Vol.24 No.1 September 2021

A Hiroshima Approach to Peace Studies

Ryo Oshiba

In 2020, Hiroshima commemorated the 75th anniversary of thefrom various perspectives, including those of international law,atomic bombing. In an odd twist of fate, in the same year, the novel

international politics, area studies, and constitutional studies.

coronavirus began to spread all over the world. At the Hiroshima

Thirdly, in Peace Studies, we must examine problems relating

Peace Institute (HPI) of Hiroshima City University (HCU), we

to nuclear power, as one of the global issues. The nuclear arms

were forced to cancel a large part of our research activities, andrace during the Cold War produced new victims through exposures

HCU’s Graduate School of Peace Studies also had to place its

to radiation through nuclear power, and we know that nuclear

educational activities under a variety of restrictions. It was in thispower generation cannot be treated merely as an energy issue butcontext that we decided to publish the book Hiroshima-hatsu nomust be discussed in connection with global environmental issues.

Heiwa-gaku (A Hiroshima Approach to Peace Studies) as a 75th

Therefore, in the book, we examine this theme with reference

anniversary commemorative project, with the entire 2020 HPI

to environmental problems and through analysis of views offaculty participating as co-authors.

Hiroshima held in the United States and Germany.

The purpose of this publication is to incorporate research on

These three themes of A Hiroshima Approach to Peace Studies

hibaku, the experience of being exposed to atomic bombing, into

encompass wide-ranging issues, necessitating analysis from local

the theoretical and conceptual framework of Peace Studies in orderto global levels. The themes call for interdisciplinary approach,to universalize it, against the backdrop of the aging of surviving

and I am proud to say that, with the diverse research areas andhibakusha, or persons exposed to the atomic bombing—a situation

approaches characteristically represented at the HPI, we are wellthat has turned the preservation and transmission of firsthandequipped to work on these questions.

memories of hibaku into a pressing challenge. The significance ofthe book also lies in this purpose.

In North America, graduate schools of Political Science,
which is my specialization, can be roughly divided into two types:

To be sure, there is no organized academic discipline called

one type comprises those schools that aim to be the best in a

“A Hiroshima Approach to Peace Studies.” Rather, our book is an

specific research area or with a specific approach by concentrating

attempt to begin the process of establishing such approach. To thisa large number of researchers specializing in that area orend, we have identified three foundational themes of A Hiroshima

approach, while the other type comprises schools with researchers

Approach to Peace Studies.

representing diverse research themes and approaches, thus formingFirst of all, what does “Hiroshima” stand for when we say A

a well-balanced research and educational system. The HPI and theHiroshima Approach to Peace Studies? Is Hiroshima’s “self-image,”

Graduate School of Peace Studies belong to the latter type, andso to speak, identical to the image of the city generally held in

our staff members share the consciousness of those working there:

other countries? If Hiroshima’s self-image differs from its imageof being an institution of research and education based in atomic-

held elsewhere, what should the dialogue be like between the twobombed Hiroshima.

sides? We examine this question in Part I of the book.
Secondly, in Peace Studies, we must demonstrate non-violent
ways of achieving and maintaining peace. What arguments canDrawing on these characteristics, we are determined tocontinue and to enhance our research and educational activities,building a Hiroshima Approach to Peace Studies.

we develop in this regard without resorting to the logic of “peace(Director at HPI)

through force”? We look into this question in Part II of the bookContents

A Hiroshima Approach to Peace Studies
A Hiroshima Approach to Peace Studies: Its Main Points and Significance of the Chapters in Part I
A Hiroshima Approach to Peace Studies: Its Main Points and Significance of the Chapters in Part II
South Korea Forum Hiroshima 2020
Peace in East Asia and the Future of the South Korea-Japan Relationship
A Soaring Dove of Peace: The HPI Has a New Symbol and Tagline
What Field Experience as a JICA Member Taught Me
Hello from HPI
Hello from HPI
The Graduate School of Peace Studies: The Establishment of a Ph.D. Program
Diary

Ryo Oshiba …………………………… 1
Kazumi Mizumoto ………………… 2
Tadashi Okimura …………………… 3
Hyun Jin Son …………………………
Kyungjin Ha …………………………
Jiro Nakahara …………………………
Chie Shijo ……………………………
Mihoko Kato …………………………
Tadashi Okimura ……………………
All ………………………………………

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5
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Visit HPI’s website at https://www.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/

1

A Hiroshima Approach to Peace Studies :Its Main Points and Significance of the Chapters in Part I

