Feature Article
Study Skills and Strategies within the
Academic EFL Context in Japan
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Abstract;OPZ JYVZZZLJ[PVUHS Z[\K` VM  T\S[PSL]LS Z[`LHY \UP]LYZP[`Z[\KLU[ZH[[LTW[Z[VKL[LYTPUL[OLPYWLYJLP]LKZ[\K`OHIP[ZZ[YH[LNPLZHUK SHUN\HNL HIPSP[PLZ PU VYKLY [V WYV]PKL PUZPNO[Z PU[V WLKHNVNPJHSHWWYVHJOLZ ULLKLK [V HKHW[ [V Z[\KLU[Z» SLHYUPUN ULLKZ SLZZVUWSHUUPUN Z`SSHI\Z J\YYPJ\S\T HUK HJHKLTPJ ,UNSPZO SHUN\HNL
WYVNYHT KLZPNU ;V IL[[LY \UKLYZ[HUK [OL HJHKLTPJ ULLKZ VM [OLZLZ[\KLU[Z [OL` ^LYL HZRLK [V JVTWSL[L SHUN\HNL SLHYUPUN [HZRZ HUKZ\IZLX\LU[ Z\Y]L`Z YLNHYKPUN [OLPY WLYJLP]LK ,UNSPZO HUK 1HWHULZLSLHYUPUN ZRPSSZ Z[YH[LNPLZ HUK HIPSP[PLZ ZV HZ [V PKLU[PM` Z[\K` [YHP[Z[OH[ JV\SK IL ILULÄJPHS [V [OLPY HJHKLTPJ Z[\KPLZ HZ WLY 4,?;»ZYLJVTTLUKLK WVSPJ` (UHS`ZPZ VM KH[H YL]LHSLK [OH[ Z[\KLU[Z
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TH`SLHK[VJVU[PU\LKYLZLHYJO[VKL]LSVWHZ[\K`ZRPSSZPU]LU[VY`MVY
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220

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学習者のニーズ、教案、
シラバス、
カリキュラム、及び大学英語プログラムを反映した教授法を考案するため、大学一年生の日本人英語学習者43名を対象に彼らが自らの学習習慣、ストラテジー、語学力をどのようにとらえているかを調査した。学生が大学教育に何を求めているかをより理解するため、彼らの英語と日本語の学習スキルと学習法を調査する語学学習タスクとアンケートを行った。
これらの結果は、2003年に文部科学省が発表した言語政策にうたわれている学習スキルの向上につながるはずである。分析の結果から、
リスニン
グとリーディングといった理解に関わるスキルでは、英語と日本語の学習習慣やメタ認知のストラテジーに英語力のレベルで違いが見られなかったが、
スピーキングとライティングに関してはバラつきがあることが明らかになった。先行研究とあわせ本研究の結果は、日本においてさらに効果的な英語教育を提供するため、
アカデミック・イングリッシュでどのような学習スキルが必要であるかを検討する提案につながるであろう。

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Literature Review
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222

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1HWHULZLILMVYL[OL1HWHULZLZRPSSZHUKZ[YH[LNPLZZ\Y]L`Z;OLZ\Y]L`Z

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 `LHYZ HM[LY JVUK\J[PUN U\TLYV\Z WPSV[ Z\Y]L`Z PU 1HWHULZL HUKZ\IZLX\LU[ Z[\KLU[ PU[LY]PL^Z YLZ\S[PUN PU YLÄULTLU[Z PU X\LZ[PVU[`WL HUK YLZWVUZL VW[PVUZ(M[LY Z[\KLU[Z» WLYZVUHS Z[\K` OHIP[Z HUKZ[YH[LNPLZ^LYL[HI\SH[LKHUKJVKLKPUP[PHSS`\ZPUN.YV\UKLK;OLVY`+PJR  ^OPJO PZ PU[LUKLK [V L_HTPUL [OL [YHP[Z VM WHY[PJ\SHY
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Z\Y]L`Z ^LYL WYVMLZZPVUHSS` ]LYPÄLK HUK YL]PZLK [YPHSLK VUJL TVYL[OLU JVUK\J[LK PU 1HWHULZL [V LUZ\YL [OH[ SHUN\HNL JVTWYLOLUZPVU^V\SKUV[PU[LYMLYL^P[OZ[\KLU[Z»YLZWVUZLZ;HMLYULY

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Z[YH[LN`\ZLK[O\ZZ[H[LTLU[ZTHKLYLNHYKPUN[OLWHY[PJPWHU[Z^PSSILNLULYHSPaLKHJYVZZWYVÄJPLUJ`SL]LSZ
Academic listening abilities and strategies(M[LYJVTWSL[PUNHUHJHKLTPJSPZ[LUPUN[HZR^OLYLZ[\KLU[Z^LYLYLX\PYLK[VZ\TTHYPaLHZLNTLU[VMH]PKLV[HWLKSLJ[\YLZLL(WWLUKP_HMVY[OLSPZ[LUPUN[HZR[OL`YLZWVUKLK[VZ\Y]L`X\LZ[PVUZYLNHYKPUN[OLPYSPZ[LUPUNZ[YH[LNPLZZRPSSZHUKHIPSP[PLZZLL;HISL;OLYLZ\S[Z
YHUNPUN MYVT KPZHNYLL [V ZVTL^OH[ KPZHNYLL PUKPJH[L [OH[ Z[\KLU[ZILSPL]L[OH[[OL`SHJRLKZ\MÄJPLU[NYHTTHYHUK]VJHI\SHY`RUV^SLKNL[VJVTWSL[L[OL[HZRZ\JJLZZM\SS`;HISL
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0[LT

