿߁ࠕࠢ࠲࡯߆ࠄ૞ࠄࠇߚᨒ⚵ߺߦࠃߞߡߢ޽ࠆ‫߁ߎޕ‬ߒߚ⋧੕ⴕὑ߆ࠄ⷗ࠇ߫‫␠ޔ‬ળߣߪࡋ࠹ࡠᕈࠍߟ߁ߓߡߒ߆⛽ᜬߐࠇߕ‫ࠈߒ߻ޔ‬㧔ᄙߊߩ
⸳஻ߣ㊀ෘߥ㆏ౕࠍⷐ⺧ߔࠆ㧕㓸Ⓧߣ㓸⸘ߩ૞ᬺߩ㧔Ᏹߦᥳቯ⊛ߥ㧕೔㆐ὐߢߒ߆ߥ ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬੐‛߳ߩ⚿วߦࠃࠅ‫⋧ޔ‬੕ⴕὑߪᤨⓨࠍ⿥߃ߡ⛽ᜬߐࠇࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫⋧ߪޘ‬੕ⴕὑߦ߅޿ߡࡁࡦ࡮ࡅࡘ࡯ࡑࡦߥ੐‛߳ߣㅪ⚿ߔࠆߎߣߢ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߩᤨ㑆ࠍ⿥߃ߡ‫ޔ‬ᚒ‫ߩޘ‬り૕ߣ޿߁⚛᧚ߣߪ⇣ߥߞߚ⚛᧚ߩਛߢ‫ޔ‬ᜬ⛯ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߒ ‫ޔ‬ⓨ㑆⊛ߦ㔌ࠇߚ႐ᚲߢ⋧੕ⴕὑߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ‫ ࠍ଀ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬Latour (1994, p.603)ߪ
⟠㘺޿ߣ⟠ߣߩ⋧੕ⴕὑߦࠃߞߡ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫⟠ޕ‬㘺޿ߣߒߡߩ⑳߇› ߣᤤኢࠍߔࠆߚ߼ߦ
ߪ‫ߩᧁޔ‬ᩋߦኻߒߡ⟠ࠍ࿐߻ߣ޿߁ⴕὑࠍᆔછߔࠆߛߌߢචಽߥߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩࠄ⥄ޔߪ⑳ޕ‬⢻ജࠍ⑳ߩᄖ஥ߢታ⃻ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦ‫ߩߎޔ‬ᩋߩਛߦ⴫⃻ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᩋߩ᧼ߩਛߦ౉ࠅㄟ߻
ߎߣߢ‫ޔߪ⑳ޔ‬㧔⑳ߦࠃࠆ⛮⛯⊛ߥ⟠ߩ⋙ⷞࠍᔅⷐߣߒߡ޿ߚ㧕ⶄ㔀ߥ㑐ଥ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬㧔ᩋߩ㎛ࠍ߆ߌࠆߎߣߒ߆߽ߪ߿⑳ߦߪⷐ᳞ߐࠇߥ޿㧕㑐ଥ߳ߣ⒖േߔࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚ⟠ߡߒ߁ߎޕ‬ߜ߇‫ߩߘޔ‬㥦ࠍ᧼ߦߎߔࠅߟߌࠆߎߣߢ⑳ߣ⋧੕ⴕὑߒߡ޿ࠆߣ߈‫ޔߪ⟠ޔ‬㧔ᩋߦࠃߞߡಾ
ᢿߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ᆔછߐࠇ‫ޔ‬⠡⸶ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬Ⴧᱺߒߚ㧕⑳ߩ৻ㇱ un moi ߣ⋧੕ⴕὑߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ੐‛ߪᆔછࠍฃߌߚઍ⴫⠪‫ޔ‬ઍᑯ⠪ߥߩߢ޽ࠅ‫ⴕߡߒߣߩ߽ࠆ߆߆ޔ‬ὑߔࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ੱ߫߃଀ޕ‬㑆⊛ࠕࠢ࠲࡯߇ࡁࡦ࡮ࡅࡘ࡯ࡑࡦߥࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߦኻߒߡ⁁ᴫߩ⛽ᜬ㧔࠳ࡓߦኻߒߡ⾂᳓ࠍᆔછߔࠆ㧕߿ⷙೣᕈ‫ᤨޔ‬㑆⊛቟ቯᕈ‫ᤨޔ‬㑆߿ⓨ㑆ࠍ⿥߃ߚ⋧੕ⴕὑ‫ޔ‬ᮡḰൻ߿ⷙᩰൻ‫⛔ޔ‬೙‫੍ޔ‬᷹ߣ޿ߞߚᯏ⢻ࠍᆔછߔࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬੐‛ߪੱ㑆ࠃࠅ߽⏕߆ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬੐‛߇␠ળ⊛⚿วߩน⢻ᕈࠍ⛽ᜬߐߖࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫␠ߦߐ߹ޕ‬ળߪ‫ߩ࠻ࡅޠߩ⵻ޟ‬ᔃ⊛⚌Ꮺ߆ࠄᚑ┙ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬⍹ߣ⍾ߣ࠮ࡔࡦ࠻߆ࠄᚑ┙ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧔㧞㧕ࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻࡮࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓ
㧝㧕ࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߣࡄࡢ࡯ߩᛩ⾗࠹ࡧࡁߪ੐‛ߦ࿐߹ࠇߚ਎⇇ߣߩ㑐ࠊࠅ‫ߩߘޔ‬ਛߢߩᅷᒰߥⴕὑ‫ޔ‬੐‛ࠍㅢߓߚ⋧੕ⴕὑߦߟ޿ߡਃߟߩࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻࡮࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓߣ޿߁ᒻߢ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߡ޿ࠆ (㗇↰‫ޟ‬੐‛ߣⵝ⟎‫ޠ‬pp.29-31 ෳᾖ)‫ߦࡓ࡯ࠫ࡟ߩߎޕ‬ᔕߓߡ੐‛ࠍᛠីߒ‫ޔ‬ᅷᒰߥᖱႎࠍ෼㓸ߔࠆ᭽ᑼ㧔‫ޟ‬ᖱႎࡈࠜ࡯ࡑ࠶࠻‫ޠ‬㧕߇Ꮕ⇣ൻߐࠇ‫ޔ‬੐‛ࠍㅢߓߚ⋧੕ⴕὑߩࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯ ࡚ࠪࡦ᭽ᑼ߇ਃߟ
ߦ඙ಽߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ㧔ⷫኒߥࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓ‫ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦࠆߌ߅ߦࡦ࡜ࡊޔ‬࠻࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓ‫ޔ‬ᱜᒰൻߦ߅ߌࠆࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓ㧕‫ߥ࡞ࡑ࡯ࡁޟߩߘޔߪ࡯࠲ࠢࠕޕ‬ቴⷰᕈᗵⷡ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޔߡߞࠃߦޠ‬ਃߟߩࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓߩ㑆ࠍ⁁ᴫߦᔕߓߡ⒖േߔ
ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬㓸ว⊛ࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦ߆ࠄ୘ੱ⊛቟Ⓩߐ㧔ⷫኒ࿤ߦ߅ߌࠆ⥄ᚒߣߩ⺞ᢛࠍ଻⸽ߔࠆ㧕ߦ޿ߚࠆ߹ߢᄙጘߦࠊߚࠆߘߩᓟߩᬌ⸛ߦࠃߞߡ‫ߩࡓ࡯ࠫ࡟࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦޔ‬᭎ᔨ߇᩺಴
ߐࠇߚ‫ޔߪ࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦޕ‬਎⇇߳ߩ․ቯߩ㑐ଥߩ ଻⸽ࠍᛒ߁ߩߢ޽ߞߡ‫ޔ‬නߦੱ‫ߩޘ‬㑆ߢߩ⋧੕ⴕὑࠍᛒ߁ߩߢߪߥ޿‫ߩੱޔߪ⸽଻ ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬⢻ജ‫ߣ࡯ࡢࡄߩߘޔ‬㑐ㅪߠߌࠄࠇ
ߡ޿ࠆ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬⢻ജߪⅣႺ⊛਎⇇ߩ․ቯߩᕈะߦ߽↱᧪ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬਎⇇ߪߎߩ⢻ജߩⴕ૶ߦߣߞߡㆡಾߢߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬⢻ജߪනߦ‫ߩੱޔ‬ᕈะߛߌߦ↱᧪ߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬ⅣႺ⊛਎⇇ߦ߽↱᧪ߒ‫߇ࠇߎޔ‬ㆡಾߢ޽ࠆ㒢ࠅߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬዁᧪ߩⴕὑ ࠍน⢻ߣߔࠆ‫ߪ࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦޕ‬නߦ‫ઁޔ‬⠪ߦኻߔࠆ⚂᧤㧔౒ห૕ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆ㧕ߢ޽ࠆߛߌߢߥߊ‫ޔ‬⁁ᴫߦᔕߓߡ‫⥄ޔ‬ᚒߦኻߔࠆ⚂᧤㧔ࡄ࡯࠰࠽࡝࠹ࠖࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆ㧕ߢ߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
Génard (2011)ߦࠃࠇ߫‫ߪߣࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࡀࠖ࠺࡯ࠦߣ࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦޔ‬ኻ᭎ᔨߣߒߡℂ⸃ߐࠇߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߣ޿߁‫ ޕ‬Thévenot (2006)ߩ↹ᦼ⊛ߥߣߎࠈߪ‫ߩࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࡀࠖ࠺࡯ࠦޔ‬ਛߦ‫ޔ‬‫⥄ޟ‬Ꮖ⥄りߣߩࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ‫ࠍޠ‬ዉ౉ߒߚߎߣߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁㧔߽ߞߣ߽ࡈ࡯ࠦ
࡯߇ߔߢߦ‫ߩߎޔ‬໧㗴᭴೙ߦ⌕ᚻߒߡ޿ߚߣߪ޿߃㧕‫␠ߩߢ߹ࠇߎޕ‬ળቇߪᚢ⇛߿੤ᷤ‫⸃ޔ‬㉼ߣ޿ߞߚ᭎ᔨߦ␜ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦ‫⋧ޔ‬੕ⴕὑࠍ․ᮭൻߐߖࠆ ߎߣߢ‫⥄ߩߎޔ‬Ꮖ⥄りߣߩࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍ╬㑄ⷞߒߡ߈ߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫⥄ߩߎޕ‬ᚒ߳ߩ㑐ଥߦ߅޿ߡ㊀ⷐߥߩ߇‫ߣޔ‬ࠅࠊߌࡊ࡜ࡦߦ߅ߌࠆⴕὑߩࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻ߢ޽ࠅ‫ࠅࠃߦ ࡦ࡜ࡊߪߢߎߘޔ‬ㅊ᳞ߐࠇࠆ⋡ᮡߘߩ߽ߩߢߪߥߊ‫⥄ޔ‬ᚒ߳ߩ㑐ଥߩ࠲ࠗࡊ‫⥄ޔ‬ᚒߣߩࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩ࠲ࠗࡊ‫ߎޔ‬߁ߒߚࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻߇↢ߺ಴ߔઁ⠪ߣߩࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩ࠲ࠗࡊ ߇㊀ⷐߥߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߪߺߕ߆ࠄߩᗧᕁࠍࡊ࡜ࡦߩਛߢᒻᚑߒ‫ޔߒ࠻࠶ࡑ࡯ࠜࡈࠍࠇߎޔ‬ᓥߞߡ ᓐߪࡊ࡜ࡦߣ޿߁ⷙᩰൻߐࠇߚⷐ⺧ߦ᦯ߒ‫ⷙߪ⺧ⷐߚߒ߁ߎޔ‬ᩰൻࠍㅢߓߡ‫߳ࡦ࡜ࡊߩઁߩߘޔ‬ߣᒰ⹥ߩࡊ࡜ࡦࠍㅪ⚿ߔࠆ‫ⷙޔ߇ࡦ࡜ࡊޕ‬ᩰൻߐࠇߚ੐‛ࠍㅢߓߡ⥄ᚒߣઁ⠪ࠍㅪ⚿ߒߡ޿ࠆ޿ߓࠂ߁‫ޔߪੱࠆߔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦߦࡦ࡜ࡊޔ‬ᱜᒰൻߩⷐ⺧ࠍ఺ࠇ㧔ߥࠎߣ ߥࠇ߫‫ࡦ࡜ࡊޔ‬ߩㆀⴕߢߒ߆್ᢿߐࠇߥ޿߆ࠄ㧕‫ⷫޔ‬ኒߐߦ߅޿ߡߩߺ⒁ኒ߇㐿␜ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥ㑐ଥ߽఺ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߐߡ Thévenot (2006)ߩ⼏⺰ߩ㔍⸃ߐߪ‫ޔ‬ห৻ߩන⺆ߦߟ޿ߡ߽‫ޔ‬ㅢᏱߩᗧ๧ߣ߆ߥࠅ߆
ߌ㔌ࠇߚᗧ๧ࠍᜬߚߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇᜼ߍࠄࠇࠆ (Génard, 2011)‫ ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬Thévenot (2006)ߦ
޽ߞߡߪ‫ ࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦޟޔ‬engagement‫ߡ߼ࠊ߈ߦޠ‬ᄙ⟵⊛ߥᗧ๧߇ਈ߃ࠄࠇ‫ߩߎޔ‬ℂ⺰
ࠍㅢߓߡ‫࡯ࡢࡄޟ‬pouvoir‫ߩޠ‬໧㗴߇ขࠅ਄ߍࠄࠇࠆ‫ࠍ࡯ࡢࡄ߇࡯ࠦ࡯ࡈ߿࡯ࡘ࠺࡞ࡉޕ‬ᡰ㈩ߦ❗ᷫߔࠆߩߣኻᾖ ⊛ߦ‫ߪ࡯ࡢࡄߪߢߎߎޔ‬ታ૕ൻߐࠇߡ߅ࠄߕ‫ޔ‬ਥ૕ߩࡐ࠹ࡦࠪࡖ࡝
࠹ࠖߥ޿ߒ‫ޔ‬ജߣߒߡߣࠄ߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ਥ૕ߣߪ‫ޔ‬Ᏹߦߔߢߦቯᑼൻߐࠇߡ޿ࠆⅣႺߢࠦࡒ࠶࠻ߒ‫(ࠆ޿ߡࠇߐ࠻࠶ࡒࠦޔ‬Génard, 2011)‫ޔߪ࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦޕ‬ᗧᕁߦၮߠ޿ߚᗧᕁ᳿ቯߣ޿߁ ࠃ߁ ߦ‫ ޔ‬ਥⷰ ਥ⟵ ⊛ߦ ߪᝒ ߃ࠄ ࠇߥ ޿‫ ࠈߒ߻ ޕ‬ⅣႺ ߩ ࠕ ࡈࠜ ࡯࠳ ࡦࠬ 㧔ᡰ ᐲḰ஻appretement㧕ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄᬌ⸛ߐࠇࠆ‫ߪࠬࡦ࠳࡯ࠜࡈࠕޕ‬Ⓧᭂ⊛ߢ޽ࠆߣหᤨߦฃേ⊛ߥᒻᘒߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠄࠇߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ࠕ ޔߦ߁ࠃࠆ޿ߡߒ␜߇࠻࠶ࡒࠦߩ߳ࡦ࡜ࡊߪࠇߘޕ‬ࡈࠜ࡯࠼ߔࠆߎߣ㧔 ᡰᐲḰ஻ߔࠆߎߣ appreter㧕߇৻ᣇߦ޽ࠅ‫ઁޔ‬ᣇߢⷫኒᕈ߳ߩࠦࡒ࠶
࠻߇␜ߒߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬቟Ⓩߐ aise ࠍ․ᓽઃߌࠆⅣႺߩᩰઃߌߦ␜ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥ‫ࠜࡈࠕޟ‬࡯࠼ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣ‫ߩࡓ࡞ࠜࡈޟ߇ߘߎ ࠬࡦ࠳࡯ࠜࡈࠕߚߒ߁ߎޕࠆ޽߇ޠ‬ᛩ⾗‫ߒ޿ߥޔޠ‬‫ޟ‬ቯᑼࠍਈ߃ࠆߎߣ‫ߩ ޠ‬ౝታߥߩߢ޽ࠅ‫ࠍ࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦ߇ࠇߎޔ‬ᡰ߃‫ࠪ࡯ࡀࠖ࠺࡯ࠦޔ‬࡚ࡦߩࡄࡢ࡯ࠍਈ߃ࠆ‫ߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬⠨߃ࠆߣ‫ޔ‬Thévenot ߦߣߞߡߪ‫ⴕޔ‬േᒻᘒߪ‫৻ޔ‬࿁ߎߞ߈ࠅߢ‫ޔ‬੐೨ߦ᳿ቯߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬ᱧผ⊛ߦ‫ߟ߆ޔ‬୘૕⊒↢⊛ߦ‫ޔ‬ẋㅴ⊛ߦ♖✺ൻߐࠇࠆ‫⹺ޟ‬⍮⊛ࠕ࡯ࠠ࠹ࠢ࠴ࡖ‫ߦޠ‬ᓥዻߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ઁޕ‬ᣇߢⴕേᒻᘒߪり૕⊛ᕈะߦᡰ߃ࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ⴕޔ‬േߪ‫ޟ‬㜞ᐲߩᗧ๧⺰⊛⴫⽎ߦࠃࠆࠃࠅ߽߻ߒࠈ‫ޔ‬ㆇേߒߡ޿ࠆり૕ߩࡊ࡜ࠣࡑ࠹ࠖ࠶ࠢ‫ࠅࠃߦޠ‬ℂ⸃ߐࠇࠆ(Thévenot, 2006, p.243)‫ޕ‬ࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻ߣ޿߁࠲࡯ࡓߪ‫ޔ‬ㅢᏱ‫౒ޔ‬ㅢߩ ਥᒛ cause ߳ߩ㑐ਈࠍᗐቯߔࠆ‫޿ࠆ޽ޕ‬ߪઁ⠪ ߦኻ ߔࠆ ᄾ⚂ ൻߐ ࠇߚ ⚂᧤ ߦ↱ ᧪ߔ ࠆ⟵ ോ‫ߥ ⊛⾰ ‛ߪ ߊߒ ߽ޔ‬ᥧ 㤩ߩ ⚿ว ߢ޽ࠆ(Thévenot, 2011)‫߇ࠄࡁࡧ࠹ޕ‬㎊߃਄ߍߚࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻᭎ᔨߪએਅߩࠃ߁ߥ㧠ߟߩⷰὐ߆
ࠄ␜ߐࠇࠆ‫ߩ ࡯ࡢࡄߩࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࡀࠖ࠺࡯ࠦߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ઃਈ㧩ᛩ⾗‫ޔ‬ༀߦ↱᧪ߔࠆⷙ▸ᕈ‫ޔ‬ⅣႺ߅ࠃ߮ੱߩㆡಾߥᕈะ‫ޕࠆ޽ߢࡓ࡯ࠫ࡟ߥࠢ࠶ࡒ࠽ࠗ࠳ޔ‬એਅ‫ޔ‬ᓐߩ⼏⺰ࠍㅊ߁ߎߣ
ߦߒࠃ߁‫ޕ‬߹ߕㅢᏱ‫⹤⊒ߚࠇࠄߖ⊒ߪ᧤⚂ޔ‬㧔⚂᧤ߔࠆߎߣ‫ࠖ࠺࡯ࠦߢߣߎࠆߔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦࠅ߹ߟޔ‬ࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߇ଦㅴߐࠇ ࠆ㧕ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ℂ⸃ߐࠇࠆ‫࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦߩࡁࡧ࠹ޕ‬᭎ᔨߪ‫ߒ߁ߎޔ‬ߡ⊒⹤ߩቯᑼ߇᦭ߔࠆࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩࡄࡢ࡯ࠍ‫ߩ࡯ࡢࡄޔ‬ઃਈ㧩ᛩ⾗ߦ߹ߢ᜛ᒛߐ
ߖߚ‫⚿ߦࠄߐޕ‬วߔࠆࡄࡢ࡯߇‫ࠖ࠹࡝࠽࠰࡯ࡄޔ‬᭎ᔨߩߺߥࠄߕ౒ห૕ߩ᭎ᔨߩਛᔃߦ޽
ࠅ‫⹺ߪࡁࡧ࠹ޔ‬⍮⊛ᒻᘒ߳ߩᛩ⾗ࠍࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࠻ߔࠆ⢻ജߩᛩ⾗߳ߣ㑐 ㅪߠߌߚߩߢ޽
ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߣߎࠈߢᓐߩ‫ߩࡓ࡞ࠜࡈޟ‬ᛩ⾗‫߁޿ߣޠ‬᭎ᔨߪ‫ޔ‬ᵹേᕈࠍ‶†ߦߔࠆߎߣߢᛩ⾗ߦ߆߆ࠆ⾌↪ߣ޿߁⚻ᷣቇ⊛᭎ᔨࠍ᜛ᒛߐߖߡᓧࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ ‫ߩߎࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᛩ⾗ߪ‫ޔ‬೎ߩẜ࿷⊛ࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍ‶†ߦߔࠆߣ޿߁ኻଔࠍᛄߞߡߒ߆‫ࠍ࡯ࡢࡄߩࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࡀࠖ࠺࡯ࠦޔ‬଻⸽ߒߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟ‫ޔ‬ᓐߪ߽ߞߣ߽ࡄ࡯࠰࠽࡞ߢⷫኒߥㆡว convenance ߦขࠅ⚵߻ߎߣߦߥߞߚ‫ࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࡀࠖ࠺࡯ࠦࠍ࡯ࡢࡄޕ‬⢻ജߣߒߡᬌ⸛ߔࠆߎߣߪ‫ઁޔ‬⠪ߣߩࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦ⇐߹ࠄߕ‫⥄ޔ‬ಽ⥄りߣࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࠻ߔࠆ㓙ߩⶄᢙߩ઀ᣇߦࠃߞߡ‫ੱޔ‬ߩࡄ࡯࠰࠽࡝࠹ࠖߩ৻⽾ᕈࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆߎߣࠍଦߔߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬໧㗴ߪࡈ࡯ࠦ࡯ߦࠃࠆਥ
૕ൻ subjectivation ߩಽᨆࠍߩߙ޿ߡߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⑼ቇߢߪขࠅ⚵߹ࠇߡߎߥ߆ߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߥ߅ࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩࡄࡢ࡯ߩ㗔᦭߇‫ޔ‬ᡰ㈩߿៦ขߩਛᔃߦ޽ࠆ (Thévenot, 2010)ߎߣ
ߪ‫ޕ޿ࠃߡ޿߅ߡ߃ߐ߅ޔ‬㧞㧕ༀߩត᳞
ߎ߁ߒߡ࠹ࡧࡁ(Thévenot, 2011)ߪ‫⽾৻ߩࠖ࠹࡝࠽࠰࡯ࡄޔ‬ᕈߦߣߞߡ⢄ⷐߥࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔ
ࡦ࠻ߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆ‫ઁߪ ࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬⠪ߣߩ㑐ଥߦ߅޿ߡᛚ⹺ߐࠇ‫౒ޔ‬ห૕ߩ৻⽾ᕈߦߣߞߡ᳿ቯ⊛ߢ޽ࠅ‫ࠍ࡯ࡢࡄߩࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࡀࠖ࠺࡯ࠦޔ‬ઃਈߔࠆ࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓࠍߥߒߡ޿
ࠆ‫ޕ‬એਅ‫ޔ‬‫ޔޠࡓ࡯ࠫ࡟࡮࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦࠆߌ߅ߦࡦ࡜ࡊޟ‬‫ⷫޟ‬ኒߥࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻࡮࡟ࠫ࡯
ࡓ‫ޟޔޠ‬ᱜᒰߥࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻࡮࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓ‫ߩࠇߙࠇߘޔࠆߌ߅ߦޠ‬ༀߦߟ޿ߡߩ࠹ࡧࡁߩ⼏⺰ࠍ⚫੺ߒߡ߅ߎ߁‫ޕ‬‫ߢޠࡓ࡯ࠫ࡟࡮࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦߩߢࡦ࡜ࡊޟ‬ᛚ⹺ߐࠇࠆߴ߈ༀߪ‫⋡ޟޔ‬ᮡ‫ޠ‬㧔୘ੱߦࠃࠆ
೑ኂㅊ᳞ߩਛߢᒰὼⷞߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ ㆏ౕ⊛วℂ⊛ⴕὑߩࡕ࠺࡞ ߇␜ߒߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߥ㧕ߢߪߥ޿‫ߦࡓ࡯ࠫ࡟࡮࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦߩߢࡦ࡜ࡊޕ‬࿕᦭ߥༀߪ‫ࠆߌ߅ߦ࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊޔ‬୘ੱ⊛ᗧᕁߩᒻᚑߣߘߩㆀⴕߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠆߔ᧪↱ߦ࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦޕ‬ༀߪᧂ᧪ߦᛩડߒ‫ߩߎޔ‬ᛩડࠍㆀⴕߔࠆᗧ᰼⊛⢻ജߦ࿕ၫߔࠆߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߢ ‫↱⥄ޔ‬ਥ⟵⊛ߥ᭴ᚑ߳ߣ❗ᷫߐࠇࠆ㧔ᓟㅀߩ࡝
ࡌ࡜࡞ᢥᴺ㧕‫ޕ‬߹ߚ‫ߩޠࡓ࡯ࠫ࡟࡮ ࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦߩߢࡦ࡜ࡊޟ‬ༀߪ‫ޔ‬ㆡಾߦታᣉߐࠇࠆⴕὑࡊ࡜ࡦߩ

ㆀⴕ߆ࠄᓧࠄࠇࠆḩ⿷ߦ㒢ቯߐࠇࠆߣߒߡ߽‫ࠍ⸽଻ޔߒ⸽଻ࠍ࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊߩࠄ⥄ޔ‬ᓧࠆߎߣߢ‫ޔ‬዁᧪߳ߣᛩડ ߔࠆ se projeter ୘ੱߩ⢻ജࠍᡰ߃ߡ޿ࠆ(Thévenot, 2010)‫࠻࠶ࡒࠦޕ‬ࡔࡦ࠻࡮࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓߦ߅ߌࠆࡊ࡜ࡦ ߩ⢻ജࠍᛒ߁ߎߣߢ‫⥄ߩߘߣੱޔ‬ᓞᕈ‫⽿ޔ‬છߦᵈ⋡ߒ‫ޔ‬ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻߳ߩߎ߁ߒߚ⢻ജࠍᡰ߃ߡ޿ࠆ੐‛ߩ਎⇇ߩ‫ޟ‬ᯏ⢻⊛‫ޠ‬Ꮣ⟎ ߳ߩ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠶
ࠢߥଐሽࠍ⠨ኤߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ઁޕ‬ᣇ‫ޔ߫ࠊ⸒ߪ࡯࠲ࠢࠕޔ‬ᗧ࿑⊛ߦ‫ߩߘޔ‬ⅣႺࠍࡈࠜ࡯ࡑ࠶࠻ൻߔࠆ‫ߪ࠻࠶ࡒࠦߩߎߡߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᄙߊߩ୘ੱߩ㑆ߢߩࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍ޿ߞ
ߘ߁ኈᤃߦଦㅴߔࠆ‫ޔߪࠇߘ߽ߩ߁޿ߣޕ‬ᛩડ ߔࠆ೎ߩ୘ੱߦࠃߞߡ ᛠីน⢻ߥᯏ⢻ᕈߦଐ᜚ߒ‫ⴕߥ࡞ࡑ࡯ࡁޔ‬േࡊ࡜ࡦߩࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦߟ޿ߡવ㆐ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆㅢᏱߩ⸒⺆ߦଐ᜚ߒߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫ⷫޟ‬ኒߥࠦࡒ࠶࠻࡮ࡔࡦ࠻࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓ‫ߩߢޠ‬ༀߪ‫ߐ࠭ࠗ࡜ࠞ࡯ࡠޔࠇߐ࠭ࠗ࡜࠽࠰࡯ࡄޔ‬ࠇߚ‫ޔ‬ㆊ෰ߦᩮઃ޿ߚᘠࠇߣߒߡ⃻ࠇࠆ‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬ᘠࠇߦࠃࠆ㗔᦭ߦ↱᧪ߔࠆ቟Ⓩ ߐߦ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᘠࠇⷫߒࠎߛ਎⇇ࠍㅢߓߚ⥄Ꮖߣߩࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ᭽ᑼߣߒߡߩ‫ޔ‬ᘠࠇߘߩ߽ߩ߇଻
⸽ߔࠆ⥄Ꮖ߳ߩା㗬ߦ޽ࠆ‫ⷫߚ߹ޕ‬ኒߥࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻ߩ⚂᧤ߪ‫ޕࠆ޽ߢ࠻ࡦࡔ࠴࠶࠲ࠕޔ‬ߘࠇߪㄭធᕈߦ߅޿ߡߒ߆ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࠻ߐࠇߕ‫ޔ‬ㄭធᕈߦ߅޿ߡߒ߆ઁ⠪ߣߩࠦ࡯࠺ࠖ
ࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍଦㅴߒߥ޿‫ޕ‬ⷫኒߥࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻ߪ‫ޔ‬੐‛߇ᗧߩ߹߹ߦߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߥⅣႺߣߩⷫኒൻ ߣߒߡℂ⸃ߐࠇࠆ‫ޔߪ࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦߩߎޕ‬ᾫ⍮ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆⅣႺߦ߅޿ߡᗵߓࠄࠇࠆ‫ޟ‬቟Ⓩߐ㧩ዬᔃ࿾ߩ⦟ߐ‫ߚ߹ޔߡߞࠃߦޠ‬り૕ߣሽ࿷‛‫ޔ‬੐‛ߣߩ㑆ߩ෼ᢢ ߦࠃߞߡౕ૕ൻߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫ޟ‬ᱜᒰൻ‫ߢߣߎࠆߔ࠴࡯ࡠࡊࠕࠄ߆࠻ࠢ࡝ࡈࡦࠦ߇࠴࡯ࡠࡊࠕߩޠ‬㕖วᗧ‫ޔ‬ᛕ್ࠍ߽ߞ߬
ࠄߣߔࠆߩߣኻᾖ⊛ߦ‫ⷫޔ‬ኒߥࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻ߪࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻ߩり૕⊛ᰴరߦ㊀ⷐᕈࠍઃਈߒ‫⥄ޔ‬Ꮖߩ߶ߒ޿߹߹ߦߔࠆ੐‛ߣり૕ߣߩ㚔ᨴߺߦ߅޿ߡ⏕⹺ߐࠇࠆ (Génard, 2011)‫ޕ‬ߐߡⷫኒߐߩࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻ߪ‫ߦੱޔ‬ኻߒߡ଻⸽ߥ޿ߒ‫⽾৻ޟ‬ᕈ‫ࠍޠ‬ਈ߃‫ޔ‬੐‛߆ࠄߥ
ࠆⅣႺ߳ߩᗲ⌕ߥ޿ߒࠕ࠲࠶࠴ࡔࡦ࠻ߣ㑐ㅪߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ⷫޕ‬ኒߐߩ࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓߦෳ↹ߔࠆ੐‛߿ሽ࿷‛ߪ‫ࠍ⸽଻ߩ߳ੱޔ‬ઃਈߔࠆߎߣߢ‫ޔ‬ᗲᖱߦḩߜߚᛩ⾗ኻ⽎ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߒ߁ߎޕ‬ߡⷫኒߐߩ࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓߦ߅ߌࠆੱ㑆ቇ߇․ቯߐࠇࠆ‫ⷫޕ‬ኒߐߩࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻ߣ ‫ߦࠇߘޔ‬ၮߠ޿ߚ㑐ଥߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޟ‬቟Ⓩߐ‫߇ޠ‬ᨐߚߔᓎഀ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥࠆ‫ࠆࠃߦ⪲⸒ߪߢߎߘޕ‬ቯᑼൻએ೨ߢߩࠫࠚࠬ࠴ࡖ࡯߿ᘒᐲ‫ޔ‬ぷふ‫ޔ‬ᒰᖺߥߤߩᒻߢ⋧੕ⴕὑ߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆ‫ࠍࠇߎޕ‬વ߃ࠆᖱႎࡈࠜ࡯ࡑ࠶࠻ߪ‫ⷙߪߦ߁ࠃࠆߌ߅ߦࡓ࡯ࠫ࡟ߩࡦ࡜ࡊޔ‬ᩰൻߐࠇ߃ߥ޿ (Génard, 2011)‫ޕ‬‫ޟ‬ᱜᒰൻน⢻ߥࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓ‫ޔߪޠ‬ଔ୯ grandeur ߦଐ᜚ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫࡟ߩߎޕ‬ࠫ࡯ࡓߢߪ‫౒ޔ‬ㅢༀ߳ߩෳ↹ߦ⾗ߔࠆሽ࿷‛ߩ⢻ജߦ‫ޔ‬ༀߪ↱᧪ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔ࡏ࡞࠲ࡦࠬࠠ
࡯‫ޡࡁࡧ࠹ޔ‬ᱜᒰൻߩℂ⺰‫ޢ‬㧕‫ࠆࠇߐ ࠻ࠬ࠹ߢ࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦߩߎޕ‬ༀߪ‫ߩ߳ࡦࡕࠦޔ‬ෳ↹ߩ઀ᣇߦᔕߓߡ㧔ࠦࡒ࠶࠻ߐࠇࠆ㑐ଥ߇ࠗࡦࠬࡇ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߥߩ߆‫ޔ‬વ⛔⊛ᮭᆭߩዅ㊀‫ޔ‬ฬჿ߳ߩᾲ⁅ߥߩ߆‫ޔ‬᛽⽎⊛ㅪᏪߥߩ߆‫┹ޔ‬੎ߥߩ߆‫ޔ‬ᛛⴚ⊛ല₸ᕈߥߩ߆ ߢ㧕⇣ߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ߘࠇߙࠇߩଔ୯ߦ߅޿ߡ‫⋧ޔߪੱޔ‬੕ଐሽ㑐ଥࠍㅢߓߡ‫ࠆ޽ߢ⋉᦭ߡߞߣߦੱߩߡߴߔޔ‬ߣਥᒛߢ߈‫ޔߦ⊛౏ޔ‬ᐢ᳢ߥࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍ଻⸽ߔࠆࡄࡢ࡯ࠍઃਈߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧟㧕⚂᧤ߩ଻⸽
ࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻߇ਈ߃ࠆࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩࡄࡢ࡯ߪ‫᧪↱ߦ࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦߩ᧤⚂ޔ‬ߒ‫⾰‛ߩ᧤⚂ߪࠇߎޔ‬ᕈߦၮߠ޿ߡ޿ࠆ(Thévenot, 2011)‫ࠫ࡟࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦߩࠇߙࠇߘޕ‬࡯ࡓߪ‫ޔ‬
㧔ༀߩታ⃻ߩߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬૗߇⃻ታߣߒߡ⹜㛎ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬૗߇⏕߆ߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠍ ቯ⟵ߔࠆ㧕․ቯࡈࠜ࡯ࡑ࠶࠻ߦ߅ߌࠆⅣႺߩᏓ⟎ disposition ࠍ଻⸽ߣߒߡᔅⷐߣߔࠆ‫ޔߪ⸽଻ ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻ߩࡈࠜ࡯ࡑ࠶࠻ߦㆡߒߚੱߩり૕ߦ߽↱᧪ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬߹ߚ⍮⼂࡮ᖱႎࡈࠜ࡯ࡑ࠶࠻ߪ‫⹜ޔࠅߥ⇣ߡߞࠃߦࡓ࡯ࠫ࡟࡮ ࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦޔ‬㛎ߐࠇࠆ߽ߩߩᅷᒰߥᕈะߣࡈࠜ࡯ࡑ࠶࠻ߣߩ⚵ߺวࠊߖ߽߹ߚ ‫ߦࡓ࡯ࠫ࡟࡮࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦޔ‬ᔕߓߡ⇣ߥࠆ‫⺞߇ߣߎߩߎޕ‬ᩏᚻᴺߦ㊀ᄢߥᓇ㗀ࠍ߽ߚࠄߔ‫ޕ‬㧠㧕࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓߦ߅ߌࠆੑߟߩ஥㕙㧔ࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦߩ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠭ࡓ㧕ࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻࡮࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓߪ᳗㆙ߦ቟ቯߒߚ⒎ᐨࠍߥߒߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥߊ‫ߩߢߎߘޔ‬଻⸽߽߹ߚା㗬ߦḩߜߚᐔⓏߥ஥㕙ࠍᜬߟߣหᤨߦ‫⁁ߚߒ߁ߎޔ‬ᘒߦኻߔࠆ⇼޿ߩ஥㕙ࠍᜬߜ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޔ‬ੑߟߩ஥㕙߇޽ࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ߦࠢ࠶ࡒ࠽ࠗ࠳ߪࡓ࡯ࠫ࡟ޔ‬ㅴൻߔࠆ‫ ޕ‬ᚒ‫ߩޘ‬㑐ᔃߦᾖࠄߒߡ⸒߃߫‫ߩࡦࠝࠪࡦࠔࡧࡦࠦߘߎߦߎߎޔ‬ㅴൻߩၮ␆߇޽ࠆ‫ߩ⸽଻ޕ‬ត᳞ ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ੑߟߩ஥㕙߇޽ࠅ‫৻ޔ‬ᣇߢߪ⋡ශ߇ਈ߃ࠆା㗬߇޽ࠅ ‫ઁޔ‬ᣇߢߪ‫࡚ࠪ࡯ࡀࠖ࠺࡯ࠦࠆ޽ޔ‬ࡦࠍ଻⸽ߔࠆߎߣߢ‶†ߦߒߚ೎ߩࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦ⋡ࠍ⷗㐿߆ߖࠆࠃ߁ߥ⇼ᔨ‫ޔ‬ᛕ್ࠍឭ⿠ߔࠆ஥㕙߇޽ࠆ‫⚻ߩࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࡀࠖ࠺࡯ࠦࠆߔ᧪↱ߦ࠼࡯ࠦ߫߃ߣߚޕ‬ᷣߪ‫࡯ࠦޔ‬࠼ߩ૶޿ᚻߚߜ߇ࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦ⊛ߥ⋡ශ߳ߩା㗬ߦଐ᜚ߔࠆߎߣߢᓧࠄࠇࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬૶޿ᚻߚߜߪࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦߩ᭴▽ߦ㓙ߒߡ‶†ߦߐࠇߚߎߣߦ⇼ᔨࠍᛴߊߎߣߦ߽ߥ
ࠆ‫⇼ߩߎߡߞ޿ߣ߆ޕ‬ᔨߦ㐽ߓߎ߽ࠆߎߣߢࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝࡦࠍ⚐ὼߣ⎕უߔࠆߩߢߪߥ
ߊ‫ߩ৻╙ߚ߹ޔ‬஥㕙ࠍ␠ળ⊛ታ〣ߩಝ࿕ߒߚ㓸ว⊛ⷙೣᕈ߳ߣ❗ᷫߔࠆߩߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬࠹ࡧࡁߪએ਄ߩߎߣ߆ࠄ‫ߡ޿ߟߦࡓ࡯ࠫ࡟࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦޔ‬એਅߩࠃ߁ߦ߹ߣ߼ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬࡮ࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻ߪ߅੕޿ࠍࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࠻ߔࠆࡄࡢ࡯ߩᛩ⾗㧩ઃਈߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦࡓ࡯ࠫ࡟ޕ‬ᔕߓߡ▸࿐ߩ⇣ߥࠆ‫ઁޔ‬⠪ߣߩࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߪ‫ߦ࡯ࡢࡄߩߎޔ‬ၮߠ޿ߡ޿ࠆ‫߁ߎޕ‬ߒߚࡄࡢ࡯߇ࡄ࡯࠰࠽࡝࠹ࠖߣ౒ห૕ߩߘࠇߙࠇߦኻߒߡ৻⽾ᕈࠍਈ߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬࡮ࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻ߪༀࠍ⛽ᜬߔࠆ‫ޕ‬࡮ࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻ߪ‫ޔ‬ㆡಾߦᕈะࠍઃਈߐࠇߚੱߩり૕߅ࠃ߮ⅣႺߩ⃻ታᕈߦࠃࠅ଻⸽ߐ
ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬੐‛߅ࠃ߮ሽ࿷‛ࠍ⹜㛎ߦ߆ߌࠆࡈࠜ࡯ࡑ࠶࠻ߦᔕߓߡ⇣ߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ߒ߆ߒ࠹ࡧࡁߩߎ߁ߒߚᢛℂߦߟ޿ߡ‫⑼ޔ‬ቇᛛⴚ␠ળ⺰ STS ⎇ⓥߩㄭᐕߩᚑᨐ߆ࠄ⇼໧ࠍឭ␜ߔࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈ࠃ߁‫ⷫޔ߃ ߐߢࡓ࡯ࠫ࡟࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦߩࡦ࡜ࡊޕ‬ኒߐߩ࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓ
ߣ㊀ߥࠄߑࠆࠍᓧߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߣੱߚߒ߁ߎޔ߽ߡ޿߅ߦࡓ࡯ࠫ࡟ߩࡦ࡜ࡊޕ‬੐‛ߣߩ㑆ߩⷫኒߥ‫ޟ‬ᚻ߇߆ࠅ‫ߜࠊߥߔޔޠ‬਄㊁࡮࠰࡯ࡗ࡯(2009)ߩ޿߁‫ޟ‬ታ〣౒ห૕ߦ߅ߌࠆቇ⠌⾗Ḯߩⶄ㔀ߥ᭴ㅧൻ‫ޔ߫߃଀ޕࠆ޽ߢߩࠆࠇࠄ⷗߇ޠ‬਄㊁ࠄߪ⎇ⓥቶߩࠛࠬࡁࠣ࡜ࡈࠖ࡯ߦ
ၮߠ߈‫ޔ‬ታ㛎ࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞߿⺰ᢥ‫ޔ‬㆏ౕ‫ࠆࠃߦੱޔ‬ታṶ‫᧚‛↢ޔ‬ᢱࠍߟ߹ࠎߛߣ߈ߩᗵⷡ‫ޔ‬ߎࠇࠄߩ⾗Ḯߩⶄ㔀ߥ᭴ㅧൻߩਛ ߦ‫ޔ‬ᛛⴚ߿⍮⼂ࠍ⷗ࠆ‫⺰ޕ‬ᢥߥߤߩ‫ޟ‬ᒻᑼ⍮‫ ޔ߽ޠ‬㆏ౕ߿ᗵⷡߣ޿ߞߚ⾗ḮߩᏓ⟎ߥߒߦߪᗧ๧߇ߥ޿ߣߔࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬਄㊁ࠄ ߪ‫ޔ‬ᒻᑼൻߪ⾗Ḯߛߌߢߥߊ▤ℂ᭽ᑼߢ߽޽ࠆ‫߁޿ߣޔ‬㊀ⷐߥᜰ៰߽ⴕߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߡߒߣࠇࠊࠇࠊޕ‬ઃߌട߃ߡ߅
߈ߚ޿ߩߪ‫ޔ‬ᒻᑼ⍮㧔ࠊࠇࠊࠇߩ⸒߁౒ㅢ⴫⽎߿⋡ශ㧕ߪ‫ߕ߃⛘ޔ‬੐‛߿ᗵⷡߣߩ⚿ว‫ޔ‬ᚻ߇߆ࠅࠍᦝᣂߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߕ‫ޔ‬ኾ㐷⍮ߪり૕ᗵⷡ߹ߢ᝿ីߒߥ޿㒢ࠅ‫⛔ޔ‬ᴦ᭽ᑼߣߒ
ߡᯏ⢻ߒߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧔㧟㧕ࡊ࡜ࡦߩኾ೙ߣⷙᩰߦࠃࠆ⛔ᴦ
Thévenot (2010)ߪ‫ޔ‬਄ㅀߩਃߟߩࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻࡮࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓ߇‫߽ⷫߣߞ߽ޔ‬ኒߥࡄ࡯࠰

࠽࡞ߥ㑐ଥ߆ࠄ‫߽ߣߞ߽ޔ‬㓸ว⊛ߢ‫ޔ‬ቯᑼൻߐࠇߚࠦࡦࡧࠔࡦࠪࠝ ࡦ⊛ᒻᘒߦ߹ߢ޿ߚࠆ
ࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ਃߟߩᒻߩ౒หᕈࠍଦߔߎߣࠍឭ␜ߒߚ‫␠ߩ࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦߡߒ߁ߎޕ‬ળቇߪ‫ޔ‬ਃߟߩ‫ⶄޟ‬ᢙߩࠦࡕࡦߩᢥᴺ grammaires du common au pluriel‫ࠍޠ‬ឬ߈಴ߔ‫ޟߜࠊߥߔޕ‬உ
ᄢߐߩᢥᴺ‫౒ޔߪޠ‬ㅢༀߩ⒳೎ൻߦࠃࠆᱜᒰൻน⢻ߥࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻ࠍ೨ឭߒ‫ޔ‬‫࡞࡜ࡌ࡝ޟ‬ᢥᴺ㨭ߪ‫౒ߦࠄߐޔࠍޠ࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦߩ߳ࡦ࡜ࡊޟ‬ㅢߩⷫኒߐߩᢥᴺߪ‫ⷫޔ‬ኒߐߩࠦࡒ࠶
࠻ࡔࡦ࠻ࠍ೨ឭߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬࡮‫ⶄޟ‬ᢙߩ୘ੱߩ ࡝ࡌ࡜࡞ᢥᴺ‫⻉ޔߪߢޠ‬୘ੱ߇⴫᣿ߔࠆᗧ⷗߽ߒߊߪ೑ኂߩ㑆ߢ‫ޔ‬Ꮕ⇣߇␜ߐࠇࠆ‫౒߇ੱޕ‬ㅢༀߦෳ↹ߔࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ૞ ᬺߪ‫ޔ‬ᓐ߇‫ޔ‬୘ੱߩ⁁ᘒ̆̆ઁߩ
⻉୘ੱ߆ࠄᛚ⹺ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠝࡊ࡚ࠪࡦߩ㑆ߢㆬᛯߔࠆ̆̆߳ߣ౏⊛ߦ਄᣹ߔࠆߎߣࠍᗐቯ
ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫߽ⷫߣߞ߽ߪߢߎߎޕ‬ኒߥࠕ࠲࠶࠴ࡔࡦ࠻ߪ‫࠻࠶ࡑ࡯ࠜࡈޔ‬ൻߐࠇ ‫ⷙޔ‬ᩰൻߐࠇߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ߪߢߎߎߚ߹ޕ‬ᱜ⛔ߥࠆᮭᆭߪ‫⥄ޔ‬ᓞߒߚ୘ੱߩߘࠇߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ㆬᛯ ߦኻߔࠆ⻉୘ੱߩ⽿છ㧔‫ࠍࠬࡦ࠹ࡇࡦࠦߩޠ࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦߩ߳ࡦ࡜ࡊޟ‬೨ឭߔࠆ㧕߇↢ߓࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ⶄޟߡߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᢙߢߩࠦࡕࡦߩ࡝ࡌ࡜࡞ ᢥᴺ‫ޔߪޠ‬୘ੱ⊛೑ኂߥ޿ߒᗧ⷗ߩᏅ⇣ߣ޿߁ᒻߢࠦࡦࡈ࡝ࠢ࠻ࠍ⸃ᶖߔࠆ‫ޕ‬࡮‫౒ޟ‬ㅢߩ႐ᚲ߳ߩⶄᢙߩⷫㄭߐߩᢥᴺ‫౒ߪࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࠤ࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔߪߢޠ‬ㅢߩ႐ᚲࠍㅢߓߡ
ߥߐࠇࠆ‫ߣ߳ࡦࡕࠦޕ‬ෳടߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫౒ޔߪੱޔ‬ㅢߩ႐ᚲࠍㅢㆊߔࠆߎߣߢ‫࡞࠽࠰࡯ࡄޔ‬ߥࠕ࠲࠶࠴ࡔࡦ࠻ࠍ⴫᣿ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߕ‫ߪߦࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࠤ࠾ࡘࡒࠦߩߎ߽߆ߒޔ‬ᗵᖱ߇઻ࠊߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫౒߫ࠇߌߥ߽ߐޕ‬ㅢߩ႐ᚲ߳ߩេ↪ߪା㗬ࠍᄬ߁ߎߣߦߥࠈ߁‫ޕ‬⃻࿷‫ࠆࠇࠊ޿ߣ࡞࡜ࡌ࡝ࠝࡀޔ‬᡽ᴦ⊛ầᵹߩⷙ▸⊛ၮ␆ߦߟ޿ߡ߽‫ޔ‬Thévenot ߪ਄ㅀߩ⼏⺰ࠍᑧ㐳ߐߖߡ⸃᣿ߒࠃ߁ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬Thévenot(1997)એ᧪‫ⷙޟߪࡁࡧ࠹ޔ‬ᩰߦࠃࠆ⛔ᴦ‫ޠ‬ߦߟ޿ߡ⸒෸ߒߡ߈ߚ‫ߦࠎߚߪࠇߘޕ‬᡽ᴦ⊛ߥᱜ⛔ᕈ߇ⷙᩰⵝ⟎߿╙ਃ⠪ᯏ㑐㧔᡽ᴦߣߘߩᛕ್ࠍᐢ▸ߦ఺ࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧕ߦࠃࠅઍᦧߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣߛߌࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥߊ‫ⶄ ޔ‬ᢙߩଔ୯ߩᅷද㧩วᚑߦ߅޿ߡ ‫ޔ‬Ꮢ႐⊛ༀ߇භ߼ࠆ૏⟎߇Ⴧᄢߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ⷙᩰൻߩᎿᬺ⊛ଔ୯߇‫ޔ‬Ꮢ႐⊛ߥ⽷߅ࠃ߮ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ⁁ᘒ߳ߣ❗ᷫߐࠇ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬Ꮢ᳃⊛‫ޠ‬ᩰઃߌ߇ࡈࠚࠕ࠻࡟࡯࠼ߣ޿߁Ꮢ႐⊛ᩰઃߌ߳ߣ ❗ᷫߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣߦ߽ ‫ޕࠆ޿ߡࠇߐ␜ߪࠇߎޔ‬ⷫኒߥ૶↪ߩ੐‛߿ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ㧔ࠤࠕ㧕ߩ⹺⸽߆ࠄ࿾⃿ⷙᮨߢߩࡌࡦ࠴ࡑ࡯ࠠࡦࠣߦ޿ߚࠆ
ⷙᩰߩ᥉෸ߪ‫ᧄ⾗࡞࡜ࡌ࡝ࠝࡀޔ‬ਥ⟵ߦ߅ߌࠆⷙᩰߦࠃࠆ⛔ᴦߩ᜛ᄢࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ ߩߢ޽
ࠆ(Thévenot, 2010)‫ޕ‬ߎ߁ߒߚࡊ࡜ࡦ࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓߩኾ೙ߪ‫ޔ‬evidence-based ߥ᡽╷⹏ଔᚻᴺࠍㅢߓߡㆀⴕߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬᡽╷߿᡽ᴦߩࡊ࡜ࡦߪ‫ߣ߳ࡦ࡜ࡊޔ‬ታ⾰⊛ߦ❗ᷫߐࠇߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߕ‫ޔ‬ᛕ್ߪ․ቯߩ⸽᣿
ߦࠃߞߡ᭴ᚑߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࡈࠜ࡯ࡑ࠶࠻߳ߣ ቯᑼൻߐࠇߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬᭽‫ߥޘ‬ኻ᛫⊛␠ળㆇേߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬‫ౕޟ‬૕⊛ឭ᩺(ࡊ࡜ࡦ)߇ߥ޿‫ߣޠ‬ᛕ್ߐࠇࠆߎߣ߇ߒ߫ߒ߫ߢ޽
ࠆ‫ߩࡦ࡜ࡊߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ኾ೙߆ࠄ⣕ළߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ‫⑼ޔ‬ቇ⊛⌀ℂߩ␠ળ⊛᭴▽ߣ޿߁ᣥ᧪ߩ
ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߢ߽‫⚻ߚ߹ޔ‬ᷣℂ⺰ߩㆀⴕᕈ(Callon)ࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆߛߌߢ߽ਇචಽߥߩߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᛕ್ ࠍ ᒰ ᖺ ߐ ߖ ߡ ߒ ߹ ߁ ࡔ ࠞ ࠾ ࠭ ࡓ ࠍ ᣿ ࠄ ߆ ߦ ߒ ߥ ߌ ࠇ ߫ ߥ ࠄ ߥ ޿ ߩ ߢ ޽ ࠆ (Thévenot,2010)‫ޕ‬ߐߡ‫⃻ߪࡁࡧ࠹ߦ߁ࠃߩߎޔ‬ઍ⾗ᧄਥ⟵ߩ௑ะࠍ‫ࡓ࡯ࠫ࡟࡮࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦߩࡦ࡜ࡊޔ‬ߩኾ೙ߣߒߡߣࠄ߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᓐߩℂ⸃ߪ‫ᧄ⾗ޡߩࡠࡍࠕࠪ࡮࡯ࠠࠬࡦ࠲࡞ࡏޔ‬ਥ⟵ߩᣂߚߥ♖␹‫ߣޠ࠹ࠪߩ࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊޟࠆߌ߅ߦޢ‬ᄢ޿ߦ㑐ଥߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬એਅߢߪ‫♖ޡ‬␹‫ߦ⚦⹦ࠍޢ‬ขࠅ਄ߍࠆߎߣߦߒࠃ߁‫ޕ‬㧟㧚‫ᧄ⾗ޡ‬ਥ⟵ߩᣂߚߥ♖␹‫ⴚ⧓ߣޢ‬ኅ⊛ᛕ್㧔㧝㧕⾗ᧄਥ⟵ߩ♖␹㧝㧕ߥߗ‫߆ޠ␹♖ޟ‬ࡏ࡞࠲ࡦࠬࠠ࡯ࠄߪ⾗ᧄਥ⟵ࠍ‫ޟ‬ᒻᑼ⊛ߦᐔ๺⊛ߥᚻᲑߦࠃࠆ‫ߩᧄ⾗ޔ‬ή೙㒢ߩ⫾Ⓧߩⷐ⺧‫ߣޠ‬ቯ⟵ߒ‫ߪᧄ⾗ޔ‬ንߩ‛ℂ⊛ᒻᘒ߆ࠄಾᢿߐࠇ‫ޔ‬᳗⛯⊛ߥౣᛩ⾗ߣᵹㅢߦࠃߞߡߩ
ߺჇᄢߐߖࠄࠇࠆ‫ࠆߔߣޔ‬㧔⸼㧝㧕‫⫾ᧄ⾗ߚ߹ޕ‬Ⓧߪᄙߊߩੱ‫ߩޘ‬േຬࠍᔅⷐߣߔࠆ߇‫ߎޔ‬ࠇࠄߩੱ‫ߩޘ‬ᄙߊߪߘߩഭ௛ߩᚑᨐߦߟ޿ߡᚲ᦭ᮭࠍᜬߚߕ‫⫾ߩߎޔ‬Ⓧㆊ⒟ߦෳടߔࠆ޿
߆ߥࠆേᯏ߽‫ᧄ⾗ޕ޿ߥ޿ߡߒ᦭ߪߦ࡝ࠝ࡝ࡊࠕޔ‬ਥ⟵ߪߎ߁ߒߚੱ‫ߩߎߩޘ‬ㆊ⒟߳ߩ ല₸⊛ࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࠍᱜᒰൻߔࠆߚ߼ߩࠗ࠺ࠝࡠࠡ࡯㧔⾗ᧄਥ⟵ߩ♖␹㧕ࠍᔅⷐߣߔࠆ‫ࠗߩߎ ޕ‬࠺ࠝࡠࠡ࡯ߪ⾗ᧄਥ⟵ડᬺ߳ߩࠦࡒ࠶࠻ߩ୘ੱ⊛േᯏ ߩߺߥࠄߕ‫౒߇࠻࠶ࡒࠦߩߎޔ‬ㅢༀߦ⾗ߔࠆ‫߁޿ߣޔ‬േᯏࠍឭଏߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᱜᒰൻߪ‫ᧄ⾗ޔ‬ਥ⟵߇ᦨ߽ᔅⷐߣߔࠆੱ‫ޔޘ‬ᣣᏱ⊛ߦ⾗ᧄਥ⟵ડᬺ߳ߩᛕ್ߦ⋥㕙ߒ‫ߡߒߊ߆ޔ‬ᣣᏱ⊛ߦᓐ╬ߩ⾗ᧄਥ⟵ડᬺ߳ߩࠦࡒ࠶࠻ߩᱜᒰൻࠍ᳞߼ࠄࠇࠆੱ‫▤ޔޘ‬ℂ⡯ጀ cadres ߦะߌࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓐ╬ߎߘߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ᓥᬺຬߢ޽ࠆߣหᤨߦ‫ᧄ⾗ޔ‬ਥ⟵ߩࠬࡐ࡯ࠢࠬࡄ࡯࠰ࡦߢ޽ࠆ‫(ޠ‬p.52)‫ࡏޕ‬࡞࠲ࡦࠬࠠࠄ߇ߘߩ⸒⺑ಽᨆߩߚ߼ߦ↪޿ߚᢥ₂߽‫▤ޔ‬ℂ⡯ጀะߌߩࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡔࡦ࠻ᢥ₂ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ߎ߁ߒߚ⾗ᧄਥ⟵ߩ♖␹ߦౝኈࠍਈ߃ࠆ ߩ߇‫ޔ‬ᛕ್ߢ޽ࠆ‫ᧄ⾗ޕ‬ਥ⟵ߦࠃࠆ⫾Ⓧㆊ⒟߳
ߩേᯏઃߌߪ‫ᧄ⾗ޔ‬ਥ⟵ߩⓨ⯯ߐߩࠁ߃ߦ‫ᧄ⾗ޔ‬ਥ⟵߇ឭଏߢ߈ߥ޿߽ߩߥߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߟ ޕ‬߹ࠅ⥄ࠄ⥄りߦߘߩᱜᒰൻࠍ⷗޿ߛߔ⾗ᧄਥ⟵㧔⾗ᧄ⫾Ⓧߘࠇ⥄૕߇⋡⊛㧕ߪ‫୶ޔ‬ℂ⊛㗔ၞ߆ࠄಾᢿߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ࠍ࡯࠲ࠢࠕޔ‬േຬߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ‫ߩࠄ⥄ޔ‬ᄖ஥ߦ‫ޔ‬ᱜᒰൻߩ⾗Ḯࠍ᳞߼ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ᧄ⾗ޕ‬ਥ⟵ߪ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᢜ‫ᧄ⾗ޔ‬ਥ⟵߳ߩᛕ್ࠍᔅⷐߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᛕ್ߎߘ߇‫ᧄ⾗ޔ‬ਥ⟵ߦኻߒߡ୶ℂ⊛ၮ␆ࠍឭଏߒ‫ޔ‬ᱜ⛔ᕈࠍਈ߃ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚ࡯࠲ࠢࠕޕ‬ߜߪᛕ್ߦࠃࠅၭ㙃ߐࠇࠆ⾗ᧄਥ⟵ߩ♖␹ࠍౝ㕙ൻߔࠆߎߣߢ‫⫾ޔ‬Ⓧㆊ⒟ߦ୶ℂ⊛ߥ೙⚂ࠍട߃ࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ᧄ⾗ ޕ‬ਥ⟵ߩ♖␹ߪ⫾Ⓧㆊ⒟ࠍᱜᒰൻߔࠆߛߌߢߥߊ‫ࠍࠇߎޔ‬೙⚂ߔࠆ‫⫾ߪߊߒ߽ޕ‬Ⓧㆊ⒟ࠍ೙⚂ߔࠆ㒢ࠅߢߒ߆ߎࠇࠍᱜᒰൻߒߥ޿ (‫ޢ␹♖ޡ‬pp.65-68)‫ઁޕ‬ᣇ‫ᧄ⾗ޔ‬ਥ⟵ߪߎ߁ߒߚᛕ್ࠍ⛔วߔࠆߎߣߢ‫ޔ‬ᒰ⹥ߩᛕ್ࠍᱞⵝ⸃㒰ߐߖࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎ߁ߒߚಽᨆߪ‫߇ޘੱޔ‬ᛕ್⊛ߥ⢻ജࠍ᦭ߒߡ߅ࠅ‫ߚ ߒ߁ߎޔ‬⢻ജߦࠃߞߡᚲਈߩ␠ળ⁁ᴫ߇౒ห↢↥ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫߁޿ߣޔ‬໧㗴ᗧ⼂߆ࠄ↢ߓߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧞㧕⾗ᧄਥ⟵ߩ♖␹ߩਃߟߩ᭴ᚑⷐ⚛ߣੑߟߩᛕ್
ߎ߁ߒߚ⾗ᧄਥ⟵ߩ♖␹ߪਃߟߩ᭴ᚑⷐ⚛߆ࠄߥࠆ‫ᧄ⾗ߕ߹ޕ‬ਥ⟵߳ߩࠦࡒ࠶࠻ߪ ‫ࠛޟ‬ࠠࠨࠗ࠹ࠖࡦࠣ‫ᧄ⾗ޕ޿ߥࠄߥ߫ࠇߌߥߢޠ‬ਥ⟵ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߪੱ‫ࠍޘ‬㐿⧎ߐߖࠆ‫ޔ‬‫⸃ޟ‬᡼⊛ߥ‫ޠ‬஥㕙ࠍ᦭ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᰴ޿ߢߎߩ♖␹ߪ‫ޔ‬ᓐࠄ⥄り෸߮ᓐࠄߩኅᣖߦߚ޿ߒߡ‫ޟ‬቟ోᕈ‫ࠍޠ‬ឭଏߔࠆ߽ߩߢߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ ‫ᦨޕ‬ᓟߦߘࠇߪ‫౏ ޔ‬ᱜߐߦၮߠ޿ߡ޿ߥߌࠇ߫
ߥࠄߥ޿‫ᧄ⾗ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ਥ⟵߇ ᱜ⟵ᗵⷡߣᢛว⊛ߢ‫౒ޔ‬ㅢༀߦ⾗ߔࠆ߽ߩߢߥ߆ߞߚߥࠄ߫‫ޔ‬ሽ⛯ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬ߥ߅⾗ᧄਥ⟵ߩ♖␹ ߪᱧผ਄ߩੑߟߩᒻᘒߩ⾗ᧄਥ⟵ᛕ್ߦࠃߞߡㅴൻࠍㆀߍߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߔߥࠊߜ৻ᣇߢߪ⽺࿎߿ਇᐔ╬ߩḮᴰߣߒߡߩ⾗ᧄਥ⟵ࠍᛕ್ߔࠆ‫␠ޟ‬ળ⊛ᛕ್‫ޔࠅ޽߇ޠ‬␠ળਥ⟵߿ࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵߇ౖဳߢ޽ࠆ‫ઁޕ‬ᣇߢߪ⧓ⴚኅ⊛ᛕ್ߪ‫ᧄ⾗ޔ‬ਥ⟵߇୘ੱ߆ࠄഃ

ㅧᕈ߿⥄ᓞᕈࠍᅓ޿‫↢ޔ‬ᵴߩ⣕㝷ⴚൻ߿㕖⌀ᱜᕈ㧔࠾࠮ࡕࡁ㧕ߩḮᴰߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ
ᛕ್ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㧔㧞㧕ਃߟߩ⾗ᧄਥ⟵ߩ♖␹ ߣߘߩᄌኈ
19 ਎♿એ㒠‫ᧄ⾗ޔ‬ਥ⟵ߪਃߟߩ♖␹ࠍ૕㛎ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬╙৻ߩ♖␹㧔࠙ࠚ࡯ࡃ࡯ߣ࠱ࡦࡃ࡞࠻ߦ␜ߐࠇࠆ㧕ߪ‫ߣࡢ࡚ࠫ࡞ࡉޔ‬㑐ㅪઃߌࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߩ႐ว‫ᧄ⾗ޔ‬ਥ⟵ߩᜂ޿ᚻߚߜࠍࠛࠠࠨࠗ࠻ߐߖࠆߩߪ⚻༡ߔࠆߎߣ߳ߩᗧ᰼ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬቟ోᕈߩⷐ⚛ߪ‫ޔࠅ޽ߢ࡞࡜ࡕࡢ࡚ࠫ࡞ࡉޔ‬ኅᣖ⊛⟤ᓼ‫߇⫾⾂ޔ↥⾗ޔ‬ᒝ⺞ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ᱜ⟵ߩⷐ⺧ߪ‫ޔ‬‫ࠅࠃߦ⟎ⵝߩޠࡓ࠭࡝࠽࡯࠲ࡄޟߒ޿ߥޠ࡯ࠖ࠹࡝ࡖ࠴ޟ‬ᜂࠊࠇࠆ‫╙ޕ‬ੑߩ♖␹ߪ‫⛔ޔ‬วߐࠇ‫↹⸘ޔ‬ൻߐࠇߚᄢડᬺ ߦ㑐ࠊࠅ‫ޔ‬1930 ᐕઍߦ⊓႐ߒߚ‫⊛ဳౖߩߘޕ‬ᜂ޿ᚻߪ‫ޔ‬ᓥᬺຬ࠺ࠖ࡟ࠢ࠲࡯(ࡈ࡜ࡦࠬߢߩ‫ߪࠣࡦࠖ࠹ࠗࠨࠠࠛޕࠆ޽ߢ) ޠ࡞࠼࡯ࠞޟ‬,ᮭജߩㅊ᳞
ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬቟ోᕈߪࠠࡖ࡝ࠕߩ⸘↹ൻ㧔⑔␩࿖ኅߣ㑐ㅪߒߚᄙߊߩភ ⟎㧕ߦࠃࠅឭଏߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ᱜ⟵ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬࿖ኅߣߩ⚿ว‫↥↢ޔ‬ᕈ਄᣹⋉ߩౣ㈩ಽ‫ࠄ߆ࠬࡦ࠹ࡇࡦࠦޔ‬ᓧࠄࠇࠆࡔ࡝
࠶࠻ࠢ࡜ࠪ࡯ߢ޽ࠆ‫ᧄ⾗ ߥ⊛⧘⪚ޕ‬ਥ⟵ߩ╙ਃߩ♖␹ߪ‫ࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޔ‬਎⇇ߩ⴫⽎‫ޔ‬‫ࡀࡑޟ‬࡯ࠫࡖ࡯‫ߦ⽎⴫ߩޠ࠴࡯ࠦޟޔޠ‬ၮߠ޿ߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᓐࠄߎߘ߇ ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍࡈࠔࠪ࡝࠹࡯࠻
ߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬ਥⷐߥ․ᓽߪࠦࡀ࡚ࠢࠪࡦࠍ⏕┙ߔࠆ⢻ജߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫౏ޟ߇ޠ࡯ࡖࠫ࡯ࡀࡑޟ‬ᱜߢ޽ࠆ‫⥄ޔ߇ࠇ߆ޔߪߩޠ‬ಽߩߚ߼ߦ೑⋉㧔ࠦࡀ࡚ࠢࠪࡦ߆ࠄᦼᓙߐࠇࠆ㧕ࠍ଻ᜬߔࠆߩߢߥ
ߊ‫ޔ‬ᓐ߇ଦㅴߔࠆࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩઁߩ‫ޟ‬දജ⠪‫߽ߦޠ‬೑⋉ࠍਈ߃ࠆߣ߈ߢ޽ࠅ‫ߣߎߩߎޔ‬߇ᓐࠄߩ‫ࠍޠࠖ࠹࡝ࡆࡗࠗࡠࡊࡦࠛޟ‬ᒝൻߒ‫ੌ⚳࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊࠅ߹ߟޔ‬ᓟ ߦߪ‫ޔ‬೎ߩࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߢណ↪ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ᓐࠄߩ࠴ࡖࡦࠬࠍᦨᄢൻߔࠆߣ߈ߢ޽ࠆ‫ ⺰ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ℂߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫ߩ߳࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊࠄ߆࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊޔ‬⒖ⴕ߇‫ޔ‬ਥⷐߥ࠹ࠬ࠻ ߩᄾᯏࠍߥߒߡ޿ࠆ
(Blondeau, Sevin, 2004)‫ޕ‬㧝㧕♖␹ߩᄌൻ(1965-75)
ࡏ࡞࠲ࡦࠬࠠ࡯࡮ࠪࠕࡍࡠߪ‫ޔ‬60 ᐕઍߣ 90 ᐕઍߩࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡔࡦ࠻ᢥ₂ߩᲧセ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬೑Ảߩߚ߼ߩᣂߒ޿ⵝ⟎ ߣ♖␹ࠍ⸥ㅀߒߡ޿ࠆ‫߇ߣߎߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬น⢻ߣߥߞߚߩߪ‫࡯ࡀࡑޔ‬ࠫࡔࡦ࠻ᢥ₂߇ੑߟߩᣇะߦะߌࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ (Blondeau, Sevin, 2004)‫ޕ‬ߔߥࠊߜᚲਈߩᤨὐߢ೑Ảࠍ↢ߺ಴ߔࠃࠅ⦟޿ᣇᴺߩត᳞ߦะߌࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߣหᤨߦ‫ⷙޔ‬▸⊛⋡ᮡ㧔ណ↪ߐࠇࠆ೑Ả₪ᓧᣇ ᴺ߇ᱜᒰൻน⢻ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ㧕ߦ߽ะߌࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽
ࠆ‫࠻ࡦࡔࠫ࡯ࡀࡑޕ‬ᢥ₂ߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬ᚲਈߩᤨὐߢ‫ᧄ⾗ޔ‬ਥ⟵ߩ೑Ả₪ᓧᚻᴺߦኻߔࠆᛕ
್ߣ‫ߦࠇߘޔ‬ኻߔࠆᱜᒰൻߣߩᔕ㈽߇‫ޔ‬੐‛ࠍ઻߁ౕ૕⊛⁁ᴫߦ߅޿ߡឬ౮ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ࡏ࡞࠲ࡦࠬࠠ࡯࡮ࠪࠕࡍࡠߩࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴߇ࡊ࡜ࠣࡑ࠹ࠖ࠶ࠢ␠ળቇߩầᵹߦዻߔࠆߩ߽‫ޔ‬ߎߩࠃ߁ߥᚻᴺߦࠃࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓐࠄߪ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޔ‬ᢥ₂ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬಽᨆࠍㅢߓߡ ‫ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿♖␹ߩᒻᚑߦࠃࠅ⏕┙ߐࠇࠆⷙ▸ᕈࠍ⸥ㅀߔࠆߦߪ‫ޔ‬ᣢሽߩࠪ࠹ߢߪਇචಽߢ޽ࠅ‫⧘⪚ޔ‬⊛ᱜᒰൻ᭽ᑼࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫߁޿ߣޠ࠹ࠪߩ࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊޟ‬᭎ᔨߦଐ᜚ߔࠆߎߣߦߥߞ
ߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߐߡ 1968-75 ᐕߩᦼ㑆ߪ‫ᧄ⾗ޔ‬ਥ⟵ߩᷓೞߥෂᯏࠍ␜ߒߡ߅ࠅ‫⚻ޔ‬༡ ⠪߇‫ޔ‬ഭ௛ജߩ▤ℂࠍ᝿ីߢ߈ߥߊߥߞߚߎߣߦ⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧔↢↥ᕈ ᷫዋߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠆ㧕‫ޕ‬68 ᐕࠍࡇ࡯ࠢߦߒ
ߚᛕ್ߪએਅߩ‫ࠍ ࠻ࠬ࠹ߚߒ┙⏕ޔ‬ኻ⽎ߣߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
࡮⾓㊄ߣ೑Ảߩಽ㈩ߩၮ␆ߣߒߡᯏ⢻ߒߡ޿ߚ࠹ࠬ࠻‫ޔ‬ઃടଔ୯ಽ㈩ߩ࠹ࠬ࠻‫ޕ‬࡮ജߩ㕖ኻ⒓ᕈߣࡅࠛ࡜࡞ࠠ࡯ࠍᱜᒰൻߒߡ޿ߚ࠹ࠬ࠻㧔Ꮏ႐߿ኅᐸߢߩ㧕࡮␠ળ⊛ㆬ೎ߩၮ␆ߣߐࠇߡ޿ߚ࠹ࠬ࠻㧔౉ቇ⹜㛎‫ࠕ࡝ࡖࠠޔ‬㧕
68 ᐕߪ␠ળ⊛ᛕ್ߣ⧓ⴚ⊛ᛕ್ߩੑߟߩⷐ⚛߇ᷙ࿷ߒߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᾫ✵ഭ௛⠪ߦᡰᜬࠍᓧߡ
޿ߚ CGT ߇વ⛔⊛ߥ␠ળᛕ್ࠍዷ㐿ߒ‫ޔ‬CFDT ߪ⧓ⴚ⊛ᛕ್㧔⥄ਥ▤ℂߥߤ㧕ࠍዷ㐿 ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߎ߁ߒߚᛕ್ߦኻߒߡ‫⚻ޔ‬༡⠪࿅૕ߪੑߟߩኻᔕࠍߣߞߚ‫⚻ߜࠊߥߔޕ‬༡⠪࿅૕ߪᒰೋ‫ޔ‬1950 ᐕઍߦ⏕┙ߒߚ࠹ࠬ࠻㧔࿅૕੤ᷤ‫ోޔ‬࿖࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߩ੤ᷤ㧕ࠍㅢߓߡ‫⚵ޔ‬ว ߣวᗧߒ‫ޔ‬␠ળ⊛ᛕ್ߪ࠹ࠬ࠻ࠍ෩ᩰߦߒ‫ᦨޔ‬ૐ⾓㊄ߩ਄᣹‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⠪ߩ㓹↪቟ቯൻࠍታᣉߒߚ‫߆ߒ ޕ‬
ߒ⾓㊄਄᣹ߪ ⍹ᴤෂᯏ ߩਅߢ ‫ᧄ⾗ ޔ‬ਥ⟵ ߩෂᯏ ࠍ෼᧤ߐߖࠆ ߎߣ߇ߢ ߈ߥ߆ߞ ߚ‫ ޕ‬1975ᐕ㗃ߦߪ‫⚻ޔ‬༡⠪࿅૕ߪ‫⽶ߚߒ߁ߎޔ‬ᜂࠍᔊㆱߒ‫ⴚ⧓ޔ‬ኅ⊛ᛕ್ࠍฃߌ౉ࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞ
ߚ‫ޕ‬ᄙߊߩᄢડᬺ߇‫ޟ‬ഭ௛᧦ઙᡷༀ‫⥄ޔޠ‬ᓞ⊛࠴࡯ࡓ‫⸳ࠍޔ‬ቯߔࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚ‫ߡߒ߁ߎޕ‬70 ᐕઍೋ㗡ߦᡰ㈩ߒߡ޿ߚࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ൻࠍ⚳Ὣߐߖ‫ߩ ࠻ࠬ࠹ޔ‬႐ᚲߣᕈᩰࠍୃᱜߐߖࠆ
‫ޟ‬⒖േ‫ޠ‬㧔ᛕ್ߩㄤ࿁㧕ߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬ᣂߚߥ೑Ả₪ᓧᣇᴺࠍᮨ⚝ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߩᤨᦼࠍㅢߓߡ‫ޔ‬ੑߟߩᛕ್ߪലജࠍᄬ޿‫ ޔ‬ഭ௛ㆇേߦࠃࠅ⴫᣿ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ␠ળ⊛ᛕ್ߪ‫ߩߎޔ‬ᛕ್߇⸃㉼ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚήᢙߩ⒖േࠍㅢߓߡᱞⵝ⸃㒰ߐࠇߚ‫ઁޕ‬ᣇ‫ⴚ⧓ޔ‬ኅ⊛ᛕ್ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬68 ᐕߦߎߩᛕ್ࠍⴕߞߚੱ‫ޔߪޘ‬ഭ௛⚵❱ߩਛߢ⿠ߎߞߚᄌൻߦḩ⿷ߒߚ‫ޕ‬1981 ᐕએ㒠ᚑ┙ߒߚ␠ળౄ᡽ᮭߩਅߢ‫ⴚ⧓ޔ‬ኅ⊛ᛕ್ߩᡰᜬ⠪ߚߜߩᄙߊ߇ࡄࡢ࡯ࠛ
࡝࡯࠻ߦ⛔วߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᒝᮭ⊛᡽ᴦߩ⊒േήߒߦഭ௛⠪ࠍ᝿ីߔࠆߎ
ߣ߇ߢ߈‫ޔ‬80 ᐕઍࠍㅢߓߚഭ௛⠪ߩ⣀ᒙൻߪ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޔ‬⒖േߩ⚿ᨐߥߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎ߁ߒߡ‫␠ޟ‬ળᱜ⟵‫ߦ⺧ⷐߩޠ‬㑐ㅪߒ ߚ㓸࿅⊛⴫⽎߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬‫⥄ޟ‬ᓞᕈ‫ߦ⺧ⷐߩޠ‬㑐ㅪߒߚ୘ੱ⊛⴫⽎ߩ⒖ⴕ߇ߥߐࠇߚ‫ᧄ⾗ޕ‬ਥ⟵⊛೑Ả߳ߩഭ௛⠪ߩද⺞ ߇⋧ᄌࠊࠄߕㅊ᳞ߐࠇߚ߇‫ޔ‬ߘߩᚻᲑߪ߽ߪ߿ഭ௛⠪ߩ㓸࿅⊛⛔วߢߪߥߊ‫ߩࠬࡦࡑ࡯ࠜࡈࡄޔ‬ะ਄ߣนേᕈࠍ⒓឴ߒߚ‫ߩੱޔ‬㐿⧎ߣ޿߁⴫⽎ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬㧞㧕♖␹ߩᄌൻ(1980 ᐕઍએ㒠)̆ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ᔒะ⊛ᱜᒰൻ࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓ̆
ᣂߒ޿ᱜᒰൻߩ⺰ℂߪนേᕈ߿୘ੱ⊛ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ ⢻ജࠍᒝ⺞ߒ‫࠶ࡀޔߪࠇߎޔ‬࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߦࠃࠅ⚵❱ߐࠇߚ਎⇇ߢߩᅷᒰߥᱜ⟵ᒻᘒࠍ␜ߔ‫ߩߢ࠹ࠪߩߎޕ‬᥉ㆉ⊛ߥၮḰߪᵴേߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ꮏᬺ⊛ࠪ ࠹ߦ߅޿ߡᵴേߪ‫઀ޟ‬੐‫ࠍޠ‬ᗧ๧ߒ‫ޟޔ‬቟ቯߒߚ‫⛎ޔ‬ਈᚲᓧ⊛࿾૏‫ޠ‬ࠍᗧ๧ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ‫࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊޔ‬ᔒะ⊛ࠪ࠹ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᵴേߪ‫઀ޔ‬੐ߣ㕖઀੐ߣߩ㑆ߩኻ┙‫⛎ޔ‬ਈࠍᡰᛄࠊࠇߚᵴേߣήႎ㈽ߩᵴേߩኻ┙‫↥↢ޔ‬ᕈߦࠃߞߡ᷹ቯߐࠇࠆᵴ
േߣ‫⹏ߪߡߞࠃߦࠬࡦࡑ࡯ࠜࡈࡄޔ‬ଔߐࠇߥ޿ᵴേߣߩኻ┙ࠍస᦯ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫↢ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᵴ߇৻ㅪߩࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߣߒߡ᭴ᗐߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬Ᏹߦ೨ะ߈ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ‫ޔ‬Ᏹߦઁ⠪ߣߩᣂߒ޿಴ળ޿ߦ஻߃ߡ޿ࠆߎߣ‫ޔ‬ᵴേߩೝỗߦ㚟ࠅ┙ߡࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ଔ୯ߥߩߢ
޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߪᥳቯ⊛ߢ⍴ᦼ⊛ߢ޽ࠆ‫⺞ߦࠣࡦࠠ࡯ࡢ ࠻࠶ࡀߪࠇߘޔߘߎࠄ߆ߛޕ‬ᢛߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ࠍࡦ࡚ࠪࠢࡀࠦޔ‬Ⴧᄢߐߖࠆߎߣߢ‫ޔ‬ᣂߚߥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍ㐿ᆎ ߐߖ‫ࠚࠫࡠࡊޔ‬ࠢ࠻ߩ⛮⿠߇ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍ᜛ᒛߐߖࠆ‫ߢ࠹ࠪߩߎߚ߹ޕ‬ଔ୯޽ࠆੱߪࡈ࡟ࠠࠪࡉ࡞ߢ‫ޔ‬ᄙ⢻⊛ߢ‫ߩߟ৻ޔ‬ᵴേ߆ࠄ೎ߩᵴേߦ⒖േߒ‫ࠍࠢࠬ࡝ޔ‬ᒁ߈ฃߌߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ࠄߐޕ‬ߦᓐߪߎ߁ߒߚ․⾰ࠍ⥄ಽߩ೑⋉ߩߚ߼ߛߌߦ↪޿ࠆߩߢߪߥߊ‫౒ޔ‬ㅢༀߦ⾗ ߐߥߌࠇ߫
ߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬ᓐߪା㗬ᗵࠍ↢ߺ಴ߒ‫߇ࠄ⥄ޔ‬᭴▽ߒߚࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߩࠦࡀ࡚ࠢࠪࡦࠍ࠴࡯ࡓ

ࡔࠗ࠻ߦ㈩ಽߒ‫ޔ‬ᓐ╬ߩࠛࡦࡊࡠࠗࡗࡆ࡝࠹ࠖࠍჇᄢߐߖߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬㧔㧟㧕ㄭᐕߦ߅ߌࠆ⧓ⴚኅ⊛ᛕ್ߩᓳ⥝㧫㧝㧕␠ળ⊛ᛕ್ߩᓳ⥝㊄ⲢᏒ႐ߩⷙ೙✭๺߇ᛩᯏ೑ẢߩჇടࠍଦㅴߒ‫ޔ‬Ꮏᬺ⊛ᛩ⾗ߩ෼⋉ᕈ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬㊄Ⲣ෼⋉ᕈ߳ߩએ㒠ࠍ߽ߚࠄߒߚ‫ߣࠇߘޕ‬ᐔⴕߒߡ‫␠ޔ‬ળ 㑵੎ߩᚑᨐߚࠆᓥᬺຬ ߩ቟ోᕈߩⵝ⟎ߪ‫ޔ‬ࡈ࡟ࠠࠪࡆ࡝࠹ࠖߩჇᄢߦࠃࠅᶐ㘩ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ᄬᬺჇട ߦ␜ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦ␠ળ⁁ᴫ߇ᖡൻߒߚ
߇‫ߚߒ߁ߎޔ‬ዷ㐿ߪ‫ࠆࠁࠄ޽ޔ‬ᛕ್ߩਇ࿷ߦࠃߞߡ․ᓽߠߌࠄࠇࠆ‫⊛࡯ࠡࡠࠝ࠺ࠗޔ‬ᷙੂߦࠃߞߡߥߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢဳડᬺߩ㓉⋓ߦࠃࠅ‫␠ޔ‬ળ㓏⚖ߣ޿߁᭎ᔨ߇⴮ㅌߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᄙߊߩភ⟎߇‫ޔ‬࿅૕ද⚂ߢ೑↪ߐࠇࠆಽ㘃ࠍ࿁ㆱߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿ၮḰࠍዉ౉ߒ‫␠ޔ‬ળ㓏⚖ߦၮߠ޿ ߚಽ㘃ࠍ⸃૕ߒߚ㧔ഭ௛⠪ߣ޿߁ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝ߪࠝࡍ࡟࡯࠲ߣ޿߁⴫⃻ߦઍ ࠊߞߚ㧕‫ߩ࡞࠼࡯ࠞߚ߹ޕ‬࿾૏ߪ‫ޔ‬వ┵ㇱ㐷ߩડᬺ㧔 ߘߩ⚵❱ߪࡈ࡟ࠠࠪࡉ࡞ߢ‫޿ߥߢ⊛࡯ࠠ࡞࡜ࠛࡅޔ‬㧕ߢ⇼໧ⷞߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚ‫␠ޕ‬ળ㓏⚖ߣ޿߁᭎ᔨߩᒙ૕ൻߪ‫↥↢ޔ‬ㆊ⒟ߦ൮៨ߐࠇߚ୘ੱߩ㓏⚖㑆ߢߩਇᐔ╬ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚ ␠ળᛕ್ࠍᒙ૕ൻߐߖߚ‫ޕ‬ߘࠇߢ߽ 1985㨪95 ᐕߩ⣀ᒙൻߣ⽺࿎‫ޔ‬ਇᐔ╬ߦᒁ߈⛯޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ᛕ್ߩౣᵴᕈൻ߇⷗ࠄࠇ
ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᛕ್ߩౣ⥝ߪ㜞⚖ቭ௥ߦࠃࠆᡷ⦟ਥ⟵ࠍ߽ߚࠄߒߚ‫ߪࠄࠇߎޕ‬ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩࠪ࠹ߣᢛว⊛ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬⒖േߩᤨᦼߩ ᓟߢ‫ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿ࠪ࠹ߦะ߆߁ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝ൻ
ߩദജ߇ᆎ߹ߞߚ‫⊛࠻ࠬ࠾࡚ࠪࠢࡀࠦ߇࠹ࠪߩ࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊߡߒ߁ߎޕ‬਎⇇ߦᱜ⟵ߩ೙⚂ࠍ⺖ߔࠆߎߣߣߥߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧞㧕ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ਎⇇ߦ߅ߌࠆ⧓ⴚኅ⊛ᛕ್
ߎߎ 20 ᐕ᧪‫ⴚ⧓ޔ‬ኅ⊛ᛕ್߇ ⾗ᧄਥ⟵ߩౣᵴᕈൻࠍ߽ߚࠄߒߡ޿ࠆએ਄‫ᧄ⾗ޔ‬ਥ⟵߳ߩ⧓ⴚኅ⊛ᛕ್ߪ޿߆ߦߒߡน⢻ߥߩߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫ޢ␹♖ޡߪࡠࡍࠕࠪ࡮࡯ࠠࠬࡦ࠲࡞ࡏ ޕ‬╙ 7 ┨‫ⴚ⧓ޟ‬ኅ⊛ᛕ್ߩ࠹ࠬ࠻‫࠻ࠬ࠾࡚ࠪࠢࡀࠦޔߢޠ‬਎⇇ߦ߅ߌࠆ⧓ⴚኅ⊛ᛕ್ߩ゠〔ࠍ‫⌀ߌࠊࠅߣޔ‬ᱜᕈߩⷰὐ߆ࠄឬ౮ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ⹦⚦ߦㅊ߁ߎߣߦߒࠃ߁‫߅ߥ ޕ‬એਅߩ⸥ㅀߪ‫ޢ␹♖ޡ‬7 ┨ߩⷐ⚂ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ԙࠦࡀ࡚ࠢࠪ࠾ࠬ࠻⊛਎⇇ߦ߅ߌࠆ⌀ᱜᕈߩࠦ࡯࠼ൻ
⾗ᧄਥ⟵ߩᣂߚߥ♖␹߇‫ޔ‬60 ᐕઍᧃߦ⋓ࠎߦዷ㐿ߐࠇߚ⧓ⴚኅ⊛ᛕ್ߩ߆ߥࠅߥㇱಽࠍ೑Ảᒻᚑ߳ߣขࠅ౉ࠇߚߚ߼ߦ‫⸃ޔ‬᡼‫⥄ޔ‬ᓞᕈ‫⌀ޔ‬ᱜᕈߩⷐ᳞߆ࠄ߆ߟ ߡ⾗ᧄਥ⟵ߦߥߐࠇߚ๔⊒ߪ‫߿ߪ߽ޔ‬ሽ࿷ߔࠆ૛࿾߇ߥ޿߆ߩࠃ߁ ߢ޽ࠆ‫╙ޕ‬ੑߩ♖␹߇ᡰ㈩⊛ߢ޽ߞߚߣ
߈‫ⴚ⧓ޔ‬ኅ⊛ᛕ್߇⋡ᜰߒߡ޿ߚߩߪ‫ޔ‬ᮡḰൻ߿ᄢⴐൻ߳ߩᛕ್ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߡ߇߿ޕ‬ᣂߒ޿⾗ᧄਥ⟵߇ߎ߁ߒߚᛕ್ࠍขࠅ౉ࠇߡ‫ޔ‬Ꮕ⇣ൻ⊛↥ຠࠍ↥಴ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ‫ޔߚ߹ߪࠇߘޕ‬ߎࠇ߹ߢᏒ႐㗔ၞߩᄖ஥ߦ⇐߹ߞߡ޿ߚ㧔⌀ᱜߥࠆ㧕⽷ߩ໡ຠൻࠍ઻ߞߡ޿ߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߐࠄߦߎߩᤨᦼ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛㑐ଥࠍ‫ੱޟ‬㑆ൻߔࠆ‫ޠ‬ᗧᕁߣਗࠎߢ‫ࠕࠤޔ‬ഭ௛ ߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ੱ㑆ߩ․ቯߩ⾰ߩߐࠄߥࠆ໡ຠൻߩᣇะ߽ㅴⴕߒߚ‫⃻ߌࠊࠅߣ ޕ‬೨߇⋥ធり૕ߦ⚿߮ߟ޿ߚ஥㕙߇‫౒ޔ‬ᗵ߿㝯ᖺࠍ༐⿠ߔࠆߎߣߢ‫↪૶ޔ‬⠪ߩḩ⿷ߦ‫ޔ‬ᓥߞߡ೑Ảߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆࠃ
߁ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫⊛࠻ࠬ࠾࡚ࠪࠢࡀࠦޔߦࠆߔⷐޕ‬਎⇇ߢߩ೑Ảታ⃻ߦ߅ߌࠆᇦ੺⠪ߩᓎഀ‫ޔ‬ੱᩰ⊛㑐ଥ‫ޔ‬෹ᖱ‫ޔ‬ା㗬ߩ㊀ⷐᕈߩ᡿ߦ‫ߣࠇߘߚ߹ޔ‬㑐ㅪߒߡ⑳↢ᵴߣࡆࠫࡀࠬߣߩ඙೎

ߩ⴮ㅌߩ᡿ߦ‫ޟߩߡߟ߆ޔ‬೑ኂᛮ߈ߩ‫ޠ‬㑐ଥ ߇߹ߔ߹ߔᏒ႐㗔ၞߦዉ౉ߐࠇࠆ௑ะߦ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߣߎࠈ߇⌀ᱜߥ⽷߿ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ໡ຠൻߪㅒ⺑ࠍ᦭ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫৻ޔߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ᣇߢ‫ࠄࠇߎޔ‬ߩ⽷߇⌀ᱜߢ޽ࠆߚ߼ߦߪ‫ޔ‬Ꮢ႐㗔ၞᄖ߆ࠄជࠅ಴ߐࠇߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߕ‫↪૶ޔ‬⠪ߣߩ․⇣ߥ㑐ଥߦ߅޿ߡቯ⟵ߐࠇࠆ⚐ὼߚࠆ૶↪ଔ୯ߢ޽ࠆࠃ߁ߥ‫ߩ߳ߩ߽ߥ࡞࠽ࠫ࡝ࠝޔ‬ෳᾖࠍ೨ឭߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ઁߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᣇߢ‫߇⽷ߩࠄࠇߎޔ‬೑Ảࠍ߽ߚࠄߔߚ߼ߦߪ‫▤ ޔ‬ℂߣ⸘▚ߩ㗔ၞߦ⛔วߐࠇߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߕ‫࠼࡯ࠦޟࠅ߹ߟޔ‬ൻ‫ࠦߩߎߢࠈߎߣ ޕ޿ߥࠄߥ߫ࠇߌߥࠇߐޠ‬࡯࠼ൻߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢ㊂↢↥ߦ߅ߌࠆᮡḰൻߣߪ⇣ߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ᮡḰൻ߇ ⵾ຠࠍ৻᜼⊛ߦ᭴ᗐߒ‫ࠍࠇߎޔ‬ဋ৻ߦ‫ޔ‬Ꮢ႐߇ๆ෼น⢻ߥߛߌⶄ⵾ߔࠆߎߣߢ޽ߞߚߩߦኻߒ‫࠼࡯ࠦޔ‬ൻߪ‫⋧ޔ‬ኻ⊛ߦ⇣ߥࠆ߽ߩߩ‫ޔ‬หߓࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ߩ⵾ຠ߇₪ᓧߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦ‫ߺ⚵ߩߣߏ⚛ⷐޔ‬วࠊߖߦࠃࠅࡃ࡝
ࠛ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍߟߌࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫࠼࡯ࠦߡߒ߁ߎޕ‬ൻߦࠃࠅᏅ⇣ߩ໡ຠൻ߇น⢻ߣߥࠅ‫⌀ޔ‬ᱜߥࠆ߽ߩࠍ໡ຠൻߐߖࠆߎߣ߇ ߢ߈ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߒ⋓❥ޔߪࡠࡍࠕࠪ࡮࡯ࠠࠬࡦ࠲࡞ࡏޕ‬ߡ޿ࠆዬ㈬ደࠍ଀ߦࠦ࡯࠼ൻࠍ⺑᣿ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᐫਥߪߎߩᐫࠍ᜛ᒛߒߚ޿ߣ޿߁᳇ߦߥࠆ
ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ߩߎߪߦ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬ᐫࠍ೎ߩ႐ᚲߦⶄ⵾ߒ‫ޔ‬ᐫࠍ⒖ォߐߖߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ߒޕ‬߆ߒߘߎߦ૗ࠍ⒖ォߔߴ߈߆ࠊ߆ࠄߥ޿‫ߩߘࠄߥߗߥޕ‬ᚑഞࠍ଻⸽ߒߡ޿ࠆߩ߇૗ߥߩ߆
ࠊ߆ࠄߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ਇឥ޿ߩ࠹࡯ࡉ࡞ߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫⥢↰ޔ‬㘑ߩ⋁ߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫ޔ‬᳇ ขࠄߥ޿ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫ࠆࠇ⸰ࠍߎߎ߽ߣࠇߘޕ‬ᭉߒ޿ቴߚߜߥߩ߆‫ޔ‬ᛥ߃ߚଔᩰߥߩ ߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫ࠍࠇߎޕ‬⍮ࠆߚ߼ߦߪ‫ߩߘޔ‬ଔ୯ࠍߥߒߡ޿ࠆ⌀ᱜߥࠆ߽ߩ ࠍℂ⸃ߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᕈ⾰ߩਛߢ‫߽ᦨޔ‬⒖ォน⢻ߥᕈ⾰㧔଀߃߫‫ޔ‬ቴߪ⒖ォน⢻ߢߪߥ޿㧕ࠍㆬ߮‫ޔ‬⒖ォߦߪࠦࠬ࠻ߩ߆
߆ࠅߔ߉ࠆߘߩઁߩⷐ⚛ࠍᝥ⽎ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ߩߎޕ‬ㆊ⒟߇ࠦ࡯࠼ൻߥߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߣߎࠈߢ‫ޔ‬໡ຠൻࠍㅢߓߚ⌀ᱜᕈߩౝ↢ൻߪ‫ޔ‬ᾲਛߣᄬᦸߩᕆㅦߥᓴⅣࠍଦߔߎߣߦߥ
ࠆ‫⌀ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᱜߥᏒ႐⽷ߪ‫ޔ‬Ꮢ႐ߢᵹㅢߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ‫ޔ‬Ꮢ႐㑐ଥએ೨ߩ⁁ᘒߦḰ᜚ߒߡឭ␜ߐࠇߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫⌀ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᱜߥࠆ⽷߿ࠗࡌࡦ࠻‫ޔ‬ᗵᖱ߇↢ߩ⥄ὼ⊒↢ ᕈߩ⴫ࠇߥߩ߆‫⌀߽ߣࠇߘޔ‬ᱜߥ⽷ࠍ໡ຠൻߔࠆߚ߼ߩᾫᘦߩ⚿ᨐߥߩ߆ࠍ⍮ࠆߎߣ߇߈ࠊ
߼ߡ࿎㔍ߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ᐫຬߩᓸ╉ߺ‫ޔ‬෹ᖱߩ઀⨲‫ޔ‬ᄕ㘩߳ߩ᜗ᓙߪ⥄⊒⊛ߢ⺈ታߥᗵᖱߩ⴫ࠇ
ߥߩ߆‫ࠅࠃࠍࠬࡆ࡯ࠨ߽ߣࠇߘޔ‬㝯ജ⊛ߦߔࠆߚ߼ߩ⎇ୃߩᚑᨐߥߩ߆‫ࠍޔ‬⍮ࠆߎߣ߇࿎
㔍ߣߥࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ᧄ⾗ޔߡߒ߁ߎޕ‬ਥ⟵ߦࠃࠆ⌀ᱜᕈߩ㔛ⷐߩ࿁෼ߪ‫ੱ߿ࡁࡕ ޔ‬㑆ߩ⌀ᱜᕈߦ㑐ߒߡᣂߚߥਇ቟ࠍᗖ⿠ߔࠆ‫⌀ޟߪࠇߘޕ‬ᱜ‫ߥޠࡁࡕ࠮࠾ޟ߽ߣࠇߘޔ ߆ߩࠆ޽ߢޠ‬ߩߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫✕ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᒛߪ‫ޔ‬੐‛ߘߩ߽ߩߢߪߥߊ‫ߩߘޔ‬੐‛ߩ೙૞⠪ߩ‫ޟ‬ᗧ࿑‫߳ޠ‬ߩή㒢ߩ㆚෸ࠍ߽ߚࠄߒߡߒ߹߁ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߦࠆߔⷐޕ‬Ꮕ⇣ߩ໡ຠൻߩ޽ࠄࠁࠆ⹜ߺ߇ ‫ޔ‬ࠬࡍࠢ࠲ࠢ࡞ൻߣߒߡ๔⊒ߐࠇߡߒ߹߁ߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޔߦ߁ࠃߩߎ ޕ‬㕖⌀ᱜᕈᛕ್ߩήജൻ
߇⷗ࠄࠇߚߩ߽ 68 ᐕ 5 ᦬ߥߩߢ޽ߞߚ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇߢߪ਎⇇ߩ㕖⌀ᱜᕈ߳ߩᛕ್߇ᚑഞߒ‫ߎޔ‬ߩߎߣ߇⾗ᧄਥ⟵ߦࠃࠆ⌀ᱜᕈߩ࿁෼ࠍ߽ߚࠄߒߚ‫ߣࠇߘޕ‬หᤨᦼ ߦ‫⌀ޔ‬ᱜᕈ߳ߩⷐ᳞ߩ
࡜࠺ࠖࠞ࡞ߥ⣕᭴▽߇઀⚵߹ࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠅ‫ⷐߚߒ߁ߎޔ‬᳞ߘߩ߽ߩ߇ࠬࡍࠢ࠲ࠢ࡞ߣ ߐࠇߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ԙ⌀ᱜᕈߩត᳞ߩᄬ჈
ߣߎࠈߢ‫⌀ޔ‬ᱜᕈߩ⣕᭴▽ߪࠦࡀ࡚ࠢࠪ࠾ࠬ࠻਎⇇ ߩᒻᚑߣή✼ߢߪߥ޿‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬਎⇇ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ሽ࿷ߪࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍᵹㅢߒ‫ࠆߥ⇣ޔ‬ሽ࿷ߣߩ㑐ଥߦ౉ࠆߚ߮ߦୃᱜߐࠇ‫ߩߘޔ‬ൻりߩߤࠇ৻ߟߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬೎ߩ㗼⃻߇ෳᾖߔߴ߈ࠝ࡝ࠫ࠽࡞ࠍߥߒߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿‫ࡀޕ‬࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ਎⇇ߢߪ⌀ᱜᕈߩ໧㗴ߪ‫߿ߪ߽ޔ‬ᒻᑼ߆ࠄߒߡឭ⿠ߐࠇᓧߥ޿‫ߡߒ߁ߎ ޕ‬ᣂߚߥ⾗ᧄਥ⟵ߪ‫ߩߘޔ‬໡ຠൻࠍㅢߓߡ⌀ᱜᕈߩ㔛ⷐࠍ࿁෼ߔࠆߣหᤨߦ‫ઁޔ‬ᣇߢߪ⌀ᱜᕈߩⷐ᳞ߘߩ߽ߩࠍᛕ್ߔࠆ‫⌀ߦ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬ᱜᕈߩ㔛ⷐ߽એ೨ߩࠃ߁ߦߪ‫ࠅ޽ߪߢޠᧉ⚛ޟ‬ᓧߕ‫⌀ޔ‬ᱜᕈߩⷐ᳞ߪ⥄ࠄߦ〒㔌ࠍߣࠅߟߟ‫ߕ߃⛘ޔ‬ᒻᚑߐࠇߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߎߣߦߥࠆ ‫ޕ‬ߣߎࠈ߇ߔߴߡ߇ࠪࡘࡒ࡜࡯ࠢ࡞‫ޔ߫ࠇߔߣ޿ߥ߆ߒߢ࡞ࠢ࠲ࠢࡍࠬޔ‬ᛕ್⠪ᄖㇱߩ޿߆ߥࠆ┙႐ߦ┙ߞߡሽ࿷⠪ߣ৻૕ൻߒߚᐛᗐࠍ๔⊒ߢ߈ࠆߣ޿߁ߩߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫ߩߡߟ߆ޕ‬ᮡḰൻߩᛕ್ߪ‫⌀ޔ‬ᱜߢ․⇣ߥࠆਥ૕ߦⷙ▸⊛ᡰὐࠍ⷗಴ߒߡ޿ߚ‫ߩ࡞ࠢ࠲ࠢࡍࠬ߿੹ޕ‬਎⇇ߦ߅޿ߡ‫ߩߎޔ‬਎⇇ߩᛕ್ߩ႐ว‫⥄ޔੱޔࡁࡕޔ‬Ꮖ⥄り߳ߩ⌀ᱜߥ㑐ଥࠍⷐ᳞ߒ߁ࠆ
┙႐ߪሽ࿷ߒߥ޿‫ޕ‬ᛕ್⊛ⷰὐࠍߤߎ߆ࠄߣࠅᓧࠆߣ޿߁ߩ߆‫ޕ‬ߎߩࠃ߁ߦࠦࡀ࡚ࠢࠪ࠾ࠬ࠻⊛਎⇇ߢߩᷙੂ߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆ‫৻ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᣇߢߩนേᕈߣㆡᔕ
ᕈ߳ߩⷐ᳞ߣ‫ઁޔ‬ᣇߢߩ⌀ᱜᕈ߳ߩⷐ᳞㧔ੱᩰ⊛ߦ⚿ วߒ‫ޔ‬ା㗬ࠍᛴ߆ߖࠆߚ߼ߦߪਇน
ᰳߢ޽ࠆ㧕ߣߩ⍦⋫߇޽ࠆ‫⚿ޕ‬วߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ‫⺈ޟ‬ታߐ‫ޟ߿ޠ‬ା㗬‫ޠ࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦޟޔޠ‬ߣ޿߁⌀ᱜᕈߦḰ᜚ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬ᄖㇱ਎⇇ߩಠᐾߐߦ᛫ߔࠆౝ㕙ᕈߣߒߡߩ⌀ᱜᕈߣ޿߁ⷰᔨ߇߹ߚ߽߿┙ߜ਄߇ࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ߡߒ߁ߎޕ‬ㆡᔕᕈߩⷐ᳞ߣ⌀ᱜᕈߩⷐ᳞ߣ
޿߁⍦⋫߇ੱᩰߘߩ߽ߩߩౝᅏߦ౉ࠅߎ߻‫ੱޕ‬㑆ሽ࿷ߩࠕࠗ࠺ࡦ࠹ࠖ࠹ࠖߪ‫ޔ‬ሽ࿷߇߅߆
ࠇߡ޿ࠆ⒖ࠈ޿߿ߔ޿ⅣႺߦଐሽߔࠆߣߪ޿߃‫ޔ‬ሽ࿷߇⫾Ⓧߩ࿯บߢ޽ࠆߚ߼ߦߪ‫ޔ‬චಽߥ৻⽾ᕈߣᤨ㑆⊛ߥ᳗⛯ᕈ‫⸥ޔ‬ᙘࠍ଻ᜬߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫߫ࠇߌߥ߽ߐޕ‬಴ળ޿ࠍㅢ ߓߡ⼾߆ߦߥࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߎߦߎߘ‫ⷐߩ࠻ࡦࡔ࠻࠶ࡒࠦޔ‬᳞ߣ‫ઁޔ‬ᣇߢߩࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩਇ⏕ታᕈߣ޿߁ࡀࠝࡑ
ࡀ࡯ࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߩਛᔃ໧㗴߇޽ࠆ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬உᄢߥ⠪ߩᐘ⑔ߪẜ࿷⊛⢻ജߩ㐿⧎ߦ޽ࠅ‫ࡠࡊޔ‬ࠫࠚࠢ࠻⛮⿠ࠍㅢߓߡ ⥄Ꮖߩᷓᷗߥࠆࠕࠗ࠺ࡦ࠹ࠖ࠹ࠖࠍߔߎߒߕߟ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߦ࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊߪ⿠⛮ߩ࠻ࠬ࠹ޕ‬ᔕߓߚࠕࠗ࠺ࡦ࠹ࠖ࠹ࠖᄌኈߣਗࠎߢ‫ޔ‬᳗⛯⊛ ୘ᕈߩ⛽ᜬࠍᔅⷐߣߔࠆߩߢ޽ࠅ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޔ‬୘ᕈ߇⛽ᜬߐࠇߥ޿㒢ࠅ‫ࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޔ‬⒖േਛߩᣢᓧ‛ࠍ⾗ᧄൻߒᓧߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫৻ޔ ߪ࠹ࠪߩ࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊߡߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᣇߢ‫⌀ޔ‬ᱜᕈߩⷐ᳞㧔ഭ௛ⵝ⟎߇ଐ᜚ߔߴ߈ੱᩰ⊛㑐ଥߩᅷᒰᕈ߇଻⸽ߔ ࠆ㧕ߣ‫ઁޔ‬ᣇߢߩㆡᔕᕈⷐ᳞㧔⌀ᱜᕈߩ೸ᅓ㧕ࠍ൮៨ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ԛ໡ຠൻน⢻ߥ߽ߩߩౣቯ⟵ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ㆏ᓼߪ‫ޔ‬୘ੱ⊛ᰴరߣ⡯ᬺ⊛ᰴరߣߩಽഀࠍᶖ෰ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔ㄭᐕ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄߢ༗વߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫߁޿ߣޠࠬࡦ࡜ࡃ࡮ࡈࠗ࡜࡮ࠢ࡯ࡢޟ‬ᮡ⺆ߣߪㅒߦ㧕‫⊛ⴚ⧓ޕ‬ᵴേߦߪ‫ߘޔ‬߽ߘ߽‫ߚߒ߁ߎޔ‬ಽഀ߇ߥߊ‫ⴚ⧓ߘߎࠄ߆ߛޔ‬૞ຠߪ⾗ᧄਥ⟵ߩ๟ㄝㇱߦ⇐߹ࠅ‫ࠗ࡜ࡊޔ‬ࠬ࡟ࠬߥߩߢ޽ߞߚ‫ᧄ⾗߽ߘ߽ߘߒ߆ߒޕ‬ਥ⟵ߦ߅ߌࠆ⥄↱ߥഭ௛Ꮢ႐ߪ⼑ᷰਇน⢻ߥഭ௛⠪ߩੱᩰߣ⼑ᷰน⢻ߥഭ௛ജߣ ߩ඙೎ߦၮߠ޿ߡ޿ߚ‫߇ࠈߎߣޕ‬ᣂߒ޿⾗ᧄਥ⟵ߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫ߣᧄ⾗ޔ‬㕖⾗ᧄߣߩ‫ޔ‬໡ຠൻน⢻ߥ߽ߩߣਇน⢻ߥ߽ߩߣߩႺ⇇✢ߩ⒖േ‫ߘࠅ߹ߟޔ‬ࠇ߹ߢᏒ႐ࠍ఺ࠇߡ޿ߚ⽷߿ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ໡ຠൻ߇‫⫾ޔ‬Ⓧߩㅊ᳞ߦᄢ߈ߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߔߎߣ
ߦߥߞߚ‫ߚߒ߁ߎߒ߆ߒޕ‬Ⴚ⇇✢ߩ⒖േ߇ฃኈน⢻ߣߥࠆߦߪ‫ޔ‬೑Ảߣ㆏ᓼߣߩ㑐ଥ߇ౣ⺞ᢛߐࠇߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߕ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޔ‬ౣ⺞ᢛߪ⾗ᧄਥ⟵ߩ♖␹ߩᄌൻࠍଦ ߐߕߦߪ߅߆ߥ޿ ‫ޕ‬ߎ߁ߒߡ⵾ຠߩⷙᩰൻᚻ⛯߈ࠍੱ‫ߦޘ‬ㆡ↪ߔࠆߎߣ㧔 ࠦࡦࡇ࠹ࡦࠬⷰᔨߩዉ౉ߦ␜ߐࠇࠆ
ࠃ߁ߦ㧕ߪ‫ੱޔ‬ᩰߩ໡ຠൻߦ౏⊛ ᒻᘒࠍਈ߃ࠆߎߣߦߟߥ߇ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᚒ߇࿖ߩ࠾ࡘ࡯ࠕࠞ࡮ࡉ࡯ࡓࠍ⸥ᙘߒߡ޿ࠆะ߈߽޽ࠈ߁߇‫ޔ‬㧤㧜ᐕઍ೨ඨߦᐢ߹ߞߚ
⌀ᱜᕈߩ⣕᭴▽ߪ‫ޔ‬ᣣᏱ⊛ಠᐾߐ߳ߩ⧓ⴚኅ⊛ᛕ್ࠍᄬ჈ߐߖߚ‫⌀ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᱜߥ↢ᵴߩน⢻ᕈࠍାߓࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߕ‫ޔ‬໡ຠൻਇน⢻ߥ⽷߇߽ߪ߿Ꮢ႐㗔ၞᄖߢሽ࿷ߒᓧߥ޿ߣᕁࠊ
ࠇࠆߥࠄ߫‫ޔ‬૗߇໡ຠൻߩㆊ⒟ࠍ஗ᱛߒᓧࠆߩߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫ࠖ࠹ࠖ࠹ࡦ࠺ࠗࠕޔߪ ߦࠄߐޕ‬᭴▽ߦ߅޿ߡ‫߼ߓ߆ࠄ޽ޔ‬᭴ᚑߐࠇߚ㓸࿅㧔࿖᳃߿㓏⚖‫ޔ‬ኅᣖߥߤ㧕߳ߩᏫዻࠃࠅ߽ࡀ࠶
࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢౝߢߩ⒖േߦᔕߓߡᒻᚑߐࠇࠆㆬ ᛯ⊛⚌Ꮺ߳ߩㆬᅢ߇ⷙቯ⊛ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠆߥޕ‬߶ߤࠕࠗ࠺ࡦ࠹ࠖ࠹ࠖ߅ࠃ߮↢߈ࠄࠇߚ਎⇇ߩᄙరൻߪ‫ޔ‬ㄭઍߩਛᔃ⊛ⷐ⚛ߢ޽ࠆߣߪ޿
߃‫ޔ‬ᄙరൻ߇⸃᡼ߩⷐ࿃ߣߥࠆߩߪ‫․ޔ‬ᮭ⊛ߥࠕࠗ࠺ࡦ࠹ࠖ࠹ࠖߣᢿ

ൻߐࠇߑࠆⓨ㑆ߦቢోߦ൮៨ߐࠇߚታሽ߳ߩ㗿ᦸߩᅷᒰᕈ߽߹ߚᛚ⹺ߐࠇࠆߣ޿߁᧦ઙߦ߅޿ߡߩߺߢ޽ࠆ
㧔ߎ߁ߒߚታሽ߇߽ߪ߿ઁߩ↢ᵴ᭽ᑼߩ߁ߜߩ৻ߟߢߒ߆ߥ޿ߣߒߡ߽㧕‫⚌ߥ࡞ࠞ࡯ࡠޕ‬Ꮺࠍ⛽ᜬߔࠆਇᄌߩ୘ੱ߇ሽ࿷ߒ⛯ߌߥ߆ߞߚߥࠄ߫‫ࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޔ‬ౝ⒖േߢ₪ᓧߐࠇࠆ೑
Ảߪ㒢ࠅߥߊ࠯ࡠߦߥࠈ߁‫ޕ‬ⷐߔࠆߦࠦࡀ࡚ࠢࠪ࠾ࠬ࠻⊛਎⇇ߦ߅ߌࠆᣂߒ޿⾗ᧄਥ⟵ߦኻᔕߒߚ៦ขࡕ࠺࡞ߪ‫ޔ‬ᜬߡࠆ⠪ߦࠃࠆᜬߚߑࠆ⠪ߩ៦ขߛߌߦߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬นേᕈߩᩰᏅߦၮߠ޿ߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬นേᕈߎߘ߇೑Ảࠍ↢ߺ಴ߔᚻᲑߥߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬႐ว‫ⷙߩࡓ࡯ࠥޔ‬ೣߪ‫ߤ߶ࠇߘޔ‬นേ⊛ߢߥ޿ੱ‫⽶ࠍࠖ࠺ࡦࡂߣ࠻ࠬࠦߦޘ‬ᜂߐߖࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀ߽߆ߒޕ‬਎⇇ߦ߅ߌࠆᣂߒ
޿៦ข㓏⚖ߪ‫ޔ‬ฎ޿ࡉ࡞࡚ࠫࡢߦኻ┙ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߢ‫ޟࠍࠄ⥄ޔ‬Ꮐ⠢‫ߣޠ‬૏⟎ߠߌ‫ޔ‬ฎ޿ࡉ࡞࡚ࠫࡢߦኻߒߡ‫ޔ‬นേᕈߩ⸃᡼ℂᔨࠍ࿶ୟ⊛ߦ␜ߒߚߩߢ޽ࠆ (Blondeau, Sevin,2004)‫ޕ‬㧠㧚ࠦࡀ࡚ࠢࠪ࠾ࠬ࠻⊛਎⇇ߦ߅ߌࠆ࿾ၞߩ⌀ᱜᕈ̆߅ࠊࠅߦ߆߃ߡ̆

⧓ⴚኅ⊛ᛕ್ߪߟߨߦ⾗ᧄਥ⟵ߦࠃࠅ࿁෼ߐࠇࠆㆇ๮ߦ޽ࠆ‫ࡏޔ߅ߥ߽ߢࠇߘߒ߆ߒޕ‬࡞࠲ࡦࠬࠠ࡯࡮ࠪࠕࡍࡠࠄߪ‫⌀ޔ‬ᱜᕈߩࠦ࡯࠼ൻߦࠃࠅᱡᦛߐࠇ ࠆߎߣߪ‫ߩ⽷ޔ‬࿕᦭ߩዅ෩ߦ෻ߔࠆ߆ࠄߎߘ‫ޔ‬໡ຠൻ߇೙㒢ߐࠇߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ ߣਥᒛߔࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬ᅛ㓮೙߿ᄁᤐᢷᣓߩ⑌ᱛߣ޿߁ᒻߢߩੱ㑆ߩሽ࿷ߩ໡ຠൻߩ⑌ᱛ߇‫ੱޔ‬ᩰᰴర߿ⴕὑ࠲ࠗࡊ㧔⧓ⴚ૞ຠ߇┹੎Ꮢ႐ߢឭଏߐࠇࠆ⵾ຠ߳ߣᄌ߃ࠄࠇࠆߎߣߢၿ⪭ߔࠆߣ⷗ߥߐࠇࠆ㧕‫ޔ‬り૕ ‫ࠄߐޔ‬ߦߪ᥊ⷰߥ޿ߒ⥄ὼߣ޿ߞߚ೎ߩ⽷ߦ߹ߢ᜛ᄢߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕࠆ޽ߢߩࠆߔߣޔ‬ߐߡ᭽‫ߥޘ‬࿾ၞᝄ⥝᡽╷߿࿾ၞࡑ࡯ࠤ࠹ࠖࡦࠣ߇‫⌀ޔ‬ᱜᕈࠍ࠹࡯ࡑߣߒߡዷ㐿 ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬એਅߢߪ‫(ࡦࠝࠪࠕࠪ࠰ࠕߩࠬࡦ࡜ࡈޔ‬NPO)ߦࠃࠆ࿾ၞᝄ⥝ߦࠃࠅߥ߇ࠄ‫ᧄ⾗ޔ‬ਥ⟵ߩᣂߚߥ♖␹ࠍ૕⃻ߔࠆ‫ߦ߁ࠃߩߤ߇ޠ࠹ࠪߩ࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊޟ‬ዷ㐿ߒߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠍ␜ߔߎߣ
ߦߒࠃ߁(Loredo, 2011,ߣࠅࠊߌ p.106 એਅࠍෳᾖ)‫ޕ‬
Loredo ߦࠃࠇ߫‫ޔ‬ᱧผ⊛ߦ‫౏ޔ‬ᮭജߣࠕ࠰ࠪࠕࠪࠝࡦߣߩ㑐ଥߪ‫ޔ‬ᓟ⷗ߣ޿߁ᒻࠍߣߞ
ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿖ኅߪ‫⹺⸵ޔ‬นߥߤߩ᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᴺ⊛㆏ౕࠍേຬߒߟߟ‫ⷙߩࡓ࡯ࠥޔ‬ೣࠍ⸳ቯߒ‫ࡊޔ‬࡟࡯ࡗ࡯ࠍᜰቯߔࠆ‫ߌࠊࠅߣޕ‬ක≮࡮␠ળ⑔␩ㇱ㐷ߪߘߩౖဳߢ޽ࠆ‫␠ޕ‬ળ⑔␩ഭ௛ߩࡊ
ࡠߩᒻᚑ߆ࠄᴺ᩺ߩౕ૕⊛૞ᚑࠍ⚻ߡ‫ޔ‬੐ ᬺᚲߩㆇ༡ߦ⥋ࠆ߹ߢ‫ߩߎޔ‬ㇱ㐷ߩᵴേో૕߇
ࠕ࠰ࠪࠕࠪࠝࡦߦࠁߛߨࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬࿖ኅ߇ߥ߅‫ߩߎޔ‬ㆊ⒟ో૕ࠍ▤ロߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽
ࠆ‫ޔߪࡦࠝࠪࠕࠪ࠰ࠕޕ‬㕖┹੎⊛ㇱ㐷ߢࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍ⛎ઃߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬Ḱ⁛භ⊛⁁ᴫ߇ࠕ࠰ࠪࠕࠪࠝࡦߦ㊀ⷐߥ૏⟎ࠍਈ߃ߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔߪࡦࠝࠪࠕࠪ࠰ࠕޔ‬૑᳃ߣߩㄭធᕈ
߆ࠄ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᱜ⛔ᕈࠍᒁ߈಴ߒ‫ޔ‬ᄙߊߩ᡽ᴦ⊛᦭ജ⠪߇ߎߩᵴേಽ㊁߆ࠄ⊓႐ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߒ߆ߒ 1980 ᐕઍߦ߅޿ߡᄌൻ߇⷗ࠄࠇ‫ޔ‬Ꮢ᳃ෳട߇౏౒᡽╷ߦ⊓႐ߒ‫ߌࠊࠅߣޔ‬ㇺᏒ㐿⊒߿࿾ၞᝄ⥝ߩࠗ࠾ࠪࠕ࠴ࡉߢ㗼⪺ߢ޽ߞߚ‫౏ޔ ߪࡦࠝࠪࠕࠪ࠰ࠕޕ‬ᮭജߦࠃࠅ⽷᡽ᡰេߐࠇࠆᵴേࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍ⊒ዷߐߖࠆ‫ޕ‬80 ᐕઍߪ‫ޔ‬ಽᮭൻߩᤨᦼߢ߽޽ࠅ‫ࠕޔߪࠇߎޔ‬࠰ࠪࠕࠪࠝࡦߣ౏ᮭജߣߩ㑆ߢߩᄾ⚂ൻᚻᴺࠍ⊒ዷߐߖ‫ޔ‬࿾ᣇ౏౒࿅૕ߩᓎഀࠍჇᄢߐߖ
ߚ‫ޕ‬࿖ኅߪ߽ߪ߿‫ޔ‬ታᣉߐࠇࠆߴ߈ᵴേࠍቯ⟵ߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊ‫⸳ࠍ࡞࡯࡞ߩࡓ࡯ࠥޔ‬ቯߒ‫ޔ‬ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍ౏൐ߒ‫ⴕޔ‬േᣇᴺࠍቯ⟵ߔࠆߦߣߤ߹ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߘߩᓟ‫߇ࡠࡍࠕࠪ࡮࡯ࠠࠬࡦ࠲࡞ࡏޔ‬ㅀߴߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻߿ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ‫ޔ‬ࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ࡟࠻࡝࠶ࠢ߇‫౒౏ޔ‬ᵴേߩⷙ▸ࠍߥߔߎߣߦߥߞߚ‫࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊޡޟޕ‬ߩࠪ࠹‫⛔⊛▸ⷙߩޢ‬ว߇‫ޔ‬ᄙߊߩࠕ࠰ࠪࠕࠪࠝࡦ⽿છ⠪ߩ⸒⺑ࠍᡰ㈩ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ޿
ࠆ‫(ޠ‬Hely, 2004)‫⽷ޕ‬Ḯߩขࠅ᳿߼ࠍ઻ߞߚࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻౏൐߇‫ޔ‬ᥧ㤩ߩ߁ߜߦᲤᐕᦝᣂߐ
ࠇࠆ⵬ഥ㊄ࠃࠅ߽‫ޔ‬ᓢ‫ߦޘ‬ఝవߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫౏ߣࡦࠝࠪࠕࠪ࠰ࠕߚ߹ޕ‬ᮭജߩ㑐ଥߦ㑐ߔࠆ 2010 ᐕ 1 ᦬ 18 ᣣߩ Fillon ㅢ㆐ߦࠃࠅ‫⵬ޔ‬ഥ㊄ߦࠃࠆ⽷᡽ᡰេߪᷫዋߐࠇߥߌࠇ
߫ߥࠄߕ‫ޔ‬ᄾ⚂㑐ଥ߇ఝవߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠅ‫౏ߩ࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊߪࠇߎޔ‬൐ߣ޿߁ᒻࠍㅢߓ
ߡ‫࡯࠽࠻࡯ࡄޔ‬㑐ଥߣ޿߁ࠃࠅ߽Ꮢ႐ߩ㑐ଥߦㄭ޿‫ޕ‬౏౒ᵴേㆇ༡᭽ᑼߦ߅ߌࠆߎ߁ߒߚᄌൻߪ‫ߩࡦࠝࠪࠕࠪ࠰ࠕޔ‬஥ߩㆡᔕࠍᔅ ⷐߣߐߖߚ‫ޕ‬
ฦ⒳ᚻ⛯‫⹏ߌࠊࠅߣޔ‬ଔᚻ⛯߈߇ⶄ㔀ߣߥࠅ‫ޔߪࠇߎޔ‬2001 ᐕߦ߅ߌࠆ⽷᡽ᴺߦ㑐ߔࠆ᦭ᯏ⊛ᴺ Lolf ߩታᣉએ᧪‫ޔ‬㗼⪺ߢ޽ࠆ‫߇ࡊ࠶ࠪ࡯࠽࠻࡯ࡄޕ‬ᔅ㗇᧦ઙߣߥࠅ‫⽷߇ߣߎߩߎޔ‬᡽ᡰេߩ࠾࡯࠭ࠍჇടߐߖߡ޿ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ᒙዊࠕ࠰ࠪࠕࠪࠝࡦߩᄙߊߪ‫߁઻ߦࠇߎޔ‬૞ᬺ⽶ᜂࠍ೨ߦߒߡ‫ߩ߳࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊޔ‬ᔕ൐ࠍ޽߈ࠄ߼ߑࠆࠍᓧߥ޿‫ઁޕ‬ᣇ‫ޔ‬ᄢ߈ߥࠕ࠰ࠪࠕࠪࠝ
ࡦߪ‫ᦠߚߒ߁ߎޔ‬㘃ࠍߣࠅ߹ߣ߼ࠕ࠰ࠪࠕࠪࠝࡦߩࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩ⊒ዷߦᔅⷐߥ⾗㊄ࠍតߒ಴ߔߚ߼ߦ‫᦭ޔ‬⢻ߥੱຬࠍ࡝ࠢ࡞࡯࠻ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᴺᓞ߅ࠃ߮⽷ോߩ㕙ߢߩ‫ࠦޔ‬ࡒࡘ࡯ࡦ߆ࠄ࡛࡯ࡠ࠶ࡄߦ߹ߢ⥋ࠆភ⟎ߩ▤ℂߪ‫ޔ‬ኈᤃߥߎߣߢߪߥߊ‫⤘ޔ‬ᄢߥ੐ോ૞ᬺ
ࠍ೨ឭߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߡߒ߁ߎޕ‬ㅴⴕߔࠆࠕ࠰ࠪࠕࠪࠝࡦߩࡊࡠൻߪ‫ߣࠕࠖ࠹ࡦ࡜ࡏޔ‬⡯ຬߩ㑐ଥߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃‫߇ࠢ࠶࠾ࠢ࠹ޔ‬᡽ᴦߦఝవߔࠆߩ߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ਎⇇߇࿾ၞᝄ⥝ߩ⺰ℂࠍᡰ㈩ߒ‫ߪߢߎߘޔ‬᡽ᴦ⊛ࠕࠢ࠲࡯ߚߜ߇‫ޔ‬੤឵᭽ᑼࠍ⚵❱ߒ‫⸵ࠍߣߎࠆ޿ߪߦ࠽࡯࡝ࠕޔ‬ኈߐࠇࠆߩߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥࠕࠢ࠲࡯߆‫࡞ߩࡓ࡯ࠥޔ‬࡯࡞߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩ߆ࠍቯ⟵ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬੹ᣣ‫ߡ޿߅ߦࠬࡦ࡜ࡈޔ‬࿾ၞᝄ⥝ߪᄙߊߩ႐ว‫ޔ‬Ꮢ↸᧛ㅪวߩࠃ߁ߥᐢၞⴕ᡽࿤ߦࠃࠅ
ᜂࠊࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᐢၞⴕ᡽࿤ߢߩ࿾ၞᝄ⥝᡽╷ࠍᎼࠆ౒ㅢߩ਄૏ේೣߪ‫ࡠࡊޔ‬ࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩ⛮⿠ߦ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᰴ߆ࠄᰴ߳ߣ‫ޔ‬ㅜಾࠇࠆߎߣߥߊࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍ᭴ᗐߒ‫ࠍࠇߘޔ‬ታᣉߔࠆߚ߼ߩ੍▚ࠍ₪ᓧߔࠆߎߣ߇ઍ⼏ຬߚߜߩ૶๮ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓐࠄߩᱜ⛔ߥ㑐ଥߪࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊߣࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߦ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᓐࠄߪ⥄ಽߚߜ߇ઍ⴫ߔࠆᏒ↸᧛ߩ೑ኂߛߌ
ߦߣߤ߹ࠄߕ‫ޔ‬Ꮢ↸᧛ࠍ߹ߚ߇ߞߚ㓸ว⊛ߥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦขࠅ⚵߹ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߩ
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ㅊ᳞ߔࠆઍ⼏ຬߪ‫ޔ‬ଔ୯ߩૐ޿߽ߩߣ⷗ߥߐࠇߡߒ߹߁ߢ޽ ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬ᵈ(1)ේౖߪ 800 ࡍ࡯ࠫࠍ⿥߃ࠆᄢ⪺ߢ޽ࠅ‫ⷐߩߘޔ‬ᣦࠍ߆޿ߟ߹ࠎߢ⚫੺ߔࠆߎߣߪߢ߈ߥ޿‫ޕ‬ᐘ޿ߦ߽⪺⠪ߚߜ⥄りߦࠃࠆ◲ẖߥⷐ⚂(Boltanski, Chiapello,(2002))߇޽ࠅ‫ࠍࠇߘߪߢߎߎޔ‬ᄢ޿ߦෳ⠨ߦߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᒁ↪࡮ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
Boltanski, L. and Chiapello, E.,(2002) ³7KH 1HZ VSLULW RI &DSLWDOLVP´SDSHUWR EHSUHVHQWHGWRWKH &RQIHUHQFH

of Europeanists, March,14-16, Chicago.
Boltanski,L., Chiapello, E.(1999) Le Nouvel Esprit du Capitalisme, Gallimard㧔‫ᧄ⾗ޡ‬ਥ⟵ߩᣂߚߥ♖␹‫ޢ‬ਃᶆઁ⸶‫ࡗࠪ࠾ࠞ࠽ޔ‬಴ㄭೀ㧕Boltanski, L., Thévenot, L. (1991) De La Justification, Gallimard(‫ޡ‬ᱜᒰൻߩℂ⺰‫ޢ‬ਃᶆ⸶‫ޔ‬ᣂᦐ␠)Diaz-Bone, R., ThéYHQRW/  ³/DVRciologie des conventions. La théorie des conventions, élé ment central
des nouvelles sciences socials françDLVHV´Trivium, no.5.
Génard, J.-L. (2011) ³ InveVWLJXHUOHSOXUDOLVPHGHO¶DJLU´, SociologieS
Latour, B. (1994) ³Une sociologie sans objét ? Remarques sur l¶interobjectivité´, Sociologie du Travail, no.4
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Loredo, J.-P. 2011, /¶,PSOLFDWLRQ GHV DVVRFLDWLRQV GDQV O es politiques publiques de de développement rural,Thèse doctorat, UT2 Le Miraill㗇↰ᢥ᣿(2004)‫ޟ‬⍮⼂ ࠍㅢ ߓߚᏒ ႐ߩ᭴ ▽ߣା 㗬㧦 ࠦࡦ ࡧࠔࡦࠪ ࠝࡦ ⚻ᷣቇ ߅ࠃ߮ ࠕࠢ ࠲࡯࡮ ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢℂ⺰ߩዷᦸ߆ࠄ‫ޡޔޠ‬ㅴൻ⚻ᷣቇ⺰㓸‫ ╙ޢ‬8 㓸㗇↰ᢥ᣿(2008)‫ޟ‬੐‛ߣⵝ⟎㧦᭴▽ਥ⟵⊛␠ળ⚻ᷣቇߩ ት឴‫ޔޠ‬‫⚻ޡ‬ᷣቇ㔀⹹‫ ╙ޢ‬109 Ꮞ╙ 1 ภ‫ޔ‬pp.19-36㗇↰ᢥ᣿(2006)‫ࠆ ߃⷗ޟ‬ᚻ ߦࠃࠆ Ꮢ႐⚻ ᷣߩㆀ ⴕ㧦 ࠕࠢ ࠲࡯࡮ࡀ ࠶࠻ ࡢ࡯ࠢ ℂ⺰ߣ ࠦࡦ ࡧࠔࡦ ࠪࠝࡦ⚻ᷣቇߩ㑆ߢ‫ޡޔޠ‬ㅴൻ⚻ᷣቇ⺰㓸‫ ╙ޢ‬10 㓸
Thévenot, L. (2010) ³Autorité et pouvoir à O¶épreuve de la critique  O¶RSSULPDQW GX JRXYHUQHPHQW SDUO¶REMHFWLI´, Rassegna Italiana di Sociologia, no.4.
Thévenot, L. (2010) ³Métamorphose des évaluations autorisées et de leurs critiques /¶DXWRULWé incontestable dugouvernement pDU O¶REMHFWLI´, in De Larqaueir, G., Favereau, O., Guirardello, A., (dir.) Les Conventions dans
O¶(FRQRPLHHQFULVH, La Decouverte
Thévenot, L. (2011) ³Grand resumé GHO¶$FWLon au pluriel. Sociologie des réJLPHVG¶HQJDJHPHQW 3DULV (G /DDecouverte, 2006)´Thévenot, L. (2006) L¶Action au pluriel, La Découverte
਄㊁⋥᮸ ࡮࠰ ࡯ࡗ࡯ ࠅ߃ߎ(2009)‫ޟ‬ታ 〣౒ห ૕ߩ ࡑ࠹ ࡝ࠕ࡝࠹ ࠖߣ ᭴ㅧൻ ߐࠇߚ ⾗Ḯ 㧦⁁ᴫ ⺰⊛ቇ⠌⺰ߩⷰὐ‫❱⚵ޡޔޠ‬ൻቇ‫ޔޢ‬43(1), pp.6-19

Characteristic Features of the Sustainable Strategies
in the Evolvable Iterated Prisoners’ Dilemma
Mieko Tanaka-Yamawaki and Ryota Itoi
Department of Information and Knowledge Engineering, Graduate School ofEngineering, Tottori University, 101-4 Koyamacho-Minami, Tottori, 680-8552
Japan
mieko@ike.tottori-u.ac.jp
Abstract
In the realm of iterated prisoners' dilemma equipped with evolutional generation of strategies,
a model has been proposed by Lindgren that allows elongation of genes, represented by onedimensional binary arrays, by three kinds of mutations: duplications, splittings, and point
mutations, and the strong strategies are set to survive according to their performance at thechange of generations. The actions that the palyers can choose are assumed to be either
cooperation represented by C or defection represented by D. It is convenient to use {0,1}instead of {D,C}. Each player has a strategy that determines the player's action based on thehistory of actions chosen by both players in each game. Corresponding to the history ofactions, represented by a binary tree of depth m, a strategy is represented by the leaves of thattree, an one-dimensional array of length 2 m .
We have performed extentive simulations until many long genes appear, and by evaluating
those genes we have discovered that the genes of high scores are constructed by 3 common
quartet elements, [1001[, [0001], and [0101]. Furthermore, we have determined the strong
genes commonly have the element [1001 0001 0001 0001] that have the following fourfeatures:(1) never defects under the cooperative situation, represented by having ‘1’ inthe fourth element of the quartet such as [***1],(2) retaliates immediately if defected, represented by having ‘0’ in the firstelement and the third element in the quartet such as [0*0*],(3) volunteers a cooperative action after repeated defections, represented by ‘1’in the first element of the genes,(4) exploits the benefit whenever possible, represented by having ‘0’ in thequartet such as [*0**].
This result is stronger and more specific compared to [1**1 0*** 0*** *001]
reported in the work of Lindgren as the structure of strong genes.

1. Introduction
A game theory is a tool to study the strategic interactions developped between individuals
that mutually influence each other, which can be is used to understand human behavior andeconomics. The prisoners‘ dilemma (abbreviated as PD, hereafter) is a well-known exampleof the two-person-game models in which the most rational choice for individuals results in theless benificial choice for the society that those individuals belong to. The PD has been studied
for a long time in discussing the issues of CO2 emission, nuclear power possesion, and pricecompetetions, etc.[1,2,3] It is well known that the strategy called Tit-For-Tat was the mostpowerful strategy in the historical experiment performed by Axelrod [4]. However, it has also
been known that the strongest strategy changes under different environments.
A question arises whether the Tit-For-Tat strategy can be developped from any initialcondition and any historical paths, or it is generated from a specific conditions. We are alsointereted in whether this strategy evetually disappear under certain circumstances, or not. In
order to answer to those question, we take a view of the artificial life to study evolution ofgenes in a wider framework of time and space to study the problem of automatic generation ofstrategies in the multi-agent simulations.
Murakami and one of the authors have considered a simple model to generate the Tit-ForTat strategy according to the rule of survival of the fittest, and observed how this specificstrategy is generated [5].

Lindgren considered a model of evolutional genes in the multi-agent model that allows
elongation of genes, represented by one-dimensional binary arrays, by three kinds ofmutations: duplications, splittings, and point mutations, and the strong strategies are set tosurvive according to their performance at the change of generations [6].
In this paper, we report our result of long-term simulations that clarified the existence ofcommon elements found in strong and sustainable strategies and the three specific common
quartet elements contained in such strategies and the features represented by those elements.

2. Iterated Prisoners‘ Dilemma
The prisoners‘ dilemma is defined by the payoff structure of both players shown in Table 1.
We assume the players have only two ations to choose, to cooperate (C, hereafter) or
todefect (D, hereafter). There are four parameters R, P, S, T which are set tp satisfy S < P <R < T and S + T < 2R. The key point of the situation under which the two players are set inthis model is the better choice for individual results in the worst choice of both. For example,
if we assume B cooperates, A’s rational choice is to defect because R < T. However, even if
we assume B defects, A’s rational choice is still to defect because S < P. Thus A is supposed
to defect whatever B chooses. The situation is the same for B. Thus both A and B end up
with choosing to defect. However, the payoff P is smaller than R. How can they choose thebetter option of mutualo cooperation ?
Table 1 The payoơ table of the prisoners’ dilemma provided S < P < R < T and S + T < 2R.
(A’s payoff, B’s payoff)
B’s action is C B’s action is D
A’s action is C
(R, R)(S, T)
A’s action is D
(T, S)(P, P)The poor soluion (P,P) is inevitable for a single game, unless they promise to start with thecooperative actions. When they repeat the game by starting with the cooperative actions, thenthe best choice for both of them is to continue to cooperate except the last match. Because
onece each of them defects, then the opponent will retaliate in the next match. Therefore ifthey know the time to end the repeated game, they will defect at the last match. For thisreason, the iterated prisoners dilemma game (abbreviated as IPD, hereafter) is played without
fixing the time to end. In such a game, a particular strategy called Tit-For-Tat (TFT, hereafter)
wins over the other strategies. In general, good strategies including the TFT, share thefollowing three features:(1) to cooperate as long as the opponent cooperates(2) to retaliate immediately if defected(3) to offer cooperation after continuous defections.
However, it has been known that the Pavlov strategy (PAV, hereafter) is better than the TFT
under a certain condition. The PAV keeps the same action after getting T or R which are the good
payoff, and changes the action from the pervious one after getting S or P which are the poor payoff.
This strategy is stronger than the TFT in a model allowing errors in actions in which the playerchooses an opposite action from the one chosen by the strategy [7].
This situation is depicted in an example shown in Table 2. In this case, both (TFT,TFT) and(PAV, PAV) begin the game from the cooperative relationships at the time t=1. Suppose if an error
occurs at t=2 in the second player, then the TFT pair immediately fall into pose if an error occurs
at t=2 in the second player, then the TFT pair immediately fall into (C, D) a series of (C, D) and (D,C), while the PSV pair can recover the original cooperative situation of (C, C). Thus the TFT is
not always the best under errors.
Table 2 Actions of the TFT pair and the PAV pair when the second player commits an error at t=2
Time t (TFT,TFT) (PAV,PAV)
1(C, C)(C, C)
2(C, 'D')(C, 'D')3(D, C)(D, D)
4(C, D)(C, C)
5(D, C)(C, C)

3. Evolvable Strategies in the IPD
In the framework of the artificial life (ALIFE), a new scheme of searching for the better
strategies was preseted in Ref. [6] in a multi-agent model of evolvable strategies, in which thestrategies grow like genes. Here the strategies are represented by one-dimensional binary strings.

The two actions, the cooperation and the defection, {D,C}, are represented by {0,1}. Each
player has a strategy that determines the player's action based on the history of actions chosen
by both players in each game. Corresponding to the history of actions, represented by a binary
tree of depth m, a strategy is represented by the leaves of that tree, an one-dimensional arrayof length 2 m . It is convenient to set the two edges of the binary tree to have 0 in the leftedges and 1 in the right edges.
For example there are four strategies repsresented by [00], [01], [10], [11], for m=1
corresponding to a model to simply count the opponent's previous action as the history. The
strategy [00] is called as ALLD because only D is chosen irrelevant to the opponent's pastaction. Likewise, [11] is called as ALLC. The strategy [01] is the TFT because D is chosen
only when the opponet's action of the immediate past is D. Likewise the strategy [10] is called
as anti-TFT (abbreviated as ATFT).
If we count the actions of both players as the history, that is the case of m=2 and thecorresponding strategy becomes a binary string of length 4. For example, a strategy [1001]
chooses C if the past actions of both players are the same, i.e., both C or both D, and chooses
D if the past actions of both players were not the same, i.e., when one player's action was C,
the other player's action was D. This corresponds to the PAV. A strategy [0101] is the same as[01] because D is chosen for the opponent's defective action and C is chosen for the
opponent's cooperative action irrelevent to the past action of the other side. Likewise, thestrategy [0000] is the same as [00]. A strategy represented by [0001] chooses C only when thepast actions of both sides were C. We call this strategy as the retaliation-oriented TFT(abbreviated by RTFT).
For larger m, the history and the corresponding strategy can be written as
h m (a m ,..., a 2 , a1 ) 2 and Sm [ A1A 2 ...A n ] for n = 2 m . An example of the strategy forthe case of m=3 represented by a string of 10010001 is shown in Fig. 1. Out of all the possible
strategies, good ones are chosen by employing the genetic algorithm. The typical job-flow of
this mecahnism is illustrated in Fig.2.

B’s choice0

1

A’s choice

A’s choice01

B’s choice0
A’s strategy

1

1

0

0
B’s choice

B’s choice
0

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

B’s choice
0

1

0

1

Fig.1 An strategy and the binary tree of the history

Fig.2 The Job-flow of the evolvable IPD simulation
Starting from the initial population of agents, which could be the entire set of possible
strings or a randomly sampled subset of the entire set, pairs of agents play the IPD ofindefinite length. After all the agents playing the game with all the other agents, their total
payoff are counted and their population is renewred according to the population dynamics
explained below. Subseqeuently the mechanism of three types of mutation, (1) point mutation(2) doubling, and (3) fission, are applied in order to grow the strategy strings to create newpatterns and the new lengths that the previous generation did not know.
We have followed the senario written by Lindgren [6], except for the two points: the firstpoint is the stochastic ending of IPD, and the second point is that we have performed
extensive amount of simulations. As a result, we have discovered the type of gene structure ofsustainable strategies in more specific manner compared to [1**1 0*** 0*** *001] suggested
in Ref.[6].

4. Simulation Result
We have run our program by the following conditions. We have tried two different initialconditions to start the simulation. The first type consists of the four m=1 strategies , [00], [01],[10], and [11] with equal polulations of 250 each, and the second type consists of 1000
random sequences of length 32. Either case, the total population of agents is kept unchanged
from the initial value of 1000 throughout the simulation. The number of simulations are 50 for
the first type and 40 for the second type. The rate of point mutation, the duplication rate, andthe split rate are are set to be 2 u 10 5 , 10-6, 10-6, the same as in Ref. [6]. We also assume therate of error, i.e., with which the opposite action prescribed by the gene is executed, to be 0.01.
The payoff parameters in Table 1 are also chosen to be S=0, P=1, R=3, and T=5.
The length of each game is not fixed in order to avoid the convergence to the ALLD
dominance, but the end of the game is announced with the probability of 0.005.
We show simulation results of the Type I and the Type II initial populations in Fig. 3 and 4,
respectively, in which the horizontal axis shows the generation and the vertical axis shows the
population of strategies. Both cases exhibit drastic changes of dominating stratesies as thegeneration increases.
An interesting feature is observed in Fig. 3. Namely, the [01] (=TFT) dominance followedby the [1001] (=PAV) dominance, then the [0001] (RTFT) dominance comes and the [01]dominance. This particular pattern is observed in 37 examples out of 50 independent runs of
the first type initial condition, and this triplet pattern of TFT=>PAV=>RTFT is sometimes
repeated for many generations. However, as the length of the genes reaches the size of 16 or
32, this triplet pattern disappear and the [1001000100010001] dominates.

Fig.3 The triplet of TFT-PAV-RTFT is observed in this example of simulation
starting from the Type I initial population having four m=1 strategies in theequal weight.

Fig.4 A pattern of changing strategies starting from random strategies.
Fig.5 is an example of the triplet pattern of TFT-PAV-RTFT repeated for threecycles. Fig.6 is an example of the triplet pattern collapsed after one cycle, due tothe strong dominance of ALLD strategy. Fig.7 shows a case of the triplet patternwashed away by the emergence of the longer and the stronger strategies.

Fig. 5 An example of the triplet TFT-PAV-RTFT repeated for three cycles

Fig. 6 An example of the triplet pattern collapsed by the ALLD dominance.

Fig. 7 An example of the triplet pattern collapsed by the emergence of the longer
strategies

5. Evaluation of the Sategies
We try to quantify the degree of sustainability of those strategies by means of a fitness
parameter
defined by the accumulated sum of population throughout the total
generation. The 8153 strategies emerged in the 45 simulations of Type I initialcondition and the 11753 strategies emerged in the 50 simulations of Type II
initial condition are sorted in the descending order ofin Table 3. The
strategies having positive values of fitness are chosen as 'good' strategies andselected for further analysis. The number of 'good' strategies, satisfying the of thepositive fitness condition, was 340 out of 8153 for the case of Type I initialcondition, and 785 out of 11753 for the case of Type II initial condition.
Table 3 Evaluation of the strategies
Type I initial strategies(fixed)
Type II initial strategies(random)
Strategy
Strategy1101 1001
0.123
1011
0.078
0101 1001
0.077
0000 0011
0.070
1101 0110
0.064
1101 1010
0.059
1010 0011
0.050
1001 1001
0.049
1101 0100
0.047
1101 1011 1101 1011
0.045
1001 0001 0001 0001
0.041
0001 0011
0.038
0001 1011
0.040
1101 0101 0001 1001
0.036
0100 1001
0.039
1101 1101 0000 0111
0.032
1101 0111
0.029
1000 0000 0100 0001
0.029
1001 1011 1001 1011
0.028
1111 0101 0101 1110
0.027
We search for a possible characteristic feature of those strategies selected byusing the goodness criterion. We first set the length of all those strategies to theequal length (=32), by doubling and count the frequency of symbol '1' at each site,
as illustrated in Fig. 8. The rates of '1' for all the 32 sites are shown in Fig. 9 forthe Type I initial population and in Fig. 10 for the Type II initial population. This
structure can be assumed to be the prototype strategy. The result shows thatboth Type I and Type II derived the same structure of [1001 0001 0001 0001].

Fig.8 Compute the rate of occurrence of '1' at each site

Fig. 9 The rates of '1' at each site of total 32 sites for Type I initial population

Fig. 10 The rates of '1' at each site of total 32 sites for Type II initial population

6. Discussion
Based on the result of our simulations, 'good' strategies who survive longer

with larger population compared to the others have a common prototype genestructure of [1001 0001 0001 0001]. Moreover, this result was irrelevant to theinitial population. This gene structure is characterized by the following 4 features.
1) cooperate if the opponent cooperates (This feature is seen in common to[***1 ***1 ***1 ***1], TFT㸪PAV㸪and [1**1 0*** 0*** *001], etc. )2) immediately retaliate if defected (This feature is seen in common to[0*0* 0*0* 0*0* 0*0* 0*0*], TFT㸪PAV㸪but not in [1**1 0*** 0*** *001].)3) generous
This feature is seen in common to [1*** **** **** ****], PAV, and[1**1 0*** 0*** *001], but not in TFT㸬Also, the structure [1*** **** **** ****] has an advantage over PAV for being
more robust against ALL-D due to longer term of patience.
4) coolness
This feature is in common to [*0** *0** *0** *0**] having 0 against the
opponent's cooperative action. TFT㸪[1**1 0*** 0*** *001] do not have such a
feature.

7. Conclusion
We have performed extensive simulations of IPD and analyzed to determine theprototype structure of 'good' genes having a structure of [1001 0001 0001 0001].
Although this is a specific example of the structure of strong gene, [1**1 0***0*** *001], suggested in Ref. [6], our analysis have reached much stronger
specification of the gene structure of the strategy 'better' than TFT. This
prototype consists of two types of quartets corresponding to PAV and RTFT. In
other words, this strategy acts like the Pavlov when the actions of both players
were 'Defect' at the game before the last, but acts like RTFT for the other threecases. This strategy has stronger tendency of retaliation against the opponent's
defection compared to the Pavlov strategy. The advantage of this strategy
compared to TFT is based on the structure of starting with '1', which helps tooffer cooperation under defective situations, which is considered to be a key tosolve the dilemma structure of many social problems.

References
1)
2)

3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

Novak㸪 M㸬A㸬 and Sigmund㸪 K㸬: Evolution of indirect reciprocityby
image scoring㸪 Nature㸪 Vol㸬393㸪 pp㸬573-576 (1998)㸬
Roberts㸪 G㸬 and Sherratt㸪 T㸬N㸬: Development of cooperative relationship through increasing investment㸪 Nature㸪Vol㸬394㸪 pp㸬175178(1998)㸬
Yao㸪 X㸬 and Darwen, P.; How important is your requtation inamultiagent environment; IEEE-SMC1999, pp575-580, 1999㸬
Axelrod, R., The Evolution of Cooperation, 1984.
Tanaka-Yamawaki, M. and Murakami, T. : Effect of reputation on
theformation of cooperative network of prisoners; New Advances inIntelligent Decision Technologies; SCI199(Springer)㸪pp㸬615-623, 2009㸬
Kristian Lindgren: Evolutionary Phenomena in Simple Dynamics; Articial
Life II; Addison-Wesley, pp.295-312, 1990㸬
Nowak MA, K Sigmund : A strategy of win-stay, lose-shift that outperforms
tit-for-tat in Prisoner's Dilemma. Nature, Vol. 364, pp. 56-58, 1993.

Macroeconomic analysis of cloud computing in Japan
Soichiro Takagi1* Hideyuki Tanaka2

Abstract
Cloud computing is becoming one of the major technological changes for business management in
the last decade. From internal management to supply chain management, various services can beprovided by cloud providers that locate somewhere in the world. However, despite its pervasive
impact on business and economy, its understanding on the effect on economy is still in early stage.
On the other hand, macroeconomic analysis with micro-foundation such as dynamic stochastic
general equilibrium (DSGE) approach is heavily concentrated on financial and monetary analysis.
This study fills in this gap and tries to construct macroeconomic model that incorporates specifictechnological change such as cloud computing. By the presented model, this paper tries tounderstand the impact of the diffusion of cloud computing comprehensively.

1. Background
Cloud computing has become one of the major topics among the information technology architecture.
Cloud computing provides information services from centralized data centers so that firms do notneed to invest in and own a huge computer resources. General consumers also benefit from cloudcomputing such as online storage. However, business sector started to use cloud services morethoroughly. For example, information technology services for email, human resource management,
supply chain management, customer relationship management are now provided by cloud vendors.
These new types of services are penetrating rapidly in Japanese economy. IPA (2012) showsthat use rate of SaaS (Software as a Service, one of the service models of cloud computing) has grownfrom 19.5% in 2010 to 33.7% in 2011. Information technology is referred as “General Purpose
Technology” because it improves various aspects of business and products. Cloud computing reduce
fixed cost to utilize information technology drastically for firms, so it is expected to promoteeconomic growth when wider range of firms can benefit from IT that otherwise was not affordable.
On the other hand, cloud computing is possible to be provided from anywhere in the world. In other1

Ph.D Candidate, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Information Studies, The University of Tokyo
Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Information Studies, The University of Tokyo*Corresponding author. Email: qq096511@iii.u-tokyo.ac.jp
2

1

words, if the domestic provider is not competitive, Japanese economy may face the hollowing-out
effect particularly in information services sector. Therefore, cloud computing has two-sided potential
both of growth and challenge.
A certain amount of articles have been published on cloud computing, but the concerns andacademic disciplines are scattered across literature. For example, some studies focus on technologicalarchitecture, and others discuss on security and privacy. Some studies argue market governance suchas competition law and regulation. Despite the potential impact on business and economy, its effect on
economy is not studied enough. Even if the scope is expanded to IT and economy in general, most of
the empirical studies conduct analysis on firm or industry basis. Therefore, there has been a limit tounderstand the impact of technological innovation on economy as a whole.
On the other hand, from macroeconomics point of view, analysis with models withmicro-foundation such as dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model or its foundation,
real business cycle (RBC) model is becoming popular among literatures. However, its application isheavily concentrated on financial and monetary policy. Application of DSGE analysis on the specifictechnological innovation and macroeconomic variables is still yet fully utilized.
Therefore, this paper tries to construct a model to understand the impact of the diffusion ofcloud computing in macroeconomic scale. It also reports the results of impulse response of
macroeconomic variables when economy encounter the diffusion of cloud computing. The model
would be a prototype for further development, but it tries to build a foundation for analysis on
specific technological innovation and its economic implication.

2. Prior studies
From macroeconomics perspective, analytical framework and methodology have been developed
drastically in the last decade. Emerging from analyzing the fluctuation of business cycle (Kydland
and Prescott: 1982, Long and Plosser: 1983), macroeconomic analysis with micro-foundation
became one of the dominant schools in literature. However, despite that one of the major concerns of
the basic RBC model used to be technological innovation, RBC and DSGE have developed rapidly
focusing on monetary and financial analysis. More recently, DSGE analysis started to be applied towider range of topics such as the effect of immigration (Mandelman and Zlate, 2008), incorporationof On-the-job search (Macit, 2010), productivity and energy price (Dhawan et.al, 2008).
In terms of prior studies on cloud computing, literature on the economic aspect isrelatively scarce. Among the scarce studies, the series of studies of Etro (2009, 2011) are the mostclose to the topic of this paper. These studies have focused on the cost reduction effect of cloud2

computing and analyzed its macroeconomic impact by simulation based on DSGE model. Underlying
perception of these studies on cloud computing is that cloud computing turns IT cost from fixed costs
into marginal costs of production. These studies assume the following effects. First, cost reduction of
IT investment lowers initial barrier of entry for new firms and foster the establishment of small andmedium size enterprises (SME). Second, the increase of SME would have a positive effect on
employment and GDP. Third, they also analyze the impact on public accounts arguing that public
spending is lowered and tax income is increased by the diffusion of cloud computing. Etro (2009,2011) constructed the model that is augmented specifically with the increased number of firms, andconducted simulation on EU countries. The results show that the diffusion of cloud computing boosts
GDP by 0.05% to 0.15% in short term, and 0.1% to 0.3% in medium term. The estimates on businesscreation and job creation are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Macroeconomic impact of cloud computing in Etro (2009)
Speed of

Short term

Medium term

Unit

diffusion
GDP

Slow

+0.05

+0.1

Rapid

+0.15

+0.3

BusinessSlow+73,256+83,478

Creation

Rapid+378,640+430,973

Job Creation

Slow+300,000+70,000

Rapid+1,000,000 or+700,000

Percentage points per year

Number of firms per year

Number of workers per year

more
Notes: Impact on GDP and business creation is taken from Etro (2009), and impact on job creation istaken from Etro (2011). Source: Etro (2009) and Etro (2011)

Etro (2009, 2011) draw implications for various aspects such as GDP, business creationand job creation, but the basic idea is that cloud computing lowers entry cost and promotes
entrepreneurship. Its model is developed carefully incorporating endogenous growth model, but inother words, it is not easy to expand to include other aspects because of the specialized development
into entry costs.
Besides the analysis with DSGE model, Cudanov et al. (2011) point out the benefit offlexible scalability of cloud computing. They argue that IT investment does not meet the actual3demand of ICT because it is difficult to expect actual demand perfectly, and investment is conducted
once a certain terms, not daily basis. Because of this gap of demand and investment, excessive
investment happens under low demand and opportunity loss happens under high demand period.
Culdanov et al. (2011) did not present the ways to measure the amount of these losses, but theseflexibleness certainly is one of the benefits of cloud computing.
On the impact on employment, Ross (2011) discussed impact on ICT workers in user firms.
From user firms’ point of view, introduciton of cloud computing is similar to outsourcing because
these firms utilize resources outside the firms. Ross (2011) argues that along with the transition fromin-house operation to utilization of cloud computing, jobs and the role of ICT workers in user firms
would be affected. It has pointed out that the role of ICT workers shifts from “a technical to more of aliaison role as they engage with external service providers”.
As seen in this section, several studies provide the perspectives on the effect of cloudcomputing, but they rather pick up various aspects partially and far from understanding thephenomenon comprehensively. There is also a missing point in previous studies such as negative
effect of reduced revenue for domestic ICT firms. For example, if firms do not build their own
software and computer systems, the revenue that ICT firms used to earn by creating those systems
would be reduced. In addition, it is possible that Japanese firms import foreign cloud services insteadof utilizing domestic services.
Economic analysis of cloud computing is in the initial stage and there is a large
opportunity for research. This paper tries to construct a model to incorporate multiple effects ofcloud computing, thus provide a basis for macroeconomic analysis of technological innovation suchas cloud computing.

3. Models
The main purpose of this study is to implement the impact of cloud computing into macroeconomics
models. The base model in which the cloud is incorporated is conventional RBC model withmonopolistic competition, which is widely used in macroeconomics literature. The base model
follows Griffoli (2011) which describe the behavior of household and firms.

3.1 Base model
Representative household follows the utility function:!" ∑5"67 $%&'()" * +log 01 2 &" 34
4(1)

where C is consumption, l is a unit of labor therefore 1-l means the time used for leisure. Household
maximize the equation (1) under the following budget constraint:

8" * 9":; < =" &" * >" 9" * 01 2 ?39"
where k is capital, w is wage, r is interest rate, ? is depreciation rate of capital. =" &" * >" 9" <

(2)

",

where y is output under perfect competition. Note that:!" < 9":; 2 01 2 ?39"(3)

where ! represent the flow of investment. Therefore,!" <" 2 8"(4)

From first order condition of (1) under budget constraint (2), Euler equation for consumption is
obtained as:

;
"#

;

< $!" $"#%&

01 * >":; 2 ?3'(5)

and first order condition for w is:"+ ;()# < ="#(6)

In terms of the firm section, each firm i produces output following Cobb-Douglas function withHarrod-Neutral technological progress:+-#;(+*" < 9*" 0, &*" 3(7)

where z is the level of technology. Profit of firms is described as follows:+
0, -# &*" 3;(+ 2 =" &" * >" 9"
9*"

5

(8)

Optimal capital labor ratio is obtained from first order condition for k and l:+(; -#
0, &*" 3;(+ < >"k: .9*"(9)+l: 9*"
01 2 .30, -# &*" 3(+ < ="(10)

Dividing (9) by (10) yields optimal capital to labor ratio:+

9*" >" < ;(+ =" &*"(11)

In terms of pricing, under the monopolistic competition, price is determined by:

/*" <

0
0(;

18" /"(12)

where /*" is firm-specific price, 18" is marginal cost, and 2is the elasticity of substitution. For
simplification, individual firms take market price /" , therefore 18" <0(;0. Combining marginal costand production function, the following conditions are obtained:
4 00(;3=" < 01 2 .3 5#)5#0

4 00(;3>" < . 65#
5#

(13)

(14)

0

3.2 Implementing cloud computing
As discussed in previous sections, there are several ways by which cloud computing affects
macroeconomics variables. In this study, three paths are identified and incorporated into the basemodel. Before going into the identification of paths, the diffusion of cloud computing is described asfollows:
8&'78" < 98&'78"(; * ,8&'78,

0 < 8&'78" < 1(15)

where ,8&'78 is white noise with zero means and normal distribution, and in this context, it is the
temporary shock to start the diffusion. 8&'78" is defined as penetration rate which is 0 < 8&'78" <1. The diffusion speed follows the process of auto regressive one (AR(1)), with 9 assumed as 0.95. In
6this setting, additional diffusion of cloud computing decreases over time as shown in Figure 1.

18%
16%
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
1

3

5

7

9

11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

Figure 1. Supposed diffusion of cloud computing. Vertical axis is penetration rate of cloud computing,horizontal axis is year.

In this analysis, it is assumed that cloud computing affect mainly three variables: First, cloudcomputing increases productivity of firms. Because cloud computing reduces deployment cost of IT,
more firms can enjoy the benefit of IT. Positive effect of IT on productivity has been reported by vast
amount of studies such as Jorgenson (2002), Jorgenson and Motohashi (2005), Miyazaki et. al (2012).
Overall productivity is supposed to be improved with the reduction of IT cost.
Second, as seen in prior studies, cloud computing can lower entry cost for new firms thusincrease the number of new firms. Etro (2009) focuses on this effect and develops the model that
depends specifically on the entry cost and number of firms. On the other hand, the present study
assumes that increased number of firms can intensify the competition among firms, and promote
innovation. Newly developed SMEs also can promote innovation, and transfer of employment fromless productive to more productive sector. Therefore, this study assumes the increased number of firms
can increase the productivity of economy.
Thirdly, cloud computing can reduce the output of information services industry. As
discussed earlier, cloud computing reduces deployment cost drastically by sharing computing
resources. Traditionally, firms needed to develop its own computer systems that support theirbusinesses by outsourcing the design and development of systems to ICT sector. Reduction of IT costhas the inverse effect to reduce the revenue of IT service firms that used to develop computer systems
7

for user firms. This negative effect on output is assessed directly by subtracting the corresponding
amount from production function.
These three effects are incorporated to the base model as follows. Productivity level =" isdetermined by the level of previous year (AR(1)) and the diffusion of cloud computing, 8&'78" andthe number of firms, >" :=" < ?="(; * @8&'78" * @A >"(16)

where ?, @ and @A are parameters that are calibrated in the next section.
Entry cost B" is defined as the penetration rate that is the change ratio from steady stateand 21 < B" < 1. It is reduced by the diffusion of cloud computing:B" < ?B"(; 2 C8&'78" ,2 1 < B" < 1(17)

And this entry cost can increase the number of firms through:F*>" < γ E>"(; * H I
G(18)

where J is the ratio of investment into new firms among total investment, !. B is the change ratio
from steady state, therefore its initial value is 0. In order to make entry cost as non-zero value, entry
F*

cost is expressed as , K , exponential of B. By dividing investment into new firms by entry cost, G H
represents the number of new firms. Following Etro (2009), a certain rate of business is destructed by
1 2 γ.
Finally, subtracting the negative effect of reduced revenue in ICT sector from (7):+-#;(+2 L M 8&'78"*" < 9*" 0, &*" 3(19)

Figure 2 shows the relations of endogenous variables. Diffusion of cloud computing
affects the variables by three paths. However, because endogenous variables also affect each other,for example, number of firms (n) affects productivity (z), capital (k) affects output (y), andinvestment (i) affects number of firms (n). Therefore, the diffusion does not simply affect economy
by three paths but also affect through intertwined systems of variables.

8

Figure 2. Relationship of endogenous variables

3.3 Calibration
In this section, parameters are categorized as structural parameters of base model and operationalparameters which are used to define the extent of effects of cloud computing. Structural parameters of
the base model are taken by Griffoli (2011) as shown in Table 2. ? describes the stickiness to priorperiod and is also applied on the equations for the impact of cloud computing such as (16) and (17).

Table 2. Calibration of structural parameters of base model
.

$

?

+

?

0.33

0.99

0.023

1.75

0.95

In terms of operational parameters, each parameter is calibrated so that each path has reasonable
impact on the overall equation system. The aim of this study is to identify the paths of the impact ofcloud computing on economy and to draw the dynamic response of macroeconomic variables. In thisregards, precise estimation of parameters and the quantifying the impacts are beyond the scope of thisstudy. Parameters on the impact of cloud computing are calibrated based on the method that aredescribed as follows.
First, steady state of base model is calculated. Based on the steady stated, each parameter iscalibrated so that the diffusion of cloud computing has a reasonable impact on economy. In terms of @,that describes the impact of cloud computing on productivity, it is assumed that 1% increase of the9diffusion of cloud computing leads to 0.1% of productivity increase. @A is calibrated so that 1%
increased number of firms can lead to 1% increase of productivity. C describes the impact on entry
cost. Etro (2009) estimated that cloud computing can lower entry cost 1% or 5% depending on the
speed of diffusion. Taking the moderate estimation from Etro (2009), this study assumes the entry
cost is lowered 1% by the diffusion of cloud computing. For convenience, this study sets the target ofdiffusion to reach 12.83% in 20 years from equation (15) and Figure 1. Therefore, C is calibrated toso that entry cost is reduced 1% in 20 years.
L adjusts the reduced revenue of ICT sector, and it is calibrated from the share of the relatedindustry and decreased revenue. According to MIC (2012), Software and Information
sharing/providing industry are together comprise 4.1% of GDP of Japan. It is assumed that 20% of therevenue of those industries are reduced by 20 years. L is calibrated to fulfill this assumption. Insummary, operational parameters and related parameters used to implement cloud computing are
calibrated as Table3.

Table 3. Calibration of operational parameters
@

@A

C

L

γ

J

9

0.1

0.01680.08

0.058773439

0.97

0.1

0.95

4. Results of impulse response analysis
Figure 3a and 3b show the results of impulse response analysis with the 0.01 standard error shock on
ecloud. Horizontal axis is period (year), and vertical axis is the difference from steady state that isshown in Table 4. Note that the movement of variables in percentage in the following sections refers
to the ratio from this steady state.

10

Table 4. Steady state of endogenous variables
Endogenous variable

Steady state valuey1.15602c

0.917453

k

10.3724i

0.238565l0.302733

y_l

3.81861w

2.30262r

0.033101z

0.259177n

0.771361

eta

0

cloud

0

As seen in the third panel of Figure 3a, the diffusion of cloud computing (cloud) has jumped
0.01(1%) and gradually decreased. As discussed earlier, cloud represents the additional diffusion ofcloud computing, so overall penetration increases over time by decreasing amount.
First panel of Figure 3a show the number of firms (n). It has decreased in the earlier stage
to -0.00077 that can be translated as 0.1% below its steady state but increased afterwards. In 20
years, it reaches 0.57% above steady state. Entry cost (eta) is decreased continuously to 0.6% on 20
years, and gradually rises afterwards.
Figure 3b shows the impulse response on key macroeconomic variables. Output (y) has
decreased in first term by 0.17% but turns positive after 3 years and continues to rise up to 0.69%
above steady state in 20 years. Output (y), capital (k), investment (i), labor supply (l) and alsointerest rate (r) decrease in the initial stage and start to rise after several years.
In this model, it takes approximately 200 terms to return to its original steady state.

11

Figure 3a. Impulse response on endogenous variables on the diffusion of cloud computing

Figure 3b. Impulse response of key macroeconomic variables. y_l is y divided by l.
12

5. Discussion
Impulse response introduced in previous section is the result of comprehensive impact andinteraction between variables that is shown in Figure 2. In this analysis, three major paths are
identified and incorporated in the model.
The model that incorporates these comprehensive effects into RBC model suggests overall
effect on economy becomes positive during approximately 5 to 20 years. Output and consumption
are increased, wage rises, and labor supply is also increased. As discussed in calibration section, thisresearch set the temporary target of diffusion of cloud computing as 20 years later to reach 12.83%.
After 20 years, each endogenous variable reaches as shown in Table 5. From this analysis, GDPreaches 0.7% above its initial steady state. However, these quantitative results heavily depend on thecalibration of operational parameters. Therefore, the precise amount of the effect may change
depending on calibration.
One of the major findings from the present model is that it takes several years until the
diffusion of cloud computing has a positive effect on economy. In order to explore the contributionof three paths, impulse response from each path is examined and shown in Appendix. The basic idea
is to decompose the three paths and conduct impulse response analysis one by one.
As shown in Figure A1, the impulse responses of the productivity path resemble those ofcomprehensive analysis particularly on its growth path. On the other hand, negative effect throughreduced sales in ICT sector that is shown in Figure A2 shows that it has a counter effect on thepositive result through productivity. Reduction of entry cost and increased number of firms also hasa negative effect in initial stage but turns positive afterwards. Therefore, it is inferred that overall
growth could be achieved mainly from productivity growth, but it is lowered by the negative effectof reduced revenue in the initial stage. From practical point of view, the results of the model suggeststhat economy can suffer from the reduction of revenue in ICT sector in the initial stage of diffusion,
but gradually enjoy the positive effect of the rise of productivity and promotion of entrepreneurship.

13

Table 5. Change of variables after 20 years

Endogenous variable

Change from steady state after 20 years

y

0.70%

c

0.48%

k

0.27%

i

1.55%

l

0.15%

y/l

0.54%

w

0.54%

r

0.015% points

z

3.05%

n

0.57%

eta

-0.60%

cloud(culminated penetration rate)

12.83%

6. Conclusion
This paper tries to construct the model to analyze the economic impact of cloud computing. It
identifies three paths for cloud computing to affect macroeconomic variables, and incorporates theminto standard RBC model. Given the practical concern and scarcity of the prior study in the field, thisstudy fills in the gap in this point. Compared to Etro (2009, 2011), this paper proposes more
simplified but comprehensive way to understand technological innovation and its implication on
economy.
However, this study is in the initial stage of modeling and there are various kinds ofchallenges and space for further improvement. First, the model is simple and straightforward, butrather primitive. There would be the space for more sophistication so that the model itself canprovide a significant implication. Parameters are also temporarily calibrated based on the roughestimation. Cloud and productivity, cloud and entrepreneurship, cloud and revenue of ICT sector are
all topics that should be investigated separately to assess the precise relationship. The present study
tries to understand the mechanisms and movement of variables comprehensively, but ideally, it isbetter to be based on the empirical foundations.
This paper provides the first step to construct the foundation to understand the important
technological change and its implication on macroeconomics, and it is ready for further
improvement.
14

Acknowledgement
The authors thank Yasuyuki Muradate for helpful comments. All errors remain the authors'.

15

Appendix
Impulse response on each path

Figure A1. Impulse response only through the effect on productivity

16

Figure A2. Impulse response only through the effect of reduced revenue in ICT sector

17Figure A3. Impulse response only through the effect of reducing entry cost18

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19

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ÚÛ;-Ƣũ«ſ ƀœǴƗuE

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ǝ¼Ƣũí_t\dWK¨ƙ­ŶȄ2006ȅuŧŐƁǨćuǨçǨćƥÇƏƘĢƧ ƀœKnPTv[ÚÛťĕ¼ ÚÛuöœuǨƵ-E^fvOmt

ÈÂǽ(2004)ࠕ᪥ᮏ⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㒊㛛㛫ࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪศᯒ࡜࣮࣭࢟ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ≉ᐃ
㸸1995-2000-2005 ᖺ᥋⥆⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲࡟ࡼࡿᐇドศᯒࠖ㔝ᓮ 㐨ဢ(බ┈㈈ᅋἲே୰㒊ᅪ♫఍⤒῭◊✲ᡤ)せ᪨ᮏㄽᩥࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊྂ඾ⓗ࡞஌ᩘศᯒࡢᡭἲ࡛࠶ࡿ Chenery and Watanabe ࠾ࡼࡧ
Rasmussen ࡢ᪉ἲࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ௬ㄝⓗᢳฟἲ㸦Hypothetical Extraction Method㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡢ㒊㛛㛫ࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪศᯒ࡜࣮࣭࢟ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ≉ᐃࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡢ㒊㛛㛫ࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪศᯒ࡜࣮࣭࢟ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ≉ᐃࢆ⾜࠺㝿࡟ࠊ⥲ົ┬⤫ィᒁࠗᖹᡂ
7㸫12㸫17(1995-2000-2005)ᖺ᥋⥆⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲࠘ࡢ⏕⏘⪅౯᱁ホ౯⾲ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࠋᮏ✏ࡢᵓᡂࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨ 1 ⠇࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᮏ◊✲ࡢ⫼ᬒ࣭┠ⓗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡿࠋ➨ 2 ⠇࡛ࡣࠊྂ඾ⓗ஌ᩘศᯒࡢ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿ Chenery and Watanabe ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧRasmussen ࡢ᪉ἲࠊࡉࡽ࡟ Schultz ➼࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᥦၐࡉࢀࡓ௬ㄝⓗᢳฟἲࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡘ
࠸࡚ࢧ࣮࣋࢖ࡍࡿࠋ➨ 3 ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ⥲ົ┬⤫ィᒁ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚సᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠗᖹᡂ 7㸫12
㸫17(1995-2000-2005)ᖺ᥋⥆⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲࠘࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏕⏘⪅౯᱁ホ౯⾲(34 㒊㛛⾲㸪ྡ┠)ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ1995 ᖺࠊ2000 ᖺࠊ2005 ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡢ㒊㛛㛫ࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪ㸦๓᪉㐃㛵ࠊᚋ᪉㐃㛵㸧ࡢศᯒࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ࣮࣭࢟ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ≉ᐃࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ➨ 4 ⠇࡛ࡣࠊᐇドศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽ✲ࡍࡿࠋ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ㸸㒊㛛㛫ࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪศᯒࠊ࣮࣭࢟ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࠊRasmussen ࡢ᪉ἲࠊ௬ㄝⓗᢳฟἲࠊ᥋⥆⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲Ϩ㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
⏕⏘ᵓ㐀ࡢ┦஫౫Ꮡᛶࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪศᯒࡣࠊᢞධ⏘ฟศᯒࡢศ㔝ࡢ୰࡛㛗࠸Ṕྐࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⏕⏘ᵓ㐀ࡢᅜ㝿ẚ㍑࡟ࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪศᯒࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࣃ࢖࢜ࢽ࢔࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊChenery and Watanabe(1958), Rasmussen(1956) ࡢᴗ⦼ࢆୖࡆࡿ
ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋࡇࡢศᯒࢶ࣮ࣝࡣ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ᪉ἲ࡛ᣑᙇࡉࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠾ࡾࠊከࡃࡢ␗࡞
ࡿ᪉ἲࡀࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪಀᩘࡢ ᗘ࡜ࡋ࡚ᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᚋ᪉㐃㛵ࠊ๓᪉㐃㛵ࢆྵࡴᗘࡣࠊ⤒῭㒊㛛㛫ࡢ┦஫౫Ꮡ㛵ಀ࡜⤒῭ᡓ␎ࡢᙧᡂࡢ୧⪅ࡢศᯒࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᣑᙇⓗ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ(Andreosso -O’ Callaghan and Yue, 2004)ࠋ
ᢞධ⏘ฟศᯒࡢୗ࡛ࠕ࣮࣭࢟ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࠖࡢᐇドⓗ࡞≉ᐃࢆ⾜࠺ࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿศᯒࡣ௨ୗ࡟♧ࡍ஧ࡘࡢ᪉ἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊChenery and
Watanabe(1958) ࠾ࡼࡧ Rasmussen (1957)࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿྂ඾ⓗ஌ᩘศᯒ(theClassical Multiplier Method㸸CMM)ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ Schultz (1977)ࡽ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚๰ጞࡉࢀࠊCella(1984), Sonis, M., Guilhoto, J.J.M., Hewings, GJ.D. and Martins, E.B. (1995), andDietzenbacher and van der Linden (1997)࡟ࡼࡗ࡚෌⦅ࡉࢀࡓ௬ㄝⓗᢳฟἲ(theHypothetical Extraction Method :HEM) ࡀࡑࢀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᮏㄽᩥࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊྂ඾ⓗ࡞஌ᩘศᯒࡢᡭἲ࡛࠶ࡿ Chenery =Watanabe ࡢ᪉ἲࠊRasmussen ࡢ᪉ἲࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ௬ㄝⓗᢳฟἲ㸦Hypothetical Extraction Method㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡢ㒊㛛㛫ࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪศᯒ࡜࣮࣭࢟ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ≉ᐃࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡢ㒊㛛㛫ࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪศᯒ࡜࣮࣭࢟ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ≉ᐃࢆ⾜࠺㝿࡟ࠊ⥲ົ┬⤫ィᒁࠗᖹᡂ
7㸫12㸫17(1995-2000-2005)ᖺ᥋⥆⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲࠘ࡢ⏕⏘⪅౯᱁ホ౯⾲ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࠋᮏ✏࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣮࣭࢟ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ≉ᐃἲࡣࠊ୕ࡘࡢࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪࡢ ᗘ࡟ඹ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ1995
ᖺ-2000 ᖺ-2005 ᖺࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᖺḟࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏ⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿᇶᖿ⏘ᴗ࡟఩⨨௜ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⏘ᴗࢆࠊ
ࠕ࣮࣭࢟ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࠖ࡜≉ᐃࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺᪉ἲࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࠋ1ᮏ✏ࡢᵓᡂࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨ 1 ⠇࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᮏ◊✲ࡢ⫼ᬒ࣭┠ⓗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡿࠋ➨ 2 ⠇࡛ࡣࠊྂ඾ⓗ஌ᩘศᯒࡢ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿ Chenery =Watanabe ࠊRasmussenࡢ᪉ἲࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ Schultz ࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᥦၐࡉࢀࡓ௬ㄝⓗᢳฟἲࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࢧ࣮࣋
࢖ࡍࡿࠋ➨ 3 ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ⥲ົ┬⤫ィᒁ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚సᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠗᖹᡂ 7㸫12㸫
17(1995-2000-2005)ᖺ᥋⥆⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲࠘࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏕⏘⪅౯᱁ホ౯⾲(34 㒊㛛⾲㸪ྡ┠)ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ1995 ᖺࠊ2000 ᖺࠊ2005 ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡢ㒊㛛㛫ࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪ㸦๓᪉㐃㛵ࠊᚋ᪉㐃㛵㸧ࡢศᯒࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ࣮࣭࢟ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ≉ᐃࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ➨ 4 ⠇࡛ࡣࠊᐇドศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽ✲ࡍࡿࠋϩ㸬㒊㛛㛫ࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪศᯒࡢ᪉ἲㄽⓗࢧ࣮࣋࢖ϩ-1 ྂ඾ⓗ஌ᩘศᯒ㒊㛛㛫ࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪ ᗘࢆᢅ࠺ศᯒ᪉ἲ࡟ࡣ㸰ࡘࡢ୺せ࡞࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ୍᪉
ࡣྂ඾ⓗ஌ᩘศᯒ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ௚᪉ࡣ௬ㄝⓗᢳฟἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡎࡣࡌࡵ࡟ࠊྂ඾ⓗ஌ᩘศᯒ࠿ࡽ᪉ἲㄽⓗࢧ࣮࣋࢖ࢆጞࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ
(1)Chenery-Watanabe ࡢ᪉ἲࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪศᯒࡢศ㔝࡛ࠊ᭱ࡶྂ඾ⓗ࡞᪉ἲࡣࠊࣞ࢜ࣥࢳ࢙ࣇࡢ㟂せ≌ᘬᆺࣔࢹࣝ
ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࢦࢵࢩࣗࡢ౪⤥≌ᘬᆺࣔࢹࣝ
ࡢ୧⪅࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
୧⪅ࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊᚋ᪉㐃㛵࡜๓᪉㐃㛵ࡢᐃ㔞ⓗホ౯ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ᭱ึࡢ㛤ᣅ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ௙஦ࡣࠊChenery and Watanabe (1958)࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
㒊㛛 j ࡢᚋ᪉㐃㛵ࡢᙉࡉࡣḟᘧࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࠋ(2-1)
ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ㒊㛛 j ࡢ๓᪉㐃㛵ࡢᙉࡉࡣḟᘧࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࠋ(2-2)(2)Rasmussen ࡢ᪉ἲ
Rasmussen(1957) ࡣࠊ㒊㛛㛫ࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪࢆ ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࣞ࢜ࣥࢳ࢙ࣇ㏫⾜ิࡢิഃ(࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⾜ഃ)ࡢྜィࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᥦゝࡋࡓࠋᚋ᪉㐃㛵ࡣࠊࣞ࢜ࣥࢳ࢙ࣇ㏫⾜ิ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠾ࡾࠊࣞ࢜ࣥࢳ࢙ࣇ㏫⾜ิࡢิ࿴࡜ࡋ࡚༢⣧࡟ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
(2-3)
ࡣ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࣞ࢜ࣥࢳ࢙ࣇ㏫⾜ิࡢ ij ␒┠ࡢせ⣲ࡇࡇ࡛࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㒊㛛 j ࡢᚋ᪉㐃㛵ࡣࠊ㒊㛛 j ࡢ⥲⏘ฟ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᭱⤊㟂せࡢቑຍࡢຠᯝࢆ཯
ᫎࡍࡿࠋ
ྠᵝ࡟ࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿ๓᪉㐃㛵ࡣࠊࣞ࢜ࣥࢳ࢙ࣇ㏫⾜ิࡢ⾜࿴࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀ
࠺ࡿࠋ
(2-4)
ᙧᘧⓗ࡟ࠊ౪⤥≌ᘬᆺࣔࢹࣝࡣḟᘧࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡿࠋ(2-5)
ࡇࡇ࡛ B ࡜ v ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࠊ⏘ฟಀᩘ⾜ิ࡜௜ຍ౯್⾜࣋ࢡࢺ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ᪉
⛬ᘧࡢゎࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
2

or
(2-6)
ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ
࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࢆࠕࢦࢵࢩࣗࡢ㏫⾜ิࠖ࡜࿧ࡪࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ
࠿ࡃࡋ࡚ࠊ⏘ฟಀᩘ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ๓᪉㐃㛵ࡣࠊḟᘧࡢࡼ࠺࡟᭩ࡁ┤ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
(2-7)
ࡣ ⾜ิ ࡢ ij ␒┠ࡢせ⣲࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡣ㒊㛛 i ࡢ๓᪉㐃㛵ࢆ⾲ࡍࠋࡇࡇ࡛
ϩ-2 ௬ㄝⓗᢳฟἲ(1)࢜ࣜࢪࢼࣝࡢ௬ㄝⓗᢳฟἲ௬ㄝⓗᢳฟ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊࡶࡋ௬࡟㹨␒┠ࡢ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃ㒊㛛ࡀᙜヱ⤒῭࠿ࡽ๐㝖ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ㹬㒊㛛ࡢ⤒῭ࡢ⥲⏘ฟࡀ࡝ࢀࡔࡅኚ໬ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࢆᩘ㔞໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶
ࡿࠋSchultz(1977)ࡣࠊ௬ㄝⓗᢳฟἲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃ⩏࡙ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕ㏫⾜ิࡢ≉ᚩࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ┦஫౫Ꮡⓗ࡞య⣔࠿ࡽ௬ㄝⓗ࡞ᢳฟࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼ
ࡗ࡚ࠊྛ㒊㛛ࡢ㔜せᗘࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢ᪉ἲࡀヨࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊほᐹࡉࢀࡿ㒊㛛࡟࠾ࡅࡿ௬ㄝⓗ࡞⏕⏘ࡢ೵Ṇࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ௚ࡢ㒊㛛࠿ࡽࡢ୰㛫㈈ࡢ౪⤥ࡸ௚ࡢ㒊㛛࡬ࡢ㈍኎ࡀᙳ㡪ࡉࢀࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶព࿡ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋࠖ(Schultz, 1977,p.80)
ᙜึࠊࡇࢀࡣᢞධಀᩘ⾜ิ ࠿ࡽ㹨ิ࡜㹨⾜ࢆ๐㝖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᢞධ⏘ฟࡢᩥ⬦࡛ࣔࢹࣝ໬ࡉࢀࡓࠋj 㒊㛛ࡢ࡞࠸(n-1)⾜(n-1)ิࡢ⾜ิ࡜ j ิࡢ࡞࠸᭱⤊㟂せ࣋ࢡ
ࢺࣝ

ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ
ࠕኚᙧࡉࢀࡓࠖ⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏘ฟࡣࠊ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࠋ᏶඲࡞㹬㒊㛛⤒῭࡛ࡣࠊ⏘ฟࡣࠊ
࡛ࠊ

㸫

࡜ぢ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࢃࡅ

ࡣࠊࡶࡋ㒊㛛㹨ࡀኻࢃࢀࡿ࡞ࡽࡤ̿౛࠼ࡤࠊࡑࡢ⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㒊㛛ࡢࠗ㔜せᛶ࠘ࡢ ᗘࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⥲ࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⤒῭ࡢᦆኻ㸦⥲⏘ฟ㢠ࡢῶᑡ㸧ࡢ㞟ィⓗ ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿ (Miller and Blair(2009),p.563) ࠋϪ㸬᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡢ㒊㛛㛫ࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪ㸸1995㸫2000㸫2005 ᖺ᥋⥆⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲࡟ࡼࡿศᯒ
1995-2000-2005 ᖺ᥋⥆⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲ࡣࠊཎ๎࡜ࡋ࡚ᖹᡂ 17 ᖺ(2005 ᖺ)⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲ࡢ㒊㛛ศ㢮࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚ࠊ1995 ᖺ࠾ࡼࡧ 2000 ᖺࡢ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲ࢆ⤌ࡳ᭰࠼ࠊ㒊㛛ࡢᴫᛕ࣭ᐃ⩏࣭⠊ᅖࢆ⤫୍ࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊᨵࡵ࡚ィᩘࡢ෌᥎ィࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ㐣ཤ 10 ᖺ㛫࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡃࡀᅜࡢ⤒῭ᵓ㐀ࡢ᫬⣔ิẚ㍑ࢆᐜ᫆࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟సᡂࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊ᥋⥆⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᖺḟࡢ౯᱁࡛ホ౯ࡋࡓࠕ᫬౯ホ౯᥋⥆⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲(ྡ┠⾲)ࠖ࡜ࠊ2005 ᖺࡢ౯᱁ࢆᇶ‽࡜ࡋ࡚㐣ཤࡢᖺḟࡢྲྀᘬ㢠ࢆᐇ㉁໬ࡋࡓࠕᅛᐃ౯᱁ホ౯᥋⥆⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲㸦ᐇ㉁⾲㸧ࠖࡢ 2 ✀㢮ࡀసᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
௒ᅇࡢศᯒ࡛ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᖺḟࡢ౯᱁࡛ホ౯ࡋࡓࠕ᫬౯ホ౯᥋⥆⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲(ྡ┠⾲)ࠖ࡟౫ᣐࡋࠊChenery =Watanabe ࠊRasmussen ࡢ᪉ἲࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ௬ㄝⓗᢳฟἲࡢࣔ
ࢹࣝ࡟ἢࡗ࡚ࠊ1995 ᖺࠊ2000 ᖺࠊ2005 ᖺࡢྛᖺḟ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡢ㒊㛛㛫ࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪࢆィ ࡋࠊྛᖺḟ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣮࣭࢟ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ᥎⛣ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋ௬ㄝⓗᢳฟἲ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿᇶᖿ⏘ᴗࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ㍺㏦ᶵᲔ⏘ᴗࢆᢳฟࡋࡓሙྜࡢ௚⏘ᴗ࡬ࡢᙳ㡪⋡ࢆ ᗘ࡜ࡍࡿࠋᮏ✏࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣮࣭࢟ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ≉ᐃἲࡣࠊ୕ࡘࡢࣜࣥࢣ࣮
ࢪࡢ

ᗘ࡟ඹ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ1995 ᖺ-2000 ᖺ-2005 ᖺࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᖺḟࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏ⤒῭࡟࠾
3ࡅࡿᇶᖿ⏘ᴗ࡟఩⨨௜ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⏘ᴗࢆࠊࠕ࣮࣭࢟ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࠖ࡜≉ᐃࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺᪉ἲ
ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
(1)ᚋ᪉㐃㛵ࡢ ᗘ㸪1995-2000-2005 ᖺ
⾲ 1 ࡣࠊ௨ୗ࡟♧ࡋࡓᚋ᪉㐃㛵ࡢ 3 ࡘࡢ ᗘࢆࠊ1995 ᖺࠊ2000 ᖺࠊ2005 ᖺࡢྛᖺ࡟
࠾࠸࡚⏘ᴗู࡟ィ ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
Chenery =Watanabe ࡢ᪉ἲ(2-1)
Rasmussen ࡢ᪉ἲ௬ㄝⓗᢳฟἲ(HEM)

(2-3)
BLH 㸻

(3-1)

Chenery =Watanabe ࡢ᪉ἲ࡟ࡼࡿᚋ᪉㐃㛵ࡢ ᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ1995 ᖺࡢୖ఩ 10 ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ஦ົ⏝ရࠊศ㢮୙᫂ࢆู࡟ࡍࢀࡤࠊ1㸬㍺㏦ᶵᲔࠊ2㸬᝟ሗ࣭㏻ಙᶵჾࠊ3㸬㕲㗰ࠊ
4㸬㠀㕲㔠ᒓࠊ5㸬໬Ꮫ〇ရࠊ6㸬ࣃࣝࣉ࣭⣬࣭ᮌ〇ရࠊ7㸬㣧㣗ᩱရࠊ8㸬㟁ẼᶵᲔࠊ9㸬⧄⥔〇ရࠊ10㸬୍⯡ᶵᲔࡢ㡰␒࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2000 ᖺࡢୖ఩ 10 ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ1㸬㍺㏦ᶵᲔࠊ2㸬᝟ሗ࣭㏻ಙᶵჾࠊ3㸬㕲㗰ࠊ4㸬໬Ꮫ〇ရࠊ5㸬㠀㕲㔠ᒓࠊ6㸬㟁ẼᶵᲔࠊ7㸬ࣃࣝࣉ࣭⣬࣭ᮌ〇ရࠊ8㸬⧄⥔〇ရࠊ9㸬୍⯡ᶵᲔࠊ
10㸬㟁Ꮚ㒊ရࡢ㡰␒࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2005 ᖺࡢୖ఩ 10 ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ1㸬㍺㏦ᶵᲔࠊ2㸬㠀㕲㔠ᒓࠊ3㸬᝟ሗ࣭㏻ಙᶵჾࠊ4㸬㕲㗰ࠊ5㸬㟁Ꮚ㒊ရࠊ6㸬໬Ꮫ〇ရࠊ7㸬▼Ἔ࣭▼Ⅳ〇ရࠊ8㸬㟁ẼᶵᲔࠊ9㸬⧄⥔〇ရࠊ10㸬ࣃࣝࣉ࣭⣬࣭ᮌ〇ရࡢ㡰␒࡛࠶ࡿ(ᅗ㸯ཧ↷)ࠋ
ᅗ1
㡰఩
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Chenery =Watanabe ࡢ᪉ἲ࡟ࡼࡿᚋ᪉㐃㛵,1995-2000-2005 ᖺࡢୖ఩ 10 ⏘ᴗ
Chenery =Watanabe
Chenery =Watanabe
Chenery =Watanabe
1995 ᖺ
2000 ᖺ
2005 ᖺ
㍺㏦ᶵᲔ
㍺㏦ᶵᲔ
㍺㏦ᶵᲔ
᝟ሗ࣭㏻ಙᶵჾ
᝟ሗ࣭㏻ಙᶵჾ㠀㕲㔠ᒓ㕲㗰㕲㗰
᝟ሗ࣭㏻ಙᶵჾ
㠀㕲㔠ᒓ
㠀㕲㔠ᒓ
㕲㗰
໬Ꮫ〇ရ
໬Ꮫ〇ရ
㟁Ꮚ㒊ရ
ࣃࣝࣉ࣭⣬࣭ᮌ〇ရ
㟁ẼᶵᲔ
໬Ꮫ〇ရ
㣧㣗ᩱရ
ࣃࣝࣉ࣭⣬࣭ᮌ〇ရ▼Ἔ࣭▼Ⅳ〇ရ
㟁ẼᶵᲔ
⧄⥔〇ရ
㟁ẼᶵᲔ
⧄⥔〇ရ
୍⯡ᶵᲔ
⧄⥔〇ရ
୍⯡ᶵᲔ
㟁Ꮚ㒊ရ
ࣃࣝࣉ࣭⣬࣭ᮌ〇ရฟᡤ㸸➹⪅సᡂ

ḟ࡟ࠊRasmussen ࡢ᪉ἲ࡟ࡼࡿᚋ᪉㐃㛵ࡢ ᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ1995 ᖺࡢୖ఩ 10 ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ஦ົ⏝ရࠊศ㢮୙᫂ࢆู࡟ࡍࢀࡤࠊ1㸬㍺㏦ᶵᲔࠊ2㸬㕲㗰ࠊ3㸬᝟ሗ࣭㏻ಙᶵჾࠊ4㸬୍⯡ᶵᲔࠊ5㸬໬Ꮫ〇ရࠊ6㸬ࣃࣝࣉ࣭⣬࣭ᮌ〇ရࠊ7㸬㟁ẼᶵᲔࠊ8㸬㔠ᒓ〇ရࠊ9㸬㣧㣗ᩱရࠊ10㸬ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ〇㐀ᕤᴗ〇ရࡢ㡰␒࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2000 ᖺࡢୖ఩ 10 ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ1㸬㍺㏦ᶵᲔࠊ2㸬㕲㗰ࠊ3㸬᝟ሗ࣭㏻ಙᶵჾࠊ4㸬໬Ꮫ〇ရࠊ5㸬୍⯡ᶵᲔࠊ6㸬㟁ẼᶵᲔࠊ7㸬ࣃࣝࣉ࣭⣬࣭ᮌ〇ရࠊ8㸬ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ〇㐀ᕤᴗ〇ရࠊ
9㸬㣧㣗ᩱရࠊ10㸬㟁Ꮚ㒊ရࡢ㡰␒࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

4

2005 ᖺࡢୖ఩ 10 ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ1㸬㍺㏦ᶵᲔࠊ2㸬㕲㗰ࠊ3㸬໬Ꮫ〇ရࠊ4㸬᝟ሗ࣭㏻ಙᶵ
ჾࠊ5㸬㟁Ꮚ㒊ရࠊ6㸬୍⯡ᶵᲔࠊ7㸬㟁ẼᶵᲔࠊ8㸬㔠ᒓ〇ရࠊ 9㸬ࣃࣝࣉ࣭⣬࣭ᮌ〇
ရࠊ10㸬㣧㣗ᩱရࡢ㡰␒࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᅗ㸰ཧ↷㸧ࠋ
ᅗ2
㡰఩
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Rasmussen ࡢ᪉ἲ࡟ࡼࡿᚋ᪉㐃㛵,1995-2000-2005 ᖺࡢୖ఩ 10 ⏘ᴗRasmussen ,1995 ᖺRasmussen,2000 ᖺ
Rasmussen,2005 ᖺ
㍺㏦ᶵᲔ
㍺㏦ᶵᲔ
㍺㏦ᶵᲔ
㕲㗰
㕲㗰
㕲㗰
᝟ሗ࣭㏻ಙᶵჾ
᝟ሗ࣭㏻ಙᶵჾ
໬Ꮫ〇ရ
୍⯡ᶵᲔ
໬Ꮫ〇ရ
᝟ሗ࣭㏻ಙᶵჾ
໬Ꮫ〇ရ
୍⯡ᶵᲔ
㟁Ꮚ㒊ရ
ࣃࣝࣉ࣭⣬࣭ᮌ〇ရ
㟁ẼᶵᲔ
୍⯡ᶵᲔ
㟁ẼᶵᲔ
ࣃࣝࣉ࣭⣬࣭ᮌ〇ရ㟁ẼᶵᲔ㔠ᒓ〇ရ
ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ〇㐀ᕤᴗ〇ရ
㔠ᒓ〇ရ
㣧㣗ᩱရ
㣧㣗ᩱရ
ࣃࣝࣉ࣭⣬࣭ᮌ〇ရ
ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ〇㐀ᕤᴗ〇ရ
㟁Ꮚ㒊ရ
㣧㣗ᩱရ
ฟᡤ㸸➹⪅సᡂ
᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊ௬ㄝⓗᢳฟἲ(HEM)࡟ࡼࡿᚋ᪉㐃㛵ࡢ ᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ1995 ᖺࡢୖ఩ 10 ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ1㸬㍺㏦ᶵᲔࠊ2㸬㖔ᴗࠊ3㸬㠀㕲㔠ᒓࠊ4㸬㕲㗰ࠊ5㸬ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ〇㐀ᕤᴗ〇ရࠊ6㸬㟁ẼᶵᲔࠊ7㸬ᩍ⫱࣭◊✲ࠊ8㸬㟁ຊ࣭࢞ࢫ࣭⇕౪⤥ᴗࠊ9㸬໬Ꮫ〇ရࠊ10㸬❔ᴗ࣭ᅵ▼〇ရࡢ㡰␒࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2000 ᖺࡢୖ఩ 10 ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ1㸬㍺㏦ᶵᲔࠊ2㸬㖔ᴗࠊ3㸬㠀㕲㔠ᒓࠊ4㸬㕲㗰ࠊ5㸬ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ〇㐀ᕤᴗ〇ရࠊ6㸬㟁ẼᶵᲔࠊ7㸬❔ᴗ࣭ᅵ▼〇ရࠊ 8㸬㟁Ꮚ㒊ရࠊ9㸬㟁ຊ࣭࢞ࢫ࣭
⇕౪⤥ᴗࠊ10㸬ᩍ⫱࣭◊✲ࡢ㡰␒࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2005 ᖺࡢୖ఩ 10 ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ1㸬㖔ᴗࠊ2㸬㍺㏦ᶵᲔࠊ3㸬㠀㕲㔠ᒓࠊ4㸬㕲㗰ࠊ5㸬ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ〇㐀ᕤᴗ〇ရࠊ6㸬㟁ẼᶵᲔࠊ7㸬❔ᴗ࣭ᅵ▼〇ရࠊ 8㸬㟁Ꮚ㒊ရࠊ9㸬ᩍ⫱࣭◊✲ࠊ
10㸬㟁ຊ࣭࢞ࢫ࣭⇕౪⤥ᴗࡢ㡰␒࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᅗ 3 HEM ࡢ᪉ἲ࡟ࡼࡿᚋ᪉㐃㛵,1995-2000-2005 ᖺࡢୖ఩ 10 ⏘ᴗ㡰఩ HEM,1995 ᖺ
HEM,2000 ᖺ
HEM,2005 ᖺ
1
㍺㏦ᶵᲔ
㍺㏦ᶵᲔ
㖔ᴗ
2
㖔ᴗ
㖔ᴗ
㍺㏦ᶵᲔ
3
㠀㕲㔠ᒓ
㠀㕲㔠ᒓ
㠀㕲㔠ᒓ
4
㕲㗰
㕲㗰
㕲㗰
5
ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ〇㐀ᕤᴗ〇ရ
ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ〇㐀ᕤᴗ〇ရ
ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ〇㐀ᕤᴗ〇ရ
6
㟁ẼᶵᲔ
㟁ẼᶵᲔ
㟁ẼᶵᲔ
7
ᩍ⫱࣭◊✲
❔ᴗ࣭ᅵ▼〇ရ❔ᴗ࣭ᅵ▼〇ရ
8㟁ຊ࣭࢞ࢫ࣭⇕౪⤥ᴗ
㟁Ꮚ㒊ရ
㟁Ꮚ㒊ရ
9
໬Ꮫ〇ရ
㟁ຊ࣭࢞ࢫ࣭⇕౪⤥ᴗᩍ⫱࣭◊✲10❔ᴗ࣭ᅵ▼〇ရᩍ⫱࣭◊✲㟁ຊ࣭࢞ࢫ࣭⇕౪⤥ᴗฟᡤ㸸➹⪅సᡂ
(2)๓᪉㐃㛵ࡢ ᗘ㸪1995-2000-2005 ᖺ⾲㸰ࡣࠊ௨ୗ࡟♧ࡋࡓᚋ᪉㐃㛵ࡢ 3 ࡘࡢ࠾࠸࡚⏘ᴗู࡟ィ ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ᗘࢆࠊ1995 ᖺࠊ2000 ᖺࠊ2005 ᖺࡢྛᖺ࡟

5

Chenery =Watanabe ࡢ᪉ἲ(2-2)

Rasmussen ࡢ᪉ἲ(2-4)௬ㄝⓗᢳฟἲ(HEM)

FLH 㸻ࠊ

(3-1)

Chenery =Watanabe ࡢ᪉ἲ࡟ࡼࡿ๓᪉㐃㛵ࡢ ᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ1995 ᖺࡢୖ఩ 10 ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ1㸬ᑐ஦ᴗᡤࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠊ2㸬ၟᴗࠊ3㸬ࣃࣝࣉ࣭⣬࣭ᮌ〇ရࠊ4㸬㔠⼥࣭ಖ㝤ࠊ5㸬ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ〇㐀ᕤᴗ〇ရࠊ6㸬໬Ꮫ〇ရ 7㸬㐠㍺ࠊ8㸬㕲㗰ࠊ9㸬㟁Ꮚ㒊ရࠊ10㸬᝟ሗ㏻ಙࡢ
㡰␒࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2000 ᖺࡢୖ఩ 10 ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ1㸬ᑐ஦ᴗᡤࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠊ2㸬ၟᴗࠊ3㸬ࣃࣝࣉ࣭⣬࣭ᮌ〇ရࠊ
4㸬ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ〇㐀ᕤᴗ〇ရࠊ5㸬໬Ꮫ〇ရࠊ6㸬㕲㗰ࠊ7㸬㐠㍺ࠊ8㸬㟁Ꮚ㒊ရࠊ9㸬᝟ሗ
㏻ಙࠊ10㸬㖔ᴗࡢ㡰␒࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2005 ᖺࡢୖ఩ 10 ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ1㸬ᑐ஦ᴗᡤࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠊ2㸬ၟᴗࠊ3㸬㔠⼥࣭ಖ㝤ࠊ4㸬ࣃࣝࣉ࣭⣬࣭ᮌ〇ရࠊ5㸬㟁Ꮚ㒊ရࠊ6㸬㕲㗰ࠊ7㸬ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ〇㐀ᕤᴗ〇ရࠊ8㸬໬Ꮫ〇ရࠊ
9㸬㐠㍺ࠊ10㸬᝟ሗ㏻ಙࡢ㡰␒࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ḟ࡟ࠊRasmussen ࡢ᪉ἲ࡟ࡼࡿ๓᪉㐃㛵ࡢ ᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ1995 ᖺࡢୖ఩ 10 ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ1㸬ᑐ஦ᴗᡤࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠊ2㸬ၟᴗࠊ3㸬㔠⼥࣭ಖ㝤ࠊ4㸬㕲㗰ࠊ5㸬໬Ꮫ〇ရࠊ6㸬ࣃࣝࣉ࣭⣬࣭ᮌ〇ရࠊ7㸬ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ〇㐀ᕤᴗ〇ရࠊ8㸬㐠㍺ࠊ9㸬᝟ሗ㏻ಙࠊ10㸬㍺㏦ᶵᲔࡢ㡰␒࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2000 ᖺࡢୖ఩ 10 ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ1㸬ᑐ஦ᴗᡤࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠊ2㸬ၟᴗࠊ 3㸬㔠⼥࣭ಖ㝤ࠊ4㸬㕲㗰ࠊ5㸬໬Ꮫ〇ရࠊ6㸬᝟ሗ㏻ಙࠊ7㸬ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ〇㐀ᕤᴗ〇ရࠊ8㸬ࣃࣝࣉ࣭⣬࣭ᮌ〇ရࠊ
9㸬㐠㍺ࠊ10㸬㟁ຊ࣭࢞ࢫ࣭⇕౪⤥ࡢ㡰␒࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2005 ᖺࡢୖ఩ 10 ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ1㸬ᑐ஦ᴗᡤࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠊ2㸬ၟᴗࠊ 3㸬㔠⼥࣭ಖ㝤ࠊ4㸬㕲㗰ࠊ5㸬᝟ሗ࣭㏻ಙᶵჾࠊ6㸬᝟ሗ㏻ಙࠊ7㸬໬Ꮫ〇ရࠊ8㸬㐠㍺ࠊ 9㸬ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ〇㐀ᕤ
ᴗ〇ရࠊ10㸬㟁ຊ࣭࢞ࢫ࣭⇕౪⤥ࡢ㡰␒࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊ௬ㄝⓗᢳฟἲ(HEM)࡟ࡼࡿ๓᪉㐃㛵ࡢ ᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ1995 ᖺࡢୖ఩ 10 ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ1㸬㍺㏦ᶵᲔࠊ2㸬ᑐ஦ᴗᡤࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠊ3㸬බົࠊ4㸬㐠㍺ࠊ5㸬㎰ᯘỈ⏘ᴗࠊ6㸬
㖔ᴗࠊ7㸬ᘓタࠊ8㸬❔ᴗ࣭ᅵ▼〇ရࠊ9㸬㣧㣗ᩱရࠊ10㸬㟁ຊ࣭࢞ࢫ࣭⇕౪⤥ࡢ㡰␒࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2000 ᖺࡢୖ఩ 10 ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ1㸬㍺㏦ᶵᲔࠊ2㸬ᑐ஦ᴗᡤࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠊ3㸬බົࠊ4㸬㐠㍺ࠊ
5㸬㎰ᯘỈ⏘ᴗࠊ6㸬㖔ᴗࠊ7㸬᝟ሗ㏻ಙࠊ 8㸬ᘓタࠊ9㸬໬Ꮫ〇ရࠊ10㸬▼Ἔ࣭▼Ⅳ〇
ရࡢ㡰␒࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2005 ᖺࡢୖ఩ 10 ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ1㸬㍺㏦ᶵᲔࠊ2㸬ᑐ஦ᴗᡤࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠊ3㸬බົࠊ4㸬㐠㍺ࠊ
5㸬㎰ᯘỈ⏘ᴗࠊ6㸬㖔ᴗࠊ7㸬㟁ຊ࣭࢞ࢫ࣭⇕౪⤥ᴗࠊ 8㸬㠀㕲㔠ᒓࠊ9㸬▼Ἔ࣭▼Ⅳ〇ရࠊ10㸬❔ᴗ࣭ᅵ▼〇ရࡢ㡰␒࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
(3)࣮࣭࢟ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ≉ᐃᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᖺḟࡢ౯᱁࡛ホ౯ࡋࡓࠕ᫬౯ホ౯᥋⥆⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲(ྡ┠⾲)ࠖ࡟
౫ᣐࡋࠊChenery =Watanabe ࠊRasmussen ࡢ᪉ἲࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ௬ㄝⓗᢳฟἲࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟
ἢࡗ࡚ࠊ1995 ᖺࠊ2000 ᖺࠊ2005 ᖺࡢྛᖺḟ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡢ㒊㛛㛫ࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪࢆィ ࡋࠊྛᖺḟ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣮࣭࢟ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ᥎⛣ࢆศᯒࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ

6ᮏ✏࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣮࣭࢟ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ≉ᐃἲࡣࠊ୕ࡘࡢࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪࡢ ᗘ࡟ඹ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ1995
ᖺ-2000 ᖺ-2005 ᖺࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᖺḟࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏ⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿᇶᖿ⏘ᴗ࡟఩⨨௜ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⏘ᴗࢆࠊ
ࠕ࣮࣭࢟ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࠖ࡜≉ᐃࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺᪉ἲࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ≉ᐃ᪉ἲ࡟ࡼࡾࠊᚋ᪉㐃㛵ࡢ ᗘ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ1995-2000-2005 ᖺࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᖺḟ
࡛ඹ㏻ࡍࡿᇶᖿ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ
ࠕ㍺㏦ᶵᲔࠖࠊࠕ㟁ẼᶵᲔࠖࠊࠕ㕲㗰ࠖࡢ 3 ⏘ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ๓᪉㐃㛵ࡢ ᗘ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ1995-2000-2005 ᖺࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᖺḟ࡛ඹ㏻ࡍࡿᇶ
ᖿ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ
ࠕ㐠㍺ࠖ
ࠊ
ࠕᑐ஦ᴗᡤࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠖࡢ 2 ⏘ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ϫ. ศᯒ⤖ᯝ࡜௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟ศᯒ⤖ᯝࢆせ⣙ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ௨ୗࡢ 3 Ⅼ࡟せ⣙ࡉࢀࡿࠋ➨ 1 ࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏ⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㒊㛛㛫ࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪࡢ ᗘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊྂ඾ⓗ஌ᩘ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛
࠶ࡿ Chenery = Watanabe ࡢ᪉ἲࠊRasmussen ࡢ᪉ἲࠊࡉࡽ࡟௬ㄝⓗᢳฟἲࡢ㸱ࡘࡢᗘࢆ㐺⏝ࡋࠊ᪥ᮏ⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿᇶᖿ⏘ᴗࡢ᥎⛣ࢆ㊧௜ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨ 2 ࡟ࠊᚋ᪉㐃㛵࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡢᇶᖿ⏘ᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚〇㐀ᴗࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ㍺㏦ᶵᲔ⏘ᴗ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ⏘ᴗࡀୖ఩࡟఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
௚᪉ࠊ๓᪉㐃㛵࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡢᇶᖿ⏘ᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࠊ≉࡟ࠊᑐ஦ᴗᡤࢧ
࣮ࣅࢫࠊ㔠⼥࣭ಖ㝤ࠊၟᴗ࡞࡝ࡀ఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
➨ 3 ࡟ࠊ୕ࡘࡢࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪࡢ ᗘ࡟ඹ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ1995 ᖺ-2000 ᖺ-2005 ᖺࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᖺ
ḟࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏ⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿᇶᖿ⏘ᴗ࡟఩⨨௜ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⏘ᴗࢆࠊࠕ࣮࣭࢟ࢭࢡࢱ
࣮ࠖ࡜≉ᐃࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺᪉ἲࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊᚋ᪉㐃㛵ࡢ ᗘ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ1995-2000-2005ᖺࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᖺḟ࡛ඹ㏻ࡍࡿᇶᖿ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ
ࠕ㍺㏦ᶵᲔࠖࠊࠕ㟁ẼᶵᲔࠖࠊࠕ㕲㗰ࠖࡢ 3 ⏘ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࠋྠᵝ࡟ࠊ๓᪉㐃㛵ࡢ ᗘ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ1995-2000-2005 ᖺࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᖺḟ࡛ඹ㏻ࡍࡿᇶᖿ⏘ᴗࡣࠊࠕ㐠㍺ࠖࠊ
ࠕᑐ஦ᴗᡤࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠖࡢ 2 ⏘ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
ࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ௒ᚋࡢศᯒୖࡢㄢ㢟ࡣࠊ୍ពⓗ࡞࣮࣭࢟ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ≉ᐃࢆ⾜࠺᪉ἲ(౛࠼ࡤࠊTemurshov (2010))࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ヲࡋࡃ᳨ウࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ࣮࣭࢟ࢭࢡࢱ࣮㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ࣮࣭࢟ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㸧ࡢ≉ᐃ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㒊㛛㛫ࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪࡢศᯒࢆࠊᨻ⟇ㄢ㢟ࡢศᯒ࡟ά࠿ࡍ
ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

7⾲㸯㒊㛛㛫ࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪࡢᣦᶆ㸦ᚋ᪉㐃㛵㸧㸪1995-2000-2005 ᖺฟᡤ㸸⥲ົ┬ࠗᖹᡂ 7㸫12㸫17(1995-2000-2005)ᖺ᥋⥆⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲࠘ࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂࠋ8⾲㸰㒊㛛㛫ࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪࡢᣦᶆ㸦๓᪉㐃㛵㸧㸪1995-2000-2005 ᖺฟᡤ㸸⥲ົ┬ࠗᖹᡂ 7㸫12㸫17(1995-2000-2005)ᖺ᥋⥆⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲࠘ࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂ9ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩B. Andreosso-O’ Callaghan and Guoqiang Yue (2004), “Intersectoral
Linkages and Key Sectors in China 1987-1997—An Application of
Input-Output Linkage Analysis”, Asian Economic Journal, Vol. 18, Issue 2,
pp.165-183.
Cella, G.(1984), “The Input-output measurement of Interindustry Linkages,”
Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 46, 1, pp.73-84.
Chenery, H.B. and Watanabe, T.(1958),”International Comparisons of theStructure of Production”, Econometrica, 26(4), October, pp.487-521.
Dietzenbacher, E., and van der Linden, J.(1997),”Sectoral and Spatial
Linkages in the EC Production Structure,” Estudios de Economia
Aplicada,Vol.23, No.2,pp.405-422
Hirschman, A.(1958),The Strategy of Economic Development, New Heaven:
Yale University Press.
Leontief, W., Hollis B. Chenery, Paul G. Clark, James S. Duesenberry, Allen
R.Ferguson, Anne P. Grosse, Robert H. Grosse, Mathilda Holzman, Walter
Isard and Helen Kistin(1953), Studies in the Structure of American
Economy, White Plains, NY :International Arts and Science Press.
Miller, R.E.(1966),”Interregional Feedback Effects in Input-Output Models:Some Preliminary Results,” Papers in Regional Science,Vol.17, No.1, pp.
105-125.
Miller, R.E. and Lahr, Michael L.(2001),”A Taxonomy of Extractions,” in
Chapter 21, M.L. Lahr(edited), Regional Science Perspectives in Economic
Analysis, Elsevier Science B.V., pp.407-441.
Miller, R.E. and Blair, P.D.(2009), Input-Output Analysis: Foundations andExtensions, Second Edition,Cambridge University Press.
Oosterhaven, J., Eding, G.J. and Stelder, D. (2001), “Clusters, linkages andinterregional spillovers: methodology and policy implications for the two
Dutch mainports and the rural north,” Regional Studies, Vol. 35,
pp. 809-822.
Rasmussen, P.N. (1956), Studies in Inter-Sectoral Relations, North-Holland,
Amsterdam.
Schultz, S. (1977),”Approaches to identifying key sectors empirically bymeans of input-output analysis,” Journal of Development Studies, Vol.14,
No.1,pp.77-96
Sonis, M., Guilhoto, J.J.M., Hewings, GJ.D. and Martins, E.B. (1995),”Linkages, key Sectors, and Structural Change: Some New Perspectives,”
The Developing Economics, XXXIII-3, September, pp.233-270.
Temurshov, U. (2010), “Identifying Optimal Sector Groupings with the
Hypothetical Extraction Method,” Journal of Regional Science, Vol. 50,
pp. 872-890.

10

(1) ሗ ࿌ ࡢ 㢟 ┠ 㸸 㔠 ⼥ ໬ ࡜ ᪥ ᮏ ⤒ ῭ ࡢ ㈨ ᮏ ⵳ ✚ ࣃ ࢱ ࣮ ࣥ ࡢ Ỵ ᐃ せ ᅉ 㸸 ⏘ ᴗ ࣞ ࣋ ࣝ࡟ὀ┠ࡋࡓᐇドศᯒ(2) Ặ ྡ 㸸 す ὒ(3) ᡤ ᒓ ᶵ 㛵 ࡜ 㐃 ⤡ ඛ 㸸 㜰 ༡ ኱ Ꮫ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ 㒊 㸦 Email:nishi@hannan-u.ac.jp㸧
(4) ࢟ ࣮ ࣡ ࣮ ࢻ 㸸 㔠 ⼥ ໬ ࠊ ㈨ ᮏ ⵳ ✚ ࠊ ᪥ ᮏ ⤒ ῭ ࠊ ࣃ ࢿ ࣝ ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ศ ᯒ(5) ሗ ࿌ せ ᪨㏆ᖺࠊ㔠⼥໬࡜⤒῭ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟ࡶᐇドⓗ࡟ࡶάⓎ࡞◊✲ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋඛ⾜◊✲ࡢከࡃࡣࠊ㔠⼥໬ࡢࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ㐍ࢇࡔ⡿ᅜࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⥲㟂せᙧᡂࡸປാศ㓄⋡ࡢỈ‽࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࢿ࢞ࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ᪥ᮏࡢ⏘ᴗࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟ศᯒᑐ㇟ࢆᐃࡵࠊࡑࡢ㔠⼥໬ࡢ≧ែ࠾ࡼࡧ㈨ᮏ⵳
✚࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࣃࢡࢺࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋࡲࡎඛ⾜◊✲࡟ೌ࠸ࠊ᪥ᮏ⤒῭࡟࠾࠸࡚㔠⼥໬࡟㛵ࢃࡿ௦⾲ⓗ࡞⤒῭ኚᩘࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ኚ໬ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࠿ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ⥆࠸࡚ࠊ㔠⼥ ໬ ࢆ ᛕ 㢌 ࡟ ࠾ ࠸ ࡓ ᢞ ㈨ 㛵 ᩘ ࣔ ࢹ ࣝ ࢆ タ ᐃ ࡋ ࠊ㔠 ⼥ ໬ ࡜ ᪥ ᮏ ࡢ 〇 㐀 ᴗ ࠊ㠀 〇 㐀 ᴗ ࠊࡑࡋ࡚⏘ᴗ඲యࡢ㈨ᮏ⵳✚⾜ື࡜ࡢ㛵㐃ࢆィ㔞ⓗ࡟ศᯒࡍࡿࠋ௨ୖࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ᪥
ᮏ⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㔠⼥໬ࡢ⛬ᗘࡸ≉ᚩࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ㈨ᮏ⵳✚ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ࡜ࡢ㛵㐃ᛶࢆᢕᥱࡍࡿࠋࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⪃ᐹ࠿ࡽᑟࡁฟࡉࢀࡿ⤖ㄽࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶ ࠊ⡿ ᅜ ࡜ ྠ ᵝ ࡟ GDP ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ฼ ₶ ࡢ ๭ ྜ ࡟ 㛵 ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ 㔠 ⼥ 㒊 㛛 ࡢ ㈉ ⊩ ࡣ 㧗 ࡲ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ⏘ᴗ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ㔠⼥㈨⏘࡬ࡢᢞ㈨ࠊ㔠⼥ⓗᨭฟࡸ཰┈ࡢつᶍࠊࡉࡽ࡟
ࡣ㔠⼥ୖࡢᡤᚓศ㓄࡟㊅ໃⓗ࡞ᣑ኱ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࢆ⏘ᴗ㒊㛛࠿ࡽࡳࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࢀࡣ⡿ᅜࡢࡼ࠺࡞㔠⼥໬ࡢ඙ೃࢆ♧ࡋ࡚ࡣ࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
ィ㔞ศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ⏘ᴗ඲యࡢ㈨ᮏ⵳✚ࡣࠊ㔠⼥໬࡟㛵ࢃࡿኚᩘࡢ
ືྥ࡟ᙉࡃᕥྑࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋ㈨ᮏ⵳✚⋡ࡀ೵⁫ࡋࡓࣂ ࣈ ࣝ ᔂ ቯ ᚋ ࠿ ࡽ 2000 ᖺ 㡭 ࡟ ࠿ ࡅ ࡚ ࠊ㔠 ⼥ ⓗ ᨭ ฟ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ 㔠 ⼥ ⓗ ཰ ┈ ࡢ ࠸ ࡎ ࢀ ࡶ ඲⯡ⓗ࡞పୗࢆࡓ࡝ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ㔠⼥໬ኚᩘࡀప㏞ࡋ࡚࠸࡚ࡶ࡞࠾㈨ᮏ⵳✚⋡ࡣ೵⁫ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢᅇ᚟ࡣࠊ฼₶⋡ࡸ௜ຍ౯್⋡ࡢᅇ᚟࡜ࠊࡑࢀ௨
๓࠿ࡽࡳࡽࢀࡿ㈇മ࣭㈨ᮏẚ⋡ࡢ๐ῶࢆకࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏࡢ㈨ᮏ⵳✚ࡢῶ㏿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡢࡼ࠺࡟㔠⼥໬ࢆక࠺㈨ᮏ⵳✚ࡢῶ㏿࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㔠⼥໬ࢆకࢃ࡞࠸㈨ᮏ⵳✚ࡢῶ㏿ࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ฼₶⋡ࡸ௜ຍ౯್⋡࡜࠸ࡗࡓᐇ≀㠃࡟ᕥྑࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜
ࢆᑟࡁฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(1) ሗ࿌ࡢ㢟┠ࠕ☜⋡ⓗ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋከேᩘᅃேࡢࢪ࣐ࣞࣥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ஫ᜨᡓ␎࡜฼ᕫᡓ␎ࡢඹ㐍໬ࣉࣟࢭࢫࠖ
(2) Ặྡ ᕝᮧဴஓ(3) ᡤᒓᶵ㛵࡜㐃⤡ඛ ኱㜰኱Ꮫ♫఍⤒῭◊✲ᡤ sanjin12346@gmail.com(4) ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ 㐍໬ࢤ࣮࣒ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࠊ஫ᜨᡓ␎ࠊඹ㐍໬(5) ሗ࿌せ᪨ከேᩘ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋከேᩘᅃேࡢࢪ࣐ࣞࣥ(N-person Iterated Prisoners' dilemma)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
࣐ࢵࢳࣥࢢࡉࢀࡓ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡀࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ☜⋡ⓗ࡟⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࣉࣞ࢖ࡍࡿࣔࢹࣝࢆ㐍໬ࢤ࣮࣒ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ศᯒࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࢆሗ࿌ࡍࡿࠋ
NIPD ࡛ࡣࠊሗ᚟ࢆ㛤ጞࡍࡿ㜈್ࡀ」ᩘ࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊᡓ␎ࡢᐶᐜࡉࡢ⛬ᗘ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ࠊ஫ᜨⓗᡓ␎㸦Trigger or TFT strategy㸧ࢆ」ᩘᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋከேᩘᅃேࡢࢪ࣐ࣞࣥࡢ㐍໬ࢤ࣮࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࣐ࢵࢳࣥࢢࡉࢀࡓ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡀࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ↓㝈ᅇ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡍ࡜௬ᐃࡋࡓ
ሙྜࠊᖖ࡟⿬ษࡿ฼ᕫⓗᡓ␎㸦Unconditional Defector:UD㸧࡜஫ᜨⓗᡓ␎㸦Trigger or TFT
strategy㸧ࡢඹᏑ≧ែࡀ Evolutionary Stable Strategy ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࠊESS ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ஫ᜨⓗᡓ␎ࡣࠊ฼ᚓ⾲࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ࡓࡔ୍ࡘࡀ㑅ᢤࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(Molander 19921)ࠋ
ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽࠊࢤ࣮࣒ࡀ☜⋡ⓗ࡟⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀࡿࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ฼ᚓ⾲࡟
ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊUD ࡜ඹ࡟ ESS ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ஫ᜨⓗᡓ␎ࡀ」ᩘᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇ
ࢀࡽ」ᩘࡢ ESS ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ฼ᚓ⾲࡜ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ☜⋡ࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ㡿ᇦࢆ≉ᐃࡍࡿࠋḟ࡟ࠊ」ᩘࡢ ESS ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ⣔ࡢࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢡࢫࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊUD ࡜ඹᏑࡍࡿ஫ᜨᡓ
␎࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ ESS ࢆ⤖ࡪᡓ␎ࣉࣟࣇ࢓࢖ࣝୖࡢࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢡࢫࢆឤᗘศᯒ࡟ࡼࡗ᳨࡚ドࡋࠊಶࠎࡢ ESS ࡢ྾཰㡿ᇦࡢቃ⏺࡜࡞ࡿ୙Ᏻᐃᐃᖖ≧ែࡢᡓ␎ࣉࣟࣇ࢓࢖ࣝࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᐃᖖ≧ែࡣࠊ」ᩘࡢ஫ᜨᡓ␎࡜ UD ࡀඹᏑࡍࡿ≧ែ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
௨ୖࡢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ⤖ᯝࢆࠊ≉ᐃࡢ฼ᚓ⾲࡜⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ☜⋡ࢆ⏝࠸࡚౛♧ࡋࠊ☜⋡ⓗ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ NIPD ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ஫ᜨᡓ␎࡜฼ᕫᡓ␎ࡢඹ㐍໬ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡢከᵝᛶ࡜ࡑࡢព⩏࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ሗ࿌ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ
1 Molander, P., 1992. "The prevalence of free riding." J. Conflict Resolution vol-36,
pp.756±771.

ᰴᘧᕷሙࡣ௻ᴗࡢᡂ㛗࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿ࠿㸽ᰴᘧᕷሙ࡜㈈ᕷሙࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ⏘ᴗࣔࢹࣝࡢ
࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࣮࣋ࢫࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ
Dose Stock Market Contribute to the Growth of a Company-An Agent-based Simulation of a Industry Modelin which both Stock Market and Goods Market Existᮤ ⓡ ibuki@v007.vaio.ne.jpி㒔᝟ሗ኱Ꮫ㝔኱Ꮫ ᛂ⏝᝟ሗᢏ⾡◊✲⛉The Kyoto College of Graduate Studies for Informatics

䜻䞊䝽䞊䝗䠖ᰴᘧᕷሙ䚸㈈ᕷሙ䚸䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝖䝧䞊䝇䝅䝭䝳䝺䞊䝅䝵䞁
Keyword: financial statements, measure of investment, agent-based simulation

1

ࡣࡌࡵ࡟

ྲྀᘬ⾜ືࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡢゎ᫂ࠋ2㸬ᢞᶵⓗ࣭⊋⊌ⓗ࡞ྲྀᘬ࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡿᕷሙᔂቯࢆ㑊ࡅࡿࡓࡵࡢ

ேᕤᕷሙ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡣ♫఍ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ

ᕷሙ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡸຠ⋡ⓗ࡞౯᱁Ỵᐃ࢔ࣝࢦࣜ

ࣙࣥࡢ୍ࡘࡢ࢝ࢸࢦࣜ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⬮ගࢆᾎࡧ࡚

ࢬ࣒࡞࡝ࡢไᗘタィࠋ3㸬㐍໬ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࣭㐺࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤ⤒῭Ꮫࡢࣟ࣎࢝ࢵࣉࢆ┠ᣦࡋࠊᛂᏛ⩦࡞࡝ࠊேᕤ▱⬟࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅࡜ᕤᏛ⪅ࡢඹ㏻ࡢࢸࢫࢺ࣋ࢵࢺ࡜ࡋ

࠸ࡎࢀࡢ◊✲ࡶᰴᘧᕷሙࡢࠕ୰ࠖࡢྲྀᘬࢆὀ࡚タ❧ࡉࢀࡓU-Martࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ 1࡛ࡣࠊᕷ┠ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᰴᘧᕷሙࡢࠕእࠖࡢ㒊ศࠊ౛ሙࡢືࡁ࡜ᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⤒῭⾜ືࢆゎ᫂ࡍࡿ࠼ࡤྲྀᘬࡉࢀࡿᰴࢆⓎ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ௻ᴗࡢ౯್

ࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᶍᨃᕷሙࢆタィࡋࠊᰴ౯ᣦᩘࢆྲྀࡾ

࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ゐࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋᰴ౯ࡢື

ᘬࡁࡍࡿ௬᝿ඛ≀ᕷሙࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢱ࣮ࢆ㛤Ⓨࡁࢆࢺ࣮ࣞࢫࡍࡿࢸࢡࢽ࢝ࣝศᯒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ

ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ௚ࠊ㐍໬ⓗ࡞࢔ࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒ࢆேᕤ

ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞◊✲ᡂᯝࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ௻

ᕷሙ࡟㐺⏝ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡸᏛ⩦ᆺࡢேᕤ▱⬟ࡢྲྀ

ᴗࡢ㈈ົ≧ἣࡸᴗ⦼ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࣇ࢓ࣥࢲ࣓ࣥ

ᘬ࡟ࡼࡿ࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺ࣓࣮ࢡ࡞࡝ࠊⅭ᭰ᕷሙࡸࢱࣝࢬศᯒࢆᇶ࡟ேᕤᕷሙࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ౛ࡣᴟ

ᰴᘧᕷሙࡢேཱྀᕷሙࡢ◊✲ࡣ᪥ᮏࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞

ࡵ࡚ᑡ࡞࠸ࠋ

࠸ࠋ౛࠼ࡤ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࢧࣥࢱࣇ࢙◊✲ᡤ࡛ࡣࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ௻ᴗ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࡜ᢞ㈨ᐙ࢚

㔠฼࡜㓄ᙜࢆඖ࡟ᰴ౯ࡢ⌮ㄽ್ࢆィ⟬ࡍࡿே࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࡟ࡼࡿ࣐ࣝࢳ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࢩࢫࢸ

ᕤᰴᘧᕷሙࣔࢹࣝࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛◊࣒ࢆタィࡋࠊ㈈ᕷሙ࡜ᰴᘧᕷሙ࡞࡝ࡢேᕤᕷ

✲ࢆ㐍ࡵࡓ[Arthur et.al 1997]ࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣྎ

ሙࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࠋ᪤Ꮡࡢேᕤᰴᘧᕷሙ࡛ࡣࠊ◊‴ᅜ❧ᨻ἞኱ᏛࡢAI-ECONࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࢭࣥࢱ

✲ᑐ㇟ࡣᰴ౯ࢆࢺ࣮ࣞࢫࡍࡿࢸࢡࢽ࢝ࣝศᯒ

࣮࡛ࡣࠊ㑇ఏⓗࣉࣟࢢ࣑ࣛࣥࢢ࡟ࡼࡿᰴ౯ࡢ

ࡸᰴᘧᕷሙࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡟೫ࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ

ゎᯒཬࡧྲྀᘬᡓ␎ࡢ᳨ドࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ[Chenᡃࠎࡣ௻ᴗእ㒊࡛࠶ࡿᰴᘧᕷሙෆࡢฟ᮶஦ࡔ

et.al 1996]ࠋ

ࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᰴᘧᕷሙࡢྲྀᘬ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ௻ᴗෆ

ࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲ࡣ୺࡟௨ୗࡢࢸ࣮࣐࡟ࣇ࢛࣮
࢝ࢫࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ1㸬᭷ຠ࡞ྲྀᘬᡓ␎࡜ே㛫ࡢ㒊ࡢ⤒Ⴀάື࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆࣇ࢛࣮࢝ࢫࡍࡿࠋ
ேᕤ▱⬟࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡀ఍♫⤒Ⴀࢆ⾜࠺ࣂ࣮ࢳࣕࣝ௻ᴗࡢㅖάື㸦ㄪ㐩ࠊ⏕⏘ࠊ㈍኎ࠊ
≀ὶ࡞࡝㸧࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㈈ົ఍ィࡸ⟶⌮఍ィࢆ࣋

2ᰴᘧᕷሙࡢᙳ㡪ຊ࣮ࢫ࡟ྛ✀㈈ົㅖ⾲ࢆ⏕ᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ࠊ

㏆ᖺࠊእ㈨ࣇ࢓ࣥࢻ࡟ࡼࡿ᪥ᮏᕷሙ࡬ࡢ㈨ࣇ࢓ࣥࢲ࣓ࣥࢱࣝࢬศᯒ࡛ᢞ㈨ᡓ␎ࢆᐃࡵࡿ

ᮏཧධࡣᖺࠎቑ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊḢ⡿ᘧࡢேᕤ▱⬟࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡀேᕤᰴᘧᕷሙ࡛ࡇࢀᰴ୺ឤぬࡶ᪥ᮏ࡟ὶධࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᰴ୺ࡣ⤒Ⴀࡽࡢࣂ࣮ࢳࣕࣝ௻ᴗࡢᰴᘧᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠺ࣔࢹࣝ࡟✚ᴟⓗ࡟ཧ୚ࡋࠊᙳ㡪ຊࢆⓎ᥹ࡍࡿሙ㠃ࡶࢆタィࡋࠊά⏝ࡍࡿࠋቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௻ᴗ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡣᰴ୺ࡢពྥࢆព㆑

ࡇࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࠊ஧✀㢮ࡢᏛ⩦ᆺ࢚࣮ࢪࡋࠊᰴ୺ࡽࡀᮃࡴࡼ࠺࡞⤒Ⴀࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ

࢙ࣥࢺ࡜஧✀㢮ࡢᕷሙࡀᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡿࠋ஧✀㢮௻ᴗάື࡟ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᨭ㞀ࡀฟࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡢ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࡜ࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡢ฼┈⋓ᚓࡢࡓࡵ

ࡿࠋ㏫࡟ࠊ௻ᴗάື࡟⮬ศࡢពྥࢆ཯ᫎࡉࡏ

࡟ࠊ
ၟရࢆ㈍኎ࡍࡿ௻ᴗ⤒Ⴀ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࡜ࠊ

ࡓ࠸࡞ࡽࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᡭἲ࡛ᰴࡢ㈙࠸௜ࡅ࡞

ᢞ㈨࡟ࡼࡿ཰┈ࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᢞ㈨࣭ᢞᶵάື

࡝࡟ࡼࡾࠊฟ㈨୺࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᪩㐨࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢆ⾜࠺ᰴᘧᢞ㈨ᐙ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ஧✀ᰴᘧᕷሙࡢྲྀᘬࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ௻ᴗάືࢆᨭ㓄ࡋ㢮ࡢᕷሙ࡜ࡣࠊ㈈ᕷሙ࡜ᰴᘧᕷሙ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ

ࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋࡢࣔࢹࣝࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞ືᏛⓗ࡞ᵓ㐀ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ

ᮏ᮶࡞ࡽࠊ௻ᴗ࡟㛵ࢃࡿࢫࢸ࣮ࢡ࣍ࣝࢲ࣮

࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௻ᴗ⤒Ⴀ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡣࠊ

㸦ᰴ୺ࠊ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࠊᚑᴗဨࠊ㢳ᐈ࡞࡝㸧ࡣ␗࡞ᰴᘧᕷሙ࡛㈨ᮏ㔠ࢆྲྀᚓࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆᡭඖ࡜ࡋ

ࡿ❧ሙ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ௻ᴗࡢ㛗ᮇⓗᡂ㛗ࢆᮃࢇ࡛࠸

࡚௻ᴗάື㸦ㄪ㐩ࠊ⏕⏘ࠊ㈍኎࡞࡝㸧ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡿ࡜ண᝿ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊ⌧ᐇ࡛ࡣࢫࢸ࣮ࢡ࣍ࣝࢲ

ࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏘ฟࡉࢀࡓၟရࢆ㈈ᕷሙ࡛኎༷

࣮࡛࠶ࡿᰴ୺ࡢ඲࡚ࡀ఍♫ࡢᡂ㛗ࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚ࡋࠊ฼┈ࢆᚓࡿࠋ฼┈ࡢ୍㒊ࡣᢞ㈨⪅࡬ࡢ㓄࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸ࠋᰴᘧࡢᢞ㈨ᐙࡢ୰࡟ࠊ఍

ᙜ࡜ࡋ࡚๭ࡾᙜ࡚ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࡿࠋᢞ㈨ᐙ࢚

♫ࡢᡂ㛗ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ⮬ศࡢ฼┈ࢆඃඛⓗ࡟࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡣᵝࠎ࡞ᑻᗘ࡛ᢞ㈨άືࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ㏣ồࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᰴ୺ࡶ࠸ࡿࠋᰴ୺฼ᚓࢆᚓࡿࡓ

࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅከࡃࡢ฼┈ࢆᚓࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࠋᢞ㈨ࡵ࡟ࠊᰴᘧࡢᢞ㈨ᐙࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᢞ㈨ᑻᗘࢆ

ᐙ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡣ฼ᚓࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡉࡲࡊ

⏝࠸࡚ᢞ㈨ࡢุ᩿ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᢞ㈨ᑻᗘ

ࡲ࡞ᢞ㈨ᑻᗘࢆ⏝࠸࡚ᢞ㈨ࡢุ᩿ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡣ㈨ᮏᕷሙ࡟኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࠊ㛫᥋ⓗᡃࠎࡣࠕࣔࢹࣝෆࡢᰴᘧᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢚

࡟௻ᴗάື࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࡀࠊᢞ㈨ᑻᗘࡣᇶᮏ

࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡢྲྀᘬᡓ␎ࡀࠊ௻ᴗࡢ⤒Ⴀ࡟࡝ࡢⓗ࡟ᰴ୺ࡢ฼ᚓᚿྥࡢᇶ‽࡛࠶ࡾࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶ

ࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࠿㸽ࠖࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓ

఍♫ࡢᡂ㛗࡟⧅ࡀࡿ࡜ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ௻

࠸ࠋእ㈨ࣇ࢓ࣥࢻ࡟ࡼࡿ᪥ᮏᕷሙ࡬ࡢ㈨ᮏཧ

ᴗ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡣ࠸ࢃࡺࡿᰴ୺ᑐ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽ

ධࡀᖺࠎቑ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊḢ⡿ᆺࡢᢞ㈨ࡢᢞ㈨ᑻᗘࢆព㆑ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ෇⁥࡞఍♫⤒᪉㔪ࡶ᪥ᮏ࡟ὶධࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᢞ㈨ᐙࡣ⤒Ⴀ࡟Ⴀࡣᅔ㞴࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

✚ᴟⓗ࡟㛵୚ࡋࠊᙳ㡪ຊࢆⓎ᥹ࡍࡿሙ㠃ࡶቑᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊᰴᘧᕷሙ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓྲྀᘬ࡛ࡣ

࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ୍㒊ࡢᢞ㈨ࣇ࢓ࣥࢻࡣ┠࡞ࡃࠊ௻ᴗࡢ⤒Ⴀᡓ␎࡟ᑐࡍࡿᰴ୺ࡢᢞ㈨ᑻ

ඛࡢ฼┈ࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿ࠶ࡲࡾ࡟ࠊᐇ㝿ࡢ௻ᴗ⤒ᗘࡢᙳ㡪ࢆὀ┠ࡍࡿࠋᢞ㈨ᑻᗘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࢸࢡࢽ

Ⴀ࡟ᝏᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

࢝ࣝศᯒ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࣇ࢓ࣥࢲ࣓ࣥࢱࣝࢬศᯒ

ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊᢞ㈨ᐙࡢᢞ㈨ᡓ␎ࢆศᯒࡋࠊࡑ

ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࠋࢸࢡࢽ࢝ࣝศᯒࡣᰴᘧᕷሙෆ࡛

ࢀࡽࡢᡓ␎࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ௻ᴗ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪᏶⤖ࡍࡿࡀࠊࣇ࢓ࣥࢲ࣓ࣥࢱࣝࢬศᯒࡣᰴᘧ

ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࠿ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ

ᕷሙࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㔠⼥ᕷሙࠊປാᕷሙࠊ㈈ᕷሙ࡛⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞௻ᴗάື࡟ࡶ
╔┠ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࡼࡾከ᪉㠃࡛௻ᴗ⤒Ⴀࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࡿࠋ
௻ᴗάື࡟ࡼࡿ㈈ົㅖ⾲ࡢኚ໬ࢆࣔࢹࣝ໬

3.1 ༢఩
ࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࡢㅖィ⟬࡟௨ୗࡢ༢఩ࢆ౑࠺ࠋ
x ㏻㈌䠖ⓒ୓෇x 䛚Ⲕ䠄〇ရ䠅䚸䛚Ⲕ䛾ⴥ䠄ཎᩱ䠅䠖1 䟋ࡋࠊࠕᰴᘧᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢞ㈨⪅ࡢ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࠖ࡜x 〇Ⲕჾ䠄⏕⏘タഛ䠅䠖1 ಶࠕ௻ᴗᡂ㛗ࠖࡢ㛵㐃ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥ

x ປാຊ䠖1 ேࢺ࣮࣋ࢫࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ◊✲࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ゎ᫂

3.2 ௻ᴗࣔࢹࣝࡢ௬ᐃ

ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ

3

ࣔࢹࣝ

௻ᴗࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊ௻ᴗάືࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ௨ୗࡢ
ࡼ࠺࡟௬ᐃࡋࡓࠋ௻ᴗ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡢㅖάື
࡜఍ィࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣࠊඛ⾜◊✲ࢆ᥼⏝ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊពᛮỴᐃࢆ⾜࠺ࡢࡣ௻ᴗ࢚࣮

ࡋࡓ[ᮤ 2008]ࠋ

ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋཎᩱࠊᶵᲔタഛࠊ〇ရ࡜ࡶ

3.2.1 ㈈ົㅖ⾲୍✀㢮ࡢࡳ࡛ᡂࡾ❧ࡕ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ௻ᴗ࢚

ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊᚲせ᭱ᑠ㝈ࡢ㈚೉ᑐ↷⾲ࠊᦆ࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡣ࠾Ⲕࢆ〇㐀ࡍࡿ〇㐀ᴗ࣓࣮࣮࢝

┈ィ⟬᭩ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࣔࢹࣝタࢆ᝿ᐃࡋࡓࠋ

ィࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ௻ᴗࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࠊୗグࡢࡼ࠺࠾Ⲕࢆ〇㐀ࡍࡿ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡣࠊཎ㈨ࢆ㔠⼥࣭㈨ᮏᕷሙ࠿ࡽㄪ㐩ࡍࡿࠋཎᩱࡢ࠾Ⲕࡢⴥࢆᕷ

࡞ᦆ┈ィ⟬᭩࡜㈚೉ᑐ↷⾲ࡀィ⟬ࡉࢀࡿࠋ⾲ 1 ࡣᦆ┈ィ⟬᭩ࡢ୍౛࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⾲ 2 ࡣ㈚ሙ࠿ࡽ㉎ධࡋࠊ⏕⏘࣭㈍኎࣭⟶⌮ࡢேᮦࢆ㞠೉ᑐ↷⾲ࡢ୍౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

⏝ࡋࠊ᭦࡟࠾Ⲕࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᶵᲔタഛ࡛

⾲ 1 ௻ᴗ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡢᦆ┈ィ⟬᭩࠶ࡿ〇Ⲕჾࡶ㉎ධࡍࡿࠋ௻ᴗ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡣ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤒Ⴀ㈨※ࢆ฼⏝ࡋࠊ࠾Ⲕࢆ⏕⏘࣭㈍኎ୖ㧗኎ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚฼┈ࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࡿࠋ
ၟရᕷሙ࡛࠶ࡿ࠾Ⲕᕷሙࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࡣ࢚࣮ࢪ

〇ရ኎ୖ㧗
኎ୖཎ౯

࢙ࣥࢺ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⊂༨ᕷሙࡸ⊂༨ⓗ➇தᕷሙ〇ရ኎ୖཎ౯

75
75
36
36

ࡢ㟂せ㛵ᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚⾲⌧ࡍࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊཎᩱᕷሙ࣭

኎ୖ⥲฼┈

39

ປാᕷሙ࣭㔠⼥ᕷሙࡣ᏶඲➇தᕷሙ࡜௬ᐃࡋࠊ

㈍኎⟶⌮㈝

10

௻ᴗ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡢ㉎ධ࣭㞠⏝࣭⼥㈨άື࡟⟶⌮㈝8ࡼࡿ౯᱁࣭ປ㈤࣭฼Ꮚ⋡ࡢኚ໬ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡞࠸ࠋ㈍኎㈝6ඛ⾜◊✲࡛ࡣ㈨ᮏᕷሙࡢᵓ⠏ࡏࡎ࡟ࠊ௻ᴗ
ࡣ୍ேࡢฟ㈨⪅ࡢᢞ㈨ᑻᗘ࡟‶ࡓࡍࡼ࠺࡟௻
ᴗάືࢆ⾜࠺࡜௬ᐃࡋࡓࡀࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ」ᩘ
ࡢᢞ㈨ᐙࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿᰴᘧᕷሙࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࠋᢞ㈨ᐙࡢᢞ㈨ᑻᗘࡣ ROE(return on equityࠊᰴ
୺㈨ᮏ฼┈⋡)ᚿྥࠊROA(return on assetsࠊ⥲㈨ᮏ฼┈⋡)ᚿྥࠊ኎ୖ㧗⣧฼┈⋡ᚿྥࠊ⥲㈨⏘ᅇ㌿⋡ᚿྥࠊ㈈ົࣞࣂࣞࢵࢪᚿྥࡢ஬✀㢮ࡢ௚ࠊẚ㍑ࡢࡓࡵࡢࣛࣥࢲ࣒࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ
ࡶ᝿ᐃࡍࡿࠋ

Ⴀᴗ฼┈25Ⴀᴗእ཰┈䛸㈝⏝

0

ᨭᡶ฼ᜥ

5

⤒ᖖ฼┈

20

⛯㔠ᨭฟ

10

ἲே⛯

10

ᙜᮇ⣧฼┈

10

⾲ 2

௻ᴗ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡢ㈚೉ᑐ↷⾲

೉᪉
ᅛᐃ㈨⏘
⏕⏘タഛ
ὶື㈨⏘
⌧㔠㡸㔠

ᗜࡣ௻ᴗࡢὶື㈨⏘࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿࠋ

㈚᪉
0 ㈇മ

0

0

0

㖟⾜೉ධ㔠

2.

ᶵᲔタഛ
x ࠾Ⲕࢆ㐀ࡿࡓࡵࡢᶵᲔタഛ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ〇Ⲕჾࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࠋ༑ศ࡞ཎᩱࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࠊ

200
200 ㈨ᮏ

200

1 ༢఩ࡢᶵᲔ࡛ 1 ᮇࡢ㛫ࠊ5 ༢఩௨ୖࡢ࠾Ⲕࢆ⏕⏘࡛ࡁࡿࠋ

ཎᩱᅾᗜ

0

㈨ᮏ㔠

200

〇ရᅾᗜ

0

ෆ㒊␃ಖ

0

x ㈚೉ᑐ↷⾲ୖࠊᶵᲔタഛ࡛࠶ࡿ〇Ⲕჾ

200 ㈨ᮏ㈇മྜィ200ࡣ௻ᴗࡢᅛᐃ㈨⏘࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿࠋ

㈨⏘ྜィ

3.2.2 ㈨㔠⧞ࡾ3.

ປാຊx 〇Ⲕჾࢆື࠿ࡍࡓࡵ࡟ࠊປാຊࡀᚲせ௻ᴗ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡣ఍♫ࡢ㐠Ⴀ㈨㔠ࢆᚓࡿ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡵ࡟ࠊඛ⾜◊✲࡛ࡣ㖟⾜೉ࡾධࢀཬࡧ㈨ᮏ
ᵓ㐀ࡢㄪᩚࡢ㸰ࡘࡢ᪉ἲࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊᮏ◊✲x 1 ༢఩ࡢ〇Ⲕჾࢆ᧯సࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᑡ

࡛ࡣࠊᰴᘧᕷሙࡢᙳ㡪ຊࢆ᫂☜࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ

࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ 4 ༢఩ࡢປാຊࡀᚲせ࡛࠶㈨㔠ㄪ㐩᪉ἲࢆ㖟⾜೉ࡾධࢀࡢࡳ࡜ࡋࠊ㈨ᮏ

ࡿࠋ㸲༢఩௨ୖࡢປാຊࢆᢞධࡋࡓሙ

㔠ࠊ㓄ᙜᨭᡶ⋡࡞࡝ࢆᅛᐃࡋࡓࠋ

ྜࠊປാຊࡢቑຍ࡜ẚ⋡ࡋ࡚⏕⏘ᛶࡀzᚎࠎ࡟పୗࡍࡿࠋ

㖟⾜࠿ࡽࡢ೉ࡾධࢀ㸸x 㖟⾜࠿ࡽ᭷฼Ꮚࡢ⼥㈨ࢆཷࡅࡿࠋᡤᐃ

3.2.4 㞠⏝௻ᴗάືࢆ෇⁥࡟㐙⾜ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ௨ୗࡢ

ࡢ฼Ꮚ⋡࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ฼Ꮚࢆᨭᡶ࠺⩏ົࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࠋ
x ⼥㈨ࡢ㝈ᗘ㢠ࡣࠊᰴ౯࡟ᙳ㡪ࡉࢀࡿࠋ

3 ✀㢮ࡢປാຊࢆ㞠⏝ࡍࡿᚲせ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿࠋ
1.

⏕⏘ࡢປാຊ
x ࠾Ⲕࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ〇Ⲕჾࢆ✌ື㝈ᗘ㢠ࡢィ⟬ᘧࡣᰴ౯㸨s ࡛࠶ࡿࠋsࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࡢປാຊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1 ༢఩ࡢࡣಀᩘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

〇Ⲕჾࢆ✌ືࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜x 㖟⾜࠿ࡽࡢ೉ධ㔠ࢆ㏉༷୙ྍ⬟࡟࡞

ࡶ 4 ༢఩ࡢປാຊࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ༢఩

ࡗࡓሙྜࠊ௻ᴗࡣಽ⏘ࡍࡿࠋ࠶ࡓࡾࡢປാຊᢞධࢆቑࡸࡍ࡜ࡼࡾ
ከࡃࡢ࠾Ⲕࢆ⏕⏘ฟ᮶ࡿࠋణࡋປാຊ

3.2.3 ⏕⏘
ࡇࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࠊ࠾Ⲕࢆ⏕⏘ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ୗグࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࡣ཰✭㏴ῶ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿࠋ

ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⏕⏘せ⣲ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿࠋ〇x ⏕⏘ࡢປാຊࢆ㞠⏝ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ㈝⏝㐀ࡉࢀࡓ࠾Ⲕࡢᅾᗜࡣ௻ᴗࡢὶື㈨⏘࡟ྵࡲࡣࠊᦆ┈ィ⟬᭩ࡢ〇ရ኎ୖཎ౯࡟ྵࡲ

ࢀࡿࠋඛ⾜◊✲࡛ࡣປാ⿦ഛ⋡ࡸປാ⏕⏘ᛶࢀࡿࠋࡣᅛᐃࡔࡗࡓࡀࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣປാ⿦ഛ⋡࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕⏘ᛶࡀኚ໬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟⏕⏘ࣔࢹࣝࢆㄪ

2.

㈍኎ࡢປാຊ
x ၟရࢆ㈍኎ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ㈍኎ேဨࡣᚲᩚࡋࡓࠋせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1 ༢఩ࡢ㈍኎ປാຊ࡛ᑡ࡞

1.

ཎᩱࡃ࡜ࡶ 3 ༢఩ࡢ࠾Ⲕࢆ㈍኎ࡍࡿࡇ࡜

x ࠾Ⲕࢆ㐀ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ࠾Ⲕࡢⴥࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡀฟ᮶ࡿࠋ

ࡿࠋ1 ༢఩ࡢ࠾Ⲕࢆసࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ2 ༢఩ࡢ࠾Ⲕࡢⴥࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿ
x ㈚೉ᑐ↷⾲ୖࠊཎᩱ࡛࠶ࡿ࠾Ⲕࡢⴥᅾ

x ㈍኎ဨࡀከࡅࢀࡤከ࠸࡯࡝ࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡢ㉎ධ౯᱁ࢆᘬࡁୖࡆࡿຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿࠋణ
ࡋࠊࡑࡢຠᯝࡣᚎࠎ࡟ῶᑡࡍࡿࠋ

3.

x ㈍኎ࡢປാຊࢆ㞠⏝ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ㈝⏝x タഛ㉎㈙㸸〇Ⲕჾࡢ㉎ධ௦㔠ࡣࠊᦆ┈ィ⟬᭩ࡢ㈍኎⟶⌮㈝ࡢ୰ࡢ⟶x ཎᩱ㉎ධ㸸࠾Ⲕࡢⴥࡢ㉎ධ௦㔠⌮㈝࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿࠋx 㞠⏝㸸⟶⌮ࠊ⏕⏘ࠊ㈍኎ࡢே௳㈝ᨭᡶ

⟶⌮ࡢປാຊx 㓄ᙜᨭฟ㸸ฟ㈨⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㓄ᙜᨭᡶx ௨ୖࡢ஧✀㢮ࡢປാ⪅ࢆ⟶⌮ࡍࡿࡓx ⼥㈨㏉༷㸸㖟⾜೉ࡾධࢀࡢ㏉༷
x ฼Ꮚᨭฟ㸸⼥㈨ࡢ฼Ꮚᨭᡶ㸻⼥㈨⥲㢠ࡵ࡟ࠊ⟶⌮⫋ࡢປാຊࡶᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸯㸮༢఩ࡢ⏕⏘ປാ⪅ࡸ㈍኎ປാ⪅㸨฼Ꮚ⋡x ⛯㔠ᨭฟ㸸ἲே⛯ࡢᨭᡶ㸻⤒ᖖ฼┈㸨ࢆ⟶⌮ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ 1 ༢఩ࡢ⟶⌮ປാຊࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋx ⟶⌮ປാຊࡀ⟶⌮ࡍࡿேᩘࡀᑡ࡞ࡅ

ἲே⛯⋡
2.

⌧㔠ὶධ

ࢀࡤᑡ࡞࠸࡯࡝ࠊ⏕⏘⪅ࡸ㈍኎ဨࡢࣃ

x ㈍኎㸸኎ୖ࡟క࠺⌧㔠ὶධࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࡀୖࡀࡿࠋణࡋࠊࡇࡢຠ

x ⼥㈨೉ධ㸸㖟⾜೉ධ࡟క࠺⌧㔠ὶධᯝࡣᚎࠎ࡟ῶᑡࡍࡿࠋx ᗫᲠᶵᮦฎศ㸸㉎ධ౯㢠ࡢ 10㸣ࢆᚓx ⟶⌮ࡢປാຊࢆ㞠⏝ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ㈝⏝ࡣࠊᦆ┈ィ⟬᭩ࡢ㈍኎⟶⌮㈝ࡢ୰ࡢ⟶⌮㈝࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿࠋ

3.2.5 ῶ౯ൾ༷

ࡽࢀࡿ

3.3

࣐ࢡࣟࢹ࣮ࢱ

௻ᴗάືࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞እ㒊࣐ࢡࣟࢹ࣮ࢱ
࡟ᙳ㡪ࡉࢀࡿࠋ

௻ᴗ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡀ฼⏝ࡍࡿ⏕⏘タഛࡣ఍x ἲே⛯⋡䠖50䠂

ィୖ࡟ῶ౯ൾ༷ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠋ⏕⏘タഛ࡛࠶ࡿx 㖟⾜฼Ꮚ⋡䠖10䠂〇Ⲕჾࡢൾ༷ᮇ㛫ࢆ 5 ᖺࠊṧᏑ౯㢠ࡣ 10㸣࡜x ᶆ‽㈤㔠䠄ປാຊ䛾౯᱁䠅䠖2 ⓒ୓௬ᐃࡋࡓࠋඛ⾜◊✲࡛ࡣᐃ㢠ἲ࡜ᐃ⋡ἲ୧᪉x 〇Ⲕჾ౯᱁䠄⏕⏘タഛ䛾౯᱁䠅䠖100 ⓒ୓ࢆ᝿ᐃࡋࡓࡀࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣᐃ㢠ἲࡢࡳ࡜ࡍࡿࠋx 䛚Ⲕ䛾ⴥ౯᱁䠄ཎᩱ䛾౯᱁䠅䠖1 ⓒ୓

z

3.4 ཎ౯ィ⟬ᐃ㢠ἲࡢሙྜ㸸x ẖᖺࡢൾ༷㢠ࡣࠊ㉎ධ౯᱁ࡢ 18㸣
x ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ 100 ⓒ୓〇Ⲕჾࢆ୍༢఩㉎ධࡋࡓሙྜx ୍ᖺ┠㸸18 ⓒ୓ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊᐇ㝿ཎ౯ィ⟬ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࠊཎ౯ィ⟬ࡣᘧ(1)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࠋPCt

M t  Wt  Dt ……(1)Qtx ஧ᖺ┠㸸18 ⓒ୓t ᮇ┠ࡢ〇ရ୍ࡘ࠶ࡓࡾࡢ〇㐀ཎ౯ PCt ࡣࠊx ୕ᖺ┠㸸18 ⓒ୓t ᮇ┠ࡢཎᩱ㈝ Mtࠊ⏕⏘ປാ⪅ࡢே௳㈝ Wt ࡜

x ᅄᖺ┠㸸18 ⓒ୓t ᮇ┠ࡢῶ౯ൾ༷㈝ Dt ࡢྜィࢆ㹲ᮇ┠ࡢ㔞 Qt

x ஬ᖺ┠㸸18 ⓒ୓࡛๭ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ィ⟬ࡍࡿࠋx ṧᏑ౯㢠㸸10 ⓒ୓」ᩘᮇ࡟Ώࡾࠊ
ㄪ㐩࣭⏕⏘άືࢆ⾜࠺ࡓࡵࠊ3.2.6 ࢟ࣕࢵࢩࣗࡢィ⟬ࢥࢫࢺࡀ␗࡞ࡿཎᩱࡸၟရࡀΰᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ

௻ᴗάື࡟ࡼࡾࠊ௻ᴗ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡣ௨ୗ

⏕ࡌࡿࠋࡇࡢ㝿ࡢཎ౯ィ⟬ࡣඛධඛฟἲ

ࡢࡼ࠺࡞࢟ࣕࢵࢩࣗࣇ࣮ࣟࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ

(FIFO)࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊຍ㔜ᖹᆒἲ࡛ィ⟬ࡍࡿࠋཎࣔࢹࣝࡣ኎᥃㔠ࠊ㈙᥃㔠ࠊᮍᡶ࠸㔠࡞࡝ࢆᢅ౯ࡢィ⟬ᘧࡣᘧ(2)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࠋ

ࢃ࡞࠸ࠋ
1.

⌧㔠ὶฟ

Ct

PCt Qt  Ct 1St 1 ……(2)Qt  St 1⌧ᅾࡢཎ౯ Ct ࡣࠊt ᮇ┠ࡢ⏕⏘࣭㉎㈙ཎ౯
PCt ࡜㹲ᮇ┠ࡢ⏕⏘㔞 Qtࠊ㹲㸫㸯ᮇ┠ࡢᅾᗜཎ౯ Ct-1ࠊ㹲㸫㸯ᮇ┠ࡢᅾᗜ St-1 ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ィ⟬ࢺ࠿ࡽホ౯ࡉࢀࡓᩘ್ࡢྜィ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ィ⟬ࡉࢀࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤ௻ᴗ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ A,B,C ࡢ 3 ♫࡟ᑐࡉࢀࡿࠋࡋࠊᢞ㈨ᐙ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡀ⾲ 3 ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ホ౯

3.5 ㈈ᕷሙ

ࢆୗࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊྛ௻ᴗ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡢ

ඛ⾜◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ㈈ᕷሙࡣ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ᕥ⫪ୗࡀࡾࡢ㟂せ㛵ᩘ࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㈈ᰴ౯ࡣ⾲㸲ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ィ⟬ࡉࢀࡿࠋ⾲ 3 ௻ᴗ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡢホ౯ᕷሙࡣ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ᾘ㈝⪅࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚
ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋ

௻ᴗ A

௻ᴗ B

௻ᴗ C

ᾘ㈝⪅࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡢᩘࡢึᮇ್ࡣ 100 య

ᢞ㈨ᐙ㸯

1

2

3

࡜ࡋࠊẖᮇ 10 ࡎࡘቑ࠼ࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡋࡓࠋึᮇண

ᢞ㈨ᐙ㸰

1

3

2

⟬ࡣ 15 ⓒ୓෇࡜ࡍࡿࠋᾘ㈝⪅࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡢ

ᢞ㈨ᐙ㸱

1

2

3

⾜ືࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ᢞ㈨ᐙ㸲

2

1

3

1.

ࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡟௻ᴗࢆ㑅ࡪࠋ

2.

ண⟬࡜௻ᴗࡀᥦ♧ࡍࡿ౯᱁࡜ẚ㍑ࡋࠊ
౯᱁㸺ண⟬࡞ࡽ㉎ධࡍࡿࠋ௻ᴗࡢ㈍኎

⾲ 4 ௻ᴗ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡢᰴ౯

ဨᩘ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᾘ㈝⪅ࡢண⟬ࡣᘬࡁୖ
ࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ

ᰴ౯

3.

㉎ධฟ᮶࡞࠿ࡗࡓሙྜࠊ㸯࡟ᡠࡿࠋ4.

ḟᮇࡢண⟬ࢆᘧ(3)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ィ⟬ࡍࡿࠋ

௻ᴗ A

௻ᴗ B

௻ᴗ C

3.5

2.25

1.25

……(3)
n ࡣ㉎ධࡲ࡛ࡢ࣐ࢵࢳࣥࢢᅇᩘࠊBi ࡣ i ᮇ┠ࡢண⟬࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᶆ‽ⓗ࡞࣐ࢵࢳ

4 ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥศᯒ
ᮏ◊✲ࡣࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࢚ࣙࣥࣥࢪࣥ࡜ࡋ࡚

ࣥࢢᅇᩘࡣ㸱ᅇ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡼࡾࡶከࡅࢀࡤ

SOARSண⟬ࢆୖࡆࠊࡑࢀࡼࡾࡶᑡ࡞ࡅࢀࡤண⟬ࢆୗ

Simulator) 2ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓࠋSORASࡣࢫࢡࣜࣉ

ࡆࡿࠋࢺᆺࡢ♫఍ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥᑓ⏝ࡢࢩ࣑ࣗࣞ

3.6 ᰴᘧᕷሙ

࣮ࢱ࣮࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୪ิィ⟬⏝ࡢࢢࣜࢵࢻ࢚ࣥࢪ

(Spot

Oriented

Agent

Role

ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊᢞ㈨ᐙࡢᦆ┈࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᰴᘧ

ࣥࡸே㛫ཧຍᆺࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢࢆᨭ᥼ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ

ᕷሙࡢᰴ౯⤖ᡂ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡟㔜せどࡋࡓࠋᐇࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ࣮ࣘࢨ࢖ࣥࢱࣇ࢙࣮ࢫࡀഛ࠼ࡽࢀ

㉁ୖࠊu-mart ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣜࢵࢳ࡞኎㈙ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ

࡚࠾ࡾࠊᮏ◊✲ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㈈ົㅖ⾲ࡢィ⟬࡟ᇶࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞㠀ᖖ࡟ࢩࣥࣉࣝ࡞ࣔࢹ

࡙ࡃࣔࢹࣝᵓ⠏࡜ࡢぶ࿴ᛶࡶ㧗࠸ࠋ࡛ࣝᰴᘧᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ௻ᴗࡢホ౯ࢆ⾲⌧ࡋࡓࠋSOARS ࡣ JAVA ࣮࣋ࢫ࡛ᵓ⠏ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ

ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ௻ᴗ࡟ᑐࡋࠊྛࠎࡢᢞ㈨ᐙࡣ⊂⮬SOARS እ㒊ࡢ JAVA ࢡࣛࢫ࣭࢜ࣈࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ

ࡢᢞ㈨ᑻᗘࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊྛ௻ᴗࡢࣛࣥ࢟ࣥࢢࢆ

ࢆᶵ⬟࢜ࣈࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐜ᫆࡟ᑟධࡍࡿࡇ

సࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢࣛࣥ࢟ࣥࢢ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ࠊ1 ఩࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊⴭ⪅ࡀ௒ࡲ࡛ࡢ௻ᴗࡢホ౯ࡣ 1ࠊ2 ఩ࡢ௻ᴗホ౯ࡣ 1/2ࠊ3〇సࡋࡓᙉ໬Ꮫ⩦ࡢࡓࡵࡢ JAVA ࢡࣛࢫࢆᑟ఩ࡢ௻ᴗホ౯ࡣ 1/4ࠊn ఩ࡢ௻ᴗホ౯ࡣ 1/n2ධࡋࠊ௻ᴗ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡢពᛮỴᐃ࢚ࣥࢪࣥ

࡜ࡍࡿࠋྛ௻ᴗࡢᰴ౯ࡣࠊ඲ᢞ㈨࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥ

࡜ࡋ࡚ά⏝ࡋࡓࠋᙉ໬Ꮫ⩦ࡢヲ⣽࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣῶ ౯ ൾ ༷ ᐃ 㢠 ἲ 䛛 ᐃ ᐃ㢠ἲ䛻ᅛᐃ

[2003 ᮤ ฟཱྀ]࡛ヲࡋࡃ㏙࡭ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ἲ

4.1 ࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼ
ࡿࣔࢹ᳨ࣝド㈨ ᮏ 䛸 ฼ 㓄ᙜᛶྥ⋡

50䠂䛻ᅛᐃ┈ ฎ ศ 䛾 ቑ㈨㢠

ኚ᭦୙ྍ

ពᛮỴᐃ

ኚ᭦୙ྍ

ࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡢጇᙜᛶࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࡓ

⋡ἲ

ῶ㈨㢠

ࡵ࡟ࠊᮏ◊✲ࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆᇶ࡙ࡁࠊExcel ࡛ே㉎ ㈙ 䛾 ព ཎᩱ㉎ධᩘ⏕⏘䛩䜛ၟရ䛾ᩘ㛫ཧຍᆺࡢࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢࢶ࣮ࣝࢆ㛤ⓎࡋࡓࠋࢤᛮỴᐃ䛻ᛂ䛨 䛶䚸ᚲせ䛺࣮࣑ࣥࢢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡿࣔࢹ᳨ࣝドཎᩱ㉎ධᩘ䜢⟬ฟࡢ᭷ຠᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ[ᮤ ฟཱྀ 2005]࡜[Lee䛩䜛

et.al 2006]࡟ヲࡋࡃ㏙࡭ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࢶ࣮ࣝࢆ฼⏝ࡋࠊⴭ⪅ࡀᡤᒓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⏕ ⏘ 䛾 ព 〇ရ⏕⏘ᩘᡤ᭷䛧䛶䛔䜛⏕⏘ᛮỴᐃせ⣲䜢඲䛶ᢞධ䛩ᑓ㛛⫋኱Ꮫ㝔࡛㛤ㅮࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⤒ႠᏛ≉ㄽࡢ䜛๓ᥦ䛻䚸⏕⏘䛩ཷㅮ⪅ࢆᑐ㇟࡟ࠊ2007 ᖺ 6 ᭶࡟ 13 ྡࠊ2008䜛〇ရᩘ䜢⟬ฟ䛩

ᖺ 1 ᭶࡟ 33 ྡࠊྜィ஧ᅇࡢࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢࢩ࣑

䜛࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣࢤ࣮࣑ࣥ
ࢢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄝ᫂ࢆ๭ឡࡍࡿࠋ

4.2 ពᛮỴᐃ㡯┠

4.3 ᙉ໬Ꮫ⩦ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝᙉ໬Ꮫ⩦ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡣࠊ⾲㸵ࠥ⾲ 8 ࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪉ᘧ࡛⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋ1 ࢭࢵࢺࡢ᮲௳㒊࡟ᑐࡋࠊேᕤ▱⬟࡟ࡼࡿ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࣮࣋ࢫࢩ࣑ࣗ

20 ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡢ⾜ື㒊ࡀࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡟⏕ᡂࡉࢀࠊ࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢሙྜࠊពᛮỴᐃ㡯┠ᩘࡀቑ࠼ࡿ

20 ✀㢮ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡀసᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋ௨ୖࡢタᐃ࡟࡜ࠊᏛ⩦ࡀ」㞧࡟࡞ࡾࠊࢳ࣮ࣗࢽࣥࢢ࡞࡝ࡶ

ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᐇ㝿࡛ࡣࠊྛᙉ໬Ꮫ⩦࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ

ᅔ㞴࡟࡞ࡿࡓࡵࠊᙉ໬Ꮫ⩦࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡢᐇ

ࡣ⣙ 3㸪000 ಶ๓ᚋࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࢆᣢࡘࠋ

⿦ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ⾲㸳ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ 3 ✀㢮ࡢពᛮỴᐃࡢࡳࢆ⾜࠺࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࢆ᝿ᐃࡋࡓࠋ┬␎ࡉ

⾲ 7 ᙉ໬Ꮫ⩦ࡢ᮲௳㒊ࢀࡓពᛮỴᐃ㡯┠ࡣࠊ⾲㸴ࡢࡼ࠺࡞࣮࡛ࣝࣝ

ᇶ‽⟬ฟࡉࢀࡿࠋ㈚೉ᑐ↷⾲⾲ 5ᙉ໬Ꮫ⩦࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡢពᛮỴᐃ㡯┠

ࡢ⌧㔠 c
㈚೉ᑐ↷⾲

⼥㈨䛾ពᛮỴᐃ

⼥㈨೉ධ

ࡢ㈇മ d

⼥㈨㏉༷

ᶵᲔタഛࡢ

㉎㈙䛾ពᛮỴᐃᶵᲔタഛ㉎ධᩘ

㞠⏝䛾ពᛮỴᐃ⏕⏘⪅㞠⏝ᩘᩘm
๓ᮇࡢ㈍኎

㈍኎⪅㞠⏝ᩘ㈍኎䛾ពᛮỴᐃ〇ရ౯᱁

⾲ 6 ┬␎ࡉࢀࡓពᛮỴᐃࡢỴᐃἲ

౯᱁ p

ィ⟬ᘧ

⠊ᅖ

᮲௳㒊 min(9, int(

c
))
10

0~9

᮲௳㒊 min(9, int(

d
))
10

0~9

᮲௳㒊 min(9, int(

m
))
2

0~9

᮲௳㒊 min(9, int(

p
))
2

0~9

⾲ 8 ᙉ໬Ꮫ⩦ࡢ⾜ື㒊

ពᛮỴᐃ

⠊ᅖ

ィ⟬ᘧ

t ᮇࡢ⼥㈨

Af

ft

㢠 ft

1~5

f t 1 * ( A f  1) * 0.25㞠⏝άືt ᮇࡢᶵᲔ

Ab

タഛ㉎㈙ᩘ

1~5

bt

bt 1 * ( Ab  1) * 0.25⏕⏘άືῶ౯ൾ༷ィ⟬btཎᩱィ⟬t ᮇࡢ〇ရ

Ap

౯᱁ pt

1~5

pt

pt 1  ( Ap  3)

4.4 SOARS ࢫࢡࣜࣉࢺ
ᅗ 1 ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ SOARS ࢜ࣈࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡜⾲ 9

ཎ౯ィ⟬
㈍኎άື
ᗫᲠฎ⌮
㈨ᮏ㛵㐃ฎ⌮

ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ 20 ࢫࢸ࣮ࢪࢆᐃ⩏ࡋࠊSORAS ୖ࡛࢟ࣕࢵࢩࣗࣇ࣮ࣟィ⟬௻ᴗࣔࢹࣝࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࠋ
ᅗ 1 ࡛ࡣࠊ
teaFactoryPL ィ⟬ࡣ௻ᴗ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࡛࠶ࡾࠊTeaFactory ࡣ௻BS ィ⟬ᴗ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࣮࡛ࣟࣝ࠶ࡿࠋ⏕⏘࣭㈍኎ࡢ

⾜ືホ౯࣭Ꮫ⩦㛵㐃ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡣ parameters ࢫ࣏ࢵࢺࠊࡑ

ᮇᮎฎ⌮ࡢ௚࣐ࢡࣟࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ macroData ࡛㞟୰⟶⌮ࠋ

4.4 ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ⤖ᯝ〇ရྲྀᘬࡢᕷሙࡣ market ࢫ࣏ࢵࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ
Market ࡣ㟂せ㛵ᩘࢆᐃ⩏ࡋࡓࢫ࣏ࢵࢺ࣮ࣟ

ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ⤖ᯝࡣᏛ఍࡟࡚Ⓨ⾲ࡍ
ࡿࠋ

࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋ
ᅗ 1 ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࡜࣮ࣟࣝ

5 ࠾ࢃࡾ࡟
ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䚸ᢞ㈨⪅䛾ᢞ㈨ᑻᗘ䛜௻ᴗάື䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ᙳ㡪䜢╔║䛧䚸᭱ᑠ㝈䛾㈈ົㅖ⾲䜢ᵓᡂ䛷䛝䜛௻ᴗ䝰䝕䝹䜢ᵓ⠏䛧䚸䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝖䝧䞊䝇䝅䝭䝳䝺䞊䝅䝵䞁䛻䜘䛳䛶᳨ド䛧䛯䚹䜰䜽䝉䝹䝻䝑䝗䛾 KISS 䛾ἲ๎[Axelrod 1997]䜘
䜚䜒䜔䜔」㞧䛺䝰䝕䝹䛻䛺䛳䛯䛜䚸䝣䜯䞁䝎䝯䞁䝍䝹䝈ศᯒ䜢⾜䛖๓ᥦ䛻䚸䛣䜜௨ୖ䝰䝕䝹䛾ᢳ㇟໬䜢ᅗ䜛䛣䛸䛿ศᯒ䛾ᖜ䜢⊃䜎䜛䚹䛣䜜䛛䜙䛾᪉ྥ䛸䛧䛶䚸ᢞ㈨⪅䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝖

⾲ 9 SOARS ࡢࢫࢸ࣮ࢪ

䛾䝞䝸䜶䞊䝅䝵䞁䜔䛭䛾ẚ⋡䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸௻ᴗ䛾ᰴ౯ཬ䜃ᐇ⦼䛻䛹䛾䜘䛖䛻ᙳ㡪䛩䜛䛛䜢᭦䛻ᮇ㤳ฎ⌮⢭ᰝ䛧䛯䛔䚹᮲௳㒊⏕ᡂḟ䛻」ᩘ䛾ᢞ㈨ᑻᗘ䛾⤌䜏ྜ䜟䛫䛾ຠᯝ⾜ື㒊⏕ᡂ䛻䛴䛔䛶᳨ド䛧䛯ୖ䛷䚸䝣䜯䞁䝎䝯䞁䝍䝹䝈ศពᛮỴᐃᯒ䛻䜘䜚ᢞ㈨ᑻᗘ䛰䛡䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸ᕷሙ䛻䝔䜽䝙⼥㈨άື

䜹䝹ศᯒ䜢ᇶ䛵䛟ᢞ㈨⪅䜒ΰᅾ䛩䜛ሙྜ䛾ᙳ㉎㈙άື

㡪䜢᳨ド䛧䛶䛔䛝䛯䛔䚹ᶵᲔタഛ㛵㐃ィ⟬"The Gaming of Firm Strategy inཧ⪃ᩥ⊩High-Tech Industry: Human agents
1.

[Arthur et.al 1997] W. Arthur and J.

andHolland et.al. Asset pricing underIntermingled in a Simulation Model",endogenousan

Agent-Based Modeling Meets Gaming

artificial stockmark et. In W.B. Arthur

Simulation,Springer-Verlag,pp.31-38,2et.al. editor, The Economy as an

006

expectations

in

Evolving Complex Systems II, pp.

2.

ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥศᯒ-,㐍໬⤒῭ㄽ㞟➨[Axelrod 1997] Axelrod, Robert, The

12 㞟[Chen et.al 1996] S.-H. Chen and C.-H.

Koza, D.E. Goldberg, and D.B. Fogel,
editors,

Genetic

ProceedingsofProgramming:

the

1st

AnnualConference, pp.45–53. the MIT Press,
1996.
[ฟཱྀ, 2000] ฟཱྀᘯࠋࠗ」㞧⣔࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ ⮬ᚊⓗ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ㞟ᅋࡢ⛉Ꮫ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࠘ࠊ᪥⛉ᢏ㐃ࠊ
2000 ᖺ[ᮤ ฟཱྀ 2003 ] ᮤⓡࠊฟཱྀᘯࠋ”ࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ⏘ᴗࡢᢏ⾡➇த࡜⏘ᴗᨻ⟇࢚࣮̿ࢪ࢙
ࣥࢺ࣮࣋ࢫ࣭ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡿศ
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ㄅ,Vol.12,No.3,pp.95-108,2003[ᮤฟཱྀ 2005]ᮤⓡ,ฟཱྀᘯ,"ࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ⏘ᴗࡢ௻ᴗᡓ␎ࡢ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࣮࣋ࢫࢩ
࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ㸤ࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ -ࣄ࣮࣐࢚࣮ࣗࣥࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࡜ேཱྀ▱⬟࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ
ࡀΰᅾࡍࡿࣁ࢖ࣈࣜࢵࢻࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙ
ࣥࣔࢹࣝ-",ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ㸤ࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢᏛ఍ㄅ,Vol.15,No.1,2005
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[ᮤ 2008] ᢞ㈨ᐙࡢᢞ㈨ᑻᗘ࡜ᰴᘧ఍♫1997.

Yeh. Genetic programming and the5.

Agentsࡢ⥅⥆ⓗᡂ㛗ࡢ㛵㐃ᛶ-௬᝿ᕷሙ࡟ࡼࡿ

N.J.: Princeton University Press.

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Intelligence

15–44. Addison-Welsley Publishing,Complexity of Cooperation, Princeton,
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Artificial[Lee et.al 2006] H.Lee, H.Deguchi,

http://www.u-mart.org/html/index-j.html
http://www.soars.jp/index.php

On the Dual Effect of Bankruptcy
Daiki Asanuma
Abstract
This paper examines whether the survival of low-productivity firms in Japan has prevented
economic recovery since the bursting of the financial bubble in the late 1980s. The existence of
so-FDOOHG ³]RPELH ILUPV´ LV RQH UHDVRQ IRU WKH VWDJQDWLRQ RI WKH -DSDQHVH HFRQRP\ EHFDXVH WKH\prevent more productive companies from gaining market share and thus reduce productivity gains
for the overall economy. However, if the bankruptcy of one firm affects others in its network, thisargument does not hold because networked firms can become embroiled in a bankruptcy chain. This
paper assesses the validity of zombie theory using computer simulations within a network economy
setting. It finds that governmental policies to save bankruptcy candidates improve macroeconomic
performance in a network economy. In other words, governmental intervention can be effective inthis kind of economy by preventing the propagation of a bankruptcy chain that may embroil
high-performing firms.
Keywords: Dual effect of bankruptcy, Network on firms, Agent based model
JEL codes: E27, E69, H3

1. Introduction
Since the bursting of the economic bubble in 1989, the Japanese economy has faced prolonged
recession because of low productivity growth (Hayashi and Prescott, 2002). Recent studies such as
Ahearne and Shinada (2005), Hoshi (2006), and Caballero et al. (2008) have all insisted that low
productivity in Japan is the result of the existence of unprofitable and less productive firms, which
KDYH EHHQ WHUPHG ³]RPELH ILUPV´ 1 This paper examines whether such low-productivity firms
should be encouraged to leave the market in order to improve overall macroeconomic performance.
One line of reasoning suggests that firms that have high debt and low productivity should
leave the market because they distort the normal functioning of market competition. If Japanesebanks rationally decided to no longer lend to zombie firms, such companies would go bankrupt and,as a result, Japanese macroeconomic performance would improve. According to this argument,
which concurs with neoclassical economic growth theories, the main engine for economic growth is

Post-Doctoral Fellow, Graduate School of Economics and Management, Tohoku University

Address: 27-1, Kawauchi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
Email: b1ek1001@student.econ.tohoku.ac.jp
1
See Caballero et al. (2008).

total factor productivity. If a population desires high macroeconomic performance, it is necessary to
LQFUHDVH SURGXFWLYLW\ +RZHYHU WKH SURFHVV RI ³FUHDWLYH GHVWUXFWLRQ´ QDPHO\ ZKHUH QHZhigh-productivity market entrants actively replace old unproductive firms, does not necessarily work
because of the existence of zombie firms2 ³>=@RPELH ILUPV SUHYHQW PRUH SURGXFWLYH FRPSDQLHV
from gaining market share, strangling a potentially important source of productivity gains for the
RYHUDOOHFRQRP\´ $KHDUQHDQG6KLQDGDS %HFDXVHE\GHILQLWLRQWKHSURGXFWLYLW\RI
zombiHILUPVLVORZJRYHUQPHQWVRUEDQNVPXVWOHDYHWKHPWRGLH,QRWKHUZRUGV³GRLQJQRWKLQJ´
is the best way to improve macroeconomic performance.
7KLVDUJXPHQWLVEDVHGRQWKHDVVXPSWLRQWKDWDILUP¶VRSHUDWLRQVDUHLQGHSHQGHQWRIWKRVHRI
other firms. However, the standard method used to assess this situation, namely the representative
agent model, cannot accurately model the interaction between heterogeneous agents. In particular, it
overlooks the chain effect of bankruptcy (bankruptcy chain hereafter) through which the overallmacroeconomic system can be affected. It is clear that agents in a macroeconomic system areconnected with each other through various networks. In other words, they are dependent on eachother.
Indeed, when a firm goes bankrupt in the real world, the effect of this event may be
propagated throughout its networks in the form of a bankruptcy chain, which is frequently seen
during periods of economic depression. Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish the cause ofbankruptcy because a firm can be involved in the bankruptcy of other firms in its network. This
perspective contrasts with zombie theory, suggesting that the relationship between firm productivity
and macroeconomic performance is complicated and thus that zombie theory does not always hold.
,IWKHUHGRHVH[LVWVXFKD³GXDOHIIHFW´RIEDQNUXSWF\SROLF\LPSOLFDWLRQVPLJKWDOVRGLIIHU,Q
other words, certain firms should be given a lifeline (e.g., through the injection of external funds)
even if they are considered to be zombies, because in a network economy firms that have relatively
high productivity can nonetheless become embroiled in a bankruptcy chain. In Japan, government
expenditure tends to be reduced from the perspective of the unprecedented high amount ofgovernment deficit. However, the reasons for this reduction have yet to be examined thoroughly.
The present paper bridges this gap in the literature by using a computer simulation to analyze
whether zombie theory holds in a network economy setting. We use the agent-based model proposed
by Delli Gatti et al. (2005) in which there are a large number of heterogeneous interacting agents.
7KH LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKHVH KHWHURJHQHRXV DJHQWV JHQHUDWHV ³HPHUJHQFH´ ZKLFK ³RFFXUV ZKHQ
wholes (e.g., the economy) produce outcomes that differ categorically from those that the parts (e.g.,
KXPDQDJHQWV FDQSURGXFHLQGLYLGXDOO\´ +DUSHUDQG/HZLVS 
The most influential economist on the creative destruction is, of course, Schumpeter. He³RULJLQDOO\DGYDQFHGWKHDUJXPHQWWKDWUHFHVVLRQVSURPRWHDPRUHHIILFLHQWDOORFDWLRQRIUHVRXUFHV
by driving out bad investments and freeing up resources for more productive uses (Barlevy 2002 ,S ´2

Further, we consider a network to consist of financial contracts between each firm and a bank.
In this sense, the explicit interconnection between firms cannot be detected because we do not
introduce direct connections among them. Each firm, however, is connected implicitly through thevariation in the conditions of financial contracts (i.e., interest rates charged by the bank). When afirm goes bankrupt, non-performing loans have to be wiped out by the same amount as the bank's net
worth, which worsens the financial condition of the bank. Therefore, the bank raises interest rates toincumbent firms, which can be a trigger of the bankruptcy chain. In this model, therefore, theoperations of all firms are dependent on those of others.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the agent-basedmodel. Because there are a large number of firms in this model, a simulation is carried out in Section
3. We shortly discuss limitations of this analysis in section 4. Section 5 concludes.

2. ModelIn this section, we build an agent-based model that models the offering of financial aid to
low-productivity firms following Delli Gatti et al. (2005).

2.1 Firm Sector
In the overall macroeconomic system, there arenumber of firms
where

,

firms indexed by. The total

is assumed to be fixed. Each firm has a simple production function,

, and

,

represent output, productivity, and capital stock at time , respectively. We

assume that firm ¶VSURGXFWLYLW\LVWKHVXPPDWLRQRILWVEDVLFOHYHORISURGXFWLYLW\GHQRWHGE\ ,and a stochastic element. That is,

,
where

(1)

follows a uniform distribution that supports

expectation valueand. Therefore, theis time-invariant.

On its balance sheet, firm

possesses capital stock, liability stock, and net worth.

The balance sheet condition requires that the following equation must hold for all :.

(2)

We ignore the demand side of the economy. This means that firm ¶VVDOHVDUH
costs of, whereandand it incurs

represent the charged interest rate and rate of return,respectively. Assuming that the rate of return on net worth is equal to the charged interest rate andthat costs other than interest repayments are proportional to interest repayments, profit

can bewritten as, where.

(3)

The present amount of net worth is composed of previous net worth and present profit. Therefore,
net worth varies following the rule(4)
From equation (4), the level of productivity shockat which firm ¶s net worth is negative can bederived from(5)
If

, thLVILUP¶s net worth is negative. In the case that there is no financial aid for firms thathave negative net worth, such firms go bankrupt. The probability of becoming a bankruptcy
candidateis determined by two financial variables: the interest rate charged to thisfirm and its own net worth. The higher the LQWHUHVWUDWHLVDQGWKHVPDOOHUWKLVILUP¶VQHWZRUWKLV thehigher this probability becomes. Further, firms that have a high basic level of productivity havegreater tolerance to productivity shocks. In other words, the lower the basic level of productivity is,
the higher the probability of bankruptcy is.
Following Delli Gatti et al. (2005), each firm maximizes its expected profit with theprobability of becoming a bankruptcy candidate. Firm ¶s objective function is thus

By differentiating equation (6) with respect to.

(6), we can derive desired capital stock, that is,. (7)(DFK ILUP¶V LQYHVWPHQW

is determined by the difference between desired capital stock andprevious capital stock, namely. This investment is financed by the profit earned inprevious periods and bank credit newly borrowed in the present period. Therefore,
,
where

(8)
denotes the credit demand to finance the necessary investment.

Finally, we derive the credit demand function by rearranging equation (8) with the balance sheet
conditionand substituting equation (7) as follows:

.

(9)

2.2 Government
We assume that the government plays a role in helping bankruptcy candidates (i.e., zombies). It thus
adheres to the following process:1) At the end of each period t, the government gathers information on bankruptcy candidates.
2) Following particular policies (see Section 3), it chooses the candidates to be helped.
3) The government then allocates resources to each of them. The amount of resources is set
as the same amount DV WKH ILUP¶V net worth held just before it became a bankruptcy
candidate.
4) The government raises these resources as a lump sum tax from aggregate production tosave bankruptcy candidates.

2.3 Banking Sector
7KHPRGHORIEDQNLQJEHKDYLRUDOVRUHVWVRQ'HOOL*DWWLHWDO¶V  IRUPDOL]DWLRQDVQo original
view exists in the banking sector3. We assume that the role of banks is only to create explicit andimplicit financial connections through which external technological shocks can be propagated. At
each time tWKHEDQN¶VEDODQFHVKHHWWKXVEHFRPes
(10)
where

UHSUHVHQW WKH VWRFN RI OHQGLQJ VXSSO\ GHSRVLWV DQG WKH EDQN¶V QHW ZRUWK

respectively. The bank faces a quantity constraint in terms of the total amount of credit supply, which
is proportional to its net worth at period t with a constant :.

(11)

From the balance sheet constraint (10) and credit supply rule (11), we determine deposits

issimply determined as the difference between credit supply and net worth. The bank thus supplies
credit to each operating firm following this simple rule:
,
where

(12)

. Equation (12) states that the bank rations its total amount of credit depending on

UHODWLYH ILUP VL]H ZKLFK LV UHSUHVHQWHG E\ WKH UDWLR RI D ILUP¶V Fapital stock to total capital stock.
From the credit demand function (9) and credit supply rule (12), the interest rate charged to firmisdetermined as follows:

Asanuma (forthcoming) which analyzes the relationship between bank lending attitudes andfinancial fragility provides a model based on the same framework with a view of post-Keynesianbanking sector.
3

.

(13)

7KHEDQN¶VSURILWLVWKXV
,
where

and

(14)

represent the average interest rate in period

and a parameter that indicates themonopolistic power of the bank, respectively. In each period, firms may have negative net worth (i.e.,
be bankruptcy candidates). If they are not helped, they go bankrupt. The total amount of negative net
worth then becomes the stock of non-performing loans,denotes a set ofbankrupt firms. The bank wipes out these non-performing loans by subtracting them from its own
QHWZRUWK$VDUHVXOWWKHODZRIPRWLRQRIDEDQN¶VQHWZRUWKLV(16)
Based on this model setting, it is possible to replicate the process of bankruptcy chain. The
mechanism is as follows;
Because bankruptcy (increase of the stock of non-performing loans) always erodes the bank¶sfinancial condition through equation (16), this erosion results in the decrease of the capacity of credit
supply as shown in equations (11) and (12). In this situation, incumbent firms must have harderfinancial contracts as higher interest rates and smaller amount of credits. Furthermore, the highinterest repayment costs affect the firms¶ profits negatively as shown in equation (3) and it increases
the bankrupt probabilities of these firms. That is, bankruptcy in a particular period raises thebankrupt probability of the following periods. This is the mechanism of bankrupt chain in this kindof model.

3. Simulation
For the computer simulation, the following parameters are used: number of firms
simulation span
productivity, maximum value of productivity, bankruptcy cost coefficient

capital stock

1, initial net worth

power parameter, quantity constraint on lending capacity, initial net worth of the bankstochastic technical shock, minimum value of

total cost coefficient, initial borrowing, initial deposits,
initial, monopolistic, initial lending, and theis subtracted from uniform distribution with the support[í0.035, 0.035].
Further, we replicate the process of creative destruction in a straightforward way. The numberof firms is fixed over the simulation period, which means that the number of exits (i.e., bankrupt
firms) is equal to that of new entrants. Moreover, every firm has its own basic level ofproductivity. Therefore, if firmthat has a basic level of productivity

goes bankrupt, anew firm enters that has the same number

and basic level of productivity. However, these

two basic levels of productivity are not the same number. We assume that the basic level ofproductivity for the new entrant is always 2% higher than that of the bankrupt firm. In other words,
4

we set.

As mentioned above, firms that have negative net worth are categorized as bankruptcy
candidates. The following four policies are implemented to save such firms:
1) POLICY 1: Bankruptcy candidates that are in the top2) POLICY 2: Bankruptcy candidates that are in the bottom% of productivity are saved% of productivity are saved

3) POLICY 3: No bankruptcy candidates are saved4) POLICY 4: All bankruptcy candidates are saved
In this simulation,is set as a parameter with a value of 3.

Fig. 1 GDP dynamics

We totally ignore a job matching process pointed out by Mortensen and Pissarides (1994) andBarlevy (2002). Therefore, the new entrants are always operative.
4

Fig. 2 Bankruptcy rates

Fig. 3 Non-performing loan rates

Fig. 4 Average productivities
Fig. 1 shows the logarithmic GDP dynamics that result from this simulation and contains fourlines: POLICY 1 corresponds to the blue line, POLICY 2 to the red line, POLICY 3 to the green line,
and POLICY 4 to the brown line. Although all lines oscillate throughout the simulation period, theperformance of POLICY 3 seems to be remarkably inferior to that of the other three policies. In
POLICY 3, all bankruptcy FDQGLGDWHVJREDQNUXSWZKLFKHURGHVWKHEDQN¶VILQDQFLDOFRQGLWLRQE\increasing non-performing loans. This increase results in a rise in the interest rates charged tooperating firms in the next period (from equations (11) and (12)), which can trigger otherbankruptcies because of the rise in the bankruptcy probability shown in equation (5). In brief, theeconomic system is unstable under POLICY 3.
Figs. 2 and 3 support this view. Fig. 2 plots the bankruptcy rate, namely the ratio of bankrupt
firms to incumbents. In the second half of the simulation period, that rate tends to be higher under
POLICY 3 than it is under the other policies. Further, as shown in Fig. 3, the non-performing loanrate, namely the ratio of non-performing loans to total lending, is highest under POLICY 3 in almost
all periods.
Next, we move to the time evolution of average productivity (Fig. 4). Because we assume thatthe basic level of productivity of a new entrant is 2% higher than that of a bankrupt firm with thesame number, the larger the number of bankruptcies is, the higher average productivity becomes.
POLICY 3 realizes the highest average productivity in line with orthodox economics theory. We thus
confirm that if the government does not intervene in the bankruptcy process, bankruptcy candidates
smoothly exit the market and new entrants that have higher productivities continue to operate. As aresult, average productivity in the macroeconomy increases compared with if the government wereto intervene to save bankruptcy candidates.

However, as explained earlier, this result does not suggest that POLICY 3 realizes the highest
macroeconomic performance because of the bankruptcy chain that could continue for several periods.
7KXV ZH ILQG D ³GXDO HIIHFW´ RI EDQNUXSWFy. The first effect is the process of creative destruction,
which is positive. However, because bankruptcy can be a trigger of other bankruptcies, a networked
firm may become bankrupt simply because other firms have done so, which is negative. In summary,the presented results suggest that the relationship between average productivity and aggregate
performance is less direct than orthodox economics implies. This novel contribution of the present
paper thus points out the factors that orthodox economics ignores.
Here, we can find the meaning of fiscal expenditures. From Fig. 1, POLICY 2 improves
performance compared with the other policies. Because low-productivity firms face a highbankruptcy probability in our model, the government helps them, thereby allowing the creative
destruction process to work and preventing a bankruptcy chain. We thus present a theoretical basis
for these kinds of policies in contrast to the often proposed emotional argument.

4. Limitations
In this section, we refer to the limitations of this analysis. First, the most point is to provide theempirical supports on parameters. As simulating the above model, we set some parameter values
following Delli Gatti et al (2005) and set the others discretionally. We expect that this task would be
hard. However, it is necessary to improve the robustness of this paper. Furthermore, we ignore some
important economic structures, for example, the interbank market, other types of financial contracts,
direct relationship among firms, and so on. These things reinforce the network structure in themacroeconomy. Therefore, the scope of our future research is to expand the presented model toinclude some factors we ignored here and try the empirical support.

5. Conclusion
This paper examined the validity of zombie theory. Proponents of this theory insist that the existenceof low-productivity firms in the market hinders the creative destruction process that allows thenormal entry and exit mechanism to make the overall economy productive. The solution to
improving such an economy is simple: encourage all zombies to leave the market. However, thisDUJXPHQWLPSOLFLWO\DVVXPHVWKDWDOOEDQNUXSWFLHVRFFXULQGHSHQGHQWO\DQGGRQRWDIIHFWRWKHUILUPV¶
operations. When all firms are connected by an economic network, however, this argument does nothold. Using a computer simulation, this study confirmed that governmental policies to savebankruptcy candidates improve macroeconomic performance in a network economy. In other words,
governmental intervention can be effective in this kind of economy by preventing the propagation ofa bankruptcy chain that may embroil high-performing firms.

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ࢧ࣏࣮ࢺ࣋ࢡࢱ࣮࣐ࢩࣥࡢ㛵ᩘ㏆ఝࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᮃࡲࡋ࠸ᡤᚓ⛯⋡࡜ᾘ㈝⛯⋡ࡢỴᐃᡭἲࡢᥦ᱌௒⚟ ၨ⋊༠኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ㒊

email: k03082@dokkyo.ac.jp

1. ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
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࡚ࠊᩘ⌮ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡼࡾಶேࡢ⾜ື࠾ࡼࡧ♫఍ࢆ⾲⌧ࡋ࡚ศᯒࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᩘ⌮ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣಶேᕪࢆ⾲⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㞴ࡋࡃࠊಶࠎࡢពᛮỴᐃࢆᢅ࠺࡟ࡣ㝈⏺
ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟ࢆ⾲⌧ࡋ࡚ศᯒࡍࡿ᪉ἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱෆ㒊࡛ಶேࡢ⾜ືࢆᶍೌࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆ㞟ྜࡉࡏ࡚♫఍ࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡾศᯒࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ
ᡭἲ࡛ࡣࠊྛಶேࡢពᛮỴᐃࢆಶู࡟⾲⌧࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵࠊಶே࡟ࡼࡾ␗࡞ࡿពᛮỴᐃ᪉ἲࡸࠊ
ពᛮỴᐃ᫬ࡢ௚⪅࠿ࡽࡢᙳ㡪㐣⛬ࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᐜ᫆࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱෆ
㒊ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⋓ᚓ࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵࠊࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ⏕ࡌࡓ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ≧ἣࢆ᫬⣔ิ࡜ࡋ࡚グ㘓ࡋࠊศᯒ࡟฼⏝࡛ࡁࡿ฼Ⅼࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࠊ㐣ཤ࡟♫఍࡛⏕ࡌࡓ⌧㇟ࢆグ㘓ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᑗ᮶࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸
࡚▱ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋᑗ᮶ⓗ࡟㐺ṇ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ⛯ไᗘࢆタィࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊᑗ᮶⏕ࡌࡿ≧ἣࢆண ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡀጇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ♫఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ᮃࡲࡋ࠸⛯⋡ࡢᑗ᮶ⓗ࡞್ࢆࠊᶵᲔᏛ⩦ᡭἲࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࢧ
࣏࣮ࢺ࣋ࢡࢱ࣮࣐ࢩࣥࡢ㛵ᩘ㏆ఝࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ㐣ཤࡢ್࠿ࡽண

ࡋ࡚Ỵᐃࡍࡿᡭἲࢆ

ᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊᑗ᮶ⓗ࡞⛯⋡ࡀ㐣ཤࡢ᝟ሗ࡜㛵ಀ࡞ࡃࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡟㑄⛣ࡍࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ
ணࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊᑗ᮶࡟࠾࠸࡚ྛಶேࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡿ⛯⋡ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿ࡟࠶

ࡓࡾࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣྛಶே࡛␗࡞ࡿ࿘ᮇⓗ࡞ࡺࡽࡂࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡋࠊ┦஫࡟ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿ≧ἣࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ♫఍඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⛯⋡ࡀከᩘỴ࡟ࡼࡿᢞ⚊࠿ࡽỴࡲࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࣔࢹࣝ໬
ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊᥦ᱌ᡭἲ࡟ࡼࡿᑗ᮶ⓗ࡞⛯ไᗘࡢタィྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ2. ᥦ᱌ࡍࡿ⛯⋡Ỵᐃࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡜ண ᡭἲࡇࡢ❶࡛ࡣࠊᐇ♫఍࡛ࡢಶேࡢ⾜ືࢆᶍೌࡍࡿ⾜ື୺యࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡜♫఍඲య࡛ࡢ⛯⋡Ỵᐃࡢᩘ⌮ࣔࢹࣝࠊࡑࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟௜ຍࡍࡿពᛮỴᐃ᫬ࡢࡺࡽࡂࡢࣔࢹࣝࠊࢧ࣏࣮ࢺ࣋ࢡࢱ࣮
࣐ࢩࣥࡢ㛵ᩘ㏆ఝࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᑗ᮶ⓗ࡞⛯⋡ࡢண᪉ἲࠊࡑࡋ࡚ྛ⾜ື୺య㛫ࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡢࣔ

ࢹࣝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡚ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ⾜࠺ࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ
࠸࡚ࡣࠊ3-3 ⠇࡛㏙࡭ࡿࠋ
2-1.

♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿᮃࡲࡋ࠸⛯⋡ࡢィ⟬ࣔࢹࣝᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸦ᑠす 2009㸧࡛♧ࡉࢀࡿᩘ⌮ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠕ㏥⫋⪅࡜ປാ⪅ࡢ 2 ୡ௦㔜」ࣔ
ࢹࣝࠖ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡁࠊ♫఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ᮃࡲࡋ࠸ᾘ㈝⛯࠾ࡼࡧᡤᚓ⛯ࡢ⛯⋡ࢆィ⟬ࡍࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ
ࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆࡑࡢࡲࡲ⏝࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊḟ⠇࡛㏙࡭ࡿ࡜࠾ࡾྛಶேࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡿ⛯⋡࡟ࡺࡽࡂࡀ⏕ࡌࠊࡑࢀࡀ┦஫࡟ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᮃࡲࡋ࠸⛯⋡ࡀ᫬㛫࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ኚ໬ࡍࡿ
≧ἣࢆᢅ࠺ࠋ
㸦ᑠす 2009㸧࡛ࡣࠊྛಶேࡢ㈤㔠⋓ᚓ⬟ຊࡀᑐᩘṇつศᕸ࡟ࡋࡓࡀ࠸ࠊୗ᪉࡟೫ࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ྛಶேࡀຠ⏝㛵ᩘ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡁᾘ㈝࡜ປാ౪⤥ࢆ⾜࠺࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡒ
ࢀࡀ᭱ࡶᮃࡲࡋ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡿ㈤㔠⛯⋡‫ݐ‬௪ ࡜ᾘ㈝⛯⋡‫ݐ‬௖ ࢆィ⟬ࡍࡿ᪉ἲࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ♫఍඲య࡜ࡋ࡚Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿ⛯⋡ࡣࠊ㆟఍࡟࠾࠸࡚㈤㔠⛯⋡࡜ᾘ㈝⛯⋡ࢆูࠎࡢጤဨ఍࡛Ỵᐃࡍࡿ≧ἣࢆ᝿ᐃࡋࠊ௚᪉ࡢ⛯⋡ࢆᡤ୚࡜ࡋ࡚ከᩘỴᢞ⚊ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㝿࡟ࠊ௚ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᢞ⚊࡟຾ࡘࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁࡿࢥࣥࢻࣝࢭ຾⪅࡜ࡼࡤࢀࡿ≧ែ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ್ࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢᡭἲ࡛ࡣࠊேཱྀᡂ㛗⋡ࢆ݊ࠊ฼Ꮚ⋡ࢆ‫ࠊݎ‬ಶேࡢ㈤㔠⋓ᚓ⬟ຊࡢୗ㝈್‫࡜ܧ‬ᑐᩘṇつศᕸࡢᖹᆒߤࠊᶆ‽೫ᕪߪࢆᣦᐃࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ♫఍඲య࡛Ỵࡲࡿ⛯⋡ࡀ೫ᚤศ᪉⛬ᘧࢆᩘ್ィ⟬࡟ࡼࡾゎࡃࡇ࡜࡛ồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ⛯⋡ࡢᆒ⾮Ⅼࡣࠊ୍ᗘồࡵࡽࢀࢀࡤࡑࢀࡀ᫬㛫࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ኚࢃ
ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ⤖ᯝࡢ౛ࢆᅗ 1 ࡟♧ࡍࠋ㉥Ⰽࡢᐇ⥺ࡀ‫ݐ‬௖ ࡀ⦪㍈ࡢྛ್࡜ࡋ࡚ᡤ୚ࡢ㝿࡟Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿ‫ݐ‬௪ ࢆࠊ⥳ⰍࡢⅬ⥺ࡀ‫ݐ‬௪ ࡀᶓ㍈ࡢྛ್࡜ࡋ࡚ᡤ୚ࡢ㝿࡟Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿ‫ݐ‬௖ ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑ
ࡢ஺Ⅼࢆ㟷Ⰽࡢ㸩༳࡛♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ‫ݐ‬௪ ሺࡲࡓࡣ‫ݐ‬௖ ሻࡣࠊ‫ݐ‬௖ ሺࡲࡓࡣ‫ݐ‬௪ ሻࢆ 0 ࠿ࡽ 0.001 ࡎࡘቑຍࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ㝿࡟ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ‫ݐ‬௖ ሺࡲࡓࡣ‫ݐ‬௪ ሻࢆᡤ୚࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋࡓ㝿࡟ィ⟬ࡉࢀࡿ್࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲ
ࡓ♫఍࡛ᢞ⚊࡟ࡼࡾỴᐃࡉࢀࡿ⛯⋡ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⛯⋡ࡢᆒ⾮Ⅼࡣࠊ‫ݐ‬௪ ࡜‫ݐ‬௖ ࡢࢢࣛࣇࡢ஺Ⅼ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㝈ᐃྜ⌮ᛶࡸࣇ࣮࣑ࣞࣥࢢࠊ⌧≧ࣂ࢖࢔ࢫ㸦ዟ⏣ 2008㸧࡜ࡋ࡚▱ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ
ಶேࡢពᛮỴᐃࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶྜ⌮ⓗ࡟⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸ࠋពᛮỴᐃ࡟㠀ྜ⌮ᛶࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚ࡺࡽࡂࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ⤖ᯝࡣ᫬㛫࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ኚ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡿࠋ࿘ᮇⓗ࡞ࡺࡽࡂࡀ
⏕ࡌࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡋࡓሙྜࡢ౛ࢆᅗ 2 ࡟♧ࡍࠋᅗ 2 ࡛ࡣ୍ᐃᮇ㛫࡟ࢃࡓࡿࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ
ᚓࡽࢀࡓ‫ݐ‬௪ ࡜‫ݐ‬௖ ࢆ୍ࡘࡢࢢࣛࣇ࡟ᥥ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊᅗ 1 ࡜ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜⥺ࡀ㔜࡞ࡗࡓ≧ែ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᆒ⾮Ⅼࡀ᫬㛫࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ኚࢃࡾ㟷ⰍࡢⅬࡀ」ᩘᏑᅾࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊᾘ㈝⛯࡜ᡤᚓ⛯ࡀ஺ᕪࡍࡿᮃࡲࡋ࠸⛯⋡ࡀ᫬㛫࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ኚ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ពᛮỴᐃ࡟ࡺࡽࡂࡀ࠶ࡿ≧ἣ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡺࡽࡂࡢࣔࢹࣝ໬࡜ࠊ࠶ࡿ᫬้ࡼࡾᑗ᮶ࡢ

⛯⋡ࢆண ࡍࡿᡭἲࢆᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࠋ
1

0.8

tc

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0.8

1

tw

ᅗ 1 ⛯⋡ࡢᆒ⾮Ⅼ
1

0.8

tc

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6
tw

ᅗ 2 ពᛮỴᐃ࡟ࡺࡽࡂࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ㝿࡟♫఍඲య࡛Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿ⛯⋡2-2.

ಶேࡢពᛮỴᐃ᫬࡟࠾ࡅࡿࡺࡽࡂࡢࣔࢹࣝ໬

ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊಶேࡢពᛮỴᐃ᫬࡟ࡣ㠀ྜ⌮ᛶࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ពᛮ
Ỵᐃࡢሙ㠃࡛ࡣࠊ༢࡟ಶேࡢ⪃࠼ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ௚⪅࠿ࡽࡢ♫఍ⓗᙳ㡪㐣⛬ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ
♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ட⏣ 2000㸧ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ㠀ྜ⌮ᛶࢆỴࡵࡿࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡀ௚⪅࡜┦஫࡟ᙳ㡪ࡋ࠶࠺࡜ࡋ࡚ࣔࢹࣝ໬ࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡺࡽࡂࡀ࣍࣡࢖ࢺࣀ࢖ࢬࡢࡼ࠺࡟୙つ๎࡟ኚືࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊពᛮỴᐃࡢ⤖ᯝ⏕ࡌࡿ⛯⋡ࡣࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡟ኚ໬ࡋࠊᑗ᮶ࡢ್ࢆண

ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᅔ㞴࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ㠀ྜ⌮ᛶࢆ࿘ᮇⓗ࡞ࡺࡽࡂ࡜ࡋ࡚⾲⌧ࡋࠊࡑࡢࡺࡽࡂࡀ௚⪅ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ࠺ࡅ࡚ኚ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢࡺࡽࡂ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ྛಶேࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡿ⛯⋡࡟ࣀ࢖ࢬࢆຍ࠼ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ♫఍඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᑗ᮶ⓗ࡞⛯⋡ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ኚ໬ࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ
ࣔࢹࣝࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࠋ௚⪅࠿ࡽࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡘࡘࠊྛಶேࡢᣢࡘ࿘ᮇⓗ࡞ࡺࡽࡂࢆ⾲⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣⶶᮏࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡼࡤࢀࡿྠᮇ⌧㇟ࢆ࠶ࡽࢃࡍࣔࢹࣝࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࠋⶶᮏࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࠊܰಶࡢ᣺ື
Ꮚࡢ఩┦ߠ௜ ሺ݅ ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ڮ‬ǡ ܰሻࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࠊྛ᣺ືᏊࡀḟࡢᘧ࡟ࡼࡾ௚ࡢ఩┦࠿ࡽᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚᫬㛫ኚ໬ࡍࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ィ⟬ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ே

μߠ௜
‫ܭ‬
ൌ ߱௜ ൅ ෍ ሺߠ௜ െ ߠ௝ ሻ
߲‫ݐ‬
ܰ

(1)

௝ୀଵ

ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ߱௜ ሺ݅ ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ڮ‬ǡ ܰሻࡣ᣺ືᏊ݅ࡀᣢࡘᅛ᭷᣺ືᩘࠊ‫ྜ⤖ࡣܭ‬ᙉᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᘧ(1)࡛ࡣࠊ‫ ܭ‬ൌ Ͳ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ߱௜ ࡀ␗࡞ࢀࡤߠ௜ ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ௚࡜ࡣ↓㛵ಀ࡞࿘ᮇ࡛᫬㛫ኚ໬ࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ
‫⛬ࡿ࠶ࢆܭ‬ᗘ኱ࡁ࡞್࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊߠ௜ ࡀ୍ᐃࡢ఩┦ᕪࢆಖࡕࡘࡘࠊྠ୍ࡢ࿘ᮇ࡛ྠᮇࡍࡿ⌧㇟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊពᛮỴᐃࡢሙ㠃࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡺࡽࡂࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ࠺ࡅࡿ࡜ࡋ
࡚ࣔࢹࣝࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࠋᅗ 3, 4 ࡟ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ‫ ܭ‬ൌ ͲǤͲͳǡ ͲǤͲͷ࡜ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࡢߠ௜ ሺ݅ ൌ ͳǡʹǡ͵ܰ ൌ ͵ሻࡢኚ໬ࢆ♧ࡍࠋᅗ 3 ࡛ࡣ᫬㛫࡜࡜ࡶ࡟఩┦ࡀྠᮇࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡀࠊᅗ 4 ࡛ࡣ஫࠸࡟⊂❧ࡋࡓ఩┦࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0

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ᅗ 1 ‫ ܭ‬ൌ ͲǤͲͷࡢሙྜࡢ఩┦

350

400

450

500

1

0.5

0

-0.5

-1
0

50

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350

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450

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ᅗ 2 ‫ ܭ‬ൌ ͲǤͲͳࡢሙྜࡢ఩┦ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ⾜ື୺యࡀᣢࡘ఩┦࡟ࡶ࡜࡙࠸࡚ྛ⮬ࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡿ⛯⋡࡟ࡺࡽࡂࢆ
⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡿࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ⾜ື୺య݅(݅ࡣ⾜ື୺యࡢ␒ྕ)ࡢᕼᮃࡍࡿ⛯⋡࡟ࠊᖹᆒ 0ࠊᶆ‽೫ᕪͲǤͲͳߠ௜ ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃṇつศᕸ࡟ᛂࡌࡓࡺࡽࡂࢆຍ࠼ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ‫ࢆ್ࡢܭ‬ኚ᭦ࡍࡿࡔ
ࡅ࡛஫࠸ࡢ఩┦ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࡺࡽࡂࡢኚ໬ࢆྠᮇࡉࡏࡓࡾ㠀ྠᮇ࡟ࡋࡓࡾ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀᐜ᫆
࡟ไᚚ࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵࠊ‫୍ࡀ್ࡢܭ‬ᐃࡢሙྜ࡜᫬㛫ኚ໬ࡍࡿሙྜ࡛ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡾࠊྛ⾜ື୺యࡀ⛯⋡࡟ຍ࠼ࡿࡺࡽࡂࡀ㠀ྠᮇ࡟ኚ᭦ࡉࢀࠊ⛯⋡ࡢᆒ⾮Ⅼࡀ」㞧࡟᫬㛫ኚ໬ࡍࡿ≧ἣ࡟࠾ࡅࡿண ྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ
2-3.

ᑗ᮶ⓗ࡞⛯⋡ࡢணᑗ᮶ⓗ࡟ᮃࡲࡋ࠸⛯⋡ࢆணṇࡋࡃ᥎ࡋ࡚㐺ṇ࡞ไᗘタィࢆ⾜࠺࡟ࡣࠊ㐣ཤࡢ್࠿ࡽᑗ᮶ࡢ್ࢆ

ࡍࡿᡭἲࡀᚲせ࡟࡞ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ศ㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚㧗࠸ỗ໬⬟ຊࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠊࢧ࣏࣮ࢺ࣋ࢡࢱ࣮࣐ࢩࣥ࡟ࡼࡿ㛵ᩘ㏆ఝ㸦 support vector
regressor:SVR㸧
㸦㜿㒊 2011㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ᑗ᮶ⓗ࡞ኚ໬ࡢண ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋSVR ࡛ࡣࠊᏛ⩦ࡋࡓ࠸ධฟຊಙྕࡢ⤌ሺ‫ݔ‬௜ ǡ ‫ݕ‬௜ ሻሺ݅ ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ڮ‬ǡ ‫ܯ‬ሻ࠿ࡽࠊධฟຊࢆ㏆ఝࡍࡿḟࡢ㠀⥺ᙧ㛵ᩘࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࠋ࡞
࠾ࠊ‫ݔ‬௜ ࡣ݅␒┠ࡢ݉ḟඖධຊ࣋ࢡࢺࣝࠊ‫ݕ‬௜ ࡣࡑࢀ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿฟຊ್ࠊ‫ࢱ࣮ࢹࡣܯ‬ᩘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‫߶ ் ݓ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൅ ܾ(2)ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ߶ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻࡣ‫ࢆݔ‬㧗ḟ✵㛫࡟෗ീࡍࡿ㛵ᩘࠊ‫ࡣݓ‬ಀᩘ࣋ࢡࢺࣝࠊܾࡣࣂ࢖࢔ࢫ㡯࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
SVR ࡛ࡣࠊḟᘧ࡟ࡼࡿไ⣙௜ࡁࡢ᭱㐺໬ၥ㢟ࢆゎ࠸࡚‫ࢆܾ࡜ݓ‬㐺ษ࡟タᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᏛ⩦ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ㏆ఝࡍࡿ㛵ᩘࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࠋெܳሺ‫ݓ‬ǡ ܾǡ ߦǡ ߦ‫כ‬ሻͳൌ ԡ‫ݓ‬ԡଶ ൅ ‫ ܥ‬෍ሺߦ௜ ൅ ߦ௜‫ כ‬ሻ ՜ 
ʹ

(3)

௜ୀଵ

s.t.

‫ݕ‬௜ െ ‫߶ ் ݓ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬௜ ሻ െ ܾ ൑ ߳ ൅ ߦ௜‫ݓ‬்ሺ݅ ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ڮ‬ǡ ‫ܯ‬ሻ(4)߶ሺ‫ݔ‬௜ ሻ ൅ ܾ െ ‫ݕ‬௜ ൑ ߳ ൅ ߦ௜‫ כ‬ሺ݅ ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ڮ‬ǡ ‫ܯ‬ሻ(5)ߦ௜ ൒ Ͳǡ ߦ௜‫ כ‬൒ Ͳሺ݅ ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ڮ‬ǡ ‫ܯ‬ሻ

(6)ߦࡣࠊ߳ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿ⠊ᅖ࡟Ꮫ⩦ࢹ࣮ࢱࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆチࡍࡼ࠺࡞㛵ᩘࢆồࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࢫࣛࢵࢡኚᩘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ‫ࠊࡣܥ‬Ꮫ⩦ࢹ࣮ࢱࡀᘧ(1)࡛♧ࡉࢀࡿ㉸ᖹ㠃࠿ࡽ߳௨ෆ
ࡢࡶࡢ࡜ࠊ߳ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿࡶࡢࢆ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘࡢ๭ྜ࡜ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿ㔜ࡳࢆ࠶ࡽࢃࡍࠋ
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊSVR ࡟ࡼࡿ㛵ᩘ㏆ఝ࡛ᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿ࣮࢝ࢿࣝ㛵ᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊḟࡢࣛࢪ࢔ࣝᇶᗏ
㛵ᩘࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋ
‫ܭ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ ் ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ߶ ் ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ߶ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ቆെԡ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ் ݔ‬ԡ
ቇ
ߪ

(7)

ࡲࡓࠊᏛ⩦ࢹ࣮ࢱሺ‫ݔ‬௜ ǡ ‫ݕ‬௜ ሻ࡜ࡋ࡚௨ୗࡢ 2 ㏻ࡾࡢ್ࢆ౑⏝ࡋࠊண ࡢᛶ⬟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒࡍࡿࠋ
‫ݔ‬௜ ൌ ሾ‫ݐ‬௪ ሺ݅ െ ͳሻǡ ‫ ڮ‬ǡ ‫ݐ‬௪ ሺ‫ ܯ‬൅ ݅ െ ʹሻǡᡭ㡰 A‫ݐ‬௖ ሺ݅ െ ͳሻǡ ‫ ڮ‬ǡ ‫ݐ‬௖ ሺ‫ ܯ‬൅ ݅ െ ʹሻሿ ,(8)‫ݕ‬௜ ൌ ‫ݐ‬௪ ሺ‫ ܪ‬൅ ݅ െ ͳሻுିଵͳ ෍ห‫ݕ‬௝ െ ݂൫‫ݔ‬௝ାଵ ൯ห ൒ ߩ 
‫ܪ‬
௝ୀ଴

ᡭ㡰 B

(9)

‫ݔ‬௜ ൌ ሾ‫ݐ‬௪ ሺ‫ ݐ‬െ ‫ ܪ‬െ ݅ ൅ ͳሻǡ ‫ ڮ‬ǡ ‫ݐ‬௪ ሺ‫ ݐ‬െ ݅ሻǡ‫ݐ‬௖ ሺ‫ ݐ‬െ ‫ ܪ‬െ ݅ ൅ ͳሻǡ ‫ ڮ‬ǡ ‫ݐ‬௖ ሺ‫ ݐ‬െ ݅ሻሿ ,‫ݕ‬௜ ൌ ‫ݐ‬௪ ሺ‫ ݐ‬െ ݅ ൅ ͳሻᡭ㡰 A ࡛ࡣࠊ᫬้ 1 ࠿ࡽ‫ࢆ⋡⛯ࡢ࡛ࡲܯ‬ᩍᖌࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜ࡋ࡚ SVR ࡟ࡼࡿᏛ⩦ࢆ⾜࠺1ࠋᡭ㡰 B࡛ࡣࠊ᫬้‫࡚࠸࠾࡟ݐ‬ᐇ㝿ࡢ⛯⋡ࢆᚓࡓᚋ࡟ࠊ᫬้‫ࡽ࠿ݐ‬㐣ཤ‫ࣉࢵࢸࢫܯ‬ศࡢண ್࡜ᐇ㝿࡟ᚓࡽࢀࡓ⛯⋡ࡢㄗᕪࡢᖹᆒ್ࡀ㜈್ߩࢆ㉸࠼ࡓሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊᏛ⩦ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⌧ᅾ᫬้ࡼࡾ‫ࡅࡔܯ‬㐣ཤࡢࡶࡢ࡜ධࢀ᭰࠼࡚෌Ꮫ⩦ࡍࡿ2ࠋ࡝ࡕࡽࡢᡭἲ࡛ࡶࠊᑗ᮶ࡢ⛯⋡ࢆண ࡍࡿ㝿࡟ࡣ᫬้‫ࣉࢵࢸࢫܪࡽ࠿ݐ‬㐣ཤࡲ࡛ࡢ⛯⋡ࢆ SVR ࡟ධຊࡋࠊḟࡢ᫬้‫ ݐ‬൅ ͳࡢ⛯⋡ࢆண ࡍࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ
ᘧ(8), (9)ࡢ‫ݕ‬௜ ࡢྑ㎶ࢆ‫ݐ‬௪ ࠿ࡽ‫ݐ‬௖ ࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ‫ݐ‬௖ ሺ‫ ݐ‬൅ ͳሻࡢண ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋᮏᡭἲ࡛ࡣࠊணࢆ⾜࠺㝿࡟ⶶᮏࣔࢹࣝࢆ⤌ࡳ㎸ࢇ࡛౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᮏᡭ

ἲ࡛ᑗ᮶ⓗ࡞⛯⋡ࡀணྍ⬟࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊⶶᮏࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣ࡞࠸㐣ཤࡢ್࡜┦㛵ࡢ࠶ࡿࡺࡽࡂ

ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊᑗ᮶࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⛯⋡ࡢணࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ

ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤỴᐃㄽⓗ࢝࢜ࢫࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࢆᏛ⩦ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᩍᖌಙྕࡢ࢔ࢺࣛࢡࢱࢆ㏆ఝࡍࡿᡭἲࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊಙྕࡀ࢝࢜ࢫᛶࢆࡶࡘሙྜ࡟ࡣࣔࢹ࡛ࣝṇ☜࡞ணࢫᛶࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸࿘ᮇゎࡢணࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿࡀࠊ࢝࢜

ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ᡭἲ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㐣ཤࡢ್࡜┦㛵ࡀ࠶ࡿࡺࡽࡂࡀ⏕ࡌࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶண ྍ⬟࡜ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ SVR ࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
2-4.

⾜ື୺య㛫ࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ

௨ୗ࡛ࡣࠊ1 ᫬้࡜ 1 ࢫࢸࢵࣉࢆྠࡌព࿡࡛౑⏝ࡍࡿࠋ݅ ൌ Ͳࡢ࡜ࡁࠊ‫ݕ‬଴ ൌ ‫ݐ‬௖ ሺ‫ ݐ‬൅ ͳሻ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᡭ㡰 B ࡛ࡣ᫬้‫࡟ݐ‬Ꮫ⩦ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ᭦᪂ࡍࡿࡢ
࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ᫬้ t+1 ࡜࡞ࡾࠊᐇ㝿ࡢ⛯⋡ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓᚋ࡟᭦᪂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
12

ᐇ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿே࡜ேࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࢆ࠶ࡽࢃࡍࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᵓ㐀ࢆศᯒࡍࡿศ㔝࡟ࠊ」㞧
ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ」㞧ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡛ࡣࠊேࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿせ⣲࡜࡞ࡿࡶࡢࢆࠕࣀ࣮ࢻࠖ
ࠊࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࢆࠕࣜࣥࢡࠖ࡜⾲⌧ࡋࠊ㡬Ⅼ㛫㊥㞳࡜ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ಀᩘ࡜࠸࠺ᣦ
ᶆ࡟ࡼࡾࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᵓ㐀ࡀᐇ♫఍ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘ㏆࠸ࡢ࠿ࢆศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᐇ♫఍࡛ࡳࡽࢀࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡣࠊࣀ࣮ࢻ㛫ࡢࣜࣥࢡࡀᑠࡉ࠸㡬Ⅼ㛫㊥㞳࡜኱ࡁ࠸ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ಀᩘࢆᣢࡘࠊ␯ᐦࡢ࠶ࡿᵓ㐀࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ
࠺࡞ᐇ♫఍࡟㏆࠸ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᵓ㐀ࢆࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱෆ㒊࡟ᵓ⠏࡛ࡁࡿᡭἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠕSW 㡬Ⅼ㠀άᛶ໬ࣔࢹࣝࠖ࡟ࡼࡾ⾜ື୺య㛫ࢆ᥋⥆ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࠊ᭱ึ࡟୍㒊ࡢࣀ࣮ࢻ㛫ࢆࡍ࡭࡚᥋⥆ࡋࡓ᏶඲ࢢࣛࣇࢆసᡂࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ᥋⥆ࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸ࣀ࣮ࢻࢆ 1 ࡘ㑅ᢥࡋࠊ᥋⥆ࢆᣢࡘࣀ࣮ࢻ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠕSW ࣔࢹࣝࠖ࠿ࠕ㡬Ⅼ㠀άᛶ໬ࣔࢹࣝࠖࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿ࢆ☜⋡ⓗ࡟㑅ᢥࡋ࡚᥋⥆ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢᡭ㡰ࢆࠊ᏶඲ࢢࣛࣇࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࣀ࣮ࢻ௨እࡢࡍ࡭࡚࡟ᑐࡋ࡚⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊSW 㡬Ⅼ㠀άᛶ໬ࣔࢹࣝࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿ㝿࡟ࡣࠊࠕ᏶඲ࢢࣛࣇࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࣀ࣮ࢻᩘ݊ଵ ࠖࠕ᥋⥆ࡢ࡞࠸ࣀ࣮ࢻ࠿ࡽࡢࣜࣥࢡᩘ݊ଶ ࠖࠕSW ࣔࢹࣝࢆ
㑅ᢥࡍࡿ☜⋡‫݌‬㸦㡬Ⅼ㠀άᛶ໬ࣔࢹࣝࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ☜⋡ͳ െ ‫݌‬㸧ࠖࡢ 3 ࡘࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊྛ⾜ື୺యࡣࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡢ࠶ࡿ௚ࡢ⾜ື୺య࠿ࡽࡢࡳⶶᮏࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙࠸
࡚ྛ⮬ࡢࡶࡘ఩┦ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࡺࡽࡂࡀᙳ㡪ࢆ࠺ࡅࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
3. ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ
2 ❶࡛㏙࡭ࡓࣔࢹࣝ࠾ࡼࡧᡭἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࢩ࣑ࣗ
࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡣ Java ࡛సᡂࡋࠊWindows 7 ࡛ᐇ⾜ࡋࡓࠋ
3-1.

ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ

ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡣࠊ⾜ື୺యᩘܰ ൌ ͳͲͲͲࠊேཱྀቑຍ⋡‫ ݎ‬ൌ ሺͳǤͲͳ െ ͳሻଶହ ࠊ฼Ꮚ⋡݊ ൌ ሺͳǤͲͲ͵ െ ͳሻଶହ ࠊ㈤㔠⋓ᚓ⬟ຊࡢୗ㝈್‫ ܧ‬ൌ ͳǤʹࠊᑐᩘṇつศᕸࡢᖹᆒߤ ൌ ͲǤͷࠊᶆ‽೫ᕪߪ ൌ ͲǤ͵ͷࠊSW 㡬Ⅼ㠀άᛶ໬ࣔࢹࣝࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱሺ݊ଵ ǡ ݊ଶ ǡ ‫݌‬ሻ ൌ ሺͳͲͲǡͳͲǡͲǤͷሻ࡜タᐃࡋࡓ3ࠋࡲࡓᑗ᮶࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⛯⋡ࡢண

ࡣࠊ2-3 ⠇࡛㏙࡭ࡓᡭἲ A, B ࡟ࡼࡾ‫ ܯ‬ൌ ʹͲͲࢫࢸࢵࣉศࡢ SVR

ࡢᏛ⩦⏝ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚㛵ᩘ㏆ఝࢆ⾜࠸ࠊྛ᫬้‫ ܪ࡚࠸࠾࡟ݐ‬ൌ ʹͲࢫࢸࢵࣉศࡢ㐣ཤࡢ⛯⋡ࢆࡶ࡜࡟᫬้‫ ݐ‬൅ ͳࡢ⛯⋡ࢆண

ࡋࡓࠋSVR ࡛౑⏝ࡍࡿࣛࢪ࢔ࣝᇶᗏ㛵ᩘࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡣߪ ൌ ͲǤͲͳ࡜ࡋࠊᡭἲ B ࡛෌Ꮫ⩦ࡍࡿ㝿ࡢ㜈್ࢆࠊ஦๓ࡢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࡛ࣙࣥⰋ࠸ண ⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡗࡓߩ ൌ ͲǤͲͳͻ࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ⾜࠺ࢫࢸࢵࣉᩘࡣ 2000 ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ3-2.

3᝿ᐃࡍࡿ♫఍≧ែࡇࢀࡽࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡣᐇ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ್࡟ཝᐦ࡟࠶ࢃࡏࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ⌧ᐇ࡟㏆࠸ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ⾜࠺࡟ࡣṇ☜࡟タᐃࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ݊࡜‫ࡣ್ࡢݎ‬㸦ᑠす 2009㸧࡛౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿ್ࡀ⌧ᐇࡢ್࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚኱ࡁࡍࡂࡿࡓࡵࠊ␗࡞ࡿ್ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ᝿ᐃࡍࡿ♫఍≧ែࢆ⾲ࡍࢩࢼࣜ࢜࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊḟࡢ 3 ㏻ࡾࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓࠋCase 1 ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ᫬้࡟࠾࠸࡚‫ ܭ‬ൌ ͳǤͲǡ ߱௜ ൌ ሾͲǤͷǡ ͲǤͻሻࡢࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡞್
Case 2 ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ᫬้࡟࠾࠸࡚‫ ܭ‬ൌ ͲǤʹǡ ߱௜ ൌ ሾͲǤͷǡ ͲǤͻሻࡢࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡞್
Case 3 ᫬้ 0-499㸸‫ ܭ‬ൌ ͲǤ͵ǡ ߱௜ ൌ ሾͲǤͳǡ ͲǤͷሻࡢࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡞್
᫬้ 500-999㸸‫ ܭ‬ൌ ͳǤͲǡ ߱௜ ൌ ሾͲǤͷǡ ͳǤͲሻࡢࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡞್
᫬้ 1000-1499㸸‫ ܭ‬ൌ ͲǤʹͷǡ ߱௜ ൌ ሾͲǤͳǡ ͲǤͷሻࡢࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡞್
᫬้ 1500-1999㸸‫ ܭ‬ൌ ͲǤͶǡ ߱௜ ൌ ሾͲǤͷǡ ͳǤͲሻࡢࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡞್
ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ Case ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⾜ື୺య 1 ࡜௚ࡢ୺య࡜ࡢ఩┦ᕪሺߠଵ െ ߠ௜ ሻሺ݅ ൌ ʹǡ ‫ ڮ‬ǡͳͲሻࡢ᫬㛫ኚ໬ࢆᅗ 5-7 ࡟♧ࡍࠋCase 1 ࡣ‫ࡀ್ࡢܭ‬኱ࡁࡃࠊᘬࡁ㎸ࡳࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚ࡺࡽࡂࡀ୍ᐃࡢ఩
┦ᕪࢆಖࡗࡓࡲࡲ᫬㛫ኚ໬ࡍࡿሙྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋCase 2 ࡣ‫ࡀܭ‬ᑠࡉ࠸ࡓࡵࠊ఩┦ᕪࡀᏳᐃࡏࡎ
࡟ᖖ࡟ኚ໬ࡍࡿࠋCase 3 ࡛ࡣ‫߱࡜ܭ‬௜ ࡀ 500 ࢫࢸࢵࣉࡈ࡜࡟ኚ໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚఩
┦ᕪࡶᏳᐃࡍࡿ≧ἣ࡜ኚ໬ࡍࡿ≧ἣࡀධࢀ᭰ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋCase 1 ࡣ௚⪅࠿ࡽࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ኱ࡁࡃࠊ௚⪅࡜ྠㄪࡋ࡚ពᛮỴᐃࢆ⾜࠺≧ែࠊCase 2 ࡣ௚⪅࠿ࡽࡢᙳ㡪ࡀᑠࡉࡃࠊ௚⪅ࡢពぢ࡜ࡣ⊂❧ࡋ࡚ពᛮỴᐃࢆ⾜࠺≧ែࠊCase 3 ࡣ௚⪅࠿ࡽࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ᫬㛫࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ኚ໬ࡍࡿ≧ែࢆ࠶ࡽࢃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࡞࠾ࠊ2-1 ⠇࡛♧ࡋࡓ࡜࠾ࡾࠊࡺࡽࡂࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ࡜⛯⋡ࡢᆒ⾮Ⅼࡣ」ᩘࡢⅬ࡜࡞ࡿࡀࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࡑࡢ୰࡛‫ݐ‬௪ ࡢ್ࡀ᭱ࡶᑠࡉ࠸ᆒ⾮Ⅼࡢ᫬㛫ኚ໬ࢆணࡍࡿࠋ௚ࡢⅬࡢண

࡟ࡘ࠸࡚

1400

2000

ࡣ௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡍࡿࠋ1

p h a s e d if f e re n c e

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

time

ᅗ 5 Case 1 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ఩┦ᕪࡢ᫬㛫ኚ໬

1600

1800

p h a s e d if f e re n c e

1

0.5

0

-0.5

-1
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

1600

1800

2000

time

ᅗ 6 Case 2 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ఩┦ᕪࡢ᫬㛫ኚ໬p h a s e d if f e re n c e

1

0.5

0

-0.5

-1
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

time

ᅗ 7 Case 3 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ఩┦ᕪࡢ᫬㛫ኚ໬
3-3.

ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢᡭ㡰

2 ❶࡛㏙࡭ࡓࣔࢹࣝ࡜ᡭἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ௨ୗࡢᡭ㡰࡟ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ
Step 1ᡤᚓ⛯‫ݐ‬௪ ࠾ࡼࡧᾘ㈝⛯‫ݐ‬௖ ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿ⾜ື୺య݅ሺ݅ ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ڮ‬ǡ ܰሻࢆ⏝ពࡍࡿࠋྛ⾜ື୺యࡢࡺࡽࡂࡣⶶᮏࣔࢹ࡛ࣝỴᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊึᮇࡢ఩┦ߠ௜ ࢆሾͲǡ Ɏሻࡢ⠊ᅖ࡛ࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡟タᐃࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᅛ᭷࿘Ἴᩘ߱௜ ࢆࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢ Case 1-3 ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ࣛࣥࢲ
࣒࡟Ỵᐃࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊSW 㡬Ⅼ㠀άᛶ໬ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡁࠊሺ݊ଵ ǡ ݊ଶ ǡ ‫݌‬ሻ ࢆタᐃࡋ࡚⾜ື୺య㛫ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ᥋⥆ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ

Step 2᫬้‫ึࢆݐ‬ᮇ್‫ ݐ‬ൌ Ͳ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ

Step 3

ྛ⾜ື୺య࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᮃࡲࡋ࠸⛯⋡ࢆィ⟬ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ㝿ࠊ⛯⋡࡟ᖹᆒ 0ࠊᶆ‽೫ᕪͲǤͲͳߠ௜ ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃṇつศᕸ࡟ᛂࡌࡓࡺࡽࡂࢆຍ࠼ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࡺࡽࡂࡣⶶᮏࣔࢹ
ࣝ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡁẖ᫬้ኚ໬ࡋࠊSW 㡬Ⅼ㠀άᛶ໬ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡼࡾ᥋⥆ࡉࢀࡓ௚⪅࠿ࡽࡢࡳᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ௚᪉ࡢ⛯⋡ࢆᡤ୚࡜ࡋ࡚ከᩘỴᢞ⚊ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㝿࡟ࠊ௚ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᢞ⚊࡟຾ࡘࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁࡿࢥࣥࢻࣝࢭ຾⪅ࢆ♫఍࡟㐺⏝ࡍࡿ⛯⋡࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
Step 4

Step 3 ࡢ⾜ືࢆ 1 ࢫࢸࢵࣉศ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ᫬้‫ ݐ‬ൌ ‫ࠋ࠺⾜࡛ࡲܯ‬ᡭἲ A ࡛ࡣࠊ᫬้‫ࡲܯ‬࡛࡟ᚓࡽࢀࡓ⛯⋡ࢆ SVR ࡛Ꮫ⩦ࡋࠊ᫬้‫ ܯ‬൅ ͳ௨㝆ࡢ⛯⋡ࡢண ࡟⏝࠸ࡿࠋᡭἲ
B ࡛ࡣࠊ㐣ཤࡢ‫ࣉࢵࢸࢫܪ‬ศࡢண ㄗᕪࡢᖹᆒ್ࡀ㜈್ߩࢆ㉸࠼ࡓ㝿࡟ࠊ㐣ཤ‫ࢫܯ‬ࢸࢵࣉศࡢ⛯⋡ࢆ⏝࠸࡚෌Ꮫ⩦ࡋࠊᑗ᮶ⓗ࡞⛯⋡ࢆண ࡍࡿࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡢሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊ
᫬้‫ࡾࡼݐ‬㐣ཤ‫ࣉࢵࢸࢫܪ‬ศࡢ‫ݐ‬௪ ࡜‫ݐ‬௖ ࢆ SVR ࡟ධຊࡋࠊࡑࡢฟຊࢆ᫬้‫ ݐ‬൅ ͳࡢ‫ݐ‬௪ ࡜ࡋ࡚ண ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ௨㝆ࠊ᫬้‫ ܯ‬൅ ͳ࠿ࡽ 2000 ࡲ࡛ Step 3 ࡢ‫ݐ‬௪ ǡ ‫ݐ‬௖ ࡢィ⟬࡜ࡑࡢண
ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ

3-4.

ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ⤖ᯝCase 1 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡭἲ A ࡢண ⤖ᯝࢆᅗ 8 ࡟♧ࡍࠋ㉥Ⰽࡢ⥺ࡀᐇ㝿ࡢ‫ݐ‬௪ ࡢ᫬㛫ኚ໬ࠊ⥳Ⰽࡢ⥺ࡀண ࡋࡓಙྕ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࡢ‫ݐ‬௪ ࡜ண ್ࡢண ㄗᕪࢆᅗ 9 ࡟♧ࡍࠋᡭἲ A ࡛ࡣࠊ1ࢫࢸࢵࣉ࠶ࡓࡾࡢㄗᕪࡢᖹᆒ್ࡣ 0.000442 ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓᡭἲ B ࡢண ⤖ᯝࢆᅗ 10 ࡟ࠊㄗᕪࢆᅗ 11 ࡟♧ࡍࠋᡭἲ B ࡛ࡢ 1 ࢫࢸࢵࣉ࠶ࡓࡾࡢㄗᕪࡢᖹᆒ್ࡣ 0.000428 ࡛࠶ࡗணࡓࠋண ㄗᕪࢆ⾲ࡍᅗ࡟ࡣࠊᡭἲ B ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㜈್࡛࠶ࡿ 0.019 ࡟⥳Ⰽࡢᐇ⥺ࢆグࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Case 1 ࡛ࡣ‫ݐ‬௪ ࡀ࿘ᮇⓗ࡞ኚ໬ࢆࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᡭἲ A, B ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࡑࢀࢆṇࡋࡃண࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ
Case 2 ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
ᡭἲ A ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ㝿ࡢண ⤖ᯝࢆᅗ 12 ࡟♧ࡍࠋ
ᅗ 13 ࡣண ㄗᕪ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ྠᵝ࡟ࠊᡭἲ B ࡛ࡢண ⤖ᯝ࡜ண ㄗᕪࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀᅗ 14,15 ࡟♧ࡍࠋCase 2 ࡛ࡣࠊ‫ݐ‬௪ ࡀ᫬㛫࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ 0.014 ௜㏆࡟₞㏆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡀࠊண ⤖ᯝࡶྠᵝ࡟₞㏆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃᵝᏊࡀぢ࡚࡜ࢀࡿࠋCase 3 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊᡭἲ A ࡢண ⤖ᯝ࡜ண ㄗᕪࢆᅗ 16,17 ࡟ࠊᡭἲ B ࡢண ⤖ᯝ࡜ணㄗᕪࢆᅗ 18,19 ࡟♧ࡍࠋCase 3 ࡛ࡣ 500 ࢫࢸࢵࣉࡈ࡜࡟ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡀኚ໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࡑࢀ
࡟࠶ࢃࡏ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡿ‫ݐ‬௪ ࡀኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋண
ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ

⤖ᯝࡶࠊ‫ݐ‬௪ ࠿ࡽ኱ࡁࡃእࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃண

࡛ᅗ 8 Case 1 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡭἲ A ࡢண ⤖ᯝᅗ 9 Case 1 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡭἲ A ࡢㄗᕪ㸦ᖹᆒ್㸸0.000442㸧

ᅗ 10 Case 1 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡭἲ B ࡢண ⤖ᯝᅗ 11 Case 1 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡭἲ B ࡢㄗᕪ㸦ᖹᆒ್㸸0.000428㸧

ᅗ 12 Case 2 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡭἲ A ࡢண ⤖ᯝᅗ 13 Case 2 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡭἲ A ࡢㄗᕪ㸦ᖹᆒ್㸸0.000568㸧

ᅗ 14 Case 2 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡭἲ B ࡢண ⤖ᯝᅗ 15 Case 2 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡭἲ B ࡢㄗᕪ㸦ᖹᆒ್㸸0.000506㸧

ᅗ 16 Case 3 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡭἲ A ࡢண ⤖ᯝᅗ 17 Case 3 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡭἲ A ࡢㄗᕪ㸦ᖹᆒ್㸸0.000599㸧

ᅗ 18 Case 3 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡭἲ B ࡢண ⤖ᯝᅗ 19 Case 3 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡭἲ B ࡢㄗᕪ㸦ᖹᆒ್㸸0.000563㸧

3-5.

⪃ᐹ

࠸ࡎࢀࡢ Case ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊᡭἲ B ࡀᡭἲ A ࡼࡾࡶㄗᕪࡢᖹᆒ್ࡀᑠࡉ࠸⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋᡭἲ A ࡣึᮇࡢ᫬้ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆᏛ⩦ࡋ࡚ண ࡍࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᡭἲ B ࡣㄗᕪࡀ኱ࡁࡃ
࡞ࡿ࡜෌Ꮫ⩦ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࡼࡾṇ☜࡞ணࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᡭἲ A

࡜ᡭἲ B ࡢㄗᕪࡢᅗࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊCase 1 ࡜ Case 2 ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᡭἲ B ࡛ࡣᏛ⩦ࡢ㜈್
0.0019 ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿᅇᩘࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ㜈್ࢆ㉸࠼ࡓ㝿࡟෌Ꮫ⩦ࡋ࡚ᑗ᮶ࡢ⛯⋡ࢆண ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊㄗᕪࡢቑ኱ࢆᢚ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
Case 1 ࡣṇつศᕸ࡟ࡼࡾពᛮỴᐃ࡟ࡺࡽࡂࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ‫ݐ‬௪ ࡢ᫬㛫ኚ໬ࡣ࿘ᮇⓗ࡞ኚ໬࡟ⱝᖸࡢࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡞ࣀ࢖ࢬࡀ஌ࡗࡓ≧ែ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊண ್ࡣᡭἲ A ࡛ࡶᡭἲ B࡛ࡶ‫ݐ‬௪ ࡜ྠࡌ࿘ᮇ࡛ኚ໬ࡋࠊṇࡋࡃண ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
Case 2 ࡛ࡣࠊᡭἲ A ࡣึᮇࡢ࿘ᮇᛶࡢ࠶ࡿಙྕࢆᏛ⩦ࡋ࡚ᑗ᮶ࡢ‫ݐ‬௪ ࢆண ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ
࠿ࡋࠊᐇ㝿ࡢ‫ݐ‬௪ ࡣ᫬㛫࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ 0.014 ࡟₞㏆ࡋࠊึᮇࡢ 200 ࢫࢸࢵࣉࡢಙྕ࡜ࡣഴྥࡀ␗
࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊண ್ࡣୖୗ࡟ኚືࡋࡘ࡙ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᅗ 12 ࡼࡾぢ࡚࡜ࢀࡿࠋᡭἲ B࡛ࡣࠊᅗ 14 ࡼࡾ 1000 ࢫࢸࢵࣉࢆ㉸࠼ࡓ࠶ࡓࡾ࠿ࡽ⣽࠿࡞ࣀ࢖ࢬࢆᢚไࡋ࡚ 0.014 ௜㏆ࡢ್ࢆᑗ᮶ࡢ⛯⋡࡜ࡋ࡚ணࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡞ࣀ࢖ࢬ࡟ࡼࡾண

್ࡢㄗᕪࡀ㜈್ࢆ㉸࠼ࡓ㝿࡟㐣ཤࡢ᝟ሗࢆࡶ࡜࡟෌Ꮫ⩦ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊᖖ࡟ࣀ࢖ࢬࡢᙳ㡪ࢆᢚ࠼ࡿࡼ࠺ண ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
Case 3 ࡛ࡣࠊ᫬㛫࡜࡜ࡶ࡟♫఍≧ែࡀኚ໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊᡭἲ B ࡢࡼ࠺࡟෌Ꮫ⩦ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛
ṇࡋ࠸ண ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣண᝿࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᅗ 16 ࡼࡾᡭἲ A ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ึᮇࡢࢹ࣮
ࢱࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓᏛ⩦ࡢࡳ࡛ᑗ᮶ࡢண

ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊẚ㍑ⓗṇ☜࡟ண࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀぢ࡚࡜ࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ500 ࢫࢸࢵࣉࡈ࡜࡟ⶶᮏࣔࢹࣝࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡣኚ໬ࡍࡿࡀࠊ࠶ࡿ୍ᐃࡢ࿘
ᮇࡈ࡜࡟ኚ໬ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ഴྥ࡟ࡣኚࢃࡾࡀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽண

ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤖ᯝ࠾ࡼࡧ⪃ᐹ࠿ࡽࠊ㐣ཤࡢ⛯⋡ࡢኚ໬࠿ࡽᐇ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⛯⋡ࡢணࢆ⾜࠺ሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊಶேࡢពᛮỴᐃࡢ㝿࡟⏕ࡌࡿࡺࡽࡂࡀࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃఱࡽ࠿ࡢ࿘ᮇᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ
࠿ࡘࡑࢀࡀ┦஫࡟ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿ≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊSVR ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᑗ᮶ࡢ⛯⋡ࢆண ࡋ࡚ไᗘタィࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋ4. ࠾ࢃࡾ࡟
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ♫఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ᑗ᮶ⓗ࡟ᮃࡲࡋ࠸⛯⋡ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿၥ㢟࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊྛಶேࡢព
ᛮỴᐃ࡟࿘ᮇⓗ࡞ࡺࡽࡂࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊ┦஫࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠶ࡓ࠼ࡿ≧ἣࢆ᝿ᐃࡋࠊࢧ࣏࣮ࢺ࣋ࢡࢱ
࣮࣐ࢩࣥࡢ㛵ᩘ㏆ఝࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛㐣ཤࡢ⛯⋡ࡢኚ໬࠿ࡽᑗ᮶ⓗ࡞್ࢆணࡋ࡚ไᗘタィ

ࡍࡿᡭἲࢆᥦ᱌ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡑࡢ⪃ᐹ࠿ࡽࠊᥦ᱌ᡭἲࡢ᭷ຠᛶ
ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋᮏ◊✲ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊពᛮỴᐃ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡺࡽࡂࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࠊ⛯⋡ࡢᆒ⾮Ⅼࡀ」ᩘ

Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡀ᫬㛫ኚ໬ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᆒ⾮Ⅼࡢኚ໬ࢆྠ᫬࡟ண

ࡍࡿᡭἲࢆᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
㸦㜿㒊 2011㸧㜿㒊㔜ኵ㸸ࠗࣃࢱ࣮ࣥㄆ㆑ࡢࡓࡵࡢࢧ࣏࣮ࢺ࣋ࢡࢺ࣐ࣝࢩࣥධ㛛࠘᳃໭ฟ∧㸦2011㸧
㸦ዟ⏣ 2008㸧ዟ⏣⚽Ᏹ㸸ࠗពᛮỴᐃᚰ⌮Ꮫ࡬ࡢᣍᚅ࠘ࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫ♫㸦2008㸧㸦ட⏣ 2000㸧ட⏣㐩ஓࠊᮧ⏣ග஧㸸ࠗ」㞧ࡉ࡟ᣮࡴ♫఍ᚰ⌮Ꮫ 㐺ᛂ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ
ே㛫࠘᭷ᩫ㛶࢔࣐ࣝ㸦2000㸧
㸦ᑠす 2009㸧ᑠす⚽ᶞ㸸ࠗබඹ㑅ᢥࡢ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘ᮾி኱Ꮫฟ∧఍㸦2009㸧᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢືྥ࡜㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫி㒔኱Ꮫ᝟ሗ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࢭࣥࢱ࣮
႐ከ୍㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢ㐍ᒎࡢ㏿ࡉࡣ┠ࢆぢᙇࡿࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠊࣃ࣮ࢯࢼࣝࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗ
ࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡜࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢฟ⌧௨㝆ࠊ᝟ሗᢏ⾡ࡢᣢࡘ♫఍ⓗ࢖ࣥࣃࢡࢺࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚
࠾ࡾࠊࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ࡞࡝ࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡜ࡑࡢᚋࢁᨭ࠼࡜࡞ࡗ
࡚࠸ࡿࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡀࡑࡢໃ࠸ࢆຍ㏿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ᝟ሗᢏ⾡ࡢ㐍ᒎࢆᴫほࡋࡓᚋࠊࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡢ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࠊࡼࡾᗈࡃ♫఍⛉Ꮫ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆࠕ᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡࡟ࡼࡿ♫఍ኚ㠉ࠖ࡜ࠕ᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ⛉Ꮫ◊✲ࠖࡢ୧㠃࠿ࡽ⪃࠼ࡓ࠸ࠋ㸰㸬᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢືྥ
2.1 ᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢⓎ㐩࡜ᬑཬࡲࡎࠊ᝟ሗᢏ⾡ࡢ኱ࡲ࠿࡞ືྥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡿࠋࡍ࡛࡟♫఍࡟ᗈࡃᾐ㏱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ᝟ሗᢏ⾡ࡢ᭱᪂ືྥࢆᴫほࡍࡿࡔࡅࡢぢ㆑ࡣ➹⪅࡟ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࢹࢪࢱࣝ᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢṔྐⓗ࡞ὶࢀࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
࢖ࣥࢸࣝࡢ๰ጞ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࢦ࣮ࢻ࣒࣮ࣥ࢔ࡀᥦၐࡋࡓ༙ᑟయୖࡢ㞟✚ᗘࡢྥୖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ
ࠕ༙ᑟయࢳࢵࣉୖࡢࢺࣛࣥࢪࢫࢱࡢ㞟✚ᩘࡀ 18㹼24 ࣨ᭶࡛ಸቑࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᢏ⾡ண ࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕ࣒࣮࢔ࡢἲ๎ࠖࡣ≉࡟᫂☜࡞ཎ⌮ⓗ⫼ᬒࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢ㐩ᡂ┠ᶆ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡾ 1970ᖺ௦࠿ࡽ 40 ᖺ㛫࡟Ώࡗ࡚ᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣐࢖ࢡࣟࣉࣟࢭࢵࢧୖࡢࢺࣛࣥࢪࢫࢱᩘ࡛ࡣࠊ40ᖺ㛫࡛ᛶ⬟ࡀ 100 ୓ಸ࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸦Fig. 1 ཧ↷㸧ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࡑࢀࢆ㥑ືࡍࡿࢡࣟࢵࢡ㸦ࢺࣛࣥࢪࢫࢱࢆືసࡉࡏࡿ㏿ᗘࢆ⾲ࡍ㸧ࡶࠊMHz ࠿ࡽ GHz ࡬ࡊࡗ࡜ 1000 ಸ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࢆ᥃ࡅྜࢃࡏࡿ࡜ᐇ࡟ᛶ⬟ࡣ 10 ൨ಸ࡟ᣑ኱ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ⌧௦ࡢࣀ࣮ࢺࣃࢯ
ࢥࣥࡢฎ⌮㏿ᗘࡣึᮇࡢࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࡢᛶ⬟࡟ࠊ⌧௦ࡢࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡢฎ⌮㏿
ᗘࡣ 10 ᖺ๓ࡢࣀ࣮ࢺ PC ࡟༉ᩛࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᛶ⬟ࢆ⾲ࡍᣦᶆࡢ᱆ᩘࡀఱ᱆ࡶኚࢃࡿࡼ
࠺࡞ᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡣ᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢ࡯࠿࡟ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡶ༙ᑟయࢳࢵࣉࡢ㞟✚ᗘࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ
ࣁ࣮ࢻࢹ࢕ࢫࢡࢻࣛ࢖ࣈ࡞࡝ࡢグ㘓፹యࡢグ㘓ᐦᗘࡸࠊࢹࢪࢱࣝ㏻ಙࡢ㏻ಙ㏿ᗘ࡟ࡶ⛬ᗘࡢᕪࡇࡑ᱆ᩘࡀኚࢃࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᛶ⬟ྥୖࡀඹ㏻࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢ㠉᪂ᛶࡣ༢࡟≀⌮ⓗ࡞ᛶ⬟ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᵓᡂ᪉ἲ㸦࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕ㸧ࡢỗ⏝ᛶ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ࣓ࣔࣜୖ࡟ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆ⵳✚ࡋࠊᐇ⾜ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ỗ⏝ᛶࡢ㧗࠸ᵓᡂࡀࢥ
ࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࢆ᝟ሗฎ⌮ࡢ୓⬟ᶵ࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ㏻ಙෆᐜࢆᑠໟ㸦ࣃࢣࢵࢺ㸧ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ศ๭ࡋ
࡚㏦ཷࡍࡿࣃࢣࢵࢺ஺᥮᪉ᘧࡀྠ୍ࡢ≀⌮ᅇ⥺ୖ࡛ࡢ」ᩘࡢ㏻ಙࡢΰὶࢆྍ⬟࡜ࡋࠊᰂ㌾ᛶࡢ㧗࠸㏻ಙ⥙ࡀ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࡜࠸࠺௬᝿♫఍ࡢᇶ┙ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࠋᰂ㌾ᛶࡢ㧗࠸࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕ࡜኱ᖜ࡞ᛶ⬟ࡢྥୖࡀ࢔ࢼࣟࢢࡢᢏ⾡࡛ࡣಶูⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓᩥᏐࠊ㡢ኌࠊ⏬ീࠊື⏬࡜࠸ࡗࡓ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬࡟ࡼࡗ୍࡚ඖⓗ࡟ᢅ࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢಶࠎே
ࡲ࡛ࡢᬑཬࡀ⌧ᅾࡢேࠎࡀ୺యⓗ࡟ཧ⏬ྍ⬟࡞௬᝿♫఍ࢆᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

Figure 1 ࣐࢖ࢡࣟࣉࣟࢭࢵࢧࡢ㞟✚ᗘࡢኚ໬
2.2 ᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢ㏆ᖺࡢືྥ
᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢືྥ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡲࡎ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࡟㔜࡞ࡿᙧ࡛ World Wide Web ࡀᇶ┙ⓗ࡞࢖ࣥࣇࣛ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ከᵝ࡞ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡀ⏕ࡲࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ᳨⣴࢚ࣥࢪࣥࠊ㏻㈍ࢧ࢖ࢺࠊື⏬
ࢧ࢖ࢺࠊࢯ࣮ࢩࣕࣝࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡸ኱つᶍ࡞ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢤ࣮࣒࡞࡝࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊࡇ
ࢀࡽࢆࣉࣛࢵࢺࣇ࢛࣮࣒࡜ࡋ࡚ከᵝ࡞ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡸࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶࡀὶ㏻ࡋࠊಶࠎேࡢཧ⏬ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏆ᖺ࡛ࡣࠕࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ㸦ࢡࣛ࢘ࢻ = cloud, 㞼ࠊ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮
ࢿࢵࢺୖࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࢆ㞼࡟౛࠼࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࠖ17)ࡀὀ┠ࡉࢀࠊࢧ࣮ࣂࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᵓᡂつᶍࢆᚲせ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ㄪᩚ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࠊࡲࡓ Google Drive ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㧗㏿㏻ಙࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚ᚑ
᮶࡞ࡽࡤ㹎㹁ୖ࡛⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓᵝࠎ࡞సᴗࢆࢧ࣮ࣂୖ࡛⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀὀ┠ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡜
㧗㏿↓⥺බ⾗ᅇ⥺⥙ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥࡸࢱࣈࣞࢵࢺ➃ᮎ࡞࡝ࡢᬑཬࡀ┦ࡲࡗ࡚ࠊ࠸
ࡘ࡛ࡶ࡝ࡇ࡛ࡶ㧗ᛶ⬟࡞࣮ࣘࢨ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࣇ࢙࢖ࢫࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆ౑࠺ࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ
࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠕࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖࡀேࠎࡢ⏕άࢆ኱ࡁࡃኚ࠼ࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖ࡜ࠕࣔࣂ࢖ࣝࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖࡣ࠸ࢃࡤ㌴ࡢ୧㍯ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᶵ
⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᢏ⾡ࡢ฼⏝㠃ࡢືྥ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᚑ᮶࡛ࡣࢥࢫࢺ㠃࡛ぢྜࢃ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ᪂ࡋ࠸ࣅࢪࢿ
ࢫࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣟࣥࢢࢸ࣮ࣝᕷሙ 4)࡞࡝ࡀࡑࢀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢔ࣥࢲ࣮ࢯࣥࡣࡑࡢⴭ᭩ 5)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕ〇㐀ࠖࡢᅾࡾ᪉ࡀኚࢃࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࢆࣅࢪࢿࢫ࡟ࡘ
࡞ࡆࡿࣉࣛࢵࢺࣇ࢛࣮࣒࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࢆ௓ࡋ࡚࣮࢜ࣉࣥࡢᢏ⾡ࢆὙ⦎ࡍࡿࡇ࡜
ࡸࠊࢽࢵࢳᕷሙࡢ࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠊ㉳ᴗ࡟㝿ࡋ࡚ᑡ㢠ࡢฟ㈨ࢆከᩘ࠿ࡽເࡿࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࣇ
࢓ࣥࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ㸦ࢡࣛ࢘ࢻ = crowd, ⩌⾗㸧࡞࡝ࡀ⤂௓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࢆ
௓ࡋ࡚ᑡ㢠ࡢᑐ౯࡛ᑠࡉ࡞௙஦ࢆㄳࡅ㈇࠺ࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢯ࣮ࢩࣥࢢ㸦ࢡࣛ࢘ࢻ = crowd, ⩌⾗㸧࡞࡝ࡶὀ┠ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢ㡿ᇦ࡛ࡣࠊᩍ⫱ࡸᩍ⫱᝟ሗࡢ࣮࢜ࣉࣥ໬ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡀ 9,10)ࠊ᭱㏆࡛ࡣ୓ேつᶍ࡛ཷㅮ࡛ࡁࡿබ㛤ࡢᤵᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚ Massive Open Online Courses(MOOCS) ࡞࡝ࡶὀ┠ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ௒ᚋࠊὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㧗ᗘ໬ࡍࡿ௬᝿♫఍࡜ࢭࣥࢧ࣮ࡸ࢔ࢡࢳ࢚࣮ࣗࢱ
ࢆ௓ࡋ࡚≀⌮♫఍ࢆ┤᥋⤖ྜࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㟁ຊ⥙ࡢ▱⬟໬࡛࠶ࡿࠕࢫ࣐
࣮ࢺࢢࣜࢵࢻࠖ࡞࡝ࠕࢫ࣐࣮ࢺ㹼ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡀᵝࠎ࡟ㄒࡽࢀࠊࡲࡓࠕCyber-physical
Systemsࠖࡸࠕࣔࣀࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ(Internet of Things, IOT)ࠖ࡞࡝ࡀὀ┠ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 1,7)ࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊ㸱ḟඖࣉࣜࣥࢱ࡞࡝ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ㥑ືࡢຍᕤᶵ࡜ Web ୖࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆከ⏝ࡋ࡚ಶே࡛ࡢࡶࡢ࡙ࡃࡾ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࣃ࣮ࢯࢼࣝࣇ࢓ࣈࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ 6,8)ࢆ㉳Ⅼ࡟ࠊࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬ࡉࢀࡓタィ᝟ሗࢆ᰾࡟ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞〇㐀ࣉࣛࢵࢺࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࢆࡲࡉ࡟ࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࡢࡼ࠺࡟฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟
ࡼࡾࣇ࢓ࣈࣞࢫ࡛ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ࢔ࢵࣉࡍࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸ᙧࡢ〇㐀ᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚ Makers ࣒࣮ࣈ࣓ࣥࢺ 5)ࡶ
ὀ┠ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

㸱㸬᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ♫఍ኚ㠉࡜㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ
᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢ㐍ᒎࡣ㸱ࡘࡢព࿡࡛㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ࡞࡝♫఍⛉Ꮫ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢᣮᡓ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢ୍ࡘࡣࠊᏛ⾡᝟ሗࡢὶ㏻ࡢ㟁Ꮚ໬࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᏛ⾡㡿ᇦ࡟㛵ࢃࡿࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ┬␎ࡍࡿࠋ࠶࡜ࡢ㸰ࡘࡣࠊ♫఍⛉Ꮫࡀᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ♫఍ࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡟᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍኚ໬࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡣ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢ◊✲ᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ᝟ሗ㏻ಙࡢ฼⏝࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ❶࡛ࡣࠊ㸰␒┠ࡢ஦㡯࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊḟ❶࡛ࡣ㸱␒┠ࡢ஦㡯࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡿࠋ
3.1 ᝟ሗ࡜᝟ሗ⏘ᴗࡢ≉ᛶ
᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢᛴ㏿࡞Ⓨᒎࡣ⤒῭άືࡢ୰࡛ࠕࣔࣀࠖ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠕ᝟ሗࠖࡢ༨ࡵࡿẚ⋡ࡀᛴ㏿࡟㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≀⌮Ꮫⓗ࡟ࡣࠊࠕ≀㉁ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚᤼௚ⓗ࡟ࡋ࠿౑⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠕࣔࣀࠖࡸ
⇕ຊᏛࡢཎ⌮࡟ᨭ㓄ࡉࢀࠊ୍㐣ⓗ࡟ࡋ࠿౑⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠕ㸦᭷ຠ㸧࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࠖ࡜ࠊ፹యୖࡢ
ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ࡜ࡋ࡚⾲⌧ࡉࢀࠊࡑࢀࡺ࠼࡟」〇ࠊඹ⏝ࡀᐜ᫆࡞ࠕ᝟ሗࠖ࡜ࡣࡑࡢ฼⏝ୖࡢᛶ㉁ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡾࠊ♫఍ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࡑࡢᢅ࠸ࡶ␗࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ

ࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬ࡉࢀࡓࠕ᝟ሗࠖࡣᴟࡵ࡚」〇ࡀᐜ࡛᫆࠶ࡾࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶ᤼௚ⓗ࡟฼⏝ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ
࡞ࡽ࡞࠸≀⌮ⓗ࡞⌮⏤ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ
ࠕ᭷⏝ࠖ࡞᝟ሗࡣࡑࢀࢆసࡾฟࡍࡓࡵ࡟㧗࠸ࢥࢫࢺࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ౪⤥ࢧ࢖ࢻ࠿ࡽぢࢀࡤᅛᐃ㈝ࡀ኱ࡁࡃࠊ
௚᪉࡛౪⤥㔞࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㝈⏺㈝⏝ࡀ㝈ࡾ࡞ࡃᑠࡉ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼᝟ሗ㈈࡟ࡘ࠸
࡚ࡣࠊ୍᪉࡛ࡣ♫఍࡛᝟ሗࢆඹ᭷ࡋ࡚ࡼࡾᗈࡃຠ⏝ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࡀࠊ௚᪉࡛
ࡑࡢ๰ฟ࡟㈝ࡸࡋࡓ㈝⏝ࢆ࠸࠿࡟ᅇ཰ࡋࠊ᝟ሗࡢ๰ฟࢆᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿ࠿ࡀၥࢃࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⸨ᮏࡣࠕ⏕⏘ࠖ࡜ࡣࠕタィ᝟ሗࡢ〇ရ࡬ࡢ㌿෗ࠖ࡜ㄽࡌࡓ 2)ࡀࠊ᝟ሗ㈈࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⸨ᮏࡢ
ព࿡࡛ࡢࠕ⏕⏘ࠖࡣᴟࡵ࡚ᐜ࡛᫆ࠊࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࡸࢹࢪࢱࣝࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶࡢඛࡢព࿡࡛ࡢࠕ⏕⏘ࠖࡣ౛࠼ࡤ Windows ࣃࢯࢥࣥୖ࡛ࡢࣇ࢓࢖ࣝࡢࠕࢥࣆ࣮࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓࡾࠊWeb ࣈࣛ࢘ࢨ࡛ࡢࠕࢲ࣮࢘ࣥࣟࢻ࡛ࠖ῭ࢇ࡛ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋ⮬ື㌴ࡀ」㞧࡞ࢧࣉࣛ࢖ࢳ࢙࣮ࣥࢆࡘ࡞ࡂࠊ኱つᶍ࡞ᕤሙࢆ⏝࠸࡚ึࡵ࡚ࠕ⏕⏘ࠖࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡜ࡲࡗࡓࡃᵝ┦ࢆ␗࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢព
࿡࡛ࡣ᝟ሗ⏘ᴗࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠕࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔⏘ᴗࠖ࡜ࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡢ〇㐀ᴗ࡛࠸࠺ࠕ⏕⏘࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࠕタィࠖࠕ㛤Ⓨࠖࡀ୺ࡓࡿᴗົࡢ⏘ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊ
ࠕ᝟ሗ㈈ࠖࡢࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢ≉ᛶ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ〇ရࡢ」㞧ࡉࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ᭱᪂ࡢ Windows OS
ࡸ Office ࢯࣇࢺࠊ㸱ḟඖ CAD ࡞࡝ࡣᴟࡵ࡚」㞧࡞ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔࡛ࠊࢯ࣮ࢫࢥ࣮ࢻࡢ⾜ᩘ࡛൨⾜ࡢつᶍ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࡑࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡟ከ኱ࡢᢞ㈨ࡀక࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜
ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀ」〇ࡢᐜ᫆ࡉ࡜┦ࡲࡗ࡚ࠊつᶍࡢ⤒῭ᛶࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡀࠊ㛤Ⓨ㈝⏝ࢆᅇ཰ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢಖㆤไᗘ࡞࡝ࢆᚋࢁ┪࡜ࡋ࡚㈨㔠ࡢᅇ཰ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ
࡞࠸ࠋ௚᪉ࠊࡑࡢ」㞧ࡉࡣከࡃࡢ฼⏝ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚〇ရࡢᨵⰋࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡜ࠊ࣮ࣘࢨ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶ஦๓ࡢホ౯ࡀ㞴ࡋࡃࠊ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ึࡵ࡚ホ౯ࡀ⾜࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔〇ရࡢ୍㒊↓ൾ໬ࡸ࣮࢜ࣉࣥࢯ࣮ࢫ໬ࡣ」㞧࡞᝟ሗ㈈ࢆࡼࡾከࡃࡢ࣮ࣘࢨ࡟᫹ࡍ
ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࡼࡾⰋ࠸〇ရ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡺࡃ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡ࢆᣢࡘࠋࡲࡓࠊ」㞧ࡉࡺ࠼࡟ࠊ୍ᗘࠊ≉ᐃࡢ〇ရࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿ࡜௚࡬ࡢ㌿᥮ࡀ㞴ࡋࡃ࡞ࡿࣟࢵࢡ࢖ࣥࡀ⏕ࡌࡸࡍࡃࠊࡲࡓࠕࡼࡾከࡃࡢࣘ
࣮ࢨࡀ࠸ࡿࠖࡇ࡜ࡀ〇ရࡢホ౯ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࠕࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡእ㒊ᛶࠖࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᡃࠎࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉ᛶࢆࡶࡘ᝟ሗ࡜᝟ሗ⏘ᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡑࢀࢆ㐺ษ࡟฼⏝ࡋࠊ⏘ᴗࢆ᣺⯆ࡍࡿព࿡࡛㐺ษ࡞♫఍ࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣ␲ၥ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
3.2 ᝟ሗ໬ࡉࢀࡓ♫఍ࡢ≉ᛶ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࡞࡝ୡ⏺ⓗ࡞つᶍ࡛ࡢ᝟ሗࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡜㧗ᛶ⬟࡞ィ⟬࡜࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡓ᝟
ሗ໬ࡉࢀࡓ♫఍ࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞Ⅼ࡛ኚ໬ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋୡ⏺ⓗ࡟ᗈࡀࡿ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࡜ᦠ

ᖏ➃ᮎࡣேࠎࢆ࢚ࣥࣃ࣮࣡ࡋࠊ୍᪉࡛ࠊNPO ࡸ NGO ࡞࡝≉ᐃࡢᑓ㛛ᛶ࡞࡝ࢆ᭷ࡋࡓಶேࢆୡ⏺つᶍ࡛⤌⧊ࡋࡓάືྍ⬟࡟ࡋࠊWikipedia ࡸ Twitter, Facebook ࡞࡝ࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ
ࡣከᩘࡢேࠎࡢ༠ຊ࡟ࡼࡾ㞟ྜ▱ࡢᙧᡂࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ௚᪉࡛㠉࿨ࡸᭀື࡞࡝୙≉ᐃከᩘࡢ㞟ྜⓗ࡞⾜ືࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊ㔠⼥࡛ࡣࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬࡟ࡼࡾࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࢆ㥑౑ࡋࡓྲྀᘬࢆᴟࡵ࡚㧗㏿࡟⾜࠺ࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊഹ࠿࡞᫬㛫ᕪࡉ࠼᎘ࡗ࡚ドๆྲྀᘬᡤࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ྠࡌሙᡤ࡟ドๆ఍♫ࡢྲྀᘬ⏝ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࢆ⨨ࡃࠕࢥࣟࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࠖࡲ࡛⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 3)ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࢹ
ࢪࢱࣝ໬ࡉࢀࡓ࣐ࢿ࣮ࡀᅜቃࢆ㉺࠼࡚ືࡁᅇࡾࠊୡ⏺つᶍࡢ㔠⼥୙Ᏻࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐇయ⤒῭࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ〇㐀ᴗࡢࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬ࡣ⇍⦎ᢏ⬟⪅࡬ࡢ౫Ꮡᛶࢆୗࡆࠊ〇㐀ᣐⅬࡢୡ⏺ྛᆅ࡛ࡢ❧ᆅࢆᴟࡵ࡚ᐜ᫆࡟ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࡼࡾᏳ࠸ປാຊ࡜ࡼࡾ኱ࡁ࡞ᕷሙࢆồࡵ࡚ࢧࣉࣛ࢖ࢳ࢙࣮ࣥࡀᅜቃࢆ㉺࠼࡚ࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢵࢡ࡟⤌ࡳ᭰࠼ࡽࢀࠊ㏵ୖᅜࡢᛴ㏿࡞Ⓨᒎ࡜ඛ㐍ᅜ࡛ࡢ⏘ᴗࡢ✵Ὕ໬ࡸኻᴗࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࢆᣍ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ඛ㏙ࡢࡼ࠺࡟᝟ሗᢏ⾡ࡢⓎᒎࡣⴭࡋࡃࠊ௒ᚋࡶࠕ᱆ᩘࠖࡀኚࢃࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡀ㐍ࡳࠊࡑࢀࡀ᝟ሗᢏ⾡ࡢỗ⏝ᛶࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟௚ࡢ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ࡚⾜ࡃࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ
⥅⥆ⓗ࡞⏕⏘ࢥࢫࢺࡢపୗࡸ⏘ᴗ❧ᆅ㠃࡛ࡢᆅ⌫つᶍ࡛ࡢࣇࣛࢵࢺ໬ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⌧௦⤒῭ࡢᝎࡳࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿඛ㐍ᅜ࡛ࡢ⥅⥆ⓗ࡞ࢹࣇ࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥࡀᙜ㠃ࠊ⥆ࡃࡇ࡜ࢆணឤࡉ
ࡏࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞┠ぬࡲࡋ࠸ᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡜ࡑࡢ♫఍ⓗ࢖ࣥࣃࢡࢺࡢ୰࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ♫఍ไᗘࡑࡢ
ࡶࡢࡀࠊࠕᅜẸᅜᐙࠖ࡜࠸࠺㏆௦ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ࠿ࡽᦂࡽࡂጞࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊ᝟ሗ
㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᡓᚋࡢ᰾රჾ࡞࡝ࡢ኱㔞ẅᡘࡀྍ⬟࡞Ṋຊࡢၥ㢟ࡸࠊᆅ⌫ᬮ໬࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿᆅ⌫つᶍࡢ⎔ቃၥ㢟࡞࡝ࡶᅔ㞴࡞ၥ㢟ࢆᏎࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡀࠊ᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡀ᪂ࡓ࡟ࠕᅜẸᅜᐙࠖࡢᣢࡘព࿡ࡍࡽၥ࠺ㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚㢧ᅾ໬ࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇ࠺࠸࠺≧ἣ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ♫఍ࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆ◊✲ᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ♫఍⛉Ꮫࡣኚ㠉ࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ♫఍ࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆ◊✲ᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᤊ࠼ࠊ࡝࠺࠸࠺◊✲ィ⏬ࢆᣢࡘ࡭ࡁ࠿ࡀၥࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞◊✲ࡢ❧ሙࠊᤊ࠼᪉ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡣ࡝ࡕࡽࡢ᪉ྥࡢ◊✲࢔ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲࢆᥥࡃ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
1.

ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜ࡋ࡚฼⏝ྍ⬟࡞ࠕࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ♫఍ࠖࢆศᯒ࣭⌮ㄽ໬ࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿࠋ

2.

ኚ໬ࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ♫఍ࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆほᐹ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚♫఍⛉Ꮫࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽグ㘓࣭グ㏙ࡍࡿࠋ

3.

୍ᐃࡢᑗ᮶ࡢண

ࡢࡶ࡜ࠊ௒ᚋࠊၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ㄢ㢟ࢆඛྲྀࡾࡋࡘࡘࠊ࠶ࡿ࡭ࡁ

♫఍ࡢጼࢆ௬ᐃࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊࡑࡢᐇ⌧࡟ᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠊ♫఍ࡢไᗘ࡞࡝ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ㸲㸬◊✲ᡭἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡
4.1 ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢ฼⏝᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡣࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࢆྵࡴ♫఍⛉Ꮫ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢ⛉Ꮫ◊✲ࡢ᪉ἲࡢኚ㠉࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⛉Ꮫ◊✲ࡢ᪉ἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ⌮ㄽࠖ࡜ࠕほ࣭ほᐹࠖࠊࠕᐇ㦂ࠖࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ

ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡜࠸࠺ᡭἲࡀᐇ㦂ࡢ௦᭰ᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚౑࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡛࡟
⮬↛⛉ᏛࡸᕤᏛࡢୡ⏺࡛ࡣࠊࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢ฼⏝ࡣࡶࡣࡸᙜ↛ࡢࡇ࡜࡜఩⨨௜ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋከࡃࡢᕤᴗ〇ရࡣࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ㥑౑ࡋ࡚タィࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏆ᖺ࡛ࡣࠊᛶ⬟ࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㑇ఏⓗ࢔ࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒࡞࡝᭱㐺໬ᡭἲࢆࢩ࣑ࣗ
࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡜⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࠊ኱㔞ࡢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚᭱㐺タィࢆ᥈⣴ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞
ࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ⌧௦ࡢẼ㇟ணሗࡸᆅ⌫ᬮ໬ࡢண࡛ࡣ኱つᶍ࡞ࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗ

ࢱࡀ㥑౑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 13)ࠋࡓࡔࡋ♫఍⛉Ꮫศ㔝࡛ࡢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢ฼⏝ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡟㝿ࡋ࡚ࡣ⌮ᕤ⣔ศ㔝࡛ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡀ฼⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⫼ᬒ࡟ὀពࢆᡶ࠺ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ≀⌮ⓗ࡞ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊzᇶ♏᪉⛬ᘧ࡞࡝ᨭ㓄ࡍࡿ᪉⛬ᘧࡢ᫂☜࡞ࡶࡢࡀከ࠸ࠋzᢅ࠺⣔ࡢᑐ⛠ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࡶࡢࡀከ࠸ࠋzቃ⏺᮲௳ࠊึᮇ᮲௳࡞࡝ࡀ᫂☜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࡜࠸ࡗࡓⅬࡀࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆᐜ᫆࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶேࡸ⤌⧊࡞࡝ࢆせ⣲࡜ࡍࡿ♫఍ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ࡣ኱ࡁࡃᵝ┦ࢆ␗࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊẼೃࡢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢ
ࡼ࠺࡟ேᕤ≀࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ⮬↛⎔ቃࢆᢅ࠺ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣࠊ༢࡟ࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࡛኱つᶍ࡞᪉⛬ᘧࢆゎࡅࡤࡼ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊึᮇ᮲௳ࠊቃ⏺᮲௳࡜ࡋ࡚୚࠼ࡿほ್ࡢ฼⏝ྍ⬟ᛶࡀᛶ⬟࡟ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿ࡜࠸ࢃࢀࠊࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡜ほࡢ୧㠃ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 13)ࠋ♫఍⛉Ꮫࡢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥᡭἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢡࢫࡸேཱྀᏛ࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࢥ࣮࣍ࢺせᅉἲ࡞࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㞟ィࡉࢀࡓ࣐ࢡࣟኚᩘࡢ㸦ᚤศ࣭ᕪศ㸧᪉⛬ᘧࢆ⏝࠸࡚⾜࠺࡞࡝࡛⏝࠸࡚⾜࠺ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡟ຍ࠼ࠊே࡞࡝ಶࠎࡢせ⣲ࢆ༢఩࡜ࡋ࡚ᚤどⓗ࡟ᢅ࠺࣐࢖ࢡࣟࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࠊࢭ࣮ࣝ࢜ࢺ࣐ࢺࣥࠊ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࣮࣋ࢫࡢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙ
ࣥ࡞࡝᝟ሗᢏ⾡ࡢⓎ㐩࡟క࠸ᢅ࠺ᢏἲࡶࡼࡾィ⟬㔞ࡢከ࠸ࡶࡢࡀቑ࠼࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ 11)ࠋࡲࡓ
࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࣮࣋ࢫࡢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡣࡑࡢᵓᡂἲୖࠊேࡀࣉࣞ࢖ࡍࡿᙧࡢࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ࡞࡝࡜ぶ࿴ᛶࡀ㧗ࡃࠊ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࡜ேࡀΰᅾࡋࡓࣁ࢖ࣈࣜࢵࢻࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡞࡝ࡶ
ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡓࡔࡋࠊࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡣᶍᨃᐇ㦂࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࣔࢹࣜࣥࢢࠊࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢱࡢᵓᡂࠊࢩ
࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡢタᐃࠊࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢᐇ⾜ࠊᚓࡽࢀࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࡢศᯒ࡞࡝

◊✲࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕤᩘࡣ࠿࡞ࡾከ࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊࣔࢹࣜࣥࢢࡢࡓࡵࡢᑐ㇟㡿ᇦࡢ▱㆑ࠊࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱタᐃࢆࡍࡿୖ࡛ࡢᐇドⓗࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ⋓ᚓࡢࢫ࢟ࣝࠊከᵝ࡞ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡛ࡢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ
࡟ࡼࡿឤᗘゎᯒࠊࢹ࣮ࢱࡢྍど໬ࡸ᥈⣴ࠊ⤫ィฎ⌮࡞࡝ᐇ㦂⛉Ꮫ㡿ᇦ࡛ࡢ▱㆑ࠊࢫ࢟ࣝࡀ
せồࡉࢀࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊ␗ศ㔝㸦౛࠼ࡤᐇົ⪅࡜⤒῭Ꮫ࡜᝟ሗᕤᏛ㸧ࡢ◊✲⪅ࡢඹྠ◊✲࡞࡝ࡢᙧែࢆ࡜ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
4.2 ࢹ࣮ࢱ୰ᚰ⛉Ꮫࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢ᪉ἲୖࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ᝟ሗᢏ⾡࡟ࡼࡿࠕほ࣭ほᐹࠖࡢ㧗ᗘ໬࡛࠶ࡿࠋྛ✀ࠊほ⿦⨨ࡸᐇ㦂ᶵჾ࠿ࡽ኱㔞ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆྲྀᚓࡋࠊ኱つᶍィ⟬࡟ࡼࡾࠊࢹ࣮ࢱࢆศᯒࡋ࡚⛉ᏛⓗⓎぢ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡆࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ 14,15)ࠋ◊✲ᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚♫఍ࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࡶࠊ⌧௦♫఍࡛ࡣேࠎࡢάືࡣ┦ᙜ⛬ᗘ࡟᝟ሗࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࣉࣛ࢖ࣂࢩ࣮ಖㆤ࡞࡝࡛฼⏝ࡀไ㝈ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡾࠊྲྀᚓ᪉ἲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣಶேࡀ≉ᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡾࡣࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢ
ᙧ࡛ࡑࡢάືࡣ㟁Ꮚⓗ࡟グ㘓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊz࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࡬ࡢ᥋⥆ࡸᦠᖏ㟁ヰࡢ฼⏝ztwitter ࡞࡝ࡢࢯ࣮ࢩ࣓ࣕࣝࢹ࢕࢔࡛Ⓨಙࡉࢀࡿ࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪz᳨⣴࢚ࣥࢪࣥ࡬ࡢ᳨⣴ࢡ࢚࣮ࣜz㟁ᏊỴ῭ࡉࢀࡓ኎㈙グ㘓z㹇㹁࣮࢝ࢻ࡛ࡢ஺㏻ᶵ㛵ࡢ฼⏝グ㘓z་⒪ᶵ㛵࡛ࡢ἞⒪グ㘓z࣮࢝ࢼࣅࢤ࣮ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡢ⮬ື㌴ࡢ㐠⾜グ㘓z┘ど࣓࡛࢝ࣛྲྀᚓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᫎീ

࡞࡝࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࠊ㏆ᖺࠊேࡀ➃ᮎࢆ௓ࡋ࡚᝟ሗࢆࡸࡾྲྀࡾࡍࡿᙧ࡛౑ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ࢖
ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᶵᲔ࡝࠺ࡋࡀࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆ௓ࡋ࡚᝟ሗࢆࡸࡾྲྀࡾࡍࡿࠊ᭱㏆࡛
ࡣඛ㏙ࡢࠕࣔࣀࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ (IOT)ࠖࡀὀ┠ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣࡉࡽ࡟⮬ືྲྀᚓ࡛ࡁࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ㔞ⓗᣑ኱ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟᥋⥆ࡉࢀࡓᙧ࡛ேࠎࡀάືࡋࠊࡑࡢ฼⏝≧ἣࡀࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᙧ࡛
ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪⪅ࡢഃ࡟⵳✚ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ♫఍ࢆほࡍࡿ⢏ᗘࡀᴟࡵ࡚㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸

ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ⌧ᅾࠊ኱㔞࡟⵳✚ࡉࢀࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡢฎ⌮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࠕࣅࢵࢢࢹ࣮ࢱࠖ࡜
ࡋ࡚ࠊὀ┠ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ⎔ቃ࡞࡝ࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚኱㔞ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ
⵳✚ࡋࠊศᯒࡍࡿ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᩍ⫱ࡢศ㔝࡛ࡶ Learning Analytics ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡୖ࡟⵳✚ࡉࢀ࡚ࡺࡃᏛ⩦⪅ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺ືࡁࡀฟ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ
16)ࠋṧᛕ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ
ࠕࣅࢵࢢࢹ࣮ࢱࠖࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᡤ᭷ࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆࣅࢪࢿ

ࢫ࡟ά࠿ࡑ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࣅࢪࢿࢫ⏺ࡀඛ⾜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᏛ⾡◊✲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ௒ᚋࡢᒎ㛤ࢆᚅࡘᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ 14)ࠋ♫఍άື࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ኱㔞ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ࡼࡾ⢏ᗘࡢ⣽࠿࡞ほ ࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿ୰࡛ࠊ♫఍⛉Ꮫࡣࡑࢀࢆ࡝࠺ᤊ࠼ά࠿ࡋ࡚⾜ࡃ࠿ࡀၥࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ኱㔞ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞◊✲ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࠊࡑࢀࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢィ⟬ᡭἲ࡞࡝ࢆ㆟ㄽࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊࣉࣛ࢖ࣂࢩ࣮࡬ࡢ㓄៖࡜฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ព⩏࡜ࡢࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࢜ࣇࢆ࠸࠿࡟ࣂࣛ
ࣥࢫࡉࡏࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺◊✲೔⌮㠃࡛ࡢ㞴ၥࢆ✚ᴟⓗࠊ୺యⓗ࡟ඞ᭹ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ

㸳㸬࠾ࢃࡾ࡟
ᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣࠊ᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢ㐍ᒎࡢ㠃࠿ࡽࠊࡑࡢ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ◊✲ࡢㄢ㢟ࢆ㏙࡭ࡓࠋ᝟ሗ㏻
ಙᢏ⾡ࡢᛴ㏿࡞Ⓨᒎࠊᬑཬࡣᵝࠎ࡞฼⏝ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚ࠊ௬᝿♫఍ࡢᣢࡘ㔜せᗘࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⌧௦ࡢ♫఍ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶࡑࢀ࡟࠺ࡲࡃᑐᛂ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣࡢ୰࡛ࠊ➹⪅ࡣ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ࡣኚ㠉ᮇ࡟࠶ࡿ♫఍ࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡜࡝࠺ྥࡁྜ࠺ࡢ࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺
ࡇ࡜࡜᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࢆ◊✲ࡢᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ά⏝ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࡀၥࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
1.

୸ᒣᏹ, బࠎᮌᗣ⿱: IT ⼥ྜ♫఍-᝟ሗᢏ⾡ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ᆅᖹ⥺ࠊ᝟ሗฎ⌮ࠊ54-2, 150-155(2013)

2.

⸨ᮏ㝯ᏹ㸸᪥ᮏࡢࡶࡢ㐀ࡾဴᏛ㸪᪥ᮏ⤒῭᪂⪺♫ (2004)3.

࿴Ἠ₩, 㫽ᾏ୙஧ኵ࡯࠿: 㔠⼥ᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᭱᪂᝟ሗᢏ⾡㸦≉㞟㸧ࠊ᝟ሗฎ⌮ࠊ53-9(2012)

4.

ࢡࣜࢫ࢔ࣥࢲ࣮ࢯࣥⴭࠊ㛵ヂ㸸Makers̿㸰㸯ୡ⣖ࡢ⏘ᴗࡀጞࡲࡿ, NHK ฟ∧(2012)5.

ࢡࣜࢫ࢔ࣥࢲ࣮ࢯࣥⴭࠊ⠛᳃ヂ㸸ࣟࣥࢢࢸ࣮ࣝ㸦࢔ࢵࣉࢹ࣮ࢺ∧㸧ࠊ᪩ᕝ᭩ᡣ (2009)6.

㹌㸬࣮࢞ࢩ࢙ࣥࣇ࢙ࣝࢻⴭࠊ⏣୰ࠊ⣒ᕝヂ㸸Fab ̿ࣃ࣮ࢯࢼࣝࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࠿ࡽࣃ࣮
ࢯࢼࣝࣇ࢓ࣈࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡬ࠊ࢜ࣛ࢖࣮ࣜࢪࣕࣃࣥ (2012)7.

Luigi Atzori a, Antonio Iera b, Giacomo Morabito: The Internet of Things: A survey,
Computer Networks 54, pp. 2787--2805 (2010)8.

⏣୰ᾈஓ㸸Fablife ̿ࢹࢪࢱࣝࣇ࢓ࣈࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࠿ࡽ⏕ࡲࢀࡿࠕࡘࡃࡾ࠿ࡓࡢᮍ᮶ࠖ,࢜ࣛ࢖࣮ࣜࢪࣕࣃࣥ (2012)9.

ᱵ⏣ᮃኵࠊ㣤ྜྷ㏱㸸࢙࢘ࣈ࡛Ꮫࡪ࣮̿࢜ࣉ࢚ࣥࢹࣗࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜▱ࡢ㠉࿨ࠊࡕࡃࡲ᪂
᭩ (2010)

10. Toru Iiyoshi and M. S. Vijay Kumar eds.: Opening Up Education, The Collective
Advancement of Education through Open Technology, Open Content, and Open
Knowledge, MIT Press (2008)
11. N. Gilbert and K. G. Troitzch: Simulation for the Social Scientist, 2nd Ed.,Open
University Press (2005)

12. D.H. ࣓ࢻ࢘ࢫ௚ⴭ㸪኱᮶┘ヂ㸸ᡂ㛗ࡢ㝈⏺㸪ࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻ♫ (1972)
13. బ⸨ဴஓ㸸ᮍ᮶ࢆண ࡍࡿᢏ⾡㸪ࢯࣇࢺࣂࣥࢡ᪂᭩㸪(2007)
14. Tony Hey, Stewart Tansley and Krist in Tolle eds.: The Fourth Paradigm
Data-Intensive Scientific Discovery, MICROSOFT RESEARCH (2009)
15. G. Bell, T. Hey, and A. Szalay, ͆Beyond the Data Deluge,͇ Science, vol. 323,
no. 5919, pp. 1297̽1298, 2009, doi: 10.1126/science.1170411.
16. The NMC Horizon Report: 2012 Higher Education Edition (2012)17. 㡲⸨ಟ: ࢡࣛ࢘ࢻ࣭ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡜♫఍࣭⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ, ♫఍࣭⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒, 33, pp.1-14 (2012)㔠⼥ࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡜ࢧࣈࣉࣛ࢖࣒㔠⼥༴ᶵ⚟஭┴❧኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ㒊ᩍᤵ

᭹㒊ⱱᖾ

ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
2008 ᖺ 9 ᭶ ࡟ ࣜ ࣮ ࣐ ࣭ࣥࣈ ࣛ ࢨ ࣮ ࢬ ࡀ ◚ ⥢ ࡍ ࡿ ࡜ 㸪ୡ ⏺ ⤒ ῭ ࡣ ኱ ᜍ ៃ ࢆ ୖ ᅇ ࡿ 㔠 ⼥ ༴ ᶵ࡟ 㝗 ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ࡑ ࡢ ཎ ᅉ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࢧ ࣈ ࣉ ࣛ ࢖ ࣒ ၥ 㢟 ࡀ ⾲ 㠃 ໬ ࡋ ࡓ ࡢ ࡣ 㸪 ୍ ᖺ ๓ ࡢ 07 ᖺ ኟ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋୡ⏺⤒῭ࡣᮍࡔ࡟ࡑࡢᡴᧁ࠿ࡽ᏶඲࡟ࡣ❧ࡕ┤ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡅ ࢀ ࡝ ࡶ 㸪௒ ᅇ ࡢ ࢧ ࣈ ࣉ ࣛ ࢖ ࣒ 㔠 ⼥ ༴ ᶵ ࡣ 㸪ᚑ ᮶ ࡢ 㖟 ⾜ ༴ ᶵ ࡜ ࡣ ␗ ࡞ ࡿ 21 ୡ ⣖ ᆺ ࡢ ᙳ ࡢ㖟⾜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ༴ᶵ࡜ࡶゝࢃࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࢧࣈࣉࣛ࢖࣒ၥ㢟ࡣ㔠⼥༴ᶵࡢࡁࡗ࠿ࡅ࡛ࡋ࠿࡞
࠸ࠋఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ఫᏯ࣮ࣟࣥࡣ㖟⾜࣮࡛ࣟࣥ࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪௒ࡢ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣ㸪ఫᏯ࣮ࣟࣥࡢ኱༙ࡣドๆ໬ࡋ࡚㌿኎ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡑࡢドๆࡢ୍㒊ࡣ㹁㹂㹑࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ಖ㝤ࡀ࠿ࡅࡽࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋఫᏯᕷሙ࡜ఫᏯ࣮ࣟࣥᕷሙࡢୖ࡟㸪ドๆ໬ᕷሙ࡜㹁㹂㹑ᕷሙࡀຍࢃࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ࢧࣈࣉࣛ࢖࣒࣭ࣂࣈࣝࡀࡣࡌࡅࡿ࡜㸪ドๆ໬࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡗࡓ࣮࣐࣭ࣜࣥࣈࣛࢨ࣮ࢬࡢࡼ
࠺࡞ᢞ㈨㖟⾜ࡸ㸪㹁㹂㹑࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࢧࣈࣉࣛ࢖࣒࣭࣮ࣟࣥ㛵㐃ドๆࢆಖドࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࣔࣀࣛ࢖
ࣥ㸪㸿㹇㹅ࡀ◚⥢ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ㈇മࡢࣆ࣑ࣛࢵࢻࡀᦆኻࢆᣑ኱ࡉࡏ㸪ୡ⏺ⓗ࡞㔠⼥༴ᶵࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
25 ศ 㛫 ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ሗ ࿌ ⪅ ࡟ ୚ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡓ ᫬ 㛫 ࡢ ไ ⣙ ࡢ ୰ ࡛ 㸪ᮏ ሗ ࿌ ࡀ ㄽ ࡌ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡣ ḟ ࡢ 㸰 Ⅼ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨㸯ࡀᙳࡢ㖟⾜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㈇മࡢࣆ࣑ࣛࢵࢻࡀ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚సࡽࢀࡓ࠿࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ➨㸰࡟᪂ࡋ࠸㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢୗ࡛ࣜࢫࢡࡀ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚㞟୰ࡋ㸪ᑠࡉ࡞ࢩࣙࢵࢡࢆ㔠⼥༴ᶵ࡬࡜ᣑ኱ࡉࡏࡓ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢢ࣮ࣜࣥࢫࣃࣥࡸࣂ࣮ࢼࣥ࢟ࡣࣜࢫࢡࡣ㐺ษ࡟⟶⌮ࡉࢀ㸪᪥ᮏࡢࡼ࠺࡞㔠⼥༴ᶵࡣ⏕ࡌ࡞࠸࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪௒࡛ࡣ㏫࡟ドๆ໬ࡣ୍㒊ࡢ㔠
⼥ᶵ㛵࡟ࣜࢫࢡࢆ㞟୰ࡉࡏࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ㸪ࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᡃࠎࡣ㹄㹐㹀ࡢ㛫㐪࠸ࡢ⫼ᚋ࡟࠶ࡿᕷሙࡢຠ⋡ᛶࢆ௬ᐃࡍࡿ୺ὶὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ⌮ㄽⓗ࡞Ḟ㝗࡟┠ࢆྥࡅࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
㸯㸬ᙳࡢ㖟⾜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᙧᡂࡣ༢࡟㔠⼥ࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡔࡅࡢ⏘≀࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ᅗ㸯ࡣᡓᚋ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡢ㈨⏘ࡢᑐ㹅㹂㹎ẚ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡓᚋ㸪ẚ⋡ࡣୖ᪼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ
ࡀ 㸪1980 ᖺ ௦ ࠿ ࡽ ࡑ ࡢ ୖ ᪼ ㏿ ᗘ ࡀ ㏿ ࡲ ࡿ ࠋ1990 ᖺ ௦ ᚋ ༙ ௨ 㝆 㸪㹇 㹒 ࣂ ࣈ ࣝ ࡜ ఫ Ꮿ ࣂ ࣈ ࣝ ࡢୗ࡛㸪ࡉࡽ࡟㏿ࡲࡗࡓࠋࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸪㔠⼥ࡢ⭾ᙇ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶ㸪඲࡚ࡢ㔠⼥ࡀྠᵝ࡟⭾ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ ࡓ ࢃ ࡅ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ1980 ᖺ ௦ ௨ 㝆 㸪㖟 ⾜ ࡑ ࡢ ௚ ࡢ 㡸 㔠 ྲྀ ᢅ ᶵ 㛵 ࡢ ┦ ᑐ ⓗ ࡞ ᆅ ఩ ࡣ ప ୗ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ㏫࡟ࡑࡢᆅ఩ࢆᛴୖ᪼ࡉࡏࡓࡢࡀ㸪ᖺ㔠ᇶ㔠ࡸ⏕࿨ಖ㝤࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㔠⼥ࡢ୰ᚰࡣ㖟⾜࠿ࡽᕷሙᆺ㔠⼥௰௓ᴗ࡬࡜ኚ໬ࡋࡓࠋ
ドๆ໬㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᕷሙᆺ㔠⼥௰௓ᴗࡢᡂ㛗ࡣ㔠⼥ᕤᏛࡢ⏘≀࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢព࿡࡛ᙳࡢ㖟⾜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣᕷሙཎ⌮࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ฼₶ືᶵࡢ⏘≀࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ேཱྀ㧗㱋໬ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞せᅉ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋேཱྀ㧗㱋໬ࡀᖺ㔠ᇶ㔠ࡸ⏕࿨ಖ㝤ࢆᡂ㛗ࡉࡏࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㔠 ⼥ ࡢ ⮬ ⏤ ໬ ᨻ ⟇ ࡶ 㔜 せ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ౛ ࠼ ࡤ 㸪࢚ ࣜ ࢧ ἲ㸦 1974 ᖺ 㸧࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ 㸪ᖺ 㔠 ᇶ 㔠 ࡀ ᰴ
ᘧᢞ㈨ࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟⾜࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪࣊ࢵࢪ࣭ࣇ࢓ࣥࢻࡸࠕ࣐࢜ࣁࡢ㈼ேࠖࣂࣇ
࢙ࢵࢺࡀ㔠⼥ࡢ኱㔞◚ቯරჾ࡜࿧ࢇࡔ㹁㹂㹑࡟ᑐࡍࡿつไㄽࡣࢧࣈࣉࣛ࢖࣒㔠⼥༴ᶵ௨๓࠿ࡽᏑᅾࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪㹄㹐㹀๓㆟㛗ࢢ࣮ࣜࣥࢫࣃࣥࡣᕷሙࡢ⮬⏤ࢆ᧦ㆤࡋ㸪࣊ࢵࢪ࣭ࣇ

࢓ࣥࢻࡸ㹁㹂㹑ࡢつไ࡟཯ᑐࡋࡓࠋ
㹄㹐㹀ࡢ⌮஦ࡔࡗࡓࢢ࣒ࣛࣜࢵࢳࡣࢧࣈࣉࣛ࢖࣒࣭࣮ࣟࣥ⮬య࡟ࡣ཯ᑐࡋ࡞
࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪␎ዣⓗ㈚௜ࡢᗈࡀࡾࢆᠱᛕࡋ㸪ࢢ࣮ࣜࣥࢫࣃࣥ࡟ࡶࡑࡢつไࢆッ࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ㸪ᕷሙࡢຠ⋡ᛶࢆಙࡌࡿࢢ࣮ࣜࣥࢫࣃࣥࡣࡑࡢッ࠼ࢆ↓どࡋࡓࠋ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㔠⼥ᙜᒁࡣ⮬⏤໬ᨻ⟇࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪㔠⼥ࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡸᙳࡢ㖟⾜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᡂ㛗ࢆᨭ࠼࡚ࡁࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ᙳࡢ㖟⾜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣ༢࡟ᕷሙࡔࡅࡢ⏘≀࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣఫᏯ࣮ࣟࣥ㛵㐃ドๆࡢ኱༙ࢆಖ᭷㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣಖドࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ㸪ᨻᗓᨭ᥼ᶵ㛵ࣇ࢓ࢽ࣮࣓࢖࡜ࣇࣞࢹ࢕
࣐ࢵࢡ࡛࠶ࡿࠋఫᏯࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࡣ࢔࣓࣭ࣜ࢝ࣥࢻ࣮࣒ࣜࡑࡢࡶࡢࡔ࡜ࡶゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ
ࡢክࡢᐇ⌧ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࡢᨻᗓࡢᨻ⟇ࡀఫᏯ࣮ࣟࣥࡢドๆ໬ࢆ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵࡓ࡜ࡶゝ࠼ࡿࠋ㏫࡟
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᥐ⨨ࡢ࡞࠸ၟᴗ⏝ᢸಖ୙ື⏘࣮ࣟࣥࡣ㸪௒࡛ࡶఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ఫᏯ࣮ࣟࣥࡀ୰ᚰ࡛࠶
ࡿ㸦⾲㸯ཧ↷㸧ࠋ࠶ࢃࡏ࡚㸪㹀㹇㹑つไࡢࡼ࠺࡞㖟⾜࡟୙฼࡞㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆࡣࡓࡋࡓࠋ㹀㹇㹑つไࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪㖟⾜ࡣ㈚ฟࡸドๆಖ᭷ࢆᢚไࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛㖟⾜ࡣ࢜ࣇ࣭ࣂࣛࣥࢫࢩ࣮ࢺྲྀᘬࢆᣑ኱ࡉࡏࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ᢞ㈨ࣅ࣮ࢡࣝ㸦㹑㹇㹔㸪ࢩ࣮ࣈ㸧࡞࡝ࡢᏊ఍♫ࢆタ❧ࡋ㸪ࡑࡇ࡟ドๆࢆ㌿኎ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡑࡢ㉎ධ㈨㔠ࢆ㹑㹇㹔ࡣ㡸㔠࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ᢞ㈨ᐙࡢฟ㈨㸪㈨⏘ᢸಖࢥ࣐࣮ࢩ࣭࣮ࣕࣝ࣌ࣃ࣮㸪୰ᮇമ࡞࡝ࡢᙧ࡛㞟ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚సࡽࢀࡓࡢࡀ㸪ᙳࡢ㖟⾜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㔠⼥ᨻ⟇࡜㔠⼥つไࡢ㸦ṍࢇࡔ㸧ࣇ࣮࣒࣮ࣞ࣡ࢡࡶ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢢ࣮ࣜࣥࢫࣃࣥࡣ㸦ࣂ࣮ࢼࣥ࢟ࡶ㸧㸪㔠⼥ᨻ⟇ࡣࣂࣈࣝࢆ↓どࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋ㸪↓どࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ࣂࣈࣝࡀᔂቯࡋࡓ᫬࡟ࡣ㸪✚ᴟⓗ࡟㔠⼥ࢆ⦆࿴ࡋ㸪ドๆᕷሙࢆᨭ࠼ ࡚ ࡁ ࡓ ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࢆ ࢢ ࣜ ࣮ ࣥ ࢫ ࣃ ࣭ࣥࣉ ࢵ ࢺ ࡜ ゝ ࠺ ࠋࡑ ࢀ ࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ 㸪ᢞ ᶵ ࣐ ࢿ ࣮ ࢆ ಖ ㆤ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪ᢞᶵ࣐ࢿ࣮ࡀಖㆤࡉࢀࡿ࡜▱ࡗࡓᢞᶵᐙࡓࡕࡣ㸪༴ᶵࡀ୍ᗘཤࡿ࡜㸪ࡉࡽ࡞ࡿᢞ
ᶵࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ㸪ᢞᶵ࣐ࢿ࣮ࡢ⵳✚ࢆ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢔ ࣓ ࣜ ࢝ ࡢ 㔠 ⼥ ᙜ ᒁ ࡣ ᕷ ሙ ࡢ ⮬ ⏤ ࢆ ᧦ ㆤ ࡋ 㸪㹁 㹂 㹑 ࡶ ␎ ዣ ⓗ ㈚ ௜ ࡶ つ ไ ࡏ ࡎ 㸪ᨺ⨨ࡋࡓࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ㸪㔠⼥༴ᶵࡢ୰࡛኱ᡭࢧࣈࣉࣛ࢖࣒࣭ࣞࣥࢲ࣮ࡸ㸿㹇㹅ࢆᩆ῭ࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᨻ⟇ࡣ཯♫఍ⓗ࡞␎ዣⓗ㈚௜࡜ᢞᶵࢆಖㆤ࣭⫱ᡂࡍࡿ࡜࠸
࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㔠⼥ᙜᒁࡣ㸪ᢞᶵࡸ␎ዣⓗ㈚௜ࢆᢚไࡏࡎ㸪㏫࡟ᢞᶵ
ࡸ␎ዣⓗ㈚௜࡟ኻᩋࡋࡓ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࢆᩆ῭ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᨻ⟇ࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ
ࡓṍࢇࡔᨻ⟇ࣇ࣮࣒࣮ࣞ࣡ࢡࡶ㸪ᢞᶵࢆᣑ኱ࡉࡏ㸪௒ᅇࡢ༴ᶵ࡬࡜ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗࡓ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
㸰㸬ࣜࢫࢡࢆ㞟୰ࡉࡏࡿᙳࡢ㖟⾜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸦㸯㸧㔠⼥ࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࢆ᧦ㆤࡍࡿ㹄㹐㹀ྜ⌮ⓗᮇᚅ௬ㄝࡣ⌧ᅾࡢ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ୰ᚰⓗ࡞⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ຠ⋡ᕷሙ௬ㄝࡣ⌧ᅾࡢࣇ࢓࢖ࢼࣥࢫ⌮ㄽࡢ୰ᚰⓗ࡞⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋఱࢀࡶ㔠⼥ᕷሙࡢຠ⋡ᛶࢆッ࠼࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡲࡓ᪂⮬⏤୺⩏⪅ࡢ኱ᚚᡤࣇ࣮ࣜࢻ࣐ࣥࡀᢞᶵࡣᕷሙࢆᏳᐃ໬ࡉࡏࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ᭷ྡ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ᪂⮬⏤୺⩏⤒῭Ꮫ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ୺ὶὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ࡋࡓࡀ࠸㸪㹄㹐㹀ࡢ㛵ಀ⪅ࡓࡕࡣ⮬⏤࡞ᕷሙࡀసࡾฟࡋࡓ㔠⼥㠉᪂࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣ᪥ᮏࡢࡼ࠺࡞㔠⼥༴ᶵࡣ⏕ࡌ࡞࠸࡜㸪ᮏᙜ࡟㔠⼥ᕷሙࡀᔂቯࡍࡿࡲ࡛ಙࡌ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ௨ୗࡣࡑࡢ୍㒊ࡢ౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛ ࠼ ࡤ 㸪 ド ๆ ໬ ࡣ ࣜ ࢫ ࢡ ࢆ ప ࡵ ࡚ ࠸ ࡞ ࠸ ㏫ ࡟ 㧗 ࡵ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ࣛ ࢪ ࣕ ࣥ 㸦 Rajan, 2005㸧
ࡢ୺ᙇ࡟ᑐࡋ㸪ᙜ᫬ࡢ㹄㹐㹀๪㆟㛗ࢥ࣮ࣥࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟཯ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
1998 ᖺ 㸪࠶ ࡿ ࠸ ࡣ ㈨ ⏘ ౯ ᱁ ࡢ ≉ ኱ ࡢ ኚ ື ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ 㸪ᕷ ሙ ࡢ ὶ ື ᛶ ࢆ ᕳ ࡁ ῧ ࠼ ࡟ ࡍ ࡿ ᪂ࡋ࠸ᙧࡢ༴ᶵࡢ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣ㸪ὶືᛶࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞Ỉ‽ࢆᨭ࠼㸪㔠฼ࢆᘬࡁୗ
ࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿ㔠⼥ᨻ⟇࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ࡼࡾᐜ᫆࡟⦆࿴ࡉࢀࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ ᨻ ⟇ ࡣ ࡲ ࡓ 㸪 ࣔ ࣛ ࣝ ࣭ ࣁ ࢨ ࣮ ࢻ ࢆ 㧗 ࡵ ࡿ ࣜ ࢫ ࢡ ࢆ ᑠ ࡉ ࡃ ࡍ ࡿ ࡛ ࠶ ࢁ ࠺ 㸦 Kohn, 2005,
p.374㸧 ࠋࡑ ࡢ ࢥ ࣮ ࣥ ࡀ 㸪2 0 1 0 ᖺ ࡟ ௒ ᅇ ࡢ ༴ ᶵ ࡢ ᩍ カ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠶ ࡆ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡢ ࡀ 㸪ḟ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ㐣ཤᩘᖺ㛫ࡣ㸪࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ࡢᏳᐃᛶ࡜㔠⼥Ᏻᐃᛶࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪㸰ࡘࡢᩍカࢆ౛ドࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡲ ࡍ ࠋ➨ 㸯 ࡣ 㸪࣐ ࢡ ࣟ ⤒ ῭ ࡢ Ᏻ ᐃ ᛶ ࡣ 㔠 ⼥ Ᏻ ᐃ ᛶ ࢆ ಖ ド ࡋ ࡞ ࠸ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ࡜ ࡛ ࡍ ࠋᐇ㝿㸪ᗄࡘ࠿ࡢ≧ἣ࡛ࡣ㸪࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ࡢᏳᐃᛶࡀேࠎࢆ࡞ࡔࡵ㸪ࣜࢫࢡ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⮬ᕫ‶ ㊊ ࡟ 㝗 ࡽ ࡏ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ 㸪㔠 ⼥ ୙ Ᏻ ᐃ ᛶ ࢆ ⫱ ࡚ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡶ ࠶ ࡾ ࡲ ࡍ ࠋࡑ ࡋ ࡚ ➨ 㸰 ࡣ 㸪≉࡟ከᩘࡢ㔠⼥௰௓ᶵ㛵ࢆᙅࡵࡿ᫬࡟ࡣ㸪㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟ᑐࡍࡿᗄࡘ࠿ࡢࢩࣙࢵࢡࡣ
Ỵᐃⓗ࡟㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪⥲㟂せࡢῶᑡࡀ኱ࡁࡃ㸪㛗ࡃ⥆ࡁ㸪ఏ⤫ⓗ࡞㔠⼥ᨻ⟇࡛ࡣ ⣲ ᪩ ࡃ 㸪 ⡆ ༢ ࡟ ಟ ᚟ ࡛ ࡁ ࡞ ࠸ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ࡜ ࡛ ࡍ 㸦 Kohn, 2010㸧 ࠋ
05 ᖺ ࡜ ࡣ ୺ ᙇ ࡀ ཯ ᑐ ࡟ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ศ ࠿ ࡿ ࠋࣂ ࣮ ࢼ ࣥ ࢟ ࡣ 07 ᖺ 㸳 ᭶㸦 ࢧ ࣈ ࣉ ࣛ ࢖ ࣒ ၥ 㢟 ࡀ 㢧 ᅾ ໬ ࡍ ࡿ ᑡ ࡋ ๓ 㸧࡟ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࡶ 㸪㔠 ⼥ ࢩ ࢫࢸ࣒ࡢὙ⦎໬࡜῝໬ࡣ㸪㈨ᮏࢆ᭱ࡶ⏕⏘ⓗ࡞㒊㛛࡟㓄ศࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࢆಁ㐍 ࡍ ࡿ ࡜ ㏙ ࡭ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 㸦 Bernanke, 2007㸧 ࠋࢢ࣮ࣜࣥࢫࣃࣥࡣ㸪㹁㹂㹑ࢆ⮬⏤࡞㔠⼥ᕷሙࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓ⣲ᬕࡽࡋ࠸㔠⼥ࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡜
㈹㈶ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ௒࡛ࡣ㹁㹂㹑࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᦆኻࡀᗈࡃศᩓࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛㸪࠿ࡘ࡚ࡢࡼ࠺࡞മົ୙
ᒚ⾜ࡢ㐃㙐ࡣ⏕ࡌ࡞࠸࡜ࢢ࣮ࣜࣥࢫࣃࣥࡣ୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡇࡢ୺ᙇࡢṇࡋࡉࡣ㸪㹇㹒ࣂࣈࣝࡢᔂቯ᫬࡟኱ᡭ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡢ⤒Ⴀ༴ᶵࡀ⏕ࡌ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ド᫂ࡉࢀࡓ࡜ゝ࠺ 㸦 Greenspan, 2008, pp.371-2, 㑥 ヂ 㸪 ୗ 㸪 160-1 㡫 㸧 ࠋ ࡜ ࡇ ࢁ ࡀ 㸪 㸿 㹇 㹅 ࡢ ◚ ⥢ ࡣ ࡇ ࡢ 㹁㹂㹑࡛ከ㢠ࡢᦆኻࢆࡔࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸿㹇㹅ࡢ◚⥢ࡣୡ⏺ࡢ㔠⼥ᕷሙࢆᔂቯࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜
ࡀண᝿ࡉࢀࡓࡓࡵ㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㔠⼥ᙜᒁࡣ㸿㹇㹅ࢆᩆ῭ࡋࡓࠋ㸦㸰㸧ࣜࢫࢡࢆ㞟୰ࡉࡏࡿドๆ໬༴ᶵᚋࡢࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫࡣ㸪ドๆ໬ࡣࣜࢫࢡࢆ୍㒊ࡢ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵࡟㞟୰ࡉࡏࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ㸪ࢧࣈࣉࣛ࢖࣒㔠⼥༴ᶵᚋࡢࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢧࣈࣉࣛ࢖࣒㔠⼥༴ᶵࡣ㸪㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࢆ◚⥢ࡉࡏࡓࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪㹄㹐㹀ࡢᨻ⟇ࡸ୺ὶὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ⌮ㄽࡶ◚⥢ࡉࡏࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐࡇ
ࢇ࡞ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
➨㸯࡟㸪୺ὶὴ⌮ㄽ࡜ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ▩┪ࡋ࡞࠸ཎᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚࣭ࣔࣛࣝࣁࢨ࣮ࢻ࡜㏫㑅ᢥࡢၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡆࡽࢀࡼ࠺ࠋఫᏯ࣮ࣟࣥࡀ◚⥢ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ドๆ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㌿኎ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ఫᏯ࣮ࣟࣥ఍

♫ࡣᦆኻࢆ⿕ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪ఫᏯ࣮ࣟࣥ఍♫ࡣ࣮ࣟࣥࡢᏳ඲ᛶ࡟Ẽࢆ㓄ࡽ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡀ࣭ࣔࣛࣝࣁࢨ࣮ࢻ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௚᪉㸪㈙࠸ᡭࡢᢞ㈨ᐙࡓࡕࡣ㸪ドๆ໬ၟရࡢ୰㌟ࢆࡼࡃ
▱ࡽࡎ࡟㉎ධࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚㸪ࣜࢫࢡࡣ㈇ᢸ⬟ຊࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ุ᩿⬟ຊࡀ࡞࠸࡜ࡇࢁ࡬࡜㞟ࡵࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀ㏫㑅ᢥ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
➨㸰࡟ࠕ⚄ヰࠖ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕ⮬ᕫ㠀ᐇ⌧ⓗ࡞ᮇᚅࠖࡢస⏝ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡸ࣏ࢫࢺ㸻ࢣ࢖ࣥࢬὴࡣྜ⌮ⓗ࡞⤒῭ேࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆᢈุࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᮍ᮶ࡢࡇ࡜ࢆṇ☜࡟ࡣண᝿࡛ࡁ࡞
࠸ேࠎࡣ୺ほⓗ࡟ࡣྜ⌮ⓗࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸࡞ࡀࡽ◚⁛ⓗ࡞⾜ືࢆ⾜࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ఫᏯࣂࣈࣝᮇ࡟ࡣࠕ␎ዣⓗ㈚௜ࠖࡢࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ࠕ࢖ࣥࢱࣞࢫࢺ࣭࣮࢜ࣥࣜࠖ㸪ࠕࢿ࢞ࢸ࢕ࣈ࣭࢔ࣔࢸ࢕ࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࠖ㸪᭱ࡶᝏྡ㧗࠸ࠕࢽࣥࢪ࣭࣮ࣕࣟࣥࠖ࡞࡝ࡢఫᏯ࣮ࣟࣥࡶᗈ ࡀ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ෭ 㟼 ࡟ ⪃ ࠼ ࡚ ࡳ ࢀ ࡤ 㸪ࡇ ࠺ ࡋ ࡓ ࣟ ࣮ ࣥ ࡀ ◚ ⥢ ࡍ ࡿ ࡢ ࡣ ୙ ᛮ ㆟ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋࡋ ࠿ ࡋ 㸪㔠⼥ᕤᏛ࡟ࡼࡿࣜࢫࢡ⟶⌮࡜࠸࠺⚄ヰࡀࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ࣮ࣟࣥࡣᏳ඲ࡔ࡜ᛮࢃࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࡕ࡞ࡳ࡟㸪㹇㹒ࣂࣈࣝᮇ࡟ࡣࢽ࣮࣭࢚ࣗࢥࣀ࣑࣮ࡢ⚄ヰࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋᙜ᫬㸪᪂⯆ࡢ㹇㹒௻ᴗࡢከࡃࡣᐇ㝿࡟ࡣ฼┈ࢆ࠶ࡆ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ࢽ࣮࣭࢚ࣗࢥࣀ࣑࣮ࡢୗ࡛ࡣ࣮࢜
ࣝࢻ࣭࢚ࢥࣀ࣑࣮ࡢἲ๎ࡣᡂࡾ❧ࡓ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪ࡑࢀ࡛ࡶ኱୔ኵࡔ࡜ேࠎࡣᛮ࠸㎸ࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
Ᏻ඲⚄ヰࢆᗈࡆࡿࡢ࡟኱ࡁ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆࡣࡓࡋࡓࡢࡀ㸪㹄㹐㹀࡞࡝ࡢᨻ⟇ᙜᒁ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ༴
㝤࡞␎ዣⓗ㈚௜ࡸ㹁㹂㹑ࢆつไࡋ࡚࠸ࢀࡤ㸪ࢧࣈࣉࣛ࢖࣒࣭ࣞࣥࢲ࣮㸪ࣔࣀࣛ࢖ࣥ㸪㸿㹇㹅ࡢ◚⥢㸦ࡢ୍㒊㸧ࡣ㜵ࡆࡓ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࢀࡤ㸪㔠⼥༴ᶵࡣ㜵ࡆࡓ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸
ࡋ㸪㉳ࡁࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࡑࡢつᶍࡣᑠࡉ࠿ࡗࡓ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ㸪ྜ⌮ⓗ࡞ᕷሙࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍ
ࡿ୺ὶὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ࡣࣂࣈࣝࡶ୙Ⰻ㈚௜ࡢᣑ኱ࡶศᯒࡍࡿ⏝ලࡀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓㄗࡗࡓࣔࢹ
ࣝ࡟ࡋࡓࡀࡗࡓ㹄㹐㹀ࡣẘ⸆ࢆ⸆࡜ᛮ࠸㎸ࢇ࡛㸪ᗈࡆ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
➨㸱࡟ドๆ໬ࡀࣜࢫࢡࢆศᩓࡉࡏࡓ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉⮬యࡶ␲ࢃࡋ࠸ࠋࡍ࡛࡟⾲㸯࡟♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪㖟⾜ࡢఫᏯ࣮ࣟࣥࡢࢩ࢙࢔ࡣ㸪ドๆ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ⴭࡋࡃపୗࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪㖟⾜ࡢࢩ࢙࢔ῶࡗࡓ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶ㸪௦ࢃࡾ࡟㠀㖟⾜㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡢࢩ࢙࢔ࡀቑຍࡋࡓ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࠋ⾲㸰ࡣ୙ື⏘ᢸಖ㛵㐃ドๆࡢಖ᭷≧ἣࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲ࡢእᅜேᢞ㈨ᐙࡣᐇ㝿࡟ࡣእᅜࡢ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵࡛࠶ࡾ㸪㈈ົ┬࡜ࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ㐃㖟ࡢಖ᭷ࡣ㸪㔠⼥༴ᶵ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᶵ⬟୙඲࡟㝗ࡗࡓᕷሙࢆ㈙࠸ᨭ࠼ࡿࡓࡵࡢ㸪㠀ᖖᥐ⨨࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆ⪃៖ࡍࢀࡤ㸪ドๆࡢ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࢆ㉎ධࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡣ㸪㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡔ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡲࡓドๆࢆ㹁㹂㹑࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ಖドࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡣ㸪ࣔࣀࣛ࢖ࣥࡸ㸿㹇㹅࡞࡝ࡢಖ㝤఍♫࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
㖟⾜ࡢࣜࢫࢡࡀῶᑡࡋࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ࣜࢫࢡࡣ༢࡟ᢞ㈨㖟⾜࡞࡝ࡢ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡸ㸿㹇㹅࡟㌿᎑ࡉࢀࡓࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡔ࠿ࡽ㸪ࢧࣈࣉࣛ࢖࣒㔠⼥༴ᶵࡣᢞ㈨㖟⾜༴ᶵࡸ㸿㹇㹅༴ᶵ࡜࡞ࡗ
ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡶ㸪㸿㹇㹅ࡢ◚⥢ࡢ㝿࡟ࡣ㸪ࠕࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡍࡂ࡚ࡘࡪ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ゝࢃࢀࡓࠋࣜࢫࢡศᩓࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡣࢩࢫࢸ࣒඲యࡢࣜࢫࢡࢆ㧗ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ
ࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ෭㟼࡟ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆศᯒࡋ࡚ࡳࢀࡤศ࠿ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
➨㸲࡟ࣜࢫࢡศᩓࡢࡓࡵ࡟㸪㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡀドๆ໬ၟရࢆ㈙ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡶ␲ࢃࡋ࠸ࠋ
㖟⾜࡟ࡣ㹀㹇㹑つไࡀㄢࡏࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪⮬ᕫ㈨ᮏࡀᑡ࡞࠸㖟⾜ࡣఫᏯ࣮ࣟࣥࢆ㈚ࡋฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࢆᅇ㑊ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪㖟⾜ࡣᏊ఍♫ࢆసࡾ㸪ࡑࡇ࡟ఫᏯ࣮ࣟࣥ ࢆ ㌿ ኎ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋࡇ ࠺ ࡋ ࡚ ఫ Ꮿ ࣟ ࣮ ࣥ ࡣ ぶ ఍ ♫ ࡢ 㖟 ⾜ ࡢ ᖒ ⡙ ࠿ ࡽ ࡣ ᾘ ࠼ ࡿ ࠋࡋ ࠿ ࡋ 㸪༴ ᶵ ᚋ 㸪Ꮚ఍♫ࡀ◚⥢ࡋࡓሙྜ࡛ࡶ㸪ぶ఍♫ࡢ㖟⾜ࡣ㸪Ꮚ఍♫ࡢ୙Ⰻ㈨⏘ࢆᇶᮏⓗ࡟ᘬࡁྲྀࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋᖒ⡙ࡢୖ࡛ఫᏯ࣮ࣟࣥࡣᾘ࠼࡚ࡶ㸪ࣜࢫࢡࡣᾘ࠼࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

㹁㹂㹑ࡶࡲࡓᐇ㝿࡟ࡣಖ㝤ࡢᶵ⬟ࢆࡣࡓࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ⮬ศࡢᐙ࡟ⅆ⅏ಖ㝤ࢆ࠿ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡣಖ㝤࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪௚ேࡢᐙ࡟ⅆ⅏ಖ㝤ࢆ࠿ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪௚ேࡢ⅏ᐖ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚༤
ᡴࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣ㸪఍♫ࡀ◚⥢ࡋࡓ᫬࡟㸪㹁㹂㹑ࡢ᝿ᐃඖᮏࡢ౯್
ࡀ඲♫മࡢ౯್ࡢ༑ᩘಸ࡟ࡢࡰࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ⌋ࡋࡃ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㹁㹂㹑ࡣ఍♫ࡢ◚⥢ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ༤ᡴ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚㸪ಖ㝤࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ༤ᡴ࡟኱㈇ࡅࡋࡓࣔࣀࣛ࢖ࣥࡸ㸿㹇㹅ࡀ◚⥢ࡋࡓࡢࡣ㸪୙ᛮ㆟࡞ࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
➨㸳࡟ࡼࡾ㧗ᗘ࡞⌮ㄽⓗၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚㸪୍㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡢࣜࢫࢡศᩓࡀ㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒඲యࡢࣜ
ࢫࢡศᩓ࡟ᚲࡎࡋࡶࡘ࡞ࡀࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤ㸪ࢧࣈࣉࣛ࢖࣒࣭࣮ࣟࣥ㛵㐃ドๆ࡛ᦆኻࢆ⿕ࡗࡓࣇ࢓ࣥࢻ࠿ࡽࡣ㸪ᢞ㈨ᐙࡓࡕࡣ㈨㔠ࢆᘬࡁᥭࡆࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ㈨㔠ࢆ㏉༷ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪ࣇ࢓ࣥࢻࡀᰴࢆ኎༷ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ᰴ౯ࡶᭀⴠࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࢧࣈࣉࣛ
࢖࣒㔠⼥༴ᶵࡀᰴᘧᕷሙ࡟ࡶἼཬࡍࡿ࡜㸪ᰴᘧ࡟ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ࣜࢫࢡศᩓ࡟ࡣ࡞
ࡽ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ
㸱㸬ࠕᡃࠎࡣ㐪࠺ࠖ⑕ೃ⩌࡜ࡇࢁ࡛㸪㔠⼥ࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡟⓶⫗࡞ぢ᪉ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡀ㸪࢞ࣝࣈࣞ࢖ࢫ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢞ࣝࣈ
ࣞ࢖ࢫࡣ㸪㔠⼥ࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡣ⾲㠃ⓗ࡟ࡣ᪂ࡋࡃぢ࠼࡚ࡶ㸪ࡑࡢᮏ㉁ࡣࣞࣂࣞࢵࢪࢆᣑᙇࡉࡏ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࡘ ࡁ ࡿ ࡜ ㏙ ࡭ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ 㸦 Galbraith, 1993, pp.19-22, 㑥 ヂ 㸪 39㸫 42 㡫 㸧 ࠋ ࢞ ࣝ ࣈ ࣞ࢖ ࢫ ࡣ ྡ ⴭࠗ ኱ ᜍ ៃ ࠘ࡢ ୰ ࡛ 㸪ᙜ ᫬ ࡢ ᢞ ㈨ ಙ ク ࣈ ࣮ ࣒ ࡀ ࣞ ࣂ ࣞ ࢵ ࢪ ࢆ ᣑ ኱ ࡉ ࡏ 㸪 1929 ᖺ ࡢᰴ ౯ ኱ ᭀ ⴠ ࡢ ཎ ᅉ ࡜ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ ࡜ ㄽ ࡌ ࡿ ࠋࢢ ࣜ ࣮ ࣥ ࢫ ࣃ ࣥ ࡢ ๓ ࡢ 㹄 㹐 㹀 ㆟ 㛗 ࡔ ࡗ ࡓ ࣎ ࣝ ࢝ ࣮ ࡶ 㸪㔠⼥࡟࠾࠸࡚ᮏᙜ࡟ᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡢࡣ㸿㹒㹋ࡔࡅࡔ࡜ゝࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ᭷ྡ࡞ヰ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ࢞ࣝࣈࣞ࢖ࢫࡸ࢟ࣥࢻࣝࣂ࣮࣮࢞࡞࡝୍ὶࡢ㔠⼥༴ᶵࡢṔྐᐙࡓࡕࡣ㔠⼥༴ᶵ࡜ࡣྠࡌࡇ࡜ࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡢṔྐ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭ࡓࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ㸪㔠⼥ࡢグ᠈ࡣ㛗ࡃࡣ⥆࠿࡞࠸ࠋṔྐࢆᛀࢀࡓហ࠿࡞ேࠎࡣ㸪ᡃࠎࡣ᫇ࡢேࠎࡢࡼ࠺࡞ኻᩋࢆ㉳ࡇࡉ࡞࠸࡜ᛮ࠸㎸ࢇ࡛㸪ྠࡌኻᩋࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
௒ᅇࡢ༴ᶵ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ࠕᡃࠎࡣ㐪࠺ࠖ⑕ೃ⩌ࡣ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀࡓࠋ㔠⼥ࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡣ㐺ษ࡞ࣜࢫࢡ⟶⌮ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᗁ᝿㸪࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣ᪥ᮏࡢࡼ࠺࡞㔠⼥༴ᶵࡣ⏕ࡌ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ᗁ᝿ࢆసࡾฟࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝⤒῭ࢆࠕ᪥ᮏ໬ࠖࡉࡏࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋࡑࡢ
ព࿡࡛ࡣࢧࣈࣉࣛ࢖࣒㔠⼥༴ᶵࡶࡲࡓྠࡌࡇ࡜ࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ὀ㸸ᮏሗ࿌ࡣࠗ༴ᶵ࣭୙Ᏻᐃᛶ࣭㈨ᮏ୺⩏㸫ࣁ࢖࣐࣭࣑ࣥࣥࢫ࣮࢟ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘㸦࣑ࢿࣝࣂ ᭩ ᡣ 㸪2012 ᖺ 㸧㸪≉ ࡟ ࡑ ࡢ ➨ 㸲 ❶ࠕ 㔠 ⼥ ࡢ ᢏ ⾡ 㠉 ᪂ ࡜ 㔠 ⼥ ୙ Ᏻ ᐃ ᛶ ࠖࢆ ᇶ ࡟ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ㸦 ୍㒊㸪᪂ࡋ࠸▱ぢࡶຍ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࡢ࡛㸪ࡇࡕࡽࡶཧ⪃࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠸ࡓ࠸ࠋᅗ㸯ྛ ✀ 㔠 ⼥ ࡢ 㔠 ⼥ ㈨ ⏘ ࡢ 㹅 㹂 㹎 ࡟ ᑐ ࡍ ࡿ ẚ ⋡ 㸦 1950 ᖺ 㸫 2011 ᖺ 㸧

500%

400%

300%

200%

100%

0%
1950

60

70

80

㖟⾜
㻿䠃㻸䠈䜽䝺䝆䝑䝖䞉䝴䝙䜸䞁

⏕࿨ಖ㝤
ᖺ㔠ᇶ㔠

90
䠩䠩䠢䠈䝭䝳䞊䝏䝳䜰䝹䞉䝣䜯䞁䝗䠣䠯䠡䠈䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝅䞊

2000

10
ᖺ

䠝䠞䠯
䛭䛾௚

㈨ ᩱ 㸸 㹄 㹐 㹀 ࣍ ࣮ ࣒ ࣌ ࣮ ࢪ 㸪࢔ ࣓ ࣜ ࢝ ၟ ົ ┬ ⤒ ῭ ศ ᯒ ᒁ ࣍ ࣮ ࣒ ࣌ ࣮ ࢪ 㸦ࠗ ༴ ᶵ ࣭୙ Ᏻ ᐃ ᛶ ࣭ ㈨ ᮏ ୺ ⩏ 㸫ࣁ࢖࣐࣭࣑ࣥࣥࢫ࣮࢟ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ 225 㡫 ཧ ↷ 㸧 ࠋ⾲㸯ఫᏯ࣮ࣟࣥ࡜ၟᴗ⏝୙ື⏘ᢸಖ࣮ࣟࣥࡢമๆࡢಖ᭷⪅ၟᴗ⏝୙ື⏘ᢸಖ

1980.Q1

2008.Q2

ಶே

4.8%

0.8%

ಶே

0.8%

㠀㔠⼥௻ᴗ

1.4%

0.3%

௻ᴗ

1.0%

ᨻᗓ㒊㛛

3.4%

1.0%

ᨻᗓ㒊㛛

2.7%

㖟⾜

68.5%

27.1%

㖟⾜

55.9%

16.6%

45.5%

⏕࿨ಖ㝤

10.3%

0.0%

18.2%

㸿㹀㹑ࡢⓎ⾜⪅

24.6%

ఫᏯ࣮ࣟࣥ

㹅 㹑 㹃 㸪࢚ ࣮ ࢪ ࢙ ࣥࢩ࣮㸿㹀㹑ࡢⓎ⾜⪅㈨ᩱ㸸㹄㹐㹀࣮࣒࣮࣍࣌ࢪࠋὀ 㸸 㹅㹑㹃㸪࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢩ࣮ࡣಖドศࡶྵࡴࠋ

࣮ࣟࣥ

2008.Q2⾲㸰୙ ື ⏘ ᢸ ಖ 㛵 㐃 ド ๆ ࡢ ಖ ᭷ ≧ ἣ 㸦 2010 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 㸧㈈ົ┬㸪ࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ㐃㖟17.4%

ᕞᨻᗓ㸪ᆅ᪉⮬἞య

2.5%

㠀㔠⼥௻ᴗ

1.4%

㖟⾜

18.7%

ࣇ࢓ࢽ࣮࣓࢖࣭ࣇࣞࢹ࢕࣐ࢵࢡ

11.2%

ࡑࡢ௚㔠⼥

32.2%

㈨ ᩱ 㸸 2011 Mortgage Market: Statistical Annual.
ὀ㸸㈈ົ┬㸪ࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ㐃㖟ࡢಖ᭷ࡣ㔠⼥༴ᶵࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ㹋㹀㹑ᕷሙࢆ㈙࠸ᨭ࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪㠀ᖖࡢᥐ⨨࡛࠶ࡿࠋཧ⪃ᩥ⊩Galbraith, J.K. (1988) The Great Crash 1929, Boston, Mifflin. ࠗ ኱ ᜍ ៃ 1929࠘ 㸦 ᑠ ཎ ᩗ ኈ ࣭ఀᮾᨻྜྷヂ㸧ࠗ࢞ࣝࣈࣞ࢖ࢫⴭస㞟㸯࠘㹒㹀㹑ࣈࣜࢱࢽ࢝㸪୍஑ඵࠐᖺ㸦஬ࠐ࿘ᖺグᛕ∧ࡢヂ㸧ࠋGalbraith, J.K. (1993) A Short History of Financial Euphoria, London, Penguin Books. ࠗ ࣂ ࣈࣝࡢ≀ㄒ㸫 ᭀⴠࡢ๓࡟ኳᡯࡀ࠸ࡿ࠘㸦㕥ᮌဴኴ㑻ヂ㸧ࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻ♫㸪୍஑஑୍ᖺࠋ
Bernanke, B.S., (2007a) ³)LQDQFLDO 5HJXODWLRQ DQG WKH ,QYLVLEOH +DQG´ DW WKH 1HZ <RUN
University Law School, New York, New York, April 11.
Greenspan, A. (2008) The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World , London, Penguin
Books. ࠗ Ἴ ஘ ࡢ ᫬ ௦ ࠘ࠗ 㸦 ୖ 㸧 ࢃ ࡀ ༙ ⏕ ࡜ 㹄 㹐 㹀 ࠘ࠗ 㸦 ୗ 㸧 ୡ ⏺ ࡜ ⤒ ῭ ࡢ ࡺ ࡃ ࠼ ࠘㸦 ᒣ ᒸὒ ୍ ࣭ 㧘 㐲 ⿱ Ꮚ ヂ 㸧 ᪥ ᮏ ⤒ ῭ ᪂ ⪺ ฟ ∧ ♫ 㸪 2007 ᖺ ࠋKindleberger, C.P. and R.Z. Aliber (2005) Manias, Panics, and Crashes: A History of Financial
Crises, 5th edition., Hoboken, New Jersey, John Wiley and Sons. ࢳ ࣕ ࣮ ࣝ ࢬ ࣭ 㹎 㸬 ࢟ ࣥ ࢻ ࣝ ࣂ࣮ ࢞ ࣮ࠗ ⇕ ≬ 㸪ᜍ ៃ 㸪ᔂ ቯ 㸫 㔠 ⼥ ᜍ ៃ ࡢ Ṕ ྐ ࠘㸦 ྜྷ 㔝 ಇ ᙪ࣭ඵ ᮌ ⏠ ヂ 㸧᪥ ᮏ ⤒ ῭ ᪂ ⪺ ♫ 㸪
2004 ᖺ 㸦 ➨ 㸲 ∧ ࡢ ヂ 㸧 ࠋ
Kohn, D.L. (2005) ³&RPPHQWDU\ +DV )LQDQFLDO 'HYHORSPHQW 0DGH WKH :RUOG 5LVNLHU"´ The
Greenspan Era: Lessons for the Future , at the Federal Reserve Bank of KDQVDV &LW\¶V $QQXDO
Economic Symposium, Jackson Hole, Wyoming, August 25 -27.
Kohn, D.L. (2010) ´0RQHWDU\ 3ROLF\ LQ WKH &ULVLV 3DVW 3UHVHQW DQG )XWXUHµ DW WKHBrimmer Policy Forum, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, Atlanta,
Georgia, January 3.

࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿไᗘၥ㢟ᏳᏞᏊㄔ⏨㸦༓ⴥ኱Ꮫ࣭ྡ㸧ᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡜ไᗘኚᐜ࡜ࡢ࠿࠿ࢃࡾࢆど㍈࡟ࡋ࡚⌧௦㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶ࡜ᵓ㐀ኚᐜࢆᤊ࠼
ࡿࡓࡵࡢ conceptual framework ࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ➹⪅ࡢᇶᮏࢸ࣮࣐࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡤ࠶࠸ࠊ
⛉Ꮫ࣭ᢏ⾡ࡢ㠉᪂࡜⤌⧊࣭ไᗘࡢๅ᪂ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ຊⅬࢆ࠾ࡃ࠿ࡢ㐪࠸ࡣ࠶ࢀࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ
ࣙࣥࢆ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ┦஫⾜Ⅽⓗ࡞㐃ᦠᛶ࡜⤒㊰౫Ꮡⓗ࡞⣼✚ᛶ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿ◊✲ືྥ㸦࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࢩࢫࢸ࣒ㄽ㸧࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣḞ࠿ࡏ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊC.Freeman, R.Nelson
ࡸ G.Dosi, F.Malerba ࡞࡝ࢿ࣭࢜ࢩ࣮ࣗࣥ࣌ࢱࣜ࢔ࣥࡢࠑᢏ⾡̺⤒῭ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࠒㄽ࡜
R.Boyer, B.Amable ࡸ B.Coriat ࡞࡝ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥᏛὴࡢࠑ♫఍̺ᢏ⾡ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࠒㄽ㸦ࡉ
ࡽ࡟ࡣࠑ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶࠒㄽ㸧࡜ࢆ✺ࡁྜࢃࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࡘ࠺ࡌ࡚ࠊࡇࡢసᴗࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࠋ
㸯㸬F.Malerba㸦※ὶ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ G.Dosi㸧ࡽࡣࠊ⏘ᴗࢭࢡࢱ࣮࡛ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆࠕከ
ḟඖⓗࠊ⤫ྜⓗࠊືែⓗ࡟ࠖࡳࡿどゅࢆᥦ♧ࡋࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢẚ㍑⏘ᴗࢭࢡࢱ࣮ㄽࢆ
ᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠑᢏ⾡ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠒࡢᴫᛕࡀࠊ୍᪉࡛ࡣᢏ⾡ᶵ఍࣭ᑓ᭷᮲௳࣭⣼✚ᛶࠊ௚᪉࡛
ࡣㅖ✀ࡢ▱㆑ᛶ᱁࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࠊࠑᢏ⾡ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠒ࡜࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢࢩ࣮ࣗࣥ࣌
ࢱ࣮ⓗࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ㸦㠉᪂άືࡢ㞟୰ᗘࠊ㠉᪂ⓗ௻ᴗࡢᏳᐃᛶࠊ㠉᪂ࡢฟ⏕⋡㸧࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡀㄽࡌࡽࢀࡿࠋ࠿ࢀࡽࡢᅜ㝿ẚ㍑࡛⯆࿡῝࠸Ⅼࡢࡦ࡜ࡘࡣࠊᑓ᭷᮲௳࡜⣼✚ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᢏ⾡ᛶ᱁ࡀࡲࡉࡗ࡚ㅖᅜ㛫࡟ࠕ┦ᙜࡢ㢮ఝᛶࠖࡀぢฟࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᢏ⾡ᶵ఍ࡢ࡯࠺ࡣㅖ
ᅜ㛫࡟ࡸࡸ㐪࠸ࡀ⏕ࡎࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᢏ⾡ᶵ఍࡟ࡣࠊ⛉Ꮫ࡜⏘ᴗࢆᯫᶫࡍࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ
࣒ࡢ௓ᅾ࡜᭷ຠᛶ࡞࡝ࠊไᗘ࣭⤌⧊ୖࡢၥ㢟ࡀࡼࡾ㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸰㸬B.Amable ࡽࡢࠑ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜⏕⏘ࡢ♫఍ⓗࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠒㄽࡣࠊ
ࠕ⛉Ꮫ㸫ᢏ⾡㸫⏘ᴗࠖࡢ㛵㐃ࡢᅜࡈ࡜ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆࠕᩍ⫱ไᗘ㸫ປാᕷሙ㸫㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ไᗘせᅉ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᰿ᣐ࡙ࡅࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࠊ
ࠑᢏ⾡ࡢෆ⏕໬ࠒࡢ୍ࡘࡢヨࡳ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ
ㅖไᗘࡣᡤ୚࡜ࡉࢀࠊไᗘࡢᕪ␗ࡢ᰿ᣐࡣㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋAmable ࡽไᗘࡢᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡀࠊไᗘ⿵᏶ᛶࡸไᗘ㝵ᒙᛶࠊ⥲ࡌ࡚ไᗘኚᐜࢆࡵࡄࡿ㆟ㄽࡸࠕᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡢ෌⤫ྜࠖㄽࢆάᛶ໬ࡉࡏࠊ
ࠕศ㓄฼┈ࢆࡵࡄࡿᑐ❧࡜ጇ༠ࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᨻ἞ຊᏛࢆㄝ᫂࡟ຍ࠼࡚࠸ࡃࡢ
ࡣࠊࠑไᗘࡢෆ⏕໬ࠒࢆヨࡳࡿࡓࡵ࡟࡯࠿࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
㸱㸬
ࠑ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶࠒㄽ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ┦ᑐඃ఩ㄽࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ࠊ௻ᴗࡀ➇தඃ఩ࡢ୺せ࡞※Ἠ࡜ࡋ࡚ᅜࡢᨭ㓄ⓗไᗘ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡿẚ㍑ඃ఩ࢆࡘࡡ࡟฼⏝ࡍࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡀதⅬ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋS.Casper ࡜ D.Soskice ࡽࡣࠊ
ࠑ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶࠒㄽࡢどゅ࠿ࡽ Malerba ࡽࡢ❧ㄽࢆ⤌ࡳ㎸ࢇ࡛ࠕไᗘⓗ࡞ᯟ⤌ࡳ࡜௻ᴗࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᢏ⾡ᡓ␎࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࠖࢆㄽࡌࠊࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫᆺ⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕࢧࣈࢭࢡࢱ࣮࡛ࡢ≉໬ࠖࢆ୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸲㸬ࢿ࣭࢜ࢩ࣮ࣗࣥ࣌ࢱࣜ࢔ࣥ࡜ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࢽࢫࢺࡀࠊᢏ⾡̺ไᗘほࡢᕪ␗㸦࢚࣮࣎ࣜࣗࢩࣙࣥ ᑐ ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ㸧࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ⡿ᅜࡢࣉࣟࣃࢸࣥࢺᨻ⟇ࠊ࡜ࡃ࡟ࣂ࢖
ࢻ࣮ࣝἲࡢࡣࡽࡴࠕ࢔ࣥࢳ࣭ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢᝒ๻ࠖ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ༴ᶵព㆑ࢆඹ᭷ࡋࠊ scientificcommons ࡢಖㆤ࡜࠸࠺ࠕ⛉Ꮫࡢබඹᨻ⟇ࠖࢆ࡜ࡶ࡟⛠ᥭࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡣࠊ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚ࡼ࠸ࠋయไ㌿᥮ᮇࡢไᗘ࡜⾜ືኚືࡢ◊✲࡟㐍໬ࡢどⅬࡣ࡝ࡇࡲ࡛᭷ຠ࠿
⏣୰ᏹ㸦❧࿨㤋኱Ꮫ㸧ᅜᐙ♫఍୺⩏࠿ࡽࡢయไ㌿᥮ࡀ 1980 ᖺ௦ᮎ࠿ࡽᮏ᱁ⓗ࡟ጞࡲࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀ௨㝆 20 ᖺ௨ୖࡢṓ᭶ࡀ⤒㐣ࡋࡓࠋᮾḢㅖᅜࡢሙྜࠊ≉࡟ 2004 ᖺ࡜ 2007 ᖺ࡟㹃㹓ຍ┕ࢆᯝࡓࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟
ࡼࡾࡇࡢయไ㌿᥮ࡀ୍ࡘࡢ༊ษࡾࢆ㏄࠼ࡓࠋࡔࡀࠊ࣮ࣘࣟᑟධࡢᡂྰ࡜࣏ࢫࢺୡ⏺⤒῭㔠⼥༴ᶵࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢࣂࣛࡘࡁ࡛ࡣྛᅜ㛫࡟኱ࡁ࡞㛤ࡁࡀฟ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦⏣୰ᏹ 2013ࠕࣁ࣮ࣥ࢞ࣜࡣ࡞ࡐ EU ᪂ຍ┕ࡢඛᑟᅜ࠿ࡽၥ㢟ᅜ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࠿ࠖྜྷ஭ᫀᙪ㸦⦅㸧㸦2013㸧ࠗࢩ࣮ࣜࢬ⃭ືᮇࡢ㹃㹓࠘㸦⤒῭⦅㸧㸧ࠋࣂࣝࢺ௨እࡢᪧࢯ㐃ㅖᅜࢆほᐹࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ୍ᐃ⛬ᗘࡢ཰ᩡ≧ἣࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ุ᩿࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ᕷሙ⤒῭࡜ࡣఝ࡚ࡶఝࡘ࠿ࡠ⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࡞ࡿᜍࢀࡶ࠶ࡿ㸦ᒾᓮ୍㑻/㕥ᮌᣅࠗẚ㍑⤒῭ศᯒ࠘2010 ᖺ㸧ࠋ୰ᅜࡢሙྜࠊࡑࡢ㈨ᮏ୺⩏໬ࡣࠊไᗘ࡜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ㔜ᒙ໬ࢆ㐍⾜ࡉࡏࠊḢ⡿ⓗไᗘ໬࣭つ⠊໬ࡀ㐍⾜ࡍࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࡑࢀ࡟᢬ᢠࡍࡿ㠀㏆௦ⓗ࡞ఏ⤫ࡢཌࡉࡀࡴࡋࢁᙉࡃ⾲ฟࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Ლ㇂᠜ࠗࠕቨ
࡜༸ࠖࡢ⌧௦୰ᅜㄽ࠘2011 ᖺ㸧ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ከᴟ໬ࡸศᒱࠊ㌿᥮ࡢㅖᅔ㞴ࢆ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ࡜㐍໬ࡢᴫᛕࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᢕᥱࡋࠊ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊ80 ᖺ௦ᮎ࡟యไ㌿᥮㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⛣⾜㸧ࡀ㛤ጞࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࠊࡍࡄ࡟ᚑ᮶ࡢࢯࣅ࢚
ࢺᏛ Sovietology ࡸẚ㍑⤒῭యไㄽࡢᏛ⾡ⓗࠕ༨᭷ࠖࡀᔂࢀࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ➇த≧ែࡀฟ⌧ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ࡞࠿࡛୺ὶὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡣᕷሙ⤒῭࡬ࡢ⛣⾜ࡢㅖไ⣙ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ྲྀࡾ
᥃࠿ࡾࠊ80 ᖺ௦ࡢࣛࢸࣥ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢᏳᐃ໬ᨻ⟇ࡢᅜ㝿ⓗ⤒㦂ࠊẚ㍑⤒῭యไㄽࡢ♫఍୺⩏ㄆ㆑ㄽ࡜⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ࣡ࢩࣥࢺࣥࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫ㸦WC㸧ࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ WC ࡟ᑐᢠࡍࡿ
ᙧ࡛බඹ㑅ᢥ⌮ㄽࠊ௻ᴗࡢ⌮ㄽࠊ᪂ไᗘᏛὴࠊ㐍໬⤒῭ᏛࡀཧධࡋࡓࠋWC ࡣ⮬⏤໬ L࣭Ᏻᐃ໬ S࣭ẸႠ໬ P ࡢ༶ᗙࡢᨵ㠉ࢆồࡵࠊ❧ἲ࡟ࡼࡿไᗘࡢኚ᭦ࠊᪧࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ◚ቯࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛᪂ࡋ࠸ไᗘᵓ⠏ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ┿ⓑ࡞࢟ࣕࣥࣂࢫ㸦⤒῭♫఍ࡢጼ㸧ࡢ๰ฟࢆồࡵࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟
ࡓ࠸ࡋ࡚㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡣ LSP ࡼࡾࡶᕷሙࢆᇶ♏࡙ࡅไᗘࡢከゅⓗ࣭ከᒙⓗ࡞ᅾࡾ᪉ࠊࡑࡢ๰
ฟࡢࡓࡵࡢἲ࡜㔠⼥࣭ἲࡢᙉไ࣭ᨻᗓࡢᨵ㠉࣭⮬ᕫᣊ᮰ⓗ࡞♫఍ⓗࣀ࣐࣭ࣝᆅᇦ⤫ྜ࡞࡝࡟ὀ┠ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣไᗘࡢ⤒㊰౫Ꮡᛶ࡜㐍໬ࡀ㔜どࡉࢀࡿࠋࡔࡀࠊయไ㌿᥮ㅖᅜ࡟࠾ࡅ
ࡿᐇ㝿ࡢᢏ⾡ࡸไᗘࠊ⾜ືࢆ㐍໬ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕእ㒊ࡢほᐹ⪅ࠖࡀᐇឤࡍࡿࡢࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ᅔ㞴࡞సᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋሗ࿌࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ㄪᰝ◊✲ࡋ࡚㸦ࡉࢀ࡚㸧ࡁࡓㅖᡂᯝࢆ♫఍ࢸࢡࣀࣀࣟࢪ࣮㸦Eric D.Beinhocker, The Origin of Wealth, Business Books 2007㸧ࡢ㐍໬࡜࠸࠺
どⅬ࠿ࡽほᐹࡋ࡞࠾ࡍ࡜ఱࡀぢ࠼࡚ࡃࡿࡢ࠿㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣぢ࠼࡞࠸ࡢ࠿㸧ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶ࡜ Gibrat ๎ࡼࡾᑟ࠿ࢀࡿ Cobb-Douglas ⏕⏘㛵ᩘ࡜඲せ⣲⏕⏘ᛶࡢホ౯▼ᕝ1

1, ⸨ᮏ ⚈஧ 1,2 , Ỉ㔝 ㈗அ 2,3 , Ώ㎶ ດ 2,4㔠ἑᏛ㝔኱Ꮫ, 2 ࢟ࣖࣀࣥࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝᡓ␎◊✲ᡤ, 3 ⟃Ἴ኱Ꮫ CS, 4 ᮾி኱Ꮫᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣࠊୡ⏺ྛᅜࡢ௻ᴗ࠾ࡼࡑ 320 ୓♫ࡢ㈈ົࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࢆ฼⏝ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ᭷ᙧᅛ
ᐃ㈨⏘ K ࠊᚑᴗဨᩘ Lࠊࡑࡋ࡚኎ୖ Y ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋK ࠊLࠊY ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ኱つᶍᇦ࡛ᣦᩘࡢ␗࡞ࡿ࣋࢟๎࡟ᚑ࠸ࠊࡑࢀࡽ 2 ኚᩘࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ (K, Y )ࠊ(L, Y )ࠊ(K, L) ࡟ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ
ኚᩘࡢධࢀ᥮࠼ᑐ⛠ᛶ (཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶ) ࡜ Gibrat ๎ࡀほࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶ࡜ Gibrat ๎ࡼࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽᣦᩘࡢ␗࡞ࡿ࣋࢟๎ࡀᑟ࠿ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡉࡽ࡟ 2 ኚᩘࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ3 ኚᩘ (K, L, Y ) ࡢ㛫࡟ࡶ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶ࡜ Gibrat ๎ࡀほࡉࢀࡿ஦ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ3 ኚᩘࡢ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶ࡛ࡣࠊ(log10 K, log10 L, log10 Y ) ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢศᕸࡀᖹ㠃 log10 Y =log10 K + # log10 L + log10 a ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ᑐ⛠࡟࡞ࡿ ( , #, a ࡣᐃᩘ)ࠋࡲࡓ Gibrat ๎࡛ࡣࠊ3 ኚᩘࡢẚ⋡ R = Y /aK L# ࡢศᕸࡀ K ࡜

L ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡞࠸ࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊK ࡜ L ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡞࠸ኚᩘ A = aR ࢆᑟධࡍࡿ஦࡟ࡼࡾࠊY = AK L#࡜⾲ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ Cobb-Douglas ⏕⏘㛵ᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ࡛ࡣ⣙ 1 ୡ⣖๓࡟ᑟධࡉࢀ࡚
௨᮶㠀ᖖ࡟ᖜᗈࡃ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏᡭἲ࡛ࡣࠊ3 ḟඖ (log10 K, log10 L, log10 Y ) ✵㛫ෆࡢࢹ࣮ࢱධࢀ᥮࠼ᑐ⛠ᛶ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᑐ⛠ᖹ㠃ࡼࡾࠊCobb-Douglas ⏕⏘㛵ᩘࡢ⏕⏘ࡢ㈨ᮏᙎຊᛶ

࡜ປാᙎ

ຊᛶ # ࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡿࠋḟ࡟ࠊCobb-Douglas ⏕⏘㛵ᩘࢆಶࠎࡢ௻ᴗ࡟㐺⏝ࡋࠊྛ௻ᴗࡢ඲せ⣲⏕⏘ᛶ A ࢆ⟬ฟࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁ K, L, Y ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ௻ᴗࢧ࢖ࢬ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊA ࡶࡲࡓ኱つᶍᇦ࡛࣋࢟ศ
ᕸ࡟ᚑ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ༑ศ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱᩘࡀ࠶ࡿ 10 ࢝ᅜ࡟௻ᴗࢆศ㢮ࡋࠊྛᅜࡢ⏕⏘ࡢ㈨ᮏᙎຊᛶ
L,

Y,

# ࡑࡋ࡚

࡜ປാᙎຊᛶ # ࢆホ౯ࡋࠊࡑࡢ㐪࠸ࢆ㆟ㄽࡍࡿࠋྠ᫬࡟ࠊྛᅜࡢྛ࣋࢟ᣦᩘA ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㆟ㄽࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊୡ⏺ྛᅜࡢ௻ᴗࢆ኱ࡁࡃᴗ✀ู࡟ศ㢮ࡋࠊᴗ✀࡟ࡼࡿ
K,

L,

Y,

A ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㆟ㄽࡍࡿࠋ

1

K,

,

ࡣࡌࡵ࡟

1

⤒῭Ꮫ࡛ࡣࠊ⏕⏘㛵ᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ḟࡢ Cobb-Douglas ᆺ [1] ࡀ㢖⦾࡟฼⏝ࡉࢀࡿ㸸

Y = AK L# ࠋ(1)୍⯡࡟ K ࡣ㈨⏘ࠊL ࡣປാຊࠊࡑࡋ࡚ Y ࡣ⏕⏘ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡀࠊᮏㄽ࡛ࡣࢹ࣮ࢱศᯒࡢࡓࡵࠊK ࢆ
᭷ᙧᅛᐃ㈨⏘ࠊL ࢆᚑᴗဨᩘࠊࡑࡋ࡚ Y ࢆ኎ୖ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ ࡜ # ࡣṇࡢᐃᩘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ⏕⏘ࡢ㈨ᮏᙎຊᛶ࠾ࡼࡧປാᙎຊᛶ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓ A ࡣ඲せ⣲⏕⏘ᛶ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࠊ௻ᴗࡢᢏ⾡ຊࢆ⾲ࡍ㔞࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ⤒῭≀⌮Ꮫ [2] ࡢศ㔝࡛ࡣࠊK ࠊLࠊࡑࡋ࡚ Y ࡢ⣼✚☜⋡㛵ᩘࡀࠊ࠶ࡿ㜈್ (K0 , L0 , Y0 ) ௨ୖࡢ኱つᶍ⠊ᅖ࡛࣋࢟๎࡟ᚑ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ [3]㸸P> (K)  K  K for K > K0 ,P> (L)  L L for L > L0 ,P> (Y )  Y  Y for Y > Y0 ࠋ
࣋࢟ᣦᩘ

(2)
(3)
(4)

ࡣṇࡢᐃᩘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤ Pareto ᣦᩘ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࠋ

ᮏㄽ࡛ࡣࠊ⏕⏘㛵ᩘࡀ Cobb-Douglas ᆺ࡛㏆ఝࡉࢀࡿ⌮⏤ࢆࠊኚᩘࡀ኱つᶍᇦ࡛࣋࢟㛵ᩘ࡟ᚑ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊࡲࡎ 2 ኚᩘ㛫 (K, Y ), (L, Y ), (K, L) ࡢ☜⋡ᐦᗘ㛵ᩘ࡟ほࡽࢀࡿ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶ [4, 5] ࡜ Gibrat ๎ [6, 7] ࡼࡾࠊK, L, Y ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ࣋࢟๎ࢆ㛵ಀ࡙ࡅࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶ࡜ Gibrat ๎ࡀ 3 ኚᩘ (K, L, Y ) ࡢ☜⋡ᐦᗘ㛵ᩘ࡟ࡶほࡽࢀࠊ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶࡢᑐ⛠㠃ࡀ

Cobb-Douglas ᆺ⏕⏘㛵ᩘ࡜ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㏙࡭ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢᡭἲ࡛ࡣࠊኚᩘ (K, L, Y ) ࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓ᫬ࠊୖグᑐ⛠㠃ࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡜ࡋ࡚⏕⏘ࡢ㈨ᮏᙎຊ
ᛶ࠾ࡼࡧປാᙎຊᛶ # ࡀᐃࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ (1) ᘧࢆ⏝࠸ࠊಶࠎࡢ௻ᴗࡢ඲せ⣲⏕⏘ᛶ A ࡶồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋᮏㄽ࡛ࡣࠊBureau van Dijk ♫ࡀᥦ౪ࡍࡿࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫ ORBIS[8] ࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿ 2004ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2009 ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿୡ⏺ྛᅜࡢ௻ᴗࢹ࣮ࢱࢆศᯒࡋࠊ඲せ⣲⏕⏘ᛶ A ࡶࡲࡓ኱つᶍ⠊ᅖ࡛࣋࢟๎࡟ᚑ࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆほࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊᅜู࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᴗ✀ู࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡓ௻ᴗࡢ⏕⏘ࡢ㈨ᮏᙎຊᛶ
ປാᙎຊᛶ # ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ Pareto ᣦᩘ࠾ࡼࡧK ࠊ L ࠊ Y ࠊ A 㸦A ࡢ Pareto ᣦᩘ㸧ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆ㆟ㄽࡍࡿࠋ

2 ኚᩘࡢ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶ࡜ Gibrat ๎2ᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࠊࡲࡎ᭷ᙧᅛᐃ㈨⏘ K ࡜኎ୖ Y ࡢ 2 ኚᩘ (K, Y ) ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡿࠋ๓⠇࡛㏙࡭ࡓࡼ
࠺࡟ࠊK ࡶ Y ࡶ኱つᶍᇦ࡛࣋࢟ศᕸࡍࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊᅗ 1 ࡜ᅗ 2 ࡣ 2008 ᖺ᪥ᮏࡢ᭷ᙧᅛᐃ㈨⏘࡜኎ୖࡢ⣼✚☜⋡ᐦᗘ㛵ᩘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ኱つᶍᇦ࡛ࡢ࣋࢟ᣦᩘࡣ
Y

K = 0.795 ± 0.003 ࠾ࡼࡧ= 0.861 ± 0.005 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣋࢟⠊ᅖࡢୖ㝈ࡣࢹ࣮ࢱࡢୖ఩ 0.1% ࡜ࡋࠊୗ㝈 (K0 , Y0 ) ࡣᩥ⊩ [9]ࡢ࢔ࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒ࢆᨵⰋࡋࡓᩥ⊩ [10] ࡢ࢔ࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒࡟ᚑ࠸Ỵᐃࡋࡓࠋ࣋࢟ᣦᩘࡣࠊ࣋࢟⠊ᅖෆࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᑐᩘⓗ࡟➼㛫㝸࡞ࣅࣥ࡟ධࢀࠊ᭱ᑠ஧஌ἲ࡟ࡼࡾホ౯ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡎᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢ 2 ࡘࡢ࣋࢟๎ (2) ࡜ (4) ࢆ㛵ಀ࡙ࡅࡿ [11, 12]ࠋኚᩘ (K, Y ) ࡟ࡣᙉ࠸┦㛵ࡀ࠶ࡾ (ᅗ 3)ࠊᩓᕸᅗ࡟ࡣ Y  aK  ࡢධࢀ᥮࠼ᑐ⛠ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ

2ᅗ 1: ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࡢ 2008 ᖺ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᭷ᙧᅛᐃ㈨⏘ K ࠊᚑᴗဨᩘ Lࠊࡑࡋ࡚኎ୖ Y ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆྠ᫬࡟ᣢࡘ௻ᴗ 176, 980 ♫ࡢࠊ᭷ᙧᅛᐃ㈨⏘ K(༓ US ࢻࣝ) ࡢ⣼✚☜⋡ᐦᗘ㛵ᩘ P> (K) ࠋᅗ 2: ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࡢ 2008 ᖺ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᭷ᙧᅛᐃ㈨⏘ K ࠊᚑᴗဨᩘ Lࠊࡑࡋ࡚኎ୖ Y ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆྠ᫬࡟ᣢࡘ௻ᴗ 176, 980 ♫ࡢࠊ኎ୖ Y (༓ US ࢻࣝ) ࡢ⣼✚☜⋡ᐦᗘ㛵ᩘ P> (Y ) ࠋ3ᅗ 3: ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࡢ 2008 ᖺ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᭷ᙧᅛᐃ㈨⏘ K ࠊᚑᴗဨᩘ Lࠊࡑࡋ࡚኎ୖ Y ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆྠ᫬࡟ᣢࡘ௻ᴗ 176, 980 ♫ࡢࠊK(༓ US ࢻࣝ) ࡜ Y (༓ US ࢻࣝ) ࡢᩓᕸᅗࠋ

ᅗ 4: ᅗ 3 ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊK ࡢ࣋࢟⠊ᅖࢆᑐᩘⓗ࡟➼㛫㝸࡞ࣅࣥ࡟ศࡅࠊྛࣅࣥෆ࡛ Y ࡢᑐᩘᖹᆒ್ࢆồࡵࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆ᭱㐺┤⥺࡛⤖ࢇࡔࡶࡢࠋྛⅬࡢࣂ࣮ࡣᶆ‽೫ᕪࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ

4ࢆྠ᫬☜⋡ᐦᗘ㛵ᩘ PJ (K, L) ࡛⾲ࡍ࡜ࠊḟᘧࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ㸸PJ (K, Y ) = PJ

Ãµ

Y
a

¶1/

, aK 

!

ࠋ

(5)ᮏㄽ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀࢆ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶ࡜࿧ࡪ [4, 5]ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ , a ࡣṇࡢᐃᩘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟್ࡀᐃࡲࡿࠋ
ࡲࡎ K ࡢ࣋࢟⠊ᅖࢆᑐᩘⓗ࡟➼㛫㝸࡞ࣅࣥ࡟ศࡅࠊྛࣅࣥෆ࡛ Y ࡢᑐᩘᖹᆒ್ࢆồࡵࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽ
ࢆ᭱㐺┤⥺࡛⤖ࡧ (ᅗ 4)[13, 14] ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶࡢᑐ㇟⥺ log10 Y =  log10 K + log10 a ࡜ぢ࡞ࡋࠊഴࡁ࡜ษ∦ࡼࡾ , a ࢆồࡵࡿ [15, 16]ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟Ỵࡵࡽࢀࡓࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࡢ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶࡣࠊ

Kolmogorov-Smirnov ᳨ᐃ࡞࡝࡛☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊḟ⠇࡛ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶࡢኚ໬⋡ࢆ R = Y /aK  ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࠊࡑࡢ᮲௳௜ࡁ☜⋡ᐦᗘ㛵ᩘ Q(R|K)ࡣ࣋࢟⠊ᅖ࡛ K ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡞࠸㸸

Q(R|K) = Q(R)for K > K0 ࠋ

(6)

ࡇࢀࡣ Gibrat ๎ [6, 7] ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࠊ౛࠼ࡤ 2008 ᖺࡢ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣᅗ 5 ࡢࡼ࠺࡟☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿ [16]ࠋ

ᅗ 5: r (# log10 R) ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᮲௳௜ࡁ☜⋡ᐦᗘ㛵ᩘ
log10 q(r|K)´ ࠋK ࡢ⠊ᅖࡣࠊᑐᩘⓗ࡟➼㛫㝸࡞hࣅࣥ࡟ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ศࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸸K ; 104+0.2(n1) , 104+0.2n , n = 1, 2, · · · , 5 ࠋ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶ (5) ࡜ Gibrat ๎ (6) ࡀྠ᫬࡟ᡂ❧ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࠊK ࡜ Y ࡣᣦᩘࡢ␗࡞ࡿ࣋࢟๎ (2), (4) ࡟ᚑ࠺ࠋ௨ୗ࡟ࠊࡑࢀࢆ♧ࡍࠋྠ᫬☜⋡ᐦᗘ㛵ᩘ PJ (K, R) ࡣࠊPJ (K, R) dK dR = PJ (K, Y ) dK dYࡢ㛵ಀࡼࡾࠊPJ (K, R) = aK  PJ (K, Y )Y PJ (K, Y )
Ãµ ¶
!
1/
Y
= R1 Y PJ
, aK 
a
=R

(7)

1

(8)

࡜⾲⌧࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶ (5) ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊ(7) ᘧ࡟࡚ Y  aK  ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ḟᘧࡀᚓ

5

ࡽࢀࡿ㸸

PJ

Ãµ

Y
a

¶1/

, R1

!

= Y PJ

Ãµ

¶1/

Y
a

, aK !

ࠋ

(9)ࡉࡽ࡟ (8) ᘧ࡜ (9) ᘧࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡿ࡜ࠊḟᘧࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿ㸸PJ (K, R) = R1 PJ

Ãµ

Y
a

¶1/

, R1

!

ࠋ

(10)

᮲௳௜ࡁ☜⋡ࡢᐃ⩏ Q(R|K) = PJ (K, R)/P (K) ࡼࡾࠊ(10) ᘧࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟᭩ࡁ┤ࡏࡿ㸸P (K)P ((Y /a)1/)

1 Q(R1 | (Y /a)R
Q(R | K)

=

1/

)

=

1 Q(R1 )ࠋ
R Q(R)(11)

ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊGibrat ๎ (6) ࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓࠋ(11) ᘧࡢྑ㎶ࡣ R ࡢࡳࡢ㛵ᩘ࡞ࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࢀࢆ G(R) ࡜⾲ࡍ࡜ḟᘧࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿ㸸P (K) = G(R)P (R1/ K) ࠋ

(12)

ྑ㎶ࢆ R ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ R = 1 + ²㸦² ¿ 1㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ 1 ࡢ࿘ࡾ࡛ᒎ㛤ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊḟࡢᚤศ᪉⛬ᘧࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿ㸸

G0 (1)P (K) + K

dP (K) = 0 ࠋ
dK

(13)

ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊG0 (·) ࡣ G(·) ࡢ R ᚤศࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢᚤศ᪉⛬ᘧࡢゎࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟୍ព࡟ᐃࡲࡿ㸸0

P (K) = CK G (1) ࠋ

(14)

0

ࡇࢀࡣࠊQ(R) = RG (1)1 Q(R1 ) ࡀ‶ࡓࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡁࠊ(12) ᘧࡢ୍⯡ゎ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᩥ⊩ [4, 5]
࡛ࡣࠊQ(R) ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡇࡢ᮲௳ࢆ཯ᑕ๎࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠾ࡾࠊ௻ᴗࢧ࢖ࢬ࡞࡝ᵝࠎ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱࡀ཯ᑕ๎ࢆ‶ࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ḟ࡟ࠊP (K) ࡼࡾ P (Y ) ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࠋ(14) ᘧ࡜ P (K) dK = P (Y ) dY ࡼࡾࠊḟᘧࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿ㸸
0

P (Y ) = P (K)dK
CaG (1)1/ G0 (1)+1/1
ࠋ
=
Y
dY


(15)

(14) ᘧ࡜ (15) ᘧࡣࠊ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶ (5) ࡜ Gibrat ๎ (6) ࠿ࡽ K ࡜ Y ࡢ࣋࢟๎ (2) ࡜ (4) ࡀᑟ࠿ࢀࡿ
ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ2 ࡘࡢ࣋࢟ᣦᩘ࡟ࡣ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ㸦௨ୗ࡛ࡣ

KY ࡜グࡍ㸧ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿ㸸K = KY

Y

ࠋ

(16)

ࡇࡇࡲ࡛㆟ㄽࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ᭷ᙧᅛᐃ㈨⏘ K ࠊ኎ୖ Y ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊᚑᴗဨᩘ L ࡶ኱つᶍᇦ࡛࣋࢟ศᕸࡍࡿ (ᅗ 6)ࠋኚᩘ (K, Y ) ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶ࡜ Gibrat ๎ࡣኚᩘ (L, Y )ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ኚᩘ (K, L) ࡟ࡶほࡽࢀࡿ [15, 16]ࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࡢ㆟ㄽࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ࣋࢟ᣦᩘ࡟ࡣḟࡢ㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶศ࠿ࡿ㸸L = LYY,

K = KLL ࠋ(17)ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊLY , KL ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀኚᩘ (L, Y ), (K, L) ࡢ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ (16) ᘧ࡜ (17) ᘧࡼࡾ KY = KL LY ࡜࡞ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ㛵ಀᘧࡀࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛⢭ᗘࡼࡃほᩥ⊩ [16] ࡟ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

6ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ

ᅗ 6: ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࡢ 2008 ᖺ᪥ᮏ࡟࡚ࠊ᭷ᙧᅛᐃ㈨⏘ K ࠊᚑᴗဨᩘ Lࠊࡑࡋ࡚኎ୖ Y ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆྠ᫬࡟ᣢ
ࡘ௻ᴗ 176, 980 ♫ࡢࠊᚑᴗဨᩘ L(ே) ࡢ⣼✚☜⋡ᐦᗘ㛵ᩘ P> (L)ࠋ࣋࢟ᣦᩘࡣ

3

L = 0.925 ± 0.003 ࠋ

3 ኚᩘࡢ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶ࡜ Gibrat ๎๓⠇࡛ 2 ኚᩘ (K, Y )ࠊ(L, Y )ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ (K, L) ࡟཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㏙࡭ࡓࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣ 3 ኚ

ᩘ (K, L, Y ) ࡟཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶ Y  aK L# ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᐇ㝿ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶࢆ 3 ኚᩘࡢྠ᫬☜⋡ᐦᗘ㛵ᩘ PJ (K, L, Y ) ࡛᭩ࡃ࡜ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡿ [15, 16]㸸PJ (K, L, Y ) = PJ

Ãµ

Y
aL#

¶1/

,

µ

Y
aK

¶1/#

#

, aK L!

ࠋ

(18), #, a ࡣṇࡢᐃᩘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃࡲࡿࠋࡲࡎ K ࡜ L ࡢ࣋࢟⠊ᅖࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀᑐᩘⓗ࡟➼㛫㝸࡞ࣅࣥ࡟ศࡅ (ᅗ 7)ࠊྛࣅࣥෆ࡛ Y ࡢᑐᩘᖹᆒ್ࢆồࡵࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࢆ᭱㐺ᖹ㠃࡛⤖ࡧ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶࡢᑐ⛠㠃 log10 Y =ࡾ

log10 K + # log10 L + log10 a ࡜ぢ࡞ࡋࠊἲ⥺࣋ࢡࢺࣝ࡜ษ∦ࡼ, #, a ࢆồࡵࡿࠋ2008 ᖺ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࠊ

= 0.36 ± 0.02, # = 0.70 ± 0.02, a = 68.3 ± 1.1 ࡜⟬ฟࡉࢀࡿࠋ3 ኚᩘࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ (K, L, Y ) ࡟཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶ Y  aK L# ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ(Y, Y 0 (#aK L# )) ࡢᩓᕸᅗ (ᅗ 8) ࡟➨ 1 ᡂศ࡜➨ 2 ᡂศࡢධࢀ᥮࠼ᑐ⛠ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡛☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
££¢¢Y ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ Y 0 ࢆ 102.4+0.2(n1) , 104+0.2n ࡢࣅࣥ࡟ධࢀࠊP ( 102.4+0.2(n1) , 104+0.2n , Y 0 ) ࡜£¢
P (Y, 102.4+0.2(n1) , 104+0.2n ) ࡀྠࡌẕ㛵ᩘࢆᣢࡘ࡜࠸࠺ᖐ↓௬ㄝࢆ❧࡚ࡿ࡜ࠊKolmogorov-

Smirnov ᳨ᐃ࡟ࡼࡾ Y ࡜ Y 0 ࡢ࣋࢟㡿ᇦ࡛ࡣ 5% ࡢඃ఩Ỉ‽࡛Რ༷ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ (ᅗ 9)ࠋ

ࡲࡓࠊR = Y /aK L# ࡜ 3 ኚᩘࡢኚ໬⋡ࢆᐃ⩏ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࡢ᮲௳௜ࡁ☜⋡ᐦᗘ㛵ᩘ Q(R|K, L)ࡣ࣋࢟㡿ᇦ࡛ࡣ K, L ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡞࠸ [15, 16]㸸Q(R|K, L) = Q(R)for

K > K07

and

L > L0 ࠋ(19)ᅗ 7: ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࡢ 2008 ᖺ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊK(༓ US ࢻࣝ) ࡜ L(ே) ࡢᩓᕸᅗࠋᅗ࡛ࡣ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊK࡜ L ࡢ࣋࢟⠊ᅖࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀ 5 ࡘࡢࣅࣥ࡟ศࡅࠊ࣋࢟㡿ᇦࢆ 25 ࡢࣅࣥ࡟ศ๭ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

#0
ᅗ 8: ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࡢ 2008 ᖺ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊY ࡜ Y 0 (#h
´ aK L ) ࡢᩓᕸᅗࠋY ࡜ Y ࡑࢀࡒࢀࢆ 18ࡢࣅࣥ࡟ศ๭ࡋࡓ㸸Y, Y 0 ; 102.4+0.2(n1) , 104+0.2n , n = 1, 2, · · · , 18 ࠋ

8

h

´

h

´

ᅗ 9: P ( 102.4+0.2(n1) , 104+0.2n , Y 0 ) ࡜ P (Y, 102.4+0.2(n1) , 104+0.2n ) ࡀྠࡌẕ㛵ᩘࢆᣢࡘ࡜
ゝ࠺ᖐ↓௬ㄝࡣࠊKolmogorov-Smirnov ᳨ᐃ࡟ࡼࡾ Y ࡜ Y 0 ࡢ࣋࢟㡿ᇦ (n = 10, · · · , 18) ࡛ 5% ࡢඃ఩Ỉ‽࡛Რ༷ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

ࡇࢀࡣࠊ3 ኚᩘࡢ Gibrat ๎࡛࠶ࡾࠊᅗ 10 ࡢࡼ࠺࡟☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ

ᅗ 10: ᅗ 7 ࡢ 25 ࡢࣅࣥࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ50 ௨ୖࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡀ࠶ࡿ 6 ࡘࡢࣅࣥ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᮲௳௜ࡁ☜⋡ Q(R|K, L) ࠋ

9

Cobb-Douglas ⏕⏘㛵ᩘ࡜඲せ⣲⏕⏘ᛶ4๓⠇࡛ほࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ3 ኚᩘࢹ࣮ࢱ (K, L, Y ) ࡟ࡣ Y  aK L# ࡢධࢀ᥮࠼ᑐ⛠ᛶ㸦཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶ㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ3 ኚᩘࡢኚ໬⋡ R = Y /aK L# ࡢศᕸࡣࠊK ࡜ L ࡢ࣋࢟㡿ᇦ࡛ K ࡜ L ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡞࠸㸦Gibrat ๎㸧ࠋ୧⪅ࢆྜࢃࡏࡿ࡜ࠊA # aR ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊCobb-Douglas ᆺࡢ⏕⏘㛵ᩘ (1) ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࠋ㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣࠊ඲せ⣲⏕⏘ᛶ A ࡀ K ࡜ L ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀࠊGibrat ๎࡟ࡼࡾಖ㞀ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
⏕⏘ࡢ㈨ᮏᙎຊᛶ

࠾ࡼࡧປാᙎຊᛶ # ࡣࠊ(K, L, Y ) ࢹ࣮ࢱࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࡜๓⠇ࡢᡭἲ࡟ࡼࡾ

Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋࡍࡿ࡜ Cobb-Douglas ᆺ⏕⏘㛵ᩘ (1) ࡟ࡼࡾࠊಶࠎࡢ௻ᴗࡢ඲せ⣲⏕⏘ᛶ A ࡀ⟬ฟ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ⯆࿡῝࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊA ࡶࡲࡓ࠶ࡿ㜈್ (A0 ) ௨ୖࡢ኱つᶍᇦ࡛࣋࢟ศᕸ࡟ᚑ࠺ [15, 16, 17]㸸P> (A)  A A

for A > A0 ࠋ

(20)౛࠼ࡤࠊᅗ 11 ࡣ 2008 ᖺ᪥ᮏࡢ඲せ⣲⏕⏘ᛶࡢ⣼✚☜⋡ᐦᗘ㛵ᩘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ኱つᶍᇦ࡛ࡢ࣋࢟ᣦᩘ
ࡣ

A = 1.458 ± 0.007 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅗ 11: ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࡢ 2008 ᖺ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᭷ᙧᅛᐃ㈨⏘ K ࠊᚑᴗဨᩘ Lࠊࡑࡋ࡚኎ୖ Y ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆྠ᫬࡟ᣢࡘ௻ᴗ 176, 980 ♫ࡢࠊ඲せ⣲⏕⏘ᛶ A ࡢ⣼✚☜⋡ᐦᗘ㛵ᩘ P> (A) ࠋ࣋࢟ᣦᩘ࠾ࡼࡧ⏕⏘ᙎຊᛶࡢẚ㍑

5᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊ௻ᴗࢆᅜูࡑࡋ࡚ᴗ✀ู࡟ศ㢮ࡋࠊ⏕⏘ࡢ㈨ᮏᙎຊᛶ࡜ປാᙎຊᛶ , # ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ྛ࣋࢟
ᣦᩘ

K,

L,

Y,

A ࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ

༑ศ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱᩘࡀ࠶ࡿ 10 ࣨᅜࡢ⏕⏘ࡢ㈨ᮏᙎຊᛶ

࠾ࡼࡧປാᙎຊᛶ # ࢆࠊ2004 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2009ᖺࡢ 6 ᖺ࡟Ώࡾᅗ♧ࡋࡓࡢࡀᅗ 12 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ༑ศ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱᩘࡀ↓࠸ᖺࡣ┬࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅗ

10ࡼࡾࠊ㏆ఝⓗ࡟

+# =1

(21)

ࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊつᶍ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚཰✭୍⮴࡜࿧ࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ୰ᅜࢆ┬ࡃ඲࡚ࡢᅜ࡛

< # ࡀᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ [15, 16, 17]ࠋࡇࢀࡣ୍⯡࡟࣋࢟⠊ᅖ࡛ࡣࠊK ࡢኚ໬ࡼࡾ L ࡢኚ໬ࡀ Y ࡢኚ໬࡟ࡼࡾ኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡀࠊ୰ᅜ࡛ࡣࡑࢀࡀ㏫࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ
ࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ഴྥࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡸ㡑ᅜࡼࡾࡶ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢᅜࠎ࡛ᙉ࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊከࡃࡢᅜ࡛ᚑᴗဨᩘ L࡟ẚ࡭᭷ᙧᅛᐃ㈨⏘ K ࡣ඘㊊ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ኎ୖ Y ࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡿ࡟ࡣ L ࢆቑࡸࡍ᪉ࡀຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㏫
࡟୰ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊ᭷ᙧᅛᐃ㈨⏘ K ࡟ẚ࡭ᚑᴗဨᩘ L ࡀ༑ศ࡟☜ಖࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ኎ୖ Y ࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡿ࡟
ࡣ K ࢆቑࡸࡍ᪉ࡀຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

ᅗ 12: ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࡢ 2004 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2009 ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊ୰ᅜ (CN)ࠊࢻ࢖ࢶ (DE)ࠊࢫ࣌࢖ࣥ (ES)ࠊࣇ
ࣛࣥࢫ (FR)ࠊ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ (GB)ࠊ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ (IT)ࠊ᪥ᮏ (JP)ࠊ㡑ᅜ (KR)ࠊࣀ࢙࣮ࣝ࢘ (NO)ࠊ࣏ࣝࢺ࢞
ࣝ (PT)ࠊ10 ࣨᅜࡢ⏕⏘ࡢ㈨ᮏᙎຊᛶ

࠾ࡼࡧປാᙎຊᛶ # ࠋ

10 ࢝ᅜࡢ᭷ᙧᅛᐃ㈨⏘ K ࠊᚑᴗဨᩘ Lࠊ኎ୖ Y ࠊࡑࡋ࡚඲せ⣲⏕⏘ᛶ A ࡢ࣋࢟ᣦᩘࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡢ
11

ࡀᅗ 13 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᅜࡢྛᖺ࡛ࠊ
K <

<

Y

L <

(22)

A

ࡀᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ [15, 16, 17]ࠋࡘࡲࡾ࠸ࡎࢀࡢᅜ࡛ࡶࠊK ࡢ᱁ᕪࡀ୍␒኱ࡁࡃ A ࡢ᱁ᕪࡀ୍␒ᑠࡉ
࠸ࠋ౛እⓗ࡞ࡢࡣࢻ࢖ࢶ (DE) ࡛ࠊ4 ࡘࡢ࣋࢟ᣦᩘࡣ࡯ࡰ➼ࡋࡃࠊ௻ᴗ㛫ࡢ᱁ᕪࡣ K ࠊY ࠊLࠊA࡛ྠ⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ୰ᅜ (CN) ࡜㡑ᅜ (KR) ࡛ࡣࠊᚑᴗဨᩘࡢ࣋࢟ᣦᩘ
࢟ᣦᩘL ࡜඲せ⣲⏕⏘ᛶࡢ࣋A ࡀ࡯ࡰ➼ࡋࡃࠊ௻ᴗ㛫ࡢ᱁ᕪࡣ L ࡜ A ࡛ྠ⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ᅗ 13: ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࡢ 2004 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2009 ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊ୰ᅜ (CN)ࠊࢻ࢖ࢶ (DE)ࠊࢫ࣌࢖ࣥ (ES)ࠊࣇ
ࣛࣥࢫ (FR)ࠊ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ (GB)ࠊ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ (IT)ࠊ᪥ᮏ (JP)ࠊ㡑ᅜ (KR)ࠊࣀ࢙࣮ࣝ࢘ (NO)ࠊ࣏ࣝࢺ࢞
ࣝ (PT)ࠊ10 ࣨᅜࡢ࣋࢟ᣦᩘ

K,

L,

Y

࠾ࡼࡧ

A ࠋ㠀ᖖ࡟ᑠࡉ࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊㄗᕪᲬࡣ┬࠸ࡓࠋᶆ‽௻ᴗศ㢮 (Standard Industrial Classiﬁcation[18]) ࡟ᚑ࠸ୡ⏺ྛᅜࡢ௻ᴗࢆ 10 ᴗ✀࡟ศ㢮ࡋࠊ༑ศ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱᩘࡀ࠶ࡿ 9 ᴗ✀ࡢ㈨ᮏᙎຊᛶ

࠾ࡼࡧປാᙎຊᛶ # ࢆࠊ2004 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2008 ᖺࡢ

5 ᖺ࡟Ώࡾᅗ♧ࡋࡓࡢࡀᅗ 14 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᴗ✀࡟ࡼࡿศ㢮࡛ࡶࠊ㏆ఝⓗ࡟つᶍ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ཰✭୍⮴ (21)ࡀᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅜ࡟ࡼࡿศ㢮࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊ ࡜ # ࡣᩘ┤⥺ୖᆒ➼࡟ศᕸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

> # ࡜࡞

ࡿࡢࡣࠊ ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸㡰࡟ 01㹼09(㎰ᴗ, ᯘᴗ, ⁺ᴗ)ࠊ20㹼29(㣗ᩱရ, ⧄⥔, ᮌᮦ, ▼Ἔ໬Ꮫ〇ရ〇㐀ᴗ)ࠊ30㹼39(ࢦ࣒, 㠉, 㔠ᒓ, ᶵᲔჾල〇㐀ᴗ)ࠊ40㹼49(㐠㍺㏻ಙ, ࡑࡢ௚ࡢබ┈஦ᴗ) ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ

< # ࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊ ࡀᑠࡉ࠸㡰࡟ 70㹼79(ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ)ࠊ80㹼89(་⒪, ἲᚊ, ᩍ⫱, ♫఍⚟♴ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ)ࠊ10㹼19(㖔ᴗ, ᘓ⠏ᴗ, ᕤ஦ᴗ)ࠊ60㹼69(㔠⼥ᴗ, ಖ㝤ᴗ, ୙ື⏘ᴗ)ࠊ50㹼59(༺኎ᴗ, ᑠ኎ᴗ, 㣧㣗ᗑᴗ) ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡣ࣋࢟⠊ᅖ࡛ࠊḟࡢࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ01㹼09(㎰ᴗ, ᯘᴗ, ⁺ᴗ) ࡛ࡣࠊL ࡢኚ໬ࡼࡾ K ࡢኚ໬ࡀ Y ࡢኚ໬࡟ࡼࡾ኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿഴྥࡀᙉࡃࠊࡑࢀ࡜ࡣ㏫࡟ 70㹼79(ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ) ࡛ࡣࠊK
ࡢኚ໬ࡼࡾ L ࡢኚ໬ࡀ Y ࡢኚ໬࡟ࡼࡾ኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿഴྥࡀᙉ࠸ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ70㹼79(ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ) ࡛ࡣᚑᴗဨᩘ L ࡟ẚ࡭᭷ᙧᅛᐃ㈨⏘ K ࡣ඘㊊ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ኎ୖ Y ࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡿ࡟ࡣ L ࢆቑࡸࡍ12᪉࡟ຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ㏫࡟ 01㹼09(㎰ᴗ, ᯘᴗ, ⁺ᴗ) ࡛ࡣࠊ᭷ᙧᅛᐃ㈨⏘ K ࡟ẚ࡭ᚑᴗဨᩘ L ࡀ༑ศ࡟☜ಖࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ኎ୖ Y ࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡿ࡟ࡣ K ࢆቑࡸࡍ᪉ࡀຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

ᅗ 14: ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࡢ 2004 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2009 ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊ01㹼09(㎰ᴗ, ᯘᴗ, ⁺ᴗ)ࠊ10㹼19(㖔ᴗ, ᘓ⠏ᴗ, ᕤ஦ᴗ)ࠊ20㹼29(㣗ᩱရ, ⧄⥔, ᮌᮦ, ▼Ἔ໬Ꮫ〇ရ〇㐀ᴗ)ࠊ30㹼39(ࢦ࣒, 㠉, 㔠ᒓ, ᶵᲔჾල〇㐀ᴗ)ࠊ40㹼49(㐠㍺㏻ಙ, ࡑࡢ௚ࡢබ┈஦ᴗ)ࠊ50㹼59(༺኎ᴗ, ᑠ኎ᴗ, 㣧㣗ᗑᴗ)ࠊ60㹼69(㔠⼥ᴗ, ಖ㝤ᴗ, ୙ື⏘ᴗ)ࠊ70㹼79(ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ)ࠊ80㹼89(་⒪, ἲᚊ, ᩍ⫱, ♫఍⚟♴ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ) ࡢ⏕⏘ࡢ㈨ᮏᙎ
ຊᛶ࠾ࡼࡧປാᙎຊᛶ # ࠋ

9 ᴗ✀ࡢ᭷ᙧᅛᐃ㈨⏘ K ࠊᚑᴗဨᩘ Lࠊ኎ୖ Y ࠊࡑࡋ࡚඲せ⣲⏕⏘ᛶ A ࡢ࣋࢟ᣦᩘࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡢ
ࡀᅗ 15 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅜูࡢศ㢮࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᴗ✀ࡢྛᖺ࡛ (22) ᘧ

K <

Y

<

L <

A ࡀ

ᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋከࡃࡢᴗ✀࡛ࠊ௻ᴗ㛫ࡢ᱁ᕪࡣ K ࡀ୍␒኱ࡁࡃ A ࡀ୍␒ᑠࡉ࠸ࠋ౛እⓗ࡟ 01㹼

09(㎰ᴗ, ᯘᴗ, ⁺ᴗ) ࡛

A <

Y

<

K <

L ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ௻ᴗ㛫᱁ᕪࡣ A ࡀ୍␒኱ࡁࡃ L ࡀ୍␒ᑠࡉ࠸ࠋࡲࡓ 60㹼69(㔠⼥ᴗ, ಖ㝤ᴗ, ୙ື⏘ᴗ) ࡛ࠊ L <࡛ࠊ௻ᴗ㛫᱁ᕪࡣ L ࡀ୍␒኱ࡁࡃ A ࡀ୍␒ᑠࡉ࠸ࠋ

13

K <

Y

<

A ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡶ≉ᚩⓗᅗ 15: ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࡢ 2004 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2009 ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊ01㹼09(㎰ᴗ, ᯘᴗ, ⁺ᴗ)ࠊ10㹼19(㖔ᴗ, ᘓ⠏ᴗ, ᕤ஦ᴗ)ࠊ20㹼29(㣗ᩱရ, ⧄⥔, ᮌᮦ, ▼Ἔ໬Ꮫ〇ရ〇㐀ᴗ)ࠊ30㹼39(ࢦ࣒, 㠉, 㔠ᒓ, ᶵᲔჾල〇㐀ᴗ)ࠊ40㹼49(㐠㍺㏻ಙ, ࡑࡢ௚ࡢබ┈஦ᴗ)ࠊ50㹼59(༺኎ᴗ, ᑠ኎ᴗ, 㣧㣗ᗑᴗ)ࠊ60㹼69(㔠⼥ᴗ, ಖ㝤ᴗ, ୙ື⏘ᴗ)ࠊ70㹼79(ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ)ࠊ80㹼89(་⒪, ἲᚊ, ᩍ⫱, ♫఍⚟♴ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ) ࡢ࣋࢟ᣦᩘ
L,

6

Y

࠾ࡼࡧ

K,

A ࠋ㠀ᖖ࡟ᑠࡉ࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊㄗᕪᲬࡣ┬࠸ࡓࠋࡲ࡜ࡵᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊୡ⏺ྛᅜࡢ௻ᴗ࠾ࡼࡑ 320 ୓♫ࡢ㈈ົࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࢆ฼⏝ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ᭷ᙧᅛᐃ㈨⏘K ࠊᚑᴗဨᩘ Lࠊࡑࡋ࡚኎ୖ Y ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆศᯒࡋࡓࠋᡃࠎࡣࠊࡑࢀࡽ 2 ኚᩘࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ (K, Y )ࠊ(L, Y )ࠊ(K, L) ࡢ㛫ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ3 ኚᩘ (K, L, Y ) ࡢ㛫࡟ࡶ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶ࡜ Gibrat ๎ࡀほࡉࢀࡿ஦ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ3 ኚᩘࡢ཯㌿ᑐ⛠ᛶࡢᑐ⛠㠃࡜ࡋ࡚ Cobb-Douglas ᆺࡢᖹ㠃㛵ᩘ

log10 Y =log10 K + # log L + log10 a ࡢᏑᅾࡀ♧ࡉࢀࠊࡉࡽ࡟ Gibrat ๎ࡼࡾ Cobb-Douglas ᆺࡢ⏕⏘㛵ᩘ Y = AK L# ࡀᑟ࠿ࢀࡓࠋ㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣࠊK ࡜ L ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡞࠸ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚඲せ⣲⏕⏘ᛶA ࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟ᡃࠎࡣࠊࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࡢ௻ᴗࢆ༑ศ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱᩘࡀ࠶ࡿ 10 ࣨᅜู࡟ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ 9 ࡘࡢᴗ✀ู࡟ศ㢮ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽ௻ᴗࡢ⏕⏘ࡢ㈨ᮏᙎຊᛶ
࡟Ώࡾ࠾ࡼࡧປാᙎຊᛶ # ࢆ 2004 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2009 ᖺࡢ 6 ᖺᐃࡋࡓࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡢศ㢮࡛ࡶࠊ ࡜ # ࡣつᶍ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ཰✭୍⮴+ # = 1 ࢆ⢭ᗘࡼࡃ‶ࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⤖ᯝࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊᅜ࡟ࡼࡿศ㢮࡛ࡣ୰ᅜࢆ┬࠸ࡓ 9 ࣨᅜࡢ௻ᴗ࡛
ࡀࠊᴗ✀࡟ࡼࡿศ㢮࡛ࡣ 4 ࡘࡢᴗ✀ࡢ௻ᴗ࡛< # ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ

< # ࡜࡞ࡾࠊṧࡾࡢ 5 ࡘࡢᴗ✀ࡢ௻ᴗ࡛ࡣ

>#࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢศᯒ࡛ࠊ௨ୗࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋᅜู࡟ほࡓሙྜࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᅜ࡛ࡣ௻ᴗࡢ⏕⏘ࢆୖࡆࡿ࡟ࡣᚑᴗဨᩘࢆቑࡸࡍ᪉ࡀຠᯝⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ୰ᅜ࡛ࡣ㈨ᮏࢆቑࡸࡍ᪉ࡀຠᯝⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᴗ✀ู࡟ほࡓሙྜࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡛ࡣ௻ᴗࡢ⏕⏘ࢆୖࡆࡿ࡟ࡣᚑᴗဨᩘࢆቑࡸࡍ᪉ࡀຠᯝⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㎰ᴗ,
ᯘᴗ, ⁺ᴗ࡛ࡣ㈨ᮏࢆቑࡸࡍ᪉ࡀຠᯝⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ14ྠ᫬࡟ᡃࠎࡣࠊྛᅜ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣྛᴗ✀ࡢ᭷ᙧᅛᐃ㈨⏘ࠊᚑᴗဨᩘࠊ኎ୖࠊ඲せ⣲⏕⏘ᛶࡢ࣋࢟ᣦᩘK,L,

A ࢆ 2004 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2009 ᖺࡢ 6 ᖺ࡟ΏࡾY,ᐃࡋࡓࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡢศ㢮࡛ࡶࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᅜ

<L <A ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࢻ࢖ࢶ

࡛ࡣ 4 ࡘࡢᣦᩘࡣ࡯ࡰ➼ࡋࡃࠊ୰ᅜ࡜㡑ᅜ࡛ࡣL ࡜A ࡣ㏆࠸್࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ౛እⓗ࡟ࠊ㎰ᴗ, ᯘ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᴗ✀࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡓ௻ᴗ࡛

K <Yᴗ, ⁺ᴗ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿ௻ᴗ࡛ࡣ

A <

ࡿ௻ᴗ࡛ࡣ

A ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢศᯒ࡛ࠊ௨ୗࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋᅜ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᴗ

L <

K <

Y

<

Y

<

K <

L ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ㔠⼥ᴗ, ಖ㝤ᴗ, ୙ື⏘ᴗ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀ✀ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡢศ㢮࡛ࡶࠊ୍⯡࡟௻ᴗࡢ᭷ᙧᅛᐃ㈨⏘ࡢ᱁ᕪࡣ኱ࡁࡃࠊ඲せ⣲⏕⏘ᛶࡘࡲࡾᢏ⾡ࡢ᱁ᕪࡣᑠࡉ࠸ࠋࡓࡔࡋ౛እⓗ࡟ࢻ࢖ࢶࡢ௻ᴗ࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢ᱁ᕪࡣྠ⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㎰ᴗ, ᯘᴗ, ⁺ᴗ࡛ࡣᢏ⾡ࡢ᱁ᕪࡣ኱ࡁࡃᚑᴗဨᩘࡢ᱁ᕪࡣᑠࡃࠊ㏫࡟㔠⼥ᴗ, ಖ㝤ᴗ, ୙ື⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣᢏ⾡ࡢᕪࡣᑠࡉࡃᚑᴗ
ဨᩘࡢ᱁ᕪࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࠋ
ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ⏕⏘ Y ࡜ࡋ࡚኎ୖࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓࡀࠊᖇᅜࢹ࣮ࢱࣂࣥࢡࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࡼࡾ௜ຍ
౯್ࢆ Y ࡜ࡋ࡚ྠࡌศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ྠᵝࡢ⤖ᯝࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓ [15]ࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ
ᮏ✏ࡢศᯒࡣ௜ຍ౯್࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟ྠᵝࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

ㅰ㎡ᮏ✏ࡣᏛ⾡๰⏕◊✲ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࠕ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡢ≀౯ኚືࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢡࢫࡢゎ᫂ࠖ(JSPS18GS0101)
ࡢ୍⎔࡜ࡋ࡚సᡂࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ▼ᕝࡣ⛉Ꮫ◊✲㈝ (24510212) ࡢຓᡂࢆࠊࡲࡓỈ㔝ࡣ⛉Ꮫ◊✲㈝ (24710156) ࡢຓᡂࢆཷࡅࡓࠋ

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩[1] C. W. Cobb, P. H. Douglas, Amer. Econ. Rev. 18 (1928) 139-165.
[2] H. E. Stanley, Introduction to Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena, Clarendon
Press, Oxford, 1971.
[3] V. Pareto, Cours d’Économie Politique, Macmillan, London, 1897.
[4] Y. Fujiwara, W. Souma, H. Aoyama, T. Kaizoji, M. Aoki, Physica A 321 (2003) 598-604[5] Y. Fujiwara, C.D. Guilmi, H. Aoyama, M. Gallegati, W. Souma, Physica A 335 (2004)
197-216.
[6] R. Gibrat, Les Inégalités Économiques, Sirey, Paris, 1932.
[7] J. Sutton, J. Econ. Lit. 35 (1997) 40-59.
[8] Bureau van Dijk, http://www.bvdinfo.com/Home.aspx.
[9] Y. Malevergne, V. Pisarenko, D. Sornette, Phys. Rev. E 83 (2011) 036111.
[10] S. Fujimoto, A. Ishikawa, T. Mizuno, T. Watanabe, Economics E-Journal 5 (2011) 201120.
[11] A. Ishikawa, Physica A 371 (2006) 525-535.
[12] A. Ishikawa, Prog. Theor. Phys. Supple. 179 (2009) 103-113.
[13] K. Okuyama, M. Takayasu, H. Takayasu, Physica A 269 (1999) 125-131.
[14] H. Watanabe, H. Takayasu, M. Takayasu, Statistical Studies on Interrelationships ofFinancial Indicators of Japanese Firms, The Physical Society of Japan 2009 Autumn

15

Meeting, in Japanese.
[15] T. Mizuno, T. Watanabe, A. Ishikawa, S. Fujimoto, Prog. Theor. Phys. Supple. 194 (2012)
122-134.
[16] A. Ishikawa, S. Fujimoto, T. Watanabe, T. Mizuno, submittede to Physica A.
[17] T. Watanabe, T. Mizuno, A. Ishikawa, S. Fujimoto, Economic Review (Keizai Kenkyuu)
62 (2011) 193-208.
[18] U. S. Department of Labor, http://www.dol.gov/

16確率的労働市場の逐次的就職機会に対するマクロ変数のスケール不変性

陳 鶴 † 井上 純一 ‡北海道大学 大学院情報科学研究科〒 060-0814 札幌市 北区 北 14 条 西 9 丁目
Email: † chen@complex.ist.hokudai.ac.jp ‡ jinoue@cb4.so-net.ne.jp
概 要
単年度内に複数回の就職機会を伴った確率的労働市場モデル [1, 2] に関し, 内定者の「勝ち抜け」による労働市場の実効システムサイズ減少の様相と, そこから誘導される市場のマクロな振る舞いを多角的に議論する. 特に, 労働市場を特徴付けるマクロ変数である未就職率と定員未充足率の「スケール不変性」が確率的労働市場 [1, 2], および, 我が国の大卒労働市場で現れるための条件に関し, モデル計算/計算機実験と実データ解析双方から得られる知見を報告する.

Keywords: マクロ経済のミクロな基礎付け, 労働市場, 確率モデル, 実データ解析, 経済物理学

1

はじめに
現在の我が国では就職率 (雇用率) の悪化が最も深刻な問題の一つとなっているが, それは主に若年層雇用, とりわけ, 大卒労働市場で顕著である. こうした社会的背景の中, 大学をはじめとする高等研究教育機関では, 就職状況の悪化から学生/大学院生は勉学・研究に比べて就職活動に多くの時間を割くようになり, 結果として卒業研究 (修士論文) 等がおろそかになることで, 卒業 (修了) 生の社会に対する「質の保証」が困難となり, それが学術分野全体の活動停滞につながる可能性が憂慮されている.
現在に至るまで所謂「サーチ・モデル」を含む様々な労働市場の数理モデル [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,

10, 11, 12, 13, 14] が提案されているが, 我々はそれらとは独立に, また, それらのどれとも全く異なる, 統計力学に基づく確率的労働市場を提案し, その動的性質を明らかにしてきた [1]. また, 各求職者が企業ランキングと市場履歴からのフィードバックをもとにエントリシート提出企業を決定
する, という簡単な「トイ・モデル」を導入し, 未就職率や定員未充足率等「マクロ変数」のパラメータ依存性を調べ, 我が国の大卒労働市場のマクロな振る舞いが, 部分的にではあるが, ミクロな視点から説明できることを示した [2].
この確率的労働市場では, 主に解析上の問題から, 各年度, 各求職者には「ただ一度きり」の就職機会が与えられるものとして簡略化が施されている. しかし, 我が国の大卒労働市場では, 新卒一括採用方式がとられるものの, 採用試験/面接機会は年間複数回「逐次的に」与えられる場合が多い. つまり, 初回に就職内定を獲得できなかった学生も「敗者復活戦」として第 2 回目以降に希望を託し, そこで定員を満たすことのできなかった企業は, また次の機会を利用して学生確保に乗り出す. また, 厚生労働省の調査においても, 10, 12, 2 月期, および翌年度 4 月期の複数回に渡って内定率の推移統計が公表される [15].

1進化経済学会 第 17 回大会＠中央大学

北海道大学

陳鶴 & 井上純一

図 1: 就職機会 n の増加 (「実効的システムサイズ」の減少) とともに, マクロ変数 (α(n) , U (n) , Ω(n) ) がどのように変化していくか, を解析計算/計算機実験によって明らかにするのが本稿の課題.

こうした就職機会が逐次的に与えられる労働市場では, 各機会 n(≥ 1) において, 求職者数, および, 求人数が, どのように変化 (減少) し, 結果として, マクロ変数: 未就職率 U や1 , 定員未
充足率 Ω が就職機会の進行: n = 1, 2 · · · とともに, いかなる値に近づいて行くか, そのフロー :U1 → U2 → · · · → Un → · · · , Ω1 → Ω2 → · · · → Ωn → · · · を追跡し, 得られる巨視的ダイナミク
スを雇用統計データと比較することで, そこに現れる「ミスマッチの解消過程」から大卒労働市場を多角的に検討することが可能となるはずである (図 1 参照).

実際, 第 n = 2 回以降の就職機会において定員を満たすことのできない「中小企業群」にもやはり, 初回就職機会と同様なランキングが生じるが, 各学生の「ランキング偏重度」「市場履歴偏重度」
等のパラメータも同時に変化しうるため, n = 2 以降に求職者数や求人数などの「実効的システム
サイズ」に変化 ( = スケールダウン) があったとしても, 各回の就職率 1 − U (= 就職内定数/定員数), 定員未充足率 Ω が不変に保たれる可能性があり, その条件等は自明でない. そこで, 本講演では, 実効的システムサイズ, パラメータを変化させる「操作」に対するマクロ変数の「スケール不変性」が, 確率的労働市場, および, 我が国の大卒労働市場で現れるための条件に関し, モデル計
算/計算機実験と実データ解析から得られる知見を報告したい.
本稿の構成は以下の通りである.
まずはじめに, 次の第 2 節では, 我が国の大卒労働市場に関する実データ [15] について紹介し, そこから定員未充足率を算出する手続き, および, 得られる U -Ω 曲線を紹介し, この曲線上に乗る点の配置によって, 大卒労働市場の学生-企業ミスマッチの度合いが定量化できることを示す. 続く第3 節では, 我々が提案した確率的労働市場モデル [1, 2] を復習する. 第 4 節では, 確率モデル [1, 2] に含まれるパラメータを実データからキャリブレート (調節) する方法を紹介し, これに基づいて U -Ω
曲線を理論的に描画する. また, この理論曲線と第 2 節での実データ曲線とを比較し, 結果を検討するとともに, ランキング偏重度という「非観測量」の年次依存性が得られることに言及する. 第

5 節では, 年間に複数の機会が与えられた確率的労働市場の振る舞いをマクロ変数の実効的スケー
ル依存性の観点から再検討し, 各年度, 各就職機会ごとの就職率を我々の確率モデル [1, 2] に基づいて算出し, それらを実データと比較検討する. 最後の第 6 節では簡単なまとめを行い, 今後の検討事項について言及する.

1 通常, U は「失業率」と呼ばれる量を指すが, 本稿では大卒労働市場を扱うため, 以降「未就職率」と呼ぶ.

—2 —進化経済学会 第 17 回大会＠中央大学

2

北海道大学

陳鶴 & 井上純一

実データから示唆される事実: 企業-学生間ミスマッチと U -Ω 曲線
厚生労働省が調査する就職内定率の推移は, 10 月期, 12 月期, 2 月期, 4 月期と計 4 回の (大きな)就職機会に対して報告される2 . 事実, 図 2 は雇用統計データ [15] に基づく各就職機会に対する年度別の大卒就職率の推移をプロットしたものであるが, この図からもわかるように, 計 4 回の就職機会に対する 4 本の就職率曲線間にはかなりの差があり, 従って, どの年度においても就職率は就職機会の進行とともに単調に増加していることがわかる.
このことから, 少なくとも就職率は就職機会の進行とともに「頭打ち」にはなっていないから,∼10 月期 (第 1 回), 10 月期 ∼12 月期 (第 2 回), 12 月期 ∼ 翌年 2 月期 (第 3 回), 2 月期 ∼4 月期 (第4 回) の都合 4 回の就職機会でそれぞれスケール (規模) の異なる大卒就職市場が存在すると考えても問題はないであろう. そこで以降では, 新卒大学生に対しては年間計 4 回の就職機会が与えられると仮定して議論を進める.
1

1st October
1st December
1st February
1st April

0.95
0.9
0.85

1-U

0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

year

2006

2008

2010

2012

図 2: 雇用統計データ [15] に基づく各就職機会に対する年度別の大卒就職率の推移.
また, 図 2 より, 第 4 回目の就職機会後に対応する翌年 4 月の統計における就職率の 1 からのギャップ — 残留未就職率 — は各年度ともに約 5 パーセント前後で推移しており, この時点で就職のできない学生は, 自主留年等の決断後, 次年度に就職活動を継続するものと思われる.
ここで注目すべきなのは, ここ数年間に渡って, 大卒就職 (内定) 率の低下が新聞等のマス・メディ
アで大きく取り上げられたのは, 多くの場合, 10 月期公開の統計に関してであり, 確かに 2009 年度
から 2011 年度にかけて, 10 月期, 12 月期, 翌年 2 月期の就職率の低下は甚だしいが, しかし, 4 月
期のそれをみると, この低下率は緩やかに改善しており, ここ十数年の統計をとってみても, 結果として翌年 4 月期に公表される最終的な就職率はほぼ「揺らぎ」の範囲内に収まっている点である.
従って, 職を得られていない学生, 学生を確保できていない企業双方が, 2 月期までに報告される
大卒労働市場の雇用データを参照し, 彼らが「今年は就職戦線/求人活動が厳しい」と判断すれば,それに応じて自らの戦略を変化/妥協していったことが推察できる3 .

2 各月「1 日付け」で公開される.

3 大卒就職内定率はある意味で景気を反映するだろうから, 我が国の「不景気象徴」の文脈としてこの 10 月期の未就職率が過度にクローズアップされるのかもしれない. しかし, 翌年度 4 月期のそれを見る限りにおいて, 両者の歩み寄りによる「自律的な就職率改善機能」が現状においても既に大卒労働市場に備わっているとみなせなくもない.

—3 —進化経済学会 第 17 回大会＠中央大学

2.1

北海道大学

陳鶴 & 井上純一

企業-学生間ミスマッチ

ところで, リクルート・ワークス研究所による「ワークス大卒求人倍率調査」と厚生労働省・文部科学省による就職率データに基づいて, みずほ総合研究所が作成した報告書 [16] によれば, 定員未充足率と未就職率 (= 1 − 就職率) の双方が大きい場合において所謂「企業-学生間ミスマッチ」の度合いが大きく, これは 2010 年度に顕著であった. ここでの「定員未充足率」は定員未充足率 ≡全企業の全欠員数
全企業の全定員数(1)

定義される. すなわち, 定員を満たすことができない企業 — 主に中小企業が該当すると思われる— が多く存在し, かつ, 大卒予定者の就職率が低ければ (未就職率が高ければ), 結果として大卒 (予定) 求職者が定員を満たすことのできなかった中小企業を敬遠し, 多くの大卒予定者が彼らの就職活動においてエントリシートの殺到した一部の大企業のみを志望したと推察することができる.
しかし, 上でみたように, その分析は 10 月期に開示されるデータに対してなされたものであり,
都合 4 回ある就職機会に対し, この企業-学生間ミスマッチ度がどのように改善されていくのか, という本質的とも思える問題には答えていない4 .
そこで以下では, みずほ総合研究所による実データ解析 [16] を, 我々独自の観点から, より詳細に再分析してみることにしょう.

2.2

調査月別 (就職機会別) の U -Ω 曲線

年間都合 4 回ある就職機会後ごとに企業-学生間ミスマッチ度を評価するためには, 各回における未就職率 U と定員未充足率 Ω の関係, すなわち, U -Ω 曲線を描くことが必要となる. このためには
当然, 未就職率 U (あるいは, 就職内定率 1 − U ) と定員未充足率 Ω のデータセット (Ω, U ) が必要となるが, 前出 (1) 式から, 定員未充足率 Ω の算出には全企業の各年度, 各就職機会後における 定員

数と欠員数に関する統計が必要である. しかし, 大卒/院卒者を募集する全企業に対し, これらの数
字の開示を要求することは難しい5 .
そこで, ここでは考え方を変えて, 大卒労働市場全体に対する「マクロな観測量」である求人倍率 α が厚生労働省の開示する統計 [15] から入手可能であることを考慮し, 問題の定員未充足率 Ωを入手可能な統計量: α, 1 − U のみから算出することを考えよう.

そのためにまず, ここで考える社会システムにおける学生数 (求人数) を N , 総企業数を K とし,それぞれの「エージェント」をラベル i = 1, · · · , N, k = 1, · · · , K で区別することにしよう. このとき, 企業 k の募集定員を vk∗ , 企業 k が求人活動後に獲得した学生数を mk とすれば, 全求人数 V ,求人倍率 α はその定義から

V =

K
!

k=1

vk∗ , α =

V
N

(2)

となる. さて, 定員未充足率 Ω は各企業の欠員数が (vk∗ − mk ) で与えられることに注意すれば

Ω=

K

K

k=1

k=1

1 ! ∗
1 !
(vk − mk ) = 1 −
mk
V
V

(3)

4 企業, 学生双方の考え方が本当の意味で多様化し, 求人/就職活動を開始する時期もマチマチになれば, 例えば 2 月までは学業に専念し, その後ゆっくりと就職活動する学生が出てきても良いのではないか, と著者らは考える.

5 例えば, 第 1 回の就職機会において定員を満たすことのできなかったことがオープンになってしまうと, そのような情報が当該企業の株価に影響を与えかねない. そうした杞憂があるのかもしれない.

—4 —進化経済学会 第 17 回大会＠中央大学

北海道大学

陳鶴 & 井上純一

で与えられることになるが, その一方で, 全企業が受け入れた「全新入社員数」は全学生数から一社からも内定を受けることができなかった学生数 — 未就職率 U に対して N U で与えられる — を差し引いたものであるから
K
!

k=1

mk = N − N U = N (1 − U )と見積もることができる. これら (3)(4) 式より

(4)

"K

k=1 mk を消去し, 求人倍率 α の定義であった (2)式に注意すると, 未就職率 U と定員未充足率 Ω の間には次式:

U = αΩ + 1 − α(5)が成り立つことがわかる. 従って, これを定員未充足率 Ω について解けばΩ=

α − (1 − U )α(6)が得られるので, この (6) 式を用いて定員未充足率 Ω が参照可能なデータセットである就職率 1 − Uと求人倍率 α から算出できることになる6 .

我々が既に紹介した図 2, および, 文献 [15] で公開されている各年度 4 月期における求人倍率 αを用いて (Ω, U ) の関係 — U -Ω 曲線 — を図 3 の 4 つのパネルに示そう. これら 4 つのパネルから,
0.44

0.32

1st October

0.42

2012

0.4

0.26

0.36

U

0.34

0.24
0.22

0.32

0.2

1996

0.3

1996

0.18

0.28
0.26

2012

0.28

0.38

U

1st December

0.3

0.16

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

Ω

0.55

0.24

0.6

0.65

0.14

0.7

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

Ω 0.45

0.5

0.55

0.1

1st February

0.22

0.6

0.65

1st April

0.09

0.2

2012

0.08

0.18
0.07

U

1996

U

0.16

2012

0.06
0.14
0.05

0.12

0.1

0.08
0.15

at 0.5130,0.401

0.04

1996

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

Ω 0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.03
0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

Ω 0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

図 3: 10 月期, 12 月期, 翌年 2 月期, 翌年 4 月期の計 4 回の就職機会に対して報告された就職率 1 − U の実データ [15]と式 (6) に基づいて算出された U -Ω 曲線. 左上から右下にかけて, 10, 12, 翌年 2 月, 翌年度 4 月期の結果.

6 この α は後に定義する「初期求人倍率」である. 第 n 回就職機会における U (n) に対しては倍率 α(n) を用いるべきだが, ここでは「累積された」U に対する α を考えているので問題はない. なお, 後に詳しく見るように, 我々の確率モデル計算 [1, 2] では「非観測量」である α(n) に言及 (推定) することが可能である.

—5 —進化経済学会 第 17 回大会＠中央大学

北海道大学

陳鶴 & 井上純一

明らかに 2010 年度はどの月 (どの就職機会) の統計をみても, U, Ω ともに大きく, この意味で企業学生間ミスマッチ度は大きい. しかし, 各種マス・メディアを通して「企業-学生間ミスマッチ」が社会的問題としてクローズアップされてきた翌 2011, 2012 年度になると, この傾向がやや改善されていることが見てとれる. つまり, 学生, 企業双方が「歩み寄り」の努力を行った形跡がみてとれる.
そこで, 我々の提案した確率的労働市場 [1, 2] でこの U -Ω 曲線が再現できるかをみていくために,
次節で簡単に我々の確率モデル [1, 2] を復習することにしよう.

3

確率的労働市場モデル
この節では, 前節でみた年度別の U -Ω 曲線を理論的に導出するため, 我々が既に提案した大卒労働市場の確率モデル [1, 2] を簡単に紹介しておこう.
まず, 本稿で構築する「人工労働市場」のジョブマッチング・プロセスに次の条件のみを課す.

(i) 募集定員

各企業は募集定員 vk∗ ∈ Z を定め, この値を年次ごとに変動させない.

(ii) 局所的ミスマッチの影響

各年度で定員を大きく越える/下回るエントリシートを獲得した企業は次年度の集学生能力が低下傾向にある.

(iii) 企業ランキング
各企業は陽な「ランク付け」がされ, 学生が企業選択の際に共有する情報となる.
(iv) エントロピー最大化と多様性
学生の企業選択は集学生確率に関し, 条件付きエントロピー最大化の意味で多様性を持つ.
このうちの条件 (i) 募集定員から, 総求人数 V , 求人倍率 α は確かに (2) 式で与えられることがわ
かる. よって, α > 1 の場合には「売り手市場」, 逆に α < 1 の場合には「買い手市場」となる.

次に集学生能力を決定する「エネルギー関数」を導入する. 前掲条件 (ii) 局所的ミスマッチの影響を考慮し, 各企業 k (k = 1, 2, · · · , K) に対して「局所ミスマッチ規準」を次式で定義する.

1 ∗1 ∗|v − vk (t)| =|v − vk (t)|
(7)
V k
αN k
ここで, vk (t) は年度 t において, 企業 k を希望する学生数である. hk (t) が大きいほど, 当該年次 t における企業と学生間のミスマッチ度が大きい. また, 前掲条件 (iii) 企業ランキングに基づき, "k を
hk (t) =会社 k のランキング因子とし, これが大きいほどランキング上位であるとする. ここでは具体的に

k(8)Kと選ぶ. この場合, 企業 k = K が最も「人気企業」となり, 企業 k = 1 が最も「不人気」となる.
"k = 1 +

このとき, 企業ごとに定義される労働市場のエネルギー関数は次式で与えられる.

E("k , hk ; t) ≡ −γ log "k +

τ
!
l=1

βl hk (t − l)(9)

このエネルギー関数に基づく学生の振る舞いは次のように考えることができる. エネルギー関数の第 1 項から, 学生は比較的ランキングの高い企業にエントリシートを提出するが, 第 2 項により, 過
去 τ 年度に渡り定員よりもはるかに多くのエントリシートを集めた企業に対しては, τ + 1 年度の人気は下降する. 従って, この市場の履歴に依存する第 2 項は第 1 項に対する「負のフィードバッ
ク」となる. 本稿では簡単のため, 市場履歴は直近のみ考慮する (β1 = β, β2 = · · · = βτ = 0).

—6 —進化経済学会 第 17 回大会＠中央大学

3.1

北海道大学

陳鶴 & 井上純一

求職者の確率的意思決定

労働市場を構成する学生の意思決定は「多様なもの」であるべきである. つまり, 全員が同じ選択を起こす可能性は低いと考える. そこで, 前掲条件 (iv) エントロピー最大化と多様性より, この"K
多様性の指標として情報論的エントロピー H = − k=1 Pk (t) log Pk (t) を考え, これを確率分布の"K
規格化条件と k=1 Pk (t)E("k , hk ; t) = E 下で最大化する確率分布:

exp[−E("k , hk ; t)]
Pk (t) = "K
k=1 exp[−E("k , hk ; t)](10)を採用する. ここで, γ = β = 0 で等確率 Pk (t) = 1/K での「ランダム選択」となる.

学生数が十分大きな極限 N → ∞ では, Pk (t) を次のように書き直すことができる [1].
#
&
$
% β
k
α
exp γ log 1 + K− α |Pk (t − 1) − K|#&
Pk (t) = "
$
% β
K
k
α
exp
γ
log
1
+
−
|P
(t
−
1)
−
|]
k=1
K
α k
K

(11)

これは Pk (t) に関する漸化式である. 従って, 例えば, 初期条件: P1 (0) = P2 (0) = · · · = PK (0) =1/K からスタートし, (11) 式を逐次的に繰り返すことで, Pk (t) の時間発展を調べることができる
し, また, この労働市場は集学生 (粒子) 確率が (11) で時間変化するある種の「壷モデル」とみなすこともできる. よって, 各年度で各学生が確率 (11) に従ってエントリシートを提出する状況下における就職率等のマクロ変数が算出されることになる.

3.2

企業によるセレクション

以上で各学生の就職活動 (企業選択/エントリシート提出) に関するミクロなモデルが定義された.
企業と学生のマッチング・プロセスを考えるためには, 定員を越えてエントリシートを獲得した企業がいかに学生を選考 (選抜) するか, という問題を考えなければならない. 以下ではそのプロセスを陽に導入する.
まず, ミクロ変数 sik (t) を導入し, この変数を用いて年次 t に学生 i が企業 k から内定を受ける(sik (t) = 1)/ 受けない (sik (t) = 0) を区別する. 具体的にはミクロ変数 aik (t) を用いて学生 i が企
業 k にエントリシートを提出したことを'1 (学生 i が企業 k にエントリシート提出)
aik (t) =(12)0 (提出しない)で判別する. そこで, 年次 t において学生 i の行動 aik (t) が与えられたとき, 彼/彼女が企業 k から内定を受ける条件付き確率 P (sik (t) = 1|aik (t)) をP (sik (t) = 1|aik (t)) = Θ(vk∗ − vk (t))δaik (t),1 +P (sik (t) = 0|aik (t)) = 1 − P (sik (t) = 1|aik (t))

vk∗
Θ(vk (t) − vk∗ )δaik (t),1
vk (t)

で与える. ここに δx,y はクロネッカのデルタ, Θ(x) は階段関数であり, 次式で定義される.
'
1 (x ≥ 0)
Θ(x) =
0 (x < 0)

(13)
(14)

(15)

つまり, ここでは定員割れ企業 k にエントリシートを提出すれば (aik (t) = 1) 「確率 1」で必ず内定を受けるが (P (sik (t) = 1|aik (t) = 1) = 1), 募集定員を上回る応募を受けた人気企業にエントリ

シートを出した場合, 当該企業は全ての入社希望者 vk (t) の中から定員 vk∗ 人だけをランダムに選択"K
して (確率 vk∗ /vk (t) で) 内定を出す. 従って, 学生が獲得する内定数は si = k=1 sik で与えられる.

—7 —進化経済学会 第 17 回大会＠中央大学

北海道大学

陳鶴 & 井上純一

U -Ω 曲線の理論解析

4

前節で定義された確率的労働市場におけるシステムのマクロな性質を議論するため, (49) 式で定義された年次毎の失業率 Ut の長時間平均を考え, それをシステムをマクロに特徴つける「秩序変数」として次式で定義する.

U

=

T −1
N
1 !
1 !
Ut , Ut =δs (t),0
T →∞ TN i=1 i
t=0

lim

(16)

そこで, 上式 (16) で定義される未就職率 U の各種パラメータ依存性を調べて行くことになるが, 具
体的には, システムの制御変数は求人倍率 α, ランキング偏重度 γ, 市場履歴偏重度 β, 平均提出エントリシート数 a である. ここに, α, a は「観測可能」な量であるが, γ, β は典型的学生の心理状
態/戦略を表現する「非観測量」であることに注意しょう. 測定量としては, 未就職率 U , および,

(6) 式から算出される Ω である. これらの計算の後, この節での目標である U -Ω 曲線が理論的に描かれることになる.

システム・パラメータのキャリブレーション

4.1

ところで, 求人倍率 α, 未就職率 U が同じであっても, β, γ, a の値が異なれば定員未充足率 Ω は変わりうる. そこで, 第 2 節での実データ解析から示唆された U -Ω 曲線 (図 3) を再現するためには, 年度毎に γ, β, a の値を調節する必要がある. しかし, ここで我々が直面する問題は• 年度毎に γ, β, a を推定するための指針, すなわち, 「コスト関数」や「周辺尤度」に相当する
統計量が無い. 従って, この種の統計量の最大化/最小化でパラメータ推定を定式化できない.
• γ, β は典型的学生の「心理状態 (戦略)」を反映する変数であり, これらは観測量ではない. ましてや, 十分な標本数を必要とするサーベイ等で値を割り出すことも難しい.

である. 上記の困難の下で, これら 3 つのパラメータを同時に調節することは極めて難しいので, こ
こでは以下に述べる簡略化を行い, ランキング偏重度 γ のみをキャリブレート (調節) する.
まず, 学生の平均エントリ数を a = 10 と固定する. 最近では 1 人あたり 100 社近くの企業にエントリ数を提出する学生もあると聞くが 7 , ここでは我々の周りの「標準的大学生」の就職活動を参考にして a = 10 と選ぶ. また, β と γ のそれぞれの値そのものよりも, 求職者である学生本人がエントリシート提出時に「市場履歴」と「ランキング」のいずれをより重要視するか, という ( これらパラメータの比 ) が本質的であるから, ここでは β = 1 に固定しよう. そこで, a = 10, β = 1に固定し, α を当該年度の実データから選んで, 就職率 1 − U の γ 依存性を表すプロットを描く (図4 参照).

ここで, 実データから得られる年度毎の就職率の値を 1 − Uempirical とすると, 1 − U の理論値は上述のように固定された a, β のもとで 1 − Ua,β (γ) として, ランキング偏重度 γ の関数として書けることに着目する. そこで, これら両者を等しいとおくことで

1 − Uempirical = 1 − Ua,β (γ)(17)

Uempirical = Ua,β (γ)

(18)

すなわち
7 例えば, 「リクナビ就職ジャーナル」の「学生 × シゴト総研」の調べ [17] によると, 2011 年度においては平均で 27.1

社 (文科系 31.4 社, 理科系 19.4 社) へのエントリシートの提出があったと報告されている.

—8 —進化経済学会 第 17 回大会＠中央大学

北海道大学

陳鶴 & 井上純一

1

a=1
a=2
a=3
a = 10

0.8

0.6

  


1-U

!

0.4

0.2

  
0
0

5

10



15

20

図 4: キャリブレーション (パラメータ調整) の手続き. 実データから年度ごとに 1 − Uempirical の値がわかるので, こ−1の就職率を与えるパラメータ γ を図の矢印のように逆算する (解 γ = Ua,β(Uempirical ) を求める). この図では例として
α = 10 と選んであるが, 実際には年度毎の求人倍率を用いる. つまり, 2010 年であれば α = 1.62 を選ぶ.

−1が得られるが, Ua,β (γ) が考える γ の範囲内で逆関数 Ua,βを持てば, 直ちに
−1
γ = Ua,β(Uempirical )(19)が所望の γ に関する調整値となる. このプロセスを図 4 に「矢印」で示した.

4.2

解析結果

従って, この方法で得られた γ を用いてこれを用いて U, Ω を再計算することにより, 理論的 U -Ω
曲線, 「非観測量」であるランキング偏重度 γ の時間発展を描くことができる.

4.2.1

理論的 U -Ω 曲線

まずは理論的に得られる U -Ω 曲線をを図 5 に載せよう. この図より, 理論的 U -Ω 曲線は 1996 年
度, 2000 年度を除き, 概ね実測値と良好な一致を見せている. 問題のこれら 2 年度における両者のギャップは (我々の確率モデル [1, 2] の範囲内では) 平均提出エントリシート数 a を別途キャリブ
レートすることで埋めることができると予想される.

4.2.2

非観測量 γ の時間変化

こうして調節された「非観測量」であるランキング偏重度 γ は年度によって変化するが, このパ
ラメータの動きをみることで, 各年度で学生がどの程度 (市場履歴に対して) 相対的に企業ランキングを重視して就職活動を行ったのかがわかる. 我々の確率モデルに基づく数値計算で得られた γ の1996 年度から 2012 年度に渡る「時系列」を図 6(右) に載せよう.
さて, 図 5 において最もミスマッチが顕著だった (点 (Ω, U ) がグラフの最も「右上」に位置した)
2010 年度において, 図 6(右) に示した γ の値はピークをとっておらず, むしろ γ のピークはその 2—9 —進化経済学会 第 17 回大会＠中央大学

北海道大学

0.44

Empirical: 1st October
Our model

2011

0.42
0.4

2012

2000

2010
2010

2001

0.36

2003
2002

1996

0.34

2006
1999

0.32
0.3

2004
2005

2000

0.38

U

陳鶴 & 井上純一

2007

1996

1997

2008
2009

0.28

1998

0.26
0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

Ω

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

図 5: 理論的 U -Ω 曲線. 1996 年年度, 2000 年年度を除き, 概ね実測値と良好な一致を見せている.
2.2

14

a = 10, β = 1

a = 10, β = 1

2

12

1.8

10

1.6

8

α

γ
1.4

6

1.2

4

1

2

0.8
1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

year

2006

2008

2010

2012

0
1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

year

2006

2008

2010

2012

図 6: 年度別の求人倍率 (左: 実データより), および, 提案する確率モデルのキャリブレーションによって理論的に得られたランキング偏重度 γ (右: 非観測量).

年前の 2008 年度に現れている. これは一見すると奇妙に思えるが, 図 6(左) の求人倍率を見ると,2010 年度よりも 2008 年度はより「売り手市場」になっており, その意味で 2008 年度には 2010 年度に比べて市場には「より多くの空きポジション」が供給されていた. 従ってその結果, 2008 年度の未就職率 U は低い水準で推移している. 一方, 2010 年度は 2008 年度に比べて γ が減少し, 学生の「大企業指向」がやや薄れたものの (実際, 図 5 を見るとこの間, Ω が減少している), 求人倍率 αが 0.6 ポイント近くも減少しており, 労働市場内の「空きポジション数」が減少したことで, 一気に
未就職率 U が増加してしまっている. その結果, Ω の減少に比して, U の増加が甚だしかったため,

U -Ω 曲線が右下から右上に移動し, 結果としてミスマッチ度は 2010 年にピークをむかえている.
ところで, このようなキャリブレーションによって, 非観測量 γ に関する時系列データがある程度蓄積できてくれば, これら過去の時系列データを用いた γ の「予測式」を構築することで, 次年度以降の大卒労働市場におけるミスマッチ度に言及することも可能になる. また, 第 n 回の就職機— 10 —

進化経済学会 第 17 回大会＠中央大学

北海道大学

陳鶴 & 井上純一

会における α(n) は今のところ「非観測量」8 であるが, 以下で見ていくように, 我々のモデル計算からこの各就職機会に対する求人倍率に関する推定値が得られることになる.

就職機会の進行と就職率の変化に関する考察

5

我々が既に提案し, 前節で用いた確率的労働市場モデルでは, 同一年度内にある複数回の就職機会を考慮せず, 1 回のみの就職機会に対して算出される就職内定率 1 − U を議論した. 事実, 前節で得られた理論的 U -Ω 曲線は 10 月期の雇用統計と比較している (図 5 参照).

そこで, ここからは 1 回目の就職機会で内定を受けなかった学生群と, 1 回目の就職機会で定員数だけの学生を確保できななった企業群との間の「再ジョブ・マッチング」を考え, 複数回の就職機会を考慮することで, 当該年度の就職率が就職機会 n の関数として, どのように推移するかを理論・実データ解析双方から考えてみたい.
例えば, 図 2 からわかるように, 平成 24 年 3 月卒の大学生に対する就職率は, 10 月期, 12 月期,
翌 2 月期, 翌 4 月期で 59.9 → 71.9 → 80.5 → 93.6 (パーセント) のように推移している. この推移の様相を我々の提案モデルで再現できないか, というのが, ここからの問題である.

5.1「未就職率 U 不変」の仮定から得られる結果

そこで, 複数就職機会の各回でスケールダウンした「縮小版 労働市場」が現れても, 各回での未就職率が一定値 U に保たれると仮定することで, いかなる結論が導かれるかを考えてみよう.
まず, その定義から, 1 回目の就職機会における就職率が (1−U ) であれば, 就職できた学生数はおおよそ (平均)N (1−U ) 人となる. また, 就職できなかった学生は N U 人である. もし, N U 人からなる就職希望者の「再マッチング」で得られる就職率 (1−U )(= 当該機会での求職者数/当該機会での定員数)
が実効システムサイズ (あるいは, 就職機会 n) によって変わらず, ある意味で「自己相似」な性質を持つと仮定すると, 2 回目の就職機会で就職できる学生数は, 平均して{N − N (1 − U )}(1 − U ) = N U (1 − U ) (人)(20)である. 同様な考え方で, 第 3 回目の就職機会で就職できる学生数は平均で{N − N (1 − U ) − N U (1 − U )}(1 − U ) = N U 2 (1 − U ) (人)(21)である. 第 4 回目の就職機会では平均{N − N (1 − U ) − N U (1 − U ) − N U 2 (1 − U )}(1 − U ) = N U 3 (1 − U ) (人)(22)となる. 従って, 第 n 回目の就職機会の後に得られる就職率を (1 − U )n とおけば, これは直ちに(1 − U )n={1 + U + U 2 + · · · + U n−1 }(1 − U ) =と書ける9 .

1 − Un× (1 − U ) = 1 − U n
1−U

(23)

8 厚生労働省を介して「データが開示されない」という意味で「非観測量」.

9 この粗い議論では, 就職者数の平均のみを用いたが, 平均の周りの揺らぎ (分散) も評価することができる. N 人からなるエージェントのうちの r 人が就職できる確率は, U が一定ならば二項分布: P (r) = N Cr (1 − U n−1 )r {U n−1 }N −r(で与えられるので, r の平均は N (1 − U n−1 )(人), 標準偏差は

N (N − 1){1 − U n−1 }2 で与えられる.

— 11 —

進化経済学会 第 17 回大会＠中央大学

北海道大学

陳鶴 & 井上純一

よって, 考える労働市場システムの未就職率 U がシステムサイズに依らず, U = 0.4 だとすると,2 回目の就職機会の終わった時点での就職率は第 1 回目の就職機会後の就職率 1 − U = 0.6 から(1 − U )2 = 1 − U 2 = 1 − (0.4)2 = 0.84(24)まで上昇する. 第 3 回目の就職機会では(1 − U )3 = 1 − U 3 = 1 − (0.4)3 = 0.936(25)まで上昇する. 同様に, 第 4 回目では

(1 − U )4 = 1 − U 4 = 1 − (0.4)4 = 0.9744(26)となり, ほぼ「完全就職状態」に近い10 .
しかし, 既に言及した厚生労働省調査の図 2 から示唆される平成 24 年 (2012 年)3 月卒学生に関する第 4 期 (4 月期) の値 (約 0.93) と比べると, この値は実データ値からかなり遠い. 事実, 図 7 に
平成 17 年 (2005 年度) から平成 24 年度 (2012 年度) までの就職率の就職機会 n 依存性を載せるが,これと (1 − U )n = 1 − U n から求められる理論曲線を比較すると, 実データのどの年度の振る舞いも, その「スロープ」が互いに似ている傾向が見られる一方, 理論曲線は明らかにこれら実データと異なる上昇傾向を見せる.
100
95
90
85

(1-U)n

80

2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Theory

75
70
65
60
55

1

2

n

3

4

図 7: 平成 17 年度 (2005 年度) から平成 24 年度 (2012 年度) までの就職率の就職機会 n 依存性. ライン・キャプション

に “Theory”とついた点線は, 「不変未就職率」を U = 0.4 と選んだ場合の第 n 回就職率: (1 − U )n = 1 − U n をプロットしたもの. 縦軸の単位は「パーセント」であることに注意.

従って, U にはサイズ依存性があり, その意味でスケール不変な量ではなく, 各就職機会 n で異なる値を持つことが予想される. すなわち, 我々の確率的労働市場モデル [1, 2] で就職内定をもらえない学生に対して複数回の就職機会を与え, 未就職率 U がどのように増加するかを調べ, 図 2 で示された実データの再現を試みることは, 各年度末に当該年度の就職戦線を雇用データに基づいて総括していく上でも重要な課題であることがわかる.
10 無論, U ≤ 1 だから, n → ∞ の極限で完全就職が達成される.

— 12 —

進化経済学会 第 17 回大会＠中央大学

5.2

北海道大学

陳鶴 & 井上純一

求人倍率 α についての考察

我々が既に示したように, 職を持ちながらの求職者 — On the job searching — を考慮しなくてもよい大卒労働市場11 においては, 未就職率 U と定員未充足率 Ω の間には

U = αΩ + 1 − α(27)の線形関係が成立する. 従って, 未就職率 U が各就職機会 n で不変であり, また, 定員未充足率も同様に不変であるならば, 求人倍率もまたスケール不変な量となる.
しかし, U, Ω いずれかが, n に依存する場合, 求人倍率 α も n に依存する可能性がある. そこで,
以下では U, Ω のいずれか一方が n 依存性を持ち, 他方がスケール不変性を持つケースに対し, α がn の増加とともにどのように振る舞うのかを簡単な数理解析に基づいて考察していく.

5.2.1

定員未充足率 Ω がスケール不変な場合Ω が就職機会数 n に依らないとしても, 例えば, 第 1 回と第 2 回の就職機会で実質的な求人倍率α が変化すれば, 未就職率 U は (5) 式により, α を介して n に依存しうる. そこで, ここでは Ω のみが n に依存しない条件下で, 求人倍率 α(n) が n の増加と共にどのように変化するかを考察する.
すなわち, 以下の式が任意の n = 2, 3, · · · で成立するものとする.
U (n) = α(n) Ω + 1 − α(n)(28)

すなわち, 未就職率は当該就職機会における求人倍率によって計算されるものと仮定する.
このとき, 例えば, 第 1 回就職機会における求人倍率を α(1) (= α) とおけば, 第 2 回の求人倍率はおおよそ次のように評価できる.

α(1)

=

α(2)

=

V
V (1)
≡ (1) = αNN
V (1) Ω
Ω
V (2)
αΩ
=
α
≡
=
1 − α(1 − Ω)N (1) U (1)
U (1)
N (2)

(29)
(30)

が得られる. すなわち, α(2) は第 1 回の就職機会における求人倍率 α (以降, この値を「初期求人倍率」と呼ぶ) と定員未充足率 Ω とで書くことができる.
同様な手続きを踏むと, 第 3 回の就職機会における求人倍率は

α(3)

=

V (2) Ω
α(2) Ω
αΩ2
= (2)
=
(2)
(3)
(2)
1 − α(1 − Ω2 )N U
α Ω+1−α

(31)

αΩn−1
1 − α(1 − Ωn−1 )(32)となる. これを一般化すると, 就職機会 n での求人倍率はα(n) =
で与えられることがわかる.

ここで, α(n) は必ずゼロか正の値をもたなければならないので, 初期求人倍率 α は

α≤

11 − Ω(n−1)(33)

11 内定を受けた後も「より良い企業」を求めて就職活動を継続する学生もいるかもしれない.

我々のモデルではこうした学生を無視している. 従って, より厳密に言えば, 以降はこの「近似」の下での議論ということになる.

— 13 —

進化経済学会 第 17 回大会＠中央大学

北海道大学

陳鶴 & 井上純一

を満たさなければならない. また, Ω < 1 であり, n → ∞ で Ωn−1 → 0 となるから, 上記の議論がn → ∞ においても妥当なものであるためには, 初期求人倍率についての条件として
α≤1

(34)

が必要となる.
ここで注意すべきことは, 初期求人倍率を α = 1 に選ぶと, n に依らずに以降, 全ての就職機会 nにおいて α(n) = 1 となることである. すなわち, 求人倍率 1 は α(n) の固定点であり, この値は以降動かない. また, Ω < 1 であるから, n → ∞ で Ωn−1 → 0 であることに注意すると任意の α(,= 1)に対して

lim α(n) = 0

(35)

n→∞

となる. つまり, α(n) のフローは α(n) = 0 に収束する. この結果, (5) 式から, U (n) はlim U (n) = 1

(36)

n→∞

となる. すなわち, 漸近的に「完全未就職状態」が実現する12 .
図 8 にいくつかの初期求人倍率 α の値 (= 0.5, 0.9) に対し, α(n) を n の関数としてプロットする.
この図より, いずれの初期求人倍率 α(< 1) に対しても, α(n) はゼロへと収束している様子がわかる.
0.8

α = 0.5
α = 0.9

0.7

0.6

0.5

α(n) 0.4
0.3

0.2

0.1

0

2

3

4

5

6

n

7

8

9

10

図 8: 求人倍率の就職機会 n 依存性. Ω = 0.4 と選んでいる. いずれの初期求人倍率 α(< 1) に対しても, α(n) はゼロへと収束している様子がわかる.

5.2.2

未就職率 U がスケール不変な場合

この場合には (5) 式からΩ(n) =

U + α(n) − 1
α(n)

(37)

12 この結果はある意味当然である. 初期求人倍率が α < 1 であったから, 最後には (n → ∞ の極限では) 職につけない学生群がどうしても残る. よって, α(n) = 求人数/求職者数 = 0/有限 = 0 (n → ∞) である.

— 14 —

進化経済学会 第 17 回大会＠中央大学

北海道大学

陳鶴 & 井上純一

であるから, 第 2 回機会の求人倍率は α(1) = α に対して

α(2) =αΩ(1)U +α−1=
UU(38)

U n−1 + α − 1
U n−1

(39)

となる. これを一般化してα(n) =

が求める求人倍率の n 依存性である. 求人倍率 α(n) はゼロ, あるいは正の値を持つべきことから

α ≥ 1 − U n−1(40)が満たされなければならない. また, U < 1 であり, n → ∞ で U n−1 → 0 となるから, 上記の議論
が n → ∞ においても妥当なものであるためには, 初期求人倍率についての条件として

α≥1

(41)

が必要となる.
前節と同様, α = 1 ならば, 以降, 任意の n に対して α(n) = 1 である. また, 任意の α(,= 1) に対し, n → ∞ で α(n) → ∞ となり, 求人倍率は発散する. このとき, (5) 式から

lim Ω(n) = 1

(42)

n→∞

となり, 漸近的に「完全未充足状態」が実現する13 . 図 9 にいくつかの初期求人倍率 α の値 (= 1.5, 1.9)に対し, α(n) を n の関数としてプロットする. この図から, Ω がスケール不変の場合と異なる振る
3500

α = 1.5
α = 1.9

3000

2500

2000

α(n)
1500

1000

500

0

2

3

4

5

6

n

7

8

9

10

図 9: 求人倍率の就職機会 n 依存性. U = 0.4 と選んでいる. いずれの初期求人倍率 α(> 1) に対しても, α(n) は無限大へ発散している様子がわかる.

舞いを見せることがわかる.

13 初期求人倍率が α > 1 であるから, 必ず企業群内のポジションが余る.

ション数を自分自身で割るわけだから必ず 1 となる.

n → ∞ での定員未充足率は, この空きポジ— 15 —

進化経済学会 第 17 回大会＠中央大学

5.2.3

北海道大学

陳鶴 & 井上純一

定員未充足率 Ω も未就職率 U もスケール不変でない場合

実際の大卒労働市場では, 各就職機会における未就職率と求人倍率が公開されることはないので,Ω, U のスケール不変性について, 実データ解析の観点から言及することは難しい. しかし, まずは
この両者にスケール不変性を課さずに理論を構築し, その計算機実験により, 就職機会の進行とともにスケールダウンしていく労働市場について定量的に言及していくのが良さそうだ. そこで, こ
こではその手続きを導出していく.
そのためにはまず, 集学生確率:)*k
exp γ log(1 + K) − β|vk∗ − vk (t − 1)|
Pk (t) = "K)*k∗
k=1 exp γ log(1 + K ) − β|vk − vk (t − 1)|(43)に基づいてマクロ変数を評価していかなければならない. 具体的には, 上記の集学生確率に基づくマッチングから, ミクロ変数が企業 k に対して vk (t), mk (t), 学生 i に対して si (t) と定まるが, これから計算されるマクロ変数 Ω(t) , U (t) の時間変化に着目する. すなわち, 以前の解析では秩序変数を求めるためにTN
1 ! (t)1 !
U = lim
U , Ut =δs (t),0
T →∞ TN i=1 it=1(44)

なる時間平均を計算したが, ここではこのような時間平均を計算せず, 各ステップでのマクロ変数の動き U (1) → U (2) → U (3) → · · · , Ω(1) → Ω(2) → Ω(3) → · · · に着目する.

このとき, 各時刻 t での求人数 vk∗ は時間的に変化することに注意しよう. つまり, 時刻 t での企業

k の募集定員は時刻 t − 1 で企業 k が募集する人数 vk∗ (t − 1) と入社した人数を mk (t − 1) を用いて
vk∗ (t) = vk∗ (t − 1) − mk (t − 1)(45)と書ける. ここで, 初期条件 vk∗ (1) = vk∗ , mk (1) = 0 であることに注意する. 従って, 時刻 t での総定員数 V (t) は次式で与えられる.

V (t) =

K!

k=1

(vk∗ (t) − mk (t))δvk∗ (t),mk (t)(46)

ここに, δa,b はクロネッカのデルタである.
一方, 時刻 t での学生数 N (t) はN (t) =N +!

δsi (l),0(47)

i=1 l≤tで与えられる. つまり, 現時刻 t から遡る過去 l(≤ t) において, 一度も内定を受けなかった学生数として定義される. 従って, これらから, 求人倍率の時間変化は
"K
∗
∗
V (t)
k=1 (vk (t) − mk (t))δvk (t),mk (t)(t)α = (t) =
"N ,
N
i=1
l≤t δsi (l),0(48)

で与えられる.

また, 時刻 t での未就職率は, 時刻 t − 1 で就職できずにいた学生数を分母とする, 時刻 t で初めて就職できた学生数の割合で定義して

U

(t)

"N ,
N (t−1) − N (t)
N (t)
i=1
l≤t δsi (l),0== 1 − (t−1) = 1 − "N ,
(t−1)
N
N
i=1
l≤t−1 δsi (l−1),0(49)— 16 —

進化経済学会 第 17 回大会＠中央大学

北海道大学

陳鶴 & 井上純一となる. 従って, この U (t) , α(t−1) に対し, 定員未充足率はΩ(t) =

U (t) + α(t−1) − 1
α(t−1)(50)で計算される. ここで, 詳細には前回の就職機会で首尾よく内定を獲得できなかった学生の戦略は変化してしかるべきであり, その意味で, パラメータ β, γ も就職機会 n に対して変化するかもしれない. しかし, 本稿では簡単のため, このパラメータの時間変化を考慮しない.
以上をまとめると, ここで我々が考えるシステムは次に与える一連の更新式で記述される.
)*k
exp γ log(1 + K) − β|vk∗ − vk (t − 1)|
Pk (t) = "K
(51)
)
*
k
∗
k=1 exp γ log(1 + K ) − β|vk − vk (t − 1)|"K∗∗
k=1 (vk (t) − mk (t))δvk (t),mk (t)
(t)
α
=
(52)
"N ,
i=1
l≤t δsi (l),0"N ,i=1
l≤t δsi (l),0(t)
U= 1 − "N ,(53)i=1
l≤t−1 δsi (l−1),0

Ω(t)

=

U (t) + α(t−1) − 1
α(t−1)(54)

このとき, マクロ変数の時間発展 (α(1) , U (1) , Ω(1) ) → (α(2) , U (2) , Ω(2) ) → · · · を計算機上でシミュレートし, このなかで, スケール不変 (n-不変) なマクロ変数があり得るか否かを調べる.

これにより, 就職機会 n 後の最終就職率 (1 − U )n は N (0) = N , および, (49) 式に注意してN (1 − U )n = N −n!

U (t) N (t−1)

t=1.
= N − (N (0) − N (1) ) + · · · + (N (n−1) − N (n) ) = N − (N (0) − N (n) ) = N (n)(55)となるから, 両辺を N で割って

N (n)
(56)
N
で与えられる. この結果と厚生労働省が公開する就職機会 n 後の最終就職率 [15] とを比較する.
(1 − U )n =

5.3

解析結果

第 n 回就職機会後の就職率 (1 − U )n の実データからのプロットと理論曲線を 1996-2012 年の 17

年の各々に対して図 10 に載せよう. ここでの初期求人倍率 α は実統計データを利用し (α(n) はモデルから生成された値を利用した), β = 1, a = 10 に固定したのち, γ を n = 1 における実データに対し, 第 4 節で説明した方法でキャリブレートした. この図より, n = 4 においても残った「残留未就職率」(1 − U )4 に着目すると, 1996 年, 2001 年が理論, 実データの差が小さく, 2000 年は大きく乖離している. また, 全ての就職機会 n = 1, 2, 3, 4 で理論, 実験の誤差を小さくすることはできておらず, いずれの年度においても, ある就職機会の誤差は小さいが, 別の就職機会のそれは大きいという結果となった. これは各就職機会ごとに, そこで活動する学生の志向/戦略が変化していることによる誤差であると推察できる. つまり, n = 2 で敗者復活戦に臨む学生は, n = 1 における就職戦
線とは異なり, 安全志向をとるかもしれない. そのような学生が大半の場合, n = 2 での γ は n = 1
でのキャリブレーションで得られた γ と比べて小さくなる方向に補正されるはずである. よって,n = 2 以降で n = 1 の γ をそのまま用いて実際の労働市場を再現することには自ずと限界がある.
— 17 —

進化経済学会 第 17 回大会＠中央大学

北海道大学

陳鶴 & 井上純一

従って, より精密な理論を構築するためには, 各回で得られた α(n) に対し, その都度, γ をキャリブレートし, それを用いてダイナミックスの発展式 (51)(52)(53)(54), および, (56) 式を構築することで, それを数値的に追っていくことが重要となろう. この就職機会依存したシステム・パラメー
タを伴った, より複雑なダイナミックスを扱った解析結果は講演当日に紹介したい [18].

おわりに

6

本稿では, 著者達によって提案された確率的労働市場モデル [1, 2] を単年度内に複数の就職機会を伴った労働市場へと拡張し, 内定者の「勝ち抜け」に伴う労働市場の実効システムサイズの変化(減少) に対する, 未就職率と定員未充足率等のマクロ変数に関する「スケール不変性」が, 確率的労働市場 [1, 2], および, 我が国の大卒労働市場で現れるための条件に関し, モデル計算/計算機実験と実データ解析双方から得られる結果を詳細に比較/検討した.
ミスマッチの問題というのは, 結局のところ「みんなが行きたい企業に私も行きたい」という「ムード」が市場全体に漂った結果であるとすれば, これを改善するためには, 学生個々が多様な考え方を持ち, 企業も彼ら — 良い意味での「変わり者」— をある程度受け入れなければならな
い. 今や多くの学生はインターネットを介して情報を収集し, エントリを行うが, インターネット
等により情報が広く瞬時に行き渡る社会では, 人間は多様な考え方を受け入れることが難しくなるのかもしれない. これはやや逆説的に聞こえるが, 例えば, インターネット等の普及, インフラストラクチャの整備により, 職場や住居の選択にかなりの自由度ができたとしても, 人々は地方の寒村に移住することはないし, 過疎の問題は一向に無くならないばかりか, 都会と地方の格差は広がるばかりである. つまり, インターネット等を通じて「華々しい」「良いもの」を見せられると自身の現状と比較し「私もああなりたい」「私もあんなところに住みたい」と考えるのは人情だろう. 皮肉なことだが, 情報収集が容易になればなるほど, あらゆる場面での価値の一元化が加速されるのではあるまいか. また, 我々もこうしたインターネット等を介しての「シグナル」が人々の価値を一元化させ, 世論を一斉に偏向させる可能性があることを今や気に留めておくべきであろう.
我々がこの社会的な問題に取り組み始めたのは, 学生-企業間のミスマッチが表面化し, マス・メ
ディア上で取り上げられることが多くなった約 2 年前のことである. 現在では当時と比べて大卒労働市場, とりわけ大学生の就職環境/就職意識はより複雑化し, 入社 3 年を待たないで退社する社員や, 所謂「ブラック企業」の問題が顕在化しており, 単純に「希望する大企業から内定が頂ければよい」という方針/戦略が崩れつつある. 従って, これからは就職活動のモデル化においても, これら
入社後の「長期的展望」も重要な要素として適切にモデルに取り組まなければならないであろう.
つまり, 変動の激しい社会システムを科学的に扱う上では, その数理モデル自体も社会的変化とともに逐次修正していかなければならない. こうした検討は今後の課題としたい.

謝辞
著者らの本学会への入会に際してご尽力頂き, 本大会での講演を勧めてくださいました中央大学
商学部 教授 有賀裕二 先生, 京都大学 大学院理学研究科 教授 青山秀明 先生に感謝いたします. また, 本稿の内容は, 今まで著者らが参加した国内外での会議/研究会における多くの同分野/異分野の研究者とのディスカッション, その際に頂いた有益なコメントに基づいております. それら多くの人々にこの場をお借りして感謝いたします.
本研究の一部は科学研究費補助金 (基盤研究 (C)「実データ解析に基づく実証的視点からの情報
統計力学の再構築」課題番号 22500195) の援助の下で実施されています.

— 18 —

進化経済学会 第 17 回大会＠中央大学

北海道大学

陳鶴 & 井上純一

参考文献[1] H. Chen and J. Inoue, Dynamics of probabilistic labor markets: statistical physics perspective,
Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems 662, pp. 53-64, “Managing Market
Complexity”, Springer (2012).
[2] H. Chen and J. Inoue, Statistical Mechanics of Labor Markets, Econophysics of systemic risk
and network dynamics, New Economic Windows, Springer-Verlag (Milan-Italy), pp.157-171(2013).
[3] M. Aoki and H. Yoshikawa, Reconstructing Macroeconomics: A Perspective from Statistical
Physics and Combinatorial Stochastic Processes, Cambridge University Press (2006).
[4] T. Boeri and J. van Ours, The Economics of Imperfect Labor Markets, Princeton University
Press (2008).
[5] R. Gabriele, Labor Market Dynamics and Institution: An Evolutionary Approach, Working
Paper in Laboratory of Economics and Management Sant’Anna School of Advances Studies,Pisa, Italy (2002).
[6] G. Fagiolo, G. Dosi and R. Gabriele, Advances in Complex System 7, No.2, pp. 157-186(2004).
[7] M. Neugart, Journal of Economic Behavior and Optimization 53, pp. 193-213 (2004).
[8] S. Lippman and J.J. McCall, Economic Inqurity 14, pp. 155-188 (1976).
[9] P. A. Diamond, Journal of Political Economy 90, pp. 881-894 (1982).
[10] C.A. Pissarides, American Economic Review 75, pp. 676-690 (1985).
[11] C.A. Pissarides, Equilibrium Unemployment Theory, MIT Press (2000).
[12] 「サーチ理論: 分権的取引の経済学」今井亮一, 工藤教孝, 佐々木勝, 清水崇, 東京大学出版会(2007).
[13] 「貨幣・雇用理論の基礎」大瀧雅之 著, 勁草書房 (2011).
[14] 「若年就業の経済学」太田聡一 著, 日本経済新聞出版社 (2010).
[15] 平成 23 年度「大学等卒業者の就職状況調査」
http://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/houdou/2r9852000002a4ov.html[16] 「みずほ日本経済インサイト: 就職氷河期は再来するのか — 問題は求人減よりもミスマッチ—」みずほ総合研究所 (2010).
[17] 「リクナビ就職ジャーナル」vol.131, (2011).
http://journal.rikunabi.com/student/souken/souken vol131.html[18] H. Chen and J. Inoue, 投稿準備中 (2013).

— 19 —

進化経済学会 第 17 回大会＠中央大学

100

85

85

80

80

80

75

75

75

70
65

70
65

60

55

55

55

50

50

50

45

45
2

3

n

40

4

100

Theory (1999)
Empirical data (1999)

95

45
1

2

3

n

40

4

100

Theory (2000)
Empirical data (2000)

95
90

85

85

85

80

80

80

75

75

75

65

(1-U)n90(1-U)n

90

70

70
65

60

55

55

50

50

50

45

45

100
95

2

3

n

40

4

100

Theory (2002)
Empirical data (2002)

95

2

3

n

40

4

100

Theory (2003)
Empirical data (2003)

95

85

85

85

80

80

80

75

75

75

(1-U)n90(1-U)n

90

65

70
65

60

55

55

50

50

50

45

45

100
95

2

3

n

40

4

100

Theory (2005)
Empirical data (2005)

95

2

3

n

40

4

100

Theory (2006)
Empirical data (2006)

95
90

85

85

85

80

80

80

75

75

75

(1-U)n

90

65

70
65

60

55

55

50

50

50

45

45

100
95

2

3

n

40

4

100

Theory (2008)
Empirical data (2008)

95

2

3

n

40

4

100

Theory (2009)
Empirical data (2009)

95
90

85

85

85

80

80

80

75

75

75

(1-U)n

90

65

70
65

60

55

55

50

50

50

45

45
3

n
100

(1-U)n

95

40

4

2

3

n
100

Theory (2011)
Empirical data (2011)

95

90

90

85

85

80

80

75

75

70
65

n

3

4

2

n

3

4

2

n

3

4

Theory (2007)
Empirical data (2007)

1

Theory (2010)
Empirical data (2010)

1

Theory (2012)
Empirical data (2012)

65
60

55

55

50

50

45

40

4

70

60

40

1

45
1

(1-U)n22

Theory (2004)
Empirical data (2004)

65

60

55

1

4

70

60

40

3

45
1

90

70

n

65

60

55

1

1

70

60

40

2

Theory (2001)
Empirical data (2001)

45
1

90

70

4

65

60

55

1

3

70

60

40

n

45
1

90

70

2

65

60

55

1

1

70

60

40

Theory (1998)
Empirical data (1998)

65

60

1

陳鶴 & 井上純一

70

60(1-U)n(1-U)n(1-U)n85(1-U)n90

95(1-U)n

95

90

100

(1-U)n100

Theory (1997)
Empirical data (1997)

95

90

40

(1-U)n100

Theory (1996)
Empirical data (1996)(1-U)n(1-U)n

95

北海道大学

45
1

2

n

3

4

40

1

2

n

3

4

図 10: 1996 年度から 2012 年度までの 17 年に対し, (1 − U )n の実データからのプロットと理論曲線を重ねうちした.

— 20 —

኱఍ᐇ⾜ጤဨ఍௻⏬ࢭࢵࢩࣙࣥࠕ⤒῭༴ᶵ࡜⤒῭Ꮫࡢ༴ᶵ㸸㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢྍ⬟ᛶࠖ௻⏬㊃᪨ㄝ᫂࡜ࢃࡓࡋࡢၥ㢟ព㆑ሷἑ⏤඾┠ḟi㸯. ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
i㸰. 㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࢆᨭ࠼ࡿࢩࢫࢸ࣒⌮ㄽi㸱. ⏕⏘㛵ᩘ࠿ࡽࢢ࣮ࣟࣂ࣭ࣝࣄࢫࢺ࣮ࣜࡲ࡛
i㸲. ࢫࢣ࣮࣭ࣝࣇ࣮࣭ࣜࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
ሗ࿌せ᪨

᭹㒊ⱱᖾ

ᏳᏞᏊㄔ⏨

⏣୰ᏹ

႐ከ୍

i㸯. ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍➨ 17 ᅇ኱఍(୰ኸ኱Ꮫ࣭ከᦶᰯ⯋)ࡢ኱఍ࢸ࣮࣐ࡣࠊࠕ⤒῭༴ᶵ࡜㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࣐࣭ࣜࣥࢩࣙࢵࢡࡸ㛗ᘬࡃḢᕞ༴ᶵࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ᪥ᮏࡢ㛗ᮇ⤒῭೵⁫࡞࡝ࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡢ୺ὶࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ᰿ᗏ࡟ၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ୺ὶ௨
እࡢከᵝ࡞ὶࢀࡢ୰࡟ࠊḟࡢ᫬௦ࢆᢸ࠺⤒῭Ꮫࡀ⏕ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠼ࡤࠊࡑ࠺࡜ࡣ࠸࠼
࡞࠸ࠋ࣮࢜ࢱ࣒࣭ࢥࣥࣇ࢙ࣛࣥࢫ(2012 ᖺ 9 ᭶ 15 ᪥)࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢⅬࢆᛕ㢌࡟ࠊձ 㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢᅛ᭷ࡢ᪉ἲ࡜㡿ᇦ㸭㐍໬ࢆ࡝࠺ᤊ࠼ࡿ࠿ղ ⤒῭ྐ࠿ࡽࡢ▱ぢ࣭⤒῭ྐ࡬ࡢ㈉⊩㸭ၟရ࣭ᢏ⾡࣭⾜ືࡢከᵝ໬࡜ඹ㐍໬ճ ၟရࡢከᵝᛶࢆࡵࡄࡿ㆟ㄽ㸭௻ᴗࡢ〇ရከᵝᛶ࠿ࡽ⤒῭ࡢၟရከᵝᛶ㸪㟂せ㣬࿴ࡲ࡛մ ♫఍ᢏ⾡࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ㸭ไᗘタィࢆ♫఍ᢏ⾡㛤Ⓨ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽᤊ࠼࡞࠾ࡍ
࡞࡝ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࠊᇶㄪሗ࿌ࠕ㐍໬⤒῭ᏛࢆᲴ༺ࡋࡍࡿ㸭ఱࡀ࡛ࡁఱࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࠿ࠖ
࡜ࡑࢀ࡟ඛ❧ࡘ 20 ᩘᮏࡢ࣓࣮ࣝᢞ✏࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ࡜ࡑࡢ࿘㎶ࡢㅖ≧ἣ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࢃ
ࡓࡋ࡞ࡾࡢ⪃࠼ࢆᒎ㛤ࡉࡏ࡚ࡶࡽࡗࡓࠋ
࣮࢜ࢱ࣒࣭ࢥࣥࣇ࢙ࣛࣥࢫࡢࣂࢿ࣭ࣝࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢ 4 ேࡢ᪉࠿ࡽࡑࢀࡒ
ࢀሗ࿌ࢆཷࡅࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ఍ሙཧຍ⪅඲య࡛ࡢウㄽࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋỤ㢌㐍ࠕ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢ᪉ἲㄽࠖ

᭷㈡⿱஧ ࠕࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮࡜㐍໬ࠖᶓᕝಙ἞ ࠕ࣐ࣝࢡࢫ⤒῭Ꮫ࡜㐍໬ࠖྜྷ⏣㞞᫂ ࠕ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫᩍ⛉᭩ࡢ⦅㞟ࠖ1௒ᅇࡢ኱఍ᐇ⾜ጤဨ఍௻⏬ࢭࢵࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢ 4 ேࡢ᪉࠿ࡽࡢࣃࢿࣝሗ࿌ࢆཷࡅࡓ࠶
࡜ࠊ୍⯡ウㄽࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
᭹㒊ⱱᖾ ᭹㒊ⱱᖾ᭹㒊ⱱᖾ᭹㒊ⱱᖾࠕ㔠⼥ࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡜ࢧࣈࣉࣛ࢖࣒㔠⼥༴ᶵࠖᏳᏞᏊㄔ⏨ࠕ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿไᗘၥ㢟ࠖ⏣୰ᏹࠕయไ㌿᥮ᮇࡢไᗘ࡜⾜ືኚືࡢ◊✲࡟㐍໬ࡢどⅬࡣ࡝ࡇࡲ࡛᭷ຠ࠿ࠖ

႐ከ୍

ࠕ᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢືྥ࡜㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࠖ

ྛሗ࿌ࡢせ᪨ࡣࠊୖグࣜࢫࢺࡢேྡࢆࢡࣜࢵࢡࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ᭹㒊ⱱᖾࠊ႐ከ୍୧Ặ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊせ᪨࡜ࡣู࡟ሗ࿌ㄽᩥࡀู࡟ᥖ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣮࢜ࢱ࣒࣭ࢥࣥࣇ࢙ࣛࣥࢫ࡜
௒ᅇࡢ኱఍ᐇ⾜ጤဨ఍௻⏬ࢭࢵࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࢆ㐃⥆ࡢࡶࡢ࡜ࡳ࡚ࠊ఍ဨྛ఩ࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ⮬ศ࡞ࡾࡢぢゎࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࠊウㄽ࡟ཧຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ࿧ࡧ࠿ࡅࡓ࠸ࠋ
ࡲࡎࠊ኱఍ࢸ࣮࣐ࠕ⤒῭༴ᶵ࡜㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢྍ⬟ᛶࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ゐࢀ࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋ኱఍ࢸ࣮࣐
࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿࠕ⤒῭༴ᶵࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࣮࣐࣭ࣜࣥࢩࣙࢵࢡ࡜ࡑࢀ࡟ᘬࡁ⥆ࡃḢᕞ㔠⼥༴ᶵࢆྵࡴࡢࡣᙜ↛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࠗ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࢽ࣮ࣗࢬࣞࢱ࣮࠘(No.32ࠊ2012 ᖺ 5 ᭶ 22 ᪥)࡟᭩࠸
ࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡼࡾࡦࢁࡃࠕᑡᏊ㧗㱋໬ၥ㢟࣭ேཱྀῶᑡၥ㢟ࠊᅜෆ⏘ᴗࡢ✵Ὕ໬ၥ㢟ࠊ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡢ㛗ᮇ೵⁫ࠊ୰ኸ࣭ᆅ᪉ࡢ㈈ᨻ༴ᶵࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⤒῭໬ࡢ㐜ᘏࠊ࢟ࣕࢵࢳ࢔ࢵࣉᮇ࡬ࡢ㐣๫㐺ᛂࠊ༤ኈㄢ⛬ಟ஢⪅ࡢᑵ⫋㞴ࠊ࡞࡝ࠖࡢ㔜せၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ♫఍ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗᑐᛂࡀ࠺ࡲࡃ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜඲⯡ࢆᣦࡍ࡜ࢸ࣮࣐ᥦ᱌⪅ഃࡣ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㔜せၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡣ࠸࠿࡞ࡿ▱ぢࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࠺ࡿࡢ࠿ࠋࡇࢀࡀ⌧ᅾࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ၥࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௒ᅇࡢᐇ⾜ጤဨ఍௻⏬ࢭࢵࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣࠊ௨ୖࡢ኱఍ࢸ࣮࣐ࢆࡍࡇࡋ⤠ࡗ࡚ࠕ⤒῭༴ᶵ࡜⤒῭Ꮫࡢ༴ᶵ㸸㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢྍ⬟ᛶࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࣐࣭ࣜࣥࢩࣙࢵࢡ௨᮶ࠊ1970 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡢ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ཯┬ࡣ㐍ࢇࡔࡀࠊ࡛ࡣࡑࢀ࡟௦ࢃࡿ࠸࠿࡞ࡿ⤒῭Ꮫࢆ┠ᣦࡍ࡭ࡁ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᫂☜࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࢣ࢖ࣥࢪ࢔ࣥࡢ୍㒊࡟ࡣࠊࠕࢣ࢖ࣥࢬ࡟ᖐࢀࠖ࡜࠸࠺
᥃ࡅኌࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬ࡟ᡠࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡍࡴࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࢣ࢖ࣥࢬ௨㝆ࠊ⤒῭Ꮫࡀࡓ࡝ࡗࡓṔྐࡣࠊࡓࢇ࡞ࡿࢣ࢖ࣥࢬ࠿ࡽࡢ㐓⬺࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡀෆໟࡋ࡚࠸
ࡓࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ྍ⬟ᛶࡢᒎ㛤ࡢṔྐ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋṔྐࡢṑ㌴ࢆඖ࡟ᡠࡍࡔࡅ࡛ࡣࠊ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ⌧ᅾࡢ༴ᶵࡣᩆ࠼࡞࠸ࠋ1970 ᖺ௦࡟ࢪ࣮࣭ࣙࣥࣟࣅࣥࢯࣥࡣࠕ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ➨஧ࡢ༴ᶵࠖࢆၐ
࠼ࡓࠋࡑࡢ౛࡟ೌ࠺࡞ࡽࡤࠊ⌧ᅾࡣࠕ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ➨୕ࡢ༴ᶵ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊࡇࡢ
༴ᶵ࡟ฟཱྀࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡇࢀࡀᐇ⾜ጤဨ఍௻⏬ࢭࢵࢩࣙࣥࡢㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟኱ࡁ࡞ㄢ㢟࡟୍ᅇ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ஧ᅇࡢࢩ࣏ࣥࢪ࣒࡛࢘⟅࠼ࡀฟࡿ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ㸲ேࡢࣃࢿࣜࢫࢺࡢ᪉ࠎ࠿ࡽࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ⮬ᕫࡢ◊✲⵳✚ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡓୖ࡛ࠊࡇ

2ࡢ኱ࡁ࡞୺㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⮬ศࡣ࡝࠺⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡢ኱⫹࠿ࡘ⋡┤࡞⪃࠼ࢆ࠾⪺ࡁࡋࡓ࠸ࠋࡑ
ࡢୖ࡛ࠊࡑࢀࡽ࡟่⃭ࡉࢀࡓᙧ࡛ࠊཧຍ⪅ࡢⓙࡉࢇ࠿ࡽከᵝ࡞ពぢࢆฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ࡟⯆࿡ࢆࡶࡘࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢၥ㢟ព㆑ࡢඹ᭷ࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤᖾ࠸࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᙜ᪥ࡢྛሗ࿌⪅࠾ࡼࡧウㄽཧຍ⪅ࡢពぢࢆㄏᑟࡍࡿពᅗࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࢭࢵࢩࣙࣥࢆ௻⏬ࡋྖ఍ࢆᢸᙜࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢃࡓࡋ࡞ࡾࡢၥ㢟ព㆑ࢆࡇࡇ࡟㛤♧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋࢭࢵࢩࣙࣥ
୰࡟ྖ఍ࡢពぢࢆᕪࡋᣳࡴࡇ࡜ࢆ᥍࠼ࡿព࿡ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ➨୕ࡢ༴ᶵ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡟ࡣࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡀ⌧ᅾࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞⤒῭Ꮫ(⤒῭ᏛࡢㅖᏛὴ)ࡢ୰࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞఩⨨ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࠊࡑࡢ኱ࡁ࡞ᵓ㐀ࢆၥ㢟࡟ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡇࡇ࡟࠸࠺ᵓ㐀ࡣࠊ࡞࡟ࡀṇ⤫࡛࡞࡟ࡀ␗➃࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠿ࠊ࡞
࡟ࡀ୺ὶ࡛࡞࡟ࡀᨭὶ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ≧ἣศᯒ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ⤒῭ࢆศᯒࡍࡿ⌮ㄽࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ࡜௚ࡢㅖ₻ὶ࡜ࡢ࠶࠸ࡔࡢᕪ␗ࡢᵓ㐀ࡀၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋูࡢゝⴥࢆ౑࠼ࡤࠊ
㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ࡜௚ࡢ࠸࠺₻ὶ࡜ࡢࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࡢ㐪࠸ࡣ࡞ࢇ࡞ࡢ࠿ࢆၥࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡇࢀࡣ⤒Ⴀᡭἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ὶᕸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㹑㹕㹍㹒ศᯒ࡜ᡓ␎࣏ࢪࢩࣙࢽࣥࢢศᯒ࡟ᶍࡋ࡚࠸࠼
ࡤࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢᙉࡳ࣭ᙅࡳ࡜ᶵ఍࣭⬣ጾࢆ཯┬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊ௚ࡢㅖ₻ὶ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢ࣏ࢪࢩࣙࢽࣥࢢࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢ≉ᚩ(࡜ࡃ࡟ࡑࡢᙉࡳ࣭ᙅࡳ)ࡀఱ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊே࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⪃࠼ࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࣃࢿࣜࢫࢺࡢᏳᏞᏊㄔ⏨ࡣࠊ኱ⴭࠗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ไᗘኚᐜ㸭ၥ㢟どⓗ⪃ᐹ࠘(ᏳᏞᏊࠊ2012)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
ࠕไᗘࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ࡣ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥㄽࡀᙅࡃࠊ
࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥㄽ࡟ࡣไᗘ⌮ㄽࡀᕼⷧࡔࠖ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ព㆑ࢆ᫂♧ࡉࢀࠊ࠸࠿࡟ࡑࢀࡽᙅⅬࢆ⿵࠺ᙧ࡛୧⪅ࡢどⅬࢆ⤫ྜ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୍➃ࡣࠊࣃࢿࣝሗ࿌࡛㛤㝞ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊ௚ࡢ㸱ேࡢࣂࢿࣜࢫࢺࡶࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ
ࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽᮇᚅ࡜ᢈุ࡜ᒎᮃࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㊃᪨ㄝ࡛᫂ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࣃࢿࣜࢫࢺࡢぢゎࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࡞ࡃࠊࢃࡓࡋ⮬㌟ࡢ⪃࠼ࢆࡲ࡜ࡵ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸ࠋ
ࢃࡓࡋࡣࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡀձ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬ vs. ᆒ⾮ղ㐍໬ vs. ᭱㐺໬ࡢ㸰ࡘࡢ㍈࡛఩⨨࡙ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ኱ࡁ࡞ᯟ⤌ࡳ࡟❧ࡘ࡜ࡁࠊ⤒῭ࡢㅖၥ㢟࡟㛵ࡋࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡀᛂ࠼࠺ࡿ㡿ᇦࡀ࠾ࡢࡎ࡜᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
ᛮ࠸ࡘࡃࡲࡲ࡟ิᣲࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ௨ୗࡢ㸵㡯┠ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋձ⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㐍໬ࡢᤊ࠼᪉
ղไᗘ࡜ᢏ⾡ኚ໬3ճ㔠⼥ไᗘ࡜ᕷሙኚື
մไᗘタィ࡜♫఍ᢏ⾡յ኱つᶍࢹ࣮ࢱ
նᢏ⾡㐍Ṍࢆ࡝࠺ᤊ࠼ࡿ࠿
շRandom scale-free networkࠊᡂ㛗ࡍࡿࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ
ࡇࢀࡽࡣࠊࡶࡕࢁࢇ┦஫᤼㝖ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤղ࡜մ࡜ࡣࠊᐦ᥋࡟㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡋࠊぢ᪉࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣճࡶղࠊմ࡜ษࡾ㞳ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ࠸࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ
ղࡣᏳᏞᏊㄔ⏨ሗ࿌࡟ࠊճࡣ᭹㒊ⱱᖾሗ࿌࡟ࠊմࡣ⏣୰ᏹሗ࿌࡟ࠊյࡣ႐ከ୍ሗ࿌࡟῝ࡃ㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ձࡣࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣᙜ↛ࡢࡇ࡜࡜ࡋ࡚ࡘࡡ࡟㆟ㄽࡋࡘ࡙ࡅ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㆟㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࢃࡓࡋࡢ⪃࠼ࡣሷἑ(2004ࠊ2006)࡞࡝࡟♧ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿࡢ࡛෌ㄝࡣࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ᪥ᮏࡢ
㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᛀࢀ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢࡣࠊ⸨ᮏ㝯ᏹࡀᥦ㉳ࡋࡓ⸨ᮏ(1997ࠊ2000)࡞࡝࡛
ᥦ㉳ࡋࡓ㐍໬ࡢᤊ࠼᪉࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ⏕⏘⌧ሙࡢኚᐜࢆ㛗ᮇ࡟ࢃࡓࡿ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾㄪᰝ࡜ᩥ⊩◊✲࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⪃ᐹࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ❧ሙ࠿ࡽࠊ⮬㌟ࡢ᪉ἲࢫࢱࣥࢫࢆ᫂☜࡟ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠕព
ᅗࡏࡊࡿヨ⾜ࠖࠊࠕ஦ᚋⓗྜ⌮ᛶࠖࠊࠕ⦆ࡸ࠿࡞Ὲửࠖ࡞࡝⊂⮬ࡢᴫᛕᵓ⠏ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ
ࡑࢀࡽᴫᛕయ⣔ࡢୖ࡟❧ࡗ࡚ࠕ஦ᚋⓗ㐍໬⬟ຊ(⬟ຊᵓ⠏⬟ຊ)ࠖ
ࠕືែⓗ࡞㐍໬⬟ຊࠖ࡞࡝ࠊ
ࡇࢀࡶ⊂⮬ࡢ⤒ႠᏛᴫᛕࢆᥦ㉳ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊⱥㄒᩥ⊩ࢆぢΏࡋ࡚ࡳ࡚ࡶ௚࡟㢮౛ࡢ࡞࠸ඃࢀࡓᴫᛕᵓ⠏࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡀձࢆ୺㢟࡟ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࠊࡘࡡ࡟❧ࡕᡠࡿ࡭
ࡁཎⅬ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊ⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㐍໬ࢆ࠸࠿࡟ᤊ࠼ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ࡟␃ࡲࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ
㐍໬࡜࠸࠺どⅬ࠿ࡽぢ࠼࡚ࡃࡿࡀࠊ௚ࡢ᪉ἲ࡛ࡣၥ㢟ᢕᥱࡶศᯒࡶ㞴ࡋ࠸ၥ㢟㡿ᇦࡀఱ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢၥ㢟㡿ᇦࡇࡑࡀ⌧ᅾࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ༴ᶵࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ❧ド࡛ࡁ࡚ࡣࡌࡵ࡚ࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡣ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ༴ᶵࢆ✺◚ࡋ࡚ࠊ⤒῭༴ᶵ࡟ࡶ㏕ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁࡿ⤒῭Ꮫ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄢ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞㆟㢟ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࣃࢿࣝሗ࿌࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿղ㹼յࡣ┬␎ࡋ࡚ࠊձ࡟㛵ಀࡋࡓ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢ≉ᛶ࡜ࠊࡑࡇ࠿ࡽぢ࠼࡚ࡃࡿն࡜շࡘ
࠸࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢၥ㢟ࢆᥦ㉳ࡋ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸ࠋ
௨ୗࡢ⾜ㄽࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡎ➨㸰⠇࡛ࡣࠊձ࡟㛵ಀࡋ࡚ࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒࡜ࡍ࡭ࡁ⪃࠼᪉࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢃࡓࡋ࡞ࡾࡢ⌮ゎࢆ㏙࡭ࡿࠋ➨㸱⠇࡛ࡣࠊն࡟㛵ಀࡋ࡚ࠊ⏕⏘ࢆ࡝࠺ᤊ࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁ࠿࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࠊ⏕⏘㛵ᩘ࡟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᢈุⓗ࡟㆟ㄽࡋࠊ⏕⏘㛵ᩘ࡜ࡑࢀ࡟௜㝶ࡍࡿㅖᴫᛕࡀ⤒῭Ⓨᒎㄽࡸᕤᴗ໬ࠊࡣ࡚ࡣࢢ࣮ࣟࣂ࣭ࣝࣄࢫࢺ࣮ࣜ

4࡟ࡲ࡛ཬࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆၥ㢟࡟ࡍࡿࠋ➨㸲⠇࡛ࡣࠊշ࡟㛵ಀࡋ࡚ࠊ㏆ᖺࡢ▱ぢ࡛࠶ࡿࢫࢣ
࣮࣭ࣝࣇ࣮࣭ࣜࢿࢵࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆᤊ࠼࡞࠾ࡍࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㆟ㄽ࣭ศᯒࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⚾ぢࢆ㏙࡭ࡓ࠸ࠋ௨ୗࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊࡲࡗࡓࡃࢃࡓࡋಶேࡢぢゎ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ኱఍ᐇ⾜ጤဨ఍ࡢ⪃࠼ࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣࡲࡗࡓࡃ࡞࠸ࠋ

i㸰. 㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࢆᨭ࠼ࡿࢩࢫࢸ࣒⌮ㄽ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢᙉࡳ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⤒῭ࡢ㔜せ࡞࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡀࠕ㐍໬ࡍࡿࡶࡢࠖ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࡛ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡍ࡛࡟࠸ࡃࡘࡶࡢᶵ఍࡟ᙉㄪࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ(ሷἑ 2006ࠊShiozawa2004)ࠋ
࡞࡟ࢆ㐍໬ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࡛ᤊ࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞⪃࠼ࡀ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࢃ
ࡓࡋࡀ㐍໬ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢ 7 ࡘࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࢆୖࡆࡓ࡜ࡁࠊᕷሙ࡞࠸ࡋᕷሙ⤒῭ࡣࡑࡢ୰࡟ྵ
ࡵ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ㐍໬ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡓࡕࡀసࡾࡔࡍሙ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࢀࡤࡼ࠸࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᕷሙ⤒῭ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿከ✀࣭ከᵝ࡞ᵓᡂ⪅࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ㞟ᅋ(࣏ࣆ࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ)ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ
ࡑࡢಶࠎࡢ⾜ື࣭㐠ື࡜ࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ࠶࠸ࡔࡢ┦஫స⏝ࡀ㐍໬ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡣࠊ࠸ࡲࡶኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡣ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢᙉ࠸ศ㔝ࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢᙅ࠸࡜ࡇࢁࠊḞࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ༴ᶵࡣࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࢆྵࡴࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ༴ᶵ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ୺ὶࢆ༨ࡵࡿ⤒῭Ꮫࢆྵࡵ࡚ࠊ࡞࡟ࡀၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆၥ㢟࡟ࡋ࡞࠸࠿ࡂࡾࠊ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ༴ᶵࡣ✺◚࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡀࠕ㐍໬ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡢࡳ⌮ㄽⓗ⤫୍ࢆࡓࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ἣࡣ೺඲࡜ࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡣ୺ὶࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟㐍໬࡜࠸࠺どⅬࢆᑟධࡍࡿ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࠊ୺ὶࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࢆ⿵᏶ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡾ࠿ࡡ࡞࠸ࠋ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊ㐍໬࡜࠸࠺どⅬ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡩࡉࢃࡋ࠸ࢩࢫࢸ࣒⌮ㄽ࡞࠸ࡋࢩࢫࢸ࣒⌮ゎࢆᚲせ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ
ఱ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
ࢃࡓࡋࡣࠊ㘽ࡣ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬࡜࠸࠺ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᤊ࠼᪉࡟࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ⤒῭ࡣ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊⣔(self-organizing system)࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣ࡜ࡃ࡟᪂ࡋ࠸ぢ᪉࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
Hodgson(2010)ࡣࠊ⤒῭ࡢ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡓࡕࡀᬑ㐢ⓗ࡟ྜពࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸲ࡘࡢ≉ᚩࡢ➨㸲࡟ࠕ⮬↛Ⓨ⏕⛛ᗎࠖ࠶ࡡࡿࡣࠕ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬ࠖࢆୖࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢ㸰ࡘࡢᴫᛕࡣ࠿࡞
ࡽࡎࡋࡶྠ୍࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࣁ࢖࢚ࢡࡣ⮬↛Ⓨ⏕ⓗ࡟⏕ࡲࢀࡿ⤒῭⛛ᗎࡢ㔜せᛶࢆᙉㄪࡋࡓࡀࠊ
⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬ࡢ⪃࠼ࡣࠊࣁ࢖࢚ࢡ௨㝆኱ࡁࡃⓎᒎࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࠕ⮬↛Ⓨ⏕ⓗࠖ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡔࡅ࡛ࡣᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
⮬ᕫ⤌⧊⣔ࡢᴫᛕࡣࠊࢩࢫࢸ࣒⌮ㄽࡢ๰ጞ⪅ࡢࡦ࡜ࡾ࢔ࢩࣗࣅ࣮࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ1947 ᖺࠊᐃ᪼ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ1950 ᖺ௦࡟ࡣࠊࢩࢫࢸ࣒⌮ㄽࡢศ㔝࡛୺࡜ࡋ࡚㆟ㄽࡉࢀࡓࠋ㐍໬⌮ㄽ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ࡣࠊ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬ࡢᴫᛕࡣࠊ࢝࢘ࣇ࣐ࣥ(2008ࠊཎⴭࡣ 1993)࡟ࡼࡾ᭷ྡ࡟࡞ࡗ
ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࢃࡓࡋࡣ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊⣔ࡢ㔜せ࡞ᛶ㉁࡜ࡋ࡚ࣉࣜࢦ࣮ࢪࣥࡢᩓ㐓ᵓ㐀࡜࠸࠺ぢ᪉5࡟ὀ┠ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᩓ㐓ᵓ㐀ࡣࠊ⇕ᖹ⾮໬ࡍࡿᏱᐂࡢᬑ㐢ⓗഴྥ࡟཯ࡋ࡚ࠊ⇕ᖹ⾮࠿ࡽ㐲ࡃ㞳ࢀࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࡢ
ࡳᡂ❧ࡋ࠺ࡿ(࡯ࡰ)ᐃᖖ≧ែ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᴫᛕ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⯆࿡ࡢ࠶ࡿ᪉ࡣࠊᑓ㛛᭩ࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺ࡋ࠿࡞࠸ࡀࠊ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡢᐃᖖⓗ࡞(୍᪉ྥ࡬ࡢ)ὶࢀࡢᏑᅾࡀỴᐃⓗ࡞࣓ࣝࢡ࣐࣮
࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿ(ᖹ⾮≧ែ࡟ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡢᕧどⓗὶࢀࡣ࡞࠸)ࠋᩓ㐓ᵓ㐀ࡢࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ
⡆༢࡞஦౛ࢆ࠶ࡆࢀࡤࠊ✵Ẽ୰࡟࠶ࡗ࡚ⅆࡀ௜࠸࡚⇞࠼࡚࠸ࡿࣟ࢘ࢯࢡࡀ࠶ࡿࠋⅆࡢࡘ࠸ࡓࣟ࢘ࢯࢡࡣࠊࡳࡎ࠿ࡽࡢ⇕࡛⻽ࢆ⁐࠿ࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆẟ⟶⌧㇟࡟ࡼࡾⅉⰺ࠿ࡽ྾࠸ୖࡆ࡚ࠊ
✵୰ࡢ㓟⣲࡜⤖ྜࡋ࡚ࠊග࡜⇕ࢆᨺᩓࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ≧ែࡣࠊ✵୰࡟ࡌࡹ࠺ࡪࢇ࡞㓟⣲ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᙉ࠸㢼ࡀ྿࠿ࡎࠊ⻽ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡂࡾ⥔ᣢࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢ࡝ࡢ᮲௳ࡀ‶ࡓࡉࢀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡶⅆࡣࡁ࠼࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋⅆࡀᾘ࠼ࡓ≧ែࡣ⇕ᖹ⾮࡟࠶ࡾࠊᏳᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊⅆࢆࡘࡅ࡞࠸࠿ࡂࡾࠊ
ࡳࡎ࠿ࡽ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟ⅆࡢࡘ࠸ࡓᐃᖖ≧ែ࡟⛣ືࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࣟ࢘ࢯࢡࡢ౛ࡢ㔜せ࡞࡜ࡇࢁࡣࠊⅆࡀ⇞࠼ࡿ㏿ᗘ(ࡘࡲࡾ⻽ࡢࣃࣛࣇ࢕ࣥࡀ㓟⣲࡜໬Ꮫ཯ᛂࡍࡿ㏿ᗘ)ࡣࠊ࿘㎶࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㓟⣲ࡢᏑᅾ㔞ࡸ⻽ࡢᏑᅾ㔞࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⇞࠼࡚࠸ࡿⅆࡢ≧ែ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࢝࢘ࣇ࣐ࣥࡀ⪃ᐹࡋࡓ⏕࿨ࡢⓎ⏕᫬࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⮬ᕫゐ፹⣔࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡀ⇕ᖹ⾮࡟࠶ࢀࡤ⏕ࡁࡓࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡬ࡣ⧅ࡀࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ⏕࿨ࡢ㉳※࡜࡞ࡗࡓ⎔ቃ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣㅖㄝ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⌧ᅾ᭷ຊ࡞⪃࠼ࡢ୍ࡘࡣࠊᾏࡢ୰ࡢ⇕ỈᄇฟᏍ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊ⇕࡜໬Ꮫ≀㉁ࡀࡘࡡ࡟౪⤥ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊⅆࡢࡘ࠸ࡓࣟ࢘ࢯࢡ࡟ࡓ࡜࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᩓ㐓ᵓ㐀ࡀᐜ᫆࡟ฟ⌧ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᩓ㐓ᵓ㐀ࡣࠊ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊⣔࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿព࿡࡛༢⣧࡞⣔࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⏕࿨ࡸ⤒῭ࡢ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿᇶ┙࡜ࡋ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⌧ᐇࡢ⏕࿨ࡸ⤒῭ࡣࠊᩓ㐓ᵓ㐀ࡢୖ࡟ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ
ࡿ࠿࡟」㞧࡞┦஫స⏝ࢆࡶࡘ⣔࡜ࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⮬ᕫ⤌⧊⣔ࡢほᛕࡀ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚࡞ࡐ㔜せ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊⣔/⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡀࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᅽಽⓗໃຊࢆࡶࡘᆒ⾮⣔(ᖹ⾮⣔)/ᆒ⾮໬ࡢᴫᛕ࡜ࡍࡿ࡝ࡃᑐ❧ࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⤒῭ࢆ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊⣔࡜ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡓࢇ࡞ࡿẚ႘ⓗ⾲㇟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ᪥ࠎࡢ⤒῭⌧㇟ࢆศᯒࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࠊ⤒῭ࢆᆒ⾮⣔࡜ᤊ࠼ࡿ࠿ࠊᩓ㐓ᵓ㐀ࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊⣔࡜ᤊ࠼ࡿ࠿࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊศᯒᯟ⤌ࡳࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ▼Ἔࡸࣞ࢔࣓ࢱࣝࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ㖔≀㈨※ࢆ⪃࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ࢔࣮࣭ࣟࢻࣈ࣮ࣝὶࡢ୍⯡ᆒ⾮⌮ㄽ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ⤒῭ࡣ࠿࡞ࡽࡎ
᥇᥀฼┈ࡀ 0 ࡜࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞㝈⏺௻ᴗࢆࡶࡘ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣᆅ௦ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚㝈⏺ᆅࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡢ࡜ྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊἜ⏣࠿ࡽ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࣞ࢔࣓ࢱࣝࡢ㖔ᗋ࠿ࡽࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㏿ࡉ࡛᥇᥀࣭฼⏝ࡍࡿ࠿ࢆỴࡵࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊ౯᱁ࡢኚ໬࡟࡜ࡶ࡞࠺㝈⏺௻ᴗ(㝈⏺᥇᥀ᆅ)ࡢᣑ኱࣭⦰
ᑠ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋከࡃࡢ㖔ᒣࡣࠊ࡜ࡁ࡟㉥Ꮠ࡟㝗ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ࠶ࡿ࡚࠸࡝㛗ᮇ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚᧯ᴗ

6ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࡢἜ⏣ࡸ㖔ᗋ࡛ࡣࠊ୍᪥࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᖺ㛫ࡢ⏕⏘㔞ࢆ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘ࡟ࡍࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸
࡚ࡣࠊ࠿࡞ࡾࡢ⿢㔞ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ⏕⏘㔞ࢆኚ࠼࡚ࡶࠊ▷ᮇⓗ࡟ࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ኚືࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ౯᱁
ࡀᑡࠎኚ໬ࡋࡓ࠿ࡽ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊ㝈⏺᥇᥀ᆅࡀࡑࡢࡓࡧ࡟ኚࢃࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ᪂ྂ඾
ὴ୍⯡ᆒ⾮⌮ㄽࡀᆅୗ㈨※ࡢ᥇᥀㏿ᗘࢆ㝈⏺㈝⏝ࡢቑ኱࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡵࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡜ぢ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ୍⯡ᆒ⾮⌮ㄽࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡟ࡢࡿ၏୍ࡢྍ⬟࡞⌮ゎ࡛࠶ࡿ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࠋࡶࡋ⤒῭ࡀ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊⣔࡛࠶ࡾࠊᕧ኱࡞ⅆࡢࡘ࠸ࡓࣟ࢘ࢯࢡ࡜ぢ࡞ࡏࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ▼Ἔࡢ᪥⏘㔞ࡸࣞ࢔࣓ࢱࣝࡢᖺ㛫⏕⏘㔞ࡣࠊᇙⶶ㈨※ࡢ≧ែࡀỴࡵࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ(ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ GDP ࡛࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡉࢀࡿ)⤒῭άືᗘ࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ㛗ᮇⓗ࡟ࡣᇙⶶ㈨※ࡣᯤῬࡍࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ㏿ᗘࡣ 10 ᖺࢆ༢఩࡜ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞㛗ᮇࡢኚືࡢ୍㒊࡜ࡋ࡚࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ㛫࡟ᢏ⾡㐍Ṍࡸ᪂ࡋ࠸Ⓨ᥀ࠊ㈨※౯᱁ࡢኚ໬࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡾࠊ᥇᥀ྍ⬟࡞㖔ᗋ࡜ྍ᥇ᇙⶶ㔞ࡲ࡛ࡀኚࢃࡗ
࡚ࡃࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ⌧ᅾࡣࠊ▼Ἔ౯᱁ࡢ㧗㦐࡟ࡼࡾࠊࢩ࢙࣮࣭ࣝ࢞ࢫࡢ᥇᥀ࡀ᥇⟬࡟㍕ࡿ
ࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡋࠊ୍᫬ᮇࠊ୰ᅜ࡟࡯ࡰ⊂༨ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࣞ࢔࣓ࢱࣝࡣࠊ୰ᅜ௨እ࡛ࡢ㖔ᗋ㛤
Ⓨࡀ㐍ࡳࠊ౯᱁ࡣపⴠഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࠋྂ඾⤒῭Ꮫ࡛㔜せ࡞㆟㢟࡛࠶ࡗࡓᆅ௦࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊ࡝ࡇࡀ㝈⏺ᆅ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࢆỴࡵࡿࡢࡣ⤒῭ࡢάືᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢάືᗘࡣࠊேཱྀࡸ㐣ཤ࡟⵳✚ࡉࢀࡓ⏕⏘⬟ຊ➼࡜࡜ࡶ࡟⤒῭⮬యࡀỴࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀ㝈⏺ᆅࡢࡼ࠺࡞⎔ቃ᮲௳࠿ࡽ୍⩏ⓗ࡟Ỵࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ
ࡍࡃ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ㈨ᮏ୺⩏⤒῭࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡘࡡ࡟ᬒẼኚືࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᆒ⾮⣔࠿⮬ᕫ⤌⧊⣔࠿࡜࠸࠺ぢ᪉ࡢᑐ❧ࡣࠊ౯᱁⌮ㄽࡢ῝࠸࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡢ⌮ㄽᵓ㐀ࡢᑐ❧ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᪂ྂ඾ὴ౯᱁⌮ㄽࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡑࡢ኱ࡁ࡞ኚ㠉ࢆᚲせ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋḟ⠇࡛ࡳࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡑࢀࡣࢢ࣮ࣟࣂ࣭ࣝࣄࢫࢺ࣮ࣜࡢゎ㔘࡟ࡲ࡛㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬࡜ᆒ⾮࡜࠸࠺ᯟ⤌ࡳ࡜ࡀ࠿࡞ࡽࡎࡋࡶ▩┪ࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡣ࡜࠺ࡐࢇ࠶ࡾ࠺
ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊࢡ࣮ࣝࢢ࣐ࣥࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞❧ሙ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ࠿ࢀ(ࢡ࣮ࣝࢢ࣐ࣥࠊ
1997)ࡣ⤒῭ࡢ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬ࢆㄒࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ୺ࡓࡿᴗ⦼࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᅜ㝿㈠᫆ㄽࡣᆒ⾮ศᯒ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㐍໬࡜࠸࠺どⅬࢆ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ᑟධࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊ࠿ࢀࡣ࠿࡞ࡽࡎࡋ
ࡶ཯ᑐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡣᆒ⾮ศᯒࡼࡾ(ࡍࡃ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ⌧᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣ)ஈࡋ࠸࡜ぢ࡚࠸ࡿ(Krugman, 1996)ࠋ
㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢ୍㒊࡜࠸࠺࡭ࡁࠊ㐍໬ࢤ࣮࣒࡛ࡣࠊከࡃࡢᶵ఍࡟ᆒ⾮ᴫᛕࡀ᥇⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ
ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ㐍໬ᴫᛕ࡜ᆒ⾮ᴫᛕ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟▩┪ࡣ࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ
㸰㸮ୡ⣖ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡀᆒ⾮ࢆ୺せ࡞ᯟ⤌ࡳ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࢀࡀ⥲ࡌ࡚༴ᶵࢆ㏄࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼ࢀࡤࠊᆒ⾮ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡢୖ࡟⤒῭Ꮫࢆ෌ᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ࢩࢫࢸ࣒⌮ゎ࡟❧ࡘ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡣࡌࡹ࠺ࡪࢇ࡟ㄝᚓᛶࢆࡶࡘࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ

7

⮬↛Ⓨ⏕⛛ᗎࡣ࡜ࡶ࠿ࡃࠊ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬࡜࠸࠺ほᛕࡀࠊ࣍ࢪࢯࣥ(2010)ࡀ࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡟ᬑ㐢ⓗྜពࢆᚓࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣᛮ࠼࡞࠸ࡀࠊୖ࡟♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬(࡞࠸ࡋࡑࡢ୍౛࡜ࡋ࡚ᩓ㐓ᵓ㐀)ࡀ⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸⌮ゎ࡟ከࡃࡢ♧၀ࢆ࠶ࡓ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡲࡕࡀ࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ୍
౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ➨㸲⠇࡛ࡣࠊࢫࢣ࣮࣭ࣝࣇ࣮࣭ࣜࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆ㆟㢟࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ㊃᪨ㄝ᫂ࢆ⡆₩࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ
ࠕ㐍໬ࠖᴫᛕ࡟ࡣ❧ࡕධࡽ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊձ㐍໬࡜ղ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬ࢆ㸰ࡘࡢ኱ࡁ࡞ᰕ࡜ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࢃࡓࡋࡣ⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡇ࡜࡟ࡼ
ࡾࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ࡜᪂ྂ඾ὴࢆྵࡴ௚ࡢከᩘࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࡜ࡢ࠶࠸ࡔࡢࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ⓗᑐ❧ࢆ᫂☜࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡣձ㐍໬ vs. ᭱㐺໬ղ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬ vs. ᆒ⾮࡜࠸࠺஧኱ᑐ❧㡯࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⌮ㄽⓗ࡟ᑐ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᆒ⾮࡜᭱㐺໬࡜࠸࠺ࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟῝ࡃ᰿௜࠸ࡓ㸰ࡘࡢఏ⤫ⓗศᯒᯟ⤌ࡳࢆ᰿ᗏ࠿ࡽᢈุࡍࡿᏛၥ࡜࡞ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡣ㐍໬࡜⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬࡜࠸࠺㸰ࡘࡢ㘽ᴫᛕࡢୖ࡟⤌ࡳ❧࡚ࡽࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡜ࠊࡆࢇࡊ࠸ࢃࡓ
ࡋࡣ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿ1ࠋ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊⣔࡜ᆒ⾮⣔ࡢᑐ❧࡞࡝ࠊᢳ㇟ⓗ࡛࡯࡜ࢇ࡝⌧ᐇࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ࡣ㛵ಀࡋ࡞࠸࡜
⪃࠼ࡿ᪉ࡶከ࠸࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢ⪃࠼ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ᙜࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⤒῭ࢆ࠸࠿࡞ࡿ
≉ᛶࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ᤊ࠼ࡿ࠿ࡣࠊពእ࡞࡯࡝ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ⤒῭ศᯒࢆ⦡ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
ḟ⠇࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢᑠࡉ࡞୍౛ࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋi㸱.

⏕⏘㛵ᩘ࠿ࡽࢢ࣮ࣟࣂ࣭ࣝࣄࢫࢺ࣮ࣜࡲ࡛

ࡲࡎ㌟㏆࡟㉳ࡇࡗࡓᑠࡉ࡞࡛ࡁࡈ࡜࠿ࡽヰࢆጞࡵࡓ࠸ࠋ᫖ᖺ(2012 ᖺ)࡟࣎࢔࢖࢚࣭᳜ᮧ࣭
☾㇂⦅ࡢᮏ"Diversity and Transformations of Asian Capitalism"ࡀⓎหࡉࢀࡓࠋ⦅⪅ࡣ࠸࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊྛ❶ࡢᇳ➹⪅࡟ࡶ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍ࡢ఍ဨࡀከᩘཧຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㔝ᚰస࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢᮏࡢᡂᯝ࡜ホ౯࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊู㏵㆟ㄽࡍ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ❧ࡕධࡽ࡞࠸ࠋၥ
㢟ࡣࠊࡇࡢᮏࡢ⦅⪅㸱ே࡟ࡼࡿࠕ⤖ㄽࠖ❶ࡢࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࡋࡓ⾲⌧࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ➨஧ぢฟࡋ௨ୗࡢෑ㢌࡟ࠕᅜ㝿⤒῭㛵ಀ⌮ㄽࠖ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊḟࡢ୍ᩥࡀ㍕ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
The field was effectively coined by David Ricardo, whose theory of comparative1

㢮ఝࡢၥ㢟ព㆑ࡣྂࡃ࠿ࡽ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡓ࡜࠼ࡤሷἑ(1997)࡛ࡣࠕᐃᖖ㐣⛬ࠖࠕ෌⏕⏘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࢩࢫࢸ࣒
⌮ゎࡀඛ⾜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊⣔࡜࠸࠺ᤊ࠼᪉ࡣ⫼ᬒ࡟ᢲࡋࡸࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࣭⤒῭Ⓨᒎ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⌧㇟ࢆᤊ࠼ࡿ࡟ࡣࠊ
ࠕᐃᖖ㐣⛬ࠖ
ࠕ෌⏕⏘࡛ࠖࡣ୙༑ศ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡼࡾືᏛⓗ࡞⮬ᕫ⤌⧊⣔࡜࠸࠺ぢ᪉࡛ᤊ࠼࡞࠾ࡍᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊሷἑ(1990)➨ 1 ❶ࡢࠕ⤒῭ࡢ⮬ᕫᙧᡂ⛛ᗎࠖࡣࠊ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊⣔࡟௚࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡑࡢ⌮ゎࡣࣁ࢖࢚ࢡࡀ⪃࠼ࡓ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺⛬ᗘࡢࡶࡢ࡛⤊ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

8

advantage is based upon natural endowments of each national territory; thisframework is still the reference in modern international trade theory.
(Boyer, Uemura and Isogai, 2012, p.332)

ࡇࡇ࡛⦅⪅ࡓࡕࡀ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ゝ࠸ࡓ࠸ࡢࡣࠊࡼࡾ㏆ᖺࡢෆ⏕ⓗᡂ㛗⌮ㄽࡸ࢖ࣀ࡭࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆ
ᙉㄪࡍࡿ⌮ㄽࢆᘬࡁྜ࠸࡟ฟࡋࡓ࠶࡜࡛ࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢᡂᯝࢆỴࡵࡿࡢࡣࠊࡅࡗࡁࡻࡃ࡜ࡢ࡜
ࡇࢁไᗘ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊไᗘㄽⓗ࡞ẚ㍑ඃ఩ࢆ⪃࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢ⪃࠼ࡢጇᙜᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ␃ಖࡍࡿࠋ
ࠕẚ㍑ไᗘඃ఩ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡣࠊ࣮࣍ࣝ
&ࢯࢫ࢟ࢫ(2007)࡟ࡶᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࠊࢃࡓࡋ࡟ࡣࡑࡢᴫᛕࡀ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇ
ࡇ࡛ၥ㢟࡟ࡋࡓ࠸ࡢࡣࠊୖࡢ༢⣧࡞୍ᩥ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛⦅⪅ࡓࡕࡣࠊ㸰ࡘࡢ㐣ࡕࢆ≢ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺2ࠋࡦ࡜ࡘࡣࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡢẚ㍑⏕⏘㈝ㄝࡢ⌧௦∧ࡀ࣊ࢡࢩ࣮࣭࣮࣭ࣕ࢜ࣜࣥࢧ࣑
࢚ࣗࣝࢯࣥࡢ⌮ㄽ(HOS ⌮ㄽ)࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌮ゎ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡶ࠺ࡦ࡜ࡘࡣࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚࣮ࣜ࢝
ࢻࡢ㈠᫆⌮ㄽࡶྛᅜࡢ㈨※ࡢ㈿Ꮡ≧ែࢆᇶ♏࡟⤌ࡳ❧࡚ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌮ゎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋୖࡢ୍ᩥ࡛ࡣࠊHOS ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ᫂♧ⓗ࡟ࡣゐࢀࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ꮫㄝྐ
ⓗ⌮ゎ࡟❧ࡓ࡞࠸࠿ࡂࡾࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ㈠᫆⌮ㄽࡀྛᅜࡢ㈨※(㈨ᮏࡸປാຊࢆྵࡵࡿࡢ࡛ࠕ⮬↛㈨※ࠖ࡜ࡣ࠿ࡂࡽ࡞࠸)ࡢ㈿Ꮡ≧ែ࡟ࡼࡾỴࡲࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌮ゎࡣฟ࡚ࡇ࡞࠸࡜ᛮ࠺ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞
ࡽࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ⮬㌟ࡣࠊHOS ⌮ㄽࡢࡼ࠺࡟⪃࠼ࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊHOS ⌮ㄽࡀ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻẚ㍑⏕⏘㈝ㄝࡢ 20 ୡ⣖∧࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌮ゎࡣࠊ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ୰࡛సࡽࢀࡓ⚄ヰ࡛ࡋ࠿࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ(Fujimoto and Shiozawa, 2011-12 ࡢᗎᩥ࡟ࡍࡇࡋࡔࡅゐࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ)ࠋ➨୍ࡢ⌮ゎࡀከࡃࡢᅜ㝿⤒῭Ꮫࡢᩍ⛉᭩࡟ࠕᖖ㆑ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚᭩࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡼࡃ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ
ࡑࢀࡣ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࠿ࡽ⌮ゎࡍࢀࡤࠊࡑ࠺ゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⌮ㄽ࡟ᢈุⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡀ㬼࿐ࡳ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡼ࠸ࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ⌮ㄽ࡜ HOS ⌮ㄽ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟ࡣࠊࡌࡘࡣྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࡜᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࡜ྠ
ᵝࡢ⌮ㄽⓗᑐ❧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ⡆༢࡟࠸࠼ࡤࠊྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟❧ࡘ࠿ࠊ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ࡓࡘ࠿ࡢᑐ❧࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡼࡾ✺ࡁワࡵ࡚࠸࠼ࡤ⤒῭ࢆ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊⣔࡜ࡳࡿ࠿ࠊᆒ⾮⣔࡜ࡳࡿ࠿ࡢᑐ❧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡢᆅ௦ㄽ࡛ࡣࠊ㝈⏺ᆅࢆỴࡵࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊᅜẸࡢ㣗ᩱ㟂せ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㝈⏺ᆅࢆ࡞ࡃࡍ
ࡼ࠺࡟౯᱁య⣔ࡀㄪᩚࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ๓⠇࡛ࡳࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⮬↛㈨※ࢆ࡝ࡢࡃࡽ
࠸฼⏝ࡍࡿ࠿ࡣࠊ⤒῭ࡀỴࡵࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᪂ྂ඾ὴ୍⯡ᆒ⾮⌮ㄽࡀ⪃࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㈨※ࢆ౑࠸ࡁࡿ(᏶඲฼⏝ࡍࡿ)ࡼ࠺౯᱁࡜⤒῭ࡀㄪ⠇ࡉࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸[ࡇࡇࡣࡶ࠺ࡍࡇࡋ୎ᑀ
࡟⾲⌧ࡍ࡭ࡁࡀࠊ⡆༢࡟ゝࡗ࡚࠾ࡃ]ࠋ
2᳜ᮧ࣭☾㇂୧Ặࡢྡ㄃ࡢࡓࡵ࡟௜ࡅຍ࠼࡚࠾ࡅࡤࠊ⤖ㄽࡢࡇࡢᩥ❶ࢆ᭩࠸ࡓࡢࡣ Boyer ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊඹⴭ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ྡ๓ࢆ㐃ࡡ࡚࠸ࡿ௨ୖࠊࡇࡢᑠࡉ࡞ㄗゎࢆࢳ࢙ࢵࢡࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㈐௵ࡣ࠶ࡿࠋ

9

HOS ⌮ㄽࡣࠊ୍⯡࡟ࡣ㸰ᅜ࣭㸰㈈࣭㸰⏕⏘せ⣲ࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣᐜ᫆
࡟ Arrow ࡜ Debreu ࡢ୍⯡ᆒ⾮⌮ㄽࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡟ᣑ኱࡛ࡁࡿࠋ཯ᑐ࡟ከᩘᅜ࣭ከᩘ㈈࣭ከ⏕⏘せ⣲ࡢ⌧ᐇࡢ⤒῭࡟ HOS ⌮ㄽࡀẚ႘ⓗ࡟ࡶ㐺⏝ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ୍⯡ᆒ
⾮⌮ㄽࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸(⏕⏘せ⣲ᩘࡣ࡜ࡶ࠿ࡃࠊከᩘ㈈ࡢሙྜ࡟ᣑᙇ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡞ࡽࡤࠊHOS ⌮ㄽࡣࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚࡞ࢇࡢ௦⾲ᛶࡶࡶࡕ࠼࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ)3ࠋࡍ࡛࡟㆟ㄽࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ୍⯡ᆒ⾮⌮ㄽ࡛ࡣࠊ㈿Ꮡ㈨※ࡣ㝈⏺௻ᴗࡢᏑᅾ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ฼
⏝≧ἣࡀỴᐃࡉࢀࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡶࡋ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢᆒ㉁࡞㈿Ꮡ㈨※࡜ྠ୍ࡢ⏕⏘ᢏ⾡ࢆࡶࡘ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ࠶ࡿ㈨※ࡣ᏶඲฼⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࠊࡲࡗࡓࡃ฼⏝ࡉࢀ࡞࠸࠿ࡢ୧ᴟ➃ࢆ᣺ࢀࡿࡇ
࡜࡟࡞ࡿ[ࡼࡾṇ☜࡟࠸࠼ࡤࠊ฼₶⋡ 0 ࡢ㝈⏺௻ᴗࡢࡳࡀࡑࡢ᧯ᴗỈ‽ࢆ࡞ࡐ࠿㐺ษ࡟ㄪᩚࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ]ࠋࡘ࠺ࡌࡻ࠺୍⯡ᆒ⾮⌮ㄽ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᣺ࢀࢆ᤼㝖ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ㈨※ࡣ㐃⥆ⓗ࡟ࡑࡢ᥇⟬ྍ⬟ᛶࡀኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㏻ᖖࡢ HOS ⌮ㄽ࡞࠸ࡋࡼࡾ」㞧໬ࡋࡓ᪂ྂ඾ὴ㈠᫆⌮ㄽ࡛ࡣࠊࡩࡘ࠺ྛᅜࡈ࡜ࡢᆒ㉁࡞㈿Ꮡ㈨※࡜ୡ⏺ඹ㏻ࡢ⏕⏘ᢏ⾡ࢆࡶࡘ࡜᝿ᐃࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ⤒῭ࡣ㈨※ࡢ㈿Ꮡ≧ែ࡟᏶඲࡟ᨭ㓄ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡣ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊⣔(࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡼࡾ⊃ࡃᩓ㐓ᵓ㐀)࡜࠸࠺ᤊ࠼᪉࡜ࡣࡲࡗࡓࡃᑐ❧ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋHOS ⌮ㄽࡸࡑࡢኚᙧ୍࣭⯡໬࡛ࡣࠊእ㒊⎔ቃࡀෆ㒊ᵓ㐀ࢆ୍⩏ⓗ࡟Ỵࡵ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜
ぢ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣᆒ⾮⌮ㄽ(≀⌮Ꮫ࡛࠸࠺࡞ࡽ⇕ᖹ⾮⣔)ࡢぢ᪉࡟࡯࠿࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
HOS ⌮ㄽࡣࠊࡲࡉ࡟ࡇࡢᆒ⾮⌮ㄽࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ᵓ᝿ࡉࢀ⤌ࡳ❧࡚ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊHOS⌮ㄽࡢኚᙧ⌮ㄽ࡜ࡶ࠸࠺࡭ࡁࠊHOV ⌮ㄽ(Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek ⌮ㄽ)࡛ࡣࠊ㈠᫆ࢆྛᅜ
ࡢ⏕⏘せ⣲ࡢ஺᥮࡜ࡋ࡚ࡳ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀᆒ⾮⌮ㄽࡢぢ᪉ࡢᖐ⤖ࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ㈠᫆ㄽ࠿ࡽ HOS ⌮ㄽࡢᏛㄝྐࡀࡌࡹ࠺ࡪࢇ᳨ウࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࠋ᪥ᮏ࡟
ࡣᅜ㝿ᖹᆒ࠿ࡽࡳࡿ࡜ࡦࡌࡻ࠺࡟ከࡃࡢ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ◊✲⪅ࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠋ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ◊✲ᐙ
ࡣ㈠᫆⌮ㄽࢆ◊✲ࡏࡎࠊ㈠᫆⌮ㄽᐙࡣᏛㄝྐ࡟⯆࿡ࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺୙ᖾ࡞ࡍࢀ㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿ(ᏳᏞᏊㄔ⏨ࡀᣦ᦬ࡋࡓ≧ἣ࡜ࡕࡻࡗ࡜ఝ࡚࠸ࡿ)ࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ㈠᫆⌮ㄽࡣࠊ୙㐠࡞ᫍࡢࡶ࡜࡟⏕ࡲࢀࡓ࡜࠸࠺࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ㈠᫆࡞࠸ࡋᅜ㝿⤒῭㛵ಀࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡟ࡣࠊᅜ㝿౯್ㄽࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡶ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡶ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢ┠ᶆࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࢪ࣭ࣙࣥࢫࢳࣗ࢔࣮ࢺ࣭࣑ࣝࡣ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡢㄝ᫂ࡢ୙༑ศࡉ࡟Ẽࡀ

3࣊ࢡࢩ࣮ࣕࡣࠊࢫ࢙࣮࢘ࢹࣥ࡟ࡦࢁ࠸᳃ᯘࡀ࠶ࡾࠊⰋ㉁ࡢ㕲㖔▼ࡀ⏘ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊࢫ࢙࣮࢘ࢹࣥࡢ㍺
ฟရࢆỴࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ HOS ⌮ㄽ࡛ࡶㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿࡀࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ㈠᫆ㄽ࡟ࡓࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ
ࡌࡹ࠺ࡪࢇㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋHOS ⌮ㄽ࡜࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ⌮ㄽ࡜ࡢᕪ␗ࡢࡦ࡜ࡘࡣࠊHOS ⌮ㄽࡀୡ⏺ྛᅜ࡟ྠ୍ࡢ⏕⏘㛵ᩘࢆ᝿ᐃࡍࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ⌮ㄽ࡛ࡣࠊྛᅜࡣࡇ࡜࡞ࡿ⏕⏘ᢏ⾡࡜ࡑࡢ⾲⌧࡛࠶ࡿᢞධಀᩘࢆࡶࡘ࡜௬ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢫ࢙࣮࢘ࢹࣥ࡟ࡣⰋ㉁ࡢ㕲㖔▼ࡀ⏘ฟࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ⌛⣲ྵ᭷㔞ࡢᑡ࡞࠸㕲㗰(ࢫ࢙࣮࢘ࢹࣥ㗰)ࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣࠊ௚ࡢᅜ࡛ྠࡌࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡍࡢ࡟ẚ࡭࡚ࠊ≉ู࡞⌛⣲㝖ཤ᧯సࢆ⾜࡞࠺ᚲせࡀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢศࠊࢫ࢙࣮࢘ࢹࣥ㗰࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࠿ࡂࡾࠊ௚ࡢከࡃࡢᅜࠎࡀᑐᢠࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸⏕⏘㈝ࡢపᗮࡉࢆᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡢᯟ⤌ࡳෆ࡛࠿ࢇࡐࢇ࡟⌮ゎྍ⬟࡞ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

10௜࠸ࡓࡀࠊ஺᥮ẚ⋡(஺᫆᮲௳)ࢆ⏕⏘㈝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ྂ඾ὴ(࡜ࡃ࡟࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ)ࡢ
ᇶᮏどⅬࢆᨺᲠࡋ࡚ࠊ㈠᫆ࡍࡿ୧ᅜࡢ㟂せ(┦஫㟂せ)࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡲࡿ࡜࠸࠺ㄝ᫂࡟ࡓ࡝ࡾࡘ࠸ࡓࠋ⚾ぢ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡇࢀࡀྂ඾ὴ౯್ㄽࡀ᪂ྂ඾ὴ౯್ㄽ࡬࡜㌿᥮ࡏࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸Ỵᐃⓗ࡞ศᒱⅬ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࢪ࢙ࣦ࢛ࣥࢬࠊ࣐࣮ࢩࣕࣝࠊ࢚ࢵࢪ࣮࣡ࢫࡢ஺᥮⌮ㄽ࡟ࡣࠊࡇࡢどⅬ࡟ࡓࡘ࣑ࣝࡢᙳ㡪ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ(ሷἑࠊᮍหࠊ➨㸰❶ཧ↷)ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ㈠᫆ㄽࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌮ㄽ࡜ぢࡿ࠿ࡣࠊࡓࢇ࡟Ꮫㄝྐࡸᩍ⛉᭩ⓗㄝ᫂ࡢၥ㢟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡶࡗ࡜㔜せ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬ࡋࡓୡ⏺⤒῭(࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࡢ୍㒊ࡢ࢔ࢪ࢔⤒῭)ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡢ࡟ࠊᇶ♏࡜ࡍ࡭ࡁ⌮ㄽ(⡆༢࡟࠸࠼ࡤࠊᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞౯᱁࡜ྛᅜࡢ㈤㔠⋡࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ㄽ)ࢆḞ࠸࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⌮ㄽࡢḞዴࡀࠊ㈠᫆⌮ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ(ࡸᬯ࡟ HOS⌮ㄽ)࡟ゝཬࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊࡓࡔ⌧㇟ⓗ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࣃࢱࣥࡢほᐹ࡟⤊ጞࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆవ൤࡞ࡃ
ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୰㛫⌮ㄽࢆᶆᴶࡍࡿ Boyer ࡽ࡟ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ௜࠸࡚ࡍࡽ࠸࡞࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋୖ࡟ᘬ⏝ࡋࡓ୍ᩥࡣࠊࡑࢀࢆ㇟ᚩⓗ࡟⾲⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌮ㄽ࡬ࡢ㛵ᚰࡢᕼⷧࡉࡣࠊ࠿ࢀࡽ⮬㌟ࡢศᯒどⅬ࡟ࡲ࡛ᝏ࠸ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Boyer, Uemura and Isogai (2012)ࡢ୺せ࡞୺ᙇࡢ୍ࡘࡣࠊᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ࡢ⤒῭ືែࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿ࡟ࡣࠊᅜẸ⤒῭ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥᵝᘧࢆ୪⨨࣭ẚ㍑ࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᅜෆࡢኚᐜ࡜
ᅜ㝿㛵ಀࡢኚ໬ࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࣃࢱࣥ࡜ࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢල
యⓗ࡞౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㞜⾜ᙧែ(Flying Geese pattern)ࡀᘬࡁྜ࠸࡟ฟࡉࢀࠊ
ࠕྂ࠸ࣃࢱࣥࡣࡶࡣ
ࡸ࢔ࢪ࢔ࡢ⤫ྜ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ(p.332ࠊぢฟࡋ)࡜୺ᙇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㞜⾜ᙧែࢆࠊ㏆ᖺࡢⱥㄒᩥ⊩࡛ࡋࡤࡋࡤᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⏘ᴗࡢ㧗ᗘ໬ᗎิ࡜ྛᅜࡢᗎิ໬ࡉࢀࡓ
ศᴗࡢᅛᐃⓗࣃࢱࣥ࡜ᤊ࠼ࡿ࠿ࡂࡾࠊࡑࡢࣃࢱࣥ࡟ኚ໬ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺୺ᙇ࡟ࡣ࠶ࡸࡲࡾ
ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ୍ᶫฟ㌟ࡢ஧ேࡀ⦅⪅࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᮏࡢ⤖ㄽ❶࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㞜⾜ᙧែㄽࢆࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞༢⣧໬ࡉࢀࡓᙧ࡛ᩚ⌮ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡣࠊ࠸ࡉࡉ࠿␲ၥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㞜⾜ᙧែㄽࡣࠊྡྂᒇ㧗ၟ(⌧ྡྂᒇ኱Ꮫ)࠿ࡽᮾிၟ኱(⌧୍ᶫ኱)࡟⛣ࡗࡓ㉥ᯇせࡀᥦၐࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1930 ᖺ௦࡟ᥦ㉳ࡉࢀࡓࡑࡢࠕཎᆺࠖࡣࠊୖࡢࣃ
ࢱ࡛ࣥࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᚋ㐍ᅜ᪥ᮏࡀࠊḢ⡿࡛฼⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿၟရࢆࠊࡲࡎ㍺ධࡋࠊࡘ࠸࡛ᅜෆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࠊ᭱ᚋ࡟ࡣ㍺ฟࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࣃࢱࣥࡀྛ✀ၟရ࡟ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿ࡜
࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊᅜෆ⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ〇ရ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᾘ㈝㈈࠿ࡽ⏕⏘㈈࡬ࠊ⢒〇ရ࠿ࡽ⢭ᕦရ࡜ኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࠕኚᙧࠖ⌮ㄽࡀ⌧ࢀࠊᾏእᢞ㈨ࢆྵࡴᅜ㝿ࣃࢱࣥࡀㄒࡽࢀࡿࡢࡣ㉥ᯇࡢ᭱ᬌᖺࡢࡇ࡜࡟ᒓࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ๓ᥦ࡟⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊࠕ࢔ࢪ࢔ࡢ(⤒῭ⓗ)⤫ྜ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚㞜⾜ᙧែࢆᘬࡁྜ࠸࡟ฟࡍ௨ୖࠊࡲࡎࡣ㞜⾜ᙧែࡢཎᆺ
⌮ㄽ࡟ኚ᭦ࢆవ൤࡞ࡃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⌮ゎࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࡢㄽ⌮ࡣཝ↛࡜ࡋ࡚ṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᅜ㝿⤒῭࡬ࡢ୰ᅜࡢᮏ᱁ⓗⓏሙ࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᅜ㝿ᗎิ࡟ኚືࡀ⏕ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜
⌮ゎࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡛ࡣࠊ㞜⾜ᙧែㄽࡑࡢࡶࡢព⩏࡜࢔ࢪ࢔⤒῭ࡢືែࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿୖ࡛኱ࡁ࡞㐪11࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࢃࡓࡋࡣࠊ㞜⾜ᙧែㄽࡢㄽ⌮ࡣཝ↛࡜ࡋ࡚ṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㉥ᯇせࡢ㞜⾜ᙧែㄽ࡟ᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡓཎᆺⓗືែࡀ࡞ࡐ㉳ࡇࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⌮ㄽⓗㄝ᫂ࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ㉥ᯇࡶࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌮ㄽⓗㄝ᫂ࡢᚲせࡣ⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ࠿ࢀࡀᥦฟࡋࡓࡶࡢࡣࠊᘚドἲⓗㄽ⌮࡟ッ࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ࠊ௒᪥ⓗどⅬ࠿ࡽࡣ⌮ㄽⓗㄝ᫂࡜ࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ஦ែࢆᖐࡿ
࡭ࡃ❧ࡕୖࡀࡗࡓࡢࡀ㉥ᯇࡢᘵᏊࡢ୍ே࡛࠶ࡿᑠᓥΎ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࠿ࢀࡣ㞜⾜ᙧែㄽࢆᅜ㝿ⓗ࡟᭷ྡ࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟㈉⊩ࡋࡓࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ㞜⾜࡜࠸࠺ᙧែࡀ࡞ࡐᬑ㐢ⓗ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ⌮ㄽⓗ࡞ㄝ᫂ࢆᥦฟࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࠋࠕ㏆௦⤒῭ᏛࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࡍࡿ⌮ㄽ໬ࠖ(ᑠᓥ 2000ࠊp.89)࡟ᙜࡗ࡚ᑠᓥࡀ౫ᣐࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊᐜ
᫆࡟᥎ᐃ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟ HOS ⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ4ࠋࡇࡢດຊࡣࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡚ࠊヲ⣽ࡣ┬࠿ࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࡀ(ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ⡆༢࡟ࡣᑠᓥ 2000 ࢆࡳࡼ)ࠊ㞜⾜ᙧែࢆศᯒࡍࡿ࡟ᙜࡗ
࡚ HOS ⌮ㄽࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⌮ㄽࡢᇶᮏᵓ㐀࡟࠾࠸࡚↓⌮ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᑠᓥ
ࡣẼࡀࡘ࠿࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋᑠᓥ(2001)ࡢࠕᑠᓥࣔࢹࣝࠖࡢᥦ㉳࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ౑ࢃࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿࡢࡣ HOS ⌮ㄽࡢ㒊ศࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ Cobb-Douglas ⏕⏘㛵ᩘࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
HOS ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡣࠊせ⣲౯᱁ᆒ➼໬ᐃ⌮ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᐃ⌮ࡣࠊ↓᮲௳࡟ᡂ❧ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸
ࡀࠊࡘ࠺ࡌࡻ࠺௬ᐃࡉࢀࡿࠕ1 ࢥ࣮ࣥࣔࢹࣝࠖ(1 cone model, 1 㗹యࣔࢹࣝ)࡛ࡣࠊせ⣲౯᱁ᆒ➼໬ᐃ⌮ࡀᡂ❧ࡋࠊྛᅜࡢせ⣲౯᱁(ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚せ⣲ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡾປാຊࡢ౯᱁)ࡣࠊྛᅜ
ᆒ୍࡟࡞ࡿࠋ㈤㔠⋡ࡀྛᅜྠࡌ࡜࠸࠺ࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃෆࡢศᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ᝿ᐃྍ⬟࠿ࡶ▱ࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ࢔ࢪ࢔⤒῭ࢆ⪃࠼ࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ࡜࠺࡚࠸๓ᥦ࡟࡛ࡁ࡞࠸஦ែ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊᆒ⾮ࡢᡂ❧ࡍࡿ✲ᴟ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊྛᅜࡢ㈤㔠Ỉ‽ࡣᖹ‽໬ࡍࡿࡢࡔ࠿ࡽ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊ୙ᑂ࡟ᛮ࠺Ꮫ⏕ࢆㄝᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀ HOS ⌮ㄽࢆᩍ⫱ࡍࡿሙྜࡢ⌧ᐇ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋၥ㢟ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡑࡢሙࡋࡢࡂࡢㄝ᫂࡟◊✲⪅⮬యࡀᕳࡁ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚ࠊ᫂ࡽ࠿
࡟㈤㔠⋡ࡢ␗࡞ࡿ㸰ᅜࡢ⤒῭㛵ಀࢆศᯒࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡶࠊHOS ⌮ㄽࢆᣢࡕ㎸ࢇ࡛ᖹẼ࡞ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᑠᓥࡀ㝗ࡗࡓࡢࡶࡇࡢ⨜࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᑠᓥ(2001b, p.24)࡛ࡣࠊࠕせ⣲౯᱁ࡢᅜ㝿ⓗᆒ➼໬ࡣᡂ❧ࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜᩿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢၥ㢟ࢆ࡝࠺ฎ⌮ࡋࡓࡢ࠿᫂♧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡋࠊࡼ
ࡾ᰿ᮏⓗ࡟ࡣ㈤㔠⋡ࡢ኱ࡁ࡞ᕪ␗ࡇࡑࡀ㞜⾜ᙧែࡢ⏕ࡎࡿᇶᮏⓗ࡞せᅉ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ
ࡇࡢ஦ែࡢศᯒ࡟ᙜࡗ࡚࠸࠿࡞ࡿ⌮ㄽࢆ᥇⏝ࡍ࡭ࡁ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚῝ࡃ⪃࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

4ᑠᓥ⮬㌟ࡣࠊ࣊ࢡࢩ࣮ࣕ=࣮࢜ࣜࣥ⌮ㄽ࡞࠸ࡋ࣊ࢡࢩ࣮ࣕ=࣮࢜ࣜࣥࡢせ⣲㈿Ꮡẚ⋡⌮ㄽ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊᑠᓥ(2000)࡟ゐࢀࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࠿ࢀࡣࢡ࣮ࣝࢢ࣐ࣥὶࡢᅛᐃ㈝⏝(ࢧࣥࢡࢥࢫࢺ)ࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠕྜពⓗᅜ㝿ศᴗࠖ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡶᥦ㉳ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣゐࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

12

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ᩘ

aG

➨1ᅗ ᚋⓎᅜ䛾ᢏ⾡㌶㐨: 㞜⾜ᙧែTA ඛ㐍ᅜ䛾ᢞධಀᩘaAG=aBG

TB(1)TB ᚋⓎᅜ䛾ᢞධಀᩘ
TB(1) ヨ⾜ẁ㝵TB(2) ⏕⏘㛤ጞ
TB(3) ᅜ㝿Ỉ‽໬
TB(4) ㍺ฟ㛤ጞ

TB(2)
TA

TB(3)
TB(4)
TB(5)
㍺ධ㞀ቨ
㍺ฟ㞀ቨ

aB0

aA0=aB0䞉wB/wA

a0ປാᢞධಀᩘ

࢔ࢪ࢔ࡢ⤒῭⤫ྜࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆศᯒࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚㞜⾜ᙧែࢆၥ㢟࡟ࡍࡿ௨ୖࠊ◊✲⪅࡟ࡣࠊ୰㛗ᮇࡢኚ໬ࢆほᐹࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ㞜⾜ᙧែࢆసࡾࡔࡍ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡞࠸ࡋㄽ⌮ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࠿ࢆၥࢃࡎ࡟῭ࡲࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋṧᛕ࡞ࡀࡽࠊBoyer, Uemura andIsogai (2012)ࡢࠕ⤖ㄽࠖ❶࡟ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⪃ᐹࡢ⑞㊧ࡀぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋᕳᮎ࡟ࡣ㉥ᯇࡢ 1960ᖺࡢㄽᩥࡀ㍕ࡗ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊᑠᓥࡢⱥᩥㄽᩥ࡬ࡢཧ↷ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡲࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ⌮ㄽⓗㄝ᫂࡟ᑐࡍࡿᢈุࡶ࡞࠸ࠋ୰㛫⌮ㄽࢆᶆᴶࡍࡿࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥࡢᙅⅬࡢ୍ࡘࡀࡇࡇ࡟⾲ฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ⤒῭ࡢ㐍ᒎ࡟࡜ࡶ࡞࠸ࠊ㈠᫆ࡸ┤᥋ᢞ㈨ࠊࡑࢀࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡢᢏ⾡⛣㌿࡟ࡣὀ┠ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊBoyer ࡽࡣࠊ㈠᫆࡜࠸࠺஦ែࠊẚ㍑ඃ఩࡜࠸࠺஦ែࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⌮ゎࡋㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࡯࡜ࢇ࡝↓㛵ᚰ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㞜⾜ᙧែࡣࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ⌮ㄽ(ࡓࡔࡋ୰㛫㈈㈠᫆ࢆྵࡳ࠺ࡿࡼ࠺ᣑ኱ࡋࡓ⌮ㄽ)࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ⡆᫂࡟ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ኱ࡁ࡞㈤㔠⋡᱁ᕪࡢᏑᅾ࡜࠸࠺᮲௳ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࠊඛ
㐍ᅜࡢ⏕⏘ᢏ⾡ࢆ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡿ୰㐍ᅜ࡜࠸࠺ᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ࠊᢏ⾡ኚ໬(ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᢞධಀᩘࡢኚ໬)ࢆ㆟ㄽࡍࢀࡤࡼ࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡟ヲࡋࡃㄝ᫂ࡍࡿవ⿱ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡑࡢㄝ᫂ᅗࢆㄝ᫂࡞
ࡋ࡟ᥖ㍕ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃ5ࠋ㞜⾜ᙧែㄽࡣࠊ୰㐍ᅜࡀ࠶ࡓࡽࡋ࠸⏕⏘ᢏ⾡ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࠿࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ᢏ⾡ࡀ࠸࠿࡟㐍໬ࡍࡿ࠿࡟࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡣࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢ୰᰾࡟఩⨨ࡋ࠺ࡿ㆟㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
5

ࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡕ࠿ࡃ⊂❧ࡢㄽᩥࢆᇳ➹ࡍࡿணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡣ Fujimoto &Shiozawa(2011-12)࡜ྠᵝࡢㄝ᫂ࢆ㞜⾜ᙧែࡢ㐍⾜࡜࠸࠺➽᭩ࡁ࡛᭩ࡁ┤ࡍࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

13ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᢏ⾡㐍໬࡜࠸࠺୺㢟ࡀ㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ࢔ࢪ࢔ࡢ㞜⾜ᙧែࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡼ
ࡾᗈࡃࠊ⤒῭ྐࡢศ㔝࡛ࡶࠊᢏ⾡ࡀ࠸࠿࡟㐍໬ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࠿ࡣࠊ㆟ㄽࡢ୰᰾ࡢ୍㒊ࢆᙧᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ⤒῭ྐ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
ࠕ⏘ᴗ㠉࿨ࠖ࡜࠸࠺୺㢟ࢆḞࡃࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣᢳ㇟ⓗ࡟࠸࠼ࡤࠊ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃᙧែࡢᢏ⾡⩌࡜ࡑࢀ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⏕⏘ᵝᘧࡀ࡞ࡐ࠶ࡿ᫬ᮇ࡟࠶ࡿᆅᇦ࡛Ⓨ㐩ࡋࠊୡ⏺࡟ᗈࡲࡗࡓ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࠊከᵝ࡞㑅ᢥྍ⬟ᛶࡢ୰࡛ࠊ࡞ࡐ࠶
ࡿഴྥࡢᢏ⾡ࡀ㑅ᢥࡉࢀࠊ඲యࡢ㐃㛵ᵓ㐀ࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ࠿ࡣࠊ㐍໬࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡶ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡶ⯆࿡࠶ࡿ㡿ᇦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢព࿡࡛ࠊ⤒῭ྐࡣ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊࡲࡉ࡟ᮏ㡿࡜࠸࠺࡭ࡁศ㔝࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢศ㔝࡛ࡣࠊ⤒῭ྐࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡜࠸࠼࡞࠸࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࣇ࣮࣐ࣜࣥࡢᅜẸⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࣭ࣙࣥ
ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ㄽࢆጞࡵ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ࡞࠸ࡋࡑࢀ࡟ぶ㏆ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ኱ࡁ࡞⵳✚ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊṧᛕ࡞ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊࡇࡢ᪉㠃࡛ࡶ᪂ྂ඾ὴⓗ࡞ᢏ⾡࡜ࡢᤊ࠼᪉࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃศᯒࡀᗈ
ࡃ῝ࡃᾐ㏱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊ஦ᐇࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢྠᐃ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⤒῭ྐᐙࡓࡕࡀ஦ᐇࢆṍ᭤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡍࡇࡋ኱ࡁ࡞⌮ㄽࢆసࢁ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࠊㄝ᫂ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡜ࡋ࡚᥇
⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡀ(☜⋡࠿ࡽ࠸࠼ࡤᙜ↛࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ)᪂ྂ඾ὴࡢࠊ࡜ࡃ࡟⏕⏘㛵ᩘ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⥲ᣓ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㏆ᖺࡣࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂ࣭ࣝࣄࢫࢺ࣮ࣜ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ⤒῭ྐ࡜࠸࠺ศ㔝ࡀᙉࡃ㏣ồ
ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࠊࡑࡢ▱ぢࡢᬑཬࡢࡓࡵࡢゎㄝ᭩ࡶห⾜ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ
ࡇ࡜⮬యࡣࠊ኱࠸࡟Ḽ㏄ࡍ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡢㄝ᫂ࡀ᪂ྂ඾ὴ࣐ࢡࣟࡢ┿㧊࡜ࡶ࠸࠺࡭ࡁ Cobb-Douglas ⏕⏘㛵ᩘࢆୗᩜࡁࡓࡶࡢࡀᩓぢࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣ࡝࠺ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࢁ࠺࠿6ࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ࠶ࡿᅜ࡛㈨ᮏ㞟⣙ⓗ࡞ᢏ⾡ࡀ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊࡑࡢᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈨ᮏ
ປാẚ⋡ࡀ㧗࠿ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㏫࡟௚ࡢᅜ࡛ປാ㞟⣙ⓗᢏ⾡ࡀ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊᅜ࡟࠾
ࡅࡿ㈨ᮏປാẚ⋡ࡀప࠿ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡓࡄ࠸ࡢㄝ࡛᫂࠶ࡿࠋ
౛ࢆᣲࡆࡼ࠺ࠋ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࡛⏘ᴗ㠉࿨ࡀ㉳ࡇࡗࡓ⌮⏤ࢆㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚ࠊ࢔ࣞࣥ(2012)ࡣࡇ࠺᭩࠸࡚
࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕᙼࡽࡀⓎ᫂ࡋࡓᶵᲔࡣࠊປാࢆ⠇⣙ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㈨ᮏࡢ౑⏝ࢆቑࡸࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᶵᲔࡢ౑⏝࠿ࡽ฼┈ࢆୖࡆࡽࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊປാࡀ๭㧗࡛ࠊ㈨ᮏࡀ᱁
Ᏻ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࡟࠾࠸࡚࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ...ࡇࡢⅬࡇࡑ⏘ᴗ㠉࿨ࡀ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࡛⏕ࡌࡓ⌮⏤࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠖ(p.44)ูࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡶ᭩࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕ㧗㈤㔠⎔ቃ࡛᧯ᴗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝௻ᴗࡣࠊປാࢆ⠇⣙ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟㧗ᗘ࡟ᶵᲔ໬ࡉ
ࢀࡓࠊ⤌ࡳ❧࡚ࣛ࢖ࣥ࡟ࡼࡿ⏕⏘᪉ἲࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓࠋᑐ↷ⓗ࡟᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࠊཎᮦᩱ࡜㈨6⡆༢࡞᳨⣴ࢆࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ㐍໬ᡂ㛗⌮ㄽࢆྵࡴከࡃࡢᡂ㛗⌮ㄽㄽᩥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⏕⏘㛵ᩘᴫᛕࢆ᫂♧ⓗ࡟ᣄྰࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡣࠊMetcalfe and Foster(2010)ࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

14ᮏࡀ⠇⣙ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ࠖ(p.168)⚾ぢ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⥲ᣓࡣᢏ⾡㐍Ṍࡢศᯒࢆఱ㔜࡟ࡶࡺࡀࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡶࡑࡢヲ⣽࡟ධࡿࡇ࡜ࡣฟ᮶࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᛮ⪃ࡢཎⅬࡀ Cobb-Douglas ⏕⏘㛵ᩘ࡞࠸ࡋࡑࢀ
࡟㢮ఝࡋࡓ⏕⏘㛵ᩘ࡟ࡼࡿᢏ⾡࡜⏕⏘ࡢᤊ࠼᪉࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡲࡎࡲࡕࡀ࠸࡞࠸ࠋ㈨ᮏ࡜ປ
ാࡢ㈿Ꮡẚ⋡(ࡘࡲࡾせ⣲㈿Ꮡẚ⋡)ࡀせ⣲౯᱁࡜⏕⏘≀౯᱁ࢆỴࡵࡿࠋ㈨ᮏປാẚ⋡ࡀ㧗࠸ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊປാࡢ౯᱁(㈤㔠⋡)ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊ㈨ᮏࡀ᱁Ᏻ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛⏕⏘᪉ἲࡣࠊ⏕⏘ྍ⬟᭤⥺ୖࢆࡑࡢἲ⥺᪉ྥࡀせ⣲౯᱁ẚ⋡࡟➼ࡋࡃ࡞ࡿࡲ࡛⛣ືࡋࠊ㧗㈤㔠ᅜ࡛ࡣ㧗࠸㈨ᮏປ
ാẚ⋡ࡢ⏕⏘᪉ἲࡀ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿ(ࡑࡋ࡚ࡵ࡛ࡓࡃࠊせ⣲㛫ࡢ᏶඲㞠⏝ࡶᡂ❧ࡍࡿ)ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ
➽᭩ࡁୗᩜࡁ࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ゝㄝࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡇࢀࡣࡓࡋ࠿࡟ࠊ࣑ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫධ㛛࡟࠾࠸࡚ᩍ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࢔ࣞࣥࡣࡑࢀࢆ⧞ࡾ
㏉ࡋࡓࡔࡅ࡞ࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋึᚰ⪅࡟࡚ࡤࡸࡃ⣡ᚓࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺ࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊࡓ࡜࠼ṇࡋࡃ࡞࠸⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊㄞ⪅ࡢ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡢࡀ୍␒࡛࠶ࡿ࡜෭ᚭ࡟⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᶵᲔ࡟ࡼࡿ⏕⏘࡞࡝࠶ࡓࡽࡋ࠸⏕⏘᪉ἲࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺
࡟㑅ᢥࡉࢀࠊࡑࢀࡀᢏ⾡⩌ࡢ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬㐣⛬ࢆ⤒࡚ࠊ࠸࠿࡟᪂ࡋ࠸⏕⏘ᵝᘧࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ࡟࠸ࡓࡿ࠿ࡢ⌮ゎࢆࡺࡀࡵ࡚ࡼ࠸⌮⏤࡟ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
ྠ୍㈈(㉁ࢆྵࡵ࡚ྠ୍)ࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿ」ᩘࡢ⏕⏘᪉ἲࡢ⤒῭ⓗඃຎࢆỴࡵࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊ⏕⏘㈝ࡢ
኱ᑠ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ㈨ᮏປാẚ⋡࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊ㈨ᮏ࡜ປാࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀ
ࡽࡀ᏶඲㞠⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡉࡽ࡟࠸࠼ࡤࠊ㈨ᮏࡣ⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ୍᫬
Ⅼ࡛ࡣᡤ୚ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ⏕⏘࡟࡝ࡢࡃࡽ࠸ࡢ㈨ᮏࡀᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿ࠿ࠊࡑࡢ࡜ࡁࡢ
ᢏ⾡≧ែࡀỴࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏘ᴗ㠉࿨ᮇ࡟ᶵᲔࡀ኱㔞࡟฼⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ
ᶵᲔࡀ஦๓࡟኱㔞࡟⏕⏘ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ὀពࡣࠊ⌧᫬Ⅼ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ㐺ṇᢏ⾡ࠖࡢ㑅ᢥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ࠸࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊప㈤㔠ᅜ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ㈨ᮏ౑⏝㔞ࡢప࠸ᢏ⾡ࢆ౑࠼ࡤࡼ࠸࡜࠸࠺⤖ㄽࡣ୍⩏ⓗ࡟ࡣᚓࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ヲ⣽ࡀࡍ࡭࡚↓どࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢࡣࠊ᪂ྂ඾ὴࡢ⏕⏘㛵ᩘ࡜࠸࠺ᤊ࠼᪉ࡀࠊ⤒῭Ꮫࡢㅖศ㔝࡟῝ࡃ
ᾐ㏱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡟௚࡞ࡽ࡞࠸7ࠋ
Cobb-Douglas ⏕⏘㛵ᩘࡢṔྐࡣ࡞ࡀࡃࠊ໭࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫࡢከࡃࡢᴗ⦼ࡢ୰᰾ࢆ
࡞ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢯ࣮ࣟ࠿ࡽෆ⏕ⓗᡂ㛗⌮ㄽࠊᐇ≀ᬒẼᚠ⎔ㄽࠊືᏛⓗ☜⋡ⓗ୍⯡ᆒ⾮⌮ㄽࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚ Cobb-Douglas ⏕⏘㛵ᩘ(࡞࠸ࡋ CES 㛵ᩘ࡞࡝ࡑࡢኚᙧ)࡟౫ᣐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㛤Ⓨ⤒῭7኱㜰ᕷ❧኱Ꮫ࡛ඖྠ൉ࡔࡗࡓᮡཎ⸅ࡣࠊ࢔ࢪ࢔ෆ㈠᫆࡜࢔ࢪ࢔ෆປാ⛣ືࢆศᯒࡋ࡚ࠊ᫂἞ᮇ௨๓㐳ࡿ࢔ࢪ࢔ෆ⤒῭Ⓨᒎ࡟᪂ࡋ࠸ࣅࢪࣙࣥࢆᥦฟࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺೧኱࡞ᴗ⦼ࢆୖࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ௒ᅇࠊඹ⦅࡛ࡔ
ࡉࢀࡓ Austin and Sugihara (2013)ࡢ⾲㢟❶ࢆㄞࡴ㝈ࡾࠊ࠿ࢀࡽࡢ࠸࠺⏘ᴗ㠉࿨࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡶ࠺ࡦ࡜ࡘࡢ
ᕤᴗ໬࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕປാ㞟⣙ⓗᕤᴗ໬ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕ࡜ᤊ࠼᪉ࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ᢈุࡋࡓ⏕⏘㛵ᩘࢆⓎ᝿ࡢ※Ἠ࡜ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࡞࠸࡜࠸࠼ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿༴᝹ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

15Ꮫ࡛ࡶࠊࢯ࣮ࣟࡢᴗ⦼ࢆཷࡅࡓᡂ㛗఍ィࡣࠊ࡞ࢇࡢ␲ၥࡶ࡞ࡃ౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ࣐
ࢡࣟࡢ⏕⏘㛵ᩘࡀ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟ၥ㢟ࡢ࠶ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ1960 ᖺ௦ࡢ㈨ᮏ ᐃㄽத࡛࠶ࡁ
ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ1970 ᖺ௦࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊ㈨ᮏ ᐃㄽதࡣࠊ࠶ࡓ࠿ࡶࡑࢀࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࠿ࡢࡼ
࠺࡟ᛀࢀཤࡽࢀࡓ(ࡓࡪࢇࠊㄽதࡣ࠶ࡗࡓࡀᯞⴥᮎ⠇ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᐇ㝿ⓗព⩏ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ
࡜ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺)ࠋ
ປാ࡜㈨ᮏࢆᢞධせ⣲࡜ࡍࡿ⏕⏘㛵ᩘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᢈุࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊከࡃ
ࡢᢈุ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ⏕⏘㛵ᩘࡀ⏕ࡁᘏࡧ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ⤒῭Ꮫࡢㅖࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ୰࡛
ࡣ㦫ࡃ࡯࡝ࣇ࢕ࢵࢺࡀ࠸࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ຓࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ␗ᖖ࡟ࣇ࢕ࢵࢺࡀ࠸࠸
࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜⮬యࠊ␲ၥࡢ║ࢆࡴࡅࡿ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊSimon (1979)ࡀ
࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᛀࢀ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࢧ࢖ࣔࣥࡣࠊࣀ࣮࣋ࣝ⤒῭Ꮫ㈹ཷ㈹࡟ᙜࡗ࡚ࠊཷ㈹ㅮ₇࡜ࡣู࡟ࠊࡶࡗ࡜㔜኱࡞ࡇ࡜࡜ࡋ࡚ Scandinavian Journal ࡟ࡇࡢㄽᩥࢆᢞ✏ࡋࡓࡢࡔࡗࡓࡀࠊᑡᩘࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡢὀពࢆᘬ࠸ࡓࡔࡅ࡛ᛀࢀཤࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢧ࢖ࣔࣥ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊCobb-Douglas⏕⏘㛵ᩘࡀࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࣇ࢕ࢵࢺࡀࡁࢃࡵ࡚࠸࠸ࡢࡣࠊࢹ࣮ࢱࢆసࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ᇶ♏࡜ࡋࡓ఍ィᜏ➼ᘧࢆ log 㛵ᩘࢆ௓ࡋ࡚㌿᥮ࡋࡓ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࠋi㸲.

ࢫࢣ࣮࣭ࣝࣇ࣮࣭ࣜࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ᩓ㐓ᵓ㐀⣔ࡀ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊⣔ࡢ≉Ṧ࡞஦౛࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣୖ࡟ὀពࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ
⮬ᕫ⤌⧊⣔ࡢᇶ♏࡟࠶ࡿᵓ㐀࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡀࠊ⌧ᐇୡ⏺ࡢ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊⣔࡟ࡣࠊᩓ㐓ᵓ㐀࠿ࡽࡣ᝿ീ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ከᵝ࡞ୡ⏺ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࢃࡓࡋࡀࡉ࠸ࡁࢇὀ┠ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࢫࢣ࣮
࣭ࣝࣇ࣮࣭ࣜࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡛࠶ࡿ(ࣂࣛࣂࢩ, 2002)ࠋࡇࢀࡶヲࡋ࠸ㄝ᫂ࢆࡇࡇ࡛ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ
࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ⤒῭࡟㛵ಀࡉࡏ࡚࠸࠼ࡤࠊࡑࢀࡣࠕᡂ㛗ࡍࡿࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࡜ゝࡗ࡚ࡼ࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊே㛫ࡀ⏕⏘ࡍࡿࡶࢁࡶࢁࡢேᕤ≀ࢆྲྀࡗ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ✀㢮ࡢၟရࡣࠊ࠶
ࡿ✀ࡢேᕤ≀࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊࡲ࠸࡟ࡕ㣗࡭ࡿ⡿ࡸࢺ࣐ࢺࡣࠊࡑࢀ⮬య࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ᳜≀ࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⡿ࡀ࠸ࡲࡢရ✀࡜࡞ࡾࠊᚤጁ࡞࿡ࢆࡶࡘࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ
ே㢮ࡢ㛗࠸㑅ู(ရ✀㑅ᢥ)ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢺ࣐ࢺࡣࠊࡶࡕࢁࢇ࢔ࢪ࢔ࡸ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡟⮬⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ᳜≀࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡲࡓ⌧ᅾࡢࡼ࠺࡞ရ✀ࡣࠊ࢔ࣥࢹࢫࡢᒣᆅ࡟⮬⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ
࡞࠸ࠋ㏆௦⤒῭ࡣࠊ㕲࡜ࣉࣛࢫࢸ࢕ࢵࢡࡢୖ࡟⤌ࡳ❧࡚ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡼ࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺
ࡀࠊࡑࢀࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿ᪉ἲ࡜ࠊ⏕⏘࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ᫬ᮇ࡜ࡣ኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿࡀࠊ࡝ࡕࡽࡶ㔜せ࡞ேᕤ≀࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟㐪࠸࡞࠸ࠋ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡜ࡣ࡝࠺࠸࠺஦ែ࠿ࠋࡇࢀࡣே㢮ྐࡢ᫬௦࣭᫬௦࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡼ࠺
ࡀࠊே㢮Ⓨ⏕௨᮶ほᐹࡉࢀࡿഴྥࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡟ࠊ⏕⏘࣭౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿ㈈ࡢ✀㢮ࡀᜏᖖⓗ࡟ቑ࠼

16࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇࡀ࠶ࡿࠋṇ☜࡟ᩘ࠼ࡿࡢࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡀࠊ࢝࢘ࣇ࣐ࣥ(2002ࠊp.338)࡛ࡣࠊ⌧⏕ே㢮ࡀ࠺ࡲࢀ࡚࠿ࡽ⌧ᅾ࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛࡟ࠊே㢮ࡢᢅ࠺㈈ࡢ✀㢮ࡣᩘⓒ࠿ࡽᩘⓒ୓࡟ቑ኱ࡋ
ࡓ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋࠊࡇࢀࡀࠕ⤒῭ࡢᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞஦ᐇ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋၟရࡢᩘࢆ࡝࠺ᩘ࠼ࡿ࠿
ࡣࠊ࡞࡟ࢆྠࡌၟရ࡜ࡋࠊ࡞࡟ࢆูࡢၟရ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࠿࡛኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿࠋ⌧ᅾࡢၟရᩘࢆࢃࡓࡋࡣᩘ༓୓✀㢮࠿ࡽᩘ൨✀㢮࡜ぢ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡶࡕࢁࢇ᠈

࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ

ே㛫ࡀ⏕⏘ࡋ౑⏝ࡍࡿ㈈ࡢ✀㢮ࡀ᫬௦ࢆ㏣ࡗ࡚ቑ኱ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡲࡎࡲࡕࡀ࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
࡜ࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㈈ࡢ✀㢮ᩘࡢቑ኱ࡣࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞஦ែ࡞ࡢ࠿⪃࠼ࡿᯟ⤌ࡳࢆᣢࡓ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࢫࢣ࣮࣭ࣝࣇ࣮࣭ࣜࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡜࠸࠺ぢ᪉ࡀࠊࡑࡢࣄࣥࢺ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜
ࢃࡓࡋࡣ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿ(ࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࡇࢀࡣࡈࡃ᭱㏆ࡢ⪃࠼࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᫇࠿ࡽࡑ࠺⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸)ࠋ
⏕⏘࣭౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿ㈈ࢆ࠸ࡲࡣ⡆༢࡟ၟရ࡜ࡼࢇ࡛࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋ஺᥮⤒῭ࡀⓎ㐩ࡍࡿ௨๓࡟ࡇࡢ
⏝ㄒࢆ㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡢࡣ࠾࠿ࡋ࠸ࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣẚ㍑ⓗṔྐࡢࡣࡗࡁࡾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᩥᏐࡀⓎ᫂ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡕࡢ஺᥮⤒῭ࢆᛕ㢌࡟࠾ࡃࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠋ
ၟရࡢ㞟ྜ(ṇ☜࡟࠸࠼ࡤࠊၟရࡢ✀㢮ࡢ඲యࡢ㞟ྜ)ࡀ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ
ᐜ᫆࡟ศ࠿ࡿࠋ࠶ࡿ㈈ࡢ⏕⏘࡟ࡣูࡢ㈈ࡢᢞධࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡓ㈈ࡣࠊࡉࡽ࡟ู
ࡢ㈈ࡢ⏕⏘࡟ᢞධࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࢫࣛࢵࣇ࢓ࢆᘬࡁྜ࠸࡟ฟࡍࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ⤒῭ࡣࠕၟရ࡟ࡼࡿၟရࡢ⏕⏘࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲ࡣࠊᩘ༓୓࡜࠸࠺ၟရ✀㢮࠿ࡽ࠸࠼ࡤࠊࡈ
ࡃ⢒࠸ศ㢮㡯┠࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡇࡢᢞධ࣭⏘ฟࡢ㐃㛵ࢆᤊ࠼ࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊၟရࡢ㞟ྜࡣࠊࡓࡔᢞධ࣭⏘ฟ㛵ಀࢆࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡟ࡶࡘࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࣂࣛࣂࢩ(2002)ࡀᕦࡳ࡞ࢫࢺ࣮࣮࣭ࣜࢸࣜࣥࢢ࡛⤂௓ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࣛࣥࢲ࣒࣭ࢿࢵࢺ࣡
࣮ࢡ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡣ 1959 ᖺ࡟࣮ࣞࢽ࣮࡜࢚ࣝࢹ࣮ࢩࣗ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᑟධࡉࢀࡓࠋ࢚ࣝࢹ࣮ࢩࣗࡓ
ࡕࡀ◊✲ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡟᥋⥆ࡉࢀࡓࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡀ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚㐃⤖࡛࠶ࡿࡢࡣ࠸࠿
࡞ࡿ࡜ࡁ࠿ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣࠕᑠࡉ࡞ୡ⏺ࠖ(small world)࡜࠸ࡗࡓㄆ㆑ࡢ
ᇶ♏࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊከࡃࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡣࠊྂ඾ⓗ࡞ࣛࣥࢲ࣒࣭ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡛
ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡀⓎ㐩ࡋࠊ࣮ࣝࢱ࣮㈡సࡿࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡸ࢙࢘ࣈ࣮࣌ࢪࡢ┦஫ࣜࣥࢡࡢࢿ
ࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡞࡝ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊࡇࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡣࠊྂ඾ⓗ࡞ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ
࡜ࡣࡲࡗࡓࡃࡇ࡜࡞ࡿ࠶ࡿ≉ᛶࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣࣛࣥࢲ࣒࣭ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟ࡣ㐪࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊ࠶ࡿ⠇Ⅼ(ࣀ࣮ࢻ)ࡣࠊࡦࡌࡻ࠺࡟ከᩘࡢ᥋⥆ᯞ(ࣜࣥࢡ)ࢆࡶࡘࠋ୍ࡘࡢ⠇Ⅼࡀࡶࡕ࠶ࡿ᥋⥆ᯞ(ࣜࣥࢡ)ࡢᩘࢆ᥋⥆ḟᩘ࡜࠸࠺ࠋᑡᩘࡢ⠇Ⅼࡣ㧗࠸ḟᩘࢆࡶࡘ୍᪉ࠊከࡃࡢ⠇Ⅼࡣࠊᑠࡉ࡞ḟᩘࢆࡶࡘ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࠋࡍࡄ࡟᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ⠇Ⅼࡢḟᩘࡀ෢ศᕸ[࡭ࡁࡪࢇ࡫ࠊpower law]ࢆ࡞ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡔࡗࡓ(ࡇࡢⓎぢ࡟ࡣࠊࣂࣛࣂࢩࡶ㈉⊩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ)ࠋ

17⤒῭࡛᭷ྡ࡞෢ศᕸࡣࠊᡤᚓ࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿࣃ࣮ࣞࢺศᕸ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢศᕸࡣࠊ࠶ࡿᡤᚓỈ‽ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊA y^(-Ș)࡜࠸࠺ᙧࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᣦᩘȘࡣࠊࡩࡘ࠺ 1 ࠿ࡽ 2 ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡟཰ࡲࡿ࡜
࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(⣼✚ศᕸࡢሙྜࠊ
ᐦᗘศᕸ࡛ࡣ 2 ࠿ࡽ 3 ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡜࡞ࡿ)(㟷ᮌࠊ
1979ࠊpp.64-5.)ࠋ
㹕㹕㹕࡞࡝ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡛ࡶࠊḟᩘࡢᐦᗘศᕸᣦᩘȘࡣከࡃࡣ 2 ࠿ࡽ 3 ࡟ධࡿ࡜ሗ࿌ࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(Albert and Barabasiࠊ2002ࠋ౛እⓗ࡟ 2 ௨ୗ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ 3 ௨ୖࡢ್ࢆྲྀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿ)ࠋ࢔࣐ࢰࣥ࡞࡝࡛ࡣࠊࡲ࠸ࡡࢇࠊ100 ୓㏆࠸✀㢮ࡢᮏ(ࢱ࢖ࢺࣝᩘ)ࡀ㈍኎ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ
࠶ࡿࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ࡼࡾࢃࡓࡋࡀㄪ࡭ࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛ࡣࠊ㈍኎ᩘࡢ኱ࡁࡉ㡰࡟୪࡭ࡿ࡜ࠊ⣙㸯୓఩࠶ࡓࡾ࡛ࡣࡗࡁࡾᒅᢡࡍࡿࠋ㸯୓఩௨ୗ࡛ࡣࠊ෢ᣦᩘࡣ 0.64ࠊ㸯୓఩௨ୖ࡛ࡣ෢ᣦᩘࡣ 1.94 ࡔࡗࡓ(ሷἑࠊ2010ࠊp.132)ࠋ
ၟရࡢ㞟ྜࡀࠊ⢭⢒ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ศ㢮㡯┠ࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚ࡳ࡚ࡶࠊከᩘࡢရ✀ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣࠊ
୍⯡࡟ྛရ┠ࢆ㈍኎㔞࡛㡰఩௜ࡅࡿ࡜ࡁࠊࡑࡢศᕸࡣ෢ศᕸࢆ࡞ࡍࡶࡢ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ(ࡇࢀࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࡲ࡛ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ᠈ ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࡀࠊḟ➨࡟ヱᙜ౛ࡀቑ࠼࡚ࡃࡿࡔࢁ࠺)ࠋ
ࢫࢣ࣮࣭ࣝࣇ࣮࣭ࣜࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟ࢃࡓࡋࡀ㛵ᚰࢆࡶࡘࡢࡣࠊရ┠ࡈ࡜ࡢ㈍኎㡰఩࡟␃ࡲࡽࡎࠊၟရࡢၟရ࡟ࡼࡿ⏕⏘࡜࠸࠺ᵓ㐀ࡀືែⓗ࡟㥑ືࡉࢀ࡚ฟ࡚ࡃࡿᵓ㐀࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜
࠸࠺ᮇᚅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᢞධ࣭⏘ฟ㛵ಀࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡼ࠺(ᢞධ࡜⏘ฟࢆูࡢ㐃⤖࡜ࡳࡿࠊ᭷ྥࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ❧ࡕධࡽ࡞࠸)ࠋ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢၟရࡣࠊ
ࡁࢃࡵ࡚㧗࠸᥋⥆ḟᩘࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ㕲ࡣࠊᚋ᪉㐃㛵ࢆ࡜࠾ࡋ࡚ࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡍ
࡭࡚ࡢၟရ⏕⏘࡟(┤᥋࣭㛫᥋࡟)ᢞධࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏆ᖺࠊࠕ⏘ᴗࡢ⡿ࠖ࡜࠸ࢃࢀࡿ༙ᑟయࡶࠊ
ྠᵝࡢᵓ㐀ࢆࡶࡘࡔࢁ࠺(ࡓࡔࡋࠊ༙ᑟయࡣࠊᕧ኱࡞✀㢮㢮ࢆࡶࡘࡇ࡜ࢆᛀࢀ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࠸)ࠋ
▼Ἔࡶࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡣࠊ㕲ࡸ༙ᑟయ࡟࡞ࡽࡪᏑᅾࡔࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ࡜࠺ࡐࢇ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ᭱㏆࡛ࡣࠊࡁࢃࡵ࡚ᑡᩘࡢၟရ⏕⏘࡟ࡢࡳᢞධࡉࢀࡿၟရࡶᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࠊ✀㢮࡛ᩘ࠼ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊᅽಽⓗከᩘࡀࠊࡇࡢ⠊␪࡟ᒓࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠊࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊᰠ῰(࢝࢟ࢩࣈ)࡜࠸࠺ၟ
ရࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣỤᡞ᫬௦࡟ࡣࠊ(⾰᭹ࡢ)ᰁⰍࡸ㜵ᐮ࣭⭉㣗㜵Ṇࠊⅆയࡸ㟖↝ࡢ἞⒪⸆ࠊᮌᮦࡢ㜵⹸࣭⭉㣗㜵Ṇ࡞࡝ࠊከᩘࡢ⏝㏵ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ࠸ࡲࡣᢠ⳦స⏝࡞࡝ࡀὀ┠ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࠋ
ၟရࡀ༢⊂࡛Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࠶ࡿၟရࡀㄡ࡟฼⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡶࠊ⯆࿡῝࠸ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡇࡢሙྜࠊၟရࡢ㞟ྜ C ࡜ಶே࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᐙィࡢ㞟ྜ H ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࠊၟရ c ࡀᐙィ h ࡟฼⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡁࠊ⠇Ⅼ c ࢆ⠇Ⅼ h ࡟⤖ࡪ஧㒊ࢢࣛࣇ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇ
ࢀࡀ࡝ࢇ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿ࠿ࠊࢹ࣮ࢱศᯒ࡞ࡋ࡟᥎

ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊྂ඾ⓗ࡞ࣛࣥࢲ࣒࣭

ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡣࠊࡁࢀ࠸࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࡶ▱ࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࢫࢣ࣮࣭ࣝࣇ࣮ࣜᛶ
ࢆࡶࡗࡓࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿࠋ

18⌧ᐇ࡟ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆᥥࡃࡢࡣࠊၟရࡸࡑࡢ฼⏝ࡼࡾࡉࡽ࡟ᅔ㞴࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊ⤒῭࡜ࡃ࡟⤒῭Ⓨᒎࢆ⪃࠼ࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࠊࡐࡦ⪃࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢࡣࠊᢏ⾡ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ
࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋᢏ⾡ࢆ࡝ࡢ⠊ᅖࡢࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࠿ࡣࠊࡦ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚኱ࡁࡃኚࢃࡾࠊ┦஫࡟⌮ゎࡶࡴࡎ࠿ࡋ࠸ࠋ୍␒⢒࠸ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣࠊᢏ⾡㸻⏕⏘㛵ᩘ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⪃࠼ࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࢿࢵ
ࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢヰ࡟࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋಶูࡢᢏ⾡ࢆ࡝࠺ᐃ⩏ࡍࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊၟရ
ࡢタィࡸ⏕⏘࡟ᐤ୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿᢏ⾡ࡔࡅ࡛ࡶࠊࡓ࠸࡬ࢇ࡞ᩘ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ࢔࣮ࢧ࣮(2011)ࡣࠊᢏ⾡ࡣ෌ᖐⓗᵓ㐀ࢆࡶࡘ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ࠶ࡿᢏ
⾡ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿᢏ⾡࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡦ࡜ࡘࡢᢏ⾡(ಶูᢏ⾡)࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࢆ࡝࠺ྠᐃࡍࡿ
࠿࡜࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊࡁࢃࡵ࡚᭕᫕࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣㄆࡵࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ࠸ࡕ࠾࠺ಶูᢏ⾡࡛ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋࡍ࡭࡚ࡢಶูᢏ⾡ࡢ㞟ྜࢆᢏ⾡㞟ྜ࡜࿧ࡪࠋ
࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ A ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ูࡢᢏ⾡ B ࡀ౑ࢃࢀࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࠊB ࢆ A ࡢせ⣲࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁ
ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣᢏ⾡ B ࠿ࡽᢏ⾡ A ࡟ྥࡁࡢ࠶ࡿ᥋⥆ᯞࢆᙇࡿࠋ⌧ᐇ࡟࡝ࢀࡔࡅࡢࡶࡢࡀᥥ
ࡅࡿ࠿ࡣ࡜ࡶ࠿ࡃࠊࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ᢏ⾡㞟ྜࡣࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡜࡞ࡿ(ࢢࣛࣇ࡜ゝࡗ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸)ࠋࡇ
ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡣࠊࡸࡣࡾࢫࢣ࣮࣭ࣝࣇ࣮࣭ࣜࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ㕲ࢆษ๐ࡍࡿᢏ⾡ࡣࠊ㕲ࢆᮦᩱ࡜ࡍࡿ⏕⏘࡟ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ỗ⏝ⓗ࡟౑ࢃࢀࡿࠋࡋ
ࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊษ๐ᢏ⾡ࡣࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࠶ࡽࡺࡿᶵᲔࡢ⏕⏘ᢏ⾡࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋᶵᲔࡢ
✀㢮ࡣ࠾ࡧࡓࡔࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊ㕲ࡢษ๐ᢏ⾡ࡣࠊከᩘࡢ᥋⥆ᯞࢆࡶࡘ⠇Ⅼ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ㘫㐀ࡸ㗪㐀࡜࠸ࡗࡓᢏ⾡ࡶࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ᥋⥆ḟᩘࡢ㧗࠸⠇Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ໬Ꮫᕤᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⇕⟶⌮ࡸ㎰ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᤵ⢊࡞࡝ࡶࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟᥋⥆ḟᩘࡢ㧗࠸ᢏ⾡࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ࠶ࡿ
ࡁࢃࡵ࡚≉Ṧ࡞ၟရࡢ⏕⏘࡟ࡋ࠿⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ᢏ⾡ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ᫬ィࡢタィ࡟㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋࡓ⬺㐍ᶵࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ࠸࠿࡟ࡍࡤࡽࡋ࠸ᢏ⾡࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ௚ࡢᶵᲔࡢ
ෆ㒊࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ࡞࠸ࠋ
ᢏ⾡ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡛ࡣࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤࠊ࠶ࡿỗ⏝ⓗ࡞ᢏ⾡ࡀⓎぢࡉࢀ࡚ࠊከ᪉㠃࡟ᛂ⏝ࡉࢀࡿ(ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡛࠸࠼ࡤࠊ᥋⥆ࡉࢀࡿ)ࠋ20 ୡ⣖ࡢ୰ࡈࢁࡲ࡛ࡣࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࡟ࡼࡿไᚚࡣ࡯
࡜ࢇ࡝⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊ࠸ࡲ࡛ࡣ࣐࢖ࢡ࣭ࣟࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࡟ࡼࡿไᚚࡣࡦࡌࡻ࠺࡟ᗈ⠊࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࠊ⤒῭࡟ࡶࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࢫࢣ࣮࣭ࣝࣇ࣮࣭ࣜࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡀ࠶ࡾࡑ࠺ࡔ࡜࠸࠺ヰࢆࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊၥ㢟ࡣ⌧≧ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࠿࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀ⮬యࠊ⯆࿡࠶ࡿ◊✲ㄢ㢟ࡔࡀࠊ⤒῭࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊࡇࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ኚ໬࣭ኚᙧ
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࠿ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋၟရࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡛࠸࠼ࡤࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡞࠿ࡗࡓၟရࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ
࠺࡟⏕ࡲࢀࠊ฼⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࠿ࠋᢏ⾡ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡛࠸࠼ࡤࠊ᫬௦ࢆ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡿࡼ࠺࡞኱ࡁ࡞ᢏ⾡(㕲㐨ࠊ໬Ꮫᕤᴗࠊ㟁Ẽࠊ▼Ἔ໬Ꮫࠊィ⟬ᶵࠊ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࠊࣂ࢖࢜ࢸ

19ࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮࡞࡝)ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⌧ࢀࠊᬑཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࠿ࡣࠊࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࢥࣥࢻࣛࢳ࢙ࣇᚠ⎔ࢆ◊✲ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࠊḞ࠿ࡍࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸▱ぢ࡜࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࢫࢣ࣮࣭ࣝࣇ࣮࣭ࣜࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᮏ⠇ࡢ᭱ึ࡛ࡣṇ☜࡞ᐃ⩏ࢆ୚࠼ࡎࠊࡑࢀࡣ
ࠕᡂ㛗ࡍࡿࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࠖࡔ࡜࠸࠺ẚ႘ⓗ࡞⤂௓ࢆࡋࡓࠋࢫࢣ࣮࣭ࣝࣇ࣮࣭ࣜࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡
ࢡࡢṇ☜࡞ᐃ⩏ࡣࠊ⠇Ⅼࡢ᥋⥆ḟᩘࡀ෢ศᕸ࡟ࡋࡓࡀ࠺ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡔࡀࠊࡑ
ࢀࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡀ࡞ࡐࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞㡿ᇦ࡟ฟ⌧ࡋ࡚ࡃࡿ࠿ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ(ᬑ㐢ᛶࡢၥ㢟)ࠋ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢ࣮ࣝࢱ࣮ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࠊ࢙࢘ࣈ࣮࣌ࢪࡢ┦஫ࣜࣥࢡࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡
ࢡࠊᫎ⏬➇₇⪅ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࠊ㟁ヰࡢ㏻ヰࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࠊᏛ⾡ㄅ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᘬ⏝ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡞࡝ࡀࡍ࡭࡚ࢫࢣ࣮࣭ࣝࣇ࣮࣭ࣜࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟࡞ࡿ⫼ᚋ࡟ࡣࠊᡂ㛗ࡍࡿࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡
ࢡ࡟≉᭷ࡢ஦᝟ࡀാ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ࢙࢘ࣈ࣮࣌ࢪࡢ┦஫ࣜࣥࢡ࡛࠸࠼ࡤࠊ᥋⥆ḟᩘࡢ኱ࡁ࠸࣮࣌ࢪ࡟ࣜࣥࢡࢆᙇࡿ
࡯࠺ࡀࠊḟᩘࡀᑠࡉ࠸࣮࣌ࢪ࡟ࣜࣥࢡࢆᙇࡿࡼࡾຠ⋡ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟᪤Ꮡࡢࢿࢵࢺ
࣮࣡ࢡࡢᵓ㐀࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚ࠊ⠇Ⅼ(࣮࣌ࢪ)ࡸ᪂ࡋ࠸᥋⥆ᯞ(ࣜࣥࢡ)ࡀቑ࠼ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡
ࢡࡣࢫࢣ࣮࣭ࣝࣇ࣮ࣜ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ࢙࢘ࣈ࣮࣌ࢪࡢ┦஫ࣜࣥࢡ࡟㝈ࡽࡎࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞஦᝟ࢆࡶ
ࡘ⮬↛ᡂ㛗ࡍࡿࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡣࠊࣇ࢕ࢵࢺࡢࡼࡋ࠶ࡋ࡜⠊ᅖࡣ࡜ࡶ࠿ࡃࠊࢫࢣ࣮࣭ࣝࣇࣜ
࣮࣭ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡜࡞ࡿ(Albert and Barabasiࠊ2002)ࠋ
⤒῭Ꮫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᡂ㛗ࡣࠊ㔜せ࡞㆟㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ◊✲ࡢከࡃࡣ㔞ⓗᣑ኱࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ࡣࠊࡓࡋ࠿࡟㔞ⓗᣑ኱࡜࠸࠺ഃ㠃ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢศᯒࢆḞࡃࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㛗ᮇࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࠊᕤᴗ໬ࡢ⤒㦂ࠊ⌧᫬Ⅼ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡂ㛗㏿ᗘࡢῶ㏿࡞࡝ࢆ⪃࠼ࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࠊ㔞ⓗศᯒࡔࡅ࡛ࡣࡇ࡜ࡢᮏ㉁ࢆぢ㏨ࡍྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋ⤒῭ࡢ㡿ᇦ࡛ࡣࢫࢣ࣮
࣭ࣝࣇ࣮࣭ࣜࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡣࡲࡔ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝◊✲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺࡭ࡁࡔࡀࠊᡂ㛗ࡍࡿࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡜࠸࠺≉ᛶࢆࡶࡘࡶࡢࡣࠊ࠸ࡲࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࠊࢫࢣ࣮࣭ࣝࣇ࣮࣭ࣜࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡋ
࠿࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊࡇࡢẚ㍑ⓗ᪂ࡋ࠸ᑐ㇟࠿ࡽཷࡅࡿ࡭ࡁ่⃭ࡣ኱ࡁ࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ
࡜ࡃ࡟㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࠋ
㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢ୍ศ㔝࡟㐍໬ᡂ㛗⌮ㄽࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᤊ࠼᪉ࡶ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡀࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ࡟≉᭷࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ㆟㢟࡟ࠕ㟂せ㣬࿴ࠖࡀ࠶ࡿ(ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊWitt, 2001; Aoki and Yoshikawa,
2002)ࠋࡇࡢ◊✲ࡢᇶ♏࡟ࡣࠊࠕ୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓ࢚ࣥࢤࣝἲ๎ࠖࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ⌧Ꮡࡍࡿၟရࡢ㞟ྜࡢ௵ពࡢ┿㒊ศ㞟ྜࢆྲྀࡿ࡜ࡁࠊࡑࡢ㒊ศ㞟ྜࡀ⤒῭඲యࡢᾘ㈝㔞࡟༨ࡵࡿẚ⋡ࡣ(ึᮇᣑ኱ᮇࢆ㝖࠸࡚)ഴྥⓗ࡟పୗࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢἲ๎ࡣࠊࡘ࡜࡟ࣃࢪࢿ
ࢵࢸ࢕ࡀࡑࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ୰ᚰㄢ㢟࡟ࡍ࠼ࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ(Andersen, 2001)ࠋ
㟂せ㣬࿴ࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡟ࡣࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ❧ࡕධࡽ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓ࢚ࣥࢤࣝἲ๎ࢆㄆࡵࡿ࡜ࠊ

20᪂ࡋ࠸ၟရࡀ⏕ࡲࢀ⫱ࡓ࡞࠸࠿ࡂࡾࠊ⤒῭ࡣḟ➨࡟೵⁫ࢆవ൤࡞ࡃࡉࢀࡿࠋ࡛ࡣࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸
ၟရࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡉ࠼ࡍࢀࡤࠊᡂ㛗ࡣ⥔ᣢ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡑࢀࢆ⪃࠼ࡿᡭࡀ࠿ࡾ࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡀࠊ
ၟရࡢ㞟ྜࡢ኎ୖ㧗ࡢศᕸ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ኎ୖ㧗ࡢከ࠸㡰࡟ၟရࢆ୪࡭ࡓ࡜ࡁࠊࡶࡋࡑࢀࡀ
A y^(-Ș) ࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡋࡼ࠺8ࠋၟရ඲య࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊඛ࡟ᘬ⏝ࡋࡓ࢔࣐ࢰ࡛ࣥ
ࡢᮏࡢ኎ୖ࡛ࡣࠊ㈍኎෉ᩘ 1 ୓఩⛬ᗘࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ᒅᢡࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡁࢀ࠸࡞෢ศᕸ࡜࡞ࡗ
࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࠊ㦫ࡃ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜࡟ࠊᖺ㛫㈍኎ᩘ 1 ୓఩௨ୗࡢ෢ᣦᩘࡣ 0.64 ࡜ 1 ௨ୗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡀ㦫ࡃ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊࡶࡋࡇࡢഴྥࢆ 1 ୓఩ࢆ㉸࠼࡚ࡶ↓㝈࡟⥔ᣢ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᖺ㛫ࡢ᭩⡠㈍኎෉ᩘࡣ↓㝈኱࡟࡞ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢃࡓࡋࡀ⏝࠸ࡓࡢࡣࠊ࢔ࣥ
ࢲ࣮ࢯࣥ(2006)ࡢࡁࢃࡵ࡚⢒࠸ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡞ࡢ࡛ࠊヲࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡶࡋࢹ࣮ࢱࢆヲ⣽࡟ศᯒࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢᒅᢡⅬࢆᣑ኱ࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡀศ࠿ࢀࡤࠊ᭩⡠ᴗ⏺࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ኎ୖ෉ᩘ
࡟㟂せ㣬࿴࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡆࢇࡊ࠸ከࡃࡢඛ㐍ᅜ࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿᡂ㛗㏿ᗘࡢῶ㏿ഴྥࢆぢࡿ࡜ࡁࠊၟရࡢ㞟ྜ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ෢ᣦᩘࡣ 1 ࡼࡾ኱ࡁ࠸ࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡶ
ࡋࡑ࠺ࡔ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࡸࡳࡃࡶ࡟᪂ၟရࡢ㛤Ⓨࢆヨࡳࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣࠊᮃࡴࡼ࠺࡞㟂せ๰㐀ࡣ⾜࡞࠼࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓഴྥࢆᡴࡕ◚ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡼ࡯࡝኱ࡁ࡞ၟရ㠉࿨࣭ᢏ⾡㠉࿨ࡀฟ⌧ࡋ࡞࠸࠿ࡂࡾࠊ⥲㟂せࡀ㢌ᡴࡕ࡟࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
㛗ᮇࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡶࠊၟရ࡜ࡑࡢ฼⏝ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ኚ໬࣭ᡂ㛗ࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆᨭ
࠼ࡿᢏ⾡ࡢయ⣔ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㐍໬࣭Ⓨᒎࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࢆᥗࡴࡇ࡜࡞ࡋ࡟ࡣࠊṔྐ⮬యࢆ኱ࡁࡃ
ࡲࡖ࠿࠼࡚ᤊ࠼࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ⏘ᴗ㠉࿨࡟ᑐࡍࡿࠕಟṇ୺⩏ࠖⓗ⪃ᐹࡀ㐍ࡳࠊ⏘ᴗ㠉࿨ࢆ≉␗࡞᫬௦࡜⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡶ཯┬ࡀᗈࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⏘ᴗ㠉࿨࡟ඛ❧ࡘኚ໬࡟ࡘ
࠸࡚ࡢ◊✲ࡀ㐍ࡴ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚ࠊࡦ࡜ࡧ࡜ࡀ࡟ࡕࡌࡻ࠺⏝࠸ࡿၟရࡢ✀㢮ࡀቑ࠼࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ
ὀ┠ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(ࢧ࣮ࢫࢡࠊ1984; de Vries, 2008)ࠋࣉࣟࢺᕤᴗ໬ࡸ⏘ᴗ㠉࿨ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿ࡟ࡶࠊ
ᡂ㛗ࡍࡿࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ▱ぢࡣࡇࢇࡈ୙ྍḞ࡞ࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ

8ࡇࢀࡣၟရ฼⏝ࡢ஧㒊ࢢࣛࣇࢆၟရ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࡳィ ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜࠸࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ⤒῭඲య࡛ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ
ࡸࢁ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࠊࡲࡎ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢࡣၟရศ㢮࣭⏘ᴗศ㢮࡞࡝ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ኎ୖ㧗ࡢ௦ࢃࡾ࡟⏘ᴗศ㢮ࡢᑵᴗேᩘࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚㡰఩࡙ࡅࡋ࡚ࡳࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⤖ᯝࡣ෢ศᕸ࡜ࡣ࡜࠺࡚࠸࠸࠼࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡔࡗ
ࡓ(⏘ᴗࡢศ㢮㡯┠ࡣ⣙ 500)ࠋศ㢮⾲ࡣࠊၟရࡸ⏘ᴗࡢ㔜せᗘ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ᨵゞࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ
ࠕ⮬↛࡞ศ㢮ࠖ࠿ࡽࡣ⛬㐲࠸ࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

21

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
࢔࣮ࢧ࣮, W.B (2011)ࠗࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮࡜࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࠘ࡳࡍࡎ᭩ᡣࠋ
㟷ᮌᫀᙪ(1979)ࠗศ㓄⌮ㄽ࠘⟃ᦶ᭩ᡣࠋ
࢔ࣞࣥࠊR.C.(2012)ࠗ࡞ࡐ㇏࠿࡞ᅜ࡜㈋ࡋ࠸ᅜࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡓࡢ࠿࠘NTT ฟ∧(ཎ㢟ࡣ Global
Economic History / A Very Short Introduction)ࠋ
࢔ࣥࢲ࣮ࢯࣥ, Ch.(2006)ࠗࣟࣥࢢࢸ࣮ࣝ࠘᪩ᕝ᭩ᡣࠋ
࢝࢘ࣇ࣐ࣥ, S.(2008)ࠗ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬࡜㐍໬ࡢㄽ⌮̿Ᏹᐂࢆ㈏ࡃ」㞧⣔ࡢἲ๎࠘ࡕࡃࡲᏛⱁᩥ
ᗜࠋཎⴭࡣ The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution, 1993.
࢝࢘ࣇ࣐ࣥ, S. (2002)ࠗ⏕࿨࡜Ᏹᐂࢆㄒࡿ࠘᪥ᮏ⤒῭᪂⪺♫ࠋࢡ࣮ࣝࢢ࣐ࣥ, P. (1997) ࠗ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ̿⤒῭⛛ᗎࡣ࠸࠿࡟๰Ⓨࡍࡿ࠿࠘ᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫ࠋᑠᓥΎ(2000)ࠕ㞜⾜ᆺ⤒῭Ⓨᒎㄽ࣭෌᳨ウࠖࠗ㥴Ἑྎ⤒῭ㄽ㞟࠘9(2):75-136.
ᑠᓥΎ(2001)ࠕ㞜⾜ᆺ⏘ᴗⓎᒎ:ᑠᓥࣔࢹࣝࠖࠗ㥴Ἑྎ⤒῭ㄽ㞟࠘10(2):101-130.
ᑠᓥΎ(2001b-02)ࠕ㞜⾜ᆺ⤒῭Ⓨᒎࡢᅜ㝿ⓗఏ᧛ࠖࠗ㥴Ἑྎ⤒῭ㄽ㞟࠘(ୖ)11(2):19-45ࠊ
(ୗ)11(2):1-36.
ሷἑ⏤඾(1990)ࠗᕷሙࡢ⛛ᗎᏛ࠘⟃ᦶ᭩ᡣ(ࡕࡃࡲᏛⱁᩥᗜࠊ1998)ࠋ
ሷἑ⏤඾(1997)ࠗ」㞧ࡉࡢᖐ⤖࠘NTT ฟ∧ࠋሷἑ⏤඾(2006)ࠕᴫㄝࠖ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍⦅ࠗ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࣁࣥࢻࣈࢵࢡ࠘ඹ❧ฟ∧ࠋሷἑ⏤඾(2010)ࠗ㛵す⤒῭ㄽ࠘᫭ὒ᭩ᡣࠋ
ሷἑ⏤඾(2012)ࠕ㐍໬⤒῭ᏛࢆᲴ༺ࡋࡍࡿ/ࢡ࣮ࣝࢢ࣐ࣥࡢᢈุ࡜㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ࣮ࠖ࢜ࢱ࣒࣭
ࢥࣥࣇ࢙ࣛࣥࢫᇶㄪㅮ₇ࠊ2012.9.15ࠊ୰ኸ኱Ꮫࠋ
ሷἑ⏤඾(ᮍห)࣮ࠗࣜ࢝ࢻၥ㢟ࡢ᭱⤊ゎỴ/ྂ඾ὴ౯್ㄽࡢ᚟఩࡬࠘
ࠋࢧ࣮ࢫࢡ, J.(1984)ࠗᾘ㈝♫఍ࡢㄌ⏕࠘ᮾி኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠋࣂࣛࣂࢩ, A.L(2002)ࠗ᪂ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᛮ⪃࠘NHK ฟ∧ࠋ⸨ᮏ㝯ᏹ(1997)ࠗ⏕⏘ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ㐍໬ㄽ࠘⸨ᮏ㝯ᏹ(1997)ࠕᐇドศᯒࡢ᪉ἲࠖ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍࣭ሷἑ⏤඾⦅ࠗ᪉ἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㐍໬࠘ࢩࣗࣉ
࣮࣭ࣜࣥ࢞ࣇ࢙࢔࣮ࣛࢡᮾிࠊ➨ 2 ❶ࠊ51-84.
࣮࣍ࣝ, P. & D.ࢯࢫ࢟ࢫ(2007)ࠗ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶ࠘ࢼ࢝ࢽࢩࣖฟ∧ࠋAndersen, E.S. (2001) Satiation in an Evolutionary Model of Structural Economic
Dynamics, in Witt (2001), pp.165-186.
Albert, R., and A-L. Barabasi (2002) Statistical Mechanics of Complexity Networks,
Review of Modern Physics, 74:47-97.
Aoki, M. and H. Yoshikawa (2002) Demand Saturation-Creation and Economic Growth,
Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 48(2): 127-154.
Austin, G. and K. Sugihara (2013) Labour-Intensive Industrialization in Global History,22

Routledge.
Boyer, R., H. Uemura and A. Isogai(2012) Diversity and Transformation of Asian
Capitalisms, Routledge.
de Vries, J. (2008) The Inustrious Revolution, Cambrdige University Press.
Fujimoto, T. and Y. Shiozawa (2011-12) Inter and Intra Cmpany Compeition in the Ageof golobal Competition: A Micro and Macro Interpretation of Ricardian Trade
Theory, Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review, 8(1): 1-37 and 8(2):193-231.
Hodgson, G.M. (2010) A Philosophical Perspective on Contemporary Evolutionary
Economics, Papers on Economics and Evolution, #1001, Max Plank Institute of
Economics.
Krugman, P. (1996) What Economists Can Learn form Evolutionary thoerists,
Conference speech at EAEPE Nov. 1996.
Metcalfe, J.S. and J. Foster (2010) Evolutionary Growth Theory, in M. Setterfield,
Handbook of Alternative Theories of Economic Growth, Edward Elgar, Chapter 3.
Simon, H.A. (1979) On Parsimonious Explanations of Production Relations, The
Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 81(4): 459-474.
Shiozawa, Y.(2004) Evolutionary Economics in the 21st Century: A Manifest,
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Witt, U. (2001) Escaping Satiation / The Demand Side of Economic Growth, Springer
Verlag, Berlin.
┠ḟ࡟ᡠࡿ

23

㔠⼥ࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡜ࢧࣈࣉࣛ࢖࣒㔠⼥༴ᶵ⚟஭┴❧኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ㒊 ᭹㒊ⱱᖾせ⣙௒ᅇࡢࢧࣈࣉࣛ࢖࣒㔠⼥༴ᶵࡣ㸪ᚑ᮶ࡢ㖟⾜༴ᶵ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ 21 ୡ⣖ᆺࡢᙳࡢ㖟⾜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ༴ᶵ࡜ࡶゝࢃࢀࡿࠋ⌧ᅾࡢ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣఫᏯ࣮ࣟࣥࡢ኱༙ࡣドๆ໬ࡉࢀ㸪㌿኎ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪ドๆ࡟ࡣ㹁㹂㹑ࡢಖドࡀࡘࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠶ࡽࡓ࡟ドๆ໬ᕷሙ࡜㹁㹂㹑ᕷሙࡀຍࢃࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚࡛ࡁࡓ㈇മࡢࣆ࣑ࣛࢵࢻࡀᦆኻࢆᣑ኱ࡉࡏ㸪ఫᏯ㔠⼥ᕷሙ࡛ࡶ࿘㎶ⓗ࡞ࢧࣈࣉࣛ࢖࣒࣭࣮ࣟࣥࡢ◚⥢ࢆୡ⏺㔠⼥༴ᶵ࡬࡜ᑟ࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ
ࡓࠋᮏሗ࿌࡛ㄽࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡣḟࡢ㸰Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨㸯ࡀᙳࡢ㖟⾜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡸ㈇മࡢࣆ࣑ࣛࢵࢻࢆసࡾฟࡋࡓ⤒῭ⓗ࡞ຊࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ
࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋドๆ໬㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ᕷሙᆺ㔠⼥௰௓ᴗࡢⓎᒎࡣ㔠⼥ᕤᏛ࡞ࡋ࡟ࡣ࠶ࡾᚓ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ
ព࿡࡛ᙳࡢ㖟⾜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡶࡲࡓ⮬⏤࡞ᕷሙࡢാࡁ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㔠⼥ᙜᒁࡣつไ⦆࿴㸪㔠⼥ᕷሙࡢ⮬⏤໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪࢛࣮࢘ࣝ⾤ࡢⓎᒎࢆᚋᢲࡋࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ࣂࣈࣝ࡜ᢞᶵࢆᢚไࡋ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪ࣂࣈࣝࡀᔂቯࡋࡓ᫬㸪ᢞᶵ࡟ኻᩋࡋࡓ᫬࡟㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࢆᩆ῭ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ṍࢇࡔᨻ⟇ࣇ࣮࣒࣮ࣞ࣡ࢡࡶࡲࡓᢞᶵ࣐ࢿ࣮ࢆಖㆤ࣭⫱ᡂࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
➨㸰ࡀドๆ໬ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ࣜࢫࢡࢆ㞟୰ࡉࡏࡓ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋ༴ᶵࡢ┤๓ࡲ࡛㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣࣜࢫࢡศᩓ࡟ᡂຌࡋ㸪᪥ᮏࡢࡼ࠺࡞㔠⼥༴ᶵࡣ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣ㉳ࡇࡾ࠼࡞࠸࡜ࢢ࣮ࣜࣥࢫࣃࣥࡸࣂ࣮ࢼࣥ࢟ࡣ୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ㸪༴ᶵᚋࡢࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫࡣドๆ໬ࡣࣜࢫࢡࢆ㞟୰ࡉࡏࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶドๆ໬ࡀࣜࢫࢡࢆศᩓ໬ࡉࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺᝿ᐃ⮬యࡀ␲ၥ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㖟⾜ࡣఫᏯ࣮ࣟࣥࢆドๆ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ࣜࢫࢡࢆ࡞ࡃࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚ࡶ㸪ࣜࢫࢡࡣ༢࡟㈙࠸ᡭ࡟㌿᎑ࡉࢀࡓࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⊃࠸ࠕ㔠⼥࣒ࣛࠖࡢ୰࡛ࣜࢫࢡࢆᢲࡋࡘࡅྜࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡅࡔࡗࡓࠋ
㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡀドๆࢆ㉎ධࡋࡓ⌮⏤ࡶ㹀㹇㹑つไࢆᅇ㑊ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡜࠸࠺⌮⏤ࢆ↓ど࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ
࢞ࣝࣈࣞ࢖ࢫࡣ㔠⼥ࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡣ᪂ࡋࡃぢ࠼࡚ࡶ㸪ࣞࣂࣞࢵࢪࢆᣑ኱ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࡔࡅࡔ࡜
ㄽࡌࡓࠋࡲࡓ㔠⼥༴ᶵࡣ㸪㐣ཤࡢグ᠈ࢆᛀࢀࡓேࠎ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ྠࡌࡇ࡜ࡀ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡔࡅࡔ࡜ࡶゝ࠺ࠋᡃࠎࡣ௒ᅇࡢ༴ᶵࡢ୰࡟ࡶ㸪≉Ṧᛶࡢ୰࡟࢞ࣝࣈࣞ࢖ࢫࡢゝ࠺ᬑ㐢ᛶࢆ┠ḟ[┠ḟ࡟ࡶ࡝ࡿ]ぢ࠸ࡔࡉ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

24

࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿไᗘၥ㢟༓ⴥ኱Ꮫ࣭ྡ㄃ᩍᤵ

ᏳᏞᏊㄔ⏨ᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡜ไᗘኚᐜ࡜ࡢ࠿࠿ࢃࡾࢆど㍈࡟ࡋ࡚⌧௦㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶ࡜ᵓ㐀ኚᐜࢆᤊ࠼
ࡿࡓࡵࡢ conceptual framework ࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ➹⪅ࡢᇶᮏࢸ࣮࣐࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡤ࠶࠸ࠊ
⛉Ꮫ࣭ᢏ⾡ࡢ㠉᪂࡜⤌⧊࣭ไᗘࡢๅ᪂ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ຊⅬࢆ࠾ࡃ࠿ࡢ㐪࠸ࡣ࠶ࢀࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ
ࣙࣥࢆ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ┦஫⾜Ⅽⓗ࡞㐃ᦠᛶ࡜⤒㊰౫Ꮡⓗ࡞⣼✚ᛶ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿ◊✲ືྥ㸦࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࢩࢫࢸ࣒ㄽ㸧࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣḞ࠿ࡏ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊC.Freeman, R.Nelson
ࡸ G.Dosi, F.Malerba ࡞࡝ࢿ࣭࢜ࢩ࣮ࣗࣥ࣌ࢱࣜ࢔ࣥࡢࠑᢏ⾡̺⤒῭ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࠒㄽ࡜
R.Boyer, B.Amable ࡸ B.Coriat ࡞࡝ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥᏛὴࡢࠑ♫఍̺ᢏ⾡ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࠒㄽ㸦ࡉ
ࡽ࡟ࡣࠑ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶࠒㄽ㸧࡜ࢆ✺ࡁྜࢃࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࡘ࠺ࡌ࡚ࠊࡇࡢసᴗࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࠋ
㸯㸬F.Malerba㸦※ὶ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ G.Dosi㸧ࡽࡣࠊ⏘ᴗࢭࢡࢱ࣮࡛ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆࠕከ
ḟඖⓗࠊ⤫ྜⓗࠊືែⓗ࡟ࠖࡳࡿどゅࢆᥦ♧ࡋࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢẚ㍑⏘ᴗࢭࢡࢱ࣮ㄽࢆ
ᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠑᢏ⾡ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠒࡢᴫᛕࡀࠊ୍᪉࡛ࡣᢏ⾡ᶵ఍࣭ᑓ᭷᮲௳࣭⣼✚ᛶࠊ௚᪉࡛
ࡣㅖ✀ࡢ▱㆑ᛶ᱁࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࠊࠑᢏ⾡ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠒ࡜࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢࢩ࣮ࣗࣥ࣌
ࢱ࣮ⓗࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ㸦㠉᪂άືࡢ㞟୰ᗘࠊ㠉᪂ⓗ௻ᴗࡢᏳᐃᛶࠊ㠉᪂ࡢฟ⏕⋡㸧࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡀㄽࡌࡽࢀࡿࠋ࠿ࢀࡽࡢᅜ㝿ẚ㍑࡛⯆࿡῝࠸Ⅼࡢࡦ࡜ࡘࡣࠊᑓ᭷᮲௳࡜⣼✚ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᢏ⾡ᛶ᱁ࡀࡲࡉࡗ࡚ㅖᅜ㛫࡟ࠕ┦ᙜࡢ㢮ఝᛶࠖࡀぢฟࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᢏ⾡ᶵ఍ࡢ࡯࠺ࡣㅖ
ᅜ㛫࡟ࡸࡸ㐪࠸ࡀ⏕ࡎࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᢏ⾡ᶵ఍࡟ࡣࠊ⛉Ꮫ࡜⏘ᴗࢆᯫᶫࡍࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ
࣒ࡢ௓ᅾ࡜᭷ຠᛶ࡞࡝ࠊไᗘ࣭⤌⧊ୖࡢၥ㢟ࡀࡼࡾ㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸰㸬B.Amable ࡽࡢࠑ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜⏕⏘ࡢ♫఍ⓗࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠒㄽࡣࠊ
ࠕ⛉Ꮫ㸫ᢏ⾡㸫⏘ᴗࠖࡢ㛵㐃ࡢᅜࡈ࡜ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆࠕᩍ⫱ไᗘ㸫ປാᕷሙ㸫㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ไᗘせᅉ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᰿ᣐ࡙ࡅࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࠊ
ࠑᢏ⾡ࡢෆ⏕໬ࠒࡢ୍ࡘࡢヨࡳ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ
ㅖไᗘࡣᡤ୚࡜ࡉࢀࠊไᗘࡢᕪ␗ࡢ᰿ᣐࡣㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋAmable ࡽไᗘࡢᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡀࠊไᗘ⿵᏶ᛶࡸไᗘ㝵ᒙᛶࠊ⥲ࡌ࡚ไᗘኚᐜࢆࡵࡄࡿ㆟ㄽࡸࠕᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡢ෌⤫ྜࠖㄽࢆάᛶ໬ࡉࡏࠊ
ࠕศ㓄฼┈ࢆࡵࡄࡿᑐ❧࡜ጇ༠ࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᨻ἞ຊᏛࢆㄝ᫂࡟ຍ࠼࡚࠸ࡃࡢ
ࡣࠊࠑไᗘࡢෆ⏕໬ࠒࢆヨࡳࡿࡓࡵ࡟࡯࠿࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
㸱㸬
ࠑ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶࠒㄽ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ┦ᑐඃ఩ㄽࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ࠊ௻ᴗࡀ➇தඃ఩ࡢ୺せ࡞※Ἠ࡜ࡋ࡚ᅜࡢᨭ㓄ⓗไᗘ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡿẚ㍑ඃ఩ࢆࡘࡡ࡟฼⏝ࡍࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡀதⅬ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋS.Casper ࡜ D.Soskice ࡽࡣࠊ
ࠑ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶࠒㄽࡢどゅ࠿ࡽ Malerba ࡽࡢ❧ㄽࢆ⤌ࡳ㎸ࢇ࡛ࠕไᗘⓗ࡞ᯟ⤌ࡳ࡜௻ᴗࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᢏ⾡ᡓ␎࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࠖࢆㄽࡌࠊࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫᆺ⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕࢧࣈࢭࢡࢱ࣮࡛ࡢ≉໬ࠖࢆ୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸲㸬ࢿ࣭࢜ࢩ࣮ࣗࣥ࣌ࢱࣜ࢔ࣥ࡜ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࢽࢫࢺࡀࠊᢏ⾡̺ไᗘほࡢᕪ␗㸦࢚࣮࣎ࣜࣗࢩࣙࣥ ᑐ ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ㸧࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ⡿ᅜࡢࣉࣟࣃࢸࣥࢺᨻ⟇ࠊ࡜ࡃ࡟ࣂ࢖ࢻ࣮
ࣝἲࡢࡣࡽࡴࠕ࢔ࣥࢳ࣭ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢᝒ๻ࠖ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ༴ᶵព㆑ࢆඹ᭷ࡋࠊscientific commonsࡢಖㆤ࡜࠸࠺ࠕ⛉Ꮫࡢබඹᨻ⟇ࠖࢆ࡜ࡶ࡟⛠ᥭࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡣࠊ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚ࡼ࠸ࠋ [┠ḟ࡬]25

యไ㌿᥮ᮇࡢไᗘ࡜⾜ືኚືࡢ◊✲࡟㐍໬ࡢどⅬࡣ࡝ࡇࡲ࡛᭷ຠ࠿
❧࿨㤋኱Ꮫ ⏣୰ᏹᅜᐙ♫఍୺⩏࠿ࡽࡢయไ㌿᥮ࡀ 1980 ᖺ௦ᮎ࠿ࡽᮏ᱁ⓗ࡟ጞࡲࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀ௨㝆 20 ᖺ௨ୖࡢṓ᭶ࡀ⤒㐣ࡋࡓࠋᮾḢㅖᅜࡢሙྜࠊ≉࡟ 2004 ᖺ࡜ 2007 ᖺ࡟㹃㹓ຍ┕ࢆᯝࡓࡋࡓࡇ
࡜࡟ࡼࡾࡇࡢయไ㌿᥮ࡀ୍ࡘࡢ༊ษࡾࢆ㏄࠼ࡓࠋࡔࡀࠊ࣮ࣘࣟᑟධࡢᡂྰ࡜࣏ࢫࢺୡ⏺⤒῭㔠⼥༴ᶵࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢࣂࣛࡘࡁ࡛ࡣྛᅜ㛫࡟኱ࡁ࡞㛤ࡁࡀฟ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦⏣୰ᏹ 2013ࠕࣁ࣮ࣥ࢞ࣜࡣ࡞ࡐ EU ᪂ຍ┕ࡢඛᑟᅜ࠿ࡽၥ㢟ᅜ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࠿ࠖྜྷ஭ᫀᙪ㸦⦅㸧
㸦2013㸧
ࠗࢩ࣮ࣜࢬ⃭ືᮇࡢ㹃㹓࠘㸦⤒῭⦅㸧㸧
ࠋࣂࣝࢺ௨እࡢᪧࢯ㐃ㅖᅜࢆほᐹࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ
୍ᐃ⛬ᗘࡢ཰ᩡ≧ἣࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ุ᩿࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ᕷሙ⤒῭࡜ࡣఝ࡚ࡶఝࡘ࠿ࡠ⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࡞ࡿᜍࢀࡶ࠶ࡿ㸦ᒾᓮ୍㑻/㕥ᮌᣅࠗẚ㍑⤒῭ศᯒ࠘2010 ᖺ㸧ࠋ୰ᅜࡢሙ
ྜࠊࡑࡢ㈨ᮏ୺⩏໬ࡣࠊไᗘ࡜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ㔜ᒙ໬ࢆ㐍⾜ࡉࡏࠊḢ⡿ⓗไᗘ໬࣭つ⠊໬ࡀ㐍⾜ࡍࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࡑࢀ࡟᢬ᢠࡍࡿ㠀㏆௦ⓗ࡞ఏ⤫ࡢཌࡉࡀࡴࡋࢁᙉࡃ⾲ฟࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Ლ㇂᠜ࠗࠕቨ࡜༸ࠖࡢ⌧௦୰ᅜㄽ࠘2011 ᖺ㸧ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ከᴟ໬ࡸศᒱࠊ㌿᥮ࡢㅖᅔ㞴ࢆ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ࡜㐍໬ࡢᴫᛕࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᢕᥱࡋࠊ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊ80 ᖺ௦ᮎ࡟యไ㌿᥮㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⛣⾜㸧ࡀ㛤ጞࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࠊࡍࡄ࡟ᚑ᮶ࡢࢯࣅ࢚
ࢺᏛ Sovietology ࡸẚ㍑⤒῭యไㄽࡢᏛ⾡ⓗࠕ༨᭷ࠖࡀᔂࢀࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ➇த≧ែࡀฟ⌧ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ࡞࠿࡛୺ὶὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡣᕷሙ⤒῭࡬ࡢ⛣⾜ࡢㅖไ⣙ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ྲྀࡾ
᥃࠿ࡾࠊ80 ᖺ௦ࡢࣛࢸࣥ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢᏳᐃ໬ᨻ⟇ࡢᅜ㝿ⓗ⤒㦂ࠊẚ㍑⤒῭యไㄽࡢ♫఍୺⩏ㄆ㆑ㄽ࡜⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ࣡ࢩࣥࢺࣥࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫ㸦WC㸧ࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ WC ࡟ᑐᢠࡍࡿ
ᙧ࡛බඹ㑅ᢥ⌮ㄽࠊ௻ᴗࡢ⌮ㄽࠊ᪂ไᗘᏛὴࠊ㐍໬⤒῭ᏛࡀཧධࡋࡓࠋWC ࡣ⮬⏤໬ L࣭Ᏻᐃ໬ S࣭ẸႠ໬ P ࡢ༶ᗙࡢᨵ㠉ࢆồࡵࠊ❧ἲ࡟ࡼࡿไᗘࡢኚ᭦ࠊᪧࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ◚ቯࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛᪂ࡋ࠸ไᗘᵓ⠏ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ┿ⓑ࡞࢟ࣕࣥࣂࢫ㸦⤒῭♫఍ࡢጼ㸧ࡢ๰ฟࢆồࡵࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟
ࡓ࠸ࡋ࡚㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡣ LSP ࡼࡾࡶᕷሙࢆᇶ♏࡙ࡅไᗘࡢከゅⓗ࣭ከᒙⓗ࡞ᅾࡾ᪉ࠊࡑࡢ๰
ฟࡢࡓࡵࡢἲ࡜㔠⼥࣭ἲࡢᙉไ࣭ᨻᗓࡢᨵ㠉࣭⮬ᕫᣊ᮰ⓗ࡞♫఍ⓗࣀ࣐࣭ࣝᆅᇦ⤫ྜ࡞࡝࡟ὀ┠ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣไᗘࡢ⤒㊰౫Ꮡᛶ࡜㐍໬ࡀ㔜どࡉࢀࡿࠋࡔࡀࠊయไ㌿᥮ㅖᅜ࡟࠾ࡅ
ࡿᐇ㝿ࡢᢏ⾡ࡸไᗘࠊ⾜ືࢆ㐍໬ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕእ㒊ࡢほᐹ⪅ࠖࡀᐇឤࡍࡿࡢࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ᅔ㞴࡞సᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋሗ࿌࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ㄪᰝ◊✲ࡋ࡚㸦ࡉࢀ࡚㸧ࡁࡓㅖᡂᯝࢆ♫఍ࢸࢡࣀࣀࣟࢪ࣮㸦Eric D.Beinhocker, The Origin of Wealth, Business Books 2007㸧ࡢ㐍໬࡜࠸࠺
どⅬ࠿ࡽほᐹࡋ࡞࠾ࡍ࡜ఱࡀぢ࠼࡚ࡃࡿࡢ࠿㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣぢ࠼࡞࠸ࡢ࠿㸧ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ[┠ḟ࡟ࡶ࡝ࡿ]26᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢືྥ࡜㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫி㒔኱Ꮫ᝟ሗ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࢭࣥࢱ࣮

႐ከ୍

᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢ㐍ᒎࡢ㏿ࡉࡣ┠ࢆぢᙇࡿࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡢ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࠊࡼࡾᗈࡃ♫఍⛉Ꮫ࡬ࡢព࿡ࢆ⪃࠼ࡓ࠸ࠋࡲࡎࠊ᝟ሗᢏ⾡ࡢ኱ࡲ࠿࡞ືྥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡿࠋࡍ࡛࡟♫఍࡟ᗈࡃᾐ㏱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ᝟ሗᢏ
⾡ࡢ᭱᪂ືྥࢆᴫほࡍࡿࡔࡅࡢぢ㆑ࡣ➹⪅࡟ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࢹࢪࢱࣝ᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢṔྐⓗ࡞ὶࢀࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ࢖ࣥࢸࣝࡢ๰ጞ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࢦ࣮ࢻ࣒࣮ࣥ࢔ࡀᥦၐࡋࡓ༙ᑟయୖࡢ㞟✚ᗘࡢྥୖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࠕ༙ᑟయࢳࢵࣉୖࡢࢺࣛࣥࢪࢫࢱࡢ㞟✚ᩘࡀ 18㹼24 ࣨ᭶࡛ಸቑࡍࡿࠖ࡜
࠸࠺ᢏ⾡ணࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ࣒࣮࢔ࡢἲ๎ࡣ 1970 ᖺ௦࠿ࡽ 40 ᖺ࡟Ώࡗ࡚ᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ࣐

࢖ࢡࣟࣉࣟࢭࢵࢧୖࡢࢺࣛࣥࢪࢫࢱᩘ࡛ࡣࠊ40 ᖺ㛫࡛ᛶ⬟ࡀ 100 ୓ಸ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋỗ⏝ᛶࡢ㧗࠸ᵓᡂࡀࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࢆ᝟ሗฎ⌮ࡢ୓⬟ᶵ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᰂ㌾ᛶࡢ㧗࠸ࣃࢣࢵࢺ஺᥮᪉ᘧࡢ
㏻ಙ⥙ࡀ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࡜࠸࠺௬᝿♫఍ࡢᇶ┙ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࠋࢹࢪࢱࣝᢏ⾡ࡢ㧗ᛶ⬟໬ࡀࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ᢏ⾡ࢆ୍ඖ໬ࡋࠊࡑࡢಶࠎேࡲ࡛ࡢᬑཬࡀ⌧ᅾࡢேࠎࡀ୺యⓗ࡟ཧ⏬ྍ⬟࡞௬᝿♫఍ࢆᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏆ᖺ࡛ࡣࡇࢀ࡟ࢭࣥࢧ࣮ࡸ࢔ࢡࢳ࢚࣮ࣗࢱࢆ௓ࡋ࡚≀⌮♫఍ࢆ┤᥋⤖ྜࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ
ࠕࢫ࣐࣮ࢺ㹼ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡀᵝࠎ࡟ㄒࡽࢀࠊࡲ
ࡓࠕCyber-physical Systemsࠖࡸࠕࣔࣀࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ(Internet of Things, IOT)ࠖ࡞࡝
ࡀὀ┠ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ㥑ືࡢຍᕤᶵ࡜ Web ୖࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆከ⏝ࡋ࡚ಶே࡛ࡢࡶ
ࡢ࡙ࡃࡾࢆ㉳Ⅼ࡟ࣇ࢓ࣈࣞࢫ࡛ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ࢔ࢵࣉࡍࡿ Makers ࣒࣮ࣈ࣓ࣥࢺࡶὀ┠ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢ㐍ᒎࡣ㸰ࡘࡢⅬ࡛㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ࡞࡝♫఍⛉Ꮫ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢᣮᡓ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
୍ࡘࡣ♫఍ኚ㠉ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀᛴ㏿࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࡛ୡ⏺୰ࡢேࠎࡀ┤᥋⤖ࡧࡘࡃࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡾࠊᆅ⌫つᶍࡢάືࢆᨭ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊྠ᫬࡟㔠⼥ࢆไᚚ୙⬟࡟ࡋࠊࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬࡟ࡼࡾ❧ᆅไ⣙ࡢῶࡗࡓ〇㐀ᴗࡀ᭷฼࡞❧ᆅࢆồࡵ࡚ᆅ⌫つᶍ࡛ࢧࣉࣛ࢖ࢳ࢙
࣮ࣥࢆ⤌ࡳ᭰࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣ࡛ࠊ㏆௦ᅜᐙ࡜࠸࠺ᯟ⤌ࡳࡀᶵ⬟୙඲࡟㝗ࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ◊✲ᑐ㇟ࡢ♫఍ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀᴟࡵ࡚᪩࠸㏿ᗘ࡛ኚ໬ࡍࡿ୰࡛㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡣ♫఍࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡑࡢᏑᅾព⩏ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟♧ࡍࡢ࠿ࡀၥࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡣࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࢆྵࡴ♫఍⛉Ꮫ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢ⛉Ꮫ◊✲ࡢ᪉ἲࡢኚ㠉࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⛉Ꮫ◊✲ࡢ᪉ἲ࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ㄽ࡜ほ࣭ほᐹࠊᐇ㦂ࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡜࠸࠺ᡭἲࡀᐇ㦂ࡢ௦᭰ᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚౑࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ⮬↛⛉ᏛࡸᕤᏛࡢୡ⏺࡛ࡣࠊࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ
ࣙࣥࡢ฼⏝ࡣࡶࡣࡸᙜ↛ࡢࡇ࡜࡜఩⨨௜ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ♫఍⛉Ꮫࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࢥࣥࣆࣗ
࣮ࢱࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡜ྥࡁྜࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ࠿ࡣ⥅⥆ⓗ࡞ㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢ᪉ἲୖࡢྍ
⬟ᛶࡀࠕほ ࣭ほᐹ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟᥋⥆ࡉࢀࡓᙧ࡛ேࠎࡀάືࡋࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ IOT
ࡢ୰࡛኱㔞ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࡟ࣅࢵࢢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜ࡋ࡚⵳✚ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ♫఍ࢆほࡍࡿ⢏ᗘࡀ኱ࡁࡃኚ໬ࡍࡿ୰࡛♫఍⛉Ꮫࡣࡑࢀࢆ࡝࠺ᤊ࠼ά࠿ࡋ࡚⾜ࡃ࠿ࡀၥࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ୖ㏙ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣ♫఍⛉Ꮫ඲⯡ࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡶゝ࠼ࡿࡀࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡀࡇࡢㄢ㢟࡟⋡ඛࡋ࡚ྲྀࡾ
[┠ḟ࡟ࡶ࡝ࡿ]⤌ࡴࡇ࡜ࢆᮇᚅࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ

27

↥ᬺ᭴ㅧಽᨆߩߚ߼ߩ࠻࡜ࡦ࡚ࠩࠢࠪࡦࡌ࡯ࠬળ⸘ᖱႎߩ⸘᷹ߣ↥ᬺㅪ㑐᭴ㅧߩേᘒൻߩ
⹜ߺߦߟ޿ߡ
᧲੩Ꮏ⑼ᄢቇࡔ࠺ࠖࠕቇㇱ

᭏ବ๋

ߪߓ߼ߦ
╩⠪ࠄߪߎࠇ߹ߢ‫ޔ‬࿖᳃⚻ᷣᵴേࠍࡑࠗࠢࡠߥ࠻࡜ࡦ࡚ࠩࠢࠪࡦࡌ࡯ࠬߢ⸘᷹ߒ‫ࠇߎޔ‬ࠍടᎿ࡮ផ⸘ߔࠆᰴ਎ઍߩ࿖᳃ળ⸘ࡕ࠺࡞ߣߒߡ‫⚻ࡠࠢࡑࠬ࡯ࡌࡦ࡚ࠪࠢࠩࡦ࡜࠻ޔ‬ᷣࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ᭴ᗐߒߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬਄⸥ߩࡕ࠺࡞ߪ‫ޔ‬୘೎ߩડᬺ࡮ᶖ⾌⠪࡮⥄ᴦ૕╬ߩขᒁᵴേࠍ⊒↢ࡌ࡯ࠬߢ⸥㍳ߒ‫ޔ‬࿖᳃⚻ᷣߩ⻉ൊቯਗ߮ߦ SNA ߢⷐ⺧ߐࠇࠆࠕࠢ࠹ࠖࡆ࠹ࠖ࡯(ຠ⋡‫࡯ࠨޔ‬ࡆࠬ)න૏ߩടᎿ⛔⸘ߦᢛว⊛ߦ㓸⸘ߔࠆ᭴ᗐߢ޽ࠆ‫᧲ޔߦᦝޕ‬Ꮏᄢ಴ญ⎇ⓥቶ࡮ౝ㑑ᐭࠦࡦ࠰࡯ࠪࠕࡓߢ㐿⊒ߐࠇߚ AADL(Algebraic Accounting Description Language)ߢળ⸘ᖱႎࠪࠬ
࠹ࡓߣߒߡߩታⵝࠍ኿⒟ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߩ⚿ᨐ‫ߦ․ޔ‬ડᬺᵴേࠍਛᔃߣߒߡ‫⸘ߢࠬ࡯ࡌ↢⊒ޔ‬᷹࡮⸥㍳ߐࠇ‫ߟ߆ޔ‬ᒰ⹥⚵❱ߩᗧᕁ᳿ቯߩ⚿ᨐߢ޽ࠆࡑࠗࠢࡠߥขᒁታᘒߣ‫ޔ‬࿖᳃⚻ᷣ࡟ࡌ࡞ߩࡑࠢࡠ⛔⸘ߣߩᢛวᕈࠍ
ᜂ଻ߔࠆߎߣߢ‫⋧ߩࡠࠢࡑ࡮ࡠࠢࠗࡑޔ‬੕ଐሽ㑐ଥߩ⚵ߺㄟ߹ࠇߚࡕ࠺࡞᭴▽߇ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ
਄኿⒟ౝߦߣࠄ߃ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫ࡠࠢࡑޔߜࠊߥߔޕ‬᡽╷ᒰዪߪࡑࠗࠢࡠߥડᬺߩᗧ
ᕁ᳿ቯࠍࡌ࡯ࠬߦߒߚࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬࡌ࡯ࠬߩ᡽╷߇น⢻ߦߥࠆ৻ᣇ‫ޔ‬୘‫ߩޘ‬ડᬺߪ(ࡑࠗࠢࡠߥᗧᕁ᳿ቯࠍᢛว⊛ߦⓍߺ਄ߍߚ)ࡑࠢࡠᖱႎࠍෳᾖߒߚᗧᕁ᳿ቯ߇น⢻ߦߥࠆߥߤ‫ޔ‬ਔਥ૕㑆ߩᖱႎߩᵹㅢߣ᡽╷ᵄ෸ߩㆊ⒟߇᭴▽ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬࠻࡜ࡦ࡚ࠩࠢࠪࡦࡌ࡯ࠬߦ⸘᷹ߐࠇࠆળ⸘ᖱႎࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߇ታⵝߐࠇߚᤨ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥߩ኿⒟ߣ
ߒߡ⃻࿷ 2 ߟߩ⺖㗴ࠍ᭴ᗐߒߡ޿ࠆ‫⸘ߦࠬ࡯ࡌࡦ࡚ࠪࠢࠩࡦ࡜࠻ޔߪߟߣ߭ޕ‬᷹ߐࠇࠆળ
⸘ᖱႎࠍ߽ߣߦฦਥ૕߇ขᒁ਄ߩᗧᕁ᳿ቯࠍⴕ߁ࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩၮ⋚ࡕ࠺࡞㐿⊒ߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠬ࡯ࡌࡦ࡚ࠪࠢࠩࡦ࡜࠻ޔߪߟ৻߁߽ޕ‬ળ⸘ᖱႎࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩേᘒൻߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬೨⠪ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬ᤓᐕߩᧄቇળో࿖ᄢળߢႎ๔ࠍⴕ޿‫⃻ޔ‬࿷↥ᬺㅪ㑐⴫ࡌ࡯ࠬߩࡊࡠ࠻࠲ࠗࡊࠍ㐿⊒ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫੹ޕ‬࿁ߪ‫ޔ‬ᓟ⠪ߩ᭎ⷐࠍႎ๔ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬࠻࡜ࡦ࡚ࠩࠢࠪࡦࡌ࡯ࠬળ⸘ᖱႎࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߪ‫ޔ‬એਅߩࡈࡠ࡯ൊቯߣࠬ࠻࠶ࠢൊቯ߆ࠄߥ
ࠆ‫࡯ࡠࡈޕ‬ൊቯߪ‫ޔ‬SNA ߩ 1a ⴫‫ޔ‬2a ⴫ࠍ᜛ᒛߒߚൊቯߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬1a ⴫ࠍ᜛ᒛߒߚൊቯߪડ
ᬺળ⸘ߩ៊⋉⸘▚ᦠࠍࠕࠢ࠹ࠖࡆ࠹ࠖ࡯ࡌ࡯ࠬߦ᜛ᒛߒߚ߽ߩߢ‫⵾ޔ‬ㅧේଔߣઃടଔ୯╬ߩ᭴ᚑࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬2a ⴫ߪࠕࠢ࠹ࠖࡆ࠹ࠖ࡯ࡌ࡯ࠬߩਛ㑆ᶖ⾌‫ޔ‬࿷ᐶ⚐Ⴧ‫⸳ޔ‬஻ᛩ⾗‫ޔ‬ኅ⸘ᶖ⾌߆ࠄߥࠆ㔛ⷐ᭴ᚑ⴫ߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠢ࠶࠻ࠬޕ‬ൊቯߪ⾗↥ຠ⋡೎ߦ᜛ᒛߐࠇߚ⾉୫ኻᾖ⴫ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩౝ․ߦ 1a ⴫ࠍ᜛ᒛߒߚൊቯߢߪ‫ᤨޔ‬㑆ࠍㅢߓߡࠕࠢ࠹ࠖࡆ࠹ࠖ࡯ߩᡷᑄ߇⊒↢ߒ‫ޔ‬ߎࠇࠍ⛔วߒߚࡑࠢࡠߩൊቯߢߪ‫ᤨޔ‬㑆ࠍㅢߓߚࠕࠢ࠹ࠖࡆ࠹ࠖ࡯ߩ᜛ᒛߣធ⛯ᕈߩᜂ଻߇ࠊ߇࿖ߩ↥ᬺ᭴ㅧಽᨆߦߣߞߡᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬ႎ๔ߢߪ‫ࡌࡦ࡚ࠪࠢࠩࡦ࡜࠻ޔߦ৻╙ޔ‬࡯ࠬળ⸘ߦ߅ߌࠆࠕࠢ࠹ࠖࡆ࠹ࠖ࡯㗄⋡ߩᤨ㑆ࠍㅢߓߚᡷᑄ࡮⛔วࠍᢛว⊛ߦಣℂߔࠆળ⸘⸘᷹ߩᨒ⚵ߺࠍ᭴ᗐߔࠆ‫ߩߎޔߦᦝޕ‬ᨒ⚵ߺߩ߽ߣߦ‫♽ᤨߡߒߣ⸘⛔ࡠࠢࡑޔ‬೉ಽᨆߩߚ߼ߩធ⛯ᕈࠍᜂ଻ߒߚ↥ᬺ᭴ㅧᜰᮡߩ㐿⊒ࠍ⹜ߺࠆ‫ޕ‬

