進化経済学論集 第 22 集
進化経済学会第 22 回九州大会研究報告2018 年３月 29 日～30 日

Evolutionary Economics in Kyushu
Papers of the 22nd Conference of
The Japan Association for Evolutionary Economics,
Fukuoka, Kyushu, March 29-30, 2018

「選好、制度、経済システムの進化」
目次

３⽉２９⽇（⽊） 受付開始：09:00、 受付場所：⽂系講義棟⼊⼝
第１⽇・午前の部 （10:00 - 12:00）［第１会場・１０１教室］企画①：コンヴァンシオン・ANT アプローチの展開
司会者：中原隆幸（阪南⼤学）
第１報告 須⽥⽂明（農林⽔産省農林⽔産政策研究所）
論題：市場的配置（M. カロン）とコミットメント・レジーム（L. テヴノー）について第２報告 ⽴⾒淳哉（⼤阪市⽴⼤学）・⼭本泰三（四天王寺⼤学ほか⾮常勤）
論題：媒介とデザイン：地場産品の価値づけネットワーク
第３報告 北川亘太（関⻄⼤学）
論題：遂⾏性と配置再編：研究者・⾔明・エージェントの相互関係［第２会場・１０２教室］企画②：産業構造分析
司会者：⿊瀬 ⼀弘（東北⼤学）
第１報告 厳 成男（⽴教⼤学）
論題：中国経済の内需主導型成⻑への転換と産業構造の変化
第２報告 薗⽥⻯之介（佐賀⼤学）
論題：⽇本の分配レジームに関する産業別実証分析
第３報告 嶋野智仁（松⼭⼤学）
論題：Structural change and the profit rate dynamics in Japan and the United States［第３会場・２０２教室］⼀般 A：進化の経済思想
司会者：荒川章義（⽴教⼤学）
第１報告 佐武弘章（福井県⽴⼤学・名誉）
論題 資本関係の解体の物質的諸条件について第２報告 ⾼ 哲男（九州産業⼤学）
論題：アダム・スミスが進化論的経済学者であった理由について
第３報告 ⼋⽊紀⼀郎（摂南⼤学）
論題：シュンペーター『経済発展論』の初版と改訂版
総会等（第１会場・１０１教室、13:00 - 15:05）
総会、学会賞受賞式・受賞者記念講演（井上寛康 会員）、フェロー就任記念講演

第１⽇・午後の部 （15:30 - 17:30）［第１会場・１０１教室］企画③：市⺠社会とレギュラシオン： 制度・市場・社会的選好の多元的共進化司会者：植村博恭（横浜国⽴⼤学）
第１報告 ⼭⽥鋭夫（名古屋⼤学・名誉）論題：内⽥義彦の市⺠社会像：交換的平等と⼈間的平等
第２報告 植村博恭（横浜国⽴⼤学）
論題：ボウルズとボワイエの「市⺠」「市⺠社会」：制度・市場・社会的選好・賃労働関係
第３報告 遠⼭弘徳（静岡⼤学）
論題：東アジア資本主義における再分配動機と社会的選好
第４報告 原⽥裕治（摂南⼤学）
論題：信頼・制度・資本主義の多様性：先進国と東アジアを対象として［第２会場・１０２教室］企画④：「進化経済学とは何か？」を若⼿で考える（実践編）
司会者：瀬尾 崇（⾦沢⼤学）・吉井 哲（名古屋商科⼤学）・稲⽔伸⾏（東京⼤学）
話題提供者
⼩林重⼈（JAIST）・吉⽥昌幸（上越教育⼤学）、薗⽥⻯之介（佐賀⼤学）、村上弘毅（中央⼤学）、⽣稲史彦（筑波⼤）［第３会場・２０２教室］⼀般 B：ビッグデータとシミュレーション
司会者：⼤⻄⽴顕（東京⼤学）
第１報告 ⼤⾥隆也（東京⼯業⼤学・院）・出⼝ 弘（東京⼯業⼤学）
論題：POS データによる家計消費・最終需要推計モデルの構築
第２報告 ⽔⽥孝信（スパークス・アセット・マネジメント）・堀江貞之（⼤阪経済⼤学）
論題：⼈⼯市場シミュレーションを⽤いたアクティブ投資による市場効率化の分析
第３報告 ⽔野 誠（明治⼤学）
論題：消費者⾏動のエージェントベース・モデリング：レビュー

懇親会 （18:00 - 20:00） 会 場：福岡リーセントホテル

３⽉３０⽇（⾦） 受付開始：09:00、 受付場所：⽂系講義棟⼊⼝
第２⽇・午前の部 （09:30 - 11:30）［第１会場・１０１教室］企画⑤：ハイエク複数共存通貨の具体像：仮想通貨によるキャッシュレス経済における貨幣の質と多様性・多層性
司会者：⻄部忠（専修⼤学）
第１報告 ⻄部忠（専修⼤学）
論題：ハイエク複数共存通貨の⼀つの具体像：仮想通貨の多様化と仮想地域通貨の展開
第２報告 奥村拓史（三菱総合研究所）
論題：仮想地域通貨 近鉄ハルカスコイン社会実験の結果と今後について
第３報告 川⽥修平（株式会社アイリッジ）
論題：電⼦地域通貨によるキャッシュレス経済推進による地域活性化の取り組み〜 ⾶騨⾼
⼭「さるぼぼコイン」、千葉県⽊更津市「（仮称）アクアコイン」の事例 〜［第２会場・１０２教室］⼀般 D：進化経済学の応⽤と展開
司会者：佐々⽊啓明（京都⼤学）
第１報告 有賀裕⼆（中央⼤学）

論題：⽇本の進化経済学の展開と新しい科学との出会い
第２報告 福⽥ 順（同志社⼤学）
論題：Storm and Naastepad モデルを⽤いた賃⾦抑制と⼈⼿不⾜の検討
第３報告 江⼝友朗（⽴命館⼤学）・Sinudom Arissara（タイ王国⼯業省）・安藤順彦（名古屋⼤学・院）
論題：⼈的ネットワークを介した所得再分配の実態に基づく制度論的・ミクロ的基礎の検討：アジア諸国での個票調査とその解析に基づく実証から［第３会場・２０２教室］⼀般 E：技術と経済モデリング
司会者：⼩川⼀仁（関⻄⼤学）
第１報告 河⼜裕⼠（筑波⼤学・院）・秋⼭英三（筑波⼤学）
論題：ガソリン⼩売価格における変動規模の異質的なエッジワース・サイクル
第２報告 加藤綾⼦（⽂教⼤学）
論題：API エコノミーの構造
第３報告 ⻑原 徹（芝浦⼯業⼤学）
論題：観光の経済効果に関するマクロモデル分析
第４報告 出⼝ 弘（東京⼯業⼤学）報告辞退
論題：技術・制度・組織・社会複合体としての経済システム進化：IoT 時代の産業構造と経済システムのデザイン［第４会場・３０１教室］⼀般 C：地域経済と進化
司会者：江頭 進（⼩樽商科⼤学）
第１報告：川畑泰⼦（群⾺⼤学） ・⼤⻄⽴顕（東京⼤学）
論題：千葉市の⽂化施設来場者の⼈流分析
第２報告：吉地 望（北海道武蔵⼥⼦短期⼤学）
論題：北海道の⾼校⽣の居住地選択⾏動について
第３報告：越⽥加代⼦（⽴命館⼤学・院）・⽥中祐⼆（⽴命館⼤学）・徳丸夏歌（⽴命館⼤学）
論題：地域環境対策事業における制度と選好の共進化：淡路島における住⺠参加型太陽光発電事業を事例として
プレナリーセッション （第１会場・１０１教室、13:00 - 15:00）
司会者 江頭 進（⼩樽商科⼤学）
第 1 報告 ⻲⽥達也（東京⼤学） 「モラルの起源を考える―実験社会科学からの問い」
第 2 報告 網⾕祐⼀（東京農業⼤学）「 熟慮的理性の起源をさぐる 」

第２⽇・午後の部（15:00 - 17:00 ）［第１会場・１０１教室］企画⑥：学際科学としての「九州学」：地域・経済・政策・観光の視点から
司会者：深⾒ 聡（⻑崎⼤学）
第１報告 井出 明（追⼿⾨学院⼤学）
論題：進化経済地理学の九州⻄部への適⽤：経路依存性とダークツーリズムの視点から
第２報告 姫野順⼀（⻑崎外国語⼤学）

論題：⻑崎における観光政策の展開：ＤＭＯと⼤学の観光へのコミット
第３報告 加藤淳⼀（久留⽶⼤学）
論題：観光地への消費者ニーズの分析⼿順と今後の研究について：ソーシャルメディア（とりわけ、ブログ記事）からの情報と分析⼿順を中⼼に［第２会場・１０２教室］⼀般 F：ガバナンス論の諸相
司会者：原⽥裕治（摂南⼤学）
第１報告 内橋賢悟（横浜国⽴⼤学）
論題：韓国型企業統治モデルの制度分析：脱アジア型システムに伴う市場ベース型資本主義の成⽴過程
第２報告 ⽔⼝雅夫（九州産業⼤学・元）
論題：経済過程論考：価格決定と企業ガバナンスに関連して第３報告 ⼾⽥宏治（⽇本経済⼤学）
論題：霞が関「働き⽅改⾰」は加速するか［第３会場・２０２教室］⼀般 G：貨幣と歴史的進化
司会者：有賀裕⼆（中央⼤学）
第１報告 桑垣 豊（京都産業⼤学）
論題：考古学から流通・市場・貨幣の起源を考える ⽇本・中国の例から第２報告 塩沢由典（⼤阪市⽴⼤学・名誉）
論題：⽣産の貨幣的理論／⼆つの経済ヴィジョンをめぐって
第３報告 岡村東洋光（九州産業⼤学・名誉）
論題：福祉ボランタリズムの歴史的進化
ポスターセッション・２０７教室（第１⽇ 10:00 - 17:30・第２⽇ 09:30 - 11:00）
⽔野貴之（国⽴情報学研究所）・⼤⻄⽴顕（東京⼤学）・渡辺努（東京⼤学）
論題：テロ事件発⽣による⼈流から読み取れる⼟地⽣産性の変化
深⾒ 聡（⻑崎⼤学）・沈 智炫（⻑崎外国語⼤学）
論題：「軍艦島」における世界遺産観光の現状と課題
⼋巻 惠⼦（就実⼤学）・井出明（追⼿⾨学院⼤学）
論題：航空機移動のサービス空間の規範をめぐる⽂化⼈類学的研究
⿇⽣ 憲⼀（⽴教⼤学）・井出 明（追⼿⾨学院⼤学）・津⽥ 康英（奈良県⽴⼤学） 報告辞退論題：「道の駅」の防災及び復興に関する社会的機能について
河⼜裕⼠（筑波⼤学・院）・秋⼭英三（筑波⼤学）
論題：ガソリン⼩売価格における変動規模の異質的なエッジワース・サイクル
⼤⻄⽴顕（東京⼤学）・⽔野貴之（国⽴情報学研究所）・渡辺努（東京⼤学）
論題：全国版電話帳データから観測した⾼齢者の⽣活圏の近隣施設
上村 聖（城⻄⼤学）
論題：物流センターのピッキング作業における⽣産性向上のための要因分析

第22回進化経済学会九州大会 年次大会プログラム
３月２９日（木）受付： 開始時刻 09:00〜

九州大学箱崎キャンパス, 2018年3月29・30日

場所：文系講義棟入口

第１会場 （１０１教室）
10:00〜12:00 企画①：コンヴァンシオン・ANTアプローチの展開

午前の部

第３会場 （２０２教室）

企画②：産業構造分析

一般A：進化の経済思想

司会者：中原隆幸（阪南大学）

司会者：黒瀬一弘（東北大学）

司会者：荒川章義（立教大学）

第１報告：須田文明（農林水産省農林水産政策研究所）

第１報告：厳

第１報告：佐武弘章（福井県立大学・名誉）

論題

第1日

第2会場 （１０２教室）

市場的配置（M. カロン）とコミットメント・レ 論題

成男（立教大学）

中国経済の内需主導型成長への転換と産業構造 論題

資本関係の解体の物質的諸条件について会場のご案内ジーム（L. テヴノー）についての変化

第２報告：立見淳哉（大阪市立大学）

第２報告：薗田竜之介（佐賀大学）

第２報告：高論題

論題

山本泰三（四天王寺大学ほか非常勤）
論題

日本の分配レジームに関する産業別実証分析

媒介とデザイン：地場産品の価値づけネット

哲男（九州産業大学）

アダム・スミスが進化論的経済学者であった理ポスター会場

由について

ワーク

２０７教室

第３報告：北川亘太（関西大学）
論題

第３報告：嶋野智仁（松山大学）

遂行性と配置再編：研究者・言明・エージェン 論題

トの相互関係

Structural change and the profit rate dynamics

昼

13:00〜14:00

総会

会

場：第１会場（１０１教室）

14:40〜15:05

制度・市場・社会的選好の多元的共進化

司会者：植村博恭（横浜国立大学）
第１報告：山田鋭夫（名古屋大学・名誉）内田義彦の市民社会像：交換的平等と人間的平

食

休 憩 室

フェロー就任記念講演

２０６教室

憩

企画④：「進化経済学とは何か？」を若手で考える（実践編） 一般B：ビッグデータとシミュレーション
司会者：瀬尾吉井崇（金沢大学）哲（名古屋商科大学）

出口
論題

論題

第1日

ボウルズとボワイエの「市民」「市民社会」：

制度・市場・社会的選好・賃労働関係

午後の部 第３報告：遠山弘徳（静岡大学）
論題

東アジア資本主義における再分配動機と社会的話題提供者
小林重人（JAIST）・吉田昌幸（上越教育大学）

大会議室

弘（東京工業大学）

POSデータによる家計消費・最終需要推計モデ

堀江貞之（大阪経済大学）
論題

生稲史彦（筑波大）

投資による市場効率化の分析

人工市場シミュレーションを用いたアクティブ

第３報告：水野論題

信頼・制度・資本主義の多様性：先進国と東ア

誠（明治大学）

消費者行動のエージェントベース・モデリン

グ：レビュー

ジアを対象として

懇

親

会

（会

場：福岡リーセントホテル）＊文系地区から懇親会会場までは、西鉄バス、あるいは徒歩での移動をお願いします（西鉄バス

1

第1日・昼食時

第２報告：水田孝信（スパークス・アセット・マネジメント）

村上弘毅（中央大学）

第４報告：原田裕治（摂南大学）

18:30〜

経済学部棟６階

ルの構築

薗田竜之介（佐賀大学）

選好
論題

理事会

司会者：大西立顕（東京大学）
第１報告：大里隆也（東京工業大学・院）

稲水伸行（東京大学）

等
第２報告：植村博恭（横浜国立大学）

第2日 09:30〜11:00＊休憩室の先になります。

学会賞授賞式・受賞者記念講演（井上寛康会員）

休
企画③:市民社会とレギュラシオン：

論題

シュンペーター『経済発展論』の初版と改訂版

総会

15:05〜15:30
15:30〜17:30

論題

in Japan and the United States

12:00〜13:00
14:00〜14:40

第1日 10:00〜17:30

第３報告：八木紀一郎（摂南大学）

九大北門→箱崎浜・10分程度・190円／

徒歩15分程度）

シュプリンガー
２０９教室

３月３０日（金）受

付：開始時刻09:00〜

受付

場所：文系講義棟入口

第１会場 （１０１教室）
企画⑤：ハイエク複数共存通貨の具体像：仮想通貨によるキャッ
09:30〜11:30 シュレス経済における貨幣の質と多様性・多層性

司会者：西部忠（専修大学）
第１報告：西部忠（専修大学）

第２会場 （１０２教室）

第３会場 （２０２教室）

一般D：進化経済学の応用と展開
司会者：佐々木啓明（京都大学）

第４会場 （３０１教室）

一般E：技術と経済モデリング
司会者：小川一仁（関西大学）

一般C：地域経済と進化
司会者：江頭 進（小樽商科大学）

第１報告：有賀裕二（中央大学）
第１報告：河又裕士（筑波大学・院）
第１報告：川畑泰子（群馬大学）
ハイエク複数共存通貨の一つの具体像： 論題 日本の進化経済学の展開と新しい科学と秋山英三（筑波大学）
大西立顕（東京大学）の出会い
仮想通貨の多様化と仮想地域通貨の展開
論題 ガソリン小売価格における変動規模の異 論題 千葉市の文化施設来場者の人流分析
質的なエッジワース・サイクル
第２報告：福田 順（同志社大学）
第２報告：奥村拓史（三菱総合研究所）
第２報告：吉地 望（北海道武蔵女子短期大学）
第２報告：加藤綾子（文教大学）
論題 仮想地域通貨：近鉄ハルカスコイン社会 論題 Storm and Naastepadモデルを用いた賃論題 北海道の高校生の居住地選択行動について
論題 APIエコノミーの構造
金抑制と人手不足の検討
実験の結果と今後について
論題

第2日
午前の部

第３報告：長原 徹（芝浦工業大学）
第３報告：越田加代子（立命館大学・院）
論題 観光の経済効果に関するマクロモデル分
Sinudom Arissara（タイ王国工業省）
論題 電子地域通貨によるキャッシュレス経済田中祐二（立命館大学）
析
安藤順彦（名古屋大学・院）
徳丸夏歌（立命館大学）推進による地域活性化の取り組み： 飛騨高山
論題 人的ネットワークを介した所得再分配の 第４報告：出口 弘（東京工業大学） 報告辞退 論題 地域環境対策事業における制度と選好の「さるぼぼコイン」、千葉県木更津市「（仮実態に基づく制度論的・ミクロ的基礎の検討：
称）アクアコイン」の事例
論題 技術・制度・組織・社会複合体としての 共進化：淡路島における住民参加型太陽光発電
アジア諸国での個票調査とその解析に基づく実経済システム進化：IoT時代の産業構造と経済シ 事業を事例として証からステムのデザイン
11:30〜13:00
昼
食第３報告：川田修平（株式会社アイリッジ）

13:00〜15:00
15:00〜17:00

会

プレナリー・セッション
場：第１会場（１０１教室）

第３報告：江口友朗（立命館大学）

司会者

江頭 進（小樽商科大学）

第1報告

亀田達也（東京大学）

第2報告

網谷祐一（東京農業大学）「熟慮的理性の起源をさぐる」

企画⑥：学際科学としての「九州学」：
地域・経済・政策・観光の視点から

一般F：ガバナンス論の諸相

一般G：貨幣と歴史的進化

司会者：深見

司会者：原田裕治（摂南大学）

司会者：有賀裕二（中央大学）

第１報告：井出聡（長崎大学）「モラルの起源を考える―実験社会科学からの問い」

明（追手門学院大学）

第１報告：桑垣 豊（京都産業大学）
第１報告：内橋賢悟（横浜国立大学）
論題 進化経済地理学の九州西部への適用：経 論題 韓国型企業統治モデルの制度分析：脱ア 論題 考古学から流通・市場・貨幣の起源を考
路依存性とダークツーリズムの視点から
ジア型システムに伴う市場ベース型資本主義の える 日本・中国の例から成立過程
第２報告：姫野順一（長崎外国語大学）
第２報告：水口雅夫（九州産業大学・元）
第２報告：塩沢由典（大阪市立大学・名誉）
論題 長崎における観光政策の展開：ＤＭＯと第2日
論題 経済過程論考：価格決定と企業ガバナン 論題 生産の貨幣的理論／二つの経済ヴィジョ
大学の観光へのコミット
スに関連してンをめぐって
午後の部
第３報告：加藤淳一（久留米大学）
論題 観光地への消費者ニーズの分析手順と今 第３報告：戸田宏治（日本経済大学）後の研究について：ソーシャルメディア（とり 論題 霞が関「働き方改革」は加速するか

会場のご案内
ポスター会場
２０７教室
第2日 09:30〜11:00＊休憩室の奥の廊下を曲がった先になります。

休憩室
２０６教室

第３報告：岡村東洋光（九州産業大学・名誉）論題 福祉ボランタリズムの歴史的進化

シュプリンガー
２０９教室

わけ、ブログ記事）からの情報と分析手順を中心に

2

第22回進化経済学会九州大会

年次大会ポスターセッション

ポスターセッション・プログラム• 水野貴之（国立情報学研究所）・大西立顕（東京大学）・渡辺努（東京大学）
論題：テロ事件発生による人流から読み取れる土地生産性の変化• 深見 聡（長崎大学）・沈 智炫（長崎外国語大学）
論題：「軍艦島」における世界遺産観光の現状と課題• 八巻 惠子（就実大学）・井出明（追手門学院大学）
ポスターセッションのご案内
会 場：２０７教室
時 間：第１日 10:00 - 17:30・第２日 09:30 - 11:00

論題：航空機移動のサービス空間の規範をめぐる文化人類学的研究• 麻生 憲一（立教大学）・井出 明（追手門学院大学）・津田 康英（奈良県立大学）報告辞退
論題：「道の駅」の防災及び復興に関する社会的機能について• 河又裕士（筑波大学・院）・秋山英三（筑波大学）
論題：ガソリン小売価格における変動規模の異質的なエッジワース・サイクル• 大西立顕（東京大学）・水野貴之（国立情報学研究所）・渡辺努（東京大学）
論題：全国版電話帳データから観測した高齢者の生活圏の近隣施設数• 上村 聖（城西大学）
論題：物流センターのピッキング作業における生産性向上のための要因分析

3

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፹௓࡜ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ㸸ᆅሙ⏘ရࡢ౯್࡙ࡅࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ 1❧ぢ῟ဢ㸦኱㜰ᕷ❧኱Ꮫ㸧ᒣᮏὈ୕㸦ᅄኳ⋤ᑎ኱Ꮫ࡯࠿㠀ᖖ໅㸧ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣࠊ⏕⏘⪅࡜ᾘ㈝⪅ࢆ⬟ືⓗ࡟፹௓ࡍࡿࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮࡞࡝ࡢ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࡬ࡢ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾㄪᰝ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙࠸࡚ࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᙧᡂ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ౯್࡙ࡅάືࢆࠊࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࠾ࡼࡧ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࣭ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ⌮ㄽ㸦ANT㸧ࡢᴫᛕ⿦⨨࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ศᯒࡍࡿࠋ
㏆ᖺࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ᢏ⾡ࡸࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤᡭ௙஦࡜ࡶᙧᐜࡉࢀࡿࢡࣛࣇࢺရࡢ෌ホ౯ࡀ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋከࡃࡢᆅሙ⏘ᴗ⏘ᆅࡸఏ⤫ᕤⱁရ⏘ᆅࡣࠊᾏእ࡜ࡢ౯᱁➇தࡸᅜෆᕷሙࡢኚ໬ࠊὶ
㏻ᵓ㐀ࡢ෌⦅ࡢ୰࡛ⴭࡋ࠸⾶㏥ࢆ⤒㦂ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⏘ᆅ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⏘ᆅࡢఏ⤫ࢆ⏕࠿ࡋࡓ⮬♫ࣈࣛࣥࢻၟရࡢ㛤Ⓨ࣭㈍኎ࠊᾏእᕷሙࡢ㛤ᣅ࡞࡝ࡢືࡁࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ
ఏ⤫⏘ᴗࡢᩥ໬⏘ᴗ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ๰㐀⏘ᴗ࡬ࡢኚㇺ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
࠿ࡘ࡚ࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࢆᨭ࠼࡚࠸ࡓᶆ‽໬ࡉࢀࡓᕤᴗ⏕⏘࡟࡜ࡗ࡚௦ࢃࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞⤒῭ࡢᛶ㉁࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊㄆ▱㈨ᮏ୺⩏ㄽࡀ኱ࡲ࠿࡞ᒎᮃࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸦ᒣᮏ 2016㸧ࠊࡼࡾලయⓗ࡞ศᯒࡢ᪉ἲㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⤒῭Ꮫ࠾ࡼࡧ ANT ࢆཧ↷ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊไᗘὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࡶ࡜ࡃ࡟つ⠊ⓗ౯್ࡢከඖᛶ࡜⾜Ⅽ⪅㛫ࡢࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ஦≀ࡢᙺ๭࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࠋࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥὴ࡟㏆᥋ࡋࡓ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡜ࡶ࠸࠼ࡿ ANT ࡣࠊே㛫ࡸ஦≀ࡢࣁ࢖ࣈࣜࢵࢻ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࠾ࡼ
ࡧࡑࡢ⏕ᡂࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ㏣㊧ࡍࡿ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡♫఍ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊM. ࢝ࣟࣥࡽࡀ✚ᴟⓗ࡟⤒῭ᕷሙࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ◊✲ࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୧⪅ࡣ㏆ᖺຨ⯆ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ౯್࡙ࡅ◊✲㸦Valuation
Studies㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚㒊ศⓗ࡟ྜὶࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡾࠊ⯆࿡῝࠸ᒎ㛤ࢆࡳࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏሗ࿌࡟࡜ࡗ࡚
♧၀ⓗ࡞ࡢࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞஦≀࠾ࡼࡧ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮㛫࡛ࡢ፹௓ࡇࡑࡀࠊ౯್࡙ࡅ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㔜せ࡞ዎᶵ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓࡑࡢ౯್࡙ࡅࡢᵝᘧࡣศᯒⓗ࡟㆑ูࡉࢀ࠺ࡿ࡜࠸࠺どⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
Boltansiki et Esquerre (2017)࡟ࡼࡿࠕ㇏✨໬ࡢ⤒῭ࠖࡢศᯒࡣࠊఏ⤫⏘ᴗࡢᩥ໬⏘ᴗ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ๰㐀⏘ᴗ࡬ࡢኚㇺࢆศᯒࡍࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚᭷ຠࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࣅࢪࢿࢫゝㄝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕࢹࢨ࢖
ࣥࠖ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡢὶ⾜ࡣࠊ〇ရࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡣ≀࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࡑࡢ〇ရࡢᙧࢆࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡍࡿࡇ࡜

1ᮏ✏ࡣࠊ❧ぢ(2018a)ࢆຍ➹ಟṇࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡔࡅ࡛ᡂࡾ❧ࡘࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⏕⏘ࡸὶ㏻ࡑࡋ࡚᭱⤊ᾘ㈝ࡶྵࢇࡔㅖᒁ㠃ࡢ፹௓࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᙧ
ᡂࡉࢀࡿ౯್࡙ࡅࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡀၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
௨ୗ࡛ࡣࠊࡲࡎ➨㸯⠇࡛⌧௦㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࢆศᯒࡍࡿ⌮ㄽⓗᯟ⤌ࡳ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜
ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡜ ANT ࢆせ⣙ࡍࡿࠋ➨㸰⠇࡛ࡣ⌧௦㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡟࠾ࡅࡿ౯್࡙ࡅᵝᘧࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ࣎ࣝࢱࣥࢫ࣮࢟࡜ࢩࣕ࣌ࣟࡢࠕ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞⢭⚄ࠖ࠾ࡼࡧ࣎ࣝࢱࣥࢫ࣮࢟࡜࢚ࢫ
ࢣ࣮ࣝࡢࠕ㇏㤨໬ࡢ⤒῭ࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᴫほࡍࡿࠋ➨㸱⠇࡛ࡣࠊ஦౛ࡢ᳨ウ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⌧௦ⓗ࡞౯್࡙ࡅᙧែࢆලయⓗ࡟᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋ➨㸲⠇࡛ࡣ㧗ᒸ㖡ჾ⏘ᆅࢆ࡜ࡾ࠶ࡆࠊᆅሙ⏘ᴗᆅᇦࡢኚᐜࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ㸯⌧௦㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡜ࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࠊ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࣭ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ⌮ㄽ
1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ゝⴥ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᪂ࡋ࠸⤒῭ࡢ≉ᚩࡀ㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ⏘ᴗ㞟✚ࡸ㒔ᕷ◊✲ࡢ㡿ᇦ࡛ࡣࠊ▱㆑㸦ᇶ┙㸧⤒῭࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡀࡋࡤࡋࡤ౑ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊ㏆ᖺ࡛ࡣࠊ๰㐀⤒῭࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣㄆ▱ⓗ࣭ᩥ໬ⓗ⤒῭ cognitive-cultural economy ࡜࠸ࡗࡓゝⴥ࡛♫఍࣭⤒῭ࡢኚᐜࢆᤊ࠼ࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿヨࡳࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ࣇࣟࣜࢲ 2008; Scott 2014㸧ࠋࣇࣟࣜࢲࡣ๰㐀⤒῭ࡢ࣏ࢪࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞ഃ㠃ࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊࢫࢥࢵࢺࡀᥦ♧ࡍࡿㄆ▱ⓗ࣭ᩥ໬ⓗ⤒῭ࡣࠊㄆ▱㈨ᮏ୺⩏ㄽ࠿ࡽࣄࣥࢺࢆᚓࡘࡘࠊ♫఍ⓗ୙ᖹ➼ࡢᣑ኱࡞࡝㈇ࡢഃ㠃࡟ࡶ┠㓄ࡾࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㔠⼥୺ᑟᆺ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ฼┈ࡢከࡃࡣᰴ୺ࡢ㓄ᙜ࡬࡜඘࡚ࡽࢀࠊປാ࡬ࡢศ㓄ࡣῶᑡࡍࡿࠋࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫ
ᆺ⏘ᴗࡸ๰㐀⏘ᴗࡀ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ࣮ࣔࢱ࣮࡜࡞ࡾࠊᵝࠎ࡞ࢱ࢖ࣉࡢ▱㆑ࡢ๰㐀࣭࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥ
ࢺ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿປാࡢᣑ኱㸦㠀≀㉁ⓗປാ㸧࡜ࠊ♫఍ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢኚᐜࡀ㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ๰㐀⏘ᴗ࡟ࡣ≉࡟ᐃࡲࡗࡓᐃ⩏ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࣭ᫎ⏬࣭㡢ᴦ࣭ほග࣭ࣇ࢓ࢵࢩ
࣭ࣙࣥࢹࢨ࢖ࣥᛶࡢ㧗࠸᪂ࡋ࠸ᕤⱁ࡞࡝ࠊᩥ໬ࡢ୍➃ࢆᢸ࠺⏘ᴗࢆᣦࡍࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ 2ࠋᕤⱁ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࢡࣛࣇࢺࡢ〇ရࡣࠊ๰㐀⏘ᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚ᕷሙࡢᣑ኱ࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㡿ᇦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢ⏘ᴗ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᨭ࠼ࡽࢀࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸⤒῭ࡢ୰᰾ⓗ࡞άືࡣࠊᡓᚋࡢ㧗ᗘᡂ㛗ࢆᨭ࠼ࡓᕤᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿศᴗࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡸാࡁ᪉࡜ࡣ኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ⤊㌟㞠⏝࣭ᖺ
ຌ㈤㔠࣭ປാ⤌ྜࢆ㏻ࡌࡓᅋయ஺΅࡞࡝ࡀయ⌧ࡍࡿᏳᐃᛶ࣭㝵ᒙᛶ࣭◳┤ᛶ࡜࠸ࡗࡓせ⣲2ࡼࡃᘬ⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊ࢖ࢠࣜࢫࡢᩥ໬࣭࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࣭ࢫ࣏࣮ࢶ┬㸦DCMC㸧ࡢᐃ⩏࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛๰㐀⏘ᴗࡣࠕಶேࡢ๰㐀ᛶࠊࢫ࢟ࣝࠊᡯ⬟࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡁࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢⓎᒎࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᐩ࡜㞠⏝ࢆ๰㐀ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆࡶࡗࡓ⏘ᴗࠖ࡜ࡉࢀࠊḟࡢ 13 ᴗ✀ࡀᣲࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᗈ࿌ࠊᫎ⏬࣭ᫎീࠊᘓ⠏ࠊ㡢ᴦࠊ⨾⾡ရ࣭࢔ࣥࢸ
࢕࣮ࢡᕷሙࠊ⯙ྎⱁ⾡ࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮࣭ࢤ࣮࣒ࢯࣇࢺࠊฟ∧ࠊࢡࣛࣇࢺ㸦ᕤⱁ㸧ࠊࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࠊࢹࢨ࢖
ࣥࠊࢸࣞࣅ࣭ࣛࢪ࢜ࠊࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮ࣇ࢓ࢵࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡀᅇ㑊ࡉࢀࠊࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡸࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆ㏻ࡌࡓᰂ㌾࡞ศᴗ࡜ປാࠊࡑࡋ࡚㧗ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶ࡜୙☜ᐇᛶࡀ≉ᚩ࡜࡞ࡿ㸦Scott 2014㸧ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࣁࣜ࢘ࢵࢻࡢᫎ⏬⏘ᴗࡢㄽ⌮ࡀᗈࡃほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ࣇࣟࣜࢲ 2008㸧ࠋᫎ⏬⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣࠊࣉࣟࢹ࣮ࣗࢧ࣮ࡀᢞ
㈨ᐙ࠿ࡽ㈨㔠ࢆ㞟ࡵࠊᫎ⏬〇స࡜࠸࠺ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢆ❧ࡕୖࡆࡿࠋತඃࡸᢏ⾡⪅ࡓࡕࡣ୍᫬ⓗ࡟⤖㞟ࡋࠊไస࡟࠶ࡓࡿࠋసရࡀ᏶ᡂࡍࡿ࡜ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣゎᩓࡋࠊྛேࡣูࡢ௙஦
㸦ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ㸧࡟⛣ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡜ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ⤒῭࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊேࠎࡣ㌿⫋ࢆࡃࡾ㏉ࡋࠊࣇ࣮ࣜࣛࣥࢫࡸዎ⣙♫ဨ࡜ࡋ࡚ാࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᕷሙࡢ᩿∦໬ࡸ࠺ࡘࢁ࠸ࡸࡍࡉ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢάື⮬యࡀࠊ௻ᴗࡢᇉ᰿ࢆ㉺࠼ࡓ♫఍ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ୰࡛⾜ࡁ஺࠺▱㆑ࡢ⤖ྜ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ
࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ኱ࡁ࠸ࠋ๰㐀⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣࠊ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࠊࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡞࡝ࡢᑂ⨾ᛶࠊព࿡ࡢ᧯సࠊ᝟
ືࡢႏ㉳࡞࡝࡟㛵ࢃࡿ㇟ᚩⓗ▱㆑ࡢ⏕⏘ࡀ㘽࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ▱㆑ࡣࠊከᵝ࡞⫼ᬒࢆᣢࡘேᮦࡢฟ఍࠸ࡢ୰࡛஺᥮ࡉࢀὶ㏻ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ※Ἠ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢿ
ࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡜⤖ྜࡀỴᐃⓗ࡞せ⣲࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⌧ᐇࡢኚ໬࡟ᑐᛂࡋ࡚ࠊ♫఍ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ◊✲ࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣ㠀≀㉁ⓗ࡞⏕⏘ࡢ୰㌟ࡸࠊ
ࠕᕤሙࠖ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ〇㐀ࡢ✵㛫ࢆࡣࡳฟࡍ౯
್ࡢ⏕⏘ࡢ௙⤌ࡳࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ᥮ゝࡍࢀࡤࠊฟ఍࠸ࢆ
⤌⧊ࡋࠊ▱㆑ࢆ๰㐀ࡋࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡑࡇ࠿ࡽ฼₶ࡸࣞࣥࢺࢆᘬࡁฟࡍࡓࡵࡢ⿦⨨࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⏘ᴗ㞟✚ࡸࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ⏘ᴗᆅ⌮Ꮫ࡛ࡣࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢸ࢕ࣈ࣭࣑࣮ࣜࣗࠊ
Ꮫ⩦ᆅᇦࠊᆅᇦ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡞࡝ࡢᴫᛕ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃ◊✲࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ▱㆑๰㐀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣ῝ࡵࡽࢀࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࡀᕷሙ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡬࡜⤖ᐇࡍࡿ㐣⛬ࡸ௙⤌ࡳ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ༑ศ࡟ࡣ᥀ࡾୗࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ௒᪥ࡢ௻ᴗࡣࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡣࡶࡕࢁࢇ≀㉁ⓗ࡞㈈࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ㢳ᐈࢆ⤠ࡾ㎸ࡳࠊ㈈࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡀ౑⏝⪅࡟⤒㦂ࡉࢀ࡚ㄆ▱ࡸឤ᝟࡟స⏝ࡍࡿ≧ἣࢆྵࡵ࡚ࠕࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࠖࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶࣅࢪࢿࢫ᭩࡜ࡋ࡚ᬑཬࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࠗࢹࢨ࢖ࣥᛮ⪃ࡀୡ⏺ࢆኚ࠼ࡿ࠘
㸦ࣈࣛ࢘ࣥ 2014㸧࠿ࡽࡶࠊ௻ᴗࡣ◊✲⪅ࡢࡼ࠺࡟࢚ࢫࣀࢢࣛࣇ࢕ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ౑⏝ࡢ≧ἣࢆ⌮ゎࡋࡼ࠺࡜ດࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ
㏆ᖺࡇࢀࡽࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࢃࡗ࡚ࠊᕷሙࡸ౯್ࡢᵓ⠏࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ㐣⛬ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡀᗈࡀࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ౯್࡙ࡅ◊✲ࡀࡑࢀࡔࡀࠊࡑࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣࢥࣥ
ࣦ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࠾ࡼࡧ ANT ࡢᬑཬࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡼ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽ஧ࡘࡢ⌮ㄽࡢẚ㍑᳨ウ
ࡣู㏵ᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ୧⪅ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞どⅬࢆඹ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊே㛫࡜ࠊࣔࣀࠊ
ᢏ⾡ࠊゝㄝ࡞࡝ࡢ㠀-ே㛫 nonhuman ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ␗㉁࡛㞧ከ࡞ㅖせ⣲ࡢ㐃㛵࡜ࣁ࢖ࣈࣜࢵ

ࢻ࠿ࡽ♫఍࣭⤒῭ࡣ࡛ࡁ࠶ࡀࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ agent ࡟ࡼࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲࡢᐇయࡢ㛫࡛ࡢẚ㍑
ࡸィ⟬ุ࣭᩿ࡣࠊ㉁ࡢᵓ⠏࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᛶ㉁Ỵᐃ qualification ࡢ㐣⛬̿̿ఱࡽ࠿ࡢᐇయࡀぢฟࡉࢀࠊ≉ᐃࡉࢀࠊ஫࠸࡟㛵㐃࡙ࡅࡽࢀࠊ⬟ຊࡸᛶ⬟ࡀࢸࢫࢺࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ୍㐃ࡢ㐣⛬̿̿࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿࠊ࡜⪃࠼ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿ௙⤌ࡳࡀࠊANT࡜ࡾࢃࡅ࢝ࣟࣥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㓄⨨ agencement ࠊࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ⿦⨨dispositif ࣭ࢩࢸ cité ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣୡ⏺࡞࡝࡜⾲⌧ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᴫᛕࡀ♧ࡍࡢࡣࠊேࡸㅖ஦≀ࡀࡑࡢ୰࡟୪࡭ࡽࢀศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠕඹ㏻ࡢィ⟬✵㛫ࠖ㸦Callon 2013㸧
ࠕඹ㏻
ၿࡢ✵㛫ࠖ
㸦Eymard-Duvernay 2009㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓほⅬ࠿ࡽ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊᕷሙ࡜ࡣ㈈ࡸ
ேࡢ㉁㸦⬟ຊ࡞࡝㸧ࢆつᐃࡋࠊศᩓⓗ࡞ィ⟬ࡸุ᩿ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿࠊ୍㐃ࡢㅖ஦≀ࡸつ๎࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿ୍ࡘࡢ㓄⨨࡞࠸ࡋࡣ⿦⨨࡛࠶ࡿࠋᩍ⛉᭩ⓗ࡞⤒῭Ꮫ࡛ࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ㈈ࡢ㉁ࡀᡤ୚࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᕷሙཧຍ⪅࡟ࡑࡢࣜࢫ
ࢺࡀ▱ࢀΏࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸦ࣀ࣐ࣥࢡࣛࢳ࣮ࣗࣝ௬ㄝ㸧ࠊᕷሙཧຍ⪅⮬㌟ࡶࡣࡌࡵ࠿ࡽ࣭࢚࣍ࣔࢥ
ࣀ࣑࢝ࢫ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ๓ᥦ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࡑࡇ࡛ࡢᕷሙᴫᛕࡣࠊ࢝ࣟࣥࡀᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡼ
࠺࡟ࠊ㞟ィࡉࢀࡓ㟂せ࡜౪⤥ࡀฟ఍࠺ཌࡳࡢ࡞࠸࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࣇ࢙࢖ࢫ࡛ࡋ࠿࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐ
ࡋ࡚ࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࡸ ANT ࡣࠊᕷሙᶵᵓࢆ⤒῭♫఍Ꮫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᇙࡵ㎸ࡳ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟ
ࢳࡢࡼ࠺࡟⹫ᵓ࡜ࡋ࡚㏥ࡅࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ≉ᐃࡢᶵ⬟ᵝᘧࢆࡶࡘᕷሙࡢᵓ⠏ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㈈ࡢ౯್ࢆつᐃࡋࠊ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࡟ࡼࡿィ⟬ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿ㐣⛬ࢆၥ㢟࡜ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ
࡛ࠊࣔࣀ࠾ࡼࡧ፹௓ࡀᢸ࠺㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠾࠿࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
ไᗘ୺⩏࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃ࡞ࡽࠊ㝈ᐃྜ⌮ⓗ࡞⤒῭୺య࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢไᗘࡸᩥ⬦࡟౫ᣐࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊពᛮỴᐃ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣィ⟬ࡀྍ⬟࡞⠊ᅖࡲ࡛」㞧ᛶࡸ୙☜ᐇᛶࢆ⦰ῶࡍࡿࡇ࡜
ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢸ࢕ࣈ࣭࣑࣮ࣜࣗㄽ࡞࡝࡟࠾࠸࡚᝿ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿไᗘࡢㄆ▱ⓗ࡞ᙺ๭࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡋ࠿ࡋࡌࡗࡉ࠸࡟⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡀㄆ▱ࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞࠺≧ἣࡣࠊไᗘⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡢ⾲㇟ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ≀ⓗ࡞ࣔࣀࡢᏑᅾ࡜ᕸ⨨ࠊ௚⪅࡜ࡢ㛵ಀᛶ࡞࡝ࡢㅖせ⣲࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋANT ࡸࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࡀ᥇⏝ࡍࡿศᩓㄆ▱ࡢ⪃࠼᪉࠿ࡽࡍࢀࡤࠊࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ࢔ࣇ
࢛࣮ࢲࣥࢫࡢᴫᛕࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࣔࣀ objets ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࣔࣀ࡜つ๎ࡢ⤖ྜࡀࠊ⾜Ⅽࢆᑟࡃ▱㆑ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠋ୍⯡࡟▱㆑ࡣே㛫ࡢ㢌ࡢ୰࡟ࡢࡳ࠶ࡾࠊㄆ▱ࡢ㐣⛬ࡶ⬻ࡢάື࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡀࡕ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡔࡀࡴࡋࢁே㛫ࡢㄆ▱ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ⾜Ⅽࡣࠊ♫఍ⓗ-ᢏ⾡ⓗேᕤ≀ࡢ⿦ഛ࡟ࡼ
ࡗ࡚ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣே㛫࣭ࣔࣀ࣭⾲㇟࡞࡝ࡢ⤖ྜ࡜㓄ഛ࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࢩࢫࢸ
࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚ᐇ⾜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕ㞟ྜⓗㄆ▱⿦⨨ dispositif cognitif collectif, DCCࠖ
㸦Favereau 1989㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ᴫᛕ໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡍ࡛࡟㏙࡭ࡓ࢝ࣟࣥࡢࠕ㓄⨨ࠖࡶ࠾ࡼࡑࡇࢀ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚ࡼ࠸ࠋ
ࡓࡔࡋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠕ㓄⨨࣭ࠖࠕ⿦⨨ࠖᴫᛕࡣࠊࡓࡋ࠿࡟✵㛫ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ㝽㛫࡞ࡃ⤌ࡳ❧࡚ࡽࢀࡓ୙ኚࡢᵓ㐀≀ࢆᣦࡍࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡴࡋࢁᕷሙⓗ㛵ಀࢆᡂ❧ࡉࡏࡿࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ໬ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆヲࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢศᯒᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋࡺ࠼࡟ࠊ፹௓
mediation ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ௰௓ intermediary ࡢ㐣⛬㸦࠾ࡼࡧ፹௓⪅ࠊ፹௓≀㸧ࡀ㝿❧ࡗ࡚኱ࡁ࡞ព⩏ࢆࡶࡘࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋANT ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣே㛫࠾ࡼࡧ㠀ே㛫ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡶࡀ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡓࡾ࠺
ࡿ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࠊ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࡜ࡣ፹௓ࢆ⾜࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᝿㉳ࡍ࡭ࡁࡔࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ࡜ࡃ࡟ࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥὴࡢ Bessy and Chauvin (2013)࡟౫ᣐࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ࣋ࢵ
ࢩ࣮ࡽࡣ௰௓⪅ࢆࠊὶ㏻ᴗ⪅࣭࣐ࢵࢳ࣓࣮࣮࣭࢝ࢥࣥࢧࣝࢱࣥࢺ࣭ホ౯⪅ࡢ㸲ࢱ࢖ࣉ࡟ࡲ
࡜ࡵࡿࡢࡔࡀࠊ௰௓⪅ࡣࡓࢇ࡟⤒῭୺యࡓࡕࢆ᥋ゐࡉࡏࡿࣉࣛࢵࢺࣇ࢛࣮࣒࡛࠶ࡿࡔࡅ࡛
ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ౯್ᵓ⠏ࡢࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢬ࣒࡟ཧ⏬ࡍࡿάືⓗᐇయ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊูࠎࡢ฼ᐖ㛵ᚰࢆ⤖ࡧ࠶ࢃࡏ࡚༢⊂ࡢ┠ᶆࢆసࡾฟࡑ࠺࡜ࡍࡿヨࡳࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ Callon (1986)ࡢ࠸࠺ࠕ⩻ヂ࡛ࠖࡶ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋᕷሙⓗ㓄⨨ࡣ✵㛫࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊࡑࡢᆅ⌮ⓗḟඖࡀ㓄⨨ࡢศᯒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᚲ
↛ⓗ࡟ၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿࠋࣃࣜࡢࣇ࢓ࢵࢩࣙࣥ⏘ᴗࡢሙྜࡣ౯್࡙ࡅ࡟ᚲせ࡞ㅖせ⣲ࡢ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝
ࡀ୍㒔ᕷ࡟㞟୰ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ㸦❧ぢ 2018b㸧ࠊࡇࢀࡣࡴࡋࢁᕼ᭷࡞౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋ✵㛫ⓗ࡟ศᩓࡋࡓάືࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⤖ྜࠊ⦅ᡂࡉࢀࠊㅖ⿦⨨ࡀᵓ⠏ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡇ
࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞፹௓⪅࣭፹௓≀ࡀ㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࡣࠊᕷሙⓗ㓄⨨࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ౯್࡙ࡅࡢศᯒ
࡟୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᮏ✏ࡢ㛵ᚰ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶ୰ᚰⓗ࡞ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ࠶ࡿ〇ရࡢࣔࣀ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢእᙧࢆࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ̿̿ࡇࢀࡶ㉁ࡢᵓ⠏ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ̿̿ࠊ፹௓≀࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࡑࡢ〇ရࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉࡟㛵୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ
࡚ࠊࣔࣀࡣ࡯࠿ࡢࣔࣀࡸไᗘ࡞࡝࡜㐃㛵ࡋ፹௓ࢆ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜࡛ࡣࡌࡵ࡚ఱࡶࡢ࠿࡟࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ
ࡢࡔ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡜ࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᕷሙⓗࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ⏕ᡂ࡟㛵୚ࡍࡿ㐣⛬ࡔࠊ࡜ࡶ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ፹௓⪅ࡣࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡟┠ࢆ␃ࡵࠊࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮ࡣ፹௓ࡢ୍➃ࢆᢸ࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

㸰⌧௦㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡟࠾ࡅࡿ౯್࡙ࡅࡢᵝᘧ2-1㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞⢭⚄ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࠊ⌧௦ࡢ♫఍⤒῭ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ⌮ㄽⓗᯟ⤌ࡳࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ౯್࡙ࡅ࡟㛵ࢃࡿㅖᴫᛕࢆࠊࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࠾ࡼࡧ ANT ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡁࡘࡘᥦ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛ࠊ⌧௦ࡢ౯್࡙ࡅᵝᘧࡀ࠸࠿࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࠿ࢆḟ࡟⪃࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡇ࡛࣎ࣝࢱࣥࢫ࣮࢟࡜
ࢩࣕ࣌ࣟࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ࣎ࣝࢱࣥࢫ࣮࢟࡜࢚ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢ◊✲ࡀᡭࡀ࠿ࡾࢆ୚࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡿࠋ

ᆅሙ⏘ᴗ࠿ࡽ๰㐀⏘ᴗ࡬ࡢ⛣⾜ࡢ⫼ᚋ࡟ࡣࠊ⏕⏘⪅ࡢព㆑ࠊศᴗࠊὶ㏻࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᕷሙ࡜
ࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ᪉ࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡢព㆑ࠊࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮ࡸࣂ࢖࣮ࣖ࡞࡝㛵୚ࡍࡿ፹௓⪅ࡢᏑᅾ࡞࡝ᗈ⠊࡞ኚ໬ࡀᶓࡓࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢኚ໬ࡣࠊBoltanski et Chiapello (1999)ࡢ࠸࠺ࠕ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞⢭⚄ࠖࡢฟ⌧࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ⢭⚄࡜ࡣࠊேࡧ࡜ࢆ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡟ཧຍࡉࡏࡿ࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮㸦ࡶࡋࡃࡣつ⠊㸻័⾜㸧࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ㐨ᚨⓗ࡞ᨭᰕ࡜ࡋ࡚㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࢆไ⣙ࡋࡶࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ Boltanski et Thévenot (1992)ࡀࠕࢩࢸࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡋࡓࠊᛮ⪃࡜⾜Ⅽࡢཧ↷㍈࡜࡞ࡾ♫఍⛛ᗎࡢᇶ♏࡜࡞ࡿつ⠊ⓗ౯್ࡢཎ⌮࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋࢩࢸ
ࡣṔྐⓗ࡟ᙧᡂࡉࢀኚ໬ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࠊ௒᪥ࠊ㸵ࡘࡢࢩࢸࡀぢฟࡉࢀࡿ㸦ᐙෆⓗࠊᕤᴗⓗࠊ࢖ࣥࢫࣆ࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥࠊୡㄽࠊၟᴗⓗࠊᕷẸ♫఍ⓗࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺᚿྥ㸧ࠋேࠎࡣࠊఱ
ࡽ࠿ࡢࢩࢸࡢㄽ⌮࡟‽ᣐࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛⮬ࡽࡢ୺ᙇࢆṇᙜ໬ࡋࠊࡑࡢ୍⯡ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ウ㆟࡜ṇᙜ໬ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ⤒࡚≉ᐃࡢࢩࢸ࡟ྜព࡛ࡁࡓ᫬ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࢩࢸࢆ
ጇ༠ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ᫬ࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢ⛛ᗎࡀᡂ❧ࡋ࠺ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡟ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟㸱ࡘࡢ⢭⚄ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ19 ୡ⣖ᮎࡢᕤᴗ⤒῭ࡢຨ⯆ᮇࡣ➨୍ࡢ⢭⚄ࠊ
1930 ᖺ௦࠿ࡽᡓᚋࡢ㧗ᗘᡂ㛗ᮇࡣ➨஧ࡢ⢭⚄ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ 1970 ᖺ௦࠿ࡽ 90 ᖺ௦࡟࠿ࡅ࡚⌧ࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ௒᪥ࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸⤒῭ࡣ➨୕ࡢ⢭⚄ࢆᇶ┙࡜ࡍࡿࠋ➨୍ࡢ⢭⚄ࡣᐙෆⓗࢩࢸ࡜ၟᴗⓗࢩࢸࡢጇ༠࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࠋ➨஧ࡢ⢭⚄ࡣࠊᕤᴗⓗࢩࢸ࡜ᕷẸ♫఍ⓗࢩࢸࡢጇ༠࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᨭ࠼ࡽ
ࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࠊຠ⋡ᛶ࣭ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ࣭ᐁ൉ไⓗᶵᵓ࡞࡝ᕤᴗࡢㄽ⌮࡜ᅋయ஺΅࡞࡝බᖹᛶࡢㄽ⌮ࡀ⼥ྜࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ➨୕ࡢ⢭⚄ࡣࠊேࡧ࡜ࡀ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟⤖ࡧࡘࡃࡇ࡜࡟౯್ࢆ࠾ࡃࠕ⤖ྜ୺⩏ⓗࠖ࡞ㄽ⌮࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞⢭⚄࡜ࡋ࡚఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ
࣎ࣝࢱࣥࢫ࣮࢟࡜ࢩࣕ࣌ࣟ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢኚ໬࡜᪂ࡓ࡞⢭⚄ࢆ‽ഛࡍࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡬ࡢᢈุ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᢈุ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡣಟṇࡉࢀࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᪂ࡋ࠸⛛ᗎཎ⌮࡬࡜⛣ືࡍࡿࠋᢈุ࡟ࡣ஧ࢱ࢖ࣉ࠶ࡾࠊ㈤㔠ࡸປാ᮲௳ࡢᨵၿࢆせồࡍࡿ♫఍ⓗᢈุࡀ➨஧ࡢ⢭⚄ࢆ‽ഛࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ➨஧ࡢ⢭⚄࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ♫఍⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆᢈุ
ࡋᙅయ໬ࡉࡏࠊ௒᪥ࡢ⢭⚄ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࡟⮳ࡗࡓᢈุࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡣࠊⱁ⾡ᐙⓗᢈุ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࠋ
ࡑࢀࡣ 19 ୡ⣖௨᮶ࠊⱁ⾡ᐙࡸ◊✲⪅ࡀ୺ᙇࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ⮬⏤ࠊゎᨺࠊ┿ṇᛶࡢせồ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ኱⫹࡟せ⣙ࡍࢀࡤࠊಶேࢆ⦡ࡿ࠶ࡽࡺࡿไ⣙࠿ࡽࡢゎᨺ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡢᢈุ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㈨ᮏ
୺⩏ࡢ➨஧ࡢ⢭⚄࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊປാࡢ␯እ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊᕷሙ࡛ࡣ኱㔞⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡓ」〇ရࡀಶࠎࡢᅛ᭷ᛶࢆᣢࡘၟရ࡟ྲྀࡗ࡚௦ࢃࡾࠊࡲࡓ௻ᴗࡢᕪู໬ᡓ␎࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕࠥ㢼ࠖࡢ⾲ᒙⓗ࡞࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆࡲ࡜ࡗࡓၟရࡀᾐ㏱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ⏕άࡢ୰࠿ࡽ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព࿡ࡸ㇟ᚩⓗ࡞せ⣲ࡀኻࢃࢀࡿࠋⱁ⾡ᐙⓗᢈุࡣ࠸ࢃࡤࡇࡢ≧ἣ࡬ࡢࣜ࢔ࢡࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࠶࠿ࡽࡉࡲ

࡟ၟရ໬ࡉࢀࡓసࡾ≀ࡸࡲࡀ࠸≀࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠕᮏ≀࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡘࡲࡾ┿ṇᛶࢆせồࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊⱁ⾡ᐙⓗᢈุࡣ 1980 ᖺ௦ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ♫఍ⓗᢈุ࡜⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡓປാ
⪅ࡢᏳ඲ᛶ࡜Ᏻᐃᛶ࡟ᐤ୚ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓㅖ⿦⨨ࡢᙅయ໬࡟ᐤ୚ࡋࠊ
ࠕ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞⢭⚄ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ලయ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ80 ᖺ௦ࡣࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࢩࣜࢥࣥࣂ࣮ࣞࡸࠕ➨୕ࡢ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ࠖࡢᆅሙ
⏘ᴗᆅᇦ࡞࡝᪂ࡋ࠸⏘ᴗ✵㛫࡜ࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡢ୰ᑠ௻ᴗࡢỈᖹⓗ࡞ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࠕᰂ
㌾࡞ᑓ㛛໬ࠖࡀὀ┠ࡉࢀࡓ᫬ᮇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᕷሙࡢኚ໬࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ศᴗࢆ⤌ࡳ᭰࠼ࡿࠕᰂ㌾࡞ᑓ㛛໬ࠖࡣࠊࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢࢩࢸࡢⴌⱆⓗ⌧ࢀ࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊࢩࣜࢥࣥࣂࣞ
࣮ࡢ㉳ᴗᐙࡣ࢔ࢵࣉࣝࡢࢫࢸ࢕࣮ࣈ࣭ࢪࣙࣈࢬࢆࡣࡌࡵࠊࣄࢵࣆ࣮ᩥ໬࡞࡝࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ࢝
࢘ࣥࢱ࣮࢝ࣝࢳ࣮ࣕࢆయ⌧ࡍࡿே≀ࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋᚑ᮶ᆺࡢ኱௻ᴗࡢࣄ࢚࣮ࣛࣝ࢟ⓗ࡞⏘ᴗᩥ໬࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊⱁ⾡ᐙⓗᢈุࢆࣅࢪࢿࢫࡢୡ⏺࡛ᗈࡵ࡚࠸ࡃᙺ๭ࢆᢸࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋᕷሙ࡛ࡣࠊ┿ṇᛶࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࠊࠕഇ≀࡛ࠖࡣ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡀᚿྥࡉࢀࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ㣗ရ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㑇ఏᏊ⤌ࡳ᥮࠼࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᅵᆅࡢ㢼ᅵ࡟᰿ࡊࡋࡓࠕ⮬↛࡞ࡶࡢࠖࠊほග⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣ᪑⾜ᴗ⪅ࡢ௻⏬࡛ࡣ࡞࠸Ṕྐⓗ㔜ࡳࡸゼၥඛ࡛ࡢഅ↛ࡢฟ఍࠸ࡀࠕᮏ≀ࠖࡢ⤒㦂ࢆᥦ౪ࡋࠊሙᡤࡢ
౯್ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࠋၟရࡢ㉁ࡣ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡣᶵ⬟ᛶࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࡶࡗࡥࡽホ౯ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊ௒᪥࡛ࡣࠊ
⏕⏘⪅࡜ᾘ㈝⪅ࡢ㛫࡛ඹ᭷ࡉࢀࡓ≉ᐃࡢ౯್࡜↷ࡽࡋ࡚ࠕᮏ≀ࠖࡢࠕⰋ࠸ࠖရ㉁࡛࠶ࡿ࠿
࡝࠺࠿ࡀヨࡉࢀࡿ 3ࠋၟရࡢ౯್ࡣࠊ࢚ࢥࣟࢪ࣮ࠊᆅ⏘ᆅᾘࠊᑂ⨾ᛶࠊࠕᮏ᮶ࠖࡢᬽࡽࡋ᪉ࠊ
㐃ᖏ㸦ࣇ࢙࢔ࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࡞࡝㸧➼ࠎࠊከᵝ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

2-2㇏✨໬ࡢ⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿ౯್࡙ࡅᙧែ

௨ୖࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞⢭⚄ࡢྎ㢌࡟࡜ࡶ࡞࠺┿ṇᛶࡢせồࡢ㧗ࡲࡾࡀࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ᆅሙ⏘ᴗࡸࢡࣛࣇࢺࡢ෌ホ౯ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ⫼ᬒ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ⫋ேࡢᡭసᴗ࡟ࡼࡿ〇ရࡣࠊྠࡌࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶᑡࡋࡎࡘ㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ࠶ࡿ〇ရࡣᮏ᮶ࡋ࠿ࡌ
࠿ࡢ⣲ᮦ࡛ࡋ࠿ࡌ࠿ࡢᢏ⾡࡟ࡼࡗ࡚సࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡚ࠊ㏆௦໬ࡀᾐ㏱ࡍࡿ௨๓ࡢᬽࡽࡋ࡛ࡣࡋ
࠿ࡌ࠿ࡢ౑ࢃࢀ᪉ࡀࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠊ࡜࠸࠺〇ရࡢṔྐ࣭ᩥ໬ⓗ࡞㉳※ࡸసࡾᡭࡢಶᛶࡀࠊ〇ရࡢ┿ṇᛶࢆᵓ⠏࣭つᐃࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ㝿ࠊᑂ⨾ᛶࢆවࡡࡑ࡞࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶࡲࡓ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
Boltanski et Esquerre (2017)4ࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ᪂ࡋ࠸㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡟࠾ࡅࡿ〇ရࡢ౯್࡙ࡅᙧ
3ࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡛ࡣࠕ㉁ࡢ័⾜ quality conventionࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢥࣦࣥ
࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࡣࠊ࣎ࣝࢱࣥࢫ࣮࢟ࡢ⌮ㄽ࡜ᐦ᥋࡞㛵ಀࢆᣢࡕࡘࡘᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
4ྠ᭩ࡢࡶ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓㄽᩥࡢ୍ࡘࡀࠊ୰ཎ㝯ᖾ࡜㡲⏣ᩥ᫂࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࣎ࣝࢱࣥࢫ࣮࣭࢚࢟ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ㸦2017㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ヂฟࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕ㇏✨໬ࡢ⤒῭ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ヂㄒࡣࠊ㡲⏣࣭୰ཎ࡟㈇ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ᮏ⠇ࡢグ㏙࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࡣࠊࡇࡢ୰ཎ࣭㡲⏣ࡢ⩻ヂ࡜ࠊBoltanski et Esquerre (2017)ࢆ࡜ࡶ࡟ཧ↷ࡋࡓࠋែ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⪃ᐹࢆࡲ࡜ࡲࡗࡓᙧ࡛ᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᙼࡽࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᆅሙ⏘ᴗ〇ရ࡞࠸ࡋࡣࠕᡭ௙஦ࠖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿ〇ရ࡬ࡢ౯್ࡢ෌௜୚ࡣࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୺ࡓࡿ౯್࡙ࡅᙧែ࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ࣎ࣝࢱࣥࢫ࣮࢟࡜࢚ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡀ⪃ᐹࡢᑐ㇟࡜
ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ୍⯡࡟ࡣ๰㐀⤒῭ࡸ๰㐀⏘ᴗ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ㡿ᇦ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᙼࡽࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ࿧ࡧྡ
ࢆ᥇⏝ࡏࡎࠊ᪂ࡓ࡟ࠕ㇏✨໬ࡢ⤒῭ économie de l’enrichissementࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊⱁ⾡ࠊ࡞࠿࡛ࡶ㐀ᙧⱁ⾡ࠊᩥ໬ࠊ࢔ࣥࢸ࢕࣮ࢡࠊ⨾⾡㤋➼ࡢタ❧ࠊࣛࢢࢪࣗ࢔࣮ࣜ⏘ᴗࠊṔྐ㑇⏘໬ patrimonialisation ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࠊࢶ࣮ࣜࢬ࣒࡞࡝ࡀࡑࡇ࡟ࡣ
ྵࡲࢀࡿࠋᙼࡽࡣࠊᕤᴗ⏕⏘࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿᐩࡢᙧᡂ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࠊࡑࡇ࡟ᅛ᭷ࡢ〇ရࡢ౯್࡙ࡅᵝᘧ࡜ࠊᨻ἞⤒῭ᏛⓗதⅬࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 5ࠋ㇏✨໬࡜ࡣ㸦࡜ࡾࢃࡅ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟ࡍࡿ࡜㸧ࢃ࠿ࡾ࡟ࡃ࠸ゝⴥࡔࡀࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព
࿡ྜ࠸ࡀ㎸ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➨୍࡟㇏✨໬ࡢ⤒῭ࡣࠊᐩ⿱⪅ᒙ riche ࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸
࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨஧࡟ࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ࣔࣀࡢ⏕⏘࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡣࠊࡍ࡛࡟Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࣔࣀࡢࠕ㇏
✨໬ࠖ࡟౫ᣐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ㈗㔠ᒓࠊ⏕ά⎔ቃࠊᩥ໬ⓗࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶࠊ⾰᭹ࠊࠕࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖࡢ୰࡛㛵㐃࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿ஦≀ࡢ⥲య࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡀࠕ㇏✨໬ࠖࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢព࿡࡛㇏✨໬ࡣࠊᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࠊ㐣ཤ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡟࡜ࡾࢃࡅ‽ᣐࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏ࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡢ㛵㐃࡛ࡣࠊᆅሙ⏘ᴗ〇ရࡀࠊࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮ࠊࣂ࢖࣮ࣖࠊ㈍኎ࡉࢀࡿᗑ⯒➼࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㇏✨໬ࡉࢀࠊ๰㐀⏘ᴗᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚౯್ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊࡇࡇ࡛ゝ࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡢࣔࣀࡢ౯್ࡣࠊᮏ㉁୺⩏ⓗ࡟ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
౯್࡜ࡣࠊேࠎࡀ౯᱁ࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿ㝿࡟ཧ↷ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡀ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ౯್ࢆ౯᱁ࡢୖὶ࡟ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࣔࣀ⮬యࡢ୰࡟ᐃ఩ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡢࡼ࠺࡟౯್ࢆ⌮ㄽⓗ࡞ᆒ⾮౯᱁࡜ΰྠࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣ౯್
ࢆ౯᱁ࡢᕝୗ࡟ᐃ఩ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠖ㸦Boltanski et Esquerre 2017, p.111㸧ࠋᙼࡽ࡟࡜ࡗ
࡚౯್࡜ࡣࠊࠕࡑࢀࡀࣔࣀࡢ౯᱁ࢆᢈุࡋࡓࡾṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿ㝈ࡾ࡟࠾࠸࡚
ࡢࡳ㐺ษ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ㸦ྠୖ㸧ࠋ

5๰㐀⤒῭࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ๰㐀㒔ᕷ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲࣭ᨻ⟇࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣇࣟࣜࢲࡢᙳ㡪ຊࡣ㝿❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ࣎ࣝࢱࣥࢫ
࣮࢟࡜࢚ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡣࠊࣇࣟࣜࢲࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢၥ㢟ࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋ➨୍࡟ࠊࣇࣟࣜࢲࡀ๰㐀㝵⣭࡟ᒓࡍࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿேࠎࡢປാࡀ㛵୚ࡍࡿ⏕⏘≀㸦ࣔࣀ㸧ࡢ≉Ṧᛶࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊᕤᴗ⤒῭࡜ࠊᙼࡽࡀ
㇏✨໬࡜࿧ࡪ⤒῭ࡢ༊ูࢆࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚➨஧࡟ࠊࢡ࢚ࣜ࢖ࢸ࢕ࣈ࣭ࢡࣛࢫࡀ࠶ࡓ࠿ࡶᆒ㉁࡞඲యࢆᵓᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋᐇ㝿࡟ࡣࠊࠕ㇏✨໬ࡢ⤒῭ࠖࡣࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸
㝵⣭ᵓ㐀ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࠊࡇࡢ⤒῭ࡢෆ㒊࡟࠾࠸࡚฼₶ศ㓄࡟㛵ࡍࡿⴭࡋ࠸♫఍ⓗ୙ᖹ➼ࡢၥ㢟ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࣔࣀࢆつᐃࡍࡿసᴗࡀၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࣔࣀ࡟౯᱁ࡀ௜୚ࡉࢀὶ㏻
ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࡑࢀࡽࡀ㛵㐃࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ᥮ゝࡍࢀࡤࠊ࠶ࡿྠ୍ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡢ୰࡟఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡣࡌࡵ࡚ࣔࣀࡣつᐃࡉࢀࠊẚ㍑ྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡾࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᕪ␗ࢆ௜୚ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࡲࡉ࡟࢝ࣟࣥࡽࡀ࠸
࠺ᛶ㉁Ỵᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࣎ࣝࢱࣥࢫ࣮࢟࡜࢚ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡣࡇࡇ࡛ࠕᙧែࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆᑟධࡍ
ࡿࠋᙧែࡣࠊ
ࠕࣔࣀ࡜ࠊࣔࣀࡀṇ☜࡟ホ౯ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺௻ᅗࡉࢀࡿ㝿ࡢࣃ࣮ࢫ࣌ࢡࢸ࢕ࣈࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿࠖࡶࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࢀࡣࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⤒῭Ꮫࡀゝ࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡢ័⾜㹙convention㹛࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿࠖ㸦ྠୖ, p.154㸧ࠋᙼࡽࡣࠊ
ࠗ≉␗ᛶࡢ⤒῭࠘ࢆᥦ㉳ࡍࡿ Karpik(2007)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟≉␗ᛶࡢ⛛ᗎ࡜㔞⏘ࡢ⛛ᗎࡢᑐ❧ࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ័⾜ⓗᙧែ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣔࣀ࡬ࡢ౯್௜୚ mise en valeur ᪉ἲࡢ㐪࠸࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ᙧែࡣࠊ
ᕪ␗㸦ศᯒ vs. ླྀ㏙㸧࡜᫬㛫㸦౯್ࡢ႙ኻ vs. ౯್ࡢ⋓ᚓ㸧࡜࠸࠺஧ࡘࡢ㍈࠿ࡽᢕᥱࡍ
ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ࡲࡎࠊࣔࣀ࡟௜୚ࡉࢀࡿᕪ␗ࡢつᐃ࡟㛵ࢃࡿ㍈࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࣔࣀࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡿୖ࡛ࠊࡑࡢ
ᒓᛶࡣ஧ࢱ࢖ࣉࡢゝㄒ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚グ㏙ࡉࢀᚓࡿࠋ୍ࡘࡣศᯒⓗゝㄒ㸦ᘚูⓗ࡛ࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤ
ᐃྍ⬟࡛ࠊࢥ࣮ࢻ໬ࡉࢀࡓ≉ᚩ㸧ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡀླྀ㏙ⓗゝㄒ㸦ฟ᮶஦ࡸே≀ࢆ₇ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜㸧࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤᕤᴗ〇ရ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᚋ㏙ࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡢࠕᶆ‽ࠖᙧែࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࠊ
ࣔࣀࡀศᯒⓗゝㄒ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᥦ♧ࡉࢀࠊᕪ␗࡜ࣄ࢚࣮ࣛࣝ࢟ⓗ࡞఩⨨࡙ࡅࡀ௜୚ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑ
ࡇ࡛ࡣࠊࡲࡎ࢜ࣜࢪࢼࣝ࡞ࣉࣟࢺࢱ࢖ࣉ࡜࡞ࡿࣔࣀࡀศᯒⓗゝㄒ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᥦ♧ࡉࢀࠊࡑࡋ
࡚ࡑࢀࢆᇶ࡟ᵝࠎ࡞ࢧࣥࣉࣝࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿࠋศᯒⓗᥦ♧ࡣࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤᩘᏐ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࣔࣀ
ࢆࡑࡢ⣧⢋࡞ࣔࣀᛶ࡟࠾࠸࡚⾲㇟ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊࣔࣀࡀ≧ἣ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࢥࣥࢸ࢟
ࢫࢺࡢ࠸࠿ࢇ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࡑࡢྠ୍ᛶࢆಖࡕ⥆ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ླྀ㏙ⓗᥦ♧ࡣࠊ๰㐀⏘ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᗈࡃぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࣔࣀࡢグ㏙ࠊࣔࣀࢆྲྀࡾᅖࡴ㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣྲྀࡾᅖࢇ࡛ࡁࡓ㸧≧ἣࡢႏ㉳ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ⏕⏘⪅ࠊᡤ᭷⪅ࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡢᡤ᭷⪅࡞࡝ࣔࣀ࡜
㛵ಀࢆᣢࡘ㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᣢࡗ࡚᮶ࡓ㸧ே≀ࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿࠋḟ࡟ࠊ᫬㛫㍈࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᙼࡽࡣࣔࣀࡀ᭷ࡍࡿᕷሙⓗຊ࡜࿧ࡪࡶࡢࡢ⛬ᗘࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࢀࡣ᫬㛫ࡢ⤒㐣࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊࣔࣀࡢ౯್ࡀᦆ࡞ࢃࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣቑຍࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡟╔┠ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ
ࠕ㐣ཤࢆ௜୚ࡉࢀࡓࣔࣀࡀᖾ࠸࡟ࡶ᫬㛫࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࡑࡢຊࢆቑຍ
ࡉࡏࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ㐣ཤࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸ࣔࣀࡣࠊ᫬㛫࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࡑࡢຊࢆ႙ኻࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠖ
㸦Boltanski et Esquerre 2017, p.157㸧ࠋᕤᴗ〇ရࡣከࡃࡢሙྜࠊ᫬㛫࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ရ㉁ຎ໬ࡋࠊ
᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣᗫᲠࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࢡࣛࣇࢺ〇ရࡣࡴࡋࢁ౑࠸㎸ࡴࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚

࿡ࢃ࠸ࡀቑࡍࠋࣁ࢘ࢫ࣓࣮࣮࢝࡟ࡼࡿᕤᴗⓗ࡞ఫᏯ࡜ྂẸᐙࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࢀࡽࡢ㞟ྜయ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦࣮࢜ࣝࢻࢱ࢘ࣥ໬ࡋࡓ㸧᪂⯆ఫᏯᆅ࡜Ṕྐⓗᆅ༊ࡢᑐẚࢆ౛࡟࠶ࡆ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸ࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ஧ࡘࡢ㍈ࡢ஺ᕪ࠿ࡽࠊࣔࣀࡢ౯್࡙ࡅ࡟㛵ࢃࡿ㸲ࡘࡢᙧែ࡞࠸ࡋࡣ
౯್࡙ࡅ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣃ࣮ࢫ࣌ࢡࢸ࢕ࣈࡀᑟ࠿ࢀࡿ㸦⾲㸯㸧ࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᙧែࡣࠊ౯᱁ࢆṇᙜ໬ࡋࠊ࠺ࡲࡃ࠸ࡅࡤࠕ㐺ษࠖࡔ࡜ุ᩿ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞౯᱁ᙧᡂࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ౯᱁࡟ྥ
ࡅࡽࢀࡿᢈุࡢᇶ┙࡜ࡶ࡞ࡿࠋ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡏࡼᙧែࡣࠊุ᩿ࡢᇶ‽ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓ
࡜࠼ࡤࠊࠕᶆ‽ࠖᙧែ࡟ᚑࡗ࡚⮬ື㌴ࡢ኎㈙ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊྠࡌᶵ⬟ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚
ࡶࠊ᪂㌴ࡣ୰ྂ㌴ࡼࡾࡶ㧗࠸౯᱁࡛㈍኎ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ
ࠕࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖᙧែ࡟ᚑ࠼
ࡤࠊ࢜ࣜࢪࢼࣝࡢ࢔࣮ࢺసရࡣࠊࡑࡢ」〇ရࡼࡾࡶ㧗ࡃྲྀᘬࡉࢀࡿࠋ⾲㸯 㸲ࡘࡢ౯್࡙ࡅᙧែ㸦ࣇ࢛࣒ࣝ㸧ฟᡤ㸸Boltanski et Esquerre (2017, p.159)ࡢ⾲ࡼࡾసᡂࠋ
ศᯒⓗ࡞ᥦ♧

ླྀ㏙ⓗ࡞ᥦ♧

ᕷሙⓗຊ㸦࣐࢖ࢼࢫ㸧ࠕᶆ‽ࠖᙧែ

ࠕࢺࣞࣥࢻࠖᙧែ

ᕷሙⓗຊ㸦ࣉࣛࢫ㸧ࠕ㈨⏘ࠖᙧែ

ࠕࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖᙧែ

ࡇࢀࡽ 4 ࡘࡢᙧែࡢ࠺ࡕࠊࣇ࢛࣮ࢹ࢕ࢬ࣒࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿᕤᴗ⤒῭ࢆ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅ࡚ࡁࡓࡢࡣࠊ
ࠕᶆ‽ࠖᙧែ࡟ࡼࡿ౯್࡙ࡅ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ௒᪥ᣑ኱ࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡿࠕ㇏✨໬ࡢ⤒῭ࠖ࡟≉ᚩⓗ࡞ᙧែࡣࠊࠕࢥࣞࢡࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ
࡜ࡾࢃࡅᙼࡽࡀయ⣔ⓗࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥ࡜࿧ࡪࡶࡢࡀࠊ
ࠕ㇏✨໬ࡢ⤒῭ࠖ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୰ᚰⓗ࡞౯್௜୚ᙧែ࡜࡞ࡿࠋయ⣔ⓗࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡣࠊ⣔ิࡢḟඖࢆ᭷ࡋࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡢୗ࡛
ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࣔࣀࢆ㛵㐃࡙ࡅࠊయ⣔ⓗ࡟⤌⧊ࡋࠊ㐺ษࡔ࡜ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓᕪ␗࡟ᚑࡗ࡚ࣔࣀࢆศ
㓄ࡋࠊ୍ࡘ࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵୖࡆࡿㄽ⌮࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤ㝡ჾࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ᫬௦ࡢ࠶ࡿሙᡤ࡛⏕⏘ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚஫࠸࡟㛵㐃࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊࢧ࢖ࢬࠊⰍࠊᙧࠊ⿦㣭ᅗ᱌࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡗ
࡚ᕪ␗ࢆ௜୚ࡉࢀࡿࠋᶆ‽ⓗ࡞஦≀ࡢ⏕⏘ࡀప㈤㔠ㅖᅜ࡟⛣㌿ࡍࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢬ࣒ࡀ㐣ཤ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡢά⏝࡬࡜኱ࡁࡃ㌿ᅇࡍࡿ୰࡛ࠊࡇࡢᙧែࡀᐩࡢ๰㐀ᵝᘧࢆ⛣ືࡉࡏࡿせᅉ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡍ࡛࡟࠶ࡿࡶࡢ࡟౯್௜୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࠕᶆ‽ࠖⓗ⏕⏘ࡀ౫ᣐࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡣ኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿㄽᣐ࡜ヨ㦂㸻ヨ⦎ épreuve ࡢ☜❧ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ

ࣔࣀࢆ཰⣡ࡋࠊ㓄ิࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᚲせ᮲௳࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ᭩
⡠ࡣࠊࣔࣀ࡜ࡋ࡚ᮏᲴ࡟ࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࡉࢀࡿࠋ≀㉁ᛶࡢ௜୚࡜㌟యࡢୡ⏺࡬ࡢཧຍ࡜࠸࠺
஦ᐇࡣࠊࣔࣀ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡢ✀ࡢ⿦⨨ࡢ୰࡛Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ୙ྍḞ࡞ᒓᛶ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋゝㄒ㸦᭩࠿ࢀࡓࡶࡢࡸཱྀ㢌㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ఏ㐩ࡉࢀࡿ⪃࠼ࡸࠊࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ࢔࣮ࢺ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊ
ࣔࣀࡣᣢ⥆ⓗ࡞≀ⓗ࡞༢୍ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊಶே࡞࠸ࡋࡣ㞟ᅋ࡟ᡤ᭷ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࠕࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖᙧែࡔࡀࠊඛ㏙ࡢ஧ࡘࡢ㍈࡟ᚑࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࠋ୍ࡘࡣ
ࣔࣀࡢ㸦ླྀ㏙ⓗ㸧ᥦ♧࡜࠸࠺⦪㍈࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡣࣔࣀࡀ᭷ࡍࡿᕷሙⓗຊ࡜࠸࠺ᶓ㍈࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᅗ㸯㸧
ࠋࡲࡎ๓⪅ࡢ⦪㍈ࡣࠊࣔࣀࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡿ≧ែࢆࠊࣉࣟࢺࢱ࢖ࣉ㸦ཎᆺ㸧࡜ࠊࡍ࡛࡟☜❧ࡉࢀࡓఱࡽ࠿ࡢࣉࣟࢺࢱ࢖ࣉࢆࡶ࡜࡟⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿࢧࣥࣉࣝ㸦ぢᮏ㸧ࡢ㛵ಀ࠿ࡽㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⦪㍈ࡢୗ᪉࡟ࡣࠊ
㸦ࡍ࡛࡟㉁ࢆ㸧つᐃࡉࢀࡓࣉࣟࢺࢱ࢖ࣉࢆᇶ࡟⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡿࢧࣥࣉࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࣔࣀࡢࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࡀ఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿ㸦࣐ࢵࢳ⟽ࠊࣃ࢖ࣉࠊࣅ࣮ࣝࡸ࢘࢖ࢫ࣮࢟ࡢ✵ࣅࣥ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࠊ࠶ࡾࡩࢀࡓ஦≀ࡢ཰㞟㸧ࠋḟ࡟ࠊࡇࡢ㍈ࡢୖ᪉࡟ࡣࠊࣉࣟࢺࢱ࢖ࣉ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࢧࣥࣉࣝࡢࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࡀ఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿ㸦≉ู࡞ព࿡ࢆᣢࡘ࢔ࣥࢸ࢕࣮ࢡࡢ㧗⣭᫬ィࡸ㌴㸧ࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊࡇࡢ㍈ࡢ᭱ୖ఩㒊ศ࡟ࡣࠊࣉࣟࢺ
ࢱ࢖ࣉ࡜ࢧࣥࣉࣝࡢ㛫ࡢ༊ูࡀᙅ࠸࠿Ꮡᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ࣔࣀ࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙ
ࣥࡀ఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿ㸦ࣞ࢜ࢼࣝࢻ࣭ࢲ࣭ࣅࣥࢳࠊࣂࣝࢸࣗࢫࠊ࢖ࣦ࣭ࢡࣛ࢖ࣥ㸧ࠋ

ᅗ1ࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥᙧែࡢᵓ㐀ᅗᘧ

ฟᡤ㸸Boltanski et Esquerre(2017) p.281 ࡢᅗࡼࡾసᡂࠋ

⥆࠸࡚ࠊᶓ㍈ࡢᕷሙⓗຊࡢḟඖ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕᶆ‽ࠖᙧែ࡟࠾࠸࡚౯್࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࣔࣀࡀࠕ౑
⏝ࠖ࡟ࡼࡿຎ໬ࢆక࠸᫬㛫⤒㐣࡜࡜ࡶ࡟౯್ࢆ႙ኻࡍࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ
ࠕࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖᙧែ࡟
࠾࠸࡚ࡣከࡃࡢሙྜࠊࣔࣀࡣࠕ౑⏝ࠖ┠ⓗ௨እ࡛౯್࡙ࡅࡽࢀࠊ᫬㛫࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࡴࡋࢁ౯್
ࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡿࠋ
ࠕࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖᙧែࡢ୰࡛ࡶࠊࣔࣀࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡍグ᠈ࡢຠᯝ㸦グ᠈ⓗຊ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ㸧ࡢ⛬ᗘ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚௜୚ࡉࢀࡿ౯್ࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋグ᠈ⓗຊ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿே≀࡞࠸ࡋࡣฟ᮶஦࡜ࡢ≀⌮ⓗ࡞᥋ゐ㸦≀⌮ⓗ㏆᥋ᛶ㸧ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡀ㔜せ࡞ព࿡ࢆᣢࡘࠋ
➨୍࡟ࠊࠕࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖᙧែ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ౯್࡙ࡅࡀࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ࠊ≀ㄒ࡟౫ᣐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺
ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨஧࡟ࠊࠕࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖᙧែ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ≀ㄒࢆ⿬௜ࡅࡿࡼ࠺࡞┿ṇᛶࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋグ᠈ⓗຊ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢグ᠈ࡀಶேⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࠿㞟ᅋⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺༊ูࡣ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦⚾ࡢ♽∗ࡀಖ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࣜࢵࣉ 6ࡢ᫬ィ࡜ࠊࢻࢦ࣮ࣝᑗ㌷ࡀࢳ࣮ࣕࢳࣝ࡟
㉗ࡗࡓ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࣜࢵࣉࡢ᫬ィࠕT18 ࣔࢹࣝࠖ㸧ࠋ㸱ᆅሙ⏘ᴗ〇ရࡢ౯್࡙ࡅ̿̿ࠕᶆ‽ࠖᙧែ࠿ࡽࠕࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖᙧែ࡬

3-1ࠕࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖᙧែ࡜Ẹ⸤㐠ື௨ୖࡢ㆟ㄽࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚ࠊᨵࡵ࡚ᆅሙ⏘ᴗᆅᇦ࡛⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡿ⏘ᆅ〇ရࡢ౯್࡙ࡅᙧែࡢኚ
໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᤊ࠼┤ࡋ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋከࡃࡢᆅሙ⏘ᴗᆅᇦ࡛ࡣࠊ⏘ᆅၥᒇࢆ୰ᚰ࡟⣽࠿࠸♫఍ⓗศᴗࡀ⤌⧊ࡉࢀࠊ〇㐀௻ᴗࡣ≉ᐃࡢຍᕤᢏ⾡ࡸᕤ⛬࡟≉໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᢏ⾡࣭ᢏ⬟ࡢ῝໬࡜ຠ⋡ⓗ࡞⏕⏘ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆᙧᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 7ࠋከࡃࡢᆅᇦࡣ㍺ฟ⏝ࢆྵࡴ㔞⏘ရࡢ⏕⏘࡟
ࡼࡗ࡚Ⓨᒎࡋࠊ1980 ᖺ௦༙ࡤ௨㝆ࠊᅜ㝿➇தࡢ⃭໬࡜ᅜෆ㟂せࡢ႙ኻ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㢧ⴭ࡞⦰ᑠࢆ⤒㦂ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇᆅሙ⏘ᴗ〇ရࡣࠊす㝕⧊ࡸ㧗⣭⁽ჾࡢࡼ࠺࡞㧗⣭ရᕷሙྥࡅࡢ
ఏ⤫ᕤⱁရࡸࠊྛᆅࡢ㝡☢ჾ⏘ᆅ࡟Ⅼᅾࡍࡿ㝡☢ჾసᐙࡢసရ࡞࡝ࠊࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ࠕࢥࣞࢡࢩ
ࣙࣥᙧែࠖ࡟࠾࠸࡚౯್࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ〇ရࢆྵࡴࡀࠊከࡃࡣᾏእ〇ရ࡜ࡢ౯᱁➇த࡟ࡉࡽࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠕᶆ‽ࠖᙧែ࡟࠾࠸࡚౯್࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ
2000 ᖺ௦௨㝆࡟㢧ᅾ໬ࡍࡿࠊᆅᇦࡢࡍ࡛࡟࠶ࡿᢏ⾡࣭⣲ᮦ࣭࢖࣓࣮ࢪ➼ࢆࠕ෌Ⓨぢࠖࡋࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞౯್࡙ࡅࢆ⾜࠾࠺࡜ࡍࡿヨࡳࡣࠊࠕᶆ‽ࠖᙧែ࠿ࡽࠕࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖᙧែ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ౯
6

1867 ᖺ๰ᴗࡢࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿ᫬ィࣈࣛࣥࢻࠋ
⏘ᆅ࡜ࡣࠊࠕ≉ᐃࡢᆅᇦ࡟ྠᴗ✀ࡢᆅඖ㈨ᮏࡢ୰ᑠ௻ᴗࡀ㞟୰❧ᆅࡋࠊᗈᇦⓗ࡟ᕷሙࢆồࡵ ࡚࠸ࡿ〇㐀ᴗࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡋࡓᆅᇦⓗ⏘ᴗ㞟ᅋࠖࢆᣦࡍ㸦⸨ሯ࣭㧗ᰗ⦅, 2016, p.44㸧
ࠋࡑࡇ࡟ࡣࠊ㝡☢ჾࠊ㣗ရࠊᶵᲔ㔠ᒓࠊ⧄⥔ࠊ⋵ලࠊᐙලࠊᮌᕤ࡞࡝ከᵝ࡞〇ရศ㔝ࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࠋ୰ᑠ௻ᴗᗇࠕ⏘ᆅᴫἣㄪᰝࠖ
㸦2005 ᖺ࡟ᗫṆ㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊᖺ㛫኎ୖ㢠 5 ൨෇௨ୖࡢ⏘ᆅࡣࠊ578 ᆅᇦᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ

7್࡙ࡅ࡬ࡢ⛣⾜࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࡢ㝿ࠊᆅᇦእࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮ࡸࣂ࢖࣮ࣖࡀ፹
௓⪅࡜ࡋ࡚㔜せ࡞఩⨨ࢆ༨ࡵࡿࠋ࣎ࣝࢱࣥࢫ࣮࢟࡜࢚ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢࠕࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖᙧែࡢ
ㄝ᫂ᅗᘧ࡟ᑐᛂࡉࡏࡿ࡜ࠊከࡃࡣࠊ
ࠕᶆ‽ࠖᙧែ࡟࠾࠸୍࡚ᗘ౯್ࢆ႙ኻࡋࡓࣔࣀࡀ෌౯್
௜୚ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ
ࠕ࠶ࡾࡩࢀࡓࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ
ླྀ㏙ⓗᥦ♧ࡢ௙᪉࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ࠊࣉࣟࢺࢱ࢖ࣉ࡟࠸ࡗࡑ࠺᥋㏆ࡋ㸦ࡼࡾୖ᪉࡬࡜ࢩࣇࢺ㸧ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ᕷሙⓗຊࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾᚓࡿࠋ
ᆅሙ⏘ᴗ〇ရ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࢡࣛࣇࢺ〇ရ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࣔࣀࡢ౯್ࡀᕷሙ࡛ホ౯ࡉࢀࡿୖ࡛ࠊ
≉ᐃࡢ౯್ࡢཧ↷ඖ࡜ࡋ࡚Ẹ⸤㐠ືࡢⴭసࡀᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ㞧ㄅࡸ᭩⡠➼࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᰗ᐀ᝋࡸࣂ࣮ࢼ࣮ࢻ࣭࣮ࣜࢳ➼ࡢே≀࡜ࡢ⤖ࡧࡘࡁࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ࠊẸ⸤㐠ື࡜ᆅሙ⏘ᴗࡢ〇ရࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࣔࢲ࣭ࣥࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡀ㛵㐃࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦℈⏣ 2006, 2007㸧ࠋࢡࣛࣇࢺရࢆᢅ࠺㞧㈌ᗑ࡞࡝࡛ࡣࠊჾࡸ㞧㈌࡜୪ࢇ࡛ࡇࢀࡽࡢⴭసࡀ࠾࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ
ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡃ 8ࠊᗑ⯒࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡶࣔࣀࡢ౯್ࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿᩥ⬦ࡀⓎಙࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ࣎ࣝ
ࢱࣥࢫ࣮࢟࡜ࢩࣕ࣌ࣟࡢ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ⢭⚄ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟❧ࡕ㏉ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊẸ⸤ࡣⱁ⾡ᐙⓗᢈุ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࢱ࢖ࣉࡢᢈุ࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋẸ⸤ࡣ௒᪥ࡢ᪥ᮏ࡛ࠊࢡࣛࣇ
ࢺࡢࣔࣀࡢࠕ┿ṇ࡞ࠖ౯್ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿୖ࡛㔜せ࡞ཧ↷㍈ࡢ୍ࡘࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀ
ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤᰗ᐀ᝋ࡜࠸࠺ே≀࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ࠶ࡿ㝡☢ჾ⏘ᆅࡢఏ⤫ⓗ࡞⣲ᮦ࣭ᢏ⾡࣭ᢏ⬟ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓჾࡀ┿ṇᛶࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࠊ㇏✨໬ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊୖ㏙ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ᚑ࠺࡞
ࡽࡤࠊᰗ᐀ᝋࡀᐇ㝿࡟⏘ᆅࢆゼࢀࠊ⣲ᮦ࣭⎔ቃ㸦㢼ᬒࡸ⮬↛㸧࣭సࡾᡭ࣭ჾ࡜᥋ゐࡋࠊホ౯ࢆ୚࠼ࠊ௒᪥ࠊ᪥ᮏẸ⸤㤋࡟཰ⶶࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡞⮬㌟ࡢࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥ࡟ຍ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡞ព࿡ࢆᣢࡘࠋ

3-2

D&Department project̿̿ࡍ࡛࡟࠶ࡿࣔࣀ࡬ࡢ෌౯್௜୚

ࡓࡔࡋࠊᆅሙ⏘ᴗࡢ〇ရ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࢡࣛࣇࢺ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡓࣔࣀ࡬ࡢ౯್௜୚ࡣࠊẸ⸤㐠ືࡢࢸ࢟ࢫࢺ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊูࡢࣃ࣮ࢫ࣌ࢡࢸ࢕ࣦ࡟ࡼࡿࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥ࡜
ࡶ㔜࡞ࡾྜ࠺ࠋ࡞࠿࡛ࡶࠊࢢࣛࣇ࢕ࢵࢡ࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮ࡢࢼ࢞࢜࢝ࢣ࣓ࣥ࢖Ặ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ 2000ᖺ㡭࡟㛤ጞࡉࢀࡓࠕD&Department projectࠖࡣࠊࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮࡟ࡼࡿᗑ⯒㐠Ⴀࢆᇶ㍈࡜ࡋ

8ࣅ࣮࣒ࢫࡢࡼ࠺࡞኱ᡭࢭࣞࢡࢺࢩࣙࢵࣉࡶẸ⸤ࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟ᢅ࠺ࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣅ࣮࣒ࢫࡢࠕࣇ࢙ࢽ
࢝ࠖࡣࠊ2003 ᖺ࡟ࠕࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡜ࢡࣛࣇࢺࡢᶫΏࡋࠖࢆࢸ࣮࣐࡟❧ࡕୖࡆࡽࢀࡓࠋẸ⸤㛵㐃ࡢ⏘ᆅ〇ရࢆᢅ࠸ࠊ࢖࣋ࣥࢺ➼ࡶ⾜࠺ࠋ࣎ࣝࢱࣥࢫ࣮࢟࡜࢚ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢ㆟ㄽࢆ᝿㉳ࡉࡏࡿࡀࠊࣂ࣮ࢼ࣮ࢻ࣭࣮ࣜࢳࡸࢩࣕ
ࣝࣟࢵࢺ࣭࣌ࣜ࢔ࣥ࡜࠸ࡗࡓẸ⸤࡜㛵㐃ࡢ῝࠸ࣔࢲ࣭ࣥࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡢே≀࡜ࡢ㛵㐃࡙ࡅࡶ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

࡚ࠊࠕṇࡋ࠸ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࠖࡢᕤᴗ〇ရࢆ෌ホ౯ࡋࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞౯್ほ࡜ᕷሙᙧᡂࢆヨࡳࡿάື࡛࠶
ࡿࠋࠕṇࡋ࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᙧᐜࡣつ⠊ⓗ౯್࡜୙ྍศࡔࡀࠊࡑࡢᇶ‽ࡣ᫬ࡢ⤒㐣࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
D&Department ࡛ࡣࠊࠕ᫬ࡀド᫂ࡋࡓᜥࡢ㛗࠸ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡣࠕṇࡋ࠸ࠖ࡜⪃࠼࡚ࠊၟရㄌ⏕࠿ࡽ 20 ᖺ௨ୖ⤒ࡗࡓ⏕άရࡔࡅࢆᐃ౯࡛㈍኎ࠖࡍࡿ㸦ࢼ࢞࢜࢝ 2013, p.4㸧ࠋᕤᴗ〇ရࡣ㏻ᖖࠊ᫬ࡢ⤒㐣࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࡑࡢ౯್ࢆ႙ኻࡍࡿࡀࠊࢼ࢞࢜࢝ࡣࠕࣟࣥࢢࣛ࢖ࣇ
ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࣃ࣮ࢫ࣌ࢡࢸ࢕ࣦ࠿ࡽࠊ
ࠕᶆ‽ࠖᙧែ࡟࠾࠸࡚౯್ࢆኻ࠸ࣜࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࢩࣙ
ࢵࣉ࡛㈍኎ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ୰ྂရ࡟ࠊ
ࠕࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖᙧែ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ౯್௜୚ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋࢼ࢞࢜࢝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚౯್௜୚ࡉࢀࡓࣔࣀࡢከࡃࡣࠊ1960 ᖺ௦࡟ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡉࢀ
ࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࣎ࣝࢱࣥࢫ࣮࢟࡜࢚ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢᅗᘧ࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣࣉࣟࢺࢱ࢖ࣉ࡟
㏆࠸ࢧࣥࣉ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࢼ࢞࢜࢝ࢣ࣓ࣥ࢖ࡢάືࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣࠊࠕὶ⾜ࢆసࡾࠊ
኱㔞࡟ᾘ㈝ࡉࡏࠊࢦ࣑ࡶసࡾฟࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࠖࡸࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ♫఍࣭⤒῭ⓗ࡞௙⤌ࡳ࡬ࡢᢈุࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦ࢼ࢞࢜࢝ 2013, p.16㸧ࠋ
ࠕD&Department projectࠖࡣࠊ47 㒔㐨ᗓ┴࡟ᣐⅬࢆసࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡋࠊ2007 ᖺ㡭࠿ࡽࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᆅᇦࡢಶᛶࢆぢฟࡋࠊⓎಙࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋᆅሙ⏘ᴗ〇ရ࡞࠸ࡋࡣࢡࣛࣇࢺ〇ရ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ
ࠕ୍ேၥᒇࠖࢡࣛࣇࢺࣂ࢖࣮ࣖࡢ᪥㔝᫂ᏊẶ࡜ࡢฟ఍࠸ࡀ୍ࡘࡢዎᶵ࡜࡞ࡾ
㸦ࢼ࢞࢜࢝ 2013㸧ࠊࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮࡟ࡼࡗ࡚෌౯್௜୚ࡉࢀࡓྛᆅࡢ⏘ရࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ᆅሙ⏘ᴗ〇ရࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟ᢅ࠺ࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛Ẹ⸤㐠ື࡜ࡢ᥋Ⅼࡶ⏕ࡌ࡚ࡃࡿࠋࢼ࢞࢜࢝ࡣࠊẸ⸤㐠ືࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ▱ࡗࡓࡢࡣ 2007 ᖺ㡭ࡢࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡣࡲࡗࡓࡃࡑࡢᏑᅾࢆ▱ࡽࡎ࡟⊂⮬࡟άືࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜ࡋࡘࡘࡶࠊࡑࡢぶ࿴ᛶࢆ⫯ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࢼ࢞࢜࢝ࡣࠊࠕ᪂ࡋࡃసࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠕࡶ࠺ࡦ࡜ࡘࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࠖࢆ᫂☜࡟ព㆑ࡋࠊࠕࣜ
ࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋࡓᅇ཰ᆺࡢᚠ⎔࡟ࡼࡿ≀ࡢ⏕ࡲࢀ᪉ࠖࢆᐇ㊶ⓗ࡟᥈ࡿࠋ᪂ࡋ࠸ࣔࣀࡢ
ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࢆ⾜࠺ࠊࢹࢨ࢖ࣥάືᐙ࡜ࡋ࡚⮬㌟ࢆ఩⨨࡙ࡅࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ࠶ࡿ⧊≀⏘ᆅ࡟኎ࢀṧࡾࡸࢧࣥࣉࣝࡢṧࡾ࡜ࡋ࡚⵳✚ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠕࢹࢵ
ࢻࢫࢺࢵࢡࠖࡢ➃ᕸࢆࣛࢢ࡞࡝࡟ຍᕤࡋࠊ
ࠕࣛ࢖ࣇࢫࢺࢵࢡࠖ࡜࠸࠺᪂ࡋ࠸ྡ⛠࡜౯್ࢆ௜
୚ࡋ࡚㈍኎ࡍࡿࠋ
ࠕ࠶ࡿ᫬௦࡟ࡑ࠺࿧ࡧྡࢆࡘࡅࡽࢀࠊ࣐࢖ࢼࢫ࢖࣓࣮ࢪ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓ
ࣔࣀࡶࠊࡑࡢࣔࣀ࡟ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࠊᙧࢆኚ࠼ࡎࠊࡲࡋ࡚ᤞ࡚ࡎࠊ
ࠕ࿧ࡧྡࠖࢆኚ࠼࡚࠶ࡆ
ࡿࠋࡳࢇ࡞࡛ࡑ࠺࿧ࡪࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸౯್࡜ࡋ࡚ぢ࠼࡚ࡃࡿࠖ㸦ࢼ࢞࢜࢝ 2017, p.133㸧ࠋ㇏✨໬ࡢ⤒῭ࡢྎ㢌࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓάື࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ3-3ࣔࣀࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ

ḟ࡟ࠊࣔࣀࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ゐࢀ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋࡍ࡛࡟࠶ࡿࣔࣀࡢ㇏✨໬࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡣࠊࣔࣀ⮬యࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࢆ⾜࠺άືࡶࡲࡓኚ໬ࡋࡣࡌࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮T Ặࡢάືࢆ୍౛
࡜ࡋ࡚ࡳ࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ 9ࠋ
T Ặࡣࠊ1977 ᖺ࡟ឡ▱┴࡟⏕ࡲࢀࠊᐩᒣ┴㧗ᒸᕷ࡟࠶ࡿᕤⱁ㛵ಀࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵࡛ᮌᮦᕤⱁ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚タィ࠿ࡽຍᕤࡲ࡛ࢆᏛࢇࡔࠋ༞ᴗᚋࠊᐙල〇స఍♫࡛ᐙල⫋ே࡜ࡋ࡚ไస⌧ሙࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࡓࡢࡕ㌿⫋ࡋࠊ኱ᡭᏛ⩦ᮘ࣓࣮࣮࡛࢝Ⴀᴗ㒊⨫ࢆ⤒࡚ၟရ㛤Ⓨᢸᙜ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡑࡇ࡛ࠊㄡ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡘ኎ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿࡞࡝ὶ㏻ࡶ㋃ࡲ࠼࡞ࡀࡽタィࢆ⾜࠺⤒㦂ࢆ✚ࢇࡔࠋࡑࡋ࡚ 33 ṓ࡛⊂❧ࡋࠊࣇ࣮ࣜࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚άືࢆ㛤ጞࡋࡓࠋ⊂❧๓ࡢ⤒㦂ࡀࠊࠕ⏘ᆅ࡜ᕷሙࡢ㛫࡛௙஦ࢆࡍࡿࠖྠẶࡢ≉ᚩࢆ⫱ࡴせᅉ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
T Ặ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡢ┠ⓗ࡜ࡣࠊ┠᪂ࡋࡉ࡛㞧ㄅࡸ኎ࡾሙࡢ┠ࢆᘬࡃࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ
ၥ㢟ࢆẼ࡙࠿ࡏࡓࡾゎỴࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᙧࡸⰍࡢ⨾ࡋࡉࡣ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛
ࡶⰋ࠸ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡢ᮲௳ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊሙྜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ
ࠕఱࡶࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࠖࡶ࠶ࡾᚓࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ᪥ᮏ࡛ࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮࡜࠸ࡗࡓ࡜ࡁࠊࢮࣟ࠿ࡽ㐀ᙧࡍࡿసᴗࡀ࢖࣓
࣮ࢪࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከࡃࠊ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥ࡟㎸ࡵࡽࢀࡿព࿡ࡀከ⩏ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊT Ặࡣࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮ࢆ⮬⛠ࡏࡎࠊࠕၟရ㛤Ⓨࡢᡭఏ࠸ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠖ࡜ゝ࠺ࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ
࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡢලయ౛ࢆᣲࡆࡿ࡜ࠊࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ
ࠕone to oneࠖ㸦෗┿㸯㸧ࡣ▼࠿ࡽᆺࢆྲྀࡗࡓࠊ⾲㠃ຍᕤࡋࡓ┿㘷ᯈࡢࣈ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮌ⟽ෆࡢᕥࡀ〇ရ࡛ࠊྑࡀࣈ࣮ࣟࢳࡢඖ
࡟࡞ࡗࡓᆺࡢ▼࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⮬↛≀࡟ࡲࡉࡿ⨾ࡋࡉࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ࡝ࡇ࡟࡛ࡶ೫ᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛
ᬑẁࡢ⏕ά࡛ࡣぢⴠ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࣔࣀࡢ⨾ࡋࡉࢆࣈ࣮ࣟࢳ࡜ࡋ࡚⾲⌧ࡋࡓࠋT Ặࡀ⾜ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊࡓࡔᙧࡢⰋ࠸▼ࢆ㑅ࡧࠊᆺ࡟෗ࡋྲྀࡗࡓ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᆺࡢ▼࡜〇ရࢆࢭࢵࢺ࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࡑࢀࡣࠕୡ⏺࡟୍ࡘࡔࡅࡢࣈ࣮ࣟࢳࠖ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࢧࣥࣉ
ࣝࡀࣉࣟࢺࢱ࢖ࣉ࡟㏆࡙ࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ḟ࡟ࠊ
ࠕcutpieceࠖ㸦෗┿㸰㸧ࡣࠊ኱㜰ࢆᣐⅬ࡟άືࡍࡿࢡ࢚࣮ࣜࢱ࣮㞟ᅋ graf ࡜ࡢඹྠ㛤Ⓨၟရ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡶ㢮ఝࡢⓎ᝿࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᪥ᖖⓗ࡟㌟㏆࡟࠶ࡿ㔝⳯ࡸᯝ≀ࡢษࢀ➃ࡀᣢࡘ⨾ࡋࡉࢆࠊ┿㘷࡜࠸࠺⣲ᮦ࡛㝿❧ࡓࡏࠊ⾲⌧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾜ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ
ඹྠ㛤Ⓨ⪅࡜ࡢ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࡢ஺᥮࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㔝⳯ࢆษࡗ࡚ᆺ࡟ྲྀࡗࡓࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ┿9ࡇࡇ࡛ࡢグ㏙ࡣࠊ2014 ᖺ 9 ᭶࡟⾜ࡗࡓྠẶ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ࡜ࠊྠᖺ 10 ᭶ࡢ኱㜰ᕷ❧኱Ꮫ๰㐀㒔ᕷ◊✲⛉ࡢ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉ࡛ࡢㅮ₇グ㘓࡟ࡼࡿࠋ㘷࡟ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࡢ⨾ࡋࡉ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ⋢ࡡࡂࡢ⓶ࢆࣂࣛࡍ࡜ಶࠎࡢࣃ࣮ࢶࡀ⠂⨨ࡁ࡟࡞ࡿ࡞࡝ࠊ
㦫ࡁࢆ୚࠼ࡿせ⣲ࢆᣢࡘࠋT Ặࡣࣔࣀࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡟࠾࠸࡚⣲ᮦࡢ≉ᛶ࡜ࠊ⏘ᆅ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡿࢡࣛࣇࢺⓗ⏕⏘ࢆ㔜どࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋၟရ㛤Ⓨࡢάືࡣࠊୖ㏙ࡢࠕone to oneࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞࢜ࣜࢪࢼࣝရ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ
ࠕcutpieceࠖ
࡞࡝ࡢ㈍኎ᗑ࡜ࡢၟရ㛤Ⓨࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ࣓࣮࣮࢝࡜ࡢၟရ㛤Ⓨ࡟ศࡅࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊ
ࠕone to one࡛ࠖࡶ〇㐀ࡣ㧗ᒸ㖡ჾ⏘ᆅࡢ〇㐀௻ᴗ O ♫ࡀᢸࡗࡓࠋ࣓࣮࣮࢝࡜ࡢၟရ㛤Ⓨ࡟㝿ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᡂ
ຌࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆඹ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ௙஦ࡢ⠊␪ࡣ⊃⩏ࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࠕ࠸ࡃࡽ኎ୖࢆୖࡆࡓ࠸ࠖࡢ࠿ࠊ
ࠕ࡝ࢇ࡞࠾ᐈࡉࢇ࡟ၟရࢆᒆࡅࡓ࠸࠿ࠖࠊ
ࠕ࡝ࢇ࡞㞧ㄅ࡟ᥖ
㍕ࡉࢀࡓ࠸࠿ࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂☜໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋT Ặ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊከࡃࡢၟရ
ࡀ኎ࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⏕⏘࢟ࣕࣃࢩࢸ࢕࣮࡜㈍኎㔞ࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡋ࡚౯᱁ࡸ౯
್ࢆୗࡆࡎ࡟ࠊィ⏬㏻ࡾ࡟ࡋࡗ࠿ࡾ኎ࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
T Ặ࡜ᆅሙ⏘ᴗ⏘ᆅ࡜ࡢ㛵ࢃࡾࡢ➃⥴ࡣࠊ⁽ჾࡸࠊḟ⠇࡛ヲ㏙ࡍࡿ㖡ჾࡢ⏘ᆅࡀ❧ᆅࡍࡿ㧗ᒸᕷ࡛Ꮫ⏕᫬௦ࢆ㐣ࡈࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ㡭࡟ࠊ㧗ᒸᕷࢹࢨ࢖࣭ࣥᕤⱁࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ
K Ặ࠿ࡽࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮࡜⏘ᆅ௻ᴗࢆࡘ࡞ࡆࡿ௻⏬࡟ㄏࡗ࡚ࡶࡽࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ2001 ᖺ࡟ࠊࢹࢨ࢖
ࢼ࣮ࡢ❧ᕝ⿱኱ࡸᏳḟᐩ㝯ࡀཧຍࡋ࡚❧ࡕୖࡆࡽࢀࡓࠕHiHill ஦ᴗࠖ㸦ࣁ࢖ࣄࣝ㸻㧗ᒸ㸧࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢᚋࣇ࣮ࣜࣛࣥࢫ࡜ࡋ࡚άືࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

෗┿ 1 One to oneฟᡤ㸸ࠕᬽࡽࡍࡦ࡜ ᬽࡽࡍ࡜ࡇࢁࠖHP ࡼࡾࠋ
http://www.kurasu-kurasu.com/product/onetoone.html㸦᭱⤊㜀ぴ᪥ 2018 ᖺ 1 ᭶ 3 ᪥㸧෗┿ 2 cutpieceฟᡤ㸸ᕥ෗┿ࡣࠊ෗┿ 1 ࡟ྠࡌࠋྑ෗┿ࡣ 2014 ᖺࠊ➹⪅᧜ᙳࠋࣔࣀࡢ┿ṇᛶࡣࠊ⏘ᆅࡢṔྐࡸఏ⤫ᢏ⬟࡞࡝ླྀ㏙ⓗ࡟ᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࣔࣀࡢ≀ⓗせ⣲ࡶࡲࡓ㛵ࢃࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊBessy et Chateauraynaud (2014)ࡀ⌮ㄽ໬ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࣔࣀࡢⰋࡋᝏࡋࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊ≀ㄒᛶࡢࡼ࠺࡞
⾲㇟࡜ࠊ≀㉁࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࣔࣀࡢ▱ぬࡢ⤖ྜ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠾ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ 10ࠋ㸲ࠕᆅሙ⏘ᴗࠖ࠿ࡽ๰㐀⏘ᴗ࡬ࡢ㌿᥮̿̿㧗ᒸ㖡ჾ⏘ᆅࡢኚᐜ௨ୖࠊ㇏✨໬ࡢ⤒῭࡜ࡑࡢ୰᰾ࢆ࡞ࡍࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥᙧែ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࣇ࣮࣒ࣞ࡜ࡢ㛵ࢃࡾ࡛ࠊ㏆ᖺࡢᆅሙ⏘ᴗࡸࢡࣛࣇࢺ࡟౯್ࢆ௜୚ࡍࡿᕷሙᙧᡂ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࢆຍ࠼࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑ
ࢀ࡟క࠸ࠊ⏕⏘ࡢഃࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᆅሙ⏘ᴗᆅᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ⏘ᆅࡢኚᐜࡀࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞
ྍ⬟ᛶࡀⱆ⏕࠼ࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊලయⓗࢣ࣮ࢫ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᐩᒣ┴࣭㧗ᒸ㖡ჾ⏘ᆅࡢ⤒㦂ࢆ᳨ウࡋ࡚ࡳࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
㧗ᒸ㖡ჾ⏘ᆅࡣ௖ල࡜㖡ჾࡢ⏘ᆅ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⏘ᆅၥᒇࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡋࡓศᴗࡢ௙⤌ࡳ㸦㗪㐀࣭

Bessy et Chateauraynaud (2014)ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⡆₩࡞ㄝ᫂ࡀࠊ㡲⏣㸦2016㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࠶ࢃࡏ࡚ཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ⣲ᮦ࡜ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢡࣛࣇࢺရࢆᡭࡀࡅࡿࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮ࡢᑠ
㔝㔛ዉẶࡶࡲࡓࠊࢮࣟ࠿ࡽ㐀ᙧࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ↓࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࠋ
ࠕ⣲ᮦࡢኌ࡟⪥ࢆ⃈ࡲࠖࡋࠊࠕ⣲ᮦࡀ⏕ࡁࡿ࠿ࡓࡕࢆぢࡘࡅࡿࠖࡢࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࠋᅵᆅࡢᩥ໬ࡸẼೃ㢼ᅵࠊᮌᕤ࡛࠶ࢀࡤᮦᮌࡢ≉ᛶ࡞࡝ࡢ୰࠿ࡽぢྜࡗࡓᙧࢆぢࡘࡅฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࡇࡢグ㏙ࡣࠊ2017 ᖺࠊ๰㐀㒔ᕷ◊✲⛉࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉ࡛ࡢㅮ₇࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
10◊☻࣭᙮㔠࣭╔Ⰽ࡞࡝㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ 11ࠋከࡃࡢᆅሙ⏘ᴗᆅᇦ࡜ྠࡌࡃࠊ1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࠊᕷሙࡢኚ໬࡜㟂せࡢ⦰ᑠࠊᾏእ࡜ࡢ➇தࡢ⃭໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ⱞቃࢆ㏄࠼ࡿࠋࣆ࣮ࢡ᫬
ࡢ 1990 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 375 ൨෇࠶ࡗࡓ㖡ჾࡢ㈍኎㢠ࡣࠊྑ⫪ୗࡀࡾ࡛ 2008 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 127 ൨෇࡟⃭ῶࡍࡿࠋ㧗ᒸ㖡ჾ⏘ᆅࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ≧ἣࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥᛶࡢ㧗࠸௻⏬㛤Ⓨࡢヨࡳࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ㗪㐀࣓࣮࣮࢝࡟ࡼࡿ⮬♫ࣈࣛࣥࢻࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡜㌍㐍࡜࠸࠺᪂ࡋ࠸₻ὶࢆ㉳ࡇࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࣃ
࡛ࣜ㛤ദࡉࢀࡿୡ⏺ⓗ࡞࢖ࣥࢸࣜ࢔㛵㐃ࡢぢᮏᕷࠕ࣓ࢰ࣭࢚࣭ࣥ࢜ࣈࢪ࢙ ࠖࢆࡣࡌࡵࠊᾏ
እࡢᒎ♧఍࡟ฟᒎࡋᾏእ࠿ࡽཷὀࢆཷࡅࡿ௻ᴗࡶ⌧ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᚑ᮶ࠊ⏘ᆅၥᒇࢆ㡬Ⅼ࡜ࡋ࡚⤌⧊ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓୗㄳไࡢ୰࡛ࡣࠊ⏘ᆅၥᒇ࡜࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡢ㛫࡟୺ᚑࡢ㛵ಀࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡀ⮬♫ࣈࣛࣥࢻࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࡣチࡉࢀ࡞࠸㞺ᅖẼࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ඛ㏙ࡢ࣎ࣝࢱࣥࢫ࣮࢟࡜ࢸࣦࣀࡢつ⠊ⓗ౯್ࡢ⛛ᗎࢆ෌ᗘᘬࡁྜ࠸࡟ฟࡏࡤࠊᐙෆⓗࢩࢸࡢ⛛ᗎࡀࠊ⏘ᆅࡢ♫఍࣭⤒῭ࢆㄪᩚࡍࡿཎ⌮࡜ࡋ࡚ඹ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋᖺ㛗⪅ࠊぶ᪉ࠊぶࠊ㞠࠸୺࡜ࡢே᱁ⓗ࡞ୖୗ㛵ಀ࡜ࠊࣃࢱ࣮ࢼࣜࢬ࣒ⓗ࡞Ᏻ඲ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓຊ㛵ಀࢆྵࡵࡓᬯ㯲ࡢ⏘ᆅෆ័⾜ࡀ⏘ᆅࡢኚ໬ࢆ㜼ࡴࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ㧗ᒸ௨እ࡛ࡶᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ୰࡛㧗ᒸ⏘ᆅ࡛ࡣࠊ⏘ᆅࡢ⾶㏥࡜ᆅᇦእ࡜ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ
ࡢᵓ⠏࡜ࠊᚑ᮶ࡢつ⠊ⓗ⛛ᗎࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉࡟ኚ᭦ࢆ㏕ࡿࡼ࠺࡞࣓࣮࣮࢝୺ᑟࡢ⮬♫ࣈࣛࣥࢻ㛤Ⓨࡀ⾜࡞ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 12ࠋၥᒇ⤌ྜࡀᢸ࠸ᡭ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ Japan ࣈࣛࣥࢻ஦ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿၟရ㛤Ⓨࡶ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ2005 ᖺ㡭࠿ࡽ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡀ⮬♫ࣈࣛࣥࢻ㛤Ⓨࢆᡂຌࡉࡏࠊ⊂⮬ࡢ㈍㊰ࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋୖ㏙ࡢ㖡ჾ╔Ⰽ࣓࣮࣮࢝O ♫ࡶࡑࡢ୍ࡘࡔࡀࠊ࡞࠿࡛ࡶ㗪㐀࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡢࠕ⬟సࠖࡣ⏘ᆅࡢኚ㠉ࢆ≌ᘬࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ௻ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿ 13ࠋ⾜ᨻᶵ㛵ࡀ㈍㊰ᨭ᥼࡜ࡋ࡚᭷ྡࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮ࢆᆅᇦ࡟ὴ㐵ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶከ࠸ࡀࠊ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡀ
ࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮࡟௵ࡏ࡚࠾ࡅࡤၟရࡀ኎ࢀࡿ࡜ㄗゎࡍࡿᜍࢀࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ⬟సẶ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊࡓ࡜࠼
ࡤࠊࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮ࢆࠕඛ⏕ࠖ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛ࡋࡲࡗ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ㛵ಀ⪅ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡀྠࡌ❧ሙ࡛ࠊ
11㧗ᒸᕷ㸦2010㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ2008 ᖺ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࠊၥᒇ 78 ♫ࠊ㗪㐀 79 ♫ࠊ⁐᥋ 5 ♫ࠊ◊☻ 26 ♫ࠊ᙮㔠 22 ♫ࠊ╔Ⰽ 46 ♫ࠊ௙ୖࡆ 13 ♫࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊᚑᴗ⪅ᩘࡢᖹᆒࡣࠊၥᒇࡀ 8.7 ேࠊ㗪㐀࣓࣮࣮࡛࢝ 9 ே࡜ᑠつᶍ㞽⣽࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
12㧗ᒸᕷᙺᡤ⏘ᴗ௻⏬ㄢ࡛ࡶࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢၥᒇไᗘࡀ᫬௦࡜࣑ࢫ࣐ࢵࢳࢆ㉳ࡇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡢㄆ㆑ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠊ㧗ᒸ⏘ᆅ࡛ࡣୖ௦ࢆᅛᐃࡋ࡞࠸ၟ⩦័ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ౯᱁タᐃ᪉ᘧࢆྵࡵ࡚ㄢ㢟ࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞
ࡃࠊ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞ព㆑ᨵ㠉࣭ὶ㏻ᨵ㠉ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋၥᒇഃ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊJAPAN ࣈࣛࣥࢻࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ࡞࡝ࡶ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⏘ᆅෆ㒊ࡢㅖ័⾜ࢆ࠸ࡗࡑ࠺ኚ࠼࡚࠸ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏ඲య࡛ὶ㏻ࡀኚ᭦ࢆ㏕ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࢿࢵࢺ࡛㈙࠸≀ࢆࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࢀࡤၥᒇࡢᏑᅾព⩏ࡣၥࢃࢀࡿࠋၥᒇ࡛ࡶẚ㍑ⓗⱝ࠸ୡ௦ࡣࠊࡇ࠺
ࡋࡓㄢ㢟ព㆑ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ௨๓࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ≧ἣࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ௨ୖࡢグ㏙ࡣࠊ2011 ᖺ 8 ᭶࡟⾜ࡗࡓ㧗ᒸᕷᙺᡤ⏘ᴗ௻⏬ㄢ H Ặ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࠋ
13⬟స࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢグ㏙ࡣࠊ2011 ᖺࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࠊ2013 ᖺࡢ኱㜰ᕷ❧኱Ꮫ๰㐀㒔ᕷ◊✲⛉࡛ࡢ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙ
ࢵࣉ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⬟సẶࡢㅮ₇ෆᐜࠊ2014 ᖺ࣓࣮࡛ࣝࡢࡸࡾྲྀࡾ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࠋ

ྛ⮬ࡀ㞃ࡋ஦ࢆࡏࡎ࡟༠ຊࡋྜ࠺࡜⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚Ⰻ࠸ࡶࡢࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋྠ♫ࡢሙྜࠊ୍␒ึࡵ
࡟ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮࡜ฟ఍࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋ
ࠕࡇࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡔ࡜ᆺ㈝ࡀ㧗ࡁࡲࡍࡀࠊࡇࡇ
ࢆኚ᭦ࡋࡓࡽᏳࡃ〇㐀࡛ࡁࡲࡍࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᥦ᱌ࢆࠊࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮ࡣࡍࡄࡉࡲཷࡅධࢀ࡚ࡃࢀ
ࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓព㆑ࡣࠊ࣎ࣝࢱࣥࢫ࣮࢟࡜ࢩࣕ࣌ࣟࡀゝ࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡢࠕࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺᚿ
ྥࡢࢩࢸࠖ࡟㏆࠸ࠋࡇࡢ஦౛࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮࡜ࡢỈᖹⓗ࡞㛵ಀࡣࠊ㧗ᒸᕷࢹࢨ࢖࣭ࣥᕤⱁࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ
ጼໃ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ㧗ᒸᕷࢹࢨ࢖࣭ࣥᕤⱁࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡍ࡭࡚ࠊࢹࢨ࢖
ࢼ࣮࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࢫࢱࣥࢫࡣ࡜ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ3 ᖺ㛫࠿ࡅ࡚⾜ࡗࡓࠕ࠸ࡢࡾࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛ࠖࡣࢹ
ࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮ࡢᏳḟᐩẶࡀࣉࣟࢹ࣮ࣗࢧ࣮ࢆົࡵࡓࡀࠊࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮ࡀ㛵ࢃࡗࡓ୍㒊ࡢၟရ㛤Ⓨࢆ㝖࠸࡚ࠊࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡣ௻ᴗࡀ⾜࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮ࡢ㛵୚ࡣ༢Ⓨ࡛⤊ࢃࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከࡃࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢᣢ⥆ᛶࡀㄢ㢟ࡔ࡜࠸࠺ㄆ㆑ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௒ᚋࠊ⏘ᆅ௻ᴗࡀࢹ
ࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮ࡸࣉࣟࢹ࣮ࣗࢧ࣮ࡢᙺ๭ࢆᢸ࠸ࠊᆅሙࡢ௻ᴗࡀάᛶ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚ࠊࠕ࠸ࡢࡾࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛ࠖࡣࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࢆぢࡿ┠ࢆ㣴࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ㔜どࡋࡓࠋ㧗ᒸ⏘ᆅ࡛ࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚㧗ᒸᕷࢹࢨ࢖࣭ࣥᕤⱁࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡀᆅᇦእ㒊ࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮࡜ࡢࢿ
ࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡜ᆅᇦ௻ᴗࡢ᥋Ⅼࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ㧗ᒸᕷ࡛ࡣࠊ1986 ᖺ࠿ࡽ඲ᅜⓗ࡞ࢡࣛࣇࢺࢥࣥ࣌㸦ࠕᕤⱁ㒔ᕷ㧗ᒸࢡࣛࣇࢺᒎࠖ㸧ࢆ㛤ദࡋࠊᑂᰝဨࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ
࣮࡜ࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࢆࡘࡃࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡢୗᆅࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋHiHill ஦ᴗ࡟ཧຍࡋ㌍㐍ࡋࡓ⬟సࡶࡲࡓࠊ⏘ᆅࡢ௚௻ᴗ࡟ࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮ࢆ⤂௓ࡋࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢᣑ኱࡟
ᐤ୚ࡋࡓࠋ⏘ᆅࡢ⾶㏥࡟ࡼࡿᪧ᮶ࡢၥᒇ୺ᑟࡢ♫఍⛛ᗎࡀᙅࡲࡿ୰࡛ࠊ๰㐀⏘ᴗࡢࢿࢵࢺ
࣮࣡ࢡ࡜౯್ࡀᆅᇦෆ࡟ධࡾ㎸ࡴవᆅࡀᗈࡀࡾࠊ㧗ᒸ㖡ჾ⏘ᆅࡢ๰㐀⏘ᴗ࡬ࡢཧධࡢືࡁ
࡟⤖ᐇࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜ゝ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ

࠾ࢃࡾ࡟ᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣࠊᆅሙ⏘ᴗࡢ๰㐀⏘ᴗ࡬ࡢ⛣⾜ࢆࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢኚᐜ࡜࠸࠺ᩥ⬦࡟࠾࠸᳨࡚ウࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ኱ࡁ࡞ഴྥ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞⢭⚄࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺᚿྥࡢࢩࢸࠖ
࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⏕⏘⪅࠿ࡽᾘ㈝⪅࡟ࢃࡓࡿேࠎࡢព㆑ࡸ㛵ಀᛶࡀ෌⦅ࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ
࣎ࣝࢱࣥࢫ࣮࢟࡜࢚ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊ௒᪥ࡢ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡣࠕ㇏✨໬ࡢ⤒῭ࠖ࡬࡜ࢩࣇࢺࡍ
ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊṔྐࡸᩥ໬࡞࡝ࡋࡤࡋࡤ౯್ࢆ႙ኻࡋࡓ㐣ཤ࠿ࡽࡢ⥅ᢎ≀ࢆ㑇⏘໬ࡋࡘࡘࠊࡍ
࡛࡟࠶ࡿࣔࣀࡢ㇏✨໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᐩࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ౯್࡙ࡅࡢᙧែࡀ
ࠕࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖᙧែ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ᆅሙ⏘ᴗ〇ရ࡞࠸ࡋࡣᆅሙ⏘ᴗᆅᇦ࡛⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡿࢡࣛࣇࢺ〇ရ࡬ࡢホ౯ࡢ㧗ࡲࡾࡣࠊࡇ
࠺ࡋࡓ♫఍࣭⤒῭ⓗᩥ⬦ࢆᢤࡁ࡟ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ㐣ཤࢆ୺ࡓࡿ㈨※࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࠕᶆ‽ࠖᙧែ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿཎ⌮࡛ࣔࣀࢆ౯್࡙ࡅࡿࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥᙧែࡀࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ᕷሙࢆᙧᡂ
ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࢡࣛࣇࢺ〇ရࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࣉࣟࢺࢱ࢖ࣉ࡟㏆࠸ᕤᴗ〇ရࡢ౯್࡙ࡅࡶࡳࡽࢀࠊࡲࡓẸ⸤㐠ືࡸࠊࠕᶆ‽ࠖᙧែ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⏕⏘࣭ὶ㏻࣭ᾘ㈝ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡬ࡢ
ᢈุࡀࠊࣔࣀࡢ౯್ࢆ㆑ูࡋᩚᗎࡍࡿࣃ࣮ࢫ࣌ࢡࢸ࢕ࣈ࡜ࡋ࡚ඹ᭷ࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓືྥ࡜ࣜࣥࢡࡋ࡚ࠊᆅሙ⏘ᴗᆅᇦࡶኚᐜࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ㧗ᒸ㖡ჾ⏘ᆅࡢ⤒㦂ࡣࠊࠕࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖᙧែ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ౯್࡙ࡅࡀࠊつ⠊ⓗ⛛ᗎࡢኚᐜ㸦ᐙෆⓗࢩࢸ࠿ࡽࠕࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺᚿྥࡢࢩࢸࠖ࡬ࡢ⛣⾜㸧ࢆࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࡣ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚ⴌⱆⓗ࡟࡛࠶ࢀࠊకࡗ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊᆅሙ⏘ᴗᆅᇦࡀྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴ࡭ࡁㄢ㢟ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢ㊅ໃ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࣔࣀࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡀㅖ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮㛫ࡢ፹௓࡟࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡞ᡭࡀ࠿ࡾ
࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀぢ࡚ྲྀࢀࡿࠋࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡣⴭࡋࡃᣑᙇ࣭ᣑᩓࡋࡘࡘኚᐜࡋࠊ
ࠕ᪂ࡋࡃసࡽ࡞࠸ࠖࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡀㄒࡽࢀࡿ࡯࡝࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ࠸ࡲࡸࠊ♫఍ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆ
⣳ࡂࡔࡍ፹௓ࡢႠࡳ࡜࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ྠ⩏࡟࡞ࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚௨ୖࡢศᯒࡣࠊ
ࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࠾ࡼࡧ ANT ࡢศᯒᯟ⤌ࡳ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼࢆࡇࡇ࡛෌☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㊅ໃࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ホ౯ࡍ࡭ࡁࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡲࡎࠊ࣎ࣝࢱࣥࢫ࣮࢟࡜࢚ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ
ࡀ㇏✨໬ࡢ⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿ♫఍ⓗ୙ᖹ➼ࡢၥ㢟ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ┳㐣ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡓࡔࡋࡇࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣ᳨ウ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢᢈุ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡜ࡶ㛵㐃ࡍࡿࠋ࣎ࣝࢱࣥࢫ࣮࢟࡜ࢩࣕ࣌ࣟࡣࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡬ࡢᢈุࡣྂ࠸㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢኚᐜ࡟㛵୚ࡍࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣ᪂ࡓ࡞⢭⚄ࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ෌⏕⏘࡟ࡶ㈉⊩ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡅࡗࡁࡻࡃ㇏✨໬ࡢ⤒῭࡜ࡑࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸ࠕ⢭⚄ࠖ࡜ࡣࠊࠕ⚾ࡓࡕࡣࡓࡔࠕṇࡋ࠸ၟရࠖࢆ㑅ࢇ࡛࠾㈙࠸≀ࡍࢀࡤ࠸࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠕࣅࢪࢿࢫ࣭࢜ࣥࢺࣟࢪ࣮ࠖ
㸦Fisher 2009㸧࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺␲ᛕࡶ࠶ࡾ࠼ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ⏣ᅬᅇᖐ࡞࡝ࡶྵࡵࠊ࠿࡞ࡾ኱
ࡁ࡞ືࡁࡀ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ☜࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋᆅሙ⏘ᴗࡢኚᐜࢆ୍せ⣲࡜ࡍࡿࡇࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞⤒῭ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡉࡽ࡞ࡿㄪᰝ࠾ࡼࡧ⌮ㄽⓗ᳨ウࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸨ᩥ⊩⾲ࡣᙜ᪥㓄ᕸ࠸ࡓࡋࡲࡍࠋ

➨ 22 ᅇ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍஑ᕞ኱఍㸪௻⏬ࢭࢵࢩࣙࣥࠕࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࣭࢜ࣥANT ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢᒎ
㛤ࠖ㸪2018 ᖺ 3 ᭶ 29 ᪥㸪஑ᕞ኱Ꮫ⟽ᓮ࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫࠋ㠀≀㉁ⓗ⏕⏘࡟࠾ࡅࡿᏛ⾡ⓗ▱㆑࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᏛ▱࠿ࡽつ⠊࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᏛ▱࡬໭ᕝரኴ㸦㛵す኱Ꮫ㸧kota.k@kansai-u.ac.jpࡣࡌࡵ࡟⌧௦㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ㊅ໃࡢ୍ࡘࡣ㸪⵳✚࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ㠀≀㉁ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࠖࡢព⩏ࡢቑ኱࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Lucarelli & Vercellone 2013; ᒣᮏ⦅ 2016㸧ࠋ▱㸪࢖࣓࣮ࢪ㸪㛵ಀᛶ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㠀≀㉁ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡣ㸪ே㛫ࡢㄆ▱⬟ຊ࡜᝟ືࢆືဨࡍࡿࠕ㠀≀㉁ⓗປാࠖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢ㠀≀㉁ⓗ⏕⏘ࡢᇶ┙ࡣ㸪Hardt and Negri(2005)࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪ࠕࢥ࡛ࣔࣥࠖ࠶ࡿࠋࢥࣔࣥ࡜ࡣ㸪ゝㄒ㸪័⩦㸪▱㆑㸪㛵ಀᛶ࡜࠸ࡗࡓඹ᭷ࡉࢀࡓ♫఍ⓗ㈨※࡛࠶ࡾ㸪⚾ⓗ㈈࠾ࡼࡧබඹ㈈࡜༊ูࡉࢀࡿࠋ㠀≀㉁ⓗ⏕⏘ࡢ≉ᚩࡣ㸪ࢥࣔࣥࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡋ࡚ࡉࡽ࡞ࡿࢥࣔࣥࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪤Ꮡ
ࡢ▱㆑ࡸ㛵ಀᛶࢆ㥑౑ࡋ࡚㸪」ᩘࡢປാ⪅ࡀ㸪ࠕ༠ാࠖ࡞࠸ࡋࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩ
ࣙࣥࠖࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚▱㆑ࡸ㛵ಀᛶࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ1ࠋࢥࣔࣥࡢ୰࡛඾ᆺⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡢ୍ࡘࡀ㸪Ꮫ⾡ࡢୡ⏺࡟࠾࠸࡚⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡓ▱㆑㸦௨ୗࠕᏛ▱ࠖ࡜࠸࠺㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ▱㆑࡟ࡼࡗ࡚▱㆑ࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺⏕⏘ᵝᘧࡀᬑཬࡍࡿ࡞࠿࡛㸦Moulier Boutang 2011㸧㸪Ꮫ▱࡟ࡼࡗ࡚▱㆑ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ࡜࠸࠺㠀≀㈨ⓗ⏕⏘ࡶࡲࡓ୍⯡໬ࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ᭱ࡶศ࠿ࡾࡸࡍ࠸౛ࡀ㸪ၟရ௻⏬㸦ṇ☜࡟࠸࠼ࡤ㸪㈈࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢩ࣮࢕ࢬࡢ௻⏬㸧࡟࠾ࡅࡿᏛ▱ࡢ౑⏝࡛࠶ࡿࠋᏛ▱ࡀၟရ௻⏬㸪ࡘࡲࡾ᪂ࡓ࡞▱㆑ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௻⏬ᢸᙜ⪅ࡓࡕࡀ᝿ᐃࡍࡿ஦ᴗ⪅࡞࠸ࡋ⏕ά⪅ࡢᐇែࢆㄪᰝࡍࡿ㝿㸪Ꮫ▱ࡣ㸪ḟࡢ 2 ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
➨ 1 ࡟㸪ࡶࡢࡢぢ᪉㸦perspective㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋఀ⸨ (2017)࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡢࠕࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢻ࣑ࢼࣥࢺ࣭ࣟࢪࢵࢡࠖ㸦௨ୗ SDL㸧㸦Lusch and Vargo
2014㸧ࡀ㸪ࡶࡢࡢぢ᪉࡜ࡋ࡚⏘ᴗ⏺࡟ᛴ㏿࡟ᗈࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋⴭ⪅ࡣ௚࡟ࡶ㸪♫఍Ꮫࡢࠕ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࣭ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ⌮ㄽࠖ㸦௨ୗ ANT㸧ࡀㄪᰝ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡓ
᝟ሗࢆゎ㔘ࡍࡿ㝿࡟᥼⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ஦౛ࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࠋ㈨ᮏࡣ㸪ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ᭦᪂ࡉࢀࡓ▱㆑ࡸ㛵ಀᛶࡢࡶࡘ౯್ࢆᤕ⋓ࡍࡿ㸦Hardt and Negri
2005㸧ࠋ
1

➨ 2 ࡟㸪ㄪᰝ᪉ἲ㸦method㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋᩥ໬ே㢮Ꮫࡢࠕ࢚ࢫࣀࢢࣛࣇ࢕ࠖࡀ⏘ᴗ⏺࡟ᑟධࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ఀ⸨ 2017㸧ࠋⴭ⪅ࡣ㸪௚࡟ࡶ♫఍Ꮫࡢࠕ࢚ࢫࣀ࣓ࢯࢻࣟࢪ࣮ࠖ㸦す㜰 2008㸧㸪ᩍ⫱Ꮫ࡞࡝࡛Ⓨᒎࡋࡓࠕ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉࠖࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡜ᢏἲ
㸦ⱉᐟ࡯࠿⦅ 2012㸧ࡀ᥼⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ஦౛ࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࠋ㠀≀㉁ⓗ⏕⏘࡟࠾ࡅࡿேᩥ♫఍⛉Ꮫࡢά⏝ࢆᴫほࡋࡓ◊✲⪅ࡣ㸪ᩥ໬ே㢮Ꮫ⪅㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ▱㆑♫఍Ꮫ⪅㸧ఀ⸨Ὀಙ࡟㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋୖグࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ఀ⸨ (2017)ࡣ㸪Ꮫ▱ࡀࡶࡢࡢぢ᪉࡜᪉ἲ㸪࠸ࢃࡤㄪᰝᑐ㇟࡬ࡢࠕ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚✚ᴟⓗ࡟ά⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ືྥࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟㐍ࢇ࡛㸪ᮏ✏ࡣ㸪஦౛◊✲࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡁ㸪Ꮫ▱ࡀࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠕ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠖ
࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪࠶ࡿ㠀≀㉁ⓗ⏕⏘࡟㛵୚ࡍࡿே㸪ࣔࣀ㸪✵㛫ࢆ෌⦅ࡍࡿཎ⌮࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋᏛ▱ࡣ㸪౑࠸ᡭ㸦࢔ࢡࢱ࣮㸧ࡓࡕ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ
ࠕ⾜Ⅽ୺య agencyࠖࡀㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟⏝࠸ࡿ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ㸪ࡘࡲࡾࠕ㐨ල࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪౑࠸ᡭࡓࡕ⮬㌟ࢆኚᐜࡉࡏࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᏛ▱ࡣ㸪ࠕ➼⣭ ௜ ࡅ ࠝ ㉁ つ ᐃ qualification ࠞ ࡢ ཎ ⌮ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡢ ஦ ๓ ࡢ ྜ ព ࠖ㸦 EymardDuvernay 2004, p. 74, 㑥ヂ 78 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸪ட⏥ᣓᘼෆࡣᘬ⏝⪅㸧㸪ࡘࡲࡾࠕつ⠊ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪୍ࡘࡢ⾜Ⅽ୺యࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮㸪⬟ຊ competency㸪㛵ಀᛶ㸪✵㛫㸪࣮ࣝࣝࢆ෌⦅ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛࠸࠺⾜Ⅽ୺య࡜ࡣ㸪≉ᐃࡢಶேࡢࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪㸦ᮏ✏ࡢሙྜࡣ」ᩘࡢ㸧ே㸪㛵ಀᛶ㸪ࣔࣀ㸦≀㸪⿦⨨㸪࣮ࣝࣝ㸧㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡀ㓄ิࡉࢀࡿ✵㛫࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ␗✀ΰ஺ࡢ㞟ྜయ heterogenetic assemblage ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ
✏ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ㞟ྜయࢆ ANT ࡢ௦⾲ⓗ◊✲⪅ࡢ୍ே࣑ࢵࢩ࢙࣭ࣝ࢝ࣟࣥ࡟࡞ࡽࡗ࡚
ࠕ㓄⨨ agencementࠖ࡜ࡼࡪ 㸦Callon 2013㸧ࠋᮏ✏ࡢ┠ⓗࡣ㸪つ⠊࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᏛ
▱ࡀ㸪ࡑࢀࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ㓄⨨ࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆ෌⦅ࡍࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

஦౛◊✲ⴭ⪅ࡣ㸪ᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽ㸪Ꮫ▱ࡀ㠀≀㉁ⓗ⏕⏘࡟࠾࠸࡚ά⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡁ㸪࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞࣮ࣝࣝ㸪つ⠊㸪✵㛫ⓗ㓄⨨ࡀࡑࡢάືࢆᨭ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿
࡟ࡋࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺㛵ᚰࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋⴭ⪅ࡢಶேⓗ࡞ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࢆࡓ࡝ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽㄪ
ᰝᑐ㇟ࡢೃ⿵ࢆ᥈ࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ㸪୰ሀᗈ࿌఍♫ࠕAࠖࡢ♫ෆ࣋ࣥࢳ࣮ࣕࠕBࠖࡀၟရ௻⏬ࢆసᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟Ꮫ▱ࢆ┤᥋ⓗ࡟౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢳ࣮࣒࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿
ࡗࡓࠋB ࡣᡤ㛗 C ࡜௚ࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ᩘྡ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿᑡேᩘࡢࢥࣥࢧࣝࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣭ࢳ
2࣮࣒࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢᴗົࡣ㸪㢳ᐈ௻ᴗ㸦୺࡟ၟရ௻⏬㒊⨫㸧࡜ඹ࡟ၟရ௻⏬ࢆࡘࡃࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋⴭ⪅ࡣ㸪ᡤ㛗 C ࠿ࡽㄪᰝࡢチྍࢆᚓ࡚㸪B ࡢ⫋ሙ࠾ࡼࡧ㢳ᐈ௻ᴗ࡜ࡢᡴࡕྜࢃࡏࢆほᐹࡋࡓ㸦2016 ᖺ 9 ᭶㸧ࠋほᐹࡢࡢࡕ㸪ⴭ⪅ࡣ㸪B ࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮⮬㌟ࡀࡶࡢࡢぢ᪉࡜ࡋ࡚ホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ SDL࡟౫ᣐࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪௨ୗࡢ 4 Ⅼࢆ♧ࡍࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩ࣭࣮ࣙࣥ࣌ࣃ࣮㸦໭ᕝ 2017㸧ࢆసᡂࡋࡓࠋ
➨ 1 ࡟㸪Ꮫ▱ࢆ㈎ḧ࡟྾཰ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࢆᴗົ࡟ᛂ⏝ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺᪥ᮏ௻ᴗ࡛ࡣ㥆ᰁࡳࡢⷧ࠸ᐇ㊶ࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࢳ࣮࣒ࡀᏛ⩦ࡢ⿢㔞ᶒࢆࡶࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࢳ࣮࣒ࡣ㸪ពᛮỴᐃ࡜⟶⌮఍ィ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᦆ┈ィ⟬᭩ࡢ୧᪉࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᨭ㓄ⓗ㒊⨫࠿ࡽษࡾ㞳ࡉࢀ㸪㧗࠸⊂❧ᛶࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡀ㸪A♫ࡢඛ౛࡟ᅃࢃࢀ࡞࠸Ꮫ⩦ᢞ㈨࡜Ꮫ⩦ࡋࡓ▱㆑࣭ᢏ⬟ࡢ⵳✚ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
➨ 2 ࡟㸪A ♫ࡢ୍ࡘࡢ㒊ᒇ࡟ SDL ࡢ࠸࠺┦஫⾜Ⅽ࣮ࣔࢻࡢ␗࡞ࡿ 2 ࡘࡢ⤌⧊ࡀྠᒃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
SDL ࡣ㸪㈈㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢩ࣮࢕ࢬ㸪㈌ᖯࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ஺᥮ࢆࠕࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠖࡢ
஺᥮࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࠋࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ౯್ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆྵࡴே㸪ࣔࣀ㸪✵㛫ࢆཷ┈⪅ࡀ⤫ྜࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪ཷ┈⪅ࡀࡑࡢ⤫ྜࡉࢀࡓㅖ㈨※࠿ࡽឤࡌ࡜ࡿ୺ほⓗ࡞౑⏝౯್࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼㸪ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ౯್ࡣ㸪ே࡜ࣔࣀ࡜✵㛫࡜㈨※⤫ྜ⪅ࡢ┦஫⾜Ⅽ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠕඹ๰ࠖࡉࢀࡿ౯್࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ඹ๰ࡉࢀࡿ౯್ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿ࠺࠼࡛ၥ㢟࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡣ㸪༠ാࡢ࣮ࣔࢻ࡛࠶ࡿࠋBallantyne and Varey (2006)ࡣ㸪༠ാࢆ 3 ࡘ࡟ศ㢮ࡋࡓࠋ1 ࡘࡵࡣ㸪᝟ሗࢆ୍᪉ⓗ࡟ఏ࠼ࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࠕ⊂ⓑmonologue࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ2 ࡘࡵࡣ㸪ఏ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡜⫈ࡃࡇ࡜ࡢᚠ⎔࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿࠕࡸࡾ࡜
ࡾ communicative࣮ࠖࣔࢻ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ3 ࡘࡵࡣ㸪ࠕᑐヰ dialogue࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋᑐヰ࡜ࡣ㸪௨ୗࡢ 3 ࡘࡢせ⣲ࢆྵࢇࡔࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡿࠋ➨ 1 ࡟㸪௚ࡢཧຍ⪅ࡀࡶࡘ␗࡞ࡿほⅬ perspective ࢆࡼࡾ῝ࡃ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨ 2 ࡟㸪ᙜ↛࠿ࡘᬯ㯲ࡢ๓ᥦࢆ◚ቯࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨ 3 ࡟㸪᪂ࡓ࡞ྜពࢆ๰㐀ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛
࠶ࡿࠋᙜࡓࡾ๓ࡍࡂ࡚ㄒࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ๓ᥦࢆⓎぢࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࢆࠕ๰㐀ⓗ࡟◚ቯࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠖࡣ 㸪ࠕ౯್ඹ๰ࡢࡓࡵࡢᣢ⥆ⓗ࡞ẚ㍑ඃ఩ࠖࡢᇶ♏࡟࡞ࡿ
㸦Ballantyne and Varey 2006, pp. 224, 230㸧ࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼㸪Ballantyne and Varey(2006, p. 224)ࡣ㸪ࠕࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣᑐヰⓗ┦஫⾜Ⅽࢆ㸪S-D ࣟࢪࢵࢡࡢ୰ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽ
ࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ⌮᝿ⓗ࡞ᙧែ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍࠖ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋ
3ࡇࡢศ㢮ἲࢆ A ♫࡟㐺⏝ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ᨭ㓄ⓗ㒊⨫ࡢ┦஫⾜Ⅽࡢ࣮ࣔࢻࡣࠕࡸࡾ࡜
ࡾ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾ㸪B ࡜㢳ᐈ࡜ࡢ┦஫⾜Ⅽࡣࠕᑐヰ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟┦஫⾜Ⅽࡢ࣮ࣔࢻࡀ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࡶࡕࢁࢇ 2 ࡘࡢ⤌⧊࡟࠾ࡅࡿ័⩦㸦࣮ࣝࢸ࢕ࣥ໬ࡉ
ࢀࡓ┦஫⾜Ⅽ㸧ࡶࡲࡓ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୧⪅ࡢ┦஫⾜Ⅽࡢ࣮ࣔࢻ࡜័⩦ࡢ㐪࠸ࡣᅗ
1 ࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ

ᅗ㸯┦஫⾜Ⅽ࣮ࣔࢻ࡜័⩦ࡢ㐪࠸┦஫⾜Ⅽ࣮ࣔࢻ
័⩦

ᨭ㓄ⓗ㒊⨫

B

ࡸࡾ࡜ࡾ

ᑐヰ

օ㢳ᐈࡢせᮃ࡟㎿㏿࡟ᑐᛂࡍ࡭ࡁօ஦๓࡟῝ᗘ࠶ࡿ᥈✲ࢆࡍ࡭ࡁֆ࿴Ẽ࠶࠸࠶࠸࡜ࡋࡓኈẼࡢ㧗࠸⫋ሙࡀⰋ࠸ֆ᥈✲ࢆ῝ࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟㟼ᐢ࡞⎔ቃࢆᩚ࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁ

և᱌௳ࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮࡛࠶ࡿႠᴗࡀேࢆ౑࠸ࡇ࡞ࡍ࡭

և࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࡣࢳ࣮࣒࣭㢳ᐈࡢ࠶࠸ࡔ࠿ࡽ⏕ࡲࢀࡿࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟㐍ᤖࢆ⬟ືⓗ࡟⟶⌮ࡍ࡭ࡁࡁֈࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣ⇕ᚰ࡟ാࡁ㸪㢳ᐈࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡞ࡽֈ௙஦ࢆᐃ᫬࡛ษࡾ࠶ࡆ㸪␗࡞ࡿ⤒㦂ࢆࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛

ࡤ㛗ࡃാࡃ࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽᑐヰࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ␗࡞ࡿほⅬࢆࡶࡘᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ

➨ 3 ࡟㸪ᴟࡵ࡚ேᩘࡢᑡ࡞࠸ B ࡣ㸪Ꮡ⥆ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪⮬ศࡓࡕࡢ័⩦ࡢព⩏ࢆᨭ㓄ⓗ㒊⨫࡟ㄝ᫂ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽ㸪⮬ศࡓࡕࡢ┦஫⾜Ⅽ࣮ࣔࢻ࡜ࡣ␗
࡞ࡿ࣮ࣔࢻ࡬ࡢ↓⌮ゎࡣᩥ໬ⓗⴱ⸨ cultural conflict ࡢཎᅉ࡟࡞ࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿ
࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Lester and Piore 2004㸧ࠋB ࡣ㸪ᨭ㓄ⓗ㒊⨫ࡢ㛵ᚰ࡟ྜ⮴ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟⮬ࡽࡢ࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪࢆࠕ⩻ヂ translationࠖࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ➨ 4 ࡟㸪A ♫ࡢ୰࡛ࡢ B ࡢ␗㉁ᛶࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪B ࡜㢳ᐈ௻ᴗ㸪
B ࡜ၟရࡢ₯ᅾⓗ฼⏝⪅㸦ㄪᰝᑐ㇟⪅㸧࡜ࡢ┦஫⾜Ⅽࡢᛶ㉁ࢆ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡿࡶࡢ࡜
ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ࡸࡣࡾ SDL ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕᑐヰࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡀ౑⏝࡛ࡁࡿࠋB ࡢᴗົࡢᮏ㉁ࡣ㸪B ࡜㢳ᐈ௻ᴗ࡜₯ᅾⓗ฼⏝⪅ࡢ୕⪅ࡢ࠶࠸ࡔࡢᑐヰࢆࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡍࡿࡇ࡜
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞࠾㸪ⴭ⪅ࡣ㸪ࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩ࣭࣮ࣙࣥ࣌ࣃ࣮࡛ࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟グ㏙ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡢ㸪
B ࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡢ㛵ಀࡣ㸪ᑐヰⓗ㛵ಀᛶ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶ㸪ࠕ୺ᚑ㛵ಀࠖ2࡟㏆࠸ࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋᑐヰࡣ㸪ࢳ࣮࣒ࢆྵࡵࡓ㓄⨨㸦ࢳ࣮࣒㸪ࣔࣀ㸪✵㛫㸪㢳ᐈ௻ᴗ㸪

B ࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮D ࡀ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࢆᅇ᝿ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡇࡢゝⴥࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ㸦2018 ᖺ 1 ᭶ 20
᪥ D ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ㸧ࠋ2

4እ㒊ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ㸧ࡢከᵝ࡞ഃ㠃ࡢࠕ୍ࡘࠖࢆ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡿᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡶࡕࢁࢇࢳ࣮࣒ࡢ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ┦஫⾜Ⅽࡢ≉ᚩࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࡋ㸪ࠕᨭ㓄ⓗ≉ᚩ࡛ࠖࡶ࡞࠿
ࡗࡓࠋࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩ࣭࣮ࣙࣥ࣌ࣃ࣮ࡣ㸪B ⮬ࡽࡀㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࢆᤊ࠼ࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡓᏛ▱ࢆ㸪⩻ࡗ࡚ B ࢆᤊ࠼㸪ホ౯ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡓࠋⴭ⪅ࡣ㸪⾜Ⅽ୺యࡀㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࢆᤊ࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡟᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢぢ᪉ࢆࠕ⩻ࡋ࡚ࠖ⾜Ⅽ୺యࢆホ౯ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟⏝࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᡭἲࢆ㸪ึᮇࡢⲡ✏ࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛ᡤ㛗 C ࡟᫂☜࡟ఏ࠼ࡓࠋ
ࡑࡢᚋ㸪ⴭ⪅ࡣ㸪C ࡜ពぢ஺᥮ࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡇࡢ࣮࣌ࣃ࣮ࢆ௙ୖࡆ㸪බ㛤ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢᏛ▱ࡢࠕ⩻ࡋࠖ㸦ࡦࡿࡀ࠼ࡋ㸧ࡣ㸪B ࡢูࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ࡜⤖ྜࡋ࡚㓄⨨ࡢ෌⦅࡜࠸࠺ຠᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࠋⴭ⪅ࡀ B ࢆㄪᰝࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡜ྠࡌ᫬ᮇ㸪B ࡣ㸪࣓ࣥࣂ࣮㛫ࡢ័⩦໬ࡉࢀࡓ┦஫⾜Ⅽࢆ୍᪦ゎࡁ࡯ࡄࡋ㸪Ⓨᒎࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪ࠕࢥ࣮ࢳࠖࢆᣍ࠸ࡓࠋᙼዪࡣ㸪࢔࣮ࣀࣝࢻ࣭࣑ࣥࢹࣝࡀᵓ⠏ࡋࡓ㸪㞟ᅋ࡟ෆᅾࡍࡿⴱ⸨
conflict ࢆゎᾘࡍࡿࠕᑐヰࠖࡢᢏἲ࡟๎ࡗ࡚㸪௨ୗࡢࡇ࡜ࢆᾋࡁ᙮ࡾ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ
࣮࣡ࢡࢆࢳ࣮࣒࡜ඹ࡟ᐇ⾜ࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣ㸪୍ࡘࡢࠕࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ B ࡢ≉ᚩ㸪ⴱ⸨㸪ࠕክ dreamࠖ㸦┠ᶆ㸧㸪ࡑࡢ┠ᶆࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡢᙺ
๭ࢆᾋࡁ᙮ࡾ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࣮࣡ࢡ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦Mindell 1989㸧ࠋ
B ࡣ㸪ᙼࡽ࡜ⴭ⪅㸪࠾ࡼࡧ㸪ᙼࡽ࡜ࢥ࣮ࢳ࡜࠸࠺ 2 ࡘࡢ㛵㐃ࡍࡿ┦஫⾜Ⅽࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪ࠕࢃࡓࡋࡓࡕࡣ͐ࠗᑐヰ㸫Dialogue㸫࠘ࡢࣉࣟࢳ࣮࣒࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠕゝ᫂ statementࠖࢆࡘࡃࡗࡓࠋᅗ 2 ࡣ㸪ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࡢ⤒⦋ࢆ⾲ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢゝ᫂ࡢ୰ࡢࠕᑐヰࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡣ㸪SDL ࠾ࡼࡧ⢭⚄་Ꮫࡢࠕ࣮࢜ࣉ࣭ࣥࢲ
࢖࢔࣮ࣟࢢࠖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ព࿡࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Seikkula and Arnkil 2006; ໭ᕝ
2017; 2018㸧ࠋ┠ᶆࡢጇᙜᛶ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ᑐヰࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ౯್ࡢඹ๰ࢆ┠ᣦࡍࡇ࡜ࡢጇᙜᛶࡣ㸪Ballantyne and Varey (2006)ࡢḟࡢᐉゝ࡞࡝ࡢᶒጾ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡓᏛ
⾡◊✲࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᢸಖࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣ㸪ᑐヰⓗ┦஫⾜Ⅽࢆ㸪S-D ࣟࢪࢵࢡࡢ୰ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ⌮᝿ⓗ࡞ᙧែ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡳ࡞ࡍࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽ㸪ᑐヰࡣ㸪౯್ࡢඹ๰ࡢࡓࡵࡢ₯ᅾᛶ࡜ᣢ⥆ⓗ࡞➇தඃ఩ࢆᨭ࠼ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ
㸦Ballantyne and Varey 2006, p. 224㸧ࠋB ࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡀ㸪ࡇࡢゝ᫂ࡣ B ࢆྵࡴ㓄⨨ࡢ୍ഃ㠃ࢆ࠺ࡲࡃ⾲ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀ࡜ྠ᫬࡟㸪㓄⨨ࡢࠕክࠖࢆ⾲ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ࡜ಙࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ⌮⏤ࡢ୍ࡘࡣ㸪࢔࣮ࣀࣝࢻ࣭࣑ࣥࢹࣝࡀᵓ⠏5ࡋࡓ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࢆᾋࡁ᙮ࡾ࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᡭ⥆ࡁࢆࢥ࣮ࢳࡢᡭᘬࡁ࡛㐺ษ࡟㋃ࢇࡔ
࡜࠸࠺⣡ᚓឤࢆ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡀࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ᅗ2
SDLᏛ⾡ⓗ◊✲⪅࡜㔝⏕ࡢ◊✲⪅ࡢ༠ാ⢭⚄་⒪ࡢ࣮࢜ࣉ࣭ࣥ
ࢲ࢖࢔࣮ࣟࢢ

Ꮫ⾡ⓗ◊✲⪅
㸦ⴭ⪅㸧օࢳ࣮࣒ࡢᛶ᱁࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢥ࣮ࢳࡢⓎぢࢆ⫈ࡁྲྀࡿ
ֆࢩࢫࢸ࣒ㄽ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃࢥ࣮ࢳࡢ᥼
ຓᡭἲ࡟ឤ㖭ࢆ࠺ࡅࡿB㔝⏕ࡢ◊✲⪅
㸦ࢥ࣮ࢳ㸧ࢳ࣮࣒ࡢᛶ᱁ࢆ᫂♧໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࣇ࢓ࢩࣜࢸ
࣮ࢩࣙࣥ

௨ୗࡢ 2 ࡘࢆఏ࠼ࡿ
օ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡟࠾ࡅ
ࡿࠕᑐヰࠖࡢᐃ⩏ֆ ほᐹ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡓⓎぢࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩ࣭࣮ࣙࣥ࣌ࣃ࣮
㸦໭ᕝ 2017㸧

A.࣑ࣥࢹࣝࡢᑐヰࡢᛮ᝿࡜᪉ἲ

ゝ᫂㸦ࢃࡓࡋࡓࡕࡣࠕᑐヰ㸫Dialogue㸫ࠖࡢࣉࣟࢳ࣮࣒㸧ࡢᵓ⠏ࡇࡢゝ᫂ࡣ B ࡢᛶ᱁࡜࢔࢖ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕ࢆᐉゝࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ⴭ⪅࠿ࡽࡳࡿ࡜㸪ࡇࡢゝ᫂ࡀᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡓ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࡣከᵝ࡞ഃ㠃࡞࠸ࡋᛶ㉁ࢆ
ࡶࡗࡓ B ࡢ୍ഃ㠃ࢆ⾲ࡍࡶࡢ࡛ࡋ࠿࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋඛ࡟㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪ᡤ㛗 C ࡜࣓
ࣥࣂ࣮D ࡢ㛵ಀࡣ㸪ᑐヰⓗ㛵ಀ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶ㸪ࡴࡋࢁࠕ୺ᚑ㛵ಀ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ
࠿ࡋ㸪ࡇࡢゝ᫂ࡀᵓ⠏ࡉࢀ㸪B ࡢ࢔࢖ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕࡜ࡋ࡚ඹ᭷ࡉࢀࡿࡸ㸪ࡇࡢゝ᫂ࡣつ⠊ᛶࢆᖏࡧࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪㓄⨨ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡓࡕࡀࡇ
ࡢゝ᫂ࡢࠕ┿ᐇ࿡ verisimilitudeࠖ㸦Callon 2007, p. 330㸧ࢆ࠸ࡗࡑ࠺㧗ࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟⾜ືࡋ㸪ࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㓄⨨ࡀ෌⦅ࡉࢀ㸪ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ࡇࡢゝ᫂ࡢ┿ᐇ࿡ࡀ㧗ࡲࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㓄⨨ࡢ෌⦅࡜ࡣ㸪ேࡢໟᦤ㸦ᑐヰࡢᐇ⌧࡟㈉⊩ࡍࡿ≉ᐃࡢᑓ㛛ⓗᢏ⬟ࢆࡶࡗࡓ᪂࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ㸪័⩦ⓗ๓ᥦࢆᨺᲠ࡛ࡁࡿᚰࡢᰂࡽ࠿ࡉࢆࡶࡕ㸪ᑐヰࢆᚿྥࡍࡿ㢳ᐈ௻ᴗ࠾ࡼࡧእ㒊ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙ࡜ඃඛⓗ࡟௙஦ࢆࡍࡿ㸧࡜᤼㝖㸦ᑐヰࡢᐇ⌧࡟㈉⊩࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡢ㏥ฟ㸪ࠕぢࡓ࠸ࡶࡢࡋ࠿ぢ࡞࠸ࠖ3㢳ᐈ௻ᴗࡢ౫㢗ࡢඃ
32017 ᖺ 4 ᭶ 21 ᪥

C ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࠋ
6ඛᗘࢆୗࡆࡿ㸧㸪ᑐヰ࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿ⬟ຊ࡬ࡢ㔠㖹ⓗ࣭᫬㛫ⓗ࣭⢭⚄ⓗ࣭యຊⓗᢞ㈨㸦㟷ᒣᏛ㝔኱Ꮫ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮⫱ᡂࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢཷㅮ㸧㸪✵㛫ࡢኚ໬㸦ࠕࡸࡾ࡜ࡾ࣮ࠖࣔࢻ࡜ࡑࢀ࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿ័⩦ࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ✵㛫࠿ࡽ㞳⬺ࡋ㸪ಶᐊ࡟⛣ࡿ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋே㸪ࣔࣀ㸪✵㛫ࢆ㑅ูࡍࡿ㝿ࡢุ᩿ᇶ‽ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢせ⣲ࡀୖグゝ᫂ࡢ┿ᐇ࿡ࡢྥୖ࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿ࠿ྰ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢゝ᫂ࡣ㸪A ♫㸪㢳ᐈ㸪እ㒊ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟බ⾲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼㸪ᙼࡽࡣ㸪ูࡢ┦஫⾜Ⅽ࣮ࣔࢻࢆ࡜ࡿ㞟ᅋ࠿ࡽࡍࢀࡤ᫬࡟ወ␗࡟ࡶࡳ࠼ࡿ B ࡢ័⩦ࢆ㸪ࠕᑐヰࠖ࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ゎ㔘ࡋ㸪ཷᐜࡍࡿࠋゝ᫂ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪㢳ᐈࡸእ㒊ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡣ㸪ᙼࡽ⮬㌟ࡶࡲࡓᑐヰࢆᢸ࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆᮇᚅࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜㸪ᑐヰࢆᢸ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᡂᯝ≀㸦ၟရ௻⏬㸧
ࡢ㉁ࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࠋᏛ▱࡟ᨭ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡇࡢゝ᫂ࡣ㸪㓄⨨ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ࢔
ࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ┦஫⾜Ⅽࢆᑐヰⓗ࣮ࣔࢻ࡬࡜෌⦅㸦ㄪᩚ㸧ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢつ⠊࡜ࡋ࡚స⏝ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ゝ᫂ᵓ⠏๓ࡼࡾࡶᑐヰࡢᐇ⌧࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿே㸦࣓ࣥࣂ࣮㸪㢳ᐈ㸪እ㒊ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙ㸧㸪⬟ຊ㸪✵㛫ࡀ㓄⨨ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪B ࡜㢳ᐈ௻ᴗࡀࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡟
࠾࠸࡚ᑐヰࢆᐇ⌧ࡉࡏࡿ㢖ᗘ࠾ࡼࡧ῝ᗘࡀ㧗ࡲࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢゝ᫂ࡣ㸪ᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡓᙜึࡣ㓄⨨ࡢ୍ഃ㠃㸦´aQµDVSHFWRIagencement㸧ࢆ⾲ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀ㸪つ⠊ᛶࢆᖏࡧ࡚㓄⨨ࢆ෌⦅ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪㓄⨨ࡢᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ഃ㠃㸦´tKHµ aspect of agencement㸧ࢆ⾲ࡍࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡼࡾṇ☜࡟ゝ࠼ࡤ㸪㓄⨨ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࡓࡕ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࠿ࡽࡑࡢ
ࡼ࠺࡟ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ㢳ᐈ௻ᴗࡢၟရ௻⏬⪅ࡓࡕࡣ㸪ࡇࡢゝ᫂ࢆ Bࡢ࢔࢖ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋ㸪ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜ᡂᯝ࡟‶㊊ࡍ㸬㸬ࢀࡤ㸪ࡑࡢゝ᫂ࡀ┿ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜▱ぬࡍࡿ㸪ࡘࡲࡾ㸪B ࡢ㉁ࢆࠕᑐヰࡢࣉࣟࢳ࣮࣒㸬㸬㸬 㸬࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜つᐃࡍࡿ qualifyࠋᙼࡽࡀၟရ௻⏬⪅ࡢ௻ᴗᶓ᩿ⓗ࡞㠀බᘧࢿࢵࢺ࣡
࣮ࢡ࡛ࠕཱྀࢥ࣑ࠖࡍࡿ㝿࡟ㄒࡽࢀࡿ B ࡢീ㸦㉁㸧ࡣ㸪ࠕᑐヰࠖ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒ࡛つᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋ㢳ᐈࡀࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ B ࡢ㉁ࢆ≉ᐃࡢゝㄒ࡛つᐃࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪B ࡢഃ࠿ࡽࡍࢀࡤ㸪⮬ࡽࡢᏑᅾព⩏ࡢࠕ౯್࡙ࡅ valuingࠖ࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ⤖ㄽ㠀≀㉁ⓗ⏕⏘࡜ࡣ㸪ࢥࣔࣥࢆ⏝࠸࡚㠀≀㉁ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ⏕⏘࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢥ
ࣔࣥࡢ඾ᆺ౛ࡀ㸪Ꮫ▱࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㠀≀㉁ⓗ⏕⏘࡟࠾࠸࡚࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢᛮ᝿ࡸᩥ໬
7ே㢮Ꮫࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ά⏝ࡉࢀࡣࡌࡵࡓ࠿ࢆᥥ࠸ࡓඛ⾜◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪Ꮫ▱ࡣ㸪௻ᴗࡢㄪᰝ⪅ࡀㄪᰝᑐ㇟࡟᥋㏆ࡋ㸪⌮ゎࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࡶࡢࡢぢ᪉ࡸ᪉ἲ㸪ࡘࡲࡾㄪᰝ⪅ࡢࠕ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᥥ࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ᮏ✏ࡢ஦౛◊✲࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃ࡜㸪㠀≀㉁ⓗ⏕⏘࡟ά⏝ࡉࢀࡿᏛ▱ࡣ㸪⾜Ⅽ୺యࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⾜Ⅽ୺యࡀ⏝࠸ࡿࠕ㐨ලࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᙺ๭ࢆࡶࡘ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋᏛ▱࡟ෆໟࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓつ⠊ࡀ㸪ࡑࡢᏛ▱ࢆ㐨ල࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡿ㓄⨨㸦⾜Ⅽ୺య㸧࡟ࠕ⩻ࡗ࡚ࠖ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡣࡌࡵࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ࡑࡢᏛ▱ࡣ㸪㓄⨨࡟࠾ࡅࡿከᵝ࡞༠ാ㸦ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ㸧ࡢ࣮ࣔࢻࢆᑐヰⓗ࣮ࣔࢻ࡬࡜෌⦅ࡍࡿຠຊࢆࡶࡘࠕつ⠊ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚స⏝ࡋࡓࠋつ⠊࡜ࡣ஦๓࡟ྜពࡉࢀࡓ➼⣭௜ࡅ㸦㉁つᐃ㸧ࡢཎ⌮ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᮏ✏ࡢ஦౛࡛࠸
࠼ࡤ㸪ࡑࡢ➼⣭ࡣ㸪୍᪉ྥࡢࠕ⊂ⓑࠖ㸺཮᪉ྥࡢࠕࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࠖ㸺ࠕᑐヰ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟㸪㓄⨨ࡢ୰࡛⏕ࡌࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᑐヰⓗ┦஫⾜Ⅽࡣ㸪୍ࡘࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡ
ࢺ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᑐヰࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ㢖ᗘ㸪࠾ࡼࡧ㸪័⩦ⓗ๓ᥦࡀ◚ቯࡉࢀࡿ㝿ࡢ࢖ࣥࣃࢡࢺ
ࡢ኱ࡁࡉ㸪๓ᥦࡸ▱㆑ࢆๅ᪂ࡍࡿྜពࡢ฿㐩ᗘࡢ㧗ࡉ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᇶ‽࡟ࡶ࡜࡙࠸
࡚➼⣭௜ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᇶ‽࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃ➼⣭௜ࡅࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟᭕᫕࡛࠶ࡾ୺ほⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪つ⠊ࡀࢳ࣮࣒ෆ࡛ඹ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࡑࡢ➼⣭௜ࡅࡢᗘྜ࠸
ࡀ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡈ࡜࡟㐪࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺4ࠋࡇࡢつ⠊࡟ࡶ࡜࡙࠸࡚㓄⨨ࡀ෌⦅ࡉࢀࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪ࡇࡢつ⠊ࡢ➃ⓗ࡞⾲⌧࡛࠶ࡿࠕゝ᫂ࠖࡢࠕ┿ᐇ࿡ࠖࡣ㧗ࡲࡗࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪つ⠊࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᏛ▱ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢᏛ▱ࢆ㐨ල࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡿ⾜Ⅽ୺య㸦㓄⨨㸧ࢆኚᐜࡉࡏࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋつ⠊࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᏛ▱ࡣ㸪㓄⨨ࡀࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞
ഃ㠃ࡢ࠺ࡕ≉ᐃࡢഃ㠃࡟ᙉⅯ࡞ගࢆᙜ࡚ࡓࠋࡑࡢഃ㠃ࡢ⌧ࢀ࡟㈉⊩ࡍࡿே㸪ࣔࣀ㸪✵㛫ࡀໟᦤࡉࢀ㸪ࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛㸪ࡑࡢഃ㠃ࡢ⾲ࢀ࡟㈉⊩ࡋ࡞࠸ே㸪ࣔࣀ㸪✵㛫ࡀ᤼㝖ࡉࢀࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪ࡑࡢഃ㠃ࡣ㸪ࠕ࠶ࡿ୍ࡘࡢࠖഃ㠃࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪㓄⨨ࡢᛶ㉁ࠕࡑࡢࡶ
ࡢࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࠿ࡽㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼㸪ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ゝ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᏛ▱ࡣ㸪⾜Ⅽ୺యࡢࠕ㉁つᐃࠖ㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕ౯್࡙ࡅࠖ㸧࡟ᙉࡃ㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ㠀≀㉁ⓗປാ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࢥࣔࣥࡣ༢࡞ࡿ㈨※࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪⏕⏘୺యࡑࡢࡶ
ࡢࢆ㸦෌㸧つᐃࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

42018 ᖺ 1 ᭶ 20 ᪥

C ࠾ࡼࡧ D ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࠋ
8ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩%DOODQW\QH'DQG9DUH\5-  ´,QWURGXFLQJD'LDORJLFDO2ULentation to
the Service-'RPLQDQW /RJLFµ Lusch, R.F. and Vargo, S.L., The Service-

Dominant Logic of Marketing: Dialog, Debate, and Directions, Routledge,
London; New York, pp. 224̽235.
&DOORQ 0   ´:KDW Does It Mean to Say That Economics Is
PHUIRUPDWLYH"µ in MacKenzie, D., Muniesa, F. and Siu, L. eds., Do

Economists Make Markets?: On the Performativity of Economics, Princeton
University Press., Princeton, pp. 311-357.
&DOORQ0  ´4X·HVW-FHTX·XQDJHQFHPHQWPDUFKDQG"µLQ&DOORQ0 etal., Sociologie des agencements marchands, Presses des Mines, Paris, pp.
325-440.㸦໭ᕝரኴ࣭㡲⏣ᩥ᫂ヂࠕᕷሙⓗ㓄⨨࡜ࡣఱ࠿ࠖ㹙ୖ㹛㛵す኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ఍ࠗ⤒῭ㄽ㞟࠘➨ 66 ᕳ➨ 2 ྕ㸪35-68 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸪㹙୰㹛ྠㄅ➨ 66 ᕳ➨ 3 ྕ㸪2355 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸪㹙ୗ㹛ྠㄅ➨ 67 ᕳ➨ 1 ྕ㸪63-85 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸪㹙௜㘓 1㹛ྠㄅ➨ 67 ᕳ➨
2 ྕ㸪77-105 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋ
Eymard-Duvernay, F. (2004) Économie politique de l'entreprise, La
Découverte, Paris.㸦ᾏ⪁ሯ᫂࡯࠿ヂࠗ௻ᴗࡢᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫ̿̿ࢥࣦࣥ࢓ࣥࢩ࢜ࣥ
⌮ㄽ࠿ࡽࡢᒎᮃ࠘ࢼ࢝ࢽࢩࣖฟ∧㸪2006 ᖺ㸧ࠋHardt, M. and Negri, A. (2005) Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of

Empire, Penguin Books, London.㸦࣐ࠗࣝࢳࢳ࣮ࣗࢻ̿̿ࠕᖇᅜࠖ᫬௦ࡢᡓத
࡜Ẹ୺୺⩏࠘ୖᕳ࣭ୗᕳ㸪ᗄᓥᖾᏊヂ㸪᪥ᮏᨺ㏦ฟ∧༠఍㸪2005 ᖺ㸧ࠋLester, R.K. and Piore, M.J. (2004) Innovation: The Missing Dimension,
Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 2004.㸦౫⏣┤ஓヂࠗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ̿̿ࠕ᭕᫕ࡉࠖ࡜ࡢᑐヰ࡟ࡼࡿ௻ᴗ㠉᪂࠘㸪⏕⏘ᛶฟ∧㸪2006 ᖺ㸧ࠋ/XFDUHOOL 6 DQG 9HUFHOORQH &   ´The Thesis of Cognitive Capitalism.
New Research Perspectives. An Introductionµ Knowledge Cultures, Vol. 1,
No. 4, pp. 15-27.
Lusch, R.F. and Vargo, S.L. (2014) Service-Dominant Logic: Premises,

Perspectives, Possibilities, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.㸦஭ୖ
ᓫ㏻┘ヂࠗࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢻ࣑ࢼࣥࢺ࣭ࣟࢪࢵࢡࡢⓎ᝿࡜ᛂ⏝࠘ྠᩥ⯓ฟ∧㸪20169ᖺ㸧ࠋ
Mindell, A. (1989) The Year One: Global Process Work: Community Creationfrom Global Problems, Tensions and Myths, Penguin Arkana, London; New
York.㸦㟷ᮌ⪽ヂ࣮ࠗ࣡ࣝࢻ࣮࣡ࢡ̿̿ࣉࣟࢭࢫᣦྥࡢⴱ⸨ゎỴ㸪ࢳ࣮࣒࣭⤌⧊࣭ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕⒪ἲ࠘ㄔಙ᭩ᡣ㸪2013 ᖺ㸧ࠋMoulier Boutang, Y. (2011) Cognitive Capitalism, translated by Ed Emery,
Polity, Cambridge.
Seikkula, J. and Arnkil, T.E. (2006) Dialogical Meetings in Social Networks,
Karnac, London.㸦㧗ᮌಇ௓࣭ᒸ⏣ឡヂ࣮ࠗ࢜ࣉࣥࢲ࢖࢔࣮ࣟࢢ࠘᪥ᮏホㄽ♫㸪2016 ᖺ㸧ࠋఀ⸨Ὀಙ (2017)ࠕ࢚ࢫࣀࢢࣛࣇ࢕ࢆᐇ㊶ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢྍ⬟ᛶؐؐᩥ໬ே㢮Ꮫࡢどゅ࡜᪉ἲㄽࢆᐇົ࡟ά࠿ࡍࠖࠗ⤌⧊⛉Ꮫ࠘➨ 51 ᕳ㸪➨ 1 ྕ㸪30-45 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋⱉᐟಇᩥ࣭బ఑⬃࣭㧗ᮌගኴ㑻⦅㸦2012㸧ࠗࡲ࡞ࡧࢆᏛࡪ࠘
㸦࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉ࡜Ꮫ
ࡧ 1㸧ᮾி኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠋ໭ᕝரኴ (2017) ࠕᕷ୰ࡢᒣᒃ̿̿ᑐヰ࡟ࡼࡿၟရ௻⏬ࡢඹ๰ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿไᗘ㛵す኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ఍ Working Paper Series, J-46.
໭ᕝரኴ (2018) ࠕၟရ௻⏬࡟࠾ࡅࡿᑐヰ̿̿ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࢻ࣑ࢼࣥࢺ࣭ࣟࢪࢵࢡ
ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࠖ㛵す኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ఍ࠗ⤒῭ㄽ㞟࠘➨ 67 ᕳ㸪➨ 4 ྕ㸪399-432 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋす㜰௮ (2008)ࠗศᩓࡍࡿ㌟య࢚̿̿ࢫࣀ࣓ࢯࢻࣟࢪ࣮ⓗ┦஫⾜Ⅽศᯒࡢᒎ㛤࠘ວⲡ᭩ᡣࠋᒣᮏὈ୕⦅ (2016)ࠗㄆ▱㈨ᮏ୺⩏̿̿21 ୡ⣖ࡢ࣏ࣜࢸ࢕࣭࢚࢝ࣝࢥࣀ࣑࣮࠘ࢼ
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㸦బ㈡኱Ꮫ㸧㸯 ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
ᮏ◊✲ࡢ┠ⓗࡣ㸪᪥ᮏࡢ〇㐀ᴗ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪㟂せኚືࡀᡤᚓศ㓄࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿไᗘⓗᵓ㐀ࢆ⏘ᴗู࡟ᐇド࣭ẚ㍑ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㏆ᖺࡢ࣏ࢫࢺ࣭ࢣ࢖ࣥࢬὴ⤒῭Ꮫ㸪ࡑࡢ୰࡛ࡶ࢝ࣞࢶ࢟ὴ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ୍ὴࡣ㸪㝵⣭㛫ࡢᡤᚓศ㓄࡜᭷ຠ㟂せ࡜ࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡿ࣐ࢡࣟᵓ㐀ࡢゎ᫂࡟ὀຊࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
࢝ࣞࢶ࢟ὴࡢ⌮ㄽࡣ㸪1㸬㈨ᮏࢫࢺࢵࢡࡢ୙᏶඲✌ാ࡜ᩘ㔞ㄪᩚ࡟ࡼࡿ㟂⤥୍⮴㸪
2㸬௻ᴗࡢ࣐࣮ࢡ࢔ࢵࣉ࡟ࡼࡿ౯᱁Ỵᐃ㸪3㸬㈓⵳࠿ࡽ⊂❧ࡋࡓᢞ㈨㛵ᩘ㸪࡞࡝ࡢᇶᮏⓗ≉ᚩࢆᣢࡘࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ᝿ᐃ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ㸪࢝ࣞࢶ࢟ὴࡣ㝵⣭㛫ࡢᡤᚓศ㓄ࡢኚ
໬ࡀᢞ㈨㛵ᩘࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚᭷ຠ㟂せ࡜㈨ᮏ✌ാ⋡ࢆኚືࡉࡏࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆᥥ෗ࡋ㸪ࡇࢀࢆࠕ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃᘧ໬ࡍࡿࠋBhaduri and Marglin (1990) ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪฼₶୺ᑟᆺ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡜㈤㔠୺ᑟᆺ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢ཮᪉ࡀᡂ❧ࡋᚓࡿ࡜࠸࠺
ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚௨᮶㸪࢝ࣞࢶ࢟ὴࡣ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢከᵝᛶ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚㸪⌮ㄽ࣭ᐇドࡢ཮᪉࡛ศᯒࢆ⵳✚ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ึṌⓗ࡞࢝ࣞࢶ࢟ὴࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᡤᚓศ㓄⋡ࡣእ⏕ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ᡤᚓศ㓄ࡀ㟂せᙧᡂ࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪࡟↔Ⅼࡀᙜ࡚ࡽࢀࡿ୍᪉࡛㸪㟂せኚ໬ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡓศ㓄⋡ࡢෆ⏕ⓗኚືࢆᢅࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ⅬࡀᏑᅾࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡜ࡣ㏫ࡢ⤒㊰㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㟂せࡢኚືࡀປാ
ᕷሙࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ປ౑㛫ࡢᡤᚓศ㓄࡟ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿᵓ㐀ࢆࠕศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃᘧ
໬࣭ศᯒࡍࡿヨࡳࡀ㔜せ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢ⌮ㄽࡢ㔜せ࡞※Ἠࡢ㸯ࡘࡣ㸪Goodwin (1967) ࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿྂ඾ὴࡢᡂ㛗ᚠ⎔⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ከᵝ࡞ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢศ㢮ࡣປാᕷሙ࡞࡝ᡤᚓศ㓄࡟㛵ࢃࡿไᗘⓗ≉㉁࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡜ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡟㛵ࡍࡿᐇドศᯒࡣ࠸ࡲࡔ
༑ศ࡟⵳✚ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣゝ࠸㞴࠸ࠋBarbosa-Filho and Taylor (2006) ࡸ Tavani et1

al. (2011) ࡞࡝㸪㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡜ศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢ཮᪉ࢆᢅࡗࡓᐇド◊✲ࡶ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡢศᯒᑐ㇟ࡣḢ⡿࡟೫ࡿഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛➹⪅ࡣ
Sonoda (2017) ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪᪥ᮏࡢ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡜ศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆ᥎ィࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪᪥ᮏࡢศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡣ 1977㹼2007 ᖺࡢ㛗ᮇ࡛᥎ィࡍࡿ࡜㸪✌ാ⋡ኚື࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㈤㔠ࢩ࢙࢔ࡀ࢝࢘ࣥࢱ࣮ࢧ࢖ࢡࣜ࢝ࣝ࡟ኚື
ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺≉ᚩࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ◳┤ⓗ࡞ປാᕷሙࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ
ປാಖⶶຠᯝࡀᙉࡃຠ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸪࡞࡝ࡢ▱ぢࢆᚓࡓࠋࡔࡀ㸪Sonoda (2017) ࡣ඲⏘ᴗࢆ㞟ィࡋࡓ࣐ࢡࣟࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᐇド࡛࠶ࡾ㸪⏘ᴗ㛫ࡢ␗㉁ᛶࢆᤞ㇟ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺㝈⏺ࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⌧ᐇࡢ⤒῭࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ಶࠎࡢ⏘ᴗࡈ࡜࡟ᵝࠎ࡞ไᗘⓗᕪ␗ࡀᏑᅾࡋ㸪㞠⏝ㄪᩚࡸ㈤㔠Ỵᐃࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡶỴࡋ୍࡚ᵝ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᕪ␗ࡣ㸪㟂せኚືࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡓᡤᚓศ㓄ࡢືែࢆ⾲ࢃࡍศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡟㐪࠸ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ྠࡌ᪥ᮏࡢ୰࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ㸪⏘ᴗࡈ࡜࡟ከᵝ࡞ศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡀేᏑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࢆಶู࡟ᢳฟࡋ㸪⏘ᴗ㛫ࡢ≉㉁ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿసᴗࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ㸪᪥ᮏࡢศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢᐇែࢆࡼࡾヲ⣽࡟ゎ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃୖ࡛ᚲせ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪᪥ᮏࡢ〇㐀ᴗ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆಶู࡟᥎ィࡋ㸪ࡑࡢẚ㍑ࢆヨࡳࡿࠋᮏ✏ࡢᵓᡂࡣ㸪௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨2 ⠇࡛ࡣ㸪ศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢᐃᘧ໬ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋᡤᚓศ㓄ࡢືᏛࡣ㸪ྡ┠㈤㔠ࡢỴᐃ࣭௻ᴗࡢ౯᱁タᐃ࣭ປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡢኚ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ
࣒ࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀᐃᘧ໬ࡋࡓୖ࡛㸪ศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆᑟฟࡍࡿࠋ➨ 3 ⠇࡛ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚㸪᪥ᮏࡢ〇㐀ᴗ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ᥎ィࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ➨ 4 ⠇࡛ࡣ㸪ྛ⏘ᴗࡢศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆẚ㍑ศᯒࡋ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡓ▱ぢ࡜㸪௒ᚋࡢㄢ
㢟ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ

2 ࣔࢹࣝ
ࡲࡎ㸪➨⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᭷ຠ㟂せࡢኚືࢆ♧ࡍ㈨ᮏ✌ാ⋡‫ݑ‬௜ ࡣ㸪௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟
ᐃᘧ໬ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
‫ݑ‬௜ ൌ ಼೉೔㸦1㸧೔ࡓࡔࡋ㸪ܺ௜ ࡣ➨⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᐇ㉁⏘ฟ㸪‫ܭ‬௜ ࡣ➨⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈨ᮏࢫࢺࢵࢡ㔞࡛࠶ࡿࠋ2ḟ࡟㸪➨⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡤᚓศ㓄ࢆ♧ࡍ㈤㔠ࢩ࢙࢔ߖ௜ ࡣ㸪௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࠋߖ௜ ൌ ೢ೛ ೔೉ಽ೔

㸦2㸧

೔ ೔

ࡓࡔࡋ㸪‫ݓ‬௜ ࡣ➨⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྡ┠㈤㔠⋡㸪‫ܮ‬௜ ࡣ➨⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿປാᢞධ㔞㸪‫݌‬௜ࡣ➨㈈ࡢ౯᱁࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡇ࡛㸪➨⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿປാ⏕⏘ᛶࢆܽ௜ ൌ ೉ಽ ೔ ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜㸪㸦2㸧ᘧࡼࡾ㸪
೔

ߖ௜ ൌ

ೢ೔ ಽ೔
೛೔ ೉೔

ൌ

ೢ೔
೛ ೔ ೌ೔

㸦3㸧ኚᩘࡢ᫬㛫ኚ໬⋡ࢆୖ௜ࡁࣁࢵࢺ࡛⾲ࡍ࡜㸪
㸦3㸧ᘧࡼࡾ㸪㈤㔠ࢩ࢙࢔ࡢ᫬㛫ኚ෡௜ ࡣ㸪ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ศゎࡉࢀࡿࠋ໬⋡ߖ෡௜ ൌ ‫ݓ‬ߖෝ ௜ െ ‫݌‬Ƹ ௜ െ ܽො௜

㸦4㸧⥆࠸࡚㸪㈤㔠ࢩ࢙࢔ࡢኚ໬⋡ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ౯᱁㸪ྡ┠㈤㔠⋡㸪ປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡢኚ໬⋡࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪ྛࠎࡢỴᐃ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆᐃᘧ໬ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡲࡎ౯᱁࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪௻ᴗࡀ༢఩ປാࢥࢫࢺ࡟୍ᐃࡢ࣐࣮ࢡ࢔ࢵࣉࢆ᪋ࡍࡇ
࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚౯᱁ኚ໬⋡‫݌‬Ƹ௜ ࡣ㸪ྡ┠㈤㔠ኚ໬⋡‫ݓ‬ෝ ௜ 㸪࠾ࡼࡧປാ⏕⏘ᛶኚ໬⋡ܽො௜ ࢆ཯ᫎࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓ௻ᴗࡢ౯᱁タᐃ⾜ືࡣ㸪㈈ᕷ
ሙࡢᕷἣ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ኚ໬ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪㈈ᕷሙࡢ㟂せỈ‽ࢆ♧ࡍ㈨ᮏ✌ാ⋡‫ݑ‬௜ ࡶ㸪౯᱁ኚ໬⋡‫݌‬Ƹ௜ ࢆᕥྑࡍࡿኚᩘ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ௨ୖࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚㸪᫬Ⅼ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ౯᱁ኚ໬⋡‫݌‬Ƹ ௜ ࡢỴᐃ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ㸪௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃᘧ໬ࡍࡿࠋ
‫݌‬Ƹ ௜௧ ൌ ߙଵ௜ ሺ‫ݑ‬௜௧ െ ‫ݑ‬ത௜ ሻ ൅ ߙଶ௜ ‫ݓ‬ෝ ௜௧ ൅ ߙଷ௜ ܽො௜௧ ൅ ‫ܥ‬௣೔

㸦5㸧

㸦5㸧ᘧࡢྑ㎶➨ 1 㡯࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪‫ݑ‬ത௜ ࡣᶆ‽✌ാ⋡࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡇࢀࡣ᫬Ⅼ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
ᐇ㝿ࡢ✌ാ⋡࡜ᶆ‽✌ാ⋡ࡢ஋㞳࡟ᛂࡌ࡚㸪௻ᴗࡀ౯᱁タᐃࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㈈ᕷሙࡀ㐕㏕ࡋ㸪✌ാ⋡ࡀ㧗ࡲࡿዲἣᮇ࡟௻ᴗࡀ౯᱁ࢆᘬࡁୖࡆࡿ࡞
ࡽࡤ㸪ߙଵ௜ ൐ Ͳ࡜࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ㏫࡟㸪௚௻ᴗࡀ᪂つཧධࡋ࡚ࡃࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗ࡲࡿዲἣᮇ࡯࡝㸪᪤Ꮡ௻ᴗࡀࡑࢀࢆ㜼ࡴࡓࡵ࡟࣐࣮ࢡ࢔ࢵࣉ⋡ࢆᘬࡁୗࡆ㸪⊂༨ഴྥࡀᙉࡲࡿ୙ἣᮇ࡟ࡣ㏫࡟฼₶☜ಖࡢࡓࡵ࡟࣐࣮ࢡ࢔ࢵࣉ⋡ࢆᘬࡁୖࡆࡿ࡜࠸࠺
⾜ືࢆྲྀࡿ࡞ࡽࡤ㸪ߙଵ௜ ൏ Ͳ࡜࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺1ࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ Kalecki (1971) ࡢ➨ 5 ❶࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡣߙଵ௜ ൏ Ͳ࡜࡞ࡿ࣐࣮ࢡ࢔ࢵࣉ⾜ືࡀ᝿ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪୍᪉࡛୙ἣᮇࡢ್ୗࡆ➇த࡞࡝ߙଵ௜ ൐ Ͳ࡜࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶゝཬࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪࢝ࣞࢶ࢟ࡀࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ௻ᴗࡢ౯᱁タᐃ⾜ືࡢ୧⩏ᛶࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ❚
࠼ࡿࠋ
1

3

㸦5㸧ᘧࡢྑ㎶➨ 2 㡯ࡣ㸪ྡ┠㈤㔠ࡢኚ໬࡟ᑐᛂࡋ࡚௻ᴗࡀ౯᱁ࢆኚ໬ࡉࡏࡿ
࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ⾲ࢃࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ߙଶ௜ ൐ Ͳ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋྠᵝ࡟㸪㸦5㸧ᘧࡢྑ㎶➨ 3 㡯ࡣ㸪ປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡢኚ໬࡟ᑐᛂࡋ࡚௻ᴗࡀ౯᱁ࢆኚ
໬ࡉࡏࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ⾲ࢃࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ߙଷ௜ ൏ Ͳ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
(5)ᘧࡢྑ㎶➨ 4 㡯ࡢ‫ܥ‬௣೔ ࡣ㸪ᐃᩘ㡯࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⥆࠸࡚ྡ┠㈤㔠࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪୺࡜ࡋ࡚ປ౑஺΅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋປാ⪅ࡀ஺΅࡟࠾࠸୍࡚ᐃࡢ㈤㔠ࢩ࢙࢔ࢆせồࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤ㸪ྡ┠㈤㔠ኚ໬⋡‫ݓ‬ෝ ௜ ࡣ౯᱁ኚ໬⋡‫݌‬Ƹ௜ 㸪࠾ࡼࡧປാ⏕⏘ᛶኚ໬⋡ܽො௜ ࢆ཯ᫎࡋ࡚ືࡃ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡲࡓ
ປാ⪅ࡢ஺΅ຊࡣ㸪ປാᕷሙࡢ㟂⤥≧ែ࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ௨ୖࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼
࡚㸪᫬Ⅼ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྡ┠㈤㔠ኚ໬⋡‫ݓ‬ෝ ௜ ࡢỴᐃ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ㸪௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃᘧ໬ࡍࡿࠋ‫ݓ‬ෝ ௜௧ ൌ ߚଵ௜ ሺ‫ݑ‬௜௧ െ ‫ݑ‬ത௜ ሻ ൅ ߚଶ௜ ‫݌‬Ƹ௜௧ ൅ ߚଷ௜ ܽො௜௧ ൅ ‫ܥ‬௪೔

㸦6㸧

㸦6㸧ᘧࡢྑ㎶➨ 1 㡯ࡣ㸪㈈ᕷሙࡢ㟂⤥≧ែࡀປാᕷሙࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ປാ⪅ࡢ஺΅ຊ࡟ᙳ㡪ࡋ㸪ྡ┠㈤㔠ࢆኚືࡉࡏࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ⾲ࢃࡍ2ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ߚଵ௜ ൐ Ͳ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿࠋ
㸦6㸧ᘧࡢྑ㎶➨ 2 㡯ࡣ㸪௻ᴗഃࡀ౯᱁ࢆኚ໬ࡉࡏࡿࡢ࡟ᑐᛂࡋ࡚㸪ປാ⪅ഃ
ࡀ㈤ୖࡆࡢせồỈ‽ࢆኚ໬ࡉࡏࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ⾲ࢃࡍࠋ௻ᴗࡀ౯᱁ࢆᘬࡁୖࡆ
࡚฼₶ࢩ࢙࢔ࢆᘬࡁୖࡆࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࢀࡤ㸪ປാ⪅ࡣ㈤㔠ࢩ࢙࢔ᅇ᚟ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ྡ┠㈤㔠ࡢᘬࡁୖࡆࢆࡼࡾᙉࡃせồࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㈤ୖࡆᅽຊࡀᐇ㝿ࡢྡ┠㈤㔠࡟཯ᫎࡉࢀࢀࡤ㸪ߚଶ௜ ൐ Ͳ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
㸦6㸧ᘧࡢྑ㎶➨ 3 㡯ࡣ㸪ປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡢୖ᪼ࢆ࢖ࣥࢹࢡࢭ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡋࡓྡ┠㈤㔠ୖ࣓᪼࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ⾲ࢃࡍࠋࡇࢀࡀ༑ศ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࢀࡤ㸪ߚଷ௜ ൐ Ͳ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
(6)ᘧࡢྑ㎶➨ 4 㡯ࡢ‫ܥ‬௪೔ ࡣ㸪ᐃᩘ㡯࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛㸪➨⏘ᴗࡢᐇ㉁㈤㔠ࡢኚ໬⋡߱ෝ௜௧ ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜㸪߱ෝ௜௧ ൌ ‫ݓ‬ෝ ௜௧ െ ‫݌‬Ƹ ௜௧ ࡀᡂ❧ࠋ
2ࡇࡢຠᯝࢆ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ⏘ᴗணഛ㌷ຠᯝ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍ࡞ࡽࡤ㸪ྡ┠㈤㔠࡟┤᥋ᅽຊࢆ࠿ࡅࡿኚᩘ
࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣປാᕷሙࡢ㟂⤥ࢆ♧ࡍ㞠⏝⋡ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓ᪉ࡀ㸪ࡼࡾ㐺ษ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ඲⏘ᴗࢆศᯒᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ Sonoda (2017) ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ㒊ศࡢኚᩘ࡟㞠⏝⋡ࢆྲྀࡾ㸪᥎ィࡋࡓߚଵ ࡟࣮࢜ࢡࣥಀᩘࡢ㏫ᩘࢆ஌ࡌࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸪㈨ᮏ✌ാ⋡࡜ࡢ┦㛵ࢆᑟฟࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪⏘ᴗ༢఩࡛᥎ィࢆ⾜࠺㒔ྜୖ㸪⏘ᴗࡈ࡜ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᢕᥱࡋ࡙ࡽ࠸㞠⏝⋡࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪✌ാ⋡ࢆࡑࡢࡲࡲኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚᥇⏝ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ㟂せࡢືྥࡀྡ┠㈤㔠ኚ໬࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ⤒㊰ࡣ⏘ᴗணഛ㌷ຠᯝࡢࡳ࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽࡎ㸪௻ᴗᴗ⦼࡜㐃ືࡋࡓ㈹୚࡞࡝ࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ
࡚㸪ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚✌ാ⋡ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡣ㸪୍ᐃࡢጇᙜᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ
4ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚(5)࣭㸦6㸧ᘧࡼࡾ㸪✌ാ⋡ࡢኚືࡀᐇ㉁㈤㔠ኚ໬⋡࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ㸪௨ୗࡢ೫ᚤศ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ෝ ೔೟
డఠ
డ௨೔೟

ൌ

ఈభ೔ ሺఉమ೔ ିଵሻାఉభ೔ ሺଵିఈమ೔ ሻାሼఈయ೔ ሺఉమ೔ ିଵሻାఉయ೔ ሺଵିఈమ೔ ሻሽఊଵିఈమ೔ ఉమ೔㸦7㸧

㸦7㸧ᘧࡢྑ㎶ࡀṇ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡁ㸪✌ാ⋡ࡢୖ᪼ࡣᐇ㉁㈤㔠ኚ໬⋡ࢆᘬࡁୖࡆࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡣ᭷ຠ㟂せࡢቑ኱ࡀ㈈ᕷሙࢆ௓ࡋ࡚౯᱁ࢆᘬࡁୖࡆࡿຠᯝࡼࡾࡶ㸪ປാᕷሙࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ྡ┠㈤㔠ࢆᘬࡁୖࡆࡿຠᯝࡢ᪉ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᵓ㐀ࢆࠕປാᕷሙ୺ᑟᆺࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠖ࡜࿧ࡪࠋ㏫࡟㸦7㸧ᘧࡢྑ㎶ࡀ㈇࡛
࠶ࡿ࡜ࡁ㸪✌ാ⋡ࡢୖ᪼ࡣᐇ㉁㈤㔠ኚ໬⋡ࢆᘬࡁୗࡆࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ᭷ຠ㟂せࡢቑ኱ࡀປാᕷሙࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ྡ┠㈤㔠ࢆᘬࡁୖࡆࡿຠᯝࡼࡾࡶ㸪㈈ᕷሙࢆ௓ࡋ࡚౯᱁
ࢆᘬࡁୖࡆࡿຠᯝࡢ᪉ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᵓ㐀ࢆࠕ㈈ᕷ
ሙ୺ᑟᆺࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠖ࡜࿧ࡪ3ࠋࡶ࠺㸯ࡘࡢኚᩘ࡛࠶ࡿປാ⏕⏘ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㸪✌ാ⋡ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚ኚືࡍ
ࡿ㒊ศࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ௻ᴗࡀ⏘ฟࡢኚື࡟ᑐᛂࡋ࡚㸪ປാᢞධ㔞ࢆᰂ㌾࡟ㄪᩚࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸪✌ാ⋡ࡀ㧗ࡲࡿዲἣᮇ࡟ປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡣୖ᪼ࡋࡸࡍࡃ㸪✌ാ⋡ࡀⴠࡕ㎸ࡴ୙ἣᮇ࡟ࡣປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡀపୗࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓປാಖⶶຠ
ᯝࢆ཯ᫎࡋࡓປാ⏕⏘ᛶኚ໬ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣ㸪௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃᘧ໬࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
㸦8㸧ܽො௜௧ ൌ ߛ௜ ሺ‫ݑ‬௜௧ െ ‫ݑ‬ത௜ ሻ ൅ ‫ܥ‬௔೔㸦8㸧ᘧࡢྑ㎶➨ 1 㡯ࡣປാಖⶶຠᯝࢆ⾲ࢃࡋ㸪ߛ௜ ൐ Ͳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
(8)ᘧࡢྑ㎶➨ 2 㡯ࡢ‫ܥ‬௔೔ ࡣ㸪ᐃᩘ㡯࡛࠶ࡿࠋ෡௜௧ ൌ ߱
㸦4㸧ᘧࡼࡾ㸪ߖෝ௜௧ െ ܽො௜௧ ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ㸪
㸦8㸧ᘧࡼࡾ㸪㈤㔠ࢩ࢙࢔ࡢ᫬㛫ኚ໬෡௜ ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚✌ാ⋡‫ݑ‬௜ ࡀ୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡣ㸪௨ୗࡢ೫ᚤศ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
⋡ߖ
෡ ೔೟
డఅ
డ௨೔೟

ෝ
డఠ

ൌ డ௨ ೔೟ െ ߛ

㸦9㸧

೔೟

ࡇࡢ㸦9㸧ᘧࡣ㸪➨⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞ศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆ⾲⌧ࡍࡿࠋ㸦9㸧ᘧࡢ
ྑ㎶ࡀṇ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡁ㸪ᡃࠎࡣࡇࡢศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆࠕ✌ാ⋡࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࣉࣟࢧ࢖ࢡࣜ
3࣐ࢡ࡛ࣟࣞ࣋ࣝ⪃࠼ࢀࡤ㸪
㸦5㸧ᘧࡣ≀౯ࣇ࢕ࣜࢵࣉࢫ᭤⥺㸪㸦6㸧ᘧࡣྡ┠㈤㔠ࣇ࢕ࣜࢵࣉࢫ᭤⥺࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ 2 ✀㢮ࡢࣇ࢕ࣜࢵࣉࢫ᭤⥺ࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀ⊂❧ࡋࡓ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃᘧ໬ࡋ㸪ࡑࡇ࠿ࡽປാᕷሙ୺ᑟᆺࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡜㈈ᕷሙ୺ᑟᆺࣞࢪ࣮࣒
ࢆᑟฟࡋࡓඛ⾜◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪Chiarella et. al (2005) ࡸ Asada et. al (2006) ࡞࡝ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡲ
ࡓ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓᐇド◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪Flaschel et. al (2007)࡞࡝ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ
5࢝ࣝ࡞㈤㔠ࢩ࢙࢔ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢕᥱࡋ㸪㏫࡟㸦9㸧ᘧࡢྑ㎶ࡀ㈇࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡁ㸪ᡃࠎࡣࡇࡢศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆࠕ✌ാ⋡࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࢝࢘ࣥࢱ࣮ࢧ࢖ࢡࣜ࢝ࣝ࡞㈤㔠ࢩ࢙࢔ࠖ࡜
ࡋ࡚ᢕᥱࡍࡿࠋ

3 ⏘ᴗู᥎ィᮏ⠇࡛ࡣ㸪๓⠇࡛ᐃᘧ໬ࡋࡓࣔࢹࣝ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚㸪᪥ᮏࡢ〇㐀ᴗ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡟
࠾ࡅࡿศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀ᥎ィࡋ㸪ࡑࡢᵓ㐀ⓗ≉㉁ࢆẚ㍑ศᯒࡍࡿࠋ

3.1 ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜᥎ィᡭἲࡲࡎ㸪᥎ィ࡟⏝࠸ࡿ᫬⣔ิࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋࢹ࣮ࢱᩘࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡢ⣔ิࡶᅄ༙ᮇࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
౯᱁‫݌‬௜ ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࠗᾘ㈝⪅≀౯ᣦᩘ࠘ࡢ᭶ḟࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ㸪ྛᅄ༙ᮇࡈ࡜࡟ᖹᆒ
ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ồࡵࡓ4ࠋ〇㐀ᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣရ┠ศ㢮⾲࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕᕤᴗ〇ရࠖࡢᩘ್ࢆ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠕᣢࡕᐙࡢᖐᒓᐙ㈤ࢆ㝖ࡃࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠖࡢᩘ್ࢆཧ↷ࡋࡓࠋྡ┠㈤㔠‫ݓ‬௜ ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪⥲㈤㔠ࢆປാᢞධ㔞‫ܮ‬௜ ࡛㝖ࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ
⥲㈤㔠࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࠗἲே௻ᴗ⤫ィ࠘ࡢࠕே௳㈝ࠖࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋ〇㐀ᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ
ࠕ〇㐀ᴗࠖࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ௚ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜ࡢᩚྜᛶࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚㸪ࠕࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࠖ࡜ࠕ㐠㍺࣭㏻ಙᴗࠖࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡢྜィ್ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋປാᢞධ
㔞‫ܮ‬௜ ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ྠࡌࠗἲே௻ᴗ⤫ィ࠘ࡢࠕேဨᩘࠖࡢᩘ್ࢆཧ↷ࡋࡓ5ࠋປാ⏕⏘ᛶܽ௜ ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᐇ㉁⏘ฟܺ௜ ࢆປാᢞධ㔞‫ܮ‬௜ ࡛㝖ࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ồࡵ
4⏘ᴗࡈ࡜ࡢ౯᱁ࡢືྥࢆ♧ࡍࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ࠗᅜẸ⤒῭ィ⟬࠘ࡢ㹅㹂㹎ࢹࣇ࣮ࣞࢱࡶⰋ
ࡃ౑ࢃࢀࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࢀࡣᖺḟࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜࡞ࡿࡓࡵ㸪▷ᮇⓗ࡞౯᱁ኚືࢆᤊ࠼ࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿᮏ◊✲ࡢ୺᪨࡟↷ࡽࡋ࡚㸪ᾘ㈝⪅≀౯ᣦᩘࡢ᭶ḟࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪ᮏ◊✲ࡢࣔࢹࣝ࠿ࡽ
ࡍࡿ࡜㸪〇㐀ᴗࡢ౯᱁࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣᾘ㈝⪅≀౯ᣦᩘࡼࡾࡶ༺኎≀౯ᣦᩘࢆཧ↷ࡋࡓ᪉ࡀ㸪ṇ☜࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪࡞ࡿ࡭ࡃྠࡌࢹ࣮ࢱ⣔ิ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚⏘ᴗ㛫ẚ㍑ࢆ⾜࠺ࡓࡵ࡟㸪〇㐀ᴗ࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡜ࡶ࡟ᾘ㈝⪅≀౯ᣦᩘ࡛⤫୍ࡋࡓࠋ
5 ᐇ㝿ࡢປാᢞධ㔞ࡣ㸪ேဨᩘ࡜ᖹᆒປാ᫬㛫ࡢ✚࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ṇ☜࡞ྡ┠㈤㔠⋡ࢆồࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪ே௳㈝ࢆேဨᩘ࡜ປാ᫬㛫࡛㝖ࡋ࡚㸪᫬㛫ᙜࡓࡾ㈤㔠ࢆᑟฟࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ
࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪
ࠗẖ᭶໅ປ⤫ィ࠘࡞࡝ࡢປാ᫬㛫ㄪᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ྛ⏘ᴗࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡀᚲࡎࡋ
ࡶᥞࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣேဨᩘࢆປാᢞධ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋࡓࠋ
ࠗἲே௻ᴗ⤫ィ࠘ࡢேဨᩘࡣ㸪▷᫬㛫ປാ⪅࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ໅ົ᫬㛫ᩘ࡟ᛂࡌࡓேᩘ᥮⟬ࢆ⾜࠺࡞࡝㸪࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡲ࡛ປാ᫬㛫ኚ໬ࢆ཯ᫎࡋࡓᩘ್࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡇࢀࢆປാᢞධࡢኚᩘࢆࡋ࡚⏝࠸࡚ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞ၥ
㢟ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ุ᩿ࡋࡓࠋ
6ࡽࢀࡿࠋᐇ㉁⏘ฟܺ௜ ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࠗἲே௻ᴗ⤫ィ࠘ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠕႠᴗ฼┈㸩ῶ౯ൾ
༷㈝㸩ே௳㈝ࠖࢆィ⟬ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ồࡲࡿྡ┠௜ຍ౯್㢠ࢆୖ㏙ࡢ౯᱁‫݌‬௜ ࡛㝖ࡋࡓࠋປാᢞධ㔞‫ܮ‬௜ ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ୖ㏙ࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㈨ᮏ✌ാ⋡‫ݑ‬௜ ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪㈨ᮏࢫࢺࢵࢡ㔞‫ܭ‬௜ ࢆᐇ㉁⏘ฟܺ௜ ࡛㝖ࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚
ồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ㈨ᮏࢫࢺࢵࢡ㔞‫ܭ‬௜ ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ෆ㛶ᗓࡢࠗẸ㛫௻ᴗ㈨ᮏࢫࢺࢵࢡ࠘
࡟࠾ࡅࡿྲྀ௜࣮࣋ࢫࡢᐇ㉁್ࢆཧ↷ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢᮇ㤳ᮇᮎᖹᆒ್ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋ⏘ᴗศ㢮ࡣࠗἲே௻ᴗ⤫ィ࠘࡜ྠᵝ࡟㸪〇㐀ᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠕ〇㐀ᴗࠖ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸
࡚ࡣࠕࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࠖ࡜ࠕ㐠㍺࣭㏻ಙᴗࠖࡢྜィࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋᐇ㉁⏘ฟܺ௜ ࡢᑟฟ᪉ἲ
࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ୖ㏙ࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡓᅄ༙ᮇࢹ࣮ࢱ⣔ิࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶᮍᏘㄪ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࢭࣥࢧࢫᒁἲ X_12 ࡟ࡼࡿᏘ⠇ㄪᩚࢆ᪋ࡋࡓୖ࡛฼⏝ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢኚᩘࡢ᫬㛫ኚ໬⋡࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ྛࢹ࣮ࢱࡢᑐ๓ᖺྠᮇኚ໬⋡ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋ

⾲ 1㸬༢఩᰿᳨ᐃ㸦p ್㸧㸦a㸧〇㐀ᴗ
Level

First Difference‫݌‬Ƹ

0.01890.0000‫ݓ‬ෝ

0.39080.0000ܽො

0.02400.0000

0.63000.0000㸦b㸧ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ
Level

First Difference‫݌‬Ƹ

0.02460.0000‫ݓ‬ෝ

0.00540.0000ܽො

0.00140.0000

0.00810.00007ࡇࢀࡽࡢ᫬⣔ิࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚᥎ィࢆ⾜࠺࡟㝿ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ྛ⣔ิࡀ༢఩᰿ࢆᣢ
ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸࠿ࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ༢఩᰿᳨ᐃࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࡀ㸪ୖࡢ⾲ 1 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ༢఩᰿᳨ᐃࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪〇㐀ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ‫ݓ‬ෝ࡜ࡢཎ⣔ิ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪༢఩᰿ࡢᏑᅾ
ࢆ 5㸣Ỉ‽࡛Რ༷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪ࡇࡢ 2 ࡘࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ⣔ิ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪1 㝵ࡢ㝵ᕪࢆྲྀࡿࡇ࡜࡛༢఩᰿ࢆ㝖ཤࡋࡓᚋ࡟㸪᥎ィ࡟฼⏝ࡍࡿࠋṧ
ࡿ 2 ኚᩘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ཎ⣔ิࢆࡑࡢࡲࡲ⏝࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ⣔ิ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡢኚᩘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ༢఩᰿ࡢ
Ꮡᅾࢆ 5㸣Ỉ‽࡛Რ༷࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵ㸪඲࡚ཎࢹ࣮ࢱࢆࡑࡢࡲࡲ᥎ィ࡟฼⏝ࡍࡿࠋ᥎ィᮇ㛫࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪1977 ᖺϨᮇ㹼2007 ᖺϪᮇࡲ࡛ࡢ 30 ᖺ㛫ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓࠋ
ࡇࢀࡣࠕᬒẼᇶ‽᪥௜ࠖ࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤ㸪➨ 8 ᚠ⎔ࡢᒣ࠿ࡽ➨ 14 ᚠ⎔ࡢᒣ࡟ᙜࡓࡾ㸪ᬒẼᚠ⎔ࡀࡕࡻ࠺࡝ 6 ᅇྵࡲࢀࡿ᫬ᮇ༊ศ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪1970 ᖺ௦๓༙ࡢ▼Ἔࢩࣙࢵࢡᮇᚋ࠿ࡽ㸪ୡ⏺ྠ᫬୙ἣࡢ┤๓ࡲ࡛ࡢᮇ㛫࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᨩ஘ᮇࢆ࡞ࡿ࡭
ࡃእࡋࡓୖ࡛ 30 ᖺ࡜࠸࠺㛗ᮇศᯒࡀ⾜࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶ฼Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⥆࠸࡚㸪᥎ィᡭἲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋᮏࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡜⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡜ࡀྠ᫬࡟Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᝿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞య⣔࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ෆ⏕ᛶࡢၥ㢟ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ㸪㏻ᖖࡢ㹍㹊㹑࡟ࡼࡿ᥎ィࡣ฼⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ᧯సኚᩘࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚㸪㹅㹋㹋㸦୍⯡໬✚⋡ἲ㸧࡟ࡼࡿ᥎ィࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ᧯సኚᩘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ྠ᫬ᛶࢆᣢࡘㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡢࣛࢢࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ࡇࡢ᧯సኚᩘࢆྵࢇࡔࣔࢹࣝࡢ≉ᐃ໬ࡀ㐺ษ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࢆ☜࠿ࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪㹈ࢸࢫࢺࡢ⤫ィ್࡜ࡑࡢ㹮್ࢆồࡵ᳨࡚ドࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡣཎ๎࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ᮇࡢᩘ್ࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ࣛࢢࢆྲྀࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚
ㄝ᫂ຊࡀୖ᪼ࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪ࡑࡕࡽࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
᥎ィ࡟ࡣ㸪ィ㔞ศᯒࢯࣇࢺ Eviews 9 ࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓࠋ

3.2 ᥎ィ⤖ᯝ㸦〇㐀ᴗ㸧〇㐀ᴗ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚㸪౯᱁ኚ໬⋡㸪ྡ┠㈤㔠ኚ໬⋡㸪ປാ⏕⏘ᛶኚ໬⋡ࡢྛᘧࢆ᥎
ィࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࡀ㸪௨ୗࡢ⾲ 2 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ8

⾲ 2㸬〇㐀ᴗࡢ᥎ィ⤖ᯝ㸦a㸧౯᱁ኚ໬⋡Explained variable: ‫݌‬Ƹ ௧

Instrumental variables: ‫ݑ‬௧ିଵ 㸪‫ݓ‬ෝ௧ିଵ㸪‫ݓ‬ෝ௧ିଶ㸪ܽො௧ିଵ

Variable

Coefficient

Std. Error

t-Statistic

Prob.

C

0.565731

0.622093

0.909399

0.3650‫ݑ‬௧-1.151848

1.155390-0.996934

0.3208‫ݓ‬ෝ௧

0.110466

0.527957

0.209232

0.8346

ܽො௧

0.064070

0.146566

0.437143

0.6628J-statistic: 0.100173

Prob(J-statistic): 0.751622(b)ྡ┠㈤㔠ኚ໬⋡
Explained variable: ‫ݓ‬ෝ௧

Instrumental variables:‫ݑ‬௧ିଵ㸪‫ݑ‬௧ିଶ㸪‫݌‬Ƹ ௧ିଵ㸪ܽො௧ିଵ

Variable

Coefficient

Std. Error

t-Statistic

Prob.

C

0.095911

0.119906

0.799886

0.4254‫ݑ‬௧ିଵ

0.275924

0.095408

2.892041

0.0046‫݌‬Ƹ ௧

-0.039022

0.053822-0.725017

0.4699ܽො௧

-0.040722

0.031787-1.281080

0.2027

J-statistic: 2.428191

Prob(J-statistic): 0.119170

㸦c㸧ປാ⏕⏘ᛶኚ໬⋡
Explained variable: ܽො௧

Instrumental variables:‫ݑ‬௧ିଵ 㸪‫ݑ‬௧ିଶ

Variable

Coefficient

Std. Error

t-Statistic

Prob.

C

3.438905

1.110193

3.097574

0.0024‫ݑ‬௧

6.237294

1.009618

6.177876

0.0000J-statistic: 0.001947

Prob(J-statistic): 0.964808

9㹅㹋㹋ࡢ㹈ࢸࢫࢺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᖐ↓௬ㄝࡣ㸪ࠕᙜヱࣔࢹࣝࡢ≉ᐃ໬ࡀṇࡋ࠸࡛ࠖ࠶
ࡿࠋୖグ 3 ᮏࡢ᥎ィᘧ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪㹈ࢸࢫࢺࡢ㹮್ࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿ࡜㸪ᖐ↓௬ㄝࡀ 10㸣Ỉ‽࡛ࡶᲠ༷ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪ࡇࡢ≉ᐃ໬ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚Ⰻ࠸ࠋ
ࡲࡎ౯᱁ኚ໬⋡ࡢ᥎ィᘧࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡢಀᩘࡶ 10㸣Ỉ‽࡛᭷ព࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ〇㐀ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪㈈ᕷሙࡢ㟂⤥≧ែࡸ༢఩ປാࢥࢫࢺࡢኚ໬ࡀ௻ᴗ
ࡢ౯᱁Ỵᐃ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡀ୙᫂░࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤖ᯝࡀฟ࡚᮶ࡿཎᅉࡢ㸯ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪〇㐀ᴗࡢ⏕⏘≀ࡣከࡃࡢሙྜ㈠᫆㈈࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᅜ㝿➇தᅽຊࡢୗ࡛౯᱁タᐃࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ḟ࡟ྡ┠㈤㔠ኚ໬⋡ࡢ᥎ィᘧࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪✌ാ⋡Ỉ‽ࡢಀᩘࡢࡳࡀ 1㸣Ỉ‽࡛᭷ព࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ➢ྕࡣṇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚〇㐀ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪᭷ຠ㟂せࡢኚືࡀປാ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠஺΅ຊ࡟ᙉࡃᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋ
᭱ᚋ࡟ປാ⏕⏘ᛶኚ໬⋡ࡢ᥎ィᘧࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪✌ാ⋡Ỉ‽ࡀ᭷ព࡟ṇࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ປാಖⶶຠᯝࡀᙉࡃാ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀぢ࡚ྲྀࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ〇㐀ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪㟂せࡢືྥ࡟ᛂࡌࡓ⏕⏘ࡢᩘ㔞ㄪᩚࡀᐜ࡛᫆࠶ࡿ୍᪉㸪᪥ᮏࡢ≉࡟ṇつປാ⪅࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣປാᢞධㄪᩚࢆᰂ㌾࡟⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿⅬࡀᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜᥎

ࡉࢀࡿࠋ௨ୖࡢ᥎ィ⤖ᯝࡼࡾ㸪ศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆつᐃࡍࡿྛࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࢆ㸪௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟
≉ᐃ࡛ࡁࡿࠋߙଵ ൌ Ͳ㸪ߙଶ ൌ Ͳ㸪ߙଷ ൌ Ͳ㸪ߚଵ ൌ ͲǤͳ͸ͺ㸪ߚଶ ൌ Ͳ㸪ߚଷ ൌ Ͳ㸪ɀ ൌ ͲǤʹ͹ͻࡇࢀࡽࡢ್ࢆ㸪㸦7㸧࣭㸦9㸧ᘧ࡟௦ධࡍࡿ࡜㸪
ෝ೟
డఠ

෡
డఅ

೟

೟

ൌ ͲǤʹ͹͸ ൐ Ͳ㸪 డ௨೟ ൌ െͷǤͻ͸ͳ ൏ Ͳడ௨ࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡼࡾ㸪〇㐀ᴗࡢศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢ≉ᚩࡣ㸪௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ᐇ㉁㈤㔠ࡢኚ໬⋡࡟╔┠ࡍࡿ࡜㸪✌ാ⋡ኚ໬࠿ࡽṇࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿᵓ㐀࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ປാᕷሙ୺ᑟᆺࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡀᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ⏕⏘ࡢືྥࡀປാ⪅ࡢ஺΅ຊࡢኚ໬ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ྡ┠㈤㔠࡬࡜Ἴཬࡍࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡀ☜❧ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ᅜ㝿➇தࡢୗ࡛ࡣ౯᱁ࡣᐜ᫆࡟ᘬࡁୖࡆࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿࠋ
㈤㔠ࢩ࢙࢔ࡢኚ໬⋡࡟╔┠ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ࡇࡕࡽࡣ✌ാ⋡ኚ໬࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࢝࢘ࣥࢱ࣮
ࢧ࢖ࢡࣜ࢝ࣝ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ◳┤ⓗ࡞ປാᕷሙࡢୗ࡛㸪ປാಖⶶຠᯝࡀᙉ
ࡃാࡃࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿࠋ
10

3.3 ᥎ィ⤖ᯝ㸦ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ㸧ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚㸪౯᱁ኚ໬⋡㸪ྡ┠㈤㔠ኚ໬⋡㸪ປാ⏕⏘ᛶኚ໬⋡ࡢྛᘧࢆ᥎ィࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࡀ㸪௨ୗࡢ⾲ 3 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㹈ࢸࢫࢺࡢ㹮್ࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿ࡜㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡢ᥎ィᘧ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠕᙜヱࣔࢹࣝࡢ≉ᐃ໬ࡀṇࡋ࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᖐ↓௬ㄝࡀ 10㸣Ỉ‽࡛ࡶᲠ༷ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪ࡇࡢ≉ᐃ໬ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚Ⰻ࠸ࠋ

⾲ 3㸬ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡢ᥎ィ⤖ᯝ㸦a㸧౯᱁ኚ໬⋡Explained variable: ‫݌‬Ƹ ௧

Instrumental variables: ‫ݑ‬௧ିଵ 㸪‫ݓ‬ෝ௧ିଵ㸪ܽො௧ିଵ

Variable

Coefficient

Std. Error

t-Statistic

Prob.

C

-3.180972

0.756376-4.205545

0.0001‫ݑ‬௧

0.047920

0.009288

5.159250

0.0000‫ݓ‬ෝ௧

0.408896

0.149528

2.734571

0.0072ܽො௧-0.277354

0.096862-2.863395

0.0050J-statistic: 0.000000

Prob(J-statistic): 0.999999(b)ྡ┠㈤㔠ኚ໬⋡
Explained variable: ‫ݓ‬ෝ௧

Instrumental variables:‫ݑ‬௧ିଵ㸪‫݌‬Ƹ ௧ିଵ㸪ܽො௧ିଵ

Variable

Coefficient

Std. Error

t-Statistic

Prob.

C

0.283894

1.367968

0.207530

0.8360‫ݑ‬௧-0.010216

0.015168-0.673474

0.5020‫݌‬Ƹ ௧

1.112515

0.178629

6.228061

0.0000ܽො௧

0.615803

0.097513

6.315090

0.0000J-statistic: 0.000000

Prob(J-statistic): 0.999999

11㸦c㸧ປാ⏕⏘ᛶኚ໬⋡
Explained variable: ܽො௧

Instrumental variables:‫ݑ‬௧ିଵ 㸪‫ݑ‬௧ିଶ

Variable

Coefficient

Std. Error

t-Statistic

Prob.

C

-1.846867

1.735830-1.063968

0.2895‫ݑ‬௧

0.016200

0.015273

1.060713

0.2909J-statistic: 0.094971

Prob(J-statistic): 0.757950

ࡲࡎ౯᱁ኚ໬⋡ࡢ᥎ィᘧࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪ඛ࡯࡝ࡢ〇㐀ᴗ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᥎ィᘧ࡜ࡣᑐ↷ⓗ࡟㸪඲࡚ࡢಀᩘࡀ 1㸣Ỉ‽࡛᭷ព࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋಀᩘࡢ➢ྕࡣ✌ാ⋡Ỉ‽ࡀṇ㸪ྡ┠㈤㔠ኚ໬⋡ࡀṇ㸪ປാ⏕⏘ᛶኚ໬⋡ࡀ㈇࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡶࣔࢹࣝࡢ௬
ᐃ࡜ᩚྜⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ౯᱁タᐃࡣ㸪༢఩ປാࢥࢫࢺ
ࡢኚ໬࡟ឤᛂⓗ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡲࡓ✌ാ⋡Ỉ‽࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࣉࣟࢧ࢖ࢡ࡛ࣜ࢝ࣝ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀぢ࡚ྲྀࢀࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ〇㐀ᴗ࡜ࡢᕪ␗ࡣ㸪㈠᫆㒊㛛࡜㠀㈠᫆㒊㛛ࡢ㐪࠸࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ḟ࡟ྡ┠㈤㔠ࡢ᥎ィᘧࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪✌ാ⋡Ỉ‽ࡢಀᩘࡀ 10㸣Ỉ‽࡛ࡶ᭷ព࡛ࡣ
࡞ࡃ㸪౯᱁ኚ໬⋡࡜ປാ⏕⏘ᛶኚ໬⋡ࡀ 1㸣Ỉ‽࡛᭷ព࡟ṇࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋඛ࡯࡝ぢࡓ౯᱁ኚ໬⋡ࡢ᥎ィᘧ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ྡ┠㈤㔠ኚ໬⋡ࡀṇࡢᙳ㡪㸪ປാ⏕⏘ᛶኚ໬⋡ࡀ㈇ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࡜⪃࠼ྜࢃࡏࡿ࡜㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚
ࡣ౯᱁࡜ྡ┠㈤㔠ࡀ஫࠸࡟ྠ᪉ྥ࡟ືࡁ㸪⤖ᯝⓗ࡟ศ㓄⋡ࡀ࠾࠾ࡴࡡ୍ᐃࡢ⠊ᅖෆ࡟཰ࡲࡿ࡜࠸࠺㸪ࢥࣥࣇࣜࢡࢺ⌮ㄽࡢ᝿ᐃ࡟㏆࠸ᵓ㐀ࡀᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟ປാ⏕⏘ᛶኚ໬⋡ࡢ᥎ィᘧࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪✌ാ⋡Ỉ‽ࡢಀᩘࡀ 10㸣Ỉ‽࡛ࡶ᭷ព࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪〇㐀ᴗ࡛ぢࡽࢀࡓࡼ࠺࡞ປ
ാಖⶶຠᯝ࡟ࡼࡿປാ⏕⏘ᛶኚ໬ࡀ㸪᫂░࡟ࡣほᐹࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡿཎᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ㒊㛛࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㠀ṇつປാ⪅ࡢẚ⋡ࡀ㧗ࡃ㸪ࡑࡢࡓࡵ㟂せࡢືྥ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ປാᢞධࢆẚ㍑ⓗᰂ㌾࡟ㄪᩚ࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿㸪࡜࠸ࡗࡓ௬ㄝࡀ❧࡚ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
௨ୖࡢ᥎ィ⤖ᯝࡼࡾ㸪ศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆつᐃࡍࡿྛࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࢆ㸪௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟
≉ᐃ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
12ߙଵ ൌ ͲǤͲͶͺ㸪ߙଶ ൌ ͲǤͶͲͻ㸪ߙଷ ൌ െͲǤʹ͹͹㸪ߚଵ ൌ Ͳ㸪ߚଶ ൌ ͳǤͳͳ͵㸪ߚଷ ൌ ͲǤ͸ͳ͸㸪ɀ ൌ Ͳࡇࢀࡽࡢ್ࢆ㸪㸦7㸧࣭㸦9㸧ᘧ࡟௦ධࡍࡿ࡜㸪
ෝ೟
డఠ
డ௨೟

෡
డఅ

ൌ ͲǤͲͳͲ ൐ Ͳ㸪 డ௨೟ ൌ ͲǤͲͳͲ ൐ Ͳ೟ࡇࢀࡼࡾ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡢศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢ≉ᚩࡣ㸪௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ᐇ㉁㈤㔠ࡢኚ໬⋡࡟╔┠ࡍࡿ࡜㸪✌ാ⋡ኚ໬࠿ࡽṇࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿᵓ㐀࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ປാᕷሙ୺ᑟᆺࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡀᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࡇࢀࡣ㸪✌ാ⋡Ỉ‽࠿ࡽྡ┠㈤㔠࡬ࡢ┤᥋ᙳ㡪࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪௻ᴗഃࡢࣉࣟࢧ࢖ࢡࣜ࢝ࣝ࡞౯᱁タᐃࡀྡ┠㈤㔠࡬Ἴཬࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺㛫᥋ᙳ㡪࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㈤㔠ࢩ࢙࢔ࡢኚ໬⋡࡟╔┠ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ࡇࡕࡽࡶ✌ാ⋡ኚ໬࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࣉࣟࢧ࢖ࢡ
ࣜ࢝ࣝ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣඛ࡟ぢࡓ〇㐀ᴗࡢሙྜ࡜␗࡞ࡾ㸪ປാಖⶶຠᯝࡀ࠶
ࡲࡾᙉࡃാ࠿࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿࠋ4 ⤖ㄽᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪᪥ᮏࡢ〇㐀ᴗ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪ྛ⏘ᴗࡢ౯᱁࣭ྡ
┠㈤㔠࣭ປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡢỴᐃ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ᥎ィࡋ㸪ࡑࡢୖ࡛ศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆᑟฟࡍ
ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆヨࡳࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪௨ୗࡢ▱ぢࢆᚓࡓࠋ➨ 1 ࡟㸪୧㒊㛛࡟࠾ࡅࡿ౯᱁࡜ྡ┠㈤㔠ࡢỴᐃ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣ㸪ᑐ↷ⓗ࡞≉ᚩࢆ♧ࡍࠋ〇㐀ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪౯᱁ࡣ㈈ᕷሙࡢᕷἣ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶ༢఩ປാࢥࢫࢺࡢኚ
໬࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶឤᛂⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ྡ┠㈤㔠ࡶ౯᱁ኚ໬ࡸປാ⏕⏘ᛶኚ໬࡟ᑐࡋ࡚
ឤᛂⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ୍᪉ࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪౯᱁ࡣ㈈ᕷሙࡢᕷἣ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶ
༢఩ປാࢥࢫࢺࡢኚ໬࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶឤᛂⓗ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ྡ┠㈤㔠ࡶ౯᱁ኚ໬࡜ປാ⏕⏘ᛶኚ໬࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ឤᛂⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪〇㐀ᴗ㒊㛛ࡀእᅜ㈈࡜ࡢᅜ㝿౯᱁➇த࡟ࡉࡽࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪௻ᴗࡢ౯᱁タᐃࡶປാ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠஺΅ࡶࡑ࠺ࡋࡓእⓗせᅉࡢᙳ㡪ࢆᙉࡃཷࡅࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ᅜෆᕷሙࡀ୰ᚰ࡛࠶ࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ㒊㛛࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࢥࣥࣇࣜࢡࢺ⌮ㄽ࡛᝿ᐃࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞౯᱁࡜ྡ┠㈤㔠ࡢྠ᪉ྥࡢኚ໬ࡀ⏕ࡌࡸࡍ࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
➨ 2 ࡟㸪୧㒊㛛࡟࠾ࡅࡿປാ⏕⏘ᛶኚ໬ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜㸪〇㐀ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣປാಖⶶຠᯝࡀᙉࡃほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ
ࡑࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ᫂░࡟ࡣ⾲ࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣ୧㒊㛛࡟࠾ࡅࡿປാᢞධㄪᩚࡢᰂ㌾
13ᛶࡀ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ẚ⋡ࡢᕪ␗࡞࡝ࡢไᗘⓗせᅉࡀ௓ᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ୖグ 2 Ⅼࡢ㐪࠸࡟ࡼࡾ㸪〇㐀ᴗ࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡛ࡣ␗࡞ࡿศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡀᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐇ㉁㈤㔠࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪୧㒊㛛࡜ࡶ㟂せኚື࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࣉࣟࢧ࢖ࢡࣜ࢝ࣝ
࡞ືࡁࢆ♧ࡍࡀ㸪㈤㔠ࢩ࢙࢔࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ〇㐀ᴗࡀ࢝࢘ࣥࢱ࣮ࢧ࢖ࢡ࡛ࣜ࢝ࣝ࠶
ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡣࣉࣟࢧ࢖ࢡ࡛ࣜ࢝ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋྠࡌ᪥ᮏᅜෆ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ
␗࡞ࡿศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡀేᏑࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪᭷ຠ㟂せ࡜ᡤᚓศ㓄ࡢືែࢆศᯒࡍࡿ࡟
ᙜࡓࡗ࡚ࡣ㸪1 㒊㛛ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓศᯒࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ㸪⏘ᴗ㛫ࡢ␗㉁ᛶࢆど㔝࡟ධࢀࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓⅬࡀ㸪ᮏ◊✲ࡢ㈉⊩࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋᮏ◊✲࡟ࡣ㸪ࡲࡔከࡃࡢㄢ㢟ࡀṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
➨ 1 ࡟㸪ྛ⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡜୍ᅜࣞ࣋ࣝࡢศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋಶࠎࡢ⏘ᴗ࡟㛵ࡍࡿศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡀྜࢃࡉࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭඲య࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ືᏛࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡢ࠿ࢆ㸪࡜ࡽ࠼࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
➨ 2 ࡟㸪㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ⏘ᴗูศᯒࢆ⾜࠸㸪ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࢆศ㓄ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢ⏘ᴗูศᯒ࡜⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡤᚓศ㓄࡜᭷ຠ㟂せࡣ┦஫స⏝ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽኚືࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢືᏛศᯒࢆከ㒊㛛ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ᣑᙇࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪㠀᪂ྂ඾ὴࡢ࣐ࢡࣟືᏛ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚኱ࡁ࡞ព⩏ࢆᣢࡘࠋࡇࢀࡽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪௒ᚋࡢ◊✲ㄢ㢟࡜ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ

References$VDGD7&KHQ3&KLDUHOOD&DQG3)ODVFKHO³.H\QHVLDQG\QDPLFVDQGWKH
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%DVLVIRU&RQWHDWLQJ3ROLWLFDO ,GHRORJLHV´ Cambridge Journal of Economics, 14(4):375-393.
14

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GLVWULEXWLRQLQ-DSDQ´International Review of Applied Economics 31(1): 28-44.

15

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7KHUDWHRIFKDQJHRIWKHSURILWUDWH      ʷ   ʷ    ʷ    &KDQJHLQWKHSURILWZDJHUDWLR           ʷ   ʷ   ʷ   ʷ  &KDQJHLQWKHRUJDQLFFRPSRVLWLRQRIFDSLWDO         ʷ   ʷ    

7DEOH7KHUHVXOWRIWKHGHFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHSURILWUDWHLQ-DSDQEDVHGRQWKHHTXDWLRQ                                    
7KHUDWHRIFKDQJHRIWKHSURILWUDWH     㸫   㸫    㸫  &KDQJHLQWKHSURILWZDJHUDWLR           㸫   㸫   㸫   㸫 
&KDQJHLQODERUSURGXFWLYLW\          &KDQJHLQUHODWLYHSULFH         㸫   㸫   㸫              㸫   㸫   &KDQJHLQZDJHELOOVKDUH            㸫     㸫     㸫     㸫       &KDQJHLQZDJHUDWHUDWLR           㸫       㸫     㸫     㸫    

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7KHUDWHRIFKDQJHRIWKHSURILWUDWH     ʷ                  ʷ
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Unternehmergewinn,  Kapital,  Kredit,  Zins  und  den  Konjunkturzyklus.
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9ෆ⏣⩏ᙪࡢᕷẸ♫఍ീ̿̿஺᥮ⓗᖹ➼࡜ே㛫ⓗᖹ➼                           ᒣ⏣ 㗦ኵ 㸦ྡྂᒇ኱Ꮫ࣭ྡ㄃㸧㸯ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ୡ⏺ⓗ࡟ࡣ᪂⮬⏤୺⩏ࡀ⶝ᘏࡋࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣᕧ኱୚ඪࡢᨭ㓄ࡀ⥅⥆ࡍࡿ࡞࠿ࠊ

Ẹ୺୺⩏ࡣ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡢගᙬࡶᮇᚅࡶኻࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛௨ୗࠊᡓᚋẸ୺୺⩏ࡢ㔜せ࡞୍⩼ࢆᢸࡗࡓᕷẸ♫఍ㄽࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ᭱Ⰻࡢᡂᯝࡓࡿෆ⏣⩏ᙪ㸦㸧ࡢᛮ᝿࡟❧ࡕᡠࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡀ⌧௦࡟㏻ࡌࡿఱࢆッ࠼ࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࡢ࠿ࠊ᳨ウࡋࡓ࠸ࠋࡑࡢෆ⏣ࡢᛮ᝿ࡣࠊᙼࡀࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖ࡜ࠕ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࠖࡢ㛵ಀࢆ࡝࠺ᤊ࠼ࠊࡑࡢᤊ࠼᪉ࡀ࡝࠺ኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ࠿ࢆ㍈࡟ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ศ࠿ࡾࡸࡍ࠸ࠋ
࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌࡵ୍ゝࡋ࡚࠾ࡅࡤࠊෆ⏣⩏ᙪ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷẸ♫఍ࡢᴫᛕࡣ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ
⏤᮶ࡢࡶࡢ࠿ࡽฟⓎࡋࡘࡘࡶࠊḟ➨࡟ࠊṔྐᐇయ࡜⤖ࡧࡘ࠸ࡓෆໟ࠿ࡽ㞳ࢀ࡚ࠊࡇࡢᴫᛕࡣᢳ㇟໬ࡉࢀ⌮ᛕ໬ࡉࢀࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣつ⠊໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣྠ᫬
࡟ࠊෆ⏣࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪥ᮏ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ே㢮ྐ࡬ࡢᢈุⓗㄆ㆑ࡢ῝໬࡜୙ྍศ
࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓ᪥ᮏࡸୡ⏺ࡢ⤒῭♫఍ࡢ᫬௦ⓗኚ㑄࡜ࡶ୙ྍศ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾ
ෆ⏣࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷẸ♫఍ࡢᴫᛕࡣࠊ୍ಶࡢ୙ືࡢෆໟ࡟ᅛᐃࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ
⌧ᐇ࡜ᴫᛕࡢ ᚟సᴗࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࠊࡲࡓෆ⏣⮬㌟ࡢ♫఍㸻Ṕྐㄆ㆑ࡢ῝ࡲࡾ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊḟ➨࡟㐍໬ࡋ࡚ࡺࡃࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ㐍໬ࡣࠊ✲ᴟⓗ࡟ே㢮ྐࡢ῝ᒙ࡬࡜㝆ࡾ❧ࡗ࡚ࡺࡃࠋ
ࡓࡔࡋࡑࡢ㝿ࠊᪧ᮶ࡢᴫᛕෆໟࡀ⡆༢࡟ᤞ࡚ཤࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᪧ᮶ࡢࡶࡢ
ࢆໟࡳ㎸ࡴᙧ࡛᪂ࡋ࠸ᴫᛕෆໟࡀ㏣ຍࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ᕷẸ♫఍ࡢᴫᛕࡣᗄ㔜࡟ࡶከ㔜໬ࡉࢀከᒙ໬ࡉࢀࠊṔྐ♫఍ࡢ῝㒊ࢆ↷ᑕࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡬࡜᥀ࡾୗࡆࡽࢀ
࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⥲య࡜ࡋ࡚ෆ⏣ࡢᕷẸ♫఍ᛮ᝿ࡣ࠶ࡿࠋ㸰㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸ♫఍ࠕ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸ♫఍ࠖࡘࡲࡾࠕᕷẸ♫఍㸻㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⌮ゎࡣࠊࡈࡃึᮇࡢෆ⏣⩏ᙪ࡟ࡋࡤࡋࡤぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤᡓ୰ᮇࡢ  ᖺ࡟᭩࠿ࢀࡓ࣓
࡛ࣔࡣࠊ฼ᕫᚰ࡜㐨ᚨࡢ㛵ಀࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡀၥࢃࢀࡘࡘࠊࡇ࠺グࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ  ฼ᕫᚰࡀ⮬⏤ᨺ௵ࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ࠊ඲య฼┈࡟⤖ྜࡏࡽࢀࡿᡤ࡟㐨ᚨࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡑࡢ୧⪅ࡢ⤖ࡧࡘࡁ᪉ࡀὀពࡏࡽࢀࡡࡤ࡞ࡽࡠࠋ͐͐
ឤぬࡢゎᨺ͐͐ࡀᚨ࡜ࡏࡽࢀࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࡣࠊபࡣࡤഅ↛ⓗ࡞ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊⱥ
ᅜᕷẸ♫఍ᡂ❧ᮇ࡟᪊࡚ࡢ⌧ᐇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦㔝ἑ㸭㓇஭ 
㸧
ࡇࡇ࡛ෆ⏣ࡀぢ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊࢫ࣑ࢫࡢ࠸࠺฼ᕫᚰ㸦⮬ᕫ࡬ࡢ㛵ᚰ㸧ࡀ୍⯡࡟ᪧ♫఍࠿ࡽࡢே㛫ࡢゎᨺࡢཎ⌮ࡓࡾ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊࡑࡢ⌧ࢀ᪉ࡣ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ᙧᡂ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㢮ᆺᕪ㸦౛࠼ࡤ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࡜ࢻ࢖ࢶ㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚␗࡞ࡿ࡜࠸
࠺ࡇ࡜ࡔࠋࢫ࣑ࢫࡸ฼ᕫᚰࢆၥ㢟࡜ࡍࡿෆ⏣ࡢ᫬௦ⓗ㛵ᚰࡣࠊࢫ࣑ࢫⓗ࡞ࠕぢ࠼ࡊࡿᡭࠖࡸࡇࢀ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟࠶ࡿ೔⌮ࡀࡲࡗࡓࡃጇᙜᛶࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸⤫ไ⤒῭᪥ᮏ࡬ࡢᢈุព㆑࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ࡜ࡶ࠿ࡃ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᙜ㠃ࡢࢃࢀࢃࢀ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢ⯆࿡῝࠸Ⅼࡣࠊࡇࡇ࡟ࠊෆ⏣⩏ᙪ࡟࠾࠸࡚࠾ࡑࡽࡃึࡵ࡚̿̿ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ᭱ࡶึᮇ
ࡢࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚̿̿ࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖ࡞ࡿ⏝ㄒࡀⓏሙࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛
ࡢࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖࡣࠊ
ࠕⱥᅜᕷẸ♫఍ᡂ❧ᮇࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⏝౛࡟ぢࡿ࡜࠾ࡾࠊṔྐᐇయⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡉࡽ࡟≉ᐃࡋ࡚࠸࠼ࡤࠕᡂ❧ᮇ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࠖ࡟㝈ࡾ࡞ࡃ㏆࠸ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡣྠ᫬࡟ࠊ㈨ᮏ୺
⩏ࡢࠕṇᖖࠖ࠿ࡘࠕ඾ᆺⓗࠖ࡞ᙧែࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࠸ࢃࡤࠕ⣧⢋ࠖ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡼ࠸ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠕ⣧⢋ࠖ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ
ࠕ⣧⢋ࠖ࡬ࡢᢳ㇟໬ࡢ⛬ᗘࡣࡑࢀ࡯࡝኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡃࠊṔྐᐇయ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢึᮇ࢖ࢠ
ࣜࢫ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡟㏆࠸࡜ࡇࢁ࡛⾲㇟ࡉࢀࡓ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡇ࡟࠸࠺ᕷẸ♫఍ࡣࠕ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡂࡾࠊṔྐⓗ࡟ࡣఱࡼࡾࡶࠕᑒᘓ୺⩏ࠖࠕᑒᘓ♫఍ࠖ࡜ࡢᑐᢠࡢ࠺ࡕ࡟⏕ࡲࢀ࡚ࡃࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡸ
ࡀ࡚୺ⴭࠗ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ⏕ㄌ࠘㸦 ᖺ㸧࡟⮳ࡿ࡜ࠊ࢖ࢠࣜࢫᕷẸ♫఍ᙧᡂྐࡢ୍
⎔࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࢫ࣑ࢫࠗᅜᐩㄽ࠘ࡢព⩏࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡗ࡚ࠊᕷẸ♫఍ࡀࡍࡄࢀ࡚ᑒᘓ♫఍࠿ࡽゎᨺࡉࢀࡓ♫఍࡜ࡋ࡚఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࡇ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ➨஧ࡢὶࢀࡢ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊྂ඾⤒῭ᏛࡣᕷẸ♫఍ᙧᡂྐࡢ୍⎔࡜ࡋ࡚࡜ࡽ࠼ࡽࢀࠊྂ඾⤒῭Ꮫࡢᙧᡂ࡜Ⓨᒎ࡜ࡣᕷẸ♫఍ࡀᑒᘓ♫఍࠿ࡽ⮬ࡽࢆ࡜ࡁࡣ࡞࡜࠺࡜ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡽࢃࢀࠊ⤒῭Ꮫࡣࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࡝࠺⟅࠼ࡓ࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽ◊✲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
㔜ၟ୺⩏⪅ࡇࡑᑒᘓ୺⩏ࢆ࠺ࡕࡓ࠾ࡋ㏆௦ᕷẸ♫఍ࢆ࠺ࡕࡓ࡚ࡿᙺ๭ࢆᯝ
ࡓࡋࡓ͐͐ࠋ㸦ෆ⏣ 㸧ࡇࡢᕷẸ♫఍ࡣ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡂࡾࠊࡑࢀ⮬㌟ࡢ࠺ࡕ࡟㈨ᮏ㸫㈤ປാࡢ㝵⣭ᑐ❧ࡸᦢྲྀ㛵ಀࢆෆྵࡍࡿ♫఍࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࢫ࣑ࢫ࡟ᘬࡁᐤࡏ࡚ᤊ࠼
ࡽࢀࡓᕷẸ♫఍㸻㈨ᮏ୺⩏♫఍࡟࠶ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊྛ㝵⣭㸦ᆅ୺ࠊ㈨ᮏᐙࠊປാ⪅㸧ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢၟရ㸦ᅵᆅࠊ㈨ᮏࠊປാ㸧ࡢᡤ᭷⪅࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡂࡾᑐ➼࡞❧ሙ࡛┦ᑐࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࢫ࣑ࢫⓗ࡞ᕷẸ♫఍ࡣࠊ㝵⣭ⓗ୙ᖹ➼ࡼࡾࡶ඲⯡ⓗᐩ⿱ࡀඃ㉺ࡍࡿ♫఍࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡓࡋ࠿࡟㝵⣭ⓗ୙ᖹ➼ࡣᏑᅾࡍࡿࡀࡋ࠿ࡋᑐ❧ࡀඛ㗦໬ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸♫఍࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢព࿡࡛ࢫ࣑ࢫⓗ♫఍ࡣࠊ
ࠕ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࠖࡼࡾࡶࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⾲⌧ࡀࡈࡃ⮬↛࡟ጇᙜࡍࡿࠋ
௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᕷẸ♫఍ࡢᴫᛕࡣࠊࡶࡕࢁࢇ⊂⮬᪥ᮏⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ⊂⮬ෆ⏣ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ㸻࣐ࣝࢡࢫⓗ࡞ࠕࣈࣝࢪࣙ࣡♫఍ࠖ࡞࠸ࡋࢫ࣑ࢫⓗ࡞ࠕၟᴗ♫఍ࠖࡢ⣔㆕࡟ᒓࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡳࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ㸱㈨ᮏ୺⩏࠿ࡽࡣࡳฟࡿᕷẸ♫఍  ஺᥮ⓗᖹ➼࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸ♫఍࢖ࢠࣜࢫ௨እࡢㅖᅜࡢ㏆௦໬㐣⛬ࢆࡳࡿ࡞࠿࡛ࠊෆ⏣࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖ࡜
ࠕ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࠖࡣ୍㒊㔜࡞ࡾࡘࡘࡶࠊࡋ࠿ࡋࠕ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࠖࡢ࠺ࡕ࡟ࡣ཰ࡲࡾࡁࡽ
࡞࠸ࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡀ㩭᫂໬ࡋ࡚ࡃࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡟ᕷẸ♫఍ࡣṔྐⓗᐇయ࠿ࡽᢳ㇟໬ࡉࢀࠊ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘつ⠊໬ࡉࢀ࡚ࡃࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠕ౯್ἲ๎ࡀᨭ㓄ࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡢᕷẸ♫఍ࠖࠕ୍≀୍౯ⓗᕷẸ♫఍ࠖ࡜ࡶゝࢃࢀࠊ࠸ࢃࡤࠕ஺᥮ⓗᖹ➼ࠖࡢୡ⏺࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇࢆ㉳Ⅼ࡟๓ᮇⓗᨭ㓄ࡸ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢᢈุࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚ࡺࡃࠋ  ၟရࡢࡶࡘࠕᅛ᭷ࡢຊࠖࢆ㝖࠸࡚ࡣ୍ษࡢ♫఍ⓗ⣣ᖏࡣ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊࡇࡢᇶ
♏ࡢ࠺࠼࡟㈨ᮏࡢ༢୍ⓗ࡞ᨭ㓄ࡀ☜❧ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ౯್ἲ๎ࡀ඲㠃ⓗ࡟ᾐ㏱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ♫఍ࠊࡑࢀࡀᕷẸ♫఍࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦ෆ⏣ 㸧ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞౯್ἲ๎ࡢ㈏ᚭࡍࡿࠕ୍≀୍౯ࠖࡢ♫఍ࡣࠊྠ᫬࡟ࠕ⏕⏘ຊࠖࡀゎᨺࡉࢀⓎᒎࡍࡿ♫఍࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢព࿡࡛ᕷẸ♫఍ࡣ⏕⏘ຊࡢయ⣔࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
౯್ἲ๎ࡢᾐ㏱ࡣ⏕⏘ຊࡢゎᨺ࡜ࢭࢵࢺࢆ࡞ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞
౯್ἲ๎♫఍࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸ♫఍ࡣࠊ୍㠃࡛ࡣṔྐⓗᐇయ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ㈨ᮏ
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୺⩏࡟㛵㐃࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊ௚㠃࡛ࡣࠊ⌧ᐇࡢṔྐⓗᐇయ࠿ࡽ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘᢳ㇟໬ࡉࢀ࡚ࠊ୍ಶࡢ⌮ᛕ໬ࡉࢀࡓ♫఍࡬ࡢഴᩳࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ஫࠸࡟≉ᶒⓗᆅ఩࡟࡞࠸ࣄࣛࡢே㛫ྠኈࡢ➼౯஺᥮ࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊᑒᘓⓗ࣭ᪧඹྠయ
ⓗ᮰⦡࠿ࡽゎᨺࡉࢀࡓࠕ⮬⏤ࠖࠕᖹ➼ࠖ࠿ࡘࠕබṇࠖ࡞ே㛫㛵ಀ࡞࠸ࡋἲⓗ㛵ಀࡀᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋྛேࡀࡑࡢၟရࡢᡤ᭷୺య࡜ࡋ࡚⮬❧࣭⊂❧ࡋࠊ஺᥮ࡢࠕṇ⩏ࠖࢆ≢ࡍࡇ࡜࡞ࡃࣇ࢙࢔࡞ே᱁࡜ࡋ࡚┦ᑐࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
௨ୖࢆᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠕ஺᥮ⓗᖹ➼ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸ♫఍࡜࿧ࡰ࠺ࠋ
ࡑࢀࡣࠊ㧗ᓥၿဢࡢྂ඾ⓗ⾲⌧࡛ゝ࠸࠿࠼ࢀࡤࠊ
ࠕᨻ἞ⓗ࡟ࡣ⮬⏤࡜ᖹ➼࡜༤ឡࡢ⢭⚄ࠊἲⓗ࡟ࡣṇ⩏࡜ዎ⣙ࡢほᛕࠊ⤒῭ⓗ࡟ࡣ➼౯࡜⮬⏤➇தࡢᛮ᝿ࠖ㸦㧗ᓥ 㸧ࡢᨭ㓄ࡍࡿ♫఍ࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ෆ⏣ᕷẸ♫఍ㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊ㏻౛ࠊ࡯ࡰࡇ࠺࠸ࡗࡓෆᐜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ
୍⯡࡟ᡓᚋ᪥ᮏࡢᕷẸ♫఍ㄽ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡁ࡟ࡶࠊࡇࢀ࡜ఝࡓෆᐜ࡟࠾࠸࡚⌮ゎࡉࢀࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊࡑࢀࡣすḢ㏆௦ࡢ⌮᝿໬ࡔࠊ㝵⣭㛵ಀࡢ↓どࡔࠊᅜẸ୺⩏ࡔࠊ⏕⏘ຊ୺⩏ࡔࠊ⬟ຊ୺⩏ࡔ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᢈุࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
෌☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠾ࡃࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡟࠸࠺ᕷẸ♫఍ࡣࠊṔྐⓗᐇయ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢලయⓗ♫఍࡜㛵㐃ࡋࡘࡘࡶࠊࡑࡇ࠿ࡽ஋㞳ࡋ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ
ࠕ㛵㐃ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊࡓࡋ࠿࡟ࠕ⮬⏤࣭ᖹ➼ࠖࡣṔྐ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㏆௦♫఍࡜࡜ࡶ࡟⏕ࡲࢀࡓほᛕ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓࡑࡇ࡛ἲⓗ࣭ᙧᘧⓗ࡟ᢎㄆࡉࢀࡓ㛵ಀࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕ஋㞳ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ஧㔜ࡢព࿡࡟࠾࠸࡚
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨  ࡟ࠊ௬࡟ࠕ⣧⢋㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࠖ࡞ࡿࡶࡢࢆ᝿ᐃࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ⮬⏤࣭ᖹ➼ࡣ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶᙧᘧⓗ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡀྠ᫬࡟㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡂࡾࠊᐇ㉁ⓗ࡟ࡣࡑࡢṇ཯ᑐ≀࡟㌿໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨  ࡟ࠊࠕ⣧⢋ࠖ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡞ࡽࡊࡿከࡃࡢ⌧ᐇࡢ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊேࡧ࡜ࡢ⮬⏤࣭ᖹ➼࡬ࡢ౵≢ࡸ౯್ἲ๎ࡢ౵ᐖࡣࠊᙧᘧ㠃࡛ࡶᐇ㉁㠃࡛ࡶࠊ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚᪥ᖖⲔ㣤ࡢ஦ែࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⌧ᐇࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊ⮬⏤࣭ᖹ➼࡞♫఍㸦౯್ἲ๎ࡢ㈏ᚭࡍࡿ♫఍㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸ♫఍ࡢᴫᛕࡣࠊ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝Ṕྐ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢすḢ㏆௦ࡢ࡞࠿࠿ࡽᢳฟࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓṔྐලయᛶࢆ㉸࠼࡚⌮ᛕ໬ࡉࢀࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣつ⠊໬ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿࠋ
ᡓ᫬୰ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫྐ◊✲ࢆ᣺ࡾ㏉ࡗ࡚ࠊෆ⏣ࡣࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࡣࡉࡋ࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࡣ⣧⢋㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡬ࡢᚿྥ࡜࠸࠺࠿ࡓࡕ࡛ཷࡅྲྀࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊ₞ḟࠊᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞ᕷẸ♫఍࡜࠸࠺࠿ࡓࡕ࡛⮬ぬࡉࢀ࡚ࡃࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣྠ᫬࡟ෆ⏣⮬㌟ࡢᛮ⣴ࡢṌࡳ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋෆ⏣ࡢ࠸࠺ࠕᢳ㇟ⓗᴫᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸ♫఍ࠖࡣࠊࡲࡎࡣ௨ୖࡢྵព࡟࠾࠸࡚⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠾ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋᚋㄽ࡛ࡳࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ
ࡑࢀ࡟ᑾࡁ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡬࡜῝ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࡢࡀࠊ௚ࡢㄽ⪅࡜ࡕࡀࡗ࡚ෆ⏣ࡢ≉ᚩ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠋ

  ⬟ຊ࡟ᛂࡌࡓྲྀᚓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸ♫఍ࡉࡽ࡟ࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢ஺᥮ⓗᖹ➼࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸ♫఍ࢆࠕᡤ᭷ࠖࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽᤊ࠼㏉ࡍ࡜ࠕ⬟ຊ࡟ᛂࡌࡓྲྀᚓࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸ♫఍࡜࠸࠺ㄆ㆑ࡀ⏕ࡲࢀ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ
୍⯡ࡢ⏕⏘≀ࡀၟရ໬ࡉࢀࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊປാຊࡲ࡛ࡶࡀၟရ໬ࡉࢀ࡚ࡇࡑၟရ⤒῭ࡣ᏶ᡂࡋࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ⓗၟရ⤒῭࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࠕᡤ᭷ࠖࡢ㠃࡛ࡣࠊ⮬ᕫປാ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃᡤ᭷ࡢཎ⌮ࡣゎయࡋࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡀࠕ㡿᭷ἲ๎ࡢ㌿ᅇࠖ࡜࿧ࡪ஦ែࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀព࿡ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ౯್ἲ๎ࡢ㈏ᚭࡣᡤ᭷࡜㠀ᡤ᭷࡜ࡢ᱁ᕪ࡜᩿⤯ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⮬⏤࣭ᖹ➼࡞ㅖಶே㛫ࡢ㛵ಀࡣࡑࡢᐇ㉁࡟࠾࠸࡚୙⮬⏤࣭୙ᖹ➼ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟㌿໬ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋᕷ
Ẹ♫఍࡜࠸࠺ᙧᘧࡢࡶ࡜ࠊࡑࡢෆᐇࡣ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡃࡾᢤ࠿ࢀࡿࠋ
ࠕປാ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃᡤ᭷ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸ♫఍ࡣࠊࠕᡤ᭷࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃᡤ᭷ࠖ࡜࠸࠺㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡬࡜ᚲ↛ⓗ࡟㌿ᅇࡍࡿࠋປാຊၟရ࡬ࡢ౯್ἲ๎ࡢ㈏ᚭ࡜ࡣࠊᕷẸ♫఍ࢆ࠸ࡗࡑ
࠺ᕷẸ♫఍ࡓࡽࡋࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊྠ᫬࡟ᕷẸ♫఍࠿ࡽࠕࡣࡳฟࡍࠖ̿̿
ࠕࡣࡳฟࡍࠖ௨ୖ࡟ᕷẸ♫఍ࢆ࠶ࡿព࿡࡛ࠕྰᐃࡍࡿࠖ̿̿㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࢆ⏕ࢇ࡛ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋᡤ᭷࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࢆ⏕ࢇ࡛ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋ
୍≀୍౯㸻౯್ἲ๎ࢆ፹௓࡟ࡋ࡚⤖ᒁ㈨ᮏไྲྀᚓࠝᡤ᭷࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃᡤ᭷ࠞࡀ
ᡂ❧ࡍࡿࠋ͐͐⣧⢋㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡣࠊປാ࡟ࡼࡿᡤ᭷ࡀ౯್ἲ๎ࢆ፹௓࡟ࡋ࡚⤖
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ᒁ㈨ᮏไⓗྲྀᚓ࡟㌿ኚࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺࠿ࡓࡕ࡛ࠊ⬟ຊ࡟ᛂࡌࡓᡤᚓ࡜࠸࠺せồࡀࡰ࠿ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓ♫఍࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡣࠊ㈨ᮏไ♫఍ࡣ࠾ࡼࡑᕷ
Ẹࡢ♫఍࡜ゝ࠼ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀࡍࡄࡃࡗࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢥࢿࡸ㌟ศ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚
࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚⬟ຊ࡟ᛂࡌࡓ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡀᢲࡋฟࡉࢀ࡚ࡃࡿ࡟ᚑࡗ࡚ࠊᕷẸ♫఍ࡣᢳ㇟ⓗᛶ᱁ࢆ࠾ࡧ⣧⢋㈨ᮏ୺⩏࠿ࡽࡣࡳฟࡋ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ㸦ෆ⏣ 㸧
ࡇࡇ࡟࠸࠺ࠕࢥࢿࡸ㌟ศࠖࡣ౯್ἲ๎ࡢ㜼ᐖせᅉ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᕷẸ♫఍࡟ࡼࡗ࡚
ඞ᭹ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡁ࡟ࡣࠊࡇࡢࢥࢿⓗ࣭㌟ศⓗ㛵ಀ࡟ᑐ⨨ࡋ୍࡚≀୍౯ⓗ㛵ಀ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸ♫఍ࡀᴫᛕࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ᪂ࡋࡃࠊ
ࡑࡢ㛵ಀࢆᡤ᭷ࡢഃ㠃࠿ࡽᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬ࡽࡢࠕ⬟ຊࠖ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ྲྀᚓࡍࡿ⪅ࡓࡕࡢ♫఍ࡀㄒࡾࡔࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡟ᕷẸ♫఍ࡣࠊࠕ⬟ຊ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ྲྀᚓࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ே
㛫㢮ᆺ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿ♫఍࡜ࡋ࡚῝ࡵࡽࢀ࡚ࡺࡃࠋࣟࢵࢡⓗ࡟࠸࠼ࡤࠕ⮬ᕫປാ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃᡤ᭷ࠖࡢ♫఍࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓᕷẸ♫఍ࡢᴫᛕࡣࠊࡓࡋ࠿
࡟ࠊᡤ᭷࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃᡤ᭷࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡜ࡣู≀࡛࠶ࡿࠋෆ⏣ᕷẸ♫఍ㄽࡣࠕ⣧⢋㈨ᮏ୺⩏࠿ࡽࡣࡳฟࡋ࡚ࡃࡿࠖࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡢෆ⏣⩏ᙪࡣࠊᚨᐩ⸽ᓠ࠿ࡽࣄࣥࢺࢆᚓ࡚ࠊࡇࡢࠕ⬟ຊࠖ୺⩏ⓗே㛫㢮ᆺࢆࠕຊసᆺ⤒῭ேࠖ࡜ࡶ⾲⌧ࡋࠊࡶࡗ࡚㏆௦᪥ᮏࡢ⤒῭ே࡜㈨ᮏ୺
⩏ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉࡬ࡢᢈุᴫᛕ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
ࠕᡤ᭷࡟ᛂࡌࡓྲྀᚓࠖ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࠕ⬟ຊ࡟ᛂࡌࡓ
ྲྀᚓࠖࡣࠊࡇࡇ࡟ࠕࢥࢿᆺ⤒῭ேࠖ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࠕຊసᆺ⤒῭ேࠖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᵓᡂࡉ
ࢀࡿᕷẸ♫఍࡬࡜᙮ࡾࢆ῝ࡵࡽࢀ࡚ࡺࡃࠋ
ࠕ⣧⢋ຊసᆺ⤒῭ேࡢᵓᡂࡍࡿᕷẸ♫఍࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ୺య࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶᴫᛕ⿦⨨࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ୍ࡘࡢᢳ㇟࡛࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠖ㸦ྠ 㸧࡜ෆ⏣⮬㌟ࡀゝ࠺࡜࠾ࡾࠊࡇ࠺࠸࠺ᕷẸ♫఍ࡢᴫᛕࡣ࠿࡞ࡾࠕᢳ㇟ⓗᛶ᱁ࠖࡀᙉ࠸ࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ෆ⏣ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡜ࡑࡇ࡛ࡢே㛫㢮ᆺࢆᢈุⓗ࡟↷ࡽࡋฟࡍࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊෆ⏣⩏ᙪ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚᪥ᮏ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡣࠊྛேࡢࠕ⬟ຊࠖࡀࡑࢀ⮬య࡜ࡋ࡚ᒎ㛤ࡋࠊࡑࡢᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡓ⬟ຊࡀ୍≀୍౯ⓗ࡟ホ౯ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᕷẸ♫఍࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࠊ
ࠕ⣧⢋ࢥࢿᆺࠖ࡜ࡣゝࢃ࡞࠸ࡲ࡛ࡶࠊ⬟ຊ࡜ࢥࢿ࡜ࡀ┦฼ඹ⏕ⓗ࡟⤡ࡳࡘ࠸ࡓࠕࣃࣜ࢔ຊసᆺࠖࡀ⤒῭ேࡢ୺ὶࢆ༨ࡵࠊ
ࠕ⣧⢋ຊసᆺࠖࡀ⤒῭ୡ⏺࠿ࡽᨺ㏲ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺஦ែࡀ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ᪥ᮏ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࢆࡇ࠺ᤊ࠼ࡿෆ⏣ࡢࡇࡢᣦ᦬ࡣࠊෆ⏣ࡢ᫬௦ࢆ㉺࠼࡚ࠊ⌧௦᪥ᮏࡢၥ㢟ᛶࢆࠊྰࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟ᑾࡁ࡞࠸ୡ⏺ྛᆅ࡛㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿㅖၥ㢟ࢆࠊࡑࡢ῝ዟ࡟࠾࠸࡚
↷ᑕࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

  ປാຊၟရࡢ኎㈙࡜ᕷẸ♫఍୍≀୍౯࡞࠸ࡋ஺᥮ⓗᖹ➼࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸ♫఍ㄽࡢ㔜せ࡞⣔ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊປാຊ
ၟရࡢ኎㈙࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷẸ♫఍໬࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀᾋୖࡋ࡚ࡃࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕປാຊၟ
ရࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ࡣࠊປ౑ࡢ஺᥮ⓗᖹ➼ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕປാຊၟရ࡬ࡢ౯್ἲ๎ࡢ㈏ᚭࢆ
ᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡶࠊ㠀ᕷሙⓗ࡞ไᗘ໬࡜♫఍ⓗㄪᩚࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ㄆ㆑ࡀ
⏕ࡲࢀ࡚ࡃࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣෆ⏣ࡢᕷẸ♫఍ㄽࢆᙉࡃ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡿᯡせ࡞ㄽⅬࢆ࡞ࡍࠋၥ㢟ࡢ᰾ᚰࡣࠊ
ࠕ୍≀୍౯ࡢ㐍⾜࡜㈨ᮏ࣭㈤ປാ㛵ಀࡢ㐍⾜ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶࣃࣛࣞ


ࠊ

ࠊ

࡛ࣝࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ
㸦ෆ⏣ 㸧࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ㐍⾜ࡣࡑࡢࡲࡲ࡛ࡣປാຊၟရ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࠕ୍≀୍౯ࠖ໬ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡣࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑ
ࢀࡺ࠼㈤ປാ㛵ಀࡢᕷẸ♫఍໬࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿᕷሙࡢㄽ⌮ࡢࡳ࡟ᮇᚅࡍ
ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
౯್࡝࠾ࡾࡢ஺᥮ࡣᙜ↛࡟ປാຊၟရ࡟ࡶཬࡧࠊປാຊࡣṇᖖ࡟෌⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ⌧ᐇࡣࠊປാ᪥ࡢ㐣ᗘࡢᘏ㛗ࠊປാຊ࡟ᑐ
ࡍࡿᶒຊⓗ࡞ᨭ㓄࡜㓞౑ࠊ⾨⏕ⓗ࣭㐨ᚨⓗ࡟ຎᝏ࡞ປാ⎔ቃࠊປാຊࡢ౯್௨
ୗ࡬ࡢ㈤㔠ࡢษୗࡆ㸦ప㈤㔠㸧࡞࡝ࠊປാຊࡢṇᖖ࡞෌⏕⏘ࢆチࡉ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺
஦ែࡢ㐃⥆࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡋࠊ࠸ࡲࡶࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡾ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬࠊ ୡ⣖ࡢ࢖ࢠ
ࣜࢫ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡟༶ࡋ࡚ࡣ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࠗ㈨ᮏㄽ࠘ࡀዴᐇ࡟ᥥ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
᫂἞௨᮶ࡢ᪥ᮏ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡗ࡚ࡣ኱Ἑෆ୍⏨ࡀࠕཎ⏕ⓗປാ㛵ಀࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡍࡿ࡝ࡃ᦬Ⓨࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦኱Ἑෆ  㸧ࠋᡓ᫬୰ࡢෆ⏣ࡣ኱Ἑෆ࠿ࡽከࡃࢆᏛࢇࡔࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ኱Ἑෆࡣ༑஬ᖺᡓதࡢࡉ࡞࠿ࠊ
ࠕᡓதࡀ♫఍ᨻ⟇ࡢⓎᒎࡢ᥎㐍ຊ࡜࡞ࡿࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇ࠺ㄒࡿࠋ
ࡲࡇ࡜࡟ᡓதࡣ⤒῭♫఍ࡢⓎᒎࢆ㞟⣙ⓗ࡟㐙⾜ࡍࡿࠋᖹ᫬ࡢ⤒῭♫఍ࡀࠊࡑࡢᐇ⌧ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᩘ༑ᖺࡢṓ᭶࡜ၨⵚ㐠ື࡜ࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿ♫఍ᨻ⟇ࢆࠊᡓதࡣ
୍ᣲ࡟ᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡓ᫬⤫ไࡢ࠶ࢃࡓࡔࡋ࠸႖㦁ࡢ୰࡟ࠊᡃࠎࡣ࠿࠼
ࡗ࡚♫఍ᨻ⟇ࡢ㟼࠿࡞㊊࡝ࡾࢆぢฟࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦኱Ἑෆ 㸧ࡘࡲࡾᡓத⤒῭ࡣࠊ೺඲࠿ࡘ᭷⬟࡞රኈࡸປാຊࢆᚲせ࡜ࡋࠊࡲࡓ㧗ᗘ࡞㌷㟂⏘ᴗࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏࡿ࡭ࡃ᪥ᮏ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡣ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ⓗ࡟ࡶ⏕⏘ຊⓗ࡟ࡶ㧗ᗘ໬ࡋ࡚࠸࠿ࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ᡓதࡢ㐙⾜ࡣࠊ⤖ᯝⓗ࡟ࠊປാຊࡢࠕಖ඲ࠖ
ࠕᇵ㣴ࠖࡢࡓࡵࡢ♫఍ᨻ⟇ࢆ᥎㐍ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊປാຊၟရࡢ኎㈙࡟౯್ἲ๎
ࢆᾐ㏱ࡉࡏ࡚࠸࠿ࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࠋ
ࠕཎ⏕ⓗປാ㛵ಀࠖࡢゎᾘ࡞ࡃࡋ࡚㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ㧗ᗘ࡞Ⓨᒎࡣ࠶ࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࡀࠊᡓத⤒῭ࡣࡇࡢゎᾘࢆ୍ᣲ࡟㐙⾜ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡟ࡣປാຊၟရ࡟㝈ࡗ࡚࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⤫ไ⤒῭ࡀᕷẸ♫఍ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࡜࠸࠺ࠊ࠸ࡉࡉ࠿㏫ㄝⓗ࡛ၥ㢟ྵࡳࡢ̿̿ࡋ࠿ࡋ୍ᴫ࡟↓ど࡛ࡁ࡞࠸̿̿
ࠕᕷẸⓗࠖ㆟ㄽࡀᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᡓᚋ┤ᚋࡢෆ⏣⩏ᙪࡀྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇࡔࡢࡣࡲࡉ
࡟ࡇࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ᖺࠊࠗ₻ὶ࠘ㄅᥖ㍕ࡢㄽᩥ࡛ෆ⏣ࡣᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋ
♫఍Ẹ୺୺⩏ⓗ࡞୺ᙇࡍࡽチࡉࢀ࡞࠸ᡓ᫬୰࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᡓதࡀ♫఍ᨻ⟇ࢆ㐙⾜ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞୺ᙇࡀࠊ୍ࡘࡢ̿̿ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ୍㠃ࡢ⌧ᐇᛶࢆᣢࡕࠊࡋ
࠿ࡶ࠿ࡂࡽࢀࡓ⠊ᅖ࡟ࡏࡼ୍ࡘࡢ㐍Ṍᛶࢆᣢࡕᚓࡓࡢࡣࠊ࡝࠺࠸࠺᰿ᣐࡀ࠶
ࠊࠊࠊࡗ࡚࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ͐͐኱Ἑෆᩍᤵࡣ⏕⏘ຊࡢྡ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ๓ᮇⓗཎ⏕ⓗປാ㛵ಀࡢᤲⷙ࡜ࠊປാຊࡢ㌷㝲ⓗࡲࡓࡣ๓ᮇⓗࡃ࠸ࡘࡪࡋ࠿ࡽࡢປാຊࡢ⫗యࠊࠊࠊ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢಖᣢࢆࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ㧗ᗘ໬ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀࠕෆᅾⓗࠖ࡟せồࡍࡿປാຊ
ࡢࠕ౯್㏻ࡾࠖࡢ኎㈙࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡋࡵ࡚せồࡋࠊ᫬ᒁ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ୍ࡘࡢࣉࣟࢸ
ࢫࢺ࡜࡞ࡋᚓࡓࠋ㸦ෆ⏣ 㸧ࡇࡇ࡛ෆ⏣ࡣࠊ౯್ἲ๎ⓗ♫఍ࡢᙧᡂ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࠊ኱Ἑෆࡢ㆟ㄽࢆᡓ᫬᪥ᮏ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡬ࡢᢈุ࡜ࡋ࡚ホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡋ࠿࡟ࡑ࠺ホ౯ࡋ࠺ࡿవᆅࡣ࠶
ࡿࡀࠊࡣࡓࡋ࡚ࡑࢀ࡛஦ࡣ῭ࡴࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ஦ᐇࠊࡇࡢෆ⏣ㄽᩥࡣࡑࡢᚋࠕ⏕⏘ຊㄽࠖࡔ࡜ࡢᢈุࢆཷࡅࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊෆ⏣ࡣ୍㠃࡛ᢈุࢆཷࡅධࢀࡘࡘࡶࠊ
ࠕࡔࡀᢈุ⪅ࡢᢈุ࡛ၥ㢟ࡀࡘࡃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ࠊ࡝࠺ࡶࡑ࠺ࡣᛮࢃࢀ
࡞࠸ࠖ㸦ෆ⏣ E 㸧࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊၥ㢟ࡢゎỴࢆồࡵ࡚࢔ࢲ࣒࣭ࢫ࣑ࢫ
◊✲࡟ỿ₯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋၥ㢟ࡣࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖࢆ࡝࠺ᙧᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࠿࡟࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀ
ࡣ⤖ᒁࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖ࡜ࡣఱ࠿ࡢၥ࠸࡟㐃࡞ࡿࠋ௬࡟኱Ἑෆ⌮ㄽࡀࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖⓗ୺ᙇࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖࡣࡍࡄࢀ࡚ࠕ⥲㈨ᮏࡢ❧ሙࠖ࠿ࡽࡢࠕᅜ⟇ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ
ࠕୖ࠿ࡽࠖᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠿
ࡗࡓ࠿ࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊᡓதࡸ⤫ไ࡟ࡶࡓࢀ࠿࠿ࡗࡓ౯್ἲ๎ㄽ࡟⤊ࢃࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸
࠿ࠋ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࡇࡢၥ࠸ࡀࠊෆ⏣ࡢ⬚୰࡟✺ࡁ่ࡉࡗࡓᲲࢆ࡞ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡸࡀ࡚ෆ⏣ࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᶵ఍࡟ࡇࢀࢆၥ࠺ࠋࡓࡔࡋ኱Ἑෆࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡟༶ࡋ࡚
࡛࡞ࡃࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࢆᮦᩱ࡟ࡋ࡚ၥ࠸㏉ࡍࠋ̿̿኱Ἑෆࡀᡓ᫬⤒῭ࡢ࠺ࡕ࡟ࡳࡓ
♫఍ᨻ⟇㸦ࡉࡋ࠶ࡓࡾປാຊࡢ౯್࡝࠾ࡾࡢ኎㈙㸧ࡢᚲ↛ⓗ㐍ᒎ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡣࠊᐇࡣ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡀ  ୡ⣖࢖ࢠࣜࢫ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ࠺ࡕ࡟ࡳࡓࠕᕤሙ❧ἲࠖࡢᚲ↛ᛶࢆࡵࡄࡿၥ㢟࡜㏻ᗏࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠗ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ⏕ㄌ࠘ᚋࡢෆ⏣ࡣ࣐ࣝࢡࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ෌
ࡧ✚ᴟⓗ࡟Ⓨゝࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ᫬ࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤᘬ࠿ࢀࡿࡢࡀࡇࡢᕤሙ❧ἲࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋປാ᪥ࡢ▷⦰ࢆࡵࡄࡿປാ⪅ࡢ㜚தࠊࡑࡋ࡚ປാ᪥ࢆἲᚊ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つไࡍࡿᕤሙ❧ἲ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࠗ㈨ᮏㄽ࠘ࡢグ㏙ࡣ࿘▱ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ
ෆ⏣ࡣࡇࢀࢆㄞࡳゎ࠸࡚ࠊᕤሙ❧ἲࡀࠕ㆟఍࡟ୖ⛬ࡉࢀ࡚ࡃࡿᚲ↛ᛶࠖ࡜ࠊࠕୖ⛬ࡉࢀࡓἲ᱌ࡀ㈨ᮏᐙ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㦵ᢤࡁ࡟ࡉࢀࡿᚲ↛ᛶࠖ࡜ࠊࡇࡢ஧ࡘࡢᚲ↛ᛶ࡟ὀ┠ࡍࡿ㸦ෆ⏣ D㸧ࠋࠕᕤሙ❧ἲࠖࡢ⫼ᚋ࡟ࡣࠊ⛬ᗘࡣ࡜ࡶ࠶ࢀࠊ
ປാຊ࡬ࡢ౯್ἲ๎ࡢᾐ㏱࡜࠸࠺ᕷẸ♫఍ⓗせồࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋປാຊࡢཎ⏕ⓗ㣗࠸ࡘࡪࡋ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᕤሙ❧ἲ࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ປാຊࡢṇᖖ࡞ࡿ෌⏕⏘ࢆಖドࡋࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺ᕷẸⓗືࡁࡣࠊ኱ᕤᴗไᗘࡢ᫬௦࡟࠸ࢃࡤࠕ⮬↛ྐⓗ㐣⛬ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᚲ
↛ⓗ࡟Ⓩሙࡋ࡚ࡃࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࡢᐇ⌧ࡣࡲࡎࡣ㈨ᮏᐙࡢ฼ᐖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㜼Ṇࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡶ௚᪉ࡢᚲ↛࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ㄞࡳ㎸ࡳࡘࡘෆ⏣⊂⮬ࡢどⅬࡀ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟㛤♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
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ᕤሙ❧ἲࡢᐇ⌧ࡀࠊ኱ᕤᴗไᗘࡢᒎ㛤࡜࠸࠺≀㉁ⓗᅵྎ࠿ࡽ⮬ືⓗ࡟ฟ࡚ࡃࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ࠊࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ㆟఍࡟ୖ⛬ࡣࡉࢀࡿࡀᚲࡎ㦵ᢤࡁ࡟ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡑࡇ࡛ᕤሙ❧ἲࡢᐇ⌧ࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚㜚தࡀ㉳ࡇࡿࠋᕤሙ❧ἲࡣࡇࡢࠕ㛗࠸ෆ஘ࡢᡤ⏘ࠖࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡲࡇ࡜࡟ព࿡῝࠸⾲⌧ࢆ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡣ࡜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡀࠊ
ࡇࡇ࡟㝵⣭㜚தྐほ࡜⏕⏘ຊྐほࢆࠊぢ஦࡟⤫୍ࡋࡓᙼࡢぢ᪉ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㸦ྠ㸧ᙜ㠃ࡢ㛵ᚰ࡟ᘬࡁࡘࡅࡓ⏝ㄒ࡟┤ࡏࡤࠊປാຊ࡬ࡢ౯್ἲ๎ࡢ㈏ᚭ࡜࠸࠺ື
ࡁࡣࠊ኱ᕤᴗไᗘࡢࡶ࡜ࠕᕤሙ❧ἲࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛⮬↛ᚲ↛ᛶࢆࡶࡗ࡚ฟ࡚ࡃࡿ
ࡢ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ⮬↛ᚲ↛ᛶࡣࠕ⮬ືⓗࠖ࡟ࡣᐇ⌧ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࠕᐇ⌧ࠖࡢࡓࡵ࡟
ࡣປാ⪅࡟ࡼࡿࠕ㜚தࠖࠕ㛗࠸ෆ஘ࠖࡀ⤯ᑐ࡟୙ྍḞ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋປാ⪅ࡢഃ࡛ࡢព㆑ⓗ࠿ࡘ୺యⓗ࡞ດຊࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ౯್ἲ๎ࡣᐇ⌧ࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡔࠋ
ࠕ⏕⏘ຊࠖⓗᚲ↛ࡣࠕ㝵⣭㜚தࠖࡢ፹௓࡞ࡋ࡟ࡣᐇ⌧ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡇ࠺ෆ⏣ࡣࡳࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡟ࡣࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚ࠕᡓதࡣ♫఍ᨻ⟇ࢆ㐙⾜ࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺኱Ἑෆ⌮ㄽࢆホ౯ࡋࡓෆ⏣ࡣ࠸࡞࠸ࠋ౯್ἲ๎ࡣࠕୖ࠿ࡽࠖ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࡋࠊ஦ᐇࠊ
ࠕಶู㈨ᮏࡢ❧ሙࠖࡣࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࠕ⥲㈨ᮏࡢ❧ሙࠖ࠿ࡽࡶࠊປാຊၟရࡢ஺᥮ⓗᖹ➼ࡣ⡆༢࡟ࡣ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡣࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ౯್ἲ๎ࡣࡲࡓᐈほᛶ࡟ࡶࡓࢀ࠿࠿ࡗ࡚ᐇ
⌧ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋᐈほᛶࡸ⏕⏘ຊⓗᇶ┙ࢆ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡋࡘࡘࡶࠊୗ࠿ࡽࡢ୺య
ⓗ࡞ດຊࡸ㜚தࡸไᗘ໬ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᐇ⌧ࡉࢀࠊ⥔ᣢࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋປാ
ຊၟရࡢၥ㢟ࢆዎᶵ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊෆ⏣ᕷẸ♫఍ㄽࡣࡇࡇ࡟ࠕୗ࠿ࡽࠖࡢࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠕ୺
యⓗࠖ࡞♫఍ᙧᡂ࡜࠸࠺᪉ྥᛶࢆᚿྥࡍࡿࠋ㸲㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࢆࡶࡃࡄࡾᢤࡅࡿᕷẸ♫఍୰ᚋᮇࡢෆ⏣࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊᕷẸ♫఍ࡢᴫᛕࡣࡉࡽ࡟ᢳ㇟໬ࡉࢀつ⠊໬ࡉࢀ࡚ࠊ௚
࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡗࡓ⊂⮬࡞ព࿡ྜ࠸ࢆᖏࡧ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠕࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞యไࢆࡃࡄࡾ
ࡠࡅ࡞ࡀࡽᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚ࡺࡃᕷẸ♫఍ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡇࡢࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖࡣ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࠿ࡽࡣࡳฟࡍ࡝ࡇࢁ࠿ࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࢆࡶྵࡵ࡚ྛ✀యไࢆࡃࡄࡾᢤࡅ࡚㈏ᚭࡋᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿࠋఱ࡟ྥ࠿ࡗ࡚࠿ࠋே㛫࡜⮬↛࡜ࡢ♫఍ⓗ≀㉁௦ㅰ
ࡢྜ⌮໬࡟ྥ࠿ࡗ࡚࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀ࡜୙ྍศ࡞⮬⏤࡜Ẹ୺୺⩏ࡢᐇ㉁ⓗᐇ⌧࡟ྥ࠿ࡗ࡚࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢᕷẸ♫఍ࡣࠕ⏕Ꮡᶒࠖࡢᛮ᝿ࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚஺᥮ⓗᖹ➼࡞ࡽࡠࠕே㛫ⓗᖹ➼ࠖࡢᛮ᝿ࡢ࠺࠼࡟⠏࠿ࢀࡿ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

  Ṕྐ㈏㏻ⓗᴫᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸ♫఍ࠗ᪥ᮏ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢᛮ᝿ീ࠘㸦 ᖺ㸧࡛ࠕᢳ㇟ⓗᴫᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸ♫఍ࠖࢆᢲࡋฟࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࠊෆ⏣⩏ᙪࡣࡑࢀࢆࠕᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞Ṕྐ㈏㏻ⓗᴫᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸ♫఍ࠖ࡜ࡶゝ࠸┤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦ྠ 㸧ࠋࡇࡢࠊṔྐࢆ㈏㏻ࡍࡿᕷẸ♫఍࡜ࡣ୍య࡞
ࢇ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠋᐇࡣࡇࡢᕷẸ♫఍ᴫᛕࡇࡑࡣࠊෆ⏣ᛮ᝿ࡢ᭱ዟࡢ᰿ᗏࢆᨭ࠼ࠊ࠿ࡘ௚࡜ࡕࡀ
ࡗ࡚ࡁࢃࡵ࡚ෆ⏣ⓗ࡞ᕷẸ♫఍ㄽࡢ᰿ᖿࢆ࡞ࡍࠋࡑࢀࡣෆ⏣࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᪩ࡃ࡟ࡣ  ᖺ௦ᚋ༙࡟⬇⫾ࡋࡘࡘࡶࠊ௨ᚋࠊ⤊⏕࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚᙮ࡾࢆ῝ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ
ࡇࡢᴫᛕ࡟࠶ࡗ࡚ࡣ࠸ࢃࡺࡿすḢ㏆௦ࡢ⌮᝿໬࡜ࡣ↓⦕࡛࠶ࡿࡋࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ㏆௦ࡢே㛫୰ᚰ୺⩏ࡶ┦ᑐ໬ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡶࠊෆ⏣ࡢࡇ࠺࠸࠺ᕷẸ♫఍ᴫᛕࡣᚑ
᮶ࠊࡌࡗࡃࡾ࡜᳨ウࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࢀࡺ࠼࡟኱࠸࡞ࡿㄗゎࡶ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
௨ୗࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ゅᗘ࠿ࡽࡇࢀࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓ࠸ࠋෆ⏣ࡀࠕṔྐ㈏㏻ⓗࠖ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡁࠊఱࡼࡾࡶࡲࡎே㢮ྐࡢ᰿ᗏࢆ࡞ࡍ
ࠕே㛫࡜⮬↛࡜ࡢ≀㉁௦ㅰ㐣⛬ࠖࢆ⾲㇟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊㄡࡋࡶㄆࡵࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ
࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊෆ⏣࡟ࡁࢃࡵ࡚≉ᚩⓗ࡞ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ≀㉁௦ㅰ㐣⛬ࡣࡓࢇ࡟⮬↛ⓗ஦ᐇ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤣ࠼࠾࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࡞ࡃࠊࠗ⤒῭Ꮫ࣭ဴᏛⲡ✏࠘ࡢ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࢆ೉ࡾ࡚ὀ㔘ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡑࡢሙྜࡢࠕே㛫ࠖࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶᮏ
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᮶ⓗ࡟ࡣࠕ⬟ືⓗ࡛⮬⏤࡞୺య࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢே㛫ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡲࡓࠕព㆑ࢆࡶࡗࡓ♫఍ⓗே㛫ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡋ࡚Ṕྐࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࡑ࠺࠸࠺Ꮡᅾ࡟ᡂ⇍ࡋ࡚ࡺࡃࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊタᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ෆ⏣ 㸧ࠋせࡍࡿ࡟ෆ⏣࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕṔྐࢆ㈏㏻ࡍ
ࡿᕷẸ♫఍ࠖࡢ࡞࠿࡟ࡣࠊ⮬⏤࡞̿̿⮬⏤ࢆồࡵࡿ̿̿ே㛫࡟ࡼࡿ⮬↛࡜ࡢ♫఍ⓗ࡞≀㉁௦ㅰ㐣⛬࡜࠸࠺ࠊே㢮Ọ㐲ࡢႠࡳࡀྵពࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᙮ࡾࢆ῝ࡵࡽࢀࡓෆ⏣ᕷẸ♫఍ㄽࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿ㘽ࡣࠊࡲࡎࡣࠊṔྐ㈏㏻ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢே㛫㸫⮬↛ࡢ♫఍ⓗ≀㉁௦ㅰ㐣⛬ࢆぢᐃࡵࡿⅬ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢෆ⏣ࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓṔྐ㈏㏻ⓗᕷẸ♫఍࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ
ࠕࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞యไࢆࡃࡄ
ࡾࡠࡅ࡞ࡀࡽᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚ࡺࡃᕷẸ♫఍࡜࠸࠺࠿ࡓࡕࡢࡶࡢࠖ
㸦ෆ⏣ 㸧ࠊࠕ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁࡢ♫఍ᙧែࢆࡃࡄࡾࡠࡅ࡚㈏ᚭࡍࡿᕷẸ♫఍ࡢᡂ㛗ࠖ㸦ෆ⏣㸭㛗Ὢ㸭ᐑᓮ 㸧࡜ࡶ᥮ゝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾᕷẸ♫఍ࡣ㟼ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡃࠊṔྐⓗ࡟ືⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊே㢮ྐࡢᑗ᮶࡟ྥ࠿ࡗ࡚ḟ➨࡟ࠕᐇ⌧ࠖࠕᡂ㛗ࠖࡋ࡚ࡺࡃࡶ
ࡢࡔ࡜࠸࠺ㄆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᕷẸ♫఍ࡣࠊࡓࢇ࡟㈨ᮏ୺⩏࠿ࡽࠕࡣࡳฟࡍࠖ௨
ୖ࡟ࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࢆྵࡵ࡚ྛ✀యไࢆࠕࡃࡄࡾࡠࡅ࡚㈏ᚭࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࠊ๓⠇ࡲ࡛ࡢᕷẸ♫఍࡜ࡣᴫᛕෆໟࢆ␗࡟ࡍࡿࠋ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡜ࡢࢬ࡛ࣞ࠶ࡿ௨ୖ࡟ࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࢆ๓᪉࡟ࡶᚋ᪉࡟ࡶ✺ࡁᢤࡅ࡚࠸ࡃࡼ࠺࡞ᕷẸ♫఍࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚑ᮶ࡢ㛗࠸ே㢮ྐࡢ࡞࠿࡛∵Ṍࡢࡈ࡜ࡃᙧᡂࡉࢀࠊ࠸ࡲࠕே㢮ࡢ๓ྐࡢ᭱ᚋࡢẁ㝵ࠖࡓࡿ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ⓗ㏆௦࡟࠾࠸࡚̿̿౯್ἲ๎ࠊ⮬⏤࣭ᖹ➼ࠊ⬟ຊ࡟ᛂࡌࡓྲྀᚓࠊ࡞
࠸ࡋᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶࡑ࠺ࡋࡓほᛕࡢᡂ❧ࠊ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟኱ᕤᴗⓗ⏕⏘ຊࡢⓎᒎ࡜ࡑࡢ▩┪࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛̿̿᱁ẁ࡟㐍ᒎࡍࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊࡋ࠿ࡋ⌧ᐇ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㈨ᮏ୺⩏♫఍ࡢ࡞࠿࡛ṍ᭤ࡉࢀ㜼Ṇࡶࡉࢀ࡚ࡶ࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᑗ᮶ⓗ࡟ࠊ᭤ᢡࢆ
⤒࡞ࡀࡽࡶே㢮ྐࡢ࡞࠿࡛ḟ➨࡟᏶ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊෆ⏣ࡢṔྐ㈏㏻ⓗᕷẸ♫఍ࡣ࠶ࡿࠋ
ఱ࡟ྥ࠿ࡗ࡚ࡢᐇ⌧࡛࠶ࡾᡂ㛗࡞ࡢ࠿ࠋ኱ࡁࡃࡣࠊ♫఍ⓗ≀㉁௦ㅰࡢ㐣⛬ࢆ୙᩿࡟ࠕྜ⌮໬ࠖࡋ࡚ࡺࡃࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࠕ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ྜ⌮ⓗ࡟ே㛫࡜⮬↛࡜ࡢ㉁㔞㌿᥮ࢆࡋ࡚ࡺࡃࠖ
㸦ෆ⏣ D㸧ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ࠕ⮬↛ࡢྜ⌮ⓗ⟶⌮⤌⧊ࠖ㸦ෆ⏣  㸧ࢆసࡾୖࡆ࡚ࡺࡃࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ⛉Ꮫ࣭ᢏ⾡ࡢⓎᒎࡶᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⤒Ⴀ⤌⧊ࡸ♫఍ⓗไᗘࡢኚ㠉ࡶ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ
ࡑࢀ௨ୖ࡟̿̿࠸ࡸࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ᰿ᗏ࡟࠶ࡿ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚̿̿⫢せ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶
ࡿࠋẸ୺୺⩏࡜⮬⏤ࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡎࡣẸ୺୺⩏ࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠋෆ⏣⮬㌟ࠊ
ࠕࢹࣔࢡࣛࢩ࣮ࡢⓎᒎࠊᒎ㛤࡜࠸࠺ࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲࡢ♫఍ᙧែࢆ㈏࠸࡚࠸ࡃࡶࡢࠖ㸦ෆ⏣ E 㸧࡜Ⓨゝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊẸ୺୺⩏ࡶࡲࡓࠊṔྐࢆ㈏㏻ࡋ࡚ᡂ⇍ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡭ࡁືⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ
࡚ࠊᕷẸ♫఍ࢆࡘࡃࡾ࡞ࡍ㔜せ࡞ᨭᰕ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢẸ୺୺⩏࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᩋᡓ
┤ᚋࡢⱝࡁෆ⏣⩏ᙪࡣࠊࡍ࡛࡟ࡑࢀࡀࡓࢇ࡟ከᩘỴ࡜࠿ࠊᢞ⚊Ẹ୺୺⩏ࠊ㆟఍ไẸ୺୺⩏࡜࠿࡟ᑾࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆぢᢤ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊẸ⾗ࡀ⬟ືⓗ࡟⮬ࡽࡢ㈐௵࡟࠾࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡘࡘ⮬⏤࡟ពぢࢆ஺᥮ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊẸ⾗⮬㌟ࡀࠕᕧ኱࡞♫఍ⓗ」║ࠖࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿⅬ࡟Ẹ୺୺⩏ࡢᮏ㉁ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚
࠸ࡓࠋẸ⾗࡟ࡼࡿࠕᕧ኱࡞♫఍ⓗ」║ࠖࡢᙧᡂ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡇࡑࠊ♫఍ⓗ≀㉁௦ㅰ
ࡣࠕୗ࠿ࡽࠖࡑࡋ࡚ࠕ୺యⓗࠖ࡟ྜἲ๎ⓗ࡞㐠Ⴀࡢࡶ࡜࡟࠾࠿ࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࢁ
࠺ࠋṔྐࢆ㈏㏻ࡋ࡚ᕷẸ♫఍ࡀᐇ⌧ࡍ࡭ࡁㄢ㢟ࡣࡑࡇ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ
ຍ࠼࡚ࠊẸ୺୺⩏࡜୪⾜ࡋ࡚ࠊே㛫ⓗ⮬⏤ࡢⓎᒎ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸ♫఍ࡶࡲࡓࠊ
ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞Ṕྐࢆࡃࡄࡾࡠࡅ࡞ࡀࡽᐇ⌧ࡉࢀ࡚ࡺࡃ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋෆ⏣⩏ᙪࡣࠊ≀㉁௦ㅰ㐣⛬ࡢྜ⌮ⓗไᚚ࡟ྥࡅࡓே㛫ࡢႠⅭࡢ࡞࠿࡟ࠊ⮬⏤࡟ྥࡅ࡚୺యⓗ࡟ດຊࡍࡿே㛫ࡢጼࢆぢࡿࠋ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢゝⴥ࡛ゝ࠼ࡤࠊࠕ⮬ᕫ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚
⾜ࢃࢀࡿே㛫ࡢຊࡢⓎᒎࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ┿ࡢ⮬⏤ࡢ㡿ᇦࠖ࡬ࡢṌࡳࢆㄞࡳྲྀࡿࠋ≀㉁௦ㅰࡢྜ⌮໬ࡢ㐣⛬ࡣࠊ⮬⏤ࢆồࡵࡿே㛫࡟ᢸࢃࢀ࡚ࡇࡑᐇ⌧ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ
ࡑࡢ㐣⛬ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀ⮬⏤࡞ே㛫ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࠊࡲࡓ⏕ࡳฟࡉࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸࡜ෆ⏣ࡣࡳࡿࠋ௨ୖࠊෆ⏣ࡢ࠸࠺Ṕྐ㈏㏻ⓗ࡞ᕷẸ♫఍ࡀࠊ≀㉁௦ㅰࡢྜ⌮໬ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ࡞࠿࡛せㄳࡶࡉࢀ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᯒฟࡉࢀࡶࡍࡿ⮬⏤࡜Ẹ୺୺⩏ࢆᑕ⛬࡟࠾ࡉࡵࡓ
ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ぢ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ≀㉁௦ㅰࡢྜ⌮໬࡜ࢭࢵࢺࢆ࡞ࡋ
࡚ே㛫ࡢ⮬⏤࡜Ẹ୺୺⩏ࡀᒎ㛤ࡋࠊ㏫࡟ࠊ⮬⏤ࢆồࡵẸ୺୺⩏ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿẸ⾗࡟ᢸࢃࢀ࡚≀㉁௦ㅰࡀྜ⌮໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊࡉࡽ࡟ᚲせ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠊ࡜
ෆ⏣⩏ᙪࡣぢ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡇࡲ࡛ၥ࠸῝ࡵࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ෆ⏣ᕷẸ♫఍ㄽࡢ⚄㧊ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋఱ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠋゅᗘࢆኚ࠼࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ

  ே㛫ⓗᖹ➼࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸ♫఍ࠗ♫఍ㄆ㆑ࡢṌࡳ࠘㸦 ᖺ㸧ࡢࠕࡴࡍࡧ࡛ࠖෆ⏣ࡣࡇ࠺᭩࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋᑡࡋ
㛗࠸ࡀࠊෆ⏣ᕷẸ♫఍ㄽࡢ᭱ዟ㒊ࢆㄒࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡶḞ࠿ࡏ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ᘬ࠸࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋ
ே㛫ࡀே㛫ࡽࡋࡃ⏕ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ⮬ᕫ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡴࢁࢇᏙ❧ࡋࢲࢫ࣭࣓ࣥࢩࣗࣜࢵ࣭ࣦ࢙࣮࣊ࢮࣥ

ࡓே㛫࡜ࡋ࡚࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ே 㛫 ⓗ ᮏ ㉁ ࡣ♫఍࡜ࡢ࠿࠿ࢃࡾࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ
ே㛫ࡣ♫఍ࢆ࡞ࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡋࠊ♫఍ࢆ๰㐀ࡍࡿᏑᅾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆࡶྵ
ࢇ࡛ࠊࡸࡣࡾࠊே㛫ࡀ⏕ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ⮬ᕫ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⏕ࡁࡿࠊࠊ࡜࠸࠺ႠⅭࡢ୰࡟ࡣᙜ↛࡟Ꮫၥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᏛၥࡔࡅࡌࡷ࡞࠸ࠋࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᩥ໬
ㅖ㡿ᇦࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡶࡢࢆྵࢇ࡛ࠊ⮬ᕫ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿே㛫ࡢຊࡢⓎᒎ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
⧞ࡾ㏉ࡍࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࡀࠊ⮬ᕫ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚⾜࡞ࢃࢀࡿே㛫ࡢຊࡢⓎᒎ࡜࠸࠺ࡶ
ࡢࢆࠊ㐲࠸࠿࡞ࡓ࡟┠ᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜ࠊ⌧࡟ࠊ㈨ᮏࡀே㛫࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࢆ⼃ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿጼࡣぢ࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡀぢ࠼࡚ࡇ࡞࠸࡜ࠊ♫఍⛉Ꮫࠊࡢᑐ㇟ࡍࡽࠊ┿ࡢព࿡࡛ࡣぢ࠼࡞࠸ࠋ⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡑࢀ⮬యࡢព࿡࣭㔜ࡉࢆᤊ࠼࡚ࡇࡑࠊ♫఍⛉ᏛࡀゎỴࡍ࡭ࡁၥ㢟ࡀぢ࠼ࡿࠋ㸦ෆ⏣ D㸧ே㛫ࡀே㛫࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ⏕ࡁࡿࠖࠕ⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡇ࡜ࡇࡑ⮬ᕫ┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢࠕ⏕ࡁࡿࠖࡇ࡜࡜୙ྍศ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕᏛၥࠖࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢᏛၥࡀ✵ᅇࡾࡏࡎ࡟
┿࡟ព࿡࠶ࡿᏛၥ࡜࡞ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊᏛၥࡣே㛫ࡀࠕ⏕ࡁࡿࠖࡇ࡜ࡑࢀ⮬యࡢࡶࡘ㔜ࡳ࡟῝ࡃ᰿ࡊࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ̿̿ࡇࡇ࡟ࡣࠊಶࠎேࡢ⏕ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢ⤯ᑐⓗ㔜ࡳࡢ⮬ぬ࡜ࠊᏛၥ㸦ࡉࡋ࠶ࡓࡾ♫఍⛉Ꮫ㸧ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉࡜ࡀࠊ୙ྍศ
࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᙉㄪࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋෆ⏣ᕷẸ♫఍ㄽࡀ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ぢᤣ࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡶࡢࡣࠊ
ࡇࡢࠕ⏕ࡁࡿࠖࡇ࡜࡜ࠕᏛၥࡍࡿࠖࡇ࡜࡜ࡀ┦஫࡟ᚠ⎔ࡋ࠶࠺♫఍࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ෆ⏣ࡣၥ࠺ࠋ
ࠕᏛၥࡀ┿࡟♫఍ⓗ࡟ព⩏࠶ࡿࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡿࡓࡵࡢ௒᪥ⓗࢸ࣮࣐ࡢⓎぢࡶࠊ୍ಶࡢே㛫ࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡟⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡢ⤯ᑐⓗព࿡࡟࠿࠿ࢃ
ࡽࡏ࡞࠸࠿ࡂࡾࠊ࠾ࡇ࡞ࢃࢀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࠖࠋࡇ࠺ၥ࠺ෆ⏣ࡢ࡞࠿࡟ࡣࠊබ
ᐖၥ㢟࡛࠶ࢀ⸆ᐖၥ㢟࡛࠶ࢀࠊၥ㢟ࡢ᭱ึࡢ̿̿࠸ࢃࡤᑠࡉ࡞̿̿ࢩࢢࢼࣝࡀ
ฟࡉࢀࡓ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࠊ࡞ࡐࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࡇࢀࢆၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡋ࠼࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࠿࡜࠸࠺
཯┬ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࢩࢢࢼࣝࢆࢩࢢࢼࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ཷࡅ࡜ࡵ࠼࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊࡑࡢ⫼ᚋ࡟ࠊࠕ㔝㫽ࡢ୍ࡘࡸ஧ࡘࠊே㛫ࡢ୍ேࡸ஧ேṚࢇࡔ࡜ࡋ࡚ୡ⏺ࡢ኱ໃ࠿ࡽࡍࢀࡤఱ
࡯࡝ࡢࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ࡢᚰ⌮ࡀࡣࡓࡽ࠸࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࠿ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ
ࠕ㔝㫽ࡢ୍ࡘࡸ஧ࡘࠊே㛫ࡢ୍ேࡸ஧ேࠖࢆ౛እど࡞࠸ࡋ↓どࡋࠊࠕ୍ே୍ேࡢே㛫ࡀ⏕ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡑࢀ⮬యࡢࡶࡘ⤯ᑐⓗព࿡ࠖ࡟㌟ࢆᐤࡏ࡞࠸㸦௨ୖࠊෆ⏣  㸧ࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊࡑࡇ࠿ࡽ║ࢆࡑࡴࡅࡿࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࡇࡑࠊᏛၥⓗㄢ㢟ࡀㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ぢ࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠕ┿࡟♫఍ⓗ࡟ព⩏࠶ࡿࠖᏛၥⓗࢸ࣮࣐ࡶぢฟࡏࡎࠊࡦ࠸࡚ࡣே㛫ࡢ⮬⏤ࡸྜἲ๎ⓗ࡞≀㉁௦ㅰ࡬ࡢ㐨ࡶ㛢ࡊࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ຍ࠼࡚㖭グࡍ࡭ࡁࡣࠊࡇࡢࠕே㛫ࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡟⏕ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⴀࡳࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡑࢀ⮬యࡀࡶࡘ⤯ᑐⓗ࡞ព࿡ࠖ㸦ྠ 㸧࡟❧⬮ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚
ࡣࡌࡵ࡚ࠊࠕ⏕ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢே㛫ⓗᖹ➼ࡢほᛕࠖ㸦ෆ⏣  㸧ࡶ⏕ࡲࢀ࡚ࡃࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠗ᪥ᮏ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢᛮ᝿ീ࠘ࡢ᭱⤊❶࡛ෆ⏣ࡣࠊす   Ḣ㏆ୡྐ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㈈⏘⚄⪷ほ㸦ᡤ᭷ࡢᨭ㓄㸧࡟ᑐᢠࡋ࡚ࠊປാࡍࡿே㛫ࡢഃ࠿ࡽാࡃ⪅࡝࠺ࡋࡢඹឤࡢ࠺࠼࡟❧ࡗ࡚ࠕാ࠿ࡊࡿ⪅㣗࠺࡭࠿ࡽࡎࠖࡢ࿨㢟ࡀ
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ฟ࡚ࡃࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ⏬ᮇⓗព⩏ࢆㄝࡃࠋࡑࡋ࡚ゝ࠺ࠋࠕປാࡍࡿே㛫࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢඹឤࢆ
ᇶ♏࡟ࡍࡿே㛫ᖹ➼ほ࡛࠶ࡾ㐃ᖏほ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࡇࡑࠊാ࠸࡚ࡶ㸦࡞࠸ࡋാࡅ࡞
ࡃ࡚㸧㣗࠼࡞࠸ே㛫࡬ࡢඹឤࡀྠ᫬࡟ാ࠸࡚͐͐⏕Ꮡᶒࠊே㛫ࡣࠊࡓࡔே㛫࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺༢⣧࡞⌮⏤࡛⏕ࡁࡿᶒ฼ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࠊྠࡌປാࡍࡿே㛫࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢඹឤ࠿ࡽࡃࡿ㐃ᖏほ࡟ᨭ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ฟ࡚ࡃࡿࠖࠊ࡜㸦ྠ 㸧ࠋࡇࡇ࡟♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ㈈⏘ࡢᨭ㓄ࢆྰᐃࡋ࡚ປാࡍࡿே㛫㸦࠸ࢃࡤ⣧⢋ຊసᆺ⤒῭ே㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢඹឤ࡜㐃ᖏࡀᇶ♏ࢆ࡞ࡍ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜ࠊࡔࡀࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࡇࡑࠊ
ࡓࢇ࡟ປാࡍࡿே㛫ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠕാ࠸࡚ࡶ㸦࡞࠸ࡋാࡅ࡞ࡃ࡚㸧㣗࠼࡞࠸ே㛫ࠖ࡬ࡢඹឤࡶ⏕ࡲࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕປാࡍࡿே㛫࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢඹឤࠖ࡜࠸࠺どⅬ࠿ࡽฟⓎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊྵពࡣ⊃ࡃࠕປാࡍࡿே㛫ࠖࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࢁ࠺ࠋࠕඹឤࠖࡢᑕ⛬ࡣࠕാࡅ࡞࠸ࠖே㛫࡬࡜ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠕࡓࡔࡢே㛫ࠖ࡬࡜ཬࡪࠋࡑࡢࠕࡓࡔࡢே㛫୍ࠖேࡦ࡜ࡾࡀࠕ⏕ࡁ࡚࠸
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ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ⤯ᑐᛶࠖ࡟㌟ࢆ⨨ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ
ࠕே㛫ⓗᖹ➼ࠖࡢほᛕࡢᙧᡂ࡜ྠ⩏࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠾ࡼࡑே㛫ࡣ⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡂࡾࠊே㛫࡜ࡋ࡚ᖹ➼ࡔ࡜࠸࠺ほᛕࡀࡇࡇ࡟⏕ࡲࢀࡿࠋ㔜ࡡ࡚ゝ࠺ࠊ̿̿⏕ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ⤯ᑐᛶ࡟᰿ࡊࡍ࡜ࡣࠊே㛫࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᖹ➼ᛶࡢ࠺࠼࡟❧ࡘ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㔜せ࡞Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ
ࡇࡇ࡟ࡣࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡢࠕ஺᥮ⓗᖹ➼ࠖ㸦౯್ἲ๎㸻୍≀୍౯ⓗᖹ➼㸧ࢆ㉸࠼࡚ࠊࠕே㛫ⓗᖹ➼ࠖ㸦⏕࠶ࡿ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᖹ➼㸧ࡀぢᤣ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠࡌࡃࠕ⬟ຊ࡟ᛂࡌࡓྲྀᚓࠖࢆ㉸࠼࡚ࠕᚲせ࡟ᛂࡌࡓྲྀᚓࠖࡢཎ⌮ࡀᬯ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕே㛫ࡣࠊࡓ
ࡔே㛫࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺༢⣧࡞⌮⏤࡛⏕ࡁࡿᶒ฼ࡀ࠶ࡿࠖࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡣศ㓄ୖࡣࠕᚲせཎ๎ࠖࡢୡ⏺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡇࢀࢆࠕ஫㓘ᛶࠖࡢୡ⏺࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶ
ࡼࡃࠊ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶ⬟ຊ୺⩏ⓗᕪู࡜ࡣ↓⦕࡞ୡ⏺࡛࠶ࡿࠋṔྐࢆ㈏㏻ࡋ࡚
ᐇ⌧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃ࡭ࡁᕷẸ♫఍ࡢ࠺ࡕ࡟ෆ⏣⩏ᙪࡀ᭱ᚋ࡟ぢᐃࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࡶࡢࡣࡇ
ࢀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞♫఍ᙧែࢆࡃࡄࡾࡠࡅࠊṔྐࢆ㈏㏻ࡋ࡚ḟ➨࡟ᐇ⌧ࡉࢀ࡚ࡺࡃ࡭ࡁᕷẸ♫఍࡜ࡣࠊே㛫ⓗᖹ➼㸦ࡘࡲࡾ⏕ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ⤯ᑐᛶ㸧ࡢほᛕࢆᇶ┙࡜ࡋࠊ⮬⏤ࢆồࡵࡿேࡧ࡜ࡀᏛၥࢆ፹௓࡟ࡋࡘࡘᕧ኱࡞♫఍ⓗ」║࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢẸ୺୺⩏ࢆᙧᡂࡋࠊࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ே㛫࡜⮬↛࡜ࡢ♫఍ⓗ≀㉁௦ㅰࢆไᚚࡋ࡚ࡺࡃ
ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡓࡔࡋࠊࡇࡇ࡛ὀពࡀᚲせ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊෆ⏣ࡀே㛫ⓗᖹ➼࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸ♫఍࡬࡜㝆ࡾ❧ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡢ஺᥮ⓗᖹ➼࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸ♫఍ࢆ඲ྰᐃࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ✲ᴟⓗ࡟ࡣே㛫ⓗᖹ➼㸦⏕Ꮡᶒࡢᛮ᝿㸧ࢆ᰿ᗏ࡟⨨ࡁࡘࡘࡶࠊ᪥ᖖⓗ࡟ࡣࡑࢀ࡜஺᥮ⓗᖹ➼㸦ປാ㸻⬟ຊࡢᑛ㔜㸧࡜ࡢ⥭ᙇࢆࡣࡽࢇࡔ
ඹᏑࢆྛேࡀᘬࡁཷࡅࡿ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊෆ⏣ᕷẸ♫఍ㄽࡣᵓ᝿ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ⠇ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤ✵᝿ⓗ♫఍୺⩏ࢆホ౯ࡋ࡚ෆ⏣ࡣࠊࠕࡇࡇ࡛ࡶࠊே㛫ࡣປാ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ホ౯ࡉࢀ࡟ࡷ࠸࠿ࢇࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡜ࠊ⏕Ꮡᶒࡢᛮ᝿ࡀྠ᫬࡟ฟ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ㸦ෆ⏣ 㸧࡜ㄒࡾࠊࡲࡓࠕ⌧௦ࡢ᰿ᮏၥ㢟ࡢ୍ࡘࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡇ࠺㏙࡭ࡿࠋࠕே
㛫ࡣ௙஦ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࡢࡳே㛫ࡓࡾ࠺ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ഃ㠃࡜ࠊ௙஦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ↓⬟ຊ࡛ࡶࠊࡓࡔ⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ே㛫࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᏑᅾ⌮⏤࡜ጁ࿡ࢆࡶࡘ࡜࠸࠺ഃ㠃ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊᛮ᝿ྐⓗ࡟࠸࠼ࡤ᐀ᩍᨵ㠉ࡢၥ㢟࡞ࡢࡔࡀࠊࡓ
ࢇ࡟Ṕྐୖࡢ஦࡜ࡋ࡚᪤࡟῭ࢇࡔၥ㢟࡟Ṇࡲࡽࡎࠊ⌧௦ࡢ᰿ᮏၥ㢟ࡢ୍ࡘࡔ͐
͐ࠖ㸦ෆ⏣㸧ࠋぢࡽࢀࡿ࡜࠾ࡾෆ⏣࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
ࠕ⏕Ꮡᶒࠖ࡜ࠕປാࠖࠊ

ࠕ⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࠖ࡜ࠕ௙஦ࠖ࡜ࡀ᫬࡟⥭ᙇࢆࡣࡽࡳࡘࡘࡶඹᏑࡍࡿࡼ
࠺࡞ୡ⏺ࢆぢ࡜࠾ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋෆ⏣ⓗᕷẸ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷẸࡣࠊࡇࡢே㛫ⓗᖹ➼࡜஺᥮ⓗᖹ➼ࡢ⥭ᙇⓗඹᏑࢆ⮬ࡽᘬࡁཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡃ࡭ࡁᏑᅾ࡜ࡋ࡚࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶
ࢁ࠺ࠋ⚟♴♫఍ࢆ᰿ᗏ࡟ࡶࡘᕷẸ♫఍ࡢᵓ᝿࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸ࠋ

㸳࠾ࢃࡾ࡟௨ୖ࠿ࡽ࡟᫂ࡽ࠿࡞ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊෆ⏣ᕷẸ♫఍ㄽࡣࠊᡂ❧ᮇ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡟㏆࠸ࡶࡢ㸦⣧⢋㈨ᮏ୺⩏㸧ࡢ⾲㇟࠿ࡽฟⓎࡋࡘࡘࡶࠊࡸࡀ࡚ࣈࣝࢪࣙ࣡ⓗ࡞ᖹ➼㸦஺᥮ⓗᖹ➼㸧ࡸ⬟ຊ୺⩏㸦ᆅ௦⠊␪ᢈุ㸧࡬࡜⌮ᛕ໬ࡉࢀࠊࡉࡽ࡟᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࠊṔྐࢆ㈏㏻ࡍࡿఅὶࡢ㛤ⰼࢆぢ㏱ࡍ࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ࠊே㛫ⓗᖹ➼㸦⏕࠶ࡿᏑᅾ࡜ࡋ࡚⤯ᑐᛶ㸧࡜Ꮫၥࡍࡿ⮬⏤ே࡟ᢸࢃࢀࡓ≀㉁௦ㅰࡢไᚚ࡬࡜῝ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸
ࡗࡓࠋ༢⣧໬ࡋ࡚࠸࠼ࡤࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕷẸ♫఍࠿ࡽࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࠿ࡽࡣࡳฟࡍᕷẸ♫఍ࢆ࡬࡚ࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࢆࡶࡃࡄࡾᢤࡅࡿᕷẸ♫఍࡬࡜῝ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ
῝ࡵࡽࢀࡓ฿㐩Ⅼ࠿ࡽ᣺ࡾ㏉ࡗ࡚ෆ⏣ᕷẸ♫఍ㄽࡢ࢚ࢵࢭࣥࢫࢆྲྀࡾฟࡍ࡜ࡍ
ࢀࡤࠊ➨୍࡟ࠊ
ࠕᡤ᭷ࠖཎ⌮࡟ᑐᢠࡋ࡚ࠕ⬟ຊࠖཎ⌮ࢆ⏕࠿ࡍࡓࡵࡢᕷሙࡢ♫఍ⓗไᗘ໬㸦♫఍ⓗㄪᩚ㸧ࡢᛮ᝿࡛࠶ࡾࠊ➨஧࡟ࠊࠕ⬟ຊࠖཎ⌮ࡢ⤯ᑐ໬ࢆᢚṆࡋ
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ࠕ⚟♴ࠖཎ⌮ࢆ᰿ᗏ࡟ᤣ࠼ࡿࡓࡵࡢே㛫ⓗᖹ➼㸦⏕Ꮡᶒ㸧ࡢᛮ᝿࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ


ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
ෆ⏣⩏ᙪ   ࠗ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ⏕ㄌ࠘ᮍ᮶♫ࠋ̿̿   ࠗ㈨ᮏㄽࡢୡ⏺࠘ᒾἼ᪂᭩ࠋ̿̿   ࠗ᪥ᮏ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢᛮ᝿ീ࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠋ̿̿ D  ࠗ♫఍ㄆ㆑ࡢṌࡳ࠘ᒾἼ᪂᭩ࠋ̿̿ E  ࠗㄞࡴ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜̿̿ෆ⏣⩏ᙪᑐㄯ㞟࠘⟃ᦶ᭩ᡣࠋ̿̿   ࠗᏛၥ࡬ࡢᩓ⟇࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠋ̿̿   ࠗసရ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ♫఍⛉Ꮫ࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠋ̿̿   ࠗㄞ᭩࡜♫఍⛉Ꮫ࠘ᒾἼ᪂᭩ࠋ̿̿   ࠗෆ⏣⩏ᙪⴭస㞟࠘➨  ᕳࠊ ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠋ
ෆ⏣⩏ᙪ㸭㛗ᕞ୍஧㸭ᐑᓮ≏୍   ࠕ⤒῭Ꮫࠖ ᅗ᭩᪂⪺♫⦅ࠗᗙㄯ఍ ᡓᚋࡢᏛၥ࠘ᅗ᭩᪂⪺♫ࠋ኱Ἑෆ୍⏨   ࠗ♫఍ᨻ⟇ࡢᇶᮏၥ㢟̿̿኱Ἑෆ୍⏨ⴭస㞟➨  ᕳ࠘㟷ᯘ᭩㝔᪂♫ࠋᑓಟ኱Ꮫ♫఍⛉Ꮫ◊✲ᡤ⦅   ࠗࠕసရࠖ࡬ࡢ㐢Ṕ̿̿ෆ⏣⩏ᙪ ኱షḟ㑻㈹ཷ㈹グᛕㅮ₇࠘᫬₻♫ࠋ㧗ᓥၿဢ   ࠗ࢔ࢲ࣒࣭ࢫ࣑ࢫࡢᕷẸ♫఍య⣔࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠋ
㔝ἑᩄ἞㸭㓇஭㐍⦅   ࠗ᫬௦࡜Ꮫၥ̿̿ෆ⏣⩏ᙪⴭస㞟 ⿵ᕳ࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠋ

࣎࢘ࣝࢬ࡜࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡢࠕᕷẸࠖࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖ㸸ไᗘ࣭ᕷሙ࣭♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲ࣭㈤ປാ㛵ಀ᳜ᮧ༤ᜤ㸦ᶓ὾ᅜ❧኱Ꮫ㸧㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟⌧௦⤒῭Ꮫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
ࠕᕷẸࠖ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖ࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄆ㆑ࡣࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ
࠺࡞Ⓨᒎࢆࡳࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ≉࡟ࡇࢀࡲ࡛᪥ᮏࡢᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫ࡟኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚ࡁࡓࢧ࣑࢚࣭ࣗࣝ࣎࢘ࣝࢬ࡜࣮࣭ࣟ࣋ࣝ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡢ㏆ᖺࡢ㆟ㄽࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࢃࡀᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣ࢔࣓
࣭ࣜ࢝ࣛࢹ࢕࢝ࣝὴ⤒῭Ꮫ㸦ࣛࢹ࢕࣭࢚࢝ࣝࢥࣀ࣑ࢡࢫ㸧ࡢ୰ᚰⓗ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࠊ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡣࣇࣛࣥࢫ࣭ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥᏛὴࡢᣦᑟⓗ⌮ㄽᐙ࡜ࡋ࡚⤂௓ࡉࢀࡿࡇ
࡜ࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ࣎࢘ࣝࢬ࡜࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡣࠊࡑࡢ⌮ㄽⓗࢫࢱࣥࢫ࡜⌧௦㈨ᮏ୺⩏ㄆ㆑࡟ከࡃࡢඹ㏻Ⅼࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤᑐẚࡋ࡚ㄽࡌࡽࢀ࡚ࡶࡁࡓࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ࠸ࡲࡇࡇ࡛ᙉㄪࡋࡓ࠸ࡢࡣࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣜࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢᅽຊࡢࡶ࡜࡛Ẹ୺୺⩏ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀ༴ᶵ࡟㝗ࡾ࠿ࡡ࡞࠸⌧ᅾࠊ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡶ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡶࠊḢ⡿࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⌧௦⤒῭Ꮫ࡜⌧௦ᨻ἞Ꮫࡢ◊✲ࡢⓎᒎࢆࡩࡲ࠼࡚ࠊ⊂⮬ࡢࠕᕷẸࠖᴫᛕࠊࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖᴫᛕࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡣࠕᕷẸ♫఍㸦société civile, civil society㸧ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣࠊ
ࠕᕷẸ㸦citizen㸧ࠖࠕᕷẸⓗ㑅ዲ(civic preference)ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡣ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶ
ࡢࡢࠊࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡣ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡀ౑⏝ࡍࡿゝⴥࡣࠊࠕࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞♫఍㸦liberal society㸧࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ
ᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣࠊ⌧௦ࡢᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࡶࠊ㏆ᖺഔฟࡋࡓ♫఍ㄆ㆑ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢧ࣑࢚࣭ࣗࣝ࣎࢘ࣝࢬ࡜࣮࣭ࣟ࣋ࣝ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡢࠕᕷẸࠖ࠾ࡼࡧࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖࡢ⌮ゎࢆ⥲ྜⓗ࡟᳨ウࡋࠊ୧⪅ࡢ⌮ㄽࡀࡶࡘどゅࡢ┦㐪࡜ࡑࢀࡽࡢ㛵㐃ࢆㄽࡌࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ࣎࢘ࣝࢬ࡜࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡢ⤒῭ᛮ᝿ࢆ῝ࡃ⌮ゎࡋࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᮏ᭩ࡀᢅࡗࡓࡁࡓࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖࡢᛮ᝿ྐ◊✲ࡢ࡞࠿࡟ᙼࡽࡢ
♫఍ㄆ㆑ࢆ఩⨨࡙ࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ㸰 ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢࠕ࣭࢚ࣔࣛࣝࢥࣀ࣑࣮ࠖ࡜ᕷẸࡢ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲ 㸯ࢧ࣑࢚࣭ࣗࣝ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣࠊ୍஑୐ࠐᖺ௦௨㝆࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࣛࢹ࢕࢝ࣝὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ୰ᚰⓗ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ά㌍ࡋࠊ஧ࠐࠐࠐᖺ௦࡟ࢧࣥࢱࣇ࢙◊✲ᡤ࡟⛣⡠ࡋ࡚1࠿ࡽࡣࠊ⊂⮬ࡢ♫఍⛉Ꮫ࡛࠶ࡿࠕ㐍໬♫఍⛉Ꮫ㸦evolutionary social science㸧ࠖࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏࠊࡑࡢ㞟኱ᡂࡀࠗไᗘ࡜㐍໬ࡢ࣑ࢡࣟ⌮ㄽ࠘
㸦Bowles 2004㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸰ࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ୙᏶ഛዎ⣙ㄽ࡜ࢤ࣮࣒⌮ㄽࢆ⏝࠸࡚ไᗘ࡜㑅ዲࡢඹ㐍໬ࢆศᯒࡋࠊ࣑ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫࢆ෌ᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸦㸯㸧࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࡜⤒῭ᛮ᝿㸸ࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞ᕷẸࡢ♫఍࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢ࣭࢚ࠗࣔࣛࣝࢥࣀ࣑࣮㸸࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࠿ၿࡁᕷẸ࠿࠘
㸦Bowles 2016㸧ࡣࠊ༙ୡ⣖௨ୖ࡟࠾ࡼࡪ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢ⤒῭ᛮ᝿ࡢⓎᒎࡢᡂᯝࢆ඲㠃ⓗ࡟ᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⥲ྜⓗ࡞♫఍⛉Ꮫ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢ῝࠸ᛮ᝿ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᙼࡣࠊࡑࡢ⌮ㄽⓗ㞟኱ᡂ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠗไᗘ࡜㐍໬ࡢ࣑ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘
㸦Bowles 2004㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕ㐍໬♫఍⛉Ꮫࠖ࡜࠸࠺◊✲ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆᥦ㉳ࡋࡓࡀࠊᮏ᭩࡛ࡣࡑࢀ
࡜⿵᏶ⓗ㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢ⤒῭ᛮ᝿ࢆㄝᚓⓗ࡟ᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ࣎
࢘ࣝࢬࡢ⤒῭ᛮ᝿ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶᐜ࡛᫆ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣࠊ࠿ࡘ
࡚ࣛࢹ࢕࢝ࣝὴ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅㸦ࣛࢹ࢕࣭࢚࢝ࣝࢥࣀ࣑ࢫࢺ㸧ࡢ᪝ᡭ࡜ࡋ࡚⮬⏤࡞ほⅬ࠿ࡽ࣐ࣝࢡࢫ࡟᥋ࡋࠊ࠸ࡲࡣࡑࡢ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࢆࡶ┦ᑐ໬ࡋࡘࡘࠊ⊂⮬ࡢ⤒῭ᛮ᝿ࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢ⤒῭ᛮ᝿ࡀࡶࡘᗈࡀࡾ࡜῝ࡉࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ࠊ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢᛮ᝿
ⓗࡢ฿㐩Ⅼࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡿࡢࡣ᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣ࠿ࡘ࡚ࣛࢹ࢕࢝ࣝὴ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡢ୰ᚰⓗ⌮ㄽᐙ࡜ࡋ࡚ά㌍ࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࠊࢃࡀᅜ࡛ࡣ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⌮ㄽࢆά⏝ࡍࡿ࣐ࣝࢡࢩ࢔ࣥ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡀᙉࡃᣢࡓࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊ஧ࠐࠐࠐᖺ௦࡟ࢧࣥ
ࢱࣇ࢙◊✲ᡤ࡟⛣⡠ࡋ࡚௨㝆ࡢ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣࠊࡑࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆࡣࡿ࠿࡟㉸࠼ࡓ⊂⮬ࡢ♫఍⛉Ꮫࡢయ⣔ࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ࡜⌮ゎࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ≉࡟⌧ᅾࡢ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢ⤒῭ᛮ᝿ࡣࠊࡴࡋࢁ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࣜ࣋ࣛࣝᛮ᝿ࡢᘏ㛗⥺ୖ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ୍஑୐ࠐᖺ௦࣭ඵࠐᖺ௦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࣛࢹ࢕࢝ࣝὴࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࡿẸ୺୺⩏࡜㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ㛵ಀࢆၥ࠸⥆ࡅࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢᗏὶ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ࢔࣓
࣭ࣜ࢝ࣥࢹࣔࢡࣛࢩ࣮ࡢᛮ᝿ࡣ㔜せ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆᣢࡗࡓ࠸ࡓࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢព
࿡࡛ࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ࣎࢘ࣝࢬ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡣከࡃࡢ㔜せ࡞ᛮ᝿ⓗ※Ἠࡢ୍ࡘ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢ⤒῭ᛮ᝿ࡣࠊ⌧௦⤒῭Ꮫ࡜⌧௦♫఍⛉Ꮫࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢⱥ▱ࡀ⥲ྜࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⌮ゎࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢᛮ᝿ࢆ῝ࡃ⌮ゎࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ࠊᡭࡀ࠿ࡾ࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊ“liberal”࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠋ࣭࢚ࠗࣔࣛࣝࢥࣀ࣑࣮㸸࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࠿ၿࡁᕷẸ࠿࡛࠘ࡣࠊࡇ
ࡢ“liberal”࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡀ㔜せ࡞ᴫᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ“liberal”㸦ࣜ2࣋ࣛࣝ㸧ࡢព࿡ࡣࡁࢃࡵ࡚ከ⩏ⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸
࡚ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ⊂≉ࡢ౑⏝ࡢ௙᪉ࡶ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࡢྵពࢆṇ☜࡟ఏ࠼ࡿࡢࡣᐜ
࡛᫆ࡣ࡞࠸ 㸱 ࠋ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢᛮ᝿ࢆ♧ࡍ࠺࠼࡛࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ
“liberal civic”㸦ࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞ᕷẸࡢ㸧࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣⰋ㆑࡜♫఍つ⠊ࢆ㔜ࢇࡌබṇほᛕࢆయ⌧ࡋࡓᕷẸࡀᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ♫఍ⓗᚰᛶࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜
ゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ 㸲࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢ⤒῭ᛮ᝿ࡣࠊᕷẸ♫఍ᛮ᝿ࡢ◊✲ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡟
࠾ࡉࡲࡾࡁࢀ࡞࠸⌮ㄽⓗ࡞⦓ᐦࡉ࡜ᛮ᝿ⓗ࡞ዟ῝ࡉࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢ◊✲ࡢ᭱኱ࡢ࢜ࣜࢪࢼࣜࢸ࢕ࡣࠊ⌧௦࣑ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫࠊ≉࡟୙᏶ഛዎ⣙ㄽ࡜࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࣭
ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ⌮ㄽࡢ㇏ᐩ࡞ᡂᯝࢆ༑஧ศ࡟ά⏝ࡋࠊࡉࡽ࡟ᐇ㦂⤒῭Ꮫ࣭⾜ື⛉Ꮫࡢᡂᯝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࡘࡘࠊ⤒῭ᛮ᝿࡟ሀᅛ࡞♫఍⛉Ꮫⓗᇶ♏ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢព࿡࡛ࠊ⌧௦⤒῭Ꮫ࣭⌧௦♫఍⛉Ꮫࡢᢈุⓗ⥲ྜ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡀࠊᕷẸⓗ࡞♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡢෆ⏕ⓗᙧᡂ࡜ࡑࢀࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿἲࡢᨭ㓄ࡸᕷẸⓗㅖไᗘࡢ᭷ຠᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡁࢃࡵ࡚⦓ᐦ࡞ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡣࠊ≉➹ࡍ࡭ࡁࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
㸦㸰㸧ᐇ㦂⤒῭Ꮫ࣭⾜ື⛉Ꮫ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃ♫఍ㄆ㆑㸸࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࡜♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡢศ㞳୙ྍ⬟ᛶ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢ⤒῭ᛮ᝿ࡣࠊᕷẸ♫఍ᛮ᝿ࢆᐇ㦂⤒῭Ꮫ࣭⾜ື⛉Ꮫࡢ◊✲ᡂᯝࢆཧ↷ࡋࡘࡘ᳨ウࡋࠊࡑࡢ♫఍ㄆ㆑ࢆ῝໬ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡟≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣࠊ
฼ᕫⓗ࡞࣭࢚࣍ࣔࢥࣀ࣑ࢡࢫ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࣝࢯ࣮ࡢ࠸࠺ࠕ࠶ࡿࡀࡲࡲࡢே㛫ࠖࡢほⅬࢆ㔜どࡍࡿࠋᐇ㦂⤒῭Ꮫ࣭⾜ື⛉Ꮫᐇ㦂ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆࡩࡲ࠼ࠊேࠎࡀ⮬ᕫ⪃៖ⓗ࡛฼ᕫⓗ࡞⾜ືࢆ࡜ࡿ࡜ᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿሙ㠃࡛ࡶࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤ೔⌮ⓗ࡟ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡓ௚
⪅⪃៖ⓗ࡞⾜ືࢆ࡜ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡶࠊࠕ࠶ࡿࡀࡲࡲࡢே㛫ࠖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᵓᡂ
ࡉࢀࡿ♫఍⤒῭㛵ಀ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡀ㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆࡣࡓࡋࠊࡑࢀࡀ┦஫฼┈ⓗ஺᥮ࡸ♫఍⏕άࡢᣢ⥆ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿ♫఍ⓗᇶ♏ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲ࡜ࡣࠊ♫఍つ⠊ࢆᏲࢁ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ೔⌮ⓗ࡞ືᶵࡸ஫ᜨⓗືᶵ࡟ຍ࠼ࠊ௚⪅ࢆຓࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡑࢀ⮬య࡟႐ࡧࢆឤࡌࡿࡼ࠺࡞ෆⓎⓗືᶵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢᕷሙ⤒῭࡜࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ゎࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ୙᏶ഛዎ⣙ࡀཎᅉ࡛ᕷሙࡢኻᩋࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡣᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ຠ⋡ⓗ࡞㈨※㓄ศࡀᐇ⌧ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ࡜ࡁࠊᕷሙࡢࠕぢ࠼ࡊࡿᡭࠖ࡟ࡣᨻᗓࡢࠕぢ࠼ࡿᡭࠖࡢᡭຓࡅࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛⤒῭Ꮫ࡛ࡣᨻᗓࡀ౯᱁
3࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ⿵࠸ࠊಶࠎேࢆᮃࡲࡋ࠸♫఍ⓗᡂᯝ࡬࡜ㄏᑟࡍࡿ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ
ࢆタィࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊㅖಶேࡢ฼ᕫ
ⓗ࡞ືᶵࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ࡋ࡚࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࣭࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆタィࡋࠊࡼࡾࣃ࣮ࣞࢺຠ
⋡ⓗ࡞⤖ᯝࢆᐇ⌧ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ⌮ㄽࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡀࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⪃࠼࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕
ࣈ࡟ࡣ㏫ㄝⓗຠᯝࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୙᏶ഛዎ⣙ࡢୡ⏺ࢆ᏶ഛዎ⣙ࡢୡ⏺࡟㏆࡙ࡅࡼ࠺࡜࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࠊ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡑࢀ⮬యࡀ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࢆࢡࣛ࢘ࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࢔࢘ࢺࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜࠸࠺⾜ື⛉Ꮫ࡟ࡼࡿᐇ㦂⤖ᯝࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᥮ゝࡍࢀࡤࠊ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࡜♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡣศ㞳୙ྍ⬟࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡢゝ࠺ᝏඪ㸦฼ᕫⓗ⾜ື㸧ࢆᚊࡍࡿ❧ἲࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀࠊᝏඪ㸦฼ᕫⓗ⾜ື㸧ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ࡜࠸࠺㏫ㄝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ
࣐࢟ࣕ࣋ࣜ㸫ࡢᥦၐࡍࡿࠕᝏඪࡢࡓࡵࡢ❧ἲࠖ࠿ࡽ⌧௦ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࣭ࢹࢨ࢖
ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡲ࡛㐃࡞ࡿ฼ᕫⓗಶேࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ࡋࡓබඹᨻ⟇ࡢタィࡣࠊࡑࡢᨻ⟇ࡀពᅗࡋࡓᡂᯝࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ
࡞ࡐ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡣࠊ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࢆࢡࣛ࢘ࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࢔࢘ࢺࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺
࠿ࠋ⾜ື⛉Ꮫᐇ㦂ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ㑅ዲࡀ≧ἣ౫Ꮡⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡟ෆ⏕ⓗ࡟ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㑅ዲࡣࠊ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓ࡜ࡁࠊ
ࡑࢀ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟཯ᛂࡍ࡭ࡁ࠿ࢆᩍ࠼ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ㑅ዲࡑࢀ⮬యࡀࠊࡲࡓ࢖ࣥࢭ
ࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡀᥦ㉳ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ㑅ዲࡀ≧ἣ౫Ꮡⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊෆ⏕ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࡇࡑࠊ㑅ዲ࡜ඹ㐍໬ࡍࡿไᗘࠊᩥ໬ࠊ❧ἲࡢタィዴఱ࡛♫఍ⓗⓗ㑅ዲࡀ⫱ᡂࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᐇ㦂⤒῭Ꮫ࣭⾜ື⛉Ꮫࡣࠊ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡀ┦஫฼┈ⓗ࡞஺᥮ࡸࡑࡢ௚ࡢ♫఍⏕άࡢᇶ♏ࢆಖドࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓືᶵࢆ㔠㖹ⓗ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀࢡࣛ࢘ࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࢔࢘ࢺࡍࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ㔠㖹ⓗ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࢆᗈ
⠊ᅖ࡟฼⏝ࡍࡿᕷሙ♫఍ࡣ⮬ࡽࡀ౫ࡗ࡚❧ࡘ♫఍ⓗᇶ┙ࢆ౵㣗ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾ
࠿ࡡ࡞࠸ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊኻࢃࢀࡓ೔⌮ⓗ࡞௚⪅⪃៖ⓗ㑅ዲࢆ⿵࠺ࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡉࡽ࡟࢖
ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡢ฼⏝ࡀᣑ኱ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᝏᚠ⎔ࢆ⏕ࡴ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ
⌧ᐇ࡟ࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᝏᚠ⎔ࡣࠊ࡝ࡢᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫࡢ⤒῭࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ῝้࡞ၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣฟ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲ࡟୚࠼ࡿ⭉㣗ຠᯝࡣᏑᅾ
ࡍࡿࡀࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᝏᚠ⎔ࡣࠊሀᅛ࡞ᕷẸᩥ໬࠾ࡼࡧࡑࢀࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ♫఍㐣⛬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚┦ẅࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
4ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࡜♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡢ௦᭰ᛶࡢၥ
㢟ࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ⤊ࢃࡽࡎࠊ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡢఏ࠼ࡿ࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪࡀࠊࡓ࡜
࠼ࡤࠊ฼ᕫⓗ⾜ືࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸ࡗࡓෆᐜࢆఏ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ࢖ࣥ
ࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡢタィ⪅࡜ࡑࡢᑐ㇟⪅ࡢ㛵ಀ࠿ࡽࠊࢡࣛ࢘ࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࢔࢘ࢺࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀఏ࠼ࡿ᝟ሗࢆኚ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ
ࢡࣛ࢘ࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࢔࠾ࡅࡿ࢘ࢺࡀᅇ㑊ࡉࢀࡿࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࢡࣛ࢘ࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࢖ࣥ㸦࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࡜♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡢ⿵᏶ᛶ㸧ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀぢฟࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⾜ື⛉Ꮫᐇ㦂ࡢᡂᯝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊࠊ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣすḢ♫఍ᛮ᝿ࢆࡓ࡝ࡾࠊ
ࠕ࢔ࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫࡢ❧ἲ⪅ࠖࢆ෌Ⓨぢࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࢆࢡࣛ࢘ࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࢔࢘ࢺࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࢡࣛ࢘ࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࢖ࣥࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ
ゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠊ㐨ᚨ࡜࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡢ┦஌ຠᯝࢆㄆ㆑ࡍࡿ❧ἲ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣎
࢘ࣝࢬࡀᥦ㉳ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊᐇ㦂⤒῭Ꮫࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡍࡿ⾜ື⛉Ꮫⓗ◊✲࡟⿬௜ࡅࡽ
ࢀࡓࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞♫఍ㄆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㸦㸱㸧ࠕࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞♫఍ࠖ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷẸࡢ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢ⌮ㄽࡢ୰ᚰⓗ࡞ࢸ࣮࣐ࡣࠊᕷሙ⤒῭ࠊ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࠊἲࡢᨭ㓄ࡸࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞ㅖไᗘࡢ┦஫㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡀᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ♫఍ࡣࠊ㏆௦ࡢࠕࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞♫఍㸦liberal society㸧ࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢ⌮ㄽࡢ୰ᚰⓗᴫᛕࡢ 1 ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࡉ࡯࡝ぶࡋࡳࡸࡍ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣ
᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡋࡤࡋࡤࠕᕷẸ♫఍㸦civil society㸧ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥ࡟ྵពࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ
ࡶࡢ࡟㏆࠸ࡀࠊࡶࡕࢁࢇࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕ⮬యࡀࡁࢃࡵ࡚ከ⩏ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࠊ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡣ✚ᴟⓗ࡟ࡣ౑ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢࡣࠊ
࠾ࡑࡽࡃࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖࡢព࿡ࡀከ⩏ⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡋ࠿ࡶḢ⡿࡛ࡣᨻ἞㡿ᇦࡢሙࢆᣦࡍࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸࠿ࡽ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ㸳࣎࢘ࣝࢬ⮬㌟ࡣࠕࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞♫఍ࠖ࡟ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞⊂⮬ࡢᐃ⩏ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕࠕࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞♫఍ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥ࡛ࠊࢃࡓࡋࡣࠊ⤒῭ⓗ࡞㈈ࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ㓄ศࢆᗈ⠊ᅖ࡟ᕷሙ࡟ࡲ࠿ࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࠊᨻ἞ⓗᶒ฼ࡢᙧᘧⓗᖹ➼ࠊἲࡢᨭ㓄ࠊබඹⓗ࡞ᐶ኱ࡉࠊ⫋ᴗୖࡢࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᆅ⌮ⓗࡀ⛣ືᛶ࡟㛵ࡍࡿே✀ࠊ᐀ᩍࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ௚ࡢ⏕᮶ࡢഅ↛ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ㞀ቨࡢపࡉ࡟
ࡼࡗ࡚ᛶ᱁࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿ♫఍ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠖ
㸦Bowles 2016 㑥ヂ: 109㸧ࠋ⫋ᴗⓗ࠾ࡼ
ࡧᆅ⌮ⓗ⛣ືᛶࡣࠊᕷẸࡢ⿕ࡿࣜࢫࢡࢆ㍍ῶࡋࠊࡲࡓ㏆ᖺ࡛ࡣ♫఍ಖ㝤ࡶࡲࡓࡇࡢᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞♫఍ࡣࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡟ேࠎࡢ㑅ዲ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡀࠊᕷሙ⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿ฼ᕫⓗ㑅ዲࡢⓎᒎ࡜ᕷẸᩥ໬ࡢⓎᒎ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ୧
5⩏ⓗ࡞ᛶ᱁ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᕷሙ⤒῭ࡢⓎᒎࡣࠊࡶࡗࡥࡽ⮬ᕫ⪃៖ⓗ࡞฼ᕫⓗ㑅ዲࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏࠊ♫఍ࢆᇼࡾᔂࡍࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᕷሙ⤒῭ࡢⓎᒎ࡜ᕷẸⓗ㑅ዲ࡜ࡀ┦஫⿵᏶ⓗ࡟స⏝ࡋࠊᕷẸⓗᚨ㸦civic virtue㸧ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᕷሙ࡛ࡢዎ⣙ࡣ୙᏶ഛዎ⣙ࢆྵࡴࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࡢࡼ
࠺࡞ዲࡲࡋ࠸⤖ᯝࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࡣࠊᕷሙ࡜ࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞ㅖไᗘ㸦⫋ᴗ㑅ᢥࡸᆅ⌮ⓗ⛣ືࡢ⮬⏤ࠊἲࡢᨭ㓄㸧ࡢ┦஌స⏝ࡀ࠺ࡲࡃാࡃ࠿ྰ࠿࡟࠿࠿ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ
࠺ࡲࡃാࡃሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊᕷẸⓗᚨࢆᾰ㣴ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡢࢡࣛ࢘ࢹ࢕ࣥ
ࢢ࢖ࣥࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢ⌮ㄽⓗᯟ⤌ࡳ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ୺せ࡞♫఍㛵ಀ࡜࢞ࣂࢼࣥ
ࢫࡢᵝᘧࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ
ࠕᕷሙࠖ
ࠕᅜᐙࠖ
ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣮࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ㸦Bowles
2004; 2016㸧ࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ≉࡟♫఍㛵ಀࡢࡶࡘ㉁ⓗḟඖ࡜㔞ⓗḟඖ࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚࡚ᩚ⌮ࡋࡓㄽ⌮ࡀḟࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᕷሙࡣࠊ༏ྡⓗ୍࡛᫬ⓗ࡞♫఍㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣮ࡸᐙ᪘ࡣே᱁ⓗ࡛ᣢ⥆ⓗ࡞㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡶࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣮ࡸᐙ᪘࡟࠾ࡅࡿಙ㢗࡜ᕷሙ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࡣࠊ␗࡞ࡗࡓࢱ࢖ࣉࡢಙ㢗㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᕷሙࡣࠊ
ᅜᐙࡢ᭷ࡍࡿ㏆௦ᐁ൉ไࡣࠊ༏ྡ࡛ࡋ࠿ࡶᣢ⥆࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᭱ᚋࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ㸦ே᱁ⓗ࡛ᣢ⥆ⓗ㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊே✀ⓗ࡟ᙉࡃศ᩿ࡉࢀࡓᕷሙࡢࡼ࠺࡟ே᱁ⓗ౫Ꮡᛶࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ♫఍㛵ಀࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋၥ㢟ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟␗࡞ࡿ♫఍㛵ಀ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢱ࢖ࣉࡢ㑅ዲࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢⅬ࡟㋃ࡳ㎸ࢇࡔศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡣࠊ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢ⌮ㄽࡢ㔜せ࡞≉ᚩ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣࠊᕷሙ⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿ౯᱁ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓㄪᩚࡀࠊ⮬ᕫ⪃៖ⓗ࡞฼ᕫⓗ㑅ዲࢆᙉ໬ࡋࠊ௚⪅⪃៖ⓗ࡞♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࢆࢡࣛ࢘ࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࢔࢘ࢺࡍࡿሙྜࡶ࠶ࢀ
ࡤࠊ㐺ษ࡞ไᗘ࡜࣮ࣝࣝ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡀ⫱ᡂࡉࢀࢡࣛࣥࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࢖ࣥࡀ
⏕ࡌࡿሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᕷሙ⤒῭ࡢⓎᒎࡀ♫఍࡟୚࠼ࡿຠ
ᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᕷሙࡀ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࢆᙅయ໬ࡉࡏࠊ♫఍ⓗᇶ┙ࢆᇼᔂࡍ࡜ࡢࡳ⪃࠼ࡿࡢࡣ୍㠃ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᕷሙࡀࡘࡡ࡟ᕷẸⓗ࡞♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡢࡶࠊࡲࡓ୍㠃ⓗࡔ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬࢆࡼࡃ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊᕷሙࡀ
ᕷẸⓗᩥ໬ࢆ㔊ᡂࡉࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠕᕷሙࡢᕷẸ໬ຠᯝ㸦thecivilizing effects ofthe market㸧ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣦ࢛ࣝࢸ࣮ࣝࡢゝ࠺ࠕ✜ࡸ࠿࡞ၟᴗ㸦doux
commerce㸧ࠖࡶࡇࡢ⌮ゎࡢ඾ᆺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣࠊࡇࢀ࡟୍ᐃ⛬ᗘ⌮ゎࢆ♧ࡋࡘࡘࡶࠊࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࢀࢆ↓᮲௳࡛㈹㈶ࡋ࡚ࡣ࠸࡞࠸ࠋ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡀ♧၀ࡋࡼ࠺࡜
6ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ㏆௦ࡢࠕࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞♫఍㸦liberal society㸧ࠖ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷሙࡢຠᯝ
ࡣࠊ୧⩏ᛶࢆࡶࡘ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡟ࠊ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡀࠊᕷሙ⤒῭ࡢⓎᒎࡀ♫఍࡟୚࠼ࡿຠᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ྰᐃⓗ࡟࡜ࡽ࠼ࡿഴྥࡢ࠶ࡿ࣐ࣝࢡࢫ࡜ᕷሙࡑࢀ⮬యࡢ✚ᴟⓗഃ㠃ࢆ㈹㈶ࡍࡿࢫ࣑ࢫࢆ࡜ࡶ࡟┦ᑐ໬ࡋࠊ㏆ᖺࡢᐇ㦂⤒῭Ꮫࡢᡂᯝ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ⮬ࡽࡢ⢭⦓࡞ศᯒࢆ῝໬ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀぢ࡚࡜ࢀࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊᕷሙࡢࡶࡘࡇࡢ୧⩏ⓗຠᯝࢆㄽࡌࡓㄽᩥ㸦Bowles 2011㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࠕࣜ
࣋ࣛ࡞♫఍ࠖࡀ♫఍⣣ᖏ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᣢࡘຠᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ஧✀㢮ࡢ㢮ᆺࢆᥦ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕᐤ⏕ⓗࣜ࣋ࣛࣜࢬ࣒㸦parasitic liberalism㸧ࠖ࡜ࠕࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞ᕷẸᩥ໬㸦liberal
civic culture㸧࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ๓⪅࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᕷሙ࡜ࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞ㅖไᗘࡀఏ⤫ⓗㅖไᗘࢆᇼࡾᔂࡋࠊ♫఍ⓗ⣣ᖏ࡜ᚨࢆᙅయ໬ࡉࡏࡿࡀࠊᚋ⪅࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᕷሙ࡜
ࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞ㅖไᗘࡸἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝ࡜ࡀ⿵᏶ⓗ࡟Ⓨᒎࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᕷẸⓗ࡞ᚨࡀ㧗ࡵࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࠋࡲࡉ࡟ࠊᕷሙࡀ♫఍ࢆᾐ㣗ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࠊᕷሙࡀ
ᕷẸ♫఍ࢆ⫱ᡂࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣎࢘ࣝࢬ࡟ࡼࡿࡇࡢၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡍࡿゎ⟅ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕࢃࡓࡋࡣࠊ✜ࡸ࠿࡞ၟᴗ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢫ࣑ࢫ
ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄝ᫂㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࡢఱࡽ࠿ࡢኚ✀㸧ࡣࠊࡁࢃࡵ࡚ᕷሙᚿྥⓗ࡞♫఍ࡢከࡃ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷẸⓗᚰᛶࢆࡶࡗࡓᕷẸࢆ㐺ษ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡑࡢ௦ࢃࡾ࡟ࠊࡑࡢㄝ᫂ࡣࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞♫఍⛛ᗎࡢ㠀ᕷሙⓗ࡞ഃ㠃࡜ఱࡽ࠿ࡢ࠿
ࡓࡕ࡛㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠖ㸦Bowles 2016 㑥ヂ: 138㸧ࠋࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞ᕷ
Ẹⓗᚰᛶࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊࠕࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞ᅜᐙࡣࠊಶேⓗ࡞㞀ᐖࠊ㈈⏘ࡢᦆኻࠊࡑࡢ௚ࡢ᝺⚝࡜࠸ࡗࡓ᭱ᝏࡢࢣ࣮ࢫ࠿ࡽࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽᕷẸࢆᏲࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࠊᐇ㝿࡟Ᏺࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ㸦Bowles 2016 㑥ヂ p.138㸧࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊἲࡢᨭ㓄࡜ࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞ㅖไᗘࡀᣢࡘࣜࢫࢡ๐ῶຠᯝࡀࠊᕷሙ⤒῭࡜⿵᏶ⓗ࡟స⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ୗグࡢᅗࢆཧ↷㸧ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡢ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢㄆ
㆑ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᕷሙࡀᕷẸⓗ㑅ዲ㸦civic preference㸧࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᣢࡘຠᯝࡣࠊࡑࢀࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿຠᯝ࡜ᙅయ໬ࡉࡏࡿຠᯝ࡜ࡀ࡜ࡶ࡟స⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡶࡋᕷሙ࡜ἲࡢᨭ㓄ࡸࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞ㅖไᗘ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟⿵᏶ⓗ┦஌ຠᯝࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊᕷẸࡢ⿕ࡿࣜࢫࢡࡀ㍍ῶࡉࢀࡘࡘࠊᕷẸⓗ㑅ዲࡀᙉ໬ࡉࢀࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀࠊࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞ᕷሙ⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡢࢡࣛ࢘ࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࢖࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿࠋ

7ᅗ ᕷሙࠊࣜ࣋ࣛࣜࢬ࣒ࠊᕷẸⓗ㑅ዲ
ᕷሙ
(-/+)
(+)

(+)

ἲࡢᨭ㓄㸦ࡑࡢ௚

ᕷẸⓗ㑅ዲ
(+)

ࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞ㅖไᗘ㸧ฟᡤ㸸Bowles(2016)ࡢᅗ 5-5㸦㸲㸧୙᏶ഛዎ⣙ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃປാᕷሙㄽ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞୙᏶ഛዎ⣙࡟࠾ࡅࡿ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡢࢡࣛ࢘ࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࢖ࣥࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ≉࡟୙᏶ഛዎ⣙ࡀ㢧ⴭ࡞ປാᕷሙ࡜ಙ⏝ᕷሙ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ࣎࢘ࣝࢬ⊂⮬ࡢ⌮ㄽⓗ῝໬ࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࢀࢆㄝ᫂ࡋࡓ࠸࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣࠊ୍஑ඵࠐᖺ௦
ᮎࡼࡾࠕᢠத஺᥮㸦contested exchange㸧⌮ㄽࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୙
᏶ഛዎ⣙ࡢၥ㢟ࢆ⌮ㄽ໬ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊ
ࠗไᗘ࡜㐍໬ࡢ࣑ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⌮ㄽࡢ῝໬ࢆ࡬࡚ࠊ
࣭࢚ࠗࣔࣛࣝࢥࣀ࣑࣮㸸࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࠿ၿࡁᕷẸ࠿࡛࠘ࡣ୍
ᒙࡢᒎ㛤ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊປാᕷሙ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࠸࠼ࡤࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌮ㄽᵓᡂ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋປാᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ౫㢗ே㸦principal㸧࡛࠶ࡿ㞠⏝⪅࡜௦⌮ே㸦agent㸧࡛࠶ࡿ⿕㞠⏝⪅ࡢ㛫ࡢ㠀ᑐ⛠ⓗ㛵ಀࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡢዎ⣙ࡶປാෆᐜࡸປാ᮲௳ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ປാດຊࡢỈ‽ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࢆዎ⣙࡛つᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ
࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛୙᏶ഛዎ⣙࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛵ಀ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࠕຠ⋡㈤㔠ࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞㈤㔠ࢆᡭẁ࡜ࡋࡓ㔠㖹ⓗ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊປാ࡜㈤㔠࡟㛵ࡍࡿබṇつ⠊ࡸປാ⪅ࡀ⿕ࡿࣜࢫࢡࢆపῶࡍࡿἲไᗘࠊࡉࡽ࡟♫఍ಖ㞀ไᗘ࡞࡝ࡀ㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡶࠊ୙᏶ഛዎ⣙ࡢປാᕷሙ࡟࠾
࠸࡚ࡣࠊࣃ࣮࣡ࡢ⾜౑࡜ไᗘ໬ࡀࡑࡢືែࢆつᐃࡍࡿࠋࠕࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞♫఍ࠖ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊඛ࡟ぢࡓࡼ࠺࡟⫋ᴗ㑅ᢥࡢ⮬⏤࡜ປാᕷሙࡣ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞ᵓᡂせ⣲ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿዎ⣙ࡣ୙᏶ഛ࡞ᛶ᱁
ࡀᙉ࠸࠿ࡽࡇࡑࠊປാ⪅ࢆಖㆤࡍࡿ㐺ษ࡞ἲไᗘ࡜ࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⫱ࡲࢀࡿປാ
࡜㈤㔠࡟㛵ࡍࡿබṇつ⠊ࡀ㔜せ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊಙ⏝ᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸
࡚ࡶࠊ㈚௜࠿ࡽ㏉῭࡟⮳ࡿ㐣⛬࡟࠾࠸࡚ዎ⣙ࡣ୙᏶ഛ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㏉῭ࢆಖドࡋࣜࢫࢡࢆపῶࡍࡿἲⓗㅖไᗘࡸ೉ࡾᡭ࡟ᑐࡍࡿಙ㢗㛵ಀࡀ㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆ₇ࡌ࡚࠸
8ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊಙ⏝ᕷሙࡢᶵ⬟ࡢ௙᪉࡜ࡑࢀࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ㔠⼥㈨⏘ࡢᡤ᭷㛵ಀ࡟ࡶ㛵ࢃࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣ 1990 ᖺ௦ࡢ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᕷሙ⤒῭ࡀࡼࡾᖹ➼࡞⤖ᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡓࡵࡢࠕᖹ➼୺⩏ⓗ㈨⏘෌ศ㓄ࠖࢆᥦ㉳ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
㸦㸳㸧❧ἲ⪅ࡢᙺ๭㸸ࠕḟၿࡢୡ⏺ࠖ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ❧ἲ࡜ᕷẸⓗᚰᛶࡢ⫱ᡂປാᕷሙࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊಙ⏝ᕷሙࡸࡑࡢ௚ࡢᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡢࢡࣛ࢘ࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࢖ࣥࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ㐺ษ࡞❧ἲࡢᙺ๭ࡀ㔜せ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢሙ
ྜࠊࡑࢀࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞❧ἲ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ࣐࢟ࣕ࣋ࣜ௨᮶ࡢⓎ᝿࡛࠶ࡿ฼ᕫⓗ࡞ᝏඪ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᭷ຠ࡞❧ἲࢆㄢࡍ࡜࠸࠺ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࡣࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣࠊ㹊㸬ࣁ࣮ࣦ࢕ࢵࢶࡸ㹃㸬࣐ࢫ࢟ࣥ࡞࡝ࡢࣀ࣮࣋ࣝ㈹⤒῭Ꮫ⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡓ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ
࣒࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓨᒎࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣ฼ᕫⓗಶேࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ࡋ
࡚ࠊ❧ἲ⪅ࡀ᭷ຠ࡞࣮ࣝࣝ࡜࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᕷሙࡔࡅ࡛
ࡣ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡼࡾຠ⋡ⓗ࡞⤖ᯝࢆᑟࡃࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁࡿ᮲௳ࢆㄽドࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ヨࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡢ◊✲࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓ
ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࠕࣃ࣮ࣞࢺຠ⋡ᛶࠖࠊࠕ㑅ዲࡢ୰❧ᛶࠖࠊࠕ⮬Ⓨⓗཧຍࠖ࡜࠸࠺୕ࡘࡢ᮲௳
ࢆྠ᫬࡟‶ࡓࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࢆ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣࠕࣜ࣋ࣛ
࣭ࣝࢺ࣐ࣜࣞࣥࠖ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ㸴ࠕࣃ࣮ࣞࢺຠ⋡ᛶࠖࡢᐃ⩏ࡣ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟࠾࠸࡚
ᗈࡃඹ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡜ྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ
ࠕ㑅ዲࡢ୰❧ᛶࠖࡢព࿡ࡣ❧ἲ⪅ࡀಶேࡢ㑅ዲ࡟௓ධࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠊ
ࠕ⮬Ⓨⓗཧຍࠖ࡜ࡣࠊ♫఍⤒῭㛵ಀ࡬ࡢཧຍࡣಶே
ࡢ⮬Ⓨⓗ㑅ᢥ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ❧ἲ⪅ࡣࡇࢀࢆᙉไࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶
ࡿࠋࠕ࣭ࣜ࣋ࣛࣝࢺ࣐ࣜࣞࣥࠖࡣࠊ❧ἲ⪅ࡀࠊ฼ᕫⓗಶே࡜᏶ഛዎ⣙ࡢ௬ᐃࡢࡳ
࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊࠕ㑅ዲࡢ୰❧ᛶࠖ࡜ࠕ⮬Ⓨⓗཧຍࠖࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚
ࣃ࣮ࣞࢺຠ⋡ⓗ࡞≧ែࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ❧ἲ⪅ࡣࠊࠕ࠶ࡿࡀࡲࡲࡢே㛫ࠖࡀᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࢆෆ⏕ⓗ࡟ᙧᡂࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶ࡜ᕷẸࡢ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡢ✚ᴟⓗ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆㄆ㆑ࡋࡘࡘࠊ
ࠕḟၿࡢୡ⏺࡛ࠖ❧ἲࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡀࠊࡲࡉ࡟࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢ
࣭࢚ࠗࣔࣛࣝࢥࣀ࣑࣮࠘ࡢཎ᭩ࡢ๪㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠕඃࢀࡓ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀၿࡁᕷ
Ẹ࡟௦ࢃࢀ࡞࠸⌮⏤࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛෌Ⓨぢࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊ࢔ࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫࡢ୺
ᙇࡋࡓ❧ἲ⪅࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞❧ἲ⪅ࡣࠊᕷẸⓗࡢ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡢᙺ๭ࢆㄆ㆑
ࡋࡘࡘࠊ❧ἲࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ၿࡁᕷẸࢆ⫱ᡂࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢ⤒῭ᛮ᝿ࡣࠊᕷሙ⤒῭࡜ᕷẸⓗ㑅ዲࡢ┦஫㛵ಀ࠿ࡽࠊ
9ࡑࢀࡽ࡟ࢡࣛࣥࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࢖ࣥࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍྍ⬟ᛶࢆࡶࡘ❧ἲࡢᙺ๭ࡲ࡛ࠊࡁࢃࡵ
࡚య⣔ⓗ࡟ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ࠶࠼࡚ゝ࠼ࡤࠊ᭱ᚋ࡟Ⓩሙࡍࡿࠕ❧ἲ⪅ࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡑࡢඛ࡟ࡁࢃࡵ࡚㔜せ࡞♫఍⛉Ꮫⓗ࣭ᨻ἞Ꮫⓗศᯒࡀᚲせ࡞㡿ᇦࡀṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡶᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ࣭࢚ࠗࣔࣛࣝࢥࣀ࣑࣮࠘
࡛Ⓩሙࡍࡿ❧ἲ⪅ࡀࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ẹ୺୺⩏ⓗᡭ⥆ࡁࢆ⤒࡚㑅ࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ
❧ἲ⪅ࡢ❧ἲ⾜Ⅽ࡜ᕷẸࡢᑐᛂ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᨻ἞ⓗ㡿ᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞┦஫స⏝ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ᫂♧ⓗ࡟♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ❧ἲ⪅ࡀᕷሙࡢእ
࡟࠸࡚ᕷሙ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚❧ἲࡸᨻ⟇࡛㛵ࢃࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡑࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ❧ἲ⪅ࡀᨻ἞ⓗ㡿ᇦ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖ࡜ࡑࢀࢆᨭ࠼ࡿேࠎࡢᕷẸᩥ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࠸࠿࡞ࡿᙧ࡛つᐃࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࢆࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ≧ἣ࡟༶ࡋ࡚ゎ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᮏ᭩ฟ∧ᚋࡢホㄽࠕࣜ࣋ࣛࣜࢬ࣒ࡢ⤊↉ࠖ
㸦Bowles 2017㸧ࡀ♧၀ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ㏆௦ࡢࠕࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞♫఍ࠖࡢ⏕ᡂᮇ௨㝆ࡢᩘⓒᖺ࡟ཬࡪࣜ࣋ࣛࣜࢬ࣒ࡢ᭤ᢡࡋࡓ୧⩏ⓗ࡞Ṕྐࢆࡩࡾ࠿࠼ࡿࠋ㸯㸷ୡ⣖ࡢ⤒῭ⓗࣜ࣋ࣛࣜࢬ࣒ࡀྎ㢌ࡋࠊ㸰㸮ୡ⣖࡟ࡣࠊࠕࣜ࣋ࣛࣜࢬ࣒ࡢẸ୺໬ࠖ࡜ཧᨻᶒࡢᣑ
኱ࡀ㐍ࡳࠊࡋ࠿ࡋࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣜࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜♫఍࣭⤒῭ኚືࡀ㐍⾜ࡍࡿࡶ࡜࡛ࠊ
ࣜ࣋ࣛࣜࢬ࣒ࡀᙉ⪅ࡢࣜ࣋ࣛࣜࢬ࣒࡜࡞ࡾࠊ⌧ᅾࠊ᤼እ୺⩏࡞࡝ࡢྎ㢌ࢆࡲࡡࡃ࡜࠸࠺༴ᶵ࡟㝗ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧ᅾࡢ≧ἣࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࠊ⮬⏤࡜Ẹ୺୺⩏ࢆ㔜どࡍࡿᕷẸᩥ໬ࡢཎⅬ࡜Ṕྐⓗ࡟ᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ♫఍ⓗᙅ⪅ࢆྵࡴᗈ⠊࡞㑅ᣲᶒࢆ㔜どࡋࡘࡘࠊ᪂ࡋࡃࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞౯್ࢆ෌⏕ࡉࡏࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᥦゝࡍࡿࠋ㸱㸬࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡢࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖ࡜ᕷẸ♫఍Ẹ୺୺⩏ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࡢ୍ே࡛࠶ࡿ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡶࠊᨻ἞Ꮫ◊✲ࡢᡂᯝࢆ྾཰ࡋࡘࡘࠊ⊂⮬ࡢࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࡣࠊከᵝ࡞㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢືែࢆࠕㄪᩚᵝᘧࠖ࡜ࠕ⵳✚యไࠖ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕᡂ㛗యไࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ≉࡟࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡢ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⤒῭㡿ᇦ࡜ᨻ἞㡿ᇦࡢ┦஫┦஫つᐃᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒࡀ῝ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋ
ࡓ࡞࠿࡛ࠊ㏆ᖺࠊ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤࠕᕷẸ♫఍㸦civil society, sociéte civile㸧ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿࠋࠋ
㸦㸯㸧ࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢㅖ㡿ᇦ㸸ᕷሙ࣭ᅜᐙ࣭ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕/ᕷẸ♫఍࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡀࡑࡢⓎᒎ࡟㈉⊩ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
ྛᅜࡢࠕㄪᩚᵝᘧࠖࡀศᯒᑐ㇟࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊᅜẸ⤒῭඲యࡀㄪᩚࡉࢀࡿ
10ᵝᘧ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊලయⓗ࡟ࡣᵝࠎ࡞ࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㡿ᇦ࡜ཎ⌮ࢆࡑࡢ࠺ࡕ
࡟ྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ㸦ㄪᩚ㸧ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢㅖ㡿ᇦࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡲࡎࠊࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⾜Ⅽࡢືᶵࡀࠊ฼ᐖ㛵ᚰ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡶࡢ࠿ࠊ
⩏ົ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡶࡢ࠿ࡢ༊ู࡛࠶ࡾࠊḟ࡟ࠊࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢᵝᘧ࡜ࣃ࣮࣡
ࡢศ㓄ࡀỈᖹⓗ࠿ᆶ┤ⓗ࠿࡜࠸࠺༊ู࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕᕷሙࠖࡣ୍ࡘࡢ♫఍ⓗᵓ⠏≀࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡇ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⾜Ⅽࡢືᶵࡣ฼ᐖ㛵ᚰ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ
࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡣỈᖹⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௻ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⾜Ⅽࡢືᶵࡶ฼ᐖ㛵ᚰ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࡀࠊࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡣᆶ┤ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣮࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᕷẸ♫
఍ࡣ⾜Ⅽࡣ⩏ົⓗ࡞ືᶵ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡀࠊỈᖹⓗ࡞ࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆ≉ᚩ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣮࡜ᕷẸ♫఍࡛ࡣࠊ⩏ົⓗືᶵࡢᛶ㉁࡟┦㐪ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ✵㛫ⓗ࡟ᗈࡀࡿ⠊ᅖࡀ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㸵ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᅜᐙࡣ⩏ົⓗ࡞ືᶵ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᆶ┤ⓗ࡞ࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ⤌⧊࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊࡇࢀࡽᅄࡘࡢᇶᮏ
㢮ᆺ࡜ࡣู࡟ࠊ฼ᐖ㛵ᚰ࡜⩏ົ࡜ࡢ」ྜⓗ࡞ືᶵࢆࡶࡕࠊỈᖹⓗࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮
ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ᆶ┤ⓗࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡢ୰㛫㡿ᇦ࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࢔ࢯ
ࢩ࢚࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡀ࠶ࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࡣࠊྛᅜẸ⤒῭ࢆศᯒࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ࠊ஬ࡘࡢࠕไᗘㅖᙧែࠖ
ࢆၥ㢟࡜ࡍࡿࠋࠕ㈌ᖯᙧែ࣭ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠖࠕ➇தᙧែࠖࠕ㈤ປാ㛵ಀࠖࠕᅜᐙᙧ
ែࠖࠕᅜ㝿యไ࡬ࡢ⦅ධᙧែ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣࠊࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢㅖཎ
⌮࡜ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕᕷሙࠖࡣࠊࠕ➇தᙧែࠖࠕ㈌ᖯᙧែࠖ࡟ࡼࡗ
࡚ᇶ♏࡙ࡅࡽࢀࠊㅖไᗘ࡟ࡼࡿㄪᩚ࡟⿵᏶ࡉࢀࡘࡘࠕ㈤ປാ㛵ಀࠖ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡟ࡣࠊ࢔ࢯࢩ࢚࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡶ㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕᅜ
㝿యไ࡬ࡢ⦅ධᵝᘧࠖࡶࠕᕷሙࠖ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ➇த࡜ศᴗ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋࡶ
ࡕࢁࢇࠊࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ㡿ᇦࡢࠕᅜᐙࠖࡣࠕᅜᐙᙧែࠖ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࠋ
ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡛࠸࠺ࠕ㈤ປാ㛵ಀࠖࡣࠊ㈤㔠࡜㞠⏝࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿㅖ㛵ಀࡢ」ྜయ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊປാ⤌⧊ࠊປാᕷሙࠊ⏕άᵝᘧࠊ㈤ປാ⪅ࡢ෌⏕⏘ࡢᵝែࠊປ౑ጇ༠ࠊ♫఍ಖ㞀ไᗘࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡣࠊປാຊࡀ㏻ᖖࡢ
ၟရ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ࡜ࡋࠊປാຊ࡜ປാࢆ༊ูࡍࡿ㔜せᛶࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ
ປാዎ⣙ࡣࠊᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟ࠕᡓ␎ⓗࢥࣥࣇࣜࢡࢺࠖ㸦Boyer 2015a, p.29㸧ࢆࡑࡢ୰ᚰ
࡟ྵࡳࠊປാ࡟ᑐࡍࡿつ⠊ࡸ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀ㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆࡣࡓࡍࠋࡋ࠿ࡶࠊ
㞟ྜⓗ࡞ᨻ἞ⓗጇ༠࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᙉࡃไᗘ໬ࡉࢀࡓ㡿ᇦ࡜ࡋ࡚ᴫᛕ໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
11ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞኱ᇦⓗ࡞ᗈࡀࡾࢆࡶࡗࡓㅖ㛵ಀࢆࠊ
ࠕ㈤ປാ㛵ಀࠖ࡜࿧ࡪࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸶ࡋ࠿ࡶࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤ࢔ࢯࢩ࢚࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡸࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡶࡑࡇ࡟ྵࡲࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋປാ⤌ྜࡣࡑࡇ࡛ࡢ㔜せ࡞ᅋయ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࠕ㈤ປാ㛵ಀࠖ࡟࠾࠸࡚≉࡟㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠕᕷẸⓗ㛵ಀᛶ㸦citoyenneté㸧ࠖ㸦ࢩࢸ࢕ࢬࣥࢩࢵࣉ㸧࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓ♫఍ᨻ⟇ࡢᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁ࡀㄪᩚᵝᘧ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ㸷ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖࡣࠊᕷሙࠊ௻ᴗࠊᅜᐙ࡜ࡣ⊂❧ࡢỈᖹⓗ࡞ࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㡿ᇦ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖ࡜ࠕᕷẸⓗ㛵ಀᛶ㸦ࢩࢸ࢕ࢬࣥࢩࢵࣉ㸧ࠖࡣࠕ㈤ປാ㛵ಀࠖ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㔜せ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿ
࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕㄪᩚᵝᘧࠖࡀྵࢇ࡚࠸ࡿᵝࠎ࡞ࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㡿ᇦ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ࣎࣡
࢖࢚ࡀὀ┠ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊḟࡢ஧ࡘࡢⅬ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Boyer 2015a㸧ࠋ➨㸯ࡣࠊㄪᩚࡢỈ‽ࡀከᒙⓗ࡟ᙧᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࠕᅜẸⓗỈ‽ࠖࠕᆅᇦⓗỈ‽ࠖࠕ㉸ᅜẸᅜᐙⓗỈ‽ࠖࠕୡ⏺ⓗỈ‽ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ከᒙⓗ࡞Ỉ‽ࡢㄪᩚᵝᘧࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡢᙉㄪ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢⅬࡣࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸ศᯒどゅ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ≉࡟㹃㹓࡞࡝࡛ࡣࠊᵝࠎ࡞⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࡸ⛣Ẹᨻ⟇࡞࡝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㹃㹓ෆ࡜㹃㹓እࡢ୧㠃࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ከᒙⓗ࡞࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࡀᙧᡂࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➨㸰࡟ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ከᒙⓗ࡞ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕ⤒῭࡞ࡶࡢࠖ࡜ࠕᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࠖ࡜ࡢ┦஫స⏝ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⤒῭㡿ᇦ࡜ᨻ἞㡿ᇦ࡜ࡣࠊࡘࡡ࡟ศ㞳୙ྍ⬟࡞ືែࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸦㸰㸧⌧௦♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⤒῭㡿ᇦ࡜ᨻ἞㡿ᇦࡢ┦஫つᐃᛶ≉࡟ࠊࠕᅜẸⓗỈ‽࡛ࠖゝ࠼ࡤࠊࠕᅜẸᅜᐙࡀࠊ฼ᕫⓗ࡞ㅖಶேࡢ㞟ྜ࡜ࡋ࡚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ୍ࡘࡢඹྠయ࡜ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࠊᨻ἞㡿ᇦ࡜⤒῭㡿ᇦࡣࠊᵓ㐀ⓗ࡟┦஫࡟⤡ࡳྜࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ㸦Boyer 2014a, p131㸧ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᨻ἞㡿ᇦ࡜⤒῭㡿ᇦ࡟ࡣࠊ┦஫つᐃ㛵ಀࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⤒῭㡿ᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣຠ⋡ᛶࡀ㔜どࡉࢀࠊ⤒῭㡿ᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿάືࡣㅖ㞟ᅋࡸㅖ୺యࡢ஺΅ຊ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࠊ⤒῭ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡀᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊࡑ
ࢀࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡂᯝࢆ࠶ࡆࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࠊᕷẸࡢせồ࡬ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢᚲ
せࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ࠊᨻ἞㡿ᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿㅖ୺యࡢ⾜Ⅽ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡣ
㑅ᣲ࡟཯ᫎࡉࢀࡿࠋ㑅ᣲࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᵝࠎ࡞㐃ྜᨻᶒࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࠊ♫఍ⓗㅖ⾜Ⅽࡢࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡀタᐃࡉࢀࠊᡓ␎ⓗ࣭ᨻ⟇ⓗពᛮỴᐃࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ḟ࡟ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ⤒῭㡿ᇦ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛ࡢ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡢㄆ㆑ࡢ≉12ᚩࡣࠊ⤒῭㡿ᇦ࡜ᨻ἞㡿ᇦ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡁࢃࡵ࡚ືែⓗ࡞ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡢ㐃㙐ࢆ㔜どࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡶࠊࠕᨻ἞㡿ᇦ࡜⤒῭㡿ᇦࡢ┦஫స⏝ࡣࠊ㏆௦♫఍ࡢ㐍໬࡜ࡑࡢ♫఍⤒῭ⓗࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢከᵝᛶࢆ࡜ࡶ࡟ㄝ
᫂ࡍࡿࠖ㸦Boyer 2014a, p.132㸧ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㸦㸱㸧ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࡢࠕ⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠖ㸸ᡂ㛗యไࡢືែ࡜♫఍ⓗㅖ㞟ᅋࡢጇ༠
ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡣࠊᨻ἞㡿ᇦ࡜⤒῭㡿ᇦࡢ┦஫స⏝࡟㛵ࡍࡿศᯒࢆ୍ᒙⓎᒎࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࢆࠕ⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠖࡢศᯒ࡬࡜ᣑᙇࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࢀࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡼ࠺㸦Boyer 2014a; 2015㸧ࠋࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜
ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠖࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ㄝ᫂࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄝ᫂
ࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕ≉ᐃࡢ⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡣࠊྛࠎࡢᏳᐃⓗ࡞Ⓨᒎᵝᘧ࡟㛵㐃࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᵓ㐀ⓗ༴ᶵࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡀᏑ⥆ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ㝈⏺࡜཯⏕⏘ⓗ࡞⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ไᗘⓗ㓄⨨ࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿᨵ㠉ᡓ␎ࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿࠖ㸦Boyer 2014a, p.150㸧ࠋࡇࡇ࡛㔜せ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ➨୍࡟ࠊࠕ⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠖࡣᏳᐃⓗ࡞ᡂ㛗ࡢ᫬ᮇ࡜ᵓ㐀ⓗ༴ᶵࡢ᫬ᮇ࡜࡛ࡣࡑࡢᛶ㉁ࡀ␗࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠕᡂ㛗యไ㸦⵳✚యไ㸧ࠖࡢືែࡢ୰࡛⌮ゎࡍ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕᡂ㛗యไࠖ࡜ࡣࠊ㟂せᙧᡂ࡜⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ⓗつ๎ᛶ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
Ᏻᐃⓗᡂ㛗ࡢ᫬ᮇ࡜ᵓ㐀ⓗ༴ᶵࡢ᫬ᮇࢆᣢࡘࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ືែࡣࠊ⤒῭୺యࡢព㆑ࡸ⾜Ⅽ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠶ࡓ࠼ࡿࠋ㸯㸮 ➨஧࡟ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤒῭ࡢືែ࡟つᐃࡉࢀࡿࠕ⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠖࡣࠊ♫఍ⓗㅖ㞟ᅋࡢጇ༠࡜㐃ྜࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ᙧᡂ
ࡉࢀࠊ୍ᐃࡢᮇ㛫࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚Ᏻᐃ໬ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᵓ㐀ⓗ༴ᶵࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤࠕᨻ⟇ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠖࡢ㌿᥮ࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊࠕᡂ㛗యไࠖࡢືែ࡜ࠕ⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠖ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊࠕᡂ㛗యไࠖࡢືែࢆᏳᐃⓗᡂ㛗ࡢ᫬ᮇ࡜ᵓ
㐀ⓗ༴ᶵࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟༊ูࡋ࡚ศᯒࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᏳᐃⓗᡂ㛗ࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣࠊࡑࡢ
ᅜẸ⤒῭࡛ไᗘㅖᙧែࡀᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿไᗘ㝵ᒙᛶࡢᛶ㉁㸦ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ࡝ࡢไᗘ㡿ᇦࡀつᐃⓗ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜㸧࡜Ẹ୺୺⩏ࡢᛶ㉁࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࠕ⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠖ
ࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᵓ㐀ⓗ༴ᶵࡢ᫬௦࡟ࡣࠊྠᵝ࡞ไᗘⓗ⫼ᬒࡢࡶ࡜࡟ᨵ㠉ᡓ␎ࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ୍஑භࠐᖺ௦ࡢࢣ࢖ࣥࢬ୺
⩏࡜ไᗘ໬ࡢ᫬௦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊປാ⪅ࡢ࣊ࢤࣔࢽ࣮ࡀྵពࡉࢀࠊᗈ⠊࡞ᨻ἞ⓗ13㐃ྜࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᏳᐃⓗᡂ㛗ࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬ୺⩏ⓗᏳᐃ໬ᨻ⟇ࠊ⣼㐍ㄢ⛯ࠊ♫఍⚟♴ࡀⓎᒎࡋࠊࡲࡓࠊ୍஑୐ࠐᖺ௦ࡢᵓ㐀ⓗ༴ᶵ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࢣ࢖ࣥࢬ୺⩏ࡢᘏ㛗ୖ࡛࡞ࡉࢀࡓᨵ㠉ᡓ␎ࡣࠊࡉࡽ࡞ࡿබⓗ௓ධ㸦ᡤᚓᨻ⟇ࠊㄏᑟⓗィ⏬ࠊ⏘ᴗᨻ⟇㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ୍஑ඵࠐᖺ௦ࡢ࣐ࢿࢱ
ࣜࢬ࣒࡜᪂⮬⏤୺⩏ࡢ᫬௦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࣊ࢤࣔࢽ࣮ࡣ㈨ᮏࡢഃ࡟ࢩࣇࢺࡋࠊ♫఍ࡢ࡞࠿ࡢ㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓᨭ㓄ⓗㅖ㞟ᅋࡀᅜᐙࡢࣃ࣮࣡ࢆࡑࡢᨭ㓄ୗ࡟࠾ࡃࡼ࠺࡟
࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᏳᐃⓗᡂ㛗ࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣࠊ࣐ࢿࢱࣜࢫࢺࡢᨻ⟇ࡀ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࠊᕷሙ୺⩏ⓗ࡞࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀᑟධࡉࢀࠊᵓ㐀ⓗ༴ᶵࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣࠊࡉࡽ࡞ࡿẸႠ໬ࠊ⮬⏤໬ࠊୡ⏺ᕷሙࡢ➇த࡬ࡢ⤒῭㛤ᨺࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋ
ḟ࡟ࠊᡓᚋ࡟ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓࠕ⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠖ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ♫఍ⓗㅖ㞟ᅋࡢጇ༠ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ୍஑භࠐᖺ௦ࡢࣇ࢛࣮ࢻ୺⩏ⓗጇ༠ࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟
ࡣࠊ኱௻ᴗࡢ⤒Ⴀ⪅࡜㈤ປാ⪅࡜ࡢ㛫࡛ጇ༠࣭㐃ྜࡀᡂ❧ࡋࠊ㔠⼥⏺ࡣࡇࢀ࡟㡰ᛂࡋᅜ㝿ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡣࡇࢀ࡜⿵᏶ⓗ࡟ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓࠋ୍஑ඵࠐᖺ௦ࡢᅜ㝿➇த୺ᑟᆺࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡛ࡣࠊ኱௻ᴗࡢ⤒Ⴀ⪅࡜ᾘ㈝⪅࡜ࡢጇ༠࣭㐃ྜࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࠊᣑ኱
ࡍࡿᅜ㝿➇த࡟࠾࠸࡚㈠᫆࠿ࡽࡢ฼┈ࡢ⋓ᚓࡀ┠ᣦࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࠊປാ
⪅࡜ࡢጇ༠ࡣᙅయ໬ࡋࠊປാ⪅ࢆᚑᒓⓗ࡞఩⨨࡟࠾ࡃᅽຊࡀᙉࡲࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ
୍஑஑ࠐᖺ௦ࡢ㔠⼥ᢞ㈨ᐙ࡜኱௻ᴗࡢ⤒Ⴀ⪅࡜ࡢ㐃ྜࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣࠊ
ᣑ኱ࡍࡿᙉຊ࡞㔠⼥ᕷሙ࡜኱௻ᴗࡢ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢ㛫࡛฼┈ࡢඹ᭷ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࠊಖ㝤ࡸᖺ㔠ࡢ㔠⼥໬ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋປാ⪅࡟ࡣ୍ᒙࡢࣜࢫࢡࡀㄢࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࣎࣡࢖࢚࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᨻᗓࡢᨻ⟇ᙧᡂࡢ࠶ࡾ࠿ࡓࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕ⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠖࡣࠊࠕᡂ㛗యไࠖࡢືែࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᏳᐃⓗᡂ㛗࡜ᵓ㐀ⓗ༴ᶵࠊࡑࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࡢ♫఍ⓗㅖ㞟ᅋࡢጇ༠࡜㐃ྜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
≉ᚩⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᨻ⟇ᙧᡂࡢࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢬ࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖࡀ࠸࠿࡞ࡿᙺ๭ࢆ₇ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࢀࡀḟࡢၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ㸦㸲㸧࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡢࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖ࡜᪂ࡋ࠸♫఍Ẹ୺୺⩏࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡣࠊ⤒῭㡿ᇦ࡜ᨻ἞㡿ᇦࡢ┦஫つᐃ㛵ಀࢆ㔜どࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀ⤒῭඲యࡢືែ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᙉࡃᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ゎࢆࡉࡽ࡟Ⓨᒎࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࠊࠊᕷሙ⤒῭࡜ࡶᅜᐙ࡜ࡶ␗࡞ࡿ➨୕ࡢ㡿ᇦ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕᕷẸ♫఍㸦civil society㸧ࠖࡀ㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆ₇ࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ୺ᙇࡋࠊ
᪂ࡋ࠸♫఍Ẹ୺୺⩏ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 㸯㸯

14࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡣࠊ⌧ᅾඛ㐍ㅖᅜ࡛⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿᨻ἞⤒῭ⓗኚ໬ࡣࠊྛᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⤒῭ࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡜ᨻ἞ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢඹ㐍໬࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ከᵝᛶࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡍ
ࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ྜ⾗ᅜ࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿࠕ⮬⏤୺⩏ⓗ㈨ᮏ୺⩏㸦liberal capitalism㸧ࠖࠊࠕ♫఍Ẹ୺୺⩏㸦social democracy㸧ࠖࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᕷẸࡢ✚ᴟⓗཧຍ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࠕๅ
᪂ࡉࢀࡓ♫఍Ẹ୺୺⩏㸦renewed social democracy㸧ࠖࢆ༊ูࡍࡿࠋ⌧ᅾࡢ⮬⏤୺⩏ⓗ࡞ไᗘኚ໬ࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࡣࠊᚑ᮶ᆺࡢࢥ࣮࣏ࣛࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒ⓗ࡞ࠕ♫఍Ẹ୺୺⩏࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᕷẸࡢ✚ᴟⓗཧຍࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿࠕๅ᪂ࡉࢀࡓ♫఍Ẹ୺୺⩏ࠖࢆ୺ᙇࡋࠊࡇࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸♫఍Ẹ୺୺⩏࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖࡢ㔜せᛶࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࠋ⤒῭㸦ᕷሙ࣭௻ᴗ㸧̿ᅜᐙ̿ᕷẸ♫఍࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ୕ゅᙧ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊඛ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡋ
ࡓࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢㅖཎ⌮࡟ᑐᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡶࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ㡿ᇦࡢつᐃ㛵ಀࡀၥ㢟࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊࠕ⮬⏤୺⩏ⓗ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ
ࡇࢀࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ྜ⾗ᅜ࡞࡝࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿᨻ἞⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ⤒῭㡿ᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣅࢪࢿࢫ࡜㔠⼥ࡢ฼ᐖࡀᅜᐙࡢᨻ⟇ࢆつᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡶࠊ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᅜᐙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊປാ⪅࡜ᕷẸࡢࣃ࣮࣡ࡀᙅࡲࡾࠊẸ୺୺⩏ࡀᙅయ໬ࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࠕๅ᪂ࡉࢀࡓ♫఍Ẹ୺୺⩏ࠖ࡟࠾࠸࡚
ࡣࠊᕷẸ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ✚ᴟⓗ࡞ᕷẸ࡜ࣃ࣮࣡ࢆ⾜౑ࡍࡿປാ⪅ࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊሀᅛ
࡞Ẹ୺୺⩏ࡀⓎᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᅜᐙࡢᨻ⟇ࡣࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫ࡜ປാ⪅ࡢ⏕⏘ⓗ࡞ጇ༠࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠕๅ᪂ࡉࢀࡓ♫఍Ẹ୺୺⩏ࠖࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢࠕ♫఍Ẹ୺୺⩏ࠖࡀ࡜ࡶࡍࢀࡤࢥ࣮ࣛࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒ⓗ࡞ጇ༠ࡢࡶ࡜࡟ᨻ
⟇ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᕷẸ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ✚ᴟⓗ࡞ᕷẸࡢᨻ἞ཧຍ࡟ᨭ
࠼ࡽࢀⓎᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊࡲࡎᑠつᶍ࡞ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ໬ࡉࢀࡓࢥ
࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣮ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ጞࡲࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀḟ➨࡟ಙ㢗࡜බⓗᡭ⥆ࡁࢆ⤒࡚ᅜᐙࣞ࣋
ࣝ࡟ᣑᙇࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞࠶ࡾ࠿ࡓࢆࠊ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡣࠕᕷ
Ẹ♫఍Ẹ୺୺⩏ⓗᵓᡂ㸦civic social democratic configuration㸧ࠖ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ
㸦Boyer 2014a㸧ࠋ㸯㸰ࡲࡓࠊ໭ḢࣔࢹࣝࡢẸ୺୺⩏࡜➇தඃ఩ᛶࢆㄽࡌࡓㄽ

ᩥ࡛ࡣࠊࠕ㐃ᖏࠖ࡟ᨭ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠕ♫఍Ẹ୺୺⩏ⓗ࡞ᕷẸⓗ㛵ಀ㸦social democratic
citizenship㸧ࠖࡢ㔜せᛶࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Boyer 2015b㸧ࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊ2010 ᖺ௦࡟ධࡗ࡚௨㝆ࠊࢡ࣮ࣟࣂࣜࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡀ㐍ᒎࡍࡿ࡞࠿࡛ࠊ
≉࡟࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㅖᅜ࡛ࡣࠊ♫఍Ẹ୺୺⩏ࡢኚ㉁࡜ࢼࢩࣙࢼࣜࢬ࣒ࡢྎ㢌ࡀ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡛ࡣࠊ࣮ࣘࣟ༴ᶵࠊ⛣Ẹ࣭㞴Ẹ༴ᶵࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࣈࣞࢡࢪࢵࢺ
ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ༙ୡ⣖௨ୖ࡟ࢃࡗ࡚㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓḢᕞ⤫ྜࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀ༴ᶵ࡟ࡉࡽࡉ
15ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ࠸ࡲ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢᕷẸ♫఍࡜Ẹ୺୺⩏ࡶᅔ㞴࡟࠾ࡕ࠸ࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࡇࡑࠊ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡢ୺ᙇࡍࡿᕷẸ♫఍ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ
ୗ࠿ࡽࡢ♫఍Ẹ୺୺⩏ࡢ㔜せᛶࡣ୍ᒙቑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ㸲 ࣎࢘ࣝࢬ࡜࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡢࠕᕷẸࠖࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖㄆ㆑ࡢඹ㏻Ⅼ࡜┦㐪Ⅼ㸸୧⪅ࡢᙉࡳࢆ࠸࠿࡟⤫ྜࡍࡿ࠿᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊࡲ࡜ࡵ࡜ࡋ࡚࣎࢘ࣝࢬ࡜࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡢࠕᕷẸࠖࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖࡢㄆ㆑ࢆ
࠸࠿࡟Ⓨᒎࡉࡏࠊ⌧௦♫఍ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡟ά࠿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡲࡎ୧⪅ࡢඹ㏻Ⅼ࡜┦㐪Ⅼࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
࣎࢘ࣝࢬ࡜࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡢඹ㏻Ⅼ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ࡜ࡶ࡟⾜Ⅽ୺యࡢ㑅ዲ࣭ືᶵࡢከᵝ
ᛶࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋࡘࡘࠊ⤒῭㡿ᇦ࡜ᨻ἞㡿ᇦ࡜ࡀ┦஫ᾐ㏱ⓗ࡛┦஫つᐃⓗ࡛࠶ࡿⅬࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣࠊ♫఍⤒῭㛵ಀ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
⾜Ⅽ୺యࡢ㑅ዲ࡟ࡣࠊ⮬ᕫ⪃៖ⓗ࡞฼ᕫⓗ㑅ዲ࡜௚⪅⪃៖ⓗࡀ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡀඹᏑࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ⓗᕷሙ⤒῭ࡢ࡞࠿࡟♫఍つ⠊࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ᨻ἞ⓗ㛵ಀ࣭ࣃ࣮࣡㛵ಀࡀᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᕷሙዎ⣙ࡣ୙᏶ഛዎ⣙࡞ࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࡇ࡟つ⠊ࡸࣃ࣮࣡ࡀᚲ↛ⓗ࡟௓ᅾࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊࡇࡢᛶ㉁ࡣࠊ
ປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿዎ⣙࡟࠾࠸࡚㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿつ⠊ࡢᙺ๭࡜ไᗘ໬ࡢᇶ♏࡜࡞ࡿࠋ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡶࡲࡓࠊ⤒῭ⓗ㡿ᇦ࡜ᨻ἞ⓗ㡿ᇦࡢ┦஫つᐃⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡶࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ฼ᕫⓗືᶵ㸦฼ᐖ㛵ಀ㸧ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ⩏ົ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃືᶵࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜ࡢ⌮ゎࢆ♧ࡍࠋࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࡢࠕ㈤ປാ㛵ಀࠖࡣࠊᨻ἞ⓗ㡿ᇦ࡜୙ྍศ࡟⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠾ࡾࠊ
ᵝࠎ࡞つ⠊ࢆࡶࡗ࡚ᨻ἞ⓗጇ༠࡜ไᗘ໬ࡀ㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀ
ࡗ࡚ࠊ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡶ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡶࠊࠕᕷẸⓗ㛵ಀᛶ㸦ࢩࢸ࢕ࢬࣥࢩࢵࣉ㸧ࠖࢆ㔜どࡋࡘࡘࠊࡘࡡ࡟㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡜Ẹ୺୺⩏࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊ࣎࢘ࣝࢬ࡜࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡢ࠶࠸ࡔ࡟ࡣࠊ↔Ⅼࡢᙜ࡚᪉࡜ㄽ⌮ࡢ⤌ࡳ❧࡚᪉࡟࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡞┦㐪ⅬࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊḟࡢⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨୍࡟ࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ⓗᕷሙ⤒῭࡜ᕷẸⓗ࡞♫఍つ⠊࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣࠊᕷሙ⤒῭ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢ࡞࠿࡟ࠊ฼ᕫⓗ㑅ዲࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᕷẸⓗ࡞♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࢆ㔜どࡋࠊᕷሙ⤒῭࡜ᕷẸⓗ࡞♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡀ┦஫ಁ㐍ⓗ࡟Ⓨᒎࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢไᗘⓗ᮲௳ࡸἲไᗘࢆၥ㢟࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡟ࡣࠊබṇ࡛ᖹ➼࡞♫఍ࡀᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᕷሙ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ㐺ษ࡟స⏝ࡉࡏࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍ
ࡿ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢᕷሙ⌮ゎࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᕷሙࡢస⏝ࢆ࡟ྰᐃⓗ࡟࡜ࡽ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ
16ࡴࡋࢁᕷẸⓗつ⠊࡜࣮ࣝࣝࢆᇙࡵ㎸ࡴࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᐇ⌧ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁᕷሙస⏝ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆ⫯ᐃⓗ࡟ᒎᮃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௚᪉ࠊ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡣࠊᕷሙ࡜ᕷẸ♫఍ࢆࡑࢀࡒ
ࢀ⊂❧ࡋࡓࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢཎ⌮࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⌮ゎࡍࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ࣎࣡࢖
࢚ࡢࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖࡣᨻ἞ⓗ㡿ᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷẸ࡜♫఍ⓗㅖ㞟ᅋࡀ⾜Ⅽࡍࡿሙ࡜ࡋ
࡚ࡢࠕᕷẸ♫఍࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊᕷሙ࡜ᅜᐙ࡜ࡣ┦ᑐⓗ࡟⮬ᚊࡋࡓ⊂⮬ࡢᨻ἞ⓗ㡿ᇦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖࡣ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ⓗᕷሙ⤒῭ࢆㄪᩚࡋ⤫ᚚࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
➨஧࡟ࠊᕷẸⓗ࡞㑅ዲࡢᙧᡂࡸᕷẸ♫఍ࡢᏳᐃⓗⓎᒎࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ㐣⛬࡟㛵ࡍࡿどⅬࡢ㐪࠸㸫࣑ࢡ࣭ࣟࣞ࣋ࣝ࠿࣐ࢡ࣭ࣟࣞ࣋ࣝ࠿㸫ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣ
࣑ࢡ࣭ࣟࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⾜Ⅽ୺యࡢ㑅ዲ࡜୺యࡢ┦஫స⏝ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࢆㄏᑟࡍࡿつ⠊ࡸ࣮ࣝࣝࢆၥ㢟࡜ࡍࡿࠋᕷሙࡢ⏕ࡳฟࡍᡂᯝ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚」㞧⣔⌮ㄽࡢ๰Ⓨᛶࢆㄽࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⤒῭ࡢ࣐ࢡ࣭ࣟࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢡࢫࢆࡑࢀ⮬య࡜ࡋ࡚ศ
ᯒࡋ࡚ࡣ࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊᕷẸⓗ࡞♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡢⓎᒎ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡣ࣑
ࢡࣟⓗศᯒ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⤒῭ࡢ࣐ࢡࣟືែࡀ୺యࡢ㑅ዲ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡣㄽࡌࡽࢀ࡚
࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡣࠊᕷẸ♫఍ࡢⓎᒎࡸ⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢᙧ
ᡂ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊࡘࡡ࡟ࠕ⵳✚యไ㸦ᡂ㛗యไ㸧ࠖࡢືែࢆཧ↷ࡋࡘࡘㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
≉࡟ࠊᏳᐃⓗᡂ㛗࡜ᵓ㐀ⓗ༴ᶵ࡛ࡣࠊᕷẸ♫఍ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡸ⾜Ⅽ୺యࡢ⾜ື࡜ጇ༠࡟㛵ࡋ࡚␗࡞ࡿ㐣⛬ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ࠺Ⅼࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
➨୕࡟ࠊᨻᗓࡢᨻ⟇ᙧᡂࡢ┠ⓗ࡜ᨻ⟇ࡢᐇ⾜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚↔Ⅼࡢᙜ࡚᪉ࡀ␗࡞ࡗ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣࠊᨻ⟇ᙧᡂ⪅㸦❧ἲ⪅㸧ࡀࠊ♫఍ⓗ࡟ዲࡲࡋ࠸┠ⓗ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࠕḟၿࡢୡ⏺࡛ࠖࡼࡁᕷẸࢆ⫱ࡴ㐺ษ࡞❧ἲ⾜Ⅽ࣭ᨻ⟇ᙧᡂࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡢ㔜せᛶࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢࡉ࠸ࠊᕷẸ࠿ࡽᨻ⟇ᙧᡂ⪅࡬ࡢᨻ἞㡿ᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣇ࢕
࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚❧ࡕධࡗࡓศᯒࡣ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ࣎࣡࢖
࢚࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᨻ⟇ᙧᡂࡣ♫఍ⓗㅖ㞟ᅋࡢጇ༠ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣㅖ㞟ᅋ㛫࡛ࡢ฼┈ࡢ㓄ศࢆక࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᨻ⟇ࡀ⤒῭≧ែ࡟୚࠼ࡿຠᯝࡀࠊ
ࡲࡓㅖ୺యࡢᨻ἞⾜ື࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠋ
௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊඹ㏻Ⅼ࡜┦㐪Ⅼࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ୧⪅ࡢᙉࡳࢆ⿵᏶
ⓗ࡟⥲ྜࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶࡳ࠼࡚ࡃࡿࠋ
➨୍࡟ࠊᕷẸⓗ࡞♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿሙ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᕷሙ⤒῭ࡢෆ㒊࡜እ㒊୧᪉࡟ࡲࡓࡀࡿ㔜ᒙⓗ࡞ᗈࡀࡾࢆࡶࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸
࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡀ㔜どࡍࡿᕷẸⓗ࡞♫఍㑅ዲࡣࠊࠕࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞ᕷẸᩥ17໬ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᕷሙ⤒῭࡜⿵᏶ⓗ࡞Ⓨᒎࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆࡶࡘࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣྠ
᫬࡟ἲࡢᨭ㓄࡜ࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞ㅖไᗘ࡟ᨭ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ⓨᒎࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᕷẸⓗ࡞♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡣࠊᕷሙ㡿ᇦ࣭⤒῭㡿ᇦ࡜ᕷሙ㡿ᇦࡢእ㒊㸦ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ♫఍㡿ᇦࡸᨻ἞㡿ᇦ㸧࡟ࡲ࡛ᗈࡀࡾࢆࡶࡗ࡚ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ
ࡑࢀࡣ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡢ࠸࠺ࠕᕷሙࠖ࡜ࡣ⊂❧ࡢ㡿ᇦ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖࡢⓎᒎ࡟ᨭ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌮ゎࡣࠊᙉ࠸୙᏶ഛዎ⣙ࡢᛶ㉁ࢆࡶࡘປാᕷሙࠊ࠶ࡿ
࠸ࡣࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࡢゝⴥ࡛࠸࠺ࠕ㈤ປാ㛵ಀࠖ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ≉࡟㔜せ࡛࠶ࡾࠊປാᕷሙ࣭ປാዎ⣙࡟࠾ࡅࡿබṇ࡞ᕷẸつ⠊ࡢᙧᡂ࡜ἲⓗㅖไᗘࡸ♫఍ಖ㞀ไᗘ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ୍ᒙࡢ◊✲ࡢⓎᒎࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
➨஧࡟ࠊᕷẸࡢ㑅ዲᙧᡂࡸ⤒῭ᨻ⟇ᙧᡂ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ࣑ࢡ࣭ࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢศᯒ࡜
࣐ࢡ࣭ࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢศᯒࢆ┦஫⿵᏶ⓗ࡟Ⓨᒎࡉࡏࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊἲࡢᨭ㓄ࡸᕷẸⓗㅖไᗘࡣࠊᕷẸࡀ⿕ࡿᕷሙࣜࢫࢡࡢῶᑡࡉࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᕷẸⓗ࡞♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡢⓎᒎࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᕷሙࣜࢫࢡࡸᡤᚓศ㓄ࡣࠊ࣐ࢡࣟⓗ࡟ࡣࠊࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡛࠸࠺ᡂ㛗యไ㸦⵳✚యไ㸧ࡢືែ࡜ࡑࡢᏳᐃᛶ࡟኱ࡁࡃᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋᏳᐃⓗᡂ㛗࡟᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣࠊᕷẸࡢ⿕ࡿࣜࢫࢡࡣῶᑡࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࠊᕷẸⓗ࡞♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡣᙧᡂࡉࢀࡸࡍ࠸ࡀࠊᵓ㐀ⓗ༴ᶵࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣࣜࢫࢡࡀቑ኱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼ
ࡗ࡚♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡣᙅయ໬ࡋࠊ฼ᐖᑐ❧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚฼ᕫⓗ㑅ዲࡀᙉ໬ࡉࢀࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࠋ
ḟ࡟ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࡢ࡜ࡁࡼࡾ♫఍ⓗ࡞ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡢᨻ἞ⓗ㑅ᢥࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ♫఍ⓗ㐃ᖏࢆᙉࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾ
࠺ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᨻ἞⤒῭୺యࡢ㑅ዲᙧᡂࠊ≉࡟ᕷẸⓗ࡞♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡢⓎᒎࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊ࣑ࢡࣟⓗ㐣⛬࡜࣐ࢡࣟⓗ㐣⛬ࡢ┦஫స⏝࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚࡚ศᯒࡍࡿᯟ⤌ࡳࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ➨୕࡟ࠊᨻ἞㡿ᇦ࡜⤒῭㡿ᇦࡢ┦஫స⏝ࡢືែࡢ࡞࠿࡟ᨻ⟇Ỵᐃ⪅㸦❧ἲ⪅㸧ࢆ఩⨨࡙ࡅ࡚ศᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢ࠸࠺ࠕḟၿࡢୡ⏺࡛ࠖᕷẸⓗ㑅ዲࢆ⫱ࡴࠕ❧ἲ⪅ࠖࡣࠊᗈ⠊࡞ᕷẸࡢཧᨻᶒࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ẹ୺୺⩏ⓗᡭ⥆ࡁ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㑅ࡤࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࡢᨻ⟇┠ⓗࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㐣⛬ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚
Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࡀࡲࡉ࡟ၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊᨻ἞㡿ᇦ࡜⤒῭㡿ᇦࡢࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑
ࢵࢡ࡞ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋᨻ⟇Ỵᐃ⪅㸦❧ἲ⪅㸧ࡢ㑅ዲࡀᕷẸ࡜Ẹ୺୺⩏ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ㐺ษ࡟Ⓨᒎࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊࡲࡓᨻ⟇ࡢᐇ᪋ࡀᕷẸⓗᚰᛶࡢ⫱ᡂࢆຓࡅࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡢࠕๅ᪂ࡉࢀࡓ♫఍Ẹ୺୺⩏ࠖ㸦ᕷẸ♫18఍Ẹ୺୺⩏㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚᭱ࡶ㔜どࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᨻ἞㡿ᇦ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷẸࡢ㑅ዲᙧᡂࠊ⾜Ⅽࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᨻ἞ཧຍ࡟ࡘ࠸୍࡚ᒙࡢ⌮ゎࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡢㄝ᫂ࡣࠊ
࣭࢚ࠗࣔࣛࣝࢥࣀ࣑࣮㸸࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࠿ၿࡁᕷẸ࠿࠘NTT ฟ∧
㸦Bowles 2016㸧ࡢࠕヂ⪅࠶࡜ࡀࡁࠖࡢෆᐜࢆࠊ☾㇂᫂ᚨࠊ㐲ᒣᘯᚨ୧Ặཬࡧ㹌㹒㹒ฟ∧ࡢチྍࢆᚓࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊᮏㄽᩥࡢ୺᪨࡟࠶ࢃࡏ࡚኱ᖜ࡟ຍ➹⿵඘ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸰 ࣎࢘ࣝࢬ⮬㌟ࡢ◊✲ྐ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
࣭࢚ࠗࣔࣛࣝࢥࣀ࣑࣮㸸࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࠿ၿࡁᕷ
Ẹ࠿࠘NTT ฟ∧㸦Bowles 2016㸧ࡢࠕヂ⪅࠶࡜ࡀࡁࠖ࡟࠾࠸࡚ヲࡋࡃㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ
࡛ࠊࡑࢀࢆཧ↷ࠋ㸱 ᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣࠊ“liberal”࡟ࠕࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ヂㄒࢆ࠶࡚࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ
࣭࢚ࠗࣔࣛࣝࢥࣀ࣑࣮㸸࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࠿ၿࡁᕷẸ࠿࠘࡟࠾ࡅࡿヂㄒࡢ㑅ᢥ࡜ྠᵝ࡞⌮⏤ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃ
ࡕࠊ“liberal”࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡀከ⩏ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌮⏤࡟ࡼࡿࠋ㸲 ࡑࡢⅬࡣࠊ
࣭࢚ࠗࣔࣛࣝࢥࣀ࣑࣮㸸࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࠿ၿࡁᕷẸ࠿࠘ࡢ➨஬❶ࠕࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞ᕷẸᩥ໬㸦liberal civic culture㸧ࠖ࡟࠾࠸࡚୎ᑀ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㸳 ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢ♫఍ㄆ㆑ࡣࠊ
᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢔ࢲ࣒࣭ࢫ࣑ࢫ◊✲ࡢ⣔㆕࡟࠶ࡿࠕᕷẸ♫఍ㄽࠖ࡜࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢඹ㏻ㄆ㆑ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㸴 ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣࠊࡇࡢⅬࢆࠕ࣐࢟ࣕ࣋ࣜ㸫ࡢኻᩋࠖ࡜ࡶ࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ㸦Bowles 2014㸧ࠋ㸵 ࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣮ࠖ࡜ࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖࡢ♫఍㛵ಀ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ┦㐪ࡀၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊ
ࠕ⩏ົⓗືᶵࠖࡢෆᐜࡸࠕಙ㢗ࠖࡢᛶ᱁ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡢ✚ᴟⓗ࡞ㄝ᫂ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㸶࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡶࠕ㈤ປാ㛵ಀࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ࡞࠿࡛ࠊປാᕷሙࡢ୙᏶ഛዎ⣙ㄽࢆࠕປാᕷሙࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸⌮ㄽ㸦nouvelles théories du marché du travail㸧ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚⤂௓ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Boyer
2015, p29-30㸧
ࠋࡇࡇ࡟ࡣࠊ࣎࢘ࣝࢬ࡜࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘඹ㏻ࡋࡓ⌮ゎࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࣞࢠ
ࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࡢࠕ㈤ປാ㛵ಀࠖࡣࠊ࣐ࢡࣟⓗ࡞ᗈࡀࡾࢆᣢࡘᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶᙉㄪࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㸷 ㄪᩚᵝᘧ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕᕷẸⓗ㛵ಀᛶ㸦citoyenneté㸧ࠖ㸦ࢩࢳࢬࣥࢩࢵࣉ㸧ࡢᙺ๭࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
ࡣࠊBoyer (2015a), p.36 ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㸯㸮 ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢⅬࢆࠕ࣑ࢡࣟⓗ⾜Ⅽࡢ࣐ࢡࣟⓗᇶ♏ࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࡇ
࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㸯㸯 ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡢࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖᴫᛕࡣࠊࢢ࣒ࣛࢩࡢࠕᕷẸ♫఍ࠖㄽࡢ⣔㆕࡟ᒓࡋࠊࡑࡋ࡚
㏆ᖺࣁࣂ࣮࣐ࢫࡽ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠕ᪂ࡋ࠸ᕷẸ♫఍ㄽࠖࡢ㆟ㄽࢆࡶࡩࡲ࠼࡚࠸
ࡿࡶࡢ࡜࠸࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ㸯㸰 ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡀࠕᕷẸ♫఍Ẹ୺୺⩏㸦civic social democracy㸧ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣࠊ2000 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙࡟࠾ࡅࡿᒣཱྀ஧㑻࣭ᐑᮏኴ㑻࡜ࡢ◊✲஺ὶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ࣜࢫࢺ
㸯

Bowles, S. (2004) Microeconomics: Behavior, Institutions and Evolution, Princeton University
Press. ሷἑ⏤඾࣭☾㇂᫂ᚨ࣭᳜ᮧ༤ᜤヂ࣑ࠗࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫ㸸⾜Ⅽ࣭ไᗘ࣭㐍໬࠘㹌㹒㹒ฟ∧ࠊ2007 ᖺࠋ
Bowles, S. (2011) “Is Liberal Society a Parasite on Tradition?,” Philosophy and Public
Affairs, Vol. 39, No.1.
19

Bowles, S. (2014) “Nicolo Machiavelli and the Origins of Mechanism Design,” Journal of
Economic Issues, Vol. XLVIII, No.2.
Bowles, S. (2016) The Moral Economy: Why Good Incentives Are No Substitute for Good
Citizens, Yale University Press. ☾㇂᫂ᚨ࣭᳜ᮧ༤ᜤ࣭㐲ᒣᘯᚨヂ࣭࢚ࠗࣔࣛࣝࢥࣀ
࣑࣮㸸࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࠿ၿࡁᕷẸ࠿࠘㹌㹒㹒ฟ∧ࠊ2017 ᖺࠋ
Bowles, S. (2017) “End of Liberalism,” The Boston Globe, June 19.
Bowles, S. and Boyer, R. (1988) "Labor Discipline and Aggregate Demand: A Macroeconomic
Model", American Economic Review, Vol.78, No.2.
Bowles, S. and Boyer, R. (1990a) "A Wage-led Employment Regime: Income Distribution,
Labor Discipline, and Aggregate Demand in Welfare Capitalism" in Marglin, S. and Schor,
J. (eds.)(1990).
Bowles, S. and Boyer, R. (1995) "Wages, aggregate demand, and employment in an open
economy: an empirical investigation," in Epstein, G.A. and Gintis, H.M. Macroeconomic
Policy after the Conservative Era, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Boyer, R. (2008) “Democracy and social democracy facing contemporary capitalisms: A
régulationist approach,” PSE Working Paper, 2008-36.
Boyer, R. (2014a) “How so policy and economy interact within Regulation Theory?:
Consequences for policy regime and reform strategies”, in Magara, H. (ed.) . Economic
Crises and Policy Regimes: The Dynamics of Policy Innovation and Paradigmatic
Change, Edward Elger, 2014.
Boyer, R. (2015a) Économie politique des capitalisms: Théorie de la régulation et des crises,
La Découvert.
Boyer, R. (2015b) “How Institutional Competitiveness Emerged from Complementrities
between Nordic Welfare and Innovation Systems”, in Borras, S. and Seebrooke L. (eds.)
Sources of National Institutional Competitiveness, Oxford University Press.
Boyer, R. Uemura, H. and Isogai, A. (eds.) (2012) Diversity and Transformation of Asian
Capitalisms, Routledge.
Fochesato, M. and Bowles, S. (2015) “Nordic Exceptionalism? : Social Democratic
Egalitarianism in World-historic Perspective,” Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 127.

20

Social preference matters in shaping individual attitude toward redistribution in Asian
economies?




Hironori Tohyama
Shizuoka University
hironori.tohyama@shizuoka.ac.jp
Abstract
Asian economies have shown remarkable performance since the 1990s, driven by the
expanding Chinese economy. This growth has caused insecurity among people, and led themto prefer redistribution and demand that their governments expand welfare expenditures. This
study deals with the question of how in Asian economies individual-level attitudes towardredistribution can be shaped. We focus on social preference, and examine not only whethersocial preferences are relevant to redistribution preference, but also whether primary
individual-level motives for redistribution can change from social preferences to self-interest
motives as market-based social relationship expand. In addressing these questions, we apply
an ordered logit model to data captured through the World Value Survey. Our empiricalresults indicate that not only self-interest motives but also social preferences have an impact
on redistribution preference. However, self-interest motives can work as a primary force
behind the formation of attitudes toward redistribution as market-based social relationshipcome to dominate.
Keywords: Asia, preferences, redistribution, social securities, social norm
JEL classifications: D63, O53, Z13

1 Introduction
Asian economies on the whole have performed remarkably since the 1990s, largely on
account of the rapidly expanding Chinese economy. While this has contributed to thedevelopment of Asian economies, rapidly globalizing economies may have caused thesocioeconomic circumstances of the region to change drastically, and led to greater
uncertainty among the populace vis-à-vis future income or the risk of job loss. People facingthese risks may demand that their governments expand welfare expenditures. One of thecentral challenges that Asian governments face would be how to protect people from theserisks, and how to establish effective welfare regimes.
The definitions of the Asian welfare regime imply that focusing solely on the risks
associated with markets will not suffice in understanding Asian welfare regimes. The family,communities as well as the market have taken a primary role in welfare provision (Holliday,
2000; Lee and Ku, 2007; Jones, 1993; Karim et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2015). Communities may
find it difficult to leverage the efficiency-enhancing properties of markets and the advantages
inherent in the universal enforcement of rules as provided by states. However, communities
can persist over an extended period by virtue of their capacity to foster cooperative behavior,and communities extend benefits to individual-level pro-social behaviors. As a result, they
push people to willingly support redistribution (Bowles and Gintis, 1998).
The question we address in this study is whether social preferences contribute to shaping
individual-level attitudes toward redistribution in Asian economies. If this is indeed the case,1the second question of interest to us is whether rapidly growing and globalizing Asian
economies can have detrimental effects on the association between social preferences andindividual-level attitudes toward redistribution. We consider the complementarity between
markets and communities, since market risks and social preferences could combine to
influence individual-level attitudes toward redistribution—and, in turn, determine the levels
of welfare expenditure in Asian economies.

2 What are the motivations for redistribution?
The question of what promotes individual-level attitudes toward redistribution relates to two
distinct research strands: a self-interest approach and a social preference one.
2.1 Self-interest motive
One of them can be traced back to the work of Meltzer and Richard (1981), who proposethat individuals with below-mean incomes are favorable to redistributive spending, up to thepoint where the benefit is exactly outweighed by the efficiency cost of taxation. Given thatthe distribution of income is generally skewed leftwards, the median voter is poorer than themean voter, and therefore demands a positive level of redistribution—and would thus benefit
from any redistribution.
Another reason underlying individual-level support for redistribution programs is based on
the so-called social insurance model. Many redistribution programs take the form of social
insurance that is designed to “soften the blow” in times of adversity in people’s lives. The
programs could be supported even by those who may anticipate paying into the insurance
scheme more than they expect to claim over their lifetime (Sinn, 1995; Moene andWallerstein, 2001). However, this insurance motive for supporting redistribution is consistent
with conventional notions of self-interest, once risk aversion is taken into account.
Both researches that address the issue of welfare expenditures are grounded in thisself-interest approach, but they differ in what they consider the most influential risk to shapeindividual-level attitudes toward redistribution, and ultimately in determining governments’social expenditures.
It is unclear whether embracing this self-interest approach would be useful inunderstanding individual-level redistribution preference in Asian economies. One of the mostsalient characteristics of Asian welfare regimes is that they are very family orcommunity-oriented, and this allows Asian governments to transfer a large part of its social
responsibility to families and local communities. Social needs are primarily satisfied by the
support of individual families or local communities. This sociological perspective with regard
to the East Asian welfare state is proposed by Jones (1993), who uses this definition to stressthe role of the family and community in the provision of welfare; she notes that individuals in
Asian societies tend to build stronger interpersonal networks, both inside the family and withfriends, than their Western counterparts. We could expect these strong interpersonal networks
to foster pro-social or cooperative attitudes among people. As a result, they would readily
support a generous welfare system if they trusted their fellow community members not tocheat and unduly claim benefits.
This also implies that we need to bring community or family, in other words, social
preferences into any study of redistribution preference (Ku and Jones, 2007; Karim et al.,2010; Yu et al., 2015). Equally important, these sociological perspectives cast doubt that the
key assumption of the Meltzer–Richard model—which is to say, self-interest motives, upon2

which many studies on welfare state or regime are based—can be universally true. At thevery least, the assumption might be inapplicable to Asian economies.
2.2 Social preference
The existing researches imply that the assumption of self-interest motives may be lessuseful to understanding redistribution preference, and posit that individual-level values andbeliefs describe redistribution preference. In line with this approach, Fong et al. (2005) argue
that people support a welfare state because it conforms to a social preference that they refer toas “strong reciprocity” (see also Fong, 2001). According to Bowles (2004), strong reciprocity
refers to the propensity to cooperate and share with others similarly disposed, even at apersonal cost, and a willingness to punish those who violate cooperative and other social
norms, even when punishing is personally costly and cannot be expected to entail net
personal gains in the future. It follows from these arguments that people willingly support
redistribution, provided that others also do so in terms of reciprocity motives. We refer tomotivations for those behaviors as social preference, according to Bowles (2004) (see also
Bowles and Gintis, 2000)
Trust and interpersonal networks based on family or the local community are supposedly
salient characteristics of Asian welfare regimes. Hence, social preferences (e.g., beliefs about
the causes of inequality, considerations about what is fair, and hope for reciprocity or
altruism) could be considered driving forces behind the formation of attitudes towardredistribution; this constitutes one of the more plausible explanations regarding how
individual-level redistribution preference can be shaped in Asian economies. This
understanding is indispensable in focusing on social preferences in dealing with the questionof how individual-level attitudes toward redistribution in Asian economies can be shaped;
this focus differs markedly from that solely on self-interest motives, which most of theeconomic literature assumes (Dion and Birchfield, 2010).
2.3 Institutional diversity of Asian capitalisms
Recent research has clarified that there can be institutional diversity not only between
Asian economies and advanced ones, but also among various Asian economies or welfare
regimes themselves (Harada and Tohyama, 2012; Walter and Zhang, 2012; Witt and Redding,2013; Zhang and Whitley, 2013; Tohyama, 2015). Based on these findings, we can assert that
if people’s attitudes toward redistribution can be influenced by the social or institutional
context in which they are embedded, we could expect a wide range of motivations to
influence people’s attitudes towards redistribution.
Assuming that redistribution preference can be understood only contextually, social
spending preferences emerge that differ from those across national contexts (Dion andBirchfield, 2010; Dallinger, 2013; Schmidt-Catran, 2014). There is likely to be heterogeneityof motivation with respect to redistribution. For example, Dion and Birchfield’s (2010)
empirical findings show that while the assumption that economic self-interest shapes
redistribution preference is likely true in North America, this assumption is less tenable in the
Middle East and Latin America. Their findings indicate that the key assumption of theMeltzer–Richard model—namely, that self-interest motives are at play—may not beuniversally true.
However, rapid growth among Asian economies may lead to the creation of institutional
infrastructure that favors markets, and to the fostering of self-interest motives amongpeople—something that may ultimately have detrimental effects on the social basis of social
preferences. We might see social preferences being “crowded out” by self-interest motives

3

(e.g., Fehr and Gächter, 2002; Bowles and Polania-Reyes, 2012). Hence, while we focus on
the association between a redistribution preference and social preference, we simultaneously
need to address the question of whether and how the association can be influenced in rapidly
expanding market-based economies. We also need to examine the ensuing risks in suchcircumstances, to better understand people’s redistribution preference in drastically changing
Asian economies.
The question addressed is whether the effect of social preferences on redistribution
preference is expected to depend on the extent to which market-based economies dominates,
in other words, different types of market-based environments. That is, we investigate whether
people could change their motives for redistribution according to different type ofmarket-based social relationships.
When investigating individual-level redistribution preference in Asian economies, weneed to assume that there can be a wide range of motivations behind an attitude towardredistribution. Second, in line with the first note, self-interest motives cannot in themselves
sufficiently explain redistribution preference, and so other motivations should be considered.
Social preferences such as trust or reciprocity can serve as promising candidates of other such
motivations. It is especially important to pay attention to those motives that differ fromself-interest ones when dealing with Asian economies, where families and communities
supposedly take decisive roles in welfare provision.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. The first question this study examines
is of whether social preferences are expected to have a positive effect on individual-levelattitudes toward redistribution, provided that trust or interpersonal networks grounded in thefamily or local community are salient characteristics of Asian welfare regimes. We examine
how social preferences affect individual-level attitudes toward redistribution by applying anordered logit model to individual-level data obtained through the World Value Survey(WVS).
Second, we focus on the interaction effects of individual-level social preferences anddifferent types of market-based social relationship on the redistribution preference, toinvestigate whether social preferences can be “crowded out” by rapidly changing or
expanding market-based social relationship and accompanying self-interest motives (e.g.,
Bowles and Polania-Reyes, 2012). Finally, we summarize our results and offer some research
implications.
3. Data
Individual-level attitudes and background characteristics are available through the WVS
dataset (WVS, 2015). This large-scale, and cross-national survey research program offers
insights into individual-level preferences by covering a wide range of economic and social
variations. To date, five waves of the WVS have been collected. Most of Asian economies
were surveyed in four waves of the WVS (2005–2014); as a result, the dataset includes
information about 23,824 individuals in 11 countries from Asian economies (see Table A1).
These data were merged with national-level data such as variables associated with various
markets and the openness of countries available through the World Bank. Individual-leveland national-level data were merged; this made it possible to investigate the effects ofchanging social relationship associated with rapidly expanding market-based relationship.
3.1 Response variable
The preference for redistribution is elicited with the following survey item in the World
Value Survey:

4Many things may be desirable, but not all of them are essential characteristics ofdemocracy. Please tell me for each of the following things how essential you think it
is as a characteristic of democracy. Use this scale where 1 means "not at all an
essential characteristic of democracy" and 10 means it definitely is "an essential
characteristic of democracy":
Governments tax the rich and subsidize the poor.
Categories (10 point scale) :1 Not an essential characteristics of democracy
10 An essential characteristic of democracy
Responses are coded on scale of 1 through 10, with 10 representing the strongest
agreement with ‘An essential characteristic of democracy’. So we could recognize thisoriginal variable as representing that higher values implicate a stronger preference forredistribution. Therefore, this variable is referred to as ‘redistribution’.
3.2 Explanatory variables at the individual level
Social preference
There is no direct measure for social preferences. Accordingly, the following question
items in the World Value Survey are used as proxies for that. It is elicited with the following
question:
Do you think most people would try to take advantage of you if they got a chance, or
would they try to be fair?
This original variable is recored so that the value 1 indicates the strongest agreement withthe statement ‘most people would try to take advantage of you’, and the 10 does ‘most people
would try to be fair’. So we could refer to this variable as ‘fair’. Based the above arguments(Fong et al. 2005; Bowles, 2004), it would be reasonable to expect that respondents who feelthat most people can be fair have stronger preferences for redistribution. The variable ‘fair’ is,thus, expected to have a positive effect on people’s preferences for redistribution.
We expect social preference to have a positive effect on redistribution preference in Asian
economies, because trust or interpersonal networks based on family or the local community
are salient characteristics of Asian welfare regimes.
Self-interest motive
Income This variable represents scale of incomes which are coded on scale of 1 (Lower step)
through 11(Highest step). As mentioned above, preceding studies in line with Meltzer andRichard (1981) on redistribution or redistributive policies assume that individual preferences
are driven by economic self-interest. If individual preferences are truly driven by economic
self-interest, individuals with higher (household) incomes should express less support forgovernment redistribution and those with lower incomes should express greater support(Iversen and Soskice, 2001; Kenworthy and McCall, 2008).
It follows that this variable ‘income’ is supposedly relevant to self-interest motives, and is
expected to be inversely related to demand for redistribution. That is, we expect that the levelof redistribution preferred by an individual is decreasing in his/her income.
5Inequality The Meltzer and Richard model assumes that rising inequality would reducethe income of the median voter and stimulate aggregate demand for redistribution. Hence,
they demonstrate that as inequality increases, and thus the income of the median voter
decreases, demand for redistribution should increase. Yet, we use this variable only wheninvestigating the relationship between redistribution and inequality in the aggregate level.
We utilize the following question items in the World Value Survey as a proxy for inequality:
Now I'd like you to tell me your view on various issues. How would you place yourviews on this scale? 1 means you agree completely with the statement on the left; 10means you agree completely with the statement on the right; and if your views fall
somewhere in between, you can choose any number in between. Sentences: Income
should be made more equal vs We need larger income differences as incentives
3.3 Explanatory variables at the national level: Market-based social relationship
We are concerned with the question of whether the association between social preferences
and redistribution preference can be influenced by the extent to which a market-based social
relationship is dominant.
We build this national level variable representing institutional diversity of themarket-based environments. This variable is summary one created by applying a multiple
factor analysis (MFA) to multiple groups of variables which are all associated with various
markets (see Table A2). Based on this result, we measure the extent to which a market-basedsociety is dominant by using factor scores which each Asian economy hold on the first
dimension. They range from -2.42 (Indonesia) to 3.31 (Hong Kong) (see Figure 4-5). We
refer to this dimension as market-based social relationship, because this dimension
represents the extent to which the market-based environments are dominant.
Dominant market-based social environments might drive individuals to behave in amanner consistent with those seen with self-interest motives: accordingly, this might lead tonurturing economic self-interest, and social preferences might be crowed out by expanding
market-based social relationships and the ensuing self-interest motives.
3.4 Controls: Individual characteristics
We control for respondents’ background characteristics (i.e., age, gender, marital status,
education, income, and class). These control variables are standard in studies of thedeterminants of redistribution preference (e.g., Cusack et al., 2006). Of these variables, wepay special attention to the variables Income, Education, and Class, as they are supposedly
relevant to self-interest motives.We control for respondents’ background characteristics: age,gender, marital status. These control variables are standard in studies on determinants ofpreferences for redistribution (e.g. Cusack et al. 2006).
Age What effect variable age have on individual attitudes toward redistribution is notstraightforward. Elderly people might prefer for redistribution than the younger because theytend to worry about their health. On the other, they might have a negative attitude towardredistribution because their income-based assets are likely to increase with age.
Female we build a dummy variable female which is coded as 1 if a respondent is female, andas 0 if a respondent is male. Females are generally found to be more risk averse and morealtruistic. Their altruistic attitude lead to be in favor of more redistribution. The variable
female is, thus, expected to have a positive effect on preferences for redistribution.
6

Marital Status We build dummy variables measuring if respondent lives in stable
relationship, in other words, whether they are living in a couple household or not.
Respondents answering ‘Married’, ‘Living together as married’, and ‘Living apart but steadyrelation (married, cohabitation)’ are coded as 1, indicating a stable relationship with a partner.
Other responses: ‘Divorced’, ‘Separated’, ‘Widowed’, ‘Single/Never married’, and ‘Divorced,
Separated or Widow’ are all coded as 0. Stable relationship with a partner is considered as abasic insurance scheme. A married person should demand lower levels of social insurance
and accordingly less redistribution. So we expect the variable ‘marital’ to have a negative
effect on preference for redistribution.
4. What are the motivations for redistribution in Asian economies?
4.1 Descriptive analysis
The relationship between redistribution preference and self-interest
If individual preferences are truly driven by economic self-interest, we could find thepositive relationship between inequality and preference for redistribution. When it comes tothe relationship between redistribution preference and social preference, we could expect thepositive relationship between them to appear if redistribution preferences could be influenced
by social preference.
The data for this descriptive analysis are from 11 Asian economies over the surveyed year
1990, 1995, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, and 2012 in WVS.
Figure 1 shows the scatter plot between redistribution and inequality in a national-level. A
national-level preference for redistribution is simply measured using averages of 10 scales forredistribution ‘Governments tax the rich and subsidize the poor’ by country and survey year.
For example, ‘chn2012’ indicates national-level preference for redistribution in China,
averaged over all respondents in 2012. Therefore, ‘economy-year’ are the units ofobservation of dependent and independent variables. Likewise, A national-level inequality isalso measured using averages of 10 scales for inequality by country and survey year.
Figure 1 shows that aggregate income inequality is not positively related to aggregate
redistribution cross-nationally. Meltzer and Richard (1981) argue that higher economic
inequality leads to greater redistribution. However, cross-national correlations between them
are weak or contrary to their predictions in Asian economies (see also VanHeuvelen, 2017).
This result implicates that self-interest motives might be irrelevant to understanding an
individual attitude toward redistribution. At least, this results provide support for theargument that self-interest motives are not universally true (Fong, et al., 2005; Dion &Birchfield, 2010).

7

Fig.1 Redistribution and Inequality

The relationship between redistribution preference and social preference
In contrary, social preferences seem to be relevant to individual attitudes towardredistribution. As in creating national-level redistribution, national-level social preference isalso simply measured using averages of 10 scales for fair by country and survey year. We
could roughly see both the over-time and cross-national variation of redistribution
preferences and social preference by these two variables. As can be see in Figure 2, there
appears a positive correlation between redistribution and fair in Asian economies.
Fig.2 Redistribution and social preference

As results in Figure 1 and 2 suggest, self-interest motives alone might be insufficient for
explaining redistributive preferences, and social preferences should be considered wheninvestigating preference for redistribution in Asian economies. However, these arguments are
based on simple correlation between relevant variables in a macro level. It would beindispensable to investigate how individual attitude to redistribution can be formed by using
micro-level data.

8

Mapping social preference on institutional diversity of Asian markets
As mentioned above, dominant market-based social relationship might drive individuals to
behave in a manner consistent with those seen with self-interest motives: accordingly, thismight lead to nurturing economic self-interest, and social preferences might be crowed out by
expanding market-based social relationships and the ensuing self-interest motives.
As can be see in Figure 3, there appears a negative correlation between faire andmarket-based social relationships. It implicates that social preference might be crowed out by
economic self-interest.
Fig.3 Social preference and institutional diversity of market-based social relationshipHowever, this result is also based on simple correlation between relevant variables in thenational-level. So we need to focus on an interaction effects of individual-level social
preferences and institutional diversity of market-based social relationship on redistribution
preference to investigate whether social preferences can be crowded out by expanding
market-based social relationship and accompanying self-interest motives.
In the following, we examine how social preferences or economic self-interest motives
affect individual attitudes toward redistribution by applying an ordered logit model toindividual-level data.
4.2 The effect of social preference on redistribution preference
We are interested in whether social preferences are good predictors of individual
preferences for redistribution or not. Here, we investigate what effect social preferences haveon redistributive preferences based on individual-level data.
We are also interested in whether the effect of social preferences on redistributive
preferences depends on the extent to which market-based environments and the ensuingself-interest motives are dominant, in other words, whether expanding market-based social
relationships and pro-market attitude could crowd out social preferences or not. In order toanswer this question, we investigate how and the extent to which national-level variable, i.e.,market-based social relationships, can affect the association between individual attitude
toward redistribution and social preferences.

9

Method
Since the dependent variable redistribution is a ten-point Likert-scale variable, we employ
the ordered logit model. Let y* be an unobserved measure of redistribution. For individual i,we specify

where x a matrix of explanatory variables, u is the error term. For an j-alternative ordered
model, we define:

where

and

. Thenwhere F is the cumulative distribution function of ui, andare the thresholdparameters. The regression parameters, and the m-1 threshold parameters are obtained by
maximizing the log likelihood withas defined above. For the ordered logit
model, u is logistically distributed with.
The data for the estimation of the model are from 11 Asian economies over the surveyed
year from 2005 to 2007, included in WVS (2015). In estimating the above model, data arepooled over time.
We adopt following individual-level variables as explanatory variables. One of our focus
variables is one that measure social preference: fair, and the other is income associated with
self-interest motives. In addition, the variables measuring the background characteristics of
respondents are also included. The variable age was measured in years. Female is coded as 0
(male) and 1 (female). The variable marital is coded as 0 (living in unstable relationship) and1(living in stable relationship).
In addition to individual-level variables, we include national-level variable as a proxy forinstitutional diversity of Asian market economies, in other words, the extent to which themarket-based environments are dominant: market-based social relationship. This variable issummary ones, more specifically factor scores, created by applying MFA to four groups ofvariables which are all associated with financial, labor and product markets and the degree of
opening a domestic market. As mentioned above, one of questions of interest to us is to findwhether rapidly growing market economies and the possibly ensuing prevalence ofself-interest motives could have negative effects on the positive association between social
preference and individual attitude toward redistribution. So we investigate effects of theinteraction terms between social preference and market based-social relationship on
preference for redistribution.
4.3 Empirical results
The following table shows the result of ordered login model, where control variables are notshown.

10

11

As mentioned above, our research focus is on whether and how social preferences haveeffect on preference for redistribution. The result shows that effects of social preferences, i.e.,fair, on individual attitude toward redistribution are positive and statistically significant as we
expected. It means that an increase in fair necessarily decreases the probability of being in thelower categories (e.g., redistribution = 1) and increases the probability of being in the higher
categories (e.g., redistribution = 10). In other words, the respondents who think that the idea
‘people would try to be fair’ is important tend to have stronger preference for redistribution.
Therefore, it implicates that preference for redistribution is complemented with social
preferences in Asian economies.
The variables we include in this model, income, is alleged to strongly influence on
self-interest motives. According to a self-interested motives approach, this variable isexpected to be inversely related to demand for redistribution.
The estimated result shows that this variable is statistically significant and negative, whichmeans that people with higher income tend to assume negative attitude toward redistribution.
This result is consistent with an approach based on self-interested motives. Given theseresults, we could understand that even in Asian economies where there can be acomplementarity between social preferences and redistributive preference, self-interest
motives associated with the variable, income, are also likely to play an important role inprescribing preference for redistribution.
On the other hand, these results also clarify that self-interest motives alone are insufficientfor understanding how individual attitudes toward redistribution can be shaped in Asian
economies. There is likely to be the heterogeneity of motivations for redistribution, which isconsistent with arguments such as Fong, et al., (2005), Dion and Birchfield (2010), Dallinger(2013) and Schmidt-Catran (2014).
Another question we are concerned with is to find whether rapidly expanding market
based-social relationships and the possibly ensuing prevalence of self-interest motives could
have a negative effect on the positive association between social preference and individual
attitudes toward redistribution. In order to address this question, we include interaction termsof social preferences and national-level variable, i.e., fair* market based-social relationshipin model (3) , and then investigate effects of the interaction terms on preference forredistribution. We expect the effect of those interaction terms to change depending on theextent to which market-based social relationships are dominant.
As can be seen in model (3), the association between fair and redistributive preference
still remains positive. However, the effect of social preferences turn negative wheninteracting with the variable representing the extent to which market-based social
relationships are dominant. It could suggest that prevailing market-based social relationshipmight weaken the positive association between social preference and preference forredistribution.
In order to make it easy to understand this result, we depicted how the predictedprobability of being each category of redistributive preference, i.e., redistribution 1, 10,changes as the degree of market based-environments evolve. As can be seen in Figure 4, theprobability of respondents choosing the strongest preference for redistribution(redistribution10) is declining as the degree of market-based social relationship increases.
Dotted vertical lines shows institutional diversity of market-based social relationship, in otherwords, the degree of market-based social relationship in each economy. For example, if an
economy reaches to the level of Hong Kong or Singapore, the probability of respondents
choosing redistribution 10 becomes lower. On the contrary, the probabilities of respondents
showing negative attitude toward to redistribution (redistribution1) is increasing as themarket based social relationship expands.

12Fig 4 The predicted probabilities of redistribution preferences according to different market-based social relationship

Note: Based on model (3), this figure shows changes in probabilities ofchoosing each redistribution preference (i,e., 1, 10) and institutional diversityof market-based social relationship. Redistribution preference 10 indicates thestrongest agreement with the statement ‘Government tax the rich andsubsidize the poor’ while redistribution 1 indicates the least agreement withthe statement.
As a result, we could argue that preference for redistribution are diminishing as
prevailing market-based social relationships increase. As an interaction term in the model (3)indicates, the impact of expanding market-based social relationships on redistributive
preference is through social preferences. In order to clarify this interaction term effect, we
describe the changes in probabilities of choosing redistribution preference 10 — thestrongest preference for redistribution — as the extent to which market -based social
relationships become dominant increases by different level of fair in Figure 5.
We investigate the relationship between redistribution preference and the extent towhich market-based social relationships are dominant by different categories of fair: fair 10
and 1, that is, the strongest agreement with the idea ‘people would try to be fair’ and the least
one.

13

Fig. 5 The predicted probabilities of the strongest preference for redistribution(Redistribution preference 10) according to different market -based social relationship bydifferent levels of fair

As can be seen in Figure 5, the probability of respondents indicating the strongest
preference for redistribution is decreasing as the extent to which market based-social
relationships become prevalent. However, this figure also shows that the impact of thedifferent degree of market-based social relationships on the probabilities differs depending on
the level of fair. This result implicates that the negative impact of expanding market-basedsocial relationship on redistributive preferences could be mitigated within a limited range ofmarkets -based social relationships.
It suggests that preference for redistribution is positively associated with fair as long as
market-based social relationships are low enough. However, as market based-social
relationships expand more, the probability of respondents with higher fair choosing thestrongest redistributive preference would be indifferent to that with lower fair. This result
implicates that as market based-social relationships expand, social preference might turn tobe irrelevant to people’s preference for redistribution. In other words, expanding
market-based social relationships might weaken the positive association between social
preference and preference for redistribution. We could conjecture that a social preference
might be crowed out by self-interest motives when the market-based social relationships
become high enough to be near the level of Hong Kong or Singapore.
5. Concluding remarks
Many existing studies assumed that preferences regarding redistribution were explainedwith individuals’ economic self-interest, and they devoted themselves to searching for risks
affecting self-interest motives. However, given that redistributive preference iscontext-dependent, and social preferences, e.g., trust or interpersonal network based onfamily or local community, are salient characteristics of Asian welfare regimes (cf. Jones,
1993; Yu, Chau, and Lee, 2015), self-interest motives approach alone is insufficient forunderstanding how individual attitudes toward redistribution can be shaped in Asian
economies. We argued that social preferences can be considered as one of driving forces
behind the formation of individual attitudes toward redistribution in Asian economies.
We found the positive correlation between redistributive preference and social preferencein Asian economies by examining the relationship between them in the macro level data.
Second, we examined whether and the extent to which social preferences affected preference
14for redistribution by applying an ordered logit model to individual-level data. The results ofthis analysis revealed that social preferences had positive effects on preference forredistribution, and the effects were substantially significant if compared with factors
associated with self-interest motives. It follows from these results that it would beindispensable to take social preferences into consideration in understanding an individual
attitude toward redistribution in Asian economies. These results also provide support for theargument that self-interest motives are not universally true (Fong, et al., 2005; Dion &Birchfield, 2010) , and that communities, which foster cooperative and pro-social behaviors
and social preference, still matter, and encourage people to support redistribution.
At the same time, our result also clarified that a variable, income, which were supposed tobe relevant to self-interest motives, also have negative effects on preference for redistribution.
This result is consistent with the self-motives approach to individual preference towardredistribution.
Taken together, we can argue that in Asian economies, not only self-interest motives, butalso social preferences have impacts on preference for redistribution. Generally speaking,there is likely to be the heterogeneity of motivations for redistribution, which might beinfluenced by institutional diversity of Asian welfare regimes.
Finally, we focused on the possibility that rapidly expanding market-based social
relationships in Asian society may lead to fostering self-interest motives among peoples. Our
empirical analyses clarified that the probability of choosing the strongest preference forredistribution was declining as market based-social relationships expanded, and that as thisvariable increased and approached the maximum, primary individual motives forredistribution could switch from social preferences to self-interest motives. In the pro-market
environments, social preferences might be irreverent to individual attitude towardredistribution. Or social preferences might be crowded out by self-interest motives (Bowles& Polanía-Reyes, 2011).

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16

Appendix

Source: World value survey.

17

Table A2: Variables used to create a variable “market-based social relationships”

Note. All the variables are retrieved from World Bank, World Development indicators.

18ಙ㢗࣭ไᗘ࣭㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶ࣮࣮ඛ㐍ㅖᅜ࡜ᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔⤒῭ࢆᑐ㇟࡟ࡋ࡚ 1ཎ⏣⿱἞㸦ᦤ༡኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ㒊㸧ࡣࡌࡵ࡟㈨ᮏ୺⩏⤒῭ࡣከᵝ࡞ᙧែࢆ࡜ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ୺ᙇࡣ㸪1990ᖺ௦௨㝆࡟✚ࡳୖࡆࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞◊✲ᡂᯝ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⿬௜ࡅࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑࡢከ
ࡃࡣ㸪ᅜẸ⤒῭ࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿไᗘ࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡢᵓᡂࡢከᵝᛶ࡟㸪ࡑࡢ᰿ᣐࡀồࡵࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦Albert 1991, Hall and Soskice 2001, Amable 2003, Boyer
2004, ᒣ⏣ 2008㸧ࠋࡲࡓࡇ࠺ࡋࡓไᗘⓗᵓᅗ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿከᵝᛶศᯒࡣ㸪ᙜึඛ㐍㈨ᮏ୺⩏ᅜ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡀ㸪ḟ➨࡟࢔ࢪ࢔ࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡍࡿ
Ⓨᒎ㏵ୖᅜ࡟ࡶ㸪ࡑࡢ㐺⏝⠊ᅖࡀᗈࡆࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦Walter and Zhang 2012;
Boyer et al. 2012, Storz et al. 2013, ᳜ᮧ࡯࠿2014, Rougier and Combarnous
2017㸧ࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ࣐ࢡ࡛ࣟࣞ࣋ࣝከᵝᛶࢆつᐃࡍࡿไᗘࡸ࣮ࣝࣝࡣ㸪ᙜヱ⤒῭ࡢ୰࡛άືࡍࡿ୺యࡢព㆑ࡸ⾜Ⅽࢆつᐃࡍࡿࡀ㸪୍᪉࡛㸪⤒῭୺యࡢព㆑ࡸ
⾜Ⅽࡀ✚ࡳ㔜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪≉ᐃࡢไᗘࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀ⥔ᣢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ஦
ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ไᗘ࡜୺యࡢព㆑ࡸ⾜Ⅽࡀ┦஫つᐃ㛵ಀࢆࡶࡘࡇ࡜
㸦࣑ࢡ࣭࣐ࣟࢡ࣭࣮ࣟࣝࣉ㸧ࡣ㸪ไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢ୰࡛ࡢ㔜せ࡞୺㢟ࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦ሷἑ 1999㸹᳜ᮧ࣭☾㇂࣭ᾏ⪁ሯ 2007 㸧ࠋ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶㄽ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ࣑ࢡ࣭࣐ࣟࢡ࣭࣮ࣟࣝࣉࡢ㆟ㄽࢆ⪃៖࡟ධࢀࢀࡤ㸪ᅜẸ⤒῭ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢไᗘ࡜ྠᵝ࡟㸪ྛᅜ࣭ྛᆅᇦ࡟Ꮡᅾ
ࡍࡿ୺యࡢព㆑ࡸ⾜Ⅽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ␗࡞ࡿࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡀぢฟࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᮇᚅ
ࡉࢀࡿࠋࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣ㸪ᙜึ࠿ࡽࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟ព㆑ࢆࡶࡕ㸪Harada andTohyama (2012), Tohyama and Harada (2013), 㐲ᒣ࣭ཎ⏣ (2014)࡛ࡣ㸪2000ᖺ௦༙ࡤ࠿ࡽᚋ༙࡟࠿ࡅ࡚࣐ࢡࣟไᗘⓗ࡟ぢࡿ࡜㸪࢔ࢪ࢔㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡟㸪ඛ㐍㈨ᮏ୺⩏ᅜ࡜᫂☜࡟༊ูࡉࢀࡿ5ࡘࡢ㢮ᆺࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ 2ࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍ
1ᮏ✏ࡣ㸪ཎ⏣⿱἞(2018)ࠕಙ㢗࣭ไᗘ࣭㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶ̾̾ඛ㐍ㅖᅜ࡜ᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔⤒῭ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ⤫ィศᯒࠖࠗᦤ༡⤒῭◊✲࠘➨8ᕳ1࣭㸰ྕ㸦ᥖ㍕ணᐃ㸧ࢆຍ➹ಟṇࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ
2࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔࡜ࣇ࢕ࣜࣆࣥ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࠕᓥᕋ༙㎰ᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࠖ㸪ࢱ࢖㸪࣐࣮ࣞࢩ࢔࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࠕ㈠᫆୺ᑟᆺᕤᴗ໬㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࠖ㸪ࢩ࣏࣮ࣥ࢞ࣝ㸪㤶 ࡀᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿ
ࠕ㒔ᕷᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࠖ㸪㡑ᅜ㸪ྎ‴㸪᪥ᮏ࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࠕ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ୺ᑟᆺ㈨ᮏ୺
⩏ࠖ㸪᭱ᚋ࡟୰ᅜࡀᑐ㇟ࡢࠕ኱㝣ΰྜᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ(㐲ᒣ࣭ཎ⏣2014, 66-7, 73-5

1ࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟㸪ࡑࢀ࡜௻ᴗࡢᡓ␎ࡸ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡢᑐᛂ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ 3ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋᮏ✏࡛ࡣ㸪࣑ࢡࣟࡢ⤒῭୺య࡜ࡋ࡚㸪௻ᴗ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪୍⯡ᕷẸ࡟↔Ⅼࢆྜࢃࡏ࡚㸪ಶࠎேࡢព㆑࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞
ࡽ㸪௻ᴗࡣ୍ᐃᩘ௨ୖࡢಶேࡢ㞟ࡲࡾ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᡂ❧ࡍࡿ⤌⧊࡛࠶ࡾ㸪௻ᴗࡢ⾜ືࡶಶேࡢព㆑ࡸ⾜Ⅽࡢ㞟✚ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡏࡤ㸪࣑ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ⾜Ⅽࡸព㆑ࡣ㸪᰿ඖⓗ࡟ࡣಶேࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࡑࢀ࡜࡞ࡿࡣࡎࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᮏ✏࡛ࡣಶேࡢព㆑ࢆ⾲ࡍࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕಙ㢗ࠖᴫᛕ࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࠋ㏻ᖖ㸪⤒῭Ꮫ࡛ࡣ୺యࡢព㆑࡜ࡋ࡚㸪฼ᕫⓗືᶵࡢࡳࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀࡿഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿ
ࡀ㸪ᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪୙᏶඲᝟ሗ࣭୙᏶ഛዎ⣙ࡢୗ࡛෇⁥࡞⤒῭άືࢆ⾜࠺࡟ࡣ㸪୍ᐃࡢ༠ㄪ㛵ಀࡀ୺య㛫࡛ᡂ❧ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪ᶵ఍୺⩏ⓗ⾜ື࡟㝗ࡽ࡞࠸㸪฼ᕫᚰ௨እࡢືᶵࡀᚲせ࡜ࡢ⌮ゎࡀ㏆ᖺᥦ㉳ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓືᶵࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕಙ㢗ࠖࢆᤊ࠼ࡿࠋࡉ
ࡽ࡟ゝ࠼ࡤ㸪௚⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿಙ㢗ࡀ୍ᐃ௨ୖࡢ⠊ᅖ࡛ඹ᭷ࡉࢀࡿ࡜㸪ࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ୺య㛫࡛ᣢ⥆ⓗ࡞༠ㄪ㛵ಀࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࢀࡣไᗘࡢࡦ࡜
ࡘࡢᙧែ࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Bowles 2004, 㑥ヂ253-4࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄆ㆑࡟ࡶ࡜࡙࠸࡚㸪ᮏ✏࡛ࡣಙ㢗࡟㛵ࢃࡿಶே୺యࡢព㆑
ࡢከᵝᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࡑࢀࡀ࣐ࢡࣟไᗘⓗከᵝᛶ࡜࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞
㛵ಀࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋ
௨ୗ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡲࡎಙ㢗࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿඛ⾜◊✲ࢆᴫほࡋࡘࡘಙ㢗ᴫᛕࡢᩚ⌮ࢆ⾜࠺㸦➨1⠇㸧ࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛㸪ಙ㢗ᵓ㐀ࡢከᵝᛶࢆ⤫ィⓗ࡟ศᯒࡋ㸦➨2⠇㸧㸪ಙ㢗ᵓ㐀ࡢከᵝᛶ࡜ไᗘⓗከᵝᛶ࡜ࡢᑐᛂࢆ᳨ウࡋࡘࡘ㸪ᮏ✏ࡢศᯒ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿྵពࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿ㸦➨3⠇㸧ࠋ㡫㸧ࠋࡇࢀࡽ5ࡘࡢ㢮ᆺ࡟ຍ࠼࡚㸪࢖ࣥࢻࢆศᯒᑐ㇟࡟ධࢀࡓ㐲ᒣ࣭ཎ⏣(2014)ࡢศᯒ
ࡣ㸪࢖ࣥࢻࡀ༢⊂࡛ࠕIT୺ᑟᆺ⤫ไ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࠖ࡟ศ㢮࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ3ྠ✀ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶㄽࡢඛ㥑ⓗᴗ⦼࡛࠶ࡿHall and Soskice (2001)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ
ぢࡽࢀࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠕᵓ㐀ࡀᡓ␎ࢆつᐃࡍࡿࠖࡇ࡜ࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⌮ゎࡣ㸪࣑ࢡ࣭࣐ࣟࢡ࣭࣮ࣟࣝࣉ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶ㸪≉ᐃࡢไᗘᵓ㐀ࡀ୺య⾜ືࡢ≉ᐃᡓ␎ࢆỴࡵ㸪࡯ࡰ୍ᵝ࡞୺యᡓ␎ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠕ࣐ࢡࣟї࣑ࢡࣟࠖࡢつᐃ㛵ಀࡢᙉㄪ࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ㐲ᒣ࡜ཎ⏣ࡢ୍㐃ࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⌮ゎ࡟␗㆟ࢆၐ࠼ࡿ࡭ࡃ㸪≉ᐃࡢไᗘᵓ㐀ࡢୗ࡛ࡣ㸪௻ᴗ⾜ືࡸ௻ᴗᡓ␎㸦࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆྵࡴ㸧࡟≉ᐃࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ࡜ྠ᫬
࡟㸪ࡑࡇ࠿ࡽ㐓⬺ࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡶ࠶ࡾ㸪⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚௻ᴗ⾜ື࡟୍ᐃࡢከᵝᛶࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ
♧ࡋࡓࠋ≉ᐃࡢ⾜ືࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ࠿ࡽ㐓⬺ࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡢᏑᅾࡣ㸪ไᗘኚ໬ࡢዎᶵ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛㸪ከᵝᛶㄽࢆືែ໬ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆࡶࡘࠋ

2

1. ⤒῭ㄪᩚࡢᇶ♏࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢಙ㢗࡜ࡑࡢ༊ศ
ಙ㢗࡟㛵ࢃࡿ୺యࡢព㆑ࡢከᵝᛶࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡾ㸪ᮏ⠇࡛ࡣඛ⾜◊✲ࢆᴫほࡋࡓୖ࡛㸪ᐇドศᯒ࡟㐺⏝ྍ⬟࡞ᙧ࡟ಙ㢗ᴫᛕࢆᩚ⌮ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃࠋ
ಙ㢗ᴫᛕࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ࡣ㸪⤒῭Ꮫ࡟㝈ࡗ࡚ࡶࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀ࠶ࡾ
࠺ࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ2ࡘࡢ⣔㆕࡟ゝཬࡋ࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋ➨1࡟ࡣ㸪ᮏ✏ෑ㢌࡛ࡶ♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪୙᏶඲᝟ሗ࣭୙᏶ഛዎ⣙ୗ࡛୺య㛫ࡢ⤒῭ⓗㄪᩚࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿ⤒῭ⓗືᶵࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ಙ㢗ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿ㆟ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࢧ࣑ࣗ
࢚࣭ࣝ࣎࢘ࣝࢬ࡟ࡼࡿ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡢ㆟ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋBowles (2016)ࡣࠕ࠶ࡿࡀ
ࡲࡲࡢே㛫ࠖീ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪฼௚ⓗഃ㠃ࡢᏑᅾࢆ㸪ᐇ㦂⤒῭Ꮫⓗศᯒࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚
᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪୙᏶඲᝟ሗ࣭୙᏶ഛዎ⣙ࡢୗ࡛ࡣ୺య㛫࡟㠀ᑐ⛠ᛶࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡓࡵ㸪฼ᕫᚰࡢࡳ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃ୺యࡣᶵ఍୺⩏ⓗ⾜ືࢆ࡜ࡾ㸪ㄪᩚࡀᡂ❧ࡋ࡞࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᅔ㞴ࢆྲྀࡾ㝖ࡃ㸪ࡲࡓࡣ⦆࿴
ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡢᴫᛕࡀᥦ㉳ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲ࡜ࡣ㸪୺యࡀ⮬ࡽࡢ⾜ືࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚௚⪅ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡲࡓࡣ㐣⛬ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Bowles 2004: 㑥ヂ107㸧ࠋࡘࡲࡾ㸪฼ᕫᚰ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ୺
యࡢព㆑ࡸືᶵࡶࡲࡓࡑࡢ⾜ືࢆᇶ♏࡙ࡅࡿせᅉ࡜ぢ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡓࡔࡋ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡣ♫఍ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ែ࡟࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ⥔ᣢࡉࢀࡿ㡹೺࡞ືᶵ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀ⥔ᣢࡉࢀࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࡣᕷሙࢆྲྀ
ࡾᅖࡴྛ✀ࡢไᗘ࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡀᣦ᦬ࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡣ㸪ᐇ㦂࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ཎึⓗ࡟ࡣ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃ୺యࡢ⾜ືࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣ࡟࠾࠸࡚฼ᕫⓗ⾜ືࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀ୚࠼
ࡽࢀࡿ࡜㸪♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃ⾜ືࡀ᥀ࡾᔂࡉࢀࡿ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲ࡜࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀࢡࣛ࢘ࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࣭࢔࢘ࢺࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
୍᪉࡛㐺ษ࡞タᐃࢆ⾜࠼ࡤ㸪࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࡜♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡣ⿵᏶ⓗ࡜࡞ࡿࢡࣛ࢘ࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࣭࢖ࣥࡀ⏕ࡌࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡿࠋ⌧ᐇ࡟ᘬࡁࡘࡅ࡚ゝ࠼ࡤ㸪ἲࡢᨭ㓄ࡸࠕࣜ࣋ࣛࣝࠖ࡞ไᗘ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㐺ษ࡞ไᗘࡀᏑ
ᅾࡍࢀࡤ㸪฼ᕫⓗືᶵࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿᕷሙ໬ࡀ㐍⾜ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡀࢡࣛ࢘ࢻ࣭࢔࢘ࢺࡉࢀࡎ࡟ࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞♫఍ࡀᡂ❧ࡋ࠺ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࡢṔྐⓗ㐣⛬ࢆࡓ࡝ࡗ࡚ࡶ㸪Ḣ⡿ࡢඛ㐍ᅜ⤒῭࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ≧ἣࡀᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜
࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣᣦ᦬ࡍࡿ㸦Bowles 2016; 㑥ヂ142࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࠋ

3ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㆟ㄽࡣࡁࢃࡵ࡚⯆࿡῝࠸ࡀ㸪♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲࡢᴫᛕࡣከᵝ࡞ෆᐜࢆྵࡳ㸪ᐇドⓗ࡟ࡣྲྀࡾᢅ࠸ࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸ሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࡑࡇ࡟ྵࡲ
ࢀࡿࡦ࡜ࡘࡢᴫᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚ಙ㢗ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚௨ୗ࡛ࡢ⪃ᐹ࡜ศᯒࢆ㐍ࡵࡼ࠺ࠋ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡶୖグࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ಙ㢗ࡢ⏝ㄒࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿ(ex. Bowles
2016; 㑥ヂ140)ࠋ
ಙ㢗ᴫᛕࡣ㸪୺య㛫ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㊥㞳࡟ᛂࡌ࡚2ࡘ࡟኱ูࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛
ࡁࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ୍᪉࡛㸪ᐙ᪘ࡸ཭ே࡞࡝ẚ㍑ⓗ㏆ࡋ࠸㛵ಀ࡛ᡂ❧ࡍࡿࠕಶู
ⓗ࡞ಙ㢗ࠖpersonalized trust࡛࠶ࡾ㸪௚᪉࡛ࡣ♫఍⤒῭ⓗ⏕ά࡟࠾࠸࡚ฟ఍
࠺୙≉ᐃከᩘࡢே࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᢪࡃࠕ୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࠖgeneralized trust࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡢ㆟ㄽ࡛ࡣ㸪ཎึⓗ࡞♫఍࡛ࡣಶูⓗ࡞ಙ㢗࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃ♫఍㛵ಀࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ᕷሙྲྀᘬࡀᬑཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜㸪ḟ➨࡟୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࡀಶูⓗಙ㢗ࢆ⨨ࡁ᥮࠼࡚࠸ࡃ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㆟ㄽࡣ♫఍ᚰ⌮Ꮫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪౛࠼ࡤᒣᓊ(1998)ࡢࠕಙ㢗ࡢゎࡁᨺࡕ⌮ㄽࠖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ᕷሙ໬ࡢ㐍⾜࡜୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࡢᬑཬࡀ୪Ꮡࡋ࡚ࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞ᕷẸ♫఍ࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྵពࡣ㸪᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡓᕷẸ♫఍ㄽࡢ㆟ㄽ࡜ぶ࿴ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᒣ⏣࣭᳜ᮧ࣭⸨⏣࣭ཎ⏣ ㏆ห㸧ࠋ୍᪉୍࡛⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࡀ᏶඲࡟ᬑཬࡋࡓᕷẸ♫఍ࡀᐇᏑࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᝿ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁ⌧ᐇࡢ♫఍ࡣ㸪ಶูⓗಙ㢗࡜୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࡀ୪Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ㸪୪Ꮡࡢ࠶ࡾᵝࡣ♫఍࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ከᵝ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗࡜ಶูⓗಙ㢗࡜ࡢᑐẚ࠿ࡽ♫఍ࡢ≧ែࢆᤊ࠼ࡿ㆟ㄽࡀ➨2ࡢ⣔㆕࡛㸪ࡑࢀࡣ㸪㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ぢ࠸ࡔࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋWitt and Redding (2013)ࡣ㸪♫఍㈨ᮏࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙࠸࡚㸪ไᗘ໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗institutionalized trust 4࡜ಶูⓗಙ㢗ࡢ2ࡘࡢᴫᛕࢆᥦ㉳ࡋ㸪๓⪅ࡣඛ㐍ㅖᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚Ⓨ㐩ࡋ㸪ᚋ⪅ࡣ࢔ࢪ࢔ࡢ♫఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ᗈࡃほᐹࡉࢀࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ㸪࢔ࢪ࢔࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣅࢪࢿࢫ࣭ࣔࢹࣝࡢ㢮ᆺ໬࡟㐺⏝ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪ࡇࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙࠸࡚㸪Uemura, Yamada and Harada (2016)ࡣ㸪㈨ᮏ୺

4

ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࡉࡋ࠶ࡓࡾ㸪ไᗘ໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࢆ㸪ඛ㏙ࡢ୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗࡜㢮ఝࡢᴫᛕ࡜఩
⨨࡙ࡅࡿࡀ㸪Witt and Redding (2013)ࡀ๓⪅࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࢆ㔜どࡋࡘࡘㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡣὀពࢆせࡍࡿࠋ࠿ࢀࡽࡣไᗘ໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࢆᇶ♏࡙ࡅࡿࡢࡣࢩࢫࢸ࣒
ࡢᏑᅾ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡣࢩࢫࢸ࣒࣭ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝ㸪ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ⓗಙ㢗㸪ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ⓗ೔⌮ᛶ࡜ ࠸ࡗࡓせ⣲࡟ศ๭ྍ⬟࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ(Witt and Redding 2013,p.289)ࠋࡇࢀࡣไᗘ໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࡢᴫᛕࡀ㸪ᚋ㏙ࡍࡿಙ㢗ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡜㛫᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡜ࡢ༊ศࡢ཮᪉࡟ࡲࡓࡀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆࡶࡘࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢព࿡࡛㸪ไᗘ໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗࡜୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࡢ␗ྠࡶྵࡵ࡚ಙ
㢗ᴫᛕࡢ᳨ウࡣ㸪௒ᚋࡉࡽ࡟ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ4⩏♫఍ࡢẁ㝵࡜ከᵝᛶࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚఩⨨௜ࡅࡽࢀࡿᕷẸ♫఍ㄽ࡜⌧௦㈨ᮏ୺⩏ศᯒࡢ1ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡉࢀࡿ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶㄽ࡜ࢆ㛵㐃࡙ࡅࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ไᗘ໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗࡜ಶูⓗ࡞ಙ㢗࡜ࡢ༊ูࢆㄽࡌࡓࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㆟ㄽࡣᕷẸ♫఍ㄽࡢ⣔㆕࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶぢฟࡉࢀࡿࠋᮃ᭶(1973)㸪┿ᮌ(1977,1981)㸪ぢ⏣(1996)࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡿࠕࠗࢤ࣐࢖ࣥࢩࣕࣇࢺ㸭ࢤࢮࣝࢩࣕࣇ
ࢺ࠘ࡢ」ᒙᛶࠖ㸦ᑠ㔝ᑎ2015㸸247㡫㸧࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡀࡑࢀ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿ࡜
⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ඛ⾜◊✲࡛ぢࡽࢀࡿಙ㢗ᴫᛕࡢࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ༊ู࡟ຍ࠼࡚㸪ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࡶ࠺ࡦ
࡜ࡘࡢ༊ศࢆᑟධࡍࡿࠋୖ㏙ࡋࡓಶูⓗಙ㢗࡜୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࡢ༊ศࡣ㸪୺య㛫ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ࡞㛵ಀ࡟㛵ࢃࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡣ㸪Ꮡᅾࢆឤࡌࡽࢀ
ࡿ㊥㞳࡟࠶ࡿ௚⪅㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ≉ᐃࡉࢀࡓ௚⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿಙ㢗࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᚋ⪅ࡣ㸪⠊ᅖ࡟ᐃࡵࡀ࡞࠸࠿㸪⠊ᅖࡀ㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ࠿࡞ࡾᗈ⠊ᅖ࡛㸪༏ྡⓗࡲࡓࡣ≉ᐃࡉࢀ࡞࠸௚⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿಙ㢗࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ๓⪅࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡶࡕ
ࢁࢇ㸪ᚋ⪅࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ༏ྡⓗ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶಶே࡟ᑐࡍࡿಙ㢗࡜࠸࠺ព࿡
࡛㸪୧⪅ࡣಙ㢗ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
௚᪉࡛㸪┤᥋ⓗ࡟௚⪅ࢆಙ㢗ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࡏࡎ࡜ࡶ㸪᪤࡟Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⤌⧊ࡸไᗘࢆಙ௵ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ≉ᐃࡢつ⠊ࡸཎ⌮㸪౯್ほ࡟ᚑ࠺ࡇ࡜࡛㸪௚⪅࡜ࡢ༠ㄪ㛵ಀࢆᡂ❧ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣไᗘࡸ⤌⧊㸪つ⠊➼ࢆ௓ࡋ࡚㛫᥋ⓗ࡟௚⪅ࢆಙ㢗ࡍࡿ㛵ಀ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ
࠺ࠋࡇࡢಙ㢗ࡢ㛫᥋ⓗ㛵ಀࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞㡿ᇦ࡛ぢ࠸ࡔࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࡦ࡜ࡘࡢ༊ศ࡜ࡋ࡚ᩚ⌮ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢಙ㢗ᴫᛕࡢ༊ศࢆᩚ
⌮ࡋࡓࡢࡀ௨ୗࡢ⾲1࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲1 ♫఍㛵ಀ࡜ಙ㢗ᴫᛕࡢ༊ศ
㛵ಀࡢ⠊ᅖ࣭≉Ṧᛶ

㛵ಀࡢ㉁

┤᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ
㛫᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ

⊃࠸㸦཭ே㸪ᐙ᪘㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕㸧ᗈ࠸࣭༏ྡⓗ㸦ᕷሙ㸧ಶูⓗಙ㢗୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ไᗘࡸ⤌⧊࡬ࡢಙ௵㸪⾜ືつ⠊ࡢ㑂Ᏺฟᡤ㸧ⴭ⪅సᡂ

௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᩚ⌮ࡉࢀࡿಙ㢗ࢆேࠎࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙧ࡛᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࢆ⾲ࡋࡓࡶࡢࢆ㸪ேࠎࡢಙ㢗࡟㛵ࡍࡿព㆑ᵓ㐀㸦௨ୗ㸪ಙ㢗ᵓ㐀㸧࡜࿧ࡪࡇ࡜
࡟ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ⥆ࡃ⠇࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢಙ㢗ᵓ㐀ࡢከᵝᛶࢆᐇドⓗ࡟᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ

5

2. ಙ㢗ᵓ㐀ࡢከᵝᛶᮏ⠇࡛ࡣ㸪๓⠇࡛ࡢᩚ⌮࡟ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ಙ㢗ᵓ㐀ࡀඛ㐍ㅖᅜ࠾ࡼࡧᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ㅖ⤒῭࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ከᵝ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑ࠺ࡋࡓከᵝᛶࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞せᅉ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࢆ㸪⤫ィⓗᡭἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࡑࡇ࡛ࡢศᯒ⤖ᯝࡀ㸪࣐ࢡࣟไᗘⓗከᵝᛶ࡜࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞
㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿ࠿ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ
2-1. ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜ศᯒᡭἲ
ศᯒ࡟⏝࠸ࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ㸪ୡ⏺౯್ほㄪᰝ:RUOG9DOXH6XUYH\ :96 ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ:96 ࡢㄪᰝࡣᖺ࡟ጞࡲࡾ㸪⌧ᅾᅇ┠ࡢㄪᰝࡀᐇ᪋ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪࢝ᅜ௨ୖ㸪ୡ⏺ேཱྀࡢ㸣௨ୖࢆᑐ㇟࡟㸪᭱㏆࡛ࡣ⣙୓ேࢆᑐ㇟࡟ඹ㏻ࡢ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࡀᑐ㠃ㄪᰝࡢᙧ࡛ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀ㸪ேࠎࡢಙᛕࡸ౯್ほࡀㄪᰝࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏵ୖᅜ࠿ࡽඛ㐍ᅜࡲ࡛࠶ࡽࡺࡿ⠊ᅖࡢᅜࢆ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡀ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡣ㸪ୡ⏺୰ࡢ♫఍⛉Ꮫ⪅࠿ࡽࡢせᮃ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ᵓᡂࡉࢀ㸪ㄪᰝࢆ㔜ࡡࡿ୰࡛㐺ᐅධࢀ᭰࠼ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ᭱᪂ࡢㄪᰝ㸦➨ᅇ㸧࡛ࡢㄪᰝศ㔝࡟ࡣ㸪♫఍ⓗ౯್ほ㸪ែᗘ㸦⪃࠼᪉㸧㸪㏻ᛕ㸪♫఍ⓗ㈨ᮏ㸪ಙ㢗㸪⤌⧊࡬ࡢཧຍ㸪⤒῭ⓗ౯್ほ㸪೔⌮ⓗ౯್ほ࣭つ⠊㸪ᨻ἞ⓗ㛵ᚰ࡜ᨻ἞ⓗཧຍ࡞࡝ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ
:96ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓಙ㢗ࡸ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢศᯒࡣࡍ࡛࡟Ꮡᅾࡍ
ࡿࠋ7DEHOOOLQL  ࡣ㸪:96ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ౑ࡗ࡚㸪୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࡀࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞ᨻ἞ⓗไᗘࡢ㛗࠸Ṕྐࢆࡶࡗࡓᅜࠎ࡟࠾࠸࡚✚ᴟⓗ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᐇドࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪$OHVLQDDQG*LXOLDQR   ࡣྠࡌࡃ:96ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪⨫ྡάື㸪ࢹࣔࡸ࣎࢖ࢥࢵࢺ࡬ࡢཧຍ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᨻ἞ⓗάື࡟✚ᴟⓗ࡟ཧຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜㸪Ꮚ౪ࡓࡕࡸ୧ぶ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᐙ᪘ࢆୡヰࡋࡓࡾᐙ᪘࡬
ࡢᩗឡࢆࡶࡗࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㈇ࡢ┦㛵ࢆࡶࡘࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ࠺ࡕ࢔ࢪ࢔㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ࣐ࢡࣟไᗘⓗከᵝᛶࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ
ࡓ+DUDGDDQG7RK\DPD  ࡜ᑐ㇟ᮇ㛫ࡀ㔜࡞ࡿ➨ᅇㄪᰝ㸦ᖺ௦୰ⴥ
࡟ᐇ᪋㸧ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࠋࡲࡓᑐ㇟ࡢᅜ࣭ᆅᇦ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ྍ⬟࡞㝈ࡾྠ◊✲࡜ࡢ⤫୍ࢆᅗࡿ 5ࠋྛ✀ㄪᰝ㡯┠ࡢ୰࠿ࡽ㸪ᮏ✏ࡢศᯒ┠ⓗ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿ࡜
5ᑐ㇟ᅜࡣ௨ୗࡢ23࢝ᅜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ (AUS), ࢝ࢼࢲ (CAN), ୰ᅜ (CHN), ྎ‴(TWN), ࣇ࢕ࣥࣛࣥࢻ(FIN), ࣇࣛࣥࢫ(FRA), ࢻ࢖ࢶ(GER), 㤶(HKG), ࢖ࣥࢻ (IND),࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔ (IDN), ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ (ITA), ᪥ᮏ (JPN), 㡑ᅜ (KOR), ࣐࣮ࣞࢩ࢔ (MYS), ࢜ࣛࣥࢲ (NLD), ࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻ (NZL), ࣀ࢙࣮ࣝ࢘ (NOR), ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥ (SPN), ࢫ࢙࣮࢘6⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿศ㔝࡜㡯┠ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࢆ௨ୗ࡛♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࡢࢢ࣮ࣝ
ࣉ࡟෌ᵓᡂࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡜ࡣ㸪㸧୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗 JHQHUDOL]HGWUXVW㸪㸧ಶูⓗ࡞ಙ㢗 SHUVRQDOL]HGWUXVW㸪㸧ಙ௵ FRQILGHQFH㸪㸧Ẹ୺୺⩏ GHPRFUDF\㸪 㸧ᕷሙ PDUNHW㸪㸧ᨻ἞ SROLWLFV㸪㸧බṇᛶIDLUQHVV㸪㸧ṇᙜᛶ MXVWLILDEOH㸪㸧᐀ᩍ UHOLJLRQ㸪㸧ປാ ZRUN࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸧࡜㸧ࡣ㸪ඛ㏙ࡋࡓಙ㢗ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡟㛵ࢃࡿࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡛࠶ࡿࠋṧࡾࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡣ㸪ಙ㢗ࡢ㛫᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡟㛵ࢃࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࢀࡣࡉࡽ࡟⣽ศ໬ࡉࢀࡿࠋ㸧ࡣ᪂⪺࣭㞧ㄅ㸪ᨻᗓ㸪ປാ⤌ྜ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ≉ᐃࡢ⤌⧊ࡸไᗘ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ
ಙ௵ࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ㸧ࡣ౛࠼ࡤ෌ศ㓄ࡸ⮬⏤㑅ᣲ࡜࠸ࡗࡓせ⣲ࡀẸ୺୺⩏࡟࡜ࡗ࡚࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘᚲ㡲࠿࡜࠸ࡗࡓ஦᯶ࢆၥ࠺ࡇ࡜࡛㸪Ẹ୺୺⩏ไᗘ࡬ࡢಙ௵ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ㸧ࡣ➇த࡟ᑐࡍࡿホ౯ࢆᑜࡡࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ᕷሙ㸦໬㸧࡜࠸࠺ไᗘ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣつ⠊࡟ᑐࡍࡿಙ௵࡜⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ㸧ࡣᨻ἞࡬ࡢ㛵ᚰࡸᨻ἞ⓗ⾜ືࡢ᭷↓ࢆᑜࡡࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ྛ✀ไᗘࡸࡑࡢኚ໬࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㛵୚ࢆ⾲ࡍ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋ㸧ࡣᡤᚓ୙ᖹ➼ࡢチᐜ࡞࡝ࡘ࠸࡚ᑜࡡࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ᡤᚓศ㓄ࡢබṇᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ౯್ほࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋ㸧ࡣ౛࠼ࡤ㸪⬺⛯ࡋࡓࡾ㸪බඹ஺
㏻ᶵ㛵ࡢᩱ㔠ࢆࡈࡲ࠿ࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢṇᙜᛶࢆᑜࡡ㸪⾜ືࡢつ⠊ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋ㸧ࡣ᐀ᩍࡢ㔜せᛶ࡞࡝ࢆᑜࡡࡿࡇ࡜࡛᐀ᩍࡀ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘ⾜ືつ⠊࡜࡞ࡿ࠿ࢆ♧ࡍ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ㸧ࡣ♫఍ⓗ㈐ົ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ໅ປࡸ㸪໅ຮ࡜ᡂຌࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ၥ࠸㸪ປാ࡟࠾ࡅࡿつ⠊ᛶࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋ
ㄪᰝ࡛ࡣᑐ㇟ࡢᅜ࣭ᆅᇦࡈ࡜࡟  ࠿ࡽ  ࡢᅇ⟅ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢᅇ⟅ࢆ༢⣧ᖹᆒࡋ࡚㸪ࡑࢀࢆྛᅜ࣭ᆅᇦࡢ௦⾲್࡜ࡋࡓ 6ࠋศᯒᡭἲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ኚᩘࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢຠᯝࢆ᫂♧໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪ከᅉᏊศᯒ
Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) 7 ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚ከᵝᛶࢆつᐃࡍࡿせᅉࢆྠᐃࡋ
ࡓୖ࡛㸪ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ศᯒࢆ⏝࠸࡚ྛ⤒῭ࢆ㢮ᆺ໬ࡋࡓࠋ

ࢹࣥ (SWE), ࢫ࢖ࢫ (SWZ), ࢱ࢖ (THA), ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ (GBR), ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ (USA)ࠋ࡞࠾
Harada and Tohyama (2012)࡟ࡣྵࡲࢀ㸪ᙜヱᅇࡢWVSㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ₃ࢀࡓᅜࡣ㸪࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣜ࢔
(AUT)㸪࣋ࣝࢠ࣮(BEL)㸪ࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡ(DNK)㸪ࢠࣜࢩࣕ(GRC)㸪࢔࢖ࣝࣛࣥࢻ(IRL)㸪࣏ࣝ
ࢺ࢞ࣝ(PRT)㸪ࣇ࢕ࣜࣆࣥ(PHL)㸪ࢩ࣏࣮ࣥ࢞ࣝ(SGP)࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
6
ཝᐦ࡟ゝ࠼ࡤ㸪ᅇ⟅⪅ࡢᖺ㱋㸪ᛶู㸪⫋ᴗ㸪ಙ௮࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪1ࡘࡢᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶከ
ᵝᛶࡀ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡢᒓᛶ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࢙࣮࢘ࢺ࡙ࡅࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡾ㸪 ୍ᅜෆࡢᅇ⟅ศᕸࢆ⪃៖࡟ධࢀࡓࡾࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ᮏ✏࡛ࡢศᯒࡣ㸪ಙ㢗ᵓ㐀࡟ᑐࡍࡿ୍ḟⓗ᥋㏆࡜ࡋ࡚㸪᭱ࡶ༢⣧࡞ฎ⌮ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
7
MFAࡣ㸪୺ᡂศศᯒࢆᣑᙇࡋࡓศᯒᡭἲ࡛࠶ࡿ (Escofier and Pagès 1998; Abdi andValentin 2007; Pagès 2015)ࠋࡑࡢ≉ᚩࡣ㸪ኚᩘࢆࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ໬ࡋ㸪ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ໬ࡉࢀࡓኚᩘࡢ
ࢭࢵࢺ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚グ㏙ࡉࢀࡿศᯒᑐ㇟ࡢᩓࡽࡤࡾ㸦ከᵝᛶ㸧ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿᅉᏊ㸦୺ᡂศ㸧ࢆつᐃࡍࡿኚᩘࢆྠᐃ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟㸪ྛᅉᏊ࡟ᑐࡍࡿኚᩘࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢᙳ㡪ᗘࡶ≉ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜
ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠋ

7ศᯒࡣ㸱ࡘࡢẁ㝵࡟ศࡅ࡚⾜࠺ࠋ➨㸯࡟%RZOHV  ࡽࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ࡋࡓࡀ
ࡗ࡚㸪ಙ㢗ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ㸦୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗࡜ಶูⓗ࡞ಙ㢗㸧࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿ
ኚᩘࡢࡳࢆ⤌ࡳ㎸ࢇࡔศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ➨㸰࡟㸪ไᗘ࣭⤌⧊࡬ࡢಙ௵ࡸ⾜ືつ⠊ࡢ㑂Ᏺ࡜࠸ࡗࡓಙ㢗ࡢ㛫᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿኚᩘࢆ⏝࠸ࡓศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟㸪ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢኚᩘࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪ಙ㢗ᵓ㐀඲య࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ2-2. ಙ㢗ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿศᯒ㸸୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗࡜ಶูⓗಙ㢗0)$ಙ㢗ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑࡛ࡁࡿ୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗࡜ಶูⓗ࡞ಙ㢗ࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡟ศ㢮ࡋࡓㅖኚᩘࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ0)$ࡢ⤖ᯝࡣᅗϭ࡟♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛
ࡣ㸪ᅛ᭷್ࡀ௨ୖࢆ♧ࡍࡘࡢᅉᏊ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᗙᶆࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋᶓ㍈ࡣ㸪ศᩓࡢㄝ᫂ຊࡀ᭱ࡶ㧗࠸  ➨ᅉᏊ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᵓᡂࡉࢀ㸪ࡇࢀࢆつᐃࡍࡿ୺せ࡞ኚᩘࡣ㸪ṇ್ഃ࡛ࡣ㸪㏆ࡃࡢேࢆຓࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ㔜せᛶ㸪ࠕึᑐ㠃ࡢࠖࠕ␗࡞ࡿᅜ⡠ࡢࠖࠕಶேⓗ࡟㠃㆑ࡢ࠶ࡿࠖࠕ㏆㞄ࡢࠖே࡬ࡢಙ㢗㸪⮬❧ⓗಶே୍࣭ᅜࡢᕷẸ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⮬ᕫㄆ㆑࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ࠺ࡕࡢከࡃ
ࡣ㸪୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿኚᩘ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ࠕ␗࡞ࡿᅜ⡠ࡢࠖࠕಶேⓗ࡟㠃㆑ࡢ࠶ࡿࠖࠕ㏆㞄ࡢࠖே࡬ࡢಙ㢗ࡣಶูⓗಙ㢗࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟➨ᅉᏊࡢṇ್ഃࡢつᐃせᅉࡣ㸪୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗࡜ಶูⓗಙ㢗ࡀධࡾΰࡌࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪:LWWDQG5HGGLQJ
 ࡀᣦ᦬ࡍࡿไᗘ໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗࡜ಶูⓗಙ㢗ࡢ༊ู࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃඛ㐍ᅜ࡜࢔ࢪ࢔ㅖᅜࡢ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡸ㸪%RZOHV  ࡀᣦ᦬ࡍࡿᕷሙ໬࡟క࠺㸪ಶูⓗ࣭ᐙ᪘ⓗಙ㢗ࡢ୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗࡟ࡼࡿ௦᭰࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㆟ㄽ࡜ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ
࡜㸪ወ␗࡞ࡶࡢ࡟ᫎࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪:96ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࡀ㧗࠸ᅜ࡛ࡣಶู໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࡶ㧗࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ౛࠼ࡤ㸪୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࢆ♧ࡍ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕࡓ࠸࡚࠸ࡢேࡣಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿࠖࡢኚᩘࢆ㸪ಶูⓗಙ㢗ࡢ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕಶேⓗ࡟㠃㆑ࡢ࠶ࡿே࡬ࡢಙ㢗ࠖࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ࠸
ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅇ⟅ࡢศᕸࡀ⾲࡟♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࡀ㧗࠸ࢫ࢙࣮࢘ࢹ࡛ࣥࡣಶูⓗಙ㢗ࡶ㧗ࡃ㸪୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࡀࡑࢀ࡯࡝㧗ࡃ࡞࠸ᅜ࡛ࡣ㸪ಶูⓗಙ㢗࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ༑ศ㧗࠸࡜ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡿࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࡇࡇ࡛♧ࡋࡓᩘ್ࡣ୍౛࡟㐣ࡂࡎ㸪௒ᚋ༑ศ࡟᳨ウࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࡀ㧗࠸㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
୙≉ᐃࡢேࠎ࡟ᑐࡍࡿಙ㢗ࡀ㧗࠸᫬࡟㸪㏆ࡋ࠸㛵ಀࡢே࡬ࡢಙ㢗ࡀపୗࡍࡿヂ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣẚ㍑ⓗ᝿ീࡀࡘࡁࡸࡍ࠸ࠋࡇࡇ࠿ࡽ㸪୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ
㢗࡜ಶูⓗಙ㢗ࡣ┦஫᤼௚ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪࢝ࣂ࣮ࡍࡿ㛵ಀࡢᗈࡉ࠿

8ࡽ㸪ࡇࡢᅉᏊࡢṇ್ഃࡣ୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࡢ⛬ᗘࢆ⾲ࡍ࡜⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋ௚᪉ྠᅉᏊࡢ㈇್ഃ࡛ࡣ㸪ឿၿ⤌⧊㸪ປാ⤌ྜ㸪⫋ᴗ⤌⧊㸪ᨻඪ㸪⎔ቃᅋయ࡬ࡢཧຍࡀ㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
௨ୖࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ࡇࡢ➨ᅉᏊࡣ୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗࡜≉ᐃ⤌⧊࡬ࡢཧຍ࡜
ࡢᑐ↷࡜ࡋ࡚ゎ㔘ࡋ࠺ࡿࠋ➨ᅉᏊࡣ㸪ࡢศᩓㄝ᫂ຊࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪୺࡟⎔ቃᅋయ㸪ᨻඪ࡬ࡢཧຍ㸪ே⏕࡟࠾ࡅࡿ཭ேࡢ㔜せᛶ㸪ࠕಶேⓗ࡟㠃㆑ࡀ࠶ࡿࠖࠕ␗࡞ࡿ᐀ᩍࡢࠖࠕึᑐ
㠃ࡢࠖே࡬ࡢಙ㢗࡜ṇࡢ┦㛵ࢆࡶࡕ㸪ᖖ࡟♩൤ṇࡋࡃ᣺⯙࠺ࡇ࡜ࡢ㔜せᛶ㸪ఏ⤫ࡢ㔜ど࡜㈇ࡢ┦㛵ࢆࡶࡘࠋࡇࡢᅉᏊࡣಶேⓗ㛵ಀࡢ㔜ど࡜ఏ⤫࡞࡝࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃ⾜ືつᚊࡢ㔜ど࡜ࡢᑐ↷࡜⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋ

ᅗ12000ᖺ௦୰ⴥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗࡜ಶูⓗಙ㢗ࡢከᵝᛶ  ฟᡤ㸧ⴭ⪅సᡂ

9⾲2୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗࡜ಶูⓗಙ㢗ࡢྛᅜẚ㍑౛
ࢻ࢖ࢶ࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔

㡑ᅜࢫ࢙࣮࢘ࢹࣥ

࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡓ࠸࡚࠸ࡢேࡣಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿ㸦୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗㸧ࡓ࠸࡚࠸ࡢேࡣಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿ

33.80%

37.50%

28%

65.20%

39.10%

༑ศ࡟Ẽࢆࡘࡅࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ

57.90%

50.60%

71.10%

30.70%

60.30%

ಶேⓗ㠃㆑ࡢ࠶ࡿே࡟ᑐࡍࡿಙ㢗㸦ಶูⓗಙ㢗㸧᏶඲࡟ಙ㢗ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ

23.60%

21.80%

15.20%

50.10%

28%ࡸࡸಙ㢗ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ

68.60%

61.20%

68.40%

48%

62.90%

࠶ࡲࡾಙ㢗ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸

5.30%

14.90%

14.60%

1.60%

5.40%

ࡲࡗࡓࡃಙ㢗ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸

0.30%

1.10%

1.80%

0.10%

0.50%

  ฟᡤ㸧:RUOG9DOXHV6XUYH\㸦୍㒊┬␎㸧ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ศᯒ
0)$ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙࠸࡚ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺࡜㸪࢔ࢪ࢔㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢㅖ⤒῭ࡣ㸪ඛ㐍㈨ᮏ୺⩏ㅖᅜ࡜୍ᐃ⛬ᗘ༊ูࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢᅜ࡟
ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ΰᡂࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡞ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡣ௨
ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࢖ࣥࢻ㸦ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸧ࡣ⊂⮬࡞Ꮡᅾ࡜ࡋ࡚⌧ࢀࡿࠋ࣐࣮ࣞࢩ࢔㸪ࢱ࢖㸪㡑ᅜ㸪ྎ‴ࡀ㸪࢖ࢱࣜ࢔࡜࡜ࡶ࡟୍ࡘࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿ㸦ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮
㸧ࠋ᪥ᮏ࡜୰ᅜࡣࢫ࣌࢖ࣥ࡜ࡘࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࢆᙧ࡙ࡃࡾ㸦ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸧㸪㤶ࡣ㸪ࣇࣛࣥࢫ㸪ࢻ࢖ࢶ㸪࢜ࣛࣥࢲ㸪࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔࡜ྠࡌࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࢆᙧ
ᡂࡍࡿ㸦ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸧ࠋṧࡾࡣ㸪ࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻࡀ⊂⮬ࡢࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ࢆ
ᙧᡂࡍࡿ࡯࠿㸦ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸧㸪໭Ḣㅖᅜ㸦ࣇ࢕ࣥࣛࣥࢻ㸪ࣀ࢙࣮ࣝ࢘㸪ࢫ࢙࣮࢘ࢹࣥ㸧ࡀ⊂⮬ࡢࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ࢆ࡞ࡋ㸦ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸧㸪ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ࡀ㸪࢔ࣥࢢࣟࢧࢡࢯࣥㅖᅜࢆ୰ᚰ࡟࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔㸪࢝ࢼࢲ㸪࢖ࢠࣜࢫ㸪ࢫ࢖ࢫ㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࢀ࡟࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔ࡀຍࢃࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ㢮ᆺࡢ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪┤ほⓗ࡞ゎ㔘ࡀᐜ࡛᫆ࡣ࡞࠸ࡼ
࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
2-3. ಙ㢗ࡢ㛫᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿศᯒ㸸ไᗘ࣭⤌⧊࡟ᑐࡍࡿಙ௵࠾ࡼࡧつ
⠊ࡢ㑂Ᏺ

10

0)$
ಙ㢗ࡢ㛫᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡟༊ูࡉࢀࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚0)$ࢆ⾜࠺࡜㸪ࡘࡢᅉᏊ
ࡀࡘࡢኚᩘ௨ୖࡢㄝ᫂ຊࢆ᭷ࡋ㸪඲యࡢศᩓࡢ㸣௨ୖࡢㄝ᫂ຊࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ
ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ㸦ᅗϮཧ↷㸧ࠋ➨ᅉᏊࡢศᩓㄝ᫂ຊࡣ࡛㸪ࡑࢀࡣṇ್ഃࡢࡳ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀ㸪ឿၿᅋయ㸪⎔ቃಖㆤ㸪኱௻ᴗ㸪ዪᛶ㐠ື㸪ᨻඪ㸪ປാ⤌ྜ㸪ࢸࣞࣅ㸪ᅜ఍㸪᪂⪺㸪㌷㝲㸪ᐁබᗇ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⤌⧊࡬ࡢಙ௵㸪Ẹ୺୺⩏ࡢ㔜ど㸪ศ㓄ࡢබṇᛶ㸪⮬ᅜࡢẸ୺ᗘ㸪ಶேࡢேᶒᑛ㔜㸪ᨻ἞ⓗᑻᗘ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⮬ᕫࡢ఩⨨௜ࡅ࡜࠸ࡗࡓኚᩘࡀ୺࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠶ࡓ࠼ࡿࠋࡇࡢᅉᏊ
ࡣ㸪⥲ࡌ࡚ྛ✀⤌⧊࡬ࡢಙ௵࡜Ẹ୺ⓗไᗘࡢ㔜ど࡜ࡋ࡚ゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿࠋศᩓ
ࡢࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ➨ᅉᏊࡣ㸪ṇ್ഃ࡛⨫ྡࡸ࣎࢖ࢥࢵࢺ࡬ࡢཧຍ㸪᐀ᩍࡸ㌷㝲ࡢẸ୺୺⩏࡬ࡢ㛵୚㸪ᨻᗓ࡬ࡢ⤥௜せồࡸ཰㈥ࡢṇᙜᛶ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀ㸪㈇್ഃ࡛ࡣே⏕࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᐀ᩍࡢព࿡ࡢ㔜ど㸪ປാ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿྛ✀つ⠊㸪Ẹ୺୺⩏࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏨ዪྠᶒࡸ⮬⏤㑅ᣲࡢ㔜ど࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟➨ᅉᏊࡣࡢศᩓࢆㄝ᫂ࡋ㸪ᨻᗓࡢ㈐௵㸪ᩍ఍࡟ᑐࡍࡿಙ௵㸪➇தࡢ᭷┈ᛶ㸪໅ຮࡢຠ⏝࡜ṇࡢ┦㛵ࢆ࡞ࡋ㸪᐀ᩍⓗ⤌⧊࡬ࡢཧຍ㸪㑅ᢥࡢ⮬⏤ࡢᐇឤ㸪ே⏕࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⚄ࡢ㔜せᛶ࡜㈇ࡢ┦㛵ࢆࡶࡘ 8ࠋ

ᅗ22000ᖺ௦୰ⴥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿಙ㢗ࡢ㛫᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿከᵝᛶ  ฟᡤ㸧ⴭ⪅సᡂࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ศᯒ

8➨3ᅉᏊࡢᅗ♧ࡣ⣬ᖜࡢ㒔ྜୖ㸪┬␎ࡍࡿࠋ110)$ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡁࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺࡜㸪࢔ࢪ࢔ㅖ⤒῭࡜ඛ㐍ᅜ࡜ࡢ༊ูࡀ᫂░࡜࡞ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪࢖ࣥࢻ㸦ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸯㸧㸪୰ᅜ㸦ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸰㸧㸪࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔㸦ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸱㸧㸪࣐࣮ࣞࢩ࢔㸪ࢱ࢖㸦ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸧㸪㡑ᅜ㸪ྎ‴㸦ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸧ࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡜ࡋ࡚ᯒฟࡉࢀ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡣ㸪+DUDGDDQG7R\DPD  㸪㐲ᒣ࣭ཎ⏣  ࡛ᯒฟࡋࡓไᗘⓗᵓᅗ࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿ࢔ࢪ࢔㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ㢮ᆺ࡟࡯ࡰᑐᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 9ࠋඛ㐍ᅜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
ࡣ㸪࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔㸪࢝ࢼࢲ㸪ࣇ࢕ࣥࣛࣥࢻ㸪ࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻ㸪ࣀ࢙࣮ࣝ࢘㸪ࢫ࢙࣮࢘ࢹࣥ㸪ࢫ࢖ࢫ㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡜࠸ࡗࡓ࢔ࣥࢢࣟࢧࢡࢯࣥ࡜໭Ḣㅖᅜࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡍࡿࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㸦ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸧࡜㸪ࣇࣛࣥࢫ㸪ࢻ࢖ࢶ㸪࢖ࢠࣜࢫ㸪㤶㸪࢖ࢱࣜ࢔㸪᪥ᮏ㸪࢜ࣛࣥࢲ㸪ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥ㸦ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸧࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡣໟᣓⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢ㸪࢔ࣥࢢࣟࢧࢡࢯࣥ࡜໭Ḣㅖᅜࡢࢢࣝ
࣮ࣉ࡜⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋᚋ⪅࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡣᅔ㞴࡞ࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿ 10ࠋ
2-4. ಙ㢗ᵓ㐀඲య࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿศᯒ
0)$ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢኚᩘࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓศᯒศᯒࢆ⾜࠺࡜㸪ᅛ᭷್ࡀ௨ୖ㸪࠿ࡘᑐ㇟ᅜࡢศᩓࡢㄝ᫂ຊࡀ㸣௨ୖࡢᅉᏊࡀࡘᯒฟࡉࢀࡿࠋ➨ᅉᏊࡣ㸪ศᩓࡢ⣙㸣ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢᅉᏊࢆつᐃࡍࡿኚᩘࡣ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋṇࡢ┦㛵ࢆࡶࡘࡢࡣ㸪ឿၿᅋయ㸪኱௻ᴗ㸪⎔ቃಖㆤ㐠ື㸪ዪᛶ㐠ື㸪ᅜ఍ࡸᨻඪ࡜࠸ࡗࡓྛ✀⤌⧊࣭ᶵ㛵࡬ࡢಙ௵㸪ಶேࡢேᶒᑛ㔜㸪Ẹ୺୺⩏ࡢ㔜どᡤᚓࡢබṇ࡞ศ㓄࡜࠸ࡗࡓኚᩘ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ኚᩘࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࠿ࡽぢࢀࡤ㸪ಙ௵࡜Ẹ୺୺⩏㸪බṇ㸦୙ᖹ➼㸧ࡢศ㔝࡛༨ࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ୍᪉㸪ྠᅉᏊࡣᨻඪ㸪⎔ቃᅋయ㸪⫋ᴗᅋయ࡬ࡢཧຍ࡜࠸࠺ಶูⓗಙ㢗࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿኚ

9ࣇ࢕ࣜࣆࣥࡣ௒ᅇࡢศᯒ࠿ࡽ₃ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪᏶඲࡟ࡣᑐᛂࡋ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪ࣇ࢕ࣜࣆࣥࡢࢹ
࣮ࢱࡀ࠶ࢀࡤ㸪࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔࡜ࡢ㊥㞳ࡀ㏆࠸ࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜᝿ീ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡓ᪥ᮏࡣ㸪2000ᖺ௦༙ࡤ࡟ࡣ㡑ᅜ㸪ྎ‴H࡜ྠࡌࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࢆᙧᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀ(Harada and Tohyama 2012)㸪
2000ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࡢศᯒ㸦㐲ᒣ࣭ཎ⏣ 2014)࡛ࡣ୧ᅜ࡜㊥㞳ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ௨ୗ࡛ぢࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪ಙ㢗ᵓ㐀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪᪥ᮏࡢ⊂⮬ᛶࡀࡍ࡛࡟ 2000ᖺ௦༙ࡤ࡛ࡶ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
10ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㝵ᒙⓗࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ศᯒࢆ㐺⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࡇࡇ࡛♧ࡋࡓ 2ࡘࡢࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ࡢୗ఩ࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚☜ㄆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸵࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࣀ࢙࣮ࣝ࢘࡜ࢫ࢙࣮࢘ࢹࣥࡀ1ࡘࡢୗ఩ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡜ࡋ࡚㆑ูࡉࢀࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ࢡ
ࣛࢫࢱ࣮7ࡣ㸪࢔ࣥࢢࣟࢧࢡࢯࣥࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡍࡿࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡜㸪໭Ḣㅖᅜࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㸦ࣇ࢕ࣥࣛࣥࢻࡣ౛እ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡀ㸧࡟ูࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ௚᪉ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸳࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ୗ఩ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡛㸪᪥ᮏࡀศ㞳ࡉࢀࡿࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡢୗ఩ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡶ㸪ᚋ㏙ࡢಙ㢗ᵓ㐀඲యࡢศᯒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᯒฟࡉࢀࡿ㢮ᆺ࡜୍⮴ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡣὀពࢆせࡍࡿࠋ12

ᩘ࡜㈇ࡢ┦㛵ࢆࡶࡘࠋ௨ୖࡼࡾ㸪ࡇࡢᅉᏊࡣྛ✀⤌⧊࡬ࡢಙ௵࠾ࡼࡧẸ୺ⓗไᗘࡢ㔜ど࡜㸪≉ᐃ⤌⧊࡬ࡢ㛵୚࡜ࡢᑐ↷࡜ࡋ࡚ゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿࠋ➨ᅉᏊࡣ⣙ࡢศᩓࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ୺࡟㸪ࠕึᑐ㠃ࡢࠖࠕಶேⓗ࡟㠃㆑ࡢ࠶ࡿࠖࠕ␗࡞ࡿᅜ⡠ࡢࠖே࡬ࡢಙ㢗㸪⨫ྡࡸ࣎࢖ࢥࢵࢺ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᨻ
἞ⓗάື࡬ࡢཧຍࡸ㸪ᨻᗓ࡬ࡢ⤥௜せồࡸ཰㈥ࡢṇᙜᛶ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟᐀ᩍࡸ㌷㝲ࡢẸ୺୺⩏࡬ࡢ㛵୚࡜ࡣࣉࣛࢫ࡟㸪௚᪉࡛㸪ே⏕࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᐀ᩍࡢ㔜ど㸪ປാ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿྛ✀つ⠊㸪Ẹ୺୺⩏࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏨ዪྠᶒࡸ⮬⏤㑅ᣲࡢ㔜ど࡜ࡣ࣐࢖ࢼࢫ࡟ࡑࢀࡒࢀ┦㛵ࡍࡿࠋᅉᏊࢆつᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿኚᩘࢆࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢഃ
㠃࡛ࡳࢀࡤ㸪ࣉࣛࢫഃࡣ㸪ᨻ἞㸪୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗㸪Ẹ୺୺⩏㸪ಶูⓗಙ㢗㸪ṇᙜᛶ㸦つ⠊㸧࡜ከࡃࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡀධࡾΰࡌࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪࣐࢖ࢼࢫഃ࡛ࡣ᐀ᩍ㸪ປാ㸪Ẹ୺୺⩏ࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡀ㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟ᑐ㇟ᅜࡢศᩓࡢ㸣ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ➨ᅉᏊࡣ㸪ឿၿᅋయ㸪᐀ᩍᅋయ㸪⫋ᴗ⤌⧊㸪ປാ⤌ྜ࡬ࡢཧຍࡸ㑅ᢥࡢ⮬⏤ࡢᐇឤ㸦᐀ᩍ㸪ಶูⓗಙ㢗㸪ᕷሙ໬ࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㸧࡜ࡣṇ┦㛵ࡋ㸪ᨻᗓࡢ㈐௵࡟ᑐࡍࡿᮇᚅ࡜ࡑࡢ㔜ど㸦ᨻ἞ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㸧ࡸ㸪ఏ⤫ࡢ㔜ど㸦ಶูⓗಙ㢗ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㸧࡜ࡣ㈇ࡢ┦㛵ࢆࡶࡘࠋࡇࡢ࠺ࡕ᭱ึࡢ㸰ࡘࡢᅉᏊ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᑐ㇟ᅜࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀ㸪ᅗ࡛࠶ࡿ 11ࠋ

ᅗ32000ᖺ௦୰ⴥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿಙ㢗ᵓ㐀ࡢከᵝᛶ㸦➨1-2ᅉᏊ㸧  ฟᡤ㸧ⴭ⪅సᡂ

11➨3ᅉᏊࡢᅗ♧ࡣ⣬ᖜࡢ㒔ྜୖ┬␎ࡍࡿࠋ13ࡲࡓ㸪ྛኚᩘࡀࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ྛᅜࡢከᵝᛶࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿᅉᏊ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ
࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓ࠿ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀᅗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅗ࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡞ࡼ࠺࡟㸪ಙ௵㸪ᕷሙ໬㸪බṇᛶࡣ┦ᑐⓗ࡟➨ᅉᏊࢆᙉࡃつᐃࡋ㸪➨ᅉᏊ࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣప࠸ࠋ཯ᑐ࡟ṇᙜᛶ㸪᐀ᩍ㸪ປാࡣ➨ᅉᏊࡼࡾࡶ➨ᅉᏊ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚኱ࡁ
࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋಶูⓗಙ㢗㸪୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗㸪Ẹ୺୺⩏࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪୧᪉ࡢᅉᏊ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚┦ᙜ⛬ᗘࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࡇࡇ࡛ᅗ♧࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪➨ᅉᏊࡢ᝟ሗࢆྜࢃࡏ࡚⪃៖ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ಶูⓗಙ㢗ࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ
ࡣࡘࡢ୺せᅉᏊࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶྠ⛬ᗘࡢᙳ㡪ຊࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ

ᅗ4

୺せᅉᏊࢆつᐃࡍࡿኚᩘࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢศᕸ㸦➨1-2ᅉᏊ㸧  ฟᡤ㸧ⴭ⪅సᡂࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ศᯒ
ୖグศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺࡜㸪௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞㢮ᆺࢆᯒฟ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪ඛ㐍ᅜ࡜ᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔⤒῭࡜ࡀ᫂☜࡟༊ู࡛ࡁࡿࠋල
యⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪࢖ࣥࢻ㸦ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸯㸧㸪୰ᅜ㸦ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸰㸧㸪᪥ᮏ㸦ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸧㸪࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔㸦ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸧ࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ⊂❧ࡋࡓᏑᅾ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑
ࡉࢀ㸪࣐࣮ࣞࢩ࢔࡜ࢱ࢖㸦ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸧㸪㡑ᅜ࡜ྎ‴㸦ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸧ࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡜ࡋ࡚㆑ูࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡣ㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡶ+DUDGDDQG7RK\DPD  ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㐲ᒣ࣭ཎ⏣  ࡛ᯒฟࡉࢀࡓไᗘⓗᵓᅗ࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿ࢔ࢪ࢔㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ㢮ᆺ࡟࡯ࡰᑐᛂࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
୍᪉ඛ㐍ᅜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪࢔ࣥࢢࣟࢧࢡࢯࣥࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࢡࣛࢫࢱ
࣮ࡀ㸪࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔㸪࢝ࢼࢲ㸪ࣇ࢕ࣥࣛࣥࢻ㸪࢖ࢠࣜࢫ㸪ࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛ

14ࣥࢻ㸪ࢫ࢖ࢫ㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ࡣ㸪ࣀ࢙࣮ࣝ࢘㸪ࢫ࢙࣮࢘ࢹࣥࡢ໭Ḣㅖᅜࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ࡣࣇࣛࣥࢫ㸪ࢻ࢖ࢶ㸪࢖ࢱࣜ࢔㸪࢜ࣛࣥࢲ㸪ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥࡢ኱㝣࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㅖᅜ࡜㤶

ࡢΰᡂ࡜ࡋ࡚ᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

3. ศᯒࡢྵព
๓⠇ࡢศᯒ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽᘬࡁฟࡉࢀࡿྵពࡣ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨࡟㸪ಙ㢗ᵓ㐀࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿྛ⤒῭ࡢ㢮ᆺ࡜ไᗘⓗᵓᅗ࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿ⤒῭ࡢ㢮ᆺ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟⥭ᐦ࡞㢮ఝᛶࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ ⾲ ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ಙ㢗࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿேࠎࡢព㆑
ࡢᵓ㐀ࡀ㸪ಶࠎேࡢព㆑ࢆ⤖ᬗ໬ࡋࡓไᗘࡢᵓᅗ࡜┦㛵ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋࡲࡓࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㢮ఝᛶࡣ㸪཮᪉ࡢศᯒࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ㡹೺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡶ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋࡉࡽ࡟㢮ᆺࡢᑐᛂࢆヲ⣽࡟ぢࡿ࡜㸪ಙ㢗ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ㛵ಀࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓศᯒ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿ㢮ᆺࡼࡾࡶ㸪ಙ㢗ࡢ㛫᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣಙ㢗ᵓ㐀඲యࡢศᯒ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿ㢮ᆺࡢ᪉ࡀ㸪ไᗘⓗᵓᅗࡢ㢮ᆺ࡜ࡢ㢮ఝᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀぢ࡚ྲྀࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ಙ㢗ᵓ㐀ࡢከᵝᛶࡀ㸪୺య㛫ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ㛵ಀࡼࡾࡶไᗘࡸ⤌⧊࡬ࡢಙ௵࡜࠸
ࡗࡓ㛫᥋ⓗ㛵ಀࡢ㐪࠸࡟ࡼࡾᙉࡃ౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
⾲3 ಙ㢗ᵓ㐀࡜ไᗘⓗᵓᅗࡢከᵝᛶ̾̾㢮ᆺࡢẚ㍑

ฟᡤ㸧ࠕಙ㢗ᵓ㐀ࡢከᵝᛶࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣⴭ⪅సᡂ㸪ࠕไᗘⓗᵓᅗࡢከᵝᛶࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪+DUDGDDQG7RK\DPD  ࠾ࡼࡧ㐲ᒣ࣭ཎ⏣ ὀ㸧 㢮ᆺࡢ␒ྕ 1R ࡣ㸪౽ᐅୖࡘࡅࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛㸪ྛศᯒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ࡢ␒ྕ࡜
ࡣᑐᛂࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ

15ὀ㸧 ࡣ㸪ಙ㢗ᵓ㐀ࡢከᵝᛶศᯒ࡛ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᅜྡࢆ♧ࡋ㸪 ࡣ㐲ᒣ࣭ཎ⏣ ࡟࠾࠸࡚㹼ᖺࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿศᯒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ຍ࠼ࡽࢀࡓᅜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

➨࡟㸪ྠࡌࡇ࡜ࡣከᵝᛶࡢỴᐃせᅉ࠿ࡽࡶ᥎ᐹ࡛ࡁࡿࠋಙ㢗ᵓ㐀඲యࡢศᯒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ㅖ⤒῭ࡢከᵝᛶࢆࡶࡗ࡜ࡶㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ➨ᅉᏊࡢṇ್ഃࢆつᐃࡍࡿ୺せ࡞ኚᩘࡣ㸪ឿၿᅋయ㸪኱௻ᴗ㸪⎔ቃಖㆤ㐠ື㸪ዪᛶ㐠ື㸪ᅜ఍ࡸᨻඪ࡜࠸ࡗࡓྛ✀⤌⧊࣭ᶵ㛵࡬ࡢಙ௵㸪ಶேࡢேᶒᑛ㔜㸪Ẹ୺୺⩏ࡢ㔜どᡤᚓࡢබṇ࡞ศ㓄࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪ಙ㢗ࡢ㛫᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿศᯒ࡟࠾࠸
࡚➨ᅉᏊࢆつᐃࡍࡿኚᩘ࡜ࡢ㔜」ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸㸦Ѹཧ↷㸧ࠋ୍᪉㸪ಙ㢗ᵓ㐀඲యࡢศᯒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ➨ᅉᏊࡢ㈇್ഃࡣᨻඪ㸪⎔ቃᅋయ㸪⫋ᴗᅋయ࡬ࡢཧຍ࡟
ࡼࡗ࡚୺࡟つᐃࡉࢀࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࢀࡣಙ㢗ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿศᯒ࡛➨ᅉ
Ꮚࡢ㈇್ഃࢆつᐃࡍࡿኚᩘ࡟࡯ࡰ୍⮴ࡍࡿ㸦Ѹཧ↷㸧ࠋࡑࡢព࿡࡛ࡣ➨ᅉᏊࡢṇ್ഃࡣಙ㢗ࡢ㛫᥋ⓗ㛵ಀࡀ㸪㈇್ഃࡣ┤᥋ⓗ㛵ಀࡀつᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࡀ㸪㈇್ഃࢆつᐃࡍࡿኚᩘ࡜➨ᅉᏊ࡜ࡢ┦㛵ಀᩘࡣ㸪ṇ್ഃ࡟࠾ࡅࡿኚᩘ࡜ᅉᏊ࡜ࡢ┦㛵ಀᩘࡼࡾࡶᖹᆒⓗ࡟ᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ
࡜ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ಙ㢗ࡢ㛫᥋ⓗ㛵ಀࡀ➨ᅉᏊ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡀ┦ᑐⓗ࡟኱ࡁ࠸࡜ุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋྠᵝ࡟㸪ಙ㢗ᵓ㐀඲యࡢศᯒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ➨ᅉᏊ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ಙ㢗ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ㛵ಀࡼࡾࡶ㛫᥋ⓗ㛵ಀࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ┦ᑐⓗ࡟ᙉࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠᅉᏊࡢṇ್ഃ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࠕึᑐ㠃ࡢࠖࠕಶேⓗ࡟㠃㆑ࡢ࠶ࡿࠖࠕ␗࡞ࡿᅜ⡠ࡢࠖே࡬ࡢಙ㢗࡜࠸࠺ಙ㢗ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡟㛵ࢃࡿኚᩘࡶ㸪⨫ྡࡸ࣎࢖ࢥࢵࢺ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᨻ἞ⓗάື࡬ࡢཧຍࡸ㸪ᨻᗓ࡬ࡢ⤥௜せồࡸ཰㈥ࡢṇᙜᛶ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟᐀ᩍࡸ㌷㝲ࡢẸ୺୺⩏࡬ࡢ㛵୚࡜࠸ࡗࡓಙ㢗ࡢ㛫᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡟㛵ࢃࡿኚᩘࡶΰࡌࡾྜࡗ࡚ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪㈇್
ഃ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ே⏕࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᐀ᩍࡢ㔜ど㸪ປാ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿྛ✀つ⠊㸪Ẹ୺୺⩏࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏨ዪྠᶒࡸ⮬⏤㑅ᣲࡢ㔜ど࡜࠸ࡗࡓලྜ࡟㸪ࡶࡗࡥࡽಙ㢗ࡢ㛫᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡟㛵ࢃࡿኚᩘࡀᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣ㸪ᕷሙ࡜ࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞ไᗘࡀ㐺ษ࡟⤌ࡳྜࢃࡉࢀࢀࡤ㸪ᑐே㛫ࡢಙ㢗ࡀ୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓᙧ࡛ಁ㐍ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᕷ
Ẹⓗ㑅ዲࡢࢡࣛ࢘ࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࣭࢖ࣥຠᯝࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞ไᗘ
ࢆタィࡍࡿ❧ἲ⪅ࡢᙺ๭࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡋࡓ㸦%RZOHV㸸➨❶㸧ࠋ୍᪉㸪❧ἲ⪅ࡀタᐃࡋࡓ࣮ࣝࣝࡸไᗘࡀຠᯝⓗ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ㸪୺యࡀࡑࢀࡽไ
ᗘࢆಙ௵ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព࿡࡛㸪ᮏ✏ࡢศᯒࡣಙ㢗ᵓ㐀඲యࡢከᵝᛶࡀ㸪୺య┦஫ࡢಙ㢗࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶ㸪ࡑࢀࢆ፹௓ࡍࡿไᗘࡸ⤌⧊㸪

16⾜ືࡢつ⠊࡟ᑐࡍࡿಙ௵࣭ಙ㢗࡟ᙉࡃ౫ᣐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓ࡜
ゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚➨࡟㸪ಙ㢗ᵓ㐀ࡢከᵝᛶࡀ୺࡟ไᗘ࣭⤌⧊࡬ࡢಙ௵ࡢከᵝᛶ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼㸪ᑐே㛫ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ಙ㢗㛵ಀࡀព࿡ࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸ࢃ
ࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋಙ㢗ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿࡢࡣ㸪୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࡢ⛬ᗘ㸦➨ᅉᏊṇ್ഃ㸧࡜ಶูⓗ࡞ಙ㢗࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿᣦᶆ
㸦➨ᅉᏊ㸧࡜ࡢ஺ᕪࡢ୰࡛ྛᅜࡀ఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ
࠺ࡕ➨ᅉᏊࡀ♧ࡍ୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࡢ㧗పࡣ㸪ඛ⾜◊✲ࡢᡂᯝࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿ࡜㸪࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡣᕷẸ♫఍ࡢᡂ⇍ᗘࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡼ࠺ࠋ⯆࿡῝࠸Ⅼࡣ㸪➨ᅉᏊ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿ㒊ศ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᅉᏊࡣఏ⤫࡞࡝࡟ࡶ࡜࡙࠸࡚
⾜ືࢆつᚊࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㔜どࡍࡿ୍᪉㸪ಶேⓗ㛵ಀࢆ㔜どࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡢᑐ↷࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆᩜ⾝ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ಶูⓗ࡞ಙ㢗࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡜࠸ࡗࡓ♫఍ࡢ㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓ⠊ᅖ࡟࠾ࡅࡿಙ㢗㛵ಀ࡜㸪ಶேᑐಶேࡢ
㛵ಀ࡟࠾ࡅࡿಙ㢗࡜ࡀ༊ูࡉࢀ㸪୧⪅ࡢ⛬ᗘࡢ⤌ྜࡏ࡜ࡋ࡚ᑐ㇟⤒῭ࡀከᵝ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗㸪♫఍ࡢ㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓ⠊ᅖෆࡢಙ㢗㸪ಶูⓗ㛵ಀ࡟࠾ࡅࡿಙ㢗㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡘࡢ㍈ࡀಙ㢗ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿከᵝᛶࢆつᐃࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ከ㍈ⓗẚ㍑ࡣ㸪ಙ㢗ᵓ㐀ࡢከᵝᛶࡀ㸪୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗࡟ࡼࡿಶูⓗಙ㢗ࡢ௦᭰ %RZOHV ࡸ㸪ᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ಙ㢗ࡢࢱ࢖ࣉ࡟ࡼࡿඛ㐍ᅜ࡜ᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔⤒῭ࡢ༊ู :LWWDQG5HGGLQJ ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ༢⣧࡞㆟ㄽ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽ
ࡎ㸪ྛᅜ࣭ྛᆅᇦࡀ୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗࡜ಶูⓗ࡞ಙ㢗ࡢ」ᒙⓗ࡞⤌ྜࡏ࡜ࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜̿̿ᕷẸ♫఍ㄽࡢほⅬ࡛ゝ࠼ࡤ㸪ࠕࢤ࣐࢖ࣥࢩࣕࣇࢺ㸭ࢤࢮࣝࢩࣕࣇࢺࠖࡢ」ᒙᛶ̿̿ࢆᐇドࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࡶࡋ
ࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
࠾ࢃࡾ࡟
ᮏ✏ࡣ㸪⤫ィศᯒࡢᡭἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪ಙ㢗ᵓ㐀㸫㸫ಙ㢗࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿ୺యࡢ
ព㆑ᵓ㐀㸫㸫ࡢከᵝᛶࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ㸪ࡑࡇ࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡿྛᅜ࣭ྛᆅᇦࡢ
㢮ᆺࡀ㸪࣐ࢡࣟไᗘⓗከᵝᛶ࡟ࡼࡿ㢮ᆺ࡜࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࡓࠋᮏ✏ࡢศᯒ࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ௨ୗࡢ㸱Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨࡟㸪ಙ㢗ᵓ㐀࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿྛ⤒῭ࡢ㢮ᆺ࡜ไᗘⓗᵓᅗ࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿ⤒῭ࡢ㢮ᆺ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟⥭ᐦ࡞㢮ఝᛶࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ಙ㢗ᵓ㐀࡜ไᗘⓗᵓᅗࡢከᵝᛶ࡟࠿17ࢇࡍࡿศᯒ⤖ᯝࡀ┦஫⿵᏶ⓗ࡛㸪ᯒฟࡉࢀࡓ㢮ᆺࡀ㡹೺࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ➨࡟ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ㸪ಙ㢗ᴫᛕࢆ୍⯡໬ࡉࢀࡓಙ㢗ࡸಶูⓗಙ㢗࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿಙ㢗ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿࡶࡢ࡜㸪ไᗘࡸ⤌⧊࡬ࡢಙ௵㸪⾜ືつ⠊ࡢ㑂Ᏺ࡜࠸ࡗࡓಙ㢗ࡢ㛫᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿࡶࡢ࡟༊ศࡋࡓ
ࡀ㸪ಙ㢗ᵓ㐀ࡢከᵝᛶࢆࡼࡾᙉࡃつᐃࡍࡿࡢࡣ㸪ಙ㢗ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿኚᩘࡼࡾࡶ㸪㛫᥋ⓗ㛵ಀ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿኚᩘ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ
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ࡲࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪௒ᚋྛ✀ࡢᨵၿࢆせࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤ㸪ᮏ✏ࡢศᯒ࡛ࡣ㸪ከᵝᛶࡢつᐃせᅉ࡜ᯒฟࡉࢀࡿ㢮ᆺࡢࡳ࡟╔┠ࡋࡓࡓࡵ㸪ྛᅜ࣭ྛᆅᇦࡸྛ㢮ᆺࡀ୺せᅉᏊ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ලయⓗ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡽࢀ
ࡿ࠿ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓ㸪ୡ⏺౯್ほㄪᰝࡣಶேࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓㄪ
ᰝ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ᮏ✏࡛ࡣᅜ࣭ᆅᇦࡢ௦⾲್࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ᅇ⟅ࡢ༢⣧ᖹᆒ್ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ᑐ㇟ᅜ࣭ᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅇ⟅ࡢࣂࣛࢶ࢟࡟࠿ࢇࡍࡿ᝟ሗࡀ
ᾘཤࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸㸪ྛᅜ࣭ྛᆅᇦࡢෆ㒊࡟࠶ࡾ࠺࡭ࡁከᵝᛶࢆྲྀࡾᢅ࠺ࡇ
࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪࣑ࢡ࣭࣐ࣟࢡ࣭࣮ࣟࣝࣉࡢ㆟ㄽࢆᐇドⓗ࡟㇏✨໬ࡍࡿព࿡࡛ࡶ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢⅬࢆྵࡵ࡚㸪௒ᚋศᯒࡀ῝ࡵࡽࢀࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
㸦ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩㸧
᳜ᮧ༤ᜤ࣭Ᏹோᏹᖾ࣭☾㇂᫂ᚨ࣭ᒣ⏣㗦ኵ⦅ (2014)ࠗ㌿᥮ᮇࡢ࢔ࢪ࢔㈨ᮏ
୺⩏࠘⸨ཎ᭩ᗑ.
᳜ᮧ༤ᜤ࣭☾㇂᫂ᚨ࣭ᾏ⪁ሯ᫂ (2007)ࠗ᪂∧ ♫఍⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢไᗘศ
ᯒ࠘ྡྂᒇ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍.
ሷἑ⏤඾ (1999)ࠕ࣑ࢡ࣭࣐ࣟࢡ࣭࣮ࣟࣝࣉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠖࠗ⤒῭ㄽྀ࠘㸦ி㒔኱Ꮫ㸧➨164ᕳ➨5ྕ.

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㐲ᒣᘯᚨ࣭ཎ⏣⿱἞ (2014)ࠕ࢔ࢪ࢔㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶ̾̾ไᗘⓗᵓᅗ࡜௻ᴗ
ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥάື᳜ࠖᮧ࣭Ᏹோ࣭☾㇂࣭ᒣ⏣⦅ (2014)ᡤ཰.
┿ᮌᝆ௓(1977)ࠗẼὶࡢ㬆ࡿ㡢̾̾஺㡪ࡍࡿࢥ࣑࣮ࣗࣥ࠘⟃ᦶ᭩ᡣ.
┿ᮌᝆ௓(1981)ࠗ᫬㛫ࡢẚ㍑♫఍Ꮫ࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ.
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⏘ ᴗ 㐃 㛵 ⾲ ࡜ ࡣ 㸪 ࣡ ࢩ ࣜ ࣮ ࣞ ࢜ ࣥ ࢳ ࢙ ࣇ   ࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ య ⣔ ໬ ࡉ ࢀࡓ㸪୍ᅜෆ࡛⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡿၟရࡢᢞධᵓ㐀ཬࡧ⟬ฟᵓ㐀࡜⏕⏘㒊㛛㛫ࡢ┦஫౫Ꮡ㛵ಀࢆయ⣔ⓗ࡟グ㏙ࡍࡿ⤒῭⤫ィ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣ୍ᅜࡢ⤒῭ࡢᚠ⎔ࢆᤊ࠼ࡿ఍ ィ ࢩ ࢫ ࢸ ࣒ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ᅜ Ẹ ⤒ ῭ ィ ⟬ 61$6\VWHP RI 1DWLRQDO$FFRXQWV  ࡢ ୰ ᰾ࢆ ࡞ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 㸬ᮾ ி 㒔 ࡛ ࡣ ⏘ ᴗ 㐃 㛵 ⾲ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡚ 㸪 ᖺ ࡢ ᮾ ி ࢜ ࣜ ࣥ ࣆ ࢵ ࢡ ࡀ୚ ࠼ ࡿ ⤒ ῭ ຠ ᯝ ࢆ ⟬ ฟ ࡋ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ 㸪 ┤ ᥋ ⓗ ຠ ᯝ ࡛ ⣙  ඙ ෇ ࣞ ࢞ ࢩ ࣮ ຠ ᯝ ࡛ ⣙ ඙ ෇ ྜ ィ ࡛ ⣙  ඙ ෇ ࢆ ⏘ ࡳ ฟ ࡍ ࡜ ヨ ⟬  ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 㸬 ࡋ࡞ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪⥲ົ┬ࡸ㒔㐨ᗓ┴࡞࡝ࡀⓎ⾲ࡍࡿ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲ࡣ㸪 ᖺ࡟୍ᗘࡢ᭦᪂࡛࠶ࡿ ࡇ࡜ࡸ㸪ㄪᰝᐇ᪋࠿ࡽබ㛤ࡲ࡛ ࡟  ᖺ⛬ᗘ࠿ ࠿ࡿࡇ࡜࡞࡝㸪᪥ᮏ⤒ ῭ ࢆ ࣜ ࢔ ࣝ ࢱ ࢖ ࣒ ࡟ ศ ᯒ ࡍ ࡿ ࡟ ࡣ 㐺 ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡞ ࠸ 㸬 ࡲ ࡓ 㸪 ᳃  ࡛ ᥦ ၐ ࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠾ࡾ㸪సᡂ࡟ࡣከ኱࡞᫬㛫࡜ປຊࡀ࠿࠿ࡿୖ㸪సᡂ⪅ಶேࢫ࢟ࣝ࡟౫
Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓࠊྛ┴ࡢ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲ࡣ㸪඲ᅜ⾲ࡢᢞධᵓ㐀ࢆཧ⪃࡟సᡂࡉࢀ
࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ேဨཬࡧண⟬ࡢไ⣙ୖ㸪ᢞධㄪᰝ㸦⏘ᴗ㐃㛵ᵓ㐀ㄪᰝ㸧ࡣ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊᆅᇦ࡛ࡢ⏘ᴗ㛫ࡢ≉Ⰽࢆ཯ᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡣゝ࠸㞴࠸ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡢ ㄢ 㢟 ࢆ ゎ Ỵ ࡍ ࡿ ୍ ࡘ ࡢ ᪉ ἲ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ7'% ࡀ ಖ ᭷ ࡍ ࡿ ௻ ᴗ ྲྀ ᘬ ᝟ ሗ ࡜㈈ົ᝟ሗࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲ᇶᮏྲྀᘬ⾲ᵓ⠏ࡢ◊✲ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ ◊ ✲ ࡛ ࠊ ⣙  ୓ ௻ ᴗ ࡢ ஦ ᴗ ᡤ ᝟ ሗ ࡜ ኎ ୖ 㧗 ኎ ୖ ཎ ౯ ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ᾏ እ ࡬ ࡢ ㍺ ฟධ࡞࡝ࢆຍ࿡ࡋࡓ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲ࡢᵓ⠏ࡀᐇ⌧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡑࡢᵓ⠏࢔ࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚ᐙィᾘ㈝ࡢ⟬ฟࡣࠊࢥࣥࣅࢽ
ࡸࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺ࡞࡝඲ᅜὠࠎᾆࠎᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᗑ⯒࡛ࡢィୖ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ
͆ᮏ♫͇࡛ࡢ኎ୖ㧗ࢆィୖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᐙィᾘ㈝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲ࡢᇶ♏ᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿᾘ㈝ࡉࢀࡓሙᡤ࡛ࡢィୖࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࢆゎᾘࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊྛ㒔㐨ᗓ┴࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝබ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᾘ㈝࡟㛵ࡍࡿබⓗ⤫ィࡢ฼⏝ࢆヨࡳࡓࡀࠊᐙィㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ඲ᅜ㞟ィࡋ࠿බ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲࡛ࡣ㒔㐨ᗓ┴ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡋ࠿බ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡑࡇ࡛ࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊබⓗ⤫ィ࡛ࡣ᥎ィࡢ㞴ࡋ࠸ᆅᇦࡈ࡜ࡢᾘ㈝㔞ࢆ᥎ィࡍࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࡟ ࠊ ᰴ ᘧ ఍ ♫ 7UXH'DWD  㸦 ௨ ୗ ࠊ 7UXH'DWD㸧 ࡀ 㞟 ィ ࡋ ࡓ ࢥ ࣥ ࣅ ࢽ ࡸ ࢫ࣮ ࣃ ࣮ ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ၟ ရ ࡢ ㉎ ㈙ ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ 㸦 326 ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ 㸸 3RLQW 2I 6DOHV㸧 ࡟ ࡼࡗ࡚సᡂࡉࢀࡓᣦᶆࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠊྛ㒔㐨ᗓ┴ࡢ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲ᐙィᾘ㈝࣭᭱⤊㟂せࢆ  ᮾ ி     ኱ ఍ 㛤 ദ ࡟ క ࠺ ⤒ ῭ Ἴ ཬ ຠ ᯝ

KW W SV  Z ZZ   J DP HV PH WUR  WRN \R  M S H    DF F   G F    F  D E F  DB  S G I      ᖺ ࡟ タ ❧ ࡋ ࠊ ,'  32 6 ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡓ ᑠ ኎ ྥ ࡅ ㉎ ㈙ ⾜ ື ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࡢ ά ⏝ ᨭ ᥼ ࡸ ࢥ ࣥ ࢧ ࣝ ࢸ ࢕ ࣥ ࢢ ࠊ ࡲ
ࡓࠊᾘ㈝㈈ᕷሙືྥࡢᣦᶆ㛤Ⓨ࣭ศᯒࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ࣓࣮࣮࢝࡟ᥦ౪ࡍࡿࣉࣛࢵࢺࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࡶᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋ ඲ ᅜ ྛ ᆅ ࡢ ࢻ ࣛ ࢵ ࢢ ࢫ ࢺ ࢔ ࠊ 㣗 ရ ࢫ ࣮ ࣃ ࣮ ࡢ ఍ ဨ ⣙  ୓ ே ࠿ ࡽ ࡞ ࡿ ᅜ ෆ ᭱ ኱ つ ᶍ ࡢ ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࢆಖ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᥎ィࡍࡿࣔࢹࣝࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲࡟࠾ࡅࡿᐙィᾘ㈝ࡢ⟬ฟ࢔ࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒ࡶྜࢃࡏ࡚ᐃᘧ໬ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋබⓗ⤫ィ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᐙィㄪᰝࡑ ࡶ ࡑ ࡶ ᐙ ィ ㄪ ᰝ ࡣ ࠊ ᫛ ࿴  ᖺ ࡢ ᾘ ㈝ ⪅ ౯ ᱁ ㄪ ᰝ ࡀ ጞ ࡲ ࡾ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ⤒ ῭ ⓗ
ぢᆅ࠿ࡽぢࡓୡᖏࡢᬽࡽࡋࡢᐇ┦࡜♫఍඲యࡢ⤒῭άືࡢ୰࡛ࡢୡᖏෆ࣭ୡᖏ
㛫ࡢᾘ㈝≧ἣ࣭⛣㌿≧ἣࡢᢕᥱࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿㄪᰝ࡛ࠊㄪᰝࡢ⩣᭶ᮎ࡟බ⾲ࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊබⓗ⤫ィࡢ୰࡛ࡣ୍᪩ࡃᐙィ㒊㛛ࡢ᭱⤊㟂せᨭฟࢆᤊ࠼ࡿࡶ ࡢ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࡲ ࡛ බ 㛤 ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ᪥ ᮏ ࡢ ᾘ ㈝ 㛵 㐃 ᣦ ᶆ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ බ ⓗ ⤫ ィ ࡣ ᅗ  ࡢ㸵 ࡘ ࡢ ⤫ ィ ࡀ ᣲ ࡆ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ ᅗ  ୺ せ ࡞ ᾘ ㈝ 㛵 㐃 ⤫ ィ ᣦ ᶆ Պ‫ܯ‬௒ࠬ
ʤভඇਭ६ࢨ਼ʥ

Պ‫ܯ‬ভඇࢨ਼

ভඇ૱߻ࢨ਼

*'3ଐๅʤ4(ʥ*'3೧࣏ਬ‫ܯ‬ʤࠅ಼Պ‫࠹ܯ‬शভඇࢩड़ʀ

ʤࠅ಼Պ‫࠹ܯ‬शভඇࢩड़ʀ

Պ‫࠹ܯ‬शভඇࢩड़ʥ

Պ‫࠹ܯ‬शভඇࢩड़ʥ

ভඇ‫׈‬ಊࢨ਼

ঐ‫ۂ‬ಊସ౹‫ܯ‬௒ࠬॶ‫׍‬ැ঴౵

૱ແ঴

૱ແ঴

಼ֵැ

಼ֵැ

಼ֵැ

ೖຌ۞ߨ

‫ۂࢊࡃܨ‬঴౹‫ܯ‬͹ۢ෾

Ҳ࣏౹‫ܯ‬

Յ޽౹‫ܯ‬

Յ޽౹‫ܯ‬

Յ޽౹‫ܯ‬

Յ޽౹‫ܯ‬

Յ޽౹‫ܯ‬

Ҳ࣏౹‫ܯ‬

ޮනब‫غ‬

݆࣏

݆࣏

݆࣏

࢝ൔ‫غ‬

೧࣏

݆࣏

ޮනೖ

ཎ݆຦͟Θ

ཎʓ݆஦२͟Θཎʓ݆৏஦२͟ͳ

ཎ೧຦͟Θ

ཎʓ݆৏२

ࠅસର͹Պ‫ܯ‬ভඇ૱ֻࠅસର͹Պ‫ܯ‬ভඇ૱ֻࠅસର͹Պ‫ܯ‬ভඇ૱ֻࠅસର͹Պ‫ܯ‬ভඇ૱ֻҲ࣏ଐๅʁཎʓ݆஦२͟Θ್࣏ଐๅʁཎʓʓ݆৏२͟Θ݆࣏ଐๅʁཎ݆຦͟Θ֮ๅʁཎʓ݆஦२

̏੊ଵ͍ͪΕ͹ভඇࢩड़ଲেΩώϪρζ౵ʤસࠅɼஏ๏ɼ୉౐ࢤɼ஦౐ࢤɼ

ࠅસର͹Պ‫ܯ‬ভඇ૱ֻࠅસର͹ঐ‫ۂ‬൤ജ૱ֻ

ঘ౐ࢤ$ɼঘ౐ࢤ%ʀௌଞʥϝέϫ౹‫ܯ‬ʤ੊ଵୱҒʥऩགྷଈυʖν

Ϝέϫ౹‫ܯ‬ʤࠅસରʥ
ऩགྷଈυʖνн‫ڇڛ‬ଈυʖν‫ڇڛ‬ଈυʖν୍ḟ⤫ィ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡸ㏿ሗᛶࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ฼⏝⪅ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ≉ᛶ࡟࠶ࡗࡓ⤫ィࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ௒ᅇࡢ◊✲┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿᆅᇦูࡢᾘ㈝ᣦᶆ
࡜ࡋ࡚බ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⤫ィࡣࠊᐙィㄪᰝࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡶྛ㒔㐨ᗓ┴࡞࡝࡛㞟ィࡣࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊᆅ᪉ࡸ㒔ᕷつᶍู࡟㞟ィࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡳ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲ ࡓ ࠊࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡢ ⤫ ィ ࡀ ᢪ ࠼ ࡿ ၥ 㢟 ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ⤫ ィ ࡢ 㞟 ィ ほ Ⅼ ࡀ ࡑ ࢀ ࡒ ࢀ ␗ ࡞ ࡾ ࠊ⤫ ィ ࡢ స ᡂ ᪉ ἲ ࡢ 㐪 ࠸ ࠿ ࡽ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ᫬ ⣔ ิ ⓗ ࡞ ኚ ື ࡟ 㐪 ࠸ ࡀ ⏕ ࡌ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ  ࠊ࠸ ࡎ ࢀࡢᣦᶆࡶ࣐ࢡ࣭࣑ࣟࢡࣟࡢ୧㠃ࢆᤊ࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡣ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ


326ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ ࣅ ࢵ ࢢ ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࡢ ≧ ἣ බ 㛤 ⤫ ィ ࡛ ࡣ 㝈 ⏺ ࡢ ࠶ ࡿ ྛ ᆅ ᇦ ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ᾘ ㈝ ࡢ ᥎ ィ ࡣ ࠊࠕ ㏿ ሗ ᛶ ࡢ ࠶ ࡿ ໟ ᣓ  ฟ ඾ 㸸 ⥲ ົ ┬ ࠕ ᾘ ㈝ ື ྥ ᣦ ᩘ 㸦 &7 , 㸧 ࡢ 㛤 Ⓨ ࡟ ྥ ࡅ ࡚ ࠖ ࢆ ෌ ⦅  ୡ ᖏ つ ᶍ ࡣ ⦰ ᑠ ࡍ ࡿ ഴ ྥ ࡟ ࠶ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ᐙ ィ ㄪ ᰝ ࡣ ప ୗ ഴ ྥ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ୍ ᪉ ࠊ ୡ ᖏ ᩘ ࡣ ༢ ㌟ ୡ ᖏ ࢆ ୰ ᚰ࡟ቑຍࡀ⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ౪⤥ഃࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ⤫ィ࡛ࡣୖ᪼ഴྥ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

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ⓗ ࡞ ᾘ ㈝ 㛵 㐃 ᣦ ᶆ ࡢ ᅾ ࡾ ᪉ ࡟ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ◊ ✲ ఍ ࠖ ࡟ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ ࡑ ࡢ ྍ ⬟ ᛶ ࡀ ♧ ၀ ࡉ ࢀ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡜ ࠾ ࡾ ࠊ ୍ ࡘ ࡢ ࣅ ࢵ ࢢ ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ 326 ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ᣦ ᶆ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ᶆᮏㄪᰝ࡛ࡣᶆᮏㄗᕪࡀᚲࡎⓎ⏕ࡋ㝵ᒙศᯒ࡟ࡣ㝈⏺ࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࣅࢵࢢࢹ࣮
ࢱࡣఫẸ඲ဨࡀᶆᮏࡢᑐ㇟࡛࠶ࡾࠊᐇീࢆ㩭᫂࡟⾲⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࣅࢵࢢࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ௻ᴗࡀಖ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ௻ᴗ
ࡢࣅࢪࢿࢫࢆᲠᦆࡋ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ࡟ᶵᐦᛶࡀ㧗ࡃࠊ◊✲ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ୍ᐃࡢࣁ࣮ࢻࣝ ࡀ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋࡲ ࡓ ࠊ326 ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࡸ ࢡ ࣞ ࢪ ࢵ ࢺ ࢝ ࣮ ࢻ ࡞ ࡝ ᾘ ㈝ ࡟ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ࣅࢵࢢࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊ୍㒊ࡢ⣔ิᗑ࠿ࡽࡋ࠿㉎㈙グ㘓ࡀྲྀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡓࡵࠊࢹ࣮
ࢱ⮬య࡟ࣂ࢖࢔ࢫࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
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326 ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡓ ◊ ✲ ࡣ ᾘ ㈝ ⪅ ࡢ ㉎ ㈙ ⾜ ື ࡞ ࡝ ࡟ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࡀ ࡯ ࡜ ࢇ ࡝࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ326 ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡓ ࣐ ࢡ ࣟ ᣦ ᶆ ࡢ ௦ ᭰ ࡟ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ◊ ✲ ࡣ ⾜ ࢃ ࢀ ࡚ ࡁ ࡚ ࠸࡞࠸ࠋẸ 㛫 ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ⏘ ᴗ 㐃 㛵 ⾲ ࡢ ᵓ ⠏ ࡣ ࠊ >$NDJL@ ࡸ >2KVDWR@> ኱㔛 @࡞ ࡝ ࡟ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ᐇ ᪋ ࣭ ᳨ ド ࡀ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࡁ ࡓ 㸬 >$NDJL@ࡣ 㸪 >'HJXFKL@࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ᥦ ၐ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ஺ ᥮ ௦ ᩘ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ᩘ Ꮫ ⓗ࡞ព࿡ྜ࠸ࢆಖᣢࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪㹒㹂㹀ࡢ௻ᴗ㛫ࡢྲྀᘬࢹ࣮ࢱࢆά⏝ࡋࡓ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲ࡢᵓ⠏࢔ࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒ࡢᐃᘧ໬ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬㹒㹂㹀ࡀಖ᭷ࡍࡿྲྀᘬඛ᝟ሗࡣ㸪㹒㹂㹀ࡢㄪᰝဨࡀಶูゼၥཬࡧ㟁ヰ࡟ࡼࡿ㉁ၥ࡞࡝ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ಙ⏝ㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ㄪᰝ⚊࡟ࡣ㸪௙ධ࡜㈍኎ࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡛ྲྀᘬ௻ᴗࡈ࡜࡟ྲྀࡾᢅ࠸ၟရရ
┠ࡀ⮬⏤グ㏙࡟࡚グ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬㹒㹂㹀㹇㹍㹒ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢ⮬⏤グ㏙࡛グ㍕ࡉࢀࡓ ၟ ရ ရ ┠ ࡜ ྲྀ ᘬ 㢠 ࢆ ࡶ ࡜ ࡟ 㸪 ᭱ ᑬ ᥎ ᐃ ࡛ ᣺ ࡾ ศ ࡅ ࡿ ࠕ  6LGH &ODVVLILFDWLRQ$OJRULWKPࠖ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡚ 㸪 ௻ ᴗ 㛫 ྲྀ ᘬ 㢠 ࡢ ⏘ ᴗ ศ 㢮 ࡬ ࡢ ௙ ศ ࡅ ࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ స ᡂ ࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬௻ᴗ㛫ྲྀᘬ㢠ࡢ௙ศࡅ࢔ࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒ࡣ㸪ྲྀᘬࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡୖ࡛Ⓨὀ௻ᴗࡢ኎
ୖཎ౯࡜ཷὀ௻ᴗࡢ኎ୖ㧗ࡀࣂࣛࣥࢫࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟⤌ࡲࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ྲྀᘬ㔠㢠ᣨศ࢔ ࣝ ࢦ ࣜ ࢬ ࣒ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ᵓ ⠏ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 㸬ࡑ ࡋ ࡚ 㸪>2KVDWR@࡛ ࡣ 㸪௙ ศ ࡅ ᑐ ㇟ࡢ௻ᴗࡢ⥙⨶ᛶࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᴗ✀࣭つᶍูࡢ኎ୖཎ౯⋡ࢆ⟬ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜
࡛㸪኎ୖཎ౯ࡀุ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸௻ᴗ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶィ⟬ᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚⤌ࡳ㎸ࢇࡔ࢔ࣝࢦ ࣜ ࢬ ࣒ ࢆ ᵓ ⠏ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 㸬ࡲ ࡓ 㸪ྠ ◊ ✲ ࡛ ࡣ 㸪7'% ࡢ 㞟 ィ ༢ ఩ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ᮏ ♫ ࣋ ࣮ࢫ ࡛ ࡢ ⟬ ฟ ࢆ ஦ ᴗ ᡤ ࣋ ࣮ ࢫ ࡟ ⤌ ࡳ ᭰ ࠼ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ 㸪>⳥ ᕝ @ࡀ ᥦ ၐ ࡍ ࡿ ஦ ᴗ ᡤ 㛫 ⥲ ົ ┬ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ᾘ ㈝ ඲ ⯡ ࡢ ື ྥ ࢆ ࠊ ࣐ ࢡ ࣟ ࠊ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ࡢ ୧ 㠃 ࡛ ᤊ ࠼ ࡿ ࠊ ㏿ ሗ ᛶ ࢆ ഛ ࠼ ࡓ ໟ ᣓ ⓗ ࡞ ᾘ㈝ 㛵 㐃 ᣦ ᶆ ࡢ ᅾ ࡾ ᪉ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ᳨ ウ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࢆ ┠ ⓗ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊࠕ ㏿ ሗ ᛶ ࡢ ࠶ ࡿ ໟ ᣓ ⓗ ࡞ ᾘ ㈝ 㛵 㐃 ᣦ ᶆ ࡢᅾࡾ᪉࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲఍ࠖࢆ㛤ദࡋࠊሗ࿌᭩ࢆබ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡛ ࡢ ᭱ 㐺 ࡞ ྲྀ ᘬ ࡢ ᥎ ィ ࢆ ࣋ ࣮ ࢫ ࡟ 㸪7'% ࡀ ಖ ᭷ ࡍ ࡿ ஦ ᴗ ᡤ ᝟ ሗ ࡜ ⤒ ῭ ࢭ ࣥ ࢧ ࢫࡢ PP ࣓ ࢵ ࢩ ࣗ ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ᚑ ᴗ ⪅ ᩘ ࣭ ஦ ᴗ ᡤ ᩘ ࡢ ᝟ ሗ ࢆ ↷ ࡽ ࡋ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ 㸪஦ ᴗ ᡤ ࣋ ࣮ ࢫ ࡢ ྲྀ ᘬ 㧗 ࡢ ⟬ ᐃ ࢆ ᐇ ⌧ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬 ᭦ ࡟ >኱ 㔛 @࡛ ࡣ 㸪 ௻ ᴗ ࡢ ㍺ ฟ ࣭㍺ධẚ⋡ࢆࢸ࢟ࢫࢺ࣐࢖ࢽࣥࢢ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࢹ࣮ࢱ໬ࡋ㸪௻ᴗࡢ኎ୖ㧗࠿ࡽᾏእศ
ࢆ㝖࠸ࡓྲྀᘬ㧗᥎ィ࢔ࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒ࡢᐃᘧ໬ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࢀࡽ࢔ࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒࡛௙ศࡅࡋࡓ௻ᴗ㛫ྲྀᘬ㢠ࢆศᯒࡢᑐ㇟ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬

326ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ᣦ ᶆ ࡜ ᭱ ⤊ 㟂 せ ࡢ ࣔ ࢹ ࣝ ໬ ࡛ ࡣ 㸪326 ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡚ 㸪᭱ ⤊ 㟂 せ ࡢ ࣔ ࢹ ࣝ ໬ ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡃ ࠋࣔ ࢹ ࣝ ໬ ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ౑⏝ࡍࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡢㄝ᫂ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓᚋࠊྛᆅᇦࡢ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲ࡢ᭱⤊㟂せ㢠࡜ᐙィᾘ㈝ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࢆㄪᰝࡋࠊࣔࢹࣝ໬ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ౑⏝ࡍࡿࢹ࣮ࢱ

ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㒔㐨ᗓ┴ูࡢᆅᇦࡢᾘ㈝ࢆ᥎ィࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࣔࢹࣝᵓ⠏ࡀ┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋࣅ ࢵ ࢢ ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࡢ ࣂ ࢖ ࢔ ࢫ ࢆ ῶ ᑡ ࡉ ࡏ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࡟ ࠊ⏝ ࠸ ࡿ ᣦ ᶆ ࢆ 326 ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࡑࡢ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࡃ ᖺ 㛫 㞟 ィ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ᣦ ᶆ ࡜ ࡋ ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ࠊ ཰ 㞟 ࡍ ࡿ ᆅ ᇦ ࢆ  ᖺ ᫬ Ⅼ
࡛ 326 ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࡀ ༑ ศ ࡟ ྲྀ ᚓ ࡛ ࡁ ࠊ ࠿ ࡘ ⏘ ᴗ ศ 㢮 ⣙  ⛬ ᗘ ࡢ ⏘ ᴗ 㐃 㛵 ⾲ ࡀ බ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡛࠶ࡿ㸶┴㸦ᒾᡭ┴ࠊⲈᇛ┴ࠊᇸ⋢┴ࠊ༓ⴥ┴ࠊ⚄ዉᕝ┴ࠊᒣ᲍┴ࠊ㛗㔝┴ࠊරᗜ┴㸧࡟㝈ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡋࡓࠋᮏ ◊ ✲ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ 7UXH 'DWD ࡀ ཰ 㞟 ࡋ ࡓ ,'326 ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ స ᡂ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ᣦ ᶆ ࡛࠶ ࡿࠕ  ே ࠶ ࡓ ࡾ ㉎ ධ 㔠 㢠 ࠖ
ࠕࣞࢪ㏻㐣ᐈ༓ேᙜࡓࡾࡢ㉎㈙ᣦᩘࠖ㸦 ௨ ୗ ࠊ3, ್㸸
3XUFKDVH,QGH[  㸧 ࡢ  ᖺ 㞟 ィ ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࢆ ᾘ ㈝ ㈈ ၟ ရ ศ 㢮 ู 㸦 ␆ ⏘ 㣗 ᩱ ရ ࠊ ◁⢾࣭Ἔ⬡࣭ㄪ࿡ᩱ㢮ࠊࡑࡢ௚ࡢ㣗ᩱရ㸧࡛ࡈᥦ౪࠸ࡓࡔࡁࠊᮏ◊✲࡟⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊࣔࢹࣝࡢ┠ⓗኚᩘ࡜࡞ࡿᐙィᾘ㈝࣭᭱⤊㟂せ㢠ࡣࠊྛ㒔㐨ᗓ┴ࡀබ㛤ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ  ᖺ ࡢ ⏘ ᴗ 㐃 㛵 ⾲ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ⏘ ᴗ ศ 㢮 ࡣ ࠊ 326 ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࡢ ၟ ရ ศ 㢮࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ␆ ⏘ 㣗 ᩱ ရ ࠊ◁ ⢾࣭Ἔ ⬡࣭ㄪ ࿡ ᩱ 㢮 ࠊࡑ ࡢ ௚ ࡢ 㣗 ᩱ ရ ࡟ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࡟ ࠊ⣙  ⛬ ᗘ ࡢ ศ 㢮 ࡜ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ ᭱⤊㟂せ࡜௚㡯┠ࡢ┦㛵┠ ⓗ ࡣ ࠊ326 ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ᣦ ᶆ ࠿ ࡽ ᭱ ⤊ 㟂 せ 㢠 ࢆ ᥎ ィ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊࡲࡎࡣ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲ෆࡢᣦᶆ㛫ࡢ┦㛵ࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࠋ
 ⟬ ฟ ᘧ 㸸 3 ,㸦 ㉎ ㈙ ಶ ᩘ ᐈ ᩘ 㸧   ࠋ 3 , ್ ࡀ 㧗 ࠸ ࡯ ࡝ ㉎ ධ ᐈ ᩘ ࡀ 㧗 ࠸ ၟ ရ ࢔ ࢖ ࢸ ࣒ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ  ┴࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᭱⤊㟂せ㢠࡜ᐙィᾘ㈝ࡢᩓᕸᅗ࡜ࠊࡑࡢᩓᕸ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᅇᖐ┤⥺ࢆ ࠶ ࡚ ࡣ ࡵ ࡓ ࡢ ࡀ ᅗ  ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ  ࡘ ࡢ ᣦ ᶆ ࡢ ┦ 㛵 ಀ ᩘ ࡀ  ࡜ 㠀 ᖖ ࡟ ᙉ ࠸ ┦㛵㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡾࠊᅗ  ࠿ࡽᅇᖐ┤⥺ୖ࡟ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡀ఩⨨ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊỴᐃ ಀ ᩘ ࡀ ࡯ ࡜ ࢇ ࡝  ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࠿ ࡽ ࠊ᭱ ⤊ 㟂 せ 㢠 ࡜ ᐙ ィ ᾘ ㈝ ࡣ 㠀 ᖖ ࡟ 㧗 ࠸ ┦ 㛵㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋᐙィᾘ㈝࠿ࡽ᭱⤊㟂せࡣ᥎ィࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜
ࡀศ࠿ࡗࡓࠋᅗ  ┴ ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ᭱ ⤊ 㟂 せ ࡜ ᐙ ィ ᾘ ㈝ ࡢ ᩓ ᕸ ᅗ ࡜ ᅇ ᖐ ┤ ⥺ 