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3PRLY[ZJHSL!$5L]LY$(S^H`ZN$/V^L]LY ^OLU SPZ[LUPUN [V PUZ[Y\J[PVUZ Z[\KLU[Z PUKPJH[L [OL`
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M\Y[OLYPU[LY]LU[PVU0U7HY[VM[OLZ\Y]L`P[LTZHJKLHUKM^OPJOHKKYLZZ[OLZ[YH[LNPLZ[OH[Z[\KLU[ZH[[LTW[[V\[PSPaL^OPSLSPZ[LUPUN[V[OLJVU[LU[VMHSLJ[\YLHYLVMWHY[PJ\SHYPU[LYLZ[HZ[OL`OHKYLZWVUZLZ
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Academic speaking abilities and strategies:[\KLU[Z» HJHKLTPJ ZWLHRPUN Z[YH[LNPLZ HUK WLYJLW[PVUZ VM
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(WWLUKP_HMVY[OL,UNSPZOZWLHRPUN[HZRHUK(WWLUKP_JMVY[OL
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3.3

1.33

Note. Part 1 Likert scale: 1 = Strongly Disagree - 6 = Strongly Agree; Parts 2 and 3 Likert
scale: 1 = Never - 6 = Always. N = 43.

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$=LY`WVVY$,_JLSSLU["7HY[3PRLY[ZJHSL!$5L]LY$(S^H`ZN$

Discussion
0U[OPZZ[\K`[OLSHUN\HNLSLHYUPUNZRPSSZHUKZ[YH[LNPLZVMZ[`LHY
1HWHULZL\UP]LYZP[`Z[\KLU[Z\[PSPaLKPU[OLPYHJHKLTPJ,UNSPZOWYVNYHT^LYLPU]LZ[PNH[LK[VKL[LYTPULPM[OLPY,UNSPZOHUK1HWHULZLHJHKLTPJSLHYUPUN Z[YH[LNPLZ HUK WYVÄJPLUJ` SL]LSZ ^LYL JVYYLSH[LK :\Y]L`YLZ\S[Z PUKPJH[L [OH[ Z[\KLU[Z NLULYHSS` ZOV^LK JVUZPZ[LU[ SHUN\HNL
SLHYUPUNZ[YH[LNPLZPUIV[O1HWHULZLHUK,UNSPZOPUKPJH[PUN[OH[[OLPY3
SLHYUPUNZ[`SLZTH`OH]L[YHUZMLYYLKVYOH]LILLUPUÅ\LUJLKI`[OLPY3
SLHYUPUNZ[YH[LNPLZHUKZ[\K`OHIP[Z-\Y[OLYHUHS`ZPZVM[OLZ\Y]L`KH[HYL]LHSZ [OH[ [OLYL ^HZ SP[[SL VY UV JVYYLSH[PVU MV\UK IL[^LLU ,UNSPZOSHUN\HNLWYVÄJPLUJ`HUK[OLPYSHUN\HNLSLHYUPUNZ[YH[LNPLZHTVUN[OL
MV\YZRPSSZ0U[LYLZ[PUNS`[OLHK]HUJLKZ[\KLU[ZPU[OPZZ[\K`HWWLHYLKUV[[V\ZL[OLZ[YH[LNPLZ[OH[NVVKSHUN\HNLSLHYULYZ\ZLHZYLWVY[LKPU [OL WYL]PV\Z Z[\KPLZ VM ZLJVUK VY MVYLPNU SHUN\HNL SLHYULYZ LN
*VOLU ".YPMÄ[OZ"6_MVYK " "6_MVYK )\YY`:[VJR "9\IPU ":[LYU (YN\HIS`[OPZTH`ILK\L[V[OLUH[\YLVM[OL[HZRZYLX\PYLKMVYZ[\KLU[Z[VWLYMVYTPU[OLPUZ[P[\[PVU[OH[[OPZZ[\K`^HZ\UKLY[HRLU
Perception of knowledge.LULYHSS`[OLHJYVZZ[OLMV\YZRPSSZZ[\KLU[ZWLYJLP]L[VOH]LSP[[SLJVUÄKLUJL PU [OLPY KLJSHYH[P]L RUV^SLKNL PU ,UNSPZO VY 1HWHULZL [VWLYMVYT[HZRZHZZPNULK[V[OLT;OPZTH`ILHYLZ\S[VM[OLKPMÄJ\S[`