1.࠻࡜ࡦ࡚ࠩࠢࠪࡦࡌ࡯ࠬળ⸘ᖱႎߣࡑࠢࡠ⚻ᷣᖱႎߩേᘒൻ
⸘᷹ຠ⋡ߩᡷᑄ
2.↥ᬺ᭴ㅧࠍേᘒ⊛ߦᛠីߔࠆߚ߼ߩᜰᮡ㐿⊒ߩ⹜ߺ
2.1 ᄖᵈൻᜰᮡ㧦ȁ(1)ቯ⟵ᄖᵈൻᜰᮡߪ‫ޔ‬ౝㇱ↢↥߆ࠄᄖᵈൻ߳ߩዷ㐿ࠍᛠីߔࠆᜰᮡࠍᗧ࿑ߒ‫ޔ‬ਅ⸥ߩࠃ߁ߦቯ⟵ߒߚ‫ޕ‬╙ j ㇱ㐷ߦ߅ߌࠆ╙ i ຠ⋡ߩේ᧚ᢱᛩ౉㗵㧦xij ࠍ⴫ߔᛩ౉↥಴ⴕ೉ࠍ‫ޔ‬§ x11 (t )¨X n (t ) ¨¨ x (t )© n1x1n (t ) ·¸¸
xnn (t ) ¸¹ߣ޽ࠄࠊߘ߁‫ޔߒߛߚޕ‬xij҈0 ߣ઒ቯߒ‫ޔ‬ᷝ߃ሼߩ n ߪㇱ㐷ᢙ෸߮ᛩ౉ຠ⋡ᢙࠍ⴫ߒ‫ޔ‬t ߪᤨὐࠍ⴫ߔ߽ߩߣߒࠃ߁‫ ╙ޕ‬j ㇱ㐷ߦ߅ߌࠆ╙ i ຠ⋡ߩ↢↥ᛛⴚ⊛ߥਛ㑆ᛩ౉Ყ₸㧦aij ࠍ‫ޔ‬ਛ㑆ᛩ౉ว⸘㗵ߦኻߔࠆᲧ₸ߣߒߡએਅߩࠃ߁ߦቯ⟵ߔࠆ1‫ޕ‬
aij = xij i xijห᭽ߦ‫↥↢ޔ‬ᛛⴚ⊛ߥਛ㑆ᛩ౉Ყ₸߆ࠄߥࠆⴕ೉ߪ‫ޔ‬§ a11 (t )¨An (t ) ¨¨ a (t )© n1

a1n (t ) ·¸¸ann (t ) ¸¹ߣ⴫ߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ቯ⟵ߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬aj i aij =1ߣߥࠆߎߣߦᵈᗧߒࠃ߁‫ ᤨߩߎޕ‬aij ߩ೉ᣇะ(❑ᣇะ)ߩ⥄ਸ਼๺㧦i aij2 ߪ
1/n ҇ i aij2 ҇ 1
ߢ޽ࠆ(⵬⺰)‫ᦨޕ‬ዊ୯㧦1/n ߣߥࠆߩߪ‫ޔ‬
aij =1/n

for Сiߩᤨߢ޽ࠅ‫ ╙ޔߪࠇߎޔ‬j ㇱ㐷ߦ߅ߌࠆේ᧚ᢱᛩ౉߇ߔߴߡߩຠ⋡ߦဋ╬ߦଐሽߒߡ޿ࠆ⁁ᘒࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆ(ቢోಽᢔ⺞㆐ဳ)‫৻ޕ‬ᣇᦨᄢ୯ 1 ߣߥࠆߩߪ‫ޔ‬
akj =1for i = kaij =0for Сiҁkߩᤨߢ޽ࠆ‫ ╙ޔߪࠇߎޕ‬j ㇱ㐷ߦ߅ߌࠆ↢↥߇․ቯߩ 1 ຠ⋡߆ࠄߩߺ↢↥ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ⁁ᘒࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ ߦ․ޕ‬k = j ߩߣ߈‫ޔߜࠊߥߔޔ‬ේ᧚ᢱᛩ౉߇ᒰ⹥ㇱ㐷ߛߌߢⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ⁁ᘒ
1ㅢᏱߩ↥ᬺㅪ㑐⴫ߦ߅ߌࠆਛ㑆ᛩ౉Ყ₸ߪᒰ⹥ㇱ㐷ߦ߅ߌࠆ↢↥㗵ߦኻߔࠆਛ㑆ᛩ౉Ყ₸ߣߒߡቯ⟵ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߪ‫ޔ‬ቢోߥౝ⵾⁁ᘒߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆ(ቢోౝ⵾⺞㆐ဳ)‫ޕ‬એ਄ߩ߽ߣߦ╙ j ㇱ㐷ߦ߅ߌࠆේ᧚ᢱᛩ౉ߩᄖᵈൻᜰᮡ㧦ȁj ࠍએਅߩࠃ߁ߦቯ⟵ߒࠃ߁2‫ޕ‬ȁj = 1 г i aij2ߎߩߣ߈‫ޔ‬ᄖᵈൻᜰᮡ㧦ȁj ߩ▸࿐ߪ0 ҇ 1 г i aij2 ҇ 1 г 1/nߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫⚿ߩߎޕ‬ᨐ‫ޔ‬ᄖᵈൻᜰᮡ㧦ȁj ߪ‫ ╙ޔ‬j ㇱ㐷ߩ↥ᬺᛛⴚ᭴ㅧ߇ቢోౝ⵾⺞㆐ဳ߆ࠄቢోಽᢔ⺞㆐ဳߦ⒖ⴕߔࠆߦㅪࠇߡჇടߔࠆᜰᮡߣߒߡ᭴ᚑߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ㇱ㐷ᢙ߇චಽᄢ߈ߥ⛔⸘ߣߒߡᛠីߐࠇࠆ႐วߦߪ‫ޔ‬੐ታ਄ 0 ߆ࠄ 1 ߦၮḰൻߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬એ਄ࠍ߹ߣ߼ࠆߣ↥ᬺᛛⴚ᭴ㅧߣᄖᵈൻᜰᮡߩኻᔕߪએਅߩࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫ޓ‬ቢోౝ⵾⺞㆐ဳ㨪ቢోಽᢔ⺞㆐ဳ

aij

§0·
¨ ¸
¨ ¸
¨0¸
¨ ¸
¨1¸
¨0¸
¨ ¸
¨ ¸
¨0¸
© ¹

§1 n ·¨ ¸¨1 n ¸
¨ ¸
¨ ¸
¨ ¸
¨ ¸
¨ ¸
¨ ¸
¨1 n ¸© ¹

Zj

0

1 1 nᦝߦ‫ޔ‬ᄖᵈൻᜰᮡ㧦ȁj ࠍߔߴߡߩ↥ᬺㇱ㐷ߦߟ޿ߡන⚐ᐔဋߒߚᜰᮡ㧦ǡࠍએਅߩࠃ߁
ߦቯ⟵ߔࠆߣ‫ޔ‬
0 ҇ǡ= 1/n  jȁj ҇ 1 г 1/nߣߥߞߡ‫ޔ‬୘೎ߩ↥ᬺㇱ㐷ߣห᭽ߦࡑࠢࡠ⚻ᷣో૕ߦߟ޿ߡᄖᵈൻߦ㑐ߔࠆ↥ᬺᛛⴚ᭴ㅧ
ࠍ⴫ߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬(2) ⸘᷹ຠ⋡ߩᡷᑄߣਇᄌធ⛯ᕈߩᜂ଻⚻ᷣขᒁߦ߅޿ߡߪ৻ቯߩ⽷࡮ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߇ขᒁߐࠇࠆࠊߌߢߪߥߊ‫ᤨޔ‬㑆ࠍㅢߓߡᣂⷙ
㐿⊒߇߅ߎߥࠊࠇ‫৻ޔ‬ᣇߢᣢሽߩ⽷࡮ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩᡷᑄ߇⊒↢ߔࠆ‫߁޿ߣࡆ࡟࠹ޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬⽷ຠ⋡߽‫ᤨ⃻ޔ‬ὐߢߪ‫ߩဳ▤ࡦ࠙࡜ࡉޔ‬ฃ௝ᯏߪᏒ႐߆ࠄᆫࠍᶖߔ৻ᣇߢ‫ޔ‬ᶧ᥏ဳߩฃ௝
ᯏ߇⺀↢ߒ‫ޔ‬ਥᵹߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫⚻ࡠࠢࡑޕ‬ᷣ⛔⸘ߩ⸘᷹࡮ផ⸘ߩታോߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫ߒ߁ߎޔ‬ߚຠ⋡ߩᣂ⸳࡮ᡷᑄߦኻᔕߔࠆߣߣ߽ߦ‫ߩ࠲࡯࠺ޔ‬ㅪ⛯ᕈࠍᜂ଻ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬࠻࡜ࡦ࡚ࠩࠢࠪࡦࡌ࡯ࠬߩขᒁ࠺࡯࠲ߩ⵬⿷ࠍࡌ࡯ࠬߦ㓸⸘ߐࠇߚࡑࠢࡠ⛔⸘ߦ߅޿ߡ
2ߎߩ႐วߩਛ㑆Ყ₸ߩಽᢔߪ‫ޔ‬2
2
vj = 1/ni( aij- aj) = 1/n(i aij -1/n) ; aj = 1/ni aijߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ᄖᵈൻᲧ₸ߣߩ㑐ଥߪ‫ޔ‬ȁj = 1 - n vj - 1/nߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬= 1/nߪේଔ⸘▚ߦኻᔕߒߚ᦬ᰴࠨࠗࠢ࡞ߢᤨ♽೉ࠍᛠីߔࠆߎߣࠍ኿⒟ߦߒߡ޿ࠆߚ߼3‫߁ߎޔ‬ߒߚ⽷࡮ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬຠ⋡ߩᡷᑄ࡮ᣂ⸳ߩធ⛯߇㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦ․ޔ߈ߣߩߎޕ‬ᣂⷙߦຠ⋡ࠍ⸳ቯߔࠆ႐วߦ‫↥ޔ‬ᬺᛛⴚ᭴ㅧ߇‫ߟ߆ޔߡߒߣ࠲࡯࠺⸘⛔ޔ‬ടᎿᜰᮡߣߒߡ‫♽ᤨޔ‬೉ߢㅪ⛯⊛ߦ᝝ᝒߐࠇࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ߪߢߎߎޕ‬਄ߦቯ⟵ߒߚᄖᵈൻᜰᮡߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ㇱ㐷࡮ຠ⋡ߩᣂ⸳ࠍᤨ㑆ࠍㅢߓߡㅪ⛯⊛ߦ᝝ᝒน⢻ߥ଀ࠍ␜ߔߎߣߦߒࠃ߁‫ޕ‬޿߹‫ޔ‬t ᤨὐߦ߅ߌࠆ↥ᬺᛛⴚ᭴ㅧ߇‫ޔ‬n ㇱ㐷n ຠ⋡ߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣߒࠃ߁‫ޕ‬t+1 ᤨὐߢ 1 ㇱ㐷 1 ຠ⋡ߩ዁᧪⊛ߥᣂ⸳ߦኻಣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ቢోౝ⵾⺞㆐ဳߢ↢↥ᛛⴚ⊛ߥਛ㑆ᛩ౉Ყ₸ⴕ೉ࠍ᜛ᄢߒߡߺࠃ߁‫ޔ߈ߣߩߎޕ‬ㇱ㐷࡮ຠ⋡ߩᣂ⸳೨ᓟߩ↥ᬺᛛⴚ᭴ㅧߩ㑐ଥߪએਅߩࠃ߁ߦࡑ࠻࡝ࠢࠬߢ⸥ㅀߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬§¨An 1 (t  1) ¨
¨
¨¨
©0

0·
¸
An (t )¸0¸¸
0 1 ¸¹ߎߩߣ߈‫ ╙ޔ‬j ㇱ㐷ߦ߅ߌࠆේ᧚ᢱᛩ౉ߩᄖᵈൻᜰᮡ㧦ȁj ߇‫ޔ‬ㇱ㐷࡮ຠ⋡ߩㅊട(ᬺ࡮೉ㅊട)ᠲ૞ߦኻߒߡ‫ᤨޔ‬㑆ࠍㅢߓߡਇᄌߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⷗ߡߺࠃ߁‫ߕ߹ޕ‬ㇱ㐷 j ߇ᣢሽߩㇱ㐷ߢ޽ࠆ႐วߦߪ‫ޔ‬

1d j d n

Z j (t  1) 1  ¦ i 1 aij2 1  ¦ i 1 aij2  an21 jn 1n

1  ¦ i 1 aij2n(an21 j0)

Z j (t )ߣߥߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᣢሽߩㇱ㐷ߦ߅ߌࠆᄖᵈൻᜰᮡߦߪㇱ㐷࡮ຠ⋡Ⴧ⸳ߩᓇ㗀ߪ↢ߓߥ޿‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ‫ޔ‬ㇱ㐷 j ߇ᣂ⸳ߐࠇߚ႐วߦߪ‫ޔ‬

j

n 1

Z j (t  1) Zn 1 (t  1) 1  02 u n  120ߣߥߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᣂ⸳ߐࠇߚ╙ n+1 ㇱ㐷ߩᄖᵈൻᜰᮡߪ 0 ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬એ਄ߩ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄ‫⚻ࡠࠢࡑޔ‬ᷣో૕ߦߟ޿ߡᄖᵈൻᜰᮡ㧦ǡߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬: n 1 (t  1)1
n 1
Z j (t  1)¦
n 1 j 1

1 §1 n·¨ n u ¦ j 1 Z j (t )  0 ¸
n 1 ©
n¹n:n (t ) | : n (t )n 1ߣߥߞߡ‫⵬ޔ‬ᱜ㗄㧦n / n+1 ࠍㅢߓߡㇱ㐷࡮ຠ⋡ߩធ⛯߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ㇱ㐷࡮ຠ⋡ᢙ߇චಽߥⷙᮨ߆ࠄߥࠆ⛔⸘ߦ߅޿ߡߪߎߩ⵬ᱜ㗄ߪㄭૃ⊛ߦ 1 ߦߥࠆ‫ޔߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬ㇱ㐷࡮ຠ⋡

3

6DNDNL6KXQJR  ³$&RQFHSWRI7UDQVDFWLRQ-Based Economics: A System of National Accounts Based on&RUSRUDWH7UDQVDFWLRQV´Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review, vol.8, pp.123-157

ߩᣂ⸳߇੍ቯߐࠇߚ႐วߦ‫ޔ‬ቢోౝㇱ⺞㆐ဳߢࡑ࠻࡝ࠢࠬࠍ᜛ᄢߔࠇ߫‫ޔ‬ᄖᵈൻᜰᮡߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬ᣢሽߩ↥ᬺᛛⴚ᭴ㅧߪᤨ㑆ࠍㅢߓߡㅪ⛯⊛ߦធ⛯น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
2.2 ᳢↪㔛ⷐൻᜰᮡ㧦Ǭ(1)ቯ⟵᳢↪㔛ⷐൻᜰᮡߪ‫․ޔ‬ቯߩㇱ㐷ߦ࿕᦭ߥᛩ౉⾗Ḯ߆ࠄోㇱ㐷(ਛ㑆㔛ⷐ࡮ᦨ⚳㔛ⷐ)⊛ߥᛩ౉⾗Ḯ߳ߩዷ㐿ࠍᛠីߔࠆᜰᮡࠍᗧ࿑ߒ‫ޔ‬ਅ⸥ߩࠃ߁ߦቯ⟵ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᒰ⹥ᜰᮡ߽ 2.1 ▵ߩᄖᵈൻᜰᮡߣห᭽ߥ⠨߃ᣇߢ᭴ᚑߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ ╙ޕ‬i ຠ⋡ߩᶖ⾌㗵ࠍ xij ߣߒ‫ޔ‬ฦㇱ㐷ߏߣߦᶖ⾌ߐࠇࠆ㔛ⷐⴕ೉ࠍ‫ޔ‬࿷ᐶ⚐Ⴧ㗵ࠍប㒰ߒߚ࿖ౝ↢↥㗵‫ߔޔ‬ߥࠊߜ‫ޔ‬ਛ㑆㔛ⷐㇱ㐷ߣャ౉㗵ࠍប㒰ߒߚᦨ⚳㔛ⷐㇱ㐷(ኅ⸘ᶖ⾌‫ޔ‬᡽ᐭᶖ⾌ᡰ಴‫ޔ‬࿕ቯ⾗ᧄᒻᚑ‫ޔ‬ャ಴)ߦಽߌߡ᭴ᚑߒࠃ߁‫ߢߎߎޕ‬ຠ⋡ᢙߪ n ⒳㘃‫ޔ‬ㇱ㐷ᢙߪ m ㇱ㐷ߣߒ‫ޔ‬t ߪᤨὐࠍ⴫ߔ߽ߩߣߒࠃ߁‫ޕ‬§ x11 (t )¨X nm (t ) ¨¨ x (t )© n1x1m (t ) ·¸¸
xnm (t ) ¸¹ߎߎߢ‫ ╙ޔ‬i ຠ⋡ߩ↢↥ᛛⴚ⊛ߥ㔛ⷐᲧ₸㧦bij ࠍ‫ޔ‬࿷ᐶ⚐Ⴧ㗵ࠍប㒰ߒߚ࿖ౝ↢↥㗵ߦኻߔࠆ‫ޔ‬ฦ㔛ⷐㇱ㐷㧦j(ਛ㑆㔛ⷐㇱ㐷߅ࠃ߮ャ౉㗵ࠍប㒰ߒߚᦨ⚳㔛ⷐㇱ㐷)ߦᶖ⾌ߐࠇࠆᲧ₸ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬એਅߩࠃ߁ߦቯ⟵ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
bij = xij  j xijߎߩߣ߈‫↥↢ޔ‬ᛛⴚ⊛ߥ㔛ⷐᲧ₸߆ࠄߥࠆⴕ೉ߪ‫ޔ‬§ b11 (t )¨Bnm (t ) ¨¨ b (t )© n1

b1m (t ) ·¸¸bnm (t ) ¸¹ߣ⴫ߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ቯ⟵ߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬bi  j bij =1ߣߥࠆߎߣߦᵈᗧߒࠃ߁‫ ᤨߩߎޕ‬bij ߩⴕᣇะ(ᮮᣇะ)ߩ⥄ਸ਼๺㧦 j bij 2 ߪ
1/n ҇  j bij 2 ҇ 1ߢ޽ࠆ‫ᦨޕ‬ዊ୯㧦1/n ߣߥࠆߩߪ‫ޔ‬
bij =1/n

for Сjߩᤨߢ޽ࠅ‫ ╙ޔߪࠇߎޔ‬i ຠ⋡߇ߔߴߡߩ㔛ⷐㇱ㐷ߦ᳢↪⊛ߦᶖ⾌ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ⁁ᘒࠍ⴫ߒߡ
޿ࠆ(ቢో᳢↪㔛ⷐဳ)‫৻ޕ‬ᣇᦨᄢ୯ 1 ߣߥࠆߩߪ‫ޔ‬bik =1for j = kbij =0for Сjҁkߩᤨߢ޽ࠆ‫ ╙ޔߪࠇߎޕ‬i ຠ⋡߇․ቯߩ 1 ㇱ㐷ߦኻߒߡߩߺᶖ⾌ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ⁁ᘒࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿

ࠆ‫ߦ․ޕ‬ਛ㑆ᶖ⾌ㇱ㐷ߦ߅޿ߡ k = i ߩߣ߈‫ޔߜࠊߥߔޔ‬ਛ㑆ᶖ⾌߇ᒰ⹥ㇱ㐷ߛߌߢⴕࠊࠇ
ߡ޿ࠆ⁁ᘒߪ‫ޔ‬ቢోߥ⥄ኅᶖ⾌⁁ᘒߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆ(ቢో⥄ኅᶖ⾌ဳ)‫ ߚ߹ޕ‬k ҁ iߩ႐วߪ‫ޔ‬ਛ㑆ᶖ⾌ㇱ㐷ߢߪ㔛ⷐ⁛භ⊛ߥ⁁ᘒߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ኅ⸘ᶖ⾌෸߮ャ಴ㇱ㐷ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᒰ⹥ㇱ㐷ߦ․ᱶߥ⽷࡮ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬એ਄ߩ߽ߣߦ╙ i ຠ⋡ߦ߅ߌࠆ㔛ⷐߩ᳢↪ൻᜰᮡ㧦Ǭi ࠍએਅߩࠃ߁ߦቯ⟵ߒࠃ߁‫ޕ‬Ǭi = 1 г  j bij 2ߎߩߣ߈‫ޔ‬ᄖᵈൻᜰᮡ㧦Ǭi ߩ▸࿐ߪ0 ҇ 1 г  j bij 2 ҇ 1 г 1/nߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫⚿ߩߎޕ‬ᨐ‫ޔ‬᳢↪㔛ⷐൻᜰᮡ㧦Ǭi ߪ‫ ╙ޔ‬i ຠ⋡ߩ↥ᬺᶖ⾌᭴ㅧ߇ቢో⥄ኅᶖ⾌ဳ߆ࠄቢో᳢↪㔛ⷐဳߦ⒖ⴕߔࠆߦㅪࠇߡჇടߔࠆᜰᮡߣߒߡ᭴ᚑߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ㇱ㐷ᢙ߇චಽᄢ߈ߥ⛔⸘ߣߒߡᛠីߐࠇࠆ႐วߦߪ‫ޔ‬੐ታ਄ 0 ߆ࠄ 1 ߦၮḰൻߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬એ਄ࠍ߹ߣ߼ࠆߣ↥ᬺᶖ⾌᭴ㅧߣ᳢↪㔛ⷐൻᜰᮡߩኻᔕߪએਅߩࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫ޓ‬ቢో⥄ኅᶖ⾌ဳ

bij

0

Gi

0

0 1 0

㨪 ቢో᳢↪㔛ⷐဳ
0

1n 1n

1n

1 1 nᦝߦ‫ޔ‬᳢↪㔛ⷐൻᜰᮡ㧦Ǭi ࠍߔߴߡߩຠ⋡ߦߟ޿ߡන⚐ᐔဋߒߚᜰᮡ㧦Ǎࠍએਅߩࠃ߁
ߦቯ⟵ߔࠆߣ‫ޔ‬
0 ҇Ǎ= 1/n iǬi ҇ 1 г 1/nߣߥߞߡ‫ޔ‬୘೎ߩຠ⋡ߣห᭽ߦࡑࠢࡠ⚻ᷣో૕ߦߟ޿ߡ᳢↪㔛ⷐൻߦ㑐ߔࠆ↥ᬺᶖ⾌᭴ㅧࠍ⴫ߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬(2) ⸘᷹ຠ⋡ߩᡷᑄߣਇᄌធ⛯ᕈߩᜂ଻
2.1 ▵ߢᬌ⸛ߒߚᄖᵈൻᜰᮡߣห᭽ߦ‫ޔ‬᳢↪㔛ⷐൻᜰᮡߦ㑐ߒߡ‫ޔ‬ㇱ㐷࡮ຠ⋡ߩᣂ⸳ࠍᤨ
㑆ࠍㅢߓߡㅪ⛯⊛ߦ᝝ᝒน⢻ߥ଀ࠍ␜ߔߎߣߦߒࠃ߁‫ޕ‬޿߹‫ޔ‬t ᤨὐߦ߅ߌࠆ↥ᬺᶖ⾌᭴ㅧ߇‫ޔ‬n ຠ⋡m ㇱ㐷ߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣߒࠃ߁‫ޕ‬t+1
ᤨὐߢ 1 ຠ⋡ 1 ㇱ㐷ߩ዁᧪⊛ߥᣂ⸳ߦኻಣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ቢో⥄ኅᶖ⾌ဳߢ↥ᬺᶖ⾌⊛ߥ㔛ⷐᲧ₸ⴕ೉ࠍ᜛ᄢߒߡߺࠃ߁‫ޔ߈ߣߩߎޕ‬ຠ⋡࡮ㇱ㐷ߩᣂ⸳೨ᓟߩ↥ᬺᶖ⾌᭴ㅧߩ㑐ଥߪએਅߩ
ࠃ߁ߦࡑ࠻࡝ࠢࠬߢ⸥ㅀߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޔߒߛߚޕ‬ຠ⋡࡮ㇱ㐷ߩᣂ⸳ߪਛ㑆ᶖ⾌ㇱ㐷෸߮࿕ቯ⾗ᧄᒻᚑㇱ㐷ߩౝㇱߢߩߺ⊒↢ߔࠆߣߒࠃ߁4‫ޕ‬4ᦨ⚳㔛ⷐㇱ㐷ߩ࠺࡯࠲⸘᷹਄ߩ᭴ᚑߪ೙ᐲ⊛ߥⷐ࿃ߦࠃࠅ᳿ቯߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ขᒁ਄ߩㅴൻߪ⽷࡮ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦ
ኻߒߡ⊒↢ߔࠆߚ߼‫ߦࠇߎޔ‬ઃ㓐ߔࠆㇱ㐷ߩᄌൻߪਛ㑆ᶖ⾌ㇱ㐷෸߮࿕ቯ⾗ᧄᒻᚑㇱ㐷(࿕ቯ⾗ᧄࡑ࠻࡝ࠢࠬ)ߦߩߺ⊒↢ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬

0·
§
¨
¸
Bnm (t )¨¸Bn 1m 1 (t  1)
¨
0¸
¨¨
¸
0 1 ¸¹©0ߎߩߣ߈‫ ╙ޔ‬i ຠ⋡ߦ߅ߌࠆ㔛ⷐߩ᳢↪ൻᜰᮡ㧦Ǭi ߇‫ޔ‬ຠ⋡࡮ㇱ㐷ߩㅊട(ⴕ࡮೉ㅊട)ᠲ૞ߦኻߒߡ‫ᤨޔ‬㑆ࠍㅢߓߡਇᄌߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⷗ߡߺࠃ߁‫ߕ߹ޕ‬ຠ⋡ i ߇ᣢሽߩຠ⋡ߢ޽ࠆ႐วߦߪ‫ޔ‬1d i d n

G i (t  1) 1  ¦ j 1 bij2 1  ¦ j 1 bij2  bi2m 1m 1m

1  ¦ j 1 bij2m

(bi2m 10)

G i (t )ߣߥߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᣢሽߩຠ⋡ߦ߅ߌࠆ᳢↪ൻᜰᮡߦߪຠ⋡࡮ㇱ㐷Ⴧ⸳ߩᓇ㗀ߪ↢ߓߥ޿‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ‫ޔ‬ຠ⋡ i ߇ᣂ⸳ߐࠇߚ႐วߦߪ‫ޔ‬

i

n 1

G i (t  1) G n 1 (t  1) 1  02 u m  120ߣߥߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᣂ⸳ߐࠇߚ╙ n+1 ຠ⋡ߩ᳢↪ൻᜰᮡߪ 0 ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬એ਄ߩ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄ‫⚻ࡠࠢࡑޔ‬ᷣో૕ߦߟ޿ߡ᳢↪ൻᜰᮡ㧦Ǎߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬' n 1m1 (t  1)1
n 1
G (t  1)
¦
i 1 i
n 1

1 §
1 n
·
¨ n u ¦ i 1 G i (t )  0 ¸
n 1 ©
n¹

n' nm (t ) | ' nm (t )n 1ߣߥߞߡ‫⵬ޔ‬ᱜ㗄㧦n / n+1 ࠍㅢߓߡຠ⋡࡮ㇱ㐷ߩធ⛯߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ຠ⋡࡮ㇱ㐷ᢙ߇චಽߥᢙ߆ࠄߥࠆ⛔⸘ߦ߅޿ߡߪߎߩ⵬ᱜ㗄ߪㄭૃ⊛ߦ 1 ߦߥࠆ‫ޔߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬ຠ⋡࡮ㇱ㐷ߩᣂ⸳߇੍ቯߐࠇߚ႐วߦ‫ޔ‬ቢో⥄ኅᶖ⾌ဳߢࡑ࠻࡝ࠢࠬࠍ᜛ᄢߔࠇ߫‫ޔ‬᳢↪ൻᜰᮡߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬ᣢሽߩ↥ᬺᶖ⾌᭴ㅧߪᤨ㑆ࠍㅢߓߡㅪ⛯⊛ߦធ⛯น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
3.↥ᬺㅪ㑐⴫ߦࠃࠆᜰᮡߩផ⸘ߣផ⒖ᧄ᧪‫ߦ⸘⛔ࡠࠢࡑࠍ࠲࡯࠺ࡠࠢࠗࡑߩࠬ࡯ࡌࡦ࡚ࠪࠢࠩࡦ࡜࠻ޔ‬㓸⸘ߔࠆὐߦ࠻࡜ࡦࠩ
࡚ࠢࠪࡦࡌ࡯ࠬ⸘᷹਄ߩᗧ⟵߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ‫⃻ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬࿷߹ߢߩߣߎࠈડᬺ࠻࡜ࡦ࡚ࠩࠢࠪ
ࡦࠍࡌ࡯ࠬߦᧄⓂߢቯ⟵ߒߚᜰᮡࠍታ㓙ߦ⸘᷹ߔࠆߛߌߩ␠ળ⊛ၮ⋚ߪᢛߞߡ޿ߥ޿‫ߎޕ‬ߎߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᣢሽߩ↥ᬺㅪ㑐⴫߆ࠄផ⸘ߔࠆ⹜ߺࠍ⚫੺ߒࠃ߁‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢߪ‫ޔ‬਄ߦቯ⟵ߒߚᄖᵈൻᜰᮡਗ߮ߦ᳢↪㔛ⷐൻᜰᮡߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬1985‫ޔ‬1990‫ޔ‬1995‫ޔ‬2000‫ޔ‬2005 ߩ 5 ᦼ㑆‫ޔ‬182 ᬺ⒳࡮ຠ⋡ಽ㘃ߦធ⛯ߒߡផ⸘ࠍⴕߞߚ‫ޔ߅ߥޕ‬࿕ቯ⾗ᧄᒻᚑㇱ㐷ߦߟ޿ߡߪන৻ㇱ㐷ߢផ⸘ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬એਅߦ⹜ߺࠆផ⸘ᚻ⛯߈ߪ‫ޔ‬ේ⛔⸘ࠍ⧯ᐓടᎿߒߚ਄ߢ‫᧲ޔ‬੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇ࡮಴ญ⎇ⓥቶߣౝ㑑ᐭ࡮⚻ᷣ␠ળ✚ว⎇ⓥᚲߩࠦࡦ࠰࡯ࠪࠕࡓࠍㅢߓߡ㐿⊒ߒߚ AADL㧛AADL ࡑࠢࡠߦࠃࠅ৻⽾ߒߚផ⸘ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߣߒߡ᭴▽ߒߚ‫ޔߢ߹ࠇߎߪࠇࠊࠇࠊޕ‬ડᬺળ⸘߆ࠄ࿖᳃⚻ᷣ⸘▚(SNA)߹ߢ‫⃻ޔ‬႐ߩᜂᒰ⠪߇ታ㓙ߩታോߦහߒ‫․ߟ߆ޔ‬೎ߥᖱႎಣℂᛛⴚࠍᔅⷐߣߒߥ
޿ࠃ߁ߥ࠺࡯࠲✬㓸ⅣႺ㧛࠺࡯࠲✬㓸⸒⺆(DCL: Data Compilation Language)ࠍ㐿⊒ߒߡ߈
ߚ5‫(ޔߜࠊߥߔޕ‬1)⴫⸘▚࠰ࡈ࠻ߩࠃ߁ߥ⴫᭴ㅧߢ࠺࡯࠲ౝኈࠍ⏕⹺ߒߟߟ‫৻ߩߘޔ‬ᣇߢ‫ޔ‬(2)ᔅⷐߥ㗄⋡ߩ᛽಴‫(ޔ‬3)㗄⋡᭎ᔨ࡟ࡌ࡞ߩ⺞ᢛ㧔ᄌ឵‫ޔ‬㓸⸘㧕‫(ޔ‬4)ផ⸘㗄⋡ߩ⸘▚╬‫৻ޔ‬ㅪߩ✬㓸ᚻ⛯߈߇ߔߴߡផ⸘ታോߦᢛว⊛ߢ‫৻ޔߟ߆ޔ‬ㅪߩ૞ᬺ߇ౣ⃻น⢻ߥ᭴ᚑࠍᜰะ
ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
એਅ 182 ຠ⋡ߦࠊߚࠆߚ߼୘೎ߦߪᄙ‫․ޘ‬ᓽࠍ⹺߼ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬એਅߢߪฦᜰᮡ
ߦߟ޿ߡᄢ߹߆ߥ௑ะࠍᜰ៰ߒߡ߅ߎ߁‫ޕ‬
3.1 ᄖᵈൻᜰᮡ㧦ȁ
࿑ 1 ߪ 182 ᬺ⒳ㇱ㐷ߩᄖᵈൻᜰᮡࠍ 4 ⴫ߦಽഀߒߡ࿑␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫⵾ߦ⥸৻ޕ‬ㅧᬺߣࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ㑐ㅪ↥ᬺߣߩ㑆ߦߪ 0.1 ࡐࠗࡦ࠻⒟ᐲߩᏅ߇ߺࠄࠇࠆ‫⋧ޕ‬ኻ⊛ߦᄖᵈൻଐሽᐲߩ
㜞޿⵾ㅧᬺߦ޽ߞߡ߽‫ޔ‬⍹ᴤൻቇၮ␆⵾ຠ‫ޔ‬⍹ᴤ⵾ຠ‫ޔ‬ᾲ㑆࿶ᑧ㍑᧚ߥߤߪᛩ౉᭴ㅧ߇․ቯߩ↥ᬺㇱ㐷ߦ㓸ਛߒߡ⸒߃ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ਛߢ‫ޔ‬⍹ᴤൻቇၮ␆⵾ຠߪ‫ޔ‬1995 ᐕߦᄖᵈൻ߇⋧ኻ⊛ߦ਄᣹ߒߡ޿ࠆ߇‫ߩߘޔ‬೨ᓟߩᦼ㑆ߢߪૐਅߒߡ޿ࠆߥߤ‫ᤨޔ‬ઍ඙ಽߦࠃ
ߞߡᄌേߩᄢ߈ߥㇱ㐷ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬߹ߚ‫ޔ‬ਸ਼↪ゞ‫ޔઁߩߘ࡮ࠬࡃ࡮ࠢ࠶࡜࠻ޔ‬ੑベ⥄േゞߩ⥄േゞ⚵ߺ┙ߡ㑐ㅪߩ↥ᬺㇱ㐷ߢ߽ᛩ౉᭴ㅧ߇․ቯߩ↥ᬺㇱ㐷ߦ㓸ਛߔࠆ௑ะ߇ߺࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬

࿑ 1 ↥ᬺㇱ㐷೎ᄖᵈൻᜰᮡ(ߘߩ 1)5಴ญᒄ࡮᭏ବ๋࡮ዊጊ෹੺(2006~2010)‫␠ޔ‬ળળ⸘ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ࡮ࠝ࡯ࡊࡦ࡮ࠦࡦ࠰࡯ࠪࠕࡓ(2007ޯ2010)࿑ 1 ↥ᬺㇱ㐷೎ᄖᵈൻᜰᮡ(ߘߩ 2)

࿑ 1 ↥ᬺㇱ㐷೎ᄖᵈൻᜰᮡ(ߘߩ 3)

࿑ 1 ↥ᬺㇱ㐷೎ᄖᵈൻᜰᮡ(ߘߩ 4)ᰴߦࡑࠢࡠ⚻ᷣో૕ߦߟ޿ߡߩᄖᵈൻᜰᮡࠍᤨ♽೉ߢ⷗ߡߺࠃ߁(࿑ 2)‫ޕ‬1985 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2005ᐕߦ⥋ࠆ 20 ᐕ㑆ߦ‫ޔ‬100 ಽߩ 1 ߩࠝ࡯࠳࡯ߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ᄖᵈൻߦ㑐ࠊࠆᛛⴚ᭴ㅧߦ 2 ߟߩ඙ಽ߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬19㧝85 ᐕ߆ࠄ 1990 ᐕߩᲧ₸ߦᲧセߒߡ‫ޔ‬1995 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2005 ᐕߩᲧ₸ߪ 0.01
਄᣹ߒ‫ޔ‬ᄖᵈൻߦ㑐ߔࠆ᭴ㅧߦ㆑޿߇ߺࠄࠇࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬᭴ㅧᄌൻ߇ߔߴߡ↥ᬺᛛⴚ⊛ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ߆ߪߎߩᜰᮡᄌൻߛߌߢߪහᢿߢ߈ߥ޿߇‫ᤨ߻ߐߪࠍᦼ࡞ࡉࡃߩߎޔ‬ઍ඙ಽ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ᚒ߇࿖ߩ↥ᬺᛛⴚ᭴ㅧ߇ౝ⵾ᔒะ߆ࠄᄖᵈଐሽᐲ߇㜞߹ߞߚน⢻ᕈ߇ᜰ៰ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬

࿑ 2 ో↥ᬺㇱ㐷ᐔဋᄖᵈൻᜰᮡ
3.2 ᳢↪㔛ⷐൻᜰᮡ㧦Ǭ
࿑ 3 ߪ‫ޔ‬ᄙ᭽ߥ↥ᬺㇱ㐷ߦ⽼〝ࠍᜬߟຠ⋡ࠍ᷹ࠆᜰᮡߢ޽ࠆ᳢↪㔛ⷐൻᜰᮡߦߟ޿ߡ 182ຠ⋡೎ߦಽഀߒߡ࿑␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ฦຠ⋡ߦࠃߞߡߘߩ᳓Ḱߪߐ߹ߑ߹ߢ޽ࠆ߇‫⚛ޔ‬᧚㑐ㅪߩຠ⋡ߢ৻⥸⊛ߦ㜞ߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬0.8 ߩㄭறߦ޽ࠆຠ⋡ߪ଀߃߫‫⛽❫ߩઁߩߘޔ‬Ꮏᬺ⵾ຠ‫ޔ‬ኅౕⵝ஻ຠ‫⵾⚕ޔ‬ኈེ‫ޔ‬ශ೚࡮⵾࡮⵾ᧄ‫ߩઁߩߘޔ‬ήᯏൻቇၮ␆⵾ຠ‫ઁߩߘޔ‬ߩ᦭ᯏൻቇၮ␆⵾ຠ‫ޔ‬Ⴃᢱ࡮ශ೚ࠗࡦࠠ‫ߩઁߩߘޔ‬ൻቇᦨ⚳⵾ຠ‫ޔ‬⍹ᴤ⵾ຠ‫࠶࠴ࠬ࡜ࡊޔ‬ࠢ⵾ຠ‫┇ߩઁߩߘޔ‬ᬺ࡮࿯⍹⵾ຠ‫ߩઁߩߘޔ‬㕖㋕㊄ዻ⵾ຠ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕࠆ޽ߢߤߥޔ‬᳢↪⊛ߥ⽼〝ࠍᜬߟຠ⋡ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫ᤨޔ‬㑆ࠍㅢߓߚᄌേ߇ዊߐ޿௑ะ߇ߺࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬࿑ 3 ຠ⋡೎᳢↪㔛ⷐൻᜰᮡ(ߘߩ 1)࿑ 3 ຠ⋡೎᳢↪㔛ⷐൻᜰᮡ(ߘߩ 2)࿑ 3 ຠ⋡೎᳢↪㔛ⷐൻᜰᮡ(ߘߩ 3)

࿑ 3 ຠ⋡೎᳢↪㔛ⷐൻᜰᮡ(ߘߩ 4)ᰴߦࡑࠢࡠ⚻ᷣో૕ߦߟ޿ߡߩ᳢↪㔛ⷐൻᜰᮡࠍᤨ♽೉ߢ⷗ߡߺࠃ߁(࿑ 4)‫ޕ‬ᒰ⹥ᜰᮡߦ
㑐ߒߡ߽ᄌേߩᄢ߈ߐߪ㕖Ᏹߦዊߐߊ‫ޔ‬ᄢ߈ߥᄌൻߪ⷗ࠄࠇߥ޿‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬1985 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2005
ᐕߦ߆ߌߡߪ‫ ߡޔ‬0.06 ߩૐਅࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬

࿑ 4 ోຠ⋡ᐔဋ᳢↪㔛ⷐൻᜰᮡ
3.3 ᄖᵈൻᜰᮡߣ᳢↪㔛ⷐൻᜰᮡߩᲧセ࿑ 5 ߪ‫ޔ‬ฦ↥ᬺㇱ㐷࡮ຠ⋡ߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ᄖᵈൻߣ᳢↪㔛ⷐൻߩ޿ߕࠇߩ௑ะࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆ
߆‫ޔ‬ਔ⠪ࠍ 2005 ᐕᤨὐߢᲧセኻᾖߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫⵾ဳߡ┙ߺ⚵ߦ⥸৻ޕ‬ຠຠ⋡࡮↥ᬺㇱ㐷ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᄖᵈൻᜰᮡߩ᳓Ḱߪ㜞ߊ‫৻ޔ‬ᣇ᳢↪㔛ⷐൻᜰᮡߩ᳓Ḱߪ‫⸳ޔ‬஻ᛩ⾗‫⚳ᦨޔ‬ᶖ⾌ߩ↪
ㅜࠍ෻ᤋߒߡૐߊߥࠆ௑ะ߇ߺࠄࠇࠆ(ߘߩ 3)‫ޕ‬࿑ 5 ↥ᬺㇱ㐷೎࡮ຠ⋡೎࡮ᄖᵈൻᜰᮡ࡮᳢↪㔛ⷐൻᜰᮡߩᲧセ(ߘߩ 1)

࿑ 5 ↥ᬺㇱ㐷೎࡮ຠ⋡೎࡮ᄖᵈൻᜰᮡ࡮᳢↪㔛ⷐൻᜰᮡߩᲧセ(ߘߩ 2)

࿑ 5 ↥ᬺㇱ㐷೎࡮ຠ⋡೎࡮ᄖᵈൻᜰᮡ࡮᳢↪㔛ⷐൻᜰᮡߩᲧセ(ߘߩ 3)

࿑ 5 ↥ᬺㇱ㐷೎࡮ຠ⋡೎࡮ᄖᵈൻᜰᮡ࡮᳢↪㔛ⷐൻᜰᮡߩᲧセ(ߘߩ 4)߅ࠊࠅߦᧄⓂߢߪࡑࠢࡠ⛔⸘૞ᚑታോ਄ߩ┙႐ࠍ〯߹߃ߡ‫↥ޔ‬ᬺ᭴ㅧ᝝ᝒߩ਄ߢߩ↥ᬺㇱ㐷࡮ຠ⋡ߩᡷᑄ╬ߦኻᔕߒ‫ᤨޔ‬㑆ࠍㅢߓߚធ⛯น⢻ᕈࠍᜂ଻ߒߚേᘒ⊛ߥ⛔⸘ᜰᮡߩ૞ᚑࠍᬌ⸛
ߒߚ‫⸘⛔ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᜰᮡߩᗧ⟵߇↢߹ࠇࠆߩߪ‫ޔ‬ขᒁߩታᘒࠍ‫ޔ‬⍴ᦼߩࠨࠗࠢ࡞ߢ᝝ᝒߢ
߈ࠆⅣႺ߇ᜂ଻ߐࠇߚ႐วߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ⅣႺߣߪ‫࠺ࡠࠢࠗࡑߩࠬ࡯ࡌࡦ࡚ࠪࠢࠩࡦ࡜࠻ޔ‬࡯࠲ࠍࡌ࡯ࠬߦ‫ޔ‬ડᬺߩේଔ⸘▚਄ߩᛠីࠨࠗࠢ࡞ߢ޽ࠆ᦬ᰴߢߩ࠺࡯࠲᝝ᝒߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎ߁ߒߚⅣႺߪታ⃻ߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿߇‫੹ޔ‬࿁ߪ↥ᬺㅪ㑐⴫ࠍ೑↪ߒߡᧄⓂߢቯ⟵ߒߚੑߟߩᜰᮡߦߟ޿ߡ⇼ૃ⊛ߦផ⸘ࠍⴕߞߚ‫੹ޔߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬࿁ቯ⟵ߒߚᜰᮡߩផ⸘୯ߦߪ‫ޔ‬
1985~2005 ߦ⊒↢ߒߚ↥ᬺᛛⴚߥ᭴ㅧ਄ߩᄌൻ߫߆ࠅߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬ฦᤨᦼߦ⊒↢ߒߚฦຠ⋡ߩ৻ᤨ⊛ߥ㔛⛎਄ߩᄌൻ߽฽߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫↥ޕ‬ᬺㅪ㑐⴫ߢߪ‫⸘ޔ‬᷹ᤨὐ߇ߘ߽ߘ߽ᢿ⛯⊛ߢ‫ޔ‬․ߦ㐳ᦼߩ㑆㓒(㧡ᐕ)߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬᭴ㅧ਄ߩᄌൻߣ৻ᤨ⊛ߥ㔛⛎਄ߩᄌൻࠍ⼂೎ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿ߣ޿߁೙⚂߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߣߒߡ‫ߩࠬ࡯ࡌࡦ࡚ࠪࠢࠩࡦ࡜࠻ޔ‬ታᘒᛠីࠍㄭ޿዁᧪ߦታ⃻ߔࠆၮ⋚ߪᢛߞߡ޿ߥ޿߇‫↥ޔ‬ᬺㅪ㑐⴫╬ߩᣢሽ⛔⸘ࠍೋᦼ᧦ઙߣߒߚࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦࠃࠆ⇼ૃ⊛ߥ᦬ᰴ᭴ㅧࠍ↢ᚑߒ‫੹ޔ‬࿁㐿⊒ߒߚᜰᮡࠍㅢߓߡ↥ᬺ᭴ㅧߩࠪ࠽࡝ࠝࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆ⸘↹ࠍ޽ߍࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫ޕ‬⵬⺰
aij҈0, i aij =1 forСj ߩߣ߈‫ޔ‬i aij2 ߪ R+n ߦ߅ߌࠆ⃿㕙ߩ৻ㇱࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆඨᓘߩ⥄ਸ਼ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬i aij2 ߪ R+n ਄ߩᐔ㕙㧦i aij =1 ߣធߔࠆᤨ߇ᦨዊ୯ߢ‫৻ޔ‬ᣇ‫ޔ‬޿ߕࠇ߆ߩ aij ゲ਄ߩὐ㧦(0,̖,0,1,0,̖,0)ࠍㅢࠆᤨᦨᄢ୯ߦߥࠆ‫ ߫߃଀ޕ‬n = 2 ߩࠤ࡯ࠬࠍ࿑
␜ߔࠆߣએਅߩࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬

a2j

a2j

a1j2 + a2j2

a1j2 + a2j2
ߩᦨᄢ୯

ߩᦨዊ୯

0
a1j

0

a1j

ަ‫׵‬୅਺Λར༻ͨ͠ଟ‫ݩ‬฽‫ه‬ͷ‫ݕ‬౼େ؏༟ೋ ʢஜ೾େֶʣPlural bookkeep using Exchange Algebra∗ Yuji Onuki (University of tsukuba)
Key Words: ଟ‫ݩ‬฽‫ه‬, ަ‫׵‬୅਺, ଟ௨՟ձ‫ܭ‬, ֎՟‫ࢉ׵‬ձ‫ܭ‬1‫ڀݚ‬ͷ໨త

Deguchi(2004) ͸ෳࣜ฽‫ه‬ͷ‫ݪ‬ཧΛަ‫׵‬୅਺ͷެཧ‫ʹܥ‬ΑΓઆ໌ͨ͠ɻަ‫׵‬୅਺ʹΑΓɺ௨՟୯ҐʹՃ͑ॏྔ౳ͷ਺ྔ୯ҐʹΑΔ‫ه‬ா͕ՄೳͱͳΓɺ฽‫ه‬γεςϜͷଟ‫ݩ‬ԽͷՄೳੑΛࣔͨ͠ɻຊ
ߘͰ͸ɺަ‫׵‬୅਺Λ༻͍ͯෳࣜ฽‫ه‬ͷ‫ه‬ாΛ֦ு͢Δଟ‫ݩ‬฽‫ݕ͍ͯͭʹه‬౼͢Δɻ

2̎̽ࣜ฽‫ه‬ͷఏҊෳࣜ฽‫ه‬ͷ‫ه‬ாͷ֦ுʹ͸ɺҪ৲ (1984) ʹΑΔࡾࣜ฽‫ه‬ɺStaszkiewicz(2011) ʹΑΔ࢛ࣜ฽‫͕ه‬
͋ΔɻऔҾͷ̎ऀʹ஫໨ͨ͠แ‫هׅ‬ாΛ‫ؚ‬ΊΔͱɺࠃຽ‫ࢉܭࡁܦ‬ʢSNAʣͷ࢛ॏ‫ه‬ாͷٞ࿦͕͋ΔɻҎԼɺ୯Ұͷձ‫ܭ‬؅ཧऀʹΑΔ؅ཧձ‫ܭ‬Λର৅ͱ͢Δɻࡾࣜ฽‫ه‬͸ɺෳࣜ฽‫ه‬ͷ‫ه‬ாํࣜͱ͸ҟͳΔ‫ه‬ாํࣜͷఏҊͰ͋Γɺަ‫׵‬୅਺ͱ͸૬༰Εͳ͍ɻຊߘͰ͸ɺෳࣜ฽‫ه‬ͷ‫ه‬ாํࣜΛ n ‫ݸ‬ͷํࣜͰಉ࣌‫ه‬ா͢Δ͜ͱͰଟ‫ݩ‬Խͨ̎̽ࣜ͠฽‫͍ͯͭʹه‬ఏҊɺߟ࡯͢Δɻ
ʮ̎̽ࣜʯ͸ɺʮෳࣜʯͷʮෳʢ̎ʣʯΛʮ̎̽ʯʹ֦ுͨ͠ද‫͋Ͱݱ‬Δɻn ରͦΕͧΕͷ‫ه‬ா͸ɺෳࣜ฽‫ͳ͔΄ʹه‬Βͳ͍ɻ̎̽ࣜ฽‫ه‬ͷަ‫׵‬୅਺ʹΑΔද‫ݱ‬͸ɺ࣍ͷ௨ΓͰ͋Δɻ௨ৗͷ฽‫ه‬ͷ‫ه‬ா͸ަ‫׵‬୅਺ʹ͓͍ͯ

r1,1 < Name1,1 , ԁ > +r1,2 < Name1,2 , ԁ > + · · · + r1,k1 < Name1,k1 , ԁ >+r1,k1+1ˆ < Name1,k1+1 , ԁ > + · · · + r1,m1ˆ < Name1,m1 , ԁ >(1)ͷ‫ߦͰࣜܗ‬ΘΕΔɻ͜͜Ͱɺr1,i (i = 1, 2, · · · , m1) ͸ඇෛ࣮਺஋ɺName1,i (i = 1, 2, ʜ, m1) ͸Պ໨໊Ͱ͋Δɻ̽࣍‫ݩ‬ͷ‫ه‬ாΛ۠ผ͢Δ‫ج‬ఈΛՃ͑Δɻࣜʢ̍ʣ͸࣍ͷΑ͏ʹ‫ه‬ड़͞ΕΔɻ

r1,1 < Name1,1 , ԁ, base1 > +r1,2 < Name1,2 , ԁ, bas 1 > + · · · + r1,k1 < Name1,k1 , ԁ, base1 >+r1,k1+1ˆ < Name1,k1+1 , ԁ, base1 > + · · · + r1,m1ˆ < Name1,m1 , ԁ, base1 > (2)ಉ࣌‫ه‬ா͢Δ̎࣍‫ݩ‬໨ͷෳࣜ฽‫͚͓ʹه‬Δ‫ه‬ாΛ

r2,1 < Name2,1 , ԁ, base2 > +r2,2 < Name2,2 , ԁ, base2 > + · · · + r2,k2 < Name2,k2 , ԁ, base2 >+r2,k2+1ˆ < Name2,k2+1 , ԁ, base2 > + · · · + r2,m2ˆ < Name2,m2 , ԁ, base2 > (3)ͱ͢Δɻ͜͜Ͱɺr2,i (i = 1, 2, · · · , m2) ͸ඇෛ࣮਺஋ɺName2,i (i = 1, 2, · · · , m2) ͸Պ໨໊Ͱ͋Δɻ

ʢ̎ʣͱʢ̏ʣͷ‫ࣜܗ‬࿨

r1,1 < Name1,1 , ԁ, base1 > +r1,2 < Name1,2 , ԁ, bas 1 > + · · · + r1,k1 < Name1,k1 , ԁ, base1 >+r1,k1+1ˆ < Name1,k1+1 , ԁ, base1 > + · · · + r1,m1ˆ < Name1,m1 , ԁ, base1 >+r2,1 < Name2,1 , ԁ, base2 > +r2,2 < Name2,2 , ԁ, base2 > + · · · + r2,k2 < Name2,k2 , ԁ, base2 >+r2,k2+1ˆ < Name2,k2+1 , ԁ, base2 > + · · · + r2,m2ˆ < Name2,m2 , ԁ, base2 > (4)͕ɺ྆ऀΛ౷߹ͨ͠ަ‫׵‬୅਺ද‫ͳͱݱ‬Δɻ̽࣍‫֦ʹݩ‬ு͢Ε͹ɺ

x = r1,1 < Name1,1 , ԁ, base1 > +r1,2 < Name1,2 , ԁ, bas 1 > + · · · + r1,k1 < Name1,k1 , ԁ, base1 >+r1,k1+1ˆ < Name1,k1+1 , ԁ, base1 > + · · · + r1,m1ˆ < Name1,m1 , ԁ, base1 >+r2,1 < Name2,1 , ԁ, base2 > +r2,2 < Name2,2 , ԁ, base2 > + · · · + r2,k2 < Name2,k2 , ԁ, base2 >+r2,k2+1ˆ < Name2,k2+1 , ԁ, base2 > + · · · + r2,m2ˆ < Name2,m2 , ԁ, base2 >+···+rn,1 < Namen,1 , ԁ, basen > +rn,2 < Namen,2 , ԁ, basen > + · · · + rn,kn < Namen,kn , ԁ, basen >+rn,kn+1ˆ < Namen,kn+1 , ԁ, basen > + · · · + rn,mn < Namen,mn , ԁ, basen > (5)ͱͳΔɻʢ̑ʣͷަ‫׵‬୅਺ΑΓɺ೚ҙͷ࣍‫ ݩ‬j ͷෳࣜ฽‫ه‬Λநग़͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻ

Pro j[base j ](x) = r j,1 < Name j,1 , ԁ, base j > +r j,2 < Name j,2 , ԁ, base j > + · · ·+r j,k j < Name j,k j , ԁ, base j > +r j,k j+1ˆ < Name j,k j+1 , ԁ, base j > + · · · + r j,m jˆ < Name j,m j , ԁ, base j > (6)3 2n ࣜ฽‫ه‬ͷ༻్ (1) ෳ਺ͷձ‫ํܭ‬਑ʹΑΔಉ࣌‫ه‬ாձ‫ܭ‬ͷଟ‫ݩ‬త೺Ѳͱͯ͠࠷ॳʹɺෳ਺ͷձ‫ํܭ‬਑ʹΑΔಉ࣌‫ه‬ாʹ͍ͭͯ‫ݕ‬౼͢Δɻձ‫جܭ‬४ͷࠃࡍతऩᏑʹରԠͯ͠ɺ೔ຊͷࡒ຿ձ‫جܭ‬४͸ࠃࡍձ‫جܭ‬४ͱͷࠩҟ͸ॖখ͖ͯ͠
ͨɻେ‫Ͱۀا‬͸ࠃࡍձ‫جܭ‬४ͷద༻͕ਐΜͰ͍Δ͕ɺதখ‫ʹۀا‬͸े෼ਁಁ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ɻෳ਺ํࣜ
ʹΑΔಉ࣌‫ه‬ா͕Մೳͳձ‫ܭ‬γεςϜ͸ɺҟͳΔձ‫جܭ‬४΁ͷҠߦͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λ࣮ձ‫͢ߦࢼͰ্ܭ‬Δ
ࡍʹ༗༻Ͱ͋Δɻ͜ͷ৔߹ɺͨͱ͑͹Ϧʔεձ‫Ͱܭ‬͸ɺϦʔε‫ܖ‬໿క݁࣌఺Ͱ‫ه‬ா͕ൃੜ͢Δձ‫جܭ‬४ͱɺ‫ه‬ா͕ൃੜ͠ͳ͍ձ‫جܭ‬४͕ซଘ͠ɺ‫ه‬ாΠϕϯτͷൃੜͷ༗ແʹ΋૬ҧ͕ੜ͡͏Δɻ
Staszkiewicz(2011) ͷఏҊ͢Δ࢛ࣜ฽‫ه‬͸ɺ௨ৗͷ฽‫ʹه‬ɺۚ༥঎඼΍࠴‫ݖ‬ͷϦεΫΛෳࣜ฽‫ʹه‬ΑΓ௥Ճ͍ͯ͠Δɻձ‫جܭ‬४ͱͷϦεΫ؅ཧධՁͷࠩ෼Λଟ‫ݩ‬Խදࣔͨ͠΋ͷͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ

4 2n ࣜ฽‫ه‬ͷ༻్ (2) ҟͳΔ௨՟୯ҐʹΑΔಉ࣌‫ه‬ா࣍ʹɺҟͳΔ௨՟୯ҐʹΑΔಉ࣌‫ه‬ாʹ͍ͭͯ‫ݕ‬౼͢Δɻग़‫( ޱ‬1988) ͸ɺଟ௨՟‫ه‬ड़ʹΑΔަ‫׵‬୅਺Λఆٛ͠ɺෳ߹௨՟‫ه‬ड़Λ୯Ұ௨՟‫ه‬ड़ʹม‫͢׵‬Δ
Ϩʔτؔ਺ͱ௨՟ؒม‫਺ؔ׵‬Λఆ͍ٛͯ͠ΔɻҰํɺҝସϨʔτͷ࣌‫ྻܥ‬తͳมԽʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɺʮզʑ͸্ड़ͷٞ࿦Λߦͳ͏ࡍʹɼϨʔτؒม‫਺ؔ׵‬΍Ձ֨ؔ਺ͷҰҙͷଘࡏͱͦͷ੔߹ੑΛԾఆͯٞ͠
࿦Λߦͳ͖ͬͯͨɻ‫࣮ݱ‬ͷ‫ࡁܦ‬ͷมಈͷ໰୊Λ࿦͡Δʹ͸͜ΕΒͷؔ਺ͦͷ΋ͷͷมԽɾଈͪ͜ΕΒͷؔ਺Λ‫ؚ‬Ήؔ਺ۭؒͱͦ͜ʹ࡞༻͢ΔΦϖϨʔγϣϯʹ͍ͭͯߟ࡯͢Δඞཁ͕͋ΔͩΖ͏ɻʯͱ͍ͯ͠Δɻෳ਺௨՟୯ҐͰͷ‫ه‬ா͸ɺҝସࢢ৔ࣗ༝ԽʹΑΓɺ֎՟ͷࠃ಺Ͱͷྲྀ௨ྔ͕͞Βʹ૿Ճͨ͠৔߹
ͷձ‫ܭ‬؅ཧʹ༗ޮͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ·ͨɺిࢠ௨՟ͷར༻ͷ֦େ΍ɺ‫ۀا‬ͷׂҾϙΠϯτ੍͕ෳ਺‫ا‬‫ۀ‬ͷఏ‫ʹܞ‬ΑΔɺٙࣅతͳ௨՟ͱͯ͠ͷ‫ػ‬ೳ΍஍Ҭ௨՟ͳͲ΁ͷରԠ΋ߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ5ձ‫͚͓ʹܭ‬Δଟ௨՟ͷऔΓѻ͍೔ຊͷ฽‫ه‬ͷ‫ه‬ா͸௨ৗԁ୯ҐͰߦ͏͕ɺऔҾ࣌఺ʹ͓͚ΔυϧҝସϨʔτͰม‫͠׵‬ಉ࣌‫ه‬ா͢
Δɻܾࢉ੔ཧʹ͓͍ͯ΋ɺԁ୯ҐʹΑΔৼସॲཧͱಉ࣌ʹυϧ୯ҐͷৼସॲཧΛߦ͏͜ͱͱ͠ɺԁɾυϧ̎௨՟ʹΑΔܾࢉ݁Ռ͕ಉ࣌ʹදࣔ͞ΕΔɻυϧ୯Ґͷ‫ه‬ாʹͷΈɺҝସϨʔτͷมಈʹΑΔΩϟϐλϧɾήΠϯɺϩεʹؔ͢Δ‫ه‬ா͕ൃੜ͢Δɻ໺ࡔʢ2008ʣ͸ɺ͜ͷ‫ه‬ாํࣜʹΑΔ฽‫ه‬Λଟ௨՟ෳࣜ฽‫ͯ͠ͱه‬ٞ࿦ͨ͠ɻ
ΑΓ޿͘͸ɺʮ֎՟‫ࢉ׵‬ձ‫ܭ‬ʯͱͯٞ͠࿦͞Ε͓ͯΓɺʮ֎՟‫ݐ‬औҾ౳ձ‫ॲܭ‬ཧ‫ج‬४ʯʹ͕ͨͬͯ͠ॲཧ͞ΕΔɻ͜ΕΒ͸ɺ͍ͣΕ΋ෳ਺ͷଌఆ୯ҐʹΑΔ‫ه‬ாͷࠞ߹ʹ͍ͭͯ࿦ͨ͡΋ͷͰ͋Γɺ
2n ࣜ฽‫ه‬ͷෳ਺ͷଌఆ୯ҐʹΑΔॏෳ‫ه‬ாΛҙຯ͢Δ΋ͷͰ͸ͳ͍ɻ͔͠͠ɺ྆ऀʹ͓͚Δٞ࿦͸‫ڞ‬௨͓ͯ͠Γɺ·ͨɺ2n ࣜ฽‫ͯ͠ͱه‬ಉҰͷձ‫ܭ‬Λෳ਺ͷଌఆ୯ҐͰॏෳ‫ه‬ா͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱΛҙࣝ͢Δ͜ͱʹΑͬͯɺ֎՟‫ࢉ׵‬ͷ࣋ͭҙຯΛ໌Β͔ʹ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ΔɻҎԼͰ͸ɺ2n ࣜ฽‫ʹه‬ΑΔ‫׬‬શͳॏෳ‫ه‬ாʹ‫ݶ‬Βͣɺ‫ه‬ாͷҰ෦Ͱ‫ج‬ຊͱͳΔଌఆ୯ҐҎ֎ͷ୯ҐΛ༻͍ΔέʔεΛ‫ؚ‬Ίͯߟ࡯͢Δɻถࠃձ‫ֶܭ‬ͷೝࣝɾଌఆߏ଄ʹ͓͚ΔʮརӹଌఆϞσϧʯΛҪ্ (2010) ͷ੔ཧʹैͬͯ‫ه‬ड़͢Δɻ‫ݸ‬ʑͷऔҾ͸ɼ਺ྔ Q ͱՁ֨ P ͷੵͱͯ͠ද‫͞ݱ‬ΕΔɻ͢ͳΘͪୈ i औҾ͸ɺQi Ptiͱද‫͖Ͱݱ‬Δɻ͜͜Ͱ Pti ͸ɼ౰֘औҾ͕ߦΘΕͨ࣌఺ ti ʹ͓͚ΔͦͷଌఆଐੑΛදΘ͢ɻརӹ͸͜ͷ‫ݸ‬ผऔҾͷ߹‫ֹܭ‬
ʢQ1 Pt1 + Q2 Pt2 + · · · ʴ Qn P̓n ʣͱͯ͠දΘ͞ΕΔɻ
རӹ਺஋͕ઢ‫ܗ‬౷߹ͱͯ͠ఆࣜԽ͞ΕΔͨΊɺ֤߲͕Ճ๏ੑʢ͢ͳΘͪಉ࣭ੑʣΛ༗͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δɻ
Ҫ্ (2010) ͸ɺ֤߲ͷಉ࣭ੑΛ֫ಘ͢ΔͨΊͷํ๏ͱͯ̎ͭ͠ͷํ๏͕ߟ͑ΒΕΔͱ͍ͯ͠Δɻୈ̍ͷํ๏͸ɺʮ֤߲ʢ֤‫ݸ‬ผऔҾʣͷ༗͢Δ࣌఺ੑͷ૬ҧʹண໨͠ɼͦΕΛಉ͡ಛఆ࣌఺ʹ͋ΘͤΔ͜ͱʹΑΓՃ๏ੑΛ֫ಘ͢Δͱ͍͏΋ͷͰ͋Δɻ͜͜Ͱ͸֤߲͸औҾ࣌఺ ti ʹ͓͚Δଌఆ஋ʹ‫ن‬ఆ͞Ε͍ͯΔͨΊɼͦΕΛಛఆ࣌఺ʢྫ͑͹ɼܾࢉ࣌఺ʣʹ͓͚Δଌఆ஋΁ͱม‫͞׵‬ΕΔ͜ͱʹͳΔʯɻୈ̎ͷํ๏͸ɺʮ֤߲ͷ༗͢Δ࣌఺ੑͷ૬ҧΛແࢹ֤߲͠Λ‫ۚݱ‬ऩࢧֹͱͯ͠ղऍ͠௚͢͜ͱʹΑΓՃ๏ੑΛ֫ಘ͢Δͱ͍͏ํ๏Ͱ͋Δɻͭ·Γͦ͜Ͱ͸ɼ‫ݸ‬ผऔҾͷ༗͢Δ࣌఺ੑͷ૬ҧ͸ແࢹ͞Εɼ࣮ࡍʹൃੜͨ͠औҾ͕ͦͷൃੜ࣌఺ʹ͓͍ͯೝࣝɾଌఆ͞ΕΔ͜ͱʹͳΔʯɻ͜ͷΑ͏ʹɺձ‫͍͓ͯʹֶܭ‬ɺձ‫಺ؒظܭ‬ͷՁ֨͋Δ͍͸՟ฎՁ஋ͷมಈʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɺ୅දతͳ
̎ͭͷ‫͕͋ํݟ‬Δɻ

6ଟ௨՟ෳࣜ฽‫ʹه‬ΑΔΠϯϑϨʔγϣϯձ‫ܭ‬ͷߟ࡯ଟ௨՟ෳࣜ฽‫Ͱه‬͸ɺ฽‫ه‬ͷ‫ه‬࿥ͷई౓Ͱ͋Δ௨՟ද͕ࣔෳ਺ଘࡏ͢Δ͜ͱʹͳΔɻ୯Ұҝସ੍౓ʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɺ͜ͷൺ཰͕ҰఆͰ͋ΔͨΊʹɺ೚ҙͷ࣌఺ʹ͓͚Δม‫ʹ׵‬ΑΓಉҰͷม‫݁׵‬ՌΛಘΒΕΔɻҝସϨʔτͷมಈ͕͋Δ৔߹ʹɺऔҾ࣌఺ɺ‫ظ‬຤ɺऔಘ࣌఺ͳͲͷ͍ͣΕͷϨʔτʹΑΓม‫͢׵‬Δ͔ͰҟͳΔ݁Ռ͕ಘΒΕΔͨΊʹɺ֎՟‫ࢉ׵‬ձ‫ܭ‬࿦͕ඞཁʹͳΔɻ௨ৗͷձ‫ݪܭ‬ཧ͸ɺ‫ظ‬தʹ͓͚Δ՟ฎՁ஋͕ҰఆͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛ҉໧ͷલఏͱ͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱΛ֎՟‫ࢉ׵‬ձ‫ܭ‬͸ු͖ூΓʹ͍ͯ͠Δɻ֎՟‫͏͍ͱࢉ׵‬ෳ਺ͷ‫ه‬࿥ͷई౓͕໌ࣔ͞Εͳ͍৔߹ʹ͓͍ͯ΋ɺ͜ͷ఺͕ٞ࿦ͷର৅ʹͳΔͷ͕ɺΠϯϑϨʔγϣϯձ‫͋Ͱܭ‬Δɻձ‫ؒظܭ‬தͷ௨՟Ձ஋ͷมಈ͕ஶ͘͠େ͖͍ͨΊʹɺ௨ৗͷձ‫ݪܭ‬ཧͰੜͣΔໃ६ʹ͍ͭͯमਖ਼ॲཧ͕ඞཁͱ͞ΕΔɻ
ͦ͜Ͱɺଟ௨՟ෳࣜ฽‫ه‬Λπʔϧͱͯ͠ɺΠϯϑϨʔγϣϯձ‫͢࡯ߟ͍ͯͭʹܭ‬Δ͜ͱ͕ɺ྆ऀ
ͷ‫ݪ‬ཧతͳߟ࡯ʹ͓͍ͯ༗ޮͰ͋Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻέʔεͱͯ͠औΓ্͛Δͷ͸ɺҰ௨՟͕ΠϯϑϨʔγϣϯʹΑΓ՟ฎՁ஋͕มಈ͢ΔҰํɺҰ௨՟͸౰֘ΠϯϑϨʔγϣϯͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λड͚ͳ͍ʮ࣮࣭஋ʯΛදࣔ͢Δ௨՟Ͱ͋Δ৔߹Ͱ͋Δɻ
ʮ࣮࣭஋ʯΛදࣔ͢Δ௨՟ʹΑΔձ‫ॲܭ‬ཧ͸ɺ՟ฎՁ஋͕มಈ͠ͳ͍ɺ௨ৗͷձ‫ݪܭ‬ཧͷલఏ৚݅Λຬͨ͢ཧ૝తͳ௨՟ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ
͜ͷ྆௨՟ʹؔ͢Δଟ௨՟ෳࣜ฽‫ه‬ͷ‫ه‬ாʹΑΔ݁ՌͷࠩҟΛ௨ͯ͡ɺΠϯϑϨʔγϣϯձ‫ܭ‬ͷཧ૝తͳ‫ه‬ாͷ࢟ͱɺ֎՟‫ࢉ׵‬ձ‫ܭ‬ͷཧ૝తͳॲཧͷ࢟Λߏ૝͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻձ‫ ʹ಺ؒظܭ‬2n ճͷ฽‫هه‬ா͕ߦΘΕΔ΋ͷͱ͢ΔɻΠϯϑϨʔγϣϯͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λड͚ͳ͍௨՟
Λυϧͱ͠ɺΠϯϑϨʔγϣϯͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λड͚Δ௨՟Λԁͱ͢Δɻୈ i ճͷ‫ه‬ா࣌ʹ͓͚ΔҝସϨʔτΛʮ̍υϧʹ ri ԁʯͱ͢ΔɻऔҾ͸ɺ̍υϧͷՁ஋ͷ঎඼Λߪೖ͠ɺ̎υϧͰച٫͢Δ΋ͷͱ͢Δɻߪೖ࣌఺ͱച٫࣌఺͸ҟ
ͳΔ࣌఺Ͱ͋Δͱ͢Δɻ
࣌఺ 2i-1 ʹ͓͚Δߪೖ࣌ͷަ‫׵‬୅਺ʹΑΔ‫ه‬ா͸

t2i−1 = 1ˆ < ‫ۚݱ‬, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +1 < ঎඼, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா >+r2i−1ˆ < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > +r2i−1 < ঎඼, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >

(7)

Ͱ͋Δɻ
࣌఺ 2i ʹ͓͍ͯ࣌఺ 2i-1 Ͱߪೖͨ͠঎඼Λച٫͢Δ࣌ͷަ‫׵‬୅਺ʹΑΔ‫ه‬ா͸

t2i = 1ˆ < ঎඼, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +1 < རӹ, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +2 < ‫ۚݱ‬, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா >+r2i−1 < ঎඼, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > +(2r2i − r2i−1 ) < རӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > +2r2i < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > (8)Ͱ͋Δɻ࣌఺ 2i-1 ‫ ఺࣌ͼٴ‬2i ʹ͓͚Δ̎ճͷऔҾΛ߹ࢉ͠ɺόʔԋࢉ͢Δͱɺ¯(t2i−1 + t2i ) = ¯(1ˆ < ‫ۚݱ‬, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +1 < ঎඼, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா >+r2i−1ˆ < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > +r2i−1 < ঎඼, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >+1ˆ < ঎඼, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +1 < རӹ, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +2 < ‫ۚݱ‬, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா >+r2i−1 < ঎඼, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > +(2r2i − r2i−1 ) < རӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > +2r2i < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >)= 1 < རӹ, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +1 < ‫ۚݱ‬, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா >+(2r2i − r2i−1 ) < རӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > +(2r2i − r2i−1 ) < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >(9)Ͱ͋Δɻ͢ͳΘͪɺυϧද‫Ͱه‬͸̍υϧͷ‫͕̍ۚݱ‬υϧͷརӹͱͯ͠੔ཧ͞Εɺԁද‫Ͱه‬͸ɺ(2r2i −r2i−1 ) ԁͷ‫( ͕ۚݱ‬2r2i − r2i−1 ) ԁͷརӹͱͯ͠੔ཧ͞ΕΔɻ͜ΕΛ i = 1 ͔Β i = n ·Ͱ‫܁‬Γฦͨ࣌͠ͷձ‫͚͓ʹ಺ؒظܭ‬Δ߹‫ܭ‬͸ɺ¯n!
(t2i−1 + t2i ) = n < རӹ, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +n < ‫ۚݱ‬, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா >
i=1

n
n
!
!
+ (2r2i − r2i−1 ) < རӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > + (2r2i − r2i−1 ) < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >
i=1

Ͱ͋Δɻ

i=1

(10)

֎՟‫ࢉ׵‬ձ‫͍͓ͯʹܭ‬ɺ‫ظ‬຤࣌఺ͷҝସϨʔτ 1 υϧʹ re Ͱ‫͢ࢉ׵‬Δͱɺυϧද‫Ͱه‬͸n < རӹ, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +n < ‫ۚݱ‬, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா >(11)

Ͱ͋ΔҰํɺ
ԁද‫Ͱه‬͸ɺnn!
!
(2r2i − r2i−1 )/re < རӹ, υϧ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > + (2r2i − r2i−1 )/re < ‫ۚݱ‬, υϧ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >
i=1

(12)

i=1

ͱͳΓɺ྆දࣔʹ͓͚Δརӹֹ͸Ұൠʹ͸Ұக͠ͳ͍ɻ
྆ऀΛҰகͤ͞ΔͨΊͷखଓ͖Λߟ͑Δɻ
·ͣɺ࣌఺ 2i ͷऔҾ͝ͱͷ‫ه‬ாʹΠϯϑϨʔγϣϯʹΑΔධՁӹΛߟྀͯ࣍͠ͷ‫ه‬ாʹࠩ͠ସ͑Δɻ

t˜2i = 1ˆ < ঎඼, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +1 < རӹ, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +2 < ‫ۚݱ‬, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா >+(r2i − r2i−1 ) < ঎඼, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > +(r2i − r2i−1 ) < ධՁӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >+2r2i < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > +r2iˆ < ঎඼, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > +r2i < རӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > (13)͜ͷ৔߹ɺ࣌఺ 2i-1 ‫ ఺࣌ͼٴ‬2i ʹ͓͚Δ̎ճͷऔҾΛ߹ࢉ͠ɺόʔԋࢉ͢Δͱɺ¯(t2i−1 + t˜2i ) = ¯(1ˆ < ‫ۚݱ‬, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +1 < ঎඼, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +r2i−1ˆ < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >+r2i−1 < ঎඼, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > +1ˆ < ঎඼, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +1 < རӹ, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா >+2 < ‫ۚݱ‬, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +(r2i − r2i−1 ) < ঎඼, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >+(r2i − r2i−1 ) < ධՁӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > +2r2i < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > +r2iˆ < ঎඼, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >= 1 < རӹ, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +1 < ‫ۚݱ‬, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +r2i < རӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >+(r2i − r2i−1 ) < ධՁӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > +(2r2i − r2i−1 ) < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > (14)͜ΕΛ i=1 ͔Β i=n ·Ͱ‫܁‬Γฦͨ࣌͠ͷձ‫͚͓ʹ಺ؒظܭ‬Δ߹‫ܭ‬͸ɺn!
x1 = ¯ (t2i−1 + t2i ) = n < རӹ, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +n < ‫ۚݱ‬, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா >
i=1

+

n
!

r2i < རӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > +

i=1

n
!
(r2i − r2i−1 ) < ධՁӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >
i=1

+

n
!
(2r2i − r2i−1 ) < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >

(15)

i=1

Ͱ͋Δɻ
࣍ʹɺܾࢉ࣌ʹ͓͚Δิॿతͳ‫ه‬ாͱͯ࣌͠఺ 2i ʹ͓͚Δརӹͷ‫ظ‬຤·ͰͷධՁଛΛ‫্͢ܭ‬Δɻ͢ͳΘͪɺtˇ2i = (re − r2i )ˆ < ධՁӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > +(re − r2i ) < རӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >(16)

͜ΕΛ i=1 ͔Β i=n ·Ͱ‫܁‬Γฦͨ࣌͠ͷձ‫͚͓ʹ಺ؒظܭ‬Δ߹‫ܭ‬͸ɺ
n
n
n
!
!
!
x2 = ¯ tˇ2i =(re − r2i )ˆ < ධՁӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > + (re − r2i ) < རӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >
i=1

i=1

i=1

(17)

x1 ͱ x2 Λ߹ࢉͯ͠όʔԋࢉ͢Δͱɺ¯(x1 + x2) = n < རӹ, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +n < ‫ۚݱ‬, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா >
n
n
!
!
+
r2i < རӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > + (r2i − r2i−1 ) < ධՁӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >
i=1

i=1

n
n
!
!
+ (2r2i − r2i−1 ) < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > + (re − r2i )ˆ < ධՁӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >
i=1

i=1

+

n
!
(re − r2i ) < རӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >i=1= n < རӹ, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +n < ‫ۚݱ‬, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +nre < རӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >nn!
!
+ (2r2i − r2i−1 − re ) < ධՁӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > + (2r2i − r2i−1 ) < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >
i=1

(18)

i=1

֎՟‫ࢉ׵‬ձ‫͍͓ͯʹܭ‬ɺ‫ظ‬຤࣌఺ͷҝସϨʔτ 1 υϧʹ re Ͱ‫͢ࢉ׵‬Δͱɺυϧද‫Ͱه‬͸n < རӹ, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா > +n < ‫ۚݱ‬, υϧ, υϧ‫ه‬ா >Ͱ͋ΔҰํɺ
ԁද‫هه‬ாͰ͸ɺn < རӹ, υϧ, ԁ‫ه‬ா > +n!
(2r2i − r2i−1 − re ) < ධՁӹ, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >
i=1

+

n
!
(2r2i − r2i−1 ) < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ, ԁ‫ه‬ா >i=1ͱͳΓɺՊ໨ɺ
ʮརӹʯʹ͍ͭͯ྆ऀ͕Ұக͢Δɻ‫ۚݱ‬ͷυϧ‫ه‬ாͱͷֹ͕ࠩɺධՁଛʹΑΔ΋ͷͰ
͋Δ͜ͱ͕໌ࣔ͞ΕΔɻ
۩ମతͳ਺஋ྫͱͯ͠ΠϯϑϨʔγϣϯձ‫͍͓ͯʹܭ‬ɺҰൠ෺Ձਫ४͕ tk Ͱ k ഒʹͳ͍ͬͯΔͱߟ͑Δɻ
౳ִؒͷ࣌ؒ‫ܦ‬ա͝ͱʹ࠷ॳͷऔҾͰͷදࣔՁ֨ 50 ԁʹ૬౰͢Δརӹ͕ಘΒΕΔऔҾΛ̍ճͮ
ͭ 10 ճ‫܁‬Γฦͨ͠ͱ͢Δɻձ‫ؒظܭ‬தͷ૯རӹ͸ɺ௨ৗͷձ‫ܭ‬දࣔʹΑΕ͹

50 < རӹ, ԁ > +2 ∗ 50 < རӹ, ԁ > +3 ∗ 50 < རӹ, ԁ > +4 ∗ 50 < རӹ, ԁ >+5 ∗ 50 < རӹ, ԁ > +6 ∗ 50 < རӹ, ԁ > +7 ∗ 50 < རӹ, ԁ > +8 ∗ 50 < རӹ, ԁ >+9 ∗ 50 < རӹ, ԁ > +10 ∗ 50 < རӹ, ԁ >= (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10) ∗ 50 < རӹ, ԁ >= 55 ∗ 50 < རӹ, ԁ >= 2750 < རӹ, ԁ >

(19)

Ͱ͋Δɻ
‫ظ‬຤Λ t10 ͱ͢Ε͹ɺ‫ظ‬຤ʹ͓͚Δ‫ظ‬टͷ 50 ԁʹ૬౰͢Δֹ͸ 500 ԁͰ͋Δ͔Βɺ2750 ԁ͸ 500ԁͷརӹͷ 5.5 ճ෼ʹա͗ͳ͍ɻ
͜Ε͸ɺຊདྷɺ֤εςοϓʹ͓͍ͯಘΒΕΔརӹʢ‫ظ‬຤ͷՁ஋Ͱ͸ 500 ԁʣ͕ɺΠϯϑϨʔγϣϯʹΑΔ՟ฎධՁଛʹΑΓ‫ݮ‬গͨ͠ͱͯ͠ॲཧ͢΂͖ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ
͜͜Ͱɺ୯Ґͷԁʹ୅Θͬͯɺtk ʹ͓͚Δ՟ฎՁ஋ͷԁΛɺԁk ͱද‫͢ه‬Δɻ

x1 = 50 < རӹ, ԁ1 > +2 ∗ 50 < རӹ, ԁ2 > +3 ∗ 50 < རӹ, ԁ3 > +4 ∗ 50 < རӹ, ԁ4 >+5 ∗ 50 < རӹ, ԁ5 > +6 ∗ 50 < རӹ, ԁ6 > +7 ∗ 50 < རӹ, ԁ7 > +8 ∗ 50 < རӹ, ԁ8 >+9 ∗ 50 < རӹ, ԁ9 > +10 ∗ 50 < རӹ, ԁ10 >(20)͜͜Ͱɺk × ԁk = 1 × ԁ1 , (k = 1, 2, · · · , 10) ͱ͍͏՟ฎՁ஋Λ୅ೖ͢Δͱ

x = 500 ∗ 10 < རӹ, ԁ10 >= 5000 < རӹ, ԁ10 >(21)ΠϯϑϨʔγϣϯʹΑΔධՁଛ͸

9 ∗ 50 < ධՁଛ, ԁ10 > +8 ∗ 50 < ධՁଛ, ԁ10 > +7 ∗ 50 < ධՁଛ, ԁ10 >+6 ∗ 50 < ධՁଛ, ԁ10 > +5 ∗ 50 < ධՁଛ, ԁ10 > +4 ∗ 50 < ධՁଛ, ԁ10 >+3 ∗ 50 < ධՁଛ, ԁ10 > +2 ∗ 50 < ධՁଛ, ԁ10 > +1 ∗ 50 < ධՁଛ, ԁ10 >= (9 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1) ∗ 50 < ධՁଛ, ԁ10 >= 45 ∗ 50 < ධՁଛ, ԁ10 >= 2250 < ධՁଛ, ԁ10 >(22)Αͬͯ‫ظ‬຤࣌఺ʹ͓͚ΔརӹͱධՁଛͷ߹‫ֹܭ‬͸

y = 5000 < རӹ, ԁ10 > +2250 < ධՁଛ, ԁ10 >(23)ͰɺධՁଛΛ࣍ͷৼସԋࢉʹΑΓৼΓସ͑Δͱ

t = 2250ˆ < ධՁଛ, ԁ10 > +2250ˆ < རӹ, ԁ10 >(24)¯(y + t) = 2750 < རӹ, ԁ10 >

(25)

ͱͳΔɻ
͜Ε͸ɺձ‫͚͓ʹ಺ؒظܭ‬Δ֤औҾ͝ͱͷརӹͷൃੜΛ t10 ࣌఺ʹ͓͚ΔԁධՁֹʹ‫্ͨ͠ࢉ׵‬ͰɺΠϯϑϨʔγϣϯʹΑΔධՁଛͱ੾Γ෼͚ͯධՁͨ͠΋ͷͰ͋Δɻ͜͜·Ͱͷٞ࿦Ͱ໌Β͔ʹͳͬͨ͜ͱ͸ɺ௨ৗͷձ‫͍͓ͯʹܭ‬͸ɺ՟ฎՁ஋͸มಈ͕ແ͍͜ͱ͕
҉໧ͷલఏͱ͞Εɺ՟ฎՁ஋ͷมԽʹΑΔධՁଛӹΛ‫ه‬ா͠ͳ͍‫Ͱܗ‬ձ‫ॲܭ‬ཧ͕ߦΘΕ͍ͯΔͱ͍
͏͜ͱͰ͋ΔɻΠϯϑϨʔγϣϯձ‫͍͓ͯʹܭ‬͸ɺඇ՟ฎ߲໨ʹ͍ͭͯͷΈͷධՁସ͕͑ߦΘΕΔ͕ɺ্ड़ͷརӹ౳ʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɺ௨ৗͷձ‫ॲܭ‬ཧʹ͓͚Δ߹ࢉॲཧ͕ߦΘΕɺ࣌఺ؒͷ՟ฎՁ஋ͷࠩҟ͸ແࢹͨ͠औѻ͍͕ߦΘΕΔɻຊߘ͸ɺ͢΂ͯͷऔҾ࣌఺ʹ͓͚Δ՟ฎՁ஋͕൑໌͠ɺ͢΂ͯͷऔҾ‫ه‬࿥͕ར༻Մೳͳཧ૝తͳঢ়ଶʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɺ՟ฎՁ஋ͷมಈΛແࢹͤͣɺධՁ࣌఺ʹ͓͚Δ՟ฎՁ஋ͱऔҾ࣌఺ʹ͓͚Δ՟ฎՁ஋ͷࠩҟΛධՁଛӹͱͯ͠໌ࣔ͢Δ‫هͰܗ‬ா͢Δ͜ͱ͕๬·͍͜͠ͱΛओு͢Δ΋ͷͰ͋ΔɻධՁ࣌఺ʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɺ௨ৗɺ‫ظ‬຤ʹ͓͚ΔିआରরදΛ‫ظ‬टʹ͓͚Δିआରরදͱଛӹ‫͔ॻࢉܭ‬Βઆ໌͢ΔͨΊɺ‫ظ‬຤ʹ͓͚Δ՟ฎՁ஋Λ‫ج‬४ͱͯ͠ɺ‫ظ‬टʹ͓͚Δିआରরදͱଛӹ‫ॻࢉܭ‬Λ‫ه‬ड़͢Δ͜ͱ͕ద੾ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ
Ұํɺࠃຽ‫͍͓ͯʹࢉܭࡁܦ‬͸ɺ‫ظ‬தฏ‫ۉ‬ͷ՟ฎՁ஋Λ‫ج‬४ͱͨ͠ධՁ͕ҰൠతͰ͋Δɻͯ͞ɺҰൠʹ͸ɺ֎՟‫ࢉ׵‬ձ‫͍͓ͯʹܭ‬͸ɺ‫ࢉ׵‬ͷର৅ͱͳΔ྆௨՟ͱ΋ʹ՟ฎՁ஋ͷมಈͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λड͚͓ͯΓɺͦͷؔ܎͕྆௨՟ͷҝସϨʔτͱͯ࣌͠ʑࠁʑͱมಈ͢Δ΋ͷͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ
֎՟‫ࢉ׵‬ձ‫ܭ‬ͷ໨త͸Ұํͷ௨՟Λ‫ج‬४ͱͯ͠ɺଞํͷ௨՟ʹΑΔऔҾΛධՁ͢Δ͜ͱͰ͋Δ͕ɺҎ্ͷٞ࿦Ͱ໌Β͔ʹͳͬͨ͜ͱ͸ɺҰํͷ௨՟Λ‫ج‬४ͱ͢Δͱ͍͏ද‫Ͱݱ‬͸े෼Ͱ͸ͳ͘ɺҰํͷ௨՟ͷ͋Δ‫ج‬४࣌఺ʹ͓͚Δ՟ฎՁ஋Λ‫ج‬४ͱͯ͠ɺ͋ΒΏΔऔҾΛදࣔ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δͱ͍͏
͜ͱͰ͋Δɻ͢ͳΘͪɺ‫ج‬४௨՟Ҏ֎ͷऔҾΛҝସ‫͢ࢉ׵‬Δͱಉ࣌ʹɺ‫ج‬४௨՟ͷऔҾʹ͍ͭͯ΋ɺ՟ฎՁ஋ͷมಈʹؔͯ͠ΠϯϑϨձ‫ͱܭ‬ಉ༷ʹධՁ͢Δ͜ͱ͕ཧ૝తͰ͋Δɻ
͜͜Ͱɺձ‫ܭ‬ͷҰൠతͳॲཧͷ‫ݪ‬ଇʹཱͪ໭Δͱɺձ‫಺ؒظܭ‬ͷ՟ฎՁ஋ͷมಈ͸ແࢹͰ͖Δ΋ͷͱͯ͠औΓѻ͏͜ͱʹͳΔɻ͜ͷ‫ݪ‬ଇ͔Β͢Ε͹ɺҝସϨʔτͷ‫ࢉ׵‬͸‫ظ‬຤ϨʔτΛ‫ج‬४ͱ͠ɺ‫ظ‬຤ϨʔτͱऔҾ࣌఺ͷϨʔτͷࠩҟ͸ɺҝସධՁଛӹͱͯ͠औΓѻ͏΂͖Ͱ͋Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ
͢ͳΘͪɺલड़ͷྫͰ͸ɺυϧʹ͍ͭͯ՟ฎՁ஋ͷมಈ͕ແ͍͜ͱΛԾఆ͕ͨ͠ɺυϧʹ͍ͭͯ՟ฎՁ஋ͷมಈ͕͋Δ৔߹ʹ΋ɺ‫ج‬४௨՟Λυϧͱ͢Δ৔߹ʹ͸ɺಉ༷ͷॲཧΛߦ͏͜ͱ͕๬·͍͠ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻҪ্ (1998) ͸ɺ֎՟‫ࢉ׵‬ձ‫ؔ͢ʹܭ‬Δ෼ੳΞϓϩʔνʹ͍ͭͯ Beaver and Wolfson(1982) ͷ‫ڀݚ‬
ͱɺGoldberg and Godwin(1994) ͷ‫ͯؔ͠ʹڀݚ‬ɺʮ͍ͣΕͷ෼ੳϞσϧ΋ɼ‫ݪࡏݱ‬Ձձ‫ܭ‬ϞσϧΛܾࢉ೔Ϩʔτ๏Ͱ‫͢ࢉ׵‬Δ͜ͱʹΑͬͯͷΈɼ‫ࡁܦ‬తղऍՄೳੑͱରশੑ͕ಘΒΕΔ݁࿦͸ಉ͡Ͱ͋ͬͨɻ͜ͷ෼ੳϞσϧ͔Βͷ݁࿦͸ɼ‫ʹࢉ׵‬ઌͩͬͯࡒ຿ॾදΛ‫ࡏݱ‬Ձ஋Ͱमਖ਼͢Δ͜ͱΛཁ‫ٻ‬͍ͯ͠Δɻ͔͠͠ͳ͕Βɼୈ̍෦Ͱ‫ͨݟ‬Α͏ʹɼ͜ͷओு͸ɼ࣮຿తʹ FASB ʹड͚ೖΕΒΕͳ͔ͬͨɻʯͱ·ͱΊ͍ͯΔɻ
ຊߘͷ݁Ռ͸྆‫ڀݚ‬ͷ໌Β͔ʹͨ݁͠Ռͱಉ͡Ͱ͋Δɻަ‫׵‬୅਺ʹΑΔଟॏ௨՟ձ‫ܭ‬ͷಉ࣌‫ه‬ா͕࣮຿໘ͷ໰୊Λղফ͢Δ͜ͱΛ‫ظ‬଴͍ͨ͠ɻ

7ॏྔͳͲͷ਺ྔ୯ҐʹΑΔ‫ه‬ாୈࡾʹɺDeguchi(2004) ͷࣔͨ͠ॏྔͳͲͷ਺ྔ୯ҐʹΑΔ‫ه‬ா͕͋Δɻ௨՟ͱҟͳΓෳ਺඼໨Ͱͷ௨ࢉ͕ձ‫্ܭ‬ͷҙຯΛ࣋ͨͳ͍఺͕େ͖͘ҟͳΔɻग़‫( ޱ‬1988) ͸ɺࡒΛ‫ه‬ड़͢Δ‫ྔܭ‬୯ҐΛ࣋ͭ‫΁ܗ‬ͷަ‫׵‬୅਺ͷ֦ுΛߦ͍ɺଟ୯Ґ‫ه‬ड़ͱՁ֨ؔ
਺ɺՁ֨දࣔม‫਺ؔ׵‬Λఆ͍ٛͯ͠ΔɻҰํɺՁ֨ؔ਺ʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɺʮզʑ͸͜͜ͰͱΓ͋͑ͣɼՁ
֨ؔ਺ͷଘࡏͷҰҙੑΛԾఆ͓͕ͯ͘͠ɼ‫࣮ݱ‬ͷ‫Ͱࡁܦ‬͸͜ͷՁ֨ؔ਺ͷมಈ΍ଟٛଘࡏ͕ॏཁͳ
ҙຯΛ࣋ͭɻͦΕʹ͍ͭͯͷٞ࿦͸͜͜Ͱ͸ɼׂѪ͢Δɻʯͱ͍ͯ͠Δɻ

8঎඼ͷ਺ྔʹΑΔ‫ه‬ா௨ৗɺ฽‫͍͓ͯʹه‬͸ɺ঎඼ͷ‫ه‬ா͸࢓ೖΕՁ֨౳ͰߦΘΕΔ͕ɺަ‫׵‬୅਺Λར༻͢Δ͜ͱͰ঎඼ͷ਺ྔΛ‫ه‬ா͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ΔɻΈ͔Μ 10 ‫ݸ‬Λ 200 ԁͰߪೖ͢ΔऔҾΛަ‫׵‬୅਺Ͱද‫͢ݱ‬Δɻ

x1 = 10 < Έ͔Μ, ‫ݸ‬Έ͔Μ > +200ˆ < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ >ɹΓΜ͝ 10 ‫ݸ‬Λ 1000 ԁͰߪೖ͢ΔऔҾΛަ‫׵‬୅਺Ͱද‫͢ݱ‬Δɻ

x2 = 10 < ΓΜ͝, ‫ݸ‬ΓΜ͝ > +1000ˆ < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ >ɹԁ‫ࢉ׵‬ͷͨΊʹ͸ɺৼସ‫ه‬ாͷͨΊʹ࣍ͷৼସ఻ථΛ४උ͢Δɻ

t1 = 10ˆ < Έ͔Μ, ‫ݸ‬Έ͔Μ > +200 < Έ͔Μ, ԁ >t2 = 10ˆ < ΓΜ͝, ‫ݸ‬ΓΜ͝ > +1000 < ΓΜ͝, ԁ >ɹৼସ݁Ռ͸ɺҎԼʹΑΓɺԁදࣔͱ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻ¯(x1 + x2 + t1 + t2) = 200 < Έ͔Μ, ԁ > +1000 < ΓΜ͝, ԁ > +1200ˆ < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ >্‫ه‬ͷέʔεͰ͸ɺ՟ฎΛഔհͱ͢ΔऔҾͰ͋Δ͕ɺ෺ʑަ‫ʹ׵‬ΑΔऔҾͷ‫ه‬ாΛߟ͑ͯΈΑ͏ɻΈ͔Μ 10 ‫ݸ‬Λఏ‫͠ڙ‬ɺΓΜ͝ 2 ‫ݸ‬Λऔಘ͢ΔऔҾΛަ‫׵‬୅਺Ͱද‫͢ݱ‬Δɻ

x3 = 10ˆ < Έ͔Μ, ‫ݸ‬Έ͔Μ > +2 < ΓΜ͝, ‫ݸ‬ΓΜ͝ >͜ͷΑ͏ʹɺ঎඼ͷ਺ྔʹΑΔ‫ه‬ாΛަ‫׵‬୅਺Ͱߦͬͨ৔߹ɺ՟ฎΛഔհͱ͠ͳ͍ɺ෺ʑަ‫ʹ׵‬ΑΔऔҾΛ‫ه‬ா͢Δ͜ͱ͕ՄೳʹͳΔɻ
౰ॳͷΈ͔ΜΛ 10 ‫ݸ‬อ༗͍ͯͨ͠ঢ়ଶ͔ΒɺΓΜ͝ 2 ‫͢׵ަͱݸ‬Δ͜ͱͰΓΜ͝ 2 ‫ݸ‬Λอ༗͠
͍ͯΔঢ়ଶ΁ͷਪҠΛަ‫׵‬୅਺Ͱ‫ه‬ड़͢Δɻs1 = 10 < Έ͔Μ, ‫ݸ‬Έ͔Μ > +10 < ࢿ࢈, ‫ݸ‬Έ͔Μ >x3 = 10ˆ < Έ͔Μ, ‫ݸ‬Έ͔Μ > +2 < ΓΜ͝, ‫ݸ‬ΓΜ͝ >˜ = ¯(s1 + x3) = 2 < ΓΜ͝, ‫ݸ‬ΓΜ͝ > +10 < ࢿ࢈, ‫ݸ‬Έ͔Μ >s2
ͱ͜Ζ͕ɺΓΜ̎͝‫ݸ‬Λอ༗͍ͯ͠Δঢ়‫گ‬͸

s2 = 2 < ΓΜ͝, ‫ݸ‬ΓΜ͝ > +2 < ࢿ࢈, ‫ݸ‬ΓΜ͝ >Ͱ͋Δ͔Βɺ˜ ! s2s2
Ͱ͋Δɻ͜ͷࣄྫ͔Β͸ɺަ‫׵‬୅਺ʹΑΔ਺ྔͷ‫ه‬ड़ʹΑΔෳࣜ฽‫ه‬͸ɺ՟ฎ୯ҐʹΑΔෳࣜ฽‫ͱه‬͸ҟͳΔੑ࣭͕͋Δ͜ͱ͕ཧղͰ͖Δɻ˜ = s2 ͕੒ཱ͢ΔͨΊʹ͸ɺs2
10 < ࢿ࢈, ‫ݸ‬Έ͔Μ >= 2 < ࢿ࢈, ‫ݸ‬ΓΜ͝ >Ͱ͋Δඞཁ͕͋Δɻ͋Δ͍͸ɺ೚ҙͷՊ໨ name ʹؔͯ͠

10 < name, ‫ݸ‬Έ͔Μ >= 2 < name, ‫ݸ‬ΓΜ͝ >͕੒ཱ͢Ε͹Α͍ɻ͜ͷͨΊʹ͸ɺΓΜ̍͝‫ݸ‬ͷՁ஋͕ৗʹΈ͔Μ̑‫ݸ‬ͷՁ஋ʹ૬౰͢Δ͜ͱ͕ඞཁͰ͋Γɺ͜Ε͸ɺΓΜ͝ͱΈ͔Μͷ̍‫ݸ‬ͷ඼࣭͕ಉ࣭Ͱ͋Δͱͱ΋ʹɺΓΜ͝ͱΈ͔Μͷ૬ରՁ஋͕ৗʹҰఆͰ͋Δ
͜ͱΛҙຯ͢Δɻ
՟ฎධՁʹ͓͍ͯɺ͜ͷ৚͕݅੒ཱ͢Δ͜ͱ͸ɺ՟ฎ୯Ґ͕౳࣭ੑͱɺՁ஋อଂੑΛอ࣋͢Δ͜ͱΛલఏͱͯ͠ձ‫ܭ‬ཧ࿦͕੒ཱ͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱΛࣔ͢΋ͷʹଞͳΒͳ͍ɻ

9ΠϯϑϨʔγϣϯձ‫ܭ‬ͷʮࡒʯΛ‫ج‬४ͱͨ͠‫ه‬ாͦΕͰ͸ɺ՟ฎͷՁ஋อଂੑ͕੒ཱ͠ͳ͍య‫ܕ‬తͳέʔεͱͯ͠ߴΠϯϑϨʔγϣϯԽʹ͓͚Δ
ΠϯϑϨձ‫ࡒ͍ͯͭʹܭ‬Λ‫ج‬४ͱͨ͠දࣔΛߟ͑ͯΈΑ͏ɻ୯७ԽͷͨΊɺҰࡒʮAʯͱ՟ฎʮԁʯͷΈͷϞσϧͰߟ͑Δɻ
͋Δओମ͕ɺࡒʮAʯͷߪೖͱൢചΛҟͳΔ࣌఺Ͱߦ͍ɺͦͷऔҾʹΑΔརӹΛଛӹ‫ͯ͠ͱॻࢉܭ‬‫͢ࢉܭ‬ΔέʔεΛߟ͑Δɻ
ߪೖ࣌఺ͱൢച࣌఺ʹ͓͍ͯɺʮAʯͷ෺Ձਫ४ʹมԽ͕ແ͍έʔεΛ·ͣߟ͑Δɻ‫ ۚݱ‬50 ԁͰ A Λߪೖ͠ɺ100 ԁͰ A Λൢച͠ɺ50 ԁͷརӹ͕ಘΒΕΔɻ

t1 = 50ˆ < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +50 < A, ԁ >t2 = 100 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +50ˆ < A, ԁ > +50 < རӹ, ԁ >࣍ʹɺൢച࣌఺ʹ͓͍ͯɺʮAʯͷ෺Ձਫ४͕ߪೖ࣌఺ͷ̎ഒʹͳͬͨέʔεΛߟ͑Δɻ௨ৗͷ฽‫Ͱه‬͸࣍ͷΑ͏ʹͳΔɻ

t1 = 50ˆ < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +50 < A, ԁ >t2 = 200 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +50ˆ < A, ԁ > +150 < རӹ, ԁ >རӹ͸ 150 ԁͰ͋Γɺ෺Ձਫ४ʹมԽ͕ͳ͔ͬͨ৔߹ͷ 3 ഒʹͳΔɻҰൠ෺Ձ্ঢ཰ͰརӹΛআ͢ͱ 75¡རӹ, ԁ¿ͱͳΓɺརӹͷֹ࣮࣭͕ɺ෺Ձ্ঢͷແ͍৔߹ͱ੔߹͠ͳ͍ɻ
ΠϯϑϨʔγϣϯձ‫͍͓ͯʹܭ‬͸ɺ͜ͷ੔߹ΛͱΔͨΊʹɺ෺Ձ্ঢʹΑΔՁ஋มಈΛධՁସ͑ʹΑΓऔΓআ͘ඞཁ͕͋Δɻ

t1 = 50ˆ < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +50 < A, ԁ >˜ = 50 < A, ԁ > +50 < ධՁӹ, ԁ >t2
t2 = 200 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +100ˆ < A, ԁ > +100 < རӹ, ԁ >ࠓ౓͸ɺಉ͡औҾΛࡒʮAʯΛ‫ج‬४ͱͯ͠‫ه‬ड़ͯ͠ΈΑ͏ɻ

t1 = 1ˆ < ‫ۚݱ‬, ‫ݸ‬A > +1 < A, ‫ݸ‬A >t2 = 2ˆ < ‫ۚݱ‬, ‫ݸ‬A > +1 < A, ‫ݸ‬A > +1 < རӹ, ‫ݸ‬A >෺Ձਫ४ʹมԽ͕ແ͍৔߹ʹ͸ɺ

1 < རӹ, ‫ݸ‬A >= 50 < རӹ, ԁ >෺Ձਫ४͕̎ഒʹͳͬͨ৔߹ʹ͸ɺ

1 < རӹ, ‫ݸ‬A >= 100 < རӹ, ԁ >Ͱ͋Δ͔Βɺ෺Ձ্ঢͷ༗ແʹΑΒͣɺਖ਼͍͠རӹ͕ද‫͕ͱ͖ͨ͜Ͱݱ‬Θ͔Δɻ
ߴΠϯϑϨʔγϣϯԼʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɺࡒʮAʯ͕ԁΑΓ΋ಉҰͷՁ஋Λอଂ͢Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ
Ұํɺ୯Ґͷදࣔʹ͍ͭͯɺʮ‫ݸ‬A ʯ͸ɺ࢓ೖΕஈ֊ʹ͓͚Δ‫਺ݸ‬දࣔͰ͋Γൢചஈ֊ʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɺ෺ཧతʹ͸̍‫ݸ‬ͷൢചΛ 2ʮ‫ݸ‬A ʯͱදࣔ͠ͳ͚Ε͹ͳΒͳ͍఺͕ɺࠞཚΛট͘‫ݒ‬೦͕͋ΔɻҎ্ɺߴΠϯϑϨʔγϣϯԼʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɺ՟ฎΑΓ΋Ή͠ΖಛఆͷՁ஋อଂੑͷߴ͍ࡒͷํ͕ɺձ‫ؒظܭ‬Λ௨ͨ͡ෆมͷՁ஋Λଌఆ͢Δ୯Ґͱͯ͠༏Ε͍ͯΔՄೳੑʹ͍ͭͯ࿦ͨ͡ɻ

10 Ձ஋มಈͷܹ͍͠ిྗʮࡒʯ
࣍ʹɺՁ஋มಈͷܹ͍͠ࡒʹ͍ͭͯߟ࡯͠ɺయ‫ྗిͯ͠ͱྫܕ‬ʮࡒʯʹ͍ͭͯߟ࡯͢Δɻ
ੜ઱৯ྉ඼ͷΑ͏ͳࡒ͸ɺ৆ຯ‫͋ݶظ‬Δ͍͸ফඅ‫ݶظ‬ͷ౸དྷͱͱ΋ʹࡒͱͯ͠ͷՁ஋Λࣦ͍ɺ͜ΕΒͷ‫ظ‬೔ʹ޲͚ͯࡒͱͯ͠ͷՁ஋͸௿‫͍ͯ͘͠ݮ‬ɻձ‫ॲܭ‬ཧʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɺ͜͏ͨ͠ࡒͷՁ஋ͷมԽ͸ධՁସ͑ͷखଓ͖ʹΑΓଌఆ͞ΕΔɻҰൠʹ͸ɺձ‫ؒظܭ‬຤ʹ͓͚Δ୨ԷධՁ͕ඪ४Ͱ͋Γɺੜ઱৯ྉ඼ͷΑ͏ͳՁ஋చ‫ؒظݮ‬ͷ୹͍ࡒ͸ɺձ‫ॲܭ‬ཧͷ؅ཧԼʹ͓͔Εͳ͍··஋Լ͛΍ഇ‫ॲغ‬෼͞ΕΔɻ௨ৗͷձ‫ॲܭ‬ཧͰ͜ΕΒͷࡒΛ؅ཧ͢ΔͨΊʹ͸ɺձ‫ؒظܭ‬ͷ֓೦Λ͜ΕΒͷࡒͷ‫ݮ‬Ձͷεϐʔυʹ߹ΘͤΔඞཁ͕͋Γɺ࣮༻తͰ͸ͳ͍ͱߟ͑ΒΕ͖ͯͨɻPoint of Event ࣌୅ͷଌఆίετͷ௿‫ʹݮ‬ΑΓɺ͜͏ͨ͠ࡒͷ‫ݮ‬ՁΛձ‫ܭ‬؅ཧͷର৅ͱ͍ͯ͘͜͠ͱ͕ߟ͑ΒΕΑ͏ɻಛʹɺిྗʮࡒʯ͸ɺଞࡒͱൺ΂ͯ΋ಛघͳੑ࣭Λ༗͢ΔɻͦΕ͸ɺधཁྔͷଟ͍னؒʹ͓͍ͯՁ͕֨ߴ͘ɺधཁྔͷগͳ͍໷ؒʹ͓͍ͯՁ͕֨௿͘ͳΔՁ֨ͷप‫ظ‬ੑΛ༗͢Δ఺Ͱ͋Δɻ΋ͪΖΜɺిྗʮࡒʯ͸େ‫ن‬໛ͳஷଂ͕ࠔ೉Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱ͔Βɺ͜͏ͨ͠ੑ͕֨ҡ࣋͞Ε͍ͯΔɻ

னؒిྗྉۚ
ਂ໷ిྗྉۚ
ୈ 2 ਂ໷ిྗྉۚ

ʢਂ໷ిྗྉۚ࣌ؒଳΛআ͘ʣ
ʢPM11-AM7ɺୈ̎ਂ໷ిྗྉۚ࣌ؒଳΛআ͘ʣ
ʢAM1-AM6ʣ

ɹ 1kWh=18.89 ԁ
1kWh=11.82 ԁ
1kWh=10.88 ԁ౦‫ྗిژ‬ͷిྗՁ֨ͷઃఆʹ͓͚Δɺ‫ྗిૅج‬෦෼Λআ͍ͨ௥Ճ̍ k ̬ h ౰ͨΓͷిྗྉۚΛࢀߟʹɺனؒిྗͱਂ໷ిྗɺୈ 2 ਂ໷ిྗͷ୯ՁΛҎԼͷ௨Γͱ͠ɺ͜ͷՁ֨Ͱചങి͕Ͱ͖ΔͱԾఆ͢Δɻ
Ϟσϧɾέʔεͱͯ͠ɺ100 ԁͷ‫ͱۚݱ‬ɺ100kWh ͷిྗΛ஝ిͯ͠ࢿ࢈ͱͯ͠อ༗͢ΔՈ‫ܭ‬Λߟ͑Δɻ࣌ؒ୯Ґͷ࣌ՁධՁʹΑΔࢿ࢈ֹͷมಈ͸ɺҎԼͷ௨ΓͰ͋Δɻʢனؒʣ

x = 100 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +100 < ిྗ, kWh >t1 = 100ˆ < ిྗ, kWh > +1889 < ిྗ, ԁ >¯(x + t1) = 100 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +1889 < ిྗ, ԁ >ʢPM11-AM1,AM6-AM7ʣ

t2 = 100ˆ < ిྗ, kWh > +1182 < ిྗ, ԁ >¯(x + t2) = 100 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +1182 < ిྗ, ԁ >ʢAM1-AM6ʣ

t3 = 100ˆ < ిྗ, kWh > +1088 < ిྗ, ԁ >¯(x + t3) = 100 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +1088 < ిྗ, ԁ >

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ਤ 1: ࣌ؒʹΑΔࢿ࢈ֹͷมಈ3

ਤ. ̍ʹࣔ͢Α͏ʹɺ࣌ؒଳʹΑͬͯɺࢿ࢈ֹ͕มಈ͢Δ͜ͱʹͳΔɻ
ిྗՁ֨ͷ‫ڵ‬ຯਂ͍఺͸ɺ໷ؒͷՁ֨௿Լ࣌ͱனؒͷՁ্֨ঢ࣌ͷՁ͕֨‫ݻ‬ఆతͰɺෆ࣮֬ੑ͕΄ͱΜͲͳ͍··࣮‫͢ݱ‬Δ఺Ͱ͋Δɻ͜Ε͸ɺ‫ג‬Ձ΍ҝସϨʔτͷΑ͏ͳෆ࣮֬ੑͷ͋ΔՁ֨มಈͱ͸ҟͳΔɻ
ԾʹɺՁ֨ͷ͍҆ਂ໷࣌ؒଳʹങి͠ɺ஝ిͨ͠ిྗΛɺՁ֨ͷߴ͍னؒ࣌ؒଳʹചిͨ͠ͱ͠ɺ
஝ిʹ൐͏ిྗͷফ໣͕θϩͰ͋Δͱ͢Δͱɺ೔ʑɺങిɾചిΛ‫܁‬Γฦ͢͜ͱʹΑΓɺࢿ࢈ֹΛ࣮֬ʹ૿΍͢͜ͱ͕ՄೳʹͳΔɻ
ʢனؒʣചిͱʢ໷ؒʣങి
ʢॳ‫ظ‬ঢ়ଶʣ

x = 100 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +100 < ిྗ, kWh >ʢചిɿAM12ʣ

t1 = 100ˆ < ిྗ, kWh > +1889 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ >¯(x + t1) = 100 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +1889 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ >= 1989 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ >ʢങిɿAM1ʣ

t2 = 1088ˆ < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +100 < ిྗ, kWh >¯(x + t1 + t2) = 1989 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +1088ˆ < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +100 < ిྗ, kWh >= 901 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +100 < ిྗ, kWh >ʢചిɿAM12ʣ

t1 = 100ˆ < ిྗ, kWh > +1889 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ >¯(x + t1 + t2 + t1) = 901 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +1889 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ >= 2790 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ >

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ਤ 2: ചങిΛߦͬͨ৔߹ͷ࣌ؒʹΑΔࢿ࢈ֹͷมಈ

ຖ೔ɺAM12 ʹചి͠ɺAM1 ʹങి͢Δͱɺਤ.2 ʹࣔ͢Α͏ʹɺࢿ࢈ֹΛ૿΍͠ଓ͚Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻ
‫ʹ࣮ݱ‬͸ɺ஝ిͨ͠ిྗΛ 100 ˋചి͢Δ͜ͱ͸Ͱ͖ͳ͍ɻԾʹ͜ͷޮ཰͕ 50 ˋͰ͋Δͱͯ͠ɺചങిΛ‫܁‬Γฦ͢ɻ஝ిޮ཰ʹΑΔଛࣦ͸ചిͷ௚લͷ࣌఺Ͱ‫্͢ܭ‬Δɻʢॳ‫ظ‬ঢ়ଶʣ

x = 100 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +100 < ిྗ, kWh >ʢചిɿAM12ʣ

t1 = 100ˆ < ిྗ, kWh > +1889 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ >¯(x + t1) = 100 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +1889 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ >= 1989 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ >ʢങిɿAM1ʣ

t2 = 1088ˆ < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +100 < ిྗ, kWh >¯(x + t1 + t2) = 1989 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +1088ˆ < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +100 < ిྗ, kWh >= 901 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +100 < ిྗ, kWh >ʢ஝ిޮ཰ʹΑΔଛࣦʣ

t3 = 50ˆ < ిྗ, kWh > +50 < ചങిྗଛ, kWh >¯(x + t1 + t2 + t3) = 901 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +50 < ిྗ, kWh > +50 < ചങిྗଛ, kWh >ʢചిɿAM12ʣ

t4 = 50ˆ < ిྗ, kWh > +945 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ >¯(x + t1 + t2 + t3 + t4) = 901 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +945 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +50 < ചങిྗଛ, kWh >= 1846 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +50 < ചങిྗଛ, kWh >ʢങిɿAM1ʣ

t2 = 1088ˆ < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +100 < ిྗ, kWh >¯(x + t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 + t2) = 758 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +100 < ిྗ, kWh > +50 < ചങిྗଛ, kWh >ʢ஝ిޮ཰ʹΑΔଛࣦʣ

t3 = 50ˆ < ిྗ, kWh > +50 < ചങిྗଛ, kWh >¯(x + t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 + t2 + t3) = 758 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +50 < ిྗ, kWh > +100 < ചങిྗଛ, kWh >ʢചిɿAM12ʣ

t4 = 50ˆ < ిྗ, kWh > +945 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ >¯(x + t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 + t2 + t3 + t4) = 1703 < ‫ۚݱ‬, ԁ > +100 < ചങిྗଛ, kWh >

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ਤ 3: ޮ཰ 50%ͰചങిΛߦͬͨ৔߹ͷ࣌ؒʹΑΔࢿ࢈ֹͷมಈ͜ͷ৔߹ɺਤ.3 ʹࣔ͢Α͏ʹɺຖ೔ 143 ԁͮͭࢿ࢈ֹ͕‫ݮ‬গ͍ͯ͘͠ɻ
͜ͷέʔεͰ͸ɺങిͨ͠ిྗͷ 50 ˋ͕ചిͰ͖Δͱߟ͕͑ͨɺࢿ࢈ֹ͕‫ݮ‬গ͠ͳ͍ΤωϧΪʔޮ཰ͷྟք఺Λ‫͢ࢉܭ‬Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ɺٕज़తʹ͜ͷྟք఺Λ௒͑Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Ε͹ɺ୯ͳΔചങి
ͷΈͰண࣮ʹࢿ࢈Λ૿΍͢͜ͱ͕ՄೳʹͳΔɻͨͩ͠ɺ஝ి஑ͷ‫ݮ‬Ձঈ٫අΛίετͱͯ͠Ճ͑Ε͹ɺٕज़తͳྟք఺͸ΑΓ্ঢ͢Δɻ͜ͷΑ͏ͳࢥߟ࣮‫͜ͱ͕ࣔ͢ݧ‬Ζ͸ɺPoint of Event ࣌୅ʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɺձ‫ؒظܭ‬ΛΑΓ୹‫ظ‬ͷྫ͑͹̍࣌ؒ୯Ґͱ͢Δ͜ͱͰɺిྗͳͲͷՁ஋ͷ୨Է؅ཧ͕ैདྷͷձ‫ܭ‬ख๏ͷൣғ಺ͰՄೳʹͳΔͱ

͍͏͜ͱͰ͋Δɻ‫ʹٯ‬ɺձ‫͍͓ͯʹ಺ؒظܭ‬͸ɺେ͖ͳՁ֨มಈ͕ແ͍ͱͷલఏʹཱͭͱɺ͜͏ͨ͠୹‫ظ‬ͷՁ֨มಈ͕ଘࡏ͠ɺ͔ͭɺͦͷશମʹ઎ΊΔ཰͕ߴ͘ͳΔ͜ͱʹΑͬͯɺձ‫ॲܭ‬ཧ্ͷໃ६͕ੜ͡ΔՄೳ
ੑ͕͋Δɺͱ͍͏͜ͱͰ͋Δɻྫ͑͹ɺΠϯϑϨձ‫ܭ‬Λߟ͑ΔࡍʹɺʮҰൠ෺Ձਫ४ʯͷ֓೦͕࢖ΘΕΔ͕ɺனؒͷߴ͍Ձ֨ଳ
ͷిྗྉۚΛ‫ؚ‬ΉʮҰൠ෺Ձਫ४ʯͱɺ໷ؒͷ͍҆Ձ֨ଳͷిྗྉۚΛ‫ؚ‬ΉʮҰൠ෺Ձਫ४ʯͱͷؒʹ͸ɺप‫ظ‬తͳมಈ͕͋Δͱߟ͑ΒΕɺଌఆ࣌ࠁʹΑͬͯʮҰൠ෺Ձਫ४ʯ͕ҟͳΔ͜ͱʹͳΔɻͦͷҧ͍Λແࢹ͢Δ৔߹ʹ͸ɺదਖ਼ͳ؅ཧ͕ߦ͑ͳ͍Մೳੑ͕͋Δɻ͜ΕΒͷ໰୊͸ɺձ‫ܭ‬γεςϜʹ͓͍ͯɺձ‫͕ؒظܭ‬Ձ֨ͷมԽͷ࣌ؒʹൺ΂ͯஶ͘͠௕͍͜ͱ
ʹΑͬͯ΋ͨΒ͞Ε͓ͯΓɺిྗࡒͷՁ֨มԽΛ௨ৗͷձ‫ॲܭ‬ཧͰదਖ਼ʹऔΓѻ͏ͨΊʹ͸ɺձ‫ܭ‬‫ؒظ‬Λ࣌ؒ୯Ґͱͯ͠ɺ୨ԷධՁΛ͢Δํ๏͕ߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ௨ৗͷձ‫࣮ܭ‬຿ͷ໘͔Β͸૝ఆ͕͍ͨ͠ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔ͕ɺPoint of Event ࣌୅Λܴ͑ɺϦΞϧλΠϜͷଌఆ͕Մೳͳ࣌୅ʹ͸ɺ৽ͨͳࡒͷ؅ཧͷͨΊʹɺ͜͏ͨ͠ࢥߟ࣮‫ݧ‬Λߦ͏͜ͱ΋༗ҙٛͰ
͋Δɻ

11 ݁࿦
ަ‫׵‬୅਺Λར༻ͯ͠ɺෳ਺ͷଌఆ‫ج‬४ʹΑΓͦΕͧΕෳࣜ฽‫ه‬Λ‫ه‬ா͢Δ 2n ࣜ฽‫ه‬Λఏ‫͠ݴ‬ɺͦͷੑ࣭ʹ͍ͭͯߟ࡯ͨ͠ɻ
ෳ਺ͷձ‫جܭ‬४ʹΑΔಉ࣌‫ه‬ா͕ՄೳͰ͋Δɻଟ௨՟ʹΑΔಉ࣌‫ه‬ா͔Β͸ɺձ‫ܭ‬γεςϜʹ͓͍ͯɺձ‫಺ؒظܭ‬ͷ՟ฎՁ஋͕มಈ͠ͳ͍͜ͱ
͕҉໧ͷલఏͱ͞Ε͍ͯΔ͜ͱʹ͍ͭͯߟ࡯ͨ͠ɻҰํͷ௨՟͕ΠϯϑϨʔγϣϯͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λड͚ͣɺଞํͷ௨՟͕ΠϯϑϨʔγϣϯͷӨ‫ڹ‬Λड͚Δέʔεͷߟ࡯͔Βɺ֎՟‫ࢉ׵‬ձ‫͍͓ͯʹܭ‬ɺརӹʹ͍ͭͯ͸‫ظ‬຤ҝସϨʔτͰ‫ه‬ா͠ɺऔҾ࣌఺ͱ‫ظ‬຤ͷҝସࠩଛΛ‫ه‬ೖ͢Δ‫ه‬ாํ͕ࣜɺཧ࿦తʹ͸༏Ε͍ͯΔ͜ͱΛಋ͖ग़ͨ͠ɻ
ࡒΛई౓ͱ͢Δ‫ه‬ாʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɺҰൠʹࡒͷՁ஋͕՟ฎʹൺ΂ͯมಈ͕ஶ͍ͨ͠Ίɺ௨ৗͷձ‫ܭ‬ʹ͓͍ͯ՟ฎ୯Ґ͕ଌఆई౓ͱͯ͠༻͍ΒΕΔ͜ͱΛ࠶֬ೝͨ͠ɻࡒͷՁ֨͸ԷചΓ΍খചΓͳͲྲྀ௨ஈ֊ʹΑͬͯ΋มԽ͢ΔͨΊɺ՟ฎ୯ҐΛଌఆई౓ͱ͢Δ৔߹ΑΓ΋ࠞཚΛট͖΍͍͢ɻՁ֨มԽ͕ஶ͍͠ࡒͱͯ͠ిྗࡒΛऔΓ্͛ɺՁ͕֨प‫ظ‬తʹมಈ͢Δ͜ͱʹΑΔձ‫ܭ‬తͳҙຯʹ͍ͭͯߟ࡯ͨ͠ɻன໷ͷిྗྉۚͷมಈʹΑΓɺ࣌ؒ୯Ґͷ࣌Ձձ‫Ͱܭ‬ධՁͨ͠৔߹ʹ͸ɺཧ࿦తʹ͸ചങిͷΈʹΑΔࢿ࢈ͷ‫ܧ‬ଓత֦େ͕ՄೳͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛࣔͨ͠ɻ͜ΕΒͷ໰୊͸ɺձ‫ܭ‬γεςϜʹ͓͍ͯɺձ‫͕ؒظܭ‬Ձ֨ͷมԽͷ࣌ؒʹൺ΂ͯஶ͘͠௕͍͜ͱ
ʹΑͬͯ΋ͨΒ͞Ε͓ͯΓɺిྗࡒͷՁ֨มԽΛ௨ৗͷձ‫ॲܭ‬ཧͰదਖ਼ʹऔΓѻ͏ͨΊʹ͸ɺձ‫ܭ‬‫ؒظ‬Λ࣌ؒ୯Ґͱͯ͠ɺ୨ԷධՁΛ͢Δํ๏͕ߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ

ࢀߟจ‫ݙ‬[1] Beaver, W. H. and Wolfson, M. A.(1982) ”Foreign Currency Translation and Changing Prices in
Perfect and Complete Markets”, Journal of Accounting Research, vol.20, No.2, pp.528-549.
[2] Deguchi, H.(2004) Economics as an agent-based complex system. Springer-Verlag. pp.67-93.
[3] Goldberg, S. R. and Godwin, J. H.(1994) ”Foreign Currency Translation Under Two CasesIntegrated and Isolated Economies”, Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting,vol.5, No.2, pp.97-119.

[4] Staszkiewicz, P.(2011) Multi Entry Framework for Financial and risk reporting.
[5] Ҫ৲༤࢜ (1984)ʰࡾࣜ฽‫ه‬ͷ‫ڀݚ‬ʕෳࣜ฽‫ه‬ͷ࿦ཧత֦ுΛΊͯ͟͠ʱ, தԝ‫ࣾࡁܦ‬[6] Ҫ্ఆࢠ (2010)ʰ֎՟‫ࢉ׵‬ձ‫ܭ‬ͷ‫ڀݚ‬ʱ, ઍ૔ॻ๪[7] Ҫ্ୡஉ (1998)ʰΞϝϦΧ֎՟ୡ‫ࢉ׵‬ձ‫ܭ‬࿦ [૿ิվగ൛]ʱ, ಉจ‫ؗ‬[8] ‫ۀا‬ձ‫ܭ‬৹ٞձ (1999) ֎՟‫ݐ‬औҾ౳ձ‫ॲܭ‬ཧ‫ج‬४[9] ग़‫( ߂ޱ‬1988)ʰ‫׵ަࡁܦ‬ͷ਺ཧγεςϜ࿦ : ަ‫׵‬୅਺ͷެཧతఆࣜԽͱͦͷଟ‫ݩ‬ɼଟओੑɼଟ࣍‫هݩ‬ड़΁ͷ֦ுʱ ɼʮ঎ላ࿦ूʯ ɼ෱ౡେֶ‫ֶࡁܦ‬ձ http://ir.lib.fukushimau.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10270/1072/1/3-730.pdf ɹ (2012-12-30 ࢀর)[10] ໺ࡔরޫ (2008)ʰଟ௨՟ෳࣜ฽‫ه‬࿦ɹ૿ิ൛ʱ, ੫຿‫ܦ‬ཧ‫ڠ‬ձ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⬺ᕤᴗ໬࡜ປാᕷሙࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶ
̿ࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕ࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽ̿ཝ ᡂ⏨ (⚟ᓥ኱Ꮫ⤒῭⤒ႠᏛ㢮)
chn-yan@econ.fukushima-u.ac.jp

Ϩ ࡣࡌࡵ࡟

㏆ᖺࠊ⤒῭ࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬࡜ᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ᇦෆ࡛ࡢᐇ㉁ⓗ࡞⤒῭⤫ྜࡀ㐍ࡴ࡞࠿ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⬺ᕤᴗ໬ࡣ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊᅜෆᕷሙࡢᡂ⇍໬࡜㈤㔠ࢥࢫࢺࡢୖ᪼࡟క࠸ࠊ
➇தຊࢆኻ࠸ࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ〇㐀ᴗࡀ୰ᅜࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡍࡿ㏆㞄࢔ࢪ࢔ㅖᅜ࡟⏕⏘ᣐⅬࢆ⛣㌿ࡉࡏࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ〇㐀ᴗࡢ㞠⏝ࡀ㞠⏝඲య࡟༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜࡣపୗࡋࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗࡢປാຊ㟂せࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ〇㐀ᴗ࠿ࡽࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗ࡬ࡢ㞠⏝ࡢࢩࣇࢺࡣ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡍࡿඛ㐍ㅖᅜ࡛ࡶぢࡽࢀࡿ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ഴྥ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ປാᕷሙ࡛ࡣࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗࡢ㞠⏝ࡀቑຍࡍࡿ㐣⛬࡛㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢቑຍࡀぢࡽࢀࠊാࡃேࠎࡢ㞠⏝࡜ᡤᚓ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࡣⴭ
ࡋࡃቑຍࡋࡓࠋ
ࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜㞠⏝ࡢὶືᛶ࡜ᰂ㌾ᛶ(Flexibility)ࡀ㧗࠸ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗࡢ㞠⏝ቑຍࡣࠊ㞠⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒඲యࡢᰂ㌾ᛶᣑ኱ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊᰂ㌾ᛶࡢᣑ኱࡟క࠺ᑵᴗ⪅ࡢ㞠⏝࡜ᡤᚓࡢࣜ
ࢫࢡࢆ㍍ῶࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢไᗘⓗ௙⤌ࡳࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㅖᅜ࡛ࡣࠊᅜẸ඲యࡢ㐃ᖏ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ඘ᐇࡋࡓኻᴗ⤥௜࡜ࠊᨻປ౑ࡢ༠ㄪ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ✚ᴟⓗປാᕷሙᨻ⟇ࡀࠊ㞠⏝࡜ᡤᚓࡢᏳ඲ᛶ(Security)ࢆྥୖࡉࡏࠊᑵປ࡜⏕άࡢㄪ࿴ࢆ㐩ᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ(Auer and Casez, 2003)ࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ௻ᴗ༢఩ࡢㄪᩚࢆ୺࡜ࡍࡿᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ࡢሙྜࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ᏻ඲ᛶࡢᣑ኱ࢆ
ಖ㞀ࡍࡿ♫఍༢఩ࡢㄪᩚ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡀᩚഛࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊ㞠⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࡣᣑ኱
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㞠⏝࡜ᡤᚓ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᰂ㌾ᛶࡢᣑ኱࡜Ᏻ඲ᛶࡢపୗࡣࠊປാ⪅ࡢ▱㆑࡜ᢏ⬟ࢆಁࡍࡓࡵࡢ
ᢞ㈨ࢆ⦰ᑠࡉࡏࠊ㞠⏝ྍ⬟ᛶ(Employability)࡜㈤㔠ୖ᪼࡟࠾ࡅࡿṇつ࡜㠀ṇつࡢ㛫ࡢ᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᅄࡘࡢᝏᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋ➨୍ࡣࠊ࣑ࢡࣟࡢഃ㠃࡛ࡣࠊ௻ᴗෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㛗ᮇᏳᐃ㞠⏝࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ௻ᴗෆ⫋ᴗカ⦎(୺࡟ OJT)ࡢᶵ఍࡟୚ࡽࢀࡿປാ⪅ࡢ๭ྜࡢῶᑡࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ௻ᴗෆࡢసᴗᕤ⛬ࡸసᴗࢳ࣮࣒⦅ᡂࡢᰂ㌾ᛶࢆపୗࡉࡏࡿࠋ➨஧ࡣࠊປാ⪅࡜௻ᴗࡢ཮᪉࡟࠾ࡅࡿ௻ᴗ≉Ṧᢏ⬟ᙧᡂ࡟ྥࡅࡓᢞ㈨ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࢆపୗ
ࡉࡏࠊ௻ᴗ࡜♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢏ⾡㠉᪂⬟ຊࡢపୗ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋ➨୕ࡣࠊ࣐ࢡࣟ

1⤒῭ࡢഃ㠃࡛ࡣࠊኻᴗ⪅ࡢᩆ῭࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿᾘᴟⓗປാᕷሙᨻ⟇ᨭฟ(୺࡟ኻᴗ⤥௜)ࡀቑຍࡋࠊ㈈ᨻ㈇ᢸࡢୖ᪼ࢆᣍࡃࠋࡑࡋ࡚➨ᅄࡣࠊ㞠⏝࡜ᡤᚓࡢᑗ᮶୙Ᏻࡢቑ኱ࡀࠊᅜෆᾘ㈝㟂せࡢపୗ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࠊࡲࡓാࡃேࠎࡢ⇍⦎ᙧᡂࢆጉࡆࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼࡜㟂せୖ᪼ࡢ㛫ࡢ⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵ࡢ᩿⤯ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢປാຊࡢ෌⏕⏘࡜௻ᴗࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂⬟ຊࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ࣐ࢡࣟⓗ⤒῭ᚠ⎔ࡢഃ㠃࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈇ࡢࢫࣃ࢖ࣛࣝࡣࠊ࣐ࢡࣟⓗ㞠⏝≧ἣ࡜ປാ⪅ࡢ⏕ά㉁ࡢࡉࡽ࡞ࡿᝏ໬࡟ࡘ࡞
ࡀࡾࠊ♫఍ࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࢆᣑ኱ࡉࡏࠊ♫఍⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᣢ⥆ྍ⬟ᛶࢆపୗࡉࡏࡿࠋ࣮ࣚࣟ
ࢵࣃࡢሙྜࠊປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㞠⏝ࡢᰂ㌾໬ࡣࠊࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕(Flexicurity)࡜࠸࠺ᰂ
㌾ᛶ࡜Ᏻ඲ᛶࡢྠ᫬ᣑ኱ࢆ┠ᣦࡍ㞠⏝ᡓ␎ࡢࡶ࡜࡛⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏࡸ㡑ᅜࡢປാᕷሙ
ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ṇつ࡜㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ㛫ࡢ᱁ᕪ(㞠⏝᮲௳ࠊ㈤㔠ࠊᢏ⬟ᙧᡂ࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࠊ♫఍ಖ㞀ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫ࡞࡝)ࡢᛴ⃭࡞ᣑ኱࡜ປാᕷሙࡢศ᩿ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸(ཝࠊ2010)ࠋ
ᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣࠊ㏆ᖺࡢ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜࡢ⬺ᕤᴗ໬㐣⛬࡛ぢࡽࢀࡿປാᕷሙࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࡢᐇែ࡜
ၥ㢟Ⅼࢆࠊປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᰂ㌾ᛶ࡜Ᏻ඲ᛶࡢྠ᫬ᣑ኱࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕ࡢ
⪃࠼᪉ࢆཧ⪃࡟ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽᩚ⌮ࡋࠊᏳ඲ᛶࡢྥୖࢆḞ࠸ࡓᰂ㌾ᛶࡢ୍᪉ⓗᣑ኱ࡀࠊປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼࡜㟂せᡂ㛗ࡢ㛫ࡢࠊࡲࡓ㟂せᡂ㛗࠿ࡽປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼࡬࡜࠸࠺⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵࡟ཬ
ࡰࡍ㈇ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋᮏㄽᩥࡢᵓᡂࡣ௨ୗࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨ϩ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ㏆ᖺࡢ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⬺ᕤᴗ໬ࡢᐇែࢆࠊᅜෆ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬࡜ᾏእ┤᥋ᢞ㈨ࡢᵓ㐀ኚ໬ࡢഃ㠃࠿ࡽㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ➨Ϫ⠇࡛ࡣࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗ㞠⏝ࡢ๭ྜࡢቑຍ㐣⛬࡛ぢࡽࢀࡿࠊᏳ඲ᛶࡢྥୖࢆḞ࠸ࡓᰂ㌾ᛶࡢ୍᪉ⓗᣑ኱ࡀࠊປാᕷሙࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࢆᣑ኱ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋ➨ϫ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ௻ᴗ
୺⩏ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃປാᕷሙࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࡀࠊ⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵ࡢᅄࡘࡢẁ㝵࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢຠᯝࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ᭱ᚋࡢ➨Ϭ⠇࡛ࡣࠊᮏㄽᩥࡢ⤖ㄽ࡜௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟ࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡿࠋϩ ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⬺ᕤᴗ໬ࡢᐇែ

2.1 ⬺ᕤᴗ໬࡜ປാᕷሙࡢኚᐜ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡢᩚ⌮⬺ᕤᴗ໬(Deindustrialization)࡜ࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡟〇㐀ᴗࡢ⏘ฟ㔞ࡸ㞠⏝㔞ࡀ┦ᑐⓗ࡟పୗࡍࡿ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡾࠊඛ㐍ㅖᅜ࡛ᗈࡃぢࡽࢀࡿഴྥ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⬺ᕤᴗ໬(♫఍)࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡣࠊࢲࢽ࢚
࣭ࣝ࣋ࣝࡀ 1960 ᖺ௦ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ᐃ⩏ࡋࡓゝⴥ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ㎰ᴗ⏕⏘ࡀ୰ᚰࡢఏ⤫♫఍ࡸ〇㐀ᴗ⏕⏘ࡀ୰ᚰࡢ⏘ᴗ♫఍࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࠊ᝟ሗ࣭▱㆑࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᢅ࠺⏘ᴗࡀ୰ᚰⓗ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝ
ࡓࡍ♫఍ࡀ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ(Bell, 1973)ࠋ௒᪥࡛ࡣ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ࠊ➨஧ḟ⏘ᴗ࠿ࡽ➨୕ḟ⏘2ᴗ࡟ࢩࣇࢺࡍࡿ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬ࢆ⾲ࡋࠊ⤒῭ⓗ࡟㇏࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓேࠎࡢ㟂せࡀࠊ㣗⣊ࡸᕤᴗ〇ရ࠿ࡽࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡟⛣⾜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟క࠺⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢ㌿᥮ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼ࡢࢫࣆ࣮
ࢻࡀ㏿࠸〇㐀ᴗࡢ㞠⏝ࡀࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗ࡟ࢩࣇࢺࡍࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆᣦࡍ(Kollmeyer, 2009)ࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⬺ᕤᴗ໬࡟క࠺㞠⏝ᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡑࢀࢆ▱㆑ࡢ౯್๰㐀ࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࠕ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢ㧗ᗘ໬ࠖ㐣⛬࡜ࡋ࡚⫯ᐃⓗ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡿどⅬ࡜ࠊࠕ⏘ᴗ✵Ὕ໬ࠖ㐣⛬࡜ࡋ࡚ྰᐃⓗ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡿどⅬࡀ୧❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠊ๓⪅ࡢ⫯ᐃⓗ࡞ぢ᪉࡛ࡣࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡞㈨ᮏࠊປാ㞟⣙ⓗ࡞〇㐀ᴗ࠿ࡽࠊ▱㆑㞟⣙ⓗ࡞๰㐀ⓗ⏘ᴗ♫఍࡬ࡢ㌿᥮ࢆᒎᮃࡋࠊࡑࡢ㌿᥮࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⏕⏘せ⣲࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ▱㆑ࡢ㔜せᛶࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ1)ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᚋ⪅ࡢྰᐃⓗ࡞ぢ᪉ࡣࠊᅜෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ〇㐀ᴗ(≉࡟ປാ㞟⣙ⓗ〇㐀ᕤ⛬)ࡢ⏕⏘ᣐⅬࡢᾏእ⛣㌿࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㞠⏝ࡀ⦰ᑠࡍࡿ✵Ὕ໬(Hollowing out)ࢆၥ㢟どࡋࠊ✵Ὕ໬ࡣᑗ᮶ⓗ࡟ᅜෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏘ᴗᇶ┙ࡢᙅయ໬࡜➇தຊࡢపୗࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿ2)ࠋ
⏘ᴗ✵Ὕ໬ࡣࠊᑠᯘ(2003)ࡀᐃ⩏ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬࡟క࠺✵Ὕ໬̿ᅜ㝿➇தຊࡢ႙ኻ࡟క࠺㍺ධᣑ኱࡜㍺ฟῶᑡࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᡴᧁࢆཷࡅࡿ⏘ᴗࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ௻ᴗࡀᾘ⁛ࡋࡓࡾࠊᾏእ࡟⛣㌿ࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᅜෆ⏘ᴗᇶ┙ࡀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊࡑࡢ௦᭰࡜࡞
ࡿ᪂⏘ᴗࡢ๰ฟࡸ⏘ᴗࡢ㧗ᗘࡀ㉳ࡁࡎࠊ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢ✵ⓑࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ⌧㇟̿ࡣࠊ⦰ᑠࡍࡿ⏘ᴗ㒊㛛ࡀ᤼ฟࡍࡿవ๫ປാຊࢆ྾཰ࡋ࠺ࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸⏘ᴗ㒊㛛ࡀ༑ศ࡟ᡂ㛗ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸᫬3)࡟ࠊࡉ
ࡲࡊࡲ࡞࣑ࢡࣟⓗࠊ࣐ࢡࣟⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࠋᮏ✏ࡀศᯒࡢ↔Ⅼࢆྜࢃࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿປാᕷሙࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ
㞠⏝ࡢᰂ㌾໬࡜ࠊ࣐ࢡࣟⓗ⤒῭ືែ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡢഃ㠃࠿ࡽ࠸࠺࡜ࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡟㞠⏝ࡢᏳᐃᛶࡀ
ẚ㍑ⓗ࡟㧗࠸࡜ࡉࢀࡿ〇㐀ᴗࡢ๭ྜࡀపୗࡋࠊ㞠⏝ࡢ௦᭰ᛶࡀẚ㍑ⓗ࡟㧗࠸ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗࡢ๭ྜࡀቑຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ㞠⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒඲యࡢᰂ㌾ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࠊປാᕷሙࡢ୙Ᏻᐃࢆࡶࡓࡽ
ࡍྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ㧗ࡲࡿປാᕷሙࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࡀࠊാࡃேࠎࡢ㞠⏝࡜ᡤᚓ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
ᑗ᮶୙Ᏻࢆቑᖜࡉࡏࠊᅜෆᾘ㈝㟂せࡢ೵⁫࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࠋ
1) ౛࠼ࡤࠊDrucker(1993)ࡣࠊ࣏ࢫࢺ⬺ᕤᴗ໬♫఍࡛ࡣࠊ▱㆑ࡇࡑࡀಶே࡜⤒῭άືࡢ୰ᚰⓗ࡞㈨※࡛࠶ࡾࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡞⏕⏘せ⣲(ᅵᆅ࡞࡝ࡢኳ↛㈨※ࠊປാࠊ㈨ᮏ)ࡣ஧⩏ⓗ࡞⏕⏘せ⣲࡟ࡍࡂࡎࠊ▱㆑࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚⋓ᚓ࡛ࡁࡿせ⣲࡜࡞ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊሜᒇ(1990)ࡣࠊࢹࢨ࢖ࣥᛶࡸࣈࣛࣥࢻ࣭࢖࣓࣮ࢪࠊ㧗ᗘࡢᢏ⾡ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ≉ᐃࡢᶵ⬟ࡢ๰ฟ࡞࡝ࠊ♫఍ࡢ௙⤌ࡳࡸ♫఍୺ほ࡟㐺ྜࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚♫఍ⓗ࡟ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿ๰
㐀ⓗ࡞▱ᜨࡢ್ᡴࡕ࡛࠶ࡿࠕ▱౯ࠖࡢ๰㐀ࡇࡑࡀࠊ࣏ࢫࢺ⬺ᕤᴗ໬♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡜௻ᴗ฼┈ࡢ୺࡞※Ἠ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
2) ᅜෆ⏘ᴗ㒊㛛ࡢᾏእ⛣㌿࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡌࡿ⏘ᴗ✵Ὕ໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿ௦⾲ⓗ࡞◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࠊKojima(1973)ࠊ㛵(1997)࡞࡝ࠊ㡑ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊLee(2002)ࠊ㡑ᅜẸ୺ປ⥲(2005)ࠊ༧(2007)࡞࡝ࢆ࠶ࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ3) ⌧ᅾࡢ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬ࢆࠊ⏘ᴗ✵Ὕ໬࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢ㧗ᗘ໬㐣⛬࡜ぢ࡞ࡋࠊ⦰ᑠࡍࡿ⏘ᴗ࠿ࡽᡂ㛗ࡍࡿ⏘ᴗ࡟㞠⏝ࢆࢩࣇࢺࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ㔜せᛶࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿពぢࡀከࡃ࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ
ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ➇த࡟✚ᴟⓗ࡟ཧຍࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡀከ࠸࡯࡝ࠊᅜෆ࡛ࡢ㞠⏝๰ฟ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ዲࡲࡋ࠸ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡢᣦ᦬ࡶከ࠸ࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅᾏእ࡟⏕⏘㐣⛬ࡢ୍㒊ࢆ⛣㌿ࡋࡓ࠿ࡽ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊᅜෆࡢ㞠⏝ࡀࡍࡄ࡟⦰ᑠࡍࡿ࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ௻ᴗࡢᾏእ㌿᥮࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᅜෆ࡛ࡢ㞠⏝ࡀᾏእࡢ㞠⏝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ྲྀࡗ࡚௦ࢃࢀ
ࡿ࡜༴᝹ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᩋ໭୺⩏ࡣ᰿ᣐࡀஈࡋ࠸ࠊ࡜ఀ⸨(2012)ࡣ࠸࠺ࠋ

3

㏆ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ⤒῭ࡣࠊᅜෆᾘ㈝㟂せࡢ೵⁫ࢆ㍺ฟ㟂せࡢᣑ኱࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⿵ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ㍺ฟ⏘ᴗࡢ➇தຊࡣࠊᅜෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㞠⏝ไᗘࡢᨵ㠉(㞠⏝ࡢ㠀ṇつ໬)࡜㈤㔠ไᗘࡢᨵ㠉(ᡂᯝ୺⩏㈤㔠ไᗘࠊ㈤㔠ୖ᪼ࡢไᗘⓗㄪᩚ㸻⏕⏘ᛶ࢖ࣥࢹࢵࢡࢫ㈤㔠ୖ᪼ࡢᙅయ໬)ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓປാࢥࢫࢺࡢ⠇⣙࡟኱ࡁࡃ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ4)ࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊປാᕷሙࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࡣࡲࡍ
ࡲࡍᣑ኱ࡋࠊ௻ᴗෆ OJT ࢆ୺࡜ࡍࡿປാ⪅ࡢᢏ⬟ᙧᡂ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢᙅయ໬ࡀ㐍ࡳࠊ௻ᴗෆ
࡟࠾ࡅࡿసᴗ⤌⧊࡜ປാ⦅ᡂࡢᰂ㌾ᛶࡀᦆ࡞ࢃࢀࠊᅜෆ⏘ᴗࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࡢపୗࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊᅜෆᾘ㈝㟂せࡢᣑ኱ࡀぢ㎸ࡵ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ௻ᴗࡢᾏእ⛣㌿ࡣࡉࡽ࡟ቑຍࡋࠊᅜෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢞ㈨㟂せࡶ೵⁫࡟ྥ࠸ࠊࡑࢀࡀ୍ᒙࡢ⏘ᴗᇶ┙࡜➇தຊࡢᙅయ໬
ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍྍ⬟ᛶࢆᣑ኱ࡉࡏࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ᝏᚠ⎔ࡀ⏕ࡌ࠺ࡿࠋ

2.2 ⬺ᕤᴗ໬ࡢᐇែ
ᅗ 1 ࡟♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠾ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ〇㐀ᴗࡢ GDP ⥲㢠࡟༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜࡣࠊ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚௚ࡢඛ㐍ㅖᅜ࡟ẚ࡭ࡿ࡜㧗࠸Ỉ‽࡟࠶ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ1990 ᖺࡢ 27%࠿ࡽ 2008ᖺࡢ 20%ࡲ࡛࡟኱ࡁࡃపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ㡑ᅜ࡛ࡣྠᮇ㛫୰ 27%࠿ࡽ 28%࡬ࠊ1%࣏࢖ࣥࢺቑ
ຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ5)ࠋ

ᅗ1

୺せᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ〇㐀ᴗࡀ GDP ⥲㢠࡟༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜࡢ᥎⛣(༢఩㸸%)

40

㡑ᅜ

35
30
25

᪥ᮏ
27.9

26.6

୰ᅜ
࢔࣓ࣜ࢝

26.5

ࣇࣛࣥࢫ

20

19.9

15

ࢻ࢖ࢶ
ࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡ

10
1990ᖺ 1992ᖺ 1994ᖺ 1996ᖺ 1998ᖺ 2000ᖺ 2002ᖺ 2004ᖺ 2006ᖺ 2008ᖺ࢜ࣛࣥࢲฟᡤ㸸㡑ᅜ⤫ィᗇ㸸KOSIS ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚సᡂࠋ

4)㍺ฟ⏘ᴗࡢᡂ㛗ࢆಁࡍせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㈤㔠ୖ᪼ࢆᢚไࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡣඹ㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ㍺ฟ୺ᑟᆺᡂ㛗ࡢࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢ᮲௳࡛࠶ࡿ⿢㔞ⓗ࡞Ⅽ࣮᭰ࣞࢺࡢᢚไ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ୧ᅜࡢ㛫࡟኱ࡁ࡞㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
5) ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊFDI ࡢὶධࡀὶฟࡼࡾከࡃࠊ௻ᴗࡢᾏእἲே኎ୖࡀᅜෆ኎ୖ࡟ᑐࡍࡿẚ⋡ࡶ௚ࡢඛ㐍ᅜࡼࡾప࠸ࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ㈠᫆཰ᨭࡶ㯮Ꮠ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ㡑ᅜᨻᗓ࡜ᨻᗓ⣔ࢩࣥࢡࢱࣥࢡࡣࠊ〇㐀ᴗࡢ✵Ὕ໬⌧㇟ࡣ῝้࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ⏘ᴗ⏺࡜ປാഃࡣࠊᅜෆ௻ᴗࡢ⏕⏘ᣐⅬࡢᾏእ⛣㌿つᶍࡢᣑ኱࡟క࠺ᅜෆᢞ㈨⋡ࡢ₞ḟⓗ࡞పୗࠊ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵ࡸ௻ᴗ㛫㛵ಀ(኱௻ᴗ࡜୰ᑠ௻ᴗࡢ㛫ࡢࣄ࢚࣮ࣛࣝ࢟ⓗ࡞㟂⤥ᵓ㐀)ࡢኚ໬࡟క࠺୰ᑠ௻ᴗࡢ⤒Ⴀᅔ㞴ࠊ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢㄪᩚ࡟క࠺㞠⏝ࡢపୗ࡞࡝ࢆ᰿ᣐ࡟ࠊ〇㐀ᴗࡢ✵Ὕ໬࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᙉ࠸ᠱᛕࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ(ཝࠊ2011)ࠋ

4

ᅗ2

᪥ᮏࡢ⏘ᴗู㞠⏝⪅ᩘࡢ᥎⛣(༢఩㸸୓ே)

7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0

70%

➨୕⏘ᴗ

60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%

➨஧ḟ⏘ᴗ
➨୍ḟ⏘ᴗ
〇㐀ᴗᑵᴗ⪅ᩘࡢ๭ྜࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗᑵ
ᴗ⪅ᩘࡢ๭ྜ

ฟᡤ㸸⥲ົ┬⤫ィᒁࠗປാຊㄪᰝ㸸㛗ᮇ᫬⣔ิࢹ࣮ࢱ࠘࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚సᡂࠋ

ᅗ3㡑ᅜࡢ⏘ᴗู㞠⏝⪅ᩘࡢ᥎⛣(༢఩㸸୓ே)

2500

70%

2000

60%
50%

1500

➨୕ḟ⏘ᴗ
➨஧ḟ⏘ᴗ

40%

1000

30%

500

20%

0

10%

➨୍ḟ⏘ᴗ
〇㐀ᴗᑵᴗ⪅
ᩘࡢ๭ྜࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗᑵ
ᴗ⪅ᩘࡢ๭ྜ

ฟᡤ㸸ᅗ 1 ࡜ྠࡌࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᅗ 2 ࡜ᅗ 3 ࡢ⏘ᴗู㞠⏝⪅ᩘࡢ᥎⛣࠿ࡽࡳࡿ࡜ࠊ୧ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ➨஧ḟ⏘ᴗࡢ㞠⏝⪅ᩘࡣࠊྠᮇ㛫୰࡟ⴭࡋࡃపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏࡢ➨஧ḟ⏘ᴗࡢ㞠⏝⪅ᩘࡣࠊ
1990 ᖺࡢ 2100 ୓ே(㞠⏝඲య࡟༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜࡣ 24%)࠿ࡽࠊ2010 ᖺ࡟ 1550 ୓ே(ྠ 17%)࡬
࡜ࠊ⣙ 550 ୓ே(7%࣏࢖ࣥࢺ)⦰ᑠࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㡑ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ 1990 ᖺ௦࠿ࡽ⣙ 20 ᖺ㛫࡛⣙ 87 ୓ே(9%࣏࢖ࣥࢺ)⦰ᑠࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊ➨୕ḟ⏘ᴗࡢ㞠⏝⪅ᩘࡢቑຍࡣ୧ᅜඹ
࡟ⴭࡋࡃࠊୖグᮇ㛫୰࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ⣙ 730 ୓ேࡀቑ࠼(㞠⏝඲య࡟༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜࡣ 11%࣏࢖ࣥࢺୖ᪼)ࠊ㡑ᅜ࡛ࡣ 720 ୓ேࡀቑຍࡋࡓ(ྠ 18%࣏࢖ࣥࢺୖ᪼)ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㞠⏝ࡢ⏘ᴗ㒊㛛㛫࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢩࣇࢺࡣࠊ୍ᅜෆ࡛ࡣ〇㐀ᴗ㒊㛛࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗ㒊㛛ࡢ㛫ࡢᐇ㉁⏘ฟ㔞࡜ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡢ᱁ᕪ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ〇㐀ᴗ㒊㛛ࡢᐇ㉁⏘ฟ㔞ࡢᡂ㛗⋡࠿ࡽປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࢆᘬ࠸ࡓ್ࡀࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ㒊㛛࡟࠾ࡅ

5ࡿࡑࢀࡼࡾࡶᑠࡉ࠸᫬ࠊ㞠⏝ࡣ〇㐀ᴗ㒊㛛࠿ࡽࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗ࡟ࢩࣇࢺࡍࡿ6)ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㞠⏝ࡢࢩࣇࢺࢆึࡵ࡚⌮ㄽ໬ࡋࡓࡢࡀ Baumol(1967)࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢᐃᘧ໬ࡣ Pasinetti(1981)
ࡸ Rowthorn and Wells(1987)࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ7)(᳜ᮧ࣭⏣ཎࠊ2012)ࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᅜෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ〇㐀ᴗ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗࡢ㛫ࡢ⏘ฟ㔞࡜ປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡢ᱁ᕪ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚
⏕ࡲࢀࡿ㞠⏝ࢩࣇࢺ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ〇㐀ᴗࡢ⏕⏘ᣐⅬࡢᾏእࢩࣇࢺ࡟క࠺
ᅜෆ㞠⏝ࡢኚ໬࡟ὀ┠ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡣࠊྠࡌࡃ㍺ฟ㟂せࡢᣑ኱࡟኱ࡁࡃ౫Ꮡࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᅜෆ㈤㔠ࢥࢫࢺࡢቑຍ࡜࢔ࢪ࢔⤒῭ࡢຨ⯆࡟క࠺ᕷሙᣑ኱࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࠊ
㏆㞄࢔ࢪ࢔ㅖ⤒῭(≉࡟୰ᅜ)࡬ࡢᾏእ┤᥋ᢞ㈨(FDI)ࡣቑຍࡋ⥆ࡅࠊ⏕⏘ᣐⅬࡢᾏእ⛣㌿ࡣ㐍ࢇࡔࠋ⾲ 1 ࡟♧ࡍ࡜࠾ࡾࠊ1998 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2008 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ 10 ᖺ㛫࡟᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜࡢᾏእ┤᥋ᢞ㈨ࡣ௻ᴗἲேᩘ࡜ᢞ㈨㢠࡜ࡶ࡟ᛴ㏿࡟ቑຍࡋࡓࠋ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ〇㐀ᴗࡢᢞ㈨㢠ࡢቑຍᖜࡀࠊ඲య࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡼࡾࡶ㧗ࡃࠊ〇㐀ᴗࡢ⏕⏘ᣐⅬࡢᾏእ⛣㌿ࡀ୰ᅜࢆ୰ᚰ࡟኱ࡁࡃቑ
ຍࡋࡓࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊ㡑ᅜࡢᾏእ┤᥋ᢞ㈨ࡣࠊ10 ᖺ㛫࡛⣙ 5 ಸࡢつᶍ࡟ᣑ኱ࡋࠊ〇㐀ᴗࡼࡾࡶࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗࡢᾏእᢞ㈨ࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ8)ࠋ
㏆ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ኚ໬ࡢ኱ࡁ࡞≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ〇㐀ᴗ࡟ࡼࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗࠊ≉࡟ᑐ஦ᴗᡤࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ(㔠⼥ᴗࠊ࣮ࣜࢫᴗࠊᗈ࿌ᴗࠊ᝟ሗࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࠊᩚഛಟ⌮ᴗ࡞࡝)࠿ࡽࡢ୰㛫ᢞධࡢቑຍࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏࡢሙྜࠊ1990 ᖺ௦࠿ࡽ 2000 ᖺ௦ึ㢌࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࡢᵓ㐀ㄪᩚᮇ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊඛࡢࣂࣈࣝᮇ࡟⵳✚ࡉࢀࡓ㐣๫タഛࠊ㐣๫୙Ⰻമᶒࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ㐣๫㞠⏝࡟ᑐࡍࡿฎ⌮ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࠊᚑ᮶ࡣ௻ᴗෆ㒊࡛⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞άືࢆᑐ஦ᴗᡤࢧ࣮ࣅ
ࢫ࡜ࡋ࡚እ㒊໬ࡍࡿഴྥࡀᙉࡲࡗࡓ9)(᳜ᮧ࣭⏣ཎࠊ2012)ࠋ㡑ᅜ࡛ࡶ᪥ᮏྠᵝࠊ〇㐀ᴗ㒊㛛ࡀᑐ஦ᴗᡤࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ㒊㛛࠿ࡽࡢㄪ㐩ࢆᣑ኱ࡉࡏࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ⏕⏘ᣐⅬࡢᾏእ⛣㌿࡜ඹ࡟ࠊ㛵㐃6) Rowthorn and Wells(1987)࡛ࡣࠊ
ࠕ㞠⏝ᡂ㛗⋡㸻ᐇ㉁⏘ฟ㔞ᡂ㛗⋡㸫ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࠖ࡜࠸࠺㛵ಀࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࠊ〇㐀ᴗࡢᐇ㉁⏘ฟ㔞ࡢῶᑡࡀぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸≧ែ࡛ࠊປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡀ㧗࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ⏕ࡌࡿ〇㐀ᴗ࠿ࡽࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗ࡬ࡢ㞠⏝ࢩࣇࢺࢆࠕ࣏ࢪࢸ࢕ࣈ⬺ᕤᴗ໬ࠖ࡜࿧ࡧࠊປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡢኚ໬ࡀ୙᫂(ࡶࡋࡃࡣᚤᑠ)ࡢ࡞࠿ࠊᐇ㉁⏘ฟ㔞࡜㞠⏝ࡢῶᑡࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ≧ែࢆࠕࢿ࢞ࢸ࢕ࣈ⬺ᕤᴗ໬ࠖ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ
7) Baumol(1967)ࡢ஧㒊㛛ᡂ㛗ࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊ㒊㛛㛫ࡢປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡᱁ᕪ࡜㞠⏝ࡢኚ໬ࠊ⏘ฟ㔞(᭱⤊㟂せ)ࡢኚ໬ࠊࡑࡋ࡚࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ࠊປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡢ᱁ᕪࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ⤒῭࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᭱⤊㟂せࡢ㒊㛛ᵓᡂࡀኚ໬ࡋ࡞࠸ሙྜࠊ㞠⏝ࡣḟ➨࡟⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡀప࠸㒊㛛࡟㞟୰ࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࠊ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ᡂ㛗⋡ࡣపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡀ㧗࠸㒊㛛ࡢ㞠⏝ࢆ⥔ᣢࠊࡶࡋࡃࡣᣑ኱ࡋࠊ㟂せࢆᣑ኱ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢᵓᅗ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ヲ⣽࡞ㄝ᫂ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᏱோ(2007)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㍺ฟ㈈⏕⏘㒊㛛࡜ᅜෆ㈈⏕⏘㒊㛛ࡢ㛫ࡢ᭱⤊㟂せ࡜ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡢ᱁ᕪ࡟╔┠ࡋ࡚ࠊ1990 ᖺ௦ࡢ᪥ᮏࡢ㍺ฟ୺ᑟᆺᡂ㛗యไࡢ⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵ࢆㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
8) 2008 ᖺ⌧ᅾ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᪥㡑୧ᅜࡢᾏእ┤᥋ᢞ㈨ඛࡢ࡞࠿࡛༨ࡵࡿ୰ᅜࡢ๭ྜࡣ㡑ᅜࡢ᪉ࡀ㧗࠸ࡀࠊ10ᖺ㛫ࡢఙࡧ⋡࡛ぢࡿ࡜᪥ᮏࡢ᪉ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬ࡢᛴඛ㗓࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㡑ᅜࡢᾏእ┤᥋ᢞ㈨ࡀࠊ㏆㞄ࡢ୰ᅜࢆ୺࡞ᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ୰ᅜ௨እࡢᆅᇦ࡬ࡢᢞ㈨ࡶᛴ㏿࡟ቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ9) ᳜ᮧ࣭⏣ཎ(2012)࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞〇㐀ᴗ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡢ㐃㛵ࡀࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ⬺ᕤᴗ໬ࢆຍ㏿ࡉࡏࠊࡑࡢഴ
ྥࡣ 1980 ᖺ௦௨㝆࡟࠾࠸୍࡚㈏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ≉࡟ 1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆࡟࠾࠸࡚㢧ⴭ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄝ᫂ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿ(pp.18-9)ࠋ

6ࡍࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗࡢᾏእ┤᥋ᢞ㈨ࡶቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

⾲1᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᾏእ⌧ᆅἲேᩘ࡜┤᥋ᢞ㈨ࡢᐇែ (༢఩㸸♫ࠊⓒ୓ࢻࣝ)1998 ᖺ

᪥ᮏ௻ᴗἲே⥲ᩘ

2008 ᖺ
ᢞ㈨⥲㢠䛭䛾ෆ୰ᅜ௻ᴗἲே⥲ᩘ

䛭䛾ෆ୰ᅜ

ᢞ㈨⥲㢠

䛭䛾ෆ୰ᅜ

䛭䛾ෆ୰ᅜ

⏘ᴗ඲య

13017

16%

32026

6%

17658

29%

38928

15%

〇㐀ᴗ

6405

20%

18526

8%

8147

36%

27549

19%

䝃䞊䝡䝇ᴗ

4351

15%

10708

4%

7996

25%

8625

5%

䛭䛾௚

2261

10%

2792

6%

1515

12%

2754

1%

⏘ᴗ඲య

613

43%

4792

14%

4025

32%

23843

16%

〇㐀ᴗ

366

61%

2228

27%

1396

48%

7070

33%

䝃䞊䝡䝇ᴗ

215

17%

2296

3%

2235

25%

11601

10%

䛭䛾௚

32

19%

268

8%

394

13%

5171

6%

㡑ᅜ

ὀ㸸ࢹ࣮ࢱࡣᾏእ஦ᴗࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ௻ᴗ࡟ᑐࡍࡿㄪᰝ㈨ᩱ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࡢ㝈⏺࠿ࡽࠊᾏእ஦
ᴗࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚௻ᴗࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
ฟᡤ㸸⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬ࠗᾏእ஦ᴗάືᇶᮏㄪᰝ࠘ྛᖺࠊ㡑ᅜ⤫ィᗇ㸸KOSIS ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚సᡂࠋ

ୖグࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏕⏘ᣐⅬࡢᾏእ⛣㌿ࡢቑຍࡣࠊ୧ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅜෆ⏘ᴗ✵Ὕ໬ࡢ୺࡞ཎᅉ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᅗ 4 ࡟♧ࡍ࡜࠾ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᾏእ㐍ฟ௻ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅜෆ㞠⏝ࡢపୗᖜࡣᑠࡉ࠸ࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅᾏእ࡟㐍ฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ௻ᴗ࡟㝈ࡗ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜ࠊᾏእ㞠⏝࡟ࡼࡿᅜෆ
㞠⏝ࡢ௦᭰࡟క࠺✵Ὕ໬ࡣ㉳ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸10)ࠋ㏫࡟ࠊᾏእ㐍ฟ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᴗ⦼ࢆᣑ኱ࡉࡏࡓ⏘ᴗ࡜௻ᴗࡀࠊᅜෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㞠⏝ࡶቑຍࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚ᅜ㝿➇தຊࢆ⥔ᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᶵᲔ⏘ᴗࡢ㞠⏝ࡣࠊᾏእ࡜ᅜෆ࡛ඹ࡟ⴭࡋࡃቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬ࢆ཯ᫎࡋ࡚ࠊᶵᲔ⏘ᴗࢆ㝖ࡃ௚ࡢ〇㐀ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㞠⏝ࡢኚ໬ࡣᑠࡉ࠸ࠋ
⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢ㧗ᗘ໬ࡀ㐍ࢇࡔ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ປാ㞟⣙ᆺ⏘ᴗࡣࠊᅜෆ࡛ࡶᾏእ࡟
࠾࠸࡚ࡶ⦰ᑠഴྥ࡟࠶ࡾࠊ௦ࢃࡗ࡚ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗࡢ㞠⏝ࡀ኱ࡁࡃቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞࠿࡛ࡶ
᝟ሗ㏻ಙ࣭㐠㍺ᴗࡢ㞠⏝ࡀᅜෆࠊᾏእ࡜ࡶ࡟ⴭࡋࡃቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊඛ࡟ゝཬࡋࡓ〇㐀ᴗ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗࡢ㛵㐃࠿ࡽ⏕ࡌࡿ⬺ᕤᴗ໬ࡢ⾲ࢀ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡳࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ
ᾏእ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㞠⏝࡟༨ࡵࡿ୰ᅜࡢ๭ྜࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜ࠊປാ㞟⣙ⓗ࡞⧄⥔⏘ᴗ(5 ๭௨ୖ)ࡔࡅ
࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㈨ᮏ࣭ᢏ⾡㞟⣙ⓗ࡞ᶵᲔ⏘ᴗ(୍⯡ᶵᲔ㸸37%ࠊ㟁ẼᶵᲔ㸸42%ࠊ᝟ሗ㏻ಙᶵᲔ㸸10)ゝ࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᾏእ࡟⛣㌿ࡋࡓ⏕⏘ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡀᅜෆ࡛⏕⏘ࡉࢀࠊᾏእ࡟㍺ฟࡉࢀࡿሙྜ࡟ẚ࡭ࡿ࡜ࠊᾏእ⏕⏘ࡢᣑ኱ࡀࠊࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ᅜෆ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ⏕⏘ࡢᣑ኱ࢆ௦᭰ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ✵Ὕ໬ࢆࡶࡓ
ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ

7

48%ࠊ㍺㏦ᶵᲔ㸸44%)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᪥୰㛫ࡢᙉ࠸⤒῭ⓗ࡞⤖ࡧࡘࡁࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ

ᅗ42000 ᖺ௦ࡢ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᾏእ㐍ฟ௻ᴗࡢᴗ✀ูᚑᴗဨᩘࡢኚ໬(༢఩㸸༓ே)
ᅜෆ㞠⏝

ᾏእ㞠⏝

ᾏእ㞠⏝࡟༨ࡵࡿ୰ᅜࡢ๭ྜ(2010ᖺ)

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100

550

60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

ὀ㸸ࢹ࣮ࢱࡣᾏእ஦ᴗࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ௻ᴗ࡟ᑐࡍࡿㄪᰝ㈨ᩱ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࡢ㝈⏺࠿ࡽࠊᾏእ஦
ᴗࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚௻ᴗࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
ฟᡤ㸸⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬ࠗᾏእ஦ᴗάືᇶᮏㄪᰝ࠘(2001 ᖺࠊ2010 ᖺ)࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚సᡂࠋ

ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ᪥㡑୧ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⬺ᕤᴗ໬ࡢᐇែࢆᴫᣓࡋ࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋࡲࡎࠊ୧ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ〇㐀ᴗࡢ๭ྜࡣ OECD ㅖᅜࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࡣ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚㧗࠸Ỉ‽࡛࠶ࡾࠊ≉࡟㡑ᅜࡢሙྜࡣࠊ㏆ᖺ࡛ࡣࡑࡢ๭ྜࡢୖ᪼ࡶぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⏘ᴗ㒊㛛ูࡢ㞠⏝⪅ᩘࡢ᥎⛣࠿ࡽࡳࡿ࡜ࠊ〇㐀ᴗ࠿ࡽࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗ࡬ࡢ⛣⾜ഴྥࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋḟ࡟ࠊ〇㐀ᴗ࠿ࡽࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗ࡬ࡢ㞠⏝ࡢ⛣⾜ࡣࠊ୧ᅜࡢᅜෆ〇㐀ᴗ㒊㛛ࡢ୰ᅜࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡍࡿᾏእ࡬ࡢ⛣㌿࡜῝ࡃ㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡀࠊ௻ᴗࡢᾏእ┤᥋ᢞ㈨ࡢቑຍࡀࡑࡢࡲࡲᅜෆ㞠⏝ࡢ⦰ᑠࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍ࡜࠸࠺༢⣧࡞⤖ㄽࡣᚓࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ✚ᴟⓗ࡞ᾏእᒎ㛤ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᴗ⦼ࢆఙࡤࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⏘ᴗ࡞࠸ࡋ௻ᴗࡣࠊ
ᅜෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㞠⏝ࡶቑࡸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣෑ㢌࡛ゝཬࡋࡓ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬㸻⬺ᕤᴗ໬ࡀࠊ㞠⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢኚᐜࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ
࣑ࢡࣟⓗࠊ࣐ࢡࣟⓗ࡞⤒῭ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⌧ࢀࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ〇㐀ᴗ࡟ẚ࡭࡚ປാ⪅ࡢ⇍⦎せồࡀపࡃࠊ௦᭰ྍ⬟ᛶࡢ㧗࠸ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗࡢ㞠⏝ࡀᅜෆ㞠⏝඲య࡟༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬࡬ࡢᑐᛂ
࡜ࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓ୧ᅜࡢປാᕷሙㅖไᗘᨵ㠉ࡀࠊ㞠⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᰂ㌾໬ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿ᪉ྥ࡛㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ㞠⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ᢏ⬟ᙧᡂࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ♫఍ಖ㞀ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ㛫ࡢไᗘⓗ⿵᏶ᛶࡀᔂࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ୧ᅜࡢປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㞠⏝࡜ᡤᚓࡢ᱁ᕪᣑ኱࡜୙Ᏻᐃᛶࡢ
8ቑຍࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋḟࡢ➨Ϫ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜࡢ⬺ᕤᴗ໬ࡢ㐣⛬࡛ぢࡽࢀࡿປാᕷሙࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋϪ ⬺ᕤᴗ໬࡜ປാᕷሙࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶ

3.1 ⬺ᕤᴗ໬࡟క࠺᪥㡑୧ᅜࡢປാᕷሙࡢኚᐜ
ෑ㢌࡛ゝཬࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᅜ㝿➇தࡢ⃭໬࡟క࠺௻ᴗᴗ⦼ࡢኚືᖜࡢᣑ኱ࠊ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢ㧗ᗘ໬(ᶵᲔ໬࡟ࡼࡿ㞠⏝๰ฟຠᯝࡢపୗ)ࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗࡀ GDP ࡟༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜࡢቑຍ࡞࡝࡟
ࡼࡾࠊປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᰂ㌾໬せồࡣ㧗ࡲࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⬺ᕤᴗ໬࡟క࠺ປാᕷሙࡢᰂ
㌾ᛶࡢᣑ኱࡟㝿ࡋ࡚࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㅖᅜ࡛ࡣࠊࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕ᡓ␎ࡢୗࠊᅜẸ඲యࡢ㐃ᖏ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ඘ᐇࡋࡓኻᴗ⤥௜࡜ࠊᨻປ౑ࡢ༠㆟࡜༠ㄪ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ✚ᴟⓗ࡞ປാᕷሙᨻ⟇ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㞠⏝࡜ᡤᚓࡢᏳ඲ᛶ(Security)ࢆྥୖࡉࡏࠊᑵປ࡜⏕άࡢㄪ࿴ࢆ㐩ᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ
୺࡟௻ᴗ༢఩ࡢㄪᩚ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜࡢ㞠⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡛ࡣࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢࡼ࠺࡞
Ᏻ඲ᛶࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࡢ♫఍༢఩ࡢㄪᩚ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡀᩚഛࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊ㞠⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࡣᣑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ(ཝࠊ2010)ࠋ
ࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕ࡣᰂ㌾ᛶ࡜Ᏻ඲ᛶࡢ⤖ྜ࡟ࡼࡿ㐀ㄒ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᰂ㌾ᛶ࡜Ᏻ඲ᛶࡢ༢࡞
ࡿ⤖ྜ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ୧⪅ࡢ㐺ษ࡞⤌ྜࡏࠊࡶࡋࡃࡣㄪ࿴ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ11)ࠋㄽ⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⤫ྜⓗᨻ⟇ࠊᨻ⟇ᡓ␎ࠊᨻ⟇ࣃࢵࢣ࣮ࢪ࡞࡝ࠊከᵝ࡞ᙧ࡛౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊປാᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸
୍࡚⯡ⓗ࡟ᑐ❧ࡋࡀࡕ࡞ᰂ㌾ᛶ࡜Ᏻ඲ᛶࢆྠ᫬࡟㧗ࡵࡿ⤫ྜⓗ࡞ᨻ⟇ᡓ␎࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ(Wilthagen and Tros , 2004)ࠋ
ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊປാᕷሙࡢᰂ㌾ᛶ(Flexibility)ࢆᣑ኱ࡉࡏࡿ᪉ἲ࡟ࡣࠊᩘ㔞ⓗ࡞ᰂ㌾ᛶࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᶵ⬟ⓗᰂ㌾ᛶࡸ㈤㔠ᰂ㌾ᛶࢆᣑ኱ࡉࡏࡿ᪉ἲࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
ᰂ㌾ᛶࡢᣑ኱ࡣࠊປാ⪅ࡢ㌿⫋ᶵ఍ࡢቑຍࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡀࠊ୍᪉࡛ࡣኻᴗࡍࡿ༴㝤ᛶࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡿࠋኻᴗ࡟క࠺ປാ⪅ࡢ࢟ࣕࣜ࢔ࡢ᩿⤯ࠊᡤᚓࡢపୗࠊ⏕άࡢ୙Ᏻࢆゎᾘࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟
11) ࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕(Flexicurity)ࡣࠊᰂ㌾ᛶ(Flexibility)࡜ಖ㞀࣭Ᏻ඲ᛶ(Security)ࡢ⤖ྜ࡟ࡼࡿ㐀ㄒ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᅄࡘࡢᰂ㌾ᛶせ⣲࡜ᅄࡘࡢᏳ඲ᛶせ⣲ࡢᰂ㌾࡞⤌ྜࡏࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᰂ㌾ᛶ࡜Ᏻ඲ᛶ
ࢆྠ᫬࡟ᣑ኱ࡉࡏࡿ⤫ྜⓗᨻ⟇ᡓ␎ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ(Wilthagen and Tros, 2004)ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊᰂ㌾ᛶࡢᅄࡘࡢせ⣲࡟ࡣࠊ㞠⏝࡜ゎ㞠ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓእ㒊ⓗᩘ㔞ⓗᰂ㌾ᛶ(External Numerical Flexibility)ࠊປാ᫬㛫ࡢㄪᩚ࡟ᇶ
࡙࠸ࡓෆ㒊ⓗᩘ㔞ⓗᰂ㌾ᛶ(Internal Numerical Flexibility)ࠊసᴗᕤ⛬ࡸసᴗࢳ࣮࣒⦅ᡂࡢㄪᩚ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓ
ᶵ⬟ⓗᰂ㌾ᛶ(Functional Flexibility)ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ㈤㔠ࢥࢫࢺࡢㄪᩚ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓ㈤㔠ᰂ㌾ᛶ(Wage Flexibility)ࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊᅄࡘࡢᏳ඲ᛶせ⣲࡟ࡣࠊྠࡌ⫋ሙ࡛㛗ᮇ࡟ࢃࡓࡾ㞠⏝ࡀಖ㞀ࡉࢀࡿྠ⫋Ᏻ඲ᛶ(Job
Security)ࠊປാᕷሙࡢ࡞࠿࡛ኻᴗ࡜෌ᑵ⫋ࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡶ࢟ࣕࣜ࢔ࡢ᩿⤯࡟㐼㐝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃᑵປࡢ
ᶵ఍ࡀಖ㞀ࡉࢀࡿ㞠⏝Ᏻ඲ᛶ(Employment Security)ࠊኻᴗ᫬ࡢኻᴗᡭᙜࡸ♫఍ⓗᢇຓ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕άࡢࡓࡵࡢ཰ධࡀಖ㞀ࡉࢀࡿᡤᚓᏳ඲ᛶ(Income Security)ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ௙஦࡜ᐙᗞ⏕άࡢㄪ࿴ࡀྍ⬟࡞࣮࣡ࢡ࣭ࣛ࢖ࣇ
ࣂࣛࣥࢫࢆಁࡍㅖ᪋⟇࡟ࡼࡿ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏᏳ඲ᛶ(Combination Security㸸㏥⫋ไᗘࠊฟ⏘࣭⫱ඣఇᬤไᗘࠊ
௙஦࡜ᐙ஦୧❧ࡢࡓࡵࡢປാ⪅ࡢ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡞ປാ᫬㛫ㄪᩚไᗘ࡞࡝ࡢ⤌ྜࡏ)࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

9ࡣࠊ㞠⏝ྍ⬟ᛶ(Employability)ࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࡢ✚ᴟⓗ࡞ປാᕷሙᨻ⟇࡜ࠊኻᴗ࡟ࡼࡿ
ᡤᚓࡢᦆኻࢆ⿵ൾ࡛ࡁࡿኻᴗ⤥௜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠊປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᰂ
㌾ᛶࡢᣑ኱ࡣࠊᏳ඲ᛶ(Security)ࡀ☜ಖࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ㞠⏝࡜ᡤᚓࠊ࠾ࡼࡧປാ⪅ࡢ⏕ά࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࢆᣑ኱ࡉࡏࠊ♫఍඲య࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᱁ᕪࡸ㈋ᅔࢆቑᖜࡉࡏࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋ
1990 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙࠿ࡽ 2000 ᖺ௦࡟࠿ࡅ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊ᪂⮬⏤୺⩏ࡢ⌮ᛕ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᵓ㐀ᨵ㠉ࡢ㐣⛬࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓປാᕷሙࡢㅖไᗘᨵ㠉ࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡢ㛗ᮇᏳᐃ㞠⏝ࢩࢫࢸ
࣒ࢆᰂ㌾໬ࡉࡏࡿ᪉ྥ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ㞠⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠊᢏ⬟ᙧᡂࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ
♫఍ಖ㞀ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ㛫ࡢไᗘⓗ⿵᏶ᛶࡀᔂቯࡋࠊ㛗ᮇᏳᐃ㞠⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠿ࡽ⬺ⴠࡋࡓ㠀ṇつ⫋ࡢປാ⪅ࡣࠊ௻ᴗෆ OJT ࡢᑐ㇟࠿ࡽࡶࠊ௻ᴗෆ⚟♴ࡢᑐ㇟࠿ࡽࡶእࢀࠊṇつ㞠⏝࡜㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ㛫ࡢ᱁ᕪࡀⴭࡋࡃቑຍࡋࡓࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠊ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗ
ࣜࢸ࢕ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠕྠ୍ປാ࣭ྠ୍㈤㔠ࠖࡢཎ๎ࠊ඘ᐇࡋࡓ♫఍༢఩ࡢ⫋ᴗカ⦎ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠊ
࠾ࡼࡧᐶ኱࡞♫఍ಖ㞀ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀḞࡅ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㞠⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᰂ㌾໬ࡣປാ⪅ࡢᢏ⬟ᙧᡂࢆጉࡆࠊ♫఍ಖ㞀ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࢆᅔ㞴࡟ࡍࡿࠋᅗ 5 ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡢປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ᥎⛣ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ๭ྜࡣ 90ᖺ௦ࡣࡌࡵࡢ 82%࠿ࡽ 2009 ᖺࡢ 69%࡬పୗࡋࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡣࠊ⣙ 900 ୓ே࠿ࡽ1700 ୓ே࡟ቑຍࡋࠊ2009 ᖺ࡛ࡣ㞠⏝඲యࡢ 3 ๭㉸ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊ2000 ᖺ௦௨㝆࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊṇつ㞠⏝࡜௦᭰ⓗ㛵ಀ12)࡟࠶ࡿὴ㐵ࠊㄳ㈇ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧዎ⣙♫ဨࡢⴭࡋ࠸ቑຍࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ
ࡢ㞠⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ୍ᒙ୙Ᏻᐃ࡟ࡍࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊാ࠸࡚࠸ࡿேࠎࡢᑗ᮶ࡢ㞠⏝࡟ᑐࡍࡿ୙Ᏻ
ࢆᣑ኱ࡉࡏࡓࠋ

ᅗ5᪥ᮏࡢປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ᥎⛣ (༢఩㸸୓ே)

6000

40%

ࡑࡢ௚

5000

35%

ዎ⣙࣭კク

30%

ὴ㐵ປാ⪅

25%

࢔ࣝࣂ࢖ࢺ

1000

20%

ࣃ࣮ࢺ

0

15%

4000
3000
2000

ṇつࡢ⫋ဨ࣭ᚑᴗဨᙺဨ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ๭ྜ

ฟᡤ㸸⥲ົ┬⤫ィᒁ㸸ປാຊㄪᰝ̿㛗ᮇ᫬⣔ิࢹ࣮ࢱࠗ㞠⏝ᙧែู㞠⏝⪅ᩘ࠘࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚సᡂࠋ
12)㠀ṇつ㞠⏝࡜ṇつ㞠⏝࡜ࡢ௦᭰ᛶ࡜⿵᏶ᛶ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㆟ㄽࡀศ࠿ࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࠗປാ⤒῭ⓑ᭩࠘ࡸከࡃࡢ
◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡢ⿵᏶ᛶࡀ୺ᙇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊᏱோ(2009)࡛ࡣࠊ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢᙧែᚑᴗဨつᶍูࡢ௻ᴗ࡟㛵ࡍࡿヲ⣽࡞⤫ィศᯒ࠿ࡽࠊ1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㛫᥋㞠⏝ᆺὴ㐵ࠊㄳ㈇ປാ࡜࠸࠺㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡀṇつ㞠⏝ࢆ௦᭰ࡍࡿᙧ࡛ࠊ≉࡟኱௻ᴗࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ቑຍࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆド᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

10ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᅗ 6 ࡣࠊ㡑ᅜປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊᨻᗓ࡜ປാ⏺ࡢ␗࡞ࡿᐃ⩏࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ㡑ᅜࡢ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ᥎⛣ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ13)ࠋປാ⏺ࡢ⤫ィ࡛ࡣ 2002 ᖺࡢ 56.6%ࢆࣆ࣮ࢡ࡟ࡑࢀ௨㝆࡛ࡣ⦆ࡸ࠿࡞పୗഴྥࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2002 ᖺࡢᨻປ౑ྜព௨㝆ࠊᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿබඹ㒊㛛࡛ാࡃ㠀ṇつ⫋ࡢṇつ⫋࡬ࡢ㌿᥮ࠊ2007 ᖺࡢ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ἲࡢබᕸ࡞࡝ࡢᙳ㡪࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡀ㈤㔠ປാ⪅඲య࡟༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜࡢỈ‽ࡣ㧗࠸ࡀࠊపୗഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊᨻᗓഃࡢ⤫ィ࡛ࡣࠊ2004 ᖺࢆࣆ࣮ࢡ࡟పୗഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࡀࠊ2008 ᖺࡢୡ⏺㔠⼥༴ᶵࡢᙳ㡪ୗ࡛ࠊⱝᖸୖ᪼ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ᅗ6
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20

㡑ᅜປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ᥎⛣ (༢఩㸸%)
55.7

56.6

55.9

55.4

56.1

54.6

54.2

35.5

35.9

52.1
37

36.6

32.6
27.3

52.1

51.9

33.8

34.9

27.8

ᨻᗓࡢᐃ⩏

ປാ⏺ࡢᐃ⩏

2000ᖺ 2001ᖺ 2002ᖺ 2003ᖺ 2004ᖺ 2005ᖺ 2006ᖺ 2007ᖺ 2008ᖺ 2009ᖺฟᡤ㸸⤫ィᗇࠗ⤒῭άືேཱྀㄪᰝ㸸ᮏㄪᰝ࠘ࠊࠗ⤒῭άືேཱྀㄪᰝ㸸௜ຍㄪᰝ࠘ྛᖺ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚సᡂࠋ

ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㡑ᅜປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ๭ྜࡣࠊࡑࡢỈ‽ࡣ㧗࠸ࡀࠊ2000 ᖺ௨㝆ࡢⴭࡋ࠸ቑຍࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠊ᭱㏆ࡢ㡑ᅜປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ၥ㢟ࡢඛ㗦໬ࡣࠊࡑࡢ㔞ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡼࡾ㉁ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅṇつ㞠⏝࡜ࡢ᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱࡟࠶
ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ(ཝࠊ2012)ࠋࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕ࡢどⅬ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ࡜ࠊ97 ᖺࡢ㏻㈌༴ᶵ௨㝆ࡢປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᰂ㌾ᛶࡢᣑ኱ࡣ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢᩘ㔞ⓗᣑ኱ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࠊປാᕷሙࡢᏳᐃ
ᛶࢆᦆ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿഃ㠃ࢆྰᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀࠊၥ㢟ࡣࡑࡢᰂ㌾ᛶࡢᣑ኱㐣⛬࡛ぢࡽࢀࡿⴭࡋ࠸
Ᏻ඲ᛶࡢపୗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ၥ㢟ࡢゎỴࡣࠊᏳᐃᛶࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿ13)㡑ᅜࡢṇつ࡜㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢつᶍࢆࡵࡄࡿᨻᗓഃ࡜ປാഃࡢ⤫ィࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࠊ୺࡟ࠗ⤒῭άືேཱྀㄪᰝ㸸௜ຍㄪᰝ࠘࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕ㞠⏝ᮇ㛫ࡣᐃࡵ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊ⥅⥆ⓗ࡟㞠⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺ࠖ࡜㏉⟅ࡋࡓ⮫᫬࣭᪥㞠࠸㞠
⏝⪅(2008 ᖺ⌧ᅾ࡛⣙ 279 ୓ேࠊ⿕㞠⏝⪅඲యࡢ 17%)ࢆṇつ⫋࡟ศ㢮ࡍࡿ࠿ࠊ㠀ṇつ⫋࡟ศ㢮ࡍࡿ࠿࡟ࡼ
ࡗ࡚⏕ࡲࢀࡿࠋ
ࠕ⮫᫬࣭᪥㞠࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺㞠⏝ᙧែࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ᳜Ẹᆅ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ᫬ᮇ࠿ࡽᏑᅾࡋࡓ㞠⏝ᙧែ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊປാ⌧ሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୙Ᏻᐃ㞠⏝(㠀ṇつ⫋)ࢆᣦࡍ௦ྡモ࡜ࡋ࡚౑ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ2009 ᖺ 3 ᭶ࡢࠗ⤒῭άືேཱྀㄪᰝ㸸௜ຍㄪᰝ࠘࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ࡜ࠊࡇࡢ㞠⏝ᙧែ࡟ᒓࡍࡿປാ⪅ࡢ 49%ࡀప㈤㔠㝵ᒙ(㞠⏝⪅඲యࡢᖹᆒ㈤㔠ࡼࡾప࠸)࡛࠶ࡾ(ṇつ⫋࡛ࡣ 6.1%)ࠊ᭱ప㈤㔠Ỉ‽௨ୗࡢ⪅ࡀ 25%(ྠ 1.9%)ࡶ࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ໅⥆ᖺᩘࡣ
1.9 ᖺ(ṇつ⫋ࡣ 8.2 ᖺ)ࠊ♫఍ಖ㝤(ᅜẸᖺ㔠ࠊ೺ᗣಖ㝤ࠊ㞠⏝ಖ㝤)ࡢ㐺ᛂ⋡ࡣ⣙ 30%(ྠ 82~99%)ࠊṧᴗᡭ
ᙜ࡞࡝(㏥⫋㔠ࠊ㈹୚㔠)ࡢ㐺ᛂ⋡ࡣ 4~12%(ྠ 75~99%)࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋṇつ⫋(2008 ᖺ⌧ᅾ࡛ 767 ୓ேࠊ⿕㞠⏝⪅඲యࡢ⣙ 48%)࡜ࡢ᱁ᕪࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡞㠀ṇつ㞠⏝(ྠ 563 ୓ேࠊྠ⣙ 35%)ࡼࡾࡶప࠸
ᚅ㐝ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀ⌧ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿ(㔠ࣘ࢘ࢩࣥࠊ2009)ࠋ

11

ᨻ⟇ࡼࡾࡶࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕ࡢ⌮ᛕ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᏳ඲ᛶࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿᨻ⟇య⣔ࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿࠋᅗ7᪥ᮏࡢປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᖺ㱋㝵ᒙู㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ᩘ࡜๭ྜࡢ᥎⛣(༢఩㸸୓ேࠊ%)

2011ᖺ

2001ᖺ

1991ᖺ

2011ᖺ

2001ᖺ

1991ᖺ

2011ᖺ

2001ᖺ

1991ᖺ

2011ᖺ

2001ᖺ

1991ᖺ

2011ᖺ

2001ᖺ

1991ᖺ

2011ᖺ

2001ᖺ

70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
1991ᖺ

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

15㹼24ṓ 25㹼34ṓ 35㹼44ṓ 45㹼54ṓ 55㹼64ṓ 65ṓ௨
ୖ

ࡑࡢ௚
ዎ⣙࣭კク
ὴ㐵ປാ⪅
࢔ࣝࣂ࢖ࢺ
ࣃ࣮ࢺ
ṇつࡢ⫋ဨ࣭ᚑᴗ⪅ᙺဨ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ๭ྜ

ฟᡤ㸸⥲ົ┬⤫ィᒁࠗປാຊㄪᰝ㸸㛗ᮇ᫬⣔ิࢹ࣮ࢱ̿㞠⏝ᙧែู㞠⏝⪅ᩘ࠘࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚సᡂࠋ

ᅗ8㡑ᅜࡢປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᖺ㱋㝵ᒙู㠀ṇつ㞠⏝๭ྜࡢ᥎⛣ (༢఩㸸%)

2006ᖺ
2010ᖺ
2003ᖺ
2007ᖺ
2011ᖺ
2004ᖺ
2008ᖺ
2012ᖺ
2005ᖺ
2009ᖺ

2006ᖺ
2010ᖺ
2003ᖺ
2007ᖺ
2011ᖺ
2004ᖺ
2008ᖺ
2012ᖺ
2005ᖺ
2009ᖺ

2003ᖺ
2007ᖺ
2011ᖺ
2004ᖺ
2008ᖺ
2012ᖺ
2005ᖺ
2009ᖺ

80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%

㹼19ṓ 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65ṓ㹼
ṓ
ṓ
ṓ
ṓ
ṓ
ṓ
ṓ
ṓ
ṓ
ฟᡤ㸸㡑ᅜ⤫ィᗇ㸸KOSIS ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚సᡂࠋ

ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊᅗ 7 ࡜ᅗ 8 ࡟♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠾ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᖺ㱋㝵ᒙูࡢ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ๭ྜࡣࠊⱝᖺ(24 ṓ௨ୗ)࡜㧗㱋ᑵᴗ⪅(55 ṓ௨ୖ)ࡢ᪉ࡀ≉࡟㧗ࡃࠊᖺ㱋㝵ᒙูࡢ㞠⏝ᙧែࡢ᱁ᕪࡀᗈࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ᪥ᮏࡢሙྜࡣ 1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᖺ㱋ᒙ࡟࠾࠸࡚㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ๭ྜࡀ୍㈏ࡋ࡚ୖ᪼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ㡑ᅜ࡛ࡣ 2000 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ୰
ሀປാ⪅(25~59 ṓ)ࡢ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ๭ྜࡣపୗഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ2000 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙௨㝆࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୧ᅜࡢ⤒῭ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࡢ㐪࠸ࢆ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊࠕ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ἲ14)ࠖࡢᩚഛࡸ 200814)㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ❧ἲ࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄽ㆟ࡣࠊ㠀ṇつ⫋ࡢಖㆤᑐ⟇ࠊὴ㐵ไᗘࡢᐇែ࠾ࡼࡧதⅬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄽ㆟ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ 2000 ᖺ࠿ࡽጞࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ2001 ᖺ 7 ᭶࡟ࠕᨻປ౑ጤဨ఍ࠖࡢചୗ࡟ࠕ㠀ṇつ⫋໅ປ⪅ᑐ⟇≉ูጤဨ఍ࠖࢆタ⨨ࡋࠊᨻᗓࠊ౑⏝⪅ᅋయࠊປാ⤌ྜࠊබ┈௦⾲ࢆ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮࡟ࠊ඲ᅜⓗ࣭ᨻ἞ⓗ㆟㢟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ❧ἲࡀᅜ఍ࢆ㏻㐣ࡋࡓࡢࡀ 2006 ᖺ 11 ᭶࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᪋⾜ࡣ⩣ᖺ 7 ᭶ 1 ᪥࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ㄽ㆟㛤ጞ࠿ࡽ❧ἲཬࡧ᪋⾜ࡲ࡛⣙ 6 ᖺ㛫ࡢṓ᭶ࢆ㈝ࡸࡋࡓࠋ

12ᖺࡢୡ⏺㔠⼥༴ᶵ࡬ࡢᑐᛂ࡜ࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓ࣮࣡ࢡࢩ࢙࢔ࣜࣥࢢ࡞࡝ࡢㅖ᪋⟇ࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ⌧ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

ᅗ970ᑵᴗᙧែูࠊ࠾ࡼࡧᖹᆒᘏ࡭ປാ⛣ື⋡ࡢ᥎⛣ᖹᆒປാ⛣ື⋡(༢఩㸸%)

୍⯡ປാ⪅ࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࢖࣐ປാ⪅

60
50
40
30
20

ὀ㸸2004 ᖺࡼࡾㄪᰝ⏘ᴗࡢ⠊ᅖࡀ୍㒊ኚ᭦ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ฟᡤ㸸ཌ⏕ປാ┬ࠗ㞠⏝ືྥㄪᰝ࠘2001 ᖺ࡜ 2008 ᖺ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚సᡂࠋ

ᅗ 10 ᪥ᮏࡢ⏘ᴗูᑵᴗ⪅ࡢ⛣ື⋡ࡢ᥎⛣(༢఩㸸%)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

1995ᖺ
2000ᖺ
2005ᖺ
2009ᖺ

ὀ㸸⛣ື⋡ࡣධ⫋⋡࡜㞳⫋⋡ࡢྜィ࡛࠶ࡿࠋฟᡤ㸸⥲ົ┬⤫ィᒁࠗ᪥ᮏࡢ⤫ィ̿ປാ࣭㈤㔠࠘࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚సᡂࠋ

ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ㞠⏝඲య࡟༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜࡢቑຍ࡟క࠸ປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿὶືᛶࡣࡲ
ࡍࡲࡍᣑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅗ 9 ࡣࠊ1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡢ᪥ᮏࡢປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㞠⏝ὶືᛶࡢ᥎⛣ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋປാ⛣ື⋡ࡣᬒẼኚືࡢᙳ㡪ࡶᙉࡃཷࡅࡿࡀࠊ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚⦆ࡸ࠿࡞ୖ᪼ഴ
ྥ࡟࠶ࡿ࠺࠼ࠊ㠀ṇつ⫋(ࣃ࣮ࢺ)ࡢ⛣ື⋡ࡀᖖ⏝ປാ⪅(୺࡟ṇつ⫋)ࡢ⛣ື⋡ࡼࡾࡣࡿ࠿࡟
㧗࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ⏘ᴗ㒊㛛ู࡟ࡳࡿ࡜(ᅗ 10)ࠊ〇㐀ᴗࡢປാ⛣ື⋡ࡣࡑࡢỈ‽ࡶ┦ᑐⓗ࡟పࡃࠊኚ໬ᖜࡶᑠࡉ࠸ࡀࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗ㒊㛛ࡢປാ⛣ື⋡ࡣᚎࠎ࡟ᣑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ

13ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ
ୖグࡢࡼ࠺࡞㞠⏝඲య࡟༨ࡵࡿ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢᣑ኱ࠊ࡜࠸࠺እⓗᩘ㔞ⓗᰂ㌾ᛶࡢᣑ኱ࡣࠊ
᪥ᮏⓗ㞠⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᶵ⬟ⓗᰂ㌾ᛶࡢపୗࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋᚑ᮶ࡢ᪥ᮏⓗ⤒Ⴀ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ௻ᴗෆ OJT ࠾ࡼࡧࢪࣙࣈ࣮ࣟࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡀࠊ௻ᴗෆᵓᡂဨࢆከ⬟ᕤ໬ࡋࠊ⫋ົ࡜ປാ⦅ᡂࡢ
ᰂ㌾ᛶࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞(ෆⓗ)ᶵ⬟ⓗᰂ㌾ᛶࡣࠊ᪥ᮏⓗ㞠⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᙉ࠸➇தຊࡢ※Ἠ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢቑຍࡣࠊࡑࡢ㞠⏝ᙧែࡢ▷ᮇᛶ࠾ࡼࡧ௦᭰ᛶ
࡟ࡼࡾࠊ௻ᴗ࡜ṇつປാ⪅ഃ࡟ࡣࠊ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝࡟ᑐࡋ࡚௻ᴗෆᩍ⫱カ⦎ࢆ⾜࠺࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ
࢕ࣈࡀపࡃࠊࡑࡢవຊࡶ኱ࡁࡃపୗࡋࡓࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊὴ㐵ࡸㄳ㈇࡞࡝ࡢ㛫᥋㞠⏝ᆺࡢ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢቑຍࡣࠊࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࢖࣒ປാࡢࡼ࠺
࡞┤᥋㞠⏝ᆺࡢ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝࡜ඹ㏻ࡍࡿ㞠⏝ࡢ▷ᮇᛶࡸ୙Ᏻᐃᛶ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ┤᥋㞠⏝୺࡟ࡼࡿᩍ⫱カ⦎ࡢḞዴࠊṇつປാ⪅࡜ࡢᐦ᥋࡞᝟ሗ஺᥮ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࡑࢀࢆ㏻ࡌࡓඹ᭷
▱ࡢ⵳✚ࡢᅔ㞴࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ(Ᏹோࠊ2009)ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡢ࢖ࣀ
࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࡢపୗࠊ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢᢏ⬟ྥୖྍ⬟ᛶࡢపୗࠊṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ㞠⏝࡜ᡤᚓࡢ⥔ᣢ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ୙Ᏻࢆᣑ኱ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊᩍ⫱カ⦎࡬ࡢཧຍᶵ఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᱁ᕪࡣࠊ⌧⾜ࡢ㞠⏝ᙧែࡢ㐪࠸࡟ࡼࡿᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢỌஂ໬࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞♫఍⤒῭ⓗ࡞ᘢᐖࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ௻ᴗ༢఩࡛ࡢ㞠⏝ㄪᩚࡢ㝈⏺ࡀࡲࡍࡲࡍ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ
࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

3.2 Ᏻ඲ᛶࡢᣑ኱ࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿ♫఍༢఩ࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢḞዴ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢሙྜࠊປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㞠⏝ࡢᰂ㌾໬ࡣࠊࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓᰂ
㌾ᛶ࡜Ᏻ඲ᛶࡢྠ᫬ᣑ኱ࡀ┠ᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏࡸ㡑ᅜࡢປാᕷሙࡢࡼ࠺࡞ṇつ࡜㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ㛫ࡢ᱁ᕪ(㞠⏝᮲௳ࠊ㈤㔠ࠊᢏ⬟ᙧᡂ࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࠊ♫఍ಖ㞀ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫ࡞࡝)ࡢᛴ⃭࡞ᣑ኱࡜ປാᕷሙࡢศ᩿ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ⾲ 2 ࡜⾲ 3 ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿṇつ㞠⏝࡜㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢᢏ⬟ᙧᡂ࡜♫఍ಖ㞀ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡢ᱁ᕪࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏࡢሙྜࠊ♫఍ಖ㝤ไᗘࠊ⤥୚ไᗘࠊ࠾ࡼࡧᩍ⫱カ⦎ไᗘࡢ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝࡬ࡢ㐺⏝⋡࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊṇつ࡜㠀ṇつࡢ㛫࡟ࡣ኱ࡁ࡞᱁ᕪࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⮫᫬ⓗ㞠⏝⪅ࢆ㝖ࡃ௚ࡢ㞠⏝ᙧែ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᱁ᕪࡣࠊ2000 ᖺ௦ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ⱝᖸ⦰ᑠࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝࡟༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜ
ࡀࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ኱ࡁ࠸ࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࢖࣒ປാ⪅ࡢྛ✀♫఍ಖ㝤ࡢ㐺⏝⋡࡜ࠊ㈹୚࡜㏥⫋㔠ไᗘ࠾ࡼࡧᢏ⬟ᙧᡂ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ௻ᴗഃࡢᨭฟࡣࠊṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ༙ศ௨ୗ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊປാᕷሙ඲
య࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊṇつ࡜㠀ṇつࡢ㛫ࡢ᱁ᕪࡣᣑ኱ࡢ୍㏵ࢆ㎺ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

14

⾲2

(ṇ♫ဨࢆ 100 ࡜ࡋࡓሙྜ)᪥ᮏࡢᑵᴗᙧែูྛ✀ไᗘࡢ㐺⏝≧ἣࡢኚ໬
㞠⏝ಖ㝤
ዎ⣙♫ဨ
კク♫ဨ

೺ᗣಖ㝤

ཌ⏕ᖺ㔠

㏥⫋㔠

㈹୚ᨭ⤥

♫ෆᩍ⫱

⮬ᕫၨⓎ

ไᗘ

ไᗘ

カ⦎

᥼ຓไᗘ

77

71

67

25

68

88

91

72

71

69

20

73

111

106

80

81

79

22

81

69

62

75

75

72

17

83

89

77

55

23

70

23

25

69

33

ὴ㐵ປാ⪅
⮫᫬ⓗ㞠⏝⪅
䝟䞊䝖䝍䜲䝮ປാ⪅

24

15

14

13

10

7

6

4

6

24

6

53

36

33

11

47

53

26

58

39

36

14

50

69

47

ὀ㸸ୖẁࡀ 2000 ᖺࡢ್ࠊୗẁࡀ 2010 ᖺࡢ್࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ฟᡤ㸸ཌ⏕ປാ┬ࠗᑵᴗᙧែࡢከᵝ໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⥲ྜᐇែㄪᰝ㸸஦ᴗᡤㄪᰝ࠘2000 ᖺࠊ2010 ᖺ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚
సᡂࠋ

⾲3㡑ᅜປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿṇつ⫋࡜㠀ṇつ⫋ࡢ᱁ᕪ

2004 ᖺ
2008 ᖺ
2012 ᖺ

ᖹᆒ

㐌㛫

᭶ᖹ

᫬㛫

䝪䞊

㏥⫋

᭷⤥

ᩍ⫱

ᅜẸ

೺ᗣ

㞠⏝

໅⥆

ປാ

ᆒ㈤

እᡭ

䝘䝇

㔠㐺

ఇᬤ

カ⦎

ᖺ㔠

ಖ㝤

ಖ㝤

ᮇ㛫

᫬㛫

㔠

ᙜ㐺

㐺⏝

⏝⋡

㐺⏝

ཧຍ

ຍධ

ຍධ

ຍධ

⏝⋡

⋡

⪅

⋡

⋡

⋡

༢఩䠖

᭶

᫬

୓䢠

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

ṇつ

70

49

177

56

66

67

58

Ɇ

73

74

62

㠀ṇつ

24

43

115

22

28

31

25

Ɇ

38

40

36

ṇつ

74

43

213

54

71

75

65

30

77

78

66

㠀ṇつ

24

39

130

21

28

36

28

20

39

42

39

ṇつ

81

47

245

55

81

79

69

41

80

81

78

㠀ṇつ

29

39

143

24

39

41

32

30

41

47

45

ὀ㸸1. 2004 ᖺ࡜ 2008 ᖺࡣ 8 ᭶ㄪᰝࠊ2012 ᖺࡣ 3 ᭶ㄪᰝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2. 㡯┠ࠕᩍ⫱カ⦎ཧຍࠖࡣࠊ㐣ཤ୍ᖺ㛫࡟ᩍ⫱カ⦎࡟ཧຍࡋࡓ⤒㦂ࡢ࠶ࡿேࡢ๭ྜࠋ
ฟᡤ㸸㡑ᅜ⤫ィᗇࠗ⤒῭άືேཱྀㄪᰝ࣭௜ຍㄪᰝ࠘ྛᖺࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚సᡂࠋ

୍᪉ࠊ㡑ᅜࡢປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿṇつ࡜㠀ṇつࡢ㛫ࡢㅖ᱁ᕪࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡼࡾࡶ኱ࡁࡃࠊᣑ኱
ഴྥࡀ⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㡑ᅜࡢ㠀ṇつ⫋ࡢປാ᫬㛫ࡣṇつ⫋࡜࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ኚࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ㈤㔠ࡣ⣙༙ศ⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ᱁ᕪࡣᣑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࡇ࡛♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣᇶᮏⓗ࡞㈤㔠
ࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡾࠊṧᴗᡭᙜࡸ㈹୚࡞࡝ࡢ௜ຍⓗ࡞㈤㔠ᡤᚓ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡢ᱁ᕪࡣࡉࡽ࡟኱ࡁ
࠸ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ㏥⫋㔠ࡢ㐺⏝⋡ࡣᚎࠎ࡟ୖ᪼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚ṇつ㞠⏝15ࡢ୕ศࡢ୍࡟ࡶ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ㈤㔠࡟࠾ࡅࡿṇつ࡜㠀ṇつ㞠⏝㛫ࡢ᱁ᕪࡣࠊᖺຌⓗ࡞ᛶ᱁ࡀᙉࡃṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㡑ᅜࡢ㈤㔠య⣔15) ࡜ࡶ㛵㐃ࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ໅ປ⪅ࡢࡶࡗ࡜ࡶᇶᮏⓗ࡞♫఍ಖ㞀࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢኻᴗಖ㝤16)ࡢ࢝ࣂ࣮⋡ࡣࠊṇつ㞠⏝ࡀ
82%࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡣ 36%࡛࠶ࡾࠊ༙ศ௨ୗࡢỈ‽࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㛫ࠊ♫఍ಖ㞀ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᵓ⠏ࢆ┠ᣦࡋࠊ♫఍ಖ㞀ไᗘࡢᨵ㠉ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࠊᣑ඘ࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚♫఍ಖ㞀ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠿ࡽ␯እࡉࢀࡓປാ⪅ࡀከࡃᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⤖ᯝⓗ࡟ࠊ㠀ṇつ⫋ປാ⪅ࡣࠊṇつ⫋ࡢ༙ศ࡟ࡶ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸㞠⏝᮲௳ࡢࡶ࡜ࠊṇつ⫋ປാ⪅࡜ྠࡌ᫬㛫ࡢປാࢆᙉ࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᖺຌⓗᛶ᱁ࡀᙉ࠸㈤㔠య⣔ࡣࠊ௻ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈤㔠ᰂ㌾ᛶࡢᣑ኱ྍ⬟ᛶࢆపୗࡉࡏ(㔠ࢹࣇ࢓ࣥࠊ2009)ࠊ࢝ࣂ࣮⋡ࡀపࡃ᱁ᕪࡶ኱ࡁ࠸♫఍ಖ㞀ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊ
ປാ⪅ࡢᡤᚓᏳ඲ᛶࡶಖ㞀ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚᱁ᕪࡣࠊୖグࡢࡼ࠺࡞ప࠸ᡤᚓỈ‽࡟ຍ࠼ࠊᩍ⫱カ⦎࡟ཧຍࡋ⇍⦎࡜ᢏ⬟ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿᶵ఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ⌧ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᩍ⫱カ⦎࡬ࡢཧຍᗘྜ࠸ࡣࠊṇつ㞠⏝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶప࠸ࡀ(3~4 ๭)ࡀࠊ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢሙྜࡣࠊṇつ㞠⏝ࡢࡑࢀࡼࡾࡶ⣙ 3 ๭ప࠸Ỉ‽࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ๓㡯࡛ゝཬࡋࡓ⮫᫬࣭᪥㞠࠸ປാ⪅ࡢ⫋ᴗカ⦎࡬ࡢཧຍᗘྜ࠸ࡣ 9.6%࡛࠶ࡾࠊṇつ⫋ࡢ 44.5%ࡢᅄศࡢ୍࡟ࡶ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣఏ⤫ⓗ࡟ࡇࢀࡽࡢປാ⪅ࡀᚑ஦ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿປാࡢ⇍⦎࣭ᢏ⬟せồࡀపࡃࠊὶືᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࡶ㉳ᅉࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ௚ࡢ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡶྵࡴ༙ศ௨ୖࡢປാ⪅ࡀᩍ⫱カ⦎ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡬࢔ࢡࢭࢫ࡛ࡁࡎࠊࡼࡾ㧗ᗘࡢ௙஦࡬㌿⫋ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀไ㝈ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᩘ㔞ⓗࠊᶵ⬟ⓗᰂ㌾ᛶ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㞠⏝ࡢᏳ඲ᛶࢆᣑ኱ࡍ
ࡿୖ࡛ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞㞀ᐖ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ(ཝࠊ2012)ࠋ
௨ୖࠊ㏆ᖺࡢ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⬺ᕤᴗ໬࡟క࠺ປാᕷሙࡢኚᐜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ㞠⏝ᙧែࡢ
ᰂ㌾໬࡟ࡼࡿ᱁ᕪᣑ኱࡜ࠊ㞠⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ᢏ⬟ᙧᡂࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ♫఍ಖ㞀ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ
㛫ࡢไᗘⓗ⿵᏶ᛶࡢᔂቯࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕ࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽぢࡿ࡜ࠊ㞠⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᰂ㌾ᛶࡢᣑ኱ࡣࠊ♫఍༢఩࡛ࡢ⫋ᴗカ⦎ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ඘ᐇࡸ♫఍ಖ㞀ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟ࡼࡿᏳ඲ᛶࡢྠ᫬ᣑ኱ࡀᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ௻ᴗ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᰂ㌾ᛶ࡜Ᏻ඲ᛶࢆ๓ᥦ
࡟ᵓ⠏ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜࡢ♫఍༢఩࡛ࡢ⫋ᴗカ⦎ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜♫఍ಖ㞀ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᨵ㠉ࡣ㐜ࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㞠⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢኚᐜ࡟ᑐᛂ࡛ࡁࡎ࡟࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ௻ᴗ༢఩ࡢ㞠⏝ㄪᩚ
15)ᨻປ౑ጤဨ఍ࡢࠗ㈤㔠య⣔ᨵၿጤဨ఍ሗ࿌᭩࠘(2008 ᖺ 3 ᭶)࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ஦ົ⫋ࡢ㈤㔠ࡣ໅⥆ᮇ㛫 1 ᖺ௨ୗࡢປാ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠ࢆ 100 ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ໅⥆ᮇ㛫ࡀ 5~9 ᖺࡢປാ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠ࡣ 153ࠊ໅⥆ᮇ㛫ࡀ 20 ᖺ௨ୖࡢປാ⪅ࡣ 218 ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ2 ಸ௨ୖ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ⏕⏘⫋ࡢປാ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠ࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊྠ 100ࠊ164ࠊ241 ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᖺຌⓗᛶ᱁ࡣࡉࡽ࡟኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞໅⥆ᖺᩘ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᱁ᕪࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿ㈤㔠య⣔ࡣࠊᇶᮏ⤥ࡢᵓᡂ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᖺຌ⤥ࡀ 80%௨ୖࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ(ປാ㒊[2008]ࠗ㈤㔠ᐇែㄪᰝ࠘)ࡇ࡜࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿࠋ16) ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜࡢኻᴗಖ㝤ࡣࠕ㞠⏝ಖ㝤ࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶṇつ⫋ࡢ㞠⏝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㛗ᮇᏳᐃ㞠⏝ࡢ័⾜࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ௻ᴗෆ㞠⏝ㄪᩚࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ୧ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿ㞠⏝㛵㐃ࡢ㈈ᨻᨭฟࡀࠊ
ኻᴗ⪅ಶே࡟ᑐࡍࡿ஦ᚋⓗ࡞᥼ຓࡼࡾࡶࠊኻᴗ⪅ࢆ᤼ฟࡋ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ௻ᴗࡢ㞠⏝⥔ᣢᑐ⟇࡟᥼ຓࡋ࡚ࡁ
ࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ⌧ࢃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

16ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠿ࡽࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕ᡓ␎࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ♫఍༢఩ࡢ㞠⏝ㄪᩚࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡬ࡢ㌿᥮ࡀồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊேཱྀ࡜⤒῭つᶍࠊ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࠊไᗘㅖᙧែ࡞࡝ࡢ㐪࠸࡟ࡼࡾࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ
࢕ࡢᑟධࡣ⡆༢࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕ࡢᡂຌ౛࡜ࡑࡢᑟධࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ EU ㅖᅜ
࡟ẚ࡭ࡿ࡜ࠊᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔࡟ࡣᗈ⠊࠿ࡘᐶ኱࡞♫఍ಖ㞀ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀᩚഛࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠊ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢຊ࡟ᣕᢠࡋ࠺ࡿປാ⤌ྜࡢຊࡀ୙㊊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ♫఍ⓗྜពᙧᡂࡢఏ⤫࡜௙⤌ࡳࡢ⬤ᙅࡉ࡞࡝ࠊ஌ࡾ㉺࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ㄢ㢟ࡶከ࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㏆ᖺࡢປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
ᰂ㌾ᛶࡢᣑ኱࡟క࠺Ᏻ඲ᛶࡢపୗ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ࡜ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ௻ᴗ༢఩࡛
ࡢ㞠⏝ㄪᩚࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡍࡿ㞠⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢఏ⤫࡜ࡣ኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌮⏤ࡸࠊࡑࡢᑟධ࡟
ከࡃࡢ㞀☀ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌮⏤࠿ࡽࠊࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕ࡢᑟධࢆྰᐃࡍࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕ࢆᑟධࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᡂຌࡋࡓࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕ࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆ
ࡑࡢࡲࡲ⛣᳜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ⌮ᛕࢆཷࡅධࢀࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊ㛤࠿ࢀࡓᰂ㌾ᛶせ⣲࡜Ᏻ඲ᛶせ⣲ࡢ⤌ྜࡏࡢ࡞࠿࠿ࡽ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜࡢ♫఍⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᐇែ࡟㐺ྜࡍࡿ⊂⮬ࡢ
ᰂ㌾ᛶ࡜Ᏻ඲ᛶせ⣲ࡢ⤌ྜࡏࢆ᥈ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺(ཝࠊ2010)ࠋ≉࡟ࠊ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢቑຍ࡜ṇつ࡜㠀ṇつࡢ㛫ࡢ᱁ᕪᣑ኱࡟క࠺ປാᕷሙࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࡢቑ኱ࡣࠊປാ⪅ࡢᢏ⬟ᙧᡂࢆጉࡆࠊᚑ᮶ࡢ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜࡀ᭷ࡍࡿ〇㐀ᴗࡢ➇தຊࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿせᅉ࡜࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗ࡃࠊ
ᅜෆᾘ㈝㟂せࡢୖ᪼ࢆጉࡆࠊ㍺ฟ୺ᑟᆺᡂ㛗యไ࠿ࡽࡢ⬺༷ࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿせᅉ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋ
ḟࡢ➨ϫ⠇࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㞠⏝࡜ᡤᚓ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࡢᣑ኱ࡀࠊ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ⓗ࡞ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼࡜㟂せᡂ㛗࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ㸻⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋϫ ⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢຠᯝ

4.1 ไᗘⓗㄪᩚࢆక࠺⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵ࡢ⪃࠼᪉⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵࡜ࡣࠊ⡆༢࡟࠸࠼ࡤࠊ」ᩘࡢせᅉࡢ㛫࡛ࡣࡓࡽࡃ┦஫ᙉ໬స⏝ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢㅖせᅉࡢኚ໬ࡀ୪⾜ⓗ࣭⣼✚ⓗ࡟㐍⾜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ⤒῭⌮ㄽศ㔝࡛ࡣࠊ
1928 ᖺࡢ A࣭ࣖࣥࢢࡢㄽᩥ࡟ጞࡲࡾࠊA࣭ࣁ࣮ࢩ࣐ࣗࣥࠊG࣭࣑ࣗࣝࢲ࣮ࣝࠊN࣭࢝ࣝࢻ࢔
࡞࡝ࡀࠊ⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵ࡢᴫᛕࢆ౑ࡗ࡚⤒῭ᡂ㛗ㄽࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᅜẸ⤒῭ࡸᅜ㝿⤒῭࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵ࡣ࡝ࡇ࡟Ꮡᅾࡋࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟స⏝ࡋࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ຠ
ᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡢ࠿ࡀ༑ศ࡟᫂☜࡟ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣࠊ➨୍࡟⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵ࡢᵓᅗ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᩘᏐⓗ࡟ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡓ⤒῭ࣔࢹࣝ໬ࡢヨࡳࡀ୙༑ศ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࠊ➨஧࡟17ไᗘⓗㄪᩚ࡜⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵࡜ࡢ⤖ࡧࡘࡁࡀ᫂☜࡟ᐃᘧ໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ17)(Ᏹோࠊ
2009)ࠋ➨஧ࡢせᅉ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶ࠺ᑡࡋᩜ⾝ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ࣑ࣗࣝࢲ࣮ࣝࡀㄝ᫂ࡋࡓ⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵ࡣࠊᅜẸ⤒῭ෆ㒊ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧᅜ㝿㛫࡟࠾ࡅࡿዲᚠ⎔㒊㛛(ඛ㐍ᅜ)࡜ᝏᚠ⎔㒊㛛(ᚋ㐍ᅜ)ࡢ㛫ࡢ᱁ᕪࡀᕷሙⓗㄪᩚ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ᣑ኱ࡍࡿ㏫ὶຠᯝ࡜ࠊไᗘⓗㄪᩚ(ᡤᚓ⛣㌿ࡸᩍ⫱Ỉ‽ࡢᨵၿ࡞࡝
ࡢᖹ➼୺⩏ⓗᨻ⟇ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧᅜ㝿㈠᫆ࡢつไࡸ㛤Ⓨ᥼ຓไᗘ࡞࡝)࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚᱁ᕪࡀ⦰ᑠࡍࡿ
Ἴཬຠᯝ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ18)ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ไᗘⓗㄪᩚࢆక࠺⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵ᵓᅗࢆᐃᘧ໬࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ1 㒊㛛ࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ R࣭࣎࣡࢖࢚(1988)ࠊ2 㒊㛛ࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣᏱோ
( 1998)ࡀ࠶ࡿ19)ࠋ
ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊୖグࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿヲ⣽࡞ㄝ᫂ࡣ┬␎ࡍࡿࡀࠊไᗘⓗㄪᩚࢆక࠺⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵ࡢᵓᅗࢆ⡆༢࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡿ࡜ᅗ 11 ࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ࣎࣡࢖࢚(1988)ࡣࠊ⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵࡟࠾ࡅࡿປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼࠿ࡽ㟂せᡂ㛗࡟⮳ࡿ⤒㊰ࢆࠕ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠖ
ࠊ㟂せᡂ㛗࠿ࡽປ
ാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼࡟⮳ࡿ⤒㊰ࢆࠕ⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠖ࡜࿧ࡧࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࢆ⾲⌧ࡍࡿ㛵ᩘࢆ࣐ࢡࣟ
⤒῭ࣔࢹࣝ࠿ࡽᑟฟࡋࠊࡑࡢኚ໬࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ᡂ㛗యไࡢ㌿᥮ࢆㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᏱ
ோ(2007)ࡣࠊ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆࠕᡤᚓศ㓄ࠖ࡜ࠕᨭฟࠖࡢ 2 ࡘࡢẁ㝵࡟ࠊ⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆࠕ⏕⏘タഛㄪᩚࠖ࡜ࠕ㞠⏝ㄪᩚࠖࡢ 2 ࡘࡢẁ㝵࡟ศࡅ࡚ࠊྛࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢෆ㒊࡛ാࡃᅉᯝ㐃㛵ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ20)ࠋ
17)࣑ࣗࣝࢲ࣮ࣝ(1957)ࡀᥦ♧ࡋࡓ⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵ㄽࡢໟᣓⓗ࡞ᵓᅗࡢࣔࢹࣝ໬ࡢヨࡳࡣࠊ࢝ࣝࢻ࢔(1966)࡜࢝ࣝࢻ࢔ 1996)࡟࠾࠸࡚࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ๓⪅ࡣࠊ㟂せᡂ㛗࠿ࡽ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼࡟⮳ࡿືᏛⓗ཰✭㏴
ቑస⏝ࢆᐇドࡋࡓࡀࠊ㏫᪉ྥࡢ⤒㊰࡛࠶ࡿ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼࠿ࡽ㟂せᡂ㛗࡟⮳ࡿ⤒㊰࡟㛵ࡍࡿᐃᘧ໬࡜ᐇドࡣ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᚋ⪅ࡢࠕ2 ẁ㝵 2 㒊㛛ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࠖࡣࠊ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼࠿ࡽ㟂せᡂ㛗࡟⮳ࡿ⤒㊰ࡢ㍺ฟ࣮ࣝࢺࡔࡅࡀ⪃៖ࡉࢀࠊෆ㟂࣮ࣝࢺࡀ↓どࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࠊࡲࡓࠊ㈤㔠ไᗘ࡞࡝ࡢᡤᚓศ㓄࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿไᗘ
ࡸ㍺ฟ㈈ࡢᅜ㝿➇தຊ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿⅭ᭰ไᗘ࡞࡝ࡢไᗘⓗせᅉࡀࠊ⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࡣ᫂☜࡟ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࠊ㒊ศⓗ࡞ࣔࢹࣝ໬࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࠋ࢝ࣝࢻ࢔ࣔࢹࣝࡢෆᐜ࡜㝈⏺࡟㛵ࡍࡿヲ⣽࡞ㄝ᫂ࡣࠊᏱோ
(2009ࠊpp.250-8)ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ
18) ㏫ὶຠᯝࡣࠊ㧗ᡂ㛗㒊㛛࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ㟂せᙧᡂస⏝࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⏕⏘⬟ຊᙧᡂస⏝ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡕࠊపᡂ㛗㒊㛛࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ㏫ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡘࠋ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㧗ᡂ㛗㒊㛛࡜పᡂ㛗㒊㛛࡜ࡢ᱁ᕪࡣᣑ኱ࡍࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ
Ἴཬຠᯝࡣࠊ2 ࡘࡢ⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ㏫ὶຠᯝ࡜ࡣ཯ᑐࡢᙳ㡪ཬࡰࡋࠊ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚㧗ᡂ㛗㒊㛛࡜పᡂ㛗㒊㛛࡜ࡢ᱁ᕪࡣ⦰ᑠࡍࡿ(Ᏹோࠊ2009ࠊp.263)
19) ࣎࣡࢖࢚(1988)ࡀᐃᘧ໬ࡋࡓෆ㟂࣮ࣝࢺࢆྵࡴ⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵ࡢ 1 㒊㛛ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࠊ
Ặࡀ㔜せどࡋࡓ㈤㔠ࡢไᗘⓗㄪᩚ(⏕⏘ᛶ࢖ࣥࢹࢵࢡࢫ㈤㔠)ࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᾘ㈝㈈㒊㛛㟂せࡢఙࡧࡀ㧗ࡲࡗࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᢞ㈨㈈㒊㛛
㟂せࡢఙࡧࡀపୗࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⥲㟂せࡢኚ໬ࡀ┦ẅࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ㈤㔠ࡢไᗘⓗㄪᩚࡣࠊປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼࠿ࡽ㟂せᡂ㛗࡟⮳ࡿ⤒㊰࡟኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡉ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᏱோ(1998)ࡢ 2 㒊㛛ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࠊ
ᾘ㈝ࠊᢞ㈨ࠊ㍺ฟࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ㟂せᵓ㐀ኚ໬ࡀࠊᾘ㈝㈈㒊㛛࡜ᢞ㈨㈈㒊㛛ࡢ㛫ࡢ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱ࢆ
ᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࡇ࡜ࢆゎᯒⓗ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊไᗘⓗㄪᩚࡀ⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࡢศᯒࡶࠊປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼࠿ࡽ㟂せᡂ㛗࡟⮳ࡿ⤒㊰࡜㟂せᡂ㛗࠿ࡽປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼࡟⮳ࡿ⤒㊰ࡢ୧᪉࡟࠾࠸࡚࡞
ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
20) 㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡜⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢẁ㝵࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊ
ไᗘⓗㄪᩚࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ⪃៖࡟ධࢀࡓࣔࢹࣝ໬ࡣࠊ
Ᏹோ(2007)ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋྠࣔࢹࣝࢆ౑ࡗ࡚Ᏹோ(2007)ࡣ 1990 ᖺ௦ࡢ᪥ᮏ࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢᡂ㛗యไࢆ᫂ࡽ
࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊྠࡌࣔࢹࣝࢆ౑ࡗ࡚ᶒ(2007)ࡣ㡑ᅜࡢᡂ㛗యไࢆࠊཝ(2007)ࡣ୰ᅜࡢᡂ㛗యไࢆศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

18ᅗ 11⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅄࡘࡢẁ㝵࡜ไᗘㅖᙧែ[㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒]ᡤᚓศ㓄ᨭฟ(ᾘ㈝ࠊᢞ㈨ࠊ㍺ฟ)㈤㔠ไᗘ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ᨻ⟇ไᗘㅖᙧែປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼

㞠⏝ไᗘ

㟂せᡂ㛗

ᢏ⾡㠉᪂
⏕⏘タഛㄪᩚ

㞠⏝ㄪᩚ[⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒]ฟᡤ㸸Ᏹோ(2007)࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚సᡂ

௨ୗ࡛ࡣࠊ➨Ϫ⠇࡛ㄝ᫂ࡋࡓ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜࡢປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᏳᐃᛶࡢྥୖࢆḞ࠸ࡓᰂ㌾
ᛶࡢ୍᪉ⓗᣑ኱ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓㅖไᗘኚ໬ࡀࠊᅗ 11 ࡢᅄࡘࡢẁ㝵࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࢆᩚ⌮ࡍࡿࠋ

4.2 ປാᕷሙࡢ୙Ᏻᐃ໬ࡀ⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵࡟ᑐࡍࡿᙳ㡪(1) 㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢࠕᡤᚓศ㓄ࠖẁ㝵࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜࡢ㞠⏝඲య࡟༨ࡵࡿ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ๭ྜࡢቑຍࡣࠊ⬺ᕤᴗ໬࡟క࠺〇㐀ᴗ࠿ࡽࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗ࡬ࡢ㞠⏝ࢩࣇࢺ࡜㈤㔠ࢥࢫࢺࡢᅛᐃ໬ࢆ㑊ࡅࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ㞠⏝ᰂ㌾໬࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ
㈤㔠ไᗘࡢᨵ㠉࡜ࡶᐦ᥋࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ㛗ᮇᏳᐃ㞠⏝࡜ไᗘⓗ⿵᏶ᛶࢆࡶࡘ
ᖺຌ㈤㔠ไᗘࡢ㐺⏝ࢆཷࡅ࡞࠸㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ๭ྜࡢቑຍࡀࠊാࡃேࠎࡢᡤᚓపୗࢆࡶࡓࡽ
ࡋࡓࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊṇつ㞠⏝࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶᡂᯝ୺⩏㈤㔠ไᗘࡢᑟධ࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㈤㔠Ỵᐃࡢ
ᰂ㌾ᛶࡀ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
⤖ᯝⓗ࡟ປാ⪅ࡢᖹᆒ㈤㔠ࡣపୗࡋ⥆ࡅ21)ࠊປാศ㓄⋡ࡶపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅗ 12 ࡟♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠾ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿປാศ㓄⋡ࡣࠊ1990 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙௨㝆࡟࠾࠸࡚పୗഴྥࡀ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㡑ᅜࡢ〇㐀ᴗࡢሙྜࠊ2000 ᖺ௨㝆࡟࠾࠸࡚ୖ᪼ഴྥࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ2009 ᖺ⌧
ᅾ(61%)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ࢔ࢪ࢔㏻㈌༴ᶵ௨๓ࡢỈ‽(66%ࠊ1996 ᖺ)ࡲ࡛࡟ࡣᅇ᚟ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ⬺ᕤᴗ໬࡟కࡗ࡚ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡀ⏘ᴗ඲య࡟༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜࡣቑຍഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࡀࠊ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡣࢥࣥࢫࢱࣥࢺ࡟పୗࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⤒῭඲య࡟࠾ࡅࡿປാศ㓄⋡ࡢ
21)᪥ᮏᅜ⛯ᗇࡢ 2011 ᖺㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ2000 ᖺ௦ࡣࡌࡵࡢᑵ⫋ịἙᮇ࡟ປാᕷሙ࡟ཧධࡋࡓ 30 ṓ௦⏨ᛶࡢᖹᆒ⤥୚(Ẹ㛫௻ᴗ)ࡣ 469 ୓෇࡛ࠊࣆ࣮ࢡࡢ 1997 ᖺ࡟ẚ࡭࡚⣙ 15%ῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ(᪥ᮏ⤒῭᪂⪺ࠊ2013ᖺ 1 ᭶ 15 ᪥ᮅห)ࠋ

19

పୗࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ⾲ 2 ࡜⾲ 3 ࡟♧ࡋࡓ࡜࠾ࡾࠊ㈹୚࡜㏥⫋㔠࡟࠾ࡅࡿṇつ࡜㠀ṇつࡢ㛫ࡢ኱ࡁ࡞᱁ᕪࡣࠊ⏕ᾭ㈤㔠ᡤᚓ࡟࠾ࡅࡿṇつ࡜㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ㛫ࡢ᱁ᕪᣑ኱࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࠋ♫఍༢఩ࡢ⫋ᴗカ⦎ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ⬤ᙅ࡞᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⫋ᴗカ⦎ࡢཧຍᶵ఍ࡢᑡ࡞࠸㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࡣࠊᢏ⬟ྥୖࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ṇつ㞠⏝࡟ࢩࣇࢺࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᶵ఍ࡀஈࡋࡃࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢỌஂ໬࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋ

ᅗ 12 ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿປാศ㓄⋡ࡢ᥎⛣
90%
85%
80%
75%
70%
65%
60%
55%
50%
45%
40%

᪥ᮏ㸫〇㐀ᴗ

᪥ᮏ㸫ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗ㡑ᅜ㸫〇㐀ᴗ

㡑ᅜ㸫ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ

ฟᡤ㸸EU: The World Output Database ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚సᡂࠋ

(2) 㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢࠕᨭฟࠖẁ㝵࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ປാᕷሙࡢᰂ㌾ᛶᣑ኱࡟క࠺㞠⏝࡜ᡤᚓࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࡢቑຍࡣࠊാࡃேࠎࡢᑗ᮶୙Ᏻࢆቑ
ᖜࡉࡏࠊᡤᚓࡣ㈓⵳࡟ࡲࢃࡉࢀࠊᅜෆᾘ㈝㟂せࡣ೵⁫ࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣᛴ㏿࡟㐍⾜ࡍࡿᅜෆࡢ
ᑡᏊ㧗㱋໬࡜࠶࠸ࡲࡗ࡚ࠊ௻ᴗࡢᾏእ┤᥋ᢞ㈨ࢆಁࡋࠊᅜෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢞ㈨㟂せࡢῶᑡࢆࡶ
ࡓࡽࡍࠋ⤖ᯝⓗ࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㍺ฟ౫Ꮡᗘࡣ㧗ࡲࡾࠊ㍺ฟ୺ᑟᆺᡂ㛗࠿ࡽෆ㟂୺ᑟᆺᡂ㛗࡬ࡢ㌿᥮ࡣ㜼ᐖࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ᾘ㈝࠿ࡽᢞ㈨࡬ࠊࡉࡽ࡟⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡬ࡢ㐃㙐ⓗ࡞ຠᯝ࡟ࡣࠊᾘ㈝㟂せࡢᣢ⥆ⓗᣑ኱ࡀࠊᢞ㈨཰┈࡟ᑐࡍࡿᮇᚅᙧᡂ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚ᢞ㈨ࡢᣢ⥆ⓗᡂ㛗ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠕຍ㏿ᗘཎ⌮ࠖࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ(᳜ᮧ࣭⏣ཎࠊ2012)ࠋ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㞠⏝࡜ᡤᚓࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࡢቑ
ຍ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㈤㔠ୖ᪼̿ᾘ㈝㟂せቑຍ̿ᢞ㈨ቑຍ̿⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡜࠸࠺㟂せᙧᡂࡢ㐃㙐(㈤㔠୺ᑟᆺᡂ㛗)ࢆ㜼ࡳࠊ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢᢞ㈨࣐࢖ࣥࢻࡢ෭࠼㎸ࡳࡀ௻ᴗࡢෆ㒊␃ಖࢆቑຍࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜
࡟ࡼࡾࠊ฼₶ᣑ኱̿ᢞ㈨ቑຍ̿⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡜࠸࠺㟂せᙧᡂࡢ㐃㙐(฼₶୺ᑟᆺᡂ㛗)ࡶῶ㏥ࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢቑຍࡸ㈤㔠ᢚไࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ㍺ฟ〇ရ౯᱁ࡢపୗࡣ⥆ࡁࠊ㍺
ฟ⏘ᴗ㒊㛛ࡢ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼̿㍺ฟ㈈༢఩ᙜࡓࡾࡢ⏕⏘ࢥࢫࢺࡢపୗ̿㍺ฟቑຍ࡜࠸࠺㟂せᙧ
20ᡂࡢ㐃㙐(㍺ฟ୺ᑟᆺᡂ㛗)ࡣᙉࡃస⏝ࡍࡿࠋ(3) ⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢࠕ⏕⏘タഛㄪᩚࠖẁ㝵࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪⏕⏘タഛࡢㄪᩚ࡟ࡣࠊ᪂つᢞ㈨࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕⏘タഛࢆቑタࡍࡿ(㛗ᮇⓗ)᪉ἲ࡜ࠊ᪤Ꮡタഛࡢ✌ാ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿ(▷ᮇⓗ)᪉ἲࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ1990 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙௨㝆ࡢ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜࡣඹ࡟㐣๫⏕⏘タഛࡢゎᾘࡀᵓ㐀ㄪᩚࡢ୺࡞ㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ࠊᪧタഛࡢᗫᲠ࡜᪂タഛࡢᑟධࡀάⓎ࡟⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡟క࠺⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼࡜㟂せᙧᡂࢆಁࡋࠊ⥲㟂せࡢቑຍ࡟ࡼࡿࠕつᶍࡢ⤒῭ࠖࡀປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡢࡉࡽ࡞ࡿୖ᪼ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢつᶍࡢ⤒῭ࡢຠᯝࡣࠊ
〇㐀ᴗࡢ᪉ࡀࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗࡼࡾ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⬺ᕤᴗ໬ࡀ㐍ࡴẁ㝵࡛ࡣࠊᅜẸ⤒῭඲య࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵ࡢస⏝ࡣᙅࡲࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ(᳜ᮧ࣭⏣ཎࠊ2012)ࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊタഛᢞ㈨㟂せࡢῶᑡ࡟ࡼࡿᢏ⾡㠉᪂⬟ຊࡢῶ㏥࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ௻ᴗෆࡢᢏ⬟ᙧᡂ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢᙅయ໬ࡀᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡢᢸ࠸ᡭࡢຎ໬ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࠋ๓⠇࡛㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㞠⏝඲య࡟༨ࡵࡿ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ๭ྜࡢቑຍࡣࠊ௻ᴗෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢏ⾡ࡢఏᢎࡸඹ᭷▱ࡢ⵳✚ࢆᅔ㞴࡟ࡋࠊࠕࡶࡢ࡙ࡃࡾࡢ⌧ሙຊࠖ(⸨ᮏࠊ2012)࡜࠸࠺➇தඃ఩ࢆᙅయ໬ࡉࡏࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࠋ
࡜ࡾࢃࡅ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⬺ᕤᴗ໬࡟క࠺ᅜෆタഛᢞ㈨ࡢపୗ࡜ປാᕷሙࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࡢ
ᣑ኱ࡣࠊ㛗ᮇⅬ࡞どⅬ࠿ࡽぢࡿ࡜ࠊ୧ᅜࡢ〇㐀ᴗࡀࡶࡘᅜ㝿➇தຊࡢపୗ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡜ᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡢࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢬ࣒ࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

(4) ⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢࠕ㞠⏝ㄪᩚࠖẁ㝵࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪㞠⏝ㄪᩚ࡟ࡣࠊ㞠⏝㔞࡜ປാ᫬㛫㔞ࡢㄪᩚࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊປാ᫬㛫㔞ࡢㄪᩚ࡟ࡣ㝈⏺ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ୍᫬ⓗ࡟᭷ຠ࡞ᥐ⨨࡛࠶ࡾࠊ୰࣭㛗ᮇⓗ࡟ࡣ㞠⏝㔞ࡢㄪᩚࡀ୺せ࡞ㄪᩚᡭẁ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ㞠⏝ࡣປാ⪅ࡢ⏕ά࡜┤᥋⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢ⿢㔞࡛⮬⏤࡟ኚ࠼ࡽࢀࡿኚᩘ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊྛᅜࡢྛ᫬௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㞠⏝ࡢᰂ㌾໬ࡣࠊ㞠⏝ಖ㞀࡟㛵ࢃࡿἲไᗘࡸປാ⪅ࡢ஺΅ຊ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚␗࡞ࡿ(Ᏹோࠊ2009)ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ㏆ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㞠⏝ಖ㞀࡟㛵ࡍࡿἲไᗘࡣࠊ≉࡟㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ⴭࡋࡃపୗࡋࠊປാ⤌ྜࡢ⤌⧊⋡ࡶ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢቑຍ࡟క࠸ῶᑡࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ㞠⏝ᰂ㌾ᛶࡢ㧗ࡲࡾ࡜ᐦ᥋࡟࠿࠿ࢃ
ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ(ཝࠊ2010㸹2012)ࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㞠⏝㔞ࡢㄪᩚࡣእⓗᩘ㔞ⓗᰂ㌾ᛶࠊປാ᫬㛫ࡢㄪᩚࡣෆⓗᩘ㔞ⓗᰂ㌾ᛶ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࠋ㏆ᖺࡢ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜࡢປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᰂ㌾ᛶࡢᣑ኱ࡣࠊ୍
᪉࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㞠⏝㛵ಀࡢᰂ㌾໬࡟ࡼࡿእⓗᩘ㔞ⓗᰂ㌾ᛶ(㞠⏝㔞ࡢㄪᩚ)࡜ࠊ㞠⏝ᙧែࡢᰂ㌾໬
ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㞠⏝ࡋࡓ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢቑຍ࡟ࡼࡿෆⓗᩘ㔞ⓗᰂ㌾ᛶ(ປാ᫬㛫ࡢㄪᩚ)ࡀࠊྠ᫬࡟ᣑ

21኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉࡟᪥ᮏࡢሙྜࠊ㛗ᮇᏳᐃ㞠⏝័⾜ࡢୗ࡛௻ᴗෆ OJT ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㣴ᡂࡉࢀࡿከ
⬟ᕤࡢࠊ⫋ົ࡜⫋ሙ㛫࡛ࡢ㢖⦾࡞⛣ືࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ⫋ົ⦅ᡂ࡜సᴗ⤌⧊ࡢᰂ㌾໬㸻(ෆⓗ)ᶵ⬟ⓗ
ᰂ㌾ᛶࡣᚎࠎ࡟పୗࡋࠊᩘ㔞ⓗᰂ㌾ᛶࡢഃ㠃ࡀ኱ࡁࡃᣑ኱ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞
ᰂ㌾ᛶࡢᵓᅗࡢኚ໬࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᏳ඲ᛶせ⣲ࠊ≉࡟㞠⏝Ᏻ඲ᛶ࡜ᡤᚓᏳ඲ᛶࡢྥୖࢆ
ಁࡍไᗘᨵ㠉ࡣ㐍ࡲࡎࠊ㟂せᡂ㛗࠿ࡽປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼࡟⮳ࡿ⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵ࡢຠᯝࡣῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋϬ ⤖ࡧ࡟࠿࠼࡚

ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡢ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⬺ᕤᴗ໬ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍປാᕷሙࡢኚᐜࢆࣇ
ࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋࠊᏳ඲ᛶࡢྥୖࢆḞ࠸ࡓᰂ㌾ᛶࡢ୍᪉ⓗ࡞ᣑ኱࡟క࠺㞠⏝࡜ᡤᚓࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࡢቑຍࡀࠊປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼࠿ࡽ㟂せᡂ㛗࡬ࠊࡲࡓ㟂せᡂ㛗࠿ࡽປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼࡬࡜࠸࠺⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵࡟ཬࡰࡍ㈇ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ⪃ᐹࡋࡓࠋᮏㄽᩥࡢ୺࡞
ㄽⅬࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞஬Ⅼ࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ
➨୍࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⬺ᕤᴗ໬ࢆつᐃࡍࡿせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᅜෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ〇㐀ᴗ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗࡢ㛫ࡢ⏘ฟ㔞࡜ປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡢ᱁ᕪ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡲࢀࡿ㞠⏝ࢩࣇࢺ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏ
࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ〇㐀ᴗࡢ⏕⏘ᣐⅬࡢᾏእࢩࣇࢺ࡟క࠺ᅜෆ㞠⏝ࡢኚ໬ࢆ⪃ᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑ
ࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ✚ᴟⓗ࡟ᾏእ࡬㐍ฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ௻ᴗࡢᅜෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㞠⏝ࡶ⥔ᣢ(ࡶࡋࡃࡣᣑ኱)ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ௻ᴗࡢᾏእ┤᥋ᢞ㈨ࡢቑຍࡀࡑࡢࡲࡲᅜෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᙜヱ⏘ᴗ(௻ᴗ)ࡢ㞠⏝⦰ᑠࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍ࡜࠸࠺༢⣧࡞⤖ㄽࡣ㑊ࡅࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
➨஧࡟ࠊ⬺ᕤᴗ໬ࡀᅜෆປാᕷሙࡢኚᐜ࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ୧ᅜࡢ⬺ᕤᴗ໬ࡣࠊᅜ
ෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㠀ṇつ⫋ࡢ㞠⏝ቑຍ࡟ࡼࡿእⓗᩘ㔞ⓗᰂ㌾ᛶࡢᣑ኱ࡀ୰ᚰ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀ࡟ຍ࠼
࡚ෆⓗᩘ㔞ⓗᰂ㌾ᛶ࡜㈤㔠ᰂ㌾ᛶࡶቑ኱ࡋࠊࡑࡢ㐣⛬࡛(ෆⓗ)ᶵ⬟ⓗᰂ㌾ᛶࡢഃ㠃ࡣᙅయ໬ࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᡂຌࡋࡓࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕ࡢሙྜࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞እⓗᰂ㌾ᛶࡢᣑ኱ࡣࠊ
㞠⏝Ᏻ඲ᛶࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࡢ♫఍༢఩ࡢ⫋ᴗカ⦎ไᗘ࡜ࠊᡤᚓࡢᏳ඲ᛶࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿࡓ
ࡵࡢ඘ᐇࡋࡓ♫఍ಖ㞀ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⿵᏶ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ௻ᴗ༢఩ࡢㄪᩚࢆ୺࡜ࡍࡿ᪥
ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊ♫఍༢఩࡛ࡢไᗘⓗㄪᩚࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡀ⬤ᙅ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㞠⏝࡜ᡤᚓࡢ୙Ᏻᐃ
ᛶࡣᣑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
➨୕࡟ࠊປാᕷሙࡢኚᐜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ≉࡟㢧ⴭ࡞≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ୧ᅜ࡜ࡶ࡟ṇつ㞠⏝࡜㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ㛫ࡢⴭࡋ࠸᱁ᕪࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ㞠⏝㛵ಀࡢ᱁ᕪࠊᡤᚓࡢ᱁ᕪࠊᢏ⬟ᙧᡂࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ⫋ᴗカ⦎ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᱁ᕪࠊ♫఍ಖ㞀ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᱁ᕪ

22ࡀᗈࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕࡟࠾ࡅࡿ♫఍༢఩ࡢไᗘⓗㄪᩚࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞
ࡃࠊാࡃேࠎࡢᇶᮏⓗཎ⌮࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿࠕྠ୍ປാ࣭ྠ୍㈤㔠ࠖཎ๎ࡢḞዴࡀࠊ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜࡢປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ㞠⏝࡜⏕ά⎔ቃࡢᝏ໬ࡢ㔜せ࡞せᅉ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
➨ᅄ࡟ࠊປാᕷሙࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࡢቑຍࡀࠊ⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵ࡢ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㈤㔠ࢥࢫࢺࡢᅛᐃ໬ࢆ㑊ࡅࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓ௻ᴗࡀ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊᡂᯝ୺⩏㈤㔠ไᗘࡢᑟධ࡞࡝ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ㈤㔠ᰂ㌾ᛶࡢᣑ኱࡟ࡼࡾࠊ୧ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿປാศ㓄⋡ࡣഴྥⓗ࡟ῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᅜෆᾘ㈝㟂せࡣ೵⁫ࡋࠊᾘ㈝࠿ࡽᢞ㈨࡬ࠊࡉࡽ࡟⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡬ࡢ㐃㙐ⓗ࡞ຠᯝࡣపୗࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊ㈤㔠ᢚไࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ㍺ฟ〇ရ౯᱁ࡢపୗ
ࡣࠊ㍺ฟ〇ရࡢᅜ㝿➇தຊࡢྥୖ࡟୍ᐃࡢᐤ୚ࢆࡋࠊ㍺ฟ୺ᑟᆺᡂ㛗ࡢഴྥࡀ⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
➨஬࡟ࠊປാᕷሙࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࡢቑຍࡀࠊ⣼✚ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵ࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᪂つタഛᢞ㈨㟂せࡢ೵⁫ࡀࠊ㟂せᡂ㛗࡜ປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡢୖ᪼ࢆಁࡍࠕつᶍࡢ⤒῭ࠖࡢຠᯝࢆῶ㏥ࡉࡏࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ㞠⏝඲య࡟༨ࡵࡿ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ๭ྜࡢቑຍࡣࠊ௻ᴗෆ
࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࢆᨭ࠼ࡿᢸ࠸ᡭࡢ㣴ᡂ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆᙅయ໬ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢᣢ⥆ྍ⬟ᛶࢆపୗࡉࡏࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊࣇ
ࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕ࡢ⌮ᛕ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᏳ඲ᛶࡢྥୖࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿປാไᗘᨵ㠉ࡢᚲせᛶࡣ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚஧Ⅼࡔࡅ㏙࡭࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋᮏㄽᩥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⬺ᕤᴗ໬̿ປാᕷሙ
ࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶቑຍ̿㟂せᡂ㛗ࡢ೵⁫̿ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼ࡢ㜼ᐖ̿⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢᣢ⥆୙ྍ⬟ࠊ࡜࠸࠺࣐ࢡࣟⓗ⤒῭ࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢬ࣒࡟㛵ࡍࡿศᯒࡣࠊ୺࡟⌮ㄽⓗ⪃ᐹࡀ୰ᚰ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡜⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢ᥎ィ(≉࡟ 2000 ᖺ௦௨㝆)ࡣู✏࡟ㆡࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᮾ࢔
ࢪ࢔ປാᕷሙࡢኚᐜࡢ◊✲ࢆど㔝࡟ධࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣ᪥ᮏ࡜㡑ᅜࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆ࡚ㄝ᫂
ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⪃ᐹᑐ㇟ᆅᇦࡢᣑᙇࡀㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

23

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩

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Wilthagen, 7DQG)7URV>@´7KH&RQFHSWRI¶)OH[LFXULW\·$1HZ$SSURDFKWR
Regulating Employment and Labour Markets,µ Transfer, 10(2), 166-186.
ఀ⸨ඖ㔜 [2012]ࠕ
ࠕ௻ᴗࡢᾏእᒎ㛤ࡀቑ࠼ࡿ࡜᪥ᮏࡀ✵Ὕ໬ࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺຺㐪࠸ࠖࠗఀ⸨ඖ
㔜ࡢ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࠕ๰㐀ⓗ◚ቯࠖㄽ࠘(DIAMOND online)ࠊ2012 ᖺ 9 ᭶ࠋ᳜ᮧ༤ᜤ࣭⏣ཎៅ஧ [2012]ࠕ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡢᡂ㛗యไ࡜⬺ᕤᴗ໬ࠖ⤒῭⌮ㄽᏛ఍➨ 60 ᅇ኱఍ሗ࿌ㄽᩥࠊpp.1-20ࠊ2012 ᖺ 10 ᭶ࠋᏱோᏹᖾ [1998]ࠗᵓ㐀ኚ໬࡜㈨ᮏ⵳✚࠘᭷ᩫ㛶ࠋ̿̿̿ [2007]ࠕ1990 ᖺ௦ࡢ᪥ᮏ࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢᡂ㛗యไࠖࠗ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫㄽ㞟࠘➨ 11 㞟ࠋ̿̿̿ [2009]ࠗไᗘ࡜ㄪᩚࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ ࢼ࢝ࢽࢩࣖฟ∧ࠋ24㡑ᅜẸ୺ປ⥲⦅ [2005]ࠗ⏘ᴗ✵Ὕ໬࡜㞠⏝ᨻ⟇࠘(㡑ᅜㄒ)ࠊ2005 ᖺ 9 ᭶ࠋ㔠ࢹࣇ࢓ࣥ [2009]ࠗ㡑ᅜປാᕷሙࡢࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕࡟ྥࡅࡓᨻ⟇᪉᱌ࡢ◊✲࠘(㡑ᅜㄒ)㸪
(㡑ᅜປാ㒊◊✲ሗ࿌᭩㸪2009 ᖺ 12 ᭶)㔠ࣘ࢘ࢩࣥ [2009]ࠕ㠀ṇつ⫋ࡢつᶍ࡜ᐇែ㸸⤫ィᗇ͂⤒῭άືேཱྀ௜ຍㄪᰝ̓(2009ࠊ3)ࡢ⤖ᯝࠖ(㡑ᅜㄒ)ࠗປാ♫఍࠘ࠊNo.144ࠊ2009 ᖺ 6 ᭶ࠋ⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬ [2004]ࠗ㏻ၟⓑ᭩

2004࠘ࠋཝ ᡂ⏨ [2007]ࠕ1990 ᖺ௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୰ᅜࡢᡂ㛗యไࠖࠗ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫㄽ㞟࠘➨ 11 㞟ࠋ̿̿̿ [2010]ࠕ㞠⏝࡟㛵ࡍࡿไᗘⓗㄪᩚࡢẚ㍑ศᯒ̿ࣇࣞ࢟ࢩ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕࡟ࡼࡿ♫఍༢఩ࡢㄪᩚ࡜᪥ᮏࡢ௻ᴗ༢఩ࡢㄪᩚ̿ࠖࠗ⤒῭ㄽྀ࠘➨ 184 ᕳ➨ 2 ྕࠊpp.55-70ࠊ2010ᖺ 4 ᭶ࠋ
̿̿̿ [2011]ࠗ୰ᅜࡢ⤒῭Ⓨᒎ࡜ไᗘኚ໬࠘ி㒔኱ᏛᏛ⾡ฟ∧఍ࠋ̿̿̿ [2012]ࠕ㡑ᅜປാᕷሙࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ୍⪃ᐹ̿Flexicurity ࡢどⅬ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚
̿ࠖࠗၟᏛㄽ㞟࠘➨ 80 ᕳ➨ 4 ྕࠊpp.1-19ࠊ2012 ᖺ 3 ᭶ࠋᑠᯘⱥኵ [2003]ࠗ⏘ᴗ✵Ὕ໬ࡢඞ᭹̿⏘ᴗ㌿᥮ᮇࡢ᪥ᮏ࡜࢔ࢪ࢔࠘୰ኸබㄽ᪂♫ࠋᶒ ⹯㈼ [2007]ࠕ1990 ᖺ௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㡑ᅜࡢᡂ㛗యไࠖࠗ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫㄽ㞟࠘➨ 11 㞟ࠋሜᒇኴ୍ [1990]ࠗ▱౯㠉࿨̿ᕤᴗ♫఍ࡀ⤊ࢃࡿ ▱౯♫఍ࡀጞࡲࡿ࠘PHP ◊✲ᡤࠋ㛵 ‶༤ [1997]ࠗ✵Ὕ໬ࢆ㉸࠼࡚࠘᪥ᮏ⤒῭᪂⪺♫ࠋ⸨ᮏ㝯ᏹ [2012]ࠗࡶࡢ࡙ࡃࡾ࠿ࡽࡢ᚟ά̿෇㧗࣭㟈⅏࡟⌧ሙࡣ㈇ࡅ࡞࠸࠘᪥ᮏ⤒῭᪂⪺♫ࠋ༧ ㍕㞝 [2007]ࠕ㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏘ᴗ✵Ὕ໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࠖࠊࠗ᱈ᒣᏛ㝔኱Ꮫ⥲ྜ◊✲ᡤ⣖せ࠘➨ 32 ᕳ➨ 3 ྕࠊpp.5-20ࠊ2007 ᖺ 3 ᭶ࠋ25

2013 ᖺ 3 ᭶ 16 ᪥㹼1㸵᪥㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫㄽ㞟➨㸯㸵㞟᪊୰ኸ኱Ꮫไᗘ⛣᳜ࡢᨻ⟇ᡭἲ
How Institutional Transplanation Evolvesᶓ὾ᅜ❧኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ㒊㠀ᖖ໅ㅮᖌ

ෆᶫ㈼ᝅ㸦Uchihashi 㸪Kengo㸧࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ㸹ไᗘ⛣᳜࣭ᖹ➼୺⩏࣭ᑓไ୺⩏࣭༨㡿ᨻ⟇ࡢ㌿᥮࣭⤫ไ⤒῭Ϩ㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
ࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖ࡜ࡣ㸪ᨻ἞ⓗ࣭㌷஦ⓗ࡟ඃ఩࡟❧ࡘ㸦ࡶࡋࡃࡣࠊ⤒῭ຊࢆࡶࡘ㸧ᅜ࣭ᆅᇦࡀᨻ἞ⓗ࣭㌷஦ⓗ࡟⮬❧ࢆ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ᅜ࣭ᆅᇦ㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣᅜ㝿ⓗ㸪ᅜෆⓗせᅉ࡟ࡼࡾ࡞࠾⤒῭ⓗ⮬❧࡟⮳ࡽ࡞࠸ᅜ࣭ᆅᇦ࡟ᑐࡋ㸪⮬ᅜᆺࡢᕷሙ୺⩏⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒⤒῭ไᗘࢆ⛣᳜ࡉࡏࡿእ஺ⓗᡓ␎ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢ㝿㸪ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡉࢀࡿࠕไᗘࠖ࡜ࡣไᐃἲ㸪❧᠇ⓗ࡞㈈⏘ᶒ࣮ࣝࣝࡸዎ⣙࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿつ⠊㸪☜❧ࡋࡓ⤌⧊య㸪ዎ⣙㸪ேࠎࡢᛮ⪃ែᗘࡢ⤌ྜ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ⩦័ࢆྵࡴ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐࣭࣮ࣝࣝ
ࣝ࡞ΰྜయࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡺ࠼࡟ࠕไᗘࠖࡢᙺ๭࡜ࡣ㸪ࠕ᪉ἲㄽⓗಶே୺⩏ࠖ࡟ዑ㉮ࡍࡿᕷሙཧධ⪅࡟⌮ᛶࢆ୚࠼,ࡲࡓ㈨ᮏཎ⌮ࡢᭀ㉮࡟ṑṆࡵࢆ᥃ࡅ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟⮬ࡽࢆࠕㄪᩚࠖࡍࡿ♫఍ཎ⌮㸦⤒῭ⓗࡶࡋࡃࡣ♫఍ⓗつไ㸧ࢆᑟධࡍࡿⅬ࡟㞟⣙ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᕷሙࡑࢀ⮬ࡽࡀ㝈⏺ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿಶࠎேࡢ➇தࡢሙ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ࠕᕷሙࠖࡀ฼ᕫ୺⩏ⓗ࡞㛵ࢃࡾྜ࠸ࢆᙉࡵ㸪ᕷሙཧධ⪅ࡢἲ࣭࣮ࣝࣝ࡟㛵ࢃࡿㅖไᗘࡶᑓไ୺⩏࡟࡜ࡾ୙㒔ྜ࡞ᡭẁ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ஺᥮ࠖࡢṇᙜᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ࡑࢀࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃ♫఍ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉
࡟㛵ࢃࡿ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪⾜ືつ⠊㸪័⾜㸪⮬ᕫ࡟ㄢࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࢥ࣮ࢻ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐
ࣝ࡞័⩦ࡢබᖹᛶ࡟ࡶཬࡧ㸪ᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ຠ⋡ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿ࡭ࡁࠕᕷሙ୺⩏ࠖࡀ㸪࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞័⩦ࡢ୙බᖹᛶࢆᙉࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ㸯㸧ࠋࡺ࠼࡟ࠕไᗘࠖࡀ௚ᅜ࡟ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡉࢀࡿሙྜ㸪ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟ᅜࡢ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐࣭࣮ࣝࣝࣝ
࡟័ᛶࡀ⏕ࡌ㸪ྠᅜࡢࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ㸪࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ཮᪉ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝ㛫࡟㌵㎚ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡞࠸ࡤ࠿
ࡾ࠿㸪ྠᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࣇ࢛࣮࣐࣭࣮ࣝࣝࣝࡉ࠼༑ศ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢᅜࠎ࡟࠾࠸࡚㺀⌮ᛶࢆకࢃ࡞࠸ᕷሙ୺⩏ࠖࡀᐃ╔ࡋ㸪ᕷሙࡣཧධ⪅ࡢḧồ୙‶࡟‶ࡕࡓ࢝࢜ࢫࡢሙ࡬࡜㌿໬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ⛣᳜ᑐ㇟ᅜࡢᑓไ୺⩏ࡀᕷሙࢆࠕㄪᩚࠖࡍࡿ♫఍ཎ⌮ࡢᶵ⬟ࢆዣ࠸ྲྀࡗࡓ௨ୖ㸪ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ⡿ᅜࡀᚓព࡜ࡍࡿ➇த୺⩏ᆺࡢᖹ➼୺⩏ᴫᛕ㸦ࠕᶵ఍ࡢᖹ
➼ࠖ㸧ࡶᕷሙᵓ㐀ࡢ㡬Ⅼࢆ┠ᣦࡍࡓࡵࡢᶒጾḧ࡜㔠㖹ḧࢆ‶ࡓࡍᡭẁ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢ
ࡼ࠺࡟ື≀ⓗ㜚தᮏ⬟ࡢࡲࡲ᣺⯙࠺ᕷሙཧධ⪅ࡢᏑᅾࡀチࡉࢀࡿ⤖ᯝ㸪࠸ࢃࡤᕷሙࡀ฼ᕫ
୺⩏ⓗ࡞㛵ࢃࡾྜ࠸ࢆᙉࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᕷሙཧධ⪅ࡢἲ࣭࣮ࣝࣝ࡟㛵ࢃࡿㅖၥ㢟ࡀᑓไ୺⩏࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ไᚚࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ࡑࢀࡀྰᐃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸㸰㸧ࠋࡺ࠼࡟➇த୺⩏ᆺࡢࠕᶵ఍ࡢᖹ➼ࠖࢆၐ࠼ࡿ⡿ᅜࡀ㸪⮬ࡽࡀᚓព࡜ࡍࡿᕷሙ୺⩏ࢆ௚ᅜ࡟ࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖࡍࡿ㝿㸪⛣᳜ᑐ㇟ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᕷሙࡣᑓไ୺⩏࡟ࡼࡿᕷሙ௓ධࢆᙉࡵࡿ࡜࠸
࠺⌧㇟ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟ᅜࡢᑒᘓⓗ࡞ఏ⤫ⓗಖᏲ୺⩏⪅ࡢࡶ࡜㸪ࡸࡀ࡚ຠ⋡ᛶࢆకࢃ࡞࠸⤒῭ⓗつไࡢ᧔ᗫ㸪ࡶࡋࡃࡣ⦆࿴࡟ẚ㔜ࢆ⨨ࡃࠕᕷሙᡓ␎ⓗ࢖ࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ
ᨻ⟇ࠖࡢࡳࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚㸪㠀ே᱁ⓗ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣᕷሙ⤒῭ᶒຊ࡟ࡼࡿᕪูࡉ࠼ṇᙜ໬ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜ⮬ࡽࡀᥖࡆࡿᖹ➼୺⩏ᴫᛕࡢࠕ⛣᳜ࠖ࡜ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᑐ㇟
ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚᪂ྂ඾ὴᆺ᏶඲➇தࣔࢹࣝࡢᡂ❧ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪ྠᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᑓไ
୺⩏⮬ࡽࡀ᭱኱฼┈ࢆாཷࡋᚓࡿሙࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡺ࠼࡟ᮏ✏ࡢ┠ⓗࡣ㸪ᮏ᮶ࡣᕷሙࢆつไࡍࡿࠕไᗘࠖࡀୡ⏺ⓗつᶍࡢᨻ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚௚ᅜ࡟
ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡉࢀࡿሙྜ㸪ᑐ㇟ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᑓไ୺⩏ࢆᙉࡵࡿ⌧㇟㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᑒᘓⓗ࡞ఏ⤫ᆺಖᏲ୺⩏⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᕷሙࡀไᚚࡉࢀࡿࠕពᅗࡏࡊࡿ⤖ᯝࠖࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍせᅉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚Ṕྐⓗ࣭ᛮ᝿ⓗഃ㠃࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠋ
1ϩ㸬⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ࡢࠕไᗘࠖ
㸯㸬⛣᳜୺యᅜ࣭⡿ᅜࡢ≉␗࡞ᖹ➼୺⩏ᴫᛕṔྐୖ㸪㠉࿨࡜⊂❧ࢆྠ᫬ᮇ࡟⤒ࡓ࡜࠸࠺≉␗࡞Ṕྐࢆࡶࡘ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ᖹ➼୺⩏ᴫᛕ࡜ࡣ㸪ຊ㸪▱ᛶ㸪ᖺ㱋㸪ពḧ㸪ഴྥ࡞࡝࡜࠸ࡗࡓಶேⓗᕪ␗ࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋಶே
ⓗᕪ␗ࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡓᖹ➼୺⩏ᴫᛕ࡜ࡣ㸪⤒῭ⓗຠ⋡ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵ㸪࡞࠾࠿ࡘᨻ἞ᶒຊ࡟
ࡼࡿᕪูࢆ┦ᑐ໬ࡍࡿᕷሙࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㐩ᡂࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿⅬ࡟≉ᚩࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᖹ
➼୺⩏㐩ᡂࡇࡑࡀ♫఍ⓗୖ᪼ࢆ┠ᣦࡍࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢᴫᛕࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿሙ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡓⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪⡿ᅜᛮ᝿ࡢ≉␗ᛶࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡼ࠺ࠋ
௒᪥㸪ࡇࡢᴫᛕࡣࠕ࢔ࣥࢢ࣭ࣟ࢔࣓࣭ࣜ࢝ࣥࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖ࡜⛠ࡉࢀ㸪♫఍ࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥ୺⩏ⓗ࡞⮬⏤ᨺ௵୺⩏㸦ࣞࢵࢭ࣭ࣇ࢙࣮ࣝ㸧࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ᏶඲࡞⮬⏤➇தࡢᐇ⌧㸪ࡉࡽ࡟⤒῭Ꮫ࡛ࡣ࢔ࢲ࣒࣭ࢫ࣑ࢫ㸦Smith㸪A㸧௨᮶ࡢ⮬⏤ᨺ௵୺⩏ࡀ࣭ࣞ࢜ࣥ࣡ࣝࣛࢫ(Walras㸪L)ὶࡢ
୍⯡ᕷሙᆒ⾮ㄽ㸦ࠕ࣡ࣝࣛࢫ࣭ࣔࢹࣝࠖ࡞࡝㸧࡟ࡶ⤖ࡧࡘࡃ࡞࡝㸪ᵝࠎ࡞ศ㔝࡛㆟ㄽࡢⓗ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᖹ➼୺⩏㐩ᡂ࡟ྥࡅࡓ⤯ᑐ୺⩏ⓗᴫᛕࡣ㸪ྛಶேࡢ⮬⏤ࢆ᭱኱㝈ᑛ㔜ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᨻᗓᶵ⬟ࡢ᭱ᑠ㝈໬ࢆᅗࡿ࡭ࡁ࡜ࡍࡿࠕࣜࣂ࣮ࢱࣜ࢔ࢽࢬ࣒㸦Libertarianism㸧ࠖ࡟㏻ࡌ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪17 ୡ⣖࡟ಶே୺⩏ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠕ➇தࡢ⢭⚄ࠖࢆၐ࠼ࡓࢪ࣭ࣙࣥࣟࢵࢡ㸦Locke㸪J㸧㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣ 19 ୡ⣖࡟ࠕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝⊂❧ᐉゝࠖࢆグࡋࡓࢺ࣐ࢫ࣭ࢪ࢙ࣇ࢓࣮ࢯࣥ㸦Jefferson㸪
T㸧࡟ࡼࡿᨻ἞ဴᏛᛮ᝿࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࠕᖹ➼୺⩏ࠖᴫᛕ࡞࡝㸪ᵝࠎ࡞ᛮ᝿ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
୍᪉㸪࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᖹ➼୺⩏ᴫᛕࡣ㸪ᑒᘓไⓗ࣭⤯ᑐ୺⩏ⓗᢚᅽ࡟ᑐᢠࡍࡿ᪂⯆㝵⣭(ࣈࣝࢪࣙ࢔ࢪ࣮)ࡀồࡵ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡺ࠼࡟ၨⵚ୺⩏ⓗ࡞㏆௦⮬⏤୺⩏ࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ᑒᘓไ᫬௦ࡀḞዴࡋࡓ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣ㸪ᑒᘓไ࡟୙ྍḞ࡞୰⏘㝵⣭ⓗព㆑ࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀࡎ㸪ࡇࡢᴟᗘࡢ⮬⏤୺⩏ⓗ㞺ᅖẼ࡟ࡼࡾᐩ⿱࡞㝵⣭ࡉ࠼ࠕᐤ⏕⹸ⓗ㈗᪘ࠖ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ㸪⡿࣍࢖ࢵࢢඪ㸦United States Whig Party㸧ဨࡍࡽᑒᘓไⓗ཯ືໃຊ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㈗᪘㝵⣭࡜ࡋ࡚Ỵࡵ௜ࡅࡽࢀ㸪ᑒᘓⓗ཯ືໃຊ࡜ࡋ࡚ᅜẸ࡟ࡼࡿ㠀㞴ࡢ▮㠃࡟❧ࡓࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡗ
ࡓࠋྠᵝ࡟㸪ᮾ㒊ࡢ㔠⼥㈨ᮏᐙ㸪኱ᆅ୺㸪༡㒊ࡢ኱㎰ᅬ୺࡞࡝ࡀ㸪⡿ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿᖹ➼ᴫᛕࢆకࢃ࡞࠸㠀Ẹ୺୺⩏ⓗ⫋✀࡜ࡋ࡚㍍⶜ࡢᑐ㇟࡟ࡶ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃᆺࡢᑒᘓไⓗ࣭⤯ᑐ୺⩏ⓗᢚᅽ࡟ᑐᢠࡍࡿ୰⏘㝵⣭ព㆑ࡀⱆ⏕࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣ㸪ಖᏲ୺⩏⪅ࡀ⮬⏤୺⩏ࢆྰᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃ㸪ࡴࡋࢁࡑࢀࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟ཷࡅධࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪⡿ᅜᅜẸࡣ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ♫఍ࡢྂ࠸཯ືⓗ࣭ྩ୺ⓗ࣭ᅛᐃⓗ㌟ศไᗘࡼࡾࡶ⮬ࡽࡢᖹ➼୺⩏ࡀ㐍Ṍࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡋ㸪ࠕⰋ࠸࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ᕷẸࠖ࡟࡞ࡿࡓࡵࡢᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ᖹ➼୺⩏ᐇ⌧࡟ྥࡅ࡚㸪Ẹ୺୺⩏ࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᑓᛕࡍࡿࡼ࠺
࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡺ࠼࡟⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚Ẹ୺୺⩏ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ≉Ṧ࡞ᖹ➼ᴫᛕࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᐃ╔ࡀᅗࡽࢀࡿഴྥࡀᙉ
࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ᚭᗏࡋࡓ⮬⏤୺⩏ࡢᐇ⌧࡟ྥࡅ࡚㐨ᚨࡸ⚄ࡢᶒጾ᚟ᶒ࠿ࡽᕷሙ୺⩏࡞࡝ࡀ⥲ືဨࡉࢀ㸪ࡺ࠼࡟⚄ࡢἲࡸఏ⤫࡟ᚑ࠺ࡇ࡜࡜ᕷሙ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢ㈏ᚭࢆ᧦ㆤࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㸪ྠࡌಖᏲ୺⩏ࡢ⠊␪࡟ྵࡵࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶ⡿ᅜࡣཝ᱁࡞ࣉࣟࢸࢫࢱࣥࢸ
࢕ࢬ࣒ࡢಙ௮ࢆᢪࡁ᪂኱㝣࡟⛣ఫࡋ࡚ࡁࡓேࠎ࡟ࡼࡾసࡽࢀࡓᅜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࣉࣟࢸࢫࢱ
ࣥࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒࡟ࡼࡿᙉ࠸ಶே୺⩏ࡀ㐨ᚨ୺⩏࡟⤖ࡧ௜ࡃࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ᑒᘓไࡀḞዴࡋࡓ࡟ࡶ
࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ᐀ᩍⓗ࡞ᑒᘓయ㉁ࡀⰍ⃰ࡃṧࡿᅜ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⡿ᅜࡢ᐀ᩍⓗᑒᘓయ㉁ࡣ㸪ࣜ࣋ࣛࣜࢬ࣒࡟㏆࠸⮬⏤୺⩏ⓗ᐀ὴ࡟ࡼࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ඲ࡃཷࡅ௜ࡅࡎ㸪ࡴࡋࢁẸ୺ඪࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ࢝ࢺࣜࢵࢡᩍᚐࡍࡽಖᏲ୺⩏࡟ഴᩳࡉࡏࡿ࡯࡝ࡢᙳ㡪ຊࢆಖᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡸࡀ࡚
᐀ᩍⓗᑒᘓయ㉁ࡣ㸪ࣉࣟࢸࢫࢱࣥࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒ࡢಙ௮࡟ᣐࡿୡ಑ෆⓗ⚗ḧ୺⩏࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ᐀ᩍⓗ㐨ᚨ୺⩏ࢆᙧᡂࡋ㸪⡿ᅜࡣඛ㐍ᅜࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࡶᴟࡵ࡚ᙉ࠸ಙ௮ᚰࢆ♧ࡍᅜ࡬࡜ᡂ㛗ࡋࡓࠋ୍⯡࡟㸪㏆௦໬ࡀ㐍⾜ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟᐀ᩍᚰࡣᙅࡲࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡀ㸪ᴟᗘࡢ㏆௦໬࡟㐩ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡶ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣ౛እⓗ࡟ᙉ࠸᐀ᩍᚰࡀಖࡓࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ᐀ᩍ୺⩏ࢆᖹ➼ᴫᛕ࡟⤖ࡧ௜ࡅࡿᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⊂❧ᐉゝ࡟ඛ❧ࡘ 1765 ᖺ㸪᪩ࡃࡶࢪ࣭ࣙࣥ࢔ࢲ࣒ࢫࡀࠗᩍ఍ἲ࡜ᑒᘓἲ࠘࡟࠾࠸࡚Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱ࡢࠗᖹ➼࠘ࢆッ࠼࡚࠾ࡾ㸪࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ௨ୖ࡟ཝࡋࡃ⪷᭩ࡢᩍ࠼࡟ᚑ࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆせồࡋࡓⅬࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ௨㝆㸪⪷᭩࡟ࡼࡿே
2㛫ᛶࡢᑛཝ࡟ྜ⮴ࡋࡓ⤫἞ᶵᵓࢆタ❧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚋୡ࡬࡜㑇ࡍ࡭ࡁỌ⥆ⓗ࡞ᡭẁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡳࡽࢀ㸪᳜Ẹᆅ᫬௦࠿ࡽබᩍ⫱࡟ࡼࡿࠕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ⓗಙ᮲ࠖ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᖹ➼ࡢᐇ⌧ࡀᶍ⣴ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ⴭࡋ࠸ࠕᖹ➼୺⩏ࡢ⤯ᑐ୺⩏໬ࠖࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀ㸪ࠕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࢽ
ࢬ࣒ࠖ࡞ࡿಖᏲ୺⩏ࡀㄌ⏕ࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ୍᪉㸪ఏ⤫ᩥ໬ࡢᶒጾࢆᑛࡧ㸪࡞࠾࠿ࡘ㌟
ศไⓗ࡞⛛ᗎ࡟ᨭ࠼ࡽࢀࡓጾᅽⓗ⤫἞ᙧែࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪ఏ⤫ⓗ౯್ࡸ೔⌮㸪ᐙ᪘ࡣࡌࡵ୰㛫ⓗᅋయࢆ㔜どࡍ࡭ࡁ࡜❧ሙ࠿ࡽ㸪ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᨻ⟇ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㔜ࢇࡌࡽࢀࡓ⚟♴ᅜᐙ㸪ປാ㐠ື㸪ᡤᚓ⛯࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣᨷᧁⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟᭷ຊ࡞ᑐᢠ
ᛮ᝿ࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸⮬⏤୺⩏ࡀඹ㏻ࡢࢻࢢ࣐࡟࡞ࡾ㸪⮬⏤୺⩏ࡀ⤯ᑐ୺⩏ⓗ࡞ಖᏲ୺⩏ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿ≉␗࡞ᛮ᝿ᵓ㐀ࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ⡿ᅜࡀ⮬ᅜᆺ⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖࡍࡿ㝿㸪ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟ᅜ
ࡢ㐨ᚨ㡿ᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚ఏ⤫୺⩏ⓗ࡞ᶒጾࢆ㔜ࢇࡌࡿ୍᪉㸪ࡑࢀࡀ⤒῭ࡢ㡿ᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚⮬⏤୺⩏ⓗ࡞ᖹ➼ᴫᛕࢆᶵ⬟ࡉࡏࡿ⤖ᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ㸪ᑐ㇟ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ಖᏲⓗ࡞ᑓไ୺⩏࡜㏆௦ⓗᕷሙ୺⩏ࢆྠᒃࡉࡏࡿ▩┪ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࠋ࠸ࢃࡤಖᏲⓗ࡞ᑓไ୺⩏ࡀࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡉࢀࡓ⡿ᅜᆺᕷሙࢆ㐨ᚨⓗ࡟┘どࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪஧ᚊ⫼཯ࡍࡿఏ⤫ᛶ࡜㏆௦ᛶࡀඹᏑࡍࡿ࡟ࡶ
࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ㸪ࡇࡢ㔜኱࡞▩┪ࢆඞ᭹ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖࡢヨࡳࡀᐇ⾜ࡉࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ㸰㸬⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ࡢᡂ❧ྐࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪
ࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖࡢ୺య࣭⡿ᅜࡣḢᕞㅖᅜ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿṔྐⓗ⤒⦋ࢆ⤒࡚⤒῭ⓎᒎࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆṌࢇ࡛ࡁࡓࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶၨⵚ୺⩏ࢆ᰿ᣐ࡜ࡍࡿ㏆௦⮬⏤୺⩏࡜ࡣ㸪ᑒᘓไⓗ࣭⤯ᑐ୺⩏ⓗᢚᅽ࡟ᑐᢠࡍࡿ᪂⯆㝵⣭࣭ࣈࣝࢪࣙ࢔ࢪ࣮ࡀồࡵࡓࠕཎ๎ⓗ⮬⏤ࠖࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡋ࡚ᡂ❧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉㸪⡿ᅜࡢṔྐ࡟ࡣᑒᘓไࡢ᫬௦ࡀ᏶඲࡟Ḟⴠࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇ
ࡢࡼ࠺࡟࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢࡼ࠺࡞㝵⣭ไᗘࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ᡓ࠺࡭ࡁ㈗᪘㝵⣭ࡀᏑᅾࡏࡎ㸪ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࡑࢀ࡟⤖クࡍࡿẸ⾗ࡶᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ
࣐ࢵࢡࢫ࢙࣮࢘ࣂ࣮㸦1864㹼1920㸧ࡀၐ࠼ࡿࠕ㈨ᮏ୺⩏⢭⚄ࠖ࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤ㸪ୡ಑ࡢ⫋ᴗ࡟ᚑ஦ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⚄࠿ࡽ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓ౑࿨㸦Beruf㸧ࢆᯝࡓࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࡀᩆ࠸ࢆ☜ಙࡉࢀࡿࠋࡺ࠼
࡟⡿ᅜⓗᖹ➼୺⩏ࡢࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡣ㸪ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ே㛫ࡀ⌮ᛶ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ᐀ᩍᚰ࡟ᚑ࠺
ᑒᘓⓗ㐨ᚨ୺⩏ࡀ㸪බඹࡢ⚟♴࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ⮬ࡽࡢ฼┈ࡢࡓࡵ࡟⾜ືࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᘢᐖࢆࡶࡓࡽ
ࡍࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㈋ᐩࡢᕪࡶ⚄ࡢពᚿ࡜ࡉࢀ㸪ྛேࡢ㈐௵࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡟ࡶ
࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ㸪ࣔࣛࣝࢆక࠺ཝ⢔࡞ࡿ⮬⏤ࡢ᧦ㆤࡀ㸪ᑒᘓⓗ㐨ᚨ୺⩏࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚⾜ືࡍࡿಶேࡢෆ㠃࡟ࡲ࡛ᙳ㡪ࡀཬࡪࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ྰᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡜ྠᵝ㸪㈨ᮏᐙ࡜ୖ᪼ࡍࡿ
ேࠎ࡬ࡢ⫋ᴗάືࡀᨭ࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪㈨ᮏᐙ࡜ປാ⪅࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢ㝵⣭ศ໬࡬ࡢ㐍ᒎࡀᅗࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡺ࠼࡟⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ୖ᪼ࡍࡿ㈨ᮏᐙᒙࡣᵝࠎ࡞㝵ᒙ࡜⤖クࡋ࡚㸪ᑒᘓ♫఍㸦⤯ᑐ୺⩏㸧ࡢ඲㠃ⓗᢈุࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ㸪ᑒᘓไⓗ࣭⤯ᑐ୺⩏ⓗᢚᅽ࡟ᑐᢠࡍࡿ᪂⯆㝵⣭࣭ࣈࣝࢪࣙ࢔ࢪ࣮ⓗᛮ᝿ࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ࡍࡿ㏆௦⮬⏤୺⩏ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ㝵⣭ศ໬࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟␗࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡺ࠼࡟⡿ᅜ࡟࡜ࡾ⊂❧㠉࿨࡜ࡣ㸪⮬⏤୺⩏ࢆᥖࡆࡿ⡿ᅜࡀ⤒㦂ࡋࡓ၏୍ࡢ㠉࿨࡛࠶ࡿ࡜
ྠ᫬࡟㸪㛗ࡁ࡟Ώࡿ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡟ࡼࡿᨭ㓄࡜ࡢỴูࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᖹ➼୺⩏ᴫᛕࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓ㠉࿨࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⡿ᅜࡣ㸪ẕ♫఍࡛࠶ࡿ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢไᗘࡀ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࣈࣝࢪࣙ࢔ⓗ᩿∦ࡀࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡉࢀࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪㠉࿨ᚋࢹࣔࢡࣛࢵࢺࡀᑠ㈨ᮏࢆ
ᡤ᭷ࡍࡿ⮬⏤୺⩏⪅࡟࡞ࡾ㸪࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢྂ࠸ᑒᘓⓗᙺ๭࡜࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ♫఍୺⩏ᙺ๭ࡢ཮᪉ࡶᢸ࠺ࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࢹࣔࢡࣛࢵࢺࡣᑠ㈨ᮏࢆᡤ᭷ࡍࡿ⮬⏤୺⩏⪅࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᙼࡽࡣ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢྂ࠸ᑒᘓⓗᙺ๭࡜࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ♫఍୺⩏ᙺ๭ࡢ཮᪉ࢆ
ᢸ࠺ࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸱㸧ࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ᙼࡽࡣ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢࡼ࠺࡞㝵⣭㜚த࡟ᕳࡁ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ
࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡢ㸪⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᅵᆅᡤ᭷⪅࡟ࡼࡿ཯ືࡸࣉࣟࣞࢱࣜ࢔࣮ࢺ࡟ࡼࡿ㠉࿨㐠ືࡀຨⓎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡺ࠼࡟⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣປാ㐠ືࢆ᧦ㆤࡋ㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣ♫఍⚟♴ⓗ࡞ᨻᗓ௓ධࢆ㔜どࡍࡿ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ♫఍୺⩏ⓗ࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ࡀ⮬⏤୺⩏࡜ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ㸪ࡇࢀ࡟཯ᑐ
ࡍࡿ⮬⏤୺⩏ࡣྂ඾ⓗ⮬⏤୺⩏࡛㸪࡞࠾࠿ࡘಖᏲ୺⩏࡜ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
3ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ḣᕞㅖᅜ࡟ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓᑒᘓไᡴ◚ࡢṔྐⓗ࡞⤒⦋㸪࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕᕷẸ㠉࿨ࠖࢆ⤒ࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃ㸪㏆௦ⓗᕷẸ♫఍࡟⛣⾜ࡋࡓ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣ㸪ᩍ᮲୺⩏ⓗࣈࣝࢪࣙ࢔ᛮ⪃ࡀࠕᖹ➼୺⩏ࠖ࡞ࡿఏ⤫ⓗᅜ᫝࡬࡜㞟⣙ࡉࢀࡿࠋఏ⤫ⓗᅜ᫝ࡀ༶ࡕࠕᖹ➼୺⩏࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿᅜẸࡢᩍ᮲୺⩏ⓗࣈࣝࢪࣙ࢔ᛮ⪃ࡣ㸪㸦ࠕᕷẸ㠉࿨ࠖࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⫱ࡲࢀࡓ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃᆺࡢ♫఍Ẹ୺୺⩏ⓗ㸧ᑐᢠᛮ᝿ࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸ࠕ⮬⏤୺⩏ࡢ⤯ᑐ୺⩏໬ࠖ࡜࠸࠺≉␗࡞⌧㇟ࢆࡶࡓࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡶࡑࡶ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡛ࡣ㸪ᑒᘓไ࠿ࡽྩ୺ไ࡟⛣⾜ࡍࡿ㝿࡟ከ኱࡞≛≅ࡀᙉ࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡺ࠼࡟⊛Ⅿ࡞୰⏘㝵⣭ព㆑ࡀⱆ⏕࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃᆺࡢ㝵⣭ⓗᑐᢠᛮ᝿ࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸ࠕ⮬⏤୺⩏ࡢ⤯ᑐ୺⩏໬ࠖ࡜࠸࠺,ᴟࡵ࡚≉␗࡞⌧㇟ࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡓࡓࡵ㸪࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙉⅯ࡞୰⏘㝵⣭ࢆ⡿ᅜ࡛ⱆ⏕࠼ࡉࡏࡿᚲせࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪㝵⣭ព㆑ࡀ᭱ࡶᙉ࠸
࡜ࡉࢀࡿປാ⪅ࡍࡽ㸪⮬ࡽࡢ㝵⣭ࢆព㆑ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ྩ୺ไ⛣⾜ࡢ㝿࡟≛≅ࢆᙉ࠸ࡽࢀࡿᚲせࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡸࡀ࡚⮬⏤୺⩏ࡀࢼࢩࣙࢼࣜࢬ࣒࡜⤖ࡧ௜࠸࡚ࡑࢀ࡟඲࡚ࡀ༢⣧໬ࡉࢀ㸪ࠕᅜẸࡣ⏕ࡲࢀ࡞ࡀࡽ࡟ࡋ࡚ᖹ➼࡛࠶ࡿࠖࠕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࠖ
㸦Americanism㸧࡞ࡿಖᏲ୺⩏ࡀㄌ⏕ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ࡢ༢⣧໬ࡣ㸪㛗ࡁ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚⫱ࡲࢀࡓ௚ᅜẸࡢពᛮᙧᡂࡢືࡁ㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡌࡿၥ㢟ࡢከ㠃ⓗ࠿ࡘ⮬ⓎⓗゎỴࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ୙ྍ⬟࡟ࡋࡓࠋࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ㸪⮬ᅜⓗ࣊ࢤࣔࢽ࣮ࡶࡋࡃࡣ౯್ほࡀഹ࠿࡛ࡶ⬣࠿ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡍࡿሙ
ྜ㸪ࡑࡢ୍ษࢆ᰿⤯ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ヨࡳࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋᖹ➼୺⩏ᴫᛕ࡟ྥࡅ࡚඲࡚ࢆ༢⣧໬ࡋࡓ⡿ᅜࡣ㸪ᖹ➼ࢆ⋓ᚓࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸௚ᅜẸࡢᛮ᝿ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃ㸪ࡴࡋࢁᑐ❧ࡍࡿᛮ᝿ࢆ୙ྍゎ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡳ࡞ࡋࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮾす෭ᡓᵓ㐀࡟ࡼࡾᑐ❧ࡍࡿᛮ᝿ࡀ
⏕ࡌࡓ᫬௦㸪ࡇࡢ≉␗ᛶࡣዴఱ࡞ࡃⓎ᥹ࡉࢀࡓࠋᙜ᫬㸪⡿ᅜࡣ♫఍୺⩏ࡸඹ⏘୺⩏ࢆ཯⮬⏤୺⩏ⓗᛮ᝿࡜Ỵࡵࡘࡅ㸪࣐ࢵ࣮࢝ࢧ࣮࢖ࢬ࣒㸦McCarthyism㸧࡟ࡼࡿ㉥⊁ࡾ㦁ࡂ㸦ࣞࢵࢻ࣭
ࢫࢣ࢔㸹Red Scare㸧ࢆᙉ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡺ࠼࡟⡿ᅜ⮬ࡽࡀ⠏࠸ࡓ࡜⮬㈇ࡍࡿ⮬⏤୺⩏ࡀእ㒊࠿ࡽࡢ㌷஦ⓗ࣭࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ⓗᅽຊ࡟᫹ࡉࢀࡓ࡜ಙࡌ㎸ࡴ࠶ࡲࡾ㸪⡿ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⤯ᑐ୺⩏ⓗ࡞ࣃ࣮ࢫ࣌ࢡࢸ࢕ࣈ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ᐇ⌧ࡢࡓࡵࡢ⌮᝿ⓗே≀࡜ࡋ࡚࣐ࢵ࣮࢝
ࢧ࣮㸦MacArthur㸪D㸧ࡀᢸࡂฟࡉࢀࡓࡢࡶ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞஦᝟࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ᚋࡢ࢔ࣜ࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣ㸪⮬㌟ࡢ㌷஦ⓗྠ┕ᅜ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚⮬ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ࢆࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖࡍࡿヨࡳ࡬࡜㌿໬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋᮾすࡢ෭ᡓᵓ㐀ࡀ⃭ࡋࡉࢆቑࡍ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚㸪ࡇࡢ⡿ᅜࡢ≉Ṧᛶࡣዴఱ࡞ࡃⓎ᥹ࡉࢀࡓࠋᙜ᫬㸪⡿ᅜࡣᑐ❧ࡍࡿᛮ᝿ࡀ⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ࢆጉᐖࡍࡿ୙ྍ
ゎ࡞Ꮡᅾ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆࡵ㸪⮬ࡽࡢ⮬ⓎⓗゎỴ᪉࡜ࡋ࡚୙ྍゎ࡞ᛮ᝿ࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡍ୙Ᏻࢆ㙠ࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺┠ⓗ࡛ࣄࢫࢸࣜࢵࢡ࡞཯ඹ୺⩏ࢆᥖࡆ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪ඛࡎ࣐ࢵ࣮࢝ࢧ࣮࢖ࢬ
࣒࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿ⮬ᅜᆺ⮬⏤୺⩏ࡢ⤯ᑐ୺⩏໬ࢆᐇ⌧ࡉࡏࡿே≀ࢆᢸࡂฟࡍࡇ࡜࡛㸪௚ࡢᅜẸ࣭Ẹ᪘ࡀ฿ᗏ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࣞࢵࢻࣃ࣮ࢪ㐠ືࢆ⧞ࡾᗈࡆࡽࢀࡓࠋࡸࡀ࡚㸪⮬ᅜ⮬ࡽࡀ⠏࠸ࡓ࡜⮬㈇ࡍࡿ⮬⏤୺⩏ࡀ㸪㌷஦ⓗ࣭࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ⓗᅽຊ࡟᫹ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅ព㆑࠿ࡽ㸪࣐ࢵ࣮࢝ࢧ࣮࢖ࢬ࣒ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᾏእ࡟ᢞᑕࡉࢀࡓ⮬ᅜࡢᕼᮃࡀ㸪ࡑࢀࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍᏙ❧୺⩏ࡢ῝้໬ࢆᙉࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟⡿ᅜ⮬ࡽࡢุ᩿ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚௚ࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿഴ
ྥࡀᙉࡲࡗࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪࣐ࢵ࣮࢝ࢧ࣮࢖ࢬ࣒ࡀࡇࡢ⩦័ࢆឤ᝟ⓗࣞ࣋ࣝࡲ࡛↽ࡾ❧࡚㸪ᅜෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⮬⏤୺⩏ࡢ⤯ᑐ୺⩏໬ࢆᡓᚋୡ⏺ᡓ␎࡟⤖ࡧ௜ࡅ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋ௨㝆㸪࣐ࢵ࣮࢝ࢩ࣮
࢖ࢬ࣒ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᾏእ࡟ᢞᑕࡉࢀࡓᕼᮃࡀ㸪ࡑࢀࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍᏙ❧୺⩏ࡢ῝้໬࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽ
ࡎᅜෆࡢᜍᛧឤࢆ↽ࡾ❧࡚㸪᪥ᮏࡸ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡞࡝඲ୡ⏺࡟ࠕ㉥ࡢᜍᛧࣄࢫࢸ࣮ࣜࠖࢆᗈ
ࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡺ࠼࡟⡿ᅜ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢᩛᑐⓗ࡞ᅜẸⓗ㐨ᚨࡶ㸪ࠕእᅜⓗ࡞ࠖࡶࡢ࠿ࡽ㏨㑊ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶
ࡾ⥆ࡅࡓࡤ࠿ࡾ࠿㸪ሙྜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㅖእᅜ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡽࢆ
ኚ㠉ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᮾす෭ᡓᵓ㐀ࡀᙉࡲࡿ࡟క࠸㸪⡿ᅜࡣ⮬ࡽࡀ⤯ᑐⓗ࡟ṇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ಙࡌ࡚␲ࢃ࡞࠸ᖹ➼୺⩏ࢆࡼࡾ୍ᒙᙉࡃࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖࡋ㸪࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡸ࢔
ࢪ࢔ࡢ♫఍ࢆࠕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࠖᆺࡢ♫఍࡟సࡾ᭰࠼ࡿసᴗ࡟ᑓᛕࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟௚ᅜẸࡢไᗘⓗ␗㉁ᛶࢆ⌮ゎࡋ࡞࠸⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ࡢᴫᛕࡣ㸪ᮾす෭ᡓᵓ㐀ࡀᔂቯࡋࡓ௒᪥࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪࡞࠾ዴఱ࡞ࡃⓎ᥹ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜ⮬㌟ࡢእ஺ᡓ␎ࡀࠕ⮬⏤୺
4⩏ࡢ⤯ᑐ୺⩏໬ࠖ࡬࡜⤖ࡧ௜ࡅࡽࢀ㸪ຊ㸪▱ᛶ㸪ᖺ㱋㸪ពḧ㸪ഴྥ࡞࡝࡜࠸ࡗࡓಶேⓗᕪ␗ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿᖹ➼୺⩏ᴫᛕࡇࡑࡀ㸪⮬⏤➇த㸪⮬↛Ὲử㸪㐺⪅⏕Ꮡࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ㸪♫఍㐍Ṍࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᕷሙ➇த୺⩏ᆺࡢᖹ➼୺⩏ᴫᛕࢆ௚ᅜ࡟ࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖࡍࡿヨࡳ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⡿ᅜ୍ᴟᆺࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣜࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢᒎ㛤࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢᖹ➼୺⩏࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮
ࡢ༢⣧໬ࡣ㸪ࡑࡶࡑࡶዴఱ࡞ࡿᛮ᝿ⓗ≉ᚩࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ௨ୗ㸪ไᗘ㝵ᒙᛶࡢᴫᛕࢆ⏝࠸࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ࡑࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ
㸱㸬⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ࡢไᗘ㝵ᒙᛶࠕྜ⾗ᅜ᠇ἲࠖᡂ❧ᮇ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕἲࡢ⢭⚄ࠖไᗘ໬࡟ດࡵࡓࣁ࣑ࣝࢺࣥ㸦Hamilton 㸪A㸧ࡢᛮ᝿ࢆ⥅࠸ࡔ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ἲ㸦ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟ㸧ࡣ㝵ᒙᛶ㸦hierarchy㸧ࡢୖ఩࡟఩⨨ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪⤒῭ⓗㅖ࣮ࣝࣝࢆᐃ⩏ࡍࡿἲࡀ㝵ᒙࡢୖ఩࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿ≧ἣࡀᡤ୚࡜
ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ἲࢆྖࡿつไ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㔜せᛶࡀၐ࠼ࡽࢀ㸪ࡇࢀ࡟⤒῭ไᗘ㸪♫఍ಖ㞀㸪᮲౛࡞࡝ࡀ⥆ࡃᖹ➼୺⩏ࡀ⥔ᣢࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᖹ➼୺⩏ᴫᛕࡢ㐩ᡂ࡟ྥࡅ࡚㸪⤒῭ⓗຠ⋡ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵ㸪࡞࠾࠿ࡘᨻ἞ᶒຊ࡟ࡼࡿᕪูࢆ┦ᑐ໬ࡍࡿሙᡤ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕᕷሙࠖࡀ㔜どࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢ㸪࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶࠕᕷሙࡢኻᩋࠖࢆ㜵ࡄࡓࡵࡢᡭἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ἲ࣭つไࡀ㝵ᒙᛶࡢୖ఩
࡟ᤣ࠼ࡽࢀࡓ⤖ᯝ࡟௚࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
௨㝆㸪⡿ᅜࡣ⮬ࡽࡢయไࢆ┦ᑐ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᛰࡾ㸪ᖖ࡟ᡭẁࢆᢅ࠺⛉Ꮫ㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣࡑࡢ⠊ᅖෆ࡛⛛ᗎࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡍࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ἲᚊࡢࡳࡀᴟ➃࡟㔜どࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ
ࡓࠋ࢔࣐࣮ࣈࣝ㸦Amable ,B㸧ࡶ୺ᙇࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪௚ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࢆᐃ⩏ࡍࡿ࣮ࣝࣝࡀ᭱ୖ఩࡟
఩⨨ࡍࡿᚲせ࠿ࡽ㸪᠇ἲࡀ㝵ᒙᛶࡢ㡬Ⅼ࡟ᤣ࠼ࡽࢀ㸪ࡇࢀ࡟ἲᚊࠊつไࠊ᮲౛࡞࡝ࡀ⥆࠸ࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣ㸪᠇ἲ࡞࡝㝵ᒙᛶࡢ㡬Ⅼ࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿἲయ⣔ࡀ⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࡢࠕไᗘࠖࢆ᧯సࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡀ⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࢆつไࡍࡿ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪ἲయ⣔ࢆࡶໟᦤࡋࡓㅖ⌧㇟㸦ไᗘ㸧࡜ࡋ࡚⾲ࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪㝵ᒙࡢ㡬Ⅼࡀ⤒῭ⓗ࡞⌧㇟࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࡴࡋࢁἲᚊࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไᗘ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚㐩ᡂࡍࡿⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ྠᅜࡢࠕไᗘ
㝵ᒙᛶࠖࡣ᪥ᮏࡢࡑࢀ࡜ࡣⴭࡋࡃ␗࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚㸪⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣ⚄ࡢἲࡸఏ⤫࡟ᚑ࠺ࡇ࡜࡜ᕷሙ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢ㈏ᚭࢆせồࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡀ㸪ྠࡌಖᏲ୺⩏ࡢ⠊␪࡟ྵࡵࡽࢀ㸪⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ࡢ༢⣧໬ࡀᅗࡽࢀࡓࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ㝿ࡶ㸪㐨ᚨ㸪ࡶࡋࡃࡣ⚄ࡢᶒጾࡢ᚟⯆࠿ࡽᕷሙ୺⩏࡟ࡲ࡛ཬࡪ࡜ࡇࢁ࡜࡞ࡾ㸪⡿ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿಶே୺⩏ⓗ⮬⏤୺⩏ࡢඹ㏻ࢻࢢ࣐ࡣ㸪ᖹ➼ࢆ⋓ᚓࡋ࡞ࡅࢀ
ࡤࡤࡽ࡞࠸௚ࡢᅜẸ࣭Ẹ᪘ࡢᛮ᝿ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࠋ⡿ᅜࡀ⮬ࡽࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿሙ
ྜ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟௚ᅜẸࢆᑻᗘ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡿ⩦័ࢆ㌟࡟௜ࡃࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪㛗ࡁ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚⫱ࡲࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ௚ᅜ࣭௚Ẹ᪘ࡢᛮ᝿ᙧᡂࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟㝈ࡽࡎ㸪ୡ⏺᝟ໃࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍㅖၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡍࡿᙼࡽࡢከ㠃ⓗ࠿ࡘ⮬ⓎⓗゎỴ᪉ἲࡍࡽ୍᪉ⓗ࡟ዣ࠸ྲྀࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡶࡑࡶ㸪ࡇࡢ⡿ᅜᆺไᗘ㝵ᒙᛶࡣ 18 ୡ⣖ᮎ࠿ࡽᙉࡲࡗࡓ཯⊂༨࣒࣮ࢻ࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿࡶࡢ
࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟⊂❧ࢆ㐩ᡂࡋ࡚࠿ࡽ௒᪥࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛㸪⡿ᅜ⊂⮬ࡢᙉ࠸ᕞᶒ㸦ᆅ᪉ศᶒ୺
⩏㸧ࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡋ࡚㐃㑥୺⩏࡜཯㐃㑥୺⩏࡜ࡢ㛫࡟ᑐ❧ࡸጇ༠ࡀ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀ㸪ࡇࡢᅜࡢ⤒῭ྐ࡟ከ኱࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ㔠⼥⊂༨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ཯Ⓨࡣ᰿ᙉࡃ㸪ᕧ኱࡞ᶵ㛵ࡍ࡭࡚࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⡿ᅜẸࡢᩛពࡀᙉࡲࡾ㸪㖟⾜ࡉ࠼ᨭᗑタ⨨ࡀᅔ㞴࡞≧ἣ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋ཯⊂༨ࡢഴྥ࡟ᙉ࠸ᕞᶒࡀຍࢃࡿࡇ࡜࡛ಙ⏝๰㐀ࡀブḭࡢ୍✀࡜Ỵࡵ௜ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪1820
ᖺ௦⤊┙㡭࡟ࡣᮾ㒊ࡢ㖟⾜࡟ᑐࡍࡿ཯Ⓨࡉ࠼㢖Ⓨࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᨻ἞ࡢ୰ᯡࡀᮾ㒊࡟ዣࢃࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟୙‶ࢆᢪ࠸࡚࠸ࡓ༡㒊ࣉࣛࣥࢱ࣮ࡣ㸪す㒊ࡢ⮬Ⴀ㎰Ẹࡣ㔠⼥⊂༨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᎘ᝏ
ࢆᙉࡵ㸪༡㒊ฟ㌟࡛す㒊ࣉࣛࣥࢱ࣮࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓ࢔ࣥࢻ࣮࣭ࣝࢪࣕࢡࢯࣥࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪༡す㒊ࡢ฼ᐖࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟኱⤫㡿㑅࡟ᣮࡳ㸪ᙜ㑅ࢆᯝࡓࡋࡓ⪅ࡶ࠸ࡓ㸲㸧ࠋࢪࣕࢡࢯࣥࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ㸪ᕞቃࢆ㉸࠼ࡓᨭᗑ⥙ࢆᣢࡘ⡿ᅜே࡟ᜍᛧឤࡣ㸪ᛮ᝿ࡢ᰿※ࢆ࡞ࡋࡓࢪ࣭ࣙࣥࣟࢵࢡ㸦Locke 㸪J㸧ᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ࡀ౵ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ᙉ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢᜍᛧឤࡣ㸪ࡸࡀ࡚୰ኸ㖟⾜࡟ࡶᕞἲ㖟⾜࡟ࡶ౫ᣐࡋ࡞࠸⊂❧ࡢᅜᗜไᗘࢆㄌ⏕ࡉࡏࡿ࡟⮳ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕྜ⾗ᅜ㖟⾜ࡢᙺ๭ࢆᣑᙇ
ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪1840 ᖺ࡟ࡣ඲⡿୐㒔ᕷ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᅜᗜไᗘࡢ㈨㔠ᗜࡀタࡅࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⊂❧ᅜᗜไᗘ࡜࠸࠺௚ᅜ࡟౛ࢆࡳ࡞࠸⊂⮬ࡢไᗘࡀㄌ⏕ࡋࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿ㸳㸧ࠋ
5⡿ᅜࡢไᗘ㝵ᒙᛶࡣ㸪ࡺ࠼࡟ᕧ኱ࡉ࡬ࡢ៿ࢀࡀูࡢᕧ኱ࡉࢆ៮ࡴ࡜࠸࠺࢔ࣥࣅࣂࣞࣥࢫ
ࡢே㛫ⓗឤ᝟ࡢᮏ⬟࡟⏤᮶࡟ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⡿ᅜࡢ⤒῭♫఍࡟ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿ㞟୰࡜㞟୰᤼㝖࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢᑐ❧ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢṔྐⓗ⫼ᬒࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ไᗘ㝵ᒙᛶࡀ஧ඖ♫఍࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ≉␗࡞ഃ㠃ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⊂❧ࢆ㐩ᡂࡋ࡚࠿ࡽ௒᪥࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛㸪⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚㐃㑥୺⩏࡜཯㐃㑥୺⩏࡜ࡢ㛫࡟⏕ࡌࡓᑐ❧ࡸጇ༠ࡀ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀ㸪ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ㸪ㅖᕞᨻᗓ࡜㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡀ❧ἲ࣭ྖἲ࣭⾜ᨻࢆࡵࡄࡾᶒ㝈ࢆศ࠿ࡕྜ࠺୍᪉㸪ᕞᶒ࡜ᅜᶒࡀᣕᢠ㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸
࡚ࡶ㸪⡿ᅜᅜẸ࡟࡜ࡾఱࡽ㐪࿴ឤࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋᕞ࡜㐃㑥࡟ࡼࡿ஧ඖไᗘࡸ஧ඖ୺⩏࡟ࡇࡑ㸪ࡇࡢไᗘ㝵ᒙᛶ♫఍ࢆ⫱ࡴᇶᮏཎ⌮࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋᪧไᗘᏛὴࡢࢯ࣮ࢫࢸ࢕࣭ࣦ࢙ࣥࣈࣞࣥ㸦Veblen㸪T.㸧ࡀၐ࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࠕไᗘࠖ࡜ࡣ୍
⯡ࡢ♫఍ⓗඹྠయ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ᛮ⪃࣭⾜ື࣭㈨⏘ࢆᣦࡍഃ㠃ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟᪂ไᗘὴ
Ꮫὴࡢࢲࢢࣛࢫ࣭ࣀ࣮ࢫ㸦North㸪㹂.㸧ࡣ㸪ࠕไᗘࠖࢆࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไ⣙㸦࣮ࣝࣝ㸪ἲᚊ㸪᠇ἲ㸧࡜࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไ⣙㸦⾜ືつ⠊㸪័⾜㸪⮬ᕫ࡟ㄢࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࢥ࣮ࢻ㸧࡜࡟ศࡅࡿࡇ
࡜࡛㸪ࡑࡢไᗘ㝵ᒙᛶࡢᐇែ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ㝿㸪䜲䞁䝣䜷䞊䝬䝹䛺䛂ไᗘ䛃䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䠈䝝䜲䜶䜽㸦Hayek, F㸧ὶࡢ䛂ṇ⩏䛻㐺䛖䝹䞊䝹䛃䛜ၐ䛘䜙䜜䠈ಶே䛾ᛌᴦ䜔ᖾ⚟䛾ாཷ䜢ᇶ‽䛸䛩䜛䝧䞁䝃䝮䠄Bentham,J䠅ὶ䛾ຌ฼୺⩏䛷䛿䛺䛟䠈䜐䛧䜝䛂ᣦᑟ⪅䛃タᐃ䛾䝹䞊䝹䜢㏻䛨䛶ᕷሙไᗘ䛜⥔ᣢ䛥䜜䜛䛸䛾ぢ᪉䛜♧䛥䜜䛯䚹䛭䛾⤖ᯝ䠈䛂㐍໬ㄽⓗྜ⌮୺⩏䛃䠄evolutionary rationalism䠅䛜┠ⓗ⊂❧ⓗ࡞⮬୺ⓗ⛛ᗎ㸦kosmos㸧ࢆకࡗ࡚㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ࡇࡢ⮬⏕ⓗ⛛ᗎ䛾୍⎔䛸䛧䛶䠈㐨ᚨⓗ䝹䞊䝹䠈ᡤ᭷ไᗘ䠈㈌ᖯไᗘ䠈䠄ᗈ⩏䛷䛾䠅ἲไᗘ䛜ᐃ╔䛩䜛䛻⮳䛳䛯䛸䝜䞊䝇䛿ᣦ᦬䛩䜛䚹࡛ࡣࠕไᗘࠖࡢ⛣᳜ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ࡜㸪ไᗘ㝵ᒙᛶࡣዴఱ࡞ࡿ⌧㇟ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࣀ࣮ࢫࡣ㸪ࠕไᗘࠖࡣᅉᯝࡢ㝵ᒙ㐃㙐㸦࣓ࣥࢱ࣭ࣝࣔࢹࣝ㸫ᡓத࣭ᚁ᭹࣭㠉࿨ࡸ⮬↛⅏ᐖ㸫࡜࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮࣭ಙᛕЍᨻ἞࡜⤒῭ࡢไᗘࡢᯟ⤌ࡳЍ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈᵓ㐀Ѝ⤌⧊Ѝᨻ⟇Ѝࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ㸧ࢆక࠸㸪࡜ࡾࢃࡅ㝵ᒙ㐃㙐ୗ఩㸦ᨻ⟇㸪ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ㸧ࡣ㝵ᒙ㐃㙐ୖ఩㸦࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮࣭ಙᛕ㸪ᨻ἞࡜⤒῭ࡢไᗘࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ㸧࡟ẚ࡭࡚ᐜ᫆࡟ኚ໬ࡍࡿഴྥࢆ
ࡶࡘ࡜ࡢ୺ᙇࢆᒎ㛤ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࠕ㐃㙐㛵ಀࠖ࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪㝵ᒙ㐃㙐ୖ఩࡟⾜ࡁ╔ࡃ࡯࡝ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไᗘ࡜ࡢ㛵ࢃࡾࡀᙉࡲࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ㸪㝵ᒙ㐃㙐ୗ఩ࡣࡴࡋࢁ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮
࣐ࣝ࡞ไᗘࡢᙳ㡪ୗ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡺ࠼࡟⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣ㸪㝵ᒙ㐃㙐ୖ఩࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿࠕ࣓ࣥࢱ࣭ࣝࣔࢹ࣭ࣝࠖ
ࠕ࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮࣭ࠖࠕᨻ἞࡜⤒῭ࡢไᗘࠖࡀἲయ⣔࡟┦ᙜࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡀ⮫ᶵᛂኚ࡟ᕷሙࢆ᧯
సࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
㍍どࡋ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢࡣ㸪⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㝵ᒙࡢୖ఩ࡀ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไ⣙㸦⾜ືつ⠊࣭័⾜࣭⮬ᕫ࡟ㄢࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࢥ࣮ࢻ㸧࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไ⣙㸦⤒῭ⓗㅖ࣮ࣝࣝࢆᐃ⩏ࡍࡿἲ࣭つไ㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⠏࠿ࢀࡓⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୖࢆ㸪ᕷሙࠕ஺᥮ࠖ࡜࠸࠺࣐ࢡ
ࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢሙ࡛♫఍୍⯡ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉࠿ࡽㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ࣮࣏࢝ࣝࣛࣥࢽ࣮㸦Polanyi,K.㸧࡟ࡼࡿㄝࢆᛂ⏝ࡍࡿ࡜㸪⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࡑࢀ⮬యࡀ㸦ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝࠊ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡟㛵ࢃࡽࡎ㸧ㅖไᗘ࡟ᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸦embedded㸧㸪ᕷሙࠕ஺᥮ࠖࡢሙࡶ㸪ࡑࢀࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃ♫఍ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉࡟㛵ࢃࡿ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟⾜ືつ⠊㸪័⾜㸪⮬ᕫ࡟ㄢࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࢥ࣮ࢻ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㐃㙐ୖ఩㸦๓
㏙ࡢ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞័⩦㸧ࡢබᖹᛶ࡟ࡶཬࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋ୍⯡࡟ᡓத㸪ᚁ᭹㸪㠉࿨ࡸ⮬↛⅏ᐖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ࣓ࣥࢱ࣭ࣝࣔࢹࣝࡀ࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮㸦ಙᛕ㸧ࡸᨻ἞࡜⤒῭ࡢไᗘࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡀ㸪㝵ᒙ㐃㙐ୖ఩࡟࠶ࡿࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไ⣙ࡀ㸦ἲ࣭つไ㸧ࡀ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈᵓ㐀࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᙺ๭ࢆᢸ࠺⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣ㸪ἲ࣭つไࡀ⤒῭⤌⧊࣭⤒῭ᨻ⟇࣭⤒῭ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ࡟ඃࢀࡓᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸪㝵ᒙ㐃㙐ୗ఩ࡢ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไ
⣙㸦ࠕᕷሙࠖཧධ⪅ࡢ័⩦ⓗไ⣙㸪࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠕᶵ఍ࡢᖹ➼ࠖ㐩ᡂ࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀࡓㅖไᗘ㸧ࡢ⥔ᣢࡀཝࡋࡃၥࢃࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
⡿ᅜ⊂⮬ࡢไᗘ㝵ᒙᛶ࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ༨㡿ᨻ⟇ᮇ᪥ᮏ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚⡿ᅜࡀ⮬ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ࢆࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡋࡓ㝿㸪᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚㔠⼥ᨻ⟇ࡀ୰ኸ㖟⾜ࡢᨻ἞ⓗ⊂❧ᛶࢆకࢃ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ồࡵࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪
ࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪ࡴࡋࢁ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚㔠⼥ᵓ㐀ࡣఏ⤫ⓗಖᏲ୺⩏ࡀᕷሙࢆไᚚࡋ㸪ᑓไ୺⩏ⓗ࡞ᕷሙᨻ⟇ࡀᒎ㛤ࡋ㸪ࡺ࠼࡟ᡓ๓ᆺࡢ㔠⼥㈨ᮏ୺ᑟࡢ⤒῭Ⓨᒎࢆ᚟άࡉࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠕពᅗࡏࡊࡿ⤖ᯝࠖࡀࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓࠋ௨ୗ㸪ไᗘ㝵ᒙࡢ␗㉁ᛶࢆక
6࠺⡿ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖࡀ㸪ࡇࡢࠕពᅗࡏࡊࡿ⤖ᯝࠖࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓせᅉࢆ㸪⤒῭࣭ᛮ᝿ࡢ୧㠃࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺ࠋ
ϩ㸬ᖹ➼୺⩏ࡢ㐃⥆ⓗᒎ㛤࡟ࡳࡿᨻ⟇ⓗ▩┪㸯㸬༨㡿ᨻ⟇ࡢ㌿᥮࡜ᑓไ୺⩏≉␗࡞ไᗘ㝵ᒙᛶࢆక࠺⡿ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿᖹ➼୺⩏ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡢヨࡳࡣ㸪ࡑࡶࡑࡶ 1938 ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⮫᫬඲ᅜ⤒῭ጤဨ఍タ⨨㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣྠጤဨ఍ࡀ 42 ᖺ࡟╔ᡭࡋࡓᅜ㝿࢝ࣝࢸࣝゎయ࡟㞟⣙ࡉࢀࡿ཯⊂༨᮲㡯ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᡓᚋࡢᑐ᪥༨㡿ᨻ⟇࡟ࡶ཯ᫎࡉࢀࡓⅬ࡟≉ᚩࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋ㈈㛸ゎయࡸ⤒῭ຊ㞟୰᤼㝖ࡀᙉຊ࡟᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡓᙜ᫬㸪㈈㛸ࡇࡑࡀ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࢆᨭ㓄ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㌷㛸࡜࡜ࡶ࡟౵␎ᡓதࢆᕳࡁ㉳ࡇࡋࡓ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡋࡓ⡿ᅜࡣ㸪⮬ࡽࡢᖹ➼୺⩏ᴫᛕࡢᑐᴟ࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿ㈈㛸ࡢゎయࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚᪥ᮏࡢ㠀㌷஦໬ࢆᚭᗏࡉࡏࡿ࡜☜ಙࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢ㝿㸪⡿ᅜࡣᕷሙཧධ⪅㛫ࡢຠ⋡ⓗࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ㐩ᡂ࡟ྥࡅ࡚ᕷሙᶵ⬟ࡢᨵၿ໬ࢆ┠ᣦࡑ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅᑐ᪥༨㡿ᨻ⟇ࡢ࠺ࡕึᮇ⊂༨ᨻ⟇ࡢ୰᰾ࢆ࡞ࡋࡓࠕึᮇࡢ
ᇶᮏⓗᣦ௧ࠖࡣ㸪ࡑࡢṤ࡝ࡀࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮࣮ࣛ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚༨ࡵࡽࢀ㸪ᙼࡽࡀᕷሙᶵᵓࡢᨵၿ
໬ࢆᅗࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡋࡓ㸴㸧ࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ㸪1947 ᖺ௨㝆࡟ᙉࡲࡾࢆࡳࡏࡓᮾすࡢ෭ᡓᵓ㐀࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮࣮ࣛ࡟ࡼࡿᨵ㠉ࡢᚋ㏥ࡀవ൤࡞ࡃࡉࢀ㸪㐃ྜᅜ㌷⥲ྖ௧ᐁ㸦SCAP㸧ෆ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᶒຊᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬ࡀⴭࡋࡉࢆቑࡍࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸵㸧ࠋࡇࡢ⌧㇟ࡢᨻ⟇ⓗ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⡿ᅜࡀ⮬ᅜᆺᕷሙ୺⩏ࢆࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ㸪ୡ⏺᝟ໃࡢኚື㸦⡿ࢯ෭ᡓᵓ㐀ࡢᵓ⠏㸧࡟క࠸㸪⡿ᅜࡣࢽ࣮ࣗ
ࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᆺ⭾ᙇ㈈ᨻࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿᨻ⟇୺య࡟ᶒຊࢆ㞟୰ࡉࡏࡼ࠺࡜⪃࠼㸪࣐ࢿ࣮ࢧࣉࣛ࢖ࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿᗈ⠊࡞ᶒ㝈ࢆᤸᥱࡍࡿ୺యࡢⓏሙࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ᅜᐙᶒຊࡀᨻ἞ⓗ᪋⾜ᶒ࡟㧗ᗘ࡟㞟୰ࡋ㸪ᑓไ୺⩏⮬ࡽࡀᕷሙࡢຠ⋡໬ࢆ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌧㇟ࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮࣮ࣛࡀ㏥ฟࡋࡓ༨㡿ᨻ⟇㌿᥮ࡢᚋ㸪⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ࡣ࣐ࢿ࣮ࢧࣉࣛ࢖ࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿ୺యࡀ⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࡢ୺ᑟᶒࢆᥱ
ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᐇ⌧ࡀᅗࡽࢀࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
୍᪉㸪㏥ฟࢆవ൤࡞ࡃࡉࢀࡓࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮࣮ࣛࡢᨻ⟇ⓗពᅗࡣ㸪ᕷሙෆ࡟Ⓨࡍࡿᡤ୚ࡢ
ၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᭱㐺ゎࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࡴࡋࢁ୧⪅ࡢ฼ᐖ␗㉁ᛶࢆ㉳※࡜ࡍࡿ♫఍ⓗࢥࣥࣇࣜࢡࢺ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ♫఍ࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥ୺⩏ⓗ࡞ࠕᖹ➼୺⩏ࠖᴫᛕ࡜ࠕไᗘᏛὴࠖ࡟࠾ࡅ
ࡿᖹ➼୺⩏ᴫᛕ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟⏕ࡌࡓࢥࣥࣇࣜࢡࢺࡢᨻ἞ⓗጇ༠࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪༨㡿ᨻ⟇ࡢ㌿᥮࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ࡑࡢጇ༠Ⅼࡀᔂቯࡋࡓᚋ㸪⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ࡣࠕࡍࡄࢀࡓࠖ⤒῭ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥ
ࢫࢆᅜᐙࡀㄪ೵ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࿧ᛂࡋ࡚㸪ᕷሙࡣ⡿ᅜ⮬ࡽࡀᥖࡆࡿᖹ➼୺⩏ᴫᛕ㐩ᡂ࡟ྥࡅࡿሙ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶ㸪ࡴࡋࢁ➇தࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࡼࡾ
୍ᒙࡢᑓไ୺⩏ⓗᨻ⟇ࡢⓏሙࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡣ⓶⫗࡟ࡶ᪂ྂ඾ὴᆺ᏶඲➇தࣔࢹࣝࡢᡂ❧࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ⤒῭ⓗつไࡢ᧔ᗫࡶࡋࡃࡣ⦆࿴ࢆྜ⌮ⓗ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿ᭱ᑠ㝈ࡢつไࡀ㸪ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂ࣭ࣝࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻ࡟ἢ࠺࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚ྩ⮫ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࡀ⊂༨యࡢ᚟άࢆチࡍ࡜࠸࠺ࠕពᅗࡏࡊࡿ⤖ᯝࠖࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᑓไ୺⩏⮬ࡽࡀᕷሙࡢຠ⋡໬ࢆ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚㸪༨㡿ᨻ⟇࡛ࡣ㸪ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤཧㅛ㒊➨஧ᒁ㛗㸦G㸫2 㸪᝟ሗᢸᙜ㸧㒊㛗ࢳ࣮ࣕࣝࢬ࣭࢘࢖ࣟࣅ࣮㸦Willoughby 㸪C㸬A㸬㸧ᑡᑗࢆ➹㢌࡜ࡍࡿ㸪࠸ࢃࡺࡿಖᏲὴࡸྑὴࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡟ࡼࡿά㌍ࡀ┠❧ࡕጞࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ
ࡓ㸴㸧ࠋ࣐ࢵ࣮࢝ࢧ࣮ࡢᨭᣢࡀẸᨻᒁ࠿ࡽཧㅛ㒊➨஧ᒁ㛗㸦C-2㸪᝟ሗᢸᙜ㸧࡟⛣ࡾጞࡵࡓ࡜
ឤࡌྲྀࡗࡓ࢘࢖ࣟࣅ࣮ࡣ㸪୍⯡ཧㅛ㒊㸦G-1~G-4㸧ࡢไ᭹㌷ே㞟ᅋ࡟ೌࡗ࡚ᚭᗏⓗ࡞཯ඹ཯ࢯㄽ࡟⤊ጞࡍࡿ⛬ࡢᚭᗏࡪࡾ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸶㸧ࠋ㍍どࡋ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸Ⅼ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮࣮ࣛ㏥ฟᚋࡢ༨㡿ᨻ⟇㌿᥮࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪⡿ᅜᆺ㔠⼥ไᗘࡢࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡀᨺᲠࡉࢀࡓ஦ᐇࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ⡿ᅜᆺ㔠⼥ไᗘࡢࠕ⛣᳜ࠖ࡟క࠺
GHQࡢせồࡣ㸪ࡑࡶࡑࡶ1946ᖺ3᭶ᥦฟࡢࢥ࣮࢘࢕࣭࢚ࣥࢻ࣮࣡ࢬ㸦Edwards 㸪C࣭D㸬㸧࡟ࡼࡿㄪᰝᅋሗ࿌௨᮶㸪୍㈏ࡋ࡚㈈㛸⤖ྜࡸ⣔ิ㛵ಀࡢ᤼㝖ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋྠ᫬࡟㸪㞟୰᤼㝖ࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪⡿ᅜ⮬ࡽࡀᒎ㛤ࡋࡓ㖟⾜ࡢᕞ㝿ᴗົ⚗Ṇࡸ༢୍ᗑ⯒ไࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ኱㖟⾜ࡢᆅᇦⓗศ๭ࡀᵓ᝿ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㸷㸧ࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ㸪༨㡿ᨻ⟇ࡢ㌿᥮௨㝆㸪GHQ㈈ᨻ㔠⼥
7ㄢࡢ࢘࢕ࣜ࢔࣒࣭࣐࣮࢝ࢵࢺ㸦Murcutt 㸪W࣭F㸧ESSᒁ㛗ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪㖟⾜ศ๭ࡸᆅ᪉ศᶒࡣ
᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ᰿௜࠿࡞࠸࡜ࡢぢ᪉࠿ࡽ㸪኱㖟⾜ࡢࢩ࢙࢔๐ῶࡸ୍㒊㖟⾜ࡢᩚഛ㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣ㖟⾜ࡢ᪂つཧධಁ㐍ࡢࡳ࡛㸪㔠⼥ไᗘᨵ㠉ࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢ୺ᙇࡀ㝿❧ࡘࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᮾす෭ᡓᵓ㐀ࡀᙉࡲࡿ࡟క࠸㸪⡿ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⤯ᑐ୺⩏ⓗ࡞ࣃ࣮ࢫ࣌ࢡࢸ࢕ࣈ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣ㸪㞟୰᤼㝖ᨻ⟇࡟ᢈุⓗ࡞ಖᏲ୺⩏⪅ࡢ࢘࢕ࣜ࢔࣒࣭ࢻ࣮ࣞࣃ࣮㸦Draper 㸪W࣭H㸬㸧㝣㌷ḟᐁࡸࢪ࢙࣮࣒ࢬ࣭࢝࢘ࣇ࣐ࣥ㸦Kaufman㸪㹈㸧㐩࡟ࡼࡿᨭᣢࡶྲྀ
ࡾ௜ࡅ㸪ᙼࡽࡀ୍୸࡜࡞ࡗ࡚㞟୰᤼㝖࣭㖟⾜ศ๭཯ᑐࢆ⾲᫂ࡍࡿᙧ࡛ᐇ⌧ࡀᅗࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ࿧ᛂࡋ࡚㸪ࢣ࢖ࣥࢬⓗ࡞㟂せᣑ኱ᨻ⟇ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ᚟⯆ᨻ⟇࡟ᑐࡋ㸪㟂せ㉸㐣ࢆᢚไࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ྡ┠࡛࣐ࢿ࣮ࢧࣉࣛ࢖ࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿᑓไ୺⩏ࡀᣢࡕฟࡉࢀ㸪ᑒᘓⓗᪧᏲὴࡀᡓ๓᪥ᮏࡢ㔠⼥ᵓ㐀ࢆ᚟άࡉࡏࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
⩣ 1947 ᖺ㸪⡿ᅜᨻᗓ⮬ࡽࡀศ๭ᅇ㑊ࡢពྥࢆ᪥ᮏഃ࡟ఏ࠼㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ 48 ᖺ 4 ᭶㸪GHQࡣࠕ᪂ἲᚊࡢไᐃ࡟ࡼࡿ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡢ඲㠃ⓗᨵ⦅࡟㛵ࡍࡿ௳ࠖࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪㐣ᗘ⤒῭ຊ㞟୰᤼㝖ἲࢆ㖟⾜࡟㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᩿ᛕࡋࡓࠋ㔠⼥ไᗘࢆ┘どࡋࡘࡘ㏻㈌ಙ⏝ᨻ⟇ࢆ❧᱌࣭ᐇ᪋ࡍࡿࠕࣂࣥ࢟ࣥࢢ࣭࣮࣎ࢻ㸹banking boardࠖᵓ᝿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㸪᪥㖟ෆ㒊࡟㏻㈌㔠⼥ᨻ⟇ࢆ
⤫㎄ࡍࡿࠕ࣏ࣜࢩ࣮࣭࣮࣎ࢻ㸹policy boardࠖ㸦᪥㖟ᨻ⟇ጤဨ఍㸧ࡢタ⨨࡬࡜ᢚ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㸪49 ᖺ 5 ᭶ᮎࡢ᪥㖟ἲ୍㒊ᨵṇ᱌࡟ྵࡲࢀࡓࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢ⌧㇟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪㔠⼥ࡢไᗘ㡿ᇦ㸦ࢻ࣓࢖ࣥ㸧ࢆ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡿⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪⡿ᅜᆺᕷሙࣔࢹࣝࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡢヨࡳࡀ㸪᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕᅜᐙ୺⩏ⓗࠖ㸦ࢫࢸ࢖ࢸ࢕ࢫࢺ㸧ࡶࡋࡃࡣࠕᅜᐙ⤫ไⓗࠖ㸦ࢹ࢕ࣜࢪࢫࢺ㸧࡞ࣇ࢓ࢡࢱ࣮ࢆ⤒῭ᨻ⟇࡟཯ᫎࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡍ
࡞ࢃࡕ⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ࡢࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᕷሙཧධ⪅㸦࢔ࢡࢱ࣮㸧㛫ࡢຠ⋡ⓗࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ㐩ᡂࡀᕷሙᶵ⬟ࡢᨵၿ໬㸦ᕷሙ࡟ࡼࡿㄪᩚ㸧ࡀヨࡳࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢ㸪ᨻᗓ㸦㞟ᶒⓗࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ㸧⮬ࡽࡀᕷሙࡢຠ⋡໬㸦➇தⓗࢥ࣮࣏ࣛࢸ࢕ࢬ
࣒㸧ࢆ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㔠⼥㈨ᮏࢆ㍈࡜ࡍࡿ௻ᴗࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ୺ᑟᆺࡢ⮬❧ⓗ᚟⯆ᨻ⟇ࡀ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪⤯ᑐⓗᶒຊ⪅࡟ࡼࡿᕷሙ௓ධࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ఏ⤫ⓗಖᏲ୺⩏࡬ࡢᅇᖐࡀᙉࡲࡗࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪⓶⫗࡟ࡶ㠀ᕷሙ୺⩏ⓗせ⣲㸦ᑒᘓⓗ࡞ᐁ൉୺⩏ࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸧ࡀᡂ❧ࡋࡓࠋ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࣔࢹࣝࡢ※Ἠࡣࠕ⤒῭ࡢ⮬❧ಁ㐍ࠖࢆᅗࡿ⡿ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿᡓ␎㌿᥮࡟ἢ࠸࡞ࡀࡽࡶ㸪ࡑࢀࡣᡓ๓࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵୺ᑟࡢᨻ⟇ࢆ᚟άࡉࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᨻ⟇㌿᥮࡬࡜ᖐ╔ࡍࡿ᪥ᮏഃࡢពᅗ࡟ἢࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡬࡜ᅇᖐࡋࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㸰㸬ࣁ࢖࢚ࢡᆺࠕ⮬⏕ⓗ⛛ᗎࠖ࡜ᕷሙ
௨ୖ㏙࡭࡚ࡁࡓ⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏࡟ࡼࡿఏ⤫୺⩏ⓗ࡞ᑒᘓయ㉁࡬ࡢᅇᖐࡣ㸪ࡑࡢ㛢㙐ⓗ࡞
య㉁ࡺ࠼࡟⡿ᅜࡢἲయ⣔ࡀ௖࣭⊂࡟࠾ࡅࡿ኱㝣ᆺไᐃἲࡣ඾ᆺⓗ࡞タィ୺⩏࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࡴࡋࢁ㐨ᚨⓗ࡞࣮ࣝࣝ㸪ᡤ᭷ไᗘ㸪㈌ᖯไᗘ㸪㸦ᗈ⩏࡛ࡢ㸧ἲไᗘࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᩥ໬ⓗ㸪⏕⏘ⓗ࡞㐍໬ࢆಁࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᕷሙࡣ㸪ࣁ࢖࢚ࢡ㸦Hayek, F㸧ᆺࠕ⮬⏕ⓗ⛛ᗎࠖࡢᴫᛕ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕ❧ἲ㸦legislation㸧ࠖࡸࠕ࿨௧㸦command㸧ࠖࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪ᕷሙ୺⩏ࡢ⮬⏕ⓗᡂ㛗ࢆ⮬ࡽࡢ࠺ࡕ࡟஺᥮࣭ྲྀᘬࢆつไࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣁ࢖࢚ࢡࡀၐ࠼
ࡿࠕ⮬⏕ⓗ⛛ᗎࠖ࡜ࡣ㸪ᡤ᭷ไᗘ㸪㈌ᖯไᗘ㸪㸦ᗈ⩏࡛ࡢ㸧ἲไᗘ࡟ࡼࡿᩥ໬ⓗ㸪⏕⏘ⓗ࡞㐍໬ࢆ⫯ᐃࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁᕷሙࡀ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࢆᅗࡿࡓࡵ࡟஺᥮࣭ྲྀᘬࢆつไࡍࡿሙ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿ௨ୖ㸪ᕷሙ㡬Ⅼ࡟ୖࡾࡘࡵࡿࡲ࡛ࡢᵝࠎ࡞ḧᮃࢆⓎᩓࡉࢀࡿᡭẁ࡜ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪⡿ᅜᆺᕷሙ୺⩏ࡢ೫㔜ࡣ⮬⏤ᨺ௵ᛮ᝿ࡢࢻࢢ࣐໬࡟ࡶ⤖ࡧࡘࡃࡼ࠺࡟
࡞ࡾ㸪ࡸࡀ࡚⚾฼⚾ḧ࡟ࡲࡳࢀࡓࠕ㐨ᚨⓗ࡞୙೺඲ᛶࠖࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡺ࠼࡟⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᕷሙ࡜ࡣ㸪♫఍ⓗୖ᪼ࢆ┠ᣦࡍḧ῝࠸ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢᴫᛕࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࠕᶵ
఍ࡢᖹ➼ࠖᐇ⌧ࡢሙ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࠋᕷሙ࡛ࡣຠ⋡ᛶࢆకࢃ࡞࠸⤒῭ⓗつไࡢ᧔ᗫ㸪ࡶࡋࡃࡣ⦆࿴࡟ẚ㔜ࢆ⨨ࡃࠕᕷሙᡓ␎ⓗ࢖ࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈᨻ⟇ࠖࡢࡳࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀ㸪㠀ே᱁ⓗ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣᕷሙ⤒῭ᶒຊ࡟ࡼࡿᕪูࡉ࠼ṇᙜ໬ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㸪࠸ࢃࡤࠕಶேⓗ฼┈ࡢ࢝࢜ࢫࠖ
ࡢୗ㸪♫఍ゎయ࡬ࡢ୙Ᏻ࣭␯እ࣭౯್ほࡢᔂቯ࣭᤼㝖ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀ㸪㐨ᚨࡶࡋࡃࡣ⛛ᗎࡢࡳ࡟㔜ࡁࡀ⨨࠿ࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪♽ඛࡼࡾᘬࡁ⥅ࡄࠕไᗘࠖࡀ័⩦࣭⩦಑ࡸ㐨ᚨࠕ୰㛫⤌⧊ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ㸪ᐙ᪘㸪࣒ࣛ㸪ᩍ఍ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕➼ࡀ᧦ㆤࡉࢀࡿ୍᪉㸪ἲ࣭㐨ᚨ࣭㝵⣭࣭
8ᅜᐙ࣭ྩ୺ไᗘ࣭㈗᪘ไᗘ࣭ᩍ఍ไᗘࡢᨵኚࢆチࡉ࡞࠸⌧㇟ࡀᙉࡲࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㐨ᚨⓗ࡞ᴫᛕࢆᇶ࡟ࡋ࡚⡿ᅜᆺᕷሙ୺⩏ࡢຠ⋡ⓗ฼⏝ࡀᅗࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸪ࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖࡢ㝿㸪ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᶒຊ⪅ࡀᐜㄆࡉࢀ㸪ఏ⤫୺⩏ⓗ࡞ᑒᘓ୺⩏యไࡀᙉࡲࡿ⌧㇟ࡀᑟࡁฟࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ୙ྍ㑊࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ᕷሙࡣᣦᑟ㒊ࡀୗࡍᣦ♧࡜ᣦᑟ㒊ࡀタᐃࡍࡿἲ࣭࣮ࣝࣝࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⮬ࡽࡢไᗘࢆ⥔ᣢࡋ㸪ࡇࡢᑒᘓⓗ࡞࿨௧⤌⧊ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚
ᪧᏲὴⓗ࡞ᶒጾ୺⩏ࡢຊࢆ㝿㝈࡞ࡃᙉࡵࡿሙ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࡳᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ࡟⮳ࡿࠋࡑࡢ඾ᆺⓗ࡞஦౛࡜ࡋ࡚㸪༨㡿ᨻ⟇ࡢ㌿᥮௨㝆ࡢ᪥ᮏࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ࡢࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㐨ᚨ㡿ᇦ࡛ᶒጾࡀ୺ᙇࡉࢀࡿ୍᪉㸪⤒῭㡿ᇦ࡛ಶே୺⩏ࢆ᧦ㆤࡋ㸪࠸ࢃࡤᶒጾ࡜㏆௦࡜ࡀྠᒃࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ወጁ࡞⌧㇟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⤒῭㡿ᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚ಶே୺
⩏ࡸᶒ฼ࢆ᧦ㆤࡍࡿ཯ᶒጾ୺⩏ⓗ୺ᙇࡀዲࡲࢀࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ㸪ᩥ໬ࡢ㡿ᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚ఏ
⤫ⓗ౯್࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ㐨ᚨ୺⩏ࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪↓どࡋᚓ࡞࠸▩┪Ⅼࡀࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓ
ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡸࡀ࡚㸪ಶேࡢෆ㠃ࡢ⮬⏤ࡸ⏕άၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᶒጾ୺⩏ⓗ௓ධࡀᙉࡲࡿࡼ࠺
࡟࡞ࡿ࡜㸪ᕷሙ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿ⤒῭ⓗ೔⌮ࡢ㝈⏺ᛶࡀ♫఍೔⌮ࢆᔂቯࡉࡏ㸪ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᾘ㈝⪅ࡢᶒ㝈ࡍࡽኻࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ࿧ᛂࡋ࡚㸪ࢧࣉࣛ࢖ࢧ࢖ࢲ࣮ᆺࡢ౪⤥㔜どࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡀ㔜どࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ಖᏲ୺⩏ࡀ⮬❧ⓗ♫఍⤖ྜ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᶒຊ⾜౑࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟㸪ᕷሙࡣಖᏲ୺⩏ࡢᚑᒓୗ࡟⨨࠿ࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋࠕ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡣ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽጞࡲࡿࠖ㸪ࠕ୚࠼ࡼ㸪ࡉࡽࡤ୚࠼ࡽࢀࢇࠖ࡜࠸࠺Ᏹᐂ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ⚄ⓗ࡞ಖ㞀ࡢཎ⌮ࢆ㸪⤒῭࡟ᙜ࡚ࡣࡵࡿヨࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⚄ពࡸᏱᐂࡢ⚄⛎ⓗཎ⌮ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ⤖ᯝࢆ⤒῭࡟཯ᫎࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪⮬ࡽࡀᥖࡆࡿఏ⤫ⓗಖᏲ୺⩏ࡢṇᙜᛶࢆၐ࠼ࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠᵝ࡟ᙼࡽࡣ㐨ᚨⓗ౯್ほࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠕ➇த࡟ࡼࡿᡂຌ⪅ࠖ࡟࡞ࡿࡓࡵࡢ໅ຮ㸪⠇⣙㸪ᚸ⪏࡞࡝ࢆ⨾ᚨ࡜ࡍࡿⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪⮬ࡽࡀၐ࠼ࡿ㐨ᚨࡸ⚄ࡢᶒጾࡢ᚟άࡀᕷሙ୺⩏࡟⧅ࡆࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡶ⡿ᅜᕷሙ୺⩏⪅࡟࡜ࡾᕷሙࡣ㸪⚄ࡢ๓࡟୓ேࡀ㛤࠿ࢀ㸪࡞࠾࠿ࡘಶேࡢ๰㐀ᛶ࡟㉃ࡅࡿ๰㐀ⓗ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈࡇࡑࡀ㈨ᮏ୺⩏᭱኱ࡢ㈨※࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡉ
ࢀࡓࠋᕷሙ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢ㈏ᚭ࡜㐨ᚨⓗ⛛ᗎ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⚄ࡢἲ࡜ఏ⤫࡟ᚑ࠺Ⅼ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ㄽ⌮ࡢ㣕㌍ࡀ኱ࡁࡍࡂࡿ࡜ゝࢃࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠋ
࡜ࡇࢁࡀ⡿ࢯ෭ᡓᵓ㐀ᔂቯࡢ௒᪥㸪ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ♫఍୺⩏ᕷሙ⤒῭ࡢㄽ⪅࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪ィ⏬໬࣭࣮ࣝࢸ࢕࣮ࣥ໬ࡣᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿつไࡶࡋࡃࡣ௓ධࡀண ୙ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢ⌮⏤࠿ࡽ㸪അ↛ᛶ࡟ᣐࡗ࡚❧ࡘ⮬⏤࡜๰㐀ᛶ㸦ࣄࣗࣈࣜࢫ㸧ࢆಁࡍ࡜ࡢ୺ᙇࡉ࠼ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿࠋᕧ኱࡞
ᐁ൉⤌⧊ࡀ⮬ᑛᚰ࡜⮬ᕫᐇ⌧࡬ࡢ㊊᥃࠿ࡾࢆ⋓ᚓࡋ㸪ἲࡸ⛛ᗎࡢࡶ࡜ᕷሙࢆᶵ⬟ࡉࡏࡿࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ಶே㛫ࡢ⮬Ⓨⓗ஺᥮ࡢ⫼ᚋ࡟ᪧែ౫↛ࡢᐁ൉⤌⧊ࡀྩ⮫ࡍࡿ୍㒊ࡢ♫఍୺⩏ᕷሙ⤒῭ࡶ㸪ᕷሙ୺⩏ࡢ㢮ᆺ࡟௚࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ➇தᆺᕷሙ୺⩏࡛࠶ࡿ࡟ࡏࡼ㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣ୍㒊ࡢ♫఍୺⩏ᕷሙ⤒῭࡛࠶ࡿ࡟ࡏࡼ㸪ᕷሙ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡟ࡼࡿࠕぢ࠼ࡊࡿᡭࠖ࡟ᑐࡍࡿಙ௮ࡀᙉࡲࡿ㝈ࡾ㸪ᙼࡽࡀᙉࡃ㠀㞴ࡍࡿ฼┈㞟ᅋࡸᅽຊ㞟ᅋࡶࠊ⮬ᕫឡࡢ୍ࡘࡢ⾲⌧࡟㐣ࡂ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋᙼࡽࡀ฼┈㞟ᅋࡸᅽຊ㞟ᅋࢆᢚᅽࡍࡿ⬟ຊࢆ᭷ࡋࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽࡣ⮬ᕫឡࢆῶࡌࡿ⤖ᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽ
ࡍ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࠋࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ㸪ᅜᐙࡢ༴ᶵࡀ⤒῭ࡸᨻ἞ࡢࣞ࣋ࣝࢆ㉸࠼࡚ᩥ໬㡿ᇦ࡟㐩ࡍࡿሙྜ㸪⮬ᕫឡࡢࡓࡵᙼࡽࡣ⮬ࡽࡢᶒጾ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿᅜᐙࢆᶒຊ⾜౑ࡢᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡉ࠼མࢃ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ᙼࡽ⮬ࡽࡀ㔜どࡍࡿ㐨ᚨⓗᶒጾࢆᅇ㑊ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࡢᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ᅜᐙᶒຊࡑࢀ⮬యࡢ⾜౑ࡀ㝿㝈࡞ࡃ㐍ࡴࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶᶒጾᅇ᚟ࡢࡓࡵࡢᡭ
ẁ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠿ࡗࡓᶒຊ⾜౑ࡀࠕᑠࡉ࡞ᨻᗓࠖࢆྰᐃࡍࡿ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪ᙼࡽࡀ᭱ࡶ᎘࠺ࠕ኱
ࡁ࡞ᨻᗓࠖࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ⓶⫗࡞⌧㇟ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋࢣ࢖ࣥࢬᆺ㟂せࢧ࢖ࢻ㔜どࡢᨻ⟇ࡀ㸪ఏ⤫୺⩏ⓗಖᏲ୺୺⩏⪅࡟ࡼࡿࢧࣉࣛ࢖ࢧ࢖ࢻ㔜どࡢᑓไ୺⩏ᆺᨻ⟇ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ࡜࠸࠺⌧㇟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ࡑࡢ▩┪ࡢཷࡅධࢀࢆᙼࡽࡀᣄ⤯ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣฟ᮶࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡶ㸪ఏ⤫ⓗಖᏲ୺⩏ࡢᛮ᝿ࡣ㸪ဴᏛ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࢺ࣐ࢫ࣭ࢪ࢙ࣇ࢓࣮ࢯࣥ㸦Jefferson㸪
T㸧㸪࢘࢕ࣜ࢔࣒࣭ࣅ࢚࣭ࣗࣝࣇࣛࣥࢡࣜࣥ㸦Franklin㸪B㸧㸪࢚ࢻ࣐ࣥࢻ࣭ࣂ࣮ࢡ(Burke㸪E)ࡢ୺ᙇ࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࠕ⌮ᛶࠖ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⫯ᐃⓗぢゎࢆᚓព࡜ࡍࡿⅬ࡛≉ᚩⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ᙼࡽࡀ⮬⏤୺⩏ࢆᑛ㔜ࡍࡿ㝈ࡾ㸪ࠕ⌮ᛶࠖࡣ⤒῭άື࡟㝈ࡽࡎᩥ໬ⓗ౯್࡟࠾࠸࡚
ࡶᾐ㣗ࢆጞࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ㸪ఏ⤫ᩥ໬ࡢᶒጾࢆᑛࡧ㸪࡞࠾࠿ࡘ㌟ศไⓗ⛛ᗎ࡟9ᨭ࠼ࡽࢀࡓጾᅽⓗ⤫἞ᙧែࡢ⥔ᣢ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ࠕ⌮ᛶࠖࡢᴫᛕࡀከࡃ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ఏ⤫ⓗ౯್ࡸ೔⌮㸪ᐙ᪘ࢆึࡵ࡜ࡍࡿ୰㛫ⓗᅋయ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠕ⌮ᛶࠖࡀ㔜ࢇࡌࡽࢀ㸪ࡑࢀࡣே㛫ࡢ⮬⏤㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣ୰㛫ⓗᅋయ࡟⮳ࡿ㝮ࠎࡲ࡛ᣊ᮰ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡉ࠼⌮᝿࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡺ࠼࡟㸪ᙼࡽࡀ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕ㐣⃭࡞ྑ⩼ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⚟♴ᅜᐙ㸪ປാ㐠ື㸪ᡤᚓ⛯࡞࡝ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝ
ᨻ⟇௨㝆ࡢ⤒῭ⓗ⌧㇟࡟཯Ⓨࡋ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮࣮ࣛ୺ᑟࡢึᮇࡢᑐ᪥༨㡿ᨻ⟇࡟཯
Ⓨࡋࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ࠕ⌮ᛶࠖࢆᢚไࡍࡿጾᅽⓗ⤫἞ᙧែࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࡸࡀ࡚ࠕ኱ࡁ࡞ᨻᗓࠖࢆチࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ㑊ࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡇࡢ஦ᐇࡣ༨㡿ᨻ⟇ࡢ㌿᥮௨㝆㸪ᡓ๓ᆺࡢ⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ᚟άࡋࡓ஦ᐇ࠿ࡽࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟
࡞ࡿࠋ௨ୗ㸪ࡑࡢṔྐⓗ⤒⦋࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ
㸱㸬ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᆺ⤫ไ⤒῭ࡢ㐃⥆ⓗᒎ㛤ึᮇᑐ᪥༨㡿ᨻ⟇࡟ᦠࢃࡗࡓࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮࣮ࣛࡢ཯⊂༨ᛮ᝿ࡣ㸪⮬ศࡼࡾࡶ♫఍ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗ࡟ୖ࡟࠶ࡿ⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿࠕጊࡳࠖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡌࡿ᮲௳ࡢᕪ␗ࢆᶆ‽໬ࡍࡿࠕ⤖ᯝࡢᖹ➼ࠖ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶࣇࣛࣥࢫ㠉࿨ࡸࣟࢩ࢔㠉࿨ࡣ㐣኱࡞ᮇᚅ࡜࣮ࣘࢺࣆ࢔ࢆక࠺
ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ᙼࡽࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮࣮ࣛ࡟ࡼࡿ⮬⏤୺⩏ⓗᨵ㠉ࡢᛴ㐍ⓗᨷᧁ࣒࣮ࢻ࡜㸪
1930 ᖺ௦࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⮬⏤୺⩏ⓗᨵ㠉ࡢ㜵ᚚⓗ࣒࣮ࢻࡣ㸪㝿❧ࡗࡓᑐ↷ࢆࡳࡏ࡚࠸
ࡓࠋ♫఍୺⩏ᛮ᝿ࢆ஺࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃ⮬ᅜᆺࡢᖹ➼୺⩏ࢆ⠏ࡁୖࡆࡓ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮
࣮ࣛࡀᛴ㐍୺⩏⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ព㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡟࠾࠸࡚♫఍୺⩏ࡸඹ⏘୺⩏࡟៿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓⱝ⪅㐩ࡀ㸪⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮࣮ࣛ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡺ࠼࡟⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࢽ
࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᨻ⟇ࡣ㸪20 ୡ⣖ึ㢌ࡢ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓ⮬⏤୺⩏ⓗᨵ㠉㐠ືࡢせ⣲ࢆྵࡴ㸪≉␗࡞♫఍୺⩏⤫ไ⤒῭࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢㄆ㆑ࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿ㟂せᨻ⟇㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᮇ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡓ᫬⤫ไ⤒῭ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ⡿ᅜᆺ⤒῭ไᗘ࡜ࡣ␗㉁࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ㔠⼥ᵓ㐀ࢆᨻᗓ୺ᑟࡢ㈨㔠ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝ
ࢆ⤒ࡿࡇ࡜࡛㈈※ࢆᡂ㛗ศ㔝࡟๭ࡾ᣺ࡿⅬ࡟≉ᚩࢆ᭷ࡍࡿⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚ 1930 ᖺ௦࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡓ㟂せ୺ᑟᆺࡢ⤫ไ⤒῭㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᨻ⟇࡟㐺ྜⓗ࡞㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣྠᨻ⟇ࡢࡶ࡜ࠕΰ
ྜ⤒῭యไࠖࢆ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵࡿྠᨻ⟇ࡀึᮇ༨㡿ᨻ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚཯ᫎࡉࢀ㸪ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᆺ⤫ไ⤒῭ࡢᘏ㛗࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋࡓ࡜ᢕᥱࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸯㸮㸧ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᜍៃ࠿ࡽࡢᬒẼᅇ᚟⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ᒎ㛤ࡋࡓ㌷஦ⓗ㈈ᨻ࡛࠶ࡿ࢖ࣥࣇࣞ୰ᚰࡢࢫ࣌ࣥࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࣭࣏ࣜࢩ࣮ࡀ➨஧ḟ኱ᡓ⃭໬࡟క࠸ᵓ㐀ࡀ㧗ᗘ໬ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࡀᑐ᪥༨㡿ᨻ⟇ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᡓᚋ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕤᴗ⏕⏘ࡢᛴᣑ኱㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣ㔜໬Ꮫᕤᴗࡢ㐍ᒎࢆಁࡍ࡜࠸࠺⤖ᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕
࣮ࣝᨻ⟇ᮇ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⡿ᅜࡢ⤫ไ⤒῭ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢࠕᡓ᫬యไࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ≉㉁ࢆά࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ♫఍⤒῭ⓗࠕไᗘࠖࡢ኱つᶍ࠿ࡘ㛗ᮇⓗኚ໬ࢆ⤒࡞ࡀࡽ╔ᐇ࡟ึᮇᑐ᪥༨㡿ᨻ⟇࡬࡜཯ᫎࡉ
ࢀ㸪ᡓᚋ᪥ᮏࡢ㈨ᮏ⵳✚యไ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡶ༨㡿ᨻ⟇ࡢ㌿᥮௨㝆㸪ಖᏲ୺⩏⪅ࡣ⤫ไ⤒῭ࢆᑓไ୺⩏ⓗ࡟ά⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪⊂༨యࢆఏ⤫ⓗ࡞㐨ᚨᛮ᝿ࡸ᐀ᩍⓗᡄᚊࢆἐⴠࡉࡏࡿᏑᅾ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋ㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣ⮬ࡽࡢᖹ➼୺⩏౯್ほࢆ⤯ᑐⓗᶒጾ࡟ࡲ࡛㧗ࡵࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ㝿㸪ἲయ⣔࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃே㐨୺⩏ࡀࠕேࠎࡢ
ᕪ␗ࡢᖹᆒ໬ࠖࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ㸪ຊ㸪▱ᛶ㸪ᖺ㱋㸪ពḧ㸪ഴྥ࡞࡝࡜ಶேⓗᕪ␗ࢆ᫝ㄆࡍࡿࠕᶵ
఍ࡢᖹ➼ࠖࡀၐ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠋ♫఍ࡢ㐍Ṍࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ♫఍ࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥ୺⩏ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪⮬⏤࡞➇த࣭⮬↛Ὲử࣭㐺⪅⏕Ꮡࡇࡑࡀ⚄⪷࡞ἲ๎࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡓ௨ୖ㸪ఏ⤫ⓗಖᏲ୺⩏⪅࡟ࡼࡿᑓไ୺⩏ࡀࠕ➇த࡟ࡼࡿᡂຌ⪅ࠖࢆࠕ㐺⪅⏕Ꮡࠖࡢࠕ㐺⪅ࠖ࡜࠸࠺▩┪ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᆺ⤫ไ⤒῭ࡢ㐃⥆ⓗ⥅⥆ࡢ⫼ᬒࢆ࡞ࡋࡓఏ⤫ⓗಖᏲ୺⩏⪅࡟ࡼࡿᑓไ୺⩏ࡣ㸪⡿ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿᑐ᪥༨㡿ᨻ⟇࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ලయⓗ࡟ዴఱ࡞ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ㸪ᡓᚋ᪥ᮏࡢ⵳✚యไ࡬࡜ᘬࡁ⥅ࡀࢀࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ௨ୗ㸪༨㡿ᨻ⟇࡟ࡼࡿ⡿ᅜᆺ⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᑐ᪥ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡢ⤒⦋࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪⛒⛯ᨻ⟇ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ᴫᛕࢆ┠ᣦࡋࡓࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ⛯ไ່࿌ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ࡳ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ

10Ϫ㸬⤫ไ⤒῭࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ༨㡿ᨻ⟇ࡢᡂ❧࣭ᨻ⟇ⓗ㐃⥆ᛶ㸯㸬ໟᣓⓗᡤᚓ⛯ࡢᖹ➼ᴫᛕ࣭᪂ྂ඾ὴᆺ♫఍ᨻ⟇࡟ࡳࡿ㝈⏺
1949 ᖺ 5 ᭶㸪ᡓᚋΰ஘ࡢ࡞࠿࡟࠶ࡿ᪥ᮏ⤒῭࡟࠾࠸࡚ᶵ⬟୙඲࡟㝗ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ⛯ไࢆ෌ᘓࡍ࡭ࡃ㸪࣮࣭࢝ࣝࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ㸦shoup,Carl sumner㸧ࢆᅋ㛗࡜ࡍࡿ⛯ไ౑⠇ᅋࡀ᮶᪥ࡋࡓࠋྠ
౑⠇ᅋ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚సᡂࡉࢀࡓㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࡣࠊྠᖺ 9 ᭶࡟ࠕࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ⛯ไ່࿌ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡲ࡜ࡵࡽ
ࢀ㸪⩣ 50 ᖺ㸲᭶㸪ྠ່࿌ࡣ୍㒊ࡢ౛እࢆ㝖ࡁ኱㒊ศࡀ᪥ᮏࡢ⛯ไ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐇ⌧ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࠕࢩ
ࣕ࢘ࣉ⛯ไ່࿌ࠖࡣྛ✀⛒⛯㛫ࡢ┦஫౫Ꮡᛶࢆ᭱ࡶ㔜どࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪⛯ไࡣ඲య࡜ࡋ
࡚ࡦ࡜ࡘࡢࠕ᏶⤖ࡋࡓ⛯య⣔ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿᛶ᱁ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ╔┠ࡍ࡭ࡁࡣ㸪ྠ⛯ไ່࿌ࡢෆᐜ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᆺ㈨ᮏ⵳✚యไࢆ㐃⥆ࡋ࡚ᒎ㛤ࡋࡓⅬࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ
ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⛒⛯⌮ㄽࡢ௦⾲ⓗㄽᐈ࡛࠶ࡿộぢ୕㑻㸪஭⸨༙ᙗ㸪㒔␃㔜ேࡶ㸪ྠ່࿌ࡢ
᰿※ࢆࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᮇ⡿ᅜ࡟ồࡵ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡇࡢ㐃⥆ㄝⓗぢ᪉ࡣ୍⯡ⓗ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍
᪉㸪ᐑᓥὒࡣ㸪኱ᜍៃᚋࡢ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚Ⓨ⾜ࡉࢀࡓ Committee on Taxation of theTwentieth century Fund ,Facing the Tax Problem,1937 ࡟グࡉࢀࡓࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᆺ⛯ไᨻ⟇࡟ᑐࡍࡿᢈุ࡟ࡇࡑ㸪ࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ⛯ไ່࿌ࡢ᰿※ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿ࡜ࡢ❧ሙࢆᒎ㛤ࡍࡿࠋ௨ୗ㸪୧⪅ࡢ❧ሙࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡘࡘ㸪ࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ⛯ไ່࿌࡜ᡓ๓⡿ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈨ᮏ⵳✚యไ࡜ࡢ㛵㐃ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ
ࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ⛯ไ່࿌ࡢ┠ⓗࡣ㸪ᜏஂⓗ࠿ࡘᏳᐃⓗ⛯ไ☜❧ࡢࡓࡵࠕከᑡᗂ⛶࡞ไᗘ࡛ࠖ࠶
ࡿ㛫᥋⛯య⣔ࢆ㸪⣡⛯⪅㛫ࡢ୙බᖹࢆᬑ㐢໬ࡋ㸪࡞࠾࠿ࡘ⣡⛯⪅ࡀ⣡⛯㈐௵ឤࢆᢪࡃໟᣓ
ⓗᡤᚓ⛯ࡢయ⣔࡟ᨵࡵࡿ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢໟᣓⓗᡤᚓ⛯ࡣ㸪㈈ᨻᏛ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࢢࣥࢱ
࣮࣭ࢩࣕࣥࢶ㸦Schanz㸪G㸧㸪ࣟࣂ࣮ࢺ࣭࣊࢖ࢢ㸦Haig㸪R. M.㸧㸪࣮࣭࣊ࣥࣜࢧ࢖ࣔࣥࢬ(Simons'㸪H㸬C.)࡟ࡼࡾ⠏࠿ࢀࡓࠕ⛒⛯㈇ᢸබᖹࠖࡢࡓࡵࡢࠕไᗘ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋྠ⛯ไ່࿌ࡢⴌⱆࡣ 19 ୡ⣖୰┙ࡢࢹ࢖ࣦ࢕ࢵࢻ࣭ࢲࣦ࢕ࢺࢯࣥ㸦Davidson 㸪D.㸧㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣྠୡ⣖ᮎࡢࣟࢼࣝࢻ࣭࣒ࢸࣥ㸦Muden㸪L㸧࡟ࡼࡿᡤᚓ⛯ࡢ㈇ᢸᴫᛕ࡟ồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ᐇ࡟
1 ୡ⣖௨ୖ࡟ࢃࡓࡾ⫱ࡲࢀࡓ⛒⛯ࠕไᗘࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡓ๓⡿ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ໟᣓⓗᡤᚓ⛯ㄽ⪅ࡣ㸪ᚭᗏࡋࡓྂ඾ὴ࡜⛠ࡉࢀࡿࢧ࢖ࣔࣥࢬ
࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ࣐ࢿࢱࣜࢫࢺࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽࢣ࢖ࣥࢬᢈุࢆᚓព࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓᙼࡣ㸪ࢣ࢖ࣥࢬ⌮ㄽࡢ௦⾲ⓗබമ୺⩏ㄽ⪅࢔ࣦࣝ࢕࣭ࣥࣁࣥࢭࣥ㸦Hansen㸪A.H.㸧࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᢈุࡢ▩ඛࢆᙉࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟⊂༨య࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⛒⛯㔜ㄢࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝⓗᅜᐙಖㆤࡢ᧔ᗫ
ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢㄆ㆑ࢆ♧ࡋ㸪࣊࢖ࢢ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ᡤᚓࢆ⤒῭ⓗᨭ㓄ຊࡢᴫᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿໟ
ᣓⓗᡤᚓ⛯ࡢṇᙜᛶࢆၐ࠼ࡓ㸦࣊࢖ࢢ㸻ࢧ࢖ࣔࣥࢬᐃ⩏㸧ࠋࡇࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞⛒⛯య⣔࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㛵ᚰࢆᢪ࠸ࡓࡢࡀ㸪ࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ౑⠇ᅋࡢ୍ဨ࡛࠶ࡿ࢘࢕ࣜ࢔࣒࣭ࣦ࢕ࢵࢡ࣮ࣜ㸦Vickrey ,W㸬S㸬㸧࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᙼࡣ⮬ⴭࠗ⣼㐍⛯ぬ᭩࠘࡟࠾࠸࡚⣼✚ᖹᆒἲࡢ᭷⏝ᛶࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿ࡞࡝㸪ࢧ࢖ࣔࣥࢬࡢᡤᚓᴫᛕࢆࢪࣕ࢘ࣉ⛯ไ່࿌࡟ྵࡲࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟㈉⊩ࡋࡓࠋᚭᗏࡋࡓྂ඾ὴ࡛࠶ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽࡶ⣼㐍ᡤᚓ⛯ࢆ୺ᙇࡋࡓࢧ࢖ࣔࣥࢬࡢᨻ⟇ⓗ⏤᮶ࡣ㸪ᐇࡣ࢔࣮ࢻࣝࣇ࣭࣡ࢢࢼ࣮(Wagner, A. H )࡟ࡼࡿ♫఍ᨻ⟇ⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡲ࡛㐳ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࡿ㸯㸯㸧ࠋ࣡ࢢࢼ࣮ࡣ㸪ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᮇ࡟࠾࠸࡚⭾ᙇࡍࡿᅜᐙ㈈ᨻࢆ㈥࠺ࡓࡵ㈨ᮏඖᮏࡀῶᑡࡋ
㞴࠸ᡤᚓ⛯࡟ẚ㔜ࢆ⨨ࡁࡘࡘ㸪⛒⛯㈇ᢸࡢᖹ➼ᛶ㐩ᡂࡢࡓࡵྠ⛯ࡢ⣼㐍໬ࢆၐ࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ᙼࡣྂ඾ὴࡢ๰ጞ⪅࡛࠶ࡿ࢔ࢲ࣒ࢫ࣑ࢫࡢ⛒⛯ཎ๎࡟ࡶព㆑ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࢣ࢖ࣥࢬ
ᆺ⣼㐍ᡤᚓ⛯ࢆၐ࠼ࡓⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ᖜᗈ࠸⌮ㄽⓗ⫼ᬒࡢࡶ࡜⛒⛯ཎ๎ࡢᵓ⠏࡟ᐤ୚ࡋࡓ࡜
ゝ࠼ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪ࢫ࣑ࢫ⛒⛯ 4 ཎ๎࡟࠾ࡅࡿ➨ 2 ཎ๎㸦ㄢ⛯ࡢ☜❧ᛶ㸧㸪➨ 3 ཎ๎㸦ㄢ⛯ࡢ౽ᐅᛶ㸧
㸪➨ 4 ཎ๎㸦ㄢ⛯ࡢ⤒῭ᛶ㸧ࡀ㸪࣡ࢢࢼ࣮⛒⛯ཎ๎࡟࠾࠸࡚➨ 4 ཎ๎㸦⛯ົ⾜ᨻୖཎ๎㸧࡜ࡋ୍࡚ᣓࡉࢀ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ࢫ࣑ࢫ⛒⛯ 4 ཎ๎㸦1㸬ㄢ⛯ࡢබᖹ㸪2㸬ㄢ⛯ࡢ☜ᐇᛶ㸪
3㸬ㄢ⛯ࡢ౽ᐅᛶ㸪4㸬ㄢ⛯ࡢ⤒῭ᛶ㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚᭱ᑠᚩ⛯㈝࡟ྵࡲࢀࡓᅜẸ⤒῭ୖࡢཎ๎ࡀ㸪࣡ࢢࢼ࣮⛒⛯ཎ๎࡛ࡣ➨ 2 ཎ๎㸦ᅜẸ⤒῭ୖࡢཎ๎㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ά࠿ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ࢫ࣑ࢫࡢᛮ᝿ࡣ㸪୍ษࡢᖸ΅࠾ࡼࡧ᮰⦡࠿ࡽゎᨺࡉࢀࡓ⮬⏤⤒῭ࡢࡶ࡜ᕷሙ౯᱁ᶵᵓࢆ
㏻ࡌࡓ㈨※ࡢ᭱㐺㓄ศࢆၐ࠼ࡓⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᨻ⟇ࡼࡾࡶ⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ࡢᛮ᝿࡟㏆࠸ࠋࡺ࠼࡟⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ࡢᛮ᝿࡜ྠᵝ㸪ࢫ࣑ࢫࡣᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿᕷሙ௓ධࡇࡑࡀ⤒11

