Development of a 500-kV DC XLPE Cable System
by Satoru Maruyama *, Noboru Ishii * , Michihiro Shimada * , Shinji Kojima * 2 ,Hideo Tanaka * 3 , Mitsumasa Asano * 4 , Tetsuya Yamanaka * 4 ,and Shin’ichi Kawakami * 4This paper describes development work on an XLPE cable system for HVDC
lines, together with the results of pre-qualification (PQ) tests. XLPE material inwhich there is no space charge accumulation was applied for the DC extruded cable, and thefactory joint was constructed by extrusion molding. In long-term (1-year) tests carried out on the
DC XLPE cable system developed here no breakdown occurred, and those samples passed tothe impulse test superposed on DC voltage after long-term test.
It was confirmed that the DC XLPE cable system developed here passed PQ tests conforming
to CIGRE recommendations and had performance adequate for HVDC transmission lines.

ABSTRACT1.

INTRODUCTION

DC transmission is more suited to long distance or highpower applications than AC transmission. Conventional
DC power cables have been oil-filled (OF) or massimpregnated non-drain (MIND) cables, but OF cables arefundamentally unsuited to long-distance transmission,
with the limitations imposed by the irksome need for oil
refilling, and MIND cables can rarely carry high power
due to their rather low operating temperature tolerance.
In AC transmission by contrast, the use of XLPEinsulated cables has been widespread, and 500-kV XLPEinsulated power cables are in actual use in commercial
AC lines 1). XLPE-insulated cables, being free from oilor grease, are more environment-friendly, and are thus
expected to be of service in DC power transmission as
well.
Against the background, the authors have developed
a 500-kV DC XLPE cable 2), 3). This paper describes thedevelopment process, together with the results of prequalification (PQ) tests.

2.

CHARACTERISTICS OF INSULATING
MATERIALS FOR DC XLPE CABLE

Previous research or studies on the application of XLPE
cables designed for AC use to DC power transmission
have indicated that space charges accumulate in theirinsulation 4). As a result, local high electric fields generate,* Energy Transmission Research Dept., Ecology & Energy
Lab., R&D Div.

* 2 Power Cable Production Dept., Power Cables Div.
* 3 VISCAS Corp.
* 4 Electric Power Development Co., Ltd.

thereby lowering insulation performance, so that thesespace charges must be suppressed at the design stage,in terms of the performance characteristics for XLPE
insulation material under DC voltage.
The following dielectric breakdown characteristics are
inherent to DC voltage:• heat generated due to current in the insulation (Jouleheat); and• local high electric field due to space charge.
Consequently, the properties required for the insulating
material for DC XLPE cables are:(1) high resistivity to reduce leakage current andsuppress heat generation; and(2) absence of local high electric fields due to spacecharge formation.
The authors identified a polyethylene with a polar group(hereinafter called DC-XLPE) as the insulation with therequired properties.
It is known that the polar groups work as trap sites forelectric charge 5). The existence of trap sites slows down
the mobility of electric charges, thereby increasing theresistivity of the polymer insulation. The trap sites also
have the effects of preventing the uneven distributionof the space charges thereby stabilizing the behavior ofspace charge. Furthermore, existing facilities can be used
to manufacture the cable, because requirements for thehandling of PE material for DC cables are the same as
those for ordinary PE material.
Figures 1 and 2 plot the volume-resistivity curveand space charge formation for the subject DC-XLPE.
Figure 1 shows that the XLPE satisfies requirement (1)above, i.e., at least 10 times the volume resistivity of theconventional XLPE material for AC cables (hereinafter
called AC-XLPE). Figure 2 shows that the XLPE satisfies
requirement (2), allowing scarcely any accumulation of
space charges, but that the AC-XLPE allows significant

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accumulation of space charges in specific regions
close to the inner semiconductive layer. On analysis wehave found that the subject XLPE satisfies the electric
insulation requirements for DC XLPE cable.

3.

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Figure 3

Short term breakdown characteristics ofmodel cables.

Volume resistivity of XLPE materials.

