Good Morning,
Ladies and Gentlemen !
Welcome to Cheiron School !

14rd AOFSRR School: Cheiron School 2010 (Oct. 9-18, 2010)
Spring-8/RIKEN Harima, Hyogo, Japan

Pohang Light Source

Overview of Synchrotron Radiation (SR)Moonhor Ree
Director, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL)
POSTECH Fellow & Professor, Chemistry Department &Polymer Research InstitutePohang University of Science & Technology
Pohang 790-784, Korea
Tel: +82-54-279-1001, 2120
Fax: +82-54-279-0999, 3399
E-mail: ree@postech.edu
http://pal.postech.ac.kr
http://www.postech/ac.kr/chem/mree2

Acknowledgments :Organizing Committee Members of Cheiron School
Spring-8/JASRI; Dr. Tetsuhisa Shirakwa, President
Prof. Masaki Takata
RIKEN Harima Institute
MEXT, Japan; Director Hiroki Takaya
AOFSRR
Prof. Keng Liang (NSRRC, Taiwan)
Prof. Osamu Shimomura (KEK, Japan)
Prof. Masaki Takata (RIKEN/Spring-8/U Tokyo, Japan)
Prof. Zhentang Zhao (SSRF, China)
Prof. Tetsuya Ishikawa (RIKEN/Spring-8, Japan)
Prof. Hiroshi Kawata (KEK, Japan)
Prof. Won Namkung (PAL, Korea)
Prof. In-Soo Ko (PAL, Korea)
M. Ree3

Cheiron School-2010

Spring-8

Daegu

4

5 4

Pohang Light Source6M. Ree’s Group (POSTECH)
1. Research Fields<Polymer Physics>- Polymer chain conformation- Structures and morphology- Nanostructuring- Electric, dielectric, optical,
thermal, mechanical properties- Sensor properties- Surface, interfaces<Polymer Synthesis>- Functional polymers- Structural polymers- Polypeptides, DNA, RNA

http://www.postech.ac.kr/chem/mree

Scattering / Reflectivity:
Synchrotron X-Ray, Neutron, Lasers♦ Polymers for Microelectronics,
Displays, &Sensors♦ Polymers for Implants &Biological Systems♦ Proteins & Polynucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

2. Group Members (25)

M. Ree1 Postdoctoral Fellow
15 Ph.D. candidates
1 Undergraduates
2 Technicians
2 Secretaries
4 Scientists (PLS: Coworkers)

Polymer Synthesis & Physics Group7
Cheiron School-2010

Oct. 10
09:00-10:20

Outline1. Introduction- History of SR- SR

2. 1st-2nd Generation SR
3. 3rd Generation SR- Current Status of 3rd Generation SR Facilities- Applications in Science &Technology

4. 4th Generation SR- Current Status of 4th Generation SR Facilities- Applications in Science &Technology

5. Summary & Conclusions
6. Acknowledgments
M. Ree8
Cheiron School-2010

Synchrotron Radiation Facilities in Asia-Oceania
PLS (1994)
BEPC (1991)

2.5 GeV (- 2010)
3.0 GeV (2011- )PAL-XFEL (2014)
10.0 GeV

2.2-2.5 GeV

NSRL (1991)
0.8 GeVSSRF (2008)

UVSOR (1983)

3.5 GeV

0.75 GeVPF (1982)
2.5 GeV

INDUS I (1999)

SP-8 (1997)
8.0 GeV

0.45 GeV

Ritsumeiken (2002)

INDUS II (2006)

1.3 GeV

SAGA (2005)

2.5 GeV

1.2 GeV

SCSS (2010)
8.0 GeVTLS (1993)

SIAM
SIAM (2004)(2004)

1.5 GeV

1.2
1.2 GeVGeV

TPS (2013)
3.0-3.3 GeV
AS (2006)
3.0 GeV

SSLS
SSLS (2001)(2001)
0.7
0.7 GeV
GeV

M. Ree9
Cheiron School-2010

AOFSRR(Asia−Oceania Forum for Synchrotron Radiation Research)