῭Ⓨᒎࡢཎືຊ࡛࠶ࡿẸ㛫㈨ᮏⓎᒎࡢ㜼ᐖせᅉ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࡢᣢㄽ࡟༶ࡋ㸪⊂⮬ࡢ⛒⛯ཎ๎ࢆᙧᡂࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࢫ࣑ࢫ࡟ࡼࡿ⛒⛯ཎ๎ࢆព㆑ࡋࡓ࣡ࢢࢼ࣮ࡣ㸪19 ୡ⣖ᮎ࡟ጞࡲࡿ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ⊂༨໬࡟ࡼࡿ㝵⣭ศ໬㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣ㌷஦㈝ቑ࡟ࡼࡿᅜᐙ㈈ᨻࡢ⭾ᙇࢆᠱᛕࡋ㸪ࢪ࣭ࣙࣥࢫࢸ
ࣗ࢔࣮ࢺ࣭࣑ࣝ㸦Mill㸪J㸬S㸬㸧࡟ࡼࡿᖹ➼ᨃไㄝࡢ❧ሙࡶවࡡࡿࡇ࡜࡛ປാ⪅㝵⣭࡟ࡼࡿ♫఍୺⩏㐠ືࢆᢚ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪኱⾗ㄢ⛯࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㛫᥋⛯࡛ࡣປാ⪅㝵⣭࡟ࡼࡿ♫఍୺⩏㐠ືࢆᢚ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᩘࠎࡢ⤥୚᥍㝖㸪㈈⏘㸦୙ປ㸧ᡤᚓ㔜ㄢࢆྵࡳ㸪࡞࠾࠿ࡘ㧗ᡤᚓ⪅㔜ㄢࡢ⣼㐍ㄢ⛯ࢆకࡗࡓ⛯ไࡢᑟධ࡟㔜ᚰࡀྥࡅࡽࢀࡓ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ⣼㐍ᡤᚓ⛯ไࡣప࠸⣼㐍⛯⋡࡛ࡶᖜᗈ࠸ᚩ⛯ࢆ⾜࠼ࡿࡓࡵ㸪㈨ᮏ㔜ㄢ࡟ẚ
࡭࡚㈨ᮏᐙ㝵⣭ࡢ⛒⛯㈇ᢸࢆῶࡽࡏࡿࠋ࣡ࢢࢼ࣮ࡢ⛒⛯ཎ๎ࡣ㸪཮᪉ࡢ㝵⣭࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㓄៖ࢆ♧ࡋࡓⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚≉ᚩࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ
࣡ࢢࢼ࣮㸪ࢧ࢖ࣔࣥࢬࢆ⤒࡚ࣦ࢕ࢵࢡ࣮ࣜࡢⴭ᭩࡟ά࠿ࡉࢀࡓ⣼㐍ᡤᚓ⛯ࡢ᭷⏝ᛶࢆ⡿ᅜ⛯ไ࡟ά࠿ࡑ࠺࡜㸪ࢩࣕ࢘ࣉࡣ᪤࡟ 1941 ᖺห⾜ࡢ Federal finance in Coming decade ࡢ➨ 3 ❶㸹⛯ไ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᨻ⟇ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓ࢖ࣥࣇࣞᠱᛕ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕቑ኱ࢆ
⥆ࡅࡿ㈈ᨻ㉥Ꮠ࡟ᑐฎࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᥐ⨨࡜ࡋ࡚௜ຍ⛯ࡢᑟධࢆၐ࠼ࡓࠋ1913 ᖺࡢ➨ 16 ḟ᠇ἲᨵṇࡢ㝿㸪⣼㐍ᡤᚓ⛯ไࡢᑟධࡀᅗࡽࢀࡓ㝿㸪ࡑࡢᶵ⬟ࢆᚭᗏ໬ࡉࡏࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࢩࣕ࢘
ࣉࡣ㸪ඃ㐝⪅㔜ㄢࡢࡓࡵ㐃㑥മᡤᚓ࠾ࡼࡧ㡸㔠฼Ꮚᡤᚓࢆ௜ຍ⛯ࡢᑐ㇟࡟ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜
ࡢᣢㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࠋ୍᪉࡛ࢩࣕ࢘ࣉࡣ㸪ᰴᘧ㓄ᙜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ௜ຍ⛯ࡢᑐ㇟࡟ᤣ࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛
ࡣ࡞࠸࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ⛯ไ່࿌࡟ྵࡵࡽࢀࡓ㈨ᮏ㓄ศᶵᵓ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕຠ⋡ⓗ࡞┤᥋㔠⼥ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㈨ᮏ⵳✚ࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿ⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ࡢ㐩ᡂࡣ㸪ྠⴭ࡟࠾࠸࡚᪤࡟ㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚
࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ⛯ไ່࿌ࡣ㸪⣼㐍ᡤᚓ⛯ᛮㄢ࡟ࡼࡾࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᨻ
⟇ࢆᘏ㛗ࡋ࡚ᒎ㛤ࡋࡓ࡜ྠ᫬࡟㸪⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏࡟㏆࠸ࢫ࣑ࢫ࡟ࡼࡿ⛒⛯ཎ๎ࡢᙳ㡪ࡶཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ⛯ไ່࿌࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿࡇࡢ஧㠃ᛶ࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ྠ⛯ไ່࿌ࡢᔂቯࡀ᪥ᮏᆺ㈨ᮏ⵳✚ࡢ᚟άࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࡜࠸࠺⌧㇟ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋ
ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᙜ᫬㸪ࢪࣙࢭࣇ࣭ࢻࢵࢪ㸦Dodge㸪J㸬M.㸧࡟ࡼࡿࢻࢵࢪ࣭ࣛ࢖ࣥࡀࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓ
ᰴ౯ᭀⴠࡀ㸪┤᥋㔠⼥ࡢᑟධ࡝ࡇࢁ࠿ಶேᢞ㈨ᐙ࡟ࡼࡿᨺฟᰴᨺᲠࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋ㸪㓄ᙜ㠀ㄢ⛯ࡢᜠᜨࢆཷࡅࡓᪧ㈈㛸⣔㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡀᨺฟᰴࢆᘬཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࢩࣕ࢘ࣉࡀヨࡳࡓ⛯ไ່࿌ࡀࢻࢵࢪ࣭ࣛ࢖ࣥ࡟ࡼࡿᘬࡁ⥾ࡵⓗᏳᐃ⟇ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚኱㒊ศࡀᔂቯࡋࡓᚋ㸪ྠ⛯ࡢ㈨ᮏ⵳✚ᆺᨻ⟇ࡢࡳࡀᏑ⥆ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌧㇟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᑟ
ධࡉࢀࡓ┤᥋㔠⼥୺ᑟࡢ⛒⛯ไᗘࡀᔂቯࡋ㸪௦ࢃࡾ࡟㛫᥋㔠⼥୺ᑟࡢᡓ๓᪥ᮏᆺࡢ㔠⼥ᵓ㐀ࡀ᚟άࡍࡿࠕពᅗࡏࡊࡿ⤖ᯝࠖࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୗ㸪ࡑࡢ⤒⦋ࢆᖹ➼ᴫᛕ࡟ᑐࡍ
ࡿ᪥⡿┦㐪ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ࡋ࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ
㸰㸬ࠕไᗘࠖᴫᛕ࡟ࡳࡿ᪥⡿┦㐪࣭᪥ᮏᆺ㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ᚟ά
ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᮇ௨๓㸪⡿ᅜ⛯ไࡣ⊂༨యࡢฟ⌧ࢆチࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡺ࠼࡟㐃㑥ᡤᚓ⛯ไᗘࡣ㸪ἲேᨃไㄝࡣࡌࡵ㸪ಶேཷྲྀ㓄ᙜ࡟ᑐࡍࡿಶேᡤᚓᬑ㏻ᡤᚓ⛯ࡢ㠀ㄢ⛯ᢅ࠸㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣἲேཷྲྀ㓄ᙜ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ┈㔠୙⟬ධ࡞࡝㸪௻ᴗ࡟᭷฼࡞⛯ไࡀᩘከࡃྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ᑐࡋ࡚㸪኱ᜍៃᚋ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᨻ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚᪋⾜ࡉࢀࡓ 1936 ᖺṓධἲ࡛ࡣ㸪฼₶␃ಖᢅ࠸ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⛒⛯㈇ᢸቑᅇ㑊ࢆᅗࡿ኱ᰴ୺࡬ࡢᑐ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ཷྲྀ㓄ᙜ᥍㝖᪉ᘧࡀᨭᡶ
㓄ᙜ᥍㝖᪉ᘧ࡟ษࡾ᥮࠼ᥐ⨨ࢆྵࡵࡓ࡯࠿㸪㓄ᙜᨭᡶࡢಁ㐍㸦␃ಖ฼₶ࡢ๐ῶ㸧ࢆ㜵ࡄࡓࡵࡢᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚␃ಖ฼₶⛯ࢆᑟධࡍࡿ࡞࡝㸪┤᥋㔠⼥୺ᑟࡢ㈨ᮏ⵳✚⟇࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿ⛒⛯ඃ㐝ᥐ⨨ࡀ┦ḟࡄ࡜ࡇࢁ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡓࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ⛯ไ່࿌࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ྠᵝࡢ㈨ᮏ⵳✚⟇ࡀၐ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪㸯㸧኱つᶍ௻ᴗ࡟ᑐࡍࡿつไࡣ୙せ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡓ࡜࠼ᚲせ࡞ሙྜࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶἲே⛯⋡ࡢ⣼㐍໬ࡣ㐺᱁࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ㸰㸧⤒῭ⓗᡈ࠸ࡣ♫఍ⓗ࡟ዲࡲࡋࡃ࡞
࠸⊂༨ຊ⾜౑࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ࡴࡋࢁࠕ཯ࢺࣛࢫࢺἲࠖ
㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣࠕබ┈஦ᴗᣢᰴ఍♫ࠖࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚
つไࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸱㸧⊂༨య࡟ࡼࡿᨭ㓄ຊࡢ㞟୰ࡣ㸪ዲࡲࡋࡃ࡞࠸ᶒຊࡢ㞟୰໬㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣ⊂༨యྠኈࡢ」㞧࡞┦஫౫Ꮡ㛵ಀࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍྍ⬟ᛶࡀᠱᛕࡉࢀࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࢀࡽ࡟ᑐࡍࡿฎ
⨩ⓗㄢ⛯ࡣᣢᰴ఍♫ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍྜ⌮ᛶ㐩ᡂ࡟㈇ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࠿ࡡ࡞࠸ࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ㸪ࡇࡢ12ࡼ࠺࡞ἲே㛫ࡢ」㞧࡞┦஫౫Ꮡ㛵ಀࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ⤒῭ⓗຠᯝࡣ㸪⡿ᅜࡀᚓព࡜ࡍࡿ┤᥋㔠⼥୺ᑟࡢ㔠⼥ᵓ㐀ࢆᬑ㐢໬ࡉࡏࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟㸪ᨻᗓ⣔㛗ᮇ㔠㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡣࡌࡵᨻᗓᶵ㛵࡟ࡼࡿᕷሙ௓ධࢆ㜵ࡄຠᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ලయ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ࢩࣕ࢘ࣉࡣ඲ᡤᚓࡢ⛒⛯ᑐ㇟໬㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕໟᣓⓗᡤᚓ⛯㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣ࢟ࣕࣆ
ࢱ࣭ࣝࢤ࢖ࣥㄢ⛯㸪ᰴᘧ┦஫ᣢྜ࠸ࡢ㠀ㄢ⛯໬㸪㡸㔠฼Ꮚᡤᚓ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ※Ἠㄢ⛯㸪ཷྲྀ㓄ᙜࡢ୍ᐃ⛯㢠᥍㝖࡞࡝ࢆၐ࠼ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ཯⊂༨ᛮ᝿ࢆᥖࡆ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪୍᪉࡛⮬⏤➇த㸦Free Enterprise㸧࡜᏶඲➇த㸦Fair Competition㸧ࢆྥࡅ࡚ἲே⛯ᘬୗࡆࡸ㓄ᙜᡤᚓ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⛯㢠᥍㝖࡞࡝ࡀྵࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋᐑᓥẶࡀၐ࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏
࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ㈨ᮏ⵳✚⛯ไࡀ௨ୖࡢᥐ⨨ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᐇ⌧໬ࡀᅗࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢ㸪ྠ⛯ไ່࿌ࡣ᪥⡿ࡢ㈨ᮏ⵳✚⟇┦㐪࡟ࡼࡾᔂቯࢆవ൤࡞ࡃࡉࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୗ㸪ලయⓗ࡟ዴఱ࡞ࡿ⌮⏤࠿ࡽࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡀᔂቯࡋࡓࡢ࠿㸪ࣀ࣮࣋ࣝ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࣞ࢜ࢽ࣮ࢻ࣭ࣁ㸫ࣦ࢕ࢵࢶ㸦Hurwicz㸪L㸧࡟ࡼࡿᣦ᦬ࢆ⣣ゎࡁ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ࡑࡢせᅉࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ
ࣁ㸫ࣦ࢕ࢵࢶࡢ୺ᙇ࡟ࡶㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࡼࡾ㐺ษ࡞ࠕไᗘࠖࢆᶵ⬟ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ
ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖ୺యᅜࡢ㈨ᮏ⵳✚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕไᗘࠖᐇ⌧ࡀᅔ㞴࡟࡞ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪⡿ᅜᆺࣇ࢛࣮࣐࣭࣮ࣝࣝࣝࡣ㸪ᖖ࡟ᐇຠ໬ࡀྍ⬟࡛㸪࡞࠾࠿ࡘㄏᑟࡀྍ⬟࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟ᅜ࡟ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓ⾜ືไ⣙ࡢࡳࡀࠕไᗘࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㈨᱁ࢆࡶࡘⅬ࡛㝈ᐃⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ⛯ไ່࿌࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖ࡟ࡼࡾᨻ⟇୺యࡀ᪥ᮏഃ࡟⛣⾜ࡋࡓ௨ୖ㸪ࡑࡢࠕไᗘࠖࡣ᪥ᮏഃ࡟ࡼࡾேⅭⓗ࡟๰ฟࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ࡀ᜛ពⓗ࡟ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡉࢀ㸪ࡲࡓ⿢㔞ⓗ࡟ㄏᑟࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪⡿ᅜ⮬ࡽࡀ㈨ᮏ⵳✚⟇ࢆᒎ㛤࡛ࡁࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ࡀࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪㈨ᮏ⵳✚⟇ࢆᐇ㝿࡟᧯సࡍࡿࡢࡣ᪥ᮏᨻᗓ࡛࠶ࡿ
ࡇ࡜࡟ࡣ┦㐪࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟ᅜࡢ⤒῭⾜ືࡢ័⩦ࡣ㸪ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖ୺యᅜ
࡟ࡼࡿᐇຠ໬ࡸព㆑ⓗ࡞ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࢆక࠺ࡇ࡜࡞ࡃ☜❧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡀ㐍ࡴ࡟ࡘࢀ㸪ᨻ⟇୺య࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᑓไ୺⩏ࡀ㐍໬ࢆ㐙ࡆ㸪⤒῭୺యࡣ㐍໬ⓗῈửࡢᅽຊࡢࡶ࡜ఏ⤫୺⩏ⓗ࡞ಖᏲᛶࢆᙉࡵࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ࡑࢀࢆࠕ⛣᳜ࠖ୺యᅜࡀྰᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣฟ᮶
࡞࠸ࠋࡺ࠼࡟᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣᡓ๓ᆺࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡬ࡢᅇᖐࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ㸪㔠⼥ᶵ㛵୺ᑟࡢ័⩦࡜ࡑࢀ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿಶே≉ᛶࡀඹ㐍໬ࢆ㐙ࡆࡿ࡞࡝ࡋ࡚᪥ᮏᆺ㈨ᮏ⵳✚⟇ࡀ᚟άࢆᯝࡓࡋࡓ࡜
ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ࡑࡢ஦ᐇࢆ⡿ᅜࡀᨵࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ୙ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢぢ᪉ࡢṇࡋࡉࡣ㸪ᯘᘓஂⴭࠗࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ༤ኈ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣜᩍᤵㅮ₇⏝➼せ᪨࠘࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ᮶᪥ࡀࢻࢵࢪ࣭ࣛ࢖ࣥࢆ᪋⾜ࡋࡓࢪࣙࢭࣇ࣭ࢻࢵࢪ࡟ࡼࡿせㄳ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀグࡉࢀ㸪࡞࠾࠿ࡘ⛒⛯࡜ࡣᮏ᮶ᑓ㛛ⓗ࣭ᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞㡿ᇦ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࢻࢵࢪࡣࡌࡵ࣡ࢩࣥࢺࣥࡢ㤳⬻㝕㐩࡟ࡼࡿලయⓗᣦ♧ࡀ୙ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜グࡉࢀࡓⅬ࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡿࠋᙜ᫬㸪ࢻࢵࢪࡣ⤒῭⛉Ꮫᒁ Economic and Scientic Section㸦␎⛠ ESS㸧ෆ୺ὶὴࡢࠕᴟ➃࡞ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮
࣮ࣛࠖ㐩࡜ཝࡋࡃᑐ❧ࡍࡿ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪GHQ ඲⯡࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᢈุࡢ▩ඛࢆྥࡅ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ
࠿ࡶ㸪ࢩࣕ࢘ࣉࡣ GHQ㸪࡞࠿࡛ࡶࢻࢵࢪ࡜ᑐ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ ESS ࡢࣁࣟࣝࢻ࣭ࣔࢫ㸦Moss㸪H㸧࡟ࡼࡾ᮶᪥ࢆせㄳࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢⅬ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚㸪ᯘࡣࢻࢵࢪᑐࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ࡜࠸࠺ᑐ❧ࡢᅗᘧࢆసࡾୖࡆࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚⸨⏣ᬕࡶ㸪ࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ່࿌࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⣧㈨⏘ቑຍㄝ࡜ἲேᨃไㄝࡀἲே⛯࡜ಶேᡤᚓ⛯࡜ࡢ⤫ྜࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᡂ❧ࡋࡓⅬ࡟╔┠ࡋ㸪ࡇࡢ஦ᐇ࡜ᡓ๓⡿ᅜࡢ⛯ไ࡜ࡢ㛵ࢃࡾࢆᣲࡆࡿࠋ⡿ᅜࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪㡸㔠⪅࡜㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡀ≉ᐃࡢඹ㏻┠ⓗࢆಖᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜ㸪ᡓ๓ᡓᚋ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎㅖไᗘࡀ᭱㐺࡞ࠕᆒ⾮ࠖࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡼ࠺࡟ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚㔠⼥つไࡣ㸪㔠⼥ᕷሙୗࡢ฼ᐖᵓ㐀࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎࠊ㡸㔠⪅࡜㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡀ⾲᫂ࡍࡿ㑅ዲ࡟ࡶⰋዲ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠋ୍᪉㸪᪥ᮏഃࡢពᅗⓗ࡞㈨ᮏ⵳✚⟇ࡣ㡸㔠⪅ࡢ㈓⵳྾཰࡟❧⬮ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ໟᣓⓗᡤᚓ⛯ࡣ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵୺ᑟࡢ⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࡢᶵ⬟ࢆኻࢃࡏࡿᶵ⬟ࢆഛ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋᡓᚋ㸪᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚⛒⛯≉ูᥐ⨨ἲ࡟ࡼࡿᇶ♏᥍㝖࠾ࡼࡧᢇ㣴᥍㝖ࡢᘬࡁୖࡆ㸪࢟ࣕࣆࢱ࣭ࣝࢤ
࢖ࣥ඲㢠⥲ྜㄢ⛯ࡢᗫṆ㸪฼Ꮚᡤᚓ඲㢠⥲ྜㄢ⛯ࡢᗫṆ㸪⣼㐍ᡤᚓ⛯⋡ᘬࡁୖࡆ࡟ࡼࡿ㧗ᡤᚓ⪅ඃ㐝ᥐ⨨ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ⛯ไ່࿌ࡀᔂቯࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ࡑࢀࡣ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚㔠⼥ᶵ㛵୺ᑟᆺᡓ๓ᆺ㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ⥅⥆ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ࡟௚࡞ࡽࡎ㸪ࡺ࠼࡟ࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖࡀࠕព
13ᅗࡏࡊࡿ⤖ᯝࠖࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶ㸪㡸㔠⪅࡜㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡀ⮬ࡽࡢྜ⌮ᛶࢆ᮲௳࡟ຠ⋡ⓗ࡞ไᗘタィ࡟ྠពࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞
ࡃ㸪ㅖ⾜Ⅽ୺యࡀ┦␗࡞ࡗࡓᑐ❧ࡍࡿ฼ᐖࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ࡢㅖไᗘࡀ᭱㐺࡞ࠕᆒ⾮ࠖࢆ‶ࡓࡍ࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋඖ᮶㸪᪥ᮏࡢ㔠⼥ᕷሙࡣࠕไᗘࠖ࡟క࠺ࡇ࡜
࡞ࡃ㡸㔠⪅࡜㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡢ฼┈᭱኱໬ࡀᅗࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪㔠⼥ᨻ⟇୺య࡬ࡢ₶ἑ࡞⼥㈨ࢆ๓ᥦ
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ୍᪉㸪⡿ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᖹ➼୺⩏ࡣ⮬⏤➇த࡜᏶඲➇தࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࠕไᗘࠖ
ࡣ฼ᐖ␗㉁ᛶ࡟ࡼࡿ♫఍ⓗࢥࣥࣇࣜࢡࢺ࠿ࡽⓎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡺ࠼࡟⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕไᗘࠖ࡜ࡣ㸪ࠕ㔠⼥つไࠖ࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ಶேࡢ┦஫స⏝࡟⏤᮶ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪⮬⏕ⓗ࠿ࡘពᅗࡏࡊ
ࡿᙧ࡛ࠕᕷሙࠖࡢබᖹᛶࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕไᗘࠖ⮬ࡽࡀ⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ௚ࡢせ⣲࡜ෆ㒊ᩚྜᛶࢆᯝࡓࡋ㸪⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒඲యࡢാࡁࢆຓࡅࡿࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕ⤒῭ⓗつไࠖࡢ
ຠ⋡ᛶࢆ ᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ዴఱ࡞ࡿࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫᣦᶆࡀ⪃៖࡟ධࢀࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡢྠពࢆ
క࠺ࡇ࡜࡞ࡃ㸪ࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ⛯ไ່࿌ࡀ⮬ᅜᆺ⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ᪥ᮏ࡟ࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ
࡚ࡶ㸪ᡓ๓ᆺ㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ᚟άࡉࡏࡿ஦ែࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ୙ྍ㑊࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶࠕ㔠⼥つไࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠕไᗘࠖ࡟ᑐࡋ㸪᪥⡿཮᪉ࡀ඲ࡃ␗࡞ࡿᴫᛕࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ㍍どࡋ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽ㸪ࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ່࿌ᑟධࡢ⩣ᖺ࡛࠶ࡿ 1951 ᖺ㸪඲㢠⥲ྜㄢ⛯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㡸㔠฼Ꮚᡤᚓࡀ㸪ྠ່࿌ࡢពᅗ࡟཯ࡋ᪥ᮏᨻᗓࡢ୍᪉ⓗᥐ⨨࡟ࡼࡾᘬୗࡆࡽ඲㠃㠀ㄢ⛯ᢅ࠸ࡀᙉ⾜ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀࡓࠋ⤒῭ࡢ⮬❧ᅇ᚟㸪㔠⼥୺ᑟࡢ᚟άࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿ᪥ᮏᨻᗓࡣ㸪ᅜෆ࡛ࡢ㈨ᮏ⵳✚ࢆಁࡍࡓࡵ㸪኱⾗ᛶ㡸㔠ࡶྵࡴᅜෆ㈨㔠ࡢ྾཰ࢆᅗࡾ㸪⏘ᴗ㈨ᮏ⫱ᡂࡢࡓࡵࡇࢀࢆᡓᚋᅇ
᚟࡬ࡢᮏ※ⓗ⵳✚࡟ྥࡅࡿ࡭ࡃពᅗࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ࡇࡢ㡸㔠㔠฼ᡤᚓㄢ⛯ࡢ඲㠃㠀ㄢ⛯ᢅ࠸ࡣࢩࣕ࢘ࣉࡀၐ࠼ࡓࠕໟᣓⓗᡤᚓ⛯ࠖࡢᔂቯ࡟㏻ࡌ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ୍⯡ࡢ㡸㈓㔠
ࡣቑ኱ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࡣᡓᚋ᪥ᮏࡢ㈨ᮏ⵳✚࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀࡓࠋ㇏ᐩ࡞ㄪ㐩㈨㔠ࢆ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪᪥ᮏࡢ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡣ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡢചୗ௻ᴗࡢᰴᘧࡢ෌ྲྀᚓ࡟ືࡁ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡢಖ᭷ᰴᘧࢆᱳᏊ࡟ᡓ๓㸪ᡓ୰ᮇࡢࠕ⣔ิ⼥㈨ࠖࡢ᚟ά࡟ᡂᯝࢆ࠶ࡆࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ,㔠⼥ᶵ㛵࡜௻ᴗࡢ㛫࡟,࠸ࢃࡺࡿ
࣓࢖࣭ࣥࣂࣥࢡไࡀᡂ❧ࡋ,ࡇࡢᵓ㐀ࡀᡓᚋࡢ௻ᴗ෌ᘓᩚഛィ⏬࡟ྥࡅ࡚ຠຊࢆⓎࡋࡓࠋ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵࡜ࡢ῝࠸⤖ࡧࡘࡁ࡟⿬࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡓᡓ๓ᆺࡢᪧ㈈㛸⣔௻ᴗࡀ᚟άࡋ,㔠⼥ᶵ㛵୺ᑟᆺࡢ⤒῭Ⓨᒎ࡜࠸࠺ᡓ๓ᆺࡢࠕෆⓎⓗⓎᒎࠖࡀ᚟άࢆ㐙ࡆࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣᨻ⟇୺యࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀࠕไᗘࠖࢆᙧᡂ࡛ࡁࡿ❧ሙ࡟࠶ࡾ㸪ࡺ࠼࡟ࠕつไࠖࡢࠕ᮲௳ࠖࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡇ࡜࡞ࡃ⤒῭᚟⯆ࢆ⾜࠼ࡿⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪⡿ᅜᆺ⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ࡣ
ⴭࡋࡃ␗࡞ࡿࠋ᪤࡟ゐࢀࡓ㏻ࡾ㸪┤᥋㔠⼥୺ᑟࡢ⡿ᅜᆺ㔠⼥ไᗘࢆࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ⛒⛯ᨻ⟇ࡀಶேᢞ㈨ᐙࡢᰴᘧ㞳ࢀࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ᪧ㈈㛸ᮏ♫࡟௦ࢃࡾ㖟⾜ࡢᣢᰴ఍♫໬ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡢࡶ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟᪥⡿㛫ࡢࠕไᗘࠖᴫᛕࡀ␗࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୗ㸪⡿ᅜᆺ⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖࡀࠕពᅗࡏࡊࡿ⤖ᯝࠖࢆᑟࡃ࡟⮳ࡗࡓලయⓗ⤒⦋ࢆ㸪ࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ⛯ไ່࿌ࡢලయⓗෆᐜࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ
㸱㸬㐃⥆ⓗ⤫ไ⤒῭ࡢ⤊஢࣭༨㡿ᨻ⟇ࡢ㌿᥮௨㝆ࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ⛯ไ່࿌ࡀၐ࠼ࡿໟᣓⓗᡤᚓ⛯࡜ࡣ㸪2 ᫬Ⅼ㛫࡟࠾ࡅࡿ඲࡚ࡢ⤒῭ຊቑຍ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕໟᣓⓗᡤᚓࢆㄢ⛯࣮࣋ࢫ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ⛒⛯㈇ᢸࡢබᖹࠖࢆ┠ᣦࡍࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋ⌧᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡢ⤒῭㈨※ᨭ㓄㸦ᾘ㈝㸧࡜ᑗ᮶ࡢ⤒῭㈨※ᨭ㓄㸦㈈⏘ᶒ౯್ࡢ⣧ቑ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㈓⵳㸧࡟⛒⛯㈇ᢸࡢ┠ⓗࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜⣡⛯⪅ࡀࡳࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㸪⣡⛯⪅⮬㌟࡟ࡼࡿᡤᚓ⋓ᚓࡢືᶵ࡟࡞ࡿࡓࡵ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋࡺ࠼࡟㸪ࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ࡟࡜ࡾㄢ⛯࣮࣋ࢫࡢᵓᡂ࡟࠾࠸࡚㔜どࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁࡣ㸪⤒῭ຊ㸦⤒
῭㈨※ࡢᨭ㓄ຊ㸧ࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡓᡤᚓ඲యࡢ⟬ධ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕໟᣓⓗᡤᚓ࡛࠶ࡿࠋໟᣓⓗᡤᚓ⛯ࡢᴫᛕࡣ㸪㈨ᮏ㓄ศᶵᵓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⡿ᅜᆺ┤᥋㔠⼥ࡢຠ⋡ᛶࢆ㔜どࡍࡿⅬ࡟≉ᚩࢆ᭷ࡋ㸪ࡇࡢ㓄ᙜᡤᚓ᥍㝖ࡣ᭷ຠ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿⅬ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ἲேᨃไㄝ㐩ᡂࡢࡓࡵ␃ಖᡤᚓ⛯35㸣ࡢᐃ⋡ㄢ⛯㸦ẚ౛⛯㸧࡟࡜࡝ࡵ࡚௻ᴗࡢෆ㒊␃ಖࢆඃ㐝ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪⥲ྜᡤᚓࡢ኱ࡁ࠸
ಶே኱ᰴ୺㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣ⥲ྜᡤᚓࡢ኱ࡁ࠸እ㈨ࢆྵࡴ኱ἲேࡢ⛒⛯㈇ᢸࡣపࡃᢚ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠋྠ
᫬࡟㸪ἲேᨃไㄝ㐩ᡂࡢࡓࡵ㸪㓄ᙜᡤᚓ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ୍ᐃẚ⋡㸦㸯/㸲㸧ࡢ⛯㢠᥍㝖ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋᡓ๓᪥ᮏࡢᰴᘧᡤ᭷ᵓ㐀ࡣ㈈㛸࡟ࡼࡿࣆ࣑ࣛࢵࢻᆺᡤ᭷ᵓ㐀࡟≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪㈈㛸ᐙᗞ14࡟኱㒊ศࡢᰴᘧࡀᡤ᭷ࡉࢀࡓ㈈㛸ᮏ♫ࡀᑠ఍♫ࡢᰴᘧࢆᡤ᭷ࡋ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟Ꮚ఍♫ࡣᏞ఍♫ࡢᰴᘧࢆᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ 12㸧ࠋ㏙࡭࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢᥐ⨨ࡀ㸪ᰴᘧ఍♫㛫ࡢᰴᘧ┦஫ᣢྜ࠸ࢆಁࡍ⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡾ㸪ᡓᚋ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪥ᮏᆺ㈨ᮏ⵳✚ࡢ୍⩼ࢆ࡞ࡋࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
1948 ᖺ 1 ᭶㸪ࢣࢿࢫ࣭ࣟ࢖ࣖࣝ㸦Royall 㸪K㸬C㸬㸧⡿ᅜົ㛗ᐁࡣࠕ᪥ᮏࡢ཯ඹ㜵Ἴሐࠖ
₇ㄝࢆ⾜࠸㸪᪥ᮏࡀࠕෆእࡼࡾࡍࡿ඲య୺⩏ⓗᡪື⪅ࠖࡸࠕ㠀Ẹ୺ⓗ࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ࠖࡢ㣵㣗࡟࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪㠀㌷஦໬㸪㈺ൾ㸪㞟୰᤼㝖㸪⤒῭ࣃ࣮ࢪ࡞࡝ࡢㅖᨻ⟇ࢆᨵࡵࡿ࡭ࡁ࡜
ࡢ୺ᙇࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࠋྠᖺ 5 ᭶㸪⡿ᅜࡣᅜົ┬ࡢࠕ᪥ᮏ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢᨻ⟇࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ
່࿌᱌ࠖ
㸦PPS28/2㸧ࢆᅜᐙᏳ඲ಖ㞀఍㆟࡟ᥦฟࡋ㸪45 ᖺ 1 ᭶᥇ᢥࡢࠕึᮇࡢᇶᮏⓗᣦ௧ࠖ㸦JCS1380/15㸧࡟௦ࢃࡾ㸪᪥ᮏࢆ෭ᡓᵓ㐀ࡢ୍⩼ࢆᢸࢃࡏࡿ᪉ྥ࡬࡜ᨻ⟇㌿᥮ࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ
࡟ 48 ᖺ 5 ᭶㸪࢝࢘ࣇ࣐ࣥ㸦Kauffman 㸪J࣭L㸬㸧࡜㞟୰᤼㝖ጤဨ఍㸦஬ேጤဨ఍㸧᮶᪥࡟క࠸㸪㞟୰᤼㝖ࡢぢ┤ࡋࡢᐇ⌧໬ࡀᅗࡽࢀࡓ 13㸧ࠋ㞟୰᤼㝖ጤဨ఍ࡣ㸪᮶᪥ࡋ࡚ഹ࠿ 2 ࣨ᭶ᚋ
ࡢ 48 ᖺ 7 ᭶࡟ 225 ♫࡟㞟୰᤼㝖ࢆ⾜࠸㸪9 ᭶࡟ࡣ 100 ♫࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶྠᵝࡢᥐ⨨ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪෌⦅ᡂࢆ⾜࠺࡭ࡁ࡜ࡢᣦ௧ࡀⓎࡏࡽࢀࡓࡢࡣ,୕⳻㔜ᕤᴗ࡞࡝ 18 ♫࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡗࡓ
㸦ᕤሙฎศ㸪ᰴᘧࢆ㝖ࡃ࡜ 11 ♫㸧ࠋྠ᫬࡟㸪஬኱㖟⾜㸦Ᏻ⏣࣭ᖇᅜ࣭୕⳻࣭୕࿴࣭ఫ཭㸧ࡢศ๭࣭෌⦅ᡂ࡟⮳ࡗ࡚ࡣ㸪㞟୰᤼㝖ࡀゎ㝖ࡉࢀࡓ௻ᴗࡢ᚟ά࣭㐠Ⴀࡢᡂຌ࡟㓄៖ࡋ㸪୙せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢ⤖ㄽࡀୗࡉࢀࡓࠋ

ࡇࢀࡽࡢືࡁ࡟㐃ືࡋ࡚㸪⡿ᅜᆺ┤᥋㔠⼥ࡢᑐ᪥ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡶ㡻᣸ࢆవ൤࡞ࡃࡉࢀ
ࡓࠋ1946 ᖺ 4 ᭶㸪GHQ ࡣᣢᰴ఍♫ᩚ⌮ጤဨ఍ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪ᮏ♫࣭ᣢᰴ఍♫㸪ᣢᰴ఍♫
ࢆවࡡࡿ㈈㛸┤⣔࣭‽㈈㛸┤⣔ࡢᣢᰴࢆᙉไⓗ࡟ HCLC㸦ᣢᰴ఍♫ᩚ⌮ጤဨ఍㸧࡟ᘬࡁΏࡍ࡜ྠ᫬࡟㸪SCLC㸦ドๆฎ⌮ㄪᰝ༠㆟఍㸧ࢆ⤒࡚᫬౯࡛ಶேᢞ㈨ᐙ࡟኎༷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࡜ࡇ
ࢁࡀ㸪ࢻࢵࢪ࣭ࣛ࢖ࣥࡀ㉸ᆒ⾮ண⟬ࢆ⾜౑ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪1949 ᖺ 5 ᭶࡟ 171 ෇ 98 㖹ࢆ♧ࡋࡓᮾド༢⣧ᖹᆒᰴ౯ࡣྠᖺ 12 ᭶࡟ࡣ 83 ෇ 51 㖹࡟ࡲ࡛ୗⴠࡋ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟⩣ 50 ᖺ 6 ᭶࡟ࡣ 66
෇ 62 㖹ࢆ♧ࡍࡲ࡛ୗⴠࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢᰴ౯ᭀⴠ࡟ࡼࡾ㸪㈈㛸ゎయࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᰴ୺࡟࡞ࡗࡓᪧ㈈㛸
⣔௻ᴗࡢᚑᴗဨࡀᰴᘧࢆᡭᨺࡍ࡞࡝㸪ᰴᘧᡤ᭷ᵓ㐀࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ༨㡿ᨻ⟇ࡢ୍⎔࡜ࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓ㈈㛸ゎయ࡟క࠸ᚑᴗဨ㸪ᆅᇦఫẸ࡟ྥࡅ࡚ᨺฟࡉࢀࡓಶேᢞ㈨ᐙ
ᰴࡀ㸪ࢻࢵࢪ࣭ࣛ࢖ࣥࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚෌ࡧᪧ㈈㛸ᮏ♫࡟ᡠࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌧㇟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙜ
᫬㸪኱㖟⾜ࡣ⣔ิ⼥㈨ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࣜࢫࢡศᩓࢆᅗࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࢻࢵࢪ࣭ࣛ࢖ࣥ⤊஢ᚋࡣᨻᗓ㈨㔠࡬ࡢ౫Ꮡᗘࡀపୗࡍࡿ୍᪉࡛⼥㈨㛵ಀࡢศᩓ໬ࡀ⥅⥆ࡋࡓࡓࡵ㸪ࡇࡢ⌧㇟ࡀᰴᘧ┦஫ᣢྜ࠸ࢆᙉࡵࡿ୍ᅉࢆ࡞ࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀࡽࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪⡿ᅜᆺࡢ⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛
࡞࡞ࡃ㸪⓶⫗࡟ࡶᡓ๓ᆺࡢ㛫᥋㔠⼥୺ᑟᆺࡢ㔠⼥ᵓ㐀ࡀ᚟άࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠕពᅗࡏࡊࡿ⤖ᯝࠖࡀࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
௨㝆㸪᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏘ᴗ㈨㔠㟂せࡀ㣕㌍ⓗ࡟㧗ࡲࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪඲ᅜ㖟⾜㈚ฟࡣ 1950 ᖺ
ᮎࡢ 9947 ൨෇࠿ࡽ 51 ᖺᮎࡢ 1 ඙ 5178 ൨෇࡟ቑຍࡋࡓࠋቑຍ㢠ࡣ㸪ࢻࢵࢪ࣭ࣛ࢖ࣥᐇ᪋
๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࣇ࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥᮇ࡟༉ᩛࡍࡿ࡯࡝࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࿧ᛂࡋ࡚࣮࢜ࣂ࣮࣮ࣟࣥ࡟ࡼࡿ㒔ᕷ㖟⾜ࡢ㍺ධ೉ධ౫Ꮡᗘࡀᛴୖ᪼ࡋ㸪㖟⾜ࡢ㈝⏝ᵓᡂ࡟༨ࡵࡿ೉ධ㔠฼฼ᜥᨭᡶ࠸ቑࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚
ᴟᗘࡢ཰┈ᅽ㏕࡟㝗ࡗࡓ㖟⾜ࡶ⌧ࢀ㸪௻ᴗྥࡅ㈨㔠ㄪ㐩࣮ࣝࢺᙧᡂ࡜኱௻ᴗࡢつᶍᣑ኱ࡀ⌧ᐇ࿡ࢆᖏࡧࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪1950 ᖺୖ༙ᮇ࡟࠾࠸࡚ 137 ൨෇ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ኱௻ᴗ
600 వ♫ࡢ⛯ᘬࡁ๓฼┈ࡣ㸪ྠᖺୗ༙ᮇ࡟ࡣ 407 ൨෇࡟ቑຍࡋ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟⩣ 51 ᖺୖ༙ᮇ࡟ࡣ
1086 ൨෇࡟ࡲ࡛ቑຍࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ᾘ໬ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁᇶ┙ࡢ࡞࠸࡜ࡇࢁ࡟㈈㛸ᰴᘧࡢᨺฟࡀᙉไⓗ࡟⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡓࡵ㸪୰ᑠ௻ᴗ࡜ࡢ⣔ิ໬ࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡛኱つᶍ໬ࡢ㐨ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ኱௻ᴗࡶ⌧ࢀࡓࠋ᪤࡟ 1950 ᖺ௦๓༙௨㝆㸪㈈㛸᚟ά࡟ྥࡅ࡚㈈㛸ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡈ࡜࡟♫㛗఍ࡶ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵ㸪㔠⼥ᶵ㛵࡟ྲྀᚓࡉࢀࡓᰴᘧࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ྛ㈈㛸ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉෆࡢᰴᘧ┦஫ᡤᚓࡀ෇⁥࡟㐍ࡳ㸪᭷ᶵⓗ࡞෇⎔≧ࡢᰴᘧ┦஫ᣢྜ࠸ࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ྛ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵࡟ࡼࡿᨺฟᰴᘬཷࡅࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪㈈㛸ゎయ࡟క࠸ศᩓࡉࢀࡓ⾑⦕㛵ಀࡢⷧ࠸㈈㛸⣔௻ᴗࡣ㸪⾑⦕㛵ಀࡢ⃰࠸௻ᴗ㞟ᅋ࡬࡜⛣⾜ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓᮾす෭ᡓᵓ㐀࡟ࡼࡾ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡢ⮬❧໬ࢆồࡵࡓࢻࢵࢪࡶ㸪᪤࡟ 1950 ᖺ 10 ᭶ࡢ᮶᪥ࡢ㝿㸪᪥ᮏ㛤Ⓨ㖟⾜ࡸ㛗ᮇಙ⏝㖟⾜ไᗘࡢタ⨨ࢆྵࡴࠕ㛗ᮇ㔠⼥ᨵၿᵓ᝿ࠖࢆⓎ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ௨㝆㸪ࡇࡢᵓ᝿ࡣᨻᗓ⣔㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࢆቑࡸࡍ࡜ࡇࢁ࡜࡞ࡾ㸪᪥ᮏᨻᗓࡣ 51 ᖺ࡟᪥ᮏ㍺ฟ
15

ධ㖟⾜࡜᪥ᮏ㛤Ⓨ㖟⾜ࢆ┦ḟ࠸࡛㛤ᴗࡉࡏ㸪GHQ ࡀᗫṆࡋࡓᪧ≉Ṧ㖟⾜㸦ṇ㔠່࣭㖟࣭⯆㖟㸧ࡢᙺ๭ࢆ㸪ࡇࢀࡽ஧⾜࡟௵ࡏࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ 46 ᖺ㸪GHQ ࡀ៮ᝏࡢⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚┿ࡗඛ࡟㛢㙐ࡋࡓᶓ὾ṇ㔠㖟⾜ࡀᮾி㖟⾜࡟ᘬࡁ⥅ࡀࢀࡓ࡯࠿㸪ྠᵝ࡟ GHQ ࡀᬑ㏻㖟⾜࡬ࡢ㌿᥮ࢆᙉไࡋࡓ᪥ᮏ⯆ᴗ㖟⾜㸦52 ᖺ㸧ࡶ㛗ᮇ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵࡜ࡋ࡚Ꮡ⥆ࡉࡏ㸪ࡑࡢᚋࡶ㎰ᴗ㔠⼥බᗜ㸪୰ᑠ௻ᴗ㔠⼥බᗜ㸪໭ᾏ㐨㛤Ⓨබᗜ㸦56 ᖺ㸧㸪බႠ௻ᴗ㔠⼥බᗜ㸦57 ᖺ㸧㸪୰ᑠ௻ᴗಙ⏝ಖ㝤බᗜ㸦58 ᖺ㸧࡞࡝㸪ᨻᗓ⣔㛗ᮇ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡢ᚟άࡀ┦ḟ࠸ࡔࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪㉸ᆒ⾮ண⟬㐩ᡂ࡟ྥࡅ࡚ྛẸ㛫㔠⼥ᶵ㛵࡟ࡼࡿᣦᐃ⏘ᴗ⼥㈨㸦⼥㈨‽๎㸧㸪᚟⯆㔠⼥㔠ᗜ㸪⯆㖟⼥㈨㸪ᡓ᫬㔠⼥࡞࡝ࡢ᧔ᗫ࣭ไ㝈⟇ࡀᅗࡽࢀࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪⤒῭᚟⯆┠ⓗࡢ኱ᆺタഛᢞ㈨࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿ≉ᐃ㖟⾜⼥㈨ᵓ㐀㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ᪥ᮏᆺ࣓࢖ࣥࣂࣥࢡไࡀᡂ❧ࡋࡓࠋᡓᚋ᪥ᮏࡢ㔠⼥ᵓ㐀ࡣ㸪ᡓ๓ࡼࡾ㐃࡞ࡿ⥭ᛴ᫬ࡢᩆ῭άືࢆ࣓࢖ࣥࣂࣥࢡไ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ᪧᣦᐃ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡀ᝟ሗ⏕⏘࡜ྲྀᘬ㈝⏝Ⓨ⏕ࡢ❆ཱྀ⼥㈨ࢆᘬࡁ⥆ࡁ୍ᮏ໬ࡉࡏࡿ࡟
࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪᭱኱ࡢമᶒ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚௻ᴗࡢ෌ᘓᩚഛ࡟῝ࡃ㛵୚࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋϫ㸬⤖ㄽ࣭ࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖࡢ࣐ࢡࣟⓗゎ㔘௨ୖ㸪⡿ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿ⮬ᅜᆺᕷሙ୺⩏ࡢࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖࡀࠕ⛣᳜ࠖ୺యᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᑒᘓⓗ࡞ఏ⤫ᆺಖᏲ୺⩏⪅࡟ࡼࡿᕷሙ᧯సࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࡜࠸࠺ࠕពᅗࡏࡊࡿ⤖ᯝࠖࡢせᅉࢆ㸪ᛮ᝿ⓗ࣭ṔྐⓗほⅬ࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࠋ⡿ᅜࡣᕷሙཧධ⪅㛫ࡢຠ⋡ⓗࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ㐩ᡂ࡟ྥࡅ࡚ᕷሙᶵ⬟ࡢᨵၿ໬ࢆᅗࢁ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡢ㸪ࡴࡋࢁࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟ᅜ࣭᪥ᮏࡢᑓไ୺⩏⮬ࡽࡀᕷሙࡢຠ⋡໬ࢆ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵ⤒⦋ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡺ࠼࡟ࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖ࡜ࡣ㸪⡿ᅜ⮬ࡽࡀᥖࡆࡿ⮬ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ᴫᛕࡢ㐩ᡂ࡟ྥࡅࡓᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤣ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࡴࡋࢁࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟ᅜࡢᑓไ୺⩏ࡀ᭱኱฼┈ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿሙ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡉࡏࡿᡭẁ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࠋࡺ࠼࡟
⡿ᅜᆺᕷሙ୺⩏ࡣ㸪ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚᪂ྂ඾ὴᆺ᏶඲➇தࣔࢹࣝࡢᡂ❧࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿ࡜
ྠ᫬࡟㸪⤒῭ⓗつไࡢ᧔ᗫࡶࡋࡃࡣ⦆࿴ࢆྜ⌮ⓗ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ㸪࡞࠾࠿ࡘ᭱ᑠ㝈ࡢつไࡀࢢ࣮ࣟࣂ࣭ࣝࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻ࡟ἢ࠺ሙ࡜ࡋ࡚ྩ⮫࡛ࡁࡿࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᑐ᪥༨㡿ᨻ⟇ࡶᙜึ㸪ᨻ⟇࡟ᦠࢃࡗࡓ⡿ᅜࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮࣮ࣛࡀࢣ࢖ࣥࢬᆺࡢᅜᐙ௓ධࢆ
๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿ኱つᶍබඹᢞ㈨㸦᚟⯆ᨻ⟇㸧ࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡢ㸪㌿᥮௨㝆ࡣ᪂ྂ඾ὴὶࡢࢧࣉ
ࣛ࢖ࢧ࢖ࢻᨻ⟇࡟ẚ㔜ࡀ⨨࠿ࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࡢ⤒῭୺యࡣ㸪⭾ᙇ୺⩏ⓗ࡞㈈ᨻ
ᨻ⟇࡟ࡼࡿ⤒῭ⓗΰ஘࡟ᑐฎࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ྡ┠࡛࣐ࢿ࣮ࢧࣉࣛ࢖ࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿᶒ㝈ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡇࡑࡀ㸪᚟⯆㟂せࡀࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓ㟂せ㉸㐣ࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿ୺య࡬ࡢᶒ㝈㞟୰㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᡓ๓ᆺࡢ㔠⼥㈨ᮏ୺ᑟࡢ㈨ᮏ⵳✚⟇࡟௚࡞ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࠕពᅗࡏࡊࡿ⤖ᯝࠖࡢ⌧㇟ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪⡿ᅜࡢᨻ⟇ⓗ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈ
ࡀᙉࡲࢀࡤᙉࡲࡿ࡯࡝㸪ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟ᅜࡢᅜᐙᶒຊࡀᨻ἞ⓗ᪋⾜ᶒ࡟㧗ᗘ࡟㞟୰ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺
⌧㇟ࡀᙉࡲࡿࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪⡿ᅜᆺ㈨ᮏ⵳✚⟇ࢆᔂቯࡉࡏ࡚ᒎ㛤ࡋ⥆ࡅࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ṕྐⓗ⤒㊰౫Ꮡᛶࡣ㸪ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ẚ㍑ไᗘศᯒ࡜Ṕྐẚ㍑ࡣ┦஫࡟⿵᏶ⓗ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡶ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ࣊ࢤࣔࢽ࣮ᅜᐙ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ⡿ᅜࡢ⮬ᅜᆺᕷሙ୺⩏ࡢࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖ࡜ࡣ㸪⮬ࡽࡢୡ⏺ᡓ␎㸦world strategy㸧࡜ࡣఱࡽ㛵ಀ࡞ࡃ㸪ࡴࡋࢁࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟ᅜࡢᑓไ
୺⩏ࢆᙉࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺᪂ࡓ࡞ୡ⏺ᕷሙࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
⡿ࢯ㐃ᡓᵓ㐀ࡢᔂቯᚋࡲࡶ࡞ࡃ㸪⡿ᅜࡢᨻ⟇ⓗ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈࡣᚑ᮶௨ୖࡢᙉࡲࡾࢆࡳ
ࡏࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪⡿ᅜࡣ᪥㡑཮᪉࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⊂⮬ࡢ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆᾘ⁛ࡉࡏࡓୖ࡛㸪
ࠕඹ㏻ࡢᅵಥ㸦level playing field㸧ࠖࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿᨻ⟇ࢆᢲࡋࡘࡅࡿഴྥࢆᙉࡵࡓࠋ⡿ᅜᆺ࢔ࣥࢢ࣭ࣟ࢔࣓࣭ࣜ࢝ࣥࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟ᅜ࡟ఏ᧛ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᖹ
➼୺⩏ᴫᛕࡢ㐩ᡂ࡟ྥࡅ࡚⮬⏤୺⩏㸦ࣜࣂࢱࣜ࢔ࣥ㸧ⓗ࡞⪃࠼ࡢࡳࡀ㔜どࡉࢀ㸪ᕷሙࡢ᪂つཧධ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᐶᐜ࡛ᐻ༨ⓗ࡞⤖ク࡟ཝࡋ࠸᏶඲➇தࣔࢹࣝᡂ❧࡟୺║ࡀ⨨࠿ࢀࡓࠋ࿧ᛂ
ࡋ࡚㸪⤒῭ⓗつไࡢ᭦࡞ࡿ᧔ᗫࡶࡋࡃࡣ⦆࿴ࢆྜ⌮ⓗ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ㸪᭱ᑠ㝈ࡢつไࡀࢢ࣮ࣟࣂ
࣭ࣝࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻ࡟ἢ࠺࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚ྩ⮫ࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪௒᪥ࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬࡜ࡣ⡿ᅜᆺㅖไᗘࡢୡ⏺࡬ࡢᬑ㐢໬࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟
ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅜᐙᶒຊࡢ⫧኱໬ࡀ㐍⾜ࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ⌧㇟ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜ୺ᑟࡢࢢ࣮ࣟ
16ࣂࣝ໬ࡣ㸪ࠕ⤒῭Ẹ୺໬ࠖࡢࡶ࡜IMF㸪ୡ㖟ࡢࣅࢵࢢࣂ࣭ࣥ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡟ࡶࡳࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪⡿ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿ௚ᅜ࡬ࡢࠕᕷሙ໬せồࠖࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⌧ᐇ໬ࡀᅗࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢ㸪ࡑࡢせồࡣ࢖ࢫ࣒ࣛᅪ࡟࠾࠸࡚⤒῭ࢆΰἁ࡜ࡉࡏ㸪Ẹ୺໬㐠ືࢆᢚไࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆྡ┠࡟ఏ⤫ⓗಖᏲ୺⩏ࡢ᚟άࡀᠱᛕࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ୍㒊ࡢᪧ♫఍୺⩏ᅪ࡛ࡣ㸪♫఍୺⩏ᕷሙ⤒῭ࡢྡࡢࡶ࡜ᐁ൉
⤌⧊ࢆ㡬Ⅼ࡜ࡍࡿࠕไᗘ㝵ᒙᛶࠖࡀᕷሙ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈᨻ⟇ࢆಁࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ
ዴఱ࡞ࡿᅜ࣭ᆅᇦ࡛࠶ࢀ㸪ᕷሙ୺⩏⪅ࡣつไ⦆࿴࡟ࡼࡿẸ㛫άຊࡢᑟධࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㈨ᮏཎ
⌮ࡢඃໃࢆၐ࠼㸪ᕷሙࢆࠕㄪᩚࠖࡍࡿ♫఍ཎ⌮㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⤒῭ⓗࡶࡋࡃࡣ♫఍ⓗつไࡢᑟධ࡟ᑐᢠࡍࡿᛶ㉁ࢆࡶࡘࠋ࢖ࢫ࣒ࣛᅪ㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣ୍㒊ࡢ♫఍୺⩏ⓗᕷሙ⤒῭࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿ⌧≧ࡶ㸪ఏ⤫ⓗಖᏲ୺⩏⪅ࡀᨾព࡟ࠕㄪᩚࠖᶵ⬟ࢆዣࡗࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪⏕ࡌࡓᑓไ୺⩏ࡢ㢮ᆺ࡟௚࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ㛤Ⓨ⊂⿢ࡢ᫬௦㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ఏ⤫୺⩏ᕷሙࡢᵓ㐀ࡣᑒᘓⓗ⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ୍✀࡜ࡋ࡚㯲ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀ㸪ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣜࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢྡࡢࡶ࡜⡿ᅜᆺᕷሙ୺⩏ࡢࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖࡀ඲ୡ⏺࡟⾜ࡁΏࢁ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⌧ᅾ㸪ࡴࡋࢁ㛢㙐ⓗ࡞⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡑࢀ⮬ࡽࡀᵝࠎ࡞ၥ㢟ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣゝ࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋ
᪥ᮏࢆྵࡴྛᅜᨻᗓࡢᯝࡓࡍ࡭ࡁㄢ㢟ࡣ㸪ᛴ㐍ࡍࡿࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬࡬ࡢᑐᛂ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ఏ⤫ᆺಖᏲ୺⩏⪅࡟ࡼࡿᑓไ୺⩏࡬ࡢᅇᖐࢆక࠺ࡇ࡜࡞ࡃ㸪࠸࠿࡟⮬ࡽࡀࠕ୺యⓗᨻ⟇㑅ᢥࠖࢆࡶࡗ࡚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿㸪࡟࠿࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

㸯㸧ࡺ࠼࡟ࣁ࢖࢚ࢡ⮬ࡽࡀၐ࠼ࡿᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ⮬⏕ⓗ⛛ᗎࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ᡤ᭷ไᗘ㸪㈌ᖯไᗘ㸪㸦ᗈ⩏࡛ࡢ㸧ἲไᗘ࡟ࡼࡿᩥ໬ⓗ㸪⏕⏘ⓗ࡞㐍໬ࢆ⫯ᐃࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ༢࡟⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࢆᅗࡿࡓࡵ࡟஺᥮࣭ྲྀᘬࢆつไࡍࡿሙ࡜ࡋ࡚ᕷሙࡀㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ㸪ᕷሙ㡬Ⅼ࡟ୖࡾࡘࡵࡿ࡟⮳ࡿᵝࠎ࡞ḧᮃࢆⓎᩓࡉࢀࡿሙ࡜
ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ᕷሙ୺⩏ࡢ೫㔜ࡣ⮬⏤ᨺ௵ᛮ᝿ࡢࢻࢢ࣐໬࡟ࡶ⤖ࡧࡘࡁ㸪ࡸࡀ࡚⚾฼⚾ḧ࡟ࡲࡳࢀࡓࠕ㐨ᚨⓗ࡞୙೺඲ᛶࠖࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ㸰㸧せࡍࡿ࡟㸪ᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ஺᥮ࠖࡣ㈈஺᥮࡟ࡼࡾ≀ḧⓗḧồࢆ‶ࡓࡑ࠺࡜ࡍࡿᕷሙཧධ⪅ࡢຠ⏝ࢆ᭱኱໬ࡉࡏࡿᡭẁ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ື≀ⓗ㜚தᮏ⬟ࡢࡲࡲ᣺⯙࠺ᕷሙཧධ⪅ࡢᏑᅾࢆチࡍᩍ᮲୺⩏ࡀ௚ᅜ࡟ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡉࢀࡿሙྜ㸪ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟ᅜࡢᕷሙཧධ⪅ࡣື≀ⓗᮏ⬟ࢆ᭱኱㝈࡟Ⓨ᥹ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㑊ࡅࡽࢀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪㺀⌮ᛶࢆకࢃ࡞࠸ᕷሙ୺⩏ࠖࡀᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ࡸࡀ࡚⛣᳜ᑐ㇟ᅜࡢᕷሙࡶḧồ୙‶࡟‶ࡕࡓ࢝࢜ࢫ≧ែ࡬࡜✺ධࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ᕷሙࡑࢀ⮬ࡽࡀ㝈⏺ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿಶࠎேࡢ➇தࡢሙ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ࠕᕷሙࠖࡀ฼ᕫ୺⩏ⓗ࡞㛵ࢃࡾྜ࠸ࢆᙉࡵࡿࠋ
㸱㸧⡿ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ♫఍୺⩏ࡢḞዴࡣ㸪㠉᪂୺⩏⪅ࡀ࣐ࣝࢡࢫ୺⩏⪅࡬࡜⛣⾜ࡍࡿᶵ఍ࡍࡽᑒࡌ㎸ࡵࡓࠋ௨ᚋ㸪⡿ᅜ࡛⮬⏤୺⩏ⓗ࡞ே㛫ࢆಖᏲ୺⩏⪅࡜࿧ࡪሙྜࡀᏑᅾࡋࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ࡑࢀࡣ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢಖᏲ
୺⩏⪅࡜ࡣ඲ࡃ␗࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
㸲㸧ᙜ㑅ࢆᯝࡓࡋࡓࢪࣕࢡࢯࣥࡣ1836ᖺᙜ᫬ࣔࣥࢫࢱ࣮࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ࡯࡝ᜍࢀࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ➨஧ྜ⾗ᅜࢆゎᩓࡉࡏࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ᙼࡣࣦ࢓࣭ࣥࣅࣗࣞࣥ࡟࣌ࢵࢺ࣭ࣂࣥࢡࢆᗫṆࡉࡏࡿ࡞࡝ࡋ࡚㸪ࡇࢀ࡟௦ࢃࡿᨻᗓ㈨㔠ಙクᶵ㛵ࡢタ⨨࡟ࡶ╔ᡭࡋࡓࠋ㸳㸧௨᮶㸪1913 ᖺࡲ࡛᭱ᚋࡢᣐࡾᡤ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㈚ᡭ࡛࠶ࡿ୰ኸ㖟⾜ࢆ⡿ᅜ࡛ᶵ⬟ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ୍ษチࡉࢀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ⡿ᅜࡢᅜᶒ࡜ᕞᶒ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ஧㔜ᵓ㐀ࡣ㸪ࡲࡉ࡟➽㔠ධࡾ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ၟᴗ㖟⾜ࡣᙜึ㸪㐃㑥ἲ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᅜἲ㖟⾜࡜ྛᕞࡢ㖟⾜ጤဨ఍ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᕞἲ㖟⾜ࡢࡳࡀチࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀ㸪༡໭ᡓத㸦1861㹼65 ᖺ㸧ຨⓎ࡟ࡼࡾᡓ㈝ㄪ㐩ࡢࡓࡵ㈈ົ┬ࡢᯝࡓࡍ࡭ࡁᙺ๭ࡀቑ኱ࡋࡓࡓࡵ㸪1836 ᖺ࡟࡞ࡾ₞ࡃᅜἲ⌧⾜ไᗘࡀㄆྍࡉࢀࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࠋ1882 ᖺ㸪ᚋⓎࡢ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ᅜ࡛࠶ࡿ᪥ᮏࡀ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃᆺ
ࡢ༢୍୰ኸ㖟⾜ࢆタ❧ࡋࡓ㝿ࡶ㸪⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣ୰ኸ㖟⾜ࢆタ❧ࡍࡿᶵ⬟ࡍࡽ㐍ࡲ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡓ࡜࠼୰ኸ㖟⾜ࡢタ❧ᵓ᝿ࡀၐ࠼ࡽࢀࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃᆺࡢ༢୍୰ኸ㖟⾜ࢆ⡿ᅜ࡟ࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ
㹈࣭ࣟࢵࢡὶ⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ࡀチࡍࡣࡎࡀ↓࠿ࡗࡓࠋᙜ᫬㸪ୡ⏺ⓗ࡞㢼₻࡟ᢲࡉࢀ࡚୰ኸ㖟⾜ࡢタ❧ᵓ᝿ࡶ⪺࠿ࢀࡓࡀ㸪⡿ᅜ⊂⮬ࡢ㢼ᅵ࡟᭱ࡶ┦ᛂࡋ࠸ไᗘ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᅜἲ㖟⾜࡜ᕞἲ㖟⾜ࡢඹᏑࢆ 45 ᖺࡢ㛗ࡁ࡟ࢃࡓࡾ⥔ᣢࡋ࡚ࡁࡓไᗘࢆᏲࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⤯ᑐⓗ࡞๓ᥦ᮲௳࡜ࡉࢀࡓࠋ1913 ᖺ 12 ᭶㸪ࠕ‽ഛࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࢆྵࡴ୰ኸ㖟⾜ࡢタ❧ࡀỴࡲࡾ㸪ྠ᫬࡟ࠗ㐃㑥‽ഛἲ࠘ࡀᡂ❧ࡋࡓࠋ⩣ 14 ᖺ 11 ᭶㸪⡿ᅜࡢ୰ኸ㖟⾜࡛࠶ࡿࠕ㐃㑥‽ഛไᗘࠖ㸦FRS 㸧ࡣᴗົࢆ㛤ጞࡋࡓࠋ㹈࣭ࣟࢵࢡࡢᖹ➼୺⩏ࢆ㔜どࡍࡿ࠶ࡲࡾ㸪⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣ᪥ᮏࡼࡾ㐜ࢀࡿࡇ࡜⣙ 30 ᖺ㸪ࡋ࠿ࡶ」ᩘే⨨࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛㸪୰ኸ㖟⾜ࡢタ❧ࡀチࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸴㸧༨㡿ึᮇ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ᅜົ┬ෆࡢ⤒῭ᑓ㛛ᐙ࡟ࡼࡾᵓᡂࡉࢀࡓࠕ㒊ᒁ㛫ᑐ᪥ᨻ⟇ጤဨ఍ࠖࡢၟရㄢ㸪ປാ㛵ಀㄢ㸪㈈ົㄢ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࢲࣞࢫὶࡢ཯ඹㄽ࡟ᑐᓖࡍࡿࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᕥὴໃຊࡢά㌍ࡀⴭࡋࡃ㸪๪኱⤫㡿࠿ࡽࢺ࣮࣐ࣝࣥᨻᶒࡢၟົ㛗ᐁ࡟㌿ࡌࡓࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮࣮ࣛࡢ࣮࣭࣊ࣥࣜ㸿࣭࢛࣮࢘ࣞࢫࡸෆ
ົ㛗ᐁ࢖ࢵ࣮࢟ࢬࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࢺ࣮࣐ࣝࣥ࡜ࡢ⾪✺ࡢᚋ࡟➨୕ඪࡢ⤖ඪ࡟㉮ࡿ⪅ࡶ⌧ࢀࡓࠋ༨㡿ᨻ⟇ࡢ17㌿᥮௨㝆㸪ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮࣮ࣛࡢᮏᣐ࡜ࡉࢀࡿẸᨻᒁࡀཷࡅࡓᡴᧁࡀ᭱ࡶ኱ࡁࡃ㸪࣮ࣝࢬࣦ࢙ࣝࢺᨻᶒ
᫬௦࡟࠾࠸࡚⾜ᨻᨵ㠉࡟⭎ࢆ᣺ࡿ࠸㸪࡞࠾࠿ࡘ⾜ᨻᐁ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢホ౯ࡶ㧗࠿ࡗࡓྠᒁḟ㛗ࢣ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢫࡸ
ྠᒁဨࣁࢵࢭ࣮ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪➨୍⥺ࢆ㏥࠸ࡓࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮࣮ࣛࡶ⌧ࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋ㸪཯ࢺࣛࢫࢺ࣭࢝ࣝࢸ
ࣝㄢ㛗࢚࢘ࣝࢩࣗ㸪ປാㄢ㛗ࢥ࣮࢚ࣥ㸪࢟ࣞࣥ㸪≀౯㓄⤥ㄢ㛗࢔ࣝࣂ࣮࡞࡝㸪ᩘከࡃࡢࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮
࣮ࣛࡀࢣ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢫࡸࣁࢵࢭ࣮ࡢᚋࢆ㏣ࡗࡓࠋࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ㸪ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮࣮ࣛ௨ୖ࡟ᕥ⩼ⓗ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ
ࡓẸᨻᒁࡢࣅࢵࢯࣥ㸪ࢢࣛࣥࢪ࢙ࣇ㸪ປാㄢࡢࢥࣥࢫࢱࣥࢳࣀ࣮ࣝ㸪እ஺ᐁࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ㸪࢚࣐࣮ࢯࣥ
࡞࡝࡟⮳ࡗ࡚ࡣ㏣ᨺฎศࢆཷࡅࡿ᭷ᵝ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
㸵㸧ᙼࡽࡣ㐃ྜᅜ㌷⥲ྖ௧ᐁ㸦SCAP㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ࡸࡀ࡚᝟ሗᴗົ㸪἞Ᏻ㸪᳨㜀ࡢᐇാ㒊㝲ࢆᣦ᥹ୗ࡟⨨ࡃࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟㐃ྜᅜ㌷⥲ྖ௧ᐁ㸦SCAP㸧ෆ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪཯ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮࣮ࣛ࡟ࡼࡿᙳ㡪ຊࡀᙉ
࠿ࡗࡓ㈈ᨻㄢ㸪ᕤᴗㄢ㸪㍺ฟධㄢࡣ㸪Ẹ୺໬ࡢྡࡶ࡜㈈㛸ゎయ㸪⤒῭ࣃ࣮ࢪ㸪ᡓ᫬⿵ൾ࣭㌷ேᜠ⤥࣭ᖺ㔠ࡢᡴࡕษࡾ㸪㈈⏘⛯๰タࢆ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵ㸪ண⟬⦅ᡂ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ࢖ࣥࣇࣞᢚไࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽṓฟᢚไࡸ㉥Ꮠබമࡢ⚗Ṇ࡞࡝೺඲㈈ᨻ࡟ྥࡅࡓᨻ⟇ࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪✚ᴟ㈈ᨻࢆ㐍ࡵࡓ▼ᶫ㈈ᨻ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶྰ
ᐃⓗ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᡓ᫬⿵ൾᡴࡕษࡾࡸ㈈⏘⛯ᚩ཰࡟㛵ࡍࡿၥ㢟ࢆᶵ࡟▼ᶫⶶ┦ᢈุࢆᙉࡵ㸪ᚋ࡟ᙼࢆᙉᘬ
࡟බ⫋࠿ࡽ㏣ᨺࡉࡏࡓࠋ
㸶㸧࣐ࢵ࣮࢝ࢧ࣮࢖ࢬ࣒ࡢྎ㢌ࢆཷࡅ㸪࢘࢖ࣟࣅ࣮ࡣ⮬ࡽࡢᶆⓗࢆᕥ⩼ศᏊ࠿ࡽࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮࣮ࣛ඲⯡࡬࡜ᗈࡆ㸪ᛮ᝿ㄪᰝࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ᪥ᮏࡢ㆙ᐹᐁࡉ࠼ືဨࡉࢀࡓࠋ㐃ྜᅜ㌷⥲ྖ௧ᐁ㸦SCAP㸧࡛☜ᅛࡓࡿᆅ఩ࢆ⠏ࡁጞࡵࡓᙼࡣᕥ⩼ศᏊࡢ᦬Ⓨ࡜㏣ᨺ࡟ࡶ஌ࡾฟࡋ㸪ᛅㄔࢆㄋ࠺࣐ࢵ࣮࢝ࢧ࣮࡟ᐄ࡚࡚ࠕSCAP࡬ࡢᕥ⩼ࡢᾐ㏱≧ἣࠖ࡜㢟ࡍࡿሗ࿌᭩ࢆᥦฟࡋࡓࠋࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮࣮ࣛࢆྵࡴ㐃ྜᅜ㌷⥲ྖ௧ᐁ㸦SCAP㸧ࡢ㐍ṌὴศᏊࡣ㸪1949ᖺᮎࡲ࡛⥆ࠎ࡜ᮏᅜ࡬㏦ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀࡿ࡞࡝㸪ᚭᗏࡋࡓᨻ⟇㌿᥮ࡀᅗࡽࢀࡓࠋ
㸷㸧GHQ཯ࢺࣛࢫࢺ࣭࢝ࣝࢸࣝㄢࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪㞟୰᤼㝖࣭኱㖟⾜ศ๭࡟㝈ࡽࡎ㸪⮬἞ᶒ࡞࡝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ⡿ᅜᆺᆅ᪉ศᶒࢆၐ࠼ࡿኌࡶ⪺࠿ࢀࡓࠋ
10㸧1929ᖺ10᭶ࡢࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡᰴᘧྲྀᘬᡤࡢᰴ౯኱ᭀⴠࢆዎᶵ࡟ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᨻ⟇ࡀᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ
ࡀ㸪⮬⏤୺⩏ⓗᨵ㠉㐠ືࡢせ⣲ࡺ࠼࡟ᨻᗓࡣ✚ᴟⓗ࡟⤒῭௓ධࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ドๆ㔠
⼥࡟ᑐࡍࡿᅜᐙ⟶⌮࡟ྥࡅ࡚ࠕ1933ᖺドๆἲࠖ㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣࠕ1934ᖺドๆྲྀᘬἲࠖࡀ㸪୙Ᏻᐃ࡞ᰴᘧᕷሙ
࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㔠⼥つไ࡜ࡋ࡚ᑟධࡉࢀ㸪௻ᴗࡸྲྀᘬጤဨ఍࡟ࡼࡿᰴ౯᧯సࡢ⚗Ṇࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪඲ᢞ㈨ᐙࢆබ
ᖹ࠿ࡘᖹ➼࡟ྲྀࡾᢅ࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡋࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㐃ືࡋ࡚㸪ᢞ㈨ᐙಖㆤࡢࡓࡵ㸪ྲྀᘬ࣮ࣝࣝࢆ㏻ࡌ
࡚ドๆྲྀᘬἲࡀෆ㒊⪅ྠኈࡢྲྀᘬࢆไ㝈ࡋ㸪▷ᮇⓗ࡞ᢞᶵ┠ⓗࡀ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡓࠋ᪤࡟19ୡ⣖࠿ࡽ1920ᖺ௦࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࡢᰴᘧᕷሙࡣᰴ౯ࡢ୙ṇ᧯సࡀ⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡓࡵ㸪୙ⰋᰴᘧࡢⓎ⾜࠿ࡽ⣲ேᢞ㈨ᐙࢆᏲࡿࡓࡵ
࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕࣈ࣮ࣝࢫ࢝࢖ἲࠖ࡞࡝㔠⼥つไࡶᗄࡘ࠿ࡢᕞ࡛ᶵ⬟ࡋࡓ⛬ᗘ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡾ㸪ᰴᘧᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚
ຠ⋡ⓗ㓄ศࡢ㜼ᐖࡀᰴ౯ࢆ୙Ᏻᐃ໬ࡉࡏࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪኱ᜍៃࡀຨⓎࡋࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᜍៃᚋࡢ33ᖺ3᭶᪋⾜
ࡢᩛᅜ㏻ၟἲࡣ㸪እᅜⅭ᭰㸪㏻㈌ኚື㸪඲㖟⾜࡜ࡢྲྀᘬ⟶⌮࣭┘╩࡞࡝ࡀ඲࡚኱⤫㡿࡟ࡼࡿᣦ᥹ୗ࡟
⨨ࡁ㸪ࡑࡢୗ࡟㏻㐣┘╩ᒁࡀᅜἲ㖟⾜ࡢ┘╩⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ㸪ྠᒁࡀ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡢ෌⦅ᡂ࡟ᚑ஦ࡍࡿࡇ
࡜ࢆ⩏ົ௜ࡅࡓࠋࡲࡓࠕ1933ᖺ㖟⾜ἲࠖࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࢢࣛࢫ࣭ࢫࢸ࢕࣮࢞ࣝἲࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪ၟᴗ㖟⾜ࡀᢞ㈨㖟⾜άື࡟ᚑ஦ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⚗ࡌ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ᢞ㈨㖟⾜࡜ၟᴗ㖟⾜ᴗົࢆ᏶඲࡟ศ㞳ࡉࡏࡓୖ࡛㸪཮᪉ࡢ㖟⾜ࡢᴗົ⠊ᅖࢆ⦰ᑠࡋࡓࠋ
⥆ࡃࠕ1935ᖺ㖟⾜ἲࠖࡣᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿ㐃㑥㡸㔠ಖ㝤ไᗘࡢタ⨨ࢆ⩏ົ௜ࡅ㸪࡞࠾࠿ࡘ㖟⾜ྠኈࡢ㐣ᗘ࡞㡸㔠⋓ᚓ➇தࢆ㈇㜵ࡄࡓࡵ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪㡸㔠㔠฼ୖ㝈つไࡢ㐺⏝⠊ᅖࢆᣑ኱ࡋࡓ㸦ࠕࣞࢠ࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ
Qࠖ㸧ࠋ୍⯡࡟㸪㡸㔠⋓ᚓ➇தࡣ㖟⾜ࢆࣜࢫࢡࡢ኱ࡁ࠸㈨⏘ᢞ㈨࡬࡜㉮ࡽࡏࡿࡓࡵ㸪㖟⾜ࡢྲྀ௜ࡅ㦁ࡂࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍせᅉࢆ࡞ࡍࠋ᩿⥆ⓗ࡞ᰴᘧᕷሙᙧᡂ࡜⛛ᗎ࠶ࡿྲྀᘬࡢ⥔ᣢࡣ㸪኱ᜍៃ๓࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡓ↓⛛ᗎ࡞㔠⼥ᵓ㐀ࢆᨵࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟ẚ㔜ࡀ⨨࠿ࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤫ไ⤒῭ࡢ᪋⾜ࡣ㔠⼥ᨻ⟇࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ♫఍ᨻ⟇࡟࠾࠸࡚1933ᖺ6᭶࡟࠾ࡅࡿ඲ᅜ⏘ᴗ᚟⯆ἲ㸦NIRA㸧ࢆึࡵ࡜ࡍ
ࡿ♫఍ⓗᨻ⟇ⓗ࡞⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㉥Ꮠࢫ࣌ࣥࢹ࢕ࣥࢢࡀ៏ᛶ໬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ࡇࡢືࡁࡣ35ᖺไᐃࡢ♫఍㛵ಀἲ㸦㣴⪁ᖺ㔠ἲ࣭ኻᴗಖ㝤ἲ࣭⪁㈋⪅ᢇຓἲ㸧
㸪38ᖺไᐃࡢබṇປാᇶ‽ἲ࡬࡜㐃࡞ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡜࡞ࡿࠋᖹ⾜ࡋ࡚㸪ປാ⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿ♫఍ᨻ⟇ⓗ࡞㈨㔠ಖ㞀࡜ࡋ࡚ປാ᫬㛫ࡢ▷⦰㸪᭱ప㈤㔠ࡢಖ㞀㸪ᅋయᶒࡸᅋయ஺΅ᶒࡢㄆྍࡀୗࡉࢀࡓࠋ⤒῭⤫ไࡢࡶ࡜௻ᴗ฼₶ࡢ᭱኱໬ࢆᅗࡿࡓࡵ㸪௻ᴗᐙ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ♫఍ᨻ⟇ⓗ฼₶ಖ㞀ᨻ⟇ࡶタࡅࡽࢀ㸪ලయⓗ࡟⮬⏤➇த࡟ࡼࡿ౯᱁పⴠࢆᢚṆࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ཯
ࢺࣛࢫࢺἲࡢ⦆࿴㸪௻ᴗ㛫ࡢ࢝ࣝࢸࣝチᐜ࡞࡝㸪௻ᴗ฼₶ࡢᏳᐃ໬ࡀᅗࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓ1940
ᖺ5᭶㡭ࡼࡾ኱つᶍᅜᐙ⾜ᨻ⤌⧊࣭ᶵᵓࡀᚑ᮶ࡢ㟂せᨻ⟇ࢆᘬࡁ⥅࠸ࡔࡓࡵ㸪42ᖺ1᭶࡟ࡣᡓ᫬⏕⏘ᒁࡀᅜෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡓ᫬⏘ᴗືဨᶵᵓࢆ඲࡚ᐇ⾜࣭ㄪᩚࡍࡿ౯᱁⤫ไᮏ㒊࡟ࡼࡿ౯᱁⤫ไࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡑࡢ௚㸪ປാ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⤫ไࡣᡓ᫬ປാጤဨ఍ࡀᢸ࠸㸪ປാ㛵ಀࡢㄪᩚ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࣞࢵࢻ࣮ࣜࢫᗇࡀᢸ
࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡺ࠼࡟ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝᨻ⟇࡜ࡣ㸪ປാ⪅ࡢᡤᚓྥୖࢆᅗࡿ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿ
⏕⏘⤫ไ㸪౯᱁ᭀ㦐࡟ႍࡄ㎰ᴗ࣭ᕤᴗ㈨ᮏᐙ࡬ࡢᩆ῭⟇ࢆࡶྵࡴໟᣓⓗ࡞⤒῭⤫ไ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᛶ᱁ࡶഛ࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋ11) ࣡ࢢࢼ࣮ⴭࠗ㈈ᨻᏛ㸲㒊࠘࡟࠾࠸࡚ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡿ⛒⛯ཎ๎㸦࣡ࢢࢼ࣮⛒⛯ཎ๎㸧ࡣ㸪➨1ཎ๎ࠕ㈈ᨻᨻ⟇ୖࡢཎ๎ࠖ㸦༑ศࡢཎ๎࣭ᙎຊᛶࡢཎ๎㸧㸪➨2ཎ๎ࠕᅜẸ⤒῭ୖࡢཎ๎ࠖ㸦⛒⛯㑅ᢥࡢཎ๎࣭⛯㔜㑅ᢥࡢཎ๎㸧㸪➨3ཎ๎ࠕබṇࡢཎ๎ࠖ㸦ᬑ㐢ࡢཎ๎࣭බᖹࡢཎ๎㸧㸪➨4ཎ๎ࠕ⛯ົ⾜ᨻୖࡢཎ๎ࠖ㸦᫂☜ࡢ

18ཎ๎࣭౽ᐅࡢཎ๎࣭᭱ᑠᚩ⛯㈝ࡢཎ๎㸧㸪௨ୖ㸲✀㢮ࡢཎ๎࠿ࡽᡂ❧ࡍࡿࠋ12㸧1945ᖺ9᭶ᮎ㸪ඛࡎGHQ㸦㐃㑥ᅜ㌷᭱㧗ྖ௧ᐁ㸧⤒῭⛉Ꮫᒁࡢࢡ࣮࣐࣮ࣞᒁ㛗ࡀ୕஭㸪ఫ཭㸪Ᏻ⏣㸪୕⳻ࡢྛ㈈㛸㤳⬻ࢆ㠀බᘧ࡟Ṕゼࡋࡓ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟46ᖺ1᭶㸪᪥ᮏ㈈㛸ㄪᰝᅋ㸦࢚ࢻ࣮࣡ࢬㄪᰝᅋ㸧ࡢᅋ㛗࡜ࡋ࡚᪥ᮏࢆゼࢀࡓࢥ࣮࢘࢕࣭࢚ࣥࢻ࣮࣡ࢬࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᣢᰴ఍♫ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⤫㎄ࡉࢀࡓ᪥ᮏ㈈㛸ࢆࡳ࡚㦫ࡁࡢኌࢆ࠶ࡆ㸪᪥ᮏࡢၟᕤᴗࡢ኱㒊ศࢆᨭ㓄ࡍࡿ⏘ᴗ࡜㔠⼥ࡢ኱ࢥࣥࣅࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆゎయࡍࡿࡇ࡜㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㈈㛸ゎయࢆၐ࠼ࡓ㸦࢚ࢻ࣮࣡ࢬሗ࿌᭩㸧ࠋྠᖺ9᭶ୗ᪪࡟ࡣ㸪ࢡ࣮࣐࣮ࣞᒁ㛗ࡀ୕஭㸪୕⳻㸪ఫ཭㸪Ᏻ⏣ࡢᅄ኱㈈㛸ࡢ௦⾲࡟㈈㛸ゎయ᪉㔪ࢆఏ࠼㸪⮬๓ࡢㄪᰝᅋ࡟ࡼࡿᣦ᦬ࡢࡶ࡜ἲேᣢᰴ
࡟ࡼࡿ௻ᴗᨭ㓄ࡢゎయ㸪⊂༨⚗Ṇἲࡢไᐃࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ13㸧1947ᖺ9᭶Ⓨ⾲ࡢࠕ࢝࢘ࣇ࣐࣭࣏࣮ࣥࣞࢺࠖసᡂࡋࡓࢪ࢙࣮࣒ࢫ࣭㹊࣭࢝࢘ࣇ࣐ࣥࡣ᪥ᮏࡢඹ⏘୺⩏໬ࢆᠱᛕࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪᪩ࡃ࠿ࡽ㞟୰᤼㝖ࡢぢ┤ࡋࢆồࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ

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ࠕ㸺ไᗘࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ㸼࡜⌧௦⤒῭Ꮫࡢ㠉᪂㸫㹅㸬㹋㸬࣍ࢪࢯࣥࡢࠕ⌧௦ไᗘ୺⩏ࠖࢆ୰ᚰ࡟--ࠖ⣽ỤᏲ⣖࣭὾◁ᩗ㑻⦅ࠗ⌧௦⤒῭Ꮫࡢ㠉᪂࡜ᒎᮃ࠘஑ᕞ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍㸬㸳㸧☾㇂᫂ᚨ ࠝ1996ࠞࠕ㸺♫఍⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢไᗘศᯒ㸼࡟ྥࡅ࡚--ࠕไᗘࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࡬ࡢ୍
どⅬ--ࠖࠗ⤒῭ᏛྐᏛ఍ᖺሗ࠘➨ 34 ྕ㸬㸴) ఀ⸨ಟࠝ1995ࠞ
ࠗ᪥ᮏᆺ㔠⼥ᵓ㐀ࡢṔྐⓗศᯒ࠘ᮾி኱Ꮫฟ∧఍㸬㸴㸧☾㇂᫂ᚨ ࠝ2004ࠞࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫࡢࣇࣟࣥࢸ࢕࢔—⌮ㄽ࣭ᛂ⏝࣭ᨻ⟇—࣑࠘ࢿࣦࣝ࢓᭩ᡣ㸬㸵㸧᳜ᮧ༤ᜤࠝ1985ࠞ
ࠕᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡜࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ㸺㈨ᮏῶ౯㸼㸸ࢫࣛࢵࣇ࢓ᆺᅛᐃ㈨ᮏࣔࢹࣝ
ࡢ୍⯡໬୍ࠖࠗᶫㄽྀ࠘➨ 93 ᕳ➨ 2 ྕ㸬㸶㸧᳜ᮧ༤ᜤࠝ1988ࠞ
ࠕ㈨ᮏᚠ⎔࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈌ᖯಖⶶ࡜ಙ⏝㸫࣐ࣝࢡࢫࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࠊࡑࡢ⌧௦ⓗᒎ㛤㸫ࠖࠗᨻ⤒Ꮫ఍㞧ㄅ㸦Ⲉᇛ኱Ꮫ㸧࠘➨ 56 ྕ㸬㸷㸧᳜ᮧ༤ᜤࠝ1990ࠞ
ࠕ⌧௦㈨ᮏ⵳✚ㄽ࡜ᡤᚓศ㓄--฼₶୺ᑟᆺᡂ㛗࡜㈤㔠୺ᑟᆺᡂ㛗--ࠖࠗ⤒῭ホㄽ࠘➨ 39 ᕳ➨ 3 ྕ㸬
10㸧᳜ᮧ༤ᜤࠝ1991ࠞࠕࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ㸭㹑㹑㸿⌮ㄽ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ືᏛࡢゎᯒࠖࠗ⤒῭⌮ㄽᏛ఍ᖺሗ࠘➨ 28 㞟ࠊ㟷ᮌ᭩ᗑ㸬11㸧᳜ᮧ༤ᜤࠝ1991ࠞ
ࠕ⬺ᕤᴗ໬࡜㈨ᮏ⵳✚ࡢᵓ㐀ኚ໬㸸⵳✚ㄽⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠖࠗ⤒῭ホㄽ࠘
➨ 40 ᕳ➨ 11 ྕ㸬
12㸧᳜ᮧ༤ᜤࠝ1996ࠞࠕ⬺ᕤᴗ໬࡜㈨ᮏ⵳✚ࡢᵓ㐀ኚ໬¬¬࣏ࢫࢺ࣭࣐ࣝࢡࢩ࢔࣭ࣥ࢔ࣉࣟ
࣮ࢳࠖఀ⸨ㄔ࣭㔝ཱྀ┿࣭ᶓᕝಙ἞⦅㸦1996㸧࡟ᡤ཰㸬
13㸧᳜ᮧ༤ᜤࠝ2003ࠞไᗘศᯒ࡜ศ㓄⌮ㄽࡢ෌ᵓ⠏㸫๫వ⌮ㄽ࡜ Bowles-Gintis ⌮ㄽࡢ⤫ྜ㸫ࠖబ⸨Ⰻ୍⦅ࠝ2003ࠞᡤ཰ࠋ
14㸧᳜ᮧ༤ᜤ࣭ᾏ⪁ሯ࣭᫂☾㇂᫂ᚨ ࠝ1996ࠞࠕᡓᚋ᪥ᮏ⤒῭࡬ࡢࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࣭࢜ࣥ࢔ࣉࣟ
࣮ࢳ(1)(2)㸫ࠗ㝵ᒙⓗᕷሙ㸫௻ᴗࢿࢡࢧࢫ࠘ㄽ㸫ࠖࠗ⤒῭Ꮫ㞧ㄅ࠘➨ 96 ᕳ➨ 5㺃6 ྕࠊ➨ 97 ᕳ 2㺃3 ྕ㸬
15㸧᳜ᮧ༤ᜤࠊ☾㇂᫂ᚨࠊᾏ⪁ሯ᫂ࠝ2001ࠞࠕ♫఍⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢไᗘศᯒࠖྡྂᒇ኱Ꮫฟ
∧఍㸬
16㸧ෆᶫ㈼ᝅࠝ1995ࠞࠕࢩࣕ࢘ࣉ⛯ไ᪩ᮇᔂቯせᅉࡢゎ᫂ࠖ㟷ᒣᏛ㝔኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔⤒῭Ꮫ◊✲⛉ಟኈㄽᩥ㸬
17㸧ෆᶫ㈼ᝅࠝ2008ࠞࠗ50㸫60 ᖺ௦ࡢ່࿌㔠⼥ᨵ㠉࡜㈈㛸ᙧᡂ㸫ࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖࡢᛮࢃࡊࡿ
⤖ᯝ㸫࠘᪂ホㄽ㸬17㸧Ᏹோᏹᖾ ࠝ1998ࠞࠗᵓ㐀ኚ໬࡜㈨ᮏ⵳✚࠘᭷ᩫ㛶ࠋ
18㸧Ᏹோᏹᖾ࣭ᆏཱྀ᫂⩏࣭㐲ᒣᘯᚨ࣭㘠ᓥ┤ᶞࠝ2004ࠞࠗධ㛛 ♫఍⤒῭Ꮫ㸸㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿ࠘ࢼ࢝ࢽࢩࣖฟ∧㸬
19㸧Ἑᮧဴ஧ࠝ1995ࠞࠗࣃࢵࢡࢫ࢔࣓࣮ࣜ࢝ࢼࡢᙧᡂ㸫࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࠕ⥺᫬⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖࡢศ
ᯒ࠘ᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫㸬20㸧బࠎᮌẎࠝ1986ࠞࠗ⌧௦࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢಖᏲ୺⩏࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ㸬
21㸧బࠎᮌẎࠝ1993ࠞࠗ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢಖᏲ࡜ࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࠘ㅮㄯ♫㸬22) 㧗ᮌோࠝ1986ࠞࠗ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㔠⼥ᵓ㐀࠘ᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫㸬23㸧୰㔝⚽୍㑻ࠝ1982ࠞࠗ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ಖᏲ୺⩏ࡢ᚟ᶒࣇ࣮ࣂ࣮◊✲ᡤࢆࡵࡄࡿ▱㆑ே࠘᭷ᩫ㛶㸬24㸧⚟⏣Ḽ୍ࠝ1977ࠞ
ࠗẸ୺୺⩏࡜ࡑࡢᒎᮃ࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ㸬
25㸧⸨ཎಖಙࠝ1993ࠞࠗ⮬⏤୺⩏ࡢ෌᳨ウ࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ㸬
26㸧ᯇඖᏹࠝ1979ࠞ
ࠗ୕஭㈈㛸ࡢ◊✲࠘ྜྷᕝᘯᩥ㤋㸬
23㸧ࣝ࢖ࢫ㸪ࣁ࣮ࢶ㸸Louis Hartz㸸The Liberal Tradition in America㸪Harcourt Brace &Co㸬㸪
New York㸪1955㸦᭷㈡༟ヂࠝ1994ࠞࠗ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝⮬⏤୺⩏ࡢఏ⤫࠘ㅮㄯ♫㸬
20

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

ሗ࿌ࡢ㢟┠㸹ไᗘ⛣᳜ࡢᨻ⟇ᡭἲẶྡ㸹 ෆᶫ㈼ᝅ
ᡤᒓᶵ㛵࡜㐃⤡ඛ㸹ᶓ὾ᅜ❧኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ㒊㸦㠀ᖖ໅ㅮᖌ㸧ᶓ὾ᕷ㔠ἑ༊୪ᮌ 1㸫4㸫1㸫1401
࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ㸹ไᗘ⛣᳜࣭ᖹ➼୺⩏࣭ᑓไ୺⩏࣭༨㡿ᨻ⟇ࡢ㌿᥮࣭⤫ไ⤒῭(5)ሗ࿌せ᪨㸦1200Ꮠ௨ෆ㸧ࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖ࡜ࡣ㸪ᨻ἞ⓗ࣭㌷஦ⓗ࡟ඃ఩࡟❧ࡘᅜ࣭ᆅᇦࡀᨻ἞ⓗ࣭㌷஦ⓗ࡟⮬❧ࢆ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ᅜ࣭ᆅᇦ㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣᅜ㝿ⓗ㸪ᅜෆⓗせᅉ࡟ࡼࡾ࡞࠾⤒῭ⓗ⮬❧࡟⮳ࡽ࡞࠸ᅜ࣭ᆅ
ᇦ࡟ᑐࡋ㸪⮬ᅜᆺࡢᕷሙ୺⩏⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒⤒῭ไᗘࢆ⛣᳜ࡉࡏࡿእ஺ⓗᡓ␎ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢ㝿㸪ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡉࢀࡿࠕไᗘࠖ࡜ࡣไᐃἲ㸪❧᠇ⓗ࡞㈈⏘ᶒ࣮ࣝࣝࡸዎ⣙࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿつ⠊㸪☜❧ࡋࡓ⤌⧊య㸪ዎ⣙㸪ேࠎࡢᛮ⪃ែᗘࡢ⤌ྜ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ⩦័ࢆྵࡴ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐࣭࣮ࣝࣝ
ࣝ࡞ΰྜయࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡺ࠼࡟ࠕไᗘࠖࡢᙺ๭࡜ࡣ㸪ࠕ᪉ἲㄽⓗಶே୺⩏ࠖ࡟ዑ㉮ࡍࡿᕷሙཧධ⪅࡟⌮ᛶࢆ୚࠼,ࡲࡓ㈨ᮏཎ⌮ࡢᭀ㉮࡟ṑṆࡵࢆ᥃ࡅ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟⮬ࡽࢆࠕㄪᩚࠖࡍࡿ♫఍ཎ⌮㸦⤒῭ⓗࡶࡋࡃࡣ♫఍ⓗつไ㸧ࢆᑟධࡍࡿⅬ࡟㞟⣙ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᕷሙࡑࢀ⮬ࡽࡀ㝈⏺ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿಶࠎேࡢ➇தࡢሙ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ࠕᕷሙࠖࡀ฼ᕫ୺⩏ⓗ࡞㛵ࢃࡾྜ࠸ࢆᙉࡵ㸪ᕷሙཧධ⪅ࡢἲ࣭࣮ࣝࣝ࡟㛵ࢃࡿㅖไᗘࡶᑓไ୺⩏࡟࡜ࡾ୙㒔ྜ࡞ᡭẁ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ஺᥮ࠖࡢṇᙜᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ࡑࢀࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃ♫఍ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉
࡟㛵ࢃࡿ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪⾜ືつ⠊㸪័⾜㸪⮬ᕫ࡟ㄢࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࢥ࣮ࢻ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐
ࣝ࡞័⩦ࡢබᖹᛶ࡟ࡶཬࡧ㸪ᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ຠ⋡ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿ࡭ࡁࠕᕷሙ୺⩏ࠖࡀ㸪࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞័⩦ࡢ୙බᖹᛶࢆᙉࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡺ࠼࡟ࠕไᗘࠖࡀ௚ᅜ࡟ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖࡉࢀࡿሙྜ㸪ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟ᅜࡢ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐࣭࣮ࣝࣝࣝ
࡟័ᛶࡀ⏕ࡌ㸪ྠᅜࡢࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ㸪࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ཮᪉ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝ㛫࡟㌵㎚ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡞࠸ࡤ࠿
ࡾ࠿㸪ྠᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࣇ࢛࣮࣐࣭࣮ࣝࣝࣝࡉ࠼༑ศ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢᅜࠎ࡟࠾࠸࡚㺀⌮ᛶࢆకࢃ࡞࠸ᕷሙ୺⩏ࠖࡀᐃ╔ࡋ㸪ᕷሙࡣཧධ⪅ࡢḧồ୙‶࡟‶ࡕࡓ࢝࢜ࢫࡢሙ࡬࡜㌿໬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ⛣᳜ᑐ㇟ᅜࡢᑓไ୺⩏ࡀᕷሙࢆࠕㄪᩚࠖࡍࡿ♫఍ཎ⌮ࡢᶵ⬟ࢆዣ࠸ྲྀࡗࡓ௨ୖ㸪ᕷሙᵓ㐀ࡢ㡬Ⅼࢆ┠ᣦࡍࡓࡵࡢᶒጾḧ࡜㔠㖹ḧࢆ‶ࡓࡍᡭẁ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋື≀ⓗ㜚தᮏ⬟ࡢࡲࡲ᣺⯙࠺ᕷሙཧධ⪅ࡢᏑᅾࡀチࡉࢀࡿ⤖ᯝ㸪࠸ࢃࡤᕷሙ
ࡀ฼ᕫ୺⩏ⓗ࡞㛵ࢃࡾྜ࠸ࢆᙉࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᕷሙཧධ⪅ࡢἲ࣭࣮ࣝࣝ࡟㛵ࢃࡿㅖၥ㢟ࡀᑓไ୺⩏࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ไᚚࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ࡑࢀࡀྰᐃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡺ࠼࡟➇த୺⩏ᆺࡢࠕᶵ఍ࡢᖹ➼ࠖࢆၐ࠼ࡿ⡿ᅜࡀ㸪⮬ࡽࡀᚓព࡜ࡍࡿᕷሙ୺⩏ࢆ௚ᅜ࡟ࠕไᗘ⛣᳜ࠖࡍࡿ㝿㸪⛣᳜ᑐ㇟ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᕷሙࡣᑓไ୺⩏࡟ࡼࡿᕷሙ௓ධࢆᙉࡵࡿ࡜࠸
࠺⌧㇟ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕ⛣᳜ࠖᑐ㇟ᅜࡢᑒᘓⓗ࡞ఏ⤫ⓗಖᏲ୺⩏⪅ࡢࡶ࡜㸪ࡸࡀ࡚ຠ⋡ᛶࢆకࢃ࡞࠸⤒῭ⓗつไࡢ᧔ᗫ㸪ࡶࡋࡃࡣ⦆࿴࡟ẚ㔜ࢆ⨨ࡃࠕᕷሙᡓ␎ⓗ࢖ࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ
ᨻ⟇ࠖࡢࡳࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚㸪㠀ே᱁ⓗ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣᕷሙ⤒῭ᶒຊ࡟ࡼࡿᕪูࡉ࠼ṇᙜ໬ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜᆺᖹ➼୺⩏ᴫᛕࡢࠕ⛣᳜ࠖ࡜ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᑐ㇟ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚
᪂ྂ඾ὴᆺ᏶඲➇தࣔࢹࣝࡢᡂ❧ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪ྠᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᑓไ୺⩏⮬ࡽࡀ᭱኱฼┈ࢆாཷࡋᚓࡿሙࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

21

2013 㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍ሗ࿌ㄽᩥ

ᅜᐙබົဨไᗘࡢே஦ホ౯࡟㛵ࡍࡿㅖၥ㢟᪥ᮏ⤒῭኱Ꮫᡞ⏣ᏹ἞㸮㸬 ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
᪥ᮏࡢᅜᐙබົဨไᗘ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡍ࡛࡟ᡂᯝ୺⩏࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃே஦ホ౯ไᗘࡀᑟධࡉࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿࡀࠊᏛṔࡸ⫋Ṕ࡛ඃ఩࡟࠶ࡾࠊᑗ᮶ࢆკᮃࡉࢀࡿᐁ൉ࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ไᗘᨵṇࢆక࠺㒊⨫㸦඾ᆺⓗ࡟ࡣ᪂ἲࡢไᐃࠊ኱ࡁ࡞ἲᚊᨵṇ➼㸧࡟㓄ᒓࡉࢀࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᙼࡽࡀࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞㒊⨫࡟࠾࠸࡚௙஦࡟ኻᩋࡍࡿࣜࢫࢡࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟ప࠸ࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞㒊⨫࡟㓄ᒓࡉࢀࡓ⪅ࡀ 360
ᗘホ౯ࡸࡑࢀ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃホุ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡣᅽಽⓗ࡟᭷฼࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ➇த࡟ཧຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᙜ஦⪅ࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽぢࢀࡤࠊᖺḟ୺⩏ࡀ➇தಁ㐍ⓗ࡞ไᗘ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼࡟ࡃ࠸ࠋ
ࡴࡋࢁྠᮇᶓ୪ࡧ᪼㐍ࡣࠕ㛗ᮇ㛫࡟ࢃࡓࡿ➇தࠖࢆಁࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠕ㛗ᮇ㛫࡟ࢃࡓࡿ⾲㠃ⓗ࡞➇தࠖ࡟ᩋࢀࡓሙྜࡢಖ㝤࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ➇த⪅ࡢࣔࣛࣝࣁࢨ࣮ࢻࢆ㜵࠸ࡔ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛㔜せࡔࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊྠᮇᶓ୪ࡧ࡛ฎ㐝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ୍ᐃࣞ
࣋ࣝࡲ࡛ࡢ࣏ࢫࢺࡀಖ㞀ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋࠊࡓ࡜࠼➇த࡟ᩋࢀࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢฎ㐝ࡀಖ㞀ࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊࣔࣛࣝࣁࢨ࣮ࢻ࡟㝗ࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃ㛗ᮇ㛫ࡢ➇த࡟ཧຍࡋ⥆ࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡟
࡞ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡔ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࣔࣛࣝࣁࢨ࣮ࢻ࡟㝗ࡽ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ಖ㞀ࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ➹⪅ࡀ▱ࡿ㝈ࡾࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ⤥୚Ỉ‽࡟኱ࡁ࡞୙‶ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᐁ൉ࡣᑡ࡞࠸ࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜
ࡣࠊ⮬ศࡢᴗ⦼ࡀṇࡋࡃホ౯ࡉࢀࠊ⬟ຊࢆᏑศ࡟Ⓨ᥹࡛ࡁࡿ⫋ሙࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ௒ᚋࡢ࢖ࣥ
ࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࡜ࡋ࡚ᚲせ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࠋࡴࢁࢇࠊࡑࢀࡣࠕኳୗࡾࠖ࡜ࡣ␗㉁ࡢປാᕷሙࡢ୰࡟
ぢฟࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋබົປാ࡛ࡣࠊᴗ⦼ࢆᩘ್໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᅔ㞴࡞ሙྜࡀከ࠸ࠋࡑࡢ
ࡓࡵࠊ⤯ᑐホ౯ࡼࡾࡶ┦ᑐホ౯ࡢ᪉ࡀࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࡢᇶ‽ࢆ࡝࠺ࡍࡿ࠿ࡀၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡍ࡛࡟┦ᑐホ౯ࢆᑟධࡋ࡚࠸ࡿẸ㛫௻ᴗࡢ࡞࠿࡟ࡣ♫ဨྠኈࡢ㊊ࡢᘬࡗᙇࡾྜ࠸ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࢳ࣮࣒࣭࣮࣡ࢡࢆ㧗ࡵ࡚࠸ࡃ࡭ࡁ࠿ࡀ㔜せ࡞ㄢ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᅜᐙබົဨไᗘᨵ㠉ᇶᮏἲ࡛ࡣࠊ᪂ࡓ࡟ෆ㛶ே஦ᒁࢆタ⨨ࡋࠊே஦ホ౯ࡢᇶ‽ࢆ᫂☜࡟ࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊෆ㛶ࡀᖿ㒊⫋ဨࡢே஦ࢆ୍ඖⓗ࡟ᢅ࠺ࡇ࡜࡜ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ⿢㔞ᶒࡢ኱ࡁ࡞
ᖿ㒊⫋ဨ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ┬┈ඃඛࡢ⾜ືࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆᗫࡋࠊෆ㛶ࡀᅜẸ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ㄝ᫂㈐௵ࢆᯝࡓ
ࡍࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ྠἲ࡛ࡣࠊᐁẸࡢேᮦ஺ὶࢆάⓎ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ
࡜ࡶ┒ࡾ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊẸ㛫ࡢປാᕷሙ࡛ࡶ㏻⏝ࡍࡿࢫ࢟ࣝࢆ㌟࡟௜ࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡟
ࡼࡗ࡚ᡤᒓ┬ᗇ௨እ࠿ࡽࡶ㧗࠸ホ౯ࢆᚓࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㸯㸬 ே஦ホ౯ไᗘࡢᵓ⠏ᅜᐙබົဨไᗘᨵ㠉ࡢ࣏࢖ࣥࢺࡣே஦ホ౯ไᗘࡢᵓ⠏࡟࠶ࡿࠋ⌧ᅾࠊே஦㝔ࡣᅜᐙබົဨἲ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊே஦㝔つ๎ 10㸫2 ࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
➨2᮲໅ົホᐃࡣࠊ⫋ဨࡀ๭ࡾᙜ࡚ࡽࢀࡓ⫋ົ࡜㈐௵ࢆ㐙⾜ࡋࡓᐇ⦼㸦௨ୗࠗ໅ົᐇ⦼࠘

࡜࠸࠺ࠋ㸧ࢆᙜヱᐁ⫋ࡢ⫋ົ㐙⾜ࡢᇶ‽࡟↷ࡽࡋ࡚ホᐃࡋࠊ୪ࡧ࡟ᇳົ࡟㛵㐃ࡋ࡚ぢࡽࢀࡓ⫋ဨࡢᛶ᱁ࠊ⬟ຊཬࡧ㐺ᛶࢆබṇ࡟♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
2໅ົホᐃࡣࠊ࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌࡵヨ㦂ⓗ࡞ᐇ᪋ࡑࡢ௚ࡢㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࠊホᐃࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟㆑ูຊࠊ
ಙ㢗ᛶཬࡧጇᙜᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࠊୟࡘࠊᐜ᫆࡟ᐇ᪋࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ☜࠿ࡵࡓࡶࡢ࡛
࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ

3໅ົᐇ⦼ࡢホᐃ᪉ἲࡣࠊḟࡢྛྕ࡟ᐃࡵࡿᇶ‽࡟ヱᙜࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ

㸦㸯㸧⫋ဨࡢ໅ົᐇ⦼ࢆศᯒⓗ࡟ホ౯ࡋ࡚グ㘓ࡋࠊཪࡣලయⓗ࡟グ㏙ࡋࠊࡇࢀ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚⥲ྜⓗ࡟ホ౯ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࠋ
㸦㸰㸧2 ௨ୖࡢ⪅࡟ࡼࡿホ౯ࢆྵࡴ➼≉ᐃࡢ⪅ࡢᑓ᩿ࢆ㜵ࡄᡭ⥆ࢆලഛࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࠋ㸦㸱㸧ホᐃࢆཷࡅࡿ⫋ဨࡢᩘ୪ࡧ࡟⫋ົࡢ✀㢮ཬࡧ」㞧࡜㈐௵ࡢᗘࢆ⪃៖ࡋ୍࡚ᣓࡍࡿࡇ
࡜ࡀ㐺ᙜ࡜ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿ⫋ဨࡢ㞟ᅋ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊホⅬࡢศᕸࢆᐃࡵࠊཪࡣᖹᆒⅬᩘࢆつไࡍࡿ➼ホᐃࡢ㆑ูຊࢆቑࡋࠊୟࡘࠊࡑࡢ୙ᆒ⾮ࡢ᫝ṇࢆᐜ᫆࡟ࡍࡿᡭ⥆ࢆලഛࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࠋ
➨4᮲

ᡤ㎄ᗇࡢ㛗ࡣࠊ໅ົホᐃࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟ᛂࡌࡓᥐ⨨ࢆㅮࡎࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࠊ໅ົᡂ⦼ࡢⰋ
ዲ࡞⫋ဨ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡇࢀࢆඃ㐝ࡋ࡚⫋ဨࡢᚿẼࢆࡓ࠿ࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟ດࡵࠊ໅ົᡂ
⦼ࡢ୙Ⰻ࡞⫋ဨ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᇳົୖࡢᣦᑟࠊ◊ಟࡢᐇ᪋ཬࡧ⫋ົࡢ๭ᙜࡢኚ᭦➼ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊཪࡣ㓄⨨᥮ࡑࡢ௚㐺ᙜ࡜ㄆࡵࡿᥐ⨨ࢆㅮࡎࡿࡼ࠺࡟ດࡵ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞
࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊἲไᗘୖࡣ໅ົホᐃ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃே஦ホ౯ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡜ࡇ
ࢁࡀࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣ㸦㸯㸧ఱࡀホ౯ࡢᇶ‽࡞ࡢ࠿ࡀ୙᫂☜ࠊ㸦㸰㸧᥇⏝ヨ㦂ࡢ✀㢮࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡑࡢ
ᚋࡢ࢟ࣕࣜ࢔ࡀỴࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ
㸦㸱㸧ಧ⤥⾲ࡣᖺຌᗎิⓗ࡞ࡋࡃࡳ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ➼ࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᅜᐙබົဨไᗘࡣࠊไᗘ࡜㐠⏝࡟኱ࡁ࡞ࢠࣕࢵࣉࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
2001 ᖺ 3 ᭶࡟ෆ㛶ᐁᡣ࣭බົဨไᗘ➼ᨵ㠉᥎㐍ᐊࡀⓎ⾲ࡋࡓࠕබົဨไᗘᨵ㠉ࡢ኱ᯟࠖ࡟ࡣࠕ࠾ᙺᡤ௙஦࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡀࠊ୙ぶษࠊ㠀ຠ⋡ࡢ௦ྡモ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ஂࡋ࠸ࠋ௒ࡇࡑࠊᅜẸࡢዊ௙⪅࡛࠶ࡿබົဨࡢཎⅬ࡟❧ࡕ㏉ࡗ࡚ࠊࢥࢫࢺព㆑ࡸ㢳ᐈࢧ࣮ࣅࢫព㆑ࢆ᰿௜࠿ࡏ࡞
ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋᅜẸ⏕ά࡟Ḟ࠿ࡏ࡞࠸ᴗົ࡟ࠊ౑࿨ឤࢆᣢࡗ࡚ࠊ᪥ኪᆅ㐨࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿබົဨࡶከ࠸ࠋࡓࡔࠊ౛࠼ࡤ๓౛୺⩏ࡸண⟬ᾘ໬୺⩏ࡀ⶝ᘏࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࠿ࠊᅜẸࡢどⅬ࡟❧ࡗ࡚෌Ⅼ᳨ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࠖ࡜⮬ࡽၥ࠸࠿ࡅࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓどⅬ࠿ࡽᨵ㠉ࡢᇶᮏ᪉ྥࢆ㸦㸯㸧ಙ㈹ᚲ⨩ࡢே஦ไᗘࡢ☜❧ࠊ㸦㸰㸧ከᵝ࡞ேᮦࡢ☜ಖ࣭⫱ᡂ࣭ά⏝ࠊ㸦㸱㸧㐺ṇ࡞෌ᑵ⫋࣮ࣝࣝࡢ☜❧࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᅜᐙබົဨ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢟ࣕࣜ࢔ไᗘ࡟ࡣࠕ௰㛫࠺ࡕࡢホ౯ࠖ
㸦peer review㸧࡟ࡼࡿ⊂≉ࡢே஦ホ౯ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࢟ࣕࣜ࢔ᐁ൉ࡢሙྜࠊᙼࡽࡢ᪼௵ࡣࣀ࣭ࣥ࢟ࣕࣜ࢔࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ
࡚㠀ᖖ࡟㏿࠸ࡓࡵࠊ1 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 3 ᖺ⛬ᗘ࡛㒊⨫ࢆ⛣ືࡋࠊྛ┬ᗇࡢㄢ㛗⣭࡟ࡲ࡛ࡣ࡯ࡰ඲ဨࡀ
⮬ືⓗ࡟᪼௵࡛ࡁࡿ㸦㏆ᖺࠊ࣏ࢫࢺࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵ᪼௵࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿ㸧ࠋࡓࡔࠊࡑࡇ࠿ࡽᒁ㛗ࡸᑂ㆟ᐁ࡞࡝ࠊୖ఩࡬ࡢ᪼௵࡟ࡣࠕྠ൉ࡢホ౯ࠖࡀ኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆᣢࡘࠋࡋ࠿
ࡋࠊᅜẸ⏕άࡢ฼┈࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㈉⊩ᗘࡸ௚ࡢ┬ᗇ࠿ࡽࡢホ౯ࡀධࡾ㎸ࡴవᆅࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ᪼௵ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓᐁ൉ࡣࠊ⫋ົ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀ኱ᖜ࡟పୗ
ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࠊࡲࡓࠊୗ࠿ࡽୖࡀࡗ࡚ࡃࡿᚋ㍮࡟࣏ࢫࢺࢆㆡࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ
ᐃᖺࢆᚅࡘࡇ࡜࡞ࡃ⫋ሙࢆ㞳ࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡶ▷ᮇ㛫࡛␗ືࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡍࡓࡵࠊ୍⯡ࡢປാᕷሙ࡛ࡶ㏻⏝ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᑓ㛛ⓗ࡞ࢫ࢟ࣝࢆ㌟࡟ࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽ
ࡎࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕኳୗࡾࠖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⬟ຊ௨ୖࡢᚅ㐝ࢆཷࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᡤᒓࡍࡿ⤌⧊࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㐣๫࡞ᛅㄔᚰࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࠕኳୗࡾࠖࡣࠊᐃᖺ๓࡟⫋ሙࢆ㞳ࢀࡿᐁ൉࡟࡜
ࡗ࡚ࡣ኱ࡁ࡞௦᭰࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ᅜ఍ࡸୡㄽ࡞࡝࠿ࡽ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋᢈุࡉࢀ࡚ࡶไᗘᨵ㠉ࡀ㐍ࡲ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᐁ൉࡟ࡣ㧗࠸⫋ᴗ೔⌮ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃ
ࢀࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ័⾜㸦┬ᗇูࡢ௵⏝ไᗘ࡜࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞࢟ࣕࣜ࢔࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸧ࡀ┬┈ඃඛࡢ⾜ືࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍཎᅉࡢ୍ࡘ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
බົဨࡢປാࡣࠕࢳ࣮࣒⏕⏘᪉ᘧ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋࢳ࣮࣒࡟ࡼࡿປാࡣࠊࢳ࣮࣒ᵓᡂဨࡀྠࡌ
ᢏ⾡ࢆ⿵᏶ࡋ࠶࠺ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢእ㒊ᛶࡀ⏕ࡌࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟༠ㄪࡋ࡚ࡑࢀ࡟ᑐฎࡍࡿࡇ
࡜࡛ࠊ⤌⧊඲యࡢ฼┈ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺฼Ⅼࢆᣢࡘࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡿ࡞
ࡽࡤࠊ௰㛫࠺ࡕࡢホ౯ࡣᮏேࡀᡤᒓࡍࡿ㒊⨫௨እ࠿ࡽࡶᖜᗈࡃ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ

㸰㸬ࢳ࣮࣒⏕⏘࡜࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ
බົဨไᗘࡢ≉ᚩࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠕࢳ࣮࣒⏕⏘᪉ᘧࠖࡢ≉ᚩ࡜ၥ㢟Ⅼ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ゐࢀ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ⾜ᨻᶵ㛵ࡢෆ㒊࡛ࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕ኱㒊ᒇ୺⩏ࠖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚௙஦ࡀ๭ࡾᙜ࡚ࡽࢀࠊྛ⫋ဨࡢ⫋㈐ࡸᶒ㝈࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ᫂☜࡞つᐃࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ」㞧࡞ᴗົ࡟ᑐࡍࡿேⓗ㈨※㓄ศࡢᰂ㌾ᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࢳ࣮࣒ࡀ༠ຊࡋ࡚௵ົ࡟ᙜࡓࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿ⏕⏘ຊྥୖ➼ࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡔࡀࠊྛ⫋ဨࡢດຊỈ‽ࡀṇ☜࡟ࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡉࢀ࡟ࡃ࠸ࡓࡵࠊࠕ⬟ຊ➼⣭ไᗘࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᡂᯝ୺⩏࡟ࡼࡿே஦ホ౯࡛ࡣ▩┪ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡲࡎࠊ
ࢳ࣮࣒⏕⏘࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄽⅬࢆᩚ⌮ࡋ࡚࠾ࡁࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊ⌧ᅾࡢไᗘᨵ㠉ࢆ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
ࢳ࣮࣒⏕⏘࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀၥ㢟࡜ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ࣐ࢿ࣮ࢪ࣮ࣕ࡟ࡼࡿࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢࡀ୙᏶඲࡟
ࡋ࠿⾜ࢃࢀ࡞࠸≧ἣ࡛ࠊ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡣࢭ࢝ࣥࢻ࣭࣋ࢫࢺࡢᡓ␎ࢆ࡜ࡽࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸࡜ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࢳ࣮࣒⏕⏘࡛ࡣࠊࢳ࣮࣒ᵓᡂဨࡢ㝈⏺⏕⏘ᛶࡣᐃ୙ྍ⬟࠿ࠊ

ᐃࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ኱ࡁ࡞

㈝⏝ࡀᚲせ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࠕ ᐃࡢࡓࡵࡢ㈝⏝ࠖ㸦monitoring cost㸧ࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࠊ
ࡑࡢ㈝⏝࡟ぢྜࡗࡓປാࡢᡂᯝࡀᮇᚅ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ሙྜࠊࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࢆ୍ᐃỈ‽࡟㝈ᐃࡋ࡚࠾ࡃ
᪉ࡀྜ⌮ⓗ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ⮬ศࡢດຊࢆࠕᛰࡅࠖ㸦shirk㸧ࠊ௚ேࡢᡂᯝࢆ⮬ᕫ฼┈࡟⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࣇ࣮࣭ࣜࣛ࢖ࢻ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࠋ⮬ศࡢࠕດຊỈ‽ࠖ㸦effort level㸧ࡀṇ☜࡟ ᐃࡉࢀࡎࠊ
ࠕດຊ㸼ሗ㓘࡛ࠖࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ุ
᩿ࡋࡓሙྜࠊປാ౪⤥ࡣሗ㓘Ỉ‽௨ୗ࡜࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊୖྖ࡟ࢦ࣐ࡍࡾࢆ
⾜ࡗ࡚ດຊ௨ୖࡢホ౯ࢆཷࡅࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜࡣࠕᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡓࡵࡢ㈝⏝ࠖ
㸦influence cost㸧ࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࠋ㏫࡟ࠊࢳ࣮࣒ࡢ⏕⏘㢠࡟ẚ౛ࡋࡓሗ㓘ࡀಖドࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ⮬ศࡢດຊỈ‽ࢆᘬࡁୗࡆ࡚ࡶࢳ࣮࣒ࡢ⏕⏘㢠࡟ኚ໬ࡀ࡞࠸ሙྜࡶࠊ
ࡸࡣࡾࠕᛰࡅࠖࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ࠾ࡑࢀࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࢳ࣮࣒⏕⏘࡟࠾ࡅࡿၥ㢟ࡢゎỴ⟇࡟ࡣ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ᪉ἲࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ㸦㸯㸧 ⏕⏘㢠㸻ሗ㓘⏕⏘㢠ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࢆࢳ࣮࣒ᵓᡂဨࡀཷࡅྲྀࡿࠋࢳ࣮࣒ࡀᡂᯝࢆฟࡏࡤฟࡍ࡯࡝ᵓᡂ
ဨࡢሗ㓘ࡣቑ࠼ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡇࡢ᪉ἲࡣ᭷ຠ࡞࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣ⤒Ⴀ⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿሗ㓘ࡸ௚ࡢྲྀᘬඛ࡬ࡢᨭᡶ࠸ࡶᚲせ࡟࡞ࡿࡓࡵࠊ⌧ᐇⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ㸦㸰㸧 ࢳ࣮࣒࡟୍ᐃࡢࣀ࣐ࣝࢆㄢࡋࠊ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ሙྜࡣሗ㓘ࢆ 0 ࡟ࡍࡿ⏕⏘㢠ࡀࣀ࣐ࣝ࡟㐩ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ࡁࡣሗ㓘ࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊᙜึࡢዎ
⣙ࢆ◚Რࡋ࡚ࠊ⏕⏘㢠ศࢆཷࡅྲྀࢁ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡢሙྜࡣ෌஺
΅࡟ࡼࡿ஦ᚋⓗ࡞㠀ຠ⋡ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࠊ࣌ࢼࣝࢸ࢕࣮ࡢᒚ⾜࡟ᅔ㞴ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋ㸦㸱㸧 ᵓᡂဨࡢປാ౪⤥࡟ᛂࡌࡓ㈤㔠ࢆಖドࡍࡿ
B.࣒࣍ࣝࢫࢺ࣮࣒ࣟࡣࠊ඲࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺዎ⣙ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿᆒ⾮ண⟬ไ⣙ୗ࡛ࡣࢳ࣮࣒⏕⏘ࡣຠ⋡ⓗ࡞⏕⏘Ỉ‽ࢆ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ୙ᆒ⾮ண⟬ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊ
ࢼࢵࢩࣗᆒ⾮࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢຠ⋡ⓗ⏕⏘ࡀᐇ⌧ࡉࢀࡿ᮲௳ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࡓ 1ࠋ࣒࣍ࣝࢫࢺ࣮࣒ࣟ
࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊࢳ࣮࣒⏕⏘᪉ᘧ࡛ຠ⋡ⓗ࡞⏕⏘ࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ࣌ࢼࣝࢸ࢕࣮ࡢ᮲
௳ࡀࡘ࠸ࡓሗ㓘య⣔ࡀᚲせ࡛ࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࢳ࣮࣒እࡢ➨୕⪅ࠊࡘࡲࡾࠊࣉࣜࣥࢩ
ࣃࣝࡢᏑᅾࡀ୙ྍḞ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࡇࡢࣉࣜࣥࢩࣃࣝࡣᰴ୺⥲఍࡟ฟᖍࡍࡿࡔࡅࡢᰴ୺ࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ꮡᅾ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡢᴗົࢆࣔࢽࢱ࣮࡛ࡁࡿᏑᅾ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡔࡀࠊࡇࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚M.࢚ࢫ࣡ࣛࣥ࡜A.ࢥࢺ࣡ࣝࡣࠊ᪂ࡓ࡟ࢳ࣮࣒ෆ㒊࡟ࣉࣜࣥࢩ
ࣃࣝࢆᑟධࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟ࠕ⿬ྲྀᘬࠖ㸦side

contract㸧ࢆ⾜࠾࠺࡜࠸࠺࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࢆⓎ⏕ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࠊࢳ࣮࣒ᵓᡂဨࡀ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡢࡳࡢ࡜ࡁ࡜
1

B.Holmström,‘Moral Hazard in Team ’, The Bell Journal of Economics,
Vol.13,1982, 324-340p.

ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞ዎ⣙ၥ㢟ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍ࡜ࡋ࡚࣒࣍ࣝࢫࢺ࣮࣒ࣟࡢ୺ᙇࢆᢈุࡋࡓ 2ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊࣉࣜࣥࢩࣃࣝࡀࢳ࣮࣒ෆࡢ 1 ேࡢ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࡟ᑐࡋࠊពᅗⓗ࡟ᛰࡅࡿ⣙᮰ࢆ஺ࢃࡋࡓ࡜ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ௚ࡢࢳ࣮࣒ᵓᡂဨࡀ༑ศ࡞ປാ౪⤥ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡶ㐃ᖏ㈐௵࡜ࡋ࡚ࢳ࣮࣒඲య࡟࣌ࢼࣝࢸ࢕࣮ࢆㄢࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵࠊ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࡬
ࡢሗ㓘ࢆᑡ࡞ࡃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ࡴࢁࢇࠊ࣒࣍ࣝࢫࢺ࣮࣒ࣟࡶ⿬ྲྀᘬࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᙼ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊࡇ
࠺ࡋࡓྲྀᘬࡣᚲࡎᐇ⾜ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࡇࡢ✀ࡢྲྀᘬࡣࠕ❧ドྍ⬟ᛶࠖࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࡓࡵᙉไຊࢆᣢࡕ࡟ࡃ࠸ࠊࡘࡲࡾࠊ⿬ྲྀᘬࡢࠕ⿬ษࡾࠖࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡸࡍ࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊఀ⸨⚽ྐẶࡽࡢศᯒ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢሙྜࠕṧవ㈈⏘ㄳồᶒࠖࡢ୍㒊ࡀᰴ୺࠿ࡽ⤒Ⴀ⪅࡟ጤㆡࡉࢀࠕṧవࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝᶒࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠾
ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊᚑᴗဨ࡟ඹ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡀ༨᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔ࡜࠸
࠺ 3ࠋఀ⸨Ặࡽ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡣ㒊ୗࢆࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡋࠊᰝᐃࢆࡘ࠺ࡌ࡚᪼㐍ࢆỴࡵࡿᶒ㝈ࢆᣢࡘࠋࡓࡔࠊࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࡍ࡭࡚ࡢពᛮỴᐃࡀ⤒Ⴀ⪅࡟㞟୰ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព
࿡ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊᶒ฼ࡢ୍㒊ࡀ㒊ୗ࡟᫂♧ⓗ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᬯ㯲ⓗ࡟ጤㆡࡉࢀࠊ㔜せᛶࡢ㧗࠸஦㡯࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣୖ఩⪅࡟ࡼࡿពᛮỴᐃࡀᚲせࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦㸲㸧 ࢺ࣮ࢼ࣓ࣥࢺ᪉ᘧ࡟ࡼࡿ᪼㐍➇தࢳ࣮࣒ᵓᡂဨࡢດຊࢆ⤯ᑐᴗ⦼ホ౯ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᅔ㞴࡞࡜ࡁࠊ┦ᑐᴗ⦼ホ౯࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕᗎิࢺ࣮ࢼ࣓ࣥࢺ᪉ᘧࠖ
㸦rank order tournament㸧࡟ࡼࡿ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞᪼㐍➇தࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㛗ᮇ࡜࡞ࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ▷ᮇ㛫࡛ᚑᴗဨࡢᢏ⬟࣭㐺ᛶࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿ࡜ㄗᕪࡀ⏕ࡌࡸࡍࡃࠊᚑᴗဨࡢࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ᝏᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᪉ᘧࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊ⤯ᑐⓗ࡞ホ౯ᇶ‽ࡼࡾࡶᑡ࡞࠸᝟ሗ㔞࡛ࢳ࣮࣒ෆࡢ᭱኱ᡂᯝࢆᣲࡆࡓᚑᴗဨ࡟
኱ࡁ࡞ሗ㓘࡜᪼㐍ࡢᶵ఍ࢆಖドࡍࡿⅬ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᪉ᘧࡢព⩏ࡣࠊᚑᴗဨࡀࡑࡢ௻
ᴗ࡟␃ࡲࡿ㝈ࡾࠊ᪼㐍➇தࢆ຾ࡕᢤࡃࡓࡵ࡟⮬ศࡢດຊỈ‽ࢆ㧗ࡃ⥔ᣢࡋ⥆ࡅ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸Ⅼ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡶࠊ୍⯡࡟௻ᴗつᶍࡀ኱ࡁ࠸࡯࡝➇த࡟຾ࡕᢤࡃ☜⋡ࡀపୗࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ຾ࡕᢤ࠸ࡓே࡟ࡣࠕᡂຌሗ㓘ࠖࡢព࿡ྜ࠸ࢆ㎸ࡵ࡚ᕧ㢠ࡢሗ㓘ࢆಖドࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡀᚑᴗဨࡢࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆ⥔ᣢࡉࡏࡿࠋࢳ࣮࣒⏕⏘࡟࡜ࡶ࡞࠺㠀ᑐ⛠᝟ሗࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⮬ᕫ㑅ᢥࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡀᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡣ⦆࿴ࡉࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࢳ࣮࣒ෆ㒊࡛ࡢ➇தࡣࠊᵓᡂဨࡢດຊࢆಁࡍ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ➇த࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࢳ
࣮࣒࣭࣮࣡ࢡࡀ◚ቯࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᴗ⦼ࡢ┦ᑐⓗホ౯࡛ࡣࠊ⮬2

3

M.EswaranࠊA.Kotwal,‘The Moral Hazard of Budget-breaking̓㸪The Rand Journalof Economics, Vol.15, No.4 , 1984,Winter, 578-581p.
ఀ⸨⚽ྐ࣭ᯘ⏣ಟ࣭‫‮‬ᮏ♸ྖࠕ୰㛫⤌⧊࡜ෆ㒊⤌⧊ࠖࠊఀ୹ᩗஅ࣭ຍㆤ㔝ᛅ⏨࣭ఀ⸨ඖ㔜⦅࣮ࠗࣜࢹ࢕ࣥࢢࢫ ᪥ᮏࡢ௻ᴗࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠘➨ 1 ᕳ࡟ᡤ཰ࠊ᭷ᩫ㛶ࠊ1992 ᖺࠋศ⮬㌟ࡢດຊỈ‽ࢆୖࡆࡿࡼࡾྠ൉ࡢᴗ⦼ࢆ◚ቯࡍࡿ࡯࠺ࡀᐜ᫆࡞ሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇ
ࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪼㐍➇தࡀ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈຠᯝࢆⓎ᥹ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊఱࢆᴗ⦼࡜ࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸
࠺ᇶ‽ࡀ᫂☜࡛ࠊࡋ࠿ࡶࢳ࣮࣒ᵓᡂဨࡢᡯ⬟࡟኱ࡁ࡞᱁ᕪࡀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺᮲௳ࢆ‶ࡓࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦㸳㸧 ⫋ᴗ೔⌮࡜௰㛫࠿ࡽࡢホ౯ࢳ࣮࣒ᵓᡂဨ࡟ᙉ࠸⫋ᴗ೔⌮ࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢࡀ୙༑ศ࡛ࡶᛰࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞
ࡃࠊ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟ດຊỈ‽ࢆ㧗ࡃタᐃࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡲࡓࠊ
ࠕ௰㛫࠿ࡽࡢホ౯ࠖࡀᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊດຊỈ‽ࡢప࠸ᵓᡂဨ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠕ࠶࠸ࡘࡣࢲ࣓ࡔ࠿ࡽ㎡ࡵ࡚ࡶࡽ࠾࠺ࠖ࡜ࡋ
࡚ࢳ࣮࣒࠿ࡽ᤼㝖ࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊࣇ࣮࣭ࣜࣛ࢖ࢻ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡣ
ᢚไࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡓࡔࠊ௰㛫࠿ࡽࡢホ౯࡟ࡣ㈇ࡢຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ὀពࡀᚲせࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ௰㛫࠿ࡽࡢホ౯ࢆ⤯ᑐホ౯࡜ࡋ࡚Ⅼᩘ໬ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡀ┤᥋ᮏேࡢฎ㐝࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿሙྜࠊ
௰㛫࡜ྲྀᘬࡋ࡚࠾஫࠸࡟㧗࠸Ⅼᩘࢆ௜ࡅྜ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋ㏫࡟ࠊ┦ᑐホ౯࡟ࡍࡿ࡜௰㛫࡟ᑐࡍࡿホ౯ࡀపࡃ࡞ࡾࡍࡂࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓホ౯᪉ἲࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿሙྜࠊ」ᩘࡢୖྖ࡟ࡼࡿࢳ࢙ࢵࢡࡸホ౯࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࢆᐃᮇⓗ࡟ධࢀ᭰࠼ࡿ࡞࡝ࡢᕤኵࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊୖྖ⮬㌟ࡶྠ൉ࡸ㒊ୗ࠿ࡽࡢホ౯ࢆཷࡅ
ࡿࠕ360 ᗘホ౯ࠖࡶᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ࢟ࣕࣜ࢔ᐁ൉ࡣ஦ᐇୖ 360 ᗘホ౯ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ
࡜ᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊホ౯ᇶ‽ࢆ᫂☜࡟ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤไᗘ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࢳ࣮࣒࡟ࡼࡿ⏕⏘ࡣࠊಶูࡢປാᢞධࢆྜィࡋࡓ௨ୖࡢຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸ࢃ
ࢀࡿࡀࠊಶูࡢᴗ⦼ࡀホ౯ࡋ࡟ࡃ࠸ࡓࡵࠊࣇ࣮࣭ࣜࣛ࢖ࢻࡸ࢖ࣥࣇ࣮࢚ࣜࣗࣥࢫ࣭ࢥࢫࢺ
ࡢၥ㢟ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊᡂᯝ୺⩏ࡢ㈤㔠ไᗘࢆᑟධࡋ࡚࠸ࡿẸ㛫௻ᴗ࡛ࡣࠊಶே࡟
ᑐࡍࡿ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ௜୚࡜ࢳ࣮࣒࣭࣮࣡ࢡࡢ୧❧ࡀ኱ࡁ࡞ㄢ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋẸ㛫௻ᴗࡼࡾࡣࡿ࠿࡟ᴗົࡀከᵝ࡛」㞧࡞ᅜᐙබົဨࡢሙྜࠊࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡣࡼ࡯࡝ៅ㔜࡟᳨ウࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ㸱㸬 ᡂᯝ୺⩏࡬ࡢᢈุ㸦㸯㸧⤒ႠᏛࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽ⤒ႠᏛࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽᡂᯝ୺⩏࡬ࡢᢈุࡣᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ㧗ᶫఙኵẶࡣ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢ≉ᚩ࡜࠸ࢃࢀࡿࠕᖺຌᗎิ㈤㔠ไࠖࡣྠᮇධ♫ࡢ♫ဨ㛫࡛ࡣ➇தཎ⌮ࡀࡉ࡯࡝ാ࠸࡚࠸࡞࠸
ࡼ࠺࡞༳㇟ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡀࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣ᪼㐍࣭᪼⤥ࢆᕠࡗ࡚⃭ࡋ࠸➇தࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ㝿ࠊୖྖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⬟ຊࡸᡂᯝࡀཝࡋࡃᰝᐃࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵࠕᖺຌ࡛ࠖࡣ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠕᖺຌᗎิ࡛ࠖࡣ

࡞࠸࡜୺ᙇࡉࢀࡿ 4ࠋࡇࡢᣦ᦬ࡣබົປാ࡟ᙜ࡚ࡣࡵ࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ୰㔝๛ᚿẶࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡿ 5ࠋࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⾜ᨻ⤌⧊ෆ࡛ࡣࠊ≉࡟࢟ࣕࣜ࢔ᐁ൉࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿᖿ㒊ೃ⿵⏕ࡣࠊᐃᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ㞠⏝ಖ㞀ࡀᚲࡎࡋࡶ࡞ࡃࠊᙼࡽࡢ㛫࡛ࡣࠊḟᐁࡸᒁ㛗ࠊᑂ㆟ᐁ࡞࡝ࠊ㝈ࡽࢀࡓࠕⰋ࠸࣏ࢫࢺࠖࢆᕠࡗ࡚⃭ࡋ࠸➇தࡀ⧞ࡾᗈࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊⰋ࠸࣏
ࢫࢺࢆᚓࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ⪅ࡀ⮬ಙࢆ႙ኻࡋ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟㓄៖ࡋࡓே஦⟶⌮ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣኳୗࡾࡶಖ㞀ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᡂຌ⪅࠿ࡽࡣ㧗࠸ࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆᘬࡁ
ฟࡋࠊᡂຌ⪅௨እࡢ⪅࡟ࡶ᣸ᢡឤࢆ࿡ࢃࢃࡏࡎ࡟ࠊ⤌⧊඲యࡢ࣮ࣔࣛࣝࢆ⥔ᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ኱Ꮫ࡛ࡣࠊᩍဨࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ࡜ᩘᖺᚋ࡟ᴗ⦼ࢆホ౯ࡋ࡚ࠊ᪼㐍ࡉࡏࡿ࠿ゎ㞠ࡍࡿ࠿ࢆỴࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋホ౯ࡀᝏࡃ࡚ࡶ᪼㐍ࡉࡏࡎ࡟ࡑࡢࡲࡲࡢ࣏ࢪࢩࣙࣥ࡟࡜࡝ࡵ࡚
࠾ࡃࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⤥୚ࢆᘬࡁୗࡆ࡚㞠⏝ࢆ⥅⥆ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࢆࠕ࢔ࢵࣉ࣭࢜
࢔࣭࢔࢘ࢺࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ௬࡟ࠊ᪼㐍࡛ࡶゎ㞠࡛ࡶ࡞࠸୰㛫ⓗ࡞ฎ㐝ࢆㄆࡵࡓሙྜࠊ㞠⏝⪅ഃ㸦኱Ꮫ㸧ࡣࡑࡢᩍဨࢆពᅗⓗ࡟㐣ᑠホ౯ࡋ࡚ప࠸⤥୚ࢆᨭ⤥ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡑ࠺࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊ
⫋ົ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡣാ࠿ࡎࠊ௚ࡢඃ⚽࡞ᩍဨࡢ㞠⏝ᶵ఍ࢆዣࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡶ࡞
ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏࡢ࢟ࣕࣜ࢔ᐁ൉ไᗘࡣࡇࢀ࡜ఝࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࢟ࣕࣜ࢔㸦⌧ᅾࡣࠕ⥲ྜ⫋ࠖ㸧࡜ࡋ࡚᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࠊㄢ㛗⣭࡞࠸ࡋࡣㄢ㛗⿵బ⣭ࡲ࡛ࡣ࡯ࡰ඲ဨࡀ᪼㐍ࡋࠊᒁ㛗࡞࠸ࡋࡣḟᐁೃ⿵࡜ࡋ࡚㑅ᢤࡉࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ⪅࡟ࡣࠕ᪩ᮇ㏥⫋່ዡࠖࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚⫋ሙࢆ㞳ࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡑ࠺ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤⱝᡭᐁ൉ࡢ᪼㐍ᶵ఍ࡀዣࢃࢀࠊ࣮ࣔࣛࣝࡢపୗ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟⤌⧊ࡢ᪂㝞௦ㅰࡀኻࢃࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ 6ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ័⾜ࡣ⤥୚ࢆᘬࡁୗࡆࠊ㞠⏝ࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿ㐨ࢆ㛢ࡊࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡓࡵࠊ㈤㔠ࡢୗ᪉◳┤ᛶࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࠊᐁ൉ࡢኻᴗࢆᣍࡃ⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕኳୗࡾࠖ࡜ࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓၥ㢟࠿ࡽᐁ൉ࡢࣔࣛࣝࣁࢨ࣮ࢻࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮
࣐ࣝ࡞ಖ㝤ไᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
Ẹ㛫௻ᴗࡢ࡞࠿࡟ࡣ୍ᐃࡢᖺ㱋࡟㐩ࡍࡿ࡜⟶⌮⫋࣏ࢫࢺࢆࡣࡎࡋࠊ୍⯡♫ဨ࡜ࡋ࡚ാ࠿
ࡏࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡴࢁࢇࠊ⤥୚ࡶ๐ῶࡉࢀࡿࢃࡅࡔࡀࠊ50 ௦ᚋ༙࡞࠸ࡋࡣ 60 ṓ๓ᚋࡢ෌ᑵ⫋ࡢᶵ఍ࡀ㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡞࠿࡛ࠊ⤌⧊ࡢ᪂㝞௦ㅰࠊ࣏ࢫࢺ୙㊊ࠊ㞠⏝ࡢ⥔ᣢࠊ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ
ၥ㢟࡟ᑐฎࡍࡿⱞ⫗ࡢ⟇࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡔࡀࠊࡇࢀ࡛࣮ࣔࣛࣝࡣ࡝ࡢࡃࡽ࠸⥔ᣢࡉࢀࡿࡢ
㧗ᶫఙኵࠗ⹫ዶࡢᡂᯝ୺⩏࠘㸦᪥⤒ BP ♫ࠊ2004 ᖺ㸧ࠋ୰㔝๛ᚿࠗᐁ൉ࡢ཯㏫࠘㸦ᗁ෤⯋᪂᭩ࠊ2012 ᖺ㸧ࠊ51 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋ
6 ࡴࢁࢇࠊ
┬ᗇࢆཤࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿᐁ൉ࡀ฼ᐖ㛵ಀࡢ࠶ࡿἲேࡸẸ㛫௻ᴗ࡟෌ᑵ⫋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ
࡜ࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿ⌮⏤࡟ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡣ᪥ᮏࡢつไ⾜ᨻࠊປാᕷሙࡢၥ㢟࡜⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡼࡾヲ⣽࡞ศᯒࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ᭱㏆ࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ
୰㔝㞞⮳ࠗኳୗࡾࡢ◊✲࠘㸦᫂▼᭩ᗑࠊ2009 ᖺ㸧ࢆཧ↷ࠋ
45࠿ࠊࡲࡓࠊ⟶⌮⫋࠿ࡽ୍⯡♫ဨ࡟᭰ࢃࡗࡓ࠶࡜ࠊྠࡌ⫋ሙ࡛ാࡃேࠎ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿➼ࠎࠊヲ⣽࡞᳨ドࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
㏆ᖺࡢኳୗࡾᢈุࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊ⌧ᅾࡢᏳಸෆ㛶ࡶኳୗࡾࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᐃᖺࡲ࡛ാࡅࡿ
⎔ቃ࡙ࡃࡾࢆ⾜࡞࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡀࠊᅜᐙබົဨࡢ⥲ே௳㈝๐ῶ࡜ኳୗࡾ㜵Ṇ㸻୰㛫ⓗ࡞ฎ㐝ࡢᏑᅾࢆㄆࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᐜ࡛᫆ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊ୰㔝Ặࡣබົປാ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡂᯝ୺⩏ࡢ⹫ዶ࡟ᑐࡋࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 7ࠋᡂᯝ୺⩏ࡢ᭱኱ࡢ⹫ዶࡣࠊே㛫ࡢ⬟ຊࢆᐈほⓗᣦᶆ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ⓗ☜࡟ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛

ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺ㄗࡗࡓಙᛕ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⹫ዶࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍᘢᐖࡣࠊ௻ᴗ⤒Ⴀ௨ୖ࡟ࠊ⾜ᨻ⤌⧊࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡦ࡝ࡃ࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ௻ᴗࡢ┠ⓗࡀႠ฼࡟࠶ࡿ௨ୖࠊ௻ᴗேࡢᴗ⦼ࡣࠊ
⏕⏘ᛶࠊ኎ୖࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ฼₶⋡࡞࡝࡛ࠊṇ☜࡛࡞࠸࡟ࡏࡼ୍ᐃ௨ୖࡣ⾲⌧ࡋᚓࡿ࠿ࡶࡋ
ࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊႠ฼┠ⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸බົဨࡢᴗ⦼ࡣࡑࢀࡍࡽ୙ྍ⬟ࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊ
ࠕᅜᐙⓒᖺࡢィࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᅜᐙ㐠Ⴀࡢど㔝ࡣ௻ᴗ⤒Ⴀࡼࡾࡣࡣࡿ࠿࡟㛗࠸ࠋ⌮᝿ࢆゝ࠼ࡤࠊබົဨࡣࠊ⮬ศࡢᐃᖺࡼࡾࡶ㛗࠸᫬㛫ࠊሙྜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣᑑ࿨ࡼࡾࡶ㛗ᮇ࡟ࢃࡓࡿど㔝࡟❧ࡗ࡚௙஦ࢆࡍࡿᚲせୖࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊබົဨࡢᴗ⦼ࡢホ౯ࡶࡲࡓࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ほⅬ࠿ࡽ⾜ࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋබົဨࡣࠊ⮬ศࡢᐃᖺᚋ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊሙྜ
࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣṚᚋ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊࡸࡗ࡜ᡂᯝ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚⾲ࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞௙஦ࡶᡭࡀࡅ
࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ⾜ᨻ⟶⌮࡟ᡂᯝ୺⩏ࢆ㐺⏝ࡋࡓࡽࠊ࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ࠿ࠋබົဨ
ࡣࠊ⮬ศࡢホ౯࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࡼ࠺࡞௙஦ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ▷ᮇⓗ࡞ᡂᯝࡀ⾲ࢀࡸࡍࡃࠊࡋ࠿ࡶᩘ
್࡛⾲⌧ࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࡼ࠺࡞௙஦ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋᡂᯝࡀฟࡿࡲ࡛࡟᫬㛫ࡢ࠿࠿ࡿ㞴ࡋ࠸஦ᴗࡸࠊᡂᯝࢆᐃ㔞໬࡛ࡁ࡞࠸」㞧࡞௙஦࠿ࡽࡣࠊࡓ࡜࠼ࡑࢀࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ㏨ࡆࡿࡼ
࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡔࠋ
2009 ᖺ࡟ࡣࡌࡲࡗࡓ᪂ே஦ホ౯ไᗘ࡛ࡣࠊࡍ࡛࡟⬟ຊ࣭ᴗ⦼ࡀ㸦ㄢ㛗⣭௨ୗࡢሙྜ㸧5ẁ㝵࡛ホ౯ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ 8ࠋ6 ࠿᭶࠿ࡽ 1 ᖺ࡜࠸࠺ࢱ࢖࣒࣭ࢫࣃ࡛ࣥ⬟ຊ࣭ᴗ⦼ࢆホ౯ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺᪉ἲࡣࠊ☜࠿࡟୰㔝Ặࡢゝࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟▷ᮇⓗ࡞ᡂᯝࢆ㔜どࡋࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞どⅬࢆ㍍どࡍࡿഴྥࢆຓ㛗ࡋ࠿ࡡ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡶࠊ⮬ᕫ┠ᶆࡢ㐩ᡂᗘྜ࠸ࡀホ౯ࡢ㍈࡜࡞ࡿࡓࡵ㸦ࡴࢁࢇࠊ┠ᶆࡣୖྖ࡜┦ㄯࡋ࡚Ỵࡵࡿࡀ㸧ࠊ┠ᶆ㐩ᡂࡀᐜ᫆࡞ᴗົࢆඃඛࡋࡸࡍࡃ
࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣྰᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡔࡀࠊẸ㛫௻ᴗࡢ࡞࠿࡟ࡶ㛗ᮇᡓ␎ࡣ࠶ࡾࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞◊✲㛤Ⓨࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡶᑡ
࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊ
ࠕᅜᐙⓒᖺࡢィࠖࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡟ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ࡟ࡶ୙☜ᐇᛶࡀ኱ࡁࡃࠊᑡᏊ㧗㱋໬ࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬➼ࠊ᪩ᛴ࡟ᑐฎࡍ࡭ࡁ⾜ᨻㄢ㢟ࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟ከ࠸ࡢࡶ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ௒

7
8

๓ᥖ᭩ࠗᐁ൉ࡢ཯㏫࠘
ࠊ53㹼54 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋࡇࡢไᗘࡢᴫせ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᣋⴭࠕᅜᐙබົဨࡢே஦⪃ㄢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖ
㸦᪥ᮏ⤒኱ㄽ㞟ࠊ➨40 ᕳ ➨ 2 ྕ㸧ࢆཧ↷ࠋ᪥⾜ᨻ࡟ồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ⾜ᨻ⤒Ⴀࡢຠ⋡໬࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ▷ᮇⓗ࡞⬟ຊ࣭ᴗ⦼ホ౯᪉ᘧ࡟ࡶ୍ᐃࡢጇᙜᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ゝࢃࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊᆅ᪉⮬἞యࡢ࡞࠿࡟ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᡂᯝ୺⩏ࡢㄢ㢟࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᴗົࡢᅔ㞴ࡉ࡟࢚࢘࢖
ࢺࢆ࠿ࡅ࡚Ᏻ᫆࡞┠ᶆタᐃࢆᅇ㑊ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿྡྂᒇᕷࠊ360 ᗘホ౯ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᐷᒇᕝ
ᕷ࡞࡝ࠊᅜࡢไᗘࡼࡾࡶ㐍ࢇࡔྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ࠶ࡿ 9ࠋ㸦㸰㸧ࠕ㐜࠸㑅ᢤࠖ࡜ࠕ᪩࠸㑅ᢤࠖ✄⥅⿱᫛Ặࡣ㛗᫬㛫࠿ࡅ࡚ホ౯ࢆ⾜࠺ࠕ㐜࠸㑅ᢤࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖ࡜ࠕ✚ࡳୖࡆᆺ〔㈹ࠖࡀ᪥ᮏࡢே஦⟶⌮ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ≉ᚩࡔ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡿ 10ࠋ✄⥅Ặ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ࢚࣮ࣜࢺබົဨ
ࡀ┿࡟࢚࣮ࣜࢺ࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡣㅖእᅜ࡜ẚ࡭࡚ẚ㍑ⓗ㐜ࡃࠊ40 ṓ௦࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇ
ࢀࡣ⬟ຊࡸᐇ⦼ࢆ㔜どࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ
ࠕ㛗ᮇ࡟ࢃࡓࡿᐇ⦼୺⩏ࠖ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊከ
ࡃࡢබົဨ࡟㛗ᮇ㛫࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ᴗົ࡬ࡢ࣮ࣔࣛࣝࢆ⥔ᣢࡉࡏࡿຠ⋡ⓗ࡞ࡋࡃࡳ࡞ࡢࡔ࡜࠸
࠺ࠋࡲࡓࠊ⤥୚ࡣᖺ㱋࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ୖ᪼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡶࡢࡢࠊ᪼᱁ࡸ᪼㐍ࡢ⛬ᗘ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ୖ᪼ࡍࡿ
๭ྜࡀ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㛗ᮇ㛫ࡢᐇ⦼ࡀ✚ࡳ㔜ࡡࡽࢀ࡚ᑐ㇟⪅ࡢ〔㈹ࢆỴࡵࡿࠕ✚ࡳ
ୖࡆᆺ〔㈹ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀᡂࡾ❧ࡘࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊᖖ࡟୍ᐃᩘࡢ࣏ࢫࢺࡀ⏝ពࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ୍
ᐃ๭ྜࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮࡟ࡣ᪼㐍ࡢᶵ఍ࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠊẸ㛫௻ᴗ࡞࡝ࡢእ㒊ປാᕷሙ࠿ࡽ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠊ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡀᆒ㉁ⓗ࡛⬟ຊࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࡇ࡜ࠊ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ᮲௳ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞
࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋձ ࡇࢀࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ⤌⧊ࡢ᪂㝞௦ㅰࡀ୙ྍḞ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ➇த࡟ᩋࢀࡓ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡀ
ᐃᖺࡲ࡛⤌⧊࡟ṧࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࣏ࢫࢺ୙㊊ࡣ῝้࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᏳ᫆࡟࣏ࢫࢺࢆቑ
ࡸࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ⾜ᨻᨵ㠉ࡢ┠ⓗ࡟཯ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ➇த࡟ᩋࢀࡓ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡣᚋ㐍࡟㐨ࢆㆡࡽࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠋղ ࣀࣥ࢟ࣕࣜ࢔ࡀㄢ㛗⣭௨ୖ࡟㑅ᢤࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡁࢃࡵ࡚⛥࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ᭱㏆ࡲ࡛ࡣዪᛶ⫋ဨࡀ᪼㐍ࡍࡿᶵ఍ࡣᑡ࡞ࡃࠊᐁ൉࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࢺࢵࣉࢆࡵࡊࡍ➇த࠿ࡽࡣ࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌ
ࡵ᤼㝖ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋճ ୍㒊࡟≉ู⫋ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࡳ࡛ࠊ᪂つ୍ᣓ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡓ⫋ဨ࡟ࡼࡿෆ㒊᪼㐍ࡀ኱ཎ๎ࡔࡗࡓࠋմ ᥇⏝ヨ㦂ࡀཝ᱁࡟⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ୍ᐃࡢᏛṔ࡜⬟ຊࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ⪅࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤỴࡋ࡚࢟ࣕࣜ࢔ᐁ൉࡜ࡋ࡚᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ᥇⏝ࡀỴࡲࡗࡓᐁ൉ࡓࡕࡣⓙඃ⚽࡛࠶ࡾࠊᙼ
ࡽࡢ㛫࡟኱ࡁ࡞⬟ຊ᱁ᕪࡣ࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

9

ࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᣋⴭࠕᅜᐙබົဨไᗘᨵ㠉ࡢ⌧≧࡜ㄢ㢟㹼⬟ຊ࣭ᐇ⦼࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃே஦ホ౯ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠖ
㸦2011 ᖺ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍ሗ࿌ㄽᩥ㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
10✄⥅⿱᫛ࠗ᪥ᮏࡢᐁ൉ே஦ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠘ࠊᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫ࠊ1996 ᖺࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊ㏆ᖺࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ᮲௳࡟ኚ໬ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ➨ 1 ࡟ࠊ⾜ᨻᨵ㠉࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠕ⤌⧊ࡢࣇࣛࢵࢺ໬ࠖࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠾ࡾࠊ୰㛫⟶⌮⫋ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟࣏ࢫࢺࡀ୙㊊ࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢟ࣕࣜ࢔ᐁ൉ࡢሙྜࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡣ࡯ࡰ඲ဨࡀㄢ㛗⣭࡟ࡲ࡛᪼㐍࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣㄢ㛗⿵బ࡛Ṇࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࢟ࣕࣜ࢔ࡶᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋ
➨ 2 ࡟ࠊ㏆ᖺࡢᨻ⟇┠ᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ⏨ዪཧ⏬ᆺ♫఍ࠖࡢᐇ⌧ࢆࡵࡊࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊዪᛶ⫋ဨ࡟ࡶ᪼㐍ࡢᶵ఍ࡀᗈࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௚ࡢඛ㐍ᅜ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࡶዪᛶ⟶⌮⫋ࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ௒
ᚋࡣቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
➨ 3 ࡟ࠊ᥇⏝ヨ㦂Ϩ✀ྜ᱁⪅࡜ϩ✀ྜ᱁⪅ࡢ⬟ຊ࡟ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞᱁ᕪࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ
᥇⏝ᚋࡢ᪼㐍࡟᫂☜࡞ᕪ␗ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࡀ୙ྜ⌮࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦2012 ᖺᗘ࠿ࡽ᥇⏝ヨ㦂ࡢ᪉ἲࡣᨵࡵࡽࢀࡓࡀࠊ
ࠕ⥲ྜ⫋ࠖࡀ஦ᐇୖࡢ࢟ࣕࣜ࢔ᐁ൉᥇⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ࡋ࡚
Ꮡ⥆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࠋࡲࡓࠊ᥇⏝᫬ࡢࢫࢡ࣮ࣜࢽࣥࢢࡢࡳ࡜࠸࠺᪉ἲ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚⤌⧊ෆእ࠿ࡽᢈุ
ࡀᙉࡲࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
➨ 4 ࡟ࠊ㏆ᖺබົဨ࡜ࡋ࡚᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿ⫋ဨ࡟ࡣࠕࢫ࣌ࢩࣕࣜࢫࢺᚿྥࠖࡀ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྛ⾜ᨻᶵ㛵ෆ㒊࠿ࡽࡶࢫ࣌ࢩࣕࣜࢫࢺࡢᚲせᛶࡀᙉࡃ୺ᙇࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊ࢟ࣕ
ࣜ࢔࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢぢ┤ࡋࡀ㑊ࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸≧ἣ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
➨ 5 ࡟ࠊ⾜ᨻࡢຠ⋡໬ࢆᅗࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣඃࢀࡓேᮦࡢ☜ಖࡀᚲせ࡛ࠊ㛢㙐ᆺࡢබົဨไᗘ
࠿ࡽ㛤ᨺᆺࡢไᗘ࡟㌿᥮ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊẸ㛫࠿ࡽࡢ୰㏵᥇⏝ࢆቑࡸࡍ᪉ྥ࡛ᨵ㠉ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚➨ 6 ࡟ࠊࠕኳୗࡾࠖ࡟ᑐࡍࡿୡㄽࡢᢈุࡣᙉࡃࠊࡲࡓண⟬ࡢຠ⋡໬࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡶኳୗࡾඛ࡛࠶ࡿ≉Ṧἲேࡸබ┈ἲே➼ࡢ๐ῶࡣ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ✄⥅Ặࡢ࠸ࢃࢀࡿࠕ㐜࠸㑅ᢤࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖ࡜ࠕ✚ࡳୖࡆᆺ〔㈹ࠖ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ୰㔝㞞⮳Ặࡣ㛗ᮇ࡟ࢃࡓࡿ➇தࡣࠕ⾲㠃ⓗࠖ࡞ࡶࡢ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸࡜ᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡿ 11ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊබົ㒊㛛࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣධ┬᫬ࡢᏛṔ࣭ヨ㦂ࡢ㡰఩࡞࡝ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᣦ᦬ࡀ
᰿ᙉ࠸୍᪉࡛ࠊᏛṔࡸ⫋Ṕ࡛ඃ఩࡟࠶ࡾࠊᑗ᮶ࢆკᮃࡉࢀࡿ࢟ࣕࣜ࢔ᐁ൉ࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ไᗘᨵ
ṇࢆక࠺㒊⨫㸦඾ᆺⓗ࡟ࡣ᪂ἲࡢไᐃࠊ኱ࡁ࡞ἲᚊᨵṇ㸧࡟㓄ᒓࡉࢀࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊᙼ
ࡽࡀࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞㒊⨫࡟࠾࠸࡚௙஦࡟ኻᩋࡍࡿࣜࢫࢡࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟ప࠸ࡇ࡜㸦ෆ㛶ᥦฟἲ᱌ࡢᡂ
❧⋡ࡢ㧗ࡉ࠿ࡽࡶࡑࢀࡣ࠺࠿ࡀ࠸▱ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸧ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞㒊⨫࡟㓄ᒓࡉࢀࡓ⪅ࡀ
360 ᗘホ౯ࡸࡑࢀ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃホุ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡣᅽಽⓗ࡟᭷฼࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ➇த࡟ཧຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᙜ஦⪅ࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽぢࢀࡤࠊᖺḟ୺⩏ࡀ➇தಁ㐍ⓗ࡞ไᗘ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊྠᮇᶓ୪ࡧ᪼㐍ࡣࠕ㛗ᮇ㛫࡟ࢃࡓࡿ➇தࠖࢆಁࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ
ࠕ㛗ᮇ㛫࡟ࢃࡓ
ࡿ⾲㠃ⓗ࡞➇தࠖ࡟ᩋࢀࡓሙྜࡢಖ㝤࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ➇த⪅ࡢࣔࣛࣝࣁࢨ࣮ࢻࢆ㜵࠸ࡔ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛㔜せࡔࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊྠᮇᶓ୪ࡧ࡛ฎ㐝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ୍ᐃ
11๓ᥖ᭩ࠊ୰㔝㞞ᚿࠗኳୗࡾࡢ◊✲࠘
ࠊ265㹼266 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋࣞ࣋ࣝࡲ࡛ࡢ࣏ࢫࢺࡀಖ㞀ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋࠊࡓ࡜࠼➇த࡟ᩋࢀࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ୍ᐃࣞ࣋ࣝ
ࡢฎ㐝ࡀಖ㞀ࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊࣔࣛࣝࣁࢨ࣮ࢻ࡟㝗ࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃ➇த࡟ཧຍࡋ⥆ࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡔ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊၥ㢟ࡣࣔࣛࣝࣁࢨ࣮ࢻ࡟㝗ࡽ࡞࠸ಖ㞀࡟ࡣఱࡀᚲせ࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
๓㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ௒ᚋࡶࠕ⤌⧊ࡢࣇࣛࢵࢺ໬ࠖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࣏ࢫࢺࡣ๐ῶࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢ௦᭰࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋẸ㛫௻ᴗࡢሙྜࠊࡑࢀࡀᡂ
ᯝ୺⩏࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ㈤㔠ᙧែ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ➹⪅ࡀ▱ࡿ㝈ࡾࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ㈤㔠Ỉ‽࡟኱ࡁ࡞୙
‶ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᐁ൉ࡣᑡ࡞࠸ࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ⮬ศࡢ⬟ຊࢆⓎ᥹࡛ࡁࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞⫋ሙࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ௒ᚋࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࡜ࡋ࡚ᚲせ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࠋ㸲㸬 ᐁẸே஦஺ὶ
㧗ᗘ࣭」㞧໬ࡍࡿ⾜ᨻㄢ㢟࡟ᑐࡋබົဨࡢᑐᛂ⬟ຊࢆ㧗ࡵࠊᅜẸࡢ㈇ク࡟ᛂ࠼࡚࠸ࡃࡓ
ࡵ࡟ࡣࠊᅜᐙබົဨࡢே஦ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ㛤ᨺ໬ࡀ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ1999 ᖺ࡟ࠕᅜ࡜Ẹ㛫௻ᴗ࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢே஦஺ὶ࡟㛵ࡍࡿἲᚊࠖ㸦㏻⛠ࠊᐁẸே஦஺ὶἲ㸧ࡀไᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋ
࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㛤ᨺᆺබົဨไᗘ࡜␗࡞ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ᪂つ୍ᣓ᥇⏝ࡢ⫋ဨࢆྛ┬ᗇ༢఩࡛᥇
⏝ࡋࠊ㛗ᮇ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚⫋ဨࡢ⫱ᡂ࡜ேᮦ㓄⨨ࢆỴࡵ࡚ࡁࡓࡓࡵࠊẸ㛫௻ᴗ࠿ࡽேᮦࢆཷࡅ
ධࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡸࠊ⫋ဨࢆẸ㛫࡟ὴ㐵ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ⛥࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ⾜ᨻഃ࡟Ẹ㛫࠿ࡽேᮦࢆ
Ⓩ⏝ࡍࡿᚲせᛶࢆព㆑ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞ࡃࠊẸ㛫ഃࡶฎ㐝㠃࡛ࡢ┦㐪ࡸ⾜ᨻᶵ㛵࡛⤒㦂ࢆ⵳✚ࡍࡿᚲせᛶࢆព㆑ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡇࡢἲᚊࡢ┠ⓗ࡜ᐁẸே஦஺ὶࡢᐃ⩏ࡣ௨ୗࡢ࡜࠾ࡾࠋ㸦┠ⓗ㸧➨୍᮲ࡇࡢἲᚊࡣࠊ⾜ᨻ㐠Ⴀ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᢸ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿ⫋ဨ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚஺
ὶὴ㐵ࢆࡋࠊẸ㛫௻ᴗࡢᐇົࢆ⤒㦂ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊຠ⋡ⓗ࠿ࡘᶵືⓗ࡞ᴗົ㐙⾜ࡢᡭἲࢆయᚓࡉࡏࠊ࠿ࡘࠊẸ㛫௻ᴗࡢᐇ᝟࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ゎࢆ῝ࡵࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ⾜ᨻࡢㄢ㢟࡟ᰂ㌾࠿ࡘⓗ☜࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡞▱㆑ཬࡧ⬟ຊࢆ᭷ࡍࡿேᮦࡢ⫱ᡂࢆᅗࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ
࡟ࠊẸ㛫௻ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᐇົࡢ⤒㦂ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ຠ⋡ⓗ࠿ࡘᶵືⓗ࡞ᴗົ㐙⾜ࡢᡭἲࢆయᚓࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿ⪅࡟ࡘ࠸࡚஺ὶ᥇⏝ࢆࡋ࡚⫋ົ࡟ᚑ஦ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ⾜ᨻ㐠Ⴀࡢάᛶ໬ࢆᅗࡿࡓࡵࠊ
஺ὶὴ㐵ཬࡧ஺ὶ᥇⏝㸦௨ୗࠕே஦஺ὶࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ㸧࡟㛵ࡋᚲせ࡞ᥐ⨨ࢆㅮࡌࠊࡶࡗ࡚බ
ົࡢ⬟⋡ⓗ࡞㐠Ⴀ࡟㈨ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ㸦ᐃ⩏㸧➨஧᮲ࡇࡢἲᚊ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕ⫋ဨࠖ࡜ࡣࠊ➨༑ᅄ᮲➨୍㡯ཬࡧ➨஧༑୕᮲ࢆ㝖ࡁࠊᅜᐙබົ
ဨἲ㸦᫛࿴஧༑஧ᖺἲᚊ➨ⓒ஧༑ྕ㸧➨஧᮲࡟つᐃࡍࡿ୍⯡⫋࡟ᒓࡍࡿ⫋ဨࢆ࠸࠺ࠋ㸰 ࡇࡢἲᚊ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕẸ㛫௻ᴗࠖ࡜ࡣࠊḟ࡟ᥖࡆࡿἲேࢆ࠸࠺ࠋ

୍ྜྡ఍♫ࠊྜ㈨఍♫ཬࡧᰴᘧ఍♫

஧

᭷㝈఍♫

୕

ಙ⏝㔠ᗜ

ᅄ

┦஫఍♫

஬

๓ྛྕ࡟ᥖࡆࡿࡶࡢࡢ࡯࠿ࠊࡑࡢ஦ᴗࡢ㐠Ⴀࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡞⤒㈝ࡢ୺ࡓࡿ㈈※ࢆࡑࡢ஦ᴗࡢ཰┈࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᚓ࡚࠸ࡿᮏ㑥ἲே㸦ࡑࡢ㈨ᮏ㔠ࡢ඲㒊ཪࡣ኱㒊ศࡀᅜཪࡣᆅ᪉බඹ
ᅋయ࠿ࡽࡢฟ㈨࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢࢆ㝖ࡃࠋ㸧࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡑࡢႠࡴ஦ᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚௚ࡢ஦ᴗ⪅࡜➇த㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ๓᮲ࡢ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㐺ษ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿἲே࡜ࡋ࡚ே஦㝔つ๎࡛ᐃࡵࡿࡶࡢ
භእᅜἲே࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ๓ྛྕ࡟ᥖࡆࡿἲே࡟㢮ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ே஦㝔ࡀᣦᐃࡍࡿࡶࡢ㸱 ࡇࡢἲᚊ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕ஺ὶὴ㐵ࠖ࡜ࡣࠊᮇ㛫ࢆᐃࡵ࡚ࠊ⫋ဨ㸦ἲᚊ࡟ࡼࡾ௵ᮇࢆᐃࡵ࡚௵
⏝ࡉࢀࡿ⫋ဨࠊᖖ᫬໅ົࢆせࡋ࡞࠸ᐁ⫋ࢆ༨ࡵࡿ⫋ဨࡑࡢ௚ࡢே஦㝔つ๎࡛ᐃࡵࡿ⫋ဨࢆ㝖ࡃࠋ㸧ࢆࠊࡑࡢ㌟ศࢆಖ᭷ࡉࡏࡓࡲࡲࠊᙜヱ⫋ဨ࡜Ẹ㛫௻ᴗ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛⥾⤖ࡋࡓປാዎ⣙࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᴗົ࡟ᚑ஦ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ࠸࠺ࠋ㸲 ࡇࡢἲᚊ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕ஺ὶ᥇⏝ࠖ࡜ࡣࠊẸ㛫௻ᴗ࡟㞠⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ⪅࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ᘬࡁ⥆࠸࡚ࡇࡢἲᚊࡢつᐃ࡟ࡼࡾ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡓ⫋ဨ࡜࡞ࡿࡓࡵ㏥⫋ࡋࡓࡶࡢࢆࠊ㑅⪃࡟ࡼࡾࠊᘬࡁ⥆࠸࡚௵ᮇࢆᐃࡵ࡚ᖖ᫬໅ົࢆせࡍࡿᐁ⫋ࢆ༨ࡵࡿ⫋ဨ࡜ࡋ࡚᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ࠸࠺ࠋ㸳 ࡇࡢἲᚊ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕ௵࿨ᶒ⪅ࠖ࡜ࡣࠊᅜᐙබົဨἲ➨஬༑஬᮲➨୍㡯࡟つᐃࡍࡿ௵࿨ᶒ
⪅ཬࡧἲᚊู࡛࡟ᐃࡵࡽࢀࡓ௵࿨ᶒ⪅୪ࡧ࡟ࡑࡢጤ௵ࢆཷࡅࡓ⪅ࢆ࠸࠺ࠋ㸴 ࡇࡢἲᚊ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕྛ┬ྛᗇࡢ㛗➼ࠖ࡜ࡣࠊෆ㛶⥲⌮኱⮧ࠊྛ┬኱⮧ࠊ఍ィ᳨ᰝ㝔㛗ཬࡧே஦㝔⥲⿢ࠊᐑෆᗇ㛗ᐁཬࡧྛእᒁࡢ㛗୪ࡧ࡟⊂❧⾜ᨻἲே㏻๎ἲ㸦ᖹᡂ༑୍ᖺἲᚊ➨ⓒ୕ྕ㸧➨஧᮲➨஧㡯࡟つᐃࡍࡿ≉ᐃ⊂❧⾜ᨻἲே㸦௨ୗࠕ≉ᐃ⊂❧⾜ᨻἲேࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ㸧ࡢ㛗ཬࡧ᪥ᮏ㒑ᨻබ♫ࡢ⥲⿢ࢆ࠸࠺ࠋ
ᅜ࠿ࡽẸ㛫࡬ὴ㐵ࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡣࠊྛ┬ᗇࡢ⫋ဨࢆ୍᪦ே஦㝔࡬␗ືࡉࡏࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊẸ㛫௻ᴗ࡟㞠⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡓࡕࢆ࡜ࡿࠋබົဨ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㌟ศࡣಖ᭷ࡋࡓࡲࡲ࡜ࡍࡿࡀࠊ⾜ᨻࡢ⫋ົ࡟ࡣᑵ࠿࡞࠸ࠋ㈤㔠ࡣẸ㛫௻ᴗࡀᨭ⤥ࡍࡿࠋὴ㐵ࡉࢀࡿᮇ㛫ࡣ 3 ᖺ௨ෆ㸦ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜࡣࠊ᭱㛗 5 ᖺ㸧࡜ࡍࡿࠋẸ㛫࠿ࡽཷࡅධࢀࡿሙྜࠊᮇ㛫ࡣ 3 ᖺ௨ෆ㸦ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜࡣࠊ᭱㛗 5 ᖺ㸧ࡢ௵ᮇ௜᥇
⏝࡜࡞ࡾࠊ㈤㔠ࡣᅜࡀᨭ⤥ࡍࡿࠋ᭹ົࡢ᮲௳ࡣࠊ࡝ࡕࡽࡢሙྜࡶチㄆྍᶒ࡜㛵ࢃࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ
࡬ࡢὴ㐵ࡣ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿࠋே஦㝔ࡣࠊẖᖺࠊே஦஺ὶࡢ≧ἣࢆᅜ఍ཬࡧෆ㛶࡟ሗ࿌ࡍࡿ⩏ົࡀ࠶ࡿ12ࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ
2011ᖺᗘࡣᅜ࠿ࡽẸ㛫࡬ࡣ13ᗓ┬111ேࡀὴ㐵ࡉࢀ㸦2006ᖺᗘࡢ⣙4.6ಸ㸧ࠊẸ㛫࠿ࡽᅜ࡬
ࡣ18ᗓ┬208ேࢆཷࡅධࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦2006ᖺᗘࡢ⣙2.2ಸ㸧ࠋ12ே஦㝔ࠊ2012 ᖺ 3 ᭶ 28 ᪥බ⾲㈨ᩱࠋே஦㝔 HP ࡼࡾࠋᩘᏐࡢୖ࡛ࡣᐁẸࡢே஦஺ὶࡣ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊㄢ㢟ࡶከ࠸࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋձ ㄡࢆ࡝ࡇ࡟ὴ㐵ࡋࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤒㦂࡜ࢫ࢟ࣝࢆ㌟࡟௜ࡅࡉࡏࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡢ⤒㦂ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⏕࠿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺⤌⧊ᡓ␎࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊὴ㐵ඛࡢ㑅ᢥࡣ⫋ဨಶேࡢ⮬Ⓨᛶ࡟ࡺࡔࡡࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋẸ㛫࠿ࡽࣜࢡ࣮ࣝࢺࡍࡿሙྜࡣ⾜ᨻᶵ㛵࡜ࡋ࡚ḧࡋ࠸⤒㦂࡜ࢫ࢟ࣝࡀ࠶ࡿࡣࡎࡔࡀࠊ⫋ဨࢆὴ㐵ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࡣேᮦ⫱ᡂࡢ୍⎔࡜ࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ
ὴ㐵ᚋ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤒㦂࡜ࢫ࢟ࣝࢆά⏝ࡍࡿ࠿୙᫂☜࡞࡜ࡇࢁࡀ࠶ࡿࠋղ Ẹ㛫࡛⤒㦂ࢆ✚ࡴࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᴗົࡢຠ⋡ᛶࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀே஦஺ὶࡢ
┠ⓗࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘࡢຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࠿୙᫂☜࡛࠶ࡿࠋճ ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕ⌧ᙺฟྥࠖࡀࠕኳୗࡾࠖ࡜ྠࡌ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺㔝ඪ࠿ࡽࡢᢈุ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ
Ẹ୺ඪᨻᶒࡣࡑࢀࢆྰᐃࡋࡓࠋࡔࡀࠊᐃᖺࡲ࡛ാࡅࡿ⎔ቃࢆಖ㞀ࡋࡘࡘே௳㈝ࡢ๐ῶࠊ
⤌⧊ࡢάᛶ໬ࢆᅗࡿ࡜࠸࠺┠ᶆࢆ㐩ᡂࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ୍ᐃᩘࡢ⫋ဨࢆẸ㛫࡟ὴ㐵ࡍࢀࡤẚ㍑ⓗᐜ᫆࡟ᐇ⌧࡛ࡁࡿࠋࠕ᪂ࡓ࡞ኳୗࡾ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞࠸ὴ㐵ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋմ ⌧ᅾࠊே஦㝔ࡀᐃࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ࣮ࣝࣝࡣᮏேࡀὴ㐵ඛࢆᥦฟࡋࠊே஦㝔ࡀᑂᰝࢆ⾜࠺ࡋࡃࡳ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㝿ࠊ┬ᗇ࡜チㄆྍᶒ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿ⫋ሙ࡟ࡣὴ㐵࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࣝ
࣮ࣝࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊὴ㐵࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡣ཮᪉ࡢᴗົ࡟㛵㐃ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡣ
࡞࠸࠿ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊὴ㐵ඛࡢ௻ᴗࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆつไࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊලయⓗ࡞⫋ົࡸ࣏ࢪࢩࣙࣥࢆ⢭ᰝࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛つไࢆຍ࠼ࡓ᪉ࡀ᭷ព⩏࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋյ ⾜ᨻ⫋ဨ࡜Ẹ㛫௻ᴗ࡜ࡢ࣐ࢵࢳࣥࢢ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⌧ᅾࡣᐁẸேᮦ஺ὶࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡀᙺ๭ࢆ
ᢸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ࣐ࢵࢳࣥࢢࢆ⏕ᴗ࡜ࡍࡿẸ㛫௻ᴗࢆཧධࡉࡏࠊ➇தཎ⌮࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࣐ࢵ
ࢳࣥࢢࡢ᭷ຠᛶࢆ㧗ࡵ࡚࠸ࡃ᪉ἲࢆ᳨ウࡋ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࠋ
ᐁẸࡢே஦஺ὶࡣ᪥ᮏࡢປാᕷሙ඲య࡟㛵ࢃࡿၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ὶືᛶࡢ
㧗࠸ປാᕷሙࢆ᪥ᮏࡀࡑࡢࡲࡲཷࡅධࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ᪥ᮏᘧࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞
ປാᕷሙࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣ᮶࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ

╙ 17 ࿁ㅴൻ⚻ᷣቇળᄢળ(2013 ᐕ 3 ᦬)2000 ᐕઍߦ߅ߌࠆㇱ㐷೎↥಴㊂ߩᄌൻߣ⣕Ꮏᬺൻ㧦ᣣᧄ⚻ᷣߩ↥ᬺㅪ㑐ಽᨆᮮᵿ࿖┙ᄢቇᚑ㐳ᚢ⇛⎇ⓥ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ ⎇ⓥຬ↰ේᘕੑtahara-shinji-bz@ynu.jp㧝㧚ߪߓ߼ߦ
‫ޟ‬ᄬࠊࠇߚ 10 ᐕ‫ߣޠ‬๭߫ࠇߚ㐳ᦼ஗ṛࠍ⚻ߡ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄ⚻ᷣߪ 2002 ᐕ 1 ᦬ࠍ᥊᳇ߩ⼱ߣߒߡౣ߮᜛ᄢዪ㕙ߦ౉ߞߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬᜛ᄢᦼߪ 2007 ᐕ 10 ᦬߹ߢ⛯߈‫ޔ‬ᚢᓟᦨ㐳ߣߥߞߚ‫߁ߎޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ߒߚ㐳ᦼ⊛᜛ᄢߦ߅޿ߡ߽‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ታᗵߥ߈᥊᳇࿁ᓳ‫ੱ߇⪲⸒߁޿ߣޠ‬ญߦᢝⴖߔࠆߥߤ‫ߩߎޔ‬᜛ᄢᦼ߇⚻ᷣో૕߳ߩᵄ෸ലᨐࠍᜬߞߚ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ߆ߦߟ޿ߡߪ⼏⺰߇޽ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟ‫ޔ‬2008 ᐕߩࠨࡉࡊ࡜ࠗࡓࡠ࡯ࡦෂᯏ߿࡝࡯ࡑࡦ࡚ࠪ࠷ࠢࠍ߈ߞ߆ߌߦߒߡ਎⇇㊄Ⲣෂᯏ߇⊒↢ߒߚߩߦ઻
޿‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄ⚻ᷣߪᷓೞߥਇᴫߦ㒱ߞߚ‫ޕ‬2011 ᐕ 3 ᦬ߦߪ᧲ᣣᧄᄢ㔡ἴ߇⊒↢ߒ‫⚻ࠆߥࠄߐޔ‬ᷣ⊛ᷙੂ߇↢ߓߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄ⚻ᷣߪ 2000 ᐕઍߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬2002 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2007 ᐕ߹ߢߩ᥊᳇᜛ᄢᦼࠍ⚻㛎ߒߚࠊߌߢ޽ࠆ߇‫⵾ߪࠇߘޔ‬ㅧᬺߩᣰ⋓ߥャ಴ߦࠃߞߡ‧ᒁߐࠇߚ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ‫⵾ޕ‬ㅧᬺߩャ಴߇⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ࠍ‧ᒁߔࠆߣ޿߁ὐߢ޿߃߫‫ߩᦼᤨߩߎޔ‬ᚑ㐳ߪ 1980 ᐕઍ߹ߢߩャ಴ਥዉဳᚑ
㐳૕೙ߣ㘃ૃߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬2000 ᐕઍߩᚑ㐳ߪㆡಾߥ⺞ᢛ᭽ᑼ߇⏕┙ߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߣ޿߁
ὐߢ߆ߟߡߩャ಴ਥዉဳᚑ㐳૕೙ߣߪ⇣ߥߞߡ߅ࠅ‫ᧂޔ‬ቢᚑߥᚑ㐳૕೙ߢ޽ࠆߣᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿
ࠆ㧔ᬀ᧛(2011)㧕‫ޔߡߒߘޕ‬2008 ᐕߩ਎⇇㊄Ⲣෂᯏࠍ߈ߞ߆ߌߦߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᷓೞߥਇᴫࠍ⚻㛎ߒߚߎߣ߽‫ޔ‬2000 ᐕઍߦ߅ߌࠆᄢ߈ߥ಴᧪੐ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᶏᄖ߆ࠄߩ㔛ⷐߩᕆᷫߣ౞㜞ߩㅴⴕߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬⵾ㅧᬺߩャ಴ߪ৻᳇ߦ❗ᷫߒߚ‫ޕ‬2007 ᐕ߹ߢߩ㐳ᦼ⊛ߥ᜛ᄢߣ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᓟߩᕆỗߥᖡൻ߇‫ޔ‬2000ᐕઍߩ᥊᳇ᄌേ߅ࠃ߮⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߩ․ᓽߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
2000 ᐕઍߪᕆㅦߥ⣕Ꮏᬺൻ߿↥ᬺㇱ㐷࡟ࡌ࡞ߩ᭴ㅧᄌൻ߇ㅴⴕߒߚᤨᦼߢ߽޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬㓹↪㕙ߢߩ⵾ㅧᬺ߆ࠄࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺߢߩࠪࡈ࠻ߛߌߢߥߊ‫↥ޔ‬಴㕙ߢߩࠪࡈ࠻߽ㅴⴕߒ‫ޔ‬⣕Ꮏᬺൻ߇㗼࿷ൻߒߡ߈ߡ޿ࠆ‫↥ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ᬺ࡟ࡌ࡞ߦ߅޿ߡ߽‫⵾ޔ‬ㅧᬺߩਛ㑆ᛩ౉ߦ߅ߌࠆࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩᲧ₸߇Ⴧᄢߔࠆߥߤ᭴ㅧ⊛ᄌൻ߇ㅴⴕߒ‫߇ࠇߘޔ‬⣕Ꮏᬺൻߦነਈߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔↰ේ(2011)㧕‫ޕ‬ャ಴ਥዉဳᚑ㐳ߩ⢛᥊ߦߪ‫ࠍࠇߘޔ‬ᡰ߃ࠆャ಴⽷⵾ㅧᬺߩേะ߿‫↥ޔ‬ᬺࠍߣࠅ߹ߊ⁁ᴫߩᄌൻ㧔⣕Ꮏᬺ

1ൻ㧕߇޽ࠅ‫ߩ࡞ࡌ࡟࡮࠱ࡔߚߒ߁ߎޔ‬੐⽎ࠍ߽⠨ᘦߒߡಽᨆࠍⴕ߁ᔅⷐᕈ߇޽ࠆࠃ߁ߦᕁࠊࠇ
ࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢߪߎ߁ߒߚ໧㗴ᗧ⼂߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬2000 ᐕઍߩᣣᧄ⚻ᷣࠍㇱ㐷೎↥಴㊂ߩᄌൻߣ⣕Ꮏᬺߣ޿߁ⷰὐ߆ࠄಽᨆࠍⴕߞߚ‫ޕ‬వ߶ߤ᜼ߍߚ↰ේ(2011)ߪ 1980 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2005 ᐕ߹ߢߩಽᨆࠍⴕߞߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬2006 ᐕએ㒠ߩേะߦߟ޿ߡߪ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟ‫ޔ‬ᬀ᧛࡮↰ේ(2012)ߦ߅޿ߡ 2008 ᐕ߹ߢ᜛ᒛߒߚಽᨆࠍⴕߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬਎⇇㊄Ⲣෂᯏߩᦨೋߩᢙࡩ᦬ߩᓇ㗀ࠍ▸࿐ߦ฽߼ࠆߦߣߤ߹ߞ
ߡ޿ߚ‫ޔߢ߆ߥߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬2012 ᐕ 11 ᦬ߦ RIETI㧔⚻ᷣ↥ᬺ⎇ⓥᚲ㧕߆ࠄ 2009 ᐕ߹ߢࠍࠞࡃ
࡯ߒߚ㐳ᦼធ⛯↥ᬺㅪ㑐⴫࠺࡯࠲ߢ޽ࠆ JIP2012 ߇౏㐿ߐࠇߚ‫ ߚ߹ޕ‬2012 ᐕ 5 ᦬ߦߪ਎⇇↥ᬺㅪ㑐⴫࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬ㧔WIOD㧕߇౏㐿ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ ߽ࠄߜߤޕ‬2009 ᐕ߹ߢߩ࠺࡯࠲߇෼㍳ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬਎⇇㊄Ⲣෂᯏߩᓇ㗀߇ᦨ߽ᷓೞൻߒߚ 2009 ᐕߩಽᨆࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢߪ‫⋥ߩࠄࠇߎޔ‬ㄭߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ↪޿ߡ‫ޔ‬2000 ᐕઍߩᣣᧄ⚻ᷣ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥᄌേࠍㄡߞߚߩ߆
ߦ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣࠍ⹜ߺߚ‫ޕ‬
ಽᨆߩᣇᴺߣߒߡߪ‫↰ޔ‬ේ(2011)ߣห᭽ߦ↥ᬺㅪ㑐⴫ߦ߅޿ߡฦ↥ᬺߩᕈ⾰ߦᔕߓߡㇱ㐷⛔
วࠍⴕ޿‫↥ߢ߃߁ߩߘޔ‬಴㊂ᄌൻߩⷐ࿃ಽ⸃ࠍⴕ߁‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬WIOD߇㕖┹੎ဳ↥ᬺㅪ㑐⴫ߢ޽ࠆὐࠍᵴ߆ߒߡ࿖㓙⊛ߥ⺞㆐᭴ㅧߩᄌൻࠍ߽૬ߖߡಽᨆߔࠆ 㧝 ‫↥ߦࠄߐޕ‬ᬺㅪ㑐ಽᨆߣหߓ⛔
วㇱ㐷ߦࠃࠆഭ௛↢↥ᕈߩಽᨆ߽ⴕ߁ߎߣߢ‫↥ޔ‬ᬺ࡟ࡌ࡞ߩ᭴ㅧᄌൻ߇⣕Ꮏᬺൻߦߤߩࠃ߁ߦ
ᓇ㗀ߒߚߩ߆ߦߟ޿ߡ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᚑ㐳૕೙ߩォ឵‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬ᣂߚߥᚑ㐳૕೙ߩഃ಴ߣ޿ߞ
ߚ⺰ὐߦߟ޿ߡ߽‫੹ޔ‬࿁ߩ࠺࡯࠲਄น⢻ߥ▸࿐߆ࠄ⸒෸ࠍⴕ޿ߚ޿‫ޕ‬
ᧄⓂߪએਅߩࠃ߁ߥ᭴ᚑߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ ╙ޕ‬2 ▵ߢߪߎࠇ߹ߢߩ⎇ⓥ߿⼏⺰ࠍ᭎ⷰߒ‫⺰ޔ‬ὐߩ
ᢛℂࠍⴕ߁‫ ╙ޕ‬3 ▵ߢߪ↥಴㊂ᄌൻߩⷐ࿃ಽ⸃ߥߤߩ↥ᬺㅪ㑐⴫ߩ᭴ㅧࠍ↢߆ߒߚಽᨆࠍⴕߥ
޿‫ޔ‬ㇱ㐷࡟ࡌ࡞ߩ᭴ㅧᄌൻ߿ᚑ㐳᭽ᑼߩᄌൻߦߟ޿ߡᬌ⸛ߔࠆ‫ ╙ޕ‬4 ▵ߢߪ‫ ╙ޔ‬3 ▵ߣหߓ⛔
วㇱ㐷ಽ㘃ߢഭ௛↢↥ᕈ߅ࠃ߮ߘߩ਄᣹₸ࠍ᳞߼‫ޔ‬⣕Ꮏᬺൻߩㆊ⒟ߦߟ޿ߡ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ‫ߘޕ‬ߒߡ‫ ╙ޔ‬5 ▵ߢߪᧄⓂߩ߹ߣ߼ߣ੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߦߟ޿ߡᢛℂߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㧞㧚 ↥ᬺ࡟ࡌ࡞ߩ᭴ㅧᄌൻߣ⣕Ꮏᬺൻߦ㑐ߔࠆవⴕ⎇ⓥߣ⺰ὐߩᢛℂ
㧞㧚㧝㧚 ⵾ㅧᬺߩ᭴ㅧᄌൻ
⵾ㅧᬺߩ᭴ㅧᄌൻߣߪ‫ޔ‬᭽‫ⷐߥޘ‬࿃ߦࠃࠅ↥ᬺౝߩฦㇱ㐷㧔⵾ຠ㐿⊒‫ޔ↥↢ޔ‬༡ᬺ⽼ᄁߥߤ㧕ߩ⋧ኻ⊛ߥ࠙ࠚࠗ࠻߇ᄌേߔࠆߎߣࠍᜰߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ ߪߦࠇߎޕ‬2 ߟߩ㘃ဳ߇޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬৻ߟߪ㔛ⷐࠨࠗ࠼ߦ⿠࿃ߒߚ᭴ㅧᄌൻ‫ߪߟ৻߁߽ߡߒߘޔ‬ଏ⛎ࠨࠗ࠼ߦ⿠࿃ߒߚ᭴ㅧᄌൻߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬೨⠪ߩ㔛ⷐࠨࠗ࠼߆ࠄߩ᭴ㅧᄌൻߣߪ‫ޔ‬⠴ਭᶖ⾌⽷ߩ᥉෸₸߇චಽߦ਄᣹ߒ‫ޔ‬㔛ⷐ㘻๺ߩ⁁

2ᴫߣߥߞߚ⚻ᷣߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ડᬺ㑆ߩ┹੎ࠍൎߜᛮ޿ߡ޿ߊߚ߼ߦ‫ߩ⽷ࠆߔ↥↢ޔ‬ᕈ⾰߇ᄌൻߔࠆߣ޿߁߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ౕޕ‬૕⊛ߦߪ‫ޔ‬1970 ᐕઍએ㒠ߩ⵾ㅧᬺߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬ၮᧄ⊛ߥᯏ⢻ߩߺࠍ஻߃ߚ⽷ࠍ↢↥ߒ‫ޔ‬ଔᩰߩߺࠍ┹੎ജߩḮᴰߣߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬ᄙ᭽ൻߔࠆᶖ⾌⠪ߩ࠾࡯࠭ߦว
ࠊߖߚᯏ⢻࡮࠺ࠩࠗࡦߥߤ߇㊀ⷞߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫⵾ޔߪࠇߎޕ‬ㅧᬺౝߦ߅޿ߡࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺ
⊛ߥᕈᩰࠍ߽ߟㇱ㐷ߩ᜛ᄢߣ߽⴫⃻ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬໧㗴ᗧ⼂ߪߔߢߦ 1970 ᐕઍ߆ࠄߺࠄࠇࠆ 㧞 ‫ޕ‬ㄭᐕߪኅ㔚ㇱ㐷ߦ߅޿ߡ߽࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕߣߩ⚿߮ߟ߈߇߹ߔ߹ߔ㜞߹ߞߡ߅ࠅ‫⵾ޔ‬ㅧᬺߩ↢↥᜚ὐߩᶏᄖ⒖ォ߇ㅴⴕߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߽޽޿߹ߞߡ‫⵾ޟޔ‬ㅧᬺߩࠨ࡯ࡆࠬൻ‫ޠ‬߇⪺ߒ޿ 㧟 ‫ޕ‬ઁᣇߢ‫⿠ߦ࠼ࠗࠨ↥↢ޔ‬࿃ߔࠆ‫⵾ޟ‬ㅧᬺߩ᭴ㅧᄌൻ‫⃻↥↢ޕࠆࠇࠄߺ߽ޠ‬႐ߢߩࡠࡏ࠶࠻ዉ
౉ߦࠃࠆ⥄േൻ࡮⋭ജൻ‫ޔ‬CADዉ౉ߦࠃࠆ⸳⸘㐿⊒ߩല₸ൻߥߤ‫࠻ࡈ࠰࡮࠼࡯ࡂޔ‬ਔ㕙ߢߩࠦࡦࡇࡘ࡯࠲ᛛⴚߩዉ౉߇‫⵾ޔ‬ㅧᬺડᬺߩ↢↥ᕈ਄᣹ߦߣߞߡ㊀ⷐߥ߽ߩߣߥߞߚ‫޿ޔ߇ࠇߎޕ‬ࠊ߫↢↥ࠨࠗ࠼߆ࠄߩ‫⵾ޟ‬ㅧᬺߩ᭴ㅧᄌൻ‫ޔࠅ޽ߢޠ‬ડᬺౝߩࠦࡦࡇࡘ࡯࠲࡮ᖱႎㇱ㐷ߩ᜛ᄢ‫ޔ‬޽ࠆ޿ߪਛ㑆ᛩ౉ߦ߅ߌࠆኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩჇᄢߦࠃߞߡᛠីߐࠇࠆ 㧠 ‫ޕ‬ߎࠇࠄ 2 ߟߩ஥㕙ߩᄌൻߪ‫⵾ޔ‬ㅧᬺౝㇱߦ߅ߌࠆࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ⊛ߥㇱ㐷ߩ㊀ⷐᕈࠍჇടߐߖࠆߎ
ߣߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬‫⵾ޟ‬ㅧᬺߩ᭴ㅧᄌൻ‫ࠍޠ‬ㅴⴕߐߖࠆ 㧡 ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᄌൻߩ߽ߣߢߪ‫ޔ‬หߓ⵾ㅧᬺߦಽ㘃ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣߒߡ߽‫ߩߘޔ‬ౝታߢⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆᵴേߪ⋧ᒰߦᄌኈߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ផኤߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎࠇࠍ‫↥ޟ‬ᬺౝ᭴ㅧᄌൻ‫ߣߤߥޠ‬᭎ᔨൻߒߡ๭߱ߎߣ߽น⢻ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬ㇱ㐷ౝߦ߅޿ߡ᭴ㅧᄌ
ൻ߇ㅴⴕߔࠆߣ߈‫ޔ‬ᛩ౉᭴ㅧ߇ᄌൻߔࠆ‫ޕ‬3 ▵ߩ↥ᬺㅪ㑐ಽᨆߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫↥ߚߒ߁ߎޔ‬ᬺ࡟ࡌ࡞ߩ᭴ㅧᄌൻࠍ‫ޟ‬ᛛⴚଥᢙ‫ߩޠ‬ᄌൻߦࠃࠆ↥಴㊂ᄌൻߣߒߡ᝝ᝒߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧞㧚㧞㧚 ⣕Ꮏᬺൻߦ㑐ߔࠆవⴕ⎇ⓥᎿᬺൻ߇චಽߦㅴࠎߛ⚻ᷣߦ߅޿ߡ‫ࠍᦼᤨࠆ޽ޔ‬ㆊ߉ࠆߣࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺߩ᜛ᄢ߇ടㅦߒ‫߇߿ޔ‬ߡᎿᬺ߇⋧ኻ⊛ߦ❗ዊߒᆎ߼ࠆߣ޿߁⃻⽎߇‫ޔ‬వㅴᎿᬺ࿖ߢߪⷰኤߐࠇߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬⣕Ꮏᬺൻࠍߤ
ߩࠃ߁ߥᜰᮡࠍ↪޿ߡᛠីߔࠆ߆ߦߟ޿ߡߪฬ⋡ઃടଔ୯‫ޔ‬ታ⾰ઃടଔ୯‫ޔ‬㓹↪ߥߤ᭽‫޽ߢޘ‬ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬Rowthon and Wells(1987)ࠍߪߓ߼ਥⷐߥవⴕ⎇ⓥߢߪ㓹↪㊂ࠍၮḰߣߒߡ⼏⺰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㓹↪㊂ߩ⋧ኻ⊛Ყ₸ߩᄌൻ߇ߥߗ⊒↢ߔࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁ὐߦߟ޿ߡ‫⺰ߩߘޔ‬ℂࠍ␜ߒߚ߽
ߩߦBaumol(1967)߇޽ࠆ‫ ߪ࡞ࡕ࡯ࡏޕ‬2 ㇱ㐷ߩ⚻ᷣࠍᗐቯߒ‫ޔ‬2 ㇱ㐷㑆ߢഭ௛↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸ߦᏅ߇޽ࠆߣ߈‫ޔ‬㓹↪ߪࠃࠅ↢↥ᕈߩૐ޿ㇱ㐷߳ߣ⒖േߔࠆߣ␜ߒߚ 㧢 ‫⺰ߚࠇߐ␜ߢߎߘޕ‬ℂߪ
ᰴߩࠃ߁ߦᢛℂߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬޽ࠆ↥ᬺ߳ߩ㔛ⷐ߇Ⴧടߒ‫↥ޔ‬಴㊂߇Ⴧᄢߒߚߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᒰ⹥↥ᬺ߇ߎߩჇടಽࠍ⾔߁ߦߪ‫ޔ‬
2 ߟߩᣇᴺ߇⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫↥↢ޔߪߟߣ߭ޕ‬ᕈࠍ਄᣹ߐߖᓥ᧪ߣหߓੱຬߢࠃࠅᄙߊߩ↢↥ࠍⴕ

3߁ߦࠃࠅ‫↥ޔ‬಴Ⴧࠍ⾔߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫↥↢ޔߪߟߣ߭߁߽ޕ‬ᕈߪߘߩ߹߹ߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ੱޔ‬ຬࠍჇ߿ߔߎߣߢ↢↥ࠍჇടߐߖ‫ޔ‬㔛ⷐߦኻᔕߔࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫↥↢ޔࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᕈ਄᣹ߣ㓹↪㊂Ⴧടߩ 2 ߟߩᣇᴺ߇޽ࠆߣ޿߃ࠆ‫↥ޕ‬಴㊂Ⴧട₸ߦ↢↥ᕈ਄᣹߇ㅊ޿ߟ߆ߥ޿ߣ߈ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ડᬺߪഭ௛ᛩ౉ࠍჇ߿ߒߡኻᔕߔࠆߒ߆ߥ޿‫ޕ‬ㅒߦ‫↥ޔ‬಴㊂Ⴧട₸ࠍ⿧߃ߡ↢↥ᕈ߇਄᣹ߔࠆ
႐วߦߪ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛ᛩ౉ߪ߻ߒࠈᷫዋߔࠆ‫↥ޔߡߒߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬಴㊂Ⴧട₸‫ޔ‬㓹↪㊂Ⴧട₸‫↥↢ޔ‬ᕈ਄᣹₸ߩ 3 ߟࠍ⚿߮ߟߌࠆ㑐ଥ߇ᚑ┙ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬◲නߥᢙᑼࠍ↪޿ߡ‫ޔ‬એਅߩࠃ߁ߦᢛℂߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫↥ޔߕ߹ޕ‬಴㊂ࠍ Y‫ޔ‬ഭ௛ᛩ౉㊂
ࠍ L ߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ഭ௛↢↥ᕈߪഭ௛ᛩ౉৻න૏޽ߚࠅߩ↢↥㗵ߢ޽ࠆߩߢ Y/L ߣ⴫ߖࠆ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ᄌᢙ߇޽ࠆᦼ߆ࠄᰴߩᦼߦ߆ߌߡᄌൻߔࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬2 ᄌᢙߩ໡ߩᄌൻ₸ߪ୘‫ߩޘ‬ᄌᢙߩᄌൻ₸ߩ๺ߢㄭૃߒᓧࠆߣ޿߁ᢙቇ਄ߩ࡞࡯࡞ࠍ↪޿ࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬ᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ㑐ଥᑼࠍዉߊߎ
ߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ٌY/ٌLѳٌY-ٌL Ꮐㄝߪഭ௛↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸ࠍ⴫ߔ‫ޕ‬ฝㄝߩ╙৻㗄ߪ↥಴㊂Ⴧട₸ࠍ‫╙ޔ‬ੑ㗄ߪ㓹↪㊂ߩჇട₸ࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫↥ޕ‬಴㊂Ⴧട₸ࠍᏀㄝ߳ߣ⒖㗄ߔࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ᰴߩᑼ߇ᓧࠄࠇࠆ

 ٌY-ٌY/ٌL=ٌL ߎߩᑼߪ‫↥ޟ‬಴㊂Ⴧട₸-ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸=㓹↪㊂Ⴧട₸‫߁޿ߣޠ‬㑐ଥࠍᗧ๧ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ฝㄝߩ㓹↪㊂ᄌൻ߇↢ߓࠆߣ߈‫ޔ‬ᒰ⹥↥ᬺߩ㓹↪ࠪࠚࠕ߇ᄌേߔࠆ‫ౕޕ‬૕⊛ߦ޿߃߫‫ޔ‬ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸ࠍ↥಴㊂Ⴧട₸߇⿧߃ࠆߣ߈‫ޔ‬㓹↪㊂ߪჇടߔࠆ‫ޕ‬෻ኻߦ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸߇↥಴㊂Ⴧട₸ࠍ਄࿁ࠇ߫‫ޔ‬㓹↪㊂ߪᷫዋߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ࡠ࡯࠰ࡦ㧩࠙ࠚ࡞࠭ߪ‫⎇ߩ࡞ࡕ࡯ࡏޔ‬ⓥࠍㄘᬺ࡮Ꮏᬺ࡮ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺߣ޿߁ 3 ㇱ㐷ߦ᜛ᒛߒ‫ޔ‬․ߦ⵾ㅧᬺ߆ࠄࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺ߳ߩ㓹↪ߩ⒖േ㧔⣕Ꮏᬺൻ㧕ߦߟ޿ߡ⺰ߓߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓐࠄߦࠃࠇ߫‫ޔ‬⣕Ꮏᬺൻߦߪ‫ߥࡧࠖ࠹ࠫࡐޟ‬⣕Ꮏᬺൻ‫ߥࡧࠖ࠹ࠟࡀޟߣޠ‬⣕Ꮏᬺൻ‫ ߩޠ‬2 㘃ဳ߇޽ࠆߣߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ࡐࠫ࠹ࠖࡧߥ⣕Ꮏᬺൻߣߪ‫⵾ޔ‬ㅧᬺ߇ᛛⴚ㕟ᣂࠍㅴ߼ߡࠁߊߎߣߦࠃࠅ⋭ജൻ࡮⋭ੱൻ߇น⢻ߣߥࠅ‫ޔ‬૛೾ൻߒߚഭ௛ജ߇ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺߦๆ෼ߐࠇࠆᒻߢ⣕Ꮏᬺൻ߇ㅴⴕߔࠆߣ޿߁߽ߩߢ޽
ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬႐ว‫⵾ޔ‬ㅧᬺㇱ㐷ߩ↥಴㊂ߩჇᄢ㧔޽ࠆ޿ߪ⛽ᜬ㧕ߣ㓹↪⠪ᢙߩᷫዋ߇หᤨߦ⊒↢ߔࠆߎߣߣߥࠆ‫ߥࡧࠖ࠹ࠟࡀޕ‬⣕Ꮏᬺൻߣߪ‫ޔ‬࿖ౝ㔛ⷐߩᷫዋ߿࿖㓙┹੎ജߩᷫㅌߦࠃࠅ‫⵾ޔ‬ㅧᬺㇱ㐷ߩ↥಴߇ᷫࠅ‫⸃ޔ‬㓹߿࡟ࠗࠝࡈߣ޿߁ᒻߢ㓹↪ᢙ߇ᷫዋߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬႐ว‫⵾ޔ‬

4ㅧᬺㇱ㐷ߩ↥಴ߪᷫࠅ‫ޔ‬หᤨߦ㓹↪⠪ᢙ߽ᷫዋߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ ↰ේ(2011)߅ࠃ߮ᬀ᧛࡮↰ේ(2012)ߦ߅޿ߡ‫ߥࡧࠖ࠹ࠫࡐޔ‬⣕Ꮏᬺൻߣࡀࠟ࠹ࠖࡧߥ⣕Ꮏᬺൻߦട߃ߡ‫⵾ޔ‬ㅧᬺߣࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺߩ⋧੕ㅪ㑐ࠍㅢߓߚ⣕Ꮏᬺൻߣ‫ࠬࡆ࡯ࠨޔ‬㔛ⷐߩ᜛ᄢࠍㅢߓ
ߚ⣕Ꮏᬺൻߣ޿߁ 2 ߟߩ⚻〝ߩ᭎ᔨࠍㅊടߒߚ‫ޕ‬೨㗄ߦ߅޿ߡ⵾ㅧᬺߦ߅ߌࠆ᭴ㅧᄌൻߦߟ޿ߡㅀߴߚ߇‫⵾ߪ⽎⃻ߩߎޔ‬ㅧᬺ߆ࠄࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺ
߳ߩਛ㑆㔛ⷐࠍჇടߐߖࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬⣕Ꮏᬺൻߦነਈߒᓧࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ὐߪCohen andZysman(1987) 㧣 ߿Petit(1988)ߦ߅޿ߡ߽ᒝ⺞ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠅ‫⵾ޔ‬ㅧᬺߣࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺߩ⋧੕ㅪ㑐ࠍㅢߓߚ⣕Ꮏᬺൻߩ⚻〝߇޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ 㧤 ‫↥↢ޕ‬ᕈߦၮߠ޿ߚ⎇ⓥߢߪ‫ޔ‬୘೎ߩ↥ᬺߪߘࠇ⥄૕ߢቢ⚿ߒߡ߅ࠅ‫⋧ޔ‬੕ߩଐሽ࡮ㅪ㑐߹ߢߪ⠨ᘦߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ታ㓙ߦߪ⵾ㅧᬺߣࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺߪਛ㑆㔛ⷐࠍㅢߓߡ⚿߫ࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫⵾ޔ‬ㅧᬺ߆ࠄࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺ߳ߩਛ㑆㔛ⷐჇᄢߦࠃࠅ‫ࠬࡆ࡯ࠨޔ‬ᬺ߇᜛ᄢߔࠆߣ޿߁⚻〝߇⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫╙߇ࠇߎޕ‬ਃߩ⚻〝ߢ޽ࠆ⵾ㅧᬺߣࠨ
࡯ࡆࠬᬺߩ⋧੕ㅪ㑐ࠍㅢߓߚ⣕Ꮏᬺൻߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬߹ߚ‫╙ޔ‬྾ߩ⚻〝ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬㔛ⷐ᭴ᚑߩᄌൻߦࠃࠅ‫ࠬࡆ࡯ࠨޔ‬ᬺ߇ታ⾰↢↥㊂࡮㓹↪㊂ߣ߽ߦ᜛ᄢߔࠆߣ޿߁⚻〝߇޽ࠆ‫ࡦ࠰࡯ࡠߪࠇߎޕ‬㧩࠙ࠚ࡞࠭ߩ⎇ⓥߢߪ޽߹ࠅ㊀ⷐⷞߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿
ߩߢ޽ࠆ߇‫⎇ߩઁޔ‬ⓥߦ߅޿ߡߪ⣕Ꮏᬺൻߩ㊀ⷐߥⷐ࿃ߣߒߡขࠅ਄ߍࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬ฎ޿⎇ⓥߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄ㌁ⴕ⺞ᩏ⛔⸘ዪ(1989)ߢߪ‫ޟ‬ᶖ⾌ߩࠨ࡯ࡆࠬൻ‫ࠬࡆ࡯ࠨ߇ޠ‬ᬺߩ᜛ᄢߩᄢ߈
ߥⷐ࿃ߩ߭ߣߟߢ޽ࠆߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ 㧥 ‫ޕ‬ㄭᐕߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬ቝੳ(2007)ߢߪ‫ޟ‬㔛ⷐ᭴ㅧߩᄌൻ‫ޠ‬ߣߒߡ‫ޟ‬ᚲᓧ᳓Ḱߩ਄᣹ߦߣ߽ߥ߁ᶖ⾌ᡰ಴ߩ໡ຠ೎᭴ᚑߩᄌൻ‫߇ޠ‬᜼ߍࠄࠇ‫ߩ࠼ࠗࠨ↥↢ޔ‬ⷐ࿃ߢ޽ࠆ↢↥ᕈ࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓߦട߃ߡ㔛ⷐ࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓࠍ↪޿ߡ‫ޔ‬90 ᐕઍᣣᧄߩ⚻ᷣ஗ṛ߇⺑᣿ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߥ߅‫ޔ‬ㄭᐕ↢↥ᕈߩᜰᮡߣߒߡߒ߫ߒ߫↪޿ࠄࠇࠆోⷐ⚛↢↥ᕈࠍ↪޿ߚ⎇ⓥߣߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬ᷓየ✬(2008)߇ઍ⴫⊛ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬Hayashi and Prescott(2002)‫ޔ‬ᷓየ࡮ችᎹઁ(2003)‫ޔ‬రᯅ(2002)‫ޔ‬Jorgenson and Motohashi(2003)ߥߤߩ⻉⎇ⓥߢߪ‫ޔ‬90 ᐕઍએ㒠ߩ㐳ᦼਇᴫߩේ
࿃ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߚ߼ߥߤ‫ޔ‬ᔅߕߒ߽↥ᬺ᭴ㅧᄌൻࠍਥ⋡⊛ߣߪߒߡ޿ߥ޿߇‫⋡ߩࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬⊛ߩߚ߼ߦ TFP ߩផ⸘߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫⎇ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ⓥߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬ฦ↥ᬺ࡮ฦડᬺߩᜬߟోⷐ
⚛↢↥ᕈߩᏅ⇣ߦࠃߞߡߺߕ߆ࠄߩࠪࠚࠕߩ᜛ᄢ❗ዊ߇᳿߹ࠆߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬‫↥ޟ‬ᬺ᭴ㅧᄌ
ൻ‫ⷞ߁޿ߣޠ‬ὐߪ޽߹ࠅᒝ޿ᗧ๧ࠍᜬߚߥ޿‫↥ߥ߁ࠃߩߤޔࠈߒ߻ޕ‬ᬺߢ޽ࠇోⷐ⚛↢↥ᕈߦఝࠇߚડᬺ߇ࠪࠚࠕࠍ᜛ᄢߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳߇ታ⃻ߔࠆߣߺߥߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧟㧚ㇱ㐷೎↥಴㊂ߩⷐ࿃ಽ⸃
㧟㧚㧝㧚૶↪࠺࡯࠲ߩ⚫੺ߣಽᨆߩߚ߼ߩၮ␆૞ᬺ

5ᧄⓂߢߩಽᨆߦߪ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣ↥ᬺ⎇ⓥᚲ(RIETI)ࠃࠅ౏⴫ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ JIP ࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬ 2012 ߣ‫ޔ‬਎⇇↥ᬺㅪ㑐⴫࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬ㧔WIOD㧕ࠍ↪޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
JIP࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬ 2012 ߩㇱ㐷ಽ㘃ߪ 108 ㇱ㐷ߢ޽ࠅ‫ᦼޔ‬㑆ߪ 1970 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2009 ᐕ߹ߢߣߥ
ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ฦᐕߩฬ⋡ଔᩰ⴫ߣ 95 ᐕၮḰߢߩታ⾰ଔᩰ⴫߇↪ᗧߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫↥ޕ‬ᬺㅪ㑐⴫ߩㇱ㐷ಽ㘃ߪ૞ᚑᐕᰴߦࠃߞߡዋߒߕߟ⇣ߥࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬JIP࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬߢߪߘࠇࠄࠍᢛℂ⛔
วߒ‫ߩߡߴߔޔ‬ᐕᐲߦߟ޿ߡ 108 ㇱ㐷ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ 㧝㧜 ‫ޕ‬JIP࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬߩᜬߟ߽߁৻ߟߩ೑ὐ
ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ห᭽ߩㇱ㐷ಽ㘃ߢߩઃᏪ⴫߇↪ᗧߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢߪ㓹↪࠺࡯࠲ࠍ೑↪
ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫↥ޔ‬ᬺㅪ㑐ಽᨆߦ߅޿ߡ↪޿ߚ߽ߩߣหߓ⛔วㇱ㐷ಽ㘃ߢഭ௛↢↥ᕈࠍ᳞߼ࠆ
ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬
WIOD ߪ‫ޔ‬EU ᆔຬળߩᡰេߩ߽ߣ‫ࡦࠥࡦ࠾࡯ࡠࡈޔ‬ᄢቇ߇ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍਥዉߒߡ૞ᚑߐ
ࠇߚ࿖㓙↥ᬺㅪ㑐⴫ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬40 ߩ࿖ߣ࿾ၞߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬35 ㇱ㐷‫ޔ‬1995 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2009 ᐕ߹ߢߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ෼㍳ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ฦ࿖ߦߟ޿ߡ㕖┹੎ဳߩขᒁၮᧄ⴫߇↪ᗧߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ᧄޔ‬Ⓜߢߪ
ਛ㑆ᛩ౉ߩ࿖ౝ⺞㆐Ყ₸ࠍ␜ߔⴕ೉ H ࠍ૞ᚑߔࠆߐ޿ߦ↪޿ߚ‫ޕ‬㧟㧚㧞㧚↥ᬺㅪ㑐⴫࠺࡯࠲ߩᢛℂߣㇱ㐷⛔ว↥಴㊂ᄌൻߩⷐ࿃ಽ⸃ߦ޽ߚߞߡߪ‫⚻࠷ࠗ࠼ޔ‬ᷣߦ߅ߌࠆ⵾ㅧᬺ߇ᨐߚߔᓎഀߦߟ޿ߡಽᨆ
ߒߚ Franke and Kalmbach(2003, 2005)ߩࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ↪޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ࡈ࡜ࡦࠤ㧩ࠞ࡜ࡦࡃ࠶ࡂߩ⎇ⓥߢߪ‫↥ޔ‬ᬺㅪ㑐⴫ࠍ 8 ㇱ㐷ߦ⛔วߒߡ޿ࠆ‫੹ޕ‬࿁ߩಽᨆߢߪ
ᣣᧄߩ↥ᬺㅪ㑐⴫ߩ࠺࡯࠲ߩᕈ⾰ࠍ⠨ᘦߒߡ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ಽ㘃ਇ᣿‫ࠍޠ‬ᣂߚߦട߃ߚ 9 ㇱ㐷ߣߒߚ㧔⴫ 1㧕㧝㧝‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߩಽᨆߦ߅޿ߡ․ߦ㊀ⷐߣߥࠆャ಴ࠦࠕㇱ㐷ߦߪ‫↥ޔ‬಴㗵ߣャ಴㗵ߩផ⒖ࠍ⠨ᘦߒߡ‫ޟ‬ᯏ᪾‫ޠ‬‫ޟ‬㔚ሶ࡮㔚ᯏᯏེ‫ޠ‬‫⥄ޟ‬േゞ‫ޠ‬‫ߩઁߩߘޟ‬ャㅍᯏ᪾‫ޠ‬‫♖ޟ‬ኒᯏ᪾‫ ߩޠ‬5 ㇱ㐷߇฽߹ࠇߡ޿
ࠆ‫ޕ‬ㆬቯᣇᴺߣߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬1980 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2005 ᐕ߹ߢߩᦼ㑆ߦ߅޿ߡㇱ㐷೎↥಴ߦභ߼ࠆャ಴ߩᲧ₸߇㜞߆ߞߚ↥ᬺࠍㆬࠎߢ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬߹ߚ‫ޔ‬5㨪8 ⇟⋡ߩ⛔วㇱ㐷ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫౉ޔ‬ᚻน⢻ߥ࠺࡯࠲ߩ೙⚂߆ࠄ޿ߊߟ߆ߩᄌᦝࠍⴕߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬ၮᧄ⊛ߦࡈ࡜ࡦࠤ㧩ࠞ࡜ࡦࡃ࠶ࡂߩಽ㘃ᣇᴺࠍ〯ⷅߒߡ޿ࠆ 㧝㧞 ‫ޕ‬ߎߎߢ․ߦ⸥ߒߡ߅߈ߚ޿ߩߪ‫ߩߎޔ‬ᢙචᐕ㑆ߦ᜛ᄢߒߡ߈ߚࠕ࠙࠻࠰࡯ࠪࡦࠣߩầᵹ߇෻ᤋߐࠇࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ࠬ࡯࡝ޟ‬ᬺ‫᧚ੱޟߣޠ‬ᵷ㆜ᬺ‫ߩޠ‬ขࠅᛒ޿ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ㇱ㐷ߪ⛔วㇱ㐷ಽ㘃ߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫ߩ⟵⁜ޟ‬ኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ‫ߦޠ‬฽߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆ 㧝㧟 ‫ޔ߼ߚߩߎޕ‬ኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ
ߩ↥಴㊂߇Ⴧᄢߒߚ႐วߦߪ‫߿ࠣࡦࠪ࡯࠰࠻࠙ࠕޔ‬ᵷ㆜ഭ௛ߩ᜛ᄢ߇ߘߩ৻࿃ߣߒߡ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޔ߅ߥޕ‬ഭ௛⠪ᵷ㆜ߣหߓߊㄭᐕ⹤㗴ߦߥࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ޿ᬺോ⺧⽶߿ᬺോᆔ⸤ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄᮡḰ↥ᬺಽ㘃ߦᬺോ⺧⽶߿ᬺോᆔ⸤ߘߩ߽ߩ߇↥ᬺಽ㘃ߣߒߡߪ↪ᗧߐࠇߡ߅ࠄߕ‫ޔ‬ᖱႎࠨ

6࡯ࡆࠬᬺ߿࿯ᧁᑪ▽ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺ߿⚻༡ࠦࡦࠨ࡞࠲ࡦ࠻ߥߤߦ฽߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߇⃻⁁ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬᳃↢↪㔚᳇ᯏ᪾⵾ㅧᬺ‫ߦޠ‬ಽ㘃ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆડᬺ߹ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁(ਛየ(2003))‫߼ߚߩߎޕ‬ᬺോ⺧⽶߿ᬺോᆔ⸤ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫੹ޔ‬࿁ߩಽᨆߢߪ᣿⏕ߦᛒ߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿‫ޕ‬⴫ 1 ฦ⛔วㇱ㐷ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆ↥ᬺ
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ㄘ ᬺ 䇮ᨋ ᬺ 䇮Ṫ ᬺ 䇮⇓ ↥ 䇮㪉ャ಴䉮䉝⵾ㅧᬺ⥄ േ ゞ 䇮ᯏ ᪾ 䇮㔚 ሶ 䊶㔚 ᯏ ᯏ ེ 䇮♖ ኒ ᯏ ᪾㪊䈠䈱ઁ⵾ㅧᬺャ ಴ 䉮 䉝 એ ᄖ 䈱 ⵾ ㅧ ᬺ 䇮੐ ോ ↪ ຠ㪋䈠䈱ઁᎿᬺᑪ ⸳ ᬺ 䇮㔚 ᳇ 䊶䉧 䉴 䇮᳓ ㆏ 䇮㋶ ᬺ㪌ᢎ ⟵ 䈱 ኻ ੐ ᬺ ᚲ 䉰 䊷 䊎 䉴 ㊄ Ⲣ 䇮䊥 䊷 䉴 ᬺ 䇮ᐢ ๔ ᬺ 䇮ᖱ ႎ 䉰 䊷 䊎 䉴 䇮ᢛ ஻ ୃ ℂ ᬺ㪍ᐢ ⟵ 䈱 ኻ ੐ ᬺ ᚲ 䉰 䊷 䊎 䉴 ෈ ᄁ ᬺ 䇮⎇ ⓥ 䇮ㅢ ା 䇮ㆇ ャ㪎ኻ୘ੱ䉰䊷䊎䉴ዊ ᄁ 䇮଻ 㒾 䇮ਇ േ ↥ 䇮᡼ ㅍ 䇮ᇅ ᭉ 䇮㘶 㘩 䇮ኋ ᴱ㪏౏౒䉰䊷䊎䉴ᢎ ⢒ 䇮ක ≮ 䇮଻ ஜ ⴡ ↢
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㧟㧚㧟㧚↥಴㊂ᄌൻߩⷐ࿃ಽ⸃
೨㗄ߢᢛℂߒߚ↥ᬺㅪ㑐⴫࠺࡯࠲ࠍ߽ߣߦ‫ޔ‬ฦᦼ㑆ߩ↥಴㊂ᄌൻߦߟ޿ߡⷐ࿃ಽ⸃ࠍⴕߞߚ‫ޕ‬ಽᨆᦼ㑆ߢ޽ࠆ 2001 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2009 ᐕߦ߅޿ߡ‫⚳ᦨޔ‬㔛ⷐ‫ޔ‬ャ಴‫ޔ‬ਛ㑆ᛩ౉᭴ㅧ‫ޔ‬࿖ౝ⺞㆐Ყ₸ߥߤ߇ߤࠇ߶ߤነਈߒߡ޿ߚ߆ߦߟ޿ߡផ⸘ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ಽᨆߩౝኈߣߒߡߪ↰ේ(2009)ߣหߓ
߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ ࠍ࠲࡯࠺ޔ‬JIP ࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬ 2012 ߳ߣᄌᦝߒ‫ᦼޔ‬㑆ࠍ 2001 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2009 ᐕ߹ߢߩ 2 ᐕᲤߦᄌᦝߒߡ޿ࠆὐߦ⋧㆑߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ࡈ࡜ࡦࠤ㧩ࠞ࡞ࡓࡃ࠶ࡂߩಽᨆᚻᴺߩⷐὐࠍએਅߢ⚫੺ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓐࠄߪ↥ᬺㅪ㑐ಽᨆߦ߅ߌࠆᛩ
౉ଥᢙࠍ‫ޟ‬ᛛⴚଥᢙ‫ޟߣޠ‬࿖ౝ⺞㆐Ყ₸‫ߦޠ‬ಽഀߒ‫ޔ‬࿖㓙⊛ߥਛ㑆ᛩ౉᭴ㅧࠍ⋓ࠅㄟࠎߢߩಽᨆ
ࠍน⢻ߦߒߚὐߦ․ᓽ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Franke and Kalmbach(2003)ߦᓥߞߡਥⷐߥࡕ࠺࡞ᑼࠍ⸥ㅀߔ
ࠆߣ‫↥ߕ߹ޔ‬ᬺㅪ㑐⴫ߩ᭴ㅧ߆ࠄㇱ㐷೎↥಴ࡌࠢ࠻࡞㨤ߪએਅߩࠃ߁ߦቯ⟵ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬x   Ax  㨥
( I  A ) 1 y

(1)

( I  A  A 2  A 3  㨯㨯㨯 ) yAߪᛩ౉ଥᢙⴕ೉‫ޔ‬Iߪන૏ⴕ೉‫ޔ‬㨥ߪᦨ⚳㔛ⷐࡌࠢ࠻࡞ࠍ޽ࠄࠊߔ‫ޕ‬ᛩ౉ଥᢙⴕ೉Aߪ‫ޔ‬ਛ㑆ᛩ౉ࠍ࿖ౝߦ᳞߼ࠆᲧ₸㧔࿖ౝ⺞㆐Ყ₸㧕ⴕ೉Hߣᛛⴚଥᢙⴕ೉ AT (technology coefficient)ߣ
ߦಽഀߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬     

A

H RA

         T      (2)ߎߎߢᵈᗧߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߩ߇‫ޔ‬ᛩ౉ଥᢙⴕ೉Aߪ࿖ౝ⺞㆐Ყ₸ⴕ೉Hߣᛛⴚଥᢙⴕ೉ AT ߣߩ
7

Ⓧߢߪߥߊ‫ⴕޔ‬೉ౝߩฦ㗄⋡ߩⓍߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ(ࠕ࠳ࡑ࡯࡞Ⓧ)‫ޕ‬ah ࡮ a T , ij

  ij    ij (3) ↥ᬺㅪ㑐ಽᨆߢߪ࡟ࠝࡦ࠴ࠚࡈㅒⴕ೉ࠍ↪޿ߡ‫ࠆ޽ޔ‬ᐕߩᦨ⚳㔛ⷐࡌࠢ࠻࡞ y ߆ࠄဋⴧ↥಴㗵ࠍផ⸘ߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫⇛◲ߩ⸥⴫ޕ‬ൻߩߚ߼ߦ࡟ࠝࡦ࠴ࠚࡈㅒⴕ೉ࠍ B ߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬( I  A ) 1

B(4)

       I ߪන૏ⴕ೉ࠍ‫ޔ‬A ߪᛩ౉ଥᢙࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ࡈࠚ࠴ࡦࠝ࡟ߩߎޕ‬ㅒⴕ೉ࠍ↪޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ㇱ㐷೎↥
಴㊂ࡌࠢ࠻࡞㨤ߩᄌൻಽࠍ᳞߼ࠆߣ‫ޔ‬એਅߩࠃ߁ߦ␜ߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬'x

B 0 'y  ( B1  B 0 )'y>@ B 0 ( H 0 㫆 'AT ) x 0  B1 ( H 1 㫆 'AT )  B 0 ( H 0 㫆 'AT ) x 0(5)

 B 0 ('H 㫆 AT0 ) x 0  ( B1  B 0 )('H 㫆 AT0 ) x 0
ٌ㨤ߪ 0 ᦼ߆ࠄ 1 ᦼ߹ߢߩ㨤ߩᄌൻ㊂ࠍ⴫ߔࡌࠢ࠻࡞ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ଥᢙฝ਄ߩᷝሼߪ 0 ᦼߣ 1 ᦼࠍ޽ࠄࠊߔ‫ ╙ޔߢߎߎޕ‬1 㗄ߪᦨ⚳㔛ⷐߩᄌൻߦ⿠࿃ߔࠆ↢↥㊂ᄌൻࠍ⴫ߔ‫╙ޕ‬㧟㗄ߪᛛⴚଥᢙߩᄌൻߦ⿠࿃ߔࠆ↢↥㊂ᄌൻࠍ⴫ߔ‫ ╙ޕ‬5 㗄ߪਛ㑆ᛩ౉ߩ࿖ౝ⺞㆐Ყ₸ߩᄌൻߦ⿠࿃ߔࠆ↢↥㊂ᄌൻࠍ⴫ߔ‫ ╙ߚ߹ޕ‬2 㗄ߣ╙ 4 㗄ߣ╙ 6 㗄ߪ‫ߦࠄࠇߘޔ‬฽߹ࠇߥ޿ᱷ૛(residual)ߦ⿠࿃
ߔࠆ↢↥㊂ᄌൻࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߎߢᦨ⚳㔛ⷐࡌࠢ࠻࡞ y ߪ‫ޔ‬࿖ౝᦨ⚳㔛ⷐ y

dfd

ex

‫ߩ⽷⚳ᦨޔ‬ャ಴ y ‫ߩ⽷⚳ᦨޔ‬ャ౉ yfim

ߩ

3 ߟߦߐࠄߦಽഀߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈‫ޔ‬એਅߩࠃ߁ߦ␜ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬yy dfd  y ex  y fim               (6) ߎߩࠃ߁ߦߒߡ‫↥ޔ‬಴㊂ᄌൻࠍ࿖ౝ㔛ⷐ‫ޔ‬ャ಴‫ޔ‬ャ౉‫ޔ‬ᛛⴚᄌൻ‫ޔ‬࿖ౝ⺞㆐Ყ₸ߩᄌൻ‫ޔ‬ᱷ૛㗄ߩ 6 ߟߩⷐ࿃ߦಽ⸃ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬਄⸥ߩࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ↪޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ฦᦼ㑆㧔2 ᐕ㑆ߏߣ㧕ߩ޽޿ߛߦ✚↥಴߇ߤࠇߛߌᚑ㐳ߒ‫ߘߚ߹ޔ‬ߎߦฦ↥ᬺߩฦⷐ࿃߇ߤࠇߛߌ⽸₂ߒߡ޿ߚ߆ߦߟ޿ߡಽᨆ⚿ᨐࠍ⴫ 2㨪5 ߦ␜ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 2 ߪ 2001 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2003 ᐕ߹ߢߩⷐ࿃ಽ⸃ߩ⚿ᨐࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬2002 ᐕ 1 ᦬ߦ᥊᳇ߩᐩࠍ
ᛂߞߡߪ޿ࠆ߇߹ߛ᥊᳇࿁ᓳߪᧄᩰൻߒߡ߅ࠄߕ‫ޔ‬2 ᐕ㑆ߢ✚↥಴ߪࠊߕ߆ 0.6%ߒ߆ᚑ㐳ߒߡ޿ߥ޿‫߽ߢ߆ߥߩߘޕ‬ᄢ߈ߥഀวࠍභ߼ߡ޿ࠆߩ߇ャ಴ࠦࠕ⵾ㅧᬺߢ޽ࠅ‫ߩ⟵⁜ޔ‬ኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ
࡯ࡆࠬߣ౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߇⛯޿ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ฦⷐ࿃ߩ⽸₂ಽࠍ⷗ࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ャ಴ࠦࠕ⵾ㅧᬺߦ߅޿ߡߪャ಴ߣᛛⴚଥᢙߩᄌൻߩലᨐ߇ᄢ߈޿‫ޕ‬᭴ㅧᄌൻࠍㅴ߼ߟߟ‫ޔ‬࿖㓙⊛ߥ┹੎ജࠍᒝ߼ߡ޿ࠆߎߩ

8ᤨᦼߩャ಴⵾ㅧᬺߩᵴേ߇⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩ⟵⁜ޕ‬ኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫⚳ᦨޔ‬㔛ⷐ‫ޔ‬ャ಴‫ޔ‬ᛛⴚଥᢙ߇ߘࠇߙࠇ 0.1%⒟ᐲߕߟ⽸₂ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫⚳ᦨߪߡ޿߅ߦࠬࡆ࡯ࠨ౒౏ޕ‬㔛ⷐߩ⽸₂ಽ߇߶ߣࠎߤࠍභ߼ߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠄ߆ࠄࠇߎޕ‬ಽ߆ࠆߩߪ‫ߩᦼᤨߩߎޔ‬ᣣᧄ⚻ᷣߦ߅޿ߡౝ㔛߇ᚑ㐳ߦኻߒߡᨐߚߒߡ޿ࠆᓎഀ߇ዊߐߊ‫ࠇߘޔ‬એᄖߩ․ߦャ಴ߦᄢ߈ߊଐሽߒߡᚑ㐳ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬⴫ 2 ↥಴㊂ᄌൻߩⷐ࿃ಽ⸃㧔2001 ᐕ㨪2003 ᐕ)ⷐ࿃ಽ⸃㪉㪇㪇㪈ᐕ㪄㪉㪇㪇㪊ᐕ
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⴫ 3 ↥಴㊂ᄌൻߩⷐ࿃ಽ⸃㧔2003 ᐕ㨪2005 ᐕ)ⷐ࿃ಽ⸃㪉㪇㪇㪊ᐕ㪄㪉㪇㪇㪌ᐕ
㪈
㪉
㪊
㪋
㪌
㪍
㪎
㪏

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౏౒䉰䊷䊎䉴
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㪄㪇㪅㪉㪇㩼
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ᱷ૛㪇㪅㪇㪇㩼㪄㪇㪅㪇㪊㩼
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 ⴫ 3 ߪ 2003 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2005 ᐕ߹ߢߩⷐ࿃ಽ⸃ߩ⚿ᨐࠍ␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪߦᦼᤨߩߎޕ‬ᚑ㐳₸
߇ 2 ᐕ㑆ߢ 2.05㧑ߦિ߮‫⵾ޔ‬ㅧᬺߩャ಴ߛߌߢߥߊ‫ޔ‬ฦㇱ㐷ߩᦨ⚳㔛ⷐߦࠃࠆᚑ㐳߇ታ⃻ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ‫ోޕ‬ㇱ㐷࠻࡯࠲࡞ߢߺߚߣ߈ߦ‫ޔ‬ャ಴ߩ⽸₂ಽ߇ 1.73㧑ߢ޽ࠆߩߦኻߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᦨ⚳㔛ⷐߪ 2.88㧑ߩ⽸₂ߢ޽ࠅ਄࿁ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫․ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᓽ⊛ߥߩߪ↥ᬺ㑆ߩᏅ⇣߇ᄢ߈޿ߎ
ߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ャ಴ࠦࠕ⵾ㅧᬺߪ✚↥಴߇ 2.05㧑ᚑ㐳ߔࠆਛߩ 1.17㧑ಽߩᄢ߈ߥ⽸₂ࠍߒߡ޿ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ߘߩઁ⵾ㅧᬺߣߘߩઁᎿᬺߢߪ↥಴㊂ᄌൻ߇ࡑࠗ࠽ࠬߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠬࡆ࡯ࠨߪࠇߎޕ‬ᬺߦ߅޿ߡ߽ห᭽ߢ޽ࠅ‫߮ࠃ߅⟵⁜ޔ‬ᐢ⟵ߩኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߣ౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߇ᚑ㐳ߔࠆߥ߆ߢኻ୘ੱ
ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩߺ߇ࡑࠗ࠽ࠬᚑ㐳ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬1980 ᐕઍߦߪャ಴ਥዉဳߩᚑ㐳૕೙ߢ޽ࠅߥ߇ࠄ
ฦㇱ㐷߳ߩᵄ෸߇޽ࠅ‫⵾ޔ‬ㅧᬺએᄖߩㇱ㐷߽ᚑ㐳ߒߡ޿ߚ߇‫ߚߒ߁ߘޔ‬ᚑ㐳૕೙ߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ
2000 ᐕઍߦ߅޿ߡߪ᥊᳇᜛ᄢᦼߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕ․ቯߩㇱ㐷ߒ߆ᚑ㐳ߒߥ޿ߣ޿߁․ᓽ߇⷗ࠄࠇ

9

ࠆ‫ޕ‬

⴫ 4 ↥಴㊂ᄌൻߩⷐ࿃ಽ⸃㧔2005 ᐕ㨪2007 ᐕ)ⷐ࿃ಽ⸃㪉㪇㪇㪌ᐕ㪄㪉㪇㪇㪎ᐕ
㪈
㪉
㪊
㪋
㪌
㪍
㪎
㪏

↥಴㊂ᄌൻ

ㄘᨋ᳓↥ᬺ
ャ಴䉮䉝⵾ㅧᬺ
䈠䈱ઁ⵾ㅧᬺ
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౏౒䉰䊷䊎䉴✚↥಴ᦨ⚳㔛ⷐ㪄㪇㪅㪇㪈㩼㪈㪅㪇㪇㩼㪇㪅㪈㪇㩼㪄㪇㪅㪇㪏㩼
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ᱷ૛

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㪇㪅㪇㪇㩼㪄㪇㪅㪇㪈㩼
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㪄㪇㪅㪇㪉㩼
㪄㪇㪅㪇㪉㩼
㪄㪇㪅㪇㪈㩼
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⴫ 4 ߪ 2005 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2007 ᐕ߹ߢߩⷐ࿃ಽ⸃ߩ⚿ᨐࠍ␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ ߪᦼᤨߩߎޕ‬2000 ᐕઍߩ᥊᳇᜛ᄢᦼߩᧃᦼߦ޽ߚࠅ‫ޔ‬ᚑ㐳₸ߪ 1.73㧑ߦ⪭ߜߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߩ‫ޔ‬೨ᦼ߅ࠃ߮೨‫߅ߦᦼޘ‬޿ߡࡑࠗ࠽ࠬᚑ㐳ߢ޽ߞߚߘߩઁ⵾ㅧᬺ߿ኻ୘ੱࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߇ࡊ࡜ࠬߦォߓࠆߥߤ‫ޔ‬᥊᳇᜛ᄢ߇
ฦㇱ㐷߳ᵄ෸ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇⷗ߡขࠇࠆ‫ߩߘޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᄢ߈ߐߣߒߡߪ❗ዊߒߡ߅ࠅ‫ోޔ‬ㇱ㐷࠻࡯࠲࡞ߢߩ⽸₂ಽߣߒߡᦨ⚳㔛ⷐߪ 1.45㧑ߦ❗ዊߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬਎⇇㊄Ⲣෂᯏએ೨ߩߎߩᤨᦼ߆
ࠄᣢߦౝ㔛ߩᷫㅦ߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
2002 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2007 ᐕ߹ߢߩ᥊᳇᜛ᄢᦼߪᚢᓟᦨ㐳ߩ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫ߩߘޔ‬ౝታࠍߺࠇ߫ౝ㔛ߩᨐߚߒߚᓎഀߪᜬ⛯⊛ߢߪߥߊ‫ߚࠇߐࠄߚ߽ߦ⊛⛯⛮ޔ‬ᄖ㔛ߦࠃߞߡ‧ᒁߐࠇߚ߽ߩߢ޽ߞ
ߚ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᄖ㔛ଐሽ⊛ߥᚑ㐳ࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓ߇ߎߩᤨᦼߩ․ᓽߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬቟ቯ⊛ߥᚑ㐳૕೙ߣߒߡ
ߪ⏕┙ߐࠇߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬

⴫ 5 ↥಴㊂ᄌൻߩⷐ࿃ಽ⸃㧔2007 ᐕ㨪2009 ᐕ)ⷐ࿃ಽ⸃㪉㪇㪇㪎ᐕ㪄㪉㪇㪇㪐ᐕ
㪈
㪉
㪊
㪋
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㪏

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౏౒䉰䊷䊎䉴
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㪇㪅㪇㪌㩼㪄㪈㪅㪋㪎㩼

࿖ౝ⺞㆐Ყ
₸

㪇㪅㪇㪋㩼
㪇㪅㪇㪎㩼
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㪇㪅㪐㪊㩼

ᱷ૛

㪇㪅㪇㪇㩼
㪇㪅㪇㪊㩼
㪇㪅㪇㪏㩼
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㪇㪅㪇㪇㩼
㪇㪅㪇㪉㩼
㪇㪅㪇㪇㩼
㪇㪅㪇㪇㩼
㪇㪅㪈㪇㩼

 ⴫ 5 ߪ 2007 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2009 ᐕ߹ߢߩⷐ࿃ಽ⸃ߩ⚿ᨐࠍ␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪᦼᤨߩߎޕ‬਎⇇㊄Ⲣෂᯏߩᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌߚᤨᦼߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬᰷☨⻉࿖ߣᲧセߔࠇ߫ෂᯏߩᓇ㗀ߪዊߐ߆ߞߚ߽ߩߩ‫ޔ‬ᷓೞߥਇᴫߦ㒱ߞߚ‫↥✚ޕ‬಴ߪ-5.30%ߣߥࠅ‫ޔ‬2000 ᐕઍߩᚑ㐳ಽࠍ৻᳇ߦ༚ᄬߒߚ‫ߩࠬ࠽ࠗࡑޕ‬⽸₂ߪ⵾ㅧᬺ߿ኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߢߣࠅࠊߌᄢ߈ߊ‫ߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬ᚑ㐳↥ᬺߢ޽ߞߚㇱ㐷ߩᬺ❣߇

10⪺ߒߊᖡൻߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇⷗ߡขࠇࠆ‫ోޕ‬ㇱ㐷࠻࡯࠲࡞ߢャ಴ߪ-2.46%‫⚳ᦨޔ‬㔛ⷐߪ-3.69%ߩ
⽸₂ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ャ಴ߩߺߥࠄߕᦨ⚳㔛ⷐ߇⪺ߒߊ❗ዊߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ኻᄖ⊛ߥⷐ࿃ߦࠃߞߡߎࠇ߶ߤ
ߩ⪭ߜㄟߺࠍ␜ߒߚߩߪ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߩᣣᧄ⚻ᷣ߇ᄖ㔛ଐሽ⊛ߥ᭴ㅧߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߔ߽ߩߢ
޽ࠅ‫ߩߘޔ‬⢛᥊ߦߪ࿖ౝߦ߅ߌࠆ⺞ᢛ߇ㆡಾߦⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߎߣ߇޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
 2000 ᐕઍߦ߅ߌࠆേะߪએਅߩࠃ߁ߦᢛℂߢ߈ࠆ‫ޔߦ৻╙ޕ‬ਇᴫᦼ߆ࠄᅢᴫᦼ߹ߢࠍㅢߓߡ‫ޔ‬⵾ㅧᬺߩャ಴߇ᄢ߈ߥᓎഀ߇ᨐߚߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫╙ޕ‬ੑߦ‫ޔ‬ౝ㔛ߩ࿁ᓳߪ৻ᤨ⊛ߦߺࠄࠇߚ߽ߩߩ⛮⛯⊛ߢߪߥߊ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣᚑ㐳ࠍ‧ᒁߔࠆ߶ߤߩᓎഀࠍᨐߚߔߦߪ⥋ߞߡ޿ߥ޿‫╙ޕ‬ਃߦ‫ޔ‬⣕Ꮏᬺൻ߇ㅴⴕߔࠆߥ߆ߢ߽‫ࠬࡆ࡯ࠨޔ‬ᬺߩᚑ㐳ߦභ߼ࠆ⽸₂ಽߪᄢ߈ߊߥߊ‫ޔ‬ᚑ㐳ߪਥߦャ಴ࠦࠕ⵾ㅧᬺߣߘࠇࠄߣ㑐ㅪߩᒝ޿ኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦࠃߞߡ‧ᒁߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬⣕Ꮏᬺൻ߇ㅴ
ⴕߒࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺߩࠪࠚࠕ߇᜛ᄢߒߡ޿ࠆߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣᚑ㐳ߦ߅޿ߡࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺߪਥⷐߥ
ᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߡ޿ߥ޿‫߇ࠕࠚࠪޕ‬᜛ᄢߒߡ޿ࠆߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕߘߩ↥ᬺ߇ᚑ㐳ࠍ‧ᒁߔࠆᓎഀࠍ
ᨐߚߒߡ޿ߥ޿ߣ޿߁‫ࠍࠬࡦ࡜ࡃޔ‬ᰳ޿ߚ⁁ᴫߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬⢛᥊ߦߪ᭽‫⺞ߥޘ‬ᢛߩਇో߇޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ߇‫੹ޔ‬ᓟᣂߚߥᚑ㐳૕೙ࠍഃ಴ߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪߎߩਇဋⴧࠍ࿁ᓳߐߖࠆࠃ߁
ߥ⺞ᢛ᭽ᑼߩ⏕┙߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ ᧄ▵ߢߪ‫↥ޔ‬಴㕙ߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ߽ߣߦߒߡ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣᚑ㐳߿↥಴࠲࡯ࡓߢߩ⣕Ꮏᬺൻࠍᬌ⸽ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᰴ▵ߢߪ㓹↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ߽ߣߦ‫ޔ‬㓹↪࠲࡯ࡓߢߩ⣕Ꮏᬺൻߦߟ޿ߡᬌ⸛ߔࠆߎߣߣߒߚ
޿‫ޕ‬㧠㧚ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸ߩㇱ㐷㑆ᩰᏅߣ⣕Ꮏᬺൻ㧠㧚㧝㧚ㇱ㐷೎ഭ௛↢↥ᕈߩዉ಴ᧄ▵ߢߪJIP2012 ߩ㓹↪࠺࡯࠲ࠍ↪޿ߡഭ௛↢↥ᕈࠍផ⸘ߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬਄᣹₸ߩㇱ㐷㑆ᩰᏅࠍ߽ߣߦ 2000 ᐕઍߩ⣕Ꮏᬺൻߦߟ޿ߡᬌ⸽ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ഭ௛↢↥ᕈߪ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛৻න૏޽ߚࠅߩ↢↥‛ߣߒߡቯ⟵ߐࠇࠆ‫ߪߢߎߎޕ‬ഭ௛ᛩ౉ߣߒߡ↥ᬺ೎ߩᓥᬺຬᢙࠍ↪޿‫ߪߡߒߣ‛↥↢ޔ‬JIP2012 ߩขᒁၮᧄ⴫ߦ߅ߌࠆ‫☻ޟ‬ઃടଔ୯‫ ߚ޿↪ࠍޠ‬㧝㧠 ‫ޕ‬ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸ᩰᏅߦ߽ߣߠߊ⣕Ꮏᬺൻߩ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠭ࡓߦߟ޿ߡߪ 2 ▵ߢㅀߴߚ߇‫ޔ‬ታ㓙ߦߤߩࠃ߁ߦ㓹↪ࠪࡈ࠻߇⿠ߎߞߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ߦ
ߟ޿ߡߪ‫⛔ޔ‬วㇱ㐷ߩታ⾰↥಴㗵‫↥ޔ‬಴ࠪࠚࠕ‫ޔ‬㓹↪㊂‫ޔ‬㓹↪ࠪࠚࠕࠍ૬ߖߡᲧセᬌ⸛ߔࠆߎ
ߣߢ‫ߦ⚦⹦ࠅࠃޔ‬᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬߹ߕ‫╙ޔ‬ੑᰴ↥ᬺߣ╙ਃᰴ↥ᬺߩഭ௛↢↥ᕈߩ᳓Ḱߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬࿑ 1 ߅ࠃ߮࿑ 2 ߦ␜ߒߚ‫ߎޕ‬ࠇࠄߩ࿑߆ࠄಽ߆ࠆߎߣߪ‫╙ޔ‬ੑᰴ↥ᬺ߅ࠃ߮╙ਃᰴ↥ᬺౝߢ⇣ߥߞߚផ⒖߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆߎߣߢ
޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ߇Ყセ⊛㜞޿ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ㧔ャ಴ࠦࠕ⵾ㅧᬺ‫⵾ઁߩߘޔ‬ㅧᬺ‫ߩ⟵⁜ޔ‬ኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ
࡯ࡆࠬ‫ޔ‬ᐢ⟵ߩኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ㧕ߣ‫ޔ‬Ყセ⊛ૐ޿ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ㧔ߘߩઁᎿᬺ‫ޔ‬ኻ୘ੱࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ‫ޔ‬11౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ㧕ߣߦᄢ೎ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ߇㜞޿ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߪ 2008 ᐕએ㒠ߦᕆỗߥ⪭ߜㄟߺ߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ૐ޿ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߢߪߘࠇ߶ߤᄌൻߒߡ޿ߥ޿‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᕆ⪭ߩ⢛᥊ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ߇㜞޿ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦ߅޿ߡߪ೙ᐲ⊛ߦ㓹↪߇⛽ᜬߐࠇࠆ௑ะ߇޽ࠅഭ௛଻⬿߇ߥߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ߇ૐ޿ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦዻߔࠆ↥ᬺߢߪ㕖ᱜⷙ㓹↪ߩᲧ₸߇㜞޿ߥߤߩℂ↱ߢ⍴ᦼ㑆ߢߩ㓹↪
⺞ᢛ߇ⴕࠊࠇߚߚ߼ഭ௛↢↥ᕈߩ᳓Ḱ߇⛽ᜬߐࠇߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬࿑ 1 ╙ੑᰴ↥ᬺߩഭ௛↢↥ᕈන૏䋺㪈㪇㪇ਁ౞
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ャ಴䉮䉝⵾ㅧᬺ㪉㪇㪇㪌㪉㪇㪇㪍䈠䈱ઁ⵾ㅧᬺ

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䈠䈱ઁᎿᬺ

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࿑ 2 ╙ਃᰴ↥ᬺߩഭ௛↢↥ᕈන૏䋺㪈㪇㪇ਁ౞
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⁜⟵䈱ኻ੐ᬺᚲ䉰䊷䊎䉴ኻ୘ੱ䉰䊷䊎䉴

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ᐢ⟵䈱ኻ੐ᬺᚲ䉰䊷䊎䉴౏౒䉰䊷䊎䉴

߹ߚ‫ࠬࡆ࡯ࠨޔ‬ᬺߦ߅޿ߡ‫ߩ⟵⁜ޔ‬ኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩഭ௛↢↥ᕈ߇ 2008 ᐕએ೨߆ࠄૐਅ
௑ะߦ޽ࠆߎߣߪᵈ⋡ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬2009 ᐕߦߪࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺߦ߅޿ߡഭ௛↢↥ᕈߩૐ޿ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ㧔ኻ୘ੱࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ‫ࠬࡆ࡯ࠨ౒౏ޔ‬㧕ߣห⒟ᐲߩ᳓Ḱߦ⪭ߜߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬઒ߦߎߩഭ௛↢↥ᕈ᳓Ḱߩૐਅ߇⛮⛯⊛ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߥࠄ߫‫ޔ‬ഭ௛↢↥ᕈߩ㜞޿ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ߆ࠄૐ޿ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ߳ߩ⒖ⴕ߇↢ߓߚߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬12㧠㧚㧞㧚ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸ᩰᏅߣ㓹↪ࠪࡈ࠻  ⴫ 6 ߪࡠ࡯࠰ࡦ㧩࠙ࠚ࡞࠭ߦᓥߞߡ╙ੑᰴ࡮╙ਃᰴ↥ᬺߩ↥಴㊂‫ޔ‬ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸‫ޔ‬㓹↪ᚑ㐳₸ࠍㇱ㐷೎ߦ␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬2000 ᐕઍࠍㅢߓߚ㓹↪߇Ⴧടߒ⛯ߌߚߩߪ⁜⟵ߩኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߣ౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻߒߡᐢ⟵ߩኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߣኻ୘ੱࠨ࡯ࡆ
ࠬߢߪ㓹↪㊂ߩჇടߪࡑࠗ࠽ࠬ߆߶ߣࠎߤ࠯ࡠߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬

⴫ 6 ㇱ㐷೎ߩ↥಴࡮ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ࡮㓹↪ᚑ㐳₸㧔㓒ᐕ㧕ャ಴䉮䉝⵾ㅧᬺ
䈠䈱ઁ⵾ㅧᬺ
䈠䈱ઁᎿᬺ⁜⟵䈱ኻ੐ᬺᚲ䉰䊷䊎䉴ᐢ⟵䈱ኻ੐ᬺᚲ䉰䊷䊎䉴ኻ୘ੱ䉰䊷䊎䉴
౏౒䉰䊷䊎䉴
✚↥಴↥಴㊂ᚑ㐳₸
ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸㓹↪ᚑ㐳₸↥಴㊂ᚑ㐳₸
ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸㓹↪ᚑ㐳₸↥಴㊂ᚑ㐳₸
ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸㓹↪ᚑ㐳₸↥಴㊂ᚑ㐳₸
ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸㓹↪ᚑ㐳₸↥಴㊂ᚑ㐳₸
ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸㓹↪ᚑ㐳₸↥಴㊂ᚑ㐳₸
ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸㓹↪ᚑ㐳₸↥಴㊂ᚑ㐳₸
ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸㓹↪ᚑ㐳₸↥಴㊂ᚑ㐳₸
ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸㓹↪ᚑ㐳₸㪉㪇㪇㪈㪄㪉㪇㪇㪊 㪉㪇㪇㪊㪄㪉㪇㪇㪌 㪉㪇㪇㪌㪄㪉㪇㪇㪎 㪉㪇㪇㪎㪄㪉㪇㪇㪐
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㪄㪈㪅㪏㪐㩼㪇㪅㪍㪇㩼㪇㪅㪏㪉㩼㪄㪈㪅㪏㪈㩼 ⵾ㅧᬺߦ⋡ࠍะߌࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ャ಴ࠦࠕ⵾ㅧᬺߩ 2005~2007 ᐕߩᦼ㑆એᄖߪߔߴߡࡑࠗ࠽ࠬ߆߶
߷࠯ࡠߣߥߞߡ߅ࠅ‫⵾ޔ‬ㅧᬺో૕ߩ௑ะߣߒߡ㓹↪߇ᷫዋߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ャ಴ࠦࠕ⵾ㅧᬺߪ 2007ᐕ߹ߢ↥಴ࠍ᜛ᄢߒ⛯ߌߚ߇‫ޔ‬㓹↪㕙ߢߪ 2005-2007 ᐕߩᦼ㑆ߦ߅޿ߡ 4.92%ߩჇടߒߚએᄖ
ߪ㓹↪߇Ⴧടߒߡ߅ࠄߕ‫↥ޔ‬಴㕙ߩࡄࡈࠜ࡯ࡑࡦࠬߣ㓹↪߇࡝ࡦࠢߒߡ޿ߥ޿‫ߩߘޕ‬⢛᥊ߦߪ↢↥᜚ὐߩᶏᄖ⒖ォߦࠃࠆ࿖ౝ㓹↪ߩᛥ೙߿‫↥↢ޔ‬ല₸ߩᡷༀߦࠃߞߡᔅⷐߥഭ௛߇ᷫዋߒߚ
ߎߣ‫߇ߤߥߣߎߚࠇࠊⴕ߇ࠣࡦ࡝ࡖ࠴ࠢ࡜࠻ࠬ࡝ߚ߹ޔ‬⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫⵾ઁߩߘޕ‬ㅧᬺ߿ߘߩઁᎿ
ᬺߩߺߥࠄߕャ಴ࠦࠕ⵾ㅧᬺߦ߅޿ߡ߽‫ޔ‬2005-2007 ᐕߩᤨᦼߩࠃ߁ߥᅢᴫᦼߦߪ㓹↪߇Ⴧടߔࠆ߇‫ࠇߘޔ‬એᄖߩᤨᦼߦߪේೣߣߒߡ㓹↪߇ᷫዋߔࠆ௑ะߦ޽ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺߦߟ޿ߡ⷗ࠆߣ‫ޔ‬2008 ᐕએ㒠ߩᦼ㑆ࠍ㒰޿ߡ⛮⛯ߒߡ㓹↪߇Ⴧടߒߡ޿ࠆߩߪ⁜13⟵ߩኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߣ౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸ࠍߺࠆߣ‫ߩ⟵⁜ޔ‬ኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ
࡯ࡆࠬߢߪోᦼ㑆ࠍㅢߓߡਅ⪭ߒߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬೨㗄ߩ࿑ 2 ߦ␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦഭ௛↢↥ᕈ᳓Ḱߩૐਅ߇⪺ߒ޿‫ޕ‬㓹↪߇᜛ᄢ௑ะߦ޽ࠆ⁜⟵ߩኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߢഭ௛↢↥ᕈ߇ૐਅߒߡ޿ࠆߎ
ߣߪ‫ޔ‬หㇱ㐷ߩ㓹↪⠪ᚲᓧߩૐਅߦߟߥ߇ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߚ߼‫ࠬࡆ࡯ࠨޔ‬ᬺߩᚲᓧ᳓Ḱࠍ⠨߃ߚ႐วᅢ߹ߒ޿੐ᘒߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬หߓߊ㓹↪߇Ⴧട௑ะߦ޽ࠆ౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߢߪ 2001-2005 ᐕߩᦼ㑆ߢߪഭ௛↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸߇ࡑࠗ࠽ࠬߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬2005 ᐕ-2009 ᐕߩᦼ㑆ߦߪࡊ࡜ࠬߣߥ
ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔߛߚޕ‬ഭ௛↢↥ᕈߩ⛘ኻ⊛ߥ᳓Ḱߢߺࠇ߫‫⛔ోޔ‬วㇱ㐷ਛߢᦨૐߩ᳓Ḱߦ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎࠇࠄߩ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄ 2000 ᐕઍߦ߅ߌࠆ⣕Ꮏᬺൻߩേะࠍ᭎ⷰߔࠆߣ‫․߆ߟߊ޿ޔ‬ᓽߣߥࠆὐ
߇᜼ߍࠄࠇࠆ‫╙ޔߪߦ৻╙ޕ‬ੑᰴ↥ᬺߩ㓹↪ᷫዋ߇‫ޔ‬ャ಴ࠦࠕ⵾ㅧᬺߩ৻ᤨᦼࠍ㒰޿ߡᅢᴫᦼ
ߢ޽ࠆߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕㅴⴕߒߡ߅ࠅ‫╙ޔ‬ੑᰴ↥ᬺ߆ࠄߩ㓹↪⒖േ߇⿲൓⊛ߥ߽ߩߣߥߞߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫߽߆ߒޕ‬਎⇇㊄Ⲣෂᯏߩᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌߚ 2008 ᐕએ㒠ߦߪߘߩᐲว߇ᒝ߹ߞߡ߅ࠅ‫⵾ޔ‬ㅧᬺ߇࿖ౝߦ޽ࠆၮ⋚߇ᄬࠊࠇߟߟ޽ࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ‫╙ޕ‬ੑߦ‫ࠬࡆ࡯ࠨޔ‬ᬺߦ߅޿ߡߪ⁜⟵ߩኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߣ౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦ㓹↪ߩ᜛ᄢ߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆ߇‫ߩ⟵⁜ޔ‬ኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߢߪഭ௛
↢↥ᕈ߇ૐਅ௑ะߦ޽ࠅ‫ߪߢࠬࡆ࡯ࠨ౒౏ޔ‬ഭ௛↢↥ᕈߩ⛘ኻ᳓Ḱ߇ૐ޿‫߼ߚߩߎޕ‬㓹↪߇Ⴧടߔࠆࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺߦ߅ߌࠆᚲᓧߩ᳓Ḱߪ‫⵾ߩߢ߹ࠇߘޔ‬ㅧ↪ߦ߅޿ߡഭ௛ജ߇㓹↪ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ
ᤨᦼࠃࠅ߽ૐਅߔࠆน⢻ᕈࠍᛴ߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬

࿑ 3 ᓥᬺຬ৻ੱ޽ߚࠅߩ㓹↪⠪ᚲᓧ㪍න૏䋺㪈㪇㪇ਁ౞

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ャ಴䉮䉝⵾ㅧᬺ
⁜⟵䈱ኻ੐ᬺᚲ䉰䊷䊎䉴౏౒䉰䊷䊎䉴

䈠䈱ઁ⵾ㅧᬺ
ᐢ⟵䈱ኻ੐ᬺᚲ䉰䊷䊎䉴

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䈠䈱ઁᎿᬺ
ኻ୘ੱ䉰䊷䊎䉴

ߎߩὐߦߟ޿ߡᬌ⸽ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬ᓥᬺຬ৻ੱ޽ߚࠅߩ㓹↪⠪ᚲᓧࠍ᳞߼ߚ(࿑ 3)‫⚿ޕ‬ᨐࠍߺࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ャ಴ࠦࠕ⵾ㅧᬺࠍ㗂ὐߣߒߡ‫ߩ⟵⁜ޔ‬ኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ‫ޔ‬ᐢ⟵ߩኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ‫ߩߘޔ‬14ઁᎿᬺ‫⵾ઁߩߘޔ‬ㅧᬺ‫ߡߒߘޔ‬ᄢ߈ߊ㔌ࠇߡኻ୘ੱࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߣ޿߁ᐨ೉߇ᚑ┙ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇
ಽ߆ࠆ‫․ߢ߆ߥߩߎޕ‬ᓽ⊛ߥേ߈ࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆߩ߇౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߢో૕ߣߒߡૐਅ௑ะ߇ߺࠄ
ࠇࠆ‫ߪ߈ߴߔ╩․ޕ‬㓹↪㊂߇Ⴧടߒ⛯ߌߡ޿ࠆ⁜⟵ߩኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߢ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ߇ૐਅ௑ะߦ޽ࠆߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕ㓹↪⠪ᚲᓧߪ㜞޿᳓Ḱߦ޽ࠆ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇߢ‫ޔ‬หߓߊ㓹↪߇Ⴧടߒߡ޿ࠆ౏
౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߪ৻ੱ޽ߚࠅᚲᓧ߇ૐਅߒ⛯ߌߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ⣕Ꮏᬺൻ߇ㅴⴕߔࠆߥ߆ߢ⵾ㅧᬺ߆ࠄࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺ߳ߣ㓹↪߇⒖േߒߚ߇‫ߚ޽ੱ৻ߪߢߎߘޔ‬ࠅߩ㓹↪⠪ᚲᓧ᳓Ḱ߇⇣ߥࠆㇱ㐷߳ߩ⒖േ߇↢ߓߚ‫ߩ⟵⁜ޕ‬ኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ㓹↪⠪ᚲᓧߪャ಴ࠦࠕ⵾ㅧᬺࠃࠅߪૐ޿߽ߩߩ 2 ⇟⋡ߩ᳓Ḱߦ޽ࠆ߇‫߿ࠬࡆ࡯ࠨ౒౏ޔ‬ኻ୘ੱࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߢߪ
⋧ኻ⊛ߦૐߊ‫⵾ޔ‬ㅧᬺ߆ࠄ⒖േߒߡ߈ߚഭ௛ജ߇ᓧࠄࠇࠆᚲᓧ߇ࠃࠅૐߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿑ 4 ߪ㓹↪⠪ᚲᓧߩ✚㗵ߣኅ⸘ᶖ⾌ߩᚑ㐳₸ߩផ⒖ࠍ␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬㓹↪⠪ᚲᓧߪ᥊᳇ᄌേߦࠞ࠙ࡦ࠲࡯ࠨࠗࠢ࡝ࠞ࡞ߥേ߈ࠍ␜ߒߟߟ‫ޔ‬િ߮₸ߪ㐳ᦼ⊛ߦߪૐਅߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬․ߦ 2000 ᐕઍߦߪ 2006 ᐕߣ 2007 ᐕࠍ㒰޿ߡߔߴߡࡑࠗ࠽ࠬߩિ߮₸ࠍ⸥㍳ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠇߎޕ‬ߦኻߒߡኅ⸘ᶖ⾌ߩિ߮₸ߪ 2000 ᐕઍߦ߅޿ߡ߽ 2007 ᐕ߹ߢߪࡊ࡜ࠬߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬㓹↪⠪ᚲᓧߣኅ⸘ᶖ⾌ߣߩਵ㔌ߩ⢛᥊ߣߒߡߪ‫ߩ⫾⾂ޔ‬ಾࠅ፣ߒ‫ߩ₸⫾⾂ޔ‬ૐਅ‫ޔ‬㊄Ⲣ⾗↥ଔ୯ߩ਄᣹ߥߤߦࠃߞߡኅ⸘ᶖ⾌ߩჇടಽࠍ⾔ߞߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬࿑ 5 ߪኅ⸘ᶖ⾌‫ޔ‬᳃㑆✚࿕ቯ⾗ᧄᒻᚑ‫ޔ‬࿖ౝᦨ⚳ᶖ⾌ߩᄌൻ₸ࠍ␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬࿑ 4 ߣห᭽ߦ 2000 ᐕઍએ㒠ߪߘࠇએ೨ߩ
ᤨᦼࠃࠅᚑ㐳₸߇ૐਅߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬

࿑ 4 ✚㓹↪⠪ᚲᓧ߅ࠃ߮ኅ⸘ᶖ⾌ߩᚑ㐳₸
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㪄㪍㩼
✚㓹↪⠪ᚲᓧ䈱ᚑ㐳₸15ኅ⸘ᶖ⾌䈱ᚑ㐳₸

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࿑ 5 ኅ⸘ᶖ⾌‫ޔ‬᳃㑆✚࿕ቯ⾗ᧄᒻᚑ‫ޔ‬࿖ౝᦨ⚳ᶖ⾌ߩᚑ㐳₸
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ኅ⸘ᶖ⾌

᳃㑆✚࿕ቯ⾗ᧄᒻᚑ࿖ౝᦨ⚳ᶖ⾌ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ⣕Ꮏᬺൻߪ‫ޔ‬ᚑ㐳ࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓߩᄌㆫߣߣ߽ߦ⋧੕ߦᓇ㗀ࠍ෸߷ߒ޽޿ߥ߇ࠄㅴⴕ
ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫⵾ޕ‬ㅧᬺ߆ࠄឃ಴ߐࠇߚഭ௛ജߪࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺ߳ߣๆ෼ߐࠇࠆ㧔㓹↪ߩࠬࡐࡦࠫലᨐ㧕߇‫ޔ‬ᓥ೨ࠃࠅᚲᓧ᳓Ḱ߇ૐߊߥࠆߚ߼ߦᶖ⾌߽ᛥ೙ߐࠇࠆ‫✚ޕ‬㓹↪⠪ᚲᓧߩჇട₸ߪ 2000 ᐕઍߦߪ࿖ౝᦨ⚳ᶖ⾌ߩߘࠇࠍਅ࿁ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫⚿ޕ‬ᨐߣߒߡ⣕Ꮏᬺൻߩㅴⴕߣߣ߽ߦ࿖ౝ✚㔛ⷐߩჇട₸߇ૐਅߒ‫ࠆߥࠄߐ߇ࠇߘޔ‬⣕Ꮏᬺൻࠍ߽ߚࠄߔߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬⣕Ꮏᬺൻ߳ߩ࿃ᨐ
ㅪ㑐ߩ߽ߣߢᚑ㐳ࠍ‧ᒁߔࠆߩߪ‫ޔ‬࿖ౝߩേะߣߪ㑐ଥᕈߩዋߥ޿ᶏᄖ߆ࠄߩャ಴㔛ⷐߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ャ಴ࠦࠕ⵾ㅧᬺ㧔߅ࠃ߮ㅪ㑐ߩᒝ޿⁜⟵ߩኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ㧕ߩᚑ㐳ߦଐሽߒߚᚑ㐳ࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓ߇ᒻᚑߐࠇߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬㧡㧚߅ࠊࠅߦ
 ᧄⓂߢߪᦨᣂߩ↥ᬺㅪ㑐⴫࠺࡯࠲ߢ޽ࠆ JIP2012 ࠍ↪޿ߡ‫ޔ‬2000 ᐕઍߩㇱ㐷೎↥಴㊂ᄌൻߩⷐ࿃ಽ⸃ߣ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸ᩰᏅߦ߽ߣߠߊ⣕Ꮏᬺൻߦߟ޿ߡߩಽᨆࠍⴕߞߚ‫ᦨޕ‬ᓟߦಽᨆ⚿ᨐߩ߹ߣ߼ߣ੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߦߟ޿ߡᢛℂߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ ↥಴㊂ᄌൻߩⷐ࿃ಽ⸃߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ਇᴫᦼ߆ࠄᅢᴫᦼ߹ߢࠍㅢߓߡ⵾ㅧᬺߩャ಴߇ᄢ߈ߥᓎഀ߇ᨐ
ߚߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬ౝ㔛ߩ࿁ᓳߪ৻ᤨ⊛ߦߺࠄࠇߚ߽ߩߩ⛮⛯⊛ߢߪߥߊ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣᚑ㐳ࠍ‧ᒁߔࠆ߶ߤߩᓎഀࠍᨐߚߔߦߪ⥋ߞߡ޿ߥ޿‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬⣕Ꮏᬺൻ߇ㅴⴕߔࠆߥ߆ߢ߽‫ޔ‬ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺߩᚑ㐳ߦභ߼ࠆ⽸₂ಽߪᄢ߈ߊߥߊ‫ޔ‬ᚑ㐳ߪਥߦャ಴ࠦࠕ⵾ㅧᬺߣߘࠇࠄߣ㑐ㅪߩᒝ޿ኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦࠃߞߡ‧ᒁߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ഭ௛↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸ᩰᏅߦ߽ߣߠߊಽᨆ߆ࠄ‫╙ޔ‬ੑᰴ↥ᬺߩ㓹↪ᷫዋ߇ャ಴ࠦࠕ⵾ㅧᬺߩ৻ᤨ
ᦼࠍ㒰޿ߡᅢᴫᦼߢ޽ࠆߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕㅴⴕߒߡ߅ࠅ‫߽߆ߒޔ‬਎⇇㊄Ⲣෂᯏߩᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌߚ 2008ᐕએ㒠ߦߪߘߩᐲว߇ᒝ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ‫⵾ޕ‬ㅧᬺ߇࿖ౝߦ޽ࠆၮ⋚߇ᄬࠊࠇ

16ߟߟ޽ࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ‫ࠬࡆ࡯ࠨޕ‬ᬺߦ߅޿ߡߪ⁜⟵ߩኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߣ౏౒ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦ㓹↪
ߩ᜛ᄢ߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆ߇‫ߩ⟵⁜ޔ‬ኻ੐ᬺᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߢߪഭ௛↢↥ᕈ߇ૐਅ௑ะߦ޽ࠅ‫ࡆ࡯ࠨ౒౏ޔ‬ࠬߢߪഭ௛↢↥ᕈߩ⛘ኻ᳓Ḱ߇ૐ޿‫߼ߚߩߎޕ‬㓹↪߇Ⴧടߔࠆࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺߦ߅ߌࠆᚲᓧߩ᳓Ḱߪ‫⵾ߩߢ߹ࠇߘޔ‬ㅧ↪ߦ߅޿ߡഭ௛ജ߇㓹↪ߐࠇߡ޿ߚᤨᦼࠃࠅ߽ૐਅߒ‫ޔ‬࿖ౝ✚㔛ⷐ߇ᛥ೙ߐࠇࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ታ㓙ߦ‫ޔ‬2000 ᐕઍߩ✚㓹↪⠪ᚲᓧ߿ኅ⸘ᶖ⾌ߩ਄᣹₸ߪߘࠇએ೨ߣᲧߴ
ࠆߣૐਅߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇⏕⹺ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ એ਄ߩಽᨆ߆ࠄ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚߩߪ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄ⚻ᷣߦ߅޿ߡߪ⣕Ꮏᬺൻ߇ㅴⴕߒߡ޿ߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬㓹↪ࠪࠚࠕࠍ᜛ᄢߔࠆࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺߦ߅޿ߡᚑ㐳ࠍ‧ᒁߔࠆ↥ᬺࠍഃ಴ߢ߈ߡ޿ߥ޿‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᚑ㐳↥ᬺߩਇ࿷߇‫ޔ‬ᣂߚߥᚑ㐳૕೙ߩ⏕┙ࠍᅹߍߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߦ߅޿ߡߪߎࠇ߹ߢャ಴⵾ㅧᬺߦ
࿖㓙⊛ߥ┹੎ജ߇޽ߞߚ߇‫ᧄޔ‬ᢥߢㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦ 2008 ᐕߩ㊄Ⲣෂᯏએ㒠ߪ⵾ㅧᬺߩ⽸₂ಽߪ৻᳇ߦࡑࠗ࠽ࠬߦォߓߡ߅ࠅ‫੹ޔ‬ᓟ࿁ᓳߔࠆ߆ቯ߆ߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬ᣢߦᢙචᐕ೨߆ࠄ⵾ㅧᬺߩਇᝄ
ࠍ⚻㛎ߒߚࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߪ㊄Ⲣਥዉဳᚑ㐳૕೙ࠍ⏕┙ߔࠆߎߣࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬1990 ᐕઍએ㒠ߩ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ࠍታ⃻ߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬2008 ᐕߩ㊄Ⲣෂᯏએ㒠ߪ᭴ㅧ⊛ෂᯏߦ⋥㕙ߒߡ޿ࠆ(ጊ↰(2011))‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄ⚻ᷣߩ⺖㗴
ߣߒߡߪ㊄Ⲣਥዉဳᚑ㐳ࠍㅊ㓐ߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊ‫ࠅࠃޔ‬቟ቯ⊛ߥᣂߚߥᚑ㐳૕೙ࠍ⏕┙ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆࠃ߁ߦᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ ߹ߚ‫ޔ‬࿖ౝᦨ⚳㔛ⷐߩિ߮₸߇ 1990 ᐕઍએ㒠㕖Ᏹߦૐ޿᳓Ḱߦ޽ࠆߎߣ߽⺖㗴ߩ߭ߣߟߢ
޽ࠆ(࿑ 5)‫ޕ‬2000 ᐕઍߩ᥊᳇᜛ᄢᦼߦ߅޿ߡ߽࿖ౝᦨ⚳㔛ⷐߩિ߮ߪዊߐ޿߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߘޕ‬ߩ⢛᥊ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ቝੳ(2011)ߦ߅޿ߡᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㓹↪ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߅ࠃ߮⾓㊄೙ᐲߦ໧㗴߇޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ડᬺᵴേߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡߩಽ㈩߇ᓥᬺຬߦలಽߦ㈩ಽߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߎߣ߇޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫⁁ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᴫਅߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫⾓ޔ‬㊄਄᣹ψᶖ⾌㔛ⷐჇടψᛩ⾗Ⴧടψ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߣ޿ߞߚ‫ޟ‬㔛ⷐ࡟ࠫ࡯ࡓ‫ߩޠ‬ㅪ㑐߇ᚑ┙ߒߥ޿ߚ߼‫ޔ‬ᚑ㐳߳ߩᅢᓴⅣࠍᒻᚑߔࠆߩ߇࿎㔍ߢ޽ࠆ‫⾓ޕ‬㊄೙ᐲߦ߅޿ߡㆡಾߥ⺞ᢛ᭽ᑼࠍ⏕┙ߔࠆߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ ᧄⓂߢߪ↥ᬺࠍ 9 ㇱ㐷ߦಽ㘃ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫↥ޔ‬಴㊂ᄌൻࠍ⣕Ꮏᬺൻߣ㑐ㅪߐߖߟߟಽᨆߒ
ߚ‫੹ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬࿁ߩಽᨆᨒ⚵ߺߢߪචಽߦᬌ⸛ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚ⺰ὐ߽ᱷࠆ‫ߦࠇߙࠇߘޕ‬୘ᕈࠍᜬߞߚ↥ᬺࠍ⛔วߒߚߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬୘೎↥ᬺߩേะ߹ߢߪචಽߦขࠅᛒ߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚ‫߃଀ޕ‬߫‫ޔ‬ャ಴ࠦࠕ⵾ㅧᬺߣߘߩઁ⵾ㅧᬺߢߪߘࠇߙࠇ⇣ߥߞߚផ⒖ࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ߚ߇‫⛔ߩࠄࠇߎޔ‬วㇱ㐷ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆ↥ᬺߩ߁ߜ‫ޔ‬ታ㓙ߦߤߩ↥ᬺ߇ߤࠇ߶ߤነਈߒߡ޿ߚ߆ߦߟ޿ߡߪਇ᣿ߥ߹߹
ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ᣂߚߥᚑ㐳↥ᬺߣߒߡߤߩࠃ߁ߥ↥ᬺߦน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߽᣿ࠄ߆ߢ
ߥ޿‫੹ޕ‬ᓟߪ 9 ㇱ㐷ߢߪߥߊࠃࠅ⹦⚦ߥㇱ㐷ಽ㘃ࠍ૬ߖߡ↪޿ࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫↥ޔ‬ᬺ࡟ࡌ࡞ߩേ
ᘒߣࡑࠢࡠߩ↥ᬺ᭴ㅧᄌൻߩ㑐ࠊࠅࠍࠃࠅ⹦⚦ߦᝒ߃ߡ޿ߊߎߣࠍ⺖㗴ߣߒߚ޿‫ޕ‬

17

ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
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ࡌ࡞ߩታ⸽ಽᨆ̆‫᧲ޢ‬੩ᄢቇ಴ળ‫ޕ‬Hayashi, F. and E, C, Prescott (2002) “The 1990s in Japan: A Lost Decade,” Review of
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ේ↰⵨ᴦ(1997)‫ޟ‬⣕Ꮏᬺൻߩℂ⺰ࡕ࠺࡞⊛⠨ኤ̆̆ਇဋ╬⊒ዷߣ⚥Ⓧ⊛࿃ᨐㅪ㑐ࠍਛᔃߦ‫ޠ‬‫⚻ޡ‬ᷣ⑼ቇ‫ ╙ޢ‬45 ภ╙ 3 ภ‫ޕ‬ේ↰⵨ᴦ(2007)‫↥ޟ‬ᬺ᭴ㅧߩᄌൻߩᄙ᭽ᕈ̆ᄙᄌ㊂⸃ᨆߦࠃࠆ㘃ဳൻߩ⹜ߺ̆‫ޠ‬‫⃻ޡ‬ઍ⾗ᧄਥ⟵߳ߩᣂⷞⷺ‫ޢ‬ᤘ๺ၴ‫ޕ‬
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࡚ࡦࡍ࡯ࡄ࡯ࠪ࡝࡯࠭, 02-J-018‫ޕ‬ਛየ๺ᒾ(2003)‫⵾ޟ‬ㅧᬺോ⺧⽶ᬺߩ↢ᚑ࡮⊒ዷㆊ⒟ߣ੐ᬺߩ᭎ⷐ ᬺോ⺧⽶ᬺߩᏒ႐ⷙᮨ‫ޠ‬‫ޡ‬㔚ᯏㅪว ✚⎇࡟ࡐ࡯࠻‫ ╙ޢ‬285 ภ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄ㌁ⴕ⺞ᩏ⛔⸘ዪ(1989)‫߇ࠊޟ‬࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ╙ਃᰴ↥ᬺߩ᜛ᄢߦߟ޿ߡ̆ߘߩ⢛᥊ߣࡑࠢࡠ⚻ᷣ⊛฽ᗧ‫⺞ޡޠ‬ᩏ᦬ႎ‫᦬਻ޢ‬ภ, 1-36 㗁‫ޕ‬
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Rowthorn, R. and Wells, J. (1987) Deindustrialization and Foreign Trade, Cambridge
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㜞㗇⾐⟵ඳ(1965)‫⃻ޡ‬ઍଔᩰ૕♽⺰ᐨ⺑‫ޢ‬ጤᵄᦠᐫ‫ޕ‬↰ේᘕੑ(2009)‫⵾ޟ‬ㅧᬺߣࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺߩ⋧੕ㅪ㑐ߣ᭴ㅧᄌൻ : 1980㧙2000 ᐕߩᣣᧄ⚻ᷣߩ↥ᬺㅪ㑐ಽᨆ‫ޡޠ‬ᮮᵿ࿖㓙␠ળ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ‫ ╙ޢ‬14 Ꮞ╙ 3 ภ‫ޕ‬↰ේᘕੑ(2011) ‫⵾ޟ‬ㅧᬺߩ᭴ㅧᄌൻߣࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ⚻ᷣൻɆᣣᧄ⚻ᷣߩ↥ᬺㅪ㑐ಽᨆɆ‫ޠ‬ඳ჻ቇ૏⺰ᢥ㧔ᮮᵿ࿖┙ᄢቇ㧕‫ޕ‬ㅢ໡↥ᬺ⋭✬(1988)‫ޡ‬ᤘ๺ 63 ᐕᐲㅢ໡⊕ᦠ‫ޢ‬ᄢ⬿⋭ශ೚ዪ‫ޕ‬ᬀ᧛ඳᕶ(1991)‫ޟ‬⣕Ꮏᬺൻߣ⾗ᧄ⫾Ⓧߩ᭴ㅧᄌൻ㧦⫾Ⓧ⺰⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴‫⚻ޡޠ‬ᷣ⹏⺰‫ ╙ޢ‬40 Ꮞ╙㧝㧝ภ‫ޕ‬ᬀ᧛ඳᕶ(2004)‫ޟޟ‬ㆬᛯߣ㓸ਛ‫ߣޠ‬㓹↪ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ ̆̆ࡃ࡝ࡘ࡯࠴ࠚ࡯ࡦᄌൻߩ߽ߣߢߩ㓹↪ߣౝㇱഭ௛Ꮢ႐ߩ⡯⒳೎ಽᨆ‫ޡޠ‬ㆬᛯߣ㓸ਛ ᣣᧄߩ㔚᳇࡮ᖱႎ㑐ㅪ↥ᬺߦ߅ߌࠆታᘒಽᨆ‫ޢ‬᦭᢫㑑‫ޕ‬
ᬀ᧛ඳᕶ(2011)‫ޟ‬ᣣᧄ⚻ᷣߩ೙ᐲᄌൻߣᚑ㐳૕೙㧦ᣂߚߥ᭴ㅧ⊛ෂᯏ߳‫ޠ‬‫ޡ‬㊄Ⲣෂᯏߩ࡟ࠡࡘ࡜
ࠪࠝࡦℂ⺰㧦ᣣᧄ⚻ᷣߩ⺖㗴‫ޢ‬ᤘ๺ၴ‫ޕ‬ᬀ᧛࡮↰ේ(2012)‫ޟ‬ᣣᧄ⚻ᷣߩᚑ㐳૕೙ߣ⣕Ꮏᬺൻ‫⚻ޠ‬ᷣℂ⺰ቇળ╙ 60 ࿁ᄢળ⊒⴫㧔ᣈᗲᇫᄢቇ㧕‫ޕ‬
ቝੳብᐘ(2007)‫ޟ‬90 ᐕઍᣣᧄߣ☨࿖ߩ᭴ㅧᄌൻߣ⾗ᧄ⫾Ⓧ‫⃻ޡޠ‬ઍ⾗ᧄਥ⟵߳ߩᣂⷞⷺ‫ޢ‬ᤘ๺ၴ‫ޕ‬
ቝੳብᐘ(2011)‫ޟ‬ᣣᧄ⚻ᷣߪߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⺞ᢛߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߆‫ޠ‬‫ޡ‬㊄Ⲣෂᯏߩ࡟ࠡࡘ࡜ࠪࠝࡦℂ⺰㧦ᣣᧄ⚻ᷣߩ⺖㗴‫ޢ‬ᤘ๺ၴ‫ޕ‬ቝੳብᐘ࡮ጊ↰㍈ᄦ࡮⏷⼱᣿ᓼ࡮ᬀ᧛ඳᕶ(2011)‫ޡ‬㊄Ⲣෂᯏߩ࡟ࠡࡘ࡜ࠪࠝࡦℂ⺰㧦ᣣᧄ⚻ᷣߩ⺖㗴‫ޢ‬ᤘ๺ၴ‫ޕ‬ጊ↰㍈ᄦ(2011)‫ޟ‬਎⇇㊄Ⲣෂᯏߩ᭴࿑ߣᱧผ⊛૏⋧‫ޠ‬‫ޡ‬㊄Ⲣෂᯏߩ࡟ࠡࡘ࡜ࠪࠝࡦℂ⺰㧦ᣣᧄ⚻ᷣߩ⺖㗴‫ޢ‬ᤘ๺ၴ‫ޕ‬㧨࠺࡯࠲࠰࡯ࠬ㧪
JIP ࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬ 2012(http://www.rieti.go.jp/jp/database/JIP2012/index.html)
਎⇇↥ᬺㅪ㑐⴫(WIOD)(http://www.wiod.org/database/index.htm)

19ߎࠇ߹ߢ࿖㓙⊛ߥ⺞㆐᭴ㅧߩಽᨆߦ↪޿ߡ޿ߚ✚ോ⋭౏㐿ߩ↥ᬺㅪ㑐⴫࠺࡯࠲ߩઃᏪ⴫ߢ
޽ࠆャ౉⴫ߪ 5 ᐕᲤߢ޽ࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬ಽᨆ㑆㓒߽ 5 ᐕᲤߦ㒢ቯߐࠇߡ޿ߚ߇‫ޔ‬WIOD ߪฦᐕߩ㕖┹੎ဳ↥ᬺㅪ㑐⴫߇↪ᗧߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߚ߼‫ᦼᤨ޿߆⚦ࠅࠃޔ‬඙ಽߢߩಽᨆ߇น⢻ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧞ᒰᤨߩ⼏⺰ࠍᢛℂߒߡ߹ߣ߼ߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߣߒߡㅢ໡↥ᬺ⋭✬(1988)߇޽ࠆ㧞㧟ᤘ๺ 63 ᐕᐲߩ‫ޡ‬ㅢ໡⊕ᦠ‫ߡ޿߅ߦޢ‬ᣢߦ‫⵾ޟ‬ㅧᬺߩࠨ࡯ࡆࠬൻ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬๭⒓߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆ㧔ㅢ໡↥ᬺ⋭✬(1988)㧕‫ޕ‬
㧠 Petit(1988)ߪ⵾ㅧᬺߣࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺߣߩ⚿߮ߟ߈߇ኻડᬺࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩჇᄢߦ⃻ࠇࠆߣߒߡ޿
ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧡 2000 ᐕઍߦߥߞߡ߆ࠄߩ⎇ⓥߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ᬀ᧛(2004)ߢߪ㔚᳇࡮ᖱႎ㑐ㅪડᬺߦ߅޿ߡࡃ࡝ࡘ
࡯࠴ࠚ࡯ࡦߦᄌൻ߇↢ߓ‫ޔ‬Ꮉ਄ߩ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒࡮⸳⸘ㇱ㐷‫ޔ‬Ꮉਅߩ༡ᬺ࡮⽼ᄁㇱ㐷ߩ㊀ⷐᕈ߇Ⴧᄢ
ߒߚߎߣ߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧢㜞㗇⾐(1965)ߪห᭽ߩ⺰ℂߢ޽ࠆ߇ࠗࡦࡈ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦ⌕⋡ߒ‫⾓ޔ‬㊄਄᣹߇↢↥ᕈ਄᣹₸ߩ㜞޿↥ᬺߛߌߢߥߊ⋧ኻ⊛ߦૐ޿↥ᬺߦ߽⿠ߎࠅ‫ߩߘޔ‬਄᣹ಽ߇ଔᩰߦォᇾߐࠇࠆߎߣߢ‛ଔ߇਄᣹ߔࠆ‫↥↢ޟ‬ᕈᩰᏅࠗࡦࡈ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦ‫߇ޠ‬ㅴⴕߔࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㧣ᓐࠄߩ⺰ᣦߦࠃࠇ߫‫⵾ޔ‬ㅧᬺߩᕈ⾰߇ᓥ᧪ߣᲧߴᄌൻߒࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᛩ౉߇Ⴧടߒߚߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᬺߩ᜛ᄢߣ޿߁↥ᬺ᭴ㅧߩᄌൻ߇↢ߓߚߣ⺑᣿ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧤 ࠦ࡯ࠛࡦ㧩ࠩࠗࠬࡑࡦ‫ࡦ࠰࡯ࡠޔ‬㧩࠙ࠚ࡞࠭‫ߡ߃߹〯ࠍ⺰⼏ߩࠄ࠴ࡊޔ‬ᣣᧄߦ߅޿ߡⴕߥࠊ
ࠇߚ⎇ⓥߦᬀ᧛(1991)߿ේ↰(1997)߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧥 ‫ޟ‬ᶖ⾌ߩࠨ࡯ࡆࠬൻߣߪ‫߫ࠇߺߡߓ✚߇ࠬࡆ࡯ࠨޔ‬਄⚖⽷ߢ޽ࠅ‫ߊ޿ߡߞߥߦ߆⼾߇ޘੱޔ‬ߦߟࠇߡࠨ࡯ࡆࠬᶖ⾌ࠍჇ߿ߒߡ޿ߊ௑ะ߇޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ߪࠇߎޔ‬ਥߣߒߡ╙ਃᰴ↥ᬺߩ⿲൓⊛ߥࠪࠚࠕ᜛ᄢࠍ⺑᣿ߔࠆⷐ࿃ߢ޽ࠆ‫(ޕ‬ᣣᧄ㌁ⴕ⺞ᩏㇱ(1989), p.10)‫ޠ‬㧝㧝㧜ផ⸘ᣇᴺ߿࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬߩ᭎ⷐߦߟ޿ߡߪᷓየઁ(2003)ߥߤࠍෳᾖߐࠇߚ޿‫ޕ‬

ᧄⓂߦ߅ߌࠆߔߴߡߩ࿑⴫ߪ JIP2012 ߅ࠃ߮ WIOD ࠍ߽ߣߦ૞ᚑߒߚ‫ޕ‬↥ᬺㅪ㑐⴫ߩᢛℂ⛔ว૞ᬺߩ⹦⚦ߦߟ޿ߡߪ↰ේ(2009)ࠍෳᾖߐࠇߚ޿‫ޕ‬㧝㧟ഭ௛⠪ᵷ㆜ᬺ߇ᴺ⊛ߦ⹺นߐࠇߚߩ߇ᤘ๺ 61 ᐕ㧔ഭ௛⠪ᵷ㆜ᴺߩ೙ቯ㧕ߩߎߣߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬1990
ᐕ(ᐔᚑ 2 ᐕ)⴫߆ࠄ㓸⸘ߔࠆຠ⋡ߣߒߡ⸥タߐࠇ‫ޔ‬2005 ᐕ⴫߆ࠄߪ⁛┙ߒߚㇱ㐷ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧝㧠 ഭ௛↢↥ᕈߩ⸘᷹ߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ಽሶߢ޽ࠆ↥಴ߣಽᲣߢ޽ࠆഭ௛ᛩ౉ߦߤߩᜰᮡࠍ↪޿ࠆ߆ߦߟ޿ߡߪ᭽‫ᧄޔ߇ࠆ޽߇⸃⷗ߥޘ‬Ⓜߢߪࡕ࠺࡞ࠍᒁ↪ߒߡ޿ࠆࡠ࡯࠰ࡦ=࠙ࠚ࡞࠭ߩ⎇ⓥߣ
ߩᢛวᕈࠍ㊀ⷞߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᓐࠄߩ↪޿ߚᜰᮡߦ୮߁ߎߣߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬
㧝㧝
㧝㧞

20

株式市場の暴落に先駆けて起こる株価の協調的な振る舞いCollective behavior of stock prices as a precursor tomarket crash
成城大学経済学部 増川純一

Abstract
We study precursors to the global market crash that occurred on all main stock exchanges
throughout the world in October 2008 about three weeks after the bankruptcy of Lehman
Brothers Holdings Inc. on 15 September. We examine the collective behavior of stock returns
and analyze the market mode, which is a market-wide collective mode, with constituent issuesof the FTSE 100 index listed on the London Stock Exchange. Before the market crash, a sharp
rise in a measure of the collective behavior was observed. It was shown to be associated withnews including the words ”financial crisis.” They did not impact stock prices severely alone, butthey exacerbated the pessimistic mood that prevailed among stock market participants. Suchnews increased after the Lehman shock preceding the market crash. The variance increased
along with the cumulative amount of news according to a power law.

ここでは、ロンドン証券取引所 FTSE100 指数の構成銘柄の対数収益率時系列を解析した。期間は 2007 年 5 月から 2009 年 1 月までの 21 ヶ月間で ある。この期間は、バリパ・ショック (2007
年 7 月)、ノーザンロック銀行の国有化 (2008 年 2 月)、JP モルガ ンによるベア・スターンズの買収 (2008 年 3 月)、リーマン・ブラザーズの破綻 (2008 年 9 月) など、米国発のサブプライムロー
ン危機の余波で起こった出来事によって市場が大きく動揺した時期である。重要なのは、2008 年 1
月 21 日と 10 月 8 日 (9 月 15 日のリー マン・ブラザーズの破綻のおよそ 3 週間後)、特段のニュースが無いのに世界的な株価の暴落が起きている事である（図 1）。
そこで、式 (1) で与えられる標準化された対数収益率 δXi (t) = log(Pi (t)) − log(Pi (t − δt))（ここで Pi (t) は銘柄 i の時刻 t における株価，時間幅 δt はここでは 1 分間に取った）の N = 105 種の FTSE100 構成銘柄での算術平均 (近似的に第 1 主成分の時系列成分に一致する) を丹念に調べた。この時系列成分はマーケット・モードと よばれ、市場全体の協調的な動きを表すものである

図 1 Large price declines during May 2007 to Jan 2009. (a) Time series of the FTSE100

index (black line) and the daily log-return (gray line). (b) Evolution of the 1-min. logreturn of Royal Dutch Shell plc (RDSA) (total:198490 min)(gray lines) and the dailyfrequency of large values with amplitudes greater than the twofold standard deviation
during the period (black lines). Overnight price changes are excluded.

NδM (t) =1 ! δXi (t),N i=1 σi(1)

ここで σi は期間における構成銘柄 i の標準偏差である．解析は以下のように行 った。まず、マーケット・モードが多くの金融時系列と同様にマルチフラクタル性を持ち、 バクリーらが提案したマルチフラクタル・ランダムウォーク (MRW)[1] でよく記述できる事を確認した。MRW のパ
ラメータのうちで、ボラティリティの対数に対応する量 λ2 log(L/δt)（λ、L は MRW のパラメー
タ）のこの期間での変動を求めた。詳しくは，論文 [2] を参照。
特徴的な事は、先の特段のニュースが無い株価の暴落時には、2 例とも前駆現象としてボラティ

図 2 Temporal evolution of the estimated variance λ2 log(L/δt). Two results are shown.

One is the result with no de-trending prescription and δt = 1 min (black solid line).
The other is the result with the thorough prescription where we remove the local trend
every 8 min as the thorough de-trending prescription, and δt = 8 min (dashed line). The
daily frequency of large δM (t) values with amplitudes larger than the twofold standard
deviation during the period (black lines) is also shown (gray line).

リティの急激な立ち上がりが起こることである。これは、リーマン・ブラザ ーズの破綻時の暴落では見られない現象である。また、この立ち上がりは

financial crisis というワードを含むニュースの頻度と関連しており、ボラティリティはこれらの ニュースの累積頻度とともにベキ関数で増加した（図 3, 図 4）。

λ2 log(L/δt)(t) ∼ Nn (t)αn ,(2)

これらの結果は、一つ一つは大きなインパクトを持たないネガティブ・ニュースでも、その累積的な効果により市場参加者に悲観的なムードを増幅させ、大きな株価変動を引き起こす要因となりうることを示している。

図 3 Temporal

evolution of the daily
amounts of news which include the words”financial crisis” of the period from 1 Sep.
to 31 Dec. 2008 (black solid line), the news
with the words ”Lehman Brothers” of theperiod from 1 Jul. to 31 Dec. 2008 (dashedline)[?]. The news sources are confined toReuters news. The amounts of news strongly
depends on the day of the week. To removethat effect, we divided the daily amount by
the average value of the corresponding dayof the week and multiply it by the average during the period. The temporal evolution of the variance λ2 log(L/δt) with node-trending prescription is also shown (grayline). Inset: Actual monthly count of bothnews of the period from Sep. 2008 to Dec.
2009.

図 4 Growth of the variance V ar(ωδt ) =λ2 log(L/δt) against the cumulative amountof news Nn for the period from 16 Sep. to
8 Oct (circle). The solid line represents thebest fit by eq. (2). The estimated exponent
αn is 0.19 ± 0.04.

参考文献
[1] E. Bacry, J. Delour and J. F. Muzy, Phys. Rev. E64, 026103, 2001.
[2] J. Maskawa, Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppement, No.194, 1, 2012.

Systemic Risk in a Japanese Financial Network∗
Hideaki Aoyama
Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
January 31, 2013

Abstract
We study Japanese bank-firm bipartite network, whose links arebank’s lending to each firm. By assigning ‘distress variable‘ to eachagent in this work and studying spread of distress from a bank to thewhole network, we evaluate the bank’s importance with respect to thesystemic risk of this financial network.

1

Introduction

Systemic risk is of topmost importance in any analysis of the economy, as isevident from recent Lehman crisis and other crises that were repeated over andover and affected huge number of people worldwide.
Economy as a whole is made of vast number of economic agents who interact in a (large) number of ways. As ways they choose partners with whom theyinteract are affected by a large number of factors, including each agent’s individual situations, even outside the economy, the network is far from regular.
Thus numerical analysis is relevant for evaluation of systemic risk.
There are basically two ways to approach this problem:• Realistic, but complex approach: One may set up some numbers of equations for dynamic interactions between agents, whose variables are entries
in financial statements, like saving, borrowings, sales, profit and whatnot.
A talk presented in the Econophysics Session of the Japanese Society of Evolutionary
Economics, March 16th, 2013 (Chuo University, Japan).
∗1• Abstract, but simple approach: One may define some abstract quantities
that reflects the most important characterization of each agent and defineinteractions among them.
Both approaches have advantages and short comings: The former may beclose to the reality and one can may look into various aspects of the system, likethe tax system, on how they affect the system and what not, while as one tries
to construct more realistic models the numbers of the variables and the numbersof the equations increase. The parameters in the equations may rise accordingly
and one may have hard time in determining their values and identifying whichparameter values are significant cause of any particular economic phenomena.
On the other hand, in the latter approach, the simple fact that it is abstract
may raise discussion on how it can be important and what is really analyzed
in comparison with reality. The merit of the this approach, however, is that its
structure can be made quite simple, being tailored to the particular phenomena(the type of the systemic risk in that particular economic network).
In this paper, we take the latter approach, in particular, DebtRank approach, which was originally proposed in Battiston et al. (2012) in the banking
system in U.S.. We first extend this approach, using the framework we proposed in Fujiwara et al. (2009). We then carry out the calculation of the
DebtRank of the Japanese banks from 1980 to 2010.

2

Network Characteristics

The data we use is provided by Nikkei Inc. and contains amount of the longterm and short-term yearly lending by banks to the firms from 1980 to 2011.
The banks and firms are identified by respective Nikkei codes and the names.
All the yearly BS, PL and CS of both banks and firms are given. The numberof firms and banks are plotted in Fig.1 and Fig.2.
Some network properties, including Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) of thebanks, were studied in De Masi et al. (2009), whose main conclusion was that
there are two kinds of major branches, 1) branch made of city (mega) banks,and 2 branches that are made of banks in the same region, i.e., a branch madeof banks in Kansai region, a branch for banks in Tohoku region, etc. This
would have indication as to the spread of distress in this bi-partite network.

2

Figure 1: Number of firms.

Figure 2: Number of Banks3

3

Propagation of the distress

The purpose of our analysis is, as stated before, to evaluate the importance of
the agents in this economic network with respect to systemic risk. In order toachieve this goal, we first assign a maximum distress to the agent and study
the spread of the distress to the whole network. The degree of distress isquantified (in an abstract manner) as variables hβ assigned to the bank β andhf assigned to the bank f , each ranging from 0 to 1, 1 being the maximum
distress (bankruptcy) and 0 corresponding to a ‘healthy’ state. Thus, in orderto study the importance of a bank β0 , we initially assign hβ0 = 1 and all therest of hβ and hf to zero. We then let propagate h from the banks (β) to thefirm f as,!
hf → hf +wf β hβ ,(1)
βand from the firms f to the bank β as,hβ → hβ +!

wβf hf(2)

f

at each time step. The the propagation matrix elements w are defined by thefollowing,
Cβf
β ! Cβ ! f
Cβf
wβf := "f ! Cβf !

wf β := "(3)(4)

where we denote the lending from the bank β to the firm f by Cβf , as in Fig.3.
We also note that we do not allow multiple visit around loops: once distresspropagates from the bank β to the firm f and then back to the bank β, it nolonger travels back the firm f , and similarly from the firm to the bank andback to the firm.

4Figure 3: Distress propagation from the bank β to the firm f .

4

DebtRank

After all the propagation is over (typically after 4 steps), we evaluate theweighted average of the distress on the banks and on the firms separately:"β Aβ hβdb = ",(5)β Aβ"f Af hf
df = ",(6)
f Af
where Aβ and Af are total assets of the bank β and the firm f , respectively.
We call these quantities the DebtRanks of the initial bank β0 .
Fig.4 gives the scatter plot of the bank’s asset Aβ and the total DebtRank
db + df . The mega banks, such as Mitsubishi, have large assets and as a resultof the weighted average (5) they achieve high total DebtRank, which is naturalin the sense that they play major role in Japanese economy. On the other
hand, it is surprising that below the three mega banks, Mitsubishi, Mizuho
and Mizuho Corporate banks, the scatter plot flattens, with small regionalbanks such as Shizuoka achieving high DebtRank. This demonstrates clearly
their importance in the local economy, if not all the domestic economy.
Fig.4 contains the plot of the DebtRank on the bank layer and on the firmlayer separately. This further shows that local banks located in the top left
area is of vital importance in the local economy.

5

Total DebtRank of the Japanese Banks: 2010
0.4

Mitsubishi

DebtRank

0.3

Mizuho0.2

Mizuho Corporate

Shizuoka Sougo
ChukyoSenshu

Kyoto

Shinkin
RisonaCentral
Mitsubishi UFJ Sintaku

0.1

0.0 5
10

106

107
Total Asset

108

Figure 4: The total asset and the total DebtRank of the banks.

5

Summary

In this talk we have presented new extension of the DebtRank concept to thebipartite network made of banks and firms. As a result, we have DebtRanks
on the two layers of the network separately. From this we clearly see thatmega-banks, having wide influence over all the Japanese economy, has large
influence on the banks through lending to a large number of firms, while regional banks have large influence on the firms, who deal with the said bankalmost exclusively. This conclusion implies the need for appropriate governmental support on not only the mega banks, but also influential regional banks
who are identified by the high DebtRank on the firm layer.

6

DebtRank of the Japanese Banks: 2010
0.035

0.030

Distress on Firms

0.025

RyukyuOkinawa
Howa
Saga Kyoei
Miyazaki
Sougo

0.020

TohokuFukuoka Chuo
Chikuhou
Daitoh

0.015

Tottori

Shinkin Central

0.010

ShizuokaSougo
Mizuho Corporate
Mitsubishi
UFJ Sintaku
Mitsubishi
RisonaKyoto
ChukyoSenshu0.005

Mizuho

0.000
0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15
0.20
Distress on Banks

0.25

0.30

0.35

Figure 5: The DebtRank on the bank layer and the one on the firm layer.

7

Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank Yoshi Fujiwara, who worked hard on acquiring and preliminary processing of the Nikkei database. He would also like tothank Stefano Battison, Yuichi Ikeda, Hiroshi Iyetomi, Wataru SoumaC Irena
Vodenska, and Hiroshi Yoshikawa for discussions at various stages of this work.
Part of this work is supported in part by the Program for Promoting
Methodological Innovation in Humanities and Social Sciences by Cross-Disciplinary
Fusing of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and the European
Community Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Socioeconomic Sciences and Humanities, grant agreement no. 255987 (FOC-II).

References
Battiston, S., M. Puliga, R. Kaushik, P. Tasca, and G. Caldarelli,“Debtrank: Too central to fail? financial networks, the fed and systemic
risk,” Scientific Reports, 2012, 2.
Fujiwara, Y., H. Aoyama, Y. Ikeda, H. Iyetomi, and W. Souma,“Structure and temporal change of the credit network between banks andlarge firms in Japan,” Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment EJournal, 2009, 3, 7.
Masi, G. De, Y. Fujiwara, M. Gallegati, B. Greenwald, and J.E.
Stiglitz, “An analysis of the Japanese credit network,” Evolutionary andInstitutional Economics Review, 2009, 7, 209.

8ඛ㐍ㅖᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿປാศ㓄⋡ࡢỴᐃせᅉ̿ࢥࣔࣥࢬⓗ࢖ࣥࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ
ຍ⸨ᾈྖ㸦ி㒔኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔⤒῭Ꮫ◊✲⛉ M2㸧
Ϩ ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
ᮏㄽᩥࡢ┠ⓗࡣ㸪ඛ㐍ㅖᅜ㸦᪥ᮏ࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㸧࡟࠾ࡅࡿປാศ㓄⋡ࡢỴᐃせᅉࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿
࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ࣐ࢡࣟศ㓄⌮ㄽ㸦ศ㓄⋡ࡢỴᐃ⌮ㄽ㸧࡟ࡣ㸪௦⾲ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ḟࡢ 4 ࡘࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻὴ⌮ㄽ㸦ྂ඾ὴ⌮ㄽ㸧㸪࣐ࣝࢡࢫὴ⌮ㄽ㸪᪂ྂ඾ὴ⌮ㄽ 1㸪ࢣ࢖ࣥࢬὴ⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Kaldor[1955]1 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡣ㸪ࠗ⤒῭Ꮫ࠾ࡼࡧㄢ⛯ࡢཎ⌮࠘ࡢᗎᩥࡢ࡞࠿࡛㸪ศ㓄⋡ࢆつᐃࡍࡿἲ๎ࢆ☜ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠕ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ୺せၥ㢟࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Ricardo[1819]㑥ヂ 11 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ௨㝆ࡢ࣐ࢡࣟศ㓄⌮ㄽࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ㸪࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡢࡕࡀࡗࡓഃ㠃ࢆ⥅ᢎࡋⓎᒎࡉࡏࡓࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻὴ⌮ㄽࡣ㸪ࠕ㝈⏺ཎ⌮ࠖ࡜ࠕ๫వཎ⌮ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ 2 ࡘࡢ␗࡞ࡗࡓཎ⌮࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚
࠸ࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡣᆅ௦ࡢ኱ࡁࡉࢆỴᐃࡋ㸪ᚋ⪅ࡣ๫వࡢ㈤㔠࡜฼₶࡬ࡢศ㓄ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿ㸦Kaldor[1955]3 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪ᆅ௦ࡣࠕ኱ᆅࡢ⏕⏘≀୰ࡢ㸪ᅵተࡢ᰿※ⓗ࡛୙⁛ࡢຊࡢ౑⏝࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᆅ୺࡟ᨭᡶࢃࢀࡿ㒊ศ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾ㸦Ricardo[1819]㑥ヂ 103 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧㸪ࡑࢀࡣࠕࡘࡡ࡟ 2 ࡘࡢ➼㔞ࡢ㈨ᮏ࡜ປാࡢᢞୗ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿ⏕⏘≀ࡢᕪ㢠࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ㸦ྠ㑥ヂ 108 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡢᕪ㢠ᆅ௦ㄽࡣ㸪
ࠕ㈨ᮏ࡜ேཱྀࡢቑຍ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚✐≀ࡢቑ⏘ࡢࡓࡵ࡟㸪ࡼࡾຎ➼࡞ᅵᆅ࡟㢗ࡽࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ᅵᆅࡢປാ⏕⏘ຊࡀ₞ῶࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㸪ࡲࡓࡣ✐≀୍༢఩ᙜࡓࡾࡢ㈝⏝ࡀ₞ቑࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㸪㏻᫬ⓗ࡟ࡣࡓࡽࡃືែⓗ࡞ຊ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿᅵᆅࡢ཰✭㏴ῶࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦⳻ᒣ㹙1979㹛66 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪✐≀ࡢ౯᱁ࡣ᭱ࡶ⏕⏘ᛶࡢప࠸㝈⏺ᆅ࡛ࡢ⏕⏘㈝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡲࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࡼࡾ⏕⏘ᛶࡢ㧗࠸ඃ➼ᆅ࡛ࡣవ๫ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ㸪ࡇࡢᕪ㢠ࡀᆅ௦࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡢᆅ௦ㄽ࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕ✐≀ࡀ㧗౯ࡔ࠿ࡽᆅ௦ࡀᨭᡶࢃ
ࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ
㸦Ricardo[1819]㑥ヂ 112 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋ㸬㸬㸬㸬࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡣ㸪ၟရࡢ౯್ࢆᢞୗປാ㔞࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡲࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ࠕ࠶ࡿၟရ
㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬ࡢ౯್㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࡇࡢၟရ࡜஺᥮ࡉࢀࡿ௚ࡢ࡞ࢇࡽ࠿ࡢၟရࡢศ㔞ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢ⏕⏘࡟ᚲせ࡞㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬┦ᑐⓗປാ㔞࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࠖ࡜㸦ྠ㑥ヂ 17 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚Ỵࡲࡗࡓၟရ
ࡢ౯್ࡣ㸪㈤㔠࡜฼₶࡟ศ๭ࡉࢀࡿࠋ㈤㔠⋡ࡣ㸪▷ᮇⓗ࡟ࡣປാᕷሙࡢ㟂⤥㛵ಀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ኚືࡍࡿࡀ㸪㛗ᮇⓗ࡟ࡣࠕ࣐ࣝࢧࢫ
ࡢேཱྀἲ๎ࠖࡀാࡃࡓࡵ㸪ࠕປാ⪅ࡓࡕࡀ㸪ᖹᆒⓗ࡟ࡳ࡚㸪⏕Ꮡࡋ㸪ᙼࡽࡢ✀᪘ࢆቑῶ࡞ࡃ
Ọ⥆ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿࡢ࡟ᚲせ࡞౯᱁࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ⮬↛㈤㔠࡟ⴠࡕ╔ࡃࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡑࡢỈ‽ࡣࠕ㣗≀㸪ᚲ㟂ရ㸪࠾ࡼࡧ⩦័࡟ࡼࡗ࡚୙ྍḞ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ౽ᐅရࡢศ㔞࡟౫Ꮡࠖࡍࡿ
Kaldor㸦1955㸧ࡣ㸪᪂ྂ඾ὴ⌮ㄽࡢ࡞࠿࡟࢝ࣞࢶ࢟ࡢࠕ⊂༨ᗘ⌮ㄽࠖࢆྵࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⊂༨ᗘ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪ປാศ㓄⋡ࡣ㸪ࠕ⊂༨ᗘࠖ࡜ࠕ㈤㔠⥲㢠࡟ᑐࡍࡿཎᮦᩱ⥲㢠ࡢẚ⋡ࠖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿ㸦Kalecki 㑥ヂ 64 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋ11㸦ྠ㑥ヂ 135 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼㸪㣗≀ࡸᚲ㟂ရࡢ౯᱁ࡀୖ᪼ࡍࢀࡤ㸪⮬↛㈤㔠ࡣୖ᪼ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡢ౯᱁ࡀపୗࡍࢀࡤ㸪⮬↛㈤㔠ࡣపୗࡍࡿࠋ
࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻὴ⌮ㄽ࡛ࡣ㸪฼₶ࡣṧࡾࡢࠕ๫వࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ࠕᅵᆅࡢ⏕⏘≀ࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪ᆅ୺࡜ປാ⪅࡜ࡀᨭᡶࢃࢀࡓᚋ࡟ṧࡿศ㔞ࡣ㸪ᚲ↛ⓗ࡟㎰ᴗ⪅࡟ᖐᒓࡋ㸪ᙼࡢ㈨ᮏࡢ฼₶ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࠖ㸦ྠ㑥ヂ 159 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼㸪㈤㔠࡜฼₶ࡣ┦཯㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ
௨ୖࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡿ࡜㸪ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ㈨ᮏ⵳✚࡜ேཱྀቑຍࡢ㐍ᒎ࡟క࠸㸪ࡼࡾ⏕⏘ᛶࡢప࠸ᅵᆅࡢ⪔సࡀ㐍ࡴࡇ࡜࡛✐≀౯᱁ࡀୖ᪼ࡋ㸪ᆅ௦ࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࠋᆅ௦ࡣ㸪ຎ➼ᆅࡢ⪔సࡀ㐍ࡴ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚ୖ᪼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪㈤㔠ࡣ୺࡜ࡋ࡚㎰⏘≀౯᱁࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿ
ࡓࡵ㸪✐≀౯᱁ࡢୖ᪼࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⮬↛㈤㔠ࡀୖ᪼ࡋ㸪฼₶ࢩ࢙࢔ࡀపୗࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪฼₶ࡀࢮࣟ࡜࡞ࡿࠕᐃᖖ≧ែࠖ࡟⾜ࡁ╔ࡃࠋ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻὴ⌮ㄽ࡛ࡣ㸪ศ㓄⋡ࡣ㸦㎰ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㸧ປാ⏕⏘ᛶ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋ
࣐ࣝࢡࢫὴ⌮ㄽࡣ㸪࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡢࠕ๫వཎ⌮ࠖࢆ⥅ᢎࡋⓎᒎࡉࡏࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ
㸦Kaldor[1955]7 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡣࠕ཰✭㏴ῶࡢἲ๎ࠖࢆཷࡅධࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡓࡵ㸪ᆅ௦ࢆ฼₶㸦๫వ౯್㸧ࡢ࡞࠿࡟ྵࡵࡓࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼㸪ၟရ㸦⣧⏕⏘≀㸧ࡢ౯್ࡣ㸪㈤㔠㸦ྍኚ㈨ᮏ㸧࡜฼₶㸦๫వ౯್㸧࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡑࡢ኱ࡁࡉࡣ㸪࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ᢞୗປാ㔞࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡲࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࠋ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡣ㸪㈤㔠࡛㈙࠺ࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁࡿㅖၟရࡢ౯್ࢆࠕປാຊࡢ౯್ࠖ࡜࿧ࢇࡔࠋປാ
ຊࡢ౯್ࡣ㸪
ࠕ௚ࡢ࡝ࡢၟရࡢ౯್࡜ࡶྠࡌࡃ㸪ࡇࡢ⊂≉࡞≀ရࡢ⏕⏘࡟㸪ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࡲࡓ
෌⏕⏘࡟ᚲせ࡞ປാ᫬㛫࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀࠖࡿࠋປാຊࡢ෌⏕⏘࡟ᚲせ࡞ປാ᫬㛫ࡣࠕ⏕άㅖᡭẁࡢ⏕⏘࡟ᚲせ࡞ປാ᫬㛫࡟ᖐ╔ࡍࡿࠖࡓࡵ㸪ປാຊࡢ౯್ࡣࠕປാຊࡢᡤ᭷⪅ࡢ⥔ᣢ࡟ᚲせ࡞⏕άㅖᡭẁࡢ౯್ࠖ࡟➼ࡋࡃ࡞ࡿ㸦Marx[1867]㑥ヂ 291-292 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡑࡢỈ‽ࡣ㸪㛗ᮇⓗ࡟ࡣࠕ⏘ᴗணഛ㌷ຠᯝࠖࡀാࡃࡓࡵ㸪ປാ⪅ࡢ⏕Ꮡ㈝࡟ⴠࡕ╔ࡃࠋࡓࡔࡋ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡣ㸪
ࠗ㈨ᮏㄽ࠘࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ປാຊࡢ౯್࠿ࡽປാຊࡢ౯᱁ࡀୖ᪉ྥ࡟㊅ໃⓗ࡟஋㞳ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵࡓ㸦Ᏹோ㹙2009㹛25 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋ࣐ࣝࢡࢫ࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪฼₶ࡣ๫వ౯್ࡢ⌧㇟ᙧែ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๫వ౯್࡜ࡣ㸪᭱ึ࡟ᢞୗࡉࢀ
ࡓ㈌ᖯ㢠ࢆ㉺࠼ࡿቑຍศ㸪ࡲࡓࡣ᭱ึࡢ౯್ࢆ㉺࠼ࡿ㉸㐣ศ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ㸪ປാ⪅ࡀ⏕⏘㐣⛬࡛๫వປാࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ྍኚ㈨ᮏ v ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ๫వ౯್ m ࡢẚ⋡ࢆ㸪๫వ౯್⋡㸦 m v 㸧࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪
ࠕ㈨ᮏ
࡟ࡼࡿປാຊࡢ㸪ࡲࡓࡣ㈨ᮏᐙ࡟ࡼࡿປാ⪅ࡢ㸪ᦢྲྀᗘࡢṇ☜࡞⾲⌧࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ㸦Marx[1867]㑥ヂ 369 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋ๫వ౯್⋡ࡣ౯᱁ࢱ࣮࣒ࢆ౑࠼ࡤ฼₶ࢆ㈤㔠࡛๭ࡗࡓࡶࡢ (3 W ) ࡜⾲ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ㸪ࡇࢀࡣࡉࡽ࡟ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᒎ㛤ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ

3W(3 Y ) (W Y )ࡇࡢᘧ࠿ࡽࢃ࠿ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪๫వ౯್⋡ࡣ㸪฼₶ࢩ࢙࢔ࢆປാศ㓄⋡࡛๭ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ๫వ౯್⋡࡜ປാศ㓄⋡ࡣ㸪ᖖ࡟཯ᑐ᪉ྥ࡟ືࡃ㸦Sherman/Evans[1988]222 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋ㈤㔠࠾ࡼࡧປാศ㓄⋡ࡢᚠ⎔ⓗኚືࡢせᅉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡣ⏘ᴗணഛ㌷ຠᯝࢆࡣࡌࡵ㸪࠿࡞ࡾ᫂☜࡞ㄝ᫂ࢆṧࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࡢ㊅ໃⓗ࡞ኚ໬ࡢせᅉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ᩿∦ⓗ࡞
2ㄝ᫂ࡋ࠿࡞࠸ࠋ௒᪥ࡢከࡃࡢ࣐ࣝࢡࢫὴࡣ㸪㈤㔠࠾ࡼࡧປാศ㓄⋡ࡢ㛗ᮇⓗ㊅ໃࡣ㸪୺࡜ࡋ࡚ປ౑ࡢຊ㛵ಀࡢኚ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Kuhne㹙1979㹛Part6㸪Ᏹோ㹙2009㹛27 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⌮ㄽࡣ㸪࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡀᆅ௦ࡢㄝ᫂ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᑟධࡋࡓࠕ㝈⏺ཎ⌮ࠖࢆ⥅ᢎࡋⓎᒎࡉࡏࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Kaldor[1955]10 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⌮ㄽࡣ㸪㝈⏺ཎ⌮ࡢ㐺⏝⠊ᅖࢆᅵᆅ௨እ࡟ࡲ࡛ᣑ኱ࡋ㸪ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ⏕⏘せ⣲ࡢ౯᱁ࡀ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ㝈⏺⏕⏘ຊ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡲࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࢻࢵࣉ࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪ࠕࢪ࢙ࣦ࢛ࣥࢬ࡜࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣜ࢔Ꮫὴ௨᮶ࡢ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢኚ✀࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕ㏆௦⌮ㄽࠖࡀᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ศ㓄⌮ㄽࢆᕷሙ㛵ಀ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ஺᥮⾲㠃ࡢᅪෆ࡟఩⨨௜ࡅࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾ㸪࣡ࣝࣛࢫࡢ࠸ࢃࡺࡿㅖせ⣲ࡢ⏕⏘ⓗ⏝ᙺࡢ౯᱁㸦ࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࡲࡓᡤᚓศ㓄㸧ࢆၟရࡢ୍⯡ⓗ౯᱁Ỵᐃ㐣⛬ࡢ୍㒊࡜ࡋ࡚ᑟࡃࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡶࡑ
ࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪࠸࠿࡞ࡿ♫఍Ꮫⓗ୚௳ࡶ⪃៖࡟ධࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃ㸪࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ⏕⏘ࡢ♫఍ⓗ㛵ಀ࡜ࡶࡲࡗࡓࡃ↓㛵ಀ࡟⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠖ㸦Dobb[1978]24 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࠕࡍ࡭࡚ࡢせ⣲㸦ᅵᆅࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ㸧ࡢ⥲౪⤥ࡀ౯᱁࠿ࡽ⊂❧࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡍ࡭࡚ࡀ࠾஫࠸
࡟ไ㝈ⓗ௦᭰≀࡛࠶ࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡉࢀࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠖ㸪ศ㓄⋡ࡣࡑࢀࡽࡢ࠶࠸ࡔࡢ㝈⏺௦᭰⋡
㸦MRS㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿ㸦Kaldor[1955]11 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋMRS㸻1 ࡢሙྜ㸪ศ㓄⋡ࡣ୙ኚࡢࡲࡲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋMRS<1 ࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪ປാศ㓄⋡ࡣୖ᪼ࡋ㸪฼₶ࢩ࢙࢔ࡣపୗࡍࡿࠋMRS>1ࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪㏫ࡢ㛵ಀࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿࠋࢣ࢖ࣥࢬὴ⌮ㄽࡣ㸪୺࡜ࡋ࡚࢝ࣝࢻ࢔࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡓࠋ࢝ࣝࢻ࢔ࡣ㸪ࠕࢣ࢖ࣥࢬⓗᛮ⪃⿦⨨ࡀ㸪⏕⏘ࡢ୍⯡ⓗỈ‽ࡢၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡼࡾࡶ㸪ࡴࡋࢁศ㓄ࡢၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㐺⏝ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࠖ࡜⪃࠼㸪ࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡢ஌ᩘ⌮ㄽࢆศ㓄⌮ㄽ࡟㐺⏝ࡋࡓ㸦Kaldor[1955]1 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸪18࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋ࢝ࣝࢻ࢔ࡢࢣ࢖ࣥࢬὴ⌮ㄽࡣ㸪ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᏶඲㞠⏝ࡢ௬ᐃ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚
⥲ᡤᚓ Y ࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪⥲ᡤᚓࡣ㈤㔠 W ࡜฼₶ P ࡜࠸࠺஧ࡘࡢᗈ࠸࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡟ศ
๭ࡉࢀ㸪㈓⵳ S ࡣ㈤㔠࠿ࡽࡢ㈓⵳ S w ࡜฼₶࠿ࡽࡢ㈓⵳ S p ࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ḟࡢᜏ➼ᘧࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿࠋ

Y {W  P
I {S
S { Sw  S p
ᢞ㈨ࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ㸪༢⣧࡞㈓⵳㛵ᩘ S w

s wW 㸪 S p

ᚓࡿࠋI

s p P  s wW

( s p  s w ) P  s wY

㸦1㸧୧㎶ࢆ Y ࡛๭ࡾ㸪⛣㡯ࡍࢀࡤḟᘧࡀᑟ࠿ࢀࡿࠋ

3s p P ࢆ௬ᐃࡍࢀࡤ㸪ḟᘧࢆ

P
Y

sw
1
I

s p  sw Y s p  sw

ࡓࡔࡋ s p z s w 㸪 s p 㸼 s w

㸦2㸧ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ປാ⪅࡜㈨ᮏᐙࡢ㈓⵳ᛶྥࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀࢀࡤ㸪฼₶ࢩ࢙࢔ࡣ⏘ฟ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᢞ㈨ࡢẚ⋡࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࠋ
ᮏㄽᩥࡢᵓᡂࡣ㸪௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋϩ࡛ࡣ㸪࣐ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝ࡜⏘ᴗࣞ࣋ࣝࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࢆ᥎ィࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡢ▷ᮇⓗ࠾ࡼࡧ㛗ᮇⓗኚືࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋϪ࡛ࡣ㸪᪥ᮏ࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢປാ
ศ㓄⋡ࡢỴᐃせᅉࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋϫ࡛ࡣ㸪2000 ᖺ௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈤㔠పୗࡢཎᅉࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋ
Ϭ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢥࣔࣥࢬⓗ࢖ࣥࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜⤖ㄽࢆ㏙࡭ࡿࠋϩ ປാศ㓄⋡ࡢ▷ᮇⓗ࠾ࡼࡧ㛗ᮇⓗኚືᮏ❶࡛ࡣ㸪࣐ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝ࡜⏘ᴗࣞ࣋ࣝࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࢆ᥎ィࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡢ▷ᮇⓗ࠾ࡼࡧ㛗ᮇⓗኚືࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋᅗ 1 ࡣ㸪ෆ㛶ᗓࠕᅜẸ⤒῭ィ⟬ࠖࢆ⏝࠸࡚ 1956 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2009 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ࣐ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢປാศ㓄⋡ 2࡜ᐇ㉁GDPᡂ㛗⋡ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᅗ 1 ࣐ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢປാศ㓄⋡㸦ᕥ┠┒㸧࡜ᐇ㉁ GDP ᡂ㛗⋡㸦ྑ┠┒㸧ฟᡤ㸸ෆ㛶ᗓࠕᅜẸ⤒῭ィ⟬ࠖࠋࡣࡌࡵ࡟㸪ປാศ㓄⋡ࡢ▷ᮇⓗኚື࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡿࠋ1956 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 73 ᖺ࡟⮳ࡿ⣙ 20 ᖺ㛫ࡣ㸪ࠕ㧗ᗘᡂ㛗ᮇࠖ࡟఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡢᖹᆒᐇ㉁ GDP ᡂ㛗⋡ࡣ㸪9.3%㸦1956-73
ᖺ㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋෆ㛶ᗓࡀබ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠕᬒẼᇶ‽᪥௜ࠖ࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪㧗ᗘᡂ㛗ᮇ࡟ࡣ 3 ᅇࡢᣑᙇᮇ࡜ 2 ᅇࡢᚋ㏥ᮇࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࡓࠋ๓⪅ࡣࠕ⚄ṊᬒẼࠖ㸦54㹼57 ᖺ㸧㸪ࠕᒾᡞᬒẼࠖ㸦58 ᖺ
㹼61 ᖺ㸧
㸪ࠕ࠸ࡊ࡞ࡂᬒẼࠖ
㸦65㹼70 ᖺ㸧࡜࿧ࡤࢀ㸪ᚋ⪅ࡣࠕ࡞࡭ᗏ୙ἣࠖ㸦57㹼58 ᖺ㸧㸪2࣐ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢィ ࡟ࡣ㸪ᅜẸᡤᚓ࠿ࡽ⮬Ⴀᴗ୺ࡸᐙ᪘ᚑᴗ⪅࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿ
ᡤᚓࢆ㝖࠸ࡓࠕ㞠⏝⪅ሗ㓘/㸦ᅜẸᡤᚓ㸫ಶே௻ᴗᡤᚓ㸧ࠖ࡜࠸࠺᪉ἲࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋ
4ࠕ40 ᖺ୙ἣࠖ㸦64㹼65 ᖺ㸧࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࠋ1956 ᖺ࡟ 83.9%࡜㧗࠸Ỉ‽࡟࠶ࡗࡓປാศ㓄⋡ࡣ㸪⚄ṊᬒẼࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟ 57 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 78.4%ࡲ࡛పୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞࡭ᗏ୙ἣࡢ 1957 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 58ᖺ࡟ࡣ㸪ࢃࡎ࠿࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀୖ᪼ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪ᒾᡞᬒẼࡢጞࡲࡿ 1958 ᖺ࡟ࡣ෌ࡧపୗࡋ㸪61 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 70.7%ࡲ࡛పୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋ㸪40 ᖺ୙ἣࢆཷࡅ 1965 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 76.7%ࡲ࡛ୖ᪼ࡋࡓࡀ㸪65 ᖺ࡟ጞࡲࡿ࠸ࡊ࡞ࡂᬒẼࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟෌ࡧపୗࡋ㸪70 ᖺ࡟ࡣᡓᚋ࡛᭱ࡶప࠸ 68.3%
ࡲ࡛పୗࡋࡓࠋ
㧗ᗘᡂ㛗ᮇࡣ㸪1973 ᖺࡢ➨୍ḟ࢜࢖ࣝࢩࣙࢵࢡࢆዎᶵ࡟⤊ࢃࡾࢆ㏄࠼ࡿ 3ࠋ1974 ᖺ࡟ࡣ㸪ᡓᚋ࡛ึࡵ࡚ࡢ࣐࢖ࢼࢫᡂ㛗ࢆ⤒㦂ࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆཷࡅ࡚ປാศ㓄⋡ࡣ኱ᖜ࡟ୖ᪼ࡋ㸪
1975 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 80.9%࡟㐩ࡍࡿࠋྜྷᕝ㹙1994㹛ࡣ㸪ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࠕ70 ᖺ௦ึ㢌࡟࠾ࡅࡿศ㓄⋡ࡢືࡁࡣ㸪ண᝿ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ᙧ࡛⤒῭ᡂ㛗⋡ࡀᛴⴠࡋࡓࡇ࡜㸪㈨ᮏ࡟ẚ࡭ປാ࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺࡢㄪᩚ
ࡀ㐜࠸ࡇ࡜㸪ᐇ㉁㈤㔠ୖ᪼⋡ࡢᛴ⃭࡞㕌໬࡟᢬ᢠࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿ
࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ྜྷᕝ㹙1994㹛137 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋ࢜࢖ࣝࢩࣙࢵࢡᚋࡢ 1974 ᖺ࠿ࡽࣂࣈࣝᔂቯ๓ࡢ 1990 ᖺ࡟⮳ࡿ࠾ࡼࡑ 15 ᖺ㛫ࡣ㸪ࠕᏳᐃᡂ㛗ᮇࠖ࡟఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡢᖹᆒᐇ㉁ GDP ᡂ㛗⋡ࡣ㸪4.1%㸦1975-90 ᖺ㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᏳᐃᡂ㛗ᮇ࡟ࡣ㸪4 ᅇࡢᣑᙇᮇ࡜ 3 ᅇࡢᚋ㏥ᮇࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣ㸪ᚋ
㏥ᮇ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎປാศ㓄⋡ࡣᶓࡤ࠸࠿ࢃࡎ࠿ࡢୖ᪼ࡋ࠿ࡳࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ1986 ᖺ 11᭶࡟ጞࡲࡿࠕᖹᡂᬒẼࠖࢆཷࡅ࡚㸪90 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 73.1%ࡲ࡛పୗࡋࡓࠋ
1991 ᖺ௨㝆ࡣ㸪ࣂࣈࣝᔂቯᚋࡢࠕ㛗ᮇ೵⁫ᮇࠖ࡟఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ1991 ᖺ࡟ࣂࣈࣝࡀ
ᔂቯࡋ㸪᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡣ㛗ᮇ୙ἣ࡟✺ධࡋࡓࠋᐇ㉁ GDP ᡂ㛗⋡ࡣ኱ᖜ࡟పୗࡋ㸪93 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 0.2%
ࡲ࡛ⴠࡕ㎸ࢇࡔࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᬒẼᚋ㏥ࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟ປാศ㓄⋡ࡣ኱ᖜ࡟ୖ᪼ࡋ㸪95 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 81.1%
ࡲ࡛ୖ᪼ࡋࡓࠋ1997 ᖺ࡟ࡣ㸪ᾘ㈝⛯ࡢᘬࡁୖࡆ㸪࢔ࢪ࢔㏻㈌༴ᶵ㸪໭ᾏ㐨ᣅṪ㖟⾜ࡸᒣ୍ドๆ࡞࡝ࡢ኱ᡭ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡀಽ⏘ࡍࡿ㖟⾜༴ᶵ࡞࡝ࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪98 ᖺࡢᐇ㉁ GDP ᡂ㛗⋡ࡣ㸪࣐
࢖ࢼࢫ 2%ࡲ࡛పୗࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࢆཷࡅ࡚㸪1998 ᖺ࡟ࡣປാศ㓄⋡ࡀ 83.0%࡟㐩ࡋࡓࠋ2000ᖺ௦࡟ධࡿ࡜㸪2002 ᖺ 1 ᭶࠿ࡽ 2007 ᖺ 10 ᭶ࡲ࡛ 69 ࣨ᭶⥆ࡃᡓᚋ᭱㛗ࡢᣑᙇᮇࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࡓࠋ2000 ᖺ௦࡟ࡣ㸪ᐇ㉁ GDP ᡂ㛗⋡ࡀ 2㸣ྎࡲ࡛ᅇ᚟ࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟ປാศ㓄⋡ࡣపୗࡋ㸪2007 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 76.9%ࡲ࡛పୗࡋࡓࠋ㔝⏣࣭㜿㒊[2010]ࡣ㸪2000 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢపୗࢆ୺࡜ࡋ࡚㈤㔠ࡢఙࡧᝎࡳ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆୖሙ௻ᴗࡢࣃࢿࣝࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᐇドศᯒ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ 2007 ᖺ࡟ࡣ㸪࣮࣐ࣜࣥࢩࣙࢵࢡ࡟ࡼ
ࡿᬒẼᚋ㏥ࢆཷࡅ࡚ປാศ㓄⋡ࡣ኱ᖜ࡟ୖ᪼ࡋ㸪09 ᖺ࡟ࡣᡓᚋ࡛ 2 ␒┠࡟㧗࠸ 83.4%ࡲ࡛
ୖ᪼ࡋࡓࠋ
㸬㸬㸬
㸬㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬
ྜྷᕝ[1992]ࡣ㸪ࠕ▼Ἔ౯᱁ࡢࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ㸦1 ᅇ㝈ࡾࡢ㸧ᛴୖ᪼ࡀ㸪⤒῭ࡢᡂ㛗⋡ࢆᜏஂⓗ࡟ᘬࡁୗࡆࡿ㸪࡜࠸࠺஦ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ⮬࡛᫂ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜㏙࡭㸪ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㏻ㄝࢆྰᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚㸪㧗ᗘᡂ㛗ࡢ⤊↉ࡣ㸪ࠕ㎰ᮧࡢࠗ㐣๫ேཱྀ࠘ࡀᾲῬࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿேཱྀ⛣ືࡢపୗ㸪ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢୡᖏᩘఙࡧ⋡ࡢᛴ㏿࡞㕌໬㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᪤Ꮡࡢ⪏ஂᾘ㈝㈈ࡢᬑཬ⋡ࡀ㧗ࡲࡗࡓࡇ࡜㸪ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ᮲௳ኚ໬ࢆ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡍࡿᅜෆ㟂せࡢప㏞࡟ࡼࡗ࡚฼₶⋡࠾ࡼࡧタഛᢞ㈨ࡢ㊅ໃⓗపୗࡀࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓࠖࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢࡔ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ྜྷᕝ[1992]88 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋ
35ḟ࡟㸪㈈ົ┬ࠕἲே௻ᴗ⤫ィᖺሗࠖࢆ⏝࠸࡚〇㐀ᴗ࡜㠀〇㐀ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ 4ࡢືࡁࢆࡳ࡚࠸ࡃࠋᅗ 2 ࡣ㸪1960 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2010 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ୧⪅ࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢືࡁࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ
ᅗ 2 〇㐀ᴗἲே௻ᴗ࡜㠀〇㐀ᴗἲே௻ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡㸦ᕥ┠┒㸧࡜ᐇ㉁ GDP ᡂ㛗⋡㸦ྑ┠┒㸧ฟᡤ㸸ෆ㛶ᗓࠕᅜẸ⤒῭ィ⟬ࠖ㸪㈈ົ┬ࠕἲே௻ᴗ⤫ィᖺሗࠖࠋᅗ 2 ࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪〇㐀ᴗ࡜㠀〇㐀ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡࡜ࡶ࡟㸪ᣑᙇᮇ࡟ୖ᪼ࡋ㸪ᚋ㏥ᮇ࡟పୗ
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪〇㐀ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢ᪉ࡀᬒẼᚠ⎔࡟ᑐࡍࡿኚືᖜࡀ኱ࡁ
࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪〇㐀ᴗ࡛௜ຍ౯್ࡀ኱ࡁࡃኚືࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
1973 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 75 ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿປാศ㓄⋡ࡢୖ᪼ࡣ㸪〇㐀ᴗࡢ᪉ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࠋすᮧ࣭஭ୖ[1994]ࡣ㸪1970 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡢ〇㐀ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿປാศ㓄⋡ࡢୖ᪼ࡣ㸪ࡶࡗࡥࡽ኱௻ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿປാศ
㓄⋡ࡢୖ᪼࡟㉳ᅉࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࡀ࣍࣡࢖ࢺ࣭࣮࢝ࣛࡢࠕ⚟฼ཌ⏕㈝ࠖ࡜ࠕ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㛵㐃ࡢ⤥୚ᨭᡶ㢠ࠖࡢቑ኱࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㧗ᗘᡂ㛗ᮇ࡟ࡣ㸪㠀〇㐀ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡀ〇㐀ᴗࡢࡑࢀࢆ୍㈏ࡋ࡚ୖᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡀ㸪70ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡣ୧⪅࡟ᕪࡀࡳࡽࢀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡾ㸪80 ᖺ௦༙ࡤ௨㝆࡟ࡣ〇㐀ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡀ㠀〇㐀ᴗࡢࡑࢀࢆୖᅇࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪2004 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 08 ᖺ࡟ࡣ෌ࡧ㠀〇㐀ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡀ〇㐀ᴗࡢࡑࢀࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ඛ㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪࣐ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡣ㸪ࣂࣈࣝᔂቯ࡟ࡼࡿᬒẼᚋ㏥ࢆཷࡅ࡚
1990 ᖺ௦ึ㢌࡟኱ᖜ࡟ୖ᪼ࡋࡓࡀ㸪ᅗ 2 ࡣࡑࢀࡀ୺࡜ࡋ࡚〇㐀ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿୖ᪼࡟ࡼࡿࡶ
ࡢࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡢ㠀〇㐀ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿປാศ㓄⋡ࡢୖ᪼ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀ࡯࡝኱ࡁࡃ࡞࠸ࠋ2000 ᖺ௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣐ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚື࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ࡑࢀࡀ〇㐀ᴗ࡛ࡢኚື࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ

4⏘ᴗࣞ࣋ࣝࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢィ࡟ࡣ㸪ࠕே௳㈝㸭௜ຍ౯್ࠖ࡜࠸࠺᪉ἲࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋ
6௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪᪥ᮏࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡣ㸪▷ᮇⓗ࡟ࡣᬒẼᚠ⎔࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࢝࢘ࣥࢱ࣮࣭ࢧ࢖ࢡ
ࣜ࢝ࣝ࡟ኚືࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪࣐ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚື࡟ࡣ〇㐀ᴗࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࠋḟ࡟㸪ປാศ㓄⋡ࡢ㛗ᮇⓗኚື࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡿࠋᅗ 1 ࠿ࡽࢃ࠿ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪࣐ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝ
ࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡣ㸪10 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 15 ᖺ࿘ᮇ࡛ᚠ⎔ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽኚືࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪㧗ᡂ㛗ࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟పୗഴྥ࡟࠶ࡾ㸪పᡂ㛗ࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ୖ᪼ഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࠋϪ࡛㏙࡭ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪࣐ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢ୰㛗ᮇⓗࢺࣞࣥࢻࡣ㸪〇㐀ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢ୰㛗ᮇⓗࢺࣞࣥࢻ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅗ 2 ࡀ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪〇㐀ᴗ࡜㠀〇㐀ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡣ࡜ࡶ࡟㸪㛗ᮇⓗ࡟ࡣୖ᪼ഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ୧⪅࡜ࡶ 1960 ᖺ௦࡟ࡣ 50%ྎ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀ㸪1970 ᖺ௦௨㝆70%ྎ࡟ୖ᪼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
᭱ᚋ࡟㸪᪥ᮏࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚືࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡢ≉ᚩࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࡑ
ࢀ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࡳࡿࠋᅗ 3 ࡣ㸪1947 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2011 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢἲே௻ᴗ඲య㸪〇㐀ᴗ㸪㠀〇㐀ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢືࡁࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᅗ3࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢἲே௻ᴗ඲య㸪〇㐀ᴗἲே௻ᴗ㸪㠀〇㐀ᴗἲே௻ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ฟᡤ㸸U.S.Bureau of Economic Analysis. National Income and Product Accounts. ฼₶ᡤᚓࡣ㸪Corporate Profit by Industry(Table6.16)ࢆ㸪㈤㔠ᡤᚓࡣ㸪Compensation of
Employee by Industry(Table6.2)ࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓࠋ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢἲே௻ᴗ඲యࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡣ㸪᪥ᮏࡢࡑࢀ࡜ẚ࡭ኚືᖜࡣᑠࡉ࠸ࡀ㸪ࡼࡃゝࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪Ỵࡋ୍࡚ᐃ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ 5ࠋࡑࡢືࡁࢆ඲⡿⤒῭◊✲ᡤ㸦NBER㸧ࡀබ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠕᬒẼᚠ⎔᪥௜ࠖ࡜↷ࡽࡋྜࢃࡏ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜㸪ᬒẼᚠ⎔࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࢝࢘ࣥࢱ࣮࣭ࢧ࢖ࢡࣜ
࢝ࣝ࡟ኚືࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪᪥ᮏ࡜ྠᵝ࡟〇㐀ᴗࡢ᪉ࡀᬒẼᚠ⎔࡟ᑐࡋ࡚5ࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡣ㸪ປാศ㓄⋡ࡢ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ࠕᏳᐃᛶࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪ࠕ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ⤒῭⤫ィࡢ࡞࠿࡛㸪᭱ࡶ㦫ࡃ࡭ࡁ㸪ࡋ࠿ࡋ᭱ࡶ☜❧ࡉࢀࡓ஦ᐇࡢ 1 ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭㸪ࡑࢀࢆࠕࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࡋࡓ
ወ㊧ࠖ࡜࿧ࢇࡔ㸦Keynes㹙1939㹛48 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧
ࠋ7ᩄឤ࡟཯ᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪〇㐀ᴗ࡛௜ຍ౯್ࡀ኱ࡁࡃኚືࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
〇㐀ᴗ࡜㠀〇㐀ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡣ㸪࡯ࡰྠࡌືࡁࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪㠀〇㐀ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢỈ‽ࡣ㸪〇㐀ᴗࡢࡑࢀࡼࡾࡶ୍㈏ࡋ࡚㧗࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣ㠀〇㐀ᴗ࡛ࡣ〇㐀ᴗ࡟ẚ࡭ປാ㞟⣙ⓗ࡞⏘ᴗࡀከ࠸ࡓࡵ㸪ປാ⪅࡬ࡢศ㓄⋡ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪୧⪅࡜ࡶᬒẼᚠ⎔࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࢝࢘ࣥࢱ࣮࣭ࢧ࢖ࢡࣜ࢝ࣝ࡟ኚືࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㛗ᮇⓗ࡟ࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢྛປാศ㓄⋡ࡣ 1980 ᖺ௦ࡃࡽ࠸ࡲ࡛ୖ᪼ഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࡢᚋࡣపୗഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ
࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚືᖜࡀ᪥ᮏࡢࡑࢀ࡜ẚ࡭࡚ᑠࡉ࠸ࡢࡣ㸪࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣᬒẼᚠ⎔࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚㞠⏝ㄪᩚࡀ⣲᪩ࡃ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡓࡵ㸪ே௳㈝⥲㢠࡜௜ຍ౯್ࡀ㐃ືࡋ࡚ືࡃࡇ࡜
࡛୧⪅ࡀ┦ẅࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋϪ ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿປാศ㓄⋡ࡢỴᐃせᅉᮏ❶࡛ࡣ㸪ປാศ㓄⋡ࡢỴᐃせᅉࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋࡣࡌࡵ࡟㸪▷ᮇⓗ࡞Ỵᐃせᅉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡿࠋປാศ㓄⋡ࡣ㸪௜ຍ౯್ Y ࡟༨ࡵࡿ㈤㔠 W ࡢ๭ྜ (W / Y ) ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪୧⪅ࢆ㞠⏝⪅ᩘ N ࡛ࡑࢀࡒࢀ๭ࢀࡤ㸪1 ேᙜࡓࡾ㈤㔠࡜ປാ⏕⏘ᛶ࡟ศゎ࡛ࡁࡿࠋW Y(W / N ) /(Y / N )ࡇࡢᘧ࠿ࡽࢃ࠿ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪1 ேᙜࡓࡾ㈤㔠ࡀୖ᪼ࡍࡿ࠿ປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡀୗⴠࡍࢀࡤ㸪ປാศ㓄⋡ࡣୖ᪼ࡍࡿࠋ཯ᑐ࡟ࠊ1 ேᙜࡓࡾ㈤㔠ࡀపୗࡍࡿ࠿ປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡀୖ᪼ࡍࢀࡤ㸪ປാศ㓄⋡ࡣపୗࡍࡿࠋ
ᅗ 4 1 ேᙜࡓࡾ㞠⏝⪅ሗ㓘࡜ປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡢୖ᪼⋡ฟᡤ㸸ෆ㛶ᗓࠕᅜẸ⤒῭ィ⟬ࠖ㸪⥲ົ┬ࠕປാຊㄪᰝࠖࠋ
ᅗ 4 ࡣ㸪1956 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2009 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ 1 ேᙜࡓࡾ㞠⏝⪅ሗ㓘ୖ᪼⋡࡜ປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡢୖ᪼⋡ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅗ 4 ࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪୧⪅ࡣ࡜ࡶ࡟ 1970 ᖺ௦௨㝆పୗഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ࡜ࡾ
8ࢃࡅ㸪1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆㠀ᖖ࡟ప࠸Ỉ‽࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ௨㝆㸪ᐇ㉁ GDP ᡂ㛗⋡ࡀపୗࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ඛ㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪1970 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 75 ᖺ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚᪥ᮏࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡣ኱ᖜ࡟ୖ᪼ࡋࡓࡀ㸪ࡑࢀࡣࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ 1 ேᙜࡓࡾ㞠⏝⪅ሗ㓘ୖ᪼⋡ࡀປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪ᣑᙇᚋᮇ࡟㎰ᮧࡢ㐣๫ேཱྀࡀᯤῬࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠕ⏘ᴗணഛ㌷ຠᯝࠖࡀാ
࠿࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡸ㸪ࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡾປാ⪅ࡢ஺΅ຊࡀᙉࡲࡗࡓ࠿ࡽࡔ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
1990 ᖺ௦ࡢึ㢌࡟ࡶປാศ㓄⋡ࡣ኱ᖜ࡟ୖ᪼ࡋࡓࡀ㸪ࡑࢀࡣࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡀ኱ᖜ࡟పୗࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪⤒῭ᡂ㛗⋡㸻ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡㸩ᑵᴗ⪅ቑຍ⋡࡜࠸࠺㛵ಀ࠿ࡽ㸪1990 ᖺ௦ึ㢌࡟ࣂࣈࣝࡢᔂቯࢆཷࡅ࡚ᐇ㉁ GDP ᡂ㛗⋡ࡀ኱ᖜ࡟పୗࡋ
ࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
1990 ᖺ௦࡟ࡣ㸪࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᖺ࡛ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡀ 1 ேᙜࡓࡾ㞠⏝⪅ሗ㓘ୖ᪼⋡ࢆୗᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪2000 ᖺ௦࡟ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᖺ࡛ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡀ 1 ேᙜࡓࡾ㞠⏝⪅ሗ㓘ࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪2000 ᖺ௦࡟ᡓᚋ᭱㛗ࡢᣑᙇᮇࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡋ࡚ᐇ㉁ GDP ᡂ㛗⋡ࡀୖ᪼ࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅗ 4 ࡀ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪2000 ᖺ௦࡟ࡣᬒẼࡢᣑᙇᮇ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃ
ࡽࡎ㸪1 ேᙜࡓࡾ㞠⏝⪅ሗ㓘ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ୖ᪼ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼㸪2000 ᖺ௦࡟ࡣປാศ
㓄⋡ࡣపୗഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ2000 ᖺ௦࡟㈤㔠ࡀపୗࡋࡓ⌮⏤࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ϫ࡛㏙࡭ࡿࠋປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡢືࡁ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪1 ேᙜࡓࡾ㞠⏝⪅ሗ㓘ୖ᪼⋡ࡢືࡁࡀ㠀ᙎຊⓗ࡞ࡢࡣ㸪᪥ᮏࡢ௻ᴗ࡛ࡣᬒẼኚື࡟క࠺㞠⏝ㄪᩚࡢ㏿ᗘࡀ㐜࠸ࡢ࡟ຍ࠼࡚㸪㈤㔠ࡀ௻ᴗ཰┈࡟࠶ࡲࡾ㛵ಀ࡞ࡃᨭᡶࢃࢀࡿᅛᐃ㈝ⓗ࡞ᛶ᱁ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪ປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚືᖜࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ
ᅗ 5 ࡣ㸪1949 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2011 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ 1 ேᙜࡓࡾ㞠⏝⪅ሗ㓘ୖ᪼⋡࡜ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᅗ 5 ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ 1 ேᙜࡓࡾ㞠⏝⪅ሗ㓘ୖ᪼⋡࡜ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ฟᡤ U.S.Bureau of Economic Analysis. Gross Domestic Product by Industry Data.

9࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ 1 ேᙜࡓࡾ㞠⏝⪅ሗ㓘ୖ᪼⋡࡜ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡣ㸪᪥ᮏࡢࡑࢀࡽ࡜ẚ࡭࡚኱ࡁࡃኚືࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ᥎⛣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ 1 ேᙜࡓࡾ㞠⏝⪅ሗ㓘ୖ᪼⋡ࡣ㸪᪥ᮏࡢࡑࢀࡼࡾࡶኚືᖜࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ௻ᴗ࡛ࡣᬒẼᚠ⎔࡟కࡗ࡚⣲᪩ࡃ㞠⏝ㄪᩚࢆ⾜࠺ࡓࡵ㸪ࡑࢀ࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚ே௳㈝⥲㢠ࡀኚ໬ࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୧⪅࡜ࡶ㸪1980ᖺ௦௨㝆ప࠸Ỉ‽࡛᥎⛣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
1964 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 70 ᖺ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡣୖ᪼ࡋࡓࡀ㸪ࡑࢀࡣࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ 1 ேᙜࡓࡾ㞠⏝⪅ሗ㓘ୖ᪼⋡ࡀປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣐ࢢ࣮ࣜࣥࡣ㸪ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ 1960 ᖺ௦ᮎ࠾ࡼࡧ 1970 ᖺ௦ึ㢌࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈤㔠ୖ᪼ࡣ㸪ኻᴗࢥࢫࢺࡢపୗ࡟࠶ࡿ
࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼㸪ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡀపୗࡋ㸪㈤㔠ୖ᪼ᅽຊࡀቑ኱ࡋ
ࡓ㸦Marglin[1990]㑥ヂ 23 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋ
1996 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2000 ᖺ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࡶປാศ㓄⋡ࡣୖ᪼ࡋࡓࡀ㸪ࡑࢀࡣࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡀ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ୖ᪼ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡟ࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎ㸪1 ேᙜࡓࡾ㞠⏝⪅ሗ㓘ࡀୖ᪼ࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣ㸪ዲᬒẼࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟ኻᴗ⋡ࡀపୗࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛ປാ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠஺΅ຊࡀቑ኱ࡋࡓࡓࡵ
࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ḟ࡟㸪ປാศ㓄⋡ࡢ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞Ỵᐃせᅉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡿࠋ࣐ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡣ㸪¦ Wi ¦ Yi ) ࡛࠶ࡿࠋW ࡣ⥲㈤㔠㸪Y ࡣ⥲௜ຍྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࢆྜィࡋࡓࡶࡢ (W Y౯್㸪 Wi ࡣྛ⏘ᴗࡢ㈤㔠㸪 Yi ࡣྛ⏘ᴗࡢ௜ຍ౯್࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪࣐ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢປാ
ศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬ࡣ㸪ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬࡜⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬࡟ศゎ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ


W Y

n



n

¦ Wi ¦ Yi

i 1

i 1

㸦3㸧



n
­
½ n­
½
¦ ®(Wi W )(Yi Y )¾  ¦ ®(Wi W )(Wi Yi )¾
i 1¯¿ i 1¯¿㸦4㸧㹜ࡣኚ໬⋡㸪 Wi W ࡣ⥲㈤㔠࡟༨ࡵࡿྛ⏘ᴗࡢ㈤㔠࢙࢘࢖ࢺ㸪 Yi Y ࡣ⥲௜ຍ౯್࡟༨ࡵ
ࡿྛ⏘ᴗࡢ௜ຍ౯್࢙࢘࢖ࢺࡢኚ໬⋡㸪 Wi Yi ࡣྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬⋡࡛࠶ࡿࠋ኱
ᕝ୍ྖࡣ㸪๓⪅ࢆࠕᵓ㐀ⓗࢩ࢙࢔࣮ࠖ㸪ᚋ⪅ࢆࠕ㒊㛛ูࢩ࢙࢔࣮ࠖ࡜࿧ࢇࡔ㸦኱ᕝ[1965]2
࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋୖᘧ࡛ࡣࠊ㈤㔠࢙࢘࢖ࢺ࡜ࠕᵓ㐀ⓗࢩ࢙࢔࣮ࠖࢆ᥃ࡅྜࢃࡏࡓࡶࡢࡣࠕ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬ࠖࢆࠊ㈤㔠࢙࢘࢖ࢺ࡜ࠕ㒊㛛ูࢩ࢙࢔࣮ࠖࢆ᥃ࡅྜࢃࡏࡓࡶࡢࡣࠕྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാศ
㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬ࠖࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ⾲ 1㸪2㸪3 ࡣ㸪ἲே௻ᴗ඲యࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࢆ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬࡜ྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡࡟ศゎࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

10⾲ 1 ᪥ᮏࡢἲே௻ᴗ඲యࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬ࡢせᅉศゎ
1960-70 ᖺ

1970-75 ᖺ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ

ྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാ

⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ

ྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാศ

໬ศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬

໬

㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬

㎰ᯘ⁺ᴗ

-0.0020.002-0.0020.001

㖔ᴗ-0.024

0.000

0.004

-0.006

ᘓタᴗ

0.044-0.001

0.004

0.003

〇㐀ᴗ

-0.0720.070-0.0400.037༺኎࣭ᑠ኎ᴗ

0.019

0.033

0.029

0.000

୙ື⏘ᴗ

0.007

0.000

0.005

0.001

㐠㍺࣭㏻ಙᴗ

0.015

0.002

-0.0010.006

㟁Ẽ࣭࢞ࢫᴗ

-0.0070.002-0.003

0.002

ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ

0.025

0.001

0.002

0.010

ྜィ

0.007

0.110

-0.002

0.054

0.117

ປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ

0.053໬⋡
ฟᡤ㸸㈈ົ┬ࠗἲே௻ᴗ⤫ィᖺሗ࠘ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚➹⪅ࡀ⟬ฟࠋ⾲21975-81 ᖺ

1981-91 ᖺ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ

ྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാ

⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ

ྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാศ

໬ศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬

໬

㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬

㎰ᯘ⁺ᴗ

-0.0020.001-0.002-0.001㖔ᴗ-0.001-0.001-0.004

0.002

ᘓタᴗ

0.003

0.003

0.013

-0.012〇㐀ᴗ

-0.008-0.033-0.0550.005༺኎࣭ᑠ኎ᴗ

-0.0090.009-0.007-0.012

୙ື⏘ᴗ

0.003

-0.0020.006-0.002

㐠㍺࣭㏻ಙᴗ

-0.008

0.000

0.015

-0.002㟁Ẽ࣭࢞ࢫᴗ

0.002-0.004-0.002

0.001

ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ

0.017

-0.0020.041-0.004ྜィ

-0.002-0.0290.006-0.026ປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ

-0.031-0.020໬⋡11ฟᡤ㸸⾲ 1 ࡜ྠࡌࠋ
⾲3
1991-99 ᖺ

1999-2007 ᖺ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ

ྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാ

⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ

ྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാศ

໬ศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬

໬

㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬

㎰ᯘ⁺ᴗ

-0.0010.001-0.001

0.000

㖔ᴗ

0.000

0.000

0.001

-0.002ᘓタᴗ-0.0020.026-0.019-0.010〇㐀ᴗ

-0.0260.031-0.021-0.041༺኎࣭ᑠ኎ᴗ

-0.0020.029-0.012-0.017୙ື⏘ᴗ

-0.001

0.002

0.003

-0.002

㐠㍺࣭㏻ಙᴗ

-0.012-0.0020.040-0.007㟁Ẽ࣭࢞ࢫᴗ

0.001

0.001

-0.004

0.001

ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ

0.044

0.010

0.011

-0.001

ྜィ

0.000

0.099

-0.002-0.079ປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ

0.099-0.081໬⋡ὀ㸸༺࣭ᑠ኎ᴗࡣ㸪04 ᖺ࠿ࡽ༺࣭ᑠ኎ᴗ࡜㣧㣗ᗑࡢྜィ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㐠㍺㏻ಙᴗࡣ㸪04 ᖺ࠿
ࡽ㐠㍺ᴗ࡜᝟ሗ㏻ಙᴗࡢྜィ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 㟁Ẽ࣭࢞ࢫᴗࡣ㸪04 ᖺ࠿ࡽ㟁Ẽᴗ࡜࢞ࢫ࣭⇕౪⤥࣭Ỉ㐨ᴗࡢྜィ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡣ㸪04 ᖺ࠿ࡽᐟἩᴗࢆྵࡴࠋ
ฟᡤ㸸⾲ 1 ࡜ྠࡌࠋྜィ࡛ࡳࢀࡤ㸪ἲே௻ᴗ඲యࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚື࡟ᑐࡍࡿᙳ㡪ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࡢࡣ㸪ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᮇ㛫࡛ྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏘ᴗ༢఩࡛ࡳࢀࡤ㸪⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝
ࡢᮇ㛫࡛〇㐀ᴗࡀ኱ࡁ࡞࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢ್ࢆࡘࡅ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡛኱ࡁ࡞ࣉࣛࢫࡢ್࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪⬺ᕤᴗ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⤒῭໬ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୧⪅ࡀ┦ẅࡉࢀ࡚ྜィ࡛ࡣ࡯ࡰࢮ
ࣟ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡣ㸪ᅗ㸰ࡀ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪〇㐀ᴗ࡜㠀〇㐀ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡࡟኱ࡁ࡞ᕪࡀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬ࡣ㸪࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᮇ㛫࡛〇㐀ᴗࡢ್ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ㸪〇㐀ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢ୰㛗ᮇⓗࢺࣞࣥࢻࡀ㸪᪥ᮏࡢἲே௻ᴗ඲యࡢศ㓄⋡ࡢ୰㛗ᮇⓗࢺࣞࣥࢻࢆ࡯ࡰỴᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ḟ࡟㸪ẚ㍑ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ྠᵝࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ⾜࠺ࠋ⾲ 4㸪5㸪6 ࡣ㸪ἲே௻ᴗ඲
యࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࢆ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬࡜ྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡࡟ศゎࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

12

⾲ 4 ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢἲே௻ᴗ඲యࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬ࡢせᅉศゎ
60-70

70-75

⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢ

ྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാ

⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാศ

ኚ໬ศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬

ኚ໬

㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬

〇㐀ᴗ

-0.0430.033-0.021-0.022㏻ಙᴗ࣭බ┈஦ᴗ-0.011

0.011-0.003

0.002

༺኎ᴗ

0.005

0.001

0.010

-0.008ᑠ኎ᴗ

0.011-0.001-0.002

0.001

ࡑࡢ௚

0.046

0.003

0.018

-0.003

ྜィ

0.009

0.048

0.002

-0.0290.057

ປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬⋡-0.027ὀ㸸2001 ᖺ௨㝆ࡣ㸪
ࠕ㏻ಙᴗ࣭බ┈஦ᴗࠖࡣ㸪ࠕබ┈஦ᴗࠖ
ࠕ㍺㏦㸪㈤㈚ᴗࠖ
ࠕ᝟ሗࠖࡢྜィࠋࠕࡑࡢ௚ࠖࡣ㸪ࠕ㎰ᯘ⁺ᴗ㸪⊁⊟ᴗࠖࠕ㖔ᴗࠖࠕᘓタᴗࠖࠕ୙ື⏘㸪ࣞࣥࢱࣝཬࡧ࣮ࣜࢫᴗࠖ
ࠕᑓ㛛ⓗ࣭⛉Ꮫⓗᢏ⾡ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࠖ
ࠕ⟶⌮࣭ᨭ᥼ཬࡧ◚Რ≀ฎ⌮୪ࡧ࡟㝖ཤࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࠖ
ࠕᩍ⫱ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࠖ
ࠕ་⒪ཬࡧ♫఍⚟♴ᴗࠖࠕⱁ⾡㸪ፗᴦཬࡧࣞࢡ࢚࣮ࣜࢩࣙࣥᴗࠖ
ࠕᐟἩᴗ࣭㣧
㣗ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࠖ
ࠕࡑࡢ௚ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࠖࡢྜィࠋฟᡤ㸸U.S.Bureau of Economic Analysis. National Income and Product Accounts ࢆ⏝࠸࡚➹⪅ࡀ⟬ฟࠋ฼₶ᡤᚓࡣ㸪Corporate Profit by Industry(Table6.16)ࢆ㸪㈤㔠ᡤᚓࡣ㸪
Compensation of Employee by Industry(Table6.2)ࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓࠋ
⾲5
75-81

81-91

⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢ

ྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാ

⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാศ

ኚ໬ศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬

ኚ໬

㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬

〇㐀ᴗ

-0.0130.009-0.0750.015㏻ಙᴗ࣭බ┈஦ᴗ

0.001

0.001

-0.002-0.008

༺኎ᴗ

0.001

0.003

-0.0040.007

ᑠ኎ᴗ-0.011

0.004

0.009

-0.003

ࡑࡢ௚

0.025

0.006

0.084

0.003

ྜィ

0.002

0.022

0.012

0.014

ປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬⋡

0.024

0.026

ฟᡤ㸸⾲ 4 ࡜ྠࡌࠋ

13

⾲6
91-99

99-2007⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാ

⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാศ

ኚ໬ศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬

ኚ໬

㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬

〇㐀ᴗ

-0.041-0.010-0.069-0.019㏻ಙᴗ࣭බ┈஦ᴗ-0.010

0.005

0.017

-0.009༺኎ᴗ

0.000-0.004-0.013-0.006

ᑠ኎ᴗ

0.003-0.007-0.036-0.008ࡑࡢ௚

0.055-0.011

0.112-0.018ྜィ

0.006-0.0270.011-0.060ປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬⋡-0.021-0.049ฟᡤ㸸⾲ 4 ࡜ྠࡌࠋྜィ࡛ࡳࢀࡤ㸪ἲே௻ᴗ඲యࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚື࡟ᑐࡍࡿᙳ㡪ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࡢࡣ㸪ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᮇ㛫࡛ྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏘ᴗ༢఩࡛ࡳࢀࡤ㸪⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝
ࡢᮇ㛫࡛〇㐀ᴗࡀ኱ࡁ࡞࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢ್ࢆࡘࡅ㸪ࡑࡢ௚࡛ࣉࣛࢫࡢ኱ࡁ࡞್࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡣ㸪⬺ᕤᴗ໬࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⤒῭໬ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୧⪅ࡀ┦ẅࡉࢀ࡚ྜィ࡛ࡣᑠࡉࡃ࡞
ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪᪥ᮏ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾ࣐࢖ࢼࢫ࡟ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬ࡣ㸪〇㐀ᴗࡢ್ࡀ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᮇ㛫࡛኱ࡁ࠸ࠋせࡍࡿ࡟㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ〇㐀ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢ୰㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ࢺࣞࣥࢻࡀ㸪ἲே௻ᴗ඲యࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢ୰㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ࢺࣞࣥࢻࢆつᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ
ϫ 2000 ᖺ௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈤㔠పୗࡢཎᅉ
๓❶ࡲ࡛࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪᪥ᮏࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡣ 2000 ᖺ௦ึ㢌௨㝆పୗഴྥ࡟࠶
ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ୺࡜ࡋ࡚㸪㈤㔠ࡢపୗ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᮏ❶࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ 2000 ᖺ௦࡟
࠾ࡅࡿ㈤㔠పୗࡢཎᅉࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋࡣࡌࡵ࡟㸪ཌ⏕ປാ┬ࠕẖ᭶໅ປ⤫ィㄪᰝࠖࢆ⏝࠸࡚㈤㔠ࡢືࡁࢆࡳ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ
ᅗ 6 ࡣ㸪1981 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2009 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢࠕ⌧㔠⤥୚⥲㢠ࠖ࡜ࠕᡤᐃෆ⤥୚ࠖࡢኚ໬⋡ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ 6ࠋ6ࠕ⌧㔠⤥୚⥲㢠ࠖ࡜ࡣ㸪ࠕᡤᐃෆ⤥୚ࠖࠕᡤᐃእ⤥୚ࠖࠕ≉ู⤥୚ࠖࡢྜィ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕᡤᐃ
ෆ⤥୚ࠖ࡜ࡣ㸪ᇶᮏ⤥㸪ᐙ᪘ᡭᙜ࡞࡝࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕᡤᐃእ⤥୚ࠖ࡜ࡣ㸪ᡤᐃࡢປാ᫬㛫ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿປാ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᨭ⤥ࡉࢀࡿ⤥୚ࡸ㸪ఇ᪥ປാ㸪῝ኪປാ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᨭ⤥ࡉࢀࡿ⤥୚࡞࡝࡛࠶
ࡿࠋࠕᡤᐃෆ⤥୚ࠖ࡜ࠕᡤᐃእ⤥୚ࠖࢆྜࢃࡏࡓࡶࡢࢆࠕࡁࡲࡗ࡚ᨭ⤥ࡍࡿ⤥୚ࠖ࡜࿧ࡪࠋ
ࠕ≉ู⤥୚ࠖ࡜ࡣ㸪ኟ෤ࡢ㈹୚ࡸ㸪ᮇᮎᡭᙜ➼ࡢ୍᫬㔠࡞࡝࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
14

ᅗ 6 ⌧㔠⤥୚⥲㢠࡜ᡤᐃෆ⤥୚ࡢኚ໬⋡㸦ᖺ⋡㸪༢఩㸸%㸧

ὀ㸸ᑵᴗᙧែィ㸦30 ே௨ୖ㸧
ࠋ1-12 ᭶ࡢᖺᖹᆒࠋ
ฟᡤ㸸ཌ⏕ປാ┬ࠕẖ᭶໅ປ⤫ィㄪᰝࠖࠋ୧⪅࡜ࡶࣂࣈࣝᮇࢆ㝖ࡁ㸪࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᖺ࡛పୗഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ⌧㔠⤥୚⥲㢠ኚ໬⋡ࡣ㸪ࣂࣈࣝࡀᔂቯࡋࡓ 1991 ᖺ࡜࢔ࢪ࢔㏻㈌༴ᶵ࡞࡝ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ 1997 ᖺ࡟኱ᖜ࡟పୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
1998 ᖺ௨㝆ࡣ㸪2005 ᖺ㸪06 ᖺࢆ㝖ࡁࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᖺ࡛࣐࢖ࢼࢫ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᡤᐃෆ⤥୚ኚ໬⋡ࡣ㸪1990 ᖺ௦࡟୍㈏ࡋ࡚పୗࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪2000 ᖺ௦࡟ධࡿ࡜ 2005 ᖺ㸪06 ᖺࢆ㝖ࡁ㸪࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᖺ࡛࣐࢖ࢼࢫ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪㈤㔠ࡣ 2000 ᖺ௦࡟పୗࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ
ḟ࡟㸪⏘ᴗูᡤᐃෆ⤥୚ࡢືࡁࢆࡳ࡚࠸ࡃࠋᅗ 7 ࡣ㸪2001 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2009 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ⏘ᴗูᡤᐃෆ⤥୚ࡢኚ໬⋡ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᅗ 7 ⏘ᴗูᡤᐃෆ⤥୚ࡢኚ໬⋡㸦ᖺ⋡㸪༢఩㸸%㸧

15ὀ㸸஦ᴗᡤつᶍ 5 ே௨ୖࠋ1-12 ᭶ࡢᖺᖹᆒࠋ
ฟᡤ㸸ཌ⏕ປാ┬ࠕẖ᭶໅ປ⤫ィㄪᰝࠖࠋ
ඛ㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ᡤᐃෆ⤥୚ࡣ 2000 ᖺ௦࡟పୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ᅗ 7 ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀࡣࢧ࣮ࣅ
ࢫᴗࡢ㈤㔠ࡀపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ㸪ࠕ㣧㣗ᗑ㸪ᐟἩᴗࠖࠕᩍ⫱㸪Ꮫ⩦ᨭ᥼ᴗ࡛ࠖ኱ࡁࡃపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ〇㐀ᴗࡣ㸪࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᮇ㛫࡛ᶓࡤ࠸࡛࠶ࡗ
ࡓࠋḟ࡟㸪௨ୖࡳ࡚ࡁࡓ 2000 ᖺ௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈤㔠పୗࡢཎᅉ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ㈤㔠ࡢపୗࡣከᩘࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ཎᅉࡀ」ྜࡋ࡚⏕ࡌࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ≉࡟㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࡢቑ኱࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࠋ㞠⏝⪅ࡣ୍⯡ⓗ࡟㸪ࠕṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࠖ࡜ࠕ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࠖ࡟༊ูࡍࡿࡇ࡜
ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ⥲ົ┬ࠕປാຊㄪᰝࠖ࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅࡜ࡣ㸪ࠕࣃ࣮ࢺࠖࠕ࢔ࣝࣂ࢖ࢺࠖ
ࠕປാ⪅ὴ㐵஦ᴗᡤࡢὴ㐵♫ဨࠖࠕዎ⣙♫ဨ࣭კクࠖࠕࡑࡢ௚ࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㞠⏝⪅ࡢ⥲⛠࡛࠶
ࡿ 7ࠋṇつ㞠⏝⪅࡜㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅࡛ࡣ㸪ປാ᫬㛫ࡸዎ⣙ᮇ㛫㸪໅ࡵඛ࡛ࡢ࿧⛠㸪ே஦ປົ⟶⌮࡞࡝ࡀ␗࡞ࡿ㸦㜿㒊[2010]443-445 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋࡣࡌࡵ࡟㸪⥲ົ┬ࠕປാຊㄪᰝࠖ
㸦ヲ⣽㞟ィ㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚㞠⏝⪅ᩘࡢ᥎⛣ࢆࡳ࡚࠸ࡃࠋᅗ 8
ࡣ㸪1985 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2012 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ㞠⏝ᙧែู㞠⏝⪅ᩘ㸦ᙺဨࢆ㝖ࡃ㸧ࡢ᥎⛣ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᅗ 8 㞠⏝ᙧែู㞠⏝⪅ᩘ㸦ᙺဨࢆ㝖ࡃ㸧ࡢ᥎⛣㸦༢఩㸸୓ே㸧ὀ㸸1985 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 1998 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡣ 2 ᭶㸪1999 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2001 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡣ 8 ᭶㸪2002 ᖺ௨㝆ࡣ㸪
4-6 ᭶ᖹᆒࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋ2001 ᖺ௨㝆㸪ࠕዎ⣙♫ဨ࣭კク㸪ࡑࡢ௚ࠖࡣ㸪ࠕዎ⣙♫ဨ࣭კクࠖ࡜ࠕࡑࡢ௚ࠖࡢྜィࠋฟᡤ㸸⥲ົ┬ࠕປാຊㄪᰝࠖ
㸦ヲ⣽㞟ィ㸧ࠋཌ⏕ປാ┬ࠕᖹᡂ 22 ᖺᑵᴗᙧែࡢከᵝ໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⥲ྜᐇែㄪᰝࠖࡣ㸪ࠕṇ♫ဨ௨እࡢປ
ാ⪅ࠖࢆࠕዎ⣙♫ဨࠖࠕკク♫ဨࠖ
ࠕฟྥ♫ဨࠖ
ࠕὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࠖࠕ⮫᫬ⓗ㞠⏝⪅ࠖࠕࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࢖
࣒ປാ⪅ࠖࠕࡑࡢ௚ࠖ࡟༊ศࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
716

ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࡣ㸪1997 ᖺࡢ 3812 ୓ேࢆࣆ࣮ࢡ࡟ῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ㸪㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࡣ 1985 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 655 ୓࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀ㸪95 ᖺ࡟ 1000 ୓ேࢆ✺◚ࡋ㸪2012 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 1775 ୓࡟㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࡢᙺဨࢆ㝖ࡃ㞠⏝⪅࡟༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜࡣ㸪1985 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 16.4㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀ㸪1990 ᖺ௦࡟ 20㸣㸪2000 ᖺ௦࡟ࡣ 30㸣㸪2012 ᖺ࡞ࡿ࡜ 34.5㸣࡟㐩ࡋ㸪௒࡛ࡣ㞠⏝⪅ࡢ⣙ 3 ே࡟㸯ேࡀ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2000 ᖺ௨㝆࡟ቑຍࡋࡓࡢࡣ㸪ࠕὴ㐵♫ဨࠖࠕዎ⣙♫ဨ࣭კク㸪ࡑࡢ௚ࠖࡢ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅࡛࠶ࡿࠋὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡣ 1999 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 28 ୓ே࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀ㸪2005 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 100 ୓ேࢆ✺◚ࡋ㸪2008 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 140 ୓ே࡟㐩ࡋࡓࠋḟ࡟㸪⏘ᴗูࡢ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࡢ๭ྜࢆࡳ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ⾲ 7 ࡣ㸪1997 ᖺ㸪2002 ᖺ㸪07 ᖺࡢ⏘ᴗูࡢ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࡢ๭ྜࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
⾲ 7 ⏘ᴗู㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅๭ྜࡢ᥎⛣㸦༢఩㸸%㸧
1997 ᖺ

2002 ᖺ

2007 ᖺ

ᘓタᴗ

16.1

19.7

19.9

〇㐀ᴗ

18.5

23.4

27.2

㟁Ẽ㺃࢞ࢫ㺃⇕౪⤥㺃Ỉ㐨ᴗ

7.0

8.8

9.0

㐠㍺࣭㏻ಙᴗ

14.3

22.2

26.8

༺኎࣭ᑠ኎ᴗ㸪㣧㣗ᗑ

39.9

49.4

52.1

㔠⼥࣭ಖ㝤ᴗ

11.3

22.3

24.9

୙ື⏘ᴗ

23.1

32.4

36.2

ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ

27.0

33.8

37.4

ὀ㸸2002 ᖺ㸪07 ᖺࡢࠕ㐠㍺࣭㏻ಙᴗࠖࡣ㸪ࠕ᝟ሗ㏻ಙᴗࠖࠕ㐠㍺ᴗࠖࡢྜィ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠᖺ
ࡢࠕ༺኎࣭ᑠ኎ᴗ㸪㣧㣗ᗑࠖࡣ㸪ࠕ༺኎࣭ᑠ኎ᴗࠖ
ࠕ㣧㣗ᗑ࣭ᐟἩᴗࠖࡢྜィ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ2007ᖺࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡣ㸪ࠕᏛ⾡ࠖࠕ⏕ά㛵㐃ࠖࠕᩍ⫱ࠖࠕ་⒪࣭⚟♴ࠖࠕ」ྜࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠖࠕࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ
ᴗࠖࡢྜィ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ฟᡤ㸸⥲ົ┬ࠕᑵᴗᵓ㐀ᇶᮏㄪᰝࠖ
ࠋ
1997 ᖺ௨㝆㸪ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ⏘ᴗ࡛㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࡢ๭ྜࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ㸪ࠕ༺኎࣭ᑠ኎ᴗ㸪㣧㣗ᗑࠖࠕࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡛ࠖ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋඖࠎࠊ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࡢ๭ྜࡀ㧗࠸ࡇࢀࡽࡢ⏘ᴗ࡟ຍ࠼࡚㸪ࠕ〇㐀ᴗࠖࠕ㐠㍺࣭㏻ಙᴗࠖࠕ㔠⼥࣭ಖ㝤ᴗࠖࠕ୙ື⏘ᴗ࡛ࠖࡶ኱ᖜ࡟ቑ
ຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅗ 7 ࡀ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡢ㈤㔠ࡣ 2000 ᖺ௦௨㝆పୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡀ㸪ࡇࢀࡣ㈤㔠Ỉ‽ࡢప࠸㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࡀቑ኱ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ
1997 ᖺ௨㝆࡟㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࡀቑຍࡋࡓ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣ㸪ປാ⪅ὴ㐵ἲࡢᨵṇ࡟ࡼࡿປാᕷሙࡢつไ⦆࿴ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋປാ⪅ὴ㐵ἲࡣ 1985 ࡟ไᐃ㸦86 ᖺ࡟᪋⾜㸧ࡉࢀ㸪ᙜึࡣᑓ㛛ⓗ▱㆑࣭ᢏ⾡ࢆせࡍࡿ 16 ᴗົࡢࡳ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ປാ⪅ὴ㐵஦ᴗࡀゎ⚗ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋ㸪᪥⤒㐃ࡀ 1995

17ᖺ࡟ࠕ᪂᫬௦ࡢࠗ᪥ᮏⓗ⤒Ⴀ࠘ࠖ࡜㢟ࡍࡿሗ࿌᭩ࢆⓎ⾲ࡋ㸪ປാ⪅ࢆࠕ㛗ᮇ⵳✚⬟ຊά⏝ᆺࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࠖ㸦↓ᮇ㞠⏝ࡢṇつປാ⪅㸧㸪ࠕ㧗ᗘᑓ㛛⬟ຊά⏝ᆺࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࠖ㸦᭷ᮇ㞠⏝ࡢዎ⣙♫ဨ㸧㸪ࠕ㞠⏝ᰂ㌾ᆺࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࠖ
㸦᭷ᮇ㞠⏝ࡢࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࢖࣒ປാ⪅㸪ὴ㐵ປാ⪅㸪ㄳ㈇ປാ⪅㸧
ࡢ 3 ✀㢮࡟ศࡅࡿ㞠⏝ᡓ␎ࢆᡴࡕฟࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࢆཷࡅ࡚ 1996 ᖺ࡟ࡣປാ⪅ὴ㐵ἲࡀ኱ᖜ࡟ᨵᐃࡉࢀ㸪ὴ㐵ࡢᑐ㇟ᴗົࡀ 16 ᴗົ࠿ࡽ 26 ᴗ✀࡟ᣑ኱ࡉࢀࡓࠋ1999 ᖺ࡟ࡣ෌ࡧປാ
⪅ὴ㐵ἲࡀᨵṇࡉࢀ㸪ᘓタ㸪‴㸪㆙ഛ㸪〇㐀㸪་⒪࡞࡝ࡢὴ㐵⚗Ṇᴗົ௨እࡣཎ๎⮬⏤࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ2003 ᖺࡢὴ㐵ἲᨵṇ࡛ࡣ㸪〇㐀ᴗ࡬ࡢປാ⪅ὴ㐵ࡀゎ⚗ࡉࢀࡓ࡯࠿㸪ᑓ㛛 26 ᴗົ࡬ࡢὴ㐵ྍ⬟ᮇ㛫ࡢไ㝈ࡀ᧔ᗫࡉࢀ㸪ࡑࢀ௨እࡢᴗົ࡬ࡢὴ㐵ᮇ㛫ࡢ㝈ᗘࡀ 1ᖺ࠿ࡽ᭱㛗࡛ 3 ᖺ࡟ᘏ㛗ࡉࢀࡓࠋὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢቑຍࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣ㸪ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓປാ⪅ὴ㐵ἲࡢᨵṇ࡟ࡼࡿປാᕷሙࡢつไ⦆࿴ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ㸦Ᏹோ㹙2010㹛136-140 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋཌ⏕ປാ┬ࠕᑵᴗᙧែࡢከᵝ໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⥲ྜᐇែㄪᰝࠖ
㸦㠀ṇ♫ဨィࡢ⥲ᩘ㸧࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪ᖹᡂ 15 ᖺ㸪19 ᖺ㸪22 ᖺࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡢㄪᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪௻ᴗࡀ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࢆ㞠⏝ࡍࡿ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚᭱ࡶከ࠿ࡗࡓࡢࡣ㸪ࠕ㈤㔠ࡢ⠇⣙ࡢࡓࡵ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋḟ࡟ከ࠿ࡗࡓࡢࡣ㸪ࠕ୍᪥㸪㐌ࡢ୰ࡢ௙஦ࡢ⦾㛩࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪௻ᴗࡀ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࢆ㞠⏝ࡍࡿࡢࡣ㸪୺࡜ࡋ࡚ே௳㈝ࡢ๐ῶ࡜㞠⏝ࡢᰂ㌾໬ࡢࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
᭱ᚋ࡟㸪2000 ᖺ௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈤㔠ࡢపୗ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࡢቑ኱ࡢᙳ㡪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡳ࡚
࠸ࡃࠋᖹᆒ㈤㔠ࡢኚ໬⋡ࡣ㸪ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟せᅉศゎ࡛ࡁࡿࠋn¦ (Wi N i )

WN
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㸦7㸧

n ª ­W ( NN ) ½°  º n ª­°Wi ( N i N ) ½°  º°¦ «® i i¾Wi »  ¦ «®
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ࡣኚ໬⋡㸪 W ࡣᖹᆒ㈤㔠ࡢኚ໬⋡㸪 Wi ࡣྛ㞠⏝ᙧែูࡢ㈤㔠㸪 N i ࡣྛ㞠⏝ᙧែูࡢ㞠⏝⪅ᩘ㸪 N ࡣ⥲㞠⏝⪅ᩘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋึ㡯ࡣ㈤㔠ኚ໬せᅉࢆ㸪➨ 2 㡯ࡣ㞠⏝ᙧែኚ໬せᅉࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ
⾲ 8 ࡣ㸪ᖹᆒ㈤㔠ࢆ㈤㔠ኚ໬せᅉ࡜㞠⏝ᙧែኚ໬せᅉ࡟ศゎࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

18

⾲ 8 ᖹᆒ㈤㔠ኚ໬ࡢせᅉศゎ
93-99

2002-2011

㈤㔠ኚ໬

㞠⏝ᙧែ

㈤㔠ኚ໬

㞠⏝ᙧែ

せᅉ

ኚ໬せᅉ

せᅉ

ኚ໬せᅉ

ṇつ

0.075

-0.047

ṇつ-0.017-0.073

ࣃ࣮ࢺ

0.004

0.005

ࣃ࣮ࢺ࢔ࣝࣂ࢖ࢺ

0.003

0.008

࢔ࣝࣂ࢖ࢺ

-0.001

0.005

ὴ㐵

0.000

0.005

კクࡑࡢ௚

-0.002

0.001

ዎ⣙࣭კク

-0.0010.016

ࡑࡢ௚-0.005-0.001ྜィ-0.019-0.045

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0.077

-0.0370.040

ኚ໬⋡-0.064ὀ㸸93-99 ᖺࡣ㸪ࠕປാຊ≉ูㄪᰝሗ࿌ࠖ㸪2002-2011 ࡣ㸪ࠕປാຊㄪᰝࠖ㸦ヲ⣽㞟ィ㸧ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚➹⪅ࡀ⟬ฟࠋฟᡤ㸸ࠕປാຊㄪᰝ≉ูㄪᰝሗ࿌ࠖ
㸪⥲ົ┬ࠕປാຊㄪᰝ≉ูㄪᰝࠖ㸪ࠕປാຊㄪᰝࠖ
㸦ヲ⣽㞟ィ㸧ࠋ
93-99 ᖺࡢᮇ㛫࡛ࡣ㸪ྜィ࡛ࡳࢀࡤ㸪ᖹᆒ㈤㔠ࡢኚ໬࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᙳ㡪ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࡢࡣ㈤㔠ኚ໬せᅉ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྛ㞠⏝ᙧែู࡛ࡳࢀࡤ㸪㈤㔠ኚ໬せᅉ࡛ࡣࠕṇつࠖࡀ 0.075 ࡜᭱ࡶ኱ࡁ࠸ࠋ
㞠⏝ᙧែኚ໬せᅉ࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕṇつࠖࡀ-0.047 ࡜᭱ࡶᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ㸪ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࡢ㈤㔠ࡀୖ᪼ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡣᖹᆒ㈤㔠ࢆᢲࡋୖࡆࡿせᅉ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡀ㸪ṇつປാ⪅ࡢᵓᡂẚࡣపୗࡋࡓࡓࡵᖹᆒ㈤㔠ࢆᢲࡋୗࡆࡿせᅉ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ࠕࣃ࣮ࢺࠖࠕ࢔ࣝࣂ࢖ࢺࠖࠕკクࡑࡢ௚ࠖ࡞࡝ࡢ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࡢ㈤㔠ኚ໬㸪ᵓᡂẚኚ໬ࡀᖹᆒ㈤㔠࡟ཬࡰࡋࡓᙳ㡪ࡣᑠࡉ࠸ࠋ
2002-2011 ᖺࡢᮇ㛫࡛ࡣ㸪ྜィ࡛ࡳࢀࡤ㸪ᖹᆒ㈤㔠ࡢኚ໬࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᙳ㡪ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࡢࡣ㞠⏝ᙧែኚ໬せᅉ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྛ㞠⏝ᙧែู࡛ࡳࢀࡤ㸪㈤㔠ኚ໬せᅉ࡛ࡣṇつປാ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠పୗ
ࡀ-0.017 ࡜࠸࠺ᢲࡋୗࡆຠᯝࢆࡶࡗࡓࠋ㞠⏝ᙧែኚ໬せᅉ࡛ࡶṇつປാ⪅ࡢᵓᡂẚࡢపୗ
ࡀ-0.073 ࡜࠸࠺ᢲࡋୗࡆຠᯝࢆࡶࡗࡓࠋ
ࠕࡑࡢ௚ࠖࢆ㝖ࡁ㸪ࠕࣃ࣮ࢺ࢔ࣝࣂ࢖ࢺࠖࠕὴ㐵ࠖࠕዎ⣙࣭კクࠖ࡞࡝ࡢ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࡢᵓᡂẚቑຍࡣᢲࡋୗࡆせᅉ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡀ㸪ࡑࡶࡑࡶ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࡢ㈤㔠Ỉ‽ࡀᖹᆒ㈤㔠ࡼࡾࡶప࠸ࡢ࡛ᢲࡋୗࡆຠᯝࡣᑠࡉ࠸ࠋϬ ࠾ࢃࡾ࡟
ᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣ㸪ඛ㐍ㅖᅜ㸦᪥ᮏ࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㸧࡟࠾ࡅࡿປാศ㓄⋡ࡢỴᐃせᅉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ
ࡓࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡾḟࡢࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
19᪥ᮏࡢປാศ㓄⋡㸦࣐ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝ㸪〇㐀ᴗ㸪㠀〇㐀ᴗ㸧ࡣ㸪▷ᮇⓗ࡟ࡶ㛗ᮇⓗ࡟ࡶ኱ࡁࡃᚠ⎔ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽኚືࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ▷ᮇⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪ᬒẼᚠ⎔࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࢝࢘ࣥࢱ࣮࣭ࢧ࢖ࢡࣜ࢝ࣝ
࡟ኚືࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ㸪〇㐀ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡑࡢഴྥࡀᙉ࠸ࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡢປാ
ศ㓄⋡ࡶ㸪㧗ᗘᡂ㛗ᮇࡀ⤊↉ࡋࡓ 1970 ᖺ௦ึ㢌࡜ࣂࣈࣝࡀᔂቯࡋࡓ 90 ᖺ௦ึ㢌࡟኱ᖜ࡟ୖ᪼ࡋࡓࠋ1970 ᖺ௦ึ㢌࡟࠾ࡅࡿୖ᪼ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ 1 ேᙜࡓࡾ㞠⏝⪅ሗ㓘ୖ᪼⋡ࡀປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣ㸪ᣑᙇᚋᮇ࡟࠾࠸࡚㎰ᮧࡢ㐣๫ேཱྀࡀᯤῬࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏘ᴗணഛ㌷ຠᯝࡀാ࠿࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡸ㸪ࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡾປ
ാ⪅ࡢ஺΅ຊࡀᙉࡲࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ1990 ᖺ௦ึ㢌ࡢୖ᪼ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡀ኱ᖜ࡟పୗࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪ࣂࣈࣝࡢᔂቯ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᐇ㉁ GDP ᡂ㛗⋡ࡀ኱ᖜ࡟పୗࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪2000 ᖺ௦࡟ධࡿ࡜ປാศ㓄⋡ࡣୗⴠഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࢀࡣࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ 1 ேᙜࡓࡾ㞠⏝⪅ሗ㓘ୖ᪼⋡ࡀపୗࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣ㸪ϫ࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪㠀ṇつປാ⪅ࡢቑຍࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
㛗ᮇⓗ࡟ࡶ㧗ᡂ㛗ࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟పୗࡋ㸪పᡂ㛗ࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ୖ᪼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣐ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢປാ
ศ㓄⋡ࡢኚື࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪〇㐀ᴗࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࠋ〇㐀ᴗ࡛ປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚືࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࡢ
ࡣ㸪ྠ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣᬒẼኚື࡟క࠸௜ຍ౯್ࡀ኱ࡁࡃኚືࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊ᪥ᮏࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡣ㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࡑࢀ࡜ẚ࡭࡚ኚືᖜࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣ᪥ᮏࡢ௻
ᴗ࡛ࡣ㸪ᬒẼᚠ⎔࡟క࠺㞠⏝ㄪᩚࡢ㏿ᗘࡀ㐜࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ຍ࠼㸪㈤㔠ࡀ௻ᴗ཰┈࡟㐃ືࡋ࡚ື࠿࡞࠸ᅛᐃ㈝ⓗᛶ᱁ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ே௳㈝⥲㢠࡜௜ຍ౯್ࡢኚືࢸ࣏ࣥ࡟ࢬࣞࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
᪥ᮏࡢἲே௻ᴗ඲యࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬࡟ᑐࡍࡿᙳ㡪ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࡢࡣ㸪࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᮇ㛫࡛ྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ྜィ࡛ࡳࢀࡤ㸪⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡞࠸ࠋ
⏘ᴗ༢఩࡛ࡳࢀࡤ㸪⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᮇ㛫࡛〇㐀ᴗࡀ኱ࡁ࡞࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢ್ࢆࡘ
ࡅ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡛኱ࡁ࡞ࣉࣛࢫࡢ್࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪⬺ᕤᴗ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⤒῭໬ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୧⪅ࡀ┦ẅࡉࢀ࡚ྜィ࡛ࡣᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྛ⏘ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢኚ໬ࡣ㸪〇㐀ᴗࡢ್ࡀ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᮇ㛫࡛኱ࡁ࠸ࠋせࡍࡿ࡟㸪〇㐀ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢ୰㛗ᮇⓗࢺࣞࣥࢻࡀ㸪ἲே௻ᴗ඲యࡢປാศ㓄⋡ࡢ୰㛗ᮇⓗࢺࣞࣥࢻࢆ࡯ࡰỴᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡶ
࡯ࡰྠᵝࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸦ࢥࣔࣥࢬⓗ࢖ࣥࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᙜ᪥ࡢሗ࿌᫬
࡟㏙࡭ࡿࠋ
㸧
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
㜿㒊ṇᾈ[2010]ࠕ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ቑຍࡢ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡑࡢᨻ⟇ᑐᛂࠖᵽཱྀ⨾㞝⦅ࠗປാᕷሙ࡜ᡤᚓศ
㓄࠘៞᠕⩏ሿ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍㸪439-468 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋᏱோᏹᖾ࣭ᒣ⏣㗦ኵ࣭☾㇂᫂ᚨ࣭᳜ᮧ༤ᜤ㹙2011㹛ࠗ㔠⼥༴ᶵࡢࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࠘᫛࿴ᇽࠋᏱோᏹᖾ㹙2009㹛ࠕᚋᮇ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ㈤㔠ືᏛࠖࠗ⤒῭ㄽྀ࠘➨ 183 ᕳ➨ 3 ྕࠋ
20኱ᕝ୍ྖ[1965]ࠕศ㓄⋡ࡢ㛗ᮇኚືࠖࠗ⤒῭◊✲࠘Vol.16,No.1,pp.1-7ࠋ
すᮧΎᙪ࣭஭ୖ⠜㹙1994㹛
ࠕ㧗ᗘᡂ㛗ᮇ௨ᚋࡢ᪥ᮏ〇㐀ᴗࡢປാศ㓄⋡㸸ࠕ஧㔜ᵓ㐀ࠖ࡜୙
᏶඲➇தࠖ▼ᕝ⤒ኵ⦅ࠗ᪥ᮏࡢᡤᚓ࡜ᐩࡢศ㓄࠘ᮾி኱Ꮫฟ∧఍㸪79-106 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋෆ㛶ᗓ[2009]ࠗᖹᡂ 21 ᖺᗘᖺḟ⤒῭㈈ᨻሗ࿌࠘ࠋ
㔝⏣▱ᙪ࣭㜿㒊ṇᾈ[2010]ࠕປാศ㓄⋡㸪㈤㔠పୗࠖᵽཱྀ⨾㞝⦅ࠗປാᕷሙ࡜ᡤᚓศ㓄࠘៞᠕⩏ሿ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍㸪3-45 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋ⳻ᒣἨ㹙1976㹛࣮ࠗࣜ࢝ࢻ࠘᪥ᮏ⤒῭᪂⪺♫ࠋྜྷᕝὒ[1992]ࠗ᪥ᮏ⤒῭࡜࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫ࠋྜྷᕝὒ㹙1994㹛ࠕປാศ㓄⋡࡜᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡢᡂ㛗࣭ᚠ⎔ࠖ▼ᕝ⤒ኵ⦅ࠗ᪥ᮏࡢᡤᚓ࡜ᐩࡢศ
㓄࠘ᮾி኱Ꮫฟ∧఍㸪107-140 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋKalecki,M.[1971]Selected

EssaysontheDynamics

oftheCapitalist

Economy1933-1970,Cambridge University Press.㸦ὸ⏣⤫୍㑻㸪㛫ᐑ㝧௓ヂࠗ㈨ᮏ୺⩏⤒῭ࡢືែ⌮ㄽ࠘᪥ᮏ⤒῭ホㄽ♫㸪1984 ᖺ㸧
Kaldor,N.[1955]”Alternative Theories of Distribution”, The Review of Economic

Studies,Vol.23,No.2,pp.83-100.㸦ᐩ⏣㔜ኵ⦅ヂ࣐ࠗࢡࣟศ㓄⌮ㄽ࠘Ꮫᩥ♫ห㸪1973㸧
Keynes,J.M.[1939]”Relative Movements of Real Wages and Output”,Economic

Journal,Vol.49,No.193,pp34-51.
Kühne,K.[1979]Economics and Marxism, Vol.1, St. Martin’s Press.
Marx,K. [1867]Das Kapital,Bd.1,Berlin:Dietz Verlag.㸦♫఍⛉Ꮫ◊✲ᡤ┘ಟ࣭㈨ᮏㄽ⩻ヂጤဨ఍ヂࠗ㈨ᮏㄽ࠘➨ 1 㒊[➨ 1-2 ศ෉]᪂᪥ᮏฟ∧♫㸪1982-83 ᖺ㸧Dobb,M.[1970]”The Sraffa System and Critique of the Neo-Classical Theory ofDistribution”,De Economist, Vol.118,pp.347-62.㸦ఀ⸨ㄔ࣭ᱜ஭Ẏ࣭ᒣཱྀ㔜ඞ⦅࣭┘ヂࠗḢ⡿࣐ࣝࢡࢫ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ᪂ᒎ㛤࠘ᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫㸪23-42 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋ㸧
Ricardo,D.[1819]On the Principle of Political Economy, and Taxation,Esq.,2nd
ed.,London,John Murray.㸦⩚㫽༟ஓ㸪ྜྷἑⰾᶞヂࠗ⤒῭Ꮫ࠾ࡼࡧㄢ⛯ࡢཎ⌮࠘ᒾἼᩥᗜ㸪
1987 ᖺ㸧Marglin,A.S.[1990]”Lesson of the Golden Age: An Overview”,in The Golden Age of

Capitalism:Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience, ed. By Stephen A.Marglin andJuliet B. Schor,pp.1-38.㸦☾㇂᫂ᚨ࣭᳜ᮧ༤ᜤ࣭ᾏ⪁ሯ᫂┘ヂࠗ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ㯤㔠᫬௦࠘ᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫㸪1993 ᖺ㸧

21ࠕࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡜ࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ̿̿-5ࢥࣔࣥࢬࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࢆ௓ࡋࡓ␗➃ὴ⤒῭Ꮫㅖὴࡢ㑍㏪ࠖ㸨୰ཎ 㝯ᖾ㸦㜰༡኱Ꮫ㸧࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ㸸ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࠕ㞟ᅋⓗάືࠖ⌮ㄽࠊࠕไᗘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㞟ᅋⓗάືࠖࡢᵝࠎ࡞ࣞ࣋ࣝࠊ♫఍ⓗ࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᨻ
἞ⓗㄪᩚ࣭⤒῭ⓗㄪᩚ࣭೔⌮ⓗㄪᩚࡢㅖḟඖ࡜ࡑࡢ㔜ᒙᛶࠊ౯್ㄽࢆࡵࡄࡿࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡜ࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࡢඹ㜚ྍ⬟ᛶࡣࡌࡵ࡟
1980 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ⌮ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊไᗘࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢㄆ㆑ࡀඹ᭷ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞
ࡗ࡚ஂࡋ࠸ࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ㊅ໃࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ␗➃ὴ⤒῭Ꮫㅖὴࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓഴྥࡀࠊ௚᪉࡛ࠊ␗➃ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ⌮ㄽ࡜᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࡜ࡢ✀ูᛶࢆࠊࡸࡸࡶࡍࢀࡤ᭕᫕࡞ࡶࡢ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ㝈ࡾ࡛ࠊࠕไᗘࡣ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ⓗᚠ⎔ࢆ᪉ྥ௜ࡅࠊ⵳✚ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢᵓ㐀ࢆᨭ࠼ࡿࣔࣀ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜࠸
࠺ࠊ࠸ࢃࡤእᅾⓗ࡞⤒῭ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢࢺ࣮ࣜ࢞㸦ᡤ୚ࡢไᗘⓗㅖ᮲௳㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ไᗘࢆㄒࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣࠊ␗➃ὴ࡜᪂ྂ඾ὴࡢቃ⏺⥺ࢆᘬࡃࡇ࡜ࡣࡶࡣࡸ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠼ࡼ࠺1ࠋࡲࡓࠊࠕ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ࣑ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫⓗᇶ♏௜ࡅࠖ࡜࠸࠺᪂ྂ඾ὴࡢࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒࡟ྠ໬ࡍ
ࡿ࠿ࡢࡈ࡜ࡃࠊẚ㍑ไᗘศᯒⓗᡭἲࡀไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ࡞࠿࡛㔜せ࡞఩⨨ࢆ༨ࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ
࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊᵝࠎ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽไᗘࢆ෌ᵓᡂࡋ࡚ࣔࢹࣝ࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࡳࠊࡑࡢࣔࢹࣝࡢ✀ูᛶࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕไᗘࢆ࣋ࣥࢳ࣐࣮ࢡ࡜ࡍࡿࠖ⌮ㄽࡀ⯆㝯ࢆᴟࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ᫖௒ࠊࠕไᗘࡢ
࣑ࢡࣟⓗᇶ♏௜ࡅࠖࠊࠕไᗘࡢ᮲௳໬㸻እ⏕໬ࠖ࡜࠸࠺᪉ἲࡣไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫㅖὴ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ௒
ࡸᮏὶ࡜࡞ࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⌮ㄽⓗ㐍໬ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢ㈉⊩ࢆྰᐃࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣỴࡋ࡚࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ
࡞ࡀࡽࠊ௨ୖࡢㅖഴྥ࡟࠾࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡀ༑ศ࡟ᑾࡃࡉࢀ࡚࡞࠸ၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࡶ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕไᗘኚ໬ࡢ᪉ྥᛶࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࣔࣀࡣ࠸ࡗࡓ࠸ఱ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠖࠊࡀࡑࢀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐇࡢ࡜
ࡇࢁࠊࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊᮏ᮶ⓗ࡟ᶵᲔㄽ࡟❧⬮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ぢ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠊᆒ⾮㸦࡞࠸ࡋࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ㸧ᴫᛕࡸ෌⏕⏘ᴫᛕࡔࡅ࡛ࡣỴࡋ࡚ゎỴ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ၥ㢟ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ
࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࡑࡢၥ㢟ࡢゎᾘࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊࠕ⤒῭♫఍ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪉ྥ࡬ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ኚ
໬ࡉࡏࡿࡢ࠿ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠊᵝࠎ࡞♫఍ⓗ࣭ᨻ἞ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡓࡕࡢࠕពᅗࠖ࡜࠸࠺せ㸨

E-Mail: nakahara@hannan-u.ac.jp. ᮏ✏ࡣ 3 ❶࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿㄽᩥ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⣬ᖜࡢ㒔ྜ࡟ࡼࡾࠊᮏㄽ㞟࡛ࡣࠊ➨ 1 ❶࠾ࡼࡧ➨ 2 ❶ࢆ๭ឡࡋࠊ୺࡟⤖ㄽ㒊ศࡢࡳᥖ㍕ࡍࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊሗ࿌᫬࡟ࡣࣇ࣭࣮ࣝ࣌ࣃ࣮ࢆ༳ๅࡢୖᣢཧࡍࡿணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
1 ࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊ᪂ྂ඾ὴ࡜␗➃ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟ࡣࠊไᗘࡢࡳ࡟㑏ඖ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸⌮ㄽୖࡢᕪ␗ࡀᩘከࡃᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞
ࡀࡽࠊࡉࡋ࠶ࡓࡾᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢⅬ࡟ࡣゐࢀࡎࠊ⌧௦ࡢᵝࠎ࡞ไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫࡀࠕ⤒῭ⓗᅉᯝ㐃㛵࡟࠾ࡅࡿศ⠇Ⅼࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ไᗘࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࠊྍ⬟ᛶ࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ㄽⓗ࡟᤼㝖ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆඹ㏻஢ゎ࡜ࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊไᗘὴࡢ୰࡟࠶ࡿ㝸ࡓࡾ࡟
↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡓ࠸ࠋ

1ᅉࢆ⮬ࡽࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ2ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢసᴗ࡟ࡣࠊᵝࠎ࡞⤒῭Ꮫࡀ㛗ࡁ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ᅇ㑊ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠊ⤒῭άື࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕつ⠊ࠖࡀᯝࡓࡍᙺ๭࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢၥ㢟ࢆࠊゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠕ౯್ุ᩿ࠖࡢၥ㢟ࢆࠊ᰿ᮏⓗ࡟ၥ࠸┤ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ
࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟ព㆑࡟❧⬮ࡋࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊࡲࡎࠊ␗➃ὴ⤒῭Ꮫࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿᏛὴ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ
ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡜ࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ⌮ㄽࡀ౯್࡞࠸ࡋࡑࡢ
ุ᩿ࡢၥ㢟ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⪃ᐹࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࠿ࠊࡲࡓࡑࡢ⌮ㄽⓗ฿㐩Ⅼ࡜ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡞
ࡢ࠿ࢆᴫほࡍࡿࠋ
ࡘ࠸࡛ࠊไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ⌧௦ⓗᒎ㛤ࡢ㐣⛬࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ␗➃ὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡀ႙ኻࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓ
㸦࡞࠸ࡋ႙ኻࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿ㸧どⅬࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ⤒῭ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࠊᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࠊ೔⌮ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࢆྠ᫬࡟ෆໟࡍࡿࠕ᪂ࡋ࠸⌧௦ࡢไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ⌮ㄽࠖࡢᵓᡂࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࢆࠊJ. R. Commons, Institutional Economics, (1934) Cap.2, Method, ࡢ᳨ウࢆ୰
ᚰ࡟ヲ㏙ࡍࡿࠋ
ࢥࣔࣥࢬࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡍࡿᪧไᗘᏛὴࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ᪂ไᗘᏛὴࡢ R. ࢥ࣮ࢫ࡟ࡼࡿࠊ
ࠕJ. R. ࢥࣔࣥࢬࠊW. ࣑ࢵࢳ࢙ࣝ࠾ࡼࡧᙼࡽ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿேࠎࡣ㸦࣭࣭࣭㸧཯⌮ㄽⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ஦ᐇୖศ⿣ࡋࡓᏛὴࢆ⤫୍ࡍࡿ⌮ㄽࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠖ3࡜࠸࠺ゝㄝ࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ホ౯ࡀࠊࡉࡋࡓࡿ⌮ㄽⓗ᳨ウࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡓࡕࡢ㛫࡟ᐃ╔ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮ
ࢃࢀࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶࠊไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡓࡕ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ࡬ࡢゝཬࡣ┒ࢇ࡟࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡬ࡢࡑࢀࡣ࡯ࡰⓙ↓࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ೫ྥⓗ⌮ゎ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢࡶᙳ
㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࡜᥎ᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ⤒῭ᏛࡣࠊR. ࢥ࣮ࢫࡢࠕྲྀᘬ㈝⏝ࠖࡢ㆟ㄽࡸࠊࠕປാ⤒῭Ꮫࠖ
ⓗḟඖ࡛ࡢ㈉⊩ࡔࡅ࡛ホ౯ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣỴࡋ࡚࡞࠸ࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊ⌧௦ⓗどⅬ࠿ࡽぢ࡚ࡶࡁࢃࡵ࡚᩾᪂࡞ࠕไᗘࠖᴫᛕ㸻ࠕไᗘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㞟ᅋⓗάືࠖࢆ᫂☜࡟ᥦ♧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⌧௦ࡢไᗘὴ⤒῭Ꮫࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ࣍ࢪࢯࣥࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡋࡓ⌧௦ไᗘᏛὴࡸࠊࣞࢠࣗࣛ
ࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ4ࠊࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡜ࡁࢃࡵ࡚ぶ࿴ᛶࡢ㧗࠸⌮ㄽⓗᯟ⤌ࡳࢆᥦ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࡜ࠊୖグ␗➃ὴ⤒῭Ꮫㅖὴ࡜ࡢ
⌮ㄽⓗ⼥ྜྍ⬟ᛶࢆ᥈✲ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࠊᨻ἞ࠊ⤒῭ࠊ೔⌮ࢆࡍ࡭࡚ྠ୍ࡢỈ‽࡛ㄽࡌࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ࠊࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡜ࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩࣙࣥ⌮ㄽࢆྲྀࡾ㎸ࡴࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫࡀᵓ⠏ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞どⅬ࡟❧ࡘࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㛗ࡁ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚↓どࡉࢀ⥆ࡅ࡚ࡁࡓࠕ౯್ࠖ࡜࠸࠺

2 ࡇࡇ࡛࠸࠺࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡢពᅗ࡜ࡣࠊࡑࡢពᅗ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⾜Ⅽ඲⯡࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕྜ⌮ᛶࠖࢆ᏶඲࡟᤼㝖ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࢥ
ࣔࣥࢬࡢ⌮ㄽࢆ㛤㝞ࡍࡿ࡞࠿࡛ࠊᚋ࡟㏙࡭ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡇࡢྜ⌮ᛶࡣࠊ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ⾜Ⅽࡢཎ⌮ࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ඲㒊࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼࢆࠊࡉࡋ࠶ࡓࡾࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋ
3 B. Chavance (2007) L’economie institutionelle, Edition Decouverte.㸦Ᏹோᏹᖾ࣭୰ཎ㝯ᖾ࣭ᩧ⸨᪥ฟ἞ヂࠗධ㛛 ไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࠊࢼ࢝ࢽࢩࣖฟ∧ࠊ2007 ᖺࠊ㑥ヂ 109 㡫㸧
4 ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥᏛὴࡢࣈ࣮ࣝࣀ࣭ࢸࣞࡶྠᵝࡢࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦(B. Théret, (2001), Saisir les faits: la method de

J. R. Commons, Cahier de Economie politique, No. 40-41.㸧ࡲࡓࠊࢸࣞࡶཧ⏬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࡢ௖ㄒ࡬ࡢ⩻ヂฟ∧ィ⏬ࡀ⌧ᅾ㐍⾜୰࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

2ഃ㠃ࢆㄽࡌ࡞࠸ࢃࡅ࡟ࡣ࠸࠿࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺5ࠋ㸯㸬ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ㸸ࢥࢼࢺࢗࢫ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ႐ࡧ࡜ᝒࡋࡳࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡢヨࡳ 㸦␎㸧
㸰㸬ࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ㸸౯್✵㛫࡜ᕷሙ✵㛫ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ 㸦␎㸧ᅗ⾲㸯ࠕไᗘࠖࢆᕠࡿ 5$ࠊ(& ㅖὴ࡜ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ⌮ㄽࡢẚ㍑

ㅖᏛὴ㻌⌧㇟Ꮫⓗ䞉䝬䜽䝻ไᗘ఩┦Ꮫⓗ䞉♫ ఍ ᏛⓗᏑᅾㄽⓗ䞉ᵓ㐀୺㻌୺⩏ⓗ 㻾㻭㻌㻾㻭㻌⩏ⓗ 㻾㻭㻌௦⾲ⓗ◊✲䝪䝽䜲䜶䚸䜰䝬䞊䝤䝹㻌䜰䜾䝸䜶䝑䝍䚸䝔䝺㻌䝻䝹䝗䞁㻌䝪䝹䝍䞁䝇䜻䞉䝔䞂⪅㻌ไᗘ䛾⌮ゎ㻌

♫఍Ꮫⓗ 㻱㻯㻌

䝭䜽䝻䞉䝬䜽䝻䝹䞊䝥ⓗṔྐ୺⩏ ⓗ䞉㐍 ໬ㄽ

㻱㻯㻌

ⓗ 㻵㻱㻌

䝧䝑䝅䞊䞉䝣䜯䞂䝻䞊㻌

䝁䝰䞁䝈㻌

䝜㻌
䝬䜽䝻⤒῭䜢᪉ྥ௜♫఍ⓗ඲య䛾ㅖ㡿ᇦ♫఍ⓗ඲య䛾ᵓ㐀♫఍ⓗᐇయ䜢ඹ㏻

ಶே䛻䜘䜛஦≀䛾ㄆ㞟ᅋⓗάື䜢᫬㛫䛡䚸ㄏᑟ䛩䜛䝰䝜㻌䜢፹௓䛩䜛䝰䝜㻌䜢つᐃ䛩䜛䝰䝜㻌

䛻⾲㇟䛩䜛✵㛫䜢㆑䛸䚸ಶே䛸䛭䛾እ㒊ⓗ䞉✵㛫ⓗ䛻㐃⥆䛧䛶ㅖಶே䛜ㄆ㆑䛩䜛䛸䛧䛶䛾♫఍ⓗᐇయไᚚ䚸㛤ᨺ䚸ᣑᙇ䛩䜛䛯䜑䛾⿦⨨䠄䝅䝔䠅㻌䜢ㄆ㆑䛩䜛䛯䜑䛾ㅖ䝰䝜䚸ᵝ䚻䛺䝂䞊䜲䞁⿦⨨㻌䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䜢፹௓
䛩䜛䝰䝜㻌

୺䛯䜛ศᯒ

䝬䜽䝻⤒῭㡿ᇦ㻌⤒῭ⓗ䚸ᨻ἞ⓗ䚸ᩥ⤒῭ⓗ䚸ᨻ἞ⓗ㡿ᵝ䚻䛺♫఍ⓗ⾲㇟ᵝ䚻䛺♫఍ⓗ䞉ಶே⤒῭ⓗ䚸ᨻ἞ⓗ䚸೔ᑐ㇟䚸䛭䛾᪉

୺䛻඲య୺⩏♫఍ⓗ

໬ⓗ㡿ᇦ㻌

ᇦ㻌

✵㛫㻌

ⓗ⾲㇟✵㛫㻌

⌮ⓗ㡿ᇦ㻌

ἲㄽୖ䛾୺

඲యᛶ䊻䝬䜽䝻⤒῭

඲య୺⩏㻌

඲య୺⩏㻌

᪉ἲㄽⓗಶே୺⩏᪉ἲㄽⓗಶே୺⩏㻌䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊య䚸䛭䛾ᅉᯝ

䊻䝯䝌䊻䝬䜽䝻⤒῭㻌♫఍ⓗ඲యᛶ䊻ᨻ἞♫఍ⓗ඲యᛶ䊻䝬♫఍ⓗᐇయ䊻ඹ㏻♫఍ⓗㄆ▱䛾ㅖ⿦⨨䞁䠄⥅⥆ⓗάືయ䠅㻌ⓗ䛺䜒䛾䊻⤒῭ⓗ䛺䜽䝻⤒῭䊻䝁䝘䝖䜳䛾⾲㇟✵㛫䊻䜶䞊

䊻䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝖䊻⤌⧊㛵ಀ䛸䛧䛶䛾ㅖಶே䜒䛾䊻♫఍ⓗ඲య㻌䝇䠄⮬Ꮡຊ䠅䜢ᣢ䛴䝆䜵䞁䝖䊻♫఍ⓗᐇ䊻♫఍ⓗㄆ▱䛾ㅖ⿦䊻௻ᴗ䚸⤌⧊䊻♫఍ಶே䊻♫఍ⓗ඲యయ㻌⨨㻌ⓗ䛺䜒䛾䊻㛵ಀ䛸䛧䛶

䛾᪉ྥᛶ㻌

䛾ㅖಶே㻌
䝅䝇䝔䝮䛻䛚

ไᗘ䛿䝅䝇䝔䝮䛻ᇙ」ᩘ䛾䝅䝇䝔䝮䜢ᶫ♫఍ⓗ඲య䛻䛚䛡

」ᩘ䛾ඹ㏻䛾⾲㇟䝁䞊䝕䜱䝛䞊䝅䝵䞁ၥㅖಶே䛾άື䜢㞟ᅋ䛡䜛ไᗘ䛾䜑㎸䜎䜜䛶䛔䜛㻌

ᯫ䛧䚸䛭䜜䛮䜜䛾䝅䝇䜛ᵓ㐀໬స⏝䛾㉳✵㛫䛻䛚䛔䛶䛭䜜

㢟䚸෌⏕⏘䛾䝁䞁䝣䝸ⓗάື䛾ෆ㒊䛷䚸䛛䝔䝮ෆ㒊䛷ᶵ⬟䛩䜛㻌Ⅼ㻌䛮䜜䛾䛂ṇᙜ໬䛾䜽䝖䜢ゎᾘ䛩䜛䛯䜑䛾䛴㞟ᅋ㛫䛷ไᚚ䞉㛤ཎ⌮䛃䛜ᶵ⬟䛩䜛䛯ㅖ⿦⨨㻌ᨺ䞉ᣑᙇ䛩䜛፹௓㻌఩⨨௜䛡㻌

5 ࡓࡔࡋࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ゝ࠺࠿ࡽ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࠊࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࡸࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࡔࡅࡀࠊ≉ᶒⓗ࡟౯್ࡢၥ㢟࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡶ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࡞࡝࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ᪂ไᗘᏛὴࡢࢲࢢࣛࢫ࣭ࣀ࣮ࢫࡀࠊ౯
್ࡢၥ㢟ࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟⮬ࡽࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟ྲྀࡾ㎸ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦B. Chavance (2007)ࠊ๓ᥖ㑥ヂ᭩ 90 㡫㸧ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࠕไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫࠖ඲⯡ࢆໟྵࡋࡓศᯒࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣㄆ㆑ࡋࡘࡘࡶࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࡉࡋ࠶ࡓࡾࠊࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ
⌮ㄽ࡜ࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࢆࠊ୺ࡓࡿᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿࠋ

3

䜑䛾㈨※㻌
ไᗘ䛾ᶵ⬟䜎䛪䚸ไᗘ䛻䜘䜛䝬䜽」ᩘ䛾㡿ᇦෆ㒊䛷♫఍ⓗ඲య䛸䛔䛖

ㅖಶே䛻䜘䜛ඹ㏻

ಶே䛾ෆ㒊䛷䛾ㄆ▱㛵ಀ䛸䛧䛶䛾ㅖಶே䚸స⏝䛻䛴䛔䝻⤒῭䛾Ᏻᐃ໬స⏝䛾䚸ไᗘ䛻䜘䜛䝁䞊䝕ᵓ㐀䛻䛚䛡䜛䝺䜼䝳䛾⾲㇟✵㛫䛾ㄆ䝺䝧䝹䚸ゎ㔘ⓗ䝺䝧ㅖ⤌⧊䠄䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䛶䛾⌮ゎ㻌䛻䚸䛴䛔䛷䛭䛾୙Ᏻ䜱 䝛 䞊 䝅 䝵䞁 స⏝ 䛸 䚸䝷䝅䜸䞁䛾Ᏻᐃ໬

▱䞉ゎ㔘䞉⾜ື䛾ㄏ䝹䚸⾜Ⅽ䛾䝺䝧䝹䛾䞁䝃䞊䞁䠅䜢┦஫䛻፹ᐃ໬䛻ຊⅬ䜢⨨䛟㻌㡿ᇦᶓ᩿ⓗ䛺䝺䜼䝳䛸䚸ไᗘⓗኚ໬䛾Ⓨ䚸䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝖䛾ከᵝᛶ䜢䜒䛯䜙䛩㻌௓䛧䚸᭷ᶵⓗ䛻㐃㛵䛥㻌䝷䝅䜸䞁స⏝䛾ඹᏑ㻌ṔྐⓗഅⓎᛶ㻌⾜ື䛜᪂䛯䛺ඹ㏻

䛫䜛䛜䚸ἲⓗ䞉೔⌮ⓗ㻌㻌䛾⾲㇟✵㛫䜢䜒䛯䜙

ほⅬ䛛䜙䛾ኚᐜ䜢య

䛩㻌

⌧䛩䜛㻌

ไᗘⓗ䝎䜲䝘

ไᗘ䛾๰Ⓨ䛸ᵓ㐀໬」ᩘ䛾㡿ᇦ䛻䛚䛡䜛ไᗘ䛻䜘䜛♫఍ⓗඹ㏻䛾⾲㇟✵㛫䛾ಶே䛾እ㒊䛸䛧䛶䛾䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䝭䝈䝮䛾⌮ゎ㻌䠄ไᗘ໬䛥䜜䛯ጇ༠䠅ไᗘ䛾⛛ᗎ䛾Ᏻᐃᛶ඲య䛾ᵓ㐀໬䠄ไᏑᅾ䊻䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝖♫఍ⓗᐇయ䛸ಶே䛸䞁䛾᭷ᶵⓗ㐃㛵䊻

䊻䝺䝆䞊䝮䛾Ᏻᐃ䊻䠄䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁ᵝᘧ䠅ᗘ໬䛥䜜䛯ጇ༠䠅䊻

䛾⾜Ⅽ䊻ඹ㏻䛾⾲

䛾ᑐ❧䛸ጇ༠䊻᪂䛯ಶ䚻䛾䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁▩┪䛾㢧⌧䊻䝺䜼䝳䊻㡿ᇦ㛫䛻䛚䛡䜛ㅖ♫఍ㅖ㛵ಀ䛻䛚䛡

㇟✵㛫䜈䛾ᢈุ䊻䛺䝁䞁䞂䜯䞁䝅䜸䞁㻌䞁䝃䞊䞁䛻䛚䛡䜛⮬䝷䝅䜸䞁ᵝᘧ䛾༴ᶵ㻌▩┪䊻䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁䜛ᵝ䚻䛺▩┪䛾⃭᪂䛯䛺⾲㇟✵㛫䛾ไᗘ䛿♫఍䛸ಶே䛾Ⓨⓗពᚿ䛸ἲ䛻䜘䜛䚸ᵝᘧ䛜ᶵ⬟䛩䜛఩┦໬䊻ไᗘㅖᙧែ䛾ฟ⌧㻌⣣ᖏ㻌ไᗘ䛾ேᕤⓗῈử

䛾ኚ໬㻌

ኚᐜ䜈㻌

䠄฼ᐖᑐ❧䛸ጇ༠䠅㻌ไᗘ䛸ᵝ䚻䛺⤒῭ⓗ ౯್䠄 ⤒ ῭ᣦ

⤒῭ⓗ౯್䛾䜏䛺䜙⤒῭ⓗ౯್䜢㔜

♫఍ⓗㅖ౯್䛾㔜⤒῭ⓗ౯್䠄ᕷሙⓗ䞉⤒῭ⓗ䚸ᨻ἞ⓗ䚸೔౯್䛸䛾㛵ᶆ䠅䛾㔜ど䚸䛯䛰䛧౯䛪ᵝ䚻䛺♫఍ⓗㅖ౯ど䚸䛯䛰䛧ᐇయⓗ౯ど䚸ᕷሙⓗ䞉ᕤᴗ㈌ᖯⓗ౯್䠅䛸೔⌮⌮ⓗ౯್䛾㔜ど䚸ᮍ㐃ᛶ㻌್䛜ไᗘ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶୚್䛜㔜せ䛷䛒䜚䚸䛭䜜್ㄽ䛿᤼㝖䚸䝁䝘䝖ⓗ䞉ᕷẸ♫఍ⓗ䞉ྡⓗ䞉つ⠊ⓗ౯್䠄㇟ᚩ᮶ ᚿ ྥ ᛶ 㻔㻲㼡㼠㼡㼞㼕㼠㼥㻕 䛸䛘䜛స⏝䛿እᅾⓗ䛷䜙䛜⤒῭ⓗ౯್䛾ホ

䜳䝇䛾Ⓨື䛻㛵䜟

ኌⓗㅖ䛂౯್䛃䠄೧ⓗ౯್䠅䛸䛾ᑐ❧䛸ጇ䛔䛖౯್䠄ᮍ᮶䜈ྥ䛡䛿䛒䜛䛜ㄆ䜑䜛㻌

౯䛻ᙳ㡪䜢୚䛘䜛㻌䜛ឤ᝟䛸䛔䛖ᚰ⌮ⓗ኱䛥䛾䜶䝁䝜䝭䞊䠅䛾༠䠄཯┬ⓗᆒ⾮䠅䜢㔜䛶䛾ඹྠᮇᚅ䠅䛜㐍౯್䜢㔜ど㻌

ウ㆟䜢㏻䛨䛯๰Ⓨ㻌ど㻌໬䛾㐣⛬䛷㔜せ䛺ᙺ๭䜢ᯝ䛯䛩㻌

ὀ䠅㻾㻭 䛿䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁䞉䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䚸㻱㻯 䛿䝁䞁䞂䜯䞁䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䚸㻵㻱 䛿ไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ䛾␎䠏䠊䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾ไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ䠖⮬Ⓨⓗពᛮ䜢ᣢ䛳䛯䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛸ᮍ᮶ᚿྥᛶ䛸䛔䛖౯್㻌௨ୖ䛾᳨ウ䛛䜙᫂䜙䛛䛺䜘䛖䛻䚸ᵓ㐀୺⩏䜢⌮ㄽⓗ※Ἠ䛸䛩䜛䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛸䚸᪉ἲㄽⓗಶே୺⩏䜢ሀᣢ䛩䜛䝁䞁䞂䜯䞁䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛿䛸䜒䛻䚸ไᗘ䜢♫఍ⓗᵓ⠏≀䛸ᤊ䛘䚸ไᗘ䛾ྍኚᛶ䜢䛭䛾⌮ㄽ䛾ᇶᗏ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛔䜛Ⅼ䛷䚸ඹ㏻㡯䜢䜒䛴䚹䛰䛜䚸୧⪅䛾㛫䛻᪉ἲㄽⓗ඲య୺⩏䛸᪉ἲㄽⓗಶே୺⩏䛸䛔䛖䚸᪉ἲㄽୖ䛾᰿ᮏⓗᑐ❧䛜䛒䜛㝈䜚䚸┤᥋䛻䛭䜜䜙䛾⌮ㄽ䜢᥋ྜ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿஦ᐇୖᅔ㞴䛷䛒䜛䛸ゝ䜟䛦䜛䜢ᚓ䛺䛔䚹䛧䛛䛧䛺䛜䜙䚸ไᗘ䛻䜘䜛♫఍⤒῭ᵓ㐀䛾ㄪᩚ䜢㔜ど䛩䜛䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛻䛸䛳䛶䜒䚸ಶே䛾⾜Ⅽ䛻䛚䛡䜛ㄆ㆑䛾⿵ຓ⿦⨨䛸䛧䛶䛾ไᗘ䜢㔜ど䛩䜛䝁䞁䞂䜯䞁䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛻䛸䛳䛶䜒䚸䛔䜎䜔౯್䛾ၥ㢟䛿䛝䜟䜑䛶㔜せ䛺఩⨨䜢༨䜑䛶䛔䜛䚹䛭䛾ドᕥ䛜䚸䝻䝹䝗䞁䛾䛂䝁䝘䝖䜳䝇䛻䜘䜛ឤ᝟䛾ᑐ❧䛸ጇ༠䛾⌮ㄽ䛃䛷䛒䜚䚸䝪䝹䝍䞁䝇䜻䞉䝔䞂䝜䛾䛂䝅䝔䛃䛾⌮ㄽ
4䛷䛒䜚䚸䝧䝑䝅䞊䞉䝣䜯䞂䝻䞊䛾䛂⤒῭ⓗ౯್䛸㇟ᚩⓗ౯್䛾ᑐ❧䛸ጇ༠䛃䛾⌮ㄽ䛷䛒䛳䛯6䚹䛸䜚䜟䛡䚸౯್䛾ၥ㢟䜢ὀព῝䛟ᅇ㑊䛧䛶䛝䛯䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ7䛻䛸䛳䛶䚸䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䜢◊✲䛾ฟⓎⅬ䛸䛧䛺䛜䜙䜒䚸⊂⮬䛺⌮ㄽ䜢ᵓ⠏䛧䛶䛔䜛䝻䝹䝗䞁䛜䚸ᚰ⌮Ꮫⓗせ⣲䜢⮬㌟䛾⌮ㄽⓗᯟ⤌䜏䛻ྲྀ䜚ධ䜜䛯䛣䛸䛿䚸䛒䜛ព࿡䛷䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛾㝈⏺Ⅼ䜢ᙼ䛜ᣦ᦬䛧䛶䛔䜛䜘䛖䛻䜒ᛮ䜟䜜
䜛8䚹䛣䛾䛣䛸䛿䚸䛔䜎䜔䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛻䛸䛳䛶䚸⤒῭ᵓ㐀䛾ኚ໬䛾ศᯒ䛸ྠᵝ䛻䚸䛭䛾ᵓ㐀䛻㛵୚䛩䜛䚸ୖ㒊ᵓ㐀䛾ኚ໬䛾ศᯒ䛜䚸㔜せ䛷䛒䜛䛸ㄆ㆑䛥䜜ጞ䜑䛯䛣䛸䛾ド䛷䛒䜛䛛䜒䛧䜜䛺䛔䚹䝧䝑䝅䞊䞉䝣䜯䝤䝻䞊(2003)䛻䜘䜜䜀䚸䛛䛴䛶䛂䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛿䞉䞉䞉䛂ไᗘㅖᙧែ䛃䜢ୖ㒊ᵓ㐀䛛䜙ୗ㒊ᵓ㐀䛾Ỉ‽䛻⛣䛧䛯䛃9䛾䛷䛒䜛䛜䚸䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺䝻䝹䝗䞁䛾◊✲䛿䚸䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛜ୖ㒊ᵓ㐀䛾ศᯒ䛻╔ᡭ䛧䛯䛣䛸䜢ᬯ♧䛧䛶䛔䜛䛸⪃䛘䜛䛾䛿ᣋ㏿䛷䛒䜝䛖䛛䚹䜒䛳䛸䜒䚸ไᗘ䛻㛵䛩䜛⌮ㄽⓗศᯒ䛿䚸ᙜ↛䛾䛤䛸䛟䛣䜜䜙஧䛴䛾⌮ㄽ䛰䛡䛷䛿䛺䛔䚹䝁䝰䞁䝈䜔䞂䜵䝤䝺䞁䜢௦⾲䛸䛩䜛䜰䝯䝸䜹ไᗘᏛὴ䛾᪉䛜Ṕྐⓗ䛻䜒ඛ⾜䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛿࿘▱䛾஦ᐇ䛷䛒䜛䚹䛰䛜䝣䝷䞁䝇䛻䛚䛡䜛䝁䝰䞁䝈◊✲⪅䛾୍ே䛷䛒䜛䚸䝞䝑䝌䞊䝸䛜䛔䜏䛨䛟䜒ᣦ᦬䛧䛶䛔䜛䜘䛖䛻䚸䛣䜜䜙䝣䝷䞁䝇䛾ไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ䛿䚸䛂䜰䝯䝸䜹䛾ไᗘ୺⩏⤒῭Ꮫ䛸┤᥋ྥ䛝ྜ䛳䛶䛣䛺䛛䛳䛯䛃10䛾䛷䛒䜚䚸䛭䛾㝈䜚䛷䚸䛣䜜䜙䛾Ꮫὴ䛿ᪧไᗘᏛὴ䛸䛿ูᵝ䛻䚸⊂⮬䛻Ⓨ㐩䛧䛯ไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ⌮ㄽ䛷䛒䜛䚹䜎䛯䚸ᪧไᗘᏛὴ䛾䛺䛛䛷䜒䚸䛸䜚䜟䛡䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾⤒῭Ꮫ䛿䚸Ḣ⡿䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒䚸᪥ᮏ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒䚸䛒䜎䜚⬮ග䜢ᾎ䜃䛶䛣䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹䛰䛜䚸䛣䛾㑍㏪䛾୙ᅾ䛿䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾ไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ⌮ㄽ䛾୙ഛ䛻䜘䜛䜒䛾䛷䛿Ỵ䛧䛶↓䛔䚹䛒䛘䛶ゝ䛖䛺䜙䜀䚸䜿䜲䞁䝈㠉࿨䛸⤒῭Ꮫ䛾ᩘ⌮໬䛸䛔䛖኱䛝䛺⤒῭⌮ㄽྐ䛾ὶ䜜䛾䛺䛛䛷䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾⌮ㄽ䛜ᇙἐ䛧䛶䛧䜎䛳䛯䛸䛔䛖䛾䛜┿ᐇ䛻㏆䛔䛾䛷䛿䛺䛔䛰䜝䛖䛛䚹䛛䛟䛧䛶䜟䜜䜟䜜䛿䚸᭱ᚋ䛻䚸௨ୗ䛷䚸䝁䞊䝇䛾䛔䛖䛂ᪧไᗘᏛὴ䛿཯⌮ㄽⓗ䛷䛒䜛䛃䛸䛔䛖㏻ㄝ
䜢䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾㆟ㄽ䜢᳨ウ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸そ䛧䚸䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛸䝁䞁䞂䜯䞁䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛾ඹ㜚ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾⌮ㄽ䛾䛺䛛䛻㞃䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䜢♧䛧䛯䛔䚹㸦㸯㸧άື༢఩࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࢥࣥࢧ࣮ࣥ࡜⮬ⓎⓗពᚿไᗘᏛὴ䛾኱䜎䛛䛺ඹ㏻ㄆ㆑䛛䜙䛩䜜䜀䚸ㅖಶே䛿♫఍䛾䛺䛛䛷᏶඲䛻⊂❧䛧䛯Ꮡᅾ䛷䛒䜛䛸ゝ䛖䜘䜚䜒䜐䛧䜝䚸ᵝ䚻䛺㛵ಀᛶ䛾䛺䛛䛷⏕䛝䛶䛔䜛䚹䛺䛬䛺䜙䚸♫఍ㅖ㛵ಀ䜢๓ᥦ䛻䛩䜛䝺䜼䝳

6 ࡇࢀࡽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࠊFrédéric Lordon (2010), Capitalisme, désir et servitude, La fabrique editions.㸦ᮡᮧᫀ᫛ヂࠗ࡞ࡐ⚾ࡓࡕࡣࠊ႐ࢇ࡛͆㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢያ㞔͇࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࠿࠘
ࠊసရ♫ࠊ2012 ᖺ㸧ࠊLuc Boltanski, Laurent Thévenot
ࠊ᪂᭙♫ࠊ2007 ᖺ㸧ࠊBessy,(1991), Les économies de la grandeur, Editions Gallimard 㸦୕ᾆ┤ᕼヂࠗṇᙜ໬ࡢ⌮ㄽ࠘
C., Favereau, O. (2003) “Institutions et économie des conventions”, Cahiers d’économie politique, no.44, pp.119-164.
㸦ᒣᮏὈ୕࣭㡲⏣ᩥ᫂ヂࠕไᗘ࡜ࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⤒῭Ꮫࠖ
㸦ୖ㸧
࣭
㸦ୗ㸧ࠊ
ࠗᅄኳ⋤ᑎ኱Ꮫ⣖せ࠘➨ 53 ྕࠊ451㸫479 㡫ࠊ
2012 ᖺ 3 ᭶ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ➨ 54 ྕࠊ567㸫585 㡫ࠊ2012 ᖺ 9 ᭶ ࢆཧ↷ࠋ
7 Bessy, C., Favereau, O. (2003), ibid, p. 127㸦㑥ヂ 458 㡫㸧ࠋ
8 ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥᏛὴ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡣࠊࡶࡕࢁࢇࣟࣥࢻࣥࡔࡅ࡟㝈ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡢࠕே㛫୺ᑟᆺᡂ㛗యไࠖࠊ࢔࣐࣮ࣈࣝࡢࠕᨻ἞ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗᆒ⾮ࠖࠊࢸࣞࡢࠕ፹௓࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠊ㈌ᖯࠊἲࠊゝㄝ࡜࠸࠺ไᗘࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓㅖᴫᛕ
ࡣࠊᵓ㐀୺⩏ⓗ᪉ἲㄽ㸦ᵓ㐀࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡢᚑᒓ㸧ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟⨨ࡁ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ᫂♧ⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡟ࡏࡼࠊ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡢࠕពᛮࠖ
ࡀࠊไᗘᵓᡂࡢᵝែ࡟௓ධࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᚋ࡟ヲ㏙ࡍࡿࡀࠊၥ㢟ࡣࠊ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡢពᛮࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿㅖ౯್ࡀ࡝
ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡑࡢពᛮ࡟௓ᅾࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࠊࡇࡢⅬࢆࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࡀ≉࡟㔜どࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
9 Bessy, C., Favereau, O. (2003), Loc.cit.
10 Bazzoli, Laure (1999),L’economie politique de John Roger Commons, L’Harmattan, p.14.

5䝷䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛿䜒䛱䜝䜣䛾䛣䛸䚸䝁䞁䞂䜯䞁䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒䚸䛂䝀䞊䝮䛾つ๎䛃䜔䛂䝁䞊䝕䜱䝛䞊䝅䝵䞁ၥ㢟䛃䜢⮬㌟䛾⌮ㄽ⿦⨨䛻⤌䜏ධ䜜䛶䛔䜛㝈䜚䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸୍ᐃ䛾㛵ಀᛶ䜢⪃៖䛻ධ䜜䛦䜛䜢ᚓ䛺䛔䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛11䚹䛣䛖䛧䛯ඹ㏻ㄆ㆑䛛䜙䛩䜜䜀䚸ㅖಶே䛭䛾䜒䛾䛿䚸♫఍⤒῭䛾୰䛷䛂䛩䛷䛻ไᗘ໬䛥䜜䛯Ꮡᅾ䛃䛷䛒䜚䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾⾲⌧䜢⏝䛔䜜䜀䛂ไᗘ໬䛥䜜䛯⢭⚄䛃䛷䛒䜛12䚹䛺䛬䛺䜙䚸ㅖಶே䛜䚸㐣ཤ䚸⌧ᅾ䚸ᮍ᮶䛾䛹䛾᫬Ⅼ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒䚸䛒䜛♫఍ⓗ඲యᛶ䛾䛺䛛䛷ㄆ▱䛧䚸ᚑ䛳䛶䛝䛯䠄ሙྜ䛻䜘䛳䛶䛿ᢠ䛳䛶䛝䛯䠅ไᗘ䛿䚸⮬䜙䛾⏕Ꮡ㐣⛬䛾䛺䛛䛷䚸ከ✀ከᵝ䛷䛒䛳䛯䠄䛒䜛䠅䛿䛪䛷䛒䜚䚸䛭䛾ไᗘ䛛䜙䛾ᙳ㡪䜢ཷ䛡䛶⮬䜙䛜≧ἣ䛻ᛂ䛨䛶⩦ᚓ䛧䚸▱㆑䛸䛧䛶ྲྀ䜚ධ䜜䛯⾜ື䝟䝍䞊䞁䜔ㄆ▱䝅䝇䝔䝮䜒䜎䛯ከ✀ከᵝ䛷䛒䛳䛯䠄䛒䜛䠅䛿䛪䛰䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䛖䛧䛯䛣䛸䛛䜙䛩䜜䜀䚸䛂ಶே䛿ᖖ䛻ᬑ㐢ⓗ䛺ཎ⌮䛻ᚑ䛳䛶ពᛮỴᐃ䜢⾜䛔䚸௚⪅䛸ྠ䛨䜘䛖䛺ྜ⌮ᛶ䛻ᚑ䛳䛶⾜Ⅽ䛩䜛䛃䛸䛔䛖᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ䛻䛚䛡䜛௬ㄝ䛿䚸䛝䜟䜑䛶ᶵᲔㄽⓗ䛛䛴ཎᏊㄽⓗ䛺ே㛫ほ䛷䛒䜛䚹䝁䝰䞁䝈䛿䚸䛣䛖䛧䛯≀⌮Ꮫⓗ䞉ᕤᏛⓗே㛫ほ䜢䚸่⃭䛻཯ᛂ䛩䜛䛰䛡䛾䛂ཷືⓗ⢭⚄䛃䛸࿧䜆13䚹ᙼ䛻䛸䛳䛶㔜せ䛺䛾䛿䚸ከ✀ከᵝ䛺ㅖಶே䛜ᵓ⠏䛩䜛ᵝ䚻䛺㛵ಀ䛷䛒䜚䚸䛭䛾㛵ಀ䜢ᇶᗏ䛸䛧䛶ᵓᡂ䛥䜜䜛䚸ᵝ䚻䛺㞟ᅋⓗάື(Colective action)䠄䛸䛭䜜䜢⛛ᗎ䛵䛡䜛⤌⧊䠖ᐙ᪘䚸௻ᴗ䚸ᅜᐙ➼䚻䠅䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䛾άື䛿䚸ㅖಶே䜢䛸䜚䜎䛸䜑䛺䛜䜙䚸䛺䛚䛛䛴䛚䛾䛚䛾䛾㞟ᅋⓗάື䛜⮬䜙䜢ไᗘⓗ፹௓䛸䛧䛶┦஫䛻ᙳ㡪䜢୚䛘ྜ䛔䛺䛜䜙䚸♫఍⤒῭䜢ື䛛䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛺䛚䚸䛣䛣䛷䛔䛖䛂፹௓䛃䛸䛿䚸ไᗘᏛὴ䛾䛺䛛䛷ᵝ䚻䛺㐪䛔䛿䛒䜛䜒䛾䛾䚸௒ᬻᐃⓗ䛻䛭䜜䜢ᐃ⩏䛩䜛䛺䜙䜀䚸䛒䜛㞟ᅋⓗάື䛻䛚䛔䛶Ỵᐃ䛥䜜䛯⾜Ⅽ䜔䛭䛾䝟䝣䜷䞊䝬䞁䝇䛜䚸䛭䛾㞟ᅋⓗάື䛭䛾䜒䛾䜢㏻䛨䛶䚸
௚䛾㞟ᅋⓗάື䛸㛵ಀᛶ䜢ྲྀ䜚⤖䜆ዎᶵ䠄䛯䛸䛘䜀䚸ၟྲྀᘬ䠅䛺䛹䜢స䜚ฟ䛩䛸ྠ᫬䛻䚸௚䛾㞟ᅋⓗάື䛻୍ᐃ䛾ᙳ㡪䜢୚䛘䜛ᵝែ䛾䛣䛸䜢ព࿡䛩䜛䚹䛣䛾άື䛿༢䛺䜛䝭䜽䝻ⓗ䛺䜒䛾䛷䜒䛺䛡䜜䜀䚸䝬䜽䝻ⓗ䛺䜒䛾䛷䜒䛺䛔䚹䜎䛧䛶䜔䝭䜽䝻䛛䜙䝬䜽䝻䜈䚸䝬䜽䝻䛛䜙䝭䜽䝻䜈䛸䛔䛖䚸୍᪉ྥⓗ䛺㐃㛵䛾୰㛫䛻఩⨨䛩䜛䚸䝯䝌ⓗ䛺䜒䛾䛷䜒䛺䛔䚹䜐䛧䜝䚸
11 ࡓࡔࡋࠊࡼࡾṇ☜࡟ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ゝࢃࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡑࡢ♫఍ⓗ㛵ಀࡢᵓᡂせ⣲ࡸᵓᡂࡢᗎิࡑࡢࡶࡢࡣ

඲ࡃ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࡜ࠋࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᵝࠎ࡞♫఍㛵ಀࡀࡲࡎᵓ㐀࡜ࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡋࠊࡑࡢ㛵ಀࡣࠊไᗘ
ㅖᙧែ࡜ࡋ࡚ල⌧໬ࡋࡓᚋ࡟ࠊಶேࢆ᪉ྥ௜ࡅࠊ㛵ಀ࡙ࡅࡿࠊ࡜ᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡲࡎಶேࡀඛ࡟࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢಶேࡀ⾜Ⅽࢆᐇ㊶ࡍࡿ࡟㝿ࡋ࡚ࠊ♫఍ⓗᵓ⠏≀࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡢࠊㄆ▱ࡢ⿵ຓ⿦⨨࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᵝࠎ࡞ไᗘࡸ஦≀ࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ಶேࡀ஦ᚋⓗ࡟㛵ಀ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠊ࡜ᤊ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
12 J. R. Commons (1934), Institutional Economics, Reprinted Version (1990), Transaction Publishers, p. 73. ࡞࠾ࠊ௨ୗ࡛ᘬ⏝ࡉࢀࡿࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ㑥ヂ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᏱோᏹᖾẶ㸦ி㒔኱Ꮫ㸧ࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡍࡿࠊ
ࠕࣇࣞࢹࣜࢵࢡ࣭ࣟࣝࢻࣥࢆㄞࡴ
఍࡛ࠖࡢ◊✲ᡂᯝࢆ೉⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊ໭ᕝரኴࠊຍ⸨ᾈྖ㸦࡜ࡶ࡟ி㒔኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔㸧୧Ặࡢ༠ຊ࡟ឤㅰࡍࡿࠋࡴࢁ
ࢇ࠶ࡾᚓ࡭ࡁㄗࡾࡢ㈐ࡣᘬ⏝⪅࡟ᮇࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࠸࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋ
13 ௨ୗ࡛ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡿࠊJ. R. ࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ࡼࡿไᗘࡢᐃ⩏ࡣࠊibid, pp.55-74 ࡢせ⣙࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊḟ⠇࡛ᅗᘧ໬ࡉࢀ
ࡿไᗘࡢㄽ⌮ᵓ㐀ࡣࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ୺ᙇࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢᛅᐇ࡞෌⌧࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ⌮ㄽࢆࠊ⌧௦ࡢไᗘᏛὴ࡜ࡢ⼥ྜࡢ࡞࠿࡛෌ゎ㔘ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࠊᵝࠎ࡞⌮ㄽࡢ⥈ྜ࡜࠸࠺ពᅗ࠿ࡽࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀ⊂⮬࡟సᡂࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᐇ㝿ࠊᙼࡢ᫬௦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࣐ࢡ࣑ࣟ̿ࢡࣟ࡜࠸࠺ศ㢮⮬యࠊᶆ‽໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸦ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࡢฟ∧ࡀ 1934 ᖺ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡢ୍ࠗ⯡⌮ㄽ࠘ࡢࡑࢀࡣࠊ1936 ᖺࡢฟ∧࡛࠶ࡿ㸧ࠋࡍ࡛࡟ࡑࢀࡽࡢᴫᛕࢆ▱ᜳࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࠊ༢࡟ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢᴫᛕࢆᙼࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟๎ࡋ࡚ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢᴫᛕࡀࡶࡘ㇏✨ࡉࢆࠊ⌧௦ⓗほⅬ࠿ࡽ෌⦅ᡂࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬ⮬㌟ࡢ◊✲ࢆᴫほࡍࡿࡢ࡟㐺ࡋࡓ᪥ᮏㄒᩥ⊩࡟ࠊఀ⸨ᩥ㞝ࠗࢥࣔࣥࢬ◊✲࠘ྠᩥ㤋ࠊ1975 ᖺࠊࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ຍ࠼࡚ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ࡣࠊࢹ࢝ࣝࢺ௨᮶ࡢဴᏛⓗㄆ㆑ㄽ࡟␗㆟ࢆၐ࠼ࡿࠊ19 ୡ⣖ᮎࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࢆⓎ⚈࡜ࡍࡿࠊࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒ࡢဴᏛࡀ኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢヲ⣽࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㺂✏ࢆ௦࠼࡚ㄽࡌࡿࡘࡶࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⡆₩࡟㏙
࡭ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭ᏛࡀᶵᲔㄽⓗ࣭ཎᏊㄽⓗ࣭㑏ඖ୺⩏ⓗဴᏛ࡟౫ᣐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊ᭷ᶵయㄽⓗ࣭඲యㄽⓗ࣭ᐇᅾㄽⓗဴᏛ࡟౫ᣐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒ࠊ≉࡟ C. S. ࣃ࣮ࢫࡢ⛉Ꮫㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⡿┒♸஧ࠗ࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥ࠘ວⲡ᭩ᡣࠊ2007 ᖺࠊࡑࡢဴᏛ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᒸᮏ♸୍ᮁࠗࢿ࣭࢜ࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕
ࢬ࣒࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࠘ࢼ࢝ࢽࢩࣖฟ∧ࠊ2012 ᖺࠊࢆཧ↷ࠋ

6䝁䝰䞁䝈䛻䜘䜛ไᗘ䛾ᐃ⩏䛻ᚑ䛖䛺䜙䜀䚸♫఍⤒῭ⓗ㐃㛵䛾ฟⓎⅬ䛿䚸䛺䛻䜘䜚䜒㞟ᅋⓗάື䠄䛸䛭䜜䜢⛛ᗎ䛵䛡䜛⤌⧊䠅䛷䛒䜚䚸䛣䜜䜢㉳Ⅼ䛸䛧䛶ಶே䛸♫఍ⓗ඲యᛶ䛜᭷ᶵⓗ䛻㐃㛵䛵䛡䜙䜜䜛䛸䛔䛖ព࿡䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸㞟ᅋⓗάື䛣䛭䛜ไᗘ䛷䛒䜚䚸♫఍ⓗ඲య䜢፹௓䛧䚸⛛ᗎ❧䛶䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䝁䝰䞁䝈䛿䚸ㅖಶே䛾ㅖ㛵ಀ䜢ᇶ♏༢఩䛸䛩䜛䚸䛣䛖䛧䛯♫఍ⓗάື䛾༢఩䜢䛂䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䠄⥅⥆ⓗάືయ䠅䛃䛸࿧䜆䚹䛭䛧䛶♫఍䛻Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䛒䜙䜖䜛䝺䝧䝹䛷䛾䛩䜉䛶䛾䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䜢䚸䛂ไᗘ䛃䛸࿧䜆䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛭䛾㝈䜚䛷䚸♫఍䛸䛿ไᗘ䛸䛧䛶䛾䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛜ᵓᡂ䛩䜛඲యᛶ䜢⾲㇟䛩䜛䝰䝜䛷䛒䜛䚹䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛿᭱ప㝈஧ே䛾ಶே䛾㛵ಀ䛛䜙䛺䜛♫఍䛾ᵓᡂ༢఩䛷䛒䜚䚸䛭䜜䛿㛵୚䛩䜛ㅖಶே䛾ဨᩘ䚸䛭䛾㞟ᅋ䛾♫఍ⓗᆅ఩䠄⤒῭ⓗ䛛䚸ᨻ἞ⓗ䛛䚸೔⌮ⓗ䛛䠅䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸ᵝ䚻䛺䝺䝧䝹䛻㝵ᒙ໬䛥䜜䜛䚹≉䛻㔜せ䛺䛾䛿䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁⌮ㄽ䛜䚸䛂ຠ⋡ᛶ(Efficiency)䛃䚸䛂⛥ᑡᛶ
(Scarcity)䛃䚸䛂୺ᶒ(Sovereignty)䛃䚸䛂♫఍ⓗ័⾜(custom)䛃䚸䛂ᮍ᮶ᚿྥᛶ(Futurity)䛃䛾 5 䛴䛾ཎ⌮䛷ᵓᡂ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛Ⅼ䛷䛒䜛14䚹䛣䛾 5 䛴䛾ཎ⌮䛿䚸ᖖ䛻䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛾ෆ㒊䛷䚸䛒䜛
䛔䛿」ᩘ䛾䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁㛫䛷స⏝䛩䜛䛜䚸䛭䜜䜙䛾ཎ⌮䛜స⏝䛩䜛⛬ᗘ䛿䚸ᙜヱ䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁ෆ㒊䛷䛾ㅖಶே䛾≧ែ䚸䛭䛾ຊ㛵ಀ䛾ᅾ䜚䜘䛖䚸㛵ಀᛶ䜢ᣢ䛴䛭䜜䛮䜜䛾䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛾♫఍ⓗ఩┦䛾䛒䜚᪉䛻౫Ꮡ䛩䜛䚹䛣䜜䜙䛾ཎ⌮䜢䜟䜜䜟䜜䛾䚸≉䛻䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛾䚸䝍䞊䝮䛻ᘬ䛝䛴䛡䛶⩻᱌䛩䜜䜀䚸䛂ຠ⋡ᛶ䛃䛿୺䛸䛧䛶⤒῭ⓗ䛺䜒䛾䛾䚸䛂⛥ᑡᛶ䛃䛿୺䛸䛧䛶⤒῭ⓗ䛺䜒䛾䛸ᨻ἞ⓗ䛺䜒䛾䛾䚸䛂୺ᶒ䛃䛿୺䛸䛧䛶ᨻ἞ⓗ䛺䜒䛾䛸⤒῭ⓗ䛺䜒䛾䛾䚸䛂♫఍ⓗ័⾜䛃䛿୺䛸䛧䛶೔⌮ⓗ䞉ᩥ໬ⓗ䛺䜒䛾䛾䚸䛂ᮍ᮶ᚿྥᛶ䛃䛿♫఍ⓗ䛺䜒䛾䠄⤒῭ⓗ䞉ᨻ἞ⓗ䞉೔⌮ⓗ䞉ᩥ໬ⓗ䛺䜒䛾䛩䜉䛶䜢ໟᦤ䠅䛾䚸ㅖ㡿ᇦ䛻䛚䛔䛶ᶵ⬟䛩䜛ㅖཎ⌮䛷䛒䜛15䚹⌧ᐇ䛻䛿䚸䛒䜛䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁ෆ㒊䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒䚸」ᩘ䛾䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁㛫䛷䜒䚸䛣䛖䛧䛯ㅖཎ⌮䛾⤖ྜᵝᘧ䛿↓ᩘ䛻Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䛷䛒䜝䛖䚹䛣䜜䜙䛾ཎ⌮䛿䚸ㅖ䜰䜽䝍䞊䛜䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛸䛔䛖άື༢఩䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸⮬䜙ఱ䜙䛛䛾Ỵᐃ䜢⾜䛖䛻㝿䛧䛶䚸䜘䜚䛹䛣䜝䛸䛩䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛿᫂䜙䛛䛷䛒䜛䚹䝁䝰䞁䝈䛿䚸䛂ཎᅉ䚸⤖ᯝ䚸䜎䛯䛿┠ⓗ䛾᭱䜒༢⣧䛺䡠䛭䜜ᨾ᭱ᑠ䛾≉Ṧ䛺㢮ఝᛶ䛿⮬Ⓨⓗពᚿ(Willing-ness)䛷䛒䜛䛃16䛸㏙䜉䛶䚸⮬Ⓨⓗពᚿ䛜䚸ㅖ⌧㇟䛾ᅉᯝ㐃㛵䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛾᰾䛸䛺䜛ཎ⌮䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䜢ᣦ᦬䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛴䜎䜚⮬Ⓨⓗពᛮ䛸䛔䛖୰ᚰཎ⌮䜢స⏝䛫䛧䜑䜛ㅖཎ⌮䛜䡠ඛ䛾 5 䛴䛾ㅖཎ⌮䛷䛒䜚䚸ᙜヱ䜰䜽䝍䞊䛿䚸䛭䛾ཎ⌮䜢䛹䛾䜘䛖䛻⤌䜏ྜ䜟䛫䚸⮬㌟䛾⾜Ⅽ䛻䛹䛾䜘䛖䛻཯ᫎ䛩䜛䛾䛛䜢䛂⮬Ⓨⓗ䛻ホ౯䞉ุ᩿䛃䛩䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛭䛧䛶䛣䛾ㅖᐇ㊶䛿䚸ㅖཎ⌮䛜䜒䜝䜒䜝䛾♫఍ⓗ஦㇟䜔䛭䛾ᑐ㇟㡿ᇦ䛾䛂㢮ఝᛶ䛃䛻๎䛧䛶」ᩘᙧ䛷⾲㇟䛥䜜䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛㝈䜚䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸⤯ᑐ୙ኚ䞉၏୍䛾౯್䛻౫ᣐ䛩䜛䜒䛾䛷䛿14 ๓ᥖࠊఀ⸨(1975)㺂51 㡫ࠋࡓࡔࡋ Custom, Futurity ࡢヂㄒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬ⌮ㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗᒎ㛤࡜࠸࠺ぢᆅ࠿ࡽࠊࡲࡓᚋ࡟᳨ウࡍࡿࠊࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥࡀࠕ័⾜ࠖ࡜ヂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡟㚷ࡳ࡚ࠊࠕ㢼⩦ࠖࠊࠕᮍ᮶ᛶࠖ࠿ࡽࠕ♫఍ⓗ័⾜ࠖࠊࠕᮍ᮶ᚿྥᛶࠖ࡬ኚ᭦ࡋࡓࠋ
15㻌 ௒䛣䛖䛧䛯ཎ⌮䛾୍䛴୍䛴䜢䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾ぢゎ䛻ヲ㏙䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿䛷䛝䛺䛔䛜䚸䛂౯್䛃䛾ၥ㢟䜢୺㢟䛸䛩䜛䚸䜟䜜䜟䜜䛻䛸䛳䛶䛥䛧䛒䛯䜚㔜せ䛸䛺䜛䛾䛿䚸䛂ᮍ᮶ᚿྥᛶ䛃䛾ཎ⌮䛷䛒䜛䚹䛺䛬䛺䜙䝁䝰䞁䝈䛻䜘䜜䜀䚸ᮍ᮶ᚿྥᛶ䛸䛿ே㛫䛾άື䛾Ꮡᅾព⩏䛭䛾䜒䛾䛷䛒䜚䚸ே㛫άື䛾⥅⥆ྍ⬟ᛶ䛸䛿䚸ᮍ᮶䛻ྥ䛡䛶䛾䛂ඹྠᮇᚅ(joint expectation)䛃(Commons, ibid, 58.)䛜Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛻䜘䛳䛶ᐇ⌧ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䛾ඹྠᮇᚅ䛸䛔䛖ᐇ㊶䛿䚸ㅖಶே䛚䜘䜃䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛜䛺䛻䛜䛧䛛䛾䛂౯್䛃䜢ඹ᭷䛩䜛䛣䛸䛻䜘䛳䛶䛧䛛䛺䛥䜜ᚓ䛺䛔䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹
16 Commons(1934), ibid, 94.

7䛺䛟䚸䛂」ᩘ䛾౯್䛃䛛䜙ᵓᡂ䛥䜜䜛䛾䛷䛒䜚䚸䛭䜜䜖䛘䚸䛔䛛䛺䜛䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒䚸䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁㛫䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒䚸䛭䛾ᵓᡂせဨ䛷䛒䜛ㅖ䜰䜽䝍䞊䛾ุ᩿䛿䚸䛭䜜䛮䜜䛾䛂ไᗘ໬䛥䜜䛯⢭⚄䛃䛾Ⓨᒎ㐣⛬䛷䜰䜽䝍䞊⮬㌟䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸䜎䛯䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛾ෆ㒊䛸እ㒊䛷䚸Ṕྐⓗ䛻⵳✚䛥䜜䚸䛭䛧䛶ᙜヱ♫఍䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒⌧Ꮡ䛩䜛䚸䛂」ᩘ䛾౯್䛛䜙䛺䜛⤖ྜⓗホ౯䞉ุ᩿ᵝᘧ䛃䛻䚸౫Ꮡ䛫䛦䜛䜢䛘䛺䛔䚹᥮ゝ䛩䜜䜀䚸䜰䜽䝍䞊䛾⾜Ⅽ䛸䛔䛖ᐇ㊶䛿䚸」ᩘ䛾ㅖ౯್䛾⤖ྜᵝᘧ䛛䜙ᵓᡂ䛥䜜䜛䛾
䛷䛒䜛17䚹
䛣䛾⌮ㄽ䛿䚸䜟䜜䜟䜜䛾◊✲䛻䛸䛳䛶䛝䜟䜑䛶㔜኱䛺♧၀䜢୚䛘䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛺䛬䛺䜙䜟䜜䜟䜜䛿䚸♫఍䜢⤒῭䛻䚸⤒῭䜢ᕷሙ䛻㑏ඖ䛧䚸ಶே䜢ḧᮃᶵᲔ䛻㑏ඖ䛩䜛⤒῭Ꮫ䛸䛝䛳䜁䜚䛸⿂䜢ศ䛛䛱䚸᪂䛧䛔ไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ䜢ᛮ⪃䛩䜛䛛䜙䛷䛒䜚䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾䛣䛾Ὕᐹ䛿䚸᪂䛧䛔⌧௦ไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ䛻䛸䛳䛶䛝䜟䜑䛶㔜せ䛺ᴫᛕⓗᇶ♏䜢୚䛘䛶䛟䜜䜛䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䚹ゝ䛔᥮䛘䜜䜀䚸䛯䛸䛘⤒῭ⓗ䛺䛣䛸䛷䛒䛳䛶䜒䚸䛭䛾⾜Ⅽ䛾※Ἠ䛿䚸ᨻ἞ⓗ䛺䛣䛸䚸೔⌮ⓗ䛺䛣䛸䚸♫఍ⓗ䛺䛣䛸䛾ᙳ㡪䜢᤼㝖䛷䛝䛺䛔䛾䛷䛒䜚䚸⌧ᐇ䛾⤒῭⾜Ⅽ䛸䛭䜜䛜䜒䛯䜙䛩⣧⢋䛻⤒῭ⓗᖐ⤖䛷䛒䛳䛶䜒䚸䛭䜜䜙䛿ᵝ䚻䛺ㅖ౯್
䛾」ྜయ䛛䜙䜒䛯䜙䛥䜜䜛䝰䝜䛺䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛸䛣䜝䛷䚸ᵝ䚻䛺䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛿䛣䛖䛧䛯ㅖཎ⌮䛻ᇶ䛵䛔䛶άື䛩䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛䛜䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛿䚸䛣䛾άື䛾ලయⓗᙧែ䜢ྲྀᘬ(Transaction)䛸࿧䜆18䚹䛭䛧䛶䛂ྛྲྀᘬ䛻ෆᅾ䛩䜛䠏䛴䛾♫఍ⓗㅖ㛵ಀ䛸䛧䛶䛃䚸䛂ᑐ❧(Conflict)䚸౫Ꮡ(Dependence)䚸䛚䜘䜃⛛ᗎ(Order)䛸䛔䛖ㅖ㛵ಀ䛃䛜Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䛣䛸䜢ᙉㄪ䛩䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛19䚹䝁䝰䞁䝈䛿䚸䛣䜜䜙䛾䛣䛸䜢䚸ḟ䛾䜘䛖䛻㏙䜉䜛䚹ࠕἲᏛࠊ⤒῭Ꮫࠊ೔⌮Ꮫࢆ㛵㐃௜ࡅࡿ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡟ồࡵࡽࢀࡿ✲ᴟࡢ༢఩ࡣࠊᡤ᭷ᶒ࡟࠾
ࡅࡿ฼ᐖࡢᑐ❧࡜࠸࠺༢఩࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋ࠿ࡋࡇࢀࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ༑ศ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋάືࡢ✲ᴟࡢ༢఩ࡣ┦஫࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࠶࠺฼ᐖ(mutuallydependent interests)࡜࠸࠺༢఩࡛ࡶ࠶ࡽࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋே㛫ࡢே㛫࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㛵ಀࡣᑐ❧ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ┦஫౫Ꮡࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟㐍ࡵࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡇࡢ✲ᴟࡢ༢఩ࡣࠊኚືࡋࡘࡘࠊ㐃⥆ⓗ࡟ྠࡌᙧ࡛⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⌧ࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡽࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡢ⌧ᅾ࡜㐣ཤࡢ≧ែ࡜ᐇ㉁ⓗ࡟ࡣ㢮ఝࡢࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᮍ᮶࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊཧຍ⪅ࡓࡕ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᣢ⥆ⓗ࡟ࡑࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡀᮇᚅࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡽࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ༢఩ࡣᮇᚅࡢಖ㞀ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡇࡢ✀ࡢᮇᚅࢆࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣ⛛ᗎ(Order)࡜ྡ௜ࡅࡿࠋࠖ20ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ䛜⮬↛䛸ே㛫䛾㛵ಀ䜢⪃ᐹ䛧䛯䛾䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛿䚸ไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ䛿ே䛸ே䛸䛾㛵ಀ䜢᥈ồ䛧䛺䛡䜜䜀䛺䜙䛺䛔䚸䛸䛔䛖䚹≀⌮Ꮫ䜢೉⏝䛧䛶䛂ᆒ⾮䛃ᴫᛕ䛷䛩䜉䛶䜢᥎䛧㔞䜝䛖䛸17 ࡇࡢぢゎࡣࠊࣂࢵࢰ࣮ࣜ (1999), p.122.ࡢ௨ୗࡢグ㏙࡟♧၀ࢆཷࡅࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙼ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢゝ࠺ࠕேᕤⓗῈử࡜࠸࠺⾲⌧࡛ࡢ㐍໬ࡢศᯒࡣㅖ࣮ࣝࣝࡢホ౯࡜࠸࠺ㅖ㐣⛬ࡢ⤫ྜ࡜୙ྍศ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾㅖࠎࡢ㑅ᢥࡣㅖ౯್
࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᖖ࡟ᑟ࠿ࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ㅖ౯್ࡀศᯒࡢ୰ᚰⓗᆅ఩ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࠖࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᙉㄪࡣᘬ⏝⪅࡟ࡼࡿ㸧ࠋ
18 ྲྀᘬᴫᛕ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࠋ
19 Commons (1934), ibid, p. 92.
20 Commons, (1934), ibid, p.57. ᙉㄪࡣཎᩥࡢࡲࡲࠊⱥ༢ㄒࡣᘬ⏝⪅ࡀᤄධࠊ௨ୗࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢᘬ⏝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣྠࡌࠋ

8䛩䜛ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ䛾኱䛝䛺ㄗ䜚䛿䚸䛣䛾䛣䛸䜢↓ど䛧䛶䛔䜛Ⅼ䛻䛒䜛䚹≀㉁䛾⛉Ꮫ䛷䛿䛺䛟ே㛫䛾⛉Ꮫ䛷䛒䜛䛸䛣䜝䛾䚸♫఍䛾⛉Ꮫ䛸䛧䛶䛾⤒῭Ꮫ䛿䚸ᨻ἞䛸䛔䛖㡿ᇦ䛻❧䛱⌧䜜䜛䚸ἲⓗḟඖ䛷䛾䚸ᡤ᭷ᶒ䜢௓䛧䛯ே㛫䛸ே㛫䛾㛵ಀ䜢⪃៖䛫䛽䜀䛺䜙䛺䛔䚹䛥䜙䛻䚸䛣䛾ே䛸ே䛸䛾㛵ಀ䛿䚸䛔䛳䛯䜣⏕䛨䛯Ἴ䛜䛔䛴䛛䛿཰䜎䜛䜘䛖䛺䚸ᆒ⾮䛾㛵ಀ䛾䜰䝘䝻䝆䞊䛸䛧䛶ᤊ䛘䛶䛿䛺䜙䛺䛔䚹ே䛿♫఍䛻䛚䛔䛶௚⪅䛸㛵ಀ䜢⤖䜆䛜䚸䛭䛾㛵ಀ䛿䚸ே䛜⮬䜙䛾⏕䜢᥈ồ䛩䜛Ꮡᅾ䛷䛒䜚䚸ᨻ἞ⓗ䛻㝵ᒙ໬䛥䜜䛯Ꮡᅾ䛷䛒䜛㝈䜚䚸⮬䜙䛾฼ᐖ䛸௚⪅䛾฼ᐖ䛸䛾⾪✺䛸䛔䛖▐㛫䛻⮳䜙䛦䜛䜢ᚓ䛺䛔䚹䛒䜛䛔䛿⮬ศ䛾฼ᐖ䜢㐩ᡂ䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻௚⪅䜢฼⏝䛧䚸䛸䛝䛻䛿ጇ༠䛩䜛䚸䛴䜎䜚౫Ꮡ䛩䜛䛣䛸䜒䛒䜝䛖䚹䜎䛯᭱䜒㔜せ䛺䛣䛸䛿䚸䛣䛖䛧䛯ᑐ❧䛸౫Ꮡ䛿䚸ᖖ䛻ືែⓗ䛻෌ᵓᡂ䛥䜜⥆䛡䛶䛚䜚䚸䛸䛹䜎䜛䛣䛸䜢▱䜙䛺䛔䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛䚹䛰䛜䚸ᑐ❧䛧䚸౫Ꮡ䛧ྜ䛖䛣䛾㛵ಀ䛿䛺䛬Ꮡ⥆䛩䜛䛾䛛䚹䛭䜜䛿䚸䛭䛾㛵ಀ䛾෌ᵓᡂ䛸䛔䛖㐣⛬䛜䚸㐣ཤ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䛭䛾㛵ಀ䛜ᮍ᮶䜈ྥ䛡䛶⥆䛟䠄䛒䜛䛔䛿⥆䛡䛽䜀䛺䜙䛺䛔䚸⥆䛡䛯䛔䚸⥆䛟䛷䛒䜝䛖䚸⥆䛔䛶䛿䛰䜑䛰䠅䛸䛔䛖䚸䛒䜙䜖䜛ຓືモ䛻䜘䛳䛶⿵䜟䜜䜛䛸䛣䜝䛾䚸ᮍ᮶ᚿྥⓗ䛷㑅ᢥⓗ䛺ពᚿⓗᮇᚅ䛻䚸䛩䛺䜟䛱䛒䜛✀䛾ඹྠᮇᚅ䛻⿬ᡴ䛱䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䛾㛵ಀ䛾෌ᵓᡂ㐣⛬䛭䛾䜒䛾䛿䚸ே䛸ே䛾㛵ಀ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛾䜏䛺䜙䛪䚸䛒䜛ே䛾ෆ㒊䛷䛥䛘䜒䠄䛭䛧䛶䜎䛯ἲே䛸⚾ே䛸䛾䚸ἲே䛸ἲே䛸䛾䠅䚸ᵝ䚻䛺㡿ᇦ䠄䛭䛧䛶ඛ䛻㏙䜉䛯ㅖཎ⌮䠅䛾㛫䛷䛾ᑐ❧䛸ጇ༠䜢⧞䜚㏉䛧䜒䛯䜙䛩䚹䛰䛛䜙䛣䛭䛣䛾㛵ಀ䛿⛛ᗎ䛯䜚ᚓ䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䛖䛧䛯䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾ゎ㔘䜢ぢ䜜䜀䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾⌮ㄽ䛜䚸䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䜔䝁䞁䞂䜯䞁䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛾䛔䛖䛂ᑐ❧䛸ጇ༠䛃䠄䛭䛾㛵ಀᛶ䛾䝺䝧䝹䛿␗䛺䜛䛸䛿䛔䛘䠅䛸䚸䛝䜟䜑䛶ぶ࿴ᛶ䛾㧗䛔䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛜䜟䛛䜛䛷䛒䜝䛖䚹ṇ☜䜢ᮇ䛫䜀䚸⟶ぢ䛾㝈䜚䛷䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈⮬㌟䛾㆟ㄽ䛾୰䛻ጇ༠䛸䛔䛖ゝⴥ䛿ぢᙜ䛯䜙䛺䛔䛜䚸౫Ꮡ䛾㛵ಀ䛿䜋䜌ጇ༠䛾㛵ಀ䛻➼䛧䛔䚹䜒䛱䜝䜣䚸⌧᫬Ⅼ䛷䛿䚸䛣䛾ᣦ᦬䛿䚸㢮᥎䛺䛔䛧༢䛺䜛㢮ఝ䛻㐣䛞䛺䛔䛸䛔䛖ᢈุ䜒䛒䜝䛖䚹䜎䛯ሙྜ䛻䜘䛳䛶䛿䚸䛣䛣䛻䝀䞊䝮⌮ㄽⓗ䛺Ⓨ᝿䛾ⴌⱆ䜢ㄞ䜏䛸䜛䛣䛸䜒ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜝䛖21䚹ᐇ㝿䚸䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛾䛔䛖ᑐ❧䛸ጇ༠䛿䚸ไᗘㅖᙧែ䛸䛔䛖ḟඖ䛷⌧䜜䚸䛭䛾୺䛯䜛ᵓᡂせᅉ䛿㞟ྜⓗ䜰䜽䝍䞊䠄㈨ᮏ䛸㈤ປാ䛾ㅖ㛵ಀ䠅䛷䛒䜛䛧䚸䝁䞁䞂䜯䞁䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛾䛔䛖ᑐ❧䛸䛿䚸᪤Ꮡ䛾ඹ㏻䛾⾲㇟✵㛫䛺䛔䛧౯್✵㛫䜈䛾ᢈุ䛾⌧䜜䛷䛒䜚䚸䛭䛾ጇ༠䛿䛒䜙䛯䛺ඹ㏻䛾⾲㇟✵㛫䛺䛔䛧౯್✵㛫䛾ᙧែ䛻⤖ᐇ䛩䜛䚹䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䚸┤᥋ⓗ䛻䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾⌮ㄽ䛸䛭䜜䜙䜢⤖䜃䛴䛡䜛䛣䛸䛻䛿ከ䛟䛾㞀ᐖ䛜Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䛛䜒䛧䜜䛺䛔䚹䛰䛜䚸ไᗘ䛾ኚ໬䛾せᅉ䜢䚸䜰䜽䝍䞊䛾䝺䝧䝹䛾㐪䛔䜢㉸䛘䛶䚸ఱ䜙䛛䛾䜰䜽䝍䞊䛾⮬Ⓨⓗពᛮ䛻ᇶ䛵䛟౯್䛾ホ౯䞉ุ᩿ᵝᘧ䛾ኚᐜ䛻ồ䜑䜛䛺䜙䜀䚸୧⪅䛾㝸䛯䜚䛿୍ᣲ䛻䛱䛲䜎䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛧䛛䛧䛺䛜䜙䚸䛣䛾Ⅼ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸䝁䞁䞂䜯䞁䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛸䛾㛵ಀ䜢ㄽ䛨䜛ᚋ⠇䛻ㆡ䜛䛸䛧䛶䚸䛥䛧䛒䛯䜚䛿䛣䛣䜎䛷䛻䛧䛶䛚䛣䛖䚹㸦㸰㸧ࠕྲྀᘬࠖ࡜♫఍ⓗㄪᩚࡢ፹௓≀࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㞟ᅋⓗάື
21 ஦ᐇࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊྲྀᘬᴫᛕࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᣑᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕ㸦࣭࣭࣭㸧ࠊ฼ᐖᑐ❧(conflict of interests)ࡢ୰࡛ࡢே㛫ࡢ⾜ືពᛮ࡜࠸࠺ぢᆅ࠿ࡽࡇࡢ⌮ㄽࢆࡳ࡚ࠊࢃࡓࡋࡣࡇࢀࢆᡓ␎ⓗྲྀᘬ࡜࣮ࣝࢸ࢕ࣥⓗྲྀᘬࡢ⌮ㄽ࡜ྡ௜ࡅࡿࠋࢃࡓࡋࡣࠊ
➃ⓗ࡟ࠊḟࡢព࿡࡛ᡓ␎ⓗࡲࡓࡣไ㝈ⓗ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊไ㝈ⓗᅉᏊ࡜⿵ຓⓗᅉᏊࡢ㛵ಀᛶ࡜࠸࠺ྠ୍ࡢࡶࡢ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ
ࠕᡓ␎ⓗࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡣពᛮⓗഃ㠃(volitional side)ࢆᣦࡋ♧ࡋࠊࠕไ㝈ⓗࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡣᐈయ
ⓗഃ㠃(objective side)ࢆཧ↷ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ(ibid, p.83.)ࠋࡕ࡞ࡳ࡟ࠊࡇࡢ⌮ㄽࡣࠊᨻ἞ⓗ㝵ᒙᛶࢆ๓ᥦࡋ୺ᐈࡢ㌿ಽࡀᖖ࡟Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛ࠊᶆ‽ⓗ࡞ࢤ࣮࣒⌮ㄽ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟␗࡞ࡿࠋ

9௨ୖ㏙䜉䛯䛣䛸䛜䜙䜢䚸⌧௦ⓗ䛻ᩜ⾝䛧䛶䚸ᅗᘧ໬䛩䜛䛸ḟ䛾䜘䛖䛻䛺䜛22䚹ᅗ⾲㸰㸬♫఍⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㞟ᅋⓗάື㸦࠾ࡼࡧࡑࢀࢆ⛛ᗎ࡙ࡅࡿ⤌⧊㸧ࡢ᭷ᶵⓗ㐃㛵㞟ᅋⓗάື㸸
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፹௓ࣞ࣋ࣝ㸰

௻ᴗ㸸ᨻ἞ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗ࣭೔⌮ⓗㄪᩚࢆ㞟ᅋⓗάືࢆ௓ࡋ࡚⾜࠺ㅖಶே㛫࡛ࡢᨻ἞ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗ࣭೔⌮ⓗ㛵ಀ㸸ࡑࡢཎ⌮ࡣᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡣྲྀᘬ୺࡜ࡋ࡚㠀⤒῭ⓗ࡞㞟ᅋⓗάື㸸ᐙ᪘ࠊᆅᇦ
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ᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞㞟ᅋⓗάື㸸ᅜ㝿㏻㈌ไᗘ࣭ᅜ㝿㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠊ㈠᫆యไ
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ᅜᐙ㸸㈈ᨻ࣭㔠⼥ไᗘࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ᨻ἞ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗ࣭೔⌮ⓗㄪᩚࢆ⾜࠺ᕷẸ㐃ྜⓗᅋయ㸸ᵝࠎ࡞つ⠊ࡢᥦ♧ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚
೔⌮ⓗ࣭ᩥ໬ⓗ࡞ㄪᩚࢆᢸ࠺ ὀ㸧ྛ኱ᯟࡣ፹௓࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢไᗘࠊ኱ᯟෆࡢᑠᯟࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࢥࣥࢧ࣮ࣥࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊศᒱࢆ♧ࡍ⥺ࡣࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ᥋ྜࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ䛣䛾ᅗ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸㞟ᅋⓗάື䠙䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛿䠏䛴䛾፹௓䝺䝧䝹䛛䜙䛺䛳䛶䛚䜚䚸ಶ䚻䛾㞟ᅋⓗάື䛿䛭䜜䛮䜜䛾䝺䝧䝹ෆ㒊䛷䚸䜎䛯䝺䝧䝹㛫䛷᭷ᶵⓗ䛻㐃᥋䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹ὀព䛩䜉䛝䛿䚸䛣䛾䝺䝧䝹䛾༊ศ䛜䝭䜽䝻䜔䝬䜽䝻䛸䛔䛳䛯⾜Ⅽ䛾Ỉ‽䜔䝟䝣䜷䞊䝬䞁䝇䛾≧ែ䛾䜏䜢ព࿡䛩䜛䜒䛾䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸⮬㌟䛾㞟ᅋⓗάື䛭䛾䜒䛾䛜䚸௚䛾㞟ᅋⓗάື䛻୚䛘䜛┦஫౫Ꮡ㛵ಀ䛾䠄䛚䜘䜃௚䛾㞟ᅋⓗάື䛛䜙⿕䜛┦஫౫Ꮡ㛵ಀ䛾䠅⛬ᗘ䛾኱䛝䛥䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸Ỵᐃ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛Ⅼ䛷䛒䜛䚹ᅗ䛷䛿䚸ྑ䛻⾜䛡䜀⾜䛟䜋䛹䚸䛭䛾ᗘྜ䛔䛿㧗䜎䜚䚸ᕥ䛻⾜䛡䜀⾜䛟䜋䛹䚸䛭䛾⛬ᗘ䛾኱䛝䛥䛿ᑠ䛥䛟䛺䜛䚹䛯䛸䛘䜀䚸ᅜᐙ䛿䚸」ᩘ䛾㞟ᅋⓗάື䛛䜙ᡂ䜛ᕧ኱䛺⤌⧊䛷䛒䜛䛜䚸䛣䛾⤌⧊䛜䝺䝧䝹䠎䜔䝺䝧䝹䠍䛾㞟ᅋⓗάື䛻୚䛘䜛ᙳ㡪䛿䛝䜟䜑䛶኱䛝䛔䛾䛿᫂ⓑ䛷䛒䜛䚹䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䚸䛣䛾䝺䝧䝹䛿䚸♫఍ⓗ඲య䛻䛚䛡䜛఩┦䠄䛣䜜䛻ᚑ䛘䜀䚸䛯䛸䛘䜀ᅜᐙ䛿䝭䜽䝻䛾୺య䛻㐣䛞䛺䛔䠅䛻䜘䛳䛶⌮ゎ䛥䜜䜛䛾䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䛭䛾┦஫౫Ꮡ㛵ಀ䛾ᗘྜ䛔䜢ព࿡䛩䜛䜒䛾䛸⌮ゎ䛥䜜䜛䜉䛝䛷䛒䜛䚹

22 䛺䛚䚸௨ୗ䛻㏙䜉䜛䛂䝺䝧䝹䛃䛸䛔䛖䝍䞊䝮䛿䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈⮬㌟䛾ླྀ㏙䛻䛿Ꮡᅾ䛧䛺䛔䛣䛸䛻␃ព䛥䜜䛯䛔䚹ṇ☜䜢ᮇ䛩䛺䜙䜀䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈⮬㌟䛾⌮ㄽⓗᯟ⤌䜏䛻䛿䚸㞟ᅋⓗάື䛸䛔䛖༢఩䛾䜏䛜Ꮡᅾ䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸䛔䜟䜖䜛䝭䜽䝻䇷䝬䜽䝻䛾ᅉᯝ㐃㛵䛿ぢཷ䛡䜙䜜䛺䛔䚹䜐䛧䜝䚸ᚋ䛻㏙䜉䜛䜘䛖䛻䚸័⩦䛸ἲ䛾ḟඖ䛷䛾䝁䞁䝖䝻䞊䝹䜢㔜ど䛩䜛䝁䝰䞁䝈䛻䛒䛳䛶䛿䚸♫఍ⓗ඲యᛶ䛾ඛᅾᛶ䛜ᙉㄪ䛥䜜䛶䛚䜚䚸䛣䜜䛿䛔䛖䛺䜜䜀䚸ᵓ㐀୺⩏ⓗ䛺Ⓨ᝿䛻㏆䛔䚹஦ᐇ䚸䛯䛸䛘䜀䝔䝺(Théret, (2001), ibid) 䛿䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾⌮ㄽ䛸䝣䝑䝃䞊䝹䛾ᵓ㐀୺⩏䛸䛾㏆᥋ᛶ䜢ᣦ᦬䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹10䛥䛶䚸䛣䛣䛷䛾ᇶᗏ䛸䛺䜛፹௓䝺䝧䝹䛷䛿䚸䛩䛷䛻㏙䜉䛯䜘䛖䛻䚸ே㛫άື䛻䛚䛡䜛ᵝ䚻䛺䛂ྲྀᘬ䛃䠄᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ䛷䛿䛂஺᥮䛃䠅䛜ᐇ⌧䛥䜜䜛䚹䛣䛣䛷䛂ྲྀᘬ䛃䛸䛔䛖ゝⴥ䜢⏝䛔䜛䛾䛿䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛻ᚑ䛘䜀䚸䛒䜙䜖䜛㞟ᅋⓗάື䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸㈈䛾ཷ䛡Ώ䛧䛿䚸⣧⢋䛻ᨻ἞ⓗ䛻ᑐ➼䛺ಶே㛫䛷䛾⤒῭ⓗ஺᥮䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸5 䛴䛾ㅖཎ⌮䛻✺䛝ື䛛䛥䜜䜛䜰䜽䝍䞊㛫䛷䛾ᵝ䚻䛺஺΅䛻ᇶ䛵䛟ྲྀᘬ䛷䛒䜛䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䚹䛭䜜ᨾ䚸ᙼ䜙䛾㛫䛷ᵓᡂ䛥䜜䜛䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛾ෆ㒊䛷䛿䚸ᖖ䛻ᑐ❧䞉౫Ꮡ䛜⏕䛨䜛䚹䛭䛧䛶ㅖ䚻䛾䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁㛫䛷䜒䚸஦᝟䛿ྠ䛨䛷䛒䜛䚹᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ䛿䛣䛖䛧䛯ᐇ㊶䜢䛂ぢ䛘䛦䜛ᡭ䛃䛸䛧䛶䛾ᕷሙ䛾ㄪᩚᶵ⬟䛻㑏ඖ䛩䜛䛜䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛿䛣䜜䜢䚸䛂ぢ䛘䜛ᡭ䛃䛸䛧䛶ἲⓗḟඖ䛷䛾䛂ᡤ᭷ᶒ䛾⛣㌿䛃䛸䛧䛶䛸䜙䛘䚸㈈䛾ྲྀᘬ䛜䜰䜽䝍䞊㛫䛾ᵝ䚻䛺㡿ᇦ䛷䛾஺΅䛻䜘䛳䛶Ỵᐃ䛥䜜䜛Ⅼ䜢㔜ど䛩䜛䚹䛭䜜ᨾ䚸ᚋ䛻㏙䜉䜛䜘䛖䛻䚸ㅖ㞟ᅋⓗάື㛫䛷䚸䜎䛯䝁䝰䞁䝈䛻䛸䛳䛶䛿䚸♫఍ⓗ඲య䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸ἲⓗḟඖ䛷䛣䜜䜙䛾஺΅䜢䝁䞁䝖䝻䞊䝹䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜䛝䜟䜑䛶㔜せ䛻䛺䜛䚹䛧䛛䜒䚸ඛ䛻㏙䜉䛯䜘䛖䛻㞟ᅋⓗάື䜢㝵ᒙⓗ䛺䜒䛾䛸䛧䛶䛸䜙䛘䜛䛺䜙䜀䚸ྲྀᘬ䛿ಶ䚻ே䛾㛫䛷䛾䝰䝜䛾䜏䛻㑏ඖ䛷䛝䛺䛔䚹௻ᴗෆ㒊䚸௻ᴗ㛫䚸ᅜᐙ䛸௻ᴗ䛾㛫䚸ᅜᐙ䛾ෆ㒊䛷䛥䛘䜒䚸ᖖ䛻ྲྀᘬ䛜⾜䜟䜜䛶䛔䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䝁䝰䞁䝈䛿䚸䛣䛾㞟ᅋⓗάື䛻䛚䛡䜛ᵝ䚻䛺⾜Ⅽ䛸䝟䝣䜷䞊䝬䞁䝇䜢䚸䛂኎㈙஺΅ྲྀᘬ䛃䞉䛂⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ䛃䞉䛂๭ᙜྲྀᘬ䛃䛸䛔䛖୕䛴䛾ᇶᮏⓗ஦㇟䛻䝰䝕䝹໬䛧䛶ㄝ᫂䛩䜛23䚹䛣䜜䛿䚸ḟ䛾䜘䛖䛻⡆༢䛻ㄝ᫂䛷䛝䜛䛷䛒䜝䛖䚹䛩䛺䜟䛱䚸䜎䛪䝺䝧䝹䠍䛾ẁ㝵䛷䚸ㅖಶே䛿㞟ᅋⓗάື䛸䛧䛶䚸ᙧᘧⓗ䛻䛿ἲⓗ䛻ᑐ➼䛺䛂኎㈙஺΅ྲྀᘬ䛃䜢⾜䛖䚹䛯䛸䛘䜀䚸኎䜚ᡭ䛸㈙䛔ᡭ䛸䛾㈈䜢ᕠ䜛ྲྀᘬ䛜䛭䜜䛷䛒䜛䚹䛧䛛䛧䛺䛜䜙䚸䝺䝧䝹䠎䛾ẁ㝵䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸䛯䛸䛘䜀䚸௻ᴗ䛿䚸⏕⏘䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸ປാຊ䜢⌧ሙ䛷⏝䛔䜛㝿䛻䚸䜒䛖୍䛴ู䛾ྲྀᘬ䜢⾜䛖䚹䛣䜜䛜䛂⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ䛃䛷䛒䜛䚹䛭䛣䛻䛿⏕⏘ᐇ⾜䛻䛚䛡䜛᫂☜䛺ᣦ᥹࿨௧䛾㛵ಀ䛜Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䚹䛭䛣䛻䛿䚸ᨻ἞ⓗ୺ᶒ䛜୍᪉䛛䜙௚᪉䛻ᑐ䛧䛶Ⓨື䛥䜜䜛㝈䜚䛷䚸᫂☜䛺ᨻ἞ⓗ㝵ᒙᛶ䛜Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䚹䛣䛾⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ䛿௻ᴗ㛫㛵ಀ䛷䜒᫂ⓑ䛻⌧䜜䜛䚹䛯䛸䛘䜀ୖ఩௻ᴗ䛸ୗㄳ䛡௻ᴗ䛾㛵ಀ䜢᝿㉳䛩䜜䜀䚸䛣䛾䛣䛸䛿䜘䛟⌮ゎ䛷䛝䜘䛖䚹䛥䜙䛻䚸䝺䝧䝹䠏䛾ẁ㝵䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸ᅜᐙ䛿䛭䛾ᨻ἞ⓗ୺ᶒ䛾ୗ䚸ᅜᐩ䛾෌ศ㓄䜔㈠᫆యไ䛾ᙧែ䜢䚸ᨻ἞ⓗ䜰䜽䝍䞊䛯䛱䛾ᨻ἞ⓗྲྀᘬ䜢௓䛧䛶䚸Ỵᐃ䛩䜛䚹䛣䜜䛜䛂๭ᙜྲྀᘬ䛃䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䛣䛷๭ᙜ䛸䛔䛖䛾䛿䚸䛭䜜䛜๓஧⪅䛸䛿␗䛺䜚䚸ᨻ἞ⓗ䜰䜽䝍䞊䛯䛱䛾⿢㔞䛻䜘䛳䛶Ỵᐃ䛥䜜䚸䛭䛾⤒῭ⓗᩘ㔞䛜๭ᙜ䜙䜜䜛䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䚹≉䛻䜟䜜䜟䜜䛻䛸䛳䛶㔜せ䛺䛾䛿䚸䛭䛾ᐇ᪋䛻㝿䛧䛶䛿䚸⤒῭ⓗ⌧ᐇ䛾䜏䛺䜙䛪䛂♫఍័⾜䛃䜔䛂೔⌮ⓗつ⠊䛃䜢䜒㔜ど䛥䜜䜛䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛷䛒䜛䚹䛯䛸䛘䜀䚸ㄢ⛯ไᗘ䜔㈠᫆యไ䛾ᙧែ䜢ᕠ䜛ၥ㢟䛿䚸ᾘ㈝ቑ⛯䜔 TPP(ໟᣓⓗ⤒῭㐃ᦠ༠ᐃ)ཧຍ䛾᫝㠀䛜㆟ㄽ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛⌧௦᪥ᮏ䛷䚸䜒䛳䛸䜒⇕䛔䝔䞊䝬䛷䛒䜛䛜䚸䛭䛣䛷䛿䛧䜀䛧䜀ᕷሙ䛾ㄽ⌮䜘䜚䜒䚸ᨻ἞ⓗྲྀᘬ䠄ᾘ㈝ቑ⛯䛾䛯䜑䛻ᩘ䚻䛾ጇ༠䜢䛩䜛䠅䚸♫఍ⓗ័⾜䠄⡿䛸䛔䛖ఏ⤫ⓗ㣗ᩥ໬䛾ሀᣢ䠅䚸೔⌮ⓗつ⠊䠄ᙅ⪅ಖㆤ䛛⤒῭ᡂ㛗䛛䚸䛸䛔䛳䛯೔⌮ⓗุ᩿䛺䛹䠅䛜㔜ど䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛23 ᪤Ꮡࡢヂㄒ࡛ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࠊ
ࠕ኎㈙ྲྀᘬࠖ
ࠊࠕ⤒Ⴀྲྀᘬࠖࠊ
ࠕ๭ᙜྲྀᘬࠖ࡜ヂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊඛ࡟㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡞㊃᪨࠿ࡽࠊヂㄒࢆኚ᭦ࡋࡓࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࡼࡾヲ⣽࡞ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢྲྀᘬᴫᛕ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᮏㄽ㞟࡟཰ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠊᏱோᏹᖾ (2013)ࠕࢥ
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ࠊࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ௨ୗ࡛㏙࡭ࡽࢀࡿࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢྲྀᘬᴫᛕࡢゎ㔘࡜ࡑࡢ⌧௦ⓗᒎ㛤࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
ࡇࡢㄽᩥ࡟୺࡜ࡋ࡚౫ᣐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢྲྀᘬᴫᛕࡣࠊᵝࠎ࡞ㅖཎ⌮࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊࢃࢀࢃ
ࢀࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᚲせ࡞ࠊࡑࡢ࢚ࢵࢭࣥࢫࡢࡳࢆླྀ㏙ࡍࡿࠋ

11䛾䛿࿘▱䛾஦ᐇ䛷䛒䜛24䚹䛸䜚䜟䛡䚸䛣䛾䝺䝧䝹䛷䛿䚸༢⣧䛺฼ᐖᑐ❧䛸䛭䛾ᨻ἞ⓗຊ㛵ಀ䛰䛡䛷䛺䛟䚸䛭䛾୺ᙇ䜢೔⌮ⓗ䛻⿬௜䛡䜛ᨻ἞ⓗゝㄝ䠄䛯䛸䛘䜀Ẹ୺୺⩏䛛⊂⿢୺⩏䛛䠅䛜㞟ᅋⓗάື䛻䛚䛔䛶䛹䛾䜘䛖䛻ཷ䛡ධ䜜䜙䜜䜛䛛䛜䚸㔜せ䛻䛺䜛䚹᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ䛿䚸䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺≧ែ䛜䚸ᕷሙ䛾෇⁥䛺ാ䛝䜢ጉ䛢䛶䛔䜛䛾䛷䚸ᨻ἞䛾⤒῭䜈䛾୙௓ධ䜢䚸䛧䜀䛧䜀୺ᙇ䛩䜛䚹䛧䛛䛧䛺䛜䜙䚸ㄢ⛯䜔㈠᫆యไ䛸䛔䛳䛯䚸䛝䜟䜑䛶ᨻ἞ⓗ䛺ၥ㢟䜢䛩䜉䛶ᕷሙ䛻௵䛫䛶䛧䜎䛚䛖䛸䛔䛖ᥦゝ䛿䚸ᨻ἞䛾⤒῭䜈䛾ᚑᒓ䜢୺ᙇ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛻௚䛺䜙䛪䚸䛒䜛ព࿡䛷䚸ᴟ➃䛺⤒῭୺⩏ⓗᥦゝ䛷䛒䜛䚹䜐䛧䜝䚸⤒῭ⓗ䛺ၥ㢟䛷䛒䛳䛶䜒䚸㞟ᅋⓗάື䛾䝺䝧䝹䛾㐪䛔䛿䚸㞟ᅋⓗάື䛻䛚䛡䜛ᨻ἞ⓗ䛺䜒䛾䜔೔⌮ⓗ䜒䛾䛾㛵୚䛾㐪䛔䠄䠑䛴䛾ㅖཎ⌮䛾⤖ྜᵝᘧ䛾㐪䛔䠅䜢⏘䜏ฟ䛩䛸⪃䛘䛶䚸ᨻ἞ⓗ⿢㔞䜔೔⌮ⓗᇶ‽䛜㔜ど䛥䜜䜛䝺䝧䝹䛸䛭䛖䛷䛺䛔䝺䝧䝹䜢䛧䛳䛛䜚䛸ㄆ㆑䛧䚸䛭䜜䜙䛾䝺䝧䝹䛾䠄ㅖཎ⌮䛾䠅㛫䛷䛾ᑐ❧䜢୍ᐃ䛾ጇ༠䛻ᑟ䛟䛸䛔䛖䚸䛭䛾䝺䝧䝹䛾⌧ᐇ䛻༶䛧䛯ྲྀᘬ䛾ᵓᡂ䜢᥈ồ䛩䜉䛝䛺䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛛䛟䛧䛶䚸䛣䛾䝺䝧䝹䛾㝵ᒙᛶ䛸」㞧ᛶ䛾Ꮡᅾ䛭䛾䜒䛾䛜䛂♫఍ⓗ඲య䛻䛚䛡䜛ไᗘⓗ䛺፹௓≀䛃䛾㝵ᒙᛶ䛸」㞧ᛶ䛾⌧䜜䛷䛒䜚䚸䛣䜜䜙䛾ከ㠃ⓗ䛺㐃㛵䚸䛩䛺䜟䛱ㅖ䜰䜽䝍䞊䛾ෆ㒊䛸䛭䜜䜙䛾㛵ಀᛶ䛻䛚䛔䛶㐃⥆ⓗ䛻ᵓᡂ䛥䜜䚸⤒῭ⓗ䞉ᨻ἞ⓗ䞉೔⌮ⓗ䛺㡿ᇦ䛷ᐇ㊶䛥䜜䜛䚸ᑐ❧䞉ጇ༠䛸䛔䛖୍㐃䛾䚸䛔䜟䜀ㄪᩚⓗ䛺㐣⛬䛜♫఍ⓗ඲య䜢ᙧᡂ䛩䜛䚹ᅗ⾲ 2 䛷䛿୍᪉ྥ䛻䛧䛛䛭䛾ᅉᯝ㐃㛵䛜ᥥ䛛䜜䛶䛔䛺䛔䛜䚸ᐇ㝿䛻䛿䚸䛭䜜䛮䜜䛾䝺䝧䝹ෆ㒊䛷䚸䜎䛯䝺䝧䝹㛫䛷཮᪉ྥⓗ䛛䛴ከᒙⓗ䛺ᅉᯝ㐃㛵䛜Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䠄䛯䛸䛘䜀䚸ಶே䛸௻ᴗ䛾䚸௻ᴗ䛸௻ᴗ䛾䚸௻ᴗ䛸ᅜᐙ䛾䚸ᅜᐙෆ䛷䛾䚸ྲྀᘬ䛺䛹䠅䚹ᚑ䛳䛶䚸䛣䛾༊ศ䛜༢⣧䛷ᶵᲔㄽⓗ䛺䝭䜽䝻䛾ྜᡂ䛛䜙ᡂ䜛䝬䜽䝻䛾ᅗᘧ䛷䜒䛺䛡䜜䜀䚸
䛭䛾㏫䜢ព࿡䛩䜛䜒䛾䛷䜒䛺䛔䛣䛸䛿᫂䜙䛛䛷䛒䜛䚹⤒῭♫఍䛿䛭䛾䜘䛖䛻༢⣧䛺䜒䛾䛷䛿Ỵ䛧䛶䛺䛔䚹䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾䛔䛖䛂5 䛴䛾ཎ⌮䛃䜢᝿ᐃ䛩䜜䜀䚸⤒῭Ꮫ䛜䛣䜜䜎䛷⌮ㄽ䛛䜙᤼㝖䛧䛶䛝䛯䚸ᨻ἞ⓗ䛺䜒䛾䚸೔⌮ⓗ䛺䜒䛾䚸䛣䜜䜙䛿ᖖ䛻ྠ᫬䛻䚸䛒䜙䜖䜛⤒῭⾜Ⅽ䛻䛚䛔䛶స⏝䛧䛶䛔䜛䛸⪃䛘䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䛾䛷䛒䜚䚸ไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ䛻䛸䛳䛶㔜せ䛺䛣䛸䛿䚸䛣䛾䛣䛸䜢⤫ྜⓗ䛛䛴⌮ㄽⓗ䛻ㄝ᫂䛩䜛䛣䛸䛺䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹
䛰䛜䚸䛣䛣䛷㔜せ䛺␲ၥ䛜ᾋୖ䛩䜛䚹䛺䜛䜋䛹䚸䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁ෆ㒊䛷䚸䛺䛚䛛䛴䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁㛫䛷䚸㐃⥆ⓗ䛻ᑐ❧䛸౫Ꮡ䛜⏕䛨䚸䛭䜜䛜୍ᐃ䛾ጇ༠䠙ไᗘ䠄䝁䝰䞁䝈䛻ᚑ䛘䜀䚸䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䝽䞊䜻䞁䜾䞉䝹䞊䝹䛻䛚䛡䜛㐠Ⴀつ๎䠅䜈䛸⤖ᐇ䛩䜛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛿⌮ゎ䛷䛝䜛䚹䛧䛛䛧䛣䛾ጇ༠䠙ไᗘ䛜䚸ᙜヱ♫఍䛻䛸䛳䛶㐺ษ䛷䛒䜛ಖド䛿ఱ䜒䛺䛔䚹䛭䛾ጇ༠䛾㐺ษ䛥䛿䛔䛳䛯䛔ఱ䛻䜘䛳䛶ᢸಖ䛥䜜䜛䛾䛛䚹䝁䝰䞁䝈䛻䜘䜜䜀䚸䛭䜜䛿䛂㐺ṇ䛺౯್䠄reasnable value䠅䛃䛷䛒䜛䚹ᙼ䛿ḟ䛾䜘䛖䛻㏙䜉䛶䛔䜛䚹䛂ྛ⤒῭ྲྀᘬ䛿䚸ㅖᙜ஦⪅䛻䜘䜛ඹྠ䛾ホ౯䛾䝥䝻䝉䝇䛷䛒䜚䚸䛭䛣䛷䚸䛭䜜䛮䜜䛿䚸฼ᐖ䛾┦㐪䚸௚⪅䜈䛾ᚑᒓ䚸䛚䜘䜃䝽䞊䜻䞁䜾䞉䝹䞊䝹䛻䜘䛳䛶ື䛛䛥䜜䜛䚹䝽䞊䜻䞁䜾䞉䝹䞊䝹䛿ᕪ䛧ᙜ䛯䜚㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ື䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ྲྀᘬ䛾㐺ྜ䜢せồ䛩䜛䚹䛭䜜䜖䛘㐺ṇ䛺౯್䛿䚸බඹ┠ⓗ䛻┦ᙜ䛩䜛䚸㐺

24 ⊦ᮌṊᚨ(2012)ࠗ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ఱࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࠿࠘
㸦ㅮㄯ♫⌧௦᪂᭩㸧ࡣࠊ⌧௦᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ไᗘࡸࡑࢀࢆᙧసࡿᵝࠎ࡞౯್ุ᩿ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛ࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ୺ᙇ࡜኱࠸࡟㔜࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇࡢ◊✲ࡀࠊ⤒῭Ꮫࡀᑐᛂ࡛ࡁࡿ⠊ᅖࡣࡑࡢุ᩿ࡢᡭ๓ࡲ࡛ࡔ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡁࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࠊࡑࡇ࡟♫఍⛉Ꮫ඲⯡ࡢ㡿ᇦࢆᶓ᩿ࡍࡿ⤒῭Ꮫ⌮ㄽࡢᚲせᛶࢆ෌☜ㄆࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

12ṇ䛺ྲྀᘬ䚸㐺ṇ䛺័⾜䠄practice䠅䚸♫఍ⓗຠ⏝䛷䛒䜛䛃25䚹⥆䛡䛶䚸ᙼ䛿䚸ḟ䛾䜘䛖䛻㏙䜉䜛䚹䛂䠄䞉䞉䞉䠅⌮ᛶ䛸㐺ṇ䛺౯್䛸䛔䛖ไᗘⓗほᛕ䛿䚸㞟ᅋⓗ䛷Ṕྐⓗ䛷䛒䜛䚹୍᪉䚸ྜ⌮୺⩏ⓗほᛕ䛿䚸ಶே୺⩏ⓗ䚸୺ほⓗ䚸▱ᛶⓗ䚸㟼ែⓗ䛷䛒䜛䚹䛭䛾ไᗘⓗほᛕ䛿䚸ḟ䛾䜘䛖䛺᪉ἲ䛷᪂䛧䛔ἲᚊ䜢స䜛䝁䝰䞁䞉䝻䞊᪉ᘧ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛭䛾䜒䛳䛸䜒᫂ⓑ䛺㐍໬ⓗኚ໬䛻฿㐩䛧䛯䚹䛭䛾᪉ἲ䛸䛿䚸䛭䛾᫬௦䛾኱㒊ศ䛾ே䚻䛾♫఍ⓗ័⾜䛾ኚ໬䜢ྲྀ䜚ධ䜜䚸䛥䜙䛻䛭䜜䜙䜢䚸ṇᙜ໬䛸䛔䛖ྜ⌮໬䛾䝥䝻䝉䝇䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸ಶேⓗ⾜ື䛾䝁䞁䝖䝻䞊䝹䛻䛚䛡䜛ᑗ᮶䛾㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ື䛾䛯䜑䛾䝽䞊䜻䞁䜾䞉䝹䞊䝹䛻ᐃᘧ໬䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䛾䝥䝻䝉䝇䛿䚸䜰䝯䝸䜹ྜ⾗ᅜ᭱㧗⿢ุᡤ䛸䛔䛖୺ᶒ䛾䛺䛛䛷䛾䛭
䛾㡬Ⅼ䛻฿㐩䛧䛯䛾䛷䛒䜚䚸㐺ṇ䛺౯್䛸䛔䛖ほᛕ䛾㐍໬䛿䚸䛭䛾ไᗘⓗ⫼ᬒ䛸䛧䛶䚸⾜ᨻ䛛䜙❧ἲ䜈䚸䛭䛧䛶ἲⓗ୺ᶒ䜈䛾Ṕྐⓗ㐍໬䛾⌮ゎ䜢ᚲせ䛸䛩䜛䛃26䚹
䜎䛯䚸䛂㐺ṇ䛺౯್䛿䚸䛩䜉䛶䛾ኚ໬䛧䛶䛔䛟ᨻ἞ⓗ䚸㐨ᚨⓗ䚸⤒῭ⓗ≧ἣ䛾ほⅬ䛻䛚䛡䜛㐺ṇ䛺䜒䛾䛾㐍໬ⓗ㞟ᅋⓗỴᐃ䛷䛒䜚䚸᭱㧗⿢ุᡤ䛛䜙⏕䛨䜛ಶᛶ䛷䛒䜛䛃27䚹㈨ᮏ୺⩏♫఍䛾ኚᐜ䜢┠䛾ᙜ䛯䜚䛻䛧䚸ᪧ᮶䛾≀ⓗᇶ┙䛻䜒䛳䜁䜙౫ᣐ䛧䛯♫఍⤒῭ᵓ㐀䛜↓ᙧ㈨⏘䛻䜘䜛ᐩ䛾๰㐀䛻౫ᣐ䛧䛯䜒䛾䛻ኚ໬䛧䛴䛴䛒䜛䛣䛸䜢28䚸ṇ☜䛻ㄆ㆑䛧䛶䛔䛯䝁䝰䞁䝈䛿䚸ἲⓗḟඖ䛻䜘䜛䝽䞊䜻䞁䜾䞉䝹䞊䝹䛾ṇᙜ໬䛸ἲ䛻䜘䜛䠄䛸䜚䜟䛡᭱㧗⿢ุᡤ䛻䜘䜛䠅♫఍⤒῭䛾䝁䞁䝖䝻䞊䝹䜢㔜ど䛧䛯䚹䛭䛧䛶ᙼ䛿䚸䛭䛾ἲ䛜䛹䛾䜘䛖䛻䛧䛶ᵓ⠏䛥䜜䜛䛾䛛䜢┬ᐹ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸័⩦䛜ไᗘ䛾ᵓ⠏䛻୚䛘䜛ᙳ㡪䜢య⣔໬䛧䛶䚸ୖ䛾䜘䛖䛺⤖ㄽ䛻฿㐩䛧䛯䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹ୖ䛾ᘬ⏝䛛䜙䜒᫂䜙䛛䛺䜘䛖䛻䚸ㄗゎ䜢ᜍ䜜䛪䛻䛔䛖䛺䜙䜀䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾䛂㐺ṇ䛺౯್䛃䛸䛿䚸⤯ᑐⓗ䞉ᬑ㐢ⓗ䛺౯್䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸⤒῭ⓗ䞉♫఍ⓗᵓ㐀䛻䜘䛳䛶㐍໬ㄽⓗ䞉Ṕྐ୺⩏ⓗ䛻つᐃ䛥䜜䜛䛸䛣䜝䛾䚸䛂」ᩘ䛾䝰䝜䛛䜙ᡂ䜛䚸┦ᑐⓗ䛺౯್䛾ᵓᡂ䛃䛸䛔䛖ḟඖ䛻䛸䛹䜎䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛰䛛䜙䛣䛭ᙼ䛿䚸ᬑ㐢ⓗ䞉⌮ᛕⓗ䛺౯್䛾ᙉไⓗ䛺ල⌧໬䛻㐣䛞䛺䛔䚸䝣䜯䝅䝈䝮䜔ඹ⏘୺⩏䛜⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ䛺䛔䛧๭ᙜྲྀᘬ䛾≉Ṧᙧែ䛻㐣䛞䛺䛔䛸႑◚䛧䛯䛾䛷䛒䜛29䚹᥮ゝ䛩䜜䜀䚸ᙼ䛿䚸ᑐ❧䛸ጇ༠䠄䛣䜜䛻䛿ከᑡ䛺䜚䛸䜒ᚲ䛪ウ㆟䛜㝶క䛩䜛䠅䛻䜘䛳䛶㐃⥆䛧䛶⏘䜏ฟ䛥䜜䜛ㅖ౯್䛾⤖ྜᵝᘧ䛣䛭䛜䚸ᐇᅾ䛧䛖䜛䚸䛚䛭䜙䛟䛿䜒䛳䛸䜒ỗ⏝ᛶ䛾㧗䛔䚸౯್䛷䛒䜛䛸⪃䛘䛯䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛭䛧䛶䛭䛾ᗙᶆ㍈䛸䛧䛶ᙼ䛜㑅ᢥ䛧䛯䛾䛿䚸Ẹ୺୺⩏䛷䛒䛳䛯30䚹䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䚸ᙼ䛾㆟ㄽ䜢⌧௦ⓗほⅬ䛛䜙ᩜ⾝䛩䜜䜀䚸䛭䜜䛮䜜䛾䝺䝧䝹䛷Ⓨ⏕䛩䜛⤒῭ⓗ฼ᐖᑐ❧䜔ᨻ἞ⓗᑐ❧䛿䚸ᖖ䛻୍ᐃ䛾ጇ༠䜈฿㐩䛧䚸䛭䛾ጇ༠䛿䚸ᙜヱ♫఍䛻䛚䛡䜛㐺ṇ䛺౯್

25 Commons(1934), ibid, vol. 2, p. 681. ᙉㄪ䛿ᘬ⏝⪅䚸௨ୗྠ䛨䚹
26 Ibid, p. 682.
27 Ibid, pp. 683-4.
28 ᐇ㝿ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊ➨ 10 ❶ࠕ㐺ṇ࡞౯್ࠖ➨ 7 ⠇ࠕ㞟ᅋⓗάືࠖ➨ 2 㡯࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⏘ᴗࡢㅖẁ㝵ࢆࠊࠕၟே㈨ᮏ୺

⩏ࠊ⤒Ⴀ⪅㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࠊ㖟⾜ᐙ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࠖ࡜㢟ࡋ࡚ヲ⣽࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ(ibid, Vol. 2. pp. 763-773. )ࠋ
29 Ibid, p.93.
30 ࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ໭ᕝரኴ(2013) ࠕࢪࣙࣥ 㹐㸬ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ୺ᶒㄽ ̾ᵓᡂⓗᶒຊࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ̾ࠖ㸦ⲡ✏㸧ࡀヲࡋ࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࡢ࠸࠺ጇ༠ᴫᛕࡀࠊࡑࡢࠕ⏕ᡂᚋࠖࡢࣔࣀࡢࡳ࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᣦ᦬ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥࡢ࠸࠺ጇ༠ᴫᛕ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ㐃⥆ⓗ࡟ኚ໬ࡍࡿࣔࣀ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺どⅬࡀḞࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ࢔ࣥࢺࢽ࣭࢜ࢿࢢࣜࡢࠕᵓᡂࠖᴫᛕ࡜ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࡑࢀࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ࡋ࡚⪃ᐹࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ௨㝆ࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡶ
ࡇࡢᣦ᦬ࢆ๓ᥦ࡟㆟ㄽࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࠋ13䛻ᚑ䛳䛶ไᗘ䛻⤖ᐇ䛩䜛䚹ᐇ㝿䚸䝞䝑䝌䞊䝸䛻䜘䜜䜀䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾ゝ䛖䚸䛂㐺ṇ࡞ㅖ౯್ࡣࠕ┿ࡢ౯್ࠖࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡞࡝࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊጇ༠ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊᑐ❧ࡋྜ࠺ㅖ฼ᐖ
ࡢ㛫࡛ࠊ㞟ᅋⓗάື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㐩ᡂࡉࢀࡿࠊ㐍໬ⓗጇ༠࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽㅖࠎࡢᑐ❧ࡣᖖ࡟Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㐺ṇ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ぢ࡞ࡉࢀࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡟ࡣࡗࡁࡾ࡜㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛
࠶ࡿࠖ31ࠋ
䛣䛾ጇ༠ᴫᛕ䛜䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛻䛚䛔䛶୍⯡䛻ㄆ㆑䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䜒䛾䛸䜋䛸䜣䛹ኚ䜟䜙䛺䛔䛣䛸䛿᫂䜙䛛䛷䛒䜝䛖䚹䛭䛖䛧䛯ไᗘ䛾ṇᙜ໬㐣⛬䜢㔜ど䛩䜛䡠䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾⌮ㄽ䛿䚸ᚋ䛻㏙䜉䜛䜘䛖䛻䚸䝁䞁䞂䜯䞁䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛸䜒䛭䛾ᇶ♏ⓗ㒊ศ䜢ඹ᭷䛧䛖䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾⌮ㄽ䜢௓䛧䛶䚸䛔䜎䜔䜟䜜䜟䜜䛿䚸ḟ䛾䜘䛖䛻ᐃ⩏䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䚹䛩䛺䜟䛱㞟ᅋⓗάື䛭䛾䜒䛾䛜䚸⮬㌟䜢⥔ᣢ䛧䛶䜖䛟䛯䜑䛻䚸୍ᐃ䛾㐍໬ⓗㄪᩚ㐣⛬䠙ㅖ౯್䛾ጇ༠䛸䛔䛖㐣⛬䜢௓䛧䛶䚸≉ᐃ䛾ලయⓗ䛺ㅖไᗘ(ᵝ䚻䛺䝅䝇䝔䝮䞉䝹䞊䝹䞉ἲᚊ)䜢⏘䜏ฟ䛩䚸䛸䚹䜘䛖䛩䜛䛻䚸䜟䜜䜟䜜䛾⤒῭♫఍䜢ᐇែ䛻༶䛧䛶ほᐹ䛩䜛㝿䛻㔜せ䛺䛣䛸䛿䚸ᬑ㐢ⓗ䛺ಶே䛸ᬑ㐢ⓗ䛺⤒῭䝯䜹䝙䝈䝮䛸䛔䛖ᵓᅗ䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸ᵝ䚻䛺♫఍ⓗ䝺䝧䝹䛷୍ᐃ䛾㝵ᒙᛶ䜢ᣢ䛱䛺䛜䜙Ꮡᅾ䛧䛶䛔䜛㞟ᅋⓗάື䠙ㅖไᗘ䛛䜙䛺䜛⤒῭♫఍䜢䚸ᵝ䚻䛺㞟ᅋ䛸䛭䛾㞟ᅋ䛜ᙧᡂ䛩䜛ㅖάື䛚䜘䜃䛭䛾ㅖάື䛾㐃㙐䛜䜒䛯䜙䛩♫఍ⓗ඲యᛶ䛾ᵓᅗ䛸䜏䛺䛧䛶䚸⤒῭Ꮫⓗ䛺ศᯒ䜢⾜䛖䛣䛸䛺䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹
䠄䠏䠅㻌 䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䜈䛾䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾ไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ䜈䛾⤌䜏㎸䜏㻌䛣䛣䛷䚸䛣䛖䛧䛯䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾⌮ㄽ䜢䚸䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛾ᯟ⤌䜏䛻⤌䜏㎸䜣䛷䜏䜘䛖䚹䝁䝰䞁䝈䛻䜘䜜䜀䚸♫఍⤒῭䛾᭱ᑠ༢఩䛿䛂ಶே䛃䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䛂ㅖಶே䛾㛵ಀ䛃䠄䍦㞟ᅋⓗάື䠅䛛䜙ᵓ⠏䛥䜜䜛䚹䛭䛧䛶䛣䛾ㅖಶே䛾㛵ಀ䛺䛔䛧䛭䛾㛵ಀ䛛䜙ᡂ䜚❧䛴㞟ᅋⓗάື䜢䚸䛴䛺䛞ྜ䜟䛫䜛䛸ྠ᫬䛻䚸䛂ไ⣙䛧䚸ゎᨺ䛩䜛䛃䜒䛾䛣䛭䛜䛂ไᗘ䛃䛷䛒䜛䚹䜟䜜䜟䜜䛿䚸௨ୗ䚸䛣䛾䛴䛺䛜䜚䞉ไ⣙䞉ゎᨺ䛜䜒䛯䜙䛩≧ែ䛾䛣䛸䜢䚸䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛻౫ᣐ䛧䛶䚸䛂ㄪᩚ䛃䛸࿧䜆䚹䛣䛣䛷䛿ไᗘ䛿ᙜヱ♫఍䛾඲యᛶ䜢⥔ᣢ䞉⥅ᢎ䛩䜛䛯䜑䛾䚸ゝ䛔᥮䛘䜜䜀ಶ䚻䛾㛵ಀᛶ䠄௨ୗ䛷䛿㞟ᅋⓗάື䛷⤫୍䠅䜢ㄪᩚ䛧䛶ពᛮ␯㏻䛺䛔䛧ྜពᙧᡂ䜢ྍ⬟䛻䛩䜛䚸䛔䜟䜀䛂፹௓ⓗ䛺䜒䛾䛃䛷䜒䛒䜛䚹䛯䛰䛧䚸䜒䛖୍ᗘ☜ㄆ䛧䛶䛚䛟䛺䜙䜀䚸䛣䛣䛷䛔䛖ไᗘ䛿䛂஧㔜䛾ᶵ⬟䛃䜢᭷䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛩䛺䜟䛱䚸ไᗘ䛿୍᪉䛷䚸䛭䛾㞟ᅋⓗάືෆ㒊䛷䚸ㅖಶே䛜䛹䛾䜘䛖䛻ྜពᙧᡂ䛧䚸䛭䛾㞟ᅋⓗάື䜢㐠Ⴀ䛩䜛䛾䛛䚸䜢つᐃ䛩䜛䛸ྠ᫬䛻䚸௚᪉䛷䚸䛭䛾άື௨እ䛾άື䛸䛾ㄪᩚ䛜䛹䛾䜘䛖䛺ᙧែ䛷⾜䜟䜜䚸䜎䛯䛹䛾䜘䛖䛺ᶵ⬟ⓗ㐃㛵䜢ᣢ䛴䛾䛛䜢䜒䚸Ỵᐃ䛩䜛䚹䛣䛾ㄪᩚ䜢䚸䛂㞟ᅋⓗάືෆ㒊䛷䛾䚸䛚䜘䜃䛭䜜䜙䛾እ㒊䛸䛾ពᛮ␯㏻䛺䛔䛧ྜពᙧᡂ䛃䛸⾲⌧䛷䛝䜛䛺䜙䜀䚸䛣䛾ㄪᩚ䛿䚸ᶵᲔㄽⓗ䞉㑏ඖ୺⩏ⓗ䛻Ỵᐃ䛥䜜䜛䜒䛾䛷䛿䛺䛔䚹䜐䛧䜝䚸䛭䜜䛿䚸๓⠇䛷㏙䜉䛯䜘䛖䛻䚸᭷ᶵⓗ䛛䛴」㞧䛺௙᪉䛷Ỵᐃ䛥䜜䜛䛿䛪䛷䛒䜛䚹䛺䛬䛺䜙䚸䛒䜛㞟ᅋⓗάືෆ㒊䛷䛾䚸䛒䜛䛔䛿௚䛾άື䛸䛾㛫䛷ᵓ⠏䛥䜜䜛䚸䜘䜚኱䛝䛺༢఩䛷䛾㞟ᅋⓗάື䛾䛒䜚᪉䛿䚸䛭䛾άື䜢ྲྀ䜚ᕳ䛟♫఍⤒῭ⓗ⎔ቃ䛾䚸άືෆእ䛷䛾ຊ㛵ಀ䛾䚸䜎䛯䛭䛾ไᗘⓗ⎔ቃ䜢ㄆ▱䛩䜛ㅖ䜰䜽䝍䞊䛾⮬Ⓨⓗពᚿ䠄䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾ゝ䛖 5 䛴䛾ཎ⌮䛾⤖ྜᵝᘧ䠅䛾䚸䛒䜚䜘䛖䛻䚸኱䛝䛟౫Ꮡ䛩䜛䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䚹
31 Bazzoli (1999), ibid, p. 125.

14

䛩䛷䛻㏙䜉䛯䜘䛖䛻䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛿䚸䛣䛖䛧䛯⪃䛘᪉䛻ຍ䛘䛶䚸䛭䛾㛵ಀᛶ䛺䛔䛧㞟ᅋⓗάື䛜䚸䛭䜜䛮䜜䛾♫఍ⓗ䝺䝧䝹䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸⤒῭ⓗ䛺䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛰䛡䛷䛺䛟䚸ᨻ἞ⓗ䛷䚸೔⌮ⓗ䛺ഃ㠃䜢䜒᭷䛧䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䚸䛩䛺䜟䛱┦␗䛺䜛 5 䛴䛾ㅖཎ⌮䛻ᇶ䛵䛔䛶䜰䜽䝍䞊䛿⮬㌟䛾⮬Ⓨⓗពᛮ䜢䜒䛳䛶䛭䛾ㅖཎ⌮䜢ㄪᩚ䛧䚸䜎䛯㞟ᅋάື䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸௚䛾ᵓᡂဨ䛸䛾ᑐ❧䜔ጇ༠䜢⧞䜚㏉䛧䚸୍ᐃ䛾ㄪᩚ䜈䛸⮳䜛䛣䛸䜢ᙉㄪ䛧䛯䚹䛣䛣䛷㔜せ䛺䛾䛿䚸䛣䛾୕䛴䛾ഃ㠃䛿䚸ᖖ䛻ྠ᫬䛻䛭䛾㛵ಀ䛺䛔䛧㞟ᅋⓗάື䛻䛚䛔䛶ᶵ⬟䛧䛶䛔䜛䚸䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䜜䛿䚸㞟ᅋⓗάື䛾Ṕྐⓗኚ໬䛾㐣⛬䛜䚸ᖖ䛻䚸䛂⤒῭ⓗ䞉ᨻ἞ⓗ䞉೔⌮ⓗ䛃䛺ഃ㠃䛛䜙ኚ໬䜢⿕䛳䛶䛔䜛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䜢ព࿡䛩䜛䚹䛣䛖䛧䛯䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾ពᅗ䜢⌧௦ⓗ䛻෌⏕䛥䛫䜛䛾䛷䛒䜜䜀䚸䛂⤒῭௨እ䛾䛣䛸䛃䜢ᡤ୚䛾᮲௳䛻䛩䜛䛾䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䜐䛧䜝䛭䜜䜙୕せ⣲䛾㔜ᒙⓗỴᐃ䛸䛭䛾⤖ྜᵝᘧ䛾䛒䜚᪉䛣䛭䛜䚸♫఍⤒῭䜢Ᏻᐃ䛻ᑟ䛟䛣䛸䜒䛒䜜䜀䚸୙Ᏻᐃ䛻䛧䛯䜚䛩䜛䛸䛸䜙䛘䜛䜉䛝䛺䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹⧞䜚㏉䛧䛻䛺䜛䛜䚸㔜せ䛺䛾䛿䚸䛣䛾୕せ⣲䛾㔜ᒙⓗỴᐃ䛜䚸㞟ᅋⓗάື䛻䛚䛡䜛䛚䛾䛚䛾䛾฼ᐖ㛵ಀ䠄⤒῭ⓗ䛺ᦆᚓ຺ᐃ䠅䛾䜏䛺䜙䛪䚸ே䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ே䛾ᨻ἞ⓗ㛵ಀ䠄ᨻ἞ⓗ䛺ᶒጾ䜔ᣦ᥹࿨௧䠅䛚䜘䜃䛭䜜䛮䜜䛾㞟ᅋⓗάືෆ㒊䛷ㄆ▱䞉ඹ᭷䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛೔⌮ⓗ㛵ಀ䠄ఱ䜢䛩䜉䛝䛷ఱ䜢䛩䜉䛝䛷䛺䛔䛛䛸䛔䛖䛒䜛✀䛾つ⠊䠅䛾䛒䜚᪉䛻኱䛝䛟つᐃ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛Ⅼ䛻䛒䜛䚹䛴䜎䜚㞟ᅋⓗάື䜢ㄪᩚ䛩䜛ḟඖ䛻䛿䚸⤒῭ⓗḟඖ䛰䛡䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸ᨻ἞ⓗ䞉೔⌮ⓗḟඖ䜒ྵ䜎䜜䛽䜀䛺䜙䛺䛔䚸䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛䚹䛭䛧䛶䛣䛖䛧䛯どⅬ䛿䚸䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛷䛿䚸䝤䝹䞊䝜䞉䝔䝺䛻䜘䛳䛶䛩䛷䛻୺ᙇ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛷䜒䛒䜛32䚹䛯䛸䛘䜀䚸௻ᴗ䛷ാ䛔䛶䚸㈈䜢⏕⏘䛧䚸㈍኎䛧䛶䛔䜛௙஦䛻ᑵ䛔䛶䛔䜛ே䛜䛔䜛䚸䛸䛧䜘䛖䚹୍⯡ⓗ䛺᪂ྂ඾ὴⓗୡ⏺䛷䛿䚸௻ᴗ䛿䚸ಶே䛾༢䛺䜛㞟ྜయ䛻㐣䛞䛺䛔䚹䛭䛣䛷䛾ಶே䛿䚸䜒䛳䜁䜙⮬䜙䛾⤒῭ྜ⌮ᛶ䜢㏣ồ䛩䜉䛟䚸౫㢗ே䞉௦⌮ே䠄䝥䝸䞁䝅䝟䝹䞉䜶䞊䝆䜵䞊䞁䝅䞊䠅䛾ཎ⌮䛻ᚑ䛳䛶䚸௚䛾ປാ⪅䛸ಶูዎ⣙䜢⤖䜣䛷䛔䜛䚸䛸௬ᐃ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛33䚹䛣䜜䛿⌮ㄽⓗ䛻䛿ྍ⬟䛺ㄝ᫂䛷䛒䜛䛜䚸⌧ᐇⓗ䛻䛿䛛䛺䜚↓⌮䛾䛒䜛௬ㄝ䛷䛒䜛䚹䛺䛬䛺䜙䚸䛭䛖䛧䛯ಶูዎ⣙䛜᪥䚻ኚ໬䛩䜛⤒῭᝟ໃ䛻䛒䜟䛫䛶䚸㢖⦾䛻᭦᪂䛥䜜䜛≧ែ䜘䜚䜒䚸㞟ᅋⓗάື⤌⧊䛷䛒䜛䚸䛭䛾௻ᴗ䛜㐣ཤ䛛䜙ཷ䛡⥅䛔䛷ᐇ㊶䛧䛶䛔䜛ᵝ䚻䛺䝹䞊䝹䜔ྲྀ䜚Ỵ䜑䞉័⩦䛻ᚑ䛳䛶䚸䜎䛯௻ᴗෆ䛾ᣦ᥹࿨௧䛸䛔䛖ᨻ἞ⓗ㝵ᒙᛶ䛻ᇶ䛵䛔䛶䚸ປാ䜢⾜䛖≧ែ䛾᪉䛜㐭䛛䛻ຠ⋡ⓗ䛷䛒䜛䛾䛿ゝ䛖䜎䛷䜒䛺䛔䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䚹䜎䛯䚸୍⯡ⓗ䛺᪂ྂ඾ὴ䛾⌮ㄽ䛻ᇶ䛵䛟䛸䚸㞟ᅋⓗάື୺య䛸䛧䛶䛾௻ᴗ䛾ከᵝᛶ䛿䚸⪃ᐹ䛾ᑐ㇟䛸䛿䛺䜙䛺䛔䚹䛸䛔䛖䛾䜒䚸䛭䛾ᬑ㐢ⓗ䞉୍⯡ⓗཎ⌮䛿⤒῭ⓗྜ⌮ᛶ䛾ほⅬ䛛䜙䛩䜜䜀䚸၏୍䞉᭱Ⰻ䛾䜒䛾䛧䛛䛺䛔䛿䛪䛰䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䚹ḟ䛻䚸䛣䜜䜎䛷䛻㏙䜉䛶䛝䛯䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾ไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ䛾⌮ㄽ䜢䚸ྠ䛨≧ἣ䛻ᙜ䛶䛿䜑䛶⪃䛘䛶䜏䜘䛖䚹䛭䛾ಶே䛿䚸୍ᐃ䛾ዎ⣙䛻ᇶ䛵䛔䛶㞠⏝䛥䜜䚸ປാ䜢⾜䛖䚹䛧䛛䛧䛣䛾ಶே䛜䛹䛾䜘䛖䛺௙஦䜢䛩䜛䛾䛛䜢䚸⥙⨶ⓗ䛻ዎ⣙䛷⦡䜛䛣䛸䛿䚸䜋䜌୙ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䚹䜐䛧䜝䚸䛭䛾ಶே䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸䛭䛾௻ᴗ䛜✚䜏ୖ䛢䛶䛝䛯௙஦䛾䜔䜚᪉䜔䝹䞊䝹䞉័⩦䠄䛣䜜䛣䛭䜎䛥䛻㐣ཤ䛾ጇ༠䛻ᇶ䛵䛔䛯ไᗘ䛷䛒䜚䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾䛔䛖䝽䞊䜻䞁䜾䞉䝹䞊䝹䛭䛾䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䠅䜢䚸⤌⧊䛸䛧䛶䛾ᨻ἞ⓗ୺ᶒ䜢⏝䛔䛶䚸
32 Bruno Théret (1992) Regime d’ accumulation politique, PUF. 㸦⚄⏣ಟᝋ࣭୰ཎ㝯ᖾ࣭Ᏹோᏹᖾ࣭㡲⏣ᩥ᫂ヂࠗ⛒⛯ᅜᐙࡢࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ࠘
ࠊୡ⏺᭩㝔ࠊ2001 ᖺ㸧ࠊ୰ཎ㝯ᖾ (2010) ࠗ⛒⛯ᅜᐙࡢࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ࠘
ࠊࢼ࢝ࢽࢩࣖฟ∧ࠊࢆཧ↷ࠋ
33 ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ᪂ไᗘᏛὴࡢࠊࣟࢼࣝࢻ࣭ࢥ࣮ࢫ࡟ࡼࡿࠕྲྀᘬ㈝⏝ࠖࡢ⌮ㄽࡣ᝿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ

15ᙉไ䛩䜛䞉䛒䜛䛔䛿ㄝᚓ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛾᪉䛜䛛䛺䜚୍⯡ⓗ䛷䛒䜛䚹䜎䛯䛚䛾䛚䛾䛾௻ᴗ䛻䛿䚸୍ᐃ䛾ඹ᭷䛥䜜䛯⌮ᛕ䛾䜘䛖䛺䜒䛾䛜Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䛣䛸䜒䜎䛯ྰᐃ䛧ᚓ䛺䛔䚹䛣䛖䛧䛯⌮ᛕ䛿䚸༢䛺䜛䛚㢟┠䛸䛺䛳䛶䛧䜎䛖䛣䛸䜒䛒䜛䛰䜝䛖䛜䚸ඹྠయ䛸䛧䛶䛾௻ᴗ䛾⤌⧊ⓗจ㞟ᛶ䛻䚸኱䛺䜚ᑠ䛺䜚ᙳ㡪䜢୚䛘䜛䛣䛸䛿ྰ䜑䛺䛔䛷䛒䜝䛖䚹䛣䜜䜙䛾ไᗘ䛿䚸ປാ⪅䛜䚸⮬䜙䛾ປാ䛻䛚䛔䛶ᵝ䚻䛺ၥ㢟䛻┤㠃䛧䛯䛸䛝䚸䛭䜜䜢ゎỴ䛩䜛᪉ἲ䛸䛧䛶ຊ䜢Ⓨ᥹䛩䜛䛸ྠ᫬䛻䚸䛭䛾ປാ⪅䜢኱䛝䛟ไ⣙䛩䜛䜒䛾䛷䜒䛒䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛥䜙䛻䛣䛾஦౛䛷㔜せ䛺Ⅼ䛜Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䚹䛣䛖䛧䛯ㅖไᗘ䠄䝽䞊䜻䞁䜾䞉䝹䞊䝹䚸ᨻ἞ⓗᶒጾ䚸೔⌮ⓗつ⠊䠅䛿䚸ᖖ䛻୍ᐃ䛷䛿䛺䛔䚸䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛜䛭䜜䛷䛒䜛䚹䛸䛔䛖䛾䜒䚸䛭䛾௻ᴗ䛜┤㠃䛩䜛⤒῭᝟ໃ䛾ኚ໬䚸䛴䜎䜚௚䛾㞟ᅋⓗάື䠄䛺䛔䛧䛭䜜䜙䛸䛾᭷ᶵⓗ㐃㛵䛾඲య䠅䛜䛖䜏䛰䛧䛯䚸⤒῭ⓗ᮲௳䜔ไᗘⓗ⎔ቃ䛾ኚ໬䛻ᑐᛂ䛧䛺䛡䜜䜀䚸䛭䛾௻ᴗ䛿ಽ⏘䛾༴ᶵ䛻┤㠃䛩䜛䛛䜒䛧䜜䛺䛔䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䜜䛿ಶ䚻䛾㞟ᅋⓗάື䛜䚸♫఍⤒῭䝅䝇䝔䝮䛻䛚䛔䛶᏶඲䛻⮬ᚊ䛧䛶䛔䛺䛔䛣䛸䛾ドᕥ䛷䜒䛒䜚䚸䛭䛾௚䛾㞟ᅋⓗពᛮ␯㏻䛚䜘䜃┦஫౫Ꮡ䛾䛒䜚᪉䛣䛭䛜䚸䛭䛾௻ᴗ䛾⦾ᰤ䜢䜒䛯䜙䛩䛣䛸䛾ドᕥ䛷䜒䛒䜝䛖䚹䛣䛾ሙྜ䚸ᚑ᮶䛾⛛ᗎ䜢䜒䛯䜙䛧䛶䛔䛯ไᗘ䛿䚸ኚ᭦䜢వ൤䛺䛟䛥䜜䜛䚹䛣䜜䛿௻ᴗ䛷䜒䚸ᅜᐙ䛷䜒䚸஦᝟䛿ྠ䛨䛷䛒䜛䚹䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁Ꮫὴ䛾䝻䝧䞊䝹䞉䝪䝽䜲䜶䛜ዲ䜣䛷ᘬ⏝䛩䜛䚸䞂䜱䝇䝁䞁䝔䜱䛾ᡙ᭤䛄ᒣ⊧䛅䛻Ⓩሙ䛩䜛䚸䛂ఱ䜒ኚ䜟䜙䛺䛔䛯䜑䛻䛿䚸⮬䜙䛜ኚ䜟䜛ᚲせ䛜䛒䜛䛃䠄䠙௨๓䛸ኚ䜟䜙䛼ᡂ㛗䜢㐙䛢䜛䛯䜑䛻䛿䛭䜜䜎䛷䛾ไᗘ䜢ኚ᭦䛧䛺䛡䜜䜀䛺䜙䛺䛔䠅䛸䛔䛖ẚ႘䛿䛣䛣䛷䜒䜎䛥䛻ṇ㭀䜢ᑕ䛶䛔䜛䛸䛔䛘䜛䛷䛒䜝䛖䚹䛭䛾㝿䚸䛭䛾ไᗘኚ໬䜢୺ᑟ䛩䜛䛾䛿䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛜୺䛯䜛ศᯒᑐ㇟䛸䛧䚸䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛜᭱䜒㔜ど䛩䜛䚸㈤ປാ㛵ಀ䛾䛒䜚᪉䛷䛒䜛䚹ᐇ㝿䚸Ẹ୺୺⩏ⓗ䛺೔⌮ⓗつ⠊䛜ᾐ㏱䛧䛶䛔䜛䛺䜙䚸ປാ⤌ྜ䛸⤒Ⴀ⪅䛸䛾ᅋయ஺΅䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸䛭䛾ኚ໬䛻ᑐᛂ䛩䜛䛷䛒䜝䛖䛧䚸䝖䝑䝥䝎䜴䞁ᆺ䛾䠄䛴䜎䜚⊂⿢ⓗ䛺೔⌮つ⠊䛜ᨭ㓄䛧䛶䛔䜛䠅௻ᴗ䛷䛒䜜䜀䚸⤒Ⴀ⪅୺ᑟᆺ䛾ᨵ㠉䛜୍Ẽ䛻㐍䜐䛷䛒䜝䛖䚹䛭䛾䛔䛪䜜䛾䜿䞊䝇䛷䜒䚸㞟ᅋⓗάື䛸䛧䛶䛾௻ᴗ䛾ኚ໬䜢᪉ྥ௜䛡䜛䛾䛿䚸䛭䛾⤒῭ⓗ㛵ಀ䛰䛡䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䛭䛾㞟ᅋⓗάື䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸⤌⧊䛜㐣ཤ䛛䜙⥅ᢎ䛧䚸⌧ᅾᡤ᭷䛧䛶䛔䜛䚸ᨻ἞ⓗ䞉೔⌮ⓗ㛵ಀ䛷䛒䜚䚸䛣䜜䜙䛛䜙ᡂ䜛ㅖไᗘ䛜䛭䛾ኚ໬䛻኱䛝䛟ᙳ㡪䛧䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛿㛫㐪䛔䛺䛔䛷䛒䜝䛖䚹䛣䛾䜘䛖䛻⪃䛘䜛䛺䜙䜀䚸௻ᴗ䜔ᅜᐙ䛜༴ᶵ䛻┤㠃䛧䛶䛭䜜䛻ᑐᛂ䛩䜛䛺䛛䛷䚸㞟ᅋⓗάື䛸䛧䛶䛾䚸♫఍ⓗ඲యᛶ䛾፹௓ⓗᏑᅾ䛸䛧䛶䛾䚸௻ᴗ䜔ᅜᐙ䛜㑅ᢥ䛩䜛㐨䛿ከᵝᛶ䜢᭷䛩䜛䛿䛪䛷䛒䜛䚹䛭䛾㝈䜚䛷䚸䛴䜎䜚Ṕྐⓗ䛻ኚ໬䛧䛶䛝䛯Ꮡᅾ䛸䛧䛶䛾௻ᴗ䜔ᅜᐙ䛜ከᵝ䛷䛒䜛㝈䜚䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸♫఍ⓗ඲యᛶ䜒䜎䛯ከᵝ䛺ไᗘⓗᵓᅗ䜢ᖏ䜃䜛䚹䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䚸ㅖ⤒῭䛾ከᵝᛶ䛾※Ἠ䛿䚸㞟ᅋⓗάື䛛䜙䜒䛯䜙䛥䜜䜛ㅖไᗘ䛾⏕ᡂ䞉Ⓨᒎ䞉⾶㏥䛾㐣⛬䛾䛺䛛䛻䛣䛭Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹ྛᅜẸᅜᐙ䛾ᡂ㛗䛾䛒䜚᪉䜢ศᯒ䛧䛶䚸┿䛻䛭䛾㐪䛔䜢䚸䜎䛯䛭䛾せᅉ䜢ẚ㍑ศᯒ䛧䛯䛔䛸ᛮ䛖䛺䜙䜀䚸ᙜヱ⤒῭䛜⏘䜏ฟ䛩䝟䝣䜷䞊䝬䞁䝇䛾㔞ⓗᕪ␗䜔ไᗘ䛾ᙧែୖ䞉ᶵ⬟ୖ䛾ᕪ␗䛻╔┠䛩䜛䛰䛡䛷䛺䛟䚸䛣䛾ㅖไᗘ䛾ືែⓗ䛺㐣⛬䛭䛾䜒䛾䜢䜒Ṕྐⓗ䞉ᐇドⓗ䛻ศᯒ䛧䛺䛡䜜䜀䛺䜙䛺䛔䛸䛔䛘䜛䚹䛭䛣䛷ᚓ䜙䜜䛯䚸ᙜヱ⤒῭䛻ᅛ᭷䛾ㅖไᗘ䛾ᶵ⬟䜔䛭䛾䝟䝣䜷䞊䝬䞁䝇䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾▱ぢ䛿䚸ู䛾ᅜẸᅜᐙ⤒῭䛻ᙜ↛ᇙ䜑㎸䜏ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䛜䚸䛯䛸䛘䛭䛖䛧䛯ᇙ䜑㎸䜏䛜ᡂຌ⿬䛻⤊䜟䛳䛯䛸䛧䛶䜒䚸䛭䜜䛿ඖ䚻䛾ไᗘ䜢⏕䜏ฟ䛧䛯⤒῭䛾♫఍ⓗ඲యⓗᵓᅗ䛸ྠ୍䛻䛺䜛䛸䛿㝈䜙䛺䛔䚹䜐16䛧䜝᪂䛧䛔ㅖไᗘ䜢ᇙ䜑㎸䜎䜜䛯⤒῭䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸䛂ΰྜⓗ䛺䜒䛾䛃(䝝䜲䝤䝸䝑䝗ᆺ)䛜䚸䛴䜎䜚䝰䝕䝹䛸䛧䛯⤒῭䛸䛿ู䛾ᵝែ䛜䜒䛯䜙䛥䜜䜛䛿䛪䛷䛒䜛䚹䛥䜙䛻䛔䛘䜀䚸䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛷䛿䚸㈤ປാ㛵ಀ௨እ䛻䜒䚸ከ䛟䛾ไᗘㅖᙧែ䛜Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䚹䛧䛛䛧䛺䛜䜙䛣䜜䜒䜎䛯䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾⌮ㄽ䜈䛾⤌䜏㎸䜏䛜ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䚹䛭䜜䛿䚸♫఍ⓗ඲య䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸⮬Ⓨⓗពᚿ䜢᭷䛩䜛䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛜఩⨨䛩䜛䚸♫఍ⓗ䝺䝧䝹䛾㐪䛔䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸䜎䛯䚸ᙜヱ䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛻䛚䛔䛶ㅖᐇ㊶䜢ᶵ⬟䛫䛧䜑䜛ㅖཎ⌮䛾㛫䛷䛾ᑐ❧䛸ጇ༠䛻䛚䛡䜛ᵝᘧ䛾㐪䛔䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸ල⌧໬䛥䜜䜛ไᗘㅖᙧែ䛜␗䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛻䜘䛳䛶ㄝ᫂ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䚹䛯䛸䛘䜀䚸ᅜᐙᙧែ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸ຠ⋡ᛶ䛾ཎ⌮䜘䜚䜒୺ᶒ䛸ᮍ᮶ᚿྥᛶ䛾䛭䜜䛜䚸ᙜヱ䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛻㛵୚䛩䜛䜰䜽䝍䞊䛯䛱䛻䜘䛳䛶ඃඛⓗ䛻ㄆ▱䛥䜜䚸ㅖ౯್䛾⤖ྜᵝᘧ䛜స⏝䛧䚸䛭䛧䛶䛭䛾ᵝᘧ䛻ᚑ䛳䛶䚸䛭䛾㛵ಀ䛜⛛ᗎ௜䛡䜙䜜䚸ᅜᐙ䛾ไᗘㅖᙧែ䛜㢧⌧䛩䜛䚸䛸䛔䛳䛯ලྜ䛷䛒䜛䚹䠄䠐䠅㻌 䝁䞁䞂䜯䞁䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛾䝁䝰䞁䝈ไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ⌮ㄽ䜈䛾ྲྀ䜚㎸䜏㻌㻌 䛸䛣䜝䛷䚸䛩䛷䛻㏙䜉䛯䜘䛖䛻䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛿䚸䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛾άື䛛䜙⏘䜏ฟ䛥䜜䜛䚸㐺ṇ䛺ㅖ౯್䜢䚸᭱⤊ⓗ䛻䛿ἲⓗḟඖ䛷ṇᙜ໬䛩䜛䛣䛸䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸⤒῭♫఍䜢䝁䞁䝖䝻䞊䝹䛩䜉䛝䛷䛒䜛䛸⪃䛘䛶䛔䛯䚹䛣䛾䛣䛸䜢䜒䛳䛶䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾⌮ㄽ䛿䚸䛧䜀䛧䜀䛂䜰䝯䝸䜹㈨ᮏ୺⩏䜢≉ᶒ໬䛧䛯䛃䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛸ホ䛥䜜䜛34䚹䛯䛧䛛䛻ᙼ䛿䚸ಶ䚻䛾䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛛䜙䜒䛯䜙䛥䜜䜛䚸㐺ṇ䛺౯್䛻ᇶ䛵䛔䛶㈨ᮏ୺⩏♫఍䜢䚸᭱⤊ⓗ䛻ἲⓗḟඖ䛷䝁䞁䝖䝻䞊䝹䛩䜛䠄᭱㧗⿢ุᡤ⿢ุᐁ䛾䝁䝰䞁䝉䞁䝇ᖖ ㆑ 䛜⏘䜏ฟ䛩ุ౛䠅䛣䛸䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸ᙜ᫬⊂༨䛜ᖖែ໬䛧䛶䛔䛯㈨ᮏ୺⩏♫఍䜢䚸⮬↛Ὲử䛻䜘䜛㐍໬䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸ἲ䛻ᇶ䛵䛟䛂ேᕤⓗῈử䛃䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸䜘䜚䜘䛝㐨䜈㐍䜑䜛䛣䛸䜢䡠⪃䛘䛶䛔䛯䚹䛧䛛䛧䛣䜜䛿䚸⿢ุᐁಶே䛾୺ほⓗ䛺೔⌮ほ䛾㈷≀䛷䛿䛺䛔䚹䝞䝑䝌䞊䝸 (1999)䛻䜘䜜䜀䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛿䜰䜽䝍䞊䛻䜘䜛䝁䝰䞁䝉䞁䝇䛾Ⓨື䛻䚸䛂ඹྠⓗ䛺ே㛫䛾೔⌮䛃䛜௓ᅾ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䜢䚸䛩䛺䜟䛱♫఍ⓗ඲య䛻䛚䛡䜛ㅖ೔⌮䛾ጇ༠䛜཯ᫎ䛥䜜䛶䛔䛺䛡䜜䜀䛺䜙䛺䛔䛣䛸䜢ぢ䛶ྲྀ䛳䛶䛔䛯䛾䛷䛒䜛35䚹䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䚸䜟䜜䜟䜜䛻䛸䛳䛶㔜せ䛺䛾䛿ㅖ䜰䜽䝍䞊䛾䝁䝰䞁䝉䞁䝇䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䛭䛾䝁䝰䞁䝉䞁䝇䛜䛹䛾䜘䛖䛺♫఍ⓗ඲యᛶ䛛䜙ᵓᡂ䛥䜜䛯䛾䛛䚸䜎䛯䛹䛾䜘䛖䛻䛧䛶䛭䛾䜘䛖䛺䝁䝰䞁䝉䞁䝇䛜䛭䛾᫬௦䛻♫఍ⓗ඲య䜢⾲㇟䛩䜛䝰䝜䛸䛺䜚ᚓ䛯䛾䛛䚸䜢ศᯒ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛䚹䛩䛷䛻ᘬ⏝䛧䛯䜘䛖䛻䚸䝞䝑䝌䞊䝸䛻䜘䜜䜀䚸䛂䛆䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾ゝ䛖䛇ேᕤⓗῈử䛸䛔䛖⾲⌧䛷䛾㐍໬䛾ศᯒ䛿ㅖ䝹䞊䝹䛾ホ౯䛸䛔䛖ㅖ㐣⛬䛾⤫ྜ䛸୙ྍศ䛷䛒䜛䚹䛴䜎䜚ㅖ䚻䛾㑅ᢥ䛿ㅖ౯್䛻䜘䛳䛶ᖖ䛻ᑟ䛛䜜䜛䛾䛷䛒䜚䚸䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶ㅖ౯್䛜ศᯒ䛾୰ᚰⓗᆅ఩䜢⋓ᚓ䛩䜛䛃36䚹ඛ䛻䚸䛣䛾ᩥゝ䜢䜟䜜䜟䜜䛿䚸౯್䛾」ᩘᛶ䛸䛭䛾ホ౯䞉ุ᩿䛾⤖ྜᵝᘧ䛾ከᵝᛶ䛸䛔䛖⠊␪䛻ᤊ䛘┤䛧䛯䚹䛧䛛䛧䛺䛜䜙䚸䛣䛾⠊␪䛿䚸䛒䛟䜎䛷䜒䚸䜒䛳䜁䜙䝺䜼䝳䝷䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛜౫ᣐ䛩䜛䚸ᵓ㐀୺⩏ⓗ䛺ᯟ⤌䜏䛻䛚䛔䛶䛾䜏᭷ຠ䛷䛒䜛䚹䛸䛔䛖䛾䜒䚸䛣䛾⪃䛘᪉䛷䛿䚸⌧ᅾ䛛䜙ᮍ᮶䜈ྥ䛡䛶䛾ㅖ౯್䛾⤖ྜᵝᘧ䛾䛒䜚᪉䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿ၥ䛖䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䛶䜒䚸ㅖ౯್䛸䛭䛾⤖ྜᵝᘧ䛾ከᵝᛶ䛜䚸䛹䛾䜘䛖䛺㐣ཤ䛾ㅖ౯್䛾ᑐ❧䛸ጇ༠䛛䜙ᵓᡂ䛥䜜䚸䛔䛛䛻䛧䛶ㅖ䜰䜽䝍䞊䛾䛂ไᗘ໬䛥䜜䛯⢭⚄䛃䜢ᵓᡂ䛩䜛䛻⮳

34 Chavance (2007) ๓ᥖ㑥ヂ᭩ࠊ148㸫9 㡫ࠋ
35 Bazzoli, (1999), ibid, p. 127.
36 Ibid, p.125. 䛆㻌 䛇ෆ䛚䜘䜃ᙉㄪ䛿ᘬ⏝⪅䛻䜘䜛䚹17䛳䛯䛾䛛䚸䛻䛴䛔䛶ၥ䛖䛣䛸䛿䛷䛝䛺䛔䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䚹䛔䛖䛺䜜䜀䚸䛣䛾⪃䛘᪉䛷䛿䚸ㅖ౯್䛾Ꮡᅾ䛭䛾䜒䛾䛿䚸ᵓ㐀䛾ᵓᡂせ⣲䛾୍㒊䛷䛒䜚䚸䛭䛾๓ᥦ᮲௳䛻㐣䛞䛺䛔䚹䜟䜜䜟䜜䛿䚸䛂ไᗘ໬䛥䜜䛯⢭⚄䛃䛻ᵓ㐀໬䛥䜜䚸䛭䜜䜢ᵓ㐀໬䛧䛶䛔䜛䚸♫఍ⓗᐇయ䛸䛭䜜䜢⾲㇟䛩䜛䛂౯್✵㛫䛃䛸䛾㛵ಀ䜢䚸♫఍⤒῭ᵓ㐀䛾㐍໬䛸䛔䛖ᵓᅗ䛾୰䛻⤌䜏㎸䜎䛽䜀䛺䜙䛺䛔䚹䜟䜜䜟䜜䛿䚸䛣䛾ᵓᅗ䛾᏶ᡂ䛾䛯䜑䛻䛿䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾ไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ䜈䛾䝁䞁䞂䜯䞁䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛾⤌䜏㎸䜏䛜ᚲせ䛷䛒䜛䛸⪃䛘䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹ᐇ㝿䚸䝁䞁䞂䜯䞁䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾ไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ䛾㝸䛯䜚䛿䚸䛥䜋䛹኱䛝䛺䜒䛾䛷䛿䛺䛔䚹䛯䛸䛘䜀䚸䝞䝔䜱䝣䝸䜶䚸䝗䜳䞉䝷䝹䜻䜶(2001)䛿䚸ḟ䛾䜘䛖䛻㏙䜉䛶䛔䜛䚹䝁䞁䞂䜯䞁䝅䜸䞁

䛂䠄䞉䞉䞉䠅䚸 ័ ⾜ 䛿㞟ᅋ䛾୰䛻䛚䛔䛶䛾䜏ព࿡䜢ᣢ䛴䚹ே䛿䛯䛳䛯୍ே䛷䜒䝹䞊䝔䜱䞁䛻ᚑ䛖䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䛜䚸័⾜ᴫᛕ䛜㐺ྜᛶ䜢᭷䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䛿䚸ᑡ䛺䛟䛸䜒஧ேᚲせ䛷䛒䜛䚹䠄䞉䞉䞉䠅㞟ᅋ䛜≉ᐃ䛥䜜䜜䜀䚸䛒䜛័⾜䛜䛒䜛⾜Ⅽ䜢ಁ䛩䛣䛸䛻䛺䜛䚹䠄䞉䞉䞉䠅័⾜䛻ᚑ䛖䛣䛸䚸䛭䜜䛿௦᭰ⓗ䛺㑅ᢥ䛾୰䛷୍䛴䛾ྍ⬟ᛶ䜢㑅䜆䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䛾㑅ᢥ䛿䚸⦓ᐦ䛺㑅ᢥ䝸䝇䝖䛻᰿ᣐ䜢⨨䛔䛶䛔䜛䜟䛡䛷䛿䛺䛔䚹䛣䛾ព࿡䛷័⾜䛿᜛ពⓗ䛷䛒䜛䚹㔜せ䛺䛣䛸䛿䚸័⾜䛾ෆᐜ䛭䛾䜒䛾䠄䞉䞉䞉䠅䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䜐䛧䜝័⾜䛜⾜Ⅽ䜢ㄪᩚ䛩䜛䠄䞉䞉䞉䠅䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛䛃37䚹䝁䝰䞁䝈䛿䚸䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛾᭱ᑠ䛾ᵓᡂ༢఩䜢஧ே䛾┦ᑐ䛩䜛ㅖಶே䛾㛵ಀ䛸䜏䛺䛧䛯䚹䜎䛯㞟ᅋⓗάື䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸♫఍ⓗ័⾜䛜⮬Ⓨⓗពᚿ䛾୍㒊䜢༨䜑䜛䛣䛸䜢ᙉㄪ䛧䛯䚹䛭䛧䛶䛣䛖䛧䛯⮬Ⓨពᛮ䛾Ⓨື༢఩䛸䛧䛶䛾䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛜䚸䛭䜜⮬㌟䛾ෆ㒊䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸䜎䛯௚䛾䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛸䛾㛵ಀ䛾୰䛷䚸ᑐ❧䜢⤒䛶ጇ༠䛻⮳䜛䛣䛸䜢♧䛧䛯䚹䛣䛖䛧䛯䛣䛸䛛䜙䛩䜜䜀䚸ୖ䛻ᘬ⏝䛧䛯ᩥゝ䛿䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾⪃䛘䛸䛛䛺䜚㢮ఝ䛧䛯䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛䚹୍ぢ䛧䛯䛸䛣䜝䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾䛂5 䛴䛾ཎ⌮䛃䛾䛖䛱䚸䛂♫఍ⓗ័⾜(custom)䛃䛰䛡䛜䛂័⾜(convention)䛃䛻ᑐᛂ䛩䜛䜘䛖䛻ᛮ䜟䜜䜛䛜䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾䛂5 䛴䛾ཎ⌮䛃䜢䚸䜰䜽䝍䞊䛾⮬Ⓨⓗពᚿ䛻ᇶ䛵䛟⾜Ⅽ䛻䛚䛡䜛䚸䛒䜛✀䛾ホ౯䞉౯್ุ᩿䛾ཎ⌮ⓗᇶ┙䛸ぢ䛺䛩䜟䜜䜟䜜䛛䜙䛩䜜䜀䚸䝁䞁䞂䜯䞁䝅䜸䞁䛿䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾ゝ䛖 5 䛴䛾ཎ⌮䛾䛩䜉䛶䛻㛵䜟䛳䛶䛔䜛38䚹䛺䛬䛺䜙䚸䛯䛸䛘䜀⤒῭ⓗ䛺䜒䛾䛾㡿ᇦ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸䛂ຠ⋡ᛶ䛃䛾ཎ⌮䛜䚸ᨻ἞ⓗ䛾䜒䛾䛾㡿ᇦ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸䛂୺ᶒ䛃䛾䛭䜜䛜ඃඛ䛥䜜䜛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛿䚸䛴䜎䜚䚸䛂ຠ⋡ᛶ䜔୺ᶒ䛸䛔䛳䛯ㅖཎ⌮䛃䜢㑅ᢥⓗ䛻ᚿྥ䛩䜛䜘䛖䛻௙ྥ䛡䜛ఱ䛛䛜♫఍⤒῭䛻䛚䛔䛶Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛻௚䛺䜙䛺䛔䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䚹䝁䞁䞂䜯䞁䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛿䚸䛭䜜䜢䝁䞁䞂䜯䞁䝅䝵䞁䛻䚸䛴䜎䜚䛿䛂ඹ᭷䛥䜜䛯౯್✵㛫䛃䛸䛔䛖♫఍ⓗᵓ⠏≀䛻ồ䜑䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹ᐇ㝿䚸⥆䛡䛶䝞䝔䜱䝣䝸䜶䚸䝗䜳䞉䝷䝹䜻䜶䛿䚸ḟ䛾䜘䛖䛻㏙䜉䜛䚹䛂୰ᚰⓗ䛺ㄽⅬ䛿䚸័⾜䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾ྲྀ䜚Ỵ䜑䜙䜜䛯䚸䛒䜛䛔䛿័౛䛸䛺䛳䛯ᐃᘧ໬䛜Ꮡᅾ䛧䛺䛔䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䛾䛣䛸䛿䚸つ๎䛜័⾜䛸䛧䛶ᶵ⬟䛩䜛䛾䛿䚸つ๎䛜䛭䛾㉳※䛾⑞㊧䜢႙ኻ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛛
37 Batifoulier, Philippe. eds (2001) Theorie des Conventions, ECONOMICA.㸦ᾏ⪁ሯ࣭᫂㡲⏣ᩥ᫂┘ヂࠗࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥ

ࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࡢᑕ⛬࠘ࠊ᫛࿴ᇽࠊ2006 ᖺ㸧ࠊ㑥ヂ 3㸫4 㡫ࠋᙉㄪࡣᘬ⏝⪅࡟ࡼࡿࠋ
38 ࡓࡔࡋࠊࡼࡾṇ☜࡟ࡣࠊࠕࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥࠖࡣᖖ࡟ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬⓗ࡞ព࿡࡛ࡢࠊ
ࠕ⮬Ⓨⓗពᛮࠖ࡜㔜࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ

ࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥࡢ࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡣࠊ
ࠕุ᩿ࡢ᰿ᣐࢆၥ࠺ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⬟ືⓗ࡞ព࿡ࡼࡾࡶࡴࡋࢁࠊࠕࡑࡢุ᩿ࡢ᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠖ
࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡀ័⾜ࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡚ࡑࢀ࡟ᚑ࠺࡜࠸࠺ഃ㠃ࡀᙉ࠸ࠋࡔࡀࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡢሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡀࠕ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡞ࠖ⾜Ⅽ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡣ㛫㐪࠸࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ

18䜙䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖஦ᐇ䛻㉳ᅉ䛩䜛䛃39䚹䛣䛾ᩥゝ䛿䚸័⾜䛭䛾䜒䛾䛜䚸䛭䛾㉳※䜢ᛀ䜜ཤ䜙䜜䛯䛂ᵓ㐀䛃䛾୍✀䛷䛒䜚䚸♫఍ⓗ඲య䛻䛚䛔䛶ㄆ▱䛥䜜䚸䛭䛣䛻ᐇయ䛸䛧䛶Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䚸䝅䝇䝔䝮䛾୍㒊䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䜢䚸ᬯ♧䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛥䜙䛻ゝ䛖䛺䜙䚸䛂័⾜䛿᜛ពⓗ䛷䛒䜛䛃䛸䛔䛖䛾䛿䚸ㅖ䜰䜽䝍䞊䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒䚸䜎䛯䝁䝰䞁䝈䛾ゝ䛖䚸㞟ᅋⓗάື䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒ඃඛ䛧䛶㑅ᢥⓗ䛻ᚿྥ䛥䜜䜛ㅖཎ⌮䛜䚸♫఍ⓗ఩┦䛾䛺䛛䛷㞟ᅋⓗάື䛜⨨䛛䜜䜛఩⨨䛻䜘䛳䛶␗䛺䜛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛䚹䝪䝹䝍䞁䝇䜻䞉䝔䞂䝜䛿䚸䛂ඹ᭷䛥䜜䛯౯್✵㛫䛃䜢䛂䝅䝔(cité)䛃䛸࿧䜣䛰40䚹䛭䜜䛻䜘䜜䜀䚸ᵝ䚻䛺㡿ᇦ䚸㞟ᅋⓗάື䛜䚸᫬㛫䛸✵㛫䛻ᑐᛂ䛧䛴䛴䚸ᵝ䚻䛺౯್䛸䛭䜜䜙䛻ᑐᛂ䛩䜛つ⠊ⓗ⛛ᗎ䜢ᙧᡂ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ᐃ⩏䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䛯䛸䛘䜀䚸ᕷሙⓗ䞉ᕤᴗⓗ䞉ᕷẸ♫఍ⓗ䞉ྡኌⓗㅖ䛂౯್䛃䛸䛔䛳䛯䜒䛾䛜䛭䜜䛷䛒䜛䚹䛭䛧䛶䛣䛣䛻䛚䛔䛶᭱䜒㔜せ䛺䛣䛸䛿䚸䛣䜜䜙䛾౯್✵㛫䛜䚸ウ㆟䜢㏻䛨䛶䜰䜽䝍䞊䛯䛱䛻ㄆ▱䛥䜜䚸ᢈุ䛥䜜䜛䛣䛸䜢㏻䛨䛶䚸䛭䛾ṇᙜᛶ䜢♫఍ⓗ඲య䛾୰䛷⋓ᚓ䛧䛶䛔䛟䚸䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛41䚹
䛩䛷䛻㏙䜉䛯䜘䛖䛻䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䜒䜎䛯䚸䛂ṇᙜ໬䛸䛔䛖ྜ⌮໬䛾䝥䝻䝉䝇䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸ಶேⓗ⾜ື䛾䝁䞁䝖䝻䞊䝹䛻䛚䛡䜛ᑗ᮶䛾㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ື䛾䛯䜑䛾䝽䞊䜻䞁䜾䞉䝹䞊䝹䛻ᐃᘧ໬䛩䜛䛣䛸䛃42䜢୺ᙇ䛧䛯䚹䝁䝰䞁䝈䛿䚸䛣䛾䝥䝻䝉䝇䛾ᇶ┙䜢䚸ἲⓗḟඖ䛻䜘䜛ไᗘ䛾䝁䞁䝖䝻䞊䝹䛻ồ䜑䛴䛴䜒䚸䝂䞊䜲䞁䜾䞉䝁䞁䝃䞊䞁䛻䛚䛔䛶䛂♫఍ⓗ័⾜䛃䛜ᯝ䛯䛩ᙺ๭䜢Ỵ䛧䛶┳㐣䛧䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹䛒䛘䛶ゝ䛖䛺䜙䚸䝁䞁䞂䜯䞁䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䛿䚸䛣䛾䛂♫఍ⓗ័⾜䛃䛻╔┠䛧䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䜔䞂䜵䝤䝺䞁䛜ඛ㠴䜢䛴䛡䛯䛂័⩦䛾⤒῭Ꮫ䛃䜢䚸ู⣔⤫䛛䜙⢭⦓໬䛧䛯䜒䛾䛻௚䛺䜙䛺䛔䚹䛸䜚䜟䛡䚸ṇᙜ໬䛸䛔䛖䝥䝻䝉䝇䜢䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䜒䝁䞁䞂䜯䞁䝅䜸䞁⌮ㄽ䜒䛸䜒䛻㔜ど䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛿䚸┦␗䛺䜛䜰䜽䝍䞊ෆ㒊䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸䛭䛧䛶䜰䜽䝍䞊㛫䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸ඹ᭷䛥䜜䛯ㅖ౯್䛜ከᵝᛶ䜢ᖏ䜃䛶䛚䜚䚸䛭䜜䜙䛜♫఍ᛶ䜢᭷䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䛿䚸ከᵝ䛺㡿ᇦ䛷䛾ᑐ❧䛸ጇ༠䛜ᚲせ䛷䛒䜛䚸䛸⪃䛘䛶䛔䜛䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䛾㝈䜚䛷䚸䛂ṇᙜ໬䛃䛸䛔䛖ཎ⌮䛿䚸Ẹ୺୺⩏ⓗ䝥䝻䝉䝇䛻୙ྍḞ䛾䜒䛾䛷䛒䜚䚸䝣䜯䝅䝈䝮䚸ඹ⏘୺⩏䚸䛭䛧䛶⌧௦䛷䛿᪂⮬⏤୺⩏䛸䛔䛖䛂඲య୺⩏䛃䛾㊙ᡫ䛿䚸䛣䛖䛧䛯ㅖ౯್䛾ᑐ❧䛸ጇ༠䜢᰿ᗏ䛛䜙๤ዣ䛩䜛䜒䛾䛾ල⌧໬䛻௚䛺䜙䛺䛔䛷䛒䜝䛖䚹᭱ᚋ䛻䚸䛣䜜䜎䛷䛾㆟ㄽ䜢ᅗ⾲໬䛧䛶䛚䛣䛖䠄ᩥᮎ䛾ᅗ⾲ 3 䜢ཧ↷䠅䚹⤊䜟䜚䛻㻌䝁䝰䞁䝈䛿䚸ㅖ౯್䛾ၥ㢟䜢㔜ど䛧䛯䚸ᕼ᭷䛾⤒῭Ꮫ⪅䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹䛭䛧䛶ᙼ䛿䚸䛭䛾䛂㐺ṇ䛺౯್䛃䜢ṇᙜ໬䛧䚸ㅖ䜰䜽䝍䞊䛻Ẹ୺୺⩏ⓗ㐣⛬䛷䜒䛳䛶䚸ㄝᚓ䛸ᙉไ䜢㏻䛨䛶ཷᐜ䛥䛫䜛䛣䛸䛾ᚲせᛶ䜢ᙉㄪ䛧䛯䚹䛣䜜䛿䚸䛒䜛ព࿡䛷䚸ወ䛧䛟䜒䝁䝰䞁䝈䛸ྠ᫬௦䜢⏕䛝䛯䚸䜲䝍䝸䜰䛾䝬䝹䜽䝇୺⩏⪅䜰䞁䝖䝙䜸䞉䜾䝷䝮䝅䛜䛄⊹୰䝜䞊䝖䛅䛾୰䛷䛂ᶵື⥺䛸㝕ᆅᡓ䛃䛸䛔䛖ẚ႘䛷㏙䜉䛯䚸䝬䝹䜽䝇䛾ྐⓗ၏≀ㄽ䛾ᶵᲔㄽⓗ㐺⏝䜈䛾ᢈุ䜢䚸⤒῭Ꮫ⌮ㄽ䜢⏝䛔䛶෌⯆䛧䛯ヨ䜏䛸ゝ䛳䛶䜒㐣ゝ䛷䛿䛺䛔䚹
39 ๓ᥖ㑥ヂ᭩ࠊ4 㡫ࠋ
40 Boltanski, Thévnot (1991), ibid. ࡞࠾ࠊࢩࢸ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
ࠕᕷẸయࠖ࡜ࡶヂࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ⌮ゎࡣࠊ୺࡜ࡋ

࡚ Chavance (2007), ibid, ࡢ⌮ゎ࡟౫ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦㑥ヂ 127 㡫ࡢ⾲ࢆཧ↷ࡢࡇ࡜㸧ࠋ
41 ࡓࡔࡋࠊࡇࢀࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ୍ࡘࡢ౯್✵㛫ࡀ♫఍ⓗ඲య࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᨭ㓄ⓗ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋ
ࢁ」ᩘࡢ౯್✵㛫ࡢጇ༠ⓗᙧែࡀࡑࡢ♫఍ⓗ඲య࡟㐺ྜࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ౯್✵㛫ࡣᖖ࡟」ᩘᛶࢆᖏࡧ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋ
42 Commons (1934), ibid, p. 682.

19䜾䝷䝮䝅䛿䚸ୖ㒊ᵓ㐀䛾ኚᐜ䛜䡠ୗ㒊ᵓ㐀䛾ኚᐜ䛸ᚲ䛪䛧䜒ྠᮇ䛫䛪䚸䜐䛧䜝ୖ㒊ᵓ㐀䛾ኚᐜ䛜ᶵᲔⓗ䛻⏕䛨䜛䛾䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䛭䛾ኚ໬䛜䝦䝀䝰䝙䞊䞉䝤䝻䝑䜽䛾䛒䜚᪉䛻኱䛔䛻౫Ꮡ䛩䜛䛣䛸䜢᫂䜙䛛䛻䛧䛯䚹䜾䝷䝮䝅䛿䚸䛣䛾▩┪䛾ゎᾘ䛻䛂᭷ᶵⓗ▱㆑ே䛃䛾ᴫᛕ䛷䜒䛳䛶ᑐᛂ䛧䜘䛖䛸䛧䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛿䚸ἲ䛻䜘䜛ṇᙜ໬䛸Ẹ୺୺⩏ⓗ䝥䝻䝉䝇䛻䜘䛳䛶ᑐᛂ䛧䜘䛖䛸䛧䛯䚹䛣䛾ゎỴ᪉ἲ䛾䛹䛱䜙䛜᭷┈䛷䛒䛳䛯䛛䛿䚸䛩䛷䛻Ṕྐ䛜ุᐃ䜢ୗ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛸䛔䛘䜘䛖䚹䛧䛛䛧䛺䛜䜙䚸䝁䝰䞁䝈䛜ᕼồ䛧䛯Ẹ୺୺⩏ⓗ䝥䝻䝉䝇䛿䚸⌧௦䛻䛚䛔䛶䛂᪂⮬⏤୺⩏䛃䛸䛔䛖᪂䛯䛺඲య୺⩏䜢⏕䜏ฟ䛧䛯䚹䜟䜜䜟䜜䛿䚸䛣䛾౯್୙ᅾ䛾᫬௦䛻䛹䛾䜘䛖䛺䛂᪂䛧䛔ไᗘ໬䛥䜜䛯⢭⚄䛃䜢ồ䜑䜛䛾䛷䛒䜝䛖䛛䠛䛥䛧䛒䛯䜚䚸䜟䜜䜟䜜䛿䚸䝻䝹䝗䞁䛾䛔䛖䛂䝺䝁䝭䝳䞊䞁 (recommun)䛃䜔䚸䝛䜾䝸䞉䝝䞊䝖䛾䛔䛖䛂ඹ (common)䛃䛾
ᴫᛕ43䛻䜸䝹䝍䝘䝔䜱䝤䜢ồ䜑䜛䜉䛝䛷䛿䛺䛔䛛䛸⪃䛘䛶䛔䜛䚹䛺䛬䛺䜙䛣䜜䜙䛾⪃䛘䛿䚸Ẹ୺୺⩏䛸ඹᏑྍ⬟䛷䛒䜚䚸䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺⪃䛘᪉䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䛧䛛䚸᪂⮬⏤୺⩏䛻䛿ᑐᢠ䛷䛝䛺䛔䛷䛒䜝䛖䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䚹䜟䜜䜟䜜䛾ḟ䛺䜛┠ᶆ䛿䚸♫఍ⓗᐇయ䛸䛧䛶䛾䛂ඹ᭷ⓗ䛺䜒䛾䛃䜢ᵓ⠏䛩䜛䛯䜑䛾ไᗘᵓ⠏䛾ᡓ␎ⓗྲྀᘬ䛸䛿ఱ䛛䜢᳨ウ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛䚹ᅗ⾲㸱 RAࠊECࠊCommons ࡢไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ⌮ㄽࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡿ                              ♫఍ⓗᐇయ• ᕷሙⓗ౯್✵㛫• ⏘ᴗ࣭ᕤᴗ
ⓗ౯್✵㛫
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⤒῭ⓗ࡞ࡇ
࡜

㸦⛥ᑡᛶ㸧

㸦ຠ⋡ᛶ㸧

♫఍ⓗ࡞ࡇ
࡜

ᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ࡇ
࡜

㸦ᮍ᮶ᚿྥ
ᛶ㸧

㸦୺ᶒ㸧

• ゝㄝⓗ౯್
✵㛫࣭ᕷẸ
ⓗ౯್✵㛫

• ゝㄝⓗ౯್
✵㛫࣭ᕷẸ
ⓗ౯್✵㛫

♫఍ⓗ័⾜
ὀ㸸෇ࡣࠊࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࢥࣥࢧ࣮ࣥࡢ㞟ྜయࠊ౯್ࡢ⤖ྜᵝᘧࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ♫఍ⓗ័⾜ࡣࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ㡿ᇦ࡟㛵୚ࡍࡿࠋ

43 Lordon (2010), ibid., Negri, Antonio, Hardt, Michael (2009), Commonwealth. 㸦Ỉᔱ୍᠇┘ヂࠗࢥ࢚ࣔࣥ࢘ࣝࢫ࠘

㸦ୖ㸧࣭㸦ୗ㸧ࠊNHK ࣈࢵࢡࢫࠊ2012 ᖺ㸧20᪻⹸⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢏ⾡㠉᪂
2013 ᖺ 3 ᭶ 㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍➨ 17 ᅇ኱఍㸦୰ኸ኱Ꮫ㸧ㅖ⏣ᾈ୍㸺ሗ࿌ࡢ୺᪨㸼‫⌧ۑ‬௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪻⹸࡜ே㢮ࡢ㛵ಀࡣࠊ㎰ᴗ⏕⏘ࠊឤᰁ⑕ࠊ᭷⏝≀㉁ࠊࣂ࢖࣑࣑࢜ࢡ࣮ࣜࠊ
ᩥ໬࣭ᩍ⫱࡜ከᒱ࡟ࢃࡓࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊᆅ⌫ ᬮ໬ࠊ⎔ቃၥ㢟ࠊᅵᆅ㛤Ⓨࠊ౵ධ⏕≀࡜࠸ࡗࡓࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣝ࡞⎔ቃ࢖ࣥࣃࢡࢺ࡟ࡼࡾ⏕ែ⣔ࡣ኱ࡁࡃኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⏕≀ከᵝᛶࡀᛴ㏿࡟పୗࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ୰ࠊ᪻⹸࡜ே㢮ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࢆ෌ホ౯ࠊ෌ᵓ⠏ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
‫ۑ‬᪂ࡓ࡞⏕≀㈨※ࢆά⏝ࡋࡓ᪻⹸⏘ᴗࡣࠊ௒ᚋࡢ᪥ᮏࡢ᪂ᡂ㛗ศ㔝࡜ࡋ࡚᭷ᮃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
‫⏘ۑ‬ᴗࡸ௻ᴗ⤌⧊ࡢ㐍໬࡟ὀどࡋࡓ⤒῭ࡸ⏘ᴗࡢ෌ホ౯࡟ࡼࡾ᪂ࡓ࡞⏘ᴗศ㔝ࡢⓎぢࡀྍ⬟࡛ࠊࡑࢀ࡟ྜࢃࡏࡓᰂ㌾࡞ᨻ⟇㌿᥮ࡸᴗ⏺⎔ቃࡢᩚഛࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ᡂ㛗ศ㔝ࢆ⫱ᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
‫⏘⥔⧄ۑ‬ᴗ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ᪻⹸⏘ᴗ࡜࠸࠺ษࡾཱྀ࡛⺋⣒ᴗࢆ෌ホ౯ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ࢝࢖ࢥࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡋࡓ
ᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡣ⥅⥆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸯㸬⌧௦ⓗ᪻⹸⏘ᴗࡢከᵝ໬
㎰ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᐖ⹸㥑㝖ࡸࠊ⻏⻤ࡸ⏕⣒࡞࡝ࡢ᪻⹸ࡀసࡿ᭷⏝≀㉁ࡢά⏝࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊே㢮ࡣྂࡃ࠿ࡽ᪻⹸㢮࡜࠿࠿ࢃࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
⌧௦ࡢᆅ⌫ୖࡢ⏕ែ⣔ࡀࠊᆅ⌫ ᬮ໬ࠊᅵᆅ㛤Ⓨࠊ⎔ቃởᰁࠊ౵ධ⏕≀㸦ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬
࡟క࠺᪻⹸ࡢᅜ㝿໬㸧࡞࡝ࡢ࢖ࣥࣃࢡࢺ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ኚືࡋࠊ⏕≀ከᵝᛶࡶᛴ㏿࡟ῶᑡࡋࡘࡘ
࠶ࡿ୰ࠊ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡ࡢⓎ㐩࡟ࡼࡾே㢮࡜᪻⹸㢮ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞㛵ಀࡀ⏕ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㹙㸯㹛
ࠋ

ᆅ⌫

ᬮ໬

⎔ቃởᰁ

ኚື䛩䜛⏕ែ⣔

㎰ᴗ⏕⏘
ឤᰁ⑕

᪻⹸

᭷⏝㈨※
䝞䜲䜸䝭䝯䝔䜱䝑䜽䝇ே㢮䠄䝞䜲䜸䝭䝭䜽䝸䞊䠅

ᩥ໬䞉ᩍ⫱

౵ධ⏕≀

⏕≀ከᵝᛶ䛾ῶᑡᅗ䠍 ⌧௦䛻䛚䛡䜛᪻⹸䛸ே㢮䛾ᇶᮏᵓᅗ 䠄䠷1䠹䠷2䠹䜘䜚ᨵኚ䠅

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ᅵᆅ㛤Ⓨ

㸺㎰ᴗ⏕⏘࡜᪻⹸㸼ᚑ᮶ࡣ୺࡟㣫⫱ࡸ⟶⌮࡟ࡼࡾᐙ␆࡜ࡋ࡚᭷⏝≀㉁㸦⻏⻤ࡸ⏕⣒㸧ࢆά⏝ࡍࡿ┈⹸࠿ࠊ㎰స≀ࡢᐖ⹸ࡸ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ࡸ㯤⇕⑓࡞࡝ࡢ㔜⠜࡞ឤᰁ⑕ࡢ፹௓⪅࡜ࡋ࡚㥑㝖ࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿᐖ⹸
࡟ศࡅ࡚⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋᐖ⹸ࡣࠊே㛫࡟ࡣᐖ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ⏕ែ⣔ࡢ୰࡛ࡣఱࡽ࠿ࡢ
ᙺ๭ࢆᣢࡘ┈⹸࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⏕ែ⣔඲యࡢⓎ᝿࠿ࡽᐖ⹸㥑㝖࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᐖ⹸⟶⌮࡜࠸࠺Ⓨ᝿ࡀ⏕ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㹙㸯㹛ࠋ㣗ᩱၥ㢟㸦㣗ᩱࢆຠ⋡ⓗ࡟ቑ⏘ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺࿨㢟㸧࡜⎔ቃၥ㢟ࡢ୧⪅࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ㎰⸆୓⬟࠿ࡽ⥲ྜ㜵㝖㸦⏕ែ⣔ࢆព㆑ࡋࡓ
᭷ᐖ⏕≀⟶⌮㸹ேయࡸ⎔ቃ࡬ࡢ㈇Ⲵࡀᑡ࡞࠸㜵㝖⣲ᮦࢆά⏝ࠊࣇ࢙ࣟࣔࣥࢆ౑ࡗࡓ࢜ࢫ㝖ཤἲ࡞࡝㸧࡬◊✲㛤Ⓨࡶ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣ᪻⹸ࡣ༢࡟ᚑ᮶ࡢ┈⹸࡜ᐖ⹸࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡔࡅ
࡛ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡣ࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
㸺ឤᰁ⑕࡜᪻⹸㸼ࡲࡓ㏆ᖺ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ஺㏻ᡭẁࡢⓎ㐩ࢆጞࡵ࡜ࡍࡿேⓗ⎔ቃࡢኚ໬ࠊᆅ⌫ ᬮ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚
᪻⹸፹௓ᛶឤᰁ⑕ࡢ⬣ጾࡀ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋឤᰁ⑕ࡶࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬ࡋࠊ࠶ࡿᆅⅬ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓឤᰁ⑕ࡀ▐ࡃ㛫࡟ୡ⏺୰࡟ᗈࡲࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ2009 ᖺ࡟࣓࢟ࢩࢥࡢ୍ᆅ᪉࡛ேឤᰁ⑕࡟
ኚࢃࡗࡓ㇜࢖ࣥࣇ࢚ࣝࣥࢨࡣ༙ᖺࡶ࠿࠿ࡽࡎ᪂ᆺ࢖ࣥࣇ࢚ࣝࣥࢨ࡜ࡋ࡚ୡ⏺୰࡟ᗈࡲࡾࠊ
⺅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚፹௓ࡉࢀࡿ࢚࢘ࢫࢺࢼ࢖ࣝ⬻⅖ࡣ࢔ࣇࣜ࢝࡟࠶ࡗࡓ⑓Ẽࡔࡀࠊ21 ୡ⣖࡟ධࡾᩘᖺ࡛඲࢔࣓ࣜ࢝኱㝣࡟ᗈࡀࡗ࡚ᐃ╔ࡋࡓࠋୡ⏺඲య࡛ࡑࡢண㜵࡜ᑐ⟇ࡢ㔜せᛶࡣቑࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿ㹙㸰㹛ࠋ⾨⏕Ỉ‽ࡢྥୖ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᐖ⹸㥑㝖ᴗົࡢ㟂せࡀከ࠸ࠋࢩ
ࣟ࢔ࣜࡸࢫࢬ࣓ࣂࢳࡢ㥑㝖࡞࡝ఫᏯࡢಖ඲ࡸ⏕άࡢᏳ඲ࢆ┠ⓗ࡟ᑓ㛛ᴗ⪅࡟౫㢗ࡋࡓࡾࠊࣅ࣓ࣝࣥࢸࢼࣥࢫࡢ୍⎔࡜ࡋ࡚࢜ࣇ࢕ࢫࣅࣝࡢ㤋ෆᾘẘ࡞࡝ࡀᐃᮇⓗ࡟⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸺᪻⹸ࡀసࡿ᭷⏝≀㉁ࡢ฼⏝㸼᪻⹸⏕⏘≀ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿ௦⾲ⓗ࡞౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࣑ࢶࣂࢳࡀ⏕⏘ࡍࡿࣁࢳ࣑ࢶࡸࡑࡢ㛵㐃๪⏘≀ࠊ࢝࢖ࢥ࡟ࡼࡿࢩࣝࢡ㸦⤱㸧࡜⤱ࢱࣥࣃࢡࡢከ┠ⓗ฼⏝ࠊ࢝࢖࣒࢞ࣛࢩࡢࣛࢵࢡ࡞࡝᪻
⹸ࡀศἪࡍࡿ⾀≀㉁ࡢ฼⏝ࠊ࣍ࢱࣝࡢⓎග≀㉁ࡢ฼⏝ࠊ᪻⹸ᕤሙ࡟ࡼࡿ〇⸆➼ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋྂࡃ࠿ࡽ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࣁࢳ࣑ࢶ㛵㐃⏘ᴗࡸ⤱㛵㐃⏘ᴗࡣୡ⏺ⓗ࡞⏘ᴗ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᪥
ᮏ࡛ࡶ⺋⣒ᴗࡀ୺せ࡞㍺ฟ⏘ᴗࡔࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࡢ⾶㏥࡜࡜ࡶ࡟⺋⣒⛉Ꮫศ㔝ࡢ▱㆑ࡸᢏ⾡ࡀ᪂ࡓ࡞᪻⹸⛉Ꮫ◊✲࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࠊ᪻⹸ᶵ⬟࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ศᏊ⏕≀Ꮫࡸࢼࣀࢸ
ࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮࡞࡝ඛ➃⛉Ꮫࢆ㥑౑ࡋࡓ᪂⏘ᴗࡢ๰ฟࡢࡓࡵࡢ㛤Ⓨ◊✲ࡀ┒ࢇ࡟⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺
࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㹙㸲㹛ࠋ㸺᪻⹸ࡢᶵ⬟ࡸࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࢆᶍೌࡍࡿࣂ࢖࣑࣑࢜ࢡ࣮ࣜ㸼⮬↛ಖㆤᛮ᝿ࡸ⎔ቃಖ඲ព㆑ࡢ㧗ࡲࡾ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊࣂ࢖࣑࣑࢜ࢡ࣮ࣜ࡜࠸࠺⮬↛ࢆᶍೌࡍ
ࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞Ⓨ᝿ࡢᏛၥศ㔝ࡀᡂ㛗ࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ㹙㸯㹛㹙㸰㹛㹙㸱㹛ࠋࠕࣂ࢖࣑࣑࢜ࢡ࣮ࣜࠖࡣࠊ
ࠕ⏕
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≀ࡢኳศࢆព㆑ⓗ࡟ぢ⩦࠺ࠊ⮬↛࠿ࡽ࢖ࣥࢫࣆ࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆᚓࡓᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࠖ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࣂ࢖࣑࣑࢜ࢡ࣮ࣜࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿࣔࢹࣝᮦᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚㔜せどࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀ᪻⹸࡛
࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡸᶵ⬟ࢆᶍೌࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ᕤᴗᢏ⾡ࡸ་⒪ᢏ⾡ࡢ㠉᪂ࢆᅗࢁ࠺
࡜ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡸᐇ⏝㛤Ⓨࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
⺅ࡢ྾⾑ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࡓ③ࡃ࡞࠸ὀᑕ㔪ࠊ࢞ࡢ」║ࡢ⾲㠃ᵓ㐀ࢆᶍೌࡋࡓ↓཯ᑕࣇ࢕࣒ࣝࠊࣔࣝࣇ࢛ࢳࣙ࢘ࡢ⩟ࡢ᱁Ꮚᵓ㐀ࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓගࡿ⧄⥔ࠊ᪻⹸ࡢ⬻⚄⤒ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓᑠᆺࣟ࣎ࢵࢺ➼ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㸺ᩥ໬࣭ᩍ⫱㸼᪻⹸༤≀㤋ࡸ᪻⹸ࢆᩍᮦ࡟ࡋࡓ⎔ቃᩍ⫱ࠊ⌮⛉ᩍ⫱࡞࡝ࠊ᪻⹸ࡣ⮬↛⛉Ꮫࡢ◊✲ᑐ㇟ࡸ⤒῭άືࡢᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᯟࢆ㉸࠼࡚ࠊ⮬↛⎔ቃࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ㈗㔜࡞ᶵ఍ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋ᪻⹸ࡣ⮬↛ࡸ௰㛫࡜ゐࢀ࠶࠺እ㐟ࡧࡸࠊ⮬↛࣭⎔ቃ࣭࿨ࡢ኱ษࡉ࡞࡝ࡢࣜ࢔ࣜࢸ࢕
࣮ࢆᑛ㔜ࡍࡿ㐟ࡧ࡜ᩍ⫱ࡢᐇ㊶ࠊ࿨ࡢ௙⤌ࡳࡸ⏕≀㛫ࡢከᵝ࡞┦஫స⏝ࢆᏛࡪࡢ࡟㐺ࡋࡓࠕ⏕ࡁࡓᩍᮦࠖ࡜࡞ࡿ㹙㸲㹛ࠋࡲࡓ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ㣴⺋ᴗࡸ⺋⣒ᴗ࡛ᰤ࠼ࡓᆅᇦࡀከࡃࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᆅᇦ࡛ࡣ㒓ᅵ࡟㛵ࢃࡿ༤≀㤋࡛ᆅᇦ⏘ᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚㣴⺋ࡀ⤂௓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㣴⺋ᢏ⾡࡜࡜ࡶ࡟᫂἞ᮇ௨㝆ࡢᆅᇦࡢⓎᒎ࡟ᐤ୚ࡋࡓ㣴⏘ᴗࡢ⤒῭ⓗ࡞ᙺ๭ࡶ⤂௓ࡉࢀࠊᆅᇦࡢṔྐࡢ⌮ゎ࡟ᐤ୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⩌㤿┴࡟࠶ࡿᐩᒸ〇⣒ሙ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣୡ⏺㑇⏘Ⓩ㘓࡟ྥࡅࡓ㐠ືࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⏘ᴗ㑇⏘ࡢಖㆤ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ᆅᇦࡢほග㈨※࡜ࡋ࡚᪂ࡓ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᣢࡕࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ

㸰㸬ఏ⤫ⓗ᪻⹸⏘ᴗ࠿ࡽ⌧௦ⓗ᪻⹸⏘ᴗ࡬ࡢ㐍໬㸦㸯㸧ྂࡃ࠿ࡽ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ᪻⹸࡟㛵ࢃࡿ஦ᴗάື
᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ᪻⹸ࢆᑐ㇟࡟ࡋࡓ஦ᴗάືࡣྂࡃ࠿ࡽ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᚑ᮶ࡣ⺋⣒ᴗࡸ㣴⻏ᴗࠊ㎰⸆ࠊẅ⹸๣㛵㐃ࡀ୺せ஦ᴗࡔࡗࡓࠋ㛗ࡃ⤒Ⴀࢆ⥆ࡅࡿ୰࡛ᚑ᮶ࡢᇶ┙஦ᴗ࠿ࡽὴ⏕ࡋࡓ᪂つ஦ᴗࡀຍࢃࡾࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣ኱௻ᴗ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
࠙஦౛㸯ࠚ 1 ∦಴ᕤᴗᰴᘧ఍♫ ᫂἞ 6 ᖺ๰ᴗ᫂἞ 6 ᖺ࡟㛗㔝┴ㄶゼᕷ࡛〇⣒ᴗࢆ㛤ጞࡍࡿࠋࢩࣝࢡ〇⾰㢮ࡢ〇㐀ࡢ௚ࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣ࢝࢖
ࢥࡢ㣫⫱ᢏ⾡ࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࠊ஺㓄⏝࣑ࢶࣂࢳࢆ⏕⏘ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࠙஦౛㸰ࠚ኱᪥ᮏ㝖⹸⳥ᰴᘧ఍♫ ᫂἞ 18 ᖺ๰ᴗ᫂἞ 18 ᖺ࡟㝖⹸⳥⢊࡟ࡼࡿ⺅ྲྀ⥺㤶ࡢ㛤Ⓨࢆ㛤ጞࠊ᫂἞ 35 ᖺ ᕳᆺ⺅ྲྀ⥺㤶ࢆⓎ኎ࠋ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣ KINCHO㸦࢟ࣥࢳ࣮ࣙ㸧ࡢࣈࣛࣥࢻྡ࡛▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐙᗞ⏝ࠊᴗົ⏝ࠊື≀⏝➼ࠊ⥲ྜⓗ࡟ẅ⹸๣࣭㜵㝖๣ࢆ⏕⏘ࠊࢱ࢖ࡸ୰ᅜ࡟ྜᘚ௻ᴗࢆタ❧ࠊ⌧ᆅࡢᐖ⹸࡟㐺ࡋࡓ〇ရࢆ⌧ᆅᕤሙ࡛⏕⏘ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
1࠙஦౛ࠚ࡛⤂௓ࡍࡿෆᐜࡣࠊྛ♫ HP ࡟බ⾲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ఍♫᝟ሗࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
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࠙஦౛㸱ࠚ࢝ࣔ஭ຍᕤ⣬ᰴᘧ఍♫ ኱ṇ 12 ᖺ๰ᴗ኱ṇ 12 ᖺ࡟ࠕ࢝ࣔ஭ࡢࣁ࢖ࢺࣜ⣬ࠖࢆⓎ኎ࠊ⩣኱ṇ 13 ᖺ࡟ࡣᮅ㩭࣭‶ᕞ࣭ྎ‴࣭༡᪉
ㅖᆅᇦ࣭໭༡⡿࡬㍺ฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣᇶ┙஦ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࣁ࢖ࢺࣜ⣬࣭⿵⹸ࢩ࣮ࢺࡢ௚ࠊ
⢓╔ᢏ⾡ࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚࣐ࢫ࢟ࣥࢢࢸ࣮ࣉࠕ㹫㹲ࠖࢆ㛤ⓎࠊⓎ኎ࡍࡿࠋᩥලࡢᯟࢆ㉸࠼࢔࣮ࢺࡸࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ㠃࡛㧗ホ౯ࡉࢀࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ᕷሙࢆసࡾฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸦㸰㸧⺋⣒ᴗ࠿ࡽ᪂࢝࢖ࢥ⏘ᴗ࡬ࡢ㐍໬㏆ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪥ᮏ⺋⣒ᴗ࠿ࡽ᪂࢝࢖ࢥ⏘ᴗ࡬ࡢ㐍໬ࡢὶࢀࢆ⾲ࡋࡓࡢࡀᅗ㸰࡛࠶ࡿࠋᪧ
᮶ࡢ⺋⣒ᴗࡣࠊ⌧ᅾᵝࠎ࡞ศ㔝࡬ศ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

᪂䜹䜲䝁⏘ᴗ

ඛ➃ᢏ⾡䠄ከ᪉㠃䠅฼⏝ศ㔝᭹㣭⾰ᩱ ศ 㔝♫఍ᩥ໬ⓗศ㔝་⸆᪂⣲ᮦ㣗ရ䝣䜯䝑䝅䝵䞁
㧗௜ຍ౯್䝤䝷䞁䝗ఏ⤫ⓗ⤱〇ရ䝞䜲䜸䝔䜽䝜䝻䝆䞊ᢏ⾡⧄⥔䞉ຍᕤᢏ⾡ఏ⤫ⓗ⺋⣒ᴗ

ୡ⏺㑇⏘Ⓩ㘓
䜈䛾㐠ືᐩᒸ〇⣒ሙ⧄⥔฼⏝䜢୰ᚰ䛸䛩䜛᪥ᮏ⺋⣒ᴗ
5ᅗ㸰 ㏆ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪥ᮏ⺋⣒ᴗ࠿ࡽ᪂࢝࢖ࢥ⏘ᴗ࡬ࡢ㐍໬ 㸦➹⪅సᡂ㸧㸺ཧ⪃࣭ᘬ⏝ᩥ⊩㸼㹙㸯㹛⸨ᓮ᠇἞㸦2010㸧ࠗ᪻⹸ᮍ᮶Ꮫ ࠕᅄ൨ᖺࡢ▱ᜨࠖ࡟Ꮫࡪ࠘᪂₻♫㹙㸰㹛᪥ᮏᏛ⾡఍㆟㎰Ꮫጤဨ఍ᛂ⏝᪻⹸Ꮫศ⛉఍ࠕ᪻⹸⛉Ꮫࡢᯝࡓࡍ࡭ࡁᙺ๭࡜ࡑࡢ᥎㐍ࡢᚲせᛶࠖ ᖹᡂ 23 ᖺ㸦2011㸧ᖺ 7 ᭶ 28 ᪥
http://www.scj.go.jp/ja/info/kohyo/pdf/kohyo-21-h130-1.pdf 㸦2013 ᖺ 1 ᭶ 7 ᪥ཧ↷㸧㹙㸱㹛➉⏣ᩄ㸦2003㸧ࠗ᪻⹸ᶵ⬟ࡢ⛎ᐦ࠘ᕤᴗㄪᰝ఍
㹙㸲㹛ᱵ㇂⊩஧࣭⦅㸦1997㸧ࠗ᪻⹸⏘ᴗ ᆅୖ᭱኱ࡢᮍ฼⏝㈨※ࡢά⏝࠘♫ᅋἲே㎰ᯘỈ⏘ᢏ⾡᝟ሗ༠఍ 24㸫53 㡫
4/4㐨ࡢ㥐ࡢࠕ㐍໬ࠖ࡜ᆅᇦάᛶ໬ᡓ␎
Evolution of Michinoeki and Development of Regional Areasᡞ⏣ 㤶 TODA,Kaori⚄ᡞ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ᨻ἞Ꮫᑓᨷ (Kobe Univ.(Gradeate School))e-mail㸸kaori_a_toda@yahoo.co.jp㓇ᮏ ᜤ⪷ SAKAMOTO,Yasumasa኱㜰ᕷ❧኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔๰㐀㒔ᕷ◊✲⛉㸦Osaka City Univ.(Gradutae School)㸧
e-mail㸸yasumasa.sakamoto@nifty.comせ᪨䛂ఇ᠁ᶵ⬟䛃䚸䛂ᆅᇦ䛾㐃ᦠᶵ⬟䛃䚸䛂᝟ሗⓎಙᶵ⬟䛃䛾䠏䛴䛾ᶵ⬟䜢ഛ䛘䛯㐨䛾㥐䛿ᅜᅵ஺㏻┬䛜Ⓩ㘓䛧䛯᪋タ䛷䛒䜛䚹㐨䛾㥐䛿㏆ᖺ䚸䛣䜜䜙䛾䠏ᶵ⬟䛻ຍ䛘䛶䚸㎰⏘≀䛾㈍኎䛺䛹᪂䛯䛺ᶵ⬟䛜᭦䛻ຍ䜟䜚䚸ᆅᇦ䛾άᛶ໬䛻኱䛝䛺ᙺ๭䜢ᯝ䛯䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛣䜜䛿㐨䛾㥐䛾䛂㐍໬䛃䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹ᮏ✏䛷䛿䚸䛭䛾䛂㐍໬䛃䛾ෆᐜ䛾ヲ⣽䜢䚸㥐㛗䜔⏕⏘⪅䜈䛾䜰䞁䜿䞊䝖䜢㏻䛨䛶䚸᫂䜙䛛䛻䛧䚸ᆅᇦ♫఍䛸㐨䛾㥐䛾㛵ಀ䜢ၥ䛔┤䛧䛯䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛂㐍໬䛃䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸㐨䛾㥐䛿䚸ᆅᇦ♫఍䛻஺㏻䚸᝟ሗ䚸ே䚸⤌⧊䛺䛹䛾஺ὶ䛾⤖⠇Ⅼ䛸䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛜᫂䜙䛛䛻䛺䛳䛯䚹஺ὶ䛾⤖⠇Ⅼ䛸䛧䛶䛾㐨䛾㥐䛾ᙺ๭䛜䚸㐨䛾㥐䛻ᦠ䜟䜛ே䜔⤌⧊䛾άᛶ໬䛻䛴䛺䛜䜚䚸᭦䛻䛿ᆅᇦ♫఍඲య䛾άᛶ໬䜢ᘬ䛝㉳䛣䛩䛸䛔䛖ዲᚠ⎔䜢⏕䜏ฟ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛸⪃ᐹ䛩䜛䚹࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ㸸㐨ࡢ㥐ࠊᆅᇦࠊ⏕⏘⪅ࠊ㐍໬Keywords㸸Michinoekiࠊregional areasࠊfarmersࠊevolutionࡣࡌࡵ࡟㐨ࡢ㥐ࡣࠊ୍⯡㐨㊰ἢ࠸࡟࠶ࡿᅜᅵ஺㏻┬ࡀⓏ㘓ࡋࡓ᪋タ࡛ࠊࠕఇ᠁ᶵ⬟ࠖ㸦ࢺ࢖ࣞࡸ㥔㌴ሙ㸧ࠊࠕᆅᇦࡢ㐃ᦠᶵ⬟ࠖ㸦ᩥ໬࣭ほග᪋タ㸧ࠊࠕ᝟ሗⓎಙᶵ⬟ࠖ㸦㐨㊰࣭ほග᝟ሗ㸧ࡢ 3 ࡘࡢᶵ⬟㸦௨ୗࠊ
ࠕᇶᮏᶵ⬟ࠖ
㸧ࢆഛ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ1993 ᖺ࡟඲ᅜࡢ 103 ⟠ᡤ࡛ࢫࢱ࣮ࢺࡋࠊ996⟠ᡤ㸦2012.9.14 ⌧ᅾ㸧࡟ࡲ࡛ቑ࠼ࡓࠋ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡢᶵ⬟ࡣࠊほග᝟ሗⓎಙᶵ⬟ࡢ඘ᐇࡸࠕᇶᮏ
ᶵ⬟ࠖ࡟ࡣ࡞࠸㎰⏘≀㈍኎࡞࡝௚ࡢᶵ⬟ࡀවࡡഛࢃࡗ࡚ࠊᆅᇦ᣺⯆࡟㈉⊩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟
ぢ࠼ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡀᆅᇦ♫఍࡟ఱࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ㥐㛗ཬࡧ⏕⏘⪅ࡢ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡣ 2010 ᖺ࡟ᐇ᪋ࡋࠊᅇ⟅⋡ࡣࠊ㥐㛗࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ࡛ 53.1㸣ࠊ⏕⏘⪅࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ࡛୹ᚋࠊ
࠸࡞ࡀࢃࠊ᫂ᜨ࡛ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ 44.0%ࠊ48.7%ࠊ40.0%࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦⾲ 1㸧ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ࡟ඛ❧ࡕࠊ3 ⟠ᡤࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ
㐨ࡢ㥐ࡢ㥐㛗࡟ࠊࣄ࢔ࣜࣥࢢࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓࠋ⾲㸯 ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡢ≧ἣ㥐㛗䜰䞁䜿䞊䝖

㓄ᕸᩘ

ᅇ⟅ᩘ

ᅇ⟅⋡

ഛ䚷⪃

96

51

53.1

䈜䠍
䈜䠍

⏕⏘⪅䜰䞁䜿䞊䝖
୹ᚋ

50

䛔䛺䛜䜟

150

᫂ᜨ

45

44.0

䈜䠎

73

48.7

䈜䠏

18

40.0

䈜䠐

22

䈜䠍䚷䜰䞁䜿䞊䝖᪉ἲ䛿㥐㛗ཬ䜃⏕⏘⪅䛸䜒㒑㏦䚹䚷䚷䚷㻌㻞㻜㻝㻜㻚㻞㻚㻝㻟䛻Ⓨ㏦䛧䚸㻞㻚㻞㻤䜢ᮇ㝈䛻ᅇ཰䚹䈜䠎䚷㻞㻜㻜㻥㻚㻝㻞㻚㻜㻤䛻㥐㛗䝠䜰䝸䞁䜾䜢ᐇ᪋䚹䈜䠏䚷㻞㻜㻜㻥㻚㻝㻝㻚㻞㻜䛻㥐㛗䝠䜰䝸䞁䜾䜢ᐇ᪋䚹䈜䠐䚷㻞㻜㻜㻥㻚㻝㻞㻚㻜㻥䛻㥐㛗䝠䜰䝸䞁䜾䜢ᐇ᪋䚹㸯㥐㛗࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ
࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡣࠊᐇ᪋᫬Ⅼ㸦2010 ᖺ 2 ᭶㸧࡛㏆␥㸰ᗓ㸲┴࡟࠶ࡿ඲࡚ࡢ㐨ࡢ㥐㸦96 ⟠ᡤ㸧ࡢ㥐㛗ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࠊ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡢ୺࡞㡯┠ࡣ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࣭㥐ࡢᴫせ㸦⤒Ⴀᙧែࡸつᶍ㸧࣭኎ୖ࣭≉ᚩ㸦㈍኎ရ┠㸧࣭ᆅᇦ♫఍࡜ࡢ஺ὶ
࣭ᆅඖࡢほග࣏࢖ࣥࢺ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࣭ᆅᇦࡢᅋయ࣭⤌⧊࡞࡝࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࣭㥐ࡢ௒ᚋࡇࡢ୰࡛ࠊᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣࠊࡲࡎࠊୖグ㡯┠ࡢ࠺ࡕ㐨ࡢ㥐࡜ᆅᇦ♫఍࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ୰ᚰ࡟⤂௓ࡋࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡀᆅᇦ♫఍࡟ࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓኚ໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
1-1㥐㛗࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡢ⤖ᯝ

1-1-1㐨ࡢ㥐࡜ᆅᇦ♫఍ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡲࡎࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡀฟ᮶ࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᆅ

䛂ᆅᇦᅋయ䛾஺ὶ䛾᭷↓ 䛃 䛸 䛂ᆅᇦ♫఍䛾ྥୖ䛃ᇦ♫఍ࡀ࡝࠺ኚࢃࡗࡓ࠿ࠊ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
ᆅ
ᇦ
ᅋ
య
䛸
䛾
஺
ὶ
䛾
᭷
↓

኱䛔䛻䛒䜛

ᑜࡡࡓ㸦ᅗ 1㸧ࠋᅇ⟅ࡋࡓ㥐㛗ࡢ㸶๭᫬䚻䛒䜛ࡀ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡀฟ᮶ࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᆅᇦ♫఍኱䛔䛻Ⰻ䛟䛺䛳䛯

䛒䜎䜚䛺䛔ࡀࠕ኱࠸࡟Ⰻࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠖ
ࠕᑡࡋⰋࡃ࡞

ᑡ䛧Ⰻ䛟䛺䛳䛯
ኚ䜟䜙䛺䛔䛺䛔ࡗࡓࠖ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⌮⏤࡟ࡘ࠸ᝏ䛟䛺䛳䛯௒ᚋ䚸ணᐃ䛜䛒䜛

࡚ࢆᑜࡡࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ
ࠕᆅᇦࡀ᫂ࡿࡃ࡞
0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

ࡗࡓࠖ
ࠕᆅᇦ࡟ዲឤࢆࡶࡓࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ

ᆅᇦ♫఍䛾ྥୖ

ࠕ㈍኎ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿၟࡀⰋ࠸ࡓࡵࠖ࡞࡝ᅗ㸯 ᆅᇦᅋయ࡜ࡢ஺ὶࡢ᭷↓࡜ᆅᇦ♫఍ࡢྥୖከᵝᛶࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋḟ࡟ࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐࡜ᆅᇦᅋయ࡜ࡢ஺ὶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊィ⣙㸶๭ࡢ㥐㛗ࡀࠕ኱࠸࡟࠶ࡿࠖࠕ᫬ࠎ࠶ࡿࠖ࡜⟅࠼ࡓࠋከࡃ
ࡢ㐨ࡢ㥐࡜ᆅᇦᅋయ࡜ఱࡽ࠿ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀఛ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡢᅋయࡢ✀㢮ࡣ⾜ᨻᶵ㛵ࠊ⏕⏘⪅⤌ྜ࡞࡝㐨ࡢ㥐ࡢᡂࡾ❧ࡕ࠿䛂⏕⏘⪅䛸᮶ゼ⪅䛸䛾஺ὶ䛃 䛸 䛂ᆅᇦ♫఍䛾ྥୖ䛃ࡽ㛵ಀࡀ῝࠸ᅋయ࠿ࡽࠊ⚟♴༠㆟఍ࡸ NPO ࡞࡝ࡲ࡛ከᒱ࡟Ώࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࠕᆅᇦᅋయ࡜ࡢ஺ὶࡀ࠶ࡿࠖ
࡜⟅࠼ࡓ㥐㛗࡯࡝ࠊࠕᆅᇦ♫఍ࡀⰋࡃ
࡞ࡗࡓࠖ࡜⪃࠼ࡿẚ⋡ࡀ㧗࠸ࡇ࡜ࡶࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࠋḟ࡟㐨ࡢ㥐ࢆ௰௓ࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿே᮶ ኱䛔䛻䛭䛖ᛮ䛖
ゼ
⪅
ᑡ䛧ᛮ䛖
䛸
䛾
஺ 䛹䛱䜙䛷䜒䛺䛔ὶ䛜 䛒䜎䜚ᛮ䜟䛺䛔
㉳
䛝
ᛮ䜟䛺䛔
䛯
䛛

኱䛔䛻Ⰻ䛟䛺䛳䛯
ᑡ䛧Ⰻ䛟䛺䛳䛯
ኚ䜟䜙䛺䛔

0%

20%

40%

60%

80% 100%ᆅᇦ♫఍䛜Ⰻ䛟䛺䛳䛯䛛࡜ࡢ஺ὶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊྠᵝࡢഴྥࡀぢࡽࢀࡓ㸦ᅗ 2㸧ࠋࠕ⏕⏘⪅࡜᮶ゼ⪅ᅗ㸰 ⏕⏘⪅࡜᮶ゼ⪅࡜ࡢ஺ὶ࡜ᆅᇦ♫఍ࡢྥୖࡢ஺ὶࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊィ⣙㸶๭ࡢ㥐㛗ࡀࠕ኱࠸࡟࠶ࡿࠖ
ࠕࡲ࠶࠶ࡿࠖ࡜⟅࠼࡚࠸࡚ࠊࡇࡕࡽ
ࡶࠕ኱࠸࡟࠶ࡿࠖ࡜⟅࠼ࡓ㥐㛗࡯࡝ࠊࠕ㐨ࡢ㥐࡛ᆅᇦ♫఍ࡀⰋࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠖ࡜⪃࠼ࡿẚ⋡ࡀ㧗࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐࡜࠸࠺ሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᅋయࡸே࡜ࡢ஺ὶࡀάⓎ࡟⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸࡚ࠊࡑ
ࢀࡀᆅᇦ♫఍࡟ࡼ࠸ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ከࡃࡢ㥐㛗ࡀ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
1-1-2

㸱ࡘࡢࠕᇶᮏᶵ⬟ࠖ௨እࡢάື࡟ࡘ࠸࡚

㐨ࡢ㥐ࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࠊ㸱ࡘࡢࠕᇶᮏᶵ⬟ࠖ௨እ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞άືࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
㥐㛗࡟ࠕ㸱ᶵ⬟௨እࡢ࢖࣋ࣥࢺࡢᐇ᪋ࡢ᭷↓ࠖࢆᑜࡡࡓࠋࠕ㸱ᶵ⬟௨እࡢ࢖࣋ࣥࢺࢆᐇ᪋ࡋ
ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠖ࡜⟅࠼ࡓ㥐㛗ࡣ㸵๭㏆ࡃ࡟ୖࡗࡓࠋ࢖࣋ࣥࢺࡢ✀㢮ࡶࠕᏊ࡝ࡶࡢᏛ⩦ࢆᨭ᥼ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᩍᐊࠖ
ࠕ㜵≢࣭㜵⅏カ⦎ࡸ஺㏻Ᏻ඲ᩍᐊࠖࠕ㧗㱋⪅ࡢࡓࡵࡢ㊃࿡࣭஺ὶࡢᩍᐊࠖ
࡜ከᒱ࡟Ώࡗ࡚࠸࡚ࠊࡑࡢ௚࡟ࡣࠕ⚍ࡾࠖࠕ⤮⏬ࡢᒎ♧఍ࠖࠕ≉⏘ရࡢ㹎㹐࢖࣋ࣥࢺࠖ࡞࡝
ࡶ࠶ࡆࡽࢀࡓࠋ
1-1-3㐨ࡢ㥐ࡢ௒ᚋ

㐨ࡢ㥐ࡢ௒ᚋ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㥐㛗࡟ᑜࡡࡓࠋ
㥐㛗ࡣ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡢ௒ᚋࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆከᒱ࡟Ώࡗ࡚⪃࠼࡚࠸࡚ࠊ㥐㛗ࡢ⮬⏤グ㏙ពぢ࠿ࡽᢤ⢋ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࠕ௚ࡢ㐨ࡢ㥐࡜ࡢ஺ὶ஦ᴗࡢᣑ኱ࠖ
ࠕᆅᇦࡢேࡀཧຍฟ᮶ࡿദ஦ࢆ⾜࠺ࠖࠕ㐨ࡢ㥐࡜࠸
࠺ᯟ࡟࡜ࡽࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃࠊᆅᇦࡢேࡶ㐲᪉ࡢேࡶ኱ษ࡟ࡋࡓྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࢆ⾜࠺ࠖࠕᆅᇦࡢ఍㆟࡟✚ᴟⓗ࡟ཧຍࡋࠊ⾜஦࡬ࡢ༠ຊࠖ࡞࡝ࡢグ㍕ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡞࡝ࠊ
ࠕேࡸ⤌⧊࡜ࡢ஺ὶࡢ⤖⠇Ⅼࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᙺ๭ࢆព㆑ࡋࡓពぢࡀከࡃぢࡽࢀࡓࠋ
1-2㥐㛗࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜

ከࡃࡢ㥐㛗ࡣࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡀฟ᮶ࡓࡇ࡜࡛ᆅᇦ♫఍ࡀࠕኚ໬ࡋࡓࠖ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸࡚ࠊࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣከᒱ࡟Ώࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ୺࡟ࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡀࠕேࡸ⤌⧊࡜ࡢ஺ὶࡢ⤖⠇Ⅼࠖ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ
࡜ࡀ኱ࡁ࡞せᅉ࡜ぢ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ㥐㛗ࡣࡑࢀࡽࡀ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡀᮏ᮶ࡢ㸱ࡘࡢᶵ⬟࡟᪂ࡓ࡟ຍ
ࢃࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼࡚࠸࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕேࡢ⤌⧊࡜ࡢ஺ὶࡢ⤖⠇Ⅼࠖ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊ௒ᚋࡢ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡢ᪉ྥᛶ࡟࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࠊ㥐㛗ࡽࡶࡇࡇ࡟ྍ⬟ᛶࢆぢฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿
࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ㸰⏕⏘⪅࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ

୹ᚋ࠶ࡌࢃ࠸ࡢ㒓࠸࡞ࡀࢃࣇࣞࢵࢩࣗࣃ࣮ࢡ
᫂ᜨࡩࡿࡉ࡜㤋ᅗ㸱 㐨ࡢ㥐ࡢ఩⨨ᅗ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡣᆅᇦ♫఍࡟ఱࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡢ࠿ࠋࡇࡢ❶࡛ࡣ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡢᶵ⬟ࡢ᰾ࢆᢸ࠺㎰⏘≀┤኎ᡤࢆᨭ࠼ࡿ⏕⏘⪅࡟ࢫ࣏ࢵࢺࢆ࠶࡚ࡿࠋ㐨ࡢ㥐࡜⏕⏘⪅ࡢ㛵ಀᛶ࠿ࡽ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡀᆅᇦ♫఍࡟୚࠼ࡓᙳ㡪ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋ
࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡢᑐ㇟ࡣࠊ୹ᚋ࠶ࡌࢃ࠸ࡢ㒓㸦ி㒔ᗓி୹ᚋᕷ㸧㸦௨ୗࠊࠕ୹ᚋࠖ㸧ࠊ࠸࡞ࡀࢃ
ࣇࣞࢵࢩࣗࣃ࣮ࢡ㸦රᗜ┴⊦ྡᕝ⏫㸧㸦௨ୗࠊࠕ࠸࡞ࡀࢃࠖ㸧ཬࡧ᫂ᜨࡩࡿࡉ࡜㤋㸦࿴ḷᒣ┴
᭷⏣ᕝ⏫㸧
㸦௨ୗࠊ
ࠕ᫂ᜨࠖ
㸧ࡢ 3 㥐࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ❧ᆅࡣࠊ୰ᒣ㛫ᆅᇦࠊ኱㒔ᕷ㏆㑹ࠊᆅ᪉㒔ᕷ㏆㑹࡜ࡑࢀࡒࢀ≉ᚩࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡢ╔║Ⅼࡣࠊձ⏕⏘⪅ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ேࡓࡕ࠿ࠊղ㐨ࡢ㥐࡬ࡢฟⲴࡀ⏕⏘⪅࡟୚࠼ࡓᙳ㡪ࠊճ௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2-1
2-1-1

⏕⏘⪅࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡢ⤖ᯝ⏕⏘⪅ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ேࡓࡕ࠿

⏕⏘ࡣࠊ༢⊂ཪࡣ㓄അ⪅࡜஧ே࡜࠸࠺ᙧែࡀ኱༙࡛ࠊ
ࠕ࠸࡞ࡀࢃ࡛ࠖࡣࠊ㧗㱋໬ࡀⴭࡋࡃ
㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋᛶู࡟≉࡟≉ᚩࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⏨ᛶࠊዪᛶ࡝ࡕࡽ࠿ࡢ⏕⏘⪅ࡀከ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞
࠸ࠋฟⲴࡋጞࡵ࠿ࡽࡢᮇ㛫࡛ࡣࠊ3 ᖺ௨ୖࡀ኱༙ࢆ༨ࡵࠊ᪂つࡢཧධࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡞࠸ࠋฟⲴ
ࡍࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ
ࠕ཰ධࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠖࡀ᭱ࡶከࡃࠊ
ࠕᴦࡋ࠸ࠖࠕࡸࡾࡀ࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⌮⏤ࡀ⥆ࡃࠋ⏕⏘⪅ࡣࠊᆅඖࡢ㎰ᐙࡢேࡓࡕ࡛㐨ࡢ㥐௨እ࡬ࡢฟⲴඛࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊලయⓗ࡞ฟⲴඛࡣࠊࠕJAࠖࠕࡑࡢ௚ࠖࡀከ࠸ࠋ୍᪉ࠊ
ࠕ୍␒ฟ᮶ᰤ࠼ࡢⰋ࠸≀ࢆฟࡍࠖ࡜࠸࠺ฟⲴࡢඃඛ㡰఩ࡣࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡀ᭱ࡶከࡃࠊ⏕⏘⪅ࡀ㐨ࡢ㥐࡛ࡢ㈍኎࡟ຊࢆධࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ
್௜ࡅࡢᇶ‽࡛ࡣࠊࠕ᭱ᐤࡾࡢࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮ࡼࡾᏳࡃࠖࡀ᭱ࡶከࡃࠊ㈍኎ࡲ࡛࡟⤒㈝ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿ
ࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮࡟ᑐࡍࡿ౯᱁ព㆑ࡢ⾲ࢀ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋḟ࡟ࠕฟ᮶ᰤ࠼࡟ᛂࡌ࡚௵ព࡟ࠖࡀከࡃࠊ
⏕⏘⪅ࡢᇶ‽࡛ၟရࡢ್ẁࡀỴࡵࡽࢀࡿࡢࡀ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡢ኱ࡁ࡞≉ᚩࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡲࡓࠊ
ࠕ࠸࡞ࡀࢃࠖ࡜ࠕ୹ᚋ࡛ࠖࡣࠕ௚ࡢ⏕⏘⪅ࡢ౯᱁ࢆཧ⪃࡟ࡋ࡚ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ពぢࡶከࡃぢࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊࠕ᫂ᜨ࡛ࠖࡣ඲ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࠕ᫂ᜨࠖࡣ JA ࡜ࡢ㐃ᦠࡀ௚ࡼࡾࡶᙉࡃࠊၟရࡢ౯᱁࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶ JA ࡀྲྀࡾࡲ࡜ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
2-1-2

㐨ࡢ㥐࡬ࡢฟⲴࡀ⏕⏘⪅࡟୚࠼ࡓᙳ㡪⏕⏘⪅ࡣࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐࡟ฟⲴ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡸ
ࡾࡀ࠸ࢆᣢࡗ࡚ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ⏕⏘⪅ព㆑ࡢኚ໬࡛ࡣࠊ
ࠕၟရ࡟㈐௵ࢆᣢࡘ

ฟⲴ䛾㝿䛾ᕤኵ䛾ෆᐜၟရ䛻㈐௵䜢ᣢ䛴䜘䛖䛻䛺䛳䛯ᾘ㈝⪅䜢ព㆑䛩䜛䜘䛖䛻䛺䛳䛯೺ᗣ䛻Ẽ䜢౑䛖䜘䛖䛻䛺䛳䛯ࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠖ
ࠕᾘ㈝⪅ࢆព㆑ࡍࡿࡼ࠺
࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠖࠕே࡜ヰࡍᶵ఍ࡀቑ࠼ࡓࠖࡀ
ୖ఩ࢆ༨ࡵࡿࠋே࡜ࡢ஺ὶࡢኚ໬࡛ࡣࠊ
ࠕ⏕⏘⪅࡝࠺ࡋࡢ஺ὶࡀቑ࠼ࡓࠖࡀ᭱
ࡶከࡃࠊḟ࡟ࠕ᮶ゼ⪅࡜ࡢ஺ὶࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࠖࡀከࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᅗ 4㸧ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡢ㈍኎᪉ᘧࡀࡶࡓࡽ

㎰ᴗ䛻䜔䜚䛜䛔䛜ฟ䛯ୖẁ䠖 ୹ᚋ

ᬒẼ䜔≀౯䜢ព㆑䛩䜛䜘䛖䛻䛺䛳䛯୰ẁ䠖 䛔䛺䛜䜟

እฟ䛾ᶵ఍䛜ቑ䛘䛯ୗẁ䠖 ᫂ᜨ
ே䛸ヰ䛩ᶵ఍䛜ቑ䛘䛯ᑠ㐵䛔䛜ቑ䛘䛯
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ே

ᅗ㸲 ⏕⏘⪅ࡢព㆑ࡢኚ໬

ࡋࡓຠᯝ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ㐨ࡢ㥐࡛ࡣࠊၟရࡢᦙධࠊ㝞ิࠊ㈍኎࡞࡝඲࡚ࡢࢩ࣮࡛ࣥ
⏕⏘⪅ࡀᐦ᥋࡟㛵ࢃࡿࠋ⏕⏘⪅⮬ࡽࡀࡇࢀࢆ⾜࠺࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶ㐣ゝ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊᚑ᮶
ࡢࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮ᆺᑠ኎ᗑ⯒࡜ࡣỴᐃⓗ࡞㐪࠸ࡀࡇࡇ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡢ㈍኎࡛ࡣࠊ⏕⏘⪅ࡣ┤᥋ࠊၟရࢆ㐨ࡢ㥐࡟ᦙධࡋࠊ⮬ࡽࡀ㝞ิࡋࠊሙྜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ┤᥋ࣞࢪࢆᡴࡘࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊၟရࡢ
⏕⏘ࠊᦙධࠊ㝞ิࠊ㈍኎ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡍ࡭࡚ࢆ⏕⏘⪅⮬ࡽࡀ⾜࠺௙⤌ࡳ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࡜ࡾࢃࡅ㈍኎᪉ᘧࡣᑐ㠃㈍኎࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⏕⏘⪅࡟ࡣᐈࡢ㢦ࡀⰋࡃぢ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⮬ศࡢၟရ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㈐௵ࢆᣢࡘࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ኱ࡁ࡞せᅉ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

ໟ⿦䜢ᕤኵ䛧䛶䛔䜛ฟⲴࡢ㝿ࡢᕤኵ࡛ࡣࠊ኱༙ࡀఱࡽ࠿

䝺䝅䝢䜢⤂௓䛧䛶䛔䜛ࡢᕤኵࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡞ᕤኵࡢෆ
ୖẁ䠖 ୹ᚋ

⏘ᆅ䛾ྡ๓䜢䛴䛡䛶䛔䜛୰ẁ䠖 䛔䛺䛜䜟
ୗẁ䠖 ᫂ᜨ

≉䛻ᕤኵ䛿䛧䛶䛔䛺䛔ᐜ࡛ࡣࠊࠕໟ⿦ࠖ࡜ࠕࣞࢩࣆࠖࡀከࡃࠊ
ຍ࠼࡚ࠊࠕ୹ᚋ࡛ࠖࡣࠕ⏘ᆅࡢྡ๓ࢆ௜
グࠖࡀከ࠸㸦ᅗ 5㸧ࠋ㝞ิࡉࢀࡿၟရࡢ

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ぢࡓ┠ࢆព㆑ࡋࠊࡼࡾ࠾࠸ࡋࡃ㣗࡭࡚ேࡶࡽ࠸ࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠺⏕⏘⪅ࡢᚰ㐵࠸ࡢドᅗ㸳 ฟⲴࡢ㝿ࡢᕤኵࡢෆᐜ

ࡋ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ
ࠕ࠸࡞ࡀࢃ࡛ࠖࡣࠊ

ၟရࡢໟ⿦࡟⏕⏘⪅ࡢ⮬Ꮿࡢ㟁ヰ␒ྕࢆグ㍕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠿࡞ࡾ㋃ࡳ㎸ࢇࡔྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㟁ヰ␒ྕࡢグ㍕ࡢᚲせᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⣙ 70㸣ࡢ⏕⏘⪅ࡀࠕᚲせࠖ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ
ࠕᚲせ࡛࡞࠸ࠖࡣ 10㸣࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࠋ㟁ヰ␒ྕࡢグ㍕ࡣࠊಶே᝟ሗ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࡸࡸㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊ
ၥ࠸ྜࢃࡏࡸ࠾♩࡞࡝ᐈ࡜ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᙉࡃㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
⏕⏘⪅ࡀ⪃࠼ࡿ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡀᆅᇦ࡟㈉⊩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿせᅉ࡟ࡣࠊᆅᇦᕪࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࠕ୹ᚋ࡛ࠖࡣࠊ
ࠕJA ࡜ࡢ㐃ᦠࠖࠕ⏫ᙺሙ࡜ࡢ㐃ᦠࠖࠕ኎ࡾୖࡆࡀከ࠸ࠖࠕぢ▱ࡽࡠே࡜ࡢ஺ὶࠖ
ࠕ⏕⏘⪅ࡢࡸ
ࡾࡀ࠸ࠖ࡞࡝ከᵝ࡞せᅉࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕ࠸࡞ࡀࢃ࡛ࠖࡣࠊࡇࢀ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠕ⾤ࡢ㹎㹐࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ
ࡀୖ఩࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ
ࠕ኎ୖࡀከ࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺せᅉࡣࡶࡗ࡜ࡶᑡ࡞ࡃࠊ኎ୖ௨እࡢせᅉࡀព㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕ᫂ᜨ࡛ࠖࡣࠊ
ࠕJA ࡜ࡢ㐃ᦠࠖࡀ㝿❧ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ௚ࡢせᅉ࡜ẚ࡭࡚㢧ⴭ࡞≧ἣࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡀᆅᇦ♫఍࡟ఱࡽ࠿ࡢ㈉⊩ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᐇឤࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
2-1-3⏕⏘⪅ࡢ௒ᚋ

⏕⏘⪅ࡣࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐࡬ࡢฟⲴࢆ௒ᚋࡶ⥆ࡅࡓ࠸࡜ࡍࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊᚋ⥅⪅୙㊊ࡀ㢧ⴭ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋ⏕⏘⪅ࡢ㧗㱋໬ࡸ⏕⏘యไࡢ⬤ᙅࡉ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ௒ᚋࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐࡬ࡢฟⲴࡢ⥅⥆ࡣᴟࡵ࡚ཝࡋ࠸ࠋ௚ࡢ୰ᒣ㛫ᆅᇦ࡛ࡣࠊ⏕⏘⪅ࡀၟရࢆᣢࡕ㎸ࡴࡢ࡜ࡣ㏫࡟ࠊ㎰ᐙࢆゼၥࡋ࡚ၟရ
ࢆᅇ཰ࡋࡓࡾࠊ㞟ⴠႠ㎰ࢆᐇ㊶ࡍࡿᆅᇦࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᑐᛂࡶཧ⪃࡟ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ῝้࡞ᚋ⥅⪅୙㊊࡬ࡢᑐ⟇ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ㧗㱋໬ࡣࠊ⏕⏘⪅ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᆅᇦ඲య
ࡢㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᛀࢀ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
2-2⏕⏘⪅࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜

⏕⏘⪅࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ࠿ࡽࡣࠊձ⏕⏘⪅ࡢព㆑ࡀ㐨ࡢ㥐࡬ࡢฟⲴࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ኚ໬ࡋࡓࠊղࡑࡢせᅉࡣࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡢ㈍኎᪉ᘧ࡟࠶ࡿࠊճே࡜ࡢ஺ὶࡀᙉࡃព㆑ࡉࢀࠊࡑࢀࡀᆅᇦ♫఍࡟Ⰻ࠸ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠊմ௒ᚋࠊ⥅⥆ࡋࡓၟရࡢ౪⤥ࡣ⏕⏘⪅ࡢ㧗㱋໬ཬࡧᚋ⥅⪅୙㊊࠿ࡽ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠊࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡀ௒ᚋࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࠿ࡣࠊࡑࡇ࡟㛵ࢃࡿேࡓࡕḟ➨࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᢸ࠺⏕⏘⪅ࡢ௒ᚋࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ࡟ᮇᚅࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
࠾ࢃࡾ࡟㸦㐨ࡢ㥐ࡢᶵ⬟ࡢ㐍໬㸧㐨ࡢ㥐ࡣࠊᮏ᮶ࡢᇶᮏᶵ⬟ࢆồࡵࡿ㏻㐣஺㏻࡟ࡼࡿ᮶ゼ⪅ࡀぢ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ
㐨ࡢ㥐࡛㈍኎ࡉࢀࡿᆅඖࡢၟရࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ᪂㩭࡞㔝⳯࡞࡝㎰⏘≀ࢆồࡵࡿ᮶ゼ⪅ࡶぢ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟క࠸ࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡢタ❧ᙜึ࠿ࡽ㎰⏘≀┤኎ᡤࡢ㐠Ⴀࢆ⾜ᨻ᪋⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ≉࡟ࠊ୰ᒣ㛫ᆅᇦ࡛ࡣᆅᇦ⏘ᴗࡢᣐⅬ࡜ࡋ࡚㛤タࡍࡿ஦౛ࡶከ࠸ 㸯ࠋࡲࡓࠊࠕほග᝟ሗⓎಙࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊ᱌ෆᡤࡢࢫ࣮࣌ࢫ࡟ேࢆ㓄⨨ࡋほග᱌ෆࡍࡿ࡞࡝ᶵ⬟ࢆ⊂⮬࡟Ⓨᒎࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡶฟ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣࡣࠊ᮶ゼ⪅ࡸᆅᇦ♫఍ࡢࢽ࣮ࢬ࡟క࠸ࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡢᶵ⬟ࡀⓎᒎࡋࠊ⊂⮬࡟ࠕ㐍໬ࠖࡋࡓᙧ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࡿ㸦ᅗ 6㸧
ࠋ
タ❧ᙜึ

⌧

ᅾ

௒

ᚋ

ఇ᠁ᶵ⬟

ఇ᠁ᶵ⬟

ఇ᠁ᶵ⬟

㸦ࢺ࢖࣭ࣞ㥔㌴ሙ㸧㸦ࢺ࢖࣭ࣞ㥔㌴ሙ㸧㸦ࢺ࢖࣭ࣞ㥔㌴ሙ㸧ᆅᇦࡢ㐃ᦠᶵ⬟ᆅᇦࡢ㐃ᦠᶵ⬟ᆅᇦࡢ㐃ᦠᶵ⬟㸦ᩥ໬࣭ほග᪋タ㸧㸦ᩥ໬࣭ほග᪋タ㸧㸦ᩥ໬࣭ほග᪋タ㸧ᆅᇦࡢ୍ḟ⏘ᴗ᣺⯆㸦㎰⏘≀┤኎ᡤ㸧㸦⏕⏘≀ຍᕤᡤ㸧㸦ࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥ㸧ே࡜ேࠊࣔࣀ࡜⤌⧊࡞࡝ࡢ⤖⠇Ⅼࡢሙ᝟ሗⓎಙᶵ⬟
㸦㐨㊰࣭ほග᝟ሗ㸧ᆅᇦࡢබ┈άືᣐⅬ㸦㜵⅏ࠊᩍ⫱ࠊ㜵≢࡞࡝ࡢάືࡢሙ㸧ኚᐜᆅᇦࡢබ┈άືᣐⅬ㸦㜵⅏ᣐⅬࠊᩍ⫱ࠊ㜵≢࡞࡝ࡢάືࡢሙ㸧

᝟ሗⓎಙᶵ⬟

᝟ሗⓎಙᶵ⬟

㸦㐨㊰࣭ほග᝟ሗ㸧㸦㐨㊰࣭ほග᝟ሗ㸧ほග᱌ෆࡢ඘ᐇほගၟရࡢ㛤Ⓨᅗ㸴 㐨ࡢ㥐ࡢࠕ㐍໬ࠖࡢ⣔㆕ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐࡬ࡢ᮶ゼ⪅ࡣቑ࠼ࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡀከࡃࠊᆅᇦఫẸࡣቑ࠼ࡓ᮶ゼ⪅ࢆࡶ࡚࡞ࡍࠋࡇࡢࡶ࡚࡞ࡋࡣࠊ⏘≀ࡢ┤኎࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎࠊ࢖࣋ࣥࢺࡢ㛤ദ࡞࡝࡟Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡣࠊࠕ㐍໬ࠖࡋࡓ≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ஺㏻ࠊ᝟ሗࠊேࠊ⤌⧊࡞࡝ࡢ஺ὶࡢ⤖⠇Ⅼ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐࡟ᦠࢃࡿᆅᇦఫẸࡶࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡢࡇࡢ஺ὶࡢ⤖⠇Ⅼ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᙺ๭࡟╔┠ࡋࠊ⮬ࡽႠࡴ㎰ᴗ࡞࡝࡟ࡸࡾࡀ࠸ࢆぢฟࡋࠊᕤኵࢆ㔜ࡡ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ᮶ゼ⪅ࠊᆅᇦఫẸࠊ㥐࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ⤌⧊ࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡟᭦࡟஺ὶࢆಁࡋࠊࡑࢀࡀᆅᇦ♫఍඲యࡢάᛶ໬࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ዲᚠ⎔ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ᭱㏆ࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡣ㜵⅏ᣐⅬ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶᙉࡃព㆑ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ2004 ᖺࡢ᪂₲┴୰㉺ᆅ㟈ࡀࡁࡗ࠿ࡅ࡜ࡉࢀࡿ 㸰ࠋ2011 ᖺࡢᮾ᪥ᮏ኱㟈⅏࡛ࡣࠊࢺ࢖ࣞࡸ㣗ᩱࡢᥦ౪࡞࡝
࡛⿕⅏ࡋࡓᆅᇦࡢᨭ᥼࡟኱ࡁ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋࠊᆅᇦ♫఍࡛ࡢᏑᅾព⩏ࡶၥ࠸┤ࡉࢀࡓࠋ௒
ᚋࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐ࡢᶵ⬟ࡣࠊᆅᇦ♫఍࡜ඹ࡟ࡉࡽ࡟㐍໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࠊὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿࠋ࠙ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ࠚ㸯㸰㛵‶༤࣭㓇ᮏ ᏹࠊ㐨ࡢ㥐㸭ᆅᇦ⏘ᴗ᣺⯆࡜஺ὶࡢᣐⅬࠊ᪂ホㄽࠊ2011.7.5
ᮅ᪥᪂⪺グ஦ࠊ2011.10.20

ほග㈨※࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ࢝ࢪࣀࠊつไ⏘ᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ࢝ࢪࣀ

᪥ᮏ኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ㒊బࠎᮌ ୍ᙲ
Email:sasaki.kazuaki@nihon.ac.jp
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Keyword ࢝ࢪࣀ ࢠࣕࣥࣈࣝ ほග㈨※ ⨥ࡢ⏘ᴗ つไ⏘ᴗ
1. ◊✲┠ⓗ᪥ᮏேࡣᮏ㡢࡜ᘓ๓ࡀ࠶ࡿᅜẸ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏே࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⚾ࡶࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࡗ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉࡟ࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡀ㢧ⴭ࡟⾲ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢࠊࡘࡲࡾࢠࣕࣥࣈࣝ⏘ᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ᪥ᮏேࡢែᗘࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ᪥ᮏேࡣ₩Ⓑ࡞࡯࡝ࢠࣕࣥࣈࣝࠊࡘࡲࡾࠕࣂࢡ
ࢳࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࢔ࣞࣝࢠ࣮ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊ⫋ሙ࡞࡝࡛ࡣྜἲⓗ࡞ࢠࣕࣥࣈ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠕᐆࡃࡌࠖࡢヰ㢟ࡀ୍ᅇࡶฟ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࡲࡎ࡞࠸࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᕷሙつᶍࢆぢ࡚ࡳ࡚ࡶ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ⏘ᴗࡣ஧༑ᩘ඙෇ 1࡜ୡ⏺࡛᭷ᩘࡢつᶍࢆ㄂ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ⏘ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿ࢝ࢪࣀࢆṇᙜ࡟ᢅ࠸ࠊほග㈨※࡜ࡋ࡚࠺ࡲࡃ
ά⏝ࡋࠊእᅜேほගᐈࡢㄏ⮴࠾ࡼࡧᆅᇦࡢάᛶ໬࡟ᡂຌࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᅜࠎࡣୡ⏺࡟ከࡃᏑᅾ
ࡍࡿࠋሗ࿌⪅ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏᅜእࡢࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢࠊࢠࣕࣥࣈࣜࣥࢢࡢᅜ㝿఍㆟࡛ሗ࿌ࡍࡿᶵ఍ࡀ
௚ࡢ᪥ᮏே࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ከ࠸ 2ࡀࠊࡑࡢ᫬ࠊᚲࡎ᠓ぶ఍➼࡛⪺࠿ࢀࡿࡢࡣࠕ᪥ᮏࡣࡑࢀࡔ
ࡅࡢࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ⏘ᴗࡢᕷሙつᶍࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟࡞ࡐࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡀࡑࢀ࡯࡝㐍ࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸ࡢ࠿㸽ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᅇ⟅࡟ࡣሗ࿌⪅ࡣⱞປࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࡢࡀ⌧≧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௚ᅜ࡜ྠᵝ࡟࢝ࢪࣀࢆึࡵ࡜ࡍࡿࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ⏘ᴗࢆほග㈨※࡜ࡋ࡚᭷ຠ࡟ά⏝ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ⏘ᴗ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ཝࡋ࠸つไࢆ࠿ࡅ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞
࠸ࠋ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࠊ๓㏙ࡢ㏻ࡾࡑࡇࡲ࡛ព㆑ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠾ࡽࡎࠊ◊✲ࡶ࠶ࡲࡾ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸ࡢ
ࡀ⌧≧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ᮏሗ࿌࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠕほග㈨※࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ࢝ࢪࣀࠖ࡜ࠕつไ⏘ᴗࣞࢪ࣮ࣕⓑ᭩ 2012 ᖺ∧(2012,pp.100-101)࡟ࡼࢀࡤ 2011 ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪥ᮏࡢࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢࠊ
ࢠࣕࣥࣈࣜࣥࢢ࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺࡣࣃࢳࣥࢥ࣭ࣃࢳࢫࣟࡣ 18 ඙ 8960 ൨෇ࠊ୰ኸ➇㤿ࡣ 2 ඙ 2940൨෇ࠊᆅ᪉➇㤿ࡣ 3250 ൨෇ࠊ➇㍯ࡣ 5930 ൨෇ࠊ➇⯲ࡣ 8630 ൨෇ࠊ࣮࢜ࢺ࣮ࣞࢫࡣ 810
൨෇ࠊᐆࡃࡌࡣ 1 ඙ 40 ൨෇࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
2 ┤㏆࡛ࡣ 2012 ᖺ 10 ᭶ 2 ᪥࡟࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࣛࢫࣦ࢙࢞ࢫ࡛㛤ദࡉࢀࡓ G2E㸦Global Gaming
Expo㸧࡛ The Pacific Rim: Is Gaming Ready to Explode?࡜࠸࠺ࢱ࢖ࢺࣝࡢࣃࢿࣝࢹࢫ࢝
ࢵࢩࣙࣥࡢࣃࢿࣜࢫࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚ཧຍࡋࡓࠋ
(http://globalgamingexpo2012.conferencepath.com/speakerlist/?action=showsessions&u
serid=40139 2012 ᖺ 1 ᭶㸷᪥࢔ࢡࢭࢫ)1࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ࢝ࢪࣀࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
2. ほග㈨※࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ࢝ࢪࣀ
ඛ㐍ඵ࢝ᅜࡢ୰࡛࢝ࢪࣀࢆྜἲ໬ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᅜࡣ᪥ᮏࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ࡯࠿ࡢᅜࡣ࢝ࢪ
ࣀࢆྜἲ໬ࡋ࡚እᅜேほගᐈࡢㄏ⮴ࠊᆅᇦ⤒῭ࡢάᛶ໬ࡢࡓࡵࡢࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚᭷ຠ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋඖࠎࠊࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ⏘ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿ࢝ࢪࣀࡣ⌧ᅾࠊྜἲ໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᅜࠎ࡟࠾࠸࡚
ࡶࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡣ♫఍ⓗ࡞ࠕⰋࡃ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᐇ㝿ࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡢ࢝
ࢪࣀ⏘ᴗ࡟ᦠࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᅋయࠊࡶࡋࡃࡣேࠎࡣ㠀ྜἲⓗ࡞άືࢆམࢃ࡞࠸ᅋయࠊேࠎࡀከ
࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊከࡃࡢᅜ࡛ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢࠕⰋࡃ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓࠕ࢝ࢪࣀࠖࢆ࠶࠼࡚
ྜἲ໬ࡋࠊἲࡢ⥙ࢆ࠿ࡪࡏࠋཝ᱁࡞⟶⌮ᇶ‽ࢆసᡂࡋࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡽ࡟ࣃࢫࡋࡓ⪅࡟ࡢࡳ࢝ࢪࣀࢆྜἲⓗ࡟⤒Ⴀࡍࡿࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ࢝ࢪࣀ࡟ಀࢃࡿ⏘ᴗ࠿ࡽ㠀ྜἲⓗ࡞⾜Ⅽࢆམࢃ࡞࠸ேࠎࡀ⥾ࡵฟࡉࢀࠊ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ほගᐈㄏ⮴ࡢ࣐ࢢࢿࢵࢺࠊᆅᇦάᛶ໬
ࡢࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚᭷ຠ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓᚋࠊୡ⏺ࡢ࢝ࢪࣀࡢࢹࣇ࢓ࢡࢺ࣭ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣ⡿ᅜࡢࣛࢫࣦ࢙࢞ࢫ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢝ࢪࣀ௻ᴗࡢ⤒Ⴀ᪉ᘧ࡟ࡏࡼ࢝ࢪࣀࢆ⟶⌮ࡍࡿᡭἲ࡟ࡏࡼ➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ࡛ᡓሙ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ᪉ᘧࡣࢹࣇ࢓ࢡࢺ࣭ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻ࡟ࡣ࡞ࡾᚓ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋᙜ
↛ࡢࡇ࡜࡞ࡀࡽᆅᇦ࡟ࡼࡿ≉ᛶࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ࢝ࢪࣀࡢࣉࣞ࢖࣮࡛ࣖ࠶ࡿ㢳ᐈࡢ㐪࠸࡟ࡼࡾ཰┈ᵓ㐀ࡣ኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿࡀࠊୡ⏺᭱኱ࡢ࢝ࢪࣀ࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࣐࢝࢜࡟ࡏࡼ⌧ᅾࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ୍␒᪂ࡋ࠸࢝ࢪࣀ⟶⌮ᶵᵓࠊཬࡧ࢝ࢪࣀ⤒Ⴀࣔࢹࣝࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢩ࣏࣮ࣥ࢞ࣝ࡟
ࡏࡼ⡿ᅜࡢ࢝ࢪࣀ⟶⌮᪉ἲ࡜࢝ࢪࣀ⤒Ⴀ᪉ἲࢆ⛣᳜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤேᮦᩍ⫱ࡢ㠃ࢆぢ࡚ࡳ࡚ࡶ࣐࢝࢜ࡢ࣐࢝࢜኱Ꮫ࡟⡿ᅜ࡛⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ࢝ࢪࣀࡢ⤒Ⴀᖿ㒊ࡢ㣴ᡂㅮᗙࡀタࡅࡽࢀࠊࢩ࣏࣮ࣥ࢞ࣝ࡟ࡣࢿࣦ࢓ࢲᕞ❧኱Ꮫࣛࢫࣦ࢙࢞ࢫᰯࠊ㏻⛠ UNLV ࡀタࡅࡽࢀࡿ࡞࡝ࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࣛࢫࣦ࢙࢞ࢫࣔࢹࣝࡢ⛣᳜ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡞࡝࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ࢝ࢪࣀࡢ࣓ࢵ࡛࢝࠶ࡿࣛࢫࣦ࢙࢞ࢫ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡳ࡚ࡶᮏ᱁ⓗ࡟࢝ࢪࣀࡀྜἲ໬ࡉࢀࡓࡢ
ࡣ 1931 ᖺࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢྜἲ໬࡟ࡣ஧ࡘࡢせᅉࡀാ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍ࡘࡢ
せᅉࡣ 1929 ᖺࡼࡾጞࡲࡗࡓୡ⏺ᜍៃ࡟ࡼࡿࣛࢫࣦ࢙࢞ࢫࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࢿࣦ࢓ࢲᕞࡢ㈈ᨻ≧ែࡢᝏ໬ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢせᅉࡣᙜ᫬ࣛࢫࣦ࢙࢞ࢫ࿘㎶࡟ᩘከࡃᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㠀ྜἲ࢝ࢪࣀࡢᏑᅾ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࢠࣕࣥࣈࣝࠊ࢔ࣝࢥ࣮ࣝࠊࢱࣂࢥ࡞࡝ࡢ⏘ᴗࡣ㏻⛠ࠊࠕ⨥ࡢ⏘ᴗࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ
⏘ᴗࢆ㠀ྜἲ໬ࡋࠊࡑࡢᏑᅾࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆ♫఍࠿ࡽᾘࡋཤࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ
⏘ᴗࢆ㠀ྜἲ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡀࠊ♫఍ࠊᩥ໬࡜῝ࡃ⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣ㠀ྜἲ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜⮬యࡀ୙ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ⏘ᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ⨥ࡢ⏘ᴗࠖ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢࣟࢪࢵࢡ࡟ᚑ࠸ 1931 ᖺ࡟ࣛࢫࣦ࢙࢞ࢫ࡛ࡣ࢝ࢪࣀࡢྜἲ໬ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ㠀ྜἲⓗ࡞࢝ࢪࣀࢆ⤒Ⴀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ཯♫఍ⓗ࡞ໃຊࡢຊࢆ๐ࡄࡇ࡜ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧྜἲ໬ࡋࠊἲࡢ⥙ࢆ࠿ࡪࡏࠊ
⛯㔠ࢆᚩ཰ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟࢝ࢪࣀࡢྜἲ໬ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

1980 ᖺ௦ࡃࡽ࠸ࡲ࡛ࡣࣛࢫࣦ࢙࢞ࢫ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡳ࡚ࡶ࢝ࢪࣀࡀྜἲ໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᩘᑡ࡞࠸⡿ᅜࡢほගᆅ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡋ࠿ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊ1980 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࡃࡽ࠸࠿ࡽ
࢝ࢪࣀࢆ Driving Force ࡜ࡋ࡚࢝ࢪࣀࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⾤඲యࢆࣜࢰ࣮ࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡉࡏࡿࠊࡘࡲࡾ⤫ྜᆺࡢࣜࢰ࣮ࢺ(Integrated Resort:IR)࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀ
ࡿࠋ⌧ᅾࠊࣛࢫࣦ࢙࢞ࢫ࡛ࡣ࢝ࢪࣀࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ᭷ྡ࡞ࢩ࣮ࣙࠊ᭷ྡࣞࢫࢺ࡛ࣛࣥࡢ㣗஦ࠊࣈࣛࣥࢻࢩࣙࢵࣉ࡛ࡢࢩࣙࢵࣆࣥࢢࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᕧ኱࡞࢝ࢪࣀ࣍ࢸࣝࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ከࡃࡢᐈᐊ ࡜ ᕧ ኱ ࡞ ࢥ ࣥ ࣋ ࣥ ࢩ ࣙ ࣥ ࢭ ࣥ ࢱ ࣮ ࢆ ᭷ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡢ ࡛ ᵝ ࠎ ࡞MICE(Meeting,Incentive,Convention,Exhibition) ࡀ㛤ദࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤሗ࿌⪅ࡀ
2012 ᖺ࡟ࣃࢿࣝࢹࢫ࢝ࢵࢩࣙࣥࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ G2E ࡢᒎ♧఍ሙ࠾ࡼࡧࢹࢫ࢝ࢵࢩࣙࣥࡢ఍ሙࡣ
ࣛࢫࣦ࢙࢞ࢫࡢࢫࢺࣜࢵࣉ(࣓࢖ࣥࢫࢺ࣮ࣜࢺ)࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ෗┿ 1.ࡢࣦ࢙ࢿࢳ࢔࣭ࣥ࢝ࢪࣀ࣭
ࣜࢰ࣮ࢺ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
෗┿ 1.ࣛࢫࣦ࢙࢞ࢫࡢࣦ࢙ࢿࢳ࢔࣭ࣥࣜࢰ࣮ࢺ࣍ࢸࣝ㸤࢝ࢪࣀ

2012 ᖺ 10 ᭶ 2 ᪥࡟బࠎᮌࡀ᧜ᙳ
ࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ⏘ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿ࢝ࢪࣀࡀ⤫ྜᆺࣜࢰ࣮ࢺࡢ Driving Force ࡜࡞ࡿࣔࢹࣝࡣୡ⏺࡟Ἴཬࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡾ⌧ᅾ✌ാࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚᭱ࡶ᭷ྡ࡞ࣔࢹࣝࡣࢩ࣏࣮ࣥ࢞ࣝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
஧ࡘࡢ⤫ྜᆺࣜࢰ࣮ࢺ(࣐࣮ࣜࢼ࣋࢖ࢧࣥࢬ࠾ࡼࡧࣜࢰ࣮ࢺ࣮࣡ࣝࢻࢭࣥࢺ࣮ࢧ)࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽ஧ࡘࡢ⤫ྜࣜࢰ࣮ࢺࡣ࢝ࢪࣀࢆ Driving Force ࡜ࡋࡓ⤫ྜᆺࡢࣜࢰ࣮ࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡇࡢ⤫ྜᆺࣜࢰ࣮ࢺ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࡛࠶ࡿࡀ」ᩘࡢ࢚ࣥࢱ࣮ࢸ࢖࣓ࣥࢺࠊ࢔࣑࣮ࣗࢬ
࣓ࣥࢺࠊࣈࣛࣥࢻᑓ㛛ᗑࠊ᭷ྡࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥࡑࡋ࡚࣍ࢸࣝࠊࢥࣥ࣋ࣥࢩࣙࣥࢭࣥࢱ࣮➼ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡔࡅࡢྜពࡋ࠿᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ࡜ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᾏእࡢ◊✲⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚௨ୗࡢᅗ⾲㸯.ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃ⩏࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᅗ⾲࠿ࡽࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠕ⨥ࡢ⏘ᴗ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࢝ࢪࣀࡀ⤫ྜᆺࣜࢰ࣮ࢺࡢ Driving Force ࡜ࡋ࡚᭷ຠ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⌮ゎࡉࢀࡼ࠺ࠋ
ᅗ⾲ 1 ⤫ྜᆺࣜࢰ࣮ࢺ(Integrated Resort:IR)ࡢᐃ⩏࡙ࡅIR ࡢ≉ᚩ

⿵㊊ㄝ᫂

࢝ࢪࣀࢆ⤒῭ⓗ࡞࢚ࣥࢪࣥࡢ᰾࡜ࡋ࡚ᣢࡘ㠀࢝ࢪࣀࡀ࠶ࡆࡓ཰┈ࡀ௚ࡢ㠀࢝ࢪࣀ㒊㛛ࡢᖖ࡟ᕧ኱࡞࢚ࣥࢱ࣮ࢸ࢖࣓ࣥࢺ᪋タࠋ⥔ᣢ㈝⏝ࢆ⿵࡚ࢇࡍࡿ཰┈ᵓ㐀ࠋᘓタ㈝⏝ࡣ 40 ൨ࢻࣝ⛬ᗘ(1 ࢻࣝ 80 ෇᥮⟬࡛ࡇࡢᕧ኱࡞ IR ࡢ⥔ᣢ㈝⏝࡜ࡋ࡚ᖺ㛫 5 ൨ࢻࣝ3200 ൨෇)࡜㠀ᖖ࡟ᕧ㢠ࠋ(1 ࢻࣝ 80 ෇᥮⟬࡛ 400 ൨෇)ࡀ⛯ᘬࡁᚋ฼┈࡟ῶ౯ൾ༷㈝࡜ᨭᡶ฼ᜥ㈝⏝ࢆຍ⟬ࡋࡓ㔠㢠࡜ࡋ࡚ᚲせࠋ

࢝ࢪࣀࡣ IR ࡢ⤒῭ⓗ࡞࢚ࣥࢪࣥࡢ᰾࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ

⥲ᗋ㠃✚ࡢ࠺ࡕ 10㸣࡟‶ࡓ࡞࠸࢝ࢪࣀࡣ IR ඲⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࡑࡢ≀⌮ⓗ࡞๭ྜࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ᑠࡉయࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡍᖺ㛫ࡢ࢟ࣕࢵࢩࣗࣇ࣮ࣟࡢ༙ศ

ࡃ IR ࡢ⥲ᗋ㠃✚ࡢ 10%ᮍ‶ࠋ௨ୖࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࠋ

IR ࡣᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ 1500 ᐊࡢ㒊ᒇࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࠿࡞

఍㆟ሙࠊࢥࣥ࣋ࣥࢩࣙࣥࡶ㔜せ࡞せ⣲࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡾ኱ࡁ࡞࣍ࢸࣝࡢᘓタࡶྵࡴࠋIR ࢆࡼࡾ㨩ຊⓗ࡟ࡍࡿᵝࠎ࡞࢔࣓ࢽࢸ࢕᪋タࣇ࣮ࢻࢥ࣮ࢺࠊࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥࠊࢩࣙࢵࣆࣥࢢ࣮ࣔ

ࡀᚲせࠋࣝࠊᫎ⏬㤋ࠊࢩ࣮࣮࣒ࣙࣝࠊࢼ࢖ࢺࢡࣛࣈࠊࢦ
ࣝࣇࢥ࣮ࢫࠊࢫࣃࠊ㔝⏕ື≀ࡢ࢚ࢠࢮࣅࢩࣙࣥ
࢚ࣜ࢔ࠊ࢔࣮ࢺࢠ࣮ࣕࣛࣜࠊ࢔࣑࣮ࣗࢬ࣓ࣥࢺ
ࣃ࣮ࢡ➼ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ

IR ࡣ」ྜⓗ࡞᪋タ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡑࡢ࿘㎶࡟ࢭ࢝ࣥࢻ

࢔ࣃ࣮ࢺ࣓ࣥࢺࠊࢥࣥࢻ࣑ࢽ࢔࣒ࠊࢱ࢖࣒ࢩ࢙

ࣁ࢘ࢫࢆ㉎ධࡍࡿேࠎࡀከࡃ࠸ࡿࠋ

࢔࣮ࣘࢽࢵࢺ➼ࡀ IR ࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

Macdonald and Eadington(2008pp.3-4)ࡼࡾబࠎᮌࡀసᡂࠋ
3. つไ⏘ᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ࢝ࢪࣀ
๓㏙ࡢ㏻ࡾࠊ࢔ࣝࢥ࣮ࣝࠊࢱࣂࢥࠊࢠࣕࣥࣈࣝࡢࡼ࠺࡞⏘ᴗࡣࠕ⨥ࡢ⏘ᴗࠖ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑࢀࡽࡢ⏘ᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠕ᏶඲࡟㠀ྜἲ໬࡛ࠖࡁࢀࡤⰋ࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࡑࡢࠕ᏶඲࡟㠀ྜἲ໬ࠖࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ヨࡳࢆ⾜ࡗࡓሙྜ࡟ࡣᙜึࡢ┠ⓗ࡜␗࡞ࡾ♫఍ⓗ࡞ࢥࢫࢺࡀ᭦࡟኱ࡁ
ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⏘ᴗࡢࡇ࡜ࢆࠕ⨥ࡢ⏘ᴗࠖ࡜ゝࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ᭱ࡶ㢧ⴭ࡞౛ࡣ 1920 ᖺ௦ࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⚗㓇ἲ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢἲᚊࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㓇ࢆ㣧ࡴࡇ࡜ࡣ⚗Ṇࡋ࡞࠸ࡀ㓇ࢆ〇㐀ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ⚗Ṇࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ἲᚊ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢἲᚊ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ከ኱࡞ᜠᜨ

ࢆཷࡅࡓࡢࡣ㞄ᅜ࢝ࢼࢲ࡜㠀ྜἲ⾜Ⅽࢆམࢃ࡞࠸࣐ࣇ࢕࢔࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ⏘ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿ࢝ࢪࣀࡶྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡾୡ⏺ⓗ࡞₻ὶ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣἲࡢ⥙ࢆ࠿ࡪࡏཝ᱁࡞⟶⌮ࢆࡋࠊ♫఍ⓗ࡞ࢥࢫࢺࡀ᭱ᑠ࡟࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞᪉ἲࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
཯♫఍ⓗ࡞ໃຊࡢࢠࣕࣥࣈࣝࠊࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ⏘ᴗ࠿ࡽࡢ᤼㝖࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᇶᮏⓗ࡟཯♫఍ⓗໃຊࡣࠊࠕ⨥ࡢ⏘ᴗࠖࡀἲᚊ࡛ཝ᱁࡟⟶⌮ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡼࡾࠊࠕ⨥ࡢ⏘ᴗࠖࢆᙼࡽࡢ㈨㔠※࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊྜἲⓗ࡞ࠕ⨥ࡢ⏘ᴗࠖ࡟ࡣ㛵୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᴟࡵ࡚
㞴ࡋࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ๓㏙ࡢ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⚗㓇ἲ᫬௦࡟ᕧ୓ࡢᐩࢆᚓࡓࡢࡣ᭷ྡ࡞࢔࣭ࣝ࢝
࣏ࢿ࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞࣐ࣇ࢕࢔࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡼࡾ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࢠࣕࣥࣈࣝࠊࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ㛵㐃࡛᭱኱ࡢ♫఍ⓗࢥࢫࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠕࢠࣕࣥࣈࣝ౫Ꮡ⑕ࠖࠊࡦࡽ
ࡓࡃゝ࠼ࡤࠕࢠࣕࣥࣈࣝ୰ẘࠖࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣ 1931 ᖺࡢࣛࢫࣦ࢙࢞ࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢝ࢪࣀࡢᮏ᱁ⓗ࡞ྜἲ໬ࠊ1976 ᖺࡢࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ
࣮ࣕࢪ࣮ᕞࠊ࢔ࢺࣛࣥࢸࢵࢡࢩࢸ࢕࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢝ࢪࣀࡢྜἲ໬ࠊ1988 ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢖ࣥࢹ࢕࢔
࣭ࣥࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢつไἲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢿ࢖ࢸ࢕ࣈ࣭࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࣥࡢᒃ␃ᆅ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢝ࢪࣀࡢྜἲ໬
࡞࡝ࢆ⤒࡚ࠊ⡿ᅜẸࡢ࢝ࢪࣀࢆึࡵ࡜ࡍࡿࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ⏘ᴗࡀᅜẸ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠿ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡢ 㛵 ᚰ ࡀ 㧗 ࡲ ࡾ 1996 ᖺ ࡟ National Gambling Impact Study
Commission(ᅜෆࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢࡢᙳ㡪ㄪᰝጤဨ఍㸸NGISC)ࢆタ❧ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࡢἲ᱌ࢆ⡿ᅜ㆟఍ࡀྍỴࡋࠊ400 ୓ࢻࣝ㸦㸯ࢻࣝ 100 ෇᥮⟬࡛㸲൨෇㸧ࡢண⟬ࢆィୖࡋࠊ኱ࠎⓗ࡞ㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠸ 1999 ᖺ࡟᭱⤊ሗ࿌᭩ࢆⓎ⾜ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢሗ࿌᭩ࡢᅄ❶࡟ࡣ Problem and PathologicalGambling(ၥ㢟࠶ࡿࢠࣕࣥࣈ࣮ࣛ࡜⑓ⓗࢠࣕࣥࣈ࣮ࣛ)ࡀタࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࢠࣕࣥ
ࣈࣝ୰ẘ⪅ࡣ⡿ᅜࡢ኱ேࡢேཱྀࡢ 1.5%࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡽ࡟⾜ᨻᙜᒁࠊࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ࣮࢜࣌ࣞࢱ࣮ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᑐฎࡍ࡭ࡁ࠿ࡢ່࿌ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⌧ᅾࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ່࿌ࡀ࢝ࢪࣀࢆึࡵ࡜ࡍࡿࢠࣕࣥࣈࣜࣥࢢࠊࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ࣮࢜࣌ࣞࢱ࣮࡟ᛂ⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ⡿ᅜෆ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ⌧ᅾࠊ࢝ࢪࣀࢆ᰾࡜ࡍࡿ⤫ྜࣜࢰ࣮ࢺࡢ⌮᝿ⓗ࡞ࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢩ࣏࣮ࣥ࢞ࣝࡢ⤫ྜᆺࣜࢰ࣮ࢺ࡟ࡶᛂ⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
๓㏙ࡢ㏻ࡾ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢠࣕࣥࣈࣜࣥࢢࠊࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺࡢつᶍࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟኱ࡁ࠸ࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ
ࠕࢠࣕࣥࣈࣝ୰ẘࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞♫఍ⓗࢥࢫࢺࡢ኱ࠎⓗ࡞ㄪᰝࡣ⌧ᅾࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ⌧ᅾࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ࢝ࢪࣀྜἲ໬ࡢືࡁࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡀࠊ⡿ᅜ࡛ NGISC ࡀከ㢠ࡢண⟬ࢆ౑⏝ࡋࠊ⾜ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡞ㄪᰝࢆ᪥ᮏ࡛࢝ࢪࣀࡀᐇ㝿࡟✌ാࡍࡿ๓࡟⾜࠺࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࡋࠊᐇ㝿࡟✌ാࡋࡓᚋ࡟ࡶ⾜࠺࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࡑࡢ㝿࡟ࡣࠊ⌧ᅾᏑᅾࡍࡿ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ
ᙧែࡢࢠࣕࣥࣈࣝࠊࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ⏘ᴗࢆࡶᑐ㇟࡟ࡋ࡚ㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠺࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕ⨥ࡢ⏘ᴗ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠕつไ⏘ᴗ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࢝ࢪࣀࢆ᭷ຠ࡟ほග㈨※࡜ࡋ࡚ά⏝ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ
♫఍ⓗࢥࢫࢺࢆ᭱ᑠ໬ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

୺せཧ⪃ᩥ⊩Macdonald, Andrew and Eadington, W. R. (2008)“The Case for Integrated
Resorts”http://www.urbino.net/bright.cfm?specificBright=THE%20CASE%20FO
R%20INTEGRATED%20RESORTS᧤2012㄃᧮㦗14㡴ቿኌኘኖ᧥
Mcgowan,R.A.(2001)Government and the Transformation of the Gaming

Industry, Edward Elgar.(బࠎᮌ୍ᙲヂ(2005)ࠗࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ௻ᴗࡢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ-࢝ࢪࣀ࣭➇㤿࣭ᐆࡃࡌ࠘⛯ົ⤒⌮༠఍).
National Gambling Impact Study Commission:NGISC(1999)National

Gambling Impact Study Commission Final Report.
National Opinion Research Center at the University of
Chicago:NORC(1999)Gambling Impact and Behavior Study.
᪥ᮏ⏕⏘ᛶᮏ㒊(2012)ࠗࣞࢪ࣮ࣕⓑ᭩2012࠘
୕ᡞබ(1994)ࠗ㝶కⓗ⤖ᯝ̿⟶⌮ࡢ㠉࿨̿࠘ᩥ┾ᇽ.
బࠎᮌ୍ᙲ(2011)ࠗࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ⏘ᴗࡢᡂ㛗࡜♫఍ⓗṇᙜᛶ-࢝ࢪࣀ௻ᴗࢆ୰ᚰ࡟-࠘⛯ົ⤒⌮༠఍.
㇂ᒸ୍㑻(1999)ࠗࣛࢫࣦ࢙࢞ࢫ≀ㄒ࠘PHP᪂᭩.

㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍୰ኸ኱Ꮫ኱఍࠙ሗ࿌せ᪨ࠚ

௻⏬ࢭࢵࢩࣙࣥࠕḢᕞࡢᆅᇦ࣭⎔ቃ࣭࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ᨻ⟇ࠖEU ᆅᇦᨻ⟇ࡢ㐍໬࡜㉺ቃᆅᇦ㛫༠ຊ㸦CBC㸧ࡢ⌧≧ΎỈ⪔୍㸦ᒸᒣ኱Ꮫ㸧EU ࡢᆅᇦ㛫༠ຊ஦ᴗࡣ⤖᮰ᨻ⟇㸦Cohesion Policy㸧ࡢ୍⎔࡜ࡋ࡚ᆅᇦࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚
EU ⤫ྜࢆ㐍ࡵࠊᐇ㉁ⓗ࡞ព࿡࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕEU ᕷẸࠖࡢ๰ฟࢆᢸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᆅᇦ㛫༠ຊ஦ᴗࡢ୰࡛ࡶᮏሗ࿌ࡀὀ┠ࡍࡿ㉺ቃᆅᇦ㛫༠ຊ㸦CBC㸧ࡣࠊඹྠయ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢳࣈࡢ୍ࡘ
࡛࠶ࡿ INTERREG ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞ᵓᡂせ⣲࡜ࡋ࡚ฟⓎࡋࠊ INTERREG I
㸦1990-1993 ᖺ㸧ࠊINTERREG II㸦1994-1999㸧
ࠊINTERREG III (2000-2006 ᖺ)࡜Ⓨᒎ1ࡋࡓᚋࠊ
2007-2013 ᖺᮇ࠿ࡽࡣඃඛ┠ᶆ㸱ࠕḢᕞᆅᇦ㛫༠ຊ㸦European Territorial Co-operation㸧ࠖ㸦INTERREG IV㸧࡟᱁ୖࡆࡉࢀࠊ2012 ᖺ᫬Ⅼ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ2013 ᖺ௨ᚋࡢ⤖᮰ᨻ⟇୪ࡧ࡟Ḣᕞᆅᇦ㛫༠ຊ㸦INTERREG V㸧ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡀ᳨ウࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᮏሗ࿌ࡣࠊEU ࡢᆅᇦᨻ⟇ࡢ㐍໬ࢆᴫほࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊINTERREG III ࡢࠕ஦ᚋホ౯ሗ࿌ࠖࡢ᳨ウ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ INTERREG III ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢᐇ⦼㸦Main Findings㸧࡜ 2007-2013 ᖺᮇ࠾ࡼࡧ 2013 ᖺ௨ᚋࡢㄢ㢟ࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ≉࡟ࠊ2006 ᖺ࡟㉺ቃᆅᇦ㛫༠ຊࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸
ᢸ࠸ᡭ࡜ࡋ࡚ไᗘ໬ࡉࢀࡓ EGTC㸦EuropeanGrouping of Territorial Cooperation㸸Ḣᕞᆅᇦ㛫༠ຊᅋయ㸧࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࠊ᭱ึࡢ EGTC ࡛࠶ࡿ Eurométropole Lille-Kortrijk-Tournai
㸦2008 ᖺタ❧㸧ࡢάືࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗㄪᰝ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ EGTC ࡢၥ
㢟Ⅼࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋ
2006 ᖺ࡟ EU ࡢ Regulation (EC) No 1082/2006 ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ไᗘ໬ࡉࢀࡓ EGTC ࡣࠊ㠀Ⴀ฼ᅋయ࣭ᶵ㛵㸦ᆅ᪉බඹᅋయࠊᅜᐙࠊබⓗᶵ㛵㹙኱Ꮫࠊᅜ❧බᅬ➼㹛㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚タ❧ࡉࢀࡓ」ᩘࡢᅜᐙ࡟ࡲࡓࡀࡿ⮬ᚊⓗ࡞ἲே᱁⤌⧊࡛࠶ࡾࠊྠἲே⤌⧊ࡣ㈈ᨻⓗ࡟⮬❧ࡋࠊ⮬ᕫࡢᶒ㝈ࡢ⠊ᅖ㸦㐠㍺ࠊ་⒪ࠊᩍ⫱ࠊᆅᇦィ⏬ࠊ⤒῭Ⓨᒎࠊ㒔ᕷィ⏬ࠊබඹࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠊᩥ໬࣭ほග㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚⮬୺ⓗ࡟⾜ືࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋEU ࡀ EGTC ࢆไᗘ໬ࡋࡓ⌮⏤ࡣࠊINTERREG IIIA㸦CBC㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚┿ࡢព࿡࡛ࡢ㉺ቃ༠ຊ⤌⧊࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᐇ᪋
ࡉࢀࡓࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡣࢃࡎ࠿ 6%࡟ࡍࡂࡎࠊᮇᚅࡋࡓ㉺ቃᆅᇦ㛫༠ຊࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜
࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋ2011 ᖺᮎࡲ࡛࡟タ❧ࡉࢀࡓ EGTC ࡣ 26㸦ࡑࡢ࠺ࡕỌ⥆ⓗ⤌⧊ࡣ 23㸧࠶ࡿࡀࠊ
EGTC ࡟ࡣ CBC ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ⟶⌮ᙜᒁ㸦Managing Authority㸧ࢱ࢖ࣉࠊࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࣭
ࢱ࢖ࣉࠊ࠾ࡼࡧᡓ␎ⓗ༠ຊ㛵ಀࢱ࢖ࣉ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㢮ᆺࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᮏሗ࿌ࡢᑐ㇟࡛࠶ࡿ Eurométropole Lille-Kortrijk-Tournai ࡣ၏୍ࡢᡓ␎ⓗ༠ຊ㛵ಀࢱ࢖ࣉࡢ EGTC ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ぢ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

1

Cf., ⱝ᳃❶Ꮥ࣭ඵᮌ⣖୍㑻࣭ΎỈ⪔୍࣭㛗ᑿఙ୍⦅ⴭࠗEU ⤒῭⤫ྜࡢᆅᇦⓗḟඖ̾̾ࢡࣟࢫ࣎
࣮ࢲ࣮࣭ࢥ࣮࣮࣌ࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢ᭱๓⥺࣑࠘ࢿࣦࣝ࢓᭩ᡣࠊ2007 ᖺࠋ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍኱఍ Ḣᕞࡢᆅᇦ࣭⎔ቃ࣭࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ᨻ⟇௻⏬ࢭࢵࢩࣙࣥ

ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㢼ຊⓎ㟁ࡢᆅᇦ㛫ẚ㍑
ࣘ࢖ࢫࣂࣘࢫ㸦ி㒔እᅜㄒ኱Ꮫ㸧Ḣᕞ㐃ྜ㸦㹃㹓㸧࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ᨻ⟇࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㸰㸮㸰㸮ᖺ┠ᶆ࡟ྥࡅ࡚ࠊࢫ࣌࢖ࣥࡢ㢼ຊⓎ㟁ࡣ㸯㸷㸷㸷ᖺ࠿ࡽⴭࡋ࠸Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࢫ࣌࢖ࣥࡢᆅᇦ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡑࡢⓎᒎࡢ⛬ᗘࡣ࠿࡞ࡾ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ
ㄽ࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢᆅᇦ㛫┦㐪ࡢཎᅉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡿࠋ
Ḣᕞ㆟఍࣭Ḣᕞ㛶൉⌮஦఍ࡢࢹ࢕ࣞࢡࢸ࢕ࣈ㸦directive㸧㸰㸮㸮㸷㸭㸰㸶㸭㹁㹃㸦㸰㸮㸮㸷ᖺ㸲᭶㸰㸱᪥㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࢫ࣌࢖࡛ࣥᾘ㈝ࡉࢀࡿ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮࡟࠾ࡅࡿ෌⏕ྍ⬟࡞࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡢ๭ྜࡣ㸰㸮㸣ࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿ┠ᶆࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢ┠ᶆ࡟㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥᨻᗓࡢࠕ෌⏕ྍ⬟࡞࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ィ⏬ࠖ㸰㸮㸯㸯㸫㸰㸮㸰㸮(Plan deEnergias Renovables en Espana 㸰㸮㸯㸯㸫㸰㸮㸰㸮)ࡀᐇ⾜ࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᕞᨻᗓࡶ
⊂⮬ࡢ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ィ⏬ࢆᐇ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥࡢᾘ㈝ࡍࡿ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮࡟࠾ࡅࡿ෌⏕ྍ⬟࡞࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡢ๭ྜࡣ 2004 ᖺ࡟㸴㸬㸱㸣࡛ࠊ2010 ᖺ࡟㸯㸱㸬㸰㸣࡟ୖࡀࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࡑࡢ୰ࠊỈຊ㸯㸲㸬㸯㸣ࠊ㢼ຊ㸯㸲㸬㸴㸣ࠊග㟁㸰㸬㸯㸣ࠊ⇕㟁㸮㸬㸰㸣ࠊࣂ࢖࣐࢜ࢫ➼㸯㸬㸲㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࢫ࣌࢖ࣥࡢᕞ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㢼ຊⓎ㟁ࡢⓎᒎࡣ࠿࡞ࡾ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊ㢼ຊⓎ㟁ࡀ᭱ࡶⓎᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࢝ࢫࢸ࢕࣭ࣜࣕ࢖࣭ࣞ࢜ࣥᕞ࡛ࡣࠊ2010 ᖺ࡟⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡓ㟁ຊ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㢼ຊࡢ๭ྜࡀ㸱㸮㸬㸵㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ௚᪉࡛ࠊࢫ࣌࢖ࣥࡢ୰࡛⏘ᴗ࣭⤒῭ࡢࡉࡁࡀࡅࡢ࢝ࢱ࣮ࣝࢽࣕᕞ࡛ࡣࠊᾘ㈝ࡉࢀࡿ㟁Ẽ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㢼ຊⓎ㟁ࡀ㸯㸬㸯㸣࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸦㸰㸮㸮㸵ᖺ㸧ࠋᮏㄽ࡛ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㢼ຊⓎ㟁ࡢⓎᒎࡢ┦㐪ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᨻ⟇ࠊᨻ἞ࠊ฼┈ᅋయάື࡞࡝࡟࠾ࡅࡿཎᅉࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋ

1

Research Article

The Covenant of Mayors-Multi-level Governance of Energy Policy
Implementation in the European UnionLuigi Alberto Di Martino

Introduction
In December 2008, the European Council adopted environmental targets even more
ambitious than those undertaken by the Kyoto Protocol. During the same month the plan
was approved by the European Parliament. It includes the so-called “three twenty targets”.
By the year 2020, it aims at a 20% reduction in the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), an
increase in energy efficiency in order to save 20% of EU energy consumption, and to reach
20% of renewable energy in the total energy consumption. The plan is based on earlier
proposals adopted by the European Council in March 2007 and on guidelines set up by theEuropean Commission in 2008, and it is known as the “European Union climate and energy
package”.
The climate and energy package is at the heart of the EU strategy aimed at sustainablegrowth by means of a transition towards a resource efficient economy. An increase in energy
efficiency is one of the “three twenty targets”, its success is essential for the success of thewhole package and its implementation depends on the commitment of public authorities andprivate stakeholders alike.
Already in the year 2007 the first National Energy Efficiency Action Plans were delivered
covering the period between 2008 and 2010. But even at that time it was evident to membersof the Directorate-General for Transport and Energy of the European Commission(DG-TREN) that the energy efficiency targets had to be addressed at the local level. The main
reason that brought them to such a conclusion was that the implementation of energy
efficiency implies the involvement of citizens, among other stakeholders, and that only at themunicipal level citizens become visible and potentially subject to participation andcommitment. At the same time, it was already evident that European cities were more active
than national governments in their search for the implementation of a low carbon economy,
1but many of them, specially the smaller ones, lacked the technical and financial resources topursue the objective of energy efficiency. Last but not least, people live, work and commute
mainly in cities, where around three quarters of GHG are emitted (Núñez Ferrer et al, 2010,p. 7).
Furthermore, as article 158 of the Lisbon Treaty expanded EU competencies in relation to theimplementation of policies for socio-economic development at the regional and local levels, theEuropean Commission found itself in a better legal position to help regional and local actors
to implement EU policies without the mediation of national governments.
In the following sections, I will refer to the creation and development of the Covenant ofMayors, an institution brought to life by the DG-TREN (1) with the purpose of engaging andhelping EU cities in the fight against climate change. Municipal governments who sign to theCovenant make a voluntary commitment to reduce their cities GHG emissions at least by
20% by the year 2020, based mainly on an improvement in energy efficiency and an increasein the use of renewable energy sources. After addressing the process through which theinstitution was brought into existence, I will refer to its main components, their functions andthe dynamics of its daily work. As its practice has much to do with a multi-level approach to
the governance of energy policy implementation, in the third section I will use the concept ofmulti-level governance in order to discuss the underlying characteristics of the Covenant ofMayors approach to governance. In the last section I turn to discuss the actual situation andperspectives of this young institution.

The creation of the Covenant of Mayors
In October 2006, the European Commission released a communication under the title “Action
Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realizing the Potential”. On page 4 it reads: “the Action Plan isintended to mobilize the general public and policy-makers at all levels of government,
together with market actors, and to transform the internal energy market in a way thatprovides EU citizens with the globally most energy-efficient infrastructure, buildings,
appliances, processes, transport means and energy systems. Given the importance of thehuman factor in reducing energy consumption, this action plan also encourages citizens to use
energy in the most rational manner possible. Energy efficiency is about informed choice by2

individuals, not just about legislation” (European Commission, 2006, p. 4). This Action Planmentioned for the first time the Covenant of Mayors as an advisable initiative directed to
improve energy efficiency at the municipal level (p. 24).
Prior to the launch of the Covenant, its draft was subject to consultation with local andregional actors, including municipal and regional governments, networks and associations ofcities and regions, energy agencies and environmental NGOs. During the year 2007 theauthorities of DG-TREN decided that the Covenant would be launched only if 25 cities,
among them some large European cities, decided to join the initiative. Pedro Ballesteros
Torres, member of DG-TREN and the main promoter of the creation of the Covenant, in
December 2007 had already gathered expressions of interest to join the new organizationfrom 96 cities (2).
The Committee of the Regions (CoR), being a consultative body that gathers local andregional representatives providing them with a voice within the EU, particularly in policy
matters that directly affects regional and local interests, was invited by DG-TREN to
implement the Covenant running its central office and through it the Covenant relations
with regions and cities. But the CoR didn’t accept the offer, mainly because it didn’t match its
character of a consultative body, and because of the existence of different views about theCovenant inside the CoR (3). In November 2008 the CoR published its opinion on theCovenant of Mayors strongly supporting the initiative (Committee of the Regions, 2008).
In January 2009 DG-TREN launched the Covenant of Mayors as a priority within the
Energy Efficiency Action Plan and in the same month the Covenant of Mayors Office (CoMO)
opened in Brussels. The first group of cities signed to the Covenant in a ceremony that washeld in the European Parliament in February 2009. In October 18, 2012, the Covenant has
4.384 signatories with a total population of more than 169 million people and these numbers
were increasing almost daily (4). Let’s see now how the Covenant operates as a complex
multi-level institution before turning to its governance ideals and realities.

The Covenant of Mayors at work
A municipal government that signs to the Covenant of Mayors voluntarily makes an explicit

3commitment to reduce its GHG emissions by at least 20% by the year 2020. A central piece of
this commitment is the obligation to deliver a Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) within
one year since the date of signing to the Covenant. In the SEAP the local government
explains in detail how the city will meet its commitment. Before preparation of the SEAP,
local governments have to write down a Baseline Emissions Inventory, where they identify
the sources and levels of GHG emissions prior to the implementation of the SEAPs. The Joint
Research Centre of the European Union published a guidebook for the development of theInventories and the SEAPs (Bertoldi et al, 2010). The guidebook is available at the Covenant
Home Page in several languages.
The SEAP must be approved by the municipal council or an equivalent decision-making bodyin order to be accepted by the Covenant of Mayors. The SEAP Guidebook dedicates Chapter 2
to Political Commitment and Chapter 4 to Building Support from Stakeholders showing thecentral importance of allegiance to democratic procedures and the involvement of
stakeholders, especially the involvement of citizens. Ballesteros Torres understanding of theCovenant’s political philosophy goes beyond representative democracy considering that thegreatest challenge for the Covenant success is the development of a participatory democracy
at the local level (5).
SEAPs include actions in the following areas (Núñez Ferrer et al, 2010, p. 14): 1) Built
environment, including new buildings and major refurbishment. Public buildings use to be
the first target as an example to other sectors; 2) Municipal infrastructure: district heating,public lighting, smart grids, etc.; 3) Land use and urban planning; 4) Decentralized renewableenergy sources; 5) Public and private transport policies and urban mobility; 6) Citizen and, ingeneral, civil society participation; 7) Intelligent energy behavior by citizens, consumers andbusinesses. Reductions of GHG emissions due to industry delocalization are explicitly
excluded from the Covenant policies as they aim at reducing emissions and creating new jobs
at the same time without negatively affecting local economic development. Private industry is
excluded from the Covenant, but it is invited to cooperate and work in tandem with otherstakeholders and local governments.
The composition of signatories in relation to city size and geographical distribution showsthat a little more than half of the signatories (2227 of 4384) are Italian cities, and 1129 of4them are Spanish cities. But most Italian and Spanish cities are small or very small
municipalities. Both countries regions are divided into provinces and inside each province
there use to be many small municipalities. On the other extreme, there are 61 signatories
that have a population of more than 500.000 people, the largest of them being London. In
October 2012, 45 of these large cities had already handed their SEAPs, while 41% of all
signatories had complied with this central commitment.
If a local government is unable to develop its SEAP on time, it could be excluded from theCovenant. As they sign to the Covenant, local authorities accept the termination of theirmembership in case of non-compliance with conditions (Ballesteros and Doubrava, 2010,p.95). After submitting their SEAP local authorities are subjected to an independent
monitoring of results that should be carried out every two years. In October 2012 there wasstill no city being subjected to monitoring of results. These data show that the Covenant is avery young institution, a “work in progress”.
Smaller cities usually have limited technical and human resources and wouldn’t be able todevelop their SEAPs by themselves. The Covenant of Mayors has two supporting structures
for its signatories. One of them is the Covenant Coordinators, who assist signatories in
conducting their CO2 emission inventories and in preparing, implementing and monitoring
their SEAPs. There are two types of Covenant Coordinators. National Coordinators are
National Public Bodies such as Energy Agencies and Ministries. Territorial Coordinators aredecentralized authorities, such as regions, provinces or groupings of local authorities. “Theyare considered by the European Commission as key allies of the Covenant of Mayors Office(CoMO), as they play a decisive role in reaching out to local authorities in their territory andproviding signatories with the technical, financial, administrative and political support
necessary to fulfill their commitments” (Covenant of Mayors Home Page). In October 2012
there were 111 coordinators, most of them Territorial Coordinators. Around half of theCovenant Coordinators were Italian provinces and regions.
The other supporting structure of the Covenant of Mayors is the Covenants Supporters.
“They are European, national and regional networks and associations of local authorities
which leverage their lobbying, communication and networking activities to promote theinitiative and support the commitment of their signatories. They have “expert knowledge of5the regulatory, legislative and financial framework under which they operate and are ideallyplaced to provide tailored advice to signatories and identify synergies with existing initiatives.
They too are crucial partners of the CoMO, especially considering their ability to adapt theCovenant objectives and messages in a way that makes sense of the realities on the ground”(Covenant of Mayors Home Page). The main difference between Coordinators andSupporters is that the former have to be elected public authorities and that is not the case of
the Supporters. In October 2012 there were 72 Covenant Supporters more evenly distributed
throughout the European territory than in the case of Covenant Coordinators.
The Covenant of Mayors Office (CoMO) is in direct contact with coordinators, supporters, theJoint Research Centre and local authorities, and coordinates their work on a daily basis. It isfunded by the European Commission and managed by a consortium composed by fiveEuropean networks representing local and regional authorities. The consortium is led by
Energy Cities, an European association of local authorities founded in 1990 and dedicated tothe promotion of sustainable energy, to influence EU energy, environmental protection andurban policies, and to the exchange of experiences, transfer of know-how and implementationof joint projects. It represents more than 1.000 cities in 30 countries. The CoMO isco-managed by CEMR (Council of European Municipalities and Regions), Climate Alliance(European network of local authorities committed to the protection of the world’s climate),
Eurocities (European network of local authorities) and Fedarene (European Federation of
Agencies and Regions for Energy and Environment). Eleven officers work at the office, five ofthem from Energy Cities and the rest from the other four organizations. The role of each ofthem is described in the Covenant Home Page.
The Covenant doesn’t interfere in the way local authorities and other stakeholders try to
fulfill their commitments. Every city has its own socio-political history and its way of doing
things. The Covenant prioritizes the respect for territorial diversity as opposed to market
standardization. It provides an institutional platform that can be used for the benefit of every
city in its own way. The only requirement is to respect democratic political procedures and thewill of its citizens. In this sense the Covenant makes a full-length application of the principleof subsidiarity. The glossary of EU legislation says that the principle of subsidiarity “ensuresthat decisions are taken as closely as possible to the citizen and that constant checks are
made to verify that action at Union level is justified in light of the possibilities available at6

national, regional or local level. Specifically, it is the principle whereby the Union does nottake action unless it is more effective than action taken at national, regional or local level” (6).
Another component of the institutional platform provided by the Covenant to help its
signatories is the Benchmarks of Excellence. They are relevant examples of good practices
that Covenant signatories, coordinators and supporters feels that could be replicatedsomewhere else. The Benchmarks are not chosen by the Covenant but introduced anddescribed by its members (7).

Instead of being a selection of good practices based oncompetition, it is a voluntary introduction of one’s own achievements on an equal andcooperative stance with other signatories. The Benchmarks are published in the Covenant
Home Page.
Giving freedom to local governments to implement their commitments through their own
methods and to introduce their own achievements to the rest of signatories, the Covenant
works with a bottom-up approach that match the ideal of the principle of subsidiarity. In thisway local authorities are empowered by the Covenant, but this may not be enough. It is
important that this empowerment is endorsed by national governments through adecentralization of competencies.
The sources of funding for technical assistance and SEAP implementation are a potential
source of trouble for local authorities. Ballesteros Torres admits that when he and hiscolleagues designed the Covenant, they thought that it could work without funding from the
EU and that it would be coherent with a bottom-up approach as EU funding use to be part ofa top-down relation where the EU appears as the project leader deciding what, when andhow to implement policies. Every city should look for funding sources in their own countries
and try to exploit the opportunities brought by the creation of new jobs and added value inthe process of implementation of energy policies (8). Looking for funding sources in their own
countries implies, for example, to improve local authorities competencies to raise funds
through taxation vis-a-vis national governments.
But the economic crisis that unfolded just as the Covenant was being founded implied moreneeds for EU support. The European Commission launched ELENA (European Local Energy
Assistance), a fund closely related to the needs of the Covenant but not oriented to finance7

SEAPs implementation. It is part of the Intelligent Energy Europe initiative and is targeted
at offering technical assistance to urban areas in the design of projects related to “theretrofitting of public and private buildings, sustainable buildings, energy-efficient district
heating and cooling networks, or environmentally-friendly transport” (Núñez Ferrer et al,
2010, p. 18). Its aim is to bundle dispersed local projects into systemic investments (CovenantHP). ELENA is run by the European Investment Bank (EIB) and it should have an
important role in technical assistance for the preparation of projects, especially in the case ofsmall cities in countries like Italy and Spain, where many of them are Covenant signatories
while being hardly hit by budget squeezes and short of technical and human resources.
Another possibility offered by this fund is to finance the reproduction of good practices and in
this sense it goes hand in hand with the promotion and dissemination of Benchmarks of
Excellence. But the actions featured in the municipalities SEAPs must be financed throughother means, among them the structural and cohesion funds.
During the period 2007-2013 the EU budget share allocated to sustainable energy measuresand urban transport is about EUR 30 bn. or 3% of the EU budget. Sustainable energy
measures are mainly financed through Cohesion Policy, who has three main funding
instruments (9) among which the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) includes afund dedicated to energy efficiency improvements and use of renewable energy in existing
housing. In each member state, expenditure in these areas should be eligible up to an amountof 4% of its total ERDF allocation (10). Taking into account imminent decisions on theupcoming EU multiannual financial framework 2014-2020, during the second half of 2012
the Committee of the Regions and Covenant signatories were asking for an increased
autonomy in the management of European funds at the local level. This is a good example of
how multi-level governance works. In the following section I explain the relation between theCovenant of Mayors and multi-level governance (MLG), beginning with a short introduction
on the history of the latter.

The Covenant of Mayors and Multi-level GovernanceThe concept of multi-level governance (MLG) was developed by Gary Marks and Liesbet
Hooghe in order to explain how Cohesion Policy was being implemented. It is usuallycontrasted with the state centric model, as the latter claims that policy making in the8European Union is determined by national governments constrained by political intereststhat are nested within autonomous national territories (Hooghe and Marks, 2001).
Hooghe and Marks (2001) in the Preface to their book point out that “two developments havebeen decisive in creating multi-level governance in Europe over the past half century.
European integration has shifted authority in several key areas of policy making fromnational states up to European-level institutions. Regionalization in several European
countries, including the most populous ones, has shifted political authority from the national
level down to sub-national levels of government (p. XI).
This concept was particularly useful to explain the birth and development of cross-borderregions and cross-border governance. Cross-border regions were created by regional and local
authorities and civil society organizations without the involvement of national governments.
Later the European Commission supported this movement and promoted its institutional
centerpiece, the Euroregion, to almost all border regions in the EU (Perkmann, 2003). It was
rather evident that here policy-making wasn’t determined by national governments. As
stated above, it wasn’t an isolated development but a process that ran parallel to thedecentralization of decision-making in most European countries and the deepening ofEuropean integration (Piattoni, 2010).
Later the European Commission and the OECD took up this concept to explain policy
decision-making, implementation and monitoring processes that couldn’t be explained
through the state centric model. In June 2009 the Committee of the Regions published theWhite Paper on Multi-level Governance and launched a general consultation process togather the views of local and regional authorities, associations and other stakeholders on its
content (Committee of the Regions, 2009). In the case of the OECD, the application of theconcept goes beyond the frontiers of the European Union. For example, “Cities and Climate
Change” (OECD, 2010) devotes its third part (around 100 pages) to the analysis ofenvironmental policies design and implementation through the MLG framework.
MLG implies two overlapping processes known as vertical MLG and horizontal MLG.
Vertical MLG refers to relations between different levels of government in the policy-making
process. In the EU it includes the European, national, regional, provincial and local levels (11).
9In the case of the Covenant of Mayors there is a direct relation between the European andthe local levels and a relation between regions and provinces that operates as Covenant
coordinators and the cities that fall under their jurisdiction and are Covenant signatories.
Covenant coordinators are of particular importance as regions and provinces use to be direct
or indirect providers of technical and human resources to their municipalities and coordinate
the work of the whole. In this sense, public authorities that are Covenant coordinators are at
the center of vertical MLG in the Covenant of Mayors.
A central problem related to vertical MLG in the case of the Covenant and of environmental
policies implemented at the sub-national level is the need of a long-term commitment thathas to go beyond political allegiances. A condition sine qua non for their success is that local,
provincial and regional authorities cooperate independently of their partisan loyalties (12). The
obligation of all levels of government to cooperate with the level that is in charge of a policy
implementation is an often neglected but important part of the principle of subsidiarity (13).
Horizontal MLG refers to the participation of non-governmental organizations in policy
design, implementation and monitoring at any territorial level. They include transnational,
national and sub-national networks and agencies that provide know-how and NGOs at any
territorial level that act as citizen’s voice empowering them in the various stages of thepolicy-making process. In the case of the Covenant, horizontal MLG is mainly in the hands ofCovenant supporters. Let’s quote as an example the case of POLIS, a Covenant supporterthat works in the diffusion of sustainable urban transport systems.
The existence of POLIS precedes the Covenant, as it was founded in 1989. This is the case of
most Covenant supporters. POLIS is a network of European cities and regions that helps its
members in achieving their policy objectives through its own know-how and through directcontact with European initiatives as ELTIS and CIVITAS, both of them created by
DG-TREN. ELTIS (European Transport Information Service) facilitates the exchange of
information, knowledge and experiences in the field of urban mobility through case studies
and events. CIVITAS (an acronym for CIty-VITAlity-Sustaianbility) helps cities to achieve amore sustainable, clean and energy efficient urban transport system by implementing,demonstrating and evaluating a mix of technology and policy based measures. At the sametime, POLIS Managing Director, Sylvain Haon, stresses the importance of citizen’s
10

consultation through NGOs and/or local governments, in relation to any measure related to a
Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan, first because it would not work without a minimum degreeof citizen’s support, and second, because sometimes they contribute with ideas in order to findthe best solutions, as they know urban mobility problems through their daily experiences on
the ground (14). This is just a case of horizontal MLG, where cities learn from each other andfrom agencies that work as lobbyists and know-how providers.
Anyway, in the same way as in the case of Covenant coordinators and vertical MLG there is apotential clash between political allegiance and long-term objectives, there is no guaranteethat Covenant supporters will successfully perform their roles in relation to horizontal MLG.
In the case of POLIS and energy efficiency in urban transport, the main problem is that thealready developed Sustainable Energy Action Plans don’t pay enough attention to transport,
giving more importance to energy efficiency in buildings and to renewable energy sources.
POLIS Managing Director states that one of the reasons for this may be the separation ofTransport and Energy in different Directorate-Generals in the European Commission
institutional structure since 2010. Another reason could be the complexity of urban transport
and the consequent difficulties for cities to get the necessary know how to deal with it in the
SEAPs (15). Meanwhile, POLIS, ELTIS and CIVITAS are initiatives dedicated just to help
cities to overcome these difficulties.
In order to understand the dynamics of the relations between the Covenant of Mayors as an
institutional innovation and its coordinators and supporters, who are an important part of it
but whose existence precede the origin and exceed the objectives of the Covenant, we should
adopt an understanding of institutional change that stresses mutual adaptation instead ofunidirectional causality. The concepts Multi-level Governance as developed by Hooghe andMarks (2001) and the concept of Network Governance as developed by Kolher-Koch andEising (1999) allow for this understanding of a mutual adaptation process through amulti-level pattern in the former or a multi-centric pattern of adaptation in the latter. Bothrequire the acknowledgement of various processes of simultaneous institutional change (DiMartino, 2006).
These approaches explain how institutions respond to European policies in terms ofendogenous patterns of change where the main sources of change are actors and their choices11

(social agency). They stress the significance of ideologies and strategies, discussion
frameworks and action paradigms. In this sense they have a social-constructivist vision ofEuropean integration as contrasted to an understanding of Europe as the result of theEuropean Commission policy inputs (Gualini, 2004).
In the following section I briefly introduce some aspects of the actual situation of theCovenant of Mayors, leaving their detailed study and theoretical interpretation as subjects
for further research.

The Covenant of Mayors’ actual situation and beyond
As stated above, in October 1012 more than 4.000 European cities already signed to theCovenant. 41% of them handed their SEAPs, but none of them entered the stage ofmonitoring of results. Meanwhile, the Covenant has expanded beyond the European Union
frontiers. Its major progress to date has been made in the post-Soviet countries (16). In 2012 it
opened a branch of CoMO known as “CoMO East”, which is managed by a consortium led by
Energy Cities. It has a Covenant website in Russian (17). In the case of China the CoMO is
co-operating with the Chinese Association of Mayors with the support of DG-E. In September
2012, European and Chinese mayors signed the EU-China Cooperation Charter and agreed
to join efforts in the field of sustainable urbanization, where China is confronting hugeproblems. Relations with Latin America began with the sign of Buenos Aires and the CoMO
has expectations about future developments in northern Africa (18).
Anywhere, inside and outside the European Union, the Covenant of Mayors expansion has togo hand in hand with an increased freedom of local authorities and local citizens to operate intheir own communities. Ballesteros Torres acknowledges to have experienced a feeling ofsatisfaction and joy among local authorities and citizens that is strongly related with theirempowerment to solve their own problems. This joy is particularly felt in countries that havesuffered a democratic deficit, but inside the European Union it is related to an empowerment
provided by economic and political competences that had been, and are being, given away
during the market driven process of globalization (19).
An underlying assumption of the Covenant’s founders is the need for an integrated vision of12

territorial management that shouldn’t leave in the hands of the global market theassignment of resources for local economic development. In this sense, the Covenant ofMayors differs from Smart Cities and Communities (SCC). The latter is another initiative of
the European Commission dedicated to fight climate change at the local level (European
Commission, 2012). But SCC privileges technological solutions centered in Information andCommunications Technology (ICT) and provided by large companies that have a strong
relation with the initiative. Members of the Commission who promote each of these
initiatives are competing through these alternative visions about who should command theimplementation of energy efficiency: market forces and technology drives in a top-down
fashion or local authorities and civil society in a bottom-up approach to governance. We canthink of a potential complementarity between both initiatives in policy implementation, but isit safe to hypothesize in the same way in relation to governance?
The success of the Covenant depends on the behavior of many actors and first of all on daily
citizens’ behavior, but at the same time it strongly depends on the behavior of local andregional authorities and managers of public and private networks and agencies. Changing
from hierarchical behavior based on tradition and loyalties to the rule of networking andnegotiation is not easy, particularly in small towns where traditional values are deeply rooted.
In this sense, the case of the Abruzzo region in Italy is a success story of the Covenant ofMayors. Being a territorial coordinator, the Abruzzo region has been playing a pioneering rolein involving provinces and municipalities in its territory-wide strategy for sustainable energy
planning. In 2011 it received a special mention from the Commission for its leadership role inmulti-level governance.
The Abruzzo region has four provinces: L’Aquila, Chieti, Pescara and Teramo. All 104
municipalities of Chieti and all 47 municipalities of Teramo are Covenant signatories. In bothprovinces, the local energy agencies (ALESA in Chieti and AGENA in Teramo) have played a
key role in the development of the Baseline Emission Inventories and the SEAPs throughtechnical assistance to local authorities. All municipalities are working on or have alreadyhanded out their SEAPs with daily backup from the agencies and the departments for energy
and environment at the regional and provincial levels. The region and its provinces have beensuccessful in getting funding from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) andother sources for the implementation of Covenant objectives in the region in general and for13the development of SEAPs in particular. The overall coordination of financial assistance tolocal authorities is performed by an ad hoc organization whose members are the presidents ofthe four provinces, the regional branch of the National Association of Italian Municipalities(ANCI) and the regional and provincial directors of energy policy. A substantial share of thefunds is being dedicated to citizens’ awareness-raising activities in the community and in the
educational system.
On the other extreme in relation to this successful story about the adoption by a region of theCovenant governance framework, is the case of cities that having a rich history ofenvironmental policies and citizens’ active environmental organizations, have not signed to
the Covenant of Mayors. During my fieldwork I heard from people directly related to local
and regional environmental policy in the city of Maastricht and the Province of Limburg(Netherlands), that in 2009 the objectives and methods of the Covenant were nothing new forthem and that signing up would have generated more bureaucratic work without any new
input (20). Later, in an interview at the Committee of the Regions, Mr. Jens Zvirgzdgrauds
confirmed that this case is not an exception but it’s quite widespread, particularly in northern
Europe. Anyway, my former interviewee in Maastritch told me that they were going toreconsider their decision, something that may have to do with the “institutional thickness”
acquired by the Covenant, that in October 18, 2012 has 4.384 signatories that represent a
total population of more than 169 million people, and continues growing by the day.

Notes
(1) The Directorates of the European Commission were later restructured and in February2010 the Directorate-General for Transport and Energy (DG-TREN) split into the
Directorate-General for Energy (DG-E) and the Directorate-General for Mobility andTransport (DG-MOVE).
(2) Interview with Pedro Ballesteros Torres, Covenant of Mayors Office, Brussels, August 8,
2012.
(3) Interview with Jens Zvirgzdgrauds, Administrator of the Commission for theEnvironment, Climate change and Energy (ENVE) of the Committee of the Regions,
Committee of the Regions, Brussels, September 5, 2012.
(4) For the latest statistics see the Covenant of Mayors Home Page, http://www.eumayors.eu .
14

(5) Interview with Pedro Ballesteros Torres, ibid.
(6) The principle of subsidiarity was born together with the Committee of the Regions. The
quote has been taken from the “glossary of EU legislation”, available at
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/glossary/subsidiarity_en.htm (accessed October 5,2012).
(7) In October 2012 there were 269 Benchmarks of Excellence described in the Covenant
Home Page.
(8) Interview with Pedro Ballesteros Torres, ibid.
(9) They are the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund and theCohesion Fund.
(10)

Other funding instruments are described in the Covenant Home Page.

(11)

Depending on the country and region the number of government territorial levels

varies mainly between three and four.
(12)Interview with Andrea Accorigi, Covenant of Mayors Office, August 8, 2012.

(13)

Interview with Pedro Ballesteros Torres, ibid.

(14)

Interview with Sylvain Haon, Managing Director of POLIS, POLIS offices, Brussels,

August 10, 2012.
(15)

Interview with Sylvain Haon, ibid.

(16)

Interview with Pedro Ballesteros Torres, ibid.

(17)

www.soglasheniemerov.eu(18)

Interviews with Andrea Accorigi and Pedro Ballesteros Torres, ibid.

(19)

European Central Bank and IMF structural adjustment programs imposed to some

European countries are the latest and perhaps the strongest measures related to thisprocess, to the extent that they could be rewriting their implicit postwar social contract.
(20)

Interview with Reina Pasma, Programme Manager at the Province of Limburg(Netherlands) and the city of Maastricht, and fellow researcher at the International
Centre for Integrated Assessment and Sustainable development (ICIS), University ofMaastricht, ICIS, August 27, 2012.

References
Ballesteros Torres Pedro and Doubrava Roman (2010), The Covenant of Mayors: Cities
leading the fight against climate change, in van Staden Maryke and Musco Francesco (eds),
15

LocalGovernments andClimateChange–Sustainable

Energy Planning and

Implementation in Small and Medium Sized Communities–, Springer.
Bertoldi Paolo, Bornas Cayuela Damian, Monni Suvi and Piers de Raveschoot Ronald (2010),

Guidebook “How to develop a Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP)”, JRC (Joint ResearchCentre), available at http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/111111111/14204
and at the Covenant of Mayors Home Page (accessed October 5, 2012).
Committee of the Regions (2008), Outlook opinion on “How regions contribute to achieving

European climate change and energy goals, with a special focus on the Covenant of Mayors”,
available at
http://cor.europa.eu/en/archived/documents/d015ea9b-78cf-4ae1-9da5-525f981460aa.pdf#sear
ch='how+regions+contribute+to+achieving+European+climate+change+and+energy'(accessed October 4, 2012).
Committee of the Regions (2009), The Committee of the Regions’ White Paper on Multi-level

Governance, June 2009, available at
http://web.cor.europa.eu/epp/Ourviews/Documents/White%20Paper%20on%20MLG.pdf#sear
ch='the+committee+of+the+regions%27+white+paper+on+multilevel' (accessed on October
12, 2012).
Covenant of Mayors Home Page, http://www.eumayors.eu
Di Martino Luis Alberto (2006), A Review of Theoretical Approaches to Governance andCross-border Governance in the European Union, paper presented at the 10th annual
meeting of the Japan Association for Evolutionary Economics (JAFEE).
European Commission (2006), Action Plan for Energy Efficiency, available at
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/action_plan_energy_efficiency/doc/com_2006_0545_en.pdf#search='EU%20energy%20efficiency%20action%20plan' (accessed October 4, 2012).
European Commission (2012), Communication from the Commission, Smart Cities andCommunities –European Innovation Partnership–, available at16http://ec.europa.eu/energy/technology/initiatives/doc/2012_4701_smart_cities_en.pdf(accessed October 13, 2012).
Gualini

Enrico(2004),

Multi-level Governance and Institutional Change –theEuropeanization of Regional Policy in Italy–, Ashgate, Aldershot.
Hooghe Liesbet and Marks Gary (2001), Multi-level Governance and European Integration,
Rowman and Littlefield, Maryland.
Kohler-Koch B. and Eising R. (eds.) (1999), The Transformation of Governance in theEuropean Union, Routledge, London and New York.
Núñez Ferrer Jorge, Alessi Monica and Egenhofer Christian (2010), Greening EU Cities–The Emerging EU Strategy to Address Climate Change–, CEPS (Centre for European
Policy Studies), Brussels, available at
http://www.ceps.eu/book/greening-eu-cities-emerging-eu-strategy-address-climate-change(accessed October 4, 2012).
OECD (2010), Cities and Climate Change, OECD Publishing.
Perkmann Markus (2003), The rise of the Euroregion. A bird’s eye pespective on European
cross-border co-operation, Lancaster University, available at
http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/sociology/papers/perkmann-rise-of-euroregion.pdf#search='The+ri
se+of+the+euroregion' (accessed October 11, 2012).
Piattoni Simona (2010), The Theory of Multi-level Governance –Conceptual, Empirical andNormative Challenges–, Oxford University Press.
Van Staden Maryke and Musco Francesco (eds) (2010), Local Governments and Climate

Change –Sustainable Energy Planning and Implementation in Small and Medium Sized
Communities–, Springer.

17

A macroscopic order of consumer demand due to heterogenous consumer
behaviors on Japanese household demand testedby the random matrix theory1
Yuji Aruka, Chuo University, Japanaruka@tamacc.chuo-u.ac.jp
Hiroshi Iyetomi, University of Tokyo, Japanhiyetomi@gmail.com

According to our traditional idea, the demand law is distorted by income effect.
However, the demand law may be equally likely affected by other forces like
non-random modes reflecting natural or social necessities, and possibly businessfluctuations. If it should be the case, it could be conceived that another force as
distinct from individualistic inner preference is working. We thus have anotherproblem on the demand law.
This study newly focuses on the correlative factors on consumer demand fluctuations.
Two routes of the effects to households’ demands:! income effect! the other effects generated by some correlative links (non-random factors)
either due to either the necessities of life or some macroscopic businessfluctuation.
In this report, we will also do it in Japanese economy to monitor the effects ofmacroscopic correlation among consumption categories of different income classes orheterogeneous agents, and then identify the other nonrandom effects due to businessfluctuations, if any.
The sources of our idea in this paper paper depends on Iyetomi’s idea to distinguishthe principal modes at the industrial levels (to construct macroscopic effective
demands) from random modes by the use of the principle of the random matrix.
Iyetomi et.al (2011a, 2011b) has shown that there is implemented a structural(nonrandom) cycle in the Japanese economy. The paper has judged an existence ofbusiness cycle by applying the random matrix theory (RMT) to the empirical data of
1

The paper of this abstract has already been represented at the conference held on 8th Nov. 2012,
Econophys-Kolkata VII. This paper will be published from Springer Heidelberg soon. This is thereason why we did not submit the full paper.

the Indices of Industrial Production (IIP) of Japan.
Concluding Remarks! So far the consumer theory was microscopically too restrictive to overlook
many important scenes of the whole consumption activities. This view isdeliberately dropping the inter-correlated factors of income classes, household
demands. The household demands must have a certain bias toward either
common or different directions among different income classes. In some sense,such a narrow interest may be dangerous because other decisive factors
contributing to the consumption activities may be missed.
! This paper argued to choose a particular scene where some natural or social
correlative relations i.e., some dominant forces, may work in the consumption
activities over the different income classes.
! By introducing the different income classes, we can just analyze a new facet ofinteractive correlations among the heterogeneous consumers. Here we can findany correlative relation, irrespective of price variations. Such a way of
thinking may lead us observing another hidden force of the consumption
activities.
References
Aruka, Y.(2001). Family expenditure data in Japan and the law of demand:
Macroscopic microeconomic view, in Takayasu,H.(ed.), Empirical Science ofFinancial Fluctuations, Springer, Tokyo, 294-303.
Aruka, Y., and E. Akiyama (2009). Non-self-averaging of a two-person game with
only positive spillover: a new Formulation of Avatamsaka's dilemma, Jounral of
Economic Interaction and Coordination, 4(2):131-165.
Hildenbrand, W.(1994). Market Demand, Princeton U. P., Princeton.
Iyetomi, H., et.al. (2011a). What causes business cycles? Analysis of the Japaneseindustrial production data, Journal of the Japanese and International Economies,
25: 246–272.
Iyetomi, H., et.al. (2011b). Fluctuation-dissipation theory of input-output
interindustrial correlations, Physical Review E, 83: 016103 (pp. 12).
G. Kitagawa and W. Gersch (1984). A smoothness priors-state space approach to themodeling of time series with trend and seasonality. Journal of the American
Statistical Association, 79(386): 378-389. http://ssnt.ism.ac.jp/inets2/title.html

Formalization of Traditional Rules and GovernanceCommunities: A case study of Veivatuloa village

in

Fiji

Coastal

Jokim Kitolelei, Satoru Nishimura, Takashi Torii, Kei Kawai
This article addresses multi-layer rules and its effectiveness at the micro level. Rulesin the community have been followed and effective, as it has helped to govern people
action for a long period of time in a community. We use a community in Namosi
district to discuss the formalization of rules. The paper discusses the difference
between the formal rules and informal rules at the community level. Rules are so
important as it governs how a society behaves towards their utilization of resources
over a period of time. The rules in community is basically a form of oral tradition thathas exists in the community for thousands of years and has been changed and alteredand some of the rules are formalized. The paper analyzes the importance ofcommunity governance, property rights and leadership, traditional rules, government
rules and the case study of Veivatuloa village. This paper also discusses solutions forbetter usage and management of coastal resources through the use of rules.
Key words multi-layer rules, community governance, qoliqoli boundary, ikanakanaboundary
1. Introduction
The Fijian people are coastal people and deeply connected culturally and physically tothe environment with high dependency on the sea and land for survival. Fiji has 322
islands with land area of 18,333square kilometers and the people live mainly on thetwo main islands of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. Hand et al (2005) reports Fiji coastal
resources are known to be declining from the increase in fishing pressure, overfishing and the use of poor fishing techniques. The coastal areas in Fiji are becoming
modernized as the result of the market system, fishing technologies andcommercialization (Virdin, 2000). The rules of law and its effectiveness creates better
environment for management and utilization of resources. There have been different
leadership changes experienced in the last decades and also the changes in policies
and law at the macro level. The fishing rights of utilization of coastal resources areshared between the indigenous Fijian and the government. Ruddle (1998) identify ten
factors that causes changes in the traditional inshore fisheries management systemthat includes colonialism, national policy, replacement of traditional authority,
demographic change, urbanization, changes in education systems, modernization andeconomic development, commercialization and commoditization of fisheries,
technological change and development and management projects.

1

FIJI ISLANDS

Vanua Levu

Nadi

Viti Levu
Suva
Veivatuloa Village

Fig. 1 Fiji islands and Veivatuloa case study
Rules and formalization of rules in communities in Fiji has a long history. Techera(2011) reports that governance exists way before formal system arrive into the islands
and have many distinct periods from early prehistoric settlement, British Colonialism,
migration of communities and post-independence. The British rule Fiji from 1874 andcontinue to rule Fiji for ninety-six years while the current government gain
independence from 1970 and has been in leadership for forty-three years. The British
brought with them plural legal system in which they recognize the traditional systemas part of the government system. Pulea (1993) explains that the British common law
was introduced in which to regulate fisheries and preserve fisheries for all. There havebeen many changes in the formal structure since the country gained independence. In
regards to this changes villages in Fiji still have their own traditions and rules that isstill governing the way of life in communities. The communities have chiefs and clansthat have been in leadership for generations using rules to serve their communities.
This paper discusses the importance of community-governance in the communities inFiji with different level of adaptation at the micro-level and macro level. It explains
the importance of property rights and leaderships system in Fiji as property rights
determines the type of rules and leadership in communities. It further explains on
traditional rules and government rules and different types of rules in the different
communities. Lastly is the discussion of the Veivatuloa case study on the importanceof resource utilization and the dominant rules practiced in utilization of marine
resources. To further support this findings Ostrom and Charles principles andconcepts are used for more clarifications.

21. Community Governance
Governance in the communities has been functioning for thousand of years and in a
Fijian community it has its leaders, rules and norms that allow its survival andstructure. Adams and Hess (2011) describe that communities has many functions, as
it is accountable, related to government, equitable, social capital, can plan andmanage, and coordinate better and can be marketable. Florini et al (2010) also
describe that governance has to be transparent and these are not uniform and different
within each countries and communities. Governance in coastal areas in Fiji has a highdiversity, as there are many leadership systems, government’s agencies and clans andtribes and different ecosystem and species diversity. The maintenance of governancestructure in the micro- level in Fiji is strong as people have strong kinship ties andfamily units with strong believe and trusts and people in the community treat eachother’s with great respects with specific set of traditional rules. These bonds andbehavior have been the forefront that strengthens governance at this level. However
during the last decades Fiji has many challengers as the results of many external
forces and the developing economy.
Government
Head of theProvince

Province Meeting
1 in every 3 months

Head of the village

Head of the Village

Villages

Villages

macro
level
meso
level

Head of the village

Villages

micro
level

Village Meeting1) Once every month

Fig. 2. Shows the different levels
There so many changes occurring at the macro level in Fiji as the results of thechanges in governments and political instability. The link between micro, meso andmacro level (Fig. 2) vary within different communities as the lack of capacity andresources hinders better coordination and development. Hofmann (2008) explains thatgovernment involvement varies and inconsistent in the management of fisheries
resources as few may have success cases compared to the others. Fiji has very richcommunity assets from physical resources such as land and coastal areas, culture,
institutions and individuals. Governance in the community level is important as it
helps in people to manage their resources effectively over the years. The overall
governance isn’t effective and good governance of coastal areas at the micro-level
will results in better management.

3

2. Property Rights and Leadership System
The ownership and leadership system at the micro-level in Fiji is important in thestudies of rules, as people will respect the owner of the land and their clan leaders as
they are the main decision makers and they will determine the type of rules applied in
the society. In Fiji Crocombe (2001) suggested that the indigenous Fijian has 80
percent of property rights of the sea and land and this rights enable traditional leaders
to make rules over their properties and people In this common case with comparison
with other South Pacific countries Care et al (1999) argues that communities withproperty rights determines the type of rules and not by legal power. This is the samein Fijian communities in which government has limited power in decision making in
the usage of properties such as land and sea resources.
A Fijian village mainly consists of a kinship system with extended family that havevery strong ties called mataqali (Fig.3). This mataqali have ownership and full rights
over the resources and with this control they are able to make decisions and makerules that shapes the way they use their resources. Fiji community varies as few may
comprise of many sub-clans compared to others and few may have bigger properties
compared to the others. The coastal resources are shared within province, district orvillages adjacent from land. In a community the head of the clan exists and it consistsof different mataqali. The majority of indigenous Yavusa has maintained the nature ofself-sufficiency, food procurement, farmland and shared management of the fishery isvery important in terms of cash income.
Property rights and Leadership in communities
M-mataqali(sub-clan)
F- family

M
Extended Family

F

F

F

F

F

Fig 3. A characteristic setting of mataqali
Crocombe (2008) explains that property right is a sensitive issue and native Fijian has
been claiming full property rights over their fishing grounds within 20 years. Fiji has
experienced 4 coups that resulted in the overthrown of the government. This is a set
back in trying to formalize rules and managing coastal resources as many
communities have different leaders with different rules. There is a vacuum and good
leadership at the government level and this can be a motivation for people in ruralcommunities to have a good leadership role.

43.The shift from traditional subsistence towards a cash economy
The economy of Fiji evolves over a long period of time with different changes bothtraditional and modern Fig 4. In the 17th century and before this period Fiji was ruledby strong kinship system in which the community followed traditional leadershipsystem. In this scenario subsistence was fully practiced and there were few people
that resources was sufficient and was commonly utilize in the coastal areas. The
people mostly live a community life that many were born and died in the community
and the similar types of setting for all of their lives.
PERIODLEADERSHIP SYSTEM
futureFuture- dominant government system- -breakdown of kinshipcommercialization
18th,19th,20th and21st century

Current Situation
Subsistence + commercialization

17th century
and before-government system-external forces (NGO)-unstable kinshipsystemPast
Subsistencestrongkinship
system

Fig 4: Changes in the conditions from past, current situation and future
In the current situation there is a mixture of subsistence and sale in the utilization ofcoastal resources. The kinship system has been rattled by external factors such as
globalization and government system. Modernization and the money-based economy
has been the main driving force that is changing the community and the perception of
the people in the last centuries. Fiji is in a transformation period and leadershipsystem in the community is unstable kinship system. The future of coastal fisheries ismoving towards a commercialization era with very little subsistence fisheries will beless practiced.
4. Multi-layer rules of utilization of resources and management
There are two common types of rules in the community the formal and the informal
rules (Table 1). The formal rules in this case are refers to rules that is documented andlegalized whereas informal rules are those that are unwritten mainly oral tradition.
The government owns the coastal resources and the seabed under the Fisheries Act
communities have the rights to utilize these resources. Government national rules inFiji are based from the Fisheries Act [158]. In the use of this legislation government
make management rules to be followed in villages and this can be effective in someareas compared to others.

5Types of Rules for Utilization of Resources
Types

FormalAgentsGovernment-Ministry ofFisheries

Rules

Fisheries Act

Function

Rights to utilize Fishing
resources
boundary

PurposeInformal
Externality(eg. NGO)

qoliqoliboundary

Sale and SubsistencetabuFishing ban onarea or species

Yavusa-clan, Tikina-subclan, Mataqali-lineage
kanakana
fishing boundary
Fishingboundary
self-consumption

Table 1. Multi-layer rules applied for the utilization of coastal resources
The government mapped iqoliqoli-fishing boundaries for management. The functionof the Fisheries Act and qoliqoli boundary is for sale and subsistence. This
management practices such as gear restricitions and limitation, seasonal, size, limited
entry, species restrictions are practiced. In the informal system the ikanakanaboundary that is defined by the The Native Lands and Fisheries Commission (NLFC)
in the wildlife conservation society bulletin (2010) as an area that can be accessed by
locals and residents of neighboring district for subsistence fishing. This boundary is
for self –consumption on the other hand the tabu system that is fishing ban in aparticular area usually use for self-consumption.
In recent years other external factors such as non-government organization that
includes WCS (Wild Life Conservation Society Fiji) WWF (World Wild Fund), SPC(Secretariat of the Pacific Community), USP (The University of the South Pacific,
Seaecology and FLAMMA (Fiji Locally Managed Marine Protected Area Network)
has been effective in their approach in trying to merge and incorporate both thetraditional and modern system rules for coastal resource management. Techera (2010)
report that the Fijian Locally Managed Marine Areas (FLAMMA) has been dealing
and successful in incorporating contemporary scientific knowledge with communitybased traditional knowledge. NGOs function to educate and also ban community fromfishing in affected areas. The purpose of this is for sale and subsistence.
5. The Traditional Rules
Rules in the community are in a form of oral tradition that is passed down fromdifferent generations and these rules are prone to changes. In the community thedecision of making rules is basically conducted in a village meeting Fig. 6. The
traditional rules include period closure, restriction of collection of certain species,
religious taboos and totem restriction. In the village meeting all the family units(tokatoka) are gathered and their different views are discussed during this event. The
village meetings provide the platform for discussion and understanding of many
issues and the final decision is made from the head of the clans.

6

Head of the clans will make final decision
Head of the yavusa

Village Meeting
Sub-clan or lineage Sub-clan or lineage Sub-clan or lineage
mataqalimataqaliHouseholdHouseholdtokatoka

tokatokamataqaliHouseholdtokatoka

Fig. 5. Rules and problems are discussed during village meeting
The Fijian community has high respect for their chiefs following their rules anddecisions and the notion that they will lead them to success and to maintain a peacefulsituation at the community-level. The tabu systems are common rules that restrict
people from utilizing certain resources during a certain period. This system can beused in many situations and has been used by government to conduct this method ofmanagement in villages in Fiji. Fishers are not allowed to fish in areas that is referred
to as tabu areas. A common practice in the past as chief dies 100 days are prohibitedfrom fishing on no-take area.
6. The Case Study of Veivatuloa Village
5-1 Geographical Setting
Veivatuloa village is a typical Fijian village highly reliant on fishing and farming forsurvival. The village is one of the 26 villages in Namosi (Fig.7) province located on
Latitude 180 South, Longitude 1780 East with an increase in population of 238
people. The village has diverse ecosystem from mangroves, tidal, coral reefs andestuaries in which people utilize for both subsistence and commercial purposes.
Diversity of different species of finfish, crustaceans and different other types ofmarine resources that are consumed by the people are found in the community. There
are around 133 species that are caught by the community for both home consumption
and commercial purposes. The community village of Veivatuloa belongs to the tribe(Vanua o Namosi), clan (Nabukebuke), five sub-clan or lineage and sub-lineage or
extended family.

7

Mangroves(
Estuary( Tidal(Area(

Reefs(

Fig.6 Veivatuloa map
6-1 The Two System of Resource Utilization
There are two current systems that focus on harvesting of resources from the coastal
environment the i-kanakana and qoliqoli fishing boundary system. The i-kanakana
system boundary basically people can utilize resource for self-consumption (Fig. 7).
The head of the province of Namosi declare orally (part of oral tradition) that his
people under his leadership can utilize the Namosi fishing boundary for selfconsumptions. The 26 villages (6,898 people) of the province of Namosi can fishfrom Namosi provincial boundary. This rule is still followed and strongly exists today
in the province. On the other hand the qoliqoli fishing boundary system that isrecognized by the government for which the government maps out boundaries withindifferent sub clan’s mataqali land for the villages to utilize. The rule is that thecommunity should fish within this fishing boundary. This was basically for
management purpose for other fishers from other areas not to fish within their fishingboundaries and this was established in 1989.