Kazumi Mizumoto

A Hiroshima Approach to Peace Studies: 13 Lectures on War and Peace(original Japanese title: Hiroshima-hatsu no Heiwa-gaku: Sensô toheiwa o kangaeru 13-kô; published by Hôritsu Bunka Sha, 2021), thefirst book co-authored by all 2020 researchers of the HPI, is composedof an introductory chapter, Part I, and Part II. In the introductory chapter,
HPI Director Oshiba provides a detailed and precise description of
the significance of the book as an academic work in the field of Peace
Studies. In this article, I would like to summarize the characteristics
and significance of the seven chapters that constitute Part I, “Multiple
perspectives on Hiroshima.”
Chapter One: “Peace and Studies in Hiroshima (author:
Kazumi Mizumoto)In this chapter, the peace education that has been conducted in Hiroshima
under the name of “hibaku education” is presented as a success story.
Today, however, Hiroshima is confronted with the challenge of having
to figure out how to teach about contemporary international issues that
continue to grow in complexity, now that it is becoming increasingly
clear that simply teaching about the hibaku experience no longer suffices
as peace education. The greatest difficulty of this challenge derives fromthe near absence of cases to which a simple good-party-versus-evil-party
scenario can be applied. This is also true about questions surrounding
the atomic bombing.
Chapter Two: The Impact of the Hiroshima Nuclear
Attack on U.S. Policy, Culture and Ecology (author: Robert
Jacobs)The dropping of the atomic bomb heralded the beginning of the UnitedStates’ enthusiasm for nuclear weapons, which has continued to thepresent. Behind this enthusiasm, the United States has spent colossal
sums of public funds on nuclear development and military affairs fornational security, while neglecting social security and infrastructuredevelopment, such as the roads and power supply networks needed toprotect the American people. As a result, the United States is today the
only advanced country in the world without universal health insurance.
At the same time, the nuclear development over many years has
seriously contaminated swathes of American soil with radioactivity,
producing many American hibakusha.
Chapter Three: Korean Gaze on Hiroshima (author:
Kyungjin Ha)
In Chapter Three, Hiroshima City’s self-image as an “international cityof peace and culture” is compared with the images of Hiroshima held bySouth Koreans, and discrepancies between the Hiroshima and Korean
perceptions are examined. A keyword search for academic papers
written by Korean researchers with “Hiroshima” as the keyword reveals
that, in many of these papers, Hiroshima is discussed in connection withhistorical issues such as colonial rule, forced labor, and comfort women.
The word “Hiroshima” appeared in the South Korean media mostfrequently during the 1994 Asian Games held in Hiroshima and during
President Obama’s visit to Hiroshima in 2016. On the latter occasion, thepredominant tone of media reporting was that of apprehension that Japanand the United States might decide to settle all their differences overhistorical issues bilaterally while excluding South Korea. Meanwhile,the number of Korean tourists to Hiroshima continues to increase, but
their main interests are said to focus on Japanese food and culture, andnot the atomic bombing or peace issues.
Chapter Four: China s Perceptions of Hiroshima (author:
Xianfen Xu)
In Chapter Four, Hiroshima viewed from China is analyzed based on
Renmin Ribao (People’s Daily) articles from different periods. From
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HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS Vol.24 No.1, September 2021

the mid-1950s to mid-1960s, when the anti-atomic and hydrogenbomb movement was particularly active in Japan, China attached great
importance to Hiroshima as a theater of diplomatic struggle with Japan,
with which China did not have diplomatic ties at that time. China senta delegation or a telegraphed congratulatory message to the World
Convention against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs almost every year.
From the 1980s to the first half of the 1990s, the People’s Daily calmly
reported the details of events held in Hiroshima, such as the World
Convention against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs and the annual Peace
Memorial Ceremony, presenting Hiroshima as one of major overseas
cities and introducing its people’s daily lives to its readers. The tone ofreporting changed in around 1995, when a significant increase was noted
in articles insisting that the damage wrought on Hiroshima should be
examined in light of the damage wrought by Japan to China and other
Asian countries.
Chapter Five: The Japanese Occupation of Southeast
Asia and Its Impact on Post-WWII Developments (author:
Narayanan Ganesan)
The cruel Japanese occupation of Southeast Asian countries during
World War II resulted in strong anti-Japanese sentiments, nationalism,
and anti-colonial, independence movements in the region in the postwar years. Chapter Five provides a detailed discussion of the countryby-country processes by which these movements emerged. On the other
hand, these countries were only barely aware of what had happened in
Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In general, the atomic bombings are viewed
in the region as events that were “necessary to force Japan to capitulate”
within a context heavily tainted with anti-Japanese hostility due toJapan’s war atrocities. This understanding has not given rise to a solid
debate backed by detailed knowledge about Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Chapter Six: Hiroshima and Manila (author: Hitoshi Nagai)
Following Chapter Five, which describes the Japanese army’s war
atrocities in Southeast Asia and strong anti-Japanese sentiment in theregion, Chapter Six takes up the Philippines as a typical example.
What is particularly noteworthy is how Japanese society responded
when the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP, generally
known in Japan as “GHQ”) and the U.S. forces informed the Japanesegeneral public of the Japanese military atrocities via mass media
immediately following the war. While many Japanese were shocked,
some gave a whataboutist response: “The American forces also wrought
horrendous damage with the atomic bombs.” The logic of this response
is identical in structure to that of the justification that defenders of theatomic bombings would give to their critics, “The Japanese Army also
committed atrocities,” with the logic proceeding in a diametrically
opposite direction.
Chapter Seven: How the World Learned about Hiroshima(author: Makiko Takemoto)
Studying how Hiroshima’s experience of hibaku is perceived inGermany can provide Japan with ideas as to how to interact with othercountries about a negative legacy, in that Germany is an advanced
European country that was not Japan’s enemy during World War II
and where images of Hiroshima expressed in cultural productions,such as literature, music, film and other visual arts, have a powerful
influence. Furthermore, Japan should learn from the way Germany, acountry similarly defeated in World War II, is taking a logical approach
toward the dangers of nuclear weapons and nuclear power plants, while
carefully considering its relationships with its neighboring countries.
(Professor at HPI)A Hiroshima Approach to Peace Studies :Its Main Points and Significance of the Chapters in Part II
Tadashi Okimura

In the introductory chapter of the book A Hiroshima Approach toPeace Studies, HPI Director Oshiba defines the three foundational
themes of Peace Studies originating from Hiroshima: 1) understanding
differences between Hiroshima’s self-image and images of Hiroshima
held in other countries; 2) demonstrating non-violent ways to achieving
and maintaining peace; and 3) examining issues relating to nuclear
power from a global perspective encompassing global environmental
problems. Part II of the book, “Means to Create a Peaceful World,”
concerns themes 2) and 3).
Chapter Eight: Analysis of the Korean Peninsula Issues
and Perspectives on Northeast Asian Security (author:
Hyun Jin Son)
In Chapter Eight, the author analyzes nuclear arms development and thedenuclearization process of North Korea. The division of the Korean
Peninsula is explained with the historical developments of Japanesecolonial rule, divided occupation by the United States and the Soviet
Union, and the Korean War, presenting a clear description of the
background against which North Korea has come to demand a peace
treaty. With reference to this background, the author then analyzes
the situation on the Korean Peninsula since 2018, and the issue ofthe denuclearization of North Korea. The significance of this chapter
lies in examination of the steps to denuclearize North Korea, one of
the most pressing challenges for security in Northeast Asia today. For
a comprehensive consensus to be formed on building a strong andsustainable system for peace in Northeast Asia, major components are:the total denuclearization of North Korea as desired by the international
community, and security guarantees for the Pyongyang regime as
desired by North Korea. The author emphasizes it is essential that thisconsensus-forming process include the construction of a framework forregional confidence-building measures, for restoring mutual confidence
among the related countries, to create a peaceful world.