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ḟ ࡟ ࠊᐙ ィ ᾘ ㈝ ࡜ ⏘ ᴗ ู ࡢ ᐙ ィ ᾘ ㈝ ࢆ ㄪ ᰝ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋࡍ ࡿ ࡜ ࠊ ࡘ ࡢ ⏘ ᴗ ࡢ ࠺ ࡕ ࠊ␆ ⏘ 㣗 ᩱ ရ ࡢ ᐙ ィ ᾘ ㈝ ࡜ ඲ య ࡢ ᐙ ィ ᾘ ㈝ ࡀ  ࡜ 㧗 ࠸ ┦ 㛵 㛵 ಀ ࡜ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ᅗ ࡣࡑࡢᩓᕸᅗ࡜ᅇᖐ┤⥺࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡕࡽࡢỴᐃಀᩘࡶ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝  ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋᅗ  ᐙ ィ ᾘ ㈝ ࡢ ྜ ィ ࡜ ␆ ⏘ 㣗 ᩱ ရ ࡢ ᩓ ᕸ ᅗ ࡜ ᅇ ᖐ ┤ ⥺ 

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ࡇࢀࡼࡾࠊྛᆅᇦࡢ᭱⤊㟂せࢆồࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ⏘ᴗศ㢮ࠕ␆⏘㣗ᩱရࠖ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᐙィᾘ㈝࡛᥎ィࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
␆⏘㣗ᩱရࡣࠊ㒊ศ⫗࣭෭෾⫗〇㐀ᴗࠊࣁ࣒〇㐀ᴗࠊங〇ရ〇㐀ᴗ࡞࡝ࡀྵ
ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᆅᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⫗ࡢ㣗࡭ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿẚ⋡࡟㐪࠸ࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ
࡜࠿ࡽࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞┦㛵㛵ಀ࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ␆ ⏘ 㣗 ᩱ ရ ࡢ ᐙ ィ ᾘ ㈝ ࡜ 326ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ᣦ ᶆ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ␆ ⏘ 㣗 ᩱ ရ ࡟ 㝈 ᐃ ࡋ ࡚ ᐙ ィ ᾘ ㈝ ࡜ 326 ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࡢ 㛵 ಀ ࢆ ࡳ ࡚ ࠸ ࡃ ࠋ 
326 ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊࠕ ே࠶ࡓࡾ㉎ධ㔠㢠ࠖࠕ 3, ್ ࠖࡢ  ᣦ ᶆ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡢᩓ ᕸ ᅗ ࡣ ᅗ  ࡜ ࡞ ࡾ ࠊ  ࡘ ࡢ ᣦ ᶆ ࡣ ⥺ ᙧ 㛵 ಀ ࡟ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ศ ࠿ ࡿ ࠋ326 ࢹ ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽᐙィᾘ㈝ࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ୍ᐃࡢୖ㝈ࡀ࠶ࡿࣔࢹࣝ࡜࡞ࡿࠋᑐ ᩘ ᭤ ⥺ ࢆ ࠶ ࡚ ࡣ ࡵ ࡓ ࡜ ࡇ ࢁ Ỵ ᐃ ಀ ᩘ ࡀ ࡑ ࢀ ࡒ ࢀ ࣭ ࡜ ࡞ ࡾ ࠊ㧗 ࠸ࡢ ࡀ ࠕ 3, ್ ࠖ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ศ ࠿ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ᅗ  ␆ ⏘ 㣗 ᩱ ရ ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ᐙ ィ ᾘ ㈝ ࡜ ㉎ ධ 㔠 㢠 ᕥ ࡜ 3, ್ ྑ ࡢ ᩓ ᕸ ᅗ 

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-DSDQHVH6RFLHW\IRU$UWLILFLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH>ㅰ ㎡ @ᮏ ◊ ✲ ࡣ ᰴ ᘧ ఍ ♫  7UXH 'DWD ᵝ ࡼ ࡾ 326 ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࢆ ࡈ ᥦ ౪ ࠸ ࡓ ࡔ ࠸ ࡓ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࡼࡗ࡚ᐇ⌧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲ࡢ㊃᪨ࢆࡈ⌮ゎ࠸ࡓࡔࡁࠊࡈຓຊ࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓᰴ ᘧ ఍ ♫  7UXH 'DWD ࡢ ௦ ⾲ ྲྀ ⥾ ᙺ ♫ 㛗  ⡿ ಴ ⿱ அ ᵝ ࠊ ㉺ ᑿ ⏤ ⣖ ᵝ ࠊ ⅲ ㇂ ṇ ᙪ ᵝ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ឤㅰࡢពࢆ⾲ࡍࡿࠋਓ޻ࢢ৔γϛϡϨʔγϣϯΛ༻͍ͨΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿʹΑΔࢢ৔ޮ཰Խͷ෼ੳ ∗ਫా ޹৴ †

ງߐ ః೭ ‡

֓ཁ஋্͕Γ͕‫ظ‬଴Ͱ͖Δ‫ࣜג‬Λબผͯ͠౤ࢿ͢ΔΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿ͸ɼ౤ࢿઌ‫ʹۀا‬ຊ‫ݯ‬తʹଘࡏ͢ΔՁ஋ʹ‫͍ͯͮج‬౤ࢿ͢ΔͨΊɼ‫ۀا‬Ձ஋ʹଈͨ͠దਖ਼ͳՁ֨Λൃ‫ݟ‬͠ɼࢢ৔Ձ֨ΛͦͷՁ֨ʹ͚ۙͮΔʢࢢ৔Λޮ཰తʹ͢Δʣͱ͍͏ओு͕͋Δɽ͔͠͠ͳ͕Βɼ࣮ࡍͷΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿ͕ࢢ৔Λޮ཰తʹ͍ͯ͠Δ͔Ͳ͏͔͸෼͔͍ͬͯͳ
͍ɽۙ೥ͷ࣮ূ෼ੳ͸ɼൺֱର৅ͱͳΔΠϯσοΫεʢ೔‫ܦ‬ฏ‫גۉ‬ՁͳͲͷࢦ਺ʣ͔Βେ͖͘ဃ཭ׂͨ͠߹Ͱ໏ฑΛอ༗͠ΠϯσοΫεʹରͯ͠େ͖͘ҟͳΔརӹͱͳΔϦεΫΛͱͬͨ͏͑Ͱചങྔ͕গͳ͍ɼ͍Θ͍Δʠ೜଱‫( ͍ڧ‬Patient) ΞΫςΟϒ
౤ࢿʡ͕རӹΛಘ͍ͯΔ͜ͱΛ໌Β͔ʹͨ͠ɽࠓ‫͜ޙ‬ͷΑ͏ͳ౤ࢿ͕૿͑Δ͜ͱ͕༧૝͞ΕΔ͕ɼചങྔ͕গͳ͍ʹ΋ؔΘΒͣࢢ৔Ձ֨ʹӨ‫ڹ‬Λ༩͑ࢢ৔Λޮ཰తʹ͢Δͷ͔Ͳ͏͔͸ॏཁͳ࿦఺Ͱ͋Δɽͦ͜Ͱຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼ೜଱‫͍ڧ‬ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿͷಛ௃Λ൓өͨ͠౤ࢿՈΛಋೖͨ͠ਓ޻ࢢ৔ϞσϧΛߏங͠ɼ͜ͷΑ͏ͳചങྔ͕গ
ͳ͍౤ࢿՈ͕ࢢ৔Ձ֨ʹӨ‫ڹ‬Λ༩͑ࢢ৔Λޮ཰తʹ͢Δͷ͔Λٞ࿦ͨ͠ɽͦͷ݁Ռɼ೜଱‫͍ڧ‬ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿ͸·Εʹ‫͜ى‬Δɼࢢ৔Ձ͕֨‫ۀا‬Ձ஋ʹଈͨ͠దਖ਼ͳՁ͔֨
Βେ͖͘ဃ཭ͯ͠ࢢ৔͕ෆ҆ఆʹͳΓɼࢢ৔͕͞Βʹඇޮ཰ʹͳΓͦ͏ͳͱ͖ͷΈʹଟ͘ചങΛߦ͍ɼࢢ৔Λޮ཰Խ͢Δ͜ͱʹ‫د‬༩͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱ͕ࣔ͞Εͨɽ͞Βʹɼʠ೜଱‫( ͍ͳ͘ڧ‬Impatient) ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿʡ΋ϞσϧԽ͠ɼΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿՈͷ਺ΛҰఆʹอͪͦͷߏ੒ΛมԽͤͨ͞৔߹΋෼ੳͨ͠ɽͦͷ݁Ռɼ೜଱‫͍ͳ͘ڧ‬౤ࢿՈ͕‫ݮ‬Γɼ೜଱‫͍ڧ‬౤ࢿՈ͕૿͑ΔͱɼΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿͷ૯རӹͷΈͳΒͣɼ౤ࢿՈ

1 ਓ͋ͨΓͷརӹ΋૿͑Δ͜ͱ͕෼͔ͬͨɽͭ·Γɼ೜଱‫͍ڧ‬౤ࢿՈ͕૿͑Δ͜ͱʹΑΓɼ‫ͯ͑૿͕߹ڝ‬རӹΛୣ͍߹͏ͷͰ͸ͳ͘ɼ஥͕ؒ૿͑Δ͜ͱʹΑΓച٫͍ͨ͠Ձ֨ʹ౸ୡ͠΍͘͢ͳΓ౤ࢿ‫ػ‬ձ͕૿͑རӹΛ֫ಘ͠΍͘͢ͳΔ͜ͱ͕෼͔ͬͨɽ
͜ͷ͜ͱ͸ɼ೜଱‫͍ڧ‬౤ࢿ͸ࢢ৔͕ޮ཰తʹͳΔͱརӹ͕‫ݮ‬Δͱ͍͏ΑΓ͸ɼࢢ৔͕ඇޮ཰͗ͯ͢རӹ͕‫ݮ‬Δͱ͍͏ଆ໘΋͋Δ͜ͱΛ͍ࣔͯ͠Δɽຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸͞Βʹɼສ೥ׂ҆໏ฑ΋࠶‫͠ݱ‬ɼສ೥ׂ҆໏ฑͰ͸͞Βʹɼࢢ৔͕ඇޮ཰͗ͯ͢རӹ͕‫ݮ‬Δ‫ݱ‬৅͕֬ೝ͞Εͨɽ∗ ࿈བྷઌ:

mizutata@gmail.com, http://www.mizutatakanobu.com/ ౰೔ͷൃදεϥΠυ͸ͪ͜Β
http://www.mizutatakanobu.com/2018032930.pdf† εύʔΫεɾΞηοτɾϚωδϝϯτ‫ࣜג‬ձࣾ‡ େࡕ‫ࡁܦ‬େֶେֶӃ1

1 ͸͡Ίʹ
‫ࣜג‬΍࠴݊ͳͲʹ౤ࢿ͢ΔϑΝϯυͷ౤ࢿख๏ʹ͸େ͖͘෼͚ͯɼ஋্͕Γ͕‫ظ‬଴Ͱ͖Δ໏ฑΛબผͦ͠ΕΒʹ౤ࢿ͢Δ “ΞΫςΟϒ” ౤ࢿͱɼ೔‫ܦ‬ฏ‫גۉ‬ՁͳͲͷࢦ਺ʢΠϯσοΫεʣͱಉ͡ऩӹΛಘΒΕΔΑ͏ʹΠϯσοΫεΛߏ੒͢Δ໏ฑͱಉ͡໏ฑΛಉׂ͡߹Ͱอ༗͢Δ “ύογϒ” ౤ࢿ͕͋Δɽۙ೥ɼΞΫςΟϒϑΝϯυͷऩӹͷฏ‫͕ۉ‬ύογϒϑΝϯυΑΓগͳ͍͜ͱΛओு͢Δ࣮ূ‫[ ڀݚ‬French 08, Bogle 14] ͕͋Δ͜ͱ΍ɼಛʹถࠃʹ͓͍ͯख਺ྉ͕ߴ͍ϑΝϯυ*1 Λൢച͢Δ৔߹ʹൢചһ͕આ໌੹೚Λෛ͏๏վਖ਼ʹΑΓɼύογϒϑΝϯυͷ౤ࢿ࢒ߴ͕૿͑ΔҰํɼΞΫςΟϒϑΝϯυͷ౤ࢿ࢒ߴ͸‫ͬݮ‬͍ͯΔ [A.T.Kearney 16, ਆࢁ 17]ɽΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿ͸౤ࢿઌ‫ʹۀا‬ຊ‫ݯ‬తʹଘࡏ͢ΔՁ஋ (ϑΝϯμϝϯλϧՁ஋) ʹ‫ج‬͍ͮͯऔҾΛߦ͏ͨΊɼ‫ۀا‬Ձ஋ʹଈͨ͠దਖ਼ͳՁ֨Λൃ‫͠ݟ‬ɼͦͷՁ֨෇ۙʹࢢ৔Ձ֨Λ͚ۙͮΔʢࢢ৔Λޮ཰తʹ͢Δʣͱ͍͏ɼࢿຊओٛͷॏཁͳ‫ػ‬ೳͰ͋Δ౤ࢿࢿຊͷద੾ͳ഑෼Λ୲͍ͬͯΔͱ͍͏ओு͕͋Δ (༏ΕͨϨϏϡʔͱͯ͠ [Wurgler 10])ɽͦͷͨΊɼΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿ͕‫ݮ‬ΓύογϒϑΝϯυ͕૿͑Δ͜ͱ͸ɼࢢ৔Ձ͕֨ద੾ʹ‫ܗ‬੒͞Εͣࢿຊͷద੾ͳ഑෼‫ػ‬ೳ͕ഁյ͞Εɼࣾձʹͱͬͯ޷·͘͠ͳ͍ͱ͍͏ओு͢Β͋
Δ [Fraser-Jenkins 16]ɽ͔͠͠ͳ͕Βɼ࣮ࡍͷΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿ͕ࢢ৔Λޮ཰తʹ͢Δ͔Ͳ͏͔΍ɼͲΕ͘Β͍ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿ͕ଘࡏ͢Ε͹ࢢ৔͕ޮ཰తʹͳΔ͔ͳͲ͸෼͔͍ͬͯͳ͍ɽ·ͨɼύογϒϑΝϯυ͸ചങΛ΄ͱΜͲߦΘͳ͍ͨΊ௚઀ࢢ৔Ձ֨ΛΏ͕Ί͍ͯΔͱ͸͍͑ͣɼ࣮ࡍɼ
ͲΕ͘Β͍ύογϒϑΝϯυ͕૿͑Ε͹ࢢ৔ޮ཰ੑΛଛͳ͏ͷ͔ͳͲ͸શ͘෼͔͍ͬͯͳ
͍ [Goodman 16]ɽ·ͨɼΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿͱ͍ͬͯ΋͞·͟·Ͱ͋Δɽۙ೥ͷ࣮ূ෼ੳ [Cremers 16] ͸ɼൺֱର৅ͱͳΔΠϯσοΫε͔Βେ͖͘ဃ཭ׂͨ͠߹Ͱ໏ฑΛอ༗͠ΠϯσοΫεʹରͯ͠େ͖͘ҟͳΔརӹͱͳΔϦεΫΛͱͬͨ͏͑Ͱചങྔ͕গͳ͍ɼ͍Θ͍Δ “೜଱‫ڧ‬͍ (Patient) ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿ” ͕རӹΛಘ͍ͯΔ͜ͱΛ໌Β͔ʹͨ͠ɽ೜଱‫͍ڧ‬ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿͰ͸ɼརӹ͕࣮‫͢ݱ‬Δ·Ͱ௕͍‫ؒظ‬Λඞཁͱ͠ɼͦͷؒʹੜ͡Δ‫ۀا‬ͷϑΝϯμ
ϝϯλϧՁ஋ͱࢢ৔Ձ͕֨ဃ཭͢ΔͨΊʹଛӹ͕ѱԽ͢Δ‫ʹؒظ‬଱͑ͳ͚Ε͹ͳΒͳ͍ [Cremers 16]*2 ɽͦΕʹ଱͑ΒΕͳ͍ɼ೜଱‫( ͍ͳ͘ڧ‬Impatient) ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿ͸ɼ
*1 ύογϒϑΝϯυ͸໏ฑΛબผ͢ΔͨΊͷௐࠪΛߦΘͳ͍ͨΊɼΞΫςΟϒϑΝϯυʹൺ΂ϑΝϯυΛߪ

ೖ͢Δ౤ࢿՈ͕ෛ୲͢Δख਺ྉ͕গͳ͍͜ͱ͕΄ͱΜͲͰ͋Δ [French 08, Bogle 14, ਿా 16]ɽ*2 ϨϏϡʔͱͯ͠ [ਫా 18] ͕͋Δɽ

2

ଛ੾ͳͲΛͯ͠͠·͍རӹΛಀͯ͠͠·͏ɽ͜ͷརӹͷࠩʹΑΓɼࠓ‫ޙ‬ɼ೜଱‫͍ͳ͘ڧ‬ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿ͕‫ݮ‬Γɼ೜଱‫͍ڧ‬ΞΫςΟϒ
౤ࢿ͕૿͑Δ͜ͱ͕༧૝͞ΕΔͨΊɼചങྔ͕গͳ͍ʹ΋ؔΘΒͣࢢ৔Ձ֨ʹӨ‫ڹ‬Λ༩͑ࢢ৔Λޮ཰తʹ͢Δͷ͔Ͳ͏͔͸·͢·͢ॏཁͳ࿦఺ͱͳΔɽ࣮ࡍɼചങྔ͕গͳ͍ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿͷํ͕ͦ͏Ͱͳ͍ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿΑΓϑΝϯμϝϯλϧΛΑΓਖ਼֬ʹଌఆͰ͖͍ͯΔͷͰɼചങ͕গͳ͔ͬͨͱͯ͠΋ɼࢢ৔Λޮ཰Խ͢Δ [Albagli 15, Cremers 15] ͱ͍͏ओுͱɼചങ͕গͳ͍ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿ͸ࢢ৔Λޮ཰Խ͠ͳ͍ [Suominen 11] ͱ͍͏྆ํͷओு͕͋Δɽ͍ͣΕʹͤΑɼͲͷΑ͏ͳϝΧχζϜͰগͳ͍ചങͰࢢ৔͕ޮ཰Խ͢
Δͷ͔͸෼͔͍ͬͯͳ͍ɽ[Pastor 16] ͸ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿͷചങྔ͸࣌‫Ͱྻܥ‬େ͖͘มಈ
͓ͯ͠Γചങྔ͕ଟ͍ͱ͖ʹརӹΛಘ͍ͯΔ͜ͱΛ͕ࣔͨ͠ɼ͜Ε͸্‫ه‬ͷϝΧχζϜʹ
େ͖ͳࣔࠦΛ༩͍͑ͯΔͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ
࣮ূ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸্‫ه‬ͷΑ͏ͳɼͲͷΑ͏ʹಛఆछྨͷ౤ࢿՈ͕ࢢ৔Ձ֨ʹӨ‫ڹ‬Λ༩͑Δ͔ͱ͍ͬͨɼϛΫϩɾϚΫϩ૬‫༻࡞ޓ‬Λ‫ؚ‬ΉϝΧχζϜΛ෼ੳ͢Δ͜ͱ͸ࠔ೉Ͱ͋Δɽ·ͨɼऔҾࢀՃऀʹ઎ΊΔύογϒϑΝϯυͷׂ߹͕‫Ͳ΄ࡏݱ‬ଟ͔ͬͨ͜ͱ͸ա‫͍ͨͳڈ‬Ίɼ͜ΕҎ্ύογϒϑΝϯυ͕૿͑ͨ৔߹ͷٞ࿦Λ࣮ূ‫͏ߦͰ͚ͩڀݚ‬ͷ͸ࠔ೉Ͱ͋Δɽͦ΋ͦ΋ɼͲͷΑ͏ͳ౤ࢿՈ͕Ͳͷ͘Β͍ଘࡏ͢Δͷ͔Λଌఆ͢Δ͜ͱࣗମ༰қͰ͸ͳ͍͏͑ɼՁ֨‫ܗ‬੒΍ྲྀಈੑʹ͸͞·͟·ͳཁҼ͕ෳࡶʹؔΘ͍ͬͯΔͨΊɼ࣮ূ෼ੳͰ
͸౤ࢿՈͷߏ੒ׂ߹ͷมԽ͕༩͑ΔӨ‫͚ͩڹ‬ΛऔΓग़͢͜ͱ͸ࠔ೉Ͱ͋Δɽ͜ͷΑ͏ͳ࣮ࣾձʹ͓͚ΔϛΫϩɾϚΫϩ૬‫༻࡞ޓ‬Λ‫ؚ‬ΉϝΧχζϜ΍ɼ࣮ࣾձͰ·͓͖͍ͩͯͳ͍ঢ়‫گ‬ɼ͓Αͼঢ়‫گ‬ͷมԽͷ७ਮͳӨ‫ڹ‬Λٞ࿦͢Δͷʹ͙͢Εͨख๏ͱͯ͠ɼ
ίϯϐϡʔλ্ͰԾ૝తʹͦͷঢ়‫گ‬Λ࡞Γग़͠‫͢ূݕ‬ΔɼࣾձγϛϡϨʔγϣϯ͕͋Δɽ
ࣾձγϛϡϨʔγϣϯ͸ɼྫ͑͹ɼࣗಈंಓͷ੔උ͕ަ௨ौ଺΁༩͑ΔӨ‫ڹ‬෼ੳ΍ɼςϩ΍Րࡂɼ఻છප͕ൃੜͨ͠৔߹ͷආ೉ͷํ๏΍͋Δ΂͖ରࡦͷ෼ੳͳͲͰɼେ͖ͳ੒ՌΛ
͍͋͛ͯΔ*3 ɽۚ༥ࢢ৔ʹؔͯ͠ͷࣾձγϛϡϨʔγϣϯ͸ɼΤʔδΣϯτϕʔευϞσϧͷҰछͰ͋
Δਓ޻ࢢ৔ϞσϧΛ༻͍ͯߦΘΕΔ*4 ɽਓ޻ࢢ৔Ϟσϧ͸ɼՍۭͷ౤ࢿՈͰ͋ΔΤʔδΣϯτͱɼՍۭͷऔҾॴͰ͋ΔՁܾ֨ఆϝΧχζϜ͔Βߏ੒͞Εɼίϯϐϡʔλ্ͰԾ૝తʹۚ༥ࢢ৔ΛγϛϡϨʔγϣϯ͢Δɽਓ޻ࢢ৔ϞσϧΛ༻͍ͨγϛϡϨʔγϣϯͰ͸ɼ͜Ε·Ͱʹͳ͍౤ࢿՈͷ෼෍͕༩͑ΔӨ‫ڹ‬΍·ͬͨ͘৽͍͠‫੍ن‬ͷޮՌΛٞ࿦Ͱ͖Δ͏͑ɼͦͷ७ਮͳӨ‫ڹ‬Λநग़Ͱ͖Δɽ͜Ε͕ਓ޻ࢢ৔γϛϡϨʔγϣϯ‫ڀݚ‬ͷ‫ڧ‬ΈͰ͋Δɽ
*3 ྫ͑͹ɼ[ग़‫ ޱ‬09, ࿨ઘ 12a] ͳͲ͕ৄ͍͠ɽ
*4 ༏ΕͨϨϏϡʔͱͯ͠ɼ[࿨ઘ 03, LeBaron 06, Chen 12, ࿨ઘ 12b, ਫా 14, Mizuta 16, Todd 16, ࿨ઘ

17a, ࿨ઘ 17b] ͕͋Δɽ

3

͜ΕΒͷ‫ڧ‬Έ͸͜Ε·Ͱͷ఻౷తͳ‫࢖Ͱֶࡁܦ‬ΘΕ͖ͯͨख๏ʹ͸ͳ͍΋ͷͰ͋Δͱ͠
ͯɼNature ͱ Science ʹਓ޻ࢢ৔Ϟσϧʹ‫ظ‬଴Λ‫ͤد‬Δ࿦ߟ͕‫͞ࡌܝ‬Ε͍ͯΔ [Farmer

09, Battiston 16]ɽͦͯ͠ਓ޻ࢢ৔ϞσϧΛ༻͍ͨγϛϡϨʔγϣϯ‫ڀݚ‬͸ɼۚ༥ࢢ৔ͷ‫੍ن‬ɾ੍౓ͷٞ࿦ʹߩ‫*ݙ‬5 ͨ͠Γɼόϒϧ΍ۚ༥‫ػة‬ͷൃੜϝΧχζϜͷղ໌ʹߩ‫ͨ͠ݙ‬Γͨ͠ɽ[ਫా 17a, Mizuta 17b] ͸ɼ࣮ূ‫[ ڀݚ‬Cremers 16] ͕ఏএͨ͠೜଱‫( ͍ڧ‬Patient) ͓Αͼ೜଱‫( ͍ͳ͘ڧ‬Impatient) ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿͷಛ௃Λ൓өͨ͠ΤʔδΣϯτΛಋೖͨ͠ਓ޻ࢢ৔ϞσϧΛߏங͠ɼചങྔ͕গͳ͍೜଱‫͍ڧ‬ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿՈ͕ࢢ৔Ձ֨ʹӨ‫ڹ‬Λ༩͑ࢢ৔Λޮ཰తʹ͢Δͷ͔Ͳ͏͔΍ɼ೜଱‫͍ͳ͘ڧ‬ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿՈ͕‫ݮ‬Γ೜଱‫͍ڧ‬ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿՈ͕૿͑ͨ৔߹ɼ֤ʑଛӹ͕ͲͷΑ͏ʹͳΔ͔Λٞ࿦ͨ͠*6 ɽຊ‫ڀݚ‬͸͜ΕΛൃలͤ͞ɼສ೥ׂ҆໏ฑ΋࠶‫ͦ͠ݱ‬ͷޮՌ΋‫ݕ‬౼ͨ͠ɽ

2 ਓ޻ࢢ৔Ϟσϧ࣮ূ‫[ ڀݚ‬Cremers 16] ͕ఏএͨ͠೜଱‫( ͍ڧ‬Patient) ͓Αͼ೜଱‫( ͍ͳ͘ڧ‬Impatient)ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿͷಛ௃Λ൓өͨ͠ΤʔδΣϯτΛϞσϧԽ͢Δɽͦͷಛ௃Λද‫͖Ͱݱ‬Δൣғ಺ʹ͓͍ͯɼϞσϧ͸Ͱ͖Δ‫ݶ‬ΓγϯϓϧͰ͋Δ͜ͱ͸ॏཁͰ͋ΔɽϞσϧߏஙͷ‫ج‬ຊཧ೦͸ຊߘͷ෇࿥ “Ϟσϧߏஙͷ‫ج‬ຊཧ೦” ʹͯઆ໌ͨ͠ɽ

2.1 ΤʔδΣϯτશΤʔδΣϯτ਺Λ N ͱ͢ΔɽॳΊɼ൒਺ͷΤʔδΣϯτ N/2 ͸‫ ࣜג‬1 ‫ג‬Λɼ΋͏൒਺ͷΤʔδΣϯτ N/2 ͸Ωϟογϡ C0 Λอ༗͍ͯ͠ΔɽC0 ͸ΤʔδΣϯτʹΑΒͣఆ਺Ͱ͋Δɽ1 ‫ג‬อ༗͍ͯ͠ΔΤʔδΣϯτ͸ৗʹ 1 ‫ג‬ͷചΓ஫จΛɼ‫ࣜג‬Λอ༗͍ͯ͠ͳ
͍ΤʔδΣϯτ͸ৗʹ 1 ‫ג‬ͷങ͍஫จΛग़͢ɽͦͷͨΊɼ2 ‫ג‬Ҏ্ͷอ༗ɼۭചΓ (ϚΠφεͷอ༗‫ )਺ג‬͸ൃੜ͠ͳ͍ɽ
͜ΕʹΑΓɼ֤ΤʔδΣϯτ͸ຖ‫ظ‬ɼ஫จՁ͚֨ͩΛܾఆ͢Ε͹஫จ͕Ұҙʹఆ·Δɽ*5 ਓ޻ࢢ৔Ϟσϧͷۚ༥ࢢ৔ͷ‫੍ن‬ɾ੍౓ͷٞ࿦΁ͷߩ‫ݙ‬͸ [ਫా 14, Mizuta 16, ࿨ઘ 17a] ͕ৄ͍͠ɽ࠷

ۙɼEvolutionary and Institutional Economics Review ʹ‫͞ࡌܝ‬Εͨ΋ͷͱͯ͠ [Mizuta 15, Yagi17] ͕͋Δɽ·ͨɼ౦‫݊ূژ‬औҾॴͷ࣋ͪ‫ג‬ձࣾɼ೔ຊऔҾॴάϧʔϓ͸ਓ޻ࢢ৔ϞσϧʹΑΔ‫ڀݚ‬Λ
“JPX ϫʔΩϯάϖʔύʔ”(http://www.jpx.co.jp/corporate/research-study/working-paper/) ͱͯ͠ଟ͘ެද͍ͯ͠Δɽ
*6 ·ͨɼਓ޻ࢢ৔ϞσϧΛ༻͍ͯύογϒϑΝϯυ͕Ձ֨΁༩͑ΔӨ‫ڹ‬Λٞ࿦ͨ͠‫ڀݚ‬΋͋Δ [ߴ‫ڮ‬11, Braun-Munzinger 16]ɽ4ͦͷͨΊɼ౤ࢿՈͷߦಈͷҧ͍Λ஫จՁ֨ͷࠩҟ͚ͩʹয఺Λ͋ͯΒΕ݁Ռͷղऍ͕͠΍͘͢ɼอ༗‫਺ג‬ͷࡉ͔͍ௐ੔͕ൃੜ͠ͳ͍ͨΊചങྔ͕গͳ͍౤ࢿՈ΋ද‫͖Ͱݱ‬ΔɽҎԼɼΤʔδΣϯτͷछྨ͝ͱͷ஫จՁ֨ͷܾఆํ๏Λઆ໌͢Δɽ

2.1.1

Patient ΤʔδΣϯτ࣮ূ‫[ ڀݚ‬Cremers 16] ͕ఏএͨ͠ɼ೜଱‫( ͍ڧ‬Patient) ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿͷಛ௃Λ൓ө
ͨ͠ Patient ΤʔδΣϯτΛϞσϧԽ͢ΔɽΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿͰ͸ɼརӹ͕࣮‫͢ݱ‬Δ·Ͱ௕͍‫ؒظ‬Λඞཁͱ͠ɼͦͷؒʹੜ͡Δ‫ۀا‬ͷϑΝϯμϝϯλϧՁ஋ͱࢢ৔Ձ͕֨ဃ཭͢ΔͨΊʹଛӹ͕ѱԽ͢Δ‫ʹؒظ‬଱͑ͳ͚Ε͹ͳΒͳ͍͕ɼͦΕʹ଱͑ΒΕΔͷ͕ Patient ΤʔδΣϯτͰ͋Δɽ

Patient ΤʔδΣϯτ͸ NP ମଘࡏ͢Δɽ࣌ࠁ tɼΤʔδΣϯτ j ͷ஫จՁ֨ Pot,j ͸ɼPot,j = Pf exp(dσ j ± m(µj + 1))ɽ(1)

͜͜Ͱɼd ͓Αͼ m ͸ఆ਺Ͱ͋Γɼσ j ͸ j ͝ͱʹҟͳΔ࣮਺Λग़ྗ͢Δਖ਼‫ن‬෼෍ཚ਺ɼ

µj ͸ j ͝ͱʹҟͳΔ࣮਺Λग़ྗ͢Δ 0 ͔Β 1 ·ͰͷҰ༷ཚ਺Ͱ͋Δɽ± ͸ങ͍஫จͷͱ͖͸ −ɼചΓ஫จͷͱ͖͸ + ΛͱΔɽ௚ۙ (࣌ࠁ t − 1) ͷࢢ৔Ձ֨ P t−1 ʹґଘͤͣɼ‫͕ࣜג‬΋ͭຊ‫ݯ‬తͳՁ஋ʢϑΝϯμϝ

ϯλϧՁ֨ Pf ʣΛ‫ʹݩ‬஫จՁ֨ Pot,j ΛܾΊΔɽ֤ΤʔδΣϯτ͸ϑΝϯμϝϯλϧՁ֨Pf Λ஌Βͳ͍͕ਪఆΛࢼΈ͍ͯΔɽdσ j ͸ɼͦͷਪఆͨ͠ϑΝϯμϝϯλϧՁ֨ͱ Pf
ͷࠩͷ Pf ʹର͢Δൺ཰Λ͍ࣔͯ͠Δɽ·ͨɼϑΝϯμϝϯλϧ౤ࢿՈ͸ਪఆϑΝϯμϝ
ϯλϧՁ͔֨Βे෼͍҆Ձ֨Ͱങ͓͏ͱ͠ɼे෼ߴ͍Ձ֨ͰചΖ͏ͱ͢Δ܏޲͕͋Δͱ͍ΘΕɼ͜ͷे෼ͳՁ֨ࠩͷ͜ͱΛ҆શϚʔδϯ (Margin of Safety) ͱΑͿ [Graham 03]ɽm(µj + 1) ͸҆શϚʔδϯͷਪఆϑΝϯμϝϯλϧՁ֨ʹର͢ΔൺͰ͋Δɽ
஫จՁ֨ Pot,j ͸௚ۙͷࢢ৔Ձ֨ P t−1 ʹ·ͬͨ͘ґଘͤͣɼΤʔδΣϯτͷଛӹ͕ͲͷΑ͏ʹͳͬͯ΋஫จՁ֨ͳͲͷ஫จߦಈʹมԽ͕ͳ͍ɽͦͷͨΊɼଛӹͷѱԽʹ଱͑ɼ໨
ඪͱͳΔࢢ৔Ձ֨ʹͳΔ·Ͱചങ͠ͳ͍ͨΊചങ͕গͳ͘ͳΔͱ͍͏ಛ௃Λ͍࣋ͬͯΔɽ

2.1.2

Impatient ΤʔδΣϯτ࣮ূ‫[ ڀݚ‬Cremers 16] ͕ఏএͨ͠೜଱‫( ͍ͳ͘ڧ‬Impatient) ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿͷಛ௃Λ൓өͨ͠ Impatient ΤʔδΣϯτΛϞσϧԽ͢ΔɽΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿͰ͸ɼརӹ͕࣮‫ݱ‬͢Δ·Ͱ௕͍‫ؒظ‬Λඞཁͱ͠ɼͦͷؒʹੜ͡Δ‫ۀا‬ͷϑΝϯμϝϯλϧՁ஋ͱࢢ৔Ձ͕֨ဃ཭͢ΔͨΊʹଛӹ͕ѱԽ͢Δ‫ʹؒظ‬଱͑ͳ͚Ε͹ͳΒͳ͍͕ɼͦΕʹ଱͑ΒΕͳ͍

Impatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͸ɼଛ੾ͳͲΛͯ͠͠·͍རӹΛಀͯ͠͠·͏ [Cremers 16]ɽ5

Impatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͸ NImP ମଘࡏ͢Δɽ௨ৗ࣌ͷ஫จՁ֨ͷܾఆ͸ɼPatientΤʔδΣϯτಉ༷ʹࣜ (1) Ͱܾఆ͢Δɽͨͩ͠ɼ࣌ࠁ tɼΤʔδΣϯτ j ͕ɼ‫ࣜג‬Λอ༗t,j͍ͯ͠Δͱ͖ʹɼଛ੾Ձ֨ Plc ɼt,j
Plc= Pb exp(−m(µj + 1))ɼ(2)

ΛԼճͬͨ৔߹ɼ‫ࣜג‬Λച٫͢Δ*7 ɽ͜͜ͰɼPb ͸͢Ͱʹอ༗͍ͯ͠Δ‫ࣜג‬Λߪೖͨ͠Ձ֨ (฽Ձ) Ͱ͋Δɽଛ੾Λ࣮ߦͨ͠‫ޙ‬͸ɼΤʔδΣϯτ j ͕ਪఆ͢ΔϑΝϯμϝϯλϧՁ֨ Pf exp(dσ j ) Λࢢ৔Ձ֨ P t ্͕ճͬͨΒࣜ (1) ͷ௨ৗͷ஫จՁ֨Ͱͷ஫จΛߦ͍ɼͦΕ·Ͱ͸஫จΛग़͞ͳ͍ɽ

2.1.3

ςΫχΧϧΤʔδΣϯτςΫχΧϧΤʔδΣϯτ͸ NT ମଘࡏ͢Δɽͦͷ͏ͪ൒਺ͷ NT /2 ମ͕ॱுΓɼ࢒Γͷ൒਺͕‫ٯ‬ுΓͰ͋ΔɽॱுΓͷ࣌ࠁ tɼΤʔδΣϯτ j ͷ஫จՁ֨ Pot,j ͸ɼPot,j = P t

Pt
P t−tmjɽ(3)ςΫχΧϧΤʔδΣϯτ͸༧૝Ձ֨ͱಉ͡Ձ֨Ͱ஫จΛ͢ΔɽͦͷͨΊɼ༧૝Ϧλʔϯ͸ log(Pot,j /P t ) ͱͳΔɽॱுΓͷ৔߹ɼ༧૝Ϧλʔϯ log(Pot,j /P t ) ͕ա‫ڈ‬ͷϦλʔϯjlog(P t /P t−tm ) ͱҰக͢Δͱ͢ΔͨΊɼࣜ (2) ͕‫ٻ‬ΊΒΕΔɽ‫ٯ‬ுΓͷ࣌ࠁ tɼΤʔδΣϯτ j ͷ஫จՁ֨ Pot,j ͸ɼjPot,j = P t−tm ɽ(4)͜͜Ͱɼtmj ͸ j ͝ͱʹҟͳΔࣗવ਺Λग़ྗ͢Δ 1 ͔Β tmmax ·ͰͷҰ༷ཚ਺Ͱɼtmmax
͸ఆ਺Ͱ͋Δɽ‫ٯ‬ுΓͷ৔߹ɼ༧૝Ϧλʔϯ log(Pot,j /P t ) ͕ա‫ڈ‬ͷϦλʔϯͷ‫ූٯ( ٯ‬j߸)− log(P t /P t−tm ) ͱҰக͢Δͱ͢ΔͨΊɼࣜ (3) ͕‫ٻ‬ΊΒΕΔɽ‫࣮ݱ‬ͷۚ༥ࢢ৔ͷՁ֨มಈΛ࠶‫͢ݱ‬ΔͨΊʹςΫχΧϧΤʔδΣϯτ͕ඞཁͰ͋Δ͜ͱ͕஌ΒΕ͍ͯΔ*8 ɽͦͷͨΊɼຊϞσϧͰ΋ͳΔ΂͘γϯϓϧͳςΫχΧϧΤʔδΣϯτΛಋೖͨ͠ɽ

2.1.4

ϊΠζΤʔδΣϯτ

ϊΠζΤʔδΣϯτ͸ NN ମଘࡏ͠ɼ࣌ࠁ tɼΤʔδΣϯτ j ͷ஫จՁ֨ Pot,j ͸ɼPot,j = P t exp(ησ t,j )ɽ
*7 ۩ମతʹ͸Ձ֨ 1 ͷചΓ஫จΛग़͢ɽ
*8 ྫ͑͹ɼ[Chen 12]ɽຊߘͷ෇࿥ “Ϟσϧͷଥ౰ੑ” ΋ࢀরɽ

6

(5)͜͜Ͱ η ͸ఆ਺ɼσ t,j ͸ t ͓Αͼ j ͝ͱʹҟͳΔ࣮਺Λग़ྗ͢Δਖ਼‫ن‬෼෍ཚ਺Ͱ͋Δɽຊ
‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ৗʹे෼ͳྔͷऔҾ͕ߦΘΕ͍ͯΔ‫ࣜג‬ΛऔΓѻ͏ɽ͜Ε·Ͱʹड़΂ͨΤʔδΣϯτ͚ͩͩͱ஫จՁ͕֨ಛఆͷՁ֨෇ۙʹภΓചങ͕͋·Γ੒ཱ͠ͳ͍͜ͱ͕ଟ͘ൃੜ͢
ΔͷͰɼϊΠζΤʔδΣϯτΛಋೖͨ͠ɽͳ͓ɼ࣮ࡍͷۚ༥ࢢ৔ʹ͓͍ͯ΋͜ͷΑ͏ͳɼ
ྲྀಈੑ*9 Λ‫͢څڙ‬Δࢢ৔ࢀՃऀ͕ଟ͘ଘࡏ͢Δɽ

2.1.5

ύογϒϑΝϯυͷϞσϧԽʹ͍ͭͯຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼύογϒΤʔδΣϯτ͸ಋೖ͠ͳ͍ɽ೔‫ܦ‬ฏ‫גۉ‬ՁͳͲͷࢦ਺ʢΠϯσοΫεʣͱಉ͡ऩӹΛಘΒΕΔΑ͏ʹΠϯσοΫεΛߏ੒͢Δ໏ฑͱಉ͡໏ฑΛಉׂ͡߹
Ͱอ༗͢ΔύογϒϑΝϯυ͸ɼઃఆղ໿͕͋Δ৔߹΍ΠϯσοΫεͷ૊ΈೖΕ໏ฑมߋ࣌Ҏ֎͸औҾΛߦΘͳ͍ɽຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸྆ऀͱ΋ʹߟྀ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ޮՌͰ͋ΓɼύογϒΤʔδΣϯτΛϞσϧԽ͢ΔͱɼചങΛҰ੾ߦΘͳ͍ΤʔδΣϯτͱͳΔɽͦͷͨΊɼύογϒϑΝϯυͷΈ͕૿Ճ͢Δ৔߹͸औΓѻ͑ͳ͍͜ͱʹ஫ҙ͕ඞཁͰ͋Δɽ·ͨɼ

Impatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͕͍ͳ͍ͱ͖ͷ Patient ΤʔδΣϯτ਺ NP ͕‫ݮ‬গ͢Δ͜ͱ͸ɼΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿ͔ΒύογϒϑΝϯυ΁ࢿ͕ۚҠ͍ͬͯΔ͜ͱΛϞσϧԽ͍ͯ͠ΔͱղऍͰ͖ΔɽΑͬͯɼ3.1 અͰ͸ɼΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿ͔ΒύογϒϑΝϯυ΁ࢿ͕ۚҠ͍ͬͯΔ
৔߹ɼՁ֨‫ܗ‬੒͕ͲͷΑ͏ʹͳΔ͔Λௐ΂͍ͯΔͱ΋͍͑Δɽ

2.2 Ձܾ֨ఆϝΧχζϜ
࣌ࠁ t ͷ͢΂ͯͷΤʔδΣϯτͷ஫จՁ͕ܾ֨ఆ͞Εͨͷͪɼ൘‫( ࣜํͤد‬call auction)[౦ূ 15, TSE 15] ͰऔҾΛ੒ཱͤ͞ࢢ৔Ձ֨ P t Λܾఆ͢Δɽ͢ͳΘͪɼങ͍஫จ͸ߴ͍஫จ͔ΒɼചΓ஫จ͸͍҆஫จ͔Βॱ൪ʹ͖ͭ߹Θ͍͖ͤͯɼചങͷ஫จՁ͕֨ಉ͡ʹͳͬͨͱ͜ΖΛ P t ͱ͢Δɽ൘‫Ͱࣜํͤد‬͸ɼ࿈ଓతʹ̍஫จ͝ͱʹऔҾΛ੒ཱͤ͞ΔͷͰ͸ͳ͘ɼചΓͱങ͍ͷ஫จΛ֤ʑूΊ͓͖ͯɼ͋Δಛఆͷ࣌ࠁʹͳͬͨΒҰ‫Ͱׅ‬औҾΛ੒ཱͤ͞ΔɽऔҾՁ֨͸धཁɾ‫ۂڅڙ‬ઢͷަࠩ͢ΔՁ֨ʹܾ·Δɽ‫څڙ‬ʢधཁʣ‫ۂ‬ઢ͸ɼചΓखʢങ͍खʣ͕͜ͷՁ֨ΑΓߴ͘ചΓ͍ͨʢ҆͘ങ͍͍ͨʣ஫จ਺Λྦྷੵͯ͠ඳ͍ͨ
‫ۂ‬ઢͰ͋Δɽ*9 ଟ͘ͷ଴‫͍ͯ͠ػ‬Δ஫จ͕΋ͨΒ͢ചങͷ੒ཱͷ͠΍͢͞ɽྫ͑͹ɼ[ࠇ࡚ 15a, Kurosaki 15b] ͕ৄ͍͠ɽ

7㈙䛔ᡂ❧㢖ᗘ㈙䛔ὀᩥேᩘ

16,000኎䜚ᡂ❧㢖ᗘ
኎䜚ὀᩥேᩘ

౯᱁㢖ᗘ

500

5.0

12,000400

4.0

10,000

300

3.0

200

2.0

100

1.0

0

0.0

8,000
6,000

ேᩘ

㢖ᗘ

ᕷሙ౯᱁

14,000

0య

4,000

10య

2,000

200య

9000
9100
9200
9300
9400
9500
9600
9700
9800
9900
10000
10100
10200
10300
10400
10500
10600
10700
10800
10900

9,000

8,000

7,000

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0

0

ᕷሙ౯᱁

᫬้

ਤ2
ਤ1

Patient ΤʔδΣϯτͷମ਺ NP =0, 10, 500 ͷͱ͖ͷࢢ৔Ձ֨ P t ͷ࣌‫ྻܥ‬ɽ

Patient ΤʔδΣϯτͷऔҾ਺ྔ͓Αͼࣜ(1) ͷചΓങ͍྆ํͷ஫จՁ֨ Pot,j .

౯᱁㢖ᗘPatient㈙䛔ᡂ❧㢖ᗘ
Impatient㈙䛔ᡂ❧㢖ᗘ
3.0% ౯᱁㢖ᗘ䠄ྑ㍈䠅
120

Patient኎䜚ᡂ❧㢖ᗘ
Impatient኎䜚ᡂ❧㢖ᗘ
600

2.0%
100

500

300

1.0%
80

400

㢖ᗘ

0.0%
60

100
0

-1.0%
40

200

-2.0%
20

100

0
-3.0%

0

ᕷሙ౯᱁

ਤ3

ࢢ৔Ձ֨ଳผʢ20 ࠁΈʣͷɼࢢ৔Ձ

300

9000
9100
9200
9300
9400
9500
9600
9700
9800
9900
10000
10100
10200
10300
10400
10500
10600
10700
10800
10900

200

䝸䝍䞊䞁

400

ᕷሙ౯᱁

ਤ4

ͼॱுΓͷςΫχΧϧΤʔδΣϯτͷ༧૝NP = 120,NImP = 80 ͷͱ͖ͷɼࢢ৔Ձ֨ଳผʢ20 ࠁΈʣͷɼࢢ৔Ձ͕֨ͦͷՁ֨ଳʹͳͬͨස౓ʢՁ֨ස౓ʣɼPatientͱ Impatient ΤʔδΣϯτͷചങ஫จͷ੒Ϧλʔϯ (log(Pot,j /P t )).

ཱස౓ɽ͕֨ͦͷՁ֨ଳʹͳͬͨස౓ʢՁ֨ස౓ʣɼ
ฏ‫ࢢۉ‬৔Ձ֨Ϧλʔϯ log(P t /P t−1 ) ͓Α

8

౯᱁㢖ᗘ

኎䜚ᡂ❧㢖ᗘ
㡰ᙇ䜚ண᝿䝸䝍䞊䞁͕ͦͷՁ֨ଳʹͳͬͨස౓ʢՁ֨ස౓ʣͱ

9000
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㢖ᗘ

㈙䛔ᡂ❧㢖ᗘ
ᕷሙ౯᱁䝸䝍䞊䞁
500ࢢ৔Ձ֨ଳผʢ20 ࠁΈʣͷɼࢢ৔Ձ֨

୓ᖺ๭Ᏻ䞉ImP䛺䛧
㏻ᖖ䞉ImP䛺䛧୓ᖺ๭Ᏻ䞉ImP䛒䜚
㏻ᖖ䞉ImP䛒䜚

600
኎䜚ὀᩥேᩘ

500

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3

500

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400

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200

1

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0.5

0

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㢖ᗘ

400
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ேᩘ

100

ᕷሙ౯᱁

ਤ6

ᕷሙ౯᱁

Patient ͓Αͼ Impatient ΤʔδΣϯτͷΈɼॳ‫ࣜגʹظ‬Λอ༗͍ͯ͠Δମ਺

NP = 120,NImP = 80 ͷͱ͖ͷɼࢢ৔Ձ֨ଳผʢ20 ࠁΈʣͷɼࢢ৔Ձ͕֨ͦ

ͱΩϟογϡΛอ༗͍ͯ͠Δମ਺Λɼ͜ΕͷՁ֨ଳʹͳͬͨස౓ʢՁ֨ස౓ʣ͓Αͼ҆) ͷ֤৔߹ʹ͍ͭͯɼImP ͳ͠ʢNP =Patient ΤʔδΣϯτͷࣜ (1) ͷചΓങ͍྆ํͷ஫จՁ֨ Pot,j ɽ

200, NImP = 0ʣ͓Αͼ ImP ͋ΓʢNP =140, NImP = 60ʣͷ৔߹ͷࢢ৔Ձ֨ଳผ
ʢ20 ࠁΈʣͷɼࢢ৔Ձ͕֨ͦͷՁ֨ଳʹͳͬ

ਤ5

·Ͱͷ 1 : 1(௨ৗ) ͷ৔߹ͱ 13 : 7(ສ೥ׂͨස౓ʢՁ֨ස౓ʣɽ

3 γϛϡϨʔγϣϯ݁Ռ֤छύϥϝʔλ͸ɼNT = 100, NN = 1000, C0 = Pf = 10000, d = 0.05, m =0.02, tmmax = 100, η = 0.5 ͱͨ͠ɽ·֤ͨγϛϡϨʔγϣϯ͸ t = te = 10000 ·ͰߦͬͨɽຊϞσϧ͓Αͼ͜ΕΒͷύϥϝʔλͷଥ౰ੑʹ͍ͭͯ͸ຊߘͷ෇࿥ “Ϟσϧͷଥ౰ੑ” Ͱઆ໌ͨ͠ɽ·ͨɼຊϞσϧ͸ଞͷϞσϧʹൺ΂ύϥϝʔλ͕গͳ͘ɼዞҙੑ͕ೖΓʹ͍͘ͷ͕ಛ௃Ͱ͋Δɽ

3.1 Patient ΤʔδΣϯτ͕ଘࡏ͢Δ৔߹͜͜Ͱ͸ɼNImP = 0 ͱ͠ɼNP = 0, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 ʹରͯ͠ɼͦͷଞͷ৚݅Λཚ਺ද΋‫ؚ‬Ίશ͘ಉ͡ʹͯ͠ɼ֤छ౷‫ܭ‬஋Λࢉग़͢Δɽ͜ΕΛཚ਺දΛมߋͯ͠ 100 ճ

9

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㈙䛔ὀᩥேᩘ

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㢖ᗘ

౯᱁㢖ᗘ

ߦ͍ɼͦͷฏ‫ۉ‬஋ΛҎ‫͍༻ޙ‬Δ (ͨͩ͠ɼਤ 1 ͷΈ͸͋Δ 1 ճͷࢼߦͷ݁ՌΛ༻͍ͨɽ)ɽ

2.1.5 અͰड़΂ͨΑ͏ʹɼPatient ΤʔδΣϯτ਺ NP ͕‫ݮ‬গ͢Δ͜ͱ͸ɼύογϒϑΝϯ
υ͕૿Ճ͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱΛϞσϧԽ͍ͯ͠ΔͱղऍͰ͖ΔͨΊɼຊઅͰ͸ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿ͕‫ݮ‬গ (NP ͕‫ݮ‬গ) ͠ύογϒϑΝϯυ͕૿Ճͨ͠৔߹Λௐ΂͍ͯΔͱ͍͑Δɽࢢ৔ͷޮ཰ੑΛଌఆ͢Δࢦඪͱͯ͠ɼࢢ৔ඇޮ཰ੑ Mie ɼte
1 !
|P t − Pf |Mie =ɼ
te t=1Pf(6)Λఆٛͨ͠*10 ɽ͜͜Ͱ || ͸ઈର஋Λࣔ͢ɽMie ͸ 0 Ҏ্ͷ஋ΛͱΓɼ0 ͳΒ‫׬‬શʹޮ཰తɼେ͖͘ͳΕ͹ͳΔ΄Ͳඇޮ཰Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱΛࣔ͢ɽ

ਤ 1 ͸ Patient ΤʔδΣϯτͷମ਺ NP = 0, 10, 200 ͷͱ͖ͷࢢ৔Ձ֨ P t ͷ࣌‫Ͱྻܥ‬
͋ΔɽPatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͕૿͑Δ΄Ͳ Pf = 10000 ෇ۙʹऩ·͍ͬͯΔ͜ͱ͕෼͔Γɼࢢ৔͕ޮ཰తʹͳ͍ͬͯΔ͜ͱ͕࢕͑Δɽ࣮ࡍɼද 1 ͸ NP ͝ͱͷࢢ৔ඇޮ཰ੑ Mie Λ͍ࣔͯ͠Δ͕ɼNP ͕૿͑Δ΄Ͳɼࢢ৔͕ޮ཰Խ͍ͯ͠Δͷ͕෼͔Δɽͭ·ΓɼΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿ͕‫ݮ‬গ͢Δͱࢢ৔͕ඇޮ཰ʹͳΔՄೳੑΛ͍ࣔͯ͠Δɽ͜Ε͸ɼΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿ͔ΒύογϒϑΝϯυ΁ࢿ͕ۚҠ͍ͬͯ͘ͱɼࢢ৔͕ඇޮ཰ʹͳΔՄೳੑ΋͍ࣔͯ͠Δɽͨ
ͩ͠ 2.1.5 અͰड़΂ͨΑ͏ʹɼΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿ͕‫ݮ‬গͤͣɼύογϒϑΝϯυ͕૿Ճ͢Δ৔߹͸ຊ‫ڀݚ‬ͷϞσϧͰௐ΂Δ͜ͱ͸Ͱ͖ͳ͍͜ͱʹ஫ҙɽ
ද 1 ͸͞ΒʹɼNP ͝ͱͷ֤ΤʔδΣϯτछྨผͷചങ਺ྔ (1 ମ͋ͨΓ͓ΑͼͦͷΤʔδΣϯτͰͷ߹‫ )ܭ‬΋͍ࣔͯ͠ΔɽPatient ΤʔδΣϯτͷചങ਺ྔ͸ଞͷΤʔδΣϯτͱൺ΂ͯඇৗʹগͳ͍ʹ΋ؔΘΒͣɼࢢ৔Λޮ཰Խ͍ͯ͠Δɽ͜ΕΒͷཧ༝Λௐ΂ΔͨΊɼਤ 2 ͸ɼࢢ৔Ձ֨ଳผʢ20 ࠁΈʣͷɼࢢ৔Ձ͕֨ͦͷՁ֨ଳʹͳͬͨස౓ʢՁ֨ස౓ʣͱ Patient ΤʔδΣϯτͷऔҾ਺ྔ͓Αͼࣜ (1) ͷചΓങ͍྆ํͷ஫จՁ֨ Pot,j Λࣔͨ͠ɽ஫จՁ֨͸޿͘෼෍͍ͯ͠Δʹ΋ؔΘΒͣɼ࣮ࡍʹ੒ཱͨ͠ങ͍ (ചΓ) ஫จ͸ɼਅͷϑΝϯμϝϯλϧՁ֨ Pf = 10000 ͔Β཭Εͨ

P t = 9800(P t = 10300) ෇ۙͰ͋ͬͨɽ͜Ε͸ਅͷϑΝϯμϝϯλϧՁ֨ʹ͍ۙՁ֨ΛਪఆͰ͖ͨ (σ j ͕খ͍͞)Patient ΤʔδΣϯτͷΈ͕ɼങ͍ͱചΓͷ྆ํͷ஫จՁ͕࣮֨
‫ࢢͨ͠ݱ‬৔Ձ֨ʹ‫·ؚ‬Εͨ͜ͱΛ͍ࣔͯ͠Δɽྫ͑͹ɼσ j ͕ϓϥεʹେ͖͍৔߹ɼങ͍
஫จ Pf exp(dσ j − m(µj + 1)) ͸ Pf ෇ۙͷଟ͘ͷ࣮‫ࢢͨ͠ݱ‬৔Ձ֨Ͱ͋ͬͨͱͯ͠΋ɼ*10 ࢢ৔ͷޮ཰ੑΛࣔ͢ࢦඪ͸ଟ͘ఏҊ͞Ε͍ͯΔ [ҏ౻ 07, Verheyden 13] ͕ɼຊ‫͍༻Ͱڀݚ‬Δࢢ৔ඇޮ཰

ੑ͸ɼ௨ৗ͸‫؍‬ଌͰ͖ͳ͍ϑΝϯμϝϯλϧՁ֨ Pf Λ௚઀࢖༻͓ͯ͠Γɼਓ޻ࢢ৔γϛϡϨʔγϣϯͰ͔͠༻͍Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍ఆٛͰ͋Δɽਓ޻ࢢ৔γϛϡϨʔγϣϯͰ͸ Pf ͕໌֬Ͱ͋ΔͨΊɼਪఆͰ͸ͳ͍ཧ૝తͳࢢ৔ͷޮ཰ੑΛଌఆͰ͖Δࢢ৔ඇޮ཰ੑͷ࢖༻͕ՄೳͰ͋Δɽ

10ചΓ஫จ Pf exp(dσ j + m(µj + 1)) ͕ߴ͗ͯ͢ࢢ৔Ձ͕֨౸ୡͤͣച٫Ͱ͖ͳ͍ɽ͜ͷΑ͏ʹࢢ৔Ձ͕֨ߴස౓ʹͳΔՁ֨ଳͰ͋Δ Pf ෇ۙͰങ͍ (ചΓ) Λߦ͏ Patient ΤʔδΣϯτ͸ചΓ (ങ͍) ஫จ͕ࢢ৔Ձ͕࣮֨‫͍ͳ͠ݱ‬Ձ֨ͱͳ͍ͬͯΔͨΊऔҾ͕࣮‫͍ͳ͠ݱ‬ɽͦͷͨΊɼࢢ৔Ձ͕֨ස౓͸௿͍͕࣮‫͢ݱ‬ΔՁ֨ଳͰ͋Γɼ͔ͭɼ஫จՁ͕֨ଟ͘ଘࡏ͢
ΔՁ֨ଳͰɼPatient ΤʔδΣϯτͷ஫จ͕੒ཱ͢Δ͜ͱͱͳΔɽ‫͑ݴʹٯ‬͹ɼPatientΤʔδΣϯτͷ஫จ͸ɼങ͍ (ചΓ) ஫จ͕ଟ͘੒ཱ͢ΔՁ֨ଳΑΓ΋҆͘ͳΔʢߴ͘ʣͳ
ΔͷΛ๷͍Ͱ͓Γɼͦͷ݁Ռɼ஫จ͕੒ཱ͢ΔՁ֨ଳ͕ࢢ৔Ձ͕࣮֨‫͢ݱ‬ΔԼ‫ݶ‬ʢ্‫ݶ‬ʣͱͳ͍ͬͯΔͱ΋͍͑Δɽ͜ͷΑ͏ͳՁ֨ଳ͸ Pf ͔Β཭Εࢢ৔͕ඇޮ཰ʹͳ͍ͬͯΔͱ
͖Ͱ͋Δɽͭ·ΓɼPatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͸ࢢ৔͕ඇޮ཰ʹͳͬͨͱ͖ʹͷΈചങΛߦͬ
͍ͯΔͱ͍͑Δɽ
ਤ 3 ͸ɼࢢ৔Ձ֨ଳผʢ20 ࠁΈʣͷɼฏ‫ࢢۉ‬৔Ձ֨Ϧλʔϯ log(P t /P t−1 ) ͓ΑͼॱுΓͷςΫχΧϧΤʔδΣϯτͷ༧૝Ϧλʔϯ log(Pot,j /P t ) Λਤࣔͨ͠ɽPatient ΤʔδΣϯτͷങ͍ʢചΓʣ஫จ͕੒ཱ͍ͯ͠ΔՁ֨ଳ͸ɼࢢ৔Ձ֨Ϧλʔϯ͓ΑͼॱுΓͷςΫχΧϧΤʔδΣϯτͷ༧૝Ϧλʔϯ͕‫ʹڞ‬ϚΠφεʢϓϥεʣʹͳ͍ͬͯΔɽ͢ͳΘͪɼࢢ৔Ձ͕֨ Pf ΑΓ௿͘ (ߴ͘) ͳΓ͞Βʹ௿͘ (ߴ͘) ͳΓͦ͏ͳͱ͖ɼͭ·Γࢢ৔Ձ֨ͷมಈ͕͞Βʹେ͖͘ͳΓͦ͏ͳͱ͖ʹɼ͜ΕΛ๷͙ํ޲ͷ Patient ΤʔδΣϯτͷങ͍ (ചΓ) ஫จ͕੒ཱ͍ͯ͠Δɽ͜ͷചങߦಈ͸ [Pastor 16] ͷ࣮ূ‫ڀݚ‬ͷ݁Ռͱ੔߹త
Ͱ͋Δɽ·ͨɼ͜ͷࢢ৔ޮ཰ԽͷϝΧχζϜ͸ɼ[Albagli 15, Cremers 15] ͕ओு͢ΔϝΧχζϜͱ͸ҟͳΔ΋ͷͰ͋Δɽ͜ͷΑ͏ʹɼPatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͸·Εʹ‫͜ى‬Δ P t ͕ Pf ͔Βେ͖͘ဃ཭ͯ͠ࢢ৔
͕ෆ҆ఆʹͳΓɼࢢ৔͕͞Βʹඇޮ཰ʹͳΓͦ͏ͳͱ͖ͷΈʹଟ͘ചങΛߦ͍ɼࢢ৔Ձ֨
ʹӨ‫ڹ‬Λ༩͑ɼࢢ৔Λޮ཰Խ͢Δ͜ͱ͕ࣔ͞Εͨɽ͞ΒʹɼॱுΓͷςΫχΧϧΤʔδΣϯτͷ஫จՁ֨͸ࢢ৔Ձ֨ͷมಈ͕େ͖͘ͳΔͱ͞ΒʹͦͷมಈΛ͞Βʹେ͖͘͢Δ͕ɼ

Patient ΤʔδΣϯτͷ஫จ͸ɼ͜ͷΑ͏ͳ૿෯Λ๷͍Ͱ͍Δ͜ͱ΋ࣔ͞Εͨɽͭ·Γɼചങ਺ྔ͸গͳͯ͘΋ɼࢢ৔͕ඇޮ཰Խͦ͠͏ͳͱ͖ͷΈചങΛߦ͍ɼࢢ৔ޮ཰Խʹେ͖ؔ͘༩͍ͯ͠ΔՄೳੑ͕ࣔ͞Εͨɽ͜ͷ͜ͱ͸ɼΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿ͔ΒύογϒϑΝϯυ΁ࢿ͕ۚҠΔͱࢢ৔Λඇޮ཰ʹ͢ΔՄೳੑΛࣔͨ͠ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ
ද 1 ͸ɼNP ͝ͱͷ֤ΤʔδΣϯτछྨผͷฏ‫ۉ‬ͷ࠷ऴଛӹ΋͍ࣔͯ͠Δɽ࠷‫Ͱ·ޙ‬อ༗ͨ͠‫ࣜג‬ͷՁ֨͸ Pf ͱͯ͠ɼଛӹΛ‫ͨ͠ࢉܭ‬ɽPatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͸ଞͷछྨͷΤʔδΣϯτΑΓߴ͍ऩӹͱͳ͍ͬͯΔɽ·ͨɼNP ͕ଟ͘ͳΔʹͭΕͯɼ1 ମ͋ͨΓ࠷ऴଛӹ͕গͳ͘ͳ͍ͬͯΔ΋ͷͷϚΠφεʹ·Ͱ͸ͳ͍ͬͯͳ͍͜ͱ͕෼͔ΔɽҰํɼ࠷ऴଛӹ߹‫ܭ‬͸૿͍͑ͯΔɽ1 ମ͋ͨΓ͓Αͼ߹‫ܭ‬ͷ͍ͣΕ΋ɼചങ਺ྔͱಉ͡܏޲ͱͳͬ
͍ͯΔɽ͢ͳΘͪɼPatient ΤʔδΣϯτͷ૿ՃʹΑΓചങ਺ྔ߹‫ܭ‬͸૿Ճ͠ଛӹ߹‫ܭ‬΋

11૿Ճ͢Δ͕ɼͦͷ૿Ճྔ͸ΤʔδΣϯτ਺ͷ૿Ճ΄ͲͰ͸ͳ͍ͨΊɼ1 ମ͋ͨΓͷചങ਺ྔɼ࠷ऴଛӹ͸‫ݮ‬গͯ͠͠·͏ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ

3.2 Impatient ͓Αͼ Patient ΤʔδΣϯτ͕ଘࡏ͢Δ৔߹
͜͜Ͱ͸ɼ{(NP , NImP )} = {(100, 100), (120, 80), (140, 60), (160, 40), (180, 20), (200, 0)}ͷ৔߹Λௐ΂ͨɽNP + NImP = 200 ͰҰఆͰ͋Δ͜ͱʹ஫ҙɽ

ද 2 ͸ɼNP ,NImP ͝ͱͷࢢ৔ඇޮ཰ੑ Mie ɼPatient ͱ Impatient ΤʔδΣϯτͷ 1ମ͋ͨΓ͓Αͼ߹‫ܭ‬ͷ࠷ऴଛӹɼചങ਺ྔΛࣔͨ͠ɽNP ͕૿͑ͯ NImP ‫ݮ‬ΔʹͭΕͯɼMie ͸‫ݮ‬গ͠ࢢ৔͸ޮ཰తʹͳ͍ͬͯΔɽ߹‫͓ܭ‬Αͼ 1 ମ͋ͨΓͷ͍ͣΕ΋ɼചങ਺ྔ͸
Impatient ΤʔδΣϯτͷํ͕ଟ͍ʹ΋ؔΘΒͣརӹ͸௿͘ͳ͍ͬͯΔɽͦͯ͠࠷΋஫໨͢΂͖͸ɼલઅ (3.2 અ) ͱҟͳΓɼPatient ΤʔδΣϯτͷ࠷ऴଛӹ͕߹‫ܭ‬ͷΈͳΒͣ

1 ମ͋ͨΓͰ΋૿Ճ͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱͰ͋ΔɽImpatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͕‫ݮ‬ΓɼPatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͕૿͑ΔͱɼPatient ΤʔδΣϯτʹͱͬͯ‫ͯ͑૿͕߹ڝ‬རӹΛୣ͍߹͏ͱ͍͏
͜ͱ͸͓͖ͣɼΉ͠Ζɼ஥͕ؒ૿͑ച٫͍ͨ͠Ձ֨ʹ౸ୡ͠΍͘͢ͳΓ౤ࢿ‫ػ‬ձ͕૿͑ͯ
རӹΛ֫ಘ͠΍͘͢ͳ͍ͬͯΔ͜ͱ͕ߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ͜ͷ͜ͱ͸ɼ೜଱‫͍ڧ‬౤ࢿ͸ࢢ৔͕ޮ཰తʹͳΔͱརӹ͕‫ݮ‬Δͱ͍͏ΑΓ͸ɼࢢ৔͕ඇޮ཰͗ͯ͢རӹ͕‫ݮ‬Δͱ͍͏ଆ໘΋͋Δ
͜ͱΛ͍ࣔͯ͠Δɽ͜ΕΒΛௐ΂ΔͨΊɼਤ 4 ͸ NP = 120,NImP = 80 ͷͱ͖ͷɼࢢ৔Ձ֨ଳผʢ20 ࠁΈʣͷɼࢢ৔Ձ͕֨ͦͷՁ֨ଳʹͳͬͨස౓ʢՁ֨ස౓ʣͱɼPatient ͱ Impatient ΤʔδΣϯτͷചങ஫จͷ੒ཱස౓Λࣔͨ͠ɽImpatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͕͍ͳ͍৔߹ͷਤ 2 ͱൺ΂ɼࢢ৔Ձ͕֨શମతʹ௿͘ͳ͍ͬͯΔɽ·ͨɼImpatient ΤʔδΣϯτͷചΓ੒ཱස౓͸ P t = 9500 ͋ͨΓʹ΋ࢁ͕͋Γɼങ͏΂͖ͱ͖ʹଛ੾Λߦ͍ͬͯΔ͜ͱ͕෼͔Δɽ͜
ͷଛ੾͕ɼࢢ৔Ձ͕֨શମతʹ௿͘ͳ͍ͬͯΔ‫ݪ‬Ҽͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ·ͨɼImpatient ΤʔδΣϯτͷํ͕ɼങ͍஫จ͕ࢢ৔Ձ֨ͷස౓͕ߴ͍ P t = 9800 ͋ͨΓ·ͰԆͼ͖͍ͯͯΔɽͭ·Γɼׂ҆Ͱͳ͍ͱ͖ͷߪೖ͕૿͑ͯ͠·͍ͬͯΔɽ͜Ε͸ਪఆϑΝϯμϝϯλϧ
Ձ͕֨ߴΊͷ Impatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͕ɼP t = 9800 ෇ۙͰߪೖ͠ɼചΓ஫จՁ֨ʹ͸ࢢ৔Ձ͕֨౸ୡ͠ͳ͍Ұํɼଛ੾Ձ֨ʹ͸౸ୡͯ͠͠·͍ɼׂ҆Ͱͳ͍ߪೖͱଛ੾Λ‫܁‬Γฦ͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱ͕ߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ͜Ε͕ Patient ΤʔδΣϯτͰ͋Ε͹ɼલઅ (3.2 અ) Ͱड़΂ͨΑ͏ʹɼച٫ͷ‫ػ‬ձ͕๚Εͣͣͬͱอ༗ͨ͠··ͱͳΔͷͰചങ͸ൃੜ͠ͳ͍ɽ͜ͷ͕ࠩɼImpatient ΤʔδΣϯτͷചങ͕ଟ͍ʹ΋ؔΘΒͣརӹ͕গͳ͍ཧ༝ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ
ਤ 5 ͸ɼNP = 120,NImP = 80 ͷͱ͖ͷɼࢢ৔Ձ֨ଳผʢ20 ࠁΈʣͷɼPatient ΤʔδΣϯτͷࣜ (1) ͷചΓങ͍྆ํͷ஫จՁ֨ Pot,j Λࣔͨ͠ɽਤ 4 Ͱઆ໌ͨ͠Α͏ʹɼ

12Impatient ΤʔδΣϯτͷଛ੾ʹΑͬͯࢢ৔Ձ͕֨શମతʹ௿͘ͳͬͨͨΊɼPatientΤʔδΣϯτͷചΓ஫จ͕΋ͬͱ΋ଟ͍Ձ֨ଳ (P t = 10200 ∼ 10500) ʹࢢ৔Ձ͕֨શ
͘౸ୡ͠ͳ͘ͳ͍ͬͯΔɽͭ·ΓɼImpatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͕ଘࡏ͢Δ͜ͱʹΑΔՁ֨‫ܗ‬੒ͷมԽ͕ɼPatient ΤʔδΣϯτͷച٫‫ػ‬ձΛୣ͍རӹΛগͳ͍ͯ͘͠Δɽ͢ͳΘͪɼ

Patient ΤʔδΣϯτʹͱͬͯ͸ɼಉ͡ Patient ΤʔδΣϯτ͕རӹΛୣ͍߹͏ͱ͍͏ΑΓ͸ɼImpatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͕Ձ֨‫ܗ‬੒ʹ༩͑ΔӨ‫͕ڹ‬རӹΛಘΔ‫ػ‬ձΛୣ͍ͬͯΔͱ
͍͑Δɽ

3.3 ສ೥ׂ҆໏ฑͷ৔߹ৗʹׂ҆ʹ์ஔ͞Ε͍ͯΔɼͭ·ΓϑΝϯμϝϯλϧՁ֨ΑΓৗʹ͍҆Ձ֨ͰऔҾ͞ΕϑΝϯμϝϯλϧʹ౸ୡ͠ʹ͍͘໏ฑ (‫ )ۀا‬͸ “ສ೥ׂ҆໏ฑ” ͱΑ͹ΕΔɽલઅͰड़΂ͨΑ͏ʹɼImpatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͕ଘࡏ͢Δͱࢢ৔Ձ͕֨ৗʹ௿Լͨ͠ঢ়ଶͱͳΔɽ͜
Ε͸ສ೥ׂ҆ͱࣅͨΑ͏ͳঢ়‫͋Ͱگ‬Γɼ‫͑ݴʹٯ‬͹ɼສ೥ׂ҆໏ฑͰ͸ɼImpatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͕ଘࡏ͢Δ৔߹ͱಉ༷ʹɼPatient ΤʔδΣϯτͷऔҾ‫ػ‬ձ͕গͳ͘རӹ΋গͳ͘ͳΔͱ༧૝͞ΕΔɽ
ͦ͜ͰɼPatient ͓Αͼ Impatient ΤʔδΣϯτͷΈɼॳ‫ࣜגʹظ‬Λอ༗͍ͯ͠Δମ਺
ͱΩϟογϡΛอ༗͍ͯ͠Δମ਺Λɼ͜Ε·Ͱͷ 1 : 1(௨ৗ) Ͱ͸ͳ͘ɼ13 : 7(ສ೥ׂ҆)ʹͨ͠৔߹Λௐ΂ͨɽਤ 6 ͸ɼ྆έʔε֤ʑʹରͯ͠ɼImP ͳ͠ʢNP = 200, NImP = 0ʣ͓Αͼ ImP ͋ΓʢNP = 140, NImP = 60ʣͷ৔߹ͷࢢ৔Ձ֨ଳผʢ20 ࠁΈʣͷɼࢢ৔Ձ͕֨ͦͷՁ֨ଳʹͳͬͨස౓ʢՁ֨ස౓ʣΛࣔͨ͠ɽສ೥ׂ҆ͷ৔߹͸ࢢ৔Ձ͕֨௿͘
ͳ͓ͬͯΓɼImpatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͕ଘࡏ͢Δ৔߹͸ಛʹ௿͘ͳ͍ͬͯΔɽ
ද 3 ͸֤৔߹ͷࢢ৔Ձ֨ͷฏ‫ͦͱۉ‬ΕΒͷࠩΛࣔͨ͠ɽImpatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͕ଘࡏ
͢Δ͜ͱΑΓ΋ສ೥ׂ҆Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱ (ॳ‫ࣜגʹظ‬Λอ༗͍ͯͨ͠ΤʔδΣϯτ͕ଟ͍) ͷํ͕ࢢ৔Ձ֨ͷԡ͠Լ͛ޮՌ͕ߴ͍͜ͱ͕෼͔Δɽ
ද 4 ͸ Impatint ΤʔδΣϯτ͕ଘࡏ͠ͳ͍৔߹ͷࢢ৔ඇޮ཰ੑɼ1 ମ͋ͨΓ࠷ऴଛӹɼ

1 ମ͋ͨΓചങ਺ྔΛࣔͨ͠ɽ͔֬ʹສ೥ׂ҆໏ฑͰ͸ɼImpatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͕ଘࡏ
͢Δ৔߹ͱಉ༷ʹɼPatient ΤʔδΣϯτͷऔҾ‫ػ‬ձ͕গͳ͘རӹ΋গͳ͘ͳ͍ͬͯΔ͜
ͱ͕෼͔Δɽ

13

4 ·ͱΊ
ຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼ࣮ূ‫[ ڀݚ‬Cremers 16] ͕ఏএͨ͠೜଱‫( ͍ڧ‬Patient) ͓Αͼ೜଱‫ͳ͘ڧ‬͍ (Impatient) ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿͷಛ௃Λ൓өͨ͠ΤʔδΣϯτΛಋೖͨ͠ਓ޻ࢢ৔ϞσϧΛߏங͠ɼചങྔ͕গͳ͍೜଱‫͍ڧ‬ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿՈ͕ࢢ৔Ձ֨ʹӨ‫ڹ‬Λ༩͑ࢢ৔Λޮ཰తʹ͢Δͷ͔Ͳ͏͔΍ɼ೜଱‫͍ͳ͘ڧ‬ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿՈ͕‫ݮ‬Γ೜଱‫͍ڧ‬ΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿՈ͕૿͑ͨ৔߹ɼ֤ʑଛӹ͕ͲͷΑ͏ʹͳΔ͔Λٞ࿦ͨ͠ɽ
ͦͷ݁ՌɼPatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͸·Εʹ‫͜ى‬Δࢢ৔Ձ͕֨ϑΝϯμϝϯλϧՁ஋͔Βେ͖͘ဃ཭ͯ͠ࢢ৔͕ෆ҆ఆʹͳΓɼࢢ৔͕͞Βʹඇޮ཰ʹͳΓͦ͏ͳͱ͖ͷΈʹଟ͘ചങΛߦ͍ɼࢢ৔Ձ֨ʹӨ‫ڹ‬Λ༩͑ɼࢢ৔Λޮ཰Խ͢Δ͜ͱ͕ࣔ͞Εͨɽ͞ΒʹɼॱுΓͷςΫχΧϧΤʔδΣϯτͷ஫จ͸ࢢ৔Ձ֨ͷมಈ͕େ͖͘ͳΔͱ͞ΒʹͦͷมಈΛେ͖͘
͢Δ͕ɼPatient ΤʔδΣϯτͷ஫จ͸ɼ͜ͷΑ͏ͳ૿෯Λ๷͍Ͱ͍Δ͜ͱ΋ࣔ͞Εͨɽ
ͭ·Γɼചങ਺ྔ͸গͳͯ͘΋ɼࢢ৔͕ඇޮ཰Խͦ͠͏ͳͱ͖ͷΈചങΛߦ͍ɼࢢ৔ޮ཰
Խʹେ͖ؔ͘༩͍ͯ͠ΔՄೳੑ͕ࣔ͞Εͨɽ͜ͷചങߦಈ͸ [Pastor 16] ͷ࣮ূ‫ڀݚ‬ͷ݁Ռͱ੔߹తͰ͋Δɽ·ͨɼ͜ͷࢢ৔ޮ཰ԽͷϝΧχζϜ͸ɼ[Albagli 15, Cremers 15] ͕ओு͢ΔϝΧχζϜͱ͸ҟͳΔ΋ͷͰ͋Δɽ͜ͷ͜ͱ͸ɼΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿ͕‫ݮ‬গ͢Δͱࢢ৔͕ඇޮ཰ʹͳΔՄೳੑΛ͍ࣔͯ͠Δɽ͜Ε͸ɼΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿ͔ΒύογϒϑΝϯυ΁ࢿ͕ۚҠ͍ͬͯΔ৔߹ɼࢢ৔͕ඇޮ཰ʹͳ
ΔՄೳੑ΋͍ࣔͯ͠Δɽͨͩ͠ɼΞΫςΟϒ౤ࢿ͕‫ݮ‬গͤͣɼύογϒϑΝϯυ͕૿Ճ͢Δ৔߹͸ຊ‫ڀݚ‬ͷϞσϧͰௐ΂Δ͜ͱ͸Ͱ͖ͳ͍͜ͱʹ஫ҙ͕ඞཁͰ͋Δɽ

Impatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͕‫ݮ‬ΓɼPatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͕૿͑ΔͱɼPatient ΤʔδΣϯτʹͱͬͯ‫ͯ͑૿͕߹ڝ‬རӹΛୣ͍߹͏ͱ͍͏͜ͱ͸͓͖ͣɼΉ͠Ζɼ஥͕ؒ૿͑ച٫
͍ͨ͠Ձ֨ʹ౸ୡ͠΍͘͢ͳΓ౤ࢿ‫ػ‬ձ͕૿͑ͯརӹΛ֫ಘ͠΍͘͢ͳ͍ͬͯΔ͜ͱ͕෼͔ͬͨɽ·ͨɼৗʹׂ҆ʹ์ஔ͞Ε͍ͯΔɼͭ·ΓϑΝϯμϝϯλϧՁ֨ΑΓৗʹ͍҆Ձ֨ͰऔҾ͞ΕϑΝϯμϝϯλϧʹ౸ୡ͠ʹ͍͘໏ฑ (‫͋Ͱ )ۀا‬Δສ೥ׂ҆໏ฑͰ͸ɼ

Impatient ΤʔδΣϯτ͕ଘࡏ͢Δ৔߹ͱಉ༷ʹɼPatient ΤʔδΣϯτͷऔҾ‫ػ‬ձ͕গͳ͘རӹ΋গͳ͘ͳ͍ͬͯΔ͜ͱ͕෼͔ͬͨɽ

14

15

109.59%

3.11%

2.04%

1.59%

1.47%

1.35%

1.24%

0

10

20

50

100

200

500

-0.14

-0.12

-0.10

-0.07

-0.05

-0.04

-0.03

ϊΠζ

ImP

100

80

60

40

20

0

P

100

120

140

160

180

200

1.35%

1.35%

1.42%

1.67%

2.20%

8.65%

ඇޮ཰ੑ

ࢢ৔

0.86

0.82

0.77

0.71

0.64

0.49

P

—

0.71

0.67

0.62

0.56

0.35

ImP

̍ମ͋ͨΓ࠷ऴଛӹผͷ࠷ऴଛӹ͓Αͼചങ਺ྔɽ

ମ਺

-0.66

-0.51

-0.37

-0.23

-0.07

0.04

0.31

ςΫχΧϧ

0.42

0.86

1.35

1.90

2.66

3.15

—

Patient̍ମ͋ͨΓ࠷ऴଛӹ

208

172

135

95

53

32

—

Patient࠷ऴଛӹ߹‫ܭ‬

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

ϊΠζ

1,840

1,805

1,772

1,744

1,674

1,551

1,344

ςΫχΧϧ

16.26

30.35

44.20

58.29

77.04

88.08

—

Patient̍ମ͋ͨΓചങ਺ྔ

8,131

6,069

4,420

2,914

1,541

881

—

Patientചങ਺ྔ߹‫ܭ‬

172

148

124

99

77

49

P

—

14

27

37

45

35

ImP

172

162

150

136

122

84

P+ImP

࠷ऴଛӹ߹‫ܭ‬

30.35

29.09

27.57

25.47

23.13

17.45

P

—

39.79

38.22

37.09

36.30

28.34

ImP

̍ମ͋ͨΓചങ਺ྔ

6,069

5,235

4,411

3,565

2,776

1,745

P

—

796

1,529

2,225

2,904

2,834

ImP

6,069

6,031

5,939

5,791

5,680

4,579

P+ImP

ചങ਺ྔ߹‫ܭ‬

Patient ΤʔδΣϯτ (P) ͓Αͼ Impatient ΤʔδΣϯτ (ImP) ͷମ਺͝ͱͷࢢ৔ඇޮ཰ੑͱ֤ΤʔδΣϯτछྨ

ඇޮ཰ੑ

ମ਺

ද2

ࢢ৔

Patient ΤʔδΣϯτͷମ਺͝ͱͷࢢ৔ඇޮ཰ੑͱ֤ΤʔδΣϯτछྨผͷ࠷ऴଛӹ͓Αͼചങ਺ྔɽ

Patient ͷ

ද1

ද3

ද4

௨ৗ͓Αͼສ೥ׂ҆ͷ֤৔߹ͷɼImP

ͳ͓͠Αͼ ImP ͋Γͷ৔߹ͷࢢ৔Ձ֨ͷങ਺ྔ (ImP ͳ͠)ɽฏ‫ͱۉ‬ɼͦΕΒͷࠩɽ

ImP ͳ͠

ImP ͋Γ

ࠩ

௨ৗ

9997

9921

-76

ສ೥ׂ҆

9806

9479

-326

ࠩ

-191

-441

ද5

௨ৗ͓Αͼສ೥ׂ҆ͷ৔߹ͷࢢ৔ඇޮ཰ੑɼ1 ମ͋ͨΓ࠷ऴଛӹɼ1 ମ͋ͨΓച

ࢢ৔

̍ମ͋ͨΓ

̍ମ͋ͨΓ

ඇޮ཰ੑ

࠷ऴଛӹ

ചങ਺ྔ

௨ৗ

1.36%

85%

29.86

ສ೥ׂ҆

2.14%

64%

22.61

NP = 0, NImP = 0 ͷ৔߹ͷ֤छ౷‫ྔܭ‬Ϧλʔϯͷඪ४ภࠩ
Ϧλʔϯͷઑ౓

1.12%
2.38
ϥά

ೋ৐Ϧλʔϯͷ
ࣗ‫ݾ‬૬ؔ܎਺

1
2
3
4
5

0.18
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.14

෇࿥
Ϟσϧߏஙͷ‫ج‬ຊཧ೦ਓ޻ࢢ৔γϛϡϨʔγϣϯΛ༻͍Ε͹ɼ͜Ε·Ͱʹͳ͍౤ࢿՈͷ෼෍͕༩͑ΔӨ‫ڹ‬΍·ͬͨ͘৽͍͠‫੍ن‬ͷޮՌΛٞ࿦Ͱ͖Δ͏͑ɼͦͷ७ਮͳӨ‫ڹ‬Λநग़Ͱ͖Δɽ͜Ε͕ਓ޻ࢢ৔γϛϡϨʔγϣϯ‫ڀݚ‬ͷ‫ڧ‬ΈͰ͋Δɽ ͦͯ͠ɼଟ͘ͷਓ޻ࢢ৔γϛϡϨʔγϣϯ‫͕͜ڀݚ‬Ε·Ͱʹͳ͍౤ࢿՈͷ෼෍͕༩͑ΔӨ‫ڹ‬΍ɼ‫੍ن‬ɾ੍౓ͷมߋΛ෼ੳ͖ͯͨ͠ [࿨ઘ 03, LeBaron 06, Chen 12, ࿨ઘ 12b, ਫా 14, Mizuta 16, Todd 16, ࿨ઘ 17a, ࿨ઘ 17b]ɽ
ͨͩͦͷޮՌ͸࣮֬ͳ༧૝Ͱ͸ͳ͍ɽ͞·͟·ͳέʔεͰͷγϛϡϨʔγϣϯΛߦ͍ɼ͜Ε·Ͱ༧૝͞Ε͍ͯͳ͔ͬͨɼ“͋ΓಘΔ” ϝΧχζϜͰͷ‫ݱ‬৅Λ‫͕ͱ͓͚ͯͭ͘͜ݟ‬ɼਓ޻ࢢ৔γϛϡϨʔγϣϯͷେ͖ͳ໾ׂͱ
ͳΔɽۚ༥ࢢ৔Ͱ͜Ε͔Β࣮ࡍʹ͓͜Δ‫ݱ‬৅Λఆྔతʹ΋஧࣮ʹ࠶‫͢ݱ‬Δ͜ͱ͕໨తͰ͸ͳ͘ɼ‫੍ن‬΍੍౓ͷมߋ͕ɼͲͷΑ͏ͳϝΧχζϜͰՁ֨‫ܗ‬੒ʹӨ‫ڹ‬Λ༩͑ɼͲͷΑ͏ͳ͜ͱ͕‫͜ى‬ΓಘΔͷ͔ͱ͍͏஌ࣝ֫ಘ͕໨త
Ͱ͋Δɽ͜Ε͸ྫ͑͹࣮ূ෼ੳͳͲଞͷख๏Ͱ͸Ͱ͖ͳ͍͜ͱͰ͋Δɽ
ਓ޻ࢢ৔Ϟσϧ͸ීวతʹଘࡏ͢ΔϚΫϩ‫ݱ‬৅Λ࠶‫͋Ͱ͖΂͢ݱ‬Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽਓ޻ࢢ৔γϛϡϨʔγϣϯͰ͸ɼϚΫϩ‫ݱ‬৅Ͱ͋Δࢢ৔Ձ֨ͷϦλʔϯ΍ചങ਺ྔΛϞσϧԽ͠ͳ͍ɽ͋͘·Ͱɼ౤ࢿՈΛ໛ͨ͠ “ΤʔδΣϯτ” ͱऔҾॴΛ໛ͨ͠ “Ձܾ֨ఆϝΧχζϜ” ͱ͍ͬͨϛΫϩϝΧχζϜΛϞσϧԽ͠ɼͦͷϛΫϩϝΧ
χζϜͷ૬‫༻࡞ޓ‬ͷੵΈ্͛ͱͯ͠ϚΫϩ‫ݱ‬৅͕ग़ྗ͞ΕΔɽͦͷͨΊɼϛΫϩϝΧχζϜͷϞσϧԽ͸‫࣮ݱ‬ͷࢢ৔ʹଈͨ͠΋ͷͱ͠ɼ݁Ռͱͯ͠ग़ྗ͞ΕΔϚΫϩ‫ݱ‬৅͸ɼ‫࣮ݱ‬ͷࢢ৔Ͱීวతʹଘࡏ͢ΔϚΫϩతੑ࣭Λ࠶‫͞ݱ‬ΕΔΑ͏ʹ࡞Δඞཁ͕͋Δɽ

16

͔͠͠ɼීวతͰ͸ͳ͘ಛఆͷ࣌‫ظ‬΍ࢿ࢈ɼ஍ҬͰग़‫͢ݱ‬ΔϚΫϩతੑ࣭͢΂ͯΛ࠶‫͢ݱ‬Δ͜ͱ͸ຊ‫ڀݚ‬ͷ໨తͰ͸ͳ͍ɽඞཁҎ্ʹଟ͘ͷϚΫϩతੑ࣭ΛҰͭͷϞσϧͰ࠶‫͠ݱ‬Α͏ͱ͢Δͱɼա৒ʹෳࡶͳϞσϧΛ΋ͨΒ͠ɼؔ࿈͢Δཁૉ͕ଟ͘ͳΓ͗ͯ͢ɼൃੜϝΧχζϜͷཧղΛ๦͛ͯ͠·͏ɽ࣮ࡍɼෳࡶͳਓ޻ࢢ৔Ϟσϧʹରͯ͠ɼϞσϧ͕ෳࡶʹͳΔͱύϥϝʔλ͕૿͑ϞσϧͷධՁ͕ࠔ೉ʹͳΔͱ
͍͏൷൑͕͋Δ [Chen 12]ɽϞσϧ͕ෳࡶ͗͢Δͱؔ࿈͢Δཁૉ͕ଟ͘ͳΓ͗ͯ͢ɼൃੜϝΧχζϜͷཧղΛ๦͛ͯ͠·͏ɽ·ͨ, ύϥϝʔλ͕૿͑Δ΄Ͳ͞·͟·ͳग़ྗ͕ͩͤΔΑ͏ʹͳΓɼϞσϧΛ࡞ͬͨਓ͕ಋ͖͍ͨ
݁Ռ΁ዞҙతʹಋͨ͘Ίͷύϥϝʔλઃఆ͕ߦΘΕΔ‫ڪ‬Ε͕͋ΔɽγϯϓϧͰύϥϝʔλ͕গͳ͍Ϟσϧ΄Ͳɼύϥϝʔλௐ੔ʹΑͬͯಛఆͷ݁Ռʹಋ͘͜ͱ͕ࠔ೉Ͱ͋ΔͨΊධՁ͕༰қͱͳΔɽҎ্ʹΑΓɼຊ‫Ͱڀݚ‬͸ɼ෼ੳ໨తΛՌͨͤΔൣғ಺ͰͳΔ΂͘γϯϓϧͳϞσϧͷߏஙΛߦ͍ͬͯΔɽ࣮ࡍͷࢢ৔Λ‫׬‬શʹ࠶‫͢ݱ‬Δ͜ͱΛ໨తͱ͓ͯ͠ΒͣɼීวతͰ͸ͳ͘ಛఆͷ࣌‫ظ‬΍ࢿ࢈ɼ஍ҬͰग़‫͢ݱ‬ΔϚΫϩతੑ࣭͢΂ͯΛ࠶‫͢ݱ‬Δ͜ͱ΍, ࣮ࡍʹ͸ଘࡏ͢ΔͰ͋Ζ͏౤ࢿՈΛ͢΂ͯ໢ཏ͢Δ͜ͱ͸͋͑ͯߦ͍ͬͯͳ͍ɽ
[Weisberg 12] ͕ड़΂͍ͯΔΑ͏ʹɼΑ͍γϛϡϨʔγϣϯϞσϧͱ͸ͦͷ‫ڀݚ‬໨తʹΑͬͯҟͳΔɽͦͷͨΊɼຊ‫ڀݚ‬ͷϞσϧ͸ຊ‫ڀݚ‬ͷ໨తʹͷΈ͓͍ͯΑ͍ϞσϧͰ͋Γɼଞͷ‫ڀݚ‬໨తʹ͓͍ͯ͸Α͍ϞσϧͰ͸
ͳ͍ɽ·ͨ [Weisberg 12] ͕ड़΂͍ͯΔΑ͏ʹɼ਺ཧϞσϧͱҟͳΓɼγϛϡϨʔγϣϯϞσϧ͸౤ࢿՈͳͲ
ͷϛΫϩͷߦಈ΍ͦͷߦಈͷཧ༝ͱɼࢢ৔Ձ֨ͳͲͷϚΫϩ‫ݱ‬৅ͱͷ૬‫༻࡞ޓ‬ͷϝΧχζϜͷղ໌͕Ͱ͖Δ͜ͱ͕‫ڧ‬ΈͰ͋Δɽ਺ཧϞσϧ͕‫ڧ‬Έͱ͢ΔϚΫϩ‫ݱ‬৅ͷಛ௃෼ੳ΍༧ଌͱ͍ͬͨ͜ͱ͸ຊ‫ڀݚ‬ͷ໨తͱͤͣɼϝΧχζϜͷղ໌ʹয఺Λ͍͋ͯͯΔɽ

Ϟσϧͷଥ౰ੑ
ਓ޻ࢢ৔Ϟσϧͷଥ౰ੑ͸࣮ূ෼ੳͰಘΒΕ͍ͯΔ fat-tail ΍ volatility-clustering ͱ͍ͬͨ୅දతͳ
stylized fact ͕࠶‫͖Ͱݱ‬Δ͔Ͳ͏͔ͰධՁ͞ΕΔ [LeBaron 06, Chen 12, ࿨ઘ 12b, ਫా 14, Mizuta 16]ɽϑΝοτɾςʔϧ͸ɼࢢ৔Ձ֨ͷϦλʔϯͷ෼෍͕ਖ਼‫ن‬෼෍Ͱ͸ͳ͘੄͕ް͍ɼ͢ͳΘͪɼઑ౓͕ਖ਼Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱͰ͋ΔɽϘϥςΟϦςΟɾΫϥελϦϯά͸ࢢ৔Ձ֨ͷϦλʔϯͷ 2 ৐͕ɼେ͖ͳϥάͰ΋ࣗ‫ݾ‬૬ؔ܎਺͕༗ҙʹਖ਼Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱͰ͋Δɽ
[Sewell 11] ͳͲଟ͘ͷ‫Ͱڀݚ‬ड़΂ΒΕ͍ͯΔΑ͏ʹɼۚ༥ࢢ৔͸ෆ҆ఆͰ͋Γɼ҆ఆతʹɼͲͷΑ͏ͳ࣌‫ظ‬ʹ΋༗ҙʹ‫؍‬ଌ͞ΕΔελΠϥΠζυɾϑΝΫτ͸ϑΝοτɾςʔϧͱϘϥςΟϦςΟɾΫϥελϦϯάͷ 2 ͔ͭ͠ͳ͍ɽ͔͠΋ɼ͜ΕΒ͸౷‫ྔܭ‬ͷ༗ҙʹਖ਼Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱ͚͕ͩ҆ఆͯ͠‫؍‬ଌ͞Εɼ஋ͦͷ΋ͷ͸ɼ࣌‫ʹظ‬Αͬͯҟͳ
ΔɽϑΝοτɾςʔϧʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɼ࣮ূ෼ੳͰΑ͘‫؍‬ଌ͞ΕΔϦλʔϯͷ෼෍ͷઑ౓͸ 1 ∼ 100 ఔ౓Ͱ͋ΓɼϘϥςΟϦςΟɾΫϥελϦϯάʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɼ࣮ূ෼ੳͰΑ͘‫؍‬ଌ͞ΕΔϦλʔϯͷࣗ‫ݾ‬૬ؔ͸ 0.01 ∼ 0.2 ఔ౓ͱɼ͔ͳΓ͹Β͖͕ͭ͋Δ [Sewell 11]ɽຊ‫ڀݚ‬ͷΑ͏ʹɼۚ༥ࢢ৔ʹ‫ڞ‬௨͢Δੑ࣭Λ෼ੳର৅ͱ͢Δਓ޻ࢢ৔͕࠶‫͖΂͢ݱ‬͸ɼ͜ΕΒͷ౷‫͕ྔܭ‬༗ҙʹਖ਼Ͱ͋Γɼ໰୊ͳ͍ൣғʹ஋͕ऩ·͍ͬͯΔ͜ͱͰ͋ͬͯɼಛఆͷ஋ʹ͚ۙͮΔ͜ͱ͸ຊ࣭తͰ͸ͳ͍ɽ
ද 5 ͸ɼNP = 0, NImP = 0 ͷͱ͖ͷຖ‫ظ‬ͷϦλʔϯ log(P t /P t−1 ) ͷඪ४ภࠩͱઑ౓ɼϦλʔϯͷ 2 ৐ͷࣗ‫ݾ‬૬ؔͰ͋ΔɽϦλʔϯͷઑ౓͕ϓϥεͰɼ࣮ূ෼ੳͰΑ͘‫؍‬ଌ͞ΕΔ 1 ∼ 100 ఔ౓ͷൣғʹऩ·͍ͬͯΔɽΏ͑ʹɼϑΝοτɾςʔϧ͕࠶‫͞ݱ‬Ε͍ͯΔɽ·ͨɼϦλʔϯͷ 2 ৐ͷࣗ‫ݾ‬૬ؔ΋ϥά͕͋ͬͯ΋ϓϥεͰ࣮ূ෼ੳͰΑ͘‫؍‬ଌ͞ΕΔ 0.01 ∼ 0.2 ఔ౓ʹऩ·͍ͬͯΔɽΏ͑ʹɼϘϥςΟϦςΟɾΫϥελϦϯά͕࠶‫ݱ‬͞Ε͍ͯΔͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽཹҙࣄ߲ຊ࿦จ͸εύʔΫεɾΞηοτɾϚωδϝϯτ‫ࣜג‬ձࣾͷެࣜ‫ݟ‬ղΛද͢΋ͷͰ͸͋Γ·ͤΜɽ͢΂ͯ͸‫ݸ‬ਓత‫ݟ‬ղͰ͋Γ·͢ɽ17ࢀߟจ‫ݙ‬[Albagli 15] Albagli, E.: Investment horizons and asset prices under asymmetric information, Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 158, Part B, pp. 787 – 837 (2015),
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at the time of a market crash using an artificial market simulation, Evolutionary and Institutional
Economics Review, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 451–465 (2017),
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Haenlein & Libai 2013;
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Peres, & Van den Bulte 2014; Mukherjee 2014
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Chan & Gao 20132016

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Ebbes, Huang, &Rangaswamy 2016; Nejad,
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2012; Mukherjee 2014) ȴ/Yw|Y}0ÀÊǞźEĎd_/ȿà"A>ɁHV\x=sJ\ǠȊċ.-0ńƔEƮAŤã<A(Midgley, Marks, & Kunchamwar 2007; Stonedahl, Rand, & Wilensky 2010; Trusov,
Rand, & Joshi 2013)ȊǒɆ,Ơ+1ɄƉŝƔ+1A.ɫǃǴȫ1zd,ƪĎ0ȿàĺEɧ;A,Ǵ¢/1ȥŀ((<#0´,*zdȼĤ/Ȁɔ/.A,1ą8.,ǫ*A#B/>'*zd0¾ɂyNh\xņŗǲ/.@Yw|Y}Ǟź0ȇɃɕ.A?+A 8$m~y_0şǳĂ/.@A,

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Chan, Wai Kin & Baojun Gao (2013), Unfair Consequence of Fair Competition in
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͜ΜΈΚΒ̿;ΗΣͪ͛͞Πͮʹ˝˭̀˴˱˹˭̀˵˯˭ ̿ͮ͹Έ͘Π΢͜ΜΈΚΒ̿ ˞˱̃ʹ˛˵˺˰ʹ˻˲ʹˣ˯˵˱˺˯˱ʹʼ˧˻˸˲˾˭˹ʹ˅˃˃˅ʽ̀ǰƋ´̿Ʈ̨̹̻ͅő|̹̼̜̀ͨ̕Π͛̀͜͝Κ͛ΈͧΣΒ̽͏͑ͶΗΣΛΠͥʰ͖gǨc̪̔ͰΜΚΣ͠Σͻΐʹ̿ƳÍ̽À̪̲̕ͰΜΚΣ͠Σͻΐʹ̀̔ͭΙΠ΢΍ΚΠͼ̿ȥʟɽýǥ̺ɿ͙ΜͩΛͯΒ̿ʎƳ̽͏͑̔˄ˌˌ˃ à̽̀ͨΠ·ΗΣʹͪ͛͞Πͮ̿Ȑʙ͖0ɴ̧̡̪̲͓̕͞Σͭ͝Πͻ΋ΣͮΔͺΛΠͥ ˑ˒˝ ̿Ŋm̵̸̼̔͌ ˯˻˹˼́̀˭̀˵˻˺˭˸ʹ˱˯˻˺˻˹˵˯˿ ̀ͮʹΠ͵Σͼ̶̿̽ĺ̞͓͐͒͏̵̧̧̝̼̲̹̽̕ʄȨ̼Ɨ̧͓̀̔͐̿ƳÍ̀ͶΗΣΛΠͥ̿ǲ̴̢̺̽͗ô̵̸̜͒Ɨ̧̳̺̜̝̺
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i±ƵLʠtȋ̼ʐ/ʹΝ͠ΠͶ͝Έ̀̔LʠtȋĂŗ͖~̪̲ò̔i±ƵLʠtȋ̼ʐ/̽͋ȯm̬͒̕̀i±ƵLʠtȋ̼Ʃƪʐĺ̛̹͒̕ʹ
;$ (#$ , #' ) = ;$ E; ' (#$ , #' ), ; % (#$ , #' )F(6)ʹ
FƯ̶̸̺̜̂̀̔͒͋̿̽Ȳɪ̬͒ʜ̽̔Ȳɪ̸̪̜̰͓͒͋̿ȍɞ̓̿lƛ̡̰̔̿Ȳɪ ̧̛͕͓̺̹̽͐͒
̛͒̕#$ ̺#' ̀ȍLȍɞ̿Ʃƪ̲̿͊̽ƻ͖úȨ̸̺̪̜̹͒̿̔;$ ̀FÛƵ̼ʐ/͖ȡǅ̸̪̜͒̕ʹ
Ν͠ΠͶ͝Έ̀ ˄ˌˇˊ à̬̹̽̽Ʃƪʐĺ̿Eʁʐ/̽LʠtȋĂ̔LʠtȋĂ͖ºȁ̸̪̔ƩƪėȞ̡FÛƵ̛̹̠̻̝̠͒̿ŗ͖Ħ̵̲̕ūǠ̹̀̔ͳ΁ͻΣΊƩƪʞy͖ɰ̸̫ƩƪėȞ̿FÛƵ̼ʐ/͖ȃÁ̪̲̜̕ʹʹ

JMLVOª«Õv̸̨̛͇̔͑ƿ̸̡͓̜̼̜͐̔ĺƧǰƋ´̿Öʯ ˘˵˸˰˱˺ˮ˾˭˺˰ ̽͏͒ƩƪʐĺɅ̿ǭ̠͐±̧̲̜͓͊̀̕

˕˯˻˺˻˹˱̀˾˵˯˭ʹ˄ˌˋ˄ ȼ̽Īɢ̨̡͓̲̔˔˻˿˵ˁ˱̀ˁ˭˸ˁʼ˅˃˄ˊʽ̡Ɓƹ̬͇̹͒ʘ̿ƹ͖ȩ̸̵̜̼̠̲̕͏̤ƿ̸͓̜͐͒͏
̝̽̔ǲƩƪʐĺ̹̀pƷƀV̀ W̽º̸̨̧̡͓̜̺͔͒̔̕˘˵˸˰˱˺ˮ˾˭˺˰ʼ˄ˌˋ˄ʽ̀ ˄ˌˉˊ à̿΁Μ͜͝Σ̿ʹΠ͡ΣƪţΤˆˊˊ ʝ̔ɢȗʄʆ ˄  ˈ eͻΠΥ͖+̺̽͑ǀŒƩƪʐĺ͖Ĭ̜̲̕ʹΠ͡Σ̿ǐʱ̀ʹΣΆΠʴ`ˈˊ Ȓ̔ΔΣʹΣʴ` ˆ˅˃ Ȓ͇̲̔ȤɲàŐŃ̀ ˄ˌˈ˃ à̠͐ ˄ˌˉˉ à͇̹̺§Ŧ̛̹͒̕ʹΠ͡Σƪţ̿ƪJ̀ ˄ Ń̛̲͑̿ͻΠ̉ɣɬΐ͛Μ̛̹͒̕ǲ̽3̜̔ę>̀ƝĽ̺^9̿ ˅ ȨǪ͈̺̬̿͒̕ę>ʆ̛̀͒đ̿à̿ş̺ɔʇ̹-4ƍº̨͓͒̕˚˻˴˭˺˿˱˺ ̺ ˕˵˰˱ ̿ǁǓ͖lƛ̬̺͒̔ ˆ $*- ,-WNVWeG̿͏̝̼̼̽͒̕ʹ
ƪţ̡̛͒đ̿ŉƗ̹őʓ1ΤH1Υ̿g"͙ͤ͹͚Ρ͚͹͚ΤƩď;Υʹ{JK }$MKMN ʹ̧̢̠̼̺̬̺͐͒͒̔̕ͳ΁ͻΣΊƩƪʞy ˨ ̀̿͏̝̽ºą̧͓̏͒̿̕O͖ƫ̸̜̔ę>ǔʏ̓P ̶̣̓̿̿
Äî̿ʞyQ͖ȃ̞͒̕ʹ

T

(7)ʹ

Q = RS ∈ ̓P U(S, >) ∈ O;VW?VX8> ∈ ̓P Y
ͳ΁ͻΣΊ̀ΑΠͨͮ͜͢ǔʏ̹ºą͓̏̔ ˆ ̺{Ŧ̔ΚͥΆΣΎΣΜơ̿íơ ˇ ̵̸̼̜̽͒̕ʹ

ʹˆʹ$*- ,-WNVWeGʹ

ʹˇʹ$#-' )%-(-*CRʹ̸̨̔ͳ΁ͻΣΊ̿ƠQ̼ǔʏ̸̺̪̔ǲƵƩƪʐĺ0̶̣̀̿͏̝̽ºȁ̢̹͒̕ʹ
0(S) = XJ#R> ∈ ̓P [(S, >) ∈ OY
˄ʹ˧˻˸˲˾˭˹ʹ˔˱˹˻˺˿̀˾˭̀˵˻˺ʹˠ˾˻˶˱˯̀̿ͲΣͮ ˩˻˺˻̀˻˼˱ʹ˓˻˺˿̀˾́˯̀˵˻˺ʹ̂˵˭ʹˣ˴˱˼˴˭˾˰ʻ˿ʹˤ˴˱˻˾˱˹ ̽͏͑)ď̕ʹ˴̀̀˼ˍ˂˂˰˱˹˻˺˿̀˾˭̀˵˻˺˿ˁ̃˻˸˲˾˭˹ˁ˯˻˹˂˩˻˺˻̀˻˼˱˓˻˺˿̀˾́˯̀˵˻˺˦˵˭ˣ˴˱˼˴˭˾˰˿ˤ˴˱˻˾˱˹˂ʹ(8)ʹ

ǱË̔ǲƵƩƪʐĺ̀ƑǞ² ˹˭̄ ̹Sʓ̨͓̲ʮ̹̪̠ę>̺ƪJ̿ʐ/͖ȩ͏̸̝̺̪̜̼̜̕΅ΜͺΠΉΚΠ̡΁Μ͜͝ΣʹΠ͡Σƪţ̹Ţȷ̪̲»ʜ̿Ʃƪʐĺ̺̀ư̵̸̼̜͒̕ŀ̔»ʜ̿Ʃƪʞỳͳ΁ͻΣΊƩƪʞy̵̛̹̲̕ʹ ˈ ̀ǄƵ͙ͤ͹͚Ά͹͚J = J$ , J' , J% , J]̿tȋ̼ǯ͈y͕̮̠̼͐͒ƩƪtȋĂʞy̛̹͒̕ǯỳ̮̔ǲƵƩƪʐĺ̿͏̝̽_ƤƵǯ͈y͕̮̳̥̽ʓº̪̼̜˄ˈ̛͍͐͒̕tȋ̼ǯ͈y͕̮̔SåƵ̔čȝƵ̔ĵǜƵ̼ǯ͈y͕̮͖͉̕˖˵˳ˁˉ ̀̔ę>ͮͦΣΜ͖{ŉ̽Ψ2̔Ω2̔Ϊ2̺¢\̨̢̮̲̺̿̔ę>ȡʧ̿¥c͖Ĭ̸̜̜͒̕ΎͷͤͮEvŀ̽}̵̸̠ę>̿ͮͦΣΜ̡¢¨̸̡̪̜͒̔ǚę>̿ǚʷǷ̿ȡʧ̀̔ę>ͮͦΣΜ̽ž̵̸̔¥c̸̪̜͒̕Ư̿ę>ǚʷǷ̀ΎͻΒ̽}̵̸̠}̢̔ ľ̀ŸɡƵßʧ̽ɧ̤̔ŵ̀̽}̵̸̠I̛̹̬̹͒̽̕ȃÁ̪̲ ˖˵˳ˁ˄ʿʹ˖˵˳ˁ˅ ͖ƫ̜̺͒̔ŵ̹̗̀pƷ#ƌ̘̔ŵ̹̗̀pƷɯ¢̡̘9̸̧̜̜͒̿̕͏̝̽̔ͳ΁ͻΣΊƩƪʞỳ̹̔pƷƀV̀ W̽º̽͏̵̸ż̵̸͇̜̹̼̜͒̿̀̕ʹ
ʹʹˈʹʹ L"%"CE $#-'VWg;ʹ

ʹˉʹ F2-* _Oe :Xʹʹʹʹʹʹʹʹʹʹʹ
˅ˁˆˁ˄ˁ

FÛƵėȞ̿ȃÁʹͳ΁ͻΣΊƩƪʞỳ̔őʓ1̿ã̺̼͒g"ƩƪÔǏ͖ƺħƵ̽yď̬̳̥̹̼̤͒̔ʏħƵ̼yď̶͇̔͑̔
yď̿yď͖̸̛͊͐͌͒tȋ̼ǯ͈y͕̮͖ȡǅ̸̪̜͒̕ʹ ˈ ̀Ϋ1̿ã̺̼͒g"ƩƪÔǏ̹ȡǅ̨͓̲ͳ΁ͻΣΊ̛̹͒̕ǲƵ̼͙ͤ͹͚Ά͹͚͙ͽΛ̡ͬͮʐù̵̸͖̜͋͒̿̀̔ã̺̼͒g"ƩƪÔǏ̡íď̬͒IƩƪʮ̧̛̳̥̹͒̿̕ y̔ƩƪÔǏ{¤̿ǲy͖ɰ̫̼̜ʓ̛̜͑̔͒̀̔ɦƩƪ͖ȃĎ̪̼̜̠̣͑̔ʹJ$ + J' ʹ̀»Ʀ̨͓̼̜̕ʹ
ˑ˾̀˴́˾ʼ˅˃˃ˌʽ̡ëɄ̸̪̜͒͏̝̽̔ʳȝũ̿͏̝̼ʷå̽ȥʟ̼ͬͮ͹Β̀̔§̤̿FÛƵ̼ėȞ̹ǯ͈Ǖ̸̸̸̧͓̜͓̲̜̪͐͒̽̔̕g"ÔǏ̳̥̽ʓ̵̸ŏɽɾě͖ɈɅ̬̳̥̳̺͒̔ȥʟ̼ÔǏ̽͏͒Ʃƪ̺̜̝Ʀ»̀ĤɊ̸̨̧͓̜̺̼͒̽͒̕ʹ
˅ˁˆˁ˅ˁ

ýƫ+ʹ˔˻˿˵ʼ˅˃˄ˊʽʹ

ͳ΁ͻΣΊƩƪʞỳėȞɴů͌ėȞʨĿ̿ǁǓ̽Ŀ̲̼ƧɅƵtȋĂ͖M͑ʎ̤̕˔˻˿˵ʹ˱̀ˁ˭˸ʼ˅˃˄ˊʽ̀ͳ΁ͻΣΊƩƪʞy̿&ǒ͖ȰǞ̧̬͒̿̕^1̿Ʃď;J = J$ , J' , … , J` ͖̸̞̔J̠͐\ǞƩď̨͓͒?̸̿΋ͤͻΜ̿I
̋ȕOa̶͖̤͒̕OàiƗ̺JK ̿ǷL[0, JK ]̿ΑΠͨͮ͜͢̛̹͒˄ˉ̕O̿&ǒ̀ÇȝNè͖ƫ̸̶̜̣̿͏̝̽ȰĄ͓̈̄͒̕ʹ
SVdEOa F =:f
$MKh ,⋯,MKj MN| k$MKh,⋯,MKj MN(9)ʹ

̧̧̹|k7$ , ⋯ , 7` |̀ÇȝNè̛̹͒̕˔˻˿˵ʼ˅˃˄ˊʽ̧̀̔̿&ǒ̺đ̿ͬͮ͹Β̿ÂȬȨǪ̡̞͒ŏ¨̿&ǒ̺̿Ÿ̹̔ͳ΁ͻΣΊ̗ͭ;/ĺ̘͖ºȁ̸̪̔Ʀ̿Ʃƪͬͮ͹Β͖ȸ-̸̪͍̤̕ʹˆˁ ΜΣͮɾěAƧ̿FŢȱ̺ΚΠ͢Πͥżºʰʹ΅ΜͺΠΉΚΠͻ̀̔Ȳ̹ȩ̲͏̝̽ͳ΁ͻΣΊ̿Æ>̽͏̵̸̔Ŀ̪̜Ʃƪʞyºȁ̿tȋĂ͖M͑ʎ̜̲̠́͑
̹̼̜̀̕Ø ʢȨʼ˘˵˸˱˰˺ˮ˾˭˺˰ʹ˄ˌˌˇʽ̹͋ưɗƵ͞Σͭ͝Πͻ̠̼͐͒Ŀ̪̜ƈɑʞy͖ºȁ̧̧̪̲̹̔̕đõ_ś̡Ů̼̽͒ŗ̸͖̫̀͊ǃº̪̲͍̞̽̔̕΅ΜͺΠΉΚΠͻ̀WǦŕ͇̹̔Ʃƪ̺ƈɑ̿nŀ̸̟̜̽̔Ŀ̪̜ƧɅ̿tȋĂ͖ǅ̪̲̕ˑ˾́˷˭ʼ˅˃˄ˈʿʹ˓˴˭˼̀˱˾ʹ˅ʽ̀΅ΜͺΠΉΚΠͻ̿ƈɑʢȨ̿ƧɅ̶̸̜̽Ⱥɪ̸̪̜͒̕ŖǠ̹̀̔ƈɑʢȨ̀Ĕ͕̭̔ĺ´Ȅ ˔˻˺˭˸˰ʹ˗ˁʹˣ˭˭˾˵ʹʼ˥˺˵̂˱˾˿˵̀̅ʹ˻˲ʹ˓˭˸˵˲˻˾˺˵˭ʿʹ˙˾̂˵˺˱ʽ̿ļȌ̹̔ɾěƧɅ̿ŖɗƵɅƗ̽ȯm̬͒˄ˊ̕ʹ

GVR  2°µͪΣΛ ˔˻˺˭˸˰ʹ˗ˁʹˣ˭˭˾˵ ̀̔§&ʰ̹Ș|̼ĺ´Ȅ̡̛̹̗͒̔ɾěƧɅ̿Ʈ̘̹ͻΞ·͡Μâ'´̿ʄȨĂ͖M͑
ʎ̜̲̕¡ƓƬD ˣ˴˵˻̆˭̃˭ʼ˅˃˄ˈʽʼ˅˃˄ˊʽ̗̀ʜɒňƧɅ̘̹ͪΉͻΞ·͡Μâ'´̿ʄȨĂ͖Ƴȩ̡̪̲̔ð͐̿ƭŒƵţǻ̠͐̔ǰƋ´̟̥̽͒Ŀ̪̜â'´̿ʄȨĂ͋ƿ̧̺̼͒̽͒ͪ̕ΣΛ̗̀ΜΣͮɾěAƧ̡̘żºΜΣΜ̽ȯm̸̧̪̜̼̜̺̽Ɓƹ̪˄ˋ̔ɾěAƧ̺ęǈΊΞΈ͚͙Μ̔ǃƤΊΞΈ͛͘Μ̿ʏ̿ʐ/͖â'´ȭŚ̽ʚ̼̤ȭŚ̪̔ͻΞ·͡Μâ'´̿ýƫtȋĂ͖ǅ̪̲̕ʹ
̗ΜΣͮɾěAƧ̘ʼ˜́˯˱ʹ˄ˌˈˌʽ̡ΛΛΣ̨͓̲ͮƺờ̧̡̺̹̿͒̔ȑȠɅ̿ͺΉΛΗΣʼ˔˱ˮ˾˱́ʹ˄ˌˉ˃ʽ̗̀ΜΣͮ̿ɾěAƧ̘͖ĻyƵ̸̺̪ɜ̪̲̰̿̕ò̔ΜΣͮɾěAƧ̿ƧɅƵǁǓ̀ĸƳƵ̼Íʎ̪̠̼̤̔ΜΣͮ_ƫƧɅ͉̪͔̀»ƫƵLŚ̽ʓº̸̵̨͓̜̲˄ˌ̪̠̪̔ͪ̕ΣΛ̀̔ͺΉΛΗΣ̿ĕP̀Ƶ¦̧̛͓̹̺͒̔ͺΉΛΗΣ̡ƫ̜̲+̀Ĕ̝Ŕƿĺ̿ĺ͏͑͋Sǧèĺ̡ɸX̼̽͑̔'͋żº̢̹̼̜ʰ͖ɈɅ̸̧̪̜̲̺͖ȩĚ̜̲̕ΜΣͮ_ƫƧɅ̺̺̀͋͋Ŕƿĺ̿ĺ̽Â̸̪Sǧè̡ɚ̬͒ɸÈżºʰ̽ƺʧ̸̪̜͒ͪ̕ΣΛ̀ęǈΊΞΈ͛͘ΜΤòɪ̿ ˋΥ̺ǃƤΊΞΈ͛͘Μʼòɪ̿έʽ͖Æ≯̪ ǐʱ̿ʰ͖â'´Ƶ̽ǁƯ̪̲̹̌̿͒̕ʹ
͇̲̔ɾěAƧ͖ɪ͇̭̈́͒̿̽̔ȑȠ̽3̵̸ ́˺˵̂˱˾˿˭˸ ̼ɾěȆ̿ʞy͖ĭŠ̬͒úȨ̼̜̺̺̀͋͋̕ΜΣͮ̿ɾěȆ̿ʞỳŊɷƵ̼ʞỳ̹̼̤̔ɾěȆ̿ʞy̡¥ç̬̺͖͒ĉº̸̧̪̜̲̿̕ʞy̹ɾěǃƤ͖ºȁ̢̹͒̕ΜΣͮ̿_ƫƧɅ̀̔·?ɇQ ˼˱˾˲˱˯̀ʹ˰˵˿˯˾˵˹˵˺˭̀˵˻˺ ̺·?ɇQ ˵˹˼˱˾˲˱˯̀ʹ˰˵˿˯˾˵˹˵˺˭̀˵˻˺ ̿ͦΣͮ̽ý̸̫ǃƤ̡ºą͓̏͒̕ΜΣͮ_ƫƧɅ̽ŊɷƵɾěʞy͖Æ≯̪·?ɇQ̿ǃƤɅ͖Íʎ̬̳̥̹͒̀§̤̿őƷ̼Ĉ̡«̧͕͓͒̿̕ȫƗ̠͐ͪΣΛ̀ΜΣͮɾěAƧ͖ΚΠ͢Πͥżº̿ƧɅ̽ƳĮ̮̲́ͪ̕ΣΛ̿ʨ
ĿƵ̼ɍƣ̀̔ɾěAƧ̠͐Ʃ͇͓͒ΚΠ͢Πͥ̿ťď͖ȭŚ̪õ̲Ŀ̲̼Ĉ͖;̸̪̽ɾě̿yƧĂ͖ʚ̼̤Ʉ̧̛̲̺̹̈́͒̕Ʀǆ̀ƙĕP̗̽'̹͋ΚΠ͢Π̘͖ͥr̥>͓͒ǆ̵̼̲̽̕ΚΠ͢Πͥżºʰ͖Ɗ̤ȃÁ̧̬̺͒̀ǆƵ̽tŪ̼ ̛̹͒˅˃̕
ˆˁ˄ˁ˄ˁ

ɾěAƧ͖ΊΞΈ͛͘Μ̬͒ʹ˜́˯˱ʼ˄ˌˈˌʽ͖ɘƏ̸̺̪̜͒ʠĸƵɾěƧɅ̀ɮūƵɾě͖q͑Ḝ̡̢̝̺̹̲̺̞͒́̔̕Łȝ̢̬̺͒̔ʳȝũ͖*̝̠ʈɹ͖*̝̠΃͖ͮ*̵̝̠̺̜̲ΔΣͼɾě͖Ḝ̡̢̧̝̺̹͓͒͐̀̕»ͺΣʹ̠͐ŏÉƀ̹ǃƤ͖ĨȰ̢̹͒̕ǃƤȰǞ̀§ʬΞͭͷͻΔͺΜ̠͐¿ň̽ȝ̞̹͒̿̔ǃƤɾ¯ΔͺΛΠͥ̽͏͒ýƫȭŚ̿ǐ̸̺̪ȫ=ʢȨLŚ̼̻̹Ņ̤̠͐»ƫc̸̨͓̜̲ŀ̔˔́˾˸˭́˲ʹʼ˄ˌˌˊʿʹ˅˃˃˃ʽ̀̔ΜΣͮƧɅ͖Rƫ̸̪̼̤͋̔ĿsDƄƵº̠͐͋§ʬΞͭͷͻ_ƫ͖ÆJ̢̧̹̺͖͒ǅ̧̧̪̲̹̀̔̕ΚΠ͵ΒͶΙ̡͛ͮº̨͓͇̭͒̔̕ΚΠ͵ΒͬΙͷͤ̽͏͒Ωʬɾě̿ͯΝ͖ɾěÂɊ̿_ƫ×̺ȃ̧̞͒̿̕×̡Ξͭͮ͹͚ͷͤLÙ̽p͇̺͒º̬̼͒͐́̔ΜΣ̺ͮ{̫̔ΩʬΞͭͷͻ_ƫ͖õ̧̡̢̺̹͒͒ʼőɓ ˅˃˃ˇ ǘ ˄˄ ǖ̽Ⱥɪ̸̨͓̜͒̕ʽ̕ʹ

ɾěȆ ˣ 1̿ʞy̹1̡ɾě̬͒ɾěȆ9 ⊆ =̢̛̹̺͒̿ǃƤ͖no (9)̺Ȳ̧̢̬̺̿̔̕ʞyp̀̗̿ΜΣͮ̿AƧʼ˄ʽ̘͖Ǝ̲̬ʞy̛̹͒̕ʹ
nq ̀ʞyp̹ºą͓̏͒ǃƤ̡̛̹͒̔ʞyp̀ŊɷƵʞy̧̹̼̜̺̽ƁĊ̬͒̕ΜΣͮ̿ɾěʰ̀̔ɾěȆ̿ʞy̡¥̵̸͕̜̤ʰ͖ȃ̸̞̜͒ ˣ˭˭˾˵ʼ˅˃˃ˈʿʹ˅˅ˋʽ̕ʹ
ˆˁ˄ˁ˅ˁ

ΜΣͮɾěAƧʹSVIÏj©˄ˁ S ⊂ p, 0 ≤ nq ≤ 1̢̛̹̺͒̔ˣ ̽ŗǃƤnˣ ̡ºȁ̢̹͒̕ʹ˄ˁ˄ˁɊu̿ǃƤ͖n(u)̹Ȳ̬̕ʹ˄ˁ˅ˁ n(u, v) = n{w,x} (u), n(v, u) = n{w,x} n(v)̹Ȳ̬̕ʹ˅ˁ ʹyɾěȆ·?ɇQ(z{|}~}ÄÅ ÇzÉÄ~z{zÑÖÅzÜÑ)̿ͦΣͮáʹ ̶̸͇̬͑̔̈́̿uK , uà ∈p̸̲̜̪̽n(uK , uà ) ≠ 0,1̢̛̹̺͒̔9 ⊂ = ⊂ p̸̲̜̪̽ʹ
nq (9) = no (9)nq (=)(10)ʹ

·?ɇQ̿ͦΣͮ̿ŗ̢ǃƤ̀ʹnq (9|=) =nq (9⋂=)
nq (=)(11)ʹ

̧̧̛̹̹͒̔̕9 ⊂ = ⊂ p̸̲̜̪̽no (9) = nq (9|=)̡ď͑Ǖ̶̕ʹˆˁ yɾěȆ·?ɇQ(|}~}ÄÅ ÇzÉÄ~z{zÑÖÅzÜÑ)̿ͦΣͮá2 ̶͇͑̔ ̸̬̈́̿uK , uà ∈p̸̲̜̪̽n(uK , uà ) = 0̢̛̹̺̻͒̔̿= ⊂ p̸̲̜̪̽͋ʹ
nq (=) = nqã{wB} nq (= − {uK })(12)̧̢̛̺͍̿̔͐͒ç ⊂ =̽Â̸̪ūè̡ď͑Ǖ̶̕ʹné (?) =è(J)∑A∈ë è (?)(13)ʹ

͖Ǝ̲̬ʐĺè: ç → 9̡³̬͒ˆ̕ʐĺȩ̀̀̿ʠĸɾě̟̥̽͒_ƫʐĺ̽ƻì̬͒̕ʹ̜͇ɾěʬƹΤ ɊΥ͖J, ì̽ʓ̵̸̔è(J)ʹ̽8 îïñ ̔è(ì)ʹ̽8 îïó ͖>̬͇̲͒̕= = ç = J, ì̧̺̬͒̕
̢̺̿̔ʠĸƵɾěȆ ˭ ͖ɾ¯̬͒ ˅ ʬΞͭͷͻǃƤ̶̣̀̿͏̝̼̽͒̕ʹ
nò,ô =

8 îïñ
8îïñ + 8îïó

(14)˅ʹº ˅̗̀ƙʐ/ÂɊ̠͐̿ƢǕĂʼ˙˙ˑʽ̘̺ ͓̹́͒͋̿̔Έ͟Π΁͛ΐΠˀΔΜͧΠͬΗ͹ΜΠŒñ_ƫƧɅ̺{Ŧ̿SǧƵ̼º̡͇͓̲̳̪͒̔̕§ʬΞͭͷͻΔͺΜ̿»ƫc̿ʜ̽ǹ̧̡̬̺͒tȋ̛̹͒̕ʹˆʹʐĺ ̍̀ºĺ2͖ʕ̸̜ĊƵ̛̹͒̕ʹ

ʹ$̼̟̔ΞͭͷͻǃƤ̺ȯ͕͓͒đ̀̔Ξͭͷͻ̿í$Pö õứ̸͖̪̜̠̹͒͐͒̕ʹ
ˆˁ˄ˁˆˁ

·?ɇQ̿ɾěǃƤ̺ΜΣͮºƧʹ

5' Ï¾{u, v, ç}2FVI-ZiÊn2FVI2±§@[<"2. ;·+ n(>) =

n(>, O)n(>, ù)n(>, O) + n(>, ù) − n(>, O)n(>, ù)(15)

n(u, ç)n(v, u)n(u, v)n(ç, u) + n(v, u)n(u, ç)(16)n(v, ç) =̧̺͔̹̔Ϊɾě̿ y̔ɾěĒʭ̀ ǐʱ̛͒̕ʹ
fh'+-!iˮ˱˿̀ˀ˲˵˾˿̀ʹ˭˼˼˾˻˭˯˴Υʹ ͇̭ͻͷΊΚΠͤ̿ɾěȆu͖Éånq (u)̹ɾě̸̶̪̠̣͐̔̽ų͑Ω̶̿ɾěȆ{v, ç}̠͐v͖ǃƤn(v, ç)̹ɾ̧͂̿̕ɾěĒʭ͖ūè̹ȡ̬̕ʹ9(u ≻ v ≻ ç) = nq (u)n(v, ç)
ʹ""->, O, ù3u, v, ç2\©|-<ʹˇ

n(u) =n(u, v)n(u, ç);n(u, v) + n(u, ç) − n(u, v)n(u, ç)n(v) =n(v, u)n(v, ç);n(v, u) + n(v, ç) − n(v, u)n(v, ç)n(ç) =n(ç, u)n(ç, v);n(ç, u) + n(ç, v) − n(ç, u)n(ç, v)

nq (u) = J, nq (v) = ì, nq (ç) = †, n(u, v) =Jì†, n(v, u) =, n(u, ç) =

J+ì
J+ì
J+†

̧͓͖͐̿Ϊè̽>̬̺͒̔ʹ
n(u) =Jì†, n(v) =, n(ç) =
ʹ
J+ì+†
J+ì+†
J+ì+†

Ȳ̿ʐ/è̽ƁĊ̬̺͒̔n(v, ç) =
ʹ

ì
ʹ
ì+†

(17)ʹ

Kh'+-!ʹΤ̃˻˾˿̀ˀ˲˵̀ʹ˭˼˼˾˻˭˯˴Υʹʹ͇̭ŏ"ΚΠͤ̿ɾěȆç͖nq∗ (ç)͖ɾě̸̶̪̠̣͐̔̽ų͑Ω̶̿
{u, v}̠͐]"̿ɾěȆv͖ǃƤn∗ (v, u)̹ɾ̧͂̿̕ɾěĒʭ͖ūè̹ȡ̬̕ʹ9∗ (u ≻∗ v ≻∗ ç) = nq∗ (u)n∗ (v, ç)

(18)ʹ

ʹ
̗ʒʭ͙ΊΞΣͶ̘̺̗ņʭ͙ΊΞΣͶ̶̡̘̾̽ȏ̬͒̽̀̔̿ºƧ̡ǅ̸̢̬͕͊j̪̜ŗ̡úȨ̧̡̛̹̺͕̠͒͒̕ʹ*-AU(Luce, 1959, p. 69).
±§¶Ón.n∗ p = {u, v, ç}X-½$=&4,2ÜØ#.2Ï¾2`6.@3 <;1n.n∗ Ïj©@¤)&.^&<"2. 9(u ≻ v ≻ ç) = 9∗ (u ≻∗ v ≻∗ ç)(19)

n(u, v) = n(v, ç)(20).0<D^85M/3""1@hr%5&ˆˁ˄ˁˇˁ

Ŕƿĺ̿ĺ̺ŀǏè̿ĺ̿ʰʹ"=9;]Y2".?*)SVIÏj©3ÏÙ1+,3c8Ät%,0WÏÙ.¥Ôd1Ïj©@e..&<.Ö¨­0Âsm_n(u, v) = n(v, ç)@È&".10<%%XÆ2HIKP@¯.´2zÚ(counting equations):wy%,6)
# = nq (u), ! = nq (v)1 − # − ! = nq (ç)¢ = nq∗ (u), £ = nq∗ (v)1 − ¢ − £ = nq∗ (ç)
 ˆ  n(u, v) = n∗ (v, u), n(u, ç) = n∗ (ç, u), n(v, ç) = n∗ (ç, v)(21)

XÆÝ_:|1A%,;·+
§
§P•

=

¶

,

§

¶Pß §P($ã§ã•)

=

$ã¶ãß

,

•

¶P($ã¶ãß) §P($ã§ã•)$ã¶ãß= ($ã¶ãß)Pß(22).">-Ý+2o¸8Þf2|#, !, ¢, £Ó2Ôd8'=8Ûf23¦·-0%)*,Ü+2o¸.Þf2¯&<".10;¿¬ 2 f2HIKP-<".?<"=:XÆSVI©2Ö¨­0Â 3HIKP2Îp0¿¬@£$(<W+2¡1&!0
".?*)ˣ˭˭˾˵ʼ˅˃˃ˈʽ̀¿¬2£1+,>>0\@Å&<¹ 2ÑvXºÐ3q&<\2Å2)71ZiÊn2FVI-ęǈΊΞΈ͚͙Μ̔ǃƤΊΞΈ͛͘Μ͖Æ>̧̪͓̺̔͐ɾěAƧ̿ʐ/͖â'´Ƶ̽ȭŞ̧̬̺̼́͒̽͒̿̕ȭŚ͙̿͛ͺ͚͙̳̥͖ǭ̸̪̔ŖǑ͖Ǯ̞̲̜̕OTNBCS2mÃ.QUDUE2c~­mˆˁ˅ˁ˄ˁ

ΪɾěȆʰ͸ΣΜʹˣ˭˭˾˵Τ˅˃˃ˈΥ̽ô̜̗̔ΜΣͮ̿ɾěAƧ̘͖~̬͒̕u, v, ç̿ΪɾěȆ̿ΚΠ͢Πͥťɲ͖Ʉ̲̈́͒͊̽̔ͪΣΛ̡+ǅ̪̲ȡΨ͖Īɢ̬͒̕ΪɾěȆ̿ΚΠ͢Πͥ̀ ˉ ʹ͛Ί{1,2,3,4,5,6}̛͒̕ęǈȄĺ͋ǃƤΊΞΈ͛͘Μ͋ͪΣΛ̿
ĺ4+̡̪̲̝̽ˈ̧̿̕ȡ͖ƫ̸̜̔ÝÏ@ÃÇ&<0]Y2{  3  2{ 1%,<ʹʹ͛ΊƯwʹ

ΚΠ͢Πͥʹ

ęǈĺʹ

ǃƤʹ

˄ʹ

u ≻ v ≻ çʹ

7ʹ

˃ˁ˅ʹ

˅ʹ

u ≻ ç ≻ vʹ

2ʹ

0ʹ

ˆʹ

ç ≻ u ≻ vʹ

4ʹ

˃ˁˆʹ

ˇʹ

ç ≻ v ≻ uʹ

6ʹ

0ʹ

ˈʹ

v ≻ ç ≻ uʹ

0ʹ

˃ˁ˅ʹ

ˉʹ

v ≻ u ≻ çʹ

8ʹ

˃ˁˆʹ

c>'+&*Ȭí̿ʫƗ̇ˑʿ˒ʿ˓̈̀ɾěȆ̿ƧĉƗ͖ȡǅ̸̪̜͒̕Ȭí ˑ˒˓ ̀ ˉ 1̿ÇȬí{1,2,3,4,5,6}̽LY̨͓͒̕ʫƗ ˑ ̀ÇȬí{1,2}̿ʮE̿ęǈȄ̽͏̵̸ĳĠ̨͓͒̕ʫƗ ˓ ̀ÇȬí{3,4}̿ʮE̿ęǈȄ̽͏̵̸ĳĠ̨͓͒̕ʫƗ ˒ ̀ÇȬí{5,6}̿ʮE̿ęǈȄ̽͏̵̸ĳĠ̨͓͒̕ʹʹoÇȬí̌˄ ̿EƗ̻͓̀͋ ˑ ̵̺̽͋͋ɧ̶̤̣̔̽ ˒ ̽ɧ̜̕͏̵̸̔u ≻ v̨͐̽̔̕ç̵̺̽̀͋͋ɻ̜"ǿ̛̽͒̕͏̵̸̔u ≻ v ≻ ç̿ɾ¯̡ďǕ̸̪̜͒̕ʹʹoÇȬí̌˄ ̺̌˅ ̀ ˑ ͖ŏʷΚΠ̸̺̪ͤȸ-̬͒ʮ̛̹͒̕ʹ ˄˄ ̹Ɣ̜ͥΝ͛̿ʮ̡Âý̬͒̕ʹoÇȬí̌ˆ ̺̌ˉ ̀ʹ˒ ͖ǘ "̸̺̪ȸ-̬͒ʮ̛̹͒̕ ˄˄ ̹Κ͛ͻͥΝ͛̿ʮ̡Âý̬͒̕ʹʹoʫƗ ˓ ̠͐̿ɤ ˑ˒ ̓̿Ƿ̀Ωʬɾě̹ ˑ ̺ ˒ ̡ƙ×Q̼ơČ͖ǅ̬̕ʹ
ˈʹΚΠ͢Πͥ|̔ęǈΊΞΈ͛͘Μ̿ĺ4̀ ˣ˭˭˾˵ʼ˅˃˃ˈʿʹ˅˅ˉʽ̹̔ǃƤΊΞΈ͛͘Μ̶̸̜̽̀ ˣ˭˭˾˵ʼ˅˃˃ˈʿʹ˅ˆ˅ʽ̹̸̞͓̜͐

͒̕ʹ

o

Ȭí ˑ˒˓ ̿ʄù̜̭͓̀̿ʫƗ̸̲̜̪̽͋{̫ɛʠ̼̹̿u~v~ç̛̹͒̕ʹʹʹ),, 'ʹ FZ'+&*  ʹYT'+&*ʹˆˁ˅ˁ˅ˁ

ʹęǈΊΞΈ͛͘Μǔʏʹ̗ęǈΊΞΈ͛͘Μǔʏ ˦˻̀˵˺˳ʹˠ˾˻˲˵˸˱̘̀íèƵ̽ɪ̶͓̣̈́́͏̝̼̽͒̕ ̀Ωʬɾ¯͖ǅ̪̔^à ̀ɾ¯ ̿ęǈĺ͖ǅ̬̕ʹSn = {^ = (^$ , ⋯ , ^© ) ∈ 9© | ^à is a non − negative integer}ʹ
ʹ
FZ'+&*1E
oɤ ˑ˒ ̿ Ɨ̿Õ6̿ÇȬí∆$ , ∆' , ∆% ̀̔Ωʬɾě{u, v}̹̔u͖ĳĠ̕͏̵̸̔ˊʾ˅ʾˆˏ˄ˆ ǈʹoɤ ˑ˒ ̿ Ɨ̿v6̿ÇȬí∆] , ∆µ , ∆© ̀̀̔Ωʬɾě{u, v}̹̔v͖ĳĠ̕͏̵̸̔ˉʾ˃ʾˋˏ˄ˇ ǈʹʹęǈżº̿ΜΣΜ̹̀̔ęǈȄ̿ɾěȆ̿\ʄ4͖̞̜͕͍̗͒͒"q͑̿ΜΣΜ̡̘ʄȨ̛̹͇̭͒̔̕ŤǗ̼ͦΣͮ̀̔ŏʷΚΠͤ̿ɾěȆ̽Ψ̔̿ɾěȆ̽̀ ˃ ̿\ʄ͖̧̞͓͒̀̕ƻÂ§ĺ ˼˸́˾˭˸˵̀̅ ΜΣΜ̺ ̴̧͓͓̺͎̝̻́͒̕ɭ̿ΜΣΜ̀̔ŏ"ΚΠͤ̿ɾěȆ̽ ˃̔̸̬̿̈́̿ɾěȆ̽Ψ͖̞͒̕ ˏˆ ̿ͦΣ̹ͮ̀̔ʹ
∂ % = (∂$ , ∂' , ∂% ) = (1, ?, 0) | ∂à ≥ ∂àP$ ;VW ∏ = 1,2 ʹʹ\ʄ∂ % ̽͏͒ǶõƗ̀ūè̹ȡǅ̢̹͒̕ʹu͖ŏʷΚΠ̸̺̪ͤȸ-̬͒ęǈȄĺʹ Φʹ ?̉u͖ǘ "̸̺̪ȸ-̬͒ęǈȄĺʹ˵ˁ˱ˁʿʹ
ÇȬí̌˄ ̺̌˅ ̿õǈȄĺʹ Φʹ?̉ÇȬí̌ˆ ̺̌ˉ ̿õǈȄĺ˅˄ʹʹ\ʄ/ĺ?̀ŗ∂à ≥ ∂àP$ ;VW ∏ = 1,2̿ǡ̹Ċ̽̧̡̢̞̺̹͒͒̕ʹ
o\ʄ/ĺ? = 0ʹ̢̺̿ƻÂ§ĺΜΣΜʼˠ˸́˾˭˸˵̀̅ʹ˾́˸˱ʽʹ̼̽͒̕ʹ

o\ʄ/ĺ? = 0.5̢̺̿̔ΎΜ͵ΜΣΜʼ˒˻˾˰˭ʹ˾́˸˱ʽʹ̼̽͒ʹ˅˅̕ʹ

ʹΪɾěȆ̵̸̠̣̽͋\ʄ/ĺ ˿ ̿̞ŀ̀˪˃ʿ˄˫̿ǡ̹ƙʓ̛̪̠̪̽͒̔̕ ≥ˆ ̿ͦΣ̹ͮ̀̔ʹ∂ ` = (∂$ , ⋯ , ∂` ) = (1 ⋯ ,0) | ∂à ≥ ∂àP$ ;VW ∏ = 1,2ʿ⋯ , ^ʹ̿∂à ̿4̿ɾě̿ĺ̀̔∂à ≥ ∂àP$ ;VW ∏ = 1,2ʿ⋯ , ^̿ŗ̹͋̔͌̀͑Ö¨ĺ̼̽͒̕ʹ
ʹˆˁ˅ˁˆˁ

ǃƤΊΞΈ͛͘Μǔʏʹ{̫+ʰ̹̗ǃƤΊΞΈ͛͘Μǔʏ ˠ˾˻ˮ˭ˮ˵˸˵̘̀̅̀íèƵ̽ɪ̶͓̣̈́́͏̝̼̽͒̕ ̀Ωʬɾ¯͖ǅ̪̔πà ̀ɾ¯̡Ʃɘ̬͒ǃƤ͖ǅ̬̕ʫƗ̿ǃƤȰǞ̀̔ ˌ ǃƤΊΞΈ͛͘Μ͖lƛ̸̪̿͏̝̽ȰǞ̬͇̭͒̕ǃƤȰǞ̼̹̿̔\ʄ4∂à ̿yȰ4ʹ`

f ∂à = 1 + s + 0 = 1 + s

(23)ʹ

à∫$

̶͖̣̿͏̝̽ȪƐc̬͒̕ʹ`f ∂àª =
à∫$

1
?
+
+0=1
1+? 1+?

(24)ʹ

̵̸̡̪̲̔ǃƤΊΞΈ͛͘Μ̿ʫƗù ˌ ǃƤΊΞΈ͛͘Μ͖lƛ̸̪̔ʹ1?
2 + 6?
(7 + 2) +(8 + 4) =(1 + ?)10
1+?
1+?

(25)ʹ

{Ŧ̸̪̽ʫƗv, ç͖ȰǞ̸̪̔ ˌ YT'+&*̿ĺ4͖õ̧̡̢̺̹͒͒̕

ˇˁ ǱɅʹ
W̿Ω̶̿Ǡ̹̰͓̱͓̀̔ƩƪƧɅ̺ɾěƧɅ̿ΑͤΞƵFťď̶̸̜̽~̸̢̪̲̕Ʀ»͖ȭŚ̢̹͎̝͑̽ΑͤΞƵǄ̡>͓Ŏ̞̼̜ʓ͑̔ėȞʨĿ͋ǆɾě̿Ĵ͋ɈɅ̢̛̹̼̜̹͔̝̕ǋȩ̹̀̔WǦŗ̠́͐̿
Ɛ7̡ďƜ̶̶̵̛̪̲̺ȃ̞͒̕ʹ̸̨̔ŃŖ̿ɴcǰƋ´´̀̔ʂ¨´ǰƋ´ʁ ˋ˃ à ţΤ˄ˌˌˌ àåΥ̿ƨ̿ ̹̔ǰƋ´ʁőû̵̸̡͙̺̼ͨ ˄ˌˌˊ à̽ʂ¨´̸̽Zȴ̨͓̲̕ɴcǰƋ´´̿|Ǎ̡̛̹͒̔O͊̀SåǰƋ´͇̲̀ȥʟǥǰƋ´´̜̭͓̠̹̿ǯǼ|̡ɈɅ̸̨̡͓̜̲̔ƕÏĶķĥΤƦ΢|ȻķĥΥ̿ĭŠ̹ɴcǰƋ´̺̜̝|Ǎ̡ǃº̨͓̲˅ˆ̰̿̕ò̿Ŭǣ̿ƅ͓͖ȩ̸͋̔ɴcǰƋ´Zȴ¨̿Γ͛Πͧͮͻ̿ ˄ ̵̛̹̲ ˗˱˻˲˲˾˱̅ʹ
˘˻˰˳˿˻˺ ̀ȍ͐ɴcǰƋ´Ȅ͖¼ȯ̸̡̪̜̲̔ŏɧ̹̀ƮƵ̼ĿǯǼ ˧˻˾˸˰ʹ˙˺̀˱˾˰˵˿˯˵˼˸˵˺˭˾̅ʹ˞˱̀̃˻˾˷ʹ˲˻˾ʹ
˙˺˿̀˵̀́̀˵˻˺˭˸ʹˢ˱˿˱˭˾˯˴ʼ˧˙˙˞˙ˢʽ˅ˇ͖ȴǕ̔ǰƋ´͖ə̞͒?Lʅ̹̿ ˵˺˿̀˵̀́̀˵˻˺˭˸˵˿̀ ̛̹̺͒¼ȯ̸̪̜̺̜̝͕̥̹͒̔̕ɴcǰƋ´̺̜̝ ˱˺̀˵̀̅ ̀ż̸̪ºƵ̼̹̼̜͋̿̕ɴcǰƋ´̿ʐù̺̺̀͋͋ȥʟǥǌ´̿E¿̺ʄ̵̸̼̜
̸̰̔̿͏̝̼ʐù̿ʷ̜ΓΠ΃Σ̡§̵̠̲̪̰̔̿ò̔ǰƋƟƧ̿ΓΠ΃Σ͋¢¨̧̪̲̿̕ɤ̿ Ĉ̀ ƅƄǰƋ´̹͋¥͕̼̜͐̕ˢ˻ˮ˱˾̀ʹˣ˻˸˻̃ʿʹ˖˝ʹ˖˵˿˴˱˾ʿʹ˝˭˾̀˵˺ʹˣ˴́ˮ˵˷ ͖±͊ɸk̽ƃɝ̪̲ ƅƄǰƋ´ΓΠ΃Σ͋̹̀ȥʟǥǰƋ´̿ʄȨĂ͖Ƚɇ̪̲̖̀§̜̕ǰƋ´̗̽ĿsDƄǰƋ´̡̘ ˱˺̀˵̀̅ʹ̺̜̝Ċ̹³̸̪̜̺͒̀ľº̢̹̼̜̗̕ ƅƄǰƋ´̘̺̜̝ ˱˺̀˵̀̅ ̡³̸̪̜̺̜̝͒͏͑Ŝǯ̡͈³̸̪̜̺͒ȃ̞̲ŀ̡ȓ̛̜̹͔̝̕
̧̿Ŝǯ͈̀̔ɸk̽̀ ˜˱˿̀˱˾ʹˤ˴́˾˻̃ ̡̗Țí̘̺Įī̡̧̡̛̪̲̹̺̞̻͔̼̜͋̿͒̔͐ʧ̡̛͒̕ƶ̡Bɰ̿Ŝǯ͈̿͏̵̸̛̝̼͋̿̀͋̔»ƫẰ̺̻̼̜͗̕ͅʹ
̧̺͔̹̔˱˺̀˵̀̅ ̀ ˻˺̀˻˸˻˳˵˯˭˸ʹ̀˱˾˹ ̛̹̪̠̪͒̔̕ĈɅƵ̼ ˻˺̀˻˸˻˳̅ ̡ºą͓̏͒͏̵̧̝̼̲̺̽̀̔ǰƋ´̛̹͇͑ƿ̸͓̜̼̜͐˅ˈ̕˟˺̀˻˸˻˳̅ ̿ɈɅ̡ƈ̸̞̪͇̝̺̔ǌ´̸̺̪̀͌̀͑«ş̛̹͒̕˄ˌˆ˃ à̔˜˵˻˺˱˸ʹˢ˻ˮ˵˺˿ ̀ǰƋ´͖ ˻˺̀˻˸˻˳˵˯˭˸ʹ̽ɈɅ̸̪ȠǰƋ´̿Şğ͖Ǆ̷̸̥̔¨̢̼ưɅ͖ ̶̶̜̰͋̔̿ò̔ʄȨ̼lƛƐ̨̺͓͒̽Ȏ̵̲̕̹̀ ˤ˻˺̅ʹ˜˭̃˿˻˺ ̿͏̝̼ưǗƄ˅ˉ¦̀̔ǰƋ´̀ ˻˺̀˻˸˻˳̅ ͖ɈɅ̪̼̜̕¨̢̼ǆ¥`̽ƺʧ̸̪̜͒ ̹̔ńµ̽Ãÿ̪Ŀ̲̼ ˻˺̀˻˸˻˳̅ ̽HƉ̛̹͒͏̰͔̰͔͑̔ǰƋ´͋ĈɅƵ̼ ˻˺̀˻˸˻˳̅ ͖ǒŤƵ̽ɈɅ̪̲ŀ̡ȓ̜̳͔̝̕»ʜ̔ΞΆΠͯȍɞ̡̗µń̘͖ǂ£̪͏̝̺ȹ̛͈̲̹̿͒̕ɴcǰƋ´̿ ̀̔ΞΆ
Πͯ̽3̵̸̗µń̘͖ǂ£̪̔Ŀ̪̜ ˻˺̀˻˸˻˳˵˯˭˸ʹ̼ǰƋ´͖öŖ̛̬̺̹͔̝̏͒̕ʹ
9]HSˑ˾̀˴́˾ʹ˧˒ʹʼ˅˃˃ˌʽʹˤ˴˱ʹ˺˭̀́˾˱ʹ˻˲ʹ̀˱˯˴˺˻˸˻˳̅ˁʹ˖˾˱˱ʹˠ˾˱˿˿ʿʹ˞˱̃ʹ˨˻˾˷ʹ
őɓȢ ʼ˅˃˃ˇʽʹ ɴcǰƋ´̿ĺƧ>ʌ̔BǕJƞʹőɓȢ ʼ˅˃˄ˈʽʹ ǨǤǰƋ´̿ɘƏ̺ĿͮͨΚ´̿ƳÍʹ @œǦʀǸ̗ǰƋ´̺ǰƋķȇ̿ŔŘ̘đp̔šōä̔˄˅ˈˀ˄ˇˇʹ
ˑ˾́˷˭ʹ˨ʼ˅˃˄ˈ˭ʽʹʹ˕̂˻˸́̀˵˻˺˭˾̅ʹ˲˻́˺˰˭̀˵˻˺˿ʹ˻˲ʹ˱˯˻˺˻˹˵˯ʹ˿˯˵˱˺˯˱ˀʹ˴˻̃ʹ˯˭˺ʹ˿˯˵˱˺̀˵˿̀˿ʹ˿̀́˰̅ʹ˱̂˻˸̂˵˺˳ʹ˱˯˻˺˻˹˵˯ʹ˰˻˯̀˾˵˺˱˿ʹ˲˻˾˹ʹ̀˴˱ʹ˸˭˿̀ʹ˯˱˺̀́˾̅ːʿʹ˚ˑ˖˕˕ʹ˹˻˺˻˳˾˭˼˴ʹ
˿˱˾˵˱˿ˍʹ˕̂˻˸́̀˵˻˺˭˾̅ʹ˕˯˻˺˻˹˵˯˿ʹ˭˺˰ʹˣ˻˯˵˭˸ʹ˓˻˹˼˸˱̄˵̀̅ʹˣ˯˵˱˺˯˱ʹʼ˕˕ˣ˓ˣʽʹ̂˻˸ˁ˄ʿʹˣ˼˾˵˺˳˱˾ʹˤ˻˷̅˻ˁʹʹ
ˑ˾́˷˭ʹ˨ʼ˅˃˄ˈˮʽʹˤ˴˱ʹ˾˵˿˱ʹ˻˲ʹ˼́˾˱ʹ˱˯˻˺˻˹˵˯˿ʹ́˺˰˱˾ʹ˭ʹ˺˱̃ʹ˲˻˾˹ʹ˻˲ʹ˿˯˴˻˸˭˿̀˵˯˵˿˹ʹ˵˺ʹ̂˵˱̃ʹ˻˲ʹ̀˴˱ʹ˼˾˱˿˱˺̀ʹ˿˻˯˵˻ˀ˱˯˻˺˻˹˵˯ʹ˿̅˿̀˱˹ʿʹ˕̂˻˸́̀˵˻˺˭˾̅ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˙˺˿̀˵̀́̀˵˻˺˭˸ʹ
˕˯˻˺˻˹˵˯˿ʹˢ˱̂˵˱̃ʹ̂˻˸ˁ˄˅ʼ˄ʽˍˆˀ˅ˌʹ
ˑ˾́˷˭ʹ˨ʹ˱̀ˁ˭˸ˁʹʼ˱˰˿ˁʽʹʼ˅˃˄ˈʽʹˣ˼˱˯˵˭˸ʹ˵˿˿́˱ʹ˵˺ʹ˴˻˺˻˾ʹ˻˲ʹ˝˭˿˭˺˭˻ʹˑ˻˷˵ʿʹ˚˻́˾˺˭˸ʹ˻˲ʹ˕˯˻˺˻˹˵˯ʹ˙˺̀˱˾˭˯̀˵˻˺ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˓˻˻˾˰˵˺˭̀˵˻˺ʿʹ̂˻˸ˁ˄˃ʼ˄ʽʹ
ˑ˾́˷˭ʹ˨ʹʼ˅˃˄ˊ˭ʽʹˣ˻˹˱ʹ˺˱̃ʹ˼˱˾˿˼˱˯̀˵̂˱˿ʹ˻˺ʹ̀˴˱ʹ˵˺̀˱˾ˀ˯˻́˺̀˾̅ʹ˭˺˭˸̅˿˵˿ʹ˻˲ʹ̀˴˱ʹ̃˻˾˸˰ʹ˼˾˻˰́˯̀˵˻˺ʹ˿̅˿̀˱˹ʿʹ˕̂˻˸́̀˵˻˺˭˾̅ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˙˺˿̀˵̀́̀˵˻˺˭˸ʹ˕˯˻˺˻˹˵˯˿ʹˢ˱̂˵˱̃ʹ˄ˇˍʹˇˉˊˀ
ˇˌˋʹˑ˾́˷˭ʹ˨ʹʼ˅˃˄ˊˮʽʹˣ˼˱˯˵˭˸ʹ˲˱˭̀́˾˱ˍʹ˼˾˱˸˵˹˵˺˭˾˵˱˿ʹ̀˻̃˭˾˰˿ʹ˻˺̀˻˸˻˳˵˯˭˸ʹ˾˱˯˻˺˿̀˾́˯̀˵˻˺ʹ˻˲ʹ˱˯˻˺˻˹˵˯˿ˀ̀˴˱˻˾˵˱˿ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˿˵˹́˸˭̀˵˻˺˿ʿʹ˕̂˻˸́̀˵˻˺˭˾̅ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˙˺˿̀˵̀́̀˵˻˺˭˸ʹ˕˯˻˺˻˹˵˯˿ʹ
ˢ˱̂˵˱̃ʹ˄ˇˍˇ˃ˌˀˇ˄ˇʹ
ˑ˾́˷˭ʹ˨ʿʹ˛˵˾˹˭˺ʹˑʹʼ˱˰˿ʽʼ˅˃˄ˊʽʹ˕˯˻˺˻˹˵˯ʹ˲˻́˺˰˭̀˵˻˺˿ʹ˲˻˾ʹ˿˻˯˵˭˸ʹ˯˻˹˼˸˱̄˵̀̅ʹ˿˯˵˱˺˯˱ˍʹ̀˴˱˻˾̅ʿʹ˿˱˺̀˵˹˱˺̀˿ʿʹ˭˺˰ʹ˱˹˼˵˾˵˯˭˸ʹ˸˭̃˿ˁʹ˚ˑ˖˕˕ʹ˹˻˺˻˳˾˭˼˴ʹ˿˱˾˵˱˿ˍʹ˕˕ˣ˓ˣʹ̂˻˸ˁˌʹʿʹˣ˼˾˵˺˳˱˾ʿʹˣ˵˺˳˭˼˻˾˱ʹ
ˑ́˹˭˺ʹ˚ˑʹ˝˭˿˯˴˸˱˾ʹʹ˝ʼ˄ˌˋˈʽʹ˗˭˹˱ʹ̀˴˱˻˾˱̀˵˯ʹ˭˺˭˸̅˿˵˿ʹ˻˲ʹ˭ʹˮ˭˺˷˾́˼̀˯̅ʹ˼˾˻ˮ˸˱˹ʹ˲˾˻˹ʹˤ˭˸˹́˰ʿʹʹ˚˻́˾˺˭˸ʹ˻˲ʹ˱˯˻˺˻˹˵˯ʹ̀˴˱˻˾̅ʹˆˉˍ˄ˌˈˀ˅˄ˆʹ

ˑ̄˱˸˾˻˰ʹˢʼ˄ˌˋˇʽʹˤ˴˱ʹ˕̂˻˸́̀˵˻˺ʹ˻˲ʹ˓˻˻˼˱˾˭̀˵˻˺ˁʹ˒˭˿˵˯ʹ˒˻˻˷˿ʿʹ˞˨ʿʹ˥ˣʹˑ̄˱˸˾˻˰ʹˢʿʹ˘˭˹˵˸̀˻˺ʹ˧˔ʼ˄ˌˋ˄ʽʹʹˤ˴˱ʹ˕̂˻˸́̀˵˻˺ʹ˻˲ʹ˓˻˻˼˱˾˭̀˵˻˺ˁʹˣ˯˵˱˺˯˱ʿʹ˅˄˄ˍ˄ˆˌ˃ˀ˄ˆˌˉʿʹ˝˭˾˯˴ʹ˄ˌˋ˄ʹ
˒˱˺ˀˑ˷˵̂˭ʹ˝ʿʹ˜˱˾˹˭˺ʹˣˢʼ˄ˌˋˈʽʹ˔˵˿˯˾˱̀˱ʹ˓˴˻˵˯˱ʹˑ˺˭˸̅˿˵˿ʹˤ˴˱˻˾̅ʹ˭˺˰ʹˑ˼˼˸˵˯˭̀˵˻˺ʹ̀˻ʹˤ˾˭̂˱˸ʹ˔˱˹˭˺˰ʿʹ˝˙ˤʹˠ˾˱˿˿ʿʹ˝˭˿˿ˁʿʹ˥ˣʹ˔˭˹˱˾˻̃ʹ˚ʹʼ˅˃˄ˈʽʹʻʻˤ˴˱ʹ˯˴˱˹˵˯˭˸ʹˮ˭˿˵˿ʹ˻˲ʹ˹˻˾˼˴˻˳˱˺˱˿˵˿ʻʻʹʼ˄ˌˈ˅ʽʿʹˮ̅ʹˑ˸˭˺ʹ˝ˁʹˤ́˾˵˺˳ˁʹ˙˺ˍʹˤ˴˱ʹ˱˹ˮ˾̅˻ʹ˼˾˻˶˱˯̀ʹ˱˺˯̅˯˸˻˼˱˰˵˭ʿʹˑ˾˵̆˻˺˭ʹˣ̀˭̀˱ʹ˥˺˵̂˱˾˿˵̀̅ʹ
˔˱ˮ˾˱́ʿʹ˗ʼ˄ˌˉ˃ʽˁʹˢ˱̂˵˱̃ʹ˻˲ʹʻ˙˺˰˵̂˵˰́˭˸ʹ˯˴˻˵˯˱ʹˮ˱˴˭̂˵˻˾ˍʹˑʹˤ˴˱˻˾˱̀˵˯˭˸ʹ˭˺˭˸̅˿˵˿ʻˁʹˑ˹˱˾˵˯˭˺ʹ˕˯˻˺˻˹˵˯ʹˢ˱̂˵˱̃ʿʹˈ˃ˍ˄ˋˉˀ˄ˋˋʹ
˔˻˿˵ʹ˗ʿʹ˗˾˭̆̆˵ʹ˝ʿʹ˝˭˾˾˱˺˳˻ʹ˜ʿʹˣ˱̀̀˱˼˭˺˱˸˸˭ʹˣʹʼ˅˃˄ˉʽʹˠ˾˻˰́˯̀˵˻˺ʹ̀˴˱˻˾̅ˍʹ˭˯˯˻́˺̀˵˺˳ʹ˲˻˾ʹ˲˵˾˹ʹ˴˱̀˱˾˻˳˱˺˱˵̀̅ʹ˭˺˰ʹ̀˱˯˴˺˵˯˭˸ʹ˯˴˭˺˳˱ʿʹ˚˻́˾˺˭˸ʹ˻˲ʹ˙˺˰́˿̀˾˵˭˸ʹʹ˕˯˻˺˻˹˵˯˿ʿʹ
ˉˇʼˇʽˍˋˊˈˀˌ˃ˊʹ
˔́˾˸˭́˲ʹˣ˞ʹʼ˄ˌˌˊʽʹˣ̀˭̀˵˿̀˵˯˭˸ʹ˹˱˯˴˭˺˵˯˿ʹ˭˼˼˾˻˭˯˴˱˿ʹ̀˻ʹ˿˻˯˵˻˱˯˻˺˻˹˵˯ʹˮ˱˴˭̂˵˻˾ˁʹ˙˺ˍʹˑ˾̀˴́˾ʹ˧˒ʿʹ˔́˾˸˭́˲ʹˣ˞ʿʹ˜˭˺˱ʹ˔ˑʹʼ˱˰˿ʽʹˤ˴˱ʹ˱˯˻˺˻˹̅ʹ˭˿ʹ˭˺ʹ˱̂˻˸̂˵˺˳ʹ˯˻˹˼˸˱̄ʹ
˿̅˿̀˱˹ʹ˙˙ˁʹˑ˰˰˵˿˻˺ˀ˧˱˿˸˱̅ʿʹˢ˱˭˰˵˺˳ʿʹ˝ˑʿʹˋ˄ˀ˄˃ˇʹ
˔́˾˸˭́˲ʹˣ˞ʹʼ˅˃˃˃ʽʹˑʹ˖˾˭˹˱̃˻˾˷ʹ˲˻˾ʹ̀˴˱ʹˣ̀́˰̅ʹ˻˲ʹ˙˺˰˵̂˵˰́˭˸ʹ˒˱˴˭̂˵˻˾ʹ˭˺˰ʹˣ˻˯˵˭˸ʹ˙˺̀˱˾˭˯̀˵˻˺ˁʹˣˣˢ˙ʹ˧˻˾˷˵˺˳ʹˠ˭˼˱˾ʹˣ˱˾˵˱˿ˁʹˣ˻˯˵˭˸ʹˣ̅˿̀˱˹˿ʹˢ˱˿˱˭˾˯˴ʹ˙˺˿̀˵̀́̀˱ʹ˻˲ʹ̀˴˱ʹ
˕˯˻˺˻˹˵˯ʹ˔˱˼˭˾̀˹˱˺̀ʿʹˤ˴˱ʹ˥˺˵̂˱˾˿˵̀̅ʹ˻˲ʹ˧˵˿˯˻˺˿˵˺ʿʹ˝˭˰˵˿˻˺ʹ
˗˵˺̀˵˿ʹ˘ʹʼ˅˃˃ˌʽʹˤ˴˱ʹˮ˻́˺˰˿ʹ˻˲ʹ˾˱˭˿˻˺ˍʹ˳˭˹˱ʹ̀˴˱˻˾̅ʹ˭˺˰ʹ̀˴˱ʹ́˺˵˲˵˯˭̀˵˻˺ʹ˻˲ʹ̀˴˱ʹˮ˱˴˭̂˵˻˾˭˸ʹ˿˯˵˱˺˯˱˿ˁˠ˾˵˺˯˱̀˻˺ʹ˥ˠʿʹˠ˾˵˺˯˱̀˻˺ʹ
˘˭̅˱˷ʹ˖ʹʼ˄ˌˊˆʽʹ˜˭̃ʹ˸˱˳˵˿˸˭̀˵˻˺ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˸˵ˮ˱˾̀̅ʿʹ̂˻˸ʹ˄ˁʹˢ́˸˱˿ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˻˾˰˱˾ˁʹ˥˺˵̂˱˾˿˵̀̅ʹ˻˲ʹ˓˴˵˯˭˳˻ʹˠ˾˱˿˿ʿʹ˓˴˵˯˭˳˻ʹ
˘˵˸˰˱˺ˮ˾˭˺˰ʹ˧ʹʼ˄ˌˋ˄ʽʹˣ˴˻˾̀ˀ˾́˺ʹ˼˾˻˰́˯̀˵˻˺ʹ˲́˺˯̀˵˻˺˿ʹˮ˭˿˱˰ʹ˻˺ʹ˹˵˯˾˻˰˭̀˭ʿʹ˕˯˻˺˻˹˱̀˾˵˯˭ʹˇˌʼˈʽˍ˄˃ˌˈˀ˄˄˅ˈʹ
˘˵˸˰˱˺ˮ˾˭˺˰ʹ˧ʹʼ˄ˌˌˇʽʹ˝˭˾˷˱̀ʹ˰˱˹˭˺˰ˁʹˠ˾˵˺˯˱̀˻˺ʹ˥˺˵̂˱˾˿˵̀̅ʹˠ˾˱˿˿ʿʹˠ˾˵˺˯˱̀˻˺ʹ
˘˻˸˸˭˺˰ʹ˚˘ˁʹ˘˵˰˰˱˺ʹ˟˾˰˱˾ˍʹ˘˻̃ʹˑ˰˭˼̀˭̀˵˻˺ʹ˒́˵˸˰˿ʹ˓˻˹˼˸˱̄˵̀̅ʿʹ˒˭˿˵˯ʹ˒˻˻˷˿ʿʹ˞˨ʿʹ˥ˣʿʹ˄ˌˌˈˁʹ
˜˱˻˺̀˵˱˲ʿʹ˧ʼ˄ˌˇˊʽʹˑʹ˺˻̀˱ʹ˻˺ʹ̀˴˱ʹ˵˺̀˱˾˿˱˯̀˵˻˺ʹ˻˲ʹ˿́ˮ˿˱̀˿ʹ˻˲ʹ˵˺˰˱˼˱˺˰˱˺̀ʹ̂˭˾˵˭ˮ˸˱˿ʹ˻˲ʹ˭ʹ˯˻˺̀˵˺́˻́˿ʹ˲́˺˯̀˵˻˺ʹ̃˵̀˴ʹ˯˻˺̀˵˺́˻˱́˿ʹ˲˵˾˿̀ʹ˰˱˾˵̂˭̀˵̂˱˿ʿʹ˒́˸˸˱̀˵˺ʹ˻˲ʹ̀˴˱ʹˑ˹˱˾˵˯˭˺ʹ
˝˭̀˴˱˹˭̀˵˯˭˸ʹˣ˻˯˵˱̀̅ʿʹˈˆˍˆˇˆˀˆˈ˃ʹ
˜˵˺˳˲˭˺˳ʹʼ˙̂̅ʽʹ˜˵ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˔˻˺˭˸˰ʹ˗ˁʹˣ˭˭˾˵ʹʼ˅˃˃ˋʽʿʹˣ˱˺ʻ˿ʹ̀˴˱˻˾˱˹ˍʹ˳˱˻˹˱̀˾˵˯ʹ˼˾˻˻˲ʿʹ˺˱̃ʹ˵˺̀˱˾˼˾˱̀˭̀˵˻˺˿ʹˣ˻˯˵˭˸ʹ˓˴˻˵˯˱ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˧˱˸˲˭˾˱ʿʹˆ˄ʼˆʽˍʹˆˌˆˀˇ˄ˆʹ
ˑ˾˯˴˱˾ʹ˝ʿʹ˒˴˭˿˷˭˾ʹˢʿʹ˓˻˸˸˵˱˾ʹˑʿʹ˜˭̃˿˻˺ʹˤʼ˄ˌˌˋʽʹ˓˾˵̀˵˯˭˸ʹˢ˱˭˸˵˿˹ʹˀʹ˕˿˿˱˺̀˵˭˸ʹˢ˱˭˰˵˺˳˿ʹʿʹˢ˻́̀˸˱˰˳˱ʹ
˜˭̃˿˻˺ʹˤʼ˅˃˄ˈʽʹ˕˿˿˭̅˿ʹ˻˺ˍʹˤ˴˱ʹ˞˭̀́˾˱ʹ˭˺˰ʹˣ̀˭̀˱ʹ˻˲ʹ˝˻˰˱˾˺ʹ˕˯˻˺˻˹˵˯˿ʹʼ˕˯˻˺˻˹˵˯˿ʹ˭˿ʹˣ˻˯˵˭˸ʹˤ˴˱˻˾̅ʽʹʿʹˢ˻́̀˸˱˰˳˱ʹ
˜́˯˱ʿʹˢˁʹ˔ˁʹʼ˄ˌˈˌʽˁʹ˙˺˰˵̂˵˰́˭˸ʹ˯˴˻˵˯˱ʹˮ˱˴˭̂˵˻˾ˁʹ˞˱̃ʹ˨˻˾˷ˍʹ˧˵˸˱̅ʹ
˝˭˾˾˱˺˳˻ʹ˜ʿʹˠ˭˿˽́˭˸˵ʹ˓ʹʼ˅˃˄˅ʽʹ˘˻̃ʹ̀˻ʹ˳˱̀ʹ̃˴˭̀ʹ̅˻́ʹ̃˭˺̀ʹ̃˴˱˺ʹ̅˻́ʹ˰˻ʹ˺˻̀ʹ˷˺˻̃ʹ̃˴˭̀ʹ̅˻́ʹ̃˭˺̀ˍʹ˭ʹ˹˻˰˱˸ʹ˻˲ʹ˵˺˯˱˺̀˵̂˱˿ʿʹ˻˾˳˭˺˵̆˭̀˵˻˺˭˸ʹ˿̀˾́˯̀́˾˱ʿʹ˭˺˰ʹ˸˱˭˾˺˵˺˳ʿʹ
˟˾˳˭˺ʹˣ˯˵ʹ˅ˆʼˈʽˍ˄˅ˌˋˀ˄ˆ˄˃ʹ
˝˵˾˻̃˿˷˵ʹˠʼ˅˃˃ˊʽʹ˝˭˾˷˱̀˿ʹ˯˻˹˱ʹ̀˻ʹˮ˵̀˿ˍʹ˱̂˻˸́̀˵˻˺ʹ˯˻˹˼́̀˭̀˵˻˺ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˹˭˾˷˻˹˭̀˭ʹ˵˺ʹ˱˯˻˺˻˹˵˯ʹ˿˯˵˱˺˯˱ʿʹ˚˻́˾˺˭˸ʹ˻˲ʹ˕˯˻˺˻˹˵˯ʹ˒˱˴˭̂˵˻˾ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˟˾˳˭˺˵̆˭̀˵˻˺ʿʹˉˆʼ˅ʽˍ˅˃ˌˀ
˅ˇ˅ʹʹ˞˻̃˭˷ʹ˝ˑʿʹˣ˵˳˹́˺˰ʹ˛ʼ˄ˌˌˆʽʹˑʹ˿̀˾˭̀˱˳̅ʹ˻˲ʹ̃˵˺ˀ˿̀˭̅ʿʹ˸˻˿˱ˀ˿˴˵˲̀ʹ̀˴˭̀ʹ˻́̀˼˱˾˲˻˾˹˿ʹ̀˵̀ʹ˲˻˾ʹ̀˭̀ʹ˵˺ʹˠ˾˵˿˻˺˱˾ʻ˿ʹ˔˵˸˱˹˹˭ʿʹ˞˭̀́˾˱ʿʹˆˉˇʼˉˇˆ˅ʽˍˈˉˀˈˋˁʹ
ˢ˻˿˿˱˾ʹ˚˒ʹ˚˾ʿʹˢ˻˿˿˱˾ʹ˝˦ʹʼ˅˃˄ˊ˭ʽʹ˓˻˹˼˸˱̄˵̀̅ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˵˺˿̀˵̀́̀˵˻˺˭˸ʹ˱̂˻˸́̀˵˻˺ˁʹ˕̂˻˸́̀˵˻˺˭˾̅ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˙˺˿̀˵̀́̀˵˻˺˭˸ʹ˕˯˻˺˻˹˵˯˿ʹˢ˱̂˵˱̃ʿʹ˄ˇˍˇ˄ˈˀˇˆ˃ʹ
ˢ˻˿˿˱˾ʹ˚˒ʿʹˢ˻˿˿˱˾ʹ˝˦ʹʼ˅˃˄ˊˮʽʹˤ˴˱ʹ˱̂˻˸́̀˵˻˺ʹ˻˲ʹˮ˱˴˭̂˵˻́˾˭˸ʹ˵˺˿̀˵̀́̀˵˻˺˭˸ʹ˯˻˹˼˸˱̄˵̀̅ˁʹ˙˺ˍʹˑ˾́˷˭ʹ˨ʿʹ˛˵˾˹˭˺ʹˑʹʼ˱˰˿ʽʼ˅˃˄ˊʽʹ
ˣ˭˭˾˵ʹ˔˗ʹʼ˄ˌˌ˅ʽʹˤ˴˱ʹ˭˳˳˾˱˳˭̀˱ʹ˱̄˯˱˿˿ʹ˰˱˹˭˺˰ʹ˲́˺˯̀˵˻˺ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˻̀˴˱˾ʹ˭˳˳˾˱˳˭̀˵˻˺ʹ˼˾˻˯˱˰́˾˱˿ʿʹ˕˯˻˺˻˹˵˯ʹˤ˴˱˻˾̅ʹ˅ˍˆˈˌˀˆˋˋʹ

ˣ˭˭˾˵ʹ˔˗ʹʼ˄ˌˌˈʽʹ˒˭˿˵˯ʹ˳˱˻˹˱̀˾̅ʹ˻˲ʹ̂˻̀˵˺˳ˁʹˣ˼˾˵˺˳˱˾ʿʹ˞˱̃ʹ˨˻˾˷ʹ
ˣ˭˭˾˵ʹ˔˗ʼ˅˃˃ˈʽʹˤ˴˱ʹ˼˾˻˲˵˸˱ʹ˿̀˾́˯̀́˾˱ʹ˲˻˾ʹ˜́˯˱̐˿ʹ˯˴˻˵˯˱ʹ˭̄˵˻˹ʿʹ˚˻́˾˺˭˸ʹ˻˲ʹ˝˭̀˴˱˹˭̀˵˯˭˸ʹˠ˿̅˯˴˻˸˻˳̅ʿʹˇˌˍ˅˅ˉ̎˅ˈˆʹ
ˣ˭˭˾˵ʹ˔˗ʹʼ˅˃˄ˈʽʹˣ˻˯˵˭˸ʹ˿˯˵˱˺˯˱ʹ˼́̆̆˸˱˿ˍʹ˭ʹ˿̅˿̀˱˹˿ʹ˭˺˭˸̅˿˵˿ʹ˯˴˭˸˸˱˺˳˱ʿʹ˕̂˻˸́̀˵˻˺˭˾̅ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˙˺˿̀˵̀́̀˵˻˺˭˸ʹ˕˯˻˺˻˹˵˯˿ʹˢ˱̂˵˱̃ʹ˄˅ˍ˄˅ˆˀ˄ˆˌʹʹ
ˣ˴˵˻̆˭̃˭ʹ˨ʹʼ˅˃˄ˈʽʹ˙˺̀˱˾˺˭̀˵˻˺˭˸ʹ̀˾˭˰˱ʹ̀˴˱˻˾̅ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˱̄˻̀˵˯ʹ˭˸˳˱ˮ˾˭˿ˁʹ˕̂˻˸́̀˵˻˺˭˾̅ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˙˺˿̀˵̀́̀˵˻˺˭˸ʹ˕˯˻˺˻˹˵˯˿ʹˢ˱̂˵˱̃ʿʹ˄˅ʼ˄ʽˍ˄ˊˊˀ˅˄˅ʹ
ˣ˴˵˻̆˭̃˭ʹ˨ʹʼ˅˃˄ˊʽʹ˓˴˭˼̀˱˾ʹ˄ˍʹˤ˴˱ʹ˺˱̃ʹ̀˴˱˻˾̅ʹ˻˲ʹ˵˺̀˱˾˺˭̀˵˻˺˭˸ʹ̂˭˸́˱˿ˍʹ˭˺ʹ˻̂˱˾̂˵˱̃ˁʹ˙˺ˍʹˣ˴˵˻̆˭̃˭ʹ˨ʿʹ˟˷˭ʹˤʿʹˤ˭ˮ́˯˴˵ʹˤʹʼ˱˰˿ʽʹˑʹ˺˱̃ʹ˯˻˺˿̀˾́˯̀˵˻˺ʹ˻˲ʹˢ˵˯˭˾˰˵˭˺ʹ̀˴˱˻˾̅ʹ
˻˲ʹ˵˺̀˱˾˺˭̀˵˻˺˭˸ʹ̂˭˸́˱˿ˍʹ˭˺˭˸̅̀˵˯˭˸ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˴˵˿̀˻˾˵˯˭˸ʹ˭˼˼˾˻˭˯˴ʿʹ˚ˑ˖˕˕ʹ˹˻˺˻˳˾˭˼˴ʹ˿˱˾˵˱˿ˍʹ˕˕ˣ˓ˣʹ̂˻˸ˁˊʿʹˣ˼˾˵˺˳˱˾ʹˤ˻˷̅˻ʿʹˆˀˊˆʹ
%ȉʼ˄ˌˋ˃ʽʹʹ̢̗͊ŀ̘ʹ̿ɅƧˍʹǆƵżºƧɅ̓̿Ğñ̔ř¨´Jƞʹˣ˻˸˻˹˻˺ʹˣʿʹ˗˻˸˻ʹ˞ʹʼ˅˃˄ˈʽʹ˝˵˯˾˻˱˯˻˺˻˹˵˯ʹ˿̀˾́˯̀́˾˱ʹ˰˱̀˱˾˹˵˺˱˿ʹ˹˭˯˾˻˱˯˻˺˻˹˵˯ʹ˰̅˺˭˹˵˯˿ˍʹˑ˻˷˵ʹ˰˱˲˱˭̀˿ʹ̀˴˱ʹ˾˱˼˾˱˿˱˺̀˭̀˵̂˱ʹ˭˳˱˺̀ʿʹ˚˻́˾˺˭˸ʹ˻˲ʹ˕˯˻˺˻˹˵˯ʹ˙˺̀˱˾˭˯̀˵˻˺ʹ
˭˺˰ʹ˓˻˻˾˰˵˺˭̀˵˻˺ʿʹ˄˃ʼ˄ʽˍʹˈˀˆ˃ʹ
ˣ˻˺˺˱˺˿˯˴˱˵˺ʹ˘ʹʼ˄ˌˊ˅ʽʹ˝˭˾˷˱̀ʹ˱̄˯˱˿˿ʹ˰˱˹˭˺˰ʹ˲́˺˯̀˵˻˺˿ˁʹ˕˯˻˺˻˹˱̀˾˵˯˭ʹˇ˃ˍˉˇˌˀˉˉˆʹ
ˤ˭˺˵˹˻̀˻ʿʹ˚ʼ˅˃˄ˈʽʹ˖́˺˰˭˹˱˺̀˭˸˿ʹ˻˲ʹ˕̂˻˸́̀˵˻˺˭˾̅ʹ˗˭˹˱ʹˤ˴˱˻˾̅ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˵̀˿ʹˑ˼˼˸˵˯˭̀˵˻˺˿ʹˣ˱˾˵˱˿ˍʹ˕̂˻˸́̀˵˻˺˭˾̅ʹ˕˯˻˺˻˹˵˯˿ʹ˭˺˰ʹˣ˻˯˵˭˸ʹ˓˻˹˼˸˱̄˵̀̅ʹˣ˯˵˱˺˯˱ʿʹˣ˼˾˵˺˳˱˾ʿʹ˦˻˸ˁʹ
ˉʹˤ˭˺˵˹˻̀˻ʿʹ˚ʼ˅˃˄ˋʹ˲˻˾̀˴˯˻˹˵˺˳ʽʹ˕̂˻˸́̀˵˻˺˭˾̅ʹ˗˭˹˱ʹ˻˺ʹˣ˻˯˵˻ˀ˼˴̅˿˵˯˿ˍʹˑ˺˭˸̅˿˵˿ʹ˻˲ʹˤ˾˭˲˲˵˯ʹ˖˸˻̃ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˕˼˵˰˱˹˵˯ʿʹˣ˼˾˵˺˳˱˾ʹ
ˤ̃˭˺˱̅ʹˢʹʼ˄ˌ˅ˉʽʹˢ˱˸˵˳˵˻˺ʹ˭˺˰ʹ̀˴˱ʹ˾˵˿˱ʹ˻˲ʹ˯˭˼˵̀˭˸˵˿˹ˍʹ˭ʹ˴˵˿̀˻˾˵˯˭˸ʹ˿̀́˰̅ʿʹ˘˭˾˯˻́˾̀ʿʹ˒˾˭˯˱ʹ
ˤ́˾˵˺˳ʹˑʹʼ˄ˌˈ˅ʽʹˤ˴˱ʹ˯˴˱˹˵˯˭˸ʹˮ˭˿˵˿ʹ˻˲ʹ˹˻˾˼˴˻˳˱˺˱˿˵˿ˁʹˠ˴˵˸˻˿ʹˤ˾˭˺˿ʹˢʹˣ˻˯ʹ˜˻˺˰ʹ˒ʹ˅ˆˊˍˆˊˀˊ˅ʹ
˦˻˸̀˭˵˾˱ʿʹ˓˭˺˰˵˰˱ʿʹ˻́ʹ˸ʻ˟˼̀˵˹˵˿˹˱ʿʹ˲˵˾˿̀ʹ˼́ˮ˸˵˿˴˱˰ʹ˵˺ʹ˄ˊˈˌʹ̃˵̀˴ʹ˕˺˳˸˵˿˴ʹ̂˱˾˿˵˻˺˿ʹ̀˵̀˸˱˰ʹ˓˭˺˰˵˰˱ˍʹ˻˾ʿʹˑ˸˸ʹ˲˻˾ʹ̀˴˱ʹ˒˱˿̀ʹʼ˄ˊˈˌʽˎʹ˓˭˺˰˵˰˱ˍʹ˻˾ʿʹˤ˴˱ʹ˟˼̀˵˹˵˿̀ʹʼ˄ˊˉ˅ʽˎʹ˭˺˰ʹ
˓˭˺˰˵˰˱ˍʹ˻˾ʿʹ˟˼̀˵˹˵˿˹ʹʼ˄ˌˇˊʽˁʹ˪˦˻˸̀˭˵˾˱ ̿Ŗ|̀˖˾˭˺̊˻˵˿ˀ˝˭˾˵˱ʹˑ˾˻́˱̀˫ʹ
˧˻˸˲˾˭˹ʹˣˁʹˑʼ˅˃˃˅ʽʹ˞˱̃ʹ˛˵˺˰ʹ˻˲ʹˣ˯˵˱˺˯˱ˁʹ˧˻˸˲˾˭˹ʹ˝˱˰˵˭ʿʹ˓˴˭˹˼˭˵˳˺ʿʹ˙˜ʹ˥ˣʹ˧˾˵˳˴̀ʹˣʹʼ˄ˌˆ˅ʽʹˤ˴˱ʹ˾˻˸˱˿ʹ˻˲ʹ˹́̀˭̀˵˻˺ʿʹ˵˺ˮ˾˱˱˰˵˺˳ʿʹ˯˾˻˿˿ˮ˾˱˱˰˵˺˳ʿʹ˭˺˰ʹ˿˱˸˱˯̀˵˻˺ʹ˵˺ʹ˱̂˻˸́̀˵˻˺ˁʹˠ˾˻˯˱˱˰˵˺˳ʹ˻˲ʹ˵˺̀˱˾˺˭̀˵˻˺˭˸ʹ˯˻˺˳˾˱˿˿ʹ˻˲ʹ˳˱˺˱̀˵˯˿ʿʹ˙̀˴˭˯˭ʿʹ˥ˣˑʹʼ˦˙ʽʹ˄ˍʹ
ˆˈˉˀˆˉˉʹ
@œǦʀǸʼ˅˃˃ˋʽʹ ʦȧŬ̿ǰƋ´̏ƽ΢ǲƵǰƋāĉ̺̰̿¥¿̔ŃŖǰƋȸɅǆʹř¨´ɫ¹ŏǮɆȁ˅˃˄ˉ àˆ Őˈ Ń̗ΐͤΞǰƋ´̺ŃŖǰƋ̘̕ʹ˅ʹΚ͛Ί;ͷ͸̗̀ͼ͛͸̿;ΗΣͻΠ̵̸̛̘̹̔ǙȄ̀Κ͛Ί;ͷ͸̽§¨̼ÅĹ͖ȩ̵̸̧̜̹̗̄͒̕Κ͛Ί;ͷ͸ ȁ̛̘̺̜̝̤͇̹̿̀͋Ρ͟Μ͹ΣΜ̡Įī̬͒Ċ̽ʓº̨͓͒̕ʹ
ˆʹ˒˱˿˸˱̅ʹˤʿʹ˘˱˺˺˱˿˿̅ʹˠʹʼ˅˃˃ˌʽʹ˘˱˾ʹ˝˭˶˱˿̀̅ʹˤ˴˱ʹˡ́˱˱˺ʹʼ˅˅ʹ˚́˸̅ʹ˅˃˃ˌʽˁʹ˓˵̀˱˰ʹ˴̀̀˼˿ˍ˂˂̃̃̃ˁˮ˾˵̀˭˯ˁ˭˯ˁʹ́˷˂̀˱˹˼˸˭̀˱˿˂˭˿˿˱̀ˀ˾˱˸˭̅ˁ˯˲˹ː˲˾˹ˑ˿˿˱̀˖˵˸˱˙˔ˏˋ˅ˋˈˁʹˤ˴˵˿ʹ˵˿ʹ˸˵˺˷˱˰ʹ˲˾˻˹ʹ˒˾˵̀˵˿˴ʹˑ˯˭˰˱˹̅ʹ

˲˻˾ʹ̀˴˱ʹ˴́˹˭˺˵̀˵˱˿ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˿˻˯˵˭˸ʹ˿˯˵˱˺˯˱˿ʿʹ˴̀̀˼˿ˍ˂˂̃̃̃ˁˮ˾˵̀˭˯ˁ˭˯ˁ́˷˂˺˱̃˿˂˺˱̃˿˾˱˸˱˭˿˱ˀ˱˯˻˺˻˹̅ˁ˯˲˹ʹ
ˇ̗ß̿ĄĆ̽Ƈ̪̔ȔȞ̡Ȑʙ̸̪̜͒Ć͇͓̲ʂØ̨̹̞͋̔$Ź̴̲̀̔°͈̔ùʃ̸̰̪̔ȟ̡b̨̢͓̺͒̽ǰʶ̧̬̻͔̹̼̜͒̀¨̢̼ƱƲƳƩ̿¶̽ù͖­̸͕͓̜̲̘̕ʼ˓˭˺˰˵˰˱ʹǘΩΧǖ̠͐̿Ȃȶ˷˱̅ʹ˼˭˿˿˭˳˱ʽʹ
ˈʹ˴̀̀˼˿ˍ˂˂˱˺ˁ̃˵˷˵˼˱˰˵˭ˁ˻˾˳˂̃˵˷˵˂˓˭˺˰˵˰˱ ͖lƛ̕ʹ
ˉʹͣΠʹͮ˗˵˺̀˵˿ʼ˅˃˃ˌʽ̗̿ʓºyƧƵǶy̶̸̘̜̽̀őɓʼ˅˃˄ˈʿʹ˄ˆˌˀ˄ˇ˄ʽʿʹˑ˾́˷˭ʼ˅˃˄ˈʿʹ˅ˊʹʽ̹Ʌ̫̲ʹ

ˊʹ̨͐̽Θ͵Ζ̀ƅƆ̿Ź̵̸̺̼ȅţ͋Sʓ̸̨͓̜̲̹̿̔ŬÒ̿ƥ.ɏł̧̰̀̽ƽƹ̸̪̔Ì$͖ͧͷͻΣ̽Sʓ̬͒͕͑̽ǒŤƵ̽Θ͵Ζ̽ʇȜƠŨ͖̞̔ȍL̴̲̿RŴ͖őŖ̡̪̲͓̽̕ƮƵʇȜ΀ͷͻΟΣͤíď̿±͇̺̼͑͒̕ʹ
ˋʹ̿ˤ˕˔ˁ˯˻˹Άͺ̀͠Ôƿȋ̽͏͒Ń̿ǆǰƋͬͮ͹Β̿¥ɋ̿Ŗɗ̽ɩ͒¨¥Ș|̛̹͒̕˛˱̂˵˺ʹˣ˸˭̂˵˺ʹ

˴̀̀˼˿ˍ˂˂̃̃̃ˁ̀˱˰ˁ˯˻˹˂̀˭˸˷˿˂˷˱̂˵˺ˬ˿˸˭̂˵˺ˬ˴˻̃ˬ˭˸˳˻˾˵̀˴˹˿ˬ˿˴˭˼˱ˬ˻́˾ˬ̃˻˾˸˰ʹ
ˌʹ˗˵̀ˀ˴́ˮ ̀˜˵˺́̄ ͡Σ΀ΜʎƳ͖Ĩɴ̪̲ΛΣͽͮ΢ͻΣ΃Μͯ ˜˵˺́˿ʹ˒˱˺˱˰˵˯̀ʹˤ˻˾̂˭˸˰˿ ̽͏̵̸ʎƳ̨͓̲̕ʹ

˄˃ʹ̿ͨ͛Π̴͔͋͋͗_ƤƵɶ̲̿͊̽ǒŤƵ̽˙˓ˤ ͖ƃƫ̸̪̜̪̠̪͒̔ͬͮ̕͹Β̔ȲÜ)ţ͖Ċ̿ǘȄ̡LŨƵ̽ȝ̧̡̝̺̼̥͓́̔Άͷͻͨ͛Π̺{̫ƠĂ͖Ģ̶̺̼̼̜̇̽͐̕ʹ
˄˄ʹΆͷͻͨ͛Π̽̀Ƴȝɱå̽ˇ àŷ̗̿fƌŒ̡̘Æ≯̨͓̜͒̕ȍ͐Ĳ!ƟƧƵͬͮ͹Β͖Ƀ̸̪̜͒̕ʹ

˄˅ʹ̲̺̞́̔˘˻˸˸˭˺˰ʼ˄ˌˌˈʿʹ˓˴˭˼̀˱˾ʹ˅ʽ͖lƛ̕ʹ˄ˆʹ˔˭˹˱˾˻̃ʹ˚ʹʼ˅˃˄ˈʽ̀ͶΗΣΛΠͥɅļ͖Ǣƒ̽Ȩǧ̸̪̜͒̕ˢ˻˿˿˱˾ʹ˭˺˰ʹˢ˻˿˿˱˾ʹʼ˅˃˄ˉʽʿʹˢ˻˿˿˱˾ʹ˭˺˰ʹʹˢ˻˿˿˱˾ʹʼ˅˃˄ˊʽ̀ͶΗΣΛΠͥ̿ţǻ̺Κ͛ͻ̿ţǻ̽Så̺ɴc̿ȫƗ̠͐ǰƋ´Ȅ̸̺̪Ņ̤̠͐Ɓƹ̸̪̜͒̕ʹ
˄ˇʹ˚˻́˾˺˭˸ʹ˻˲ʹ˕˯˻˺˻˹˵˯ʹ˙˺̀˱˾˭˯̀˵˻˺ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˓˻˻˾˰˵˺˭̀˵˻˺ʹ̿ʤœŮƺȲÿƠʞwʹʼˑ˾́˷˭ʹ˱̀ˁ˭˸ˁʹʼ˱˰˿ʽʹ˅˃˄ˈʽ̺̤̽̕ˣ˻˸˻˹˻˺ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˗˻˸˻ʼ˅˃˄ˈʽ͖lƛ̮͏̕ʹ˄ˈʹƩƪ̿_ƤƵǲy̶̸̜̽̀ˑ˾́˷˭ʼ˅˃˄ˊ˭ʽ̽Ⱥɪ̕ˑ˾́˷˭ʼ˅˃˄ˊ˭ʽ̹̀̔¡ƓƬD̿ʜ-4Ʌˣ˴˵˻̆˭̃˭ʼ˅˃˄ˈʽ̿+ʰ̡ͳ΁ͻΣΊʞy̧̛̹̺͖͒ġİ̪̲̕ʹ˄ˉʹ˴̀̀˼ˍ˂˂˰˱˹˻˺˿̀˾˭̀˵˻˺˿ˁ̃˻˸˲˾˭˹ˁ˯˻˹˂˩˻˺˻̀˻˼˱˓˻˺˿̀˾́˯̀˵˻˺˦˵˭ˣ˴˱˼˴˭˾˰˿ˤ˴˱˻˾˱˹˂ʹ

˄ˊʹͪΣΛ̀ĺ´Ȅ̛̹͑̔Ώ͙Π͡Ν̿ƠưƗƧɅ͖öƃ̨̮̲͇̲̔̕ǰƋ´̹̀ęǈƧɅ̔©&[´̹̀˞&ʰ̹Ș|̛̹͒̕ʹ

˄ˋʹ»ʜ̔ɾěAƧ̀̔ɾěǱśʏ̿ʐ/Ă͖C&Ƶ̽ɪ̡̻̼̈́͒̔͗żºΜΣΜ̡ȵ¿tȋ̶̸̠̜̽̀ɪ̼̜̈́̕ʹ˄ˌʹ ƅƄ̿ɾěƧɅ̡̛͇͑q͑Ḝ̵̡̝̺̼̠̲ɈɅ̽ΜΣͮ̿ʠĸɾěƧɅ̡̛͒̕ɰ̔ȫ=ʢȨ̿ǰʶƵLŚƧɅ̸̺̪̀̔WǦ̬̹̠̼̽̽͑

ő|̵̛̹̲̕˒˱˺ˀˑ˷˵̂˭ʹ˭˺˰ʹ˜˱˾˹˭˺ʹʼ˄ˌˋˈʽ̀Ș|̼ǁǓơ̵̹̲͇̲̄̕˔˭˺˵˱˸ʹ˜ˁʹ˝˯˖˭˰˰˱˺ʼ˥˺˵̂˱˾˿˵̀̅ʹ˻˲ʹ˓˭˸˵˲˻˾˺˵˭ʿʹ˒˱˾˷˱˸˱̅ʽ̡˅˃˃˃ à̽΁Σ΋ΜǰƋ´ɖ͖rɖ̧̪̲̺̹ǰƋƧɅ̿Ʈ̹͋ƿ͓͐͒͏̵̝̼̲̽̕ʹ
˅˃ʹĻyƵ̼̲̗̽͒͊̽ƙʐ/ÂɊ̠͐̿ƢǕĂʼ˙˙ˑʽ̘͖úȨ̵̸̧̧̺̬̺̼̜̪̠̪͒̽͒̔̿̕ŗ̀ĨǎĂ̼̻̿ŗ͖ƙ_̸̪̪͇̝̽̕

˴̀̀˼ˍ˂˂̃̃̃ˁ˿˯˴˻˸˭˾˼˱˰˵˭ˁ˻˾˳˂˭˾̀˵˯˸˱˂˜́˯˱ʺ˅ˊ˿ˬ˯˴˻˵˯˱ˬ˭̄˵˻˹ʹʹ
ʹʫƗu̿ęǈõƗ̀̔ˋ ęǈΊΞΈ͛͘Μ͖lƛ̸̪̔(7 + 2) + ?(8 + 4) = 9 + 12?ʹ˅˄˅˅ΎΜ͵ΜΣΜ̀̔Ψ"ȸ-̽˅ Ɨ̔Ω"ȸ-̽˄ Ɨ̔Ϊ"ȸ-̽˃ Ɨ͖̸̞ǶõƗ͖ʞȰ̬͒̕ȡ˄ ̽͏͓́̔ˑ͖Ψ"ȸ-̬͒Ȅέ|̔Ω"ȸ-̬͒Ȅ˄˅|̔ˆ "ȸ-̬͒Ȅˉ |̼̹̿ǶõƗ̀ˆ˃ Ɨ̛̹̜͇͒̔̕Ψ"ȸ-Ɨĺ͖Ψ̽ȪƐć̬͓̔Ω"ȸ-̿\ʄ̀˃ˁˈ ̶̼͇̽͒͑̔̕˿ˏ˃ˁˈ̧̢̺̿̔̕ˌʹʾʹ˿ʹ˄˅ʹˏʹ
˄ˈ̕ʹ˅ˆʹɴcǰƋ´ǘ˅˃ ¨Τř¨´Υ̹ʜ¨˚ˑ˖˕˕ʹ˅˃̀˴ʹˑ˺˺́˭˸ʹ˝˱˱̀˵˺˳ʹ˭̀ʹ˥ˤ˻˷̅˻ʿʹ˝˭˾˯˴ʹ˅ˉ˂˅ˊʿʹ˅˃˄ˉˍʹ˙˺̀˱˾˺˭̀˵˻˺˭˸ʹ˓˻˺˲˱˾˱˺˯˱ʹ˻˺ʹˣ˻˯˵˻ˀ˱˯˻˺˻˹˵˯ʹˣ̅˿̀˱˹˿ʹ̃˵̀˴ʹ

˙˓ˤʹ˭˺˰ʹ˞˱̀̃˻˾˷˿ ̡ʎ8̨̧͓̲̿̕ʜɈ̀ǌǁɑ˚ˣˠˣʹ˗˾˭˺̀ʹ˺˻ˁʹ˅ˉ˅ˋ˅˃ˋˌΤǁǓȡȄʹőɓȢ Υ̡ͮΏΠͪΣ̺̼͑̔ʜɈ̿Άͺ͖͠S)̔˨˻́ˤ́ˮ˱
͙̽ͷΊΞΣͼ̧̪̲̿̕Άͺ̀͠ɴcǰƋ´̿űu̶̸̜̽űʋ̓̿ɏʄ̼͛ΠʹΆΗΣ͖̹̜͗͒̕˨˻́ˤ́ˮ˱ ̿ΛΠͤ̀̿ɰ͑̕
˴̀̀˼˿ˍ˂˂̅˻́̀́ˁˮ˱˂˨˥̄˥˄˩˩˽˨˼˕ʹ˅ˇ˧˙˙˞˙ˢ̿͜͝ͷΉͪ͛ͻ̀̔ʹ˴̀̀˼ˍ˂˂̃˵˺˵˾ˁ˻˾˳ʹ

˅ˈʹˑ˾́˷˭ʼ˅˃˄ˊˮʽ͖lƛ̕ʹ˅ˉʹˑ˾˯˴˱˾ʹ˱̀ˁ˭˸ʼ˄ˌˌˋʽʿʹ˜˭̃˿˻˺ʼ˅˃˄ˈʽ̼̻͖lƛ̕ʹʹ➨ 22 ᅇ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍஑ᕞ኱఍㸦஑ᕞ኱Ꮫ㸧 2018 ᖺ 3 ᭶ 30 ᪥㸦㔠㸧
㹙➨ 2 ఍ሙ࣭102 ᩍᐊ㹛୍⯡ D㸸㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫࡢᛂ⏝࡜ᒎ㛤

Storm and Naastepad ࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ㈤㔠ᢚไ࡜ேᡭ୙㊊ࡢ᳨ウ⚟⏣ 㡰1I.