8

Veivatuloa*qoliqoli%system*

Village#17#

Fig.7 Shows the qoliqoli boundary
The qoliqoli fishing boundary systems are mainly used for management purposes
from outside fishers (Fig.8). The rules in Fig.9 shows the rules applied in Namosi that
includes very important information’s as it highlights rules that has to be followed for
effective resource management. This rules being effectively and disseminated isproblematic as fisheries department lack resources. The rules includes the prohibitionsof fishing gears, catching of few species such as turtles and humphead wrasse,
restriction on time to fish and also reporting fish catch to the Ministry of fisheries. In
regards to these rules many neglect this rules and conducting practices that isprohibited in the qoliqoli boundary.
1. Report catch every month
2. Mesh size not to be less than 3 inch
3.Net fishing within 200 meters from the shoreline
4.Fishing on Saturday from 12pm to Sunday 12pm is not allowed
5.Extraction of corals is not allowed
RULES
6.Harvesting of red rocks is not allowed
7.Use of gas and compressor is not allowed
8. Catch return to send to the fisheries department
9. A ban for catching turtle and humphead wrasse
10.Diving at night is prohibited only during the day is allowed

Fig. 8 Government rules that apply in Veivatuloa qoliqoli

9

!I"kanakana!system!(self!consump/on)!
Vi/!Levu!(Biggest!Island)!
Area!(10,429!square!kilometers)!

Namosi''Province'
land'boundary'
Province'
Loca4on5Lat'180S'
Long51780E'

Suva
Navua
Suva

Namosi

Navua

Suva

Namosi'province'i"kanakana&system&
26'villages'can'ﬁsh'along'this'areas''
16'

Fig. 9 Show the kanakana fishing boundary.
The people in the community are following their i-kanakana system in which they arefishing outside of their qoliqoli boundaries. In Fig.7 shows that 15 fishing sites are notpart of the qoliqoli fishing boundary. Traditional rules and respect over the traditional
system is still strong and effective and followed compared to the fishery boundary
mapped by the government. The community is utilizing this area and the availabilityof different ecosystem to gather food for subsistence and sale. The resources ranges
from fin fish, shellfish and also sea legumes and seaweeds that are harvested by thecommunity.
7. Discussion
The result shows that there are multi-layer rules from government, traditional andother external rules that determine resource utilization in the community. This rules
varies in its impacts and adoption at the micro-level in reality the communities
heavily rely on their own rules and norms that have been followed overtime. In mostcase the elders reach primary level of education and this is a contributing factor that
affects the types of decision-making. The new rules are not well understood incommunities as the result of the lack of knowledge and community leaders to adapt tochanges. The impact of the increase in population and the market base economy has
attracted people to highly utilize their marine resources. This leads to more fishingboats, fishing efforts and competition at the community level.
The laxity of rules and governing system has resulted in people to follow rules thathave been effective and followed for a period of time. Informal rules has been
embedded in the way of life of the people and adopted at the micro-level. The British

10

have ruled Fiji for ninety-six years they incorporate the way of life of thecommunities in the government system. The independent government has been
experiencing many changes after independent and in a developing stage resulting incommunities to be more comfortable with the use of past rules and practices. This has
also resulted in the birth of multi-layer rules in which there are many decision makers
and agencies involved in trying to manage resources with different goals andideology.
External forces in communities are influential towards fisheries management and theimportance of incentive resulting in people to follow rules and manage coastal
resources. Seaecology a non-profit organization funded a project for the village toprotect an area of the marine and forest (tabu area) while implementing a project tosupply electricity to the village. The influence of incentive by Seaecology has resulted
for people in the community to manage their community with the use of tabu rules setof rules practiced in the past. This kind of incentive can be very effective that
improves the life of communities and that there are willing to respect and manage
resources.
Common Property
Informal rule
-implementation ofproject and design by
the communities using
tabu rules

Incentive

Formal rule-create a Marine
Protected Areas forElectricity projectManagement

Fig.10 shows the importance of Incentive
To further support these findings it was compared with design principles of Ostrom
principles (1990) and Charles concepts (2001) that is related to Fiji case (Table 2). It
underlines the situations that lead to the adoption of rules and its ineffective at the
micro-level. Ostrom has been influential in understanding common problems at
community level. Charles concepts are also included for more clarification on
situation at the community level. There are 5 principles and concepts that can be used
for better understanding of situation at the micro-level. Community governance isvery important and its leadership system and maintaining the kinship system incommunities. Communities’ needs well-defined boundaries and identification offisher’s rights and responsibilities. Traditional rules that consist of traditional
environment knowledge such as tabu rules needs to be formalized, as this rules arepractical rules. The solving of conflicts at the community level is vital, as violation ofrules commonly exists when utilizing common resource. Nested rules that are part oflarger system with many complexities needs better clarifications.

11Conditions
1.

2.

3.
4.
5.

Situation in community

1. The community has its kinship system and community
norms and rules that determines the utilization ofCommunity
resources
governance2. The ikanakana and qoliqoli system to be well defined
and to be clear
Boundaries and3. Traditional knowledge such as tabu system which isproperty rights
followed on the current marine protected area
4. Traditional punishment (totogi vaka vanua) andTraditional rules
government (rule of law) punishment are practiced in
Conflict resolution
the community
5. A complex set of rules and and leadership systems forComplex systemcommon use of resources

Source: Ostrom and Charles
Ostrom (1990) also agues that rules for local institutional long survival can continues
if there are small number of rules agreed and well regulated. Communities are robust
and will adapt to changes for survival. There is a need for more specific rules to bewell adopted in the communities. Formal rules from government such as the Fisheries
Act and qoliqoli boundaries is difficult to change and it will take long period of time
for its rectification. Practical rules that are followed such as informal rules are
adopted and can change within the micro-level. The discrepancies in multi-layer rules
are evident in its adoption and this could be rectified.
Veivatuloa communities are expanding and there are many people to utilize resources
and rules needs to be adjusted and be analyzed from a holistic perspective. The
community is located near to the market with lots of economic activities and therefore
more restrictions and enforcement on the use of resources. The ikanakana system,
which was used to be a traditional norm for people to fish for their own consumption,
has been used for the purpose of sale. This important rule needs to be rectified and theclan of Namosi to be stricter if the rule is to be followed in the future. This can bealso formalized and recognized in the government system as rule and government
could be included as a management body towards the utilization of resources. The
positive case is that communities are still traditional and that the community structure
is very important.
7. Conclusion
This paper analyzes multi-layer rules and the understanding of rules and its
formalization can be influential towards economic development in developing
countries. The current rules are very important such as managing of different species
and ecosystems and is not sufficient and the government needs to be more effective inthe formalization of rules and its disseminations in communities. The micro andmacro rules are more effective and followed compared to the meso rules that ismainly top-down approach. The rapid increase in population in the villages requires
better approach and smart actions to deal with problems so that resources can be
maintain to support the growing population. The rules in the community arethreatened by economic activities, globalization and the increase in population incommunities. Having new strategies and robust community for better change towards

12the utilization of resources is a positive step forward. If rules are not addressed andeffective the opportunity for quick economic gains with large number of fishers andconflict interest will continue and communities that heavily rely on their coastal
environment faces a difficult future.
The rules can be addressed through advocating of leaders in the community about theimportance of managing resources. The need to train local experts and communities
as local actors to be able to enforce rules both informal and formal rules. Capacity
building is important and targeting young generations to understand rules at a young
age. Incentive programs and projects practiced by the government and in return forcommunities to protect and manage their resources. Community governance to bestrengthens for better bottom-up development and management. The principals andthe concepts by Ostrom and Charles can be supportive information’s and concepts
towards better resource management. The case study of Veivatuloa can be a model tothe whole of Fiji and positive lessons adopted in other countries in the Pacific.
The opportunity for people to use common resource in the 21st century is morechallenging for resource management compared to the last centuries, as there aremany external factors to consider. Rules are very important and its effectivenessthrough well-established community governance is vital for future usage of resources.
The community has to have good understanding about the impact of common
resources usage and that it can be easily overexploited as the result of increase infishing pressure and the lack of rules. Community’s needs to be well organized at the
micro, meso and macro level and needs much better coordination and awarenessabout the current situation of rules and utilization of resources.

13

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14

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 †Takayuki Mizuno, University of Tsukuba ‡Tsutomu Watanabe, The University of Tokyo

)LJ ᾮᬗࢸࣞࣅ $4826/&*+ ࡢᖹᆒ౯᱁>@㸰 ಶࠎࡢᗑ⯒ࡢ౯᱁ᨵᐃ⾜ື)LJ ࡣ㸪 ၟရ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪඾ᆺⓗ࡞࠶ࡿᗑ⯒ࡢ౯᱁ᨵᐃࡢࢱ࢖࣑ࣥࢢࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ྛ〇ရࡢ౯᱁ᨵᐃࡣ㢖⦾࡟࠾ࡇ࡞ࢃࢀ㸪ࡋ࠿ࡶ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡢ౯᱁ᨵᐃࡣከࡃࡢ〇ရ࡛ྠ᫬้࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬⤒῭Ꮫ࡛ࡣ㸪ᗑ⯒ࡀྛ〇ရ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚౯᱁ᨵᐃࡢỴ᩿ࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆࠕࣉࣛ࢖ࢫࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࠖ࡜࿧ࡪ㸬౯᱁ᨵᐃࡀከࡃࡢ〇ရ࡛ྠ᫬้࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ᗑ⯒ࡀ౯᱁ᨵᐃ࡟క࠺ேᡭࡸᶵᮦࡢࢥࢫࢺࢆ
ᢲࡉ࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪ከࡃࡢ〇ရ࡟ᑐࡋ୍࡚ᣓࡋ࡚ࣉࣛ࢖ࢫࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࣉࣛ࢖ࢫࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࡢ㛫㝸ࢆㄪ࡭ࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪ከࡃࡢᗑ⯒࡛ࡣࣉࣛ࢖ࢫࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࡢ㛫㝸࡟⮬ᕫ┦㛵㸦⮬ᕫ┦㛵ಀᩘ ⣙ 㸧ࡀᏑᅾࡋ㸪ࡋ࠿ࡶ㸪ࡑࡢ㛫㝸ࢆఙ⦰ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓ㸬౛࠼ࡤ㸪඾ᆺⓗ࡞࠶ࡿᗑ⯒࡛ࡣ  ศ๓ᚋࡢ㧗㢖ᗘ࡛ᐃᮇⓗ࡟ࣉࣛ࢖ࢫࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ᫬ᮇ࡜ẖศ☜⋡  ࡢప㢖ᗘ࡛࣏࢔ࢯࣥⓗ࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿ᫬ᮇࡀΰᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬㸱 ౯᱁ࡢ᫬⣔ิࡢ⤫ィᛶᐙ㟁ࡢ࢜ࣥࣛ࢖ࣥᕷሙ࡛ࡣ㸪ேẼ〇ရࡢ౯᱁ࡢᣲືࡣ㸪ᰴ౯ࡢࡼ࠺࡟኱ࡁࡃᦂࢀືࡃ㸬)LJ ࡣ㸪ᾮᬗࢸࣞࣅ $4826/&*+ ࢆ㈍኎ࡍࡿᗑ⯒ࡢᖹᆒ౯᱁ࡢ  ࣨ᭶㛫ࡢ᥎⛣ࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᰴ౯ࡢ᫬⣔ิࡼ࠺࡟୍㒊ศࢆᣑ኱ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪᫬⣔ิࡢ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࡣኚࢃࡽࡎ㸪ࣇࣛࢡࢱࣝᛶࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ᫬⣔ิࡢࣁ࣮ࢫࢺᣦᩘࡣ  ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪౯᱁ᕪࡢ⮬ᕫ┦㛵㛵ᩘࡣࢮ࡛ࣟ࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪ᖹᆒ౯᱁ࡢ᫬⣔ิࡣࣛࣥࢲ࣒࢛࣮࢘ࢡࡢ≉ᚩࢆᣢࡘ㸬 ࡇࡢ᫬⣔ิࡢ≉ᚩࡣࣛࣥࢲ࣒࢛࣮࢘ࢡࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸬㸰యࡢ┦㛵㛵ᩘ࡛ࡣ ࢀ࡞࠸ከయࡢ┦㛵ࢆ 8S
'RZQ ゎᯒ>@࡟ࡼࡾ ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪౯᱁ࡀୗࡿ☜⋡ࡣ㸪┤๓࡟㐃⥆ࡋ࡚ୗࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡯࡝㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
ศ࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪࢝ࢫࢣ࣮ࢻⓗ࡞್ᔂࢀࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ㸬)LJᖹᆒ౯᱁ࡢኚືศᕸ
࢝ࢫࢣ࣮ࢻⓗ࡞್ᔂࢀࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ⤖ᯝ㸪౯᱁ኚືࡢศᕸࡣ )DWWDLO ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿᗈ࠸〈㔝ࢆᣢࡘ㸬
)LJ ࡣ㸯᫬㛫࠶ࡓࡾࡢᖹᆒ౯᱁ࡢኚືࡢ☜⋡ᐦᗘ㛵ᩘࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᅗࡢ୰ᚰࡢ◚⥺ࡣṇつศᕸࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪sȪࢆ㉸࠼ࡿ኱ࡁ࡞౯᱁ኚືࡀṇつศᕸ࡟ẚ࡭࡚㠀ᖖ࡟ከࡃⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀㄞࡳྲྀࢀࡿ㸬㸲 ᐙ㟁࢜ࣥࣛ࢖ࣥᕷሙࡢ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࣔࢹࣝ ᡃࠎࡣ㸯ࡘࡢ〇ရ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᗑ⯒㛫ࡢ౯᱁➇தࢆࣔࢹࣝ໬ࡍࡿ㸬ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣ㸪ྛ᫬้࡟☜⋡ⓗ࡟ 㟂せ࡜  ౪⤥㸪 ࣉࣛ࢖ࢫࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ㸬 㟂せ㸸☜⋡‫݌‬ௗ ࡛㸯༢఩ࡢ㟂せࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ㸬ྛᗑ⯒ࡀ☜⋡ߠ࡛㉎㈙ᑐ㇟࡟㑅ࡤࢀ㸪㉎㈙ᑐ㇟
ᗑࡢ࡞࠿࠿ࡽ୍␒Ᏻ࠸ᗑ⯒ࡢᅾᗜࡀ㸯༢఩ᾘ㈝ࡉࢀࡿ>@㸬 ౪⤥㸸☜⋡‫݌‬௦ ࡛᪂つᗑ⯒݅ࡀᅾᗜࢆ㸯ࡘᣢࡗ࡚㸪‫ݎ‬௜‫ כ‬఩ࡢᗑ⯒ࡢ౯᱁‫݌‬ሺ‫ݎ‬௜‫ כ‬ሻࡼࡾ㸯෇Ᏻ࠸౯᱁࡛
ᕷሙ࡟ཧධࡍࡿ㸬ణࡋ㸪݊ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൏ ‫ݎ‬௜‫݌ࡣࡁ࡜ࡢ כ‬൫݊ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ൯ ൅ ͳ෇࡛ཧධࡍࡿࠋ ࣉࣛ࢖ࢫࣞࣅ࣮ࣗ㸸ྛᗑ⯒ࡣ☜⋡ߝ௜ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ࡛ࣉࣛ࢖ࢫࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞࠺㸬ࣉࣛ࢖ࢫࣞࣅ࣮ࣗ
ࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓᗑ⯒݅ࡢ㡰఩‫ݎ‬௜ ࡀ‫ݎ‬௜ ൑ ‫ݎ‬௜‫ࡁ࡜ࡢ כ‬㸪ᗑ⯒݅ࡣ౯᱁ᨵᐃࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞ࢃ࡞࠸㸬ࣉࣛ࢖ࢫࣞ
ࣅ࣮ࣗࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞࠺☜⋡ࢆߝ௜ ሺ‫ ݐ‬൅ ͳሻ ൌ ߝ௜ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻଵȀఊ ࡜ኚ໬ࡉࡏࡿ୍᪉㸪ࣉࣛ࢖ࢫࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࢆ࠾ࡇ
࡞ࡗࡓᗑ⯒݅ࡢ㡰఩‫ݎ‬௜ ࡀ‫ݎ‬௜ ൐ ‫ݎ‬௜‫ࡁ࡜ࡢ כ‬㸪ᗑ⯒݅ࡣ‫ݎ‬௜‫ כ‬఩ࡢᗑ⯒ࡢ౯᱁‫݌‬ሺ‫ݎ‬௜‫ כ‬ሻࡼࡾ㸯෇Ᏻ࠸౯᱁࡟౯
᱁ᨵᐃࡍࡿ㸬ࣉࣛ࢖ࢫࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞࠺☜⋡ࢆߝ௜ ሺ‫ ݐ‬൅ ͳሻ ൌ ߝ௜ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻఊ ࡜ኚ໬ࡉࡏࡿ㸬ࡇࡇ࡛㸪‫ݎ‬௜‫ࡣ כ‬ᗑ⯒݅ࡢᕼᮃࡍࡿ㡰఩࡛࠶ࡾᣦᩘ߮ࡢᣦᩘ㛵ᩘ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚☜⋡ⓗ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬 ࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡣ㸪ߠǡ ߮ǡ ‫݌‬ௗ ǡ ‫݌‬௦ ǡ ߛ࡜ߝ௜ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻࡢึᮇ್ࡢ㸴ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪‫݌‬ௗ ǡ ‫݌‬௦ ࡟ࡼࡾᗑ⯒ࡢᕷሙ࡬ࡢධ㏥ฟࡀ࣏࢔ࢯࣥⓗ࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡋ㸪ᖹᆒ౯᱁ࡀࣛࣥࢲ࣒࢛࣮࢘ࢡࡢ≉ᚩࢆᣢࡘ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ߛ࡟ࡼࡾ౯᱁ኚືࡀ⃭ࡋࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ࣉࣛ࢖ࢫࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࡢ㛫㝸ࡀຍ㏿ⓗ࡟▷ࡃ࡞ࡾ㸪࢝ࢫࢣ࣮ࢻⓗ࡞್ᔂࢀࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡽࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ᖹᆒ౯᱁ࡢศᕸࡣ )LJ ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᗈ࠸〈㔝ࢆᣢࡘ㸬 ௒ᚋࡣ㸪ᕷሙࢆ≉ᚩࢆ෌⌧࡛ࡁࡿᮏࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪౯᱁ࡢண ࡜್ᔂࢀࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿ࢜ࣥࣛ࢖ࣥᕷ
ሙࡢ࣮ࣝࣝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿ㸬ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩>@510DQWHJQD+(6WDQOH\&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV>@8*DULEDOGL(6FDODV&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
>@70L]XQR7:DWDQDEH(3-%
>@70L]XQR7:DWDQDEH3K\VLFD$
>@Ỉ㔝㈗அΏ㎶ດ⤒῭◊✲

ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢྲྀᘬᴫᛕࡢᙧᡂؐؐ஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡜⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜ࡢ」ྜᛶࢆ୰ᚰ࡟
Ᏹோᏹᖾ㸦ி㒔኱Ꮫ㸧
1. ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
J࣭R࣭ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊⴭ᭩ࠗ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ືࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘(Commons, 1951)ࡢෑ㢌࡛ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕ௒᪥ࡣ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ື(collective action)ࡢ᫬௦࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࠸࡚࠸ࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡣࠊ⏕ィࢆ❧࡚ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ⤌⧊ࡉࢀࡓ௻ᴗࡢ୍ဨ࡜ࡋ࡚㞟ᅋⓗ࡟άືࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢ㞟ᅋⓗ㐣⛬ࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࠊேࠎࡣ㞟ᅋⓗ஺΅(collective bargaining)࡟㛵୚ࡍࡿࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ㞟ᅋⓗ஺΅ࡣㅖಶேࡢ
ពᚿࡀྜ⮴ࡋࠊ㞟ᅋពᚿࡢ୍㒊࡜࡞ࡿ᪉ἲࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋປാ㛵ಀࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ㞟ᅋⓗ஺΅࡜ࡣࠊປാ⤌ྜ࡜㈨ᮏᐙ࡜࠸࠺஧ࡘࡢ⤌⧊ࡢ௦⾲ࡀᑐ➼࡟┦ᑐࡋࠊ࣮࣡࢟ࣥࢢ࣭࣮ࣝࣝ࡟ྠពࡍࡿࡇ࡜
ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡇࡢ࣮࣡࢟ࣥࢢ࣭࣮ࣝࣝࡣ୧⤌⧊ࡢ࠶ࡽࡺࡿಶேࢆᨭ㓄ࡍࡿࠖ(Commons, 1951,
p.23)ࠋ
ࢫ࣑ࢫࡸࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ືࢆ࠸ࢃࡤࠕ୍᪉ⓗ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ືࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚࡜ࡽ࠼࡚ࠊࡑࢀࢆ㠀㞴ࡋࡓࡀࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࠕ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ືࠖࡣ 19 ୡ⣖ᮎ௨᮶㢧ⴭ࡟࡞ࡗࡓປ౑㛫ࡢᅋయ஺΅࡞࡝ࠕ཮᪉ⓗ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ື࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ
ࠕ㞟ᅋⓗ࡞஺΅࡜ጇ༠ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࠖࢆ࡬࡚ࠊྜព࡟฿㐩ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿ(Ibid., p.29-30)ࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊಶேࡢ⾜ືࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ືࡀᐃᘧ໬ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡀࠊไᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ືࡣ▷ࡃᐃ⩏ࡍࡿ࡜ಶேࡢ⾜ືࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᗈ࠸ᐃ⩏࡛ࡣࠊಶேࡢ⾜ືࢆゎᨺࡋᣑᙇࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ(Ibid.,
p.34-35)ࠋ
ࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢಶேࡢ⾜ືࡣࠊಶேⓗ⾜Ⅽ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊᐇ㝿ࡣㅖಶே㛫ࡢ⾜ືࠊࡘࡲࡾ trans-action ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ືࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞௒᪥࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⤒῭ศᯒࡢᇶᮏⓗ༢఩ࡣࠊಶேࡸၟရࡸ஺᥮࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃྲྀᘬ(transaction)࡛࠶ࡿ(Commons, 1934, p.73)ࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊྲྀ ᘬ ࢆ ஺ ΅ ྲྀ ᘬ (bargaining transaction) ࠊ ⟶ ⌮ ྲྀ ᘬ (managerial transaction) ࠊ ๭ ᙜ ྲྀ ᘬ(rationing transaction)࡜࠸࠺ 3 ࡘ࡟ศࡅࡿࠋ஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡜ࡣࠊᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚㈈⏘ࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࢆ⛣㌿ࡍࡿྲྀᘬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๭ᙜྲྀᘬ࡜ࡣࠊ
ࠕᨻ⟇Ỵᐃ⪅ࠖ࡟ࡼࡿ࣮࣡࢟ࣥࢢ࣭࣮ࣝࣝࡢタᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊἲⓗ࡟ᶒຊࢆࡶࡘࡶࡢ࡜ࡑࢀ࡟ᚑ࠺ಶே࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢྲྀᘬ࡜࠸࠺ഃ㠃ࢆࡶࡘࠋ⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜ࡣࠊ୺࡜ࡋ࡚⫋ሙࡢᣦ᥹ᶒࢆࡶࡘ⟶⌮⪅࡜ࡑࢀ࡟ᚑ࠺ປാ⪅࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢࠊᐩࡢ⏕⏘࡟㛵ࡍࡿྲྀᘬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ
⌮ㄽࡢ᰾ᚰࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽ 3 ✀ࡢྲྀᘬࡘࡲࡾಶே㛫ࡢ⾜ືࡣࠊ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ື࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࡢ୰࡛ᙧᡂࡉࢀ
ࡿ࣮࣡࢟ࣥࢢ࣭࣮ࣝࣝࡸไᗘ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ື࡟ࡼࡿ஺΅ྲྀᘬࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ➨ 1 ࡟ࠊබṇ࡞౯᱁(fair price)࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㐺ṇ࡞౯್(reasonable value)ࡀࠊ
ࠕᖹ➼࡞ᶵ఍ࠖ
ࠕබṇ࡞➇தࠖ࠾ࡼࡧࠕ஺΅ຊࡢᆒ➼ᛶࠖ࡜࠸࠺ 3 ࡘࡢ๓ᥦ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙࠸࡚ࠊ୍㐃ࡢ⿢ุࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ₞ḟⓗ࡟ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿⅬࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ
➨ 2 ࡟ࠊಶࠎࡢྲྀᘬࢆつไࡍࡿ࣮࣡࢟ࣥࢢ࣭࣮ࣝࣝࡀࠊᕞࡢつไᙜᒁࠊ㐃㑥㆟఍࠾ࡼࡧ᭱㧗⿢ุᡤ࡜࠸࠺ከẁ㝵ࡢᑂ㆟ࢆ࡬࡚ᙧᡂࡉࢀኚ᭦ࡉࢀࡿⅬࢆࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ(Ibid., p.63)ࠋ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ື࡟ࡼࡿ⟶⌮ྲྀᘬࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕ⟶⌮ྲྀᘬࡣἲ
ⓗ࡟ࡣୖ఩⪅ࡢពᚿࡔࡅ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢ஺΅ bargainingࢆ࡜ࡶ࡞࠺ࠋ஺΅ࢆ࡜ࡶ࡞࠺⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ୺࡜ࡋ࡚ປാ⪅ࡢ㏥⫋ࡢ⮬⏤ࢆྵࡴ㏆௦ⓗ࡞ປാࡢ⮬⏤ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࡢୗ࡛ࠊ஺΅ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡳ࠼ࡿࡶࡢࡀࠊ⟶⌮ྲྀᘬࡢ๓㠃1

࡟Ⓩሙࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㑊ࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠖ(Ibid., p.67)ࠋ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ື࡟ࡼࡿ๭ᙜྲྀᘬࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ⮬࡛᫂࠶ࡿࠋ฼┈ࡸ㈇ᢸࡢ๭ᙜࡣࠊ๭ᙜࢆ⾜࠺ᶒ㝈ࢆࡶࡘ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ
୺యࡢ㛫࡛ࡢ஺΅(negotiation)࡜ྜពࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ(Ibid., p.67-68)ࠋࠕ⊂⿢ࡣ๭ᙜྲྀᘬࡢ༢࡟ูࡢᙧែࠊࡼࡾཎጞⓗ࡞ᙧែ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࠋ⊂⿢⪅࡜࠸࠼࡝ࡶᙼ୍ேࡢពᚿࢆᛮ࠸ࡢࡲ
ࡲ࡟ᅜẸ࡟ᙉไࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋᙼࡣᙼࡢ௰㛫ࠊ⊂༨ⓗᨻඪ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㌷㒊㤳⬻࡜༠㆟ࡍࡿࠖ࡜ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣ㏙࡭ࡿ(Commons, 1951, p.56)ࠋ
    ⾲ 1 ᕷሙⓗㄪᩚ࡜ไᗘⓗㄪᩚ
ᕷሙⓗㄪᩚ

ไᗘⓗㄪᩚ
༠㆟࣭ጇ༠࣮࣋ࢫ

♫఍༢఩ࡢㄪᩚ  ᕷሙᶒຊ࣭࿨௧࣮࣋ࢫ

ࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ
⿵㊊

஺΅ྲྀᘬ

௻ᴗ༢఩ࡢㄪᩚ

  

」ྜ

つไ
๭ᙜྲྀᘬ
⿵㊊

 

⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ
ࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ

ࣄ࢚࣮ࣛࣝ࢟   ฟᡤ: Ᏹோ(2009)ࡢ⾲ 1-1 ࡟ຍ➹⤒῭ㄪᩚࡣᕷሙⓗㄪᩚࡔࡅ࡟㑏ඖࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁࡎࠊᅗ 1 ࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ᕷሙⓗㄪᩚ࡜ 4 ࡘࡢไᗘⓗㄪᩚࡀࠊྠࡌ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝేᏑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ⤒῭ㄪᩚࡣከඖⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᕷሙⓗㄪᩚࡣࠊ㟂せ㔞࡜౪⤥㔞ࡢࢠࣕࢵࣉ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚౯᱁ࡀᰂ㌾࡟ኚືࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㟂⤥୍⮴ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿ࡜
࠸࠺౯᱁ࡢࣂ࣓࣮ࣟࢱᶵ⬟࡜ࠊྑୖࡀࡾࡢ౪⤥᭤⥺ࠊྑୗࡀࡾࡢ㟂せ᭤⥺ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿㄪᩚ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋไᗘⓗㄪᩚࡣḟࡢ 2 ✀ࡢ༊ู࡟ࡼࡾ 4 ࡘ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠋ➨ 1 ࡢ༊ูࡣࠊ♫఍༢఩ࡢㄪᩚ࠿ࠊ
௻ᴗ༢఩ࡢㄪᩚ࠿࡜࠸࠺༊ู࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨ 2 ࡢ༊ูࡣࠊ༠㆟࣭ጇ༠࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃㄪᩚ࠿ࠊᶒຊ࣭࿨௧
࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃㄪᩚ࠿࡜࠸࠺༊ู࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅗ 1 ࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ༠㆟࣭ጇ༠࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃㄪᩚࢆࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠕࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࠖ࡜࿧ࡧࠊᶒຊ࣭࿨௧࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃ♫఍༢఩ࡢㄪᩚࢆࠕつไࠖ࡜࿧ࡧࠊᶒ
ຊ࣭࿨௧࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃ௻ᴗ༢఩ࡢㄪᩚࢆࠕࣄ࢚࣮ࣛࣝ࢟ࠖ࡜࿧ࡪࠋࡇࡢ⤒῭ㄪᩚࡢከඖᛶ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽぢࡿ࡜ࠊ஺΅ྲྀᘬࡣᕷሙⓗㄪᩚ࡟ࠊ๭ᙜྲྀᘬࡣつไ࡟ࠊ⟶⌮ྲྀᘬࡣไᗘⓗㄪᩚ࡟ᒓࡍࡿࣄ࢚࣮ࣛࣝ࢟࡟ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ㔜࡞ࡿ㒊ศࢆࡶࡘ㸦Ᏹோࠊ2009㸧ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ᏶඲࡟㔜࡞ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡣࡳࡔࡍ㒊ศࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ஺΅ྲྀᘬࠊ๭ᙜྲྀᘬࠊ⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜࠸࠺ 3 ✀ࡢྲྀᘬࡣࡍ࡭࡚ࠊ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ືࡣࠊ⤒῭ㄪᩚࡢከඖᛶ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽぢࡿ࡜ࠊ༠㆟࣭ጇ༠࣮࣋ࢫ
ࡢไᗘⓗㄪᩚ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᅗ 1 ࡛ࡣࠕࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࠖ࡟࠶ࡓࡿࠋ3 ✀ࡢྲྀᘬࡀ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᕷሙⓗㄪᩚࠊつไ࠾ࡼࡧࣄ࢚࣮ࣛࣝ࢟ࡀࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ୍㒊せ⣲ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ࠶ࡿㄪᩚ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢ୍㒊࡟ูࡢㄪᩚ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢ
୍㒊せ⣲ࡀ⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣ⤒῭ㄪᩚࡢ」ྜᛶ࡜࿧ࡪࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ືࡶྵࡵ࡚⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊᅗ 1 ࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ஺΅ྲྀᘬࡣᕷሙⓗㄪᩚ࡜ࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜
ࡀ」ྜࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ๭ᙜྲྀᘬࡣつไ࡜ࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡀ」ྜࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⟶2⌮ྲྀᘬࡣࣄ࢚࣮ࣛࣝ࢟࡜ࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡀ」ྜࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ⴭ᭩ࠗ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢἲᚊⓗᇶ♏࠘(Commons, 1924)ࡢ୰ᚰⓗㄽⅬࡣࠊ๭ᙜྲྀᘬࡀ஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡜⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜ࢆ⿵㊊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⤒῭ㄪᩚࡢ⿵㊊ᛶ࡜ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿㄪᩚ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢ୙᏶඲࡞
ㄪᩚ⤖ᯝࡀ௚ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ಟṇࡉࢀࠊࡼࡾ᏶඲࡞ࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢⴭ᭩
࡛ࡣࠊ๭ᙜྲྀᘬࡢ௦ࢃࡾ࡟ᶒጾⓗྲྀᘬ(authoritative transaction)࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡀ౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕ㠀බㄆࡢྲྀᘬࡣࠊ┦㛵ᛶࡢḞዴ࡜ㅖᮇᚅࡢ୙Ᏻᐃ࡜࠸࠺ 2 Ⅼ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊኻᩋࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ
ᨻᗓ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣྖἲᙜᒁࡣࠊྲྀᘬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࣮࡛ࣝࣝࡶࡗ࡚ࠊ௓ධࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠖ(Commons,
1924, p.100)ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ๭ᙜྲྀᘬࡀ஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡜⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜ࢆ⿵㊊ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡜⟶⌮ྲྀᘬࡢኻᩋࡀᅇ㑊ࡉࢀࡿࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࠊ᳨ウࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡜⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉࡟୍⯡ၟရࡢ஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡛ࡢ౯
᱁Ỵᐃ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚⟶⌮ྲྀᘬࡢせ⣲ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡟↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡜⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜ࡢ」ྜᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢၥ㢟ࢆゝ࠸᥮࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ஺΅ྲྀᘬࡀᢅ࠺ᕼᑡᛶ࡜⟶⌮ྲྀᘬࡀᢅ࠺ຠ⋡ᛶ࡜ࡣࠊ㐺ṇ࡞౯್ࡢᙧᡂ
࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ2. ஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡜⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜ࡢ」ྜᛶ
ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊᕼᑡᛶ࡜ຠ⋡ᛶ࡜ࡀ㐺ṇ࡞౯್ࡢᙧᡂ࡟㛵ࢃࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄆࡵ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕ㐺ṇ࡞౯್࡜ࡣࠊ⿢ุᡤࠊ㝙ᑂဨᅋࠊጤဨ఍ࠊ௰⿢ᶵᵓ࡞࡝ࡢᐇ㊶ࡢ࡞࠿࡛ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡜
ࡋ࡚ࠊ㈌ᖯࢱ࣮࣒࡛ࡢ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ືࡢᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ㐺ṇ࡞ேࠎࡢពぢࡢࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫ࡟ࡼࡗ
࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࡑࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛ᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ㅖᐇ㊶࡟ᚑ࠺ேࠎ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࠕ㐺ṇࠖ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㐺ṇ࡞౯್ࡣࠊ⎔ቃ࡜㞟ᅋⓗࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ኚ໬ࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ
㐺ṇ࡞౯್ࡣࠊຠ⋡ᛶࠊᕼᑡᛶࠊ័⩦ࠊᨻ἞ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧᨭ㓄ⓗ฼ᐖࡢኚ໬ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ㐍໬ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ
࡞࠿࡟࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠖ(Commons, 1934, pp.206-207) ၥ㢟ࡢ↔Ⅼࡣࠊ㐺ṇ࡞౯್ࡢᙧᡂࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᕼᑡᛶ࡜ຠ⋡ᛶ࡜ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛵ಀࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘(Commons, 1934)࡛ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞グ㏙ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ࡜ࠊᕼᑡᛶ࡜ຠ⋡ᛶ࡜ࡣࠕไ㝈せᅉࠊ⿵᏶せᅉࡢཎ⌮࡟ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ
஫࠸࡟ไ㝈ࡋྜ࠺ࠖ࡜࠸࠺࠿ࡓࡕࡢ㛵ಀࢆࡶࡘ࡜ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣ࡜ࡽ࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾᕼ
ᑡᛶࢆᢅ࠺஺΅ྲྀᘬ㸦ᕷሙⓗㄪᩚ㸧࡜ຠ⋡ᛶࢆᢅ࠺⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ㸦ࣄ࢚࣮ࣛࣝ࢟㸧࡜ࡣࠊ㐺ṇ࡞౯್ࡢᙧᡂ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ」ྜᛶࢆࡶࡘ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ࠕຠ⋡ᛶࡣࠊ⟶⌮ྲྀᘬࡢ⏝ㄒ࡛ࡣࠊᢞධ 1 ༢఩ᙜࡓࡾࡢ⏘ฟࡢ⋡ࠊࡘࡲࡾ࣐࣭ࣥ࢔࣮࣡[ேࡢ 1 ᫬㛫ᙜࡓࡾ௙஦㔞]ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾຠ⋡ᛶࡣ⮬↛࡟ᑐࡍࡿຊࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡿࡀࠊ⥲⏕⏘㔞࡜ࡣ↓㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᕼᑡᛶࡣࠊ஺΅ྲྀᘬࡢ⏝ㄒ࡛ࡣࠊࢻ࡛ࣝ

ࡗࡓᑓ᭷ᨭฟࡢ⋡࡜ẚ㍑ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࡢᑓ᭷ᡤ

ᚓࡢ⋡ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ͐㸦୰␎㸧͐ຠ⋡ᛶࡣ㈈ࡢ㇏ᐩᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡓࡾࠊ࣐࣭ࣥ࢔࣮࣭࣡ࢥࢫࢺࢆపୗ
ࡉࡏࡓࡾࠊປാ᫬㛫ࢆῶࡽࡍഴྥࢆࡶࡘࠋᕼᑡᛶࡣ⏘ฟࢆᨭᡶ࠸⬟ຊࡢ࠶ࡿே࡟㓄ศࡋࠊᨭᡶ࠸
3⬟ຊࡢ࡞࠸ே࡟ࡣ㓄ศࢆಖ␃ࡋࡓࡾࠊປാ᫬㛫ࢆቑࡸࡋࡓࡾࠊ➼ࡋ࠸஺΅ຊࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸ປാ⪅࡬
ࡢ㈤㔠ࢆపୗࡉࡏࡓࡾࡍࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊຠ⋡ᛶ࡜ᕼᑡᛶࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ༊ูࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ࡜ࡶ࡟ᢳ
㇟ⓗ࡟ᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣࠊไ㝈せᅉࠊ⿵᏶せᅉࡢཎ⌮࡟ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ஫࠸࡟ไ㝈ࡋྜ࠺ࠋࠖ(Commons, 1934, p.259)
ୖグࡢᘬ⏝ᩥࡢᮎᑿ࡟௜ࡉࢀࡓὀ࡛ࠊ➨ 9 ❶ࡢ᭱⤊㒊ศ࡟࠶ࡓࡿࠕᡓ␎ⓗྲྀᘬ࡜࣮ࣝࢳࣥྲྀᘬࠖ
ࡢ㡯ࢆཧ↷ࡏࡼ࡜ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣᣦ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢᣦ♧ࡉࢀࡓ㡯࡛ࡢࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢㄝ᫂ࡣࠊ஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡜⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜ࡢ」ྜᛶࡢㄝ࡛᫂ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ㐺ṇ࡞౯್ࡢᙧᡂ࡜ࡣ㛵㐃࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡇࡢ㐺ṇ࡞౯್ࡢᙧᡂࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡜⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜ࡢ」ྜᛶࡢศᯒࡣࠊ୺ⴭࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘(Commons, 1934)ࡢ๓༙㒊ศ㸦➨ 1 ❶㹼➨ 8 ❶ࠊ⥲࣮࣌ࢪᩘࡣ 400 ࣮࣌ࢪᙅ㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
ࣟࢵࢡࠊࢣࢿ࣮ࠊࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࠊࢫ࣑ࢫࠊ࣋ࣥࢧ࣒ࠊ࣐ࣝࢧࢫࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࠊ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞࡞࡝
ࡢ⌮ㄽࢆᢈุⓗ࡟᳨ウࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ヨࡳࡽࢀࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣ஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡜⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜ࡢ」ྜᛶࡢศᯒࢆ⾜࠺๓࡟ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ୺せ⌮ㄽᐙࡓࡕࡢࠊᕼᑡᛶᴫᛕ࡜ຠ⋡ᛶᴫᛕࡢᢈุⓗ᳨ウࢆ⾜ࢃࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ➨ 1 ࡟ࠊ኱㒊ศࡢ⌮ㄽᐙࡣࠊᕼᑡᛶ࡜ຠ⋡ᛶࢆ᫂☜࡟㆑ูࡏࡎࠊ୧⪅ࢆΰྠࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨ 2 ࡟ࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ኱㒊ศࡢ⌮ㄽᐙࡣࠊ౯್ࠊ౑⏝౯್ࠊᕼᑡᛶ౯್࡜࠸࠺ព࿡ࡢ␗࡞ࡿ 3 ࡘࡢᴫᛕࢆṇࡋࡃᐃᘧ໬ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ➨ 3 ࡟ࠊࡑࡢ࠺࠼ࠊึ
ᮇࡢ⌮ㄽᐙࡣ≀㉁ⓗᕼᑡᛶࢆே㛫ࡀᚑ࠺࡭ࡁ⮬↛࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚㔜どࡍࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊᑓ᭷ⓗᕼᑡᛶࢆ୙⮬↛࡞ேⅭⓗ⊂༨࡜ࡋ࡚᤼㝖ࡍ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡜ぢ࡞ࡍ࡜࠸࠺ㄗࡾࢆ≢ࡋࡓࠋ➨ 4 ࡟ࠊከࡃࡢ⌮ㄽᐙࡣࠊᕼᑡᛶࢆᐈయⓗ࡟࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ୺యⓗ࡟࡜ࡽ࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ㄗࡾࢆ≢ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢ➨ 4 ࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭ࡿࠋࠕ୺యⓗ౯್ࡣಶேⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐈయⓗ࡞ࠕ౯್ࠖࡣࠊ༢࡟ẚ႘࡟ࡼࡿ౯್࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐈయⓗ౯್ࡣࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢཎᅉ࡟ࡼࡾኚ໬ࡍࡿ㛵ಀࡲࡓࡣࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕᐈయᛶࠖࡣࠊಶேࡢពᚿ࠿ࡽ
⊂❧ࡋ࡚ኚ໬ࡍࡿࡶࡢࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ 2 ✀㢮ࡢᐈయⓗ౯್ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡦ࡜ࡘࡣ≀㉁ⓗ࡞౑⏝౯್࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡶ࠺ࡦ࡜ࡘࡣᑓ᭷ⓗ࡞ᕼᑡᛶ౯್࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡣ㞟ᅋⓗ࡞ປാຊ࠿ࡽࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀ
ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᚋ⪅ࡣࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀไᗘ࡜ྡ௜ࡅࡿࠊㅖಶே࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㞟ᅋⓗ࡞ຊ࠿ࡽࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀ
ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ(Commons, 1934, p.278)
୺ⴭࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘(Commons, 1934)ࡢ๓༙㒊ศࡣࠊ୺せ⌮ㄽᐙ࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿୖグࡢ 4 ࡘࡢㄗࡾࢆぢࡘࡅࠊࡑࡢཎᅉࢆ᥈ࡾࠊㄗࡾࢆṇࡍࡓࡵࡢ௦᭰ⓗ⌮ㄽࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢດຊࡣ
㞟୰ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୺ⴭࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘(Commons, 1934)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㐺ṇ࡞౯್ࡢᙧᡂࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡜⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜ࡢ」ྜᛶࢆศᯒࡋࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢពᅗࡣᬯ㯲ⓗ࡟అᅾࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊṧᛕ࡞ࡀࡽࡇࡢၥ㢟࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᫂♧ⓗ࡞ㄝ᫂ࡣぢᙜࡓࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢၥ㢟࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ᫂♧ⓗ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡣࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡀ 1927 ᖺ࡟᭩࠸ࡓࠕ➨ 8 ❶ ᕼᑡᛶ࡜ຠ⋡ᛶࠖ(Commons, 1927)࡜࠸࠺ⲡ✏㸦௨ୗࠊ
ࠕ1927 ᖺⲡ✏ࠖ࡜࿧ࡪ㸧ࡢ୰࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢⲡ✏ࡣ඲య࡛ 89 ᯛ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠕ➨
1 ⠇ ౯್ࠊᕼᑡᛶ౯್࠾ࡼࡧ౯್ࠖࠊࠕ➨ 2 ⠇ ౯್࡜౯᱁ࠖࠊࠕ➨ 3 ⠇ ࣇ࢓ࣥࢻ࡜ࣇ࣮ࣟࠖ࡜
࠸࠺ 3 ࡘࡢ㒊ศ࠿ࡽᡂࡿࠋ1927 ᖺⲡ✏ࡢ➨ 1 ⠇ࡣࠊࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘(Commons, 1934)ࡢࠕ➨ 8 ❶ຠ⋡ᛶ࡜ᕼᑡᛶࠖࡢ࠺ࡕࠕ➨ 7 ⠇ ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ࡜࣐ࣝࢡࢫࠖࡢⲡ✏࡟࠶ࡓࡿࠋ1927 ᖺⲡ✏ࡢ➨ 2 ⠇4

࡜➨ 3 ⠇ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࠊࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘➨ 8 ❶ࡢࠕ➨ 9 ⠇ ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞ࠊ࢘࢕࣮ࢨ࣮ࠊࣇ࢕ࢵࢩ࣮ࣕࠊ
ࣇ࢙ࢵࢱ࣮ࠖ࡜ࠕ➨ 8 ⠇ ࣐ࣝࢡࢫ࡜ࣉ࣮ࣝࢻࣥࠖࡢⲡ✏࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ୧⪅ࡢෆᐜࡣ㔜࡞ࡿ㒊ศࡶ୍㒊࡟࠶ࡿࡀࠊ␗࡞ࡿ㒊ศࡶከࡃ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢ 1927 ᖺⲡ✏ࡢ➨ 2 ⠇࡜➨ 3 ⠇࡟ࡣ࠶ࡾࠊࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘࡟ࡣ࡞࠸㒊ศ࡟1ࠊ㐺ṇ࡞౯್ࡢᙧᡂࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡜⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜ࡢ」ྜᛶ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ᫂♧ⓗ࡞ศᯒࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ1927 ᖺⲡ✏ࡢࠕ➨ 2 ⠇ ౯್࡜౯᱁ࠖ
࡛ࡣࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡢປാ౯್ㄽ࡜࣓࣮ࣥ࢞ࡢ㝈⏺ຠ⏝⌮ㄽ࡜ࢆ᥋ྜࡍࡿヨࡳࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ㟂せ࡜౪⤥ࡣࠊ࡜ࡶ࡟」ᩘࡢせᅉ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ไ⣙ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋ1927 ᖺⲡ✏ࡢࠕ➨ 3 ⠇ ࣇ࢓ࣥࢻ࡜
ࣇ࣮࡛ࣟࠖࡣࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ౯್ㄽࢆ෌᳨ウࡍࡿヨࡳࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜஺΅ྲྀᘬࡢ」ྜᛶࡢศ
ᯒࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠋ1927 ᖺⲡ✏ࡔࡅ࡟࠶ࡿࡇࡢ᫂♧ⓗ࡞ศᯒࡣࠊࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘(Commons, 1934)࡟
࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᩘ⾜࡟せ⣙ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢᬯ♧ⓗ࡞せ⣙࠿ࡽࠊㄞ⪅ࡣࡑࡢ᫂♧ⓗ࡞ព࿡ࢆㄞࡳྲྀࡿ
ࡇ࡜ࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࡣࠊ1927 ᖺⲡ✏ࡢ➨ 2 ⠇࡜➨ 3 ⠇࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㐺ṇ࡞౯್ࡢᙧᡂࣉࣟࢭࢫ
࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢㄝ᫂ࢆࡓ࡝ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡑࡢ฿㐩Ⅼࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋ
3. ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ࡜࣓࣮ࣥ࢞࡜ࡢ᥋ྜ
1927 ᖺⲡ✏ࠕ➨ 2 ⠇ ౯್࡜౯᱁ࠖ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡢປാ౯್ㄽ࡜࣓࣮ࣥ࢞
ࡢ㝈⏺ຠ⏝⌮ㄽ࡜ࡢ᥋ྜࢆヨࡳࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡜㢮ఝࡢヨࡳࢆ Lederer (1922)ࡶ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࢥࣔࣥ
ࢬࡣࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ࡜࣓࣮ࣥ࢞ࡢ⌮ㄽࡢ᥋ྜࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ୧⪅ࡢ⌮ㄽⓗ㝈⏺ࢆ஌ࡾ㉺࠼ࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞౯
᱁Ỵᐃせᅉࢆ㏣ຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛ࠊLederer (1922)࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡎࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞࡟ࡼࡿᕼᑡᛶࡢᐃ⩏ࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞ࡣḧồ(wants, Bedürfnisse)࡜ࠊḧồ㔞(quantity wanted, Bedarf)࡜ࢆ༊ูࡍࡿࠋḧồࡣᙉᗘࡀ␗࡞ࡿ༢࡞ࡿឤぬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋḧồ㔞ࡣ⎔ቃ࡬ࡢ㐺ᛂ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ᫬࡜ሙᡤ࡟࠾࠸࡚ḧồࡉࢀࡿ≉ᐃࡢ౑⏝౯್ࡢ㔞࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ḧồ㔞ࡣࠊᐇ㝿࡟ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢽ࣮ࢬࢆཧ↷ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ(p.19)ࠋ
࣓࣮ࣥ࢞࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡞⪃ᐹᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊࡑࡢ᫬࡜ሙᡤࡢㅖ⎔ቃࡢୗ࡛ࡢࠊධᡭྍ⬟⥲㔞࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟࠾ࡅࡿḧồ⥲㔞࡛࠶ࡿ(p.21)ࠋḧồ⥲㔞࡜ධᡭྍ⬟⥲㔞ࡣ୙ྍศ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ୧⪅࡜ࡶࡑࢀࡒࢀูࡢせᅉ࡟ࡼࡾไ㝈ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋḧồ⥲㔞࡜ධᡭྍ⬟⥲㔞࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠕᕼᑡᛶࠖ
࡜ᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊṧᛕ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞ࡣ࣋ࣥࢧ࣒ࡢᛌᴦ୺⩏ⓗ⏝ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࠕຠ⏝ࠖࢆ౑ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞ࡢ┿ࡢ㈉⊩ࡣ㞃ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓ(p.22)ࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࠕཝᐦ࡟ᐈయⓗ࡛ᩘ㔞ⓗ࡞౯್ࡢ⌮ㄽࡢヲ⣽࡞ㄝ᫂ࠖࢆ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞ࡢ┿ࡢ㈉⊩࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍࠋࡇࡢヲ⣽࡞ㄝ᫂ࢆᘬࡁ⥅ࡄ࠿ࡓࡕ࡛ࠊ
ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠕ⤒῭⛉Ꮫࡢᚰ⌮Ꮫⓗ⤒῭Ꮫ࠿ࡽពᚿⓗ(volitional)ࠊᩘ㔞ⓗ⤒῭Ꮫ࡬ࡢ⛣⾜ࠖ(p.23)
ࢆࡵࡊࡍࠋࡇࡢࠕពᚿⓗࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡢព࿡ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊ౯್ࡢᚰ⌮ⓗഃ㠃ࡢ 3 ✀ࡢ࡜ࡽ࠼᪉ࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ(p.33-34)ࠋ➨ 1 ࡣࠊࢫ࣑ࢫࠊ࣋ࣥࢧ࣒ࡢࠕᚰ⌮Ꮫⓗ୪⾜ㄽ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࢫ࣑ࢫࡢ౑⏝౯್ࡢᐃ⩏࠾ࡼࡧ࣋ࣥࢧ࣒ࡢຠ⏝ࡢᐃ⩏࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ≀㉁ⓗ౑⏝౯್㔞ࡢቑຍࡣࠊே㛫ࡢᖾ⚟࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣཌ⏕ࡢ୪⾜ⓗቑຍࢆ࡜ࡶ࡞࠺࡜௬ᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋ➨ 2 ࡣࢪ࢙࣎ࣥࢬࡢࠕᚰ
⌮Ꮫⓗᶵ⬟୺⩏࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࢪ࢙࣎ࣥࢬࡣࠊၟရ㔞ࡢቑຍ࡟࡜ࡶ࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊ༢఩ᙜࡓࡾࡢᛌᴦࡢᙉᗘ
1933 ᖺ࡟ࡣࠊJ࣭ࣟࣅࣥࢯࣥࡢࠗ୙᏶඲➇தࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘࡜ E࣭H࣭ࢳ࢙ࣥࣂࣜࣥࠗ⊂༨ⓗ➇தࡢ⌮ㄽ࠘ࡀฟ∧ࡉࢀࠊ➇தⓗᕷሙ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ౯᱁⌮ㄽࡢ෌᳨ウࡀᮏ᱁໬ࡋࡣࡌࡵࡓࠋ୙᏶඲➇தㄽࡢ᪂ᒎ㛤ࢆࡩࡲ࠼࡚ࠊ1927 ᖺⲡ✏ࡢ౯᱁⌮ㄽࡢ㒊ศࢆᨵᐃࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣ⪃࠼ࡓࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡀ 1927 ᖺⲡ✏࡜ࠊ1934 ᖺࡢⴭసࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘࡜ࡢ㐪࠸࡟ᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
51

ࡀ㏴ῶࡍࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿࠋ➨ 3 ࡣ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞࡜࢘࢕࣮ࢨ࣮ࡢࠕពᚿ୺⩏࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋᙼࡽ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ౯್ホ౯ࡣணᐃࡉࢀࡿ⾜ືࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ⾜ືࡢᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿㅖ⤖ᯝࢆぢᤣ࠼ࡘࡘࠊ
ࡑࡢ᫬࡜ሙᡤ࡛ࡢ㟂せࠊ౪⤥࠾ࡼࡧ౯᱁࡟㛵ࢃࡿㅖ⎔ቃࡍ࡭࡚ࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡚ࠊධᡭྍ⬟⥲㔞࡟ᑐࡍࡿḧồ⥲㔞ࡢ౯್ホ౯ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠕእ㒊ࡢ≀஦࡟ᑐᛂࡋ࡚ࠊᙼࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ែᗘࢆ࡜ࡿ
ࡢ࠿ࢆ⮬ศ࡛Ỵࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡢ㈨※ࢆ⤒῭໬ࡍࡿ(economize)ࠖ(Wieser, 1889, p.52)࡜࠸
࠺ព࿡࡛ࠊពᚿⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞࡜࢘࢕࣮ࢨ࣮ࡢࠕពᚿ୺⩏ࠖࢆᘬࡁ⥅ࡄࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ᪉ἲ࡜
࣓࣮ࣥ࢞࡜࢘࢕࣮ࢨ࣮ࡢ᪉ἲ࡜࡛ࡣḟࡢⅬࡀ␗࡞ࡿ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ(p.35-36)ࠋ࢘࢕࣮ࢨ࣮ࡣᙼࡢࠕ⮬↛౯್ࠖㄽࢆࠊඹ⏘୺⩏ᅜᐙ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝࡢୗ࡛ᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣಶேࢆไ⣙ࡋࡓࡾᙉไࡋࡓ
ࡾࡍࡿ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ືࡀ࡞࠸ᅜᐙ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣࠊࣉ࣮ࣝࢻࣥࡀᥥ࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡞↓ᨻᗓ୺⩏ᅜᐙ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୰ᚰⓗ≉ᚩࡣ㈌ᖯࡢ௓ධ࡞ࡋ࡟ಶே⾜ືࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࢥࣔ
ࣥࢬࡢ᪉ἲࡣࠊ᭱ึ࠿ࡽ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ື࠿ࡽฟⓎࡋࠊಶேࡀᵝࠎ࡞㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ືࡢෆ㒊࡛᭷ࡍࡿᆅ఩ࠊ
⫋ົࡲࡓࡣᡤᒓࡢ࡞࠿࡛ಶேࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋಶேࡣࡇࡢ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ື࡟ᑐࡋ࡚⮬ศ⮬㌟ࢆㄪᩚࡍࡿࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋḟ࡟ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊḧồ⥲㔞࡜ධᡭྍ⬟⥲㔞ࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞せᅉ࡟ࡼࡾไ㝈ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ⪃ᐹࡣࠊ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ࣐ࣝࢧࢫ㸧࡜࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡢ౯್ㄽࢆ᥋ྜࡍ
ࡿ࡜࠸࠺᪉ྥ࡛㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ࣐ࣝࢧࢫ㸧ࡣࠕ⥲ேཱྀቑຍ࡟ࡼࡾไ㝈ࡉࢀࡿḧồ⥲㔞࡜࠸࠺୍㠃ࠖ࡟╔┠ࡋࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡣࠕ⮬↛㈨※ࡢᕼᑡ໬࡟ࡼࡾไ㝈ࡉࢀࡿධᡭྍ⬟⥲㔞࡜࠸࠺ูࡢ୍㠃ࠖ࡟╔┠ࡋࡓ(p.36)ࠋ୧⪅ࡢ౯್ㄽࡢ㐪࠸ࢆࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣᅗ 2 ࢆ౑ࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ      ᅗ 2 ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞࡜࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡢ౯್ㄽ C’ᐩ⿱ࠊᐩࠊᖾ⚟ࠊཌ⏕            D’

C

D

౑⏝౯್

          ᕼᑡᛶ౯್ࡢ㏴ῶ㸦ຠ⏝㸧     ࣐ࣝࢧࢫⓗ       ࣞࣥࢺ   G                         H 㝈⏺ᕼᑡᛶ    ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻⓗࣞࣥࢺ                 ປാࡢຠ⏝   E          ᕼᑡᛶ౯್ࡢ㏴ቑ㸦య໬ປാ㸧A

B⏕⏘㔞ࡢቑຍ

ฟᡤ: Commons(1927), p.37
ᶓ㍈ࡣࠊࡓ࡜࠼ࡤᑠ㯏ࡢᩘ㔞ࢆ♧ࡋࠊ⦪㍈ࡣᑠ㯏 1 ༢఩ᙜࡓࡾࡢ౯್ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ1 ༢఩ᙜࡓࡾ౑
⏝౯್ࡣ୍ᐃ࡛࠶ࡾࠊỈᖹ⥺ CD ࡛♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࢫ࣑ࢫ࡜࣋ࣥࢧ࣒ࡢ୪⾜ㄽ࡛ࡢᖾ⚟࠶ࡿ࠸6ࡣཌ⏕ࡣỈᖹ⥺ C’D’࡛⾲ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢᅗࡣࠊ㎰ᴗࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ2ࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ⏕⏘㔞ࡀቑຍࡍࡿ࡜ඃⰋᆅ࠿ࡽࡼࡾ୙ẟ࡞ᅵᆅᆅ࡬࡜㎰ᆅࡀᣑ኱ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࠊປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡀపୗࡋࠊ
ᑠ㯏 1 ༢఩ᙜࡓࡾࡢయ໬ປാ㔞ࡀቑຍࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣே㛫࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⮬↛ࡢ᢬ᢠࡢቑຍ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⮬↛ⓗᕼᑡᛶࡢቑຍ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡣࡑࢀࢆయ໬ປാ㔞ࡢቑຍ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚

ࡿࠋࠕࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚࣮ࣜ࢝

ࢻࡢయ໬ປാࡣᕼᑡᛶࡢᨃே໬࡛࠶ࡿࠖ(p.37)ࠋᑠ㯏 1 ༢఩ᙜࡓࡾయ໬ປാ㔞ࡣ᭤⥺ EH ࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⏕⏘㔞ࡀቑຍࡍࡿ࡜㏴ቑࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ᭤⥺ EH ࡣ༢఩ᙜࡓࡾᕼᑡᛶ౯್ࡢ㏴ቑࢆ♧ࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋB ࡢⅬࡀ㝈⏺ᆅ3࡛࠶ࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ㧗ࡉ BH ࡀ㝈⏺ᆅࡢᑠ㯏 1 ༢఩ᙜࡓࡾࡢయ໬ປാ㔞ࢆ♧ࡍࠋࠕࡇࡢ㝈⏺ປാ㔞ࡣࠊ㝈⏺ᕼᑡᛶࡢ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ࡟ࡼࡿᨃே໬࡛࠶ࡿࠖࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊປാ౯್ㄽ
࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊࡇࡢ㝈⏺ປാ㔞ࡢ኱ࡁࡉࡀࠊ஺᥮౯್࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ౯᱁ࢆỴᐃࡋࠊࠕࡶࡋ᏶඲⮬⏤➇த࡞ࡽࡤࠊ஺᥮౯್࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ౯᱁ࡣࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᑠ㯏࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ྠ᫬࡟ࡦ࡜ࡘࡢ౯᱁࡜࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠖࠋࠕࡑࡋ࡚
඲⏕⏘≀ࡢ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡢ࠸࠺ࠕ౯್ࠖࡣ㛗᪉ᙧ ABHG ࡢ㠃✚࡛♧ࡉࢀࡿࠖ(p.38)ࠋ
௚᪉ࠊ࣐ࣝࢧࢫⓗぢゎ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞࡜࢘࢕࣮ࢨ࣮ࡢぢゎ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ౯᱁ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚
Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࠕ㛗ࡉ AB ࡛♧ࡉࢀࡿᑠ㯏ࡢ㔞ࡣࠊேཱྀ඲య࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ≉ᐃࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡜ሙᡤ࡛ධᡭྍ⬟࡞ࠊࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝྍ⬟࡞ࠊ㉎ධྍ⬟࡞㔞ࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡶࡋࠊࡼࡾᑡ࡞࠸ධᡭྍ⬟㔞ࡋ࠿࡞࠸ሙྜࠊຠ⏝ࡸ౑⏝౯್࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᕼᑡᛶ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿຠ⏝౯್ࡣࠊࡼࡾ㧗࠸౯್ࢆࡶࡘࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ㏴ῶࡍࡿᕼᑡ
ᛶ౯್ࡣࠊ᭤⥺ C’H ࡛⾲ࡉࢀࡿࠋධᡭྍ⬟㔞ࡀࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓḧồ㔞ࡀᕼᑡᛶ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚๓
㏙ࡋࡓ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ
㸦ࡑࡋ࡚ࡲࡓ᏶඲➇தࢆ௬ᐃࡍࡿ࡜㸧1 ࣈࢵࢩ࢙ࣝᙜࡓࡾࡢ஺᥮౯್࠶
ࡿ࠸ࡣ౯᱁ࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᑠ㯏࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡦ࡜ࡘࡢ౯᱁࡜࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࢀࡣ AG ࡲࡓࡣ BH ࡢ㛗ࡉ࡛ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢ౯᱁ࡣ㝈⏺ຠ⏝࡜࠸࠺༢୍ࡢ༢఩࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᅉᯝⓗ࡟Ỵࡵࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ

ࡇࡢ౯᱁ࡣࠊᑠ㯏඲㔞ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ➼ࡋ࠸≀㉁ⓗ༢఩࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ➼ࡋ࠸ᕼᑡᛶ౯್ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࠕ౯್ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡣࠊ㛗᪉ᙧ ABHG ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡽࢀࡿ㠃✚࡛♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋࠖ(p.37-38)

࣓࣮ࣥ࢞࡜࢘࢕࣮ࢨ࣮ࡣࠊ᭤⥺ C’H ࡢព࿡ࢆࠕධᡭྍ⬟㔞ࡀቑຍࡍࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚ࠊຠ⏝ࡀ㏴ῶࡍࡿࠖ࡜⾲⌧ࡋࡓࡀࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊ
ࠕຠ⏝㏴ῶ࡜࠸࠺ᛌᴦ୺⩏ⓗࠊឤぬⓗ࡞⏝ㄒ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᕼᑡᛶ㏴ῶ࡜⾲⌧ࡍࡿࠋຠ⏝㏴ῶ࡜࠸࠺୺యⓗ࡞⏝ㄒࡣࠊᨃே໬ࡉࢀࠊ୺య໬ࡉࢀࡓ⣧⢋ᕼᑡᛶ౯್ࡢᴫ
ᛕ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᫬㛫ࠊሙᡤࠊ㟂せࠊ౪⤥ࡸ౯᱁࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡍ࡭࡚ࡢㅖ⎔ቃ࠿ࡽษࡾ㞳ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿
ࡋᕼᑡᛶ㏴ῶ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡣࠊᐈయⓗ࡟ࠊᩘ㔞ⓗ࡟ࠊࡑࢀࡀព࿡ࡍࡿࡶࡢࢆ♧ࡍࠖ(p.39)ࠋ
௨ୖぢࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡣ౪⤥ഃࡢไ⣙࡛࠶ࡿయ໬ປാ㔞ࡢ㏴ቑ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⮬↛ࡢ᢬ᢠࡢ㏴ቑ〇㐀ᴗ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡣ㎰ᴗࡢࡼ࠺࡞཰✭㏴ῶᛶࢆ᫂♧ࡏࡎࠊ⏕⏘≀ 1 ༢఩ᙜࡓࡾࡢయ
໬ປാ㔞࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⥲⏕⏘≀ࡢᖹᆒ್ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓ࡜ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ(p.36)ࠋ
3 ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡢศ㓄ㄽࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟せ⣙࡛ࡁࡿ㸦Kaldor, 1955㸧ࠋ⪔స㠃✚࡟㛵ࡍࡿ཰✭㏴ῶࢆ௬ᐃ
ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ㠀㝈⏺ᆅࡢປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡣ㝈⏺ᆅࡢປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡼࡾ㧗࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊປാ 1 ༢఩ᙜࡓࡾࡢ⏕⏘㔞࡟ᕪࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࡇࡢᕪࡢ⏕⏘㔞㒊ศࡣᆅ௦࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㠀㝈⏺ᆅࡢᆅ୺࡟ศ㓄ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇ
ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᕪ㢠ᆅ௦ㄽ࡜ࠊ㈤㔠ࡣປാ⪅ࡢ⏕Ꮡ㈝࡟➼ࡋࡃ୍ᐃ್࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺㈤㔠ㄽ࡜࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ࡜ࠊ
ປാ 1 ༢఩ᙜࡓࡾࡢ⏕⏘㔞࠿ࡽࠊᕪ㢠ᆅ௦࡜⏕Ꮡ㈤㔠ࢆᕪࡋᘬ࠸ࡓṧవࡀ฼₶࡜ࡋ࡚ศ㓄ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⪔స㠃✚ࡀࡋࡔ࠸࡟ᣑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜ࠊປാ 1 ༢఩ᙜࡓࡾࡢ⏕⏘㔞ࡢ࠺ࡕ฼₶࡜ࡋ࡚ศ㓄ࡉࢀࡿ㒊ศࡣ㏴ῶࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡑࢀࡀࢮࣟ࡜࡞ࡿ⪔సᆅ࡟฿㐩ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀ㝈⏺ᆅ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
7
2

࡟╔┠ࡋࠊ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞ࡣ㟂せഃࡢไ⣙࡛࠶ࡿຠ⏝ࡢ㏴ῶ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᕼᑡᛶࡢ㏴ῶ࡟╔┠ࡋࡓࠋḟ࡟ၥ㢟࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㟂せഃࡢไ⣙ࢆ࡝࠺࡜ࡽ࠼ࡓ࠿ࠊ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ౪⤥ഃࡢไ⣙ࢆ࡝࠺࡜ࡽ࠼ࡓ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚋ⪅ࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠕ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞࡜࢘࢕࣮ࢨ࣮࡟
࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊไ㝈ࡉࢀࡓḧồ㔞ࡣྍኚ㔞࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ௚᪉࡛ࠊධᡭྍ⬟㔞ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣࠊᢏ
⾡ⓗ࡟ࠊධᡭྍ⬟㔞ࡀ⏕⏘༢఩ᙜࡓࡾ୍࡛ᐃ㔞࡛࠶ࡿࠖ(p.41)࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௚᪉ࠊࣜ
࣮࢝ࢻࡀ㟂せࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡜ࡽ࠼࡚࠸ࡓ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟࠿࡞ࡾヲࡋࡃ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡣࠊḧồࡣ↓ไ㝈࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᙜ↛ࡢࡇ࡜࡜ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࢀࡣḧồࢆᤞ㇟ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡣ࣐ࣝࢧࢫ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬ศࡣ࣐ࣝࢧࢫࡼࡾࡶḧồࢆ㔜どࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜㏉⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡣḧồࢆ↓ไ㝈࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࠊ࣐ࣝࢧࢫࡣไ㝈ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࠊ↓ไ㝈ࡢḧồ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡣࢫ࣑ࢫࡸ࣋ࣥࢧ
࣒ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᚰ⌮Ꮫⓗ୪⾜ㄽࢆᛕ㢌࡟࠾࠸ࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡣḧồࢆᤞ㇟ࡋ࡚࠸࡞
࠸ࠋ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡀࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊධᡭྍ⬟㔞ࡢቑຍ࡜ࡣ㛵ಀ࡞ࡃࠊၟရ 1 ༢఩ᙜࡓࡾࡢḧồࢆ୍ᐃ್࡜ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋḧồࡀ↓ไ㝈࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ౪⤥ࡢྛ㏣ຍศ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊḧồࡢᙉᗘࡣ୍ᐃ್࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟➼ࡋ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ㟂せ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㝈ࡾࠊ౯᱁ࡣ୙ኚ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋࠊ
⤯ᑐⓗ࡞㠀ᙎຊⓗ㟂せࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ↓ไ㝈ࡢḧồࢆ௬ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡣᙼࡢ⌮ㄽࢆ㠀ᙎຊⓗ㟂せ࠿ࡽࢫࢱ࣮ࢺࡉࡏࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ(pp.39-40)
ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊ⏕⏘≀ 1 ༢఩ᙜࡓࡾࡢ㟂せࢆ୍ᐃ್࡜ࡍࡿ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡢ௬ᐃ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ౯᱁࡟ᑐࡍ
ࡿᢏ⾡ⓗせᅉࡢຠᯝࢆ

ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ศᯒ┠ⓗ࡛ࡣ㐺ษ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ホ౯ࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ౯᱁ࡢỴᐃࢆ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ศᯒࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞ࡢᕼᑡᛶ㏴ῶࡢࡼ࠺࡞㟂せഃࡢไ⣙ࢆ௬ᐃࡍࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࠊ
ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋ
ࠕ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡢࠕయ໬ປാࠖࡣࠊ౪⤥࡜ࡋ࡚฼⏝ྍ⬟࡞㔞ࡢไ㝈ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡀࠊ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞ࡢᕼᑡ
ᛶ㏴ῶ㸦ຠ⏝㏴ῶ㸧ࡣ㟂せ࡜ࡋ࡚ḧồࡉࢀࡿ㔞ࡢไ㝈ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ㸦୰␎㸧࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡢ㈨ᮏᐙࡣࠊ
ࡶࡋ฼₶ࡀ↓࠸࡞ࡽࡤࠊ㈨ᮏ࡜࠸࠺ᙧែ࡛ࡢయ໬ປാࡢ౪⤥ࢆቑࡸࡉ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚࣓ࣥ࢞
࣮ࡢධᡭྍ⬟㔞ࡣࠊࡶࡋᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿ౯᱁ࣉࣛࢫ฼₶ࢆᨭᡶࢃ࡞࠸࡞ࡽࡤࠊ⏕⏘ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡢ㈨ᮏᐙࡣࠊᙼࡢయ໬ປാࡀࠊᕷሙ࡛ࡢ฼₶ࢆྵࡴᕼᑡᛶ౯್࡜➼ࡋࡃ࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᖖ
࡟ไ㝈ࡉࢀࡓ㔞ࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢᕼᑡᛶ౯್࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞ࡢ㏴ῶࡍࡿᕼᑡᛶࡣ㝈⏺
ࢆ⏬ࡍࠋࠖ(pp.40-41)ࡇࡢࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ୺ᙇࢆࠊᅗ 2 ࢆ౑ࡗ࡚ᩜ⾝ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ౪⤥ഃࡢไ⣙࡛࠶ࡿయ໬ປാ㔞㏴ቑࢆ♧ࡍ᭤⥺ EH ࡜ࠊ㟂せഃࡢไ⣙࡛࠶ࡿᕼᑡᛶ㏴ῶࢆ♧ࡍ᭤⥺ C’H ࡀ࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊไ㝈せᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚౯᱁ࢆつᐃࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢ஧ࡘࡢ᭤⥺ࡢ஺Ⅼ࡛౯᱁ࡀỴࡲࡿ࡜ࡣࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣ㏙࡭
࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ௨ୗ࡛ヲࡋࡃ㏙࡭ࡿࡼ࠺࡟౯᱁Ỵᐃ࡟㛵ࢃࡿせᅉࡣ௚࡟ࡶ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡛ࠊ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞ࡢ㝈⏺ຠ⏝⌮ㄽ࡜࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡢປാ౯್ㄝ࡜ࢆ᥋ྜࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓ Lederer (1922)ࡢヨࡳ࡜ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢヨࡳ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡶࡋࠊࡇࡢ஧ࡘࡢ᭤⥺ࡢ஺Ⅼ࡛౯᱁ࡀỴࡲࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊᕷሙ
ⓗㄪᩚࡔࡅ࡛౯᱁Ỵᐃࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ᪂ྂ඾ὴࡢ౯᱁ㄽ࡜኱ࡁ࡞㐪࠸ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ
8ྑୖࡀࡾࡢ౪⤥᭤⥺ࡢ᰿ᣐࡀḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㐪࠺ࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪂ྂ඾ὴࡢ౯᱁ㄽ࡛ࡣࠊࢥࣈ࣭ࢲࢢࣛ
ࢫ⏕⏘㛵ᩘ࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⏕⏘㔞ࡀྛ⏕⏘せ⣲ࡢ୍ḟྠḟࡢ㛵ᩘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊྛ⏕⏘せ⣲࡟㛵ࡋ࡚཰✭㏴ῶᛶࢆࡶࡘ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⏕⏘㛵ᩘ࠿ࡽࠊྑୖࡀࡾࡢ౪⤥᭤⥺ࡀᑟ࠿ࢀࡿࠋ௚᪉ࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ
ࡣࠊ㎰ᴗ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᅵᆅࡢ⫧Ỻᗘࡢᕪ࡟㉳ᅉࡍࡿ཰✭㏴ῶᛶ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ᭤⥺ EH ࡟♧ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ྑୖࡀࡾࡢ᭤⥺ࢆᑟ࠸ࡓࠋ
ඛ࡟㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ஺΅ྲྀᘬࡣࠊᕷሙⓗㄪᩚࡔࡅ࡟㑏ඖ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࢥ࣮ࢹ
࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࠸࠺ไᗘⓗㄪᩚࡢせ⣲ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡋࠊ⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜ࡶ」ྜᛶࢆࡶࡘࠋᕷሙⓗㄪᩚࡔࡅ࡛ࠊ౯᱁ࡀỴࡲࡿ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼࡞࠸ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭࡚ࠊࡇࡢ㟂せ࡜౪⤥ࢆไ⣙ࡍࡿ」ྜⓗ࡞ㅖせᅉࡢၥ㢟࡟㆟ㄽࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࠋࠕࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀฟⓎⅬ࡜ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊḧồ⥲㔞࡜ධᡭྍ⬟⥲㔞࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢᕼᑡᛶ㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊ␗࡞ࡿ᫬Ⅼࡢ࠶ࡽࡺࡿၟရ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ௨ୗ࡛
ࡣࠊ◊✲ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡟ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿㅖせᅉࡀఱ࠿ࢆ☜࠿ࡵࡼ࠺ࠋࠖ(p.43)
㟂せࢆไ⣙ࡍࡿࡑࡢ௚ࡢせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡀ࡜ࡃ࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࡢࡣᮍ᮶ᛶ(futurity)࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
౪⤥ࢆไ⣙ࡍࡿࡑࡢ௚ࡢせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡀ࡜ࡃ࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࡢࡣ㈈⏘ᶒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊᮍ᮶ᛶࡀ౯್ホ౯࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿ࠿ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞࡟࡞ࡽࡗ࡚㈨ᮏ㈈ࡢ౯್ホ౯ࡢ౛ࢆ࡜ࡾ࠶ࡆࡿࠋᾘ㈝㈈ࡣ┤᥋ⓗ࡟ே㛫ࡢḧồࢆ‶㊊ࡉࡏࡿࡀࠊ㈨ᮏ㈈ࡣࠊᾘ㈝㈈ࡢ⏕⏘࡟ᩘᖺ㛫࡟ࢃࡓࡾ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ࠊ㛫᥋ⓗ࡟‶㊊ࡉࡏࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠕ㈨ᮏ㈈ࡣࡑࡢ⌧ᅾࡢᕼᑡᛶ౯್ࢆࠊᾘ㈝㈈ࡢᮇᚅᕼᑡᛶ౯್(expected scarcity value)࠿ࡽࠊཎᅉ࡜⤖ᯝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿே㛫ࡢ▱㆑ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚࠼ࡿࠖ(p.43)ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ㈨ᮏ㈈ࡢࠕᕼᑡᛶ౯್ࡣࠊᾘ㈝㈈ࡢᑗ᮶ࡢᕼᑡᛶࡢᗘྜ࠸
࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⿦⨨ࡢ㔞ࡢ⌧ᅾࡢ᧯స࡟཯ᫎࡉࢀࡿࠖ(p.44)ࠋࠕ⿦⨨ࡢ㔞ࡢ⌧ᅾࡢ᧯సࠖ࡜ࡣᢞ㈨㔞ࡢỴᐃ࡟࡯࠿࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ㈨ᮏ㈈ࡀ⏕⏘ࡍࡿᾘ㈝㈈ࡢᕼᑡᛶ౯್㸦౯᱁㸧࡟つᐃࡉࢀࡿᑗ᮶཰
┈ࡢᮇᚅࡀࠊ⌧ᅾࡢᢞ㈨㟂せ㔞ࢆᕥྑࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࢥࣔ
ࣥࢬࡣࠊ㈨ᮏ㈈㉎ධࡢࡓࡵࡢእ㒊㈨㔠ㄪ㐩࡟࡜ࡶ࡞࠺㔠⼥㐣⛬4ࢆ᫂♧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣࠊ
Minsky (1975)ࡢࠊᢞ㈨㈈ࡢࠕ㟂せ౯᱁ࠖࡢㄝ᫂࡜࡯ࡰྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊᮍ᮶ᛶࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓሙྜ࡟ࠊᅗ 2 ࡢ᭤⥺ C’H ࡢ఩⨨ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ኚ໬ࡍࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࠿࡞ࡾ⮬᫂࡞ࡇ࡜ࡀࡽ࡞
ࡢ࡛᫂♧ⓗ࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡀ㏙࡭࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ࣑ࣥࢫ࣮࢟ࡢ⏝ㄒࢆ౑ࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ
࡜ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
࣑ࣥࢫ࣮࢟࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊᑗ᮶཰┈࡟㛵ࡍࡿᮇᚅࡀᴦほⓗ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊᢞ㈨㈈ࡢ㟂せ⪅ࡀᢞ㈨㈈ࢆ㈙ࡗ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸࡜ࡍࡿ౯᱁࡛࠶ࡿࠕ㟂せ౯᱁ࠖࡣୖ᪼ࡍࡿࠋᅗ 2 ࡛࠸࠺࡜ࠊ᭤⥺ C’H ࡀࠊ㟂せ౯᱁᭤⥺࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿࠋᑗ᮶཰┈࡟㛵ࡍࡿᮇᚅࡀᴦほⓗ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊ᭤⥺ C’H ࡣୖ᪉ྥ࡟ࢩࣇࢺࡍࡿࠋ௚᪉ࠊ
ᢞ㈨㈈ࡢ౪⤥⪅ࡀᢞ㈨㈈ࢆ኎ࡗ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸࡜ࡍࡿ౯᱁ࢆࠊ࣑ࣥࢫ࣮࢟ࡣࠕ౪⤥౯᱁ࠖ࡜࿧ࡪࠋ࣑ࣥ
ࢫ࣮࢟ࡢࠕ౪⤥౯᱁ࠖ᭤⥺ࡣࠊᅗ 2 ࡛ࡣ᭤⥺ EH ࡟࠶ࡓࡿࠋࡶࡋࠊ᭤⥺ EH ࡢ఩⨨ࡣ୙ኚ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
᭤⥺ C’H ࡣୖ᪉ྥ࡟ࢩࣇࢺࡍࡿሙྜࠊࡑࡢ஺Ⅼࡣྑୖ᪉ྥ࡟ࢩࣇࢺࡋࠊࡇࡢ஺Ⅼࡢ㧗ࡉ࡛Ỵࡲࡿ
ᢞ㈨㈈ࡢ౯᱁ࡣୖ᪼ࡍࡿࠋ㏫࡟ࠊᑗ᮶཰┈࡟㛵ࡍࡿᮇᚅࡀᝒほⓗ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊ᭤⥺ C’H ࡣୗ᪉ྥ࡟
ࢩࣇࢺࡋࠊࡑࡢ஺Ⅼࡣᕥୗ᪉ྥ࡟ࢩࣇࢺࡋࠊࡇࡢ஺Ⅼࡢ㧗ࡉ࡛Ỵࡲࡿᢞ㈨㈈ࡢ౯᱁ࡣపୗࡍࡿࠋ
⥆࠸࡚ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭࡚ࠊ౪⤥ࢆไ⣙ࡍࡿࡑࡢ௚ࡢせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢㄝ㔠⼥㐣⛬࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢศᯒࡣࠊࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘(Commons, 1934)ࡢࠕ➨㸷❶ ᮍ᮶ᛶࠖ㸦ࡑࡢ㛗ࡉࡣ⣙ 260 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧࡟㞟⣙ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
94᫂࡟⛣ࡿࠋ
ࠕࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᑗ᮶ࡢ㈈ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ⌧ᅾࡢ⿦⨨ࡢ⤖ྜࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼
ࡤࠊཎᮦᩱࠊປാࠊᅵᆅࡢ⤖ྜ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡣᢏ⾡ⓗ࠿ࡘ⤒῭ⓗ࡞⤖ྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᢏ⾡ⓗ⤖ྜ࡜ࡣࠊ౑⏝౯್ࡢ⏕⏘ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊㅖࠎࡢ⿵᏶㈈ࢆ≀㉁ⓗ࡟㓄ศࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊᢏ⾡⪅࡜⟶⌮ྲྀᘬࡢ㡿ศ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⤒῭ⓗ⤖ྜࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ⿵᏶㈈ࡢ㔞ࢆࠊ⌧ᅾ࠾ࡼࡧᑗ᮶ᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᕼᑡᛶ
ࡢᗘྜ࠸࡟ᛂࡌ࡚㔮ࡾྜࢃࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫ࣐ࣥ࡜஺΅ྲྀᘬࡢ㡿ศ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢃࢀࢃࢀࢆࠊ
౯᱁ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿᕷሙ࡛ࡢ┦ᑐⓗᕼᑡᛶ࡟㐃ࢀᡠࡍࡢࡣࠊࡇࡢ஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ(p.44)
ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡜ࡀࠊ୪࡭࡚࡜ࡾୖࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡜ࡀࠊ౪⤥౯᱁᭤⥺࡟࠶ࡓࡿᅗ 2 ࡢ᭤⥺ EH ࡜࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛵ಀࢆࡶࡘࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ
ࡲࡔㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣᮏ✏ࡢḟ⠇࡛ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ౑⏝౯್ᐇ⌧ㄽࡢ෌ホ౯ࢆ㏻ࡌ
࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠋୖグ࡟⥆ࡃᩥ❶࡛ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㈈⏘ᶒࡀࠊ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ື࡟ࡼࡿ౪⤥㔞࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㝈ᐃⓗࢥࣥࢺ࣮࡛ࣟࣝ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࠕ⚾᭷㈈⏘ࡢ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞࡟ࡼࡿព࿡࡙ࡅࡣࠊࣄ࣮࣒ࣗ࡜ࡲࡗࡓࡃྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣᕼᑡᛶ࠿ࡽ
⏕ࡌࡿࠋ⥲ேཱྀࡢḧồ㔞࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࠊ⥲ேཱྀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝྍ⬟࡞⥲㔞ࡀไ㝈ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
㝈ࡾࠊ㈈⏘࡜ࡋ࡚▱ࡽࢀࡿ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ືࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊㅖಶேࡢධᡭྍ⬟㔞࡜ᙼࡽࡢḧồ㔞࡜ࡢୖグࡢ㛵ಀࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢ୍㒊ࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࢆㅖಶேࡸㅖ㞟ᅋ࡟㓄ศࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋㅖಶே࡟ࡼࡿࡇࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡣ㞟ᅋⓗ⾜ື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㓄ศࡉࢀࡓ㝈ᐃⓗࢥࣥࢺ࣮࡛ࣟࣝ࠶ࡿ
ࡢ࡛ࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࠊࡑࢀࢆࠊㅖಶேࡢᶒ฼ࠊ⩏ົࠊ⮬⏤ࠊᨺ⨨࡜ྡ௜ࡅࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣࠊ౑⏝౯್ࡢ㝈ᐃ㔞ࡢࠊㅖಶே࡟ࡼࡿ㝈ᐃⓗࢥࣥࢺ࣮࡛ࣟࣝ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡇ࠿ࡽࠊᕼᑡᛶ౯್ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࠖ(pp.44-45)
1927 ᖺⲡ✏ࡢࠊ➨ 2 ⠇ࡢ᭱ᚋࡢࣃࣛࢢࣛࣇ࡛ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭࡚ࠊḟ⠇࡛㏙࡭ࡿㄽ
Ⅼࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕ㝈ᐃⓗ࡞ධᡭྍ⬟㔞ࡣ௚⪅ࡢ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ไ㝈ࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡋࠊ⮬↛ࡢᢏ⾡ⓗ᢬ᢠ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ไ㝈ࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ࡟ࡣࠊᚋ⪅ࡢไ㝈⌮⏤ࡔࡅࡋ࠿ぢ࠸ࡔࡏ࡞࠸ࠋ࡜࠸
࠺ࡢࡣ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ౪⤥ࡢ௚ே࡟ࡼࡿไ㝈ࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⊂༨࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ
(p.47)
4. ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ౯್ㄽࡢ෌᳨ウ
1927 ᖺⲡ✏ࠕ➨ 3 ⠇ ࣇ࢓ࣥࢻ࡜ࣇ࣮ࣟࠖ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ౯್ㄽࡢ෌᳨ウࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜஺΅ྲྀᘬࡢ」ྜᛶࢆศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋḟࡢ⟠ᡤ࡛ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࡑࡢ⤖ㄽࢆせ⣙ⓗ࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟⏘ฟ-ᢞධ㛵ಀࡣࠊ཰ධ-ᨭฟ㛵ಀ࡜ࡣ඲ࡃ␗࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢ஧ࡘࡣࠊ᏶඲࡟␗࡞ࡿ஧ࡘࡢ
10ྲྀᘬࡢࢱ࢖ࣉ࡜㐃㛵ࢆࡶࡘࠋ⏘ฟ≀ࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿ⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜ࠊᩘ㔞࡜౯᱁ࢆỴࡵࡿ஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ஺΅ྲྀᘬࡀࠊ࡝ࡢ౯᱁࡛ࠊ࡝ࢀࡔࡅࠊぢ࠼ࡿᅾᗜ࡜ぢ࠼࡞࠸ᅾᗜࢆ኎㈙࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ቑࡸࡍ࡭ࡁ࠿ࠊ
ῶࡽࡍ࡭ࡁ࠿ࢆỴࡵࡿࠋ࣐࣭ࣥ࢔࣮࣡ࢆ౑ࡗࡓ⏘ฟ-ᢞධẚ⋡ࡣຠ⋡ᛶࡢᑻᗘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ཰ධ-ᨭฟẚ⋡ࡣࠊぢ࠼ࡿࡲࡓࡣぢ࠼࡞࠸౪⤥ࢆቑࡸࡍ࠿ῶࡽࡍ࠿࡟㛵ࢃࡿẚ⋡࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ஧ࡘࡣ᏶඲࡟␗
࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊูࠎࡢࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ὶࢀ࡟௵ࡏࡿ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࢥ
ࣥࢧ࣮ࣥࡢࣅࢪࢿࢫᨻ⟇࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊከ࠿ࢀᑡ࡞࠿ࢀᡂຌ⿬࡟ࠊࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢺࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ
࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠖ(p.73)ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊྠࡌ〇ရࢆసࡿ」ᩘࡢ௻ᴗࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜࠊ௻ᴗ㛫࡛ຠ⋡ᛶ㸦⏕⏘ᛶ㸧࡟ᕪࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜
⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ௻ᴗẖࡢຠ⋡ᛶ㸦⏕⏘ᛶ㸧ࢆ♧ࡍయ໬ປാ㔞ࢆຍ㔜ᖹᆒࡋࡓࡶࡢࢆࠊ♫఍ⓗ౯್࡜ࡍࡿ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ᪉ἲࢆࠊຠ⋡ᛶࡢᕪ␗ࢆᤞ㇟ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣᙉࡃᢈุࡍࡿ
(p.152-154, Commons, 1934, p.269)ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡣࠕ≉ู๫వ౯್ࠖ࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄝ᫂࡞࡝ࡢ
㝿࡟ࡣࠊ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࠊ௻ᴗẖ࡟␗࡞ࡿ⏕⏘ᛶࢆ௬ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡣࠊ౯್ㄽ࡟
࠾࠸࡚ࠊ♫఍ⓗᖹᆒࡔࡅ࡟╔┠ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸5ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࢆࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡶẼ௜࠸࡚࠾ࡾࠊ1927ᖺⲡ✏ࠕ➨ 3 ⠇ ࣇ࢓ࣥࢻ࡜ࣇ࣮ࣟࠖࡢ๓༙࡛ࡣࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࡇࡢຠ⋡ᛶ᱁ᕪࢆ㔜どࡍࡿ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࢆ᳨ウࡋࠊᚋ༙࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢຠ⋡ᛶ᱁ᕪࢆᤞ㇟ࡍࡿ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࢆ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜஺΅ྲྀᘬࡢ」ྜᛶࢆࡳࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ࡞ࡐࠊ௻ᴗ㛫ࡢຠ⋡ᛶ᱁ᕪࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ
࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿ࠋࡑࢀࡣ≉ᐃኻ㈝᭤⥺(particular expenses curve)ࢆ౑࠼ࡤ⌮ゎࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ
࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢၟရࢆ 4 ♫ࡀ౪⤥ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⏕⏘つᶍ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ཰✭㏴ቑᛶࡸᢏ⾡ࡸタഛࡢ㐪࠸࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁຠ⋡ᛶ᱁ᕪࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ⏕⏘ࢥࢫࢺࡀ␗࡞ࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿࠋຠ⋡ᛶࡀ㧗࠸㡰࡟ A ♫ࠊB ♫ࠊC ♫ࠊD♫࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋᶓ㍈࡟౪⤥㔞ࢆ࡜ࡾࠊ⦪㍈࡟ྛ♫ࡢᖹᆒ⏕⏘ࢥࢫࢺࢆ࡜ࡾࠊᕥ࠿ࡽຠ⋡ᛶࡀ㧗࠸㡰࡟୪࡭ࡓࡶࡢࡀᅗ 3 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ4 ♫ࡢ⏕⏘ࢥࢫࢺࢆࡘ࡞ࡆࡓ㝵ẁ≧ࡢ⥺ࡀ≉ᐃኻ㈝᭤⥺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ     ᅗ 2 ஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡜⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ౯᱁㸦ཧධ㜼Ṇ౯᱁㸧           㟂せ᭤⥺                       ᭱ప฼₶     ฼₶      ஺΅ྲྀᘬ      ⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ     ⏕⏘ࢥࢫࢺ                        ౪⤥㔞       A ♫    B ♫  C ♫ D ♫ ฟᡤ: ➹⪅ࡀసᡂࠋKühne (1979)ࡣࠊ♫఍ⓗᖹᆒ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ౯್ㄽࢆ㟼Ꮫⓗ⌮ㄽ࡜࿧ࡧࠊ௻ᴗ㛫ࡢ⏕⏘ᛶ᱁ᕪ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ౯್ㄽࢆືᏛⓗ⌮ㄽ࡜࿧ࡪ(Chapter 18㸧ࠋ
11
5

Sylos-Labini (1956)ࡢཧධ㜼Ṇ౯᱁ㄽ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃ࡜ࠊࡇࡢၟရࡢ౯᱁ࡣࠊ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮௻ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿ
A ♫ࡀỴᐃࡍࡿࡀࠊ᪂つཧධࢆ㜼ṆࡍࡿỈ‽࡟タᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ㝈⏺௻ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿ D ♫࡟ࠊ஦ᴗࢆ⥅⥆ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᭱పỈ‽ࡢ฼₶⋡ࢆ୚࠼ࡿỈ‽࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ౯᱁ࡀࡇࡢỈ‽ࡼࡾ㧗࠸ሙྜࡣࠊ᭱పỈ‽ࢆ㉺࠼ࡿ฼₶⋡ࢆࡵࡊࡋ࡚ࠊ᪂つཧධࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ₯ᅾⓗྍ⬟ᛶ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡘࡡ࡟࠶ࡿ᪂つཧධࢆ㜼ṆࡍࡿỈ‽࡟౯᱁ࡀタᐃࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛ࡣ A ♫ࡣࠊ౯᱁ࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝ࡟࠶ࢃࡏ࡚౪⤥㔞ࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡶ⾜ࢃࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ
࡞࠸ࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊA ♫ࡀࢩ࢙࢔ᣑ኱ࢆࡵࡊࡋ࡚ࠊD ♫ࡀ஦ᴗࢆ⥅⥆࡛ࡁ࡞࠸Ỉ‽࡟౯᱁ࢆୗࡆࡿ
ࢣ࣮ࢫࢆ⪃࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊD ♫ࡣ᤼㝖ࡉࢀࠊA ♫ࡢ౪⤥㔞ࡣቑ࠼ࡿࡀࠊA ♫ࡢ฼₶⥲㢠ࡀቑ࠼ࡿ࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ౯᱁పୗ࡟㟂せ㔞ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟཯ᛂࡍࡿ࠿ࠊ⏕⏘㔞ࡢᣑ኱࡟⏕⏘ࢥࢫࢺࡀ࡝
ࡢࡼ࠺࡟཯ᛂࡍࡿ࠿ࠊB ♫࡜ C ♫ࡀ౪⤥㔞ࢆ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘቑࡸࡍ࠿࡞࡝࡟ࡶ౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡀࠊ౯᱁ࡢᘬࡁ
ୗࡆ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ〇ရ 1 ༢఩ᙜࡓࡾ฼₶ࡀῶࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ฼₶⥲㢠ࡣ〇ရ 1 ༢఩ᙜࡓࡾ฼₶࡜౪⤥㔞࡜ࡢ✚࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅗ 2 ࡛ࡣࠕ฼₶ࠖ࡜᭩࠿ࢀࡓ㛗᪉ᙧࡢ㠃✚࡟ᙜࡓࡿࠋ౪⤥㔞ࡀቑ࠼࡚ࡶࠊ〇ရ 1 ༢఩ᙜࡓࡾ฼₶ࡀῶࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢ㠃✚ࡣῶࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢሙྜࠊ
A ♫ࡀ౯᱁ࢆᘬࡁୗࡆࠊ౪⤥㔞ࢆᣑ኱ࡋ࡚ D ♫ࢆ᤼㝖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊA ♫࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᚓ⟇࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
௚♫࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡸ㟂せ⪅࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞౯᱁ࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝ࡜౪⤥㔞ࡢࢥࣥࢺࣟ
࣮ࣝࢆࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣ஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ௚᪉ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ⟶⌮ྲྀᘬࡣ⏕⏘ࡢຠ⋡ᛶࠊࡘࡲࡾ
ᢞධ࡜⏘ฟ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮࡛ࣟࣝ࠶ࡾࠊᅗ 3 ࡛ࡣࠊၟရ 1 ༢఩ᙜࡓࡾ⏕⏘ࢥࢫࢺࡢ㧗ࡉࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮࡛ࣟࣝ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ฼₶࡟ࡣ┤᥋ⓗ࡟㛵ࢃࡿࡀࠊ౯᱁࡟ࡣ┤᥋ⓗ࡟ࡣ㛵ࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡓࡔࡋࠊࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ A ♫ࡢຠ⋡ᛶࡢపୗ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ௚♫࡜ࡢຠ⋡ᛶ᱁ᕪࡀᣑ኱ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ
ᕼᑡᛶࢆ⾲ࡍ཰ධ࡜ᨭฟࡢ㛵ಀࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝ࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࠋࡘࡲࡾ౯᱁ࢆ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘᘬࡁୗࡆࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ౪⤥㔞ࢆ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘᣑ኱ࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ุ᩿࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ຠ⋡ᛶࢆᢅ࠺⟶⌮ྲྀᘬࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊᕼᑡᛶࢆᢅ࠺஺΅ྲྀᘬࢆไ⣙ࡍࡿ᮲௳ࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ㏫࡟ࠊ஺΅ྲྀᘬࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ౪⤥㔞ࡢኚ໬ࡣࠊ⏕⏘つᶍࡢኚ໬࡛࠶ࡾࠊᙜ↛ࠊᢞ㈨ࡶక࠺ࡢ࡛ࠊつᶍࡢ⤒῭ᛶࡸ᪂つタഛࡸᢏ⾡ࡢᑟධ࡞࡝ࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ࠊຠ⋡ᛶࢆᢅ࠺⟶⌮ྲྀᘬࢆไ⣙ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࠿ࡓࡕ࡛஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡜⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡜ࡣ」ྜࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢ」ྜࡢ୰࡛ࠊ㐺ṇ࡞౯್ࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ
ࡶࡋࠊ4 ♫ࡢຠ⋡ᛶࡀྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ≉ᐃኻ㈝᭤⥺ࡀỈᖹ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ
ୖグࡢ㆟ㄽࡣ࡝࠺࡞ࡿ࠿ࢆ⪃࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ࠸ࡲࠊ౯᱁ࡀ᭱పỈ‽ࡢ฼₶⋡ࢆ 4 ♫࡟ࡶࡓࡽࡍࡼ࠺࡟タᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊྛ♫࡜ࡶ౯᱁ࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿవᆅࡣ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ౯᱁ࢆୗࡆࡿ࡜஦ᴗ
ࢆ⥅⥆࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡋࠊ౯᱁ࢆୖࡆࡿ࡜᪂つཧධࡀ㉳ࡁࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡿ⥲౪⤥㔞ቑຍ࡟ࡼࡾ౯᱁ࡣඖ࡟
ᡠࡿࠋࡲࡓྛ♫࡜ࡶ౪⤥㔞ࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿవᆅࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ౪⤥㔞ࢆቑࡸࡍ࡜ࠊ౯᱁ࡀపୗࡋ஦
ᴗࢆ⥅⥆࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡋࠊ౪⤥㔞ࢆῶࡽࡍ࡜౯᱁ࡀୖࡀࡾ᪂つཧධࡀ㉳ࡁࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡿ⥲౪⤥㔞ቑຍ࡟ࡼࡾ౯᱁ࡣඖ࡟ᡠࡿࠋ⤖ᒁࠊຠ⋡ᛶ᱁ᕪࢆᤞ㇟ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ஺΅ྲྀᘬࡀᤞ㇟ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡓࡔࡋࠊຠ⋡ᛶ᱁ᕪࢆᤞ㇟ࡍࡿሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊຠ⋡ᛶࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮࡛ࣟࣝ࠶ࡿ⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㆟ㄽ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
1927 ᖺⲡ✏ࠕ➨ 3 ⠇ ࣇ࢓ࣥࢻ࡜ࣇ࣮ࣟࠖࡢ๓༙࡛ࡣࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࡇࡢຠ⋡ᛶ᱁ᕪࢆᤞ㇟ࡋ
࡞࠸࣐ࣝࢡࢫࠊࡘࡲࡾ஺΅ྲྀᘬࢆᤞ㇟ࡋ࡞࠸࣐ࣝࢡࢫࢆ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊ1847 ᖺࡢⴭసࠗဴᏛࡢ㈋ᅔ࠘ࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡀ㟂せไ⣙ࢆ㔜どࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋ
12ࠕࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡢ౯್ࡢព࿡࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ㟂せࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ୺ᙇ࡟♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣔࣀࡣ㟂せࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠊࡉࡶ࡞ࡅࢀࡤయ໬ປാࡣࡑࢀ࡟౯್ࢆ௜୚ࡍࡿ
ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ࣐ࣝࢡࢫ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠕࣉ࣮ࣝࢻࣥࡢ㞴Ⅼࡣࠊࡲࡉ࡟ᙼࡀ㟂せࢆ┳㐣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࠖ㸦୰␎㸧ࣉ࣮ࣝࢻࣥࡣࠊ⏕⏘ࢆࡍࡿேࠎࡀ࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡜ࠊ㟂せ࡟⤯࠼ࡎὀ┠ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᙼࡽࡢ฼ᐖ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ࡜ࡶ࡟ᛀࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋゝ࠸᥮࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢࠕ⏕⏘⪅ࠖࡣ౑⏝౯್ࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᮇᚅ㟂せࡀࡑࢀ࡟஺᥮౯್ࢆ௜୚ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡑࡢ㔞ࢆࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ไ㝈ࡍࡿࠋ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ౑⏝౯್ࡣࡍ࡛࡟ᕼᑡᛶ౯್࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ(p.55-56)
ᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿ㟂せࢆ⤯࠼ࡎண᝿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ⏕⏘⪅ࡣ⏕⏘㔞ࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆࠊ࣐
ࣝࢡࢫࡣ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࡞ࡐࠊ⏕⏘㔞ࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ࠊ⏕⏘㔞ࢆቑࡸࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ㐣๫౪⤥࡟࡞ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ౯᱁పୗࡀ㉳ࡁࠊ฼₶⥲㢠ࡀపୗࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࢀࢆ㜵ࡄࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅗ 3࡟ࡶ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ౪⤥㔞ࡢኚືࡣ౯᱁ࡢኚື࡜⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡟ࡣ㟂せ⪅ࡢ཯ᛂࡸࠊ➇ྜ௚♫ࡢ཯ᛂࡶ௓ᅾࡍࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚⏕⏘⪅ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ཯ᛂࢆࡳ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᕼᑡᛶࢆ⾲ࡍ౯᱁࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡅ࡚౪⤥㔞ࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋᅗ 3 ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᵓᅗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ౪⤥㔞ࡢኚ໬ࡣ౑⏝౯್ࡢ㔞ࡢኚ໬㸦ᶓ᪉ྥࡢኚ໬㸧ࢆ♧ࡍࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㠃✚࡛♧ࡉࢀࡿ฼₶⥲㢠ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ཰ධ࡜ᨭฟࡢ㛵ಀ㸦ᕼᑡᛶ㸧ࡢኚ໬ࡶྵពࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព࿡࡛ࠊ
ࠕ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡣࠊࣜ࢝
࣮ࢻࡢ౑⏝౯್ࡢព࿡ࢆࠊ≀㉁ⓗ㇏ᐩᛶ࠿ࡽࠊពᚿⓗ࡞ᕼᑡᛶ࡟ኚ࠼ࡓࠖ(p.56)࡜ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣ㏙࡭
ࡿ6ࠋⴭ᭩ࠗ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢἲᚊⓗᇶ♏࠘(Commons, 1924)࡛ࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢἲⓗព࿡ࡢኚ㑄ࢆヲ⣽࡟᳨ウࡋ࡚௨᮶ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊ஺΅ྲྀᘬ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ஺΅ຊࡢ᰾ᚰࡀࠊ౪⤥⪅ࡀ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚౪⤥㔞ࢆไ㝈ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞୍㐃ࡢᩥ❶ࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊ
࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ౯್ㄽࡢ୰࡟ࠊ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟ࡼࡿ౪⤥㔞ࡢไ㝈ࢆぢ࠸ࡔࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡣḟࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂░࡟ᥦ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౑⏝౯್࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡀព࿡ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ౪
⤥㔞ࡀḧồ㔞࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ౑⏝ᚲせ㔞ࢆ㉸࠼࡞࠸㝈ࡾ࡛ࠊ᭷⏝࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡋ౪⤥㔞ࡀ㇏ᐩࡍࡂࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡑࢀࡣ↓⏝࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣐ࣝࢡࢫ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠕ౑⏝౯್ࡣࠊ౑⏝ࡲࡓࡣᾘ㈝࡟ࡼ
ࡗ࡚ࡢࡳࠊ⌧ᐇ࡜࡞ࡿࠖࠋ㸦୰␎㸧ࠕ౑⏝౯್ࡣࠊ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿ㝿ࡢࡳ౯್ࢆᣢࡕࠊᾘ㈝ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟࠾
࠸࡚ࡢࡳᐇ⌧ࡉࢀࡿࠋࠖ
ࠖ(p.57)
ࠕ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ౑⏝౯್ࡣࠊ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡸࢫ࣑ࢫࡢࠊ㇏ᐩᛶ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ቑຍࡍࡿ≀㉁ⓗ౑⏝౯್࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣ⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡿࠋ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ౑⏝౯್ࡣࠊᾘ㈝࡟࠾࠸࡚ᐇ⌧ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿ౑⏝౯್ࡢ㝈ᐃⓗ࡞㔞࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࣓࣮ࣥ࢞ࡢ࠸࠺ධᡭྍ⬟㔞࡟ᑐࡍࡿḧồ㔞ࡢẚ⋡࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ(p.58)

6ࡓࡔࡋࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠕᙼࡢព࿡࡙ࡅࡣ࡜ࡁ࡝ࡁ᭕᫕࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭ࠊࠗ㈨ᮏㄽ࠘࠿ࡽḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢᩥ❶ࢆᘬ⏝ࡍࡿࠋࠕ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛ࡣࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡣࠊ౑⏝౯್ࡣ༢࡟≀㉁ⓗ㔞࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ព࿡࡙ࡅࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡳ࠼ࡿࠋ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ၟရࡢ஺᥮౯್ࡣ
ࠕࡑࡢ౑⏝౯್࡜ࡣ᏶඲࡟⊂❧ࡋࡓఱ࠿࡜ࡋ࡚⌧ࢀࡿࠖࠋࠕ౑⏝౯್ࡣࠊࡑࡢ᭷⏝࡞㔞ࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࡿປാ㔞࡜ࡣ⊂❧࡛࠶ࡿࠖࠋࠕ౑⏝౯್ࡣࠊ≉Ṧ࡞◊✲ࠊࡘࡲࡾၟရࡢၟᴗⓗ▱㆑ࡢ◊✲ࡢࡓࡵࡢ⣲ᮦࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࠖࠋࠕࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚౑⏝౯್ࡣࠊ࣏ࣜࢸ࢕࣭࢚࢝ࣝࢥࣀ࣑࣮
ࡢ᥈ồ㡿ᇦࡢእ࡟࠶ࡿࠖ
ࠖࠋ(p.146)13ࠕ↓⏝࡞ປാ࡜ࡣࠊࡑࡢ࡜ࡁࡑࡢሙᡤ࡛ḧồࡉࢀ࡞࠸ఱ࠿ࢆࡘࡃࡿປാ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࡑࡢ㔞ࡀ≀㉁ⓗ࡟↓⏝࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᾘ㈝⪅ࡀ฼⏝࡛ࡁࡿ௨ୖ࡟ࡘࡃࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ປാࡀᾉ㈝ࡉࢀࡿࡺ࠼࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊປാࡣࠊ≀㉁ⓗ࡟᭷⏝࡞ࡶࡢࢆࠊ࠶ࡿ᫬࠶ࡿሙᡤ࡛฼⏝⪅ࡀḧồࡍࡿ㝈ᐃⓗ࡞㔞ࡔࡅࠊࡘࡃࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡢ㟂せ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ㝈ᐃⓗ࡞㔞ࡢ౑⏝౯್ࢆࡘࡃࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊྠࡌࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛౑⏝౯್࡜ᕼᑡᛶ౯್ࢆ࡜ࡶ࡟ࡘࡃࡾࡔࡍࠋࠖ
(pp.148-149)ࠕඛ࡟ᘬ⏝ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ౑⏝౯್ࡢ⏕⏘⪅ࡣࠊ⮬ศࡢ┠࡛ᾘ㈝⪅ࡢ㝈ᐃⓗ࡞ḧồ㔞ࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ㝈ᐃⓗ࡞㔞ࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿⅬ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࠖ(p.58)
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
Commons, J.R. (1924), Legal Foundation of Capitalism, New York, Macmillan. 㸦๓༙㒊ࡣࠊ᪂⏣㝯ಙ࡯࠿ヂࠗ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢἲᚊⓗᇶ♏㸦ୖᕳ㸧࠘ࢥࣟࢼ♫ࠊ1964 ᖺ㸧
Commons, J.R. (1927), “Chapter VIII Scarcity and Efficiency”, in John R. Commons Papers,
State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Division of Archives & Manuscripts, Reel 12,
Film No. 276-360.
Commons, J.R. (1934), Institutional Economics. Its Place in Political Economy, 2 vol., New
York, Macmillan.
Commons, J. (1950), The Economics of Collective Action, New York, Macmillan. 㸦᫓᪥஭⸅࣭
᫓᪥஭ᩗヂࠗ㞟ᅋ⾜ືࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ᩥ㞞ᇽ᭩ᗑࠊ1958 ᖺ㸧
Kaldor, N. (1955), ͇Alternative Theories of Distribution͇㸪 The Review of Economic Studies㸪
Vol.23㸪No.2㸦ᐩ⏣㔜ኵ⦅ヂ࣐ࠗࢡࣟศ㓄⌮ㄽ࠘Ꮫᩥ♫ห㸪1973 ᖺࠊᡤ཰㸧Kühne, K.[1979], Economics and Marxism, Vol.1, New York, St. Martin’s Press.
Lederer, E. (1922), Grundzüge der ökonomischen Theorie : eine Einführung, Tübingen, J. C. B.
Mohr. 㸦᭷⃝ᘅᕭ࣭኱᳃⩏ኴ㑻ヂࠗ⌮ㄽ⤒῭Ꮫᴫㄝ࠘᫂ၿ♫ࠊ1926 ᖺ㸧
Minsky, H.P. (1975), John Maynard Keynes, New York, Columbia University Press. 㸦ᇼෆ᫛⩏ヂࠗࢣ࢖ࣥࢬ⌮ㄽ࡜ࡣఱ࠿࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠊ1999 ᖺ㸧
Sylos-Labini P. (1956), Oligopolio e Progresso Tecnico, Torino, G. Einaudi (Henderson, E. (tr.)

Oligopoly and Technical Progress, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1962. Ᏻ㒊୍ᡂヂࠗᐻ༨࡜ᢏ⾡㐍Ṍ࠘ᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ⪅ࠊ1964 ᖺ㸧Wieser, F. (1889), Der Natürliche Werth, Wien, Hölder. (Smart, W. (ed.) and Malloch, C.A. (tr.)

Natural Value, 1893, New York, Macmillan.
Ᏹோᏹᖾ(2009)ࠗไᗘ࡜ㄪᩚࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࢼ࢝ࢽࢩࣖฟ∧ࠋ

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*11898 Ƈ0 reŨkeK§ ͵Holden v. HardyͶGĎB)CD1{_ź+V~gź0ź̋«͇ŷ@3ʢ͉ǂ*ÌöÌ˄0öÌȂ͏G͹ǹ;Ȃ͏.ɌAɀȜGĒȽ#V~gź0ȉͳˢ1̹Ƽ{_ź0ȉͳˢ1ĘƼ*áȽÝD#Ę˜Ķȉͳˢáǂ͵̱̽ȉͳˢáǂͶ1{_ź0áȽGǨǖ)ĘƼ+#+=0* C͵ibid., pp.31-32Ͷ
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  "D¥êɇ̕˄0ÇƏ1=%EHÕÖɶɴ+)˼̉D)#0áȽ.@&)öÌ˄=Ŋ˜0̾* BµȠ0ƝA0ÇƏGŘCɀƠ1͚ʨʕɀ*1-ÕÖɶɴ0#<0̺Ȱ-Ýͬ͵reasonable classificationͶ* C͵ibid., p.32Ͷ
 ͇ŷ>ʢ͉ǂ*ÌöÌ˄1©ȠʯĮ˄+ȶ̢)Ěʛ0ɋñG=#-2B¡0öÌ˄+ȶ6)=̶̀-öÌȒ§*ˈ²G̀¶)CD.ŨCǫƋ0Ó1ƝA0Ï̵*1öÌȒ§0ǩĬ* BŊ˜+)ʯɊɦɂGĮ;Ȫ«0ʀ½*= C#&)#öÌʕɀ1 ̺Ȱ ͵reasonableͶ+-CD1Vx\0äƌʯɊŖ.)Rg+-C̺Ȱ-ºÄ͵reasonable valueͶ Gɦ:Üǫʜ+Ě* C-F% Ɔʛ-Ȫ«  ÕȰ-ʘ  ɋñ0Ɔʛ Gʀ½C@-ǫʜʯɊɴ.=Åɤɴ.=͂˧+-C ¥įȴ͚0öÌɤ̅* CVx\1̗Ȏˁ0ɳų.­öÌ0ŇüG˃Ŧ#0
.1ɀ.@CʯɊɂø50ƛͥG˃C*'0͂˧-ɗ C'1Ę˜Ķȉͳˢáǂ0
áȽ.@&)öÌȒ§Ňü©Ƞ+öÌ˄0ʯɊɂø.ƛͥG#ɗ* CƘȂ1öÌ˄0ȨãGŘCɀƠ1ǱÉD)AĘ˜ĶȉͳˢáǂʯɊɂø0Ƕ#-GǢȜ#+.
-CĚȤ0·+)Vx\1 ̗Ȏˁ0ɀƠɴľʁ ͵Commons [1924]Ͷ.)̐ɧ
Ȩ0ŇüG˻̩)C·2 ŵȵŁ§

20áȽ͵1873Ͷ*1̐ɧ+1ɝ̘ɴ-¶ɨºÄ+ˬ́C0Ę˜Ķȉͳˢáǂ0ŉǰɃ0Ʒ˨* &#̾ŮǰɃ0ˢáŜ1 ̐ɧ+1ǣ

2 LZJhź0̋«øɝ0ŵȵŁĮȠ0ɠĄȨG C'0«ʃ.¢#˝ɘĘ˜ĶƼɀ¿Ȱʙ 14 Ȓ0
̐ɧ9#1ˎɪ0ìŏ.-C,̅̋DĘ˜Ķȉͳˢáǂ0ŮǰɃá͵4 ěͶ1ìŏ.-C+#0.ŨŉǰɃá͵5 ěͶ1ìŏ.1-A-+#͵Commons [1924] ˴ 278 ͦͶ4ºÄG='6)0=0 +Ɩ#0ŮǰɃ0Ʒ˨"D¥ơƼɀ0ŝˁ.Ɇ̬)
ȉʭɴ. uj^_Ǵͅ§30áȽ͵1890Ͷ*̐ɧ+1ɝ̘ɴ-=0$*-ȍƟD#čɵñG=Ğ;ǣºÄ+Øţ.ŝˁŇȇD#͵Commons [1924] pp.11-14, ˴ 14-18 ͦͶ0̶ʎ*̐ɧȢƪɝ̘ɴ-ǂȊȨGˡȊƙ̐ɧAËù˶Ȉ¾ɨ+&#͢ɝ̘ɴǂȊȨGˡə²̐ɧ>ĮȠȨɞ˳ȨGˡəƙ̐ɧ5+Ňü©Ƞɂø5Ů-A/ƛͥG)&#
 ='0͂˧-ɗ1ɀGäŝC͛.
ɀƠ̺Ȱ,0ľɑʂD)C+* C
-F%ê̩#öÌʕɀöÌ˄+ɞŝ0͚ʨ0:GÏ̵C=0*1-0* ̺Ȱ$+áǵ* Cɞŝ0͚ʨGÏ̵CŁĘ1͚ʨʕɀ+-B̐ɧ>ˎɪ0ìŏGʆ#Ę˜ĶƼɀ¿Ȱʙ 14 Ȓ.̹ČC+.-C0ľɑ1ɀ.@CʯɊɂø0VfG˃C
*͂˧-ľɑ* Bơ̩CVx\0ȄƇ0˘µ5=ČǿD)+.-C

LJ. '!=4#

5:4  5.

 Vx\1ˎ̟ 1900 Ƈ0ɳ˨͵my discovery of 1900Ͷ͵Commons [1934b] p.73Ͷ+ġ4ö¶0ĘĚ«̋.Üƀ)>˩äGA˭ɍʙ˄0¦ˢG*C$ǜ͖̂Æ
͵conciliationͶ.@C͞ĲɴĘƷȊ÷* C+GŖH$͵ibid., pp.72-73Ͷ
ö¶ɋ.
CöÌ˄+¶ɨ˄*1ɋñ.Ŋ-żɰ &#¶ɨ˄È1 19 ʤĀ2.˒«ʃɀ0ƾʕ*©Ƞ+)0ʰ͞˼<AD#öÌ˄È0Ĳʰ1ş̘ɴ.1--˼<AD-&#Vx\1ƔŔ0Jgz\++=.Ľʚ# öÌɀćɤ͵Principles of Labor LegislationͶ͵Commons & Andrews [1916]1936Ͷ40*Ĳ²
ɋ.ŨCʃ«ɴƸƌG Ǌĸ ͵repressionͶ ʹ˼ ͵tolerationͶ Ŏõ ͵encouragementͶÓ ͵interventionͶ0ͼ'.Ý#Ǌĸ 1̖ͅƒ>öÌȒ§0ǩĬGɶȦ+CöÌ˄0Ĳʰ̹ɀ-ÖĚ̈̋͵conspiraciesͶ+):-Dä͔9#1ʆȯDC+* C ʹ˼ 1öÌ˄Ĳʰ)Ĳ²ɋG)@+=0* CĚȂ.¶ɨ˄=öÌ˄0ĲʰG͓ȯ9#1ǐĝ)=@+=0* CD1öÌ˄0Ȩã1½̍DC6$¶ɨ˄0Ȩã=½̍DC6+˃*ˎɪǪ¨0ĦŖ.è&#=0* &# Ŏõ 1Ĳ²ɋǫƋ.@&)ŎõDC6ÇÔ-ÕÖǫʜ+:-DC+*ǫƋöÌ˄G½̍C+GƷĠCȉơ0 Ó 1Ĳ²ɋ1

3 uj^_ź̷͆«ʃ.Ũ)̷͆ǴͅGŇȇCȨ͔G˝¶C#<.ˢáǂ.ˇùĽ˝¤ɟGɫ̄#͛0ˢá̷͆«ʃ1ǺǴͅĘɤɴ*źǫƋ0ǶǴͅ1Ęɤ* C+Ɩ#uj^_źȉͳˢáǂ1DG̫źǫƋ0ˇùĽ˝¤ɟGɳ˝#Ę˜Ķȉͳˢáǂ1uj^_źȉͳˢáǂ0áȽ1˿ŧ* &#+)ćáȽGɿȞ#͵Commons [1924] ˴ 279 ͦͶ4öÌɀćɤ 0àɜ1 1916 Ƈ$¥ơ 1920 Ƈ.ʙ 2 ɜ1927 Ƈ.ʙ 3 ɜ1936 Ƈ.ʙ 4 ɜÜɜD
A.òʚD#ʙ 4 ɜʙ 2 åÜɜD)C*1izeKȍ0˃Ŧ>̇ȢƪǱɤD#ȉơ0ʙ
ͼɜʙ 2 å.ɑǔ)C

5

ǫƋ.@&)ŎõDCɋőʰ-&#ŁĘǫƋ̂Æ)[f~LR͓ȯ0ÓGC+* C͵ibid., pp.374-376, ˴ 484-487 ͦͶVx\.@D21933 Ƈ¥ê0JwQ*1 ʹ˼ ǝɨD)#+˭͵ibid., p.376, ˴
487 ͦͶ
0@-ɟƸ*1#+öÌ˄Ĳʰ#+)=¶ɨ˄È"DG͓ȯ9#1ǐĝ
#ŁĘöÌ˄1ã.-CVx\1 ɋñ+1̐ɧ0ǣºÄ.'ĘƷƾʕC9*¡.Ƙ˺̐ɧGĎƣãɨ -*ǃ˳.ɮ½)ƟȪCñ +ŝˁC͵ibid., p.507,
˴ 633 ͦͶ#&)öÌ˄1Àɴ.öÌñ0Ǣ¸Gżǟ)="0ơ.Ɵ&)C01
ǂƣ0ɌŮ9#1ˬ͟.@CŌȠ* C+E¶ɨ˄1͟ɨGżǟ)öÌ˄Gˬ͟)=£FBG˨'C01"͠+*1--F% ʹ˼ ɟƸ*1ö¶0ɋñ.
ĸÂɴ-żɰɦ)9"* CA+&)Vx\1Ĳʰ#öÌ˄.@CȆñͤĢGȁ˼C@-+1-&#ƝȌH$01 ͤĢ*=[f~LR*=-Ɔʛ.
͐CʮʽɴĻˠ0@-=0.')0Ĳ²ɋ* CD1XuzOWm[0ʃ«ĦŖ* &#ʉ1DGǝɨCʉ.+&)"D1ƿGÖɧˁoIY\v9#1ha\vAǭĨ0Ƿɀ* C+ƫFDC ͵Commons [1934b] p.73ͶA* &#"D1öÌ˄Ĳʰ)öÌʮĘGʮʽC+* CVx\1 1925 Ƈ0̅ǲ ǹ0tS[͵Marx TodayͶ͵Commons [1925b]Ͷ*̗Ȏˁ0 ˎŽİƤ ͵self-recoveryͶ+ ƗäİƤ ͵forced-recoveryͶ.')̩6)C ˎŽİƤ0·+)˒«ʃɀ0ƾʕ*̗Ȏ0͞¼̳D#Ƿ*șƑ«ʃäƌ.@C̗Ȏ0 ǂ
Ȋ ÝǮD)&#"D1©ȠöÌ˄GǧĎ#0+ĚȤ.ǋ̗ŢGǧĎCǶˣʿGǝɨ"D̗ȎˁGʵǖ@+Cŉ0JwQGƒ'#+˭͵Commons[1925b] p.372Ͷ
9#Ñ˨0Ǿ0 C̗ȎŢ̸1öÌʮĘ.1ČŨ#ʮĘ'&#ˇŁ
0GȧÃ#͵ibid., p.374Ͷ
Vx\1tS[#̗Ȏˁ0 ˎŽİƤ ˌñG˨*-&#ɗGǆá#0$"0Ƿ* ƗäİƤ 0ƨ˧ƭ.')=̩6)C
"DȰ˶æĎƒʆȯɀ-,0©ȠG½̍Cʕɀ+öÌ˄G½̍CöÌʕɀ* C͵ibid.,
p.373Ͷ
̗Ȏˁ='#ͺ'0ÈͣGǉǤ#*Vx\1ʍŮƭǨ̿CʯɊ*ö
¶0˟ʔGˬȽCǷɀGʂ ʍŮƭ.͐CDA0˟ʔ1ȉʭɴ.Ėɀ>ʕɀƋ.ƗˬȽGȺ<CDAǫƋ0̾͌122͚ʨ͑GˬȽCˌñ-+GˎAʂ)#ʕɀƋ1Ȱʀ.1ʩ0Ƙ˄G£ˡ)-ɺ.͚ʨG£ˡ)C01ʕɀƋ+@B=n* C5¡ǷĖɀ1ͱƒ0<˩ŝD)CÀ0ʩGˬȽC.1̺)Cˎ²ɳųC͚ʨ0˟ʔGˬȽC.1̺)-0ʕɀƋ+Ėɀ0ə

5 Vx\1JwQ0ŭ̻ǘþä1̻ǘþØ* A?CˇȠ͚ʨG£ˡC#$G̻ÜC+.-&)
C0*ʰű,0ˇȠ͚ʨG=£ˡ-ʕɴ-˄G̻4+.-C+)Ȋ÷-ŮǰʅGɦ ȶ·£ˡ
ä GƖ#͵Commons [1894]Ͷ


6

ˌ.@&)Ȥ-Ķ0>ǫƋ1#͚ʨ͑GǼƬ.ÛɤC@.ˮɭD#œĥ«͵commissionsͶG˲ʿC.ˏ&#͵ibid., pp.383-384Ͷ 0˝ǫœĥ«"Vx\ȄƇ.Ɨ̂C+.-&#ʯɊīͪ.ŨC˝ǫɴJq
a+-C-!-Aö¶0ĘĚ«̋*ĘƷ#öÌāʥ.1Ǒȑñ.ȫCĖɀ̾-À
â0ɟȿGʶŤ.ǉǤĈȘˌñ.ȫC+īͪɗ &#A* C

2/. $ :4=); 85.
KJ. =*+ *1Vx\ʂ#˝ǫœĥ«0Ɯî.'):)9˝ǫœĥ«+1×²ɴ.
1¥0@-ãš0˟ʔGǅ=0* CɧȠœĥ«͵Industrial commissionͶ΀ö¶͏0ãš0˟ʔſŁœĥ«͵Market commissionͶ΀ņBǃ+̔ǃ0ãš0˟ʔʋʏœĥ«͵Tax commissionͶ΀ʦʏ˄͏0ãš0˟ʔ̷͆œĥ«͵Railroad commissionͶ΀ÕɵȠ«ʃ+̒ɝ0˕0͏0ãš0˟ʔ
͵Commons [1925b] p.384ͶˢáǂľȎɴ.À͏0ãš0˟ʔGǅ0.ŨDA0˝ǫœĥ«1ľȎɴ.

͚ʨ͵classͶ͏0ãš0˟ʔGǅɗ*ɰ-&)C͵ibid., p.384Ͷ
=%EHVx\1À'
0 ͚ʨ .ŴC+˃G+&)-0*ėÀ1Ȥ-U[Ȥ-ʕŁ*Ƙ˄+-BC")DA0˝ǫœĥ«-! œĥ« +)ƨ˧+DC+2"D1
Àâ0U[G˃C͛.Š˫ɴ-ʲˮ̗Ǵ.ľ(#̂Ș@3Ƙ˄0˅ĎB̂ȘG˝+*CA* C0̂Șɶɴ0˝ǫ̾͌ʕɀƋ͵̋«Ͷ˝ǫƋ͵Ŋʲͧ>źɻͶĖɀƋ͵ˢáǂͶ.ʴʙį0ʲȾ̾͌* C
Vx\1JwQ0ȨÝʕ0äƌ0=+.)1ƗäG­Ľ˝ñG=&)C01̡>ʨʮʽ0ȉͳǗǥŜ+)0Ŋʲͧźɻ")ȟŦŜ.Ģ¤GCĖɀ̾0:*ʕɀƋ@3ʕɀƋAȨñGœ¨D#˝ǫȪ͐.1ɝɤɴƗäñG='+ƷĠ*0Ľ˝ñ1+˭͵Commons [1950] p.224, ˴ 253 ͦͶ0ƷĠ*˝ǫœĥ«1ƗäñĽ˝ñG­FVx\1Ɨäñ+Ľ˝ñG­F-A"Ʒˁ C+˃C  ˝ǫ̾1̩6#@."Dˎ̟0ȽŝGş˝C#<.ƨ˧+DCɝɤɴñGǨ̿)CĽ˝̾*1-A"0Ģ¤1÷ȗɴ-0* C"D1³=̲Ǜ-D2ǋ

7

ɡ=-* E"D1̱̽ˢáǂ0ˢáŜ.=½řŜ.=ǎǌ1-* E"D1ƗäñG¶ɨC#<.ˢáǂ.Ũ)ˢáǂˎ̟Ģ¤GɳC@.ɫ̄"0ƖGǢÜ-D2-A-"0Ȩñ1ă.̂Șɴ@3ûğɴ*=ʕɀƋȨ͔GˢáǂǇ˼C͔B.)* CǫƋ0F?C ʙͼ̾͌ +)"D1*.˒.˼<AD#ͻ'0̾͌.Ũ9#Ķȷ˒.Ũ)ʯɊɴ̂Ș+ǠŎGC#<0Ƃ¨œĥ«.@B̧=0* C͵ibid., p.225, ˴ 253-254 ͦͶVx\.@D2ˢáǂ.1ʲˮ0ũ͌[_bo1-0*˝ǫȪ͐>ȟŦƐ̍Ņ0Ʒ˨
.¹ŕC"D1ƆȂ* D2īͪ-Ʈƹ-,0ʷƬȂ.)1ʲˮe_Gɨ#Ȃ
ŞGƣ#áǵ*--C+˭͵ibid., p.233, ˴ 262-263 ͦͶ
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Ʒ.1ˏA-+˭͵ibid., p.234, ˴ 263 ͦͶ
"0#<˻ʫ-ƴŀGƣC#<0ʯɊ̂ȘG˝˝ǫ̾͌-F%˝ǫœĥ«ƨ˧+-C
×²ɴ-ʮʽ+)Ɲ1 öÌɀćɤ 0àɜ͵1916Ͷ*iz}S0ɧȠœĥ«͵1915Ͷ
0ʮʽĵGạ̇̄)C͵Commons and Andrews [1916] p.434Ͷ
"*1ͽ0œĥ0.͟
ɨ˄öÌ˄*ȣƾDC ̆īœĥ« ß˵̪+ʕɀɴó˭G˝ ʕɀű ")œĥ«ɷ
Ŵ0Ϳ'0̾űG̿ʿ)C"0̾ű0͹'. ʲˮƴŀű  BA."0. ɧȠ̂Ș̾ > ˒öÌʲˮ̾ ʛ0̾ʮʽ C+Gʬ)CVx\Ɂɶ#01˝
ǫœĥ«0@-ũ͌0ʲˮ̂ȘG˝ʮʽGȊ)BȉǶ0ʯɊƴú.ĘF #ǫʜǢ˭G˝+Ēˌ* C+ɗ* C

LJ. (%="Vx\1# ʮ:Ʈƹ+ʯɊ0ʷƬƸ.͗&#++.͂˧* C+G
ʂ×²ɴ.1ŊƮƹ+izeKGʯ)ȲơÜɜD#˘µ ͞Ĳ˝ø0ʯɊŖ ͵1950Ͷ
0ʙ 14 ʖ ̥Ƞ˝ǫ *0˝ǫœĥ«ĎBAD)C6"*̋̅D)C01̥
Ƞ̂Ǳɀ͵Agricultural Adjustment Act΀AAA, 1933Ͷ.͐CǫƋÓ.')0ȁ͢* C̥Ƞ̂Ǳɀ1̥ɧɝ0ɦɧä͔+´í̥µɝ0ǫƋ̔.@B̥ɧɝºț0ʵǖ+̥ȷ0̙̔ñİƤGƷĵ#ɀƠ* C1936 Ƈ.̹ƼáȽÜD#ƘȂ0Ę˜Ķȉͳˢáǂ10ɀƠ.ĝŝɴ-áŉǰɃ*ˉŝɴ-á1ŮǰɃ* &#0ɀƠ1ʮʽüD)̥ȷ+ʮʽüD#¡0ʯɊ²+0ʯɊñ͵̐ɧȨ>̙̔ñ-,ͶGĻˠ C#<.ǫƋ0ʯɊñG˝¶@+C=0* &#ŉǰɃ1ǫƋ0ʯɊñ˝¶Gĝ˼C"0Țǔ1ǫƋ0ʯɊñ+01Ũʛ-À9#1©Ƞ͏0ˎɪʘG͓šC=0.Ũ)0:˝¶
6 0Øţ11942 Ƈ0̅ǲ ʯɊŖ.Cʕɀɴ@3˝ǫɴǠ̅͵Legislative and Administrative Reasoning
in EconomicsͶ͵Commons [1942]Ͷ**.ȈD)C

8DC+˒ɴ-ʯɊŖ˄+Ě˼̉G=&)#A* CƝA1ľȎɴ.ɀƠĘƼ̹ƼGƼɀ.ɚAĘF )áǵC+˃Ƿ-0*Vx\1DGʕɀɴɤ̅Ƿɀ
9#1ɓʾɴ̅ɤ* C+#͵Commons [1950] p.214, ˴ 242 ͦͶD.Ũ)ŮǰɃ1ĘƼ̹Ƽ9#1ȡʗ-Ɩ0,%AǷȰ+ƫ˃*1-ʲˮɴ.ȡʗ0͏.Ƙ)19CĒˌƭG˨ȡ<CVx\1DGǰ̈́ʯɊñ0ʎƌ˝ø0̺ȂƭGǅ˝ǫɴɤ̅Ƿɀ9#1Ɓʦɴ̅ɤ* C+#͵ibid., p.214, ˴ 242 ͦͶ˄1ǫƋ.@CʯɊñ0˝¶ʋʏ+ĚȤ.Ɨäɴ* C+>ɖɨ0Ēˌƭ Cɗ*ː)#")̥Ƞ̂Ǳɀ=Ɨäɴ*ˎɳɴ*-ɗ*1ː)#ˬ́ÝD#01˝ǫ.͐FCīͪ* &#ŻȠ̾͌*1ȿ.ºțGʵǖC#<.ŻŁ͍͊>öÌ˄0ˬ͟G˝&)ºțGʵǖC̥Ƞ̾͌*ĚȤ0+G>C+ºțʵǖ0#<.ş͛ 600
ͨ0̏˝ǫɴq][*ŵȵD#+Ƴð̚CŉǰɃ1#ȡʗ-U[Aâ0ȡʗ͵Öɧˁ>oIY\vͶ5+Ĝ+G̊ǀ#͵ibid., pp.218-220, ˴ 246-248 ͦͶŮǰɃ0[f͵StoneͶá1·2ŌȠ˄.͈ͅGCA+&)"0£Î+)öÌGȺ<#B1-#ǨÜÔĶȷ0ɶɴ.Ĕ-A2īͪ-+#͵ibid., p.221, ˴ 249-250 ͦͶ")Ėɀ1ɀƠG̹Ƽ+CȨñG=&)CĖɀ0Ȩñ
1ɀGäŝCȨñ.Ũ)0:*"0ɀƠ='ɻư.1͐»)-+#A.Ėɀ
='Ȩñ0aNbS1ˎä͵self-restraintͶ0:* C+̩6#͵ibid., p.223, ˴ 252 ͦͶVx\1[fá0˃GǨǖˢáǂˎäC͛.ǃƒ+-BC0˝ǫȪ͐͵̥ùɹͶAǢÜDCʲˮ̂Ș* C+˭͵ibid., pp.223-224, ˴ 252 ͦͶ
"D1ĚȂ.
ʯɊŖ.Ũ)=¥0@-ŇüG=#A+˭ʲˮŖ.ŨC¾ͩ1ɣ£ʯɊŖ0ɞƦ* C2B*-@BŶƗ̂)ʕɀǫʜGş˝Cɣ£˝ǫʯɊŖ0ɞƦ*= C͵ibid., p.226, ˴ 255 ͦͶ gLcȱēŖɃ0ƛͥGď#LAȱēɴƁʦɴɾʓǷɀGŖ3ubaNA+ȅȸƥɥ0̂ȘG˝")Ȥ-öÌʕɀ.͐F&)#Vx\0˃.ÚʼD)
Ɲ1Ȩñ0¶ǷG˿D2ȡʗ-ǷĜ5˝ą͘ƭGƽƪ''="D1 ʲˮ̂Ș .@CŠ˫ƭ+ ɀ0̺Ȱ-ǃʴ .@&)͒C+#")"D19&#Ƕ+*1-˔ʡɀ0ȱē.è)C+˭  ɀƠɴÈͣ.')ɣş0U[A0ʲˮɴ-Ǡ̅Ƿɀ1ş͛Ƃ.˔ʡɀ0ȱēɴǷɀ
* &# ɿŃɴ-ʘ 9#1 ˷Ȯɴ ʘ+ɠĄɴ-ʘ+0ȡʗ0͏0,.
°ʿC ÕȰ-ʘ GǅŁĘ."* &#̺Þ-Ėɀ̂Ș@3̮ğ+Õˆ«.')0 ̺Ȱ-ǃʴ .@&)"0@.ɳ˨DC+͂˧-ɗ* &#"0ŁĘˢáǂ0áȽ.ˏC̶ʎ.)"0Ȃ"0Łǂ*˟ʔCȤ-ãš.Ũ) ȰƘ-͂˧9ƭ ͵due weightͶAD#
͵ibid., p.227, ˴ 255-256 ͦͶVx\˝ǫœĥ«0ƜîGƗ̂C010@-ʲˮ̂ȘG˝ãš͐»˄G͞<#Õˆ«G͎"0*˝ǫɴáǵG+ ɀ0̺Ȱ-ǃʴ Gʯ)CɗǘADC$˝ǫœĥ«0Ɯî1"D$*1-Vx\Ɨ̂#+0'.0˝ǫœĥ«='ǫʜǢȜ0̺Ȃƭ C̥Ƞ̂Ǳɀ1ɦɧä͔.āñ#̥Ţ.ɌČʱ¢ͅGǨǄ"0̐ɐ̥ɧɝ0ʙȬòŻ.
́DCòŻʏ* &#"0#<òŻʏ.ČŨCȠ˄˵˰GǢ̚1936 Ƈ.̹ƼáȽÜ
DɀȜµƾ0Ƨɝ* &#_TMN=ĚƇ.̤ˇ#7Vx\10ɀƠ.')1͢ƂȂ*ʷƬ0Ũʜ˧ȺDCŁĘ0ɀƠ+)ŝ0˸ºG)C

˝ǫ̾͌$ɝº0LoY|>eoY|G͒eoȂ.)ǭɊG̦̯
.˝#<.ƨ˧- ̂Ǳ GĆƍ.ɏ#+*C1933 Ƈ0̂Ǳɀ10¾ɨƥɥGģAC#<.ɞâ.ƷĵD#JwQɀ*078ȉà0ɀƠ* C͵ibid., p.231, ˴ 260ͦͶ

Ʈƹ0@-ʷƬȂ.)1ˢáǂ0Ėɀɴáǵ1Ȃ͏B̶C9#ş͛.ɀGäŝCʕɀƋ=ǫȾɴͱƒG˧C#<ȂŞG̴)9+ƞ.) C9#ɺ.
ãšG£ˡC˄͕ň0n* C+īͪ= C@&)˝ǫœĥ«0̂Șŧ̋Gʯ#ǫʜĆ÷ƭ+ɗ*ÏD)C+.-C#$ 9*ʷƬȂ0Ũʜ* C0*̥Ƞ̂Ǳɀ0ŁĘ
Ʈƹ0͏1̥Ƞ0½̍Gł̳ C̥ȠƤ̂D2"0½̍GɌAƨ˧ C#˃1ˢ̈́ɴ-áǵG­0*̥Ƞ̂Ǳɀ.CŉǰɃáąƵ#+Ƃ.īͪ+-C"D.ò)#˝ǫɴǃɀ1ŜÍǫȾ.'-CƮD= CVx\1˝ǫœĥ«1 ƺ˂0ñG=&) ͵ibid., p.227, ˴ 256 ͦͶB ˝ǫɴ ˯¤ 1ƺ˂0ñ+ͬ¯)C +˭͵ibid., p.227, ˴ 256 ͦͶD˓ƺ˂+-D2@ŜÍşȨGǤBƯƷɴ-̂Ș>ƙƑɴ-Õˆ«G˝2÷ȗ1ȍƟ*--CVx\1 öÌɀćɤ*¥0@.̩6)CŜÍǫȾGɽȰC01Ɯǂ.C£ä͵rotationͶ*1-ȉ=ȷɴ-JwQ=ƞ.)Ŝˇ.ů¨#̭ʗ.ŜÍɴ.-CŜÍǫȾ19.̮Ƃ0͏='ɠĄɴȨñȭ0Ȏˌ"0=0-0* CŜÍǫȾ0Ȏ̘1¡.ɺë.ɸ̃C+-¡.Ũ)ˎŽ0ƷƫGǏ¢C+E. C͵Commons and Andrews [1916]1936, p.476,
˴ 596-597 ͦͶ
7 ƘȂ_TMN1̥ùɹȬŜ+)izeK0ş̘ɴ-ǫʜʕȜ˄+)ɂ̞)#_TMN+iz
eK+0͐».')0˻ʫ1˦Ź [1999] GĉɚD#

10

 #&)ŜÍƧ*ũ͌Ţ0Ʒ˨G ® +$0Õˆ«1ƷĠG--*˭ş͛0˝ǫœĥ«*1 ãɵ£ˡä ƖD)Bãš͐»˄ɷǞÓC+.-&)C"C+.@BƙƑɴ-ŜÍˁG͒ȯC+ĚȂ.nʯɪ0ʕɀƋ¥.ãš͐»
˄0ɷǞɴ-Ʒ˨ČǿDC+.-C 0@.)
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Vx\0äƌʯɊŖ.)͂˧-°ʿGĄ<)

Ǡ̅.CĂýȡ0ɸČCȡ̅0͏.1șƑ«ʃöÌʮĘ")ǫƋ+&#ɣş0͞Ĳ˝ø.@&)ʲȾDCÀ0ɣş0ĎƒȂ+ŁǂGĚ)ŕĹCD˓áǵ͵good judgmentͶ+˟ʔCãšīͪ0ÿÝ-̂Ș.ľ(#äƌʯɊŖ0Ý̓*C"D1

A?C·.C̹Ƽƭ+@B=ş͛0·.C˝ǫʯɊŖ͵administrative economicsͶ0īͪ* C͵Commons [1950] pp.237-238, ˴ 267 ͦͶ ")Vx\0äƌʯɊŖ.+&)˝ǫœĥ«ʲˮ̂ȘG˝+0ȉŊ0Ʒˁ1 ̺Ȱ ͵reasonablenessͶ0áǵľɑ.-C+* Cê̩#@. ̺Ȱ-ºÄ 1 Ɔʛ-Ȫ«  ÕȰ-ʘ  ɋñ0Ɔʛ AɦC̺Ȱ-ºțGşɣC@-Ďƒ80l~[Aɦ
9Dȉʭɴ.ˢáǂ0áȽ*Ƚ9C Š˫ɴ*̒Ƅ*ˮɎĒˌ -ºÄ͵Commons [1936] p.244Ͷ
* C
 Vx\1ʯɊɴãš˟ʔC·*1 ãƣ͵gainsͶ+ǦŌ͵lossesͶGɸŨɴ.ȶ̢C+ .@&)DGǉǤ6$+̩6)C͵Commons [1950] p.237, ˴ 266 ͦͶ̥Ƞ̂Ǳɀ0U[*1ʷƬȂ.̥ȷƣ#ʯɊɴˎɪ͵ďĎ&#ͫͅͶ+Ō&#ʯɊɴˎɪ͵ǨǄ&#
ͫͅͶGʝÜCĚȤ.ʷƬȂ.ʃ«0¡0ƣ#ʯɊɴˎɪ͵ďĎ&#ͫͅͶ+Ō&#ʯɊɴˎɪ͵ǨǄ&#ͫͅͶGʝÜC")̥ȷ+¡00ãƣ+ǦŌGɸŨɴ.ȶ̢D
2 ÕÖʇʄ.͐CĻˠ͵balanced equilibriumͶ0ÕȰ-Űƌ ͵ibid., p.237, ˴ 266 ͦͶG=
'+.-C+˭ Ɲ10ʝÜǷɀ.ľ(#ş˶ÝȕG˝&#F*1-ɱƕ*ɲͯɦɂG-AĽʚ# ̥Ƞ˝ǫ *˭#&#+0'1 ̺Ȱ 0 Š˫ƭ * CƝ1ˎ¬*¥0@.̩6)C  ̺Ȱ-ºÄ>̺Ȱ-ƺ˝͵practicesͶ+01ǫȾʯɊŖ0ɤ̅.ŬÓD#9&#Ƕ˭˗* &#22ʉ0Ŗɦ>+.ʯɊŖ˄0ǆ˸Ţ̸1 ̺Ȱ- +01
9&#˫ɴ-=0*̺Ȱ0ƷĠ1À0ǰ+Ě$ŕĹC+˭&#΁ɯ΂ʉ1#ČŨ1Ñ˝CʯɊɤ̅ŢA0˫ɴÀˁ0̼ɧ* C+˃#

8 Vx\0ĎƒȢƪ.')1ǒʒ͵ͳȩ [2006]ͶGĉɚD#11

ŕĹCȉ˓0ƺ˝>ƺ˂Vx")ˢáǂ0áȽAƒÜD#ºÄ0͞Ĳˁɤ̅1̺ȰG Š˫ɴ .C")"D?.̂Ș>˶˭1ĒˌƭG=%À˝øGʲäC͞Ĳ˝ø0RTGȣƾC+.Ŭ)͵Commons[1934b] p.156,΁ ΂Ø1ƒɨ˄Ͷ ̥Ƞ̂Ǳɀ+ÔĶɧȠƤˑɀ͵NIRAͶ1+=.̹ƼáȽGDÔĶɧȠƤˑɀ1"099ɇɒ)9&#̥Ƞ̂Ǳɀ1 ķń½ÔĶØîƘɀ ͵Social Conservation and Domestic
AllotmentͶ+)"0̜ǻGƒʳ1938 Ƈ. ʙȬ̥Ƞ̂Ǳɀ +)Ƥɂ#˦Ź [1999]*̩6AD)C@.̥Ƞ̂Ǳɀ1Ę˜Ķȉͳˢáǂ˳ţCʠĴ* D2ǫƋ0ʯɊ
Ó1Ēˌ* C+Gʂ)C˝ǫœĥ«.͐C˃Ŧ*͂˧-+1ĘƼ̹Ƽ0ʰȗ*1-ǫʜʕȜ0q][. Cʲˮ̂Ș.@C ̺Ȱ 0Š˫ɴǗȦ0Ǣʂ")ãš͐»˄ĉòCÕˆ«0͎Ê1 ɀ0̺Ȱ-ǃʴ .ȫ -=0* C"D1Vx\͋Ƈ͐F&)#Ŋ˜9#1ɇ̕˄+)0öÌ˄.Ũ)ǫȾĉò0Ȫ«GǕŊCȷˁ0şɣ*= &#

3/. 6EC<.
 1900 Ƈ¥ơVx\1ş͛0ö¶̂Æ>ėʐ̂ȘGʯͲ#*öÌīͪGǅ&#9#MK[VYŖɃ0ï˲˄+)0öÌēɾʓ*1ſŁ0ǕŊ+ö¶͐»Gīͪ.##ȱēÝȕG̝9#ơ.öÌɤ̅Gų͎"*1 ĪĤ  Ȫȝ  TbgMK  ÕÖƭ +įȴ͚.Ý#˃ŦG˝&#0*= ö¶0Ȋɵ-ɸ͐» +)0TbgMK1
"0ơ0©Ƞ+)0WLTVXG˃C*0ľʁ.-&)C+ĚȂ.ǹ0©
ȠG˃C*=ɣ£ɴ-ʂħG)C-!-A©ȠØ0ö¶͐»GĞ<#TbgMKșº>ʃË0˸º.ČǿDC+ĚȂ.ȏ0ɄÜÓ.ƛͥGCA* C")öÌ0ÕÖƭɤ̅*ʂ#öÌīͪ50ǫƋ0Ó1öÌȒ§0ǩĬ.@&) ɇ̕˄ * CöÌ˄0Ȫ«Gʀ½C+tSɴ-ʯɊīͪ+͐»)C
 Vx\1ˢáǂ0á·AŉGŖH$Ɲ1 ʳʴCƺ˂0ǖʴɴ-̻Ǎ B"0ʰȗ+)ŇţCʯɊɟȿ>ǫȾɴʯɊɴÏ°.̺#ƺ˂0ɦȳB CD1͏0ƷƩ
0µɨ.@&)ɦC0*`MK0̳ü̅*ɘɴɈȼ.+)=¯)C ͵Commons[1934a] p.45Ͷ+̩6A. "D1`MK0˭ŇţCĺ̘Ŗɴɟȿ.̺#ɦĢȊ
Ȫ²0ȣ̰>Ȫˌ.̺ɨDC£FB.ŇţCʃ«ɟȿ.̺#ƺ·͵practicesͶ>Ďƒ.̺ɨ
Ēˌ-=0-0* C ͵ibid., p.45Ͷ+#"D1 ˢáǂ.@C˨Cǃ ͵Commons [1924]
p.204, ˴ 264 ͦͶɶɴG=&)ƺ˂0 ɘɴɈȼ G˝") ˨Cǃ ˎ²=0ƺ˂0ƛͥGďC+*Ňüɀ0ˬ́ŇüC+*ʃ«ʯɊɂø.ƛͥG)
DVx\0äƌ̳ü0ƫƶ* C12Vx\1Ėɀ0ˌƭGĩ#F*1-ê̩#@.ʷƬȂ.ȂŞGƣ#ʯɊǫʜG˝ŁĘˢáǂ0áȽ.1Ȃ͏C"0ćı1ˢáǂ.ɣşGɛɻ#[_boAň̾0ũ͌Ţ>ȟŦƐ̍Ņ0˨ˬGʢȘ-D2-A-+. CǷ˝ǫœĥ«1̂ȘGɶɴ+#ʮʽG=%Õˆ«*1Ƙ˄AƷ˨G˅ɗ*̺Ȃƭ.ÏD)C#&)ˢáǂVx.Ƣ&)ÜáȽ1ʯɊ.Ũ)ȶ̢ɴ͋ȍ0ƛͥ͵̐ɧȢ
ƪ0Ňȇ.@C©Ƞɂø50ƛͥʛͶGCǷ˝ǫœĥ«ó˭GCɀȜ1ʯɊ.Ũ)ȶ̢ɴɼȍ0ƛͥ͵ƮƹȂ0ºțʵǖǫʜ.@C̙̔ñ50ƛͥʛͶGC=0+˭C#$D= ɀ0̺Ȱ-ǃʴ Gʯ)Cɗ*Ö̮)C-F%ɠĄ̗Ȏˁ.
C̑ĳ>Ȫ«0Ɔʛ-,0ʯɊīͪGōȪ.Œ9&#Vx\0äƌÝȕ1äŝɀ+Vx.@Cɀ0ʯɊ50ƛͥG˃Ŧ#*ǫʜʕȜ0q][G͂˪#ɗ.Ʒˁ C+˭C ̧Ƈ0Ķ͛ʯɊGǙB̨&#+ͅ˛0ˎɪü>öÌſŁ0Ʉøü+&#˩äʺģ1©Ƞ.
C ÷ɢƭ Gū͂̶) ɀ0̺Ȱ-ǃʴ .ÿÝ̿ƻ-&#ʰȗɉç-ͅ˛ąȪ>͟ɨīͪGTl-˩ȧ*ƒ̚#ͣ C@&)Vx\0äƌʯɊŖAɀ0
Ňü.@CʯɊɂø50ƛͥG˃C+ ɀ0̺Ȱ-ǃʴ GÿÝ.̝9#ǫʜʕȜƨ˧*C+˭Cʕɀɞŝ0ʯɊ²GÏ̵C0*1-ʯɊ²Ô²Gˊ)C@.-D2
"D1ă-Cɀ0äŝ>Ňü*1-Ȃ£++=.ɀ̳ü)À0ʯɊɂø0ƃGƉC
+.-C"D1 À˝øGʲäˬǪǕŊ C͞Ĳ˝ø ͵Commons [1931] p.648Ͷ
G äƌ +ŝˁCVx\.Ƣ2̗Ȏˁ0 ˎŽİƤ + ƗäİƤ G9ȪˌC+.'-C* E".
Chavance, B. [2007] L’économie institutionnelle. Paris: La Découverte.ŗśƈć͙ƈǳ˚ǹÜȾ˴ Ó͌äƌʯɊŖ hQiYyÜɜͷ2007 ƇCommons, J. R. [1894] 1967. Social Reform & The Church. New York: A. M. Kelley.
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Publishers. Ƕɩ͙¾΃Ȑƚ΃ƩȐȾˀ˴ ̗Ȏˁ0ɀƠɴľʁ  Vhʃͷ1964 Ƈ [1925a] “Law and Economics,” Yale Law Journal, 34 (February): pp.371-82.
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13 [1936] “Institutional Economics,” American Economic Review, 26 (March), pp.237-249.
 [1942] “Legislative and Administrative Reasoning in Economics,” Journal of Farm Economics,
24 (May), pp.369-391.
 [1950] The Economics of Collective Action. New York: Macmillan. Ȁǹ˙Ȁǹǯ˴͞Ĳ˝ø0ʯɊŖ ǲ͝ĿȈƊͷ1958 Ƈ [1996] John R. Commons: Selected Essays. eds. by Rutherford M. and W.J. Samuels,
London and New York: Routledge.
Commons, J. R. and J. B. Andrews [1916] Principles of Labor Legislation. New York and London:
Harper and Brothers.second revised ed.1920; third revised ed. 1927; fourth revised ed.
1936. Ȼɩɷ˪ęćʟŋ˴ öÌɀćɤ͵ʙ  ɜͶ ÔͺÙuj IȈǁͷ1959 Ƈ, 1963
ƇHorwitz, M. J. [1992] The Transformation of American Law, 1870-1960: the crisis of legal ortho-

doxy. New York: Oxford University Press. ȥĐʠ͜˴ ɣ£JwQɀ0ȱē ƓǲĿͷ1996
Ƈ
Ramstad, Y. [1995] “John R. Commons's Puzzling Inconsequentiality as an Economic Theorist,”

Journal of Economic Issues, 29 (4), pp.991-1012.
 [2001] “John R. Commons’s Reasonable Value and the Problem of Just Price,” Journal of

Economic Issues, 35 (2), pp. 253-277.
Rutherford, M. [1983] “J. R. Commons’s Institutional Economics,” Journal of Economic Issues, 17(3), pp.721-744.
 [1994] Institutions in Economics: The Old and the New Institutionalism. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Samuels, W. J. ed. [1988] Institutional Economics (Schools of thought in economics; 5). Aldershot,
Hants, England: Edward Elgar.
ª˚ǲ͜ [1975]

Vx\ɾʓɧȠȷˁ50̷ ĚǲͰÜɜò˚Ç [2006]

J.R.Vx\.C͟ɨīͪ+ö¶͏0TbgMKʯɊŖēɾʓ ʙ 48 ž

ʙ 1 ĕͷ32-45 ͦŭȖʈŋ [1988]
ͳĦɬ [1998]

JwQöÌē̅MK[VYŖɃ0ɾʓ
Vx\.C ɀ+ʯɊŖ +äƌˁ͐˦ŊŖÜɜ̾
ʯɊŖ̅ʓ ͵͐˦Ŗ͕ŊŖͶʙ

52 žʙ 1 ĕͷ65-84 ͦ
 [2004]ɣ£JwQʯɊƫƶ0̚ɐ͸q~TtdK\v+äƌʯɊŖ ěđŲŊŖÜɜ«ͳȩɺƱ [2006]

J.R.Vx\0 Ďƒ ʯɊŖɀɴȢƪ.@CäƌʯɊŖɤ̅ʓ ʙ 48 žʙ 1 ĕͷ16-31 ͦɩǬƓʹ [1999]

JwQ0ʯɊƫƶ"0ȱēɴų͎ ǹȎʯɊ˸̅ʃ

˦ŹʧŔ [1999]_TMN+izeK ͷɩʹ [1999] ʙ 8 ʖǂč

14

ʯɊŖēɾ

㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍

1/10, 2013ࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࡢ⌧௦ⓗᒎ㛤ࠖሯᮏ㝯ኵࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽࠖ

➨ 17 ᅇ 㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍㸦୰ኸ኱Ꮫ㸧ࢭࢵࢩࣙࣥ ࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࡢ⌧௦ⓗᒎ㛤ࠖ ࡑࡢ㸰ࠕJ. R. ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ T.ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽ̿ ࡑࡢ↓ᙧ㈨⏘࡜ࠗࡢࢀࢇ࠘ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟̿ 1 ࠖሯᮏ㝯ኵ 2᪥ᮏ኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ㒊࣮࣭࣮࢟࣡ࢻ㸸ࢥࣔࣥࢬࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࠊไᗘὴᏛὴࠊ↓ᙧ㈨⏘ࠊࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࢥࣥࢧ࣮ࣥࠊ
ࡢࢀࢇ㸦good-will㸧

1. ࡣࡋࡀࡁ
ᮏሗ࿌ࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊJ. R. ࢥࣔࣥࢬ (Johan Rogers Commons, 1862-1945) ࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ
㸦Thorstein B. Veblen, 1857-1929) ㄽࡢ᳨ウࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢᇶ♏ࢆ࡞ࡍࠕᡤ᭷ᶒࠖ࡜
“good-will”࡜ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿⅬ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᳨ウసᴗ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ
ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡀ㈨ᮏ୺⩏యไࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡢ୰࡛ࡢㄪᩚࢆ┠ᣦࡍࠕไᗘタィࠖࢆᣦྥࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜
ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿ‽ഛసᴗ࡜ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘(Institutional
Economics, 1934) 3 ࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࡶࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࢆ㞟୰ⓗ࡟ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠕ➨ 10 ❶

㐺ṇ౯್ࠖ

4

㸦”Reasonable Value”㸧࡛ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡓࠕࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽ ࠖࡢ๓༙㒊ศࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࠋࡇ
ࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊ⌧௦ࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࡢᑐ㇟ࡀࠕ↓ᙧ㈨⏘࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡇࡇ࠿ࡽ⌧௦ࡢ௻ᴗࡢ᱁ᕪ฼┈ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ ࠕࡢࢀࢇࠖ(good-will) ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࠊ♧ࡍࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⤒῭⾜ືࡀᩥ໬ࡢ୰࡟ᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡺ࠼࡟⤒῭Ꮫࡀᩥ໬⛉Ꮫࡢ୍㡿ᇦ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ 5ࠕᩥ໬ࠖࡣࠕไᗘࡢ᮰࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ

1ᮏ✏ࡣࠊⲡ✏ẁ㝵࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊ᭱ᚋࡢࠕ5. ࡲ࡜ࡵ࡟࠿࠼࡚ࠖࡀᮍ᏶࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ሯᮏ㝯ኵࠊ᪥ᮏ኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ㒊ࠊtsukamoto.takao@nihon-u.ac.jp
3
J. R. Commons, Institutional Economics: Its Place in Political Economy, Macmillan Company,
1934.
4“Chapter X Reasonable ValueࠊϨ. Veblen,” pp.649-677.
5ᣋ✏ࠕT. ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢᩥ໬ᴫᛕ ̿ M .࣡ࢺ࢟ࣥࢫࡢᡤㄝࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡋ࡚̿ࠖࠗ⤒῭㞟ᚿ㸦᪥ᮏ኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ㒊๰タ 80 ࿘ᖺグᛕㄽᩥ㞟㸧࠘᪥ᮏ኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ㒊ࠊ➨ 54 ᕳࠊ➨ 3 ྕࠊ1984 ᖺࠊ2

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࡜ࡉࢀࡓࠋ࠿ࡃࡋ࡚୧⪅ࡣࠊࡇࡢไᗘࡢ㐍໬㐣⛬ࢆ✲᫂࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇࡔࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥࡢ㐍໬ㄽࢆ⮬ᕫࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ྲྀࡾධࢀࠊ⊂⮬ࡢࠕ㐍໬ㄽⓗ⤒῭Ꮫࠖ(evolutionary economics)ࢆᥦၐࡋࡓࠋ 6 ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊไᗘࢆࠕ〇సᮏ⬟ࠖ(instinct ofworkmanship)ࡀ⮬ᕫởᰁࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ㔜ࡡ࡚ࠊ⮬ᕫࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚⾜ࡃ㐣⛬࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࠊไᗘࡢኚ
໬ࡀ↓┠ⓗㄽⓗ⣼✚㐣⛬࡛࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊ⊂༨ẁ㝵࡟฿㐩ࡋࡓ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࢆࠊ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡ࡢᒎ㛤࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⏕⏘ࡢຠ⋡ࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿࠕ⏘ᴗࠖ࡜ࠊ⚾᭷㈈⏘ไ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⚾ⓗ࡞㔠㖹ⓗ฼ᚓࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿࠕႠ฼௻ᴗࠖ࡜ࡢ஧ࡘࡢయไࡢ▩┪ࡋࡓ」ྜయ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢕ
ᥱࡋࡓࠋ⏘ᴗࡣႠ฼ࡢࡓࡵ࡟Ⴀࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࡜ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣㄆ㆑ࡋࡓࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࡇࡢ
ぢ᪉ࢆ㐍ࡵࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㈨ᮏ୺⩏యไࡢᔂቯࢆㄽࡌࡿࡲ࡛࡟⮳ࡗࡓࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊࠗႠ฼௻
ᴗࡢ⌮ㄽ࠘㸦The Theory of Business Enterprise, 1904 7㸧࡛ࠊࠕ⌧௦ࡣႠ฼௻ᴗࡢ᫬௦࡛࠶ࡿ 8ࠖ࡜ࡢㄆ㆑ࢆ᫂♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 9ࠋ୍᪉ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊ⊂༨ẁ㝵࡟฿㐩ࡋࡓ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࢆࠊࠕ㖟⾜ᐙ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࠖࡢẁ㝵࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢẁ㝵࡟฿㐩ࡋࡓ⤒῭⤌⧊࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ “going concern”ࡣࠊ⏕⏘ࡢ⤌⧊ࡓࡿ “goingplant”࡜ࠊႠ฼ࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿ “going business”࡜ࡢ㣗࠸㐪࠸࠿ࡽࠊၥ㢟ࢆ⏘ࡳࡔࡍࠋ 10 ࡇࡢ“going concern”ࡢ⾜ື࡟⛛ᗎࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡶࡢࡀ “working rule”࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡀࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ࠸

135-148 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋ6ᣋ✏ࠕࢯ࣮ࢫࢱ࢖࣭ࣦ࢙ࣥࣈࣞࣥࡢ㐍໬ㄽⓗ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ⥅ᢎ ̿ M.ࣛࢨࣇ࢛࣮ࢻࡢᡤㄝ࡟ࡑࡗ࡚ ̿ࠖࠗ⤒῭㞟ᚿ࠘᪥ᮏ኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ㒊ࠊ➨ 71 ᕳࠊ➨ 3 ྕࠊ2001 ᖺࠊ545-564 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋ7
T. Veblen, The Theory of Business Enterprise, (Augustus M. Kelley࣭Publishers, Clifton,
1973,original 1904)ࠝᑠཎᩗኈヂࠗ௻ᴗࡢ⌮ㄽ࠘ວⲡ᭩ᡣࠊ1965 ᖺࠞ㸬
8
T. Veblen, The Theory of Business Enterprise, p.2ࠝࠗ௻ᴗࡢ⌮ㄽ࠘6 ࣮࣌ࢪࠞ㸬
9ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ
ࠕ㏆௦ᩥ᫂ࡢ≀㉁ⓗእᯟࡣࠊ⏘ᴗయไ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢእᯟ࡟⏕Ẽࢆ୚࠼ࡿ(animates)ᣦᑟຊࡣႠ฼௻ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ͐ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㏆௦ⓗ⤒῭⤌⧊ࡀ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠗ㈨ᮏ୺
⩏యไ࠘ࡶࡋࡃࡣࠗ㏆௦ⓗ⏘ᴗయไ࡛࠘࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ≉ᚩⓗᵝ┦࡞ࡾࠊࡲࡓྠ᫬࡟ࠊࡇࡢ⤒῭⤌⧊ࡀࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㏆௦ᩥ໬ࢆᨭ㓄ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿㅖຊ࡞ࡾࡣࠊᶵᲔ㐣⛬㸦machine process㸧࡜฼₶ࡢࡓࡵࡢᢞ㈨㸦investment for a profit㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠖࠋ
㸦Veblen, The Theory of Business Enterprise,p.1ࠝ
ࠗ௻ᴗࡢ⌮ㄽ࠘5 ࣮࣌ࢪࠞ
㸬10⸴฼㔜㝯ࡣࠊ
ࠕ௻ᴗࠖࡀ “going concern”࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࡣࠕႠ฼ཎ๎ࠖࡀ㈏ᚭࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜
ࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊ
ࡋࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋ
ࠕࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࠊ฼₶⋡ࡢᣢ⥆ⓗᴟ኱໬ࡇࡑࡀࠊႠ฼ཎ๎ࡢせㄳ࡛ࠊࠊࠊ ࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊ
ࠊࠊࠊ࠶ࡿ࡜ゎࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡣ௻ᴗࡀࠊᐇ㊶ⓗ࣭ᒎ㛤ⓗ⪃ᐹ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ↓㝈ᣢࠊࠊࠊࠊ⥆ⓗᏑᅾ࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ↓㝈ᣢ⥆ᛶࡇ࡜ࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࡀࠊ⥅⥆஦ᴗయ㸦going concern㸧࡛࠶ࡿ௻ᴗࡢ≉㉁࡜ࡋ࡚ᢕᥱࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚
ࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ⤒῭♫఍࡟࠾࠸࡚௻ᴗࢆ↓㝈ᣢ⥆ⓗ࡟⥔ᣢࡋ࡚ࡺࡃ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࠊႠ฼ཎ๎ࡢᮏ
㉁ⓗせㄳࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ゎࡏࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊႠ฼ཎ๎࡟ᣦ
ࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊ
ᑟࡉࢀࡿ௻ᴗάືࡢᮏ㉁ࡣࠊࡲࡉ࡟௻ᴗ⥔ᣢάື࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ゎࡉࢀ࠺ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ௻ᴗ⥔ᣢάືࢆࡣ࡞ࢀ࡚௻ᴗࡢႠ฼άືࡣ࠶ࡾ࠼࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚Ⴀ฼ཎ๎ࡣࡲ
ࡉ࡟௻ᴗ⥔ᣢཎ๎(das Prinzip der Unternehmenserhaltung)࡟࡯࠿࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ͐ᑡ࡞
ࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊ
ࡃ࡜ࡶࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀၥ㢟࡜ࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡣࠊ᭷㝈௻ᴗ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚↓㝈ᣢ⥆ࡢ஦ᴗయ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ↓㝈௻ᴗࢆ࡞ࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠖ⸴฼㔜㝯ࠗ⤒ႠᏛࡢᇶ♏ࠝ᪂ゞ∧ࠞ࠘ᮾி᳃ᒣ᭩ᗑࠊ1973 ᖺࠊ388
࣮࣌ࢪࠊ㸦ຊⅬࡣ⸴฼㸧ࠋ
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ࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࡢ⌧௦ⓗᒎ㛤ࠖ

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࠺ࠕไᗘ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ஧ࡘࡢ␗࡞ࡿ “concern”㸦άືయ㸧ࡀ⏘ࡳฟࡍၥ㢟ࢆࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡢ࡞࠿࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ㄪᩚࡋࠕ㐺ṇ࡞ࠖ(reasonable)ࡶࡢ࡟ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࡀࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ
୺せ࡞㛵ᚰ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㞟ᅋ⾜ືࡣᕷሙࡢ౯᱁ㄪᩚ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡟ᚲࡎࡋࡶ᭹ࡍࡿ࡜
ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ㞟ᅋ㛫ࡢ฼ᐖࡢ⾪✺ࡣࠊྖἲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄪᩚࡉࢀࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡔࡀ᪂ࡓ࡞≧ἣୗ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿ฼ᐖࡢ⾪✺ࡣࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢἲయ⣔ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛཰ࡲࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ
࡛ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㞟ᅋ㛫ࡢ฼ᐖࡢ⾪✺ࡀࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚⿢ุᡤࡢุỴุ࣭౛࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ἲ࡟ࡼࡗ୍࡚ᛂࡢゎỴࢆぢ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࠿᥈ࡿࠋࡇࡢసᴗࢆ㏻ࡌࠊ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚㐺ṇ࡞⾜ືࢆἲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏘ࡳฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿࡟㛵ᚰࢆᐤࡏࡓࠋࡇࢀࡀࢥࣔࣥࢬࢆࡋ࡚
ࠕἲࠖ࡜ࠕ⤒῭Ꮫࠖ࡜ࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡿᡤ௨࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ࡜ྠᵝ࡟⊂༨ẁ㝵ࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࢆࠕ஧ศἲࠖⓗ࡟ᤊ࠼࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊ␗࡞ࡿぢゎࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ࠿ࡃࡋ࡚ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥࡢ㐍໬ㄽⓗどⅬࢆ⮬ᕫࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ᦤྲྀࡍࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ㑅ᢥࡣ⮬↛㑅ᢥࡢ⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⮬ᕫࡢࡑࢀࡣே
Ⅽ㑅ᢥࡢ⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡟ࠕไᗘタィࠖࢆᣦྥࡍࡿࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ≉㉁ࡀᾋ࠿ࡧୖࡀࡿࠋ
ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡸࡑࡢไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫࢆࡵࡄࡿ◊✲ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣW.C. ࣑ࢵࢳ࢙ࣝ
(Wesley C. Mitchell)ࢆࡣࡌࡵJ.ࢻ࣮ࣇ࣐ࣥ㸦Joseph Dorfman㸧ࠊA.G. ࢢࣝ̿ࢳ࣮㸦Allan G.
Gruchy㸧ࠊࡲࡓࢃࡀᅜ࡛ࡣࠊఀ⸨ᩥ㞝ࠊᑠཎᩗኈࠊబࠎᮌ᫭ࠊబࠎ㔝ㅬ἞ࠊ⏣୰ᩄᘯࠊ㧗ဴ⏨ࠊ㧗ᶫ┿ᝅࠊ
ຍ⸨೺ࠊ㰻⸨ᏹஅ 11ࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡍࡿ◊✲⪅ࡓࡕ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ◊✲ᡂᯝࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ࡜ࢥࣔࣥࢬࢆㄽࡌࢀࡤࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡽࢀࡼ
࠺ࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣ⤒῭άືࢆࠊ⏕⏘ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡓࠕ⏘ᴗࠖ࡜ࠊႠ฼ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ࡋࡓࠕ௻ᴗࠖ
࡜ࡢ஧ศἲ࡜ࡍࡿぢ᪉ࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀ♧ࡋࡓࠕ⏘ᴗࠖ࡜ࠕ௻ᴗࠖ࡟ࡼࡿ㈨ᮏ୺
⩏ศᯒࡢᡭἲࡣࠊW.C.࣑ࢵࢳ࢙ࣝ(Wesley Clair Mitchell, 1874-1948)࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠕࡶࡢ࡙ࡃࡾࠖ

11

W. C. Mitchell, Types of Economic Theory: From Mercantilism to Institutionalism, vol.2(ed. by J.
Dorfman, Augustus M. Kelley Publishers, New York, 1969.); J. Dorfman, The Economic Mind in
American Civilization, Vol.5( Viking Press, New York, 1959) ; A.G. Gruchy, Modern Economic
Thought: the American Contribution (Augustus M. Kelly, 1967).ఀ⸨ᩥ㞝ࠗࢥࣔࣥࢬ◊✲̿⏘ᴗẸ୺୺⩏࡬ࡢ㐨̿࠘ྠᩥ㤋ࠊ1975 ᖺࠋᑠཎᩗኈࠗ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝⤒῭ᛮ᝿ࡢ₻ὶ࠘ວⲡ᭩ᡣࠊ1951ᖺࠋబࠎᮌ᫭ࠗไᗘ୺⩏⪅ࡓࡕ࡜ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭⌮ㄽ࠘ᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫ࠊ1982 ᖺࠋబࠎ㔝ㅬ἞ࠗ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ไᗘᏛὴ◊✲ᗎㄝࣦ࢙̿ࣈࣞࣥ࡜࣑ࢵࢳ࢙ࣝࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬ̿࠘๰ゝ♫ࠊ1982 ᖺࠋ⏣୰ᩄᘯࠗ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ⤒῭ᛮ᝿̿ᘓᅜᮇ࠿ࡽ⌧௦ࡲ࡛̿࠘ྡྂᒇ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠊ2002 ᖺࠋ㧗ဴ⏨ࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ⤒῭ᛮ᝿࡜ࢽ࣮ࣗࢹ࢕࣮ࣝࠖ㸦⏣୰ᩄᘯ⦅ⴭࠗ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡢ⤒῭ᛮ᝿̿ࡑࡢṔྐⓗᒎ㛤̿࠘᪥ᮏ⤒῭ホㄽ♫ࠊ1999 ᖺࠊ163-183 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋ㧗ᶫ┿ᝅࠕJ.R.ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࢦ
࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࢥࣥࢧ࣮ࣥㄽࠖ
୍ࠗᶫ኱Ꮫ♫఍⛉Ꮫྂ඾㈨ᩱࢭࣥࢱ࣮ᖺሗ࠘
ࠊ୍ᶫ኱Ꮫ♫఍⛉Ꮫྂ඾㈨ᩱࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠊ30 ྕࠊ2010 ᖺࠊ19-31 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋຍ⸨೺ࠕJ.R.ࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㞠⏝ၥ㢟࡜ປ౑㛫ࡢࢢࢵࢻ࢘࢕ࣝࠖࠗ⤒῭Ꮫྐ◊✲࠘ࠊ⤒῭ᏛྐᏛ఍ࠊ➨ 48 ᕳ➨ 1 ྕࠊ2006 ᖺ 6 ᭶ࠊ
32-45 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋ㰻⸨ᏹஅࠕJ.R.ࢥࣔࣥࢬ⤒῭ᛮ᝿ࡢ※Ἠࠖࠗ⤒῭㞟ᚿ࠘ࠊ᪥ᮏ኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ㒊ࠊ➨ 80 ᕳ➨ 4 ྕࠊ2011 ᖺࠊ351-362 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋ3 / 16㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍

ࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࡢ⌧௦ⓗᒎ㛤ࠖ

1/10, 2013ሯᮏ㝯ኵࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽࠖ

㸦making goods㸧࡜ࠕ㔠࡙ࡃࡾࠖ㸦making money㸧࡜ࡋ࡚⥅ᢎࡉࢀࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢᡭ࡟
ࡼࡗ࡚⏕⏘ࡢ⤌⧊ࡓࡿ “going plant”࡜ࠊႠ฼ࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿ “going business”࡜ࡋ࡚ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓゎ㔘࣭ゎㄝࡣࠊไᗘὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢᒎ㛤ࡀࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ࠿ࡽ࣑ࢵࢳ࢙ࣝࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࢥ
ࣔࣥࢬ࡬࡜ᴟࡵ࡚ࢫ࣒࣮ࢬ࡟ཷࡅ⥅ࡀࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠊ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡞༳㇟ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠋ12ࡋ࠿ࡋ࣑ࢵࢳ࢙ࣝࡣࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡀᛮᘚⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᐇドࡢ᰿ᣐࢆḞ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠊ
࡜ᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ㐍໬ᛮ᝿ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࢲ࣮
࢘࢕ࣥ୺⩏ࡣ⮬↛㑅ᢥࡢ⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࡑࢀࡣேⅭ㑅ᢥࡢ⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢぢゎ࡟␗㆟ࢆ⾲᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ௨㝆ࡢไᗘὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢᒎ㛤ࡢᇶ♏ࢆ⠏࠸ࡓ࡜࠸ࢃࢀࡿ࣑ࢵࢳ࢙ࣝࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࢆࡳ࡚ࡶࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓⅬࢆぢࡿ㝈ࡾᚲࡎࡋࡶࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࢆࡑࡢࡲࡲࠕ⥅ᢎࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣゝ࠸㞴࠸ࠋྲྀࡾศࡅࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡀࠊ࣑ࢵࢳ࢙ࣝ࡜ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࡑࢀ࡜኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿⅬࡣࡑࡢࠕே㛫ᛶࡢᴫᛕࠖ
㸦the concept of human nature㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ㐍໬ㄽⓗ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ᰾࡜࡞ࡿࠕ〇సᮏ⬟ࠖ(the instinct of workmanship)ࡀࠊ୧⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᘬࡁ⥅ࡀࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࣦ࢙ࣈ
ࣞࣥࡀ୺ᙇࡍࡿࠕ〇సᮏ⬟ࠖ࡜ࡣࠊྜ⌮ᛶࢆồࡵࡿே㛫ࡢᇶᮏⓗᛶⒷࢆෆໟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᴫᛕ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊ〇సᮏ⬟ࡣࠊᮏ᮶ࡢⓎ⌧ᙧែ࡜ࡋ࡚ྜ⌮ᛶࢆồࡵࡿࠋࡇࡢ
ᮏ⬟ࡀዲወᮏ⬟࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡃ࡜⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡ࢆ㐍ᒎࡉࡏࡿ᥎㐍ຊ࡜ࡋ࡚స⏝ࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓぶᛶᮏ⬟࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡃ࡜㞟ᅋ♫఍඲యࡢ⚟♴ࢆ㧗ࡵࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ〇సᮏ⬟ࡣࠊ⮬ᕫࢆⓎ⌧ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚⮬ࡽࢆởᰁࡋࠊ␎ዣᮏ⬟࡜ࡋ࡚⮬ᕫྰᐃⓗᒎ㛤ࢆ࡞ࡍࠋࡇࡢศᯒࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࠿ࡽࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊே㛫♫఍ࡢṔྐⓗⓎᒎ㐣⛬ࢆࠊ↓┠ⓗㄽⓗ⣼✚ⓗኚ໬ࡢ㐣⛬࡜ࡋ࡚ᥥࡁࡔ
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ㐍໬ㄽⓗ⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊ〇సᮏ⬟ࡀ⮬ᕫởᰁ㸦self-contamination㸧ࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡍᒎ㛤㐣⛬࡜ࡋ࡚ᥥ࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࡜ࡶ࠸࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ13 ࡇࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽぢࢀࡤࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊ࠶ࡓ࠿ࡶᘚドἲⓗⰍᙬࢆకࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 1412ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ࡜࣑ࢵࢳ࢙ࣝࡣࠊࢩ࢝ࢦ኱Ꮫ࡛ࠕᖌᘵࠖ㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ࡜
ࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡜ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ஺ὶࡣࠊᕼ࡛ⷧ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ◊✲ᐙࡢ J. ࢻ࣮ࣇ࣐ࣥ(Joseph
Dorfman)ࡣࠊࡑࡢⴭ Thorstein Veblen and his America㸦Augustus M. Kelley Publishers, 1972 㸧ࠝඵᮌ⏠ヂࣦ࢙ࠗࣈࣞࣥ̿ࡑࡢே࡜᫬௦࠘࣍ࣝࢺ࣭ࢧ࢘ࣥࢲ࣮ࢫ࣭ࢪࣕࣃࣥࠊ1985 ᖺࠞࡢ࡞࠿
࡛ࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊࢃࡎ࠿ 4 ࠿ᡤ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡶࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ࡜ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢᏛ
ၥⓗ஺ὶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊఱࡽゝཬࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
13
T. Veblen, The Instinct of Workmanship: and the State of the Industrial Arts,(Augustus M. Kelley, Booksellers, New York, 1964, original 19149ࠝᯇᑿ༤ヂࣦ࢙ࠗࣈࣞࣥ⤒῭ⓗᩥ᫂ㄽ̿⫋ேᢏᮏ⬟࡜⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࡢⓎᒎ࣑̿࠘ࢿࣦࣝ࢓᭩ᡣࠊ1997 ᖺࠞ.
14
J.S.ࢠ࣒ࣕࢬ(Johan S. Gambs)࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ᪉ἲࡣࠕ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢᘚドἲࡢࡼ࠺࡞
ࡶࡢࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠖ
ࠋ(J.S.Gambs, Beyond Supply and Demand: A Reappraisal of Institutional
Economics, Greenwood Press, Publishers, Westport, Connecticut,1976,original 1946,) p.60.ࠝబࠎᮌ᫭┘ヂࠗ㟂⤥ࢆ㉸࠼࡚̿ไᗘὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ෌ホ౯̿࠘ከ㈡ฟ∧ࠊ1988 ᖺࠊ86 ࣮࣌ࢪࠞ㸬ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢᘚドἲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢࡶࡢࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ
బࠎᮌ᫭ࠗ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ᪉ἲㄽࣦ࢙̿ࣈࣞࣥ࡜࣐ࣝࢡࢫ̿࠘ᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫ࠊ1967.బࠎ㔝ㅬ
4 / 16㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍

1/10, 2013ࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࡢ⌧௦ⓗᒎ㛤ࠖሯᮏ㝯ኵࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽࠖ

ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㈨ᮏ୺⩏⤒῭ࡢศᯒࢆᕠࡾࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࣦ
࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢຌ⦼࡜㝈⏺ࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿ࠿ࢆぢࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡜ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ㛵ಀࢆ෌᳨ウࡋ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸ࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽࡣࠊḟࡢ 4 Ⅼࡀ(1) ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀ↓ᙧ㈨ᮏࡢᴫᛕࢆᒎ
㛤ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ㧗ࡃホ౯ࡍࡿࠋ(2) ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ㐍໬ㄽࡀࠕ⮬↛㑅ᢥࠖࡢ❧ሙ࡛࠶ࡾࠊไᗘࢆ
ேⅭⓗ࡟ᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡬࡜ᨵၿࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ❧ሙ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ(3)ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࠕࡢࢀࢇࠖ(good-will)ࡢᴫᛕࡢ᭷ຠᛶࢆホ౯ࡍࡿࠋ 15ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࢆᮏ✏ࡢ㆟ㄽࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡇ

ࢀ௨㝆ࡢࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽࡣࠊ
㸦4㸧〇సᮏ⬟ㄽࡢ㝈⏺ࠊ (5)ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࠕ⏘ᴗࠖ࡜ࠕไᗘࠖࡢ஧ศἲࡢ㝈⏺ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࠊࡑࢀ࡟௦ࢃࡿ 3 ࡘࡢࠕྲྀᘬࠖᴫᛕఝࢆ౑ࡗࡓศᯒࡢ᭷
ຠᛶࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋ࠿ࡃࡋ࡚ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊ⌧௦ࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㈨ᮏ୺⩏యไࡢࡶࡢ࡜࡛ࡢ㞟ᅋ⾜ືࢆศᯒࡍࡿ᭷ຠ࡞ᡭἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ㞟ᅋ⾜ືࠖࠊࠕ⥅⥆άືయࠖ(“going concern”)ࠊ⿢ุᡤࡢᥦ
♧࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࠕ㐺ṇ౯್ࠖ(reasonable value)ࡢ㆟ㄽࢆ♧ࡍ࡟⮳ࡿࠋ࡛ࡣࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ୺ᙇࢆ㡰ḟぢ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺ࠋ
2.

ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ࡜↓ᙧ㈈⏘(1) ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ࡜⿢ุᡤࡢࠕ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࠖࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ㈉⊩ࡀࠕ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࠖ㸦intangible property㸧ࡢᢕᥱ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠊ࡜ホ౯ࡍࡿࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡣᡤ᭷ࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡾᑐ౯ࡢᨭᡶ࠸࡟್ࡍࡿ㈈⏘࡜ࡣࠊ᭷ᙧ
ࡢࣔࣀࡔࡅࡀࡑࡢㄆ㆑ᑐ㇟࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࡀᡤ᭷ᶒࡢᑐ㇟࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡋ࠿ࡶᑐ౯
ࡢᨭᡶ࠸࡟್ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡣㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࡀ⤒῭ⓗ౯್ࢆᣢࡘ࡜࠸࠺ㄆ㆑ࡣࠊㄢ⛯ᑐ㇟㢠ࡢ⟬ᐃࡸࠊẸ㛫௻ᴗࢆබႠ໬ࡍ
ࡿࡓࡵ࡟㈙࠸ୖࡆ౯᱁ࢆホ౯ࡍࡿ㝿ࡢ⿢ุࢆ㏻ࡌࠊ⿢ุᡤ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄆᐃࡉࢀ࡚ጞࡵࡓࠋ
ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊ⌧௦ࡢ↓ᙧ㈈⏘(the modern intangible property)࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࢆᕠࡾࠊ1890ᖺ௨㝆࡟ 2 ࡘࡢ␗࡞ࡿ⌮ㄽࡀᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࡓࠊ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㆟ㄽࢆጞࡵࡿࠋࡑࡢ୍
㸦the exploitationࡘࡣࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀ 1904 ᖺࡢࠗႠ฼௻ᴗࡢ⌮ㄽ࡛࠘ᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࠕᦢྲྀࡢ⌮ㄽ 16ࠖ
theory , p.649㸧 17࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶ࠺ 1 ࡘࡣ⿢ุᡤࡢࠕ㐺ṇ౯್ࡢ⌮ㄽࠖ(the reasonable value of the἞ࠗ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ไᗘᏛὴ◊✲ᗎㄝࣦ࢙̿ࣈࣞࣥ࡜࣑ࢵࢳ࢙ࣝࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬ̿࠘๰ゝ♫ࠊ1982 ᖺࠋྠࣦ࢙ࠗࣈࣞࣥ࡜ไᗘὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ ࢼ࢝ࢽࢩࣖฟ∧㸪2003 ᖺࠋ
15ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࡀࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ࡼࡿࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽࡢ๓༙㒊ศ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
16
W.C.࣑ࢵࢳ࢙ࣝࡣࠊ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࢆࡵࡄࡿࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ࡜ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ㐪࠸ࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭ࡿࠋࠕ⤖ᒁࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ↓ᙧ㈈⏘࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢほᛕࡣࠊ᭱ᚋ࡟ࡣ࣐ࣝࢡࢫⓗ࡞ࠗᙉዣ࡜ᦢྲྀ
(“extortion and exploitation”㸧࡟ᖐ╔ࡋࡓࠖࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࠕ↓ᙧ㈈⏘࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊ㐺ṇ౯್࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࢥ࣮ࣔࣥࣟࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡜࠸࠺⤖ㄽ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠖࠋ㸦W.C. Mitchell, Types of
Economic Theory: From Mercantilism to Institutionalism, ed. by Joseph Dorfman, Vol. ϩ,
Augustus M. Kelley Publishers, New York, 1969, p,722.㸧
࣑ࢵࢳ࢙ࣝࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽ࡜ࢥࣔࣥࢬㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⏣୰ᩄᘯࠕW. C. ࣑ࢵࢳ࢙ࣝ࡟ࡼࡿ
ไᗘ୺⩏⤒῭Ꮫྐ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠖ㸦ࠗ⤒῭Ꮫㄽ✲࠘ࠊ㛵すᏛ㝔኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ㒊◊✲఍ࠊ➨ 66 ᕳ➨ 3
ྕࠊ2012 ᖺ 12 ᭶ࠊ1-32 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧࠿ࡽࠊከࡃࢆᩍ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࢆグࡍࠋ17௨ୗᮏ✏࡟࠾࠸࡚≉ูࡢ᩿ࡾࡀ࡞ࡃ࣮࣌ࢪᩘࡀグࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࠊJ.R. Commons,Institutional Economics ࡢ࣮࣌ࢪᩘࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
5 / 16㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍

ࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࡢ⌧௦ⓗᒎ㛤ࠖ

1/10, 2013ሯᮏ㝯ኵࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽࠖ

courts)࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ 2 ࡘࡢ⌮ㄽࡣࠊ࡜ࡶ࡟ᑗ᮶฼┈ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍྲྀᘬࡢ⌧ᅾ౯್࡜ࡋ࡚㈈⏘ࢆᤊ࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺᪂ࡋ࠸⪃࠼᪉࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ18 ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊࡇࡢ⪃࠼ࢆ 1904 ᖺࡢࠗႠ฼௻ᴗࡢ
⌮ㄽ࠘ࡢ࡞࠿࡛ᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࠋ⿢ุᡤࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊ1890 ᖺ௨㝆ࡢ᭱㧗⿢ࡢุỴ࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊ⿢ุᡤࡀୗࡋࡓุỴ࠿ࡽࠊ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࡀᑐ౯ࡢᨭᡶ࠸࡟್ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ㄆ㆑ࡀ
࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ᙧᡂࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ࠿ࢆ᥈ࡿࠋ࣮࢝ࢿࢠ࣮(Andrew Carnegie)ࡢ US ࢫࢸ࢕࣮ࣝࡢ
஦౛ࡸࠊᕞᨻᗓࡀ㕲㐨఍♫࡬ࡢㄢ⛯ᑐ㇟㢠ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞᰿ᣐ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ホ౯ࡋࡓࡢ࠿ࢆࡵ
ࡄࡿッゴ஦௳ࡢุỴࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓุỴ࠿ࡽぢ࠼࡚ࡃࡿࡢࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛㈈⏘࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠕ↓ᙧࡢࣔࣀࠖࡀࠕ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ⤒῭ⓗ౯್ࡀㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ
ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ⤒㐣࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾㄢ⛯ᑐ㇟࡜ホ౯ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡣࠊᙜヱ௻ᴗࡢ⏕⏘᪋タ࡛
࠶ࡿ᭷ᙧ㈨ᮏࢆ෌ࡧᘓタࡍࡿ㈝⏝࡜ࡶ࠸࠼ࡿ෌ᘓ㈝⏝࡜ࠊࡑࢀ௨እࡢࠕఱ࠿ࠖ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡗ࡚
࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢࠕఱ࠿ࠖࡇࡑࡀࠕ↓ᙧ㈈⏘࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࠕ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࡣࠊࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࢥࣥࢧ࣮ࣥ
࡜ࡋ࡚ᰴᘧ఍♫(corporation)ࡢᮇᚅ཰┈ຊ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᰴๆࡸമๆ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿᕷሙ౯್ࡢ⥲㢠࡛࠶ࡿࠖ(p.652)࡜ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠕࡇࡢᡭࡢ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࡣࠊࠝ♫఍࠿ࡽࠞἲእࡢ㔠ࢆཷࡅྲྀࡿࡇ࡜(“holed-up”)࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛඲ࡃࡶࡗ࡚ࡢᦢྲྀ࡛ࡋ࠿࡞࠸ࠖ
㸦p.650㸧࡜ㄆ㆑ࡋࡓࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞ
ࣥࡢ୺ᙇ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ↓ᙧ㈨ᮏࡢ౯್ࡣࠊᮇᚅ཰┈ຊ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊᩥᏐ㏻ࡾࠕ㔠㖹ⓗࠖ(“pecuniary”)౯್ࡔࡅࡋ࠿࡞ࡃࠊ
ࠕ⏘ᴗⓗࠖ(“industrial”㸧౯್ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ
୺ᙇࡣࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡞⤒῭Ꮫࡢ୺ᙇ࡜ẚ㍑ࡍࢀࡤࠊ୍ᒙ᫂☜࡛࠶ࡿࠋఏ⤫ⓗ⤒῭Ꮫ࡛ࡣࠊ㈨ᮏ
ࡢ౯್ࢆࠊ⏕⏘᪋タࡸၟရࢆ෌ᗘධᡭࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ㈝⏝࡜ᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡘࡲࡾ᭷ᙧ㈈࡜
ࡋ࡚ࡢࡳᢕᥱࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀ⌧௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞⪃࠼᪉ࢆ᭱ึ࡟⠏ࡁୖࡆࡓே≀࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜㧗ࡃホ౯ࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀ᭱㧗⿢ุᡤࡢุỴࢆ◊✲ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ㝈⏺
ࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋ
↓ᙧ㈈⏘࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⿢ุᡤࡢㄆ㆑ࡣࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ୺ᙇ࡟ἢ࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡔࡀ⿢ุ
ᡤࡣࠊබඹ┠ⓗ࡟㐺࠺ㄢ⛯ࡢᖹ➼ᛶࡢぢᆅ࠿ࡽࠊ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࡢ⤒῭౯್ࢆࠊ㐺ṇ࡞㸦reasonable㸧཰┈⋡࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࠕ㐺ṇ౯್ࠖ(reasonable value)࡜ࡋ࡚ホ౯ࡍࡿุỴࢆୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ(p.652)ࠋ࠿
ࡃࡋ࡚↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࢆࡵࡄࡾࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࡇࢀࢆࠕᦢྲྀ⌮ㄽࠖ࡜ࡋࠊ௚᪉⿢ุᡤࡣࠕ㐺ṇ౯್ࡢ⌮ㄽࠖ࡟⮳ࡗࡓ㸦p.653㸧
ࠋࠕࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࡇࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࢆ 1904 ᖺࡢࠗႠ฼௻ᴗࡢ⌮ㄽ࡛࠘✺ዴ(suddenly)୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋ௚᪉ࠊ⿢ุᡤࡣࠊ⿢ุᐁࡀ௦ࢃࡿࡓࡧ࡟ࠊྲྀࡾㄪ࡭ࢆ㔜ࡡࠊヨ⾜㘒ㄗࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ⤒㦂࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚㐺ṇ౯್ࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡓ࡝ࡾ╔࠸ࡓࠖ㸦pp.653-654㸧
ࠋ(2) ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒ㄽ࡜ᦢྲྀ⌮ㄽࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࢆࡵࡄࡿࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ࡜⿢ุᡤࡢ⤖ㄽࡀ࡞ࡐ┦㐪ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࢆၥ࠺ࠋ
ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠕ⛉Ꮫࠖࡢぢᆅ࠿ࡽࠕ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࠖࢆᤊ࠼ࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࡣࠕ┠ⓗࠖࡀ᤼㝖ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋ18ࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࢆࡵࡄࡿࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊࠗႠ฼௻ᴗࡢ⌮ㄽ࠘ࡢ࡞࠿࡟
ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ⿢ุᡤࡢ୺ᙇࡣࠊ1890 ᖺ௨㝆ࡢ᭱㧗⿢ุᡤࡢุỴࡢ୰࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ
6 / 16㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍

ࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࡢ⌧௦ⓗᒎ㛤ࠖ

1/10, 2013ሯᮏ㝯ኵࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽࠖ

࠸ࡓࠋ௚᪉ࠊ⿢ุᡤࡀᢪ࠸ࡓ⪃࠼᪉࡜ࡣࠊබඹ┠ⓗ࡜࠸࠺ぢᆅ࠿ࡽࠕ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࠖࢆᤊ࠼ࡿ
࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ⿢ุᡤࡀᢪ࠸ࡓࠕ♫఍ࡢ┿⌮࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊ⿢ุᡤࡢุỴࡀ♫఍࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢ┿⌮࡛࠶ࡿࠕ⛉Ꮫࠖ㊊ࡾ࠺ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡑࡢุỴ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃไᗘࡣබඹ┠ⓗ࡟ἢࢃࡏࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࠕ⛉Ꮫᴫᛕࠖ(conception of a science)ࡣࠊ≀⌮Ꮫ࡛ࡣఏ⤫ⓗ࡞⛉Ꮫほ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ஦ᐇࢆ◊✲ࡍࡿ㝿࡟┠ⓗࢆ᤼㝖ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ≀⌮Ꮫ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣఏ⤫࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࠸ࡘࡶࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀ⛉Ꮫࡢ㡿ᇦ࠿ࡽ┠ⓗࢆ᤼㝖ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊࣦ࢙
ࣈࣞࣥ⊂⮬ࡢࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒(Pragmatism)ࡢゎ㔘ࡢ௙᪉࡟㉳ᅉࡍࡿࠋ 19 ࢪ࢙࣮࣒ࢬ
㸦William James㸧ࡣࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒ࢆಶேᚰ⌮Ꮫ࡟ᙜ࡚ᔐࡵࡓࠋࢹ࣮ࣗ࢖㸦John Dewy㸧ࡣࠊ♫఍ᚰ⌮Ꮫ࡟ᙜ࡚ᔐࡵࡓࠋࢪ࢙࣮࣒ࢬࡶࢹ࣮ࣗ࢖ࡶࠊࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒ࡢ┠ⓗࡀே㛫⛉Ꮫ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚୺せ࡞ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡋࡓࠋࢪ࢙࣮࣒ࢬࡶࢹ࣮ࣗ࢖ࡶඹ࡟ࠕ┠ⓗࠖࢆෆໟࡍࡿࡀࡺ࠼࡟ࠊ┠ⓗࡢ᤼㝖ࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿࣃ࣮ࢫ(Charles Sanders Peirce)࡜ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ࠿ࡽᣄ⤯ࡉࢀࡓࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊ⛉Ꮫ࡜ࡣࠕ஦ᐇ࡟༶ࡋࡓ஦᯶ࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⛉Ꮫ(“matter-of-fact” science)࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࠋ┠ⓗࡸ࢔ࢽ࣑ࢬ࣒ࢆ᤼㝖ࡋࠊኚ໬ࡀ㐃⥆ࡍࡿࠕ㐣⛬ࠖ(“process”)࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡔࡅࢆ⛉Ꮫ࡜ࡋ࡚ྲྀࡾධࢀࡓࠋࡔ࠿ࡽ᭱⤊฿㐩Ⅼ࡬࡜ྥ࠿࠺ᅉᯝ㛵ಀࠊࡘࡲࡾ┠ⓗㄽⓗᅉᯝ㛵ಀࡣ᤼㝖ࡉࢀࡿࠋ⌧௦ࡢ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡(modern technology)࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ⌧௦ࡢ⛉Ꮫࡣࡇࡢጇᙜᛶࡢ᳨ドࢆཷࡅࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ⛉Ꮫㄽ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣ୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋ
ࡔ࠿ࡽࡶࡋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀṇࡋࡅࢀࡤࠊ⛉Ꮫ࡜ࡣ≀⌮Ꮫࡔࡅ࡟࡞ࡿࠊ࡜ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣㄽ㞴ࡍࡿࠋࠕே㛫ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⛉Ꮫࠖ(science of human nature)࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣ࠶ࡾᚓ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋ
ࡲ࠺ࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀゝ࠺ࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒࡜ࡣࠕࡈ㒔ྜ୺⩏ࡢ⾜ືཎ⌮ࠖࢆ๰ࡾࡔࡍࡔࡅ
ࡢୡ಑ࡢ▱ᜨ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⛉Ꮫࡢ⢭⚄࡜ࡣ┦ᐜࢀ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠊ࡜ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣゎ㔘ࡍࡿ
(p.654)ࠋ 20
ࡋ࠿ࡋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒ࢆࠕୡ಑ࡢ▱ᜨࠖ࡜ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊࡲࡉ࡟ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ
ࡢไᗘศᯒ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠊ࡜ㄽࡌࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊ
ࠕୡ಑ࡢ▱ᜨࠖ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⾜ືࢆࠕࣉࣛࢢ࣐
ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᩚ⌮ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࡑࢀࡀไᗘ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⾜ືࡢ᫂☜࡞ᙧែ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᥥ
࠸ࡓࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀၥ㢟࡜ࡋࡓ᭕᫕࡞ே㛫ᛶࡢᴫᛕࡀࠊࠕྲྀᘬࠖࡸࠕ࣮࣡࢟ࣥࢢ࣭
࣮ࣝࣝࠖࡢᴫᛕࢆ౑࠼ࡤᡭ▷࡟཰ࡲࡿࠊ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ㞟ᅋ⾜ືࡣಶேࡀ⾜࠺ྲྀᘬࢆ19ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒ゎ㔘࡟Ḟ㝗ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄽࡌ
ࡿࠋࠕࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀࣃ࣮ࢫࡢࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒ࡀศ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࡜ࡣᛮࢃࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࣃ࣮ࢫࡢࣉ
ࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒ࡣࠊ≀⌮Ꮫࡢࡳࢆྲྀࡾᢅ࠸ࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊ⿢ุᡤ
ࡢࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒ࡶࡲࡓศ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⿢ุᡤࡢࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒ࡣࠊ
ࢹ࣮ࣗ࢖ࡢࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒࡟ࡶ୍ᒙ⥭ᐦ࡟ἢ࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ㸦J.R. Commons, Institutional
Economics, p.654.㸧
20ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࡇࡢ୺ᙇࢆࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢㄽᩥ “The Place of Science in Modern Civilization”ࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋCf., T. Veblen, The Place of Science in Modern Civilization andOther Essays㸦Russell & Russell, New York, 1919, pp.17,18.㸧
7 / 16㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍

ࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࡢ⌧௦ⓗᒎ㛤ࠖ

1/10, 2013ሯᮏ㝯ኵࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽࠖ

ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡟⥅⥆άືయ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࢥࣥࢧ࣮ࣥࡢ⾜Ⅽ‽๎࡛࠶ࡿ࣮࣡࢟ࣥࢢ࣭࣮ࣝࣝ࠾ࡼࡧྲྀᘬ࡜࠸࠺ศᯒࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡀᥦ♧࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋἲไᗘࡢୗ
࡛ࡣࡑࢀࡽࡣࠊ㐺ṇ౯್ࡸἲ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ㐺ṇᡭ⥆ࡢ⌮ㄽ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ฼ᐖࡢ⾪✺ࡣࠊබඹࡢ฼┈ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ࣮ࣝࣝࡀసࡽࢀࠊ⿢ุᡤࡀุ᩿ࢆୗࡍࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓἲไᗘ࡟ࡼࡿつไࡀ࡞࠸᫬௦ࡢ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢୗ࡛ࡢྲྀᘬ࠿ࡽ⌮ㄽࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢไᗘ
୺⩏ࡣࠊ㈨ᮏᐙ࡟ࡼࡿᦢྲྀࡢ⌮ㄽ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒ㄽࡢ᳨ウࢆ㏻ࡌࠊࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒࡟ࡣ᥈ồࡢ᪉ἲ࡜࠸
࠺⛉Ꮫほ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢព࿡࡜ࠊே㛫⾜ືࢆ⛉Ꮫࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒ࢆ㐺ᛂࡍࡿព࿡ࠊ
࡜࠸࠺஧ࡘࡢព࿡ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋ
ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋே㛫⾜ືࡢ⛉Ꮫ࡜࡞ࢀࡤࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࡣᮍ᮶ᚿྥ࡜┠ⓗࢆᣢࡗࡓືᶵ࡜ࡀᖖ࡟ၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ࠿ࡃࡋ࡚ಶே⾜ືࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㞟ᅋ⾜ືࡢࡍ࡭࡚࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⥲ྜࡋࡓᴫᛕࢆ⤖㞟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࡞࠿࡟ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢᦢྲྀ⌮ㄽࡶྲྀࡾ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࠋ࣮࣡࢟ࣥࢢ࣭࣮ࣝࣝࡶࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࢥࣥࢧ࣮ࣥࡶ⛉Ꮫࡢ᪉ἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ
ࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒࡟༶ࡋ࡚◊✲ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟⿢ุᡤࡀุỴࢆᑟࡁฟࡍ㐣⛬ࠊࡘࡲࡾ㐺ṇ౯್ࡢព࿡ෆᐜࡀኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㐣⛬ࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿ࡞࠿࡛ࠊࠕ஦ᐇ࡟༶ࡋࡓ஦᯶ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚◊✲࡛ࡁࡿࠋ⩦័ࡸࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࢥࣥࢧ࣮ࣥࢆྵࡴ㞟ᅋ⾜ືࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡀኚ໬ࡋࠊࡑࢀ࡟కࡗ࡚
♫఍ဴᏛࡶኚ໬ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢኚ໬ࡢෆ࡟ࠊ⤒῭Ꮫࡀ㐍໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㐣⛬ࡀぢ࡚ྲྀࢀࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈ
ࣞࣥࡣṇ⤫ὴᏛ⪅ࡀ㐍໬ㄽⓗ⤒῭⌮ㄽࢆᒎ㛤࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ⌮⏤ࢆࠊே㛫ᛶࡢᴫᛕࡀㄗࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢㄗࡗࡓே㛫ᛶࡢᴫᛕࡣ࣋ࣥࢧ࣒ࡀᥦ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
࠿ࡃࡋ࡚ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࠕ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ୺㢟ࢆಶே࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿྲྀᘬ࡜㞟ᅋ⾜ື࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿࢦ࣮࢖ࣥ
ࢢ࣭ࢥࣥࢧ࣮ࣥ࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࡑࡢㄗࡗࡓᴫᛕࢆᅇ㑊ࡍࡿࠖ
㸦p.656㸧࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋ
3.

ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ〇సᮏ⬟ㄽ(1)ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥ୺⩏࡜〇సᮏ⬟ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࢆᘬࡁྜ࠸࡟ࡔࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥ୺⩏ࡢ≉㉁ࢆ
ㄝ᫂ࡋࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬ⮬㌟ࡢࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥ୺⩏࡜ࡢẚ㍑ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊṇ⤫ὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡀᥥࡃࠕே㛫ᛶࡢᴫᛕࠖࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ᢈุࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋṇ⤫ὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡀ᝿ᐃࡍࡿே㛫ᛶࡢᴫᛕࡣࠊᛌᴦ୺⩏ⓗ࠿ࡘཷືⓗ࡞ே㛫ീ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ
J.࣋ࣥࢧ࣒(Jeremy Bentham)ࡢᛌᴦ୺⩏ⓗே㛫ほ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࡇࢀࢆྲྀᘬ
࡜㞟ᅋ⾜ື࡛࠶ࡿࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࢥࣥࢧ࣮ࡢ࣮࣡࢟ࣥࢢ࣭࣮ࣝࣝ࡜㐺ṇ౯್ࢆᑟධࡍࢀࡤࠊ
ࡇࡢㄗࡗࡓே㛫ᛶࡢᴫᛕࢆᅇ㑊࡛ࡁࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ୺ᙇࢆ㏣ࡗ࡚⾜ࡇ࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡣࠊࣔࣀࢆ≀㉁ᴫᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡔࡅࡋ࠿ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࢥࣔࣥ
ࢬ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠕ〇సᮏ⬟ࠖ(“instinct of workmanship”)࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ㠀≀㉁ⓗ࡞ᴫᛕࢆࡶྵࡴෆᐜ࡬࡜㐍໬ࡉࡏࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ㏆ᖺࡢ㈨ᮏࡢྲྀࡾᢅ࠸ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡟┦ᛂࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ≀㉁࡜ࡑࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀ〇సࠕᮏ⬟ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅࡗࡓࣔࣀࡣࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡀゝ࠺⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ(managerial transaction)ࡀ⏘ࡳฟࡋ
8 / 16㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍

ࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࡢ⌧௦ⓗᒎ㛤ࠖ

1/10, 2013ሯᮏ㝯ኵࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽࠖ

ࡓࠕ័⩦࡜ἲࠖ
㸦custom and law㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⟶⌮ྲྀᘬࡢ⩦័࡜ἲࡣࠊၟရ⏕⏘࡟⛛ᗎࢆࡶࡓࡽ
㸦quantum meruit㸧ࡸࠕᥦ౪ᙺົ┦ᙜ㔠㢠ࡢㄳࡍࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࡇࡢ័⩦࡜ἲࡣࠊࠕ↓༳❶ዎ⣙ 21ࠖồࠖ㸦quantum meruit㸧ࡢἲⓗ⌮ㄽࡢ᰿ᣐ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ⾮ᖹἲ(equity law) 22࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡁࠊ
㈈⏘ᡤ᭷⪅ࡀ┦ᡭࡢ⾜ືࢆᨭ㓄ࡍࡿᶒ฼ࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ≀㉁࡜ࡑࡢ≀㉁ࡢᡤ᭷ᶒ࡜ࢆศࡅࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࢆ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡀࡍ࡛࡟ࡋ࡚
࠸ࡓ࡜ࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢᛮ⪃ࡣࠊ୍ࡘ࡟ࡣ࣮࣊ࢤࣝᘚドἲ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊࡶ࠺୍ࡘ࡟ࡣ⮬↛ᶒ࡜⮬↛ⓗ⮬⏤࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࡜ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣ┳೴ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡟
┠ⓗㄽⓗᛶ᱁ࡀぢฟࡏࡿࠋࡔ࠿ࡽ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢᥥ࠸ࡓᅗᘧࡣࠊࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥ௨๓ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀ┠ᣦࡍࠕࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥ୺⩏ࡢ㐍໬࡟ࡣࠊணࡵ㐠࿨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡓ┠ⓗ(foreordainedend)ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡟࠶ࡿࡢࡣᅉᯝ㛵ಀࡢ㐃⥆ࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡶࡑࡢ㐃⥆࡟ࡣࠊ࠸࠿࡞ࡿ
ഴྥࡶ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ࠸࠿࡞ࡿ⤊ᮎࡶ࡞࠸ࡋࠊ࠸࠿࡞ࡿ᏶ᡂࡶ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣࠗ┣┠ⓗ࡛⣼✚ⓗ࡞ᅉᯝ㛵ಀ࡛࠘࠶ࡿࠖ(p.657)ࠋከᵝᛶ(variability)ࡣࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥ୺⩏࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ㐍໬ࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓከᵝᛶࢆࠊ┠ⓗࡀ࡞࠸༢࡞ࡿ㐣⛬࡜ࡋ࡚ゎࡁ᫂࠿ࡑ࠺࡜
ດࡵࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥࡢ㐍໬ㄽ࡟࠶ࡿከᵝᛶ࡟ࡣࠊ஧✀㢮ࡢࠕ㑅ᢥࠖ(selection)ࡀാࡃࠋ⮬↛㑅ᢥ࡜ேⅭ㑅ᢥ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕࢃࢀࢃࢀࠝࢥࣔࣥࢬࠞࡢࡑࢀࡣࠊேⅭ㑅ᢥࡢ⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣦ࢙
ࣈࣞࣥࡢࡑࢀࡣ⮬↛㑅ᢥ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ(p.657)ࠋ
ࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊ㐣⛬(Process)࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࢆᥦ㉳ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡟ࡣ☜࠿ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞⾜ࡁඛ࡞࡝ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡀணࡵ㐠࿨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡓ㐍໬࡜࠸࠺๓ࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥ୺⩏ࡢᴫᛕࢆᢪ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᢈุࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡛ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞ
ࣥࡣṇࡋ࠸ࠊ࡜ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣ୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢᢈุࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥ୺⩏ࡢࠕ㐣⛬ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚↓ᙧ㈈⏘(intangible property)ࡢศᯒࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࠋ᭷య㈈⏘21ཱྀ㢌ࡔࡅࡢዎ⣙࡛ࡶ᭷ຠ࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢዎ⣙ࡀ◚Რࡉࢀࡓࠊࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᦆᐖ
ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓሙྜࠊࡑࡢᦆᐖ㈺ൾࢆồࡵࡿࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࡢッゴᙧᘧࢆ࠸࠺ࠋᘬࡁཷࡅッゴ࡜
ࡶ࠸࠺ࠋ

22

ࠕࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࠖ
㸦Common Law㸧୪ࡧ࡟ࠕ࢚ࢡ࢖ࢸ࢕࣮࣭࣮ࣟࠖ
㸦Equity Law : ⾮ᖹἲ㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⡆༢࡟ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ୧⪅ࡣ࡜ࡶ࡟ⱥ⡿࡟࠾ࡅࡿุ౛ἲ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ័⩦ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ
ἲゎ㔘ࡣุ஦ࡢⰋ㆑࡟ࡺࡔࡡࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ஦௳ࢆ័⩦࡟ᚑࡗ࡚ゎỴࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࠊࡑࡢࠕἲࠖ
ࡀ័⩦ἲ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜᫂グࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊἲⓗ᰿ᣐࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸ุỴ࣭Ỵᐃ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
Equity㸦⾮ᖹἲ㸧ࡀࠊ≉ᐃࡢᆅ᪉ࡢ≉ᐃࡢ័⩦࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ஦௳ࢆಶู࡟ྲྀࡾᢅ࠺ࡢ࡟ᑐ
ࡋࠊࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࡣࠊᅜ඲య࡟ᗈࡃ⾜ࡁΏࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ୍⯡ⓗ័⩦࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ⋤❧⿢ุᡤࡀ஦௳ࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢุỴࡣࠊࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࡢἲⓗ᰿ᣐ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ㔜どࡉࢀࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟ࡜ Equity ࢆẚ࡭ࢀࡤࠊEquity ࡣಶࠎࡢ஦௳ࡢ≉Ṧᛶ࡟༶ࡋࠊ≧ἣኚ໬࡬ࡢᑐᛂࡀ㏿ࡸ࠿࡟࡞ࡉࢀࠊ஦௳ࡢゎỴࡀಁࡉࢀࡿࠋゝࢃࡤ Equity ࡣࠊࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࡀ
≧ἣኚ໬࡟ᑐᛂࡋࡁࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ሙྜࠊࡇࢀࢆ⿵㊊ࡍࡿࠊ࡜ࡶゝ࠼ࡿࠋEquity ࡜࠸࠺ྡ⛠ࡣࠊࡑࡢ㉳※ࡀ୙ື⏘ࢆᕠࡿத࠸࠿ࡽᡂ❧ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿࠋ
9 / 16㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍

ࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࡢ⌧௦ⓗᒎ㛤ࠖ

1/10, 2013ሯᮏ㝯ኵࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽࠖ

(corporeal property)⮬యࡣࠊ㉎㈙ຊࡸ㈍኎ຊ࡜ࡣ㛵ಀࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ↓ᙧ㈈⏘࡜ࡣࠊ㉎㈙ࠊ㈍኎ࠊ
೉ධࠊ㈚௜ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㈈⏘ᶒࡀᣢࡘ㔠㖹ⓗ౯್ࢆቑ኱ࡋ࡚⾜ࡃ㐣⛬ࡑࢀ⮬య࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ
㔠㖹ⓗ㐣⛬࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊ≀㉁࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᐩࢆつ๎ṇࡋࡃ๰㐀ࡍࡿ㐣⛬ࢆࠊ㔠㖹ⓗ㐣⛬࡟௦࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࠕࡇࡢ㐣⛬ࢆࠗ⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࠘(Managerial
Transactions)ࡀᮇᚅ㏻ࡾ࡟ᩚ↛࡜⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࡜࿧ࡪࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊࡇࡢ㐣⛬ࢆࠗ〇సᮏ⬟࠘(the Instinct of Workmanship)࡜࿧ࡪࠖ
㸦p.658㸧ࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࢸ࢖࣮ࣛ(Frederic Taylor)ࡢ⛉Ꮫⓗ⟶⌮ㄽ 23ࢆ᪤࡟▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࡇࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡟཯Ⓨࡋࠊ〇స⪅ࡢ⌮ᛕ(the idealized workman)ࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ⌮ᛕ࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊ⫗యປാ⪅࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡜ࠊ⛉Ꮫ⪅࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡜ࠊ⤒Ⴀ⪅࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡜ࠊ〇స
(workmanship)ࠝᮏ⬟ࠞࡀసࡾୖࡆࡓఏ⤫ⓗ⾜ືᵝᘧࢆ⏦ࡋศ࡞ࡃ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ
ࡣࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍጉᐖࢆࡶ࠸࡜ࢃࡎࠊᐩࡢ⏕⏘࡟ಀࢃࡿேࡓࡕࡢ▱㆑ࠊ⛉Ꮫࠊᢏᕦࠊ⩦័ࡸ័⩦࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㐍໬⌮ㄽࢆసࡾୖࡆࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣᢏ⾡⪅ࡀඛᑟࡍࡿࡢࡔࡀ 24ࠊ〇సᮏ⬟࡟ࡼࡗ࡚▱㆑ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㐺⏝ࡉࢀࠊ⩦័ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࡀࠊ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ୺㢟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
ࠕࡇࡢⅬ࡛ࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣ඲ࡃṇࡋ࠸ࠖ㸦p.659㸧࡜ࢥࣔࣥࢬ
ࡣࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ࡟㈶ྠࡍࡿࠋ
࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ௨๓ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡀྲྀࡾᢅࡗࡓࡢࡣ≀ⓗ㈈㈌࡛
࠶ࡾࠊ༢࡞ࡿ౑⏝౯್࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣ⏘ࡳฟࡉࢀ࡚ࡣᾘ㈝ࡉࢀࠊࡲࡓ⏘ࡳฟࡉࢀ࡚
ࡣᾘ㈝ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡔ࠿ࡽ⤯࠼ࡎ⏕⏘ࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࠊ෌⏕ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊᅇ㌿⋡࡛࠶ࡿࢱ࣮ࣥ
࣮࢜ࣂ࣮࡜ゝ࠺ࡇ࡜(a turnover)ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࡜ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ⏝ㄒἲ࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊࡇࢀࡣࠕ⟶⌮ྲྀᘬ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ≀ⓗ㈈㈌ࢆ᪂ࡓ࡟๰ࡿ㗦ពࡣࠊ▱㆑ࠊ⩦័ࠊⓎ࡛᫂࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣᩍ⫱ࠊఏ⤫ࠊ⤒㦂ࠊᐇ㦂ࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࠊ」㞧࡞஦᯶ࢆయ⣔ⓗ࡟ヲ⣽࠿ࡘᚭᗏⓗ࡟ㄪ࡭ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ఱୡ௦ࡶ࠿࠿ࡗ࡚ᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓே㛫ࡢ⬟ຊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ
ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣศ࠿ࡾ᫆ࡃࠕ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡ࠖ(technology)࡜࿧ࢇࡔࠋࡇࢀࡣࠕ஦ᐇ࡟༶ࡋࡓ஦᯶࡟
ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ▱㆑ࠖ(the matter-of-fact knowledge)࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ♫఍ࡀཷࡅ⥅ࡂࠊఏ࠼࡚ࡁࡓ▱㆑࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠕ⏘ᴗࡢ㠀≀㉁ⓗタഛࠊ♫఍ࡢ↓ᙧ㈨⏘ 25ࠖ(the immaterial
equipment of industry, the intangible assets of the community)㸦p.660㸧࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ
࡞࡟ࡀཷࡅ⥅ࡀࢀఏࢃࡿ࠿ࡣࠊ
ࠕၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿᮏ⬟ࡀ౯್࠶ࡿ࡜ุ᩿ࠖࡍࡿ࠿ྰ࠿࡟࠿ࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋࠕ౯್ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࠝᮏ⬟ࡀุ᩿ࠞࡋࡓᐈほⓗ࡞┠ⓗࡣࠊព㆑ⓗ࡟㏣ཬࡉࢀࡿ 26ࠖ(p.660)ࠋ
ࡑࡇ࡛ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࠕᮏ⬟ࠖ(instinct)࡜ࠕ័⩦ࠖ(custom)ࢆゎࡁ᫂࠿ࡑ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
23ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࢸ࢖࣮ࣛࡢ⛉Ꮫⓗ⟶⌮ㄽࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ
ࠕࡇࢀࡲ࡛ᢏ⾡⪅ࡀ ᐃࡢᑐ㇟࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡢࡣࠊᶵᲔ㢮࡟㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢ⪃࠼ࢆປാ࡟㐺⏝ࡋࡓࠖ(p.659)ࡶࡢࡀࢸ࢖ࣛ
࣮ࡢ⛉Ꮫⓗ⟶⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
24ࡇࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠗᢏ⾡⪅࡜౯᱁య⣔࠘(1921)ࢆⴭࡋࠊࢸࢡࣀࢡࣛࢩ࣮ࡢ
ඛ㥑⪅࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠊ࡜ࡶホࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
25
T. Veblen, “On the Nature of Capital,” in The Place of Science, p.330.
26
T. Veblen, The Instinct of Workmanship, p.5.ࠝ
ࣦ࢙ࠗࣈࣞࣥ ⤒῭ⓗᩥ᫂ㄽ࠘6 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋࠞ
10 / 16㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍

ࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࡢ⌧௦ⓗᒎ㛤ࠖ

1/10, 2013ሯᮏ㝯ኵࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽࠖ

ࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀゝ࠺ࠕᮏ⬟ࠖࡣࠊỴᐃࡸ㑅ᢥ࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࡢே㛫ࡢពᚿࠕ㐣ཤ࠿ࡢാࡁ(human volitions)ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ27 ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ⮬㌟ࡶ୺ᙇࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᮏ⬟ࡣࠊࡽࡢఏ⤫࡟ಀࢃࡿ஦᯶࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㐣ཤࡢୡ௦ࡢ⤒㦂ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⵳✚ࡉࢀࡓᛮ⪃⩦័(habits ofthought)࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ㑇⏘࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊ
ࠕᅉ⩦ࡢ⤒㊰ࡢ࡞࠿࡟ⴠࡕ㎸ࡴࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ㤳ᑿ୍㈏ࡋࡓ័⩦ࡸ᥅ࢆ⋓ᚓࡋ࡚ࠊไᗘࡢ≉㉁࡜ຊࢆᣢࡘ 28ࠖࠋ࠿ࡃࡋ࡚௒ࡸ⩦័࡜࡞ࡗࡓ(accustomed)⾜ືᵝᘧ
ࡸᛮ⪃ᵝᘧࡣࠊ♫఍ࡢᅉ⩦ࡀṇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄆࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊṇᙜᛶ࡜㐺ษᛶࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀࠊ⾜Ⅽࡢᣦᑟཎ⌮࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ࠸࠺ᮏ⬟ࡣࠊ㑇ఏ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶᩍ⫱ࡉࢀ࡚࡛ࡁ
ࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࠕᮏ⬟ࠖࡀᐇ㝿ࡣࠕ♫఍ⓗ័⩦ࠖ(custom)࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋ
ࡔ࠿ࡽࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࠕ〇సᮏ⬟ 29ࠖࡣࠊࠕ〇సࡢ័⩦ࠖ(the custom of workmanship)࡜࿧ࡪ
࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣ୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊ〇సᮏ⬟ࡀࠊ௚ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᛶྥ
(proclivities)࡟ᗈࡲࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶ〇సᮏ⬟ࡣࠊࠕఱࡽ࠿ࡢ✲ᴟࡢ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟᪉ἲࡸᡭẁࡀ㐺ྜࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࡢุ᩿ࢆࡍࡿឤぬ(sense)ࠖ(p.660)ࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢥ
ࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀࠕ┠ⓗࠖ(purpose)ࢆ〇సᮏ⬟࡟ᑟධࡍࡿࡣࡵ࡟࡞ࡗ
ࡓࠊ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥ୺⩏ࡣࠊࠕ⮬↛㑅ᢥࠖ࠿ࡽࠕேⅭ㑅ᢥࠖ࡬࡜ኚࢃࡽࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸㸦p.661㸧
ࠋ(2) ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࢥࣥࢧ࣮ࣥ࡜㈨ᮏᴫᛕ
ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊḟ࡟ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࢥࣥࢧ࣮ࡢᴫᛕࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ୺
ᙇࢆ㏣ࡗ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࢥࣥࢧ࣮ࡢᴫᛕࡣࠊ≀ⓗ㈨ᮏᴫᛕࢆ㐍໬ㄽⓗ㐣⛬ࡢᴫᛕ࡜ࡋ
࡚ᒎ㛤ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ〇సᮏ⬟ࡢᴫᛕࡀࡇࢀࢆ⿵ຓࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࢥ
ࣥࢧ࣮ࣥࡣࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࡍࢀࡤࠊ⏕⏘ᢏ⾡࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࣉࣛࣥࢺ࡟ᙜࡓ
ࡿࠋ 30 ࡴࡋࢁ ࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࣉࣛࣥࢺ࡜ゝ࠺࡭ࡁࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࢥࣥࢧ࣮ࣥࡣࠊ
27

ᛮ៖ࡀ㊊ࡾ࡚࠸࡞࠸࠿Ḟࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ⾜ືࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡶࡢࡣࠊ
ࠕྥᛶࠖ(“tropism” )ࡸࠕྥᛶⓗ⾜ືࠖ(“tropismatic activity”)࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ࠕᮏ⬟ࠖ࡜ࡣ༊ูࡉࢀࡿ㸦p.660㸧
ࠋ
28
T. Veblen, The Instinct of Workmanship, p.7.ࠝ
ࣦ࢙ࠗࣈࣞࣥ ⤒῭ⓗᩥ᫂ㄽ࠘7,8 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋࠞ
29ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ〇సᮏ⬟ࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ
〇సᮏ⬟ࡣᢏ⾡ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࠋ⿢ุ࡛ࡣࠊἲ࡟㐺ࡗࡓᡭ⥆ࡁࡸἲࡢᑓ㛛ⓗゎ㔘ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋ

⏘ᴗ㠃࡛ࡣࠊ⏕⏘㐣⛬࡜ປാຊࡢ⤌⧊໬ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋႠ฼ࢆ┠ᣦࡍ௻ᴗᐙ(businessman)ࡶ〇సᮏ⬟ࢆⓎ᥹ࡋࠊ฼┈ࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᕷሙࢆ᧯సࡋࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡢ㟂せࢆ᧯సࡍࡿࠋ〇సᮏ⬟ࡣࠊ௚ࡢᮏ⬟࡟ᑐࡋ⿵ຓࢆࡍࡿᮏ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࠗ〇సᮏ⬟ㄽ࠘ࢆᘬ⏝ࡋࠊ〇సᮏ⬟ࡣࠊ
ࠕᐇ㝿࡟ᙺ❧ࡘ᪉⟇ࡸࠊ᪉ἲࡸᡭẁࠊຠ⋡࡜⠇⣙࡬ࡢᕤኵࡸ⪃᱌ࠊ⇍⦎ࠊ๰㐀ⓗ࡞௙஦ࠊࡑࡋ࡚஦ᐇࢆᡭ㝿ࡼࡃྲྀࡾᢅ࠺⢭㏻ࡋࡓ▱㆑࡟㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ〇సᮏ⬟ࡣࠊປࢆᝰࡋࡲ࡞࠸ᛶⒷ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ㸦T. Veblen, The Instinct of Workmanship, p.33.ࣦ࢙ࠝࠗࣈࣞࣥ ⤒῭ⓗᩥ᫂ㄽ࠘28 ࣮࣌ࢪࠞ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ㸦p.661㸧
ࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࢥࣥࢧ࣮ࣥࡣࠊ⏕⏘άືయ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࣉࣛࣥࢺ࡜Ⴀ
฼άືయ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࣅࢪࢿࢫࡢ」ྜయ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

30

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ࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࡢ⌧௦ⓗᒎ㛤ࠖ

1/10, 2013ሯᮏ㝯ኵࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽࠖ

ཎᮦᩱࠊᶵᲔࠊᘓ≀ࢆᅇ㌿ࡉࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢱ࣮࣮ࣥ࢜ࣂ࣮ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࢱ࣮࣮ࣥ࢜
ࣂ࣮ࡢ㐣⛬࡛┘╩ࠊᑓ㛛ᐙࠊ⫋㛗ࠊປാ⪅࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ⤌⧊ࡀࡑࢀࡽࢆ᧯సࡋࠊ⿵ಟࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ
౑⏝౯್ࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣ⏕⏘⌧ሙ࡛〇సᮏ⬟ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⤌⧊ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿
࡟ὀ┠ࡋࡓࠋ⫋㛗ࡀసᴗࢆ┘╩ࡋ࡚ࠊసᴗࡢ✀㢮ࠊࢫࣆ࣮ࢻࠊ㔞࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ࡑࢀࡒࢀࢆ㛵ಀ࡙ࡅࡿࠋ⫋㛗ࡢ⫋ົࡣࠊᢏ⾡඲⯡ࡢ≧ἣ࡟⢭㏻ࡋࠊᕤሙࡢ࠶ࡿ⏕⏘ᕤ⛬࡜௚ࡢ⏕⏘ᕤ⛬ࡀせồࡍࡿࡶࡢࡸ⤖ᯝ࡜ࢆୖᡭࡃ㓄ศࡍࡿ⭎๓࡟࠶ࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࡇࡢどⅬࡣ⟶⌮ࡢ㐣⛬(managerial process)࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡣࠕຠ⋡ᛶࠖ(“efficiency”)ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋຠ⋡ᛶࡣཎᅉ࡜⤖ᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡛ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ࡟ྠពࡍࡿࠋຠ⋡ᛶࡣࠊ⫋㛗ࡸᢏ⾡⪅ࠊ┘╩ࡀពᅗⓗ࡟⾜࠺ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝ࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡤ୚ࡢ≀ⓗ⏕⏘タഛࡀ
ࠕ㈨ᮏ㈈ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚࡝ࢀ࡯࡝᭷ຠ࠿ࢆホ౯ࡍࡿỴࡵᡭ࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊࡇࡢࠕຠ⋡ᛶ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊࡇࢀࡣ㺀┠ⓗ㺁࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀゝ࠺≀ⓗ㈨ᮏ࡜ࡣࠊࣔࣀࡢ㔞࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣࠕᨭ㓄ⓗᛮ⪃⩦័ࠖ(prevalent habit of thought)ࡀᣦᑟࡋ࡚ࠊ᭷⏝ᛶࢆኚ໬ࡉ
ࡏ࡚࠸ࡃ㐣⛬࡛࠶ࡿ(p. 661)ࠋ⣲ᮦ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ≀ⓗ㈈⏘ࡣኚ໬ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋே㛫࡜࠸࠺୺యࡢഃ࡛
ኚ໬ࡀ㉳ࡇࡿࠋ㈨ᮏ࡜ࡣࠊ㐣ཤࡢປാࡀ⵳࠼ࡽࢀࡓᡤ⏘࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ㈨ᮏ࡜ࡣࠊ
⫋㛗ࡀᣦᑟࡍࡿ⏕⏘ࡢࡓࡵࡢ▱㆑ࡸ⤒㦂࠿ࡽᡂࡿࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࣉࣛࣥࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ࠿ࡽぢࢀࡤࠊA. ࢫ࣑ࢫ(Adam Smith)ࡢ㈈⏘ᴫᛕࡣࠊᶵᲔ㐣⛬(machine process)௨๓ࡢᡭᕤᴗࡢ᫬௦ࡢᑠつᶍ࡞ྲྀᘬ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿయไࡢୗ࡛ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ 31 ࡇࡢయไࡢࡶ
࡜࡛ࡣࠊ⫋ே(workman)ࡣࠊぶ᪉࡜ࡋ࡚⏕⏘ࡋࠊ⮬ศࡢ⏕⏘≀ࢆ㈍኎ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࢀࡤࠊၟ
ேࡀၟရࡢ㟂⤥ࡢኚ໬ࢆୖᡭࡃ฼⏝ࡋ࡚฼₶ࢆᡭ࡟ධࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ⌧௦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࣅࢪࢿࢫࡢᇶ♏ࢆ࡞ࡍ㈈⏘ࡣࠊᢞ㈨࡛࠶ࡾࠊၟရ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ⌧௦ࡢࣅࢪࢿࢫࡀၥ㢟
࡜ࡍࡿࠕ㈈⏘࡜ࡣࠊᮇᚅ཰┈ຊࢆ㈌ᖯ࡛㈨ᮏ໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ(p.663)ࠋ
ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣ⌧௦ࢆᶵᲔ㐣⛬ࡢ᫬௦࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢᶵᲔ㐣⛬ࡣᅜẸ඲యࢆᕳࡁ㎸ࡳࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡢᡭ㡰ࡣయ⣔ࡔࡗࡓ▱㆑࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡔ࠿ࡽᶵᲔ㐣⛬࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊ༢࡞ࡿᶵᲔࡢ
㞟ྜయ௨ୖࡢព࿡ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᶵᲔ㐣⛬࡜ࡣࡑࢀࡔࡅ࡛ᡂ❧ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⏘ᴗ඲యࡀ༠
ㄪࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᡂࡾ❧ࡘࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ32 ࡑࢀࡺ࠼࡟ᶵᲔ㐣⛬ࡣࠊᮏ᮶ࠊᢏ⾡⪅ࡢ஦᯶࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
31ࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊ࢔ࢲ࣒࣭ࢫ࣑ࢫࡣࠊᜠᜨࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠝ⚄ࡢࠞࠕぢ࠼ࡊࡿᡭࠖࡢ࡞࠿࡟

ࠕ஺᥮ᛶྥࠖ(propensity to truck)ࢆぢฟࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊࡇࢀࢆࠕఱ࠿ࢆࡓࡔ࡛
ᚓࡿࠖࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ⏕⏘ࡢᢏ⾡㐣⛬(technical process)ࢆ஘ࡍࡶࡢࠊ࡜ぢ೴ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࢫ࣑ࢫ
ࡢࡑࢀࡣࠕᝏពࢆ᭷ࡋࡓࠝぢ࠼ࡊࡿࠞᡭࠖ(malignant hand)࡜ࡉࢀࡓࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀࢫ࣑ࢫࡢ
ࠕ஺᥮ᛶྥࠖࡢ୰࡟ぢࡓࡶࡢࡣࠊ
ࠕ㔠㖹ⓗᮏ⬟ࠖ(pecuniary instinct)࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㔠㖹ࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿᮏ⬟ࡣ㈈⏘࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡃࠋࡇࡢ㈈⏘ࡣ㈨ᮏ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ࠿ࡃࡋ࡚㈨ᮏᐙ࡟ࡣࠊ⮬ศࡢ㈨ᮏࢆ
஘⏝ࡍࡿᶒ฼ࡀഛࢃࡿ(p.662)ࠋ
32ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࠕᶵᲔ㐣⛬ࠖࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟せ⣙ࡍࡿࠋᶵᲔ㐣⛬࡛ࡣࠊ
ࠕ༢୍ࡢ⏕⏘ᕤሙࡢ୰࡛ࡢㄪᩚࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᕤሙ㛫࡛ࡢㄪᩚࠊ⏘ᴗ㛫࡛ࡢㄪᩚࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋཎᮦᩱࡸ⏕⏘タഛࡢᑻᗘࢆࡣࡌࡵࠊ኱ࡁࡉࠊᙧ≧ࠊ➼⣭ࠊᐃࡢ௙᪉ࡲ࡛ᶆ‽໬ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇၟရࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡔࡅ࡟㝈ࡽࡎࠊ᫬㛫ࡸሙᡤࠊ⎔ቃࡲ࡛ࡶࡀᶆ‽໬ࡉࢀࡿࠖ(p.663)ࠋ
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ࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࡢ⌧௦ⓗᒎ㛤ࠖ

1/10, 2013ሯᮏ㝯ኵࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽࠖ㈨ᮏᐙࡢ஦᯶࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋᶵᲔ㐣⛬ࢆㄪᩚࡍࡿ㐣⛬࡛᧠஘ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊࡇࡇ࡟௻ᴗᐙ(businessman)ࡀⓏሙࡍࡿࠊ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋ௻ᴗᐙ࡟ࡼࡿㄪᩚࡣࠊࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ⏝ㄒἲ࡛ࡣႠ฼ྲྀᘬ(business
transaction)࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏘ᴗ㛫࡛ࡢㄪᩚࡣࠊ㔠㖹༢఩࡟㑏ඖࡉࢀࡿࠋ௻ᴗᐙࡢ㛵ᚰࡢᑐ㇟ࡣࠊ⏘ᴗタഛ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕࣉࣛࣥࢺࠖ(plant)࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ㔠㖹ⓗࠕ㈨⏘ࠖ(pecuniary “assets”)࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⏕⏘タഛ࡛࠶ࡿࠕࣉࣛࣥࢺࠖ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ௻ᴗᐙ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠕᢞ㈨ࠖࡀព࿡ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ
㔠㖹ྲྀᘬ(pecuniary transaction)࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕࡑࡢ≺࠸ࡣ⮬ศࡀᡭ࡟ࡍࡿ฼ᚓ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ♫఍ඹྠయ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚᭷┈࡛࠶ࡿ〇సᮏ⬟ࢆാ࠿ࡏ࡚ࡑࢀࢆᚓࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋఱࡽ᭷⏝ᛶࢆࡶࡓࡽࡉ࡞
࠸Ⴀ฼άື࡛࠶ࡿࣅࢪࢿࢫ(business)ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡇࡢ฼ᚓࢆᡭ࡟ධࢀࡿࠖ(p.663)ࠋ
ࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊࡇࡢ┦㐪ࡣ᭷ᙧ㈨⏘࡜↓ᙧ㈨⏘ࡢ㐪࠸࠿ࡽ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࠕ᭷ᙧ㈨⏘ࠖ࡜ࡣࠊ
ࠕ㔠㖹㠃࡛ࡶ᭷┈࡞㈨ᮏ㈈࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࠕ౑⏝౯್ࠖࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿࠋ↓ᙧ㈨⏘࡜ࡣࠊࠕᐩࡀ᭷ࡍ
ࡿ㠀≀㉁ⓗ≉ᚩ(immaterial items)࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ᭷ᙧࡢࣔࣀ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᡤ᭷ࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞
ࡾࠊࡑࡢᡤ᭷࠿ࡽᘬࡁฟࡉࢀࡿ฼ᚓࢆホ౯ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㈨ᮏ໬ࡉࢀࠊ౯್ࡀ

ࡽࢀࡿࠝㄆᐃ

ࡉࢀࡓࠞ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ(p.663)ࠋ↓ᙧ㈨⏘ࡣࠊ༢࡟♫఍ࡢ≀ⓗ⏕⏘タഛࢆᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺
஦ᐇ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㈨ᮏᐙࡀ஦ᐇୖࡑࡢᡤ᭷⪅࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵᢏ⾡⪅ࡸປാ⪅(workmen)ࡀయ
⌧ࡍࡿᢏ⾡ࡸ⬟ຊ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ᪉ἲࡸᡭẁࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ▱㆑ࡶࠊ㈨ᮏᐙࡢᡤ᭷ᶒ࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿࠋ㈨ᮏᐙࡢࡇࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊປാ⪅ࡢᢏ⾡ຊࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿᶒ฼ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊࠕ஘⏝ࡍࡿᶒ฼ࠊᨺ⨨ࡍࡿᶒ฼ࠊ㜼Ṇࡍࡿᶒ฼ 33ࠖࢆࡶྵࡴ(p.664)ࠋ34

ࡔ࠿ࡽ♫఍࡟࡜ࡗ࡚᭷ᐖ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡶࠊ᭷┈࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ྠᵝ࡟㔠㖹ⓗ฼ᚓࢆ⏘ࡳฟࡍࡢ࡛ࠊ㈨ᮏ໬ࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ↓ᙧ㈨⏘ࢆ㈨ᮏ໬ࡋࡓࡶ
ࡢࡀࠊࠕႠᴗᶒࠖࡸࠕࡢࢀࢇ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀ“good-will” ࡜࿧ࢇࡔࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ
ࡣࠊ஦ᴗ࡟᱁ᕪඃ఩ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠋ35 ↓ᙧ㈨⏘ࡣࠊࡑࡢᡤ᭷⪅࡟㈌ᖯⓗ౯್ࡋ࠿ࡶࡓࡽࡉ࡞࠸ࠋ
4.

ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢ“good-will”(1) ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࠕ⏘ᴗⓗ⫋ᴗࠖ࡜ࠕ㔠㖹ⓗ⫋ᴗࠖࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊ᭷ᙧ㈨⏘(tangible assets)࡜↓ᙧ㈨⏘(intangible assets)ࡢᮏ㉁ⓗ㐪࠸ࢆ✲᫂ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡇ࠿ࡽࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࠕ⏘ᴗࠖ࡜ࠕ௻ᴗࠖࡢᴫᛕࢆᘬࡁฟࡍࠋ㡰ḟࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ୺ᙇࢆ㏣ࡗ࡚⾜ࡇ࠺ࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ᭷ᙧ㈨⏘࡜ࡣࠊ♫఍ࡢ⇍㐩ࡋࡓ⏕⏘ᢏ⾡ࢆ㈨ᮏ໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢࠊࡘࡲࡾ
⏕⏘㐣⛬ࢆ㈨ᮏ໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ↓ᙧ㈨⏘࡜ࡣࠊ౪⤥㔞ࢆࡕࡻࡗ࡜ኚ࠼ࡿࡇ
࡜࡛⏘ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿ⏕⏘⪅ഃ࡜ᕷሙഃ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛ࡢㄪᩚࡸㄗㄪᩚ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿ㔠㖹ⓗ฼ᚓࢆ㈨33

T. Veblen, “On the Nature of Capital”, in The Place of Science, p.354.
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᡤ᭷ᶒࡢࠕ஘⏝ࠖࡢ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ⏕⏘ࢆᨾព࡟೵Ṇࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆࡣࡌࡵࠊṇᙜ࡞㔠㢠ࢆ㉸࠼࡚┦ᡭࡢ㈇ᢸ㝈ᗘ୍ᮼࡲ࡛ᩱ㔠ࢆㄢࡍᶒ฼ࡸࠊ➇த┦ᡭࢆጉᐖࡍࡿᶒ฼࡞࡝ࡀ
࠶ࡿ(p.664)ࠋ
35
ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ“good-will”࡜ࡣᮏ᮶ࠊ
ࠕ㢳ᐈഃࡀࠝྲྀᘬ┦ᡭ࡟ࠞᢪࡃಙ㢗࡜㧗࠸ホ౯࡜࠸࠺ዲពⓗឤ᝟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ͐ࡇࢀ࡟ຍ࠼ࠝ“good-will”ࡣࠞ⊂༨ࡸႠ฼஦ᴗయࢆ⤖ྜࡍࡿ㝿
࡟ຠຊࢆⓎ᥹ࡍࡿ≉ู࡞ඃ఩ᛶࠖ(T. Veblen, “On the Nature of Capital,” in The Place of Science,
p.363.)ࢆᙜヱ௻ᴗ࡟୚࠼ࡿࠋ
34

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1/10, 2013ሯᮏ㝯ኵࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽࠖ

ᮏ໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ↓ᙧ㈨⏘ࡣࠊᐩࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᐩࡢศ㓄࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࠋ↓ᙧ㈨⏘ࡣࠊྲྀᚓࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿᡭẁ࡛࠶ࡾࠊྲྀᚓࡢ㐣⛬࡛࠶ࡿ㸦p.664㸧ࠋࡔ࠿ࡽ↓ᙧ㈨⏘࡜ࡣࠊႠ฼௻ᴗࡀ⌧⾜౯᱁࡟‶㊊࡛ࡁ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ౪⤥ࢆไ㝈ࡋࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿ
ຊ࠿ࡽ⏘ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿ㔠㖹ⓗ≉ᶒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚ຠ⋡ⓗ⏕⏘࡜ࡣṇࡋࡃ཯ᑐࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ
(p.665)ࠋ
ࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊࡇࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࠕ⏘ᴗⓗ⫋ᴗࠖ࡜ࠕ㔠㖹ⓗ⫋ᴗࠖ36ࡢ༊ูࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥゎ㔘ࢆ㏣ࡗ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
㏆ᖺࠊႠ฼ࢆ௙஦࡜ࡍࡿ㔠㖹ⓗ⫋ᴗ࡜ࠊᶵᲔ㐣⛬ࡢ௙஦࡟ᚑ஦ࡍࡿ⏘ᴗⓗ⫋ᴗ㒔ࡢ┦㐪ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ௻ᴗ࡜⏘ᴗ࡜ࡢ㢧ⴭ࡞┦㐪࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௻ᴗࡀ౪⤥ࢆไ㝈ࡍࡿຊ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⏘ᴗࡣ౪⤥ࢆቑ኱ࡉࡏࡿຊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕ⏘ᴗࡢᑗᖊࠖ(captain of industry)࡜࡞ࡗࡓ௻
ᴗᐙ(entrepreneur)ࡀ➨୍࡟㛵ᚰࢆᣢࡘࡢࡣࠊ஺᥮౯್࡜࠸࠺኎㈙࡟క࠺ᕷሙ౯್࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏕⏘ࢆ⾜࡞࠺ᶵᲔ㐣⛬࡟ࡣࠊ㛫᥋ⓗ࡟๪ḟⓗࡋ࠿㛵ᚰࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸ࠋࡘࡲࡾࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞௻ᴗᐙ
ࡣࠊ⏕⏘ࡸᾘ㈝࡟ࡣಀࢃࡽࡎࠊศ㓄࡜஺᥮࡟ಀࢃࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣᡤ᭷ᶒࡢไᗘ࡟ಀࢃࡿࠋࡔ࠿
ࡽ⏕⏘ⓗάື࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡋࠊ⏘ᴗⓗάື࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋ⚾᭷㈈⏘ࡀᯝࡓࡍᶵ⬟ࡣࠊ౪⤥ࢆไ㝈ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ຊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
⏘ᴗࡣࠊႠ฼ࣅࢪࢿࢫࡀࡁࡗࡕࡾ࡜ㄪᩚࡍࡿࠋᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊᐩࢆ⮬⏤࡟ᨭ㓄࡛ࡁࡿࠋ௻ᴗᐙ(business man)ࡣࠊఱࢆ࡝ࢀࡃࡽ࠸⏕⏘ࡍࡿ࠿ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࠋ௻ᴗᐙࡀ≺ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ⏕⏘ࡸ᭷⏝ᛶ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㈍኎ྍ⬟ᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௻ᴗᐙࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࠊ฼ᚓࢆᡭ࡟ධࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊ⏘ᴗࢆ᧠஘ࡋࡓࡾࠊάᛶ໬ࡉࡏࡓࡾࡍࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀ୺ᙇࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㔠㖹ⓗ⫋ᴗࡀᚓࡿࡶ
ࡢࡣࠊ⏕⏘ࢆጉᐖࡋࠊไ㝈ࡍࡿຊ࠿ࡽᘬࡁฟࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣᡤ᭷ᶒࡢไᗘࡀ୚࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ⏘ᴗⓗ⫋ᴗࡀᚓࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊ⏕⏘ࢆቑ኱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ〇సᮏ⬟ࡀ୚࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㔠㖹ⓗ฼ᚓ࡜ࡣࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀ᪤ᚓᶒ(vested interest)࡜ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪤ᚓᶒ࡜ࡣࠊࡓ
ࡔ࡛ఱ࠿ࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿᶒ฼࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢᶒ฼ࡣᕷሙ࡛኎㈙ࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ᪤ᚓᶒ
ࡣࠊ㠀≀㉁ⓗᐩ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ↓ᙧ㈨⏘(intangible properties)࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౪⤥ࢆไ㝈ࡋࡓࡾࠊྲྀᘬࢆጉ
ᐖࡋࡓࡾࠊࡅࡤࡅࡤࡋ࠸ᗈ࿌ࢆࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡣႠ฼௻ᴗࡀ⏘ࡳฟࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽ㸱ࡘࡣࠊ㈍኎⾡ࡢ௙⤌ࡳ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ〇సᮏ⬟ࡢ௙⤌ࡳ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ᪤ᚓᶒࡣἲࡀ
ㄆࡵࡓ᫂ⓑ࡞୙ປᡤᚓ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡓࡔ࡛ᚓࡓᡤᚓ࡛࠶ࡿ(p.666)ࠋ
ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀྲྀࡾᢅ࠺⌧௦ࡢႠ฼௻ᴗᐙ(businessman)ࡣࠊ㈌ᖯࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊᰴᘧࡸമ
ๆࠊ㖟⾜ᑠษᡭ࡞࡝ࡢἲⓗド᭩ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡢ࡟⇕୰ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓἲⓗド᭩ࡣࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࡢド࡛࠶ࡾࠊ஺᥮㐣⛬࡛ၟရࡸປാࢆᨭ㓄ࡍࡿ⬟ຊ(capacity)ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࡇࡢ✀ࡢἲⓗド᭩ࡣࠊၟရ౪⤥ࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮࡛ࣟࣝࡁࡿࠋྂࡃࡣ⫋ேࡸၟேࡀࠊ᪤࡟⏕⏘ࡋࡓၟရࡢ⌧≀ࢆᕷሙ࡟ᣢࡕ㎸ࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࠋࡔࡀ⌧௦ࡢ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࡣࠊࡑࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣ⏕⏘ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࣔࣀ
࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢἲⓗᶒ฼࡛࠶ࡾࠊㄳồᶒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᶒ฼࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࡢຊࢆ⏝࠸ࢀࡤࠊႠ฼௻ᴗࡣၟရ౪⤥ࢆไ㝈ࡋ㧗್ࢆ⥔ᣢ࡛ࡁࡿࡋࠊປാ㟂せࢆᢚไࡋ࡚㈤㔠ࢆపỈ‽࡟ᤣ
36

T. Veblen, “Industrial and Pecuniary Employment,” in The Place of Science, pp.279-323.
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1/10, 2013ሯᮏ㝯ኵࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽࠖ

࠼⨨ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ᱁ᕪඃ఩࠿ࡽࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿᮇᚅ⣧┈ࡢᐇ⌧ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡔ࠿
ࡽࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ࢆᕷሙྲྀᘬ඲⯡࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿ᱁ᕪඃ఩ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍㄳồᶒ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜
ࡋࡓࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚⏕⏘ࢆ⾜࠺ᶵᲔ㐣⛬࡟ᇶ♏ࢆ⨨ࡃᚲせࡶ࡞ࡃࠊᡤ᭷ᶒ࡟ࡶࡗࡥࡽ౫ᣐࡋ
࡚࠾ࡾࠊ౪⤥ࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊୖ㏙ࡋࡓࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢᡤㄝࡀྜ⾗ᅜ᭱㧗⿢ุᡤࡢุỴ࡜ྠᵝ࡞༊ู࡛࠶ࡿࠊ
࡜ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣ⿢ุᡤࡀ♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᡤ᭷ᶒ࡜㈨ᮏࡢᐃ⩏ࢆࠊ᭷య㈈⏘(corporeal property)࠿ࡽᮇᚅ཰┈ຊ࡬࡜ᣑᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᮇᚅ཰┈ຊࡢ኎㈙ࡀࠊ
ࠕ㈍኎ྍ⬟࡞㈨ᮏྲྀᘬ 37ࠖ(“Traffic in Vendible Capital”)ࡢ୰㌟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࡇࡢࠕ㈍኎ྍ⬟࡞㈨ᮏྲྀᘬࠖࢆࠊ≀ⓗ㈨ᮏ࡜㛵ಀࡋ࡞࠸㈌ᖯ࡛౯್ࢆ ࡗࡓ㈨㔠࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㈨ᮏ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
⌧ᅾࡢ㈨ᮏ໬ࡢᇶᮏཎ⌮ࡣࠊࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࢥࣥࢧ࣮ࣥ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ௻ᴗࡢ཰┈ຊ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸
ࡿࠋࡔ࠿ࡽ㈨ᮏ໬ࡍࡿࡉ࠸ࡢ᰾࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊ⏕⏘タഛࡢ෌ᘓ㈝⏝ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ஦ᴗయࡀ
ᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠕࡢࢀࢇࠖ࡜ࡶ࿧ࡤࢀࡿ “good-will”࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ ࠕࡢࢀࢇࠖ(“good-will”)ࡣࠊ⌧௦ࡢࣅࢪࢿࢫࡢᡭἲࡀせồࡍࡿෆᐜ࡟ྜ࠺ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡉ
ࡲࡊࡲ࡞㡯┠ࢆྵࡴࡼ࠺࡟ࡑࡢព࿡ෆᐜࡀᣑᙇࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ࠕࡢࢀࢇࠖࡣከᵝ࡞㡯┠ࢆྵࡴ 38ࡀࠊࡑࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡶከศ࡟ඹ㏻ࡍࡿࡢࡀࠕ↓ᙧ㈨⏘ࠖ(intangible assets)࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ♫఍࡟ࡣ↓┈࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢᡤ᭷⪅࡟ࡣ᭷┈࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ(p.667)ࠋ
(2)⌧௦ࡢᡤ᭷ᶒ

ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࠕࡢࢀࢇࠖࡀព࿡ࡍࡿෆᐜࢆ⪃࠼ࢀࡤࠊࠕᡤ᭷ᶒࠖ࡜ࡣ୍యఱ࠿ࡀᨵࡵ࡚ၥ
ࢃࢀࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࠊ
ࠕᡤ᭷ᶒࠖࡢᐇែࢆ✲᫂ࡍࡿࠋึᮇࡢぶ᪉⫋ேࡣࠊ⮬ศ࡛⏕⏘ᡭẁࢆᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ⌧௦ࡢ௻ᴗᐙࡣࠊ⮬ศ࡛≀⌮ⓗ࡞ព࿡࡛⏕⏘᪋タࢆᡤ᭷ࡣࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⏕⏘ᢏ⾡࡜࠸࠺㠀≀㉁ⓗ㈈⏘࡜ࡣษࡾ㞳ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ᫬ࠊ௻ᴗᐙࡀࠕ㈍኎ྍ⬟࡞㈨ᮏࠖࢆᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព࿡࡞ࡢ࠿ࢆࠊࢥ
ࣔࣥࢬࡣ᥈ồࡍࡿࠋᡤ᭷ᶒࡢᑐ㇟ࡣࠊ≀⌮ⓗ᭷ᙧ࡞ࡶࡢ࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡿヂ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡀㄽࡌࡿࡼ࠺
࡟ࠊ᭷య㈈࡟ᑐࡍࡿᡤ᭷ᶒࡢᴫᛕ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡅࡤࠊ௻ᴗᐙࡀປാ⪅ࢆᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺࠾
࠿ࡋ࡞ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ↓ᙧ㈨ᮏࢆᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࢀࡤࠊປാ⪅ࢆᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇ࡜࡟࡞
ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡇࢀࡣࢦ࣮࢖ࣥࢢ࣭ࣉࣛࣥࢺ࡟ഛࢃࡿ⏕⏘⤌⧊ࢆᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛
ࡢᡤ᭷࡛࠶ࡿ(p.668)ࠋ
ࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠕᡤ᭷ᶒࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟⪃࠼ࡓࠋᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊ⊂37
38

T. Veblen, “On the Nature of Capital,” in The Place of Science, p.380.
ࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊ “good-will”ࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ
࣭࣭࣭ࠕࡢࢀࢇ࡟ࡣᖜᗈ࠸ព࿡ྜ࠸ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣ☜❧ࡉࢀ࡚័⩦࡜࡞ࡗࡓᴗົ㛵ಀࢆࡣࡌࡵࠊྲྀᘬࡀṇ┤࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ホุࠊ୍ᡭ㈍኎ᶒࡸ≉ᶒࠊၟᶆࠊ㖭᯶ࠊ≉チᶒࠊ∧ᶒࠊἲᚊࡸ⛎ᐦ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ᏺࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ≉Ṧ࡞⏕⏘㐣⛬ࡢ᤼௚ⓗ౑⏝ࠊཎᮦᩱࢆ≉ᐃࡢᴗ⪅࠿ࡽ౪⤥ࢆཷࡅࡿ࡜࠸࠺᤼௚ⓗᨭ㓄࡞࡝ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ㡯┠ࡣࠊࡑࡢᡤ᭷⪅࡟᱁ᕪ฼┈ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡀࠊ♫఍࡟ࡣ୍ࡘࡢ฼┈ࡶ୚࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣࠊࡇࢀ࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿಶே࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢᐩࠊ
᱁ᕪⓗ࡞ᐩࡔࡀࠊᅜᐩ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ୍∦࡟ࡶ್ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࠖ(T. Veblen, The Theory of BusinessEnterprise, p.139ࠝࠗ௻ᴗࡢ⌮ㄽ࠘111 ࣮࣌ࢪࠞ.
15 / 16㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍

ࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࠗไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࡢ⌧௦ⓗᒎ㛤ࠖ

1/10, 2013ሯᮏ㝯ኵࠕࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽࠖ

༨㈨ᮏ(big business)ẁ㝵࡛ࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ᵝ┦ࢆࡶࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ≀ⓗ㈈㈌ࡢ౪⤥ࢆไ㝈ࡍࡿ(withhold)ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ຊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ〇స(workmanship)ࡣ౪⤥ࢆቑ኱ࡉࡏࡿࡀࠊᡤ᭷ᶒ(ownership)ࡣ౪⤥ࢆᕪࡋṆࡵ࡚ไ㝈ࡍࡿࠋࡔ࠿ࡽᡤ᭷ᶒࡢຊࢆ౑࠼ࡤࠊᛮ࠸ࡢࡲࡲ࡟⏘ᴗࢆࢫࢺࢵࣉ
ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᡤ᭷ᶒࡢಖᣢ⪅ࡣࠊ⏕⏘⪅ഃ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶࠊປാ⪅ഃ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ⮬ศ࡟㒔ྜࡼࡃᢡࡾྜ࠸ࢆࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᡤ᭷≀ࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿチྍࡀࠊ኎㈙ྍ⬟࡞ᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿࠋಙ⏝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࡳࢀࡤࠊᰴᘧࠊമๆࠊ♫മࠊ㡸㔠➼࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽ
ࡣࠊ౑⏝チྍࡢᮇᚅ཰┈ຊ࡟ᑐࡍࡿἲⓗㄳồᶒ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ㈨㔠࡛࠶ࡾࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࡇࢀࢆ
ࠕ㈚௜㈨㔠ࠖ(loan fund)࡜࿧ࢇࡔࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣ᱁ᕪඃ఩ࢆ⏘ࡴࠕࡢࢀࢇࠖ(good-will)࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ
㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ↓ᙧ㈨⏘࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᱁ᕪඃ఩ࡣࠊఱࡶ⏕⏘ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣᐩࡶ⛣㌿࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡣࠊ᱁ᕪඃ
఩ࡢཎ⌮ࢆ㐍ᒎࡉࡏࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠕࡓࡔ࡛ఱ࠿ࢆᚓࡿࠖຊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡣࡇࡇ࡟⟶⌮ྲྀ
ᘬ࡜኎㈙ྲྀᘬࡢⴌⱆࡀぢ࡚ྲྀࢀࡿࠊ࡜୺ᙇࡋࠊ
ࠕྲྀᘬㄽࠖ࡬࡜ㄽⅬࢆྥ࠿ࢃࡏࡿࠋ
5.

ࡲ࡜ࡵ࡟࠿࠼࡚
௨ୖࡀࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥࡢࠕ↓ᙧ㈨⏘ࠖࢆ᣺ࡾฟࡋ࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊࠕࡢࢀࢇࠖ(“good-will)࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࡢࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ㆟ㄽࡢᴫせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ௨㝆ࡢࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽࡣࠊู✏ࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡍࡿࠋࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢሗ࿌⪅ࡢពぢࡣࠊሗ࿌ࡢሙ࡛㏙࡭ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
௨ୖ

16 / 16ᚑ᮶ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࣭ࣙࣥ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱ࣮࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ᮔⱥඖࠊᮌᡞ෤Ꮚࠊ㜿㒊Ṋᚿ㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
᪥ᮏࡣᡓᚋࠊࣘࢽ࣮ࢡ࡞ᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡢ௙⤌ࡳࢆᇵ࠺ࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ⏘ᴗ᚟⯆ࢆ➨୍࡟ඃඛࡍࡿ኱௻
ᴗࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ࠊ1950 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙࠿ࡽ୰ኸ◊✲ᡤࢆḟࠎ࡟❧ࡕୖࡆࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࡶࡗࡥࡽḢ⡿ࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡟㢗ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡶ⊂⮬ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆᩘከࡃ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇ࡜࡟ᡂຌࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ1990 ᖺ௦ࣂࣈࣝ⤒῭ࡀᙎ࠸ࡓ௨㝆ࠊ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢᅜ㝿➇தຊࢆ༴᝹ࡍࡿኌ
ࡀ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⌧≧ࢆ஌ࡾ㉺࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ➇தඃ఩ࢆⓎ᥹ࡍࡿࡓࡵ
࡟ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝࣅࢪࢿࢫࢆᢸ࠺࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ๰ฟேᮦ⫱ᡂࡀ㔜せ࡜࡞ࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ
᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ➇தඃ఩࡞࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ๰ฟ࡜࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱ࣮ேᮦ⫱ᡂࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂
☜࡞ࢯ࣮ࣜࣗࢩࣙࣥࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ᪥ᮏࡀᚓព࡜ࡍࡿᢏ⾡ࢆά࠿ࡋࡓ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋
ࢩࣙࣥ๰ฟࡢᶵ఍ࡀάᛶ໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢࡶྰࡵ࡞࠸஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᮏࢭࢡࢩࣙ
࡛ࣥࡣࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢ௻ᴗࢆάᛶ໬ࡋ࡚᪥ᮏࡢᅜ㝿➇தຊࢆᙉ໬ࡋᚓࡿࠊ࡞࠾࠿ࡘḢ⡿ࡢᶍೌ㺃㏣ᚑ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⤌⧊ࡢ୰࡛⊂⮬ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆ㉳ࡇࡋࡓேᮦࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᑗ᮶ࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓ
࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆ㉳ࡇࡍࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡍ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱ࣮ேᮦࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᶍ⣴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ◊✲ࢸ࣮࣐ࢆ᥈ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡇࡢࢭࢡࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣࠊࠕ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱ࣮ேᮦ
⫱ᡂࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉㸸᪥ᮏᆺࠗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ๰ฟேᮦ࠘⫱ᡂ᪉ἲㄽ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࢸ࣮࣐ࢆタᐃࡋࠊ᭱ึࡢ⌮ㄽ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᚑ᮶ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࠾ࡼࡧ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱ࣮◊✲ࢆࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࡋࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟ྜࡗࡓ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱ࣮ேᮦ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࣇ࣮࣒࣮ࣞ࣡ࢡࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟
↔Ⅼࢆྜࢃࡏࡿࠋ
㸰㸬࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱ࣮࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᪤Ꮡ◊✲ྛ♫ࡣ⮬♫ࡢࢥ࢔࣭ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫ(core competence)ࢆᇶ┙࡜ࡋࡓ஦ᴗ㡿ᇦࢆỴࡵ࡚ࠊ⤌⧊ࡢ᝟ሗࢆಇᩄ࡟ά⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚➇தຊࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊᚑ
᮶ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱ࣮࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࢆࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࡍࡿࠋ
Shumpeter (1934ࠊ1942)࠿ࡽጞࡲࡗࡓ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥㄽ㆟ࡣࠊKuhn(1970)ࡢࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࢩ
ࣇࢺࢆ⤒࡚ࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㟂せഃ࡜౪⤥ഃࡢ୧ഃ㠃࠿ࡽከᵝ࡞◊✲ࡀᡂࡾ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍⯡ⓗ࡞࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ◊✲ࡢὶࢀࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ(1)࢖ࣥࢡ࣓ࣜࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋
ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࢻ࣑ࢼࣥࢺࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࠊ(2)⤒㊰౫Ꮡᛶ࡜ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡእ㒊ᛶࠊ(3)◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࠊ(4)࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥᣑᩓࠊ(5)࣮࢜ࣉࣥ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࠊ(6)ࣂ࣮ࣜࣗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙ
ࣥࠊ(7) ฼┈⋓ᚓ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥᡓ␎࡞࡝ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ(Park&Hong, 2012)ࠋࡇࡇ
࡛ࡣࠊ
㸵ࡘࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ㛵㐃◊✲ࢆ⪃ᐹࡋࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱ࣮࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒࡍࡿࠋ

2.1 ࢻ࣑ࢼࣥࢺࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡜࢖ࣥࢡ࣓ࣜࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ
Tushman and Anderson(1986)ࡣࠊᢏ⾡ኚ໬ࡣ₞㐍ⓗኚ໬࡜᩿⥆ⓗ࡞㠀㐃⥆ᛶ࡟≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡋࠊࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓ㠀㐃⥆ᛶ࡟ࡣ᪤Ꮡࡢ௻ᴗࡀ୰ᚰࢆᢸ࠺⬟ຊቑᙉᆺࡢ㠀㐃⥆ᛶ࡜᪂ࡋ࠸᪂つཧຍ௻ᴗࡀ୰ᚰࢆᢸ࠺⬟ຊ◚ቯᆺࡢ㠀㐃⥆ᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ୧⪅ࡣࡍ࡭࡚୙☜ᐇᛶࡸᡂ㛗ྍ⬟ᛶ࡞࡝ࡢ⎔ቃࡢᒓᛶ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࡜ᛮࡗࡓࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊTushman and Rosenkopf(1992)ࡢሙྜࡶࠊᢏ⾡ኚ໬ࡣᢏ⾡ࡢෆⓗせᅉࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ
㠀ᢏ⾡ⓗせ⣲(⤌⫋㛫ࡢ㛵ಀࠊ⤌⫋ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㑅ᢥ஦㡯) ࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙼࡽࡣࠊ≉ᐃᢏ⾡ࡢⓎᒎ࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿ฼ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅㞟ᅋࢆࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽ
ࢸ࢕ࠖ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ
ᢏ⾡ࣛ࢖ࣇࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ࡜♫఍ⓗᙳ㡪ࡢ኱ࡁࡉࡢ┦஫స⏝ࢆᥦ♧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᢏ⾡ࡢ 4 ẁ㝵࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᢏ⾡ࡢ୙㐃⥆ᛶ㸦technologicaldiscontinuities㸧ࠊⓎ㓝ᮇ࣭୙Ᏻᐃᮇ㸦eras of ferment㸧ࠊࢻ࣑ࢼࣥࢺ࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࠊᏳᐃ
ᮇ㸦eras of incremental㸧࡟ศࡅ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ〇ရࡢࢥ࣏ࣥࢿࣥࢺࡢศゎྍ⬟ࡢྍྰ࡜ࢥ࣏ࣥ
ࢿࣥࢺ㛫ࡢ┦஫౫ᏑᛶࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ〇ရࡢ」㞧ᛶࢆ኱ࡁࡃࠕ㠀⤌❧〇ရ㸦nonassembled
products㸹୍ࡘࡢ〇ရࡀ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢࢧ࣮ࣈࢥ࣏ࣥࢿࣥࢺ࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊ⏕⏘ࡣ୍ࡘࡢࢥ
࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡛ᐇ᪋㸧ࠖ࡜ࠕ༢⣧⤌❧〇ရ㸦simple assembled products㸹ୗ㒊⤌⧊ࡀศゎྍ⬟࡛ࠊ༢୍௻ᴗ࡛ᐇ᪋ࡍࡿ࡜࠿ࠊ࣮࢜ࣉ࣭ࣥࢡ࣮ࣟࢬࢻ࡟ศࡅࡿࡢࡀྍ⬟㸧ࠖ࡟ศࡅࡓࠋ
୍᪉ࠊAbernathy & Utterback(1978)ࡣࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㐍໬㐣⛬ࡣ⏕⏘ࢆᢸᙜࡍࡿ⤌⫋ࡢ➇தᡓ␎ࠊ⏕⏘⬟ຊࠊ⤌⫋ᵓ㐀࡬ࡢ౫Ꮡ࡞࡝࡜ᐦ᥋࡞ಀࢃࡾྜ࠸ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠾ࡾࠊࣉࣟࢲࢡࢺ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࣉࣟࢭࢫ㸦ᕤ⛬㸧࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆᥦၐࡋࡓࠋึᮇࡢ
ὶືᮇ࡟ࡣࡲࡔ࡝ࢇ࡞ᢏ⾡ࡀ᭷ຊ࠿ࡼࡃศ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ஘❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ែ࡛࠶ࡿࠋつᶍࡢ⤒῭ᛶࡢᩀᯝࡀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ
ᑠࡉ࡞ᨵၿࡀᩀᯝࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍᑠつᶍ⤌⫋࡟᭷฼࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ
ᅛᐃᮇ࡛ࡣ᭷ຊ࡞〇ရࡀࢻ࣑ࢼࣥࢺࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡟☜ᐃࡉࢀ࡚ࠊ⏕⏘ᕤ⛬ࡢᢏ⾡ⓗᨵၿ࡟ࡼࡗ
࡚ࠊࢥࢫࢺࡢ๐ῶ࡜ᛶ⬟ࡢྥୖࡀ㐩ᡂࡉࢀࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࢫࢸ࣮ࢪ࡛ࡣࠊつᶍࡢ⤒῭ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿᨾࠊ኱つᶍࡢ⤌⧊໬ࡀᡂࡾ❧ࡘࡀࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㟂せࡸᢏ⾡ኚ໬࡟⬤ᙅ࡟࡞ࡿࠋᙼࡽ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ⏘ᴗࡣὶືᮇ(fluid stage)ࠊ⛣⾜ᮇ㸦transition㸧ࠊᅛᐃᮇ(specificstage)࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㸱ࡘࡢࢫࢸ࣮ࢪࢆ⤒࡚ኚ໬ࡍࡿࠋ
ࣉࣟࢲࢡࢺ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢⓎ⏕⋡ࡣࠊⓏሙࡋࡓึᮇࡢࢫࢸ࣮ࢪࡀ୍␒㧗ࡃ࡚ࠊὶືᮇЍ⛣⾜ᮇЍᅛᐃᮇ࡟⛣ືࡋ࡞ࡀࡽపୗࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࣉࣟࢭࢫ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢⓎ⏕⋡ࡣⓏሙึᮇ࠿ࡽᚎࠎ࡟ୖ᪼ࡋ࡚ࠊ⛣⾜ᮇ࡟⮳ࡗ࡚㡬Ⅼ࡟฿㐔ࡋࡓᚋࠊᅛᐃᮇ࡛ࡣపୗࡍ
ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࣉࣟࢭࢫ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ࠊ௒ࡲ࡛ࡢ〇ရࡣ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡢせồࢆ
‶㊊ࡉࡏࡿࡢ࡟᭱ࡶ┦ᛂࡋ࠸ᙧែࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᕷሙࡢࢸࢫࢺࢆ⤒ࡗ᳨࡚ドࡉࢀࡓᙧែࡸ
ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣἲⓗつไࡸㄪᩚ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓᶆ‽つ᱁࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚ᶆ‽ⓗ࡞ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡟ྲྀࡗ࡚௦ࡽࢀࡿࠋᅛᐃᮇࡢࢫࢸ࣮ࢪ࡟⮳ࡗࡓ⏘ᴗࡸ〇ရࡣࢥࢫࢺࠊ㔞ࠊ⏕⏘⬟ຊࡀᴟ➃ⓗ࡟㔜どࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ〇ရ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ(innovation)ࡣᑠᖜ࡛₞㐍ⓗ࡟⌧ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙ

ࣥ࡜ࢥࢫࢺࡸ኎ୖࡆ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡑࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡀὙ⦎ࡉࢀᶆ‽໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊᾘ㈝㟂
せࡀᏳᐃࡋ࡚ࠊࢻ࣑ࢼࣥࢺࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡀ᏶ᡂࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࠊၟရࡢᡂ⇍ᮇ࡟࠸ࡓࡾࠊ⃭ࡋ࠸➇தࡀ㉳ࡁࡿࠋࢻ࣑ࢼࣥࢺࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞〇ရ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮࡛ࡣ IBM360ࠊ⮬
ື㌴࡛ࡣ T ᆺࣇ࢛࣮ࢻࠊࢪ࢙ࢵࢺᶵ࡛ࡣ࣮࣎࢖ࣥࢢ 747 ➼ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࢻ࣑ࢼࣥ
ࢺࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡀࡑࡢ⏘ᴗࡢᶆ‽ⓗ࡞〇ရ௙ᵝ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊࣛࢹ࢕࢝ࣝ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ
࡝㉳ࡁ࡞࠸ࡋࠊᇶᮏ௙ᵝࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ᕪู໬ࢆヨࡳࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
Clark (1985)ࡶࠊAbernathy & Utterback (1978)ࡢ A㸫U ࣔࢹࣝࢆ࣮࣋ࢫ࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊᢏ⾡Ⓨᒎࡢ᪉ྥ࡜ࢱ࢖࣑ࣥࢢࢆㄝ᫂ࡋࡓࠋᢏ⾡ࡢ⮬↛Ⓨ⏕ㄽ⌮ࡸᾘ㈝⪅ࡢㄽ⌮ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ୙༑ศ࡛
࠶ࡾࠊタィࡢ㑅ᢥ࡜㢳ᐈࡢ㑅ᢥࡣ㝵ᒙⓗ࡞┦஫స⏝ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞
ࢃࡕࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㝵ᒙ࡟ὀ┠ࡋࡘࡘࠊࣉࣟࢲࢡࢺ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࠿ࡽࣉࣟࢭࢫ࢖ࣀ
࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡬ࡢ⛣⾜㐣⛬࡛ࠊఱᨾࠊ࡝ࢇ࡞〇ရ࡛≉ᐃศ㔝ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀ㉳ࡁࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢆಶேࡢ⾜ືཎ⌮࡛⪃ᐹࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢពᛮỴᐃ࡟ࡣ㝵ᒙᛶࡀᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮࡗࡓࠋタィ࢚ࣥࢪࢽ࢔ࡣ࡝ࡢእⓗせᅉࢆせᅉ࡜ࡋุ࡚᩿ࡍࡿ࠿࡟ᝎࡴ
ࡀࠊᾘ㈝⪅(㢳ᐈ)ࡣ࡝ࡢᶵ⬟࡟↔Ⅼࢆྜࢃࡏࡿ࠿࡟㛵ᚰࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ୧⪅ࡢ┦஫స⏝ࡀ㔜せ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊHenderson and Clark(1990)ࡣࢫ࣮ࣔࣝᢏ⾡ኚ໬࡟ࡼࡗ
࡚௻ᴗࡀኻᩋࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ〇ရᵓᡂせ⣲㛫ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡸࡑࢀ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⤌⫋ࡢ▱㆑య⣔ࡢᮏ᮶ࡢጼໃࡀᡂຌྍྰࢆỴࡵࡿࡓࡵࠊࡇࢀࢆ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳ࣮ࣕ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡋ
࡚⌮ゎࡋࡓࠋᙼࡽࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ༊ศ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࢖ࣥࢡ࣓ࣜࣥࢱࣝ (Incremental)ࠊࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣛ(Modular)ࠊ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕࣝ(Architectural)ࠊࣛࢹ࢕࢝ࣝ(Radical)࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟
༊ศࡋࡓࠋHenderson(1991)ࡣ༙ᑟయࡢ㟢ග⿦⨨ࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࢆศᯒࡋ࡚ࠊᢏ⾡ኚ໬ࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ
ࢆ⪃ᐹࡋࡓࠋᢏ⾡㐍Ṍࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡣᢏ⾡⮬యࡢ≀⌮ⓗἲ๎(㝈⏺) ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᢏ⾡ࡀ⨨࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ♫఍ⓗ࣭⤌⧊ⓗ⫼ᬒࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋࢻ࣑ࢼࣥࢺࢹࢨ
࢖ࣥ࡟ࡼࡿ㐃⥆ⓗ࡞ᢏ⾡㐍Ṍࡶ♫఍ⓗ㢳ᐈ⬟ຊࠊ┦஫⿵᏶ᢏ⾡ࠊせ⣲ᢏ⾡࡞࡝࡜┦஫స⏝ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
୍᪉ࠊPinch and Bijker(1987)ࡣ⛉Ꮫⓗ▱㆑ࡢ♫఍ⓗᵓᡂࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᢏ⾡࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶ♫఍ⓗᵓᡂ࠿ࡽ⪃ᐹ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࠋᙼࡽࡣࠊ⮬㌿㌴ࡢࢱ࢖ࣖࢆྲྀࡾ࠶ࡆ࡚ࠊึᮇ࡟ࡣ⮬㌿㌴
ࡢ๓ࢱ࢖ࣖࡢ኱ࡁ࠸ࢱ࢖ࣉࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊከᵝ࡞ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢせᮃࢆཷࡅධࢀ࡚ࠊ௒᪥ࡢࡼ࠺
࡞ࢻ࣑ࢼࣥࢺࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡢᙧែ࡟⤫୍ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊࡇࢀࢆ♫఍ⓗᵓᡂࡔ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟
ẚ࡭࡚ࠊAbernathy & Clark (1985)ࡣᢏ⾡࡜ᕷሙࡢ࣐ࢺࣜࢡࢫ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㸲ࡘࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋
ࢩࣙࣥࢆศ㢮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕࣝ(Architectural㸹᪂つᕷሙ㸩᪂つᢏ⾡)ࠊࢽࢵࢳࢡ࢚ࣜ࢖ࢩࣙࣥ(Niche Creation㸹᪂つᕷሙ㸩᪤Ꮡᢏ⾡)ࠊࣞࢠ࣮ࣗࣛ

(Regular㸹᪤Ꮡᕷሙ㸩᪤Ꮡᢏ⾡)ࠊ࣮ࣞ࣎ࣜࣗࢩࣙࢼ࣮ࣜ㸦Revolutionary㸹᪤Ꮡᕷሙ㸩᪂つᢏ⾡)࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ศࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㸲ࡘࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣ௚ࡢ㐍໬ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ࡜⤒Ⴀ⎔ቃࢆ⏕ࡴࠋ
2.2 ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜⤒㊰౫Ꮡᛶ
⤒㊰౫Ꮡᛶࡣ┦஫౫Ꮡ㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࡢไ⣙ࢆཷࡅࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒

࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡍࡄࢀࡓᢏ⾡ࡀᡂຌ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿࠋDavid(1985)ࡢ⤒㊰౫Ꮡᛶ㸦Path
Dependance㸧࡜ Kats and Shapiro(1985)ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡእ㒊ᛶࡀ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋDavid (1985)ࡣࠊ⤒㊰౫Ꮡᛶ(Path Dependance)ࡢᴫᛕࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊ
QWERTY 㓄ิࡀᨭ㓄ⓗᆅ఩ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ㐣⛬ࢆṔྐⓗ⤒⦋࠿ࡽゎࡁ᫂࠿ࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡇࢀ
ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⤒῭ⓗせᅉ(ࢥࢫࢺࠊ౽┈) ௨እࡢせᅉࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ࣮࣮࢟࣎ࢻ
ࡢ㓄ิࡀ⌧ᅾࡢࠕQWERTYࠖ᪉ᘧ࡟Ỵࡲࡗࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࡣ⤒㊰౫Ꮡᛶ࡜࠸࠺せᅉࡀస⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋึᮇࡢᶵᲔᘧࢱ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࢱ࣮࡛ࡣࢱ࢖ࣆࣥࢢ㏿ᗘࡀ㏿ࡅࢀࡤࢱ࢖ࣉࣂ࣮ྠኈࡀ஫࠸࡟
⤡ࢇ࡛ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࢀࢆ㜼ࡴࡓࡵ࡟ࢱ࢖ࣆࣥࢢ㏿ᗘࢆ㐜ࡽࡏࡿ㓄⨨ࢆࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺୺ᙇ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊ௒᪥ࡢࢹࢪࢱࣝࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮᫬௦࡟ࡣࠊ࣮࣮࢟࣎ࢻࡀࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣝ࡜ࡋ
࡚ศ㞳ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㢖⦾࡟㐃⥆ࡋ࡚ࢱ࢖ࣆࣥࢢࡍࡿᩥᏐࢆࢃࡊࢃࡊ㐲ࡃ㓄⨨ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࡞࠸࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ⌧ᅾࡣࡑࡢࡲࡲ౑ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋఱᨾ࡞ࡽࠊࢱ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࢱ࣮ࡢ౑⏝⪅ࡀ
ࠕQWERTYࠖ㓄ิ࡟័ࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀ௨እࡢ㓄ิ࡬ࡢኚ᭦ࡀዲࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺⫼ᬒࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⤒㊰౫Ꮡᛶࡢࡓࡵ᪂ࡋ࠸࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀ㉳ࡁ࡚ࡶ᫆ࡋࡃཷࡅ
ධࢀࡽࢀ࡞࠸ሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡢே㢮ࡢṔྐ࡟ࡶࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⌧㇟ࡀ㢖⦾࡟㉳ࡁ࡚࠾ࡾࠊኳ
ືㄝ࠿ࡽᆅືㄝ࡬ࡢኚ໬ࠊ┿✵⟶࠿ࡽࢺࣛࣥࢪࢫࢱ࣮࡬ࡢኚ໬ࡢࡼ࠺࡞኱ࡁ࡞ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒
ࡢኚ໬࡟ࡣ๻ⓗ࡞♫఍࣭⤌⧊ⓗ࡞ኚືࡀకࢃࢀࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ(Kuhnࠊ1970)ࠋ
Arthur (1988)ࡶ⤒῭Ꮫ࡜࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ཰⋓㏴ቑࣔࢹࣝࡣ
ᆒ⾮Ⅼࡀ」ᩘᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋ࡜ࡃ࡟ࠊࡍࡄࢀࡓᢏ⾡࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡟ࠊ࡝࠺ࡋ࡚≉ᐃᢏ⾡ࡀ⏕ࡁṧࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡእ㒊ᛶࢆ⏝࠸࡚⤒῭Ꮫⓗ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Shapiro㸤Hal(1999)ࡶᶆ‽໬➇த࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ゐࢀ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᢏ⾡஫᥮ᛶࡢつ᱁⤫୍࡟㛵ࡍࡿ➇தࢆㄝ᫂ࡋࡓࠋ௚♫࡟ඛ❧ࡗ࡚㈍኎ࡍࡿ࡜࠿ཱྀࢥ࣑ࢆᗈࡆࡿࡇ࡜࡛㢳ᐈࡢᮇᚅࢆࢥࣥࢺࣟ
࣮ࣝࡍࡿ࡜࠿ࠊ௚♫ᢏ⾡࡟㐜ࢀ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᢏ⾡ࡢ㛤Ⓨ⤒㊰ࡸ࣮ࣟࢻ࣐ࢵࣉࢆ☜❧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2.3 ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࡢࢩࣇࢺ࡜◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࡢኚ໬ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ
㸦disruptive innovation㸧࡛࠶ࡿ (Christensenࠊ1998)ࠋ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡢ࢖ࣥࢡ࣓ࣜࣥࢺࣝ࢖ࣀ
࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡼࡾ⏬ᮇⓗ࡛ࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢ⛛ᗎࢆ◚ቯࡍࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡿࠋ♫఍⤒῭ࡸ௻ᴗࡢ➇த࡟኱ࡁ࡞⾪ᧁࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ◚ቯⓗ࡞࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ
ࡀാࡃ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋேࠎࡀ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢᡂຌࢫࢺ࣮࣮ࣜ࡟㨩࠿ࢀࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊࡇࢀࢆ୺
ᑟࡋࡓ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱ࣮㸦௻ᴗᐙࡓࡕ㸧ࡢᡂຌࢫࢺ࣮࣮ࣜࡇࡑ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡿ๰
㐀ⓗ◚ቯࢆక࠺࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
2.4 ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢᬑཬ
࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢᡂຌ࡜ࡑࡢᬑཬ(diffusion)࡟ࡣࠊࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࡢタᐃࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋRodgers (1983)ࡣ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢᬑཬ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮

ࢩࣙࣥࢳࣕࣥࢿࣝࠊ♫఍ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠊ᫬㛫࡞࡝ࡀせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚᫬㛫ࡢ⤒㐣࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ᬑཬ⋡ࡣ S Ꮠ᭤⥺ࢆᥥࡃ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋRodgers (1983)ࡣ᪂ၟရࢆ
᥇ᢥࡍࡿᡭ㡰࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᾘ㈝⪅ࡢ㢮ᆺࢆࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱ࣮(Innovators)ࠊ࢔࣮࣮ࣜ࢔ࢲࣉࢱ࣮
(Early Adopters)ࠊ࢔࣮࣮࣐ࣜࢪࣙࣜࢸ࢕(Early Majority)ࠊࣞ࢖ࢺ ࣐ࢪࣙࣜࢸ࢕(Late
Majority)ࠊ࣮ࣛ࢞ࢻ(Laggards)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ 5 ࡘ࡟༊ศࡋࡓࠋRodgers (1983)ࡣࠊ࣮࣋ࣝ࢝ࣈ
ࢆၟရᬑཬࡢ⣼✚ᗘᩘศᕸ᭤⥺࡛࠶ࡿ S Ꮠ࣮࢝ࣈ࡜ẚ࡭࡚ࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱ࣮࡜࢔࣮࣮ࣜ࢔ࢲ
ࣉࢱ࣮ࡢࡼ࠺࡞࢜ࣆࢽ࣮࢜ࣥࣜࢲ࣮(opinion leader)ࡢ๭ྜࢆ㊊ࡋࡓ 16%ࡢࣛ࢖ࣥࡀ S Ꮠ࣮࢝ࣈࡀᛴ⃭࡟ୖ᪼ࡍࡿࣛ࢖ࣥ࡜࡯࡜ࢇ࡝୍⮴ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇ࠿ࡽࠊ࢜ࣆࢽ࣮࢜ࣥࣜࢲ࣮
࡬ࡢᬑཬࡀၟရᬑཬࡢ࣏࢖ࣥࢺ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋࠊᬑཬ⋡ 16%ࡢㄽ⌮ࢆᥦၐࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㸳ࡘࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ୰࡛᭱ࡶඛ࡟᪂〇ရࢆ㉎ධࡍࡿேࡣ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱ࣮࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙼࡽࡣ඲యࡢ₯ᅾ㟂せࡢ 2.5%࡟࠶ࡓࡿᑡᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ෑ㝤ᚰࡣᙉ࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊ౯᱁࡟ᩄឤ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ඲⯡ⓗ࡟♫఍つ⠊࡟ᚑࢃ࡞࠸ഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ࢔࣮࣮ࣜ࢔ࢲࣉࢱ࣮ࡣ඲య㟂せࡢ 13.5%ࢆᵓᡂࡋࠊ
ᡤᒓࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࠿ࡽࡣᑛᩗࢆཷࡅ࡞ࡀࡽ኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ຊࢆ⾜౑ࡍࡿ࢜ࣆࢽ࣮࢜ࣥࣜࢲ࣮࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᙼࡽࡣ࿘ࡾࡢேࡓࡕࡼࡾඛ࡟〇ရࡢ᝟ሗ࡟᥋ࡋ࡚〇ရࢆ㉎ධࠊホ౯ࢆୗࡋࠊ࿘㎶ࡢேࠎ࡟ఏ࠼ࡿഴྥࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ୍࡛ࡘࡢ〇ရ࡟ᅃࢃࢀࡍࡂࡿ࣐ࢽ࢔࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ≉ᚩࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᅗ 1 ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢᬑཬ᭤⥺Source : Rodgers (1983)
von Hippel(1986)ࡶ࣮ࣜࢻ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡢ㔜せᛶࢆᙉㄪࡋࡓࠋࢽ࣮ࢬࡀ୍⯡໬ࡍࡿ๓࡟ࠊࡑࡢ
ࢽ࣮ࢬࢆᙉࡃᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮࡛࠶ࡿ࣮ࣜࢻ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡓᕷሙࡢㄪᰝࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࠋᙼࡽࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ㐣ཤࡢᕷሙࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ
࡞࠿ࡗࡓ᪂〇ရ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᕷሙࡢㄪᰝࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪂〇ရࡣᚲࡎ௻ᴗ୺య࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㐀ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮୺ᑟ࡛᪂〇ရࡢ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡀฟࡓࡾ
ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࠊᙼࡽࡢኌࡣ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ศᯒࡋࡓࠋ

Foster (1986)࡜ Foster & Kaplan (2001)ࡣᢏ⾡㐍Ṍࡣ S ࣮࢝ࣈࢆᥥ࠸࡚ࠊࡸࡀ࡚㝈⏺࡟⮳ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௻ᴗࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㝈⏺ࢆண ࡋ࡚ࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ᢞ㈨ࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
2.5 ࣮࢜ࣉࣥ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ
ࣅࢪࢿࢫ⎔ቃࡢኚ໬ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟⃭ࡋࡃࠊእ㒊⎔ቃ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᑐᛂ㏿ᗘࡶࡑࢀ࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚ᛴ㏿࡞ኚ໬ࡀồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓどⅬ࡛ Chesbrough(2004)ࡣࠊࢡ࣮ࣟࢬࢻ ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙ
ࣥ࠿ࡽ࣮࢜ࣉࣥ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡬ࡢ⛣⾜ࡀ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣮࢜ࣉࣥࢽࢫ
(Openness)࡜ࡣࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢࡓࡵ࡟▱㆑ࢆࣉࣝࣜࣥࢢࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⌧ࢃࡋ࡚ࠊ▱㆑ࡢ㈉⊩⪅ࡀ௚ேࡢ࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺ࡟࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ࢔࢘ࢺࣉࢵࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚
ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᤼௚ⓗ࡞ᶒ฼ࡣⓎ᥹ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ࡍ
ࡿ(Chesbrough and Appleyardࠊ2007)ࠋ
ᅗ 2 ࣮࢜ࣉࣥ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢࢱ࢖ࣉ

Source: Chesbrough (2007)
Chesbrough (2007)ࡣࠊ࣮࢜ࣉࣥࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚๰㐀ࡉࢀࡓ౯್࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᫬Ⅼࡣබඹ㈈ࡢ
᫬Ⅼ࡜ఝࡓࡾᐤࡗࡓࡾ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ౯್ࢆᾘ㈝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡀࠊ௚ࡢ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࢆ᤼㝖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺≉ᚩࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Chesbrough and Appleyard(2007)࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊOpenness ࡢ౯್ࡣ(1)࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ഃࡀ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔
࡜ࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶࢆ┤᥋ᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛〇ရࡢရ㉁ࡀᨵၿࡍࡿ᪉ἲࠊ(2)ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᩀᯝࢆ฼
⏝ࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡀ࠶ࡿࠋMySpaceࠊYouTubeࠊWikipediaࠊLinux ࡞࡝ࡢ࣮࢜ࣉࣥ ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ〇ရࡣࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡞⤒Ⴀᡓ␎࡜ࡣ㐪࠸ࠊ౯್ࢆ๰㐀ࡍࡿ㈨※࡟ᑐࡍࡿᡤ᭷ᶒࡀ≉ᐃࣉ࣮࣮ࣞࣖ࡟ᖐᒓࡏࡎࠊ୺࡟እ㒊࡟Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡞㈉⊩⪅࡟ᐤࡾ᥃࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇ

࡜ࠊ〇ရࢆᶍೌࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛௚ࡢ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࢆ᤼㝖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛
Porter(1985)ࡢ⤒Ⴀᡓ␎ࢆ㐺⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊGoogle ࡸ Yahoo ࡣྠࡌࢧ࣮ࢳ࢚ࣥࢪࣥ
⏘ᴗ࡛➇தࡍࡿᢏ⾡ࡀከᩘᏑᅾࡍࡿࡀࠊ┦ኚࡽࡎ㧗࠸฼┈ࢆாཷࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋMicrosoft ࡣ
Google ࡢᛴ㏿࡞ᡂ㛗ࢆἕṆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ㐣ཤࡢᡓ␎ㄽ࡛ࡣᡤ᭷ᶒࠊཧධ㞀ቨࠊࢫ࢖ࢵࢳࣥࢢࢥࢫࢺࠊ⏘ᴗ㛫➇த࡜࠸ࡗࡓⅬࡀࠊ୺࡞ㄽ㆟ࡢ↔Ⅼ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚᮶ࡓࡀࠊ࣮࢜ࣉ
ࣥ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ♧ࡉࢀࡿಶேࡢ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡞ཧຍࡢㄏⓎࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ཧຍࡢᙺ┠ࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢᵓ⠏ࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ࢚ࢥ࣮ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜࠸ࡗࡓᴫᛕࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋ
࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟㛵ࢃࡿ࠶ࡿ௻ᴗࡀ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ㛢㙐ࡋ࡚ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡟ᑐࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࠿ࡽⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ౯್ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ
ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊMicrosoft ࡢ OS ࡢࢯ࣮ࢫࢥ࣮ࢻ࡞࡝ࡢሙྜࠊ⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡓ౯್ࡢ┦ᙜ࡞㒊ศࡣ≉ᐃಶู௻ᴗࡢᡭ࡟ධࡗ࡚⾜ࡃࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ௻ᴗࢆྲྀࡾᅖࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ࢚ࢥ࣮ࢩࢫࢸ࣒
ࡀ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ౯್ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ࣮࢜ࣉࣥ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚๰㐀ࡉࢀࡓ౯್ࢆㄪᩚࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㔜せ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣᩓᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ௚ࡢ▱㆑ࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡿᇶ♏࡟࡞ࡿ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡ
ࢳ࡛ࣕ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㐠ႠࡉࢀࢀࡤⰋ࠸࠿࡟㛵ࡍࡿุ᩿ຊࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ
࣮࢜ࣉࣥ▱㆑ࡣ᭷⏝࡞ࢯ࣮ࣜࣗࢩࣙࣥࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊ࣮࢜ࣉࣥ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥᡓ␎ⓗ࡟㔜せ࡞஦ᐇࡣಶேࡸࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ࢚
ࢥ࣮ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᵓᡂဨࢆ␰እࡉࡏࡎࠊ౯್ࢆ๰㐀ࠊ⋓ᚓࠊᣢ⥆ࡉࡏࡿ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐇ㝿࡟ࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟㧗ࡃࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡉࢀࡓಶேࡲࡓࡣࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡀ࣮࢜ࣉ࣭ࣥ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈࢆ
ᣢࡘ௙஦ࡶ࠶ࡾᚓࡿࡀࠊ౯್⋓ᚓࡸ౯್ࡢᣢ⥆ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ㏣࠸ồࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟࣮࢜ࣉࣥ࢖ࣀ࣋
࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡶከ࠸ࠋ
2.6 ࣂ࣮ࣜࣗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ
ࣂ࣮ࣜࣗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࠸࠺ᡓ␎ࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࣈ࣮࣮ࣝ࢜ࢩࣕࣥᡓ␎ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋࡓ
Kim & Mauborgne㸦2005)ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡝ࡢ௻ᴗࡶཧධࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᕷሙࢆ㛤ᣅࡋ࡚ࠊ➇த࡞࠸ᕷሙࢆసࡾฟࡍᡓ␎ࡀồࡵࢀ࡚୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋᙼࡽࡣࠊࣂ࣮ࣜࣗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡣࠕ㈙࠸
ᡭ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡔ࠿ࡘ࡚࡞࠸౯್ࢆᥦ౪ࡋࡘࡘࠊ฼┈ࡢୖࡀࡿࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᪤Ꮡᕷሙࡢቃ⏺ࢆ෌ᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⡆༢࡟ゝ࠼ࡤ〇ရࡢᕪู໬࡜పࢥࢫࢺࢆྠ᫬࡟ᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋPorter(1985)ࡢᇶᮏᡓ␎ࡢ୰ࡢᕪู
໬࡜పࢥࢫࢺᡓ␎ࡣࠊࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࢜ࣇ㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡾࠊྠ᫬࡟ᐇ⌧࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࣂ
࣮ࣜࣗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᕪู໬࡜పࢥࢫࢺࡀྠ᫬࡟ᐇ⌧࡛ࡁࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋල
యⓗ࡟ࠊࣈ࣮࣮ࣝ࢜ࢩࣕࣥࢆ๰㐀ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊࢥࢫࢺࢆୗࡆ࡞ࡀࡽࠊྠ᫬࡟㈙࠸ᡭ࡟࡜
ࡗ࡚ࡢ౯್ࢆ㧗ࡵ࡚࠸ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ௻ᴗ㸦኎ࡾᡭ㸧࡜㈙࠸ᡭ཮᪉࡟࡜ࡗ࡚
ࡢ౯್ࢆ㣕㌍ⓗ࡟㧗ࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ㈙࠸ᡭ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢ౯್ࡣࠊ኎ࡾᡭࡢᥦ౪ࡍࡿຠ⏝࡜౯᱁࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡲࡾࠊ኎ࡾᡭ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡢ౯್ࡣ౯᱁࡜ࢥࢫࢺᵓ㐀࡟ᛂࡌ࡚Ỵࡲࡿࡓࡵࠊຠ⏝ࠊ౯᱁ࠊࢥࢫࢺࡢືࡁࡍ࡭࡚ࡀ㊊୪ࡳࢆᥞ࠼࡚ࡣࡌࡵ࡚ࠊࣂ࣮ࣜࣗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀᐇ⌧ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡞ࣂ࣮ࣜࣗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢᐇ౛ࡣࠊNintendo DS ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡓࠋ

Nintendo DS ࡣࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢࢤ࣮࣒ᶵࡢ㧗ᛶ⬟໬࡜࠸࠺➇தせᅉࢆ㔜どࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚
㛤Ⓨࢥࢫࢺࢆపࡃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓዪᛶࡸᖺ㓄ࡢᒙ࡟ࡶᴦࡋࡵࡿ͆⬻ࢺ͇ࣞ࡞࡝ࡢࢯࣇࢺ࡛ᕪู໬ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ⇿Ⓨⓗ࡞ࣄࢵࢺࢆグ㘓ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ௵ኳᇽࡶᾋỿࢆ⤒㦂ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᣢ⥆ⓗ࡞ࣂ࣮ࣜࣗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀ
࠸࠿࡟㞴ࡋ࠸࠿ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࠋᚑ᮶ࡢ〇ရ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡞࡝࡯࠿ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊ඲♫ᡓ␎࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡎ࡟ࠊ㒊ศⓗ࡞ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᡂࡋ㐙ࡆࡽࢀࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ〇㐀ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ࢖
ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊ࠿ࡾ࡟ࢥࢫࢺ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉᡓ␎ࡢ୍⎔࡜ࡋ࡚ࢥࢫࢺࢆపῶ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ
ࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ㢳ᐈ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢຠ⏝࡟ኚ໬ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡉ࡞࠸ሙྜࡀከ࠸ࠋࡇࡢ✀㢮ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋
ࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢᕷሙ✵㛫࡛㊊ሙࢆ⠏ࡃ࡟ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࢀࢆࡼࡾ☜࠿࡞ࡶࡢ࡟ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ
ᙺ❧ࡘ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ඲♫ࢆᕳࡁ㎸ࡲ࡞࠸㒊ศⓗ࡞ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ࡛ࡣࠊỴࡋ࡚ࣈ࣮࣮ࣝ࢜ࢩ
ࣕࣥ࡜࠸࠺᪂ࡋ࠸౯್ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜ᤊ࠼ࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࣂ࣮ࣜࣗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋
ࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊ༢࡞ࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ௻ᴗάືࢆᕳࡁ㎸ࢇࡔᡓ␎࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ぢࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᚑ᮶ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿࣞࢵࢻ࣮࢜ࢩࣕࣥᡓ␎࡛ࡣࠊ
ࠕᵓ㐀୺⩏㸦Structuralist㸧ࠖࠊࠕ⎔ቃỴᐃㄽ㸦environmental determinism㸧ࠖ࡞࡝࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࢆ࣮࣋ࢫ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡀࠊࣂ࣮ࣜࣗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊᕷሙࡢቃ⏺ࡶᴗ⏺ᵓ㐀ࡶ୍ᐃ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࡇ࡛άືࡍࡿ
௻ᴗ࡞࡝ࡢ⾜ືࡸⓎ᝿ḟ➨࡛ኚࢃࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠕ෌ᵓ⠏୺⩏(Reconstructionist)ࠖࡢぢ᪉ࢆ࣮࣋ࢫ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ㸴ࡘࡢࣜࢫࢡࢆᅇ㑊ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➨୍࡟ࠊ᥈⣴ࣜࢫࢡ(Search Risk)ࡢᅇ㑊࡛࠶ࡿࠋᕷሙࡢቃ⏺ࢆᘬࡁ┤ࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ᥈⣴ࣜࢫࢡࢆᅇ㑊ࡋࠊ௦᭰⏘ᴗࡢᖜ㛫࡟ࣂ࣮࣭ࣜࣗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢᶵ఍ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡞ᡭἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ(1)௦᭰ᮦࡸ௦᭰ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿᴗ⏺࡟┠ࢆྥࡅࡿࠊ(2)ᵝࠎ࡞ᡓ␎ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࢆぢΏࡍࠊ(3)ᚑ᮶࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ㈙࠸ᡭࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡟┠ࢆྥࡅࡿࠊ(4)⿵᏶
㈈ࡸಖ⟶ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆぢΏࡍࠊ(5)ᶵ⬟ᚿྥ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣឤᛶᚿྥࢆၥ࠸┤ࡍࠊ(6)᫬㛫㍈ࢆ㛗ࡃࡍࡿ࡞࡝ࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
➨஧࡟ࠊࣉࣛࣥࢽࣥࢢ࣭ࣜࢫࢡ(Planning Risk)ࢆపῶࡉࡏࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
⣽࠿࠸ᩘᏐࡣᛀࢀࠊ᳃඲యࢆぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㸲ࡘࡢࢫࢸࢵࣉࡢᡓ␎⟇ᐃࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆᥦ᱌
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚➇தࢆ㑊ࡅࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺኱ࡁ࡞᪉ྥᛶ࠿ࡽ᳨ウࢆጞࡵࡿᚲ
せࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
➨୕࡟ࠊつᶍࡢࣜࢫࢡ(Scale Risk)ࡢపῶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪂ࡓ࡞㟂せ㸦₯ᅾ㢳ᐈ㸧ࢆ᥀ࡾ㉳ࡇࡋࠊࣈ࣮ࣝ㺃࣮࢜ࢩࣕࣥࢆ኱ࡁࡃࡍࡿ㟂せࢆ࠿ࡁ㞟ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࣮࡛࢟࠶ࡿࠋ
➨ᅄ࡟ࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡲࡘࢃࡿࣜࢫࢡ(Business Model Risk)ࡢపῶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡓ␎ࢆ
⤌ࡳ❧࡚ࡿᡭ㡰ࢆヲࡋࡃ㏣࠸ࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸஦ᴗ㡿ᇦ࡛⮬♫࡜㢳ᐈ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟฼┈ࢆᚓࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺
࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࠊຠ⏝ࠊ౯᱁ࠊࢥࢫࢺࠊᑟධ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㡯┠ࢆᢚ࠼ࡓṇࡋ࠸㡰ᗎ࡛ᡓ␎ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋ
➨஬࡟ࠊᡓ␎ᐇ⾜࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡢ⤌⧊㠃ࡢࣜࢫࢡ(Organizational Risk)࡬ᑐฎἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣈࣝ

࣮࣮࢜ࢩࣕࣥᡓ␎ࢆᐇ⾜ࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ࡢ⤌⧊㠃ࡢࣁ࣮ࢻࣝࢆ஌ࡾ㉺࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ࠸࠿࡟⤌⧊ࢆືဨࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࠊࢸ࢕ࢵࣆࣥࢢ࣏࢖ࣥࢺ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡢ㔜せᛶࢆㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢࡓࡵࡢࣁ࣮ࢻࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ1)ᚑᴗဨࡢព㆑ࠊ2) ⤒Ⴀ㈨※㸦ேࣔࣀ࢝ࢿ㸧ࡢ୙㊊ࠊ3) ᚑᴗဨࡢኈẼࠊ4) ♫ෆ฼ᐖ㛵ಀ㸦ᨻ἞㸧࡞࡝ࡀ࠶ࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㞀ᐖࢆඞ᭹࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡍ
ࡿࡇ࡜࠶㔜せ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
➨஬࡟ࠊᡓ␎ᐇ⾜࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࣜࢫࢡ(Management Risk)ࡢపῶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋேࡣᡂ
ᯝ࡜ྠࡌࡄࡽ࠸ࠊᡂᯝ࡟⮳ࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆẼ࡟࠿ࡅࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊබṇ࡞ࣉࣟࢭࢫ㸦ᡭ⥆ࡁⓗṇ⩏㸧ࡀಖࡓࢀࢀࡤࠊᡂᯝ࡬ࡢ⊩㌟࡜‶㊊ࡶ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓබṇ࡞ࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆᨭ
࠼ࡿ 3 ࡘࡢ㹃ࡣࠊ1) 㛵୚(Engagement)ࠊ
2) ㄝ᫂(Explanation)ࠊ
3) ᫂ᛌ࡞ᮇᚅෆᐜ(clarity
of Expectation)ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡓࠋ
2.7 ฼┈⋓ᚓࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥᡓ␎
฼┈๰ฟ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜฼┈⋓ᚓࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥᡓ␎ࡶ࠶ࡿ㸦ᘏᒸࠊ2006㸹ᴬཎ㸤㤶ᒣࠊ2006㸧
ࠋᴬཎ㸤㤶ᒣ㸦2006㸧ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥᡓ␎ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ㝿࡟ࠊ㔜せ࡞ㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚㸴ࡘࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➨୍࡟ࠊ࣮࢜ࣉࣥᚿྥࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㔜せᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾜ࡁワࡲࡗࡓ௻ᴗෆ㒊ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆάᛶ໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ࣮࢜ࣉࣥᚿྥࡀ㔜せ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃ
ࡿࠋ௻ᴗࡢෆ㒊࡜እ㒊ࡢ⬟ຊࢆ⤖ྜࡋ࡚ࠊෆ㒊㈨※࡜⌧ᅾ࣭ᑗ᮶ࡢ㢳ᐈࢽ࣮ࢬ࡜฼⏝ྍ⬟࡞ᢏ⾡ࡢ㛫ࡢ㐺ྜᛶࢆ᭱㐺໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ࣮࢜ࣉࣥᚿྥࡢ࢖ࣀ࣋
࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ෆእࡢ㈨※ࢆ⤖ྜ࣭⤫ྜࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࡼࡾ㔜せ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
➨஧࡟ࠊࢱ࢖࣒ࢫࣃࣥࡢ㛗࠸㧗ᗘ࡞ᡓ␎ᛶࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ10 ᖺ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊࡑࢀ
௨ୖࡢࢫࣃ࡛ࣥࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫࣉࣟࢭࢫ඲య࡛฼┈⋓ᚓ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࡢᵓ⠏࡜ࠊࡑࢀࢆᢸ࠺ேᮦࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
➨୕࡟ࠊᅜ㝿໬࡟ࡼࡿᚑ᮶ࡢ㝈⏺ࡢࣈ࣮ࣞࢡࢫ࣮࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋୖグࡢ࣮࢜ࣉࣥᚿྥ࡜ࡘ࡞ࡀ
ࡿࡀࠊᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞どⅬ࡛ࡢࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥࡀ㔜せ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ
➨ᅄ࡟ࠊ⏘ᴗᢏ⾡ࢆᨭ࠼ࡿࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫ㸦⛉Ꮫ㸧ࡢ▱ぢࡢ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㏆ᖺࠊ㔜どࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠕࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫࠖࡸࠕ」㞧⣔ࡢ⛉Ꮫࠖࠕ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬ࠖࠕ࢚࣐࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ㸦๰Ⓨ㸧ࠖ࡞࡝ࠊ␗㉁࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ㡿ᇦ࡛Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚ࡁࡓከᵝ࡞ࠕࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫࠖࢆⓎᒎⓗ࡟ά⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
➨஬࡟ࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥᡓ␎ࡸ⛉Ꮫⓗ▱ぢࡢά⏝ࢆᅗࡿୖ࡛ࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆ㉳ࡇࡍேᮦࡢ⋓ᚓ࣭⵳✚࣭⫱ᡂࡀ㔜せ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࠋHDD ⏘ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢩ࣮ࢤ࣮ࢺࡢࡼ
࠺࡟ M&A ᡓ␎࡛ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂ࣐ࣝࢿࢪ࣮ࣕࢆከᩘ⋓ᚓࡋࡓ஦౛ࡸࠊ᪥ᮏ㟁⏘ࡀ⿕㈙཰௻ᴗࡢ⤒Ⴀᖿ㒊ࢆά⏝ࡍࡿ஦౛࡞࡝ࡀ࠶ࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ
➨භ࡟ࠊᢏ⾡࡜⤒Ⴀ࡜ࡢಙ㢗㛵ಀࡢᵓ⠏࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ౯್๰ฟࢆ౯್⋓ᚓ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡆࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊᢏ⾡࡜⤒Ⴀࢆ࠸࠿࡟⼥ྜ࣭⤫ྜࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࠿ࡀ㔜せ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ୧ࢧ࢖ࢻࢆ⤖ྜࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡃᙺ๭ࡢேᮦࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࣁ
࢖ࣈࣜࢵࢻேᮦࡀ㔜せ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
➨୐࡟ࠊ࣮࣒࣎ࣜࣗࢰ࣮ࣥᕷሙࢆ┠ᣦࡍᡓ␎࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢯࢽ࣮ࡢࣈࣛ࢘ࣥ⟶ TV ஦ᴗࢆ୰ᚰⓗ࡟ᢸ࠸ࠊࡑࢀࢆୡ⏺୍ࡢ஦ᴗ࡟⫱࡚ࡓ❧ᙺ⪅࡛࠶ࡿ୰ᮧᮎᘅࡣࠊ
ࠕ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊ᪂ࡋ
࠸ᢏ⾡ࢆᇶ┙࡜ࡋ࡚኱つᶍ࡞ᕷሙࢆ๰㐀ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ぢࢀࡤ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙ
ࣥᮏ㉁ࡣࢥࣔࢹ࢕ࢸ࢕໬࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
2.8 ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱ࣮࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱ࣮࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ⪃ᐹࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋඛ㏙ࡋࡓ
Rodgers(1983)ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱ࣮࡜ von Hippel(1986)ࡢ࣮ࣜࢻ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡣࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ
ࢆ㉳ࡇࡍ㐣⛬࡛ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍ௻ᴗእ㒊ࡢ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱ࣮࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡀࡘ࠿ࢃࢀࡓࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆ㉳ࡇࡍࣉ࣮࣮ࣞࣖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱ࣮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
⪃ᐹࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ࡜ࡃ࡟ࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜௻ᴗ㸦㉳ᴗ㸧⪅࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜௻ᴗ⪅㸦⤒Ⴀ⪅㸧࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௻ᴗ⪅ࡢุ᩿ࡣࠊ᝿ീ
ຊࠊࠕࢭࣥࢫࡢⰋࡉࠖ
ࠊ⮬ಙࠊࡑࡢ௚ࡢಶேⓗ㈨㉁ࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ௨ୖࡢࡶࡢࢆ࠿࡞ࡾྵࢇ࡛
࠸ࡿ㸦Penrose, 1995㸧ࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ௻ᴗෆࡢ᝟ሗ཰㞟⤌⧊ࡸࢥࣥࢧࣝࢸ࢕ࣥࢢయไ࡜ࡶᐦ᥋
࡟㛵ಀࡋࠊ௻ᴗᡂ㛗࡟ᑐࡍࡿࣜࢫࢡ࡜୙☜ᐇᛶࡢᙳ㡪ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ௻ᴗᡂ㛗࡟࠾ࡅࡿᮇᚅࡢ
ᙺ๭࡜࠸ࡗࡓ኱ࡁ࡞ၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡢྛࠎࡢഃ㠃ࡣࠊᡂ㛗ࣉࣟࢭࢫศᯒ
ࡢ୍ࡘࡢ୙ྍḞ࡞㒊ศ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ௻ᴗࡢࠕᮇᚅࠖ
ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ௻ᴗࡀࠕ⎔ቃࠖࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ゎ㔘ࡍࡿ࠿ࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡢෆ㒊㈨※ࡸάືࡢ㛵ᩘ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ௻ᴗ⪅ࡢಶேⓗ㈨㉁ࡢ㛵ᩘ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋḟ࡟ࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡑࢀࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍሙ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿ㸦ዟ࣭ᮔ࣭᯻ࠊ2011㸧ࠋ㈨※౫Ꮡ⌮ㄽ㸦ࣜࢯ࣮ࢫ࣭࣮࣋ࢫࢺ࣭ࣅ࣮ࣗ㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢵࢡ࡞どⅬࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓኚ໬ࡢ᪉ྥᛶ࡟ࡣࠊά⏝࠾ࡼࡧ᥈⣴ࡢ⣼✚ⓗ࡞ຠᯝࡀᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ㸦Collis,
1991㸧ࠋᮏ᮶࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣ⤌⧊⬟ຊࡢ᭦᪂ࢆಁࡍάື࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸦Eisenhardt andMartin, 2000; Helfat and Raubitschek, 2000㸧ࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊPenrose(1959)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⤌⧊⬟ຊ㸦resources㸧ࡣ⤌⧊ኚ㠉㸦organizational renewal㸧ࡢᇶ♏࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⤌⧊⬟ຊࡢ⵳✚ࡣⓎᒎࡢ᪉ྥᛶ࡜ྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࡜㆟ㄽࡋࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ᪉ྥࡣ
ࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢ⤌⧊⬟ຊ࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⤌⧊⬟ຊࡣᅛᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢵࢡ࡟ኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㸦Teece et al., 1997㸧ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ
ኚ໬ࡍࡿ⎔ቃ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ⤌⧊⬟ຊࢆ᭦᪂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤌⧊⬟ຊࡢ᭦᪂ࡣࠊ⤒㊰౫Ꮡᛶࡢᙳ㡪ࢆᙉࡃཷࡅࡿࡋࠊ⤌⧊⬟ຊࡢ⵳✚ࡣࠊ㐣ཤࡢ⤌⧊⬟ຊࡢ⵳✚ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⌧ᅾࡢ⤌⧊⬟ຊࡢ᮰ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿ㸦Collis, 1991㸧
ࠋḟ࡟ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢵࢡ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ሙࡢ㛵ಀࢆࡳ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋሙ㸦ሙᡤ㸧ࡢㄽ⌮ࡣࠊ୍ࡘࡢᛮ࠸ࢆேࠎࡀඹ᭷ࡋࠊ᝟⇕ⓗ࡞⾜ືࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ㠉᪂ⓗ࡞ᛮ⪃ࢆඹ๰࣭༠ྠ㸦༠ዌ㸧ࡋ࡚࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ῝ᒙᚰ⌮࡛࠶ࡾࠊᛮ᝿࣭ᡭἲ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ㸦ᒣ⏣ࠊ
2005㸧
ࠋ୍᪉ࠊPorter㸦1998)ࡀᥦၐࡍࡿࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻࣔࢹࣝࡢ㸲ࡘࡢせ⣲㸦せ⣲᮲௳ࠊ㟂せ᮲௳ࠊ௻ᴗᡓ␎࠾ࡼࡧ➇த⎔ቃࠊ㛵㐃࣭ᨭ᥼⏘ᴗ㸧ࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊ௻ᴗ࡟࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆ่⃭ࡋࠊྠ᫬࡟ᨭ᥼ࡍࡿせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ▱㆑㸦㈨⏘㸧࡟ࡣࠊಶேࡀᣢࡘࢫ

࢟ࣝࡸࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ࠊ〇ရࢥࣥࢭࣉࢺࡸࣈࣛࣥࢻࠊ࣐ࢽࣗ࢔ࣝࡸ≉チࠊ⤌⧊ࡢᩥ໬࣭㢼ᅵ࡞࡝ࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࡀࠊᐈほⓗ࡟ᐃ㔞໬࡛ࡁࠊIT ࡛ฎ⌮࡛ࡁࡿࠕᙧᘧ▱ࠖ௨እ࡟ࠊ୺ほⓗ࡛ࠊᐃᛶⓗ࡛ࠊࢻ࣓࢟ࣗࣥࢺ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠕᬯ㯲▱ࠖࡀ࠶ࡿ(▼಴ࠊ2003)ࠋ▱㆑ࢆ๰㐀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ
ࠕᙧᘧ▱ࠖ࡜ࠕᬯ㯲▱ࠖ࡜࠸࠺┦஫⿵᏶ⓗ࡞㸰ࡘࡢ▱㆑ࢆᖖ࡟ኚ᥮ࡍࡿࠕ┦஫ኚ᥮స⏝ࠖࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ SECI ࣔࢹࣝ㸦ձඹྠ໬㸦Socialization)ࠊ
ղ⾲ฟ໬㸦Externalization)ࠊճ㐃⤖໬㸦Combination)ࠊմෆ㠃໬㸦Internalization)࡜
࠸࠺㸲ࡘࡢ࣮ࣔࢻࡢࢫࣃ࢖ࣛࣝ㸧㸦㔝୰࣭➉ෆࠊ1996㸧ࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
୍᪉ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ SECI ࣔࢹࣝࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚▱㆑๰㐀άືࢆ᥎㐍ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ
⤒㦂ࢆඹ᭷ࡋࡓࡾࠊ
ᑐヰࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠕሙࠖ
㸦≀⌮ⓗ࠾ࡼࡧ௬᝿ⓗ㸧ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௻ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ▱㆑๰㐀ࡢࠕሙࠖࢆࠊᅜᐙࡢᨻ⟇ᙧᡂ㐣⛬࡟㐺⏝ࡋࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺ືࡁࡶぢࡽࢀࡿ㸦㔝୰௚ࠊ2003)ࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠊ
␗࡞ࡗࡓ౯್ほࢆᣢࡘಶேࡀᑐヰࡍࡿࠕሙࠖࡢ㔜せᛶࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࠊ௻ᴗ࣭ᅜᐙ࡟࠾࠸࡚▱㆑ࢆኚ᥮ࡍࡿࠕⰋ࠸ሙࠖࡢ᮲௳࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊձᣮᡓⓗ࡞ពᅗ࣭᪉ྥᛶ࣭౑࿨ࢆᣢࡘ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬ࡉࢀࡓ᫬✵㛫ࠊղ㛤࠿ࢀࡓቃ⏺ࠊճከᵝ࡞⫼ᬒࠊどⅬࢆᣢࡘࡶࡢ࡜ࡢᘚドⓗᑐヰࠊմ᫬㛫࣭✵㛫ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ⮬ᕫࢆࡶ㉸㉺ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ⤒Ⴀࡣ▱㆑ࢆᐇయ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ
ࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࡣ▱㆑ࢆᐇయ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ
᪥ᖖࡢ㐣⛬ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ࣮ࣝࢸ࢕ࣥ㸦Routine㸧࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ㸦Nonaka
et al., 2008㸧ࠋゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠊ᪥ᖖⓗ࡟࡯࠿ࡢேࡢ▱㆑࡜㛵ಀࢆ⤖ࡪ㐣⛬ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ▱㆑ࡣ๰㐀ࡉࢀࠊ฼⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ▱㆑ࡣලయⓗ࡟௻ᴗ⤒Ⴀࡢ୰࡛ලయⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ゎỴ࡟฼⏝ࡉࢀ࡞࠸࡜ࡑࡢ౯್ࢆኻࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋMintzberg(2007, 2011)ࡣࠊ➇தඃ఩ࡢ※Ἠࡣࠊṇ☜࡞ศᯒ⬟ຊ࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᖖ࡟ኚ໬ࡍࡿ⌧ᐇ࡟㐺ᛂࡍࡿ⬟ຊ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ⤒Ⴀࡣ⛉Ꮫ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊὝᐹຊ㸦insight㸧ࠊࣅࢪࣙࣥࠊ
⤒㦂࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿⱁ⾡࡟㏆࠸㸦Nonaka et al., 2008㸧ࠋணᮇࡏࡠ஦ែ࡟㎿㏿࣭ṇ☜࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿ⬟ຊࡇࡑࠊ21 ୡ⣖ࡢ㉸୙☜ᐇ࡞⎔ቃ࡟⨨࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ௻ᴗ࡟ồࡵࡽࢀࡿ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞⤌⧊⬟ຊ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⤌⧊▱ࢆ࠸࠿࡟⤌⧊඲య࡛ඹ᭷ࡍࡿ࠿ࡶ㠀ᖖ࡟㔜せ࡞ㄢ㢟ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋඛ㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ⎔ቃࡢኚ໬࡟ᑐᛂ࡛ࡁࡿᙉ࠸⤌⧊ࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂ࡛ࣝ⤫ྜࡉࢀࡓ඲ဨཧຍࠊ඲ဨຊࡢ⤌⧊ຊࡢቑᙉࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ⊂≉࡞ᬯ㯲▱࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ⤌⧊࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࢆࠊIT ࢆά⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᙧᘧ▱࡟⾲ฟࡉࡏࠊᙧᘧ▱ࢆࡼࡾຠ⋡ⓗ࡛ຠᯝⓗ࡟⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ
㸱㸬࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱ࣮◊✲࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸ࣇ࣮࣒࣮ࣞ࣡ࢡࡢᥦ᱌
3.1 ேᮦ⫱ᡂ࡜〇ရ࣭⤌⧊࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕ
࠶ࡿᆅᇦ࣭ᅜࡢ➇தඃ఩ᛶࡣࠊ㛗࠸Ṕྐࡢ୰࡛≉ᐃᆅᇦࡢᅵተࡢ୰࡛㐍໬ࢆ㐙ࡆ࡚ࡁࡓࢥ
࢔࣭ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫ㸦⤌⧊⬟ຊ㸧ࡢ⏘≀࡛࠶ࡿ㸦⸨ᮏࠊ2003a㸧ࠋࢥ࢔࣭ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫ㸦⤌⧊⬟ຊ㸧ࡣࠊእ࠿ࡽᡭ㍍࡟㉎ධࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㞴ࡋࡃࠊᆅ㐨࡟ᵓ⠏ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡀ㸦Barneyࠊ
1986㸧ࠊពᅗࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ⤒㊰࡛ࠕ๰Ⓨࠖࠕ㐍໬ࠖࡍࡿ㐣⛬࡛⏕ࡲࢀࡿሙྜࡶከ࠸㸦⸨ᮏࠊ1997㸧ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᅜ㝿ⓗ➇தඃ఩ᛶࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ㝿࡟ࠊࡑࡢᆅᇦ⊂≉ࡢࢥ࢔࣭ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫࡢṔྐⓗᙧᡂࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢥ࢔࣭ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫࡢᙧᡂ࡟

୺ᑟⓗ࡞ാࡁࢆࡍࡿࡢࡀࡑࡢᆅᇦࡢ୰࡛⫱ࡗࡓேᮦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊᅜ࣭ᆅᇦ࣭⤌⧊ࡢ➇தඃ఩ᛶ࡟኱ࡁࡃᙳ㡪ࡍࡿ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀࠊ〇ရ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕࡢࢥࣥࢭࣉࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
〇ရ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕ࡜ࡣࠊ〇ရࡢせồᶵ⬟ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᒎ㛤ࡋࠊ〇ရࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㒊ရ࡟ษࡾศࡅࠊᶵ⬟ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ศ㓄ࡋࠊ㒊ရ㛫ࡢ᥋ྜ㒊ศ(࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࣇ࢙࣮ࢫ)ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟
タィࡍࡿ࠿࡞࡝࡟㛵ࡍࡿᇶᮏ࣮࡛ࣝࣝ࠶ࡾࠊ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕࡢ㑅ᢥ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡇࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡀ
Ỵࡲࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ(⸨ᮏࠊ 2003b)ࠋ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ศࡅ᪉࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ
ࠕࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣛᆺࠖ࡜ࠕ࢖ࣥࢸࢢࣛ
ࣝᆺࠖࡢ༊ูࠊࡲࡓࠕ࣮࢜ࣉࣥ ᆺࠖ࡜ࠕࢡ࣮ࣟࢬ ᆺࠖࡢ༊ูࡀ࠶ࡿ (Ulrich, 1995; Fine,
1998; Baldwin and Clark, 2000; ⸨ᮏࠊ2001)ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ⸨ᮏ⌮ㄽ㸦2003a㸧࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ
ேᮦ⫱ᡂ࡜〇ရ࣭⤌⧊࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋࡲࡎேᮦࡢ୰࡛࢚ࣥࢪࢽ࢔࡟
⤠ࡗ࡚ඛ⾜◊✲ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓ㧗ᗘ▱㆑ேᮦ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ
⤌⧊⾜ືㄽ࡟ࡼࡿࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡸ࣮ࣔࣛࣝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲㸦Peltz and Andrewsࠊ1966㸧ࠊࣉࣟࣇ࢙ࢵࢩࣙࢼࣝ◊✲ࡢ୍⎔࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᚿྥᛶࡸࢥ࣑ࢵࢺ࣓ࣥࢺ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲
㸦Kornhauserࠊ1962㸹Allenࠊ1977㸧ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓ㧗ᗘ▱㆑ேᮦ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡣࠊࡑࡶࡑࡶ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡜࠸࠺⫋ົ≉ᛶࡸ㧗ᗘᑓ㛛⫋≉᭷ࡢᚿྥᛶ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ
୍⯡ⓗ࡞ே஦ປົ⟶⌮ࡀ㐺⏝ࡋ࡟ࡃ࠸࡜ࡉࢀࡿ㸦㒔␃࣭Ᏺᓥࠊ2011㸧ࠋ୍᪉ࠊேᮦ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓
ࣥࢺㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ࢟ࣕࣜ࢔࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࠊᴗ⦼࡜ே஦⟶⌮ᡭἲࡢ㛵㐃࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࠊᑓ㛛⬟ຊࡢ᪩ᮇ㝞⭉໬ࡸ㝈⏺ᖺ㱋ព㆑ၥ㢟ࠊ⬟ຊ㛤Ⓨ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࠊ⟶⌮⫋࣏ࢫࢺ୙㊊࡜ᑓ㛛⫋ไᗘࡢၥ㢟࡞࡝ࡀ୰ᚰⓗ࡟ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦㒔␃࣭Ᏺᓥࠊ2011㸧ࠋࡑࡢ୰ࠊ㒔␃࣭Ᏺᓥ㸦2011㸧ࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ࡢ〇ရ㛤Ⓨ࡜ேᮦ⫱ᡂ࡟ࣇ࢛࣮࢝ࢫࢆ⨨࠸࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏ࣭㡑ᅜ࣭୰ᅜ௻ᴗࡢẚ㍑ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡟኱ࡁ࡞ព⩏ࡀ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠊࡇࡢ◊✲ࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊேᮦ⫱ᡂ࡜〇ရ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆศᯒࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡟ࠊ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾㄪᰝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ〇ရ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕ࡜ேᮦ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࠕ࢖ࣥࢸࢢࣛࣝᆺ=ෆ㒊⫱ᡂ㔜ど࣭㛗ᮇⓗどⅬࡢ⬟ຊ㛤Ⓨ࣭࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ௜୚ࠖࠊ
ࠕࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣛᆺ=୰㏵᥇⏝㔜ど࣭▷ᮇⓗどⅬ࠿ࡽࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ௜୚ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⿵᏶㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ㛤Ⓨ⤌⧊࡜ேᮦ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ࡜ࡢ⿵᏶㛵ಀࡣ᫂☜࡟ࡣ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ
⪺ࡁྲྀࡾㄪᰝ࡛ࡶ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝ࡛ࡶࠊ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗ࡛ࡣ㛗ᮇ㞠⏝࡜࢖ࣥࢸࢢࣛࣝᆺ࢔࣮࢟ࢸ
ࢡࢳࣕࡀᑐᛂࡋࠊ୰ᅜ௻ᴗ࡛ࡣ▷ᮇ㞠⏝࡜ࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣛᆺ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕࡀᑐᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ
࡜ࡀ☜࠿ࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋ㡑ᅜ௻ᴗ࡛ࡣࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᑐᛂ㛵ಀࡀᕼ࡛ⷧ࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗ࡟
㛵ࡍࡿㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ⸨ᮏ㸦2003a㸧ࠊᴋᮌ࣭ࢳ࢙ࢫࣈࣟ࢘(2001)ࡢ୺ᙇ࡜ࡶᩚྜᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
⸨ᮏ㸦2003b㸧ࡣࠊ㐍໬ㄽⓗ࡞⤌⧊⬟ຊㄽ࡜࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕㄽࡢ᥋ྜࢆヨࡳࠊㄪᩚ⬟ຊ௬ㄝࢆ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗ࡟ᛂ⏝ࡋࡓࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊᡓᚋ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡀ࢖ࣥࢸࢢࣛࣝᆺ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕࡢ〇ရࠊ౛࠼ࡤ⮬ື㌴࡟࠾࠸࡚➇தඃ఩ࢆᣢࡘഴྥࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊㄪᩚ⬟ຊࡢ㧗ࡉ࡜ࠊ
ㄪᩚ㈇Ⲵࡢ㧗࠸࢖ࣥࢸࢢࣛࣝ㺃࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕࡢ㛫ࡢ㐺ྜ㛵ಀࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࠋᡓᚋ᪥ᮏࡢ⬟ຊᵓ⠏⎔ቃࡢ୰࡛ࠊ
㛗ᮇ㞠⏝㺃㛗ᮇྲྀᘬࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡋࡓ⤫ྜᆺࡶࡢ࡙ࡃࡾࡢ⤌⧊⬟ຊࡀⓎ㐩ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊᅜ㝿ⓗ࡟ぢ࡚ࡶ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗ࡟ㄪᩚ⬟ຊࡀ೫ᅾࡍࡿ࡟⮳ࡾࠊࡇࢀ࡜㐺ྜⓗ࡞࢖ࣥࢸࢢࣛ
ࣝᆺ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕࡢ〇ရ࡛タィୖࡢẚ㍑ඃ఩ࢆᣢࡘഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ㄽࡌࡓࠋ㒔␃࣭Ᏺᓥ
㸦2011㸧࡛ࡶࠊ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗ࡟ࡣ㸪࢖ࣥࢸࢢࣛࣝᆺ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕ࡜ᶵ⬟㒊㛛ᶓ᩿ⓗ࡞ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ⤌⧊ࠊࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣛᆺ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕ࡜ᶵ⬟㒊㛛⤌⧊࡜ࡢ⿵᏶㛵ಀࡀ᫂☜࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲ

ࡓ๓⪅ࡢሙྜ࡟㔜㔞⣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࣐ࢿ࣮ࢪ࣮ࣕࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺୍㈏ࡋࡓࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡀࡳ
ࡽࢀࡿ࡜ሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓඛ⾜◊✲ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊࢡ࣮ࣟࢬࢻ࣭࢖ࣥࢸࢢࣛࣝ࢔࣮
࢟ࢸࢡࢳ࡛ࣕࡣࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ⬟ຊᵓ⠏࡜࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࠊෆ㒊᪼㐍㔜ど࡜㐺ྜᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ࣮࢜
ࣉࣥࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣛ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳ࡛ࣕࡣࠊ▷ᮇⓗ⬟ຊᵓ⠏࡜࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࠊእ㒊ேᮦࡢࣜࢡ
࣮ࣝࢺ࡜ᩚྜᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ
3.2 ࢥ࢔࣭ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫ࡜〇ရ࣭⤌⧊࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕࡢ㐺ྜᛶᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊࢥ࢔࣭ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫࢆࠊ㸱ࡘࡢࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫ࡟ศ㢮ࡋࠊእ㒊㢳ᐈࢆ᥈⣴ࡍࡿ⬟ຊࢆ࢝ࢫࢱ࣐࣮ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡋࠊᙼࡽࡢࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫࡢࡼ࠺࡟♫ෆࡢᢏ⾡ࢆά⏝ࡍࡿ⬟ຊࢆࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ࢝ࢫࢱ࣐࣮ࢥࣥࣆ
ࢱࣥࢫ࡜ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫࡢ㸰ࡘࡢࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫࢆ㐃⤖ࡍࡿ⬟ຊࢆࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪࢥ
ࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡍࡿ㸦ヲ⣽ࡣࠊᮔ௚㸦2011㸧ཧ↷㸧ࠋ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢᙅⅬࡣࠕ㧗ᶵ⬟࣭ࣁ࢖ࢡ࢜ࣜࢸ࢕࣮ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿ⬟ຊ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫࡼࡾࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺ࡬
ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿ࢝ࢫࢱ࣐࣮ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫࡢḞஈ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗ
ࡢㄢ㢟ࡣࠕ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࢆᙧ࡟ࡍࡿ⬟ຊ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫࡢ⬟ຊపୗ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜
ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ
ᅗ 3. ࢥ࢔࣭ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫ࡜〇ရ࣭⤌⧊࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ〇ရ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕ࡜㸱ࡘࡢࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡢࡀࠊᅗ 1 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢡ࣮ࣟࢬࢻ࢖ࣥࢸࢢࣛࣝ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕ〇ရࡣᢏ⾡ࢆ㔜どࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࢥࣥࣆ
ࢱࣥࢫඃ఩࡟࡞ࡾࡀࡕ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ࣮࢜ࣉࣥࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣛ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕ〇ရࡣࠊ〇ရࣛ࢖ࣇࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࡀᛴ⃭࡟ኚ໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵᕷሙኚ໬࡟ᩄឤ࡛࠶ࡾ࢝ࢫࢱ࣐࣮ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫ࡟㢗ࡽࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬࡟ࡼࡾࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝࣅࢪࢿࢫ⎔ቃࡣࢡ࣮ࣟࢬࢻ࢖ࣥࢸࢢࣛ
ࣝ࠿ࡽ࣮࢜ࣉࣥࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣛ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕ࡬ࡢ㌿᥮ࢆຍ㏿໬ࡉࡏ〇ရ㛤Ⓨࡢࢫࣆ࣮ࢻࡀ຾㈇࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ⮬♫ࡢᢏ⾡ࢆ⣲᪩ࡃᕷሙࢽ࣮ࢬ࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚࠸ࡃࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫࡀ㔜せ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

3.3 ࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫࢆᣢࡘࣁ࢖ࣈࣜࢵࢻேᮦࡢ⫱ᡂ〇ရ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕどⅬࡢ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕศᯒࡣ➇தඃ఩࡞ࡶࡢ࡙ࡃࡾࢆ┠ᣦࡋࡓศᯒホ౯ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᅜ㝿➇தຊࡢ࠶ࡿࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹ࡙ࣝࡃࡾࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟
ࡣࠊ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕศᯒ࡛ᙧᘧ໬ࡋࡓ᝟ሗ㐃㙐ࢆ᭷ຠ࡟ά⏝ฟ᮶ࡿࣁ࢖ࣈࣜࢵࢻேᮦࡀᚲ
せ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࣁ࢖ࣈࣜࢵࢻேᮦࢆ᰾࡜ࡋࡓ➇தඃ఩࡞ࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝ㐍໬ࡢ࣮ࣟࢻ࣐ࢵࣉࢆ
ᅗ㸲࡟♧ࡍࠋࣁ࢖ࣈࣜࢵࢻேᮦ࡜ࡣࠊ㉳ᴗᐙࡢ࣐࢖ࣥࢻࢆᣢࡗࡓᢏ⾡⪅㸦ࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮࢚ࣥࢪ
ࢽ࢔㸧ࡸᢏ⾡ࡢឤᛶࢆࡶࡗ࡚᭱⤊฼⏝⪅㸦ᾘ㈝⪅㸧࡜᥋ࡍࡿ⌧ᆅࡢ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࣜࢧ࣮
ࢳ࣮ࣕࠊႠᴗ࣐ࣥࢆᣦࡍࠋゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠊࣁ࢖ࣈࣜࢵࢻேᮦ࡜ࡣࠕ࢝ࢫࢱ࣐࣮ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥ
ࢫࠖ࡜ࠕࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫࠖࡢ୧᪉ࡢࢥ࢔࣭ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫࢆᣢࡘேᮦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᑡ
࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶࠕ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࠖ࡟ࡣࢫࣆ࣮ࢹ࢕࣮࡞ពᛮỴᐃࡀ⾜࠼ࡿࣁ࢖ࣈࣜࢵࢻேᮦࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋᅗ㸲.➇தඃ఩࡞ࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝ㐍໬ࡢ࣮ࣟࢻ࣐ࢵࣉ

㸲㸬ࡲ࡜ࡵᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱ࣮࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᪤Ꮡ◊✲ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋
ࢱ࣮◊✲࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸ࣇ࣮࣒࣮ࣞ࣡ࢡࢆᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆヨࡳࡓࠋᮏ✏ࡢព⩏࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ
ࢥ࢔࣭ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫᡓ␎࡜〇ရ࣭⤌⧊࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕࡢどⅬ࡛ேᮦ⫱ᡂ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ⪃ᐹࡋ
ࡓⅬ࡜ࠊ➇தඃ఩࡞ࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࢆ๰㐀ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢせ⣲ࡸࣇ࣮࣒࣮ࣞ࣡ࢡࡢ⪃ᐹࡸࡑࡢ᭷ຠᛶࢆ⪃ᐹࡋࡓⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡟ࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹ࡙ࣝࡃࡾࡢㄢ㢟ゎỴࡢࡓࡵࡢࣁ࢖ࣈࣜࢵࢻேᮦ⫱ᡂࡢᚲせᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᥦ᱌ࡋࡓࠋࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝᕷሙ࡛຾㈇ฟ᮶ࡿࣅࢪ
ࢿࢫࣔࢹ࡙ࣝࡃࡾ࡟ࡣࠊ௻ᴗ➇தຊࡢ※Ἠ࡜࡞ࡿࠕ࢝ࢫࢱ࣐࣮ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫࠖ࡜ࠕࢸࢡࣀ
ࣟࢪ࣮ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫࠖࡢ୧᪉ࡢࢥ࢔࣭ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫࢆᣢࡘேᮦࡀᚲ㡲࡛ࠊ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕ
ศᯒ࡛ᙧᘧ໬ࡋࡓ᝟ሗ㐃㙐ࢆࡶ࡜࡟㉳ᴗᐙ࣐࢖ࣥࢻࢆᣢࡗࡓᢏ⾡⪅㸦ࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮࢚ࣥࢪࢽ࢔㸧ࡸᢏ⾡ឤᛶࢆࡶࡗࡓ࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࣮ࣕࡸႠᴗ࣐ࣥࡢ⫱ᡂࡢ㔜せᛶࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ௒ᚋࠊ
ࡇࡢࣇ࣮࣒࣮ࣞ࣡ࢡ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊࣜࣥࢣ࣮ࢪࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫࡿᣢࡘࣁ࢖ࣈࣜࢵࢻேᮦࡢ≉ᚩࢆ᳨ドࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ
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NTT ฟ∧ࠊpp.14-48.
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ࠗሙᡤࡢㄽ⌮࡟ࡼࡿ஦ᴗᨵ㠉̿࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡬ࡢす⏣ဴᏛࡢᛂ⏝࠘ⓑ᱈᭩ᡣ᪂Ꮿ⣧஧㑻࣭ኳ㔝೔ᩥ(2009㸧ࠕ᪂⯆ᅜᕷሙᡓ␎ㄽ̿ᕷሙ࣭㈨※ᡓ␎ࡢ㌿᥮̿ࠖMMRC ࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩ࣮ࣙࣥ࣌ࣃ࣮277.
ᮡ⏣Ὀ⏕(2009)ࠕࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝᡓ␎ࡢ㐍໬㸫᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢࢺࣛࣥࢫࢼࢩࣙࢼࣝ໬ࣉࣟࢭࢫࠖ,᭷ᩫ㛶▼಴ὒᏊ㸦2003㸧
ࠕ௻ᴗ࠿ࡽぢࡓࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ࡢព⩏࡜ά⏝ࠖ, pp.75-127, ▼಴ὒᏊ࣭⸨⏣ᫀஂ࣭๓⏣࣭᪼㔠஭୍㢗ࠗ᪥ᮏࡢ⏘ᴗࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ᡓ␎̿ᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ➇தඃ఩ࡢ☜❧࠘᭷ᩫ㛶㒔␃ᗣ࣭Ᏺᓥᇶ༤(2011)ࠕᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔࡟࠾ࡅࡿ〇ရ㛤Ⓨ࡜ேᮦ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ : ᪥ᮏ࣭㡑ᅜ࣭୰ᅜ௻ᴗࡢẚ㍑ศᯒࠖ
ࠗFukino Project Discussion Paper Series࠘No.24, pp.1- 17.
⸨ᮏ㝯ᏹ(2001)ࠕ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕ⏘ᴗㄽࠖ⸨ᮏ㝯ᏹ࣭Ṋ▼ᙲ࣭㟷ᓥ▮୍⦅ࠗࣅࢪࢿࢫ࣭࢔
࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕ࠘᭷ᩫ㛶.
⸨ᮏ㝯ᏹ(2003)ࠕ⬟ຊᵓ⠏➇த㸫᪥ᮏࡢ⮬ື㌴⏘ᴗࡣ࡞ࡐᙉ࠸ࡢ࠿ࠖ, ୰ኸබㄽ᪂♫ᴋᮌᘓ࣭࣮࣊ࣥࣜW.ࢳ࢙ࢫࣈࣟ࢘(2001) 㺀〇ရ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕࡢࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢵࢡ㺃ࢩࣇࢺ㺁,⸨ᮏ㝯ᏹ࣭Ṋ▼ᙲ࣭㟷ᓥ▮୍⦅ⴭࠗࣅࢪࢿࢫ࣭࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕ࠘᭷ᩫ㛶, 263-285.
ᮔⱥඖ࣭㜿㒊Ṋᚿ࣭኱㝰ៅ࿃(2011) ࠕࢥ࢔࣭ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫ࡜࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣕᡓ␎㸫ၟရᡓ␎ศᯒࡢࡓࡵࡢࣇ࣮࣒࣮ࣞ࣡ࢡ㸫ࠖMMRC Discussion Paper, No.376, pp.1-42.
㔝୰㑳ḟ㑻࣭Ọ⏣᫭ஓ࣭Ἠ⏣⿱ᙪ㸦2003㸧ࠗ▱㆑ᅜᐙㄽᗎㄝ̿᪂ࡓ࡞ᨻ⟇㐣⛬ࡢࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒࠘ᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫㔝୰㑳ḟ㑻࣭㐲ᒣுᏊ࣭ᖹ⏣㏱(2010), ࠕὶࢀࢆ⤒Ⴀࡍࡿ㸫ᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ௻ᴗࡢ
ືែ⌮ㄽࠖᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫, pp28-42㔝୰㑳ḟ㑻࣭➉ෆᘯ㧗㸦1996㸧ࠗ▱㆑๰㐀௻ᴗ࠘ᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡢ㔜せᛶ⃝㇂⏤㔛Ꮚ㸦⊂㸧⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡᣺⯆ᶵᵓ yurikosw@gmail.com
࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ㸸 ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࠊᢏ⾡⤒Ⴀࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫࠊ〇㐀ᴗࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ໬

1.

ࡣࡌࡵ࡟䛂⤒῭䛾䝃䞊䝡䝇໬䛃䛸䛔䛖♫఍䛾ᵓ㐀ኚ໬䛜㐍䜣䛷䛔䜛䚹䛧䛛䛧䛺䛜䜙䚸䝃䞊䝡䝇䞉䜲䝜䝧䞊䝅䝵䞁䛾ᐇែㄪᰝ䛷䛿䚸䝃䞊䝡䝇䛾㞠⏝ཬ䜃⤒῭つᶍ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䝃䞊䝡䝇 䛻䛚䛡䜛◊✲㛤Ⓨάື䛾㈉⊩䛜㐣ᑠホ౯䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䛣䜜䛿䚸〇㐀ᴗ䜢ᑐ㇟䛸䛧䛯ᢏ⾡㌶㐨䛾䜲䝜䝧䞊䝅䝵䞁䜢ᇶ♏䛸䛩䜛ㄪᰝタィ䛾ၥ㢟䚸䛚䜘䜃ㄪᰝᑐ㇟䛷䛒䜛䝃䞊 䝡䝇ᴗ䛻䛚䛡䜛◊✲㛤Ⓨ䛻㛵䛩䜛άື䛾ㄆ㆑䛾ప䛥䛾ၥ㢟䛜Ꮡᅾ䛧䚸䝃䞊䝡䝇䞉䜲䝜䝧䞊䝅䝵䞁䛾ᐇែ䛜༑ศ䛻ᢕᥱ䛥䜜䛶䛔䛺䛔䛯䜑䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔䜟䜜䛶䛔䜛(Miles 2007)䚹
୍᪉䚸䝃䞊䝡䝇䞉䝡䝆䝛䝇䛾ቑ኱䛸ඹ䛻䝃䞊䝡䝇䛾䜲䝜䝧䞊䝅䝵䞁䛻㛵䛩䜛◊✲(van der Aa andElfring 2002, Barras 1986, Cainelli 2006, Gallouj and Weistein 1997, Gallouj 2002)䛜⾜䜟䜜䚸〇㐀ᴗ䛷䛾䜲䝜䝧䞊䝅䝵䞁䜢ᇶ♏䛻䛩䜛䛾䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䝃䞊䝡䝇䞉䜲䝜䝧䞊䝅䝵䞁䛭䛾䜒䛾䜢⌮ゎ䛩䜛䛯䜑䛾◊✲䛜⾜䜟䜜䛶䛝䛯䚹䛥䜙䛻 2004 ᖺ䛻䚸䝃䞊䝡䝇⛉Ꮫ䛾ᚲせᛶ䛜ᥦゝ䛥䜜 (Ifm and IBM
2007, Chesbrough and Spohrer 2006)䚸௒䜎䛷♫఍⛉Ꮫ䚸䝃䞊䝡䝇䞉䝬䞊䜿䝔䜱䞁䜾䚸䝃䞊䝡䝇䞉䝬䝛䝆䝯䞁䝖䚸⏘ᴗ◊✲䛜୰ᚰ䛸䛺䜚⾜䜟䜜䛶䛝䛯䝃䞊䝡䝇◊✲㡿ᇦ䛻⌮ᕤᏛ◊✲⪅䛜ຍ䜟䜚䚸 ศ㔝⼥ྜ䛻䜘䜛䝃䞊䝡䝇⛉Ꮫ䛾ᵓ⠏䛻ྥ䛡䛶᪂䛧䛔ື䛝䛜ฟ䛶䛝䛯䚹䝃䞊䝡䝇䛻䛚䛡䜛◊✲㛤Ⓨ䛾ᙺ๭䜢᫂䜙䛛䛻䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿䚸◊✲㛤Ⓨ䝬䝛䝆䝯䞁䝖䛾㔜せ䛺ㄢ㢟䛾୍䛴䛷䛒䜛䛸ゝ䛘䜛䚹ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䚸䛣䜜䜎䛷〇㐀ᴗ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜲䝜䝧䞊䝅䝵䞁䛾ཎືຊ䛸䛺䛳䛶䛝䛯⌮ᕤᏛ䚸୺䛻䝃䞊䝡䝇ᵓ⠏䛾ᇶ♏䛸䛺䜛᝟ሗᢏ⾡䠄Information Technology, IT䠅䚸ᩘ⌮⤫ィ䚸᭱㐺໬ᢏ⾡➼䛾◊✲㛤Ⓨ䛜㈉⊩䛧䛯䝃䞊䝡䝇䞉䜲䝜䝧䞊䝅䝵䞁஦౛䜢ศᯒ䛧䛯⤖ᯝ䜢ሗ࿌䛩䜛䚹
ࡲࡎࠊᮏⓎ⾲࡛ᢅ࠺㔜せ࡞ᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ◊✲ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ᩚ⌮ࢆࡋࠊᮏ◊✲࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫཬࡧࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆ S-D ࣟࢪࢵࢡ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࠋ
1.1 ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᴫᛕ
ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡣࠊ᪥ᖖ⏕άࡢ୰࡛㢖⦾࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀ༑ศ࡟⌮ゎࢆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟
ᛮࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢᴫᛕࡣ᭕᫕࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡀࠊே㛫ࡢᥦ౪ࡍࡿάື
ࡢෆᐜ࠿ࡽ≉ᐃࡢ⏘ᴗࢆ⾲ࡍࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊᖜᗈࡃ౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ୍ࡘࡢཎᅉ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ᮏࢭࢡࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣࠊṔྐⓗ࡟ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴫᛕࡢᐃ⩏ࢆᴫほࡋࠊࡲࡎࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗ࡜ࡑࡢศ
㢮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡿࠋḟ࡟ࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡛ࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᐃ⩏࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࢆ୰ᚰ࡟᣺ࡾ㏉ࡿࠋ

1

1.1.1 ⏘ᴗศ㢮࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴫᛕ
ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠗᗈ㎡ⱌ࠘㸦➨භ∧ࠊ2008 ᖺ 1 ᭶㸧࡛ࡣࠊࠕࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ㸦Service㸧ࠖࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕձዊ௙ࠋղ⤥௙ࠋ᥋ᚅࠋճၟᗑ್࡛ᘬࡁࢆࡋࡓࡾࠊᐈࡢ౽ᐅࢆࡣ࠿ࡗࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠋմ
≀㉁ⓗ⏕⏘㐣⛬௨እ࡛ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿປാࠋ⏝ᙺࠋ⏝ົࠋյ㸦➇ᢏ⏝ㄒ㸧 ѣࢧ࣮ࣈࠋ[ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ]᪥ᮏᶆ‽⏘ᴗศ㢮ࡢ኱ศ㢮ࡢ୍ࠋࠖ⤒῭Ꮫ࡛ࡣୖࡢᐃ⩏࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆປാࡢ୍ࡘࡢ✀㢮࡜ᤊ࠼࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡋ࠿
ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ18Ѹ19 ୡ⣖ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࡛ࡣࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᚲࡎࡋࡶ⏕⏘ⓗ࡞άື࡜ࡣᤊ࠼࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗ
ࡓࠋSmith ࡣࠗᅜᐩㄽ࠘(Smith 1776)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊປാࢆᐩࡢ※Ἠ࡜ࡋປാ౯್ㄝࡢᇶ♏ࢆ⠏࠸ࡓࠋᙼࡢ⌮ㄽࡣປാ࡟౯್ࡢ※Ἠ࡜ᑻᗘࢆồࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᡂࡾ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋSmith࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ͆ࠕ౯್ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡣ஧㏻ࡾࡢ␗࡞ࡗࡓព࿡ࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠶ࡿ᫬ࡣ≉ᐃࡢࡶࡢࡢᐇ⏝ᛶࢆ⾲⌧ࡋࠊࡲࡓ࠶ࡿ᫬ࡣࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࡀㆡΏࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡎࡿ㉎㈙ຊࢆ♧ࡍࠋ
͇Smith ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ౯್ࢆ ࠕ౑⏝౯್(value in use)ࠖࠊ
ࠕ஺᥮౯್(value inexchange)ࠖ࡜࿧ࢇࡔࠋࡲࡓࠊ
͆᭱኱ࡢ౑⏝౯್ࢆᣢࡘࡶࡢ࡛ࡶࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝஺᥮౯್ࢆᣢࡓ
࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡶከࡃࠊ཯ᑐ࡟᭱㧗ࡢ஺᥮౯್ࢆᣢࡘࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝౑⏝౯್ࡢ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡶ࠶
ࡿࠋ͇࡜࠸࠺ࠋSmith ࡣປാࢆ஺᥮౯್ࡢ┿ࡢᑻᗘ࡜ࡋࠊ㈌ᖯࢆྡ┠ୖࡢ౯್࡜ࡋࡓࠋSmithࡣປാࢆ⏕⏘ⓗປാ࡜㠀⏕⏘ⓗປാࡢ 2 ✀㢮࡟ࢃࡅࠊປാࢆᢞࡌࡓࡶࡢࡢ౯್ࢆቑ኱ࡉࡏ
࡞࠸㸦ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗⓗ㸧ປാࢆ㠀⏕⏘ⓗປാ࡜࡜ࡽ࠼ࡓࠋ⌧ᅾ᪥ᖖ࡟౑ࢃࢀࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡜࠸
࠺⏝ㄒ࡟ྵ᭷ࡉࢀࡿࠕዊ௙ࠖ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕ࠾ࡲࡅࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓព࿡ࡣࠊ஺᥮౯್ࢆᇶ♏࡟ࡋࡓ⌧௦⤒῭ࡢὶࢀ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡣ⏘ᴗศ㢮࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᒣᮏ㸦1999㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊClark
ࡢ 1940 ᖺࡢศ㢮࡛ࡣࠊ㎰ᴗࠊ⁺ᴗ➼ࡢࠕ➨୍ḟ⏘ᴗࠖࠊ㖔ᕤᴗࠊᘓタᴗ➼ࡢࠕ➨஧ḟ⏘ᴗࠖࠊၟᴗࠊ㐠㍺ᴗࠊ㠀≀㉁ⓗ࡞⏕⏘ࢆక࠺ࡑࡢ௚ࡢάືࢆྵࡴࠕ➨୕ḟ⏘ᴗࠖࢆつᐃࡋࡓࠋClark
ࡢ 1957 ᖺࡢศ㢮࡛ࡣࠊ➨஧ḟ⏘ᴗࡣ〇㐀ᴗࠊ➨୕ḟ⏘ᴗࡣࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡜ࡋࠊᘓタᴗ࠾ࡼࡧබ┈௻ᴗࡣࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡬ศ㢮ࡢኚ᭦ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊClark ࡣྛ⏘ᴗࡢศ㢮ᇶ‽ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ➨୍ḟ⏘ᴗ࠾ࡼࡧ➨஧ḟ⏘ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀኳ↛㈨※࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⏕⏘ࠊ㍺㏦ྍ⬟࡞㈈(goods)ࡢ⏕⏘࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊྵࡲࢀࡿᴗ✀ࢆ⨶ิࡍࡿ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ௚ࡢ⏘ᴗ࡜࠸ࡗࡓព࿡ྜ࠸ࡀᙉ࠸ࠋ
ࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ
㎰ᯘỈ⏘ᴗ࡞࡝ࡣ➨୍ḟ⏘ᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚ඹ㏻ㄆ㆑ࡀᚓࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᘓタᴗࠊබ┈஦ᴗࠊ㐠㍺ࠊ㏻ಙ࡛ࡣ◊✲⪅ࡸࠊྠ୍◊✲⪅࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶⓎ⾲᫬ᮇ࡟࠾࠸࡚␗࡞ࡿศ㢮ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᘓタᴗ࠾ࡼࡧබ┈஦ᴗࡣከࡃࡀ➨஧ḟ⏘ᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ㐠㍺࠾ࡼࡧ㏻
ಙ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ཯ᑐ࡟ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ〇㐀ᴗࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ໬ࡀ㐍ࡴࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ
◊✲⪅࡟ࡼࡿྛ⏘ᴗࡢ᭱⤊⏕⏘≀ࡢゎ㔘ࡢ㐪࠸ࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊ⏘ᴗẖ࡟ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ
ᴗ௨እ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟᫂☜࡞⥺ࡀࡦ࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸ࠋ
ḟ࡟ྛ✀⤫ィ࡛౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿᶆ‽⏘ᴗศ㢮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚♧ࡍࠋ᪥ᮏ࡛౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠕ᪥ᮏᶆ‽⏕⏘ศ㢮ࠖ
㸦JSIC: Japan Standard Industry Classification㸧ࡣࠊ⤫ィㄪᰝࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ⏘ᴗู࡟⾲♧ࡍࡿ㝿ࡢ⤫ィᇶ‽࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⤫ィࡢ┦஫ẚ㍑ᛶ࡜฼⏝ࡢྥୖࢆ┠ᣦࡋࠊ1949 ᖺ 10᭶࡟タᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋᅜ㝿㐃ྜࡀᥦၐࡋࡓ 1950 ᖺୡ⏺ࢭࣥࢧࢫ࡟ᑐᛂࡋࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶ኱つᶍ࡞ྛ
2✀ࢭࣥࢧࢫࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࠊ⤫ィጤဨ఍ࡢୗ࡟ྛ✀ࡢᑓ㛛ጤဨ఍ࡀタࡅࡽࢀࡓࠋ᪥
ᮏᶆ‽⏘ᴗศ㢮ࡣከᩘࡢ⤫ィㄪᰝ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㐺ᛂࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬ࢆ⪃៖ࡋࠊ
1951 ᖺ 4 ᭶࡟➨୍ᅇᨵゞࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋ௒᪥ࡲ࡛࡟ 12 ᅇࡢᨵゞࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
୍᪉ࠊ⏘ᴗศ㢮ࢆᅜ㝿ⓗ࡟⤫୍ࡋࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺ືࡁࡶ࠶ࡾࠊ
ࠕᅜ㝿ᶆ‽⏘ᴗศ㢮⾲ࠖ㸦ISIC㸸
International Standard Industrial Classification㸧ࡀไᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋ᪥ᮏᶆ‽⏕⏘ศ㢮
ࡢ 2007 ᖺᗘࡢ➨ 12 ᅇᨵゞ࡛ࡣࠊ᝟ሗ㏻ಙࡢ㧗ᗘ໬ࠊ⤒῭άືࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ໬ࡢ㐍ᒎ➼࡟క࠺⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢኚ໬࡬㐺ྜࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡟඲㠃ⓗ࡞ぢ┤ࡋࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⤒῭άື࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞⤫ィࡀྛ✀Ꮡᅾࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽࡀ⤫୍໬ࡉࢀ࡚࡞࠸
ࡇ࡜ࡀၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡳ࡚ࡁࡓ⤒῭άືࡢ࢔࢘ࢺࣉࢵࢺ࡟㛵ࡍࡿศ㢮ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᅜ㐃ᅜ㝿⤒῭♫఍ᒁ⤫ィ㒊ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ᡤ᭷ᶒࠊ≉チᶒࠊⴭసᶒ࡞࡝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྲྀࡾ
ᢅ࠺ࠕ୰ኸ⏕⏘≀ศ㢮ࠖ
㸦CPC: Central Prouct Classification㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡀࡉࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᑐ஦ᴗᡤࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠊᑐಶேࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫάືࡢ
ᶵ⬟࡟ࡼࡿศ㢮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⏘ᴗศ㢮ࡢᶆ‽໬సᴗࡣ⥅⥆ᑂ㆟ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ḟ⠇࡛ࡣ㛗ᖺࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᐃ⩏࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ປຊࢆᡶࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕
ࣥࢢ◊✲࡛ࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴫᛕ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡿࠋ
1.1.2 ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴫᛕࡢኚ㑄ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ◊✲࡛ࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᐃ⩏࡜ศ㢮ࢆࠊ2000 ᖺ௨๓࡜ 2000 ᖺ௨㝆࡟ศࡅ࡚ࡳ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ2000 ᖺ௨๓ࠊ≉࡟ 1970Ѹ1980 ᖺ௦࡛ࡣࠊ〇㐀ᴗ࠾ࡼࡧ㎰ᴗ࡛ᑐ㇟࡜
ࡍࡿၟရ㸦goods㸧࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡟≉᭷࡞ㄢ㢟ࡸ≉ᚩࢆᐃ⩏ࡍࡿ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ༢⣧࡞ㄆ㆑࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋBerry ࠾ࡼࡧ Gronroos ࡽࡢᐃ⩏࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡣࠕ⾜Ⅽ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࡜
࠸࠺ඹ㏻ㄆ㆑ࡢⱆ⏕࠼ࡀఛࢃࢀࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ1980 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࠊ↓ᙧᛶࠊྠ᫬ᛶ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞
ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿඹ㏻≉ᛶ࡟ࡼࡿᐃ⩏ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉ᛶࡣ↓ᙧᛶ(Intangibility) ࠊ ␗ ㉁ ᛶ (Heterogeneity) ࠊ ྠ ᫬ ᛶ (Inseparability) ࠊ ᾘ ⁛ 〇(Perishability) ࡜♧ࡉࢀࠊ㢌ᩥᏐࢆ࡜ࡾ IHIP ࡜࠸ࢃࢀࡓࠋ
ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ 2000 ᖺ௨㝆ࠊ
IHIP㸸 ↓ᙧᛶ (Intangibility)ࠊ
␗㉁ᛶ (Heterogeneity)ࠊ
ྠ᫬ᛶ (Inseparability)ࠊᾘ⁛〇 (Perishability) ࢆࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ≉ᛶ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟
ᑐࡍࡿ᠜␲ࡀ LovelockࠊEdvardsson ࡽ࡟ࡼࡾ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋLovelock ࡽ㸦Lovelock andGummesson 2004㸧ࡣࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡢㄽᩥࢆヲ⣽࡟ㄪ࡭ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉ᛶࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃ╔ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ࠿ࢆㄪᰝࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉ᛶࡣࠊ୍ࡘࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࢫࢱࢹ࢕࠿ࡽぢ࠸ࡔࡉࢀࠊ㆟ㄽࡉࢀࠊࡑࢀࡽࡀᚎࠎ࡟୍⯡ⓗ࡞≉ᛶ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉ᛶࢆ‶ࡓࡉ࡞࠸ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᏑᅾ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡓㄽᩥࡶᑡ࡞ࡃࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋLovelock ࡽࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡾ IHIP ࡢ≉ᛶࡣࠊ࠶ࡿࢱ࢖ࣉࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᡂࡾ❧ࡘࡀࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿ࡜࠸࠺ドᣐࡣ࡞࠸࡜⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ௒ᚋࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡀ
࡜ࡾ࠺ࡿ㐨࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ1. ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆ≉ᐃࡢศ㔝࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡜〇ရࢆ⤫୍ⓗ࡟ᢅ࠺ࠊ
2. ࢣ࣮ࢫࢫࢸࢹ࢕࡜ࡋ࡚≉Ṧ࡞ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢศ㔝ࢆࣇ࢛࣮࢝ࢫࡋࡓ◊✲ࢆ⾜࠺ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ 3. ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᐃ⩏࡙ࡅࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞≉ᛶࢆ᥈ࡍࡇ࡜ࢆᥦゝࡋࡓࠋLovelock ⮬㌟ࡣ 3.
ࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡜ࡋ࡚ᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ⛣ືࢆඖ࡟ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᐃ⩏ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ୺ᙇࡋࡓࡀࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣࠊ1.
ࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟㐍ࡵࡿ᪉ྥ࡛㐍ᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Edvardsson ࡽ㸦Edvardsson et al. 2005㸧ࡣࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᐃ⩏࠾ࡼࡧࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ≉ᛶ࡟
3ࡘ࠸࡚ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢㄽᩥࡢㄪᰝࡸᑓ㛛ᐙࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᐃ⩏࡛ࡣࠊ⾜ື㸦Performanceࠊdeeds㸧ࠊࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⏝ㄒࡀከࡃ౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ
ᥦ౪⪅ࡀ㢳ᐈ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᥦ౪ࡍࡿసᴗࢆ⾲⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᐇ㝿ࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ⾜ືࢆᐇ᪋ࣞ࣋ࣝ
࡛♧ࡍሙྜࠊಶࠎࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡣࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪⪅ࡢ␗࡞ࡿసᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚⾲ࡉࢀࡿࠋEdvardssonࡽࡣࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⌮ㄽࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿୖ࡛ࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᐃ⩏ࡣࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢከᵝ࡞⌧㇟ࢆᢅ࠺ࡇ
࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁࡿᢳ㇟ᗘࡢ㧗࠸࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ࠶ࡿ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ⾜ືࠊࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜࠸࠺ᐃ⩏࡛ࡣ୙༑ศ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ࠕ౑⏝౯್㸦value in use㸧ࠖ࡟↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚ࠕ㢳ᐈ࡜ࡢ౯್ඹ๰ (value
co-creation)ࠖ
㸦Vargo and Lusch 2004a, 2004b㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋࡓ㸦Edvardsson et al. 2005㸧
ࠋ
1.1.3 ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢻ࣑ࢼࣥࢺ࣭ࣟࢪࢵࢡ
ࠕ㢳ᐈ࡜ࡢ౯್ඹ๰ࠖ࡟ὀ┠ࡋࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆ෌⪃ࡍࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢻ࣑ࢼࣥࢺ࣭ࣟࢪࢵࢡ㸦S-D
ࣟࢪࢵࢡ: Service-Dominant Logic, Vargo and Lusch 2004a, 2004b㸧ࡣࠊ2004 ᖺ࡟ Vargo& Lusch ࡟ࡼࡾᥦ᱌ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ≀࠿ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࠿࡜࠸ࡗࡓ஧ඖㄽ࡛ศ㞳ࡋ࡚ᢅ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡣ ࡞ ࡃ ࠊ ࢧ ࣮ ࣅ ࢫ ⓗ ࡞ ㄽ ⌮ 㸦 S-D ࣟ ࢪ ࢵ ࢡ 㸧 ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ≀ ⓗ ࡞ ㄽ ⌮ 㸦 G-D ࣟ ࢪ ࢵ ࢡ :Goods-Dominant Logic㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢぢ᪉ࠊᤊ࠼᪉ࡢ㐪࠸࡜ࡋ࡚≀࡟ࡶࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡟ࡶඹ㏻ࡍࡿࣟࢪࢵࢡࢆ☜❧ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲ 1-1 ࡟ G-D ࣟࢪࢵࢡ࡜ S-D ࣟࢪࢵࢡࡢᑐᛂࢆ♧ࡍ㸦Vargo, Maglio and Akaka 2008㸧
ࠋG-D ࣟࢪࢵࢡࡣࠊ௒ࡲ࡛ࡢ〇㐀ᴗ࡟㛵㐃ࡢ῝࠸≀సࡾࢆ୰ᚰࡋࡓㄽ⌮࡛࠶ࡾࠊ౯್ࡣ௻ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚⏕⏘ࡉࢀࠊ〇ရ࡛࠶ࡿࠕ஺᥮౯್ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ὶ㏻ࡋࠊ౯್๰㐀ࡢሙࡣ௻ᴗෆ࡟࠶ࡾ㢳ᐈ࡜ศ㞳ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ S-D ࣟࢪࢵࢡ࡛ࡣࠊ౯್ࡢ๰㐀⪅࡜ࡋ࡚㢳ᐈࢆྵࡳࠊ௻ᴗ࡜㢳ᐈࡢඹ๰࡟
ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㢳ᐈࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡋࡓࡾࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚㢳ᐈࡢ౯್๰㐀㸦ࠕ౑⏝౯್ࠖ㸧ࢆ⾜࠺࡜ࡋࡓࠋ

4⾲ 1-1 ౯್๰㐀࡟࠾ࡅࡿ G-D ࣟࢪࢵࢡ ᑐ S-D ࣟࢪࢵࢡ ࡢᑐᛂ
G-D ࣟࢪࢵࢡ
౯್ࡢࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮

S-D ࣟࢪࢵࢡ

஺᥮౯್౑⏝౯್ࡲࡓࡣᩥ⬦౯್௻ᴗࠊࢧࣉࣛ࢖࣭ࢳ࢙࣮ࣥࡢ௻ᴗ࠿ࡽࡢ࢖
౯್ࡢ๰㐀⪅

௻ᴗࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ໬ࡉࢀࡓࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ࠊ㢳ᐈࣥࣉࢵࢺࢆྵࡴ
௻ᴗࡀ࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺ࣭࢜ࣇ࢓ࣜࣥࢢ࡜ࡋ࡚౯್ࢆ
௻ᴗࡀ≀ࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡟౯್ࢆᇙࡵ㎸ࡴࠋ౯౯್๰㐀ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ

ᥦ᱌ࡋࠊ㢳ᐈࡣ౑⏝ࢆ㏻ࡋ౯್๰㐀ࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ
್ࡣᒓᛶࡢᣑᙇ࣭ቑ኱࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ຍ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
⥅⥆ࡍࡿ▱㆑࣭ࢫ࢟ࣝࢆ㐺ᛂࡋࢧ࣮ࣅࢫཷ┈⪅࡟ᥦ౪ࡍ౯್ࡢ┠ⓗ௻ᴗࡢࡓࡵࡢᐩࡢቑຍ

ࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆ㏻ࡌࠊ㐺ᛂᛶࠊ⏕Ꮡᛶࠊࢩࢫࢸ࣒
࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᖾ⚟ࡢቑຍ౯್ࡢ ᐃྡ┠౯್ࠊ஺᥮᫬ࡢ್ẁࢧ࣮ࣅࢫཷ┈ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ㐺ᛂᛶࠊ⏕Ꮡᛶ୺࡟࢜࣌ࣛࣥࢺ㸦⬟ືⓗ㸧㈨※ࠊ≀࡜ࡋ࡚࢜࣌

౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿ㈨※୺࡟࢜࣌ࣛࣥࢻ㸦ཷືⓗ㸧㈨※ࣛࣥࢻ㈨※࡟ᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀ⛣㌿ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿ

௻ᴗࡢᙺ๭౯್ࡢ⏕⏘࠾ࡼࡧὶ㏻

౯್ࡢᥦ᱌࠾ࡼࡧඹ๰ࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᥦ౪

࢔࢘ࢺࣉࢵࢺࡢ༢఩ࠊ౯್࡜ඹ࡟ᇙࡵ㎸ࡲ࢜࣌ࣛࣥࢺ㈨※ࡢఏ㐩ᡭẁࠊ௻ᴗࢥࣥࣆࢸࣥࢫ

ࢀࡓ࢜࣌ࣛࣥࢻ㈨※࡟ࡼࡾࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿ౽┈࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫྍ⬟ᡭẁ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡾ๰㐀ࡉࢀࡓ౯್ࡢᾘ㈝ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸

௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡾᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡓ㈨※ࢆࠊ⚾ⓗ࠾ࡼࡧබⓗࡣ↓ຠ໬

࡞㈨※࡜⤫ྜࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿ౯್ࡢඹ๰

≀ࡢᙺ๭

㢳ᐈࡢᙺ๭

(ฟᡤ㸸 Vargo, Maglio and Akaka 2008)㛗ᖺࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴫᛕࢆ㆟ㄽࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ2000 ᖺ௨ᚋ኱ࡁ࡞ぢ┤ࡋࡀධࡾࠊ⌧ᅾ᪂ࡋ࠸ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒࡛࠶ࡿ S-D ࣟࢪࢵࢡࡢୖ࡛ࠊ⌮ㄽࡢ෌ᵓ⠏ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࠊࢧ࣮
ࣅࢫ⛉Ꮫ➼ࡢᗈ࠸◊✲㡿ᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊࡇࡢࣃࣛࢲ࢖
࣒ࡢୖ࡛ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᐃ⩏ࡋࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ◊✲㛤Ⓨ⾜ື࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㆟
ㄽࡍࡿࠋ

2.