conflict, climate change being a constant threat to human security.
Furthermore, the chapter summarizes the international instrumentsthat have been put in place over the last quarter-century, along witha description of their evolution and an evaluation of the practicaleffectiveness of each of these instruments. This chapter is significant
in that it indicates the degrees of achievement of international regimes,
highlighting necessary global perspectives and the necessity ofinternational cooperation.
Chapter Eleven: Transformation of the International Legal
Order and Challenges for the Prohibition of the Use ofForce (author: Tetsuo Sato)In this chapter, the principle of banning the use of armed force underinternational law is analyzed as a means of creating a peaceful world at theinternational level. Presenting his argument from a perspective that focuseson the decentralized structure and practical effectiveness of internationallaw for world order, the author draws an overall picture of the principle ofbanning the use of armed force with its details and exemptions, as well as
its impact and related problems to be solved. This chapter is significant inthat it discusses the principle of banning the use of armed force, not only
as embodied in the United Nations Charter but also by examining how it
is related to society and order by the rule of law. For example, exemptions
from banning the use of armed force and justifications therefore are
examined by taking into account the processes by which specific cases
have been handled around the world. Based on such an examination,
the author argues that a ban on the use of armed force solely through theillegalization of war is not enough, and that it is essential to eliminate
the need to resort to force by building a pacifist and practically effective
mechanism for conflict resolution, emphasizing the need to view thischallenge as one concerning the entire international community.

Chapter Nine: Reconsideration of the Conference on
Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) Process(author: Gen Kikkawa)In this chapter, the author analyzes the process by which confidencebuilding measures in Europe contributed to the revolutions in Eastern
Europe and the end of the Cold War. He argues that the principle ofrespect for human rights gradually became the norm in international
relations, as the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe(CSCE) repeatedly held international meetings amidst the East-West
confrontation in Cold War-era Europe. The author also argues that
this international norm led to the development of social confidencebuilding measures, constructing a regional governance system throughthe application of the measures. The author finally concludes thatthe norms and systems demonstrated their peace-creating power,
facilitating developments leading up to the revolutions in Eastern
Europe and the end of the Cold War. The significance of this chapter
is its analysis that attributes the peaceful conversion of the socialist
regimes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe to international norms
and systems, and the attitude of East European nations that used themfor their own reforms. The role played by the CSCE is a highly usefulmodel for peace building in East Asia, where security dialogues andconfidence-building measures are not yet well developed.

Chapter Twelve: Nuclear Weapons and the Constitution ofJapan, Article 9 (author: Akihiro Kawakami)
In this Chapter, the author examines the relationship between nuclear
weapons and the pacifism expressed in Article 9 of the JapaneseConstitution, as a means of creating a peaceful world at Japan’s
initiative. The author looks into the Japanese government’s historicalstances on the use and possession of nuclear weapons, mainly basedon comments and replies by governmental representatives at Diet
sessions, clarifying that the government has basically maintained that
nuclear weapons should be permitted for self-defense within a minimum
necessary range. The author further examines the relationship between
the use, provision and other forms of handling of nuclear weapons andthe three requirements for Japan’s use of armed force as an exerciseof the right of collective self-defense under international law, that is,the conditions newly defined following the government’s decision topermit a limited exercise of collective self-defense right by Japan. The
significance of this chapter is its demonstration that, despite Japan’s
ban on the possession of nuclear weapons in legal and policy terms as
stipulated under the Atomic Energy Basic Act and in the Three NonNuclear Principles, the new governmental interpretation of Article 9
leaves room for Japan to be allowed to possess or use nuclear weapons.
The author’s suggestion that the government’s argument might be falsely
structured in the first place is all the more significant since it is backed
by carefully analyzed case studies.

Chapter Ten: International Regimes to Overcome Climate
Crisis (author: Tadashi Okimura)
While the two preceding chapters examine means of creating apeaceful world at the regional level, Chapter Ten takes up the sameat the international level. In analyzing international climate regimes,
this chapter is an attempt to tackle the third foundational theme of thisbook: the examination of global issues. Noting that the international
community is currently experiencing an intensified sense of danger
regarding climate change to the extent that it is referred to as a “climate
crisis,” the author presents the viewpoint that has become establishedthus far with regard to the connection between climate change andAs summarized above, Part II examines multiple aspects of peaceat the national, regional, and international levels (concerning nuclear
development, the Cold War, conflict, the use of armed force, nuclear
weapons, and so forth) and means of achieving peace (international
negotiations, international organizations, international instruments,
international law, and Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution) from theperspectives of International Law, International Politics, International
Relations, and Constitutional Studies. In doing so, Part II exhibits theresearch results obtained by the HPI thus far, so as to fulfill its objectiveof helping the development of Peace Studies.
(Professor at HPI)

Visit HPI’s website at https://www.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/