Objectives:(1) To establish a general framework of collaboration for the developmentof science and technology, which mutually benefits advancing the research goalsof the Parties(2) To promote comprehensive cooperation in the Asia-Oceania region(3) To provide education and communication opportunities- AOFSRR Conference (per year)
1st, 24-25/11/2006, Tsukuba, Japan
2nd , 31/10-02/11/2007, Shinchu, Taiwan
3rd, 4-5/12/2008, Melbourne, Australia
4th, 31/11-02/12/2009/Shanghai, China
5th, 06-09/07/2010/Pohang, Korea
6th, Oct (?)/2011/Ratchashima, Thailand …….
- Cheiron Summer School
1st, 10-19/09/2007, SPring-8, Japan
2nd, 29/09-08/10/2008, Spring-8
3rd, 02-11/11/2009, Spring-8
4th, 09-18/10/2010, …..
10
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

Asia-Oceania Forum for SR Research
Cheiron School 2008
PLS (1994)
BEPC (1991)

2.5 GeV (- 2010)
3.0 GeV (2011- )PAL-XFEL (2014)
10.0 GeV

2.2-2.5 GeV

NSRL (1991)
0.8 GeVSSRF (2008)

UVSOR (1983)

3.5 GeV

0.75 GeVPF (1982)
2.5 GeV

INDUS I (1999)

SP-8 (1997)
8.0 GeV

0.45 GeV

Ritsumeiken (2002)

INDUS II (2006)

1.3 GeV

SAGA (2005)

2.5 GeV

1.2 GeV

SCSS (2010)
8.0 GeVTLS (1993)

SIAM
SIAM (2004)(2004)

1.5 GeV

1.2
1.2 GeVGeV

TPS (2013)
3.0-3.3 GeV
AS (2006)
3.0 GeV

SSLS
SSLS (2001)(2001)
0.7
0.7 GeV
GeV

M. Ree11

July 6-9,2010@PohangLocal Organizing Member – Cheiron School
Masaki Takata (RIKEN/SPring-8)
Masayo Suzuki (JASRI/SPring-8)
Kouki Sorimachi (RIKEN/SPring-8)
Hiroaki Kimura (JASRI/SPring-8)Haruo Ohkuma (JASRI/SPring-8)
Ryotaro Tanaka (JASRI/SPring-8)
Naoto Yagi (JASRI/SPring-8)
Yoshiharu Sakurai (JASRI/SPring-8)
Shunji Goto (JASRI/SPring-8)
Committee
Principal: Keng Liang (President of AOFSRR, NSRRC/Taiwan)Vice Principal: Moonhor Ree (Vice President of AOFSRR, PAL/Korea)
Secretary: Masaki Takata (RIKEN/JASRI/SPring-8, Japan)
12
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

AOFSRR
Council Member
Keng Liang (NSRRC/Taiwan)
Moonhor Ree (PAL/Korea)
Masaki Takata (RIKEN-JASRI-Spring8/Japan)
Richard Garrett (ANSTO/Australia)
Osamu Shimomura (KEK/Japan)

Members
Yoshiyuki Amemiya (Univ. of Tokyo/Japan)
Hongjie Xu (SSRF/China)
Shih-Lin Chang (NTHU/Taiwan)
Ian Gentle (Australia Synchrotron/Australia)
Mark Breese (SSLS/Singapore)
Chaivitya Silawatshananai (NSRC/Thailand)
G.T. Gupta (INDUS/India)
Masaharu Oshima (President of JSSRR, Univ. of Tokyo/Japan)
Dr. Don Smith (New Zealand Synchrotron Group Ltd)
Swee Ping Chia (Univ. Malaya/Malaysia)
Tran Duc Thiep (Institute of Physics/Vietnam)

International Advisory Board

M. ReeTetsuya Ishikawa (RIKEN/Japan)
J. Murray Gibson (APS/USA)
Gerhard Materlik (Diamond/UK)

Hideo Ohno (JASRI/Japan)
W. G. Bill Stirling (ESRF/France) 13
Nobuhiro Kosugi (IMS/Japan)

Cheiron School 2010 - Program14

US DOE Plan for 20-years (2003)

15

Synchrotron Radiation
When moving along a curved trajectory in a speed close to that of light,
electrons emit electromagnetic radiation in tangential direction.
This kind of radiation is called synchrotron radiation since it was firstobserved at a 70 MeV synchrotron radiation machine in 1947.
The curved trajectory can be created by bending magnet, wiggler andundulator magnets in accelerators.