ࡣࡌࡵ࡟

㏆ᖺࠊ᪥ᮏࡢປാᕷሙ࡛ࡣேᡭ୙㊊࡜㈤㔠ᢚไࡀేᏑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋᶆ‽ⓗ࡞᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࡛ࡣປാ㟂せࡀປാ౪⤥ࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࠊᐇ㉁㈤㔠ࡀୖ᪼ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ປാ㟂せࡣῶᑡࡍࡿ୍᪉࡛ປാ౪⤥ࡣቑຍࡋࠊேᡭ୙㊊ࡣゎᾘࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢேᡭ୙㊊࡜㈤㔠ᢚไࡢేᏑ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚୺ὶὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ◊✲ࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚⋞⏣⦅[2017]ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ୍᪉࡛㠀୺ὶὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡣ⌧ᅾࡢ᪥ᮏࡢປാᕷሙ࡛㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⌧㇟࡟ᑐࡋ࡚
ูࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽࡢㄝ᫂ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㠀୺ὶὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࡛ࡣ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆ฼₶୺ᑟᆺ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡜㈤㔠୺ᑟᆺ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡟኱ูࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ๓⪅ࡣ฼₶ࢩ࢙࢔ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡛⥲㟂せࡀ㧗ࡲࡿ୍᪉ࠊᚋ⪅ࡣ㈤㔠ࢩ࢙࢔ࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࡇ࡜࡛⥲㟂せࡀ㧗ࡲࡿ࡜࠸࠺≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ Storm ࡜ Naastepad ࡣ୧᪉ࡢࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿᐇ㉁㈤㔠⋡ࡢᘬࡁୗࡆ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ๓⪅ࡢ฼₶୺ᑟᆺ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣᐇ㉁㈤㔠⋡ࡢᘬࡁୗࡆࡣ࢝ࣝࢻ࢔
㸻ࣇ࢙ࣝࢻ࣮ࢗࣥຠᯝ࡜࣐ࣝࢡࢫ㸻ࣄࢵࢡࢫຠᯝࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࢆపୗࡉࡏࡿ୍᪉ࠊ㟂せᡂ㛗⋡ࢆୖ᪼ࡉࡏࡿࠋປാ㟂せᡂ㛗⋡ࡣ㟂せᡂ㛗⋡࠿ࡽປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࢆᘬࡃࡇ࡜࡛ồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࠊປാ㟂せᡂ㛗⋡ࡣ኱ࡁࡃୖ᪼ࡍ
ࡿࠋᚋ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠୺ᑟᆺ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣᐇ㉁㈤㔠⋡ࡢపୗࡣປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࠊ㟂せᡂ㛗⋡࠸ࡎࢀࡶపୗࡉࡏࡿࠋࡇࡢ᫬ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡢ᪉ࡀࡼࡾ኱
ᖜ࡟పୗࡋࡓሙྜࠊࡑࢀࢆ⿵࠺ࡓࡵ࡟ປാ㟂せᡂ㛗⋡ࡣୖ᪼ࡍࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚฼₶୺ᑟᆺ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࠊ㈤㔠୺ᑟᆺ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒࠸ࡎࢀ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ㈤㔠ࡢᢚไ࡜ே
ᡭ୙㊊ࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㈤㔠ࡢປാ⏕⏘ᛶ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡀ୺ὶὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࡜ࡣ኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿ[Naastepad, 2006;
Naastepad and Storm, 2006; Storm and Naastepad, 2012a; Storm andNaastepad, 2012b]ࠋ
 ࡇࡢሗ࿌࡛ࡣ Storm ࡜ Naastepad ࡀᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࣔࢹࣝ࡟ᚑ࠸ࠊ2000 ᖺ࠿ࡽ
1ྠᚿ♫኱Ꮫ♫఍Ꮫ㒊⏘ᴗ㛵ಀᏛ⛉ຓᩍ
Email: fukudajun09@gmail.com
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2016 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ᪥ᮏࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡜㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆ≉ᐃࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ᐇ㉁㈤㔠ኚ໬⋡ࡀ㞠⏝࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ᥎ィࡍࡿࠋ ᮏ✏ࡢᵓᡂࢆ௨ୗ࡟㏙࡭ࡿࠋ⥆ࡃ II ࡛ࡣேᡭ୙㊊࡜㈤㔠ᢚไ࡟㛵ࡍࡿඛ⾜◊✲࠾ࡼࡧࠊᮏ✏࡛⏝࠸ࡿ㠀୺ὶὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿඛ⾜◊✲ࡢᴫせࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋIII࡛ࡣඛ⾜◊✲࡟౫ᣐࡋࡘࡘࠊᮏ✏࡛⏝࠸ࡿ⌮ㄽࣔࢹࣝࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࠋIV ࡛ࡣ౑⏝ࡍࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ⤂௓࡜ࠊᅇᖐศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡍࠋV ࡛ࡣࡲ࡜ࡵࢆ㏙࡭ࡿࠋ ⤖ㄽࢆ➃ⓗ࡟㏙࡭ࡿ࡜ࠊ2000 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ〇㐀ᴗ࡛ᐇ㉁㈤㔠ࡀୖ᪼ࡍࡿ
࡜ᾘ㈝࡜ᢞ㈨ࡣቑຍࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ㍺ฟࡀ኱ᖜ࡟ῶᑡࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ⥲㟂せࡣῶᑡࡍࡿ
ࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡢ᪥ᮏࡀ㍺ฟ୺ᑟᆺ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ
࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛⥲㟂せᡂ㛗⋡ࡢపୗ࡜ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡢపୗࡣྠ
⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㞠⏝࡟ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ᙳ㡪ࡀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡶศ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ୺ὶὴὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢࣟࢪࢵࢡ࡛ࡣேᡭ୙㊊ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࡣᨻ⟇ⓗ࡟㈤㔠ࡀୖࡀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ಁࡏࡤປ
ാ౪⤥ࡀቑ࠼ࠊປാ㟂せࡣῶᑡࡋࠊேᡭ୙㊊ࡣゎᾘࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀ
ࡽᮏ✏ࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ㈤ୖࡆࡣປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࢆᢚไࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࠊᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿປാຊࢆቑࡸࡍࡇ࡜࠿ࡽேᡭ୙㊊ࡢゎᾘ࡟ࡣ⤖ࡧࡘ࠿࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
II. ேᡭ୙㊊࡜㈤㔠ࡢᢚไࡢ㛵ಀ
1.

᪂ྂ඾ὴࡢඛ⾜◊✲ ⋞⏣᭷ྐࡣࠕ2010 ᖺ௦ࡢ๓༙࡟ࡣᑡᏊ໬࡟ࡼࡿⱝᖺேཱྀࡢ㊅ໃⓗ࡞ῶᑡഴྥࠊ
㧗㱋໬࡟క࠺་⒪࣭௓ㆤ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࢽ࣮ࢬࡢቑ኱ࠊᣑᙇⓗ࡞㔠⼥࣭㈈ᨻᨻ⟇ࡢⓎືࠊ෇Ᏻࡸᰴ㧗࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡿᬒẼᣑ኱࡞࡝ࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟ࠊປാᕷሙ඲⯡࡛ࡳࢀࡤࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ
ேᡭ୙㊊ᇶㄪࡀ⥆࠸࡚ࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋ
㸦୰␎㸧ࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ᇶᮏࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿࠿ࡽ
♧ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ῝้࡞ேᡭ୙㊊࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊᕷሙ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡀ᝿ᐃࡍࡿࡼ
࠺࡞ࠊ㈤㔠ࡢ╔ᐇ࠿ࡘ኱ᖜ࡞ቑຍࡀࡳࡽࢀ࡞࠸≧ἣࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡎࡗ࡜⥆࠸࡚ࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋ࠸ࡘ࠿㈤㔠ࡣ኱ࡁࡃୖࡀࡾጞࡵࡿࡔࢁ࠺࡜ᛮࢃࢀ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ⤖ᒁࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ
࡝ୖࡀࡽ࡞࠸ࡲࡲ࡛ࡁࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ㈤㔠ࡀୖ᪼ࡋ࡞࠸⫼ᬒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㟂⤥≧ἣ௨እࡢᵓ㐀ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࡶ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀࡲࡏࢇࠖ࡜㏙࡭ࠊேᡭ୙㊊࡜㈤㔠ᢚไࡀྠ᫬࡟⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ[⋞⏣, 2017, vii-viii]ࠋྠ᭩࡛ࡣࡇࡢၥ㢟ព㆑ࢆඹ᭷ࡋࠊ୺࡜ࡋ࡚᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽேᡭ୙㊊࡜㈤㔠ᢚไࢆඹᏑࡉࡏ
࡚࠸ࡿཎᅉࢆ⪃ᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡑࡢ୰࡛ࡶ࣐ࢡࣟⓗ࡞ほⅬ࠿ࡽ⪃ᐹࡋࡓ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㏆⸨ࠊᕝཱྀ࣭ཎࠊሷ㊰ࠊ୰஭ࡢ◊✲ࡀ࠶ࡿ[㏆⸨, 2017; ᕝཱྀ࣭ཎ, 2017; ሷ㊰, 2017; ୰஭, 2017]ࠋ
 ㏆⸨⤢Ꮚࡣ༺኎࣭ᑠ኎࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࠊᐟἩᴗࠊ㣧㣗ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡛ࡣồேࡣቑ࠼ࠊ
ᑵᴗ⪅ᩘࡣቑ࠼ࡎࠊ㈤㔠ࡣࡴࡋࢁୗࡀࡗࡓ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏆⸨ࡣ㈤㔠ࡢᢚไ࡜ே
2ᡭ୙㊊ࡀྠ᫬࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆࠊ2 ࡘᥦ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ1 ࡘࡣປാ㟂せࡢ㈤㔠ᙎຊᛶࡀ↓㝈኱࡛ࠊປാ౪⤥᭤⥺ࡀᕥ࡟ࢩࣇࢺࡋࡓ࡟ࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎ㈤㔠ࡀቑຍࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࣃࢱ࣮࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿࠋࡶ࠺ 1 ࡘࡣࢥࢫࢺ๐ῶᅽຊࡀᙉࡲࡾࠊປാ㟂せ᭤⥺ࡀୗ࡟ࢩࣇࢺࡋࡓ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ㞠⏝㔞ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡜ྠࡌࡔࡅ⥔ᣢࡋࡓ࠸ࡀࠊపୗࡋࡓ㈤㔠࡛ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡜ྠࡌࡔࡅࡢປാ⪅ࡣ㞠⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ
⏕ࡌࡿேᡭ୙㊊ឤࡢࣃࢱ࣮࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿࠋ㏆⸨ࡣ་⒪࣭⚟♴௨እࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࡇࡢ 2 ࡘࡢ࠺ࡕ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿ࡀᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿ[㏆⸨, 2017]ࠋ
ᕝཱྀ኱ྖ࡜ཎࡦࢁࡳࡣປാᕷሙࡢປാ⪅ࡢᵓᡂኚ໬ࡀࠊປാ⪅୍ே୍ேࡢ㈤㔠ࡣኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣୖ᪼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊᖹᆒ࡛ࡣ㈤㔠࠶ࡓ࠿ࡶୗࡀࡗࡓ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ぢࡏ࠿ࡅࡿ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠕᵓᡂࣂ࢖࢔ࢫࠖ࡟╔┠ࡋࡓㄝ᫂ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕᵓᡂࣂ࢖࢔ࢫࠖࡣࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࢖࣒ປാ⪅ࡢቑຍ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡌ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࢖࣒ປാ⪅ࡢ౪⤥※࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊዪᛶ࡜㧗㱋⪅ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᕝཱྀ࡜ཎࡣዪᛶ࡜㧗㱋⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ປാ౪⤥᭤⥺ࡣỈᖹ࡟㏆ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᑵປ
ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ዪᛶ࣭㧗㱋⪅ࡀῶᑡࡋ⥆ࡅࢀࡤࠊ㈤㔠ࡣୖࡀࡾጞࡵࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ࠊ
ࣝ࢖ࢫ࣭ࣔࢹࣝࢆ᥼⏝ࡍࡿᙧ࡛᥎ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[ᕝཱྀ࣭ཎ, 2017]ࠋ
 ሷ㊰ᝋᮁࡣ〇㐀ᴗ࡜ᑐேࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡢ 2 㒊㛛࡟ࡼࡿࢪࣙࣈࢧ࣮ࢳࣔࢹࣝࢆᥦ
♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡶᶓ㍈࡟ồேಸ⋡ࠊ⦪㍈࡟㈤㔠ࢆྲྀࡿࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡾࠊ௻ᴗࡢ
ồேពḧࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶྑୗࡀࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊປാ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠஺΅ຊࡣ〇㐀ᴗ࡛ࡣྑୖ
ࡀࡾࠊᑐேࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡛ࡣỈᖹ㸦ᅛᐃ㈤㔠࡟ࡼࡿ㸧࡛࠶ࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ
࡛࣮࣐࣭ࣜࣥࢩࣙࢵࢡࡢࡼ࠺࡟እⓗ࡞ࢩࣙࢵࢡࡀ㍺ฟ〇㐀ᴗ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ〇㐀ᴗ௻ᴗࡢồேពḧࡢᚋ㏥ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࠊ㈤㔠࡜ồேಸ⋡ࡀ࡜ࡶ࡟ᝏ໬ࡍࡿࠋ〇㐀ᴗࡢᑵᴗ⪅ࡣᑐேࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡟⛣ືࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡀࠊ㈤㔠ࡣᅛᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ኚࢃࡽࡎࠊồேಸ⋡ࡶ୙ኚ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊᑐேࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡛ࡣປ
ാ㟂⤥࡜㈤㔠ࡢ㛫࡟┦㛵㛵ಀࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ[ሷ㊰, 2017]ࠋ
 ୰஭ࡣ୍⯡ປാ⪅࡜ࣃ࣮ࢺປാ⪅࡟ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆศࡅ࡚㈤㔠㛵ᩘࡢ᥎ィࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ୍⯡ປാ⪅ࡢྡ┠㈤㔠ୖ᪼⋡࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ປാ⏕⏘ᛶࠊᾘ㈝⪅≀౯ᣦᩘࠊປ
ാ⪅ᖹᆒᖺ㱋࡟᭷ព࡞ᙳ㡪ࡣ࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊປാᕷሙࡢࡦࡗ㏕ࢆ♧ࡍ᭷ຠồேಸ⋡ࡢಀᩘࡣ᭷ព࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࢖࣒ປാ⪅࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ᫬㛫ᙜࡓࡾᡤᐃෆ⤥୚࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ᭷ຠồேಸ⋡ࠊᾘ㈝⪅≀౯ࡀṇࡢࠊ஺᫆᮲௳ࠊປാ
⏕⏘ᛶࠊປാ⪅ᖹᆒᖺ㱋ࡀ㈇ࡢ᭷ព࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࠋࡇ
ࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ୰஭ࡣປാ㟂⤥࡜㈤㔠ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ㐃ືࡏࡎࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ୍⯡ປാ⪅ࡼࡾࡶࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࢖࣒ປാ⪅ࡢ᪉ࡀປാ㟂⤥ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡸࡍ࠸࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊேᡭ୙㊊ឤࡢᙉࡲࡗࡓ 2013 ᖺ௨㝆ࡣ୍⯡ປാ⪅࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊࣃ࣮
ࢺ࡯࡝࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡟ࡏࡼ᪂つồே࡜㈤㔠ࡢ┦㛵㛵ಀࡀᙉࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲ࡢ≉ᚩࢆᣲࡆࡿ࡜ࠊ୺ὶὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢᯟ⤌࡟౫ᣐࡋࡘࡘࠊ⏘ᴗࠊᛶࠊ3ᖺ㱋ࠊ㞠⏝ᙧែ࡜࠸ࡗࡓせᅉࡀປാᕷሙࡢ㟂⤥ࡀ㈤㔠࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠾ࡼࡰࡍࡢࢆጉ
ࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡣእ⏕ⓗ࡟Ỵᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿ࡜࠸࠺௬ᐃࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᚋ㏙ࡍࡿ࢝ࣝࢻ࢔㸻ࣇ࢙ࣝࢻ࣮ࢗࣥຠᯝࡣ↓どࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿ[Storm and Naatepad, 2012b, 174]ࠋ
2.

㠀୺ὶὴࡢඛ⾜◊✲ Naastepad and Storm[2006]ࡣ⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡜㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ OECD ㅖᅜࡢ 1960 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2000 ᖺࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࠊ㈤㔠ࡢୖ᪼ࡀࠊᾘ㈝ࠊᢞ㈨ࠊ㍺ฟ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀ⟬ฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏ࡟
ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡿ࡜ࠊ㈤㔠ୖ᪼⋡ࡀ 1%࣏࢖ࣥࢺୖ᪼ࡋࡓሙྜࠊᾘ㈝ࡣ 2.62%࣏࢖ࣥ
ࢺୖ᪼ࠊᢞ㈨ࡣ 2.84%࣏࢖ࣥࢺῶᑡࠊ㍺ฟࡣ 0.33%࣏࢖ࣥࢺῶᑡࡋࠊ⥲㟂せࡣ
0.55% ࣏ ࢖ ࣥ ࢺ ῶ ᑡ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ศ ࠿ ࡿ ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ᵓ 㐀 ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ Storm ࡜
Naastepad[2012b, 144-145]ࡣ᪥ᮏࡣᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔≉᭷ࡢᢞ㈨ᚿྥⓗ࡞ࢥ࣮࣏࣮ࣞ
ࢺ࣭࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ࡟≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ 1990 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࡼࡾࠊ᪥
ᮏ࡛ࡣࢥ࣮࣏࣮ࣞࢺ࣭࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ࡟኱ࡁ࡞ኚᐜࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࡇࢀࡲ࡛᪥
ᮏ௻ᴗࡢᏳᐃᰴ୺࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡣ 1990 ᖺ௦ᮎࡼࡾࠊ௻ᴗࡢ㓄ᙜ⋡ࢆୖࡆࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ[⚟⏣ 2012, ➨ 6 ❶]ࠋᚑࡗ࡚≉࡟ᢞ㈨ࡢຠᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ 2000 ᖺ௨㝆ࠊᵓ㐀ኚ໬ࡀ㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ


4

⾲ 1 OECD ㅖᅜࡢ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒᥎ィ⤖ᯝ㸦1960㸫2000㸧
ᾘ㈝

ᢞ㈨

㍺ฟ

࣋ࣝࢠ࣮

0.30

㸫0.29

↓ど࡛ࡁࡿ s0.0

ࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡ

1.19

㸫0.75

㸫0.07

0.37

㈤㔠୺ᑟ

↓ど࡛ࡁࡿ 㸫0.20

0.72

㈤㔠୺ᑟ

ࣇ ࢕ ࣥ ࣛ ࣥ 0.92ࢻྜィ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒
୙᫂

ࣇࣛࣥࢫ

0.83

㸫0.45

㸫0.06

0.32

㈤㔠୺ᑟ

ࢻ࢖ࢶ

0.98

㸫0.80

㸫0.13

0.06

㈤㔠୺ᑟ

࢖ࢱࣜ࢔

0.55

㸫0.36

㸫0.08

0.12

㈤㔠୺ᑟ

᪥ᮏ

2.62

㸫2.84

㸫0.33

㸫0.55

฼₶୺ᑟ

࢜ࣛࣥࢲ

0.53

㸫0.25

↓ど࡛ࡁࡿ 0.28

㈤㔠୺ᑟ

ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥ

0.94

㸫0.46

㸫0.19

0.28

㈤㔠୺ᑟ

ࢫ ࢘ ࢙ ࣮ ࢹ 2.03
ࣥ

㸫0.67

㸫0.32

1.04

㈤㔠୺ᑟ

࢖ࢠࣜࢫ

1.43

㸫0.97

㸫0.15

0.31

㈤㔠୺ᑟ

࢔࣓ࣜ࢝

1.75

㸫1.98

↓ど࡛ࡁࡿ 㸫0.23

ᖹᆒ

1.16

㸫0.84

㸫0.15

฼₶୺ᑟ

0.37

ὀ㸸ᐇ㉁㈤㔠⋡ࡀ 1㸣࣏࢖ࣥࢺୖ᪼ࡋࡓ᫬ࡢኚ໬㸦㸣࣏࢖ࣥࢺ㸧ฟᡤ㸸Storm and Naastepad[2012, 143]ࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊᏱோᏹᖾࡣ 1980 ᖺ௦࡜ 1990 ᖺ௦ࡢᢞ㈨㈈㒊㛛࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪥ᮏ࡜࢔࣓ࣜ
࢝ࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡜㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆ᥎ィࠊ⏘ฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᏱோ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡣ⏕⏘タഛࡢ㉁ⓗኚ໬ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍປാ⠇⣙ຠᯝ࡜࠸࠺ᢏ⾡ⓗせᅉ࡜ࠊ⏘ฟ㔞ࡢኚື࡟ᛂࡌࡓ㞠⏝ኚືࢆᢚไࡍࡿㅖไᗘ࡜࠸࠺ไᗘⓗせᅉ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋ⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡣປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࢆᚑᒓኚᩘࠊ㟂せᡂ㛗⋡ࢆ⊂❧ኚᩘ࡜ࡍࡿᅇᖐศᯒ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡿᅇᖐ┤⥺࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⾲ࡉࢀࡿࠋ⾲ 2 ࡟ᅇᖐศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡀࠊ᪥⡿࡜ࡶ࡟㟂せᡂ㛗⋡ࡢಀᩘࡣ 1980 ᖺ௦ࡼࡾ 90 ᖺ௦ࡢ᪉ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࠋࡇࡢಀᩘࡣ 1 ࠿ࡽ㞠⏝ࡢᙎຊᛶࢆῶࡌࡓ್࡟➼ࡋ࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ90 ᖺ௦࡟㞠⏝ࡢ㟂せᙎຊᛶࡀᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ୙ἣࠊ࢔
࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣዲἣ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᚑࡗ࡚᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ୙ἣ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ࠶ࡲࡾ㞠⏝๐ῶࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸୍᪉ࠊ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣዲἣ࡛࠶ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ࠶ࡲࡾ㞠⏝๰ฟࡣ⾜ࢃࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠊ࡜Ᏹோࡣᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ḟ࡟㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒㛵ᩘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ᪥ᮏ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ 1980 ᖺ௦ࡢ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡜ 1990 ᖺ௦ࡢࢹࣇࣞຠᯝࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒㛵ᩘࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜
[!", $%]ᖹ㠃࡛ぢࡿ࡜ࠊ1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࠊ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒㛵ᩘࡣษ∦ࠊಀᩘ࡜ࡶ࡟ᑠࡉ
ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡛ᕥഃ࡟኱ࡁࡃࢩࣇࢺࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢཎᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ษ∦࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡑࢀ
5ࡽࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࠕ㍺ฟ㟂せኚ໬ࡢຠᯝࠖࠊ
ࠕ㈓⵳⋡ኚ໬ࡢຠᯝࠖ
ࠕ฼₶ࢩ࢙࢔ࡢຠᯝࠖ
2ࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀᢚไࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿ ࠋࡲࡓࠊಀᩘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ 1990 ᖺ௦࡟᪥ᮏࡀ୙ἣ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡛≀౯Ỉ‽ࡀୗࡀࡾࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝᢞ㈨ࡀᢚไࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢ
ຠᯝࢆ⧊ࡾ㎸ࡴࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢഴࡁࡣపୗࡍࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣ
⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢഴࡁࡣኚࢃࡗ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊษ∦ࡢ್ࡀቑຍࡋࡓࠋᏱோࡣࡇࡢ⌮⏤࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠕ㍺ฟ㟂せࡢኚ໬ࡢຠᯝࠖࡀቑຍࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࠊ࣐࣮ࢡ࢔ࢵࣉ⋡ࡢ㒊㛛㛫᱁ᕪࡀ⦰ᑠࡋࠊᢞ㈨㈈ࡢ┦ᑐ౯᱁ࡢపୗ࡜ࡑࢀ࡟క࠺ᢞ㈨㈈㟂せቑຍࢆಁ㐍ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࠊ฼₶ᡤᚓࡢ㈓⵳⋡ࡀቑຍࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡢ 3 Ⅼࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚[!", $%]ᖹ㠃࡛ぢࡿ࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡣྑ࡬࡜ࢩࣇࢺࡋࡓ[Ᏹோ, 2009, ➨ 11❶]ࠋ⾲ 2 ⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒㛵ᩘ࡜㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒㛵ᩘࡢ᪥⡿ẚ㍑
᪥ᮏ

࢔࣓ࣜ࢝

1976
ᖺ 1991 ᖺ 㹼 1978 ᖺ 㹼 1988 㹼 2001
~1990 ᖺ2003 ᖺ
1987 ᖺ
ᖺ⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮
$%㸻0.014$%㸻0.016$%㸻0.020$%㸻0.016
࣒㛵ᩘ
+ 0.660!"+ 0.875!"+ 0.444!"+ 0.753!"
1980 㹼 1990 1990 ᖺ 㹼 1977 㹼 1987 1987 㹼 1997
ᖺ
2000 ᖺᖺᖺ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒
㛵ᩘ!" 㸻2.80+ 0.71$%!" 㸻0.87+ 0.72$%!" 㸻1.58+ 0.86$%!" 㸻3.05+ 0.83$%ࢹࣇࣞຠᯝࢆ
!" 㸻1.73⪃៖ࡋࡓ㟂せ+ 0.29$%ࣞࢪ࣮࣒㛵ᩘ
ὀ㸸$%ࡣປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࠊ!"ࡣ㟂せᡂ㛗⋡ࢆ♧ࡍࠋฟᡤ㸸Ᏹோ[2009]ࡢ➨ 11 ❶ࡢ⾲ 11㸫5 ࠾ࡼࡧ 11㸫6 ࡼࡾ➹⪅ᢤ⢋ࠋ
III. ࣔࢹࣝᵓ⠏Ᏹோࡢᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒㛵ᩘࡢษ∦ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࡢࡣ 5 ࡘࡢせ⣲࡛࠶ࡾࠊձ
ᾘ㈝㈈ࡢປാ㔞ቑຍࡀᢞ㈨㈈㟂せ࡟ཬࡰࡍຠᯝࠊղ฼₶ᡤᚓࡢ㈓⵳⋡ࡢኚ໬ࡀᢞ㈨㈈㟂せ࡟ཬࡰࡍຠᯝࠊճ฼₶ࢩ࢙࢔ࡢኚ໬ࡀᢞ㈨㈈㟂せ࡟ཬࡰࡍຠᯝࠊմ࣐࣮ࢡ࢔ࢵࣉ⋡ኚ໬ࡢ㒊㛛㛫᱁ᕪࡀཬࡰࡍຠᯝࠊյᾏእ㟂せࡢኚ໬ࡀᢞ㈨㈈㟂せ࡟ཬࡰࡍຠᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋմ࡟ࡘ࠸
࡚ㄝ᫂ࢆ⿵㊊ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᢞ㈨㈈㒊㛛ࡢ࣐࣮ࢡ࢔ࢵࣉ⋡ࡢኚ໬ࡀᾘ㈝㈈㒊㛛ࡢࡑࢀࢆୖᅇࡗࡓ
ሙྜࠊ⏕⏘ᛶኚ໬⋡᱁ᕪ࡟ᛂࡌࡓᢞ㈨㈈ࡢ┦ᑐ౯᱁ࡢపୗ⋡ࡀᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣᢞ㈨㈈㟂せ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍ[Ᏹோ 2009]ࠋ

2

6

ࡇ ࡇ ࡛ ࡣ Naastepad[2006] ࠊ Naastepad and Storm[2006] ࠊ Storm andNaastepad[2012a]ࠊStorm and Naastepad[2012b]࡜࠸ࡗࡓඛ⾜◊✲࡟౫ᣐࡋࠊ
ᡂ㛗ࣔࢹࣝࢆグ㏙ࡍࡿࠋ⥲㟂せࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
! = 3 + 4 + 5 − 7 ᩘᘧ819
ࡇࡇ࡛!ࡣ⥲㟂せࠊ3ࡣᾘ㈝ࠊ4ࡣᢞ㈨ࠊ5ࡣ㍺ฟࠊ7ࡣ㍺ධࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ୍᪉㈤㔠ࢩ࢙
࢔8= v9ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
v = ;<>=?$ ! = "$ !  ᩘᘧ829
ࡇࡇ࡛Wࡣྡ┠㈤㔠⋡ࠊP ࡣ≀౯ࠊ$ࡣປാ⏕⏘ᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࠿ࡽ㈤㔠ࢩ࢙࢔ୖ᪼⋡ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲ࡉࢀࡿࠋ$" = "% − $% ᩘᘧ839
ࡇࡇ࡛$"ࡣ㈤㔠ࢩ࢙࢔ୖ᪼⋡ࠊ"%ࡣᐇ㉁㈤㔠ୖ᪼⋡ࠊ$%ࡣປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࢆ⾲ࡍࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࢀ௨㝆ࣁࢵࢺ㸦 & 㸧ࡀ௜࠸ࡓኚᩘࡣࡍ࡭࡚ୖ᪼⋡ࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡑࡋ࡚฼₶ࢩ
࢙࢔8'9ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲ࡉࢀࡿࠋ

ȧ=1−

<$ !
= 1 − $ ᩘᘧ㸦4㸧=

ᩘᘧ㸦4㸧࠿ࡽ฼₶ࢩ࢙࢔ୖ᪼⋡8'"9ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲ࡉࢀࡿࠋ

'" =

∆'
$ ∆$
=−
= −);"% − $%? ᩘᘧ㸦5㸧'' $࡞࠾ࠊࡇࡇ࡛ȟ = 8$⁄'9 = $>81 − $9࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ㠀୺ὶὴ⤒῭࡛ࡣປാ⪅ࠊ㈨ᮏᐙࡢ 2 ࡘࡢ㝵⣭ࢆ᝿ᐃࡋࠊᾘ㈝ࡣ௨ୗࡢ
ࡼ࠺࡟⾲ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
c = 81 − ,- 9"$ ! ! + 81 − ,. 9'! = /81 − ,- 9$ + 81 − ,. 981 − $90! ᩘᘧ㸦6㸧
7

ࡇࡇ࡛,- ࡣປാ⪅㝵⣭ࡢ㈓⵳ᛶྥࠊ,. ࡣ㈨ᮏᐙ㝵⣭ࡢ㈓⵳ᛶྥ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ,- < ,.
࡛࠶ࡿࠋḟ࡟㍺ධ879ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
7 = 2! ᩘᘧ㸦7㸧
ࡇࡇ࡛2ࡣ㍺ධᛶྥ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㍺ධࡣ⥲㟂せ࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
௨ୖࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࠊᩘᘧ㸦1㸧ࡢ⥲㟂せᘧ࠿ࡽ c ࡜ m ࢆᾘཤࡍࡿ࡜௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞
ࡿࠋ

x=

4+5
= 4 ! 84 + 59 ᩘᘧ㸦8㸧
/1 − 81 − ,- 9$ − 81 − ,. 981 − $9 + 20

ࡇࡇ࡛4 ! = 1>/1 − 81 − , 9$ − 81 − , 981 − $9 + 20࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᘧࢆኚ໬⋡࣋-.

࣮ࢫ࡟᭩ࡁ┤ࡍ࡜!" = −4̂ +

4 !4
4 !5
6̂ +
5̂ = −4̂ + 78 6̂ + 79 5̂  ᩘᘧ㸦9㸧!
!

ࡇࡇ࡛ȣ = ,. − $8,. − ,- 9 + :ࠊ78 =; <= 8>

ࠊࠋ79 =; <= 9>࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓȣࢆኚ໬⋡࡛♧ࡍ࡜ࠊ$
4̂ = − 8,. − ,- 9$" = −:8,. − ,- 9;"% − $%? ᩘᘧ㸦10㸧
4
ࡇࡇ࡛: = $/4࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ḟ࡟ᢞ㈨849ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
4 = @8', !9 = A8 B CD ' C= ! CE  ᩘᘧ㸦11㸧
ࡇࡇ࡛bࡣࠕ࢔ࢽ࣐ࣝࢫࣆࣜࢵࢺࠖࢆ♧ࡍࠋᩘᘧ㸦11㸧ࢆᑐᩘ໬ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ௨ୗࡢ
ᘧࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࠋ
6̂ = GH BI + G! '" + GJ !" ᩘᘧ㸦12㸧
8ḟ࡟㍺ฟ859ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ

5㸻AK L KD M

$
$NO-

P

K=

ᩘᘧ㸦13㸧

ࡇࡇ࡛AK ࡣṇࡢᐃᩘࠊ$NO- ࡣ㍺ฟရࡢᾏእࡢ➇ྜ㈈ࡢ⏕⏘ࢥࢫࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋLࡣᾏእࡢ㟂せࠊQH ࡣ㍺ฟࡢ㟂せᙎຊᛶࠊQ! ࡣ㍺ฟࡢ౯᱁ᙎຊᛶࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ༢⣧໬ࡢࡓࡵ
࡟ࠊ$NO- = 1࡜ࡋࠊࡉࡽ࡟ᩘᘧ㸦13㸧ࢆኚ໬⋡࡛⾲ࡍ࡜
5̂ = QH L̂ − Q! $" ᩘᘧ㸦14㸧௨ୖࡢᘧ࠿ࡽ⥲㟂せᡂ㛗⋡ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲グ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ!" 㸻/:8,. − ,- 9 − 78 G! ) − 79 Q! 0
78 GH BI79 QH L̂++R"
% − $%S ᩘᘧ㸦15㸧
1 − 78 GJ 1 − 78 GJ
1 − 78 GJ

ࡇࡢ್ࢆồࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆồࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
࡞࠾ࠊ8,. − ,- 9࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ௨ୗࡢᅇᖐᘧ࡟ࡼࡾồࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
s㸻/,- $ + ,. '0! ᩘᘧ㸦16㸧
ᩘᘧ㸦16㸧ࡢ୧㎶ࢆ x ࡛๭ࡿ࡜ࠋ
Ȫ = U⁄! = ,- + 8,. − ,- 9' ᩘᘧ㸦17㸧୍᪉ࠊ⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡣ௨ୗࡢᙧ࡛ᐃ⩏࡛ࡁࡿࠋ$% = VH + V! !" + VJ "% ᩘᘧ㸦18㸧
࡞࠾ࠊV! ࡣ࢝ࣝࢻ࢔㸻ࣇ࢙ࣝࢻ࣮ࢗࣥຠᯝࠊVJ ࡣ࣐ࣝࢡࢫ㸻ࣄࢵࢡࢫຠᯝࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ࢝ࣝࢻ࢔㸻ࣇ࢙ࣝࢻ࣮ࢗࣥຠᯝ࡜ࡣࠊᕷሙࡢᣑ኱ࡀᛴ㏿࡟㐍ࡴࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ປ
ാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡢᨵၿࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀ㧗ࡲࡾࠊศᴗࡢ⣽ศ໬ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ປാ

9⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡀୖ᪼ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍ3ࠋ୍᪉ࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫ㸻ࣄࢵࢡࢫຠᯝࡣ㈤㔠ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⤒Ⴀ⪅ഃ࡟ປാࢆ㈨ᮏ࡟⨨ࡁ᥮࠼ࡿ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊປാ⏕⏘ᛶ㸦ປാ⪅ 1 ேᙜࡓࡾࡢ௜ຍ౯್㸧ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ
♧ࡍࠋ୍᪉ࠊ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙧ࡟᭩ࡁ᥮࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
!" = W + X;"% − $%? ᩘᘧ㸦19㸧

ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊW㸻

YZ CD [I\Y] KD ^̂! YZ CEࠊC =/`8ab ac 9 YZ C= d Y] K= 0
! YZ CE࡛࠶ࡿࠋX > 0ࡢ࡜ࡁࡣ㈤㔠୺ᑟᆺ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡛࠶ࡾࠊX < 0ࡢሙྜࡣ฼₶୺ᑟᆺ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊປാ⏕⏘ᛶࠊ⏘ฟ㧗ᡂ㛗⋡ࠊປാ⪅ᩘ㸦ປാ㟂せ㸧ᡂ㛗⋡ࡢ㛫࡟ࡣ௨ୗࡢ㛵ಀࡀᡂࡾ❧ࡘࠋ
f% = !" − $% ᩘᘧ㸦20㸧ᩘᘧ㸦1㸧ࢆᩘᘧ㸦3㸧࡟௦ධࡍࡿ࡜
f% = 81 − V! 9!" − VH − VJ "% ᩘᘧ㸦21㸧
ᩘᘧ㸦18㸧
㸦19㸧
㸦21㸧ࢆゎ࠸࡚ࠊ$%ࠊ!"ࠊf%ࢆ"%࡛⾲ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿ࡜௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡟
࡞ࡿࠋ

!" =

W − VH X 81 − VJ 9X+"% = W + Ξ"
%  ᩘᘧ㸦22㸧
1 + V! X
1 + V! X$% = VH + V! W + 8VJ + V! Ξ9"%  ᩘᘧ8239

f% = −VH + 81 − V! 9W + /81 − V! 9Ξ − VJ 0"%  ᩘᘧ㸦24㸧
 ࡞࠾ࠊW =h iD j!\i= jࠊΞ =8! iE 9j!\i= j࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᩘᘧ㸦22㸧ࠊ㸦23㸧ࠊ㸦24㸧࠿ࡽࠊᐇ㉁㈤㔠⋡ୖ᪼⋡ࡢୖ᪼ࡀ⏘ฟ㧗ୖ᪼⋡ࠊປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࠊປാ㟂せᡂ㛗⋡࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲ࡏࡿ4ࠋ࢝ࣝࢻ࢔ࡢᴗ⦼ࡢࣞࣅ࣮ࣗ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ Toner[1999]ࡢ➨ 6 ❶ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᩘᘧ㸦26㸧ࡣᩘᘧ㸦18㸧࠾ࡼࡧ㸦25㸧࠿ࡽࠊᩘᘧ㸦27㸧ࡣᩘᘧ㸦25㸧࠾ࡼࡧ㸦26㸧࠿ࡽồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ
3
4

10

k!" 81 − VJ 9X== Ξ ᩘᘧ㸦25㸧
k"%
1 + V! Xk$%k!"
V! 81 − VJ 9X VJ + V! X
= VJ + V!
= VJ +=
 ᩘᘧ8269k"%k"%
1 + V! X
1 + V! Xkf%
k!" k$% 81 − VJ 9X VJ + V! X 81 − V! − VJ 9X − VJ
=
−
=
−
=
 ᩘᘧ㸦27㸧
k"
% k"
% k"
%
1 + V! X
1 + V! X
1 + V! Xࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊV! ࠊVJ ࠊXࡢ್ࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᐇ㉁㈤㔠⋡ୖ᪼⋡ࡀ㟂せᡂ㛗⋡ࠊປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࠊປാ㟂せୖ᪼⋡࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ ࡉࡽ࡟฼₶⥲㢠㸦Ȉ㸻ȧx㸧ࡢኚ໬⋡ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲ࡏࡿࠋ& = '" + !" 㸻 − R"l
% − $%S + !" ᩘᘧ㸦28㸧
ᩘᘧ㸦28㸧࠿ࡽ௨ୗࡢ㛵ಀࡀᑟ࠿ࢀࡿࠋ
&kl
k$% k!"= −1 ++ ᩘᘧ㸦29㸧
m%
k"
% k"
%
k"
IV. ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢศᯒ ౑⏝ࡍࡿࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ౑⏝ࡍࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡣෆ㛶ᗓࠕ2016ᖺᗘᅜẸ⤒῭ィ⟬ࠖ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿ5ࠋࡲࡓࠊᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿ⏘ᴗࡣ〇㐀ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⥲㟂せࡢ⏘ฟ࡟ࡣ⤒῭άືูࡢᅜෆ⥲⏕⏘࣭せ⣲ᡤᚓࡢྡ┠್ࡢᅜෆ⥲⏕⏘ࡢ್ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋ㈤㔠࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣྠࡌࡃࠕ㞠⏝⪅ሗ㓘ࠖࢆࠕ⤒῭άືูࡢᑵᴗ⪅ᩘ࣭㞠⏝⪅ᩘࠊປാ᫬㛫ᩘࠖࡢᖺูࡢࠕᑵᴗ⪅ᩘࠖࢆ⏝࠸࡚⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡶࡇࢀࡽࡢ್ࢆ⏝࠸࡚⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋ㍺ฟ࡜㍺ධ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠕ㈈㈌࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ౪⤥࡜
㟂せࠖࡢ〇㐀ᴗࡢ㍺ධ㸦C. I. F. ౯᱁㸧ࡢྡ┠್ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ㍺ฟ㸦F. O. B. ౯᱁ࡢ㸧ྡ┠್ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋᢞ㈨ࡣࠕᙧែูࡢ⥲㈨ᮏᙧᡂࠖࡢࠕᶵᲔ࣭タഛࠖࡢᐇ㉁್ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋ࡞࠾ࠊྡ┠್ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠕ⤒῭άືูࡢᅜෆ⥲⏕⏘࣭せ⣲ᡤᚓࠖࡢࠕࢹࣇ
࣮ࣞࢱ࣮࡛ࠖᐇ㉁໬ࡋࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊᩘᘧ㸦17㸧ࡢ㈓⵳⋡࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⥲ົ┬ࠕᐙィ
http://www.esri.cao.go.jp/jp/sna/data/data_list/kakuhou/files/h28/h28_kaku_top.html(2018 ᖺ 2 ᭶ 26 ᪥࢔ࢡࢭࢫ)ࠋ
5

11ㄪᰝࠖࡢࠕ㛗ᮇ᫬⣔ิࢹ࣮ࢱ㸦ᖺ㸧ࠖ
ࠕ1 ୡᖏᙜࡓࡾᖺᖹᆒ 1 ࠿᭶㛫ࡢ཰ධ࡜ᨭฟ
-஧ே௨ୖࡢୡᖏ࠺ࡕ໅ປ⪅ୡᖏࠖࡢࠕ㈓⵳⣧ቑ(ᖹᆒ㈓⵳⋡)(㸣)ࠖࡢ್ࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᅗ 1 ࡟୺せኚᩘࡢືྥࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ㟂せᡂ㛗⋡࡜ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡣẚ㍑ⓗ㧗࠸್ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ㞠⏝ᡂ㛗⋡࡜㈤㔠ୖ᪼⋡ࡣࡑࢀ࡯࡝㧗࠸್࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
㞠⏝ᡂ㛗⋡ࡣ㟂せᡂ㛗⋡࡜ປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡢᕪ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᏱோ[2009]ࡀᣦ᦬ࡋࡓ㏻ࡾ㞠⏝ࡢ㟂せᙎຊᛶࡣ࠿࡞ࡾప࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㈤㔠ୖ᪼⋡ࡶ㏆ᖺ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ
㧗ࡃ࡞ࡃࠊ㈤㔠ࡀୖࡀࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺୺ὶὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢぢゎ࡜୍⮴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᅗ 1 〇㐀ᴗࡢ୺せኚᩘࡢືྥ
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
-5%
-10%
-15%
-20%

ᖺ
㟂せᡂ㛗⋡

㞠⏝ᡂ㛗⋡

ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡㈤㔠ୖ᪼⋡ฟᡤ㸸ෆ㛶ᗓࠕ2016 ᖺᗘᅜẸ⤒῭ィ⟬ࠖࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂࠋ⾲ 3 ࡟ ᥎ ィ ⤖ ᯝ ࢆ ♧ ࡍ ࠋ ᥎ ィ ⤖ ᯝ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡚ ᩘ ᘧ 㸦 15 㸧 ࡟ ฟ ࡚ ࡁ ࡓ/`8ab ac 9 YZ C= d Y] K= 0n

! YZ CE;࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋ࡚ࡳࡿࠋ:8= 9ࡢ್ࡣ v ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ 2001 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2016 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢᖹᆒ್㸦$̅ =0.490㸧ࢆ⏝࠸ࠊȣ/= ,. − $8,. − ,- 9 + :0࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ ࡣ ᅇ ᖐ ᘧ ࡢ ᥎ ィ ⤖ ᯝ 8ȣ = 0.585) ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡚ ⟬ ฟ ࡋ ࡓ : = 0.838 ࠋ ࡲ ࡓ ȟ/=$>
81 − $90ࡣ:ࡢ᫬࡜ྠࡌࡃ 2001 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2016 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢᖹᆒ್ࢆ⏝࠸࡚⟬ฟࡋࡓ㸦ȟ㸻0.963㸧ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊᐇ㉁㈤㔠ୖ᪼⋡ࡀ 1%࣏࢖ࣥࢺୖ᪼ࡋࡓ᫬ࡢຠᯝࡣ௨ୗࡢ
ࡼ࠺࡟ศࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ᾘ㈝:8,. − ,- 9
0.838 ∗ 0.189== 0.225
1 − 78 GJ
1 − 0.33 ∗ 0.894
12ᢞ㈨−78 G! )−0.33 ∗ 8−0.4519 ∗ 0.963== 0.2031 − 78 GJ
1 − 0.33 ∗ 0.894㍺ฟ
−79 Q!
−0.344 ∗ 1.38=
= −0.653
1 − 78 GJ 1 − 0.33 ∗ 0.894௨ୖࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ C=0.225㸩0.203㸫0.653=㸫0.226 ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢ᥎ィᘧ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜V! =0.885ࠊVJ = −0.016ࠊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢝ࣝࢻ࢔㸻ࣇ࢙ࣝࢻࢗ
࣮ࣥຠᯝࡢᏑᅾࡣ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫ㸻ࣄࢵࢡࢫຠᯝࡢຠᯝࡣ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠊࡶࡋࡃࡣຠᯝࡣᚤᑠ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ௬ㄝ࡜཯ᑐࡢ⤖ᯝࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓࠋ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ㈤㔠ㄪᩚࡀẚ㍑ⓗᐜ࡛᫆࠶ࡾࠊ㈤㔠ୖ᪼࡟㔮ࡾྜ࠺ࡼ࠺࡟ປാ
⏕⏘ᛶࢆୖ᪼ࡉࡏࡿ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⌧㇟ࡣ㉳ࡇࡾ࡙ࡽ࠸࡜࠸࠺஦᝟ࡶ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ
࡞࠸ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊᏱோᏹᖾࡣ᪥ᮏࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࠊ࢖ࢠࣜࢫࠊࢻ࢖ࢶࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢࡑࢀࡒ
ࢀձ1960 ᖺ௦ᮎ࠿ࡽ 1980 ᖺ௦༙ࡤࡲ࡛࡜ղ1980 ᖺ௦༙ࡤ࠿ࡽ 1990 ᖺ௦ᮎࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆẚ㍑ࡋࠊ⥲ᐇ㉁㈤㔠ᡤᚓࡢ⏘ฟ㔞ᙎຊᛶࡀ᭱ࡶ኱ࡁࡃቑຍࡋࡓࡢࡣ᪥
ᮏ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[Ᏹோ, 2009, ➨ 8 ❶]ࠋ

13⾲ 3 ᥎ィ⤖ᯝᩘᘧ ᩘᘧ㸦7㸧 ᩘᘧ㸦9㸧 ᩘ
ᘧ
㸦18㸧
㸦12㸧
ᚑᒓኚ
$%
7
!"
6̂
ᩘ
ᐃᩘ㡯
0.014 **
-0.0030.000[ 0.005 ][0.008][0.011]
V!
0.885
***
[ 0.092]
VJ-0.016*[0.153]2
0.405***[0.020]78
0.330*[0.155]79
0.334***[0.070]G!
-0.451[0.352]GJ
0.894***[0.227]−Q!
8,.
− ,- 9
N
D.W.
adjR2
F್

16
1.412
0.924
91.68***

16
0.228
0.961
393.98***

16
1.796
0.814
33.86***

16
1.559
0.543
9.91***ᩘᘧ ᩘᘧ㸦14㸧 㸦17㸧
5̂
Ȫ
0.037
[0.034]-1.380*[0.746]
16
1.913
0.139
3.42*

0.084
[0.070]0.189[0.137]
16
0.883
0.057
1.91

ὀ㸸ୖẁࡣಀᩘࠊୗẁࡢ[ ]ෆࡢ್ࡣᶆ‽ㄗᕪࢆ♧ࡍࠋ***ࡣ 1%Ỉ‽࡛᭷ពࠊ**ࡣ
5%Ỉ‽࡛᭷ព࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡲࡓᐃᩘ㡯ࡣᩘᘧ㸦18㸧࡛ࡣVH ࠊᩘᘧ㸦9㸧࡛ࡣ−4̂ ࠊᩘᘧ㸦12㸧࡛ࡣGH BIࠊᩘᘧ㸦14㸧࡛ࡣQH L̂ ࠊᩘᘧ㸦17㸧࡛ࡣ,- ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞
࠾ࠊᩘᘧ㸦7㸧ࡣᐃᩘ㡯ࡣ࡞ࡋࠋฟᡤ㸸OLS ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ➹⪅సᡂࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤖ᯝࢆඛࡢᩘᘧ㸦25㸧㸦26㸧㸦27㸧࡟ᙜ࡚ࡣࡵࡿ࡜ࠊ
k!" 81 − VJ 9X== −0.287 ᩘᘧ㸦25㸧′k"%
1 + V! X
k$% VJ + V! X=
= −0.270 ᩘᘧ㸦26㸧′k"%
1 + V! X14

kf% 81 − V! − VJ 9X − VJ=
= −0.017 ᩘᘧ㸦27㸧′k"%
1 + V! X ࡇࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊᐇ㉁㈤㔠ୖ᪼⋡ࡀ 1%࣏࢖ࣥࢺୖ᪼ࡋࡓሙྜࠊ⥲㟂せୖ᪼⋡ࡣ
0.287%࣏࢖ࣥࢺῶᑡࡋࠊປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡣ 0.270%࣏࢖ࣥࢺῶᑡࡍࡿࠋ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚㞠⏝ᡂ㛗⋡㸦ປാ㟂せୖ᪼⋡㸧ࡣ 0.017%࣏࢖ࣥࢺῶᑡࡍࡿࠋ⥲㟂せୖ᪼⋡࡜ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡢኚ໬ࡣ࡯ࡰྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ㈤㔠ࡢ㞠⏝࡟ᑐࡍࡿᙳ㡪ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡞࠸࡜⤖ㄽ௜ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࢆᩘᘧ㸦29㸧࡟ᙜ࡚ࡣࡵࡿ࡜
&kl= −1 + 8−0.2709 + 8−0.2879 = −1.557 ᩘᘧ㸦29㸧′m"k!
ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᐇ㉁㈤㔠⋡ୖ᪼⋡ࡀ 1%࣏࢖ࣥࢺୖ᪼ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ฼₶ࡣ 1.577%࣏࢖ࣥࢺ
ῶᑡࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ 2000 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࠊປ౑㛫ࡢ฼ᐖᑐ❧ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࡉࡽ࡟㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲ࡏࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࡇࡢᮇ㛫ࡢᖹᆒ㈤㔠ୖ᪼⋡
ࡣ 2.2㸣࡛࠶ࡿࠋ!" 㸻

0.33 ∗ 0.000 0.334 ∗ 0.037+− 0.226R0.022 − $%S
0.705
0.705
= 0.013 + 0.226$% ᩘᘧ㸦15㸧′ࡲࡓࠊ⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡣ㈤㔠ࡢຠᯝࡣ࡯ࡰ↓ど࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲ࡏࡿࠋ$% = 0.014 + 0.885!" ᩘᘧ㸦18㸧′ ᅗ 2 ࡟ᚓࡽࢀࡓ⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡜㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋᏱோ[2009]ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ1990 ᖺ௦⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒࠾ࡼࡧࢹࣇࣞຠᯝࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒㛵ᩘ࡜ࡉ࡯࡝ኚ໬ࡀ࡞࠸࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ1990 ᖺ௦࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊ2000 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡣᬒẼࡀୖ᪼ഴྥ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࡶ⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢᙧ≧࡟኱ࡁ࡞ኚ໬ࡣ࡞
࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ㞠⏝ࢆ๰ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃ⏕⏘ᣑ኱ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ࡜ุ᩿࡛ࡁࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᩘᘧ㸦12㸧ࡢᅇᖐศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ
ᢞ㈨㛵ᩘ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢔ࢽ࣐ࣝࢫࣆࣜࢵࢺࡢຠᯝࡣࢮࣟ࡟㏆࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ప࠸௻ᴗࡢᢞ㈨ពḧࡣ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆࡼࡾᕥ࡟⛣ືࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ㟂せᡂ㛗⋡࡜ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࢆࡼࡾప࠸Ỉ‽࡟ᢲࡋ࡜࡝ࡵࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
15ᅗ 2 2000 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡢ᪥ᮏࡢᡂ㛗యไmປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡Ȣ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒㛵ᩘ㻌!" = 1.3 + 0.226$%㻌

⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒㛵ᩘ$% = 0.014 + 0.885!"

㻌

1.4

O

1.3

㟂せᡂ㛗⋡x"㻌

ὀ㸸2000 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2016 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ〇㐀ᴗࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓศᯒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ฟᡤ㸸᥎ィ⤖ᯝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ➹⪅సᡂࠋ
V. ࡲ࡜ࡵ ᮏ✏ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆࡲ࡜ࡵ࡚ࡳࡿࠋStorm and Naastepad ࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ2000
ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2016 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ᪥ᮏࡢ〇㐀ᴗࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡜㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆ᥎ィࡋࠊ
ᐇ㉁㈤㔠ୖ᪼⋡ࡀኚ໬ࡋࡓሙྜࡢࠊ㞠⏝ࠊ⥲㟂せࠊປാ⏕⏘ᛶ࡟୚࠼ࡓᙳ㡪ࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋᐇ㉁㈤㔠ୖ᪼⋡ࡀ⥲㟂せୖ᪼⋡࡟୚࠼ࡿຠᯝࡣࠊᾘ㈝ࠊᢞ㈨ࠊ㍺ฟࡢ 3
ࡘ࡟ศゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࣔࢹࣝࡢ᝿ᐃ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊᐇ㉁㈤㔠ୖ᪼⋡ࡣᢞ㈨ୖ
᪼⋡࡟ṇࡢຠᯝࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ௻ᴗࡢᢞ㈨ࡣ฼₶࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᾘ㈝ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡸࡍ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㈤㔠ࡢୖ᪼ࡣᾘ㈝࡜ᢞ㈨ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ㍺ฟ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ࢿ࢞ࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞ຠᯝࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋStorm andNaastepad ࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸ࡓඛ⾜◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ㍺ฟࡢᯝࡓࡍᙺ๭ࡣ኱ࡁࡃ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ
ࡀࠊ2000 ᖺ௨㝆ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᮏ✏ࡢศᯒ࡛ࡣ㍺ฟࡢᯝࡓࡍᙺ๭ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ6ࠋ࡞࠾Ᏹோࡣ 1980 ᖺ௦๓༙ࡢ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ㈤㔠ୖ᪼ࡀປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼ࢆୗᅇࡾࠊ෇ࡀ㐣ᑠホ౯ࡉࢀࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ㍺ฟ౯᱁ࡀῶᑡࡋࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ㍺ฟࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡓ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⤖ᯝࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼ࡢᡂᯝࡢ୍㒊ࡣᅜእ࡟ศ㓄ࡉࢀࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ㍺ฟቑຍࡀࠊ⏕⏘㔞ࠊ㞠⏝ࠊປാ

616ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟⥲㟂せ࡟ᯝࡓࡍ㍺ฟࡢᙺ๭ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ㈤㔠ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜㍺ฟ
ࡀῶᑡࡋࠊࡉࡽ࡟⥲㟂せୖ᪼⋡ࡣῶᑡࡍࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟⥲㟂せࡢῶᑡࡣ࢝ࣝࢻ࢔㸻ࣇ࢙ࣝࢻ࣮ࢗࣥຠᯝࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࢆᢚไࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ᫬⥲㟂せୖ᪼⋡࡜ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡣྠࡌ⛬ᗘኚ໬ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ㞠⏝ᡂ㛗⋡ࡣ࡯ࡰࢮࣟ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡉ
ࡽ࡟ࠊᐇ㉁㈤㔠ୖ᪼⋡ࡀ฼₶ୖ᪼⋡࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊᐇ㉁㈤㔠ୖ᪼⋡ࡢᢚไࡣ฼₶ࡢ኱ᖜ࡞ቑຍ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜࠿
ࡽປാ⪅࡜㈨ᮏᐙࡢ㛫࡛኱ࡁ࡞฼ᐖᑐ❧ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࡇࡢ௚⏕⏘ᛶࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢ≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚࣐ࣝࢡࢫ㸻ࣄࢵࢡࢫຠᯝࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠊ
ࡶࡋࡃࡣ௬ㄝ࡜ࡣ㏫ࡢ᪉ྥ࡬ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣே௳㈝ࡢືྥ࡟㛵ࢃࡾ࡞ࡃࠊ⏕⏘ᛶࡢᨵၿࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸
࠺ࡶࡢࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ᪥ᮏࡣㅖእᅜ࡜ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜㈤㔠ࡢㄪᩚࡀᐜ᫆࡜࠸࠺Ⅼࡶࠊ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡋ࡚ᣲࡆࡽࢀࡼ࠺ࠋ ᮏ✏ࡢྵពࢆ㏙࡭ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ୺ὶὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡀᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㈤㔠ᢚไ࡜ேᡭ୙㊊
ࡀྠ᫬Ⓨ⏕࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᨻ⟇ⓗ࡞௓ධࡶྵࡵࡓ㈤ୖࡆ࡟ࡼࡿປാ౪⤥ࡢቑຍ࣭ேᡭ
୙㊊ࡢゎᾘ࡜࠸࠺ゎỴ⟇ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊᮏ✏ࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽࡣ௬࡟㈤㔠ࢆቑຍࡉࡏ࡚ࡶ㞠⏝࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᙳ㡪ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊேᡭ୙㊊ࡣゎᾘࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ᣦ᦬ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡛
࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡘࡲࡾ㈤㔠ࡢቑຍࡣ㍺ฟࡑࡋ࡚⥲㟂せࢆᢚไࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ࢝ࣝࢻ
࢔㸻ࣇ࢙ࣝࢻ࣮ࢗࣥຠᯝࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ປാ⏕⏘ᛶୖ᪼⋡ࡶᢚไࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢ࡛ࠊ
௻ᴗࡀᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿປാຊ࡟࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ኚ໬ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊStorm and Naastdpad ࢆྵࡴ㠀୺ὶὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ௚ࡢྵពࡀ࠶
ࡿࠋ1960 ᖺࡔ࠿ࡽ 2000 ࡲ࡛ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓศᯒ࡛ࡣ㟂せࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡜ẚ࡭ࡿ࡜ಀᩘ࡟ࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ኚືࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ≉࡟฼₶ࢩ࢙࢔ࡢୖ᪼ࡣᢞ㈨ࢆຍ㏿ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜
ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿཎᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ࢥ࣮࣏࣮ࣞࢺ࣭࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᨵ㠉ࠊ≉࡟௻ᴗࡢ㈨㔠ㄪ㐩ᡭẁࡀከᵝ໬ࡋࠊ฼₶࡟ไ⣙ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ᢞ㈨⾜ືࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ᮏ✏ࡢㄢ㢟ࢆ㏙࡭ࡿࠋᮏ✏ࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊNaastepad and Storm[2006]ࡢ◊✲࡜ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜ศᯒ࡟⏝࠸ࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࡢᩘࡀᑡ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊᅇᖐᘧࡢಀᩘ
ࡢ୰࡟ࡣ᭷ព࡛ࡣ↓࠿ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋᚑࡗ࡚ᮏ✏ࡢ⤖ᯝࡢ㡹೺ᛶ࡟ࡣ␲ၥ
ࡀṧࡿࠋ⏕⏘ᛶࡢୖ᪼ࢆᨭ࠼ࡓ࡜ࡋࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡂ㛗ࢆࠕࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ࡞ศ㓄ࢆ࡜ࡶ࡞࠺㍺ฟ୺ᑟᆺᡂ㛗ࠖ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓ᪥ᮏࡢᡂ㛗ࣔࢹࣝࡣࡇࡢ 1980 ᖺ௦ࡢᡂ㛗࡟ఝ
㏻ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟Ᏹோࡣࡇࡢࠕࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ࡞ศ㓄ࢆ࡜ࡶ࡞࠺㍺ฟ୺ᑟᆺᡂ㛗ࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸
࡚ࠊ㈠᫆┦ᡭᅜࡢ⣼✚㉥Ꮠࡢ⵳✚࡜࠸࠺ቨ࡟ࡪࡘ࠿ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗ࡃࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ᣢ⥆ຊࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ḞⅬࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[Ᏹோ 1998, 143-145]ࠋ
17

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
⚟⏣ 㡰, 2012, ࠗࢥ࣮࣏࣮ࣞࢺ࣭࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࡢ㐍໬࡜᪥ᮏ⤒῭࠘ி㒔኱ᏛᏛ⾡ฟ∧఍ࠋ⋞⏣᭷ྐ⦅, 2017, ࠗேᡭ୙㊊࡞ࡢ࡟࡞ࡐ㈤㔠ࡣୖࡀࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿࠘៞ᛂ⩏ሿ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠋ⋞⏣᭷ྐ, 2017,ࠕၥ࠸ࡢ⫼ᬒࠖ⋞⏣⦅, ๓ᥖⴭ, ᗎ❶, vii-xiiiࠋᕝཱྀ኱ྖ࣭ཎࡦࢁࡳ, 2017, ࠕேᡭ୙㊊࡜㈤㔠೵⁫ࡢ୪Ꮡࡣ⤒῭⌮ㄽ࡛ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ
ࡿࠖ⋞⏣⦅ࠊ๓ᥖ᭩ࠊ➨ 7 ❶, 101-119ࠋ㏆⸨⤢Ꮚ, 2017, ࠕேᡭ୙㊊࡞ࡢ࡟㈤㔠ࡀୖࡀࡽ࡞࠸୕ࡘࡢ⌮⏤ࠖ⋞⏣⦅ࠊ๓ᥖ᭩ࠊ➨ 1 ❶ࠊ1-15ࠋ
Naastepad, C.W.M. 2006, “Technology, demand and distribution: a cumulative
growth model with an application to the Dutch productivity growth
slowdown”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 30 (3), 403–434.
Naastepad. C. W. N and Servaas Storm 2006, “OECD demand regimes (19602000)”, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 29(2), 211-246.
୰஭㞞அ, 2017, ࠕ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭࠿ࡽࡳࡿປാ㟂⤥࡜㈤㔠ࡢ㛵ಀࠖ⋞⏣⦅ࠊ๓ᥖ᭩ࠊ
➨ 12 ❶, 183-205ࠋሷ㊰ᝋᮁ, 2017, ࠕᅜ㝿➇தࡀࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡢ㈤㔠ࢆᢚ࠼ࡓࡢ࠿ࠖ⋞⏣⦅ࠊ๓ᥖ᭩ࠊ
➨ 10 ❶, 151-164ࠋ
Storm, Servaas and C. W. N. Naastepad, 2012a, “Wage-led or profit-led
supply: wages, productivity and investment”, Conditions of Work andEmployment Series No. 36.
Storm, Servaas and C. W. M Naastepad, 2012b, Macroeconomics beyond the
NAIRU, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts London,
England.
Toner, Philip, 1999, Main currents in cumulative causation, Antony Rowe Ltd,Chippenham, Wiltshire.
Ᏹோᏹᖾ, 1998, ࠗᵓ㐀ኚ໬࡜㈨ᮏ⵳✚࠘᭷ᩫ㛶ࠋᏱோᏹᖾ, 2009, ࠗไᗘ࡜ㄪᩚࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࢼ࢝ࢽࢩࣖฟ∧ࠋ18ேⓗࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆ௓ࡋࡓᡤᚓ෌ศ㓄ࡢᐇែ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃไᗘㄽⓗ࣭࣑ࢡࣟⓗᇶ♏
ࡢ᳨ウ㸸࢔ࢪ࢔ㅖᅜ࡛ࡢಶ⚊ㄪᰝ࡜ࡑࡢゎᯒ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᐇド࠿ࡽሗ࿌⪅㸦㡰୙ྠ㸧Ụཱྀ཭ᮁ㸭❧࿨㤋኱Ꮫ⏘ᴗ♫఍Ꮫ㒊

Sinudom Arissara㸭ࢱ࢖⋤ᅜᕤᴗ┬Ᏻ⸨㡰ᙪ㸭ྡྂᒇ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔⤒῭Ꮫ◊✲⛉࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ㸸࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไᗘ㸪ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ㸪࢔ࢪ࢔⤒῭㸪ͤྛᅜ࡛ࡢㄪᰝ⤖ᯝヲ⣽࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ሗ࿌᫬࡟ᥦ♧ࡍࡿࠋࡣࡌࡵ࡟᪂ไᗘᏛὴࡢ D. C. North ࡣ㸪♫఍័⩦࣭⾜ືつ⠊࣭ᩥ໬ⓗ㑇⏘࡞࡝࡜ࡋ࡚ᢕ
ᥱࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠕ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝࠖ࡞ไᗘࢆ㸪ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไᗘࢆᇶ♏࡙ࡅ㸪つᐃࡍࡿࣔࣀ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄽࡌࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡔࡀ㸪ࡇࡢࣟࢪࢵࢡࡣ㸪౛࠼ࡤ㸪㏵ୖᅜ࡞࡝
ࡢࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไᗘࡑࢀ⮬యࡀᮍᩚഛ࣭ᮍⓎ㐩࡛࠶ࡿᵝ࡞≧ἣࢆ㸪ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞
ไᗘࡢⓎᒎ㏵ୖࡸ㸪ヱᙜไᗘࡢ㠀ຠ⋡ᛶ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡋ࠿ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࡓ
ࡵ࡟㸪≧ἣࢆ༑ศ࡟⢭⦓࡟ㄽࡌࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡣ㝈⏺ࡶᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡶゝࢃࡊࡿࢆᚓ
࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽ㸪ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไᗘࡀ࡞ࡁୗ࡛㸪ேࠎࡣ࡝ࡢᵝ࡟⾜ືࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ
࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡸ㸪ᕷሙࡸࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไᗘࢆ௓ࡉࡠ⤒῭஦㇟ࡸࡑࡢࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐
ࣥࢫࡣㄝ᫂ࡋ࠼࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᵝ࡞ไᗘ⌮ㄽࡀᢪ࠼ࡿၥ㢟ࢆᛕ㢌࡟࠾ࡁ㸪ᮏሗ࿌ࡣ㸪1 ஦౛◊✲ࡢᇦࢆ㉸࠼࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢ㸪࢔ࢪ࢔࡛ࡢ⚾ⓗ࡞ே㛫㛵ಀࢆᇶ┙࡜ࡍࡿ㔠㖹ⓗ࡞┦஫᥼ຓࡢᐇែࢆ♧ࡋ㸪࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไᗘࡑࢀ⮬యࡢ⤒῭ⓗ࡞ᶵ⬟࡜㔜せᛶࢆᥦ㉳ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟┠ⓗࢆ⨨ࡃࠋࡲࡓ㸪ᡃࠎࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿ࡭ࡃ௨ୗࡢᙧ࡛㆟ㄽࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࠋϨ㸬⌮ㄽⓗ⫼ᬒ࡜ㅖㄽⅬ࡛ࡣ㸪࠶ࡿไᗘࡢୗ࡛ࡢ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮㛫࡛ࡢᕪ␗ࢆㄽࡌࡿ
ࣟࢪࢵࢡ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣሗ࿌࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ⚟♴ᅜᐙ㢮ᆺㄽ➼ࡢ≧ἣࡶᣲࡆ㸪ᮏሗ࿌ࡀ⚾ⓗ࡞ே㛫㛵ಀࢆᑐ㇟࡟࠾ࡃ⌮⏤ࢆ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟఩⨨࡙ࡅࡿࠋ⥆ࡃϩ㸬ࢱ࢖࡛ࡢᐇែ࡜ㄢ㢟タᐃ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢱ࢖࡛ࡣ㸪㒔ᕷ㒊эᆅ᪉࡜࠸࠺㔠㖹ⓗ᥼ຓࡢࣇ࣮ࣟࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ㸪㒔ᕷ㒊ෆ㒊࡛ࡶᨭ᥼ࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿᐇែࡸ㸪ࡑࡢ⤒῭つᶍࡀᐙィࡢ཰ධẚ 2 ๭⛬ᗘ࡜↓どࡋᚓ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ㸪2000 㒊ᙅࡢ⊂⮬ಶ⚊ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ⤂௓ࡋ㸪ࡇࢀࡀ㸪ࢱ࢖࡟ࡢࡳ㝈ࡽࢀࡿ஦㇟࡞ࡢ࠿᳨ウࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ㔜せᛶࢆᥦ㉳ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛㸪Ϫ㸬࢔ࢪ࢔ㅖᅜ࡛ࡢ≧ἣ࡜ࡑࡢゎᯒ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢱ࢖ࡢẚ㍑ᑐ
㇟࡜ࡋ࡚㸪♫఍ⓗ࣭ᩥ໬ⓗᇶ┙ࡸ⤒῭Ⓨᒎẁ㝵ࢆ␗࡟ࡍࡿ࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔࣭࢝ࣥ࣎
ࢪ࢔࣭㡑ᅜ࡛ࡢㄪᰝ࡜ࡑࡢᩘ⌮ゎᯒ⤖ᯝࢆ㸪ከᅜ㛫ẚ㍑ࡢᙧ᳨࡛ウࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡇࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡢ࢔ࢪ࢔ྛᅜ࡛ࡣ㸪⚾ⓗ࡞ேⓗࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ㔠㖹ࡢࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࡀࡳࡽࢀ㸪୍ᐃࡢᡤᚓ෌ศ㓄ࡢᙺ๭࣭ᶵ⬟ࢆᢸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ஦ᐇࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪᭱ᚋࡢϫ㸬⤖ㄽ࡜ㄢ㢟࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ஦ᐇࢆไᗘࡢ⌮ㄽ࣭ศᯒ࡬࡜࠸࠿࡞ࡿ
ᙧ࡛᪼⳹ࡉࡏ࠺ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆ㸪ࠕไᗘㄽⓗ࣑ࢡ࣭࣐ࣟࢡ࣭࣮ࣟࣝࣉㄽࠖࡢどᗙ࠿ࡽ♧၀ࢆ୚࠼㸪㆟ㄽࢆ⤊࠼ࡿࠋϨ㸬⌮ㄽⓗ⫼ᬒ࡜ㅖㄽⅬϨ㸬1㸸2 ✀㢮ࡢไᗘ㸸ࠕࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝࠖ࡞ไᗘ࡜ࠕ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝࠖ࡞ไᗘ
⤒῭Ꮫ࡟࠾࠸࡚௦⾲ⓗ࡞ࠕ࣑ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫࠖ࡜⛠ࡉࢀࡿᕷሙศᯒ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣ㸪⤒῭ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿୖ࡛㸪ࡼࡾཝᐦ࡟ゝ࠼ࡤ㸪♫఍ⓗ࡞ㅖ㈨※ࡸ㈈ࡢศ㓄ࢆᕠࡗ࡚㸪ࡑࢀࢆࠕᕷሙࠖ࡟௵ࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᭱Ⰻ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ఏ⤫ⓗ࡟୺ᙇࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉
࡛㸪ࠕ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡉࢀࡿ୍ᅜศᯒ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣ㸪ࠕᕷሙࠖ࡟⤒῭㐠Ⴀࢆ௵ࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃ㸪ࡴࡋࢁࠕᅜᐙࠖ
㸦ࡲࡓࡣᨻᗓ㸧ࡀ㸪⤒῭㐠Ⴀ࡟✚ᴟⓗ࡟㛵୚ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࡛ࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ぢゎ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ᇳ➹⪅ࡀὀ┠ࡍࡿไᗘࡢ⤒῭⌮ㄽࡣ㸪⤒῭ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿୖ࡛ࠕไᗘࠖࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࠋࡲ
ࡓࡇࢀࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿୖ࡛㸪౛࠼ࡤ㸪ไᗘࡢ⤒῭⌮ㄽࡢ௦⾲ⓗㄽ⪅ࡢ୍ே㸪᪂ไᗘᏛὴࡢ D. C. North㸦1990㸹2005㸧ࡣ㸪ไᗘࢆ㸪ἲᚊࡸᨻ⟇࡞࡝࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡉࢀࡿࠕࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝࠖ࡞ไᗘ࡜㸪♫఍័⩦࣭⾜ືつ⠊࣭ᩥ໬ⓗ㑇⏘࡞࡝࡜ࡋ࡚ᢕᥱࡉࢀ
ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠕ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝࠖ࡞ไᗘ࡜࡟༊ูࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦1㸧ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ไᗘࡢ⤒῭⌮ㄽ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࡀⓏሙࡋࡓ 1970 ᖺ௦㹼௒᪥࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛㸪ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไᗘࡀ♫఍⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࠸࠿࡞ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡢศᯒ
ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไᗘࡣࠊ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไᗘࢆ
ᇶ♏࡙ࡅ㸪つᐃࡍࡿࣔࣀ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄒࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼㸪࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไᗘ
ࡑࢀ⮬యࡢ⤒῭ⓗ࡞ᶵ⬟ࡸᙺ๭ࡀ㸪༢⊂࡛ศᯒࡉࢀ㸪ಶู࡟ㄽࡌࡽࢀࡿ஦౛ࡣⓙ↓࡛࠶ࡿ㸦2㸧ࠋࡔࡀ㸪ࡇࡢࣟࢪࢵࢡࡣ㸪౛࠼ࡤ㸪㏵ୖᅜ࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿᵝ࡞ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไᗘࡑࢀ
⮬యࡀᮍᩚഛ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ᮍⓎ㐩࡛࠶ࡿᵝ࡞≧ἣࢆ㸪ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไᗘࡢⓎᒎ㏵ୖ
࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡋ࠿ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࡓࡵ࡟㸪ヱᙜᅜࢆ༑ศ࡟⢭⦓࡟ㄽࡌࡿࡇ࡜
࡟ࡣ㝈⏺ࡶᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡶゝࢃࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽ㸪ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไᗘࡀ࡞
ࡁୗ࡛㸪ேࠎࡣ࡝ࡢᵝ࡟⾜ືࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡸ㸪ᕷሙࡸࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไ
ᗘࢆ௓ࡉࡎ࡟ᢕᥱࡉࢀ࠺ࡿᵝ࡞⤒῭ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣㄝ᫂ࡋ࠼࡞࠸࠿
ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋϨ㸬2㸸࢔ࢪ࢔ࠕ⚟♴ᅜᐙㄽࠖࡢᒎ㛤࡜ࠕ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝࠖ࡞ไᗘ
ୖ㏙ࡢ⌮ㄽⓗ㝈⏺࡞࠸ࡋၥ㢟࡟ὀ┠ࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚㸪௒ᚋᩘ༑ᖺ
ࡢ㛫࡟㸪᪥ᮏࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ㸪࢔ࢪ࢔ NIEs ཬࡧ ASEAN ࡢ኱ከᩘࡢ࢔ࢪ࢔ㅖᅜࡀ㸪ᛴ⃭࡞㧗㱋໬♫఍ࢆ㏄࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᙜ↛ࡢࡇ࡜࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ࡇࢀࡽㅖᅜࡣ㸪ᕤᴗ໬࣭⤒῭Ⓨᒎࢆ㐙ࡆࡓୖ࡛㸪ᚎࠎ࡟㧗㱋໬♫఍࡟✺ධࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ⌧ᅾࡢḢ⡿ඛ㐍ㅖᅜ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾ㸪⌧ᅾࡶ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚⤒῭Ⓨᒎࡢ㐣⛬ࡢ୰࡛㸪ྠ᫬ⓗ࡟㏕ࡾࡃࡿᑗ᮶ࢆぢᤣ࠼࡚㸪♫఍ಖ㞀ไᗘࢆࡼࡾ඘ᐇ࣭ᣑᙇࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺≧ἣ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ㸪Ḣ⡿ㅖᅜ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾ㸪᫬㛫ⓗ࡞వ⿱ࡀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪࢔ࢪ࢔ㅖᅜࡢ♫఍ಖ㞀ᩚഛ࣭㧗⚟♴♫఍ࡢᐇ⌧ࡣ㸪Ṕྐⓗᩍカࡸඛ౛ࡀ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪ࣚࣜຠᯝⓗ࣭ຠ⋡ⓗ࡞ࣔࣀ࡛࠶ࡿᚲせᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⌧ᐇ࡟࿧ᛂࡍࡿᵝ࡟㸪≉࡟㸪2000 ᖺ௦௨㝆㸪࢔ࢪ࢔ㅖᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ♫఍ಖ㞀ࡢ⌧≧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪♫఍Ꮫ㸪ᨻ⟇Ꮫ㸪ᆅᇦᏛ࡞࡝ࡢㅖศ㔝࡛Ꮫ㝿ⓗ࡟㆟ㄽࡀ┒ࢇ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

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HPSOR\HHฟ඾㸸ᮎᘅ㸦⦅ⴭ㸧 2010, p. 11

౛࠼ࡤ㸪⾲ 1 ࡣ㸪ᆅᇦ◊✲ศ㔝࡛ࡋࡤࡋࡤྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽࢀࡿ㸪࢔ࢪ࢔ྛᅜ࡟࠾ࡅ
ࡿ♫఍ಖ㞀ࡢ⌧≧ࢆ㸪⤒῭ⓎᒎࡸேཱྀつᶍࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ㢮ᆺ໬ࡋࡓ௦⾲ⓗ࡞◊✲ᡂᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࡢ⾲࠿ࡽࡣ㸪➃ⓗ࡟ゝ࠼ࡤ㸪⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࢆ㐙ࡆࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚㸪බⓗ♫఍ಖ㞀ไᗘࡀᬑ㐢໬ࡋ඘ᐇࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㸪⌧ᐇⓗ࡟෌☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸㸦3㸧ࠋ࢔ࢪ࢔⚟♴ᅜᐙࡢ㢮ᆺㄽ࡟ຍ࠼࡚㸪ྛᅜࡢྛ✀♫఍ಖ㞀ไᗘ㸦e.g.㸪ᖺ㔠㸪་⒪㸪ປാ࣭㞠⏝㛵ಀ㸧ࡢṔྐⓗ⤒⦋ࡸ௘⣽ࡢ≉ᚩࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟
ࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࡢᩥ⬦࡛ࡣ㸪࢔ࢪ࢔ࡢ⚟♴ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿୖ࡛ࡣ㸪බⓗไᗘ௨እࡢᆺ࡛ࡢᨭ᥼ࡸ┦᥼ຓࡢ≧ែ࡟ὀ┠ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄝ࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
㸦e.g.㸪ᮎᘅ㸦⦅ⴭ㸧㸪2010㸹㙠┠࣭㏆⸨㸪2013㸧ࠋϩ㸬ࢱ࢖࡛ࡢᐇែ࡜ㄢ㢟タᐃϩ㸬1ࢱ࢖࡛ࡢ⚾ⓗ࡞㔠㖹ⓗ࡞ࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࡢᐇែ

௨ୖࡢᵝ࡞Ꮫၥⓗ࣭⌧ᐇⓗືྥࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼㸪ᇳ➹⪅ࡣ㸪≉࡟⤫ィ࡛ࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ฟ
᮶࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ࠕ⚾ⓗ࡞㔠㖹ࡢࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࠖࡢᐇែࡸࡑࡢ⤒῭ⓗつᶍ࣭ຠᯝࢆゎ᫂ࡍࡿ࡭ࡃ㸪2010 ᖺᗘ௨㝆࡟ࢱ࢖࣭ࣂࣥࢥࢡ㒔࡛⊂⮬࡟ᅇ཰ࡋࡓࡢ࡭ 2000 㒊ᙅࡢಶ⚊ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ㸪௨ୗ 4 Ⅼࢆᐇドⓗ࡞ 1 ஦౛࡜ࡋ࡚ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦4㸧ࠋ
➨ 1 ࡟ࡣ㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡢᡤᚓࡢ⣙ 2 ๭࡟ᙜࡓࡿ㔠㢠ࡀ㸪⚾ⓗ࡞᥼ຓ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪➨୕⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᨭฟࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪➨ 2 ࡟ࡣ㸪VAT ࢆ㝖ࡃ⛒⛯ᨭᡶࡀ㸪⤫ィⓗഴྥ࡜ྠᵝ࡟㸪ከࡃ࡚ࡶ 5㸣⛬ᗘ࡜┦ᑐⓗ࡟ప࠸㔠㢠࡛࠶ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ

࡟㸪➨ 3 ࡟ࡣ㸪⿕㦂⪅ࡢ 2 ๭௨ୖࡢ⪅ࡀ㸪௚⪅࠿ࡽࡢ㔠㖹ⓗᨭ᥼ࢆཷࡅࡘࡘ㸪㐪࠺➨୕⪅ࢆ⮬ศࡀᨭ᥼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪➨ 4 ࡟ࡣ㸪༙ᩘ௨ୖࡢ⿕㦂⪅ࡀ㸪ㄡ࠿࡟ᐃᮇⓗ࡟㔠㖹ⓗ࡞⚾ⓗ࡞᥼ຓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋࡓⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᑦ㸪ࡇࢀࡽ 4 Ⅼࡢ≉ᚩࡣ㸪≉ᐃࡢ〇㐀ᴗ௻ᴗ࡟໅ົࡍࡿປാ⪅ 300 ྡᙅ࡟ᑐ㇟ࢆ㝈ᐃࡋࡓሙྜ࡛ࡶ㸪ྠᵝࡢഴྥ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡘࡲࡾ㸪➃ⓗ࡟ゝ࠼ࡤ㸪ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶࢱ࢖ࡢᐙィ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡣ㸪ᶆ‽ⓗ࡞ᡤᚓࡢ 2๭⛬ᗘ࡜࠸࠺↓どࡋᚓ࡞࠸⤒῭つᶍ࡛㸪᪥ᖖⓗ࡟⚾ⓗ࡞㔠㖹ࡢࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࡀࡳࡽ
ࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾ㸪බⓗ♫఍ಖ㞀ไᗘ࡜ඹ࡟⊂⮬࡟ᡤᚓ෌ศ㓄ࡢᶵ⬟ࢆᢸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ຍ࠼࡚㸪ࡇࡢᐇែ࠿ࡽࡣ㸪ᚑ᮶࠿ࡽ㛤Ⓨ⤒῭Ꮫ࡛♧၀ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡞㸪ᆅ᪉ࡢⱝ⪅ࡀ㒔ᕷ㒊࡟ാࡁ࡟ฟ࡚㸪ᆅ᪉ࡢ୧ぶࡸᐙ᪘࡟㏦㔠ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺⤒㊰࡟ຍ࠼㸪㒔ᕷ㒊ෆ㒊࡛ࡶᢨ㦂⪅ࡢ⣙ 6 ๭ࡀ㔠㖹ⓗ࡞ᨭ᥼ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶᣦ᦬࡛ࡁࡿࠋ

ϩ㸬2ᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡢㄢ㢟࣭௬ㄝࡢタᐃ㸸⌮ㄽ࡜⌧ᐇࡢ୧᪉ࡢഃ㠃࠿ࡽ๓㏙ࡢᵝ࡞ᙧ࡛ࡢ♫఍඲య࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ┳㐣ࡋ࠼࡞࠸ᵝ࡞㸪⚾ⓗ࡞㔠㖹ࡢࡸࡾྲྀࡾࡢᐇែࡀ㸪ᯝࡓࡋ࡚ࢱ࢖࡟㝈ࡽࢀࡓࣔࣀ࡞ࡢ࠿㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ௚ࡢ࢔ࢪ࢔ㅖᅜ࡟ࡶぢࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡢ࠿ࢆၥ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ㸪ࡲࡎࡣ㸪࢔ࢪ࢔࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⚟♴࣭♫఍ಖ㞀ࢆ⢭⦓࡟⌮ゎࡍࡿୖ࡛ࡣ㔜せ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡼࡾලయⓗ࡟ゝ࠼ࡤ㸪➨ 1 ࡟ࡣ㸪᪤㏙ࡢ⾲ 1 ࡟ࡶᣲࡆࡓᵝ࡞㸪ࢱ࢖࡜ࡣ⤒῭Ⓨᒎ≧ែࡀ␗࡞ࡿ࡜఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸪㡑ᅜࡸ࢝ࣥ࣎ࢪ࢔㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣྠ➼ࡢ⤒῭Ỉ‽ࡔ࡜ࡉࢀࡿ࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⚾ⓗ࡞㔠㖹ࡢࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࡀࡳࡽࢀ
ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ㸪ࡲࡎ㸪☜ㄆࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛㸪➨ 2 ࡟ࡣ㸪௬࡟ࡑࢀࡽㅖᅜ࡛ࡶ㸪⚾ⓗ࡞㔠㖹ࡢࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿ
ࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪ㅖᅜ㛫࡛ࡢඹ㏻Ⅼ࡜┦㐪Ⅼࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪➨ 3 ࡟ࡣ㸪ᙜ↛ࡢࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⚾ⓗ࡞㔠㖹ࡢࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࡣ㸪࠸ࢃࡺࡿࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไᗘ࡟ᇶ♏࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡓ⾜Ⅽ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼㸪࠸࠿࡞ࡿ⌮⏤࡛㔠㖹ⓗ࡞ࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࡢ᫬࡟࡝ࡢᵝ࡞ᚰ᝟࡛࠸ࡿࡢ࠿
ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶᚲせ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽ㸪♫఍័⩦ࡸᩥ໬㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᖖ㆑ࡢྡ
ࡢୗ࡟㸪࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢᒓᛶ㸦e.g.㸪ᛶูࡸ⫋ᴗ㸪ᒃఫᆅ࡞࡝㸧ࡢ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࡟ᙉไࢆ
ᙉ࠸ࡿ⾜Ⅽ࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽ㸪ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓࠕ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝࠖ࡞ไᗘࡣ㸪♫఍ⓗ࡟ࡣ᭷⏝࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ㸪ಶࠎேࡢࡼࡾⰋ࠸⏕ࡁ᪉࣭⏕ࡁࡿ㑅ᢥ⫥ࢆ୚࠼ࡿୖ࡛ࡢ࣮࣭ࣝࣝไ
ᗘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ၥ㢟ࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦5㸧ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪௨ୗ࡛ࡣ㸪ୖ㏙ࡢㄢ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᐇドⓗぢᆅ࠿ࡽ㸪ࢱ࢖ࡢẚ㍑ᑐ㇟
࡟࠾ࡃ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⌧≧ࢆᩘ⌮ゎᯒ⤖ᯝࡶ㏙࡭ࡘࡘ㸪㆟ㄽࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࠋϪ㸬࢔ࢪ࢔ㅖᅜ࡛ࡢ≧ἣ࡜ࡑࡢゎᯒඛ࡟ᣲࡆࡓ 3 ࡘࡢㄢ㢟ࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿୖ࡛ࡣ㸪⤫ィୖ㸪᫂☜࡞ᩘ್ࡀฟ࡚࠸࡞࠸
ࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾ㸪⊂⮬ࡢಶ⚊ㄪᰝࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪ಶ⚊࡛ࡣ㸪≉࡟ࠕ⚾ⓗ࡞㔠㖹ࡢࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࠖࡢᐇែ࡜ࡑࡢ≉ᚩࢆᢕᥱࡍ
ࡿ࡭ࡃ㸪඲ 15 㡯┠㸦ᛶู࣭ᖺ㱋ᒙ࣭཰ධ࣭⫋ᴗ࣭፧ጻࡢ᭷↓࣭Ꮚ౪ࡢᩘ㸪㔠㖹ࡢࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࡢ᭷↓࡜ࡑࡢ┦ᡭ࡞࡝㸧ࢆタࡅ㸪ᇶᮏⓗ࡟㑅ᢥグධᙧᘧࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࢱ࢖࡜ࡢẚ㍑ᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ᡃࠎࡣ㸪≉࡟㸪ձࢱ࢖࡜ẚ㍑ࡋࡓሙྜࡢ┦ᑐⓗ࡞⤒῭࣭♫఍Ⓨᒎ≧ἣ㸪ղ♫఍ⓗ࡞ᇶ┙㸪࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไᗘⓗせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ᐀ᩍⓗᇶ┙ࡢ㐪࠸㸪ࡢ 2 ࡘࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽᑐ㇟ᅜࢆ㑅ᐃࡋ㸪࢝ࣥ࣎ࢪ࢔㸦⤒῭Ⓨᒎẁ㝵㸸ప࣭௖ᩍᅜ㸧㸪㡑ᅜ㸦ୖグẁ㝵㸸㧗࣭൲ᩍ㸧㸪࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔㸦ୖグẁ㝵㸸ྠ࣭࢖ࢫ࣒ࣛᩍ㸧ࡢྛᅜ࡛⊂⮬ㄪᰝࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࠋ௒ḟሗ࿌࡛ࡣࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡢᴫ␎ཬࡧ㸪ࡑࡢಶ⚊ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࡼࡾཝᐦ࡞ᩘ⌮ゎᯒ⤖ᯝࡢ୍㒊ࢆ♧ࡍࠋϫ㸬ⱝᖸࡢ⿵㊊࡜௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟㸸ᐇドཬࡧ⌮ㄽࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽϫ㸬12 ✀㢮ࡢไᗘ࡜ࣁ࢖ࣈࣜࢵࢻᆺࡢᡤᚓ෌ศ㓄㸸බⓗ♫఍ಖ㞀ไᗘ࡜⚾ⓗ࡞㔠㖹ࡢࡸࡾ࡜ࡾ

ᮏ✏࡛ࡢ㆟ㄽࢆ⥲ᣓࡍࡿ࡜㸪ࡲࡎ➨Ϩ❶࡛ㄽࡌࡓᵝ࡟㸪ᮏ◊✲┠ⓗࡢ 1 ࡘࡣ㸪ไᗘࡢ⤒῭⌮ㄽ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝࠖ࡞ไᗘ࡜ࠕ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝࠖ࡞ࡑࢀ࡜ࡢ
ศ㢮ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋࡘࡘ㸪≉࡟ࠕ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝࠖ࡞ไᗘࡑࢀ⮬యࡢ⤒῭ⓗᶵ⬟ࡸព࿡ࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶ࢔ࢪ࢔ 4 ࢝ᅜ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࢱ
࢖㸪࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔㸪࢝ࣥ࣎ࢪ࢔㸪ࡑࡋ࡚㡑ᅜࡢྛᅜ࡛ࡣ㸪⤒῭ᡂ㛗࣭Ⓨᒎẁ㝵ᕪ࡟㛵ࢃࡽࡎ㸪
ࠕ⚾ⓗ࡞㔠㖹ࡢࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࠖࡀඹ㏻ࡋ࡚㸪⌧ᐇⓗ࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ࡑࡢලయⓗヲ⣽ࡸࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢᙧែࢆᕠࡗ࡚ࡣ㸪ㅖᅜ㛫࡛ࡢ㐪࠸ࡶᕳࡁ㎸ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᐇែࢆྠ᫬࡟ᣦ᦬࡛ࡁࡿࠋ᭦࡟㸪ࡇࡢ⚾ⓗ࡞㔠㖹ࡢࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࡣ㸪ᐙィ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡣ㸪┳㐣ࡋᚓ࡞࠸⤒῭ⓗつᶍࡶᣢࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪♫఍඲య࡜ࡋ࡚

ࡢ୍ᐃࡢᡤᚓ෌ศ㓄ᶵ⬟ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸࡜ࡶゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋᑦ㸪ࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ྛᅜ࡛ࡢᩘⓒ㹼2000 ᙅࡢಶ⚊⿕㦂⪅ࡢᅇ⟅࠿ࡽ㸪⌧ᅾ㸪බⓗไᗘ࠿ࡽࡢᨭ
᥼ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᅇ⟅ࡋࡓ⪅ࡀⓙ↓࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡸ㸪බⓗ♫఍ಖ㞀ไᗘࡢཎ㈨࡜࡞ࡿ⛯㔠ࡸಖ㝤ᩱᨭᡶ࠸ࡀ㸪ᐙィ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡣᩘ㸣つᶍ࡜⚾ⓗ࡞㔠㖹ࡢࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࡢ㔠㢠࡜ẚ㍑ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣ㸪┦ᑐⓗ࡟ᑠつᶍ࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࡶ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿ᪨ࢆ㏣グࡋ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
ࡲࡓ㸪ྛᅜ࡛ࡢヲ⣽࣭஦᝟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᮏ✏࡛ࡣゝཬࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀ㸪⾲ 1 ࡛♧ࡋࡓᵝ࡟㸪⤒῭ᡂ㛗ẁ㝵࡟ᛂࡌࡓබⓗ࡞♫఍ಖ㞀ไᗘࡢᩚഛࡀ㐍ࡴࡇ࡜ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜
ࡍࢀࡤ㸪⤒῭ᡂ㛗ẁ㝵ᕪ࡜⚾ⓗ࡞㔠㖹ࡢࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡜ࡢ┦㛵ᛶ㸪➃ⓗ࡟࠸࠼ࡤ㸪⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࢆ㐙ࡆࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪┦ᑐⓗ࡟⚾ⓗ࡞㔠㖹ࡢࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࡢ
ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡸࡑࡢᑐ㇟ࡀ⊃ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ࠸ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚ࡃࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟
ࡘ࠸࡚㸪࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘ୧⪅ࡀ㐃ືࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆཝᐦ࡟ၥ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪1 ࡘࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪౛࠼ࡤ㸪࢝ࣥ࣎ࢪ࢔ࡢᵝ࡟㸪ࠕูࡢᡭẁࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࢀࡤ⚾ⓗ࡞᥼ຓ࣭ࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࡣཷࡅࡓࡃ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ኌࡀከ࠸♫఍࡛ࡣ㸪බⓗ♫఍ಖ㞀ไᗘࡢᩚഛࡀ㐍ࡴ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚㸪┦ᑐⓗ࡟⚾ⓗ࡞㔠㖹ࡢࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࡢ⤒῭ⓗᶵ⬟ࡸᙺ๭ࡣ㸪┦ᑐⓗ࡟ᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡢࡶ▱ࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ࢧࣥࣉࣝᩘ࡟
ၥ㢟ࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪㡑ᅜ࡛ࡢ≧ἣ࠿ࡽࡶ♧၀ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛㸪⾲ 1 ࡛☜ㄆࡋࡓᵝ࡟㸪࢝ࣥ࣎ࢪ࢔࡜ẚ࡭࡚⤒῭Ⓨᒎࢆ㐙ࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔࡟࠾࠸࡚࡛ࡶ㸪⚾ⓗ࡞㔠㖹ⓗ࡞ࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࢆࠕ⩏ົࠖࡸࠕᖖ㆑ࠖ࡜
ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿᅇ⟅ࡀ኱༙ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪⚾ⓗ࡞㔠㖹ⓗࡢࡸࡾ࡜ࡾࡢࢿࢵࢺ
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࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪౛࠼ࡤ㸪ୡ௦ẖࡢࠕᖖ㆑ࠖࡢ㐪࠸ࡸ㸪ே᱁ᙧᡂ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕᩍ⫱ࠖຠᯝࢆຍ࠼࡚ྫྷ࿡ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࣄࣥࢺࢆᚓࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࡶ▱ࢀ࡞࠸ࠋト㸦1㸧ࡇࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪Ụཱྀ㸦2009㸧ࢆཧ↷ࠋ
㸦2㸧౛࠼ࡤ㸪♫఍ࢆ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢᆒ⾮≧ែ࡜ࡋ࡚ồࡵࡿୖ࡛ࡢ୍ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ᩥ໬ⓗせ⣲ࢆᢅ࠺㸪㟷ᮌᫀᙪࡽࡢẚ㍑ไᗘศᯒ࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿᩘ⌮ⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢ
ᡭἲࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣ㸪୚ᘧ࡟ᢞධࡍࡿㅖኚᩘࡢ୰࡛ࡢᩥ໬
ⓗせ⣲ࡢ㔜ࡳ࡙ࡅࡑࢀ⮬యࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛㸪ᩥ໬ⓗせ⣲ࡑࢀ⮬యࢆㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸ࠋ㸦3㸧ࡇࡢぢゎࡣ㸪຾㛫⏣㸦2013㸧࡛ࡶ෌☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸦4㸧ヲ⣽ࡣ㸪Ụཱྀ㸦2013㸧ཬࡧ Eguchi and Arissara(2016)ࢆཧ↷ࠋ
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ࢆ፹௓ࡍࡿࣔࣀ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢไᗘ࡜ࡢࠕᵓ㐀ⓗ୧❧ᛶࠖ㸦᳜ᮧ࣭☾㇂࣭ᾏ⪁ሯ㸪
1997㸧ࡸ㸪ࠕᝏࠖ⩦័࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸦Hodgson, 1988㸧ࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㸪ࡼࡾ࣑ࢡࣟࡢಶࠎே࡟༶ࡋࡓᙧ࡛ࡣ㸪A. Sen㸦1998㸧ࡢಶࠎேࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥㞟ྜࢆつᐃࡍࡿࣔࣀ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕไᗘࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡙ࡅࡶ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୺せཧ⪃ᩥ⊩(JXFKL 7 DQG $ULVVDUD 6 LQ UDQGRP RUGHU   ͆$Q $VSHFW RI
Private Mutual Assistance Among Households and Its Mechanism of
5HGLVWULEXWLRQ LQ 7KDLODQG͇㸪

Korean Sociological Review㸪No. 7,

PP.25-46.
Graham, C., (2011) The Pursuit of Happiness: An Economy of Well-being,
The Blookings Institution.㸦ከ⏣ὒ௓㸦ヂ㸧ࠗᖾ⚟ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ㸸ேࠎࢆ㇏࠿࡟ࡍ ࡿࡶࡢࡣఱ࠿࠘᪥ᮏ⤒῭᪂⪺ฟ∧♫㸪2013 ᖺࠋ㸧
Hodgson, G.M., (1988) Economics and Institutions: A Manifesto for a

Modern Institutional Economics, Polity Press.㸦ඵᮌ⣖୍㑻௚㸦ヂ㸧ࠗ⌧௦ไᗘὴ⤒῭Ꮫᐉゝ࠘ྡྂᒇ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍㸪1997 ᖺࠋ㸧North, D.C.,㸦1990㸧 Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic

Performance, Cambridge University Press.㸦➉ୗබつ㸦ヂ㸧ࠗไᗘ࣭ไᗘኚ໬࣭⤒῭ᡂᯝ࠘᫭ὒ᭩ᡣ㸪1994 ᖺࠋ㸧North, D.C., 㸦 2005 㸧 Understanding the Process of Economic Change,
Princeton University Press.
Sen, A., Development as Freedom, Alfred AKnopf,1998.㸦▼ሯ㞞ᙪ㸦ヂ㸧ࠗ⮬⏤࡜⤒῭㛤Ⓨ࠘᪥ᮏ⤒῭᪂⪺♫㸪2000 ᖺࠋ㸧᳜ᮧ༤ᜤ࣭☾㇂᫂ᚨ࣭ᾏ⪁ሯ᫂㸦1997㸧ࠗ♫఍⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢไᗘศᯒ㸸࣐ࣝࢡࢫ࡜ࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࢆ㉸࠼࡚࠘ྡྂᒇ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠋỤཱྀ཭ᮁ㸦2009㸧
ࠕ㏆ᖺࡢไᗘ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢศᯒ㡿ᇦ࡜ࠗ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไᗘ࠘
㸸
D. C. North ࡢ᪂ไᗘ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡜ G. M. Hodgson ࡢ⌧௦ไᗘ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢẚ㍑࠿ࡽࠖࠗ⤒῭ᚿᯘ࠘➨ 76 ᕳ➨ 3 ྕ, pp.141-174ࠋỤཱྀ཭ᮁ㸦2013㸧ࠕࢱ࢖࡟࠾ࡅࡿᐙィ㛫࡛ࡢ┦஫ᢇຓࡢᐇែ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ୍ヨㄽ㸸⤒㦂ⓗ஦౛࡜ไᗘࡢ⌮ㄽࡢᯫᶫ࡟ྥࡅ࡚ࠖࠗ⤒῭⛉Ꮫ࠘➨ 60 ᕳ➨ 4 ྕ, pp.105118ࠋ
຾㛫⏣ᐇ୕㸦2013㸧
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⛣ືᆺࢡࣜࢽࢵࢡ㌴ᑟධ⤒῭ຠᯝࠖࠗ៞ᛂ⩏ሿ኱Ꮫ༤ኈᏛ఩ㄽᩥ࠘PDF ∧㸦http//koara.lib.keio.ac.jp㸧㸪2016 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 26 ᪥㜀ぴࠋ㙠┠┿ே࣭㏆⸨ṇᇶ㸦2013㸧
ࠗẚ㍑⚟♴ᅜᐙ: ⌮ㄽ࣭ィ㔞࣭ྛᅜ஦౛࣑࠘ࢿࣦࣝ
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⏝࡟㛵ࡍࡿ┠ⓗࡢ᫂♧࡜ྠពࡢྲྀᚓࡸ㸪⮬ᕫ᝟ሗࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡀ㔜どࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬2018ᖺ5᭶࡟㐺⏝㛤ጞ࡜࡞ࡿEUࡢ୍⯡ࢹ࣮ࢱಖㆤつ๎(General Data Protection Regulation: GDPR)࡛ࡣ㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟㛵ࡍࡿಶேࡢᶒ฼ࡀᙉ໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿ㸬≉࡟㸪GDPRࡢ➨20᮲࡛ࡣ㸪ಶேࡀ஦ᴗ⪅࡟ᥦ౪ࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ㸪ಶேࡀᶵᲔྍㄞᘧ࡛ཷࡅྲྀࡾ㸪௚ࡢ஦ᴗ⪅࡟⛣㌿ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿᶒ฼࡛࠶ࡿࠕࢹ
࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ᶒࠖࡀᐃࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ⛣㌿᪉ἲࡢヲ⣽ࡣ㸪ἲᚊ࡛ࡣ᫂グࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀ㸪୍౛࡜ࡋ࡚㔠⼥ศ㔝࡛ࡣAPIࡢ฼⏝ࡀ୍⯡໬ࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ㸬ಶேࡢពᛮࢆ཯ᫎࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࢱὶ㏻ࡢᅾࡾ᪉࡜ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡣ㸪ಶே᝟ሗࡸࣉࣛ࢖ࣂࢩ࣮ࡢಖㆤࡢ㡿ᇦࢆ㉸࠼࡚㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢࣇ࣮ࣟࢆኚ࠼㸪ྲྀᘬࡢᵓ㐀ࢆ኱ࡁࡃኚ໬ࡉࡏࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡇ࡛㸪ᮏ✏ࡣGDPRࡢᐃࡵࡿࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ᶒࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ಶேᮏேࡢྠព࡜APIබ㛤࡟ࡼࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡢὶ㏻ࡀ㸪࠸࠿࡞ࡿྲྀᘬࡢᵓ㐀ኚ໬ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᩚ⌮ࡍࡿ㸬
2. ἲไ㠃ࡢ⫼ᬒ ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆಶேᮏே࡟㑏ඖࡍࡿືࡁ
஦ᴗ⪅ࡢಖ᭷ࡍࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࢆಶேᮏே࡟㑏ඖࡍࡿືࡁࡣḢ⡿࡛㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ㸬ⱥᅜࡢmidataࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ㸪⡿ᅜࡢGreen Button, Blue Button࡞࡝ࡀ᭷ྡ࡞ඛ
㥑ⓗ஦౛࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡽࡢ஦౛࡛ࡣ㸪࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡸ་⒪࡜࠸ࡗࡓ‽බඹศ㔝ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡀಶே࡟㑏ඖࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬≉࡟㸪ⱥᅜ࠾ࡼࡧEU࡟ࡼࡿࢹ࣮ࢱ㑏ඖࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡣ㸪⌧௦♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ㔜せᛶ࡟㚷ࡳ㸪ಶேࡢ⮬ᕫỴᐃᶒࢆ⿵ᙉࡍࡿ┠ⓗࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ྛ஦ᴗ⪅࡟ᩓᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ㸪ಶேᮏேࡢᡭඖ࡟㞟⣙ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ಶேࡣ⮬ࡽࡢ≧ἣࢆ▱ࡾ㸪ࡲࡓ㸪ࡼࡾ㐺ษ࡞ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡸ஦ᴗ⪅ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ಶேࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ࠶ࡿ஦ᴗ⪅࠿ࡽูࡢ஦ᴗ⪅࡬⛣㌿ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࢹ࣮
ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ᶒࡣ㸪ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ࡞ᕧ኱ࣉࣛࢵࢺࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࡢࣟࢵࢡ࢖ࣥ
࡜ࢫ࢖ࢵࢳࣥࢢࢥࢫࢺࢆపῶࡋ㸪ᾘ㈝⪅ࡀᐜ᫆࡟஦ᴗ⪅ࢆ஌ࡾ᥮࠼ࡿࡇ࡜
ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪஦ᴗ⪅㛫ࡢ➇தࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ┠ⓗࡶ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚
EUࡣ㸪Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon, Microsoft (GAFAM)ࡢ⬣ጾ࡟ᑐᢠࡋ㸪EUᅪෆ࡛Digital Single Marketࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 㔠⼥ศ㔝࡛㐍ࡴࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕
㔠⼥ศ㔝࡛ࡣ㸪㖟⾜ࡀಖ᭷ࡍࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ㟁Ꮚⓗ࡟ಶேᮏே࡟㑏ඖࡍࡿືࡁࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ㸬2018ᖺ1᭶࡟㸪EUࡢPayment Services Directive: PSD ࡢᨵṇ∧࡛࠶ࡿPSD2
ࡀ㐺⏝㛤ጞ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸬PSD2ࡣ㖟⾜➼(Account Servicing Payment Service Provider: ASPSP)࡟㸪Ỵ῭ᣦᅗఏ㐩ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪⪅(Payment Initiation Service Provider: PISP)࡜ཱྀᗙ᝟ሗࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪⪅(Account Information Service Provider:
AISP)࡬ࡢ᥋⥆㛤ᨺ⩏ົࢆㄢࡋࡓ㸬᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶ㸪2ᖺ㐃⥆࡛㖟⾜ἲࡀᨵṇࡉࢀࡓ㸬2017ᖺࡢᨵṇ㖟⾜ἲࡣ㸪฼⏝⪅ࡢᣦᅗ࡟ᚑࡗཱྀ࡚ᗙ᝟ሗࢆྲྀᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ
୰㛫ⓗᴗ⪅ࢆࠕ㟁ᏊỴ῭➼௦⾜ᴗ⪅ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡋ㸪㖟⾜࡟㟁ᏊỴ῭➼௦⾜ᴗ⪅࡟ồࡵࡿ஦㡯ࡢᇶ‽ࢆసᡂ࣭බ⾲ࡍࡿ⩏ົࢆㄢࡋࡓ 1㸬ࡇࢀࡽࡀ㸪࠸ࢃ
ࡺࡿ㖟⾜API㛤ᨺ⩏ົ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ 2㸬ࡉࡽ࡟㸪㔠⼥ศ㔝࡛ࡣ㸪㖟⾜௨እࡢ஦ᴗ⪅࡟ࡼࡿỴ῭ࡀᗈࡀࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢἲᩚഛࡶ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣᚑ᮶㸪Ỵ῭ࢆ୍యⓗ࡟ᐃࡵࡓἲᚊࡣ↓࠿ࡗࡓࡀ[3]㸪2010ᖺ᪋⾜ࡢࠕ㈨㔠Ỵ῭࡟㛵ࡍࡿἲᚊࠖ(㈨㔠Ỵ῭ἲ)࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪㖟⾜௨እࡢ஦ᴗ⪅ࡀⅭ᭰ྲྀᘬ(ᑡ㢠ࡢྲྀᘬ࡜ࡋ࡚ᨻ௧࡛ᐃࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡟㝈ࡿ)ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬⌧ᅾ㸪㏻ಙ஦ᴗ⪅ࡸ࢜ࣥࣛ࢖ࣥࣉࣛࢵࢺ
ࣇ࢛࣮࣒஦ᴗ⪅࡞࡝ࡀ㸪㈨㔠Ỵ῭ἲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᪂タࡉࢀࡓ㈨㔠⛣ືᴗ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚㔠⼥ᗇ࡟Ⓩ㘓ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢ஦ᴗ⪅ࡣᑡ㢠(100୓෇௨ୗ)ࡢ㏦㔠ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬 ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡢ᳨ウࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ᶒࡣ᪥ᮏࡢἲᚊ࡟ᐃࡵࡀ↓࠸ࡶࡢࡢ㸪2017ᖺ11᭶ࡼࡾ⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬࡜⥲ົ┬ࡀྜྠ࡛ࠕࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ㄪᰝ᳨ウ఍ࠖ[4][5]ࢆ㛤ദࡋ㸪᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡢᐇ⌧࡟ྥࡅ᳨࡚ウࢆጞࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬EUࡢGDPRࡣ㸪EUᒃఫ⪅࡟㐺⏝ࡉࢀ㸪࠿ࡘ㸪EUᇦእ࡟ࡶ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᅜ㝿ⓗ࡟஦ᴗࢆᒎ㛤ࡍࡿ஦ᴗ⪅ࡣGDPR࡟‽ᣐࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸㸬ࡲࡓ㸪᪥ᮏࡢᅜෆ≧ἣࡣ㸪JRᮾ᪥ᮏࡢࠕSuicaࠖࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ♫እ㈍኎ࡢ஦౛࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࣃ࣮ࢯࢼࣝࢹ࣮ࢱࡀಶேᮏேࡢྠព࡞ࡋ࡟➨୕⪅࡟⛣㌿ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡬ࡢ୙Ᏻឤࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟኱ࡁ࠸㸬ࡉࡽ࡟㸪᪥ᮏ࡟ࡣ㉸㧗㱋໬࡜ேཱྀῶᑡࡢྠ
᫬㐍⾜࡟క࠺ປാேཱྀῶᑡࡢၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵ㸪㟁Ꮚ໬࠾ࡼࡧࢹ࣮ࢱά⏝࡟ࡼࡿ㛫᥋ᴗົࡢ๐ῶ㸪ྜ⌮໬㸪ຠ⋡໬ࡀᚲ㡲࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡽࡢⅬࡔࡅࢆぢ࡚ࡶ㸪᪥ᮏࡢ஦ᴗ⪅ࡀࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕࡟ᑐᛂࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀศ
࠿ࡿ㸬
3. ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡢᴫᛕᅗ
GDPR➨20᮲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ᶒࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃࡵࡽࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿ㸬ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ࠕࢹ࣮ࢱ୺యࡣ㸪஦ᴗ⪅࡟ᥦ౪ࡋࡓ⮬ศ⮬㌟࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣃ࣮ࢯࢼࣝࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ㸪ᵓ㐀໬ࡉࢀࡓ୍⯡ⓗ࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᶵᲔྍㄞᙧᘧ࡛ཷ
1

EU ࡢ SPD2 ࡛ࡣ㸪PISP ࡜ AISP ࡀ༊ูࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪᪥ᮏࡢᨵṇ㖟⾜ἲ࡛ࡣࡇࢀࡽࡀࡦ
࡜ࡲ࡜ࡵ࡟ࡉࢀ࡚㸪㟁ᏊỴ῭➼௦⾜ᴗ⪅࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬
2
ࡓࡔࡋ㸪PSD2 ࡶᨵṇ㖟⾜ἲࡶ API ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡣ᫂♧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸬ࡅྲྀࡿᶒ฼ࢆ᭷ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᨭ㞀࡞ࡃඖࡢ஦ᴗ⪅࠿ࡽูࡢ஦ᴗ⪅࡬࡜㏦ಙࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠖ[6]3㸬ࡇࢀࢆᅗ♧ࡍࡿ࡜㸪௨ୗࡢᴫᛕᅗ࡜࡞ࡿ㸬᭱ࡶࢩࣥࣉࣝ࡞ࣔࢹࣝࡣᅗ1࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪࠶ࡿ஦ᴗ⪅࠿ࡽูࡢ஦ᴗ⪅࡟ࢹ࣮ࢱࡀ୸ࡈ࡜(࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢ୍㒊ࡀ)⛣㌿ࡉࢀࡿ㸬᝿ᐃࡉࢀࡿ஦౛ࡣ㸪஦ᴗ⪅A࠿ࡽ஦ᴗ⪅B࡬ࡢSNSࡢ஌᥮࠼ࡸ㸪↓ᩱ࣓࣮ࣝࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ஌᥮࠼㸪ࢥࢿࢡࢸࢵࢻ࣮࢝ࡢ஌᥮࠼࡞࡝࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ࡯࠿㸪஦
ᴗ⪅Aࡢྲྀᚓࡋࡓ⏕య᝟ሗࡸ఩⨨᝟ሗ࡞࡝ࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪஦ᴗ⪅Bࡀ඲ࡃ␗࡞ࡿ
ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ㸪࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ᝿ᐃࡉࢀࡿ㸬

ࢹ࣮ࢱ

஦ᴗ⪅ A

஦ᴗ⪅ B

ᅗ1㸬ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡢᴫᛕᅗ
ࡲࡓ㸪」ᩘࡢ஦ᴗ⪅࠿ࡽᘬࡁฟࡉࢀࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ࢔ࢢࣜࢤ࣮ࢺࡍࡿࢣ࣮ࢫ
ࡶ࠶ࡿ(ᅗ2)㸬඾ᆺ౛ࡣ㸪㟁Ꮚᐙィ⡙ࡸ㸪㟁Ꮚ࠾⸆ᡭᖒ㸪デ⒪ࢹ࣮ࢱࡸ೺デࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ㟁Ꮚ໬࡜ಶேᮏே࡬ࡢ㞟⣙࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㟁Ꮚᐙィ⡙ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࣐ࢿ࣮ࣇ࢛࣮࣡ࢻࡣ㸪ಶேᮏேࡢᣦᅗ࡟
ᇶ࡙ࡁ㸪㔠⼥ᶵ㛵➼ࡢཱྀᗙࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆྲྀᚓࡋಶேᮏே࡟㞟⣙ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬࢝ࣝࢳࣗ࢔࣭ࢥࣥࣅࢽ࢚ࣥࢫ࣭ࢡࣛࣈ(CCC)ࡀ㐠ႠࡍࡿࠕT࣮࢝ࢻࠖࡣ㸪୍ಶேࡢከࡃࡢ㉎㈙᝟ሗࢆྲྀᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛㸪ࡇࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࢔ࢢࣜࢤ࣮ࢩࣙࣥᶵ⬟ࢆ₯ᅾⓗ࡟᭷ࡍࡿ㸬Yahoo! JAPANࡢID࡜T࣮࢝ࢻࡢ␒ྕࡣ㸪఍ဨᮏேࡢྠព࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ㐃ᦠࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬୧♫ࡀ᝟ሗ㐃ᦠ࡟ࡼࡾ࢜ࣥࣛ࢖ࣥ࡜࢜ࣇࣛ࢖ࣥࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆྡ
ᐤࡏࡋ࡚ศᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿⅬࡶࡲࡓࢹ࣮ࢱ࢔ࢢࣜࢤ࣮ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡿ 4㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞஦ᴗ⪅୺ᑟࡢࢹ࣮ࢱὶ㏻ࡣ㸪ಶேᮏேࡢ୚ࡾ▱ࡽࡠ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࣉࣟࣇ࢓࢖ࣜࣥࢢ➼ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺୙Ᏻឤࡀ฼
⏝⪅࡟ṧࡿ㸬
GDPRࡢᐃࡵࡿࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡢ≉ᚩࡣ㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆಶேᮏேࡀᶵᲔ
ྍㄞᘧ࡛ධᡭࡋ㸪௚஦ᴗ⪅࡟⛣㌿ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ಶேᮏேࡀ㛵
୚ࡍࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡘࡲࡾ㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡣ㸪ಶேࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ᤣ࠼ࡓࢹ
࣮ࢱὶ㏻ࢆᑟࡃ㸬ࡓࡔࡋ㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡣಶேᮏேࡢྠព࠾ࡼࡧᣦ
ᅗࢆ௓ᅾࡉࡏࡿⅬࡀ࣏࢖ࣥࢺ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢᐇ㝿ࡢ⛣ື⤒㊰ࡣࢡࣛ࢘ࢻ
࠿ࡽࢡࣛ࢘ࢻ࡜࡞ࡿሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿ㸬

3

GDPR ➨ 20 ᮲ࡢཎᩥࡣḟࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪“The data subject shall have the right toreceive the personal data concerning him or her, which he or she has provided to a controller, in a
structured, commonly used and machine-readable format and have the right to transmit those data
to another controller without hindrance from the controller to which the personal data have been
provided”㸬
4ᚑ᮶㸪ᗈ࿌ศ㔝࡛ࡣࢹ࣮ࢱࣇ࣮ࣗࢪࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ྛࢭࢢ࣓ࣥࢺࡢࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺࡢ፹య᥋ゐࡸ㉎㈙⾜ືࢆ᥎ᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬ID 㐃ᦠ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ྡᐤࡏࡉࢀࡓᐇྡࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ஦ᴗ⪅ࡀධᡭྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢព⩏ࡣ኱ࡁ࠸㸬஦ᴗ⪅ A

஦ᴗ⪅ B

ࢹ࣮ࢱ

஦ᴗ⪅ D

஦ᴗ⪅ C

ᅗ2㸬ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡢᴫᛕᅗ㸸ࢹ࣮ࢱ࢔ࢢࣜࢤ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ
୍ಶே࡟ྡᐤࡏࡉࢀࡓ」ᩘ஦ᴗ⪅ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ㸪ಶேᮏேࡢྠពࡢࡶ࡜㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ูࡢ஦ᴗ⪅࡟⛣㌿ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ(ᅗ3)㸬౛࠼ࡤ㸪㟁Ꮚᐙィ⡙ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡸ࣏࢖ࣥࢺ࣮࢝ࢻ࡟ࡼࡿ㉎㈙ᒚṔࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ㸪ಶேᾘ㈝ࡢᣦᶆ࡜࡞
ࡾᚓࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᅜᐙ⤫ィ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᾘ㈝ືྥࡢᢕᥱ࡟ᙺ❧࡚ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᳨ウࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪୰ᅜࡢⰪ㯞ಙ⏝ࡣ㸪ಶேࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱ㸪౛࠼ࡤ㸪㉎㈙ᒚṔ㸪ᏛṔ㸪⫋Ṕ㸪SNSࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡞࡝ࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪ྛಶேࡢಙ⏝ࢫࢥ࢔ࢆ⟬ฟࡋ࡚࠸[7]㸬ࡇࡢࢫࢥ࢔ࣜࣥࢢࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ௚஦ᴗ⪅࡟࠾࠸࡚࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡢᰝᐃ࡟⏝࠸ࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡣ㸪ᅗ3ࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟‽ࡎࡿ㸬

஦ᴗ⪅ A

஦ᴗ⪅ B

ࢹ࣮ࢱ

஦ᴗ⪅ D

஦ᴗ⪅ C

ᅗ3㸬ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡢᴫᛕᅗ㸸࢔ࢢࣜࢤ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ⛣㌿ࡇࡢ࡯࠿㸪ಶேࡢࡶ࡜࡛⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ஦ᴗ⪅࡟ᥦ౪ࡋࡓࡾඹ᭷ࡋ
ࡓࡾࡍࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡶ᝿ᐃࡉࢀࡿ(ᅗ4)㸬඾ᆺ౛ࡣ㸪ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣥ࡞࡝ಶேࡀ
ᡤ᭷ࡍࡿ➃ᮎࢆ⏝࠸ࡓPOSࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ⏕ᡂ࠾ࡼࡧỴ῭࡛࠶ࡿ(ᅗ5)㸬
⡿ᅜ࢛࣐࣮࢘ࣝࢺࡣࢫ࣐࣮ࢺࣇ࢛࡛ࣥၟရࣂ࣮ࢥ࣮ࢻࢆㄞࡳྲྀࡾỴ῭ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࢔ࣉࣜࠕScan and Goࠖࢆබ㛤ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪 2017ᖺ12᭶᫬Ⅼ࡛㸪࢛࣐࣮࢘ࣝࢺചୗࡢ఍ဨไࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺSam's Clubࡢ඲ᗑ⯒࡜୍㒊ࡢ࢛࣐࣮࢘ࣝࢺᗑ⯒࡛ࡑࢀࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ[8]㸬
ಶே➃ᮎ࡛⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡓPOSࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ⵳✚࣭⟶⌮࣭ඹ᭷ࡣ㸪Personal DataStore: PDSࢆ⏝࠸࡚ಶேࡢᡭඖ࡛⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬㖟⾜ࡸᑠ኎ᗑࡣ㸪ಶேᮏேࡀチㅙ῭ࡳࡢPOSࢹ࣮ࢱࢆධᡭࡋ࡚㸪ၟὶࡢᢕᥱࡸ࣐
࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡟฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬

஦ᴗ⪅ A

஦ᴗ⪅ B

ᅗ4㸬ಶே⏕ᡂࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ஦ᴗ⪅࡬ࡢ౪୚ᅗ5㸬PLRࢆ⏝࠸ࡓPOSࣞࢪࡢ௙⤌ࡳ[9]4. API බ㛤ࡢືࡁࡇࡇᩘᖺ㸪≉࡟㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡢAPIබ㛤ࡢືࡁࡀⴭࡋ࠸(⾲1)㸬2016ᖺ1᭶᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣ㸪᪥ᮏࡢ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡣAPIࢆබ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࡀ[1]㸪ࡑࡢᚋ㸪ᩘከࡃࡢ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡀཧ↷⣔APIࡢබ㛤࡟㋃ࡳษࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬୍౛࡜ࡋ࡚㸪᪥ᮏࡢ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡢAPIබ㛤ࢆ≌ᘬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࣐ࢿ࣮ࣇ࢛࣮࣡ࢻࡢAPIᑐᛂ≧ἣࢆᣲࡆࡿ(⾲2)㸬2017ᖺ3᭶ᮎ࡟ࡣ㸪ࡳࡎ࡯㖟⾜㸪୕஭ఫ཭㖟⾜㸪ఫಙSBIࢿࢵࢺ㖟⾜ࡢ3⾜ࡀ㸪࣐ࢿ࣮ࣇ࢛࣮࣡ࢻ࡜⤒㈝⢭⟬ࡢ᣺㎸࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᭦᪂⣔API᥋⥆ࢆ㛤ጞࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࡓ[10]㸬
⾲ 1 㖟⾜࡟ࡼࡿ API බ㛤ࡢືྥ[11]
ᅜྡ

㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ྡ

᪥ᮏ
᪥ᮏ
᪥ᮏ
᪥ᮏ
ࣇࣛࣥࢫ
ࣇࣛࣥࢫ
ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥ
ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥ
ࢻ࢖ࢶ
ࢻ࢖ࢶ
࢔࣓ࣜ࢝
࢔࣓ࣜ࢝
࢔࣓ࣜ࢝
࢖ࢠࣜࢫ
ࣈࣛࢪࣝ

ࡳࡎ࡯㖟⾜
୕⳻ᮾி UFJ 㖟⾜୕஭ఫ཭㖟⾜ఫಙ SBI ࢿࢵࢺ㖟⾜
Credit Agricole
AXA Banque
BBVA
Banco SabbadellFidor Bank
Number26
The Bancorp Bank
CitiBank
Capital One
Metro Bank
Bradesco

API බ㛤
ཧ↷⣔
᭦᪂⣔
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‫*ۑ‬
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ฟᡤ㸸ODI and Fingleton (2014)࡜ࢹࣟ࢖ࢺࢺ࣮࣐ࢶࢥࣥࢧࣝࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ(2017)
ࡢ㈨ᩱࢆྜ⟬ࡋ࡚సᡂ 55⾲୰ࡢ API බ㛤࡟㛵ࡋ࡚୙㊊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ᝟ሗࡣ㸪➹⪅ࡀྛ♫ࡢ࢙࢘ࣈࢧ࢖ࢺࡸ௚ࡢ᪤Ꮡ㈨ᩱࢆඖ࡟⾲୰࡟ຍ➹ࡋࡓ㸬API ⤒⏤࡛㈨㔠⛣ືࡀྍ⬟࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿሙྜࡣ㸪᭦᪂⣔ API ࡟୸༳ࢆ௜ࡅࡓ㸬➹⪅ࡀຍ➹ࡋࡓ⟠ᡤ࡟ࡣୗ⥺ࢆᘬ࠸ࡓ㸬බ⾲㈨ᩱ࡛ドᣐ࡜࡞ࡿグ㍕ࡀぢࡘࡅ⾲ 2 ࣐ࢿ࣮ࣇ࢛࣮࣡ࢻࡢ API ᑐᛂ≧ἣ[11]ฟᡤ㸸࣐ࢿ࣮ࣇ࢛࣮࣡ࢻ(2017)㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡢAPI࡟ࡣ㸪ཧ↷⣔࡜᭦᪂⣔ࡢ2✀㢮ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ཧ↷⣔APIࡣཱྀᗙ᝟ሗࢆྲྀᚓࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵཱྀᗙṧ㧗ࡣኚ໬ࡋ࡞࠸㸬୍᪉㸪᭦᪂⣔API࡛ࡣ
ᨭᡶ࠸ࡸ㏦㔠࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡾཱྀᗙṧ㧗ࡀኚ໬ࡍࡿ㸬௒ᚋᮇᚅࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀ㸪᭦᪂⣔APIࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ㖟⾜௨እࡢ஦ᴗ⪅࡟ࡼࡿỴ῭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᥦ౪࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࠕAmazon Payࠖࡸࠕᴦኳ࣌࢖࡛ࠖࡣ㢳ᐈ࢔࢝࢘ࣥ
ࢺ࡟Ⓩ㘓῭ࡳࡢẶྡ㸪ఫᡤ㸪㟁ヰ␒ྕ㸪ࢡࣞࢪࢵࢺ࣮࢝ࢻ᝟ሗ࡞࡝ࡀ㸪௚஦ᴗ⪅ࡢᑠ኎ᗑ➼࡛ࡢỴ῭࡟ࡶ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ[8]㸬ࣉࣛࢵࢺࣇ࢛࣮࣒஦ᴗ⪅ࡀࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ࡜㸪ಶேᮏேࡢ㉎㈙ᒚṔࡣಶேᮏேࡢࡶ࡜࡟ࢲ࣮࢘ࣥࣟࢻࡋࡓࡾ㸪ูࡢ஦ᴗ⪅࡟㌿㏦ࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛
ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ㸬
5. ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃಶே୰ᚰᆺࡢ API ࢚ࢥࣀ࣑࣮
ᚑ᮶㸪API࢚ࢥࣀ࣑࣮ࡣ㸪B to BࡢほⅬ࡛ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀ㸪GDPRࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀ㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡀ⩏ົ໬ࡉࢀࡿ࡜㸪API࢚ࢥࣀ࣑࣮࡟ᚲࡎಶே
ࡀ௓ᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢὶ㏻ࡣ㸪௒௨ୖ࡟㸪ಶேᮏேࡢྠ
ព࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ಶே୰ᚰᆺࡢࣃ࣮ࢯࢼࣝࢹ࣮ࢱ࣭࢚ࢥࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣ㸪MyData࡜ࡶ⛠ࡉࢀࡿ㸬ࣇ࢕ࣥࣛࣥࢻࡢMyDataࡢⓑ᭩࡟ࡣ㸪APIࢆ௓ࡋࡓಶே୰ᚰࡢࢹ
࣮ࢱὶ㏻ࡢᅾࡾ᪉ࡀᅗ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(ᅗ6)㸬

ࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㒊ศࡣ✵ḍ࡜ࡋࡓ㸬⾲୰ࡢ*༳ࡣ㸪ࢹࣟ࢖ࢺࢺ࣮࣐ࢶࢥࣥࢧࣝࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡢ㈨ᩱ࡛ࠕࣁࢵ࢝ࢯࣥ㝈ᐃࠖ࡜ࡢὀ㔘ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ⟠ᡤ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡳࡎ࡯㖟⾜࡜୕஭ఫ཭㖟⾜ࡣ 2017 ᖺ 3 ᭶ 31 ᪥௜࡛᭦᪂⣔ API ࡟ᑐᛂࡋࡓࡓࡵຍ➹ಟṇࡋࡓ㸬⾲୰࡟ͤ༳ࢆグ㍕ࡋࡓ Capital One ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠕࢹ࣏ࢪࢵࢺࡣྍ
⬟ࠖ࡜ࡢㄝ᫂ࡀྠ♫ࡢබᘧࢧ࢖ࢺୖ࡟࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ᅗ6㸬API࢚ࢥࣀ࣑࣮ࡢᴫᛕᅗ[12]౛࠼ࡤ㸪ಶே➃ᮎ࡛ྲྀᚓࡉࢀࡿ఩⨨᝟ሗࡸ㸪஺㏻⣔IC࣮࢝ࢻ➼࡛グ㘓ࡉࢀࡿ஌㝆ᒚṔࡣ㸪㏻ᖖࡣ௚⪅࡟㛤♧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶ㸪ฟᙇ⤒㈝ࡢ⢭⟬᫬ࡸ㸪໅ົ᫬㛫ࡸ໅ົሙᡤࡢ☜ㄆ᫬㸪⥭ᛴ᫬࡞࡝࡟࠾࠸࡚ಶேᮏேࡀ୍᫬ⓗ࡟ᚲせ᭱ప㝈ࡢ⠊ᅖࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ㛤♧ࡋ࡚㸪஦ᴗ⪅࡟ᥦฟࡋࡓࡾ㸪஦ᴗ⪅࠿ࡽࢧ࣮ࣅ
ࢫࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࡚ࡶࡽࡗࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㸪௒ᚋࡣࡼࡾᐜ᫆࡟࡞ࡗ࡚⾜ࡃࡔࢁ࠺㸬ࡲࡓ㸪GDPRࡀ㐺⏝㛤ጞ࡜࡞ࡾ㸪ᮏேྠពࡢ㒔ᗘྲྀᚓ࡜㸪APIࢆ௓ࡋࡓࢹ
࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡀᐇ⌧ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ࠕᮏேྠព࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ㸪ᐇྡࡢ࣭㛗ᮇ࡟ྡᐤࡏ⵳✚ࡉࢀࡓࢹ࢕࣮ࣉࢹ࣮ࢱࠖ[13]ࡢὶ㏻࠾ࡼࡧ฼ά⏝ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿ㸬᥮ゝࡍࢀࡤ㸪஦ᴗ⪅ࡣಶேᮏேࡢ㒔ᗘྠព῭ࡳࢹ࣮ࢱࢆྲྀᚓࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ 6㸬ᚑ᮶ࡣ㸪ᐃᆺⓗ࡞㈈࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᥦ౪ࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀ㸪ಶேᮏேࡢྠ
ព࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ㸪」ᩘࡢ஦ᴗ⪅ࡀಖ᭷ࡍࡿ୍ಶேࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡿࡇ࡜
ࡀᢏ⾡㠃࡜ἲไ㠃࡛ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿ࡜㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᅾࡾ᪉ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢಶேࡀ⨨࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸪㟂せࢧ࢖ࢻࡢಶࠎูࠎࡢ≧ἣ࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚ࣇࣞ࢟ࢩࣈࣝ࡟⤌ࡳ❧࡚࡚㸪㟂せࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡼ࠺࡞ᙧែ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚⾜ࡃࡔࢁ࠺[14]㸬
ࡓࡔࡋ㸪࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ㄢ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵ㸪௨ୗ࡟♧ࡍ㸬 ஦ᴗ⪅ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ㛤♧ࢥࢫࢺ
GDPR࡛ࡣ㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡢࢥࢫࢺࢆಶே࡟ㄳồࡋ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸
࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ㛤♧ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࢥࢫࢺࡣ㸪஦ᴗ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚኱ࡁ࡞㈇ᢸ࡜࡞ࡿ㸬ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡢ㆟ㄽࡢฟⓎⅬࡣ㸪➇தᨻ⟇࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࢹ࣮ࢱಖㆤ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᕷሙࡢほⅬࡀḞዴࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪₶ἑ࡞㈨㔠
ࡢ↓࠸஦ᴗ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡀ㞀ቨ࡜࡞ࡾ㸪⤖ᯝⓗ࡟ᾘ㈝⪅ࡢຠ⏝ࢆୗࡆࡿ࡜ࡢᣦ᦬ࡶ࠶ࡿ[15]㸬
ࡲࡓ㸪ᑠつᶍ஦ᴗ⪅ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡀ㸪ಶே⤒⏤࡛኱つᶍ஦ᴗ⪅ࡢࣉࣛࢵࢺࣇ࢛
࣮࣒࡟྾࠸ୖࡆࡽࢀ࡚㞟⣙ࡉࢀࡿᜍࢀࡶ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡽࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪➇தࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ㸪ู㏵࣮ࣝࣝࢆタࡅࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸬 ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ⛣㌿ඛࡢࢥࢫࢺ
ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࢆ♫఍ࡢ୰࡛᭷ຠ໬ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ⛣㌿ඛࡢ஦ᴗ⪅࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪እ㒊࠿ࡽ⛣㌿ࡉࢀࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࢆࡁࡕࢇ࡜฼ά⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
㘽࡜࡞ࡿ㸬ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ⛣㌿ඛࡢ஦ᴗ⪅ࡣ㸪ሙྜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ」ᩘࡢ஦ᴗ⪅ࡢࢹ࣮
6ᚑ᮶ࡢࣅࢵࢢࢹ࣮ࢱศᯒࡣ㸪ᮏேྠពࡢྲྀᚓࢆᴟຊᅇ㑊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵ࡟㸪ಶே≉ᐃࡸࣉࣛ࢖ࣂࢩ࣮ࡢၥ㢟ࡀᖖ࡟࣎ࢺࣝࢿࢵࢡ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬ಶேᮏேࡢ㒔ᗘྠព῭ࡳࢹ࣮ࢱࡀධ
ᡭ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪n=1 ࡢಶே࡟῝ࡃ᰿ᕪࡋࡓࢹ࢕࣮ࣉࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜㸪ࣅࢵࢢࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ⤫ィ್࡜ࡢᕪ࠿ࡽ㸪ࡼࡾྛಶே࡟㐺ࡋࡓศᯒ⤖ᯝࢆᑟࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺㸬౛࠼ࡤࡇࢀࡣ㸪ᮏ᮶ࡣಶయᕪࡢ࠶ࡿேయ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࣮࢜ࢲ࣮࣓࣮ࢻ་⒪ࡢタィ࡞࡝࡟ά࠿ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࢱࢆ㐃⤖ࡋࡓࡾ㸪ಶேࡀ⏕ᡂࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᢅࡗࡓࡾࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡇ࡛ၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡣ㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࢵࢺࡸ ᐃ್ࡢ⢏ᗘࡢ㐪࠸࡛࠶ࡿ㸬୍⯡ⓗ࡟㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱ㐃ᦠ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪つ᱁ࡢᶆ‽໬ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿ㸬 つ᱁ࡢᶆ‽໬ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27/WG 5 (Identity management and privacy technologies)࡛ࡣ㸪GDPRࡢྛ᮲㡯࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࢆ᪤࡟⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ISO/IEC JTC
1/ SC 38/WG 4 (Cloud Computing Interoperability and Portability: CCIP)࡛ࡣ㸪
GDPRࡢ➨20᮲ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ㸪ࢡࣛ࢘ࢻ࣭ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗ
ࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡢ┦஫㐠⏝ᛶ࡜ྍᦙᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᐃ⩏࡜≉ᚩࢆつᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[16]㸬᪥ᮏࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿ㝿࡟ࡶ㸪ᅜ㝿ᶆ‽つ᱁ࡢ㆟ㄽࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺㸬
6. ࡲ࡜ࡵ♫఍࣭⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ㸪ᢏ⾡㸪ἲ㸪ไᗘ㸪ᕷሙ㸪ᩥ໬㸪ᩍ⫱࡞࡝ࡢ┦஫స⏝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᡂࡾ❧ࡘ࡜ࡍࢀࡤ㸪ࣃ࣮ࢯࢼࣝࢹ࣮ࢱࡢศ㔝࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢏ⾡࡜ἲไᗘࡢኚ໬ࡣ㸪ᗈ࠸ព࿡࡛㸪ᕷሙࡢኚ໬ࡸᩥ໬ࡢኚᐜࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ
࡛࠶ࢁ࠺㸬
GDPRࡀ㐺⏝㛤ጞ࡜࡞ࡾ㸪ᮏேྠពࡢ㒔ᗘྲྀᚓ࡜㸪APIࢆ௓ࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏
࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡀᐇ⌧ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ಶே୰ᚰᆺࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࢚ࢥࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀ
ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪ಶேࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚࣎ࢺ࣒࢔ࢵ
ࣉ࡟ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡀ⏕ᡂ࣭ᥦ౪ࡉࢀᚓࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡣ㸪஦ᴗ⪅ࡀ኱⾗࡟ྥࡅ୍࡚ᵝ࡞㈈࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆ⏕⏘㸪ὶ㏻㸪ᑠ኎ࡾࡋ࡚㸪ᾘ㈝⪅ࡀࡑࢀࢆᾘ㈝ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᵓ㐀࡜ࡣ኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ㸪ಶࠎูࠎࡢ≧ἣ࡟ᛂࡌࡓࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏕ᡂ࣭ᥦ౪ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪㟂せࡢண ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡶࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࡔࢁ࠺㸬௚஦ᴗ⪅ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆಶே⤒⏤࡛ᘬࡁฟࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢタィḟ➨࡛㸪ᑠつᶍ஦ᴗ⪅ࡸࢫࢱ࣮ࢺ࢔ࢵࣉ஦ᴗ⪅࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ➇தຊࢆᣢࡘ
ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ࡉࡽ࡟㸪㈈࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ౪⤥⪅ࡣἲேࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸㸬ࢩ࢙࢔ࣜࣥࢢ࢚ࢥࣀ࣑࣮ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ಶேࡢ㈨※ࢆ⏝࠸࡚௚ࡢಶேࡢ㟂せࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡼ࠺࡞C to Cࡢྲྀᘬࡀ㸪㐺ษ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ㛤♧࡜฼⏝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ࡼࡾᏳ඲࠿ࡘ
⡆౽࡟⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿ㸬ㅰ㎡ᮏ◊✲ࡣ㸪2017ᖺᗘ㸪⛉◊㈝࣭ᣮᡓⓗⴌⱆ◊✲(ㄢ㢟␒ྕ㸸16K12551)ࡢᨭ
᥼ࢆཷࡅࡓ㸬ࡇࡇ࡟ㅰពࢆ⾲ࡋࡲࡍ㸬୺せཧ⪃ᩥ⊩[1] NRI Financial Solutions (2016) API ࢚ࢥࣀ࣑࣮. http://fis.nri.co.jp/ja-JP/service/keyword/2016/201601.html.
[2] ⏣୰㐩㞝 (2016) ⧅ࡄࡇ࡜࡛⏕ࡲࢀࡿ㺀API ࢚ࢥࣀ࣑࣮㺁ࡢ⾪ᧁ: Uber㸪F
inTech ࢆᨭ࠼ࡿ᪂㺃⤒῭ᅪ࡜ࡣ㸽. ᮾὒ⤒῭ ONLINE. http://toyokeizai.net/
articles/-/107473.
[3] 㔝ᮧ⥲ྜ◊✲ᡤỴ῭ไᗘࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢳ࣮࣒ (2009) 2015 ᖺࡢỴ῭ࢧ࣮
ࣅࢫ. ᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫.
[4] ⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬ (2017) ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄪᰝ᳨࣭ウ఍ࢆ㛤ദࡋࡲࡍ. http://www.meti.go.jp/press/2017/11/20171120003/20171120003.html[5] ⥲ົ┬ (2017) ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄪᰝ᳨ウ఍ࡢ㛤ദ. http://

www.soumu.go.jp/menu_news/s-news/01tsushin01_02000237.html[6] Official Journal of the European Union. Regulation (EU) 2016/679. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj.
[7] NRI Financial Solutions (2017) ಙ⏝ࡢࣉࣛࢵࢺࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࠕⰪ㯞ಙ⏝ࠖ. h
ttp://fis.nri.co.jp/ja-JP/publication/kinyu_itf/backnumber/2017/10/201710_7.ht
ml.
[8] ຍ⸨⥤Ꮚ, ᶫ⏣ᾈ୍ (2018) PLR ࡢ࣮ࣘࢫࢣ࣮ࢫࡢ᳨ウ -POS ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢಶே⟶⌮-. ᝟ሗฎ⌮Ꮫ఍➨ 80 ᅇ඲ᅜ኱఍. (Ⓨ⾲ணᐃ)[9] ᶫ⏣ᾈ୍ (2017) ศᩓ PDS ࡜᝟ሗ㖟⾜: 㞟ࡵ࡞࠸ࣅࢵࢢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ࡼࡿ⏕ά࡜⏘ᴗࡢ඲య᭱㐺໬. ᝟ሗ⟶⌮, 60(4), pp.251-260.
[10] ࣐ࢿ࣮ࣇ࢛࣮࣡ࢻ (2017) ᭦᪂⣔ API ࢆά⏝ࡋࡓᅜෆึࡢ BtoB ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᥦ౪㛤ጞ: ఫಙ SBI ࢿࢵࢺ㖟⾜㸪ࡳࡎ࡯㖟⾜㸪୕஭ఫ཭㖟⾜࡜㐃ᦠ.
https://corp.moneyforward.com/news/release/service/20170331-mf-press/.
[11] ຍ⸨⥤Ꮚ (2018) 㔠⼥ API බ㛤ࡀᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ. ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᏛ఍➨ 6 ᅇᅜෆ኱఍. (Ⓨ⾲ணᐃ)[12] Ministry of Transport and Communications (2015) MyData: A Nordic
Model for human-centered personal data management and processing. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-243-455-5.
[13] ⏕㈅┤ே. (2016) ⮬ᚊ࣭ศᩓ࣭༠ㄪ♫఍࡜ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣏࣮ࢱࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡢᶒ฼.
⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ᑂ㆟఍ ၟົὶ㏻᝟ሗศ⛉఍ ᝟ሗ⤒῭ᑠጤဨ఍ ศᩓᡓ␎࣮࣡࢟ࣥࢢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ➨ 6 ᅇ㓄ᕸ㈨ᩱ 3. http://www.meti.go.jp/commi
ttee/sankoushin/shojo/johokeizai/bunsan_senryaku_wg/pdf/006_03_00.pdf.
[14] ⏘ᴗ➇தຊ᠓ㄯ఍(COCN) (2016) 2015 ᖺᗘࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࠕIoT ᫬௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣉࣛ࢖ࣂࢩ࣮࡜࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ୧❧ࠖ᭱⤊ሗ࿌. http://www.cocn.
jp/thema84-L.pdf.
[15] ຍ⸨⥤Ꮚ, ▼ᇉ୍ྖ (2017) 㞟఍ሗ࿌ MyData Japan 2017. ᝟ሗ⟶⌮,60(5), pp.354-358.
[16] ᝟ሗฎ⌮Ꮫ఍᝟ሗつ᱁ㄪᰝ఍. 2016 ᖺᗘ ᑓ㛛ጤဨ఍㛵ಀάືሗ࿌(NE
WSLETTER 2017 ᖺ 5 ᭶). https://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/hyojunka/h_sn_membe
r/h_sn_katsudo/files/NL-Report2016.pdf.

ほගࡢ⤒῭ຠᯝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࣐ࢡࣟࣔࢹࣝศᯒ㛗ཎ ᚭ㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
᫖௒ࡢ᪥ᮏ⤒῭࡟࠾࠸࡚ゼ᪥እᅜே᪑⾜⪅࡟ࡼࡿᾘ㈝ࡀ⤒῭ࡢ⥲㟂せ࡟ከ኱࡞ࡿ㈉⊩ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᗈࡃㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ᪥ᮏ⤒῭᪂⪺ 2018 ᖺ 1 ᭶ 12 ᪥௜ᮅห 5 ࣮࣌ࢪ࡛ࡣࠕ2017 ᖺࡢゼ᪥ᐈᩘࡀ 5 ᖺ㐃⥆࡛㐣ཤ᭱㧗ࢆ᭦᪂ࡋࠊ16 ᖺ࡟ẚ࡭⣙ 2
๭ቑࡢ 2800 ୓ேᙉ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠖ࡜⤂௓ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡲࡓྠ⣬ 2018 ᖺ 1 ᭶ 17 ᪥௜ᮅห 3 ࣮࣌ࢪ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠕ2017 ᖺࡢゼ᪥ᐈ࡟ࡼࡿᾘ㈝㢠ࡀ 16 ᖺ࡟ẚ࡭ 18%ቑࡢ 4 ඙ 4161 ൨෇࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠖࡇ࡜ࡀほගᗇ࠿ࡽⓎ⾲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ௒ᚋᅜෆேཱྀࡀῶᑡࡋෆ㟂ࡀῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ᐇどࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࢖ࣥࣂ࢘ࣥࢻᾘ㈝ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ⤒῭ຠᯝࡣỴᐃⓗ࡟㔜せ࡞せ⣲࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᝿ᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋᮏ◊✲ࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓほⅬ࠿ࡽࠊほග࡜ࡑࢀ࡟࡜ࡶ࡞࠺ᾘ㈝ࡀ⤒῭࡟ཬࡰࡍຠᯝࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟୺║ࢆ⨨࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋほග࡟ࡼࡿ⤒῭ຠᯝࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࣔࢹࣝࢆ౑ࡗ࡚◊✲ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣ౛࠼ࡤࠊࢣ
࢖ࣥࢬὶࡢ஌ᩘࣔࢹࣝࠊ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲ࢆ⏝࠸࡚⤒῭ຠᯝࢆ᥎ィࡍࡿࣔࢹࣝࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᛂ⏝୍⯡
ᆒ⾮ࣔࢹࣝ㸦Computable General Equilibrium ModelࠊCGE ࣔࢹࣝ㸧➼࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୖࡢ
ࣔࢹࣝศᯒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ඹ㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡣࠊᙜึࡢほගᐈ࡟ࡼࡿᾘ㈝ࡀ௚ࡢ⤒῭୺యࡢᡤᚓ࡜
࡞ࡾࠊࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓᡤᚓࡀูࡢᾘ㈝࡟㈝ࡸࡉࢀࠊࡉࡽ࡞ࡿᡤᚓࢆ⏕ࡳ͐࡜࠸ࡗࡓ஌ᩘ
ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚⤒῭ຠᯝࡀ᥎ィࡉࢀࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊࡇࢀࡽ࡜ࡣูࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ⤒῭ຠᯝࢆ᥎ィࡍࡿᡭἲ࡜ࡋ࡚㈝⏝࣭౽┈ศᯒࡀᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ஌ᩘࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⤒῭ຠᯝ᥎ィ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㈝⏝㠃ࡀ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝⪃៖ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ㈝⏝࣭౽┈ศᯒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࡑࢀ࡛ࡣほගᐈࡀᆅᇦ࡟ࡶࡓࡽࡍ♫఍ⓗࢥࢫࢺ㸦౛࠼ࡤࢦ࣑ࡢቑຍ࡞࡝㸧ࡶྵࡵ࡚⤒῭ຠᯝࢆ᥎ィࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟ࠊ㈝⏝࣭౽┈ศᯒࡢ≉Ⰽࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᮏ◊✲ࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊほග᣺⯆ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ⤒῭ຠᯝࢆ᥎ィࡍࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ศᯒᡭἲࢆᩚ⌮ࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲ࡸᛂ⏝୍⯡ᆒ⾮ࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸ࡓຠᯝ᥎ィࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠋ➹⪅ࡣ Nagahara (2017)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬὶࡢ஌ᩘࣔࢹࣝ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓほගࡢ⤒῭ຠᯝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣔࢹࣝศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢព࿡࡛ࠊᮏ◊✲ࡣ Nagahara (2017)ࢆ⥅⥆ࡉࡏࠊࡉࡽ࡟Ⓨᒎࡉࡏࡓࡶࡢ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
㸰㸬ඛ⾜◊✲
2.1 ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵ࣔࢹࣝほගࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ⤒῭ຠᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᪥ᮏ୍ᅜ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ᥎ィࡣほගᗇࡀ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ 1ࠋࡑࢀ1ほගᗇࠕ᪑⾜࣭ほග⏘ᴗࡢ⤒῭ຠᯝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄪᰝ◊✲ࠖ
㸦2015 ᖺ∧㸧
ࠋ1࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ2015 ᖺ࡟࠾࠸࡚᪥ᮏ඲యࡢ᪑⾜ᾘ㈝㢠ࡣ 25.5 ඙࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢᾘ㈝ࡀ᪥ᮏ඲య࡛
52.1 ඙෇ࡢ⏕⏘Ἴཬࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ25.8 ඙෇ࡢ௜ຍ౯್ࠊ440 ୓ேࡢ㞠⏝ࠊ4.6 ඙෇ࡢ⛯཰ࢆㄏⓎࡉࡏࡓ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢ᥎ィࡣ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵ศᯒ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᇶᮏⓗ࡞᥎ィᡭἲࡣୗᅗࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

㸦ฟᡤ㸧ほගᗇࠕ᪑⾜࣭ほග⏘ᴗࡢ⤒῭ຠᯝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄪᰝ◊✲ࠖ
㸦2015 ᖺ∧㸧318 ࣮࣌ࢪࠖୖᅗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ┤᥋ຠᯝ࡜ࡣࠕほගᾘ㈝ࡢ࠺ࡕ㍺ධࢆ㝖࠸ࡓᅜෆ⏕⏘ศ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ 2 ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࠋ⥆ࡃ➨୍ḟ㛫᥋ຠᯝ࡜ࡣࠕཎᮦᩱ௙ධࢀࡸႠᴗ୍࣭⯡⟶⌮㈝➼ࡢ୰㛫ᢞධ㸦౛㸸ᐟἩ᪋タࡀ㣗ᮦࢆ㎰ᴗ㒊㛛࠿ࡽㄪ㐩ࡍࡿ➼㸧ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ⏕⏘ㄏⓎ㢠࡛࠶ࡿࠖ 3 ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ┤᥋ຠᯝ࡟ࠊ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲࠿ࡽồࡵࡽࢀࡓ㏫⾜ิಀᩘ⾲ࢆ᥃ࡅྜࢃࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡛⟬ฟࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢ㏫⾜ิಀᩘ⾲ࡣ㛤ᨺ⤒῭ᆺࣔࢹࣝ 4ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ
⏕⏘ㄏⓎ㢠㸻 [ I  ( I  Mˆ ) A] u F1I 㸸༢఩⾜ิࠊ A 㸸ᢞධಀᩘ⾲ࠊ M̂ 㸸㍺ධಀᩘ⾜ิ㸦ᑐゅ⾜ิ㸧ࠊ F 㸸┤᥋ຠᯝ࡛ィ⟬ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ┤᥋ຠᯝ࡜➨୍ḟ㛫᥋ຠᯝ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡌࡿ㞠⏝⪅ᡤᚓࡀᾘ㈝ࡢቑ
ຍ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢᾘ㈝ቑ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㏣ຍⓗ࡟ㄏⓎࡉࢀࡿ⏕⏘ࡀ➨஧ḟ㛫᥋ຠᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ➨஧ḟ㛫᥋ຠᯝ࡟ࡼࡿ⏕⏘ㄏⓎ㢠ࡣ⏕⏘ㄏⓎ㢠㸻 [ I  ( I  Mˆ ) A] u C u V u [ I  ( I  Mˆ ) A] u F
1

1

C 㸸ᐙィࡢᾘ㈝ᛶྥࢆ⾲ࢃࡍ⾜ิࠊ V 㸸㞠⏝⪅ᡤᚓࢆ⾲ࢃࡍ⾜ิ࡟ࡼࡾィ⟬ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓほගࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ⤒῭ຠᯝࡢ᥎ィࡢ࡯࠿࡟ࠊࢣ࢖ࣥࢬὶࡢ஌
2ほගᗇࠕ᪑⾜࣭ほග⏘ᴗࡢ⤒῭ຠᯝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄪᰝ◊✲ࠖ
㸦2015 ᖺ∧㸧315 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋほගᗇࠕ᪑⾜࣭ほග⏘ᴗࡢ⤒῭ຠᯝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄪᰝ◊✲ࠖ
㸦2015 ᖺ∧㸧315 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋ4 ゎᨺ⤒῭Ꮫࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㏫⾜ิಀᩘ⾲ࡢ⟬ฟ᪉ἲࡣࠊ⥲ົ┬ࠗ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵ศᯒࡢࡓࡵࡢྛ
✀ಀᩘࡢෆᐜ࡜ィ⟬᪉ἲ࠘5 ࣮࣌ࢪࢆཧ↷ࡢࡇ࡜㸦URL㸸http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000290893.pdf㸧
ࠋ
32ᩘࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ᥎ィᡭἲࠊ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ᥎ィᡭἲࠊᛂ⏝୍⯡ᆒ⾮ࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ᥎ィᡭἲࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᴫせࢆ㏙࡭ࡿࠋ
2.2 ࢣ࢖ࣥࢬὶ஌ᩘࣔࢹࣝ
ࢣ࢖ࣥࢬὶࡢ஌ᩘࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃほගࡢ⤒῭ຠᯝ᥎ィࡣ Archer and Owen (1971)ࡀඛ
㥑ࡅ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ஌ᩘࡀ
Nn¦¦ Q K V ujij ij 1 j 11n

1  L ¦ X i Z iVi

(1)

i 1

࡛ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ Q ࡣᐟἩ᪋タ࡟㈝ࡸࡉࢀࡓᨭฟࡢ๭ྜࠊK ࡣᑠ኎ᗑ࡟㈝ࡸࡉࢀࡓᨭ
ฟࡢ๭ྜࠊV ࡣྛᨭฟ࡛๰ฟࡉࢀࡓᡤᚓࠊL ࡣᖹᆒᾘ㈝ᛶྥࠊX ࡣᾘ㈝ᨭฟࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࠊZࡣ㸦ほගᐈ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸧ᒃఫ⪅ࡀᨭฟࡋࡓᡤᚓࡢ๭ྜࠊj ࡣᐟἩ᪋タࡢ✀㢮ࠊi ࡣᑠ኎ᗑࡢ✀㢮࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞⪃࠼᪉ࡣḟࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊձほගᐈࡢᨭฟ
࡟ࡼࡾᙜヱᆅᇦ࡟ⴠࡕࡓ࠾㔠㸦ࡇࢀࢆ A ࡜ࡍࡿ㸧ࡀᆅᇦ࡟⁫␃ࡍࡿࠊղⴠࡕࡓ࠾㔠࠿ࡽᙜヱᆅᇦࡢᒃఫ⪅ࡢᡤᚓࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡿ㸦ࡇࢀࢆ B ࡜ࡍࡿ㸧ࠊճᙜヱᆅᇦࡢᒃఫ⪅ࡀᡤᚓࡢ࡞࠿࠿
ࡽᾘ㈝ࢆ⾜࠺㸦ᖹᆒᾘ㈝ᛶྥࡢࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࡇࢀࢆ C ࡜ࡍࡿ㸧ࠋࡘࡲࡾ㸦ほගᐈ࡟ࡼࡿ㸧ほගᾘ㈝ Ѝ ᙜヱᆅᇦࡢᡤᚓ๰ฟ Ѝ ᙜヱᆅᇦࡢᾘ㈝ቑЍ ᙜヱᆅᇦࡢᡤᚓ๰ฟ Ѝ ᙜヱᆅᇦࡢᾘ㈝ቑ Ѝ ࣭࣭࣭࡜࠸࠺㐣⛬ࡀ↓㝈࡟⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡃ࡜⪃࠼ࠊ⤒῭ຠᯝࡢ⥲ィࡀḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
⤒῭ຠᯝࡢ⥲ィA  A( BC )  A( BC ) 2    A( BC ) f

§ 1 ·
Au¨
¸
© 1  BC ¹

(1)ᘧࡣᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡇࡢィ⟬࡟ᣐࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᅜෆࡢඛ⾜◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ໭ᲄ (2001)ࡀୖ࡛⤂௓ࡋࡓ Archer and Owen ࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆᨵⰋࡋ
ࡓ஌ᩘࣔࢹࣝࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡲࡓᑠἑ (2003)ࡣᾘ㈝㈈ࡸᢞ㈨㈈ࡢ⛣ධᛶྥ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ᆅ᪉
஺௜⛯ࢆ⤌ࡳ㎸ࢇࡔࣔࢹࣝࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࠊᾘ㈝㈈ࡸᢞ㈨㈈ࡢᇦእ࠿ࡽࡢ⛣ධ࡟ࡼࡿ₃ฟຠᯝࡀ⤒῭࡟㈇ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࡜ࢆᥦ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
2.3 ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ࣔࢹ࣐ࣝࢡࣟ⤒῭ࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡣࠊศᯒᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ⤒῭ࢆ㐃❧᪉⛬ᘧయ⣔࡛⾲ࡋ⤒῭ࣔࢹࣝࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࡓᚋࠊࡑࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆࡶ࡜࡟እ⏕ⓗࢩࣙࢵࢡࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁྛ⤒῭ኚᩘࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ኚື
ࡍࡿ࠿ࢆᩘ㔞ⓗ࡟ศᯒࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㐃❧᪉⛬ᘧయ⣔࡟࠾ࡅࡿྛࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡣ㐣ཤࡢほᐹࡉࢀࡓࢹ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽ᥎ィࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊᑗ᮶࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ࡇࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡀኚ໬ࡋ࡞࠸
࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᨻ⟇ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡣ༑ศ࡟᰿ᣐࡢ࠶ࡿࡶࡢ࡜࠸
࠼ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ㛗ཎ (2010, 2011)࡛ࡣᐑᓮ┴ࡢ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ࣔࢹࣝࡀᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࠊᙜ᫬ᐑᓮ┴ෆ࡛
Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓཱྀ㋟␿ࡀࡑࡢᚋࡢᐑᓮ┴⤒῭࡟࡝ࢀ࡯࡝ࡢᝏᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋࡑ࠺࠿ࡀ᥎ィࡉࢀ࡚࠸
3ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊヲ⣽ࡣ┬␎ࡍࡿࡀࠊ㛗ཎ (2010)࡛ࡣ 25 ᮏࡢ㐃❧᪉⛬ᘧయ⣔࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᐑᓮ┴⤒῭ࡀࣔࢹࣝ໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋほගࡢ⤒῭ຠᯝࢆ᥎ィࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺┠ⓗ࡛ࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟⤒῭ࣔࢹࣝࢆタᐃࡍࢀ
ࡤࡼ࠸ࠋ

Yt
Ct

C t  I t  Gt  EX t  IM t
D  E u Yt 1‫ؖ‬ࡇࡇ࡛ Yt ࡣ t ᮇࡢ GDPࠊ C t ࡣ t ᮇࡢᾘ㈝ᨭฟࠊ Gt ࡣ t ᮇࡢᨻᗓᨭฟࠊ EX t ࡣ t ᮇࡢ㍺ฟ㢠ࠊ IM t ࡣ t ᮇࡢ㍺ධ㢠ࠊ Yt 1 ࡣ t-1 ᮇࡢ GDP ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍␒ୖࡢᘧࡣ୍ᅜ⤒῭ࡢ࣐ࢡࣟᆒ
⾮ᘧ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝゼ᪥እᅜே᪑⾜⪅ࡢᾘ㈝㢠ࡢቑຍࡀ᪥ᮏࡢ GDP ࢆ࡝ࢀࡔࡅቑ
ຍࡉࡏࡿ࠿ࠊ࡞࡝ࢆᐃ㔞ⓗ࡟ศᯒ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊゼ᪥እᅜே᪑⾜⪅ࡢᾘ㈝ࡣᅜẸ⤒῭ィ⟬ୖࠊࠕ㠀ᒃఫ⪅ᐙィࡢᅜෆ࡛ࡢ┤᥋㉎ධࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚㍺ฟ࡜ࡋ࡚࢝࢘ࣥࢺࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀỴࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊୖࡢᘧ࡛㍺ฟ EX t ࡢ㡯ࢆEX t  䏓X࡜ࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ t+1 ᮇࠊt+2 ᮇࠊ࣭࣭࣭ࡢ GDP ࡢ᥎⛣ࢆ⟬ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ࢖ࣥࣂ࢘ࣥࢻ
ᾘ㈝ࡢ⤒῭ຠᯝࢆࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2.3 ྛࣔࢹࣝࡢ㝈⏺
ࡇࡇࡲ࡛࡛ほගࡀ⤒῭࡟ཬࡰࡍຠᯝࢆ᥎ィࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟฼⏝࡛ࡁࡿࣔࢹࣝࢆ 3 ࡘ⤂௓ࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢࣔࢹࣝࡣ㛗ᡤ࡜▷ᡤࢆ࠶ࢃࡏࡶࡘࠋࢣ࢖ࣥࢬὶࡢ஌ᩘࣔࢹࣝࡣࣔࢹࣝࡢᵓ㐀ࡀẚ
㍑ⓗࢩࣥࣉ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺฼Ⅼࡀ࠶ࡿ୍᪉ࠊ⌧ᐇୡ⏺࡟࠾ࡅࡿ」㞧࡞⏘ᴗᵓ㐀➼ࢆ↓どࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡸ࣑ࢡࣟⓗᇶ♏ࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡞࡝ࡀḞ㝗࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
ḟ࡟ࠊ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵ࣔࢹࣝࡣ⏘ᴗ㛫ࡢ┦஫౫Ꮡ㛵ಀࢆ᫂♧ⓗ࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࢇࡔࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡋࡓ
ࡀࡗ࡚ࡼࡾ⌧ᐇጇᙜᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ᥎ィ⤖ᯝࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝศᯒࡍࡿ㝿ࡢ๓ᥦ࡜࡞ࡿ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲ࡢ᭦᪂㢖ᗘࡀ 5 ᖺ࡟୍ᅇ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࢱ࢖
࣒࣮ࣜ࡞ศᯒࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸Ⅼࠊ౯᱁ࢆ୍ᐃ࡜ࡍࡿ㸦࡞࠸ࡋ౯᱁ኚ໬ࢆ↓どࡍࡿ㸧ࡓࡵ౯᱁ㄪ
ᩚ࡟ࡼࡿຠ⋡ⓗ࡞㈨※㓄ศࡢᐇ⌧ࡀ⪃៖ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ⅬࡀḞⅬ࡜ࡋ࡚ᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿ 5ࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡔࡀࠊ౯᱁ࡢኚ໬ࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡀ࡛ࡁ
ࡿⅬ࡛⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡼࡾඃࢀࡓศᯒᡭἲ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊ⤒῭ࣔࢹࣝࡢ࣑ࢡࣟⓗᇶ♏ࡀ࡞࠸ࠊ⏘ᴗࡢ┦஫౫Ꮡ㛵ಀࡀ↓どࡉࢀࡿࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᨻ⟇࣮ࣝࣝࡢኚ᭦ࡀࣔ
ࢹࣝෆࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࢆኚ໬ࡉࡏᨻ⟇ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡀᦆ࡞ࢃࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜࠸ࡗ
Zhou et al. (1997)ࡣࠊࣁ࣡࢖࡛ࡢほග㟂せࡢపୗࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ⤒῭ຠᯝࢆࠊCGE㸦ᛂ⏝୍⯡ᆒ⾮㸧ࣔࢹࣝศᯒ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿ⤖ᯝ࡜⏘ᴗ㐃㛵ࣔࢹࣝ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿ⤖ᯝࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿᙧ࡛ࠊ
ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵ࣔࢹࣝ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿ⤖ᯝࡀ CGE ࣔࢹࣝ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢࡼࡾࡶ⤒῭ຠᯝࡀ኱ࡁࡃ᥎ィࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆⓎぢࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊZhou et al. (1997)ࡣࠊ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣ౯᱁ୖ᪼࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡌࡿᐇ㉁ᡤᚓࡢῶᑡ࡞࡝ࡢ㈇ࡢຠᯝࡀ⪃៖ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ⤒῭ຠᯝࡀ㐣኱ホ౯ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

5

4

ࡓⅬ࡛㝈⏺ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ 6ࠋ㸱㸬ᛂ⏝୍⯡ᆒ⾮㸦CGE㸧ࣔࢹࣝ๓⠇ࡢ᭱ᚋ࡟㏙࡭ࡓ㏻ࡾࠊࡇࡇࡲ࡛⤂௓ࡋࡓࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡢほගࡢ⤒῭ຠᯝ᥎ィ࡟ࡣၥ㢟ࡀṧࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢၥ㢟ࢆᅇ㑊ࡋࡓศᯒᡭἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᛂ⏝୍⯡ᆒ⾮ࣔࢹࣝ㸦Computable General
Equilibrium Model㸧ࢆᥦ♧ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋᛂ⏝୍⯡ᆒ⾮ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࠊ㈈࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡸ⏕⏘せ⣲ࡢᕷሙࡀࣔࢹࣝ࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀࠊࡇࢀ
ࡽࡢᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚౯᱁ࡸᩘ㔞ࡀྠ᫬ⓗ࡟Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ
࣒ࡀࣔࢹࣝෆ࡛᫂♧ⓗ࡟⪃៖ࡉࢀࡿࠋࣔࢹࣝෆ࡛ࡣࠊᐙィࠊ⏕⏘⪅ࠊᨻᗓࠊᾏእ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ」ᩘࡢ⤒῭୺యࡢ⾜ືࡀ࣑ࢡࣟⓗᇶ♏࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡁᐃᘧ໬ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ㈈࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡸ
⏕⏘せ⣲ࡢ౯᱁ࡀࣔࢹࣝෆ࡛㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍ 7ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ㐃❧᪉⛬ᘧయ⣔࡟࠾ࡅࡿྛࣃ
࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡣࠊ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵⾲ࢆࡶ࡜࡟సᡂࡉࢀࡓ♫఍఍ィ⾲࠿ࡽ࢝ࣜࣈ࣮ࣞࢺࡉࢀࡿ 8ࠋࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྛ୺యࡢ⾜ືࡣ௨ୗࡢᇶ‽࡛ᐃᘧ໬ࡉࢀࡿࠋ➨୍࡟ࠊᐙィࡣண⟬ไ⣙ࡢࡶ࡜ຠ⏝ࢆ᭱኱໬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟㈈࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᾘ㈝ࡍࡿࠋ➨஧࡟ࠊ⏕⏘⪅㸦௻ᴗ㸧ࡣ㈨ᮏࡸ
ປാ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⏕⏘せ⣲࡜୰㛫ᢞධ≀ࢆ⏝࠸࡚฼₶ࢆ᭱኱໬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺㈈࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿ 9ࠋ➨୕࡟ࠊᨻᗓࡣ⛯཰ࢆ㈈※࡜ࡋ࡚ᨻᗓᨭฟ࡜බඹᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊ㍺ฟ㈈ࡣྑୗ
ࡀࡾࡢ㟂せ᭤⥺࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿࠊゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤᾏእ㒊㛛ࡢ㍺ฟ㈈࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㟂せࡣ㍺ฟ㈈࡟ᑐࡍ
ࡿ㟂せࡢ౯᱁ᙎຊᛶ࡜㈇ࡢ┦㛵ࢆࡶࡘ 10ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓྛ⤒῭୺యࡢ୺యᆒ⾮ࡢࡶ࡜ࠊ౯᱁ࡀ㈈࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡸ⏕⏘せ⣲ࡢ㟂⤥ࢆㄪᩚࡋ࡞ࡀࡽᕷሙࡢ୍⯡ᆒ⾮ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ᕷሙࡢ୍⯡ᆒ⾮య⣔ࡣ౛࠼ࡤḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲ࡉࢀࡿ 11ࠋ⏕⏘㒊㛛6᭱ᚋ࡟ᣲࡆࡓၥ㢟Ⅼࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕᨻ⟇࣮ࣝࣝࡢኚ᭦ࡀࣔࢹࣝෆࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࢆኚ໬ࡉࡏᨻ
⟇ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡀᦆ࡞ࢃࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸ࠊ⤒῭ࣔࢹࣝࡢጇᙜᛶࡀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠖⅬࡣࠊ࣮ࣝ࢝ࢫᢈุ࡜ࡋ࡚᭷ྡ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣮ࣝ࢝ࢫᢈุ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊLucas (1976)ࢆཧ↷ࡢࡇ࡜ࠋ
7 ௨ୖࡢ CGE ࣔࢹࣝࡢᴫほࡣ Fernand (2015)ࢆཧ⪃࡟ࡋࡓࠋ
8 ࡇࡇ࡛౑ࢃࢀࡓ࢝ࣜࣈ࣮ࣞࢺ
㸦calibrate㸧࡜࠸࠺༢ㄒࡣ⣽Ụ௚ (2004)࡟ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ືᏛⓗ୍⯡ᆒ⾮㸦DSGE㸧ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡼࡿᨻ⟇ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡞࡝࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ࢝ࣜࣈ࣮ࣞ
ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡣࠕᨻ⟇࣮ࣝࣝࡢኚ᭦࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ኚ໬ࡋ࡞࠸ࢹ࢕࣮ࣉࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡟ᩘ್
ࢆࢭࢵࢺࡋࠊ⤒῭ኚᩘࡢኚ໬ࡢ᥎⛣ࢆホ౯ࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡ࢆࡶࡘࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡢព
࿡࡛ࡢ࢝ࣜࣈ࣮ࣞࢺࡣࠊᮏᩥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢝ࣜࣈ࣮ࣞࢺ࡜ࡣព࿡ࡀ␗࡞ࡿࠋ
9 ௻ᴗ⾜ື࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ௚࡟ࢮࣟ฼₶᮲௳ࡀ௬ᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ௻ᴗࡣᆒ⾮࡟࠾࠸࡚ṇᖖ฼₶௨ୖࡢ㉸㐣฼₶ࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ᏶඲➇த⤒῭ࢆ᝿ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ṇᙜ໬ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
10 ௨ୖࡢྛ୺యࡢ⾜ື࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊFernand (2015, p.73)ࢆཧ⪃࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
11 ௨ୗ࡛♧ࡍࣔࢹࣝࡢ౛ࡣ㇂ཱྀ (2013)࠿ࡽᘬ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
5

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ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊほග㟂せࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ⤒῭ຠᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ศᯒᡭἲࢆᴫほࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࢣ࢖ࣥࢬὶࡢ஌ᩘࣔࢹࣝࠊ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵ࣔࢹࣝࠊ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ࣔࢹࣝࠊᛂ⏝୍⯡ᆒ
⾮ࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸ࡓศᯒ᪉ἲࡀ⤂௓ࡉࢀࠊᛂ⏝୍⯡ᆒ⾮ࣔࢹࣝࡢ⤒῭ࣔࢹࣝࡢ୍ࡘࡢ౛ࡀ㇂
ཱྀ (2013)࡟ೌࡗ࡚♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ௨ୖ࡛ᣲࡆࡓྛࣔࢹࣝศᯒࡣ୍㛗୍▷ࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ➹⪅ࡣࠊᛂ⏝୍⯡ᆒ⾮ࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸ࡓศᯒࡇࡑࡀḞⅬࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ᭱ࡶ⌧ᐇጇᙜᛶࢆࡶࡘศᯒᡭἲࡔ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲ࡣᐇ㝿࡟ᛂ⏝୍⯡ᆒ⾮ࣔࢹࣝࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࡋࡓᨻ⟇ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ㥑౑ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ
⮳ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᛂ⏝୍⯡ᆒ⾮ࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ♫఍఍ィ⾲ࡢసᡂࠊ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ᚓࡽࢀࡓࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡢࡶ࡜࡛ほග㟂せ࡟ࢩࣙࢵࢡࡀ⏕ࡌࡓሙྜࡢࢩ
࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡀ➹⪅ࡢ௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ୍ᅜ඲యࢆᑐ㇟࡟ࡋࡓᛂ⏝୍⯡ᆒ⾮ࣔࢹࣝࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᆅᇦ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᛂ⏝୍⯡ᆒ⾮ࣔࢹࣝࡶ㛤Ⓨࡉࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊNaqvi
and Peter (1996)࡛ࡣ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࡢ 6 ࡘࡢᕞ࡜ 2 ࡘࡢ‽ᕞࢆ᫂♧ⓗ࡟༊ศࡋࠊ࠶ࡿᨻ⟇ࡀྛᕞ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤒῭ⓗᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࠿ࡀ◊✲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࡣ᪥
ᮏࢆᑐ㇟࡟ࡋࡓศᯒ࡛ࡶᛂ⏝࡛ࡁࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࣔࢹࣝࡢ㛤Ⓨࢆ➹⪅ࡢ௒ᚋࡢ◊✲ࢸ࣮࣐࡜ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩Fernand G.W.J.S. (2015) “Tourism in Sri Lanka and a Computable General Equilibrium(CGE) Analysis of the Effects of Post-War Tourism Boom,” Ph.D. Thesis, Griffith
University, Australia.
Lucas, R.E.Jr. (1976), “Econometric Policy Evaluation: A Critique,” In Karl Brunner andAllan H. Meltzer, eds., The Phillips Curve and Labor Markets, Amsterdam:
North-Holland, pp. 19-46.
Nagahara T. (2017) “A Review of Economic Impacts of Tourism: Touring Multiplier
Modeling,” presented in the 16th International Conference of JEPA.
7

Naqvi, F. and Peter, M.W. (1996) “A Multiregional, Multisectoral Model of theAustralian Economy with an Illustrative Application,” Australian Economic Papers,
35, pp.94-113.
Zhou, D., J.F. Yanagida, U. Chakravorty and P. Leung (1997) “Estimating Economic
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ᑠἑ೺ᕷ (2003)ࠕࢃࡀᅜࡢᆅ᪉⛯ไᗘࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓほගᡤᚓ஌ᩘࡢࣔࢹࣝ໬࡜ࡑࡢᨻ⟇ྵពࠖࠗ❧ᩍ኱ᏛほගᏛ㒊⣖せ࠘➨ 5 ྕࠊ47㸫54 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸬㇂ཱྀ᫛ᙪ (2013)ࠕ᪥ᮏほගࢧࢸࣛ࢖ࢺ຺ᐃࡢ SAM ᵓ⠏࡜ CGE ศᯒࠖࠗ⎔ቃ࡜⤒Ⴀ࠘➨ 19
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終了
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（１）ものづくりの事例（２）内装工事の事例
入院介護支援者

開始

家事支援者
入院支援タスク

入院中の留守宅
メンテナンスタスク

入院中のペット
サービスタスク

入院中のコンシェ
ルジェサービスタスク

入院中生活支援者
退院支援
タスク
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終了

退院介護支援者（３）高齢者の入院支援の事例
図４­１

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図４­３

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ョンの秘匿集合の保管

取引認証局
S_key：秘密鍵
P_key：公開鍵

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認証局の
公開鍵

encode[P_key](A)Hash(encode[P_key](A))＋公開鍵基盤(PKI)

取引の唯一性や取引の始点などの監査要
求

認証局の
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P_key

P_key

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監査証明
データ

認証局の秘密鍵（電子書名）

S_key

実物簿記
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Gunma University, Faculty of Social and Information Studies, 4-2 Aramaki-machi, Maebashi,
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2
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[1]Bettencourt, Luís MA, et al. "Growth,
innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities."
Proceedings of the national academy of sciences
104.17 (2007): 7301-7306.
[2] Kawahata, Yasuko, Takayuki Mizuno, andAkira Ishii. "Measurement of human activity
using velocity GPS data obtained from mobile
phones." arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.04301 (2017).