3South Korea Forum Hiroshima 2020

Peace in East Asia and the Future of theSouth Korea-Japan Relationship

Hyun Jin Son

On October 16, 2020, the South Korea Forum Hiroshima 2020
was organized by the Consulate General of the Republic of Korea
in Hiroshima at the Rihga Royal Hotel Hiroshima. From the HPI,
Specially Appointed Professor Gen Kikkawa and Associate Professor
Hyun Jin Son participated in the Forum. The event was composedof Part I “Review of and Prospects for the South Korea-Japan
Relationship,” Part II “Exploring Paths to Peace in East Asia,” and apanel discussion.
As discord overlaps in each of the bilateral relationships in
East Asia comprising Japan, South Korea, North Korea, and China,
the nuclear development by North Korea is further aggravatinginternational relations within the region. The Japan-South Korea
relationship is rapidly deteriorating. However, East Asia has noregional organization of arbitration that intervenes in international
conflicts, and no supranational security mechanism designed toachieve common security goals. What will the future hold for East
Asia’s fragile peace, which is currently maintained on a system ofbalance of forces?
Against this background, the objectives of the South Korea
Forum Hiroshima 2020 were to clarify the structure of crisis in East
Asian international relations that we are currently facing, and to
explore challenges to tackle for peace in East Asia and measures toimprove the confused Japan-South Korea relationship.
In Part I, Mr. Tetsuya Hakoda, an editorial writer for the
Asahi Shimbun, spoke on the theme of, “Evaluation of the JapanSouth Korea Relationship during Shinzo Abe’s Administration.”
Abe’s tenure as Prime Minister, the longest in the country’s historyof constitutional government, turned out to be long and difficult
for the Japan-South Korea relationship. As political leaders who
were oriented in opposite directions yet each insisting on a specificunderstanding of history fell out of power, the most difficult problem
between the two countries came to the fore: wartime forced labor.
If the assets of Japanese corporations already confiscated based on
the 2018 ruling by the Supreme Court of Korea were paid out, Japanand South Korea would enter into an unprecedented and severe
confrontation. Although the Abe administration came to an end,
during its long governing period it succeeded in highlighting futurechallenges for regional diplomacy and for the Japan-South Korea
relationship with its traumatic past of colonial rule.
As the second speaker in Part I, Professor Yuji Fukuhara of
the Faculty of Policy Studies at the University of Shimane talked
on the theme of, “Prospects for the Japan-South Korea Relationshipin the Post-Abe Era.” To understand the current status of the JapanSouth Korea relationship in general, it is necessary to know how
people in the two societies understand each other. For this reason,
Prof. Fukuhara suggested that Japanese and Koreans discuss witheach other, deepen exchanges, and broaden their circles of allianceand sympathy in civil society. He was followed by Professor Bungo
Osawa of the Department of Risk and Crisis Management at Chiba
Institute of Science, who spoke on the theme, “The Possibility ofJapan-South Korea Cooperation over North Korea-Related Issues.”
Prof. Osawa cited cultural assets originating from the Korean
Peninsula as a new issue that would probably confront the Japanese
government in the future. He stated that as mutual trust develops in
the bilateral relationships the issue of cultural assets could facilitate
solving the problem of forced labor between Japan and South
Korea, and the problem of abductions between Japan and North
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HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS Vol.24 No.1, September 2021

Korea. He also pointed out that Japan and South Korea, working incollaboration, could make a strong appeal to North Korea for therenunciation of nuclear missile development by North Korea and thereform and opening of North Korea’s closed regime.
In Part II, this author (Associate Professor Hyun Jin Sonof the HPI, Hiroshima City University), talked on the theme of,“Evaluation of the North Korea-South Korea Relationship in Moon
Jae-in’s Presidency.” Stating that the Panmunjeom Declaration and
the Pyongyang Joint Declaration, both made in 2018, modified thebilateral relationship, the speaker praised the North Korea-UnitedStates Summits for taking significant first steps toward resolving
North Korean nuclear issues, including the denuclearization of the
Korean Peninsula. The speaker also emphasized the necessity ofconfidence building among the parties, considering existing issues
such as debate about concrete denuclearization processes and thelifting of sanctions on North Korea.
This was followed by Specially Appointed Professor Gen
Kikkawa of the HPI, who spoke on the theme, “Toward theConstruction of an East Asian Community: Searching for Light in the
Depths of Despair.” Prof. Kikkawa stated that international conflictin East Asia is a zero-sum conflict with no room for compromiseor concession, particular to a system of balance of forces. He thenproposed that to build peace in East Asia, structural reform isnecessary in the international political system that maintains thispower balance. That is to say, the construction of relationships
founded on confidence requires not only the expression of theintention to keep one’s promises and act on one’s decisions, but
actually following through on these commitments. The speaker
pointed out that the verification of acting out can solidify mutual
trust.
Finally, Professor Jeong-Pyo Hong of the School of International
Liberal Arts, Miyazaki International College, spoke on the theme of,“Struggle for A New World Order: The US-China Relationship andthe Korean Peninsula.” The gist of Professor Hong’s presentation
is as follows: the post-World War II world order, founded on liberal
democracy and the order of the market economy which has been led
by the United States on the basis of power balance, is now facing
the threat of the rise of China. China is audaciously challenging theexisting world order on the strength of its tradition of centralized
government cultivated throughout its long history, and its current
economic power. Under such circumstances, South Korea must workon non-traditional security issues to build a strategic confidence-based
relationship with Japan and the United States, while South Korea,
Japan and the United States must publicly affirm the importance of
their tripartite cooperation to gain support both within their respective
countries and outside.
In the panel discussion, which was moderated by Associate
Professor Atsushi Yasutomi of the School of International Liberal
Arts, Miyazaki International College, the speakers actively exchanged
opinions. In response to questions from the floor regarding support
for hibakusha from the Korean Peninsula and the movement in South
Korea to boycott Japanese products, the specialists pointed to theimportance of objective and unbiased media reporting, learning aboutdamage caused by exposure to radioactivity in Hiroshima, and thewillingness to personally visit the other country.
(Associate Professor at HPI)A Soaring Dove of Peace:
The HPI Has a New Symbol and Tagline
Kyungjin Ha
The Hiroshima Peace Institute (HPI) of Hiroshima City University(HCU) has recently adopted a new symbol: golden rays of light,
together forming a dove.
A dove is universally recognized as a symbol of peace, but
do you know its origin? It comes from the Old Testament (Hebrew
Bible). In the Biblical passage that recounts the story of Noah’s Ark,
Noah learns that the flood waters have subsided thanks to the dove
he released from the Ark returning with an olive leaf in its beak. The
messenger of this joyful news—the end of the devastating flood andthe return of peace on earth—has thus become a symbol of peace.
This biblical symbol of peace was utilized as a modern image
and design to symbolize peace in 1949. A drawing of a dove by
Pablo Picasso was used for the poster of the First World Congress ofPartisans of Peace held in the same year. The Dove of Peace by Picasso
has since come to be known as a symbol of peace all over the world.
In Japan, the popularization of the association between peace
and the dove has another, somewhat unusual origin. In 1946, soonafter the end of the war, Japan Tobacco and Salt Public Corporation(today, Japan Tobacco Inc.) launched a new cigarette brand called“Peace,” and in 1952, the company began using a dove motif on thecigarette package. The name of the brand, Peace, had been selectedfrom among suggestions openly solicited from the general public.
This name is believed to have reflected people’s earnest desire for
lasting peace in those post-war years.
In Hiroshima, which aspires to be an “international city of peaceand culture,” designs featuring a dove motif can be seen almost
everywhere. For example, in 2014 Hiroshima City began to issue
license plates with an original design of a soaring white dove formotorized bicycles. This design was created by a Hiroshima City
resident. The symbol of Naka Ward in Hiroshima City is a soaring
dove, which also has the form of the kanji (Chinese ideogram) for“Naka.”
Now, following this long introduction, I would like to present
to you the HPI’s new logo, featuring a dove motif, which has evokedpeace in people’s minds through the ages, and is a fitting for the
institution that promotes the academic discipline of Peace Studies
originating from Hiroshima:

Prof. Masahiro Noujima of the Department of Design andApplied Arts, the Faculty of Arts of HCU, is the creator of thissymbol. He has rich experience designing logos and commercial
products for various groups and organizations in Hiroshima andacross Japan. In the process leading up to the design production,
Prof. Noujima took note of the HPI’s mission in particular. “The HPI
charges itself with the mission of serving as an academic research
center that fulfills part of Hiroshima’s responsibility in the world,

analyzing and examining questions of peace as the ‘hub of wisdom
in an international city of peace and culture, Hiroshima,’” said Prof.
Noujima. He said that he also took note of the universality of a doveas a symbol of peace and used it as a symbol of Hiroshima, whichshould be clear even beyond Hiroshima.
The HPI’s new symbol is composed of three gold-coloredribbons (gold is the HPI’s symbolic color) that represent rays of lightof peace. They are twisted and folded to create perspective. With thesets of ribbons twisted and folded in different ways, the doves appear
to be in different states of flight, and arranged next to one another,
they express the beautiful dynamism of unbound flight.

There is something else new that expresses the HPI’s unique
identity and characteristics: the tagline above the HPI’s name. An
entity’s tagline is a phrase that communicates its vision, philosophy or
most championed value. The HPI’s new tagline, composed to matchthe new symbol, is “kokoro o tsunagu chi no kyoten” or “the hub of
wisdom that links hearts.”
Prof. Kazumi Mizumoto of the HPI, one of the people who
proposed the tagline, mentioned two aspects of peace building. The
HPI has been required to serve as an academic organization that
researches peace within the historical context up to the present,
supporting domestic and international networks of researchers andcreating a worldwide base of knowledge and wisdom. However,this alone would be insufficient to build true peace because there isanother important aspect of peace building, which is the role of anintermediary. It strives to achieve person-to-person or heart-to-heart
communication between hostile parties, and then to help shift themfrom opposition to reconciliation. Since its founding, the HPI has
worked to play the role of such an intermediary, linking academia
with civil society and actively interacting with various other actors.
The part of the tagline about linking hearts expresses these twofunctions expected of the HPI. All of us at the HPI would be delighted
if you could sense in the new tagline, alongside the dove of peacesoaring through the vast skies of the world, our commitment to peace
through our work.
Looking back on the inception of the HPI’s new symbol andtagline, I feel that our new symbol, a contemporary interpretation of
the symbolism of the dove motif, has inevitably been combined withthe phrase expressing the HPI’s raison d’être as the organization that
promotes Peace Studies originating from Hiroshima. As a faculty
member of the HPI, I am delighted that with this new design we havereached this milestone, at which we look forward to our future path
while cherishing the HPI’s tradition and past achievements. I would
like to take this opportunity to express my deep appreciation to all
those who have contributed to the completion of the new symbol andtagline.
(Associate Professor/PR Committee at HPI)
Visit HPI’s website at https://www.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/