M. ReeCheiron School-2010

17
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

First Man-Made Synchrotron Radiation Source at GE on Apr. 24, 1947

M. ReeGeneral Electric betatron built in 1946, the originof the discovery of Synchrotron radiation.
The radiation was named after its discovery in a
General Electric synchrotron accelerator built in 1946
and announced in May 1947 by Frank Elder, Anatole
Gurewitsch, Robert Langmuir, and Herb Pollock in a
letter entitled "Radiation from Electrons in a
Synchrotron." Pollock recounts:"On April 24, Langmuir and I were running themachine and as usual were trying to push theelectron gun and its associated pulse transformer
to the limit. Some intermittent sparking had
occurred and we asked the technician to observewith a mirror around the protective concrete wall.
He immediately signaled to turn off thesynchrotron as "he saw an arc in the tube." Thevacuum was still excellent, so Langmuir and I
came to the end of the wall and observed. At first
we thought it might be due to Cherenkov radiation,18
but it soon became clearer that we were seeing
Ivanenko and Pomeranchuk radiation."
Cheiron School-2010

First Observation of Synchrotron Radiation from Galaxy (July, 1054)
Crab Nebula: SR in Sky

The Supernova was observed byancient Korean/Japanese/Chinese
astronomers in the year 1054.
The pulsar (a star that spins veryfast) produces highly relativistic
electrons which themselves produce
synchrotron radiation (the brightcompact emission) in the magnetic
field of the Nebula (a cloud of dusts andgasses; a new star is produced from nebulae).
* Supernova is an exploding star.
At least a supernova occurs
per decade in our galaxy.
July, 1054, Observed in Korea, Japan and China
M. Ree19
Cheiron School-2010

20
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

Pohang Light Source

Beam energy (GeV)

2.5

Beam energy (GeV)

2.5

Rf (MHz)

2856

Circumference(m)280.56

Klystron power (MW), max

80

Natural emittance (nm)18.9

Bunch length (ps)13

Rf (MHz)500.082

Normalized emittance(nm.mrad)150

Rf voltage (MV)

1.6

Tunes

14.28/8.18

Beam current (A)30Super-periods

12

Energy spread (%), fwhm

0.6

Total length (m)160

M. Ree30 B/L (9 IDs)
1 FEL (THz BL)

10 B/L (in plan)
41 (Total)
52 (in full capacity)

21
Cheiron School-2010

Shanghai Light Source
Storage Ring
3.5GeV,C=432m

Booster
3.5GeV,C=180m

Electron Linac
150MeV 22
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

mm

μm

nm

Å

Human hair
~ 50-100 mm wide23
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

Properties of Synchrotron Radiation
Broad spectrum: from infrared to hard X-ray;
Wide tunability in photon energy (or wavelength) by
monochromatization: sub eV up to the MeV Range;
High Brilliance and high flux: many orders of magnitude
higher than that with the conventional X-ray tubes;
Highly collimated: radiation angular divergence angle
proportions inversely to electron beam energy (1/ γ);High level of polarizations: linear, circular, elliptical;
Pulsed time structures: tens of picoseconds pulse;…;
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

Synchrotron Radiation Facilities
 Over the past 30 years, design and construction of dedicated SR
facilities have been continuously carried out all over the world.
Currently there are about 50 SR light sources in operation andabout 22 of them are third generation light sources;
Before 1970s, first generation light sources, attached to high energy
machines, were parasitically operated;
From the mid-1970s to the late 1980s, second generation light sourceswere designed and constructed as dedicated SR user facilities;
From the mid-1980s, third generation light sources have been designed
and constructed with low emittance beam and undulators;
Since the Mid-1990s, the construction of intermediate energy third
generation light sources has been the focus of efforts worldwide;
Meanwhile compact synchrotron radiation facilities have been designed
and constructed.

M. ReeCheiron School-2010

Synchrotron Radiation Facilities (in operation)
Asia-Oceania : 26

Europe : 25

America : 18

26

www.lightsources.org

27
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

1st Generation SR Facilities (1)1st Generation?
Synchrotron
light sourceswere basicallybeamlines built
onto theexisting
facilities
designed forparticle physics
studies.