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24.9㸣࡜඲ᅜᖹᆒ࡛࠶ࡿ 26.7㸣ࢆୗᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ2030 ᖺ㡭࡟ࡣ඲ᅜᖹᆒࢆ
ୖᅇࡾࠊ㧗㱋໬ࡀᛴ㏿࡟㐍⾜ࡍࡿ࡜ண ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋேཱྀࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᮐᖠ
ᕷ࡛ࡍࡽࠊ10 ᖺ௨ୖ๓࠿ࡽ⏕⏘ᖺ㱋ேཱྀࡀῶᑡࡋࠊ⏕⏘ᖺ㱋ேཱྀࡢ☜ಖࡀㄢ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮐᖠᕷ࠾ࡼࡧᮐᖠᅪࢆ㝖ࡃ໭ᾏ㐨ࡢᕷ⏫ᮧ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
⏕⏘ᖺ㱋ேཱྀࡢῶᑡࡢᢚไࡀᛴົ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣゝ࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋ
ேཱྀῶᑡ࡬ࡢᑐ⟇ࡣ 2 ࡘ࡟኱ูࡉࢀࡿࠋ୍ࡘࡣฟ⏕⋡ࢆୖࡆࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡣᆅᇦ࠿ࡽࡢேཱྀὶฟ㸦㌿ฟ㉸㐣㸧ࢆྍ⬟࡞㝈ࡾᢚไࡋࠊྍ⬟࡛࠶ࢀࡤ཯㌿ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊᚋ⪅ࡢᑐ⟇࡟↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚࡚⪃ᐹࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࠋⱝ⪅ࡀᆅᇦ࡟␃ࡲࡾࠊ⏕⏘ᖺ㱋ேཱྀࡢῶᑡࢆ㣗࠸Ṇࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ໭ᾏ㐨ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ᪥ᮏ඲ᅜࡢ㐣␯࡟ᝎࡴᆅᇦ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢႚ⥭ࡢㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ
ⱝ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᐃఫࡋࡓ࠸ᆅᇦࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞᮲௳ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡉࢀ
1࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡑࡢᡭࡀ࠿ࡾ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ໭ᾏ㐨ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ 1◊✲఍ࡀᖹᡂ 25 ᖺ࡟ᐇ᪋ࡋࡓࠕⱝ⪅࡜ᆅᇦࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࠖ
㸦௨ୗⱝ⪅ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ
ㄪᰝ㸧ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ⏝࠸࡚⪃ᐹࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡃࠋⱝ⪅ࢆ୰Ꮫ⏕࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ኱Ꮫ⏕࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃ㧗ᰯ⏕ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊᑵ⫋ࡸ㐍Ꮫࢆዎᶵ࡜ࡋ࡚ᆅᇦࢆ㞳ࢀࡿ㑅ᢥ࡟㏕ࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ㝿ࡢุ᩿ᮦᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚ఱࢆ㔜どࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࢔ࣥ
ࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝ࠿ࡽㄞࡳゎࡃࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢᒃఫᆅ㑅ᢥ⾜ືࡀぢ࠼࡚ࡃࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
➹⪅ࡣࠊྜྷᆅ㸦2016㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚໭ᾏ㐨ࡢ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢᒃఫᆅ㑅ᢥ⾜ືࢆ⤒῭つᶍࠊ㒔ᕷつᶍࠊࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ 3 せ⣲࠿ࡽศᯒࡋࡓࠋᒃఫᆅࡢ⤒῭つᶍࡸ㒔ᕷつᶍࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠊ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊᐃఫពྥࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࢹ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡇࡢ஧ࡘࡢせᅉࡔࡅ࡛ࡣㄝ᫂
࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㒊ศࡣࠊᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿேࠎࡢ㛵ಀᛶࢆ⾲ࡍࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ࡟
ࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝࢆ❧࡚ࠊࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ⵳✚࡜ᐃఫពྥࡢ㛵ಀࢆ㧗ᰯẖ࡟ศᯒࡋࠊࡑࡢ௬ㄝࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊྜྷᆅ㸦2016㸧ࡢㄽ⪃ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࠊ໭ᾏ㐨ࡢ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢᒃఫᆅ㑅ᢥ⾜ື࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᭦࡟ヲ⣽࡞ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
1 ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝᴫᛕࡢ࠶࠸ࡲ࠸ࡉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊከࡃࡢㄽᩥ࡛ᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ

ࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣᐃ⩏ࠊ௜ຍ౯್ࠊ ᐃࠊᅉᯝ㛵ಀࠊᨻ⟇ᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ࠶࠸ࡲ࠸ࡉࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋᐇ㝿࡟ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢᐃ⩏ࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜ࠊㄽ⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡀࠊ
࣑ࢡࣟ㸫࣐ࢡࣟ㍈࡜♫఍ᵓ㐀㸫౯್㍈ࡢ஧㍈࡛ศ㢮ࡍࡿ࡜࠾࠾ࡼࡑ୕ࡘࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡟ศ
㢮ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸦✄ⴥ 2005ࠊ2014: 8㸧
ࠋࡇࡇ࡛࣑ࢡࣟࡣಶே㛫ࠊ࣐ࢡࣟࡣ♫఍඲⯡ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ♫఍ᵓ㐀ࡣಶேࡸࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢᣢࡘࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᵓ㐀ࠊ౯್ࡣಙ㢗ࡸつ⠊ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢศ㢮࡛ࡣࠊ♫఍඲⯡ࡢಙ㢗࣭つ⠊ࢆࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ࡜఩⨨࡙ࡅࡿሙྜࡣࠊ
ࠕබඹ㈈ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࠋಶே㛫ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᵓ㐀ࢆࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕ
ࣆࢱࣝ࡜఩⨨࡙ࡅࡿሙྜࡣࠊ
ࠕ⚾ⓗ㈈ࠖ㸦ಶே㛫ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢ
஧ࡘࡢ㈈ࡢ୰㛫ࢆࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ࡜఩⨨࡙ࡅࡿሙྜࡣࠊࢡࣛࣈ㈈㸦‽බඹ㈈ ≉ᐃࡢಶே㛫࣭ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡛ࡢಙ㢗࣭つ⠊㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡍ࡭࡚ࢆྵࡵ࡚ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ
࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡍࡿㄽ⪅ࡶ࠾ࡾࠊ✄ⴥ㸦2005ࠊ2008㸧ࡢᐃ⩏ࡶࠕᚰࡢእ㒊ᛶࢆకࡗࡓಙ
㢗ࠊ஫㓘ᛶࡢつ⠊ࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࠖ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ୕ࡘࡢ␗࡞ࡿ㈈ࢆໟྵࡍࡿᐃ⩏࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊⱝ⪅ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾㄪᰝ࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡍࡿࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡶ୕ࡘࡢ
␗࡞ࡿ㈈ࢆໟྵࡍࡿᐃ⩏࡜࡞ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢලయⓗ࡞ᵓᡂせ⣲ࡣࠊⱝ⪅ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾㄪᰝ࠿ࡽࠊၥ 13 ࡢ㸦㸯㸧୍⯡ⓗಙ㢗ࠊ㸦㸰㸧㏆ᡤࡢಙ㢗㸦≉ᐃ໬ಙ㢗㸧ࠊ
ၥ 14 ࡢ∗ࠊẕࠊ♽∗ࠊ♽ẕࠊぶᡉࠊ཭ேࠊ㏆㞄ࡢேࠊᏛᰯࡢඛ⏕࡟ᑐࡍࡿぶᐦᗘࠊၥ 15ࡢ㸦㸯㸧ࢫ࣏࣮ࢶࠊ࢔࢘ࢺࢻ࢔࡬ࡢཧຍࠊ㸦㸰㸧࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔άື࡬ࡢཧຍࠊ
㸦㸱㸧Ꮫᰯࡢ
ࢡࣛࣈ࡬ࡢཧຍࠊ
㸦㸲㸧㊃࿡㛵ಀ࡬ࡢཧຍࠊ࡛⾲ࡉࢀࡿᆅᇦάືཧຍᣦᶆࠊၥ 16 ࡢぶࡋࡃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ཭ேᩘࠊ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿࠋၥ 13 ࡢ㸦㸯㸧ࡣࠕබඹ㈈ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢഃ㠃ࠊၥ 13 ࡢ㸦㸰㸧ࠊၥ 14ࠊၥ 15ࠊၥ 16 ࡣࠕ⚾ⓗ㈈ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢഃ㠃ࢆᣢࡘࠋศᯒࡢ㝿࡟ࡣྛ㧗ᰯࡶࡋࡃࡣศᯒ
┠ⓗ࡟ἢࡗࡓ㞟ィࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡓࡵࠕ⚾ⓗ㈈ࠖࡶࠕ㞟ྜ㈈ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢഃ㠃ࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
≉࡟ᮏ✏ࡢศᯒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠕ㞟ྜ㈈ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ⵳✚ࡀᐃఫពྥ
࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢศᯒࡀ୰ᚰ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
2ᮏ✏ࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢᵓᡂ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➨ 1 ⠇࡛໭ᾏ㐨ࡢ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢ㐍㊰ពྥࡢ≉ᚩ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᑵ⫋࡜㐍Ꮫࡢഃ㠃࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋ➨ 2 ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ໭ᾏ㐨ࡢ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢᐃఫពྥࢆ⤒῭つᶍ㸦ᖹᆒᡤᚓ㸧࡜㒔ᕷつᶍࡢഃ㠃࠿ࡽ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ➨ 3 ⠇࡛ࡣࠊᮏ✏࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢᵓᡂせ⣲ࢆ♧ࡋࠊᐃఫពྥ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࡜ᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࡀࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ⵳✚࡜࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛵ಀࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࢆᶆⲔ㧗ᰯ࡜⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࢆẚ㍑ࡋ࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ➨ 4 ⠇࡛ࡣࠊᐃఫពྥࡀᐃఫᐇ⌧࡬࡜⧅ࡀࡿྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᆅᇦࡢ㞠⏝᝟ໃࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼
᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࠋࡴࡍࡧ࡟࠿࠼࡚࡛ࡣࠊ໭ᾏ㐨ࡢ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢᐃఫពྥࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡞᮲௳࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋ
㸯໭ᾏ㐨ࡢ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢ㐍㊰ពྥ᭱ึ࡟໭ᾏ㐨ࡢ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢ㐍㊰ពྥࡢ≉ᚩ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ぢ࡚࠸ࡃࠋᅗ⾲ 1 ࡣ᪂つ㧗༞ồ⫋ືྥㄪᰝࡢ⤖ᯝࢆࢢࣛࣇ࡛♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ໭ᾏ㐨ࡢ኱Ꮫ㐍Ꮫ⋡ࡣ඲ᅜᖹᆒ࡜ẚ࡭ 10 ࣏࢖ࣥࢺ࡯࡝పࡃࠊୖ᪼ഴྥࡶぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓᑓ㛛Ꮫᰯ㐍Ꮫ⋡ཬࡧᑵ⫋⋡ࡣ඲ᅜᖹᆒࡼࡾࡶ㧗࠸ࠋ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢ 5 ே࡟ 1 ேࡣᑵ⫋ࡋࠊᑓ㛛Ꮫ
ᰯ࡬ࡣ 5 ே࡟㸯ேࡀ㐍Ꮫࡋࠊ኱Ꮫ࡬ࡣ 5 ே࡟ 2 ேࡀ㐍Ꮫࡍࡿ࢖࣓࣮ࢪ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
௚ᗓ┴࡜ẚ࡭ࠊ㐍Ꮫ⋡ࡀపࡃࠊᑵ⫋⋡ࡀ㧗࠸≉ᚩࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋ
ᅗ⾲ 2 ࡣⱝ⪅ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾㄪᰝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ㐍㊰ᕼᮃㄪᰝࢆ㧗ᰯู࡟ศ㢮ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋྜィ್ࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊᑵ⫋ᕼᮃࡣ 30.8㸣ࠊ㐍Ꮫᕼᮃࡣ 57.0㸣ࠊุ᩿ಖ␃ࡀ
12.2㸣࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅗ⾲ 1 ࡢᖹᡂ 27 ᖺ༞ 2ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᑵ⫋ᕼᮃࡣ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺᑐ㇟ᰯࡢ᪉ࡀ 8 ࣏࢖ࣥࢺ࡯࡝㧗࠸ࠋ㐍Ꮫᕼᮃࡣࠊ኱Ꮫ㐍Ꮫᕼᮃ 43.8㸣
࡟ᑓ㛛Ꮫᰯ㐍Ꮫᕼᮃ 18.4㸣ࢆྜ⟬ࡋࡓ 62.2㸣ࡼࡾࡶ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺᑐ㇟ᰯࡢ᪉ࡀ
5.2 ࣏࢖ࣥࢺ࡯࡝ప࠸ࠋࡘࡲࡾ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺᑐ㇟ᰯࡣࠊࡸࡸᑵ⫋ᚿྥࡀ㧗ࡃࠊ㐍Ꮫᚿྥࡀప࠸ࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞೫ࡾࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ඲㐨ࡢᆅᇦ࡜ᬑ㏻⛉ࡸᑓ㛛ᩍ⫱Ꮫ⛉ࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚ᆅᇦࢆ㑅ᐃࡋࡓࡇ࡜
࡟ࡼࡿࡀࠊ㐍㊰ᕼᮃ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ඲㐨ᖹᆒ࡟㏆࠸ᵓᡂ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ೫ࡾ
ࡀㄪᰝࡢ౯್ࢆῶࡎࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
ᅗ⾲ 3 ࡣồ⫋ືྥㄪᰝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࠊᑵ⫋ෆᐃ⪅࡟༨ࡵࡿ㐨ෆᑵ⫋⪅ࡢ๭ྜ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋᑵ⫋ᕼᮃ⪅ࡢ࠺ࡕ 90㸣௨ୖࡀ㐨ෆ࡟ᑵ⫋ࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆᣢࡗ࡚໭ᾏ㐨ࡢ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡣᆅඖᚿྥ(ᐃఫពྥ)ࡀᙉ࠸࡜ゝࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ໭ᾏ㐨ࡣᮾ໭භ┴࡜᪂₲┴ࢆྜࢃࡏࡓ኱ࡁࡉࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ㐨ෆ࡟」ᩘࡢ┴ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࢀࡤࠊ┦ᙜᩘࡢ┴እᑵ⫋⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚㒔ᗓ┴࡜ẚ࡭࡚ࠊ┴ෆ㸦㐨ෆ㸧ᑵ⫋⋡ࡀ㧗࠸࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇࡣࠊ༢⣧࡟௚┴࡜ẚ㍑࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ
㋃ࡲ࠼࡚࠾ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㹼ᖺ༞ࡣㄪᰝ᫬Ⅼ࡛༞ᴗணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤ 27 ᖺ༞ࡣ 27 ᖺᗘ࡟༞ᴗண
ᐃࡢ㧗ᰯ⏕ࢆᣦࡋࠊ༞ᴗ௨๓࡟࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ࡟ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚ࡶࡽࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

2

3

ᅗ⾲ 4 ࡣၥ 3 3࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊᑵ⫋ᕼᮃᆅࢆ㧗ᰯྡ࡛ศ㢮ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྜィ್࡛ࡳࡿ࡜ᆅඖࡢ⫋ሙࢆᕼᮃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢ๭ྜࡣࠊ38.6㸣࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㐨ෆࡢ⫋ሙࢆᕼᮃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢ๭ྜ࡜ྜ⟬ࡍࡿ࡜ 89.2㸣࡜࡞ࡾࠊᑵ⫋ෆᐃ⪅࡟༨ࡵࡿ㐨ෆᑵ⫋ẚ⋡࡟࡯ࡰྜ⮴ࡍࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ඲ᅜࡢ㧗ᰯ⏕┴ෆᑵ⫋⋡ࡣ⣙ 80㸣⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ໭ᾏ㐨ࡶᖹᆒⓗ࡞┴㠃✚㸦8,040 ᖹ᪉࣓࣮࢟ࣟࢺࣝ㸧࡟ 10 ศ๭ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢቃ⏺⥺ࢆ㉺࠼ࡿ࡜┴እᑵ⫋࡜ぢ࡞ࡍ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ┴ෆᑵ⫋⋡ࡣ᭱ప 38.6㸣࠿ࡽ 89.2㸣ࡢ㛫࡛Ỵࡲࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࡣ඲ᅜᖹᆒࢆୗᅇ
ࡿ࡜ண᝿ࡉࢀࡿࠋᩘ್࠿ࡽぢ࠼ࡿ㐨ෆᑵ⫋⋡ࡢ㧗ࡉࡀࠊປാຊࡢᆅᇦ㛫⛣ືࡀᑠࡉ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟␃ពࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ᪂つ㧗༞ồ⫋ືྥㄪᰝ䛾⤖ᯝ
50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

17ᖺ 18ᖺ 19ᖺ 20ᖺ 21ᖺ 22ᖺ 23ᖺ 24ᖺ 25ᖺ 26ᖺ 27ᖺ
3༞ 3༞ 3༞ 3༞ 3༞ 3༞ 3༞ 3༞ 3༞ 3༞ 3༞኱Ꮫ㐍Ꮫᕼᮃ⋡44.2 45.6 46.4 45 44.6 45.2 45.4 45.1 45.4 42.9 43.8
ᑓ㛛Ꮫᰯ➼㐍Ꮫᕼᮃ⋡ 24 24 23.2 20.6 18.4 18.5 19.1 18.8 18.1 19 18.4
ᑵ⫋ᕼᮃ⋡
24.9 23.9 23.8 22.5 22.2 20.9 21.2 21.3 22.5 22.1 22.1

ᅗ⾲ 1 ኱Ꮫࠊᑓ㛛Ꮫᰯ➼ࠊᑵ⫋ᕼᮃ⋡タ䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷ၥ㻝䚷௙஦䛻䛴䛝䛯䛔䠎䚷㐍Ꮫ䛧䛯䛔
㻟䚷ุ᩿␃ಖ
䚷ィฟᡤ㸸ཌ⏕ປാ┬໭ᾏ㐨ປാᒁࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂ୕➟ ᮐᖠᡭ✄ ኱㇂ᐊ⹒ ᾆἙ ኈู⩧㞼 ⛶ෆ ⥙㉮᱇㝧 ᖏᗈ㎰ᴗ 㮵㏣

ᶆⲔ

୰ᶆὠ

ྜ䚷䚷ィ

57.0
1.7 33.3 34.5 22.8 36.1 45.0 62.7 18.2 50.0 28.1
38.0 75.6 59.8 63.7 66.2 52.0 47.3 29.7 65.3 50.0 55.1
5.1 22.8
6.8
1.8 11.0 11.9
7.8
7.6 16.5
0.0 16.9
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

30.8
57.0
12.2
100.0

ᅗ⾲ 2 㧗ᰯู㐍㊰ᕼᮃ 㸦༢఩㸣㸧 ฟᡤ㸸ⱝ⪅ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂ

ၥ 3 ࠶࡞ࡓࡣ㧗ᰯࢆ༞ᴗᚋࠊ࠸ࡲࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㐍㊰ࢆᮃࢇ࡛࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ1 ௙஦࡟ࡘࡁࡓ࠸ 㸦a ᐙᴗࢆ⥅ࡄ b ᆅඖࡢ⫋ሙ c 㐨ෆࡢ⫋ሙ d 㐨እࡢ⫋ሙ㸧 2 㐍Ꮫࡋࡓ࠸ 㸦a ᆅඖ࡛ࡢ㐍Ꮫ b 㐨ෆ࡛ࡢ㐍Ꮫ c 㐨እ࡛ࡢ㐍Ꮫ㸧

34

ᅗ⾲ 3 ᑵ⫋ෆᐃ⪅࡟༨ࡵࡿ㐨ෆᑵ⫋⪅ẚ⋡㸦ྛᖺ 1 ᭶ᮎ⌧ᅾ㸧ฟᡤ㸸ཌ⏕ປാ┬໭ᾏ㐨ປാᒁタ䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷ၥ䚷䚷䠽䚷ᐙᴗ䜢⥅䛠䚷䚷䠾䚷ᆅඖ䛾⫋ሙ䚷䚷䠿䚷㐨ෆ䛾⫋ሙ䚷䚷䡀䚷㐨እ䛾⫋ሙ䚷ィ୕➟ᮐᖠᡭ✄ ኱㇂ᐊ⹒

ᾆἙ

ኈู⩧㞼

⛶ෆ

⥙㉮᱇㝧 ᖏᗈ㎰ᴗ

㮵㏣

ᶆⲔ

୰ᶆὠ

ྜ䚷䚷ィ

0.0
20.0
62.0
18.0
100.0

2.7
10.8
66.2
20.3
100.0

0.0
56.1
43.9
0.0
100.0

2.0
16.3
73.5
8.2
100.0

2.0
35.7
54.1
8.2
100.0

4.2
54.9
36.6
4.2
100.0

3.0
20.9
56.7
19.4
100.0

3.2
45.2
38.7
12.9
100.0

5.0
30.0
56.3
8.8
100.0

5.2
32.9
51.5
10.4
100.0

3.7
50.0
31.5
14.8
100.0

16.5
33.1
45.1
5.3
100.0

ᅗ⾲ 4 㧗ᰯูᑵ⫋ᕼᮃᆅ㸦༢఩㸣㸧ฟᡤ㸸ⱝ⪅ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂタ䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷ၥ䚷䚷䠽䚷ᆅඖ䛷䛾㐍Ꮫ䚷䚷䠾䚷㐨ෆ䛷䛾㐍Ꮫ䚷䚷䠿䚷㐨እ䛷䛾㐍Ꮫ䚷ィ୕➟ᮐᖠᡭ✄ ኱㇂ᐊ⹒

ᾆἙ

ኈู⩧㞼

⛶ෆ

⥙㉮᱇㝧 ᖏᗈ㎰ᴗ

㮵㏣

ᶆⲔ

୰ᶆὠ

ྜ䚷䚷ィ

14.7
58.8
26.5
100.0

13.7
67.9
18.4
100.0

2.7
91.9
5.4
100.0

0.9
91.0
8.1
100.0

2.3
89.1
8.6
100.0

5.6
83.1
11.3
100.0

9.3
70.7
20.0
100.0

10.3
79.3
10.3
100.0

0.0
88.0
12.0
100.0

7.6
76.4
16.0
100.0

14.8
44.3
40.9
100.0

5.6
81.7
12.7
100.0

ᅗ⾲ 5 㧗ᰯู㐍Ꮫᕼᮃᆅ㸦༢఩㸣㸧ฟᡤ㸸ⱝ⪅ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂᅗ⾲ 5 ࡣࠊⱝ⪅ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾㄪᰝ࣭ၥ 3 ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ㐍Ꮫᕼᮃᆅࢆ㧗ᰯྡ࡛ศ㢮ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྜィ್ࡼࡾࠊᆅඖࢆ㝖ࡃ㐨ෆ࡟㐍Ꮫඛࢆồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡀ
77.6㸣ࡶ࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ୍㒊ࡢᆅᇦࢆ㝖ࡁ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ
㐍Ꮫࡢ㝿࡟ᆅᇦࢆ㞳ࢀࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㐨እ࡬ࡢ㐍Ꮫࢆ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡶ 14.9㸣࡟ࡢࡰࡾࠊ㐨እ࡬ࡢᑵ⫋ᕼᮃࡢ 10.8㸣࡜ẚ࡭ࡿ࡜㧗࠸ᩘ್࡜࡞ࡗ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ㐍㊰ࡀࡲࡔỴᐃࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸㐍㊰ᕼᮃ࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ぢ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊỴᐃ
5ࡋࡓᐇ㝿ࡢ㐍㊰࡜ࡢ୙୍⮴࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊὸᕝ(2009)ࡀヲࡋࡃㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ኱Ꮫ
➼࡬ࡢ㐍Ꮫᕼᮃࡣ඲ᅜᖹᆒ࡜ẚ࡭࡚ప࠸≧ែ࡛ࠊᕼᮃ࡜ᐇ㝿ࡢ㐍㊰ࡀ୍⮴ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦඲ධ≧ែ㸧ࠋྛ✀ᑓ㛛Ꮫᰯ࡬ࡢ㐍Ꮫࡣ㐍Ꮫᕼᮃࡼࡾࡶከ
ࡃࠊ௚ࡢ㐍㊰ᕼᮃࢆኚ᭦ࡋࡓ㝿ࡢཷࡅ─࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᑵ⫋ࢆᕼᮃࡍࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊ
௚ࡢ㐍㊰࡟ኚ᭦ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᖺࠎῶࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠾ࡾᕼᮃ࡜ᐇ㝿ࡢ㐍㊰ࡀ୍⮴ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᮏ✏࡟࠾࠸࡚᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞ၥ࠸ࡣࠊⱝ⪅ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾㄪᰝ࣭ၥ 4 4ࡀ♧ࡍᒃఫពྥ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋᮏ⠇࡛ぢ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ໭ᾏ㐨ࡢ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢከࡃࡣࠊᑵ⫋ࡸ㐍Ꮫࢆᶵ࡟ఫ
ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࠿ࡽ㞳ࢀࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠋ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊࡑࡢᆅᇦ࡛ఫࡳ⥆ࡅࡓ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓ⌮⏤ࡀఱ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࢆḟ⠇᳨࡛ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ
ᑦࠊᐃఫពྥ࡟㛵ࡍࡿඛ⾜◊✲ࡣࠊᐩỤ(1997㸧ࠊすฟ(2012)ࠊ୰ᮧ(2010)ࢆ
ᣲࡆࡿࡀࠊ⣬ᖜࡀ㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊྜྷᆅ(2016:54-56)ࢆཧ↷࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
㸰ᐃఫពྥࢆつᐃࡍࡿ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ஧ࡘࡢせ⣲㸦⤒῭つᶍࠊ㒔ᕷつᶍ㸧༢⣧࡟⪃࠼ࢀࡤࠊᒃఫᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡀ㧗ࡅࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢᆅᇦ࡛ఫࡳ
⥆ࡅࡓ࠸ᐃఫពྥࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࡜ⱝ⪅ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾㄪᰝ࣭ၥ 4 ࡢᐃఫពྥ㸦ఫࡳ⥆ࡅࡓ࠸ࠊ࡝ࡕࡽ࡜ࡶゝ࠼࡞࠸ࠊఫࡳ⥆ࡅࡓࡃ࡞࠸㸧࡜ࡢ᭷ពᕪࢆࢡࣛࢫ࣭࢛࢝ࣝ࢘ࣜࢫࡢ᳨ᐃࢆ⏝࠸࡚ㄪ࡭ࡓ㸦୕➟㧗ᰯࡣ㝖ࡃࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ౑⏝ࠋ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺᅇ⟅⪅ࡣ 1640 ྡ㸧ࠋ᳨ᐃࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡣᐃఫពྥ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᭷ពᕪࡀぢࡽࢀ㸦H 5㸻20.857㸪p<.01 6㸧ࠊከ㔜ẚ㍑ࡢ⤖ᯝ 7ࠊఫࡳ⥆ࡅࡓ࠸ேࡢ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡣࠊ࡝ࡕࡽ࡜ࡶゝ࠼࡞࠸ே(p<.05)ࠊఫࡳ⥆ࡅࡓࡃ࡞࠸ே(p<.01)ࡼࡾ᭷ព࡟㧗࠿ࡗࡓࠋ࡝ࡕࡽ࡜ࡶゝ࠼࡞࠸ேࡢ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡣࠊఫࡳ⥆ࡅࡓࡃ࡞࠸ே㸦p<.05㸧ࡼࡾ᭷ព࡟㧗࠿ࡗࡓࠋ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡀ㧗࠸࡯࡝ࠊᐃఫពྥࡶᙉࡃ࡞ࡿ┦㛵ࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋḟ࡟ࠊᆅᇦ࡟ᑐࡍࡿឡ╔࡜ᐃఫពྥ࡜ࡢ㛵㐃ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྠᵝ࡟ㄪ࡭ࡓࠋ᳨
ᐃࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᆅᇦ࡟ᑐࡍࡿឡ╔ࡣᐃఫពྥ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᭷ពᕪࡀぢࡽࢀ㸦H㸻10.805㸪
p<.05㸧ࠊከ㔜ẚ㍑ࡢ⤖ᯝࠊఫࡳ⥆ࡅࡓ࠸ேࡢឡ╔ࡣࠊ࡝ࡕࡽ࡜ࡶゝ࠼࡞࠸ே(p<.05)ࠊఫࡳ⥆ࡅࡓࡃ࡞࠸ே(p<.01)ࡼࡾ᭷ព࡟㧗࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ࡝ࡕࡽ࡜ࡶ
ゝ࠼࡞࠸ேࡢឡ╔࡜ఫࡳ⥆ࡅࡓࡃ࡞࠸ேࡢឡ╔࡟ࡣ᭷ពᕪࡀぢࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
ᆅᇦ࡟ᑐࡍࡿឡ╔ࡀᙉ࠸࡯࡝ࠊᐃఫពྥࡶᙉࡃ࡞ࡿ┦㛵ࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋ4ၥ㸲 ࠶࡞ࡓࡣࠊ⌧ᅾఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᆅᇦ㸦ᑅ⏕࣭ୗᐟ⏕ࡢሙྜࡣᐇᐙࡢ࠶ࡿሙᡤ㸧࡟ఫࡳ⥆ࡅࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ
5 H ࡣࢡࣛࢫ࣭࢛࢝ࣝ࢘ࣜࢫࡢ᳨ᐃ⤫ィ㔞ࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ
6 ᭷ព☜⋡ࡀ᭷ពỈ‽ 0.01 ࡼࡾᑠࡉ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ
7 SPSS Statistics ࢆ⏝࠸ࠊࢡࣛࢫ࣭࢛࢝ࣝ࢘ࣜࢫࡢ᳨ᐃ࡛ᖐ↓௬ㄝࢆᲠ༷࡛ࡁࡓሙྜ࡟ࢢ
࣮ࣝࣉኚᩘࡢ್ࡈ࡜࡟ࠊ࣌࢔ẖࡢẚ㍑ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࠊ᭷ព☜⋡ࢆ⟬ฟࡋ࡚ከ㔜ẚ㍑ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ6ḟ࡟ࠊ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࡜ᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠶ࡓ࠼ࡿ஦᯶࡟ࡘ࠸࡚୕ࡘࡢ௬ㄝ
ࢆ❧࡚ࡓࠋ⤒῭つᶍࠊ㒔ᕷつᶍࠊࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝつᶍ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢯ࣮ࢩ
࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᣦᶆࡢ⥲ྜ໬ࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡓࡵࠊࡲࡎ⤒῭つᶍ࡜㒔ᕷつᶍ࡜⏕ά‶㊊ᗘཬࡧᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡑࢀࡒࢀㄪ࡭ࡓࠋ
ᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࡜ᖹᆒᡤᚓ㸦⤒῭つᶍ㸧࡜ࡢ┦㛵ࢆࢡࣛࢫ࣭࢝ࣝ࢘
࢛ࣜࢫࡢ᳨ᐃࢆ⏝࠸࡚ㄪ࡭ࡓ㸦୕➟㧗ᰯࡣ㝖ࡃࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ౑⏝㸧ࠋ᳨ᐃࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡣᖹᆒᡤᚓ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᭷ពᕪࡀぢࡽࢀ㸦H㸻11.301㸪p<.01㸧ࠊከ㔜ẚ㍑
ࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᖹᆒᡤᚓࡀ 300 ୓෇௨ୖࡢᕷ⏫ᮧ࡟࠶ࡿ㧗ᰯࡢᏛ⏕ࡢ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡣࠊᖹᆒᡤᚓࡀ 280 ୓෇௨ୗ(p<.01)ࡼࡾ᭷ព࡟㧗࠿ࡗࡓࠋ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡢ㧗ࡉ࡜ᡤᚓỈ‽ࡢ㧗ࡉ࡟ࡣ┦㛵ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔࡜⤒῭つᶍ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶㄪ࡭ࡓࡀࠊ᭷ពᕪࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
ᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࡜㒔ᕷつᶍ࡜ࡢ㛵㐃ᛶࢆࢡࣛࢫ࣭࢛࢝ࣝ࢘ࣜࢫࡢ᳨
ᐃࢆ⏝࠸࡚ㄪ࡭ࡓ㸦୕➟㧗ᰯࡣ㝖ࡃࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ౑⏝㸧ࠋ᳨ᐃࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡣ
㒔ᕷつᶍ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᭷ពᕪࡀぢࡽࢀ㸦H㸻53.07㸪p<.01㸧ࠊከ㔜ẚ㍑ࡢ⤖ᯝࠊேཱྀࡀ 10 ୓ே௨ୖࡢᕷ⏫ᮧ࡟࠶ࡿ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡣࠊேཱྀࡀ 5 ୓ே௨ୗ(p<.01)ࠊ
ேཱྀࡀ 1 ୓ே௨ୗ(p<.01)ࡼࡾ᭷ព࡟㧗࠿ࡗࡓࠋ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡢ㧗ࡉ࡜㒔ᕷࡢ኱ࡁࡉ࡟ࡣ┦㛵ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔࡜⤒῭つᶍ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶㄪ࡭ࡓࡀࠊ᭷ពᕪࡣ
ぢࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡢ㧗ࡉ࡜⤒῭つᶍ࡜㒔ᕷつᶍࡣṇࡢ┦㛵ࢆᣢࡘ୍᪉࡛ࠊᆅᇦ࡬ࡢ
ឡ╔ࡢ㧗ࡉ࡜⤒῭つᶍࡸ㒔ᕷつᶍ࡟ࡣ┦㛵ࡀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ㒔ᕷつᶍࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠊ฼౽ᛶࡣቑࡋࠊࡑࡢ฼౽ᛶ࡟៿ࢀࢆᣢࡘⱝ⪅ࡣከ࠸ࠋࡇࡢⱝ⪅㐩ࢆ㒔ᕷᚿྥ࡜࿧ࡪ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ໭ᾏ㐨࡛ࡣ㐍㊰㑅ᢥࢆዎᶵ࡟ᮐᖠ
ࡸ᪫ᕝ࡞࡝ࡢ୰ᚰᕷ࡟ฟࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺㒔ᕷᚿྥࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛⤒῭ⓗ࡟㇏࠿࡞ᆅᇦ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ㞠⏝ᶵ఍ࡶᚓࡸࡍࡃࠊ㇏࠿࡞⏕άࢆ㏦ࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ
ከᑡ฼౽ᛶࡣⴠࡕ࡚ࡶࠊᆅ᪉࣭㒆㒊ࡢឡ╔ࡢ࠶ࡿᆅᇦ࡟ṧࡾࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ⱝ⪅ࡶ࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊࡲࡎᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿ 11 ᰯࡢෆࠊ୕➟㧗ᰯࡢ࠶ࡿ୕➟ᕷࢆ㝖ࡃ 10 ࡢᆅᇦࡀࠊ㒔ᕷつᶍ࡜⤒῭つᶍ࠿ࡽぢ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿ࠿ᅗ⾲ 6 ࡛♧ࡋࡓࠋ

7

ᅗ⾲ 6

⤒῭つᶍ࡜㒔ᕷつᶍฟᡤ㸸࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ➹⪅సᡂ 8

ᅗ⾲ 6 ࡢᶓ㍈ࡣㄪᰝᑐ㇟㧗ᰯࡢ࠶ࡿᕷ⏫ᮧࡢᖹᆒᡤᚓࢆ 5 ẁ㝵࡛ホ౯ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⦪㍈ࡣ㒔ᕷࡢつᶍࢆ 5 ẁ㝵࡛ホ౯ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๓㏙ࡋࡓᖹᆒᡤ
ᚓ࡜㒔ᕷつᶍ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᳨ᐃࡶࡇࡢ 5 ẁ㝵ホ౯ࢆ⏝࠸࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋࣂࣈࣝࢳ࣮ࣕ
ࢺࡢࣂࣈࣝࡢ኱ࡁࡉࡣࠊㄪᰝᑐ㇟㧗ᰯࡢᐃఫពྥࢆࠕఫࡳ⥆ࡅࡓ࠸ࠖࠊࠕ࡝ࡕࡽ
࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠖࠊ
ࠕఫࡳ⥆ࡅࡓࡃ࡞࠸ࠖࡢ㡰␒࡟ 2㸪1㸪0 Ⅼ࡟Ⅼᩘ໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢࢆྛ㧗ᰯ࡛ᖹᆒ໬ࡋࡓᩘ್࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࢆࢃ࠿ࡾࡸࡍࡃ⾲♧ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ 1 ୓ಸࡋࡓࡶ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨㝆ࠕᐃఫពྥ್ࠖ࡜࿧ࡪࠋࡇࡢᩘ್ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸࡯࡝ࠊᆅᇦ࡟ఫࡳ⥆ࡅࡓ࠸ᐃఫពྥࡀᙉ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋᖏᗈ㎰ᴗ㧗ᰯࡀ᭱ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞ࣂࣈࣝࢆᙧ
ᡂࡋࠊᮐᖠࡢᡭ✄㧗ᰯࠊ⥙㉮ࡢ⥙㉮᱇㝧㧗ᰯ࡜⥆ࡃࠋୗ࠿ࡽぢ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜୰ᶆὠ
㧗ᰯࠊኈู⩧㞼㧗ᰯࠊᾆἙ㧗ᰯࡀᑠࡉ࠸ࣂࣈࣝ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅗ⾲ 6 ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
10000 ௨ୗࡢᐃఫពྥ್ࢆࡶࡘሙྜࠊᆅඖᚿྥࡼࡾࡶ㠀ᆅඖᚿྥ㸦໭ᾏ㐨ᚿྥࠊ㒔ᕷᚿྥࠊ㐨እᚿྥ㸧ࡀᙉ࠸ᆅᇦ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ⤒῭つᶍ࠾ࡼࡧ㒔ᕷつᶍࡣࠊᐃఫ
ពྥ㸦ᆅඖᚿྥ㸧࡜┦㛵ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢつᶍࡀᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ᐃఫពྥࡣప
ࡃ࡞ࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ⤒῭つᶍ࡜㒔ᕷつᶍࡔࡅ࡛ࡣㄝ᫂ࡢࡘ࠿࡞࠸ᐃఫពྥ್ࢆᣢ
ࡘ㧗ᰯࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋᖹᆒᡤᚓࡀྠ➼ࡢ୰ࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠶ࡿ኱㇂ᐊ⹒㧗ᰯࠊ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࠊᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࡣࠊ㒔ᕷつᶍ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ࠿࡞ࡾࡢ㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ኱㇂ᐊ⹒㧗ᰯࠊ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࠊᶆⲔ㧗ᰯ࡜࠸࠺㡰␒࡛ᐃఫពྥࡢᩘ್ࡀ㧗࠸࡜ண ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣࠊᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࠊ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࠊ኱㇂ᐊ⹒㧗ᰯࠊ࡜࠸࠺㡰␒࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟⤒ྜྷᆅ(2016:59)࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅗ⾲ 2㸫8 ࡢ⛶ෆࡢᐃఫពྥ್࡟ࡣㄗグ㍕ࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ9700 ࢆ
10600 ࡜ಟṇࡋࡓࠋ88῭つᶍ࡜㒔ᕷつᶍ࡛ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸ᐃఫពྥ್ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆࠊࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱ
ࣝࡢ㐪࠸࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡇࡢⅬࡣḟ⠇᳨࡛ウࡍࡿࠋᅗ⾲ 6 ࡟グධࡋࡓ㟷ࡢ᭤⥺ࡣࠊ
ࠕᆅᇦ㏥໬ࣇࣟࣥࢸ࢕࢔᭤⥺ࠖ࡜࿧ࡪ࡭ࡁࡶ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᫂἞௨㝆ࠊ໭ᾏ㐨ࡢᆅᇦࡣᛴ㏿࡟⤒῭࣭㒔ᕷつᶍࢆᣑ኱ࡉࡏ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ᫬ィࡢ㔪ࢆᡠࡍࡼ࠺࡟ᆅᇦࡣ⦰ᑠ࣭㏥໬ࡋጞࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࣇ
ࣟࣥࢸ࢕࢔࡟࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ࡞࠾ࠊ㨩ຊⓗ࡛ఫẸࡀᐃఫࡋࡓ࠸ᆅᇦ࡜ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᮏ✏ࡢ≺࠸࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࡢᏛ⏕ࡣࠊ⤒῭つᶍࡸ㒔ᕷつᶍ࡛຾ࡿ⛶ෆࡢ㧗ᰯ⏕࡜ẚ࡭ᐃఫពྥ್ࡀ㧗࠸⌮⏤ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ
3ᐃఫពྥ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ
ᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡢ࠶ࡿ⛶ෆᕷ࡜ẚ࡭ࠊ⤒῭つᶍ㸦ᖹᆒᡤᚓ㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ
ྠ➼࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㒔ᕷつᶍ࡛ຎࡿᶆⲔ⏫࡟࠶ࡿᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࡢᐃఫពྥ್ࡀ㧗࠸⌮⏤ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋⱝ⪅ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࢆ⏝࠸ࠊ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࠊᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆẚ㍑ࡍ
ࡿࠋࡲࡎ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࠋ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡢ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘᣦᶆ㸦࡜࡚ࡶ‶㊊ࠊࡸ
ࡸ‶㊊ࡢ๭ྜࡢྜィ್㸧ࡣ 61.5%ࠊ⏕ά୙‶㊊ᗘᣦᶆ㸦ࡸࡸ୙‶ࠊ࡜࡚ࡶ୙‶ࡢ๭ྜྜィ್㸧ࡣ 17.6%࡛࠶ࡿࠋᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࡢ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘᣦᶆࡣ 62.1%ࠊ୙‶㊊ᗘᣦᶆࡣ 22.4㸣࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜୙‶㊊ᗘᣦᩘࡀప࠸⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡢ᪉ࡀ⥲ྜⓗ࡟ぢ࡚㧗࠸ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊẚ㍑ᑐ㇟ࡢ඲ 10 ᰯ୰࡛ࡣ୧ᰯ࡜ࡶ࡟࣮࣡
ࢫࢺ 3 ࡟ධࡿ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡢపࡉ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
⥆࠸࡚ࠊᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࠋ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡢᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ᣦᶆ㸦࡜࡚ࡶឡ╔ࢆឤࡌࡿࠊࡸࡸឡ╔ࢆឤࡌࡿ๭ྜࡢྜィ್㸧ࡣ 66.3㸣ࠊ㠀ឡ╔ᣦᶆ㸦ឡ╔ࢆ࠶ࡲࡾឤࡌ࡞࠸ࠊࡐࢇࡐࢇឡ╔ࢆឤࡌ࡞࠸๭ྜࡢྜィ್㸧ࡣ 15.1㸣࡛࠶ࡿࠋᶆ
Ⲕ㧗ᰯࡢឡ╔ᣦᶆࡣ 81㸣ࠊ㠀ឡ╔ᣦᶆࡣ 10.3㸣࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡣឡ╔ᣦᶆࠊ㠀ឡ╔ᣦᶆ࡜ࡶ࡟࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺᑐ㇟ᰯ୰᭱ࡶᝏ࠸ᩘ್࡛࠶ࡿࠋᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࡢ㠀ឡ╔ᣦᶆࡣᖹᆒࡼࡾࡶ㧗ࡃᝏ࠸ᩘ್࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊឡ╔ᣦᶆࡣᖹᆒࡼࡾ㧗ࡃⰋ࠸ᩘ್࡛
࠶ࡿࠋᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡀపࡃࠊ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡣ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺᑐ㇟
ᰯࡢᖹᆒⓗ࡞Ỉ‽࡛࠶ࡿࠋᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࡣࠊ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡣప࠸ࡀࠊᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࡣᖹᆒⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡣ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࠊᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࡀ࡜ࡶ࡟ప࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ྜྷᆅ㸦2016㸧ࡣࠊ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࡜ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ㛵ಀ࡟⤠ࡾࠊ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯ࡜ᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࡢẚ㍑ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࡢࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ⵳✚ࡀ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ㒔ᕷつᶍ࡛ࡣຎࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊᐃఫពྥ್
ࡢ㏫㌿࡟⧅ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡓࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࡑࡢศᯒࢆ㐍ࡵࠊ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࡟
ຍ࠼ࠊᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔࡜ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ㛵ಀࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋ
9⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࡜ᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࡣࠊ᭷ព࡞ṇࡢ┦㛵ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦r = 0.574,
p< .01㸧ࠋᙉ࠸┦㛵࡟⮳ࡽࡠཎᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡀ 3 せᅉ㸦⤒῭つᶍࠊ㒔ᕷつᶍࠊࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ㸧࡟つᐃࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࡣ๓⠇࡛ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⤒῭つᶍࠊ㒔ᕷつᶍ࡜᭷ពᕪࢆᣢࡓࡎࠊ1 せᅉ㸦ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ㸧࡟つᐃࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ᚑࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࢆศᯒࡍࡿព࿡ࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ᭱ึ࡟⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࡜ࢯ࣮ࢩࣕ
࣭ࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ㛵ಀࢆศᯒࡋࠊḟ࡟ᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋ
ᮏ✏࡛⏝࠸ࡿࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢᴫᛕࡣྜྷᆅ㸦2016:60㸧࡛ᐃ⩏ࡋࡓࡶࡢࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋ௨ୗ࡟ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢᵓᡂせ⣲ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ
ၥ 13 ࡢ୕ࡘࡢタၥࡣࠊே࡟ᑐࡍࡿಙ㢗ࡢ⛬ᗘࢆ⪺࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸦㸯㸧ࡣ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ேࡣಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿ࠿㸦୍⯡ⓗಙ㢗㸧ࠊ㸦㸰㸧ࡣ㏆ᡤࡢேࡣಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿ࠿㸦≉ᐃ໬ಙ㢗㸧ࠋၥ 14 ࡢඵࡘࡢタၥࡣࠊ
㸦1㸧∗ࠊ
㸦2㸧ẕࠊ
㸦3㸧♽∗ࠊ
㸦4㸧♽ẕࠊ
㸦5㸧ぶᡉࠊ㸦6㸧཭ேࠊ
㸦7㸧㏆ᡤࡢேࠊ
㸦8㸧ඛ⏕࡜ࡢぶᐦᗘࢆ⪺࠸࡚࠾ࡾࠊぶᐦᗘࡀ㧗࠸࡯࡝ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ⵳✚ࡀ㧗࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ≉ᐃ໬ಙ㢗ࡢᙉࡉࢆ⾲ࡍࠋၥ 15 ࡣࠊᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿάື࡟ཧຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡢ᭷↓ࢆ㸦㸯㸧ࢫ࣏࣮ࢶࠊ࢔࢘ࢺࢻ࢔㛵ಀࠊ㸦㸰㸧࣎ࣛࣥࢸ࢕࢔άືࠊ
㸦㸱㸧Ꮫᰯࡢࢡࣛࣈࠊ
㸦㸲㸧㊃࿡㛵ಀࠊ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚⪺࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋཧຍ⋡ࡀ㧗࠸࡯࡝ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡀ
⵳✚ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋၥ 16 ࡣ㢗ࡾ࡟ࡋࡓࡾࠊぶࡋࡃࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿ཭ேᩘࢆ⪺࠸ࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ཭ேᩘࡀከ࠸࡯࡝ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡀ⵳
✚ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ᐃఫពྥ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࡜ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ㛵ಀࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࢡࣛࢫ࣭࢛࢝ࣝ࢘ࣜࢫࡢ᳨ᐃࡢ⤖ᯝࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ㸦୕➟㧗ᰯࢆ㝖ࡃ㸧ࠋே࡬ࡢಙ㢗ࡣ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࡜᭷ពᕪࢆᣢࡘ㸦H=85.17, p< .01㸧ࠋ௨ୗྠᵝ࡟
㏆ᡤࡢே࡬ࡢಙ㢗㸦H=81.21, p< .01㸧ࠊ∗ぶ࡬ぶࡋࡉ(H=95.19, p< .01㸧ࠊẕぶ
࡬ࡢぶࡋࡉ(H=105.50, p< .01㸧ࠊ♽∗࡬ࡢぶࡋࡉ(H=59.58 p< .01㸧ࠊ♽ẕ࡬ࡢぶࡋࡉ(H=95.80, p< .01㸧ࠊぶᡉ࡬ࡢぶࡋࡉ(H=55.37, p< .01㸧ࠊ཭ே࡬ࡢぶࡋࡉ(H=55.45, p< .01㸧ࠊ㏆㞄ࡢே࡬ࡢぶࡋࡉ(H=43.26, p< .01㸧ࠊᏛᰯࡢඛ⏕࡬ࡢぶࡋࡉ(H=52.94, p< .01㸧࡜࡞ࡾࠊ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࡜᭷ពᕪࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋಙ㢗ࡸぶᐦᗘࡀ㧗࠸࡯࡝ࠊ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡣ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿṇࡢ┦㛵ࢆᣢࡘࠋ⥆࠸࡚ࠊᶆⲔ㧗ᰯ࡜⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡢࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢᕪࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ
࣐࣭ࣥ࣍࢖ࢵࢺࢽ࣮ࡢ U ᳨ᐃࢆ⾜࠺࡜ࠊၥ 14㸫8 ࡢඛ⏕࡬ࡢぶᐦᗘ㸦p< .01㸧࡜ၥ 16 ࡢ཭ேᩘ(p< .05)࡛᭷ពᕪࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋඛ⏕࡬ࡢぶᐦᗘࡣࠊᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࡀ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡼࡾࡶ㧗ࡃࠊ཭ேᩘࡣ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡀᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢᡭἲ࡛ࡣ 2 㡯┠ࡢࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝᵓᡂせ⣲௨እ࡟ࡣ᭷
ពᕪࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࢆタၥࡈ࡜࡟ᚓⅬ໬ࡋࠊ
ẚ㍑ࡋࡓࠋၥ 13ࠊ14 ࡣ 5 ẁ㝵ࡢࣜࢵ࣮࢝ࢺᑻᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊタၥࡈ࡜ࡢᚓⅬ
10ࢆྜ⟬ࡋࠊ㧗ᰯẖࡢᖹᆒ್ࢆ⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋၥ 15ࠊ16 ࡢᆅᇦάືᣦᩘࠊ཭ேࡢᩘ
࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ 5 ẁ㝵࡟ศࡅ࡚ᚓⅬࢆྜ⟬ࡋࠊ㧗ᰯẖࡢᖹᆒ್ࢆ⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋಙ㢗ࠊぶᐦᗘࠊᆅᇦάືࠊ཭ேᩘࡢᩘ್ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠊᚓⅬࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ィ⟬ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀᅗ⾲ 7 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋタၥ

ၥ 13-1

ၥ 13-2

ၥ 14-1

ၥ 14-2

ၥ 14-3

ၥ 14-4

ၥ 14-5

ᶆⲔ㧗ᰯ

3䠊04

2.93

4.17

4.55

3.94

4.46

3.64

⛶ෆ㧗ᰯ

2䠊99

3.05

4.16

4.51

3.99

4.21

3.70

ඃໃ

ᶆⲔ

⛶ෆ

ᶆⲔ

ᶆⲔ

⛶ෆ

ᶆⲔ

⛶ෆ

タၥ

ၥ 14-6

ၥ 14-7

ၥ 14-8

ၥ 15

ၥ 16

ᶆⲔ㧗ᰯ

4.49

3.04

3.42

2.46

2.97

⛶ෆ㧗ᰯ

4.50

3.13

3.05

2.12

3.4

ඃໃ

⛶ෆ

⛶ෆ

ᶆⲔ

ᶆⲔ

⛶ෆ

ᅗ⾲ 7 ᚓⅬ໬ࡋࡓࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ
ฟᡤ㸸ⱝ⪅ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ➹⪅సᡂ

๓㏙ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊၥ 14㸫8 ࡜ၥ 16 ࡣ᭷ព࡞ᕪࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᚓⅬᕪ࡟ 0.4 ࡯࡝ࡢ㛤ࡁࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ௚ࡢ㡯┠࡛ࡣࠊၥ 14㸫4 ࡀ 0.25ࠊၥ 15 ࡀ 0.36 ࡜኱ࡁ࡞ᕪࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ၥ 14㸫4 ࡣ♽ẕ࡟ᑐࡍࡿぶᐦࡉ࡛ࠊၥ 15 ࡣᆅᇦάືཧຍᣦᩘ࡛୧᪉࡜ࡶᶆⲔ
㧗ᰯࡢ᪉ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡑࡢ௚ࡢ㡯┠࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣഹᕪ࡛ࠊ࡝
ࡕࡽࡀ኱ࡁ࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺ุ᩿ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋḟ࡟ᐃఫពྥ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࡜ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ㛵ಀࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࢡࣛࢫ࣭࢛࢝ࣝ࢘ࣜࢫࡢ᳨ᐃࡢ⤖ᯝࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ㸦୕➟㧗ᰯࢆ㝖ࡃ㸧ࠋே࡬ࡢಙ㢗ࡣᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔࡜᭷ពᕪࢆᣢࡘ㸦H=101.8, p< .01㸧ࠋ௨ୗྠᵝ࡟㏆ᡤࡢே࡬ࡢಙ㢗㸦H=118.27, p< .01㸧ࠊ∗ぶ࡬ぶࡋࡉ(H=93.70, p< .01㸧ࠊẕぶ࡬ࡢぶࡋࡉ(H=94.94, p< .01㸧ࠊ♽∗࡬ࡢぶࡋࡉ(H=61.60 p< .01㸧ࠊ♽ẕ࡬ࡢぶࡋࡉ(H=83.96, p< .01㸧ࠊぶᡉ࡬ࡢぶࡋࡉ(H=69.71, p< .01㸧ࠊ཭ே࡬ࡢぶࡋࡉ(H=45.03, p< .01㸧ࠊ㏆㞄ࡢே࡬ࡢぶࡋࡉ(H=68.90, p< .01㸧ࠊᏛᰯࡢඛ⏕࡬ࡢぶࡋࡉ(H=71.96, p< .01㸧ࠊᆅᇦάືཧຍᣦᩘ(H=37.82, p< .01㸧࡜࡞ࡾࠊᆅᇦ
࡬ࡢឡ╔࡜᭷ពᕪࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ၏୍ࠊ཭ேᩘࡣᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔࡜᭷ពᕪࢆᣢࡗ
࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࠊᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔࡜ࡶ࡟኱㒊ศࡢࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝᵓᡂせ⣲ࡢ⵳✚࡜ṇࡢ┦㛵ࢆᣢࡘࡀࠊᆅᇦάືᣦᩘࡣࠊ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟᭷ពᕪࡀぢࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࢆ⫱ࡴ㝿࡟ࡣࠊᆅᇦάືࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ
ᆅᇦάືࡣ┤᥋ⓗ࡟ࡣ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡢୖ᪼࡟⧅ࡀࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
௨ୖࡢศᯒ࠿ࡽࠊၥ 16 ࡢ཭ேᩘࡣ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࠊᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔࡟᭷ពᕪࢆᣢ
11ࡓ࡞࠸ࡓࡵẚ㍑ᑐ㇟࠿ࡽ㝖እࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࡢ᪉ࡀ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯ࡜ẚ࡭ࠊ3 㡯┠࡟࠾࠸࡚ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ⵳✚ࡀୖᅇࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸦ᅗ⾲ 7㸧ࠊࡑࡢ㐪࠸ࡀ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࠊᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࡢ㐪࠸࡜ࡋ࡚⾲ࢀࠊࡑࡢྜ⟬࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃఫពྥ್ࢆୖ
᪼ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
୧ᰯࡢࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ⵳✚ᕪࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓ♽ẕ࡬ࡢぶᐦࡉࠊᏛᰯ
ࡢඛ⏕࡬ࡢぶᐦࡉࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᆅᇦάືཧຍࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࡢ♽ẕ࡬ࡢぶࡋࡉࡣ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺᑐ㇟ᰯ୰ 1 ఩࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ
⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡣ඲ᰯ୰࣮࣡ࢫࢺ 2 ఩࡛࠶ࡿࠋᏛᰯࡢඛ⏕࡬ࡢぶࡋࡉࡣᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࡀᖹ
ᆒࡢ 5 ఩࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡣ࣮࣡ࢫࢺ 1 ఩࡛࠶ࡿࠋᆅᇦάືཧຍ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࡣ඲యࡢ 2 ఩࡛࠶ࡿࡢᑐࡋࠊ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡣ 7 ఩࡛ᖹᆒࢆⱝᖸୗ
ᅇࡿࠋ♽ẕ࡬ࡢぶࡋࡉࡣࠊ3 ୡ௦ୡᖏ๭ྜࡢ㧗ࡉ࡜㛵ࢃࡾࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᶆⲔ⏫ࡣ୕ୡ௦ୡᖏࡢ๭ྜࡀ඲㐨࡛ࢺࢵࣉ 10 ࡟ධࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ♽∗ẕ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡀᖹᆒⓗ࡟ぢࡓሙྜࠊ⛶ෆᕷࡼࡾࡶ㧗࠸࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋᖹᡂ 27 ᖺࡢᅜໃㄪᰝࡢ୍⯡ୡᖏᩘ࡟ᑐ
ࡍࡿ୕ୡ௦ୡᖏࡢ๭ྜࡣࠊᶆⲔ⏫ࡀ 6.48㸣ࠊ⛶ෆ⏫ࡀ 4.04㸣࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➨୍⏕࿨◊✲ᡤࡀⓎ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࣏࣮ࣞࢺ㸦ⓗሙ㸦2016㸧㸧࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ୕ୡ௦ୡᖏ
ࡢ᪉ࡀࠊࠕᆅᇦ࡟ᑐࡍࡿឡ╔ࡀ㧗࠸ࠖࠊࠕ㏆ᡤࡢே࡜ぶࡋࡃ௜ࡁྜࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ๭ྜࡀ
㧗࠸ࠖࠊࠕᏊ౪࡜Ꮫᰯࡸ㐍㊰ࡢࡇ࡜ࢆヰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿேࡀከ࠸ࠖ࡜ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ♽ẕ࡜஺ὶᶵ఍ࡢከ࠸୕ୡ௦ୡᖏࡢ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡣࠊᆅᇦ࡟ᑐࡍࡿឡ╔ࡸ㏆㞄ఫே࡟ᑐࡍࡿぶࡋࡉࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊᆅᇦ࡟ᑐࡍࡿឡ╔ࡢ࠶ࡿぶ᪘࡜㐍㊰ࢆヰࡋྜ࠼ࡤࠊᆅ
ඖ࡛ࡢᑵ⫋ࠊ㐍Ꮫࡸ U ࢱ࣮ࣥࡋ࡚ࡢᑵ⫋࡞࡝ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋᆅᇦ࡟ᑐ
ࡍࡿឡ╔ࡀᒃఫᖺᩘ࡟┦㛵ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᗈࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᒃఫᖺᩘࡀ㛗࠸♽∗ẕࡢᏑᅾࡀ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࡢ㧗ࡉ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣ㧗࠸ࠋᏛᰯࡢඛ⏕࡬ࡢぶࡋࡉࡣࠊᏛᰯつᶍ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿࠋᑠつᶍ㧗ࡢ᪉ࡀぶᐦᗘࡀ㧗࠸࡜᥎ ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࡀ 1 Ꮫᖺ 60 ྡ⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯ
ࡣᬑ㏻⛉ࠊၟᴗ⛉ࠊ⾨⏕┳ㆤ⛉ࢆྵࡵࡿ࡜ 200 ྡࢆ㉸࠼ࡿࠋࡇࡢᩍဨᩘ㸭Ꮫ⏕ᩘẚ⋡ࡀぶࡋࡉ࡟኱ࡁ࡞㐪࠸ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜᥎ ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺᑐ㇟ᰯࢆぢ࡚ࡇࡢഴྥࡣ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᑡேᩘ࡛ඛ⏕࡬ࡢぶᐦᗘࡀ࠶ࡀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᏛ
ᰯ࡟ᑐࡍࡿឡ╔ࡦ࠸࡚ࡣᆅᇦ࡟ᑐࡍࡿឡ╔࡬࡜⧅ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲ
ࡓᑡேᩘ࡛㢦ࡢぢ࠼ࡿ㛵ಀࡀࠊᏛ⏕࡟Ᏻᚰឤࢆ୚࠼ࠊ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࡟ࡶ⧅ࡀࡗ࡚
࠸ࡃ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡛ᑡேᩘᩍ⫱ࡀᐇ᪋ฟ᮶ࡿ⎔ቃࡣࠊࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟
ࣕࣆࢱࣝࢆ㔊ᡂࡍࡿ㝿࡟ࡣ᭷฼࡜ゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋᆅᇦάືཧຍࡀάⓎࡉࡣࠊᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࡢ⤒㊰ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᐃఫពྥ್࡟ṇࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ௨ୖࡼࡾࠊࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ⵳✚ࡢ㐪࠸ࡣ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࡜ᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ
╔࡜࠸࠺⤒㊰ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᐃఫពྥ್࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓ⤖ᯝࠊᶆⲔ㧗ᰯ࡜⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡢ12ᐃఫពྥ್࡟㏫㌿ࡀ⏕ࡌࡓ࡜⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
4ᐃఫពྥ࡜ࡑࡢᐇ⌧ྍ⬟ᛶᐃఫពྥ್ࡀ㧗࠸ሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡑࡢᆅᇦ࡟ᑵ⫋ࡋࠊᐃఫ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࡣูၥ
㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋⱝ⪅ேཱྀࡢቑຍࡶࡋࡃࡣῶᑡࢆ㣗࠸Ṇࡵࡿ࡟ࡣᆅᇦ㞠⏝ࡢཷࡅ─ࡢ
᭷↓ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐃఫពྥࡢᐇ⌧ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ᭱ึ࡟୕➟ࢆ㝖ࡃ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺᑐ㇟㧗ࡢᑵ⫋ᕼᮃ⪅ࡢᑵ⫋ᕼᮃᆅ࡜ᒃఫពྥࢆࢡࣟࢫ⾲࡟ࡋࡓᅗ⾲ 8 ࢆసᡂࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ⾲ࢆㄞࡳゎࡃୖ࡛ࡢ㘽ࡣࠊᐃఫពྥࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᆅඖ࡛ࡣ
࡞ࡃࠊ㐨ෆࡸ㐨እࢆᑵ⫋ᕼᮃᆅ࡜ࡋ࡚㑅ᢥࡋࡓᏛ⏕ࡢ๭ྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㧗ᰯู࡟ศࡅ࡚ࠊᐃఫᕼᮃ⪅ࡢᆅඖ࣭ᆅඖእᑵ⫋ẚ⋡㸦ᆅඖእᑵ⫋ᕼᮃᩘ㸦ș㸩Ț㸧¹ᆅඖᑵ⫋ᕼᮃᩘ㸦Ș㸧㸧ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡢࡀᅗ⾲ 9 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢẚ⋡ࡢ㧗ࡉࡣࠊᆅඖ࡟
ᑵ⫋ࡋࡓࡃ࡚ࡶ㞠⏝᮲௳➼ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚ᆅඖ௨እࡢ㐨ෆ࣭㐨እ⫋ሙ࡟ᑵ⫋ᕼᮃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ๭ྜࡢ㧗ࡉࢆ⾲ࡍࠋᐃఫពྥᆅඖ࡟ఫࡳ⥆ࡅࡓ࡝ࡕࡽ࡜ࡶゝ࠼࡞ᆅඖ࡟ఫࡳ⥆ࡅࡓࡃ

ᑵ⫋ᕼᮃᆅ

࠸㸦ᐃఫ㸧

࠸㸦ᮍᐃ㸧

࡞࠸㸦㞳㒓㸧

ᆅඖ

86㸦ǂ㸧

128

42

㐨ෆ

98㸦ǃ㸧

158

80

㐨እ

13㸦Ǆ㸧

44

15

ྜィ

197

330

137

ᅗ⾲ 8 ᑵ⫋ᚿᮃ⪅ࡢᑵ⫋ᕼᮃᆅ࡜ᒃఫពྥࡢࢡࣟࢫ⾲㸦༢఩ ே㸧ฟᡤ㸸ⱝ⪅ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂ13ᆅඖ䞉ᆅඖእ⫋ሙẚ⋡㧗ᰯྡ

H27.3 㐨ෆồேಸ⋡䠄᪂つ㧗➼Ꮫᰯ༞ᴗ⪅䠅ᡭ✄㧗ᰯ

350.0%

3኱㇂ᐊ⹒㧗ᰯ

44.4%

1䠊47

ᾆἙ㧗ᰯ

166.7%

1䠊21ኈู⩧㞼㧗ᰯ

900.0%

1䠊33⛶ෆ㧗ᰯ

155.6%

2䠊1⥙㉮᱇㝧㧗ᰯ

92.3%

2䠊18

ᖏᗈ㎰ᴗ㧗ᰯ

78.6%

1䠊72

㮵㏣㧗ᰯ

225.0%

1䠊72

ᶆⲔ㧗ᰯ

133.3%

1䠊51ᡭ✄㧗ᰯ

162.5%

1䠊68

ᅗ⾲ 9 ᆅඖ࣭ᆅඖእ⫋ሙẚ⋡࡜᪂つ㧗༞㐨ෆồேಸ⋡ฟᡤ㸸ⱝ⪅ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂࡇࡢẚ⋡ࡀ㧗࠸ࡢࡣࠊኈู⩧㞼㧗ᰯࠊᡭ✄㧗ᰯࠊ㮵㏣㧗ᰯࠊᾆἙ㧗ᰯࠊ୰ᶆὠ㧗ᰯ࡜࡞ࡿࠋᡭ✄㧗ᰯࡣࠊᆅඖࢆᡭ✄༊࡜ᤊ࠼࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᅇ⟅⪅ࡀከ࠸࡜᥎ ࡉࢀࠊᮐᖠ࡟⫋ࢆồࡵ࡚࠸࡚ࡶ㐨ෆ⫋ሙᕼᮃᩘ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿ⤖ᯝࠊșࡢᩘ್ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡾࠊẚ⋡ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮐᖠࡢ᪂༞㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢ㐨ෆồேಸ⋡
ࡣࠊ3.0 ࡜᱁ẁ࡟㧗࠸ࡓࡵࠊᡭ✄㧗ᰯࡣ౛እ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅ࠺ࠋḟ࡟ 4 ᰯࡢ࠶ࡿᆅᇦ
ࢆᢸᙜࡍࡿබඹ⫋ᴗᏳᐃᡤࡀฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ᪂つ㧗➼Ꮫᰯ༞ᴗ⪅ࡢ㐨ෆồேಸ⋡ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࠋኈู⩧㞼㧗ᰯࡣ 1.58ࠊ㮵㏣㧗ᰯࡣ 1.72ࠊᾆἙ㧗ᰯࡣ 1.21ࠊ୰ᶆὠ㧗ᰯࡣ 1.68 ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ4 ᰯ࡜ࡶ࡟㐨ෆᖹᆒ್ࡢ 1.74 ࢆୗᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㮵㏣㧗ᰯࢆ㝖ࡅࡤࠊᖹᆒᡤᚓࡣప࠸Ỉ‽࡟࠶ࡾࠊ㞠⏝ࡢཷࡅ─ࡀࡸࡸ୙㊊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐃ
ఫࢆᮃࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡸࡴࢆᚓࡎᆅඖ௨እࡢ㐨ෆ⫋ሙཬࡧ㐨እ⫋ሙ࡟ᑵ⫋ࢆᕼᮃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢẚ⋡ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋࡇࡢࢣ࣮ࢫ࡟ヱᙜࡍࡿሙྜࡣࠊ
ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ⵳✚࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᐃఫពྥ್ࢆୖࡆ࡚ࡶࠊᐃఫ࡬࡜⧅ࡀ
ࡽ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ⤒῭≧ἣ㸦㞠⏝≧ἣ㸧ࡢᨵၿࡀᛴົ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
ḟ࡟ᑵ⫋ᕼᮃ⪅ࡢᒃఫពྥูẚ⋡ࢆసᡂࡍࡿ㸦ᅗ⾲ 10㸧ࠋᐃఫ㸭ᖐ㒓࡜㞳㒓ࡢᕪࡀ኱ࡁ࡞㧗ᰯࡣ⥙᥃ࡅࡋ࡚࠶ࡿኈู⩧㞼㧗ᰯࠊ୰ᶆὠ㧗ᰯࠊᾆἙ㧗ᰯࠊ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⤒῭つᶍ㸦ᖹᆒᡤᚓ㸧ࡀᑠࡉ࠸ᆅᇦ࡛ࡣࡸࡣࡾ㞳㒓ពྥࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋ㮵㏣㧗ᰯࡣࠊᅗ⾲ 9 ࡢᆅඖ࣭ᆅඖእᑵ⫋ẚ⋡࡛ࡣ 9 ఩࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊᐃఫ࣭㞳㒓ᕪ࡛ぢࡿ࡜ 5 ఩࡜኱ࡁࡃ㡰఩ࢆ࠶ࡆࡿࠋࡇࡢ஦ࡣ㞳㒓ࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ㞳㒓ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᐃఫ࣭ᖐ㒓ࡋ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸ࡀࠊ✚ᴟⓗ࡟㞳㒓ࡍࡿ㐨ࢆ㑅ࡪഴྥࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

14

ᐃఫពྥ
㧗ᰯྡ

ᐃఫ㸭
ᖐ㒓

ᮍᐃ

㞳㒓

ᐃఫ㸭ᖐ㒓
㸫㞳㒓

ᡭ✄㧗ᰯ

37.0%

53.4%

9.6%

27.4%

኱㇂ᐊ⹒㧗ᰯ

24.5%

52.8%

22.6%

1.9%

ᾆἙ㧗ᰯ

19.5%

66.7%

22.2%

-2.7%

ኈู⩧㞼㧗ᰯ

20.4%

46.9%

32.7%

-12.2%

⛶ෆ㧗ᰯ

24.5%

50.0%

25.5%

-1.1%

⥙㉮᱇㝧㧗ᰯ

37.9%

43.9%

18.2%

19.7%

ᖏᗈ㎰ᴗ㧗ᰯ

39.1%

50.0%

10.9%

28.1%

㮵㏣㧗ᰯ

23.2%

55.4%

21.4%

1.8%

ᶆⲔ㧗ᰯ

25.0%

57.1%

17.9%

7.1%

ᡭ✄㧗ᰯ

27.3%

36.4%

36.4%

-9.1%

ᅗ⾲ 10 ᑵ⫋ᕼᮃ⪅ࡢᒃఫពྥูẚ⋡ฟᡤ㸸ⱝ⪅ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂᮏ✏࡛୺ࡓࡿศᯒᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓᶆⲔ㧗ᰯ࡜⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡣࠊᆅඖ࣭ᆅඖእᑵ⫋ẚ⋡
࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡣ࡯ࡰྠࡌ⛬ᗘ࡛ࠊᆅඖ࡟ᑵ⫋ࡋࡓ࠸ࡀࡑࢀࢆᐇ⌧࡛ࡁ࡞࠸≧ἣ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ≉࡟⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡣ᪂つ㧗༞㐨ෆồேಸ⋡ࡶ㠀ᖖ࡟㧗࠸Ỉ‽࡟࠶ࡿࠋᒃఫ
ពྥูẚ⋡࡛ぢࡿ࡜ᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࠊ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯ࡜ࡶ࡟ᐃఫពྥ࡟኱ࡁ࡞㐪࠸ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ
㞳㒓ពྥ࡛ぢࡿ࡜⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡀᴟࡵ࡚㧗࠸Ỉ‽࡟࠶ࡿࠋ⤒῭≧ἣ࡜ࡣู࡟᪩࠸ẁ㝵࠿ࡽᆅᇦࢆ㞳ࢀࡿỴពࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋ⛶ෆᕷࡢࡲࡕ࡙ࡃࡾ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝሗ࿌᭩㸦2017㸸18㸧࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊᐃఫពྥ
࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊఫࡳ⥆ࡅࡓ࠸࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋࡓ๭ྜࡣ 46.3㸣࡛๓ᅇㄪᰝࡼࡾࡶ 13.2㸣ῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㌿ฟᕼᮃ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠕ௙஦ࡢ㛵ಀࠖࡀ 36.3㸣࡜᭱ࡶ㧗ࡃࠊḟ࡟ࠕ඘
ᐇࡋࡓ་⒪⎔ቃࢆồࡵ࡚ࠖࡀ 25.2㸣࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⱝ࠸࡯࡝ࠕ௙஦ࡢ㛵ಀࠖࡀ๭ྜ࡜ࡋ࡚㧗ࡃࠊ60 ṓ௨ୖ࡛ࡣࠕ඘ᐇࡋࡓ་⒪⎔ቃࢆồࡵ࡚ࠖࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠾
ࡾࠊ㞳㒓ពྥࢆ⿬௜ࡅࡿࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᆅᇦ඲యࡀ
㞳㒓ࡢ༴ᶵ࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᶆⲔ⏫㸦2016a㸧࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ
ࠕᶆⲔ⏫࡟ఫࡳ⥆ࡅࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠺ࠖேࡢ๭ྜࡣ 79㸣࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⛶ෆᕷ࡜ẚ࡭ࡿ࡜ 30 ࣏࢖ࣥࢺ௨ୖ㞳ࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᕷẸ඲యࡢᐃఫពྥ࡟኱ࡁ࡞㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀぢ࡚ྲྀࢀࡿࠋ

15

ᐃఫពྥ

ᆅඖ࡟ఫࡳ⥆ࡅࡓ࡝ࡕࡽ࡜ࡶゝ࠼࡞ᆅඖ࡟ఫࡳ⥆ࡅ࠸㸦ᐃఫ࣭ᖐ㒓㸧࠸㸦ᮍᐃ㸧ࡓࡃ࡞࠸㸦㞳㒓㸧

ᆅඖ

28

42

13

㐨ෆ

259

409

192

㐨እ

51

81

33

ྜィ

338

532

238

ᑵᏛᕼᮃᆅ

ᅗ⾲ 11 㐍Ꮫᚿᮃ⪅ࡢ㐍Ꮫᕼᮃᆅ࡜ᒃఫពྥࡢࢡࣟࢫ⾲ 㸦༢఩ ே㸧ฟᡤ㸸ⱝ⪅ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂḟ࡟㐍Ꮫᕼᮃ⪅࡜ᒃఫពྥࡢࢡࣟࢫ⾲ࢆసᡂࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ⾲ 11㸧ࠋࡇࡢ⾲ࡢ㐍Ꮫᚿᮃ⪅ࡢᐃఫ࣭ᖐ㒓ᚿྥࡢẚ⋡ࡣࠊࠕ₯ᅾⓗ U ࢱ࣮ࣥẚ⋡ࠖ࡜࿧ࡪࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ
ࡿࠋ㧗ᰯẖࡢ₯ᅾⓗ U ࢱ࣮ࣥẚ⋡ࢆ⾲ࡍࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ㐍Ꮫᚿᮃ⪅ࡢᐃఫ/ᖐ㒓࣭ᮍᐃ࣭㞳㒓ẚ⋡ࢆ⾲ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀᅗ⾲ 12 ࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢᩘ್ࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜ࠊ⥙㉮᱇㝧㧗ᰯࠊᖏᗈ㎰ᴗ㧗ᰯࠊᡭ✄㧗ᰯ࡞࡝㞠⏝ࡢཷࡅ─ࡀࡋࡗ࠿ࡾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡟
࠶ࡿ㧗ᰯࡀ㧗࠸ẚ⋡࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࡣࠊ⤒῭࣭㒔ᕷつᶍ࡛ࡣ㸱ᰯ࡟ຎࡿࡀ㧗࠸ẚ⋡ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᶆⲔ
⏫(2016b㸧ࡢᖺ㱋㝵⣭ูࡢேཱྀ⛣ືࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊ15㹼19 ṓࡢ⪅ࡀ 20㹼24 ṓ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࡁ኱ᖜ࡞㌿ฟ㉸㐣࡟࡞ࡾࠊ20㹼24 ṓࡢ⪅ࡀ 25㹼29 ṓ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣ㌿ධ㉸㐣࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㧗ᰯࡸ኱Ꮫ࡬ࡢ㐍Ꮫ࡟క࠺㌿ฟࡢᚋࠊ㧗ᰯ࣭኱Ꮫ༞ᴗᚋ࡟
ᶆⲔ⏫࡟ᡠࡾᑵ⫋ࡋࡓࡾࠊ୍᫬ᑵ⫋ࡋࡓ⪅ࡀ㞳⫋ࡋ࡚ᶆⲔ⏫࡟ᡠࡿࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡀ
୍⯡ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1980㹼1990 ᖺ௦ࡣ 20㹼24 ṓࡢᖐ㒓ࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ㌿ฟࡍࡿ୍᪉࡛࠶
ࡗࡓࡀࠊ1995㹼2010 ᖺ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࡣ㌿ධ⪅ࡀ㌿ฟ⪅ࡢ༙ᩘ࡯࡝࠸࡚ࠊⱝᖺୡ௦
ࡢேཱྀὶฟࡀ⦆࿴ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⏨ዪᕪࡀ࠶ࡾࠊዪᛶࡣ 20㹼24 ṓࡢ⪅ࡀ 25㹼29
ṓ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࡁࡢ㌿ධ㉸㐣ࡀ⦰ᑠഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ㧗ᰯ࣭኱Ꮫ༞ᴗᚋࡑࡢࡲࡲ
ᮐᖠᕷࡸ㔲㊰ᕷ࡟ᑵ⫋ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࢣ࣮ࢫࡀቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ඲యࢆぢࡿ࡜
25㹼29 ṓࡢ⏨ᛶࡢ㝵⣭ࢆ㝖ࡃࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᖺ㱋㝵⣭࡛㌿ฟࡀ⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋேཱྀࡢ⮬↛ῶࡢᢚไ࡟ࡣࠊⱝ࠸ୡ௦ࡢ፧ጻ⋡ࡢ㧗ࡉࡀ㘽࡜࡞ࡿࡓࡵࠊ25㹼29 ṓࡢ⏨ዪࡢ
U ࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ୍ᐃᩘ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᛴົ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡣᑵ⫋ᕼᮃ⪅ࡢᐃఫ࣭㞳㒓ᕪࡣ࣮࣡ࢫࢺ 4 ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ㐍Ꮫᕼᮃ⪅ࡢᐃఫ࣭㞳㒓ᕪࡣᖹᆒⓗ࡞Ỉ‽࡛ࠊᑵ⫋ᕼᮃ⪅࡜㐍Ꮫᕼᮃ⪅࡛ࡣᐃఫពྥ࡟㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋᆅඖ௨እ࡟㐍ᏛᕼᮃࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡢ₯ᅾⓗ U ࢱ࣮ࣥᒙࢆ࠸
࠿࡟ᐃఫ࡬࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡿ࠿ࡀ㘽࡜࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ⛶ෆ(2015)ࡢᖺ㱋㝵⣭ูࡢேཱྀ⛣ືࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊ15㹼19 ṓࡢ⪅ࡀ 20㹼24 ṓ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࡁࡣ⏨ዪ࡜ࡶ࡟኱ᖜ࡞㌿ฟ㉸㐣࡟࡞ࡾࠊ20㹼24 ṓࡢ⪅ࡀ 25㹼29 ṓ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣ⏨ᛶࡀ㌿ධ㉸㐣࡟࡞ࡿࡀࠊ
16ዪᛶࡣᘬࡁ⥆ࡁ㌿ฟ㉸㐣ࡀ⥆ࡃࠋᖹᡂ 25 ᖺࡢᩘ್࡛ࡣࡇࡢ㌿ධ㉸㐣ࢆ㝖ࡁࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ㝵⣭࡛㌿ฟ㉸㐣࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㌿ฟඛࡣᮐᖠᕷࠊ᪫ᕝᕷࠊ␃ⴌᕷ࡜⥆ࡁࠊഹ࠿࡞ࡀࡽࡢ㌿ධࡣ᐀㇂⥲ྜ᣺⯆ᒁෆ࠿ࡽ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡸࡣࡾ㐍Ꮫࢆᶵ࡟⛶ෆࢆ㞳ࢀࡿ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡀ༞ᴗᚋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ୍᫬ᑵ⫋ᚋ࡟ U ࢱ࣮ࣥྍ⬟࡞⎔ቃࡢᩚഛࡀᛴົ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
ᐃఫពྥ
㧗ᰯྡ

ᐃఫ㸭
ᖐ㒓

ᮍᐃ

㞳㒓

ᐃఫ㸭ᖐ㒓
㸫㞳㒓

ᡭ✄㧗ᰯ

33.8%

51.9%

14.3%

19.5%

኱㇂ᐊ⹒㧗ᰯ

30.7%

44.3%

25.0%

5.7%

ᾆἙ㧗ᰯ

23.0%

48.6%

28.4%

-5.4%

ኈู⩧㞼㧗ᰯ

24.3%

38.7%

36.9%

-12.6%

⛶ෆ㧗ᰯ

26.8%

56.1%

17.1%

9.8%

⥙㉮᱇㝧㧗ᰯ

46.5%

45.1%

8.5%

38.0%

ᖏᗈ㎰ᴗ㧗ᰯ

41.5%

46.2%

12.3%

29.2%

㮵㏣㧗ᰯ

27.9%

47.1%

25.0%

2.9%

ᶆⲔ㧗ᰯ

31.0%

51.7%

17.2%

13.8%

୰ᶆὠ㧗ᰯ

24.0%

43.8%

32.2%

-8.3%

ᅗ⾲ 12 㐍Ꮫᚿᮃ⪅ࡢᐃఫ/ᖐ㒓࣭ᮍᐃ࣭㞳㒓ẚ⋡ฟᡤ㸸ⱝ⪅ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂ

5ࡴࡍࡧ࡟࠿࠼࡚
ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ໭ᾏ㐨ࡢ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢᒃఫᆅ㑅ᢥ⾜ື࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋࠊᐃఫពྥࢆつᐃࡍࡿせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚⤒῭つᶍࠊ㒔ᕷつᶍ࡟ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࢆຍ࠼ࡓศᯒࢆ
⾜ࡗࡓࠋ㒔ᕷつᶍ࡟࠾࠸࡚ຎࡿᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࡀ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡼࡾࡶᐃఫពྥ್ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࡢࡣࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ⵳✚ࡢᕪ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡋࠊ⤫ィⓗᡭἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚ศᯒࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ3 㡯┠㸦♽ẕ࡜ࡢぶࡋࡉࠊඛ⏕࡜ࡢぶࡋࡉࠊᆅᇦάືཧຍ㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࡢ⵳✚ࡀከ࠸஦ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ3 㡯┠ࡣ⏕ά
‶㊊ᗘ࡜ᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔࡜࠸࠺⤒㊰ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊᐃఫពྥࢆ㧗ࡵࡿᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋ♽ẕ࡜ࡢぶࡋࡉࡣ୕ୡ௦ୡᖏࡢẚ⋡ࡢ㧗ࡉࡀ㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᒃఫᖺᩘࡢ㛗࠸♽∗ẕ࡜᥋ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࡸ㏆㞄ఫே࡟ᑐࡍࡿぶ㏆ឤࡀቑࡍാࡁࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡀ㧗࠸ᐃఫពྥࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛
ࡁࡿࠋඛ⏕࡜ࡢぶࡋࡉࡣ㧗ᰯࡢᏛ⏕つᶍ࡟࠿࡞ࡾࡢ⛬ᗘ౫Ꮡࡋࠊᑠつᶍᰯ࡛࠶ࡿᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࡢ᪉ࡀඛ⏕࡬ࡢぶᐦᗘࡀ㧗ࡃࠊᏛᰯ࡟ᑐࡍࡿឡ╔ࡦ࠸࡚ࡣᆅᇦ࡟ᑐ
ࡍࡿឡ╔࡬࡜⧅ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓᑡேᩘ࡛㢦ࡢぢ࠼ࡿ㛵ಀࡀࠊᏛ17⏕࡟Ᏻᚰឤࢆ୚࠼ࠊ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࡟ࡶ⧅ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᆅᇦάືཧຍ
࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࡢ⤒㊰ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᐃఫពྥࢆ㧗ࡵࡿാࡁࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜
⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ௨ୖࡢศᯒ࠿ࡽᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࡀ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡼࡾࡶᐃఫពྥ್ࡀ㧗࠸ࡢࡣࠊࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ⵳✚ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡓࠋ
᭦࡟ᐃఫពྥ್ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡚ࡶࠊᐇ㝿ࡢ㞠⏝ࡢሙࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤᐃఫࢆᐇ⌧ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࠊࡑࡢᐇ⌧ྍ⬟ᛶࢆศᯒࡋࡓࠋᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࠊ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡢᑵ⫋ᕼᮃᏛ⏕࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᆅඖ࣭ᆅඖእᑵ⫋ẚ⋡ࡣపࡃࠊẚ㍑ⓗᆅඖᑵ⫋ࡢཷࡅ─ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡟ࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎࠊ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯࡣ㞳㒓ᕼᮃࡀᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ
୍⯡ᕷẸࡶྵࡵ࡚ᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔࡟኱ࡁ࡞㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊᑵᏛᕼᮃᏛ⏕࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ₯ᅾⓗ U ࢱ࣮ࣥẚ⋡ࡢ㧗ࡉ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᶆⲔ㧗ᰯࠊ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯ࡟኱ࡁ࡞
ᕪࡀ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊU ࢱ࣮ࣥᕼᮃᏛ⏕ࡢ㞠⏝ࡢཷࡅ─ࡢᩚഛࡀᐃఫᐇ⌧࡟ྥࡅࡓᛴ
ົ࡜⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡓࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᶆⲔ⏫ࠊ⛶ෆ㧗ᰯ࡜ࡶ࡟⏨ᛶࡼࡾࡶዪᛶ
ࡢ U ࢱ࣮ࣥᐇ⦼ࡀప࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊேཱྀࡢ⮬↛ቑῶࢆᕥྑࡍࡿ 25 ṓ㹼29 ṓዪᛶࡢ㞠⏝ࡢ☜ಖࡣྠᖺ௦ࡢ⏨ᛶ௨ୖ࡟㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ୕ୡ௦ୡᖏࡢ᥎ዡࠊᑡேᩘᩍ⫱ࠊᆅᇦάື࡬ࡢ✚ᴟⓗཧຍࡣࠊࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ
࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ⵳✚ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࠊᐃఫពྥࢆ㧗ࡵ࡚ᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿேཱྀࡢ♫఍ῶࢆᢚไࡍࡿ๓ᥦ᮲௳࡟ࡣ࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡀࠊ㞠⏝㠃࡛ࡢᑐ⟇ࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊᆅᇦ࡟ឡ╔ࢆᣢࡘከࡃࡢேࠎࡀᆅᇦࢆ㞳ࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ⤖ᯝ࡟㝗ࡿࠋᆅᇦ๰⏕ࢆᥖࡆࡿ᪥ᮏࡢᕷ⏫ᮧ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡸᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࢆᢲࡋୖࡆࡿࢯ࣮ࢩࣕ
࣭ࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ⵳✚ࡣࠊⱝ࠸ୡ௦ࡢ㞠⏝☜ಖ࡜࣡ࣥࢭࢵࢺ࡛⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡑࡢຠ
ᯝࢆ༑ศ࡟Ⓨ᥹ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
6ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩

ὸᕝ࿴ᖾ(2009) ࠕ໭ᾏ㐨ࡢ⌧≧ࠖࠗປാᨻ⟇◊✲ሗ࿌᭩㸦ᆅ᪉ࡢⱝ⪅ࡢᑵᴗ⾜ື࡜⛣⾜㐣⛬㸧࠘ປാᨻ⟇◊✲࣭◊ಟᶵᵓ 108 8㸫50.
✄ⴥ㝧஧㸦2005㸧ࠕࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ⤒῭ⓗྜព㸫ᚰࡢእ㒊ᛶ࡜࡝࠺ྥࡁྜ࠺࠿ࠖࠗィ⏬⾜ᨻ࠘28 (4) ᪥ᮏィ⏬⾜ᨻᏛ఍ 17㸫22.
✄ⴥ㝧஧㸦2008㸧ࠕࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢከ㠃ᛶ࡜ྍ⬟ᛶࠖ✄ⴥ㝧஧⦅ ࠗࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ₯ᅾຊ࠘᪥ᮏホㄽ♫ࠊ11㸫12.
ྜྷᆅᮃ㸦2016㸧ࠕ໭ᾏ㐨ࡢ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢᐃఫពྥ࡜ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ୍⪃ᐹࠖᲚ஭⚈Ꮚ⦅ࠗⱝ⪅ࡢࠕᆅᇦࠖᚿྥ࡜ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕ
ࣆࢱࣝ࠘୰すฟ∧ᶆⲔ⏫㸦2016a㸧ࠕᶆⲔ⏫๰⏕⥲ྜᡓ␎ࠖ໭ᾏ㐨ᶆⲔ⏫௻⏬㈈ᨻㄢ
ᶆⲔ⏫㸦2016b㸧ࠕᶆⲔ⏫ேཱྀࣅࢪࣙࣥࠖ໭ᾏ㐨ᶆⲔ⏫௻⏬㈈ᨻㄢ
ᐩỤⱥಇ㸦1997㸧ࠕ㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢ㐍㊰㑅ᢥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕᆅඖᚿྥࠖࡢศᯒࠖ
ࠗᮾி኱Ꮫ
18

኱Ꮫ㝔ᩍ⫱Ꮫ◊✲⛉⣖せ࠘37㸪145㸫54.
୰ᮧ㧗ᗣ㸦2010㸧ࠕ㒔ᕷ㒊㧗ᰯ⏕ࡢ㐍㊰㑅ᢥ࡜࣮ࣟ࢝ࣜࢬ࣒ࠖ୰ᮧ㧗ᗣ⦅ⴭ ࠗ㐍㊰㑅ᢥࡢ㐣⛬࡜ᵓ㐀㸫㧗ᰯධᏛ࠿ࡽ༞ᴗࡲ࡛ࡢ㔞ⓗ࣭㉁ⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࣑࠘
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JTB ʰņʃʒǓ
https://www.tourism.jp/tourism-database/column/2016/10/japanese-dmo/
Dogan Gursoy, Christina G. Chi (2018) Routledge Handbook of Destination Marketing ,Routledge
Dina Loncarie, Lorena Basan, Kaja Gllgora Markovic (2013) Impoortant of DMO
websites in tourist destination selection, 23th CROMAR Congress Proceeding

Marketing in a Dynamic Environment-Academic and Practival Insights, 2013
Frank Howieͯ2003ͰManaging the Tourist Destination, Cengage Learning EMEA
Metin Kozak (2010) Managing and Marketing Tourist Destinations: Strategies to Gaina Competitive Edge, Routledge Advances in Tourism
Metin Kozak, Juergen Gnoth, Luisa L.A Andreu (2015) Advances in Tourism

Destination Marketing, Routledge
Metin Kozak, Nazmi Kozak (2015) Destination Marketing: An international

perspective, Routledge
Steven Pike (2015) Destination Marketing: Essentials, RoutledgeYoucheng Wang and Abraham Pizam (2011) Destination Marketing and Management:

Theories and Applications, Cab Intl ȈĞlDȀȐėɦǑɯE
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xxii ͊ƗŰŞ˽Ųſ(2017)ほගᆅ࡬ࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡢศᯒᡭ㡰࡜௒ᚋࡢ◊✲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸫ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣓ࣕࣝࢹ࢕࢔㸦࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠊࣈࣟࢢグ஦㸧࠿ࡽࡢ᝟ሗ࡜ศᯒᡭ㡰ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟㸫ຍ⸨῟୍㸦ஂ␃⡿኱ᏛၟᏛ㒊㸧1㸬┠ⓗᮏ◊✲ࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊḟࡢ 3 Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨ 1 ࡟ࠊࣈࣟࢢグ஦࠿ࡽࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬศᯒࡢᡭ㡰࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓ᪤Ⓨ⾲◊✲ࢆᩚ⌮ࡍࡿࠋ➨ 2 ࡟ࠊࡇࡢᩚ⌮ࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ࣈࣝ
࣮࣭࣮࢜ࢩࣕࣥᡓ␎ࡢ㐺⏝࡟ࡼࡿᐇ㊶ⓗព⩏ࡢᣑᙇ࡟ྥࡅ࡚ಙ㢗ᛶ࡜ጇᙜᛶࠊ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࢧࣥࣉࣝࢧ࢖ࢬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡿࠋ➨ 3 ࡟ࠊࣈࣟࢢศᯒᡭ㡰ࡢぢ┤ࡋ࡟ࡼࡿᐇ㊶ⓗព⩏ࡢᣑᙇ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᾘ㈝⪅⾜ືࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟౫ᣐࡋ࡚ゝཬࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽ 3 ࡘࡢ┠ⓗ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᮏ◊✲ࡣ௨ୗࡢ➨ 2 ❶࠿ࡽ➨ 4 ❶ࡲ࡛ࡢ 3 ❶ᵓᡂ࡛㆟ㄽࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ➨ 2 ❶ࡣࠊࣈࣟࢢグ஦࠿ࡽࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬศᯒࡢᡭ㡰࡟㛵㐃
ࡋࡓ᪤Ⓨ⾲◊✲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ḟࡢ 4 ⠇࡛ᩚ⌮ࡍࡿࠋ➨ 1 ⠇ࡣࠊࣈࣟࢢグ஦࠿ࡽᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿᡭ㡰࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᅗゎࡍࡿࠋ➨ 2 ⠇ࡣࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡢኚ
໬᫬Ⅼࡢ≉ᐃ࡜ࠊࡑࡢኚ໬᫬Ⅼ๓ᚋ࡛ࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡢ㐪࠸ࡢゎ᫂࡟ྥࡅࡓྲྀ
ࡾ⤌ࡳࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࠋ
➨ 3 ⠇ࡣࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡢゎ᫂ࡢᐇ㊶ⓗ࡞ព⩏࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ1 ࡘ࡟㞳ᩓ㑅ᢥࣔࢹࣝࢆ௬ᐃࡋࡓ㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡾࠊᾘ㈝⪅ᒓᛶẖ࡟㔜どࡍࡿࢽ࣮ࢬࢆ≉ᐃࡋࡓ◊✲(Kato, et al., 2013) ࢆࠊ2 ࡘ࡟ࣈࣟࢢศᯒ⤖ᯝࢆᇶ♏࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊࣈ࣮࣭࣮ࣝ࢜ࢩ
ࣕࣥᡓ␎ࡢ㐺⏝࡟ࡼࡾ᪂つᕷሙ㛤ᣅࡢᡭ㡰ࡢᴫ␎ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋࡓ◊✲㸦ຍ⸨, 2017b;
2017c; 2017d㸧ࢆᩚ⌮ࡍࡿࠋ➨ 4 ⠇ࡣࠊ᪤Ⓨ⾲◊✲㸦ຍ⸨, 2015㸧࡟౫ᣐࡋ࡚ࠊ
࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢᏛ⾡◊✲ࡢព⩏࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡿࠋ
➨ 3 ❶ࡣࠊ➨ 2 ❶࡛ࡢ᪤Ⓨ⾲◊✲ࡢᩚ⌮ࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ࠊᐇ㊶ⓗព⩏ࡢᣑᙇ࡜ࡋ࡚
௒ᚋࡢ◊✲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ḟࡢ 2 ⠇࡛㏙࡭ࡿࠋ➨ 1 ⠇ࡣࠊࣈ࣮࣭࣮ࣝ࢜ࢩࣕࣥᡓ␎ࡢ
㐺⏝࡟ࡼࡿᐇ㊶ⓗព⩏ࡢᣑᙇ࡟ྥࡅ࡚ࠊಙ㢗ᛶ࡜ጇᙜᛶࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࢧࣥࣉࣝࢧ࢖
ࢬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡿࠋ➨ 2 ⠇ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᾘ㈝⪅⾜ື◊✲࡛ᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓᾘ
㈝⪅⾜ື㸦ᚰ⌮ⓗ࡞࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢ㸧ࣔࢹࣝࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࣈࣟࢢศᯒࡢᡭ㡰ࡢ୰࡛ࡶ୺ᡂศ㍈ࡢゎ㔘࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓぢ┤ࡋ࡟ゝཬࡍࡿࠋ᭱ᚋࡢ➨ 4 ❶࡛ࠊ┠ⓗ࡟❧ࡕ㏉ࡾࠊ᪤Ⓨ⾲◊✲࡜௒ᚋࡢ◊✲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡲ࡜ࡵࠊ
᭦࡟ṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿㄢ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᡭ▷࡟ゐࢀࡿࠋ

2㸬᪤Ⓨ⾲◊✲㸸ᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬศᯒᡭ㡰
2.1

ࣈࣟࢢศᯒࡢᡭ㡰➨ 1 ⠇ࡣࠊ᪤Ⓨ⾲◊✲࡟౫ᣐࡋࡘࡘࠊࣈࣟࢢグ஦࠿ࡽᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿᡭ㡰࡟ࡘ࠸࡚どぬⓗ࡟⌮ゎࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ඲యീࡢ☜ㄆ࠿ࡽጞࡵࡿࠋࣈࣟࢢグ஦ศᯒࡢᴫ␎ࢆ୍ᯛࡢᅗ࡟
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㡫ࠊᅗ 1㸫5㸧ࡢᅗࢆ෌ᵓᡂࡋ࡚ᅗ 1 ࡜ࡋ࡚సᅗࡋࡓࠋ
ᅗ 1 ࡢ඲యࢆぢࡿࠋࢫࢸࢵࣉࡣ 1 ࠿ࡽ 5 ࡲ࡛ࡢ 5ࡘ࡟ศ࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢫࢸࢵࣉ 1 ࡛ࠊࣈࣟࢢࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ
ࡢ཰㞟࡟ጞࡲࡿࠋࢫࢸࢵࣉ 2 ࡛ࠊࢫࢸࢵࣉ 1 ࡛཰㞟ࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࢱ㸦୺࡜ࡋ࡚ྡモ㸧ࡢ୰࠿ࡽࣈ࣮ࣟ࢞ࢆ㞟ᅋ࡟ศࡅࡿᇶ‽㸦༢ㄒ⩌㸧ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࡢ
ᇶ‽㸦༢ㄒ⩌㸧ࡣࠊ(1) ၟရ≉ᛶ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ࡜(2) ࢜ᅗ 1㸸 ࣈࣟࢢศᯒᡭ㡰ࡢ඲యീฟ඾㸸 ຍ⸨(2017aࠊ7-10 㡫ࠊᅗ 1-5)ࢆ
෌ᵓᡂࡋ࡚౑⏝࣮ࢧ࣮≉ᛶ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻࡢ 2 ✀㢮࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢫࢸࢵࣉ 3࡜ࢫࢸࢵࣉ 4 ࡛ࠊࢫࢸࢵࣉ 2 ࡛㑅ᢥࡋࡓᇶ‽㸦༢ㄒ⩌㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࣈ࣮ࣟ࢞ࢆ㢮ఝࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࢆඹ᭷

ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㞟ᅋ࡟ศࡅࡿࠋࡲࡎၟရ≉ᛶ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ࡛௵ពಶࡢ㞟ᅋ࡬ศ๭ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢ㞟ᅋࡢ࠺ࡕ࡛ࠊၟရ࡬ࡢࣟ࢖ࣖࣝࢸ࢕ࡢ㧗࠸࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣప࠸㞟ᅋࡀࠊ࣮࢜ࢧ
࣮≉ᛶ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ࡟ࡼࡾࠊࡉࡽ࡟௵ពಶࡢ㞟ᅋ࡬࡜ศ๭ࡉࢀࡿࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊࢫࢸ
ࢵࣉ 5 ࡛ࠊ㢮ఝࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࢆඹ᭷ࡍࡿࣈ࣮ࣟ࢞ࡢ㞟ᅋࢆᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡿ୺ᡂศ㍈ࢆᢳฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ୺ᡂศ㍈࡬ࡢࣛ࣋ࣜࣥࢢ࡟ࡼࡾࠊࣈࣟࢢグ஦࠿ࡽᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࢆゎ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ྛࢫࢸࢵࣉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᅗ 1 ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁㄝ᫂ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡲࡎࠊࢫࢸࢵࣉ 1 ࡣࠊࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ཰㞟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ௨ୗࡢㄝ᫂࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊࢹ࣮ࢱ཰㞟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣຍ⸨(2014ࠊ34㸫35 㡫)ࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠋࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ཰㞟ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣࠊ཰㞟ࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡍ
ࡿᕷሙࢆ⾲ࡍ௵ពࡢྡモ 1 ༢ㄒ㸦௨ୗࠊࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ࡜࿧ࡪ㸧ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࠋほගᆅࡢᆅྡࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ
ࠕ㛗ᓮࠖ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕ⚟ᒸࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ༢
ㄒ࡛ࡶⰋ࠸ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ௵ពࡢྡモ 1 ༢ㄒ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛”K”࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ”K”ࢆ୍ᗘ࡛ࡶ౑ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡢ࠶ࡿࣈࣟࢢグ஦ࡣࠊࣈࣟࢢグ஦ࡢ᳨⣴㸦Google ࡢ᳨⣴ᶵ⬟ࢆ᝿㉳ࡍࡿ࡜࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡋࡸࡍ࠸㸧࡟ࡼࡾ᥈ࡏࡿࠋᅗ 2 ࡢᕥ➃ࡣࠊ᳨⣴❆࡟ K ࢆධຊࡋ࡚ࠊ᳨⣴⤖ᯝࢆ
ᅗ 2㸸

ࢹ࣮ࢱ཰㞟

๓༙

ฟ඾㸸

ⴭ⪅సᡂ

ᚓࡓ≧ἣࢆᅗ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᅗ 2 ࡢᕥ➃ࡢ᳨⣴❆ࡢୗࡢⅬ⥺

ࡣࠊ”K”ࢆ᳨⣴ㄒ࡜ࡋࡓ᳨⣴⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᳨⣴⤖ᯝࡣࠊグ஦ࡢ୰࡟”K”ࢆྵࢇࡔࢸ
࢟ࢫࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᳨⣴⤖ᯝࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊ”K”ࢆྵࢇࡔࣈࣟࢢグ஦ࢆ᥈ࡍࠋᅗ 2 ࡢྑ➃ࡢྛᅄゅࡣࠊᩥ୰࡟”K”ࢆྵࡴࣈࣟࢢグ஦ 1 ࡘࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ḟ࡟ࠊࡑࡢࣈࣟࢢグ஦࠿ࡽࠊࡑࡢࣈࣟࢢグ஦ࢆ᭩࠸ࡓࣈ࣮ࣟ࢞㸦௨ୗࠊࣈࣟ
ࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮࡜࿧ࡪ㸧ࢆ≉ᐃ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ≉ᐃ᪉ἲࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤຍ⸨(2014ࠊ35 㡫)ࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠋᅗ 3 ࡛ࡣࠊᕥ➃࡟ᅗ 2 ࡢྑ➃࡟࠶ࡗࡓ༢ㄒ”K”ࢆྵࡴࣈࣟ
ࢢグ஦ձࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࣈࣟࢢグ஦ձ࠿ࡽྑ࡬▮༳ࡀྥ࠸࡚ࠊࡇࡢࣈࣟࢢ
グ஦ձࢆ᭩࠸ࡓࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮X ࢆ≉ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮X ࡀ≉ᐃ࡛ࡁࢀࡤࠊ୍➃ࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࣮࢟
ᅗ 3㸸 ࢹ࣮ࢱ཰㞟ฟ඾㸸 ⴭ⪅సᡂᚋ༙࣮࣡ࢻ”K”࠿ࡽ㞳ࢀ࡚ࠊࡑࡢࣈࣟࢢ
࣮࢜ࢧ࣮X ࡀࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟᭩࠸ࡓࡍ࡭

࡚ࡢࣈࣟࢢグ஦ࢆ᥈ࡋฟࡏࡿࠋࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮X ࡢࣈࣟࢢ࣮࣌ࢪࢆゼࢀ࡚ࠊẖ᪥ࡢࣈࣟࢢグ஦ࢆ୍ࡘࡎࡘㄞࢇ࡛࠸ࡃ≧ἣࢆ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡍࢀࡤⰋ࠸ࠋᅗ 3 ࡛ࡣ᭦࡟▮༳ࡀྑ࡬ྥࡁࠊࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮X ࡀࠊ㸦ࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ”K”ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸ࣈࣟࢢグ஦ࢆྵࡵࡓ㸧ࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟グ㏙ࡋࡓࡍ࡭࡚ࡢࣈࣟࢢグ஦ࢆ᥈ࡋฟࡏࡿࠋ
ᅗ 3 ࡢྑ➃࡟࠶ࡿᅄゅࡀ཰㞟ࡉࢀࡿࣈࣟࢢグ஦ 1 ࡘࡦ࡜ࡘࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
௨ୖ࠿ࡽࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣈࣟࢢࢹ࣮ࢱࡀᡭ࡟ධࡿࠋ
(1)ࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟୍ᗘ࡛ࡶࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ”K”ࢆࣈࣟࢢグ஦ෆ࡛౑ࡗࡓࡇ
࡜ࡢ࠶ࡿࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮㞟ྜ

(2)ࡑࡢࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮ࡀ㸦ࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ”K”࡟㛵ಀ࡞ࡃ㸧ࡇࢀࡲ࡛グ㏙ࡋࡓ඲࡚ࡢࣈࣟࢢグ஦㞟ྜ(3)ࡑࡢࣈࣟࢢグ஦ෆ࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟౑⏝ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡢ࠶ࡿ඲࡚ࡢ㸦ྡモ㸧༢ㄒ㞟ྜ(4)ࡑࢀࡽྛ㸦ྡモ㸧༢ㄒࡀྛࣈࣟࢢグ஦࡛ྛࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮࡟ࡼࡾఱᗘ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺༢ㄒ౑⏝㢖ᗘ㞟ྜ
ᅗ 1 ࡣࠊᅄゅ඲య࡛ࡇࢀࡽ཰㞟ࡉࢀࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ㞟ྜࢆᅗ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢹ࣮ࢱ
ࡀ཰㞟࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ࠊḟ࡟ࢫࢸࢵࣉ 2 ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢫࢸࢵࣉ 1 ࡛཰㞟ࡉࢀࡓ኱㔞ࡢ༢ㄒࡢ୰࠿ࡽࠊࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮ࢆ㞟ᅋ࡟ศࡅࡿᇶ‽࡜࡞ࡿ༢ㄒ⩌ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࠋᅗ 1ࡢࢫࢸࢵࣉ 2 ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢫࢸࢵࣉ 1 ࠿ࡽࢫࢸࢵࣉ 3 ࡜ 4 ࡬▮༳ࡀఙࡧ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ
ࢀࡣࠊࢫࢸࢵࣉ 3 ࡜ 4㸦ᐇ㝿࡟ࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮ࢆ㞟ᅋ࡟ศࡅࡿࢫࢸࢵࣉ㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢫࢸࢵࣉ 2 ࡛㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡓ(1) ၟရ≉ᛶ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ࡜(2) ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮≉ᛶ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻࡢ 2 ✀㢮ࡢ༢ㄒ⩌ࢆᇶ‽࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࢫࢸࢵࣉ 2 ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢ 2 ✀㢮ࡢ༢ㄒ⩌ࢆᇶ‽࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢫࢸࢵࣉ 1 ࡛཰㞟ࡋࡓ༢ㄒ⩌࠿ࡽ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊၟ
ရ≉ᛶ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻࡣࠊၟရ㸦ࡇࡢሙྜࠊၟရ࡜ࡣࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ
࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ”K”࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢ”K”㸧ᅗ 4㸸༢ㄒ࣭ࣈࣟࢢグ஦⾜ิ

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࡟㢮ఝࡋࡓ༢ㄒ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡋࡓࠋ㢮ఝᗘࡣၟရ㸦ࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ”K”㸧࡜ྛ༢ㄒ࡜ࡢࢥࢧ࢖ࣥ㢮ఝᗘ࡟ࡼࡾ
ᐃࡋࡓࠋᅗ 4 ࡣࠊ⾲㢌㡯┠࡟ྛࣈࣟࢢグ஦ࡢ ID ␒ྕࠊ⾲ഃ㡯┠࡟ࣈࣟࢢグ஦ෆ࡛ฟ⌧ࡋࡓ༢ㄒ㸦୺࡜ࡋ࡚ྡモ㸧ࡀ୪ࡧࠊ⾲ࡢࢭࣝෆࡣྛࣈࣟࢢグ஦࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓྛ༢ㄒࡢ tf࣭idf ್ࡀ୪ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⾲࠿ࡽࠊၟရ㸦ࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࣮࢟࣡
࣮ࢻ”K”㸧ࡢ tf࣭idf ್ 1 ⾜࡜ࠊࡑࡢ௚ࡢྛ༢ㄒ㸦ྡモ㸧ࡢ tf࣭idf ್ 1 ⾜࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢࢥࢧ࢖ࣥ㢮ఝᗘࢆྛ༢ㄒ࡛ 1 ࡘࡎࡘィ⟬ࡍࡿࠋ㢮ఝᗘࡢ኱ࡁ࠸᪉࠿ࡽ௵ពಶ
ࡢ༢ㄒࢆၟရ≉ᛶ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
ḟ࡟ࠊ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮≉ᛶ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻࡣࠊࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮ࢆ≉ᚩ௜ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢ㧗࠸༢ㄒ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ≉ᚩ௜ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ⛬ᗘࡣࠊtf࣭idf ್࡟ࡼࡾᐃࡋࡓࠋᅗ 5 ࡣࠊ⾲㢌㡯┠࡟ࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮IDࠊ⾲ഃ㡯┠࡟ྛࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮ࡀ౑⏝ࡋࡓ༢ㄒ㸦ྡモ㸧ࡀ୪ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ⾲ࡢࢭࣝෆ࡟ࡣࠊྛࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮㸦⾲㢌㡯┠㸧ࡢ⏝࠸ࡓ༢ㄒ㸦⾲ഃ㡯┠㸧ࡢ tf࣭idf ್ࡀ୪ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋྛ༢ㄒ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮ࢆ
ᶓ᩿ࡋ࡚᭱኱ࡢ tf࣭idf ್ࡀࡑࡢ༢ㄒࡢ tf࣭idf ್࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡍࡿ࡜ࠊྛ༢ㄒ࡛ 1 ࡘ
ࡢ tf࣭idf ್ࡀồࡲࡿࠋࡇࡢྛ༢
ㄒ࡟ 1 ᑐ 1 ࡛⣣௜ࡅࡽࢀࡓ tf࣭
idf ್ࢆ㝆㡰࡛୪࡭᭰࠼ࡿࠋtf࣭ᅗ 5㸸༢ㄒ࣭ࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮⾜ิ

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idf ್ࡢ኱ࡁ࡞༢ㄒ࠿ࡽ௵ពಶ

ࡢ༢ㄒࢆ㸦ࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮ࢆ≉ᚩ௜ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ༢ㄒࠊࡘࡲࡾ㸧࣮࢜ࢧ࣮≉ᛶ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
ࢫࢸࢵࣉ 3 ࡜ 4 ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢㄝ᫂࡜ేࡏ࡚ຍ⸨(2017a, 9㸫10 㡫)ࡶཧ↷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠋࢫࢸࢵࣉ 3 ࡣࠊࢫࢸࢵࣉ 1 ࡛཰㞟ࡉࢀࡓ༢ㄒ⩌ࡢ୰࠿ࡽࠊ
ࢫࢸࢵࣉ 2 ࡛㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡓ 2 ✀㢮ࡢ༢ㄒ⩌ࡢ࠺ࡕၟရ≉ᛶ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻࢆᇶ‽࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮ࢆ㢮ఝࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡢ㞟ᅋ࡬࡜ศࡅࡓࠋᅗ 1 ࡢࢫࢸࢵࣉ
1 ࡢᅄゅࡣ 1 ࡘࡢ኱ࡁ࡞ሢࡔࡀࠊࢫࢸࢵࣉ 3 ࡛ࡣᅄゅࡢ୰ࡀ A ࠿ࡽ D ࡲ࡛ࡢ 4ಶ࡟ศ๭ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 1ࠋࡇࡢศ๭ࡣࠊtf࣭idf ್ࢆせ⣲࡜ࡋࡓ⾜ิ࡛ࠊࢥࢧ࢖ࣥ㢮ఝᗘࢆ㢮ఝᗘ࡟ࡋࡓࠊࣂࢵࢳᆺ SOM ࡢ Batch Map ࡟ࡼࡾ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠋࢫࢸࢵࣉ 4 ࡣࠊࢫࢸࢵࣉ 3 ࡛ศ๭ࡉࢀࡓ A ࠿ࡽ D ࡲ࡛ࡢ 4 ಶ࠿ࡽࠊၟရ(ࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ”K”)࡬ࡢࣟ࢖ࣖࣝࢸ࢕ࡢ᭱኱࡜᭱ᑠࡢࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮㞟ᅋ
ࢆ 1 ࡘࡎࡘ≉ᐃࡍࡿࠋ௬࡟ࠊ᭱኱ࡢࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮㞟ᅋ㸦௨ୗࠊࣟ࢖࣮ࣖࣝ࢜
ࢧ࣮࡜࿧ࡪ㸧ࢆ B ࡜ࡋࠊ᭱ᑠࡢࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮㞟ᅋ㸦௨ୗࠊࣟࣥࢢࢸ࢖࣮ࣝ࢜
ࢧ࣮࡜࿧ࡪ㸧ࢆ D ࡜ࡍࡿࠋḟ࡟ࠊ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮≉ᛶ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻࡀࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮ࢆ
≉ᚩ௜ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ⛬ᗘࢆ⾲ࡍ tf࣭idf ್ࢆࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢥࢧ࢖ࣥ㢮ఝᗘࢆ㢮ఝᗘࡢᣦᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚ SOM ࡟ࡼࡾࣟ࢖࣮ࣖࣝ࢜ࢧ࣮B ࡜ࣟࣥࢢࢸ࢖࣮ࣝ࢜ࢧ࣮D ࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀࢆࡉࡽ࡟௵ពಶࡢ㞟ᅋ࡬࡜ศ๭ࡋࡓࠋᅗ 1 ࡢࢫࢸࢵࣉ 4 ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࣟ࢖
࣮ࣖࣝ࢜ࢧ࣮B ࡀ B-a, B-b, B-c, B-d ࡢ 4 ಶࡢࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮㞟ᅋ࡬ศ๭ࡉࢀࠊ
ࣟࣥࢢࢸ࢖࣮ࣝ࢜ࢧ࣮D ࡀ D-a, D-b, D-c, D-d ࡢ 4 ಶࡢࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮㞟ᅋ࡬࡜ศ๭ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
᭱ᚋ࡟ࢫࢸࢵࣉ 5 ࡣࠊ୺ᡂศ㍈ࡢᢳฟ࡜ࣛ࣋ࣜࣥࢢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࢫࢸࢵࣉ
5 ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢㄝ᫂࡜ేࡏ࡚ຍ⸨(2013, 38㸫40 㡫)࡜ຍ⸨(2017a, 10 㡫)ࡶཧ↷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ

ࡇࡇࡲ࡛࡛≉ᐃࡉࢀࡓࣟ࢖࣮ࣖࣝ࢜ࢧ࣮B ࡢ B-a, B-b, B-c, B-d ࡢ 4 ಶࡢࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮㞟ᅋ࡜ࣟࣥࢢࢸ࢖࣮ࣝ࢜ࢧ࣮D ࡢ D-a, D-b, D-c, D-d ࡢ 4 ಶࡢࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮㞟ᅋࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀࢆᤊ࠼ࡿ୺ᡂศ
㍈ࢆ୺ᡂศศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾᢳฟࡍࡿࠋᅗ 6 ࡣࠊࣟ࢖࣮ࣖࣝ࢜ࢧ࣮B ࡢ B-a, B-b, B-c, B-d ࡢ
4 ಶࡢࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮㞟ᅋ࡜ࠊࣟࣥࢢࢸ࢖
࣮ࣝ࢜ࢧ࣮D ࡢ D-a, D-b, D-c, D-d ࡢ 4 ಶ
ᅗ 6㸸 ୺ᡂศ㍈ࡢᢳฟฟ඾㸸 ຍ⸨(2017aࠊ10 㡫ࠊᅗ 5)ࢆᨵኚ

ࡢࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮㞟ᅋࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀࡀࠊȘ1 ࠿
ࡽȘ3 ࡜ș1 ࠿ࡽș3 ࡢ 3 ḟඖ࡛ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡓ≧ἣࢆ᝿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 2ࠋ௨ୖࡢࢫࢸࢵࣉ࡟ࡼࡾࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࢆゎ᫂ࡍࡿᡭ㡰ࢆㄝ᫂ࡋࡓࠋ௨ᚋࡢㄝ᫂ࡣࠊࡇࡢᡭ㡰࡟ࡼࡾᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓ≧ἣ
ࢆฟⓎⅬ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋḟࡢ➨ 2 ⠇࡛ࡣᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡢ⤒᫬ⓗ࡞ኚ໬ࢆᢅ࠺ࠋ

2.2

ᕷሙ๰㐀᫬Ⅼࡢ≉ᐃ࡜ẚ㍑ศᯒ

➨ 2 ⠇ࡣࠊ᪤Ⓨ⾲◊✲࡟౫ᣐࡋࡘࡘᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡢኚ໬᫬Ⅼࡢ≉ᐃ࡜ࠊࡑࡢ
ኚ໬᫬Ⅼ๓ᚋ࡛ࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡢ㐪࠸ࡢゎ᫂࡟ྥࡅࡓྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࠋ
➨ 1 ⠇࡛ࡣࠊࣈࣟࢢグ஦࠿ࡽᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿᡭ㡰ࢆᩚ⌮ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ➨ 1 ⠇࡛ᩚ⌮ࡋࡓᡭ㡰࡟ࡣࠊ᫬㛫ᴫᛕࡀ⪃៖࡟ධࢀࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ୍⯡࡟ᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡣࠊ᫬㛫࡜ඹ࡟⛣ࡾኚࢃࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ᫬㛫࡜ඹ࡟⛣ࡾኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡃᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࢆศᯒࡍࡿᡭ㡰࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀ➨ 2 ⠇ࡢ୺┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ௨ୗࡢㄝ᫂࡜ేࡏ࡚ Kato (2013)ࠊKato & Ninomiya (2013)ࠊ
஧ᐑ(1977; 2009; 2014)ࢆཧ↷࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
ᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡢኚ໬ࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᤊ࠼ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ฟⓎⅬࡣࠊ➨ 1 ⠇࡛ㄝ᫂ࡋࡓᡭ㡰࡟ࡼࡾ᪤࡟୺ᡂศ㍈࡜ࡋ࡚ᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ㸦ᅗ 6ࢆཧ↷㸧࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊࡇࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࢆㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡟ࡋࡓࠊ㔜ᅇᖐࣔࢹࣝࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࠋḟࡢᅗ 7 ࡣࠊᅗ 6 ࡢș1ࠊș2ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ș3 ࡢ 3 ࡘࡢ୺ᡂศ㍈㸦ᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬ㸧ࢆ▮༳ࡢᕥഃ࡟♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௨ୗࡣࠊᅗ 6 ࡢȘ1 ࠿ࡽȘ3 ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᅗ 7 ࡢ▮༳ࡢྑഃ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽ 3 ࡘࡢ୺ᡂศ㍈㸦ᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬ㸧ࢆㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡟ࡋࡓ㔜ᅇᖐࣔࢹࣝࡢᵓ⠏ࢆᅗ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ㔜ᅇᖐࣔࢹࣝࡢ⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡣࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢᡂᯝኚᩘ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ

ḟ࡟ࠊࡇࡢ㔜ᅇᖐࣔࢹࣝࡀࢹ࣮ࢱࢆㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ⛬ᗘ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࠊㄝ᫂ኚᩘ㸦ᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬ㸧ࢆホ౯ࡍࡿࠋㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ⛬ᗘࡀప࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ
ࡑࡢㄝ᫂ኚᩘ㸦ᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬ㸧࡛ࡣࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠊูゝࡍࢀࡤㄝ᫂ኚ
ᩘ㸦ᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬ㸧ࡀู✀ࡢኚᩘ㸦ᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬ㸧࡬ኚ໬ࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ඲ᮇ㛫ࡢ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ᫬Ⅼ࡛ኚy = ߚ0 + ߚ1 ‫ݔ‬1 + ߚ2 ‫ݔ‬2 + ߚ3 ‫ݔ‬3 + ߝ໬ࡀ㉳ࡇࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜௬ᐃࡋࠊ
Stepwise Chow Test (௨ୗࠊSCT ࡜

ᅗ 7㸸 ୺ᡂศ㍈࡜ᅇᖐࣔࢹࣝࡢ㛵ಀฟ඾㸸 ⴭ⪅సᡂ࿧ࡪ)࡟ࡼࡾ඲࡚ࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡇ࡜ࡈ࡜ࡃホ౯㸦᳨ᐃ㸧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋホ౯(᳨ᐃ)ࡣࠊᚋ࡟♧ࡍ F ⤫ィ㔞࡟ࡼࡾ⾜࠺ࠋࡇࡇ࡛
ホ౯㸦᳨ᐃ㸧࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊࣈࣟࢢグ஦࡜ࡣู࡟ࠊ㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡾ
⋓ᚓࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࡸබ㛤ࡉࢀࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⋓ᚓࡋ࡚ࡃࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ‽ഛࡉࢀࡿࠋ
᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊኚ໬᫬Ⅼࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊ෌ࡧࣈࣟࢢグ஦ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ᡠࡿࠋࡑࡋ
࡚ࠊࡑࡢ᫬Ⅼ๓ᚋ࡛ࣈࣟࢢグ஦ࢆ 2 ศ๭ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ⊂❧࡟ࣈࣟࢢグ஦ࢆศᯒࡋᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊኚ໬᫬Ⅼ௨๓ࡢࣈࣟࢢグ஦ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬ࡜ࠊኚ໬᫬Ⅼ௨ᚋࡢࣈࣟࢢグ஦ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀࢆồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢኚ໬᫬Ⅼ๓ᚋࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࢆẚ㍑᳨ウࡍࢀࡤࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡢኚ໬ࢆࢹ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ⣬ᖜࡢ㒔ྜࡶ࠶ࡾࠊ(1)඲ᮇ㛫ࡢ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ᫬Ⅼ࡛ィ⟬ࡉࢀࡿ F ⤫ィ㔞ࡢィ⟬ᘧ࡜ࠊ(2)඲ᮇ㛫ࡢ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ᫬Ⅼ࡛⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ(Stepwise)࡚⾜࠺࡜࠸࠺࢔࢖
ࢹ࢔ࡢ 2 Ⅼࡢࡳ࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊSCT ࡢ᳨ᐃࡣࠊḟࡢ F ⤫ィ㔞ࡢᘧ࡟ࡼࡾ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠋ
F ⤫ィ㔞 =

඲ᮇ㛫ࢆࡲ࡜ࡵ࡚ᅇᖐศᯒࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࡢㄗᕪศᩓ െ ඲ᮇ㛫ࢆ 2 ศ๭ࡋ࡚ᅇᖐศᯒࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࡢㄗᕪศᩓࡢ࿴
඲ᮇ㛫ࢆ 2 ศ๭ࡋ࡚ᅇᖐศᯒࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࡢㄗᕪศᩓࡢ࿴

ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ඲ᮇ㛫ࢆ 2 ศ๭ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢㄗᕪศᩓࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊศᩓẚࡀ F ศᕸ࡟ᚑ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ᳨ᐃࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ᳨ᐃࡢᖐ↓௬ㄝࡣࠊࠕ2 ศ๭ࡋࡓ᫬Ⅼࡣኚ໬Ⅼ࡛↓࠸࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋศᩓẚࢆゝⴥ࡛⾲ࡍ࡜ࠊୖࡢᘧࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࠊẚ㍑ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᩚ⌮࡛ࡁࡿࠋ඲ᮇ㛫ࢆ 2 ศ๭ࡋ࡚ᅇᖐศᯒࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࡢㄗᕪศᩓ㸦ᘧࡢศẕ㸧࡟ẚ࡭࡚ࠊ඲ᮇ㛫ࢆࡲ࡜ࡵ࡚ศᯒࡋࡓ᫬ࡢㄗᕪศᩓ࠿ࡽูࠎ࡟ศᯒࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࡢㄗᕪศ
ᩓࢆᘬ࠸ࡓᕪ㸦ᘧࡢศᏊ㸧ࡀ༑ศ࡟኱ࡁࡅࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢ 2 ศ๭ࡋࡓ᫬Ⅼࡣኚ໬Ⅼ࡛↓࠸☜⋡ࡀᑠࡉ࠸ࠋᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᘧࡢศᩓẚ㸦F ⤫ィ㔞㸧ࡢ್ࡀᑠࡉࡅࢀࡤࠊࡑ

ࡢ 2 ศ๭ࡋࡓ᫬Ⅼࡣኚ໬Ⅼ࡛↓࠸☜⋡ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࠋ
ḟ࡟ࠊᅗ 8 ࡣࠊSCT ࡢ඲యീࢆᅗ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅗ 8 ࡣᕥ࠿ࡽྑ࡬࡜ぢ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࡲࡎࠊSCT ࡣ኱ࡁࡃ࣓࢖ࣥࢫࢸࢵࣉ࡜ࢧ
ࣈࢫࢸࢵࣉࡢ 2 ࡘ࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ
࡚ࠊ࣓࢖ࣥࢫࢸࢵࣉࡣ」ᩘࡢࢫࢸࢵࣉ࠿
ᅗ 8㸸

SCT

ฟ඾㸸

ⴭ⪅సᡂ

ࡽ࡞ࡾࠊᅗ 8 ࡢୖ࠿ࡽ㡰࡟ 1st ࢫࢸࢵࣉࠊ

2nd ࢫࢸࢵࣉࠊ3rd ࢫࢸࢵࣉࡢࡼ࠺࡟࿧ࡪࠋ1st ࢫࢸࢵࣉࡣࠊᅗ 8 ࡢ㟷ࡢ▮༳ࢆᕥ࠿ࡽྑ࡬࡜᫬㛫ࡢὶࢀࡢ࠶ࡿ඲ᮇ㛫࡜ぢ࡞ࡋࡓ SCT ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1st ࢫࢸࢵࣉࡢ
SCT ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ぢࡿ࡜ࠊ▮༳ࡢᕥ࠿ࡽ 1 ᫬Ⅼẖ࡟඲ࢹ࣮ࢱᮇ㛫ࢆ 2 ศ๭ࡋ࡚ F ⤫ィ㔞ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ Chow Test(௨ୗࠊCT ࡜࿧ࡪ)ࢆᐇ⾜ࡋ࡚ࡣḟࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡬࡜ᕥ࠿ࡽྑ
࡬ 1 ᫬Ⅼࡎࡽࡋࠊ඲ࢹ࣮ࢱᮇ㛫ࢆ 2 ศ๭ࡋ࡚ CT ࢆᐇ⾜ࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ௵ពࡢ
1 ᫬Ⅼࡀࠊᕥ࠿ࡽ㡰࡟ 1 ᫬Ⅼࡎࡘ⛣ືࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ CT ࢆᐇ⾜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ㟷ࡢ▮༳࡛♧ࡋࡓ඲ᮇ㛫ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ㯮ࡢࣂࢶ㸦㸧࡛♧ࡋࡓ᫬Ⅼ࡟ኚ໬ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ
࡜⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡓ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࡀ࣓࢖ࣥࢫࢸࢵࣉࡢ 1st ࢫࢸࢵࣉ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡍࡿ࡜ḟ࡟࣓࢖ࣥࢫࢸࢵࣉࡢ 2nd ࢫࢸࢵࣉ࡟ࡍࡍࡴࠋ1st ࢫࢸࢵࣉ࡛ぢࡘ࠿ࡗࡓኚ໬Ⅼ㸦ᅗ 8 ࡢ㯮ࡢࣂࢶ㸦㸧㸧࡛඲ᮇ㛫ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ 2 ศ๭ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ
ኚ໬Ⅼࡼࡾ๓㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᚋࢁ㸧ࢆ඲ᮇ㛫࡜ぢ࡞ࡋࡓୖ࡛ࡢ F ⤫ィ㔞ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ SCT
ࢆᐇ⾜ࡍࡿࠋᅗ 8 ࡛ࡣࠊ㉥ࡢ཮᪉ྥࡢ▮༳ࡀኚ໬Ⅼࡼࡾ๓ࢆ♧ࡋࠊ⥳ࡢ཮᪉ྥࡢ▮༳ࡀኚ໬Ⅼࡼࡾᚋࢁࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡉ࡚ࠊ㉥ࡢ཮᪉ྥࡢᮇ㛫ࢆ඲ᮇ㛫࡜ぢ࡞ࡋᕥ➃࠿ࡽྑ࡬ྥ࠿ࡗ࡚⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ CTࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ SCT ࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ࡝ࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡶኚ໬Ⅼࡣぢࡘ࠿ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ௚᪉ࠊ
⥳ࡢ཮᪉ྥࡢ▮༳ࡢᮇ㛫ࢆ඲ᮇ㛫࡜ぢ࡞ࡋࡓ SCT ࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᅗ 8 ࡢ㉥ࡢࣂࢶ㸦㸧
࡛ኚ໬Ⅼࡀぢࡘ࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࡇࡢኚ໬Ⅼ㸦ᅗ 8 ࡢ㉥ࡢࣂࢶ㸦㸧㸧ࡢ๓ᚋ࡛ࠊ⥳ࡢ཮᪉ྥࡢ඲ᮇ㛫ࢆ 2 ศ๭ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᅗ 8 ࡢ⥳ࡢ཮᪉ྥࡢ඲ᮇ
㛫ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊᅗ 8 ࡢ㉥ࡢࣂࢶ㸦㸧ࡼࡾ๓࡜ᚋࢁ࡟ 2 ศ๭ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ⊂❧࡟ F⤫ィ㔞ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ SCT ࢆᐇ⾜ࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀ 3rd ࢫࢸࢵࣉ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ3rd ࢫࢸࢵࣉࡢ
⤖ᯝࠊ࡝ࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡶኚ໬Ⅼࡣぢࡘ࠿ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ࣓࢖ࣥࢫࢸࢵ
ࣉࡀ⤊஢ࡍࡿࠋ
SCT ࡣ࣓࢖ࣥࢫࢸࢵࣉ࡟ࡼࡾኚ໬Ⅼࢆ≉ᐃࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢࡔࡀࠊࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࡢ SCT
࡛ࡣ඲ᮇ㛫࡜ࡋ࡚᝿ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᮇ㛫ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀᅗ 8 ࡢ㯮ࡢ཮᪉ྥࡢ▮༳࡛♧ࡉࢀࡓᮇ㛫࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᮇ㛫ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ࡝ࡢ࣓࢖ࣥࢫࢸࢵࣉ㸦1st ࢫࢸࢵࣉ࠿ࡽ 3rd ࢫࢸࢵࣉ㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ඲ᮇ㛫࡜ࡋ࡚᝿ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ
ࡇࡢᮇ㛫ࢆ඲ᮇ㛫࡜ࡋ࡚ F ⤫ィ㔞ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ SCT ࢆᐇ⾜ࡋ࡚ࡶኚ໬Ⅼࡢ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀࢧࣈࢫࢸࢵࣉ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢧࣈࢫࢸࢵࣉࡣࠊ࣓࢖ࣥࢫࢸࢵࣉ
࡛☜ㄆࡉࢀࡎ࡟ṧࡉࢀࡓᮇ㛫࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᛕࡢࡓࡵࡢ☜ㄆ࡜⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡇࡲ࡛࡛࣓࢖ࣥࢫࢸࢵࣉ࡜ࢧࣈࢫࢸࢵࣉࠊࡉࡽ࡟࣓࢖ࣥࢫࢸࢵࣉࢆᵓᡂࡍ
ࡿ 1st ࢫࢸࢵࣉࠊ2nd ࢫࢸࢵࣉࠊࡑࡋ࡚ 3rd ࢫࢸࢵࣉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀ
࡛ SCT ࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࡀ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ F ⤫ィ㔞ࢆィ⟬ࡋ࡚ࠊኚ໬Ⅼࢆ≉ᐃࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛ࠊ෌
ࡧࣈࣟࢢグ஦ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ᡠࡿࠋࣈࣟࢢグ஦ࡢࢱ࢖࣒ࢫࢱࣥࣉ㸦ࣈࣟࢢグ஦ࡀබ㛤ࡉࢀࡓᖺ᭶᪥㸧ࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊࣈࣟࢢグ஦㞟ྜࢆኚ໬Ⅼ௨๓ࡢࣈࣟࢢグ஦㞟ྜ࡜ኚ໬Ⅼ௨ᚋࡢࣈࣟࢢグ஦㞟ྜ࡜࡟ศ๭ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊኚ໬Ⅼ௨๓࡜௨ᚋࡢ
ࣈࣟࢢグ஦㞟ྜࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀ⊂❧࡟ࠊඛ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡋࡓࣈࣟࢢグ஦࠿ࡽᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿᡭ㡰࡟ᚑ࠸ศᯒࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡾࠊኚ໬Ⅼ௨๓ࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬ㸦୺ᡂศ㍈㸧࡜ኚ໬Ⅼ௨ᚋࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬ㸦୺ᡂศ㍈㸧ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡍࡿ
࡜ࠊኚ໬Ⅼ௨๓࡜ኚ໬Ⅼ௨ᚋ࡜ࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡢẚ㍑ศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡢ⛣ࡾኚࢃࡾࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡛ࡁࡿࠋ

2.3

ᐇ㊶ⓗᒎ㛤࡟ྥࡅࡓㅖ◊✲➨ 3 ⠇ࡣࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡢゎ᫂ࡢᐇ㊶ⓗ࡞ព⩏࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ1 ࡘ࡟㞳ᩓ㑅ᢥࣔࢹࣝࢆ௬ᐃࡋࡓ㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡾࠊᾘ㈝⪅ᒓᛶẖ࡟㔜どࡍࡿࢽ࣮ࢬࢆ≉ᐃࡋࡓ◊✲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ2 ࡘ࡟ࠊࣈࣟࢢศᯒ⤖ᯝࢆᇶ♏࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊࣈ࣮࣭࣮ࣝ࢜ࢩ
ࣕࣥᡓ␎ࡢ㐺⏝࡟ࡼࡾ᪂つᕷሙ㛤ᣅࡢᡭ㡰ࡢᴫ␎ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋࡓ◊✲ࢆᩚ⌮ࡍࡿࠋ

2.3.1

㞳ᩓ㑅ᢥࣔࢹࣝࢆ௬ᐃࡋࡓࢥࣥࢪࣙ࢖ࣥࢺศᯒ

ࣈࣟࢢศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾࠊࣟ࢖ࣖࣝࢸ࢕ࡢ㧗࠸ࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮ࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬ࡜ప
࠸ࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮ࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡛ࡁࡓ㸦ᅗ 6 ࢆཧ↷㸧ࠋࡔࡀ⤒Ⴀ⪅
ࡣࠊ⤒Ⴀ㈨※ࡢไ⣙ࡢ୰࡛ࠊពᛮỴᐃࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ≧ἣࢆ᝿ᐃࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ࡝ࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡀࡼࡾ㔜せ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡣࡑࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࢆ඘㊊ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ࡟࠸ࡃࡽࡲ࡛㏣ຍⓗ࡞ᨭᡶࢆࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞

᝟ሗࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࠊ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡣ⤒Ⴀ㈨※ࡢไ⣙ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࠊࡼࡾ㐺ษ࡞ពᛮỴᐃࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞࠼ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ௨ୗࡢㄝ᫂࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊKato, et al. (2013)ࡢㄝ᫂ࡶేࡏ࡚ཧ↷࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
ᅗ 9 ࡢᕥ༙ศࡣࠊࣈࣟࢢศᯒ࡛ࣟ࢖ࣖࣝࢸ࢕ࡢ㧗࠸ᾘ㈝⪅㞟ᅋࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬȘ1ࠊȘ2ࠊࡑࡋ࡚Ș3 ࡢ 3 ㍈ࢆᢳฟ࡛ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡲࡓࠊࣟ࢖ࣖࣝࢸ࢕ࡢ
ప࠸ᾘ㈝⪅㞟ᅋࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬș1ࠊș2ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ș3 ࡢ 3 ㍈ࢆᢳฟ࡛ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ
♧ࡍࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊᅗ 6 ࡜ྠ୍࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆฟⓎⅬ࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊᅗ 9 ࡢྑ༙ศࡣࣈࣟ
ࢢศᯒࢆᇶ♏࡟ࡋࡓ㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝࡢタィࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊࣟ࢖ࣖࣝࢸ࢕ࡢ㧗ప࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ RFM ศᯒ 3࡟ࡼࡾ୍ᒙヲ⣽࡞ศᯒࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋḟ࡟ࠊ୺ᡂศ
㍈ࡢȘ1ࠊȘ2ࠊࡑࡋ࡚Ș3 ࡀࠊࣟ࢖ࣖࣝࢸ࢕ࡢ㧗࠸ᾘ㈝⪅࡬ࡢࢥࣥࢪࣙ࢖ࣥࢺ࢝
࣮ࢻࡢ㉁ၥ㡯┠࡟࡞ࡿࠋș1ࠊș2ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ș3 ࡀࠊࣟ࢖ࣖࣝࢸ࢕ࡢప࠸ᾘ㈝⪅࡬ࡢ㉁ၥ㡯┠࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࣈࣟࢢศᯒ⤖ᯝ࡜ࠊࢥࣥࢪࣙ࢖ࣥࢺ࣮࢝ࢻ࡜ࡀᑐ
ᛂ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡲࡎࣈࣟࢢศᯒ
ࣈࣟࢢศᯒ

㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝ

ࣟ࢖ࣖࣝࢸ࢕
㧗࠸ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆᒓᛶ࡜Ỉ‽࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊࣟ࢖ࣖࣝࢸ࢕
ప࠸㧗࠸ప࠸

(RFM ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࣟ࢖ࣖࣝࢸ࢕ࡢ㧗పࢆศᯒ)RFM ศᯒ࡛ࠊR࣭F࣭M ࡢ㧗࠸ RFM ศᯒ࡛ࠊR࣭F࣭M ࡢప࠸ࢫࢥ࢔ࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢫࢥ࢔ࡢᾘ㈝⪅(୺ᡂศ㍈㸦ᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬ㸧ࢆ‶ࡓࡍᒓᛶࡢ᭷↓)
Ș1

Ș2

Ș3

௚࣭࣭

ș1

ș2

ș3

௚࣭࣭

᭷

Ș1 ᭷

Ș2 ᭷

Ș3 ᭷

௚᭷࣭࣭

᭷

ș1 ᭷

ș2 ᭷

ș3 ᭷

௚᭷࣭࣭

↓

Ș1 ↓

Ș2 ↓

Ș3 ↓

௚↓࣭࣭

↓

ș1 ↓

ș2 ↓

ș3 ↓

௚↓࣭࣭

࣭
࣭
࣭

࣭
࣭
࣭

࣭
࣭
࣭

࣭
࣭
࣭

࣭
࣭
࣭

࣭
࣭
࣭

࣭
࣭
࣭

࣭
࣭
࣭

࣭
࣭
࣭

࣭
࣭
࣭

࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ
ࣈࣟࢢศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝࡀȘ 1 ࠊȘ 2 ࠊࡑࡋ࡚Ș3 ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ
ࡑࢀࡒࢀࢆᒓᛶ࡜ぢ࡞ࡍࠋࡑࡋ
࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᒓᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ

ࢥࣥࢪࣙ࢖ࣥࢺ࣮࢝ࢻࡢసᡂ

ᅗ 9㸸

RFM ศᯒ࡜ࢥࣥࢪࣙ࢖ࣥࢺศᯒ

ฟ඾㸸

ⴭ⪅సᡂ

Ỉ‽ࢆタᐃࡍࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ௬
࡟Ỉ‽ࢆ 2 Ỉ‽࡜ࡋ࡚ࡳࡿࠋ
ࡘࡲࡾࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᒓᛶࢆ‶ࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿၟရ࡜‶ࡓࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ၟရ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛Ș1ࠊȘ2ࠊࡑࡋ࡚Ș3 ࡀᢳ㇟ⓗ࡛࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡋ࡟ࡃ࠸ㄞ⪅ྥࡅ࡟ලయ౛ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚ࡳࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊȘ1 ࡀࠕࢯ࣮ࢩ࣓ࣕࣝࢹ࢕࢔࡟ࡼࡾ᝟ሗᥦ౪ࢆࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ࡞
ࡽࡤࠊࡇࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࢆ‶ࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࠊࡘࡲࡾ 2 Ỉ‽ࡣࠕࢯ࣮ࢩࣕࣝ
࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࡟ࡼࡾ᝟ሗᥦ౪ࢆࡍࡿࠖ࡜ࠕࢯ࣮ࢩ࣓ࣕࣝࢹ࢕࢔࡟ࡼࡾ᝟ሗᥦ౪ࢆࡋ
࡞࠸ࠖ࡜♧ࡏࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊලయ౛࡟♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞᝟ሗᥦ౪ࢆࡍࡿ࣭ࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ
2 Ỉ‽ࢆࠕ᭷ࡿࠖ
ࠕ↓࠸ࠖࡢ 2 Ỉ‽࡜ࡋ࡚⾲࡟ᩚ⌮ࡋ࡚ࡳࡿࠋࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ⾲ 1 ࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ⾲ 1 ࡢࠕȘ1 ᭷ࠖࡣࠊඛ࡯࡝ࡢලయ౛ࡢሙྜ࡞ࡽࡤࠕࢯ࣮ࢩ࣓ࣕࣝࢹ
࢕࢔࡟ࡼࡾ᝟ሗᥦ౪ࢆࡍࡿࠖ࡟࠶ࡓࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊᒓᛶ࡜Ỉ‽ࡀ☜ᐃࡋࡓࠋḟ࡟ࠊࡇࡢᒓᛶ࡜Ỉ‽ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡚௬᝿ⓗ࡞ၟရࢆసࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊၟရ aࡣࠊࠕȘ1 ᭷࡛ࠖࠊ
ࠕȘ2 ↓࡛ࠖࠊ
ࠕȘ3 ↓ࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓලྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ௬᝿ⓗ࡞ၟရࡣࠊᒓᛶ࡜Ỉ‽ࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡢᩘࠊࡘࡲࡾ
⾲ 1㸸 3 ᒓᛶ 2 Ỉ‽ࡢ౛ฟ඾㸸 ⴭ⪅సᡂ௒ᅇࡢ౛࡟࠶࡚ࡣࡵࡿ࡜ 222㸻8 ࡔࡅ⤌ࡳ

Ș1

Ș2

Ș3

ྜࢃࡏࡽࢀࡿ 4ࠋ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࢆᅗ♧ࡍࡿ࡜ḟࡢᅗ

᭷

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Ș3 ᭷

10 ࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

↓

Ș1 ↓

Ș2 ↓

Ș3 ↓

ࡾฟࡋࠊ࡝ࢀࡶ㉎ධࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ 3 ࡘ┠ࡢྍ⬟

Ș1

Ș3
Ș2

Ș1 ᭷

ࡇࡢ 8 ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ 2 ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡎࡘࢆྲྀ

Ș2 ᭷
Ș2 ↓

Ș3 ᭷

ᛶࢆຍ࠼࡚ࠊ3 ࡘࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥㸦ᚋࡢၟရ 1 ࠿ࡽ 3 ࡜

Ș3 ↓ྠ୍㸧࠿ࡽ 1 ࡘࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࢆసᡂࡍࡿࠋ

Ș3ࡇࢀࢆ⾲ᙧᘧ࡟ࡋࡓࡢࡀࢥࣥࢪࣙ࢖ࣥࢺ࣮࢝ࢻ

Ș3 ᭷

Ș1 ↓

Ș2
Ș2 ᭷

Ș3 ↓

࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࢥࣥࢪࣙ࢖ࣥࢺ࣮࢝ࢻࢆྵࡵࡓ㉁Ș3ၥ⣬ㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡾࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⋓ᚓ࣭ศᯒࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ࡜

Ș3 ᭷
Ș3 ↓

Ș2 ↓
Ș3
Ș3 ᭷
Ș3 ↓

ᅗ 10㸸 ᒓᛶ࡜Ỉ‽ࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ౛ฟ඾㸸 ⴭ⪅సᡂࡁ௬ᐃࡉࢀࡿࣔࢹࣝࡀࠊ㞳ᩓ㑅ᢥࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋ
㞳ᩓ㑅ᢥࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡣࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡀ」ᩘࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡢ୰࠿ࡽࠊ⮬㌟ࡢຠ⏝ࢆ᭱ࡶ㧗ࡵࡿ 1 ࡘࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ☜⋡ࡢᩘ⌮ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛
࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞㞳ᩓ㑅ᢥࣔࢹࣝࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ 1ࡘ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ Kato et al.(2013, p.79) ࡛ ࡶ ᥇ ⏝ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ࠊ ከ 㡯 ࣟ ࢪ ࢵ ࢺ ࣔ ࢹ ࣝ(multinomial logit model)ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆ࡚⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ௨ୗࡢㄝ᫂࡜ేࡏ࡚ࠊ
ྂᕝ࣭Ᏺཱྀ࣭㜿㒊(2011ࠊ54-56 㡫)ࡢㄝ᫂ࡶཧ↷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠋከ㡯ࣟࢪࢵࢺࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊ3 ࡘ௨ୖࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡢ୰࠿ࡽ᭱ࡶຠ⏝ࡢ㧗࠸㑅ᢥ⫥ 1 ࡘࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊၟရ 1ࠊၟရ 2ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ၟရ 3 ࡢ 3 ࡘࡢၟရ㸦ඛࡢ 3 ࡘࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥࡜ྠ୍㸧ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡍࡿ࡜ࠊၟရ 1 ࢆ㉎ධࡍࡿ☜⋡㸦Pr൫‫ = ݕ‬ၟရ 1൯㸧ࡣࠊၟရ 1 ࡢຠ⏝ࡀၟရ 2 ࡢຠ⏝ࡼࡾ㧗ࡃ㸦Pr(ܷၟရ ଵ > ܷၟရ ଶ )㸧ࠊ࠿ࡘၟရ 1ࡢຠ⏝ࡀၟရ 3 ࡢຠ⏝ࡼࡾ㧗࠸㸦Pr( ܷၟရ ଵ > ܷၟရ ଷ )㸧☜⋡࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛௵ពࡢၟရ j ࡟ᑐࡍࡿຠ⏝㸦ܷ௝ 㸧ࡀࠊၟရ j ࡢᒓᛶ࡟ࡼࡾ☜ᐃⓗ࡟Ỵࡲࡿせ⣲(ܸ௝ )࡜☜⋡ⓗ࡞ㄗᕪ㡯(Ȝj)ࡢ࿴࡜ࡋ࡚⾲⌧࡛ࡁࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ

ܷ௝ = ܸ௝ + ߝ௝ ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ☜ᐃⓗ࡟Ỵࡲࡿせ⣲(ܸ௝ )ࡣࠊၟရ j ࡢᒓᛶ k ࡢᙳ㡪ᗘࢆ⾲ࡍࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ ܸ௝ = σ௞ ߚ௞ ܺ௝௞ ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊߚ௞ ࡣᒓᛶ k ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ⾲ࡍࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ㸦せࡍࡿ࡟ࠊഴࡁࡸษ∦㸧ࠊܺ௝௞ ࡣၟရ j ࡢᒓᛶ k㸦せࡍࡿ࡟ࠊㄝ᫂ኚᩘ㸧ࡢ್࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᘧ࡛☜ᐃⓗ࡟Ỵࡲࡿせ⣲(ܸ௝ )ࢆ⾲⌧ࡍࡿࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊܷ௝ = ܸ௝ + ߝ௝ ࡢߝ௝ ࢆ➨୍✀ᴟ್ศᕸ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ」ᩘࡢ㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊၟရ 1ࠊၟရ 2ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ၟရ 3 ࡢ 3 ࡘࡢ㸧ၟရ࠿ࡽ௵ពࡢၟရ j ࡀ㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡿ☜⋡ࢆ Pr൫‫ = ݕ‬ၟရ j൯ = exp(ܸ௝ )Τσଷ௝ୀଵ exp(ܸ௝ ) ࡛⾲⌧࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚」ᩘࡢၟရ㸦ࢥࣥࢪࣙ࢖ࣥࢺ࣮࢝ࢻࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥㸧࠿ࡽࠊ௵ពࡢၟရ j ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ☜⋡ࢆᩘ⌮ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ⾲⌧ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆ௬ᐃࡋࡓࢥࣥࢪࣙ࢖ࣥࢺ
ศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡓࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ㸦ከ㡯ࣟࢪࢵࢺࣔࢹࣝࡢᘧ࡛࠶ࢀࡤߚ௞ 㸧ࡢ್ࡢ኱ࡁࡉࡸ᳨ᐃ⤖ᯝ࡞࡝࠿ࡽࠊ」ᩘࡢᒓᛶ㸦ࢥࣥࢪࣙ࢖ࣥࢺ࣮࢝ࢻࡢȘ1 ࡸȘ
2 ࡞࡝㸧ࡢ࠺ࡕ࡛࡝ࡢᒓᛶࢆ≉࡟㔜どࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࢆゎ㔘ࡍࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊIIAࠊࣇࣝࣉࣟ

ࣇ࢓࢖ࣝἲࠊ┤஺⾲࡟ࡼࡿࢥࣥࢪࣙ࢖ࣥࢺ࣮࢝ࢻ๐ῶ᪉ἲ࡞࡝ࠊ㔜せ࡞ࢺࣆࢵࢡࢫࡢ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿࡟㛵ࡋ࡚⣬ᖜࡢ㒔ྜ࡛ゝཬࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ

2.3.2

ࣈ࣮࣭࣮ࣝ࢜ࢩࣕࣥᡓ␎ࡢ㐺⏝࡟ࡼࡿ᪂つᕷሙ㛤ᣅࡢᡭ㡰➨ 3 ⠇ࡢ 2 Ⅼ┠࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࣈࣟࢢศᯒ⤖ᯝࢆᇶ♏࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊࣈ࣮࣭࣮ࣝ࢜ࢩࣕࣥ
ᡓ␎ࡢ㐺⏝࡟ࡼࡾ᪂つᕷሙ㛤ᣅࡢᡭ㡰ࡢᴫ␎ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋࡓ◊✲ࢆᩚ⌮ࡍࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ
௨ୗࡢㄝ᫂࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊຍ⸨㸦2017b; 2017c; 2017d㸧ࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
ࡇࡇ࡛ࡢฟⓎⅬࡣࠊ」ᩘ✀㢮ࡢࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ࡟ࡼࡾࣈࣟࢢศᯒࢆ⤊࠼ࡓ≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ㒔ᕷྡ㸦⚟ᒸࠊᗈᓥࠊ⚄ᡞࠊ኱㜰ࠊி㒔࡞࡝㸧ࢆࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ࡟ࡋࡓࣈࣟࢢศᯒࢆ⤊࠼࡚ࠊ⮬㒔ᕷ㸦౛࠼ࡤ⚟ᒸ㸧ࢆ௚ࡢ➇ྜ㒔ᕷ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࡼࡾ㨩ຊⓗ࡞㒔ᕷ࡟ࡋࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺㛵ᚰࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜
ࡋ࡚ࡳ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࡇࡢᐇ⌧ࡢ᪉ἲࡢ 1 ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࣈ࣮࣭࣮ࣝ࢜ࢩࣕࣥᡓ␎ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࢆࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟ព㆑࡟ᛂ⏝ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊຍ⸨㸦2017b; 2017c㸧࡛ࡣࠊࣈࣟࢢศᯒ࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࢆᇶ♏࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊ➇ྜ㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿ㒔ᕷࢆ≉ᐃࡍ
ࡿࠋඹ㏻ࡢ୺ᡂศ✵㛫ୖ࡟㒔ᕷࢆᕸ⨨ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢᖹᆒ㊥㞳ࢆồࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ
ᇶᮏⓗ࡞࢔࢖ࢹ࢔࡛࠶ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡞ᘧࡣࠊ⣬ᖜࡢ㒔ྜ࡛┬␎ࡍࡿࠋຍ⸨㸦2017c㸧
ࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ➇ྜ㒔ᕷࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊḟ࡟ຍ⸨㸦2017b; 2017d㸧࡛ࡣ㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝࢆྜィ 3 ᅇᐇ᪋ࡍࡿࠋ➨ 1 ᅇ┠ࡢㄪᰝࡣࠊᅇ⟅⪅ࡢᒓᛶࡈ࡜࡟ࠊ⮬㒔ᕷ࡜➇ྜ㒔ᕷࡢ౯್ࡢ㧗పࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛౯್ࡣࠊᾘ㈝⪅ᒓᛶࡈ࡜࡟౯᱁
㸦ྛ㒔ᕷ࡬ࡢゼၥࡢ㈝⏝㸧࡜ࠊྛ㒔ᕷࡀ⮬㒔ᕷ࡜➇ྜ㒔ᕷࢆᤊ࠼ࡿᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬ㸦୺ᡂศ㍈㸧ࢆ‶ࡓࡍ⛬ᗘ࡛ᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋ

➨ 2 ᅇ┠ࡢㄪᰝࡣࠊ➨ 1 ᅇ┠ࡢㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࡢ୰ኸ್ࡀ᏶඲࡟୍⮴ࡋࡓᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬ㸦୺ᡂศ㍈㸧ࡢ࠺ࡕ࡛ࠊศᯒ⪅ࡀቑຍࠊ๰㐀ࠊ๐㝖ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣῶᑡྍ⬟࡜ุ᩿ࡋࡓᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬ㸦୺ᡂศ㍈㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢㄪᰝ᪉ἲࡣࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬ㸦୺ᡂศ㍈㸧ࢆᒓᛶ࡟ࠊ
㸦㧗ࠊ୰ࠊపࡢ㸧3 ࡘࡢࣞ࣋ࣝࢆỈ‽࡟ࡋࡓ㞳ᩓ㑅ᢥࣔࢹࣝࢆ௬ᐃࡋࡓࢥࣥࢪࣙ࢖ࣥࢺศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ2 ❶➨ 3 ⠇➨ 1 㡯࡜㢮ఝࡢㄪᰝ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ┠ⓗࡣྠ୍࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⊂⮬ࡢ౯್᭤⥺㸦value curve㸧ࢆᥥࡃࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠋ㝈⏺ᨭᡶពᛮ㢠ࡢ㧗࠸ᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡣቑຍ
ࡸ๰㐀ࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࠊప࠸ᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡣῶᑡࡸ๐㝖ࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊ
⊂⮬ࡢ౯್᭤⥺࡟ࡍࡿࠋ➨ 3 ᅇ┠ࡢㄪᰝࡣࠊࢹ࣮ࢱࢆྲྀᚓࡋ࡚ࣂ࢖࣮࣭࣮ࣖࣘࢸ࢕ࣜࢸ࢕࣭࣐ࢵࣉࡢ
సᡂ࡜ศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾࠊࣂ࢖࣮࣭࣮ࣖࣘࢸ࢕ࣜࢸ࢕࣭࣐ࢵࣉୖ࡛㔜」ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡢ
☜ㄆ࡟࠶ࡿࠋㄪᰝࡢ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡣࠊ➨ 2 ᅇ┠ࡢㄪᰝ࡛⏝࠸ࡓᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬ㸦୺ᡂศ㍈㸧࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࣂ࢖࣮࢚ࣖࢡࢫ࢚࣌ࣜࣥࢫ࣭ࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࡢ 6 ࡘࡢ㡯┠ࢆ࣮ࣘࢸ࢕ࣜࢸ࢕࣭ࣞࣂ࣮࡛ศࡅࡓෆᐜ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࠊ⊂⮬ࡢ౯್᭤⥺ࡢ㒔ᕷࡣ௬᝿࡛࠶ࡾࠊ➨ 3 ᅇ┠ࡢㄪᰝࡣ௬᝿ࡢ㒔ᕷ࡜ᐇᅾࡢྛ㒔ᕷ࡜ࡀࣂ࢖࣮࣭࣮ࣖࣘࢸ
࢕ࣜࢸ࢕࣭࣐ࢵࣉୖ࡛㔜」ࡋ࡞࠸Ⅼࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᡭ㡰ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ

2.4

࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢᏛ⾡◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢព⩏࡜ᐇ㊶ⓗព⩏➨ 4 ⠇ࡣࠊ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢᏛ⾡◊✲ࡢព⩏࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣐ࢿࢪ
࣓ࣥࢺ◊✲࡜ᾘ㈝⪅⾜ືㄽ◊✲ࡢ 2 ࡘ࠿ࡽࡢ⥅ᢎ࡜㈉⊩࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࡢᩚ⌮ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ᪤Ⓨ⾲◊✲ࡢ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢᏛㄝྐୖ࡬ࡢ఩⨨࡙ࡅ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ௨ୗࡢㄝ᫂࡜ేࡏ࡚ຍ⸨(2015)ࢆཧ↷࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊ࣐࣮ࢣ
ࢸ࢕ࣥࢢᏛㄝྐࢆᩚ⌮ࡋࡓ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ Shaw & Jones (2005)ࢆཧ↷࠸ࡓࡔࡁ
ࡓ࠸ࠋShaw & Jones (2005)࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢᏛㄝྐࡣ 10Ꮫὴ࡟ᩚ⌮࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࡢ 10 Ꮫὴࡢ୰࡛ࡶ௒᪥୺ὶ࡜ぢ࡞ࡉࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡇ
࡛ࡣ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺᏛὴ࡜ᾘ㈝⪅⾜ືᏛὴࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࠋ

࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺᏛὴࡣࠊ〇ရ࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ㈍኎┈ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍಶࠎ
ࡢ௻ᴗࡢάືࠊࡘࡲࡾࠊྲྀᘬ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ኎ࡾᡭࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡢᐇ㊶
࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿࠋࡇࡢᏛὴࡢ୰ᚰ࡜࡞ࡿே≀࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࣇ࢕ࣜࢵࣉ࣭ࢥࢺ࣮ࣛࡀ
ᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋᙼࡢຌ⦼ࡢ 1 ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡢᴫᛕᯟ⤌ࡳࢆႠ฼௻
ᴗ࡟㝈ᐃࡏࡎከᵝ࡞⤌⧊య࡬ᣑᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ௒᪥ࠊᡃࡀᅜࡢ኱Ꮫ
Ꮫ㒊ᩍ⫱࡛ࡶࠊᗈࡃࡇࡢᏛὴࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡀ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢㄽࡢᤵᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚ㅮ⩏ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣇ࢕ࣜࢵࣉ࣭ࢥࢺ࣮ࣛ࡟ࡼࡿࠊ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡢࢸ࢟ࢫࢺ㸦ࢥࢺ࣮ࣛ, 1983㸧ࡶᗈࡃ౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓࢸ࢟ࢫࢺࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊᏛ⏕ࡣ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢᶵ఍ࡢศᯒ㸦STPࠊSWOTࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㟂せண࡞࡝㸧ࠊᡓ␎ィ⏬ࡢ⟇ᐃ㸦〇ရࣛ࢖ࣇࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࡸࠊᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᆅ఩ࡈ࡜ࡢᡓ␎㸧ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ 4P ࡞࡝࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣑ࢵࢡࢫ࡟㛵ࡍࡿពᛮỴᐃ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㡯┠࡟ࡘ࠸࡚Ꮫಟࡍࡿࠋ
ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡶ࠺ 1 ࡘࡢ୺ὶ࡞Ꮫὴࡀᾘ㈝⪅⾜ືᏛὴ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᾘ㈝⪅⾜ືᏛὴࡣࠊᙜึࠊ㉎㈙㸦᥈⣴࡜㑅ᢥ㸧࡜ᾘ㈝㸦౑⏝࡜◚Რ㸧࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿၥ㢟ࢆᢅࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࡔࡀࠊ௒᪥ࡑࡢᑐ㇟ࡣࠊࡣࡿ࠿࡟ᣑᙇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣐
ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺᏛὴࡶᾘ㈝⪅⾜ືᏛὴࡶࠊ࡜ࡶ࡟ᑐ㇟ࢆᣑᙇࡉࡏ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡔࡀࠊࡇ
ࡇ࡛ࡣᣑᙇࡉࢀࡓ⛬ᗘࡣ㔜せ࡛࡞ࡃࠊࡑࡢ୰᰾࡜࡞ࡿᴫᛕࡢ⥅ᢎ࡜ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ᩚ
⌮ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࣈࣟࢢศᯒ࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓㅖ◊✲࡟ࡼࡿ㈉⊩࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࠋࡲࡎ⥅ᢎ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᩚ⌮ࡍࡿࠋ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺᏛὴࡢ୰᰾࡜࡞ࡿ
ᴫᛕࡢ 1 ࡘ࡜ࡋ ࡚ࠊඛ࡟࣐ ࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢᶵ఍ࡢศᯒ࡜ࡋ࡚♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟STP(Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning)ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ2 ❶➨ 1 ⠇࡛ࡲ࡜ࡵࡓࡼ࠺
࡟ࠊࣈࣟࢢศᯒࡣᾘ㈝⪅ࢆᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡢ㢮ఝࡋࡓᾘ㈝⪅㞟ᅋ࡟ศ๭ࡋࡓࠋࡇ
ࢀࡣࠊᕷሙࢭࢢ࣓ࣥࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛Ⰻ࠸ࠋᅗ 6 ࡢࣟ࢖࣮ࣖࣝ࢜ࢧ࣮B ࡢ Ba, B-b, B-c, B-d ࡢ 4 ಶࡢࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮㞟ᅋ࡜ࣟࣥࢢࢸ࢖࣮ࣝ࢜ࢧ࣮D ࡢ D-a,
D-b, D-c, D-d ࡢ 4 ಶࡢࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮㞟ᅋ࡜ࡣᕷሙࢭࢢ࣓ࣥࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࣈࣟࢢศᯒࡣ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺᏛὴࡢ୰᰾ᴫ
ᛕࡢ 1 ࡘࡢᕷሙࢭࢢ࣓ࣥࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆ⥅ᢎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ2 ❶➨ 3 ⠇➨ 1 㡯࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࢱ࣮ࢤࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡢᴫᛕࢆ⥅ᢎࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ᅗ 9 ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊRFM ศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾᾘ㈝⪅㞟ᅋࢆ RFM ࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࣟ࢖ࣖ
ࣝࢸ࢕ࡢ㧗ప࡛ศࡅࡓୖ࡛ࠊࡑࡢ୰࡛⮬♫࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡞ᾘ㈝⪅㞟ᅋ࡟⤠ࡾࠊࡑࡢᾘ㈝⪅㞟ᅋࡀ㔜せどࡍࡿᒓᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࢆ῝ࡵࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ◊✲࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢ୰࡛⮬♫࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡞ᾘ㈝⪅㞟ᅋ࡟⤠ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᾘ㈝⪅㞟ᅋࡢ୰࡛ࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺࢆ⤠ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࢱ࣮ࢤࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ
ࣈࣟࢢศᯒࡣࠊࢱ࣮ࢤࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡜࠸࠺࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺᏛὴࡢ୰᰾
ᴫᛕࡢ 1 ࡘࢆ⥅ᢎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡘ࡙࠸࡚ࠊᾘ㈝⪅⾜ືᏛὴ࠿ࡽఱࢆ⥅ᢎࡋࡓࡢ࠿࡟┠ࢆྥࡅ࡚ࡳࡿࠋᾘ㈝⪅⾜ືᏛὴࡣࠊ㉎㈙࡜ᾘ㈝ࢆ୰᰾࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢ㉎㈙ࡣࠊ᥈⣴࡜㑅ᢥࢆྵࢇ࡛
࠸ࡓࠋ2 ❶➨ 3 ⠇➨ 1 㡯࡛ࡣࠊ㞳ᩓ㑅ᢥࣔࢹࣝࢆ௬ᐃࡋࡓࢥࣥࢪࣙ࢖ࣥࢺศᯒ࡟ゐࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊ㑅ᢥࡢពᛮỴᐃࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆᢅࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸
ࡶࡢࡢࠊᗈ⩏ࡢ㑅ᢥࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ」ᩘࡢᒓᛶ࡜Ỉ‽ࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡜ࡋ࡚
ၟရࡀᵓᡂࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢၟရࡢ㑅ᢥࢆ㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡾㄪ࡭࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝࡣࠊᾘ㈝⪅⾜ືᏛὴࡢ୰᰾ᴫᛕࡢ 1 ࡘࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࡢ㑅ᢥࢆ⥅ᢎࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࡇࡇࡲ࡛࡛ࠊ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺᏛὴ࡜ᾘ㈝⪅⾜ືᏛὴ࡜࠿ࡽࡢ⥅ᢎ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᩚ⌮ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊ༢࡟ඛேࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࢆ⥅ᢎࡋࡓࡔࡅ࡛ࡣࠊ
༢࡟᪤Ꮡ◊✲ࢆ࡞ࡒࡗࡓࡔࡅ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡛ࡣ㈉⊩ࡀ࡞࠸ࠋḟ࡟ࠊ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺᏛὴ࡬ࡢ㈉⊩ࢆᩚ⌮ࡍࡿࠋ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣐ࢿࢪ
࣓ࣥࢺᏛὴࡢᗈࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᯟ⤌ࡳ࡜ࡋ࡚ 4P ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ☜࠿࡟ࠊࡇࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡣ㨩ຊⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࣈࣟࢢศᯒࡸ 2 ❶➨ 2 ⠇ࡢᕷሙ๰㐀᫬Ⅼࡢ≉ᐃ࡟࠾࠸࡚␗࡞ࡿどⅬࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ4P ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡣࠊࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ඛࡔࡗ࡚Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ࡝ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛ࡶ౑࠼ࡿࡢࡔ࠿ࡽࠊ᫬㛫࣭✵㛫ࢆ㉸࠼ࡓᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞ᯟ⤌ࡳࡢᏑᅾࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゝ࠸᥮࠼࡚ࡶࡼ࠸ࠋ
ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࣈࣟࢢศᯒࡣࢹ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽ୺ᡂศ㍈㸦ᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬ㸧࡜࠸࠺ᯟ⤌ࡳࢆᢳฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ඛ❧ࡗ࡚ 4P ࡜ྠࡌព࿡࡛ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡚
࠸࡞࠸ࠋᕷሙ๰㐀᫬Ⅼࡢ≉ᐃ࡛ࡣࠊࢹ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽᢳฟࡉࢀࡓᯟ⤌ࡳ㸦୺ᡂศ㍈; ᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬ㸧ࡀ᫬㛫࡜ඹ࡟ูࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ㸦୺ᡂศ㍈; ᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬ㸧࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ
๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡶࠊ᫬㛫ࢆ㉸࠼ࡓᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞ᯟ⤌ࡳ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡣ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽ࠿ࡽࠊ᪤Ⓨ⾲◊✲ࡣࠊ4P ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᯟ⤌ࡳࡀࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ඛ❧ࡗ࡚Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࢹ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽ᥈⣴ⓗ࡟ᯟ⤌ࡳࢆᑟࡁฟࡍ࡜࠸
࠺❧ሙ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢⅬࡀ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺᏛὴ࡬ࡢ㈉⊩࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
௨ୖ࡛ࠊ᪤Ⓨ⾲◊✲ࡢ⥅ᢎ࡜㈉⊩࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᩚ⌮ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋḟ࡟❶ࢆᨵࡵࠊ௒