5What Field Experience as a
JICA Member Taught Me
In 2001, I resigned from a private company for which I had worked
for eight years to serve as an Overseas Cooperation Volunteer of
the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in Papua New
Guinea in the South Pacific. For the following 20 years, I have beenstationed in a total of eight countries in connection with the JICA’s
activities, and now live in Ghana, in West Africa.
Looking back on my career thus far, I notice that I have almost
always been in some way related to countries that had undergone,
were undergoing, or would later experience fierce armed conflict,such as Syria, Yemen, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, and Laos.
Syria and Yemen have both been in the midst of an intense civil war
for over a decade. The Solomon Islands experienced armed interethnic conflict for five years from 1998. In Sri Lanka, the civil
war between the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and thegovernment forces continued for as long as 26 years until 2009.
During the Vietnam War, Laos was subjected to relentless American
air raids because the Ho Chi Minh trail passed through the country’s
eastern mountainous region; the per-capita bomb tonnage dropped
during the Vietnam War was the greatest on Laos, far surpassing thaton Vietnam.
Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands were sites ofparticularly fierce battles during the Second World War. While
visiting Wewak in Papua New Guinea, where the late famous manga
artist Shigeru Mizuki had been sent to fight, I was able to talk to local
people, asking them directly how the Pacific War was experienced on
their side, and how the Imperial Japanese Army acted and behaved
there. In those days (about 20 years ago), Japanese were usually
welcomed anywhere around the world simply for being Japanese.
There, however, I was harshly abused for the first time simply forbeing Japanese. An old man who had been assaulted, captured, andtaken into forced labor by Japanese soldiers during the war railed at
me as if to pour out the anger he had accumulated over 55 years. All I
could do was nod and remain silent.
During my assignment in the Solomon Islands (2009–2012),
the JICA office was located on the site of a former Japanese Armycamp, with gun batteries and machine guns abandoned on thepremises. On Guadalcanal, where the Guadalcanal campaign was
waged during WWII, climbing slightly deeper into the mountains,
you could still find fragments of steel helmets, water bottles andguns left by Japanese soldiers and human remains here and there,
while bomber planes and troopships had turned into underwater reefs
gathering fish in the ocean. I learned for the first time then and therethat unexploded bombs from the Pacific War were still harming local
people in the 21st century.
The same can be said about Laos, where local residents continue
to suffer due to the dropping of over 500,000 tons of unexploded
ordnance (UXO) during the Vietnam War. JICA has been sending
personnel to UXO Lao, the governmental organization charged
with UXO clearance, and I was also involved in this operation.
UXO clearance has been continuing in collaboration with other aid
organizations from the EU and the United States, and international
NGOs. Nevertheless, it is said that total UXO elimination would takeat least 100 years.
In Sri Lanka, following the end of the civil war with thegovernment destroying the LTTE, the economic disparity between thenorthern and eastern regions on the one hand, which used to be under
the LTTE’s control, and the other regions of the country have becomea serious societal issue. In the former, there were large numbers of
widows and physically disabled people due to the civil war. This
was a major factor of poverty in the regions, alongside alreadydelayed socioeconomic development. Upon the end of the civil war,
the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR),
6HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS Vol.24 No.1, September 2021

Jiro Nakahara

the United Nations Human Settlement Programme (UNHABITAT),and other international organizations and NGOs began to support
activities in the northern and eastern regions. The JICA was amongsuch organizations from the early post-civil war years, and I was
involved in support projects and frequently visited the impoverishedregions. This experience taught me firsthand the difficulties involvedin supporting post-conflict reconstruction and development.
In pre-civil war Syria, I witness the 2006 Lebanon War closeat hand. Great discrepancies between the news reported by Western
media organizations and what I actually saw and heard in the fieldstruck me as totally incongruous. Not all supporters of Hezbollah,considered a terrorist group by the West, were religious fanatics;
they encompassed a broad range of people from decent, ordinary
citizens to intellectuals. The region’s unjust and complex historicaldevelopments and realities lay in the background to this situation.
Once, with a special permit, I visited the Golan Heights, where theUN PKO was deployed, from the Syrian side. The verdurous hilly
area beyond barbed wire entanglements was territory occupied
by Israel, an act condemned as illegal under UN Security Council
Resolution 242 and many others, and UN General Assembly
resolutions.
In 1981, Israel unilaterally declared the annexation of theoccupied land to Israeli territory, and in March 2019, the UnitedStates recognized Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights with
President Trump signing a proclamation. When I visited a Kurdish
area in the northeastern part of the country, I was awestruck by the
Kurds’ bravery, indomitable spirit, and unyielding attachment to theirnational unity. I was convinced that no force or oppression could
make them surrender. Even before the civil war, northern and central
Syria under the control of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant(ISIL), a radical armed militant group of Sunni Islam, was one of thepoorest areas of the country. I was involved in a project for women’s
empowerment jointly operated there with the UN Development
Programme (UNDP). The project ended up isolating women after
its excessive focus on women provoked dissatisfaction among men
and throughout the entire village. I learned from this experience theimportance of gaining a deep understanding of local culture andcustoms and of carrying out a project while spending plenty of timedeveloping solid relationships with local people that would enable us
to discover their honest views and feelings and fully take them into
account when implementing project plans.
Engaging in support programs at eight Palestinian refugee camps
in Syria and personally talking and working with Palestinians in the
programs, I was able to gain a glimpse of the nature of the IsraeliPalestinian conflict and the difficulties faced by Palestinian refugees
living in refugee camps for 60 long years. The kindness I found in thePalestinians and Syrians as they offered me tea with a smile, despite
their extreme hardship and poverty, is unforgettable. I consider Syria,
where I spent nearly three years, my second homeland. My wish toengage one day in peace building and reconstruction in Syria is, infact, the primary reason for my enrollment in the Graduate School of
Peace Studies.
In retrospect, I see that I learned so much through my
JICA duties and overseas posts. What one learns firsthand in thefield through embodied experience can never be learned from atextbook. My field experience has also helped me break away fromstereotypical ideas that prevail in society. I hope to combine thisexperience and the abilities I have cultivated in the field with theknowledge I acquired in the graduate school, and utilize this amalgam
from a broad perspective and through elaborate field practices in
actual projects that support development and reconstruction.
(M.A. Program student, HCU Graduate School of Peace Studies)Hello from HPI
Chie Shijo

Mihoko Kato

H a v i n g g r o w n u p i n H i r o s h i m a C i t y,Hiroshima Prefecture, Dr. Chie Shijo
graduated from School of Letters, Arts andSciences, Waseda University. After working
as a curator at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial
Museum, she completed the master’s programat the Graduate School of Social and Cultural
Studies, Kyushu University. She then obtained her
Ph. D. degree (Comparative Social Culture) from the same graduate
school in 2013. Before appointment to her present post at HPI in
April 2019, she worked as a Research Fellow at the Japan Society
for the Promotion of Science, and belonged to the School of Global
Humanities and Social Sciences, Nagasaki University as a Visiting
Researcher. She specializes in memory and representation researchon the damage caused by the atomic bomb. Her books include:
Urakami no genbaku no katari—Nagai Takashi kara Roma Kyoko e(The Atomic Bomb Narratives in Urakami: From Takashi Nagai toPope John Paul II) published by Miraisha in 2015.