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ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
MODEL CABLES

We examined the dielectric breakdown characteristics
of model cables to investigate the subject DC-XLPE
material.
3.1 Breakdown Characteristics
Dielectric breakdown test in the model cables was carriedout under the following conditions.
Test sample:
conductor size: 200 mm2
insulation thickness: 9 mm
Test temperature: 90°C at conductor (∆ T=20°C)
Here, ∆ T means the temperature difference between
the conductor and the shielding layer.
Figure 3 plots dielectric breakdown strength for
DC-XLPE vs. AC-XLPE, showing that DC-XLPE clearlysurpasses AC-XLPE in DC breakdown strength. Thus the
DC-XLPE has better characteristics than the AC-XLPEfrom the standpoint of short-term operation in DC
breakdown strength.

3.2 Long-term Electrical Properties
Long-term tests were carried out on a model cable using
DC-XLPE to confirm that the “n” value of the inverse
power law for the model cable under DC voltage was
15 or higher, and that the model cable had an “n” value
equal to that of an ultra high voltage XLPE cable 1).
We were able to obtain satisfactory results from themodel cables in terms of both the short-term breakdown
characteristics and long-term characteristic stability of the
DC-XLPE developed here.
3.3 Space Charges
3.3.1 Under low electric field
We investigated the space charge characteristics ofthe model cable in a low electric field equivalent to an
operating field.
A pulsed electroacoustic method 6) was applied tomeasure the space charges, where the electric field
distribution was calculated based on the measured spacecharge distribution. The test conditions were as follows:
Test sample:
conductor size: 100 mm2
insulation thickness: 3 mm
Test temperature: 90°C at conductor
Applied electric field: 30 kV/mm
Application time: 2,160 h
Figure 4 plots the electric field distribution for a
DC XLPE cable, while Figure 5 plots the electric field
distribution for an AC XLPE cable.
Figure 4 indicates that the DC XLPE cable incurredscarcely any accumulation of space charges at theoutset of voltage application, and the consequent electricfield distribution was determined by the electrostatic
capacitance. Yet, over time, we see a trend toward awide-spread accumulation of negative charges in theinsulation due to the injection of charges from the innersemiconductive layer. Consequently, the electric field
distribution increases on the outer semiconductive
layer side and decreases on the inner side. This patternof electric field distribution is almost the same as that
determined by resistivity, for instance in an OF cable.
Figure 5 clearly indicates that even a cable using
AC-XLPE induces an electric field distribution not

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Electric field distribution in DC XLPE cables
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Electric field distribution in DC XLPE cables
as a function of applied voltage.
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Electric field distribution in AC XLPE cables
under DC voltage.

significantly different from that in a cable using
DC-XLPE, up to the elapse of several hours of voltage
application. But after that the electric field near the innersemiconductive layer with positive charges (heterocharges) accumulated is locally emphasized.
The above bottleneck (formation of a local high electricfield) is one of the causal factors in identifying AC XLPE
cables as not suitable for the operation under DC voltage.
Along the way, we found that DC-XLPE exhibits stablebehavior in its electric fields, which will not be localized,even in long-term operation.
3.3.2 Under High Electric Field
We measured the space charge up to the threshold of
the breakdown electric field (the high-electric field region)and investigated the relationship between the breakdown
characteristics and the electric field due to space charge.
The space charge was measured under the following
conditions.
Test sample:
conductor: 100 mm2
insulation thickness: 3 mm
Temperature: 90°C at conductor
Applied voltage: 90~290 kV
Application time: 30 min at each voltage
Figure 6 shows the electric field distribution in a cableusing DC-XLPE, and Figure 7 shows the distribution in
one using AC-XLPE.

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Electric field distribution in AC XLPE cables
as a function of applied voltage.