;HMLYULY

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HYLUV[V]LY^OLSTLKI`[OLPUW\[7YPVY[VYLX\PYPUNZ[\KLU[Z[VOH]LKPZJ\ZZPVUZ WYLZLU[H[PVUZ VY ^YP[L VU HJHKLTPJ [VWPJZ HJHKLTPJ,UNSPZO WYVNYHTZ ZOV\SK LUZ\YL [OH[ Z[\KLU[Z OH]L H IHZPJ SL]LS VM
JVTWYLOLUZPVU HUK JVTWL[LUJ` ZV HZ [V Z[LHKPS` KL]LSVW [OLPYZ[\KLU[Z»JVUÄKLUJLV]LY[OLWLYPVKVM[OLPYZ[\KPLZPerceived abilities and language skills
0U [OL SHUN\HNL HIPSP[PLZ HUK ZRPSSZ ZLJ[PVU VM [OL Z\Y]L`Z [OL
THQVYP[` VM Z[\KLU[Z ZOV^ H JSLHY ULLK MVY SPZ[LUPUN ZWLHRPUN HUK^YP[PUN Z\WWVY[ PU ,UNSPZO [V M\UJ[PVU H[ H IHZPJ SL]LS K\YPUN [HZRWLYMVYTHUJL >OLU JVTWSL[PUN [OL WYLZ\Y]L` ^YP[PUN [HZR PU
1HWHULZLTHU`Z[\KLU[ZPUKPJH[LK[OH[[OL`SHJRLKWYVJLK\YHS^YP[PUNHIPSP[PLZ ^OPJO TH` IL H[[YPI\[LK [V [OL HJHKLTPJ [HZR YLX\PYLK VM
[OLTPUJVTIPUH[PVU^P[O[OLSPTP[LKL_WLYPLUJL[OL`OH]L^YP[PUN[OLPY VWPUPVUZ VU KPMÄJ\S[ [VWPJZ;OLYLMVYL P[ TH` IL HK]HU[HNLV\Z[V WYV]PKL Z[\KLU[Z HKKP[PVUHS PUZ[Y\J[PVU PU 3 HUK 3 JVTWVZP[PVU
^YP[PUNPUJVUQ\UJ[PVU^P[O[OLPYYLN\SHYZ[\KPLZ[VYLHJOHTPUPT\T
Z[HNLVM3^YP[PUNJVTWL[LUJ`YLX\PYLKMVY[OLPYHJHKLTPJZ[\KPLZPU
,UNSPZO9LHKPUNKLLTLK[VIL[OLTVZ[PTWVY[HU[ZRPSSPUHJHKLTPJZ[\KPLZ
[VHJX\PYLUL^RUV^SLKNLHWWLHYZ[VIL]LY`WYVTPZPUNWLKHNVNPJHSS`HJJVYKPUN[V[OLZ\Y]L`YLZWVUZLZ6]LYUPUL[`WLYJLU[VM[OLYLZWVUZLZ
PU,UNSPZOHUK1HWHULZLZOV^HJSLHYJVYYLSH[PVUZPNUPM`PUN[OH[ZWLJPÄJ[HZRZZOV\SKILKLZPNULK[VHJJVTWHU`HJHKLTPJSLJ[\YLZVY[\[VYPHSZ
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Personal study skills, strategies and habits(NHPUZ[\KLU[ZZOV^T\JOWYVTPZLHJYVZZHSSZRPSSZPUIV[O,UNSPZO