Energy Operation Year
(GeV)
(Status)

Facility

Location

VEPP-2M

Russia0.7

SPEAR-I(SSRL)

USA

3.0-3.5

DORIS(DESY)

Germany

3.7-5.2

SURF-II(NBS)

USA

0.28

Accum.Ring(KEK)

Japan

6.5

CESR(CHESS)

USA

5.5

VEPP-3(INP)

Russia2.2

ELSA

Germany

1.5-3.5

TRISTAN MR

Japan

6.0-301987-1995(Shutdown)

BEPC(IHEP)

China

1.5-2.8

1989-2004(Upgraded)

DCI(LURE)

France1.8

Dedicated

1965-1999(Upgraded)
1972-1992(Upgraded)
1974-1993(Upgraded)
1974-1997(Upgraded)
Partly Ded.
1979-2002(Upgraded)
1979-1985(Upgraded)
1987(Operation)

28
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

1st Generation SR Facilities (2)Facility

Location

Energy(GeV)

Operation Year
(Status)

ASTRID

Denmark

0.6

1990(Operation)

VEPP-4

Russia5.0-7.0

1994(Operation)

DAΦNE

Italy

0.51

1999
(Operation)

TSSR

Japan

1.5

Proposed

AmPS

Netherland

0.9

Planned use

EUTERPE

Netherland

0.4

Planned use

N-100

Russia2.2

Dedicated

HP-2000

Russia5.5

Partly Ded.

Beamline
BM

ID

TOT

29
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

2nd Generation SR Facilities (1)Facility

Location

Energy(GeV)

2nd Generation?

SOR-Ring

Japan

0.38

Synchrotron
light sourceswere dedicatedto theproduction ofsynchrotron
radiation andemployedelectron storagerings to harness
the synchrotron
light.

AladdinUSA

0.8-1.0

SRS(Daresbury)

UK

2.0

NSLS-I

USA

0.75

PF(KEK)Japan

2.5-3.0

UVSOR

Japan

0.75

MAX(LTH)

Sweden0.55

BESSY I

Germany

0.8

HESYRL(USTC)

China

0.8

PETRA-II

Germany

7.0-13

LNLS-I

Brazil1.15

1997(Operation)

INDUS-I

India

0.45

1999
(Operation)

M. ReeOperation Year
(Status)Beamline
BM ID

TOTAL

1974-1997(Shutdown)
1977(Operation)
1981-2008(Decommissioned)

1982(Operation)
1983(Operation)
1983-2003(Upgraded)
1986(Operation)
1987-1999(Decommissioned)
1991(Operation)
1995-2009(Decommissioned)30

Cheiron School-2010

2nd Generation SR Facilities (2)Facility

Location

Energy(GeV)

Operation Year
(Status)

TERAS

Japan

0.8

Dedicated

Siberia-I

Russia0.45

Dedicated

TNK

Russia1.2-1.6

Dedicated

CAMD

USA

1.2

(Operation)

Beamline
BM

ID

TOTAL

31
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

3rd Generation Light Sources
 3rd generation light sources, based on advanced undulators,
Wigglers, and low emittance storage ring, are currently then main
working horses. According to the storage ring energy, it can beclassified into low-, high- and intermediate energy light sources;
High energy third generation light sources (>4GeV)：ESRF, APS, Spring8;
Low energy ones (<2.5GeV): ALS, Elettra, TLS, BESSY-II, MAX-II,
LNSL, … ;Intermediate energy ones (2.5 ~ 4.0GeV): PLS, ANKA, SLS, CLS, SPEAR3,
Diamond, SOLEIL, INDUS-II , ASP, SSRF, ALBA, NSLS-II, TPS, MAXIV, … ;In addition, further advanced third generation light sources, diffraction
limited or ultimate, are under investigations and studies. Notably,progress is very encouraging in upgrading the high energy physics
accelerators into advanced third generation light sources, such as the
PETRA-III in operation at DESY and the PEP-X proposal at SLAC;

M. ReeCheiron School-2010

Intermediate Energy Light Sources The pioneering third generation light sources generated brightradiation based on fundamental and lowest harmonic spectralline of undulator:
High energy machines were optimized at 5-25keV for hard X-ray science;
Low energy ones were designed &optimized for VUV and soft X-ray
sciences; As undulator technology well developed, its theoretical brilliancecan be achieved at higher harmonics, this leads to a few ofoutstanding properties of intermediate energy light sources;
The photon beam properties in the 5-25keV range generated withintermediate energy light sources are comparable with those from highenergy machines;
Up to 11th-15th harmonics are currently used at operating machines;
Circumference ranges from 100+m to ~800m depending on budget;
Low construction and operation costs make it a cost effective lightsource right for meeting the regional needs;
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