౯್ඹ๰ࡢᇶ࡙ࡃ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࡍࡿඛ⾜◊✲ᮏ◊✲ࡣࠊS-D ࣟࢪࢵࢡ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆࠕ㢳ᐈ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪⪅࡟ࡼࡿ౯್ඹ๰ࣉࣟ

ࢭࢫࠖ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡋࠊ〇㐀ᴗࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟࠾࠸࡚◊✲㛤Ⓨࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㈉⊩ࢆࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿ஦ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ౯್ඹ๰ࡣࠊ㢳ᐈ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪⪅ࡢࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿ(Vargo and Lusch 2008a)ࠋࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊ
๰㐀ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿ」ᩘ⤌⧊ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣛࢡࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡾࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㔜せ࡞◊✲ㄢ㢟ࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࠊ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ◊✲࠾ࡼࡧࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ◊✲࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࡍࡿඛ⾜◊✲ࢆ⤌⧊㛫ࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡟↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚ࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࡍࡿࠋ

5

2.1 〇㐀ᴗࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ໬࡟క࠺◊✲㛤Ⓨ⤌⧊ࡢኚ໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲〇㐀ᴗࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ໬࡟క࠸ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪࡟㛵୚ࡍࡿ⤌⧊࡜࡞ࡿ◊✲㛤Ⓨ⤌⧊ࡢኚ໬ࡀ㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋOliva & Kallenberg (2003)ࡣࠊ⿦⨨〇㐀ᴗࢆㄪᰝࡋࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ໬ࢆ᥎㐍ࡍࡿ㝿ࡢ◊✲
㛤Ⓨ⤌⧊ࡢᡓ␎ⓗഃ㠃࡜ࣉࣟࢭࢫⓗഃ㠃࡟࠾ࡅࡿㄢ㢟ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡎࠊ⣧⢋࡞ே࡟ࡼࡿࢧ࣮ࣅ
ࢫᥦ౪ࢆ㝖እࡋࡓ〇ရࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆ〇ရᑟධ㸦product installed base IB㸧ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡋࠊ௻ᴗ࡜㢳ᐈ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ㸦༢Ⓨࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㛗ᮇ࡟Ώࡿಙ㢗ᵓ⠏ࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪࠿㸧࡜ࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ⠊ᅖ㸦〇ရࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㢳ᐈࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢᥦ౪ࢆྵࡴࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࠿㸧ࡢ 2 ࡘࡢどⅬ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ศ㢮ࡋࡓࠋOliva & Kallenberg ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡞⿦⨨〇㐀ᴗࡢ௻ᴗ࡛ࡣ༢Ⓨࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪࠿ࡘ〇ရࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡀ
ฟⓎⅬ࡜࡞ࡾࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ໬࡟క࠸༢Ⓨࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪࠿ࡽಙ㢗ࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿ㢳ᐈ㛵ಀ࡬ࡢ௻ᴗ
࡜㢳ᐈ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡢኚ໬࠿ࠊ〇ရࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࠿ࡽ㢳ᐈࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫᥦ౪ࢆྵࡴࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ
࡬ࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⠊ᅖࡢኚ໬ࡀ㉳ࡇࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡣࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ౯᱁௜ࡅ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᡓ␎ⓗ࡞᪋⟇ࡢኚ᭦࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ゎỴࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊࡼࡾᅔ㞴࡞ࡢࡣᚋ⪅ࡢኚ໬࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ㢳ᐈࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫᥦ౪
ࢆྵࡴࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡬ࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⠊ᅖࡢኚ໬ࡣࠊ
ࠕ⿦⨨ࡢ㛤Ⓨ⪅࠿ࡽࢯ࣮ࣜࣗࢩࣙࣥᥦ౪⪅࡬ࡢࢩࣇࢺࠖ࡜࠸࠺◊✲㛤Ⓨ⪅ࡢࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ⤒㦂࣭ᩍ⫱࠿ࡽᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓᛮ⪃ᵝᘧࡢኚ໬ࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ⤌⧊࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡑࢀࢆᨭ᥼ࡍࡿ▱㆑࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡸ᪂ࡓ࡞㢳ᐈ⋓ᚓࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿ㢳ᐈ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆྵࡴࣉࣟࢭࢫⓗഃ㠃࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⤌⧊ࡢኚ໬ࡢᚲせᛶࢆ♧၀ࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ Gebauer, Fleisch & Friedli (2005)ࡣࠊྠࡌࡃ⿦⨨〇㐀ᴗࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ໬ࡢ≧ἣࢆㄪᰝࡋࠊேⓗࠊ⤌⧊ⓗ࡞ほⅬ࡛ࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ໬ࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢㄢ㢟ࢆᩚ⌮ࡋࡓࠋேⓗ࡞ほⅬ࡛ࡣࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ⪅ࡢࠕ〇㐀ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ≀ࡢ㛤Ⓨࢆ୰ᚰ࡟⪃࠼ࡿᛮ⪃࠿ࡽ㢳ᐈࡢ౯್๰㐀ࠖ࡬ࡢᛮ⪃ᵝᘧࡢኚ໬ࡢᚲせᛶࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ⤌⧊ⓗ࡞ほⅬ࡛ࡣࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ⪅ࡢᛮ⪃ᵝᘧࡢኚ໬ࢆᨭ᥼ࡍࡿ࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺどⅬࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ㛤Ⓨࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢᐃ⩏ࡸᐇ᪋ࠊ㢳ᐈ࡬ࡢ౯್ᥦ᱌࡟ὀຊ
ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᨭ᥼࣭௙⤌ࡳࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢝ࣝࢳ࣮ࣕ㔊ᡂ➼ࠊ⤌⧊ࡢኚ໬ࡢಁ㐍ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ
໬ࡢᐇ᪋࡟ྥࡅࡓ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ࣭࢔ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢᚲせᛶࢆ♧၀ࡋࡓࠋ
Oliva ࡽ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ⪅ࡢᛮ⪃ᵝᘧࡢኚ໬ࡢᚲせᛶ࠾ࡼࡧࠊࡑࢀࢆಁࡍࡓࡵࡢ⤌⧊ᨭ᥼࡟㛵ࡍࡿᣦ㔪ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋOliva & Kallenberg ࡣࠊࢯ࣮ࣜࣗࢩࣙࣥᥦ౪⪅࡬ࡢኚ໬ࠊGebauerࡽࡣࠊࡉࡽ࡟〇ရࡢ㛤Ⓨ࠿ࡽ㢳ᐈࡢ౯್๰㐀࡬ࡢኚ໬ࡢᚲせᛶࢆ♧၀ࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᴫ
ᛕⓗ࡞࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨ⪅ࡢᛮ⪃ᵝᘧࡢኚ໬ࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࡢ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ⪅ࡢ⾜ື࡟㛵ࡍࡿศᯒࡣᑡ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡟ࡼࡿᑟධࠊಖᏲ➼ࡢ〇ရࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ
ᥦ౪࡟㡿ᇦࡀ㝈ᐃࡉࢀࠊ㢳ᐈࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆྵࡴ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣ༑ศ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
୍᪉ࠊS-D ࣟࢪࢵࢡࡢᥦၐ⪅࡛࠶ࡿ Vargo & Lusch(2008b)ࡣࠊG-D ࣟࢪࢵࢡ࡜ S-D ࣟࢪࢵࢡ࡟࠾ࡅࡿどⅬࡢᕪ␗ࢆᩚ⌮ࡋࠊ〇ရ㛤Ⓨ࡟㝈ࡽ࡞࠸ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ㛵୚⪅୍⯡࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊS-D ࣟࢪࢵࢡ࡬ࡢᛮ⪃ᵝᘧࡢኚ໬ࡢᚲせᛶࢆ♧၀ࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊJacob & Ulaga (2008)࠾ࡼࡧ Gummesson,
Lusch & Vargo (2010)ࡣࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫ⤌⧊ࡸ⟶⌮⤌⧊➼ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡟┤᥋ⓗ࣭㛫᥋ⓗ࡟㛵୚ࡍࡿ⤌⧊ࢆᑐ㇟࡟ࡋࡓࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ໬࡟ࡼࡿ⤌⧊ࡢኚ໬ࡢ◊✲ࡢᚲせᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ゝཬࡋࡓࠋVargo & Lusch㸦2008b㸧ࡢ♧ࡋࡓ G-D ࣟࢪࢵࢡࡣࠊ〇ရ㛤Ⓨࢆ୺║࡟࠾ࡃࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ〇㐀ᴗࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢ⤒㦂࠿ࡽᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓᛮ⪃ᵝᘧ࡜ከࡃࡢⅬ୍࡛⮴ࡍࡿࠋ⤒῭ࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ໬࡟క࠸ࠊ㢳ᐈ࡜┤᥋᥋ࡍࡿࣇࣟࣥࢺࣛ࢖ࣥࡢᚑᴗဨࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪࡟㛵୚ࡍࡿே࣭⤌⧊඲యࡀ S-D ࣟࢪࢵࢡࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡋࡓᛮ⪃ᵝᘧ࡬ኚ໬ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ஦ࢆ♧၀ࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊOliva ࡽ࡜ྠᵝ࡟

6ᴫᛕ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᛮ⪃ᵝᘧࡢኚ໬ࡢᚲせᛶࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡢ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ໬࡟ࡼࡿヲ⣽࡞ኚ໬㸦⾜ື➼㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣ୙༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

2.2 ⤌⧊㛫ࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢㄪᰝ◊✲࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ〇ရࢆᑐ㇟࡟⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓᚑ᮶ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋
ࢩࣙࣥ◊✲࡛ࡣ༑ศ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࣉࣟࢭࢫࡸ⤌⧊࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪⤌⧊ࡢ▱㆑ࢆ※Ἠ࡜ࡍࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢᏑᅾࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢㄪ
ᰝᑐ㇟ࡣࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⤌⧊ࡀ୰ᚰ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ⤌⧊࡬ࡢ♧၀ࡣ㝈ࡽࢀࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡜㢳ᐈ࡟ࡼࡿ౯್ඹ๰ࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆ◊✲ᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿࡀࠊ
ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚◊✲㛤Ⓨ⤌⧊ࡢᏑᅾࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠊ࣐
ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ◊✲࡛ࡣඛ⾜◊✲ࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠊ࣐ࢿ
ࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ࠾ࡼࡧ ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⤌⧊㛫ࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋

ࢩࣙࣥࡢඛ⾜◊✲ࢆᖜᗈࡃぢ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࡣࡲࡎࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࢆᑐ㇟࡟ࡋࡓ⤌⧊㛫ࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡿࠋ

2.2.1 ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࢆᑐ㇟࡟ࡋࡓ⤌⧊㛫ࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲de Jong & Vermeulen (2003)ࡢ⾜ࡗࡓ᪂ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ㛤Ⓨ㸦New Service Development, NSD㸧ࡢᩥ⊩ㄪᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ㛤Ⓨ࡬ࡢࠕࣇࣟࣥࢺࣛ࢖ࣥᚑᴗဨ㸦㢳ᐈᑐᛂࢆ⾜࠺ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪ࡢ᭱๓ิࡢᚑᴗဨ㸧ࠖࠖࡢ✚ᴟⓗཧຍࡀࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᐇ᪋ྍ⬟ᛶࢆྥୖࡍࡿࡓ
ࡵ࡟ຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜(Alam 2002, Gruner & Christian 2000)ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋHsueh, Lin & Li (2010)ࡣࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫᑐࣅࢪࢿࢫ㸦B2B㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪ࢆࡍࡿ IT ௻ᴗࢆᑐ㇟࡟ࠊ௻ᴗࡢࢿࢵࢺ
࣮࣡ࢡᒓᛶ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆㄪᰝࡋࡓࠋࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊ
௻ᴗෆࡢ⤌⧊࣭ࣜࢯ࣮ࢫࠊ
ࠕ㢳ᐈࠖࡸࠕࣅࢪࢿࢫࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓእ㒊⤌⧊ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ
ᒓᛶ࡜㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽእ㒊⤌⧊ࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄪᰝᑐ㇟࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠕ◊✲㛤Ⓨ⤌⧊ࠖ࡜ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᒓᛶ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡣ♧ࡉࢀࡎࠊ௻ᴗࡣࣅࢪࢿࢫࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ࡸ㢳ᐈ➼እ㒊⤌⧊࡜ࡢࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆᙉ໬ࡍ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡓࠋ
Magnusson, Matthing & Kristensson (2003)ࡣࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ㢳ᐈࠖ࡜ࡢࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢᙳ㡪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ㢳ᐈ࡜ࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ⾜ࡗࡓሙྜࠊ๰ฟࡉࢀࡓ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࡣࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓሙྜ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࡼࡾ⊂๰ᛶࡸ㢳ᐈ࡟ࡼࡿ▱ぬ౯್ࡀ㧗࠸ࡀࠊᐇ⌧ᛶࡣప࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ Organini & Parasuraman (2011)ࡣࠊ㧗⣭࣍ࢸࣝᴗࢆᑐ㇟࡟ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ㒊㛛ࠊ㢳ᐈ࠾ࡼࡧእ㒊ࡢࣅࢪࢿࢫࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮࡜ࡢࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞ
ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒࡋࡓࠋࡲࡎࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪ࡢࠕࣇࣟࣥ
ࢺࣛ࢖ࣥᚑᴗဨࠖ࡜እ㒊ࡢࠕࣅࢪࢿࢫࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ࠖ࡜ࡢࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ
࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㈉⊩ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊ
ࠕ㢳ᐈࠖ࡜ࡢࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊ
ࠕࣇࣟࣥࢺࣛ࢖
ࣥᚑᴗဨࠖࡸࠕࣅࢪࢿࢫࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ࠖ࡜ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡣప࠿ࡗ
ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ௻ᴗࡢࠕ㢳ᐈᛮ⪃ࠖࡣࠊ༢⊂࡛ࡣࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡢ㛵㐃ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗ
ࡓࡀࠊࠕ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥᛮ⪃ࠖ࡜┦஫స⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡬㈉⊩ࡍࡿ஦ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢඛ⾜◊✲࡛ࡣࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢࢫࢸ࣮ࢡ࣍ࣝࢲ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ௻ᴗࠊ㢳ᐈࠊ7ࣅࢪࢿࢫࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ⤌⧊࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡀㄪᰝࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ௻ᴗࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪㒊㛛ࡢࠕࣇࣟࣥࢺࣛ࢖ࣥᚑᴗဨࠖࠊ
ࠕࣅࢪࢿࢫࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ࠖࠊࠕ㢳ᐈࠖࡀࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࡢ⛬ᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
ࡣࠊ୍ᐃࡢ⤖ᯝࡣᚓࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊ௻ᴗࡢࠕ㢳ᐈᛮ⪃ࠖ࠾ࡼࡧࠕ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥᛮ⪃ࠖࡢ㔜せᛶࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࠋHsueh ࡽࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊ၏୍◊✲ᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚◊✲㛤Ⓨ⤌⧊ࢆྵࢇࡔㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡀࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡣ♧ࡉࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
ḟ࡟ࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ◊✲࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࢆᑐ㇟࡟ࡋࡓ⤌⧊㛫ࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥ
࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡃࠋTether & Tajar (2008)ࡣࠊ〇㐀ᴗ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࢆᑐ㇟࡟࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙ
ࣥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢥࣥࢧࣝࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥᴗࠊẸ㛫ࡸබඹࡢ◊✲ᡤ࠿ࡽࡢ▱㆑ࡢά⏝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ〇㐀ᴗ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡛࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ▱㆑ࢯ࣮ࢫࡢ౑⏝࡛㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࢧ࣮ࣅ
ࢫᴗ࡛ࡣࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ▱㆑ࢯ࣮ࢫ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ◊✲ᡤ࡜ࡢࣜࣥࢡࡣᙅࡃࠊࢥࣥࢧࣝࢸ࣮ࢩࣙ
ࣥᴗࡀ୺࡞▱㆑ࢯ࣮ࢫ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉〇㐀ᴗ࡛ࡣࠊ◊✲ᡤࢆ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ▱㆑ࢯ࣮ࢫ࡜ࡋ
࡚౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢥࣥࢧࣝࢱࣥࢺࡢ▱㆑ࡀά⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚◊✲ᡤ࡜ࡢࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥࡣ㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟࠾
ࡅࡿᢏ⾡࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⪃៖୙㊊ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࠋRogers㸦2004㸧ࡣࠊ་⒪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᥦ౪⪅࡜་⪅ࡽ◊✲⪅ࡢࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡿ⑓㝔ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢᡂຌせᅉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄪᰝࡋࡓࠋ⑓㝔ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢᐇ᪋࡜ᡂຌ⿬ࡢ᏶஢ࡣࠊ་ᖌࡽ◊✲⪅࡜⑓㝔ࡢ་⒪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪⪅ࡢ୧᪉ࡢどⅬ࡟ࡼࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ┠ⓗ࣭౯್ࡢඹ᭷࡜㛵㐃ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ⾜࠺ࣉࣟࢪ࢙
ࢡࢺ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡑࢀࡽࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ㔜せᛶࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࠋ

Tether & Tajar (2008)࡟ࡼࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢏ⾡ほⅬࡢ⪃៖୙㊊ࡢ
ᣦ᦬ࡣࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ぢ㐣ࡈࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ␗ศ㔝⤌⧊ࡢࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᫬㝈࡟タᐃࡉࢀࡿࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ
཮᪉ࡢ⤌⧊࠿ࡽࡢ┠ⓗ࣭౯್ࡢ⌮ゎࡢᚲせᛶࡶ㔜せ࡞ᣦ᦬࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⤌⧊࡟࠾࠸࡚
ࡣࠊࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿ㢳ᐈࡢ┠ⓗ࡟㈉⊩ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⤌⧊ࡢ┠ⓗ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ㢳ᐈࡢ┠ⓗ࡟㈉⊩ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜ඹ࡟ࠊ๰㐀ᛶࡢⓎ⌧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᪂ࡋ࠸౯್ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿࠋࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟࠾࠸࡚
◊✲㛤Ⓨ࠿ࡽࡢ㢳ᐈࡢ⌮ゎࡢࡳ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㢳ᐈࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥᛮ⪃ࠊᚑ᮶ࡢࡸࡾ᪉࡟ᅛ
Ᏺࡏࡎ᪂ࡋ࠸࢔࢖ࢹ࢔࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࢆࡍࡿチᐜᗘࡶ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
2.2.1 〇㐀ᴗ ࢆᑐ㇟࡟ࡋࡓ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡜࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡢࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋
ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲〇ရ㛤Ⓨࡢᢏ⾡㒊㛛࡛ࡣࠊࣉࣟࢲࢡࢺ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢึᮇẁ㝵࡟〇ရ㛤Ⓨ⪅ࡀ㢳ᐈࢽ࣮ࢬࠊ≉࡟₯ᅾࢽ࣮ࢬࢆࡘ࠿ࡴࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せࡔ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(⸨ᮏ2001a, 2001bࠊ⸨ᕝ2006)ࠋ₯ᅾࢽ࣮ࢬ࡜ࡣࠊẼ࡙࠸࡚࠸࡞࠸ࢽ࣮ࢬ㸦ᱵ⃝ 1995㸧ࠊẼ࡙࠸࡚࠸࡞࠸࠿ࠊ࠶ࡁ
ࡽࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࢽ࣮ࢬ㸦ᆏᮏ 1996㸧ࠊ᫂☜࡟⾲⌧࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࢽ࣮ࢬ㸦⧊⏿ 2001㸧ࠊゝⴥ࡛ㄒࢀ
࡞࠸ࢽ࣮ࢬ㸦⸨ᕝ 2006㸧➼ࡢᐃ⩏ࡀࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ〇ရ㛤Ⓨẁ㝵࡛ࡢ₯ᅾࢽ࣮ࢬࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᚑ᮶࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡛⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡣࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡀ㛤Ⓨࡋࡓ〇ရ࡜㢳ᐈࢆࡘ࡞ࡄᶵ⬟࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ20 ୡ⣖ึ㢌࡟ㄌ⏕ࡋࡓࠋ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡣࠊ〇ရ୰ᚰࡢ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠊᾘ㈝⪅ᚿྥࡢ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠊ
౯್୺ᑟࡢ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡜㐍໬ࢆ㐙ࡆ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ௒᪥ࡢ࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢱ࣮ࡢ኱
8㒊ศࡣࠊ〇ရ㛤Ⓨ࡛సࡗࡓ〇ရࢆዴఱ࡟኎ࡿ࠿࡟㛵ࡍࡿ〇ရ୰ᚰࡢ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ౯್୺ᑟࡢ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸦Kotler et al. 2010㸧࡜࠸࠺ࠋᾘ㈝⪅ᚿྥࡢ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡛ࡣࠊ࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢱ࣮ࡢ㛵ᚰࡣ〇ရ࠿ࡽ㢳ᐈࡢከᵝ࡞ࢽ࣮ࢬ࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀࠊ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࠊࣇ࢛࣮࢝ࢫ࣭ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࣭࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࠊ┤᥋ほᐹࠊၥ㢟ᵓ㐀໬ᡭἲ➼㸦⸨ᮏ 2001b㸧࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊZMET(Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique࡞࡝ࡢ῝ᒙ㠃᥋ἲࠊ཯ᛂ㏿ᗘἲࠊ⬻⏬ീἲ➼ࡢ♫఍ᚰ⌮Ꮫࠊㄆ▱⛉Ꮫ࠾ࡼࡧ⾜ື⛉Ꮫ࡟ࡼࡿᡭἲࢆᇶ♏࡟ࡋࡓே㛫ࡢ₯ᅾព㆑ࢆᐃ㔞ⓗ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ
ࡽࡢᡭἲ࡟ࡣ㛗ᡤ࠾ࡼࡧ▷ᡤࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶ⿵᏶ⓗ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍ㸦⸨ᕝ 2006㸧ࠋ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢ௚㢳ᐈࡢࢭࢢ࣓ࣥࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࠊࢱ࣮ࢤࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠊ࣏ࢪࢩࣙࢽࣥࢢ
㸦STP㸧࡟ࡼࡿ㢳ᐈࡢ⟶⌮ࠊ〇ရࠊ౯᱁ࠊὶ㏻ࠊࣉ࣮ࣟࣔࢩࣙࣥ㸦4P㸧࡟ࡼࡿ〇ရ⟶⌮ࡸࣈࣛࣥࢻ⟶⌮࡟㛵ࡍࡿከᵝ࡞ᡭἲࡀ⪃᱌ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡛ࡣࠊ〇ရࡢ㢳ᐈ࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫ࡟↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚ࡓ〇ရࣛ࢖ࣇࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᖜᗈ࠸◊✲ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ୹⩚㸦2006㸧ࡣ᪂〇ရ㛤Ⓨࢆ┠ᣦࡍࣉࣟࢲࢡࢺ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟
࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㧗ᗘᢏ⾡♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢏ⾡୙ᅾࡢ〇ရィ⏬࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ࡟୍⯡ࡢ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ
ࡢ㝈⏺ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࠋ
ḟ࡟ࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㒊㛛࡜࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ㒊㛛ࡢࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ぢ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡜࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ㒊㛛ࡢࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ፹௓⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᢏ
⾡᝟ሗ࡜࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺ᝟ሗࡢ஺᥮ᶵ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࢤ࣮ࢺ࣮࢟ࣃ࣮(technological gatekeeper)ࡢ
㔜せᛶ(Allen 1970, 1977)ࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋㄆ▱⛉Ꮫⓗ࡞࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡟ࡼࡿ◊✲㸦᳜⏣࣭୹⩚ 1996㸧࡛ࡣࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡜࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ㒊㛛࡜ࡢࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆヲ⣽࡟ศᯒࡋࠊ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ㒊㛛࠿ࡽࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓ᝟ሗࡀࡉࡽ࡞ࡿ〇ရࡢᨵⰋࡢࣄࣥࢺ࡟
࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡸࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࠿ࡽ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ㒊㛛࡬᪂ࡋ࠸ㄪᰝ᪉ἲࡀᥦ᱌ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋᕝୖ㸦2005㸧ࡣࠊ᪂〇ရ㛤Ⓨ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㢳ᐈ᝟ሗࡢ฼⏝ࡢຠᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ドࡋࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡜࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ㒊㛛࡛ࡢ㢳ᐈ᝟ሗࡢ฼⏝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ᪂〇ရ㛤Ⓨࡢຠ⋡ᛶࡀಁ㐍ࡉࢀࡿ஦ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢඛ⾜◊✲ࡣࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡜㢳ᐈࡢ㛫ࡢ᝟ሗ཰㞟ᶵ⬟࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ࣐࣮ࢣ
ࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ⤌⧊ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢ〇ရࡢᣑᙇࡸ᪂〇ရ㛤Ⓨ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡜࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡢࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢࡢ᭷ຠᛶࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊ௻
ᴗࡀࢫ࣏ࣥࢧ࣮࡜࡞ࡾᐇ᪋ࡍࡿࣉࣟࢲࢡࢺ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ཰㞟ࡋࡓ㢳ᐈ᝟ሗࢆ〇ရ㛤Ⓨ࡟࠾࠸࡚ά⏝ࡍࡿࡀࠊ〇ရ࡟㛵ࡍࡿពᛮỴᐃࡣ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᮏ◊✲ࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣࠊ㢳ᐈࡀࢫ࣏ࣥࢧ࣮࡜࡞ࡿࢧ࣮ࣅ
ࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ๰㐀ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㢳ᐈ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪⪅࡛࠶ࡿ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࢧ࣮
ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒๰㐀ࡢࡓࡵࡢពᛮỴᐃࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㢳ᐈࡀ⬟ືⓗ࡟㛵ࢃࡾࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡜౯್ඹ๰ࢆ⾜࠺࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ༑ศ࡟㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢඛ⾜◊✲ࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡀࢫ࣏ࣥࢧ࣮࡜࡞ࡾ〇ရ㛤Ⓨࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓ〇ရࢆ஺᥮౯್࡜ࡋ࡚㢳ᐈ࡟኎ࡿ஦ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋࡓࣉࣟࢲࢡࢺ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆᢅࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊ
ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊ㢳ᐈࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ๰㐀ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋࠊ㢳ᐈࡀ⬟ືⓗ࡟࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵୚ࡍࡿࠋvon Hippel㸦von Hippel 1986, 1994㸧ࡣࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋
ࢩࣙࣥࡢࡓࡵࡢࢽ࣮ࢬྲྀᚓࡢࢥࢫࢺ࡟ὀ┠ࡋࠊ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ◊✲ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋᮏ◊✲ࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ S-D ࣟࢪࢵࢡ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ◊✲ࡣࠊࠕ౑⏝౯್࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ㢳ᐈࡢၥ㢟ゎỴࡸࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡛ࡢ౯್๰㐀ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ᪂ࡋ࠸ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ
9࣒ࡢ๰㐀ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡞᝟ሗࡣࠊ㢳ᐈ࡜◊✲㛤Ⓨ⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠕ౯್ඹ๰ࡢሙ࡛ࠖඹ᭷ࡉࢀ
ࡿࠋ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ◊✲ࡣࠊࠕ౯್ඹ๰ࡢሙࠖࢆඹ᭷ࡋ࡞࠸㢳ᐈ࡟ࡼࡿࣉࣟࢲࢡ
ࢺ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊᮏ◊✲ࡣࠊ㢳ᐈ࡜◊✲㛤Ⓨ⪅ࡀࠕ౯್ඹ๰ࡢሙࠖ
ࢆඹ᭷ࡍࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ

3.

ᮏ◊✲࡟࠾ࡅࡿศᯒ᪉ἲ

⃝㇂ࡽ㸦Sawatani and Fujigaki pringting㸧ࡣࠊ〇ရ㛤Ⓨࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿ◊✲࠿ࡽࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ

◊✲࡬⛣⾜ࡋࡓ◊✲㛤Ⓨ⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ࠾ࡼࡧ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ㢳ᐈ࡜ࡢࢥࣛ
࣮࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚◊✲㛤Ⓨ⪅ࡢ⾜ືࡀኚ໬ࡋࠊ㢳ᐈࡢၥ㢟ゎỴࢆ㔜どࡋ᪂ࡋ࠸◊✲㡿ᇦࢆసࡾฟࡍ⾜ື(౑⏝౯್ࢆฟⓎⅬ࡜ࡍࡿ᪂つ◊✲㛤Ⓨ)ࢆ♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡲ
ࡓࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚◊✲㛤Ⓨ⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚๰㐀ࡉࢀࡓᡂᯝࡣࠊᢏ⾡ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ, 㢳ᐈࡢ౑⏝౯್ࡢල⌧໬ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᢏ⾡ࢆࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟ᇙࡵ㎸ࡴࡓࡵࡢ⤫ྜ࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥᡭἲࡸ
㢳ᐈࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⤌⧊ࡢಖᣢࡍࡿ▱㆑࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡓ⌧ሙ▱࡟ࡲ࡛⮳ࡿ஦ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ〇㐀ᴗࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ໬ࡢඛ㐍௻ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿ IBM ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙ
ࣥࡢᐇ㦂ⓗࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛࠶ࡿ࣭࢜ࣥࢹ࣐ࣥࢻ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ㸦ODIS㸧ࡢ⤒㦂⪅ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡓࠋ௨ୗࡢタၥࢆタᐃࡋࠊ㡰ᗎᑻᗘ㸦7 Ⅼᑻᗘ㸧࡟ࡼࡿᐃ㔞ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗ
ࡓ(Fowler 2002, Yin 2003)ࠋㄪᰝ᪉ἲࡣࠊᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿ◊✲⪅ᐄ࡟ㄪᰝ⚊ࢆ㟁Ꮚ࣓࣮࡛ࣝ㏦ࡾࠊᅇ⟅ࢆ౫㢗ࡋࡓࠋタၥࡣ㛫㝸ᑻᗘ㸦7 Ⅼᑻᗘ㸧࠾ࡼࡧࢸ࢟ࢫࢺ࡟ࡼࡿ⮬⏤ᅇ⟅ḍࢆྵࡴࠋ᭷ຠᅇ⟅ᩘࡣ 62㸦ᅇ⟅ᩘ 65ࠊ᭷ຠᅇ⟅⋡ 95.4%㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

⾲ 3-1 ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝ㸡2 ࡢㄪᰝෆᐜ
౯್ඹ๰䛻㛵䛩䜛ᡂᯝ䛸⾜ື䛻䛴䛔䛶せ⣙䝥䝻䝆䜵䜽䝖䛾᏶஢⌧ሙ▱㉁ၥ஦㡯䝥䝻䝆䜵䜽䝖䛿ᡂຌ⿬䛻⤊஢䛧䛯䝃䞊䝡䝇㒊㛛䛸䛾༠ᴗ䝥䝻䝆䜵䜽䝖䛻ཧຍ䛧䛯䛣䛸䛻䜘䛳䛶᪂䛧䛔▱㆑䛜ᚓ䜙䜜䛯䝃䞊䝡䝇㒊㛛䛸䛾༠ᴗ䝥䝻䝆䜵䜽䝖䛻ཧຍ䛧䛯䛣䛸䛻䜘䛳䛶᪂䛧䛔䝕䝄䜲䞁ᡭἲ䝋䝸䝳䞊䝅䝵䞁䛜ᚓ䜙䜜⤫ྜ䞉䝕䝄䜲䞁ᡭἲ䛯ᢏ⾡

4.

䝃䞊䝡䝇㒊㛛䛸䛾༠ᴗ䝥䝻䝆䜵䜽䝖䛻ཧຍ䛧䛯䛣䛸䛻䜘䛳䛶᪂ᢏ⾡䜢㛤Ⓨ䞉᳨ド䛧䛯ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢᡂᯝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿศᯒᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ౯್ඹ๰࡟ࡼࡿ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢᡂᯝ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ᏶஢࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄪᰝࡋศᯒࡍࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒
ࡢ๰㐀ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ᏶஢ࢆࡶࡗ࡚ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜
ࡍࡿࠋ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࡢ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢᖹᆒ್ࠊᶆ‽೫ᕪࢆ♧ࡍࠋ

10

⾲ 3-2 ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢᡂᯝࡢศᯒ࡟⏝࠸ࡿ㉁ၥ㡯┠せ⣙ᖹᆒ್䠄7 Ⅼᑻᗘ䠅ᶆ‽೫ᕪ䝥䝻䝆䜵䜽䝖䛾᏶஢

5.23

1.51

⌧ሙ▱

5.89

1.19

⤫ྜ䞉䝕䝄䜲䞁ᡭἲ

5.35

1.23

ᢏ⾡

5.53

1.11

ࡲࡎࠊྛ㡯┠ࡢ┦㛵ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࠕࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ᏶஢ࠖࡣࠕ⤫ྜ࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥᡭἲࠖ࡟
ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ᭷ព࡞ṇࡢ┦㛵㸦p<.01㸧ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣ㢳ᐈࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸ࢧ࣮
ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ๰㐀ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪂ࡋ࠸▱㆑ࡸᢏ⾡ࢆ㢳ᐈࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒
࡟ຍ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㢳ᐈࡢ౯್๰㐀ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢ▱㆑ࠊᢏ⾡ࠊ〇ရࡢ༢࡞ࡿᥦ౪ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ୙༑ศ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆ㢳ᐈࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ຠᯝⓗ࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࡳࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౯್ඹ๰ࡢሙ࡛࠶ࡿࢧ࣮ࣅ
ࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛ࡣࠊ㢳ᐈ࠿ࡽ⌧ᅾࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ᝟ሗࡸㄢ㢟ࠊ᪂ࡋࡃᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭
ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ┠ⓗࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࠿ࡽᢏ⾡᝟ሗࡀᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡿࠋ㢳ᐈ࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⤌⧊࡜◊✲㛤Ⓨ⪅ࡀ࢖ࣥࢱࣛࢡࢩࣙࣥࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㢳ᐈࡀ௒ࡲ࡛୙ྍ⬟࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ஦ࡢᐇ⌧ࡸࠊ௒ࡲ࡛࡜␗࡞ࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢඹ๰ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠋ◊✲㛤Ⓨ⪅ࡀᢏ⾡ࡸࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ⤫ྜࡋ᪂ࡋ࠸ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡀ᏶஢ࡍ
ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࠕ⤫ྜ࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥᡭἲࠖࡣࠕᢏ⾡ࠖ࡜᭷Ⅽ࡞ṇࡢ┦㛵(p<.05)ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟ
ࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛ࡣࠊᢏ⾡ࢆ༢࡟ᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㢳ᐈࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ࡋ࡚⤫ྜࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟㞴ࡋࡉࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ⪅ࡀ㛤Ⓨࡋࡓᢏ⾡࡜ࡑࢀࢆࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭
ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡬⤫ྜࡋࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡍࡿᡭἲࡢᵓ⠏ࢆ⾜࠺஦ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ
ࠕᢏ⾡ࠖࡣࠕ⌧ሙ▱ࠖ࡜᭷Ⅽ࡞ṇࡢ┦㛵(p<.05)ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ㢳ᐈ࡜ࡢ౯್ඹ๰ࡢሙ࡛ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣛ
ࢡࢩࣙࣥࢆ㏻ࡌࠊ㢳ᐈࡢಖᣢࡍࡿ▱㆑ࢆྲྀᚓࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㢳ᐈࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒
࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢏ⾡㛤Ⓨࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

⾲ 3-3 ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢᡂᯝࡢศᯒ㡯┠ࡢᖹᆒ್ࠊSDࠊ┦㛵ಀᩘ
ᖹᆒ

SD

1

1. 䝥䝻䝆䜵䜽䝖䛾᏶஢

5.23

1.51

1

2. ⌧ሙ▱

5.89

1.19

.095

1

3. ⤫ྜ䞉䝕䝄䜲䞁ᡭἲ

5.35

1.23

.380**

.106

1

4. ᢏ⾡

5.53

1.11

0.13

.319*

.255*

ኚᩘ

2

3

4

1

N=62
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.

ḟ࡟ࠊࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ᏶஢ࢆᚑᒓኚᩘࠊྛࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢᡂᯝࢆ⊂❧ኚᩘ࡜ࡍࡿ㔜ᅇᖐศᯒࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓࠋ㔜ᅇᖐศᯒࡣᙉไᢞධἲࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋࠕ⤫ྜ࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥᡭἲࠖ࠿
11ࡽࠕࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ᏶஢ࠖ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᶆ‽⦅ᅇᖐಀᩘࡀ᭷ព࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ
ࠕᢏ⾡ࠖ࠾ࡼࡧࠕ⌧ሙ▱ࠖ࠿ࡽࠕࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ᏶஢ࠖ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᶆ‽⦅ᅇᖐಀᩘࡀ᭷ព࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࢧ࣮ࣅ
ࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ᏶஢ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞㢳ᐈࡢ౑⏝౯್ࡢ๰㐀ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ
ࡓࡵ࡟ࡣᢏ⾡ࡢࡳࡢᥦ౪࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᢏ⾡ࢆ㢳ᐈࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ࡋ࡚ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡍࡿ
ࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ

⾲ 3-4 ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢᡂᯝࡢศᯒ 㔜ᅇᖐศᯒ⤖ᯝ
ኚᩘ

䃑

䃒

⤫ྜ䞉䝕䝄䜲䞁ᡭἲ

.46**

.38**

ᢏ⾡

.12

.10

⌧ሙ▱

-.21

.13

2

R

.17*

N

62

䃑: standardized partial regression coefficient 䃒: correlation coefficient*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.

4.1 ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢࢱ࢖ࣉ࡜◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢᡂᯝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿศᯒ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝ࡛ᚓࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࢆࠕ㢳ᐈ࡜ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣛࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢᗘྜ࠸ (Customer
Interaction, CI)ࠖࢆᶓ㍈ࠊࠕࢩࢫࢸ࣒໬ࡢᗘྜ࠸㸦๰ฟࡉࢀࡓ▱㆑ࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒
࡬ࡢࡣࡵ㎸ࡳࡢᗘྜ࠸, Knowledge embedded Servie system, KS㸧ࠖࢆ⦪㍈࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢧ࣮ࣅ
ࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ๰㐀ࡉࢀࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢࢱ࢖ࣉ࡟ศ㢮ࡋ(Sawatani andNiwa 2009)ࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࠕ㢳ᐈ࡜ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣛࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢᗘ
ྜ࠸ࠖࡀ㧗ࡃࠊ
ࠕࢩࢫࢸ࣒໬ࡢᗘྜ࠸ࠖࡀప࠸ R&D ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ➼ࡢࠕࣉࣟࣇ࢙ࢵ
ࢩࣙࢼ࣭ࣝࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠖ
ࠊࠕ㢳ᐈ࡜ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣛࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢᗘྜ࠸ࠖࡀ㧗ࡃࠊࠕࢩࢫࢸ࣒໬ࡢᗘྜ
࠸ࠖࡀ㧗࠸࢝ࢫࢱ࣐࣮࣭࣮ࣜࣞࢩࣙࣥࢩࢵࣉ࣭࣐ࢿ࣮ࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ➼ࡢࠕIT ໬ࡉࢀࡓࣇࣟࣥࢺ࣭
ࢫࢸ࣮ࢪࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠖ
ࠊࠕ㢳ᐈ࡜ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣛࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢᗘྜ࠸ࠖࡀపࡃࠊ
ࠕࢩࢫࢸ࣒໬ࡢᗘྜ
࠸ࠖࡀ㧗࠸᭱㐺໬ᢏ⾡ࡢᴗົィ⏬࡬ࡢ㐺ᛂ➼ࡢࠕIT ໬ࡉࢀࡓࣂࢵࢡ࣭ࢫࢸ࣮ࢪࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠖ
࡟ศ㢮ࡋࠊ௳ᩘࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

⾲ 4-1 ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢࢱ࢖ࣉẖࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ௳ᩘ
㢳ᐈ䛸䛾䜲䞁䝍䝷䜽䝅䝵䞁䛾ᗘྜ䛔䠄CI)

๰ฟ䛥䜜䛯▱㆑㧗䛔ప䛔ே䛻䜘䜛▱㆑ᥦ౪

䝥䝻䝣䜵䝑䝅䝵䝘䝹䞉䝃䞊䝡䝇䝃䞊䝡䝇䞉䝣䜯䜽䝖䝸䞊

䠄ప䛔䠅

6௳

䠄௒ᅇ䛾䜰䞁䜿䞊䝖䛷䛿䛺䛧䠅䝃䞊䝡䝇䞉䝅䝇䝔䝮䜈䛾IT ໬䛥䜜䛯䝣䝻䞁䝖䞉IT ໬䛥䜜䛯䝞䝑䜽䞉▱㆑䛾䛿䜑㎸䜏䝇䝔䞊䝆䛾䝃䞊䝡䝇䝇䝔䞊䝆䛾䝃䞊䝡䝇

䠄㧗䛔䠅

41 ௳

15 ௳

䛾䝃䞊䝡䝇䞉䝅䝇
䝔䝮䜈䛾䛿䜑㎸䜏䛾ᗘྜ䛔䠄KS䠅

12

ࠕIT ໬ࡉࢀࡓࣇࣟࣥࢺ࣭ࢫࢸ࣮ࢪࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠖ࠾ࡼࡧࠕIT ໬ࡉࢀࡓࣂࢵࢡ࣭ࢫࢸ࣮ࢪ
ࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡉࡽ࡟┦㛵ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࠕIT ໬ࡉࢀࡓࣇࣟࣥࢺ࣭ࢫࢸ࣮ࢪࡢࢧ࣮
ࣅࢫࠖࢱ࢖ࣉ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
ࠕࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ᏶஢ࠖ࡜ࠕ⤫ྜ࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥᡭἲࠖ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ᭷
Ⅽ࡞ṇࡢ┦㛵(p<.01)ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ඲యࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛♧ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡜୍⮴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕ㢳ᐈ࡜ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣛࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢᗘྜ࠸ࠖࡣᥦ౪ࡍࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢࣇࣟࣥࢺ࣭ࢫ
ࢸ࣮ࢪ㸦㢳ᐈ࡜┤᥋᥋Ⅼࡢ࠶ࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪㒊ศ㸧࡬ࡢᢏ⾡ࡢ㐺ᛂ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࣂࢵࢡ࣭
ࢫࢸ࣮ࢪ㸦㢳ᐈ࡜┤᥋᥋Ⅼࡢ࡞࠸ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪㒊ศ㸧ࡢ㐺ᛂ࠿࡟ࡼࡾ␗࡞ࡿࠋࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭
ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢࠕ㢳ᐈ࡜ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣛࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢᗘྜ࠸ࠖࡀ㧗࠸ሙྜࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟
࠾ࡅࡿ㢳ᐈ࡜ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣛࢡࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡿ༶᫬ⓗ࡞ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢲࢡࢺࡢኚ᭦➼ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ㸦Sundbo and Gallouj 2000㸧
ࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ኚ᭦࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿᢏ⾡ࡢ㛤Ⓨࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ
◊✲㛤Ⓨ⪅ࡀ㢳ᐈࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ⌮ゎࡋࠊᢏ⾡ࢆࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟⤫ྜࡍࡿࢹࢨ࢖ࣥᡭἲࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
୍᪉ࠊ
ࠕIT ໬ࡉࢀࡓࣂࢵࢡ࣭ࢫࢸ࣮ࢪࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠖࢱ࢖ࣉ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
ࠕࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ
᏶஢ࠖ࡜ࠕ⤫ྜ࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥᡭἲࠖ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ᭷Ⅽ࡞㛵ಀࡣ♧ࡉࢀࡎࠊࠕ⌧ሙ▱ࠖ࡜ࠕᢏ⾡ࠖ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᭷Ⅽ࡞ṇࡢ┦㛵(p<.01)ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋࠕIT ໬ࡉࢀࡓࣂࢵࢡ࣭ࢫࢸ࣮ࢪࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠖ
ࢱ࢖ࣉࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛ࡣࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ⪅⮬㌟ࡀ⌧ሙ▱ࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜࡜ࠊࣉࣟࢪ࢙
ࢡࢺ࡛ࡢᢏ⾡㛤Ⓨ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㛵ಀࡀ♧ࡉࢀࠊᢏ⾡ࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡟࠾࠸࡚⌧ሙ▱ࡢྲྀᚓࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ࠕ㢳ᐈ࡜ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣛࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢᗘྜ࠸ࠖࡀప࠸ሙྜࠊᢏ⾡ࡢ㐺ᛂ࡟࠾࠸࡚㢳ᐈࡢᙺ๭ࡣ
㝈ᐃⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘ⮬⏤࡟◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡟ࡼࡿᢏ⾡どⅬࡢ㛤Ⓨࡀ⾜࠼ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࣂࢵࢡ࣭ࢫࢸ࣮ࢪࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛ࡣࠊ㢳ᐈ࡛࠶ࡿ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡗ
࡚ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ┠ⓗࡸᶵ⬟ࡢᢕᥱࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡛ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴ࡭ࡁ㒊ศࡀ᫂☜࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ⪅ࡀ᫂☜໬ࡉࢀࡓ㒊ศࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ᝟ሗࡸࢧ࣮
ࣅࢫᥦ౪⌧ሙࡢ▱㆑ࢆᡤᚓࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᢏ⾡㛤Ⓨࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ࡜♧၀ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ
࡞ࡀࡽࠊ
ࠕIT ໬ࡉࢀࡓࣂࢵࢡ࣭ࢫࢸ࣮ࢪࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡛ࠖࡣࠊ
ࠕࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ᏶஢ࠖ࡜┦㛵ࡢ࠶ࡿせ⣲ࡣ♧ࡉࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ◊✲㛤Ⓨάືࡣࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ᏶஢࡜ࡣ౫Ꮡ
ᛶࡢᑡ࡞࠸ᙧ࡛㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

⾲ 4-2 IT ໬ࡉࢀࡓࣇࣟࣥࢺ࣭ࢫࢸ࣮ࢪࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢱ࢖ࣉࡢᖹᆒ್ࠊSDࠊ┦㛵ಀᩘ
ᖹᆒ

SD

1

1. 䝥䝻䝆䜵䜽䝖䛾᏶஢

5.44

1.32

1

2. ⌧ሙ▱

5.71

1.31

-.097

1

3. ⤫ྜ䞉䝕䝄䜲䞁ᡭἲ

5.39

1.24

.638**

.011

1

4. ᢏ⾡

5.37

1.18

0.28

.169

0.23

ኚᩘ

N=41
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.

13

2

3

4

1

⾲ 4-3 IT ໬ࡉࢀࡓࣂࢵࢡ࣭ࢫࢸ࣮ࢪࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢱ࢖ࣉࡢᖹᆒ್ࠊSDࠊ┦㛵ಀᩘ
ᖹᆒ

SD

1

1. 䝥䝻䝆䜵䜽䝖䛾᏶஢

4.87

1.77

1

2. ⌧ሙ▱

6.20

.68

-.215

1

3. ⤫ྜ䞉䝕䝄䜲䞁ᡭἲ

5.00

1.13

-.321

.373

1

4. ᢏ⾡

5.87

.83

-.304

.811**

.378

ኚᩘ

2

3

4

1

N=15
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.

ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊࠕIT ໬ࡉࢀࡓࣇࣟࣥࢺ࣭ࢫࢸ࣮ࢪࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢶ࣮ࣝ㛤Ⓨࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙
ࢡࢺ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ௨እࡢࢯ࣮ࣜࣗࢩࣙࣥ㛤Ⓨࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡟ศ㢮ࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀࠊ15 ௳ࠊ26௳࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚┦㛵ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࢶ࣮ࣝ㛤Ⓨࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
ࠕࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ᏶஢ࠖ࡜ࠕ⤫ྜ࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥᡭἲࠖ
࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ᭷ព࡞ṇࡢ┦㛵㸦p㸺.01㸧ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࠕ⤫ྜ࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥᡭἲࠖ࡜ࠕᢏ⾡ࠖ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ᭷ព࡞ṇࡢ┦㛵㸦p㸺.01㸧ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋࢶ࣮ࣝ㛤Ⓨ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢶ࣮ࣝ⮬యࡀᡭἲ࡜ᢏ⾡ࢆ୍య໬ࡉࡏࡓ≀࡛࠶ࡾࠊࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢᡂຌࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ୧⪅ࡢᵓ⠏ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࡔ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࢯ࣮ࣜࣗࢩࣙࣥ㛤Ⓨࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
ࠕࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ᏶஢ࠖ࡜ࠕ⤫ྜ࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥᡭἲࠖ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ᭷ព࡞ṇࡢ┦㛵㸦p㸺.01㸧ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ඲యࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡢศ
ᯒ࡜ྠᵝࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

⾲ 4-4 ࢶ࣮ࣝ㛤Ⓨࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢᖹᆒ್ࠊSDࠊ┦㛵ಀᩘ
ᖹᆒ

SD

1

1. 䝥䝻䝆䜵䜽䝖䛾᏶஢

4.73

1.49

1

2. ⌧ሙ▱

6.13

.74

.293

1

3. ⤫ྜ䞉䝕䝄䜲䞁ᡭἲ

5.07

1.28

.648**

.365

1

4. ᢏ⾡

5.53

1.13

.603*

.250

.668**

ኚᩘ

2

3

4

1

N=15
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.

⾲ 4-5 ࢯ࣮ࣜࣗࢩࣙࣥ㛤Ⓨࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢᖹᆒ್ࠊSDࠊ┦㛵ಀᩘ
ᖹᆒ

SD

1

1. 䝥䝻䝆䜵䜽䝖䛾᏶஢

5.85

1.05

1

2. ⌧ሙ▱

5.46

1.50

-.106

1

3. ⤫ྜ䞉䝕䝄䜲䞁ᡭἲ

5.58

1.21

.612**

-.020

1

4. ᢏ⾡

5.27

1.22

.191

.126

.026

ኚᩘ

N=26
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.

14

2

3

4

1

4.2 ࡲ࡜ࡵ
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝ࠿ࡽࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ◊✲࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡂᯝ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡀ
ࡁࡕࢇ࡜᏶஢ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆศᯒࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ᏶஢ࡢࡓ

ࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ㢳ᐈࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ๰㐀ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊᢏ⾡ࡢࡳࡢᥦ౪
࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᢏ⾡ࢆ㢳ᐈࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ࡋ࡚⤫ྜࡋࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⤫ྜ࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥᡭἲࡢ㛤Ⓨࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢆࠕ㢳ᐈ࡜ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣛࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢᗘྜ࠸ࠖ࠾ࡼࡧࠕࢩࢫ
ࢸ࣒໬ࡢᗘྜ࠸ࠖ࡟ࡼࡾศ㢮ࡋࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢࢱ࢖ࣉẖ࡟◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢᡂᯝࡢศᯒ
ࢆࡋࡓࠋࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ๰㐀ࡉࢀࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢࢱ࢖ࣉ࡟ࡼࡿศᯒ
࡛ࡣࠊࠕ㢳ᐈ࡜ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣛࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢᗘྜ࠸ࠖࡀ㧗ࡃࠊࠕࢩࢫࢸ࣒໬ࡢᗘྜ࠸ࠖࡀ㧗࠸࢝ࢫࢱ࣐࣮࣭࣮ࣜࣞࢩࣙࣥࢩࢵࣉ࣭࣐ࢿ࣮ࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ➼ࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ඲
యࡢศᯒ࡜ྠᵝ࡞⤖ᯝࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ
ࠕIT ໬ࡉࢀࡓࣇࣟࣥࢺ࣭ࢫࢸ࣮ࢪࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠖ
ࢱ࢖ࣉࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢶ࣮ࣝ㛤Ⓨࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ௨እࡢࢯ
࣮ࣜࣗࢩࣙࣥ㛤Ⓨࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒࢆࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊࢶ࣮ࣝ㛤Ⓨࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ
࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢᡂຌࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ⤫ྜ࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥᡭἲ࡜ᢏ⾡ࡢ୧᪉ࡢᵓ⠏ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ஦ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋᢏ⾡࡜ࡑࡢ౑⏝ࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆྜయࡋࡓࢶ࣮ࣝ㛤Ⓨࡣࠊᢏ⾡ࡢᙉࡳࡀ⏕ࡁࡿ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㡿ᇦ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
୍᪉ࠊࠕ㢳ᐈ࡜ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣛࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢᗘྜ࠸ࠖࡀపࡃࠊ
ࠕࢩࢫࢸ࣒໬ࡢᗘྜ࠸ࠖࡀ㧗࠸᭱㐺໬ᢏ⾡ࡢ㐺ᛂ➼ࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ⌧ሙ▱࡜◊✲࡛ᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡓᢏ⾡࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ᭷ព࡛ṇࡢ┦㛵ࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࡀࠊ⤫ྜ࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ➼ࡢᡭἲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ᭷ព࡞⤖ᯝࡀᚓࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ◊✲㛤Ⓨ⪅ࡀ᫂☜໬ࡉࢀࡓ㒊ศࡢ㢳ᐈࡢಖᣢࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡸసᴗࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪⌧ሙࡢ▱㆑ࢆᡤᚓࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᢏ⾡㛤Ⓨࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜♧၀ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨάືࡣࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ᏶஢
࡜ࡣ౫Ꮡᛶࡢᑡ࡞࠸ᙧ࡛㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ௨ୖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡ
ࢺࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡈ࡜࡟ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚␗࡞ࡿ▱㆑ࡀ㈉⊩ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ◊✲㛤
Ⓨ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢࢱ࢖ࣉูࡢ⟶⌮ࡢᚲせᛶࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡓࠋཧ⪃ᩥ⊩$ODP , ͆$Q ([SORUDWRU\ ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ RI 8VHU ,QYROYHPHQW LQ 1HZ 6HUYLFH'HYHORSPHQW͇Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp.
250-261, 2002.
Allen,T.J.͆&RPPXQLFDWLRQ1HWZRUNVLQ5 '/DERUDWRULHV͇5 '0DQDJHPHQW9RO
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%HUU\/HRQDUG/͆6HUYLFHV0DUNHWLQJLV'LIIHUHQW͇Business, pp. 24-29, May-June
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GH -RQJ -3- DQG 9HUPHXOHQ 3$0 ͆2UJDQL]LQJ VXFFHVVIXO QHZ VHUYLFHGHYHORSPHQWDOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZ͇Management Decision, Vol. 41 No. 9, pp.
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⸨ᕝె๎ࠊ
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⸨ᮏ㝯ᏹࠊ ࠗ⏕⏘࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺධ㛛ϩ࠘ࠊ ᪥ᮏ⤒῭᪂⪺♫ࠊ 2001b.
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*HEDXHU+)OHLVFK:DQG)ULHGOL7͆2YHUFRPLQJWKH6HUYLFH3DUDGR[in0DQXIDFWXULQJ&RPSDQLHV͇European Management Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp.
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*URQURRV&͆5HODWLRQVKLS$SSURDFKWR0DUNHWLQJLQ6HUYLFH&RQWH[WV7KH0DUNHWLQJ
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*XPPHVVRQ(/XVFK5DQG9DUJR6͆7UDQVLWLRQLQJIURPVHUYLFHPDQDJHPHQWWR
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ᕝୖᬛᏊࠊࠗ㢳ᐈᚿྥࡢ᪂〇ရ㛤Ⓨ㸸 ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡜ᢏ⾡ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࣇ࢙࢖ࢫ࠘ࠊ ᭷ᩫ㛶ࠊ 2005⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬, ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜⏕⏘ᛶྥୖ࡟ྥࡅ࡚㸫ሗ࿌᭩㸫,
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2010)
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LQ6HUYLFH,QQRYDWLRQ([SHULPHQWVZLWK,QQRYDWLQJ(QG8VHUV͇ Journal ofService Research, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 111-124, 2003.
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2OLYD5DQG.DOOHQEHUJ5͆0DQDJLQJWKH7UDQVLWLRQIURP3URGXFWVWR6HUYLFHV͇International Journal of Service Industry Management, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 160-172,
2003.
2UGDQLQL $ DQG 3DUDVXUDPDQ $ ͆6HUYLFH ,QQRYDWLRQ 9LHZHG 7KURXJK D
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ࡢ࡞࠿ࢆᴫ␎ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚➨㸲⠇࡛ࡣ㹃㹓ࡢࢻࢼ࢘ᕝὶᇦᡓ␎㸦㹃㹓㹑㹂㹐㸧ࡢ⌧≧ࠊ฿1ᮏሗ࿌ࡣ⛉◊㈝ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࠕ㹃㹓⤒῭⤫ྜ࡜♫఍⤒῭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ㸸᪂ࣜࢫ࣎ࣥᡓ␎࡜ᆅᇦ㛤Ⓨࠖ㸦◊✲௦⾲㸹ඵᮌ⣖୍㑻㸧ࡢ◊✲ᡂᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⌧ᅾ㐍⾜୰ࡢᆅᇦ༠ຊᵝᘧࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡣࠕḢᕞ㡿ᇦ༠ຊᅋయ European Grouping of Territorial Cooperationࠖ࡜ࠕ㹃㹓࣐ࢡࣟᆅᇦᡓ␎ EUSMRࠖࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ
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㐩Ⅼ࡜ၥ㢟Ⅼࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࠊࡲ࡜ࡵࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞࠺ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ➨㸲⠇࡜ࡲ࡜ࡵࡣ㸰᭶ୗ᪪࡟ண
ᐃࡍࡿ⌧ᆅㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚ሗ࿌ࡍࡿࡘࡶࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨㸯⠇ 㹃㹓ࡢ࣐ࢡࣟᆅᇦᡓ␎࡜ࡣ࡞࡟࠿
㹃㹓ࡣ 2009 ᖺ࡟ࣂࣝࢺᾏᆅᇦࠊ2010 ᖺ࡟ࢻࢼ࢘ᕝὶᇦᆅᇦࡢ㸰ࡘࡢ࣐ࢡࣟᆅᇦᡓ␎ࢆ‽ഛࡋࡓ(௨ୗࠊStefunie Duhr (2011))ࠋࡇࡢ㸰ࡘࡢᡓ␎࡜ࡣᛶ᱁ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡀࠊྠᵝ࡞࣐ࢡࣟᆅᇦ༠ຊ࡟ࡣᆅ୰ᾏᡓ␎ࠊࣀ࣮ࢫࢲ࢖࣓ࣥࢪࣙࣥࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ᳨ウ୰ࡢ࣐ࢡࣟᆅᇦᡓ␎ࡣḢᕞ໭ᾏᡓ␎ࠊ࢔ࢺࣛࣥࢸ࢕ࢡᡓ␎ࠊ࢔ࣟ࢖ࢿᡓ␎㸦⎔࢚࣮ࢤᾏ㸧ࠊ࢔ࢻࣜ࢔࣭ࣟࢽࢡ࣭࢖ࢽࢩ
ࣕࢸ࢕ࣈࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦p.11㸧
ࠋ࣐ࢡࣟᆅᇦ༠ຊࡣࠊᅜẸᅜᐙᅜቃෆࡢၥ㢟࡜㹃㹓つᶍࡢၥ㢟ࡢࠕ୰㛫ၥ㢟 in-between issuesࠖ࡜ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࡓࡵ࡟⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣᚑ᮶ࡢ㉸ᅜᐙⓗtransnational ࡞༠ຊᙧែ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࠋ࡛ࡣ࡝ࡢⅬ࡛␗࡞ࡿࡢ࠿ࠋ㉸ᅜᐙⓗ transnational࡞༠ຊᙧែࡢሙྜࠊᅜẸᅜᐙࡢ✵Ὕ໬ࢆ㝜࡟㝧࡟๓ᥦࡋ࡚࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊ࣐ࢡࣟᆅ
ᇦᡓ␎ࡢሙྜࡣࠊࡑࡢ㛤Ⓨᐇ᪋㐣⛬࡛ࠊᅜẸୗ఩ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡸ㠀㹃㹓ࡢ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡀ
⫪ධࢀࡋ㛵୚ࡍࡿ⛬ᗘࡀ㝈ᐃ໬ࡉࢀࠊ཯ᑐ࡟ࠊ㹃㹓࡜ྛᅜᨻᗓࡀ㧗࠸Ỉ‽࡛⫪ධࢀࡋ㛵୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ๓ᥦ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸯ࡘࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡓ␎ࡀฟ⌧ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊࣜࢫ࣎ࣥ᮲⣙ࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࠕ㡿ᇦⓗ⤖᮰ territorial cohesionࠖࡀ㹃㹓ࡢ୰ᚰⓗ┠ᶆ࡟⤌ࡳධࢀࡽࢀ㸦2008 ᖺ㸧ࠊࠕḢᕞ 2020 ᡓ␎࡛ࠖࡣḢᕞ⤖᮰ᨻ⟇ࡢ㡿ᇦⓗഃ㠃࡟㛵ᚰࡀࡶࡓࢀࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦2010㸧ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ 2013 ᖺᚋࡢ㹃㹓⤖᮰ᨻ⟇ࡢࠕ⤒῭♫఍㡿ᇦ⤖᮰࡟㛵ࡍࡿ➨㸳ሗ࿌ࠖ
㸦2010㸧࡛ࡶࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡀ㆟ㄽࡉࢀࡓࠋ
㹃㹓ࡢᐃ⩏࡟ࡼࢀࡤ࣐ࢡࣟᆅᇦ࡜ࡣࠊ⾜ᨻⓗ㝈⏺ࢆࡶࡘㅖᅜᐙࡢ㞟ࡲࡾ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶࡴࡋࢁࠕᬒほࢩࢫࢸ࣒landscape systemࡢ኱つᶍࡉࠖࢆ⾲⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽ
ࢀࡿၥ㢟⩌࡟ᚑࡗ࡚ᙎຊⓗ࡟⌮ゎࡉࢀࡿࠋᬒほࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶᆅ⌮ⓗgeographies⠊ᅖ࡜ྠ୍࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ㹃㹓ࡀ⤫ྜⓗᡓ␎ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡢ࡟᭷┈࡞ᆅᇦࡀࠊ࣐ࢡࣟᆅᇦᡓ␎ࡢᑐ㇟
࡜ࡍࡿᆅᇦ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢព࿡࡛ᶵ⬟ⓗ࡞࣐ࢡࣟᆅᇦࢆព࿡ࡋࠊᙎຊⓗ࡞⤫ྜⓗᯟ⤌ࡳintegrated framework࡜ࡶ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢᐃ⩏ࡣࠊ㹃㹓ࡢ࣐ࢡࣟᆅᇦᡓ␎ࡢᡓ␎࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ≉ᚩࠊ
㸱ࡘࡢNO㸦ᇶ㔠࡞ࡋ 2ࠊ᪂❧ἲ࡞ࡋ 3ࠊ᪂ไᗘ࡞ࡋ 4㸧࡜ 3 ࡘࡢ㹗㹃㹑㸦ᇶ㔠ྠኈ㐃ᦠࡢᨵၿࠊᨻ⟇⏝ලࡢㄪᩚࡢ⬟⋡໬ࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸࢔࢖ࢹ࢔㸧ࠊᨻ⟇㡿ᇦࢆ㉺࠼ࡓ⾜ືㄪᩚࡀ௜ຍ౯್ࢆ
2᪂ᇶ㔠ࡀ࡞࠸Ⅼࡣࡇࡢᡓ␎ࡢᙅⅬ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊࡼࡾᙉ࠸ㄪᩚ࡜ᵝࠎ࡞ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᵝࠎ࡞㈈ᨻ㈨㔠ࡢࡼࡾᙉ࠸ࢩࢼࢪ࣮ࢆồࡵࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᇶ㔠࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿᶵ఍ࢆᙉ໬ࡋࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࣉࣟࢢ࣒࣭ࣛᨻ⟇࣭ไᗘࡢⅬ࠿ࡽ␗࡞ࡿ㈨※ࢆㄪᩚࡍࡿᵝᘧࡸ⌧ᐇྍ⬟ᛶࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢព࿡࡛ࣦ࢞࢓ࣥࢫࡢᣮᡓ࡛࠶ࡿ
㸦Andrea Stocchiro 2010 p.7㸧ࠋ
3 ࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊྛᅜᨻᗓࡸ㹃㹓ࡢᡓ␎ࢆ༠㆟ consultative ᙧᘧ࡛㞟ࡵࡓ⾜ືィ⏬ࢆ‽ഛᐇ᪋ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀෆ
ᐜ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠕ࣎ࢺ࣒࢔ࢵࣉࠖ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠕࢺࢵࣉࢲ࢘ࣥࠖࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆྵࡳࠊ
୧⪅ࡢ࠶࠸ࡔࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞⾪✺ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Andrea Stocchiro 2010 p.6㸧ࠋ
4 ࡇࢀࡣ࣐ࣝࢳࣞ࣋ࣝ࡜࣐ࣝࢳ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡢࣦ࢞࢓ࢼࣥࢫ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᨭ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋḢᕞጤဨ఍ࡣ඲㠃ⓗ࡞ㄪᩚ⪅ࠊእ㒊࠿ࡽࡢࣇ࢓ࢩࣜࢸ࣮ࢱ࣮ࠊබᖹ࡛ṇ┤࡞◚ቯ⪅ࡢᙺ๭ࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࢯࣇࢺࣃ࣮࣡ࢆ⾜౑ࡍࡿ㸦Andrea Stocchiro 2010 p.8㸧
ࠋ

pg. 2

⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇ࡜ࠊ୍ᅜ࡛ࡣ‶㊊࡟ᑐᛂ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸≉Ṧ࡞ၥ㢟࡟㝈ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜㸦transnational
issue㸧
ࠊࠕୗ࠿ࡽࡢࠖ᫂☜࡟ඹ᭷࡛ࡁࡿඹ㏻ᛶࠊ࡟㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
➨2⠇ ᚑ᮶ࡢ㉸ᅜᐙⓗ༠ຊࠊୗ఩࣮ࣜࢪࣙࢼࣜࢬ࣒࡜࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࣞࢢࡢၥ㢟Ⅼ࡜ᒎᮃ࡛ࡣࠊ࡝࠺ࡋ࡚㹃㹓࡟࣐ࢡࣟᆅᇦᡓ␎ࡀฟ⌧ࡋࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋⶈぢ㞝㸦2009㸧࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ
㹃㹓ࡣࠕከඖⓗ㛤ᨺᆺ࣮ࣜࢪࣙࢼࣦࣝ࢞࢓ࢼࣥࢫࠖࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬࡛ࠊ⮬⏤ᕷሙࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࠕㅖ
ᆅᇦ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࠖ㐃㑥ࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡢ⤖ྜࡢ㏵ୖ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚➇தᨻ⟇࡜ᆅᇦᨻ⟇ࡢ୧❧ྍ⬟ᛶࢆᶍ⣴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊከᒙ࣭ከḟඖࡢ࣮ࣜࢪࣙࣥࠊከ㠃ࡢ࣮ࣜࢪࣙࣥࠊ
ከᙧែࡢ࣮ࣜࢪࣙࣥࡀ㏣ồࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣐ࢡࣟᆅᇦᡓ␎ࡀฟ࡚ࡁࡓࡢࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣࡢ࡞࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
Stefunie Duhr (2011 pp.15-24)࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ࣐ࢡࣟᆅᇦᡓ␎࡜ᚑ᮶ᆺᆅᇦ༠ຊࡢ୧⪅ࡢ㐪࠸࡟ὀ┠ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋᚑ᮶ࡢ㉸ᅜᐙⓗ༠ຊ࡛࠶ࡿࢧࣈ࣮ࣜࢪࣙࣥᅋయ sub-regionalgroupingࠊࡘࡲࡾ࣋ࢿࢹ࢕ࢡࢫ⤒῭ྠ┕࠿ࡽ࣏ࢫࢺ෭ᡓᮇ࡟ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿࡲ࡛ࡢᆅᇦᅋయ໬
ࡣไᗘ໬ࡢഴྥࢆࡶࡕࠊ⊂❧ࡋࡓ㈈ᨻⓗᇶ┙ࢆ㹃㹓ࡸᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵࡟ồࡵࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡲ
ࡓ 1990 ௨㝆ࡢ࢖ࣥࢸ࣮ࣞࢢࡣ㹃㹓࡜ࡢඹྠฟ㈨ co-funding ࡀ≉ᚩⓗ࡛ࠊࢺࣛࣥࢫࢼࢩࣙ
ࢼࣝ࡞ၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊඹ㏻ࡢ㛵ᚰ஦࡜ࡃ࡟ᚑ᮶ࡢ୰ኸᨻᗓᶵ㛵ࡢᶒ㝈ࡢ୍㒊ࢆᢸᙜࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊᅜෆᨻ἞ࡢᩥ⬦࡛ࡳࡿ࡜ࠊඃඛ㡰ᗎࡢ㧗ࡃ࡞࠸ㄢ㢟ࢆᘬࡁཷࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᅜ㝿༠ຊࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡜ᐇ᪋࡟࢖ࣥ
ࢱ࣮ࣞࢢ༠ຊࡣᙉຊ࡟㛵୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡎࠊࡑࡢᶒ㝈ࡣ᪤Ꮡࡢ᪤ᚓᶒ┈㞟ᅋࡢࡶ࡜࡟␃
ࡲࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼࡟ࡴࡋࢁຠᯝⓗ࡞ࢺࣛࣥࢫࢼࢩࣙࢼࣝ࡞༠ຊࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ㞀ᐖ≀࡟࡞ࡗ࡚⾜ࡗࡓࠋྠࡌࡃࠊ2007-2013 ᖺࡢᵓ㐀ᇶ㔠࡟ࡼࡿࢺࣛࣥࢫࢼࢩࣙࢼࣝ༠ຊ࢚ࣜ࢔࡛ࡣ
transnational spatial vision ࡜࠸࠺どⅬࡀ㍍どࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࣂࣝࢺᾏ༠ຊࡢሙྜࡣࠊࡑࡢ
㉸ᅜᐙⓗ㡿ᇦࡢඹྠᡓ␎ࡣᡂຌࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣࢭࢡࢱ࣮ᨻ⟇ࢆᙉࡃㄪᩚࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ
ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࡢᡂຌࡣ㝈⏺ࢆࡶ♧ࡍࠋ༠ຊࡢᨻᗓ㛫୺⩏ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
௒ᅇࡢ࣐ࢡࣟᆅᇦᡓ␎ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢㅖᢈุࡢ࠺࠼࡟⪃᱌ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ༠ຊࡢᒁ
㠃࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊᙉຊ࡞ᨻᗓ㛫୺⩏ࢆࢩࣇࢺࡉࡏ࡚ࠊ㉸ᅜᐙⓗไᗘࡢࡼࡾᙉຊ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆ࡜ࡶ࡞
࠺ࡼ࠺࡞࣐ࣝࢳࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࣦ࢞࢓ࢼࣥࢫ࡟㌿᥮ࡍࡿ≺࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㹃㹓ࡣࡑࡢㄪᩚࡢࣇ࢓ࢩࣜ
ࢸ࣮ࢱ࣮වㄪᩚ⪅࡟࡞ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢᏳᐃᛶࢆᥦ౪࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᵓ
᝿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࡇ࡟ࡣྠ᫬࡟ࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞ඞ᭹ࡍ࡭ࡁ 4 ࡘࡢᣮᡓࡀᚅࡕᵓ࠼࡚࠸
ࡿࠋ㸦ϸ㸧ゎỴࢆ㏕ࡽࢀࡓၥ㢟ࠊᨻ἞ⓗ⌧ᐇ࡟ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ᡓ␎ࡢᆅ⌮ⓗ⠊ᅖࢆᙎຊⓗ࡟ኚ᭦ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ㸦Ϲ㸧」㞧࡞ᨻ἞ⓗ㐣⛬ࡢ࡞࠿࡛┿࡟ព⩏ࡢ࠶ࡿㄢ㢟࡟⤠ࡾࡑࢀ࡟ඃඛᶒࢆタᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ㸦Ϻ㸧Ỉᖹⓗࠊᆶ┤ⓗࡑࡋ࡚ᆅ⌮ⓗ࡟ㄪᩚ࡛ࡁࡿ」ྜⓗ࡞ࣦ࢞࢓ࢼࣥࢫࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࡋ࡚㸦ϻ㸧ࣦ࢞࢓ࢼࣥࢫ࡜ᡓ␎࡟ᵓ㐀㌿᥮ transformative ⬟ຊࢆ㌟࡟╔ࡅࡉࡏpg. 3ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
➨3⠇ 㹃㹓ࡢࢻࢼ࢘ᕝὶᇦᡓ␎࡜ࡣఱ࠿
᭱ึ࡟㹃㹓ࢻࢼ࢘ᕝὶᇦᡓ␎ EU Strategy for Danube Region:௨ୗ EUSDR ࡜┬␎㸧࡜ࡣఱ࠿ࠊࡑࢀࢆᴫ␎ࡋ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺ࠋ2010 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 8 ᪥Ḣᕞጤဨ఍ࡣࢻࢼ࢘ὶᇦࡢ㛤Ⓨಁ㐍ࡢᡓ␎࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊ2011 ᖺ 4 ᭶ 13 ᪥ࡢḢᕞ⌮஦఍ࡣࡑࢀࢆ᥇ᢥࡋࡓࠋ⌧ᅾ⣙㸰㸮㸮ࡢඃඛⓗ⾜ືࡣ‽ഛࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࢻࢼ࢘ᕝࡣ඲㛗 2850 ੊࡛⣙㸯൨ 1500 ୓ேࡀᒃఫࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᅗ㸯ཧ↷㸧ࠋ㟁ຊⓎ㟁ᡤࠊṔྐⓗ࡞ỗḢᕞ㍺㏦ᅇᗯࠊḢᕞࡢᕼᑡ✀ࡢᐆᗜ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊ཯ᑐ࡟ࠊࡇࡢἙᕝ
ࢆᖖ࡟ᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ᑐ❧ࡢ※Ἠ࡜ࡉࡏ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡔ࠿ࡽㅖၥ㢟ࡢ⤫୍ⓗ࡞ゎỴࢆ㏕ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉࡟ 1990 ᖺ௨๓ࡢ᫬ᮇࢆࡳࡿ࡜ࠊᮾすᑐ❧ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡇࡢᆅᇦࡣ࢖ࣥࣇࣛᢞ㈨ࡀ༑ศ࡟ࡉࢀ
ࡎࠊ⛣Ẹၥ㢟࡜ẼೃኚືࠊᏳ඲ಖ㞀ࠊ⎔ቃಖㆤᑐ⟇ࡢ㐜ࢀࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋࢻࢼ࢘ᮾᓊᆅᇦࡣすᓊᆅᇦ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࠊ㈋ᅔ࡜ኻᴗࡀࡼࡾ῝้࡞ၥ㢟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᅗ㸯㹃㹓ࢻࢼ࢘ᕝὶᇦᡓ␎ࡢཧຍᅜ

࡞ࡐࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡓ␎ࢆ㹃㹓ࡣ᥇ᢥࡋࡓࡢ࠿ࠋࡑࢀࡣࢻࢼ࢘ᕝࡢࡶࡘ≉ᚩ࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿࠋࢻࢼ
࢘ᕝࡣ㹃㹓ຍ┕ࡢ㸶࢝ᅜ㸦ࢻ࢖ࢶࠊࢳ࢙ࢥඹ࿴ᅜࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣜ࢔ࠊࢫࣦࣟ࢓࢟࢔ࠊࣁࣥ࢞
࣮ࣜࠊࢫࣦ࢙ࣟࢽ࢔ࠊࣈࣝ࢞ࣜ࢔ࠊ࣮࣐ࣝࢽ࢔㸧࡜㠀ຍ┕ࡢ㸴࢝ᅜ㸦ࢡࣟ࢔ࢳ࢔ࠊࢭࣝࣅ

pg. 4

࢔ࠊ࣎ࢫࢽ࢔㸤ࣔࣥࢸࢿࢢࣟࠊ࢘ࢡࣛ࢖ࢼࠊࣔࣝࢻࣦ࢓㸧ࢆໟᦤࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇࡣࠊ⎔ቃၥ㢟ࡢ⬣ጾ㸦ởᰁࠊὥỈࠊẼೃኚ໬㸧ࠊỈ㐠஦ᴗࡢᮍ㛤Ⓨ࡜ࡑࢀ࡜㝣ୖ㍺㏦⥙࡜ࡢ㐃⤖ࡢ୙༑ศࡉࠊ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ၥ㢟ࠊ୙ᖹ➼࡞♫఍⤒῭ⓗⓎᒎࠊࣂࣛࣂࣛ࡞ᩍ⫱࣭◊✲࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙ
ࣥయ⣔ࠊᏳ඲ಖ㞀ࡢ୙༑ศࡉࡢၥ㢟ࢆᢪ࠼ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࢡ࣮࡛ࣜࣥ㎿㏿࡞Ἑᕝ㐠㍺⎔ቃࠊࡼࡾᏳ౯࡛Ᏻ඲࡞࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡢ☜ಖࠊ⤒῭࣭♫఍ⓗໟᦤ࣭◊✲࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ㛤Ⓨ࡟ࡼࡿᆅᇦ඲యࡢ⦾ᰤࠊࢶ࣮ࣜࢬ࣒࡜ᩥ໬࡟ࡼࡿ㨩ຊࡢቑ㐍ࡀ₯ᅾⓗ࡟ồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡔࡀၥ㢟ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡽ࡟ᚲせ࡞㈈※ࡸࡑࡢ௚ࡢ㈨※ࢆ࡝ࡇ࠿ࡽᣐฟࡍࡿ࠿ࠊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㹃㹓㹑㹂㹐ࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢ᪋⟇࡟ᚲせ࡞㏣ຍⓗ㈨㔠ࢆ㹃㹓࠿ࡽᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᝿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡘࡲࡾࠊࡍ࡛࡟㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࠶ࡓࡽࡋ࠸ᶵ㛵ࡸᐁ൉ᶵᵓࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸❧ἲⓗᥐ⨨ࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ᇶ㔠ࡢタ❧ࢆ඲ࡃ᝿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡍ࡛࡟฼⏝࡛ࡁࡿ᪤Ꮡࡢ㈈ᨻ㈨※ࢆࡼࡾ⤫ྜࡋࡓ᪉ἲ࡛
฼⏝ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ㹃㹓㹑㹂㹐ཧຍᅜࡣ㹃㹓ࡢ⤖᮰ᨻ⟇ࡸ௚ࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ
ᵝࠎ࡞ᅜ㝿㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᛕ㢌࡟⨨࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࡛ࡣࠊ㹃㹓㹑㹂㹐࡛㹃㹓ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟࢔ࢡࢩࣙࣥࢆྲྀࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࠋඛ࡟ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࡼ
࠺࡟ࠊࢻࢼ࢘ᕝὶᇦㅖᅜࡢከࡃࡀ㹃㹓࡟ຍ┕ࡋࠊྠ᫬࡟ࢻࢼ࢘ᕝ࣐ࢡࣟᆅᇦࡀᢪ࠼ࡿၥ㢟ࡢከࡃࡣࡍ࡛࡟㹃㹓ᨻ⟇ࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢព࿡࡛㹃㹓ࡣࡇࡢศ㔝ࡢ༠ຊࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿᆅ఩࡟࠶ࡾࠊ༠ຊࢆᐇࡾ࠶ࡿࡶࡢ࡟ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀᥦ౪ࡉࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋ/tttp://www.danube-region.eu/announcement/20130122 ཧ↷/㹃㹓㹑㹂㹐࡟ࡣ 4 ࡘࡢඃඛࡢᰕࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᰕ࡟ࡣ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢඃඛ㡿ᇦ Priority
areas(௨ୗ PA ␎グ)ࢆࡶࡘࠋ(EUEC㸦2011, pp.4-7.)➨㸯ࡢᰕ㸸ࢻࢼ࢘ᆅᇦࢆ⤖ྜࡍࡿࠋ㸱ࡘࡢ㹎㸿㸸ձ⛣ືᛶ࡜ከᵝ࡞᪉ἲࡢᨵၿࠊղᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡢዡບࠊճᩥ໬ࠊࢶ࣮ࣜࢬ࣒ࠊᕷẸྠኈ ptop ࡢಁ㐍ࠋ➨㸰ࡢᰕ㸸ࢻࢼ࢘ᆅᇦࡢ⎔ቃࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࠋ㸱ࡘࡢ㹎㸿㸸ձỈ㉁ࡢ⥔ᣢᨵၿࠊղ⎔ቃࣜࢫࢡࡢ⟶⌮ࠊճ⏕≀ከᵝᛶ࣭ᬒほ࣭኱Ẽ࡜Ỉࡢ㉁ࡢಖᣢࠋ
➨㸱ࡢᰕ㸸ࢻࢼ࢘ᆅᇦ࡟⦾ᰤࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࠋ㸱ࡘࡢ㹎㸿㸸ձ◊✲ࠊᩍ⫱ࠊ᝟ሗࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮
ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ▱㆑♫఍ࡢⓎᒎࠊղ௻ᴗࠊࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮࣭ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ➇தຊࡢᙉ໬ᨭ᥼ࠊճே
㛫࡜ࢫ࢟ࣝ࡬ࡢᢞ㈨ࠋ
➨㸲ࡢᰕ㸸ࢻࢼ࢘ᆅᇦࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿࠋ㸰ࡘࡢ㹎㸿㸸ձไᗘⓗ⬟ຊ࡜༠ຊࡢ㛤ጞࠊղᏳ඲ಖ㞀ಁ㐍ࡢඹྠ࡜῝้࡞⤌⧊≢⨥࡬ࡢᑐฎࠋ
࡛ࡣᐇ㝿࡟㹃㹓㹑㹂㹐ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚㐍⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿㸦ᅗ㸯ཧ↷㸧ࠋࡑࢀࡣ 5 ࡘࡢẁ㝵ࢆ⤒㐣ࡋ࡚ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀࡿࠋ᭱ึࡣ༠㆟㸦consultation㸧ẁ㝵࡛ࠊẖᖺࡢ⥲఍ Forum ࡀ㛤ദࡉࢀࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣྛᅜᨻᗓ㛵ಀ⪅ࠊ㹃㹓ᶵ㛵ࡑࡋ࡚฼ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅㸦ᨻᗓ㛫ᶵ㛵ࠊẸ㛫㒊㛛ࠊᕷẸ♫఍㸧ࡀཧຍࡋ࡚ࠊ⾜ືィ⏬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽ༠㆟ࡍࡿࠋ➨㸰ẁ㝵ࡣᨻ⟇ㄪᩚ࡛ࠊ㛵ಀᨻᗓࡢpg. 5௦⾲⪅ High Level Group ࡜ጤဨ commission ࡀᨻ⟇࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄪᩚࡍࡿࠋྜព࡟㐩ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓሙྜ࡟ࡣ⊂❧ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࢆ஺࠼ࡓᑐヰࢆ⥅⥆ࡍࡿࠋ➨㸱ẁ㝵࡛ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡ
ࢺࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⾜ື࡟⛣ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢඃඛ㡿ᇦ㹎㸿ࡣᇦෆࡢᢸᙜࡍࡿᅜࡀ⾜࠺ࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡟
㹎㸿ㄪᩚ⪅ coordinatorsࠊᑓ㛛ᐙ experts ࡀ┬ᗇᐁᗇࡢ⥺࡟ἢࡗ࡚㓄ഛࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢඃඛ㡿ᇦㄪᩚ⪅㹎㸿Coordinator ࡣィ⏬࡜┠ᶆࠊᣦᶆࠊࢱ࢖࣒ࢸ࣮ࣈࣝ࡜ࡢᩚྜᛶ࡜ࠊྛᢸᙜ⪅㛫ࡢຠᯝⓗ࡞༠ຊࢆᘬࡁฟࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿࠋᢏ⾡ⓗᨭ᥼ࡶ⾜࠺ࠋḟࡢẁ㝵ࡀ㐍⾜ಁ㐍࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆᢸ࠺ࡢࡣྛᅜ᥋ゐ࣏࢖ࣥࢺ national contact point ࡟ᨭ᥼ࡉࢀࡓጤဨ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟ሗ࿌࡜ホ౯ࡢẁ㝵࡛ࠊඃඛ㡿ᇦㄪᩚ⪅࡜ࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ࢆ⤌ࢇ࡛ጤဨࡀሗ࿌࣭ホ౯ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊḟࡢᖺḟࣇ࢛࣒ࣝ࡟ᥦฟࡍࡿࠋᅗ㸰 㹃㹓㹑㹂㹐ࡢ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࣔࢹࣝ➨㸲⠇ 㹃㹓ࡢࢻࢼ࢘ᕝὶᇦᡓ␎㸦㹃㹓㹑㹂㹐㸧ࡢ⌧≧ࠊ฿㐩Ⅼ࡜ၥ㢟Ⅼ
┬␎
ࡲ࡜ࡵ
┬␎
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
⏣୰ᏹ㸦2012㸧
ࠕḢᕞ⤫ྜࡢ฿㐩Ⅼ࡜⤒῭༴ᶵࡢᵓᅗࠖ
ࠗ⤒῭࠘No.202,7 ᭶ྕࠋⶈぢ㞝㸦⦅㸧
㸦2009㸧
ࠗᣑ኱ࡍࡿ㹃㹓࡜ࣂࣝࢺ⤒῭ᅪࡢጞື࠘᫛࿴ᇽ
Stefunie Duhr (2011) Baltic Sea, Danube and Macro-Regional Strategies: A Model forTransnational Cooperation in the EU?, Notre Europe 86)
Andrea Stocchiero (2010) Macro-Regions of Europe: Old Wine in a New Bottle? CeSPIWorking Papers, 65/2010(ENG)
EUEC㸦2011㸧Panorama Inforegio 37.

pg. 6

Adaptive Learning in Dynamic Oligopolies
with Time Delay

Akio Matsumoto
Department of Economics, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japanemail: akiom@tamacc.chuo-u.ac.jp
Haiyan Qiao
School of Computer Science and Engineering, California State University
San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USAemail: hqiao@csusb.edu
Ferenc Szidarovszky
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
email: szidarka@gmail.com
Abstract
An N -firm oligopoly is considered where the firms are familiar withthe technology of all competitors, so the cost functions are public information. However they do not have full knowledge of the linear pricefunction, which is determined by two of three parameters: the slope,the maximum price and the market saturation point. It is assumed
that they have full information on only one of these parameters andtry to estimate and learn the values of the others. At each time period
based on its current estimate of the price function each firm is able
to compute its believed equilibrium and the corresponding believed
equilibrium price. Each firm then sends its own believed equilibrium
output amount to the market, which is then produces an actual market price. The comparison of the actual market price and the believed
equilibrium price is the basis of an adaptive adjustment process of theuncertain parameters. Three alternative learning schemes are introduced. They are asymptotically stable if instantaneous market priceinformation is available. That is, as time goes to infinity, the estimates of the price function converge to the true function. The effect1

of information delay in the observed market price is examined in theselearning schemes. It is shown that asymptotical stability is preserved
if the fixed delay is below a certain threshold, and unstable otherwise.
The stability region shrinks if either the number of firms increases or
the firms select larger speeds of adjustments. In the case of continuously distributed delays stability is preserved if the average delay iseither small enough or sufficiently large. It is also shown that at thestability switch Hopf bifurcation occurs giving the possibility of thebirth of limit cycles.

1

Introduction

Dynamic systems theory is one of the most important research fields in quantitative sciences including engineering and mathematical economics. Thereis a large number of issues being examined in the literature. The asymptotic
behavior of the state trajectories has been discussed in many textbooks andmonographs. Different stability conditions have been derived and appliedin particular models. For example, Szidarovszky and Bahill (1998) presents
several applications in engineering and also in the social sciences.
In the literature of mathematical economics the different variants of oligopoly
models play a significant role. This research area is based on the pioneering
work of Cournot (1838). The classical Cournot model considers an industry where several firms produce the same item or offer the same service toa homogeneous market. This economic situation can be modeled as a noncooperative game in which the players are the firms and the payoffs are theprofits. A comprehensive summary of the earlier results is given in Okuguchi(1976) and their multiproduct extensions with several model variants andapplications are presented in Okuguchi and Szidarovszky (1999). More recently an increasing attention has been given to nonlinear models and global
dynamics. Recent developments in nonlinear oligopolies are reported forexample in Bischi et al. (2010). In most dynamic economic models including oligopolies complete and instantaneous information is assumed when theparticipants make their decisions. In real economies however there is always
uncertainty in economic quantities and functional relations. For example, it
is not realistic that in dynamic oligopolies the firms know the market demand and price functions. The effect of misspecified price function on thestability of the equilibrium is examined in Leonard and Nishimura (1999),

2

Bischi et al. (2004) and Chiarella and Szidarovszky (2001) among others.
However by repeated price information the firms are able to learn and continuously update their beliefs of the price function. Fudenberg and Levine(1998) offer a general theory of learning in games, and special learning processes in dynamic oligopolies are discussed in Szidarovszky and Krawczyk(2004). These models are further extended in Bischi et al. (2010). The
assumption of the availability of instantaneous information on prices andoutputs of the competitors is unrealistic in real economies. The introduction of delayed information in dynamic oligopolies and in learning processes
makes the dynamic properties of the models much more complicated. Information lags can be examined either as fixed or continuously distributed
delays. In the case of fixed delays the dynamics is described by delay differential equations, the characteristic equations of which are mixed polynomial- exponential equations with infinite spectra. For example, Burger (1956),
Cooke and Grossman (1982) and Bellman and Cooke (1956) offer complete
stability analysis in many important cases with single delays. If continuously
distributed delays are assumed, then Volterra-type integro-differential equations describe the dynamics. Cushing (1977) offers the theory of such models
with applications to population dynamics.
In this paper the learning process discussed in Bischi et al. (2010) will berevisited with the additional assumption that only delayed price information
is available to the firms. Fixed delays are first assumed, the continuously
distributed counterparts will be then investigated in the same way as it isshown in Chiarella and Szidarovszky (2004).
This paper develops as follows. After the mathematical models and thelearning processes are revisited, fixed information delays are introduced into
the price observations of the firms, and stability conditions are derived. Furthermore the occurance of Hopf bifurcation is proved. Continuously distributed delays are then introduced into the learning processes with stability
and bifurcation analysis. The last section offers conclusion and future research directions.

2

The Mathematical Models of Learning

An N -firm oligopoly is considered in which the firms offer the same productto a homogeneous market. Let p(s) = B − As be the unit price, where
B is the maximum price and −A the marginal price, s is the total output
3

!N
of the industry. If xk is the output of firm k, then s =k=1 xk . Let
Ck (xk ) = ck xk + dk be the cost function of firm k, where dk is the fixed costand ck is the marginal cost, then its profit is given as
ϕk = xk (B − As) − (ck xk + dk ).

(1)

In order to have nonnegative profit we assume that B > ck . The uncertainty in the price function can be modeled in several ways. In this paper weconsider the following three cases:
1. Each firm k knows the marginal price −A but has its own estimate of
the maximum price, which is denoted by Bk (t) at time period t;
2. Each firm k knows the market saturation point B/A but has its own
estimate of the slope (−Ak (t)).
3. Each firm k knows the maximum price B and has its own estimate of
the slope (−Ak (t)).
We will now revisit the corresponding learning processes and introduce fixedand continuously distributed delays into the price observations.
1. At each time period t each firm k believes that the profit of any firml (including itself) is
ϕl = xl (Bk (t) − As) − (cl xl + dl ),(2)

so firm k believes that the best response of firm l isxl =Bk (t) − As − cl
,
A

(3)

and believes that the equilibrium in industry output is obtained by adding
these equations for all firms:
N"1
s = (N Bk (t) − N As −
ci ).
A
i=1

Therefore firm k believes that at the equilibrium!
N Bk (t) − N
i=1 cis=A(N + 1)4

(4)

and the equilibrium price is!
Bk (t) + i ci
pk = Bk (t) − As =
.
N +1

(5)

The corresponding equilibrium output of firm k is believed as!
Bk (t) + N
Bk (t) − ck − As
i=1 ci − (N + 1)ck
xk =
=
.
A
A(N + 1)

(6)Each firm thinks in the same way as shown above, so the total output of theindustry becomes
# N
$
N
N
"
"
"
1
xk =
(7)
s=
Bk (t) −
ck
A(N
+
1)
k=1
k=1
k=1
with actual market price1
p = B − As = B −
N +1

# N
"
k=1

Bk (t) −

N
"
k=1

ck

$

.

If the price information is delayed, then the firms believe that the actual
price is
# N
$
N
"
"
1
Bk (t − τ ) −ck ,(8)p∗ = B −N + 1 k=1
k=1

where τ denotes the delay.
Comparing the believed price pk and the actual price p∗ each firm adjusts
its belief on the maximum price asḂk (t) = Kk (p∗ − pk ) ,(9)where Kk is the speed of adjustments of the firm. This process can be
explained as follows. If the actual price is higher than the believed price, thenthe firm wants to increase its estimate of the price function by increasing thevalue of Bk (t). If the actual price is smaller, then the firm wants to decrease
its estimate Bk (t), and if the two prices are equal, then the firm wants to keep
its estimate of the maximum price. By introducing the notations ∆k (t) =kBk (t) − B and αk = NK+1
equation (9) can be rewritten as
˙ k (t) + αk ∆k (t) + αk
∆

N
"
i=1

∆i (t − τ ) = 0 (1 ≤ k ≤ N ).
5

(10)

The only steady state of this system is ∆k = 0 for all k, that is, B k = B,
the full knowledge of the price function. Without time delay system (10) is
globally asymptotically stable.
2. In this case firm k believes that each firm l has the profit function%&B
ϕl = xl Ak (t)− s − (cl xl + dl )(11)A
is known without knowing the individual values of A
where only the ratio B
A
and B. The believed best response of firm l is
xl =

B
cl
−s−
,
A
Ak (t)(12)

so the believed industry output is the solution of equation
N
1 "NB− Ns −cls=A
Ak (t) l=1

which is
1
s=
N +1

#

N
NB
1 "
cl
−
A
Ak (t) l=1

$

.

(13)

So the believed equilibrium price is
#
$
%
&
N
"
B
B
1
−s =
Ak (t) +cl
pk = Ak (t)A
N +1 Al=1(14)

and firm k produces the amount
N
"
B
ck
B
ck
1
xk = − s −
cl .
=
−
+
A
Ak (t)
A(N + 1) Ak (t) Ak (t)(N + 1) l=1(15)

Then the actual industry output becomes
!N
N
N
"
"
NB
1
ck
l=1 clxk =−+s=A(N + 1) k=1 Ak (t)N + 1 k=1 Ak (t)
k=1
N
"

(16)

with the corresponding market price
N
"
B
ck
A
+A
−
p = B − As =N +1
Ak (t) N + 1
k=1

6# N $# N
"
"
cl
l=1

1
Ak (t)
k=1$.

If the price has a delay τ > 0, then the firms actually observe the price# N $# N
$
N
"
"
"
1
c
A
B
k
p∗ =
+A
−
cl
. (17)N +1
Ak (t − τ ) N + 1 l=1
Ak (t − τ )k=1
k=1

The comparison of the believed price pk and actually observed price p∗ leads
to the adjustment processȦk (t) = Kk (p∗ − pk )(18)

where Kk is the speed of adjustments of firm k. This is a system of nonlinear
delayed differential equationsȦk (t) = Kk#

# N $# N
$
N
"
"
"
B
1
cl
A
cl
+A
−
N +1
A
N
+
1
Al (t − τ )l (t − τ )
l=1
l=1
l=1
#
$$
N
"
B
1
. (19)Ak (t) +cl−N +1 A
l=1

Clearly at the steady state the Ak values are equal, and the common value,A, satisfies equation
# N $
#
$
N
N
"
B
A
1
A"
N
BA "
0=
cl −
−
cl
+
+
cl
N + 1 A l=1
N + 1 l=1
A
A N +1
l=1
$
&
%
& #"
%
N
A
1
A
B
1−
+
cl
−1 +
=
N +1
A
N +1
A
l=1

which can occur only if A = A, which corresponds to the full knowledge ofthe price function. We can examine the asymptotical behavior of system (19)by linearizing it around the steady state. Simple differentiation shows that∂B(p∗ − pk ) = −,∂Ak (t)A(N + 1)∂(p∗ − pk ) = 0 (l #= k)∂Al (t)

#
$
N
"
∂
A
1
−ck +
(p∗ − pk ) = 2
cl∂Ak (t − τ )Ak (t − τ )N + 1 l=1
#
$
N
1 "
1
−ck +
cl
=
A
N + 1 l=17and similarly1∂(p∗ − pk ) =∂Al (t − τ )
A

#

N
1 "
−cl +
ci
N + 1 i=1$

at the steady state. Therefore the linearized equation (19) can be written as
$
#
N
"
γ
B
l
˙ k (t) = Kk −∆k (t) −∆l (t − τ )(20)∆A(N + 1)
A
l=1
with

N
1 "
γ l = cl −ci ,N + 1 i=1

∆l (t) = Al (t) − A

for all l. By letting

αk =

Kk B
Kk γ land βkl =A(N + 1)A

system (20) can be written as
˙ k (t) + αk ∆k (t) +
∆

N
"
l=1

βkl ∆l (t − τ ) = 0.

(21)

It is known (Bischi et al., 2010) that without delay system (21) is asymptotically stable if γl ≥ 0 for all l. This is the case if the marginal costs areclose to each other.
3. In the third learning process each firm k believes that the profit of any
firm l (including itself) is
ϕ = xl (B − Ak (t)s) − (cl xl + dl ),so the best response isxl =B − cl− s,
Ak (t)(22)(23)

therefore firm k believes that the industry output is the solution of equation
$
#
N
"
1
NB −
cl − N ss=
Ak (t)
l=18

which is!
NB − N
l=1 cls=.
(N + 1)Ak (t)From (23), firm k produces its believed equilibrium ouput!
! N
B − (N + 1)ck + Ncl
B − ck N B − Nl=1
l=1 cl−=xk =
Ak (t)(N + 1)Ak (t)(N + 1)Ak (t)and believes that the equilibrium price will be!
B+ N
l=1 cl.
pk = B − Ak (t)s =N +1
In reality the actual industry output becomes
#
$
N
N
N
N
"
"
"
"
ck
1
1
s=
(B +
− (N + 1)
cl )
xl =
N +1
Ak (t)Ak (t)
l=1
l=1
k=1
k=1

(24)

(25)

(26)

(27)

with the actual market price
#
$
N
N
N
"
"
"
1
ck
A
(B +
ck )
.
− (N + 1)
p = B − As = B −
N +1
A
A
k (t)
k (t)
k=1
k=1
k=1
(28)
Similarly to be previous case in the presence of delay firm k adjusts its belief
by using relationȦk (t) = Kk (pk − p∗ )(29)
which has now the special form
!
!
!N
B+ N
A
1
l=1 clȦk (t) = Kk (−B+((B+ N
l=1 cl )l=1 Al (t−τ )
N +1
N +1
!
cl
−(N + 1) N
l=1 Al (t−τ ) ) ) (30)where p∗ is the delayed price information and τ > 0 is the delay. This N dimentional system has infinitely many steady states, one of them is the fullknowledge of the price function. So any steady state can be obtained as thelimit of this process, so in general no learning is possible. However in the caseof identical initial estimates and speeds of adjustment system (30) becomes
one-dimensional:
9

!
B+ N
l=1 clȦ(t) =K (
− B+
(31)
N +1
N
N
"
"
A
N
1
((B +
cl )
− (N + 1)(
cl )
))
N +1
A(t − τ )A(t − τ )l=1
l=1
Notice that the only steady state of this system is the full knowledge of theprice function. In order to linearize this sytem we observe that the derivativeof the right hand side with respect to A(t − τ ) is as followings:
#
$
!
N
"
K( N
AK
l=1 cl − N B)
−
NB −
cl =
<0
2
(N + 1)A (t − τ )
(N
+
1)A
l=1
at the steady state. So the linearized system becomes˙∆(t)+ N β∆(t − τ ) = 0
with ∆(t) = A(t) − A and β =is asymptotically stable.

3

(32)

!
K(N B− N
l=1 cl )> 0. Without delay this system
N (N +1)A

Stability Analysis

For the sake of simplicity the symmetric case is considered, when ck ≡ c,
Kk ≡ K for all k. In this special case equation (10) is simplified as
˙ k (t) + α∆k (t) + α
∆

N
"
i=1

∆i (t − τ ) = 0

with α = K/(N + 1). Therefore with identical initial values ∆i (−t) (0 ≤t ≤ τ ) the trajectories are also identical and equal to the solution of the
one-dimensional equation˙∆(t)+ α∆(t) + αN ∆(t − τ ) = 0.

(33)

In the symmetric case equation (21) also specializes to the following:˙∆(t)+ α∆(t) + βN ∆(t − τ ) = 0
10

(34)

with α = KB/(A(N + 1)) and β = Kc/(A(N + 1)). Since (33) is a special
case of (34) with β = α and equation (32) is also a special case of (34) with
α = 0, we will concentrate on equation (34).
Let’s look for the solution in the usual exponential form ∆(t) = eλt u,
and by substituting it into (34) the characteristic equation of the system isobtained:
λ + α + βN e−λτ = 0.
(35)
By introducing the new variables Λ = λτ , C = ατ and D = βτ , we have
Λ + C + DN e−Λ = 0.

(36)

Notice first that without delay τ = 0 and equation (35) becomesλ + α + βN = 0,
so the only eigenvalue is negative implying asymptotical stability. Assume
that τ > 0 and let Λ = q + ir be a complex solution. We can assume thatr > 0, since if Λ is a solution, then its conjugate is also a solution. Thenq + ir + C + DN e−q (cos r − i sin r) = 0.
Separating the real and imaginary parts we haveq + C + DN e−q cos r = 0(37)

r − DN e−q sin r = 0.

(38)

and
If sin r = 0, then r = 0, so from (37)q = −C − DN e−qshowing that q < 0. If sin r #= 0, thene−q =r
DN sin r

and substituting it into (37) gives relation
q + C + r cot r = 0
soq = −C − r cot r.
11

(39)

If we substitute this equation into (38), a single variable equation is obtained
for r:
r − DN eC+r cot r sin r = 0orr= er cot r sin r.
DN eC
The steady state is asymptotically stable if q < 0, which occurs if
r cot r > −C.

(40)

(41)

Let f (r) denote the right hand side of (40) and let g(r) = r cot r. Simple
differentiation shows that' r cos r (!
sin 2r − 2r!
<0g (r) ==
sin r
2 sin2 r
for all r > 0 implying that g(r) strictly decreases in r. Furthermore
r cos r= 1,
sin r
r cos rlim
=0r→π/2+kπ sin r
lim

r→0

and
r cos r=lim
r→kπ sin r)−∞ from the left hand side+∞ from the right hand side.

The graph of g(r) is shown in Figure 1.
Notice that in each subinterval [ π2 +kπ, (k+1)π] there is a unique intercept
rk of the graph of g(r) and the horizontal line of −C, and (41) implies thatthe real part of the eigenvalue is negative if kπ < r < rk , k = 0, 1, 2, . . .. Also
notice that rk = kπ + π2 if C = 0. It is easy to see thatlim f (r) = 0

r→0

and for all k ≥ 1,

lim f (r) = 0,r→kπ−0since cot r → −∞ as r → kπ − 0.
Furthermore)
lim f (r) =r→kπ+0∞
if k is even−∞ if k is odd

12

g(r)

1

r0

r1
2π

3π/2

π

π/2

r2
5π/2

3π

r

-C

Figure 1: Graph of g(r)andf
By differentiation

'π
2

(

+ kπ =)

1
if k is even
−1 if k is odd.

%&
1 r cot r
f (r) =
sin 2r − r .
e
sin r
!

(42)

There is a unique r∗ ∈ (0, π2 ) such that sin 2r∗ = r∗ , and for r < r∗ we have!
sin 2r > r, and for r >r∗ , clearly sin+2r < r. Therefore f (r) > 0 if and only*!
if r ∈ (0, r∗ ) or r ∈ (2k −1)π, 2kπ for +k ≥ 1. Similarly f (r) < 0 if and*only if r ∈ (r∗ , π) or r ∈ 2kπ, (2k + 1)π for k ≥ 1. The graph of f (r) is
shown in Figure 2.
The solution of equation (40) is the intercept of this graph with the linear
function r/(DN eC ). In order to satisfy relation (41) the solution has to be
13

f(r)

f(r0)
π/2

r0

π

3π/2

2π

5π/2

3π

7π/2

4π

9π/2

5π

Figure 2: Graph of f (r)in the union of intervals [0, r0 ], [2π, r2 ], [4π, r4 ],· · · , which is the case when1f (rk )>
DN eC
rk
This can be rewritten as(k = 0, 2, 4, · · · ).

erk cot rk sin rk DN eC
e−C eC DN cos rk
1>=
rk
rk cot rk
ND
cos rk=−C
if C > 0, and
1>

ND
rk

(43)

(44)

if C = 0.
Assume first that C > 0. Notice that r0 < r2 < r4 < · · · and rk cot rk =−C implying that cos r0 < cos r2 < cos r4 < · · · < 0, so if (43) holds with14r

k = 0, then it holds for all even values of k. We can therefore conclude thatthe steady state is asymptotically stable if
1>−

ND
cos r0C(45)

and unstable if

ND
cos r0 .
C
If C ≥ N D, then (45) holds implying that the system is asymptoticallystable. We will assume that C < N D in the following discussion.
Clearly r0 is a strictly increasing function of C, r0 = r0 (C), so (45) holds
if
%
&
C
−1
r0 (C) < cos
−
ND
or
%
&
* C +
−1
g (r0 (C)) > g cos −ND
1<−

which can be rewritten as* C + ' −1C (cot cos (−)−C > cos−1 −ND
ND* C + − NCD,= cos−1 −2ND
1− C
N 2 D2

or

* C +
C
√
.
C < cos−1 −ND
D2 N 2 − C 2(46)

In the case of system (33), α = β = K/(N + 1), C = D = Kτ /(N + 1),
so this stability condition can be written as
%
&
1
Kτ
1
−1
√
< cos
−
N +1
N
N2 − 1orcos−1 (− N1 )cos (− N1 )(N + 1)√
τ<=K
K N2 − 1−1

Hence we have the following result.

15

,

N +1
N −1

.

(47)

Theorem 1 The steady state of system (33) with fixed delay is globally
asymptotically stable if τ < τ1∗ and unstable if τ > τ1∗ where,+1
cos−1 (− N1 ) N
N −1
∗
τ1 =
.
K
Notice that τ1∗ is decreasing in both N and K, and converges to zero as
K → ∞, furthermore it converges to π/(2K) as N → ∞.
Consider next system (34), where α = KB/(A(N + 1)), β = Kc/(A(N +1)) and so C = KBτ /(A(N + 1)) and D = Kcτ /(A(N + 1)). Since
B
C
=
,
ND
cN
the stability condition (46) can be rewritten as

That is,

* B +
KBτ
B
√
.
< cos−1 −A(N + 1)cN
c2 N 2 − B 2

A(N + 1)B1,
cos−1 (−)√
2K
cN
c N 2 − B2
which proves the following result.
τ<

(48)

Theorem 2 The steady state of system (34) with fixed delay is locally asymptotically stable if τ < τ2∗ and unstable if τ > τ2∗ , where&%A(N + 1)
B
1
∗
−1
√
τ2 =
.
cos
−
2
K
cN
c N 2 − B2

Notice that τ2∗ strictly decreases in both K and N , it converges to zero as
K → ∞ and converges to Aπ/(2Kc) as N → ∞.
In the case of equation (32) the stability condition is (44). Since r0 <r2 < · · · , (44) reduces to conditionπ> N D = N βτ,2which can be rewritten asτ<Aπ(N + 1)π=2N β
2KN (B − c)if the firms have identical marginal costs.
16

(49)

Theorem 3 The steady state of system (32) with fixed delay is locally asymptotically stable if τ < τ3∗ and unstable if τ > τ3∗ withτ3∗ =Aπ(N + 1).
2KN (B − c)Notice that τ3∗ strictly decreases in both K and N , if converges to zero as
K → ∞ and to Aπ/(2K(B − c)) as N → ∞.
We will next examine the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation at the criticalvalues τi∗ (i = 1, 2, 3).
Stability switch may occur when Λ = ir (r > 0) is an eigenvalue ofequation (36). By substitution
ir + C + DN (cos r − i sin r) = 0.
Separating the real and imaginary parts gives two equations:

From (50),

C + DN cos r = 0(50)

r − DN sin r = 0.

(51)

C
DN
%
&
C
−1
r = cos−+ 2nπ
DN
cos r = −sosince sin r > 0 by (51). Then (51) implies that*+CC2
cos−1 −
+ 2nπ − DN 1 − 2 2 = 0.
DN
D N

It is easy to see that with n = 0 this equation is the same as the equality version of (46). Consider τ as the bifurcation parameter with all otherconstants being fixed. Then we can assume that Λ = Λ(τ ). By implicitly
differentiating equation (36) with respect to τ we have!

!

Λ + α + βN e−Λ − βτ N e−Λ Λ = 0
implying that!

Λ =α + βN e−Λ.
βτ N e−Λ − 1
17Combining this equation with (36) gives
!

Λ =

−Λ
α + βN (−Λ − C)/DN=βτ N (−Λ − C)/DN − 1−τ Λ − τ 2 α − τwhere we used the notations C = ατ and D = βτ . If Λ = ir, then
ir

!

Λ =

τ 2 α + τ + iτ rwith real part

r2
ReΛ =
>0
τ (τ α + 1)2 + τ r2
showing that at the stability switches stability is lost and Hopf bifurcation
occurs giving the possibility of the birth of limit cycles.
!

4

Stability Analysis with Continuously Distributed Delays

If the delay is continuously distributed, then equation (34) becomes a Volterratype integro-differential equation. t˙∆(t) + α∆(t) + βNw(t − s, T, m)∆(s)ds = 0(52)0where the weighting function is assumed to be)
1 − t−se T
if m = 0Tw(t − s, T, m) =m(t−s)
1 m m+1m − T( )(t − s) e
if m ≥ 1.
m! T
We are looking for the solution in the exponential form ∆(t) = eλt u and by
substituting it into (52) we have
. t
λt
λt
λe u + αe u + βNw(t − s, T, m)eλs uds = 0.
0

The introduction of the new integration variable u = t − s and letting t → ∞give the characteristic equation
λ + α + βN (1 +18

λT −(m+1)
)
=0
q

with
q=

/

1 if m = 0
m if m ≥ 1.

It can be rewritten as a polynomial equation(λ + α)(1 +λT m+1)+ βN = 0.
q(53)

If α > βN (that is, C > N D), then the real part of λ has to be negative,
otherwise we would have|λ + α| ≥ α and |1 + λT
| ≥ 1, so |(λ + α)(1 + λT
)m+1 | ≥ α > βN ,qqwhich is obvious contradiction. So we may assume that α ≤ βN in order todetect stability switches and instability. The locations of the eigenvalue canbe determined by computer methods in general, however for small values ofm analytical study is possible.
If T = 0, then (53) becomesλ + α + βN = 0(54)

implying that λ < 0 and the asympototical stability of the system.
If m = 0, then (53) becomes a quadratic equation:
λ2 + λ(1 + αT ) + α + βN = 0.

(55)

Since all coefficients are positive, Reλ < 0 implying asympototically stability.
Assume next that m = 1, then (53) becomes a cubic equation:
T 2 λ3 + λ2 (αT 2 + 2T ) + λ(1 + 2αT ) + (α + βN ) = 0(56)

All coefficients are positive, so the Routh-Hurwitz criterion implies that the
eigenvalues have negative real parts if and only if(αT 2 + 2T )(1 + 2αT ) > T 2 (α + βN )which can be rewritten as
2α2 T 2 + T (4α − βN ) + 2 > 0.
Assume first that α > 0.
The discriminant is(4α − βN )2 − 16α2 = β 2 N 2 − 8βN α = βN (βN − 8α).
19

(57)

T
T2*

1/

T1*
N

8

Figure 3: Stability region for continuously distributed delays with α > 0
T

2

1

N
1

2

Figure 4: Stability region for continuously distributed delays with α = 0
If βN < 8α, then (57) holds implying the asymptotical stability of thesystem.
If βN = 8α, then (57) holds for T #= βN4α−4α= α1 , so asymptotic stability
2
is guaranteed for all T #= α1 .
Assume finally that βN > 8α, then the left hand side of (57) has two
positive roots (T1∗ < T2∗ )0βN − 4α ± βN (βN − 8α)∗
T1,2 =(58)
4α2
so the system is asymptotically stable if T < T1∗ or T > T2∗ , and unstable if
T1∗ < T < T2∗ . The stability region is shown in Figure 3.
20

If α = 0, then (57) becomes
T <

2
,
βN

(59)

which region is illustrated in Figure 4.
In the case of model (33), α = β, so in this case we have the following
result.
Theorem 4 System (33) with continuously distributed delay is globally asymptotically stable if either N < 8, or N = 8 and T #= α1 , or N > 8 and T < T1∗
or T > T2∗ ,√where α = K/(N + 1), √
N −4−

N −4+

N (N −8)

N (N −8)and T2∗ =
.
T1∗ =
4α
4α
The system is unstable if N > 8 and T1∗ < T < T2∗ .
In the case of model (34),
α=

KB
Kc
>β=
,
A(N + 1)A(N + 1)and we have the following result.
Theorem 5 System (34) with continuously distributed delay is locally asymptotically stable if either βN < 8α, or βN = 8α and T #= α1 , or βN > 8α
and T < T1∗ , or T > T2∗ , where T1∗ and T2∗ are given in equation (58). If
βN > 8α and T1∗ < T < T2∗ , then the system is unstable.
Consider finally the system (32) where α = 0 and β = K(B − c)/(A(N +1)), then we have the following result.
Theorem 6 System (32) with continuously distributed delay is locally asymptotically stable if T < T ∗ , and unstable if T > T ∗ , whereT∗ =2A(N + 1).
N K(B − c)Stability switch occurs when λ = ir (r > 0) is an eigenvalue of the characteristic equation, in which case (57) holds with equality. Then the characteristic
equation (56) can be rewritten as
T 2 λ3 + λ2 (αT 2 + 2T ) + λ(1 + 2αT ) +21(αT 2 + 2T )(1 + 2αT )
=0
T2

or

1 + 2αT)=0
T2
So there is a negative real root λ3 = − αTT+2 and a pair of conjugate complex
roots
1 + 2αT= ±ir(60)
λ12 = ±i
T2
Select T as the bifurcation parameter, assume that λ = λ(T ) and differentiate
implicitly equation (56) with respect to T to have
(T 2 λ + (αT 2 + 2T ))(λ2 +2T λ3 + 3T 2 λ2 λ̇ + 2λλ̇(αT 2 + 2T ) + λ2 (2αT + 2) + λ̇(1 + 2αT ) + 2αλ = 0
implying thatλ̇ = −

2T λ3 + λ2 (2αT + 2) + 2αλ3T 2 λ2 + 2λ(αT 2 + 2T ) + (1 + 2αT )with λ = ir,λ̇ =and therefore

r2 (2αT + 2) − i(2αr − 2T r3 )−2T 2 r2 + 2ir(αT 2 + 2T )Re(λ̇) =1 − α2 T 2
T 4 r2 + (αT 2 + 2T )2(61)

It is easy to see that T1∗ < α1 < T2∗ as α > 0, so at T1∗ stability is lost andat T2∗ stability is regained and at both critical values Hopf bifurcatin occurs
giving the possibility of the birth of limited cycles. If α = 0, then Reλ̇ > 0
showing that loss of stability and the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation.

5

Conclusions

In this paper three special learning schemes were examined under the additional assumption that only delayed information is available about the market
price. Linear price and cost functions were assumed, and fixed and continuously distributed time delays were incorporated into the dynamic models. The mathematical models were formulated in general, and the stability
analysis was performed in the symmetric case, when the firms had identical marginal costs, speeds of adjustments and initial output quantities. If
22the delay is fixed and sufficiently small, then the steady state is asymptotically stable meaning that the estimates of the price function converge to thetrue function, which shows the possibility of learning. If the delay is larger
than the given threshold, then the steady state is unstable. At the stability
switches Hopf bifurcation occurs. In the cases of continuously distributed
delays we had two different scenarios. In the first one the system is asymtotically stable if the average delay is sufficiently small or sufficiently large. In
the other case we had the same situation as in the case of fixed delays. Notice that model (10) is linear, where asymptotic stability is global, however
systems (19) and (30) are nonlinear, where only local asymptotic stability
can be guaranteed under the derived conditions.
Nonlinear and nonsymmetric oligopolies will be the subjects of our future
research when recent results on nonlinear dynamics can be applied.

References
Bellman, R. and K. L. Cooke (1956) Differential-difference Equations. Academic Press, New York.
Bischi, G. I, C. Chiarella and M. Kopel (2004) The Long Run Outcomes andGlobal Dynamics of a Duopoly Game with Misspecified Demand Functions.
International Game Theory Review, 6(3), 343-380.
Bischi, G. I., C. Chiarella, M. Kopel and F. Szidarovszky (2010) Nonlinear
Oligopolies: Stability and Bifurcations. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg/New
York.
Burger, E. (1956) On the Stability of Certain Economic Systems. Econometrica, 24(4), 488-493.
Chiarella, C. and F. Szidarovszky (2001) The Nonlinear Cournot Model under Uncertainty with Continuously Distributed Time Lags. Central European
Journal of Operations Research, 9(3), 183-196.
Chiarella, C. and F. Szidarovszky (2004) Dynamic Oligopolies without Full
Information and with Continuously Distributed Time Lags. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 54(4), 495-511.
Cooke, K. L. and Z. Grossman (1982) Discrete Delay, Distributed Delay andStability Switches. J. of Math. Analysis and Applications, 86, 592-627.
Cournot, A. (1838) Recherches sur les Principes Mathématiques de la Théorie
de Richessess. Hachette, Paris. (English translation (1960): Researches into
the Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth. Kelley, New York).
23

Cushing, J. (1977) Integro-differential Equations and Delay Models in Population Dynamics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York.
Fudenberg, D. and D. Levine (1998) The Theory of Learning in Games. MIT
Press, Cambridge, MA.
Leonard, D. and K. Nishimura (1999) Nonlinear Dynamics in the Cournot
Model without Full Information. Annals of Operations Research, 89, 165-173.
Okuguchi, K. (1976) Expectations and Stability in Oligopoly Models. SpringerVerlag, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York.
Okuguchi, K. and F. Szidarovszky (1999) The Theory of Oligopoly with Multiproduct Firms (2nd ed). Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York.
Szidarovszky, F and T. Bahill (1998), Linear Systems Theory (2nd ed). CRC
Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Szidarovszky, F. and J.B. Krawczyk (2004) On Stable Learning in Dynamic
Oligopolies. Pure Mathematics and Applications, 15(4), 453-468.

24

SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF FORESTS AS DYNAMICALLY COMPLEX ECOLOGIC-ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

J. Barkley Rosser, Jr.
Department of Economics
James Madison University
Harrisonburg, VA 22801 USA
rosserjb@jmu.edu
February, 2013

Abstract:
Ecologic-economic systems tend to exhibit greater complexity than systems that are purely
ecological or economic. The interactions between the two types often generate nonlinear relations thatlead to various kinds of complex dynamics that complicate management and decisionmaking regarding
them. Of these, forests have characteristics that lead them to have special problems not usuallyencountered in the management of such systems. A central one is the long time periods involved
managing forests compared to most other such systems. This means that the issues regarding
determination of discount rates for valuing future outcomes are more important for forestry
management than for many other systems. Also, forests generate a wider range of externalities than domost other ecologic-economic systems, with implications for various hierarchical levels of management.
This paper considers the array of these problems as they appear for a variety of forestry management
issues.

Keywords: complex dynamics, steady state forest, backward-bending supply curve, hyperbolic
discounting, social discount rates, green golden rule

Acknowledgement: The author thanks M. Ali Khan, Peter Deegan, Shashi Kant, and participants in theconference on New Frontiers of Forest Economics at ETH, Switzerland, June 26-30, 2012, for usefulcomments. I also thank Carrie Sensabaugh for editorial assistance. The usual caveat applies.

1Introduction&ŽƌĞƐƚƐĂƌĞĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͛ƐŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ͕ƉƌĞǀĂŝůŝŶŐŝŶƌĞŐŝŽŶƐǁŚĞƌe
precipitation exceeds transpiration and where temperatures are sufficiently warm and soil conditions
sufficiently fertile. From the origins of humanity to modern high income economies, forests haveprovided a variety of services to people, including basic energy from fire, timber, food sources fromvarious animals, and for modern societies such externalities as carbon sequestration, flood control,
sources of medicines, aesthetics, and others. The development of various property rights systems andgovernance systems have altered how humans have interacted with forests over time.
A crucial part of this has also been the emergence of an awareness of the role of time andefforts to plan the management of forests over time. This has involved both how people choose
discount rates to value amenities over time as well as how institutions allow for the expression of these
discount rates in the forest management systems. Indeed, the importance of time and discount rates
for forests led Irving Fisher (1907) to use forests as a leading example in his innovative work on the roleof interest rates in capital theory. Rosser (2005) has shown how complicated patterns of returns overtime of various forest amenities can lead to capital theoretic paradoxes and complications within
optimal management regimes.
This paper will extend these themes in various ways. We shall reconsider the optimal forestry
management scheme in which the discount rate plays a central role. After reviewing some of the results
previously presented, a new argument will be advanced that fits with some empirical findings (Amacher
et al., 2009) and certain cases. Forests are renewable resources with distinct carrying capacities and arethus amenable to being analyzed using models that have been used for other renewable resources,
particularly fisheries. As has long been understood, these are subject to backward-bending supply
curves under certain conditions. We shall consider how this can arise for forest products as well,2

drawing on a few earlier observations of this (Binkley, 1993). As shown by Hommes and Rosser (2001),
complex dynamics can arise for fisheries in this case, which can be seen possibly to carry over to forests
also. This perspective is partly connected to an approach that emphasizes maintaining something like anear-steady state forest rather than the traditional emphasis on optimal rotation period of a forest, withthis perspective arguably more tied to sustainability based on arguments by Kant (2003a).
In the analysis referred to above, a crucial element in the optimal management case is the roleof the discount rate. In particular, the backward-bending supply curves only occur for discount rates
that are sufficiently high, meaning that as agents value the future less, these dynamic complexities
become more likely to occur. This is consistent with arguments regarding chaotic dynamics appearing in
dynamic optimization models with high discount rates (Mitra, 1996; Nishimura and Yano, 1996). It may
be that these phenomena are more likely to occur in developing countries or areas where poorer
populations inhabit forests or are otherwise heavily dependent upon them for basic amenities. It haslong been argued that people in subsistence or near-subsistence conditions are more likely to beconcerned with their immediate near future, thus effectively exhibiting higher discount rates that may
lead to these outcomes.
The final topic of the paper will be to consider various factors influencing the formation ofsubjective discount rates. These will be seen to have arisen from evolutionary forces now hard-wired
into modern humans as exhibited by neurological evidence. This discussion will follow arguments in
Gowdy et al. (2013) and will also consider normative aspects of this in terms of sustainability concernsthat are important in light of the difficult problem of deforestation that confronts many nations in the3

world today. For higher level planners of forests ethical issues must also be taken into account in theapproach to selecting discount rates in these management cases (Khan, 2005; Price, 2005).1
Optimal Periodicity in Forest Management
The traditional focus of theoretical forestry economics has been to study the optimal rotation
time of a forest homogeneous in age and species, with the only value of the forest being due to thetimber obtainable at the time it is cut down. The first to arrive at a solution for this problem involving
an expected replanting of the same species, was Martin Faustmann (1849), although this achievement
published in German was long unknown outside of German language circles. The later solution of Fisher(1907) received far more attention, although it was only correct for a forest that is not replanted, withthe land being essentially abandoned. Nevertheless, the Fisher solution was intuitively pleasing andƐŝŵƉůĞ͗ĐƵƚǁŚĞŶƚŚĞŐƌŽǁƚŚƌĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌĞƐƚ͛ƐƚƌĞĞǀŽůƵŵĞĞƋƵĂůƐƚŚĞƌĞĂůƌĂƚĞŽĨŝŶƚĞƌĞƐt. As it was,ĞǀĞŶƚŚŽƵŐŚ&ĂƵƐƚŵĂŶŶ͛ƐƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶǁŽƵůĚŶŽƚďĞƚƌĂŶƐůĂted into English until 1968, Alchian (1952) and'ĂĨĨŶĞǇ;ϭϵϱϳͿƌĞĂůŝǌĞĚƚŚĞĞƌƌŽƌ&ŝƐŚĞƌŚĂĚŵĂĚĞ͕ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐĂƌƌŝǀŝŶŐĂƚ&ĂƵƐƚŵĂŶŶ͛ƐƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶ͘The obvious missing piece for this problem was the matter of unaccounted for non-timber
amenities (or Non-Timber Forest Products, NTFPs). Hartman (1976) would resolve this, with theapproval of Samuelson (1976a), of the following solution. Let f(t) be the growth function of the wood
volume over time, T the optimal rotation period, p the constant real price of timber, 2 r the assumed realinterest rate, c the assumed constant marginal cost of harvesting timber, and g(t) the time pattern of
non-timber amenities (NTFPs) valued by the decisionmaker. The equation then is1

That government forestry managers tend to favor lower discount rates due to their longer time horizons thanothers in governments is seen by the fact that after President Nixon imposes a cross-government 10% discountrate for public benefit-cost analyses, based on estimates of the private opportunity cost of capital (Stockfish, 1969),
it was the National Forestry Service that was the first government agency that won a reprieve from this to use amuch lower discount rate.
2
Use of option theory to optimize in the face of stochastic processes was first suggested by Arrow and Fisher(1974) and since followed by many, starting with Reed and Clarke (1990).

4WĨ͛;dͿсrpf(T) + r[(pf(T) ʹ c)/(erT -1)] ʹg(T).

(1)

On the right-hand side the first term gives the Fisher solution, the second added to that gives
the Faustmann solution, and the whole thing is the Hartman solution, although g(t) is left unspecified.
Variations of it can move T to be shorter or longer (even to become infinite, such as if the most valuable
thing in a forest is to preserve an endangered species that thrives in its old growth form). As it is, for thecase of only considering timber use, the Faustmann solution implies cutting sooner than the Fisher
solution so as to get the more rapidly growing younger trees planted sooner.3
While the time pattern of g(t), the NTFPs, is important, we must note that it also matters which
ones get accounted for in decisionmaking. This will in turn depend on the nature of the ownership andmanagement of a forest as well as its relationship to markets. While poor owners (or users allowed toharvest products from a forest, even if they are not owners) may simply use products for their own use,
many owners of a forest, whether individuals, cooperative groups, firms, or state entities, will be selling
products on markets. For some owners this will be what matters and all that matters, so that only
marketable NTFPs will count in their accounting. As it is, a variety of these products can be marketed,including animal products from grazing, inputs to medicine, and even such things as rights to hunt or fish
or sightsee. In addition, some owners will value non-marketed NTPFs, with such entities more likely to
be cooperative or state. In such cases the basis of decisionmaking may be some inferred market value
or it may be drawn from some other source, perhaps even some internal value, with, for example,
conservation organizations focusing particularly on endangered species or carbon sequestration or flood
control due to soil erosion. In some forests these goals may conflict, as for example in the US Southeast,3dŚĞ^ĂŵƵĞůƐŽŶĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŚĂƐďĞĞŶŐĞŶĞƌĂůŝǌĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƚƵƌŶƉŝŬĞƚŚĞŽƌǇĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ^ĂŵƵĞůƐŽŶ͛Ɛ;ϭϵϳϲďͿ͞ƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐ
ƚƵƌŶƉŝŬĞ͟by Mitra and Wan (1985) and Khan and Piazza (2012). In this approach a multi-aged tree farm will be
gradually adjusted to move towards a long-run optimal configuration with a uniform periodicity or rotation time asin the undiscounted case. However, if discount rates are high enough, then optimality may imply chaotic dynamics(Mitra, 1996; Nishimura and Yano, 1996; Khan and Piazza, 2011). Furthermore, this analysis confines itself to thetimber use forest case only, although Asheim and Buchholz (2005) consider a somewhat more generalized case.

5whereas carbon sequestration and flood control and carbon sequestration improve with the age of mostforests (Plantinga and Wu, 2003), there may be a tradeoff regarding biodiversity if improving carbon
sequestration involves a mono-species forest (Caparrós and Jacquemont, 2003).
For the rest of this discussion we shall avoid discussing these last issues. We shall assume thatthe relevant decisionmaker for a given forest is able to assign some sort of values to the stream of
amenities coming from the NTFPs in their forests ĂƐŐŝǀĞŶďǇƚŚĞŝƌĨŽƌĞƐƚ͛ƐƉĂƌƚŝĐƵůĂƌŐ;ƚͿ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĂƚŝƚ
does not matter whether those valuations are based on market prices for products to be sold or are
simply some internally determined valuation for the particular stream of amenities.4 As shown in Rosser(2005), varying values over time of these amenities can lead to complications in determining an optimalrotation period for a forest in the context of time discounting as built into equation (1).
A simple example of multiple forest products can be seen from the US National Forest inWestern Montana as studied by Swallow et al. (1990). Cattle grazing can be done during the earlier
years after a clearcut with the grazing benefit maximizing at 12.5 years and then declining. Figure 1
shows the time path for this grazing function as studied in this case for particular parameter values atthat time, with a value of US $ 16.78 per hectare being reached at that maximum point, this being amarket-determined value.

4

Methods of determining such non-marketed amenity values for state-owned forests are numerous, and ongoing
controversy surrounds them with contingent valuation surveys widely used, but others emphasizing option values,
existence values, and so forth used as well. These methods are particularly difficult in forests containing
traditional populations such as in the Amazon rain forest (Gram, 2001).

6

Figure 1: Grazing Benefit Function
If one combines this with the price of timber in this forest from that time, then looking at afunction of present value (PV) of those amenities over time one finds multiple maximum points over7

time, one early and one later arising within the appropriate Hartman equation, given r and the growth
function of the trees in this forest and their prices and costs of harvesting (assumed constant). In thiscase, one can estimate marginal opportunity costs for the forest as MOC and marginal benefits ofdelaying harvest as MBD, and Swallow et al. found all of this to be depicted as below in Figure 2. In thiscase, a global maximum occurs at 73 years, although without the grazing benefits it would occur at 76
years from a purely Faustmann equation. As it is, such non-monotonicities in net benefits over timemean that there can be oscillations in the optimal rotation period as r varies as such multiple local
solutions can give arise to the reswitching phenomenon (Prince and Rosser, 1985; Rosser, 2005).55

It must be recognized that there are many further sources of potential nonlinearity in multiple use forests. Thesemay include forms of recreation, effects of regulating for climate change, cultural behaviors, and also thediscontinuities that can arise when due to poor people possibly possessing lexicographic preferences.

8

Figure 2: Optimal Hartman Rotation with Grazing

9

A more complicated case can be seen in the George Washington Forest of Virginia and West
Virginia of the US, which this author had the privilege of advising at one time on its land-use planning
activities. These are carried out periodically through what is known as the FORPLAN process (Johnson etal., 1980; Bowes and Krutilla, 1985). US national forests are multiple use and this planning processestimates values for a variety of possible products and activities from the forests in question.6 In thecase of this particular forest, the largest estimated benefits come from hunting. The time pattern ofwhich huntable species are predominant varies over time as the growth of the forest generates varying
patterns of biodiversity as dominant trees and associated animal species change over time. This is
depicted in Figure 3, where deer maximize in population about 8 years after a clearcut, turkey and quail(and overall biodiversity) maximize at around 25 years after a clearcut, whereas bears maximize after
the forest reaches about 60 years in age, bears preferring old growth forests with large trees (especially
fallen ones). Managers of this forest must contend with the competing hunting groups in deciding what
to do with various parts of the forest and when to cut them, with the more numerous deer huntersgenerally favoring more building of roads and frequent timber harvesting compared with the lessnumerous but wealthier bear hunters. This complicated pattern is depicted in Figure 3 as estimated by
the author, and clearly allows for greater possibilities for oscillations of optimal rotation periods as one
varies the relevant discount rate.

6

Forests owned by the US government are controlled by one of two departments: Agriculture and Interior. The
former are the National Forests on which many activities are allowed, including timber harvesting and hunting.
The latter are National Parks in which these activities and some others are forbidden.

10Figure 3: Virginia Deciduous Forest Hunting Amenity11Forestry Backward-Bending Supply Curves
In sharp contrast with the previous discussion is a different approach to managing forests.
Rather than planting large sections at a single time with a single species that is then allowed to grow tosome specified optimal rotation time and then clearcut, to be replanted again with presumably thesame species (although the Faustmann equation is sufficiently general to allow switching the land tosome completely different use), this view conceives of a multi-species forest that is continually
harvested in a manner that preserves it in a roughly constant state over time, that is a steady state
forest, or at least an approximation thereof. Now, it must be admitted upfront that the previous
analysis shows that this may not be an optimal approach from an efficiency standpoint, or that ofmaximizing the marketable present value of the forest. The turnpike adjustments over time in the
Mitra-Wan tree farm often move the forest towards this state of homogeneity, if not necessarily.
Nevertheless, such patterns may be observed in more traditional and poorer societies, where the goal
may be to have a sustained flow of certain forest products, such as firewood, along with perhaps someconstant availability of a particular pattern of animal species or broader biodiversity, not to mention
avoiding the externality problems associated with large clearcuts such as soil erosion. Such a system
may be one way to approach the goal of sustainable forest management that may also be associatedwith broader cultural values as articulated by Kant (2000, 2003a, 2005).
Assuming that the forest is not just strictly a subsistence one with at least some product or
products being sold in markets, a phenomenon that can appear is that of a backward-bending supply
curve for such products. Empirical observations that support the existence of such backward-bending
supply curves, for timber in particular, include a recent study of smallholder timber sales on the Amazon
frontier by Amacher et al. (2009). They found a strongly negative and statistically significant elastic ofsupply for timber in their sample. This finding is even stronger than the usual story of backward-

12

bending supply curves, where there is usually an upward-sloping portion observed. In this case only
negative elasticities were observed, although linear forms were assumed, thus ruling out the sort ofnon-monotonicity one observes in the more standard formulations of such supply curves.
We must note that this case does not correspond with the sort of steady state vision of a forest
described above, indeed arguably just the opposite. Many of these smallholders on the edge of theforest are interested in moving the land into farming, and thus engaging in one-time cuts that will not be
followed by replanting and later timber harvesting. In fact, this finding of negative supply elasticities is asideshow in this study, which is more interested in such things as how the opening of the Transamazon
highway, settlement regimes, and improvements in the availability of credits for these forester-farmers
affect their behavior. As a result, the authors offer only limited explanation of the phenomenon they
empirically observe, comparing it to what happens when labor supply curves bend backwards due toincome effects overwhelming substitution effects. /ŶƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶƚŚĞǇƐƚĂƚĞ͕͞dŚĞƚŝŵďĞƌƉƌŝĐĞeffect follows from the fact that the smallholder may have predetermined revenue targets that timberƐĂůĞƐĂƌĞŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚƚŽŚĞůƉŵĞĞƚ͟;ŝďŝĚ͕͘Ɖ͘ϭϳϵϲͿ͘dŚĞǇalso find that informal holders of land do notexhibit these negative elasticities, although they do not provide an explanation for this finding.
The possibility of backward-bending supply curves for renewable natural resources has long
been recognized in the literature (Copes, 1970; Clark, 1990; Hommes and Rosser, 2001), although thishas usually focused on the specific example of fisheries, with this possibility widely recognized for themand even seen as an explanation for the widespread occurrence of fishery collapses. That this may also
be possible for forests has been only occasionally observed for forests, with probably the first suchobservation being by Hyde (1980). Inspired particularly by the work of Colin W. Clark, Clark Binkley(1993) proposed a formal model for timber supply based on Faustmann , and also presented tentative
evidence that this may apply to the long run supply of loblolly pine timber in the US Southeast.

13hƐŝŶŐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐǁĞŚĂǀĞĚĞĨŝŶĞĚĂůƌĞĂĚǇ͕ǁĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶŬůĞǇ͛ƐŵŽĚĞůbelow, adding only ʋ(t)for the net present value of the future stream of timber receipts, which the forest owner will seek tomaximize. Of course in this analysis price will be allowed to change, in contrast to our earlier discussion.
Interestingly in terms of our broader discussion, Binkley presents what could be a steady state forest,
one on a fixed land area with multiple ages, although the results are more general not requiring an exact
steady state. In any given year, trees will be harvested that reach the optimal rotation age, T, and theanalysis will be in terms of the long run supply of timber per unit area arising from this, even if arguably
it would be optimal to move the forest to be totally homogeneous in terms of age.
The forest owner seeks to
Max ʋ(t) = -c + pf(t)e-rt + ʋ(t)e-rt.

(2)

The first order conditions for this problem involve solving for dʋ/dt = 0, which are given byĨ͛;ƚͿͬ΀Ĩ;ƚͿ-c/p] = r/(1-e-rt).

(3)

This implies a long run supply relationship that runs from price through the optimal rotation age, T,
given byS(p) = f(T(p))/T(p).

(4)

From this one gets a non-monotonic supply curve as a function of T that goes from zero to zero as T
increases, with a maximum sustained yield (MSY) at an intermediate value of T given byϭͬdсĨ͛;dͿͬĨ;dͿ͘

(5)

From this it is possible then to derive the relationship between the price and the optimal rotation age Tthat appears in (4), and given by

14

P = c/{f(T) ʹ Ĩ͛;dͿ΀;ϭʹ e-rt)/r]}.

(6)

This is summarized in Figure 4.7

7

Variables in this figure reflect those used by Binkley, translating to this paper gives v = f, t = T, and I = r.

15

Figure 4: The Backward-Bending Long Run Supply of Timber
16

For comparison purposes, we present the standard figure that appears in many studies offisheries, this particular one from Hommes and Rosser (2001). We note that X is the biomass of fish, andQ is the steady state harvest of fish that equals supply. The analysis of this draws on the study of open
access fisheries by Gordon (1954), the basic fishery yield function by Shaeffer (1957), and the synthesis
due to Clark (1990).

17Figure 5: Backward-Bending Supply Curve for Fish18

We note some interesting parallels as well as some differences. Crucial to both of these is theassumption of a maximum carrying capacity, given by the fixed land area for the forestry.8 Both have
only three effective figures in them, with one quadrant simply presenting a 45 degree line, between
rotation age for the forest and fish biomass for the fishery. Both have a fundamental non-monotonic
function that lies behind the backward-bend of the supply curve. For the fishery it is the Schaeffer yieldfunction of steady state fish harvest and fish biomass, and for the forest it is timber supply as a functionof rotation age. In both cases the maximum of that function gives the maximum sustained yield (MSY)
derived from the growth function of the resource, and this point is what is associated with the maximum
supply point of the supply curve, the point at which it bends backwards after sloping upwards in thestandard fashion. While there has been much less discussion of these possible backward-bending
supply curves in forests, the logic is very similar to that of what explains them for fisheries.
Intuitively what is going on in both cases is that the upward-sloping portion of the supply curveŝƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ͞ŽƵƚĞƌ͟ƉŽƌƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǇŝĞůĚĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͕ƚŚĂƚďĞǇŽŶĚƚŚĞD^zƉŽŝŶƚ͘&ŽƌƚŚĞĨŝƐŚĞƌǇ͕
this is where there are lots of fish so that they can be caught easily at a low cost, which can be coveredby a low price. For the forest, this is for rotation periods longer than that associated with the maximum
sustained yield. In both cases, in effect what happens as price rises is that the system slides up therelevant yield function towards its MSY point. The other side of that point is where the backwardbending portion of the supply curve derives from. For the fishery, there are few fish, so higher prices
are associated with catching the ever costlier fewer ones that are there. For the forestry, this isassociated with a much shorter rotation period that is associated with not allowing the trees to grow to

8

The importance of this assumption of a fixed land area has been emphasized particularly by critics of this analysis,
who point out that long run supply functions for timber may well be upward sloping due to the possibility of
expanding land planted or more intensive technology (Williams and Nautiyal, 1990; Yin and Newman, 1997). We
must also keep in mind that there is no necessary relation between backward bending timber supply curves andthe notion of a steady state forest. Also, for a regulated forest, the Faustmann equation may not be relevant,undercutting all of this analysis much more severely.

19their larger potential sizes before cutting them, thus getting smaller amounts of timber out of theapproximately steady state harvests.
In his conclusion, Binkley summarizes it thusly (p. 178):͞,ŝŐŚƐƚƵŵƉĂŐĞƉƌŝĐĞƐŝŵƉůǇŶŽƚŽŶůǇƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŽƵƚƉƵƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĨŽƌĞƐƚŚĂƐĂŚŝŐŚǀĂůƵĞ͕but also that capital in the form of growing stock has a high opportunity cost. At high prices, it is
optimal to conserve on the use of capital and therefore to reduce the growing stock inventoryďǇƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌŽƚĂƚŝŽŶĂŐĞ͘͟
There is one more important point that we need to observe, but is not discussed by Binkley or
anybody else studying this matter for forests. It is the role of the discount rate or real interest rate. In
the case of the fishery, the supply curve will only bend backwards if the discount rate is strictly positive.
Indeed, for the undiscounted case, there will be no backward bend. What will happen is that the supply
curve will simply asymptotically approach the vertical axis associated with the MSY level of output.
More generally, the higher the discount rate, the more that the supply curve will bend backward. The
most extreme case is that when the discount rate is infinite, meaning that decisionmakers arecompletely uninterested in the future of the fishery or forest and only want to maximize production
today. This corresponds to the case of the open access fishery and will be associated with the supply
curve bending backwards the maximum possible amount. This will maximize the possibility of multiple
equilibria and the associated possible instabilities and catastrophic discontinuities.9 While for fisheries

9

Other sources of discontinuities in forestry dynamics can arise due to pest outbreaks associated with the tradeoff
between stability and resilience (Holling, 1973; Ludwig et al., 1978). These issues become associated withhierarchy dynamics in forests as well as problems of forest fire management (Holling et al., 2008). See also Rosser(2005; 2008; 2011, Chap. 9).

20

such a discontinuity arising from a steadily increasing demand implies the collapse of the fishery, for a
forest this could result in a sudden bout of deforestation without proper replanting.10
The Problem of Discount Rates for Forest Management Reconsidered
As presented in the previous section, the shape of the supply curve for timber may well bebackward-bending. The further backwards it bends the more likely is the outcome that there may be
multiple equilibria. Once there are multiple equilibria, then the more possible it is that there may be acatastrophic collapse of a forest as there is a leap from an equilibrium showing lower price and higher
quantity of timber supplied to one that has higher price and a lower quantity of timber supplied. This
reality thus heightens the importance of the discount rate that is being used by those managing theforest in their analysis of how to do so, as we have also seen that the higher is the discount rate, themore likely it is that the supply curve will bend backwards sufficiently to bring about this result. Thus weare interested in how this discount rate comes to be determined.
For a purely commercial forest owner in a more developed market economy, it is quite likelythat rate will be one from derived from the financial markets, a real interest rate based on a nominal
rate minus the expected rate of inflation as Irving Fisher posed it. However, this does not definitively
produce an answer that our forester will use. While most likely the nominal rate will correspond withsome longer term rate in the financial markets, such as a 30-year bond rate if such is the longest term
one observes for any security in the market as is the case in many modern economies, there may be
more than one kind of financial asset that exhibits such a maturity, such as government bonds and

10

For certain zones of the discount rate, Hommes and Rosser (2001) show the possibility of chaotic dynamics for a
discrete period fishery. Khan and Piazza (2011) show this for the forestry case as well, linking this to the earlier
studies by Mitra (1996) and Nishimura and Yano (1996) finding chaotic dynamics in optimal trajectories with
sufficiently high discount rates.

21

mortgages, whose nominal interest rates rarely equal each other.11 On top of that, there is no reason to
expect in the real world any commonality of inflation expectations, even if many economic models
effectively do so by assuming rational expectations on the parts of agents, which would mean at leastthat on average they would accurately predict future inflation. However, this does not give us a definite
answer regarding what any individual forester might be using in her calculations.12
Once we move to a case where either there are multiple NTFPs or the decisionmakers are notprimarily focused on the commercial sale of timber in managing their forests, the possible variations
increase compared with this previous case. One aspect is simply that the NTFPs may be coming in atdifferent time patterns than the timber, as discussed above, although this will presumably not be thecase if one is dealing with a strictly steady state forest, which should generate a steady stream of allamenities from the forest over time. However, if this is not the case, and the forester is selling theseother products on markets, it might be reasonable to consider shorter term interest rates for those
products that are expected to arrive sooner than the timber. However, to the extent that selling onmarkets is more of a secondary concern, the relevant discount rate (or rates) may be more purelyinternal or psychological, and if a group is involved then it may reflect some aggregation of the internalor psychological rates for the individuals in the group, depending on their decisionmaking process.
Although the idea that the appropriate rate might vary depending on the time horizon of when
products may arrive, this is not the standard view for models of time consistent optimization. For suchthe agent will use a single discount rate that presumably is based on a subjective time preference rate,
but that will be constant over all time horizons. This leads to exponential discounting over whatever
11

Conventionally US government securities have been viewed as riskless, although downgrades of these raisequestions about this and at times certain corporate bonds have had lower interest rates than US government
securities of equal maturity.
12This is further complicated by the fact that there are numerous imperfections in capital markets in bothdeveloped and developing countries. Furthermore, discount rates may be endogenous to a variety of cultural andenvironmental situations that agents may find themselves, with arrays of individual discount rates being effectively
used (Kant, 1999, 2003b).

22

time horizon the agent is using for optimizing in terms of present value determination for the expected
future stream of real net benefits. The time consistency implied by this means that the agent should not
find herself altering behavior over time or experiencing regret over time. This will not hold if the agent
uses different discount rates for different time horizons, what is broadly known as hyperbolic
discounting, although this term is sometimes associated with a particular mathematical form for how
the discount rate will vary over time horizons.
In any case, there are strong reasons to believe that people internally use different discountrates to evaluate different time horizons, an idea first proposed by Strotz (1956). Whereas standard
term structures of interest rates in markets usually exhibit higher nominal interest rates for longer
maturity securities (often attributed to higher risk as maturity increases), the usual pattern ascribed topeople making internal evaluations, and now strongly supported by many empirical studies, beginningwith that of Hausman (1979) regarding consumer purchases of energy efficient appliances, is thatpeople use higher rates for shorter time horizons and lower ones for longer time horizons, with thelatter often approaching market rates. A classic form for such a time pattern of discount rates is due to
Loewenstein and Prelec (1992) and is given by
ɲ(t) = hln(1 + gt)/gln(1 + r),(7)

where ɲ(t) is the discount rate used for time t, h is the length of each perceived period of time, gdetermines the degree to which a given discount rate deviates from what would hold under exponential
discounting, and r is the rate that would be used under exponential discounting.13 However, this is not
the only such form that might be used by an agent, and a common variation on this is to have theshortest term discount rate be much higher than suggested by (7), followed by a sharp, possibly even

13

Rubinstein (2003) accepts that people do psychologically experience different rates of time discount overdifferent time horizons, but objects to putting this into specific functional forms on the argument that imposingƐƵĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐĨŽƌŵƐ͞ŵŝƐƐĞƐƚŚĞĐŽƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƉƐǇĐŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶŵĂŬŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͟;Ɖ͘ϭϮϭϱ).

23

discontinuous decline as the horizon increases, consistent with an apparent tendency by many people tohave an especially high concern for events in the immediate future.
Evidence that most people discount hyperbolically at least to some extent is substantial andcomes from a variety of sources. Among those are neurological studies that find that different parts ofthe brain tend to be involve when people are thinking about shorter versus longer term horizons(McClure et al., 2004; Kim and Zauberman,2009). That this may be evolutionarily founded is supported
by experimental evidence that other species also exhibit some degree of hyperbolic discounting(Sherwood et al., 2008). Thinking about near term horizons tends to occur in regions of the brainĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚ͞ĨŝŐŚƚŽƌĨůŝŐŚƚ͟ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝǀĞŽŶĞƐ͕ǁŚĞƌĞŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐƵƌǀŝǀĂůŽƌsome immediate reward is paramount. In humans longer term decisions are more likely to be foundŽĐĐƵƌƌŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞĨƌŽŶƚĂůĐŽƌƚĞǆǁŚĞƌĞƐƵƉƉŽƐĞĚůǇ͞ƌĂƚŝŽŶĂů͟ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶŵĂŬŝŶŐŝƐŐŽŝŶŐŽŶ͘
Ainslie (1992) invented the term picoeconomics for thinking about how humans behave when
they use some form of hyperbolic discounting. He observes that intelligent individuals will recognizethat this is true about themselves and that this means that future selves will experience regret about
decisions they may make in the near term due to the associated time inconsistency (Ainslie, 2005). Thiseffectively means that an agent effectively has multiple selves that must negotiate with each other tocome to decisions, with this negotiation often taking the form of an agent determining a plan for either͞ƐĞůĨ-ĐŽŶƚƌŽů͟ that will make nearer term decisions more acceptable to future selves or to prepare toaccept the regret that will be felt by the future selves. As it is, to the extent that forest managers arefollowing such discounting, they may end up effectively using much higher discount rates than would be
used from relying on market determined ones alone, with the likely consequences of more likelihood of
more rapid harvesting of timber and possible deforestation. This problem may be exacerbated when
the forest managers are very poor and may thus have high operative discount rates.

24

Alternatively, particularly if a forest is being managed by a public or group entity, there may be
an effort to use some sort of broader social discount rate. That such rates may not equal market
interest rates has long been argued on a variety of grounds (Marglin, 1963), including those ofintergenerational externalities, with the father of intertemporal optimization studies, Frank Ramsey(1928), going so far as to suggest that zero is the only ethically acceptable rate to use to overcome theƉƌŽďůĞŵŽĨ͞ƚĞůĞƐĐŽƉŝĐŵǇŽƉŝĂ͘͟14 It may be possible even if one agrees with Ramsey to still end up
using positive discount rates if one takes account of the declining marginal utility of income and the
expected future growth of the economy. Nevertheless, variations of hyperbolic discounting may yetoffer another solution to the problem of concern regarding such externalities (Price, 2005).
Among those arguing for this latter position has been Graciela Chichilnisky (Chichilnisky et al.,1995), who has posed starting with something derived from a market rate for the shorter time horizon,
but then having the rate decline towards zero as the time horizon moves into the distant time horizon,with this being particularly advocated for use in considering problems related to climate change.
Chichilnisky proposes an ethical principle underlying this approach as being the green golden rule.15 Thisis posed as implying that on the one hand the present generation should not unfairly exploit future
generations, while at the same time future generations should not unfairly exploit those currently alive.
The former concern is satisfied by the use of very low discount rates for far distant time horizons, thus
allowing for events in the distant future to still enter into current decisionmaking, whereas the latter
concern is satisfied by the use of higher discount rates for shorter time horizons that insure that nearer
term effects of interest to the current population are accounted for properly (and that nearer term
investment should reflect the efficiency imperatives of the shorter term capital markets). Unfortunately,

14

While basically following ZĂŵƐĞǇ͛ƐĚŝĐƚƵŵ͕^ƚĞƌŶ;ϮϬϬϳͿƵƐĞĚĂĚŝƐĐŽƵŶƚƌĂƚĞƐůŝŐŚƚůǇĂďŽǀĞǌĞƌŽŝŶŚŝƐĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐŽĨ
global warming policies on the basis of allowing for the gradually rising possibility of the extinction of the humanspecies as time passes into the future.
15
Kant and Shahi (2012) has applied an enhanced green golden rule idea to forestry economics and management.

25

neither Chichilnisky nor anybody else has come up with a definitive single system for determining whatis essentially a normative judgment inherent in this approach.16
We note three further points on this. One is that there is a potential ambiguity regarding
discount rates for intertemporal analysis of renewable natural resources generally, including forests.
This arises due to the role of real interest rates in determining the capital-intensivity of the harvesting or
extraction technologies used in dealing with such resources. Thus, while a lower discount rate may
encourage more focus on future returns, it can also lead to a more capital-intensive technique being
used that may end up harvesting the resource more intensively than would have otherwise been thecase (Farzin, 1984). This has been specifically argued as particularly relevant for fisheries (Hannesson,1987) and is reflected in the quotation by Binkley reported above. Regarding forests, it is less obviously
the case, although the move towards greater use of large-scale clearcuts in modern timber harvesting,which many find undesirable on externality grounds, may be partly driven by the cost advantages
associated with the use of more capital intensive machinery in the timber harvesting process.
The second point returns us to the matter of governance and control and to concerns
particularly studied by Elinor Ostrom (1990), particularly when we are dealing with forests controlled bytraditional groups in developing nations. How successful are these groups at organizing themselves tomanage the forest and to control access to it? She has argued that often traditional systems ofmanagement are often superior in this regard, and that these have done better in some nations, such as
Nepal, at preserving forests compared to ones that are run by corporations for market purposes or bynationalized entities within a presumably socialist context. This may well be true if these latter two end
up being associated with uncontrolled poaching and uncontrolled use by local populations who are
16

Quite aside from the normative issues, in public policymaking there is the more practical issue of how it isdecided what social discount rate (or pattern of such rates) should be used for benefit-cost analyses of publicprojects or decisions. Whereas most of the discussion here suggests that these publicly used rates may be lower
than those individuals or markets, Brennan and Buchanan (1985) have argued that efforts to aggregate individual
rates by public policymakers may end up with higher rates than those used by the individuals.

26

excluded from the decisionmaking and resent the intrusion of these essentially outside entities into
their territory.
Again we must emphasize that the open access solution is effectively identical to one that is
optimizing using an infinite discount rate in which the future does not matter at all. We know that thissolution is associated with the greatest degree of backward bending of the supply curve. This thenmeans that the open access solution is most likely to be associated with multiple equilibria and theassociated instabilities and discontinuities that may involve the kinds of deforestation that have indeed
been observed not only in Nepal but in many parts of the world. We shall not get into how groups
overcome these problems in order to cooperate to avoid such outcomes, but there is an enormous
literature on this, much of it inspired by the work of Ostrom and her associates.17
Finally, we pose the idea of the steady state forest as an ideal that may resolve many of the
problems of exernalities and sustainability that have long concerned many observers. The main
problem with this solution is that it often involves higher costs than the more standard approach of
cutting and replacing at given intervals an entire forest. However, this may be more a matter of scale ofcontrol and sizes of clearcutting. Even in the steady state forest, one will presumably not be just cutting
one tree here and one tree there as in some idealized silvicultural paradise. Rather what is involved isindeed having some structure of the forest where there are patches of trees of approximately
homogeneous age. This then becomes a matter of determining this patch structure and the sizes ofthese patches, with then some harvesting occurring each year as the overall larger forest is maintained
as something approaching a steady state in its overall structure. After all, there is no truly steady statein any forest, as any individual tree will grow and eventually die. All that can be kept as stationary issome overall pattern or structure.
17dŚĞƐĞƐŝƚƵĂƚŝŽŶƐŽĨƚĞŶĐĂŶďĞǀŝĞǁĞĚĂƐƉƌŝƐŽŶĞƌ͛ƐĚŝůĞŵŵĂŐĂŵĞ͘dƌĂĚŝƚŝŽŶĂůĐƵƐƚŽŵƐĐĂŶƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐĞŶŽƌŵƐƚŚĂƚ
encourage cooperative solutions (Sethi and Somanathan, 1996).

27

Conclusions
This paper has considered problems of forestry management, with a focus on problems
associated with intertemporal issues. These issues can arise from a variety of sources. These include
complicated time patterns of the amenities generated by non-timber forest products. They also appear
due to higher discount rates possibly leading to backward-bending supply curves for timber in optimalrotation situations. They can also arise due to the ambiguities associated with determining what theappropriate discount rate to use is, with such possibilities as different ones being used for different time
horizons, whether arising from internal hyperbolic discounting or due to normative considerations
carried out by decisionmakers who may be worried about intergenerational externalities, with such
solutions as the green golden rule paralleling the hyperbolic discounting that individuals may experience.
While there are various ambiguities associated with changes in discount rates, dynamic complexities,
including the possibility of catastrophic deforestation, may be associated with the use of higher discountrates, which may be associated with difficulties in ownership and governance patterns of forest systems.
One idea arising from this analysis may be that steady state forests may offer a possible solution
to some of these issues, particularly related to longer term sustainability. Such outcomes may notcorrespond with optimal intertemporal patterns of forest management in terms of maximizing thepresent value of market future returns. However, such outcomes may help towards solving a broader
array of problems associated with managing forests, particularly in developing countries with traditional
populations. These steady state patterns may also be less susceptible to some of the problems
investigated in this paper regarding valuing time and allocating over time.
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1.

32

Learning in Monopolies with Delayed Price
Information!
Akio Matsumotoy
Chuo University

Ferenc Szidarovszkyz
University of PÈcsFebruary 28, 2013

Abstract
We call the intercept of the price function with the vertical axis the
maximum price and the slope of the price function the marginal price. In
this paper it is assumed that a monopoly has full information about themarginal price and its own cost function but is uncertain on the maximum
price. However, by repeated interaction with the market, the obtained
price observations give a basis for an adaptive learning process. It is also
assumed that the price observations have Öxed delays, so the learning
process can be described by a delayed di§erential equation. In the casesof one or two delays, the asymptotic behavior of the resulting dynamic
process is examined, stability conditions are derived and the occurrenceof Hopf bifurcation is shown at the critical values. It is also shown thatthe nonlinear learning process can generate complex dynamics when thesteady state is locally unstable and the delay is long enough.

Keywords: Bounded rationallity, Monopoly dynamics, Fixed timedelay, Adaptive learing, Hopf bifurcation

JEL ClassiÖcation : C62, C63, D21, D42! The authors highly appreciate the Önancial supports from the Japan Society for the Promotionof Science (Grant-in-Aid for ScientiÖc Research (C) 24530202) and Chuo University
Grant for Special Research and Joint Research Grant 0981).
y Professor, Department of Economics, Chuo University, 742-1, Higashi-Nakano, Hachioji,
Tokyo, 192-0393, Japan; akiom@tamacc.chuo-u.ac.jp
z Professor, Department of Applied Mathematics, Universeity of Pecs, Ifjusag, u 6, H-7624,
Pecs, Hungary; szidarka@gmail.com

1

1

Introduction

This paper uses the familiar monopoly model in which there is only one Örm having linear price and cost functions. Its main purpose is to show how cyclic anderratic dynamics can emerge from quite simple economic structures when uncertainty, information delays and behavioral nonlinearites are present. Implicit in
the text-book approach is an assumption of complete and instantaneous information availability on price and cost functions. In consequence, the monopoly
can choose its optimal choices of price and quantity to maximize proÖt. Moreover the monopoly model becomes static in nature. The assumption of such arational monopoly is, however, questionable and unrealistic in real economies,
since there is always a time delay in collecting information and determining
optimal responses, and in addition, function relations such as the market pricefunction cannot be determined exactly based on theoretical consideration andobserved data. Getting closer to the real world and improving the monopoly
theory, we replace this extreme but convenient assumption with the more plausible one. Indeed, the Örm is assumed, Örst, to have only limited knowledge on
the price function and, second, to obtain it with time delay. As a natural consequence of these alternations, the Örm gropes for its optimal choice by using dataobtained through market experiences. The modiÖed monopoly model becomesdynamic in nature.
In the literature, there are two di§erent ways to model time delays incontinuous-time scale: Öxed time delay and continuously distributed time delay(Öxed delay and continuous delay henceforth). The former is applicable when
an institutionally or socially determined Öxed period of time delay is presented
for the agents involved. The latter is appropriate for economic situations inwhich di§erent lengths of delays are distributed over heterogeneous agents or
the lengthof the delay is random depending on unforeseeable circumstance. The
choice of the type of delay has situation-dependency and results in the use ofdi§erent analytical tools. In the cases of Öxed delay, dynamics is described by adelay di§erential equation whose characteristic equation is a mixed polynomialexponential equation with inÖnitely many eigenvalues. Burger (1956), Bellman
and Cooke (1956) and Cooke and Grossman (1992) o§er methodology of complete stability analysis in such models. Fixed delay dynamics has been investigated in various economic frameworks including microeconomics (i.e., oligopoly
dynamics) and macroeconomics (i.e., business cycle). On the other hand, inthe cases of continuous delay, Volterra-type integro-di§erential equations areused to model the dynamics. The theory of continuous delays with applications in population dynamics is o§ered by Cushing (1977). Since Invernizzi andMedio (1991) have introduced continuous delays into mathematical economics,
its methodology is used in analysing many economic dynamic models.
This paper continues monopoly dynamics considered by Matsumoto and Szidarovszky (2012d) where the monopoly does not know the price function andÖxed time delays are introduced into the output adjustment process based on2the gradient of the expected proÖt.1 It also aims to complement Matsumoto
and Szidarovszky (2012a,b) where uncertain delays are modeled by continuous
delays when the Örm wants to react to average past information instead of sudden market changes. Gradient dynamics is replaced with an adaptive learning
scheme based on proÖt maximizing behavior. Although there is price uncertainty and the price information is delayed, the monopoly is still able to update
its estimate on the price function via the usage of price observations and its optimal price beliefs. We will consider the cases of a single delay and two delays,
respectively, and then demonstrate a variety of dynamics ranging from simple
cyclic oscillations to complex behavior involving chaos.
This paper develops as follows. After the mathematical model is formulated,the case of a single delay is examined, when the Örm uses the most current delayed price information to form its expectation about the maximum price. Then
it is assumed that the Örm formulates its price expectation based on two delayed
observations by using a linear prediction scheme. We will consider three cases
here with slightly di§erent asymptotic behavior. In all cases complete stability analysis is given, the stability regions are determined and illustrated. The
occurrence of Hopf bifurcation is shown at the critical values of the bifurcation
parameter, which is the length of the single delay or one of the two delays. The
last section o§ers conclusions and further research directions.

2

The Mathematical Models

Consider a single product monopoly that sells its product to a homogeneous
market. Let q denote the output of the Örm, p(q) = a " bq the price function
and C(q) = cq the cost function.2 Then the proÖt of the Örm is given as' = (a " bq)q " cq:
Since p(0) = a and j@p(q)=@qj = b; we call a the maximum price and b the marginal price. There are many ways to introduce uncertainty into this framework.
In this study, it is assumed that the Örm knows the marginal price but does notknow the maximum price. In consequence it has only an estimate of it at eachtime period, which is denoted by ae (t). So the Örm believes that its proÖt is' e = (ae " bq)q " cq
1 In the framework with discrete-time scale, Puu (1995) shows that the boundedly rationalmonopoly behaves in an erratic way under cubic demand function and production delay.
Naimzada and Ricchiuti (2008) also show that complex dynamics can arise in a nonlinear
and delay monopoly with a rule of thumb. Naimzada (2012) exhibits that delay monopolistic
dynamics can be described by the well-known logistic equation when the Örm takes a sspecial
learning scheme. More recently Matsumoto and Szidarovszky (2013) consider dynamics of aboundedly rational monopoly and show that the monopoly equilibrium undergoes to complex
dynamics through either a period-doubling or a Neimark-Sacker bifurcation.
2 Linear functions are assumed only for the sake of simplicity. We can obtain the samelearning process to be deÖned even if both functions are nonlinear. It is also assumed forthe sake of simplicity that the Örm has perfect knowledge of production technology (i.e., costfunction).

3and consequently its best response is believed to beqe =ae " c:2bFurther, the Örm expects the market price to bepe = ae " bq e =ae + c:2(1)

However, the actual market price is determined by the real price function
pa = a " bq e =2a " ae + c
:
2

(2)

Using these price data, the Örm updates its estimate. The simplest way foradjusting the estimate is the following. If the actual price is higher than the
expected price, then the Örm shifts its believed price function by increasing thevalue of ae ; and if the actual price is the smaller, then the Örm decreases thevalue of ae : If the two prices are the same, then the Örm wants to keep its
estimate of the maximum price. This adjustment or learning process can bemodeled by the di§erential equation,a_ e (t) = k [pa (t) " pe (t)]where k > 0 is the speed of adjustment. Substituting equations (1) and (2)reduces the adjustment equation to a linear di§erential equation with respect
to ae asa_ e (t) = k [a " ae (t)] :(3)
In another possible learning process, the Örm revises the estimate in such a waythat the growth rate of the estimate is proportional to the di§erence between
the expected and actual prices. Replacing a_ e (t) in equation (3) with a_ e (t)=ae (t)yields an another form of the adjustment process
a_ e (t)= k [a " ae (t)]ae (t)or multiplying both sides by ae (t) generates the logistic modela_ e (t) = kae (t) [a " ae (t)](4)

which is a nonlinear di§erential equation.
If there is a time delay / in the estimated price, then we write the estimatedprice and market price at time t based on information at time t " / aspe (t; t " / ) = ae (t " / ) " bq e (t; t " / )andpa (t; t " / ) = a " bq e (t; t " / )4

where q e (t; t " / ) is the delay best reply,q e (t; t " / ) =ae (t " / ) " c:2bThen equations (3) and (4) have to be modiÖed, respectively, as
a_ e (t) = k [a " ae (t " / )](5)a_ e (t) = kae (t) [a " ae (t " / )]

(6)

and
If the Örm uses two past price information, then the delay dynamic equations
turn to bea_ e (t) = k [a " !ae (t " / 1 ) " (1 " !)ae (t " / 2 )](7)
anda_ e (t) = kae (t) [a " !ae (t " / 1 ) " (1 " !)ae (t " / 2 )](8)

where / 1 and / 2 denote the delays in the price information. If the Örm uses
interpolation between the observations, then 0 < ! < 1, and if it uses extrapolation to predict the current price, then the value of ! can be negative or evengreater than unity. Notice that in the cases of ! = 0 and ! = 1, equations(7) and (8) reduce to equations (5) and (6) while in the case of interpolation,
the cases of ! $ 1=2 are the same as ! % 1=2 because of the symmetry of themodel between / 1 and / 2 . Similarly, in the case of extrapolation, if ! < 0; then
1 " ! > 1: So the cases of ! < 0 and ! > 1 are also equivalent. Therefore in thecase of models (7) and (8), we will assume that ! % 1=2 and ! 6= 1:
By introducing the new variable z(t) = ae (t) " a; equation (5) and thelinearized version of equation (6) are written asz(t)_ + 3z(t " / ) = 0(9)where 3 = k or 3 = ak: By the same way, equation (7) and the linearizedversion of equation (8) are modiÖed asz(t)_ + 3!z(t " / 1 ) + 3(1 " !)z(t " / 2 ) = 0:(10)

In the following sections, we will examine the asymptotic behavior of the trajectories of equations (9) and (10).

3Single Fixed Delay

If there is no delay, then / = 0 and equation (9) becomes an ordinary di§erential
equation with characteristic polynomial 4+3: So the only eigenvalue is negative
implying the global asymptotic stability of the steady state z, = 0 if the original
equation is linear and the local asymptotic stability if nonlinear. The steady5state corresponds to the true value of the maximum price. If / > 0; then the
exponential form z(t) = e#t u of the solution gives the characteristic equation,
4 + 3e!#% = 0:

(11)

Since the only eigenvalue is negative at / = 0, we expect asymptotical stability
for su¢ciently small values of / and a loss of stability for su¢ciently large
values of / : If the steady state becomes unstable, then stability switch mustoccur when 4 = i8: Since if 4 is an eigenvalue, then its complex conjugate isalso an eigenvalue, we can assume, without any loss of generality, that 8 > 0:So
i8 + 3e!i'% = 0
and by separating the real and imaginary parts we have3 cos 8/ = 0
and
8 " 3 sin 8/ = 0:
Thereforecos 8/ = 0 and sin 8/ =8
3with 8 = 3 leading to inÖnitely many solutions,
/=

"
1 !'
+ 2n' for n = 0; 1; 2; :::
3 2

(12)

The solution / with n = 0 forms a downward-sloping curve with respect to 3,/" ='with 3 = k or 3 = ak:
23

Applying the main theorem in Hayes (1950) or the same result obtained differently in Szidarovszky and Matsumoto (2012c), we can Önd that this curve
divides the non-negative (3; / ) plane into two subregions; the real parts of theroots of the characteristic equation are all negative in the region below the curveand some roots are positive in the region above. This curve is often called apartition curve separating the stability region from the instability region. Notice that the critical value of / decreases with 3; so a larger value of 3 causedby the high speed of adjustment and/or the larger maximum price makes thesteady state less stable.
We can easily prove that all pure complex roots of equation (11) are single.
If 4 is a multiple eigenvalue, then4 + 3e!#% = 0
and
1 + 3e!#% ("/ ) = 0

6implying that
1 + 4/ = 0
or
4="

1
/

which is a real and negative value.
In order to detect stability switches and the emergence of a Hopf bifurcation,
we select / as the bifurcation parameter and consider 4 as function of / ; 4 =4(/ ). By implicitly di§erentiating equation (11) with respect to / , we have
#
$
d4
d4
+ 3e!#% " / " 4 = 0d/d/
implying that
d4
42
="
d/
1 + /4and as 4 = i8; its real part becomes
# $
d4
82
Re
= Re
d/
1 + i/ 8=82> 0:
1 + (/ 8)2

At the critical value of / ; the sign of the real part of an eigenvalue changes fromnegative to positive and it is a Hopf bifurcation point of the nonlinear learning
process (6) with one delay that has a family of periodic solutions. Thus we havethe following results.
Theorem 1 (1) For the linear adjustment process (5), stability of the steadystate is lost at the critical value of / ;
/" =

'
2k

and cannot be regained for larger values of / > / " . (2) For the logistic adjustment process (6), stability of the steady state is lost at/ "" ='
2ak

and limit cycles appear through Hopf bifurcation for / > / "" :An intuitive reason why stability switch occurs only at the critical value of/ with n = 0 is the following. Notice Örst that the delay di§erential equation
has inÖnitely many eigenvalues and second that their real parts are all negativefor / < / " . When increasing / arrives at the partition curve, then the real partof one eigenvalue becomes zero and its derivative with respect to / is positive7

implying that the real part changes its sign to positive from negative. Hence thesteady state loses stability at this critical value. Further increasing / crosses
the (3; / ) curve deÖned by equation (12) with n = 1: There the real part ofanother eigenvalue changes its sign to positive from negative. Repeating thesame arguments, we see that no stability switch occurs for any n % 1. Hencestability is changed only when / crosses the partition curve.
Theorem 1 is numerically conÖrmed. In Figure 1(A), three cyclic trajectories generated by the linear delay equation (5) are depicted under a = 1 andk = 1: The initial functions are the same, ;(t) = 0:5 for t $ 0 but lengths ofdelay are di§erent. The blue trajectory with / = / " " 0:1 shows damped oscillation approaching the steady state, the black trajectory with / = / " converges
to a limit cycle and the red trajectory with / = / " + 0:1 cyclically diverges
away from the steady state. On the other hand, in Figure 1(B), one limit cycle
generated by the logistic delay equation (6) is illustrated under the same parametric conditions, the same initial function and / = / "" + 0:05. By comparing
these numerical results, it is quite evident that nonlinearity of the logistic equation can be a source of persistent áuctuations when the steady state loses its
stability.

(A) linear learnng(B) nonlinear learning

Figure 1. Cyclic áuctuations

4

Two Fixed Delays

In this section, we draw attention to asymptotic behavior of di§erential equation(8) with two delays. Its characteristic equation is obtained by substituting the
exponential form q(t) = e#t u into equation (10) and arranging the terms:
4 + 3!e!#% 1 + 3(1 " !)e!#% 2 = 0

8

or

#
#
, + !e!#(1 + (1 " !)e!#( 2 = 04(13), = 4=3; < = 3/ 1 and < = 3/ 2 : If < = < = 0 (or / 1 = / 2 = 0); thenwhere 412
1
2
the steady state is asymptotically stable, since the only eigenvalue is negative.
, = i8 with 8 > 0:
In order to Önd stability switches, we assume again that 4
Then equation (13) becomes
i8 + !e!i'( 1 + (1 " !)e!i'( 2 = 0
and separating the real and imaginary parts yields! cos 8< 1 + (1 " !) cos 8< 2 = 0(14)

8 " ! sin 8< 1 " (1 " !) sin 8< 2 = 0

(15)

and
when ! % 1=2 and ! 6= 1 are assumed. We Örst examine two boundary cases,
one with < 1 = 0 and the other with < 2 = 0, to obtain the following two results.
Theorem 2 If < 1 = 0; then the steady state is locally asymptotically stable forall < 2 > 0:
Proof. In the case of < 1 = 0; equation (14) is reduced ascos 8< 2 = "!
1"!

If ! = 1=2; then cos 8< 2 = "1 so sin8< 2 = 0 implying that 8 = 0; which is acontradiction. If 1=2 < ! < 1; then "!=(1 " !) < "1; so no solution exists. If! > 1; then "!=(1 " !) > 1; so there is no solution either. Therefore equation(13) has no pure imaginary roots that cross the imaginary axis when < 2 increases
from zero. This concludes Theorem 2.
Putting this result di§erently, we can say that for < 1 = 0; delay < 2 is harmless
implying that the steady state is locally asymptotically stable regardless of thevalues of < 2 : We now proceed to the other case.
Theorem 3 If < 2 = 0; then the steady state is locally asymptotically stable for
0 < < 1 < < "1 and locally unstable if < 1 > < "1 where the critical value of < 1 isdeÖned as%&cos!1 " 1!!
"
!
p
<1 =
:
2! " 1
Proof. In the case of < 2 = 0; (14) and (15) are reduced to(1 " !) + ! cos 8< 1 = 0
and
8 " ! sin 8< 1 = 0:
9Moving 1 " ! and 8 to the right hand sides, squaring both sides and adding theresulted equations yield
8 2 = 2! " 1:A positive solution of 8 is
8=p

2! " 1

where ! > 1=2: Substituting this value into the Örst equation above and solving
the resultant equation, we have < "1 ; the critical value of < 1 . In the same way
as in proving Theorem 1, we arrive at the stability result by applying Haysí
theorem or our result in Szidarovszky and Matsumoto (2012c).
We now examine the general case of < 1 > 0 and < 2 > 0: By introducing the
new variables
x = sin 8< 1 and y = sin 8< 2 ;equation (14) implies that
! 2 (1 " x2 ) = (1 " !)2 (1 " y 2 )or"! 2 x2 + (1 " !)2 y 2 = 1 " 2!

(16)

and from (15),8 " !x:1"!
By combining (16) and (17), we get an equation for x;#$2
8 " !x"! 2 x2 + (1 " !)2= 1 " 2!
1"!
y=

(17)

implying thatx=

8 2 + 2! " 128!

y=

8 2 " 2! + 1:
28(1 " !)and from (17),These two equations provide a parametric representation in the (< 1 ; < 2 ) plane:sin 8< 1 =8 2 + 2! " 1
8 2 " 2! + 1
and sin 8< 2 =:28!
28(1 " !)(18)

The feasibility of solutions requires that"1 $8 2 + 2! " 1
$1
28!

(19)

"1 $

8 2 " 2! + 1$ 1:
28(1 " !)

(20)

and

10

Consider Örst condition (19), which is a pair of quadratic inequalities in 8;
8 2 + 28! + 2! " 1 % 0(21)

8 2 " 28! + 2! " 1 $ 0

(22)

and
The roots of (21) are "1 and 1 " 2!; and the roots of (22) are 2! " 1 and 1.
Condition (20) is also a pair of quadratic inequalities,
8< % 0 if ! < 1
8 2 + 28(1 " !) + (1 " 2!)(23):$ 0 if ! > 1
and8 2 " 28(1 " !) + (1 " 2!)8< $ 0 if ! < 1:(24)% 0 if ! > 1

with "1 and 2! " 1 being the roots of (23) and 1 " 2! and 1 being the roots of(24). So if ! < 1; then the value of 8 has to satisfy the following relation:
2! " 1 $ 8 $ 1:
Similarly, if ! > 1; then the value of 8 has to satisfy relation
1 $ 8 $ 2! " 1:
Since the feasibility domains for ! < 1 and ! > 1 are di§erent, we discussthese cases separately. As it was explained earlier, we have assumed that ! %1=2: The remaining part of this section is divided into three subsections. First,
the non-symmetric case (i.e., 1 > ! > 1=2) is examined in Section 4.1, thenthe extrapolation case (i.e., ! > 1) in Section 4.2 and Önally we will turn ourattention to the symmetric case (i.e., ! = 1=2) in Section 4.3.

4.1

The Case of 12 < ! < 1

In this subsection, we assume that 1=2 < ! < 1. Since from (14), we see thatthe signs of cos 8< 1 and cos8< 2 are di§erent, equation (18) imply that
8
#
# 2
$
$
1
8 + 2! " 1
>
!1
>
<
=
sin
+
2k'
(k % 0)
> 1
>
<
8
28!
L1 (k; n) :
(25)
#
# 2
$
$
>
>
1
8
"
2!
+
1
>
!1
>
' " sin+ 2n'(n % 0): <2 =
828(1 " !)
or
8
#
# 2
$
$
1
8 + 2! " 1
>
!1
>
<
=
'
"
sin
+
2k'
(k % 0)
> 1
>
<
8
28!
L2 (k; n) :
(26)
#
# 2
$
$
>
>
1
8
"
2!
+
1
>
>
sin!1
+ 2n'
(n % 0): <2 =
828(1 " !)11which gives two sets of parametric curves in the (< 1 ; < 2 ) plane. The domain of! is the interval [2! " 1; 1]. At the initial point 8 = 2! " 1; we have
8 2 + 2! " 1
8 2 " 2! + 1= 1 and= "1
28!
28(1 " !)and at the end point 8 = 1; we have
8 2 + 2! " 1
8 2 " 2! + 1= 1 and= 1:
28!
28(1 " !)Therefore the initial and end points of L1 (k; n) are
#
#
$$
"
1 !'
1
3'
+ 2k' ;+ 2n'
I1 (k; n) =2! " 1 2
2! " 1 2and"'+ 2n' :
22
and similarly, the initial and end points of L2 (k; n) are
#
"
"$
1 !'
1 ! '
I2 (k; n) =+ 2k' ;
" + 2n'2! " 1 2
2! " 12E1 (k; n) =

and

!'

+ 2k';!'+ 2k';"'+ 2n' :
2
2
Notice that E1 (k; n) = E2 (k; n) and I1 (k; n) = I2 (k; n + 1); that is, L1 (k; n) andL2 (k; n) have the same end points and L1 (k; n) and L2 (k; n + 1) have the same
initial points. Hence the segments
E2 (k; n) =(L2 (k; 0); L1 (k; 0); L2 (k; 1); L1 (k; 1); L2 (k; 2); L1 (k; 2); :::)
starting at I2 (k; 0) and passing through points
E2 (k; 0) = E1 (k; 0); I1 (k; 0) = I2 (k; 1); E2 (k; 1) = E1 (k; 1); :::form a continuous curve.
Figure 2 illustrates the loci L1 (k; n) and L2 (k; n) with the value of 8 varying
from 2! " 1 to unity for n = 0; 1; 2 and k = 0. The parameter value ! = 0:8 isselected. The red curves are L1 (k; n) and the blue curves are L2 (k; n). The redand blue curves shift upward when n increases and rightward when k increases.
There
p the initial point I2 (0; 0) is infeasible, and L2 (0; 0) is feasible only for
8 % 2! " 1. Notice that I1 (0; n) = I2 (0; n + 1) at point In for n = 0; 1 andE1 (0; n) = E2 (0; n) at point En for n = 0; 1; 2: < m
1 ' 1:493 is the minimum< 1 -value of the segment L1 (0; n) while < M
1 ' 2:733 is the maximum < 1 -value ofthe segment L2 (0; n). It can be checked that < 01 ' 2:354 is the < 1 -value of theintersection of the segment L2 (0; 0) with the horizontal axis and is identical withM< "1 given in Theorem 3. The partition curve stays within the interval [< m
1 ; <1 ]12when k = 0 but its shape could be di§erent for a di§erent value of !: It will beshown that the steady state is locally asymptotically stable in the yellow region.

Figure 2. Stability-switch curves with k = 0
and n = 0; 1; 2
0Apparently < m
1 < < 1 implying that the steady state is locally asymptoticallystable for 0 < < 1 < < m
1 and < 2 = 0 due to Theorem 3. Since the segment
M
Li (0; n) is in the interval [< m
1 ; < 1 ], there are no eigenvalues changing the sign ofthe real part when < 2 increases. In other words, the real parts of the eigenvalues
are negative for < 1 < < m
1 and any < 2 > 0: Hence the steady state is locallyasymptotically stable. Such delays of (< 1 ; < 2 ) do not a§ect asymptotic behaviorof the steady state and thus are harmless. We summarize this result in thefollowing theorem:

Theorem 4 If k = 0 and 0 < < 1 < < m
1 ; then delay < 2 is harmless, so the steadystate is locally asymptotically stable.
We now move to the case of < 1 > < m
1 and examine the directions of thestability switches by selecting < 1 as the bifurcation parameter with Öxed valueof < 2 . So we consider the eigenvalue as a function of the bifurcation parameter,, = 4(<, ). By implicitly di§erentiating equation (13) with respect to < ; we
4
1
1
have
#
$
#
,
, $
,
d4
d4
d4
#
#
, + (1 " !)e!#(2+ !e!#( 1 "<1 " 4
"
<
=0
d< 1
d< 1
d< 1 2
implying that

#
,
, !#(
1
d4
! 4e
=
:
#
#
2
d< 1
1 " !< 1 e!#( 1 " (1 " !)< 2 e!#(

13

(27)

Since from (13)##, " !e!#(1;(1 " !)e!#( 2 = "4

the right-hand side of equation (27) can be rewritten as
#
,
, !#(
1
d4
! 4e
=
:
#
, + !(< " < )e!#(1
d< 1
1 + 4<
2
2
1, = i8; then
If 4
,
d4
i8! (cos 8< 1 " i sin 8< 1 )=:d< 1
1 + i8< 2 + !(< 2 " < 1 ) (cos 8< 1 " i sin 8< 1 )Its real part is+ ,,d4
8! [sin 8< 1 + 8< 2 cos 8< 1 ]
Re
=
;
d< 1
(1 + !(< 2 " < 1 ) cos 8< 1 )2 + (8< 2 " !(< 2 " < 1 ) sin 8< 1 )2

(28)

(29)

As is already shown in Theorem 3, the steady state is asymptotically stable for< 1 = 0 and any < 2 > 0. Gradually increasing the value of < 1 with Öxed valueof < 2 ; the horizontal line crosses either L1 (0; n) or L2 (0; n). Consider Örst theintercept with the segment L1 (0; n): Since both sin 8< 1 and cos 8< 1 are positive
for 8< 1 2 (0; '=2),
+ ,,
d4
Re
> 0:
d< 1
This inequality implies that as < 1 increases, stability is lost when < 1 crosses thesegment L1 (0; n). In the case of the linear learning process, local instability leads
to global instability. However this is not necessary true if the learning process
is nonlinear. To conÖrm global behavior, two bifurcation diagrams generated
by the delay logistic equation (8) are illustrated.3 In particular, we vary < 1Mfrom < m
1 to < 1 in 0:01 increments, calculate 1000 values for each value of < 1
and use the last 300 values to get rid of the transients. The local maximum
and minimum values of the trajectory are plotted against < 1 to construct abifurcation diagram of ae with respect to < 1 . In Figure 3(A), < 2 is Öxed at 4and < 1 increases along the lowest horizontal dotted line of Figure 2. The stablesteady state loses stability at < P
1 ' 1:691; the intersection with the segment
L1 (0; 0).4 The bifurcation diagram in Figure 3(A) indicates that trajectories
have one maximum and one minimum for < 1 > < P
1 : In other word, the steadystate bifurcates to a limit cycle. It is further seen that the limit cycle expands
3 The linear equation (7) with two delays generates the same simple dynamics as the linear
equation (3) with one delay. So no further considerations are given to it.
4 Using the second equation of (25), we solve equation
!
! 2
""
1
! # 2! + 1
4=" # sin$1!
2!(1 # !)for ! and then substitute the solution into the Örst equation of (25) to obtain the value of
$P
1 :

14

as < 1 becomes larger. In Figure 3(B), < 2 is changed to 12 and < 1 increases along
the third highest horizontal dotted line of Figure 2. The stability is lost at
5<P
1 ' 1:80 where the dotted line crosses the segment L1 (0; 1) from the left. AsP< 1 gets larger than < 1 , erratic (chaotic) behavior emerges via a period-doublingbifurcation. Further increasing < 1 suddenly reduces complex dynamics to simple
periodic oscillations for < 1 being close to < M
1 . Only the values of < 2 are di§erent
between these two diagrams. So a larger < 2 can be a source of erratic áuctuationsof ae (t). The results are numerically conÖrmed and thus summarized as follows:
Proposition 1 The steady state loses local stability when increasing < 1 crosses
the segment L1 (0; n) from left for the Örst time and its global behavior has avariety ranging from periodic to aperiodic oscillations depending on the value of<2:(A) < 2 = 4(B) < 2 = 12

Figure 3. Bifurcation diagram I
Assume next that < 1 crosses a segment L2 (0; n) where cos 8< 1 < 0 as 8< 1 2('=2; '). It is clear from (29) that+ ,,d4
8 3 ! cos 8< 1
@< 2
Re
="
2
2
d< 1
(1 + !(< 2 " < 1 ) cos 8< 1 ) + (8< 2 " !(< 2 " < 1 ) sin 8< 1 ) @8(30)
where, by implicitly di§erentiating the second equation in (18) and using (14),
we have@< 2
1 sin 8< 1 + 8< 2 cos 8< 1
=" 2
:
@8
8
cos 8< 1
5 See footnote 4 for detailed arguments to determine $ P .
115

Since the Örst factor with the minus sign of (30) is positive, stability is switched
to instability when @< 2 =@8 > 0 and instabiliy might be switched to stability
when @< 2 =@8 < 0: Although it is possible to conÖrm analytically the sign of thederivative @< 2 =@8 on the segment L2 (0; n); we numerically check it.6 We also
examine responses of the nonlinear learning as a function of < 1 for two di§erentÖxed values of < 2 ,
3'
9'
<2 =
and < 2 =:2(2! " 1)2

We start with < 2 = 3'=(2(2! " 1)) ' 7:85. Although it is not clear in Figure
2, the segment L2 (0; 1) takes a convex-concave shape. So the dotted horizontal
line at 3'=(2(2! " 1)) could have multiple intersects with L2 (0; 1): The second
equation of (26) determines a value of < 2 . So solving the following equation
#
# 2
$
$
3'
1
8 " 2! + 1
=
sin!1
+ 2'
2(2! " 1)828(1 " !)with ! = 0:8 for 8 yields three solutions,
8 a = 1; 8 b ' 0:84, and 8 c = 0:6;
each of which is then substituted into the Örst equation of (26) to obtain threecorresponding values of < 1 ;< a1 =''' 1:57; < b1 ' 0:84, and < c1 =' 2:62:2
2(2! " 1)

Notice that < a1 and < c1 are the < 1 -values of the points E1 and I0 in Figure
2. Fixing the parameters < 2 at 3'=(2(2! " 1)) and a = k = 1, we perform
simulations of equation (8) for di§erent < 1 values and numerically conÖrm two
dynamic results; one is the appearance and disappearance of a limit cycle andthe other is multi-stability (i.e., coexistence of attractors).
Characterization of local bifurcation along occuring along the dotted line isgiven. Start with Figure 4(A). The steady state is locally stable for < 1 < < a1 ;and loses stability for < 1 = < a1 at which @< 2 =@8 > 0 and the real part of an
eigenvalue becomes positive. With increasing < 1 ; it bifurcates to a limit cycle
which Örst expands, then shrinks and Önally merges to the steady state to regainstability for < 1 = < b1 at which < 2 =@8 < 0 the real part of the same eigenvalue
becomes negative again. For < b1 < < 1 < < c1 ,the steady state is surely locallyasymptotically stable. In order to examine global behavior we present two
bifurcation diagrams with slightly di§erent initial functions deÖned for t $ 0,
one is '(t) = 0:9 for the red diagram and the other is '(t) = 0:1 for the blue
diagram, taking other parameter values Öxed. The red trajectory is convergent
while the blue trajectory exhibits oscillatory behavior. Depending on a choice of
the initial function, the same delay equation generates di§erent global dynamics,
stable red one and periodic blue one, indicating coexistence of stable steady6 See Matsumoto and Szidarovszky (2012d) for analytical examinations of the sign of thederivative.

16

state, a stable limit cycle and unstable limit cycle that is not observable. The
steady state with '(t) = 0:9 becomes locally unstable for < 1 = < c1 and further
increasing < 1 > < c1 generates a limit cycle that is identical with the limit cyclewith '(t) = 0:1. In Figure 4(B), < 2 is increased to 9'=2 ' 14:14 and thehorizontal dotted line crosses the segment L2 (0; 2) twice at the points< a1 ='' 1:57 and < b1 ' 1:78:
2

Stability is lost at < 1 = < a1 for which the dotted line crosses L2 (0; 2) with@< 2 =@8 > 0 and regained at < 1 = < b1 for which the dotted line crosses L2 (0; 2)with @< 2 =@8 < 0: The dotted line also crosses the segment L1 (0; 1) with @< 2 =@8 >0 at< c1 ' 1:93
for which stability is lost again. The appearance and disappearance of a limit
cycle for < a1 < < 1 < < b1 is also observed and coexistence of multiple attractors
is also noticed in the small interval whose right end point is < b1 : It is further
observed that complex behavior emerges via a period doubling bifurcation forM<P
1 < < 1 < < 1 : Comparing the two diagrams where only the values of < 2 aredi§erent leads to the same conclusion that a larger < 2 can be a source of erratic
oscillations of ae (t):Proposition 2 When the horizontal line of < 1 crosses the segment of L2 (0; n)
for the Örst time from left, then three di§erent dynamics emerge; (1) the steadystate bifurcates to a limit cycle that expands, shrinks and then merges to thesteady state for < a1 < < 1 < < b1 ; (2) depending on a choice of the initial functions,
it becomes locally asymptotically stable or bifurcates to a periodic oscillationfor < b1 < < 1 < < c1 ; (3) it proceeds to chaos via a period-doubling cascade for< c1 < < 1 < < M
1 :

17

30
(A) < 2 = 2(2!!1)(B) < 2 = 902

Figure 4. Bifurcation diagram II
In the next simulation, < 2 is increased to 17 and then kept Öxed. < 1 is increased along the highest horizontal dotted line of Figure 2. As can be seen,
the horizontal line has three intercepts: the Örst one with L1 (0; 2) at which
the steady state becomes unstable; the second one with L1 (0; 1) at which thereal part of one more eigenvalue becomes positive; at the third intercept with
L2 (0; 2) at which only one real part of the two eigenvalues changes back to negative. However, in this case no stability switch occurs since stability cannot be
regained. According to Figure 5, the steady state is replaced with a periodic oscillation just after it becomes unstable and there is a very short period-doublingcascade to chaos. As we can see further, interesting dynamics begins; complex
dynamics suddenly disappears and a periodic oscillation appears and undergoes

18

a period-doubling bifurcation cascade to chaos again.

Figure 5. Bifurcation diagram III
Let us summarize the main point that has been made so far.
Proposition 3 Given k = 0; the boundary of the stable region consists of theenvelop of the segments L1 (0; n) and L2 (0; n) for n % 0:
We can also show that at stability switches only one eigenvalue changes thesign of its real part, that is, the pure complex eigenvalues are single. Assume, = i8 solves both equations
not, then 4##, + !e!#(1 + (1 " !)e!#( 2 = 0
4

and

#

#

(31)

1 " !< 1 e!#( 1 " (1 " !)< 2 e!#( 2 = 0

(32)

,
,
1 + 4<"1 " 4<#2
1and e!#( 2 =:(< 1 " < 2 )!
(< 1 " < 2 )(1 " !)(33)from which we have#e!#( 1 =, = i8, then by comparing the real and imaginary parts, we conclude that
If 4
sin 8< 1 + 8< 2 cos 8< 1 = sin 8< 2 + 8< 1 cos 8< 2 = 0
or
tan 8< 1 + 8< 2 = tan 8< 2 + 8< 1 = 0:

19

(34)

Let Li (k; n) denote the segment containing (< 1 ; < 2 ), then this point is a common
extremum of Li (k; n) with respect to < 1 and < 2 ; which is impossible, since
Li (k; n) is a di§erentiable curve.
Consider now a point (< "1 ; < "2 ) with positive coordinates, and consider thehorizontal line < 2 = < "2 and its segment for 0 $ < 1 $ < "2 : There are Önitely
many intercepts of this horizontal segment with the set
1
L = [1n=0 [k=0 fL1 (k; n) [ L2 (k; n)g :Let s(< "1 ; < "2 ) denote the number of intercepts where stability is lost and g(< "1 ; < "1 )the number of intercepts where stability can be regained. With (< "1 ; < "2 ) thesystem is asymptotically stable if g(< "1 ; < "2 ) % s(< "1 ; < "2 ) and unstable otherwise.
The stability region is illustrated as the shaded domain in Figure 2.

4.2

The Case of ! > 1

From (14) we see that cos(8< 1 ) and cos(8< 2 ) must have the same sign, so inthis case we have also two types of segments,
8
#
# 2
$
$
1
8 + 2! " 1
>
!1
0
>
<
=
sin
+
2k'
(k % 0)
>
>
< 1
8
28!
L1 (k; n) :
(35)
#
# 2
$
$
>
>
1
8 " 2! + 1
> 0
!1
>
sin
+ 2n' (n % 0)
: <2 =
828(1 " !)andL2 (k; n) :

8
#
# 2
$
$
1
8 + 2! " 1
>
!1
0
>
<
=
'
"
sin
+
2k'
(k % 0)
> 1
>
<
8
28!

#
# 2
$
$
>
>
1
8 " 2! + 1>>' " sin!1+ 2n' (n % 0)
: < 02 =828(1 " !)where 1 $ 8 $ 2! " 1. As in the previous case, at 8 = 1;

8 2 + 2! " 1
8 2 " 2! + 1= 1 and=1
28!
28(1 " !)and at 8 = 2! " 1;
8 2 + 2! " 1
8 2 " 2! + 1= 1 and= "1:
28!
28(1 " !)Therefore the initial and end points of L1 (k; n) are!'"'
I1 (k; n) =+ 2k'; + 2n'
2
2
20

(36)

and
E1 (k; n) =#and those of L2 (k; n) are

"
"
1 !'
1 ! '
+ 2k' ;
" + 2n'2! " 1 2
2! " 12I2 (k; n) =andE2 (k; n) =

#

!'
2

+ 2k';

"
'
+ 2n'
2

"
1 !'
1
+ 2k' ;
2! " 1 2
2! " 1

#

3'
+ 2n'
2

$

$$

:

Figure 3 shows the loci L1 (k; n) and L2 (k; n) with the value of 8 varying fromunity to 2! " 1. The parameter value ! = 1:2 is selected. The red curves are
the L1 (0; n) segments and the blue curves are the L2 (0; n)p loci. If n = 0; thenE1 (k; n) is infeasible and L1 (k; 0) is feasible only for 8 $ 2! " 1. In this caseI1 (k; n) = I2 (k; n) and E2 (k; n) = E1 (k; n + 1); so L1 (k; n) and L2 (k; n) havethe same initial point and E1 (k; n + 1) and E2 (k; n) have the same end point.
Hence segments(L1 (k; 0); L2 (k; 0); L1 (k; 1); L2 (k; 1); L1 (k; 2); L2 (k; 2); :::)
starting at E1 (k; 0) and passing through points
I1 (k; 0) = I2 (k; 0); E2 (k; 0) = E1 (k; 1); I1 (k; 1) = I2 (k; 1); E2 (k; 1) = E1 (k; 2); :::form a continuous curve.
If < 1 = 0; then the steady state is asymptotically stable for any < 2 %0 according to Theorem 2. If < 2 = 0; then the steady state is locally asymptotically stable if 0 < < 1 < < "1 and locally unstable if < 1 > < "1 according to Theorem
3. We now proceed to the general case of < 1 > 0 and < 2 > 0: With Öxed valueof < 1 > 0 and k = 0; the vertical line with gradually increasing values of < 2crosses L1 (0; n) and L2 (0; n) inÖnitely many times. We numerically conÖrm
that stability switch could occur at some of those intersections. Consider stability switches Örst along the vertical dotted line at < a1 = 1:2 and then along the21

vertical dotted line at < b1 = 1:5 as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6. The stability-switch curve with!>1
The Örst numerical result is illustrated in Figure 7(A) where the steadystate repeats stability-loss and stability-gain four times and Önally becomes unstable. More precisely, stability is lost at the intercepts with L2 (0; n) for n =0; 1; 2; 3 while it is regained at the intercepts with L1 (0; n) for n = 0; 1; 2; 3: The
system generates only periodic oscillations. The second numerical result is illustrated in Figure 7(B). It can be seen that the system gives rise to periodic
oscillations as well for a length of delay approximately less than 10 and to more
complex oscillations for a larger value of the delay.
The special case of ! = 1 is identical to the case of a single delay, which was
already discussed.

22

(A) < 1 = < a1(B) < 1 = < b1

Figure 7. Bifurcation diagrams with di§erent values of < 1

4.3

The Symmetric Case of ! = 12

If ! = 1=2; then equations (14) and (15) becomecos(8< 1 ) + cos(8< 2 ) = 0
and1(sin(8< 1 ) + sin(8< 2 )) = 0
2
and the segments L1 (k; n) and L2 (k; n) are simpliÖed as follows:8"

L1 (k; n) :and
L1 (k; n) :8&
1 % !1>>< < 1 = 8 sin (8) + 2k' (k % 0)>>
: < = 1 %' " sin!1 (8) + 2n' & (n % 0)
2
8
8
&
1%
!1
>
>
< < 1 = 8 ' " sin (8) + 2k' (k % 0)

(37)

(38)
>
%
&
>
1
: < =
sin!1 (8) + 2n' (n % 0):2
8Clearly 8 has to be in the unit interval in order to have feasible solutions. The
segments L1 (k; n) and L2 (k; n) for small values of k and n are illustrated as the
red and the blue curves in Figure 8. When k = n = 0; these segments constructa hyperbolic curve passing through the point ('=2; '=2) which is the common
23point of L1 (0; 0) and L2 (0; 0): It divides the Örst quadrant of the (< 1 ; < 2 ) plane
into two subregions: in the yellow region under the curve, the steady state islocally asymptotically stable and in the white region above, it is locally unstable.
Note that the curve is symmetric with respect to the diagonal and asymptotic
to the line < i = 1 for i = 1; 2. This implies that any delay < i > 0 is harmless if< j $ 1 for i; j = 1; 2 and i 6= j:

Figure 8. Stability switch curves with
! = 0:5
Two numerical simulations are done with two di§erent values of < 1 : In theÖrst simulation depicted in Figure 9(A), we increase the value of < 2 from zero to
20 along the vertical dotted line at < 1 = '=2. The steady state loses stability at< 2 = '=2 and bifurcates to cyclic oscillations with Önite number of periodicity as< 2 becomes larger. As far as the simulations are concerned, only periodic cycles
can be born. In the second simulation shown in Figure 9(B), we change the valueof < 1 to ('=2) + 1: A limit cycle emerges after stability is lost at < 2 = < a2 when
the increasing value of < 2 crosses the hyperbolic curve, then exhibits aperiodic

24

oscillations for < 2 being about 14 and returns to periodic oscillations afterwards.

(A) < 1 = 02

(B) < 1 = 02 + 1

Figure 9. Bifurcation diagrams with ! = 12

5

Conclusion

An adaptive learning process is introduced when the monopoly knows its costfunction, the marginal price and uncertain about the maximum price. It is able
to update repeatedly its belief of the maximum price by comparing the actualand predicted market prices. It is assumed that the Örmís prediction is either
the most current delayed price information or it is obtained by interpolation or
by extrapolation based on two delayed data. The asymptotical stability of theresulted dynamic learning process is examined. If it is asymptotically stable,
then the beliefs of the Örm about the maximum price converge to the true value,
so successful learning is possible. Stability conditions are derived, the stability
regions are determined and illustrated. The global behavior of the trajectory is
examined by using simulation.
The dynamic model (5) and (7) are linear, when local asymptotical stability
implies global asymptotical stability. However (6) and (8) are nonlinear, where
only local asymptotic stability can be guaranteed under the derived conditions.
In our future research further nonlinearities will be introduced by selecting nonlinear price and cost functions.

25

References[1] Bellman, R. and Cooke, K. (1956), Di§erential-Di§erence Equations, Academic Press, New York.
[2] Burger, E. (1956), On the Stability of Certain Economic Systems, Econometrica, 24, 488-493.
[3] Cooke, K. and Grossman, Z. (1992) Discrete Delay Distributed Delay andStability Switches, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications,86, 592-627.
[4] Cushing, J (1977), Integro-Di§erence Equations and Delay Models in Population Dynamics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York.
[5] Hayes, N. D. (1950), Roots of the Transcendental Equation Associatedwith a Certain Di§erence-Di§erential Equation, Journal of the London
Mathematical Society, 25, 226-232.
[6] Invernizzi, S. and Medio, A. (1991), On Lags and Chaos in Economic Dynamic Models, Journal of Mathematical Economics, 20, 521-550.
[7] Matsumoto, A. and Szidarovszky, F. (2013), Discrete-Time Delay Dynamics of Boundedly Rational Monopoly, forthcoming in Decisions in Economics and Finance.
[8] Matsumoto, A. and Szidarovszky, F. (2012a), Dynamic Monopoly with
Multiple Continuously Distributed Time Delays, IERCU DP #184
(http://www2.tamacc.chuo-u.ac.jp/keizaiken/discuss.htm), Chuo University.
[9] Matsumoto, A. and Szidarovszky, F. (2012b), Bounded Rational Monopoly
with Single Continuously Distributed Time Delay, IERCU DP #180(http://www2.tamacc.chuo-u.ac.jp/keizaiken/discuss.htm), Chuo University.
[10] Matsumoto, A. and Szidarovszky, F. (2012c), An Elementary Study ofa Class of Dynamic Systems with Single Time Delay, forthcoming in
CUBO: A Mathematical Journal.
[11] Matsumoto, A. and Szidarovszky, F. (2012d), Nonlinear Delay Monopoly
with Bounded Rationality. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 45, 507-519.
[12] Naimzada, A. (2012), A Delay Economic Model with Flexible Time Lag,forthcoming in Chaos, Solitons and Fractals.
[13] Naimzada, A. and Ricchiuti, G. (2008), Complex Dynamics in a Monopoly
with a Rule of Thumb, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 203,
921-925.
[14] Puu, T. (1995), The Chaotic Monopolist, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 5,35-44.

26

100113 㐍໬ 17 ኱఍㸦୰ኸ኱Ꮫ㸧ሗ࿌༢఩㈝⏝᭤⥺ࠊ౪⤥᭤⥺ࠊໟ⤡⥺ᅵ⏣ ࿴㛗㸦ᐩኈ኱Ꮫ㸧㸯㸬⏕⏘㛵ᩘࡢ 3D ⾲♧㹼ᒣ࡜⛸⥺⏕⏘㛵ᩘࢆ 3D ᗙᶆ࡛⾲ࡍࠋປാ㹊ࠊ㈨ᮏ㹉ࠊ⏘ฟ㔞㹍࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㹍㸻㹄㸦㹉ࠊ㹊㸧
ࠋ3D ᗙᶆࡢᗏ㠃ࢆ㹊㹉ᗙᶆ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ㹉୍ᐃ࣭㹊ྍኚࡢ⏕⏘㛵ᩘࡣࠊ㹉ษ∦࠿ࡽ㹊㍈࡟ᖹ⾜࡞༙┤⥺࡟ἢࡗ࡚ᆶ┤࡟❧ࡘ✵㛫ᨺ≀⥺࡛⾲ࡉࢀࠊ㹉ྍኚ࣭㹊୍ᐃࡢ⏕⏘㛵ᩘࡣࠊ㹊ษ∦࠿ࡽ㹉㍈࡟ᖹ⾜࡞༙┤⥺࡟ἢࡗ࡚ᆶ┤࡟❧ࡘ✵㛫ᨺ≀⥺࡛⾲ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣࠊண⟬ไ⣙࡬ࡢ㓄៖ࡀ࡞࠸ࡲࡲᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࡛ࠊண⟬ไ⣙࡟㓄៖ࡋࡓ㹊㹉௦᭰ࢆ᮲௳࡟௜ࡅຍ࠼ࡓ
⏕⏘㛵ᩘࡣࠊ㹊㹉ᖹ㠃࡟࠾ࡅࡿྑୗࡀࡾࡢண⟬ไ⣙⥺࡟ἢࡗ࡚ᆶ┤࡟❧ࡘ CAP ᆺ✵㛫᭤⥺࡜࡞ࡿ㸦⚾ⓗ࡞㛵ᚰ࡟ᘬࡁ௜ࡅ࡚ゝ࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆチࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡅࢀࡤࠊᩘᏛዲࡁ࡛᪂ࡋࡶࡢዲ
ࡁࡢࢳ࣮ࣗࢿࣥࡀࠊ᭱኱໬ၥ㢟ࢆ⪃࠼ࠊ⤒῭Ꮫྐୖึࡵ࡚ᚤศἲࢆ㐺⏝ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ᛮ࠸❧ࡗ
ࡓ࡜ࡁࠊ㈨ᮏ฼⋡㹸ࢆປാ฼⋡㹱࡟ᆒ➼໬ࡉࡏࡿ㐨ࢆ᥇ࡽࡎࠊປാ㈤ᩱ㹰ࢆ╔᝿ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ
CAP ᆺࡢ᭤⥺ࡀ࡯ࡋ࠿ࡗࡓࡓࡵ࡛࡞࠸࠿ࠊ࡜᥎ ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿ㸧ࠋ⏕⏘㛵ᩘࡣࠊ3D ᗙᶆ୰࡟⏕⏘㔞᭤㠃ࠊᒣ⫙ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࠋศᯒ┠ⓗ࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚ࠊࡑࡢᒣࢆ
ษࡿ࡜ࡁࠊษࡾཱྀ࡜ࡑࡢ᩿㠃ࡢ⦕㎶࡟࡛ࡁࡿ᭤⥺ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉ᚩࢆぢࡏࡿࠋ㸦ϸ㸧ᗏ㠃㹊㹉ᗙᶆ࡟ᥥ࠿ࢀࡓண⟬ไ⣙⥺࡟ἢࡗ࡚ᆶ┤࡟ษ᩿ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࠊษ᩿㠃ࡢ⦕㎶㸻ᒣ⫙࡟࡛ࡁࡿ᭤⥺ࡀ⏕⏘㔞ࡢ✵㛫᭤⥺㸦⥲㈝⏝୍ᐃ࣭ᢞධせ⣲⤌ᡂྍኚࡢ⏕⏘㔞⾲♧᭤⥺㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋCAP ᆺ࡟࣮࢝ࣈࡍࡿ࢖࣮ࣝࢬ࣭ࣛ࢖࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿࠋ
㸦Ϲ㸧୍ᐃࡢ altitude ࡛Ỉᖹ࡟ษࡿ࡜ࠊษ᩿㠃ࡢ⦕㎶㸻ᒣ⫙࡟࡛ࡁࡿ᭤⥺ࡀ isoquant᭤⥺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏕⏘㔞୍ᐃ࣭ᢞධせ⣲⤌ᡂྍኚࡢ➼⏕⏘㔞᭤⥺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦Ϻ㸧ᗏ㠃㹊㹉ᗙᶆࡢᶓ㍈㸸㹊ࠊዟ⾜ࡁ㍈㸸㹉ࠊ࡜ࡋ࡚┠┒ࡽࢀࡓᢞධせ⣲㔞ࡢ࡝ࡕࡽ࠿ࢆ୍᪉ࢆ୍ᐃᡤ୚࡜ࡋࠊ௚᪉ࢆྍኚ࡜ࡋࠊྍኚ࡜ࡍࡿ㍈࡜㧗ࡉ㍈࡟ࡓ࠸ࡋ࡚ᖹ⾜࡟ᒣࢆษ᩿ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࠊᒣࡢษ᩿㠃ࡢ⦕㎶㸻ᒣ⫙࡟࡛ࡁࡿ᭤⥺ࡀ೫ᚤศ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡿ⏕⏘㔞᭤⥺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏕⏘㔞ࡢᒣࡢ⛸⥺ࢆ㎺ࡾࠊࡑࢀࢆᗏ㠃ࡢ㹊㹉ᗙᶆ࡟ᢞᙳࡍࢀࡤࠊ2 せ⣲᭱㐺㓄⨨᭤⥺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ⛸⥺ࢆഃ㠃ࡢ㹊㹍ᗙᶆࠊ㹉㹍ᗙᶆ࡟ᢞᙳࡍࢀࡤࠊ1 せ⣲࡛௦⾲ࡉࢀࡓ᭱㐺せ⣲㓄⨨⥺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ࢖࣮ࣝࢬ࣭࣮࢝ࣈ
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100113 㐍໬ 17 ኱఍㸦୰ኸ኱Ꮫ㸧ሗ࿌㸰㸬༢఩㈝⏝㛵ᩘࡢ 3D ⾲⌧㹼㇂࡜῱ὶ⏕⏘㛵ᩘࡣࠊᢞ㈨㔞Ѝ⏕⏘㔞ࠊࡢ㛵ಀࢆ⾲ࡋࠊ⥲㈝⏝㛵ᩘࡣࠊ⏕⏘㔞Ѝ⥲㈝⏝ࠊࡢ㛵ಀࢆ⾲ࡋࡓࠋ༢఩㈝⏝㛵ᩘࡣࠊண⟬ไ⣙⥺ࢆண⟬ไ⣙⥺࡟ἢࡗ࡚ᆶ┤࡟❧ࡘ࢖࣮ࣝࢬ࣭ࣛ࢖
࡛ࣥ㝖ࡋ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡿ㛵ಀࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ
CAP ᆺࡢ⏕⏘㔞ࡢ✵㛫᭤⥺ୖࡢྛⅬ࡛ࠊண⟬ไ⣙⥺࡟♧ࡉࢀࡓ⥲㈝⏝ࢆ㝖ࡍ࡜ࠊCUP ᆺࡢ༢఩㈝⏝ࡢ✵㛫᭤⥺ UCC ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋUCC ࡢᗏⅬࡀ᭱ᑠ༢఩㈝⏝Ⅼࠊ᭱㐺㈨※㓄ศⅬ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
UCC ࡣண⟬つᶍࠊᢏ⾡ࠊ⤌⧊ࠊኈẼࠊ⤒Ⴀ㸦࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ㸧࡟ࡼࡾࠊ↓ᩘ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢ୍ᮏ୍ᮏࡣࠊᕤሙࠊ஦ᴗᡤ༢఩ࡢ⏕⏘ຊࢆ⾲ࡍࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᕷሙ࢚ࣥࢺ࣮ࣜࡍࡿ UCC ᮏᩘቑЍ౪⤥ቑЍ㟂⤥⦆࿴࣭ࢲࣈࢶ࢟Ѝᕷሙ౯᱁ኳ஭㸦Ỉᖹ㠃㸧➇ୗࡀࡾЍUCC ࡢᗏⅬࢆୗᅇࡿЍ㉥Ꮠ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ௻ᴗ࠿ࡽ᧯ᴗ೵Ṇࠊ᧔㏥Ѝᕷሙ࢚ࣥࢺ࣮ࣜ௻ᴗᩘࡢㄪᩚࠊ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
UCC
UC
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UCC ࡢᗏⅬࢆ⧅ࡄ࡜ࠊ᭱ᑠ༢఩㈝⏝ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿ᭱㐺㈨※㓄ศ᭤⥺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ᭱ᑠ㈝⏝༢఩㖹ࡣࠊつᶍ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚⏕⏘ᛶ㏴ῶࠊ୍ᐃࠊ㏴ቑ࡟ᛂࡌࠊୖ᪼ࠊỈᖹࠊୗ㝆⥺ࢆ㎺ࡿࠋUCC ࡢࢩࣇࢺ㌶㊧࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㇂ࢆᥥࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ᭱ᑠ㈝⏝༢఩⥺ࡣࠊࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࠊ῱ὶ࡟ẚᐃ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᐇ㝿࡟ࡣࠊࡇࡢ῱ὶࠊつᶍ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ࢹࢥ࣎ࢥ࡟࡞ࡿሙྜࡶከ࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋศᯒࡢ୍⯡໬ࠊ༢⣧໬ࡢࡓࡵࠊつᶍቑ኱࡟ࡘࢀࠊึࡵ㏴ῶࠊ࣎ࢺ࣒࡟㐩ࡋࡓᚋࠊ㏴ቑ࡜᝿ᐃࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࠊ࣐
࣮ࢩࣕࣝࡀ 2D ᅗ࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ▷ᮇ㈝⏝᭤⥺ࡢ࣎ࢺ࣒ࢆໟ⤡ࡋࡓ᭤⥺࡜ࡋ࡚㛗ᮇ㈝⏝᭤⥺ࢆᥥࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ࡓࡔࡋࠊ࣐࣮ࢩࣕࣝࡢࡑࢀࡣࠊᶓ㍈ࡀ⏕⏘㔞࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ࡓ࠸ࡋࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣᢞ㈨㔞࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊࡶ࠺୍ᡭ㛫ࠊ፹௓ㄝ᫂ࢆධࢀ࡞࠸࡜ࠊᩚྜࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊᩍ⫱┠ⓗ࡟㈨ࡍࡿࡼ࠺᭤⥺ࢆ⁥ࡽ࠿࡛༢⣧࡞ᙧ࡟ᥥࡃࡢࡣࠊࡑࢀࡣࡑࢀ࡛ࡼ࠸ࡇ
࡜࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⌧ᐇศᯒࠊᐇ㊶┠ⓗࡢሙྜࡣࠊᐇ㝿࠿ࡽᩘ್ࢆ᥇ࡾࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽᙧ≧ࢆỴࡵࡓ࡯࠺ࡀ౑࠸຾ᡭࡀࠖࡼ࠸ࠋ
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100113 㐍໬ 17 ኱఍㸦୰ኸ኱Ꮫ㸧ሗ࿌࢖࣮ࣝࢬ࣭࣮࢝ࣈ࡜༢఩㈝⏝᭤⥺࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡣࠊᒣ㧗ࡅࢀࡤ㇂῝ࡋࠊࡢ㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

㸱㸬UCC ࡢ๓ᥦࡣ୍ᡤᠱ࿨ࠊ୍⏕ᠱ࿨ࡢ໅ປ࣭ດຊ
3D ࡢ༢఩㈝⏝᭤⥺ࠊ↓ᩘࡢ UCC ࡢᗏⅬࢆໟ⤡ࡍࡿ᭤⥺ࡢྵពࡣࠊ୍ᡤᠱ࿨୍࣭⏕ᠱ࿨ࡢ໅ປ࣭ດຊЍࢥࢫࢺ๐ῶЍ㈨※㓄⨨ࡢ᭱㐺໬࣭࣋ࢫࢺᑾࡃࡋࡓປാЍ༢఩㈝⏝᭱ᑠ໬ࠊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᪧዓቚᏲࠊ᪤ᚓᶒ᧦ㆤ࡟ഴ࠸ࡓ೫ྥປാࠊᛰ៏ປാ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ㛗ᮇᣢ⥆ࡍࡿࠕᕠ⯟㏿ᗘࠖࡢປാ࡜୧❧ࡉࡏࡓປാ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

㸲㸬⥲༢఩㈝⏝ࠊᅛᐃ༢఩㈝⏝ࠊኚື༢఩㈝⏝௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟グྕࢆ᣺ࡿࠋ
⥲⏕⏘㔞㸻㈨ᮏ࡟ࡼࡿ⏕⏘㔞㸩ປാ࡟ࡼࡿ⏕⏘㔞㸻㈨ᮏ㔞㈨ᮏ⏕⏘ᛶ㸩ປാ㔞ປാ⏕⏘ᛶࠊ㹍㸻㹉࣭㹩㸩㹊࣭ɯ⥲ᢞධ㔠㢠ࠊ㈨ᮏ㓄ศẚ Șࠊ㈨ᮏ౯᱁㹮ࠊ㈤㔠⋡㹵ࠊ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ
㹇㸻㹇^Ș㸭㹮㸩㸦1㸫Ș㸧㸭㹵} … せ⣲㸦㹉ࠊ㹊㸧㓄ศ㔞㸻㹇^Ș㹩㸭㹮㸩㸦1㸫Ș㸧ɯ㸭㹵} … せ⣲㸦㹉ࠊ㹊㸧ẖࡢ⏕⏘㈉⊩㔞⥲༢఩㈝⏝㹒㹓㹁㸦Total Unit Cost㸧ࡣࠊൾ༷⋡㹢ࠊ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ
㹒㹓㹁㸻㹇㸭㹍㸻㹇^Ș㹢㸩㸦1㸫Ș㸧}㸭㹍㸻㹇Ș㹢㸭㸦㹇Ș㹩㸭㹮㸧㸩㹇㸦1㸫Ș㸧㸭{㹇㸦㸯㸫Ș㸧ɯ㸭㹵}㸻㸦㹢㹮㸭㹩㸧㸩㸦㹵㸭ɯ㸧ୖᘧ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㹢㸺1 ࡢ࡜ࡁࡢ㈨ᮏ㈝⏝ࡀᅛᐃ༢఩㈝⏝㹄㹓㹁ࠊ㹢㸻㸯ࡢ࡜ࡁࡢ㈨ᮏ㈝⏝ࡀኚື༢఩㈝⏝㹔㹓㹁ࠊ࡜࡞ࡿࠋປാ㈝⏝ࡶࠊྠࡌᇶ‽࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㹄㹓㹁࡜㹔㹓㹁࡟ศ࠿ࢀࡿࠋ㈝⏝᭤⥺ࡣࠊ㹒㹓㹁㹁ࠊ㹄㹓㹁㹁ࠊ㹔㹓㹁㹁ࡢ 3 ✀࡟ᥥࡁศࡅࡽࢀࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࠊᖹᆒ㹁㹁࡜㝈⏺㹁㹁࡟ศࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ㸳㸬せ⣲⤌ᡂẚȘࡢ᭱㐺໬௻ᴗάືࡢᇶᮏ┠ⓗࡣ฼₶㏣ồ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ฼₶㏣ồࡣࠊ㢳ᐈ‶㊊ࡢ᭱኱໬ࢆ௚௻ᴗ࡜➇࠸ྜ࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㐙⾜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ⮬௻ᴗࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝྍ⬟࡞㈨※㓄⨨ࢆ᭱㐺໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ
㏻ࡌ࡚㐩ᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋ฼₶᭱኱໬ࡣࠊせ⣲ࡈ࡜ࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࢆᆒ➼໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾᐇ⌧ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊせ⣲⤌ᡂࡢ᭱㐺໬ࡣࠊ㹍㸭㹇㸻Ș㹩㸭㹮㸻㸦1㸫Ș㸧ɯ㸭㹵ࡢ࡜ࡁࠊ㐩ᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋ

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100113 㐍໬ 17 ኱఍㸦୰ኸ኱Ꮫ㸧ሗ࿌㹩㸭㹮ӆɯ㸭㹵 ࡢሙྜࡣࠊ⿢ᐃ⾜ືࡀ㉳ࡇࡾࠊȘ ࡀㄪᩚࡉࢀࠊせ⣲㓄⨨㸦せ⣲⤌ᡂ࣭㈨ᮏ⿦ഛ⋡࡜ゝ࠸᥮࠼ྍ⬟㸧ࡀ᭱㐺໬ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
せ⣲௦᭰ࡢᇶ‽ࡣࠊ཰┈ᛶࠊ฼⋡࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௚せ⣲ࡢࡑࢀ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚᭷฼ࡉࢆẚ࡭ࠊࡼࡾ᭷฼࡞せ⣲ࢆຍ㓄ࡋࠊ୙฼࡞せ⣲ࢆῶ㓄ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᇶᮏ࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊȘࡢㄪ⠇࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
ẚ㍑ᇶ‽࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊ௚せ⣲ࠊ௚௻ᴗࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࣭ᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞཰┈ᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⌮ㄽࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊㄽ⌮ⓗ࣭Ṕྐⓗ࡞཰┈ᛶࡢᇶ‽࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊጞཎࡢປാ฼⋡ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ୍
ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᪉ἲࡢ୍᝿※࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊJ.H.ࢳ࣮ࣗࢿࣥࡢ᪉ἲࠊᢞධせ⣲ẖ࡟཰┈ᛶࢆศ㞳࣭㝸㞳࣭Ꮩ❧ isolieren ࡉࡏ࡚ ᐃ࣭ほᐹ࣭ศᯒࡍࡿ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
せ⣲௦᭰㸻⿢ᐃ⾜ືࢆ࡜ࡿ㝿ࠊ࣎ࢺࣝࢿࢵࢡࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚せ⣲ㄪ㐩ࡀ㐜ࢀࡿ࡜ࡁࠊせ⣲౯᱁ࡣୖ᪼ࡋ࡚㝈⏺฼⋡ࡀᆒ➼໬ࡍࡿ⤒㊰ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ౪⤥୙㊊࡟ࡼࡿ౯᱁ୖ᪼࡜ࡑࡢ⛬ᗘ࡟ࡶࠊ⌮ㄽᇶ‽ࡀ࡞࠸ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ

㸴㸬௻ᴗࡢ౪⤥᭤⥺࡜ᕷሙࡢ౪⤥᭤⥺
UCC ࡢᗏⅬࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡢ᭱ᑠ༢఩㈝⏝࡜᭱㐺౪⤥㔞ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍせ⣲⤌ᡂࢆ⾲ࡍࠋண⟬つᶍ࡟ᛂࡌண⟬ไ⣙⥺ࡀࢩࣇࢺࡍࢀࡤࠊUCC ࡶᮾ໭᪉ྥ࡟ࢩࣇࢺࡋࠊࡑࡢ㌶㊧ࡣ⦆ࡸ࠿࡞ࡽࡤ
❑ᆅࠊ㝤ࡋࡅࢀࡤ῱㇂ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࠋࢩࣇࢺࡍࡿ UCC ࡢᗏⅬࢆ⧅ࡂࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿᢞධ㔞ᗙᶆࢆ⏕⏘㔞ᗙᶆ࡟ኚ᥮ࡍࢀࡤࠊ௻ᴗࡢ౪⤥᭤⥺ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
↓ᩘ࡟࠶ࡿ UCC ࡢ 1 ᮏ 1 ᮏࢆࠊᕷሙ࡟࢚ࣥࢺ࣮ࣜࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ௻ᴗ 1 ♫ 1 ♫ࡢࡑࢀࡔ࡜ᢕᥱ
ࡍࡿሙྜࡣࠊྛ UCC ࡢᗏⅬࢆ⧅࠸࡛࡛ࡁࡿໟ⤡⥺ࡣࠊᕷሙࡢ౪⤥᭤⥺࡟ᑐᛂࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡿࠋつᶍ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚⏕⏘ᛶࡀ㏴ῶ୍࣭ᐃ࣭㏴ቑࠊ࡟ᛂࡌࠊ༢఩㈝⏝ࡣ㏴ቑ୍࣭ᐃ࣭㏴ῶࠊ࡜࡞
ࡿࠋ
3D ࣔࢹࣝࠊ⏕⏘㔞ࡢ CAP ᆺ✵㛫᭤⥺㸦➼㈝⏝ኚ⏕⏘㔞⥺㸧ࠊ༢఩㈝⏝ࡢ CUP ᆺ✵㛫᭤⥺㸦➼㈝⏝ኚ༢఩㈝⏝⥺㸧ࡢ 1 ᮏ 1 ᮏࡀ஦ᴗᡤࠊᕤሙࠊ௻ᴗࡢ⏕⏘ᢏ⾡ࠊ⤌⧊ࠊᵓᡂဨࡢኈ
Ẽࢆ཯ᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢚ࣥࢺ࣮ࣜ௻ᴗࡢᩘࡔࡅ UCC ࡣ࠶ࡾࠊከ࠸࡯࡝ᕷሙ౯᱁పୗЍ㹒㹓㹁㹁ࡢᗏⅬୗᅇࡿ௻ᴗࡶЍ㹔㹓㹁㹁ୖᅇࡿ㝈ࡾ᧯ᴗ⥅⥆ࠊ᧯ᴗ೵Ṇࠊ᧔㏥ࢆ㑅ᢥࠊ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ

㸵㸬㈝⏝᭤⥺ᑠྐ㈝⏝᭤⥺࡜౪⤥᭤⥺࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᶆ‽⌮ㄽࢆᅗᘧⓗࡑࡢ௚ࡢ᪉ἲ࡛᫂░࡟ࡋࡓࡢࡣࣦ࢓࢖
ࢼ࣮࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㈝⏝᭤⥺࡜ໟ⤡⥺࡜ࡢ㛵ಀᅗᘧ໬࡟ࡣ࣑ࢫࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᩍ࠼Ꮚࡔࡗࡓࢧ࣒
࢚ࣝࢯࣥ࡟ࡑࢀࢆᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡓ࡜࠸࠺㐓ヰࡶㄒࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
New Palgrave ࡢ 4 ࡟᭩࠿ࢀࡓࢪࣙࣝࢤࣥࢯࣥࡢグ஦࡛ࡣࠊࣦ࢓࢖ࢼ࣮ࡢ㈝⏝᭤⥺࡜౪⤥᭤⥺ㄽࡣࠊⓎ⾲ࡉࢀࡿࡸ༶ᗙ࡟ᙉຊ࡞࢖ࣥࣃࢡࢺࢆᑓ㛛ᐙࡓࡕ࡟୚࠼ࡓࠊ㏆௦ࡢㄝ᫂ἲ඲
యࡀࠊᅗゎࡑࡢ௚ࡢ᪉ἲ࡛ࠊໟ⤡⥺ࡲ࡛ྵࡵ࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠊᩘᏛࡢ฼⏝ἲ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡼࡾ⇍㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ୰ᅜே〇ᅗᐙ࡜ᙜ᫬஺ࢃࡉࢀࡓ㆟ㄽࡣࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ
4

100113 㐍໬ 17 ኱఍㸦୰ኸ኱Ꮫ㸧ሗ࿌࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅗゎⓗ᪉ἲࡣࠊᏛྐⓗ࡟ࡣࠊࢳ࣮ࣗࢿࣥ㸦Zone ᅗ㹼฼⋡ࡢ↓ᕪู㝈⏺ᅪ㸧ࠊࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ㸦3D
ᅗࡢᄏ▮㸧ࠊ࣐࣮ࢩࣕࣝࠊࣦ࢓࢖ࢼ࣮㸦2D ᅗࡢᐃᘧ໬⪅㸧ࠊࣄࢵࢡࢫ㸦3D ᅗࡢᐃᘧ໬⪅㸧ࡢ୺せ⥺࡛ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ

㸶㸬౯᱁࡜฼₶༢఩฼₶㸻㈍኎౯᱁㸫༢఩㈝⏝ࠊࡼࡾࠊ㈍኎౯᱁ࡀ㧗࠸࡯࡝ࠊ༢఩㈝⏝ࡀప࠸࡯࡝ࠊ༢
఩฼₶ࡣቑ࠼ࡿࠋ㈍኎౯᱁ࡣᕷሙ࡛Ỵࡲࡾࠊ㟂せࡀቑ࠼ࡿ࡯࡝ୖ᪼ࡋࠊ౪⤥ࡀቑ࠼ࡿ࡯࡝
ୗⴠࡍࡿࠋ㈍኎౯᱁ࡀୗⴠࡋࠊ᭱ᑠ༢఩㈝⏝᭤⥺㸻౪⤥᭤⥺ୖࡢⅬ㸦ྛ௻ᴗࡢ UCC ࡢᗏⅬ㸧ࢆୗᅇࡿ࡯࡝࡟࡞ࢀࡤࠊヱᙜ௻ᴗࠊ஦ᴗᡤࡣࠊᕷሙ࠿ࡽ࢖࢚࣮࣮ࣟ࢝ࢻࠊࣞࢵࢻ࣮࢝ࢻࢆ
Ώࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
฼₶ቑຍࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊձ㈍኎౯᱁ᘬࡁୖࡆࠊ㧗௜ຍ౯್໬㸦ຠ⏝ቑ㸧࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡑࢀࠊղ
⏕⏘༢౯ࠊ㍺㏦༢౯ࡢᘬୗࡆࠊ⏕⏘ᛶྥୖ࣭ࢥࢫࢺ⠇⣙࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡑࢀࠊࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㈍኎౯᱁㸻ᕷሙ౯᱁㸻ྲྀᘬᶆ‽౯᱁㸻㝈⏺௻ᴗࡢ UCC ࡢᗏⅬ㸦ᕷሙࡀㄆࡵࡿ㝈ࡾ࡛ࡢ㸧࡛࠶ࡾࠊᕷሙ౯᱁ࡣࠊ㟂せ౯᱁㹕㹒㹎㸦willingness to pay㸧࡜౪⤥౯᱁㹕㹒㹐㸦willingness
to receive㸧࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࠋ㹕㹒㹎࡜㹕㹒㹐ࡢࢡࣟࢫⅬ࡛ᆒ⾮ࡍࡿࠋ༢఩㈝⏝㸻ಶู௻ᴗࡢཎ౯ࠊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᕷሙࡀチᐜࡍࡿ㝈⏺௻ᴗࡢ㹒㹓㹁ࡀᕷሙᶆ‽౯᱁࡟࡞ࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀᮍ‶ࡢ㹒㹓㹁࡛ᥦ౪࡛ࡁࡿಶู௻ᴗ࡟ᕪ㢠㸦ṧవ㸧฼₶ࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࠋ฼₶ࡣࠊಶู௻ᴗࡢ⏕⏘ཎ౯ࠊ㍺㏦ཎ౯๐ῶດຊ࡟ࡼࡾࠊᕷሙᶆ‽౯᱁ࡼࡾప࠸ಶู
㹒㹓㹁ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࠋṧవ฼₶ࡺ࠼ࣜࢫࢡ኱࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣜࢫࢡࢆൾ࠺ࡔࡅ
ࡢ฼ᖜࡀせồࡉࢀࡿࠋ௻ᴗ⤒Ⴀ࡟ animal spirit ࡀせㄳࡉࢀࠊࡑࢀࢆൾ࠺࡟㊊ࡿ฼ᖜࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿᡤ௨ࡔࠋ
㍺ฟඛ౯᱁㸻ᅜෆ౯᱁㸦෇⾲♧㸧㸭Ⅽ࣮᭰ࣞࢺ㸻㹎㸭㹣㸦ࢻࣝ⾲♧࡟ኚ᥮㸧ࠊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㹣ୖ᪼Ѝࢻࣝ㧗࣭෇ᏳЍ㍺ฟඛᕷሙ࡛ࢻࣝ⾲♧౯᱁ୗⴠЍ㍺ฟ㔞ቑࠊ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࠿ࡽࠊ
฼₶ࢆቑࡸࡍ➨ 3 ࡢᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊճ㍺ฟಁ㐍ࠊ㹣పୗ࡟ࡼࡿࠊࡀฟ࡚᮶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ㍺ฟ㢠㸻㍺ฟ㔞ࢻࣝ⾲♧㈍౯ࠊ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ▷ᮇⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ㹈࣮࢝ࣈຠᯝ࡟ὀពࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞
࠸ࠋ㸷㸬฼₶※Ἠ
Input ࡢෆヂࡣࠊ㈨ᮏ㈝⏝㸻㈨ᮏ㉎ධ㈝㸩㈨ᮏ฼Ꮚࠊ㈤㔠㈝⏝㸻ປാ⪅ࡢ⏕ά⥔ᣢ㈝㸩ປാవ๫ࠊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㈨ᮏ฼Ꮚࡣ㈝⏝໬ࡉࢀ࡚⧊ࡾ㎸ࡲࢀ῭ࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㈤㔠㸻ປാሗ㓘࡛࠶ࡾࠊປാ࡟ࡼࡿ⏕⏘࡬ࡢ㈉⊩ᗘ࡟ᑐᛂࡋࡓᨭᡶ࠸࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⮬↛ྜ⌮࡟ᕷሙᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓỈ‽࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠋ
Output ࡢෆヂࡣࠊ⏘ฟ㢠㸻㈨ᮏൾ༷㈝㸩㈨ᮏ฼Ꮚ㸩㈤㔠㸦㸻ປാ⥔ᣢ㈝㸩ປാవ๫㸧㸩㉸㐣ศࠊ࠿ࡽᡂࡿࠋ㉸㐣ศ㸻ᕷሙᶆ‽౯᱁㸫ಶู௻ᴗࡢ UCC ࡢᗏⅬ㸻㈨ᮏ฼₶㸩ປാ฼₶ࠊ

5

100113 㐍໬ 17 ኱఍㸦୰ኸ኱Ꮫ㸧ሗ࿌࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᭱ྑ㎶ࡢ➨ 1 㡯࡜➨ 2 㡯ࡣࠊ➇த࡜⿢ᐃ࡛ᆒ➼཰┈⋡࡟ㄪᩚࠊ཰ᩡࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ
ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᆒ⾮≧ែ࡛ࡣࠊ㈨ᮏࡢാࡁࠊປാࡢᡂᯝ࡟ᛂࡌࡓࠊࡑࡢព࿡࡛බṇ࡞せ⣲ሗ㓘ࡀᨭᡶࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡇ࡛࠸࠺ᆒ➼࡞⋡ࡣࠊປാ཰┈ᛶ㸻ປാ࡟ࡼࡾ⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡓ⏕⏘≀ࡢ౯㢠㸭ປാ⥔ᣢ㈝㸦ࢳ࣮ࣗࢿࣥࡢグྕ࡛࠸࠼ࡤࠊ㸿㸭㹟㸧ࠊ㈨ᮏ཰┈ᛶ㸻㈨ᮏ࡟ࡼࡾ⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡓ⏕⏘≀ࡢ౯
㢠㸭㈨ᮏ㉎ධ㢠ࠊ࡛ᢲࡉ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

㸯㸮㸬㈨ᮏࡢ㉎ධ౯᱁࡜ࣞࣥࢱࣝᩱ㈨ᮏ౯್ࢆᢕᥱࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࠊ2 ࡘࡢ౯᱁ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ὀពࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋN.G.࣐ࣥ࢟
࣮ࣗࡢゝ࠸᪉࡟ೌ࠼ࡤࠊ㈨ᮏࡢ㉎ධ౯᱁ Price of Purchasing ࡜ᮇ㛫౑⏝ᩱ Price of Rental
ࡢ༊ูࠊ2 ࡘࡢ౯᱁ࡢ㆑ู࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡣᡤ᭷ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࡢ౯᱁ࠊᚋ⪅ࡣ୍ᐃᮇ㛫౑⏝ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࡢᩱ㔠㸻౑⏝ᩱࠊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᑠ✏࡛⏝࠸ࡓグྕ࡛࠸࠼ࡤࠊ๓⪅ࡣ㹮ࠊᚋ⪅ࡣ㹰࡜⾲グࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୧⪅ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆࠊᅛᐃ㈨ᮏᢞ㈨࡜ࡑࡢᅇ཰ࡢ౛࡛ぢࢀࡤࠊ㹮㸻ᅛᐃ㈨ᮏ౯᱁ࠊࡑࡢൾ༷㢠㹢㹮ࠊࣞࣥࢱࣝᩱ㹰㸻㹮㸦㹢㸩㹧㸧ࠊ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ๓⪅ࢆᚋ⪅࡟᣺ࡾ᭰࠼ࡿ࡞ࡽࠊᅛᐃᢞ㈨㈝⏝㈇ᢸࡀ㍍ῶ
ࡉࢀࠊὶື໬ࡉࢀࠊ㈇ᢸゎ㝖࣭㐟㞳ࡉࢀࡓᮍൾ༷౯್ࡢ㏥ฟ࣭ࡼࡾ᭷฼᭷ᮃ࡞ศ㔝࡬ࡢ㌿
ฟ࣭㌿⏝࣭㐍ฟࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡾࠊ௻ᴗ෌ᵓ⠏ࠊ⏘ᴗ෌⦅ᡂࡀࡼࡾᶵືⓗ࡟㐙⾜ࡉࢀࡸࡍࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ㈨ᮏࣞࣥࢱࣝᩱ㸻㈨ᮏࣞࣥࢱࣝ㈤ࠊປാࣞࣥࢱࣝᩱ㸻ᡭ㛫㈤ࠊ࡞ࡽࠊᢞ㈨࡜฼┈ࡢ㛵ಀࡣࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚ࢃࡀᅜ࡛ᬑ㏻࡟⾲グࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ฼ぶ࡜฼Ꮚࠊ㈤ぶ࡜㈤Ꮚࡢ㛵ಀ࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ㈨ᮏ೉ධ⤒Ⴀ฼⋡࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ௜ゝࡍࢀࡤࠊ฼⋡ࡢศẕ࡟⨨࠿ࢀࡿ㢠ࡣ㈨ᮏࣞࣥࢱ
ࣝᩱ࡟࡞ࡿࠋᅛᐃ㈨ᮏࡢ࣮ࣜࢫࢆཷࡅࡓሙྜࠊࡑࡢ㈨ᮏ඲యࡀຠ⬟ࢆⓎ᥹ࡋࠊ⏕⏘㈉⊩ࡍࡿ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ೉ධ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢ㈝⏝㈇ᢸࡣ㈨ᮏࣞࣥࢱࣝᩱ࡟Ṇࡲࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

㸯㸯㸬௻ᴗᩘㄪᩚ㟂せࡀῶࢀࡤࠊࡲࡓࡣࠊ౪⤥ࡀቑ࠼ࢀࡤࠊᕷሙ౯᱁ኳ஭ࡀࡏࡾୗࡀࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛
࢚ࣥࢺ࣮࡛ࣜࡁ࡚࠸ࡓ௻ᴗࠊ஦ᴗᡤࡢ࠺ࡕࠊࢥࢫࢺ㸦UCC ࡢᗏⅬ㸧๭ࢀࡍࡿ௻ᴗࠊ஦ᴗᡤ
ࡀฟࡿࠋ㉥Ꮠ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ௻ᴗࠊ஦ᴗᡤࡣࡑࡢࡲࡲ࡛ࡣᏑ⥆࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋᅛᐃ㈨ᮏൾ༷ࢆࡋࡤࡋ
ࡢ㛫≛≅࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶὶື㈨ᮏࡢᅇ཰ࡔࡅࡣ࡞ࢇ࡜࠿ྍ⬟࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ㉥Ꮠࡀࡑࡢ⠊ᅖෆ࡟Ṇࡲࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ᧯ᴗ⥅⥆ࡶ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡑࢀࡶࠊᅛᐃ㈨ᮏൾ༷ࡀ⤊ࢃࡿࡲ࡛ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋᕷሙ࡟ᅇ᚟ぢ㏻ࡋࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ᧯ᴗ೵Ṇࠊ㛗ᮇ࡟ࢃࡓࡾ஦ᴗ⥅⥆ࡢ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࢆぢฟࡋ࠼࡞ࡃ࡞ࢀࡤࠊ᧔㏥Ѝ㌿㐍ࠊࡀど㔝࡟ධࡗ࡚᮶ࡿࠋ
㟂せ㸺౪⤥ࡢ࡜ࡁࠊ௻ᴗࡈ࡜ࡢ஦᝟࡜ุ᩿ࠊࣜࢫࢡ㈇ᢸ࡛ᑐᛂ⾜ືࡀ࡜ࡽࢀࠊ௜ຍ౯್
ຊቑᙉࠊࢥࢫࢺ๐ῶᙉ໬ࠊ᧯ᴗ೵Ṇ㸦つᶍኚ࠼ࡎࠊ୍᫬ᚅᶵ㸧ࠊῶ㔞⤒Ⴀ㸦つᶍ⦰ᑠЍせ⣲ᢞධῶЍ㞠⏝ῶ㸧
ࠊ᧔㏥ࠊ➼ࡢᙧែ࡛ࠊᕷሙ࢚ࣥࢺ࣮ࣜ௻ᴗᩘࡀㄪᩚࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࠋᕷሙࡢㄪ
6

100113 㐍໬ 17 ኱఍㸦୰ኸ኱Ꮫ㸧ሗ࿌ᩚస⏝Ѝ௻ᴗࡈ࡜ࡢ⮬୺ㄪᩚЍ࣑ࢡࣟḟඖ࡛ࡢ⮬୺ⓗ᭱㐺໬㸻㐺ᛂ⾜ືࠊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

㸯㸰㸬㈨ᮏ᥮⟬࡜ປാ᥮⟬Capitalization ࡣࡩࡘ࠺࡟౑ࢃࢀࡿ⏝ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᑐᛂࡋ࡚ࠊປാ᥮⟬ࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡼ࠸ࠋ
ປാࡢാࡁࠊ⏕⏘ຠ⋡ࠊ཰┈ᛶࢆᶆ‽༢఩࡟ࠊ௚ࡢᢞධせ⣲ࡢാࡁࠊ⏕⏘ຠ⋡ࠊ཰┈ᛶࢆࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௚ࡢせ⣲ࡢാࡁࢆࠊປാせ⣲ࡢാࡁ࡟᥮⟬ࠊ㑏ඖࡋࠊ㏻⣙ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ⠇⣙࡜㐺ษ࣭᭷ຠ࣭ຠ⋡㓄ศࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
௻ᴗ㛫➇த࣭せ⣲⿢ᐃ࡟ಁ㏕ࡉࢀЍせ⣲㛫࣭௻ᴗ㛫࣭⏘ᴗ㛫฼⋡ᆒ➼໬㐠ື࡜㐃ືࡋЍ
UCC ࡢ఩⨨ᘬୗࡆЍᗏⅬపୗЍ⏕⏘ཎ౯➇ୗࡀࡾࠋ㟂せ㣬࿴࡜౪⤥ᅽຊЍ౯᱁➇ୗࡀࡾ
౯᱁㏴ῶ࣭ཎ౯㏴ῶЍᚑ᮶⏕άࡢ඘㊊࡟ᚲせ࡞ປാ㔞⠇⣙Ѝ⮬⏤ฎศྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗࡓປാ
ࢆྛேࡢႴዲࢆࡼࡾࡼࡃ‶ࡓࡍ࣭᪂ࡓ࡞Ⴔዲࢆ࿧ࡧ㉳ࡇࡍ㈈ࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡜⏕⏘࡟᣺ࡾྥࡅЍࡼࡾࡼࡁ⏕άࠋ
ປാ᥮⟬㸦ປാ౯್ㄝ➼࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿ㸧ࡣࠊ」せ⣲࡟ࡼࡿ༠ാ⏕⏘ࢆ༢せ⣲࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸦als ob㸧ᨃไࡋࠊࡇࡢ㐣⛬ࢆ⡆᫂࡟♧ࡍࡓࡵࡢ⌮ㄽ௬ㄝ࡛௻ᴗ㛫➇த࣭せ⣲⿢ᐃ࡟ಁ㏕ࡉࢀЍせ⣲㛫࣭௻ᴗ㛫࣭⏘ᴗ㛫฼⋡ᆒ➼໬㐠ື࡜㐃ືࡋ࠶ࡗࡓࠊ࡜఩⨨࡙ࡅ
࡛ࡁࡿࠋ

㸯㸱㸬⺬㊊
⺬࡟ࡣ㊊ࡀ࡞࠸ࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㌿ࡪᚰ㓄ࡀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀ௨ୖࠊ㊊ࡀᆅ࡟╔࠸࡚࠸ࡿ⏕ࡁ≀ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࣜࢫࢡ࡟ࢼ࣮ࣂࢫ࡟࡞ࡽࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸௻ᴗ⤒Ⴀ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ☜࠿࡟ࠕࣅࢪࢿࢫࡢ⚄ࠖࡢ㇟ᚩ࡜ࡍࡿ࡟ࡩࡉࢃࡋ࠸⏕ࡁ≀ࡔࠋ௒ᖺࡣ⺬ᖺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊ⠇⣙ࡢᏛࠊ↓㥏ࢆ┬࠸࡚ࠊᾋ࠸ࡓ㈨※࡛ࡼࡾࡼ࠸ࡶࡢࠊࡼࡾࡼ࠸᪉ἲࢆ㛤Ⓨ⏕⏘㓄⤥ࡍࡿᏛ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྂேࡢゝ࠸᪉࡟ೌ࠼ࡤࠊ
⠇⣙ࡢ⛉Ꮫ science of economy ࡣ⛉Ꮫࡢ⠇⣙ economy of science ࡟ࡲ࡛⮳ࡗࡓ࡜ࡁึ
ࡵ࡚ᮏ≀࡟࡞ࡿࠋಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿ⛉Ꮫ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ᨾ㒓ࡢᒣ࡟ྥ࠿ࡦ࡚ゝࡩࡇ࡜࡞ࡋ

ᨾ㒓ࡢᒣࡣᅾࡾ㞴ࡁ࠿࡞▼ᕝၝᮌࠕ୍ᥱࡢ◁ࠖ࠿ࡽࡢᘬ௻ᴗ㛫➇த࣭せ⣲⿢ᐃ࡟ಁ㏕ࡉࢀЍせ⣲㛫࣭௻ᴗ㛫࣭⏘ᴗ㛫฼⋡ᆒ➼໬㐠ື࡜㐃ືࡋ⏝࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕᝒࡋࡁ⋵ලࠖSad Gang㸽 ࠿ࡽ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ

7

小さな進化と大きな進化∗
経済進化の基本的特徴に関する一考察
近畿大学経済学部

谷口和久

2013 年 1 月

目次
小さな進化

1

1.1
1.2
1.3

1

選択による進化 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
経済現象にみられる選択：商品 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
不可知であるということ：U-Mart 実験に見る価格形成 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

大きな進化

2

1
3
3

2.1

自己形質転換による進化 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5
5

2.2

経済現象における自生的秩序：市場と貨幣 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6

まとめ

3

7

はじめに
生物学は学問そのものの目標が生物進化の解明にあり，生物学者の中には生物が進化することに異を唱える者はいないという1 。だが，進化そのものに異を唱える生物学者はいないかもしれないが，そのメカニズムの理解に関しては 1 枚岩ではない。本稿では進化的現象を，選択による進化と自己形質転換による進化に二分し，それぞれについて考察する。

1

小さな進化

1.1

選択による進化

進化的メカニズムに関して，もっとも広く受け入れられているのはダーウィンによって初めて明白に述べられた「選択」を中心にした進化である。ダーウィンは，品種改良によって新種が誕生することを説明し，自然界でもそのような新種が出現して，それが環境に適応し (生存競争に勝っ∗ 本稿は科学研究費補助金 (課題番号 22530191) の助成を受けたものである。This work was supported by Grandin-Aid for Scientific Research (Research No.22530191).
1 『進化学』 [11] の序文には，「生物学は進化を『進化論』という一つの考えや思想としてではなく，事実としてとらえてその要因や道筋を解明しようとしている」という記述がある。

1

て)，子孫の生存率に相違の生じることで新しい種が広まることを示した2 。しかし，ダーウィンが『種の起源』を発表した 1856 年には遺伝をつかさどる遺伝子は発見されていなかった。もちろんその遺伝子が DNA であることも分かっていなかった。
ダーウィンのいう selection は淘汰とも訳されている。選択であるから選択には「する側」と「される側」がある。経済学では選択というと，choice を思い浮かべるから，選択する側の意思や意図が意識されて，能動的で主体的な印象を受ける。生物進化では選択 selection する側に，これといった意思決定を行う主体はない。それは環境という言葉で一括りにされる外界のことで，選択される側がこの外界に対して意識的・能動的に影響を及ぼすことはほとんどない。選択される側はな
んらかの個体や集団で，個体の世代交代に際して対立遺伝子の頻度が増減する (遺伝子浮動)。遺伝
子浮動はランダムにおこり，表現型に変異が生じる。この変異が環境への適応度の相違となり子孫の生存率が異なるようになる。遺伝子浮動はランダムに生起するから，環境に適応するものもあれ
ば，不適応なものもできる。ある形質が世代を経て伝わりその形質が世代間で変化するが，その変化の起こる方向は定まっていない。生存に有利な遺伝子は集団のなかに普及しその集団全体が変化する。この遺伝子の (突然) 変異，複製と保持，選択そして普及 (あるいは拡散）によって，種全体が漸次的に変化していく。跳躍のような飛躍的変化はない。現代では，例えばジャーナリスティッ
クな作品を次々と発表しているドーキンスがこの選択による漸次的進化を主張している。

普遍ダーウィニズム
ダーウィニズムは，複製 (突然変異)・選択・普及が進化の基本原理 (あるいは基本要素) と考えているが，普遍 (一般) ダーウィニズムはこのダーウィンの基本原理がどのような世界でも成立するという考えである。すなわち，ドーキンスの唱えた普遍ダーウィニズム Universal Darwinism はダーウィン進化論は，生命体であればそれがどこにあっても，例えば地球以外の他の惑星にあってもあてはまり，その生命の存在と形態を説明できるというものである。ホジソンらの唱える一般
ダーウィニズム General Darwinism もほぼこれと同じである3 。
だが経済進化に関して，ダーウィニズムの普遍性を受け入れていても，生物進化のメカニズムをどこまで経済現象に類推するかをめぐっては議論がある。例えば，獲得形質が遺伝するとしたラマ
ルク説は生物の遺伝では否定されている。これに関して，ホジソンは社会現象ではダーウィニズムと矛盾せずにラマルク説は並立するとする。獲得形質が遺伝することを示すには，表現型の変化が遺伝子型の変化に還元されるメカニズムの説明が必要であり，その際に表現型 (相互作用子) と遺伝子 (複製子) が何であるかを見極めなければならない4 。
ネルソンは普遍ダーウィニズムを受け入れているが，その立場はホジソンとは異なる。そもそもダーウィンが自説を発表したときには，表現型と遺伝子型の区別もなくラマルク的な遺伝を否定できなかったとし，経済進化における生物進化概念の過度の適用や類推をやめるべきであると主張している5 。

2 ダーウィン [2]『種の起源』では，「自然選択」という言葉は頻出するが，「進化」という言葉は意識して読んでも見つけるのはむつかしい。
3 Hodgson and Knudsen [9] では，「普遍」では全てを覆うことになるが，ダーウィン原理は，複雑なシステムにのみ適応させるべきであるとして「一般」を用いていると説明する (p.10.) が，経済学者はよほど General という言葉が好きなのであろうか。
4 例えば，Hodgson [6] など。
5 Nelson [10]

2

1.2

経済現象にみられる選択：商品

人間社会には膨大な種類の商品が登場したが，同時に消えていった商品の種類も膨大である。中世の絵画によく見られるように，当時の人々が日々の暮らしに使っていた室内の調度品の種類と，現在の我々の身の回りにある品々を比べてみれば一目瞭然である。とりわけ市場経済が支配的になってからはこの傾向が著しい。ある商品が市場から消えてしまう理由を説明するには，商品に選択がはたらくと考えられよう。選択によって商品の進化が理解できる6 。
生物界では将来の環境の変化は全く予測がつかず，ランダムに生じた表現型が有利になるか不利になるかは出たこと勝負であって，あらかじめ決まっている訳ではない。将来の環境が分からないから結果的に選択という進化的現象がおこる。だが，一つ一つの商品は設計によって出来たものであり明らかに人工物である。商品には目的があり，その商品の開発段階から目的をもって設計される。将来も売れ続けてほしいという人間の願いや意図が介入している。そのような目的を持って設計された人工物に選択圧力が働く。
ランダムに生成するわけではない人工物であるにも，選択の力が働くのはなぜか。それは，商品を作る人間には将来のことが分からないからである。人間が全知全能で未来を知ることができるのであれば，選択圧力のかからないものを作ることができるであろう。巨大なニッチを (もうそれはニッチ niche ではないのであるが) 探して，そこで売れる商品を生産すればよい。だがそれはできない。人間にとって将来が分からないということが，設計された人工物であっても進化的にならざ
るをえない理由である。
将来が不可知であることは経済学では一般的に言われるが，その意味はオーストリア学派の言説から理解されなければならない。不確実で将来が分からないということは，単に欠けている知識の存在を意味するのではない。それは確率的に記述することすら出来ないものである7 。例えば，自動車事故の確率を統計的に算出し，支払う保険金額を計算することはできる。しかし，その事故の確率を計算する際に参照するのは過去の事例データである。ある範囲内 (保険会社が倒産しない範囲) に保険金額を決めることはできるが，起こることをすべて列挙できるわけではない。もし，人類のもてる知識の総量というものが，例えばビット数などで測定可能だとすれば，それは増大しているであろう。だがその知識量の増大によって未知の知識量が減少することはない。知識の増大は
未知の知識の領域の増大を伴う。将来を知ることができない，不可知であるという意味は，情報のある種の形態 (つまり欠如) を意味するのではない。したがって将来が決して知り得ないという状態のもとでは，設計によって作られた人工物であっても，進化的にならざるをえない。将来が確定していれば，商品はその確定した点に向かって一斉に生産されるであろうから，競争や選択も生じないし，そもそも競争にはならない。

1.3

不可知であるということ：U-Mart 実験に見る価格形成

不可知であることが価格形成にどのようにはたらいているか，U-Mart 実験の事例から見てみよう8 。
第 1 図と第 2 図は 2006 年から 2012 年までの過去 7 年間にわたっておこなわれた実験のほんの一例である。参加者は筆者の演習に参加する学生であるが，毎年の参加メンバーは異なる。参加者
6 塩沢 [12] は，商品の他にも，組織，技術，制度，行動，システム，知識の例をあげて進化的現象が見られることを述べている。これらの中には，外部との物理的な境界があって，エージェントや世代といったもので括られるものもあるし，それが難しいものもある。
7 オドリスコルとリッツオ [3]8 U-Mart については，Taniguchi [14] など。

3

数は最も少ない年で 9 名，多い年で 22 名である9 。参加者は人間に加えて 19 個体のコンピュータ
プログラムマシンで，このマシンは同じものである。また，現物価格の系列も同じである。与えられている現物価格系列とコンピュータプログラムマシンは同じであるから，人間全体の集団からすれば，実験の環境は同一である。ただし，個々の人間は毎年異なる。表示される先物価格の系列がその実験で生成された結果であるが，同じ価格系列は存在しない。これはほんの一例であるが，過去の実験をすべて網羅的にしらべても同じ系列は存在しない。ただし，類似のパターンは見られることもある10 。

図 1: 全体図 (横軸 day)

当たり前といえば当たり前である。しかし，その理由を少し述べておきたい。
まず売買が行われるには，個々の市場参加者がそれぞれ異なる予想をしていなければならない。
実際，全員が同じ予想であれば，売りか買いの一方の注文しか存在せず，よって売買は実現しない。売買が実現しなければ市場で約定価格は表出せず，その場の市場参加者や取引所の約定価格に注視している潜在的市場参加者にも価格は見えない。約定価格は存在せず，市場が存在する理由もなくなる。
提示される売買注文価格には人間の多様な主観が入っている。悲観的な者もいれば楽観的な者もいる。リスクを取ることのできる者もいればできない者もいる。したがって異なる注文価格が市場に出現する。これらの取引参加者の価格の出し方は様々で他者は予測できない。ある取引者が勝てる (と信じる) 予測を行ってそれに基づく注文を出したとしよう。すると，その注文を知った他の取引者はその後の発注を予測して，当初と異なる発注を行うであろう。すると当初の取引者は次の売買の際にあたって，勝てると信じた予測を変更しなければならない。参加者が多数になれば，この連鎖は無限に続き発注時間内にはたちどころに対応できなくなる。
9 人間の参加者数は，2006 年 9 人，07 年９人，08 年 13 人，09 年 14 人，10 年 20 人，11 年 19 人，12 年 22 人である。
10 谷口 [16]4

図 2: 拡大図 (横軸 day)

必勝法というものがあるのならば，その方法に基づいて取り引きを行えば必ず儲かるはずである。だが，先物市場のようなゼロサムゲームであれば，全員が損をしないのであれば誰も勝つことはできない。必勝法というものがあるとしても，全員がそれを取れば勝つ者はいなくなる。利得を獲得できないのであれば，市場に参加する意味がない。よって市場参加者はいなくなる。つまり，必勝の戦略というものがあれば，それは市場そのものが成立しなくなるのである。逆に言えば，市場が存在しているという事自体が，完全な予測の出来ないことを示しており，したがって利潤機会が存在していることになる。将来が分からないから価格が生成される。それが市場が存在し続ける
理由のひとつであろう。

2

大きな進化

2.1

自己形質転換による進化

進化を選択に依存させるのではなく，それ自身の「偶然による変異」に依るとする立場がある。
日本の今西錦司はこれを「変わるべくして変わっていく」と述べた11 。生物学ではグールドが有名
で，自然選択による漸次的な進化を主張するドーキンスと対立するのでよく知られている。グール
ドはカナディアンロッキーのカンブリア紀の頁岩 (バージェス頁岩) の化石の調査から (彼自身が調査したのではないが)，カンブリア紀に種の爆発的出現のあったことを示した12 。このカンブリア紀に起こった大きな変化は，突然におこり沢山の種が爆発的に誕生した。しかもその出現は偶然であるだけではなく，種全体としてみればその種の寿命内では，ほとんど変化しなかった。このよう
11 今西は日本に来ていたハイエクとの対談で，「なにも適応とか自然選択とかいうものをもってこんでも，変わっていったということは事実やないか。そこら辺から私は進化というものは，変わるべくして変わっていく，というのです (p.57.)」「進化というものはある程度まで種自身の自己運動があらわれているんやないか (p.59)」と述べている。今西 [5]12 グールド [4]5な急激な変化と一定の状態が繰り返されることから「断続平衡説」と名前がついている。カウフ
マン [7] によれば，「自己組織化」する複雑な現象に見られるものである。生物は「遺伝的な適応高地」に向かって進化するが，このとき自然選択による進化には変化に限界があり，あるときに爆発的変化が生じて，その後に比較的小さな変化に変わっていくというものである13 。
ヴィットは，進化の起こる領域に依存しない進化的現象の実在論的存在を唱え，進化はダーウィ
ン進化論の説明できる範囲を超えて起こっているとする「連続仮説」を主張している。そして進化
現象を選択には依存せず，システムの時間を通した自己形質転換と定義する14 。
選択を重視する立場であれば，選択の行われる外部環境は何であるのか，選択の働く対象は何で，複製子 (遺伝子) は何であるか，また，そこから遺伝型や表現型はどのようなものかなど，議論は続く。だが自己形質転換や自己組織化による進化的現象では，突然変異と普及が解明の鍵になる。
問題の焦点から遺伝をつかさどる複製子が除かれるから，宇宙や銀河系の進化から，生物，言語，
行動ルールなど，領域に依存しない一般的で抽象的な現象としての進化が考察可能な対象となる。

2.2

経済現象における自生的秩序：市場と貨幣

社会一般には進化といえば生物界のことだと理解されている。だが進化的な考えは生物学に始まるのではない。全体が設計されたのではなく，自然の結果として生じたものであるという意味での進化的概念は，経済学の父といわれるアダム・スミスよりもはるかにさかのぼりスコットランド
啓蒙学派のマンデビルやヒュームに始まる15 。ダーウィンが，進化理論の着想から発表に至るまで

20 年近い長い期間のあったことは知られているが，「太陽の下に新しいものはない」とするニュートン的世界観に挑戦して自説を公開するには，当時のイギリスの新興階級の勃興を自然界の理解に結びつける必要があった16 。ダーウィン自身が自由放任の社会哲学からの影響を受けており，進化的概念は生物学の独占的概念ではなかった。このように進化的概念が経済学に着想されたのは，経済学者が市場の成り立ちや仕組みを考えて，それが自生的秩序であることに早くに気づいていたからであろう。
市場が存在するための前提から述べよう。市場においては市場参加者による「交換」がなされる。よって交換の実現が市場の前提である。交換が行われるには，交換の行う当事者間に「個別的所有」の概念が存在していなければならない。欲望の満足のために交換は行われるが，欲望を充足させるだけであれば窃盗・強奪によっても可能である。窃盗という言葉があること自体，すでに所有概念の存在を意味している。また交換がなされるには，「個別的所有」の概念とともに「強制のない自由」と「道徳 (行動ルール)」が必要である。この三者はそれぞれが存在するには互いに他の概念を必要とするから，ほとんど同時に人間社会に誕生していたはずである17 。
「個別的所有」「強制のない自由」「道徳 (行動ルール)」の出現したところで交換が行われ，かつ広がった。ホモサピ
エンスがアフリカを出て地球上に広がっていったとされる約 5 万年前に，すでに交換の痕跡が発見されているから，所有，自由，道徳の起源もそれくらいまで遡るのであろう18 。
交換が行われ市場の成立とともに「一般的通用交換手段」が誕生した。貨幣の誕生である。はじまりは具体的な物品で，例えば，塩，穀類，毛皮，安息香酸，タバコ，など分割可能な稀少資源などで常に需要の見込めるものであった。やがて貴金属から鋳造貨幣，そして国家による管理通貨へ
13 カウフマン [7] 米沢富美子監訳 第８章
14 Witt [19]，谷口 [13] 参照
15 Nelson [10] p.494-7.
16 Witt [18] p.21.
17 谷口 [15] 参照
18 クライン [17]6と発展した。現代の貨幣はすでに電子化されつつある。しかし，貨幣は市場性の高い商品から，自生的に誕生したものであり，抽象的ではあるが商品であることに変わりはない19 。貨幣の誕生はさらに市場を拡大させて，人間は市場によって，見ず知らずの人間の知識を有効つかうことのできるようになったのである。
このように，交換の実現と市場の発展そして貨幣の誕生は，すべて人間の意図的な設計によって作られたものではなく自生的に生成した秩序である。ハイエクは存在するものを，自然に生成したものと人工的に作られたものに二分類するのではなく，人間の設計によるのではないが，人間の活動の結果として生じたものを第三の範疇として加え三つに分類した。市場や貨幣はこの第三の分類に属する。すなわち，人間がいなければ存在しなかったであろうが，人間が作ろうと意図して作ったものではない。それらは，自生的に秩序を形成しており，設計によらないものであるから，いくらでも複雑になることができる。市場や貨幣は痛みのような個人の心理的生理的現象ではなく，客観的な存在であるが，自然界に存在するものでもない。個々人の心理的現象ではないから，一人の人間の存在の有無とは関係なく存在するが，人間がいなくては存在しない。したがって，これらが進化経済学の研究対象となる。

3

まとめ
経済進化の定義は厳密には難しい。選択を重視するのか，断続平衡のようなことを考えて，自己形質転換を重視するのか。選択を重視するといっても生物進化のメカニズムをどこまで経済進化の説明に援用するのか。経済進化では外部環境と考えていたものが，その当該環境にいるエージェン
トによって改変されてしまうこともあるから，単純に外部の環境といえないこともある。
本稿では，選択が働くことで生じる進化を小さな進化と呼んだ。商品生産などの人間の意図が反映されるような現象でも，将来が不可知であることから，選択がはたらき進化的な現象が生じる。
経済現象が進化的過程を経る一つの要因は，この人間の限界にある。時間の流れの中に在って，将来のことを知ることができないという人間の限界が選択による経済進化の原因であると考えた。また，選択によらない自己組織化による進化を大きな進化と呼んだ。自己組織化も時間の経過の中で生じる進化的現象であるが，人間の設計によってできるものではない。市場や貨幣のような壮大な仕組みによって，不確かな将来はある程度確かなものになったが，それは自生的に誕生したのであって，人間の意図や設計からできたものではない。
しかし，選択が働いて小さな進化をする商品であっても，誕生期には大きな進化的現象が見られる。新しい商品が誕生した時には様々な種類が誕生する。例えば，時計はかつては左回りもあった。車が誕生した時にはアクセルやブレーキの位置も多様であった。登場したばかりの自転車には様々な形があった20 。一般的には，この大きな進化が起こった後に，選択圧力がかかり小さな進化が起こると解釈されるが，その小さな進化のなかから再び大きな進化がおこる。この小さな進化的現象と大きな進化的現象の関係はどのようなものであろうか。そもそも選択の働く対象には多様性がなければならない。対象に多様性がなければ選択による進化現象の説明はできないのであるが，では，なぜ多様性が生じるのであろうか。
経済現象は生命現象と異なり，観察者自身が観察対象に含まれており，なおかつその対象も組織された複雑なものである。経済進化の説明が，すでに解明されている生命進化の結論にあまりに依存すると，生物学における学問上の成果だけではなく誤謬も経済学に波及する可能性がある。例えば，遺伝のメカニズムに関しても，遺伝を発現する遺伝子の種類はすでにあって，それの発現の順
19 メンガー [8]20 Arthur [1]7序の相違によって，異なる種が誕生しているという事実の発見，あるいは重複遺伝子のはたらきに
よって変異が起こる確率が高くなるなどの発見もある。そのような新しい発見はそれまでに発見された事実に関しての誤りの発見である。あまりに生物学の発展に依存した議論は避けるべきであ
ろう。

(以上)

参考文献
[1] B. Arthur. Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy. The University ofMichigan Press, 1994.
[2] Charles Darwin. On the Origin of Species - By Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life -. Watts & Co., 1859. (八杉龍一訳『種の起源』，岩波文庫，岩波書店，1990.).

[3] Jr. Gerald P. O’Driscoll and Mario J. Rizzo. The Economics of Time and Ignorance. BasilBlackwell, 1985. First published in 1985 by Basil Blackwell Ltd., Reissued by Routlledge,
with a new introduction, London and New York, 1996. (橋本務，井上匡子，橋本千津子訳，『時間と無知の経済学』，勁草書房，1999.).
[4] Stephen Jay Gould. Wonderful Life - The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History -.
W.W.Norton & Company, INC., 1989. (スティーブン・ジェイ・グールド著，渡辺政隆訳『ワンダフル・ライフ』，ハヤカワノンフィクション文庫，2000.).

[5] F.A. ハイエク, 今西錦司. 『自然・人類・文明』. NHK ブックス，日本放送出版協会, 1979.
[6] Geoffrey M. Hodgson. “Is Social Evolution Lamarckian or Darwinian?”. In John Laurent andJohn Nightingale, editors, Darwinism and Evolutionary Economics. Edward Elgar, 2001.
[7] Stuart Kauffman. At Home in the Universe: The Search for Laws of Self-Organization andComplexity. Oxford University Press, 1995. (米沢富美子監訳『自己組織化と進化の論理』，
日本経済新聞社，1999.).
[8] Carl Menger. Grundsäetze der Volkswirtschaftslehre. Zweite Auflage, 1923. (カール・メン
ガー著，八木紀一郎，中村友太郎，中島芳郎訳『一般理論経済学 遺稿による「経済学原理」
第 2 版』1，2，みすず書房，1982.).

[9] Geoffrey M.Hodgson and Thorbjørn Knudsen. Darwin’s Conjecture. The University of
Chicago Press, 2010.
[10] Richard Nelson. “Evolutionary Social Science and Universal Darwinism”. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Vol. 16, pp. 491–510, 2006.
[11] 佐藤矩行, 野地澄晴, 倉谷滋, 長谷部光泰. 『発生と進化』，シリーズ進化学第４巻. 岩波書店,
2004.
[12] 進化経済学会編. 『進化経済学ハンドブック』. 共立出版, 2006.
8

[13] 谷口和久. 「ヴィットの連続仮説に関する一考察」. 『進化経済学論集』，第 9 集, pp. 89–96,
2005. 進化経済学会.
[14] Kazuhisa Taniguchi. “Introduction - What is the U-Mart Project?- ”. Evolutionary andInstitutional Economic Review, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 1–4, 2008.
[15] 谷口和久. 『生産と市場の進化経済学』. 共立出版, 2011.
[16] 谷口和久. 「価格と価格情報の伝搬‐人工市場実験による市場過程の観察‐」. 『進化経済学
論集』，第 16 集, pp. 799–812, 2012. 進化経済学会.
[17] Richard G. Klein with Blake Edgar. The Dawn of Human Culture. John Wiley and Sons,
2002. (クライン著，鈴木淑美訳『5 万年前に人類に何が起きたか？』，新書館，2004).
[18] Ulrich Witt. “Bioeconomics as Economics from a Darwinian Perspective”. Journal of Bioeconomics, Vol. 1, pp. 19–34, 1999. Reprinted in Ulrich Witt editor.,The Evolving Economy,
Edward Elgar, 2003, pp.139-54.
[19] Ulrich Witt. The Evolving Economy. Edward Elgar, 2003.

9

∗

†

DGE

JEL Classification: E24, E52
Keywords:

1
DGE
1

DGE
Blanchard and Galı́ (2007)
coincidence

divine coincidence
Blanchard and Galı́ (2007)∗†1

Woodford (2003)

Galı́ (2008)1

divinedivine coincidence

DGE
divine coincidence

2

2.1
j

j ∈ [0, 1]

lj
2

Dixit-Stiglitz

η!" 1 η−1 # η−1
η
l=
lj dj

(1)

0

l

η >1
j

lj
lj =

2

$

Wj
W

Dixit and Stiglitz (1977)

2

%−η

l

(2)

3

Wj

lj

W

2.2
i i ∈ [0, 1]

ci
Dixit-Stiglitz
i

ci
$ %−φ
pi
ci =
c
p

pi

i

(3)
p

φ >1

2.3
i
yi = zli
yi

i

z

z

(4)
li

i

g
z(t) = z(0)egti(3) (4)y i = ci

max
πi

" ∞!
0

#
t
pi yi − W li γ 2− πi y e− 0 r(s)ds dt
p2

subject to ṗi = πi pi
3(5)Blanchard and Kiyotaki (1987)

3

(6)

πi

pi

ṗi /pi
4

γ→0

γ 2
π y
2 i

r
γ

γ>0

H=

pi ( ppi )−φ c − W ( ppi )−φ zcpλγ− πi2 c + λπi pi
2

(7)

pi

∂H
= −γπi c + λpi = 0∂πi∂H
ci W ci 1
λ̇ = rλ −= rλ − {(1 − φ) + φ+ λπi }∂pi
p
p pi z(8)(9)

ipi = p πi = π

ci = c(8) (9)ċ
1−φ φwπ̇ + π = rπ −
−
c
γ
γz

(10)
NKPC

2.4
j

c

ωj

m

ln c + ln m −

lj1+ψ
δ
− ωj2
1+ψ 2

Wj

Ẇj /Wj

5

4

Rotemberg (1982)ljδRoberts (1995)

5

4

ωj

(11)
δ 2
ω
2 j

δ→0

δ>0
M

ψ >0
1

Q

D

A

Ȧ = Q̇ + D + Wj lj + B − pc

(12)

B
R

Q̇

R = Q̇+DQ(12)ȧ = ra + wj lj + b − c − Rma = A/pjD

wj = Wj /p

lj

(13)
b = B/p

(2)
'
" ∞&
lj1+ψ
δ 2 −ρtmax
ln c + ln m −− ω e dt
c,m,ωj 0
1+ψ 2 jsubject to ȧ = ra + wj lj + b − c − Rm

(14)Ẇj = ωj Wj
ρ >0$ %−η(1+ψ)
1Wjδ
H = ln c + ln m −l1+ψ − ωj2
1+ψ W
2
$ %−η
Wj Wj
+ µ1 {ra +l + b − c − Rm} + µ2 ωj Wj
p
W
µ1

µ2

a

5

Wj

(15)

∂H
1
= − µ1 = 0
∂c
c
∂H
1
=
− µ1 R = 0∂mm∂H= −δωj + µ2 Wj = 0∂ωj∂Hµ̇1 = ρµ1 −= (ρ − r)µ1
∂a
( 1+ψ
)
ηlj
∂H
lj
µ̇2 = ρµ2 −= ρµ2 −
+ µ1 (1 − η) + µ2 ωj
∂Wj
Wj
p

(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)

j
Wj = Wωj = ω

lj = lċc+π+ρ=R =cmη 1+ψ 1 − η w
ω̇ = ρω − l
−
δ
δ z
(22)

NKPC

(16)–(20)
(21)
(22)

6

2.5
M

m

θ
Ṁ
=θ
M

(23)

ṁ
Ṁ
ṗ
=
− =θ−πmMp(24)m = M/p6

Erceg et al. (2000)

6

3
τ = w/zṘ = (R − ρ − θ)Rl˙ = (R − ρ − π − g)l
1−φ φ
− τ
γ
γ
η 1+ψ 1 − ηω̇ = ρω − l−τδδτ̇ = (ω − π − g)τ
π̇ = ρπ −R∗ = ρ + θ!
# 1
ρθδφ + (η − 1)γρ(θ − g) + (η − 1)(φ − 1) 1+ψ
∗
l =
φη

(26)

π∗ = θ − g(28)ω∗ = θ(29)τ∗ =γρ(θ − g) + φ − 1
φ

4




φ→∞:





γ → 0 :


η→∞:





δ → 0 :
7

(27)

(30)

7

φ, γ, η, δ

(25)

(25)

7

3.1

η → ∞, δ = 0

3• efficient level: l1∗ = 1 (φ → ∞, γ → 0, η → ∞, δ → 0)
1

• natural level: l2∗ = [ φ−1] 1+ψ (φ > 0, γ → 0, η → ∞, δ → 0)
φ1

• actual level: l3∗ = [ γρ(θ−g)+φ−1] 1+ψ (φ > 0, γ > 0, η → ∞, δ → 0)φefficient level

natural level
actual level

efficient level l1∗1l1∗ − l2∗ = 1 − [ φ−1] 1+ψ ≡ ζφnatural level l2∗

efficient level l1∗
1
1 − [ γρ(θ−g)+φ−1
] 1+ψ
φ

g

actual level l3∗

l1∗

l3∗

welfare-relevant gap
π∗ = 0l3∗ = [ φ−1
]
φ

1
1+ψ

θ=g

welfare-relevant gap

g

g

θ=g

welfare-relevant gap
output gap

1
welfare-relevant gap
divine coincidence8gl1∗ − l3∗

ζ

=

3.2

• efficient level: l1∗ = 1 (φ → ∞, γ → 0, η → ∞, δ → 0)
1

• natural level: l2∗ = [ (η−1)(φ−1)] 1+ψ (φ > 0, γ → 0, η > 0, δ → 0)φη1

• actual level: l3∗ = [ ρθδφ+(η−1)γρ(θ−g)+(η−1)(φ−1)] 1+ψ (φ > 0, γ > 0, η > 0, δ > 0)φηefficient level

natural level

actual level
θ=g

welfare-relevant gap

1
1 − [ ρθδφ+(η−1)(φ−1)
] 1+ψ
φη

θ=g

g
θ

welfare-relevant gap
welfare-relevant gap
output gap

2
welfare-relevant gap

3.3
γ 2
π y
2 i

γ
(πi − π ∗ )2 y2δ(ωj − ω ∗ )2
2

9

δ 2
ω
2 j

π∗

ω∗

natural level

actual level
welfare-relevant gap

4
DGE
divine coincidence
Blanchard and Galı́ (2007) sect.1

2
welfare-relevant gap

welfare-relevant gap

10

A
A.1
(25)
(25)

J1


R

 l∗


J1 = 
0

0

0

∗

0

0

0

−l

0

ρ

0

−(1 + ψ) ηδ l∗ψ

0

ρ

0

∗

0

0

0


0 


φ
−γ 

η−1 
δ 
0

−τ ∗ τ ∗

J1


(A1)

∆(x)
4
4
4
4
∗
−x
−l
0
0 4
4
4
4
φ4
4
0
ρ
−
x
0
−
4
γ4
∆(x) = (R∗ − x) 4
4=0
η
η−1
∗ψ
4−(1 + ψ) l0
ρ − x δ 44
4
δ
4
4
4
0
−τ ∗
τ∗
−x 4
1

(A2)

R∗

4
2

k +

5

φτ ∗ τ ∗ (η − 1)
+
γ
δ

6

k+

(1 + ψ)ηl∗(1+ψ) τ ∗ φ=0γδ

k = (ρ − x)x
k1 , k2 =(A3)
7∗(1+ψ) ∗∗∗τ ∗ (η−1)φτ ∗−{ γ + δ } ± { φτγ + τ (η−1)}2 − 4 (1+ψ)ηlγδ τ φ
δ

(A3)

2

(A4)

x2 − ρx + k1 = 0(A5)x2 − ρx + k2 = 0

(A6)

11

8

ρ2 − 4k182
ρ ± ρ2 − 4k2
x3 , x4 =2x1 , x2 =

k1

ρ±

k2

xi

(A7)
(A8)

i = 1, 2, 3, 4

2

2
R
R, l, π, ω

3

∗

(25)

4

[1] Blanchard, O. J. and J. Galı́ (2007), “Real Wage Rigidities and the New KeynesianModel,” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 39, 35–65.
[2] Blanchard, O. J. and N. Kiyotaki (1987), “Monopolistic Competition and the Effects
of Aggregate Demand,” American Economic Review 77, 647–666.
[3] Dixit, A. K. and J. E. Stiglitz (1977), “Monopolistic Competition and Optimum
Product Diversity,” American Economic Review 67, 297–308.
[4] Erceg, C., D. Henderson, and A. Levin (2000), “Optimal Monetary Policy with Staggered Wage and Price Contracts,” Journal of Monetary Economics 46, 281–313.
[5] Galı́, J. (2008), Monetary Policy, Inflation, and the Business Cycle: An Introduction
to the New Keynesian Framework, Princeton University Press.
[6] Roberts, J. M. (1995), “New Keynesian Economics and the Phillips Curve,” Journalof Money, Credit and Banking 27, 975–984.
[7] Rotemberg, J. J. (1982), “Sticky Prices in the United States,” Journal of Political
Economy 99, 1187–1211.
[8] Woodford, M. (2003), Interest and Prices, Princeton University Press.
12

長期フィリップス曲線は垂直か？
井上智洋

概要
本稿ではまず、主流派経済学において長期フィリップス曲線が垂直であると一般に考えられている理由を学説史的に検討する。また、ニューケインジアンの主導者達が「長期フィリップス曲線が垂直である」と主張しているにも関わらず、彼らのモデルで中心的な役割を担うニューケインジアンフィリップス曲線が、基本的には右下がりの長期フィリップス曲線をもたらすことを指摘する。次に、ニューケインジアンモ
デルと貨幣的成長モデルを統合したモデルにおいて、長期的な産出ギャップが発生する可能性のあることを示す。このモデルから得られる長期フィリップス曲線は右下がり、ないし屈曲的となる。

フィリップス曲線と貨幣の中立性

1

貨幣的成長理論「貨幣的成長理論」というマクロ経済学の分野では、貨幣が長期において超中立的であるか否かが盛んに議論されてきた1 。
「貨幣が中立的」とは、貨幣量が資本ストックなどの実質変数に影響しないことを意味する。それに対し、「貨幣が超中立的」とは、貨幣成長率が実質変数に影響しないことを意味する。中立性は短期（モデルの定常状態への移行過程）で、超中立性は長期（モデルの定常状態）で、それぞれ成立するか否かが問題となる。
貨幣的成長理論の研究では一般に、貨幣成長率の影響を受けるか否かの議論の対象となる実質変数は資本ストックであり、失業率や産出ギャップ2 ではない。これは、貨幣的成
貨幣的成長理論の研究では、Sidrausuki (1967) 以降、Money-in-Utility モデルを用いた分析が一般的である。
2「GDP ギャップ」と「産出ギャップ」は基本的には同じ意味を持つが、理論的な研究では「産出ギャップ」の方を使う傾向があるので、以下ではそちらを用いる。
11

長理論で構築されるモデル（以下、貨幣的成長モデル）では、インフレーションと失業のトレードオフの関係を表すフィリップス曲線が導入されておらず、そのために失業や産出ギャップが存在し得ないからである。以下では、失業率や産出ギャップにとっての貨幣の（超）中立性を考えたい。

様々なフィリップス曲線
貨幣的成長モデルにフィリップス曲線を導入したならば、貨幣の中立性はどうなるだ
ろうか。一般にフィリップス曲線は、失業率にとっての貨幣の短期的非中立性をもたらす
が、長期的非超中立性をもたらすか否かはフィリップス曲線のタイプに依存する。
表 1: フィリップス曲線 (PC) と貨幣の中立性

PC のタイプ

短期中立性

長期超中立性

自然失業率仮説

長期フィリップス曲線

OKPC

×

×

×

右下がり

EAPC

×

○

○

垂直

NKPC

×

×

×

右下がり

修正 NKPC

×

○

○

垂直

ケインジアンが伝統的に用いてきたフィリップス曲線をオールドケインジアンフィリップス曲線 (Old Keynesian Phillips Curve, OKPC) と呼ぶことにしよう。OKPC を導入した場合、短期でも長期でも貨幣の中立性あるいは超中立性が成り立たない（表 1 では×で表されている）3 。
したがって、長期的な失業率と物価上昇率の関係を表した「長期フィリップス曲線」は
図 1 のように右下がりとなり、「自然失業率仮説」は成立しない。
「自然失業率」とは、価格が完全に伸縮的である時に成立する失業率であり、「自然失業率仮説」は「長期における失業率は物価上昇率に依存せずに自然失業率の水準になる」という仮説である4 。
表 1 は、それぞれのフィリップス曲線の基本的な特徴を表しているが、モデルの作り方によってはそれらの特徴が完全には満たされなくなる。例えば、後で述べるように、失業率に下限がある場合に OKPC やNKPC を導入すると、長期フィリップス曲線は屈曲的になる。
4
厳密に言えば、「自然失業率仮説」と「失業率にとっての貨幣の長期的超中立性」という 2 つの概念は
3

2

物価 6
上昇率

物価 6
上昇率

自然失業率

自然失業率

Q

Q

Q

Q

O

Q
Q

Q

失業率
Q
Q
Q
QQ

O

Q

図 1: 右下がりの長期フィリップス曲線

失業率

図 2: 垂直の長期フィリップス曲線

OKPC の代わりに、ミルトン・フリードマンが示した期待修正フィリップス曲線（ExpectationAugmented Phillips Curve, EAPC) を用いれば、貨幣は長期超中立的となる。この場合、産出ギャップは短期に限られ、長期にはどのような貨幣政策を実施しようが、自然失業率（ないし自然産出水準）が達成される。図 2 にあるように、長期フィリップス曲線は自然失業率を表す点で垂直となる。OKPC は自然失業率仮説と非整合的だが、EAPC は整合的なのである。

ニューケインジアンの自己矛盾
OKPC は、ミクロ的な基礎を持たないとの批判を受けてきたが、それに対しニューケ
インジアンフィリップス曲線 (New Keynesian Phillips Curve, NKPC) は動学的最適化を行う経済主体の振る舞いから導出されており、ミクロ的な基礎を持つとされている。
現代のニューケインジアンは、NKPC を導入した一般均衡動学 (General Equilibrium

Dynamic, DGE) モデル5 を用いて、価格粘着性が引き起こす産出ギャップなどのマクロ経
済の歪みとそれを是正する金融政策の効果を分析することが多い。
ニューケインジアンモデルでは、長期において貨幣は超中立的となり自然失業率が達異なっている。貨幣成長率の変化が自然失業率そのものを変化させる場合、自然失業率仮説が成り立つにもかかわらず、貨幣の長期的超中立性が成り立たないという可能性が生じる。しかし、ここでは自然失業率が変化する可能性を排除して話を進める。
5
DGE モデルは、財市場、労働市場、貨幣市場などの全ての市場が常に均衡している動学モデルである。

3

成されるとしばしば誤解されている。実際には、NKPC は OKPC 同様に右下がりの長期
フィリップス曲線をもたらす。ニューケインジアンモデルは、自然失業率仮説と整合的ではないのである。
それにもかかわらず、ニューケインジアンの主導者達の多くが、貨幣の長期的超中立性と自然失業率仮説の妥当性を主張している6 。このような主張とニューケインジアンモデ
ルから得られる帰結は齟齬をきたしているが、これまでこの齟齬が問題視されたことは少ない。少ないながらも、例えばマッカラム (2004) の指摘がある。そこでは、1980 年にはケインジアンですらも自然失業率仮説に同意するようになったにもかかわらず、NKPCの出現が学界のこのコンセンサスを知らぬ間に覆してしまったと述べられている。

NKPC を修正して、自然失業率仮説との整合性を図ることは可能である。そのようなNKPC をここでは修正 NKPC(Modified New Keynesian Phillips Curve) と呼ぶことにしよう。NKPC には、カルボ、テーラー、ローテンバーグの 3 つのタイプがあるが、それぞれに対応した修正 NKPC を導出することができる。
ローテンバーグタイプを例にとって、NKPC と修正 NKPC のそれぞれを導出するための仮定を示そう7 。NKPC を導出する場合、物価の変化（あるいは名目賃金率の変化）にかかる調整費用を ∞2 º 2 と仮定する。∞ はパラメータであり、º は物価上昇率を表している。
このように仮定したならば、長期においても価格粘着性が残存し、自然失業率は必ずしも達成されない。
それに対し、 ∞2 (º ° º § )2 と仮定すれば、長期においては価格粘着性が消失し、必ず自然失業率が達成される。º § は定常状態の物価上昇率を表している。修正 NKPC を導入した
場合、自然失業率仮説と整合的なモデルとなるのである。
我々は、NKPC と修正 NKPC のどちらを使用すべきか。マッカラムは、自然失業率仮説を守るために修正 NKPC の方を使用すべきだと主張した8 。だが、そもそも自然失業率
6

例えば、グレゴリー・マンキューは、以下のように述べている。
デヴィッド・ヒュームのような古典派経済学者は、貨幣は長期的には中立的だが短期的にはそうではないと主張した。このような主張に、まさしくニューケインジアンは立脚している。(Mankiw 1992: p.5)

Rotemberg (1982) を参照のこと。
マッカラム (2004) は、カルボタイプの NKPC を取り上げ、ºt = Øºt+1 + ∞(yt ° ȳt ) といった通常のNKPC を ºt ° º § = Ø(ºt+1 ° º § ) + ∞(yt ° ȳt ) に書き換えるべきだと言っている。ただし、º は物価上昇
率、Ø は割引ファクター、y は産出水準、ȳ は自然産出水準である。
784

仮説は正しいのだろうか。

自然失業率仮説の妥当性

2

フリードマンによるフィリップス曲線に対する批判
自然失業率仮説が支持されている理由の 1 つは、1970 年代にケインジアンがフリードマンによって論難されて OKPC の理論的妥当性が否定されたと一般に認識されているからである9 。フリードマンによれば、雇用契約は名目賃金率ではなく実質賃金率を単位に決定され、労働市場の需給は実質賃金率の変化によって調整される。それが経済学の伝統的かつ正当な考え方であるという。
フィリップス曲線を生み出したアルバン・フィリップスは物価が完全に硬直的であるというケインジアン的な前提の下で話を進めている。その前提の下では、労働の需給が名目賃金率の関数だろうが、実質賃金率の関数だろうが違いはない。だが、経済学の伝統に従うならば、正確には実質賃金率の関数の方を採用すべきであり、物価が変動するような現実経済を分析する際には、それを採用するより他ない。このようにフリードマンは主張している。
そして、実質賃金率の調整が即座に成されるとするならば、物価上昇率に関する予見が正確である限り、常に労働市場の需給を均衡させるような実質賃金率になるはずである。
そうであれば、物価上昇率の変化は名目賃金上昇率の変化に完全に反映され得る。ただ、短期的には貨幣錯覚があるかもしれない。現実の物価上昇率と予想物価上昇率とのギャップが生じ、それが自然失業率水準からの乖離をもたらす可能性がある。それゆえに、「インフレーションと失業の間には短期の『トレードオフ』が存在するが、長期の『トレードオフ』は存在しない」(Friedman 1977 : 訳書 61 ページ) ということになる。

9Friedman (1977) では、以下のように OKPC の背景にある考え方が批判されている。
フィリップスの分析はとても説得力があり自明なものであるようにみえるが、全く誤ったものである。それが誤りであるのは、これまで経済理論家がだれ一人として、労働の需給が名目賃金率（ポンドで表した賃金率）の関数であるとは断言してないからである。(Friedman
1977 : 訳書 53 ページ)5

ケインジアンの理論とケインズの理論
当時の主流派ケインジアン（新古典派総合ケインジアン）10 が、上記のフリードマンの批判によって勢いを失ったのは、彼らがケインズ革命の核心部分を十分に摂取しなかったからであろう。その核心部分は『雇用・利子および貨幣の一般理論』(Keynes 1936、以下『一般理論』) の序章にあり、そこでは新古典派のものとは異なる「ケインズ経済学のミクロ的基礎」が述べられている。
ケインズはこの序章で、雇用契約が実質賃金率ではなく名目賃金率（貨幣賃金率）を単位に決定されることを強調し、労働市場を均衡へと導く実質賃金率の変化が生じ得ないということを主張している11 。ケインズの有効需要の原理は、この「名目ベースでの賃金決定」というミクロ的事象を基礎に妥当性が主張されている。
ケインジアンは、ケインズの理論のこのような特徴を捨て去ることで、新古典派との「総合」を図った。つまり、新古典派と同様に、実質賃金率の変化によって労働市場が調整されるものと想定した。そのうえで、名目賃金率と雇用率との関係を表すフィリップス
曲線 (OKPC) を導入した。これらは互いに矛盾しており、その点をフリードマンに指摘されたことで、ケインジアンの理論は揺るがされたのである。
ケインズは後に続く多くのケインジアンとは異なって、新古典派からの遺産である「労働の需給が実質賃金率の関数である」との想定を相続しなかった。そして、労働市場を調整させるのは、実質賃金率の変化ではなく有効需要量の変化であると主張した。前者による調整を「新古典派的調整機能」、後者による調整を「ケインズ的調整機能」とそれぞれ呼ぶことにしよう。ケインズと新古典派の理論の違いは、価格粘着性により市場調整が成され難いか否かに存するのではなく、そもそも調整のされ方が全く異なっているのである。
これらの調整機能に関する見解の相違は、失業を「有効需要不足による非自発的失業」

10

新古典派総合ケインジアンとは、ケインズ経済学を新古典派経済学に組み込んだポール・サミュエルソンの流れを汲むケインジアンを意味する。他に、ジェームズ・トービンやフランコ・モディリアーニなどがこの学派に含まれる。
11
例えば、『一般理論』の以下のような箇所である。
平生の経験の教えるところでは、労働者が実質賃金よりも（ある範囲内では）むしろ貨幣
賃金で賃金契約を結ぶのは 1 つの可能性どころか、常態でさえある。このことに疑問の余地はない。(Keynes 1936 : 訳書 14 ページ)

6

と見なすか、「高過ぎる実質賃金率による自発的失業」と見なすかの違いを生み出し12 、さらに、理論的な体系全体をも大きく異なったものにする。つまり、新古典派とケインズの理論では、· 新古典派：実質賃金率→雇用量→供給量→需要量· ケインズ：需要量→供給量→雇用量→実質賃金率というように変数の決定される順序が逆になる。それはまた「有効需要の原理」を採るか「セー法則」を採るかの違いでもある。すなわち、新古典派の理論では供給が需要を決定するが、ケインズの理論では需要が供給を決定する。
なお、ケインズは「ケインズ的調整機能」は自己調整的ではないので積極的な有効需要政策が必要であると考えた。「経済体系をこのような線に沿って自己調整的とすることは不可能である」(Keynes 1936 : 訳書下巻 18 ページ)。それに対し、アーサー・ピグーは「ケインズ的調整機能」が自己調整的であることを主張した。ピグー効果13 は、ピグーを『一般理論』で批判したケインズへの再批判のために示された。この効果は、ケインズの
有効需要の原理を前提としたうえでなおマクロ経済が自律的に調整される要因として取り上げられている点に注意が必要である。ピグー効果が存在するならば、「ケインズ的調整機能」は自己調整的である。その場合の調整機能を特に「ケインズ=ピグー的調整機能」と呼ぶことにする。

独占競争的な労働市場における調整機能
それでは、なぜ名目ベースでの賃金契約が成されると、実質賃金率の変化ではなく有効需要量の変化によってしか、労働市場が調整されないのだろうか。その点については、労働市場が独占競争的であると想定するとより明確に説明できる。
労働市場に 1 つの代表的企業と一人の代表的な労働者しか存在しないならば、企業と労働者は実質ベースの契約を交わすことができる。労働の需要と供給が均衡しない時には、両者の間で実質賃金率を調整することによって、需給均衡へと導くことができる。

1213

例えば、Dillard (1948) を参照のこと。
ピグー効果は、価格の下落による実質貨幣残高の増大が消費需要を増大させる効果を意味する。

7

それに対し、ニューケインジアン14 が度々想定するように、労働市場が独占競争的であり、異質的な労働力を持った複数の労働者が存在する場合には、各労働者はそれぞれの相対賃金を調整することで、自らの労働力に対する需要を望むところに誘導しようとする。
標準的なニューケインジアンのセットアップ15 に基づくと、異質的な労働力 i の需要関
数は

hi =

µ

Wi
W

∂°¡

h,

¡>1

のようになる。ここで、Wi は異質的な労働力 i の名目賃金率、W は平均的な名目賃金率、

h は集計的な労働力の数量である16 。
このような経済で労働需要が不足している時に、労働者 i は自分の名目賃金率 Wi を引
き下げることで、「相対賃金」（平均的な名目賃金率 W に対する自分の名目賃金率 Wi の割合、すなわち Wi /W ）を低下させ、労働需要を増大させようとする。ここで、各人が決定する変数が、名目賃金率 Wi であることに注目されたい。
ところが、マクロ経済に産出ギャップが存在し、全般的に労働需要が不足している場合、全ての労働者が相対賃金を一斉に引き下げようとするので、結局相対賃金は引き下がらない。だが、各人の名目賃金率 Wi とその平均である W はともに下落する。
ここで、話を単純にするために、名目賃金率が粘着的、財の価格が伸縮的であると仮定
しよう17 。すると、名目賃金率はゆっくりと下落し、財の価格は完全に名目賃金率の下落速度に応じて下落することになる。この因果関係によっては、実質賃金率は変化しない18 。
14

ニューケインジアンの理論に批判的な論者は、それがケインズの理論と掛け離れていると指摘することが多い。ニューケインジアンを含む主流派経済学は、経済主体の完全予見（合理的期待）を想定するのに対し、ケインズは不確実性の重要性を強調したと言われている (例えば、Davidson 1994)。ところが、『一般理論』の序論では、そのような不確実性について中心的に論じられているわけではない。そこでは、ケイン
ズ理論のミクロ的基礎付けが行われており、ミクロ的基礎付けを重視するニューケインジアンの経済学との類似点が見出され得る。
15
ディキシット=スティグリッツ型関数を導入したモデルを意味する (Dixit and Stiglitz 1977)。
¡
∑
∏ ¡°1
R 1 ¡°1¡
16
集計的な労働力の数量 h は、h = 0 hi diのようなディキシット=スティグリッツ型の関数

によって与えられるものとする。W はより正確に言うと、集計的な労働力の名目賃金率であり、W =
1
hR
i 1°¡
1
1°¡
W
di
である。このように、労働者が 0 から 1 に連続的に分布している場合、W は平均的な名i
0目賃金率と等しくなる。
17
逆に名目賃金率が伸縮的、財の価格が粘着的とすると、実質賃金率の直接的な変化が生じる。だが、現
実経済では一般に名目賃金率の方が遥かに粘着的であるので、この仮定は妥当ではない。
18「賃金は労働の限界生産物に等しい」という古典派の第一公準（ないし、それに独占度を考慮したヴァー

8

名目賃金率の下落の分だけ財の価格も下落するので、実質賃金率は変化しないのである。
そして、財の価格すなわち物価が下落すると、ピグー効果により有効需要が増大し、労働需要も増大する。こうして、それぞれの労働者自身の意図しない効果により、労働市場の需給の調整が成し遂げられるのである。
このような労働市場の調整は実質賃金率の変化によるものではなく、物価つまり財と貨幣との交換比率の変化による有効需要の変化によって引き起こされている。前者は「新古典派的調整機能」であり、後者は「ケインズ=ピグー的調整機能」である。
以上で見たように、ニューケインジアンモデルは、『一般理論』の序章で示された「有効需要の原理」のミクロ的基礎と整合的な特徴を部分的にだが持っており、その点においてフリードマンのような新古典派の提示するモデルとは異なっている。
異質的な労働力を持った複数の労働者が存在する経済の方が、一人の代表的な労働者しか存在しない経済よりも現実的であると考えられる。したがって、ニューケインジアンモ
デルから得られた帰結がフリードマンのモデルの帰結つまり自然失業率仮説と異なっているからと言って、NKPC を自然失業率仮説と整合的になるように修正する必要はない。
そうであれば、後は NKPC を含むモデルから得られる帰結が、実証データと照らして妥当性を持つか否かが問われるだろう。その点については、次節の最後で論じる。以下
ではまず、経済主体のミクロ的振る舞いに基づいて導出された NKPC をそのまま受け入れ、それを修正することなく導入したモデルからどのような帰結がもたらされるかを考えたい。

3

ニューケインジアンモデルと貨幣的成長モデルの統合

貨幣成長と技術的失業
Inoue and Tsuzuki (2011) では、オリジナルな NKPC と貨幣成長の両方を導入した DGE
モデルが提示されている。これはまた、ニューケインジアンモデルと貨幣的成長モデルのジョン）が常に成立し続けていることに注意されたい。したがって、モデルによっては、有効需要が増大し労働需要が増大すると、労働の限界生産力が低下し実質賃金率も低下する可能性がある。しかし、この低下は名目賃金率の下落から直接引き起こされるわけではない。なお、本稿の付録のモデルでは実質賃金率
W/p は常に 1 であり全く変化しない。

9

「統合モデル」として位置付けることができる。本稿の付録では、そのようなモデルの最も簡単なヴァージョンが展開されている。
このモデルの定常状態を分析すると、図 1 のような右下がりの長期フィリップス曲線が得られる。ここで、技術進歩が存在しなければ、貨幣成長率をゼロにすることにより、物価上昇率をゼロにし、長期における自然失業率を達成することができる。
金融当局が、貨幣量を一定のまま放置しておき、特に貨幣量を増やす努力をしなかったとしても、長期的には理想の経済状態が実現し得る。短期的な不況はあるにせよ、それは待っていればいずれ解決する問題に過ぎない、ということになる。
ところが、上記のモデルにさらに技術進歩を導入すると、貨幣量が一定のままでは、長期的な不況がもたらされ、マクロ経済は自然失業率に復する傾向を持たなくなる。すなわ
ち、技術進歩率が正で貨幣成長率がゼロであれば、モデルの定常状態においてマイナスの産出ギャップが発生するのである。この時、技術進歩率が高ければ高いほど、マイナスの産出ギャップは拡大する。このような技術進歩によるマイナスの産出ギャップに応じて発生する失業を、「技術的失業」19 と呼ぶことができる。
ここから、政策当局の介入が存在しないようなレッセフェール経済では、必ず技術的失業が発生すると言える。あるいは、貨幣が非（超）中立的な経済では、そもそもレッセ
フェールはあり得ないと言うこともできる。
なぜなら、貨幣が非（超）中立的な経済では、貨幣量ないし貨幣成長率をどのような水準に設定するかという中央銀行の課題が不可避的に発生するので、中央銀行が経済に全く介入しない状態はあり得ないからである。

Mankiw and Romer (1991) ではこう書かれている。
恐らく、通常の時には見えざる手が経済をうまく導くだろう。しかし、見えざる手は麻痺しやすい。大恐慌のような出来事は、異なった理論、壮大な規模の市場の失敗を説明し得る理論を必要とする。(Mankiw and Romer 1991 :p.1)
このような見解は経済学者の間で広く共有されている。しかしながら、筆者は「通常の時には見えざる手が経済をうまく導く」という主張に反対する。なぜなら、見えざる手に
技術的失業、つまり技術進歩によって発生する失業の問題は、19 世紀には、シスモンディやマルサスなどの古典派の経済学者によって度々俎上に載せられた。リカードも技術的失業の可能性について論じたが、彼はそれを一時的な問題に過ぎないと考えた。
19

10よってのみ調整される経済など、今やどこにもないからである。現実経済では、常に我々自身の「見える手」によって貨幣が発行され続けている。この「見える手」によって貨幣量を絶えず増大させ続けなければ、技術的失業は解消されず自然失業率が達成されることもない。、

統合モデルの帰結とその含意
貨幣的成長モデルとニューケインジアンモデルを統合した Inoue and Tsuzuki (2011) や
本稿の付録で展開したモデルから得られる帰結を、改めて以下に示す。

· 貨幣成長率と技術進歩率の差が定常状態の物価上昇率となる· 貨幣成長率と技術進歩率の差に応じて定常状態における産出ギャップが発生する
さらに、この 2 つの命題を合わせると、· 貨幣成長率が技術進歩率より高い時、長期的にインフレーションと好況が生じる· 貨幣成長率が技術進歩率より低い時、長期的にデフレーションと不況が生じる· 貨幣成長率が技術進歩率と等しい時、長期的にゼロインフレと自然失業率が実現するということができる。
したがって、ゼロインフレと自然失業率を目指す場合に我々は、長期的に技術進歩率と同じ率で貨幣量を増大させるべきである。それは、フリードマンの k%ルールと似たような主張である。だが、ここではフリードマンのように裁量的な貨幣政策を否定したいわけではない。適切な貨幣政策を取り続けたならば、長期トレンドとしては、技術進歩率に等しい貨幣成長率になると述べるに留まっている。
ただし、通常名目賃金率は下方により硬直的であり、上方により伸縮的である。この非対称性を考慮に入れると、貨幣成長率が技術進歩率を十分上回っていないと自然失業率が得られないことになる。その時、物価上昇率はゼロを上回る。これは、一般に適切なインフレ目標が 2%や 3%とされていることと整合的である。
いずれにせよ、中央銀行が貨幣量を十分な率で増大させなければ、失業は持続し長期的な問題となる。技術進歩の止むことがない近代以降の経済は、不断に技術的失業の危機に11

さらされている。通常、長期に渡る技術的失業が観察されないのは、貨幣量の増大によってかかる危機が無害化され、その危険性が覆い隠されているからである。ところが、貨幣成長率が低くなれば、それは顕在化し深刻な経済問題となる。
平成不況は、そのような問題の実例として考えられる。今日では、平成不況の原因は需要側にあったという考えが多勢を占めており、その中でもマネーサプライの低迷が有力視されている20 。低い貨幣成長率が持続的なデフレ不況をもたらすという本稿の帰結は、そのような実証結果と整合的である。

屈曲的な長期フィリップス曲線
図 1 のフィリップス曲線を左方に伸ばしていったらどうなるだろうか。失業率はゼロを下回ることは有り得ないので、図 3 のように縦軸にぶつかるところで屈曲するはずである。あるいは、失業率は摩擦的失業が存在する分、一定率以下にはならないと考えることもできるし、またその率が自然失業率に等しいと考えることもできる（図 4）。

物価 6
上昇率

物価 6
上昇率

自然失業率

自然失業率

HH

HH

O

H

HH

HH

HH

失業率

O

失業率

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

図 3: 屈曲的な長期フィリップス曲線 1

図 4: 屈曲的な長期フィリップス曲線 2

これらのグラフは、Akerlof et al. (1996) が、長期フィリップス曲線として表したグラフと同様の意味を持つ。すなわち、物価上昇率を高めることにより、失業率を長期的に自然失業率より低く保つことはできないが、低い物価上昇率は、自然失業率より高い失業率

20

例えば、堀・伊藤 (2002) は、マネーサプライ要因の重要性を実証的に確認している。

12

を長期的にもたらし続けるのである。これは、マネタリストが真実の片側しか言い当てていないことを意味する。
長期において自然失業率未満に失業率を下げられないのは当然であり、物価上昇率が高い時にはフィリップス曲線は垂直となる。したがって、我々が関心を持つべきなのは、物
価上昇率が低い時に、長期フィリップス曲線が垂直であるか否かである。そして、それは理論的には右下がりなのである。
物価上昇率が比較的高い時のデータを集計して計測すると、自然失業率仮説と整合的な実証結果が導かれることに注意する必要がある。マクロ経済学は 20 世紀の後半に急速に発達した学問であるが、その期間多くの主要国が比較的高い物価上昇率を経験していた。
したがって、これまでの実証結果が自然失業率仮説を支持したとしても、何の不思議もない。
しかしながら、長期デフレ不況を経験している我々は、長期フィリップス曲線が物価上昇率の低い部分では右下がりになっていると考えるべきだろう。そして、低い物価上昇率の経済でインフレーションと失業が長期的にトレードオフの関係にあると主張する研究が近年増えてきている (Akerlof et al. 1996, Benigno and Ricci 2008)。
ニューケインジアンモデルと貨幣的成長モデルを統合したモデルの定常状態を分析した
結果得られた「屈曲的な長期フィリップス曲線」は、これまで自然失業率仮説が成り立つ
ように見えたことと矛盾しないうえに、長期デフレ不況の発生という新たな事態を包摂することができる。

4

おわりに現代の主流派経済学では、長期において貨幣成長率は産出量や失業率などの実質的な経済変数には影響を及ぼさず、必ず自然産出水準や自然失業率が達成されると考えられている。ところが、主流派の短期モデルであるニューケインジアンモデルで導入される NKPC
は自然失業率仮説と整合的ではない。ただし、自然失業率仮説と整合的になるように修正した NKPC(修正 NKPC) を用いることもできる。我々はどちらのフィリップス曲線を用いるべきだろうか。
経済に代表的な一人の労働者しか存在しない場合は、フリードマンが主張するように、企業と労働者は実質ベースの契約を交わすことができるので、互いに実質賃金率を調整す

13

ることによって労働の需給を均衡させられる。それに対し、ニューケインジアンが度々想定するように、経済に異質的な労働力を持った複数の労働者が存在する場合には、労働者
は自らの実質賃金率を直接調整することはできない。このようにフリードマンが主張したような調整機能が存在しないのだから、ニューケインジアンモデルの展開の際に、自然失業率仮説と整合的となるように NKPC を修正する必要はない。
修正なしのオリジナルな NKPC を含むニューケインジアンモデルと貨幣的成長モデルを統合したモデルを用いた分析の結果、技術進歩率に比べて低い貨幣成長率が長期的なデフレ不況を生み出すことが明らかになった。現代の主流派経済学では、長期の需要不足はあり得ないと考えられているが、そうではないのである。そして、この結果は、平成不況に関する実証結果と整合的である。また、失業率に下限を設けた場合、「屈曲的な長期フィリップス曲線」が導出される。この曲線は、20 世紀後半の物価上昇率が高い時代に
自然失業率仮説が成り立つように見えたことと、今日のような物価上昇率が低い時代に長期不況が観察されることの両方に説明を与えることができる。

付録：統合モデルの例

A

ニューケインジアンモデルと貨幣的成長モデルを統合したモデルの最も簡単なヴァー
ジョンを以下で展開する。

企業
企業は、異質的な労働力をディキシット=スティグリッツ型の関数に従って集計し、消費財を生産する21 。 消費財の供給量 y は、

y(= h) =

∑Z 1
0

¡°1
¡

hi

¡
∏ ¡°1
di

(A.1)

によって与えられる。¡ は異質的な労働力の間の代替の弾力性を表すパラメータであり、¡ > 1 とする。hi (¥ zli ) は、異質的な労働力 i の効率労働単位の数量である。 li は家計 iの雇用量 (労働量) である。z は労働者の技術水準であり、外生的な技術進歩率 g で増大す
21

Dixit and Stiglitz (1977) および Blanchard and Kiyotaki (1987) を参照のこと。

14

る。すなわち、ż/z = g である。h は集計的な労働力である。式 (A.1) は、消費財を 1 単位作るのに、集計的な労働力が 1 単位必要だということを表してもいる。

Wi は家計 i によって設定される異質的な労働力 i の名目賃金率である。企業がそのコス
1
hR
i 1°¡
° W ¢°¡
11°¡i
トを最小化する時、hi = W
h が成立する。ただし、W は W = 0 Wi di
である。企業が完全競争市場におかれており、その利潤がゼロだと仮定すると、消費財の販売
価格 p は p = W となる。

家計
家計 i は毎期、消費 ci と実質貨幣残高 mi から効用を、雇用（労働）li から不効用を得る。また、家計は、資産として貨幣と国債を持つ。国債は既発債のみが市場で取引されているものとする。家計 i は、次のような動学的最適化問題に直面する。
#
Z 1"
li1+√
∞ 2 °Ωtmax
ln ci + ln mi °° ! e dt
ci ,mi ,!i 0
1+√ 2 isubject to ȧi = rai + wi hi ° ci ° Rmi ,
µ ∂°¡
Wi
hi =
h, hi = zliWẆi = !i Wi√(> 0) は労働の限界不効用の弾力性を表すパラメータである。!i は名目賃金率 Wi の変
化率 Ẇi /Wi である。 ∞2 !i2 は名目賃金率を変更することに伴う調整費用を表している22 。∞
は調整費用の大きさを表すパラメータであり、∞ ! 0 ならば名目賃金率は伸縮的、∞ > 0
ならば粘着的となる。Ω(> 0) は家計の主観的割引率である。ai は実質資産残高、R は国債の名目利子率、r(¥ R ° º) は実質利子率、º(¥ ṗ/p) は物価上昇率、wi (¥ Wi /p) は異質的な労働力 i の実質賃金率である。Rmi は貨幣を持つことの機会費用を表している。
この動学的最適化問題を解くと、ċc+Ω+º =R=
c
m
∑
∏
!˙
h
1
1+√
= Ω + (¡ ° 1) ° ¡l
!
c
∞!
22

Rotemberg (1982) を参照のこと。

15

(A.2)
(A.3)

が得られる。ただし、ci = c、mi = m、li = l、!i = ! 、ai = a、hi = h と置き換えている。これらの i の付されていない変数は、全ての家計で等しくなる消費量や貨幣残高などを表している。全ての家計が同じ行動方程式にしたがっているので、事後的にはこのような置き換えが可能である。式 (A.2) はケインズ＝ラムゼイルールであり、式 (A.3) は賃金
版ニューケインジアンフィリップス曲線を表している。

微分方程式系と定常状態
貨幣量 M は中央銀行によって一定の率 µ(> 0) で増大させられるものとする。すなわ
ち、Ṁ /M = µ である。消費財の市場清算条件 c = y および ! = º を考慮すると、次のよ
うな微分方程式系を得る。

Ṙ
= R ° Ω ° µ,Rただし、Æ ¥ ¡°1
である。
¡

£
§ ¡
º̇
= Ω + Æ ° l1+√
,
º
∞º

l˙
=R°Ω°º°gl

この微分方程式系の非自明な定常値は、

R§ = Ω + µ,º § = µ ° g,

l§ =

µ

Ω∞º §
+Æ
¡

1
∂ 1+√

(A.4)

となる。ただし、*の付された変数は定常値を表している。
式 (A.4) から、以下のことが分かる。定常状態における利子率 R§ は主観的割引率 Ω と貨幣成長率 µ との和である。物価上昇率 º § は貨幣成長率 µ と技術進歩率 g との差である。
雇用量 l§ は物価上昇率 º § が高いほど大きくなる。自然雇用水準すなわち、名目賃金率が1

伸縮的な経済 (∞ ! 0) の雇用水準 ln は、ln = Æ 1+√ である。これは名目賃金率が粘着的な経済であっても、º § (= µ ° g) = 0 の時に達成される。なお、自然産出水準 yn は、yn ¥ zlnと定義される。これらの分析結果から、(1) 貨幣成長率と技術進歩率の差が定常状態の物
価上昇率であり、(2) 貨幣成長率と技術進歩率の差に応じて定常状態における雇用ギャップ（産出ギャップ）が発生すると言える。

16

参考文献
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1-76.
Benigno, P. and L. A. Ricci (2008), “The Inflation-Unemployment Trade-Oﬀ at Low Inflation,”
NBER Working Paper No.13986.
Blanchard, O. J. and N. Kiyotaki (1987), “Monopolistic Competition and the Eﬀects of Aggregate Demand,” American Economic Review, 77(4): 647-666.
Davidson, P. (1994), Post Keynesian Macroeconomic Theory, E.Elgar. (渡辺良夫・小山庄三
訳『ポスト・ケインズ派のマクロ経済学』多賀出版 、1997 年。)

Dillard, D. (1948), The Economics of John Maynard Keynes, Prentice-Hall. (岡本好弘訳『J.M.
ケインズの経済学』東洋経済新報社、1973 年。)

Dixit, A. K. and J. E. Stiglitz (1977), “Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product
Diversity,” American Economic Review, 67(3): 297-308.
Friedman, M. (1977), Inflation and Unemployment : The New Dimension of Politics, London: Institute of Economic Aﬀairs. (保坂 直達『インフレーションと失業』マグロウヒル好学社、1978 年。)

Inoue, T. and E. Tsuzuki (2011), “A New Keynesian Model with Technological Change,”
Economics Letters, 110(3): 206-208.
Keynes, J. M. (1936), The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Macmillan
Press. (間宮陽介訳『雇用・利子および貨幣の一般理論』岩波文庫上下巻、2008 年。)
Mankiw, N. G. (1992), “The Reincarnation of Keynesian Economics,” European Economic
Review, 36: 559-565.
Mankiw, N. G. and D. Romer (ed.) (1991), New Keynesian Economics, MIT Press.
Rotemberg, J. J. (1982), “Sticky Prices in the United States,” Journal of Political Economy,
90(6): 1187-1211.
Sidrauski, M. (1967), “Rational Choice and Patterns of Growth in a Monetary Economy,”
American Economic Review, 57(2): 534-544.
堀雅博・伊藤靖晃 (2002),「財政政策か金融政策か : マクロ時系列分析による素描」岩田規久

17

男・原田泰編『デフレ不況の実証分析』東洋経済新報社。
マッカラム, ベネット T. (2004),「貨幣の長期中立性と現代の政策分析」金融研究第 23 巻第 4号。

18

ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᩍ⫱ຠᯝࢆᣢࡘࡢ࠿ᑠᯘ 㔜ே1*㸪ྜྷ⏣ ᫀᖾ2*㸪ᶫᮏ ᩗ 1
s-kobaya@jaist.ac.jp, yoshida@juen.ac.jp, hash@jaist.ac.jp

What is Educational Effect of Community Currency Game?
KOBAYASHI Shigeto, YOSHIDA Masayuki, and HASHIMOTO Takashi
1 ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
1.1 Ꮫ⩦ࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ᆅᇦࡢ⤒῭࡜ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕཮᪉ࡢάᛶ໬ࢆᅗࡿ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࡛࠶ࡿᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ௙⤌ࡳࡸ≉ᛶࢆᏛ⩦ࡍࡿࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒࡜ࡣ≉ᐃࡢᆅᇦ♫఍࡟࠾
ࡅࡿᵝࠎ࡞୺య㸦㎰ᐙ㸪ၟᗑ㸪㣧㣗ᗑ࡞࡝㸧ࢆᢸ࠺ࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖࡀἲᐃ㏻㈌࡜ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆά
⏝ࡋ࡚㈈ࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ㸪࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔࡞࡝ࢆྲྀࡾᘬࡁࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࣐ࣝࢳࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖᑐ㠃ᆺࡢ࢔ࢼࣟࢢࢤ࣮࣒࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡲ࡛㛗ᒸᕷᕝཱྀᆅᇦࡸ໭ᾏ㐨໭ぢᕷ㸪ୖ㉺ᩍ⫱኱Ꮫ࡞࡝࡛⾜࠸㸪ᐇ㝿࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆᑟධࡍࡿᆅᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚ά⏝ࡍࡿࢶ࣮ࣝࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ
఩⨨௜ࡅ㸪ࡑࡢά⏝᪉ἲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦ྜྷ⏣㸪2012㸧㸬୍⯡ⓗ࡟㸪ࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢࡣᏛ⩦ࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ຠᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸬㜵⅏
ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓᏛࡧ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡓྜྷᕝ㸦2008㸧࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢཧຍ⪅ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࢆ㏻
ࡌ࡚≉ᐃࡢ▱㆑ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪⌧ᐇ࡟Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿၥ㢟ᵓ㐀ࡢ⌮ゎࡸ⮬ࡽ⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡑࢀ
⮬యࢆᏛࡪࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪⅏ᐖ࡟క࠺ᵝࠎ࡞ฟ᮶஦࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࠸࠿࡟᣺ࡿ⯙࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࡢࡒࡲࡋ࠸ࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࢤ࣮࣒ཧຍ⪅ྠኈࡀᏛࡧ࠶࠸㸪⏕ࡌࡓ⅏ᐖ࠿ࡽࡢ஧ḟⓗ⿕ᐖࢆ᭱ᑠ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬୍᪉㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡣ㸪ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ௙⤌ࡳࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞
ࡃ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢᑟධẁ㝵࡟࠾ࡅࡿไᗘタィ⿵ຓࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ౑⏝ࢆ┠ⓗ࡟㛤Ⓨ㸪ᐇ㊶ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦ྜྷ⏣㸪2012㸧㸬ࡇࢀࡲ࡛⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡶྜྷᕝࡀᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪ཧຍ⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ௙⤌ࡳࡸ≉ᛶ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ▱㆑ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ࡟క࠺ᵝࠎ࡞ၥ㢟≧ἣࡢㄆ㆑㸪ࡑࡋ࡚⮬ࡽ⏕άࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡓሙྜ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟
᣺ࡿ⯙࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀᆅᇦ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⮬ศ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚Ⰻ࠸ࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡿᶵ఍ࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡀࢤ࣮࣒ཧຍ⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព㆑ࡢኚᐜࢆࡶࡓࡽ
ࡍࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸬ᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢⅬ࡟╔┠ࡋ࡚㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢཧຍ⪅ࡀࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ౯್ព㆑ࡢኚᐜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿ㸬ḟ࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟㛵ࢃࡿ౯್ព㆑࡜ࡋ࡚᝿ᐃࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜࡜ࡍࡿ㸬
1.2 ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢᚠ⎔࡟㛵ࢃࡿ౯್ព㆑
᪥ᮏ࡛⌧ᅾࡲ࡛࡟ 650 ௨ୖࡢᆅᇦ࡛ᑟධࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒
࡛ࡶ᝿ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡞㸪࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢつᶍࢆ⥔ᣢࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㛗ᮇ࡟Ώࡗ࡚ᆅᇦ⤒῭࡜ᆅᇦࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢάᛶ໬ࢆ㐩ࡋࡓ౛ࡣᩘᑡ࡞࠸㸬࡞ࡐᑟධ๓࡟ㅻࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢຠᯝ
࡜⌧ᐇࡢຠᯝ࡟ࡣ኱ࡁ࡞஋㞳ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿㸬ࡇࢀࡲ࡛⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ୺࡞ཎ
1໭㝣ඛ➃⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡኱Ꮫ㝔኱Ꮫ ▱㆑⛉Ꮫ◊✲⛉ ࠛ923-1292 ▼ᕝ┴⬟⨾ᕷ᪫ྎ 1 ୎┠ 1ୖ㉺ᩍ⫱኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ᩍ⫱◊✲⛉ ࠛ943-8512 ᪂₲┴ୖ㉺ᕷᒣᒇᩜ⏫ 1*These authors contributed equally to this work.
2

1ᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟ཧຍࡍࡿఫẸࡸᗑ⯒ࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀ≉ᐃࡢཧຍ⪅ࡸᅋయ࡟⁫␃ࡍࡿ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀ᝿ᐃࡋࡓὶ㏻ࢫ࣮࣒࢟㏻ࡾ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦୚ㅰ㔝௚㸪2006㸧㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆຠᯝⓗ࡟ᚠ⎔ࡉࡏࡿ᮲௳ࢆ᥈ࢁ࠺࡜ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢὶ㏻
ࡸ฼⏝⪅ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᐇドⓗ࡟ศᯒ࣭ホ౯ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᐇド◊✲࡛ࡣ኱ࡁࡃศ
ࡅ࡚࣐ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࠕᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢὶ㏻ࠖ࡜࣑ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࠕᆅᇦఫẸࡢ౯್࣭ព㆑࣭⾜ືࡢኚᐜࠖࡀศᯒࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᰩ⏣㸪2010㸧㸬ᚋ⪅ࡀศᯒࡉࢀࡿ⌮⏤ࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟ࡣ࣎ࣛ
ࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡸ┦஫ᢇຓⓗ࡞ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㠀ၟᴗάືࡀ௓ᅾࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪⤒῭ຠ⋡ᛶࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ఫẸࡢព㆑࣭౯್ほࡸ័⩦ࡀᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢᚠ⎔ࡢᅉᯝ㛵ಀࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡
ࢡࡢ୰࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ḟ࡟ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟୺ᙇ࡛ࡁࡿ⌮⏤ࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺㸬⤒῭つᶍ࡜ᣢ⥆ྍ⬟ᛶ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ᡂຌࡢ᮲௳ࢆഛ࠼ࡓᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟ࣈࣛࢪࣝࡢࣃ࣐ࣝࢫ㖟⾜ࡢ౛ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ᑠᯘࡽ㸦2012㸧ࡣ㸪ࣃ࣐ࣝࢫ㖟⾜ࡢ⌧ᆅㄪᰝࢆࡋ㸪ఫẸࡀ᭷ࡍࡿᆅᇦ㐃ᖏࡢ౯್ព㆑ࡀᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢຠᯝⓗ࡞ὶ㏻࡟ᐤ୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆぢฟࡋࡓ㸬ᆅᇦ㐃ᖏࡢ౯್ព
㆑࡜ࡣ㸪ఫẸྠኈࡢಙ㢗ࡸ஫㓘ᛶ࡜࠸ࡗࡓㄆ▱ⓗࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ3ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࡸᆅᇦάື࡬ࡢ୺యᛶ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᆅᇦ㈉⊩ࡢព㆑ࡶྵࡲࢀࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪⌧ᅾࡲ࡛࡟ 5 ࢝ᅜ࡛ᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㈌ᖯ࡟㛵ࡍࡿព㆑ㄪᰝ࠿ࡽࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀຠᯝ
ⓗ࡟ὶ㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡛ࡣఫẸࡢ㈌ᖯࡢከᵝᛶࢆ᫝ㄆࡍࡿഴྥࡀὶ㏻ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᆅᇦࡢࡑ
ࢀࡼࡾࡶᙉ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᑠᯘ࣭す㒊௚㸪2010㸹ᑠᯘ㸪2012㸧㸬㈌ᖯࡢከᵝ
ᛶࡢ᫝ㄆ࡟ࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ⌮ᛕࡸព⩏࡜࠸ࡗࡓἲᐃ㏻㈌࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ㈌ᖯ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᛶ㉁ࢆ⌮ゎࡋ㸪ཷࡅධࢀࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᡃࠎࡢ◊✲ᡂᯝ࠿ࡽ㸪࣑ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࠕᆅᇦఫẸࡢ౯್࣭ព㆑࣭⾜ືࡢኚᐜࠖ
࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕᆅᇦ㐃ᖏࡢ౯್ព㆑ࠖ࡜ࠕ㈌ᖯࡢከᵝᛶព㆑ࠖࡀᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢᚠ⎔࡟࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡞せᅉ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀຠᯝⓗ࡟ᚠ⎔ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞
࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝࢆᣢࡘ࡟⮳ࡗࡓ㸬

1.3 ◊✲┠ⓗඛ㏙ࡋࡓ㏻ࡾ㸪ᚑ᮶ࡢᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢᨃఝⓗ࡞౑⏝ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⮬ศࡓࡕࡢᆅᇦ♫఍࡛ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆᑟධࡍࡿ㝿ࡢ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࡸࢹ࣓ࣜࢵࢺ㸪ࡑࡋ࡚ᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࢤ࣮࣒ཧຍ⪅ࡢከࡃࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡸᆅᇦά
ᛶ໬࡟⯆࿡㛵ᚰࢆᣢࡘఫẸࡓࡕ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡓࡵ㸪Ꮫ⩦ࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᆅᇦࢤ࣮࣒ࡢຠᯝ ᐃࡣ㸪⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒࡟ཧຍࡍࡿ⪅ࡤ࠿ࡾࡀ㞟ࡲࡿ⮬ᕫ㑅ᢥࣂ࢖࢔ࢫࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ࠶ࡾ୍⯡ᛶ࡟Ḟࡅࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࡑࡇ࡛ᡃࠎࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡸ⤒῭࡟㛵ࡍࡿᤵᴗࢆ
ཷࡅࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠸୰Ꮫ⏕ࢆᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢཧຍ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ᮏࢤ࣮࣒ࡢᩍ⫱ຠᯝࢆほ ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡋࡓ㸬ཧຍ⪅ࡣ୰Ꮫ 1 ᖺ⏕ 35 ྡ࡛㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢෆᐜࢆࡲࡗࡓࡃ▱ࡽࡏࡎ࡟㞟ࡲࡗ࡚ࡶࡽࡗࡓ㸬
ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡀ୰Ꮫ⏕࡟࡜ࡗ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᩍ⫱ຠᯝࢆᣢࡘࡢ࠿ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀ᭷ࡍࡿ≉ᚩࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡋ࡚௨ୗࡢ 2 ࡘࡢ௬ㄝࢆ❧࡚ࡓ㸬3

ㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࡣ Uphoff㸦2000㸧ࡀศ㢮ࡋࡓࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿせ⣲ࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ಙ㢗㸪౯್ほ㸪つ⠊㸪஫㓘ᛶ➼ࢆᣦࡍ㸬ㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࢆ┦஫⿵᏶ࡍࡿࡶ࠺ࡦ࡜ࡘࡢせ⣲࡜ࡋ࡚ᵓ㐀ⓗ SC ࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡇࡕࡽࡣᆅ⦕㸪ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ㸪ᙺ๭➼ࢆ♧ࡍ㸬ᵓ㐀ⓗ SC ࡢᇶ┙ࡀㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࡣᵓ㐀ⓗSC ࡟ࡼࡾᙉ໬㸪෌⏕⏘࡛ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࡣᵓ㐀ⓗ SC ࡟ẚ࡭࡚⮬἞యࡢ㛵୚ࡀ㞴ࡋࡃ㸪➨୕⪅ࡀᐜ᫆࡟㔊ᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸࡜ࡉࢀࡿ㸦ෆ㛶ᗓ㸪2002㸧㸬

2

♫఍⛉ࡢබẸⓗศ㔝4ࢆཷࡅࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠸୰Ꮫ⏕࡛ࡶᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆయ㦂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪1 ᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡜ἲᐃ㏻㈌ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆㄆ▱ࡋ࡚㏻㈌ࡢከᵝᛶࢆ᫝ㄆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬
2 ᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࡸ௚⪅࡬ࡢಙ㢗㸪ᆅᇦෆ࡛ࡢ஫㓘ᛶ࡜࠸ࡗࡓㄆ▱ⓗࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕ
ࣆࢱࣝࢆ㧗ࡵࡽࢀࡿ㸬
ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿ஦๓஦ᚋࡢኚ໬ࢆほ ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᡃࠎࡢ௬ㄝࡀ᳨ドࡉࢀࢀࡤ㸪୍⯡ᛶࡢ㧗࠸ᙧ࡛ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢᩍ⫱⠊ᅖ࡜ຠᯝࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚ࡲࡓ㸪⤒῭ࡢᏛ⩦ࡸ♫఍⤒㦂ࢆ⤒ࡎ࡜ࡶࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ࣭ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡜࠸࠺పࢥࢫࢺ࡛༶᫬ᛶ
ࡢ࠶ࡿᏛ⩦ࢶ࣮ࣝࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ❧ドࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡶ⧅ࡀࡿ㸬2 ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒
2.1 ┠ⓗ௒ᅇ⾜ࡗࡓᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡣ㸪2011 ᖺ 11 ᭶࡜ 12 ᭶࡟ୖ㉺ᩍ⫱኱Ꮫ࡛⾜ࡗࡓᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ
࣮࣒㸦ྜྷ⏣㸪2012㸧ࡢᨵⰋ∧㸦ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ ver.3㸧࡛࠶ࡿ5㸬ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ ver.3 ࡣ㸪≉ᐃࡢᆅᇦ⤒῭♫఍ࡢᡂဨ࡜࡞ࡾ㸪⤒῭ྲྀᘬࡸ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆ⾜࠺≧ἣࢆయ㦂ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪
ἲᐃ㏻㈌ࡢࡳࡢሙྜ࡜ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆᑟධࡋࡓሙྜ࡜࡛ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
⪃࠼ࡿ࣐ࣝࢳࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖᑐ㠃ᆺࢤ࣮࣒࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒࡜ྠ
ࡌ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪௒ᅇࡢࢤ࣮࣒࡛ࡣ㸪ಶࠎࡢྲྀᘬ࡟࠾ࡅࡿពᚿỴᐃࡢẁ㝵࡛㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ࡟ࡼࡿኚ໬ࢆࡼࡾ᫂☜࡟య㦂࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣࢆタᐃࡋࡓ㸬➨୍࡟㸪඲ 20 ࡢྲྀᘬ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ࡢ࠺ࡕ 6 ✀㢮ࡢ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒࡛タᐃࡋࡓᆅᇦࡢෆእ୧᪉࡛㈍኎ࡉࢀ㸪ᆅᇦෆࡢ࡯࠺ࡀᆅᇦእࡼࡾ㧗࠸౯᱁࡛㈍኎ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ྛᆅᇦఫẸࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ࢆ㉎ධࡍࡿሙྜ࡟Ᏻࡉࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚ᆅᇦእࡢ኱ᆺࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮࡛㉎ධࡍࡿ࠿ᆅᇦࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᆅᇦෆ࡛㉎ධࡍࡿ࠿ࢆỴᐃࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸬➨஧࡟㸪࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔
ࢆ⾜࠺ᗘ࡟ḟࡢࢱ࣮ࣥࡢ཰ධ࠿ࡽ 5%ศࡔࡅᕪࡋᘬ࠿ࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺タᐃࢆ࠾࠸ࡓ㸬ࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆ౫㢗ࡉࢀࡓሙྜ㸪ḟࡢࢱ࣮ࣥࡢ཰ධࢆ⪃࠼࡚࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆ᩿ࡿ࠿
ᆅᇦఫẸࡢຓࡅྜ࠸ࢆ㔜どࡋ࡚࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆ⾜࠺࠿ࢆỴᐃࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸬ࡕ࡞ࡳ࡟㸪࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆ᩿ࡽࢀࡓሙྜࡣ㸪᩿ࡽࢀࡓෆᐜࡢ஦᯶ࢆ⮬ศ࡛⾜ࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸
ࡢ࡛㸪᩿ࡽࢀࡓ᪉ࡢḟࡢࢱ࣮ࣥࡢ཰ධ࠿ࡽ୍ᅇ࡟ࡘࡁ 5%ศࡔࡅ཰ධࡀᕪࡋᘬ࠿ࢀࡿࡇ࡜
࡟࡞ࡿ6㸬ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢᑟධẁ㝵࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ཧຍ⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪㸦1㸧ᆅᇦఫẸྠኈࡢຓࡅྜ࠸ࡀ࡞࠸㸪㸦2㸧ᆅᇦၟᗑ⾤࡛ࡢ኎ୖࡆపୗ࡜࠸࠺஧ࡘࡢၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪↓㥏࡟೉㔠ࢆࡋ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᑟධẁ㝵࡛ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬௚ࡢᮧẸࢆ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔
࡛ຓࡅࡿ࡜ḟࢱ࣮ࣥࡢእ㒊཰ධࡀῶࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ᆅᇦෆࡢၟᗑ⾤࡛㉎ධࡍࡿ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ࡢෆ࠸
ࡃࡘ࠿ࡣᮧእ࡛Ᏻ౯࡟㉎ධ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡺ࠼㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓ࡣ ᆅᇦࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࡜⮬ࡽࡢ཰ධῶᑡࡸᨭฟቑຍ࡜࠸࠺ࢥࢫࢺࢆᡶࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ≧ἣ࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆᑟධࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ᆅᇦࡢၥ㢟ゎỴ࡜ಶࠎࡢᆅᇦఫẸࡢ฼┈ࡀ୧❧ࡍࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚య㦂ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᮏࢤ࣮࣒ࡢタィ┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬

4୰Ꮫᰯࡢ♫఍⛉ࡣᆅ⌮ⓗศ㔝㸪Ṕྐⓗศ㔝㸪බẸⓗศ㔝ࡢ୕ࡘ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ࠺ࡕබẸⓗศ㔝ࡣ୰Ꮫ 3 ᖺ⏕ࡀᑐ㇟࡜ࡉࢀ㸪ᕷሙ⤒῭ࡸ♫఍ไᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚Ꮫ⩦ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬5
ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ ver.1 ࡜ ver.2 ࡢࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢࡢタィࡸࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣྜྷ⏣㸦2012㸧ࢆཧ↷ࡢࡇ࡜㸬
6ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ᆅᇦእ㒊࠿ࡽࡢ཰ධࡣḟࡢᵝ࡟Ỵࡲࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ᆅᇦእ཰ධ㸻ᙜึࡢᆅᇦእ཰ධí0.05
㸦๓ࢱ࣮࡛ࣥ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆࡋࡓᅇᩘ+๓ࢱ࣮࡛ࣥ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆ᩿ࡽࢀࡓᅇᩘ㸧3

2.2 タィᮏࢤ࣮࣒࡛ࡣ㸪JAIST ᮧࢆタ⨨ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢ୰࡟ࢧ࣮࣐ࣛࣜࣥ㸪Ꮫ⏕㸪ࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮㸪㞧㈌ᒇ㸪㎰ᐙ㸪㝡ⱁᕤᡣ㸪ࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥ㸪 Ἠ᪑㤋࡜࠸࠺㸶ࡘࡢᙺ๭㸦JAIST ᮧෆఫẸ㸧ࢆタᐃࡋ㸪ཧຍࡋࡓ୰Ꮫ⏕࡟ࡣࡑࡢ㸶ࡘࡢᙺ๭ࡢ࡝ࢀ࠿ࢆࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡛ᢸࡗ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺ࡇ࡜࡜ࡋࡓ㸬
JAIST ᮧࡣཧຍ⪅ࡢ㏻࠺୰Ꮫᰯࡀ࠶ࡿᆅᇦࢆ᝿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪JAIST ᮧእ࡟㑹እ኱ᆺࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮࡜ᮧእఫẸ㸪ࡑࡋ࡚㖟⾜ࢆタ⨨ࡋ㸪ࡇࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ኱Ꮫ㝔⏕࡜ᩍဨࡀᢸࡗࡓ㸦௨
ୖᅗ 1 ཧ↷ࡢࡇ࡜㸧㸬⏝࠸ࡓᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡣ⣬ᖯᆺ㸦100J㸪500J㸪1000J㸪5000J㸧࡛༢఩ࡣࠕJࠖ㸪
1J㸻1 ෇࡜ࡋࡓ㸬

JAIST੨
उসभ೵೙१ছজ‫ش‬ঐথ

஗ੇ

ᄓ഼ੵඬ

৾ে

उস

਒ষ

ૹષҩ१‫ش‬অ५उস঎ছথॸॕ॔

੨ਗકড়उসপ஑५‫ش‬ঃ‫ش‬५‫ش‬ঃ‫ش‬ആ೎൒ைૹષҩ१‫ش‬অ५

හోો

ᅗ1

ঞ५ॺছথ

JAIST ᮧࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪ

ྛᮧෆఫẸ࡟ࡣ࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌࡵྲྀᘬグ㘓⾲㸦ᅗ 2㸧ࡸἲᐃ㏻㈌7࡞࡝ࡀ㓄ᕸࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࢤ࣮
࣒ࡣ඲ 5 ࢱ࣮࡛ࣥ⾜࠸㸪๓༙ࡢ 2 ࢱ࣮ࣥࡣἲᐃ㏻㈌ࡢࡳ࡛㸪ᚋ༙ࡢ 3 ࢱ࣮ࣥࡣἲᐃ㏻㈌࡜
ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ୧᪉ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ྲྀᘬࢆ⾜࠺㸬ᮧෆఫẸࡣྛࢱ࣮ࣥࡢࡣࡌࡵ࡟ࢧ࢖ࢥࣟࢆ᣺ࡾ㸪㉎ධ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ࡸ౫㢗ࡍࡿ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔㸪ࡑࡋ࡚ᆅᇦእ㒊࠿ࡽࡢ཰ධ㔠㢠ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿ㸬ᆅᇦእ㒊࠿ࡽࡢ཰ධࡣ㸪ྛᮧẸࡀᆅᇦእ㒊࡛✌࠸࡛ࡁࡓ㔠㢠ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿ㸦౛࠼ࡤ㸪ࢧ࣮࣐ࣛࣜࣥ
࡛࠶ࢀࡤᮧእ࡛ാ࠸ࡓ཰ධࢆព࿡ࡋ㸪ࣞࢫࢺ࡛ࣛࣥ࠶ࢀࡤᮧእఫẸࡀ฼⏝ࡋ࡚ᨭᡶࡗࡓ㔠㢠ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿ㸧㸬ྲྀᘬࡣ㸪࢔࢖ࢸ࣒࡜࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡢ஧ࡘ࡟኱ูࡉࢀࡿ㸬࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ࡢ㉎ධඛࡣ㸪ᆅᇦෆ㸦ࢧ࣮࣐ࣛࣜࣥ㸪Ꮫ⏕㸪ࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮㸪㞧㈌ᒇ㸪㎰ᐙ㸪㝡ⱁᕤᡣ㸪ࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥ㸪 Ἠ᪑㤋㸧࡜ᆅᇦእ ࡢ㑹እ኱ᆺࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮ࢆタᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ࡣ௨ୗࡢ 20 ရ┠࡛࠶ࡿ㸬
㸦1㸧ᮧෆࡢࡳ࡛㈙࠼ࡿ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒㸦8 ရ┠㸧ປാຊ㸪࢔ࣝࣂ࢖ࢺ㸪ᐙᗞᩍᖌ㸪㞧㈌㸪኱─㸪࣮࢝ࣞࢭࢵࢺ㸪ᐟἩ㸪᪥ᖐࡾධᾎ
㸦2㸧ᮧእࡢ኱ᆺࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮࡛ࡋ࠿㈙࠼࡞࠸࢔࢖ࢸ࣒㸦5 ရ┠㸧ᐙ㟁㸪ࢫࣃ࢖ࢫ㸪⫧ᩱ㸪ⱑ㸪⮬㌿㌴㸪⸄㸦3㸧ᮧእ኱ᆺࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮࡜ᮧෆࡢྛၟᗑ࡛➇ྜࡍࡿ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒㸦7 ရ┠㸧7ᮧෆఫẸ࡟㓄ᕸࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⌧㔠ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢఫẸࡢᮇᚅ཰ධ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬᭱ࡶᑡ࡞࠸ࡢࡀࢫ
࣮ࣃ࣮ࡢ 18000 ෇࡛᭱ࡶከ࠸ࡢࡀ㝡ⱁᕤᡣࡢ 40800 ෇࡛࠶ࡿ㸬4ὒ᭹㸦㞧㈌ᒇ࡛㈍኎㸧㸪⡿㸪㔝⳯㸪࠾࠿ࡎ㸦ᮧෆࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮࡛㈍኎㸧㸪㣗ჾࢭࢵࢺ㸦㝡
ⱁᕤᡣ࡛㈍኎㸧㸪࣍ࢵࢺࢣ࣮࢟ࢭࢵࢺ㸦ࣞࢫࢺ࡛ࣛࣥ㈍኎㸧ͤ౯᱁ࡣࡍ࡭࡚኱ᆺࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮ࡢ᪉ࡀᏳ࠸
਄ਬ੶ஈ਀‫؟‬৉ୠৢో଑ো৏

਄ਬ੶ஈ਀‫؟‬৉ୠৢో଑ো৐ਸ਼ ‫شॱ ؙ‬থਸ਼ ‫شॱ ؙ‬থ१ছজ‫ش‬ঐথ१ছজ‫ش‬ঐথභো॔ॖॸ঒‫؞‬භো੔१ॖ॥ট 
1
2
3
භোজ५ॺ
4

उऊङ

ੇ൦ઇప

৉ୠਗ

५‫ش‬ঃ‫ش‬৉ୠਗ

৾ে

ঽૡ੤

঍ॵॺॣ‫ش‬य़৙ཅ৉ୠਗঞ५ॺছথ৉ୠਗ ५‫ش‬ঃ‫ش‬৉ୠਗ

2

ஞസ

೛ຠ

ढ़ঞ‫ش‬

ঌॵॺभങన

ആ೎൒ை

ঞ५ॺছথ

৾ে

उऊङ

঩షॉোຉ

୫ஓ७ॵॺ

ઽᄥ৬ୡ

५‫ش‬ঃ‫ش‬৉ୠਗആ೎൒ைᄓ഼ੵඬ৉ୠਗ

஗ੇ

५ঃॖ५

৪

उऊङ

ढ़ঞ‫ش‬भ੿ॉ্

5৉ୠਗ५‫ش‬ঃ‫ش‬৉ୠਗ ५‫ش‬ঃ‫ش‬৉ୠਗ

ஞസ

6

1

හోો৉ୠਗ

හోો৉ୠਗ

3
භোজ५ॺ
4
5

ঞ५ॺছথ

හో

প໢

৕नुभ਼ਵ

හోો

ᄓ഼ੵඬ

৾ে

उऊङ

ੇ൦ઇప

৉ୠਗ

५‫ش‬ঃ‫ش‬৉ୠਗ

৾ে

ঽૡ੤

঍ॵॺॣ‫ش‬य़৙ཅ৉ୠਗঞ५ॺছথ৉ୠਗ ५‫ش‬ঃ‫ش‬৉ୠਗ

ஞസ

೛ຠ

ढ़ঞ‫ش‬

හోો৉ୠਗ

ആ೎൒ை

ঞ५ॺছথ

৾ে

उऊङ

঩షॉোຉ

୫ஓ७ॵॺ

৉ୠણਙ৲

५‫ش‬ঃ‫ش‬৉ୠਗആ೎൒ைᄓ഼ੵඬ৉ୠਗ

५ঃॖ५

৪

उऊङ

৉ୠਗ

6

ँऩञऋउൢःखञःऒध

ੇਗ਼ঌॵॺभങన

ढ़ঞ‫ش‬भ੿ॉ্

५‫ش‬ঃ‫ش‬৉ୠਗ ५‫ش‬ঃ‫ش‬৉ୠਗ

ஞസ

හో

প໢

හోો৉ୠਗ

හోો

ᄓ഼ੵඬ

ঞ५ॺছথ
৉ୠણਙ৲

୿ਲ਼

୿ਲ਼

৉ୠৢోਭ਄ঝ‫ش‬ঝ୿ਲ਼॔ॖॸ঒

୿ਲ਼॔ॖॸ঒

භো॔ॖॸ঒‫؞‬භো੔१ॖ॥ট 

ँऩञऋउൢःखञःऒध

ੇਗ਼

ਯ୤

ௌ௮ৡ

৞ী

ਯ୤‫كؙؙؙؙ‬৞ٔ ‫ ؙؙؙؙ‬-ௌ௮ৡ ৞

঎ছথॸॕ॔

ওॽগ‫ش‬

৚ਯপ྽௾भু஫ः

१ॖ॥ট 

ઽো৉ୠਗदभௌ

1,2

৞

௮

3,4

৞

5,6

৞

ᅗ2৉ୠৢోਭ਄ঝ‫ش‬ঝওॽগ‫ش‬

঎ছথॸॕ॔

৐ॱ‫ش‬থद঎ছথॸॕ॔॑खञ৚ਯ

No

0J

500J

1000J

৉ୠણਙ৲

0J

500J

1000J

ৰ੠भઽো

৐ॱ‫ش‬থद঎ছথॸॕ॔॑खथुैइञऊ

Yesপ྽௾भু஫ः

৞१ॖ॥ট 

ઽো৉ୠਗदभௌ

1,2

৞

௮

3,4

৞

5,6

৞

ਯ୤৐ॱ‫ش‬থद঎ছথॸॕ॔॑खञ৚ਯ

ৰ੠भઽো৐ॱ‫ش‬থद঎ছথॸॕ॔॑खथुैइञऊ

Yes

No

৞

ྲྀᘬグ㘓⾲㸦ᕥᅗ㸸ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓㸪ྑᅗ㸸ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධᚋ㸧ྲྀᘬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓ࡣࡍ࡭࡚ἲᐃ㏻㈌࡛ྲྀᘬࢆ⾜࠺ࡀ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධᚋࡣ
⮬ศࡀ㈍኎ࡍࡿ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡛ᑐ౯ࢆࡶࡽ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋࡓ㸬౛࠼ࡤ㸪ࢧ࣮࣐ࣛࣜࣥࡀ㈍኎ࡍࡿປാຊࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓࡛࠶ࢀࡤ 10000 ෇࡛㈍኎ࡍࡿࡀ㸪
ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධᚋࡣ 5000 ෇+5000J ࡼ࠺࡟ἲᐃ㏻㈌࡜ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆేࡏ࡚㈍኎ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ
ࡿ㸦10000 ෇࡛㈍኎࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶྍ⬟㸧㸬ࡇࡢἲᐃ㏻㈌࡜್ᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ๭ྜࡣࢱ࣮ࣥẖ࡟ኚ᭦࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪㎰ᐙ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪㈍኎ࡍࡿ⡿࡜㔝⳯ࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓࡟ࡣᮧෆࡢࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮
ࡢࡳ࡟ࡋ࠿㈍኎࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධᚋ࡟ࡣ඲㢠ᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡛௚ࡢᮧẸ࡟ࡶ㈍኎࡛ࡁࡿ
ࡼ࠺࡟タᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣἲᐃ㏻㈌࡜ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡓ౯᱁タᐃࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸧㸬୍᪉㸪࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪঎ছথॸॕ॔ँॉऋधअढ़‫ॻش‬َ৉ୠभୖ਻ُੰৠढ़‫ॻش‬ᮧෆఫẸࡢ୍㒊㸦ࢧ࣮࣐ࣛࣜࣥ㸪Ꮫ૽સ੡ ‫ؙؙؙؙؙؙؙؙؙ‬૽સ੡ ‫ؙؙؙؙؙؙؙؙؙ‬⏕㸪㎰ᐙ㸪㝡ⱁᕤᡣ㸪ࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥ㸧ੰৠੁਸ਼ ‫شॱ ؙؙؙؙ‬থࡀ⾜࠼ࡿಶู࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔࡜㸪ᆅᇦउൢःखञ঎ছথॸॕ॔
㏻㈌ᑟධᚋ࡟ᮧෆఫẸ඲ဨࡀ⾜࠼ࡿপ྽௾भু஫ः
৕नुभ਼ਵ
ᆅᇦάᛶ໬࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆタᐃࡋࡓ㸬ঌॵॺभങన
ಶู࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ḟࡢઽᄥ৬ୡࡼ࠺࡞ᡭ⥆ࡁࢆ࠾࠸ࡓ㸬ࢧ࢖ࢥࣟࡢ
ᄓ഼৬ୡ┠࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆ౫㢗ࡋ࡟ढ़ঞ‫ش‬भ੿ॉ্
ᅗ3࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔࣮࢝ࢻ