Dr. Mihoko Kato was born in Akita city.
She graduated from the Russian and East
European studies course of the Department
of Foreign Studies, Tokyo University ofForeign Studies. She then received her
M.A. and Ph.D. in history and area studies
from the Graduate School of Letters, Hokkaido
University. Prior to coming to HPI in April
2021, she was a Visiting Scholar (Senior Associate Fellow) at the
St. Antony’s College, University of Oxford (2011–2012), and aSpecially-Appointed Assistant Professor at the Slavic-EurasianStudies Center (SRC), Hokkaido University (2016–2021). Her
publications include: [Single-authored] Ajia Taiheiyo no Roshia –Reisengo kokusai chitsujo no mosaku to takokukanshugi (Russia in
the Asia-Pacific Region: Seeking a new international order after theend of the Cold War and multilateralism) published by Hokkaido
University Press in 2014; [coauthored] Reisengo no Higashi Ajia
chitsujo – Chitsujo keisei wo meguru kakkoku no kousou (The postCold War order in East Asia: Various visions for a new regional
order) published by Keiso Shobou in 2020.

Associate Professor

Hello, I am Chie Shijo. I am pleased to have joined the faculty of theHiroshima Peace Institute from this spring. I have been conducting
memory and representation research on the damage caused by theatomic bomb based on material and interview surveys. The atomic
bomb damage is a historical event in the past; however, by focusing
on the people who experienced it on the periphery, a frameworkof problems we are facing has emerged. Through my research andeducational activities related to the damage caused by the atomic
bomb, I would like to explore ways to construct “peace,” and tocontribute to the local communities.

Lecturer

I am very pleased to join the Hiroshima Peace Institute from thisspring. I specialize in Russia’s foreign and security policy in the
post-Cold War period. My recent research project investigates
why and how Russia restores bilateral and multilateral relations
with former Soviet allies such as China, India, Vietnam and North
Korea, and what sort of impact do/will those relations have on a
new Eurasian order. Probably, Russia is not very familiar to people
in Hiroshima, however, our country actually faces serious issues
which need to be negotiated with Russia. At HPI, I would like tothink about ways to solve the international issues by peaceful means
together with graduate students who are prospective practitioners
and experts.

The Graduate School of Peace Studies:
The Establishment of a Ph.D. Program
Following the establishment of a Master’s Program at the Graduate
School of Peace Studies, Hiroshima City University, in April 2019,a Ph.D. Program was inaugurated in April 2021. As in the Master’s
Program, the ultimate purpose of the Ph.D. Program is to train
future professionals who will contribute to creating and maintaining
peace. To this end, students will first be trained in the methodologies
of analysis in Peace Studies and related specialized fields such as
International Political Science, International Law, and International
Relations. On this foundation, students will then acquire and further
develop their ability to analyze real-world issues in a specialized
and comprehensive manner. The graduates, as envisioned in the
Program, will assume positions as: (1) researchers capable of deep
analysis of connections between human security and global/regional
governance structures, and of effective peace policy proposals forbuilding systems for human security and international peace; (2) UNfunctionaries who engage, using highly advanced knowledge, in theplanning and formulation of international public policies for peacecreation/building, international NGO/NPO officials, and national/
municipal government officials involved in public policy making andinternational relations; or (3) journalists and media experts capableof analyzing current international conflicts, global issues, and otherTadashi Okimura

phenomena in a scientific and multifaceted manner, and of effectively
communicating with civil societies and the international communityfrom a peace-creating perspective.
The Program’s first class of three students who entered theProgram in April 2021 from within and outside Japan include
persons with the experience of working in media and government.
For admissions in October 2021, the Graduate School hasreceived inquiries from persons working in overseas internationalorganizations and overseas students who expect to obtain theirmaster’s degrees shortly, as well as those students who have obtained
their master’s degrees in Japan. With such students and applicants,
it is likely that the Ph.D. Program, already in its inaugural year,
will constitute an exciting environment where students of diverse
backgrounds can intellectually stimulate one another. It is hoped that
the Ph.D. Program will attract a great number of students, including
mature students, international students, and Master’s degree holders
from the Graduate School of Peace Studies and other Japanese
graduate schools, who will one day become leaders of Peace Studies
originating from Hiroshima.
(Professor at HPI)

Visit HPI’s website at https://www.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/