ᚋࡢ◊✲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ 2 ࡘࡢ⠇࡛㏙࡭ࡿࠋ

3㸬ᐇ㊶ⓗព⩏ࡢᣑᙇ࡟ྥࡅ࡚
➨ 3 ❶ࡣࠊ➨ 2 ❶࡛ࡢ᪤Ⓨ⾲◊✲ࡢᩚ⌮ࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ࠊᐇ㊶ⓗព⩏ࡢᣑᙇ࡜ࡋ࡚
(1) ಙ㢗ᛶࠊጇᙜᛶࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࢧࣥࣉࣝࢧ࢖ࢬ࡜(2) ᾘ㈝⪅⾜ື⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⪃ᐹࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ 2 ⠇࡛㏙࡭ࡿࠋ

3.1

ಙ㢗ᛶࠊጇᙜᛶࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࢧࣥࣉࣝࢧ࢖ࢬ㸸 ࣈ࣮࣭࣮ࣝ࢜ࢩࣕࣥᡓ␎ࡢ㐺⏝࡟ࡼࡿᐇ㊶ⓗព⩏ࡢᣑᙇ࡟ྥࡅ࡚
ᐇ㊶ⓗ࡞ព⩏ࡢᣑᙇࢆ┠ᣦࡍ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ3 ᅇࡢ㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊࣈࣝ
࣮࣭࣮࢜ࢩࣕࣥᡓ␎ࢆ㐺⏝ࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽ 3 ᅇࡢ㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝࡢ࡝ࢀ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ➼ࡋࡃ㔜せ࡞ၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㉁ၥ⣬ࡢಙ㢗ᛶ࡜ጇᙜᛶࡢ☜ಖ࡜ࢧࣥࣉࣝࢧ࢖ࢬࡢၥ
㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡎಙ㢗ᛶ࡜ጇᙜᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ௨ୗ࡛ᒸᮏ㸦2006㸧࡟౫ᣐࡋ࡚ゝཬࡍࡿࠋేࡏ࡚ཧ↷࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠋಙ㢗ᛶ࡜ࡣㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࡢᏳᐃᛶࡢᣦᶆ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ಙ㢗ᛶᣦᶆ࡜ಙ㢗ᛶಀᩘ࡟ࡼࡾ

ᐃ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ほ್ࢆᏳᐃࡋࡓ㒊ศ㸦௨ୗࠊ┿ࡢ್࡜࿧ࡪ㸧࡜ㄗᕪࡢ࿴࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊಙ㢗ᛶᣦᶆࡣ┿ࡢ್࡜ㄗᕪࡢ┦㛵࡛࠶ࡾࠊಙ㢗ᛶಀᩘࡢᖹ᪉᰿࡛࠶ࡿ 5ࠋಙ㢗ᛶಀᩘࡣࠊ┿ࡢ್ࡢศᩓ¹ほ

್ࡢศᩓ࡜࠸࠺ศᩓẚ࡛࠶ࡿ 6ࠋಙ㢗ᛶಀᩘࡢ᥎ᐃ᪉ἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ෌ࢸࢫࢺἲࠊᖹ⾜᳨ᰝἲࠊᢡ༙ἲࠊࢡࣟࣥࣂࢵࢡࡢȘಀᩘࠊࢡ࣮ࢲ࣮=ࣜࢳ࣮ࣕࢻࢯࣥࡢබᘧࠊࡑࡋ࡚
ࢫࣆ࢔࣐ࣥ=ࣈࣛ࢘ࣥࡢබᘧ࡞࡝ࡀ࠶ࡿ 7ࠋጇᙜᛶࡣࠊ ࡾࡓ࠸ᑐ㇟ࡀ

ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆ⾲ࡍࠋࡇࡢጇᙜᛶࡣࠊᒸᮏ㸦2006,

168㸫174 㡫㸧ࡢグ㏙࡟౫ᣐࡍࢀࡤࠊ
ᅗ 11 ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᕥ࠿ࡽྑ࡬࡜⣽ศ໬ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡲࡎࠊጇᙜᛶࡣࠊ
ࠕᑻᗘࡢጇᙜᛶࠖ࡜ࠕ◊✲ࡢጇᙜᛶࠖ࡟ศࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋḟ࡟ࠊᑻᗘࡢጇᙜᛶࡣࠊ
ࠕ⌮ㄽⓗෆᐜⓗጇᙜᛶ 8ࠖ࡜ࠕ⤒㦂ⓗ⤫ィⓗጇᙜᛶࠖࡢ 2 ࡘ࡟ศ⤒㦂ⓗ⤫ィⓗጇᙜᛶᇶ‽㛵㐃ጇᙜᛶ

ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ⌮ㄽⓗෆᐜⓗጇᙜᛶࡣ⌮ᵓᡂᴫᛕጇᙜᛶ
ᑻᗘࡢጇᙜᛶ

⌮ㄽⓗෆᐜⓗጇᙜᛶ◊✲ࡢጇᙜᛶ

ෆ㒊ጇᙜᛶ཰᮰ⓗጇᙜᛶ࣭ᘚูጇᙜᛶ

ጇᙜᛶ⤒㦂ⓗ⤫ィⓗጇᙜᛶࡣࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ࡼࡾ

እ㒊ጇᙜᛶ

ᅗ 11㸸

࣭
࣭
࣭

ጇᙜᛶࡢᴫᛕ㛵ಀㄽⓗ࡞⪃ᐹࡀ୰ᚰ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ

ฟ඾㸸

ⴭ⪅సᡂ

᳨ウ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ᭦࡟ࠊᚋ⪅ࡢ⤒㦂ⓗ⤫ィⓗጇᙜᛶࡣࠊ
ࠕᇶ‽㐃㛵ጇᙜᛶ 9ࠖࠊࠕᵓᡂᴫᛕጇᙜᛶ 10ࠖࠊࠕ཰᮰ⓗጇᙜᛶ 11࡜ᘚูⓗጇᙜᛶ 12ࠖࡢ 3 ࡘ࡟ศࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ௚᪉࡛ࠊ◊✲ࡢጇᙜᛶࡣࠊ
ࠕෆ㒊ጇᙜᛶ

13ࠖ࡜ࠕእ㒊ጇᙜᛶ 14ࠖ࡟ศࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽಙ㢗ᛶ࡜ጇᙜᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ᳨ウ

ࡣ㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡞Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋḟ࡟ࠊࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢ࡟ゝཬࡍࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ௨ୗࡢㄝ᫂ࡣࠊ↷஭࣭బ⸨(2013, 38
㸫61 㡫)࡟౫ᣐࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊేࡏ࡚ཧ↷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢ
࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸≧ἣ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᨵࡵ࡚᫂☜࡟ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃࠋㄪ࡭ࡓ࠸ᑐ㇟
㸦ẕ㞟ᅋ㸧ࡢ඲࡚࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㉁ၥ⣬ࢆ㓄ᕸ࣭ᅇ཰ࡋ࡚ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⋓ᚓ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ሙྜ
࡟ࠊẕ㞟ᅋࡢ୍㒊㸦ᶆᮏࡲࡓࡣࢧࣥࣉࣝ㸧࡬㉁ၥ⣬ࢆ㓄ᕸ࣭ᅇ཰ࡋ࡚ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ
⋓ᚓࡍࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᶆᮏ࠿ࡽᚓࡓࢹ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽィ⟬ࡋࡓ㸦ᶆᮏࡢᖹᆒࡸศᩓ
ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㸧ᩘ್㸦ᶆᮏ⤫ィ㔞㸧࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㸦ẕ㞟ᅋࡢᖹᆒࡸศᩓࡢࡼ࠺࡞㸧ẕ㞟ᅋࢆ≉ᚩ௜ࡅࡿᩘ್㸦ẕᩘ㸧ࢆ᥎ࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊẕ㞟ᅋ࠿ࡽᶆᮏࢆ㑅ࡧฟ㸦ᢳฟ㸧ࡋࠊᶆᮏ⤫ィ㔞࡟ࡼࡾẕᩘࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀ๓ᥦ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
ẕ㞟ᅋ࠿ࡽᶆᮏࢆᢳฟࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࠊẕᩘ࡜ᶆᮏ⤫ィ㔞࡜ࡣࢬࣞࢆ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࡇࡢࢬࣞࢆチᐜࡍࡿ⛬ᗘ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࠊᶆᮏࡢᢳฟᩘ㸦ࢧࣥࣉࣝࢧ࢖ࢬ㸧ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊẕ㞟ᅋࡀㄡ࡞ࡢ࠿ࡣ᪤࡟᫂☜࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢧࣥࣉ
ࣝࢧ࢖ࢬ࡟ゝཬࡍࡿࠋࡲࡎᶆᮏ⤫ィ㔞ࡢศᕸ㸦ᶆᮏศᕸ㸧࡜ࡑࡢࣂࣛࢶ࢟ࡢᶆ
ᮏኚື࡛࠶ࡿࠋẕ㞟ᅋ㸦౛࠼ࡤ 10 ୓ே㸧࠿ࡽᑡᩘࡢᶆᮏ㸦౛࠼ࡤ 100 ே㸧ࢆᢳฟࡍࡿࠋᢳฟࡋࡓᶆᮏࡢᶆᮏ⤫ィ㔞㸦౛࠼ࡤᶆᮏᖹᆒ㸸ܺത15㸧ࢆィ⟬ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ᧯సࡣࠊẕ㞟ᅋ࡟ẚ࡭࡚ᶆᮏࡀᑡᩘ࡜ࡍࢀࡤ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⾜࠼ࡿࠋ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋᶆᮏࢆᢳฟࡋᶆᮏᖹᆒࢆィ⟬ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᢳฟ࡜ィ⟬ࡢࡓࡧ࡟ᶆᮏᖹᆒࡣ␗࡞ࡿ್࡜࡞
ࡿࠋᶆᮏᖹᆒࡀᵝࠎ࡞್ࢆྲྀࡾศᕸࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀᶆᮏᖹᆒ(ܺത)ࡢᶆᮏศᕸ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ ࡢ ᶆ ᮏ ศ ᕸ ࡢ ᶆ ‽ ೫ ᕪ ( ߪ௫ҧ ) ࡀ ࠊ ᶆ ᮏ ኚ ື ( ߪ௫ҧ = ߪΤξ݊ ‫׷‬݊ࡣࢧࣥࣉࣝࢧ࢖ࢬࠊߪࡣẕᶆ‽೫ᕪ)࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࢧࣥࣉࣝࢧ࢖ࢬ(݊)ࡀ኱ࡁ
ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝࡟ࠊᶆᮏኚືࡣᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡿࠋẕᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ẕᖹᆒ(ߤ)ࢆࠊᶆᮏ⤫ィ㔞࡜ࡋ࡚ᶆᮏᖹᆒ(ܺത)ࢆ᝿ᐃࡍࡿࠋࡍࡿ࡜ࢧࣥࣉࣝࢧ࢖ࢬ(݊)ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ᶆᮏศᕸࡀṇつศᕸ࡟ᚑࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡋ࡚ࠊಙ㢗ಀᩘ 95%ࡢẕᖹᆒ(ߤ)ࡢ༊
㛫᥎ᐃࡢ⪃࠼᪉࠿ࡽࠊẕᖹᆒ(ߤ)ࡣൣܺത െ 1.96൫ߪΤξ݊൯, ܺത + 1.96൫ߪΤξ݊൯൧ࡢ༊㛫࡟
95%ࡢ☜⋡࡛Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࠋᘧࢆኚᙧࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ|ߤ െ ܺത| < 1.96൫ߪΤξ݊൯࡜࡞ࡿࠋ᭦࡟୙
➼ྕ࠿ࡽྑ㎶ࡀୖ㝈࡜࡞ࡾࠊࢧࣥࣉࣝࢧ࢖ࢬ(݊)ࡣ݊ = (1.96 × ߪ ଶ )Τ|ߤ െ ܺത|ଶ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ1.96(ࡘࡲࡾࠊ‫ݖ‬ఈΤଶ )ࡣᶆ‽ṇつศᕸ࠿ࡽಙ㢗ಀᩘࢆࡶ࡜࡟ィ⟬ࡍࡿࠋศẕࡢ|ߤ െ ܺത|ࡣᶆᮏㄗᕪ࡛࠶ࡾࠊẕᖹᆒ࡜ᶆᮏᖹᆒ࡜ࡢࢬࣞࡢチᐜ⠊ᅖࢆ㸦±ᩘ್㸧࡛⾲ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࡢᩘ್ࢆ௦ධࡍࡿࠋߪ㸦ẕ㞟ᅋࡢᶆ‽೫ᕪ㸧ࡀศ࠿ࡽࡎ༑ศ኱
ࡁ࡞ࢧࣥࣉࣝࢧ࢖ࢬࢆᢳฟࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊߪࡢ௦ࢃࡾ࡟ᶆᮏᶆ‽೫ᕪ(s)ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋࢧࣥࣉࣝࢧ࢖ࢬࡀᑠࡉࡅࢀࡤࠊt ศᕸࢆ౑࠺ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࢧࣥࣉࣝࢧ࢖ࢬࢆồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋᩍဨࡀ኱Ꮫࡢᤵᴗ࡛㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠸◊✲࡟฼⏝ࡍࡿ᫬࡟ࡶࠊẕᩘࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࡢ࡟㐺ษ࡞ࢧࣥࣉࣝࢧ࢖ࢬࢆồࡵࡓ࠺࠼࡛ᐇ᪋ࡍࡿࡢࡀ㐺ษ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

3.2

ࣈࣟࢢศᯒᡭ㡰ࡢぢ┤ࡋ࡟ࡼࡿᐇ㊶ⓗព⩏ࡢᣑᙇᅗ㸯ࡢࢫࢸࢵࣉ 3 ࠿ࡽ 5 ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᅗ 6 ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࢆ௵ពಶࡢ㞟ᅋ࡟ศ๭㸦ᕷሙࢭࢢ࣓ࣥࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ㸧ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆᤊ࠼ࡿ୺ᡂศ㍈ࢆᢳฟࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࢆฟⓎⅬ࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊ᭦࡟ᾘ㈝⪅ࡢᚰ⌮ⓗ࡞⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊᾘ㈝⪅⾜ືࡢࡼࡾ῝࠸⌮ゎࡸ௒ᚋࡢண᝿ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ᪤࡟୺ᡂศศᯒࡢ⤊஢ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࢆฟⓎ
Ⅼ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡇ࠿ࡽΎỈ(1999, 145 㡫)ࡢྛᾘ㈝⪅ࡢពᛮỴᐃࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢࣔࢹࣝ
࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓゎ㔘ࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸ࢽ࣮ࢬࡢႏ㉳

᝟ሗฎ⌮

┠ᶆタᐃ

㛵 ୚

㧗

ែᗘᙧᡂ

ప

ែ ᗘ

㑅 ᢥ

㐺ᗘ࡞୙୍⮴୺ほⓗつ⠊ࡢୗ➃࡟♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ

ࢹࣔࢢࣛࣇ࢕ࢵࢡࢫ
ࣛ࢖ࣇࢫࢱ࢖ࣝ࡟ࡼࡿ‽ᣐ㞟ᅋᾘ㈝⪅ࡣࢹࣔࢢࣛࣇ࢕ࢡࢫせᅉࢭࢢ࣓ࣥࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ

ᅗ 12㸸ಶேࡢᾘ㈝⾜ືࡢᴫᛕᅗ

ྛᾘ㈝⪅ࡢពᛮỴᐃࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣ
ᅗ 12 ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᩚ⌮ࡉࢀࡿࠋᅗ 12ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ
እ㒊᝟ሗ↷࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
ΎỈ(1999, 145 㡫)࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ

୰ᚰⓗែᗘᙧᡂ
ᾘ㈝⪅‶㊊

㉎㈙ពḧ

᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࠋ௨ୗࡢㄝ᫂࡜ేࡏ
࡚ࠊΎỈ(1999, 142-146 㡫)ࢆཧ࿘㎶ⓗែᗘᙧᡂ
᏶඲୍⮴

࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ
୍⮴ᗘ

஦๓▱㆑

㑅 ᢥ

ฟ඾㸸ΎỈ(1999, 145 㡫)ᅗ⾲ 5-9ࡸࣛ࢖ࣇࢫࢱ࢖ࣝせᅉ࡟ࡼࡾࢭ

ࢢ࣓ࣥࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡉࢀࡓࠕ‽ᣐ㞟ᅋࠖ࡟ᡤᒓࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࣈࣟࢢグ஦ࡢศᯒ࡟
࠶࡚ࡣࡵࡿ࡜ࠊᅗ㸯ࡢࢫࢸࢵࣉ 3 ࡜ 4 ࡛ᾘ㈝⪅㸦ࣈࣟࢢ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮㸧ࢆ௵ពಶࡢ
㞟ᅋ࡟ศ๭㸦ᕷሙࢭࢢ࣓ࣥࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ㸧ࡋࠊᅗ㸯ࡢࢫࢸࢵࣉ 5 ࡸᅗ 6 ࡛ࡑࢀࡽ㞟ᅋࢆᤊ࠼ࡿ୺ᡂศ㍈ࢆᢳฟࡋࡓ≧ἣ࡜㔜࡞ࡿ 16ࠋࡑࡢ‽ᣐ㞟ᅋࡀࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡢពᛮỴᐃ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠋᾘ㈝⪅ࡢពᛮỴᐃ㐣⛬ࡣᅗ 12 ࡢୖ➃࡟࠶ࡿࠋࢽ࣮ࢬ
ࡢႏ㉳࡟ጞࡲࡾࠊ᝟ሗฎ⌮ࠊែᗘᙧᡂࠊࡑࡋ࡚㑅ᢥ࡬⮳ࡿࠋ➨ 1 ࡟ࠊࢽ࣮ࢬࡢႏ㉳࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉ᐃࡢ‽ᣐ㞟ᅋ࡟ᒓࡍࡿᾘ㈝⪅ࡣ㉎㈙ពḧࡢ᭷↓࡛ศࡅࡽࢀࠊࡶࡋ᭷ࡿ࡜࡞ࢀࡤࡑࡢᾘ㈝⾜ືࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ゎỴࡋࡓ࠸┠ᶆࡀタᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋ➨ 2 ࡟ࠊ┠ᶆࡀタᐃࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࠊ┠ᶆ࡬ࡢ㛵୚ 17Ỉ‽ࡀᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋప㛵୚࡞ࡽ୺࡟࿘㎶ⓗ࣮ࣝࢺ 18࡟ࡼࡾពᛮỴᐃࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ㸦ᅗ 12 ࡢࠕ㛵୚ࠖ࠿ࡽฟࡿྑྥࡁࡢ▮༳㸧ࠋ㧗㛵୚࡞ࡽࠊ஦๓▱㆑ࡢ౑⏝࡜እ㒊᝟ሗࡢ᥈⣴ࢆ⾜࠺㸦ᅗ 12 ࡢࠕ㛵୚ࠖ࠿ࡽฟࡿୗྥࡁࡢ▮༳㸧ࠋ஦๓▱㆑ࡣ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡜ࡋ࡚ಖᏑ
ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊၟရ᝟ሗࡀࡑࢀ࡜୍⮴ࡋࡓࡽ࿘㎶ⓗ࣮ࣝࢺ࡟ࡼࡿពᛮỴᐃࢆࠊ㐺ᗘ࡞୙୍⮴࡞ࡽ୰ᚰⓗ࣮ࣝࢺ 19ࡢពᛮỴᐃࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ㸦ᅗ 12 ࡢࠕ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ
୍⮴ᗘࠖ࠿ࡽฟࡿ 2 ࡘࡢ▮༳㸧ࠋ➨ 3 ࡟ࠊࡇࡢ 2 ࡘࡢ࣮ࣝࢺ࠿ࡽࡢ᝟ሗ࡟ࠊ୺ほⓗつ⠊ࡀᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋࠊែᗘࡀỴࡲࡿࠋ➨ 4 ࡟ࠊែᗘࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࡢ
ែᗘࢆඖ࡟ࡋ࡚㑅ᢥࡢࡓࡵࡢពᅗࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࠊ㑅ᢥ⾜ື࡬࡜⮳ࡿࠋ➨ 5 ࡟ࠊ㑅ᢥ⾜ືࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ࡜ࠊၟရࢆᾘ㈝ࡋࠊࡑࡢၟရ࡬ࡢ‶㊊ᗘࡀỴࡲࡿࠋࡇࡢ‶㊊ᗘࡣࠊ஦๓ࡢᮇᚅ࡜ᡂᯝ࡜ࡢ㛵ᩘ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ➨ 6 ࡟ࠊ‶㊊ᗘࡀ㧗࠸࡜ࠊḟᅇࡢ㑅ᢥ☜⋡ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿ㸦ᅗ 12 ࡢࠕᾘ㈝⪅‶㊊ࠖ࠿ࡽࠕ஦๓▱㆑ࠖ࡬ࡢ▮༳㸧ࠋ௨
ୖࡢ 6 Ⅼ࡟ᩚ⌮ࡋࡓ㐣⛬ࢆ⤒࡚ࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡣពᛮỴᐃࢆࡋ࡚㑅ᢥ⾜ື࡟⮳ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ΎỈ(1999, 142㸫146 㡫)ࢆᩚ⌮ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࣈࣟࢢศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾ‽ᣐ㞟ᅋࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⌮ゎࡋࠊࡑࢀ௨ᚋࡢᚰ⌮ⓗ࡞ືࡁࢆࠊ኱ࡲ࠿࡟ࡇࡢᯟ
⤌ࡳ࡛⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⌧ᅾࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࡢᚰ⌮ⓗ࡞≧ἣࢆ⪃ᐹࡋࡓࡾࠊ
ᑗ᮶ࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࡢពᛮỴᐃ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋࡓࡾ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ

4㸬⤖ㄽᮏ◊✲ࡣࠊ3 Ⅼࡢ┠ⓗࢆᯝࡓࡋࡓࠋ➨ 1 ࡟ࠊ⣬ᖜࡢ㒔ྜࡶ࠶ࡾ༑ศ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸
ࡶࡢࡢࠊࣈࣟࢢグ஦ࡢศᯒࢆฟⓎⅬ࡜ࡋࡓ᪤Ⓨ⾲◊✲ࢆᅗゎࡋࡓࠋ➨ 2 ࡟ࠊࣈ࣮࣭࣮ࣝ࢜ࢩࣕࣥᡓ␎ࢆ㐺⏝ࡍࡿ◊✲࡟ྥࡅ࡚ࠊ㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝࡢಙ㢗ᛶࠊጇᙜᛶࠊ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࢧࣥࣉࣝࢧ࢖ࢬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⣬ᖜࡢ㒔ྜ࡛༑ศ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢ㏙࡭ࡓࠋ➨ 3
࡟ࠊᾘ㈝⪅⾜ືࣔࢹࣝ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓࠊࣈࣟࢢศᯒ⤖ᯝࡢゎ㔘ࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ゐࢀࡓࠋ௒ᚋࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ➨ 1 ࡟ࠊ⣬ᖜࡢ㒔ྜ࡛┬␎ࡋࡓ㒊ศࢆྵࡵ࡚ࠊྛ◊✲ࢸ࣮࣐ࢆ⊂❧ࡢㄽᩥ࡜ࡋ࡚᪤Ⓨ⾲ㄽᩥࢆᅗゎࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ௚ࡢ◊✲⪅࡟ࡼࡿᑗ᮶ࡢ
ྫྷ࿡࡟㈨ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ➨ 2 ࡟ࠊࣈ࣮࣭࣮ࣝ࢜ࢩࣕࣥᡓ␎ࢆᑟධࡍࡿ࡜ࡁ
ࡢ㞳ᩓ㑅ᢥࣔࢹࣝࢆ௬ᐃࡋࡓࢥࣥࢪࣙ࢖ࣥࢺศᯒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࡜ࣂ࢖࣮࣭࣮ࣖࣘࢸ
࢕ࣜࢸ࢕࣭࣐ࢵࣉࡢᥥ⏬᪉ἲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ゝཬࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽ 2 Ⅼࢆ௒ᚋࡢ◊✲ࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ᒸᮏᏳᬕ㸦2006㸧ࠊࠗィ㔞ᚰ⌮Ꮫ࠘ࠊᇵ㢼㤋ࠋ
Kato, J., T. Hyodo., M. Imanishi & S. Saito. (2013) "Exploring customer needs of Huis Ten Bosch per customer attribute:Market segmentation and targeting by using blog text mining and conjoint analysis", Asia Pacific Business &Economics Perspectives, Vol.1, No.1, pp.72-89.
Kato, J. & S.Ninomiya, (2013), ࠕDetecting the changing points of multiple-regression model on the basis of the relations
between audiences’ rating and the matching between needs and contentsࠖ, ࠗ▱㆑ඹ๰࠘ࠊ➨ 3 ྕࠊ pp.Ϫ3-1-6(6 pages).
Kato, J. (2013), ࠕTwo-separated type KIP: Comparing principal axes before and after the change point of a marketࠖࠊ
ࠗ2013 ᖺ⛅Ꮨ◊✲Ⓨ⾲఍࢔ࣈࢫࢺࣛࢡࢺ㞟㸦᪥ᮏ࣮࢜࣌ࣞࢩࣙࣥࢬ࣭ࣜࢧ࣮ࢳᏛ఍㸧࠘, pp.178-179.
ຍ⸨῟୍(2013) ࠊࠕࣈࣟࢢࢸ࢟ࢫࢺ࣐࢖ࢽࣥࢢ࡟ࡼࡿᾏእほග㒔ᕷ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᾘ㈝⪅ࢽ࣮ࢬࡢ᥈⣴ⓗㄪᰝ㸸ࣔࢼࢥබᅜ
ࢆ஦౛࡟ࠖࠊࠗ◊✲⣖せ㸦ࡘࡃࡤᅜ㝿኱Ꮫ㸧࠘ࠊ19 ᕳࠊ35-50 㡫ࠋຍ⸨῟୍(2014) ࠊࠕ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫ◊✲࣭ᩍ⫱ࡢඹ㏻ᇶ┙࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ KIPࠖࠊࠗ◊✲⣖せ㸦ࡘࡃࡤᅜ㝿኱Ꮫ㸧࠘ࠊ20 ᕳࠊ25-50 㡫ࠋຍ⸨῟୍(2015) ࠊࠕ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢᏛㄝྐ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ KIP㸦ຍ⸨࣭▼ᕝ ᡭ㡰㸧ࡢ఩⨨࡙ࡅࠖࠊࠗ◊✲⣖せ㸦ࡘࡃࡤᅜ㝿኱Ꮫ㸧࠘ࠊ21 ᕳࠊ1-25 㡫ࠋຍ⸨῟୍(2017a) ࠊࠕKIP ࡟ࡼࡿᾏእほග㒔ᕷ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࢽ࣮ࢬࡢ᥈⣴ⓗㄪᰝ࡜ẚ㍑ศᯒ㸸ࣁ࣡࢖ᕞ࡜ඛ⾜◊✲⤖ᯝ㸦ࣔࢼࢥබᅜ㸧࡜ࡢẚ㍑ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠖࠊ
ࠗẚ㍑ᩥ໬◊✲࠘ࠊ➨ 51 ㍴ࠊ1-20 㡫ࠋຍ⸨῟୍(2017b) ࠊࠕKIP ࡢᐇ㊶ⓗᒎ㛤࡟ྥࡅࡓヨㄽ㸸 ࣈ࣮࣭࣮ࣝ࢜ࢩࣕࣥᡓ␎࠿ࡽࠖࠊ
ࠗஂ␃⡿኱Ꮫࣅࢪࢿࢫ◊✲࠘ࠊ➨ 2 ྕࠊ15-50 㡫ࠋຍ⸨῟୍(2017c) ࠊࠕExploring and comparing customers' needs for cities by using articles of blogs as communication
mediaࠖࠊࠗ➨ 54 ᅇ(2017 ᖺ)ᖺḟ኱఍Ꮫ⾡Ⓨ⾲ㄽᩥ㞟㸦᪥ᮏᆅᇦᏛ఍ᖺḟ኱఍㸧࠘
ࠊ඲ 8 㡫ࠋຍ⸨῟୍(2017d) ࠊࠕࣈ࣮࣭࣮ࣝ࢜ࢩࣕࣥᡓ␎࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ KIP ࡢᐇ㊶ⓗᒎ㛤࡟ྥࡅࡓணഛⓗ◊✲ࠖࠊࠗࠕ㒔ᕷࡢ OR࣮ࠖ࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉ࠘ࠊ㸯㡫ࠋΎỈ⫄(1999)ࠊࠗ᪂ࡋ࠸ᾘ㈝⪅⾜ື࠘ࠊ༓಴᭩ᡣࠋ
Shaw, E. H. & D.G.B. Jones (2005) , “A history of schools of marketing thought”, Marketing Theory, Vol 5, Issue 3, pp.
239 – 281
↷஭ఙᙪ࣭బ⸨ᛅᙪ(2013)ࠊࠗ⌧௦࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣭ࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࠘ࠊ᭷ᩫ㛶ࠋ஧ᐑṇྖ㸦1977㸧ࠊࠕStepwise chow testࠖࠊࠗᏘห ⌮ㄽ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘ࠊ28 ᕳࠊ1 ྕࠊ50㸫60 㡫ࠋ஧ᐑṇྖ㸦2009㸧ࠊࠕStepwise chow test ෌ㄽࠖࠊࠗ኱㜰⤒኱ㄽ㞟࠘ࠊ60 ᕳࠊ4 ྕࠊ1㸫16 㡫ࠋ஧ᐑṇྖ㸦2014㸧ࠊࠕStepwise chow test ࢆ㐺⏝ࡋࡓ஦౛ࢹ࣮ࢱศᯒࠖࠊࠗ኱㜰⤒኱ㄽ㞟࠘
ࠊ65 ᕳࠊ4 ྕࠊ169㸫192 㡫ࠋྂᕝ୍㑻࣭Ᏺཱྀ๛࣭㜿㒊ㄔ(2011)ࠊ࣐࣮ࠗࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫධ㛛 [᪂∧]࠘ࠊ᭷ᩫ㛶ࠋࣇ࢕ࣜࢵࣉ࣭ࢥࢺ࣮ࣛ㸦1983㸧ࠊ࣐࣮ࠗࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ㹙➨ 4 ∧㹛࠘ࠊࣉࣞࢪࢹࣥࢺ♫ࠋศࡅࡿ㞟ᅋࡢಶᩘࡣ௵ពಶ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ௬࡟ AࠊBࠊCࠊࡑࡋ࡚ D ࡢ 4 ࡘ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
ḟඖᩘࡣࠊ࣮࢜ࢧ࣮㞟ᅋࡢಶᩘࢆୖ㝈࡜ࡋ࡚௵ព࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
3
RFM ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊRecencyࠊFrequencyࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ Monetary ࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡟㛵ࡋࡓ㧗࠸㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣప࠸㸧ࢫ
ࢥ࢔ࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢆ≉ᐃࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࢫࢥ࢔ࡀ㧗࠸㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣప࠸㸧ᾘ㈝⪅ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ RࠊFࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ M ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㧗࠸㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣప࠸㸧ࣟ࢖ࣖࣝࢸ࢕ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ุ᩿࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
4 ࡞࠾ࠊ
ࠕȘ1 ᭷ࠖ࡜ࠕȘ1 ↓ࠖ࡜ࢆྠ᫬࡟‶ࡓࡋࡓၟရࡣసࢀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ6 ಶ࠿ࡽ 3 ಶࢆ㑅ࡧฟࡍ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡘࡲ
ࡾࠊ20 ㏻ࡾ࡟ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
5 ᒸᮏ㸦2006, 159 㡫㸧࡟౫ᣐࡍࡿ࡜ࠊಙ㢗ᛶᣦᶆࡢศᩓẚࡢᘧ࠿ࡽࠊศẕࡣศᏊ࡟↓࠸ㄗᕪࢆྵࡴࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ
ศẕࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿ㸦ಙ㢗ᛶಀᩘࡀᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡿ㸧࡯࡝ࠊࡑࡢ㉁ၥ⣬ࡣㄗᕪࡘࡲࡾࣂࣛࢶ࢟ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ୙Ᏻᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
6 ಙ㢗ᛶಀᩘ࡜ಙ㢗ᛶᣦᶆࡢ㛵ಀࡣࠊᒸᮏ㸦2006, 159㸫160 㡫㸧ࢆཧ↷࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
7 ྛᣦᶆ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⣬ᖜࡢ㒔ྜ࡛ヲ⣽࡟ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋᒸᮏ㸦2006, 161㸫163 㡫㸧ࢆཧ↷࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
8
ᒸᮏ㸦2006, 169 㡫㸧࡟౫ᣐࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ ࡾࡓ࠸ࡶࡢ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᴫᛕⓗ࡞つᐃࢆ᫂☜࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢᴫᛕⓗ࡞つᐃ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ ࢀ࡚࠸ࢀࡤ⌮ㄽⓗෆᐜⓗጇᙜᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
9
ᒸᮏ㸦2006, 170 㡫㸧࡟౫ᣐࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᇶ‽㐃㛵ጇᙜᛶࡣࠊ᫬㛫㍈࡟ࡼࡾ୪Ꮡⓗጇᙜᛶ࡜ண ⓗጇᙜᛶ࡟ศࡅࡽࢀ
ࡿࠋጇᙜᛶࡢ☜ㄆ῭ࡳࡢ㉁ၥ㡯┠࡟ࡼࡿㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ࡜ᙜヱㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࡢ┦㛵ࡀ㧗࠸࡞ࡽࡤࠊᙜヱ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡣ୪Ꮡⓗጇᙜᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᙜヱࡢ㉁ၥ㡯┠࡟ࡼࡿㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊ㧗ᰯࡢᩘᏛࡢᡂ⦼㸧ࡀࠊᮍ᮶ࡢ㛵㐃ࡋࡓㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊ኱Ꮫࡢ᝟ሗ⛉Ꮫࡢᡂ⦼㸧࡜┦㛵ࡀ㧗࠸࡞ࡽࡤࠊᙜヱ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡣண ⓗጇᙜᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
10
ᒸᮏ㸦2006, 170㸫171 㡫㸧࡟౫ᣐࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᵓᡂᴫᛕጇᙜᛶࡣࠊᙜヱࡢ㉁ၥ㡯┠࡟ࡼࡾ⌮ㄽୖண᝿ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊᩘᏛࡢᡂ⦼ࡣ⌮⛉ࡢᡂ⦼࡜ࡣ㛵㐃ࡍࡿࡀ♫఍ࡢᡂ⦼࡜㛵㐃ࡋ࡞࠸㸧ࡀ┦㛵ࡸඹศᩓᵓ㐀ศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡁᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ
11
ᒸᮏ㸦2006, 171㸫172 㡫㸧࡟౫ᣐࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ཰᮰ⓗጇᙜᛶࡣࠊྠࡌᵓᡂᴫᛕࢆ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿูࡢㄪᰝࡢ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡢ┦㛵ࡀ㧗ࡅࢀࡤᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ
12
ᒸᮏ㸦2006, 171㸫172 㡫㸧࡟౫ᣐࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᘚูⓗጇᙜᛶࡣࠊᙜヱ㉁ၥ㡯┠࡜ྠࡌᵓᡂᴫᛕࢆ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿูࡢㄪᰝ
ࡢ㉁ၥ㡯┠࡜ࡢ┦㛵࡟ẚ࡭࡚ࠊᙜヱ㉁ၥ㡯┠࡜ูࡢᵓᡂᴫᛕࢆ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྠࡌㄪᰝࡢ㉁ၥ㡯┠࡜ࡢ┦㛵ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᙜ
ヱ㉁ၥ㡯┠࡜ูࡢᵓᡂᴫᛕࢆ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿูࡢㄪᰝࡢ㉁ၥ㡯┠࡜ࡢ┦㛵ࡀᑠࡉ࠸࡜ࡁ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࠋ
13
ᒸᮏ㸦2006, 173 㡫㸧࡟౫ᣐࡍࡿ࡜ࠊෆ㒊ጇᙜᛶࡣㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࡀ⌧ᐇࢆṇࡋࡃ཯ᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡛࠶ࡾࠊㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡜
⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡢ㛫࡟ᅉᯝ㛵ಀࡢ᭷↓ࡀṇࡋࡃุ᩿࡛ࡁࢀࡤෆ㒊ጇᙜᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
14
ᒸᮏ㸦2006, 173 㡫㸧࡟౫ᣐࡍࡿ࡜ࠊእ㒊ጇᙜᛶࡣㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿ࠿࡛࠶ࡾࠊㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࡀㄪᰝᑐ
㇟௨እ࡟ࡶᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࢀࡤእⓗጇᙜᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
15ࡇࡇ࡛኱ᩥᏐࡢܺതࡣ☜⋡ኚᩘࢆ⾲ࡋࠊᑠᩥᏐࡢ‫ݔ‬ҧ ࡣᐇ⌧್ࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ
16ࡓࡔࡋࠊΎỈ(1999, 145 㡫)࡛ࡣ」ᩘࡢ‽ᣐ㞟ᅋ࡟ᒓࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࣈࣟࢢศᯒ࡛ࡣ㔜」ࡣ᝿ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
17ΎỈ⫄(1999, 103 㡫)࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ㛵୚࡜ࡣ┠ᶆࢆ㐩ᡂࡋࡼ࠺࡜ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ἣ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
18
ΎỈ⫄(1999, 90 㡫, 106-107 㡫)࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ࿘㎶ⓗ࣮ࣝࢺ࡜ࡣప㛵୚࠿㧗㛵୚࡛ឤ᝟ⓗ࡞㸦ࣔࣀࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ࢖࣓
࣮ࢪ࠿ࡽࡢ㸧ែᗘࡢᙧᡂࢆ⾜࠺࣮ࣝࢺ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
19 ΎỈ⫄(1999, 90 㡫, 106-107 㡫)࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ୰ᚰⓗ࣮ࣝࢺ࡜ࡣ㧗㛵୚࡛ㄆ▱ⓗ࡞㸦ࣔࣀࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᒓᛶࡸ≉ᚩ࠿ࡽࡢ㸧ែᗘࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿ࣮ࣝࢺ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
12

㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫㄽ㞟➨ 22 㞟᪊ ஑ᕞ኱Ꮫ

2018 ᖺ㸱᭶ 29㹼30 ᪥㡑ᅜᆺ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝࡢไᗘศᯒ
⬺࢔ࢪ࢔ᆺࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟క࠺ᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢᡂ❧㐣⛬ᶓ὾ᅜ❧኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ㒊ෆᶫ㈼ᝅ㸦Uchihashi, Kengo㸧࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ㸸㡑ᅜᆺ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹ࣭ࣝไᗘⓗ⿵᏶ᛶ࣭ᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࣭ዎ⣙ࡢ୙᏶ഛᛶ࣭ࣃ࣮࣡⾜౑Ϩ㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
୍⯡࡟ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪♫఍ⓗ࣭ᨻ἞ⓗព࿡ྜ࠸ࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢࡓࡵྠ⌮ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ไᗘࡣ㸪♫఍ⓗ࣭ศ㓄ⓗࢥࣥࣇࣜࢡࢺࢆࡵࡄࡿᨻ἞ⓗᆒ⾮㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣᨻ἞ⓗጇ༠ࡢ⏘≀࡜ࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪ไᗘㅖᙧែࡢᵝࠎ࡞ไᗘⓗ⿵᏶ᛶࡢᏑᅾព⩏ࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢ㝿࡟ไᗘࡢࣄ
࢚࣮ࣛࣝ࢟ᛶࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࠊ㝵ᒙⓗୖ఩࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿไᗘ࡜ୗ఩ไᗘ࡬ࡢᨭ㓄ⓗつᐃᛶࡀᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢᚲせᛶࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢไᗘⓗ⿵᏶ᛶࡢᏑᅾࡣ㸪90 ᖺ௦௨㝆࡟࠾ࡅࡿ඲ୡ⏺ࡢᕷሙ୺⩏໬㸦ࠕࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣜࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࠖ㸧ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ไᗘ
㝵ᒙᛶࡢ㏫㌿ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪ࡇࡢไᗘⓗ⿵᏶ᛶࡢ㝵ᒙୖ఩ࢆᕷሙࢩ
ࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ᧯స୺యࡀᢸ࠺ࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
࡜ࡾࢃࡅ㡑ᅜ࡛ࡣ㸪௻ᴗࡢ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ⤫἞ࡀᙉ࠸つᐃຊࢆᣢࡘഴྥࡀࡶࡓࡽ
ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷሙ୺⩏໬ࡣ㸪ྠᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚௻ᴗ
࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ⤫἞ࡢࠕไᗘ⿵᏶ᛶࠖࡢ㌿᥮࡜࠸࠺Ṕྐⓗኚᐜࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪㡑ᅜ㈈㛸ࡢ௻ᴗ⤌⧊ෆ㒊࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷሙྲྀᘬࡢ㐩ᡂࡀ⤒Ⴀ୺యࡢᶒຊ㛵ಀࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㐩ᡂࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪௻ᴗ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ⤫἞ࡢࠕไᗘ
㝵ᒙᛶࠖࡀዎ⣙ࡢ୙᏶ഛᛶࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ஦ᐇࡀุ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ㡑
ᅜ㈈㛸ࡢ௻ᴗ⤌⧊ࢆไᗘㄽⓗ࡟ᑟࡁฟࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ྠ㈈㛸ࡢ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ⤫἞ᶵ⬟ࡀ㈨ᮏ୺⩏⤒῭ࡢᕷሙዎ࡟ࡼࡗ୍࡚ඖ໬ࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡢゎ㔘ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶྍ
⬟࡟࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ
1ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚௻ᴗ⤌⧊ෆ㒊࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⤒῭୺యࡢືᶵ࣭⾜ືࡀㅖไᗘ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ྠ୺యࡢ⤒῭⾜ືࡀዴఱ࡟ㅖไᗘࢆ෌⏕⏘ࡉࡏࡿࡼ࠺࡟
࡞ࡾ㸪௻ᴗ⤌⧊ࢆ⠏ࡃ࣑ࢡࣟ୺యࡢ⤒῭⾜ື࡜㸪࣐ࢡࣟⓗ⥲㐣⛬࡜ࡢ෇⎔ⓗつᐃ㛵ಀ࠿ࡽไᗘኚ໬ࢆᑟࡁฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ࢔ࢪ࢔㔠⼥㏻㈌༴
ᶵᚋࡢ㡑ᅜࡣ㸪IMF ࡟ࡼࡿᣦᑟࡢࡶ࡜࢔ࢪ࢔ᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠿ࡽࡢ㐓⬺ࢆᅗࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢືࡁ࡟࿧ᛂࡋ࡚㸪ᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ࡬ࡢ≉໬ࣃࢱࣥ࡟ྥ
ࡅ࡚ᚑ᮶࡜ࡣⴭࡋࡃ␗࡞ࡿᨻ⟇ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓⅬࢆ㍍どࡋ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞
࠸ࠋ௻ᴗ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ⤫἞ࡢᙉ໬࡟ࡘࢀ࡚➇த୺⩏ⓗ࡞⤒῭ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ࡟ᨻ
⟇ࡢ↔Ⅼࡀ⤠ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ຎࡗࡓ⤒῭ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍไᗘㅖ
ᙧែࡀ㝖ཤࡉࢀ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ᕷሙᶵ⬟ࡀ㔜どࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᕷሙᶵ⬟࡟ࡼࡿຠ⋡ᛶ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ド᫂ࡉࢀࡿᡭἲࡀ㸪࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ⤫἞ᶵ⬟ࡢᙉ໬࡟ࡘࢀ୍࡚ඖ໬ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡛㸪┦▩┪ࡍࡿ⌧㇟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ϩ㸬㡑ᅜᆺ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝࡢࠕไᗘⓗ⿵᏶ᛶࠖ㸯㸬࢔ࢪ࢔㔠⼥㏻㈌༴ᶵᚋࡢᨻ⟇㌿᥮ࠕ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠖࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࢆၐ࠼ࡿࣈ
࣮ࣝࣀ࣭࢔࣐࣮ࣈࣝࡣ㸪⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿ௻ᴗ㛫㛵ಀ࡜ᅜᐙ௓ධࣃࢱࣥࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶࢆᑟࡁฟࡍࡇ࡜ࢆヨࡳࡓࠋࡑࡢᡭἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ᣲࡆࡽࢀ
ࡓࡢࡀ㸪ከ✀ከᵝ࡞㈨ᮏ୺⩏ㅖᅜࢆྛࠎࡢ≉Ṧ࡞ไᗘㅖᙧែ࡜≉ᐃࡢไᗘ⿵᏶
ᛶ㸦institutional complementarity㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃ
ࡕ㸪ᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺࣔࢹࣝ㸪♫఍Ẹ୺୺⩏ᆺࣔࢹࣝ㸪኱㝣Ḣᕞᆺࣔࢹࣝ㸪ᆅ୰ᾏᆺࣔࢹࣝ㸪࢔ࢪ࢔ᆺᕷሙࣔࢹࣝࡢ㸳㢮ᆺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࢔࣐࣮ࣈࣝࡀㄆ㆑ࡍࡿ࢔ࢪ࢔ᆺࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡣ㸪௻ᴗ㛫㛵ಀ࡜ᅜᐙ௓ධࡢࣃࢱࣥ
ࡢከᵝᛶࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ࡋ࡚࢔ࢪ࢔ㅖᅜࢆ㸱ࡘࡢᆺࡢ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡟ศ㢮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ
ᡭἲࡣ O,ࣅ࢔࣮ࢺ࡜࣑ࣝࢺࣥ࡟ࡼࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ᭱ࡶᙉࡃཷࡅ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㡑ᅜࡣᅜᐙ࡟ࡼࡿ⤒῭௓ධࡀᙉຊ࡞࢔ࢪ࢔ᆺࣔࢹࣝࡢᅜᐙ⤫ไ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ dirigiste
capitalism ࡢᡭἲ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ᕷሙ᧯సࢆ⾜࠺ᅜ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ
ࡢୖ࡛ᙼࡣ㸪ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ไᗘㅖᙧែࡢᵝࠎ࡞ไᗘⓗ⿵᏶ᛶࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿⅬ࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࠋྠ⿵᏶ᛶࡣ┦␗࡞ࡿㅖㄪᩚᵝᘧࡢඹᏑࢆ⌮ゎࡋ㸪࡞࠾࠿ࡘ㐣ཤࡢᅜẸⓗㄪᩚ࡬ࡢᙉ࠸౫Ꮡࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓ
2ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ㸪ࡑࡢ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ᣲࡆࡽࢀࡓࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟࢔࣐࣮ࣈࣝࡀㄆ㆑ࡍࡿศᯒᡭἲࡣ㸪ࠕไᗘⓗ⿵᏶ᛶࠖࡀไᗘࡢࣄ࢚
࣮ࣛࣝ࢟ࢆక࠺ⅬࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀࡓⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚≉ᚩࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࠕไᗘ⿵᏶ᛶࠖࡀㅖไᗘ㛫ࡢᖹ➼࡞⿵᏶㛵ಀࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࡴࡋࢁ㝵ᒙⓗୖ఩࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿไᗘ࡟ࡼࡿୗ఩ไᗘ࡬ࡢᨭ㓄ⓗつᐃᛶ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ᡂ❧ࡍࡿ⿵᏶ᛶ࡜
ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡉࢀࡓࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1997 ᖺࡢ࢔ࢪ࢔㔠⼥㏻㈌༴ᶵࢆ⤒ࡓᚋ㸪IMF㸦ᅜ㝿㏻㈌ᇶ㔠㸧୺ᑟࡢᨻ⟇࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀࡓ㡑ᅜࡣ㸪ᚑ᮶ࡢ࢔ࢪ࢔ᆺᕷሙࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ
ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࡴࡋࢁᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢᡭἲࢆ㋃くࡍࡿ᪉ྥ࡬࡜⯦ࢆษࡗࡓࠋ
ࡑࡢ㝿㸪ᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡀไᗘ㝵ᒙᛶࡢୖ఩࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿ㡑ᅜᆺ௻ᴗ࢞ࣂ
ࢼࣥࢫ⤫἞ࡀᶵ⬟ࡋ㸪ྠ᫬࡟཮᪉ࡢ㛫࡛ᩚྜᛶࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
௨ୗ㸪ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟⪃࠼ࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓ⌮⏤ࢆ㸪㡑ᅜᆺ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝࡢࠕไᗘⓗ⿵᏶ᛶࠖࡢഃ㠃࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ

㸰㸬㡑ᅜᆺ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝࡢไᗘⓗ≉␗ᛶࠕ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠖࢆၐ࠼ࡿ࢔࣐࣮ࣈࣝࡣ㸪⤒῭ࡢࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢵ
ࢡࢫࡀᡤᚓศ㓄ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ㅖಶேࡶࡋࡃࡣ♫఍ⓗㅖࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ฼ᐖ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰ
ࡍⅬࢆ㔜どࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ࡇࢀࡽ࡟ࡼࡾ♫఍ⓗㅖࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢഃ࡛≉ᐃࡢᮇᚅࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀ㸪ࡸࡀ࡚ᨻ἞ⓗ㟂せ㸦せồ㸧ࡀᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡉࢀࡿⅬࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ
ࡓࠋไᗘࡢࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢡࢫࡣᨻ἞ⓗ㟂せࡢࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢡࢫ࡜⤖ࡧ௜ࡃ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪ࡇࡢᨻ἞ⓗ㟂せࡑࢀ⮬యࡢࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢡࢫࡣ⤒῭ࡢࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢡࢫ࡟ࡶ⤖ࡧ௜ࡃࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪࢔࣐࣮ࣈࣝࡀㄆ㆑ࡍࡿไᗘࡢᏳᐃᛶ࡜ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢ⫼ᚋ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ♫఍ⓗጇ༠ᛶࢆࡶព࿡ࡍࡿࠋᙼ࡟ࡼࡿᡭἲ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸪ไᗘࡢࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢵࢡࢫࡣᨻ἞ࡢࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢡࢫ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪ᨻ἞ⓗ㐃ྜࡢࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢡ
ࢫ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ♫఍ⓗࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢡࢫ࠿ࡽ⊂❧ࡋ࡚ศᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࡶྍ⬟࡟ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ
࢔࣐࣮ࣈࣝ࡟ࡼࡿᡭἲ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸪࢔ࢪ࢔ᆺᕷሙࣔࢹࣝࡣᅜᐙ࠾ࡼ
ࡧ㞟ᶒⓗ㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜㐃ᦠࡋࡓ኱௻ᴗࡢ⤒Ⴀᡓ␎࡟ⴭࡋࡃ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢࡓࡵ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ᕷሙᡓ␎ࢆᒎ㛤ࡀ๓ᥦ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋ 1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ከࡃࡢ OECD ㅖᅜ࡛ࡣ〇ရᕷሙ➇தࡀᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࠋ࿧ᛂࡋ࡚࢔ࢪ࢔ᆺᕷሙࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚〇ရᕷሙつไࡀᡂ❧ࡋ㸪㡑ᅜࡣ⮬⏤࡞ᕷሙ⤒῭࡛࠶ࡿ liberal market
economies(LMEs)࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾ᭱ࡶつไࡀᙉ࠸ࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢺࡉࢀࡓᅜ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ
3㆑ࡉࢀࡓࠋ඾ᆺⓗ࡞஦౛࡜ࡋ࡚㸪࢔࣐࣮ࣈࣝࡣ㡑ᅜࡀ࠶ࡽࡺࡿḟඖ࡛㞠⏝ᨻ⟇ࡀ㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࢆᣲࡆࡿ 㸯 㸧 ࠋࡓࡔࡋ㸪ࡇࡢ࢔࣐࣮ࣈࣝ࡟ࡼࡿぢ᪉ࡣ 1997 ᖺࡢ࢔ࢪ࢔㔠⼥㏻㈌༴ᶵࢆ⤒ࡓᚋࡢ㡑ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿ࡜ࡣゝ࠸㞴࠸ࠋబ㔝ㄔࡀᣦ᦬ࡍࡿ㞠⏝ᨻ⟇඲⯡࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࣐ࢡࣟⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ 㸪 ୙ື⏘ᕷሙ࡜ࢡࣞࢪࢵࢺ࣮࢝ࢻ
ᕷሙࡢΰ㏞ࡣࡌࡵ 㸪 ᙜ᫬ࡢእ⏕ⓗ㈌ᖯ౪⤥ᨻ⟇ࡀᡤᚓศ㓄ࡢ஧ᴟ໬ഴྥࢆࡶࡓ
ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡓⅬࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡿ 㸰 㸧ࠋ
2003 ᖺ࡟㡑ᅜ㞠⏝᝟ሗ㝔ࡀసᡂࡋࡓẖ᭶ປാㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡾ 10 ྡ௨ୖ஦ᴗᡤࡢ
ᖖ⏝㞠⏝⪅ࡢᐇ㉁㈤㔠ࢆࡳࡿ࡜ 㸪 ᅜẸ⤒῭ィ⟬㸦SNA㸧࣮࣋ࢫࡢ୍ேᙜࡓࡾ㞠⏝⪅ሗ㓘ࡣ 2000㹼03 ᖺ࡟࠾࠸࡚ 1.5㸣࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡾ 㸪93㹼96 ᖺࢆ኱ࡁࡃୗᅇࡿ⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧㇟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡓ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ1993 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 60%࡟㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓṇつປാ⪅ࡢẚ⋡ࡀ 99 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 48.4㸣࡟ࡲ࡛ⴠࡕ㎸ࡳ 㸪௨ᚋ 02 ᖺࡲ࡛ 50㸣ࢆ๭ࡾ㎸ࢇࡔࡇ࡜ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀ ࡼ࠺ ࠋࡲࡓ㡑ᅜ⤫ィᗇࡀ 2006 ᖺ࡟Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓࠕ⤒῭άືேཱྀ௜ຍㄪᰝࠖࡣປാᕷሙࡢ஧ᴟ໬ࡀ㐍⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᠱᛕࡋࡓୖ࡛ 㸪 ṇつປാ⪅ࡀ 96 ᖺࡢ 740 ୓ே࠿ࡽ 99 ᖺ࡟ 613 ୓ே࡟ῶᑡࡋࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ 㸪㠀ṇつປാ⪅ࡣ 566 ୓ே࡟㐩ࡋࡓⅬࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ 㸪 ࡑࡢᚋࡶ㠀ṇつປാ⪅ࡢቑຍࡀ⥆ࡁ 㸪04 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 800 ୓ேࢆୖᅇࡾ 㸪඲ປാ⪅ࡢ 55㸣㉸ࢆ༨ࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ 㸪ṇつ⫋ࡢ㈤㔠ࢆ 100 ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡳࡓሙྜ 㸪 㠀ṇつ⫋ࡢ㈤㔠ࡣ 00 ᖺࡢ 50㸣ྎࡢ๓༙࡟
࡜࡝ࡲࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ 㸪㈤㔠୙ᖹ➼㸦ୗ఩ 10㸣ྎ࡟ᑐࡍࡿୖ఩ 10㸣ྎࡢ㈤㔠ẚ㸧
ࡣ 01 ᖺࡢ 4.8 ಸ࠿ࡽ 03 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 5 ಸࢆୖᅇࡾ 㸪㡑ᅜࡣ OECD ຍ┕ᅜ࡛᭱ࡶ㈤㔠
୙ᖹ➼ࡀⴭࡋ࠸ᅜ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࢔ࢪ࢔㔠⼥㏻㈌༴ᶵࡢ㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷሙ࣮࣋
ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡬ࡢ⛣⾜ࡣ㸪㡑ᅜᆺ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝࡢไᗘⓗ≉␗ᛶࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ㸪㞠⏝ᨻ⟇ࡣ᭱ࡶつไࡢ⦆࠸ศ㔝࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㔠⼥㏻㈌༴ᶵᚋࡢ IMF ᨻ⟇ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ᪋⾜࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ㸪㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ᕷሙᡓ␎ࡢᒎ㛤ࡣ㡑ᅜᆺ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕ⥲ᖊࠖࢆࡶ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓࠋ࿧ᛂࡋ࡚ᙉ኱࡞୰ኸ㖟⾜ࢆ㡬
Ⅼ࡜ࡍࡿࣆ࣑ࣛࢵࢻᆺ㔠⼥ᵓ㐀ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ᰴᘧᣢࡕྜ࠸ࡀᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ᨻᗓ࡜⧅ࡀࡾࡀ῝࠸ࠕ⥲ᖊࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿಶே኱ᰴ୺㸦࡜ࡑࡢᐙ᪘㸪ぶ᪘㸧ࢆ㡬Ⅼ࡜ࡍࡿ๰ᴗ⪅࣮࢜ࢼ୍࣮᪘࡟⤒Ⴀᡤ᭷ᶒࡀ཰ᩡࡍࡿ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝࡀᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝࡣ㸪ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉෆࡢྛ௻ᴗࡣἲⓗ࡟⊂❧ࡋࡓ⤒ႠࡀᏲࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪⥲ᖊࡢࡶ࡜㈨㔠࣭ேⓗ࡞ഃ㠃࡟࠾࠸࡚」ྜⓗ࡟⤖ྜࡋ㸪୍ࡘࡢඹྠయⓗ࡞⤒Ⴀ୺య࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡟≉ᚩࡀㄆ
4ࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ୍⯡ᰴ୺㸪ᚑᴗဨ㸪മᶒ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡸྲྀᘬ௻ᴗ࡞࡝ࡢࢫࢸ࣮ࢡ࣍ࣝࢲ࣮ࡀᏑᅾࡍ
ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ㸪⥲ᖊ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿಶே኱ᰴ୺ࡀ㈈㛸ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ඲యࢆ⥲ᣓ࣭⟶⌮ࡋ㸪ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ⣔ิ௻ᴗࡢ⤒Ⴀ⪅㸦௦⾲⪅ࡸᙺဨࠊ┘ᰝᙺ࡞࡝㸧ࡢᣦྡ㑅ฟ㸪᪂つ஦ᴗࡢ㐍ฟྍྰ㸪㈨㔠ㄪ㐩ࢆ⾜࠺࡞࡝㸪࠶ࡽࡺࡿពᛮỴᐃࡢᶒ㝈ࢆᢕᥱ࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢔ࢪ࢔㔠⼥㏻㈌༴ᶵࡢ 1998 ᖺ 1 ᭶ 13 ᪥㸪㔠኱୰኱⤫㡿ࡣᅄ኱㈈㛸㸦⌧௦㸪୕ᫍ㸪㹊㹅㸪኱Ᏹ㸧⥲ᖊ࡜఍ㄯࡋ㸪࣮࢜ࢼ࣮ᆺ⤒Ⴀࢆ⾜࠺㈈㛸࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠕᡤ᭷࡜⤒Ⴀࡢᮍศ㞳ࠖࢆᨵࡵࡿࡼ࠺ᣦᑟࡋࡓࠋ
࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ㸪ࠕ఍ㄯࠖ࠿ࡽ 5 ᖺవࡾࢆ⤒ࡓ 03 ᖺ㸪㡑ᅜ௻ᴗ㞟ᅋ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ┦஫ฟ㈨࡟ࡼ
ࡾ⣔ิ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡿᡤ᭷⋡ࡣ 41࣭3㸣ࢆ♧ࡋ㸪ࡇࢀ࡟ᐙ᪘ࡢᡤ᭷ศ࡛࠶ࡿ 5.2㸣ࢆຍ࠼ࡿ࡜㸪㡑ᅜ௻ᴗ㞟ᅋ࡟࠾ࡅࡿෆ㒊ᡤ᭷ẚ⋡ࡣ 46.6㸣࡟ࡶ㐩ࡋࡓ 㸱 㸧ࠋࡇ ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧㇟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪90 ᖺ௦௨㝆࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㝵ᒙᛶࡢ㏫㌿ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋᕷሙࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ㝵ᒙࡢୖ఩࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪௻ᴗࡢ࢞ࣂࢼࣥ
ࢫ⤫἞࡟ᙉ࠸つᐃຊࢆᣢࡘࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ 90 ᖺ௦௨㝆࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕไᗘ㝵ᒙᛶࠖࡢ㌿᥮ࡣ㸪ᕷሙ୺⩏໬㸦ࠕࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣜࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࠖ㸧ࡀ㝵ᒙᛶࡢ㏫㌿ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࡜࡛㡑ᅜ㈈㛸࡟࠾࠸࡚๰ᴗ⪅୍᪘࡟ࡼࡿ⤒Ⴀ௓ධࢆᙉࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᶵ⬟ࡉࡏࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࿧ᛂࡋ࡚㸪ᑒᘓⓗ࡞௻ᴗ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ⤫἞ࡀ┤᥋ⓗ࡟ᕷሙࢆࢥࣥ
ࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿ⌧㇟ࡀᙉࡲࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ㡑ᅜࡀ࢔ࢪ࢔ᆺᕷሙࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࡴࡋࢁᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢᡭἲࢆ㋃くࡍࡿ᪉ྥ࡬࡜⯦ࢆษࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ྠᅜࡢ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝࡣ㛢㙐ᛶࢆᙉࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪㡑ᅜᆺ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝࡢࠕไ
ᗘⓗ≉␗ᛶࠖࡀ☜❧ࡍࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

㸱㸬ไᗘⓗ⿵᏶ᛶࡢ࣓ࢰ࣭ࣞ࣋ࣝศᯒࡢព⩏㏙ ࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡟㡑ᅜ㈈㛸ࡣ௻ᴗ⤌⧊ࡢෆ㒊࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷሙྲྀᘬࡢ㐩ᡂࡣ⤒Ⴀ୺యࡢᶒຊ㛵ಀࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ࢺࢵࣉࢲ࢘ࣥ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⤫἞ᡭἲࡀ㸪࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡀၐ࠼ࡿዎ⣙ࡢ୙᏶ഛᛶࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㐩ᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀุ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡇࡢ
ࡼ࠺࡟㸪㡑ᅜ㈈㛸ࡢ⤒Ⴀ୺యࡀᶒຊࡢᏑᅾࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸪௻ᴗ⤌⧊ࢆไᗘㄽⓗ࡟ᑟࡁฟࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ྠ㈈㛸ࡢ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ⤫἞ᶵ⬟ࡀ㈨ᮏ
୺⩏⤒῭ࡢᕷሙዎ࡟ࡼࡗ୍࡚ඖ໬ࡉࢀࡼ࠺ࠋ
ࡑࡢࡓࡵ௻ᴗ⤌⧊ෆ㒊࡟࠾࠸࡚⤒῭୺యࡢືᶵࡶࡋࡃࡣ⾜ືࡀㅖไᗘ࡟ࡼࡗ
࡚ዴఱ࡟つᐃࡉࢀ㸪ྠ୺యࡢ⤒῭⾜ືࡀዴఱ࡟ㅖไᗘࢆ෌⏕⏘ࡉࡏࡿ࠿ࢆᑟࡁฟࡍᚲせᛶࡀ⏕ࡌࡼ࠺ࠋྠ᫬࡟㸪௻ᴗ⤌⧊ࢆ⠏ࡃ࣑ࢡࣟ୺యࡢ⤒῭⾜ື࡜㸪࣐5ࢡࣟⓗ⥲㐣⛬࡜ࡢ෇⎔ⓗつᐃ㛵ಀ࠿ࡽไᗘኚ໬ࢆゎ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࡼ࠺ࠋ࿧ᛂࡋ࡚࣐ࢡࣟⓗ࡞⏕⏘せ⣲㛫ศ㓄࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟௻ᴗ㛫ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᡤᚓ࡜㈨⏘ࡢศ㓄ᵓ㐀ࢆከඖⓗ࡟ᢕᥱࡍࡿᚲせᛶࡶ⏕ࡌࡼ࠺ࠋ㈨ᮏࡢᚠ⎔ⓗ㐠ືࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ከᵝᛶࡣࡲࡍࡲࡍᙉࡲࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢከᵝᛶ࡟ᨭ࠼ࡽࢀ࡞ࡀࡽ
ᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀุ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺ 㸲 㸧ࠋ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ㑅ዲࡢෆ⏕ᛶ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ᡂ❧ࡍࡿไᗘ࡜⤒῭୺య࡜ࡢ෇⎔ⓗつᐃ㛵ಀࡣ㸪⤒῭඲యࡢ࣐ࢡࣟⓗࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ࡟ዴఱ࡞ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ
࠺࠿ࠋไᗘ࡜⤒῭୺య࡜ࡢ┦஫つᐃ㛵ಀࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣไᗘㄽⓗ⤒῭ศᯒࡢ୺㍈ࢆ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࡣゝ࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣ㸪ไᗘศᯒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㔜せ࡞ศᯒᡭἲ࡟ࡶヱᙜࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡇࡢศᯒᡭἲࡣ㸪௻ᴗ⤌⧊㛫ࡢ┦஫౫Ꮡ㛵ಀ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ
ไᗘศᯒࡢࠕ࣓ࢰ࣭ࣞ࣋ࣝࠖࡢᡭἲ࡟┦ᙜࡋ㸪ඹ㏻࣮ࣝࣝࡶࡋࡃࡣᒓᛶ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ⤒῭ᵓ㐀㸪ࡶࡋࡃࡣࡑࡢືែࡀ♧ࡍつ๎ᛶࢆ♧ࡍᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡲࡓ࣑ࢡࣟⓗ୺య࡜࣐ࢡࣟⓗ⤒῭ືែࡢ୰㛫࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿ㡿ᇦ࡟┦ᙜࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡇࡢ࣓ࢰ࣭ࣞ࣋
ࣝࡢㄪᩚ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣ㸪㡑ᅜ㈈㛸࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿࢺࢵࣉࢲ࢘ࣥࡢ⤫἞ᡭἲࡀ┦஫࡟⤖ࡧࡘ࠸ࡓ㔜ᒙⓗ࡞᫬㛫ᵓ㐀࣭✵㛫ᵓ㐀ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿከẁ㝵ⓗᩘ㔞ㄪᩚ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ
࣒ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ㟂せኚື࡟࿧ᛂࡋ࡚స⏝ࡍࡿ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟⤒῭ኚືࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟௻ᴗ㛫➇த࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡉࢀࡿ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ኚ໬ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃไᗘⓗㄪᩚ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ືែࡢ඲⯡࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶ㔜せ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍ࡟⮳ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ 㸳 㸧ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟࢔࣐࣮ࣈࣝ࡟ࡼࡿศᯒᡭἲࡢ≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪୍ᅜࡢไᗘⓗᵓ㐀࡜ྠᅜࡀ≉໬ࡍࡿ⤒῭άືࡢᆺ࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢᙉຊ࡞⤖ࡧࡘࡁࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡼ࠺ࠋࡲࡓ࢔࣐
࣮ࣈࣝࡣ㸪≉ᐃࡢไᗘⓗᵓ㐀ࡣ⤒῭άື࡟࠾࠸࡚ẚ㍑ඃ఩ࡢฟ⌧࡟㈉⊩ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢ㝿࡟ඃ఩࡜࡞ࡿ⤒῭άືࡣྠᅜࡢไᗘࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⵳✚ࡋࡸࡍࡃ࡞ࡿⅬࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪௻ᴗ➇தຊࡀ⤒῭୺యࡢᕷሙ᧯
స⬟ຊ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡍࡿᙼࡣ㸪➇தຊ࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿไᗘࡢᏳᐃࢆᨻ἞ⓗせồ࡟ồࡵࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ᙼࡣ㸪࢔ࢪ࢔ᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡟࠾࠸࡚㧗ᗘ࡞➇தຊࢆࡶࡘ⏘ᴗ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᅜᐙ௓ධࡇࡑࡀ㸪ᅜᐙ⤫ྜᆺ⏘ᴗ」ྜయ
࡬ࡢᨻ἞ⓗᨭᣢࢆព࿡ࡍࡿⅬࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡓࡔࡋ࢔ࢪ࢔㔠⼥㏻㈌༴ᶵᚋࡢ㡑ᅜࡣ㸪IMF ࡟ࡼࡿᣦᑟࡢࡶ࡜࢔ࢪ࢔ᆺ㈨ᮏ
୺⩏ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠿ࡽࡢ㐓⬺ࢆᅗࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ᪤㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪ᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ
6࡬ࡢ≉໬ࣃࢱࣥ࡟ྥࡅ࡚ᚑ᮶࡜ࡣⴭࡋࡃ␗࡞ࡿᨻ⟇ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡓ
ࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ➇த୺⩏ⓗ࡞⤒῭ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ࡟ᨻ⟇ࡢ↔Ⅼࡀ⤠ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ຎࡗࡓ⤒῭ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍไᗘㅖᙧែࢆ㝖ཤࡍࡿ࡟ࡘ
ࢀ࡚㸪ᕷሙᶵ⬟ࡀ㔜どࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋᕷሙᶵ⬟࡟ࡼࡿຠ⋡ᛶ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚
ド᫂ࡉࢀࡿᡭἲࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓୖ࡛㸪ྠ᫬࡟ᨻ἞ⓗㅖ᮲௳࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᨻ⟇௓ධࡀ㍍どࡉࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢔࣐࣮ࣈࣝࡣ㸪⮬ࡽࡢไᗘ⿵᏶ᛶࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ඃࢀࡓ⤒῭ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࡢ㐩ᡂࡢࡳ࡟どⅬࢆồࡵࡿ࡟ࡣ࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪ไᗘㅖᙧែࡢ┦␗࡞ࡿ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡇࡑࡀ㢮ఝࡋࡓ⤒῭ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍせᅉࢆ
࡞ࡍⅬࢆᙉㄪࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡓࡔࡋ࢔࣐࣮ࣈࣝࡀᣦ᦬ࡍࡿ㢮ఝࡋࡓ⤒῭ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࡣ㸪ᖖ࡟㡑ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᅜᐙ⤫ྜᆺ⏘ᴗ」ྜయ࡬ࡢᨻ἞ⓗᨭᣢ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿᅜᐙ௓ධࢆᐜ
ㄆࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜ࡣゝ࠸㞴࠸ࠋ࢔ࢪ࢔㔠⼥㏻㈌༴ᶵᚋ㸪IMF ࡟ࡼࡿᣦᑟࡢࡶ࡜ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ኚ᭦ࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࡓ㡑ᅜ⤒῭ࡣ㸪௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚
ዎ⣙ࡢ୙᏶ഛᛶࢆቑࡍ⌧㇟ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୗ㸪ࡑࡢ⤒⦋࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ

Ϫ㸬௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡳࡿዎ⣙ࡢ୙᏶ഛᛶ㸯㸬 㑅ዲࡢෆ⏕ᛶࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍᙳ㡪୍⯡࡟ᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪௻ᴗ࡜㔠⼥ᕷሙ࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢ㔠⼥㛵ಀࡣ▷ᮇᡓ␎ࡢ᥇⏝ࡀ᭷฼࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ㡑ᅜᆺ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪㏙
࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡟ᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢᑟධࡣ㸪ࡑࢀ⮬ࡽࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡍእ⏕ⓗࢩࣙࢵࢡࢆࢺࢵࣉࢲ࢘ࣥᆺࡢ⤫἞ᡭἲࡢᙉ໬࡟ά࠿ࡍࡇ࡜࡛㸪㈈㛸ࡢ㛢㙐ⓗ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ⤫἞ࢆᙉࡵࡿ᪉ྥ࡬࡜స⏝ࡉࡏࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞௻ᴗ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ࡟ࡳ
ࡽࢀࡿዎ⣙ࡢ୙᏶ഛᛶࡢᐇែࡣ㸪ᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀᕷሙࡢ஺
᥮㐣⛬ࢆ㧗ᗘ࡟㞟⣙໬ࡉࡏࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪ࡇࡢ≉␗࡞࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ⤫἞⮬ࡽࡀศᶒⓗ㓄ศࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ᤼㝖ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡇࡢ஦౛ࢆ࢔ࢪ࢔㔠⼥㏻㈌༴ᶵᚋࡢ㡑ᅜ⤒῭࡟ᙜ࡚ࡣࡵࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸪IMF
ࡀᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺࡢ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡬ࡢ⛣⾜ࢆಁࡍ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪㡑ᅜ㈈㛸ࡢࠕᡤ᭷࡜⤒Ⴀࡢᮍศ㞳ࠖࡀࡑࢀࢆຍ㏿ࡉࡏࡓ⤒⦋ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋᙉ኱࡞୰ኸ㖟⾜ࢆ㡬Ⅼ࡜ࡍࡿࣆ࣑ࣛࢵࢻᆺ㔠⼥ᵓ㐀ࡢࡶ࡜ᰴᘧᣢࡕྜ࠸ࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ᨻᗓ࡜⧅ࡀࡾ
7ࡀ῝࠸ࠕ⥲ᖊࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿಶே኱ᰴ୺㸦࡜ࡑࡢᐙ᪘ࠊぶ᪘㸧ࢆ㡬Ⅼ࡜ࡍࡿ๰ᴗ
⪅࣮࢜ࢼ୍࣮᪘࡟⤒Ⴀᡤ᭷ᶒࡀ཰ᩡࡍࡿ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝࡀᶵ⬟ࡋ㸪ᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫ
ᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡬ࡢ⛣⾜ࢆಁࡍࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ IMF ୺ᑟࡢ⤒῭ᨵ㠉ᚋࡢ㡑ᅜ㈈㛸ࡢ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣ㸪ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉෆࡢྛ௻ᴗࡣἲⓗ࡟⊂❧ࡋࡓ⤒ႠࡀᏲࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪⥲ᖊࡢࡶ࡜㈨㔠࣭ேⓗ࡞ഃ㠃࡟࠾࠸࡚」ྜⓗ࡟⤖ྜࡋ㸪୍ࡘࡢඹྠయⓗ࡞⤒Ⴀ୺య࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪୍⯡ᰴ୺㸪ᚑᴗဨ㸪മᶒ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵ࡸྲྀᘬ௻ᴗ࡞࡝ࡢࢫ
ࢸ࣮ࢡ࣍ࣝࢲ࣮ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ㸪⥲ᖊ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿಶே኱ᰴ୺ࡀ㈈㛸
ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ඲యࢆ⥲ᣓ࣭⟶⌮ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ዎ⣙ࡢ୙᏶ഛᛶࡀࡉࡽ࡟ᙉࡲࡾ㸪⥲ᖊࡣࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ⣔ิ௻ᴗࡢ⤒Ⴀ⪅㸦௦⾲⪅ࡸᙺဨࠊ┘ᰝᙺ࡞࡝㸧ࡢᣦྡ㑅ฟ㸪᪂つ஦ᴗࡢ㐍ฟྍྰࠊ㈨㔠ㄪ㐩ࢆ⾜࠺࡞࡝㸪࠶ࡽࡺࡿពᛮỴᐃࡢᶒ㝈ࢆᢕᥱࡋ㸪ᕷሙ
࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡬ࡢ⛣⾜ࢆಁࡍᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪㡑ᅜ㈈㛸ࡣ௻ᴗ⤌⧊ࡢෆ㒊࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷሙྲྀᘬࡢ㐩ᡂࡣ⤒Ⴀ୺యࡢᶒຊ㛵ಀࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࢺࢵࣉࢲ࢘ࣥ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⤫἞ᡭἲࡀ㸪࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕዎ⣙ࡢ୙᏶ഛᛶࠖࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㐩ᡂࡉࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺
࡟㡑ᅜ㈈㛸ࡢ⤒Ⴀ୺యࡀᶒຊࡢᏑᅾࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸪௻ᴗ⤌⧊ࢆไᗘㄽⓗ࡟ᑟࡁฟࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ྠ㈈㛸ࡢ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ⤫἞ᶵ⬟ࡀ㈨ᮏ୺⩏⤒῭ࢆᤚᰝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀุ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ௻ᴗ⤌⧊ෆ㒊࡟࠾࠸࡚⤒῭୺యࡢືᶵࡶ
ࡋࡃࡣ⾜ືࡀㅖไᗘ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ዴఱ࡟つᐃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ྠ୺యࡢ⤒῭⾜ືࡀዴఱ࡟ㅖไᗘࢆ෌⏕⏘ࡉࡏࡿ࠿ࢆᑟࡁฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡶᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࡼ࠺ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ௻
ᴗ⤌⧊ࢆ⠏ࡃ࣑ࢡࣟ୺యࡢ⤒῭⾜ື࡜㸪࣐ࢡࣟⓗ⥲㐣⛬࡜ࡢ෇⎔ⓗつᐃ㛵ಀ࠿ࡽไᗘኚ໬ࢆゎ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ࿧ᛂࡋ࡚࣐ࢡࣟⓗ࡞⏕⏘せ⣲㛫ศ㓄࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪௻ᴗ㛫ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᡤᚓ࡜㈨⏘ࡢศ㓄ᵓ㐀ࢆከඖⓗ࡟ᢕᥱࡍࡿᚲせᛶࡀ⏕ࡌࡼ࠺ࠋ࿧ᛂࡋ࡚㈨ᮏࡢᚠ⎔ⓗ㐠ືࡣከᵝᛶࢆࡲࡍࡲࡍᙉࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞
ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢከᵝᛶ࡟ᨭ࠼ࡽࢀ࡞ࡀࡽᒎ㛤ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ 㸴 㸧ࠋ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ㑅ዲࡢෆ⏕ᛶ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ᡂ❧ࡍࡿไᗘ࡜⤒῭୺య࡜ࡢ෇⎔ⓗつᐃ㛵ಀࡣ㸪⤒῭඲యࡢ࣐ࢡࣟⓗࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ࡟ዴఱ࡞ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ
࠺࠿ࠋ᪤㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࡇࡢศᯒࡣ௻ᴗ⤌⧊㛫ࡢ┦஫౫Ꮡ㛵ಀ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿไᗘศ
ᯒࡢࠕ࣓ࢰ࣭ࣞ࣋ࣝࠖ࡟┦ᙜࡋ㸪ඹ㏻࣮ࣝࣝࡶࡋࡃࡣᒓᛶ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ⤒῭ᵓ㐀㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣࡑࡢືែࡀ♧ࡍつ๎ᛶࢆ♧ࡍᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ࣓ࢰ࣭ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢㄪᩚ࣓
8࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣ㸪㡑ᅜ㈈㛸࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࢺࢵࣉࢲ࢘ࣥࡢ⤫἞ᡭἲࡀ┦஫࡟⤖ࡧࡘ࠸ࡓ㔜ᒙⓗ࡞᫬㛫ᵓ㐀࣭✵㛫ᵓ㐀ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿከẁ㝵ⓗᩘ㔞ㄪᩚ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ
᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ࡑࢀࡣ㟂せኚື࡟࿧ᛂࡋ࡚స⏝ࡋ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ⤒῭ኚືࢆࡶࡓ
ࡽࡍࠋ௻ᴗ㛫➇த࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡉࢀࡿ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ኚ໬ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃไᗘ
ⓗㄪᩚ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ືែࡢ඲⯡࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶ㔜せ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀุ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺ 㸵 㸧ࠋ㸰㸬㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୙᏶ഛዎ⣙ࡢᡂ❧௨ୖ㸪ᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡬ࡢ⛣⾜࡟క࠸㸪㡑ᅜ㈈㛸ࡢ㛢㙐ⓗ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ
⤫἞ࡀᙉࡲࡗࡓ⤒⦋ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪㔠⼥つไࡢ⦆࿴ࡀ㐣๫࡞⼥㈨ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡋ㸪㈈㛸ࡢᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡬ࡢཧධࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡋࡓ⤒⦋࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
ゐࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡀ㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿዎ⣙ࡢ୙᏶ഛᛶࢆᙉࡵࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓ≧ἣࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋ
୍⯡࡟᏶ഛዎ⣙࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࣔࢹࣝ࠾࠸࡚㸪㑅ዲ㸪㈿Ꮡ㔞㸪ᢏ⾡ࡢ㞟ྜࡀ௵ព࡜
ࡉࢀࡓሙྜ㸪➇தⓗ஺᥮ࡢ㐣⛬ࡣᡤ୚ࡢ㓄ศ࡜౯᱁࣋ࢡࢺࣝ࡟ᖐ⤖ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᡤ୚ࡢึᮇ㈿Ꮡ㔞ࡸ㑅ዲ㸪⏕⏘ᢏ⾡࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡢࡳࢆ⏝࠸࡚ᐃᖖⓗ⤖ᯝࢆ୍ពⓗ࡟ỴᐃࡍࡿⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪᏶ഛዎ⣙࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࣔࢹࣝࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡓࡔࡋ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡶᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪ከᩘࡢᆒ⾮࠿ࡽᡂ❧ࡍࡿయ⣔࡟࠾࠸࡚ዴఱ
࡞ࡿ⤖ᯝࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ࠿ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿ㝿㸪ዎ⣙ࡢ୙᏶ഛᛶࡺ࠼࡟ࣔࢹࣝࡢእ࠿ࡽᚓࡽ
ࢀࡿ᝟ሗࡀไ㝈ࡉࢀࡿⅬࢆ㍍どࡋ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋዎ⣙ࡢ୙᏶ഛᛶࡺ࠼࡟㸪㖟⾜
ࡢᑐ௻ᴗ㈚ฟ⼥㈨࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᝟ሗࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶࡀᕷሙཧධ⪅ࡢ㔠⼥▱㆑࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ㸪ᑗ᮶࡟㛵ࡍࡿᮇᚅࡣⴭࡋࡃᾋືⓗ㸪࠿ࡘ⃭ࡋ࠸ኚ໬ࢆవ൤࡞ࡃࡋࡓࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ࢔ࢪ࢔㔠⼥㏻㈌༴ᶵ๓ࡢ㡑ᅜࡣ㸪┤᥋㔠⼥ᕷሙࡢᮍᩚഛࡺ࠼࡟௻ᴗ
⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝࡣ㖟⾜ࡢ㈇മࢆ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪㈈㛸࣮࢜ࢼ࣮ࡣ⤯ᑐⓗ࡞ᰴᘧಖ᭷
ࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡶ㸪ᰴᘧⓎ⾜ࡼࡾࡶ㈇മ࡟ࡼࡿ㈨㔠ㄪ㐩ࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟⾜࠺ࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋᙜ᫬㸪௻ᴗ࡟ᑐࡍࡿಙ⏝౪୚ࡢ೺඲ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟୺ྲྀᘬ㖟⾜ไᗘࡀタࡅࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢ㸪ᨻᗓࡢ୚ಙ⟶⌮ᨻ⟇ࢆ㖟⾜࡟௦⾜ࡉࡏࡿ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡗ࡚
࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵྠไᗘࡣ㸪㛗ᮇⓗ࡞฼┈☜ಖࡢࡓࡵ⮬୺ⓗ࡟௻ᴗࢆ┘どࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡶ 1990 ᖺ௦୰┙㸪㈈㛸つไࡢ⦆࿴ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㈈㛸࡟ᑐࡍࡿ୚
9ಙつไࢆཷࡅ࡞࠸➨஧㔠⼥ᅪ࡟ࡼࡿ㈚ฟࡀቑ࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ࡜㸪୺ྲྀᘬ㖟⾜ࢆ
㏻ࡌࡓ㈈㛸࡟ᑐࡍࡿ┘どᶵ⬟ࡀࡉࡽ࡟ᙅࡲࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㈈㛸࡟ᑐࡍࡿ୚ಙつไࢆཷࡅ࡞࠸➨஧㔠⼥ᅪࡀ㈚ฟࢆቑࡸࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸪୺ྲྀᘬ㖟⾜ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ㈈㛸࡟ᑐࡍࡿ┘どᶵ⬟ࡀᙅࡲࡿࡇ࡜ࡣゝ࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋࡉࡽ࡟㔠⼥つไࡢ⦆࿴ࡣ㸪㡑ᅜᨻᗓ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ 24 ࡢၟᴗ㖟⾜ࡢ๰タࢆㄆࡵࡓࠋࡢࡳ࡞
ࡽࡎ㸪୺࡟㈈㛸ࡢᾏእ⏕⏘ࢆᨭ᥼ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡟㸪1996 ᖺ 5 ᭶㸪200 ࡢ㖭᯶࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿ KOSPI200 ඛ≀ࡀ㸪㡑ᅜドๆྲྀᘬᡤ㸦Korea Stock Exchangeࠊ
KSEࠝᙜ᫬ࠞ㸧࡟ୖሙࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣࢹࣜࣂࢸ࢕ࣈࡣࡌࡵඛ≀࣭ࢫ࣡ࢵࣉ࣭࢜
ࣉࢩࣙࣥྲྀᘬ࡞࡝࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ㔠⼥ὴ⏕ၟရ࠿ࡽᡂࡾ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ௨ᚋ㸪㔠⼥つไࡢ⦆࿴ࡣᾏእྥࡅᢞᶵ࡟ࡶཬࡪࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪㈨ᮏὶධ㸪࡜ࡾࢃࡅ▷ᮇ࣮ࣟࣥࡢ
ᛴ⃭࡞ቑຍࢆᑟࡁฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡶᙜ↛࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟࢔ࢪ࢔㔠⼥㏻㈌༴ᶵࢆ⤒ࡓᚋࡢ㡑ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪௻ᴗ࡜㔠⼥ᕷሙ࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢ㔠⼥㛵ಀ࡟࠾࠸࡚࢔ࣥࢢࣟࢧ
ࢡࢯࣥᆺࡢ▷ᮇᡓ␎ࡢ᥇⏝ࡀ᭷฼࡜࡞ࡾ㸪ྠ㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺࡢ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡟┦ᛂࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࠋࡸࡀ࡚㈈㛸ࡢ⫧኱໬࡟ṑṆࡵࡀຠ࠿࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪1997 ᖺࡢ࢔ࢪ࢔㔠⼥㏻㈌༴ᶵ࡟క࠺㈈㛸ࡢ┦ḟࡄಽ⏘ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᚋࡢ࢔ࢪ࢔㔠⼥㏻㈌༴ᶵᚋࡢᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡬ࡢ⛣⾜ࡣ㸪IMF ࡀᨻᗓ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᡂ㛗⏘ᴗ࡬ࡢ㔠⼥ᶵ㛵㈚௜ࢆዡບࡋࠊྠ㈨㔠ࢆᚓࡓ㈈㛸ࡀ⣔ิ఍♫⿵
ຓ࡞࡝ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ಙ⏝๰ฟࡍࡿࣜࢫࢡ㈇ᢸࢆࡶ᧯సࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࣜࢫ
ࢡ㈇ᢸࡢᡭἲࡀ㐣๫ᢞ㈨ࡢ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋࡓ IMF ࡣ㸪௦ࢃࡾ࡟ᅜ㝿Ỵ῭㖟⾜⮬ᕫ㈨ᮏẚ⋡㸦BIS ẚ⋡㸧㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣ㈇മẚ⋡つไ࡞࡝ࢆᑟධࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸪㔠⼥ᶵ㛵࡟ᑐࡍࡿ┘╩ᶵ⬟ࢆⴭࡋࡃᙉ໬ࡉࡏࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㔠⼥ᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢩࢢࢼࣜࣥࢢᨻ⟇ࢆ IMF ࡀᢸ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ᮏ᮶ࡣᨻᗓࡀ᪋⾜ࡍࡿࠕ⮬⏤⿢㔞ࠖࢆⴭࡋࡃ๐ῶࡍࡿഴྥࢆᑟࡁฟࡑ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟
ᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿࠕ⮬⏤⿢㔞ࠖࡢ๐ῶ࡟௜㝶ࡋ࡚ࠊ〇ရᕷሙࡢ➇தᨻ⟇㸪㔠⼥ࡢ⮬⏤໬㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣປാᕷሙࡢつไ⦆࿴࡞࡝ࡶᮏ᱁໬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࢔ࢪ࢔ᆺࡢ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࠿ࡽࡢ㐓⬺࡟క࠸㸪㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡬ࡢ⛣⾜ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᒎ㛤࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

10㸱㸬௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୙᏶ഛዎ⣙ࡢᡂ❧㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᝟ሗࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶࡀࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓዎ⣙ࡢ୙᏶ഛᛶࡣ㸪ᕧ㢠㈇മࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㈈㛸࣮࢜ࢼ࣮࡟ࡼࡿ⤒Ⴀ௓ධࢆࡉࡽ࡟ᙉࡵࡿ⌧㇟ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡇ
࡜ࡣ᪤࡟ゐࢀࡓ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟࢔ࢪ࢔㔠⼥㏻㈌༴ᶵᚋࡢ㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
ᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ⛣⾜ࡣ㸪᪤㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢዎ⣙ࡢ୙᏶ഛ
ᛶᙉ໬ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚࣮࢜ࢼ࣮࡟ࡼࡿ⤒Ⴀ௓ධࢆᙉࡵ㸪ྛ㈈㛸ࡣᕧ㢠㈇മࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ௨ୖࡢᒎ㛤ࢆࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥᏛὴࡢ࣎
࣡࢖࢚࡟ࡼࡿᡭἲࢆᛂ⏝࣭ᒎ㛤ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄝ᫂ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡲࡎ
ᵝࠎ࡞ࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ㄪᩚࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍᵓ㐀ຠᯝࡀ⿵᏶ⓗ࡞ᙉ໬㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣ┦ẅ࡟ࡼࡿᙅ໬㸪ሙྜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࢩࢫࢸ࣒⥔ᣢࡀᅔ㞴࡞ࠕㄪᩚᵝᘧࡢ୙ᩚྜࠖࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ♫఍⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ᭷ࡍࡿᵝࠎ࡞ไᗘ㸪ࡑࡢࡶ࡜࡛ᡂ❧ࡍࡿㄪᩚ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡀ⥲ྜⓗ࡟స⏝ࡋ㸪Ᏻᐃⓗ࡞࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ືែࡸ♫఍ⓗᕪ␗⏕⏘ࡀᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ㟷ᮌᫀᙪࡶᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧㇟ࡣ㐺ྜⓗ࡞ไᗘࡀ௚ࡢࢻ࣓࢖ࣥ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿሙྜ㸪௚ࡢࢱ࢖ࣉ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ≉ᐃࢱ࢖ࣉࡢไᗘ
ࡀᙜヱࢻ࣓࢖ࣥ࡟࠾࠸࡚Ꮡ⥆ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ㏫ࡶᡂ❧ࡍࡿࢤ࣮࣒⌮ㄽⓗ࡞ᡓ␎ⓗ⿵᏶ᛶࡢᴫᛕࡀࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡗࡓ 8) ࠋD㸬ࢯࢫ࢟ࢫࡣࡌࡵࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥᏛὴࡶ㸪ࡇࡢࠕไᗘⓗ⿵᏶ᛶࠖࢆ⮬ࡽࡢࠕ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠖ࡟ᛂ⏝ࡋ㸪ྛᅜ㛫࡟ከ✀ከᵝᛶࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 㸷 㸧ࠋࡲࡓ࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡣ㸪࣑ࢡ࡛ࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢไᗘ㛫ࡢ㛵ಀࡢ࣐ࢡࣟⓗᇶ♏ࢆ㔜どࡋࡘࡘ㸪ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕไᗘⓗ⿵᏶ᛶࠖࢆࡶ࡜࡟㸪ไᗘㅖᙧែࡢ㝵ᒙᛶ㸪ㅖไᗘᙧែࡢ୧❧ᛶ࡜ඹ㐍໬㸪ㄪᩚᵝᘧࡢᩚྜᛶࡢ஦ᚋⓗᛶ᱁࡟ࡶ╔┠ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ࣎࣡࢖࢚࡟ࡼࡿㄝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸪㈈㛸ᆺࡢㅖไᗘࡶࡋࡃࡣ㈈㛸ᆺㅖไᗘࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡍㄪᩚస⏝ࡢ࣐ࢡࣟⓗᩚྜᛶࡢ୍⎔࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ࠕᵓ㐀ⓗ୧❧ᛶࠖࡀ୧⪅ࡢ࣐ࢡࣟⓗᩚྜᛶࢆᏳᐃ໬ࡉࡏࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓ࡜ࡢゎ㔘ࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ぢ᪉ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㡑ᅜᆺ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ≉␗ᛶࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡉࢀࡼ࠺ࠋࡇࡢ
࣓ࢯ࣭ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢศᯒࢆࠕㄪᩚࡢ㔜ᒙᛶࠖࡢศᯒ࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓨᒎࡉࡏࡿ࡜㸪㡑ᅜᆺᕷሙࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡶ౯᱁ㄪᩚ࡜ከẁ㝵ⓗᩘ㔞ㄪᩚ㐣⛬㸦ᅾᗜㄪᩚ㸫✌ാ⋡ㄪᩚ㸫㈨ᮏ
ࢫࢺࢵࢡㄪᩚ㸧ཬࡧ㞠⏝ㄪᩚ㸦௻ᴗ⤌⧊ࡢไᗘⓗ≉㉁࡟፹௓ࡉࢀࡘࡘ✌ാ⋡ㄪᩚࡸ㈨ᮏࢫࢺࢵࢡㄪᩚ࡜㐃ື㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪㔜ᒙⓗ᫬㛫ᵓ㐀ࢆࡶࡗ࡚ㄪᩚࡉࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀุ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺ 10 㸧ࠋ
11ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪㈌ᖯ࣭㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜㈤ປാ㛵ಀࡢ┦஫స⏝࡜つᐃ㛵ಀࡢኚᐜࢆ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ほⅬ࠿ࡽ✚ᴟⓗ࡟ศᯒࡍࡿഴྥࡀᙉࡲ
ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㸪ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥ⌮ㄽࡢ㹐㸬࣎࣡࢖࢚ࡸ㹀㸬࢔࣐࣮ࣈࣝࡣ㸪ࠕไᗘⓗ⿵᏶ᛶࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢ㛗ᮇືែࡢ㌿᥮ࢆㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉ᐃࡢไᗘࡀ௚ࡢไᗘ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᙉ࠸つᐃ㛵ಀࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜ㸪ࠕไᗘ⿵᏶ᛶࠖࡀᶵ
⬟ࡋࡓࡓࡵ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧㇟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㡑ᅜ㈈㛸ࡢไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࡣ㞟ᅋෆ࠾ࡅࡿ㑅ዲࡢศᕸ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼㸪ྛ㈈㛸ࡢ⤒Ⴀ୺య࡟ࡼࡿ㑅ዲࡣ IMF ୺ᑟᆺࡢᕷሙ୺⩏ࡢᒎ㛤࡟࿧ᛂࡋ࡚࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ⤫἞ࡢ㛢㙐ᛶࢆᙉࡵࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠕไᗘⓗ⿵᏶ᛶࠖࡀࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓᙳ㡪࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㡑ᅜ㈈㛸࡟ࡼࡿ௻ᴗ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ⤫἞ࡣ㸪ᕷሙ୺⩏ࡢᒎ㛤࡟కࡗ࡚ᛮ᝿ⓗ࣭ᩥ໬ⓗ⫼ᬒࢆ㉳ᅉ࡜ࡍࡿෆ⏕ⓗ࡟㑅ዲࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ⤖ᯝࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝࡢ㛢㙐ᛶ࡟ๅࡾ㎸ࡲࢀࡓ┦஫㛵ಀࡢᵓ㐀ࡇࡑࡀ㸪㑅ዲࡢෆ⏕ᛶࢆỴࡵࡿせᅉࢆ࡞ࡍ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀุ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺ 11㸧ࠋࡇࡢ࣎࢘ࣝࢬ࡟ࡼࡿぢ᪉ࡢṇࡋࡉࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡶ㸪ᮏ✏ࡣᑒᘓⓗ࡞௻ᴗ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ⤫἞ࡢ⥅ᢎࡀ㸪ලయⓗ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㑅ዲࡢኚ໬ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࠿ࢆ♧ࡋ㸪࿧ᛂࡋ࡚ྛ㈈㛸ࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃไᗘኚ໬ࡢ㐣⛬ࡀዴఱ࡞ࡿࠕ㑅ዲࡢෆྥᛶࠖࢆㄏⓎࡋࡓ࠿᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋእ㟂౫Ꮡᆺ㈠᫆ᨻ⟇ࡀᕷሙᶒຊࡢᙉ໬ࢆࡶ
ࡓࡽࡋࡓᙳ㡪ࡘ࠸࡚ゐࢀ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ࡑࡢ⤒⦋ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺ࠋ

ϫ㸬እ㟂౫Ꮡᆺ㈠᫆ᨻ⟇࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࠕไᗘⓗ⿵᏶ᛶࠖࡢᡂ❧㸯㸬 ㈠᫆౫Ꮡᆺ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣃ࣮࣡⾜౑௨ୖ㸪ᮏ✏ࡣ㡑ᅜࡀᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡬ࡢࢩࣇࢺࡍࡿ࡟క࠸㸪㈈㛸ࡢ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ⤫἞ࡢᡭἲ࡟࠾࠸࡚㛢㙐ᛶࡀᙉࡲࡾ㸪࿧ᛂࡋ࡚㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜௻ᴗ⤫἞ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚୙᏶ഛዎ⣙ࡀᡂ❧ࡋࡓ⤒⦋ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ㏙࡭࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࡇࡢ஧ᚊ⫼཯ⓗ࡞⌧㇟ࡀྠ᫬࡟ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ᅜෆⓗせᅉࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ IMF ࡟ࡼࡿᨻ⟇ࡀ㡑ᅜࢆᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡬࡜⛣⾜ࡉࡏࡓእⓗ࡞せᅉࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡀᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪≉ᐃᅜ࡟࠾࠾ࡅࡿዎ⣙ࡢ୙᏶ഛᛶࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿሙྜ㸪௚ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿ⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࡢ♫఍つ⠊ࡢᚲせᛶࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿᚲせࡀ⏕ࡌࡼ࠺ࠋ᪤
㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪IMF ᨻ⟇ࢆᥖࡆࡿ࢔ࣥࢢࣟࢧࢡࢯࣥᆺᕷሙࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿ⤒12῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡬ࡢ⛣⾜ࡣ㸪ዎ⣙ࡢ୙᏶ഛᛶࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㈈㛸ࡢ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ⤫἞ᡭἲࡢ㛢㙐ᛶࢆᙉࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌧㇟ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡭἲࡣࠕ࣡ࣝࣛࢩ࢔࣭ࣥ
ࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࠖࢆၐ࠼ࡿ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟࠾࠸࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ᕷሙᆒ⾮ࡣྜ⌮ⓗ⤒῭ேࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㐩ᡂࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡢぢ᪉࡟❧ࡘ 12) ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ྠࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࡣᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿዎ⣙ⓗ㛵ಀࡀ༢ᩘࡢᏳᐃⓗᆒ⾮࡬࡜཰ᩡࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ๓ᥦ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ྜ⌮ⓗ⤒῭ேࡣ㛢ࡌࡽࢀࡓ↓᫬㛫ⓗ✵㛫࡛ຠ⏝ࢆ᭱኱໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀせồࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞✵㛫࡛ࡣ㸪⮬⏤࠿ࡘᖹ➼࡞⤒῭୺యࡀዎ⣙㛵ಀ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ᕷሙྲྀᘬࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ๓ᥦ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ᪤㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟㡑ᅜ㈈㛸ࡣ௻ᴗ⤌⧊ࡢෆ㒊࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷሙྲྀᘬࡢ㐩ᡂࡣ⤒Ⴀ୺యࡢᶒຊ㛵ಀ
ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ࢺࢵࣉࢲ࢘ࣥ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⤫἞ᡭἲࡀ㸪࣡ࣝࣛࢫᆺࡢ
ᕷሙࢆ᧯సࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀุ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺ 13) ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ IMF ᨻ⟇ࢆᥖࡆࡿ࢔ࣥࢢࣟࢧࢡࢯࣥᆺᕷሙࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᙉ໬ࡣ㸪௻ᴗ⤌⧊ෆ㒊࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⤒Ⴀ୺యࡢᶒຊᙉ໬㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࣃ࣮࣡⾜౑ࢆᙉࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᶵ
⬟ࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᕷሙࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ➇தᆒ⾮ࡀࣃ࣮࣡⾜౑ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ⾜౑ࡀࡉࡽ࡞ࡿᕷሙࡢ᭷⏝ᛶᙉ໬ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚බṇᛶࢆಖࡘ࡜࠸࠺つ⠊⾜Ⅽࡀ㸪ዎ⣙ࡢ୙᏶ഛᛶࡺ࠼࡟ᕷሙ㓄ศࡢ୙ᖹ➼ᛶࢆᙉࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᶵ⬟ࡉࡏࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟࢔ࣥࢢࣟࢧࢡࢯࣥᆺᕷሙࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜஧ᚊ⫼཯ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ஧ࡘࡢ⌧㇟ࡀྠ᫬࡟ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ᅜෆⓗせᅉࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ IMF ࡟ࡼࡿᨻ⟇ࡀ㡑ᅜࢆᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡬࡜⛣⾜ࡉࡏࡓእⓗせᅉࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ
ࡓࠋࡑࡢලయⓗ࡞⤒⦋ࢆ㸪㈠᫆౫Ꮡᆺ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣃ࣮࣡⾜౑ࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺ࠋ
ᚑ᮶㸪㡑ᅜ㈈㛸࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⤌⧊ㄽⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢᡭἲࡣ㸪୺࡟ࢺࢵࣉࢲ࢘ࣥࡢ
࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀࠿ࡽ⧞ࡾᗈࡆࡽࢀࡿࠕ㍺ฟᚿྥࡢ฼₶୺ᑟᆺᡂ㛗ࠖࢆᡤ୚࡜ࡍ
ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡓ㈈ࡢ౪⤥ࡣ୺࡟ᾏእᕷሙࡢ㛤ᣅ࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㡑ᅜ㈈㛸ࡣ㸪ྠᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚㈠᫆཰ᨭࡢ㯮Ꮠࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ⤒Ⴀ୺యࡢព
ᚿࢆ┤᥋ⓗ࡟཯ᫎࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡋࡓୖ࡛㸪ࡑࡢᏑᅾព⩏ࢆồࡵࡿぢ᪉ࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢぢ᪉ࡣ㸪ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ㍺ฟ㈠᫆࡟ඃ఩࡟స⏝ࡍࡿᢏ⾡㐍Ṍࡀእ⏕ⓗ࡟స⏝ࡍࡿぢ᪉࡛࠶ࡾ㸪㍺ฟ㈈ࡢቑຍ⋡ࡣᢞධ㈈ࡢቑຍ⋡࡜඲せ⣲⏕⏘ᛶࡢ⤌ࡳ࠶ࢃࡏࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࢯ࣮ࣟࡣࡌࡵ᪂ྂ඾ὴᡂ㛗ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ
13ࡶࡢ࡜ࡉࢀࡼ࠺ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㍺ฟ౫Ꮡᆺࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡜ࡣ㸪ປാຊࡶࡋࡃࡣ≀ⓗ㈨ᮏ࡞࡝ࡢᢞධ㔞ࡢቑຍࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪እ⏕ⓗ࡟ᢏ⾡㐍Ṍ⋡ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ࡜ࡍࡿぢ᪉ࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡓࡔࡋ᳜ᮧࡀᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᅜ㝿㈠᫆⌮ㄽࡢ㡿ᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚୺ὶ
ࢆ࡞ࡋࡓ࣊ࢡࢩ࣮ࣕ=࣮࢜ࣜࣥ⌮ㄽ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ᏶඲➇தࡢࡶ࡜࡛᭱⤊㈈㈠᫆ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ⌮ㄽⓗ᝿ᐃ࡜ࡣⴭࡋࡃ␗࡞ࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ᭱ࡶ㢧ⴭ࡞⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚㸪᳜ᮧࡣከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࡢάື࡟፹௓ࡉࢀࡿ୰㛫㈈㈠᫆ࡢᣑ኱ࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ
࢔࢘ࢺࢯ࣮ࢩࣥࢢ࡜୰㛫㈈㈠᫆ࡢᣑ኱ࡣ㸪ᅜ㝿⤒῭Ꮫࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࡶ㔜どࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ 14) ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵḟ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ୰㛫㈈㈠᫆ࡢᣑ኱ࡀ㡑ᅜᆺ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ཬࡰࡋࡓᙳ㡪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺ࠋ

㸰㸬୰㛫㈈㈠᫆ࡢᣑ኱ࡀཬࡰࡋࡓᙳ㡪㡑ᅜࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡣ㸪〇㐀ᴗ〇ရࡢ㍺ฟ࡟ࡼࡿᕤᴗ໬⋡ୖ᪼࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡉࡽ࡞ࡿ㧗ᗘ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ㍺ฟᚿྥᆺᕤᴗ໬ᨻ⟇ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᐇ⌧ࡋᚓࡓⅬ࡛ᴟࡵ࡚≉␗࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸿࣭࣮࢞ࢩࣗࣥࢡࣟࣥ㸦Alexander Gerschenkron㸧࡟ࡼࡿ௬ㄝ㸦ࠕ࢟ࣕࢵࢳ࢔ࢵࣉࣔࢹࣝࠖ㸧㸪࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕᚋⓎᛶࡢ฼Ⅼࠖࡀ㡑ᅜ⤒῭ࡢᡂ㛗ࢆಁࡋࡓ࡜ࡢぢ᪉ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࡀ㸪㡑ᅜࡣ⮬ࡽࡢ≉␗ᛶࡺ࠼࡟ඛ㐍ᅜࡀ᥇⏝ࡋࡓ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢᡭἲࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡚ᒎ㛤ࡋࡓ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪ࡴࡋࢁඛ㐍ᅜ࡟ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸᪂ࡓ࡞⤌⧊㸪ࡶࡋࡃࡣ௦᭰ⓗⓎᒎᡭẁࡀά⏝ࡉࢀࡿᡭἲࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪ᡂ㛗㏿ᗘࡶࡋࡃࡣᡂ㛗ෆᐜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ඛ㐍ᅜ࡜ࡣⴭࡋࡃ␗࡞ࡿᕤᴗ໬ࢆᒎ
㛤࡛ࡁࡓⅬ࡛≉␗ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋ඾ᆺⓗ࡞஦౛࡜ࡋ࡚㸪㍺ධ௦᭰ᕤᴗ໬ᨻ⟇࠿ࡽ
㍺ฟᚿྥᆺᕤᴗ໬ᨻ⟇࡬ࡢ㌿᥮ࡢ㝿,ᚋⓎᛶ฼┈ࢆ᭷ຠ࡟ࠕෆ㒊໬ࠖࡋ㸪㈨ᮏ㞟⣙ᆺ⏕⏘᪉ἲࡀ୰㛫㈈㈠᫆ࢆ☜❧ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋࡓ⤒⦋ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡼ࠺ࠋࡇࡢᡭἲ
ࡢ≉ᚩࡣ,㍺ධ௦᭰ᕤᴗ໬ᨻ⟇ࡀ⾜ࡁワࡲࡾጞࡲࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ྠᕤᴗ໬ࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿಖㆤᨻ⟇ࢆࡃࡘࡀ࠼ࡍࠕᕷሙ⮬⏤໬ᨻ⟇ࠖࢆ㏻ࡌ㸪ປാ㐣๫ࡶࡋࡃࡣ㈨ᮏ୙㊊࡜࠸࠺⏕⏘≧ែࡢ㈿Ꮡ≧ែ࡟㐺ྜࡍࡿ⏕⏘᪉ᘧ࡜㈠᫆ࣃࢱࣥࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ㸪㍺ධ௦
᭰ᮇ࡟⏕ࡌࡓ㈨※㓄ศࡢ᫝ṇࢆ㎿㏿࡟ᒎ㛤ࡋࡓⅬ࡟ồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ㡑ᅜ⊂⮬ࡢᡂ㛗ࣃࢱࣥࢆ㸪㹕࣭ࣟࢫࢺ࢘㸦Walt Whitman Rostow㸧࡟ࡼࡿᡂ㛗ẁ㝵ㄽࢆᙜ࡚ࡣࡵࡿ࡜㸪ࡴࡋࢁࠕᚋ᪉㐃㛵ຠᯝࠖࡢ᪉ࡀᨻᗓ⮬ࡽࡢࢫࢣ࣮࣭࣓ࣝࣜࢵࢺࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㈨ᮏ⵳✚ࢆಁࡋ,㈨ᮏ཰┈⋡ࡢ཰✭㏴ῶ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ
14

㈨ᮏࢆຍ㏿ⓗ࡟ቑຍࡉࡏࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪㍺ฟᚿྥᆺᕤᴗ໬ᨻ⟇ࡀᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᣲࡆ
ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪୰㛫㈈ࡀ⬤ᙅ࡛࠶ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎᨻᗓࡀ㍺ฟྥࡅ᭱⤊〇ရ⏕⏘ࢆ✚ᴟᒎ㛤ࡋ㸪ࡺ࠼࡟᭱⤊㈈ࢆ㍺ฟࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᢞධ㈈ࡢ㍺ධ௦᭰ࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ,᭱⤊㈈ࡢ㍺ฟ⮬ࡽࡀᢞධ㈈ࡢ㍺ධ௦᭰ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ㡑ᅜᆺᡂ㛗ࡢ≉␗ᛶࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㡑ᅜࡢ㍺ฟᚿྥᆺᕤᴗ໬ᨻ⟇࡜ࡣ㸪᭱⤊㈈㒊㛛࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㟂せࡀᕝୖ࡛࠶ࡿ୰㛫㈈࣭㈨ᮏ㈈ࡢᡂ㛗ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍᚋ᪉㐃㛵ຠᯝࡀᶵ⬟ࡋ,ྠ㒊㛛ࡢ㍺ධ௦᭰㐣⛬ࡀಁࡉࢀࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪⏕ࡌࡓ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀุ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㡑ᅜᆺ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡣ,ᡂ㛗࡟ᑐࡍࡿᨻᗓ௓ධࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᅗࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢ,ᇶ♏ኚᩘࡢ⥔ᣢ࣭ᑐእᚿྥ࣭ேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢ㣴ᡂ࡞࡝ᕷሙ࡜౯᱁ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ศᯒࡍࡿ
❧ሙࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ୍᪉㸪ᨻᗓ௓ධ࡟ࡼࡾㄏᅉయ⣔ࡢពᅗⓗኚ໬ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ≉ᐃ⏘ᴗ⫱ᡂࢆ㔜どࡍࡿ❧ሙࡢ┦ᑐ❧ࡍࡿ㸰ࡘࡢぢ᪉࠿ࡽᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࢡ࣮ࣝࢢ࣐ࣥࡣ㸪඲せ⣲⏕⏘ᛶ⌮ㄽࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚௨ୗࡢ⌮ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃ
ࡕ㡑ᅜࡣࡌࡵᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡀ, ࢫࢣ࣮࣭࣓ࣝࣜࢵࢺࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ປാ࡜㈨ᮏࡢ
኱㔞ᢞධ࡟ࡼࡿせ⣲୺ᑟᆺᡂ㛗ࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ㸪ࡇࡢᕷሙࡢຠ⋡ᛶ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡀ㛤Ⓨึᮇ࡟࠾࠸࡚㧗್ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢࡢ,౪⤥ቑ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚㈨ᮏ཰┈⋡ࡢపୗࢆవ
൤࡞ࡃࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᐇ㝿㸪ࡇࡢ⌮ㄽࡣປാ࡜㈨ᮏࡢᢞධࢆ୰ᅜ࡟ồࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜
ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ㏆ᖺࡢ㡑ᅜࡣ,࡜ࡾࢃࡅ〇㐀ᴗࡢᾏእ⛣㌿ࡀᛴቑࡋ,ᅜෆࡢ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵ࡀᚎࠎ࡟ᙅయ໬ࡍࡿ୍᪉࡛,ᾏእ࡜ࡢ㐃㛵ຠᯝࡀᣑ኱ࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ〇㐀ᴗࡢᑐእ┤᥋ᢞ㈨࡟࠾࠸࡚,≉࡟୰ᅜࡀ༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜࡀᛴᣑ኱ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ,㡑ᅜ〇㐀ᴗ࡜୰ᅜࡢ┦஫㐃㛵ࡀ⥭ᐦᛶࢆቑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㡑ᅜࡢᑐእ┤᥋ᢞ㈨࡟኱ࡁࡃ౫Ꮡࡋ
࡞ࡀࡽⓎᒎࡍࡿ୰ᅜ⤒῭ࡣ,㡑ᅜ〇㐀ᴗࡢ✵Ὕ໬ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛ᠱᛕࡍ࡭
ࡁ⌧㇟ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୰ᅜ࠿ࡽ㍺ධࡉࢀࡓ㈨ᮏ㈈࣭୰㛫㈈ࡀࠊ㡑ᅜᅜෆ࡛ࡢ୰㛫㈈ㄪ㐩ࢆ௦᭰ࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ௒᪥ࡢ⌧㇟ࡣ,㈨ᮏ㈈࣭୰㛫㈈ࡀ⬤ᙅ࡛࠶ࡿ࡟ࡶ
࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎᨻᗓࡀ㍺ฟྥࡅ᭱⤊〇ရ⏕⏘ࢆ✚ᴟᒎ㛤ࡍࡿ≉␗࡞㍺ฟᚿྥᆺᕤᴗ
໬ᨻ⟇ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀุ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ௨ୗ,ࡇࡢ㡑ᅜ⊂⮬ࡢ୰㛫㈈㈠᫆ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍᙧᡂࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ㸪୺࡟௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝࡢഃ㠃࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚
࠸ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ

15

㸱㸬୰ᅜ౫Ꮡᆺࡢ࢔࢘ࢺࢯ࣮ࢩࣥࢢࡀཬࡰࡋࡓᙳ㡪㡑ᅜᆺ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪࡜ࡾࢃࡅྠᅜࡢ〇㐀ᴗࡀᚋ᪉㐃㛵ຠᯝࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚୰ᅜࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡓᐇែࢆ㍍どࡋ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ୰ᅜࡣ㸪୺࡟㡑ᅜ࠿ࡽ㍺ධࡋࡓ୰㛫㈈ࡢ౑⏝ࢆቑຍࡉࡿࡇ࡜࡛᭱⤊㈈⏕⏘ࢆቑࡸࡍࡶࡢࡢ㸪࡜ࡾࢃࡅ๓᪉㐃㛵ຠᯝࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚୰ᅜ〇ࡢ㈨ᮏ㈈࣭୰㛫㈈ࡀ㡑ᅜ〇㐀ᴗࡢ⏕⏘࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿഴྥࡀᙉࡲࡗࡓࠋ࿧ᛂࡋ࡚㸪୰ᅜ࠿ࡽ㍺ධࡉࢀࡓ㈨ᮏ㈈࣭୰㛫㈈ࡀ㡑ᅜ
ᅜෆ࡛ࡢ㈨ᮏ㈈࣭୰㛫㈈ㄪ㐩ࢆ௦᭰ࡍࡿഴྥࡶᙉࡲࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧㇟ࡣ㸪᪤࡟1990ᖺ௦࠿ࡽㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪࡜ࡾࢃࡅ୰ᅜ౫Ꮡࡢ
ᚋ᪉㐃㛵ຠᯝࡀ⧄⥔ࡶࡋࡃࡣ㠉〇ရ࡞࡝ປാ㞟⣙ⓗ⏘ᴗࢆ⾶㏥ࡉࡏࡿ௦ࢃࡾ࡟㸪㟁Ẽཬࡧ㟁Ꮚᶵჾ㸪⢭ᐦᶵჾ࡞࡝㈨ᮏ࣭ᢏ⾡㞟⣙ⓗ⏘ᴗࡢⴭࡋࡃᣑ኱ࡉࡏࡿഴ
ྥࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ90ᖺ௦๓༙㸪⧄⥔⏘ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚࢔ࣃࣞࣝࡑࡢ௚⧄⥔᪤〇ရ㸪㠉〇ရ࡟ᚋ᪉㐃㛵ຠᯝࢆཬࡰࡋࡓ࡯࠿㸪໬Ꮫ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣ໬Ꮫ⧄⥔࡜໬Ꮫ᭱⤊〇ရ㸪㔠ᒓ࣭ຍᕤ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣ㔠ᒓ〇ရ㸪୍⯡ᶵᲔ࡛ࡣ㎰ᴗᶵᲔ㸪㟁Ẽཬࡧ㟁Ꮚᶵჾ࡛ࡣ᝟ሗ࣭㏻ಙ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⢭ᐦᶵჾ࡜Ẹ⏕⏝㟁ẼᶵᲔ࡞࡝㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀ᭱⤊ᾘ㈝㈈ⓗ࡞ᛶ᱁ࡀᙉ࠸ᕝୗ⏘ᴗ㒊㛛࡟ᚋ᪉㐃㛵ຠᯝࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ90ᖺ௦௨㝆࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㡑ᅜࡢᑐ୰┤᥋ᢞ㈨ࡢᛴቑࡀ㸪㡑ᅜᅜෆ࠿ࡽࡢ㈨ᮏ㈈࣭୰㛫㈈ㄪ㐩ࢆⴭࡋࡃᣑ኱ࡉࡏ㸪ྛ⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕝୖ⏘ᴗ㒊㛛ࡢ⏕⏘ᣑ኱࡟ዲᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿ 15 㸧 ࠋ
௨ୖ㏙࡭࡚ࡁࡓ୰㛫㈈࣭㈨ᮏ㈈࡟ࡳࡿᑐ୰౫Ꮡᛶࡢືྥࢆ㸪㹕࣭ࣟࢫࢺ࢘㸦Walt
Whitman Rostow㸧࡟ࡼࡿᡂ㛗ẁ㝵ㄽࢆᙜ࡚ࡣࡵ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜㸪ᚋ᪉㐃㛵ຠᯝࡀᨻᗓ⮬ࡽࡢࢫࢣ࣮࣭࣓ࣝࣜࢵࢺࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㈨ᮏ⵳✚ࢆಁࡋ㸪㈨ᮏ཰┈⋡ࡢ཰✭㏴ῶࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ㸪ࡑࢀ௨ୖ࡟㈨ᮏࡀຍ㏿ⓗ࡟ቑຍࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ㍺ฟᚿྥ
ᆺᴗ໬ᨻ⟇ࡀᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ⤒⦋ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚࣏࣮࣭ࣝࢡ
࣮ࣝࢢ࣐ࣥࡣ㸪඲せ⣲⏕⏘ᛶ⌮ㄽࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚௨ୗࡢ⌮ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡍࡿࠋ㡑ᅜ㈈㛸ࡢࢫࢣ࣮࣭࣓ࣝࣜࢵࢺࡀ㸪ປാ࡜㈨ᮏࡢ኱㔞ᢞධ࡟ࡼࡿせ⣲୺ᑟᆺᡂ㛗ࡢᒎ㛤ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᕷሙຠ⋡ᛶ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡀ㛤Ⓨึᮇ࡟࠾࠸࡚㧗್ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢࡢ㸪ࡸࡀ࡚౪⤥ቑ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚㈨ᮏ཰┈⋡ࡢపୗࢆవ൤࡞ࡃࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
〇㐀ᴗࡢᾏእ⛣㌿ࡀᛴቑࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᅜෆࡢ⏘ᴗ㐃㛵ࡀᚎࠎ࡟ᙅయ໬ࡋ㸪࿧ᛂࡋ࡚ᾏእ࡜ࡢ㐃㛵ຠᯝࡀᣑ኱ࡉࢀࡿഴྥࡀᙉࡲࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

16㡑ᅜ㈈㛸ࡢࢫࢣ࣮࣭࣓ࣝࣜࢵࢺࢆไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽ㞟⣙ࡋࡓࡢࡀ㸪㟷ᮌᫀᙪࡀᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠕᐁ൉ไከඖ୺⩏ࠖ㸦bureau pluralism㸧࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᡭἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
IMF ࡟ࡼࡿᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢᨻ⟇ⓗ⫼ᬒࢆ࡞ࡍ࢔ࣥࢢࣟࢧࢡࢯࣥᆺࡢ⤒῭ᵓ㐀ࡀ㸪Ỉᖹⓗࣄ࢚࣮࡛ࣛࣝ࢟ࡣ࡞ࡃ㛢㙐ⓗ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ⤫἞ࡢࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢ
ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ࣞࣥࢺࡢ※Ἠࢆᑓ㛛ᢏ⾡࡬࡜ࢩࣇࢺࡉࡏࡿ⤖ᯝࢆᙉࡵࡿ࡟⮳ࡾ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧㇟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࿧ᛂࡋ࡚ᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚
ᐁ൉ไከඖ୺⩏ࡢ័ᛶࡀᙉࡲࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪᪤㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟௻ᴗ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ
㐀ࡢ㛢㙐ᛶࡀᙉࡲࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୖࡢᒎ㛤ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪㡑ᅜᆺ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚⤒Ⴀ୺యࢆ㡬Ⅼ࡜ࡍࡿᐁ൉ไከඖ୺⩏ࡀᆶ┤ⓗࣄ࢚࣮ࣛࣝ࢟ࡢ㡬Ⅼ࡟❧ࡘࣃ࣮࣡⾜౑ࢆᙉ໬ࡉࡏ㸪࿧ᛂࡋ࡚Ỉᖹⓗࣄ࢚࣮ࣛࣝ࢟࡟ᇶ
࡙ࡃ➇தᕷሙࡢᙉ໬ࡀಁࡉࢀࡿഴྥࢆᙉࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀุ᫂ࡋࡓࠋ

Ϭ㸬⤖ㄽ
௨ୖ㏙࡭࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪࢔࣐࣮ࣈࣝ࡟ࡼࡿศᯒᡭἲࡣࠕไᗘⓗ⿵᏶ᛶࠖࢆ㏻
ࡌ࡚㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶࢆᑟࡁฟࡑ࠺࡜ࡋࡓⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚≉ᚩࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ㝿㸪ྠ⿵᏶ᛶࡀไᗘࡢࣄ࢚࣮ࣛࣝ࢟ࢆక࠺Ⅼࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀࡓࠋ1997 ᖺࡢ࢔ࢪ࢔㔠⼥㏻㈌༴ᶵࢆ⤒ࡓᚋ㸪㡑ᅜࡣ IMF㸦ᅜ㝿㏻㈌ᇶ㔠㸧୺ᑟࡢᨻ⟇ࡢࡶ࡜ᚑ᮶ࡢ࢔ࢪ࢔
ᆺᕷሙࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࡴࡋࢁᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢᡭἲࢆ㋃くࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟
࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ㝿㸪ᕷሙࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ㝵ᒙࡢୖ఩࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞
ࡾ㸪௻ᴗࡢ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ⤫἞࡟ᙉ࠸つᐃຊࢆᣢࡘࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࠕไᗘ⿵᏶
ᛶࠖࡢᡂ❧ࡣ㸪㝵ᒙᛶࡢୖ఩࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡀ㡑ᅜ㈈㛸ࡢ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝࡢᑒᘓᛶࢆᙉࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺⤖ᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀ⮬ࡽࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡍእ⏕ⓗࢩࣙࢵࢡࡀࢺ
ࢵࣉࢲ࢘ࣥᆺࡢ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝࢆᙉ໬ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪㈈㛸ࡢ㛢㙐ⓗ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ
⤫἞ࢆᙉࡵࡿ᪉ྥ࡬࡜స⏝ࡉࡏࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝࡢෆ㒊࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷሙྲྀᘬࡢ㐩ᡂࡀ⤒Ⴀ୺యࡢᶒຊ㛵ಀࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㐩ᡂࡉࢀ㸪ࢺࢵࣉࢲ࢘
ࣥ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⤫἞ᡭἲࡀࠕዎ⣙ࡢ୙᏶ഛᛶࠖࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ㔠⼥つไࡢ⦆࿴ࡀ㐣๫࡞⼥㈨ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡋ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟㈈㛸ࡢᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡬ࡢཧධࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡀ㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿዎ⣙ࡢ୙᏶ഛᛶࢆᙉࡵࡓࠋᡈ࠸ࡣ㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᝟ሗࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶࡀࡶࡓࡽࡋ
17ࡓዎ⣙ࡢ୙᏶ഛᛶࡣ㸪ᕧ㢠㈇മࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㈈㛸࣮࢜ࢼ࣮࡟ࡼࡿ⤒Ⴀ௓ධࢆࡉࡽ࡟
ᙉࡵࡿ⌧㇟ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㡑ᅜ㈈㛸ࡢไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࡣ㞟ᅋෆ࠾ࡅࡿ㑅ዲࡢศᕸ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼㸪ྛ㈈㛸ࡢ⤒Ⴀ୺య࡟ࡼࡿ㑅ዲࡣ IMF ୺ᑟᆺࡢᕷሙ୺⩏ࡢᒎ㛤࡟࿧ᛂࡋ࡚࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ⤫἞ࡢ㛢㙐ᛶࢆᙉࡵࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࢞
ࣂࢼࣥࢫ⤫἞ࡢ㛢㙐ᛶ࡟ๅࡾ㎸ࡲࢀࡓ┦஫㛵ಀࡢᵓ㐀ࡀ㸪㑅ዲࡢෆ⏕ᛶࢆỴࡵࡿせᅉࢆ࡞ࡍ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡬ࡢࢩࣇࢺ࡜ᑒᘓⓗ࡞௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝ࡜࠸
࠺஧ᚊ⫼཯ⓗ࡞⌧㇟ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ᅜෆⓗせᅉࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃIMF࡟ࡼࡿᨻ⟇ࡀ㡑ᅜࢆᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡬࡜⛣⾜ࡉࡏࡓእⓗ࡞せᅉࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡓࠋ
ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࢺࢵࣉࢲ࢘ࣥࡢ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⧞ࡾᗈࡆࡽࢀࡿࠕ㍺ฟᚿྥࡢ฼₶୺ᑟᆺᡂ㛗ࠖࡀ㸪㈠᫆౫Ꮡᆺࡢ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࣃ࣮࣡⾜౑ࢆᙉ໬ࡉࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌧㇟ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ㸪୰㛫㈈ࡀ⬤ᙅ࡛࠶ࡿ࡟
ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ㍺ฟྥࡅ᭱⤊〇ရ⏕⏘ࡀ✚ᴟᒎ㛤ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸪᭱⤊㈈㍺ฟࡢࡓࡵࡢᢞධ㈈ࡢ㍺ධ௦᭰㸪ࡉࡽ࡟᭱⤊㈈ࡢ㍺ฟ⮬ࡽࡀᢞධ㈈ࡢ㍺ධ௦᭰ࢆࡶࡓ
ࡽࡍ࡜࠸࠺≉␗ᛶࡀᡂ❧ࡋࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ≉␗ᛶࡣ㸪࡜ࡾࢃࡅ㡑ᅜࡢ〇㐀ᴗࡀᚋ᪉㐃㛵ຠᯝࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚୰ᅜࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ
ཷࡅࡓⅬ࠿ࡽࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ୰ᅜࡣ୺࡟㡑ᅜ࠿ࡽ㍺ධࡋࡓ୰㛫㈈ࡢ౑⏝ࢆ
㏻ࡌ࡚᭱⤊㈈⏕⏘ࢆቑࡸࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࡢ㝿࡟๓᪉㐃㛵ຠᯝࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚୰ᅜ
〇ࡢ㈨ᮏ㈈࣭୰㛫㈈ࡀ㡑ᅜ〇㐀ᴗࡢ⏕⏘࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀ㸪࿧ᛂࡋ࡚୰ᅜ࠿ࡽ㍺ධࡉࢀࡓ㈨ᮏ㈈࣭୰㛫㈈ࡀ㡑ᅜᅜෆ࡛ࡢ㈨ᮏ㈈࣭୰㛫㈈ㄪ㐩ࢆ௦᭰ࡍࡿഴྥࡶᙉࡵ
ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
୰ᅜ〇ࡢ㈨ᮏ㈈࣭୰㛫㈈࡬ࡢ⨨ࡁ᥮࠼ࡣ,ປാ㞟⣙ⓗ⏘ᴗ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ,᭱㏆
ࡣ㈨ᮏ࣭ᢏ⾡㞟⣙ⓗ⏘ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ୰ᅜ〇㈨ᮏ㈈࣭୰㛫㈈ࡢ㧗ᗘ໬ࡀ㐍⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ⧄⥔⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣ࢔ࣃࣞࣝ࡜ࡑࡢ௚⧄⥔᪤〇ရ,㠉〇ရ,໬Ꮫ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣ໬Ꮫ⧄⥔࡜໬Ꮫ᭱⤊〇ရ,㔠ᒓ࣭ຍᕤ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣ㔠ᒓ〇ရ,୍⯡ᶵᲔ࡛ࡣ㎰ᴗᶵᲔ,㟁ẼᶵᲔ࡛ࡣ᝟ሗ࣭㏻ಙᶵჾ࡜Ẹ⏕⏝㟁ẼᶵᲔ࡞࡝,᭱⤊ᾘ㈝㈈ⓗ࡞ᛶ᱁ࡀᙉ࠸ᕝୗ⏘ᴗ㒊㛛࡟࠾࠸࡚୰ᅜ〇࡬ࡢ⨨ࡁ᥮࠼ࡀⴭࡋࡉࢆቑࡋ࡚࠾
ࡾ㸪㡑ᅜ〇㐀ᴗࡢࡉࡽ࡞ࡿ✵Ὕ໬࡟ᢿ㌴ࢆ᥃ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࢔ࢪ࢔㔠⼥㏻㈌༴ᶵᚋࡢ㡑ᅜࡣ㸪IMF ࡟ࡼࡿᣦᑟࡢࡶ࡜࢔ࢪ࢔ᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠿ࡽࡢ㐓⬺ࢆᅗࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢࡶ࡜௻ᴗ⤫἞
18ࣔࢹࣝࡢ㛢㙐ᛶࢆᙉࡵ㸪࿧ᛂࡋ࡚➇த୺⩏ⓗ࡞⤒῭ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ࡟ᨻ⟇ࡢ↔
Ⅼࡀ⤠ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡀ㸪ྠ᫬࡟⏘ᴗࡢ✵Ὕ໬ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࠋ㡑ᅜᆺ௻ᴗ⤫἞ࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚㛢㙐ᛶࡀᙉࡲࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌧㇟ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᕷሙ࣮࣋ࢫᆺ㈨ᮏ୺⩏࡬ࡢ⛣⾜ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ⏘ᴗࡢ✵Ὕ໬࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࠕไᗘⓗ⿵᏶ᛶࠖࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡢゎ㔘ࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ

㸯㸧ࡇࢀࡽࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚࢔࣐࣮ࣈࣝࡣ㸪㝵ᒙᛶࡢୖ఩࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿไᗘࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞♫఍ⓗໃຊ࡜ࡋ࡚㔜せ࡞ไᗘ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ไᗘ㝵ᒙᛶ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ไᗘⓗ⿵᏶ᛶࢆ㆟ㄽࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪㞠⏝ᨻ⟇࡟࠾ࡅࡿᨻ἞ⓗ⌮ゎࡢࡓࡵ࡟୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓ࣮࣍ࣝ㸻ࢯࢫ࢟ࢫ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪㸲ࡘࡢไᗘ㡿ᇦ㸦㔠⼥ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ࢥ࣮࣏࣮ࣞࢺ࣭࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ㸪ປ౑㛵ಀ㸪ᩍ⫱࣭カ⦎ࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸪௻ᴗ㛫ࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪௻ᴗάື࡟㛵ࢃࡿ฼ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅ࡢࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙ
ࣥࡢ⾜ࢃࢀࡓⅬ࡟ࡶ╔┠ࡋࡓࠋ㸰㸧బ㔝ㄔࠕ➨㸵❶ 㡑ᅜ⤒῭ࡢ࢔ࣝࢮࣥࢳࣥ໬ࠖ㸦᭹㒊Ẹኵ⦅ࠗ㡑ᅜ⤒῭ࡢゎ๗࠘ᩥ┾ᇽ㸪2001 ᖺ ᡤ཰㸧ࠋ㸱㸧㧗㱟⚽ࠗ㡑ᅜࡢ௻ᴗ࣭㔠⼥ᨵ㠉࠘ᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫㸪2009 ᖺ㸪86㹼99 㡫ࠋ㸲㸧᳜ᮧ༤ᜤࠕ♫఍⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢไᗘศᯒ࡜⤒῭⌮ㄽࡢ෌ᘓ̺⌧௦⤒῭Ꮫ࡜ࡢᑐヰࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠖ㸦ࠕᏘห ⤒῭⌮ㄽ ➨ 52 ᕳ➨ 1 ྕࠖ2015 ᖺ 4 ᭶㸧㸵㹼㸶㡫ࠋ㸳㸧ྠୖ᭩㸪㸷㹼10 㡫ࠋ㸴㸧ྠୖ᭩㸪㸵㹼㸶㡫ࠋ㸵㸧ྠୖ᭩㸪㸷㹼10 㡫ࠋ㸶㸧㧗㱟⚽㸪๓ᥖ᭩㸪100㹼101 㡫ࠋ㸷㸧ྠୖ᭩㸪162 㡫ࠋ10㸧᳜ᮧ༤ᜤ㸪๓ᥖㄽᩥ㸪10 㡫ࠋ
11㸧ࢧ࣑࢚࣭ࣗࣝ࣎࢘ࣝࢬࠗไᗘ࡜㐍໬ࡢ࣑ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫ᳜࠘ᮧ༤ᜤ࣭ሷἑྜྷ඾࣭
☾㇂᫂ᚨ ヂ㸪NTT ฟ∧㸪2013 ᖺ㸪359 㡫ࠋ12)࣎࢘ࣝࢬࡣ㸪ࡑࡢᨻ⟇ࡀ┠ᣦࡍⅬ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ձ⤒῭⾜ືࡢ㑅ዲࡀಶே୺⩏ⓗ࡟እ⏕ⓗ࡟Ỵࡵࡽࢀࡿ᪉ἲㄽⓗಶே୺⩏㸪ղዎ⣙࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ஺᥮ࢆకࢃ࡞࠸♫఍19ⓗ┦஫స⏝࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ᏶ഛዎ⣙㸪ճከࡃࡢഃ㠃࡟࠾࠸࡚つᶍ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ཰✭㏴ቑ
ࡢ↓ど㸪௨ୖࡢ㸱Ⅼࢆᣲࡆࡿࠋ
13㸧ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕྠᏛὴ࡟࡜ࡾࠕㄪᩚᵝᘧࠖ࡜ࡣ㸪⤒῭ⓗࡶࡋࡃࡣ♫఍ⓗつไࡢ⠊␪࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎ㸪ㅖໃຊ㛫࡟࠾࠸࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿᵝࠎ࡞㜚தࠊᡈ࠸ࡣ➇தࢆྵࡴࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜ࣥᏛὴࡣ 㸪⮬ࡽࡀၐ࠼ࡿࣞࢠࣗࣛࢩ࢜
ࣥ⌮ㄽࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚஺΅⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕጇ༠ࠖࡸࠕ༠ᐃࠖ㸪ᡈ࠸ࡣ୍ᐃࡢ♫఍ⓗ࡞౯್య⣔㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ⾲㇟య⣔ࢆࡶ⪃ᐹ⠊ᅖ࡟ྵࡵࡿ࡞࡝ 㸪ᖜᗈ࠸⠊ᅖࢆ◊✲ᑐ㇟࡟ᤣ࠼ࡿࠋ
14㸧᳜ᮧ༤ᜤ㸪๓ᥖㄽᩥ㸪15 㡫ࠋ
15㸧㡑ᅜ࡛ࡣ 1990 ᖺ௦ึ㢌㸪ඛࡎᅜෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈤㔠ࢥࢫࢺቑຍ࡟క࠸➇தຊࢆኻࡗࡓປാ㞟⣙ᆺ⏘ᴗ,࡜ࡾࢃࡅ⧄⥔࣭⾰㢮〇㐀ᴗ࡜㠉〇ရ(㠜ࠊ㠐࡞࡝)ࡢ୰ᅜ⛣㌿࡟௦ࢃࡾ㸪ྠᖺ௦༙ࡤ௨㝆࡟࡞ࡿ࡜໬Ꮫ,ࢦ࣒,㔠ᒓ,୍⯡ᶵᲔ,ᐙᗞ⏝㟁ẼᶵᲔ࡞࡝୰ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᢏ⾡㞟⣙ⓗ⏘ᴗࡢ୰ᅜ⛣㌿ࡀ㐍⾜ࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟
90 ᖺ௦⤊┙࠿ࡽ 00 ᖺ௦࡟࠿ࡅ࡚㸪㟁Ꮚ࣭㏻ಙᶵჾ,⮬ື㌴࡞࡝㧗ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᢏ⾡㞟⣙ⓗ⏘ᴗࡢ୰ᅜ⛣㌿ࡀ㐍ࡳ, ⧄⥔ࡸ㠉〇ရ࡞࡝ࡢປാ㞟⣙ⓗ࡞⏘ᴗ࠿ࡽࠊ㟁Ẽࡸ⮬ື㌴࡞࡝ࡢ㈨ᮏ࣭ᢏ⾡㞟⣙ⓗ࡞⏘ᴗࡢ⛣㌿ࡀᚎࠎ࡟ᣑ኱ࡋ࡚
࠸ࡃࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪୍⯡〇㐀ᴗࡢ୰ᅜ⛣㌿ࡀ୰ᅜ⤒῭࡟ᚋ᪉㐃㛵ຠᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ,୰ᅜ࠿ࡽ㍺ධࡉࢀࡓ㈨ᮏ㈈࣭୰㛫㈈ࡀ,㈨ᮏ㈈࣭୰㛫㈈ࡢᅜ
ෆㄪ㐩ࡢ௦᭰ᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ,୰ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᚋ
᪉㐃㛵ຠᯝࡀ,㡑ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ๓᪉㐃㛵ຠᯝࢆྲྀࡾ㎸ࡴ࠿ࡓࡕ࡛ᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡺ࠼࡟୰ᅜഃ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᚋ᪉㐃㛵ຠᯝ࡜ࡣ, 㡑ᅜ࠿ࡽ㍺ධࡋࡓ୰
㛫㈈౑⏝ࢆቑࡸࡍࡇ࡜࡛㐩ᡂࡉࢀ㸪ࡲࡓ㡑ᅜഃ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ๓᪉㐃㛵ຠᯝ࡜ࡣ,୰ᅜ࡛⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡓ㈨ᮏ㈈࣭୰㛫㈈ࡀ㡑ᅜࡢྛ⏘ᴗ࡛౑⏝ࡉࢀࡓ⤖ᯝ,㡑ᅜᅜෆ࡛⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡓ୰㛫㈈ࡀ୰ᅜ〇࡟⨨ࡁ᥮࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡛㐩ᡂࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿ㸦㔠ዊྜྷࠕ㡑ᅜࡢ㒊ရ࣭⣲ᮦ⏘ᴗࡢ➇தຊ࡜ᨻ⟇ㄢ㢟ࠖ㡑ᅜ⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒◊✲㸬No.22㸪2012 ᖺ㸪⎔᪥ᮏᾏ⤒῭◊✲ᡤ ERINA㸬㸧ࠋ

20̚ăʔȨŚÂàĺŏÂ2018 ƀ 3 Ǳ 29͟30 ǥǢͨ«ųŏŚńĢyͨʔȨ̝ɮ˲ʬÎȀțŝ>ÀȂe}pA̺̙/<«ųɆȂŏŚ ȘĖ ̈́Őɹ͢ɵ ǵɡɲB˯͑>ȆƯ
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2018-3-30᱓ᇉ㇏㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ఍ࡶࡃࡌࡣ ࡌ ࡵ ࡟ ··································································································· - 1 㸯 㸬 ᪥ ᮏ ··································································································· - 3 㸯 㸧 ๓ ᮇ ᪧ ▼ ჾ ᫬ ௦ ....................................................................................... - 3 㸰㸧ᚋᮇᪧ▼ჾ᫬௦ࣄ ࢫ ࢖ ࠊ 㯮 ᭙ ▼ ࠊ ࢧ ࢾ ࢝ ࢖ ࢺ ࡢ ὶ ㏻ ................................ - 5 -㸱㸧⦖ᩥ᫬௦ᐃ ఫ ࠊ ༙ ᱂ ᇵ ࠊ ௒ ࡟ ࡘ ࡞ ࡀ ࡿ ᪥ ᮏ ㄒ ࡢ ㄒ ※ ................................ - 6 -㸲㸧ᘺ⏕᫬௦࢞ ࣛ ࢫ ࠊ 㟷 㖡 ࠊ 㕲 ࡢ ὶ ㏻ .......................................................... - 7 -㸳㸧ྂቡ᫬௦⡿ ࡜ ᕸ ࡢ ㈌ ᖯ ໬ ....................................................................... - 7 -㸴㸧㣕㫽᫬௦ᚊ ௧ ไ 㸭 ྂ ௦ ࡢ ᕷ 㸭 ᐩ ᮏ 㖹 ࡢ Ⓨ ⾜ ࡜ ⸨ ཎ ி ᘓ タ .......................... - 8 -㸵㸧ዉⰋ᫬௦㈌ ᖯ ࡢ Ⓨ ⾜ 㸭 ᚊ ௧ ไ ࡢ ᾐ ㏱ ....................................................... - 10 -㸶㸧ᖹᏳ᫬௦ே 㢌 ⛯ ࠿ ࡽ ᅵ ᆅ ⛯ ไ ࡟ ኚ ᭦ 㸦 ⸨ ཎ ᫬ ᖹ ࠊ Ⳣ ཎ 㐨 ┿ 㸧 ................... - 14 -

㸰 㸬 ୰ ᅜ ࣭ ࢖ ࣥ ࢻ ···················································································· - 14 㸯㸧Ẃ࣭࿘⋤ᮅ⏥ 㦵 ᩥ Ꮠ ............................................................................. - 14 -㸰㸧൲ᩍ࡜ᕷሙᏗ Ꮚ ࡢ ୍ ≀ ୍ ౯ ྰ ᐃ ............................................................. - 16 -

㸱 㸧 ࢖ ࣥ ࢻ .................................................................................................... - 16 -ࡣࡌࡵ࡟⪃ྂᏛࡢ㐍Ṍ࡟ࡼࡾࠊᩥ᭩࡟ṧࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸᫬௦ࡢ⤒῭άືࡢᐇែࡀぢ࠼࡚ࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋ୍㒊ࠊṔྐᏛ㸦ᩥᏐྐᩱ㸧ࡢᡂᯝࡶ࡜ࡾ࠸ࢀࡘࡘࠊ⤒῭άືࡢ㉳※࡟ࡏࡲࡾࡲࡍࠋ᪥ᮏࡢ౛ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ࠊ୰ᅜࠊ࢖ࣥࢻ࡟ࡶࡩࢀࡲ
ࡍࠋ≧ἣドᣐࡋ࠿࡞࠸ሙྜࡶከ࠸࡛ࡍࡀࠊᪧ▼ჾ᫬௦ࡢὶ㏻⥙ࡸࠊ⦖ᩥ᫬
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᫬௦ࡢ㈌ᖯⓎ⾜ᨻ⟇࡞࡝ࡀࠊ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ
᪥ᮏࡢᚋᮇᪧ▼ჾ᫬௦ᚋ༙㸦㸰୓㸷༓ᖺ๓㹼㸯୓ᩘ༓ᖺ๓㸧࡟ࡣࠊ㛗㔝┴ࡢ㧗ཎᆅᖏ㸦㮚ᒣ㑇㊧࡞࡝㸧࡛ࠊ㯮᭙▼࠿ࡽ▼ჾࢆࡘࡃࡿᑓ㛛㞟ᅋࡀ⏕ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ▼ჾ࡜㣗ᩱࢆ஺᥮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠋ
⛣ఫ⏕άࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵࠊὶ㏻⥙ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࡀࠊᕷሙࡢⴌⱆࡀぢ࠼ࡲࡍࠋఀ㇋ㅖᓥࡢ⚄ὠᓥ࡬ࡣ㐲ὒ⯟ᾏ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㯮᭙▼᥇ྲྀ࡟ࡓࡧࡓࡧ㉱࠸࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ࡞ࢇࡽ࠿ࡢὶ㏻⥙ࡢᏑᅾࡶఛ࠼ࡲࡍࠋ
⦖ᩥ᫬௦ࡣᐃఫࡀ㐍ࢇࡔࡓࡵࠊ㯮᭙▼ࡸሷ࡞࡝౪⤥※ࡀ㝈ࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ
ࡣࠊὶ㏻⥙ࢆᚲせ࡜ࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋ᪂₲┴⣒㨶ᕝᕷ⏘ฟࡢࣄࢫ࢖ࡣࠊᗈᇦὶ
㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ
㣕㫽᫬௦ᚋ༙ࡢᐩᮏ㖹㸦㖡㖹㸧࡜↓⣠㖟㖹Ⓨ⾜ࡲ࡛ࡣࠊᕸࡸ⡿࡞࡝ࡀ㈌ᖯࡢࡸࡃࢃࡾࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ୓ⴥ㞟࡞࡝࡟ఛ࠼ࡲࡍࡀࠊᮏ᱁
ⓗ࡟⡿సࡀጞࡲࡗࡓᘺ⏕᫬௦࡟ࡉ࠿ࡢࡰࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀࡲࡏࢇࠋࡑࢀࡣྠ᫬
࡟㇏సࡢ࡜ࡁࡢవ๫⡿Ⓨ⏕࡜㈌ᖯ໬ࡀ㛵㐃ࡋࠊ㟂せ୙㊊ࡢ㉳※࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡲࡍࠋᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶྂቡ᫬௦࡟ࡣࠊࡉ࠿ࡢࡰࢀࡿ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠋ
㸵ୡ⣖ᮎࡢ⸨ཎி㸦᪂┈ி㸸࠶ࡽࡲࡋࡢࡳࡸࡇ㸧௨ᚋࡣࠊ㒔࡟ᐁႠᕷࡀ࡛ࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋᖹᇛி࡛ࡣࠊᮾすࡑࢀࡒࢀᕷࡢྖ㸦࠸ࡕࡢࡘ࠿ࡉ㸧࡜࠸࠺ᙺ⫋ࡢඖ࡟≀౯ㄪᰝᐁ㸦౯㛗㸧㸳ྡࡀ௵࿨ࡉࢀࡲࡋࡓࠋ౯᱁ࡣࠊබᐃ
౯᱁ࠊ༙බᐃ౯᱁㸦ἠ౯㸸ࡇ࠿㸧ࠊ⮬⏤౯᱁ࡢ㸱ࡘ࡟ศ࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ
≀౯ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ༙බᐃ౯᱁ࡢỈ‽ࢆỴࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ
୰ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊ⏥㦵ᩥᏐࡢゎㄞࡀ㐍ࡳࠊ㈅㈌ࡣẂ⋤ᮅ࡟ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡞
࡝ࡀุ᫂ࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋ᫓⛅ᡓᅜ᫬௦࡟㔠ᒓ㈌ᖯࡀᗈࡲࡾࡲࡍࡀࠊᏗᏊ࡟ࡣ
ࠕ୍≀୍౯ࠖࢆྰᐃࡍࡿグ㏙ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡍ࡛࡟⣖ඖ๓࡟ᆒ⾮ᕷሙࢆ㠀⌧ᐇⓗ࡜ࡍࡿㄆ㆑ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ
࢖ࣥࢻ࡛ࡣ⣖ඖ๓㸴ୡ⣖௨๓࡟㔠ᒓ㈌ᖯࡀⓏሙࡋࠊศᴗ♫఍ࡀ㐍ᒎࡋࡲࡍࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ⣖ඖ๓㸳ୡ⣖௨ᚋ㸦࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢᖺ௦ㄝࡀ࠶ࡿ㸧࡟ฟ⌧ࡋࡓ௖ᩍࡣࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ၟே㝵ᒙࡀ࣮࢝ࢫࢺࢆ㉸࠼ࡓὶ㏻ࢆ┠ᣦࡋࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ
ࡑࡢᖹ➼ᛮ᝿ࢆཷࡅධࢀࠊከࡃࡢಙ௮ࢆ㞟ࡵࡲࡍࠋ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭ᏛࡸすὒࡢṔྐ࡛ࡣぢ࠼࡟ࡃ࠸⤒῭άືࡢ㉳※ࢆࠊ᪥ᮏ
-2-

ࡢṔྐࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ࠊ୺࡟⪃ྂᏛࡢᡂᯝ࠿ࡽࡉࡄࡾࡲࡍࠋ඲యࡢぢྲྀࡾᅗࢆḟࡢ࣮࣌ࢪ࡟࠿࠿ࡆࡲࡍࠋ

㸯㸬᪥ᮏ㸯㸧๓ᮇᪧ▼ჾ᫬௦
2009ᖺ ࠊ ᓥ ᰿ ┴ ◁ ཎ 㑇 ㊧ ࠊ ᯈ ὠ 㑇 ㊧ 㸦 㸯 㸰 㹼 㸯 㸱 ୓ ᖺ ๓ 㸧 ࡛ ࠊ ๓ ᮇ ᪧ▼ჾ᫬௦ࡢ▼ჾࡀࠊᤐ㐀஦௳௨ᚋࡣࡌࡵ࡚ࡳࡘ࠿ࡾࡲࡍࠋᖺ௦࠿ࡽᪧே
㢮ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊすὒࡢࢿ࢔ࣥࢹࢱ࣮ࣝேࠊ୰ኸ࢔ࢪ࢔ࡢࢹࢽࢯ࣡ே࡟
࠶ࡓࡾࡲࡍࠋၥ㢟ࡣࠊ▼ჾࡢὶ㏻ࡣ࠶ࡗࡓ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡛࠶ࡿࡀ୙࡛᫂ࡍࠋ
ᪧ▼ჾ᫬௦ࡣࠊ⛣ఫ⏕ά࡞ࡢ࡛㐨ලࢆࡶࡗ࡚⛣ືࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࠊὶ㏻ࢩࢫࢸ
࣒ࡣ୙せ࠿ࡶࡋࢀࡲࡏࢇࡀࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢὶ㏻ရࡀ࠶ࡗࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ
‫ی‬ᪧ▼ჾࡀㄒࡿࠕ◁ཎ㑇㊧ࠖᯇ⸨࿴ேࠊᡂ℩ᩄ㑻‫ی‬᪥ᮏิᓥே㢮ྐࡢ㉳※㐶࠿࡞ࡿே㢮ࡢ㊊㊧ࢆࡶ࡜ࡵ࡚

ࣁ࣮࣋ࢫࢺฟ∧2014ᖺ

ࠕᪧ▼ჾࡢ⊁ேࠖࡓࡕࡢᣮᡓ࡜ⴱ⸨

‫ی‬ே㢮㐍໬ࡢ⛎ᐦࡢࢃ࠿ࡿᮏ

⛉Ꮫ㞧Ꮫ◊✲೜ᴦ㒊⦅

-3-

ᯇ⸨࿴ே

Ꮫ◊ࣉࣛࢫ

㞝ᒣ㛶

2016ᖺ

2014ᖺ

⾲㸯ࠉ᪥ᮏྂ௦ࡲ࡛ࡢ⤒῭άືࡢṔྐ
᫬௦

༊ศ

ᪧ▼ჾ᫬௦

≉ᚩ

๓ᮇ

ே㛫ࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ⛣ື୓ᖺ๓ࠉฟ㞼ࠉ◁ཎ㑇㊧࡞࡝ᪧே㢮ࡢࢹࢽࢯ࣡ே࡟࠶ࡓࡿ࠿

ᚋᮇ㐲ὒ⯟ᾏ࡛⌧ୡே㢮ࡀ᪥ᮏิᓥ࡟
฿㐩

ὶ㏻ရ

⏕⏘

㈌ᖯ

⛯

ὶ⣠ᒾࡢ㗹≧▼ჾ࡞࡝すὒ࡛ࡣ☻〇▼ჾࠊ㐲ὒ⯟ᾏࡣ᪂
☻〇▼᩼
▼ჾ᫬௦
ᚋᮇᚋ༙࠿ࡽ▼ჾ〇సࡢᑓᴗࡶ

⦖ᩥ᫬௦

ᐃఫࡀὶ㏻ࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿ㯮᭙▼ࡣ▮ᑼࡢࡳ࡟
ᗈᇦὶ㏻ࡢጾಙ㈈▼ჾᮦᩱ⛣ື⏕ά࡜ᐃఫࡀඹᏑ

㯮᭙▼⚄ὠᓥࠊ୰㒊㧗ཎࠊ⟽᰿ࠊ㧗ཎᒣࠊ⭜ᓅࢧࢾ࢝࢖ࢺᅜᗓ㸦ࡇ࠺㸧ᆺࢼ࢖ࣇ℩ᡞෆᢏἲ࡛㔞⏘

㡫ᒾ
㉺ᚋࠊฟ⩚
ὶ⣠ᒾ
໭㝣ࠊዟ⩚
ࢳ࣮ࣕࢺ
ఀໃ‴࿘㎶
ሁ✚▼
஑ᕞᮾ㒊
ᚲࡎࡋࡶ≀ࡢ⛣ືࡀὶ㏻࡜㝈ࡽࡎ㯮᭙▼ࣄࢫ࢖ࠊ࣓ࣀ࢘
ࢧࢾ࢝࢖ࢺ࢔ࢫࣇ࢓ࣝࢺ
ᾏ⏘≀
ᅵჾ

ᘺ⏕᫬௦

ᐃఫࡀᅵჾࢆ⏕ࡴ኱㝣࠿ࡽ᪂ࡋ࠸ᮦᩱ࡜ไᗘࡀ

ྂቡ᫬௦

㖡㚫
㕲
࢞ࣛࢫ⋢
ᅵჾ
ᾏᙪ࣭ᒣᙪࠉศᴗࠊ஺᥮ࠊ⏕⏘㈈ 㙾ࠊ㔠ᒓዉⰋ᫬௦ࢡࢪࣛࠊࢫࢬ࢟࡞࡝

኱㝣࠿ࡽ㍺ධ
኱㝣࠿ࡽ㍺ධ

๓ᮇࢡࢽࡢ⤫ྜࠊศᩓ

ᅵჾᒣ㝜ࠊ໭㝣ࠊ㥴Ἑࠊᑿᙇ࡞࡝࠿ࡽᕳྥ㸦ዉⰋ㸧࡬

୰ᮇ

ᕷࡢⓎ⏕

▼᳌

㜿⸽ࡢ▼᳌ࢆዉⰋࠊ኱㜰
࡬

ᚋᮇ

㣕㫽᫬௦

ᪧ▼ჾ᫬௦࠿ࡽཷࡅ⥅ࡄ⣒㨶ᕝࠊ༓ⴥ
ㆭᒱࠊ஧ୖᒣ

඲ᅜ࠿ࡽ኱ⶶ࡟㈉ࡂ≀ࢆᐁ൉ไࡀࡣࡌࡲࡿ
኱໬௨๓ ௦ไࠊ㒊Ẹࠊ᭤㒊
㇦᪘ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࡢ㛫᥋⤫἞኱໬௨ᚋ ⌜⏣཰ᤵ
኱㐨ᘓタ
බẸไ
᮲㔛ไ
኉⏦ࡢ஘ᚋ ⸨ཎி㐀Ⴀࡢປᙺ㈤㔠ࡢࡓࡵᖹᇛி㐀Ⴀ

㇦᪘࡬ࡢ㈉⣡⡿ࠊᕸ኱⋤࡬ࡢ㈉⣡

㖟⛒ᗤㄪࠊฟᣲ

ᐩᮏ㖹࿴ྠ㛤⌌ ᚊ௧ไ

㸰㸧ᚋᮇᪧ▼ჾ᫬௦ࣄࢫ࢖ࠊ㯮᭙▼ࠊࢧࢾ࢝࢖ࢺࡢὶ㏻

ᚋᮇᪧ▼ჾ᫬௦ࡣ㸲୓ᖺ๓ࡈࢁ࡟ጞࡲࡾࡲࡍࡀࠊᾏ㠃పୗࡀ࠶ࡗࡓịἙᮇࡣ㸱୓ᖺ๓ࡃࡽ࠸࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊ᪥ᮏิᓥ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚᮶ࡓ⌧ୡே㢮ࡣࠊ㐲ὒ⯟ᾏࢆࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ୸ኴࢆ๐ࡿᢏ⾡ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊⲡ⯪࠿⓶⯪࡛࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡣࠊᪧ▼ჾ᫬௦࡟ࡣ㐲ὒ⯟ᾏࢆࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ኱ࡁ࡞Ⓨぢ࡛ࡍࠋ‫ە‬ὶ㏻ᙧែࡢೃ⿵㸦⦖ᩥ᫬௦ࡶྠࡌၥ࠸ࡀ㸧㸯⮬ศ࡛ᣢཧࡋ⛣ື⏕ά㸰ࣂࢺࣥࢱࢵࢳᘧ࡟஺᥮

㸱ᗈᇦ㐠ᦙࡍࡿ

ࡲࡓࠊ㸲୓ᖺ๓ࡃࡽ࠸ࡲ࠼࠿ࡽࠊఀ㇋ㅖᓥࡢ⚄ὠᓥ࡬ࡣ㐲ὒ⯟ᾏ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㯮᭙▼᥇ྲྀ࡟ࡓࡧࡓࡧ㉱࠸࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ࡞ࢇࡽ࠿ࡢὶ㏻⥙ࡢᏑᅾࡶఛ࠼ࡲࡍࠋ᪥ ᮏ ิ ᓥ ࡛ ࡢ ᪧ ▼ ჾ ᫬ ௦ ࡢ Ⓨ ぢ ࡟ ࡘ ࡞ ࡀ ࡗ ࡓ ᒾ ᐟ 㑇 ㊧ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ 㸱 ୓ 5000ᖺ๓ࡃࡽ࠸࡟☻〇▼ჾࢆ౑ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡣᪧ▼ჾ᫬௦ࡢᐃ
⩏࡛ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛኱Ⓨぢ࡛ࡍࠋ᪥ᮏࡢᚋᮇᪧ▼ჾ᫬௦ᚋ༙㸦㸰୓㸷༓ᖺ๓㹼㸯୓ᩘ༓ᖺ๓㸧࡟ࡣࠊ㛗㔝┴ࡢ㧗ཎᆅᖏ㸦㮚ᒣ㑇㊧࡞࡝㸧࡛ࠊ㯮᭙▼࠿ࡽ▼ჾࢆࡘࡃࡿᑓ㛛㞟ᅋࡀ⏕ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋປാ᫬㛫ࡢศ㓄࠿ࡽࠊ▼ჾ࡜㣗ᩱࢆ஺᥮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓྍ
⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋ⛣ఫ⏕άࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵࠊὶ㏻⥙ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡼ࠺
࡛ࡍࡀࠊᕷሙࡢⴌⱆࡀぢ࠼ࡲࡍࠋኟ࡟▼ჾࡢ⏘ᆅ࡛࠶ࡿ୰㒊㧗ཎᆅᖏ࡟⾜ࡁࠊ෤ࡣ㛵ᮾ࡟㝆ࡾ࡚⾜ࡃ࡜࠸࠺㸯ᖺ࡛㸯㸮㸮࢟ࣟ௨ୖࡢᕠᅇࢆ⧞ࡾ
㏉ࡋࡓ࠸ࡓ౛ࡣ☜ᐇ࡛ࡍࠋᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ⮬๓㸦ᐙ᪘㸧࡛▼ჾ〇సࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࠊὶ㏻ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣ
࠶ࡲࡾ࡞࠿ࡗࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ▼ჾࡣ኱㝣࡜ඹ㏻ࡢ〇ἲࡶぢࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࠊᗈᇦὶ㏻࠿ࠊΏ᮶ᚋࡶᗈᇦ⛣ఫࡋ࡚࠸ࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ
‫ی‬ᪧ▼ჾ᫬௦࢞࢖ࢻࣈࢵࢡ
‫ิی‬ᓥࡢ⪃ྂᏛᪧ▼ჾ᫬௦ࣅࢪࣗ࢔ࣝ∧ሐ㝯-5-ሐ㝯Ἑฟ᭩ᡣ᪂♫

᪂Ἠ♫
2011ᖺ

2009ᖺ

㸱㸧⦖ᩥ᫬௦

ᐃఫࠊ༙᱂ᇵࠊ௒࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ᪥ᮏㄒࡢㄒ※⦖ᩥ᫬௦ࡣᐃఫࡀ㐍ࢇࡔࡓࡵࠊ㯮᭙▼ࡸሷ࡞࡝౪⤥※ࡀ㝈ࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ
ࡣࠊὶ㏻⥙ࢆᚲせ࡜ࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋ᪂₲┴⣒㨶ᕝᕷ⏘ฟࡢࣄࢫ࢖ࡣࠊᗈᇦὶ
㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ༓ⴥ┴㖯Ꮚᕷࡢࢥࣁࢡࡶᗈᇦὶ㏻ࡋ࡚࠸࡚ࠊⓎ᥀㑇㊧ࡣ୰㒊ᆅ᪉࡛㔜࡞ࡾ࠶ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࣄࢫ࢖࡟ఝࡓ࣓ࣀ࢘ࡣࠊ▼ࡢ್ᡴࡕࡼࡾࡶᕼᑡᛶࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ὶ㏻ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋⓎ᥀ࡣᣐⅬ㞟ⴠ࠿ࡽ࡟ࡳ࡞ࡢ࡛ࠊ㞟ⴠ࡟㝵ᒙไࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡲࡓࠊ㞟ⴠ࡛
ࡶ㌟ศࡢ㧗࠸ேࡀࡘࡅ࡚࠸ࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗ࡃࠊ⦖ᩥ᫬௦ࡢᖹ➼ᛶ࡟ࡣ␲ၥ
ࡀ⏕ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
⣒㨶ᕝ㸦ጲᕝ㸧ࡢࣄࢫ࢖ࡣ඲ᅜࠊ኱㝣ࡲ࡛࡜࡝࠸࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ᪧ▼ჾ᫬௦࠿ࡽࡘ࡙ࡃ⚄ὠᓥࡢ㯮᭙▼ࡢ㝣ᥭࡆᆅⅬࡢఀ㇋༙ᓥ㸦ぢ㧗ẁ㑇㊧㸧࡛ࡣࠊຍᕤ᪋タࡀぢࡘ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡢ࡛ࠊศᴗࡣ࠶ࡁࡽ࠿࡛ࡍࠋ
⦖ᩥ᫬௦ࡢ㯮᭙▼฼⏝ࡣࠊᪧ▼ჾ᫬௦ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᗈࡃ࡞ࡃ▮ᑼ࡟㝈ᐃࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᐃఫࡋጞࡵࡓ࡜ࡣゝ࠼ࠊ⛣ື⏕άࡶඹᏑࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ
࡛ࠊ⏘ᆅ࠿ࡽ㐲ࡃ࡟㯮᭙▼ࡀぢࡘ࠿ࡗ࡚ࡶὶ㏻ࡸ஺᥮ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࠿࡝࠺࠿
ࡣ☜࠿࡛࡞࠸࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍࠋ㯮᭙▼ࢆ௚ࡢᆅᇦࡲ࡛ࡶࡗ࡚⾜ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ࿘㎶㞟ⴠ࠿ࡽࡣฟ࡚᮶࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡶከ࠸࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡇࡢ࡯࠿ࠊ࢔ࢫࣇ࢓ࣝࢺ
ࡸࢧࢾ࢝࢖ࢺ࡞࡝ᵝࠎ࡞ࡶࡢࡀࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢὶ㏻ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡣ☜࠿࡞ࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ⦖ᩥ᫬௦ࡣࠊ⊁⊟ࡼࡾࡶ᥇㞟ࡀ୺࡛ࠊ᱂ᇵ࡟㏆࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ
࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ୰ᮇࡢᒣෆ୸ᒣ㑇㊧࡛ࡣᰩࡢ㑇ఏᏊࡀࠊ⮬↛࡜ࡃࡽ࡭࡚
ࡑࢁࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ㑅ูࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ࠶ࡁࡽ࠿ࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛
ࡍࠋࢱࢿࢆࡲ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ㄝࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋᅵჾࡣㄪ⌮ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ㈓ⶶ⏝࡟ࡘ࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡶࢥࢡࢰ࣒࢘ࢩࡢ⑞㊧࠿ࡽࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚
࠸࡚ࠊᐩࡢ⵳✚ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ
⦖ᩥ᫬௦ࡣᩥ⊩ࡶ㔠▼ᩥࡶ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊࡇ࡜ࡤࡢ┤᥋ࡢᡭ᥃࠿ࡾࡣࠊᆅ
ྡࡔࡅ࡛ࡍࠋࡲࡓࠊྂ௦ࡢࡇ࡜ࡤࢆࡉ࠿ࡢࡰࡾ᪉ゝࡢࡕࡀ࠸࠿ࡽࠊ⦖ᩥ
ㄒࢆࡉࡄࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡲࡍࠋࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊྂ࠸᪥ᮏㄒࡣᆅྡ࠿ࡽぢ࡚⦖ᩥ᫬௦࡟ࡉ࠿ࡢࡰࡿࡢࡣ☜࠿࡞ࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ
‫⦖ی‬ᩥࡢ㈨※฼⏝࡜♫఍
-6-㜿 㒊 ⰾ 㑻 ⦅ ࠊ Ꮨ ห ⪃ ྂ Ꮫ ࣭ ู ෉ 21‫⦖ࡃࡲࢆࢿࢱی‬ᩥேᑠ⏿ᘯᕫ㸲㸧ᘺ⏕᫬௦

2014ᖺ

᭱᪂⛉Ꮫࡀそࡍ㎰⪔ࡢ㉳※ྜྷᕝᘯᩥ㤋‫⦖ی‬ᩥㄒࡢⓎぢ

㞝ᒣ㛶

ᑠἨಖ

2016ᖺ
㟷ᅵ♫

1998ᖺ

࢞ࣛࢫࠊ㟷㖡ࠊ㕲ࡢὶ㏻ᚋᮇ࡟ࡣࠊ௒ࡢᕷࡸ㒆ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡛ࢡࢽࢆࡘࡃࡗ࡚࠸ࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗ࡃࠊᡓࡀࡣࡌࡲࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ✄సࡢᬑཬࡣࡑࢀ࡯࡝㏿ࡃ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࡀࠊ
ᐩࡢ⵳✚ࡣ㐍ࡳࠊ⛯ࡢ㉳※㸦ࢡࢽࡢ࢜ࢧ࡟ࡳࡘࡂࡶࡢ㸧ࡶᘺ⏕᫬௦࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠋࢡࢽࡢ୰ࡢὶ㏻⥙ࠊࢡࢽ࡝࠺ࡋࡢ஺᫆ࠊ᪥ᮏิᓥእ࡜ࡢ஺᫆ࡶ࠶
ࡗࡓ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠋᕸࡸ⡿ࡢ㈌ᖯ໬ࡣࡲࡔ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡲࡏࢇࠋ
࢞ࣛࢫࠊ㕲ࠊ㟷㖡࡞࡝ࡢཎᩱࡢ〇㐀ࡣ㐍ࡳࡲࡏࢇ࡛ࡋࡓࡀࠊ෌⇇⼥࡛ࣜࢧ࢖ࢡࣝຍᕤࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ୰ᅜࡢ㢼㚫ࡀࣔࢹࣝ࡟
࡞ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺㖡㚫ࡣࠊྛᆅ࡛⚍♭⏝ࡢᴦჾ࠿ࡽࠊぢࡏࡿࡓࡵࡢጾಙ㈈࡟
࡞ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࠊ኱ᆺ໬ࡋࡲࡍࠋ⊁⊟⏝ࡔࡗࡓᘪ▮ࡣᡓࡢ୺ຊරჾ࡜࡞ࡾ
ࡲࡍࠋ▮ᑼࡢ㔞⏘యไࡶ࡛ࡁࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠋ⏕⏘ࡢᑓ㛛໬ࠊὶ㏻⥙ࡶ㐍ࢇࡔ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡀࠊ௒ࡢ⪃ྂᏛ࡛ࡣࡑࡇࡲ࡛ࢃ࠿ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋᅜ❧ṔྐẸ಑㈨ᩱ㤋ࡢᖺ௦

ᐃἲࡢ◊✲࡛ࠊᘺ⏕᫬௦ࡣ㸱㸮㸮㸮ᖺ๓ࡲ࡛ࡉ࠿ࡢࡰ

ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ᐇ࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡋࡓࡀࠊࡲࡔㄽத୰࡛ࡍࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ
ὶ㏻ࡸศᴗࠊ㎰ᴗࡸᡓࡢࡣࡌࡲࡾࡢ᫬ᮇࡶ᪩ࡃ࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ
‫ی‬ᘺ⏕᫬௦ࡢṔྐ㸳㸧ྂቡ᫬௦⸨ᑿៅ୍㑻ㅮ ㄯ ♫ ⌧ ௦ ᪂ ᭩ 2330

2015ᖺ

⡿࡜ᕸࡢ㈌ᖯ໬

୰ᮇࡢ㸳ୡ⣖࡟ᕷࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ㸳ୡ⣖ᮎࡢ㞝␎ኳⓚࡢ᫬௦࡟ࠊ
⛙Ặࡀ኱ⶶ࡟㈉ࡂ≀ࢆ཰ࡵࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ኱ⶶ㸦┬㸧ࡀጞࡲࡾࡲࡍࠋ௒࡛
ゝ࠼ࡤࠊ⏫୰࡛࡜ࡁ࡝ࡁぢ࠿ࡅࡿ⛯ࡢ⌧≀⣡ධရࢆ཰ࡵࡿಖ⛯಴ᗜ࡛ࡍࠋ
㎰⏘≀ࡸ⧊≀࡞࡝ࡢ⌧≀࡛⛯ࢆ཰ࡵࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡍ࡭࡚ᚲせ࡞ࡶࡢࡀᚲせ࡞㔞☜ಖ࡛ࡁࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ஺᥮ࡢࡓࡵࡢᕷࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋὶ㏻ࡢせ࡛࠶ࡿࡸ㐨㊰ࡢ஺ᕪⅬ㸦ࡕࡲࡓ㸧࡟ࠊᕷࡀ࡛ࡁࡲࡍࠋ
-7-୓ⴥ㞟࡞࡝࡟ࠊᕸࡸ⡿ࢆᣢࡗ࡚⾜ࡗ࡚ᚲせ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜஺᥮ࡋ㸦㈙࠸㸧࡟⾜ࡃ≧ἣࢆḷࡗࡓࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ⡿ࠊᕸࠊ⤱ࠊ㕲࡞࡝ࡀ㈌ᖯࡢᙺ๭ࢆᯝ
ࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ
ྂቡࡢᘓタࡢࡓࡵ࡟▼ࢆ㐠ࡪὶ㏻ࡀᚲせ࡛ࡋࡓࠋ␥ෆࡢྂቡࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ⇃ᮏࡢࣆࣥࢡ▼ࢆ℩ᡞෆ࡜㝣㊰࡛㐠ࢇ࡛࠸ࡲࡍࠋරᗜ┴ຍྂᕝᕷ࡟ࡣࠊ▼஀ᐆẊ㸦෗┿㸧࡜࠸࠺୙ᛮ㆟࡞ᒾࢆࡲࡘࡗࡓ⚄♫ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡀࠊ኱ࡁ࡞ᒾ࠿
ࡽ▼᳌ࢆษࡾฟࡋ࠿ࡅࡓࡲࡲ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡟
෗┿㸯

▼஀ᐆẊ

ぢ࠼ࡲࡍࠋࡇࡇࡣྂቡ࡟౑࠺❧⏣▼ࡢ⏘ᆅ࡛ࡍࠋᚊ௧᫬௦ࡢ኱㐨ࡢཎᆺࡣࡇࡢ࡜ࡁ࡟࡛ࡁࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋ
ᚊ௧᫬௦ࡢ኱㐨࡜ࡣࠊᖜࡀ㸯㸮࣓࣮ࢺࣝࡶ࠶ࡾࠊ࡞ࡿ࡭ࡃ┤⥺࡛ࡘࡃࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᙜ᫬ࡢ⤒῭ຊ࠿ࡽࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ↓ㅛ࡞බඹ஦ᴗ࡛ࡍࠋḟ➨࡟඲ᅜࢆച
ୗ࡟཰ࡵࡘࡘ࠶ࡗࡓ኱࿴ᨻᶒࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ὶ㏻⥙ࢆ౑ࡗ࡚ࠊ⛯ࡢ཰㞟࡜㌷㝲ࡢ⛣ືࢆࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠋ㝣ୖ࡟ࡣྛᆅ࡟኱⁁㸦࠾࠾࠺࡞࡚㸸㐠Ἑ㸧ࡶ࡛ࡁࡲࡍࠋ
୍᪉ࠊྂቡࡢ࿘⃾ࡣ₤₅ᢏ⾡ࡢᘏ㛗࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡣ࡟ࢃࡢ⏕⏘ࡣ↝ࡁ≀ࡢ኱㔞⏕⏘࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡲࡍࠋࡇࢀࢆㄳࡅ㈇ࡗࡓࡢࡀᅵᖌ㸦ࡣࡌ㸧Ặ࡛ࡍࡀࠊᚋ࡟ྂቡࡀᗫࢀࡿዉⰋ᫬௦࡟ⳢཎẶ㸦୍᪘ࡢฟ㌟ᆅྡ㸸኱࿴す኱ᑎ㏆ࡃ㸧࡟ྡ๓ࢆᨵࡵ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋඃ⚽࡞ᐁ൉࡜ࡋ࡚ฟୡࡋ࡚ࠊ⛯ไᨵ㠉࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇࡔⳢཎ㐨┿ࡣࡑࡢᏊᏞ࡛ࡍࠋ୍᪘࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ᪉ྥ㌿᥮࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ
‫ی‬Ώ᮶Ặ᪘ࡢㅦຍ⸨ㅬྜྷ⚈ ఏ ♫ ᪂ ᭩ 510‫ྂی‬ቡ᫬௦ࣁࣥࢻࣈࢵࢡ

ⱝ⊃ᚭ‫ྂی‬ቡ᫬௦ࡢ⏕⏘࡜ὶ㏻࿴⏣ᬕ࿃㸴㸧㣕㫽᫬௦

᪂Ἠ♫

2017ᖺ
2013ᖺ

ྜྷᕝᘯᩥ㤋

2015ᖺ

ᚊ௧ไ㸭ྂ௦ࡢᕷ㸭ᐩᮏ㖹ࡢⓎ⾜࡜⸨ཎிᘓタ኱໬ᨵ᪂ࡣ࠶ࡗࡓ࠿ࠊ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࠿ࠋ⌜⏣཰ᤵࡸ኱㐨ᘓタࠊ᮲㔛ไࡢᐇ᪋ ࡞ ࡝ ࡣ ࠸ ࡘ ጞ ࡲ ࡗ ࡓ ࠿ ࠋ Ṕ ྐ Ꮫ ࠊ ⪃ ྂ Ꮫ ࡣ ࡲ ࡔ ㄽ த ୰ ࡛ ࡍ ࠋ 645ᖺ ࡢ᭯ᡃᨻᶒᡴಽࡢࢡ࣮ࢹࢱ࣮௨ᚋࠊࡍࡄ࡟ࡣࡌࡲࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ㄝࡀྰᐃࡉࢀ

-8-ࡲࡋࡓࡀࠊ௒ࡣ⤖ᵓ᪩ࡃጞࡲࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ㄝࡶ᭷ຊ࡟࡞ࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ࡞ࢇࡽ࠿ࡢไᗘๅ᪂ࡀࢡ࣮ࢹࢱ࣮ᚋ࡟ጞࡲࡗࡓࡢࡣ☜࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ᭯ᡃẶ㸲௦ࡀ኱⮧࡜ࡋ࡚㐍ࡵ࡚᮶ࡓᨻ⟇ࡢ᭱⤊ẁ㝵࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᚊ௧ไ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿᅜᐙࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᵓ᝿ࢆࠊᏕᚨኳⓚࠊኳᬛኳⓚࡀᶓྲྀࡾࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋࡋ࠿ࡶࠊ᪂⮬⏤୺⩏㢦㈇ࡅࡢ⌧ሙ↓どࡢᙉᘬ࡞ᐇ⾜࡛ࠊࡑ࠺࡜࠺཯Ⓨࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀࡀ኉⏦ࡢ஘࡟ࡶࡘ࡞ࡀࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡋ
ࡻ࠺ࠋ᪥ᮏࡢṔྐ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᵓ᝿ᶓྲྀࡾࠊ࡜ࡶ࡟ᵓ᝿ࢆ⦎ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ௰
㛫ࡢ⿬ษࡾࡣࠊࡓࡧࡓࡧ෌⌧ࡋࡲࡍࠋே㢌⛯ࡓࡿᚊ௧ไ࠿ࡽᅵᆅ⛯ไ࡟ษࡾ᭰࠼ࡓࠕ⸨ཎ᫬ᖹ࡜Ⳣཎ㐨┿ࠖࠊ⥔᪂ࡢ୺ᑟᶒத࠸ࡔࡗࡓࠕ⸃㛗࡜ᚨ ᕝ ᖥ ᗓ ࠖ ࠋ ṧ ᛕ ࡞ ࡀ ࡽ ࠊ 21ୡ ⣖ ࡟ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ ௒ ࡛ ࡶ ࠊ ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡢ ຾ ⪅ ࡢ Ṕ ྐほࡀඃໃ࡛ࡍࠋ㐨┿ࡔࡅࡣ᚟ᶒࡋࡲࡋࡓࡀࠊᨻ἞ᐙ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣྡࢆṧࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡏࢇࠋ
672ᖺ ࡟ ኉ ⏦ ࡢ ஘ ࡛ ᨻ ᶒ ࢆ ࠺ ࡤ ࡗ ࡓ ኳ Ṋ ኳ ⓚ ᨻ ᶒ ࡣ ࠊ 682ᖺ ࡟ 㖡 㖹 㸦 ᐩᮏ㖹㸧ࢆⓎ⾜ࡋࡲࡍࠋ⸨ཎிᘓタ࡛ᘓタປാ⪅࡞࡝࡬ࡢᨭᡶ࠸࡟㈌ᖯࡀ
ᚲせ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡀ⌮⏤ࡢࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋࡑࢀ࡜ᑐ࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡀබタᕷ࡛ࠊ㖡㖹ࡀ౑࠼ࡿሙᡤࡀᚲせ࡛ࡍࠋᕷࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣὶ㏻ࡶᚲせ࡛ࡍࠋࡇࢀࡽࢆࢭࢵ
ࢺ࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊΏ᮶ேࡢຊࢆ೉ࡾ࡚ࡋࡃࡳࢆࡘࡃࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠋ㖡㖹㸦ᐩᮏ㖹㸧࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ㖟㖹㸦↓⣠㖟㖹㸧ࡶὶ㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡀࠊ↓⣠㖟㖹ࢆ㏻㈌࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓨ⾜ࡋࡓࡢ࠿ࠊ㖟ࡢሢࡀ⡿ࡸᕸ࡜ྠᵝ⌧≀㈌ᖯ࡜ࡋ࡚ὶ㏻ࡋ࡚
࠸ࡓࡢ࠿ࡣᐃ࠿࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊᨻᗓࡣ㖡㖹ࡢⓎ⾜࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㖟㖹ࡢⓎ⾜ࢆ⚗Ṇࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ࠸ࡁ࡞ࡾࠊ㖡㖹ࢆ௒ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᙉไ㏻㈌࡟ࡋ
ࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࡀࠊ࠺ࡲࡃ⾜࠿࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࠊࡍࡄ࡟㖟㖹ࢆチྍࡋࡲࡍࠋ㖟㖹࡜౯್ࢆྠᮇࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᐇຠᛶࢆᣢࡓࡍࡋ࠿࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ
࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠋ㖟㖹౑⏝⚗Ṇ࡛ᐩᮏ㖹ࡢⓎ⾜┈ࡶࡡࡽࡗࡓ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡀࠊᐩᮏ
㖹ࡣᭀⴠࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠋ
708ᖺ ࠊ ࿴ ྠ 㛤 ⌌ ࢆ Ⓨ ⾜ ࡋ ࡲ ࡍ ࠋ ᐩ ᮏ 㖹 ༑ ᩥ ࢆ ࿴ ྠ 㛤 ⌌ ୍ ᩥ ࡜ ࡋ ࡲ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ
10ಸ ࡢ ࢹ ࣀ ࣑ ࡛ ࡍ ࠋ ᖹ ᇛ ி ᘓ タ ࡢ Ⓨ ⾜ ┈ ࡜ ປ ㈤ ࡢ ᨭ ᡶ ࠸ ࡀ ┠ ⓗ ࡛ ࡋ ࡻ ࠺ࡀࠊ࿴ྠ㖟㖹ࡶྠ᫬࡟Ⓨ⾜ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ࿴ྠ㛤⌌ࡣഇ㖹㸦⚾㗪㖹㸧ࡀᶓ⾜ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࠊ౯್ࡣ㖡ࡢ౯್࡟㏆࡙࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊⓚᮅ༑-9-஧ 㖹 ࡣ ࠊ 㸯 ᅇ ࢆ 㝖 ࡁ 㸯 㸮 ಸ ࡢ ஺ ᥮ ẚ ⋡ 㸦 ≀ ౯ 10ಸ 㸧 ࡛ ᪂ 㖹 ࡢ Ⓨ ⾜ ࢆ 㸯 㸮ᅇ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡲࡍࠋࡑࡢ㸯㸮ಸࢆⓎ⾜㛫㝸ᖺ࡛⣼஌᰿ࡋ࡚ࠊᖺ⋡ࡢ࢖ࣥࣇࣞ⋡ࢆ᥎ᐃࡋ࡚ࡳࡲࡋࡓࠋᖺࡣࡑࡢ㏻㈌࡜ḟࡢ㏻㈌Ⓨ⾜ࡢ┿ࢇ୰ࡢᖺ࡜
ࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋ㸯㸮ಸࡢ౯್࡛Ⓨ⾜ࡋ࡚ࡶḟ➨࡟౯್ࡣୗࡀࡾࡲࡍࡀࠊᪧ㏻㈌ࡶྠ᫬ὶ㏻ࡋࠊࡉࡀࡾษࡗࡓᪧ㏻㈌ࡢ౯್ࡣࡑࡢࡲࡲ࡛ࠊࡸࡀ࡚ྠࡌ
౯್࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ㕲㖹࡛Ⓨ⾜ࡋࡓࡾࡋ࡚ᆅ㔠ࡢ౯್ࢆⴠ
࡜ࡍࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ
᪂つⓎ⾜ࡣࠊ㸯㸮ୡ⣖࡛⤊ࢃࡾࠊᖹᏳ᫬௦ᮎᮇ࡟Ᏽ㖹ࡀධࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࡲ
࡛ṧࡾࡢ㏻㈌࡜⡿ࡸᕸ࡞࡝ࢆే⏝ࡍࡿ᫬௦ࡀ⥆ࡁࡲࡍࠋᚋ㓬㓮ኳⓚࡀ㏻㈌Ⓨ⾜ࢆࡶࡃࢁࡳࡲࡍࡀࠊࡍࡄ࡟ᨻᶒࡀಽࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ⤖ᒁࠊỤᡞ᫬௦ࡢᐶỌ㏻ᐆࡲ࡛ࠊᙉไ㏻㈌࡛࠶ࡿ㖡㖹ࡣⓎ⾜࡛ࡁࡲࡏࢇ࡛ࡋࡓࠋྠ
ࡌࡃᬺࡶࠊᖹᏳ᫬௦࠿ࡽỤᡞ᫬௦ࡲ࡛ᨵᬺࡋ࡞࠸࡛ㄗᕪࡀ⵳✚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࡲࡍࠋᅗ㸯ⓚᮅ༑஧㖹ࡢࢹࣀ࣑࠿ࡽ≀౯ࢆぢࡿྂ௦ࡢ࢖ࣥࣇࣞ