From Figure 6, it is clear that in every region from low
to high electric field, the electric field distribution is similar
and is high on the outer semiconductive layer side andlow on the inner semiconductive layer side. No local highelectric field was formed in any region.
From Figure 7, it is clear that in a cable using AC-XLPE,
the same tendency is exhibited in the low electric fieldregion as in DC XLPE cable. However, as the electricfield is increased, hetero-charges accumulate in theneighborhood of the inner semiconductive layer and alocal high electric field is formed even in a short time.
That is to say, it was found that in an AC XLPE cable theelectric field distribution was different inside a low electricfield versus a high electric field. It can also be said thatthe formation of a local high electric field at high electricfield is related to the reduction of DC breakdown strength
discussed below.
Commercial power lines would undergo a polarity
reversal and a loading cycle, and the space charge
characteristics ought to remain stable. Using the same
sample and temperature, we checked on the following
characteristics.
3.3.3 Under Polarity Reversal
Figure 8 plots the electric field distribution in polarity
reversal, with curve A showing electric field distribution
resulting from a voltage of +75 kV applied for 5 hours,
and curve B showing the results just at a reverse shift to

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Variation of electric field distribution
in polarity reversal.

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Variation of field distribution under loading
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Figure 10 Structure of factory joint for 500-kV DC XLPE cable.

-75 kV. At the same time, the electric field distribution
was disturbed by the space charges generated under avoltage of +75 kV. At the elapse of about 5 hours under-75 kV, the electric field distribution resumed the patternshown by curve C before the reversal of the polarity ofvoltage application. As a result, we have made sure thatthe behavior of space charges remains stable.
3.3.4 Under Loading Cycle
Figure 9 plots the electric field distribution with a loading
cycle under -75 kV DC. We found that even 30 loading
cycles had hardly any effect on characteristics, let alone
one or two cycles. In other words, we suppose thatloading cycles will not affect the accumulation of spacecharges.
From the above perspective, DC-XLPE will act withmore advantage on the space charge characteristics
in a DC XLPE cable. In these respects it is inferred that
DC-XLPE has the more advantageous space charge
characteristics for a DC XLPE cable.

4.

500-KV DC XLPE CABLE AND FACTORYJOINTS

4.1 Cable Design
Assumed operating conditions of 500-kV DC-XLPE are:DC voltage U0: 500 kV
Impulse voltage: 850 kV(arrester protection level: 1.7 U0)
The insulation needs to be designed to work under

the above conditions, but the methodology for DC-XLPE
insulation cable design has not yet matured. This isbecause the accumulation of space charges in a solid
insulating material disturbs or deranges the electric field,
which in turn cannot easily be evaluated. A method has
therefore been proposed for designing the insulation
thickness for a DC XLPE cable based on evaluation of
the electric field in the insulation under DC voltage 7). This
design technique was applied to determine the insulation
thickness for a 500-kV DC XLPE cable, which turned out
to be 23 mm.
4.2 Development and Evaluation of Factory Joints
Intermediate joints (factory joints) are needed to allow
the use of longer cable length. A factory joint needs to bealmost of the same diameter as the cable diameter, where
an extrusion molded joint (EMJ) technique 8) has been
applied to work on reinforced insulation. Figure 10 shows
the structure of a factory joint for a 500-kV DC XLPE
cable.
A welding technique was adopted for the conductor
joints, because the connected parts of the conductor, forwhich a sleeve was used, have no flexibility and differ indiameter from the cable conductor.
Table 1 shows the results of electrical and mechanicaltests of 500-kV DC XLPE cables and factory joints.
The electrical tests were preceded by mechanicaltests (bending, twisting, etc.). Those tests verified thatthe 500-kV DC XLPE cables and factory joints fulfilled
the requirements in terms of short-term electricalcharacteristics.

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Development of a 500-kV DC XLPE Cable System

Table 1

Electrical and mechanical properties of 500-kV DC XLPE cable and factory joints.
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Dimensions of cable for PQ tests.

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Figure 11 Set-up for long-term test.

Long term test conditions for 500-kV DC XLPE cable system.
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4.3

Pre-qualification Tests on 500-kV DC XLPE Cable
SystemPre-qualification (PQ) tests were carried out todemonstrate the performance of 500-kV DC XLPE cablesystem developed here, in anticipation of commercialuse.
4.3.1 Long-term Test Conditions
A long-term test was carried out on the 500-kV DC
XLPE cable system developed here. The sample was asfollows:
500-kV DC XLPE cable: 50 m in length
Factory joint: 1
GIS terminations: 2
Table 2 shows dimensions of the cable for PQ tests.
Figure 10 shows the structure of a factory joint
extrusion molded using the same material as the cableinsulation. A stress-relief cone was adopted for the GIS
terminations.