:[\K`:RPSSZHUK:[YH[LNPLZ6U*<,1V\YUHSWHNLZ

HUK1HWHULZL4HU`VM[OLYLZWVUZLZPSS\Z[YH[L[OH[Z[\KLU[Z\[PSPaLH
^PKL YHUNL VM ZRPSSZ Z[YH[LNPLZ HUK OHIP[Z ^P[O ZVTL Z\JJLZZ [V ILZ[JVTWSL[LHJHKLTPJL_LYJPZLZYLX\PYLKVM[OLT:[\KLU[ZPUKPJH[L[OH[[OL` HYL LUNHNLK PU [OL [HZRZ VM ]HY`PUN HJHKLTPJ HJ\TLU HUK HYLPU[OLLHYS`[VTPKSL]LSKL]LSVWTLU[HSZ[HNLZVM[OLJYP[PJHS[OPURPUNZRPSSZ ULJLZZHY` MVY JVTWSL[PUN [HZRZ [OH[ YLX\PYL TVYL JVTWSPJH[LK[OV\NO[WYVJLZZLZ*VU[PU\LKLMMVY[[VWYV]PKLZ[\K`ZRPSSN\PKHUJL[V
Z[\KLU[Z^PSSZ\YLS`LUYPJO[OLPYHJHKLTPJJHYLLYZ-YVT[OLZLYLZ\S[ZP[PZJSLHY[OH[[OLTHQVYP[`VM1HWHULZLZ[\KLU[Z
LU[LYPUN \UP]LYZP[` SL]LS HJHKLTPJ ,UNSPZO WYVNYHTZ YLX\PYL TVYL
L_[LUZP]L HJHKLTPJ SHUN\HNL SLHYUPUN Z\WWVY[ [V Z\JJLLK PU [OLPYJVU[LU[IHZLK JSHZZYVVTZ *\YYLU[ WYHJ[PJLZ HYL HJRUV^SLKNLK [VSLZZLU KLK\J[P]L YLHZVUPUN HUK JYP[PJHS [OPURPUN MVY [OL THQVYP[`VM ZLJVUKHY` HUK [LY[PHY` SL]LS Z[\KLU[Z HUK [O\Z HYL SLZZ SPRLS` [VWLYMVYT^LSSPUHJHKLTPJ,UNSPZOWYVNYHTZ;OPZPZPTWVY[HU[[VUV[L
HZ 4,?;  HSZV JVUJLKLZ [OH[ WYVJLK\YHS ZRPSS KL]LSVWTLU[ PZ
PTWVY[HU[MVYHJHKLTPJZ[\KPLZ[VPTWYV]LI\[ZLLTZ[VILOPUKLYLKI`[YHKP[PVUHSHWWYVHJOLZ[VLK\JH[PVUKL)HY`"7HZZPU W[OH[LUJV\YHNLZJSHZZYVVTWYHJ[PJLZ[OH[LTWOHZPaL[LZ[KYP]LUKLJSHYH[P]L RUV^SLKNL ^OPJO HYL KPMÄJ\S[ [V V]LYJVTL 1VOUZVU YLZ\S[PUNPU[OLWVZZPIPSP[`JVNUP[P]LKLÄJP[Z[OYV\NOOHYK^PYLKILOH]PVY +YU`LP " ;HUJYLKP  0U JVU[YHZ[ [V 4,?;»Z
VIQLJ[P]LZHYL<5»Z(NLUKHVUSPULWSHUZMVYLK\JH[PVU[OH[PUJS\KLZ
[OL ULJLZZP[` [V \[PSPaL THZZ TLKPH MVY JVU[LU[ PU [OL JSHZZYVVT
PTWS`PUN[OH[HUPUK\J[P]LHWWYVHJO[VSLHYUPUN[OH[LTWOHZPaLZYV[LSLHYUPUNTH`ILZ\P[HISLMVY[OLPYULLKZ[VPU[LNYH[LHUK\UPM`^VYSKRUV^SLKNL(KKP[PVUHSS` JVUM\ZPVU TH` WLYZPZ[ MVY [LHJOLYZ HZ [OL`TH`ILSPTP[LKPU[OLPYHIPSP[`[VPTWYV]LJSHZZYVVTWYHJ[PJLZK\L[V[OLPYZ[\KLU[Z»JHWHIPSP[PLZM\Y[OLYTVYLWLKHNVNPLZHUKJVU[LU[[OH[TH`ILZHUJ[PVULKK\L[VSHUN\HNLWVSPJ`(WWSL2LU^H` :PUNO" ,KLSZR` " -\QPTV[V(KHTZVU " 2\IV[H  HUK[OLLMMLJ[ZVMKLJ\S[\YH[PVUHUKPTWLYPHSPZT/HZOPTV[V
;HMLYULY

Conclusion-VYTHU``LHYZ[OLKL]LSVWTLU[VMSHUN\HNLZRPSSZPU1HWHUIV[OPU
1HWHULZLHUK,UNSPZOOH]LILLUVU[OLMVYLMYVU[VMT\JOKLIH[L>OPSL
4,?;  WYVTV[LZ WVSPJPLZ KL[LYTPULK [V PTWYV]L WYVJLK\YHSLK\JH[PVU H YL]PL^ VM YLZ\S[Z VM [OPZ Z[\K` VU SHUN\HNL WLYJLP]LKHIPSP[PLZ ZWLJPÄJ ZRPSSZ RUV^SLKNL HUK Z[YH[LNPLZ Z\NNLZ[ Z[\KLU[Z»
Z[\K`OHIP[ZYLTHPUSPTP[LKHUKWVZZPIS`OHYK^PYLK;VHUZ^LYMVY[OL
SHJRVMWLYJLP]LKSHUN\HNLHIPSP[PLZHUKHJHKLTPJSHUN\HNLSLHYUPUNZ[YH[LNPLZP[PZWVZZPISL[OH[Z[\KLU[ZPU[OPZZ[\K`^LYLHJJ\Z[VTLK[V[LHJOLYJLU[LYLK HWWYVHJOLZ [V PUZ[Y\J[PVU HUK SLHYUPUN [OYV\NOV\[ZLJVUKHY` ZJOVVS LK\JH[PVU 0[ PZ SPRLS` [OH[ Z[\KLU[Z YLJLP]L SP[[SLMLLKIHJRVU[OLPYZWLHRPUNHUK^YP[PUNZRPSSZZ\JO[OH[[OLPYSHUN\HNL
SLHYUPUN ZRPSSZ HUK Z[YH[LNPLZ YLTHPU H[ [OL SL]LS ^OLYL Z[\KLU[Z HYLYLK\JLK [V WYPTHYPS` \ZPUN TLTVY` HUK JVTWLUZH[PVU Z[YH[LNPLZ [V
LUOHUJL[LZ[WLYMVYTHUJL+LZWP[L [OL U\TLYV\Z JOHSSLUNLZ 1HWHULZL LK\JH[PVU MHJLZTV]LTLU[[V^HYKZKL]LSVWPUN[OLULJLZZHY`SHUN\HNLZRPSSZPUIV[O
1HWHULZLHUK,UNSPZOTH`ILVU[YHJRHZKLÄJP[ZPUOPNOLYSL]LSSP[LYHJ`
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)\JR.(ZZLZZPUNSPZ[LUPUN*HTIYPKNL!*HTIYPKNL<UP]LYZP[`7YLZZ)`NH[L4:RLOHU7 :^HPU4,KZ9LZLHYJOPUNWLKHNVNPJ[HZRZ!:LJVUKSHUN\HNLSLHYUPUN[LHJOPUNHUK[LZ[PUN,ZZL_!7LHYZVU,K\JH[PVU
*VOLU(+ :[YH[LNPLZPUSLHYUPUNHUK\ZPUNHZLJVUKSHUN\HNL/HYSV^,ZZL_!3VUNTHU*VOLU(+;OLSLHYULY»ZZPKLVMMVYLPNUSHUN\HNLSLHYUPUN!
>OLYLKVZ[`SLZZ[YH[LNPLZHUK[HZRZTLL[&09(3  +YU`LPA;OLWZ`JOVSVN`VM[OLSHUN\HNLSLHYULY!
0UKP]PK\HSKPMMLYLUJLZPUZLJVUKSHUN\HNLHJX\PZP[PVU4HO^HO
51!3H^YLUJL,YSIH\T(ZZVJPH[LZKL)HY`>;,K:V\YJLZVM1HWHULZL[YHKP[PVUUKLK
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[OLZVJPHSPUSHUN\HNLHUKLK\JH[PVUYKLK4HO^HO51!
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O+V`V\Z\TTHYPaL[OLJVU[LU[VM^OH[`V\OH]LYLHK&