1.25
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00

700

750

800

‫ی‬኱໬ࡢᨵ᪂࡜⸽ᡃẶ
㐲ᒣ⨾㒔⏨

850

950

1000

ᩋ⪅ࡢ᪥ᮏྐ㸯ྜྷᕝᘯᩥ㤋‫ی‬኱໬ࡢᨵ᪂ࡣ㌟㏆࡟࠶ࡗࡓ‫ی‬᪥ᮏྂ௦㈌ᖯࡢ๰ฟ

900

2013ᖺ
Ἑ㔝㏻᫂

࿴Ἠ᭩㝔

↓⣠㖹㖟࣭ᐩᮏ㖹࣭࿴ྠ㖹Ꮫ ⾡ ᩥ ᗜ 2298

2015ᖺ㸵㸧ዉⰋ᫬௦㈌ᖯࡢⓎ⾜㸭ᚊ௧ไࡢᾐ㏱

2015ᖺ
௒ᮧၨ∞

ㅮㄯ♫

㸵ୡ⣖ᮎࡢ⸨ཎி㸦᪂┈ி㸸࠶ࡽࡲࡋࡢࡳࡸࡇ㸧௨ᚋࡣࠊ㒔࡟ᐁႠᕷ- 10 -

ࡀ࡛ࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋ⸨ཎி࡟ࡣ໭ഃ࡟ᕷࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࠊ୰ᕷ࡜࠸࠺ྡ๓ࡔ
ࡗࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ㸳ୡ⣖࠿ࡽ࠶ࡗࡓ㍍ᕷࡣࡢࡕࡢᖹᇛிࡢすᕷ࡟࠶ࡓࡿሙᡤ࡟㏆࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ஦ᐇୖ⸨ཎிࡢᕷ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋࡓ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠋ
ᖹᇛி࡛ࡣࠊᮾすࡑࢀࡒࢀᕷࡢྖ㸦࠸ࡕࡢࡘ࠿ࡉ㸧࡜࠸࠺ᙺ⫋ࡢඖ࡟≀౯ㄪᰝᐁ㸦౯㛗㸧㸳ྡࢆ௵࿨ࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋ౯᱁ࡣࠊබᐃ౯᱁ࠊ༙බᐃ౯᱁
㸦ἠ౯㸸ࡇ࠿㸧ࠊ⮬⏤౯᱁ࡢ㸱ࡘ࡟ศ࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ≀౯ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ༙බᐃ౯᱁ࡢỈ‽ࢆỴࡵ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋᕷ࡛኎ࡾ㈙࠸ࢆࡋࡓே
ࢆᕷே࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍࠋチྍไࡔࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋチྍ࡞ࡃ❧኎ࡍࡿ⪅ࡀ࠸ࡓグ㘓ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ㈙࠺᪉ࡣ㌟ศࢆၥࢃࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ┐㞴ရࡢᤚᰝࡢグ㘓ࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋேࡀ㞟ࡲࡿࡢ࡛ฮ⨩ࡢሙ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ࡯
࠿ࠊྂ௦ࡢᕷࡢࣜࢫࢺࢆ⾲㸰࡟࠿࠿ࡆࡲࡍࠋ
ዉⰋ᫬௦ࡣᮌ⡆࡛ࡢ஦ົฎ⌮ࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊᚋࡢᖹᏳ᫬௦ࡼࡾࡶ᪥ᖖ஦
ົࡢグ㘓ࡀṧࡾࡸࡍ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ㛗ᒸிࡶᮌ⡆⾜ᨻ࡛ࡋࡓࠋᮌ⡆ࡣ㣕㫽᫬௦ࡢᚋ༙࠿ࡽࡣࡌࡲࡾࡲࡍࠋṇ಴㝔ᩥ᭩ࡣ⣬ࡢᩥ᭩࡛ࠊ⛯ົグ㘓㸦ṇ⛯ᖒࠊィᖒ࡞࡝㸧ࡀṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊ㸱㸮ᖺಖᏑ࡞ࡢ࡛ࠊ⿬⣬ࢆᮾ኱ᑎ෗
⤒ᡤࡢ஦ົグ㘓࡟౑࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ෗⤒ࡣᅜᐙ஦ᴗࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ⣽࠿࠸グ㘓ࢆࡘࡅࡲࡋࡓࠋ໅ົホᐃࠊᩥᏐࡢ⦎⩦ࠊᡭᮏࡢ⤒඾ࡢ㈚ࡋฟࡋグ㘓ࠊቚ࣭➹࣭⣬ࡢ⟶⌮ࠊ㣗஦ࡢᡭ㓄ࠊປാ᮲௳ࡢ⏦ࡋධࢀ᭩࡞࡝ࠊᡭ࡟࡜ࡿ
ࡼ࠺࡟௙஦ࡢᵝᏊࡀࢃ࠿ࡾࡲࡍࠋ௙஦ࡢᕪ㓄࡞࡝ࡢ⟶⌮⫋ࡀᖖ໅ࡢ⫋ဨ࡛ࠊᐇ㝿࡟෗⤒ࢆࡋࡓࡢࡣᗢẸࡢ࢔ࣝࣂ࢖ࢺ࡛ࡋࡓࠋ
ᾏୖࡢ㐨࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊἈࣀᓥࢆ୰⥅ᆅⅬ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ஑ᕞࢆᅇ㑊ࡋ࡚኱࿴࡜኱
㝣ࢆ⤖ࡪ࣮ࣝࢺࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋἈࣀᓥࡢዪ⚄ࡢࡦ࡜ࡾ࢖ࢳ࢟ࣄ࣓ࡀࠊ࡞
ࡲࡗ࡚ཝᓥ⚄♫࡜࡞ࡾࠊ⯪᪑ࡢᏲࡾ⚄࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋᕷࡢㄒ※ࡶ⚄ࢆ⚍ࡿ࢖ࢶࢡ࠿ࡽ᮶࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࡀࠊ࢖ࢳ࢟ࣄ࣓ࡶ࢖ࢶࢡ࠿ࡽ᮶࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ᖹᏳிࡢᮾᕷࢆ⚍ࡗࡓጲᑎࡢᚋ㌟ࡣࠊࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ཝᓥ⚄♫ࡀ࡞ࡲࡗ࡚ࠊ௒
ࡢᕷẚ㈽㸦࢖ࢳࣄ࣓㸧⚄♫࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ
‫ی‬ὶ㏻⤒῭ྐᱜ஭ⱥ἞ࠊ୰す⪽⦅‫ی‬ᖹᇛி࡟ᬽࡽࡍ

ᒣᕝฟ∧♫ኳᖹࡦ࡜ࡢἽࡁ➗࠸‫ی‬᪥ᮏྂ௦ࡢ㐨࡜ᕰ๓⏣ᬕே‫ی‬ṇ಴㝔ᩥ᭩ࡢୡ⏺

୸ᒣ⿱⨾Ꮚ

㤿ሙᇶ

ྜྷᕝᘯᩥ㤋

ྜྷᕝᘯᩥ㤋

1996ᖺ

୰ බ ᪂ ᭩ 2054
- 11 -

2002ᖺ

2010ᖺ

2010ᖺ

㸶㸧ᖹᏳ᫬௦

ே㢌⛯࠿ࡽᅵᆅ⛯ไ࡟ኚ᭦㸦⸨ཎ᫬ᖹࠊⳢཎ㐨┿㸧㸷ୡ⣖ࡣ⌜⏣཰ᤵࡀᶵ⬟ࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊ⛯཰୙㊊ࡀ῝้໬ࡋࡲࡍࠋㆭᒱ
ࡢᅜྖ࡟㉱௵ࡋࡓⳢཎ㐨┿ࡀぢࡓᐇែࡣࠊᡞ⡠ࡢᒆࡅฟ࡟⏨ᏊࢆዪᏊ࡟
ഇࡿࡇ࡜࡛⛯ࢆ㏨ࢀࡿ࡞࡝ࡢ⠇⛯ࡀᶓ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᐇែࢆ
ぢࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ⏕࠿ࡋࡓࡢ࠿ࠊᚋ࡟Ⳣཎ㐨┿ࡣྑ኱⮧࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᕥ኱⮧ࡢ⸨ཎ᫬ᖹ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊᅵᆅࡢᣢࡕ୺࠿ࡽ⛯ࢆ࡜ࡿࡼ࠺࡟⛯ไࢆ኱ࡁࡃኚ࠼ࡲࡍࠋ
୰ୡⓗ࡞⛯࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ࡶゝ࠼ࡲࡍࠋࡲࡓࠊᅜྖࡢཷ㡿໬㸦ࡎࡾࡻ࠺㸧࡛ᶒ㝈ᙉ໬ࡋࠊ⛯ࡢᚩ཰ࡢືᶵࢆᣢࡓࡏࡲࡍࠋཷ㡿ࡣࠊᆅ᪉ཷࡅྲྀࡾศ㸦⤒㈝㸧ࡢኳᘬࡁࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᚩ཰ຊቑ኱ࡢ୍᪉ࠊ⛯ࡢᶓྲྀࡾࡀᶓ⾜ࡋࡲࡍࠋṇ಴ࡢⅆ⅏ࡀ㢖Ⓨ㸦✵࡛⇞ࡸࡋ࡚㸧࡛ࠊ୰ኸᨻᗓ࡬ࡢᨭᡶ࠸ࢆ⠇⣙ࡍࡿ౛ࡀฟ࡚᮶ࡲ
ࡍࠋ㸯㸮ୡ⣖࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊⓚᮅ༑஧㖹ࡣရ㉁పୗࡀṆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿Ⓨ⾜ࢆ୰ṆࡋࡲࡍࠋⳢཎ㐨┿ࡢኻ⬮ࡣࠊ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚⛯ไᨵ㠉ࡢᡭ᯶ᶓྲྀࡾ࡟
࡞ࡾࡲࡋࡓࡀࠊពᅗࡋࡓࡶࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣࢃ࠿ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋ᫬ᖹ࡜ࡢ௰ࡣᝏ
ࡃ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡞ࡢ࡛ࠊ⸨ཎẶ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚Ⳣཎᐙࡀࡌࡷࡲ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ
୍᪘ࡢពྥ࡛࠶ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊᐇຊࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶฟୡ࡛
ࡁࡿ㐵၈౑ࢆ୰Ṇࡋࡓࡢࡀࠊከࡃࡢᖐᒓࡢ཯Ⓨࢆᣍ࠸ࡓࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀࡲࡏ
ࢇࠋ㐨┿ࡣከࡃࡢ㈗᪘ࡢ㐵၈୰Ṇࡢពぢࢆ௦⾲ࡋࡓࡔࡅ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡞ࡢ
࡛ࠊ௒ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ⤖ᒁኻ⬮ࡢཎᅉࡣࢃ࠿ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋ
‫ی‬ᾘࡉࢀࡓᨻ἞ᐙ

Ⳣཎ㐨┿‫ᦤی‬㛵ᨻ἞࡜Ⳣཎ㐨┿ᖹ⏣⪰஧ᩋ⪅ࡢ᪥ᮏྐ㸱‫ی‬ᚊ௧ᅜᐙࡢ㌿᥮࡜ࠕ᪥ᮏࠖᆏୖᗣಇᩥ ᫓ ᪂ ᭩ 115
௒ṇ⚽

2000ᖺ

ྜྷᕝᘯᩥ㤋

ㅮㄯ♫Ꮫ⾡ᩥᗜ

2013ᖺ

2009ᖺ

㸰㸬୰ᅜ࣭࢖ࣥࢻ
୰ᅜࡸ࢖ࣥࢻࡢሙྜࠊ➹⪅࡟඲㠃ᒎ㛤ࡍࡿ⬟ຊࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ㐍໬⤒῭Ꮫ࠿ࡽぢ࡚ὀ┠࡛ࡁࡿ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢヰ㢟ࢆ⤂௓ࡋࡲࡍࠋ

- 12 -

⾲㸰ࠉྂ௦ࡢᕷࠉࡑࡢ㸯
ᕷྡ

ࡼࡳ

ࡕࡲࡓ࣭
㍍ࡢᕰ

ࡣࡌࡲࡾ

⸽ᡃẶࡢᨭ㓄ᆅ⪷ᚨኴᏊࡢฟ㌟ᆅ࠿㐨ᕝ࣭ᾏୗࡘ㐨࡜ᒣ⏣㐨ࡢ஺Ⅼ⸨ཎிࡢ୰࡟࡜ࡾࡇࡲࢀ࡚ࠊすᕷ ᭮ᡃᕝ㸦ୗᕷ㸧࡟࡞ࡗࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡶ

ᑎ♫࣭ᙺᡤ

㍍ᕷ

࠿ࡿࡢ࠸ࡕ

㣵㤶ᕷ

࠼ࡀࡢ࠸ࡕ

㸳ୡ⣖

኱ὠ㐨
➉ෆ⾤㐨

▼ᕝ
ᮾ㝖ᕝ
ᪧ኱࿴ᕝ

☬వᕷ

࠸ࢃࢀ࠸ࡕ

㸳ୡ⣖

ᶓ኱㊰࡜ୖࡘ㐨࣭ᒣ⏣㐨ࡢ஺Ⅼ

ᑎᕝ

㜿ᩯ᱓ᕷ

࠶࡜ࡢࡃࢃࡢ࠸ࡕ㸴ୡ⣖ ≀㒊ᏲᒇࡢูⲮ㸦቎㸧☾ṑὠ㐨࡜㛗℩ᕝ ᪧ኱࿴ᕝ ஺Ⅼᪧ኱࿴ᕝࡢࡕ࡟ඵᑿ⾤㐨

㊧㒊⚄♫
㸦ட஭⏫㸧

ᾏᰄᵄᕷ

ࡘࡤ࠸ࡕ
ࡘࡤࡁ࠸ࡕ

㸰࢝ᡤࡢㄝ
㸴ୡ⣖ ᳺ㸦ࡕࢇ㸧࡜ࢶࣂ࢟ࡣู
ࡢᮌ

୕㍯ᒣ༡す㯄
ᒣࡢ㎶ࡢ㐨࡜ᶓ኱㊰㸦༡㸧ࡢ஺Ⅼ ึ℩ᕝ⸨ཎிࡢୖᕷ࠿

⋢ิ⚄♫
㛗㇂ᑎ

୰ᕷ

࡞࠿࠸ࡕ

㸵ୡ⣖

⸨ཎிࡢ୰
୰ࡘ㐨࡜ᶓ኱㊰ࡢ஺Ⅼ⸨ཎிࡢ୰ᕷ࠿

⡿ᕝ

ᕷᯂᓥ⚄♫

㞴Ἴᕷ

࡞࡟ࢃ࠸ࡕ

እᅜ࡜ࡢ㈠᫆ࡶ
ࡣᦤὠࡢㄒ※࠿㞴Ἴ኱㐨ࡢ໭➃࠿ᒣ⫼࠿ࡽࡢᒣ㝧㐨

ⱴΌᾏ
㞴Ἴࡢᐑ
㸦኱㜰‴㸧

▼ୖᕷ

࠸ࡑࡢ࠿ࡳ࠸ࡕ ▼ୖࡢᕰ໭ഃ࡟ࠕ࠸ࡕࡢࡶ࡜ࠖ
ᚋࠊ༡࡟୹Ἴᕷ㸦ኳ⌮㸧ᒣࡢ㎶ࡢ㐨࡜ᶓ኱㊰㸦໭㸧ࡢ஺Ⅼ㧗℩ᕝᾏᰄᵄᕷࡢᕰ

㞴ἼỤ

㸳ୡ⣖

ゎㄝ

㸵ୡ⣖

㍍ᑎ

Ṕ௦ࡢᐑ㒔

▼ୖᕷ⚄♫
㛗ᑿ⚄♫
ⴱᇛᑎ
ᙜ㯞ᑎ

኱㯞ࡢᕷ㸽 ࡓ࠸ࡲࡢ࠸ࡕ

኱㯞ࡢᕰ኱࿴㸫Ἑෆ㛫ࡢ኱㐨ᘓタ࡟࡜ࡶ࡞࠺࠿ᶓ኱㊰㸦༡㸧ࠊ኱ᆏ㐨ࠊ኱㯞㐨ࡢ୕ᕪ㊰ᮌᖭࡢᕷ㸽 ࡇࢃࡓࡢ࠸ࡕ

ᮌᖭࡢᕰ኱࿴㸫ᒣ⫼㛫ࡢ኱㐨ᘓタ࡟࡜ࡶ࡞࠺࠿

໭㝣㐨࡜ᒣ㝜㐨ࡢศᒱⅬ

Ᏹ἞ᕝ

ᮾᕷ
ࡦࡀࡋ࠸ࡕ
㸦ᖹᇛி㸧

ࡢࡕ࡟㎮ᕷ
㸦ࡓࡘ࠸ࡕ㸧

㏆ࡃ࡟ᮾ኱ᑎࡢฟᙇᡤ
㸶ୡ⣖ 㸦ᕷᗉ㸧࡞࡝ࠊᅜࡸ㒆ࡢฟඛࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ

ᕥிᮾ୕ᆓඵ᮲ᇼᕝ ᙜ᫬) ጲᑎ ௒࡞ࡋ)
బಖᕝ
㎮ᕷ⚄♫

すᕷ
࡟ࡋ࠸ࡕ
㸦ᖹᇛி㸧

㸶ୡ⣖ ⸆ᖌᑎ༡㸯࢟ࣟྑிす஧ᆓඵ᮲

⛅⠛ᕝ

ᮾᕷ
ࡦࡀࡋ࠸ࡕ
㸦㛗ᒸி㸧

㸶ୡ⣖ ᪧఫᒃ⾲♧ࠕྂᕷࠖᕥிᮾ஧ᆓ୐᮲

㢼࿅ᕝ༡࡟⚄㊊⚄♫

すᕷ
࡟ࡋ࠸ࡕ
㸦㛗ᒸி㸧

㸶ୡ⣖

ࡢࡕࡢኳ‶ᐑ࡜㛵ಀ࠶ࡿ࠿ྑிす஧ᆓ୐᮲
ࡢࡕࡢᒣ㝧㐨≟ᕝ㛤⏣ኳ‶ᐑ㸦㛗ᒸኳ⚄㸧

ᮾᕷ
ࡦࡀࡋ࠸ࡕ
㸦ᖹᏳி㸧

㸶ୡ⣖

୐᮲㏻ၟᗑ⾤࡟ࠊࡑࡢ࡞
ࡈࡾࢆṧࡍᕥிᮾ஧ᆓඵ᮲

ጲᑎ㸦ᙜ᫬㸧
ᕷẚ㈽⚄♫Ἑཎ⏫ṇ㠃)

すᕷ
࡟ࡋ࠸ࡕ
㸦ᖹᏳி㸧

ᐈࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊᮾᕷ࡜
㸶ୡ⣖ ஺஫࡟㛤ࡃࠊရ┠ࢆᮾᕷ࡜ศᢸࡋࡓࡀࡍࡄ࡟⾶㏥

ྑிす஧ᆓඵ᮲

すᑎ࡟㏆࠸

ໃከᕷ㸽

ࡏࡓ࠸ࡕ

㸶ୡ⣖

㏆Ụᅜᗇ࡟㏻ࡌࡿໃከᶫ
ࡢ㏆ࡃᮾᒣ㐨ࡢࡕࡢᮾᾏ㐨

⍇⍈†
℩⏣ᕝ

ᑠᕝᕷ

࠾ࡀࢃࡢ࠸ࡕ

㸶ୡ⣖ᒱ㜧ᕷࡢ໭➃ࡢ㛗Ⰻᕝ໭ᓊ࠿

ᮾᒣ㐨

㛗Ⰻᕝ

῝ὠᕷ

ࡩ࠿ࡘ࠸ࡕ

㸶ୡ⣖ ࡢࡕ࡟ⲡᡞ༓㌺

ᒣ㝧㐨

ⴺ⏣ᕝ
℩ᡞෆᾏ

ᮅ㓃ಁᡞ

࠶ࡉࡃࡳࡢࡏ࡜
ᮅ㓃ಁᡞΏ
ࡢࢃࡓࡾ

㸶ୡ⣖

ᒣ㝜㐨

᏷㐨†
୰ࡢᾏ

ฟ㞼ᅜᗓ
ฟ㞼ᅜศᑎ

ଢ଼ᕷࠊᏊᕷ

࠺ࡋ࠸ࡕ
ࡡ࠸ࡕ

㸷ୡ⣖ ᾷᕝࡢ୕ᕝྜὶᆅⅬ㏆ࡃᒣ㝧㐨ࠊ㧗㔝⾤㐨

ᾷᕝ

▼ΎỈඵᖭ

῝ὠ

ᒣᓮὠ

᏷㐨†࠿ࡽ୰ࡢᾏ࡟ὶࢀ
ࡿ኱ᶫᕝࡢἙཱྀ௜㏆㏆Ụᅜᗓ⾲㸰ࠉྂ௦ࡢᕷࠉࡑࡢ㸰
ᮌ

୕ᕷ

⌧ᅾࡢఫᡤ

ᵳ㸦ࡅࡸࡁ㸧

ࠐዉⰋ┴᷃ཎᕷ኱㍍㏆㕲༡኱㜰⥺
᷃ཎ⚄ᐑ๓㥐

኱࿴ᅜ㧗ᕷ ࡓࡅࡕ 㒆㍍

᪥ᮏ᭩⣖

㍍ᕷ

ࡓࡕࡤ࡞

ࠐ

⸨஭ᑎᕷᅜᗓ㸦ࡇ࠺㸧⩚᭥㔝ᕷྂᕷ
⩚᭥㔝ᕷᜨᡃஅⲮ

㏆㕲༡኱㜰⥺ᅵᖌ㔛㥐ྠୖྂᕷ㥐ྠୖᜨᡃஅⲮ㥐Ἑෆᅜ㣵㤶ࡢᕷ㎶ࡢᶲࡢᮏ

᪥ᮏ᭩⣖㞝␎ኳⓚᖺ

㣵㤶ᕷዉⰋ┴ᱜ஭ᕷᱜ஭

ᱜ஭㥐኱࿴ᅜᱜ஭㒆☬వ

᪥ᮏ᭩⣖

☬వᕷ

ඵᑿᕷ㊧㒊ᮏ⏫

㛵すᮏ⥺ஂᐆᑎ㥐Ἑෆᅜ῰ᕝ㒆㊧㒊㒓᪥ᮏ᭩⣖ᩄ㐩ኳⓚᖺ

㜿ᩯ᱓ᕷ

ࡃࢃ

ࡘࡤࡁ

ࠐ

ࡶࡼࡾ

ྂ௦ᡤᅾᆅ⾲♧

ᩥ⊩

ᕷྡ

᪥ᮏ᭩⣖
ࠉࡋࡁࡢࡳࡎ࠿ࡁࡢࡳࡸ

ᱜ஭ᕷ㔠ᒇᱜ஭ᕷឿᜠᑎ

ᱜ஭⥺୕㍯㥐
㏆㕲኱㜰⥺ᮅ಴㥐኱࿴ᅜᱜ஭㒆

ዉⰋ┴᷃ཎᕷ▼ཎ⏣⏫

㏆㕲኱㜰⥺⪥ᡂ㥐ᱜ஭⥺㤶ஂᒣ㥐኱࿴ᅜ㧗ᕷ ࡓࡅࡕ 㒆

㢮⪹ᅜྐ
ࠕ᪊୰ᕷࠖ

୰ᕷ

኱㜰ᕷ୰ኸ༊㧗㯇ᶫ

໭὾㥐

ᦤὠᅜ㞴Ἴ

௒᫇≀ㄒ

㞴Ἴᕷ

ዉⰋ┴ኳ⌮ᕷ▼ୖ⏫

ᱜ஭⥺᷼ᮏ㥐
㸦࠸ࡕࡢࡶ࡜㸧኱࿴ᅜᒣ㎶㒆

▼ୖᕷዉⰋ┴ⴱᇛᕷ㛗ᑿ኱࿴㧗⏣ᕷᕷሙ

㏆㕲༡኱㜰⥺☬ᇛ㥐
ྠᑻᅵ㥐

኱࿴ᅜⴱᇛ

኱㯞ࡢᕷ㸽

ி㒔ᗓᏱ἞ᕷᮌᖭ
භᆅⶶᮐࡢ㎷ዉⰋ⥺ᮌᖭ㥐ி㜰ᮌᖭ㥐ᒣ⫼ᅜᏱ἞㒆ᮌᖭᮌᖭࡢᕷ㸽ዉⰋᕷᮾ஑᮲⏫
す஑᮲⏫㎮ᕷ

ᱜ஭㥐ி⤊㥐

኱࿴ᅜῧୖ㒆

ዉⰋᕷ஑᮲⏫

㏆㕲᷃ཎ⥺஑᮲㥐኱࿴ᅜῧୖ㒆すᕷ㸦ᖹᇛி㸧ி㒔ᗓ㛗ᒸிᕷྂᕷ

ᮾᾏ㐨ᮏ⥺㛗ᒸி㥐ᒣᇛᅜஎカ㒆ᮾᕷ㸦㛗ᒸி㸧ி㒔ᗓ㛗ᒸிᕷ㛤⏣㜰ᛴி㒔⥺㛗ᒸኳ⚄㥐ᒣᇛᅜஎカ㒆すᕷ㸦㛗ᒸி㸧ி㒔ᕷୗி༊ඵ᮲ཱྀ

ி㒔㥐ᕷࣂࢫࠕἙཎ⏫ṇ㠃ࠖᒣᇛᅜឡ᏾㒆

ᘏ႐ᘧ

ᮾᕷ
㸦ᖹᏳி㸧

ி㒔ᕷୗி༊

ி㒔㥐ᒣᇛᅜឡ᏾㒆

ᘏ႐ᘧ

すᕷ
㸦ᖹᏳி㸧

኱ὠᕷ℩⏣ᶫᮏ⏫
ᕷࣀ㎶ி㜰▼ᆏ⥺၈ᶫ๓㥐㏆Ụᅜ℩⏣㐀▼ᒣ㝔ᡤゎ᱌㐀ᮾ኱ᑎྖ➢᱌ໃከᕷ㸽ᒱ㜧ᕷ㛗Ⰻ໭⏫

ᮾᾏ㐨⥺ᒱ㜧㥐

⨾⃰ᅜ∦┴㒆
㸦࠿ࡓࡀࡓࡄࢇ㸧

᪥ᮏ㟋␗グ
୰ᕳᅄヰ

ᑠᕝᕷ

ᗈᓥ┴⚟ᒣᕷ᪂ᕷ
ⰱ⏣ᕝἙཱྀ㸽

ᒣ㝧ᮏ⥺⚟ᒣ㥐ഛᚋᅜ῝ὠ㒆

᪥ᮏ㟋␗グ
ୗᕳ஧୐ヰ

῝ὠᕷ

ᓥ᰿┴ᯇỤᕷ㤿₲⏫

ᒣ㝜ᮏ⥺ᮾᯇỤ㥐ฟ㞼ᅜᔱ᰿㒆

ฟ㞼ᅜ㢼ᅵグᮅ㓃ಁᡞ㸽ி㒔ᗓඵᖭᕷᶫᮏி㜰ඵᖭ㥐ᒣᇛᅜ⥛႐㒆ඵᖭ▼ΎỈඵᖭᐑᩥ᭩

ଢ଼ᕷࠊᏊᕷࠉ☾ᇛ⍞⡹ᐑ
ࠉᓫ⚄ኳⓚࡢᐑ
୓ⴥ㞟

᪥ᮏ㟋␗グ
୓ⴥ㞟
ᯖⲡᏊ

ᾏᰄᵄᕷ

ᮾᕷ
㸦ᖹᇛி㸧

࢞

㸯㸧Ẃ࣭࿘⋤ᮅ⏥㦵ᩥᏐ₎Ꮠࡢ㈅೫ࡢᩥᏐࡣ࠾㔠࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡀከ࠸ࡢࡣࠊከࡃࡢேࡀẼࡀ௜ࡃࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ₎Ꮠࡢ㉳※࡛࠶ࡿẂࡢ⏥㦵ᩥᏐẁ㝵࡛ࡣ㈅೫ࡢᩥ
Ꮠࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ᑡ࡞࠸ࠋᙜ᫬ࠊ㈅೫ࡢࡶ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࢱ࢝ࣛ࢞࢖ࡣ⿦㣭ရ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ㈌ᖯ࡟ࡣ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ࿘⋤ᮅ࠿ࡽ᫓⛅࣭ᡓᅜ᫬௦࡟࠿ࡅ࡚㈌ᖯࡀⓏሙࡋࡲࡍࠋ᫓⛅࣭ᡓᅜ᫬௦࡟ࡣࠊ㕲ࡢ㎰
ලࡢᙧࡢ㈌ᖯࠕᕸ㖹ࠖࡀⓏሙࡋࡲࡍࠋ⤒῭⏝ࡢᏐ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊẂ᫬௦࡟ࡣ㈙ࡣ࠶ࡾ
ࡲࡍࡀ኎ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋ㈙ࡣ⥙࡛㈅ࢆ࡜ࡿ
ᵝᏊࡀࡶ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋⓑᕝ㟼Ặ࡞࡝₎Ꮠ◊✲ࡢఏ⤫ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡀࠊⓑᕝẶ௨ᚋ◊✲ࡍࡿேࡣ㏵⤯࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ௨
ୗࡢⴠྜẶࡀࡑࡢᚋࢆ◊✲ࢆ⥆ࡅ࡚ࠊⓑᕝ
෗┿㸰

ࢱ࢝ࣛ࢞࢖

Ặࡽ୍᫬௦๓ࡢ◊✲ࢆ୍᪂ࡍࡿᡂᯝࢆฟࡋ

࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ⏥㦵ᩥᏐࡣࠊடࡢ⏥࡞࡝ࡢ๭ࢀ┠࡛༨ࡗࡓྜྷปࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ⾲ࢃࡍࡓࡵࡢ
ᩥᏐ࡛ࡍࠋᡓதࡸ⊁⊟࡟ฟ᥃ࡅࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡞࡝ࢆ༨ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ࠾ࡶ
ࡋࢁ࠸ࡢࡣࠊ༨࠺๓࡟࡝࠺ࡋࡓ࠸࠿ࡣỴࡲࡗ࡚࠸࡚ࠊࡑࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡟࡞ࡿ
ࡼ࠺࡟⏥⨶ࡢ⿬࡟യࢆࡘࡅ࡚࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⚄ࡢ࠾࿌ࡆ࡜ࡋ࡚ᮃࡴ⤖ᯝࢆฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋୗᡭࢆࡍࡿ࡜௒ࡢ⤒῭ᏛࡶࠊⅭᨻ⪅ࡢᮃࡴ⤖ᯝ࡟⌮ᒅࢆࡘࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾ࠿ࡡࡲࡏࢇࠋ௬ᐃࡣ࠾࠿ࡋࡃ࡚ࡶ⤖ᯝࡢணࡀᙜࡓࢀࡤ࠸࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡛ࡣࠊ⏥㦵ᩥᏐ༨࠸࡜ྠࡌࡔ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࠿ࡡࡲࡏࢇࠋ⿦㣭ရ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࣅ࣮ࢬ࡛ࡶࠊ୰ᅜẂ᫬௦ࡢࢱ࢝ࣛ࢞࢖࡛ࡶࠊᾏᓊ㏆ࡃ࡟ఫࡴఫẸ࡟ࡣᕼᑡᛶࡀ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿ࠊ⿦㣭ရ࡜ࡋ࡚౑࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ࡞࠸
ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ๓㏙ࡢ⦖ᩥ᫬௦ࡢࣄࢫ࢖ࡸࢥࣁࢡ࡛ࡶࠊᕼᑡᛶࡀ࣏࢖ࣥࢺ࡛
ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡣᐇ≀㈌ᖯ࡟ఱࢆ౑࠺࠿࡟ࡶ㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸࡚ࠊᕼᑡᛶࡀᚲせ᮲௳ࡢࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ

‫⏥ی‬㦵ᩥᏐᑠᏐ඾ⴠྜ῟ᛮ⟃ ᦶ 㑅 ᭩ 0013
- 15 -

2011ᖺ‫ࢬ࣮ࣅی‬ࡘ࡞ࡄ࣭࠿ࡊࡿ࣭ࡳࡏࡿ

ụ㇂࿴ಙ⦅ᅜ❧Ẹ᪘Ꮫ༤≀㤋

2017ᖺ㸰㸧൲ᩍ࡜ᕷሙ

ᏗᏊࡢ୍≀୍౯ྰᐃ

ᏍᏊࡢᩍ࠼ࢆཷࡅ⥅࠸ࡔᏗᏊࡣࠊ୍≀୍౯ࡣᗁ᝿ࡔ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢈุࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ⣖ඖ๓࠿ࡽࠊ୰ᅜ࡛ࡣ⌧ᐇࢆࡩࡲ࠼࡚ࠊ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ୺ᙇࡍࡿᕷሙࣔࢹࣝࡢࡼ࠺࡞୍≀୍౯ࢆࡋࡾࡒࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ
௨ୗࡢⴭ⪅ࡣࠊ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚௒ࡢ⤒῭ᏛࡢḞⅬࢆព㆑ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢᮏࢆ᭩࠿
ࢀࡓࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ
‫ی‬୰ᅜྂ௦ࡢ㈌ᖯᰠ἟㝧ᖹ࠾㔠ࢆࡵࡄࡿேࡧ࡜࡜ᬽࡽࡋ

ྜྷᕝᘯᩥ㤋

2015ᖺ

㸱㸧࢖ࣥࢻ
௖ᩍฟ⌧࡜㈌ᖯ࣭ၟᴗࡢࡣࡌࡲࡾ࡜ࡣ㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋࣈࢵࢲࡢ
⏕ࡁࡓ⣖ඖ๓㸳㸮㸮ᖺࡃࡽ࠸ࡢ࢖ࣥࢻ࡛ࡣࠊᗈᇦၟᴗࡀⱆ⏕࠼ึࡵࠊ㌟
ศࢆ㉸࠼ࡓྲྀᘬࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ࣮࢝ࢫࢺࡀࡌࡷࡲ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋே㛫ࡢᖹ➼ࢆㄝࡃࣈࢵࢲࡢᩍ࠼࡟ࡣࡣࡌࡵ࡟ᖐ౫ࡋࡓேࠎ࡟ၟேࡀከ࠸ࡢࡣࠊ
ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⫼ᬒࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ࢖ࣥࢻࡢ㈌ᖯࡢὶ㏻ࡀ☜࠿ࡵࡽࢀࡿࡢ
ࡣࠊ⣖ඖ๓㸴㸮㸮ᖺࡃࡽ࠸ࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡀࠊࣈࢵࢲ⏕ㄌࡢ㸯㸮㸮ᖺ๓ࡃࡽ࠸࡛ࡍࠋ୍ㄝ࡟ࡣࠊࣈࢵࢲࡢ⏕ࡲࢀࡓࡢࡣ㸯㸮㸮ᖺᚋࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ
࡜࡛ࡍࡀࠊၟᴗࡸὶ㏻ࡀ㛵ಀࡋ࡚ࡿ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠋᙜ᫬ࡣࠊ♫఍ࡢኚ㠉ᮇ࡛ࣈࢵࢲ௨እ࡟᪂ࡓ࡞ᩍ࠼ࢆㄝࡃ⪅ࡀࡓࡃࡉࢇ⾲ࢀࡲࡋࡓࠋ
᐀ᩍ࡜ၟᴗࡢ㛵ಀ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡣࠊ࣒ࣁ࣐ࣥࢻࡶၟே࡛ࡋࡓࠋ᪥ᮏ࡛
ࡣࠊ㔠⼥ᴗ⪅ࠕᅵ಴㸦࡝ࡑ࠺㸧ࠖࡣᑎ♫ࡢ㡿ᆅ࡛ࡣႠᴗ࡛ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ
฼Ꮚࢆྲྀࡿ࡟ࡣࠊ⚄௖ࡢຍㆤࡀᚲせࡔࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ࢟ࣜࢫࢺᩍࠊ࢖ࢫ
࣒ࣛᩍ࡛ࡣࠊ฼Ꮚࢆ⚗ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᐇ᝟࡜ࡣࡔ࠸ࡪ㐪࠸ࡲࡍࠋ‫ی‬௖ᩍฟ⌧ࡢ⫼ᬒ᪂ ࢔ ࢪ ࢔ ௖ ᩍ ྐ 01ዉⰋᗣ᫂ࠊୗ⏣ṇᘯ⦅‫ی‬ᑎ♫ໃຊࡢ୰ୡ

౎ᡂฟ∧♫

ఀ⸨ṇᩄ

࢖ࣥࢻ㹇
2010ᖺ

ࡕ ࡃ ࡲ ᪂ ᭩ 734- 16 -

2008ᖺ㐍 ໬ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ఍ ➨ 22 ᅇ ஑ ᕞ ኱ ఍

2018.3.3.0⏕⏘ࡢ㈌ᖯⓗ ⌮ㄽ㸭஧ࡘࡢ ⤒῭ࣦ࢕ࢪࣙ ࣥࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ 1ሷ ἑ ⏤ ඾ (኱ 㜰 ᕷ ❧ ኱ Ꮫ ྡ ㄃ ᩍ ᤵ )࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ⏕⏘ࡢ㈌ᖯⓗ⌮ㄽࢡࣟⓗᇶ♏

᪂ྂ඾ὴ㠉࿨࣏ ࢫ ࢺ 㺃ࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬ ὴ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ࣑[ሗ ࿌ せ ᪨ ]ᗈ ⩏ 㐍 ໬ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡢ ௦ ⾲ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ࣏ ࢫ ࢺ࣭ࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬ ὴ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࢆ ྲྀ ࡾ ୖ ࡆ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ⌧ ≧ࢆ཯┬ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ⌮ㄽⓗᇶ♏ࢆࡶࡘ⤒῭Ꮫ࡜࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ♧ࡍࠋ࣏ ࢫ ࢺ ࣭ ࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬ ὴ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡣ ࠊ 1970 ᖺ ௦ ࡢ ࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬ ཯ 㠉 ࿨ ࡟ ᑐ ࡍ ࡿ ␗ ㄽ ὴ ࡜ࡋ ࡚ Ⓨ ⏕ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋࡑ ࢀ ࡣ ࢽ ࣗ ࣮࣭ࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬ ὴ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡟ ࡣ ᪉ ἲ ㄽ ⓗ ࡟ ᑐ ❧ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ୍ ⯡ ᆒ ⾮ ⌮ ㄽ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ⌮ ㄽ ⓗ ᰾ ࢆ Ḟ ࡃ ࡓ ࡵ ࠊ࠸ ࡃ ࡘ ࠿ ࡢ ▱ ぢ ࡜ ࣐ ࢡ ࣟ ࣔ ࢹ ࣝ ࠊᨻ
⟇ ⓗ ୺ ᙇ ࡢ ⤌ ྜ ࡏ ࡟ ⤊ ࢃ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ࡇ ࢀ ࡣ ࠊ ࣏ ࢫ ࢺ ࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢪ ࢔ ࣥ (࠶ ࡿ ࠸ ࡣ ␗ ➃ὴ ࡍ ࡭ ࡚ )࡟ ࡳ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⓗ ᇶ ♏ ௜ ࡅ ࡬ ࡢ ↓ 㛵 ᚰ ࡞ ࠸ ࡋ ୙ せ ㄽ ࡟ ㉳ ᅉ ࡍ ࡿ ࡜ ࡇࢁ ࡀ ኱ ࡁ ࠸ ࠋ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⓗ ᇶ ♏ ௜ ࡅ ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿࠕ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ࠖࡀ ୍ ⯡ ᆒ ⾮ ⌮ ㄽ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠿ ࡂ ࡾࡣ ࠊ୙ せ ㄽ ࡟ ࡣ ୍ ᐃ ࡢ ព ⩏ ࡀ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊࡑ ࢀ ࡣ ྠ ᫬ ࡟ ࣏ ࢫ ࢺ࣭ࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬ ὴ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫࡢ㝈⏺ࢆ⏬ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ ࡟ ᑐ ᢠ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ⌮ ㄽ ⓗ ᇶ ♏ ࡣ ࡝ ࡇ ࡟ ồ ࡵ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࡔ ࢁ ࠺ ࠿ ࠋࢣ ࢖ ࣥࢬ୍ࠗ⯡⌮ㄽ࠘ࡸ࢝ࣞࢶ࢟࡟ࡑࢀࢆồࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࢣ࢖ࣥࢬ཯㠉࿨ࡣࠊ᰿ ᣐ ࡢ ࡞ ࠸ ᒎ 㛤 ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࠿ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋࠗ ୍ ⯡ ⌮ ㄽ ࠘ ࡣ ࠊ ᭷ ຠ 㟂 せ ࡢ ཎ ⌮ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ㈗ 㔜 ࡞ ⪃࠼ ࢆ ᥦ ♧ ࡋ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊࡑ ࢀ ࡣ ᩚ ྜ ⓗ ࡞ ⌮ ㄽ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࡃ ࠊᆒ ⾮ ࡢ ᯟ ⤌ ࡳ ࡢ ୰ ࡟ ࠿ ࢁ࠺ࡌ࡚⣳ࡂࡔࡉࢀࡓ▱ぢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᮏ ሗ ࿌ ࡣ ࠊ୍ ⯡ ᆒ ⾮ ⌮ ㄽ ࡢ ⤒ ῭ ീ ࢆ ࡃ ࡘ ࡀ ࠼ ࡍ ௦ ᭰ ⌮ ㄽ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ⏕ ⏘ ࡢ ㈌ ᖯ ⓗ⌮ ㄽ ࡬ ࡢ ᵓ ᝿ ࢆ ᥦ ♧ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋࡑ ࢀ ࡣ ྂ ඾ ὴ ࡢࠕ ⏕ ⏘ ࡢ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࠖࢆ ᇶ ᮏ ീ ࡜ ࡋ ࠊ౯ ᱁⌮ ㄽ ࡜ ᩘ 㔞 ⌮ ㄽ ࢆ ⌧ ௦ ⓗ ࡟ ෌ ᵓ ⠏ ࡋ ࡓ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋᮏ ሗ ࿌ ࡛ ࡣ ࡜ ࡃ ࡟ ➨ 3 ⠇ ࡛ ᐇ≀ ⤒ ῭ ࡜ 㔠 ⼥ ⤒ ῭ ࡜ ࡢ ᥋ ྜ ཎ ⌮ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࣟ ࣂ ࣮ ࢺ ࢯ ࣭ࣥᒸ ⏣ ࡢ ᜏ ➼ ᘧ ࢆ ྲྀ ࡾ ୖ ࡆ ࡿ ࠋ1ᮏ ᩥ ୰ ౛ ド ⓗ ࡞ ࡶ ࡢ ࡣ ࠊ PTT ࡛ ᥦ ♧ ࡍ ࡿ ࡟ ␃ ࡵ ࡿ ࠋ (*.*)ࡣ ࠊ ሗ ࿌ PPT ࡢ 㡯 ␒ ྕ ࠋ

1

1. ࣏ ࢫ ࢺ ࣭ ࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬ ὴ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡢ ⌧ ≧ᮏ ⠇ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ࣏ ࢫ ࢺ 㺃ࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬ ὴ (PK)⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡢ ⌧ ≧ ࢆ ཯ ┬ ⓗ ࡟ ྲྀ ࡾ ୖ ࡆ ࡿ ࠋ ࢃ ࡓ ࡋ⮬ ㌟ ࠊ ࢫ ࣛ ࢵ ࣇ ࢕ ࢔ ࣥ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ PK ࡢ ୍ ➃ ࡟ ᒓ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ PK ࡢ ⌧ ≧ ࡟ ࡣ ᢈ ุⓗ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ࡑ ࡢ ⌮ ⏤ ࡣ ࠊṇ ࡋ ࠸ ▱ ぢ ࡣ ࠶ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࡢ ࠊPK ࡢ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡀ ࡑ ࠺ ࡌ ࡚ ࣐ ࢡࣟࣔࢹࣝ࡜ᨻ⟇ⓗ୺ᙇࡢ⤌ྜࡏ࡟⤊ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ
PK ࡣ ࠊ 1970 ᖺ ௦ ࡢ ࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬ ཯ 㠉 ࿨ ࡟ ᑐ ࡍ ࡿ ཯ ᛂ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡀ 2
ศ ⿣ ࡋ ࡓ ⤖ ᯝ ⏕ ࡲ ࢀ ࡓ (1.2)ࠋ ࢽ ࣗ ࣮ 㺃ࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬ ὴ (NK)⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡣ ࠊ ᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ ⤒ ῭Ꮫ ࡢ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⌮ ㄽ ࢆ ᇶ ᮏ ⓗ ࡟ ཷ ࡅ ධ ࢀ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ᇶ ♏ ࡢ ୖ ࡟ ࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬ ࡢ ᵓ ᝿ ࢆ ⏕ ࠿ ࡑ ࠺࡜ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋࠕ ࣐ ࢡ ࣟ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡢ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⓗ ᇶ ♏ ࠖ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ◊ ✲ ࣉ ࣟ ࢢ ࣛ ࣒ ࡣ ࠊ ࡶ ࡜ ࡶ ࡜
Clower ࡸ ᰿ ᓊ 㝯 ࡞ ࡝ ࠊࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬ ὴ ࡢ ୰ ࠿ ࡽ ⏕ ࡲ ࢀ ࡓ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋPK ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡣ ࠊ᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡟ ᇶ ♏ ࢆ ồ ࡵ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ཯ ᑐ ࡍ ࡿ ୰ ࠿ ࡽ ⏕ ࡲ ࢀ ࡓ ࠋࡋ ࡓ ࡀ ࡗ࡚ ࠊPK ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡣ ࠊ౫ ᣐ ࡜ ࡍ ࡭ ࡁ ᇶ ♏ ⌮ ㄽ ࢆ ᣢ ࡓ ࡞ ࠿ ࡗ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ≧ ἣ ࡢ ㄆ ㆑ ࢆࡵ ࡄ ࡗ ࡚ ஧ ࡘ ࡢ ❧ ሙ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋᇶ ♏ ⓗ ⌮ ㄽ ࢆ ᚲ せ ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࡜ ୙ せ ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ࡿ ࠋࡉ ࡽ ࡟ ࠊᇶ ♏ ࢆ ᚲ せ ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࡿ ሙ ྜ ࡟ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ⌮ ㄽ ࡣ ࡞ ࡟ ࠿ ࠊࡍ ࡛ ࡟ ࠶ ࡿ࠿࡞࠸࠿ࠊ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡢ㐪࠸࣭ᑐ❧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋሗ ࿌ ⪅ ࡢ ❧ ሙ ࡣ ࠊ (1)ᇶ ♏ ⌮ ㄽ ࡣ ᚲ せ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ (2)ࡑ ࡢ ᇶ ♏ ⌮ ㄽ ࡣ ࠊ ⌧ ௦ ྂ ඾ ὴ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࡍ ࡛ ࡟ ᴫ ᡂ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠊ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࡣ ཝ ᐦ ࡟ ࠸ ࠼ ࡤ ࠊ࣑ࢡ ࣟ ⓗ ᇶ ♏ ௜ ࡅ ࡀ ᚲ せ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ⪃ ࠼ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࢆ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ࠊ࣐ ࢡ ࣟ ࡢ ஧ 㡿 ᇦ ࡟ศࡅࠊࡑࡢ୍᪉ࡀ௚᪉࠿ࡽ⊂❧࡛࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼⮬య࡟཯ᑐࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ ࠿ ࡋ ࠊPK ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡀ ᇶ ᮏ ⓗ ࡟ ࣐ ࢡ ࣟ ࡢ ⌧ ㇟ ㄽ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ⌧ ≧ ࢆ ⪃ ៖ ࡍ ࡿ ࡞ ࡽ ࠊPK ࡟ ⌧ ᅾ Ḟ ࡅ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ᇶ ♏ ⌮ ㄽ ࡣ ࠊ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⌮ ㄽ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ࡢ ࡀ ศ ࠿ ࡾ ࡸ ࡍ ࠸ ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ ࠺ ⪃ ࠼ ࡿ ࠾ ࡶ ࡞ ⌮ ⏤ ࡣ ஧ ࡘ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ➨ ୍ ࡢ ⌮ ⏤ ࡣ ࠊPK ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡀ ഴ ྥ ἲ ๎ ࢆ ↓ᢈ ุ ⓗ ࡟ ⏝ ࠸ ࡓ ὸ ࠸ ศ ᯒ ࡟ ⤊ ࢃ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ุ ᩿ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⓗ ᇶ ♏ ௜ ࡅ ୙
せ ㄽ ࡀ ࠊ⤒ ῭ ࡢ ᇶ ♏ 㐣 ⛬ ࢆ ὀ ど ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡞ ࡃ ࠊ⤒ ῭ ඲ య 㐣 ⛬ ࡀ ⌮ ゎ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ㄗ ゎ ࢆ ᣍ ࠸ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ➨ ஧ ࡢ ⌮ ⏤ ࡣ ࠊ᪉ ἲ ࡢ ㆟ ㄽ ࡀ ⌮ ㄽ ⓗ ᇶ ♏ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠿ ࡢ ㄗ ゎ ࡀ ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨ ୍ ࡢ ⌮ ⏤ ࡀ ࡶ ࡗ ࡜ ࡶ 㔜 せ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊࡲ ࡎ ➨ ஧ ࡢ ⌮ ⏤ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ㄝ ᫂ ࡋ ࡚ ࠾ ࡇ ࠺ ࠋ᪉ ἲ ㄽ ⓗ ࡞ ❧ ሙ ࡢ ☜ ㄆ ࡣ ࠊPK ࡀ NK ࡟ ᑐ ࡋ ࡚ ⮬ ᕫ ࢆ ☜ ❧ ࡍ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࡟ ᚲ せ ࡞ ࡶ ࡢ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ᪉ ἲ ⓗ ୺ ᙇ ࢆ ⧞ ࡾ ᗈ ࡆ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ⌮ ㄽ ⓗ ᇶ ♏ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ࢃ ࡅ ࡛2ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ᪉ ἲ ࡸ ❧ ሙ ࡢ ୺ ᙇ ࡣ ࠊ⌮ ㄽ ᙧ ᡂ ࡢ ど Ⅼ࣭❧ ሙ ࢆ ୚ ࠼ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡚ ࠊ⌮ㄽࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ M. Lavoie (2014)ࢆ ྲྀ ࡾ ୖ ࡆ ࡼ ࠺ ࠋ ࡇ ࢀ ࡣ ࠊ 650 ࣌ ࣮ ࢪ ࢆ ㉸ ࠼ ࡿ ኱෉ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ ๓ ⴭ ࡢ Lavoie(1992)ࡢ ୙ ඘ ศ ࡞ ࡜ ࡇ ࢁ ࢆ ༑ ศ ࡞ ᳨ ウ ࢆ ⤒ ࡚ ࡲ ࡜ ࡵ ࡓࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ⾲ 㢟 ࡟ New Foundations ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ᩥ ゝ ࢆ ྵ ࡴ ࡀ ࠊ⌮ ㄽ ⓗ ᇶ ♏ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ࡣ ࠊ ࠸ ࡲ ࡔ ᪉ ἲ ࡜ ๓ ᥦ ࡢ ㆟ ㄽ ࡟ ⤊ ࢃ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ (࡜ ࡃ ࡟ ➨ 1 ❶ ࠕ ␗ ➃ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ PK ⤒῭ Ꮫ ࡢ ᮏ ㉁ ࠖ )ࠋ ࡓ ࡜ ࠼ ࡤ ࠊ ᪉ ἲ ㄽ ⓗ ཎ Ꮚ ㄽ (Atomism)ࢆ ᢈ ุ ࡋ ࡚ ࣃ ࣛ ࢻ ࢵ ࢡ ࢫ(Table 1.4ࠊp.17)ࢆ 8 ࡘ ิ ᣲ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋྜ ᡂ ࡢ ㄗ ㅸ ࢆ ᣦ ᦬ ࡋ ࠊ᪉ ἲ ㄽ ⓗ ཎ Ꮚ ㄽ ࡟ㄽ 㥍 ࡍ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࡋ ࠿ ࡋ ࠊࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡀ ࣃ ࣛ ࢻ ࢵ ࢡ ࢫ ࡟ ぢ ࠼ ࡿ ࡢ ࡣ ࠊ࣐ ࢡ ࣟ ⤒ ῭Ꮫ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࡢ PK ࡢ ᛶ ᱁ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ࠋཎ ౯ ࠊ㈇ മ ࠊྪ Ⴇ ࡢ ࣃ ࣛ ࢻ ࢵ ࢡ ࢫ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ࠸ ࡃࡽ ࠿ ㄝ ᫂ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ௚ ࡢ ࣃ ࣛ ࢻ ࢵ ࢡ ࢫ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊ⡆ ༢ ࡞ ㄝ ᫂ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࡔ ࡅ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࡑ ࢀ ࡽ ࡀ ᡂ ❧ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࢆ ♧ ࡍ ල య ⓗ ศ ᯒ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ඲ య ほ ࡀ ࠶ ࢀ ࡤ ࠊṇ ࡋ ࠸ ㄆ ㆑ ࡣ┤ ほ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࢁ ࠺ ࠿ ࠋ⚾ ぢ ࡟ ࡼ ࢀ ࡤ ࠊࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡢ ࣃ ࣛ ࢻ ࢵ ࢡ ࢫ ࡢ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡇࡑ ࠊ⤒ ῭ ୺ య ࡢ ⾜ ື ࡜ ⤒ ῭ ࡢ ⥲ 㐣 ⛬ ࢆ ⤖ ࡪ ᵓ ᡂ ⓗ ⌮ ㄽ ࡀ ᚲ せ ࡞ ࡇ ࡜ ࢆ ♧ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋࡼ ࡾ ᰿ ᮏ ⓗ ࡞ ၥ 㢟 ࡣ ࠊPK ࡢ ከ ࡃ ࡢ Ꮫ ⪅ ࡀ ᇶ ♏ ⌮ ㄽ ࡢ Ḟ ዴ ࢆ ឤ ࡌ ࡚ ࠸ ࡞ ࠸ ࡇ ࡜࡟ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࡇ ࡟ ➨ ୍ ࡢ ⌮ ⏤ ࡀ 㛵 ಀ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࡢ ኱ ࡁ ࡞ ၥ 㢟 ࡢ ୍ 㒊 ࡟ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⓗ ᇶ ♏ ௜ࡅࢆ࡝࠺ᤊ࠼ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⓗ ᇶ ♏ ௜ ࡅ ࡀ ᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⌮ ㄽ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠿ ࡂ ࡾ ࠊPK ࡀ ࡑ ࢀ ࡟ ㈶ ᡂ ࡛ ࡁ࡞ ࠸ ࡢ ࡣ ᙜ ↛ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ࡛ ࡣ ࡝ ࠺ ࡍ ࡿ ࠿ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ Ⅼ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊPK ෆ 㒊 ࡟ ୍ ⮴ ࡋࡓ ព ぢ ࡀ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⓗ ᇶ ♏ ௜ ࡅ ࢆ ࡵ ࡄ ࡿ PK ෆ ࡢ ከ ᵝ ࡞ ⪃ ࠼ ᪉ ࢆ ぢ ࡿ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊKing (2013) ➨ 8 ❶ ࡀ ཧ ⪃ ࡟ ࡞ ࡿ ࠋ King (2013)ࡣ ࠊ ⾲ 㢟 ࡀ ♧ ࡍ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ࠕ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟⓗ ᇶ ♏ ௜ ࡅ ࠖ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ほ ᛕ ࢆ ᢈ ุ ࡋ ࡓ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ⌮ ⏤ ࡣ ࠊ࣐ ࢡ ࣟ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡣ(┦ ᑐ ⓗ ࡟ )⮬ ❧ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ุ ᩿ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ 2 ࠋ➨ 8 ❶ࠕ ␗ ㄽ ⪅ ࡓ ࡕ I: ࣏ ࢫ ࢺ ࢣ ࢖ ࣥࢪ ࢔ ࣥ ࠖ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⓗ ᇶ ♏ ௜ ࡅ ࡟ ᑐ ࡍ ࡿ PK ࡢ ከ ᵝ ࡞ ཯ ᛂ ࡀ ⤂ ௓ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ(1.3)ࠋ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⓗ ᇶ ♏ ௜ ࡅ ࡀ ᚲ せ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ㄽ ⪅ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊDavidson, FeiwelࠊTopolowskiࠊ
SardoniࠊDutt ࡞ ࡝ ࡀ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋࡋ ࠿ ࡋ ࠊ࡞ ࡟ ࢆ ࡶ ࡗ ࡚ ᇶ ♏ ௜ ࡅ ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ࠿ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀពぢࡢ㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࣑ࢡࣟⓗᇶ♏௜ࡅࡣࡍ࡛࡟࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺❧ሙ࠿ࡽࠊKing(2013)ࡣ ࠊ (1)࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⓗ ᇶ ♏ ௜ ࡅ ࡀ ᚲ せ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ⪃ ࠼ ࡟ ཯ ᑐ ࡋ ࠊ (2)᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ ࣑ࢡࣟ⌮ㄽࡼࡾඃࢀࡓ⌮ㄽࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠊᵓ⠏࡛ࡁࡿࠊᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺୺ᙇࡶࡲࡕࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ ࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ (p.4)ࠋ ࡋ ࡓ ࡀ ࡗ ࡚ ࠊ ሗ ࿌ ⪅ ࡢ ❧ ሙ ࡜ ࡣ ṇ ཯ ᑐ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ23

Davidson ࡣ Marshall ࡜ Keynes ࡛ ༑ ศ ࠊ Feiwel ࡣ Kalecki ࡟ ࡣ ᇶ ♏ ⌮ ㄽ ࡀ ࠶ࡿ ࠊTopolowski ࡣ Minsky ࡟ ࡣ ᕷ ሙ 㐣 ⛬ ࡟ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ᇶ ♏ ⌮ ㄽ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ
Sardoni ࡣ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⓗ ᇶ ♏ ௜ ࡅ ࡣ ᚲ せ ࡔ ࡀ ࠊࡑ ࢀ ࡣ ᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ ⌮ ㄽ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ࡶࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ Dutt ࡣ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ࡜ ࣐ ࢡ ࣟ ࡢ ୧ ⌮ ㄽ ࡢ ᩚ ྜ ⓗ ࡞ ⤫ ྜ ࢆ ᚲ せ ࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࡟ ᑐ ࡋ ࠊ᫂ ☜ ࡞ ཯ ᑐ ὴ ࡜ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡓ ࡕ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊSraffaࠊPasinettiࠊ
Shackleࠊ Godleyࠊ Rothschild ࡞ ࡝ ࡀ ᣲ ࡆ ࡽ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ၥ 㢟 ࡣ ࠊ ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡢ ⤒ ῭Ꮫ ⪅ ࡓ ࡕ ࡀ ࠊ ࡞ ࡐ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⓗ ᇶ ♏ ௜ ࡅ ࡟ ཯ ᑐ ࡞ ࡢ ࠿ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ෆ ᐜ ࡛ ࠶ ࢁ ࠺ ࠋ Sraffa
ࡸ Pasinetti ࡣ ࠊ (࣐ ࣮ ࢩ ࣕ ࣝ ࢆ ྵ ࡴ )᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⓗ ᇶ ♏
௜ ࡅ ࡟ ཯ ᑐ ࡞ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊࡑ ࢀ ࡜ ࡣ ࡲ ࡗ ࡓ ࡃ ␗ ࡞ ࡿ ᇶ ♏ ⌮ ㄽ ࡀ ᚲ せ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ࠿ ࡘ ࡍ࡛ ࡟ ࠶ ࡿ ࡚ ࠸ ࡝ ᵓ ⠏ ࡛ ࡁ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ❧ ሙ ࡟ ❧ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡜ ᛮ ࢃ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ Sraffa ࡣKeynes ࡜ ぶ ࡋ ࠿ ࡗ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊࠗ ୍ ⯡ ⌮ ㄽ ࠘ ࡟ ࡣ ෭ ῐ ࡔ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ࡑ ࡢ ୺ ࡞ ⌮ ⏤ ࡣ ࠊࠗ ୍ ⯡⌮ ㄽ ࠘࡟ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬ ࡀ (࣐ ࣮ ࢩ ࣕ ࣝ ὶ ࡛ ࠶ ࢀ )ᆒ ⾮ ⌮ ㄽ ࢆ ᥇ ⏝ ࡋ ࡓ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࠶ ࡿࡔ ࢁ ࠺ 3ࠋKing ࡀ ᣦ ᦬ ࡍ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ࠊ PK ࡢ ከ ᩘ ⪅ ࡣ ࠊ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⓗ ᇶ ♏ ௜ ࡅ ࡟ ᭕ ᫕ ࡞ ែ ᗘ ࢆ࡜ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ࡑ ࡢ ⌮ ⏤ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ (1)࡜ ࡃ ࡟ Ⓨ ゝ ࡍ ࡿ ࡔ ࡅ ࡢ ᮦ ᩱ ࡀ ࡞ ࠸ ࠊ (2)࡜ ࡃ ࡟ၥ 㢟 ࡟ ࡍ ࡿ ࡔ ࡅ ࡢ 㔜 せ ࡉ ࡀ ࡞ ࠸ ࠊ ࡢ ࡩ ࡓ ࡘ ࡀ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ (1)ࡣ (2)ࡢ ᖐ ⤖ ࠿ ࡶࡋ ࢀ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ ከ ࡃ ࡢ ே ࡣ ࠊ King ࡜ ࠾ ࡞ ࡌ ࡃ ࠊ ࣐ ࢡ ࣟ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡣ ࡜ ࡃ ࡟ ᇶ ♏ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ⌮ㄽ ࢆ ࡶ ࡓ ࡞ ࡃ ࡚ ࡶ ࠊ ⮬ ❧ ࡋ ࡓ ศ 㔝 ࡟ ࡞ ࡾ ࠺ ࡿ ࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࢁ ࠺ 4ࠋ
᪤ ㏙ ࡢ ࡜ ࠾ ࡾ NK ࡜ PK ࡜ ࡢ ศ ᒱ ࡣ ࠊ᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ ⓗ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⓗ ᇶ ♏ ௜ ࡅ ࢆ ཷ ࡅ ධ ࢀࡿ ࠿ ࠸ ࡞ ࠿ ࡟ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊᇶ ♏ ⌮ ㄽ ࢆ Ḟ ࠸ ࡓ ࡲ ࡲ PK ࡀ ᥎ ⛣ ࡋ ࡚ ࡁ ࡓ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ࡇ ࡢ Ꮫὴ ࡢ Ꮫ ၥ ⓗ ᙅ ࡉ ࡜ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ⡆ ༢ ࡟ ࠸ ࠼ ࡤ ࠊNK ࡣ ࠊMankiw ࡢ ࣓ ࢽ ࣗ ࣮࣭ ࢥࢫ ࢺ ㄽ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ࠊ࡞ ࡐ ౯ ᱁ ࡀ ◳ ┤ ⓗ ࠿ ࢆ ㄝ ᫂ ࡍ ࡿ ⌮ ㄽ ࢆ ᣢ ࡗ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊPK ࡣ ࡞ ࡟ ࡶ࠸ ࠼ ࡞ ࠸ ࡲ ࡲ ᬯ 㯲 ⿹ ࡟ ᅛ ᐃ ౯ ᱁ ࢆ ๓ ᥦ ࡍ ࡿ ࠿ ࠊ᰿ ᣐ ࡞ ࡃ ౯ ᱁ ࡣ 㛵 ಀ ࡞ ࠸ ࡜ ୺ ᙇ ࡏࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
PK ࡀ ᇶ ♏ ⌮ ㄽ ࢆ ࡶ ࡕ ࠼ ࡞ ࠿ ࡗ ࡓ ࡶ ࠺ ࡦ ࡜ ࡘ ࡢ Ṕ ྐ ⓗ せ ᅉ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊࢫ ࣛ ࢵ ࣇ ࢓ὴ ࡢ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࢫ ࣛ ࢵ ࣇ ࢓ ὴ ࡢ ከ ᩘ ࡣ ࠊࢫ ࣛ ࢵ ࣇ ࢓ ࡢ ౯ ᱁ య ⣔ ࡀ Long period
analysis ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ❧ ሙ ࢆ ࡜ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࡣ ཎ ⌮ ୺ ⩏ ⓗ ࡞ ᑐ ᛂ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊPK ඲ య
3ࢫࣛࢵࣇ࢓ࡢ㑇✏ࡢᩚ⌮࣭බ㛤ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠾ࡾࠊࡇࢇࡈᩥ⊩࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡼࡾヲ⣽࡞⌮⏤ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
4 King(2013)ࡣ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ⪅ ࡢ ከ ࡃ ࡀ ࠊ ࡑ ࡢ ሗ ࿌ ࡟ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⓗ ᇶ ♏ ࡢ ࡞ ࠸ ࡇ ࡜ ࢆ ᘚ ゎ ࡍ ࡿࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࠸ ࡽ ࡔ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ (p.4)ࡀ ࠊ ࡑ ࡇ ࡟ PK ࡢ Ꮫ ⪅ ࡀ ࡝ ࢀ ࡔ ࡅ ྵ ࡲ ࢀ ࡿ ࠿ ุ ↛ ࡜ ࡋ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ4࡟ ᑐ ࡋ ࠊ୙ ᖾ ࡞ Ṕ ྐ ࢆ స ࡗ ࡓ ࠋࢫ ࣛ ࢵ ࣇ ࢓ ࡢ ౯ ᱁ ⌮ ㄽ ࡀ Long period ࡋ ࠿ ᢅ ࠼ ࡞࠸ ࡢ ࡞ ࡽ ࠊ▷ ᮇ ࡞ ࠸ ࡋ ୰ ᮇ ࡢ ౯ ᱁ ࡟ 㛵 ಀ ࡍ ࡿ ศ ᯒ ࡣ ࠊ࠸ ࠿ ࡟ ࡋ ࡚ ྍ ⬟ ࡛ ࠶ ࢁ ࠺ ࠿ ࠋྂ ඾ ὴ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡣ ࠊ㛗 ᮇ ࡟ ࡣ ⏕ ⏘ ㈝ ࡀ ౯ ᱁ ࢆ Ỵ ࡵ ࠊ▷ ᮇ ࡟ ࡣ 㟂 ⤥ ࡛ ౯ ᱁ ࡀ ࡁ ࡲ ࡿ ࡜࠸ ࠺ ඲ య ീ ࢆ ᣢ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊࡶ ࡋ ࡇ ࡢ ඲ య ീ ࢆ ࢫ ࣛ ࢵ ࣇ ࢓ ከ ᩘ ὴ ࡶ ᥇ ⏝ ࡍ ࡿ ࡞ ࡽࡤ ࠊ▷ ᮇ ࡢ ౯ ᱁ ࡣ ࠸ ࠿ ࡟ Ỵ ࡲ ࡿ ࠿ ࠊ㐠 ື ࡍ ࡿ ࠿ ࠊ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ⌮ ㄽ ၥ 㢟 ࡀ ⏕ ࡎ ࡿ ࠋࡑ ࡇ࡟ ࡣ ⮬ ศ ࡓ ࡕ ࡢ ⌮ ㄽ ࡀ ࡞ ࠸ ࡜ ㄆ ࡵ ࡿ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࢁ ࠺ ࠿ ࠋ᪤ Ꮡ ࡢ ⌮ ㄽ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊWalras࠿ ࡽ Arrow & Debreu ࡬ ࡢ ὶ ࢀ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊࡑ ࢀ ࡣ ᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ ࡢ ⌮ ㄽ ࡟ ௚ ࡞ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋࡑ ࢀ ࡣ ࡲ ࡕ ࡀ ࠸ ࡔ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ࡞ ࡽ ࠊึ Ṍ ⓗ ࡞ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࢀ ࠊ᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ ౯ ᱁ ⌮ ㄽ ࡟ ௦ ࢃ ࡿ⌮ ㄽ ࢆ ᥦ ㉳ ࡍ ࡿ ᚲ せ ࡀ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ⌮ ㄽ ࡢ ✵ ⓑ ࡣ ࠊ୰ ❧ ࡛ ࡣ ࠶ ࡾ ࠼ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋࡓ ࡜ ࠼ ࡲ ࡕࡀࡗࡓ⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࢀࠊ⌮ㄽࡣ✵ⓑࡼࡾࡣᙉຊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
Pierangelo Garegnani ࢆ ୰ ᚰ ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ࢫ ࣛ ࢵ ࣇ ࢓ ከ ᩘ ὴ ࡀ ཎ ⌮ ୺ ⩏ ࣭ ㆤ ᩍ ୺ ⩏ⓗ ែ ᗘ ࢆ ࡜ ࡾ ࠊᚲ せ ࡞ ▷ ᮇ ࣭ ୰ ᮇ ࡢ ౯ ᱁ ⌮ ㄽ ࢆ ᒎ 㛤 ࡋ ࡞ ࠿ ࡗ ࡓ ࡇ ࡜ ࡣ ࠊPK ෆ 㒊࡟ ࢫ ࣛ ࢵ ࣇ ࢓ ᤼ 㝖 ࡢ ື ࡁ ࢆ 㔊 ᡂ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋ Lavoie (2014 pp.39-40.) ࡸ 㘠 ᓥ (2017pp.30-32)ࡣ ࠊ 21 ୡ ⣖ ࡟ ධ ࡾ PK ࠿ ࡽ ࢫ ࣛ ࢵ ࣇ ࢓ ὴ ࢆ ᤼ 㝖 ࡍ ࡭ ࡁ ࡔ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ື ࡁ ࡀ㢧ᅾ໬ࡋࡓ࡜ఏ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ࠶ࡿព࿡ࠊ࡜࠺ࡐࢇࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡶ࠸࠼ࡿࠋࢫ ࣛ ࢵ ࣇ ࢓ ከ ᩘ ὴ ࡀ ⥔ ᣢ ࡋ ࡼ ࠺ ࡋ ࡓ ౯ ᱁ ⌮ ㄽ ࡣ ࠊPK ࡀ ၥ 㢟 ࡟ ࡍ ࡿ ㄢ 㢟 ࡢ ศ ᯒ ࡟ࡣ↓⏝ࡢ㛗≀࡛ࡋ࠿࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋṧ ᛕ ࡞ ࡀ ࡽ ࠊࡇ ࢀ ࡀ Ṕ ྐ ࡢ ஦ ᐇ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊࡍ ࡃ ࡞ ࡃ ࡜ ࡶ ௒ ᚋ ࠊࡇ ࡢ Ṕ ྐ ࢆ ኚ ࠼ࡿ ࡭ ࡁ ࡔ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ࡢ ࡀ ⚾ ࡢ ❧ ሙ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࡌ ࡌ ࡘ ࠊRicardo-Sraffa ࡢ ౯ ᱁ ⌮ ㄽ ࡣ ࠊ▷ᮇ ࡢ ⌮ ㄽ ࡟ ࡶ ᣑ ᙇ ࡋ ࠺ ࡿ ࡋ ࠊࡉ ࡽ ࡟ ࡣ PK ࡀ ᚲ せ ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ᩘ 㔞 ㄪ ⠇ 㐣 ⛬ ࡢ ᇶ ♏ ⌮ ㄽࢆ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࡑ ࢀ ࡽ ࢆ ⥲ ⛠ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊࢃ ࡓ ࡋ ࡣ ⌧ ௦ ྂ ඾ ὴ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡜ ࿧ ࢇ ࡛ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋࡑ ࡢ ࡇ ࡜ࢆ ከ ࡃ ࡢ PK ࡟ ⌮ ゎ ࡋ ࡚ ࡶ ࡽ ࠸ ࡓ ࠸ ࠋ⌧ ௦ ྂ ඾ ὴ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡢ ୰ ᰾ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ࡢ ࡀ ྂ ඾ ὴ౯್ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢᴫせ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ➨ 2 ⠇࡛࡜ࡾ࠶ࡆࡿࠋࡑ ࡢ ๓ ࡟ ࠊ౯ ᱁ ⌮ ㄽ ࢆ ୰ ᰾ ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ᇶ ♏ ⌮ ㄽ ࢆ Ḟ ࡃ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ PK ࡟ ࡶ ࡓ ࡽ ࡋ ࡓ ᙅ ࡉ࡜ Ḟ ⴠ ࢆ ⡆ ༢ ࡟ ᣦ ᦬ ࡋ ࡚ ࠾ ࡇ ࠺ ࠋࡍ ࡛ ࡟ ㏙ ࡭ ࡓ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ࠊPK ࡢ ࣐ ࢡ ࣟ ศ ᯒ ࡣ ࠊ ࡑࢀ ࡀ ṇ ࡋ ࠸ ሙ ྜ ࡟ ࡶ ࠊ࡞ ࡐ ࡑ ࠺ ࡞ ࡿ ࡢ ࠿ ࡢ ᥀ ࡾ ୗ ࡆ ࡀ ὸ ࡃ ࠊ⡆ ༢ ࡟ ࠸ ࠼ ࡤ ⌧ ㇟ ㄽ࡟ ␃ ࡲ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ (1.7)ࠋ ౛ እ ⓗ ࡟ Lee(1998)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ௻ ᴗ ༢ ఩ ࡛ ࡢ ⪃ ᐹ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊṧ ᛕ ࡞ ࡀ ࡽ ࡑ ࢀ ࡣ ౯ ᱁ ௜ ࡅ ࡢ ⌮ ㄽ (theory of pricing)࡟ ⤊ ࢃ ࡗ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ ࠊ ⤒ ῭ ඲ య࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࡢ ౯ ᱁ ࡢ ศ ᯒ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ ࡇ ࡇ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ࡜ ࣐ ࢡ ࣟ ࡢ ศ ⿣ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ (1.8)ࠋ
Kalecki ࡣ ᪂ 〇 ရ ࡢ 㛤 Ⓨ ࢆ ୰ ᚰ ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ࢖ ࣀ ࣋ ࣮ ࢩ ࣙ ࣥ ࢆࠕ ࡶ ࡗ ࡜ ࡶ 㔜 せ ࡞ Ⓨ ᒎ ࡢ5㉳ ື ᅉ ࠖ (㘠 ᓥ 2017 p.265)࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊ 㘠 ᓥ (2017)࡟ ࡶ Lavoie(2014)࡟ ࡶ ࠊ ࢖ࣀ ࣋ ࣮ ࢩ ࣙ ࣥ ࡟ ᑐ ࡍ ࡿ ༑ ศ ࡞ ᒎ 㛤 ࡀ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡞ ࠸ (1.9)ࠋ ࢖ ࣀ ࣋ ࣮ ࢩ ࣙ ࣥ ࡢ ࡦ ࡜ ࡘ࡟ ᢏ ⾡ 㐍 Ṍ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋྠ ୍ 〇 ရ ࢆ ⏕ ࡳ ฟ ࡍ ஧ ᢏ ⾡ ࡢ ሙ ྜ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ඃ ຎ ࡢ ẚ ㍑ ࡣ ༢ ఩ ཎ౯ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ࠋPK ࡣ ౯ ᱁ ⌮ ㄽ ࢆ ᣢ ࡓ ࡞ ࠸ ࡓ ࡵ ࠊᢏ ⾡ 㐍 Ṍ ࢆ ᢅ ࠺ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ࡛ ࡁ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋPK࡟ ࡣ ࠊእ ᅜ ㈠ ᫆ ࡸ Ⅽ ᭰ ྲྀ ᘬ ࢆ ᝿ ᐃ ࡍ ࡿ 㛤 ᨺ ࣐ ࢡ ࣟ ⤒ ῭ ࡢ ⪃ ᐹ ࡣ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ㈠ ᫆ ⌮ ㄽࢆ ᣢ ࡓ ࡞ ࠸ ࡓ ࡵ ࡟ ࠊ⤒ ῭ ࡢ ࢢ ࣟ ࣂ ࣝ ໬ ࡞ ࡝ ࢆ ྲྀ ࡾ ୖ ࡆ ࡽ ࢀ ࡞ ࠸ ≧ ἣ ࡟ 㝗 ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ(1.10)ࠋ PK ࡀ ⌧ ௦ ⤒ ῭ ࢆ ศ ᯒ ࡍ ࡿ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ⥆ ࡅ ࡿ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ ┤ ほ ࡜ ⤫ ィ ࡟ ᇶ ࡙ࡃ ࡔ ࡅ ࡢ ࣐ ࢡ ࣟ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡛ ࡣ 㝈 ⏺ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࡢ ࡇ ࡜ ࢆ ⮬ ぬ ࡋ ࡞ ࠸ ࡞ ࡽ ࡤ ࠊ⊂ ❧ ࡢ Ꮡᅾ ឤ ࢆ ࡶ ࡗ ࡓ Ꮫ ὴ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ PK ࡀ Ꮡ ⥆ ࡋ ࡘ ࡙ ࡅ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡣ 㞴 ࡋ ࠸ ࠋ
2. ஧ ኱ ౯ ್ ㄽ ࡢ ᑐ ❧ᮏ ⠇ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ ࣑ ࢡ ࣟ ⌮ ㄽ ࡜ ࡣ ᇶ ᮏ ࣦ ࢕ ࢪ ࣙ ࣥ ࡢ ࡇ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡢ 㦵 ᱁ ࢆ ㄝ᫂ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ࡑ ࢀ ࡣ Ricardo-Sraffa ࡢ ᇶ ᮏ ⓗ ᵓ ᝿ ࡟ ᇶ ࡙ ࡃ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ
Sraffa(1960)ࡢ ᛅ ᐇ ࡞ ෌ ⌧ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࡃ ࠊ ࡑ ࡢ ᵓ ᝿ ࢆ ᪂ ࡓ ࡟ Ⓨ ᒎ ࡉ ࡏ ࡓ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࡇࡢ⌮ㄽࡣࠊ᪂ྂ඾ὴ࡜ࡇ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ౯᱁࡜ᩘ㔞ࡢ➨୍⩏ⓗ⊂❧ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࠕ ➨ ୍ ⩏ ⓗ ࠖ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ࡢ ࡣ ࠊ౯ ᱁ ࡜ ᩘ 㔞 ࡜ ࡀ ࡘ ࡡ ࡟ ⊂ ❧ ࡟ 㐠 ື ࡋ ࠺ ࡿ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ࡢ ࡛ ࡣ࡞ ࡃ ࠊ࠶ ࡿ ≉ ᐃ ࡢ ≧ ἣ ࡟ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊ୧ ⪅ ࡀ 㛵 ಀ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࢆ ᤼ 㝖 ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋࡋ ࠿ࡋ ࠊṇ ᖖ ࡜ ⛠ ࡋ ࠺ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ㏻ ᖖ ࡢ ≧ ἣ ࡟ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊ୧ ⪅ ࡀ ⊂ ❧ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ㄆ ㆑ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ ࡢ ᇶ ᮏ ⓗ ࡞ ㄆ ㆑ ࡢ ࠺ ࠼ ࡟ ࠊ౯ ᱁ ⌮ ㄽ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊ࣐ ࣮ ࢡ ࢔ ࢵ ࣉ ౯ ᱁ ௜ ࡅ ࠊᩘ㔞 ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊ᭷ ຠ 㟂 せ ࡢ ཎ ⌮ ࡀ 〇 ရ࣭௻ ᴗ ༢ ఩ ࡛ ാ ࡃ ࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࡿ ࠋ๓ ⪅ ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿࡦ ࡜ ࡘ ࡢ ⏬ ᮇ ࡣ ࠊ࢜ ࢡ ࢫ ࣇ ࢛ ࣮ ࢻ ⤒ ῭ ㄪ ᰝ (Oxford Economists’ Research Group࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ⪺ ࡁ ྲྀ ࡾ ㄪ ᰝ )ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ 5 ࠋ ࡇ ࢀ ࡣ ᭱ ึ 1930 ᖺ ௦ ᮎ ࠊ ࡍ ࡞ ࢃ ࡕ ࠗ ୍ ⯡ ⌮ ㄽ ࠘ࡢ ┤ ᚋ ࡟ ሗ ࿌ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࡇ ࡛ ௻ ᴗ ࡢ ౯ ᱁ ௜ ࡅ ࡀ ࠊ௻ ᴗ ⤒ Ⴀ ⪅ ࡀ 㐺 ṇ ࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࡿ࣐ ࣮ ࢡ ࢔ ࢵ ࣉ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ᫂ ࡽ ࠿ ࡟ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊࢫ ࣛ ࢵ ࣇ ࢓ ࢆ ྵ ࡵ ࡚ ࢣ ࣥ ࣈ ࣜ ࢵ ࢪࡢ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ⪅ ࡓ ࡕ ࡣ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ᡂ ᯝ ࢆ ࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡢ Ⓨ ᒎ ࡟ ⏕ ࠿ ࡑ ࠺ ࡜ ࡣ ࡋ ࡞ ࠿ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ
Kalecki ࡣ ࣐ ࣮ ࢡ ࢔ ࢵ ࣉ ⋡ ࡀ ⊂ ༨ ᗘ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ Ỵ ࡲ ࡿ ࡜ ࡋ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊ⊂ ༨ ᗘ ࡀ ࡝ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟

Lee (1998)ࡣ ࠊ ࢜ ࢡ ࢫ ࣇ ࢛ ࣮ ࢻ ⤒ ῭ ㄪ ᰝ ௨ ๓ ࡟ Means ࡢ ⟶ ⌮ ౯ ᱁ ࢆ ྲྀ ࡾ ୖ ࡆ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ౯᱁௜ࡅཎ⌮ࡣ᫂☜࡛࡞࠸ࠋ

5

6

Ỵࡲࡿ࠿ࠊィ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࠿ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡢ ල య ⓗ ศ ᯒ ࡣ ࡯ ࢇ ࡝ ࡞ ࠸ 6ࠋ

⌮ ㄽ ࡢ ヲ ⣽ ࡣ ┬ ␎ ࡏ ࡊ ࡿ ࢆ ᚓ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋShiozawa(2018)[➨ 2 ❶ ]࡟ ヲ ࡋ ࡃ ᒎ 㛤 ࡋ ࡚࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ࡲ ࡓ Shiozawa (2016)ࠊ ሷ ἑ (2017a, b)࡟ ࡶ ᴫ ㄝ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ グ ྕ ࡢ ㄝ ᫂ ࡶ ᭱ᑠ㝈࡟␃ࡵࡿࠋࡲ ࡎ ᇶ ᮏ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ஧ ࡘ ࡢ ౯ ್ ㄽ ࡢ ࣦ ࢕ ࢪ ࣙ ࣥ ࡢ 㐪 ࠸ ࢆ ᣦ ᦬ ࡋ ࡚ ࠾ ࡇ ࠺ ࠋࡇ ࡇ ࡟ ࠸࠺ ౯ ್ ㄽ (theory of value)࡜ ࡣ ࠊ ࣐ ࣝ ࢡ ࢫ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡀ ࡋ ࡤ ࡋ ࡤ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ほ ᐹ୙ ྍ ⬟ ࡞ ᩘ 㔞 ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࡃ ࠊ┦ ᑐ ౯ ᱁ ࡢ ࡇ ࡜ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ㈤ 㔠 ⋡ ࡜ ౯ ᱁ ࡢ ⤯ ᑐ Ỉ ‽ ࢆ Ỵ ࡵࡿ⌮ㄽ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡔࡅࡢព࿡࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪂ྂ඾ὴࡢ౯್ㄽࡣࠊ┦ᑐ౯᱁ࡀྛ㈈ ࣭ ࢧ ࣮ ࣅ ࢫ ࡢ 㟂 せ 㔞 ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ౪ ⤥ 㔞 ࢆ Ỵ ࡵ ࡿ ࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ Arrow and Debreu(1954)࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ࡉ ࡽ ࡟ ึ ᮇ ㈿ Ꮡ 㔞 ࡢ 㓄 ศ ࡸ ࠊ ౯ ᱁ ௨ እ ࡢ ᩘ 㔞 ࡟ ࡶ ౫ Ꮡ ࡉ ࡏ ࠺ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊࡑ ࢀ ࡽ ࡀ 㟂 せ 㔞࣭ ౪ ⤥ 㔞 ࢆ Ỵ ࡵ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ (㟂 せ 㛵 ᩘ ࠊ౪ ⤥ 㛵 ᩘ ࡢ Ꮡ ᅾ )ࠊ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ࡑ ࡢ୧ ⪅ ࡀ ୍ ⮴ ࡋ ࡞ ࠸ ࡜ ࡁ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ౯ ᱁ ࡞ ࡝ ࡀ ኚ ໬ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ࠸ ࢃ ࡺ ࡿ ୍ ⯡ ᆒ ⾮ ࡀ ࡞ ࡾ ࡓ ࡘ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ Ⅼ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ Walras ௨ ᮶ ࡢ ࣦ ࢕ ࢪ ࣙ ࣥ ࢆ ᘬ ࡁ ࡘ ࠸ ࡛ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࡟ ᑐ ࡋ ࠊ⌧ ௦ ໬ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ྂ ඾ ὴ ౯ ್ ㄽ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ౯ ᱁ య ⣔ ࡢ Ỵ ᐃ ࡜ ᩘ 㔞 ࡢ Ỵ ᐃ ࡜ࡣ ࠊᇶ ᮏ ⓗ ࡟ ࡣ ࡑ ࢀ ࡒ ࢀ ⊂ ❧ ࡢ స ⏝࣭ᙺ ๭ ࢆ ࡶ ࡘ ࡶ ࡢ ࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࡿ ࠋࡲ ࡎ ࠊ⤒ ῭ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊN ✀ 㢮 ࡢ ㈈࣭ࢧ ࣮ ࣅ ࢫ ࡀ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡍ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࡜ ࡋ ࡼ ࠺ ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࡣ 㠀 ᖖ ࡟ ኱ ࡁ ࠸ ࡀ ࠊ᭷ 㝈 ᩚᩘ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ㐃 ⥆ ↓ 㝈 ࢆ ࡞ ࡍ ࡇ ࡜ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋྠ ୍ ࡢ ㈈ ࡶ ㉁ ࡀ ࡕ ࡀ ࠼ ࡤ ࠊ␗ ࡞ ࡿ ㈈ ࡜ ࡳ࡞ ࡍ ࠋࡋ ࡓ ࡀ ࡗ ࡚ ࠊၥ 㢟 ࡣ ࡴ ࡋ ࢁ ྠ ୍ ㈈ ࢆ ࡵ ࡄ ࡿ ➇ த ࡢ ᴫ ᛕ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊࡇ ࡇ ࡛ ࡣ῝ධࡾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࡣࠊ㈈࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ௦ࢃࡾ⡆༢࡟㈈࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠋ௻ ᴗ ࡣ ࠊ」 ᩘ ࡢ 〇 ရ ࢆ ᣢ ࡗ ࡚ ࡼ ࠸ ࡀ ࠊࡑ ࢀ ࡒ ࢀ ࡢ 〇 ရ ࢆ ⏕ ⏘ ࡍ ࡿ ᢏ ⾡ ࢆ ୍ ࡘ ௨ୖࡶࡘ࡜ࡍࡿࠋྛ⏕⏘ᢏ⾡ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ୍ࡘࡢ㈈ࢆ⏘ฟࡍࡿࠋࡦ࡜ࡘࡢᢏ⾡ࡣࠊࡑ ࡢ ᢞ ධ ಀ ᩘ ࣋ ࢡ ࢺ ࣝ (u(h), a(h), e((h)))࡛ ⾲ ⌧ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ ࡓ ࡔ ࡋ ࠊ u(h)ࡣ ␗ ㉁ ປാ ࡀ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡍ ࡿ ሙ ྜ ࡢ ປ ാ ᢞ ධ ಀ ᩘ ࣋ ࢡ ࢺ ࣝ ࠊa(h)ࡣ ㈈ ࡢ ᢞ ධ ಀ ᩘ ࣋ ࢡ ࢺ ࣝ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊࡑ ࢀ ࡽ ࢆ ᢞ ධ ࡋ ࡚ ୍ ⏕ ⏘ ᮇ 㛫 ࡢ ࡕ ࡟ 1 ༢ ఩ ࡢ ⏕ ⏘ ≀ e(h)ࢆ ࠼ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ㈈␒ ྕ 㛵 ᩘ g ࡣ ࠊ ⏕ ⏘ ᢏ ⾡ h ࡀ ⏕ ⏘ ≀ j ࢆ ⣧ ⏘ ฟ ࡍ ࡿ 㛵 ಀ j = g(h) ࢆ ࠶ ࡽ ࢃ ࡍ ࠋᩘ 㔞 ༢ ఩ ࡣ ྛ ㈈ ࡈ ࡜ ࡟ ᐃ ࡵ ࡽ ࢀ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ ࠊ ej ࡛ j ㈈ ࡢ ୍ ༢ ఩ ࢆ ⾲ ࡍ ࡜ ࡍ ࢀ ࡤ ࠊe(h)=e g(h ) ࡜ ᭩ ࡃ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࠋ ⏕ ⏘ ᢏ ⾡ h ࢆ ࡶ ࡘ ௻ ᴗ ࡣ ࠊ ࡍ ࡛ ࡟ ᵓ ⠏ ࡋ ࡓ ⏕ ⏘ᐜ 㔞 ෆ ࡛ s࣭ (u(h), a(h)) ࢆ ᢞ ධ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ ⏕ ⏘ ≀ ࢆ s࣭ e(h) ༢ ఩ ࠼ ࡿ ࠋ ࡝ ࡢ ᢏ ⾡ ࡟
Kalecki ࡢ ⪃ ࠼ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ ࠿ ࡞ ࡾ ࡢ ኚ 㑄 ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ Lee(1998)➨ 3 㒊 ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ Cambridge ࡢ ᥖ ㍕Ꮫ⪅㐩࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆྵࡵ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ㛫ࡢ஦᝟ࡢゎㄝࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
6

7

㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ศ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊኚᩘ h ࢆ┬␎ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
⤒ ῭ ඲ య ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊ௵ ព ࡢ ㈈ ࢆ ⏕ ⏘ ࡍ ࡿ ᢏ ⾡ ࡀ ࡍ ࡃ ࡞ ࡃ ࡜ ࡶ 1 ࡘ ࠊ୍ ⯡ ࡟ ࡣ 」
ᩘᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ⤒῭඲య࡛ࡣ୍⯡࡟ N ࡼࡾ኱ࡁ࠸ H ࡔࡅࡢ⏕⏘ᢏ⾡ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ⏕ ⏘ ᢏ ⾡ ࡢ 㞟 ྜ ѷ ࡣ ࠊᢞ ධ ಀ ᩘ ࡜ ⏘ ฟ ಀ ᩘ ࢆ ࡞ ࡽ ࡭ ࡓ 3 ࡘ ࡢ ⾜ ิ U , A ,J ࡛ ⾲ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡣ ࠊ⏕ ⏘ ᢏ ⾡ ࡟ 㐺 ᙜ ࡞ ␒ ྕ ࢆ ௜ ࡅ ࡚ ࠊu( h ), a( h ), e( h )ࢆ ➨h ⾜ ࡟ ࡞ ࡽ ࡭ ࡓ ࡶ ࡢ ࡜ ⌮ ゎ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋࡑ ࢀ ࡒ ࢀ H ⾜ L ิ ࠊH ⾜ N ิ ࠊH ⾜ N ิ ࡢ 㛗᪉⾜ิ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊL ࡣ␗㉁ປാࡢ඲✀㢮ࢆࡉࡍࠋ
Sraffa ࡢ ౯ ᱁ య ⣔ ࡣ ࠊ U , A , J ࡜ ฼ ₶ ⋡ ࡜ ࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ つ ᐃ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ ࡇ ࡇ ࡛ ࡣ ࡑ࠺ ࠸ ࠺ ᪉ ἲ ࢆ ྲྀ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋྛ ௻ ᴗ ࡣ ࠊࡑ ࡢ 〇 ရ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ୍ ᐃ ࡢ ࣐ ࣮ ࢡ ࢔ ࢵ ࣉ ⋡ ࢆ ᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࣐࣮ࢡ࢔ࢵࣉ⋡ࡣࠊ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚␗࡞ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡑࡢሙྜࠊ௻ᴗࡈ࡜࡟〇ရࡀᕪูࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜᝿ᐃࡍࡿࠋ⏕⏘ᢏ⾡ࡀࡇ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ࣐ ࣮ ࢡ ࢔ ࢵ ࣉ ⋡ ࡶ ࡇ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ⤖ ᯝ ࠊ஧ ࡘ ࡢ ௻ ᴗ ࡣ ࠾ ࡞ ࡌ ၟ ရ ࡟ ␗ ࡞ ࡿ 〇 ရ ౯ ᱁ ࢆ ࡘࡅ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࡞ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ሙ ྜ ࠊ㉎ ㈙ ⪅ ࡣ ࡑ ࡢ ౯ ᱁ ᕪ (ࡼ ࡾ ཝ ᐦ ࡟ ࡣ ౯ ᱁ ẚ )ࢆ ཧ ⪃࡟ ࡋ ࡚ ࡝ ࡕ ࡽ ௻ ᴗ ࡢ 〇 ရ ࢆ ㈙ ࠺ ࠿ Ỵ ᐃ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋྠ ✀ ၟ ရ ࡛ タ ᐃ ౯ ᱁ ࡀ 㧗 ࡅ ࢀ ࡤ ࠊ㏻
ᖖ ࡣ 㧗 ࠸ 〇 ရ ࡢ 㟂 せ 㔞 ࡜ ㈍ ኎ 㔞 ࡜ ࡣ Ᏻ ࠸ 〇 ရ ࡟ ẚ ࡭ ࡚ ᑠ ࡉ ࠸ ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡣ ࠊ௻ ᴗ ࡈ࡜ ࡢ ⏕ ⏘ 㔞 ࡢ ㄪ ⠇ ࡢ ၥ 㢟 ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ࠋࡋ ࠿ ࡋ ࠊࡇ ࡇ ࡛ ࡣ ྠ ୍ 〇 ရ ࡣ ྠ ୍ ࡢ ࣐ ࣮ ࢡ ࢔ ࢵࣉ⋡ࢆࡶࡘ࡜௬ᐃࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ⏕ ⏘ ᢏ ⾡ h ࢆ ᣦ ᐃ ࡋ ࡓ ࡜ ࡁ ࠊ ࡑ ࢀ ࡀ ⣧ ⏕ ⏘ ࡍ ࡿ 〇 ရ ࡢ ࣐ ࣮ ࢡ ࢔ ࢵ ࣉ ⋡ ࢆ m (h)࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࡢ ࡜ ࡁ ࠊH ⾜ H ิ ࡢ ⾜ ิ ࡛ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ᑐ ゅ せ ⣲ ࡀ m (h)࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࢆ M ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ⾜ิ I ࡣࠊ࠾࡞ࡌ H ⾜ H ิࡢ༢఩⾜ิ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
㈤㔠⋡࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ♫఍ࡢ័⾜࡟ࡼࡾ␗࡞ࡿປാຊࡢ㈤㔠⋡ࡀỴࡲࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊṇ ࡢ ⦪ ࣋ ࢡ ࢺ ࣝ w = (w1, w2, … , wL) ࡛ ⾲ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ⌧ ᐇ ⓗ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ ┦ᑐ ㈤ 㔠 ⋡ ࡢ ࡳ ࡀ ័ ⾜ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ Ỵ ࡲ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ࡯ ࠺ ࡀ ୍ ⯡ ⓗ ࡛ ࠶ ࢁ ࠺ ࡀ ࠊࡇ ࡇ ࡛
ࡣ ㈤ 㔠 ⋡ ࡢ ⤯ ᑐ Ỉ ‽ ࡣ ື ࡁ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ࡜ ࡃ ࡟ ศ ᯒ ࡋ ࡞ ࠸ ࡢ ࡛ ࠊ w1, … , wL ࡞ ࡝ࡣປാ༢఩࠶ࡓࡾࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ✀㢮ࡈ࡜ࡢ㈌ᖯ㈤㔠࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࠊḟࡢ᭱ᑠ౯᱁ᐃ⌮ࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿࠋ[ᐃ ⌮ 1]( ᭱ ᑠ ౯ ᱁ ᐃ ⌮ )㈤ 㔠 ⋡ ࣋ ࢡ ࢺ ࣝ w ࡜ ⏕ ⏘ ᢏ ⾡ ࡢ 㞟 ྜ { U . A , J }࡜ ࡀ ୚࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡓ ࡜ ࡁ ࠊ ṇ ࡢ ౯ ᱁ ࣋ ࢡ ࢺ ࣝ p ࡀ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡋ ࠊ ḟ ࡢ (1)ࠊ (2)ࢆ ‶ ࡓ ࡍ ࠋ(1) ௵ ព ࡢ ⏕ ⏘ ᢏ ⾡ h ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚8

(1 + m (h)){<u(h), w> + <a(h), p>} Ӎ p g (h) .

(2-1)(2)௵ ព ࡢ ㈈ ࡟ ࡘ ࡁ ࠊ ᑡ ࡞ ࡃ ࡜ ࡶ ࡦ ࡜ ࡘ ⏕ ⏘ ᢏ ⾡ h ࡀ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ(1 + m (h)){<u(h), w> + <a(h), p>} = p g (h ) .

(2-2)ὀ ព㸸(2-1)ᘧ ࡢ ᕥ ㎶ ࡣ ࠊ〇 ရ 1 ༢ ఩ ᙜ ࡓ ࡾ ࡢ ປ ാ ㈝ ⏝ ࡜ ᢞ ධ ㈈ ࡢ ㉎ ㈙ ㈝ ⏝ ࡢ ࿴ ࠊࡍ ࡞ ࢃ ࡕ ཎ ౯ ィ ⟬ ㄽ ࡛ ࠸ ࠺ ༢ ఩ ┤ ᥋ ㈝ ⏝ ࡟ (1+m(h))ಸ ࡋ ࡓ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࢆ ࣇࣝ ࢥ ࢫ ࢺ ࠶ ࡿ ࠸ ࡣ ඘ ᐇ ㈝ ⏝ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ࠋྑ ㎶ ࡣ ࠊ〇 ရ ༢ ౯ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࡋ ࡓ ࡀ ࡗ ࡚ ࠊ(2-1)ᘧ ࡣ ࠊ୧ ㎶ ࡀ ➼ ྕ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ሙ ྜ ࢆ 㝖 ࠸ ࡚ ࠊࣇ ࣝ ࢥ ࢫ ࢺ ࡀ 〇 ရ ༢ ౯ ࡼ ࡾ 㧗 ࠸ ࡇ ࡜ ࢆ ព࿡ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ 〇 ရ ᢏ ⾡ h ࡀ ➼ ᘧ (2-2)ࢆ ‶ ࡓ ࡍ ࡜ ࡁ ࠊ ࡑ ࡢ ᢏ ⾡ ࡣ ౯ ್ ࣋ ࢡ ࢺ ࣝ v = (w,p)࡟ 㛵 ࡋ ➇ த ⓗ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ࠋᐃ ⌮ 1 ࡢ ෆ ᐜ ࡣ ࠊ ⾜ ิ U . A , J ࢆ ࡶ ࡕ ࠸ ࡚ ⾲ ⌧ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࠋ (2-1)ᘧ ࡣ(I + M ){ U w + A p} Ӎ J p,(2-3)(2-2)ᘧ ࡣ ࠊ(2-2)ࢆ ‶ ࡓ ࡍ ⏕ ⏘ ᢏ ⾡ ࢆ ྛ ㈈ ࡟ ࡘ ࡁ ࡦ ࡜ ࡘ ࡎ ࡘ ࡜ ࡗ ࡓ ࡶ ࡢ ࢆ T ࡜ ࡋ ࠊѷ ࡢ ୰ ࠿ ࡽ T ࡟ ᒓ ࡍ ࡿ ⏕ ⏘ ᢏ ⾡ ࡢ ࡳ ࢆ ྲྀ ࡾ ฟ ࡋ ࡚ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ⾜ ิ ࢆ U (T). A (T), J (T)࡜ ᭩ ࡃ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࡋ ࡼ ࠺ ࠋ A (T)࠾ ࡼ ࡧ J (T)ࡣ N ⾜ N ิ ࡢ ṇ ᪉ ⾜ ิ ࡛ ࠊ J (T)ࡣ ࡜ ࡃ ࡟༢ ఩ ⾜ ิ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ (⾜ ิ ࡢ స ⏝ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ ┬ ␎ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ )ࠋ ࡋ ࡓ ࡀ ࡗ ࡚ ࠊ (2-2)ᘧ ࡣ(I + M (T)){ U (T) w + A (T) p} = p(2-4)࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ࠋ (2-4)ᘧ ࢆ ⛣ 㡯 ࡍ ࢀ ࡤ ࠊ(I + M (T)) U (T) w = {I㸫 (I + M (T)) A (T) } p.
ᕥ ㎶ ࡣ ṇ ࣋ ࢡ ࢺ ࣝ ࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࡚ ࡼ ࠸ ࠿ ࡽ ࠊ㠀 ㈇ ㏫ ㌿ ྍ ⬟ ᐃ ⌮ ࡼ ࡾ ࠊ⾜ ิ {I㸫 (I + M (T))

A (T) }ࡣ 㠀 ㈇ ࡢ ㏫ ⾜ ิ ࢆ ࡶ ࡘ ࠋ ࡇ ࢀ ࡼ ࡾ ࠊ
p = {I㸫 (I + M (T)) A (T) } 㸫 1 (I + M (T)) U (T) w.

(2-5)⏕ ⏘ ᢏ ⾡ ࡢ ⣔ T ࡣ ࠿ ࡞ ࡽ ࡎ ࡋ ࡶ ୍ ⩏ ⓗ ࡟ Ỵ ࡲ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ࡀ ࠊᐃ ⌮ 1 ࡢ (1)ࠊ(2)ࢆ ‶ ࡓࡍ ࡜ ࡍ ࢀ ࡤ ࠊ౯ ᱁ ࣋ ࢡ ࢺ ࣝ p ࡣ ࠊT ࡢ 㑅 ᢥ ࡟ ࡼ ࡽ ࡎ ୍ ⩏ ⓗ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ศ ࠿ ࡿ 7 ࠋ⌧ ᐇ ࡢ ⤒ ῭ ࡛ ࠊ (2-5)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ౯ ᱁ ࡀ ࡝ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ Ⓨ ぢ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࡢ ࠿ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ၥ 㢟 ࡞࡝ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ ࡇ ࡇ ࡛ ࡣ ┬ ␎ ࡍ ࡿ 8ࠋࡇ ࡢ ஦ ែ ࡣ ࠊ Sraffa ࡀ Bortiewicz’s dictum (or principle)࡜ ྡ ࡙ ࡅ ࡓ ࡶ ࡢ ࡟ ᩚ ྜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ࡿ ࠋ Gehrke and Kurz (2006)ࢆ ࡳ ࡼ ࠋ
8 ㈤ 㔠 ⋡ య ⣔ w ࢆ ᡤ ୚ ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ࡜ ࡁ ࠊ௵ ព ࡢ ౯ ᱁ ࣋ ࢡ ࢺ ࣝ p(0)࠿ ࡽ ฟ Ⓨ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ౯ ᱁ య ⣔ ࡟ ࠾࠸࡚ཎ౯ࢆࡶࡗ࡜ࡶᑠࡉࡃࡍࡿ⏕⏘ᢏ⾡ࢆ㑅ࢇ࡛ࣇࣝࢥࢫࢺ࡛౯᱁௜ࡅࢆࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢ౯᱁ ⣔ ิ p( n )ࡣ ༢ ㄪ ῶ ᑡ ࡔ ࡀ ࠊ ྛ ᡂ ศ ࡣ (2-5)ࡢ p j ࡼ ࡾ ᑠ ࡉ ࡃ ࡞ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ࡇ ࡢ ࣋ ࢡ ࢺ79᭱ ᑠ ౯ ᱁ ᐃ ⌮ ࡣ ࠊ ෆ ᐜ ⓗ ࡟ ࡣ Samuelson ࡢ 㠀 ௦ ᭰ ᐃ ⌮ ࡜ ྠ ୍ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ 9 ࠋ ࡇ ࡢᐃ ⌮ ࡀ ᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ ࡢ ᩥ ⬦ ෆ ࡛ Ⓨ ぢ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ⤒ ⦋ ࠿ ࡽ ࠊࡇ ࡢ ᐃ ⌮ ࡀ ᡂ ❧ ࡍ ࡿ ≧ ἣ ࡀ ⊃ ࠸⠊ ᅖ ࡟ ␃ ࡲ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ᙉ ㄪ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ⥆ ࡅ ࡚ ࡁ ࡓ ࠋࡋ ࠿ ࡋ ࠊ␗ ㉁ ປ ാ ࡀ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡣ ࠊ␗ ✀ ປ ാ ຊ 㛫 ࡢ ㈤ 㔠 ࡢ ┦ ᑐ ẚ ⋡ ࡀ ࡞ ࢇ ࡽ ࠿ ࡢ ♫ ఍ ័ ⩦ (⤌ ྜ ࡜ ⤒ Ⴀ ࡜ ࡢ ྜ ព ➼ ࢆྵ ࡴ )࡟ ࡼ ࡾ Ỵ ࡲ ࡿ ࡜ ᝿ ᐃ ࡍ ࡿ ࡞ ࡽ ࡤ ࠊ ୖ ࡟ ㏙ ࡭ ࡓ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ᐃ ⌮ ࡣ ᡂ ❧ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ࡲ ࡓ⪏ ஂ ㈨ ᮏ ㈈ ࢆ ⌮ ㄽ ⓗ ࡟ ᢅ ࠺ ࡓ ࡵ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ⤖ ྜ ⏕ ⏘ ࡢ ⪃ ࠼ ᪉ ࡀ ᚲ せ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ᳃ ᔱ㏻ ኵ ࡞ ࡝ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ᙉ ㄪ ࡉ ࢀ ࠊ Sraffa ὴ ୺ ὶ ࡶ ྠ ᵝ ࡟ ⪃ ࠼ ࡿ ഴ ྥ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ Sraffa⮬ ㌟ ࡀ Sraffa(1960)➨ 2 㒊 ࡛ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ࠊ ㈨ ᮏ ㈈ ࡢ ᑑ ࿨ ෆ ࡛ ࡣ ࠕ ຠ ⋡ ୍ ᐃ ࠖ࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࡿ ࡞ ࡽ ࡤ ࠊ᭱ ᑠ ౯ ᱁ ᐃ ⌮ ࢆ ⪏ ஂ ㈨ ᮏ ㈈ ࡀ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡍ ࡿ ሙ ྜ ࡟ ᣑ ኱ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡣ ᐜ᫆ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋᢅ ࠼ ࡞ ࠸ ࡢ ࡣ ࠊ▼ Ⅳ ࡢ ஝ ␃ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ▼ Ⅳ ࢞ ࢫ ࡜ ࢥ ࣮ ࢡ ࢫ ࢆ ⏕ ⏘ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜(J. S. Mill ࡢ ஦ ౛ )ࡸ 㣗 ሷ ࡢ 㟁 Ẽ ศ ゎ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ሷ ⣲ ࢞ ࢫ ࡜ ⱔ ᛶ ࢯ ࣮ ࢲ ࢆ ⏕ ⏘ ࡍ ࡿ ࡞࡝ ࡢ 㐃 ⏘ ࡢ ሙ ྜ ࡢ ࡳ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࡑ ࢀ ࠿ ࡽ ࡢ ≉ Ṧ ஦ ౛ ࡣ ࠊ⤒ ῭ ࡢ స ື ࣓ ࢝ ࢽ ࢬ ࣒ ࢆ ኚ᭦ ࡍ ࡿ ࡯ ࡝ ࡢ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࡃ ࠊRicardo ࡀ ౯ ್ ㄽ ࡢ ⪃ ᐹ ࡟ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ෌ ⏕ ⏘ ୙ ྍ ⬟ ࡞ ㈈ࢆ ⪃ ៖ ࡢ እ ࡟ ࠾ ࠸ ࡓ ࡜ ࡝ ࠺ ࡼ ࠺ ࡢ ౛ እ ⓗ ᢅ ࠸ ࡀ ྍ ⬟ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ᭱ ᑠ ౯ ᱁ ᐃ ⌮ ࡢ 㐺 ⏝⠊ ᅖ ࡀ Ꮫ ㄝ ྐ ୖ ᚲ せ ௨ ୖ ࡟ ⊃ ࡵ ࡽ ࢀ ࡓ ࡢ ࡣ ࠊࡇ ࡢ ᐃ ⌮ ࡀ ᡂ ❧ ࡍ ࡿ ⠊ ᅖ ࡛ ࡣ ᪂ ྂ ඾ὴⓗ࡞౯᱁ㄪ⠇࡜࠸࠺ほᛕࡀ↓ຠ࡟࡞ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡟௚࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋḟ ࡟ ᩘ 㔞 㠃 ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ⪃ ࠼ ࡚ ࡳ ࡼ ࠺ ࠋ ᢏ ⾡ 㞟 ྜ ѷ ࡣ ᅛ ᐃ ࡋ ࡓ ࡲ ࡲ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ (2-2)ᘧ ࢆ ‶ ࡓ ࡍ ࡍ ࡭ ࡚ ࡢ ⏕ ⏘ ᢏ ⾡ ࡢ 㞟 ྜ ࢆ T#࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ࡜ ࠺ ࡐ ࢇ ࠊ T ࡣ T#ࡢ 㒊 ศ 㞟 ྜ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ (2-4)ᘧ ࡜ M ࡢ ྲྀ ࡾ ᪉ ࠿ ࡽ ࠊ(I㸫 A(T)) p Ӎ (I+ M (T)) U (T) w 㸼 0.

(2-6)

ࡇ ࢀ ࡼ ࡾ ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ 㠀 ㈇ ㏫ ㌿ ྍ ⬟ ᐃ ⌮ ࢆ ࡶ ࡕ ࠸ ࡚ ࠊ ṇ ᪉ ⾜ ิ (I㸫 A(T))ࡣ 㠀 ㈇ ࡢ ㏫ ⾜ิ ࢆ T#ࡢ ୰ ࠿ ࡽ ู ࡢ T ࢆ ྲྀ ࡾ ฟ ࡋ ࡚ ࡶ ྠ ᵝ ࡢ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ᡂ ࡾ ❧ ࡘ ࠋ ࡇ ࢀ ࡼ ࡾ ࠊ ௵ ព
ࡢ ㈈ ࣋ ࢡ ࢺ ࣝ d (ࡇ ࢀ ࡣ ⾜ ࣋ ࢡ ࢺ ࣝ )࡟ ᑐ ࡋ ࠊy (I㸫 A (T)) = d(2-7)࡜࡞ࡿ⏘ฟ࣋ࢡࢺࣝ y ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ㏫⾜ิࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࠿ࡽࠊ༢⣧࡟ y =d (I㸫 A(T)) 㸫 1 ࡜ ⨨ ࡅ ࡤ ࡼ ࠸ ࠋ ྠ ᵝ ࡟ ṇ ࡢ ᐇ ᩘ g ࡟ ᑐ ࡋ ࠊ(I㸫 (1+g)A(T)) p 㸼 0(2-8)

ࣝ ิ ࡣ ཰ ᮰ ࡍ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ ィ ⟬ ᶵ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ᩘ ್ ᐇ 㦂 ࡛ ࡣ N =100 ࡢ ࡜ ࡁ 4 ᅇ ⛬ ᗘ ࡢ ྲྀ ᭰ ࠼ ࡛ ࠊ (2-5)ࡢ p ࡢ 15%⛬ ᗘ ࡢ ㄗ ᕪ ࡟ ཰ ࡲ ࡿ ࠋ
9 Koopmans (1951)ࡢ ➨ 7ࠊ 8ࠊ 9ࠊ 10 ❶ ࡣ ࡇ ࡢ ᐃ ⌮ ࡟ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ୍ ✀ ࡢ ࢩ ࣥ ࣏ ࢪ ࢘ ࣒ ࡜ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ10ࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࠊୖ࡜࡝࠺ࡼ࠺ࡢ᥎ㄽ࡟ࡼࡾ
y(g) (I㸫 (1+g) A (T)) = d(2-9)ࢆ ‶ ࡓ ࡍ ⏘ ฟ ࣋ ࢡ ࢺ ࣝ y(g) ࡀ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࡼ ࡾ ࠊປ ാ ຊ l = y U (T)࡜ ᢞ ධ ㈈ x= y A (T)࡜ ࡀ ㄪ 㐩 ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࡞ ࡽ ࡤ ࠊ⏕ ⏘ ᢏ ⾡ ࡢ య ⣔ T ࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ࠊ௵ ព ࡢ ᭱ ⤊ 㟂 せ ࣋
ࢡࢺࣝ d ࢆ⣧⏘ฟࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞෌⏕⏘య⣔
1

Ѝ

l
Ќ

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x

э

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Ћ

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d

(2-10)аࡀ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋྠ ᵝ ࡟ ࠊึ ᮇ ࡢ ᢞ ධ ࣋ ࢡ ࣝ x ࡀ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊᡂ 㛗 ࡟ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡚ ẖ ᮇ ປ ാ ຊ ࡀ☜ ಖ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࡞ ࡽ ࡤ ࠊ 㐺 ᙜ ࡞ g ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ྛ ᮇ (1+g) t d ࢆ ⣧ ⏘ ฟ ࡍ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ᡂ 㛗 ᚄ ㊰y(0), y(1), ... , y(t), y( t +1), ...

(2-11)ࡀ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋࡉ ࡽ ࡟ ㇂ ཱྀ࣭᳃ ᒸ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡿ ࡞ ࡽ ࡤ 10 ࠊ᭱ ⤊ 㟂 せ ࣋ ࢡ ࢺ ࣝ d(t)ࡀ ࡌ ࡹ ࠺ ࡪ ࢇ ࡺ ࡗ ࡃ ࡾ ኚ ື ࡍ ࡿ ࡞ ࡽ ࡤ ࠊ〇 ရ ࢆ ⏕ ⏘ ࡍ ࡿ ௻ ᴗ ࡣ ẖ ᮇ ࠊࡑ ࢀ ௨ ๓ ࡢ⮬〇ရ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㟂せࡢᩘᮇศࡢᖹᆒࢆ௒ᮇ㟂せ࡜ぢ࡞ࡋ୍࡚ᐃࡢ⦆⾪ᅾᗜࢆࡶࡘ⏕⏘࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㟂せࡢኚ໬࡟㏣㝶࡛ࡁࡿࠋ㇂ ཱྀ࣭᳃ ᒸ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ ࡣ ⤯ ኱ ࡞ ព ⩏ ࢆ ࡶ ࡘ ࠋ࡞ ࡐ ࡞ ࡽ ࠊୡ ⏺ ኱ ࡟ ᗈ ࡀ ࡿ ᕧ ኱ ࡞ ⏕ ⏘࣭஺ ᥮ ࢿ ࢵ ࢺ ࣡ ࣮ ࢡ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ⤒ ῭ ࡀ ど 㔝࣭ྜ ⌮ ᛶ࣭ാ ࡁ ࠿ ࡅ ࡢ 㝈 ⏺ ࢆ ࡶ ࡘ ⤒ ῭ ୺ య ࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡋ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆጞࡵ࡚♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᭱⤊㟂せ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㈤ 㔠 ⋡ ࣭ ౯ ᱁ య ⣔ v = (w, p) ࡢ ࡶ ࡜ ࡛ ࠊ ྛ ᐙ ィ ࡜ ௻ ᴗ ࡜ ࡀ ᡤ ᚓ ࡢ ⠊ ᅖ ෆ ࡛ 㐣 ཤࡢ ⤒ 㦂 ࢆ 㐺 ᙜ ࡟ ಟ ṇ ࡋ ࡞ ࡀ ࡽ ⾜ ື ࡍ ࡿ ࡔ ࡅ ࡛ ࡼ ࠸ ࠋ⢒ ௦ ᭰ ᛶ ࡑ ࡢ ࡓ ࡢ ≉ ู ࡞ ௬ ᐃࢆᚲせ࡜ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢព⩏ࡣࠊศᶒⓗ࡞⤒῭ࡀᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ࡜ࡉࢀࡿ
Arrow and Debreu(1954)ࡢ ➇ த ᆒ ⾮ ࣔ ࢹ ࣝ ࡜ ẚ ㍑ ࡍ ࡿ ࡜ Ⰻ ࡃ ศ ࠿ ࡿ ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ࣔ ࢹࣝ ࡀ ᶵ ⬟ ࡍ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ (1)඲ ▱ ඲ ⬟ ࡢ ࡏ ࡾ ே ࡢ Ꮡ ᅾ ࠊ (2)౯ ᱁ ኚ ໬ ࡟ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡚ ຠ⏝ ࢆ ᭱ 㐺 ໬ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ಶ ே (࠶ ࡿ ࠸ ࡣ ᐙ ィ )ࠊ(3)௵ ព ࡢ ౯ ᱁ య ⣔ ࡜ 㟂 せ ࡜ ࡟ ᑐ ᛂ ࡋ ࡚ ฼₶ ࢆ ᭱ ኱ ໬ ࡍ ࡿ ⏕ ⏘ ௻ ᴗ ࢆ ᝿ ᐃ ࡋ ࡞ ࡅ ࢀ ࡤ ࡞ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋࡋ ࠿ ࡋ ࠊ⤒ ῭ ࡀ ᩘ ൨ ࡜ ࡶ ࠸࠺࡭ࡁၟရ✀㢮࡜ᩘ༑൨ࡢಶே࠾ࡼࡧᩘ༓୓ࡢ௻ᴗ࡜࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ ⪃ ࠼ ࡿ ࡜ ࡁ ࠊArrow=Debreu ᆺ ࡢ ➇ த ᆒ ⾮ ࣔ ࢹ ࣝ ࡀ ᶵ ⬟ ࡍ ࡿ ྍ ⬟ ᛶ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋᮏ⠇ ࡟ ᴫ ㄝ ࡋ ࡓ ⤒ ῭ ࡣ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ඲ ⬟ ࡢ ಶ ே ࡸ ௻ ᴗ ࠊࡉ ࡽ ࡟ ࡣ ࡏ ࡾ ே ࡜ ࠸ ࡗ ࡓ ⹫ ᵓࢆ ᝿ ᐃ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡞ ࡃ ᶵ ⬟ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ࡑ ࢀ ࡣ ࡶ ࡕ ࢁ ࢇ ࠊ ࡉ ࡲ ࡊ ࡲ ࡞ 㞀 ᐖ (ࡓ ࡜ ࠼ ࡤ ᅾ ᗜ
Shiozawa, Morioka, and Taniguchi (2018)ࢆ ண ᐃ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋࡼ ࡾ ヲ ࡋ ࡃ ࡣ ࠊ㇂ ཱྀ (1997)ࠊ
᳃ ᒸ (2005)ࢆ ࡳ ࡼ ࠋ

1011ᡶ ᗏ )࡟ 㐼 㐝 ࡋ ࠊ 㞀 ᐖ ࡈ ࡜ ࡟ ᑐ ฎ ࢆ వ ൤ ࡞ ࡃ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ ಶ ே ࡸ ⤌ ⧊ ࡢ ㏻ ᖖ ࡢ ⬟ ຊࡢ⠊ᅖෆ࡛ฎ⌮ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ ࡢ ⤒ ῭ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ௻ ᴗ ࡀ タ ഛ ᢞ ㈨ ࢆ ࡝ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ⾜ ࠸ ࠊࡑ ࢀ ࡀ ⤒ ῭ ඲ య ࡟ ࡝ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺࡞ 㐣 ⛬ ࢆ స ࡾ ฟ ࡍ ࠿ ࡣ ᑐ ㇟ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋࡑ ࢀ ࡽ ࡣ ࠊ᭱ ⤊ 㟂 せ ࡢ ᵓ ᡂ せ ⣲ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊࡇ ࢇ ࡈ 㐺 ษ ࡞ ⌮ ㄽ ࢆ ᥋ ⥆ ࡉ ࡏ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ྍ ⬟ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࡑ ࡢ ሙ ྜ ࠊ௻ ᴗ 㛫 ࡢ ┦ ஫ స ⏝࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ࠊᬒ Ẽ ᚠ ⎔ ࡀ ⏕ ࡌ ࡓ ࡾ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡶ ࡜ ࠺ ࡐ ࢇ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋᮏ ⠇ ࡛ ⪃ ᐹ ࡋ ࡓ ࡢࡣ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ྍ ⬟ ᛶ ࢆ ෆ ໟ ࡋ ࡘ ࡘ ࡶ ࠊ᪥ ࠎ ࡢ ⤒ ῭ ࡀ ࡞ ࡐ ࡞ ࢇ ࡜ ࠿ ᶵ ⬟ ࡍ ࡿ ࠿ ࡢ⛎ ᐦ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࡣ Walras ௨ ᮶ ࡢ ⤒ ῭ ࣦ ࢕ ࢪ ࣙ ࣥ ࠊࡍ ࡞ ࢃ ࡕ ⤒ ῭ ࡀ ౯ ᱁ ㄪ ᩚ ࡟ࡼ ࡿ ᶵ ⬟ ࡍ ࡿ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ⤒ ῭ ࣦ ࢕ ࢪ ࣙ ࣥ ࡜ ኱ ࡁ ࡃ ␗ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ⤒ ῭ ࡢ ᇶ ᮏ ⓗ ㄪ ᩚ Ẽೃ ࡀ Walras ௨ ᮶ ࡢ ⤒ ῭ ࣦ ࢕ ࢪ ࣙ ࣥ ࡜ ኱ ࡁ ࡃ ␗ ࡞ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࢆ ⌮ ゎ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ⌧௦㈨ᮏ୺⩏ᕷሙ⤒῭ศᯒࡢᇶᮏ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ᪂ ࡋ ࠸ ⤒ ῭ ࣦ ࢕ ࢪ ࣙ ࣥ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ㟂 せ ࡜ ౪ ⤥ ࡢ ୍ ⮴ ࢆ ࡶ ࡓ ࡽ ࡍ ࡶ ࡢ ࡣ ౯ ᱁ ࡢ ୖ ୗ ࡛ࡣ ࡞ ࡃ ࠊ௻ ᴗ ࡢ ౪ ⤥ ែ ᗘ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ⏕ ⏘ ㄪ ⠇ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࡢ ⏕ ⏘ ㄪ ⠇ ࡢ ཎ ⌮ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ࡢࡣ ࠊ Sraffa (1926)࡛ ᫂ ࡽ ࠿ ࡟ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ࡇ ࡜ ࠊ ࡍ ࡞ ࢃ ࡕ ௻ ᴗ ࡢ ⏕ ⏘ ࢆ ไ ⣙ ࡍ ࡿ ୺ せ࡞ ไ ⣙ ࡣ ࠊᙜ ヱ ௻ ᴗ ࡢ 〇 ရ ࡟ ྥ ࡅ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ 㟂 せ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࢆ ࢫ ࣛ ࢵ ࣇ ࢓ ࡢ ཎ ⌮ ࡜࿧ ࡪ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࡣ ᐇ ࡣ 〇 ရ ࣞ ࣋ ࣭ࣝ௻ ᴗ ࣞ ࣋ ࣝ ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ᭷ ຠ 㟂 せ ࡢ ཎ ⌮࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ౯᱁ࡣᢏ⾡㐍Ṍࡢᣦ㔪࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ➨୍⩏ⓗ࡞㟂⤥ࡢㄪᩚ⪅࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ ࡣ ࠊ౯ ᱁ ࡢ ୖ ୗ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ྛ ௻ ᴗ ࡀ 㝈 ⏺ ㈝ ⏝ =㝈 ⏺ ཰ ධ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ Ⅼ ࡟ ࡲ ࡛ ⏕⏘ 㔞 ࢆ ㄪ ⠇ ࡍ ࡿ ࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࡓ ࠋࡇ ࡢ ㄪ ⠇ ࡀ ാ ࡃ ࡓ ࡵ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ⏕ ⏘ 㔞 ࡢ ቑ ኱ ࡜ ࡜ ࡶ ࡟ 㝈 ⏺
㈝ ⏝ ࡀ ቑ ኱ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ᚲ せ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࡣ ⏕ ⏘ Ⅼ ࡛ ௻ ᴗ ࡀ ཰ ✭ ㏴ ῶ ≧ ែ ࡟ ࠶ ࡿ ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿ

11 ࠋ ࡋ ࠿ ࡋ ࠊ ㏻ ᖖ ࡢ ᕤ ᴗ ⏕ ⏘ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ཎ ᮦ ᩱ ᢞ ධ ࡞ ࡝ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ཰✭ ୍ ᐃ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ⏕ ⏘ タ ഛ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ ൾ ༷ ㈝ ࢆ ⪃ ៖ ࡍ ࡿ ࡜ ࠊ཰ ✭ ㏴ ቑ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ཰ ✭ ㏴ ῶࡣ ౯ ᱁ ㄪ ᩚ ࣦ ࢕ ࢪ ࣙ ࣥ ࢆ ᡂ ❧ ࡉ ࡏ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࡟ ᑟ ධ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ⹫ ᵓ ࡟ ࡍ ࡂ ࡎ ࠊ௻ ᴗ ࡣ 㝈 ⏺
㈝ ⏝ =㝈 ⏺ ཰ ධ ࡞ ࡝ ࡜ ࠸ ࡗ ࡓ ཎ ⌮ ࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ⾜ ື ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡣ ࡛ ࡁ ࡞ ࠸ 12 ࠋ࣐ ࣮ ࢡ ࢔ࢵ ࣉ ౯ ᱁ ௜ ࡅ ࡜ ࢫ ࣛ ࢵ ࣇ ࢓ ࡢ ཎ ⌮ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ௻ ᴗ ⾜ ື ࡣ ࠊ཰ ✭ ㏴ ῶ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ≧ ἣ ࡟ ࡞ ࠸⏕ ⏘ 㔞 x ࡟ ᑐ ᛂ ࡍ ࡿ (඲ 㒊 )ཎ ౯ ࢆ c(x), ᖹ ᆒ ཎ ౯ ࢆ a(x)࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ࡜ ࡁ ࠊ a’(x) = {c’(x)㸫
a(x)}/x ࡼ ࡾ ࠊ௻ ᴗ ࡀ ṇ ࡢ ฼ ₶ ࢆ ᚓ ࡚ ⏕ ⏘ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊa’(x)>0ࠊࡍ ࡞ ࢃ ࡕ ⏕ ⏘ Ⅼ ࡛ ཰✭㏴ῶ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ཰✭㏴ῶ࡜ࡣࠊᖹᆒཎ౯ࡀୖ᪼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ࠸࠺ࠋ
12 タ ᐃ ౯ ᱁ ࡢ ࡶ ࡜ ࡛ ኎ ࢀ ࡿ ࡔ ࡅ ኎ ࡿ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ⾜ ື ࢆ ࡜ ࡿ ࠿ ࡂ ࡾ ࠊ౯ ᱁ ࡣ ୍ ᐃ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ㝈 ⏺ ཰
ධ =౯ ᱁ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ࡋ ࡓ ࡀ ࡗ ࡚ ࠊ 㝈 ⏺ ཰ ධ ᴫ ᛕ ࡢ ᑟ ධ ࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ࠊ ཰ ✭ ୍ ᐃ ࡞ ࠸ ࡋ ㏴ ቑ ୗ ࡟ ࠶ࡿ௻ᴗࡢ⾜ືࡀ᪂ྂ඾ὴࣦ࢕ࢪࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࠺ࡲࡃㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
1112௻ᴗ⾜ື࡜ࡋ࡚㐺ษ࡞⾜ື࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౯ ᱁ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ 㟂 せ 㔞࣭౪ ⤥ 㔞 ࡀ ㄪ ⠇ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ Walras ᆺ ࡢ ⤒ ῭ ࣦ ࢕ ࢪ ࣙ ࣥ ࢆ᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ ⤒ ῭ ࣦ ࢕ ࢪ ࣙ ࣥ ࡜ ࡼ ࡪ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࡍ ࢀ ࡤ ࠊタ ᐃ ౯ ᱁ ࡢ ࡶ ࡜ ࡟ ኎ ࢀ ࡿ ࡔ ࡅ ⏕ ⏘ࡍ ࡿ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ㄪ ᩚ ᶵ ᵓ ࢆ ྂ ඾ ὴ ⤒ ῭ ࣦ ࢕ ࢪ ࣙ ࣥ ࡜ ࿧ ࡪ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࠋRicardo ࡢ ᫬௦ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ⤒ ῭ ࡟ ༨ ࡵ ࡿ ㎰ ᴗ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ㎰ ⏘ ≀ ౫ Ꮡ ⏘ ᴗ ࡢ ẚ ⋡ ࡀ ኱ ࡁ ࡃ ࠊ⏕ ⏘ 㔞 ࡢ ㄪ ᩚ࡟ ࡣ ᖺ ༢ ఩ ࡢ ᫬ 㛫 ࡀ ᚲ せ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋࡑ ࡢ ࡓ ࡵ ࠊྂ ඾ ὴ ࡣ 㛗 ᮇ ࡟ ࡣ ࣇ ࣝ ࢥ ࢫ ࢺ ࡛ ౯᱁ ࡀ Ỵ ࡲ ࡿ ࡜ ࡋ ࠿ ୺ ᙇ ࡛ ࡁ ࡞ ࠿ ࡗ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊ࡯ ࡜ ࢇ ࡝ ࡢ ᕤ ᴗ 〇 ရ࣭ࢧ ࣮ ࣅ ࢫ ࡀ ୍ ᪥ ༢఩ ࡛ ࡢ ㄪ ᩚ ࡀ ྍ ⬟ ࡞ ⌧ ᅾ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊRicardo ࡞ ࡝ ࡀ 㛗 ᮇ ࡢ ㄪ ᩚ ࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࡓ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ࠊ▷ ᮇ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡩ ࡓ ࡘ ࡢ ⤒ ῭ ࣦ ࢕ ࢪ ࣙ ࣥ ࡢ 㐪 ࠸ ࡣ ࠊ౯ ᱁ ࡢࠕ ᅛ ᐃ ᛶ ࠖ࡟ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ㄝ ᫂ ࡟ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶᑐ ↷ ⓗ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋNK ࡣ ౯ ᱁ ࡀ ᅛ ᐃ ⓗ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࡟ ㄪ ᩚ ࡀ ࡍ ࡤ ࡸ ࡃ 㐍 ࡲ ࡎ ࠊኻ ᴗ ➼ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ⌮ ⏤ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࣓ ࢽ ࣗ ࣮࣭ࢥ ࢫ ࢺ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ Ꮡ ᅾ ࢆ ᣲ ࡆ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᐃ⌮ 1 ࡟ࡼࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ࣓ࢽ࣮࣭ࣗࢥࢫࢺࡀ 0 ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ௻ᴗࡣ౯᱁ࢆኚ ᭦ ࡍ ࡿ ㄏ ᅉ ࡶ ⌮ ⏤ ࡶ ࡶ ࡓ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ㟂 せ ࡀ ኚ ໬ ࡋ ࡚ ࡶ ࠊ⤒ ῭ ࡀ ⏕ ⏘ ᐜ 㔞 ࡜ ປ ാ ຊ ࡢ⠊ ᅖ ෆ ࡟ ࠶ ࡿ ࡞ ࡽ ࡤ ࠊ᭱ ⤊ 㟂 せ ࢆ ⣧ ⏘ ฟ ࡍ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺ ⏕ ⏘ 㔞 ࡀ ㄪ ᩚ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࠿ ࡽ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ ࡣ ࠊ 㟂 せ ኚ ໬ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ⏕ ⏘ ಀ ᩘ ࡀ ኚ ໬ ࡍ ࡿ ࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊ ᐃ ⌮ 1 ࡢ (1)࡜ (2)ࡀ ♧ ࡍ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ࠊT # ࡟ ᒓ ࡍ ࡿ ⏕ ⏘ ᢏ ⾡ ࡢ ࡳ ࡛ ࠊ࠸ ࠿ ࡞ ࡿ ᭱ ⤊ 㟂 せ ࡟ ࡶ ᛂ ࠼ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ࡛ ࡁ ࠊ࠿ ࡘ ௚ ࡢ ⏕ ⏘ ᢏ ⾡ ࡟ ⛣ ⾜ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡣ ཎ ౯ ቑ ኱ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ≛ ≅ ࢆ ᡶ ࢃ ࡞ ࡅ ࢀ ࡤ ࡞࡞ ࠸ ࠋ฼ ₶ ㏣ ồ ࢆ ᮏ ᪨ ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ௻ ᴗ ࡀ ࡑ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ୙ ྜ ⌮ ࡞ ⾜ ື ࢆ ࡜ ࡿ ࢃ ࡅ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ࣓ ࢽ ࣗ ࣮࣭ࢥ ࢫ ࢺ ㄽ ࡣ ࠊ᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ ⤒ ῭ ࣦ ࢕ ࢪ ࣙ ࣥ ࡟ ❧ ࡘ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ⱞ ࡋ ࠸ ゝ ࠸ ヂ࡛ࡋ࠿࡞࠸ࠋࡩ ࡓ ࡘ ࡢ ⤒ ῭ ࣦ ࢕ ࢪ ࣙ ࣥ ࡣ ࡲ ࡗ ࡓ ࡃ ࡇ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ࡝ ࡕ ࡽ ࢆ ᇶ ‽ ࡜ࡋ ࡚ ⪃ ࠼ ࡿ ࠿ ࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ ࡜ ྂ ඾ ὴ ࡜ ࡟ 2 ኱ ༊ ศ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࡢ ༊ ู ࡣ ࠊࢣ ࢖ࣥࢬ㠉࿨ࡢ┿ࡢព⩏ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡢ࡟ࡶ᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢣ࢖ࣥࢬࡢ୍ࠗ⯡⌮ㄽ࠘ࡣࠊ
Walras ⓗ ࡜ ࠸ ࢃ ࡞ ࠸ ࡲ ࡛ ࡶ ࠊMarshall ⓗ ࡞ ᯟ ⤌ ࡳ ࡢ ୰ ࡛ ᵓ ᡂ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋࡑ ࡢࡓ ࡵ ࠊ⌮ ㄽ ⓗ ࡞ ୙ ᩚ ྜ ࡀ ྛ ᡤ ࡛ ⏕ ࡲ ࢀ ࠊ᭷ ຠ 㟂 せ ཎ ⌮ ࡶ ࠊṇ ☜ ࡟ ࡣ ⌮ ゎ ୙ ྍ ⬟ ࡞ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ 1970 ᖺ ௦ ࡟ ࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬ ཯ 㠉 ࿨ ࡀ 㐍 ⾜ ࡋ ࡓ ᰿ ᮏ ⓗ ࡞ ཎ ᅉ ࡣ ࠗ ୍ ⯡ ⌮ㄽ ࠘ࡑ ࡢ ࡶ ࡢ ࡟ ࠶ ࡿ ࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࡞ ࡅ ࢀ ࡤ ࡞ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࡟ ᑐ ࡋ ࠊྂ ඾ ὴ ⤒ ῭ ࣦ ࢕ ࢪ ࣙࣥ ࡟ ❧ ࡘ ࡞ ࡽ ࡤ ࠊ〇 ရ࣭௻ ᴗ࣭⏘ ᴗ࣭⤒ ῭ ඲ య ࡢ ྛ Ỉ ‽ ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ᭷ ຠ 㟂 せ ࡢ ཎ ⌮ࢆ ⪃ ࠼ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࡢ ⤒ ῭ ࣦ ࢕ ࢪ ࣙ ࣥ ࡟ ᇶ ࡙ ࡃ ౯ ᱁ ⌮ ㄽ ࡜ ᩘ 㔞 ㄪ ᩚ ⌮ ㄽ ࡣ13ࡍ ࡛ ࡟ ࡯ ࡰ ᏶ ᡂ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋᾘ ㈝ 㟂 せ ࠊᢞ ㈨ ࠊປ ാ ᕷ ሙ ࠊ㔠 ⼥ ⤒ ῭ ࡞ ࡝ ࠊࡲ ࡔ ᗈ ኱࡞ 㡿 ᇦ ࡀ ṧ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊPK ࡟ ᚲ せ ࡞ ᇶ ♏ ⌮ ㄽ ࡣ ࡛ ࡁ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ (ࡍ ࡃ ࡞ ࡃ ࡜ ࡶ ぢ ࠼࡚ ࡁ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ )࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࠋ PK ࡣ ࠊ ࣐ ࢡ ࣟ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡟ 㝈 ᐃ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡞ ࡃ ࠊ௻ ᴗ ࣞ ࣋ ࣝ ࡢ ⪃ ᐹ ࢆ ୰ ᚰ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ヲ ⣽ ࡞ ศ ᯒ ࡀ ྍ ⬟ ࡟ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊࡇ ࢀ ࡽࡢ ᡂ ᯝ ࢆ ↓ ど ࡋ ࡘ ࡙ ࡅ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡣ ࠊ PK ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ⪅ ࡢ ᛰ ៏ ࡜ ࠸ ࢃ ࡊ ࡿ ࢆ ࠼ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ๓ ⠇ ࡛ PK ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ࢖ ࣀ ࣋ ࣮ ࢩ ࣙ ࣥ ࡀ 㔜 せ ᛶ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ㄆ ㆑ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࡢ ࠊᢏ⾡ 㐍 Ṍ ࡞ ࡝ ࢆ ศ ᯒ ࡍ ࡿ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ᇶ ♏ ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ౯ ್ ㄽ (㈤ 㔠 ⋡࣭౯ ᱁ య ⣔ )ࢆ Ḟ ࠸ ࡚࠸ ࡓ ࡇ ࡜ ࢆ ᣦ ᦬ ࡋ ࡓ ࠋPK ࡣ ྂ ඾ ὴ ౯ ್ ㄽ ࡜ ⤖ ྜ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ࠊᢏ ⾡ 㐍 Ṍ ࢆ ศᯒࡍࡿ⌮ㄽࢆࡶࡘࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ⌧ ௦ ྂ ඾ ὴ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡣ ࠊᅜ 㝿 ౯ ್ ㄽ ᪉ 㠃 ࡛ ㏆ ᖺ ࠾ ࠾ ࡁ ࡞ 㐍 Ṍ ࢆ 㐙 ࡆ ࡓ ࡇ ࡜ ࡶ ≉ グࡋ ࡚ ࠾ ࠿ ࡞ ࡅ ࢀ ࡤ ࡞ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ᪂ ࡋ ࠸ ᅜ 㝿 ౯ ್ ㄽ ࡣ ࠊRicardo ࡢ ᇶ ᮏ ᵓ ᝿ ࡢ ᘏ 㛗 ୖ࡟࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊM ᅜ N ㈈࡛⮬⏤࡞ᢞධ㈈㈠᫆ࢆ๓ᥦ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ᪂ྂ඾
ὴ ㈠ ᫆ ㄽ ࡢ 4 ୡ ௦ ࡢ ࡝ ࢀ ࡦ ࡜ ࡘ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ᣢ ࡘ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ࡛ ࡁ ࡚ ࠸ ࡞ ࠸ ≉ ᛶ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ (2.8)ࠋ
ࣇ ࣛ ࢢ ࣓ ࣥ ࢸ ࣮ ࢩ ࣙ ࣥ ࡟ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ad hoc ࡞ ศ ᯒ ࢆ 㝖 ࠸ ࡚ ࠊ ᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡣ ࠊ ࢡ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬ࡉࢀࡓ⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿ௜ຍ౯್㐃㙐ࡢᙧᡂࢆศᯒࡍࡿᯟ⤌ࡳࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋࡇ ࡢ ࡇ ࡜ ࡣ ࠊᅜ 㝿 ㈠ ᫆ ≧ ἣ ࡢ ศ ᯒ ࡟ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ᪂ ࡋ ࠸ ᅜ 㝿 ౯ ್ ㄽ ࡀ ᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ㈠ ᫆ ㄽ ࢆ ෽ 㥙 ࡋ ࡓ ࡇ ࡜ ࢆ ព ࿡ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋྂ ඾ ὴ ౯ ್ ㄽ ࠿ ࡽ ᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ ౯ ್ ㄽ ࡬ ࡢ ㌿
᥮ ࡍ ࡞ ࢃ ࡕ ᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ 㠉 ࿨ ࡀ ࠊྂ ඾ ὴ ౯ ್ ㄽ ࡀ ᅜ 㝿 ㈠ ᫆ ࡟ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ 㐺 ษ ࡞ ⌮ ㄽ ࢆ ᥦ ㉳ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ࡛ ࡁ ࡞ ࠿ ࡗ ࡓ ࡇ ࡜ ࠿ ࡽ ⏕ ࡌ ࡓ ࡇ ࡜ (Shiozawa 2017b)ࢆ ⪃ ࠼ ࢀ ࡤ ࠊ ౯್ ㄽ ࡢ 㠉 ࿨ ࡀ ࡶ ࠺ ࠸ ࡕ ࡝ ࠊ௒ ᗘ ࡣ ᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ ࠿ ࡽ ྂ ඾ ὴ ࡬ ࡜ ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ྍ ⬟ ᛶ ࢆ ♧ ၀ ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

➨ 3⠇

⏕⏘ࡢ㈌ᖯⓗ⌮ㄽ➨ 2 ⠇ ࡛ ᥦ ㉳ ࡋ ࡓ ྂ ඾ ὴ ⤒ ῭ ࢘ ࢕ ࢪ ࣙ ࣥ ࡣ ࠊ ⏕ ⏘ ࡜ ᾘ ㈝ ࢆ ᕠ ࡿ ᐇ య ⤒ ῭ (realeconomy)࡟ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ࡑ ࡇ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ㈌ ᖯ ࡣ ኎ ࡾ ࡜ ㈙ ࠸ ࡜ ࢆ ፹ ௓ ࡍ ࡿ ὶ ㏻
ᡭ ẁ ࡛ ࡋ ࠿ ࡞ ࠿ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࡀ ே 㛫 ࡢ ⤒ ῭ ࡢ ᐇ ㉁ ⓗ ୰ ᰾ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࡶ ࠊ⌧ ௦ ㈨ ᮏ୺ ⩏ ⤒ ῭ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊࡇ ࢀ ࡣ 㔜 せ ࡞ 㡿 ᇦ ࢆ Ḟ ࠸ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋࡑ ࢀ ࡀ 㔠 ⼥࣭㈨ ⏘ ⤒ ῭ ࡛ ࠶ࡿ ࠋ௨ ୗ ࡛ ࡣ ⡆ ༢ ࡟ 㔠 ⼥ ⤒ ῭ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ࡀ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ୰ ᰾ ⓗ ά ື Finance, Insurance andReal Estate ࡢ 㢌 ᩥ Ꮠ ࢆ ࡜ ࡗ ࡚ FIRE ⤒ ῭ ࡜ ࿧ ࡪ ே ࡶ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ㔠 ⼥ ⤒ ῭ ࡣ ࠊே 㛫 ࡢ⏕ ࡁ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࡢ ⤒ ῭ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ほ Ⅼ ࠿ ࡽ ࡣ ࠊᐇ య ⤒ ῭ ࡢ ά ື ࢆ ⿵ ຓ ࡋ ࠊ₶ ⁥ ࡟ ࡍ ࡭ ࡁ ࡶ14ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊࡌ ࡗ ࡉ ࠸ ࡟ ࡑ ࠺ ࠸ ࠺ ᶵ ⬟ ࢆ ᣢ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋࡋ ࠿ ࡋ ࠊ୍ ᪉ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ㔠 ⼥ ⤒ ῭ࡣ ࠊࡑ ࡇ ࡟ ඲ ㈨ ⏘ ࡢ ከ ࡃ ࡀ 㞟 ୰ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ࠊᐇ య ⤒ ῭ ࢆ ࡶ ᣺ ࡾ ᅇ ࡍ ኱ ࡁ ࡞ ᙳ㡪 ຊ ࢆ ࡶ ࡘ 㡿 ᇦ ࡜ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࡢ ព ࿡ ࡛ 㔠 ⼥ ⤒ ῭ ࡢ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࢆ ᵓ ⠏ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ᛴົ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊᑐ ㇟ ࡢ 」 㞧 ࡉ࣭ศ ᯒ ࡢ ᅔ 㞴 ࡉ ࠿ ࡽ ᐇ య ⤒ ῭ ࡯ ࡝ ࡢ ⌮ ㄽ ࡀ ࡲ ࡔ ⏕ ࡲ ࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢࡀ⌧≧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㔠 ⼥ ⤒ ῭ ࡢ ◊ ✲ ࡣ ࠊ⌧ ௦ ྂ ඾ ὴ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡢ ❧ ሙ ࠿ ࡽ ࠊࡇ ࢇ ࡈ ࡉ ࡲ ࡊ ࡲ ࡟ 㐍 ࡵ ࡞ ࡅࢀ ࡤ ࡞ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ࡀ ࠊᮏ ⠇ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ࡦ ࡜ ࡘ ࡢ ヨ ࡳ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊᐇ య ⤒ ῭ ࡜ 㔠 ⼥ ⤒ ῭ ࡜ ࢆ⤖ ࡧ ࡘ ࡅ ࡿ ୍ ᶵ ᵓ ࡢ ศ ᯒ ᯟ ⤌ ࡳ ࢆ ᥦ ㉳ ࡍ ࡿ (3.2) ࠋ ࡑ ࡢ ᇶ ♏ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ࡢ ࡀRobertson=ᒸ ⏣ ࡢ ᜏ ➼ ᘧ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ 13 :I㸫 S = Ǽ M㸫 Ǽ H.

(3-1)

ࡇ ࡇ ࡛ I ࡣ ᢞ ㈨ ࠊS ࡣ ㈓ ⵳ ࠊǼ M ࡣ ㈌ ᖯ ቑ ຍ 㔞 (ಙ ⏝ ቑ ຍ 㔞 )ࠊǼ H ࡣ ಖ ⶶ ㈌ ᖯ ࡢቑ ຍ 㔞 ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࡣ 㛢 㙐 ⤒ ῭ ࢆ ᝿ ᐃ ࡋ ࡓ ࡜ ࡁ ࡢ ᘧ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ㛤 ᨺ ୍ ᅜ ⤒ ῭ ࡟ ࠾ ࠸࡚ ࡣ ࠊ⤒ ᖖ ཰ ᨭ (Current Acount Balance)࡞ ࡝ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ಟ ṇ ࢆ せ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋୡ ⏺ ⤒ ῭ ඲య ࢆ ⪃ ࠼ ࡿ ࡜ ࡁ ࡟ ࡣ ࠊࡶ ࡕ ࢁ ࢇ እ 㒊 ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ࡢ ࡔ ࠿ ࡽ ࠊⅭ ᭰ ࣞ ࣮ ࢺ ࡀ ୍ ᐃ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡞ࡽ ࡤ ࠊ ࠶ ࡿ ୡ ⏺ ㏻ ㈌ ࡟ ᥮ ⟬ ࡋ ࡞ ࠾ ࡋ ࡓ (3-1)ᘧ ࡀ ᡂ ❧ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࡢ ᜏ ➼ ᘧ ࡣ ࠊ௵ ព ࡢ ୍ ᐃ ᮇ 㛫 ࡢ ᢞ ㈨ ࠊ㈓ ⵳ ࠊ㈌ ᖯ 㔞 ቑ ῶ ࠊಖ ⶶ ㈌ ᖯ ቑ ῶ ࡟ 㛵ࡋ ࡚ ᡂ ❧ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࡇ ࡛ 㔜 せ ࡞ ࡢ ࡣ ࠊᐇ ≀ ⤒ ῭ ࡜ 㔠 ⼥ ⤒ ῭ ࡢ ༊ ู ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࡢ ༊ ศࡣ ࠊࡓ ࡪ ࢇ ࡟ ᜛ ព ⓗ ࡞ ࡶ ࡢ ࡜ ࡞ ࡽ ࡊ ࡿ ࢆ ᚓ ࡞ ࠸ ࡀ ࠊ࡝ ࠺ ࠸ ࠺ ༊ ศ ἲ ࡛ ࠶ ࢀ ࠊ୍ ᐃࡢ༊ศࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿ࠿ࡂࡾࠊᚋࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ࡣᙳ㡪ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ(3-1)ᘧ ࡣ ࠊ࡜ ࠺ ࡐ ࢇ ࡞ ࡀ ࡽ ࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬ ࡢ ᢞ ㈨࣭㈓ ⵳ ➼ ᘧ I=S ࡟ ▩ ┪ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋᢞ ㈨ ࣭㈓ ⵳ ࢆ ஦ ᚋ ⓗ ࡞ ᜏ ➼ ᘧ ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺ ᐃ ⩏ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡣ ྍ ⬟ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ᴫ ᛕ໬ ࡛ ࡣ ᐇ య ⤒ ῭ ࡜ 㔠 ⼥ ⤒ ῭ ࡢ 㛵 ಀ ࢆ ᤊ ࠼ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡣ ࡛ ࡁ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ (3-1)ᘧ ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ᢞ㈨ I ࡣ ࠊ⏕ ⏘ タ ഛ ࡸ ཎ ᮦ ᩱ࣭㒊 ရ ࡞ ࡝ ࡬ ࡢ Ⓨ ὀ 㢠 ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ㈓ ⵳ S ࡣ ࠊᐇ ⌧ ࡋ ࡓ ᡤ
ᚓ (㈤ 㔠 ࠊ ฼ ₶ ࡞ ࡝ )࠿ ࡽ (ࢧ ࣮ ࣅ ࢫ ࢆ ྵ ࡴ )ᐇ ≀ ᾘ ㈝ ࢆ ᥍ 㝖 ࡋ ࡓ ⥲ 㢠 ࢆ ࠸ ࠺ ࠋ ࡇ ࡢࡩ ࡓ ࡘ ࡣ ࠿ ࡞ ࡽ ࡎ ࡋ ࡶ ୍ ⮴ ࡏ ࡎ ࠊ㈓ ⵳ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ 㔠 㢠 ࡢ ࠺ ࡕ ᢞ ㈨ ࡟ ᅇ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ศ ࡣ ࠊ㔠⼥ ⤒ ῭ ෆ ࡟ࠕ ಖ ⶶ ࠖࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋࡲ ࡓ 㖟 ⾜ ࡢ ୚ ಙ ⾜ ື ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ࠊ㈌ ᖯ ࡀ ๰ 㐀 ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ሙ ྜ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ I㸫 S ࡀ ୍ ᐃ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡞ ࡽ ࡤ ࠊ ㈌ ᖯ ቑ ຍ ศ ࡔ ࡅ ಖ ⶶ ㈌ ᖯ ࡀ ቑ ኱ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ࢣ ࢖ ࣥࢬ ࡢ I=S ᘧ ࡜ (3-1)ᘧ ࡜ ࡣ ࠊ ㈓ ⵳ ࣭ ᢞ ㈨ ᴫ ᛕ ࡢ 㐪 ࠸ ࡔ ࡅ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ ࡑ ࡢ ᑟ ฟ ㄽ ⌮13ࡇ ࡢ ᘧ ࡢ ᑟ ฟ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊ ሷ ἑ (2017b, §3.2)ࢆ ぢ ࡼ ࠋ15ࡀ ᫂ ☜ ࡟ ࡇ ࡜ ࡞ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࡶ ὀ ព ࡋ ࡞ ࡅ ࢀ ࡤ ࡞ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬ ࡢ ㈓ ⵳ ᢞ ㈨ ➼ ᘧ ࡣ ࠊ⤒῭ࡀ୍ᐃᮇ㛫ᆒ⾮≧ែ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᝿ᐃࡋࡓୖ࡛ᚓࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊࣟ ࣂ ࣮ ࢺ ࢯ ࣥ =ᒸ ⏣ ࡢ ᜏ ➼ ᘧ ࡣ ࠊࢧ ࣮ ࢟ ࣗ ࣞ ࣮ ࢩ ࣙ ࢽ ࢫ ࢺ ࡀ ㈌ ᖯ ๰ 㐀 ࠿ ࡽ ࡑ ࡢ ᾘ⁛ࡲ࡛ࢆ㏣㊧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡜ྠᵝࡢ㐣⛬ศᯒ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㔠 ⼥ ⤒ ῭ ෆ ࡟ࠕ ಖ ⶶ ࠖࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ㈌ ᖯ ࡣ ࠊ⟸ ➡ 㡸 㔠 ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ╀ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࢃ ࡅ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞
࠸ (3.7)ࠋ ࡴ ࡋ ࢁ ཯ ᑐ ࡟ ࠊࠕ ᢞ ㈨ ࠖ ᶵ ఍ ࢆ ≺ ࡗ ࡚ ࡘ ࡡ ࡟ ㆙ ᡄ ≧ ែ (on alert)࡟ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࡇ ࡛ ࠸ ࠺ ࠕ ᢞ ㈨ ࠖ ࡣ ࠊ (3-1)ᘧ ࡟ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ᐇ ≀ ⤒ ῭ ࡛ ࡢ ᢞ ㈨ ࡜ ࡣ ␗ ࡞ ࡾ ࠊ 㔠 ⼥ ⤒῭ ࡢ ෆ 㒊 ࡛ ࠊ࠶ ࡿ 㔠 ⼥ ㈨ ⏘ ࡞ ࠸ ࡋ ୙ ື ⏘ ࢆ ㉎ ධ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࢆ ࠸ ࠺ ࠋ✵ ኎ ࡾ ࠿ ࡽ ཧ ධࡍ ࡿ ሙ ྜ ࢆ ྵ ࡵ ࡚ ࠊࡑ ࢀ ࡟ ࡣ ㈨ 㔠 ࡀ ᚲ せ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊྲྀ ᘬ ࡈ ࡜ ࡟ ୍ ᐃ ࡢ ㈌ ᖯ 㔞 ࡀ ᣢ ࡕ
ᡭ A ࠿ࡽᣢࡕᡭ B ࡟⛣ືࡍࡿࠋಖⶶࡉࢀࡓ㈌ᖯࡀࠊᐇ≀⤒῭࡛ࡢᢞ㈨࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡣ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࡓ ࡜ ࠼ ࡤ ࠊ௻ ᴗ ࡀ ᚲ せ ࡞ ᢞ ㈨ 㔠 㢠 ࢆ ᪂ つ ᰴ ᘧ ࡢ Ⓨ ⾜ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ㄪ 㐩ࡍ ࡿ ࡜ ࡁ ࠊ㔠 ⼥ ⤒ ῭ ෆ ࡢ ㈌ ᖯ ࡀ ᪂ つ ᰴ ᘧ ࡢ ㉎ ධ ࡟ ྥ ࡅ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࡞ ࡽ ࠊࡑ ࢀ ࡣ ಖ ⶶ ㈌ᖯ ࢆ ୍ ➃ ྲྀ ࡾ ᔂ ࡍ ⾜ Ⅽ (ಖ ⶶ ㈌ ᖯ ࡢ ῶ ᑡ )࡜ ぢ ࡞ ࡍ ࠋPK ࡢ ከ ࡃ ࡣ I=S ᘧ ࢆ ㄆ ࡵ ࡞ ࡀ ࡽ ࠊ ᢞ ㈨ ࡀ ㈓ ⵳ ࢆ Ỵ ᐃ ࡍ ࡿ ࡜ ୺ ᙇ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ(Lavoie 2014 p.33ࠊ 㘠 ᓥ 2017 p.41, p.57)ࠋ ࡋ ࠿ ࡋ ࠊ I=S ࡀ ᆒ ⾮ ࢆ ๓ ᥦ ࡟ ᑟ ࠿ ࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡽࠊ୧⪅ࡢ୍᪉ࢆ௚᪉ࡢཎᅉ࡞࠸ࡋỴᐃᅉ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸
(Schumpeter ࡢ ᢈ ุ ࢆ ࡳ ࡼ )ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ୺ ᙇ ࡀ ⌮ ㄽ ⓗ 㱈 㱒 ࢆ ෆ ໟ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ↓⮬ぬ࡞ࡢࡶࠊࡑࡢ⌮ㄽⓗᇶ♏ࢆ┿ᦸ࡟㏣ồࡍࡿែᗘࡀḞࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡶ ࡗ ࡜ 㔜 ኱ ࡞ ࡢ ࡣ ࠊS > I ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ஦ ែ ࡀ ಖ ⶶ ㈌ ᖯ ࡢ ⵳ ✚ ࢆ ᣍ ࠸ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡟ ࡶ 㛵 ࢃ ࡽࡎ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ஦ ᐇ ࢆ ㄆ ㆑ ࡍ ࡿ ᯟ ⤌ ࡳ ࢆ ኻ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ Ⅼ ࡟ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࡢ Ⅼ ࡣ ୡ ⏺ ⤒ ῭ ࡢ ⌧ ≧ࢆ ㄆ ㆑ ࡍ ࡿ 㝿 ࡟ ࡶ 㔜 ኱ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋඛ 㐍 ⤒ ῭ ㅖ ᅜ ࡢ ᡂ 㛗 ⋡ ࡀ ప ୗ ࡍ ࡿ ࡞ ࠿ ࠊ඲ య ⓗ ࡟I ࡀ ప ୗ ࡋ ࡚ ࡶ ࠊ௚ ࡢ ከ ࡃ ࡢ ⌮ ⏤ ࡛ S ࡀ ⥔ ᣢ ࡉ ࢀ ࠊಖ ⶶ ㈌ ᖯ ࡢ ᜏ ᖖ ⓗ ቑ ኱ ࢆ ᣍ ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ ࡢ ஦ ែ ࢆ ࡲ ࡎ ௻ ᴗ ࣞ ࣋ ࣝ ࡛ ぢ ࡚ ࡳ ࡼ ࠺ ࠋ ⡆ ༢ ࡟ ࠸ ࠼ ࡤ ࠊ (3-1)ᘧ ࡣ ࠊ ௻ ᴗ ࣞ࣋ ࣝ ࡛ ࡶ ᡂ ❧ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋࡶ ࡗ ࡜ ࡶ ௻ ᴗ ࡢ ሙ ྜ ࠊS ࡣ ⏕ ⏘ ࡜ 〇 ရ ㈍ ኎ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ஦ ᴗ ฼ ₶ ࠿ࡽ 㓄 ᙜ ࡸ ฼ Ꮚ ᨭ ᡶ ࠸ ࢆ ᥍ 㝖 ࡋ ࡓ 㢠 ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊಖ ⶶ ㈌ ᖯ Ǽ H ࡟ ┦ ᙜ ࡍ ࡿ 㒊 ศ ࡣ ࠊ㖟 ⾜㡸 㔠 ࢆ ྵ ࡴ 㔠 ⼥ ㈨ ⏘ ࡢ ቑ ኱ ࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࡞ ࡅ ࢀ ࡤ ࡞ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋಖ ⶶ ㈌ ᖯ ࡣ ࠊ㔠 ⼥ ⤒ ῭ ඲ యෆ ࢆ ὶ ື ࡋ ⥆ ࡅ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ព ⩏ ࡀ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬ ࡀ ὶ ື ᛶ 㑅 ዲ ⌮ ㄽ ࡛ ⪃ ࠼ ࡓ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ಖ ᭷ ࡋ ࡓ ࠸ ⌧ 㔠 ࡢ 㔞 ࡞ ࡝ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࢃ ࡅ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋవ ๫ ࡜ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ ㈌ ᖯ ࡣ ࠊᶵ ఍ ࡉ ࠼ ࠶ࢀ ࡤ ཰ ┈ ࢆ ࠺ ࡴ 㔠 ⼥ ㈨ ⏘ ࡟ ኚ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋࡋ ࡓ ࡀ ࡗ ࡚ ࠊ௻ ᴗ ࣞ ࣋ ࣝ ࡛ ⪃ ࠼ ࡿ ࡜ ࡁ ࡟16ࡣ ࠊ (3-1)ᘧ ࡣ ಖ ⶶ ㈌ ᖯ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࡃ ࠊ 㔠 ⼥ ㈨ ⏘ ࡢ ቑ ኱ ࡛ ゎ 㔘 ࡋ ࡞ ࠾ ࡉ ࢀ ࡞ ࡅ ࢀ ࡤ ࡞ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋࡲ ࡓ ࠊࡑ ࡢ 㝿 ࡶ ࠊ㔠 ⼥ ㈨ ⏘ ࡢ ౯ ್ ホ ౯ ቑ ኱ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ 㔠 ⼥ ㈨ ⏘ ቑ ࡜ ࡣ ༊ ู ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋI ࡜ǼM ࡣࠊゎ㔘ࢆኚ࠼ࡿᚲせࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡇ ࡢ ὀ ព ࡢ ୖ ࡛ ࠊ୍ ஦ ᴗ ௻ ᴗ ࡢ ᢞ ㈨ ࡜ ฼ ₶ ࡜ ࡢ 㛵 ಀ ࢆ ⪃ ࠼ ࡳ ࡼ ࠺ ࠋ㏆ ᖺ ࡢ ඛ 㐍ᅜ ⤒ ῭ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ࠊ〇 ရ 㟂 せ ࡢ ఙ ࡧ ࡀ ᑠ ࡉ ࡃ ࠊタ ഛ ᢞ ㈨ ࡢ ᚲ せ I ࡀ ᑠ ࡉ ࡃ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࡶ ࠊ
౯᱁࡜㈍኎㔞ࡀ⥔ᣢࡉࢀࢀࡤࠊ฼₶ S ࡣ୍ᐃ㔞☜ಖࡉࢀ⥆ࡅࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ
S > I

(3-2)

࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ≧ ែ ࡀ ఱ ᖺ ࡟ ࡶ ࢃ ࡓ ࡾ ⥅ ⥆ ࡍ ࡿ ஦ ែ ࡀ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ࡜ ࡁ ࠊ ௻ ᴗ ࡣ ࠊS࡟ ࠶ ࢃ ࡏ ࡚ I ࢆ ቑ ຍ ࡉ ࡏ ࡿ ࡔ ࢁ ࠺ ࠿ ࠋ Cambridge ᡂ 㛗 ⌮ ㄽ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ
S = sP࡜ ࡉ ࢀ ࠊ S ࡢ ඲ 㔞 ࡀ ᢞ ㈨ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࡜ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ (Kaldor 1956, Lavoie 2014 p.311)ࠋ ࡇࡇ࡟ s ࡣࠊ㈨ᮏᐙࡢ㈓⵳⋡࡛࠶ࡿࠋປാ⪅ࡣ㈤㔠ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࢆᾘ㈝ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࡽࠊࡇࢀࡣ S ࡢ඲㔞ࡀᢞ㈨ࡉࢀࡿ࡜᝿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ᡂ 㛗 ᚄ ㊰ ࡣ ࡌ ࡹ ࠺ ࡪ ࢇ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ (3-2)ࡢ ஦ ែ ࡟ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ᢞ ㈨ ࢆ ቑ ࡸ ࡍ⌮ ⏤ ࡟ ࡣ ࡞ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ௻ ᴗ ⤒ Ⴀ ⪅ ࡣ ࠊ⮬ ♫ ⏕ ⏘ ࡢ ኎ ⾜ ࡁ ࢆ ぢ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ ࠊࡑ ࡢ 㟂 せ ࡀ ⮬♫ ࡢ ⏕ ⏘ ᐜ 㔞 ࢆ ࡜ ࠺ ࡵ ࢇ ࡓ ࡜ ࠼ ࡤ 90%ࢆ ㉸ ࠼ ࡞ ࠸ ࡜ ุ ᩿ ࡍ ࡿ ࡞ ࡽ ࠊ タ ഛ ቑ ᙉ ࡟
ᢞ ㈨ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋࡘ ࡲ ࡾ ௻ ᴗ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ (3-2)ࡀ ⥅ ⥆ ࡍ ࡿ ஦ ែ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠺ ࡿ ࠋ(3-2)ࡣ ࠊ௻ ᴗ ࡟ ࡜ ࡗ ࡚ ㈨ 㔠 వ ๫ ࡀ ⏕ ࡌ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࢆ ព ࿡ ࡍ ࡿ ࡢ ࡛ ࠊࡓ ࡜ ࠼ ࡤ ◊ ✲ 㛤 Ⓨ㈝ࡀከᑡ࡜ࡶ₶ἑ࡟࡞ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡶ㝈⏺ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ
(3-2)࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ஦ ែ ࡣ ࠊ(1)೉ ධ 㔠 ࡢ ㏉ ῭ ࠊ(2)㔠 ⼥ ㈨ ⏘ ࡞ ࡝ ࡬ ࡢ ᢞ ㈨ ࢆ ㄏ Ⓨ ࡍ ࡿ ࡛ ࠶ࢁ ࠺ ࠋ ࡘ ࠺ ࡌ ࡻ ࠺ ࡣ ࠊ ࡲ ࡎ (1)ࠊ ࡘ ࠸ ࡛ (2)࡜ ࠸ ࠺ 㡰 ␒ ࢆ ྲྀ ࡿ ࡜ ᛮ ࢃ ࢀ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ ࡑ ࡢุ ᩿ ࡣ ೉ ධ 㔠 ฼ Ꮚ ⋡ ࡜ 㔠 ⼥ ᢞ ㈨ ࡢ ᮇ ᚅ ཰ ┈ ⋡ ࡢ ホ ౯ ࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ࠋࡶ ࡋ 㔠 ⼥ ᢞ ㈨ ࡢ ཰ ┈⋡ ࡀ ೉ ධ ฼ Ꮚ ⋡ ࡼ ࡾ ࡣ ࡿ ࠿ ࡟ ኱ ࡁ ࠸ ࡞ ࡽ ࡤ ࠊ ࡜ ࠺ ࡐ ࢇ ௻ ᴗ ࡣ ࡲ ࡎ (2)࡟ ࠊ ࡘ ࠸ ࡛ࡑ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ᢞ ㈨ ᶵ ఍ ࡀ ᾘ ⁛ ࡋ ࡓ ࡢ ࡕ ࡟ (1)࡟ ྲྀ ࡾ ᥃ ࠿ ࡿ ࡛ ࠶ ࢁ ࠺ ࠋ (1)ࡣ ೉ ධ 㔠 ẚ⋡ ࡢ ῶ ᑡ ࠊ (2)ࡣ ෆ 㒊 ␃ ಖ ࡢ ቑ ኱ ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ஦ ែ ࢆ ࡶ ࡓ ࡽ ࡍ ࠋ௻ ᴗ ࡈ ࡜ ࡟ ≧ ἣ ࡀ ␗ ࡞ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ᪥ ᮏ ࡛ ࡣ 1980 ᖺ ௨ 㝆 ࠊ೉ ධ 㔠 ẚ ⋡ ࢆ ῶ ࡽ ࡍ ௻ ᴗ ࠊෆ 㒊 ␃ ಖ ࢆ ቑ ኱ ࡉ ࡏ ࡿ ௻ ᴗ ࡀ ከ ࡃ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ 2010 ᖺ ௦ ࡟ ኱ ௻ ᴗ ࡢෆ 㒊 ␃ ಖ ࡀ ኱ ࡁ ࡃ ࡩ ࡃ ࡽ ࢇ ࡔ ࡇ ࡜ ࡶ ᪂ ⪺ ࡞ ࡝ ࡢ ሗ 㐨 ᮦ ᩱ ࡟ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋࡇ ࠺ ࡋ ࡓ ஦ ែࡣ ࠊࡋ ࠿ ࡋ ࠊ᪥ ᮏ ࡢ ࡳ ࡟ ␃ ࡲ ࡽ ࡎ ࠊ࢔ ࣓ ࣜ ࢝ ྜ ⾗ ᅜ ࡞ ࡝ ࡛ ࡶ 㢮 ఝ ࡢ ⌧ ㇟ ࡀ ࡳ ࡽ ࢀ
ࡿ (Dögüs.2016)ࠋ
17

ಶ ู ௻ ᴗ ࡢ ㈨ 㔠 వ ๫ ≧ ἣ ࡣ ࠊࡑ ࠺ ࡋ ࡓ ௻ ᴗ ࡢ ẚ ⋡ ࡀ ቑ ࠼ ࡚ ࡃ ࢀ ࡤ ࠊ⤒ ῭ ඲ య ࡢ㈨ 㔠 వ ๫ ࢆ ࡶ ࡓ ࡽ ࡍ ࠋࡍ ࡞ ࢃ ࡕ ࠊ(3-1)ᘧ ࡟ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࠊS > I ࡀ ᜏ ᖖ ໬ ࡋ ࠊǼ H ࡀ ቑ኱ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ㖟 ⾜ ೉ ධ 㔠 ࡢ ㏉ ῭ ࡣ ࠊ㈇ ࡢ ಙ ⏝ ๰ 㐀 =㈌ ᖯ ◚ ቯ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊǼ M ࡢ Ỉ ‽ ࢆ ⦰ᑠ ࡉ ࡏ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ ୍ ⯡ ࡟ ࡣ Ǽ M ࡣ ඲ య ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ṇ ࡢ ࡲ ࡲ ࡟ ␃ ࡲ ࡿ ࠿ ࡽ ࠊ S㸫 I ࡟ Ǽ M ࢆຍ࠼ࡓ㒊ศࡀࠊǼH ࡜ࡋ࡚㔠⼥⤒῭࡟㈨㔠ὶධࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
㔠 ⼥ ࡢ ⫧ ኱ ໬ ࡣ ࠊࡶ ࡕ ࢁ ࢇ ࠊ⏕ ⏘ ௻ ᴗ ࡢ ㈈ ົ ᵓ 㐀 ࡢ ኚ ໬ ࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ࡢ ࡳ ⏕ ࡌ ࡚ ࠸ࡿ ࢃ ࡅ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ ᐇ య ⤒ ῭ ෆ ࡛ S>I ࡀ ᜏ ᖖ ໬ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࡼ ࡾ ࠊ ಶ ே ㈓ ⵳ ࡸ ㈨ ⏘཰ ┈ ࡀ ᐇ య ⤒ ῭ ࡬ ྥ ࠺ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ࡛ ࡁ ࡎ ࠊ㔠 ⼥ ⤒ ῭ ෆ ࢆ ᚠ ⎔ ࡍ ࡿ ㈌ ᖯ 㔞 ࡢ ቑ ኱ ࢆ ᣍ ࠸࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ㈨ 㔠 ࡣ ࠊࡍ ࡛ ࡟ ㏙ ࡭ ࡓ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ╀ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࢃ ࡅ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࡃ ࠊ㈨ ⏘⟶⌮௻ᴗ࡞࡝࡟㡸クࡉࢀ࡚ࠊࡘࡡ࡟᪂ࡋ࠸ࠕᢞ㈨ࠖᶵ఍ࡀ≺ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡶ ࡋ ࠶ ࡿ ㈨ ⏘ ࡟ ౯ ᱁ ୖ ᪼ ഴ ྥ ࡀ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࡜ ࠊࡑ ࡇ ࡟ ࠸ ࡕ ᪩ ࡃ ㏣ 㝶 ࡋ ࡼ ࠺ ࡜ ㈨ 㔠 ࡀ㞟 ࡲ ࡾ ࠊࡑ ࢀ ࡀ ⤖ ᯝ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ኱ ࡁ ࡞ ౯ ᱁ 㧗 㦐 ࢆ ࡶ ࡓ ࡽ ࡍ ࠋࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ౯ ᱁ 㧗 㦐 ࡣ ↓㝈 ࡟ ⥆ ࡃ ࢃ ࡅ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࡃ ࠊ࠸ ࡘ ࠿ ౯ ᱁ ೵ ⁫࣭཯ ㌿ ࡟ ⮳ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊࡑ ࡢ 㛫 ࡢ ㈨ ⏘ ౯ ್ ୖ ᪼࠿ ࡽ ࢟ ࣕ ࣆ ࢱ ࣭ࣝࢤ ࢖ ࣥ ࢆ ᚓ ࡼ ࠺ ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ⾜ ື ࡀ ά Ⓨ ໬ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ࠸ ࡗ ࡓ ࢇ ୖ ᪼ ࡋ ࡓ ㈨⏘ ࡣ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ࡲ ࡲ ࡛ ࡣ 㧗 ࠸ ཰ ┈ ⋡ ࡀ ᮇ ᚅ ࡛ ࡁ ࡞ ࠸ ࡢ ࡛ ࠊࡑ ࢀ ࡽ ㈨ ⏘ ࡢ ኎ ༷ ࡜ ᪂ ࡋ ࠸ࠕ ᢞ ㈨ ࠖᶵ ఍ ࡀ ᥈ ⣴ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ≧ ἣ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊಶ ࠎ ࡢ ㈨ ⏘ ࡢ ౯ ᱁ ኚ ໬ ࡣ ண࡛ ࡁ ࡞ ࠸ ࡀ ࠊ㔠 ⼥ ⤒ ῭ ෆ ࢆ ὶ ື ࡍ ࡿ ㈌ ᖯ 㔞 ࡀ ቑ ࠼ ࢀ ࡤ ቑ ࠼ ࡿ ࡯ ࡝ ࠊᑠ ࡉ ࡞ ࡁ ࡗ ࠿ࡅ ࡀ ኱ ࡁ ࡞ ື ࡁ ࢆ ࿧ ࡪ ࡇ ࡜ ࡟ ࡞ ࡾ ࠊ㔠 ⼥ ᕷ ሙ ࡢ ື ࡁ ࡀ ኱ ᖜ ໬ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࢀ ࡣ ᗈ ࠸ ព࿡࡛࣎ࣛࢸ࢕ࣜࢸ࢕ࡢቑ኱࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶⰋ࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
㔠 ⼥ ⤒ ῭ ࡢ ⫧ ኱ ໬࣭⤒ ῭ ඲ య ࡢ 㔠 ⼥ ⤒ ῭ ࡬ ࡢ 㔜 ᚰ ⛣ ື ࡣ ࠊࡋ ࡤ ࡋ ࡤ 㔠 ⼥ ໬ ࡜ ࡼࡤ ࢀ ࡛ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ㔠 ⼥ ໬ ࡣ ࠊ⣧ ⢋ ࡟ 㔠 ⼥ ᕷ ሙ ෆ 㒊 ࡢ ၥ 㢟 ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࡃ ࠊᐇ య ⤒ ῭ ࡢ ㈨ 㔠 ୙㊊ ⤒ ῭ ࠿ ࡽ ㈨ 㔠 వ ๫ ⤒ ῭ ࠶ ࡿ ࠸ ࡣ ྠ ࡌ ࡇ ࡜ ࡛ ᢞ ㈨ >㈓ ⵳ ࠿ ࡽ ㈓ ⵳ >ᢞ ㈨ ࡬ ࡢ ⤒ ῭ࡢ ┦ ㌿ ⛣ ࡀ 㔠 ⼥ ໬ ࢆ ᚲ ↛ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ࡶ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ (3-1)ᘧ ࡣ ࠊ ⌧ ௦ ⤒ ῭ ࡢ ኱ ၥ㢟࡜࠸࠺࡭ࡁ㔠⼥໬ࢆ࡜ࡽ࠼ࡿ㔜せ࡞ᶵᵓࢆㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
(3-1)ᘧ ࡣ ࠊ ᐇ ㉁ ⓗ ࡟ ࡣ ࣟ ࣂ ࣮ ࢺ ࢯ ࣥ ࡀ ᢕ ᥱ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ࡓ ࡔ ࠊ ࠿ ࢀ࡟ ࡣ (3-1)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ᫂ ☜ ࡞ ᩘ ᘧ ໬ ࡀ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡞ ࠿ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ࢃ ࡓ ࡋ ࡀ ࡑ ࡢ ព ⩏ ࢆ ⌮ ゎ ࡋࡓ ࡢ ࡣ ࠊᒸ ⏣ ඖ ᾈ (1997)࡟ ࡼ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࡢ ᘧ ࡣ ࠊ࿘ ▱ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ࠊࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬ ࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ I=S࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ᆒ ⾮ ᘧ ࡟ ኚ ᭦ ࡉ ࢀ ࠊࠗ ୍ ⯡ ⌮ ㄽ ࠘ ࡢ ᡂ ຌ ࡜ ࡜ ࡶ ࡟ ࠊ ┿ ⌮ ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ከ ࡃ ࡢ ࢣ ࢖ࣥ ࢪ ࢔ ࣥ ࡟ ཷ ࡅ ධ ࢀ ࡽ ࢀ ࡚ ࡁ ࡓ ࠋࡋ ࠿ ࡋ ࠊࡑ ࢀ ࡀ ᆒ ⾮ ࡢ ᯟ ⤌ ࡳ ࡢ ୰ ࡛ ࡢ ࡳ ᡂ ❧ ࡍࡿ ➼ ᘧ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ᛀ ࢀ ࡽ ࢀ ࠊ 20 ᖺ ௦ ࡟ ࡣ ᫂ ☜ ࡟ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ 㐣 ⛬ ࢆ ㏣ ࠸ ࠿ ࡅ18ࡿ ど Ⅼ ࡀ ⷧ ࢀ ࡚ ࡋ ࡲ ࠺ ࡜ ࠊ (3-1)࡜ ࠸ ࠺ 㛵 ಀ ࡣ ᛀ ࢀ ཤ ࡽ ࢀ ࡚ ࡋ ࡲ ࠸ ࠊ Ꮫ ㄝ ྐ ࡢ ୰࡛ ゝ ཬ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࡔ ࡅ ࡢ ࡶ ࡢ ࡟ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࡋ ࡲ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋࡍ ࡛ ࡟ ㏙ ࡭ ࡓ ࡼ ࠺ ࡟ ࠊࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬࠗ ୍⯡ ⌮ ㄽ ࠘ࡣ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ୰ ࡟ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࢆ 㠉 ᪂ ࡍ ࡿ ど Ⅼ ࢆ ྵ ࢇ ࡛ ࠸ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊᆒ ⾮ ࡜ 㝈 ⏺ ⌮ ㄽ ࡢᯟ ⤌ ࡳ ࡢ ୰ ࡟ ᇙ ࡵ ㎸ ࢇ ࡔ ࡓ ࡵ ࠊࡅ ࡗ ࡁ ࡻ ࡃ 1970 ᖺ ௦ ࡢ ཯ 㠉 ࿨ ࢆ ࿧ ࡧ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ࡈ 50
ᖺ ࠊ PS ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡣ ␗ ➃ ὴ ࡢ ୍ 㒊 ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ᆅ ఩ ࡟ ࡜ ࡝ ࡲ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ࡋ ࠿ ࡋ ࠊ PK ࡀ ࡑࡢ ⌮ ㄽ ⓗ ᇶ ♏ ࢆ ⌧ ௦ ྂ ඾ ὴ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡟ ぢ ᤣ ࠼ ࡿ ࡜ ࡜ ࡶ ࡟ ࠊ 㔠 ⼥ ⤒ ῭ ࡢ ⌮ ㄽ (ࡑ ࢀ ࡣ࠸ ࡲ ࡔ ࠿ ࡞ ࡾ ᮍ 㛤 ᣅ ࡢ 㡿 ᇦ ࡜ ᛮ ࢃ ࢀ ࡿ )ࠊ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ᐇ య ⤒ ῭ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ 㔠 ⼥ ⤒ ῭ ࡜ ࢆ ᥋ྜ ࡍ ࡿ ⌮ ㄽ ࢆ 㛤 ᣅ ࡍ ࡿ ࡞ ࡽ ࠊ⌧ ᅾ ࡢ ୺ ὶ ࡢ ᪂ ྂ ඾ ὴ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡜ ࡑ ࡢ ୖ ࡟ ࡓ ࡘ ࣐ ࢡ ࣟ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࢆ Ꮫ ㄝ ྐ ࡢ ୍ 㥖 ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ ᪥ ࡶ 㐲 ࡃ ࡞ ࠸ ࡜ ᛮ ࢃ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ཯ ᑐ ࡟ PK ࡀ ⌧ ᅾ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺࡟ ࣐ ࢡ ࣟ ⤒ ῭ Ꮫ ࡢ ⌧ ㇟ ㄽ ⓗ࣭༳ ㇟ ㄽ ⓗ ㆟ ㄽ ࡜ ศ ᯒ ࡟ ⤊ ጞ ࡍ ࡿ ࡞ ࡽ ࠊࡑ ࢀ ࡣ ⾶ ㏥ ࢆࡲࡠࡀࢀ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ⌧ᅾࡣࡑࡢศᒱⅬ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ[ཧ ⪃ ᩥ ⊩ ]ᒸ ⏣ ඖ ᾈ (1997)ࠗ ᕧ ど ⓗ ⤒ ῭ ⌮ ㄽ ࡢ ㌶ ㊧ 㸭 ࣜ ࢝ ࣮ ࢻ ࢘ ࠊ࣐ ࣝ ࢧ ࢫ ࠿ ࡽࠕ ࢣ ࢖ ࣥ ࢬ㠉࿨ࠖࡲ࡛࠘ྡྂᒇ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠋሷ ἑ ⏤ ඾ (2017a) ࠕ ⌧ ௦ ㈨ ᮏ ୺ ⩏ ศ ᯒ ࡢ ࡓ ࡵ ࡢ ཎ ⌮ ㄽ : ⌧ ௦ ྂ ඾ ὴ ࡜ Ᏹ 㔝 ⌮ ㄽ ࠖࠗࠕ Ᏹ 㔝 ⌮ ㄽ ࢆ ⌧ ௦ ࡟ ࡝ ࠺ ά ࠿ ࡍ ࠿ ࠖ Newsletter࠘ ➨ 2 ᮇ 20 ྕ 1㸬
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