Intermediate Energy SR Facilities Since the beginning of 21st century, intermediate energy lightsources have been being successively put into operation;
SLS in 2001, ANKA in 2002, CLS in 2003, SPEAR3 in 2004, SAGA-LS in
2005, and another three, ASP, Diamond and SOLEIL in 2007;
Three more will be operational in the coming years, SSRF in 2009, ALBA
in 2010 and SESAME probably in 2011;
NSLS-II, TPS and MAX-IV may start operation before 2015;

 Other intermediate light source plans are under consideration or
R&D in countries including Armenia (CANDLE), Poland and South
Africa; Some new proposals are still appearing, including a new one inChina;

M. ReeCheiron School-2010

3rd Generation Light Sources around the World

: 21
: 1
: 4
: 4

35
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

3rd Generation Light Sources in Operation (1)Energy(GeV)

Circumference(m)

Emittance(nm.rad)Current(mA)

Straight Section

Status

1. ALS

1.9

196.8

6.3

400

12×6.7m

Operation (1993)

2. ESRF

6.0

844.4

3.7

200

32×6.3m

Operation (1993)

3. TLS

1.5

120

25

240

6×6m

Operation (1993)

4. ELETTRA

2.0/2.4

259

7

300

12×6.1m

Operation (1994)

5. PLS
(in upgrading)

2.5
(3.0)

280.56

18.6
(5.8)

200
(400)

12×6.8m(+ 12x4.2m)

Operation (1995)(2011)

6. APS

7.0

1104

3.0

100

40×6.7m

Operation (1996)

7. SPring-8

8.0

1436

2.8

100

44×6.6m, 4×30m

Operation (1997)

8. LNLS

1.37

93.2

70

250

6×3m

Operation (1997)

9. MAX-II

1.5

90

9.0

200

10×3.2m

Operation (1997)

10. BESSY-II

1.7

240

6.1

200

8×5.7m, 8×4.9m

Operation (1999)

11. Siberia-II

2.5

124

65

200

12×3m

Operation (1999)

12. NewSUBARU

1.5

118.7

38

500

2×14m, 4×4m

Operation (2000)

Light Source

36
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

3rd Generation Light Sources in Operation (2)Light Source

Energy(GeV)

Circumference(m)

13. SLS

2.4-2.7

288

5

400

3×11.7m, 3×7m,
6×4m

Operation (2001)

14. ANKA

2.5

110.4

50

200

4×5.6m, 4×2.2m

Operation (2002)

15. CLS

2.9

170.8818.1

500

12×5.2m

Operation (2003)

16. SPEAR-3

3.0

234

12

500

2×7.6m,4×4.8m,
12×3.1m

Operation (2004)

17. SAGA-LS

1.4

75.6

7.5

300

8×2.93m

Operation (2005)

18. ASP

3.0

216

7-16

200

14×5.4m

Operation (2007)

19. DIAMOND

3.0

561.6

2.7

300

6×8m, 18×5m

Operation (2007)

20. SOLEIL

2.75

354.1

3.74

500

4×12m, 12×7m,
8×3.8mOperation (2007)

21. SSRF

3.0

432

3.9

300

4×12m, 16×6.5
m

Operation (2009)

Emittance(nm.rad)Current(mA)

Straight Section

Status37
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

3rd Generation Light Sources in Operation (1)38
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

New 3rd Generation Light Sources in Operation (2)39
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

New 3rd Generation Light Sourcesin Commissioning, Construction and Plan
Light Source

Energy(GeV)

Circumference(m)

Emittance(nm.rad)Current(mA)

Straight Section

Status

22. Indus-2

2.5

172.5

58

300

8×4.5mCommi.&Opera.

23. PETRA-III

6.0

2304

1.0

100

1×20m, 8×5m

Construction(commissioning in2010)

Construction

24. ALBA

3.0

268.8

4.5

400

4×8m, 12×4.2m,
8×2.6m

25. SESAME

2.5

133.1226

400

8×4.44m, 8×2.38 Constructionm

26. TPS

3.0

518.4

1.6

400

6×12m, 18×7m

27. CANDLE

3.0

216

8.4

350

16×4.8m

28. NSLS-II

3.0

792

2.1

500

29. MAX IV

3.0

287.2

0.8

500

12×4.6m

Planned30. TSRF

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

TBD

Planned40

M. ReeConstruction
Planned

15×9.3m, 15×6.6 PlannedmCheiron School-2010

New 3rd Generation Light Sources

41
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

Upgrade Project of PLS Facility(2009-2011)(1) Major Upgrade -- (2009-2011) (started in January, 2009)• Higher Energy : 3.0 GeV (← 2.5 GeV)
• Smaller Emittance: 5 nm⋅rad (←18 nm⋅rad)• Higher Beam Flux: 102-103 higher• More Insertion Device Beam Lines: 20 (← 10)(2) Top-Up Mode Operation (2008-2010)