5

⾜ࡃሙྜ㸪ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ࠕ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺࣮࢝ࢻࠖ㸦ᅗ 3 ᕥ㸧࡟グධࡋ㸪ࡑࡢ࣮࢝ࢻࢆ
ᣢࡗ࡚࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆ౫㢗ࡋ࡟⾜ࡃ㸬࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠼ࡓሙྜ㸪ࡑࡢ࣮࢝ࢻࢆ┦ᡭ࡟Ώࡋ࡚ࠕ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࠖ࡜ゝ࠺㸬ࡶࡋ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠼࡞࠿ࡗࡓሙྜࡣ࣮࢝ࢻ
ࢆΏࡉࡎ࡟ᘬࡁ㏉ࡍ㸬࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓࡟ࡣ↓ൾ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟㸪ᶵ఍㈝⏝࡜ࡋ࡚࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆࡍࡿẖ࡟ḟࡢࢱ࣮ࣥࡢእ㒊࠿ࡽࡢ཰ධࡀ 5%ῶᑡࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺タᐃࢆ࠾࠸ࡓ㸬ᆅᇦάᛶ໬࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆᑟධࡍࡿ➨ 3 ࢱ࣮ࣥࡢࡣࡌࡵ࡟㸪ᆅᇦෆ࡟タ❧ࡉࢀࡓᆅᇦ㏻㈌Ⓨ⾜ᅋయࡀᆅᇦఫẸ࠿ࡽᆅᇦάᛶ໬࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࢆເ㞟ࡍࡿ㸬ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢཧຍ⪅ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᙺ๭୺యࡢ❧ሙ࡟❧ࡗ࡚ᆅᇦࡢㄢ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࢆ㺀ᆅᇦࡢㄢ㢟㺁ゎỴ࣮࢝ࢻ㸦ᅗ 3 ྑ㸧࡟グධࡋ 㸦୍ఫẸ஧ᯛࡲ࡛㸧㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌Ⓨ⾜ᅋయ࡬ᥦฟࡍࡿ㸬
ᆅᇦ㏻㈌Ⓨ⾜ᅋయࡣ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࡦ࡜ࡘ࡟ࡘࡁ 1000J ࢆᨭᡶ࠺㸬ࠕᆅᇦάᛶ໬ࠖࢆ౫㢗ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ሙྜ㸪ᥦฟࡉࢀࡓᵝࠎ࡞㺀ᆅᇦࡢㄢ㢟㺁ゎỴ࣮࢝ࢻࡢ୰㌟ࢆぢ࡚㸪᭱ࡶ JAIST ᮧࡢάᛶ໬࡟ᙺ❧ࡕࡑ࠺ࡔ࡜ᛮ࠺࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࢆฟࡋࡓఫẸ࡬౫㢗ࡋ࡟⾜ࡃ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟ
ධᚋ㸪ಶู࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔࡜ᆅᇦάᛶ໬࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡢ୧᪉࡛ᆅᇦ㏻㈌㸦0J㸪500J㸪1000J ࡢ࡝ࢀ࠿ࢆ㑅ᢥ㸧࡛ᑐ౯ࢆཷࡅྲྀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬࢔࢖ࢸ࣒࡜ྠᵝ࡟࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡢᑐ౯࡟
ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࢱ࣮ࣥẖ࡟ኚ᭦࡛ࡁࡿ㸬
ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡣ㸪ᇦ㏻㈌Ⓨ⾜ᅋయ࠿ࡽ෇࡜᥮㔠ࡋ࡚Ⓨ⾜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ㝿࡟ࡣ 10%ࡢࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒ࢆࡘࡅ࡚Ⓨ⾜ࡉࢀࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛㸪J ࢆ෇࡟᥮㔠ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡑࡢሙྜࡣ᥮㔠ᡭᩘᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚ 5%ࢆᆅᇦ㏻㈌Ⓨ⾜ᅋయ࡬ᨭᡶ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ㸬3᪉ἲ
3.1 ࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢࡢタᐃ
ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢཧຍ⪅ࡣ㸪໭㝣ඛ➃⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡኱Ꮫ㝔኱Ꮫ࡛ 2012 ᖺ 9 ᭶ 29 ᪥࡟㛤ദࡉࢀࡓ୰Ꮫ⏕ྥࡅࡢㅮ⩏8࡟ฟᖍࡋࡓᆅඖࡢ୰Ꮫ 1 ᖺ⏕ 34 ྡ㸦⏨ᛶ 14 ྡ㸪ዪᛶ 20 ྡ㸧࡛࠶ࡿ㸬୰Ꮫ⏕࡟ࡣ୰Ꮫᰯࡢᩍဨ࠿ࡽ஦๓࡟࠾㔠࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢤ࣮࣒ࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢࡳࢆఏ࠼࡚ࡶࡽ
࠸㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡸࢤ࣮࣒ࡢෆᐜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ▱ࡽࡏ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺౫㢗ࡋࡓ㸬 ᐇ㝿ࡢㅮ
⩏ࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽጞࡵ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒㛤ጞ๓࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࢆఏ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ୍ษ⾜ࢃ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ࢤ࣮࣒ෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ 8 ࡘࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉศࡅࡣ⏨ዪࡀྠ୍ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡟ධࡽ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿ࡜࠸
࠺᮲௳ࡢୗ࡛ࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡟᣺ࡾศࡅࡓ㸬ࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮࡜ Ἠ᪑㤋ࡢ 2 ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢࡳ 5 ྡ 1 ⤌࡜ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀ௨እࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡣ 4 ྡ 1 ⤌ࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡜ࡋࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ྲྀᘬࡢ⤖ᯝࡣ㸪ྲྀᘬグ㘓⾲࡟グධࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠸㸪⾜ືࡢᒚṔࢆ࡜ࡗࡓ㸬
3.2 ஦๓஦ᚋ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ
ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒࡟ཧຍࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ཧຍ⪅ࡢᆅᇦࡸ㈌ᖯ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ౯್ほࡀኚᐜࡋࡓࡢ࠿ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢཧຍ⪅࡟ࡣࢤ࣮࣒ཧຍ๓ᚋ࡛࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ
࡟ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚ࡶࡽࡗࡓ㸬஦๓࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡣ㸪ㅮ⩏ࡢ 1 㐌㛫๓࡟ཧຍ⪅ࡀᡤᒓࡍࡿ୰Ꮫᰯࡢᩍ
ဨࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ཧຍணᐃࡢ୰Ꮫ⏕ 34 ྡ඲ဨ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ㸬஦ᚋ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡣࢤ࣮࣒ࡀ⤊஢ࡋࡓ┤ᚋ࡟ᐇ᪋ࡋ㸪ཧຍࡋࡓ 34 ྡ඲ဨ࠿ࡽᅇ⟅ࢆᚓࡓ㸬
8ཧຍࡋࡓ୰Ꮫ⏕ࡀᡤᒓࡍࡿ୰Ꮫᰯ࡛ࡣ໭㝣ඛ➃⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡኱Ꮫ㝔኱Ꮫ࡛㛤ദࡉࢀࡿࠕ୍᪥኱Ꮫ㝔ࠖ࡜࠸࠺࢖࣋ࣥࢺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ」ᩘࡢㅮ⩏࠿ࡽࡦ࡜ࡘࢆ㑅ᢥࡋ࡚ฟᖍࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⩏ົ࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᮏㅮ⩏࡟ࡣᙜヱ୰Ꮫᰯ௨እ࠿ࡽࡢཧຍ⏦㎸ࡳࢆࡋࡓ୰Ꮫ⏕ࡣ࠸࡞࠸㸬6⾲1㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥࡜Ⅼᩘ஦๓஦ᚋ࡛ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ㡯┠ࡣ඲ 9Ⅼᩘ㉁ၥ㡯┠ၥ࠶ࡾ㸪ㄆ▱ⓗࢯ࣮ࢩࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ㸦௨㝆㸪㻝䠊䛒䛺䛯䛾ఫ䜣䛷䛔䜛ᆅᇦ䛻䛹䛾䛟䜙䛔ឡ╔䛜䛒䜚䜎䛩䛛ㄆ▱ⓗ SC㸧ࢆၥ࠺ࡶࡢ࡜㸪㈌ᖯ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ౯್
5䚷䚷䛸䛶䜒ឡ╔䛜䛒䜛ほࢆၥ࠺ࡶࡢࡢ 2 ࡘ࡟኱ูࡉࢀࡿ㸬ㄆ▱ⓗ SC 䚷䚷ᑡ䛧ឡ╔䛜䛒䜛
4
࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡣ 4 ၥ࠶ࡾ㸪ㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࢆၥ 䚷䚷䛹䛱䜙䛸䜒ゝ䛘䛺䛔
32䚷䚷䛒䜎䜚ឡ╔䛜䛺䛔࠺ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ୍࡚⯡ⓗ࡟ࡼࡃ฼⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ୍
1䚷䚷䜎䛳䛯䛟ឡ╔䛜䛺䛔⯡ⓗಙ㢗ឤ㸪஫㓘ᛶࡢつ⠊㸪ᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔㸪㻞䠊䛒䛺䛯䛾ᆅᇦ䛻ఫ䜣䛷䛔䜛ே䛿ಙ⏝䛷䛝䜎䛩䛛ᆅᇦ㈉⊩࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓ㸬㈌ᖯ
5࡟ᑐࡍࡿ౯್ほ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡣ 5 ၥ࠶ࡾ㸪 䚷䚷䛸䛶䜒ಙ⏝䛷䛝䜛
4䚷䚷ᑡ䛧ಙ⏝䛷䛝䜛ᑠᯘ࣭す㒊௚㸦2010㸧ࡀᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㈌ᖯព 䚷䚷䛹䛱䜙䛸䜒ゝ䛘䛺䛔
3㆑࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ࡛ࡢ㈌ᖯࡢከᵝᛶࢆၥ࠺㉁ၥ㡯 䚷䚷䛒䜎䜚ಙ⏝䛷䛝䛺䛔21䚷䚷䜎䛳䛯䛟ಙ⏝䛷䛝䛺䛔┠ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟୰Ꮫ⏕ྥࡅ࡟ᖹ᫆࡞ゝⴥ࡟ゝ࠸᥮㻟䠊䡚㻝㻜䠊䜎䛷䛾㉁ၥ㡯┠䛩䜉䛶䠄㉁ၥ㡯┠䛾ෆᐜ䛿௜㘓࠼ࡓࡶࡢࢆ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ㡯┠࡜ࡋ࡚᥇⏝ࡋࡓ㸬 ཧ↷䠅஦ᚋ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ࡛ࡢࡳ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㑅 䚷䚷ᙉ䛟ᛮ䛖54䚷䚷ᑡ䛧ᛮ䛖ዲ࡜ホ౯ࢆᑜࡡࡿ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࢆ 2 ၥ࡜ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ
3䚷䚷䛹䛱䜙䛷䜒䛺䛔ᴦࡋࡉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᑜࡡࡿ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࢆ 1 ၥ⏝ពࡋ 䚷䚷䛒䜎䜚ᛮ䜟䛺䛔
2ࡓ㸬ࡑࡢ௚࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ 䚷䚷䜎䛳䛯䛟ᛮ䜟䛺䛔
1࠺࡞ឤ᝿ࢆᣢࡗࡓ࠿ࢆ⮬⏤グ㏙࡛ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚ࡶ 㻝㻝䠊䛒䛺䛯䛜ఫ䜣䛷䛔䜛ᆅᇦ䛻ᆅᇦ㏻㈌䛜䛒䜛䛸䛧䛶䠈䛒䛺䛯䛿ᆅᇦ㏻㈌䛸෇䛾䛹䛱䜙䜢౑䛔䛯䛔䛷䛩䛛ࡽࡗࡓ㸬⮬⏤グ㏙௨እࡢ㉁ၥ㡯┠࡟ᑐࡍࡿᅇ 䚷䚷ᆅᇦ㏻㈌5⟅ࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡣ㸪5 ẁ㝵ࡢホᐃᑻᗘ࡜ࡋ㸪⾲ 1 ࡟ 䚷䚷䛹䛱䜙䛛䛸䛔䛖䛸ᆅᇦ㏻㈌43♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ྛ㉁ၥ㡯┠࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᫝ㄆࡍࡿᗘ 䚷䚷䛹䛱䜙䛷䜒䛺䛔
2䚷䚷䛹䛱䜙䛛䛸䛔䛖䛸෇ྜ࠸ࡀ᭱ࡶᙉ࠸㑅ᢥ⫥ࢆ 5㸪᭱ࡶᙅ࠸㑅ᢥ⫥ࢆ 䚷䚷෇
1
1 ࡜ࡍࡿ 5 ẁ㝵࡛Ⅼᩘ໬ࡋࡓ㸬࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ㡯┠ 㻝㻞䠊ᆅᇦ㏻㈌䝀䞊䝮䛿ᴦ䛧䛛䛳䛯䛷䛩䛛5
ࡢヲ⣽࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᕳᮎࡢ௜㘓 1,2 ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ 䚷䚷䛸䛶䜒ᴦ䛧䛛䛳䛯
4䚷䚷䜎䛒䜎䛒ᴦ䛧䛛䛳䛯࠸㸬3䚷䚷䛹䛱䜙䛷䜒䛺䛔⤫ィฎ⌮࡟ࡣ SPSS Statistics 19 ࢆ౑⏝ࡋ㸪⮬ 䚷䚷䛒䜎䜚ᴦ䛧䛟䛺䛛䛳䛯
2
1䚷䚷䜎䛳䛯䛟ᴦ䛧䛟䛺䛛䛳䛯⏤ グ ㏙ ࡢ ศ ᯒ ࡟ ࡣ SPSS Text Analytics for
Surveys 4 ࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓ㸬4⤖ᯝᮏ❶࡛ࡣ㸪ࡲࡎึࡵ࡟ᥦ♧ࡋࡓ 2 ࡘࡢ௬ㄝࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ๓ᚋ࡛ᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ
࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ⤖ᯝࡢẚ㍑ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬ලయⓗ࡟ࡣࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ๓ᚋ࡛ཧຍ⪅ࡢㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࡜㈌ᖯ
࡟ᑐࡍࡿ౯್ほ࡟᭷ព࡞ᕪࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࢆ☜࠿ࡵࡓ㸬ḟ࡟ࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟ
ධࡢຠᯝࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪ཧຍ⪅࡟グ㏙ࡋ࡚ࡶࡽࡗࡓྲྀᘬグ㘓⾲ࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࡋ࡚㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓ᚋ࡛ࡢ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ᐇ⾜⋡ࡸᆅᇦෆእ࡛ࡢ኎ࡾୖࡆࡢẚ㍑ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬᭱ᚋ࡟⮬⏤グ㏙࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࢸ࢟ࢫࢺ࣐࢖ࢽࣥࢢࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡛㸪ཧຍ⪅ࡢᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒࡟ᑐࡍࡿឤ᝿ࡸホ౯ࢆ࢝ࢸࢦูࣜ࡟ᩚ⌮ࡋࡓ㸬
4.1 ஦๓஦ᚋ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ⤖ᯝ
ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒๓ᚋ࡟࠾ࡅࡿཧຍ⪅ࡢㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࡢኚᐜࢆ⾲ 2 ࡟♧ࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ㉁ၥ㡯┠࡟࠾࠸࡚ࢤ࣮࣒㛤ጞ๓࡜ࢤ࣮࣒⤊஢ᚋ࡟࡝ࡢホ౯ࢆఱྡࡢཧຍ⪅ࡀ㑅ࢇࡔࡢ࠿ࢆぢࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ྛ㉁ၥ㡯┠࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢤ࣮࣒๓ᚋ࡛ࡢẚ㍑ࡣ㸪Wilcoxon ࡢ➢ྕ㡰఩࿴᳨ᐃࢆ⏝࠸㸪᭷ពỈ‽ࡣ Į  ࡜ࡋࡓ㸬ࢤ࣮࣒๓ᚋ࡜ࡶࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ㉁ၥ㡯┠࡟࠾࠸࡚୰❧Ⅼ࡛࠶

7

ࡿ 3 ࡼࡾࡶ㧗࠸ 4㸪5 ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿᅇ⟅⪅ࡀከ࠸㸬஦๓஦ᚋࡢẚ㍑࡛ࡣ 4 ࡘࡢ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡍ࡭࡚࡟࠾࠸࡚᭷ព࡟ྥୖࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ㸬
⾲2ࢤ࣮࣒๓ᚋ࡟࠾ࡅࡿㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࡢኚᐜ㡯┠ホ౯䝀䞊䝮㛤ጞ๓ 䝀䞊䝮⤊஢ᚋ
5
4
8
4
13
16
㻝䠊䛒䛺䛯䛾ఫ䜣䛷䛔䜛ᆅᇦ䛻䛹3
15
10䛾䛟䜙䛔ឡ╔䛜䛒䜚䜎䛩䛛
2
2
0
1
0
0
ᖹᆒ㻔ᶆ‽೫ᕪ㻕㻟㻚㻡㻢䠄㻚㻣㻥䠅㻟㻚㻥㻠䠄㻚㻣㻠䠅
5
8
11
4
18
19
㻞䠊䛒䛺䛯䛾ᆅᇦ䛻ఫ䜣䛷䛔䜛ே3
5
4
䛿ಙ⏝䛷䛝䜎䛩䛛
2
3
0
1
0
0
ᖹᆒ㻔ᶆ‽೫ᕪ㻕㻟㻚㻥㻝䠄㻚㻤㻣䠅㻠㻚㻞㻝䠄㻚㻢㻠䠅
5
3
6
4
15
19
㻟䠊⮬ศ䛾䛣䛸䜘䜚䜒ᆅᇦ䛾䛯䜑3119䛻ᙺ䛻❧䛱䛯䛔䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛩䛛
2
5
0
1
0
0
ᖹᆒ㻔ᶆ‽೫ᕪ㻕㻟㻚㻠㻣䠄㻚㻤㻢䠅㻟㻚㻥㻝䠄㻚㻢㻣䠅
5
6
12
4
16
13
㻠䠊ᆅᇦ䛾ேྠኈ䛷ຓ䛡ྜ䛖䛣䛸3
108
䛿䠈⮬ศ䛾⩏ົ䛰䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛩䛛
2
1
1
1
1
0
ᖹᆒ㻔ᶆ‽೫ᕪ㻕㻟㻚㻣㻠䠄㻚㻥㻜䠅㻠㻚㻜㻢䠄㻚㻤㻡䠅䈜ᩘ್䛿ᅇ⟅⪅ᩘ䠊⤫ィ䛿㼃㼕㼘㼏㼛㼤㼛㼚䛾㡰఩࿴᳨ᐃ䛻䜘䜛p ್䠊⤫ィp 䠘㻚㻜㻡

p 䠘㻚㻜㻡

p 䠘㻚㻜㻡

p 䠘㻚㻜㻡

ḟ࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒๓ᚋ࡟࠾ࡅࡿཧຍ⪅ࡢ㈌ᖯ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ౯್ほࡢኚᐜࢆ⾲ 3 ࡟♧ࡋࡓ㸬⾲ࡢぢ᪉ࡸྛ㉁ၥ㡯┠࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢤ࣮࣒๓ᚋ࡛ࡢẚ㍑ࡣ㸪ㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࡟࠾ࡅࡿศᯒ᪉ἲ࡜ࡲ
ࡗࡓࡃྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬஦๓஦ᚋࡢẚ㍑࡛᭷ពᕪࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡣ㸪タၥ 5 ࡢࠕ࠸ࢁ࠸
ࢁ࡞✀㢮ࡢ࠾㔠࠿ࡽዲࡲࡋ࠸ࡶࡢࢆ㑅ࡪࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠖࡢࡳ࡛㸪஦ᚋࡢ᪉ࡀ᭷ព࡟㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ྠࡌࡃ㈌ᖯከᵝᛶࢆ⾲ࡍタၥ 6 ࡜タၥ 7 ࡢ㉁ၥ㡯┠࡛ࡣ஦๓஦
ᚋ࡛᭷ពᕪࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ࡑࡢ௚㸪タၥ 8 ࡢᣏ㔠୺⩏࡜タၥ 9 ࡢ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔࡟ᑐ
ࡍࡿሗ㓘ほࡶ᭷ព࡞ኚ໬ࡣ⌧ࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬8⾲3ࢤ࣮࣒๓ᚋ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈌ᖯ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ౯್ほࡢኚᐜ㡯┠ホ౯䝀䞊䝮㛤ጞ๓ 䝀䞊䝮⤊஢ᚋ
5
0
0
4
8
14
㻡䠊䛔䜝䛔䜝䛺✀㢮䛾䛚㔠䛛䜙ዲ3
18
14
䜎䛧䛔䜒䛾䜢㑅䜆䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜜䜀2
3
3
䜘䛔䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛩䛛
1
5
3
ᖹᆒ㻔ᶆ‽೫ᕪ㻕㻞㻚㻤㻡䠄㻚㻥㻢䠅㻟㻚㻝㻡䠄㻚㻥㻟䠅
5
10
13
4
14
11
㻢䠊䛚㔠䛿䛹䜣䛺ሙᡤ䜔ᆅᇦ䛷䜒399౑䛘䜛䜋䛖䛜䜘䛔䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛩䛛
2
1
1
1
0
0
ᖹᆒ㻔ᶆ‽೫ᕪ㻕㻟㻚㻥㻣䠄㻚㻤㻟䠅㻠㻚㻜㻢䠄㻚㻤㻣䠅
5
19
18
4
7
6
㻣䠊᪥ᮏᅜෆ䛷౑䛘䜛䛚㔠䛿෇୍
3
7
7✀㢮䛷䜘䛔䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛩䛛
2
0
1
1
1
2
ᖹᆒ㻔ᶆ‽೫ᕪ㻕㻠㻚㻞㻢䠄㻚㻥㻥䠅㻠㻚㻜㻥䠄㻝㻚㻝㻥䠅
5
12
8
4
12
16
㻤䠊䛚㔠䛿ඈ䛡䜜䜀ඈ䛡䜛䜋䛹䜘3
8
5
䛔䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛩䛛䚹
2
2
4
1
0
0
ᖹᆒ㻔ᶆ‽೫ᕪ㻕㻠㻚㻜㻜䠄㻚㻥㻞䠅㻟㻚㻤㻡䠄㻚㻥㻠䠅
5
8
11
4
12
11
㻥䠊ே䜔ᆅᇦ䜢ຓ䛡䜛䛾䛿↓ൾ䛷3
13
11䛩䜛䛾䛜䜘䛔䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛩䛛
2
1
1
1
0
0
ᖹᆒ㻔ᶆ‽೫ᕪ㻕㻟㻚㻣㻥䠄㻚㻤㻡䠅㻟㻚㻥㻠䠄㻚㻤㻥䠅䈜ᩘ್䛿ᅇ⟅⪅ᩘ䠊⤫ィ䛿㼃㼕㼘㼏㼛㼤㼛㼚䛾㡰఩࿴᳨ᐃ䛻䜘䜛p ್䠊⤫ィp 䠘㻚㻜㻡

n.s

n.s

n.s

n.s

4.2 ࢤ࣮࣒ᚋࡢᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟ᑐࡍࡿホ౯ࢤ࣮࣒⤊஢ᚋࡢࡳ࡟ᑜࡡࡓᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟ᑐࡍࡿホ౯࡟㛵ࡍࡿタၥ 10㸪11 ࡬ࡢᅇ⟅ࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀᅗ 4㸪5 ࡟⾲ࡋࡓ㸬ࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡢఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠖ࡜
࠸࠺㉁ၥ㡯┠࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ഹ࠿࡞ࡀࡽࠕᙉࡃᛮ࠺ࠖࠕᑡࡋᛮ࠺ࠖ࡜⟅࠼ࡓཧຍ⪅ࡢ࡯࠺ࡀከࡃ
࠸ࡓ㸬ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉẖ࡟㑅ᢥ⫥ࡢෆヂࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪ࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥࡀ඲ဨࠕ࠶ࡲࡾᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜⟅࠼㸪㎰ᐙࡀࠕᑡࡋᛮ࠺ࠖࠕᙉࡃᛮ࠺ࠖࡢ࡝ࡕࡽ࠿ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬 Ἠ᪑㤋ࡀࠕ࡝ࡕࡽ࡛ࡶ࡞
࠸ࠖ࡜୰❧࡛༨ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ㸪ࢧ࣮࣐ࣛࣜࣥࡸᏛ⏕㸪㞧㈌ᒇ࡞࡝ࡣᅇ⟅ࡀศᩓࡍࡿഴྥ࡟࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡣ෇࡜ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ࡝ࡕࡽࢆ౑࠸ࡓ࠸࡛ࡍ࠿ࠖ࡜࠸࠺㉁ၥ㡯┠࡛ࡣ㏫࡟෇ࢆ౑࠸
ࡓ࠸࡜⟅࠼ࡿཧຍ⪅ࡢ๭ྜࡀࢃࡎ࠿࡞ࡀࡽከ࠿ࡗࡓ㸬9ᅗ4࠶࡞ࡓࡢఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿

ᅗ 5 ࠶࡞ࡓࡀఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪࠶࡞ࡓࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡜ᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡜෇ࡢ࡝ࡕࡽࢆ౑࠸ࡓ࠸࡛ࡍ࠿

4.3 ྲྀᘬグ㘓⾲࠿ࡽࡳࡿ⤖ᯝ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽぢ࠼࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ཧຍࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪ཧຍ⪅ࡢᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࡸᆅᇦࡢேࡓࡕ࡬ࡢಙ㢗㸪ᆅᇦ࡛ࡢ஫㓘ᛶ࡞࡝ࡢㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࡀ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣ㸪ཧຍ⪅ࡓࡕࡀ⾜ࡗࡓࢤ࣮࣒඲యࡢ⤖ᯝࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸬ᮏࢤ࣮࣒࡛
ࡣ㸪㸦1㸧ᮧẸྠኈࡢຓࡅྜ࠸ࡀ࡞࠸㸪㸦2㸧ᆅᇦၟᗑ⾤࡛ࡢ኎ୖࡆపୗ࡜࠸࠺஧ࡘࡢၥ㢟ࢆ
JAIST ᮧࡀᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄝ᫂ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࡀᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ゎỴ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟

10ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡿࡇ࡜ࢆཧຍ⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᥦ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆ౑ࡗࡓࡾබ
Ẹศ㔝ࡢᏛ⩦ࢆཷࡅࡓࡾࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸୰Ꮫ 1 ᖺ⏕ࡢཧຍ⪅ࡀᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓ᚋ࡛ࡇࢀࡽ஧ࡘ
ࡢၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᑐᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ྲྀᘬグ㘓⾲ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㸬➨୍࡟㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ࡟ࡼࡾ㸪౫㢗ࡉࢀࡓ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡢ⣙ 9 ๭ࡀᐇ⾜ࡉࢀ㸪ᮧෆ࡛ࡢຓࡅྜ࠸ࡀቑ࠼ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ᅗ 6 ࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓ᚋ࡛ࡢ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ᐇ⾜⋡㸦࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆ౫㢗ࡉࢀࡓᅇᩘ࡟༨ࡵࡿ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ᐇ⾜๭ྜ㸧ࡢኚ໬࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓ࡀ⣙ 18%㸦11 ᅇ୰ 2 ᅇᐇ⾜㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ᑟධᚋࡀ⣙88%㸦16 ᅇ୰ 14 ᅇᐇ⾜㸧࡜ྥୖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬
1.00
0.80

0.88

0.60
0.40
0.20

0.00

0.18
ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓
ᅗ6

ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධᚋ
࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ᐇ⾜⋡ᅗ 7 ࡣ୺యู࡟౫㢗ࡉࢀࡓ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡢᐇ᪋ෆヂࢆᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓㸦ᕥᅗ㸧࡜ᑟධᚋ㸦ྑᅗ㸧࡛ẚ㍑ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᮏࢤ࣮࣒࡛ࡣ㸪࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡣ௚ࡢఫẸ࡟౫㢗ࡉࢀ࡞࠸㝈ࡾ⾜࠼࡞࠸㸬⦪㍈ࡀ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆ౫㢗ࡉࢀࡓ⥲ᩘࢆ♧ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢ࠺ࡕ᩿ࡗࡓᅇᩘ࡜࣎ࣛ
ࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆᘬࡁཷࡅ࡚ᐇ᪋ࡋࡓᅇᩘ࡜࡛ศࡅ࡚⾲♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪Ꮫ⏕࡜㎰ᐙࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓࡛ࡣࡍ࡭࡚᩿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ᑟධᚋࡣ౫㢗ࡉࢀࡓ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔
ࢆࡍ࡭࡚ᐇ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ᮧෆ࡛ࡢຓࡅྜ࠸ࢆຓ㛗ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᮏࢤ
࣮࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚ぢࡽࢀࡓ⤖ᯝࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬୺యู䝪䝷䞁䝔䜱䜰ᐇ᪋ෆヂ䠄ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓䠅୺యู䝪䝷䞁䝔䜱䜰ᐇ᪋ෆヂ䠄ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධᚋ䠅
8

8
ᐇ᪋

7

7

᩿䜛

6

6

5

ᅇ 5
ᩘ

ᅇ 4
ᩘ

4

3

3

2

2

1

1

0

0

ᅗ7

୺యู࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ᐇ᪋ෆヂ㸦ᕥᅗ㸸ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓㸪ྑᅗ㸸ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධᚋ㸧

11

ᐇ᪋

᩿䜛

ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓࡟࠾࠸࡚Ꮫ⏕࡜ࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥ㸪ࡑࡋ࡚㎰ᐙࡀከࡃ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆ᩿ࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࡢཎᅉࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡟㈇മࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ᅗ 8 ࡣ㖟⾜࡬ࡢ㈇മࡢ᥎⛣ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬Ꮫ⏕ࡣ➨ 1 ࢱ࣮ࣥ࠿ࡽ㖟⾜࡬ࡢ೉ࡾධࢀࢆ⾜࠸㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ࡀ㐍ࡴẖ࡟㖟⾜࡛ࡢ೉ධ㢠ࡀቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥࡶྠᵝ࡟➨ 3 ࢱ࣮ࣥ࠿ࡽ೉ධࢆࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪㎰ᐙࡣⱑࡸ⫧ᩱ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᆅᇦእ࡛ࡋ࠿㈙࠼࡞࠸࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ࢆẖᅇ㉎ධࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸୍᪉࡛㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓ࡣ⡿ࡸ㔝⳯ࢆࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮࡟༺ࡍࡔࡅ࡛㸪཰ධࡶᆅᇦእ࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᵓ㐀࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀཎᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬
60000

ࢧ࣮࣐ࣛࣜࣥ

50000

Ꮫ⏕

40000

ࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮

෇ 30000

㞧㈌ᒇ

20000

㎰ᐙ

10000

㝡ⱁᕤᡣ
ࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥ

0
0

1

2

3

4

5

Ἠ᪑㤋

ࢱ࣮ࣥ
ᅗ8

ᖹᆒ

㈇മࡢ᥎⛣

ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣᇦෆၟᗑ⾤࡛ࡢ኎ୖࡆྥୖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ࡝࠺࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿㸬ᮏࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽࡣ㸪ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤࡛ࡢ኎ୖࡆࡀୖ᪼ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓ㸬ᅗ 9 ࡣᇦෆ࡛ࡢ㈍኎཰ධࡢ᥎⛣࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪෇ࡢᆅᇦෆ㈍኎཰ධࡣᆅᇦ඲య࡛ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓ࡀ 62350 ෇(➨ 1 ࢱ࣮ࣥ࡜➨ 2 ࢱ࣮ࣥࡢᖹᆒ)㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධᚋࡣ 81700 ෇(➨ 3 ࢱ࣮ࣥ࠿ࡽ➨ 5 ࢱ࣮ࣥࡢᖹᆒ)࡜ୖ᪼
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸪ࡇࢀ࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ཰ධࢆຍ࠼ࡿ࡜ 100100 ෇ศ࡜࡞ࡾ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᆅ
ᇦෆ࡛ࡢ㈍኎཰ධࡀୖ᪼ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ㸬
120000100000
෇
࣭
㹈

80000
60000
40000
20000
0

ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓

ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධᚋ

㹈

0

18400

෇

62350

81700

ᅗ9

ᆅᇦෆ㈍኎཰ධࡢ᥎⛣12ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤖ᯝ࡟࡞ࡿཎᅉࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪࢔࢖ࢸ࣒㉎ධ᫬࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿᆅᇦෆእࡢ㑅ᢥ⤖ᯝࡢኚᐜࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ᅗ 10 ࡟♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓ࡣྠ୍࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ࢆ
ᆅᇦෆእࡢ࡝ࡕࡽ࠿࡛㈙ࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ᶵ఍࡟┤㠃ࡋࡓሙྜ⣙ 44%ࢆᆅᇦෆ࡛㉎ධࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㑅ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධᚋ࡛ࡣ⣙ 61%ࢆᆅᇦෆ࡛㉎ධࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㑅ࡪࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡇ࠿ࡽ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᆅᇦෆ࡛ࡢ㉎ධࢆ㑅ࡪࡇ࡜ࡀከࡃ
࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ㸬
0.7
0.6

0.61

0.5
0.4

0.44

0.3
0.2
0.1
0
ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓

ᅗ 10

ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධᚋ

࢔࢖ࢸ࣒㉎ධ᫬ࡢᆅᇦෆ㑅ᢥ๭ྜ

ᅗ 11 ࡣ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒㉎ධ᫬ࡢᆅᇦෆእ㑅ᢥᶵ఍ࡢෆヂࡢ᥎⛣࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධᚋࡢ➨ 3 ࢱ࣮ࣥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᆅᇦෆࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ๭ྜࡀ᭱ࡶ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀぢ࡚ྲྀ
ࢀࡿ㸬
10
9
8
7
6
ᅇ 5
ᩘ
4
3
2
1
0

ᆅᇦእ
ᆅᇦෆ

1

2

3

4

5

ࢱ࣮ࣥ
ᅗ 11 ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒㉎ධ᫬ࡢᆅᇦෆእ㑅ᢥᶵ఍ࡢෆヂࡢ᥎⛣௨ୖ࠿ࡽ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධᚋࡢཧຍ⪅ࡢ⾜ື࠿ࡽࡳࡿ࡜㸪JAIST ᮧࡀᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ㸦1㸧ᮧẸྠኈࡢຓࡅྜ࠸ࡀ࡞࠸㸪㸦2㸧ᆅᇦၟᗑ⾤࡛ࡢ኎ୖࡆపୗ࡜࠸࠺஧ࡘࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿ᪉ྥ࡬࡜ኚ໬ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ㸬ࡓࡔࡋ㸪ཧຍ⪅ࡀ JAIST ᮧࡢၥ㢟ゎỴ࡟ྥ࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ࡑࢀࡀᚲࡎࡋࡶᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟ά⏝ࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡶᮏࢤ࣮࣒
ࡢྲྀᘬ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᅗ 12 ࡣ㸪࢔࢖ࢸ࣒㈍኎౯᱁࡟༨ࡵࡿᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ๭ྜ
ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪ᇦෆ࡛㈍኎ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ 14 ✀㢮ࡢෆ㸪ᇦෆࡢࡳ
࡛㈍኎ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ࡢ㈍኎౯᱁࡟༨ࡵࡿᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ๭ྜࡣ⣙ 20%࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪

13ᆅᇦෆእ࡛㈍኎ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ࡢ㈍኎౯᱁࡟ࡋࡵࡿᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ๭ྜࡣ⣙ 42%࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ᆅᇦእ࡜➇ྜࡍࡿ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ࢆ㈍኎ࡍࡿ୺యࡣ✚ᴟⓗ࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆཷࡅྲྀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ែᗘ࡜ࡗ
࡚࠸ࡓࡀ㸪ᆅᇦෆ࡛ࡋ࠿㈍኎ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ࢆ㈍኎ࡍࡿ୺యࡣ࠶ࡲࡾᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆཷࡅ
ྲྀࡽ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟タᐃࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࡇࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽぢ࡚ྲྀࢀࡿ㸬୺యẖ࡛ぢࡿ࡜㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ึ㢌࠿ࡽ೉㔠ṧ㧗ࡀ⭾ࡽࢇ࡛࠸ࡓᏛ⏕ࡀ㈍኎ࡍࡿ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ࡢ㈍኎౯᱁࡟ࡋࡵࡿᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ๭ྜࡣ
0%࡛᭱ࡶపࡃ㸪ḟ࠸࡛ప࠸ࡢࡀ㸪㈍኎༢౯ࡀ㧗ࡃ㸪ᆅᇦእ࡜ࡢ➇ྜࡀ࡞࠸࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ࢆ㈍኎
ࡍࡿ Ἠ᪑㤋㸦15%㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࢀࡽࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ᆅᇦࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶ㸪ᮏࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽࡣಶࠎࡢ୺యࡢ฼┈ࢆ≛≅࡟ࡋ࡚ࡲ࡛ᮧࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺⾜ືࢆ࡜ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓ㸬
0.50
0.40

0.42

0.30
0.20

0.20

0.10
0.00

ᆅᇦෆ࡛ࡢࡳ㈍኎ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒
ᅗ 12ᆅᇦෆእ࡛㈍኎ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒

࢔࢖ࢸ࣒㈍኎౯᱁࡟༨ࡵࡿᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ๭ྜ㸦3㹼5 ࢱ࣮ࣥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᖹᆒ㸧

4.4 ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓឤ᝿ࡢศᯒ㸸㸫ࢸ࢟ࢫࢺ࣐࢖ࢽࣥࢢ࡟ࡼࡿ᳨ウ㸫
31 ྡࡢཧຍ⪅࠿ࡽ⮬⏤グ㏙࡟ࡼࡿᅇ⟅ࢆᚓࡓ㸬ᢳฟࡉࢀࡓ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻࢆ࢝ࢸࢦࣜ໬ 9ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪30 ྡࡢグ㏙ෆᐜ࠿ࡽ 8 ࡘࡢ࢝ࢸࢦࣜࡀᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡓ㸬ᅗ 13 ࡣࢢ࣮ࣝࣉẖ࡟ྛ࢝ࢸࢦࣜࡢᗘᩘࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࠕᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡬ࡢ࣏ࢪࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞⌮ゎࠖࡸࠕࢤ࣮࣒ࡢᴦࡋࡉࠖ
࡜࠸ࡗࡓዲពⓗ࡞࢝ࢸࢦࣜࡀ࠶ࡿ୍᪉࡛㸪ࠕᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡬ࡢࢿ࢞ࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞⌮ゎࠖࡸࠕᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ㞴ࡋࡉࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᢈุⓗ࡞࢝ࢸࢦࣜࡶ⌧ࢀࡓ㸬ࠕ೉㔠࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⌮ゎࠖࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࡛ࣜࡣ
೉㔠ࢆࡋ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸㸪೉㔠ࡣᛧ࠸ࡶࡢ࡜࠸࠺グ㏙ࡀぢࡽࢀࡓ㸬ࡇࡢ⌮ゎࢆ♧ࡋࡓ 4 ྡࡣẖࢱ࣮ࣥ೉㔠ࢆ㔜ࡡ࡚࠸ࡓࠕᏛ⏕ࠖࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡟ᒓࡍࡿཧຍ⪅࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࡢ௚࡟ࡣ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢ⏫࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀᑟධࡉࢀ࡚ḧࡋ࠸㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡽⰋ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࠕᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡬ࡢᕼ
ᮃࡸᑟධࠖ࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿグ㏙ࡶ 6 ࡘぢࡽࢀࡓ㸬ᅗ 14 ࡣ࢝ࢸࢦࣜ㛫ࡢࢧ࣮ࢡࣝࣞ࢖࢔࢘ࢺ10ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࠕᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡬ࡢ࣏ࢪࢸ
࢕ࣈ࡞⌮ゎࠖ࡜ࠕࢤ࣮࣒ࡢᴦࡋࡉࠖ࡜࠸࠺࢝ࢸࢦ࡛ࣜ⧅ࡀࡾࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ୍᪉㸪ࠕ⟶⌮㏻㈌ࡢ㞴ࡋࡉࠖ࡜ࠕࢤ࣮࣒ࡢᴦࡋࡉࠖ࡜࠸࠺୍ぢࡍࡿ࡜┦཯ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࢝ࢸࢦ࡛ࣜࡶ⧅ࡀࡾࡀぢࡽࢀࡓ㸬ࡇࢀࡣ」ᩘ㏻㈌ࢆ⟶⌮ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ㞴ࡋࡉࡀࢤ࣮࣒ࡢᴦࡋࡉࢆᚲࡎࡋࡶᦆ
࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬௚࡟ࡶࠕࢤ࣮࣒ࡣᴦࡋ࠿ࡗࡓ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠖ࡜࠸࠺㉁ၥ㡯┠࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪1 ྡࡀࠕࡲ࠶ࡲ࠶ᴦࡋ࠿ࡗࡓࠖ࡜⟅࠼ࡓ௨እ඲ဨࡀࠕ࡜࡚ࡶᴦࡋ࠿ࡗࡓࠖ࡜
9

SPSS Text Analytics for Surveys ࡟⏝ពࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢸ࢟ࢫࢺศᯒࣃࢵࢣ࣮ࢪ㸦TAP㸧࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚⮬ືⓗ࡟࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢ࢝ࢸࢦࣜ࡟ศ㢮ࡋࡓᚋ࡟㸪➹⪅ࡀ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ᡭື࡛࢝ࢸࢦࣜศ㢮ࡢุ᩿ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬᭱⤊ⓗ࡞ศ㢮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚➨୕⪅ࡢホ౯ࡣཷࡅ࡚ࡣ࠾ࡽࡎ㸪➹⪅ࡦ࡜ࡾࡢุ᩿࡟ᣐࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬10ྛཧຍ⪅ࡢ⮬⏤グ㏙࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢝ࢸࢦࣜ㛫ࡢඹ㉳ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪୍ࡘࡢ⮬⏤グ㏙࡟࠾࠸࡚஧ࡘࡢ࢝ࢸࢦࣜࡀฟ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜ࡟୧࢝ࢸࢦࣜ࡟⧅ࡀࡾࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋࡓ㸬ᅗ 13 ୰ࡢƔࡣ࢝ࢸࢦࣜࢆ♧ࡋ㸪ࣀ࣮ࢻ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ㸬ࣀ࣮ࢻ㛫ࡢ఩⨨ࡸ㊥㞳࡟≉ู࡞ព࿡ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࣀ࣮ࢻࢆ⧅ࡄࣜࣥࢡ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ඹ㉳㢖ᗘࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬◚⥺ࡀࢧ࢖ࢬ 1㸪⣽࠸ᐇ⥺ࡀࢧ࢖ࢬ 2㸪ኴ࠸ᐇ⥺ࡀࢧ࢖ࢬ 3 ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬14ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡽࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢࢿ࢞ࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞ホ౯ࡸ㏻㈌⟶⌮ࡢ㞴ࡋࡉࡀ㸪ᆅ
ᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢࢤ࣮࣒࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢፗᴦᛶࢆᦆ࡞ࢃ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓ㸬

ᅗ 13

ᅗ 14

⮬⏤グ㏙࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢝ࢸࢦࣜࡢᗘᩘ

࢝ࢸࢦࣜࡢࢧ࣮ࢡࣝࣞ࢖࢔࢘ࢺ

5⪃ᐹ
5.1 ࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽࡢ௬ㄝ᳨ドᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔㸪ᆅᇦࡢேࡓࡕ࡬ࡢಙ㢗㸪ᆅᇦ࡛ࡢ஫㓘ᛶࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡶࢤ࣮࣒㛤ጞ๓࡜ẚ㍑
ࡋ࡚ࢤ࣮࣒⤊஢ᚋ࡟㧗ࡲࡗࡓ㸦⾲ 1㸧㸬ࢤ࣮࣒㛤ጞ๓ࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛ཧຍ⪅ࡢㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࡢᖹᆒࡣ
୰❧Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿ 3 ࡼࡾࡶ㧗ࡃ㸪ྛ㉁ၥ㡯┠࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࢤ࣮࣒㛤ጞ๓࡟ྰᐃⓗ࡞ᅇ⟅㸦1㸪2㸧ࢆࡋࡓཧຍ⪅ࡣ 2㹼5 ྡ࡜඲యࡢ⣙ 5㹼15%࡟␃ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡺ࠼࡟ࢤ࣮࣒๓ᚋ࡛ែᗘኚᐜࡋ
ࡓཧຍ⪅ࡢከࡃࡣ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒㛤ጞ๓࡟୰❧ⓗ࡞ᅇ⟅㸦3㸧࠿ᙅ࠸⫯ᐃⓗ࡞ᅇ⟅㸦4㸧ࢆ⾜࠸㸪ࢤ࣮࣒⤊஢ᚋ࡟ࡑࢀࡒࢀᙅ࠸⫯ᐃ㸦4㸧࠿ᙉ࠸⫯ᐃ㸦5㸧࡬ࢩࣇࢺࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ᚋ࡟ㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓࡀ㸪ᯝࡓࡋ࡚ᆅ
ᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ࡝ࡢ㒊ศ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࡀ㧗ࡵࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿㸬ࡑࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪
ᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟㛵ࡍࡿḟࡢ 2 ࡘࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬

15

1
2

ᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟ࡼࡿ JAIST ᮧၟᗑ⾤ࡢ኎ࡾୖࡆࡢቑຍ
࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡢᐇ㊶࡜࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺࣮࢝ࢻࡢ௜୚

1㸧ᅗ 9 ࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධᚋ㸪ᆅᇦෆࡢ኎ࡾୖࡆࡣቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣ㸪ᆅᇦෆእࡢ୧᪉࡛㈍኎ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒࡟㛵ࡍࡿḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᛮᝨࡸ⾜ືࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬㈙࠸
ᡭഃࡣ㸪࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔࡞࡝ᆅᇦࡢㄢ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᡭ࡟ධࢀࡓᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆ౑࠺ᶵ఍ࢆ
᥈ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢᶵ఍ࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ᆅᇦෆ࡛㈍኎ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ࡢ㉎ධࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࡑࢀࡣ㸪ᆅᇦෆእ཮᪉࡛㈍኎ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ࢆ㉎ධࡍࡿᶵ఍࡟┤㠃ࡋࡓ㝿㸪ᆅᇦෆ࡛㉎ධࡍࡿᅇᩘࢆቑࡸࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺㈙࠸ᡭࡢ⾜ື㸦ᅗ 10㸧࠿ࡽࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛㸪኎ࡾᡭഃ࡟ࡣ㸪ᆅᇦෆእ཮᪉࡛㈍኎ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᆅᇦෆ࡛ࡼࡾከࡃ㈙ࡗ࡚ࡶ
ࡽ࠺ࡓࡵ࡟㸪㈍኎౯᱁࡟༨ࡵࡿᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ๭ྜࢆቑࡸࡍ࡜࠸࠺ᡓ␎ࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡣ㸪ᆅᇦෆ㒊࡛ࡋ࠿㈍኎ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࢔࢖ࢸ࣒࡜ẚ࡭࡚㸪ᆅᇦෆእ࡛㈍኎ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ࡢ㈍኎౯᱁࡟༨ࡵࡿᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ๭ྜࡀ㧗࠸࡜࠸࠺⤖ᯝ㸦ᅗ 12㸧࡟⌧ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ධᡭࡋࡓᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿᶵ఍ࢆ᥈ࡍ࡜࠸࠺㈙࠸ᡭࡢ⾜ື࡜㸪ࡼࡾᇦෆ࡛ࡢ㉎ධࢆಁ㐍ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆά⏝ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺኎ࡾᡭࡢᡓ␎ࡀᇦෆ࡛ࡢ኎ୖࡆࡢቑຍ࡟ᐤ୚ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡽࡢ㈙࠸ᡭ࡜኎ࡾᡭ཮᪉ࡢ⾜ືࡸᡓ␎ࡣ㸪࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔࡞࡝࡛ධᡭࡋࡓᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆᆅᇦෆ࡛౑࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆಁࡍࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾ㸪ᮧẸྠኈࡢຓࡅྜ࠸ࡢ㍯ࢆᗈࡆ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜࡟⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐤ୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬2㸧ᮧẸྠኈࡢᑐ㠃࡟ࡼࡿ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆయ㦂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪⮬ศࡀ௚ேࢆຓࡅࡽ
ࢀࡿࡇ࡜㸪௚ே࠿ࡽຓࡅࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࠶ࡾࡀࡓࡉࢆឤࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬௚ேࢆຓࡅࡿഃ
ࡶຓࡅࡽࢀࡓഃ࠿ࡽ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺࣮࢝ࢻࢆཷࡅྲྀࡿࡇ࡜࡛ឤㅰࡉࢀࡿ႐ࡧࡶឤࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛
ࡁࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞┦஫ᢇຓࢆయ㦂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ᆅᇦ㐃ᖏࡢ኱ษࡉࡸᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࡀ㧗ࡲࡗࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬๓❶࡛㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪ᐇ㝿࡟࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡢᐇ᪋⋡ࡀቑ࠼ࡓࡢࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡓᚋ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᅗ 6㸧㸬2㸧ࡀ୺せᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿሙྜ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡣ┤᥋ࡢせᅉ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢ㸪ே࡜ே࡜ࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅ㸪࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡢᐇ᪋⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟㛫᥋ⓗ࡟ᐤ୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࡢྥୖࡣ㸪1㸧࠿ 2㸧ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿⊂❧ࡢ஦㇟࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪୧⪅ࡢ࣏ࢪࢸ࢕ࣈ࣭ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㧗ࡵࡽࢀࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡢࡀྜ⌮ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࣏ࢪࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞ホ౯࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ཧຍ⪅ࡓࡕࡀ⮬⏤グ㏙࡛᭩࠸ࡓࡶࡢࢆ⾲ 4 ࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡓ㸬⮬⏤グ㏙࠿ࡽཧຍ⪅ࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ࡟ࡼࡿ኎ࡾୖࡆࡢቑຍࡔ
ࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟ࡼࡿ࠾㔠ࡢᚠ⎔ࡸᆅ⏘ᆅᾘࡢ኱ษࡉ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀࢥ࣑ࣗ
ࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ே࡜ே࡜ࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ㸬ᙜึࡣࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒ࡀ௜࠸ࡓࡾ㸪࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ධᡭࡋࡓࡾ࡜⤒῭ྜ⌮ⓗ࡞⌮⏤࠿ࡽᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ືᶵ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢὶ㏻㔞ࡀቑ࠼㸪㠀⤒῭ⓗάື࡟ࡶ✚ᴟⓗ࡟౑ࢃࢀࡿ࡜ᮧẸྠኈࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆ፹௓ࡋࡓࡾ㸪ᆅᇦࡢᙺ๭ࡸ
኱ษࡉࢆẼ࡙࠿ࡏࡓࡾࡍࡿࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸㸬す㒊㸦2002㸧ࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ┠ⓗࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕேࠎࡢ㛫࡟༠ྠࡸಙ㢗ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ⠏ࡁ㸪㈌ᖯ஺᥮࡬࡜୍ඖ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆከᵝ࡛㇏࠿࡞ࡶࡢ࡟ࡍࡿࠖࡇ࡜ࢆᣲࡆ㸪ேࠎࡢ౯್ほࡸ㛵ᚰࢆࡶఏ࠼ࡿ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢഃ㠃ࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᐇ㝿ࡢᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀ
ὶ㏻ࡍࡿ⌧ሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ୖ㏙ࡢ┠ⓗࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㐩ࡏࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࢆ☜࠿ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡀ㸪௒ᅇࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ࡜࠸࠺௬᝿ⓗ࡞≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶཧຍ⪅ࡢㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࡢྥୖࡀ☜࠿ࡵ

16ࡽࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ᙧᡂࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ࠿ࢆ▱ࡿୖ࡛ࡶ㔜せ࡞Ⓨぢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ 1㸧࡜ 2㸧ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡶྲྀᘬグ㘓⾲࠿ࡽ᥎ࡉࢀࡿ௬ㄝ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࢆ㧗ࡵࡓ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
ࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢᑟධ๓ᚋ࡛࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛⌧ẁ㝵࡛ᅉᯝ㛵ಀࡲ࡛ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸬
⾲4

ᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࣏ࢪࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞ホ౯࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⮬⏤ᅇ⟅

ᆅᇦ㏻㈌䜢౑䛖䛸䠈䛔䜝䛔䜝䛺ே䛜㈙䛔䛻᮶䛶䛟䜜䛶䠈䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁䛜䛔䛳䜁䛔䛸䜜䛯䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䠊
ᆅᇦ㏻㈌䜢౑䛖๓䠄ᑟධ䛩䜛䠅䜎䛷䛿䛹䛣䛾䛚ᗑ䜒㐣␯໬䛧䛶䛔䛯䛡䛹䠈ᑟධ䛩䜛䛸䛯䛟䛥䜣䛾ே䛜䛚ᗑ䛻᮶䛶䛟䜜䛯䜚䛧䛶㈰䜔䛛䛻䛺䛳䛯䛾䛷ᆅᇦ㏻㈌䛾ຊ䛳䛶䛩䛤䛔䛺䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䠊෇䛰䛡䛾䛸䛝䜘䜚䠈ᆅᇦ㏻㈌䜒౑䛘䜛䜘䛖䛻䛩䜛䛸䠈ᆅᇦ䛾ே䛯䛱䛸௰Ⰻ䛟䛺䜜䜛䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䠊
ᆅᇦ㏻㈌䛜䛒䜛䛸ᆅᇦ䛾୰䛷䛭䛾䛚㔠䛜䛠䜛䛠䜛ᅇ䛳䛶䛔䜛䜣䛰䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䠊

ᆅᇦ㏻㈌䛜ᑟධ䛥䜜䛯ᚋ䛿䝪䝷䞁䝔䜱䜰䛻䜒ከ䛟ཧຍ䛩䜛䜘䛖䛻䛺䛳䛶䛩䛤䛟䛔䛔䛺䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯
ᆅᇦ㏻㈌䜢ᑟධ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷኎䜚ୖ䛢䛜ᑡ䛧䛷䛒䜛䛜ఙ䜃䛯䠊䛭䛾᪉䛜ᆅᇦ䛜άᛶ໬䛩䜛䛾䛷䛸䛶䜒Ⰻ䛔䛣䛸䛰䛸ᛮ䛳䛯䠊Ᏻ䛔᪉䜒䛔䛔䛡䛹ᛮ䛔䛾䛣䜒䛳䛯ᆅᇦ䛾䜒䛾䜢㈙䛖᪉䛜䛔䛔䛺䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜎䛧䛯ࡲࡓ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓྲྀᘬάືࡸ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡢᐇ㊶࡜ࡣ㛵ࢃࡽ࡞࠸㒊ศ࡛ㄆ▱ⓗSC ࡀ㧗ࡵࡽࢀࡓྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ᳨ウࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚᭱ࡶྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢࡣ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ๓ᥦ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ JAIST ᮧࡢ≧ἣタᐃ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㸦1㸧ᮧẸྠኈࡢຓࡅྜ࠸ࡀ࡞࠸㸪㸦2㸧ᆅᇦၟᗑ⾤࡛ࡢ኎ୖࡆࡀపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ JAIST ᮧࡢ஧ࡘࡢၥ㢟ࡣ㸪୰Ꮫ⏕࡛࠶ࡿཧຍ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㏻ᖖ⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠸ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜᝿ᐃࡉࢀ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢၥ㢟ゎỴ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⮬ศࡓࡕࡢᆅᇦ♫఍࡟ᑐࡍࡿㄆ㆑ࡸែᗘࢆኚᐜࡉࡏ
ࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬㸦1㸧ᮧẸྠኈࡢຓࡅྜ࠸ࡣ㸪ㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࡟࠾ࡅࡿಙ㢗ࡢ㡯┠࡜㛵ࢃࡾࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪㸦2㸧ᆅᇦၟᗑ⾤࡛ࡢ኎ࡾୖࡆపୗࡣ㸪஫㓘ᛶࡸᆅᇦ㈉⊩ࡢ㡯┠࡜㛵ࢃࡾࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬
JAIST ᮧࡢၥ㢟ࢆᥦ♧ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࢆゎỴࡋࡼ࠺࡜⾜ືࡍࡿ୰࡛㸪ಙ㢗ࡸ஫㓘ᛶ㸪ᆅᇦ㈉⊩ࡢព㆑ࡢ㔜せᛶ࡟Ẽ࡙ࡁ㸪⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡢㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࡶ㧗ࡵࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪JAIST ᮧࡢၥ㢟ᥦ♧ࡑࢀࡔࡅ࡛ཧຍ⪅ࡢㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࢆኚᐜࡉࡏࡓ࡜ࡣゝ࠸ࡀࡓ࠸㸬ᐇ㝿㸪
ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ๓ᚋ࡛ࡣ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡢᐇ᪋๭ྜ࡟㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡾ㸪ᇦෆእࡢၟရ㉎ධ๭ྜ࡟ࡶᕪ␗ࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࡾࡍࡿ㸬࠸ࡎࢀࡶㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࡜㛵ಀࡢ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣඛ㏙ࡋࡓ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ၥ㢟ᥦ♧ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡔࡅࡀㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࡢኚᐜࢆಁࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺㸬௚࡟ࡶࠕᆅᇦࡢㄢ㢟ࠖゎỴ࣮࢝ࢻࢆ᭩࠸࡚ࡶࡽ࠺ࡇ࡜࡛㸪ᆅᇦࡢㄢ㢟࡟୺యⓗ࡟㛵୚ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆಁࡋ㸪ᆅᇦάື࡬ࡢཧ⏬ࢆ᫝࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ᆅᇦࡢၥ㢟ᥦ♧࡜ࡑࡢゎỴ᪉ἲࢆヰࡋྜ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶᐇ᪋ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡀ㸪ゎỴ᪉ἲࢆ෇⁥࡟ᐇ᪋ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ௒ᅇࡢᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ෆ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕᆅᇦࡢㄢ㢟ࠖゎỴ࣮࢝ࢻ࡜ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ㛵ಀࢆศ㞳ࡋ࡚㆟ㄽࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㐺ษ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸬ཧຍ⪅࠿ࡽฟࡉࢀࡓ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࡀᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᨃఝⓗ࡞ࡀࡽᐇ᪋ྍ
⬟࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ཧຍ⪅⮬㌟࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡸᆅᇦ㈉⊩࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿሙ㠃ࢆᐇ㊶࡜࠸࠺ഃ㠃࠿ࡽᥦ౪࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬17࠾㔠ࡢ౯್ほࡢኚᐜࡣ㸪ၥ 5 ࡢࠕ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞✀㢮ࡢ࠾㔠࠿ࡽዲࡲࡋ࠸ࡶࡢࢆ㑅ࡪࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿࡛ࠖࡢࡳࢤ࣮࣒⤊஢ᚋ࡛᭷ព࡟㧗ࡲࡗࡓ㸬ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ㈌ᖯࡢከᵝᛶࢆ⾲ࡍ㡯┠࡛ࡣ᭷ព࡞ᕪ␗ࡀぢࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㏻㈌ࡢከᵝ
ᛶࢆ᫝ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ࡋࡓ௬ㄝࡀᨭᣢࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸㸬ᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡜ἲᐃ㏻㈌ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆㄆ㆑ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺㒊ศ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ၥ 5 ࡛ኚ໬ࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ἲᐃ㏻㈌࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ㏻㈌ࡀ
Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡀᙉࡲࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡿ㸬᪥ᮏᅜෆ࡛౑࠼ࡿ࠾㔠ࡣ୍✀㢮࡛ࡼ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡿཧຍ⪅ࡀࢤ࣮࣒⤊஢ᚋ࡟ῶࡗࡓࡀ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡣ᭷ព࡞ኚ໬࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪౫↛࡜
ࡋ࡚༢୍㏻㈌ࡢ౑⏝ࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ⪅ࡀ 24 ྡ࡜඲యࡢ 7 ๭࡟ୖࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࢀࡽࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㈌ᖯࡢ
ከᵝᛶࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸ࡀ㸪⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡀᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣู࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᥎ ࡉࢀࡿ㸬ḟ࡟ࢤ࣮࣒⤊஢ᚋ࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟ᑐࡍࡿホ౯㸦ᅗ 4㸪5㸧࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㉁ၥ࡬ࡢᅇ⟅ࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪ཧຍ⪅ࡢᅇ⟅ࡣ⫯ᐃⓗ㸪୰❧ⓗ㸪ྰᐃⓗࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡶศᩓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ㸬ၥ 10 ࡜
11 ࡢᅇ⟅⤖ᯝࡢ┦㛵ಀᩘࡀ 0.6㸦p<.01㸧࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢᏑᅾ㢪ᮃ࡜౑⏝㢪ᮃ࡟ࡣ㧗࠸┦㛵ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ㸬ࢡࣟࢫ⾲ࢆぢࡿ࡜㸦⾲ 5㸧㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡢၥ࠸࡛ࠕ࡝ࡕࡽ࡛
ࡶ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜㑅ᢥࡋࡓཧຍ⪅ࡣ 2 ྡࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪୍᪉ࢆࠕ࡝ࡕࡽ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜㑅ᢥࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ࡶ࠺୍᪉࡛୰❧௨እࡢ㑅ᢥࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿཧຍ⪅ࡀ༙ᩘ௨ୖ࡟ࡢࡰࡿ㸬ཧຍ⪅ࡣ஦๓࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠾ࡽࡎ㸪ㅮ⩏࡛ࡶᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࢆ୍ษᩍᤵࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚෇࡜ᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡬ࡢホ౯ࢆཧຍ⪅ࡀ⮬ศ⮬㌟ุ࡛᩿࡛ࡁࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬
⾲5

ၥ 10 ࡜ၥ 11 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅇ⟅⤖ᯝࡢࢡࣟࢫ⾲䛒䛺䛯䛾ఫ䜣䛷䛔䜛ᆅᇦ䛻ᆅᇦ㏻㈌䛜䛒䜜䜀䜘䛔䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛩䛛඲䛟ᛮ䜟䛺䛔 䛒䜎䜚ᛮ䜟䛺䛔 䛹䛱䜙䛷䜒䛺䛔 ᑡ䛧ᛮ䛖
ᙉ䛟ᛮ䛖
ྜィ
1
0
0
0
0
1

෇
䛒䛺䛯䛜ఫ䜣䛷䛔䜛䛹䛱䜙䛛䛸䛔䛖䛸෇ᆅᇦ䛻ᆅᇦ㏻㈌䛜䛒
䛹䛱䜙䛷䜒䛺䛔
䜛䛸䛧䛶䠈䛒䛺䛯䛿ᆅ䛹䛱䜙䛛䛸䛔䛖䛸ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᇦ㏻㈌䛸෇䛾䛹䛱䜙䜢
ᆅᇦ㏻㈌౑䛔䛯䛔䛷䛩䛛
ྜィ

6
0
3
0
0
9

1
5
2
2
0
10

1
1
3
4
1
10

0
1
0
1
1
3

㻿㼜㼑㼍㼞㼙㼍㼚䛾㡰఩┦㛵ಀᩘ䚷㻚㻢㻜**ࡑࡢ௚࡟ࡶ࢔࢖ࢸ࣒㈍኎౯᱁࡟༨ࡵࡿᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ๭ྜࢆࢤ࣮࣒ࢱ࣮ࣥࡢ᥎⛣࡛ぢ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜㸦ᅗ 15㸧㸪ῶᑡഴྥ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡣᮏㅮ⩏࡟࠾࠸࡚ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆᚲࡎࡋࡶ⫯ᐃⓗ࡟ఏ࠼࡚࠸࡞࠸ドᕥ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾ㸪ཧຍ⪅ࡀᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡢุ᩿࡟࠾࠸
࡚ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬
0.50

0.42

0.40

0.29

0.30

0.24

0.20
0.10
0.00
3
ᅗ 15

4
ࢱ࣮ࣥ

5

࢔࢖ࢸ࣒㈍኎౯᱁࡟༨ࡵࡿᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ๭ྜ㸦඲࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ࡢᖹᆒ㸧

18

9
7
8
7
2
33

5.2 ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢຠᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
ᆅᇦෆ࡛ࡢࣄࢺ㺃ࣔࣀ㺃࢝ࢿࡢᚠ⎔ಁ㐍࡜࠸࠺ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ┠ⓗ࡜㸪ᆅᇦෆእࡢ࡝ࡕࡽ࡛
ၟရࢆ㉎ධࡍࡿ࠿࡜࠸ࡗࡓၥ㢟ࡸ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆ⾜࠺㝿࡟క࠺ࢥࢫࢺࡢၥ㢟࡞࡝࡜࠸ࡗࡓ
ಶࠎࡢఫẸࡀ┤㠃ࡍࡿၥ㢟ࡢゎỴ࡜࠸࠺┠ⓗࡀ㸪࡝ࡇࡲ࡛୧❧ࡍࡿ࠿ࢆཧຍ⪅࡟⪃࠼ࡿᶵ఍ࢆ୚࠼ࡿⅬ࡛ࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ࡜࠸࠺ᡭἲࡣ⥲ࡌ࡚㐺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡼ࠺㸬௒ᅇࡣ᫬㛫ࡢไ⣙࡛࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆཧຍ⪅࡟ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡋ㸪࡞ࡐ࠶ࡢ᫬ࡑࡢᵝ࡞⾜ືࢆ࡜ࡗࡓࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ཧຍ⪅ྠኈ࡛ヰࡋྜ࠺ࢹ࢕ࣈ࣮ࣜࣇ࢕ࣥࢢࢆ⾜࠼ࡤࡇࡢຠᯝࡣࡼࡾ
㧗ࡲࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࡓࡔࡋ㸪 ༢࡟ࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆᑟධࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀⰋ࠸ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព
㆑ࡸ㈌ᖯࡢከᵝᛶព㆑ࡢᙧᡂࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺Ⅼࡣᮏࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿ㸬Ꮫ⩦ࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡣ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆᑟධࡋࡓࡽ࡝
ࢇ࡞ၥ㢟࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ཧຍ⪅ࡀඹ࡟⪃࠼ࡿሙࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ព࿡ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪㺀ᆅᇦࡢㄢ㢟ࠖゎỴ࣮࢝ࢻ࡟グධࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡢ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࢆ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔࡜ࡋ࡚ᐇ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜࡛㸪⮬ࡽࡢᆅᇦࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿୖ࡛ఱࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ᐇ㝿ࡢᆅᇦ㏻㈌ὶ㏻ᐇ㦂࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶᆅᇦఫẸࡀᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆἲᐃ㏻㈌࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟
౑⏝ࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣᙼࡽࡢ㈌ᖯࡢከᵝᛶព㆑ࡣ㧗ࡲࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪㈌ᖯࡢከᵝ
ᛶព㆑ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⌮ゎࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿ㸦ᑠᯘ௚㸪2011㸧 㸬ࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢࡣ㸪ཧຍ⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚⮬ศ⮬㌟࡛⪃࠼㸪Ẽ࡙ࡁ㸪⌮ゎࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺㐣⛬ࢆయ㦂ࡉࡏࡿሙࢆព
ᅗⓗ࡟タィࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡀࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢࡢ฼Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿ㸬௒ᚋ㸪ཧຍ⪅ࡀ᭷ࡍࡿ㈌ᖯࡢከᵝᛶព㆑ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ୰ࡸࢹ࢕ࣈ࣮ࣜࣇ࢕ࣥࢢ࡟࠾࠸
࡚᣺ࡾ㏉ࡾࡢ࣏࢖ࣥࢺࢆ⏝ពࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺㸬ᡃࠎࡀ᝿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓຠᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪೉㔠࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⌮ゎ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ㸬೉㔠࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟ஈࡋ࠸୰Ꮫ⏕࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ෆ࡛೉㔠ࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᐇ⏕ά࡛ࡢ೉㔠ࡸࡑࡢᜍࢁࡋࡉࡢ⌮ゎ࡟⧅ࡀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓ㸦ᅗ 13㸧㸬⮬ศ࡛✌࠸ࡔ࠾㔠ࢆ♫఍࡛ᮏ᱁ⓗ࡟౑⏝ࡍࡿ๓࡟࠾㔠ࡸ೉㔠࡟ᑐࡍࡿࣜࢸࣛࢩ࣮ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡶᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢຠᯝࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺㸬ᮏ✏᳨࡛ウࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡸᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢᑟධࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㐃ᖏࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬୍᪉㸪ᆅᇦάᛶ໬ࡢ᪋⟇ࢆᣢ⥆ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡶࡢ࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪⤒῭ྜ⌮ᛶࢆᗘእどࡋ࡚࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡸᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟ࡼࡿᆅᇦෆ࡛ࡢ㉎ධࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚㸪཭ឡࡸ㐃ᖏࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡞⾜ືࡤ࠿ࡾࢆࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡟ࡣ࠸
࠿࡞࠸㸬ᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࢆ㧗ࡵࡘࡘ࠾㔠ࡸ೉㔠࡟ᑐࡍࡿࣜࢸࣛࢩ࣮ࡶ㧗ࡲࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢຠᯝࡣ㸪ࠕ㐃ᖏ࡜⤒῭ྜ⌮ᛶࡢ୧᪉ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࢶ࣮ࣝࠖ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ㸪ᣢ⥆ྍ⬟ᛶࢆᣢࡗࡓᆅᇦάᛶ໬᪋⟇ࡢᢸ࠸ᡭࢆ⫱࡚ࡿࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆᣢࡘ㸬ࡇࢀࡣ㸪ᆅᇦࡢㄢ㢟ゎỴࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࣮࣡ࢡࢆ⾜࠺࡜࠸ࡗࡓ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒
ࡢඃ఩ᛶࡔࢁ࠺㸬୍᪉㸪ᮏࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽぢࡿ࡜࠸ࡃࡘ࠿⪃࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁタィୖࡢၥ㢟ࡀᾋ࠿ࡧୖࡀࡗࡓ㸬≉࡟㸪ᅗ 12 ࡛♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪㈍኎࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ࡢ౯᱁࡟༨ࡵࡿᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ๭ྜࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪ᆅᇦෆ࡛ࡋ࠿㈍኎ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࢔࢖ࢸ࣒ࡢ๭ྜࡀపࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ከࡃࡢᆅᇦ㏻㈌ᑟධ஦౛
࡛ࡣ㸪ᆅᇦෆ࡛ࡋ࠿ᢅࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᆅሙ⏘ရ࡞࡝࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࡇ࠿ࡽぢࡿ࡜ᮏࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ⤖ᯝࡣᐇ㝿ࡢᑟධ஦౛࡛㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ⌧㇟࡜ྜࢃ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗ
࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪௒ᚋ⪃ᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬

19

6

⤖ㄽ
ᮏ✏ࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢព⩏ࡸᙺ๭࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᗙᏛ࡛ࡢᩍᤵࢆཷࡅࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠸୰Ꮫ⏕ࢆᑐ㇟࡟
ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ꮫ⩦ຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆㄪ
࡭ࡓ㸬ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢᐇ᪋๓࡜ᐇ᪋ᚋ࡟⾜ࡗࡓ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ⤖ᯝࡢẚ㍑࠿ࡽ㸪ཧຍ⪅ࡢㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࡜㈌ᖯほࡢ୍㒊࡟᭷ព࡞ᕪࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓ㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ꮫ⩦ຠᯝࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢᑟධ
ࡸᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ౑⏝ࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡲࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀ⤒῭ⓗάື࡜㠀⤒῭ⓗάືࡢ཮᪉࡛౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᇦෆ࡟㈌ᖯࡀᚠ⎔ࡋ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕
ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛⏕ࡌࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸㸬ࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ࡟
ࡼࡗ࡚ேࠎࡢ㛫࡟༠ྠࡸಙ㢗ࢆ⠏ࡃ࡜ࡉࢀࡿᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢᚠ⎔ຠᯝࢆᐃ㔞ⓗ࡟♧ࡋࡓ௒ᅇࡢ
▱ぢࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢຠᯝⓗ࡞ᚠ⎔ࢆ┠ᣦࡍᐇ㝿ࡢ⌧ሙࢆᨭ᥼ࡍࡿᏛ⩦ࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬
ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢຠᯝࡢᣢ⥆ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪௒ᅇࡣࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢᚋ࡟᫬㛫ࢆ࠾࠸࡚ㄪᰝࡍ
ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽᮏ✏࡛╔┠ࡋࡓㄆ▱ⓗ SC ࡸ㈌ᖯほࡣಶேࡢ౯್ほࡸㄆ▱࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛㸪᪥ᖖ⏕άࡸ♫఍⎔ቃࡢኚ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᐜ᫆࡟ኚᐜࡍࡿࡶࡢࡔ࠿ࡽ
࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࡜ࡣ࠸࠼㸪እⓗせᅉࢆᴟຊ㝖ࡃࡼ࠺࡞ᕤኵ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ኚᐜ
ࡋࡓ౯್ほࡢᣢ⥆ᛶࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸬ㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࢆ୰Ꮫ⏕࡟㝈ࡽࡎ኱ே࡟ᗈࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࡸཧຍ⪅ࡢᖺ㱋ࡸᛶู࡜࠸ࡗࡓᒓᛶࡢ㐪࠸࡟ࡼࡿຠᯝࢆぢࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྵࡵ
࡚௒ᚋࡢ◊✲ㄢ㢟࡜ࡋࡓ࠸㸬ㅰ㎡ᮏ◊✲ࡣ㸪⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡⼥ྜ᣺⯆㈈ᅋ㸦FOST㸧ࡢᖹᡂ 23 ᖺᗘㄪᰝ◊✲ຓᡂࢆཷࡅ࡚ᐇ᪋ࡉ
ࢀࡓ㸬ࡇࡇ࡟グࡋ࡚ㅰពࢆ⾲ࡍ㸬ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ᰩ⏣ ೺୍㸦2010㸧ࠕᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢຠᯝ࡜ㄢ㢟㸫Ꮫ㝿ⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᆅᇦ
ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕άᛶ໬ࡢホ౯࡜⪃ᐹ㸫ࠖ㸪໭ᾏ㐨኱Ꮫ㸪༤ኈᏛ఩ྲྀᚓㄽᩥ㸬ᑠᯘ 㔜ே*㸪す㒊ᛅ*㸪ᰩ⏣೺୍㸪ᶫᮏᩗ㸦2010㸧ࠕ♫఍άື࡟ࡼࡿ㈌ᖯព㆑ࡢᕪ␗㸫ᆅᇦ
㏻㈌㛵ಀ⪅࡜㔠⼥㛵ಀ⪅ࡢẚ㍑࠿ࡽ㸫ࠖ㸪ࠗ௻ᴗ◊✲࠘㸪୰ኸ኱Ꮫ௻ᴗ◊✲ᡤ㸪Vol. 17㸪
pp. 73-91. 㸦*equal contribution㸧ᑠᯘ 㔜ே*, ᰩ⏣ ೺୍*㸪す㒊 ᛅ㸪ᶫᮏ ᩗ㸦2011㸧ࠕᆅᇦ㏻㈌ὶ㏻ᐇ㦂๓ᚋ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈌ᖯព
㆑ࡢኚ໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⪃ᐹ㸫ᮾி㒔Ṋⶶ㔝ᕷࡢࢣ࣮ࢫ㸫ࠖ㸪ࠗ໭ᾏ㐨኱Ꮫ♫఍⛉Ꮫᐇ㦂◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮㸦CERSS㸧 ࣮࣡࢟ࣥࢢ࣮࣌ࣃ࣮ࢩ࣮ࣜࢬ࠘㸪No. 118. 㸦*equal contribution㸧ᑠᯘ 㔜ே㸪ᶫᮏ ᩗ㸪す㒊 ᛅ㸦2012㸧ࠕไᗘ⏕ែ⣔࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࣂࣥࢡ࡜ఫẸ⤌⧊㸫ࣈࣛࢪ࣭ࣝࣇ࢛ࣝࢱࣞࢨ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣃ࣐ࣝࢫ㖟⾜ࢆ஦౛࡜ࡋ࡚㸫ࠖ㸪ࠗ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫㄽ㞟࠘㸪Vol. 16㸪pp. 529-544.
ᑠᯘ㔜ே㸦2012㸧ࠕ᭦ูᮧබ┈㏻㈌ࠕࢧࣛࣜࠖ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡿࠕ㈌ᖯព㆑ࠖࡢศᯒࠖ㸪
ࠗᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆά⏝ࡋࡓࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣭ࢻࢵࢡ࡟ࡼࡿᆅᇦ♫఍ࡢάᛶ໬࠘㸪す㒊 ᛅ⦅ⴭ㸪බເ◊✲ࢩ࣮ࣜࢬ㸦඲ປ῭༠఍㸧㸪➨ 5 ❶ 6 ⠇㸪Vol. 25㸪pp. 130-135㸬ෆ㛶ᗓ㸦2002㸧ࠕࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ㸸㇏࠿࡞ே㛫㛵ಀ࡜ᕷẸάືࡢዲᚠ⎔ࢆồࡵ࡚ࠖ㸬
https://www.npo-homepage.go.jp/data/report9_1.html
す㒊ᛅ㸦2002㸧ࠕᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆ▱ࢁ࠺ࠖ㸪ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ㸬

20ྜྷ⏣ ᫀᖾ㸦2012㸧ࠕᏛ⩦ࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢタィ࡜ࡑࡢᐇ᪋⤖ᯝࡢ⪃ᐹࠖ㸪ࠗ⤒῭Ꮫ◊✲࠘㸪໭ᾏ㐨኱Ꮫ㸪Vol. 62㸪No. 1㸪pp. 69-87.
୚ㅰ㔝 ᭷⣖㸪⇃㔝 ᘓ㸪㧗℩ Ṋ඾㸪ᯘ ┤ಖᏊ㸪ྜྷᒸ ⮳㸦2006㸧ࠕ᪥ᮏࡢᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟㛵ࡍࡿᐇែㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࡢᴫ␎ࠖ㸪ࠗ㛵す኱Ꮫ♫఍Ꮫ㒊⣖せ࠘㸪Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 293-317㸬ྜྷᕝ⫕Ꮚ㸦2008㸧ࠕࢤ࣮࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠗᏛࡧ࠘ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ㸸ఱࢆ㸪࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟Ꮫࡪࡢ࠿ࠖࠗ୕⏣ၟᏛ◊✲࠘Vol.50, No.6㸪SSí㸬Uphoff, N 㸦2000㸧 ³8QGHUVWDQGLQJ6RFLDO&DSLWDO/HDUQLQJIURPWKH$QDO\VLVDQG([SHULHQFHRI
3DUWLFLSDWLRQ´ LQ Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective. edited by P. Dasgupta and I.
Serageldin: Washington, D. C., World Bank, 215-252.

21

௜㘓 1

ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ ஦๓࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ

ᮏ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡣࠊᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒࡟ཧຍࡉࢀࡿⓙࡉࢇࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ๓ࡶࡗ࡚ᡃࠎࡀ▱ࡿࡓࡵࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡍࠋᮏ࢔ࣥࢣ
࣮ࢺ࡛཰㞟ࡉࢀࡓ᝟ሗࡣࠊ௒ᚋࡢࢤ࣮࣒㛤Ⓨ࡜Ꮫ⾡◊✲࡟ࡢࡳ࡟฼⏝ࡉࢀࡲࡍࠋ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ῝ࡃ⪃࠼ࡎ࡟┤ឤ࡛⟅࠼࡚ࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࠋࡈ༠ຊࡼࢁࡋࡃ࠾㢪࠸ࡋࡲࡍࠋ ୖ㉺ᩍ⫱኱Ꮫ ㅮᖌ ྜྷ⏣ᫀᖾ໭㝣ඛ➃⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡኱Ꮫ㝔኱Ꮫ ຓᩍ ᑠᯘ㔜ே࠶࡞ࡓࡢࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࠾⪺࠿ࡏࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࠋ㸦ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡦ࡜ࡘ࡟‫࠸ࡉࡔࡃ࡚ࡅࡘࢆۑ‬㸧 ࠶࡞ࡓࡢఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡟࡝ࡢࡃࡽ࠸ឡ╔ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ
‫ࡶ࡚࡜ ڧ‬ឡ╔ࡀ࠶ࡿ‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋឡ╔ࡀ࠶ࡿ‫ࡶ࡜ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬ゝ࠼࡞࠸‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ឡ╔ࡀ࡞࠸ ‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃឡ╔ࡀ࡞࠸ ࠶࡞ࡓࡢᆅᇦ࡟ఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿேࡣಙ⏝࡛ࡁࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ
‫ࡶ࡚࡜ڧ‬ಙ⏝࡛ࡁࡿ ‫ڧ‬ᑡࡋಙ⏝࡛ࡁࡿ ‫ࡶ࡜ࡽࡕ࡝ڧ‬ゝ࠼࡞࠸‫ࡾࡲ࠶ڧ‬ಙ⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸‫ڧ‬඲ࡃಙ⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ ⮬ศࡢࡇ࡜ࡼࡾࡶேࡸᆅᇦࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᙺ࡟❧ࡕࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸

 ᆅᇦࡢேྠኈ࡛ຓࡅྜ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ⮬ศࡢ⩏ົࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸ ⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡃࡓࡵ࡟㸪ἲᐃ㏻㈌࡜␗࡞ࡿ௚ࡢ࠾㔠ࢆ฼⏝࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡀࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸ ேࠎࡀ⮬⏤࡟࠾㔠ࢆ๰㐀࣭Ⓨ⾜࡛ࡁࡿ᪉ࡀࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸ ࠾㔠ࡣே࡜ே࡜ࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸ ࠾㔠ࡢⓎ⾜ᶒࢆ୰ኸ㖟⾜ࡸၟᴗ㖟⾜ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃேࠎࡸࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡶᣢࡘ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸

 ᪥ᮏᅜෆ࡛౑࠼ࡿ࠾㔠ࡣ෇୍✀㢮࡛ࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸

㸧཭ேࡀ࠾㔠࡛ᅔࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ᫬ࠊ㈚ࡋ࡚࠶ࡆࡿࡢࡀࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸

⿬㠃࡟⥆ࡁࡲࡍࠋ ࠾㔠ࡣඈࡅࢀࡤඈࡅࡿ࡯࡝ࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸ ேࡸᆅᇦࢆຓࡅࡿࡢࡣ↓ൾ࡛ࡍࡿࡢࡀࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸ ࠾㔠ࡣ࡝ࢇ࡞ሙᡤࡸᆅᇦ࡛ࡶ౑࠼ࡿ࡯࠺ࡀࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸ ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞✀㢮ࡢ࠾㔠࠿ࡽዲࡲࡋ࠸ࡶࡢࢆ㑅ࡪࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸

ࡈᅇ⟅࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ
࠾ྡ๓㸸                         ᛶู㸸 ⏨ ࣭ ዪᖺ㱋㸸       ṓ   ⫋ᴗ㸸௜㘓 2ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ ஦ᚋ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ

ᮏ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡣࠊᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒࡟ཧຍࡉࢀࡓⓙࡉࢇࡀࡇࡢࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜ࢆឤࡌࡓࡢ࠿ࢆᩍ
࠼࡚ࡶࡽ࠺ࡓࡵࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ௨๓ᅇ⟅ࡋࡓ࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓࡶࡢ࡜ྠࡌ㉁ၥࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡀ㸪๓ᅇ࡜ᚲࡎࡋࡶྠࡌᅇ⟅࡟ࡋ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸࡛ࡍࠋᮏ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ࡛཰㞟ࡉࢀࡓ᝟ሗࡣࠊ௒ᚋࡢࢤ࣮࣒㛤Ⓨ࡜Ꮫ⾡◊✲࡟ࡢࡳ࡟฼⏝ࡉࢀࡲࡍࠋ
࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ῝ࡃ⪃࠼ࡎ࡟┤ឤ࡛⟅࠼࡚ࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࠋࡈ༠ຊࡼࢁࡋࡃ࠾㢪࠸ࡋࡲࡍࠋ ୖ㉺ᩍ⫱኱Ꮫ ㅮᖌ ྜྷ⏣ᫀᖾ໭㝣ඛ➃⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡኱Ꮫ㝔኱Ꮫ ຓᩍ ᑠᯘ㔜ே࠶࡞ࡓࡢࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࠾⪺࠿ࡏࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࠋ㸦ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡦ࡜ࡘ࡟‫࠸ࡉࡔࡃ࡚ࡅࡘࢆۑ‬㸧 ࠶࡞ࡓࡢఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡟࡝ࡢࡃࡽ࠸ឡ╔ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ
‫ࡶ࡚࡜ ڧ‬ឡ╔ࡀ࠶ࡿ‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋឡ╔ࡀ࠶ࡿ‫ࡶ࡜ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬ゝ࠼࡞࠸‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ឡ╔ࡀ࡞࠸ ‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃឡ╔ࡀ࡞࠸ ࠶࡞ࡓࡢᆅᇦ࡟ఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿேࡣಙ⏝࡛ࡁࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ
‫ࡶ࡚࡜ڧ‬ಙ⏝࡛ࡁࡿ ‫ڧ‬ᑡࡋಙ⏝࡛ࡁࡿ ‫ࡶ࡜ࡽࡕ࡝ڧ‬ゝ࠼࡞࠸‫ࡾࡲ࠶ڧ‬ಙ⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸‫ڧ‬඲ࡃಙ⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ ⮬ศࡢࡇ࡜ࡼࡾࡶேࡸᆅᇦࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᙺ࡟❧ࡕࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸

 ᆅᇦࡢேྠኈ࡛ຓࡅྜ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ⮬ศࡢ⩏ົࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸ ⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡃࡓࡵ࡟㸪ἲᐃ㏻㈌࡜␗࡞ࡿ௚ࡢ࠾㔠ࢆ฼⏝࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡀࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸ ேࠎࡀ⮬⏤࡟࠾㔠ࢆ๰㐀࣭Ⓨ⾜࡛ࡁࡿ᪉ࡀࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸ ࠾㔠ࡣே࡜ே࡜ࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸ ࠾㔠ࡢⓎ⾜ᶒࢆ୰ኸ㖟⾜ࡸၟᴗ㖟⾜ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃேࠎࡸࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡶᣢࡘ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸

 ᪥ᮏᅜෆ࡛౑࠼ࡿ࠾㔠ࡣ෇୍✀㢮࡛ࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸

㸧཭ேࡀ࠾㔠࡛ᅔࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ᫬ࠊ㈚ࡋ࡚࠶ࡆࡿࡢࡀࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸

⿬㠃࡟⥆ࡁࡲࡍࠋ ࠾㔠ࡣඈࡅࢀࡤඈࡅࡿ࡯࡝ࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸ ேࡸᆅᇦࢆຓࡅࡿࡢࡣ↓ൾ࡛ࡍࡿࡢࡀࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸ ࠾㔠ࡣ࡝ࢇ࡞ሙᡤࡸᆅᇦ࡛ࡶ౑࠼ࡿ࡯࠺ࡀࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸ ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞✀㢮ࡢ࠾㔠࠿ࡽዲࡲࡋ࠸ࡶࡢࢆ㑅ࡪࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸

 ࠶࡞ࡓࡢఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࡼ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᙉࡃᛮ࠺‫ ڧ‬ᑡࡋᛮ࠺

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᛮࢃ࡞࠸‫ ڧ‬඲ࡃᛮࢃ࡞࠸

 ࠶࡞ࡓࡀఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪࠶࡞ࡓࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡜෇ࡢ࡝ࡕࡽࢆ౑࠸ࡓ࠸࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ‫ ڧ‬ᆅᇦ㏻㈌

‫࡜࠺࠸࡜࠿ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬ᆅᇦ㏻㈌

‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫෇࡜࠺࠸࡜࠿ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫෇ ڧ‬ ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࡣᴦࡋ࠿ࡗࡓ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ
‫ࡶ࡚࡜ ڧ‬ᴦࡋ࠿ࡗࡓ ‫࠶ࡲ࠶ࡲ ڧ‬ᴦࡋ࠿ࡗࡓ ‫࠸࡞ࡶ࡛ࡽࡕ࡝ ڧ‬‫ࡾࡲ࠶ ڧ‬ᴦࡋࡃ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ

‫ࡃࡓࡗࡲ ڧ‬ᴦࡋࡃ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ

㸧ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࡝ࢇ࡞ឤ᝿ࢆᣢࡕࡲࡋࡓ࠿㸦౛࠼ࡤ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡓ๓ᚋࡢ㐪࠸㸪   
෇࡜ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ㐪࠸࡞࡝㸧ࠋࡈ⮬⏤࡟࠾᭩ࡁࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࠋ





ࡈᅇ⟅࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ
࠾ྡ๓㸸                         ᛶู  ⏨ ࣭ ዪᖺ㱋㸸       ṓ   ⫋ᴗ㸸ཧຍࡋࡓࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖྡ࡟‫࠸ࡉࡔࡃ࡚ࡅࡘࡘ࡜ࡦࢆۑ‬‫࣐࣮ࣥࣜࣛࢧ ڧ‬‫ ڧ‬Ꮫ⏕‫࣮ࣃ࣮ࢫ ڧ‬‫ ڧ‬㞧㈌ᒇ‫ ڧ‬㝡ⱁᕤᡣ

‫ࣥࣛࢺࢫࣞ ڧ‬‫ڧ‬‫ ڧ‬㎰ᐙ

Ἠ᪑㤋㟁Ꮚᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ࣭ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ
——⮬ᕫᑐࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢ⾜ືศᯒࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡋ࡚——1୕ୖ ┿ᐶ 2㸪す㒊 ᛅ 3࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ㸸㟁Ꮚᆅᇦ㏻㈌(electronic community currency)㸪ࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ࣭ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ(gaming
simulation)㸪ࢺ࣮ࣞࢧࣅࣜࢸ࢕(traceability)㸪࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ(media design)㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
㏆ᖺ㸪᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢ㐍ᒎ࡟క࠸㸪᪂ࡓ࡞✀㢮ࡢᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀⓏሙࡋᬑཬࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋᚑ᮶ࡢᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢⓎ⾜࡜ὶ㏻ࡢ᪉ᘧ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪⣬ᖯ᪉ᘧ㸦㞟୰Ⓨ⾜࣭㌿ࠎὶ㏻ᆺ㸧㸪ᡭᙧ᪉ᘧ㸦ศᩓⓎ⾜࣭㌿ࠎὶ㏻ᆺ㸧㸪ཱྀᗙ᪉ᘧ㸦ศᩓⓎ⾜࣭┦஫Ỵ῭ᆺ㸧࡟ศ㢮࡛ࡁࡿࡀ(す㒊 2002, pp. 36–43)㸪᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡣࡑࢀࡽࢆ㟁Ꮚ໬ࡍࡿࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ㸪➨ 4 ࡢ✀㢮㸦㞟୰Ⓨ⾜࣭┦஫Ỵ῭ᆺ㸧ࡢᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓ 4ࠋࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᢏ⾡࡜ࡑࢀࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿ➃ᮎ࣭ᅇ⥺タഛࡀᬑཬࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪㞟୰Ⓨ⾜ࡉࢀࡓ౯್፹య㸦IC࣮࢝ࢻ➼㸧ࡀศᩓⓗ࡟ᡤ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜ࡛ࡶ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡢ፹యୖࡢグ㘓᝟ሗࢆࢧ࣮ࣂ࣮࡛㞟୰ⓗ࡟⟶⌮ࡋ㸪┦஫ࡢ౯್⛣㌿࡟ࡼࡾỴ῭ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᢏ⾡ⓗ࡟ྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ 5ࠋࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ㸪ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ỵ῭ᢏ⾡ࡣ㸪ᑠ኎ᴗࡸ≀ὶᴗࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡍࡿ B2C㸦௻ᴗ-ᾘ㈝⪅㛫㸧ࡢၟྲྀᘬ
࡟࠾࠸࡚Ⓨ㐩ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉࡟㸪㏆ᖺᛴ㏿࡟ᬑཬࡋࡓ㠀᥋ゐ IC ᪉ᘧࡢ㟁Ꮚ࣐ࢿ࣮ࡣ㸪௻ᴗࡀ㢳ᐈࢆᅖ࠸㎸ࡳ㸪࢜ࣥࣛ࢖ࣥࡢ᝟ሗ࡜࢜ࣇࣛ࢖ࣥࡢᐇᗑ⯒࡜ࢆ⧅ࡄ O2O ࡢ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ฼⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣉࣜ࣌࢖ࢻᆺࡢὶ㏻⣔㟁Ꮚ࣐ࢿ࣮ࡢ୰࡟ࡶ㸪฼⏝㔠㢠ࡢ୍㒊ࡀ≉ᐃᆅᇦࡢ⮬἞యࡸᇶ㔠࡟ᐤ௜ࡉࢀࡓࡾ㸪࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔࡟࣏࢖ࣥࢺࡀ௜୚ࡉࢀࡓࡾࡍࡿ
࡞࡝㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢᛶ㉁ࢆᖏࡧࡓࡶࡢࡀ⌧ࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ㠀ၟᴗྲྀᘬ㸦࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔㸧ࢆ୺࡜ࡍࡿᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡜㸪ၟᴗྲྀᘬ㸦ࣅࢪࢿࢫ㸧ࢆ୺࡜ࡍࡿ㟁Ꮚ࣐ࢿ࣮ࡣ㸪௒ᚋ㸪ࡲࡍࡲࡍ⼥ྜࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞㞟୰Ⓨ⾜࣭┦஫Ỵ῭ᆺࡢ㟁Ꮚᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡣ㸪㟁Ꮚⓗ࡞グ㘓࡜㞟ィ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ಶࠎࡢỴ῭ࡢ฼౽ᛶ࣭ຠ⋡ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪2 ࡘࡢഃ㠃࡟࠾࠸࡚ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ㐠Ⴀ᪉ἲࢆኚ໬ࡉࡏࡿࠋ➨ 1 ࡟㸪」㞧࠿ࡘከᵝ࡞࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ㸦㏻㈌ไᗘタィ㸧ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡾ㸪1 ࡘࡢ፹యୖ࡟」ᩘࡢ㏻㈌ࢆᦚ
㍕ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ྛ㏻㈌ࡢࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡㸦෇࡛ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆ㈙࠺᫬ࡢ஺᥮ẚ⋡ 1+p㸧㸪᥮㔠ᡭᩘᩱ⋡㸦ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆ෇࡟኎ࡿ᫬ࡢ஺᥮ẚ⋡ 1-q㸧㸪ῶ౯⋡㸦᫬㛫࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㏻㈌౯್ࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࡿ」฼
(1-d)t㸧㸪ṧ㧗ୖ㝈࣭ୗ㝈㸪ྲྀᘬẖࡢ࣏࢖ࣥࢺ࣭ᡭᩘᩱ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࢆ㸪ࡑࡢᑟධ᫬ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ
㐠⏝ᮇ㛫୰࡟ࡶኚ᭦ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ 6ࠋ➨ 2 ࡟㸪ྲྀᘬࢹ࣮ࢱࡢࢺ࣮ࣞࢧࣅࣜࢸ࢕㸦ᤕᤊྍ⬟ᛶ㸧ࡀᮏ◊✲ࡣ㸪᪫◪Ꮚ㈈ᅋᖹᡂ 23 ᖺᗘ᥇ᢥேᩥ࣭♫఍⛉Ꮫ⣔◊✲ዡບ㸪࠾ࡼࡧ㸪⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡⼥ྜ᣺⯆㈈ᅋᖹᡂ 22 ᖺᗘㄪᰝ◊✲⿵ຓ㔠ࡢຓᡂ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2 ໭ᾏ㐨኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔⤒῭Ꮫ◊✲⛉ ᑓ㛛◊✲ဨ mikami@pop.econ.hokudai.ac.jp
3 ໭ᾏ㐨኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔⤒῭Ꮫ◊✲⛉ ᩍᤵ nishibe@econ.hokudai.ac.jp
4 㟁Ꮚᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆྵࡴᵝࠎ࡞ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢศ㢮࡜㛗ᡤ࣭▷ᡤ㸪࣎ࢺ࣒࢔ࢵࣉࡢᨻ⟇ㄽ࡜ࡢ㛵㐃࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪す㒊࣭୕ୖ(2012)ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋྠㄽᩥ࡟ࡣ㸪ᮏᐇ㦂ࡢཎᆺ࡜࡞ࡗࡓヨ㦂ᐇ㦂ࡢᴫせ࡜⤖ᯝࡶྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
5 ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪉ᘧࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡣ㸪ཱྀᗙ᪉ᘧ㸦ศᩓⓎ⾜࣭┦஫Ỵ῭ᆺ㸧ࡢᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟㏆࠸ࡀ㸪ᑐ㠃Ỵ῭ࢆᐜ᫆࡟ࡍࡿ IC ࣮࢝ࢻ➼ࡢ፹యࢆᣢࡕ㸪㏻㈌ࢆ㞟୰ⓗ࡟Ⓨ⾜ࡍࡿⅬࡀ␗࡞ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ㸪ࢫ࢖ࢫࡢ WIR㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗ
ࢽࢸ࢕࣭ࣄ࣮࣮࣮ࣟ࢝ࢻ㸪᪥ᮏࡢᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࣔࢹࣝࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸪ᮡ୪༊㟁Ꮚᆅᇦ㏻㈌஦ᴗ㸦ᑟධணᐃ㸧࡞࡝ࡀࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
6 ᚑ᮶ࡢ⣬ᖯ᪉ᘧࡢᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢሙྜ㸪ࡑࡢ౯್ࢆ᫬㛫࡜࡜ࡶ࡟పῶࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡃ㸦ῶ౯ࡉࡏࡿ㸧࡟ࡣ㸪⣬ᖯ⿬㠃࡟ᐃᮇⓗ1-1-ྥୖࡋ㸪ಶูྲྀᘬࡢグ㘓㸪⥲Ⓨ⾜㔞㸪⥲ྲྀᘬ㔞㸪ὶ㏻㏿ᗘ㸪ὶ㏻⤒㊰㸪ὶ㏻ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡞࡝ࡢศᯒ
ࡀࣜ࢔ࣝࢱ࢖࣒࡛ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿ 7ࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞᝟ሗࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢⓎ⾜㐠Ⴀ୺యࡀ⮬ᕫࡢ┠ⓗࡸ⏝ἲ࡟ᛂࡌࡓ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࢆ⟇ᐃࡋ㸪ཧຍ฼⏝⪅ࡢືྥ࡟ἢࡗࡓ㐠Ⴀࡸ᝟ሗබ㛤ࢆ⾜࠺ࡓࡵ࡟ά⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ㐠Ⴀ᪉ἲࡢኚ໬ࡣ㸪ཧຍ฼⏝⪅ࡀᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡸࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ཷࡅྲྀࡿ
᝟ሗࢆኚ໬ࡉࡏ㸪ࡑࡢㄆ▱ࡸ⾜ື࡟ࡶከ኱࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍ࡟㐪࠸࡞࠸ࠋᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡑࢀ⮬య࡟㛵ࡍࡿྛ✀ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡸὶ㏻㔞㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓྲྀᘬ࣭άືࡢ⥲㔞࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㞟ィ᝟ሗࢆ㸪ಶࠎࡢཧຍ฼⏝⪅࡬࡜ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ಶࠎேࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡟ᑐࡍࡿព㆑ࡸᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⌮ゎࢆኚᐜࡉࡏ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ෆࡢၟᴗྲྀᘬࡸ㠀ၟᴗྲྀᘬࢆάᛶ໬ࡉࡏࡿ᭷ຠ࡞᪉⟇࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㟁Ꮚᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᐇ㦂ᐊෆࡢࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ࣭ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞ
ࢩࣙࣥ࡜஦ᚋࡢ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠸㸪㟁Ꮚᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡㸪ࡑࡢ฼⏝⪅ࡢ⮬ᕫ࣭ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽ
ࢸ࢕࡟ᑐࡍࡿព㆑㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕඲య࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᝟ሗࡢ᭷↓࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌฼⏝⪅ࡢ⾜ືᵝᘧࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ኚ໬ࡋ࠺ࡿ࠿ࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋ㸰㸬ᐇ㦂᪉ἲ
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪㠀᥋ゐIC࣮࢝ࢻᆺࡢỴ῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆᐇ㦂ᐊෆ࡟ᵓ⠏ࡋ㸪኱Ꮫ⏕࠾ࡼࡧ኱Ꮫ㝔⏕࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ⿕㦂⪅ 12 ྡࢆ㞟ࡵ࡚㸪ࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ࣭ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡿᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ 8ࠋᐇ㦂ᐊෆ࡟ࡣ㸪㒔ᕷᆺࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㟁Ꮚᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ฼⏝ࢆ᝿ᐃࡋ࡚㸪ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ 2 ㌺㸪ᇦෆNPO2 ㌺㸪ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑ 2 ㌺㸪ᆅᇦఫẸ㸦ᾘ㈝⪅㸧12 ྡ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࢆ௬᝿ⓗ࡟タᐃࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡭࡚ࡢࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖࡣ㸪
ἲᐃ㏻㈌ࠕ෇ࠖ࡜ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࠕࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࠖࡢ㢠ࢆグ㘓ࡍࡿ㟁Ꮚ㏻㈌࣮࢝ࢻࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ྛ⮬ࡢᗙᖍࡢࣃࢯࢥ࡛ࣥ㸪ᾘ㈝⪅ࡣ෇ࢆࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ࡟஺᥮ࡍࡿࠕࢳ࣮ࣕࢪࠖ
㸦ᗑ⯒ࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࢆ෇࡟஺᥮ࡍࡿࠕ᥮㔠ࠖ㸧㸪ṧ㧗↷఍㸪ྲྀᘬᒚṔ☜ㄆࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋྲྀᘬࢆࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ㸪ᾘ㈝⪅ࡀᇦෆၟᗑ⾤㸪
ᇦෆNPO㸪ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑࡢᗙᖍ࡟⛣ືࡋ࡚㸪ᑐ㠃࡛㈈࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ㉎ධࡸ࢔ࣝࣂ࢖ࢺ࣭࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔࣭
ᐤ௜ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋ㸪ࡑࡢᑐ౯ࡢᨭᡶ࠸ࡲࡓࡣཷ㡿ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋᇦෆၟᗑ⾤࡛ࡣࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡲࡓࡣ෇ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡚㸪ᇦෆNPO࡛ࡣࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢࡳ㸪ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑ࡛෇ࡢࡳࢆ౑࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸦ᅗ㸯㸧ࠋࡇࡢᐇ㦂ࡢ୺║ࡣ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ෆ࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡓሙྜࡢ⤒῭⾜ື࡟࠶ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡜┤᥋↓㛵ಀ࡞せᅉࡣ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅᤞ㇟ࡋ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ࡀ෇⁥࡟㐍⾜ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡶࡕ
ࢁࢇ㸪ᐇ㝿ࡢᕷሙྲྀᘬ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪஺΅┦ᡭࡢⓎぢ㸪஺΅ෆᐜࡸྲྀᘬ᮲௳ࡢఏ㐩㸪ᡂ⣙࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࡢᵝࠎ࡞㥑ࡅᘬࡁ㸪ዎ⣙ࡢ⥾⤖㸪ዎ⣙᮲㡯ࡢ㑂Ᏺࢆ☜࠿ࡵࡿࡓࡵࡢⅬ᳨㸪➼ࠎࡢ஦᯶ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡽ࡟㛵ࢃࡿ㈝⏝㸦ྲྀᘬ㈝⏝㸧ࡣྲྀᘬࡢᵝᘧࡣࡶ࡜ࡼࡾྲྀᘬࡢᡂ❧⮬యࢆᕥྑࡋ࠿ࡡ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺
(Coase 1937; 1960)ࠋᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓྲྀᘬ࡛ࡶࡇࢀࡽࡢ஦᯶ࡣ୙ྍḞࡔࡀ㸪ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟ᅛ
᭷ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࡞࠸ྲྀᘬ㈝⏝ࡣᴟຊᤞ㇟ࡋ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡜ἲᐃ㏻㈌ࡢ㛫ࡢ㑅ᢥ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟ࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖࡢ㛵ᚰࢆ㞟୰ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ࡀᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ≉ᛶ࡜ࡣ↓㛵ಀ࡞౯᱁஺΅ࡸ㟂⤥ࡢ࣐ࢵࢳ࡟ࢫࢱࣥࣉࢆ㈞ࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ౑⏝࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃࡍࡿ➼ࡢ↹㞧࡞௙⤌ࡳࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ᚑ᮶ࡢ⣬ᖯ᪉ᘧࡢᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢሙྜ㸪ྲྀᘬẖ࡟⣬ๆ⿬㠃࡟฼⏝⪅ྡࢆグධࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠸㸪ൾ㑏ᮇ㝈ᚋ࡟඲⣬ᖯࢆᅇ཰ࡋ࡚
࠿ࡽ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ㸪ࡑࡢὶ㏻ᐇែࢆ▱ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
8 ᐇ㦂ࡢ⥲ᡤせ᫬㛫ࡣ 3 ᫬㛫࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᐇ㦂࡟ཧຍࡋࡓ⿕㦂⪅࡟ࡣ 2,000 ෇ศࡢᅗ᭩࣮࢝ࢻࢆ㓄௜ࡋࡓࠋ
7-2-ࣥࢢ࡟⤊ጞࡋ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺㸪ྛࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖࡀᥦ౪ࡍࡿ㈈࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ✀㢮࡜౯᱁ࡣ࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌࡵタᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸦⾲㸯㸧
㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡢᅾᗜࡣ↓㝈࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤
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մ᥮㔠࡟ࡼࡿ཰ධո⤥୚ᾘ㈝⪅ᡤᚓ 5 ୓෇
వᬤ 48 ᫬㛫

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ճ᥮㔠

ղࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ࡟ࡼࡿᨭฟ Ⓨ
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ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢὶࢀ෇ࡢὶࢀ㈈࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢὶࢀᅗ㸯 ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࠕࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࠖ࡜ἲᐃ㏻㈌ࠕ෇ࠖࡢὶࢀ᪉
ࡲࡓ㸪௒ᅇࡢᐇ㦂࡛ࡣ㸪༢⣧໬ࡢࡓࡵ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୍⯡ᾘ㈝⪅ࡢ⾜ື࡟↔Ⅼࢆྜࢃࡏ㸪ၟᗑ࠾ࡼࡧNPOࡣཷືⓗ࡞ᙺ๭ࡢࡳࢆᯝࡓࡍࡶࡢ࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤㸪ᇦෆNPO㸪ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑࡣᐇ㦂⿵ຓဨࡀᢸᙜࡋ㸪ᾘ㈝⪅ࡢồࡵ࡟ᛂࡌ㸦෇ࡸࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡀ୙㊊ࡋ࡞࠸㝈ࡾ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸧㸪㈈࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ㈍኎㸦ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡲࡓࡣ෇ࡢཷྲྀࡾ㸧㸪࢔ࣝࣂ࢖ࢺࡢཷධ㸦෇ࡢᨭᡶ࠸㸧㸪࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔
ࡢཷධ㸦ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢᨭᡶ࠸㸧㸪ᐤ௜ࡢཷ௜㸦ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢཷྲྀࡾ㸧ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ௚᪉㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡀᢸᙜࡍࡿᾘ㈝⪅ࡣ㸪ྛࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ㛤ጞ᫬࡟௜୚ࡉࢀࡿᡤᚓ 5 ୓෇࡜వᬤ᫬㛫 48 ᫬㛫ࡢ⠊ᅖෆ࡛㸪ྛ⮬ᚲせ࡞㢠ࡢࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࢆࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ㸦㉎ධ㸧ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡢ౑㏵ࢆ⮬⏤࡟㑅ᢥࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ⬟ືⓗ࡟⾜ື࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋ㸪⿕㦂⪅࡟ࡣ㸪ྛࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ㛤ጞ๓࡟ࠕ⮬ศࠖ࡜ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࠖࡢ࡝ࡕࡽࢆඃඛࡋ࡚⾜ືࡍࡿ࠿ࢆྛ⮬ࡢ
㏻㈌࣮࢝ࢻ⿬㠃࡟グධࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠸㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ෆ࡛ࡣࡑࡢ⾜ື┠ᶆ࡟ἢࡗ࡚⾜ືࡍࡿࡼ࠺ồࡵࡓ 9ࠋࢤ࣮࣒ࡣ 1 ᅇ 20 ศ࡛㸪᮲௳ࢆኚ࠼࡞ࡀࡽィ 5 ᅇ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࢤ࣮࣒ࡈ࡜࡟ኚ࠼ࡓࡢࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ࣓
ࢹ࢕࢔࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡜㸪ࢺ࣮ࣞࢫࡋࡓྲྀᘬࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ㞟ィ᝟ሗࢆ⿕㦂⪅࡟ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂ
ࢵࢡࡍࡿ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦⾲㸰㸧
ࠋᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪௒ᅇࡣࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ࡢࡳࢆኚ໬ࡉࡏ
㸦10㸣㸭15㸣㸭20㸣㸧㸪ῶ౯⋡ࡸṧ㧗ୖ㝈㸪ྲྀᘬẖࡢ࣏࢖ࣥࢺ࣭ᡭᩘᩱࡣᑟධࡏࡎ㸪ṧ㧗ୗ㝈ࡣࢮ࡛ࣟᅛᐃ࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪᥮㔠ᡭᩘᩱࢆᨭᡶ࠺ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤࡟ࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡬ࡢཧຍ࣭㏥ฟ㸪ၟရࡢ౯᱁タᐃ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⾜ືࡢవᆅࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪᥮㔠ᡭᩘᩱ⋡ࡶᖖ࡟ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡࡜ྠ୍࡜ࡋࡓࠋ㞟ィ᝟ሗࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ᪉ἲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ಶࠎࡢྲྀᘬࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ㞟ィ㔞ࡢ⾲♧᪉ἲࢆ 3 ✀㢮⏝ពࡋ㸦㠀⾲♧㸭Წࢢࣛࣇ㸭ᢡࢀ⥺ࢢࣛࣇ㸧㸪ࢤ࣮࣒㛫ࡲࡓࡣྛࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ㛤ጞᚋ 10 ศ⤒㐣᫬Ⅼ࡛ኚ໬ࡉࡏࡓࠋᮏ
ᐇ㦂࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㞟ィ㔞࡜ࡣ㸪ྛ✀ྲྀᘬ࣭άືࡢ㔞ࢆ♧ࡍ 11 ✀㢮ࡢ㞟ィ᝟ሗ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦⾲㸱㸧ࠋ9ࡉࡽ࡟㸪ᐇ㦂ᚋ࡟⾜ࡗࡓ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒୰ࡢ⾜ື࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ⮬ศࠖ࡜ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࠖࡢᐇ㝿ࡢẚ㔜ࡀ࡝ࡢࡃࡽ࠸࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࠿ࢆ 10:0 ࠿ࡽ 0:10 ࡢ 11 ẁ㝵࡛ᑜࡡࡓࠋ⿕㦂⪅ࡢ⾜ືࢆ᏶඲࡟⤫ไࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾜ືࡢᆺࢆ㑅ᢥࡉࡏ㸪ࡑࢀࢆᐃ㔞໬ࡍࢀࡤ㸪ᐇ㦂ࡢ෌⌧ྍ⬟ᛶ࡜ศᯒྍ⬟ᛶࡣ☜ಖ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

-3-⾲㸯 ྲྀᘬࡉࢀࡿ㈈࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ࣓ࢽ࣮ࣗ
㈍኎(ᥦ౪)୺య

㉎ධ(ཷධ)୺య

ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤䠝

ᾘ㈝⪅ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤䠞

ᾘ㈝⪅ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑ䠝

ᾘ㈝⪅ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑ䠞

ᾘ㈝⪅10ᇦෆNPO䠝

ᾘ㈝⪅ᇦෆNPO䠞11ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤䠝
ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤䠞

䝯䝙䝳䞊ᑐ౯(ㅰ♩)ᡤせ᫬㛫

1. 䛚᝷⳯䞉䛚ᘚᙜ
2. 䛚㓇
3. 䜻䝑䝏䞁⏝ရ
4. ᩥᡣල
5. ᮏ
6. 㡢ᴦ䠟䠠
7. ᫎ⏬䠠䠲䠠
8. 䝀䞊䝮䝋䝣䝖
9. ႚⲔᗑ
10. ᐃ㣗ᒇ
1. 䝞䝑䜾
2. ᭹
3. 㠐
4. 䝇䝫䞊䝒⏝ရ
5. ᪥᭙኱ᕤ㐨ල
6. ᅬⱁ⏝ရ
7. 䝨䝑䝖⏝ရ
8. 䜻䝱䞁䝥⏝ရ
9. ⮬㌿㌴
10. 䜹䝷䜸䜿
1. 䛚᝷⳯䞉䛚ᘚᙜ
2. 䛚㓇
3. 㠐
4. 䝞䝑䜾
5. ᭹
6. 䜻䝑䝏䞁⏝ရ
7. 䜲䞁䝔䝸䜰⏝ရ
8. ᩥᡣල
9. 䜹䝣䜵
10. 䝺䝇䝖䝷䞁
1. ᮏ
2. 㡢ᴦ䠟䠠
3. ᫎ⏬䠠䠲䠠
4. 䝀䞊䝮䝋䝣䝖5. ⮬㌿㌴
6. 䝟䝋䝁䞁
7. 䜹䝷䜸䜿
8. 䝪䜴䝸䞁䜾
9. ᫎ⏬㤋
10. ᅜෆ᪑⾜1. 㟷ᑡᖺ䛾⫱ᡂάື䠄䜻䝱䞁䝥䛺䛹䛾ᡭఏ䛔䠅
2. 䛚⚍䜚䞉䜲䝧䞁䝖䛾ᡭఏ䛔
3. Ꮚ౪䛯䛱䛾ぢᅇ䜚䠈ኪᅇ䜚䠈஺㏻Ᏻ඲ά
ື
4. ᆅᇦ䛾Ύᤲάື䠈ⰼ᳜䛘άື
5. 䝣䝸䞊䝇䜽䞊䝹䛾ᐙᗞᩍᖌᐤ௜
1. Ꮚ⫱䛶䝃䝫䞊䝖(୍᫬ಖ⫱䛺䛹)
2. 㧗㱋⪅䝃䝫䞊䝖(㈙䛔≀௦⾜䛺䛹)
3. 㧗㱋⪅䛾௓ㆤ䠄㌟䛾ᅇ䜚䛾䛚ୡヰ䛺䛹䠅
4. 㞄ே䛾ᡭఏ䛔䠄ᗞ䛾ᡭධ䜜䜔䝨䝑䝖䛾ୡヰ䛺䛹䠅
5. ㏆㞄㎰ᐙ䛾⏿௙஦
ᐤ௜
䜰䝹䝞䜲䝖
䜰䝹䝞䜲䝖

1,500 ෇/䡴䢓䡬䡴
2,000 ෇/䡴䢓䡬䡴
7,500 ෇/䡴䢓䡬䡴
1,700 ෇/䡴䢓䡬䡴
1,150 ෇/䡴䢓䡬䡴
1,400 ෇/䡴䢓䡬䡴
1,700 ෇/䡴䢓䡬䡴
11,500 ෇/䡴䢓䡬䡴
1,000 ෇/䡴䢓䡬䡴
1,000 ෇/䡴䢓䡬䡴
11,500 ෇/䡴䢓䡬䡴8,000 ෇/䡴䢓䡬䡴
5,800 ෇/䡴䢓䡬䡴
20,000 ෇/䡴䢓䡬䡴
10,000 ෇/䡴䢓䡬䡴
4,000 ෇/䡴䢓䡬䡴
5,000 ෇/䡴䢓䡬䡴
30,000 ෇/䡴䢓䡬䡴
23,000 ෇/䡴䢓䡬䡴
3,500 ෇/䡴䢓䡬䡴
1,300 ෇1,700 ෇5,000 ෇10,000 ෇
7,000 ෇6,500 ෇20,000 ෇
1,500 ෇2,000 ෇5,000 ෇1,000 ෇1,200 ෇1,500 ෇10,000 ෇
20,000 ෇
50,000 ෇
3,000 ෇2,000 ෇1,800 ෇70,000 ෇

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2 ᫬㛫
2 ᫬㛫
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2 ᫬㛫
䠉
䠉
䠉
䠉
䠉
䠉
䠉
䠉
2 ᫬㛫
2 ᫬㛫
䠉
䠉
䠉
䠉
䠉
䠉
2 ᫬㛫
1 ᫬㛫
2 ᫬㛫
24 ᫬㛫

1,000 䡴䢓䡬䡴24 ᫬㛫200 䡴䢓䡬䡴

3 ᫬㛫

100 䡴䢓䡬䡴

1 ᫬㛫

150 䡴䢓䡬䡴
450 䡴䢓䡬䡴
1,000 䡴䢓䡬䡴500 䡴䢓䡬䡴
300 䡴䢓䡬䡴
800 䡴䢓䡬䡴

1 ᫬㛫
3 ᫬㛫
䠉
5 ᫬㛫
2 ᫬㛫
8 ᫬㛫

300 䡴䢓䡬䡴

3 ᫬㛫

600 䡴䢓䡬䡴
1,000 䡴䢓䡬䡴1,000 ෇1,000 ෇

6 ᫬㛫
䠉
1 ᫬㛫
1 ᫬㛫

ͤ⥙᥃ࡅࡢ㈈࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡣྠ୍ྡ⛠ࡢ㈈࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡛௦᭰ྍ⬟10 ᇦෆ NPO㸿࡛ࡢ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡣ㸪ᆅᇦෆ࡛㞟ᅋ࡛⾜࠺࢖࣋ࣥࢺࡸάື࡟㛵ࢃࡿෆᐜ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
11 ௚᪉㸪ᇦෆ NPO㹀࡛ࡢ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡣ㸪ᆅᇦෆ࡛≉ᐃಶேࢆᡭຓࡅࡍࡿෆᐜ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

-4-⾲㸰 ྛࢤ࣮࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᮲௳ࡢኚ໬
ࢤ࣮࣒㐍⾜ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡࣭᥮㔠ᡭᩘᩱ⋡

ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ
ࢤ࣮࣒ϩ
ࢤ࣮࣒Ϫ
ࢤ࣮࣒ϫ
ࢤ࣮࣒Ϭ

࠸ࡎࢀࡶ 10㸣࠸ࡎࢀࡶ 10㸣࠸ࡎࢀࡶ 20㸣࠸ࡎࢀࡶ 20㸣࠸ࡎࢀࡶ 15㸣㞟ィ㔞ࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ᪉ἲ
㸦▮༳ࡣ 10 ศ⤒㐣᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡢኚ໬㸧㠀⾲♧Ѝ Წࢢࣛࣇ⾲♧㠀⾲♧Ѝ ᢡࢀ⥺ࢢࣛࣇ⾲♧㠀⾲♧Ѝ Წࢢࣛࣇ⾲♧㠀⾲♧Ѝ ᢡࢀ⥺ࢢࣛࣇ⾲♧Წࢢࣛࣇ⾲♧ Ѝ ᢡࢀ⥺ࢢࣛࣇ⾲♧⾲㸱 ࢤ࣮࣒୰࡛⾲♧ࡋࡓ㞟ィ㔞ձᾘ㈝⪅ࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ㢠⣼ィ㸦ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ㸧ղᾘ㈝⪅ࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ࡟ࡼࡿᨭฟ㢠⣼ィ㸦෇㸧ճᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ࡢ᥮㔠㢠⣼ィ㸦ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ㸧մᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ࡢ᥮㔠࡟ࡼࡿ཰ධ㢠⣼ィ㸦෇㸧յᇦෆၟᗑ⾤࡛ࡢᾘ㈝㢠⣼ィ㸦ࡍ࡭࡚㸧㸦㸻ն㸩շ㸧
նᇦෆၟᗑ⾤࡛ࡢᾘ㈝㢠⣼ィ㸦ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢࡳ㸧շᇦෆၟᗑ⾤࡛ࡢᾘ㈝㢠⣼ィ㸦෇ࡢࡳ㸧ոᇦෆၟᗑ⾤࡛ࡢ࢔ࣝࣂ࢖ࢺ⤥୚㢠⣼ィ㸦෇㸧չᇦෆ NPO ࡬ࡢᐤ௜㢠⣼ィ㸦ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ㸧պᇦෆ NPO ࡛ࡢ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ㅰ♩㢠⣼ィ㸦ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ㸧ջᇦእ኱ᆺᗑ࡛ࡢᾘ㈝㢠⣼ィ㸦෇㸧ͤ⾲୰ࡢ␒ྕࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀᅗ㸯୰ࡢࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ࣭෇ࡢὶࢀ࡟ᑐᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

௨ୖࡢࢤ࣮࣒ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡣ㸪ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞௬ㄝ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡎ㸪ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪෇࡛ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࢆ㉎ධࡍࡿ㝿ࡢࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ࡀୖ᪼ࡍࢀࡤࡍࡿ࡯࡝㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡣከࡃࡢ෇ࢆࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ࡟஺᥮ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢ⋡ࡀୗⴠࡍࢀࡤࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ㢠ࡶῶᑡࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝࢆタࡅࡓࠋᾘ㈝⪅ࡣ㸪ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ࢆࡩࡲ࠼࡚ᇦෆ࣭ᇦእࡢᐇ㉁౯᱁ࢆẚ㍑ࡋ㸪Ᏻ࠸᪉࡛ᾘ㈝ࢆ
⾜࠺ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋᮏᐇ㦂࡛ࡣ㸪୍㒊㸪ྠྡࡢ㈈࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᇦෆၟᗑ⾤࡜ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑࡢ୧᪉
࡟⏝ពࡋ㸪ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ 10㸣ࡢ᫬࡟ࡣᇦእ㸪ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ 20㸣ࡢ᫬࡟ࡣᇦෆ㸪ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ 15㸣ࡢ᫬࡟ࡣၟရ࡟ࡼࡾᇦෆࡲࡓࡣᇦእࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿ࡢᐇ㉁౯᱁ࡀపࡃ࡞ࡿࡼ࠺ၟရ౯᱁ࢆタᐃࡋࡓࠋ㞟ィ㔞ࡢ⾲♧㸭㠀⾲♧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡀࡑࢀࡽࢆ┠࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕඲యࡢ≧ἣࡸ௚⪅ࡢ⾜ືࢆព㆑ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ⿕㦂⪅ࡢ෇ࡸࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࢆ౑ࡗࡓ⾜ືࡶኚ໬ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜
࠸࠺௬ㄝࢆタࡅࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪⾲♧ࡍࡿሙྜ࡛ࡶ㸪ࡑࡢ⾲♧ࡢ௙᪉࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᙳ㡪ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
୍᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡢྛ㞟ィ㔞ࡢᕪࢆ⾲ࡍᲬࢢࣛࣇ࡜㸪㏻᫬ⓗ࡞ྛ㞟ィ㔞ࡢ᥎⛣ࢆ⾲ࡍᢡࢀ⥺ࢢࣛࣇ࡜࡛ࡣ㸪ᚋ⪅ࡢ᪉ࡀࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕඲యࡢືྥࡀศ࠿ࡾࡸࡍࡃ㸪⿕㦂⪅࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡸࡍ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ࡸ㞟ィ㔞⾲♧᪉ἲࡢኚ᭦࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪⿕㦂⪅࡟ࡣ஦๓࡟▱ࡽࡏ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
᭱ᚋ࡟㸪⿕㦂⪅࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ྛࠎࡢ⮬ᕫ࣭ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡟ᑐࡍࡿព㆑ࡀࡑࡢ⾜ືࢆ኱ࡁࡃᕥྑࡋ㸪
ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢάᛶᗘ࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝࢆタࡅࡓࠋࡇࡢⅬࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪⿕㦂⪅࡟ࡣྛࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ㛤ጞ๓࡟ඃඛࡍࡿ⾜ື┠ᶆ㸦ࠕ⮬ศࠖࡲࡓࡣࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࠖ
㸧ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠸㸪ᐇ㦂ᚋࡢ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝ࡛ᐇ㝿ࡢ⾜ືࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡣ㸪௬᝿ⓗ࡞ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢ㸬㸬୰࡛㸪ࠕ⮬ศඃඛࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࠖ࡜ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᙺ๭㸦࣮ࣟࣝ㸧ࢆ⿕㦂⪅࡟⮬ࡽ㑅㸬㸬㸬
ᢥࡋ࡚₇ࡌ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺ࡇ࡜㸦࣮ࣟࣝࣉࣞ࢖ࣥࢢ㸧࡟ࡼࡾ㸪 ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞᭕᫕࡞⾜ື┠ᶆࡀ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆྵ
-5-ࡴ≉ᐃࡢไᗘᵓ㐀ࡢୗ࡛㸪࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚≉ᐃࡢලయⓗ⾜ື࡟⤖ࡧࡘࡃ࠿ࢆぢࡿ࡜࠸࠺≺࠸ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ 12ࠋ㸱㸬ᐇ㦂⤖ᯝ࠾ࡼࡧ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡑࡢྵព
䠏䠊䠍 ㏻㈌㔞䛚䜘䜃ὶ㏻㏿ᗘ୍⯡࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ࠾࠾ࡼࡑࡢὶ㏻≧ἣࡣ㸪ࡑࡢⓎ⾜㔞㸪᥮㔠㔞㸪Ⓨ⾜ṧ㧗࡜㸪ࡑࡢ㏻㈌ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓྲྀᘬࡢ⥲㢠࡟ࡼࡗ࡚▱ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡢ㞟ィ㔞ࢆࡶ࡜࡟㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡀࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢά
ᛶ໬࡟㈉⊩ࡋࡓᗘྜ࠸࡜ࡋ࡚ὶ㏻㏿ᗘࢆ⟬ฟࡋ㸪ἲᐃ㏻㈌࡜ẚ㍑ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏᐇ㦂ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ࡶ㸪ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢⓎ⾜㔞㸦ձ㸧㸪᥮㔠㔞㸦ճ㸧㸪Ⓨ⾜ṧ㧗㸦ձ㸫ճ㸧㸪ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ࡟ࡼࡿ⥲ྲྀᘬ㢠㸦ն㸩չ㸩պ㸧㸪෇ࡢᇦෆὶධ㔞㸦ᡤᚓ 50,000×12 ྡศ㸻600,000㸧㸪ᇦእὶฟ㔞㸦ջ㸧㸪ᇦෆὶ㏻ṧ㧗㸦600,000㸫ջ㸧㸪ᇦෆ࡛ࡢ෇࡟ࡼࡿ⥲ྲྀᘬ㢠㸦շ㸩ո㸧ࢆ㞟ィࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡋ㸪ḟᘧ࡟ࡼࡾࢡࣛ
࣮ࢡ࡜෇ࡢὶ㏻㏿ᗘࢆồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢὶ㏻㏿ᗘࢤ࣮࣒㛤ጞ᫬Ⅼ࠿ࡽ⤊஢᫬Ⅼࡲ࡛ࡢࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ࡟ࡼࡿ⥲ྲྀᘬ㢠 նչպ
ࢤ࣮࣒⤊஢᫬Ⅼ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢⓎ⾜ṧ㧗 ձճ෇ࡢᇦෆὶ㏻㏿ᗘࢤ࣮࣒㛤ጞ᫬Ⅼ࠿ࡽ⤊஢᫬Ⅼࡲ࡛ࡢ෇࡟ࡼࡿᇦෆ⥲ྲྀᘬ㢠 շոࢤ࣮࣒⤊஢᫬Ⅼ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ෇ࡢᇦෆὶ㏻ṧ㧗 ջ

඲ 5 ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢྛࠎ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢᣦᶆࢆ㞟ィࡍࡿ࡜ୗ⾲ࢆᚓࡿ㸦⾲㸲㸧ࠋ⾲㸲 ྛࢤ࣮࣒ࡢᮇ㛫඲య࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㏻㈌㔞࡜ὶ㏻㏿ᗘ 13
䝀䞊䝮
㐍⾜

䜽䝷䞊䜽
䜽䝷䞊䜽 䜽䝷䞊䜽䛻䜘䜛Ⓨ⾜㔞 ᥮㔠㔞
ྲྀᘬ㢠䜽䝷䞊䜽 䜽䝷䞊䜽 ෇䛻䜘䜛Ⓨ⾜ṧ㧗 ὶ㏻㏿ᗘ ྲྀᘬ㢠

෇ᇦෆ
ὶධ㔞

෇ᇦእ
ὶฟ㔞

෇ᇦෆ
෇
ὶ㏻ṧ㧗 ὶ㏻㏿ᗘ

䝀䞊䝮䊠
䝀䞊䝮䊡
䝀䞊䝮䊢
䝀䞊䝮䊣
䝀䞊䝮䊤

270,000
476,750
479,300
641,500
482,500

89,308164,340
203,734
308,237
234,306

600,000
600,000
600,000
600,000
600,000

298,900
185,400
289,800
156,800
190,500

301,100
414,600
310,200
443,200
409,500

306,658
476,740
473,334
657,737
562,806

217,350
312,400
269,600
349,500
328,500

3.02
2.90
2.35
2.08
2.06

218,700
209,900
202,000
231,400
248,000

0.73
0.51
0.65
0.52
0.61

ࡇࢀࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪⥲ࡌ࡚㸪ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡣ෇ࡢὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡼࡾࡶ㧗ࡃ㸪෇ࡢὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡢ 3㹼6 ಸ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣᮏᐇ㦂࡟࠾ࡅࡿᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢไᗘⓗᵓ㐀࡟㉳ᅉࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ࡜෇ࡢὶࢀ᪉㸦ᅗ㸯㸧ࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪ᾘ㈝⪅ࡀᡤᚓࡲࡓࡣ࢔ࣝࣂ࢖ࢺ⤥୚࡜ࡋ࡚ᡭ࡟ࡋࡓ෇ࡣ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ᇦෆ࡟㝈ࢀࡤ㸦ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑࢆ㝖እࡍࡿ࡜㸧㸪ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤࡛౑࠺࠿㸪ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ࡟஺᥮ࡍࡿࡋ
࠿࡞࠸ࠋ௚᪉㸪෇࠿ࡽࡢ஺᥮࠿࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ㅰ♩࡟ࡼࡾᡭ࡟ࡋࡓࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡣ㸪ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤࠿ᇦෆ NPO࡛౑࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡀ㸪ᾘ㈝⪅⮬㌟ࡀ෇࡟᥮㔠ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᾘ㈝⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᇦෆ
࡛」ᩘࡢ౑㏵㸦ὶ㏻⤒㊰㸧ࢆᣢࡘࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡣ㸪෇ࡼࡾࡶ」ᩘᅇὶ㏻ࡋࡸࡍ࠸ᵓ㐀࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ᇦෆ࡛ࡢὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡀ෇࡟ẚ࡭࡚᱁ẁ࡟㧗ࡃ㸪ྲྀᘬࡢάᛶ໬࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
12 ࡇࡢⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ᮏᐇ㦂ࡣ㸪᏶඲࡟⤫ไࡉࢀࡓ⎔ቃࢆసࡾฟࡍ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡢᐇ㦂ᐊᐇ㦂࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾ㸪ࡴࡋࢁ୍ᐃࡢ

⮬⏤ᗘࡢ࠶ࡿ♫఍ⓗᩥ⬦ࢆ୚࠼࡚㸪⿕㦂⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢࣜ࢔ࣜࢸ࢕ࢆ෌ᵓᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟୺║ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
13 ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢ෇࡬ࡢ᥮㔠ࢆ⾜࠼ࡿࡢࡣᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ࡢࡳࡔࡀ㸪᥮㔠ࡣᚲせ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ᐇ㦂⿵ຓဨࡢ⿢㔞࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡓࡵ㸪ྛࢤ࣮࣒⤊஢᫬࡟ࡶᇦෆၟᗑ⾤࡟ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡀṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦⾲㸶㸫㸯㹼⾲㸶㸫㸳ཧ↷㸧ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡢィ⟬࠿ࡽࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞᜛ពᛶࢆྲྀࡾ㝖ࡃࡓࡵ㸪ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ࡢࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡣࡍ࡭࡚᥮㔠ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡜᝿ᐃࡍࡿ࡜㸪ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ㹼Ϭࡢ⤊஢᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡢὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀ 3.92㸪3.91㸪5.92㸪5.51㸪3.57 ࡜㸪෇ࡢὶ㏻㏿ᗘ࡟ẚ࡭࡚ࡉࡽ࡟㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ-6-ࡉࡽ࡟㸪ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ࡜෇ࡢ 1 ศࡈ࡜ࡢὶ㏻㏿ᗘࢆ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀḟᘧ࡟ࡼࡾィ⟬࡛ࡁࡿࠋࢤ࣮࣒㛤ጞᚋtศ࠿ࡽt  1ศࡢࢡ࣮ࣛࢡὶ㏻㏿ᗘࢤ࣮࣒㛤ጞᚋtศ࠿ࡽt  1ศࡢ෇ὶ㏻㏿ᗘࢤ࣮࣒㛤ጞᚋtศ࠿ࡽt  1ศࡢࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ࡟ࡼࡿྲྀᘬ㢠ࢤ࣮࣒㛤ጞᚋt  1ศ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢⓎ⾜ṧ㧗ࢤ࣮࣒㛤ጞᚋtศ࠿ࡽt  1ศࡢ෇࡟ࡼࡿྲྀᘬ㢠ࢤ࣮࣒㛤ጞᚋt  1ศ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ෇ࡢᇦෆὶ㏻ṧ㧗ࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ྛࢤ࣮࣒ෆ࡛ࡢὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡢ᥎⛣ࢆࢢࣛࣇ࡟ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀ㸪ᅗ㸰㸫㸯㹼ᅗ㸰㸫㸳࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅗ㸰㸫㸯 ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ࡟࠾ࡅࡿὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡢኚ໬ᅗ㸰㸫㸰 ࢤ࣮࣒ϩ࡟࠾ࡅࡿὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡢኚ໬ᅗ㸰㸫㸱 ࢤ࣮࣒Ϫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡢኚ໬ᅗ㸰㸫㸲 ࢤ࣮࣒ϫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡢኚ໬-7-ᅗ㸰㸫㸳 ࢤ࣮࣒Ϭ࡟࠾ࡅࡿὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡢኚ໬ࡇࢀࡽࡢࢢࣛࣇ࠿ࡽ㸪ྛࢤ࣮࣒ෆࡢ 1 ศࡈ࡜ࡢ㏻᫬ⓗ࡞ኚ໬࡜ࡋ࡚ぢࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡣ෇ࡢὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡼࡾ⥲ࡌ࡚㧗࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡢ᥎⛣ࢆࢤ࣮࣒㛫࡛ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜㸪ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ࡜ࢤ࣮࣒Ϭࡢ᥎⛣ࡀ≉ᚩⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ࡛ࡣ㸪㛤ጞᚋ 15 ศ᫬Ⅼࡲ࡛
ὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡀࢤ࣮࣒ϩ௨㝆ࡢࢤ࣮࣒ࡼࡾపࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪⤊஢ 5 ศ๓࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡼ࠺ࡸࡃὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡀୖ᪼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏫࡟㸪ࢤ࣮࣒Ϭ࡛ࡣ㸪㛤ጞᚋ 5 ศ᫬Ⅼࡲ࡛ࡢὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡀࢤ࣮࣒ϫࡲ࡛࡜ẚ࡭࡚㠀ᖖ࡟㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡢኚ໬ࡣ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒᮲௳ࡢኚ᭦㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ࡢᘬࡁୖࡆ࣭ᘬࡁୗࡆ
ࡸ㞟ィ㔞ࡢ⾲♧᪉ἲࡢኚ᭦㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡢ⾜ື┠ᶆ࡜࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
௨ୗ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡲࡎ㸱㸬㸰⠇࡛㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ኱ࡁࡃᕥྑࡋ࠺ࡿ⿕㦂⪅ࡢᒓᛶࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓୖ࡛㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡀ࡜ࡾ
࠺ࡿᵝࠎ࡞⾜ືࡢ㔞ⓗ᥎⛣㸪ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟㸪⥆ࡃ㸱㸬㸱⠇࡛ࡣ㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡢ⾜ື࡜ࡑࡢ⾜ື┠ᶆ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ㸪㸱㸬㸲⠇࡛ࡣ⿕㦂⪅ࡢ⾜ື࡜㞟ィ㔞ࢢࣛࣇ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ䠏䠊䠎 ⿕㦂⪅䛾ᒓᛶ䠈䝥䝺䝭䜰䝮⋡䛸ㅖάື㔞䛾᥎⛣ᐇ㦂ᚋࡢ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜㸪௒ᅇᐇ㦂࡟ཧຍࡋࡓ⿕㦂⪅ࡢ኱ከᩘࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟ࡘ࠸࡚஦๓ࡢ▱㆑ࡸ⤒㦂ࢆ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ⿕㦂⪅ 12 ྡࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪ࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠖ࡜࠸࠺㉁ၥ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ࠕࡼࡃ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜⟅࠼ࡓࡢࡣഹ࠿ 2 ྡ࡛㸪ࠕࡼࡃ▱ࡽ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪⪺࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ࠶ࡿࠖࡀ 9 ྡ㸪ࠕ඲ࡃ▱ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖࡀ㸯ྡ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ 14ࠋࡲࡓ㸪ࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍ࠿ࠖ࡜࠸࠺㉁ၥ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ࠕ౑⏝ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠖ࡜⟅࠼ࡓࡢࡣഹ࠿ 2 ྡ㸦ඛࡢ 2 ྡ࡜ྠ୍㸧࡛㸪ࠕཷࡅྲྀࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ㸪౑⏝ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࡞࠸ࠖࡀ 10 ྡ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡢ኱ከᩘࡣ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ㐍⾜࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢᙺ๭㸪࡜ࡾࢃࡅᮏᐇ㦂࡛タࡅࡓ௬᝿ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ෆ
࡛ࡢ㟁Ꮚᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ఩⨨௜ࡅࡸᶵ⬟ࢆ⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠸࠿ࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸≧ἣ࡟⨨࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ⿕㦂⪅࡟ࡣ㸪ᐇ㦂ᐊෆࡢ㓄⨨ᅗࡸ㏻㈌ࡢὶࢀ᪉࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅗ㸦ᅗ㸯㸧ࢆ㓄௜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢᵓ㐀ࡣᐇ㝿࡟య㦂ࡋ࡚ึࡵ࡚⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⿕㦂⪅ࡢ⣼✚ⓗ࡞άື㔞ࡢኚ໬ࢆ㸪ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡲࡓࡣ෇ࡢ㢠࡛♧ࡍ࡜㸪ᅗ㸱㸫㸯㹼ᅗ㸱㸫

14 ࡞࠾㸪
ࠕᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠖ࡜࠸࠺㉁ၥ㸦༢୍ᅇ⟅㸧࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࠖ
㸪
ࠕᆅ

ᇦάᛶ໬ࠖ
㸪
ࠕ࢚ࢥࣟࢪ࣮ࠖ
㸪ࠕே࡜ே࡜ࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࠖ
㸪ࠕࡼࡃࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥࠿ࡽ㸪12 ྡ୰ 11 ྡࡀࠕᆅᇦάᛶ໬ࠖ㸦ṧࡾ 1 ྡࡣ↓ຠᅇ⟅㸧ࢆ㑅ࢇࡔࠋ

-8-㸳ࡢࢢࣛࣇ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ࡞࠾㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢࢢࣛࣇࡣ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒୰࡟⿕㦂⪅࡬㞟ィ㔞ࢆࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡍࡿ㝿࡟ࠕᢡࢀ⥺ࢢࣛࣇࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚⾲♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ྠ୍࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢࢢࣛࣇ࡜ඛ࡯࡝ࡢὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡢࢢࣛࣇࢆ
㛵㐃࡙ࡅࡿࡓࡵ㸪෌ࡧ㸪ὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡢィ⟬ᘧࢆ᝿㉳ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡣ㸪ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ࡟ࡼࡿ
ྲྀᘬ㢠ࢆⓎ⾜ṧ㧗࡛㝖ࡋࡓ್࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢⓎ⾜ṧ㧗ࡣࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ㢠࡜᥮㔠㢠ࡢᕪ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪
ࡇࡇ࡛ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ὀ┠ࡍ࡭ࡁࡣ㸪ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢ⥲ྲྀᘬ㢠ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࠕᇦෆၟᗑ⾤࡛ࡢᾘ㈝㢠⣼ィ㸦ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢࡳ㸧ࠖ㸪ࠕᇦෆ NPO ࡬ࡢᐤ௜㢠⣼ィ㸦ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ㸧ࠖ㸪ࠕᇦෆ NPO ࡛ࡢ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ㅰ♩㢠⣼ィ㸦ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ㸧ࠖ࡜㸪ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢⓎ⾜ṧ㧗ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࠕᾘ㈝⪅ࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ㢠⣼ィ㸦ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ㸧ࠖ㸪ࠕᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ࡢ᥮㔠㢠⣼ィ㸦ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ㸧ࠖࡢ᥎⛣࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ᅗ㸱㸫㸯 ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྛ✀㞟ィ㔞ࡢ᥎⛣ᅗ㸱㸫㸰 ࢤ࣮࣒ϩ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྛ✀㞟ィ㔞ࡢ᥎⛣-9-ᅗ㸱㸫㸱 ࢤ࣮࣒Ϫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྛ✀㞟ィ㔞ࡢ᥎⛣ᅗ㸱㸫㸲 ࢤ࣮࣒ϫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྛ✀㞟ィ㔞ࡢ᥎⛣ᅗ㸱㸫㸳 ࢤ࣮࣒Ϭ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྛ✀㞟ィ㔞ࡢ᥎⛣- 10 -

ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩࡢࢢࣛࣇ㸦ᅗ㸱㸫㸯㸧࡛ࡣ㸪㛤ጞ┤ᚋࡢࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢪࡣ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ϩ௨㝆࡜ẚ࡭࡚ࡶຎࡽ࡞࠸ఙࡧࢆぢࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ࡟ࡼࡿྲྀᘬࡣ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ϩ௨㝆࡜ẚ࡭ࡿ࡜ฟ㐜ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
ศ࠿ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩࡢࢡ࣮ࣛࢡὶ㏻㏿ᗘ㸦ᅗ㸰㸫㸯㸧ࡣ㸪㛤ጞᚋ 15 ศ᫬Ⅼࡲ࡛㠀ᖖ࡟ప㏞ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ࡟ࡼࡿྲྀᘬ㢠࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪⤊┙ 5 ศ㛫࡛᪤࡟ࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ῭ࡳࡢࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ
ࢆ౑ࡗࡓྲྀᘬࡀᛴቑࡋ㸪ὶ㏻㏿ᗘࡶୖ᪼ࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ྲྀᘬ࡟౑ࢃࢀࡿࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ㢠⮬యࡀ㸪୰┙௨㝆㸪㢌ᡴࡕ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵ㸪⤊஢᫬ࡢྲྀᘬ㢠⣼ィࡣࢤ࣮࣒ϩ௨㝆ࡼࡾࡶ㠀ᖖ࡟ᑡ࡞࠸
㸦⾲㸲ཧ↷㸧
ࠋࢤ࣮࣒ϩ࣭Ϫ࣭ϫࡢࢢࣛࣇ㸦ᅗ㸱㸫㸰㹼ᅗ㸱̿㸲㸧࡛ࡣ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒㛤ጞᚋࡍࡄ࡟ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࢆ⏝࠸ࡓྲྀᘬࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢࢢࣛࣇࡣ㸪ࠕᇦእ኱ᆺᗑ࡛ࡢᾘ㈝㢠⣼ィ㸦෇㸧ࠖ㸦㸻෇ᇦእὶฟ㔞㸧ࡀ␗࡞ࡿⅬࢆ㝖ࡅࡤ㸪⥲ࡌ࡚ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ㞟ィ㔞ࡀࡼࡃఝࡓ᥎⛣ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ϩ࣭Ϫ࣭ϫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿὶ㏻㏿ᗘ㸦ᅗ㸰㸫㸰㹼ᅗ㸰㸫㸲㸧ࡢ᥎⛣ࡢ௙᪉ࡶ㓞ఝࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞࠾㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ϩ࠿ࡽࢤ࣮࣒Ϫ࡟㐍ࡴ㝿࡟㸪ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ࢆ 10㸣࠿ࡽ 20㸣࡟ᘬࡁୖࡆࡓࡀ㸪㞟ィ㔞ࡢ᥎⛣࠿ࡽࡑࡢᙳ㡪ࢆㄞࡳྲྀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࢤ࣮࣒Ϭࡢࢢࣛࣇ㸦ᅗ㸱㸫㸳㸧ࡣ㸪ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ㢠࡜ྲྀᘬ㢠ࡢᕪࡀ୍㈏ࡋ࡚ᑡ࡞࠸Ⅼ࡟≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ㹼ϫ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒㛤ጞ┤ᚋ࡟┦ᙜ㢠ࡢࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡀࡲ࡜ࡵ࡚ࢳ࣮ࣕࢪࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟
ᑐࡋ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒Ϭ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒㏵୰࡛ᚲせ㢠ࡀࡑࡢ㒔ᗘࢳ࣮ࣕࢪࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋⓎ⾜ṧ㧗࡜ྲྀᘬ㢠ࡢ஋㞳ࡀᑠࡉࡅࢀࡤ㸪ᑡ㢠ࡢࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ࡛ከ㢠ࡢྲྀᘬࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢὶ㏻㏿ᗘ㸦ᅗ㸰㸫㸳㸧ࡣᗎ┙࡟✺ฟࡋ࡚㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞࠾㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ϫ࠿ࡽࢤ࣮࣒Ϭ࡟㐍ࡴ㝿࡟㸪ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ࢆ
20㸣࠿ࡽ 15㸣࡟ᘬࡁୗࡆࡓࡀ㸪ୖグࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ᪉ἲࡀࡑࡢᙳ㡪࠿ྰ࠿ࡣᐃ࠿࡛࡞࠸ࠋ
௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྛࢤ࣮࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ㢠ࡸྛ✀ྲྀᘬ㢠ࢆᕥྑࡋࡓせᅉࡣ㸪ᯝࡓࡋ࡚ఱ
࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ2 ⠇࡛ᥦ♧ࡋࡓࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ௬ㄝ࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪ࡑࡢせᅉࡢ 1 ࡘࡣࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡜᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ᐇ㝿࡟ྛࢤ࣮࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡࡜඲ᾘ㈝⪅ࡢྛ✀άື㔞ࡢ㛵ಀࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜㸪ୗ⾲㸦⾲㸳㸧ࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪⤫ィⓗ࡟᭷ព࡞┦㛵㛵ಀࡣ 1 ࡘࡶぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ⾲㸳 ྛࢤ࣮࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡࡜άື㔞ࡢ㛵ಀ
ᾘ㈝⪅䛾
ᇦෆNPO
ᾘ㈝⪅䛾
ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆNPOᇦእ኱ᆺ ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ 䝪䝷䞁䝔䜱䜰
䝏䝱䞊䝆
䛷䛾䝪䝷
ㅰ♩㢠
䝀䞊䝮
䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠 䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠 䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠 䛷䛾䜰䝹䝞 䜈䛾ᐤ௜䝏䝱䞊䝆ᗑ䛷䛾ᾘ㈝ 䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠
---------- ---------䝥䝺䝭䜰䝮⋡
䛻䜘䜛ᨭ
䞁䝔䜱䜰ㅰ
⣼ィ
⣼ィ
⣼ィ
䜲䝖⤥୚㢠 㢠⣼ィ㢠⣼ィ ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑ 䜰䝹䝞䜲䝖
㢠⣼ィ
㐍⾜
ฟ㢠⣼ィ
♩㢠⣼ィ
⣼ィ䠄෇䠅 䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅䠄䛩䜉䛶䠅 䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅䠄෇䠅䠄෇䠅 䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠 ⤥୚㢠䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅
䠄෇䠅䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅
䝀䞊䝮
10
306,658 278,780 279,550 237,850 41,700 177,000 21,000 11,150 298,900 0.935
0.062
䊠
䝀䞊䝮
10
476,740 433,400 391,800 354,900 36,900 173,000 105,000 16,850 185,400 2.113
0.097
䊡
䝀䞊䝮
20
473,334 394,445 411,400 392,400 19,000 183,000 73,000 13,900 289,800 1.419
0.076
䊢
䝀䞊䝮
20
657,737 548,114 553,700 541,300 12,400 219,000 86,000 14,200 156,800 3.531
0.065
䊣
䝀䞊䝮
15
562,806 489,388 441,600 397,600 44,000 204,000 74,000 10,900 190,500 2.318
0.053
䊤䝥䝺䝭䜰䝮⋡
0.670
0.565
0.745
0.785
-0.8300.663
0.265
0.010 -0.144
0.481-0.291䛸䛾┦㛵ಀᩘ
p-್
0.216
0.321
0.148
0.116
0.082
0.222
0.667
0.987
0.817
0.411
0.634

ࡑࡇ࡛㸪ᾘ㈝⪅ࡈ࡜࡟ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ㹼Ϭࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡢࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡࡜ㅖάື㔞࡜ࡢ┦㛵ಀᩘࢆㄪ࡭ࡓࡶࡢ
ࡀୗ⾲㸦⾲㸴㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪௬ㄝ㏻ࡾ࡟ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ࡀୖࡀࡿ࡜ࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ㢠ࡀቑ࠼㸪ᇦෆ- 11 -

ၟᗑ⾤࡛ࡢᾘ㈝㢠ࡀቑ࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⾜ືࢆ࡜ࡗࡓࡢࡣ㸪⿕㦂⪅ 12 ྡ୰ࢃࡎ࠿ 2 ྡ㸦ᾘ㈝⪅㸿࣭㹁㸧ࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪≉࡟ᾘ㈝⪅㸿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ࡀୖࡀࡿ࡜ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤࡛ࡢ࢔ࣝࣂ࢖ࢺࡀ
ቑ࠼㸦⤥୚ࡀࡼࡾከࡃࡢࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ࡜஺᥮࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵ㸧㸪ᇦෆ NPO ࡬ࡢᐤ௜ࡀቑ࠼㸦ࡼࡾከࡃࡢࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ
ࡀᡭඖ࡟ṧࡿࡓࡵ㸧㸪ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤࡛෇ࢆ඲ࡃ౑ࢃࡎ㸪ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑ࡛ࡢᾘ㈝㢠ࡶῶࡿ㸦ᇦෆ࡛ࡢࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ
࡟ࡼࡿ㈙࠸≀ࡀᐇ㉁ⓗ࡟Ᏻ࠸ࡓࡵ㸧࡜࠸࠺┦㛵㛵ಀࡶぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪௚ࡢ 2 ྡ㸦ᾘ㈝⪅㹀࣭㹅㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ࡀୖࡀࡿ࡜ᇦෆ NPO ࡛ࡢ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆῶࡽࡍ㸦࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡢㅰ♩࡟ẚ࡭࡚෇࠿ࡽࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢪࡀࡉࡽ࡟᭷฼࡟࡞ࡿࡓࡵ㸧࡜࠸࠺┦㛵㛵ಀࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡࡟ᑐࡍࡿ཯ᛂࡣ⿕㦂⪅ࡈ࡜࡟␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡔࡀ㸪ᖹᆒ໬ࡋ࡚඲యࡢഴྥࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪ᮏᐇ㦂࡟࠾࠸࡚ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣᑡ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ⾲㸴 ඲ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡢࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡࡜άື㔞ࡢ㛵ಀᇦෆNPO
䝀䞊䝮䊠䡚䊤
䝏䝱䞊䝆 ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆNPO
ᇦእ኱ᆺ
䝏䝱䞊䝆
䛷䛾䝪䝷䞁
䜢㏻䛧䛶䛾
䛻䜘䜛ᨭ 䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠 䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠 䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠 䛷䛾䜰䝹䝞 䜈䛾ᐤ௜
ᗑ䛷䛾ᾘ㈝
㢠⣼ィ
䝔䜱䜰ㅰ♩
㢠⣼ィ
䛂䝥䝺䝭䜰䝮⋡䛃
ฟ㢠⣼ィ
⣼ィ
⣼ィ
⣼ィ
䜲䝖⤥୚㢠 㢠⣼ィ䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅
㢠⣼ィ䠄෇䠅䛸䛾┦㛵ಀᩘ
䠄෇䠅䠄䛩䜉䛶䠅 䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅䠄෇䠅⣼ィ䠄෇䠅 䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅
*
*
*
*
*
*
ᾘ㈝⪅䠝
0.940
0.939
0.937
0.937
0.896
0.913
-0.559 -0.892*
ᾘ㈝⪅䠞
ᾘ㈝⪅䠟
ᾘ㈝⪅䠠
ᾘ㈝⪅䠡
ᾘ㈝⪅䠢
ᾘ㈝⪅䠣
ᾘ㈝⪅䠤
ᾘ㈝⪅䠥
ᾘ㈝⪅䠦
ᾘ㈝⪅䠧
ᾘ㈝⪅䠨

0.108
0.910*
0.554-0.244-0.842-0.187-0.496
0.829
0.553
0.669
0.018

0.060
0.898*
0.518
0.310-0.890*-0.247-0.542
0.727
0.644
0.609
-0.0340.044
0.932*
0.869-0.193-0.475-0.183-0.783
0.375
0.201
0.755
-0.0510.074
0.932*
0.751-0.197-0.4750.292-0.711
0.375
0.201
0.753
0.023

-0.1400.180
0.020-0.559-0.908*-0.559-0.5590.824-0.0660.591
0.749-0.4980.688-0.494-0.227-0.0300.502
0.792-0.456-0.280-0.280-0.5630.273-0.144
0.570
0.354
0.157

-0.907*-0.2650.208-0.4340.770-0.906*0.326-0.2050.400
0.407-0.0280.192-0.165-0.559
0.388
0.242
0.754
0.544
-0.493-0.662-0.5210.303

 ヱᙜ㢠ࢮࣟ㸪* 5㸣᭷ពỈ‽࡛┦㛵㸬㸬㸬㸬௨ୖࡣ⿕㦂⪅ࡢ⾜ື⤖ᯝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃศᯒ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀ㸪௨ୗ࡛ࡣࡑࡢືᶵࢆࡩࡲ࠼࡚ศᯒࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ䠏䠊䠏 ⿕㦂⪅䛾⾜ື┠ᶆ䛸⮬ᕫᑐ䝁䝭䝳䝙䝔䜱䛾ព㆑ᮏᐇ㦂࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪⿕㦂⪅࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓ⾜ືࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡣ௨ୗࡢ 3 ࡘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
࣭࣮࢝ࢻ⿬㠃࡛ࠕ⮬ศࠖࡲࡓࡣࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࠖࡢ࡝ࡕࡽ࠿࡟‫ࡅࡘࢆۑ‬㸪ࡑࢀࢆඃඛࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟⾜ືࡋ࡚ୗࡉ࠸ࠋ࣭୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓᡤᚓ࡜వᬤ᫬㛫ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟౑࠺࠿㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣṧࡍ࠿ࡣ࠶࡞ࡓࡢ⮬⏤࡛ࡍࠋ࣭௚ࡢேࡢ㏻㈌࣮࢝ࢻࡸ㹎㹁࡟ࡣゐࢀࡎ㸪࡞ࡿ࡭ࡃぢ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ୗࡉ࠸ࠋ

㏻㈌࣮࢝ࢻ⿬㠃࡟ࡣ㸪ࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡣࡇࡢࢤ࣮࣒࡛⮬ศ࡜ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢ࡝ࡕࡽࢆඃඛࡋࡲࡍ࠿ࠖ࡜࠸࠺
ၥ࠸࠿ࡅࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪⿕㦂⪅࡟ࡣྛࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ㛤ጞ๓࡟ࠕ⮬ศࠖࡲࡓࡣࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࠖࢆ㑅ᢥࡋ࡚୸ࢆ௜
ࡅ࡚ࡶࡽࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪඲ࢤ࣮࣒⤊஢ᚋࡢ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕࢤ࣮࣒㹼ࡢ඲యࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚㸪⮬ศ࡜ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࠶࡞ࡓࡢᐇ㝿ࡢẚ㔜ࡣ࡝ࡢࡃࡽ࠸࡛ࡋࡓ࠿ࠖ࡜࠸࠺㉁ၥ㡯┠ࢆࢤ࣮࣒ࡈ࡜࡟タࡅ࡚㸪⮬㌟ࡢឤぬ࡟᭱ࡶ㏆࠸ࠕ⮬ศ㸸ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࠖࡢẚ⋡ࢆ 10:0 ࠿ࡽ 0:10 ࡢ 11 ẁ㝵࡛㑅ࢇ࡛ࡶࡽࡗ
- 12 -

ࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ᮏᐇ㦂࡛⿕㦂⪅࡟ồࡵࡓྜ⌮ᛶࡸෆⓗᩚྜᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤ㸪ࡑࢀࡣ⮬ᕫ฼┈ࡢ୍㈏ࡋࡓ㏣ཬ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࠕ⮬ศࠖᑐࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ẚ㔜ࡢ୍㈏ᛶ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿ 17ࠋᐇ㝿࡟ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞୍㈏ᛶࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࠿ྰ࠿ࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋࡲࡎ㸪஦๓ࡢ⾜ື┠ᶆ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ぢ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜㸪ྛࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ㛤ጞ๓࡟ྛ⿕㦂⪅ࡀ㑅ᢥࡋࡓ⾜ື┠ᶆ࡜㸪ࡑࡢࢤู࣮࣒㸪⿕㦂⪅ูࡢ㞟ィࡣ㸪ୗ⾲ࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸦⾲㸵㸧ࠋ⿕㦂⪅ࡀ඲ 5 ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠕ⮬ศࠖ࡜ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࠖࢆ㑅ࡪᅇᩘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣఱࡢไ⣙ࡶ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪඲ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚⿕㦂⪅ู࡟㞟ィࡍࡿ࡜㸪⮬ศඃඛࡀ 37 ᅇ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࡀ 23 ᅇ࡜࠸࠺୙ᆒ⾮࡞⤖ᯝ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ࢤู࣮࣒࡟㞟ィࡋ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜㸪ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ࡛ࡣ⮬ศඃඛࡀ 11 ே㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࡀ 1 ே࡜ᴟ➃࡟ศ࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ϩ௨㝆ࡣ 5 ேᑐ 7ேࡲࡓࡣ 7 ேᑐ 5 ே࡟ศ࠿ࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ᥎⛣࡟ࡣ඲యࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡢഴྥࡣ≉࡟ぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ⾲㸵 ⿕㦂⪅ࡀ஦๓࡟㑅ᢥࡋࡓ⾜ື┠ᶆ
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ࡇࡇ࡛㸪
ࠕ⮬ศඃඛࠖࡲࡓࡣࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࠖࢆ⾜ື┠ᶆ࡜ࡋࡓ⿕㦂⪅ࡣ㸪ලయⓗ࡟ఱࢆ┠ⓗ࡟⾜ືࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋᐇ㦂ᚋ࡟⾜ࡗࡓ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ࡛ྛࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ๓༙࣭ᚋ༙࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⾜ືࡢ┠ⓗ㸦」
ᩘᅇ⟅ྍ࡛ 3 ࡘࡲ࡛㸧ࢆᑜࡡࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ㸪඲ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡢ㞟ィ⤖ᯝࡣୗᅗ㸦ᅗ㸲㸧ࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋᅗ㸲 ඲ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡢ⿕㦂⪅ࡢ⾜ື┠ⓗ17 ࡑࢀࡺ࠼࡟㸪ᮏᐇ㦂࡛ࡣ㸪⿕㦂⪅࡟ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࣜࣥࢡࡋࡓሗ㓘㸦⌧㔠㸧ࡢᨭᡶ࠸ࢆ஦๓࡟⣙᮰ࡋ࡚⿕㦂⪅㛫ࡢ➇தࢆᘬࡁฟࡍ࡜࠸࠺ᡭἲࡣ࡜ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡋ㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡢᐇ㦂ཧຍ࡟ᑐࡍࡿㅰ♩ࡣ⌧㔠௨እࡢᙧ࡛㓄௜ࡋࡓࠋ- 13 -ࡇࢀࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪ࠕ⮬ศඃඛࠖࡢ⿕㦂⪅ࡢከࡃࡀ㑅ࢇࡔࡢࡣ㸪ࠕ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅ෇ࢆ✌ࡄࡇ࡜ࠖ㸪ࠕ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅ
ከࡃᾘ㈝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠖ
㸪ࠕ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅᇦෆၟᗑ⾤࡛࢔ࣝࣂ࢖ࢺࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠖ࡜࠸࠺㡯┠࡛࠶ࡾ㸪௚᪉ࡢࠕࢥ
࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࠖࡢ⿕㦂⪅ࡢከࡃࡀ㑅ࢇࡔࡢࡣ㸪ࠕ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅᇦෆၟᗑ⾤࡛ᾘ㈝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠖ
㸪ࠕ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅᇦෆ NPO ࡛࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠖ
㸪ࠕ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅᇦෆ NPO ࡟ᐤ௜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠖ࡜࠸࠺㡯┠࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௚᪉㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡢᐇ㝿ࡢάື㔞ࢆ୍ぴ࡟ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀ⾲㸶㸫㸯㹼⾲㸶㸫㸳࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⿕㦂⪅ࢆ஦๓ࡢ⾜ື┠ᶆࡈ࡜࡟ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ໬ࡋ࡚㸪ྛ✀άື㔞ࡢᖹᆒ್ࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ㹼Ϭࡢࡍ࡭࡚࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ḟࡢἲ๎ࡀᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋࡲࡎ㸪ྛࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⮬ศඃඛࡢᾘ㈝⪅⩌㸸ᇦእᾘ㈝ 㸼 ᇦෆᾘ㈝㸪࢔ࣝࣂ࢖ࢺ᫬㛫 㸼 ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔᫬㛫ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࡢᾘ㈝⪅⩌㸸ᇦእᾘ㈝ 㸺 ᇦෆᾘ㈝㸪࢔ࣝࣂ࢖ࢺ᫬㛫 㸺 ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔᫬㛫ࡉࡽ࡟㸪୧ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㛫ࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡓሙྜࡢ≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⮬ศඃඛࡢᾘ㈝⪅⩌ࡢᇦእᾘ㈝ 㸼 ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࡢᾘ㈝⪅⩌ࡢᇦእᾘ㈝⮬ศඃඛࡢᾘ㈝⪅⩌ࡢᇦෆᾘ㈝ 㸺 ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࡢᾘ㈝⪅⩌ࡢᇦෆᾘ㈝⮬ศඃඛࡢᾘ㈝⪅⩌ࡢ࢔ࣝࣂ࢖ࢺ 㸼 ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࡢᾘ㈝⪅⩌ࡢ࢔ࣝࣂ࢖ࢺ *⮬ศඃඛࡢᾘ㈝⪅⩌ࡢ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ 㸺 ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࡢᾘ㈝⩌ࡢ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ *⮬ศඃඛࡢᾘ㈝⪅⩌ࡀ⾜ࡗࡓᐤ௜ 㸺 ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࡢᾘ㈝⪅⩌ࡀ⾜ࡗࡓᐤ௜* 㔠㢠࡜᫬㛫ᩘࡢ୧᪉࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ᡂ❧ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟஦๓ࡢ⾜ື┠ᶆࡢ⮬ศඃඛ㸭ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡈ࡜࡟㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡢྛ✀άື㔞ࡢ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ㛫࡟ᑐ↷ⓗ࡞≉ᚩࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ࡞࠾㸪ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ㹼ϫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ୖグ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠕ⮬ศඃඛࡢᾘ㈝⪅⩌ࡢࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ 㸺 ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࡢᾘ㈝⪅⩌ࡢࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࢳ࣮ࣕࢪࠖ
࡜࠸࠺ἲ๎ࡶᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒Ϭ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
௨ୖࡢศᯒ⤖ᯝࡣ㸪ྛࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ㛤ጞ๓࡟⿕㦂⪅ࡀ㑅ᢥࡋࡓ⾜ື┠ᶆ㸦⮬ศඃඛ㸭ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛ㸧࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⾜ື┠ᶆࡣᐇ㝿ࡢࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ୰࡛ࡶ㑂Ᏺࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ⿕㦂⪅࡟⮬ࡽ㑅ᢥࡋࡓ⾜ື┠ᶆ࡟ἢࡗࡓ⾜ືࢆ࡜ࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞୍㈏ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸ࡋ㸪㟁Ꮚᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆయ
㦂ࡍࡿ୰࡛⾜ື┠ᶆࡀ஦๓ࡢ㑅ᢥ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡢ஦๓ࡢ⾜ື┠ᶆࡢศᕸ࡜㸪஦ᚋ࡟࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ࡛ᑜࡡࡓࠕ⮬ศ㸸ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࠖࡢឤぬ࡜ࢆేࡏ࡚ศᯒࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ⿕㦂⪅ࡀ஦๓࡟㑅ᢥࡋࡓ⾜ື┠ᶆ㸦⮬ศඃඛ㸭ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛ㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ྛࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ⿕㦂⪅ࢆ 2 ࡘࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡟ศࡅ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉෆ࡛஦ᚋⓗ࡞ࠕ⮬ศ㸸ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࠖࡢẚ㔜ࡢศᕸࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀ㸪ୗᅗ㸦ᅗ㸳㸫㸯㹼ᅗ㸳㸫㸳㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ- 14 -

⾲㸶㸫㸯 ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ⤊஢᫬Ⅼ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྛ୺యࡢṧ㧗࡜ྲྀᘬ㢠⣼ィ
୺యྡ

෇ᡤᚓ

వᬤ 䝏䝱䞊䝆䛻 䜽䝷䞊䜽䛾 ᥮㔠䛻䜘䜛 䜽䝷䞊䜽䛾 ෇䛻䜘䜛᫬㛫 䜘䜛෇ᨭฟ 䝏䝱䞊䝆
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ᇦෆᾘ㈝

䜰䝹䝞 䝪䝷䞁 ᇦእ䛷 ᇦෆ䛷䜽䝷䞊䜽䛻䜘
෇䛻䜘䜛 䜽䝷䞊䜽䛻䜘 ෇䛻䜘䜛䜰䝹䜽䝷䞊䜽䜽䝷䞊 ᫬㛫䜲䝖᫬ 䝔䜱䜰 䛾ᾘ㈝ 䛾ᾘ㈝ ෇ṧ㧗䜛䝪䝷䞁䝔䜱
ᇦෆᾘ㈝ 䜛ᇦෆᾘ㈝ 䝞䜲䝖⤥୚䛻䜘䜛ᐤ௜䜽ṧ㧗 ṧ㧗㛫ᩘ ᫬㛫ᩘ ᫬㛫ᩘ ᫬㛫ᩘ䜰ㅰ♩ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤A000081,135-90,150

0117,850

15,200102,650-88,000

0

0

88

0

0

14

ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤B0000114,480-127,2000161,700

26,500135,200-89,000

0

0

89

0

0

10 51,980

8,335 12,500
8,000

102
99

ᇦෆ䠪䠬䠫A

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

-5,10012,000

0

86

0

0

0

6,900

86

ᇦෆ䠪䠬䠫B

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

-6,200

9,000

0

59

0

0

0

2,800

59

ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑA

0

0

0

0

0

0

78,900

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

8

0 78,90008ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑB

0

0

0

0

0

0

221,300

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

22

0 221,300

0

22

ᾘ㈝⪅A

50,00048-20,200

22,22000-61,800-22,500

0-22,500

32,000

1,200

0

-32

-12

-2

-2

0

920

0

3,800

ᾘ㈝⪅B

50,00048-15,000

16,50000-41,200-16,0000-16,000

10,000

500

0

-10

-5

-7

0

1,000

26

ᾘ㈝⪅C

50,00048-20,000

22,00000-6,800-10,700

0-10,700

0

450

0

0

-3

-2

0 23,200 11,750

43

ᾘ㈝⪅D

50,00048-10,000

11,0000

0-20,000-7,5000-7,500

8,000

0

0

-8

0

0

0 28,000

3,500

40

ᾘ㈝⪅E

50,00048-23,800

26,18000-26,200-27,450

0-27,450

0

1,600

0

0

-30

-2

-2

0

330

14

ᾘ㈝⪅F

50,00048-7,280

8,008

0

0

-32,600-6,0000-6,00000-2,0000

0-4-2 10,120

8

42

ᾘ㈝⪅G

50,00048-22,500

24,75000-6,500-44,500-23,000-21,500

20,0001,800-1,000

-20

-14

-1

0 18,000

4,050

13

ᾘ㈝⪅H

50,00048-20,000

22,00000-8,500-19,750-7,200-12,550

28,000

0

0

-28

0

-4

-6 42,300

9,450

10

ᾘ㈝⪅I

50,00048-40,000

44,0000

0-10,100-30,6500-30,650

2,000

1,750

0

-2

-30

-2

-2

1,900 15,100

12

ᾘ㈝⪅J

50,00048-30,000

33,00000-52,600-33,0500-33,050

38,000

800

0

-38

-8

0

-2

5,400

750

0

ᾘ㈝⪅K

50,00048-50,000

55,000000-31,4500-31,450

3,000

2,900

-18,000

-3

-41

0

-4

3,000

8,450

0

ᾘ㈝⪅L

50,00048-20,000

22,00000-33,900-30,000-11,500-18,500

36,000

300

0

-36

-2

-6

-4 20,600

3,800

0

Ⓨ⾜୺య

0

0

278,780-306,658-195,615

217,350

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 83,165 -89,308

0⮬ศඃඛ
50,000䛾ᾘ㈝⪅䛾ᖹᆒ

48-20,798

22,87800-27,291-22,555-3,791-18,764

15,818

764

-273

-16

-9

-3

-2 13,938

4,605

18

䝁䝭䝳䝙䝔䜱ඃඛ
50,000䛾ᾘ㈝⪅䛾ᖹᆒ

48-50,000

55,000000-31,4500-31,450

3,000

2,900

-18,000

-3

-41

0

-4

8,450

0

඲ᾘ㈝⪅䛾ᖹᆒ 50,000

17-23,232

25,55500-25,017-23,296-3,475-19,821

14,750942-1,750

-15

-12

-3

-2

3,000

48 13,027 4,926

ͤ⥙᥃ࡅࡉࢀࡓᾘ㈝⪅ࡣ㸪ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࠖ

- 15 -

⾲㸶㸫㸰 ࢤ࣮࣒ϩ⤊஢᫬Ⅼ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྛ୺యࡢṧ㧗࡜ྲྀᘬ㢠⣼ィ
୺యྡ

෇ᡤᚓ

వᬤ 䝏䝱䞊䝆䛻 䜽䝷䞊䜽䛾 ᥮㔠䛻䜘䜛 䜽䝷䞊䜽䛾 ෇䛻䜘䜛 䛩䜉䛶䛾᫬㛫 䜘䜛෇ᨭฟ 䝏䝱䞊䝆෇཰ධ᥮㔠
ᇦእᾘ㈝ ᇦෆᾘ㈝䜽䝷䞊䜽䛻䜘䜰䝹䝞 䝪䝷䞁 ᇦእ䛷 ᇦෆ䛷෇䛻䜘䜛 䜽䝷䞊䜽䛻䜘 ෇䛻䜘䜛䜰䝹䜽䝷䞊 ᫬㛫
䜽䝷䞊䜽䛻䜛䝪䝷䞁䝔䜱䜲䝖᫬ 䝔䜱䜰 䛾ᾘ㈝ 䛾ᾘ㈝ ෇ṧ㧗ᇦෆᾘ㈝ 䜛ᇦෆᾘ㈝ 䝞䜲䝖⤥୚䜽ṧ㧗 ṧ㧗䜘䜛ᐤ௜䜰ㅰ♩㛫ᩘ ᫬㛫ᩘ ᫬㛫ᩘ ᫬㛫ᩘᇦෆၟᗑ⾤A000

0

143,100-159,0000189,400

25,400

164,000-58,000

0

0

58

0

0

16 110,500

5,000

74

ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤B00

0

0

138,060-153,400

0202,400

11,500190,900-115,000

0

0

115

0

0

8 34,560 37,500

123ᇦෆ䠪䠬䠫A

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

-8,05050,000

0

128

0

0

0 41,950

128

ᇦෆ䠪䠬䠫B

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

-8,80055,000

0

84

0

0

0 46,20084ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑA

0

0

0

0

0

0

25,600

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 25,60000ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑB

0

0

0

0

0

0

159,800

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

55

0 159,800

0

55

ᾘ㈝⪅A

50,00048-4,000

4,400

0

0

-70,000-4,4000-4,40024,000

0

0

-24

0

-24

0

0

0

0

ᾘ㈝⪅B

50,00048-53,100

58,41000

0-68,000-12,900-55,100

16,000

600

0

-16

-6

0

-4

0

3,910

22

ᾘ㈝⪅C

50,00048-25,000

27,5000

0-3,000-7,5000-7,5000

1,600-3,0000-30

00 22,000 18,600

18

ᾘ㈝⪅D

50,00048-2,100

2,310

0

0

0

-13,000-11,500-1,5000

1,850-2,0000-17

00 36,400

660

31

ᾘ㈝⪅E

50,00048-46,200

50,82000-3,800-48,500

0-48,500

0

2,900-5,000

0

-41

-3

-4

0

220

0

ᾘ㈝⪅F

50,00048-7,000

7,700

0

0

-32,600-8,0000-8,000

0

300

0

0

-3

-2

-6 10,400

0

37

ᾘ㈝⪅G

50,00048-85,000

93,500000-41,500

0-41,500

35,0001,500-50,000

-35

-12

0

0

0

3,500

1

ᾘ㈝⪅H

50,00048-50,000

55,00000

0-47,000-11,500-35,500

32,0001,700-20,000

-32

-14

0

-2 20,500

1,200

0

ᾘ㈝⪅I

50,00048-27,000

29,700000-11,850

0-11,85002,750-18,000

0-41

0-4 23,000

2,600

3

ᾘ㈝⪅J

50,00048-64,000

70,4000

0-6,000-69,300

0-69,300

25,000

1,600

0

-25

-17

-2

-4

5,000

2,700

0

ᾘ㈝⪅K

50,000

48

0

0

0

0

-70,000-1,150-1,000-150

21,000

450

0

-21

-3

-24

0

0

300

0

ᾘ㈝⪅L

50,00048-70,000

77,000000-71,600

0-71,600

20,0001,600-7,000

-20

-28

0

0

0

0

0

Ⓨ⾜୺య

0

0

433,400-476,740-281,160

312,400

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 152,240 -164,340

0⮬ศඃඛ
50,000䛾ᾘ㈝⪅䛾ᖹᆒ

48-25,000

27,50000-35,720-25,970-2,500-23,470

20,400810-4,000

-20

-7

-10

-2

䝁䝭䝳䝙䝔䜱ඃඛ
50,000䛾ᾘ㈝⪅䛾ᖹᆒ

48-44,057

48,46300-971-37,421-3,486-33,936

10,143

1,829-12,143-10-25

඲ᾘ㈝⪅䛾ᖹᆒ 50,000

48-36,11739,7280

0-15,450-32,650-3,075-29,575

14,4171,404-8,750

-14

-18

7,180

840

7

0

-2 11,629

4,213

11

-5

-2

2,808

9

9,775

ͤ⥙᥃ࡅࡉࢀࡓᾘ㈝⪅ࡣ㸪ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࠖ

- 16 -

⾲㸶㸫㸱 ࢤ࣮࣒Ϫ⤊஢᫬Ⅼ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྛ୺యࡢṧ㧗࡜ྲྀᘬ㢠⣼ィ
୺యྡ

෇ᡤᚓ

వᬤ 䝏䝱䞊䝆䛻 䜽䝷䞊䜽䛾 ᥮㔠䛻䜘䜛 䜽䝷䞊䜽䛾 ෇䛻䜘䜛 䛩䜉䛶䛾᫬㛫 䜘䜛෇ᨭฟ 䝏䝱䞊䝆෇཰ධ᥮㔠
ᇦእᾘ㈝ ᇦෆᾘ㈝䜽䝷䞊䜽䛻䜘䜰䝹䝞 䝪䝷䞁 ᇦእ䛷 ᇦෆ䛷෇䛻䜘䜛 䜽䝷䞊䜽䛻䜘 ෇䛻䜘䜛䜰䝹䜽䝷䞊 ᫬㛫
䜽䝷䞊䜽䛻䜛䝪䝷䞁䝔䜱䜲䝖᫬ 䝔䜱䜰 䛾ᾘ㈝ 䛾ᾘ㈝ ෇ṧ㧗ᇦෆᾘ㈝ 䜛ᇦෆᾘ㈝ 䝞䜲䝖⤥୚䜽ṧ㧗 ṧ㧗䜘䜛ᐤ௜䜰ㅰ♩㛫ᩘ ᫬㛫ᩘ ᫬㛫ᩘ ᫬㛫ᩘᇦෆၟᗑ⾤A000

076,080-95,100

0

127,400

4,000

123,400-63,000

0

0

63

0

0

14 17,080 28,300

77ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤B0000139,600-174,5000284,000

15,000269,000-120,000

0

0

120

0

0

0 34,600 94,500120

ᇦෆ䠪䠬䠫A

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

-5,70043,000

0

109

0

0

0 37,300

109ᇦෆ䠪䠬䠫B

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

-8,20030,000

0

81

0

0

0 21,800

81ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑA

0

0

0

0

0

0

48,900

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

6

0 48,90006ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑB

0

0

0

0

0

0

240,900

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

52

0 240,900

0

52

ᾘ㈝⪅A

50,00048-72,700

87,2400

0-21,300-86,1500-86,150

44,0000-1,000

-44

0

0

-4

0

90

0

ᾘ㈝⪅B

50,00048-5,800

6,960

0

0

-64,200-4,4500-4,45020,000

0

0

-20

0

-2

-2

0

2,510

24

ᾘ㈝⪅C

50,00048-47,000

56,40000-2,700-43,0000-43,0000800-10,000

0

-8

0

0

300

4,200

40

ᾘ㈝⪅D

50,00048-6,600

7,920

0

0

0

-27,000-17,000-10,000

0

2,100

0

0

-35

0

0 26,400

20

13

ᾘ㈝⪅E

50,00048-46,000

55,2000

0-5,000-57,600

0-57,600

1,000

2,400

0

-1

-38

-2

-2

0

0

5

ᾘ㈝⪅F

50,00048-3,834

4,601

0

0

-34,800-5,0000-5,0000

2,200-1,0000-19-4

0 11,366

801

25

ᾘ㈝⪅G

50,00048-55,01166,0130

0-20,000-53,0000-53,000

48,0000-3,000-48

000 22,989 10,013

0

ᾘ㈝⪅H

50,000

48

0

0

0

0

-70,000-2,000-2,000024,000

0

0

-24

0

-24

0

2,000

0

0

ᾘ㈝⪅I

50,00048-43,500

52,20000-1,800-49,300

0-49,300

12,000

750

0

-12

-6

-2

-4 16,700

3,650

24

ᾘ㈝⪅J

50,00048-60,000

72,000000-34,100

0-34,100

10,0002,550-40,000

-10

-38

0

0

0

450

0

ᾘ㈝⪅K

50,00048-50,000

60,000000-45,0000-45,000

0

3,100-18,000

0

-46

0

-2

0

100

0

ᾘ㈝⪅L

50,00048-4,000

4,800

0

0

-70,000-4,8000-4,80024,000

0

0

-24

0

-24

0

0

0

0

Ⓨ⾜୺య

0

0

394,445-473,334-215,680

269,600

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 178,765 -203,734

0⮬ศඃඛ
50,000䛾ᾘ㈝⪅䛾ᖹᆒ

48-28,759

34,51000-33,386-30,593-286-30,307

18,429564-1,857

-18

-7

-8

-1

5,998

2,910

13

䝁䝭䝳䝙䝔䜱ඃඛ
50,000䛾ᾘ㈝⪅䛾ᖹᆒ

48-38,627

46,35200-11,220-39,450-3,400-36,050

10,800

1,990-12,000

-11

-28

-1

-1

7,553

292

8

඲ᾘ㈝⪅䛾ᖹᆒ 50,000

48-32,870

39,44500-24,150-34,283-1,583-32,700

15,2501,158-6,083

-15

-16

-5

-1

6,646

1,820

11

ͤ⥙᥃ࡅࡉࢀࡓᾘ㈝⪅ࡣ㸪ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࠖ

- 17 -

⾲㸶㸫㸲 ࢤ࣮࣒ϫ⤊஢᫬Ⅼ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྛ୺యࡢṧ㧗࡜ྲྀᘬ㢠⣼ィ୺యྡᡤᚓవᬤ 䝏䝱䞊䝆䛻 䜽䝷䞊䜽䛾 ᥮㔠䛻䜘䜛 䜽䝷䞊䜽䛾 ෇䛻䜘䜛 䛩䜉䛶䛾᫬㛫 䜘䜛෇ᨭฟ 䝏䝱䞊䝆෇཰ධ᥮㔠
ᇦእᾘ㈝ ᇦෆᾘ㈝䜽䝷䞊䜽䛻䜘䜰䝹䝞 䝪䝷䞁 ᇦእ䛷 ᇦෆ䛷෇䛻䜘䜛 䜽䝷䞊䜽䛻䜘 ෇䛻䜘䜛䜰䝹䜽䝷䞊 ᫬㛫
䜽䝷䞊䜽䛻䜛䝪䝷䞁䝔䜱䜲䝖᫬ 䝔䜱䜰 䛾ᾘ㈝ 䛾ᾘ㈝ ෇ṧ㧗ᇦෆᾘ㈝ 䜛ᇦෆᾘ㈝ 䝞䜲䝖⤥୚䜽ṧ㧗 ṧ㧗䜘䜛ᐤ௜䜰ㅰ♩㛫ᩘ ᫬㛫ᩘ ᫬㛫ᩘ ᫬㛫ᩘᇦෆၟᗑ⾤A0000126,960-158,700

0267,900

12,400255,500-99,000

0

0

99

0

0

10 40,360 96,800

109

ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤B0000152,640-190,800

0285,800

0285,800-120,000

0

0

120

0

0

6 32,640 95,000126ᇦෆ䠪䠬䠫A

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

-6,50052,000

0

101

0

0

0 45,500101

0 26,30072ᇦෆ䠪䠬䠫B

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

-7,70034,000

0

72

0

0

ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑA

0

0

0

0

0

0

30,800

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

10

0 30,800010ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑB

0

0

0

0

0

0

126,000

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

27

0 126,000

0

27

ᾘ㈝⪅A

50,00048-98,000

117,600000-116,200

0-116,200

48,0000-1,000

-48

0

0

0

0

400

0

ᾘ㈝⪅B

50,00048-69,600

83,520000-86,100-9,400-76,700

29,0000-5,000

-29

0

0

-4

0

1,820

15

ᾘ㈝⪅C

50,00048-50,000

60,000000-41,500

0-41,500

0800-7,000

0

-8

0

0

0 12,30040

ᾘ㈝⪅D

50,00048-20,000

24,00000

0-23,000

0-23,000

7,000

500

0

-7

-6

0

-2 37,000

ᾘ㈝⪅E

50,000

48

0

0

0

0

-71,000-1,000-1,000022,000

0

0

-22

0

-24

-2

0

0

0

ᾘ㈝⪅F

50,00048-4,504

5,405

0

0

-31,800-6,0000-6,000

0

750

0

0

-5

-10

-2 13,696

155

31

ᾘ㈝⪅G

50,00048-22,010

26,41200-50,000-25,000

0-25,000

37,000

0

0

-37

0

0

0 14,990

1,412

11

ᾘ㈝⪅H

50,00048-30,000

36,0000

0-4,000-4,500-2,000-2,500

9,000

3,750

-37,000

-9

-34

-3

-2 23,000

250

0

ᾘ㈝⪅I

50,00048-43,000

51,600000-15,400

0-15,400

6,000

2,950

-13,000

-6

-39

0

-2 13,000 26,150

1

ᾘ㈝⪅J

50,00048-74,000

88,800000-89,500

0-89,500

24,000

1,000

0

-24

-24

0

0

0

300

0

ᾘ㈝⪅K

50,00048-56,000

67,200000-56,500

0-56,500

6,000

2,650

-13,000

-6

-40

0

-2

0

350

0

ᾘ㈝⪅L

50,00048-81,000

97,20000

0-89,000

0-89,000

31,0001,800-10,000

-31

-17

0

0

0

0

0

Ⓨ⾜୺య

0

0

548,114-657,737-279,600

349,500

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 268,514 -308,237

0⮬ศඃඛ
50,000䛾ᾘ㈝⪅䛾ᖹᆒ

48-38,359

46,03100-21,829-43,171-143-43,029

19,714436-1,143

-20

-6

-5

-1

9,384

2,295

16

䝁䝭䝳䝙䝔䜱ඃඛ
50,000䛾ᾘ㈝⪅䛾ᖹᆒ

48-55,920

67,10400-800-50,300-2,280-48,020

16,2002,230-15,600

-16

-26

-1

-2

7,200

5,714

3

඲ᾘ㈝⪅䛾ᖹᆒ 50,000

48-45,676

54,8110

0-13,067-46,142-1,033-45,108

18,2501,183-7,167

-18

-14

-3

-1

8,474

3,720

11

1,500

33

ͤ⥙᥃ࡅࡉࢀࡓᾘ㈝⪅ࡣ㸪ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࠖ

- 18 -

⾲㸶㸫㸳 ࢤ࣮࣒Ϭ⤊஢᫬Ⅼ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྛ୺యࡢṧ㧗࡜ྲྀᘬ㢠⣼ィ୺యྡᡤᚓవᬤ 䝏䝱䞊䝆䛻 䜽䝷䞊䜽䛾 ᥮㔠䛻䜘䜛 䜽䝷䞊䜽䛾 ෇䛻䜘䜛 䛩䜉䛶䛾᫬㛫 䜘䜛෇ᨭฟ 䝏䝱䞊䝆෇཰ධ᥮㔠
ᇦእᾘ㈝ ᇦෆᾘ㈝䜽䝷䞊䜽䛻䜘䜰䝹䝞 䝪䝷䞁 ᇦእ䛷 ᇦෆ䛷෇䛻䜘䜛 䜽䝷䞊䜽䛻䜘 ෇䛻䜘䜛䜰䝹䜽䝷䞊 ᫬㛫
䜽䝷䞊䜽䛻䜛䝪䝷䞁䝔䜱䜲䝖᫬ 䝔䜱䜰 䛾ᾘ㈝ 䛾ᾘ㈝ ෇ṧ㧗ᇦෆᾘ㈝ 䜛ᇦෆᾘ㈝ 䝞䜲䝖⤥୚䜽ṧ㧗 ṧ㧗䜘䜛ᐤ௜䜰ㅰ♩㛫ᩘ ᫬㛫ᩘ ᫬㛫ᩘ ᫬㛫ᩘᇦෆၟᗑ⾤A000

076,415-89,9000

200,000

29,000171,000-58,000

0

0

58

0

0

20 47,415 81,10078ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤B0000202,810-238,600

0271,600

15,000256,600-146,000

0

0

146

0

0

4 71,810 18,000150ᇦෆ䠪䠬䠫A

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

-7,80020,000

0

175

0

0

0 12,200175ᇦෆ䠪䠬䠫B

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

-3,10054,000

0

29

0

0

0 50,90029ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑA

0

0

0

0

0

0

81,300

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

6

0 81,30006ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑB

0

0

0

0

0

0

115,700

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

12

0 115,700

0

12

ᾘ㈝⪅A

50,00048-30,200

34,73000-63,800-33,400

0-33,400

44,0000-1,000

-44

0

0

-4

0

330

0

ᾘ㈝⪅B

50,00048-71,000

81,650000-76,800

0-76,800

21,0000-4,000

-21

0

0

0

0

850

27

ᾘ㈝⪅C

50,00048-22,000

25,30000-26,500-11,500

0-11,5000

1,000-10,000

0

-24

0

0

1,500

4,800

24

ᾘ㈝⪅D

50,00048-15,000

17,250000-25,300-11,500-13,800

5,000

1,500

-2,000-5-29

00 28,500

2,950

14

ᾘ㈝⪅E

50,00048-21,500

24,725000-45,900-28,500-17,4000

2,850-10,000

0

-40

0

-8

0

175

0

ᾘ㈝⪅F

50,00048-7,261

8,351

0

0

-35,000-8,8000-8,800

0

450

0

0

-4

-8

-2

7,739

1

34

ᾘ㈝⪅G

50,00048-82,690

95,103000-31,8500-31,850

33,0000-20,000

-33

0

0

-4

310 43,253

11

ᾘ㈝⪅H

50,00048-33,92139,01100

0-34,000-4,000-30,000

0

2,000-11,0000-48

00 12,079

11

0

ᾘ㈝⪅I

50,00048-38,000

43,70000-1,800-25,0500-25,050

13,000

1,100

0

-13

-11

-2

-6 23,200 19,750

16

ᾘ㈝⪅J

50,00048-40,000

46,0000

0-10,000-32,0000-32,000

0

2,000-16,000

0

-48

0

0

0

0

0

ᾘ㈝⪅K

50,00048-47,826

55,00000-50,000-55,0000-55,000

48,000

0

0

-48

0

0

0

174

0

0

ᾘ㈝⪅L

50,00048-80,000

92,00000-9,900-92,0000-92,000

40,000

0

0

-40

0

-8

0

100

0

0

Ⓨ⾜୺య

0

0

489,398-562,820-279,225

328,500

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 210,173 -234,320

0⮬ศඃඛ
50,000䛾ᾘ㈝⪅䛾ᖹᆒ

48-43,997

50,59800-26,714-36,800

0-36,800

25,429364-4,429

-25

-6

-3

-2

4,718

9,733

12

䝁䝭䝳䝙䝔䜱ඃඛ
50,000䛾ᾘ㈝⪅䛾ᖹᆒ

48-36,284

41,72700-2,000-42,800-8,800-34,000

5,200

1,670

-8,600

-5

-33

0

-2

8,116

797

8

඲ᾘ㈝⪅䛾ᖹᆒ 45,455

44

9,200

-10,580-25,384

29,864-12,109-32,855-4,000-28,855

12,636991-6,273

-13

-19

-2

-2 25,798 -14,853

9ͤ⥙᥃ࡅࡉࢀࡓᾘ㈝⪅ࡣ㸪ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࠖ

- 19 -

ᅗ㸳㸫㸯 ⿕㦂⪅ࡀ஦๓࡟㑅ᢥࡋࡓ⾜ື┠ᶆ࡜஦ᚋࡢឤぬ㸦ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ㸧ᅗ㸳㸫㸰 ⿕㦂⪅ࡀ஦๓࡟㑅ᢥࡋࡓ⾜ື┠ᶆ࡜஦ᚋࡢឤぬ㸦ࢤ࣮࣒ϩ㸧ᅗ㸳㸫㸱 ⿕㦂⪅ࡀ஦๓࡟㑅ᢥࡋࡓ⾜ື┠ᶆ࡜஦ᚋࡢឤぬ㸦ࢤ࣮࣒Ϫ㸧ᅗ㸳㸫㸲 ⿕㦂⪅ࡀ஦๓࡟㑅ᢥࡋࡓ⾜ື┠ᶆ࡜஦ᚋࡢឤぬ㸦ࢤ࣮࣒ϫ㸧- 20 -

ᅗ㸳㸫㸳 ⿕㦂⪅ࡀ஦๓࡟㑅ᢥࡋࡓ⾜ື┠ᶆ࡜஦ᚋࡢឤぬ㸦ࢤ࣮࣒Ϭ㸧㸬㸬ࡇࢀࡽࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪ࠕ⮬ศඃඛࠖ࡜ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࠖࡢ⛬ᗘࡣ㸪ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ⿕㦂⪅⮬㌟࡟ࡼࡿ஦ᚋⓗホ౯࡟࠾࠸࡚ᵝࠎ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋ஦๓࡟㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡓ⾜ື┠ᶆࡢศᕸ࡛ࡣഴྥᛶࡀぢࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࢤ࣮࣒ϩ௨㝆࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪஦ᚋࡢࠕ⮬ศ㸸ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࠖࡢẚ㔜ࡢศᕸ࡛ぢࢀࡤ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒㛫࡛኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ࣭ϩ࣭ϫ࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕ⮬ศඃඛࠖࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢศᕸ࡜ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ
࢕ඃඛࠖࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢศᕸࡢ㛫࡟኱ࡁ࡞㛤ࡁࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡀ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒Ϫ࣭Ϭ࡛ࡣ㸪2 ࡘࡢศᕸࡀ㔜࡞ࡗ࡚
࠾ࡾ 18㸪≉࡟ࢤ࣮࣒Ϭࡢศᕸࡣ୍ᵝ࡟ᩓࡽࡤࡗ࡚࠸࡚ᖹᆠ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬࢆᩘ㔞ⓗ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡿࡓࡵ㸪⮬ศ㸸ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕=a:bࡢሙྜࡢb㸦0ӌbӌ10㸧ࢆࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘࠖ࡜࿧ࡧ㸪඲⿕㦂⪅ࡢࡑࡢᖹᆒ್ࢆࢤ࣮࣒ࡈ࡜࡟ィ⟬ࡋࡓࠋࢤ࣮࣒ࡈ࡜ࡢ⿕㦂⪅ࡢࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘࠖࡢᖹᆒ್࡜ᾘ㈝⪅ࡢྛ✀άື㔞࡜ࡢ┦㛵㛵ಀࢆㄪ࡭ࡓࡶࡢࡀୗ⾲㸦⾲㸷㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲㸷 ྛࢤ࣮࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⿕㦂⪅ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘ࡜άື㔞ࡢ㛵ಀ
ᾘ㈝⪅䛾
ᇦෆNPO
ᾘ㈝⪅䛾
ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆNPOᇦእ኱ᆺ ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ 䝪䝷䞁䝔䜱䜰䛂䝁䝭䝳䝙䝔䜱
䝏䝱䞊䝆
䛷䛾䝪䝷
ㅰ♩㢠
䝀䞊䝮
䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠 䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠 䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠 䛷䛾䜰䝹䝞 䜈䛾ᐤ௜ᗑ䛷䛾ᾘ㈝ 䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠
䝏䝱䞊䝆---------- ---------ඃඛᗘ䛃
䛻䜘䜛ᨭ
䞁䝔䜱䜰ㅰ
⣼ィ
⣼ィ
⣼ィ
䜲䝖⤥୚㢠 㢠⣼ィ㢠⣼ィ ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑ 䜰䝹䝞䜲䝖
㢠⣼ィ
㐍⾜
ฟ㢠⣼ィ
䛾ᖹᆒ್
♩㢠⣼ィ
䠄䛩䜉䛶䠅 䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅䠄෇䠅⣼ィ䠄෇䠅 䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅䠄෇䠅 䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠 ⤥୚㢠䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅
䠄෇䠅䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅
䝀䞊䝮
2.92
306,658 278,780 279,550 237,850 41,700 177,000 21,000 11,150 298,900 0.070
0.063
䊠
䝀䞊䝮
4.92
476,740 433,400 391,800 354,900 36,900 173,000 105,000 16,850 185,400 0.566
0.097
䊡
䝀䞊䝮
3.75
473,334 394,445 411,400 392,400 19,000 183,000 73,000 13,900 289,800 0.251
0.076
䊢
䝀䞊䝮
5.17
657,737 548,114 553,700 541,300 12,400 219,000 86,000 14,200 156,800 0.548
0.065
䊣
䝀䞊䝮
4.33
562,806 489,388 441,600 397,600 44,000 204,000 74,000 10,900 190,500 0.388
0.053䊤䛂䝁䝭䝳䝙䝔䜱ඃඛᗘ䛃䛾
0.856
0.900*
0.825
0.800-0.3940.524
0.902* 0.625 -0.937* 0.992**-0.291ᖹᆒ್䛸䛾┦㛵ಀᩘ
p-್
0.064
0.037
0.085
0.104
0.512
0.365
0.036
0.259
0.019
0.001
0.635
* 5㸣᭷ពỈ‽࡛┦㛵㸪** 1㸣᭷ពỈ‽࡛┦㛵ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪⿕㦂⪅㸦ᾘ㈝⪅㸧ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘ࡜ྛ✀άື㔞ࡢ㛵ಀࢆㄪ࡭࡚ࡳࡿ࡜㸪ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ࠾ࡼࡧᇦෆNPO࡬ࡢᐤ௜࡜ᙉ࠸ṇࡢ┦㛵㛵ಀ㸪ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑ࡛ࡢᾘ㈝㸦෇ࡢᇦእὶฟ㸧࡜
ᙉ࠸㈇ࡢ┦㛵㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿ㸦⾲㸵㸫㸯ࡢ⥙᥃ࡅ㒊ศ㸧19ࠋ≉࡟㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕
18 ≉࡟ࢤ࣮࣒Ϫ࡜ࢤ࣮࣒ϫ࡛ࡣ㸪஦๓࡟ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࢆ㑅ࢇࡔ⿕㦂⪅ྛ㸯ྡࡀ㸪஦ᚋホ౯࡛ࡣࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡼࡾࡶ

⮬ᕫ࡟㔜ࡁࢆ⨨࠸࡚⾜ືࡋࡓ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
19 ࡞࠾㸪ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ 2 ࡘࡢάື㔞ࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪ࠕᾘ㈝⪅ࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ㢠⣼ィ㸦ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ㸧ࠖ࡟ࡣ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ

- 21 -

ඃඛᗘࡀ᭱ࡶప࠿ࡗࡓ㸦12 ྡ୰ 11 ྡࡀ⮬ศࢆඃඛࡋࡓ㸧ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᇦෆࡢᾘ㈝㢠⣼ィࡀ
ᇦእࡢᾘ㈝㢠⣼ィࢆୗᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟␃ពࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋࡇࡇ࠿ࡽ㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ㉎ධ㸦ࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ㸧ࡸᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢᇦෆNPO࡬ࡢᐤ௜ࡀࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡟㈨ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼㸪௚᪉㸪ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑ࡛ࡢᾘ㈝ࡣ
ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡟࡜ࡗ࡚࣐࢖ࢼࢫ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀఛ࠼ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤࡛ࡢᾘ㈝㢠࡜ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑ࡛ࡢᾘ㈝㢠ࡢẚࢆ࡜ࡿ࡜㸪ࡑࢀ࡜⿕㦂⪅ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟ࡣ㸪㠀ᖖ࡟ᙉ࠸ṇࡢ┦㛵㛵ಀࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡣᇦእࡼࡾࡶᇦෆ࡛ᾘ㈝ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡟ᐤ୚ࡍ
ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚⾜ືࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡉ࡚㸪ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣ๓⠇ࡢࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ࡢሙྜ࡜ྠᵝ࡟㸪௒ᗘࡣᾘ㈝⪅ࡈ࡜࡟ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ㹼Ϭࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡢ
ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘ࡜ㅖάື㔞࡜ࡢ┦㛵ಀᩘࢆぢࡿ࡜࡝࠺࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿㸦⾲㸯㸮㸧ࠋ⿕㦂⪅ 12 ྡ୰ 9 ྡ㸦ᾘ㈝⪅㹂࣭㹃࣭㹄࣭㹅࣭㹆࣭㹇࣭㹈࣭㹉࣭㹊㸧ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘࡣ㸪ᇦෆ NPO ࡬ࡢᐤ௜㢠ࡲࡓ
ࡣᇦෆ NPO ࡛ࡢ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ㅰ♩㢠࡜ࡢᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ୍᪉࡜㠀ᖖ࡟ᙉ࠸ṇࡢ┦㛵㛵ಀࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡬ࡢẚ㔜ࡀ㧗ࡲࡿ࡯࡝ᐤ௜ࡸ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪12 ྡ୰ 2 ྡ㸦ᾘ㈝⪅㹀࣭㹉㸧ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘࡣ㸪ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑ࡛ࡢᾘ㈝㢠࡜㠀ᖖ࡟ᙉ࠸㈇ࡢ┦㛵㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘࡀ㧗ࡲࢀࡤᇦእᾘ㈝ࡀῶࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉࡟ᾘ㈝⪅㹀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘࡀ㧗ࡲࡿ࡯࡝ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ㢠ࡀቑ࠼㸪ࡑࢀࢆ౑ࡗࡓᇦෆᾘ㈝ࡶቑ࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺┦㛵㛵ಀࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࠖࡢព࿡ෆᐜࡶ⿕㦂⪅࡟ࡼࡾ␗࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲㸯㸮 ඲ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘ࡜άື㔞ࡢ㛵ಀᇦෆNPO
䝀䞊䝮䊠䡚䊤
䝏䝱䞊䝆 ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆNPO
ᇦእ኱ᆺ
䝏䝱䞊䝆
䛷䛾䝪䝷䞁
䜢㏻䛧䛶䛾
䛻䜘䜛ᨭ 䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠 䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠 䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠 䛷䛾䜰䝹䝞 䜈䛾ᐤ௜
ᗑ䛷䛾ᾘ㈝
㢠⣼ィ
䝔䜱䜰ㅰ♩
䜲䝖⤥୚㢠 㢠⣼ィ㢠⣼ィ䛂䝁䝭䝳䝙䝔䜱ඃඛᗘ䛃
ฟ㢠⣼ィ
⣼ィ
⣼ィ
⣼ィ
䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅㢠⣼ィ⣼ィ䠄෇䠅 䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅䠄෇䠅䛸䛾┦㛵ಀᩘ
䠄෇䠅䠄䛩䜉䛶䠅 䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅䠄෇䠅䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅
ᾘ㈝⪅䠝
0.314
0.319
0.307
0.307
0.683
0.748
-0.250
-0.18
ᾘ㈝⪅䠞
ᾘ㈝⪅䠟
ᾘ㈝⪅䠠
ᾘ㈝⪅䠡
ᾘ㈝⪅䠢
ᾘ㈝⪅䠣
ᾘ㈝⪅䠤
ᾘ㈝⪅䠥
ᾘ㈝⪅䠦
ᾘ㈝⪅䠧
ᾘ㈝⪅䠨

0.994**-0.465-0.7590.291-0.8750.803
0.357-0.177
0.059
0.685
0.603

0.997**-0.439-0.7680.330-0.8680.842
0.303-0.289-0.0120.676
0.594

0.993**-0.5960.219
0.510-0.7140.107-0.293-0.718-0.5170.418
0.538

0.997**-0.596-0.6720.137-0.7140.317-0.262-0.718-0.517
0.422
0.545

0.526
0.946*
0.655-0.281-0.354-0.6100.299

0.548-0.904*0.655-0.038-0.473-0.349-0.871-0.858-0.3960.782-0.5880.553
0.935*
0.161
0.989**
0.938*
0.915*
0.924*
0.951*
0.993**-0.1470.749
0.919*
0.764
0.982**
0.407
0.923*
0.845
0.869
0.976**
0.994**-0.976**-0.272
0.431
0.677
0.420
-0.706-0.382-0.727-0.468-0.974**-0.689 ヱᙜ㢠ࢮࣟ㸪* 5㸣᭷ពỈ‽࡛┦㛵㸪** 1㸣᭷ពỈ‽࡛┦㛵ࡇࡇ࡛㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘ࡜άື㔞ࡢ㛫࡟඲ࡃ┦㛵㛵ಀࡀ࡞࠸ 2 ྡ㸦ᾘ㈝⪅㸿࣭㹁㸧࡟ὀ┠ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋࡇࡢ 2 ྡࡣ㸪඲ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡢࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡࡜άື㔞ࡢ㛫࡟ᙉ࠸┦㛵㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ 2 ྡ࡟௚࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸦⾲㸴ཧ↷㸧ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪඲ 12 ྡࡢ⿕㦂⪅ࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪ᾘ㈝⪅㸿࣭㹁ࡣ୺࡜ࡋ࡚ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ࡢ࢕ඃඛᗘ࡜ࡢ┦㛵㛵ಀࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ㢠㸻ࢳ࣮ࣕࢪࡢࡓࡵࡢ෇ᨭฟ㢠ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ࡀࢤ࣮࣒ࡈ࡜࡟ኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛㸪ࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ⾜Ⅽ࡜ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘ࡜ࡢ┦㛵㛵ಀࢆྰᐃࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ

- 22 -

ኚ໬࡟㸪ṧࡾࡢ 10 ྡࡣ⮬㌟ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⾜ືࢆつᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵ㸪඲యࡢഴྥ
࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚඲యࡢྛ✀άື㔞ࡀᕥྑࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢ
ࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡࡜ࡢ┦㛵㛵ಀ㸦⾲㸳㸧ࡸࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘ࡜ࡢ┦㛵㛵ಀ㸦⾲㸷㸧࡟╔┠ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ㹼Ϭ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྛ✀㞟ィ㔞ࡢ᥎⛣㸦ᅗ㸱㸫㸯㹼ᅗ㸱㸫㸳㸧ࢆぢࢀࡤ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ㸦ᅗ㸱㸫㸯㸧࡜ࢤ࣮࣒ϩ㸦ᅗ㸱㸫㸰㸧ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ࡀ࡜ࡶ࡟ 10㸣࡛ኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘࡀ 2.92 ࠿ࡽ 4.92 ࡬࡜ୖ᪼ࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡟㸪ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢࢳ
࣮ࣕࢪ㢠࡜ᇦෆ NPO ࡬ࡢᐤ௜㢠ࡀቑ኱ࡋ㸪ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑ࡛ࡢᾘ㈝㢠ࡣῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢤ࣮࣒ϩ㸦ᅗ㸱㸫㸰㸧࡜ࢤ࣮࣒Ϫ㸦ᅗ㸱㸫㸱㸧ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ࡀ 10㸣࠿ࡽ 20㸣࡟ୖ᪼ࡋࡓ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃ
ࡽࡎ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘࡀ 4.92 ࠿ࡽ 3.75 ࡬࡜ୗ㝆ࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡟㸪ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ㢠ࡣቑ኱ࡏࡎ㸪ᇦෆ NPO ࡬ࡢᐤ௜㢠ࡀῶᑡࡋ㸪ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑ࡛ࡢᾘ㈝㢠ࡀቑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢤ࣮࣒Ϫ㸦ᅗ㸱㸫㸱㸧࡜ࢤ࣮࣒ϫ㸦ᅗ㸱㸫㸲㸧ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ࡣ 20㸣࡛ኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘࡀ 3.75 ࠿ࡽ 5.17 ࡬࡜ୖ᪼ࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡟㸪ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ㢠࡜ᇦෆ NPO ࡬ࡢᐤ௜㢠ࡀቑ኱ࡋ㸪ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑ࡛ࡢᾘ㈝㢠ࡀῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢤ࣮࣒ϫ㸦ᅗ㸱㸫㸲㸧࡜ࢤ࣮࣒Ϭ㸦ᅗ㸱㸫㸳㸧ࢆẚ
㍑ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ࡀ 20㸣࠿ࡽ 15㸣࡟ୗ㝆ࡋࡓࡀ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘࡶ 5.17 ࠿ࡽ 4.33 ࡬࡜ୗ㝆ࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡟㸪ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ㢠࡜ᇦෆ NPO ࡬ࡢᐤ௜㢠ࡀ࡜ࡶ࡟ῶᑡࡋ㸪ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑ࡛ࡢᾘ㈝ࡀቑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ᮏᐇ㦂࡟࠾࠸࡚᭱ࡶᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞せᅉࡣࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
᭱ᚋ࡟㸪㞟ィ㔞ࡢ⾲♧᪉ἲ࡜⿕㦂⪅ࡢ⾜ື࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ䠏䠊䠐 㞟ィ㔞⾲♧᪉ἲ䛾ኚ᭦䛸⿕㦂⪅䛾⾜ືࢤ࣮࣒୰࡟⿕㦂⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㞟ィ㔞㸦⾲㸱ཧ↷㸧ࢆᥦ♧ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡢ⾜ື࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋࡓ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋྛࢤ࣮࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚⿕㦂⪅ࡀ㞟ィ㔞ࢢࣛࣇࢆཧ↷ࡋࡓᅇᩘ㸦⏬㠃⾲♧ࢆษࡾ᭰࠼ࡓᅇᩘ㸧ࢆㄪ࡭࡚ࡳࡿ࡜㸪ୗᅗ㸦ᅗ㸴㸧ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ཧ↷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋᅗ㸴 ⿕㦂⪅࡟ࡼࡿ㞟ィ㔞ࢢࣛࣇࡢཧ↷ᅇᩘ- 23 -

ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ྛࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ㛤ጞᚋ 10 ศ᫬Ⅼ࡛ྠࢢࣛࣇࡢ⾲♧᪉ἲࢆኚ᭦ࡉࡏࡓࡇ࡜ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣ㸪ྛ✀άື㔞ࡢ᥎⛣㸦ᅗ㸱㸫㸯㹼ᅗ㸱㸫㸳㸧ࢆぢࡿ࡜≉࡟⌧ࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ඲⿕㦂⪅ࡢ㞟ィ㔞ࢢࣛࣇཧ↷ᅇᩘ࡜ྛ✀άື㔞ࡢ㛫࡟ࡣ㸪᭷ព࡞┦㛵㛵ಀࡀ 1 ࡘࡶぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡋ㸦⾲㸯㸯㸧㸪ࡇࢀࢆ⿕㦂⪅ࡈ࡜࡟☜ㄆࡋ࡚ࡶ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝┦㛵㛵ಀࡀ࡞࠸㸦⾲㸯㸰㸧ࠋ㞟ィ㔞ࢢࣛࣇࡢཧ↷ᅇᩘ࡜ᵝࠎ࡞άື㔞࡜ࡢ㛫࡟┦㛵㛵ಀࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡢࡣ 12 ྡ୰࡛ᾘ㈝⪅㸿ࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⾲㸯㸯 ྛࢤ࣮࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㞟ィ㔞ࢢࣛࣇࡢཧ↷ᅇᩘ࡜άື㔞ࡢ㛵ಀ
ᾘ㈝⪅䛾
ᇦෆNPO
ᾘ㈝⪅䛾
ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆNPOᇦእ኱ᆺ ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ 䝪䝷䞁䝔䜱䜰
䛷䛾䝪䝷
䝏䝱䞊䝆
ㅰ♩㢠
䝀䞊䝮 㞟ィ㔞 䝏䝱䞊䝆䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠 䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠 䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠 䛷䛾䜰䝹䝞 䜈䛾ᐤ௜ᗑ䛷䛾ᾘ㈝ 䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠
---------- ---------䞁䝔䜱䜰ㅰ
䛻䜘䜛ᨭ
⣼ィ
⣼ィ
⣼ィ
䜲䝖⤥୚㢠
㢠⣼ィ
ཧ↷ᅇᩘ
㢠⣼ィ
㢠⣼ィ
㐍⾜
ᇦእ኱ᆺᗑ 䜰䝹䝞䜲䝖
♩㢠⣼ィ
ฟ㢠⣼ィ
⣼ィ䠄෇䠅 䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅䠄䛩䜉䛶䠅 䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅䠄෇䠅䠄෇䠅 䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠 ⤥୚㢠䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅
䠄෇䠅䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅
䝀䞊䝮
48306,658 278,780 279,550 217,350 195,615 177,000 21,000 11,150 298,900 0.935
0.063
䊠
䝀䞊䝮
88
476,740 433,400 391,800 312,400 281,160 173,000 105,000 16,850 185,400 2.113
0.097
䊡
䝀䞊䝮
133
473,334 394,445 411,400 269,600 215,680 183,000 73,000 13,900 289,800 1.420
0.076
䊢
䝀䞊䝮
84
657,737 548,114 553,700 349,500 279,600 219,000 86,000 14,200 156,800 3.531
0.065
䊣
䝀䞊䝮
228
562,806 489,388 441,600 328,500 279,225 204,000 74,000 10,900 190,500 2.318
0.053
䊤㞟ィ㔞ཧ↷ᅇᩘ
0.426
0.440
0.305
0.436
0.398
0.345
0.270 -0.353 -0.248
0.167-0.403䛸䛾┦㛵ಀᩘ
p-್
0.475
0.458
0.618
0.463
0.618
0.569
0.661
0.560
0.688
0.788
0.501

⾲㸯㸰 ඲ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡢ㞟ィ㔞ࢢࣛࣇཧ↷ᅇᩘ࡜άື㔞ࡢ㛵ಀᇦෆNPO
䝀䞊䝮䊠䡚䊤
䝏䝱䞊䝆 ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆၟᗑ⾤ ᇦෆNPO
ᇦእ኱ᆺ
䝏䝱䞊䝆
䛷䛾䝪䝷䞁
䜢㏻䛧䛶䛾
䛻䜘䜛ᨭ 䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠 䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠 䛷䛾ᾘ㈝㢠 䛷䛾䜰䝹䝞 䜈䛾ᐤ௜
ᗑ䛷䛾ᾘ㈝
㢠⣼ィ
䝔䜱䜰ㅰ♩
䜲䝖⤥୚㢠 㢠⣼ィ㢠⣼ィ㞟ィ㔞䜾䝷䝣ཧ↷ᅇᩘ
ฟ㢠⣼ィ
⣼ィ
⣼ィ
⣼ィ
䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅㢠⣼ィ⣼ィ䠄෇䠅 䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅䠄෇䠅䛸䛾┦㛵ಀᩘ
䠄෇䠅䠄䛩䜉䛶䠅 䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅䠄෇䠅䠄䜽䝷䞊䜽䠅
ᾘ㈝⪅䠝-0.913* -0.909* -0.909*-0.909*-0.819-0.8660.707
0.880*
ᾘ㈝⪅䠞
ᾘ㈝⪅䠟
ᾘ㈝⪅䠠
ᾘ㈝⪅䠡
ᾘ㈝⪅䠢
ᾘ㈝⪅䠣
ᾘ㈝⪅䠤
ᾘ㈝⪅䠥
ᾘ㈝⪅䠦
ᾘ㈝⪅䠧
ᾘ㈝⪅䠨

0.441
-0.086
0.254
0.681
0.508
0.758
0.090
-0.174-0.098-0.3190.036

0.456-0.113
0.285
0.652
0.430
0.736
-0.072-0.150-0.145-0.337
0.009

0.351
0.083
0.335
0.736
0.723
-0.4380.231-0.301-0.422-0.013
0.004

0.083
0.114
0.694
0.723
0.200
0.360
-0.301-0.422-0.0180.087-0.3240.252
0.030-0.715-0.3300.259-0.6570.205
0.198-0.7930.322-0.7560.391-0.962*
0.792
0.138

0.383
0.185
0.469
-0.058-0.3750.400-0.088-0.2360.574-0.743-0.273-0.448-0.8430.123
0.586-0.189-0.5840.171-0.1980.679-0.780-0.444-0.3240.519-0.051-0.6980.634-0.223-0.040-0.074-0.4260.719
0.343

 ヱᙜ㢠ࢮࣟ㸪* 5㸣᭷ពỈ‽࡛┦㛵㸬㸬㸬㸬࠾ࡑࡽࡃ㸪㞟ィ㔞ࢢࣛࣇࢆ⏬㠃ୖ࡛═ࡵࡿᅇᩘ࡜㸪ࡑࡢព࿡ෆᐜ࡟ὀ┠ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⛬ᗘࡣ඲ࡃูࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᶵᲔⓗ࡞ཧ↷ᅇᩘࡣᚋ⪅ࡢᑻᗘ࡜ࡋ࡚୙༑ศ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋᐇ㦂ᚋࡢ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ
࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪Წࢢࣛࣇࡢ㞟ィ㔞㸦ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ࣭Ϫ࣭Ϭෆ㸧࡜ᢡࢀ⥺ࢢࣛࣇࡢ㞟ィ㔞㸦ࢤ࣮࣒ϩ࣭ϫ࣭Ϭෆ㸧࡟ὀ┠ࡋࡓ⌮⏤ࢆ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡢ୰࠿ࡽ 3 ࡘࡲ࡛㑅ࢇ࡛ࡶࡽ࠺࡜㸪௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤖ᯝࢆᚓࡓ㸦ᅗ㸵㸪ᅗ㸶㸧ࠋ

- 24 -ᅗ㸵 ⿕㦂⪅ࡀᲬࢢࣛࣇࡢ㞟ィ㔞࡟ὀ┠ࡋࡓ⌮⏤㸦㸱ࡘࡲ࡛㸧ᅗ㸶 ⿕㦂⪅ࡀᢡࢀ⥺ࢢࣛࣇࡢ㞟ィ㔞࡟ὀ┠ࡋࡓ⌮⏤㸦㸱ࡘࡲ࡛㸧ࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡀᲬࢢࣛࣇ࠾ࡼࡧᢡࢀ⥺ࢢࣛࣇࡢ㞟ィ㔞࡟ὀ┠ࡋࡓ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚᭱ࡶከ࠿ࡗࡓ
ࡢࡣ㸪ࠕ㸵㸬⮬ศ௨እࡢཧຍ⪅ࡢືྥࡀ཯ᫎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᅇ⟅ࡋࡓேᩘࡣᲬࢢ
ࣛࣇࡢሙྜࡼࡾࡶᢡࢀ⥺ࢢࣛࣇࡢሙྜ࡟ቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋᲬࢢࣛࣇࡀࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ෆࡢ≧ἣ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ୍᫬Ⅼࡢ᝟ሗࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ㸪ᢡࢀ⥺ࢢࣛࣇ࡛ࡣ㏻᫬ⓗ࡞ኚ໬ࢆㄞࡳྲྀࢀࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᚋ⪅ࡣ௚ࡢཧຍ⪅ࡢ㸬㸬ືྥࢆぢࡿࡢ࡟㐺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⿕㦂⪅ࡣ⪃࠼ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟㸪ྛࢤ࣮࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚⿕㦂⪅ࡀὀ┠ࡋࡓ㞟ィ㔞ࢆලయⓗ࡟ᑜࡡࡿ࡜㸪௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

ᅗ㸷㸫㸯 ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩᚋ༙(Წࢢࣛࣇ⾲♧)࡛ὀ┠ࡉࢀࡓ㞟ィ㔞㸦㸱ࡘࡲ࡛㸧- 25 -

ᅗ㸷㸫㸰 ࢤ࣮࣒ϩᚋ༙(ᢡࢀ⥺ࢢࣛࣇ⾲♧)࡛ὀ┠ࡉࢀࡓ㞟ィ㔞㸦㸱ࡘࡲ࡛㸧ᅗ㸷㸫㸱 ࢤ࣮࣒Ϫᚋ༙(Წࢢࣛࣇ⾲♧)࡛ὀ┠ࡉࢀࡓ㞟ィ㔞㸦㸱ࡘࡲ࡛㸧ᅗ㸷㸫㸲 ࢤ࣮࣒ϫᚋ༙(ᢡࢀ⥺ࢢࣛࣇ⾲♧)࡛ὀ┠ࡉࢀࡓ㞟ィ㔞㸦㸱ࡘࡲ࡛㸧ᅗ㸷㸫㸳 ࢤ࣮࣒Ϭࡢ๓༙࡛ὀ┠ࡉࢀࡓ㞟ィ㔞㸦㸱ࡘࡲ࡛㸧- 26 -

ᅗ㸷㸫㸴 ࢤ࣮࣒Ϭࡢᚋ༙࡛ὀ┠ࡉࢀࡓ㞟ィ㔞㸦㸱ࡘࡲ࡛㸧ࡇࢀࡽࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ࡜ࢤ࣮࣒ϩ࡛ࡣ㸪㐣༙ᩘࡢ⿕㦂⪅ࡀࠕὀ┠ࡋࡓ㞟ィ㔞ࡣ≉࡟࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠖ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋ㸪㞟ィ㔞ࡢ⾲♧ࢆ㔜どࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋࢤ࣮࣒Ϫ௨㝆㸪ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⿕㦂⪅ࡣ඲యࡢ࠾ࡼࡑ㸱ศࡢ㸯࡟ῶࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ௦ࢃࡾ࡟㸪ಶࠎูࠎࡢ㞟ィ㔞࡟ὀ┠ࡋࡓ⿕㦂⪅ࡀቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ࡜ࢤ࣮࣒ϩࡣ㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ㞟ィ㔞ࡢᲬࢢࣛࣇ࡜ᢡࢀ⥺ࢢࣛࣇࢆึࡵ࡚┠࡟ࡋࡓࢤ࣮࣒
࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛㸪㞟ィ㔞ࢢࣛࣇࡢព⩏ࡣࡲࡔ༑ศ࡟⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࢤ࣮࣒ࡢᅇᩘࢆ
㔜ࡡࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡣྛ㞟ィ㔞ࡀ♧ࡍྲྀᘬࡸάືࡢලయⓗෆᐜࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ࡲࡓ㸪ࡑࡢྲྀᘬࡸάືࢆᐇ㝿࡟య㦂ࡍࡿ୰࡛㸪ࡑࢀ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿ㞟ィ㔞ࢆཧ↷ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ㹼Ϭ඲యࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡢᏛ⩦ຠᯝࡣ㸪ྛࢤ࣮࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿྛ✀㞟ィ㔞ࡢ᥎⛣㸦ᅗ㸱㸫㸯㹼ᅗ㸱㸫㸳㸧࡟ࡶ཯ᫎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࢤ࣮࣒Ϩ࡛ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢪ㢠࡜ྲྀᘬ㢠ࡀఙ㸬ࡧ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡢ୍ᅉࡣ㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡀ㟁Ꮚᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢪࡸ฼⏝㸦ࡲࡓࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌࡜ἲᐃ㏻㈌ࡢే
㸬⏝㸧࡜࠸࠺≧ἣ࡟୙័ࢀ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ௚᪉㸪ࢤ࣮࣒Ϭ࡛ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡀࡑࡢ㒔ᗘࢳ࣮ࣕࢪࡉࢀ
ࡓࡇ࡜ࡢ୍ᅉࡣ㸪᭱ᚋࡢࢤ࣮࣒࡟࠶ࡓࡾ㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡀࢤ࣮࣒ᵓ㐀ࢆ⇍▱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࢁ࠺ 20ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࢡ࣮ࣛࢡࡢ฼⏝ࡀᚎࠎ࡟㐍ࢇࡔࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪෇ࡢᇦෆྲྀᘬ㔞࡟ࡣ඲ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡉ࡯࡝ᕪࡀ
ぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡀ෇ࡢ฼⏝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᙜึ࠿ࡽᅔ㞴ࡏࡎ㸪ࡲࡓ㸪㟁Ꮚ࣐ࢿ࣮࡜࠸࠺
፹యᙧᘧ⮬యࡸᐇ㦂⿵ຓဨ࡜ࡢࡸࡾ࡜ࡾ⮬యࡀ㜼ᐖせᅉ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 21ࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡀ஦๓࡟㑅ᢥࡋࡓ⾜ື┠ᶆ࡜㞟ィ㔞ࡢ㛵ಀࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋୖࡢࢢࣛࣇࢆ඲ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ
㏻ࡋ࡚㞟ィࡍࡿ࡜㸪ୗᅗ㸦ᅗ㸯㸮㸧ࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪ࠕὀ┠ࡋࡓ㞟ィ㔞ࡣ≉࡟࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠖ
࡜࠸࠺ᅇ⟅ࡣ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࡢ⿕㦂⪅ࡼࡾࡶ⮬ศඃඛࡢ⿕㦂⪅ࡢሙྜ࡟ᅽಽⓗ࡟ከ࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ
࡚㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢ 11 ✀㢮ࡢ㞟ィ㔞ࡣ㸪⮬ศඃඛࡢ⾜ື┠ᶆࢆ࡜ࡗࡓ⿕㦂⪅ࡼࡾࡶ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࡢ
20 ࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪㟁Ꮚᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪂ࡋ࠸ไᗘᵓ㐀ࡢୗ࡛ࡣ㸪ཧຍ⪅ࡀࡑࢀࢆᐇ㝿࡟⤒㦂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛

ࢤ࣮࣒࣮ࣝࣝࢆᏛࡧ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪⮬ᕫࡢᡓ␎ࢆỴࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢤ࣮࣒ෆᏛ⩦㸦On-the-game learning㸧ࡀ㔜せ࡞せᅉ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋᮏᐇ㦂ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢤ࣮࣑ࣥࢢ࣭ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒㛤ጞ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࢤ࣮࣒ࡢᵓ㐀ࡸ࣮ࣝࣝࡀ⇍▱ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
࡜࠸࠺㏻ᖖࡢࢤ࣮࣒⌮ㄽ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ꮫ⩦ࡢᙺ๭ࢆே㛫ࡢࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚෌⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
21 ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ⤖ᯝ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜㸪ࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡀ⌧ᅾ୺࡟฼⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㟁Ꮚ࣐ࢿ࣮ࡢᙧែࡣ࡝ࢀ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠖ
㸦」ᩘᅇ⟅ྍ㸧࡜࠸࠺㉁ၥ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪⿕㦂⪅ 12 ྡࡢ࠺ࡕ㸷ྡࡀࠕIC ࣮࢝ࢻᆺࠖ
㸪2 ྡࡀࠕᦠᖏ㟁ヰ㸦࠾ࢧ࢖ࣇࢣ࣮ࢱ࢖㸧ࠖࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜
ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪㟁Ꮚ࣐ࢿ࣮ࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸⿕㦂⪅ࡣ 2 ྡࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡣ㟁Ꮚ࣐ࢿ࣮ࡀዲࡁ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠖ
㸦ࠕ࡜࡚ࡶዲࡁࠖ㹼ࠕ඲ࡃዲࡁ࡛࡞࠸ࠖࡢ 5 ẁ㝵㸧࡜࠸࠺㉁ၥ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪9 ྡࡀࠕࡲ࠶ࡲ࠶ዲࡁࠖ
㸪1 ྡࡀࠕ࡝ࡕࡽ࡛ࡶ࡞
࠸ࠖ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ṧࡾࡢ 2 ྡࡢࡳࡀࠕ࠶ࡲࡾዲࡁ࡛࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ࠕ࠶࡞ࡓ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㟁Ꮚ࣐ࢿ࣮ࡢ▷ᡤࡣఱ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠖ
㸦」ᩘᅇ⟅ྍ㸧࡜࠸࠺㉁ၥ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ࠕᗑဨ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡀᕼⷧ࡟࡞ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺㑅ᢥ⫥ࢆ㑅ࢇࡔ⿕㦂⪅ࡣ 1 ேࡶ࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

- 27 -⾜ື┠ᶆࢆ࡜ࡗࡓ⿕㦂⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㸪ࡼࡾᙺ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ゝ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡲࡓ㸪⮬ศඃඛࡢ⿕㦂⪅ࡀὀ┠ࡋࡓ㞟ィ㔞ࡀಶࠎูࠎ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࡢ⿕㦂⪅ࡣ㸪
ࠕᇦෆ NPO ࡬ࡢᐤ௜㢠⣼ィࠖࡸࠕᇦෆ NPO ࡛ࡢ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ㅰ♩㢠⣼ィࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ≉ᐃࡢ㞟ィ㔞࡟ᩘከࡃὀ┠ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋࡇࡢ 2 ࡘࡢ㞟ィ㔞ࡣ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࡢ⿕㦂⪅࡟ከࡃぢࡽࢀࡓ⾜ື┠ⓗ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ࠕ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅᇦෆ NPO ࡟ᐤ௜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠖࡸࠕ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅᇦෆ NPO ࡛࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠖ
㸦ᅗ㸲ཧ↷㸧ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡍ㞟ィ㔞࡟௚࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
࡞࠾㸪ྛࢤ࣮࣒ෆ࡛⿕㦂⪅ࡀὀ┠ࡋࡓ㡯┠ࢆ඲ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚㞟ィࡋ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜㸪௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ㸦ᅗ㸯㸯㸧ࠋࡇࢀࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪⮬ศඃඛࡢ⿕㦂⪅ࡣ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࡢ⿕㦂⪅ࡼࡾࡶࠕ⮬ศࡢ෇ṧ㧗ࠖ㸪ࠕ⮬ศࡢࢡ࣮ࣛࢡṧ㧗ࠖ㸪ࠕ⮬ศࡢవᬤ᫬㛫ࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㡯┠࡬ࡢὀ┠ࡀ✺ฟࡋ࡚ከࡃ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕඲
య࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㞟ィ㔞ࡼࡾࡶ㸪⮬㌟ࡢ≧ែ࡟㛵ᚰࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀఛ࠼ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣୖࡢศᯒ࡜➢ྜࡍࡿ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅗ㸯㸮 ඲ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ὀ┠ࡉࢀࡓ㞟ィ㔞ᅗ㸯㸯 ඲ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ὀ┠ࡉࢀࡓ㡯┠㸲㸬࠾ࢃࡾ࡟
ࡇࡇࡲ࡛㸪ᮏᐇ㦂ࡢྛ✀άື㔞ࢆつᐃࡋࡓせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡢ⾜ື┠ᶆ㸦ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘ㸧㸪㞟ィ㔞ࢢࣛࣇཧ↷ᅇᩘࡢ 3 ࡘࢆ᳨ドࡋ㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡢ⾜ື࡟᭱ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋࡓࡢࡣࣉ
࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪⮬ᕫ࡜ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡟ᑐࡍࡿẚ㔜㸦ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘ㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆ- 28 -

ࡋࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘࡢሙྜࡶࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ࡢሙྜࡶ㸪ࡑࢀࡀㄏⓎࡍࡿ⿕㦂⪅ࡢ⾜ື࡟ࡣ」ᩘࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࡋ㸪12 ྡ୰ 2 ྡࡢ⿕㦂⪅࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘࡼࡾࡶࣉ࣑ࣞ
࢔࣒⋡ࡀάື㔞ࢆᕥྑࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ㞟ィ㔞ࢢࣛࣇࡢཧ↷ᅇᩘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪12 ྡ୰ 1 ྡࡢ⿕㦂⪅ࡢάື㔞࡜ࡢࡳ┦㛵㛵ಀࢆ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡓࡀ㸪ࡼࡾ㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣ≉ᐃࡢ㞟ィ㔞࡟ὀ┠ࡋࡓ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᮏᐇ㦂࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌฼⏝⪅ࡀ஦๓࡟ࡣࠕ⮬ศඃඛࠖ࠿ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࠖ࠿
࡜࠸࠺᭕᫕࡞⾜ື┠ᶆࡋ࠿ᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ሙྜ࡛ࡶ㸪ྛࠎࡀ≉ᐃࡢไᗘᵓ㐀ࡢୗ࡛≉ᐃࡢ⾜ື┠ⓗࢆぢ࠸ࡔࡋ㸪⮬ᕫ࣭ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡟ᑐࡍࡿព㆑࡟ᛂࡌࡓ⾜ືࢆ࡜ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ
㝿㸪ྛ✀άືࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ㔞ⓗ࡟཯ᫎࡍࡿ㞟ィ㔞ࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢ฼⏝⤒㦂ࢆ✚ࡴ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚ไᗘᵓ㐀࡜࡜ࡶ࡟⌮ゎࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪⥲ࡌ࡚ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛࠖࡢ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡼࡾᙺ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪㞟ィ㔞࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ᮏᐇ㦂࡛♧ࡏࡓࡢࡣ㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡢ⾜ື┠ⓗ࡜ࡢᑐᛂ㛵ಀ࡟ࡍࡂࡎ㸪㞟ィ㔞ࡢ⾲♧࣭㠀⾲♧࡜⿕㦂⪅ࡢព㆑ࡸ⾜ື࡜ࡢᅉᯝ㛵ಀࢆド᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ 22ࠋ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ᮏᐇ㦂ࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿࡢࡣ㸪⮬ᕫ࡜ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢ┦ඞࡢ୰࡛ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㸪ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡ࢆ㧗ࡃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢຠᯝࡣ㝈ᐃⓗࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ඃඛᗘࡢ
␗࡞ࡿᵝࠎ࡞ཧຍ฼⏝⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᝿ᐃࡍࢀࡤ㸪ࡴࡋࢁ㸪ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒⋡࡜ࡣ↓㛵ಀ࡟㸪ၟᴗ࣭㠀ၟᴗࢆၥࢃࡎከᵝ࡞୺య࡟ཧຍࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࡢከᵝ࡞⏝㏵㸦ὶ㏻⤒㊰㸧ࢆ⏝ពࡋ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡬ࡢከᵝ࡞㈉⊩᪉ἲࢆཧຍ฼⏝⪅࡟୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ㔜せ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ㝿㸪ྛ✀㞟ィ㔞
ࡣᆅᇦ㏻㈌ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢไᗘᵓ㐀ࢆ⦰⣙ⓗ࡟⾲⌧ࡍࡿ᝟ሗ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛㸪ࢤ࣮࣒ෆᏛ⩦࡟࠾࠸࡚᪂ࡓ
࡞ไᗘᵓ㐀ࡢ⌮ゎࢆಁࡋ㸪ྛேࡀ⮬ᕫࡢ⾜ືࢆỴᐃࡍࡿ୍ຓ࡜࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋᮏᐇ㦂࡛ᥦ♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞㞟ィ㔞ࢆάື୰ࡢཧຍ฼⏝⪅࡟ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ᙼࡽࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡟ᑐࡍࡿὀព㛵ᚰࢆᘬࡁฟࡋ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ෆࡢྲྀᘬάືࢆάᛶ໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᭷⏝࡞᪉⟇࡜࡞ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
Coase, R. H. (1937), “The Nature of the Firm,” Economica, Vol. 4, No. 16, pp. 386–405. Reprinted in Coase,
R. H. (1988), The Firm, the Market, and the Law, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Chapter 2. 䠄ᐑἑ೺୍䠈ᚋ⸨᫭䠈⸨ᇉⰾᩥヂ(1992)䛂௻ᴗ䛾ᮏ㉁䛃䛄௻ᴗ䞉ᕷሙ䞉ἲ䛅 ᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫, ➨ 2 ❶ᡤ཰.䠅
Coase, R. H. (1960), “The Problem of Social Cost,” Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 3, pp. 1–44.
Reprinted in Coase, R. H. (1988), The Firm, the Market, and the Law, Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, Chapter 5.䠄ᐑἑ೺୍䠈ᚋ⸨᫭䠈⸨ᇉⰾᩥヂ(1992)䛂♫఍ⓗ㈝⏝䛾ၥ㢟䛃䛄௻ᴗ䞉ᕷሙ䞉ἲ䛅 ᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫, ➨ 5 ❶ᡤ཰.䠅
す㒊ᛅ(2002)䛄ᆅᇦ㏻㈌䜢▱䜝䛖䛅ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ.
す㒊ᛅ*䠈୕ୖ┿ᐶ*(2012)䛂㟁Ꮚᆅᇦ㏻㈌䛾䝯䝕䜱䜰䞉䝕䝄䜲䞁䛸䝁䝭䝳䝙䝔䜱䞉䝗䝑䜽䜈䛾ά⏝ྍ⬟ᛶ䠖䝀䞊䝭䞁䜾䞉䝅䝭䝳䝺䞊䝅䝵䞁䛻䜘䜛᳨ウ䛃䠈䛄Discussion Paper, Series B䛅䠄໭ᾏ㐨኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔⤒῭Ꮫ◊✲⛉䠅䠈
No. 103䠈pp. 1-24. (* equal contribution)
22 ࡑࡢཎᅉࡢ 1 ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡀྛࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ㛤ጞ᫬Ⅼ࡛࠾࠾ࡼࡑࡢᾘ㈝ィ⏬ࢆ❧࡚࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

ࡶࡋࡑ࠺ࡔ࡜ࡍࢀࡤ㸪ࢤ࣮࣒㛤ጞᚋ 10 ศ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡢ㞟ィ㔞⾲♧᪉ἲࡢኚ᭦ࡣ㸪⿕㦂⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚༑ศ࡟▱ぬࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡋ
࡚ࡶ㸪ᚋ༙ 10 ศࡢᾘ㈝⾜ື࡟࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ

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㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥํ ቞ァࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼㜞ㅦ㋕㆏‫ޔ‬࿖ኅ⊛⺞ᢛ‫ޔ‬ᛛⴚߩዉ౉ߣഃ಴‫ޔ‬ᚲ᦭ᮭߩᄌኈ‫ޔ‬ᢱ㊄೙ᐲߩ࡞࡯࠴ࡦൻΣ ߪߓ߼ߦ
ㅴൻ⢻ജ ┹੎ജߩ᭴▽⢻ജ ߣߪ‫ޟޔ‬ഃ⊒ㆊ⒟‫ ޠ‬GOGTIGPVRTQEGUU ࠍㅢߓߡ࡞࡯࠴ࡦൻࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆ⢻ജࠍ᭎ᔨൻߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ഃ⊒(emergence)ߣߪ
‫ޟ‬ዪᚲ⊛ߥ⋧੕૞↪ࠍᜬߟ‫⥄ߪߊߒ߽ޔ‬ᓞ⊛ߥⷐ⚛߇ᄙᢙ㓸߹ࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬ߘߩ✚๺ߣߪ⾰⊛ߦ⇣ߥࠆ㜞ᐲߢⶄ㔀ߥ⒎ᐨ߿ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߇↢ߓࠆ⃻⽎ߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᚲਈߩ᧦ઙ߆ࠄߩ੍᷹߿ᗧ࿑‫ߚ߃⿥ࠍ↹⸘ޔ‬᭴ㅧᄌൻ߿ഃㅧ߇⺃⊒ߐࠇࠆߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߢ‫ޟ‬ഃ⊒‫ߣޠ‬๭߫ࠇࠆ‫‛↢ߪߣ߽ߣ߽ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ቇ߿‛ℂቇ㧔ⶄ㔀♽㧕‫␠ޔ‬ળቇߥߤߢ૶ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ⸒⪲ߢ‫ޔ‬‫ߩ⾰‛ޟ‬ಓ⚿㧔⋧ォ⒖⃻⽎㧕
‫ޠ‬
‫࡝ࠕޟ‬
߇Ꮍࠍ૞ࠆ㧔⟲⍮⢻㧕‫ޠ‬‫⚦ޟ‬⢩ߩ㓸߹ࠅ߇↢‛ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ㧔↢๮⃻⽎㧕‫ޠ‬‫ޟ‬ᣂ⒳↢‛ߩ⓭ὼߩ⊒↢㧔ㅴൻ⺰㧕‫ޠ‬‫ޟ‬Ꮢ႐ߦ߅ߌࠆࡃࡉ࡞ߩ⊒↢㧔⚻ᷣቇ㧕‫ⷐ“ߥ߁ࠃߩޠ‬⚛ߦㆶరߢ߈ߥ޿⃻⽎”ߩߎߣࠍ޿߁‫ޠ‬1‫⺰ᧄޔ߅ߥޕ‬ᢥߢߪ‫ߩߊోޔ‬஧ὼߢ߽ߥߌࠇ߫ቢోߦ೙ᓮߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߢ߽ߥ޿ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ‫ߊోߚ߹ޔ‬೙ᓮ߇ߥ޿ࠊߌߢ
߽ߥ޿‫ⶄޔ‬㔀ߥࠪࠬ࠹ࡓᄌൻߩ⚥Ⓧ⊛࿃ᨐ㑐ଥߩㆊ⒟ࠍ‫ޟ‬ഃ⊒ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ‫ޠ‬㧔emergent process㧕ߣ๭߱ߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩഃ⊒ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ߹ߐߦߘ߁ߢ
޽ࠆ‫ޔ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬੐ᓟ⊛ߥሽ࿷วℂᕈ߇ᔅߕߒ߽੐೨วℂ⊛ߥᗧᕁ᳿ቯࠍ೨ឭ
ߦߒߥ޿‫ࠄ߆⼂⹺߁޿ߣޔ‬಴⊒ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ ํ ቞ァ‫ޔ‬੩ㇺᄢቇ⚻ᷣቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ᣣᧄቇⴚᝄ⥝ળᄖ࿖ੱ․೎⎇ⓥຬ‫ޔ‬਄ᶏ੤ㅢᄢቇ࿖㓙ਈ౏౒੐ോቇ
㒮ಎᢎ᝼‫ޔ‬Email:shoujunlu@hotmail.com⃻࿷‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⪺૞ߪ߶ߣࠎߤߥ޿ߩߢ‫⺰ᧄޔ‬ᢥߪਥߦਛ࿖㋕㆏ㇱ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ධゞ㓸࿅෸߮ਛ࿖ධゞ㓸࿅╬ߩࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄߣਛ࿖ߩᣂ⡞‫⑼⊖ࠕࠖ࠺ࡍࠠࠖ࠙ޔ‬੐ౖ╬ࠍෳ⠨ߒߡ૞ᚑߒߚ‫ޕ‬1
 ‫ޡ‬ᖱႎࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻↪⺆੐ౖ‫ ޢ‬JVVRYYYCVOCTMKVEQLRCKIDK\GOGTIGPEGJVON‫ ޔ‬ᐕ ᦬  ᣣ࠺࡯࠲ขᓧ㧕‫ࡓ࠹ࠬࠪߩߘޔߪ⺰↢⊒ޔߚ߹ޕ‬㧔᭴ㅧ㧕߇ᒻᚑߐࠇߚ⚻✲ࠍ⺑᣿ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᯏ⢻⺰ߪ‫ޔ‬ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ ᭴ㅧ ߇੐ᓟ⊛ߦ߽ߚࠄߔ⚿ᨐวℂᕈ ᯏ⢻ ࠍ⺑᣿ߔࠆ‫ౕޕ‬૕⊛ߥ඙ಽߣ⺰ℂ᭴ㅧߪ⮮ᧄ=?ߦࠃࠆ‫ޕ‬1ߐࠄߦ‫ޔ‬ㅴൻ⢻ജ㧔⢻ജߩ᭴▽⢻ജ capability building㧕ߩ᭎ᔨߪ‫ޟޔ‬ഃ⊒ㆊ⒟‫(ޠ‬emergent process) ࠍㅢߓߚ࡞࡯࠴ࡦ⢻ജߩ᭴▽⢻ജߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩ❱⚵ޕ‬ᱧผ⊛৻࿁ᕈߦᡰ㈩ߐࠇࠆ⢻ജ᭴▽ߩഃ⊒⊛(emergent)ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߘߩ߽ߩߦ߆߆ࠊ
ࠆ‫ޔ‬㕖࡞࡯࠴ࡦ⊛⢻ജߘࠇ⥄૕ߩ᭴▽ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߎߢ⸒߁㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߪ‫ⷙޔ‬೙↥ᬺߩ৻ߟߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ਥߦ MOJ એ਄ߩㅦᐲߢ
⿛ⴕߢ߈ࠆ㋕㆏ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍᜰߔ‫ޕ‬ゞチ߿ࠗࡦࡈ࡜ߥߤߩ୘‫ࠍ⚛ⷐߩޘ‬ᗧ๧ߔࠆ႐ว߽޽ࠆ߇‫ߺ⚵ࠍ⚛ⷐߩࠄࠇߘޔ‬วࠊߖߚ‫ࠍޠࡓ࠹ࠬࠪޟߩߟ৻ޔ‬ᗧ๧ߔࠆߎߣ߽ᄙ޿‫ޕ‬ਛ࿖ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏⸘↹ߪ 1990 ᐕઍߩೋ߼ߦ㐿ᆎߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬1999 ᐕ 8 ᦬‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߩೋ߼ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߣߒߡ⒌ἀቴㄬ✢〝㧔⒌⊞ፉ㧙ἀ㓁㧕߇ㅧࠄࠇߡ߈ߚ‫✢ߩߎޕ‬〝ߪਛ࿖ੱߦࠃࠆ⸳⸘‫ޔ‬ᣉᎿߒߚᤨㅦ 200km ߢ޽ࠆ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬2003 ᐕ
10 ᦬ߦቢᚑߒߚ‫ޕ‬หᤨߦ‫ޔ‬1997 ᐕ 4 ᦬‫ޔ‬1998 ᐕ 10 ᦬‫ޔ‬2000 ᐕ 10 ᦬‫ޔ‬2001
ᐕ 9 ᦬‫ޔ‬2004 ᐕ 4 ᦬‫ޔ‬2007 ᐕ 4 ᦬ߩว⸘ 6 ࿁ߦࠊߚࠅ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߩ㋕㆏㜞ㅦൻ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ߈ߚ‫ ╙ޔߦ․ޕ‬6 ࿁㋕㆏㜞ㅦൻߢߪ㜞ㅦ೉ゞ߇ᄙߊߩ࿷᧪✢ߦዉ౉ߐࠇߡ‫ᦨޔ‬㜞ㅦᐲߪ‫ޔ‬846 km ߩ〝✢ߢߪ 250 km/h ߦ‫ ߚ߹ޔ‬6,003 km ߢߪ 200
km/h ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬2010 ᐕ 3 ᦬‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆᦨ㜞ᤨㅦ 350km/h࡮250km/h ߩ〝✢ߪߘࠇߙࠇ 3,676km࡮2,876km ߣߥࠅ‫ޔ‬㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩ✚ᑧ㐳ߪ਎⇇৻ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬2013 ᐕ 1 ᦬⃻࿷‫ޔ‬㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩ✚ᑧ㐳ߪ 13,000km ࠍ⿥߃ߚ‫ޕ‬ᧄ⺰ᢥߪએਅߩ໧㗴ᗧ⼂ࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩߎޔ৻╙ޕ‬ᢙᐕ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ催䗳䠘䘧ߩㅴൻ⢻ജߪߤߩࠃ߁ߦ᭴▽ߒߡ߈ߚ߆‫╙ޕ‬ੑ‫ޔ‬㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߪᛛⴚ㓸⚂ဳߩ↥ᬺߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩᛛⴚ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦഃ⊒ߒ‫ߦ߁ࠃߩߤޔ‬ㅴൻߒߡ߈ߚߩ߆‫╙ޕ‬ਃ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߪ౏⋉੐ᬺߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ਥߦ࿖ኅ⊛⺞ᢛ㧔౏⊛ⷙ೙㧕ߣ޿߁೙ᐲ⊛⺞ᢛߦၮߠ޿ߡ▤ℂߒߡ޿ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩㅴൻ⢻ജߩ᭴▽ㆊ⒟ߪ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߩ࿖ኅ⊛⺞ᢛߩᓎഀ߇૗ߛࠈ߁߆‫ߩߘޔ‬೑ὐߣ໧㗴ὐ߇૗ߛࠈ߁߆‫╙ޕ‬྾‫ޔ‬዁᧪‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ࿖ኅ⊛⺞ᢛߩ޽ࠅᣇ߇૗ߛࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬એ਄ߩ໧㗴ᗧ⼂ߩਅߢ‫⎇ᧄޔ‬ⓥߪቝੳ=?ߩ⎇ⓥࠍෳ⠨ߦߒߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬೙ᐲ⊛⺞ᢛߩℂ⺰ߦၮߠ޿ߡ‫ⷙ⊛౏ޔ‬೙ߩਅߦ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏↥ᬺߦ߅޿ߡ߽‫ޔ‬ᄖㇱⅣႺ‫ޔ‬․ߦᏒ႐⊛㨯೙ᐲ⊛⺞ᢛߦㆡᔕߔࠆߚ߼ߦౝㇱߩᛛⴚ㨯೙ᐲߩᄌൻߥߤࠍ↢ߺ
಴ߒⅣႺߦㆡᔕߔࠆ⢻ജ߇᭴▽ߐࠇߡ߈ߚߎߣࠍ⸃᣿ߒ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߦ߅2ߌࠆㅴൻ⢻ജߩ᭴▽ߩଦㅴߩ޽ࠅᣇࠍត᳞ߔࠆߎߣࠍਛᔃ⺖㗴ߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬Τ ೙ᐲ⊛⺞ᢛߣ࿖ኅ⊛⺞ᢛⷙ೙↥ᬺࠍ߼ߋࠆᣢሽߩ⎇ⓥߦߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢ߈ߊੑߟߩ௑ะ߇޽ࠆ‫⊛౏ޔߪ৻╙ޕ‬ⷙ೙ߩ⚻ᷣቇߦၮߠ޿ߡ‫ⷙޔ‬೙↥ᬺࠍขࠅᏎߊᄖㇱⅣႺࠍ౏⊛ⷙ೙޽ࠆ޿ߪⷙ
೙✭๺ߩߺߦ◲⇛ൻߒ‫ߩ⺰⼏ޔ‬ὶὐࠍ߽ߞ߬ࠄ᡽ᐭߦࠃࠆ⺞ᢛߩ㒢⇇ ⷙ೙ߩᄬᢌ ‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬Ꮢ႐ߦࠃࠆ⺞ᢛߩ㒢⇇ Ꮢ႐ߩᄬᢌ ߦᒰߡࠆߣ޿߁௑ะ߇޽
ࠆ‫⎇ߩࠄࠇߎޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ⓥߪᰴߩ໧㗴ὐࠍᱷߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ԙ౏⊛ⷙ೙ߪડᬺ㑆ߩ⥄↱┹੎ࠍ೙㒢ߒ‫ޔ‬ᣢሽડᬺࠍᣂⷙෳ౉ߦࠃߞߡ߽ߚࠄߐࠇࠆᏒ႐┹੎߆ࠄ଻⼔ߔࠆᯏ⢻ࠍᜬߟߩߢ‫ߦߨߟޔ‬ડᬺߩౝㇱല₸߿↥ᬺߩ㕟ᣂ⊛⊒ዷࠍ㒖ኂߔࠆෂ㒾ᕈࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ԙⷙ೙✭๺ߪ‫ⷙޔ‬೙↥ᬺࠍขࠅᏎߊ࿖ౝ㨯ᶏᄖߩ⚻༡ⅣႺߩᄌൻ ᛛⴚ㕟ᣂߩㅴዷ߿┹੎ߩ࿖㓙⊛᜛ᄢߥߤ ߦࠃߞߡⷙ೙߇ਇㆡಾߦ
ߥࠆߚ߼‫┹ߥ↱⥄ޔ‬੎ߦછߖߚᣇ߇⚻ᷣᚑᨐߪᄢ߈ߊߥࠆߣ޿߁⠨߃ᣇߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߒ߆ߒ‫ⷙޔ‬೙✭๺ߩ೨ߣᓟߦ‫↥ߩߘޔ‬ᬺ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦ┹੎ജࠍ᭴▽ߒߡ޿ߊߩ
߆‫߁޿ߣޔ‬໧޿ߦߟ޿ߡߪ⸃╵ߒߡ޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬╙ੑߪ‫ⷙޔ‬೙↥ᬺߩౝㇱⅣႺߛߌࠍ㊀ⷞߒ‫⚻ޔ‬༡೙ᐲ࡮ᚲ᦭ᮭ೙ᐲ ․ߦ᳃༡ൻ ࠍᄌ߃ࠆߎߣߢⷙ೙↥ᬺߩ┹੎ജࠍ᭴▽ߐߖࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆ௑ะ߇޽ࠆ‫⎇ߩࠄࠇߎޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ⓥߪ‫ޔ‬ኾ㐷ᛛⴚਛᔃߩ⎇ⓥߣ‫ߣ↪⾌ޔ‬ലᨐߦ㑐ࠊࠆ⚻༡ಽᨆߩੑߟߦಽ߆ࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇‫┹ޔ‬੎⢻ജߩḮᴰߦߟ޿ߡߩត᳞ߪਇච
ಽߢ޽ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬৻ᣇ‫ޔ‬ቝੳ=?ߪ‫ޔ‬㨬᡽ᐭኻᏒ႐㨭 ޽ࠆ޿ߪ㨬౏⊛ⷙ೙ኻⷙ೙✭๺㨭 ߣ޿߁ᕁ⠨ᨒ⚵ߺߦߣࠄࠊࠇߚ᡽╷⺰ߪ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄߩ⚻ᷣ⺞ᢛ߇ౝ൮ߔࠆᩮᧄ⊛ߥ໧㗴ࠍᝒ߃៊ߨߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒ‫ޔ‬࿖ኅߣᏒ႐એᄖߩ⺞ᢛᚻᲑߣߒߡߩ೙ᐲ⊛⺞ᢛࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆᔅⷐᕈࠍ⸷߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬೙ᐲ⊛⺞ᢛߦᵈ⋡ߒߡᣣᧄߩ
೙ᐲߣ⚻ᷣ᡽╷ࠍᬌ⸛ߒߚቝੳߩ⎇ⓥߪ‫ޔ‬਄⸥ߩⷙ೙↥ᬺߦ㑐ߔࠆᣢሽߩ⎇ⓥߦሽ࿷ߔࠆ㒢⇇ࠍਸ਼ࠅ⿧߃‫ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿ಽᨆᨒ⚵ߺࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆߚ߼ߩ⎇ⓥߦᄙߊߩ␜ໂࠍਈ߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ⷙ⊛౏ޔߌࠊࠅߣޕ‬೙ ࿖ኅ⊛⺞ᢛ ߣⷙ೙✭๺ Ꮢ႐⊛⺞ᢛએᄖߦ߽‫ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿⚻〝 ೙ᐲ⊛⺞ᢛ ߇޽ࠆߎߣࠍᢎ߃ߡߊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬3ቝੳ[2009]ߪᏒ႐ߦࠃࠆ⚻ᷣ⺞ᢛߣ೙ᐲߦࠃࠆ⚻ᷣ⺞ᢛࠍኻᲧߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߐޕ‬ࠄߦ೙ᐲ⊛⺞ᢛࠍએਅߩ྾ߟߦಽ㘃ߔࠆ‫ߩߘޔߌࠊࠅߣޕ‬೙ᐲ⊛⺞ᢛߩන૏߇
␠ળߢ޽ࠆ߆‫߽ߢࠇߘޔ‬ડᬺߢ޽ࠆ߆ߦࠃߞߡ‫߇ࠇߘޔߡߒߘޔ‬ද⼏࡮ᅷදࡌ࡯ࠬ߆‫ޔ‬ᮭജ࡮๮઎ࡌ࡯ࠬ߆ߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬‫␠ޟ‬ળන૏ࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ‫ޠ‬‫ޟޔ‬ડᬺන૏ࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ‫ޠ‬‫ⷙ⊛౏ޟޔ‬೙‫ޔޠ‬㨬ࡅࠛ࡜࡞ࠠ࡯㨭‫߁޿ߣޔ‬྾ߟߩ೙ᐲ⊛⺞ᢛߩࡄ࠲࡯ࡦࠍឭ␜ߔࠆ(⴫ 1)‫ޕ‬⴫㧝 ⚻ᷣ⺞ᢛߩಽ㘃
⺞ᢛන૏

Ꮢ႐⊛⺞
ᢛ

೙ᐲ⊛⺞ᢛ
ද⼏㨯ᅷදࡌ࡯ࠬ

ᮭജ㨯ᴺᓞ㨯⒢೙ࡌ࡯ࠬ

␠ળන૏ߩ␠ળන૏ࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯ ౏⊛ⷙ೙㧔࿖ኅ⊛⺞ᢛ㧕

⺞ᢛ

࡚ࠪࡦ

ડ ᬺ න ૏ ߩ Ꮢ႐ડᬺන૏ࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯ ࡅࠛ࡜࡞ࠠ࡯

⺞ᢛ

࡚ࠪࡦ

㧔࿖᦭࠮ࠢ࠲࡯ߦኻߔࠆ
⛔೙㧕಴ᚲ:ቝੳ(2009‫ ⴫ޔ‬1-1‫ ╙ޔ‬6 ࡍ࡯ࠫ)ࠍෳ⠨ߦ૞ᚑ‫ޕ‬ Ꮢ႐⊛⺞ᢛߢߪ‫ޔ‬ଏ⛎⠪ߣ㔛ⷐ⠪ߩ㑆ߢߩ੐೨ߩᖱႎߩ߿ࠅขࠅ߿ද⼏ߪሽ࿷ߒߥ޿‫⚻⻉ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᷣਥ૕㑆ߩߔߴߡߩ⚿߮ߟ߈ߪ‫ޔ‬Ꮢ႐ࠍ੺ߒߚ㑆ធ⊛ߥᒻࠍߣࠆ‫⚻ߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ᷣࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆၮᧄ⊛㑐ଥߪ‫ޔ‬ଏ⛎⠪ߣᏒ႐ߣߩ㑐ଥߣ‫ޔ‬㔛ⷐ⠪ߣᏒ႐ߣߩ㑐ଥߣߩ 2 ߟߛߌߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬౏⊛ⷙ೙ߪ‫ޔߦ⥸৻ޔ‬࿖߿࿾ᣇ౏౒࿅૕߇ડᬺ࡮࿖᳃ߩᵴേߦኻߒߡ․ቯߩ
᡽╷⋡⊛ߩታ⃻ߩߚ߼ߦ㑐ਈ࡮੺౉ߔࠆ߽ߩࠍᜰߔ‫⹺⸵ޔߪࠇߘޕ‬น╬ߩᚻᲑߦࠃࠆⷙ೙ࠍౖဳߣߒ‫⹺⸵߽ߦઁߩߘޔ‬น╬ߦઃ㓐ߒߡ‫ߪߣࠇߘߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬೎୘ߦⴕࠊࠇࠆⷙ೙⊛ߥⴕ᡽ᜰዉ߿ଔᩰࠦࡦ࠻ࡠ࡯࡞╬ߩ೙ᐲ⊛ߥ㑐ਈߥߤ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬2౏⊛ⷙ೙ߩਥ૕ߪ‫ޔ‬࿖߿࿾ᣇ౏౒࿅૕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩ⊒ዷᚢ⇛‫ޔ‬ᛛⴚߩዉ౉‫ߩ❱⚵ޔ‬ᄌൻ‫ޔ‬෸߮೙ᐲߩᄌൻߪ‫ޔ‬࿖ኅߦࠃࠆ⺞ᢛߦᄢ߈ߊଐሽߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬1949 ᐕߦਛ⪇ੱ᳃౒๺࿖߇ᚑ┙ߔࠆߣ‫ޔ‬㋕㆏ߪ࿖ߩ㊀2‫ⷙ⊛౏ޟ‬೙‫ߩߡ޿ߟߦޠ‬ᴺ઎਄ߩቯ⟵ߪߥ޿߇‫ޔߪߢߎߎޔ‬1988 ᐕ 12 ᦬ 1 ߩ╙㧞ᰴⴕ㕟ክߩ‫ⷙ⊛౏ޟ‬೙ߩ✭๺╬ߦ㑐ߔࠆ╵↳‫ߩޠ‬ౝኈߦၮߠ޿ߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
4ⷐߥ↥ᬺߣߺߥߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ‫ޔ‬ේೣߣߒߡ࿖᦭㋕㆏ߩㆇ༡ߣߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦ
ߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬1990 ᐕઍએ㒠‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩ⊒ዷߪ‫ޔ‬ਥߦਛ࿖ߩ࿖ോ㒮ߦዻߔࠆⴕ᡽ㇱ㐷ߣߒߡߩਛ࿖㋕㆏ㇱߣ‫ޔ‬ਛᄩડᬺ㧔ਛᄩ᡽ᐭ߇⋙〈▤ℂߔࠆ࿖᦭ડᬺ㧕ߣߒߡߩ‫ޟ‬ਛ࿖ධゞ‫ޠ‬
㧔2007 ᐕߦ⸳┙ߐࠇߚ㧕ߣ‫ޟ‬ਛ࿖ർゞ‫ޠ‬
㧔2008ᐕߦ⸳┙ߐࠇߚ㧕ࠍㅢߓߡ‫ޔ‬࿖ኅᜰዉਅߢᕆㅦߦᑪ⸳߇ㅴ߼ࠄࠇߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬ᧄ⺰ᢥߢߪ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩㅴൻ⢻ജߩ᭴▽ㆊ⒟ߪ‫ޔ‬࿖ኅ߆ࠄ਄߆
ࠄਥዉߒߚ߽ߩࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆߚ߼‫ⷙ⊛౏ޔ‬೙ࠍ‫ޟ‬࿖ኅ⊛⺞ᢛ‫ߣޠ‬๭߱‫ޔߜࠊߥߔޕ‬࿖ኅߪᮭജ‫┙ޔ‬ᴺ‫ⴕޔ‬᡽‫ޔ‬มᴺ‫ޔ‬෸߮⒢᡽ߦࠃࠆ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⊒ዷᚢ⇛ߩ╷ቯ‫ޔ‬ᛛⴚߩዉ౉‫ޔ┙⸳ߩ❱⚵ޔ‬⒢᡽㕙ߩᡰᜬߥߤࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ࡅࠛ࡜࡞ࠠ࡯ߪ‫ⷙ⊛౏ޔ‬೙ߣหߓߊ‫⚻ࠆ޽ޔ‬ᷣਥ૕ߩᗧ࿑ߦ‫⚻ߩઁޔ‬ᷣਥ૕߇᦯ᓥߔࠆߎߣࠍㅢߓߡ‫⺞ޔ‬ᢛ߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆ‫⺞ߩ࡯ࠠ࡞࡜ࠛࡅޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᢛන૏ߪડᬺߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ਛ࿖ߢߪ‫ޔ‬࿖᦭ડᬺߦࠃࠆ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ゞਔߩ⵾ㅧ‫ߩ࡟ࡈࡦࠗޔ‬ᑪ⸳‫ޔ‬ㆇ↪ߩ▤ℂࠍⴕߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ゞਔߪਥߦਛᄩડᬺߣߒߡߩ
‫ޟ‬ਛ࿖ධゞ‫ޟߣޠ‬ਛ࿖ർゞ‫⵾ߡߞࠃߦޠ‬ㅧߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬⚻ᷣਥ૕㑆ߩࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߪ‫↥↢ޔ‬㊂߿ଔᩰߥߤࠍ⺞ᢛߔࠆᰴߩࠃ߁
ߥࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦࠆߔ↥↢ࠍ‛↥↢ࠆ޽ޕ‬వ┙ߞߡ‫ߩ‛↥↢ߩߘޔ‬ଏ⛎⠪ߣ㔛ⷐ⠪(ߘࠇߙࠇⶄᢙߩ႐ว߽޽ࠅ߁ࠆ)߇ᖱႎߩ߿ࠅขࠅࠍⴕߞߚ਄ߢ‫ޔ‬ද⼏ࠍ⚻ߡ‫↥↢ޔ‬㊂߿ଔᩰߥߤߦߟ޿ߡวᗧߔࠆ‫ߩ‛↥↢ࠆ޽ޔࠃߖߦࠇߕ޿ޕ‬੤឵ߩᒰ੐⠪㑆ߔߥࠊߜⶄᢙߩଏ⛎⠪ߣ㔛ⷐ⠪ߩ෺ᣇะߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪ
ࡦࠍㅢߓߡᒻᚑߐࠇࠆ␠ળ⊛วᗧߦၮߠ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ଏ⛎⠪ߪߘߩ↢↥‛ࠍ↢↥ߔࠆ‫ ޕ‬ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪ‫ޔ‬એ਄ߩᏒ႐ߦࠃࠆ⚻ᷣ⺞ᢛߣ೙ᐲߦࠃࠆ⚻ᷣ⺞ᢛߩಽ㘃ߦၮߠ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏䈮㑐䈜䉎౏⊛ⷙ೙䈱ᄬᢌ䈱ේ࿃䉕ᬌ⸛䈚䈭䈏䉌䇮․䈮ᛛⴚ䈱ㅴൻߦ߅޿ߡߩ‫ޟ‬೙ᐲ⊛⺞ᢛ‫ߦޠ‬ὶὐࠍᒰߡߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬Ꮢ႐⊛⺞ᢛ߿‫ⷙ⊛౏ޔ‬೙෸߮೙ᐲ⊛⺞ᢛ߇㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߦ෸߷ߔᓇ㗀ࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬Υ ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩഃ⊒ߣᛛⴚߩㅴൻਛ࿖ߩ㋕㆏ߪ‫ޔ‬ᷡᦺᤨઍߩ 1876 ᐕߦࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߦࠃߞߡᢝ⸳ߐࠇߚ๓᷃㋕㆏㧔਄ᶏ-๓᷃㑆 14.5km㧕߇ᆎ߹ࠅߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ߪࠇߎޔ‬ή⸵นߢ૞ߞߚ߽ߩߥߩߢ
ᢙᐕߢ᠗෰ߐࠇߚ‫ᧄޕ‬ᩰ⊛ߥ߽ߩߪ 1881 ᐕߦ᧘㡨┨ߩ๮ߦࠃߞߡᢝ⸳ߐࠇߚ

5໊⢭㋕㆏㧔ᴡർ⋭࡮໊ጊ̆⢭ฦᐣ㑆 9.2km㧕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬1911 ᐕߦߪ᳃㑆⾗ᧄߢ૞ࠄࠇߡ޿ߚ♃ṽ㋕㆏㧔ᐢᎺ̆ᱞ᣽㧕࡮Ꮉṽ㋕㆏㧔ṽญ㧙ᚑㇺ㧕߽޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬1949ᐕߦਛ⪇ੱ᳃౒๺࿖߇ᚑ┙ߔࠆߣ‫ޔ‬㋕㆏ߪ࿖ߩ㊀ⷐߥ↥ᬺߣߺߥߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦ
ߥࠅ‫ޔ‬ේೣߣߒߡ࿖᦭㋕㆏ߩㆇ༡ߣߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬࿖ߩᚑ┙ᒰᤨ✚ᑧ㐳 21,810km ߦㆊ߉ߥ߆ߞߚ㋕㆏ߪ‫ޔ‬࿖ኅᜰዉਅߢᕆㅦߦᑪ⸳߇ㅴ߼ࠄࠇ‫ޔ‬ᢥൻᄢ㕟๮ᓟߩ 1978 ᐕߦߪ 43,000km ⿥ߦ‫ޔ‬1985 ᐕߦߪ 52,000km ⿥ߩ〝✢ࠍ᦭ߔࠆ߹ߢߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩ⊒ዷߪਃߟߩᲑ㓏߇޽ࠆ‫৻╙ޕ‬Ბ㓏ߢߪ‫ޔ‬1998 ᐕઍ߆ࠄ 2003 ᐕ߹ߢߩ⥄ਥ⎇ⓥߩᲑ㓏ߢ޽ࠆ‫╙ޕ‬ੑᲑ㓏ߢߪ‫ޔ‬2004 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2005
ᐕ߹ߢߩ࿖ᄖ߆ࠄߩᛛⴚࠍዉ౉ߔࠆᲑ㓏ߢ޽ࠆ‫╙ޕ‬ਃᲑ㓏ߢߪ‫ޔ‬2006 ᐕ߆ࠄ⃻࿷߹ߢߩ࿖↥ൻߣ㜞ㅦൻߩᲑ㓏ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬1.╙৻Ბ㓏:⥄ਥ⎇ⓥߩᲑ㓏㧔1998㧙2003 ᐕ㧕ਛ࿖ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏⸘↹ߪ 1990 ᑈҷߩೋ߼ߦ㐿ᆎߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ᒰᤨߪ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߩᣏቴ
೉ゞߩᐔဋㅦᐲߪ 48 km/h ߒ߆ߥߊ‫⊒ޔ‬ዷߒߡ޿ߊ㜞ㅦ㆏〝✂ࠍㅢࠆ⥄േゞ߿⥶ⓨߦࠪࠚࠕࠍᅓࠊࠇߟߟ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬㋕㆏ㇱ߇ 1990 ᑈ 12 ᦬ߩో࿖ੱ᳃ઍ⴫ᄢળߢർ੩㧙Ϟ⍋㑆ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ᑪ⸳᩺ࠍឭ಴ߒߚ‫ޔߪ↹⸘ߩߎޕ‬㔛ⷐߦኻߒߡ࿷᧪✢ߢ޽ࠆҀⓀ㎮㧔ർ੩㧙Ϟ⍋㧕ߩ✢〝ኈ㊂߇ߔߢߦਇ⿷ߒߟߟ޽ࠆߎߣ߇⢛᥊ߦ޽ࠅ‫⑼ޔ‬ቇᛛⴚㇱ‫ޔ‬࿖ኅ⊒ዷᡷ㕟ᆔຬળ‫ޔ‬ଚࢭ䚼ߣ㋕㆏ㇱ߇౒หߢߣࠅ߹ߣ߼ߚ‫ޕ‬1994 ᑈ 12 ᦬ߦ೑ࢭ䰶ߪ⸘↹ߩታ⃻น⢻ᕈߩ⺞ᩏࠍᆔ⸤ߒߚ‫ޕ‬᡽╷⎇ⓥ⠪ߪ⸘↹ߩᔅⷐᕈߣណ▚ᕈࠍ⎇ⓥߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬዁᧪ߩ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ࠍടㅦߐߖࠆߣߒߡផㅴߔࠆᗧ⷗ߣ‫ޔ‬ᄖ࿖ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߪᑪ⸳ࠦࠬ࠻߇㜞ߊ‫ޔ‬ណ▚ᕈߦ⇼໧߇޽ࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬࿷᧪✢ߦ✢〝ኈ㊂ߩჇടߣㆇⴕ㑆㓒ߩ⍴❗ߣ޿ߞߚᡷ⦟ࠍട߃ࠇ߫ࠃ޿ߣߒߡᑪ⸳ߦ෻ኻߔࠆᗧ⷗߇޽
ߞߚ‫ޕ‬1998 ᐕ 6 ᦬ߩ࿖ോ㒮‫⑼ޔ‬ቇᛛⴚㇱߣᎿ⒟㒮ߩળ⼏ߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬㑐ଥ⠪ߩ㑆ߢߪᓥ᧪ߩᣇᑼߣหߓᮡḰ゠ߩᣏቴኾ↪ᣂ✢ᑪ⸳ߣ⏛᳇ᶋ਄ᑼߩ࡝࠾ࠕࡕ
࡯࠲࡯ࠞ࡯〝✢ᑪ⸳ߢᗧ⷗߇ಽ߆ࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
1999 ᐕ 8 ᦬‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߩೋ߼ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߣߒߡ⒌ἀቴㆇ✢〝㧔⒌⊞ፉ㧙ἀ㓁㧕߇ഃࠅᆎ߼ߚ‫ߪ〝✢ߩߎޕ‬ਛ࿖ੱߦࠃࠆ⸳⸘‫ޔ‬ᣉᎿߒߚᤨㅦ 200km㧔⸳⸘ᦨ㜞

6ᤨㅦߪ 250km㧕ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬2003 ᐕ 10 ᦬ߦቢᚑߒߚ‫ޕ‬⒌ἀቴㆇ✢〝ߪ‫ޔ‬ᴡർ⋭⒌⊞ፉᏒߩ⒌⊞ፉ㚞ࠍ⿠ὐߦㆯካ⋭⥝ၔᏒ‫⧃⫊ޔ‬ፉᏒ‫ޔ‬บ቟⋵‫ޔ‬ㆯਛ⋵ࠍ⚻↱ߒἀ㓁Ꮢߩἀ㓁ർ㚞ߦ⥋ࠆో✢߇ᮡḰ゠‫✢ⶄޔ‬㔚ൻߩ〝✢㐳 404.65km ߩ㋕㆏〝✢ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ጊᶏ㑐㚞߆ࠄ⛩ਛർ㚞ߩ㑆ߢߪ 300km/h ߳ߩㅦᐲะ਄⹜㛎ߦኻᔕߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬2002 ᐕ 9 ᦬ߦߪߎߩ〝✢ߢ࿖↥ߩ DJF2 ဳ‫ޟ‬వ㌵ภ‫ ߇ޠ‬292.8 km/h ߩ⸥㍳ࠍ಴ߒߚ‫ޕ‬หᐕ 11 ᦬ߦߪ DJJ2 ဳ‫ޟ‬ਛ⪇ਯᤊ‫ޠ‬㧔࠴ࡖࠗ࠽ࠬ࠲࡯㧕߇ᒰᤨਛ࿖ߢߩ㋕ベᑼ㋕㆏ߢߩᦨ㜞ㅦᐲߢ޽ࠆ 320km/h ࠍ⸥㍳ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫ޟ‬ਛ⪇ਯᤊ‫ޠ‬߇㔚Ḯᣇᑼߪᣂᐙ✢ߣหߓߊ‫ޔ‬න⋧੤ᵹ 25,000V ߢ㔚ജࠍଏ⛎ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᒰᤨ‫ޟޔ‬ਛ⪇ਯᤊ‫ޟޔ߼ߓߪࠍޠ‬వ㌵‫ޠ‬‫ޟޔޠ▨⯗ޟޔ‬ᅏᤊ‫ޟߣޠ‬ਛේਯᤊ‫╬ޠ‬ਛ࿖ੱߦࠃࠆ⥄ਥߢ㐿⊒ߒߚ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩ೉ゞࠍ㐿⊒ߒߚ‫ޟޕ‬వ㌵‫ߪޠ‬ධ੩ᶆ㎾ߣ޿߁ળ␠߇ 2000 ᐕߦ㐿⊒ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫ߪޠ▨⯗ޟ‬ධゞᩣᵮᚲߣ㐳ᤐቴゞᎿ႐߇౒หߦ㐿⊒ߒߚ೉ゞߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫ޟ‬ᅏᤊ‫ޟߣޠ‬ਛේਯᤊ‫ߪޠ‬ධゞᩣᵮᚲ߇ 2001ᐕߦ㐿⊒ߒߚ೉ゞߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ౝ‫ޟޔ‬వ㌵‫ޟߣޠ‬ᅏᤊ‫ޟ߮ࠃ߅ޠ‬ਛේਯᤊ‫ߢޠ‬ߪ‫ޔ‬േജࠍ✬ᚑฦゞਔߦಽᢔߐߖࠆ‫ޟ‬േജಽᢔᣇᑼ‫߇ޠ‬ណ↪ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬േജಽᢔᣇᑼࠍណ↪ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬㔚ゞᣇᑼߣห᭽ߩ‫ޔ‬ടᷫㅦᕈ⢻ߩะ਄࡮シ㊂ൻ࡮゠㆏߳ߩ⽶⩄シᷫߣ޿ߞߚ೑ὐ߇ㅊ᳞ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔߪࠇߘޕ‬ᣣᧄߩᣂᐙ✢ߣหߓߢ޽ࠆ‫ޟޔߡߒߘޕ‬ਛ⪇ਯᤊ‫ޟߪߢޠ▨⯗ޟߣޠ‬േജ㓸ਛᣇᑼ‫߇ޠ‬ណ↪
ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬೉ゞߩਛߢ‫߇߁߶ߩޠ▨⯗ޟޔ‬቟ቯᕈ߇৻⇟޿޿ߢ‫੹ޔ‬߹ߢ߽ᐢᷓ✢㧔ᐢᎺ㧙ᷓ࠮ࡦ㧕ߢ⿛ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޟޔߡߒߘޕ‬ᅏᤊ‫ޠ‬೉ゞߪ‫ࠩࠞޔ‬ࡈࠬ࠲ࡦߦャ಴ߒߚߎߣ߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬⒌ἀᣏቴኾ↪✢ߩ㐿ᬺߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬࿷᧪✢ߣᣏቴኾ↪✢ߣߩⷙᩰߩ੕឵ᕈߩ
೑ὐ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㨮೉ゞ߇ᕆࡉ࡟࡯ࠠࠍ߆ߌߚᤨߦ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ାภ‫߁߇ޠ‬߹ߊ㚞⥢஥ߩฃ㔚ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦવࠊࠄߥ޿ߣ޿߁‫ޟ‬ାภ‫ߩࡓ࠹ࠬࠪޠ‬໧㗴ߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬࿖ോ㒮ߪᣇ㊎ࠍォ឵ߒ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖࿖ᄖ߆ࠄߩᛛⴚ⒖ォߢ⥄࿖ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ゞਔࠍ㐿⊒ߔࠆߎߣߦゲ⿷ࠍ⒖ߔߎߣߦߥࠆ߇‫ޔ‬หᤨߦਛ࿖࿖ᄖߩડᬺߦ㗬ࠆߩߢߪߥߊᛛⴚߩឭଏࠍฃߌ‫ޔ‬࿖ౝߩᛛⴚ⊒ዷߦ૶߁ߣ޿߁ᣇᴺࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚ‫ޕ‬7࿑  ਛ࿖ߩߪߓ߼ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏⒌ἀቴㆇ✢〝ߎ‫˖݌‬JVVRVWRKCPDCKMGEQOCAAAALRIJVONǃ
 ᑈ  ᳜  ᮹ɏόɇপᕫǄหᤨߦ㨮ਛ࿖ߢߪ‫✢〝࡯ࠞ࡯࠲࡯ࡕࠕ࠾࡝ޔ‬ᑪ⸳ࠍ߽ត᳞ߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬2000ᐕߦ‫ޔ‬਄ᶏᏒ᡽ᐭ߇࠼ࠗ࠷஥ߣߩ਄ᶏᶆ᧲࿖㓙ⓨ᷼ߣᏒౝਛᔃㇱߣࠍㅪ⛊ߔࠆ⚂ 30 km ߩ࠻࡜ࡦࠬ࡜ࡇ࠶࠼ߩ࠲࡯ࡦࠠ࡯㧔ቢᚑຠᒁ߈ᷰߒᣇᑼ㧕ᄾ⚂ࠍ⚿ࠎߛ‫ޕ‬2002 ᐕ 12 ᦬ߦ਎⇇ೋߩ⏛᳇ᶋ਄ᑼ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߢ޽ࠆ਄ᶏ࠻࡜ࡦࠬ࡜ࡇ࠶
࠼߇㐿ㅢߒߚ‫ᦨޕ‬㜞ㅦᐲ 430 km/h ߢ⚂ 30 km ࠍ 7 ಽ 20 ⑽ߢ⚿ࠎߢ޿ߡ‫ߎޔ‬ࠇߪ༡ᬺਛߩᣏቴ೉ゞߣߒߡߪ਎⇇ᦨㅦߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߒ߆ߒ㨮࡝࠾ࠕࡕ࡯࠲࡯ࠞ࡯ߩࠦࠬ࠻߇㜞ߊߡ㨮࠼ࠗ࠷஥߇ਛ࿖஥߳ߩᛛⴚ
ឭଏߦ ᔨߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߦട߃⛘ኻ⊛ߥ቟ోᕈ߳ߩ⇼໧߽޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ో࿯ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏✂ߢߪ೑↪ߪᐢ߇ࠄߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬╙৻Ბ㓏ߩ⥄ਥ⎇ⓥߩᲑ㓏ߢߪ‫ߟ৻߁߽ޔ‬㊀ⷐߥߎߣ߇‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߩ㋕㆏㜞ㅦൻߢ޽ࠆ‫߽ࠇߎޕ‬ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩᛛⴚߩㅴൻߦᓎ┙ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
1997 ᐕ 4 ᦬‫ޔ‬1998 ᐕ 10 ᦬‫ޔ‬2000 ᐕ 10 ᦬‫ޔ‬2001 ᐕ 9 ᦬‫ޔ‬2004 ᐕ 4 ᦬‫ޔ‬2007
ᐕ 4 ᦬ߩว⸘ 6 ࿁ߦࠊߚࠅ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߩ㋕㆏㜞ㅦൻ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬
1997 ᐕ 4 ᦬ߩ╙ 1 ࿁㋕㆏㜞ㅦൻߪ੩ᐢ✢㧔ർ੩㧙ᐢᎺ㧕‫ޔ‬੩ṝ✢㧔ർ੩̆਄ᶏ㧕‫ޔ‬੩ລ✢㧔ർ੩㧙ࡂ࡞ࡆࡦ㧕ߩ 3 ᄢᐙ✢ࠍਛᔃߦታᣉߐࠇ‫ޔ‬1998 ᐕ 10 ᦬ߩ╙ 2 ᰴ㜞ㅦൻ߽ߎߩ 3 ✢ߢታᣉߐࠇߚ‫ ߩߘޕ‬2 ᐕᓟߩ╙ 3 ᰴ㜞ㅦൻߢߪ㓬ᶏ8✢㧔ㅪ㔕̆᷼⯗Ꮊ㧕‫⯗ޔ‬ᣂ✢㧔⯗Ꮊ㧙࠙࡞ࡓ࠴㧕‫ޔ‬੩਻✢㧔ർ੩⷏㧙㚅᷼਻㦖㧕‫ޔ‬ᵽ⿑✢㧔᧮Ꮊ㧙ᩣᵮ㧕߇ട߃ࠄࠇ‫ ╙ޔ‬4 ᰴ㜞ㅦൻߪ੩਻✢‫ޔ‬ᱞṽ㧙ᚑㇺ㧔ṽਤ✢‫ⶪޔ‬ᷬ✢‫ޔ‬㆐ᚑ✢㧕‫ޔ‬੩ᐢ✢ධㇱ‫ޔ‬ᵽ⿑✢ߣລᄢ✢㧔ࡂ࡞ࡆࡦ࡯ᄢㅪ㧕ࠍਛᔃߦታᣉߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬2004 ᐕߩ╙ 5 ᰴ㋕㆏㜞ㅦൻߪో࿯ߩ߶ߣࠎߤߩᐙ✢඙㑆ߢታᣉߐࠇ‫ޔ‬7,700 km ߇ᒰᤨߩᦨ㜞ㅦᐲߢ޽ࠆ 160 km/h ߦኻᔕߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞ
ߚ‫ޕ‬╙৻࿁߆ࠄ╙੖࿁߹ߢߩ㋕㆏㜞ㅦൻߢߪ‫ోޔ‬ㇱਛ࿖ੱߦࠃࠆᑪ⸳ߐࠇߚ߽ߩ
ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬೉ゞ߽ᛛⴚ߽ਛ࿖ੱߦࠃࠆ㐿⊒ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬2003 ᐕ 3᦬‫ޔ‬ഏᔒァ᳁߇ਛ࿖㋕㆏ㇱㇱ㐳ߦᱜᑼߦዞછߒߚᓟ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߦ㑐ߔࠆ᡽╷߇ᄌࠊߞߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬⴫  ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ╙ 㧙 ࿁㋕㆏㜞ㅦൻᰖ䗳  ΂ऎ䭧ȃ ᰖ䗳 ̣ ΂࣫Ҁ̣Ϟ⍋
㎣ᓊ䭋ऎ䭧ȃ㎣ᓊ䭋ҹࠡ̚ ᑈ ᳜̣̣㋘  ᰖ䭧㄀  ಲ  ᑈ ᳜  ᣣ ΂ ΂ ㋘  ᰖ䭧㄀  ಲ  ᑈ  ᳜  ᣣ ΂
 ΂ ㋘  ᰖ䭧㄀  ಲ ᑈ  ᳜  ᣣ ΂
 ΂ ㋘  ᰖ䭧㄀  ಲ ᑈ  ᳜  ᣣ ΂
 ΂ ㋘  ᰖ䭧㄀  ಲ ᑈ ᳜  ᣣ ΂̣㋘  ᰖ䭧㄀  ಲ ᑈ ᳜  ᣣ ᰖ䗳  ΂ऎ䭧ȃ㎣ᓊ䭋  ΂ ㋘  ᰖ䭧ᰖᳳߎ ‫ ݌‬JVVRYYYRTGHKDCTCMKLRDWM[QMWUGKMCPMQMWMQUJCPIJCKDWUKPGUUTRJVON ǃ ᑈ  ᳜  ᮹ɏόɇপᕫǄ

2.╙ੑᲑ㓏:࿖ᄖ߆ࠄߩᛛⴚࠍዉ౉ߔࠆᲑ㓏㧔2004㧙2005 ᐕ㧕
2003 ᐕ 3 ᦬‫ޔ‬ഏᔒァ᳁߇ਛ࿖㋕㆏ㇱㇱ㐳ߦᱜᑼߦዞછߒߚᓟ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߦ㑐ߔࠆᚢ⇛߇⪺ߒߊᄌࠊߞߚ‫ޕ‬2004 ᐕߦ࿖ോ㒮ߪ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ᑪ⸳⸘↹ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޟ‬ਛ㐳ᦼ㋕㆏✂⸘↹‫ࠍޠ‬᳿ቯߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬᳿ቯߦࠃߞߡᣇᑼߦߟ޿ߡߩ⼏⺰ߪ⚳ࠊࠅ‫ޔ‬ᮡḰ゠ߩᣏቴኾ↪✢ߩᑪ⸳ࠍㄦㅦߦផߒㅴ߼ࠆᣇ㊎߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞ
ߚ‫ޕ‬࿖ോ㒮ߣ㋕㆏ㇱ‫ޔ‬࿖༡ડᬺߢ޽ࠆਛ࿖ධゞ㓸࿅‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ർゞ㓸࿅ߪਛ࿖ߩᜬ
ߟ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩᏂᄢᏒ႐ߩ㝯ജߢਛ࿖࿖ᄖߩડᬺߦᛩ⾗ߣᛛⴚ⒖ォࠍଦߒ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖஥ߦ߽ㅴ಴ડᬺ஥ߦ߽ࡔ࡝࠶࠻߇↢ߓࠆࠃ߁ߥᣇᴺࠍ૶ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
9

2004 ᐕߦណᛯߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ਛ㐳ᦼ㋕㆏✂⸘↹ߥߤߩਛ࿖᡽ᐭߩ⸘↹ߦߪ‫ޔ‬2020 ᐕ‫ޟ‬྾❑྾ᮮ‫ߩޠ‬ᣏቴኾ↪✢ߩ㜞ㅦ೉ゞߦኻᔕߒߚ㋕㆏߇޽ࠆ‫ޔߡߒߘޕ‬2008ᐕߩ਎⇇㊄Ⲣෂᯏߩኻ╷ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬2008 ᐕߦਛ㐳ᦼ㋕㆏✂⸘↹߇ୃᱜߐࠇߚ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬྾❑྾ᮮ‫ߩޠ‬ᣏቴኾ↪✢ࠍട߃‫ޔ‬ㇺᏒ㑆㋕㆏‫ޔ‬㜞ㅦൻᡷㅧߐࠇߚ࿷᧪✢‫⷏ޔ‬ㇱ㐿⊒ߩߚ߼ߩᣂ✢‫ޔ‬ᶏጽ⷏ጯ✢ߩ 5 ⒳㘃ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩᑪ⸳⸘↹ࠍ᳿߼ߚ‫ޕ‬ਛ࿖ߢߪ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏〝✢ߩᑪ⸳߇ 2010 ᐕᧃ߹ߢߩౝ㔛᜛ᄢߩߚ߼ߩ౏౒ᛩ⾗╷ߢ
߽Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦᡰ಴ߐࠇߚ‫ޔߡߒߘޕ‬ਛᄩߢ߽࿾ᣇ᡽ᐭߢ߽㊀ⷐ᡽╷ߩ৻ߟߣߒߡ
ᛒࠊࠇ‫ޔ‬ฦ࿾ߢᑪ⸳߇ㅴ߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ ߚ߹ޕ‬2011 ᐕߦߪᑪ⸳ߦ 7000 ంరߩᛩ⾗ࠍߒߡ‫ޔ‬㜞ㅦ㋕㆏✂ߪ 2011 ᐕᧃߦߪ 13,073 km‫ޔ‬2015 ᐕᧃߦߪ 25,000 kmߦ㆐ߔࠆ⸘↹ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬3╙৻⒳㘃ߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬྾❑྾ᮮ‫ޠ‬ᣏቴኾ↪✢㧔̌྾❑྾ᮮ̍ቴㄬኾ✢㧕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠇߎޕ‬ߪਛ࿖ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏✂ߩਛᩭߣߥࠅ‫ޔ‬ධർᣇะߩ 4 ߟ‫⷏᧲ޔ‬ᣇะߩ 4 ߟߩᣏቴ㋕㆏ኾ↪✢߆ࠄߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ධർᣇะߩ‫ޟ‬྾❑‫ݘޔߪ ޠ‬੩ṝ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏㧔ർ੩̆਄ᶏ㧕㧦ో㐳 1318 km ‫ᦨ⸘⸳ޔ‬㜞ㅦᐲ 350 km/h‫ޔ‬2011 ᐕ 6 ᦬ߦో✢߇㐿ᬺߐࠇߚ‫ݙޕ‬੩᷼㜞ㅦ㋕㆏㧔ർ੩̆㚅᷼㧕: ో㐳 2260 km ‫ᦨ⸘⸳ޔ‬㜞ㅦᐲ 350 km/h‫ޔ‬2012ᐕ 12 ᦬ 26 ᣣߦో✢߇㐿ᬺߐࠇߚ‫ݚ ޕ‬੩ລ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏㧔ർ੩㧙ࡂ࡞ࡆࡦ㧕: ో㐳⚂ 1700 km ‫ᦨ⸘⸳ޔ‬㜞ㅦᐲ 350 km/h ߢ޽ࠅ㨮2012 ᐕ 12 ᦬ 1 ᣣߦో✢߇㐿ᬺߐࠇߚ㨫ԛ᧮⑔ᷓ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏㧔᧮Ꮊ㧙⑔Ꮊ-ᷓ࿿㧕᧮↮ᣏቴኾ↪✢‫↮ޔ‬บ᷷✢‫ޔ‬᷷⑔✢‫⑔ޔ‬ᑆ✢‫ޔ‬ᑆᷓ✢߆ࠄ᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆ‫ోޕ‬㐳⚂ 1600 km ‫ᦨ⸘⸳ޔ‬㜞ㅦᐲߪ᧮↮ᣏቴኾ↪✢ߪ 350 km/h ‫ ߪઁߩߘޔ‬250 km/h ߢ޽ࠆ㨫᧲⷏ᣇะߩ‫ޟ‬྾ᮮ‫ߪ ޠ‬㨮‫ݘ‬ᓢ⯗ᣏቴኾ↪✢(ᓢᎺ-⯗Ꮊ): ో㐳⚂ 1400 km ‫ޔ‬⸳⸘ᦨ㜞ㅦᐲ 350 km/h ߢ޽ࠅ㨮৻ㇱߪᣢߦ㐿ㅢߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ݙޕ‬ṝ᣸ᣏቴኾ↪✢(਄ᶏ-᣸᣿) ో㐳 2080 km ‫ᦨ⸘⸳ޔ‬㜞ㅦᐲߪ 350 km/h ߢ޽ࠅ㨮৻ㇱߪᣢߦ㐿ㅢߒߡ޿ࠆ ‫ݚޕ‬㕍ᄥᣏቴኾ↪✢(㕍ፉ㨺ᄥේ)㧦ో㐳⚂ 770 km ‫ᦨ⸘⸳ޔ‬㜞ㅦᐲߪ
200 - 250 km/h ߢ޽ࠅ㨮৻ㇱߪᣢߦ㐿ㅢߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ݛޕ‬ṝṽ⬂ᣏቴኾ↪✢(਄ᶏ㧙ᱞṽ㧙ᚑㇺ)㧦ో㐳⚂ 1900 km ‫ޔ‬ቱਁ✢ࠍ㒰޿ߡᦨ㜞ㅦᐲ 160 km/h ‫৻ޔ‬ㇱߪ
200 - 250 km/h ߢ޽ࠅ㨮2012 ᐕ 7 ᦬ 1 ᣣߦో✢߇㐿ᬺߐࠇߚ㨫╙ੑ⒳㘃ߪ㨮ㇺᏒ㑆㋕㆏㧔ၔ䰙䪕〝㧕ߢ޽ࠆ㨫ਥߦᐢၞߥㇺᏒ࿤ߩਛߩ‫ޔ‬2 ߟ
3 ‫ޡ‬Ё㧃Ҏ⇥݅੠೑ȃ催䗳䠘䘧‫ޡޔޢ‬ȮȫȵɢɏȫȪⱒ⾥џ‫ ޔޢ݌‬ᑈ  ᳜  ᮹ɏόɇপᕫǄ
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9
B%BD%E3%81%AE%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E9%89%84%E9%81%9310ߩᄢㇺᏒࠍ⚿߱ߚ߼ߦᑪ⸳ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬㐳〒㔌⒖േ↪ߢߪߥߊᲧセ⊛⍴޿〒㔌ߥߩߢ‫ᦨޔ‬㜞ㅦᐲߪ 200 - 250 km/h ߢ޽ࠆ߽ߩ߽ᄙ޿㨫╙ਃ⒳㘃ߪ㨮㜞ㅦൻᡷㅧߐࠇߚ࿷᧪✢ߢ޽ࠆ㨫╙྾⒳㘃ߪ㨮⷏ㇱ㐿⊒ߩߚ߼ߩᣂ✢ߢ޽ࠆ㨫╙੖⒳㘃ߪ㨮ᶏጽ⷏ጯ✢(บḧ㧙⑔ᑪ⋭)ߢ޽ࠆ㨫㋕㆏ㇱߣ⑔ᑪ⋭᡽ᐭߪ‫ޔ‬2008ᐕ 3 ᦬ߦ‫ޟ‬ᶏጽ⷏ጯ⚻ᷣ࿤ߩᣂ✢ᑪ⸳ផㅴߦߟ޿ߡߩળ⼏‫ޔߡ޿߅ߦޠ‬዁᧪ਛ࿖ᄢ㒽ߣบḧࠍ⚿߱㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ࠍᑪ⸳ߔࠆ᭴ᗐࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒ
ߚ‫ޕ‬บḧᶏጽߦᶏᐩ࠻ࡦࡀ࡞ࠍㅧࠆ᭴ᗐ߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿑  ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ  ᐕ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩ⸘↹ߎ‫˖݌‬JVVRKPHQIQPIEJCPIEQOE\JWCPIDGKLKCQVQPI[WPUJWJVONǃ ᑈ ᳜  ᮹ɏόɇপᕫǄએ਄ߩᑪ⸳⸘↹ߪ‫ޔ‬਎⇇৻ߩ෕ᄢߥᏒ႐ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㋕㆏ㇱߢߪ‫ޟޔ‬Ꮢ႐ߣᛛⴚ
ߣߩ੤឵‫ࠍޠ‬ᚢ⇛ߒߚߣ⸒ࠊࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
2004 ᐕ 6 ᦬‫ޔ‬㋕㆏ㇱߪ 200 ✬ᚑߩ 200 km/h ߢ⿛ⴕߔࠆゞਔߩ౉ᧅࠍᆎ߼
ߚ‫ࠬࡦ࡜࠻࡮ࠕࠖ࠺࡞ࡃࡦࡏޔࠬࡦࡔ࡯ࠪߩ࠷ࠗ࠼ޔࡓ࠻ࠬ࡞ࠕߩࠬࡦ࡜ࡈޕ‬11ࡐ࡯࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߣᎹፒ㊀Ꮏᬺࠍਛᔃߣߔࠆᣣᧄߩડᬺㅪว߇౉ᧅߦෳടߒ‫ޔ‬1✬ᚑߦߟ߈ 3 ం 5,000 ਁర‫ߦࠄߐޔ‬ᛛⴚ⒖ォߦ㑐ߒߡ 3 ం 9,000 ਁ࡙࡯ࡠߩᡰ
ᛄ޿ߩⷐ᳞ࠍᄌ߃ߥ߆ߞߚࠪ࡯ࡔࡦࠬએᄖߩ 3 ⠪ߣߩ৻ㇱߕߟߩᄾ⚂߇ᚑ┙ߒߚ‫ޕ‬3 ⠪ߣ߽ਛ࿖஥߇ᜰቯߔࠆ౒ㅢⷙᩰߢߩ⵾ㅧ߇ⷐ᳞ߐࠇ‫ߚ߹ޔ‬ਛ࿖ડᬺߣߩදജ‫౒ߪߊߒ߽ޔ‬หડᬺ૕ߩ᭴ᚑ߇ⷐ᳞ߐࠇߚ‫ߪࠕࠖ࠺࡞ࡃࡦࡏޕ‬ਛ࿖ධゞ㓸࿅ߩሶળ␠ߩ㕍ፉ྾ᣇᯏゞゞヌߣߩวᑯડᬺߢ޽ࠆ㕍ፉ྾ᣇ㦘Ꮙㄻ㋕〝ㆇャ⸳஻᦭㒢౏ม㧔㕍ፉ྾ᣇࡏࡦࡃ࡞࠺ࠖࠕ㋕〝ㆇャ⸳஻‫⇛ޔ‬⒓㧦BST㧕ࠍ⸳┙ߒ‫ޔ‬Regina ࠍࡌ࡯ࠬߦߒߚ 8 ਔ✬ᚑߩ CRH1 ဳࠍ 40 ✬ᚑฃᵈߒ‫ޔ‬2006 ᐕߦቢᚑߐߖߚ‫ޕ‬Ꮉፒ㊀Ꮏᬺߪ E2 ♽ࠍࡌ࡯ࠬߦߒߚ CRH2 ဳ 60 ✬ᚑࠍ 93 ం౞ߢฃᵈߒߚ㨫⠉ 2005 ᐕ‫ࠍ࠻ࠬࠦޔߒ⋥⷗ࠍࡓ࡯࠴ߚߒᧅ౉ߪࠬࡦࡔ࡯ࠪޔ‬೥ᷫߒ‫ޔ‬
300 km/h ߩ೉ゞ 60 ✬ᚑߩฃᵈߦᚑഞߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬೉ゞߪ ICE3 ࠍࡌ࡯ࠬߦߒߚ
CRH3 ߢ޽ࠅ‫໊ޔ‬ጊ゠㆏ቴゞ߇࡜ࠗ࠮ࡦࠬ↢↥ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ㇱຠ‫ޔ‬ゞ૕‫࡯ࠡࡏޔ‬บゞ‫ޔ‬ᄌ࿶ེ‫ޔ‬㔚േᯏ‫߿ࠠ࡯࡟ࡉޔ‬ㆇⴕ▤ℂࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߥߤߩᛛⴚ⒖ォᄾ⚂߇⚿߫ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ਛ࿖࿖ᄖߩડᬺ߆ࠄߩᛛⴚ⒖ォߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߩᎿ႐ߢߪ㋕㆏ߩㇱຠ⵾ㅧ߇น⢻ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬ਃ⪉㔚ᯏߪ MT205 ဳࡕ࡯࠲࡯ߣ ATM9 ဳᄌ࿶ེࠍਛ࿖ධゞ㓸࿅ߩሶળ␠ߩᩣᵮධゞᤨઍ㔚᳇ߦ‫ޔ‬ᣣ┙⵾૞ᚲߪ YJ92A ဳࡕ࡯࠲࡯‫ࠬ࡞ࠕޔ‬࠻ࡓߪ YJ87A ဳࡕ࡯࠲࡯ࠍਛ࿖ർゞ㓸࿅ߩሶળ␠ߩ᳗ᷣ㔚ᯏߦ‫ࠬࡦࡔ࡯ࠪޔ‬ߪ TSG ဳࡄࡦ࠲ࠣ࡜ࡈࠍਛ࿖ධゞ㓸࿅ߩሶળ␠ߩᩣᵮ㔚ജᯏゞߦߘࠇߙࠇᛛ
ⴚឭଏߒߚ‫⃻ޕ‬࿾↢↥ߩ CRH ဳゞਔߢ૶ࠊࠇࠆㇱຠߪߏߊ৻ㇱࠍ㒰޿ߡ࿾రડᬺ߆ࠄ⺞㆐ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
2005 ᐕߩ 6 ᦬߆ࠄ 9 ᦬ߦߪ‫ޔ‬㋕㆏ㇱߪ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ᣂ✢ߩ߶ߣࠎߤ߇ 350 km/h
ߦኻᔕߒߡ⸳⸘ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬350 km/h ㆇォ߇น⢻ߥゞਔߩ౉ᧅࠍฃ
ߌઃߌߚ‫໊ߣࠬࡦࡔ࡯ࠪޕ‬ጊ゠㆏ቴゞߦࠃࠆ CRH3C ဳߣ㕍ፉ྾ᣇᯏゞゞヌߦ
ࠃࠆ CRH2C ဳ߇ෳടߒߚ‫ᦨޔ߅ߥޕ‬㜞ㅦᐲ߇ 350 km/h ߣߐࠇߚᩮ᜚ߪ‫ࡌޔ‬࡯ࠬߣߥߞߚゞਔ߇ᣣᧄ߿࠼ࠗ࠷ߥߤߢߩ⹜㛎⿛ⴕߢ 400 km/h บࠍ⸥㍳ߒߚߎߣߦ↱᧪ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬

3. ╙ਃᲑ㓏:࿖↥ൻߣ㜞ㅦൻߩᲑ㓏㧔2006㧙⃻࿷㧕

12ਛ࿖࿖㋕ߦߣߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᄖ࿖ᛛⴚߩዉ౉ߦࠃߞߡ↢ߺ಴ߐࠇߚ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩ࿖↥ൻߣߐࠄߥࠆᛛⴚ㕟ᣂߪ㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ೋߩ࿖↥ CRH ဳゞਔߢ޽ࠆ CRH380A ߪ‫ޔ‬486.1 km/h ߩ࿖ౝᦨ㜞ㅦᐲ⸥㍳
ࠍᜬߟ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬༡ᬺ೉ゞ✬ᚑߢߪ਎⇇ᦨ㜞ㅦᐲߩ⸥㍳ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬2007 ᐕ 4 ᦬ߩ
╙ 6 ᰴ㋕㆏㜞ㅦൻߢߪߏߊ৻ㇱߢߒ߆ዉ౉ߐࠇߡߎߥ߆ߞߚ㜞ㅦ೉ゞ߇ᄙߊߩ࿷᧪✢ߦዉ౉ߐࠇߡ‫ᦨޔ‬㜞ㅦᐲߪ‫ޔ‬846 km ߩ〝✢ߢߪ 250 km/h ߦ‫ߚ߹ޔ‬
6,003 km ߢߪ 200 km/h ߦߥߞߚ‫ ╙ޕ‬6 ᰴ㋕㆏㜞ㅦൻߢߪ࿖ᄖߩᛛⴚߦࠃࠆ
52 ✬ᚑߩਛ࿖㋕〝㜞ㅦゞਔ㧔CRH ဳゞਔ㧕ߦࠃߞߡ 280 ᧄߩ೉ゞ߇ዉ౉ߐࠇ
ߚ‫ޕ‬Ꮉፒ㊀Ꮏᬺߣߣ߽ߦ CRH2A ဳࠍ 60 ✬ᚑฃᵈߒ‫ޔ‬2 ᐕ㑆⵾ㅧߒߚ㕍ፉ྾ᣇᯏゞゞヌߪ‫⵾ߢ⥄⁛ޔ‬ㅧߔࠆᛛⴚࠍᓧߚ‫ࠅࠃߦࠇߎޕ‬㕍ፉ྾ᣇᯏゞゞヌߣᎹፒ㊀Ꮏᬺߣߩ㑆ߩදജ㑐ଥߪ⚳ੌߒ‫ޔ‬2008 ᐕ߆ࠄߩ CRH2B ဳ‫ޔ‬CRH2C ဳߣ CRH2E
ဳߩ CRH2 ဳߩゞਔߪ㕍ፉ྾ᣇᯏゞゞヌ߇⁛⥄ߦ⸳⸘‫⵾ޔ‬ㅧߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㕍ፉ྾ᣇᯏゞゞヌߩⷫળ␠ߩਛ࿖ධゞ㓸࿅ߩ␠㐳ߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ਛ࿖ධゞ㓸࿅ߪ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ゞਔߩ㐿⊒ߦᄢ⢙ߦขࠅ⚵ߺ‫⵾ߣ⸘⸳ޔ‬ㅧߩ⢻ജߪㅴᱠߒ⛯ߌߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬2007
ᐕ 12 ᦬ߦߪ↢↥࡜ࠗࡦ߇ቢᚑߒ‫ޔ‬350 km/h ߢ⿛ࠆ CRH ဳゞਔߩ⵾ㅧࠍ⁛⥄ߦⴕ߁‫ߣޠ‬ㅀߴߚ‫ޕ‬ർ੩࡮਄ᶏ㑆ߪᡷ⦟߇ട߃ࠄࠇ‫ᦨޔ‬㜞ㅦᐲ 200 km/h ߢᚲⷐᤨ㑆ߪ 10 ᤨ㑆ߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬㋕㆏ㇱߪ੩ṝ✢ߩャㅍജߩߐࠄߥࠆჇᒝߣࠃࠅᔟㆡߥࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩឭ
ଏߩߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬2007 ᐕ 10 ᦬ߦ 16 ਔ✬ᚑߩ CRH1B ဳࠍ 10 ✬ᚑ‫ޔ‬CRH2B ဳࠍ
20 ✬ᚑ㧔એ਄ 2 ߟߪᐳᏨゞ㧕‫ޔ‬CRH1E ဳߣ CRH2E ဳࠍ 20 ✬ᚑߕߟ㧔ᓟ⠪ 2ߟߪኢบゞ㧕ߩว⸘ 70 ✬ᚑࠍ㕍ፉ྾ᣇᯏゞゞヌߣ㕍ፉ྾ᣇࡏࡦࡃ࡞࠺ࠖࠕ㋕〝ㆇャ⸳஻ߦ⊒ᵈߒߚ‫ޕ‬ࡏࡦࡃ࡞࠺ࠖࠕ߇໑৻‫ޔ‬ゞਔో૕ࠍ⵾ㅧߔࠆਛ࿖ડᬺߣߩวᑯ੐ᬺࠍߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬ߎߩᚑഞߩ㊀ⷐߥⷐ࿃ߩ 1 ߟߪᛛⴚᡰេߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬㕍ፉ྾ᣇࡏࡦࡃ࡞࠺ࠖࠕ㋕〝ㆇャ⸳஻␠ߪ 1998 ᐕߦ⸳┙ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߩ࿖༡ડᬺߩᄖ࿖ᛛⴚߩዉ౉ߦࠃࠆ
೚ᣂߩᅢ଀ߣߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬ห␠ߩઍ⴫ߪࡏࡦࡃ࡞࠺ࠖࠕߩਛ࿖ߢߩℂᔨࠍ‫ޟ‬ળ␠߇ᜬߟߔߴߡࠍวᑯ੐ᬺߦᵈ߉‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖Ꮢ႐ߢ㔛ⷐ߇޽ࠆ߽ߩߪⷐ᳞ߥߒߢឭଏߔ
ࠆߎߣ‫⹜ޕߚߒ⃻⴫ߣߛޠ‬૞ຠ߇ਛ࿖࿖ᄖ߆ࠄャ౉ߐࠇߚઁߩ CRH ဳゞਔߣ13⇣ߥࠅ‫ޔ‬CRH1 ဳߪోߡ㕍ፉߢ↢↥ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬਎⇇ᦨㅦߣߥࠆ 380 km/h ߢㆇォߐࠇࠆ੍ቯߢ޽ߞߚ੩ṝ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩᑪ⸳ߪ 2008 ᐕ 4 ᦬ 18 ᣣߦᆎ߹ߞߚ‫ޕ‬หߓ 2008 ᐕ‫⑼ޔ‬ቇᛛⴚㇱߣ㋕㆏ㇱߪ‫ޟ‬ਛ࿖ߩ⁛⥄ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ᛛⴚߩㅴᱠߦ㑐ߔࠆ౒ห⸘↹‫ߦޠ‬วᗧߒ‫ޔ‬㋕㆏ㇱߪ CRH380A
ဳ (ਛ࿖ධゞ㓸࿅‫ޔ‬೎⒓ CRH2-350)‫ޔ‬CRH380B ဳ (ਛ࿖ർゞ㓸࿅ߣࠪ࡯ࡔࡦ
ࠬ‫ޔ‬೎⒓ CRH3-350)‫ޔ‬CRH380C ဳ (ࡏࡦࡃ࡞࠺ࠖࠕߣ㕍ፉ྾ᣇࡏࡦࡃ࡞࠺ࠖࠕ㋕〝ㆇャ⸳஻‫ޔ‬೎⒓ CRH1-350)ߩ 3 ⒳㘃ߩ 380 km/h ㆇォน⢻ߥᰴ਎ઍ CRH
ဳゞਔߩ㐿⊒ࠍ᳿߼‫ ޔ‬ว⸘ 400 ✬ᚑࠍ⊒ᵈߒߚ‫ޕ‬2010 ᐕ 3 ᦬‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆᦨ㜞ᤨㅦ 350km/h࡮250km/h ߩ〝✢ߪߘࠇߙࠇ
3,676km࡮2,876km ߣߥࠅ‫ޔ‬㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩ✚ᑧ㐳ߪ਎⇇৻ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬2010 ᐕ 10
᦬ 26 ᣣߦ㐿ᬺߒ‫ޔ‬਎⇇ᦨㅦߩ 350 km/h ߢ༡ᬺㆇォߒߚ㧔⃻࿷ߪ 300 km/h ߦߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧕ṝ᧮ᣏቴኾ↪✢ߦ CRH380A ဳߪዉ౉ߐࠇߚ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬ቢోߥ࿖↥ߩゞਔߢߪೋ߼ߡߩ㜞ㅦߢߩ༡ᬺㆇォߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬2013 ᐕ 1 ᦬⃻࿷‫ޔ‬㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩ✚ᑧ㐳ߪ 13,000km ࠍ⿥߃ߚ‫ޕ‬2010 ᐕ 10 ᦬ 19 ᣣ‫ޔ‬㋕㆏ㇱߪᐔဋᤨㅦ߇ 500 km/h ߦ㆐ߔࠆᣂߒ޿‫⿥ޟ‬㜞ㅦ‫ޠ‬㋕㆏ߩ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒ࠍᆎ߼ߚߣ⊒⴫ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
2012 ᐕ 12 ᦬ 17 ᣣߪ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ർゞ⢆ࡈࡦ᦭㒢౏มߪ‫ޔ‬ห␠߇☨࿖ߢ 4 ઙߩ․⸵಴㗿ߦᚑഞߒߚߣ⊒⴫ߒߚ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬ਛ࿖ߩ࡟࡯࡞੤ㅢ⸳஻ᬺ⇇ߦߣߞߡೋߩ
ᔟ᜼ߛ‫ ߩߎ ޕ‬4 ઙߩ․⸵ߦߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ㅪ⚿ེ߅ࠃ߮ㅪ⚿ེߩ⣕⪭㒐ᱛ᭴ㅧ‫ޟޔޠ‬ゞਔᢇេ࡞࡯࠻‫ޟޔޠ‬ゞ૕✚ว⹜㛎บ‫߇╬ޠ‬฽߹ࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬Φ ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩᛛⴚㅴൻߩ․ᓽߣ໧㗴ὐ

1.ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߦ㑐ߔࠆ࿖ኅ⊛⺞ᢛߩᓎഀਛ࿖㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩᛛⴚߩ⊒ዷ߇޽ࠇ߶ߤㅦ޿ߩߪ‫ޟ‬࿖ኅਥዉ‫ޔߕ߹ޕࠆ޽ߢޠ‬࿖ኅߪ‫ޔ‬㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩㅴൻߦ㑐ߔࠆ᡽╷ࠍ૞ࠆߎߣ‫ޕ‬1990 ᐕઍߩೋ߼‫ޔ‬㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩ᡽╷ࠍ⹜ⴕ㍲⺋ߢ૞ߞߡ‫⥄ޔ‬ਥ⎇ⓥߣ࡝࠾ࠕࡕ࡯࠲࡯ࠞ࡯ߩዉ౉ߣหᤨߦ
ᮨ⚝ߒߡ߈ߡ‫ޔ‬2004 ᐕߦ‫ޟ‬ਛ㐳ᦼ㋕㆏✂⸘↹‫ࠍޠ‬᳿ቯߒ‫ޔ‬࿖ᄖ߆ࠄߩᛛⴚߩ
ዉ౉ߣ޿߁᡽╷ࠍ᳿߼ߡ‫ޔ‬2006 ᐕ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬࿖↥ൻߩ᡽╷ࠍᛂߜ಴ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᰴߦ‫ޔ‬
‫ޟ‬᜼

14

࿖৻⥌૕೙‫ޕࠆ޽ߢޠ‬ਛ࿖㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒ߢߪ‫ޟ‬᜼࿖৻⥌૕೙‫߇ޠ‬ขࠄࠇߚ‫ޔߪࠇߎޕ‬᡽ᐭਥዉࠍၷᜬߒ‫↥ޔ‬ቇ⎇߇⚿߮ߟ޿ߚ࡝ࠗࡁࡌ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࡊ࡜࠶
࠻ࡈࠜ࡯ࡓࠍ᭴▽ߒ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ‫ޔ‬㐿⊒‫ޔߪߦ↥↢ޔ‬࿖ౝ࠻࠶ࡊ࡟ࡌ࡞ߩ㊀ὐᄢቇ
25 ᩞ‫⑼ߩ࡞ࡌ࡟ࡊ࠶࠻ޔ‬ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ 11 ࠞᚲ‫ޔ‬࿖ኅ⚖ታ㛎ቶ߅ࠃ߮ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻
⎇ⓥ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯⸘ 51 ࠞᚲ‫࡯ࡒ࠺ࠞࠕޔ‬ળຬ 63 ੱ‫ޔ‬ᢎ᝼⚂ 500 ੱ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ⠪⚂ 200ੱ‫ޔ‬ᛛⴚ⠪ 1 ਁੱએ਄߇ෳਈߒߚ‫ޕ‬4

2.ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩ໧㗴ὐࠦࠗࡦߪੑߟߩ஥㕙߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬࿖ኅਥዉ‫․߁޿ߣޠ‬ᓽߪ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩᛛⴚࠍᣧߊ⊒ዷߐߖߡ߈ߚ৻ᣇ‫ޔ‬એਅߩ໧㗴ὐࠍ߽ᜬߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔1㧕᡽ᴦߩ໧㗴㧔ᳪ⡯੐ઙ㧕ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩㅴൻ⢻ജࠍ᭴▽ㆊ⒟ߪ‫⻉ޔ‬೙ᐲߩᄌൻ߇߽ߞ߬ࠄ࿖
ኅߦࠃߞߡ⺞ᢛߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫⺞ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᢛߢߪ‫ޔ‬Ḱ࿾ઍߣ߆‫ࡆࡠޔ‬࡯ᵴേߣ߆‫ߥࠈ޿ࠈ޿ޔ‬ᳪ⡯੐ઙ߇⊒↢ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
Ḱ࿾ઍ㧔Rent seeking㧕ߣߪ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣቇߦ߅ߌࠆ౏౒ㆬᛯ⺰ߦ߅ߌࠆ᭎ᔨߩ৻
ߟߢ‫․ޟޔ‬ᱶ೑⋉ㅊ᳞⺰‫߽ߣޠ‬๭߫ࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ડᬺ߇࡟ࡦ࠻㧔ෳ౉߇ⷙ೙ߐࠇࠆߎ
ߣߦࠃߞߡ↢ߓࠆ⁛භ೑⋉߿‫ޔ‬ኦභߦࠃࠆ⿥ㆊ೑⋉㧕ࠍ₪ᓧ࡮⛽ᜬߔࠆߚ߼ߦ
ⴕ߁ࡠࡆ࡯ᵴേ╬ࠍᜰߔ‫ࠆࠃߦࠇߎޕ‬ᡰ಴ߪ↢↥ߣߪ⚿߮ߟ߆ߥ޿ߚ߼‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛ߦߪ⾗Ḯߩᶉ⾌ߣ⷗ߥߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ࡠࡆ࡯ᵴേ㧔ࡠࡆ࡯߆ߟߤ߁‫ޔ‬lobbying㧕ߣߪ‫․ޔ‬ቯߩਥᒛࠍ᦭ߔࠆ୘ੱ߹
ߚߪ࿅૕߇᡽ᐭߩ᡽╷ߦᓇ㗀ࠍ෸߷ߔߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߡⴕ߁⑳⊛ߥ᡽ᴦᵴേ
ߢ޽ࠆ‫⼏ޕ‬ળߩ⼏ຬ‫ޔ‬᡽ᐭߩ᭴ᚑຬ‫౏ޔ‬ോຬߥߤ߇ኻ⽎ߣߥࠆ‫࡯ࡆࡠޕ‬ᵴേࠍⴕ߁ੱ‛ߪࡠࡆࠗࠬ࠻ (lobbyist) ߣ⒓ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ቭ௥߽วℂ⊛⚻ᷣੱߢ޽ࠅ‫⥄ޔ‬Ꮖ೑⋉ࠍวℂ⊛ߦ⸘▚ߒߡㅊ᳞ߔࠆੱ㑆ߢ޽ࠆ‫ⴕޕ‬᡽‫ޔ‬มᴺ߆ࠄߩ⋙〈߇ਇචಽߩ႐วߢߪ‫ޔ‬ቭ௥ߪ੍▚ߩ೾૛߇ᦨᄢൻࠍ
ㅊ᳞ߔࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬Ḱ࿾ઍߣࡠࡆ࡯ᵴേࠍߔࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ഏᔒァర㋕㆏ㇱ㐳ࠍ4ǍЁ೑催䗳䠘䘧˄ˎ˅ᡔ㸧ȃⱎሩǡ䗳ǙȃȄǿǱ˛ǎǃǍҎ⇥㎆᮹ᴀ䁲⠜ǎǃ ᑈ  ᳜  ᮹Ǆ

JVVRLRGQRNGEQOEPJVONǃ ᑈ  ᳜  ᮹ɏόɇপᕫǄ㩷
15ߪߓ߼‫ޔ‬ᳪ⡯ߩ੐ઙ߇ߚߊߐࠎ಴ߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬ഏᔒァߪ 2003 ᐕ߆ࠄ㋕㆏ㇱ㐳ࠍോ߼‫ޔ‬2008 ᐕએ㒠ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏✂ߩో࿖ዷ㐿ࠍㅴ߼‫ޟޔ‬㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩ╙৻ੱ⠪‫ߣޠ‬๭߫ࠇߡ޿ߚ߇‫ޔ‬ਛᄩ᡽ᐭߦࡠࡆ࡯ᵴേࠍ
ⴕ޿‫ޔ‬2009 ᐕߦ੍▚ࠍ⿥߃ߡ‫✚ޔ‬ᛩ⾗㗵߇ 1 ళ 8000 ంరߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬2010 ᐕߢߪ‫ޔ‬2010 ᐕߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ᑪ⸳੐ᬺߩ✚ᛩ⾗㗵ߪ 3 ళరㄭߊߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬ਛ࿖ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏‫ߩ᦭ᦦᧂޔ‬ᑪ⸳ᦼߦ⓭౉ߒߡ߈ߚ‫ޔߡߒߘޕ‬ゞਔߩ౉ᧅߣࠗࡦࡈ࡜ߩ౉
ᧅࠍ೑↪ߒߡ‫ޔ‬Ḱ࿾ઍߦࠃߞߡ⸘ 10 ంర㧔⚂ 127 ం౞㧕߽ߩ෼⾔ኈ⇼߇ᶋ਄ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬2011 ᐕ 2 ᦬ 14 ᣣ‫ޔ‬ഏᔒァ㋕㆏ㇱ㐳߇‫ޟ‬㊀ᄢߥⷙᓞ㆑෻ߩ⇼޿ߩߚ߼‫⸃ޠ‬છߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬߹ߚ‫ޔ‬2011 ᐕ 3 ᦬ 23 ᣣߦߪ‫ޔ‬ክ⸘⟑߇‫ޔ‬੩ṝ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩᑪ⸳ߦ⛊ߺ‫ޔ‬2010ᐕਛߩ⸘ 1 ం 8700 ਁర㧔⚂ 23 ం౞㧕ߩਇᱜᵹ↪߇ࠊ߆ߞߚߎߣ‫ޔ‬୘೎ߩ੐଀
ߦߟ޿ߡᴺ⊛⽿છߩㅊ෸ࠍ੹ᓟㅴ߼ࠆߎߣࠍ⊒⴫ߒߚ‫ޕ‬೨㋕㆏ㇱ㐳ߩฝ⣨ߣߒߡ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ᑪ⸳ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩవ㗡ߦ┙ߞߚᒛᦍశ㋕㆏ㇱㆇャዪዪ㐳߽ 2 ᦬
28 ᣣߦ஗⡯ಣಽࠍਅߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ขࠅ⺞ߴਛߣߩႎ㆏߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

㧔2㧕቟ోߩ໧㗴㧔2011 ᐕ᷷ᎺᏒ㋕㆏ⴣ⓭⣕✢੐᡿㧕ቭ௥ߚߜߪ‫ޔ‬ᬺ❣ࠍㅊ᳞ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬ᛛⴚߢߪߥߊ⥄ಽߩᗧᕁߦၮߠ޿ߡ᡽
╷ࠍ૞ࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠆߩߢ‫ޔ‬ᄢ੐ઙ߇಴ߡߊࠆน⢻ᕈ߇㜞޿ߣ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ਛ࿖ߢߪ‫ޔ‬਎⇇ߢ৻⇟ᣧ޿㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ࠍㅊ᳞ߒߡ޿ߚߩߢ‫ޔ‬቟ో㕙ࠍシⷞߔࠆ௑ะ߇
޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ௑ะߩߖ޿ߢ‫ޔ‬2011 ᐕ᷷ᎺᏒ㋕㆏ⴣ⓭⣕✢੐᡿߇⊒↢ߒߚ‫ޕ‬2011ᐕ 7 ᦬ 23 ᣣ 20 ᤨ 34 ಽ㗃‫ޔ‬ᵽᳯ⋭᧮ᎺᏒ᧮Ꮊ㚞⊒⑔ᑪ⋭⑔ᎺᏒ⑔Ꮊධ㚞ⴕ߈ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ D3115 ೉ゞ㧔CRH1B‫✬ޔ‬ᚑ⇟ภ:CRH1-046B‫ޕ‬ਸ਼ቴ 1072 ฬ‫ޕ‬ቯຬ
ߪ 1299 ฬ㧕߇‫⪭ޔ‬㔗ߦࠃࠅ஗㔚ߒ‫ޔ‬േജࠍᄬߞߚ੐ߢ੐᡿⃻႐ߣߥࠆ᷷ᎺᏒ
෺Ꭹㄭߊߩ㜞᨞ᯅ਄ߩ࠻ࡦࡀ࡞ᚻ೨ߢ஗ゞߒߡ޿ߚߣߎࠈߦ‫ޔ‬ᓟ⛯ߩ⿛ⴕߒߡ᧪ ߚ ർ ੩ Ꮢ ർ ੩ ධ 㚞 ⊒ ߩ ⑔ Ꮊ 㚞 ⴕ ߈ ߩ D301 ೉ ゞ 㧔 CRH2E ‫ ✬ ޔ‬ᚑ ⇟ภ:CRH2-139E‫ޕ‬ਸ਼ቴ 558 ฬ‫ޕ‬ቯຬߪ 630 ฬ㧕߇ᓟࠈ߆ࠄㅊ⓭ߒߚ‫ޕ‬D301 ೉ゞߩవ㗡 4 ਔ㧔ᦨᓟየߩߺ৻╬ゞ࡮ߘߩઁߪエ⥁ゞ㧕ߣ D3115 ೉ゞߩ 15 ਔ⋡㧔ੑ16╬ゞ㧕߅ࠃ߮ 16 ਔ⋡㧔৻╬ゞ࡮వ㗡ゞ㧕߇⣕✢‫ޔ‬D301 ೉ゞߩవ㗡 4 ਔߪ‫ޔ‬㜞ߐ 20 ᢙࡔ࡯࠻࡞ߩ㜞᨞߆ࠄ⪭ਅߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬ౝߩ D301 ೉ゞ╙ 4 ภゞߪ㜞᨞⣁߆ࠄု⋥ߦቮߠࠅߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᱫ⠪ 40 ੱ‫்⽶ޔ‬⠪ੱ 192 ੱߩᄢ੐᡿ߣߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬৻ᣇߢ‫ ߪࡗࠗ࠳ߩ᧪ᧄޔ‬D301 ೉ゞ㧔ㅊ⓭஥㧕߇ D3115 ೉ゞ㧔ⵍㅊ⓭஥㧕ࠃࠅవⴕߔࠆ੐ߣߥߞߡ߅ࠅ‫ࠄ߆ࡗࠗ࠳ߩ᧪ᧄޔ‬೉ゞ㗅ᐨ߇ㅒォߒߡ޿ࠆ੐߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬೉ゞㆇⴕߩ೙ᓮࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦ㊀ᄢߥ໧㗴߇޽ߞߚน⢻ᕈ߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬߹ߚ‫ޔ‬ㅊ⓭ߐࠇߚ D3115 ೉ゞߩㆇォ჻ߪ੐᡿⋥೨ߦ㋕㆏⋭߆ࠄ‫ޟ‬ゞਔ⿛ⴕߩ஗ᱛ‫ߩޠ‬ᜰ␜ࠍฃߌ‫ߦࠇߘޔ‬ᓥߞߚߎߣࠍ⸽⸒ߒߚ‫ࠍⴕ⛯ߩⴕ⿛ߪੱᧄޕ‬ਥᒛߒߚ߇⚿ዪᜰ␜ߦᓥߞߚὑߦゞਔࠍ஗ᱛߐߖߚߣߩߎߣߢ[13]‫ੱޔ‬ὑ⊛್ᢿߩࡒ߽ࠬ㊀ߥߞߡ⿠߈ߚߣ޿߁⷗ᣇ߽㜞߹ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ਛ࿖࿖ോ㒮ߩ᷷ኅቲ㚂⋧ߪ 2011 ᐕ 8 ᦬ 10 ᣣ‫ޔ‬࿖ോ㒮Ᏹോળ⼏ࠍ᜗㓸ߒ‫ޔ‬㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߣᑪ⸳ਛߩ㋕㆏ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩ቟ోߩో㕙⊛ᬌᩏߦਸ਼ࠅ಴ߒ‫ޔ‬ᣂߚߦᑪ⸳ߔࠆ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩㆇ༡ೋᦼߩㅦᐲࠍᒁ߈ਅߍ‫ޔ‬ᑪ⸳੍ቯߩ㋕㆏ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦ
ኻߔࠆ቟ోᕈߩ⹏ଔࠍᡷ߼ߡⴕ߁ߎߣࠍ᳿߼ߚ‫ޕ‬Ψ ⚿⺰ߣኻ╷ᧄ⺰ᢥߢߪ‫ޔߕ߹ޔ‬ቝੳ=?ߪᏒ႐ߦࠃࠆ⚻ᷣ⺞ᢛߣ೙ᐲߦࠃࠆ⚻ᷣ⺞ᢛࠍኻᲧߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬೙ᐲ⊛⺞ᢛࠍએਅߩ྾ߟߦಽ㘃ߔࠆ‫ߩߘޔߌࠊࠅߣޕ‬೙ᐲ⊛⺞ᢛߩන૏߇␠ળߢ޽ࠆ߆‫߽ߢࠇߘޔ‬ડᬺߢ޽ࠆ߆ߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔߡߒߘޔ‬ߘࠇ߇ද⼏࡮ᅷදࡌ࡯ࠬ߆‫ޔ‬ᮭജ࡮๮઎ࡌ࡯ࠬ߆ߦࠃߞߡ‫ࠪ࡯ࡀࠖ࠺࡯ࠦޟޔ‬࡚ࡦ‫ޔޠ‬‫ޟ‬ડᬺන૏ࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ‫ޔޠ‬‫ⷙ⊛౏ޟ‬೙‫ޠ‬㧔࿖ኅ⊛⺞ᢛ㧕‫ޔ‬㨬㓏ጀᕈ㨭ࡅࠛ࡜࡞ࠠ࡯ ‫߁޿ߣޔ‬྾ߟߩ೙ᐲ⊛⺞ᢛ߇ឭ␜ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄߩ⚻ᷣ⺞ᢛߦߪડᬺන૏ߩࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᔒะ߇ᒝߊ‫␠ޔ‬ળන૏ࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߇ᰳਲ
ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇‫ޔ‬ᤓ੹ߩᣣᧄ⚻ᷣߩ஗ṛߣᩰᏅ᜛ᄢߩᄢ߈ߥⷐ࿃ߢ޽ࠆߣᜰ៰
ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫⎇ᧄޕ‬ⓥߢߪ‫ޟޔ‬࿖ኅ⊛⺞ᢛ‫ߦޠ‬ὶὐࠍᒰߡߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩㅴൻ⢻ജ᭴▽ߦ෸߷ߔᓇ㗀ࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᰴߦ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߦ㑐ߔࠆഃ⊒ߣᛛⴚㅴൻߩㆊ⒟ߩಽᨆࠍⴕߞߚ‫ޕ‬Ԙਛ࿖ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߦ߅ߌࠆ⥄ਥߦࠃࠆ㐿⊒ߣ޿߁╙৻Ბ㓏‫ޔ‬࿖ᄖ߆ࠄߩᛛⴚߩዉ౉

17ߣ޿߁╙ੑᲑ㓏‫ޔ‬෸߮࿖↥ൻߣ㜞ㅦൻߣ޿߁╙ਃᲑ㓏ߩᛛⴚߩᄌൻߩ․ᓽߦߟ
޿ߡౕ૕⊛ߦಽᨆߔࠆ㨫ߐࠄߦ‫ޔ‬㨬࿖ኅ⊛⺞ᢛ㨭ߩ೑ὐߣ໧㗴ὐ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߐࠇ
ߚ߇‫ޔ‬㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩㅴൻ⢻ജ᭴▽ߦ߅ߌࠆ࿖ኅ⊛⺞ᢛߩ㊀ⷐᕈ‫ޔ‬ᔅⷐᕈߣ໧㗴ὐࠍ⸃᣿ߔࠆ㨫ᦨᓟߦ‫ޔ‬ታⴕน⢻ߥ᡽╷ឭ᩺ࠍ߹ߣ߼ࠆ‫ޕ‬╙৻ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩㅴൻ⢻ജࠍ᭴▽ㆊ⒟ߢߪ‫ޔ‬࿖ኅ⊛⺞ᢛ߇ߥ߆ߞߚࠄ‫ޔ‬⍴޿ᤨ㑆ߢ਎⇇৻ᣧ޿ߣ‫ޔ‬਎⇇৻ߩ✚ᑧ㐳ߩ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏߇⛘ኻߦቢᚑߢ߈ߥ޿ߣ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬዁᧪ߢ߽‫ޔ‬㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩ⊒ዷ᡽╷ߣ߆‫⾗ޔ‬㊄ߥߤߩᡰេߣ߆‫ޔ‬ᛛⴚߩᚑ㐳ߣ߆‫ޔ‬࿖ኅ⊛⺞ᢛ߇ਇนᰳߩⷐ⚛ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ߎޕ‬ߩߚ߼‫ޔ‬዁᧪‫ޟޔ‬᜼࿖৻⥌૕೙‫ࠍޠ‬ᒝ⺞ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬╙ੑߢߪ‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩᛛⴚㅴൻߩ╙৻Ბ㓏ߢߪ‫⥄ޔ‬ਥߦࠃࠆ㐿⊒ߒߚ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏೉ゞߩਛߦవㅴ⊛ߥ߽ߩ߽޽ࠆ߇‫╙ޔ‬ੑᲑ㓏ߩ࿖ᄖ߆ࠄߩᛛⴚ
ࠍዉ౉ߔࠆᲑ㓏ߦ౉ߞߚᓟ‫ో߷߶ޔ‬ㇱุቯߐࠇߚ‫ޔߪࠇߘޕ‬࿖ᄖߩᛛⴚࠍ㊀ⷞߔࠆ৻ᣇ‫ޔ‬࿖ౝߩᛛⴚࠍシⷞߒߡ޿ࠆ௑ะߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿖ౝߩᛛⴚߪ‫ߒ߽ޔ‬࿖ᄖ߆ࠄߩᛛⴚࠍዉ౉ߒߡ߽ᄬᢌߒߚࠄ‫ޔ‬㊀ⷐߥㆬᛯ⢇ߣߒߡሽ࿷ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߩ
ߢ‫ޔ‬዁᧪ߢ߽‫ޔ‬࿖ኅ߆ࠄߩᡰេ߇ᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬╙ਃߢߪ‫ޔ‬዁᧪‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ߩ႐วߪ㜞ㅦ㋕㆏ߩ▤ℂߢ߽‫ࠇߘޔ‬એᄖߩ౏⋉੐ᬺߩ
▤ℂߢ߽‫ޔ‬࿖ኅਥዉߣ޿߁೙ᐲ⊛⺞ᢛ߇ሽ࿷ߒߟߟ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆߩߢ‫ޔ‬Ḱ࿾ઍߣࡠࡆ࡯ᵴേߦࠃߞߡᳪ⡯੐ઙ߇⊒↢ߔࠆน⢻ᕈ߽޽ࠆ‫ޔ߼ߚߩߎޕ‬੐ᓟ⊛ߥಣ⟏ࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬੐೨⊛ߥᢎ⢒ߣ೙ᐲߩቢో෸߮⋙〈߇߽ߞߣ㊀ⷐߛߣ⠨߃ߡ޿
ࠆ‫ޕ‬

ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
ቝੳብᐘ‫ޡ‬೙ᐲߣ⺞ᢛߩ⚻ᷣቇ‫ޔޢ‬੩ㇺ࠽ࠞ࠾ࠪࡗ಴

‫ ޔ‬ᐕ  ᦬‫ޕ‬⮮ᧄ㓉ብ‫ߩࡓ࠹ࠬࠪ↥↢ޡ‬ㅴൻ⺰‫᧲ޔޢ‬੩᦭᢫㑑‫ ޔ‬ᐕ‫ޕ‬ํ቞ァ‫ޡ‬ᣣᧄߦ߅ߌࠆㄭઍ⊛᳓㆏੐ᬺߩഃ⊒ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߣㅴൻ⢻ജߩ᭴▽㧙ㅴൻ⺰⊛ᣇᴺ⺰ߦࠃࠆ⠨ኤ㧙‫ޔޢ‬੩ㇺᄢቇඳ჻ቇ૏⺰ᢥ‫ ޔ‬ᐕ  ᦬‫ޕ‬෩ᚑ↵:‫ޡ‬ਛ࿖ߩ⚻ᷣ⊒ዷߣ೙ᐲᄌൻ‫ޢ‬‫ޔ‬੩ㇺ:੩ㇺᄢቇቇⴚ಴

ળ‫ޔ‬2011 ᐕ 6

᦬‫ޕ‬

18

㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍➨ 17 ᅇ඲ᅜ኱఍ሗ࿌ண✏㞟᪊㸸ᮾி࣭୰ኸ኱Ꮫ

ࢱ࢖⋤ᅜ࡛ࡢᐙィ㛫࡛ࡢ⚾ⓗ┦஫ᢇຓࡢᐇែ࠿ࡽぢࡓᡤᚓ෌ศ㓄࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢไᗘⓗ࣭࣑ࢡࣟⓗᇶ♏
㸸Bangkok 㒔࡛ࡢ࣐࢖ࢡࣟಶ⚊ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ ͤሗ࿌⪅㸦 㡰୙ྠ 㸧
Sinudom ARISSARA
Ministry of Industry, Thailand㸺ࢱ࢖⋤ ᅜ࣭ᕤ ົ┬ 㸼Ụཱྀ཭ᮁ㸺❧࿨㤋 ኱Ꮫ࣭⏘ ᴗ♫఍ Ꮫ㒊㸼ࠐ౑⏝ࡍ ࡿ⤫ィ ࣭ㄪ ᰝࢹ࣮ ࢱࡢヲ ⣽࡜ሗ ࿌ࢫࣛ࢖ ࢻࡣ㸪 ሗ࿌ ᫬࡟ู ㏵㓄ᕸ ࡍࡿ࣮࣮࢟࣡ ࢻ
ࠕ࢖ࣥࣇ ࢛࣮࣐ ࣝ࡞ ไᗘࠖ㸪ࠕ♫఍ ័⩦ࠖ㸪ࠕࢱ࢖⤒ ῭ࠖ㸪ࠕ බⓗ ᢇຓࠖ㸪ࠕேⓗࢿ ࢵࢺ࣡ ࣮ࢡ ࠖሗ࿌┠ⓗ ࡜ྛ❶ ࡛ࡢ ୺࡞ෆ ᐜ⤒῭Ꮫ඲ ⯡࡟࠾ ࠸࡚㸪1970 ᖺ௦ ௨㝆࡟ ⯆ 㝯ࡋ࡚ࡁ ࡓ௒᪥ ࡢ௦ ⾲ⓗ࡞ ไᗘㅖ ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟ ࢳ ( e.g. , ᪂ ไ ᗘ Ꮫ ὴ 㸪 ẚ ㍑ ไ ᗘ ศ ᯒ 㸪 ࣞ ࢠ ࣗ ࣛ ࢩ ࢜ ࣥ Ꮫ ὴ 㸪 ⌧ ௦ ไ ᗘ Ꮫ ὴ)ࡣ 㸪➃ⓗ࡟ゝ ࠼ࡤ㸪 ձ࡜ ࡾࢃ ࡅ 1970 ᖺ ௦௨㝆 㸪୺࡟ ➨ 2 ḟୡ ⏺኱ᡓ ᚋࡢḢ ⡿㈨ ᮏ୺⩏ㅖᅜࡢ♫ ఍⤒῭ ࢩࢫ ࢸ࣒ࡢ ᡂ㛗࡜ ࡑࢀࡽ ࡢ㛫࡛ࡢ ┦㐪 㸪ࡑ ࡋ࡚ከ ᵝᛶࢆ ㄝ᫂ࡍ ࡿ Ⅼ㸪ղ♫఍⤒ ῭ࢩࢫ ࢸ࣒ ࡢ≉ᚩ ࢆᤊ࠼ ࡿୖ࡛ 㸪ᕷሙྲྀ ᘬࡢࡳ ࡞ࡽࡎ 㸪ᨻ἞ ࢩࢫࢸ ࣒㸪♫఍័⩦ 㸪ᩥ໬ 㸪࠶ ࡿ࠸ࡣ ᅛ᭷ࡢ ᛮ᝿ࡸ ᐀ ᩍࢆࡶᕳ ࡁ㎸ࡴ ᙧ࡛ ᖜᗈࡃ ศᯒࡢ ᑕ⛬࡟ ᤣ࠼ࡿⅬ㸪 ࡇࢀࡽࡢ 2 Ⅼ࡛ඃ ఩ᛶࡸ ⊂⮬ᛶ ࢆⓎ᥹ࡋ ࡚ࡁࡓ ࠋᮏሗ࿌ࡣ㸪ሗ࿌⪅ࡢ 1 ே ࡛࠶ ࡿỤཱྀ ཭ ᮁࢆ◊✲ ௦⾲⪅ ࡜ࡋ ࡚ᐇ᪋ ࡋࡓ 㸪බ┈ ㈈ ᅋἲே㔝ᮧ ㈈ᅋࠗ 2011 ᖺᗘ ♫఍ ⛉Ꮫ◊ ✲ຓ ᡂ࠘㸪❧ ࿨㤋኱ Ꮫෆ➇ தⓗ◊ ✲㈨ 㔠ࠗ◊ ✲᥎㐍ࣉࣟ ࢢ࣒ࣛ ࠘㸦ⱝᡭ ◊✲㸸11 ᖺᗘ 㸧ཬ ࡧ㸦 ᇶ┙◊ ✲࣭ᅜ㝿 ໬㸸12 ᖺᗘ 㸧ࡢ ◊✲ᡂᯝࡢ୍ ➃࡛࠶ ࡿ࡜ ඹ࡟㸪ࠗ⛉◊ ㈝࠘㸦 ⱝᡭ B㸸No.24730180 㸭2012 ᖺᗘ 㹼2014 ᖺ ᗘ㸧ࡢ◊✲⤒ 㐣ሗ࿌ ࡜ࡋ ࡚ᐇ᪋ ࡍࡿࠋͤ1㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍➨ 17 ᅇ඲ᅜ኱఍ሗ࿌ண✏㞟᪊㸸ᮾி࣭୰ኸ኱Ꮫࡇ࠺ࡋ ࡓไᗘ ⌮ㄽ ࡢṔྐ ⓗᒎ㛤 ཬࡧࡑ ࡢ≉Ⰽࢆ ㋃ࡲ࠼ ࡿ࡜ 㸪ᇳ➹ ⪅ࡣ 㸪ࡑࡢ ศ ᯒᑐ㇟ࢆḢ ⡿ඛ㐍 ㅖᅜ ࡢࡳ࡞ ࡽࡎ 㸪㛤Ⓨ ㏵ ୖᅜ࡬࡜ ᗈࡆࡿ ࡇ࡜ ࡀ㸪ไ ᗘ࢔ ࣉ࣮ࣟ ࢳ ⮬㌟ࡢศᯒ ࡜ᒎ㛤 ࡢ῝ ໬࡟࡜ ࡗ࡚᭷ ┈࡛࠶ ࡿ࡜ࡶ⪃ ࠼࡚࠸ ࡿࠋ௨ୖࡢ ᵝ࡞㸪⌮ㄽⓗ ࡞㛵ᚰ ࢆ⫼ ᬒ࡟⨨ ࡁࡘࡘ㸪ᮏ✏࡛ ࡣ㸪ࢱ ࢖⋤ᅜ ࡟࠾ࡅ ࡿᡤ ᚓ෌ศ㓄ၥ 㢟ࢆᕠ ࡿ 㸪ࡑࡢ ⤫ィⓗ ᐇែ࡞ ࡽ ࡧ࡟⌧ᆅ ࡛ࡢಶ ⚊ㄪ ᰝ⤖ᯝ ࡜࠸ࡗ ࡓ⢭⦓ ࠿ࡘ⤒㦂ⓗ ࡞஦౛ ࢆ๓ ᥦ࡜ࡋ ࡚㸪ࡑࢀࢆ ไ ᗘࡢ⌮ㄽ ࣔࢹࣝ ࡜ࡋ ࡚ᵓ⠏ ࡍࡿ᪉ ྥᛶࡸ ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ⪃ ᐹࡍࡿ ࡇ࡜ ࡟ࡑࡢ ┠ⓗࢆ ⨨ࡃࠋࡑࡋ࡚ 㸪ࡇࢀ ࢆ㐩 ᡂࡍࡿ ࡓࡵ࡟ 㸪௨ୗ ࡢᵝ࡞ᙧ ࡛㆟ㄽ ࢆᒎ 㛤ࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡁࡓ ࠸ࠋࡲࡎ 㸪➨ 1 ❶㸸ࢱ࢖ ࡢᡤ ᚓ᱁ ᕪ ၥ㢟 ࢆᕠࡿ ⤫ ィⓗᵝ┦ ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢱ ࢖ࡢᡤ ᚓ᱁ᕪ ࡢ≉ᚩࢆ㸪⤫ ィࢹ࣮ ࢱ࡟ᇶ ࡙࠸࡚ ᩜ⾝ ࡍࡿࡇ ࡜࡛㸪኱ ࡁࡃࡣ㸪௨ୗࡢ 3 ࡘ ࡟ࡘ࠸ ࡚㆟ ㄽࡍࡿࠋձࢱ࢖ ࡟ࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ㛫࣭㝵 ᒙ㛫ࡢ 2 ✀㢮ࡢᡤ ᚓ᱁ᕪ ࡀࡳ ࡽࢀࡿ ࡇ࡜࡛ ࠶ࡿ ࠋḟ࠸࡛㸪ղ ≉࡟㸪࣑ ࢡࣟ ࣞ࣋ࣝ㸪ྛᐙィ ࣞ ࡛࣋ࣝࡢࢱ࢖ࡢ ᐙィ ⾜ືࡢ ௦⾲ⓗ ࡞⤫ィ ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛࠶ࡿ Socio- Economic Househould Survey ࡢ⣽ ┠࠿ࡽ ࡣ㸪⥲ ཰ධ ࡟ᑐࡍ ࡿ┤᥋⛯ࡢᨭ ᡶ࠸ࡢ ᑡ࡞ ࡉ࡜㸪 ࡑࢀ࡟ ᑐࡍࡿ ௚ࡢᐙィ 㸦Outside of Household㸧࠿ ࡽ ࡢ᥼ຓࡢ┦ ᑐⓗ࡞ ከࡉ ࢆ☜ㄆ ࡛ࡁࡿ ࡇ࡜࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ 㸪ճ ๓㏙ࡢ ձ࡜ղ ෆᐜ࡟ 㛵 ࢃࡿබⓗᢇ ຓ㸦ᖺ 㔠࣭་ ⒪࡞࡝㸧ࡢᐇែࡸ つᶍ࡟ࡘ ࠸࡚᪤ Ꮡ◊ ✲ࡢぢ ゎཬࡧ ⤫ィࢹ ࣮ࢱ࡟ࡼࡗ ࡚ᢕᥱ ࡍࡿ ࡇ࡜࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡇࢀࡽ ࡢ⤫ィ ⓗࢹ࣮ ࢱࡢ ⫼ᬒࢆ ⌮ゎࡍࡿ ୖ࡛ࡣ 㸪࠶ࡿ ࠸ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀ࡟ ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶゎࡽ ࡞࠸ᐇ ែࢆ ▱ࡿୖ ࡛㸪≉࡟㸪⊂ ❧ࡋࡓᐙ ィ㛫࡛ ࡢ⚾ ⓗ࡞㔠 㖹ⓗ࡞ ᥼ຓࢆ ᳨ウᑐ㇟࡜ ࡋ࡚ㄽ ドࡍ ࡿࡇ࡜ ࡀ㸪ࢱ࢖ࡢ ᆅ ᇦ㛫ᡤᚓ ᱁ᕪࢆ 㸪ࡦ ࠸࡚ࡣ ࢱ࢖ ࡢᡤᚓ ෌ ศ㓄ᵓ㐀ࢆ ⌮ゎࡍ ࡿୖ ࡛㸪ᴟ ࡵ࡚㔜 せ࡞ព ࿡ࢆᣢࡕ ࠺ࡿࡇ ࡜ࢆ ☜ㄆࡍ ࡿࠋ⥆ࡃ➨ 2 ❶㸸ࣂࣥ ࢥ ࢡ㒔 ࡛ࡢ ಶ⚊ ㄪᰝ ࡟ᇶ ࡙ ࡃᐙ ィ㛫 ┦஫ ᢇ ຓࡢ ᐇែ࡛ࡣ㸪≉࡟ձࢱ࢖࡟ ࠾࠸࡚ 㸪බⓗᢇ ຓ࡜ࡣ ␗࡞ࡿ ᙧ ࡛ࡢ⚾ⓗ ࡞㔠㖹 ⓗ࡞ ࡸࡾྲྀ ࡾࡀ࡝ ࡢ⛬ᗘ ࡢ
つᶍ࡛⾜ ࢃࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡿ ࡢ࠿࡜ ࠸࠺ࡇ ࡜㸪࡞ ࡽࡧ࡟㸪ࡑࢀࡀ㸪ᆅᇦ 㛫࡛ࡢ ᡤᚓ᱁ ᕪࡢ ㆟ㄽ࡟㛵ࢃ ࡗ࡚ 㸪ղ㒔 ᕷ㒊э ᆅ᪉ ࡢ㔠㖹 ࡢ ὶࢀࡀ࠶ ࡿࡢ࠿ ࡜࠸ ࠺ࡇ࡜ 㸪ࡇ ࢀࡽ 2 ࡘ ࡢෆᐜࢆ☜ ㄆࡍࡿ ࡭ࡃ㸪➹⪅ࡀ ⊂⮬ ࡟㸪2010 ᖺᗘ㸪୪ࡧ࡟ 2011 ᖺᗘ 㹼12 ᖺᗘࡢ 2 ᅇ࡟Ώࡗ࡚ 㸪㤳㒔ࣂ ࣥࢥࢡ 㒔ᅾఫ ⪅ࢆ୺ ࡞ ᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ ࡚ᐇ᪋ ୰ࡢ ࣐࢖ࢡ ࣟಶ⚊ ㄪᰝ࡛ ᚓࡽࢀ࡚࠸ ࡿ≉ᚩ ࢆ♧ ࡋࡘࡘ ᳨ドࡍ ࡿࠋ2㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍➨ 17 ᅇ඲ᅜ኱఍ሗ࿌ண✏㞟᪊㸸ᮾி࣭୰ኸ኱Ꮫ

ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡇࡢㄪ ᰝ⤖ᯝ ࡟ᇶ࡙ ࡁ㸪ࢱ ࢖ᅜ ෆ࡟࠾࠸ ࡚ࡣ㸪ᗈ⠊࡟ ᐙィ㛫 ࡛㔠 㖹ⓗ࡞ࡸࡾ࡜ࡾ ࢆ⾜ࡗ ࡚࠾ ࡾ㸪ࡲ ࡓࡑ ࢀࡀ㒔 ᕷ 㒊ෆ㒊࡛ ࡶࡳࡽ ࢀࡿ ࡇ࡜ࢆ 㸪ᮏ ሗ࿌࡛ ࡣ ᥦ㉳ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛ 㸪➨ 3 ❶㸸ไ ᗘㄽ ⓗ࡞ ࣑ࢡ ࣟ ⓗᇶ ♏ ࡜ࡋ ࡚ࡢ ఩⨨ ࡙ ࡅ ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࡲ࡛ ࡢ❶࡛ྲྀࡾୖࡆ࡚ࡁࡓ⤒㦂ⓗ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚⌮ㄽࣔࢹࣝࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ 㸪≉࡟ ไᗘ࢔ ࣉ࣮ࣟ ࢳࡢ᪂ ไᗘᏛ ὴ ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ ⌮ㄽⓗ ࡞࢔ ࢖ࢹ࢕ ࢔࡛࠶ ࡿࣇ࢛ ࣮࣐ ࣝ ࡞ ไ ᗘ ࡜ ࢖ ࣥ ࣇ ࢛ ࣮ ࣐ ࣝ ࡞ ไ ᗘ ࡢ ศ 㢮 ࡸ᪤ Ꮡ ◊ ✲ ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ࢱ ࢖ ࡢ ♫ ఍ ⤒ ῭ ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ ⊂⮬ᛶ ࡟㛵 ࡍࡿぢ ゎ࡟╔ ┠ࡋࡘ ࡘ᳨ウࡋ ࡚࠸ࡃ ࠋ࠶ ࡿ࠸ࡣ 㸪➨ 2 ❶࡛ ࡢ ᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡢ ಶ⚊ㄪ ᰝࢹ ࣮ࢱ࠿ ࡽ☜ㄆ ࡉࢀࡿ ஦ᐇ࡟ᇶ ࡙ࡁ 㸪᪤ Ꮡ◊✲ ࡛ᥦ㉳ ࡉࡏ࡚ ࠸ ࡿࢱ࢖ࡢ♫఍⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ⊂⮬ᛶࢆᕠࡿㅖ௬ㄝࡢ᫝㠀ࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ୍㒊ヨࡳࡓ࠸ࠋ᭱ᚋࡢ➨ 4 ❶㸸௬ ㄝ ࡜ࡋ ࡚ࡢ ࣁ࢖ ࣈࣜ ࢵࢻ ࡞ ᡤᚓ ෌ศ 㓄࣓ ࢝ ࢽࢬ ࣒࡛ࡣ㸪ᮏ✏࡛ࡢ ୍ 㐃 ࡢ ㆟ ㄽ ࢆ ⥲ ᣓ ࡋ ࡘ ࡘ㸪 ไ ᗘ ࡜ ࢔ ࢡ ࢱ ࣮ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࡢ ᐙ ィ ࡜ ࡢ 㛵 ಀ ᛶ ࡢ ど Ⅼ ࠿ ࡽ 㸪ࢱ࢖࡟࠾ ࠸࡚ࡣ 㸪බ ⓗᢇຓ ࡜ࡣ ูࡢṔ ྐ 㸪⾜ື ཎ⌮࡟ ᇶ࡙ࡃ ⚾ⓗ࡞ ┦஫ ᢇຓࡢ ᐇ ែࡀぢࡽࢀ ࡿࡇ࡜ ࢆ⣲ ᥥࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ ୖ࡛㸪ṧࡉࢀࡓ ㄢ㢟࡟ ࡘ࠸ ࡚☜ㄆ ࡋ㸪ᮏ ሗ࿌࡛ ࡢ㆟ㄽࢆ⤊ ࠼ࡿࠋ

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
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▼ ஭ ඃ Ꮚ 㸦 2007㸧ࠕ ࢱ ࢖ ࡢ ᆅ ᇦ ᨻ ⟇ ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ࢹ ࣗ ࢔ ࣝ ࢺ ࣛ ࢵ ࢡ ࣏ ࣜ ࢩ ࣮ ࡢ ព ⩏ ࡟ 㛵ࡍࡿ⪃ᐹ ࠖࠗ᪥ ㏻⥲ྜ ◊✲ᡤ ㄽ㞟࠘㸪pp.55-66ࠋ
࢖࣮࢜ࢩ ࢛࢘ࣥ .N㸦 ⴭ㸧ྜྷᕝ ฼἞㸦┘ヂ㸧㸦2000㸧ࠗ ᙜ࡚࡟ ࡞ࡽࡠ ࡀࡤ࠿ ࡟࡛ࡁ ࡞࠸᫬௦㸸ࢱ ࢖ࡢ♫ ఍࡜ ᩥ໬࠘NTT ฟ∧ࠋᱵᓮ๰㸦 ⦅㸧㸦2006㸧ࠗⓎᒎ ㏵ୖᅜ ࡢ࣐ࢡ ࣟ⤒῭ศ ᯒᗎㄝ ࠘࢔ ࢪ࢔⤒ ῭◊✲ ᡤࠋỤཱྀ཭ᮁ㸦2009a㸧ࠕ㏆ ᖺࡢไ ᗘ࢔ࣉ ࣮ࣟࢳ ࡢศᯒ㡿 ᇦ࡜ࠕ࢖ ࣥࣇ࢛ ࣮࣐ ࣝ ࡞ ไ ᗘ ࠖ㸸
D.C.North ࡢ᪂ ไᗘ࢔ ࣉ࣮ࣟ ࢳ࡜ G.M.Hodgson ࡢ⌧ ௦ไᗘ ࢔ࣉࣟ ࣮ࢳ ࡢࣇࣞ ࣮࣒࣮࣡ࢡ ࡢẚ㍑ ࠿ࡽࠖࠗ⤒῭ ᚿᯘ ࠘➨ 76 ᕳ➨ 3 ྕ㸪pp.141-174ࠋỤཱྀ཭ᮁ㸦2009b㸧ࠕ࢔ࢪ ࢔㏻㈌ ༴ᶵᚋ ࡢ ࢱ࢖࡟࠾ ࡅࡿᐙ ィࢢ ࣮ࣝࣉ 㛫࡛ࡢ ≉ᚩⓗ ᕪ␗㸸⤫ィ ᣦᶆࡢ ᐇែ ࠿ࡽࠖࠗ ⤒῭ ᚿᯘ࠘➨ 77 ᕳ➨ 2 ྕ㸪pp.269-298ࠋ኱㔝ᖾ୍ 㸦⦅㸧㸦1990㸧ࠗ㏵ ୖᅜ⤒ ῭Ⓨᒎ ࡜ᵓ㐀ࡢ ኚ໬࠘ ࢔ࢪ ࢔⤒῭ ◊✲ᡤ ࠋຍ⸨࿴ⱥ 㸦1995㸧ࠗࢱ ࢖⌧௦ ᨻ἞ ྐ㸸ᅜ ⋤ ࢆඖ㤳࡜ ࡍࡿẸ ୺୺ ⩏࠘ᘯ ᩥᇽࠋἙ᳃ṇே 㸦2009㸧ࠗࢱ ࢖ࡢ་ ⒪⚟ ♴ไᗘ ᨵ 㠉࠘ᚚⲔ ࡢỈ᭩ ᡣࠋ4㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍➨ 17 ᅇ඲ᅜ኱఍ሗ࿌ண✏㞟᪊㸸ᮾி࣭୰ኸ኱Ꮫ

ᰩ⏣໷┦ (2005) ࠕ ࢱ࢖࣭ࣇ࢕ ࣜࣆ࣭ࣥ ࢖ࣥࢻ࡟ ࠾ࡅࡿ ᾘ㈝ ࡢ୙ᖹ ➼㸸ᐙィㄪ ᰝ ࣐࢖ ࢡ ࣟ ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡓ Ꮫ Ṕ ู ࣭ ᒃ ఫ ᆅ ᇦ ู ᖺ 㱋 ຠ ᯝ ࡢ ᳨ ド ࠖࠗ 21 ୡ ⣖ COE
Hi-Stat Discussion Paper Series୍࠘ ᶫ ኱Ꮫ⤒῭ ◊✲ᡤ 㸪No.71ࠋྂ㇂㔝ṇ ః࣭໭ᕝ㝯 ྜྷ࣭ຍ⣡ ᘯ຾㸦⦅㸧㸦2000㸧ࠗ࢔ࢪ ࢔♫఍ ࡢᵓ㐀 ኚື࡜ ᪂୰ 㛫ᒙࡢᙧᡂ࠘ ࡇ࠺ࡕ ᭩ᡣ ࠋḈ஭ᏹ࣭᫂ᮡ⏣ఙ ᶞ㸦2012㸧ࠕࢱ࢖ ࡢ⤒῭ ᱁ᕪ࡜ࡑ ࡢᑐ⟇ ࠖࠗ⤒῭ ⛉Ꮫ࠘➨ 60 ᕳ➨ 1
ྕ㸪pp.41-49ࠋᮎ ᘅ ᫛ 㸦 2000㸧ࠗ ࢟ ࣕ ࢵ ࢳ ࢔ ࢵ ࣉ ᆺ ᕤ ᴗ ໬ ㄽ 㸸 ࢔ ࢪ ࢔ ⤒ ῭ ࡢ ㌶ ㊧ ࡜ ᒎ ᮃ ࠘ ྡ ྂ ᒇ ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ ࠋ
ᮎᘅ᫛㸦⦅㸧㸦2002㸧ࠗ ࢱ࢖ࡢ ไᗘ ᨵ㠉࡜ ௻ᴗ෌⦅㸸༴ ᶵ࠿ࡽ ෌⦅ ࡬࠘࢔ࢪ࢔ ⤒῭ ◊✲ᡤࠋᮎᘅ᫛㸦 ⦅ⴭ㸧㸦2010㸧ࠗᮾ ࢔ࢪ࢔ ⚟♴ࢩ ࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ ᒎᮃ㸸7 ࢝ᅜ࣭ ᆅᇦࡢ ௻ᴗ⚟ ♴࡜♫఍ಖ㞀 ไᗘ࠘ ࣑ࢿ ࣦࣝ࢓ ᭩ᡣࠋᮎ ᘅ ᫛ ࣭ ᮾ ⱱ ᶞ 㸦 ⦅ 㸧㸦 2000㸧ࠗ ࢱ ࢖ ࡢ ⤒ ῭ ᨻ ⟇ : ไ ᗘ ࣭ ⤌ ⧊ ࣭ ࢔ ࢡ ࢱ ࣮ ࠘ ࢔ ࢪ ࢔⤒῭◊✲ ᡤࠋ
㧗ᶫᇶᶞ࣭ ⚟஭Ύ ୍㸦 ⦅㸧㸦2008㸧ࠗ ⤒῭ 㛤Ⓨㄽ㸸◊ ✲࡜ᐇ ㊶ࡢࣇ ࣟࣥࢸ ࢕࢔ ࠘ວ ⲡ᭩ᡣࠋ⏣୰ᛅ἞ 㸦1988㸧ࠗࢱ ࢖㸸Ṕ ྐ࡜ ᩥ໬࠘ ᪥ ୰ฟ∧ࠋ⏣୰ᛅ἞ 㸦2008㸧ࠗࢱ ࢖♫఍ ࡢ඲ యീ㸸 ᆅ ᇦᏛࡢヨ ࡳ࠘᪥ ୰ฟ ∧ࠋ⋢ ⏣ ⰾ ྐ 㸦 2003㸧ࠗ Ẹ ୺ ໬ ࡢ ⹫ ീ ࡜ ᐇ ീ 㸸 ࢱ ࢖ ⌧ ௦ ᨻ ἞ ኚ ື ࡢ ࣓ ࢝ ࢽ ࢬ ࣒ ࠘ ி 㒔 ኱ᏛᏛ⾡ฟ ∧఍ࠋ⋢⏣ⰾྐ ࣭⯪ὠ 㭯௦ 㸦⦅㸧㸦2008㸧ࠗࢱ࢖ ࡢᨻ἞࣭ ⾜ᨻࡢ ᨵ㠉 㸸1991-2006 ᖺ࠘ ࢔ ࢪ࢔⤒῭◊ ✲ᡤࠋ୰ኸ኱Ꮫ ᨻ⟇ᩥ ໬⥲ ྜ◊✲ ᡤ㸦 ┘㸧ᰠᓮ ༓௦㸦 ヂ㸧㸦2002㸧ࠗୡ ⏺ࡢᩍ ⛉᭩ ࢩ࣮ࣜ ࢬ
6㸸ࢱ࢖ ࡢṔྐ ࠘᫂▼ ᭩ᗑࠋ㔝ୖ⿱⏕ 㸦2004㸧ࠗ⤒ ῭༠ຊ ࢩࣜ ࣮ࢬ ➨ 204 ྕ㸸 㛤Ⓨ ⤒῭Ꮫ ࡢ࢔࢖ ࢹࣥࢸ ࢕ࢸ࢕ ࠘࢔ࢪ࢔⤒ ῭◊✲ ᡤࠋ㔝ᓮㅬ஧㸦2007㸧ࠕࢱ࢖࡟࠾ࡅࡿᆅᇦ᱁ᕪࠖࠗ⤒῭⛉Ꮫ࠘➨ 55 ᕳ➨ 3 ྕ 㸪pp.181-189ࠋ
5㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍➨ 17 ᅇ඲ᅜ኱఍ሗ࿌ண✏㞟᪊㸸ᮾி࣭୰ኸ኱Ꮫ

ཎὒஅ௓ 㸦1996㸧ࠗ࢔ ࢪ࢔࣭ ࢲ࢖ ࢼ࣑ࢬ ࣒ ࠘NTT ฟ∧ ࠋཎὒஅ௓ 㸦1999㸧࢚ࠗ ࣜ࢔࣭ ࢚ࢥ ࣀ࣑ࢡ ࢫ 㸸࢔ࢪ࢔ ⤒῭ࡢ ࢺ࣏ ࣟࢪ࣮ ࠘NTT ฟ∧ ࠋ᭹㒊Ẹኵ࣭ ⯪ὠ㭯 ௦࣭㫽ᒃ㧗㸦 ⦅㸧㸦2002㸧ࠗ࢔ ࢪ࢔୰ 㛫ᒙࡢ ⏕ᡂ࡜ ≉㉁ ࠘࢔ ࢪ࢔⤒῭◊✲ᡤ ࠋ
୍ᶫ኱Ꮫ ⤒῭◊ ✲ᡤ ⤒῭ไ ᗘ◊✲ ࢭࣥࢱ ࣮㸦⦅㸧㸦2003㸧ࠗ ࢔ࢪ࢔ ࡢࢯ࣮ ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ ࢭ࣮ࣇࢸ࢕ ࣮ࢿࢵ ࢺ࠘ ວⲡ᭩ ᡣࠋᮧ⏣⩼ኵ 㸦2007㸧ࠗࢱ ࢖࡟࠾ ࡅࡿ ᩍ⫱Ⓨ ᒎ 㸸ᅜẸ⤫ ྜ࣭ᩥ ໬࣭ ᩍ⫱༠ ຊ࠘ᮾ ಙᇽࠋᮏすὈ୕㸦 2003㸧
ࠕ ࢱ࢖ ࡢᡤᚓ ศ㓄 1975-1998ࠖ㸪㈈ົ ┬㈈ ົᨻ⟇ ◊✲ᡤ ◊✲㒊ࠗ PRI
Discussion Paper Series࠘㸪No.03A-20ࠋ

⤫ィࢹ࣮ ࢱ
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