P+V`V\THRLPUMLYLUJLZMYVT^OH[`V\OH]LYLHK&









Q +V `V\ JVUULJ[ WHY[Z VM H [L_[ [V NYHZW V]LYHSS TLHUPUN^OLUYLHKPUN&









R+V`V\YLHKWH`PUNH[[LU[PVU[V[L_[Z[Y\J[\YL&









S+V`V\YLYLHK[OL[L_[&









T +V `V\ N\LZZ [OL TLHUPUN VM H UL^ ^VYK MYVT [OL
JVU[L_[&









0[LT
7HY[!2UV^SLKNL

7HY[!7\YWVZLZMVYYLHKPUN

7HY[H!7LYZVUHSYLHKPUNZ[YH[LNPLZ;HMLYULY
U +V `V\ \ZL KPZJV\YZL THYRLYZ [V ZLL YLSH[PVUZOPWZ PU H
[L_[&









V+V`V\HZR`V\YJSHZZTH[LZHUKVY[LHJOLY^OLU`V\KVUV[\UKLYZ[HUK[OLJVU[LU[&









W+V`V\JYP[PX\L[OL[L_[^OPSLYLHKPUN&









X+V`V\YLÅLJ[VU^OH[OHZILLUSLHYULKMYVT[OL[L_[&









Y +V `V\ YLHK [V ÄUK PUMVYTH[PVU `V\ ULLK VY `V\ ^HU[ [V
RUV^&









H0MVJ\ZVU\UKLYZ[HUKPUN[OLJVU[LU[^OLUYLHKPUN









I0[Y`[VNYHZWTLHUPUNVMH[L_[^OLUYLHKPUN









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







K0YLHK^OPSLN\LZZPUN[OLTLHUPUNVM^VYKZ









L0YLHK^OPSLN\LZZPUN[OLTLHUPUNVMZLU[LUJLZ









M0YLHK^OPSLMVJ\ZPUNVUZLU[LUJLZ[Y\J[\YLHUKNYHTTHY





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N0YLHK^OPSL\UKLYSPUPUNPTWVY[HU[ZLU[LUJLZ



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O0YLHK^OPSL\UKLYSPUPUNPTWVY[HU[^VYKZ