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Table 3 shows long-term test conditions of PQ tests andFigure 11 shows the setup for the long-term test.
4.3.2 Remaining Test Conditions
If no breakdown occurs during testing, the remaining
characteristics ought to be examined. Consequently,
an opposite polarity impulse withstand test superposedon DC voltage was applied. That is, a DC voltage was
loaded for 3 hours at a conductor temperature of 90°C.
Subsequently, an opposite polarity impulse voltage of1000 kV was superposed 10 times repeatedly on the DC
voltage of 500 kV.
Finally, we covered all the test requirements in Section
4.3, but found no breakdown throughout the longterm test and the remaining characteristic test. This
demonstrated that the 500-kV DC XLPE cable systemdeveloped here fulfills the characteristic requirements for
an HVDC transmission cable.
The conditions for the above test were approximately

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Development of a 500-kV DC XLPE Cable System

the same as those under CIGRE recommendations
for “Testing DC extruded cable systems for powertransmission up to 250 kV” 10).
Namely, these pre-qualification tests are the firstexamination result based on the CIGRE recommendations on extruded HVDC cables, although the rated
voltage of 500-kV was higher than that.

5.

CONCLUSION

This R&D program identified a polyethylene with a polargroup as the insulation material for a DC XLPE cable. Its
electrical characteristics were discussed mainly in termsof the behavior of space charge accumulation. The XLPE
selected has turned out to be highly suitable for DC
cable.
Subsequently, the subject DC-XLPE was applied todevelop, design and fabricate 500-kV DC XLPE cables
and factory joints, which were in turn evaluated. A
pre-qualification test was then carried out to assessthe 500-kV DC XLPE cable system, which was foundsuccessful in all tests.
In conclusion, the DC XLPE cable system developed
here was verified as having the highest suitability for
HVDC transmission lines.

REFERENCES
1) M.Fukawa, T.Kawai, Y.Okano, S.Sakuma, S.Asai, M.Kanaoka
and H.Yamanouchi: “Development of 500-kV XLPE Cables andAccessories for Long Distance Underground Transmission Line,
Part III”, IEEE Trans. P.D. Vol.11, No.2, pp627 (1996)
2) S.Mar uyama, N.Ishii, T.Yamanaka, T.Kimura, H.Tanaka:“Development of 500kV DC XLPE cable system and its PreQualification test”, A7-2, Jicable 2003.
3) Y.Maekawa, C.Watanabe, M.Asano, S. Maruyama, T.Tanaka,
H.Hirano and H.Muto: “Development of Solid Insulated HVDC
Cables”, T.IEEJ 120-B, No.11 (2000) (in Japanese)4) “Report of study committee on tests for high voltage dc cables”(1977) (in Japanese)5) K.Amakawa and Y.Inuishi: “Thermally-stimulated current inoxidized and Nonoxidized polyethylene”, Trans. IEE of Japan,
Vol.93, No.12, pp 533-540 (1973) (in Japanese)
6) T. Maeno, T.Futami, H.Kushibe, T.Takada and C.M.Cooke: “Studyon Spatial Charge Distribution in Thick Dielectrics using Pulsed
Electroacoustic Method”, IEEE Trans. On E.I., Vol.23, No.3,
pp433-439 (1988)
7) K.Terashima, Y.Murata, H.Muto, M.Yoshida and T.Uozumi: “Studyof Design Method of XLPE Cable for DC Voltage”, Trans. IEE ofJapan, Vol.119-B, No.2, pp212-222 (1999) (in Japanese)
8) N.Takeda, S.Izumi, K.Asari, A.Nakatani, H.Noda, M.Yamaguchi and
M.Tani: “Development of 500-kV XLPE Cables and Accessories
for Long Distance Underground Transmission Line, Part IV”, IEEE
Trans. P.D. Vol.11, No.2, pp635- (1996)
9) “Recommendations for Mechanical Tests on Submarine cables”,
Electra 171 (1997)
10) “Testing DC extruded cable systems for power transmission up to
250 kV”, Electra 206 (2003)

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