42

Polymer Synthesis and Physics Laboratory
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

Third Generation Light Sources

PLS (upgraded)

43
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

Brilliance Improvement

44
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

Main Figures of Merit of 3rd Generation Light Sources Undulator average spectral brilliance
Emittance;
Beam current;
Energy spread; Beam quality
Beam position stability;
Intensity stability;
Energy stability;
Beam lifetime;
Availability, reliability and MTBF Time structured and polarized radiation
Bunch fill patterns and short bunch schemes;
Various ID applications;M. ReeCheiron School-2010

Third Generation Light Sources Properties of third generation light sources;
Higher brilliance: up to 1017~1021photons/s/mm2/mrad2/0.1%BW;
Higher flux: up to 1015~1017photons/s/0.1%BW;
Sub-micro orbit stability: beam position and divergence stability down tosubmicron and sub-microradian;
Large number and various kinds of insertion devices: EU, PMW, PMU,
EPU, HU, INVU, CPMU, SW, SU, …;
Top-up operation: keeping operating current constant at 0.1-1% level;
Partially coherent (vertical direction): vertical diffraction limited;
Short pulse radiation: picoseconds to sub-picoseconds;
High reliability-availability operation: availability is better than 95%;
Ultra-low emittance: pushing for 1 nm-rad emittance by using damping
wigglers

M. ReeCheiron School-2010

3rd Generation Light Source• ~ 2.0 GeV is the boarder line for VUV and X-ray
machines;(Note that 800 MeV vs. 2.5 GeV at NSLS)• User number : ~ 20% (VUV) vs. 80% (X-ray)• Required beam time /Experiment :~ 80 % (VUV) vs. 20 % (X-ray)47
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

Beamines & Science
PLS

48
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

SR Applications in Science• Spatial Science vs. Time-Domain Science• Spectroscopy Science• Scattering Science• Microscopy (Imaging) Science• Science & Technology Fields:
Physics, Chemistry, Materials , Biology, Medicine,
Pharmaceutics, Environmental, Agriculture, Information
Technology, Displays, Mechanical Engineering ……….
(almost all fields of Science and Technology)49
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

Applications of PLS in Science and Industry
Semiconductors
MechanicalIron 전자
Medicals기계철강반도체 EngineeringSteel의학
Surface 1%
3%
4%
표면과학
4%
Science4%
Environmental환경
Science 2%
837
Physics물리
837과제
Proposals(10%)
10%(’07년)

화학Chemistry
(22%)
22%

(2007)

제]

Bio-Science
생명
(15%)
15%

Materials
재료
(35%)
35%

Users’ publications:ca. 900
Average Impact Factor:
3.8

Bio-

생명,1%
Science
[1과제]

(1%)

Accepted Proposals/year: 800-850
Acceptance Rate/year: 50-70%
Users/year:
3,000(came to PLS for exps.)
M. Ree50

Cheiron School-2010

• There are dramatic increased demands from life
science research, for example, big three statistics(ESRF, APS, Spring-8) in structural biology.
• One may note that cases of PLS and TLS are also
outstanding results.
• The overall users are about 100,000 in the world.

51
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

ESRF Scientific Output
863 refereed publications in 2000
(registered – > 85% are “real”ESRF publications)1201 refereed publications in 2001 (registered)~ 40 papers in NATURE and SCIENCE~ 50 papers in Physical Review Letters/Europhysics Letters~ 90 papers in Physical Review

1106 refereed publications in 2002 (registered)
1206 refereed publications in 2003 (registered)52
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Scientific Demands
Coherency
Atomic and nanoscale imaging (Cells & Viruses, Nano-materials etc.), Others
Femto-second science
Real-time reaction with high repetition rate
(Chemical reaction, Photo-induced phase transition etc.)
Nano beam
Condensed matter physics under extreme conditions

Performances
Brilliance : brighter by 2 orders
Pulse width : shorter by 2 orders
compared to those of 3rd generation SR