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

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

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

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

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







S *HU `V\ PKLU[PM` [OL H\[OVY»Z W\YWVZL MVY ^YP[PUN [OLWHZZHNL&









H>OPSLYLHKPUNKV`V\IYLHRKV^UJVTWSL_ZLU[LUJLZPU[V[^VVYTVYLZLU[LUJLZI`KLSL[PUNJVUQ\UJ[PVUZ&









I >OPSL YLHKPUN KV `V\ HZR ^OV ^OH[ ^OLYL ^OLU HUKOV^X\LZ[PVUZ&









J>OPSLYLHKPUNKV`V\\UKLYSPUL\UMHTPSPHY^VYKZ&



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



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



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

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



M>OPSLYLHKPUNKV`V\PKLU[PM`KPZJV\YZLTHYRLYZ[VJSHYPM`YLSH[PVUZOPWZHTVUN[L_[JVTWVULU[Z&





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

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















7HY[I!7LYZVUHSYLHKPUNZ[YH[LNPLZ

7HY[!(JHKLTPJYLHKPUNZ[YH[LNPLZ
9LHKPUNZ[YH[LNPLZMVYKLUZLS`^YP[[LU[L_[Z*SHZZPM`PUMVYTH[PVU
H+V`V\JH[LNVYPaLPUMVYTH[PVU&

:[\K`:RPSSZHUK:[YH[LNPLZ6U*<,1V\YUHSWHNLZ
I+V`V\WSHJLPUMVYTH[PVUPU[VHNYHWOPJVYNHUPaLY&









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







I+V`V\PKLU[PM`PKLHZ[OH[Z\WWVY[[OLTHPUPKLH&









J +V `V\ YLTLTILY PTWVY[HU[ L]LU[Z HUK PUMVYTH[PVUKLZJYPILKPU[OL[L_[YPNO[HM[LYÄUPZOPUNYLHKPUN&









K+V`V\WHYHWOYHZLPUMVYTH[PVU&









H *HU `V\ JP[L VY [HSR HIV\[ PUMVYTH[PVU [OH[ `V\ YLHK PU
KPZJ\ZZPVUZVYPU`V\^YP[PUN&





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

I*HU`V\WLYZVUHSPaL^OH[`V\YLHK&

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

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

K *HU `V\ \UKLYZ[HUK JH\ZL HUK LMMLJ[ YLSH[PVUZ [OH[ HYLPUMLYYLKPU[OL[L_[&









H *HU `V\ Q\KNL ^OL[OLY [OL H\[OVY»Z WVPU[ VM ]PL^ PZ
Z\IQLJ[P]L&





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

I *HU `V\ PKLU[PM` [OL H\[OVY»Z W\YWVZL MVY ^YP[PUN [OLWHZZHNL&









H+V`V\HZJLY[HPUJOYVUVSVNPJHSZLX\LUJL&









I+V`V\YLJVNUPaLHZLX\LUJLVML]LU[Z^OLU[OL`HYLUV[
L_WSPJP[S`Z[H[LK&









J+V`V\YLJVUZ[Y\J[[OLWSV[&*HU`V\L_WSHPUOV^H^YP[LYKL]LSVWZHZ[VY`SPULVYHYN\TLU[&





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

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



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PUUL^ZWHWLYZHY[PJSLZVYZLJ[PVUZ





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

I 0 JHU YLJVNUPaL ^VYKZ VY WOYHZLZ VM ZPTPSHY VY VWWVZPUNTLHUPUN



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

J0JHUPU[LYWYL[PKLHZHJ[PVUZL]LU[ZHUKYLSH[PVUZOPWZPKLH
L]LU[ZHUKHYN\TLU[ZPM[OL`HYLLHZ`



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K 0 JHU PU[LYWYL[ JVTWSL_ PKLHZ PKLHZ HJ[PVUZ L]LU[Z HUKYLSH[PVUZOPWZ









L0JHUPUMLYTLHUPUNMYVT[OLIVK`VM[OLWHZZHNL[VMVYT
T`V^UJVUJS\ZPVU









M0JHUJVTWYLOLUK^OH[0OH]LYLHKMYVTHKPMÄJ\S[WHZZHNL









N0JHUHWWS`PUMVYTH[PVU0OH]LYLHK









0KLU[PM`THPUPKLHHUKKL[HPSZ

7VZ[YLHKPUNHIPSP[PLZ*VUZPKLY[OLH\[OVY»ZWVPU[VM]PL^0UKPJH[LZLX\LUJL7HY[!9H[L`V\YJVTWYLOLUZPVUHIPSP[PLZ;HMLYULY
O0JHUHUHS`aL^OH[0OH]LYLHK









H 0 JHU THRL T` V^U VWPUPVU HIV\[ [OL JVU[LU[ VM H
WHZZHNL









I0JHUWHYHWOYHZLPUMVYTH[PVU









J0JHUZJHUMVYZWLJPÄJPUMVYTH[PVU



 