7

DIARY
2020◆ Jun. 10 Kyungjin Ha contributes an essay based on aninterview with the Public Relations Society of Japan (PRSJ),“When a New Community is Needed, PR is Required,” to PR
Yearbook 2020.
◆ Jul. 15 Makiko Takemoto publishes a Japanese translation of
Ran Zwiegenberg, Hiroshima: The Origins of Global Memory
Culture, with Yuji Wakao, Marina Nishii and Yuko Takahashi,
Nagoya Daigaku Shuppannkai, 2020.
◆ Jul. 26 Tetsuo Sato attends the Board of Councilors of theJapanese Society of International Law, held online.
◆ Jul. 28 Kazumi Mizumoto gives a lecture to six reportersfrom local newspapers on, “Hiroshima and Peace,” at a training
program for domestic journalists of local newspapers organizedby the City of Hiroshima, held at the International ConferenceCenter Hiroshima.
◆ Aug. 3–5 Narayanan Ganesan trains the Myanmar civil
service in Naypyitaw online via Zoom on public policy
formulation and research methodology.
◆ Aug. 8 Ryo Oshiba and Robert Jacobs participate as panel
speakers in the webinar, “ZERO Project Round Table.” Webinar
hosted by ZERO Project 2020, 8 August 2020.
◆ Aug. 11 Mizumoto attends a meeting for revising the peaceeducation program, organized by the Hiroshima Municipal
Board of Education, held in Hiroshima City.
◆ Sep. 21 Oshiba contributes an article, “Interview with HPI
Director,” to the Chugoku Shimbun.
◆ Sep. 28 Ha participates as a keynote speaker in the online
conference titled, “PR Professionals Meeting 2020: Thinking
About the Next Decade of PR Industry,” hosted by the Public
Relations Society of Japan (PRSJ).
◆ Sep. 30 Sato’s article, “Did the UN Security Council usurp
the authority of ‘international legislation’?: with regard tointernational terrorism and the non-proliferation of weapons ofmass destruction,” (in Japanese) reprinted in International Law
at Present: the Possibility of Law in the Ever-changing World(Koji Teraya and Kazuyori Ito eds., Nippon Hyoron Sha, 2020).
◆ Oct. 10 Gen Kikkawa contributes a chapter entitled, “PanEuropean Picnic that Pulled Down the Berlin Wall,” in Japan
Association of Peace Studies, ed., NHK Documentaries on War
and Peace, Horitsu Bunka Sha, 2020.
◆ Oct. 14 Xianfen Xu gives a lecture on, “Past‧Present‧Futureof Sino-Japanese Relations,” to the School of Global Humanities
and Social Sciences of Nagasaki University, via Zoom.
◆ Oct. 16 Hyun Jin Son presents a lecture, “Peace in East Asia
and Future of Korea-Japan Relations,” and Specially Appointed
Prof. Kikkawa on, “International Security Community Buildingin North-East Asia,” at the forum, “Evaluation of Inter-Korea
Relations in the Moon Jae-In Administration,” held by theConsulate General of the Republic of Korea in Hiroshima.
◆ Nov. 8 Hitoshi Nagai participates in a discussion on the
topic, “The Pursuit of Punishment against the Japanese War
Criminals by the Chinese (Kuomintang) Government,” (“Warand Airstrikes” Subcommittee) in the 2020 Annual Conventionof the Peace Studies Association of Japan, via Zoom.
◆ Nov. 11 Kikkawa presents a lecture online via Zoom on,“International Security Community: Current State and Future
Agenda,” for students at Dongseo University, South Korea.

HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS● Published by● Printed by

8

June 1, 2020 ― May 31, 2021

◆ Nov. 14 Ganesan delivers a public lecture entitled, “Charting
the New Landscape in Southeast Asian International Relations,”
via Zoom at Yadanabon University in Mandalay, Myanmar.
◆ Nov. 21 Son attends as a facilitator the, “Hiroshima JuniorInternational Forum,” organized by Hiroshima Prefectural
Government.
◆ Nov. 22 Akihiro Kawakami gives a lecture titled, “ThePresent and Future of the Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution
in Japan,” hosted by Japanese Constitution Network 103, via
Zoom.
◆ Nov. 26 Tadashi Okimura presents a paper titled, “Climate
Policy in Japan,” at the 9th Asia-Pacific International
Conference, hosted by Korea Legislation Research Institute, via
Zoom.
2021
◆ Jan. 24 Kawakami gives a lecture titled, “The Constitutionof Japan and Local Self-government,” hosted by Hiroshima
Local Government Issue Institute, via Zoom.
◆ Mar. 7 Kawakami delivers a presentation on, “The Peace Suitand Scholars of Constitutional law in the postwar Japan,” at theclosed online workshop supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant
Number JP 20K01283, via Zoom.
◆ Mar. 11 Takemoto contributes an article entitled, “Doitsu ni
okeru ishi no heiwa undo,” in Yuji Wakao and Eiichi Kido, ed.,Kaku to hoshasen no gendaishi, Showado, 2021.
◆ Mar. 13 Sato attends the Board of Councilors of the JapaneseSociety of International Law held online. ▽Xu presents a paper
titled, “Japan Issues in China-US Reconciliation negotiations,”
at an online international workshop “History and Reconciliation”
hosted by the Institute of East Asian International Relations ofWaseda University.
◆ Mar. 19 Nagai gives a special lecture entitled, “TheA-bombing and Reconstruction in Hiroshima: What Experiences
to Transmit and How?” at the “Hiroshima Peace Administration
Training Program” organized by Mayors for Peace at theInternational Conference Center Hiroshima.
◆ Mar. 25 Takemoto presents a paper titled, “Japanese AntiNuclear Movements: Local and transnational characteristics
of Hiroshima’s movement,” at a closed online international
workshop “Japanese Anti-Nuclear Movements: Local andTransnational Characteristics of Hiroshima’s Movement,” hosted
by LSE (London School of Economics and Political Science).
◆ May 1 Jacobs publishes a chapter, “Fukushima radiation
inside/out,” in, Kyle Cleveland, Scott Gabriel Knowles and
Ryuma Shineha, eds., Legacies of Fukushima: 3.11 in Context(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021).
◆ May 15 Oshiba gives a Commemorative Lecture entitled,“Global Governance Theories,” as a winner of “Contemporary
Political Science Award” at the Spring Convention of theJapanese Association of Political and Legal Studies of Japan.
◆ May 30 Son presents a lecture, “Treaty on the Prohibition of
Nuclear Weapons from a Regional Perspective,” at the forum on
the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons hosted by theCity of Hiroshima and supported by the HPI.
※For other entries of the DIARY, please visit our website.

Vol.24 No.1（September 30, 2021）

Editorial Committee (Robert Jacobs, Xianfen Xu, Chie Shijo), Hiroshima Peace Institute, Hiroshima City University
3-4-1, Ozuka-higashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima, 731-3194 Japan
Phone: +81（0）82 830 1811
Fax: +81（0）82 830 1812
E-mail: office-peace@m.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp
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HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS Vol.24 No.1, September 2021

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