New Light Source• X-Ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL)• Energy Recovery Linear-Accelerator (ERL)
M. Ree4th Generation
SR
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X-Ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL)
Self Amplification of Spontaneous Emission (SASE)

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XFEL Facilities in the World
SP8-XFEL
SPring-8
2010
Beam Energy : 8 GeV
Facility Length : 0.7 km, 390 M$

LCLS, Stanford, 2009
(First XFEL demonstration on April 10, 2009)

Beam Energy : 15 GeV
Facility Length: 2 km

E-XFEL, Hamburg, DESY, 2014

Beam Energy : 20 GeV
57
Facility Length : 3 km, 1500 M$

PAL XFEL (proposed)
PAL XFEL (X-ray Free Electron Laser) Facility (4th Generation)(1) Energy: 10 GeV (0.1 nm λ)* Coherent X-ray Beam
(2) Beamlines: 3(4) X-ray + 2(1) VUV BLs* Super-high Beam Flux
(3) Budget: 400 M$* Nanoscale Beam Size

(4) Construction: 4 yrs (2011-2014)* Femtosecond Pulse X-ray Beam

PLS

PAL-XFEL
58

Polymer Synthesis and Physics Laboratory

Next (4th) Generation Synchrotron Facilities: XFEL

(Small Size/VUV)
6. FERMI-ELETTRA, Trieste, Italy
1. LCLS – SLAC
4. PAL XFEL – PAL, Pohang, Korea
7. Arc en Ciel – LAL, Orsay, France(Stanford, USA)(2011-2014)
8. WiFEL – Madison, Wisconsin, USA(user service started in 2010)
5. PSI XFEL – PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
2. SCSS – SPring-8
9. Soft X-Ray – Berkeley, CA, USA(Hyogo, Japan) (2006-2011)
10. SDUV-FEL – Shanghai, PRC(commission started in this October))
3. Euro-XFEL – DESY
(Hamburg, Germany) (2009-2014)59(construction started in 2009)

Current Projects:

FLASH(UV-FEL) in operation

Future Projects:

Energy Recovery Linac (ERL)60
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

PF(KEK) - ERL

At the case of 8 keV photon energy

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Functions of X
FEL(SASE), XFEL-O & ERLXFEL(SASE),
XFEL-OERL

XFEL-O

SASE-FELSR

averagebrilliancepeakbrilliance

repetition
rate (Hz)

coherent
fractionbunchwidth(ps)

# of
BLs

RemarkXFEL(SASE)~1022~24~1033

100~10K

100%

0.1

few

One-shot measu
rement

~1027

~1033

~1M

100%

1

few

Single mode
FEL

ERL

~1023

~1026

1.3G

~20%

0.1~1

~30

Non-perturbed
measurement

3rd-SR~1020~21

~1022

~30

Non-perturbed
measurement
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XFEL-O（Option)~500M(brilliance : photons/mm2/mrad2/0.1%/s @ 10 keV)

0.1%

10~100Next Generation

3rd Generation

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Applications
Applicationsof
ofXFELXFEL
ininScience
Science

X-Ray
Laser

XFEL
ERL
Ultra-small
Ultra-small- Coherent beam source- Higher flux beam source- Smaller size beam source- Pulse beam source (∼ fs)
Ultra-fast
Ultra-fast

4th Generation(XFEL, ERL)

3rd Generation

2nd Generation
1st Generation
X-ray Tube

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Summary and Conclusions
 The development of third generation light source is still active andgrowing. There will be about 8 new ones operational before 2015.
 Intermediate energy light sources, such as Diamond, SOLEIL,
ASP, Indus-2, ALBA, SSRF, CANDLE, NSLS-II, TPS, MAX-IV havebeen the focus of the recent development, the cost-effective
feature makes them very suitable for meeting regional scientificneeds of doing cutting-edge studies in various fields.
 Future development is very promising, not only the high energy
physics machines will be converted to advanced light sources,
like PRTRA-III and PEP-X, but also the ultimate storage ring lightsource is also very competitive.
 In the next few years, 4th generation facilities (XFEL) will be inoperational, and one may expect unforeseen results. ERL and
XFELO are other new approaches in competing with the 4th
generation machines Users are very much diversified and expanding rapidly to otherresearch areas
M. ReeCheiron School-2010

Thank you very muchfor your attention !!!

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