L0JHUZRPTMVYNLULYHSJVTWYLOLUZPVU









M0JHUKPZ[PUN\PZOIL[^LLU[OLTHPUWVPU[ZMYVTZ\WWVY[PUN
KL[HPSZ









N 0 JHU \ZL HU LUJ`JSVWLKPH [V ÄUK PUMVYTH[PVU 0 ULLK [VJVTWYLOLUK[OLJVU[LU[VMHWHZZHNL









O0JHULTWH[OPaL^P[O[OLH\[OVYVM[OL[L_[









P0JHUWLYZVUHSPaL^OH[0YLHK









Q0JHUWYLKPJ[^OH[0YLHK









R0JHUZRPW\UMHTPSPHY^VYKZHUKN\LZZ[OLPYTLHUPUNMYVTYLTHPUPUN^VYKZPUHZLU[LUJL









S0JHUNVIHJRPU[OL[L_[[VIYPUN[VTPUKWYL]PV\ZJVU[L_[[VKLJVKLHU\UMHTPSPHY^VYK









T0JHUPKLU[PM`[OLNYHTTH[PJHSM\UJ[PVULNZ\IQLJ[UV\U
VMHU\UMHTPSPHY^VYKILMVYLN\LZZPUNP[ZTLHUPUN









U0JHUJVUULJ[PUMVYTH[PVUHWWLHYPUNPUPSS\Z[YH[PVUZ[V[OL
JVU[LU[VMHWHZZHNL









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







W 0 JHU \ZL JVNUH[LZ [V N\LZZ [OL TLHUPUN VM \UMHTPSPHY^VYKZ









X 0 JHU HWWS` JVTTVU RUV^SLKNL [V KLJVKL HU \UMHTPSPHY
^VYK









Y 0 JHU ZRPW ^VYKZ [OH[ TH` HKK YLSH[P]LS` SP[[SL [V [V[HSTLHUPUN









H+V`V\THRLWYLYLHKPUNX\LZ[PVUZILMVYL`V\YLHKH[L_[&









I+V`V\OH]LX\LZ[PVUZ^OPSLYLHKPUNHWHZZHNL&









J+V`V\YLHKHZ[VY`MYVT[OLWLYZWLJ[P]LVMH\[OVYZ&









K+V`V\YLHK^OPSLSVJH[PUNPUMVYTH[PVU&









L+V`V\YLHK[VHJX\PYLUL^PUMVYTH[PVU&









M +V `V\ YLHK [V L_[LUK `V\Y ^VYSK]PL^ [V J\S[P]H[L `V\Y
TPUK&









N+V`V\YLHK^OPSLHUHS`aPUN[L_[&









O+V`V\YLHKMVYWSLHZ\YLPU`V\YMYLL[PTL&









7HY[!*(5Z[H[LTLU[Z

7HY[!+6X\LZ[PVUZ



:[\K`:RPSSZHUK:[YH[LNPLZ6U*<,1V\YUHSWHNLZ
P+V`V\[OPUR`V\OH]LZ\MÄJPLU[HUKULJLZZHY`RUV^SLKNL[V\UKLYZ[HUK^OH[`V\YLHKPU,UNSPZO&









Q +V `V\ [OPUR `V\ OH]L Z\MÄJPLU[ J\S[\YHS IHJRNYV\UK [V\UKLYZ[HUK^OH[`V\YLHKPU,UNSPZO&









Note. Part 1 Likert scale: 1 = Strongly Disagree - 6 = Strongly Agree; Parts 2 through 7 Likert
scale: 1 = Very poor - 6 = Excellent; Part 3 Likert scale: 1 = Never - 6 = Always. N = 43.

Appendix 2a
English Academic Listening and Speaking Tasks
5V[L[HRPUN[HZR>H[JO[OLSLJ[\YLHUK^YP[L[OLTVZ[PTWVY[HU[WVPU[Z`V\\UKLYZ[VVKPU1HWHULZLHUKVYPU,UNSPZOチャンドラー博士の講義の中で、最も大切だと思うポイントを、日本語か英語、あるいは両方で書きなさい(複数解答化)。

:\TTHY`[HZR>H[JO[OLSLJ[\YLHNHPUHUKZ\TTHYPaL[OLSLJ[\YLPU,UNSPZOHUKVY1HWHULZL講義の内容を、	
 英語か日本語、あるいは両方	
 で要約しなさい。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________+PZJ\ZZPVU·:WLHRPUN ;HZR +PZJ\ZZ [OL MVSSV^PUN X\LZ[PVU·;V ^OPJO KV
`V\ILSVUN&
3LJ[\YL[L_[[OPZ^HZUV[NP]LU[V[OLZ[\KLU[ZK\YPUN[HZRZ!¸;V[OLX\LZ[PVU!
[V^OH[KV0ILSVUNPUT`OPZ[VYPJHSWYLZLU[&>L\Z\HSS`HUZ^LY[VT`MHTPS`ZVTL[OPUNSPRL[OH[4`ZJOVVS"0JVTLMYVT[OPZWSHJL[OH[WSHJL0JVTLMYVT*HSPMVYUPH<UP[LK:[H[LZ0ILSVUN[V[OLNYV\WVMWLVWSL[OH[^LYLIVYUVYSP]LKPU*HSPMVYUPH<UP[LK:[H[LZ6Y^LJHUZH`^LILSVUN[VT`Z[YLL[T`;HMLYULYULPNOIVYOVVKT`[V^UVYT`JP[`T`WYLMLJ[\YL!2HUZHP"2HU[V";VOVR\0
ILSVUN[VT`JV\U[Y`1HWHU)YHaPS<UP[LK:[H[LZ)\[^OH[PM`V\ILSVUN[VTVYL[OHUVUL&>OH[PM`V\Y[V^UPZHSP[[SLIP[PTWVY[HU[JVTWHYLK[V`V\Y
YLNPVU&>OH[PM`V\YYLNPVUPZTVYLPTWVY[HU[[OHU`V\YJV\U[Y`&@V\ZH``V\
JVTLMYVT2HUZHPVY6RPUH^HVY/VRRHPKV0U(TLYPJHU^LZH`¸0JVTL
MYVT [OL :V\[O¹ VY ¸5L^ ,UNSHUK¹ VY ¸*HSPMVYUPH¹ 6Y PM `V\ HYL IVYU PU
)YHaPS`V\YWHYLU[Z^LYLIVYUPU1HWHU"`V\HYL1HWHULZLJP[PaLU;V^OPJOKV`V\ILSVUN!)YHaPS1HWHUIV[O&>OH[¯;V^OPJOKV`V\ILSVUN&¹

Appendix 2b
English Academic Reading and Writing Tasks
7SLHZLYLHK[OLMVSSV^PUNWHZZHNLZHUKHUZ^LY[OLX\LZ[PVU 次の文章を読んで質問に答えてください。

0U[YVK\J[PVU[VWLYZVUHSPZT5PZOPKH2P[HY HYN\LK[OH[LU[P[PLZ[HRLZOHWLPUYLSH[PVU[VV[OLY
LU[P[PLZ^OPJOILJVTLZ[OLWSHJL場所VM[OLPYMVYTH[PVU:\JOPZ[OLJHZL^P[O[OLº0»私HUK[OLº;OV\»汝0U[OL>LZ[LYU^VYSKHULU[PYLWOPSVZVWOPJHS
TV]LTLU[ ^P[O ZPTPSHY JVUJLYUZ KL]LSVWLK THPUS` [OYV\NOV\[ [OL [O
JLU[\Y` ;OPZ TV]LTLU[ ^HZ JHSSLK WLYZVUHSPZT 7LYZVUHSPZ[ WOPSVZVWOLYZ^LYL^HY`[VZ[YLZZ[OLPTWVY[HUJLVM[OLºWLYZVU»HZHZLSMKL[LYTPULKLU[P[`
I\[^OPJOVU[OLV[OLYOHUK^HZTLHUPUNSLZZPMUV[JVUJLP]LKPUYLSH[PVU[VZVJPL[`0U[LYWLYZVUHSYLSH[PVUZOPWZ^LYL[OLYLMVYLWHYHTV\U[MVYWLYZVUHSPZ[WOPSVZVWOLYZPUVYKLY[V\UKLYZ[HUK[OLMVYTH[PVUVM[OLºWLYZVU»,TTHU\LS4V\UPLY  

4V\UPLY  LX\HSS`[YPLK[V\UKLYZ[HUK[OLUH[\YLVMWLYZVUHSSPML
^P[OPU[OLJVU[L_[VM[OLJVTT\UP[`/V^L]LYOPZWLYZVUHSPZTOHZUV[OPUN[V
KV^P[OPUKP]PK\HSPZTUVY^P[OJVSSLJ[P]PZT(SSO\THUILPUNZT\Z[H^HRLU
[V [OLPY YLSH[PVUZOPWZ ^P[O V[OLY MLSSV^Z ^P[O [OLPY JVTT\UP[` HUK ^P[O
UH[\YLHUK[OPZWYLJPZLS`PUVYKLY[VJYLH[P]LS`HMÄYT[OLTZLS]LZHZWLYZVUZ>OH[HYL[OLTVZ[PTWVY[HU[WVPU[ZPU[OLWHZZHNLZ&
文章	
 の中で、最も大切なポイントは何ですか	 。

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF


:[\K`:RPSSZHUK:[YH[LNPLZ6U*<,1V\YUHSWHNLZ

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF

Appendix 2cJapanese Academic Reading, Writing and Speaking Tasks
7SLHZLYLHK[OLMVSSV^PUNWHZZHNLZHUKHUZ^LY[OLX\LZ[PVU
んで質問に答えてください。

次の文章を読カントによれば、人間の認識能力には、感性と悟性の二種の認識形式がア
プリオリに備わっており、前者の感性には、純粋直観である空間と時間、後者の悟性には、因果性などの	
  12	
  種の純粋悟性概念（カテゴリー、すなわち範疇とも称する）が含まれる。純粋悟性概念は時間限定たる図式
ZJOLTHによってのみ感性と関係する。意識は、その二種の形式（感性と悟性）に従ってのみ物事を認識する。この認識が物の経験である。他方、この形式に適合しない理性理念は原理的に人間には認識できないが少なくとも課題として必要とされる概念とされる。理性推理による理念は、いわば絶対者にまで拡張された純粋悟性概念である。神あるいは超越者がその代表例であり、これをカントは物自体+PUNHUZPJOと呼ぶ。いわゆる二律
背反においては、定立の側では完全な系列には無制約者が含まれると主張される。これに対し反定立の側では制約が時間において与えられた系列には被制約者のみが含まれると主張される。このような対立の解決は、統制的ではあっても構成的ではない理念に客観的実在性を付与する先験的すりかえを避けることを必要とする。理念は、与えられた現象の制約系列において無制約者に到達することを求めるが、しかし到達して停滞することは許さない規則である。（『純粋理性批判』）
なおプロレゴメナによれば、純粋悟性概念はいわば現象を経験として読み得る
ように文字にあらわすことに役立つもので、もしも物自体に関係させられるべ
きものならば無意義となる。また、経験に先行しこれを可能にする超越論的[YHUZaLUKLU[HSという概念は、かりに上記の概念の使用が経験を超えるならば超越的[YHUZaLUKLU[と呼ばれ、内在的PTTHULU[すなわち経験内に限られた使用か
ら区別される。

;HMLYULY
文章	
 の中で、最も大切なポイントは何ですか	 。

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF

Discussion—Speaking Task
+PZJ\ZZ[OLTHPUWVPU[ZVM[OLWHZZHNLZHIV]L