ᚑくᄢቇℂᎿቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔
J. Fac. Sci. Tech., Seikei Univ.
Vol.47 No.1 (2010) pp.15-25

㩷䊘䊤䊥䊜䊷䉺↪ 㪰 䉦䉾䊃 㪱 ゲવ៝ 㪣㫀㪥㪹㪦㪊 శᄌ⺞ེ䈱᷷ᐲ․ᕈ㩷Ṛᴛ ࿡ᴦ㧖㊄ ⬒⧎㧖☨ୖ ๺਽㧖Temperature Characteristics of a Y-cut Z-propagation LiNbO3 Light Modulator for
Application to PolarimetersKuniharu TAKIZAWA㧖, Lianhua JIN㧖, and Kazuya YONEKURA㧖
ABSTRACT㧦Temperature characteristics of a Y-cut Z-propagation LiNbO3 crystal light modulator,
with manufacturing errors, in absence and presence of electric field have been investigated by the
analyses and experiments. According to our analyses, when the Z-axis of LiNbO3 crystal is at the angleof 0.22° with respect to the normal of input surface of the crystal, we found the theoretical fluctuation of
the normalized output-light intensity with temperature is less than 7.75 × 10-6 /°C. This magnitude isless than 1% of the theoretical intensity fluctuation of a conventional temperature-compensation
LiNbO3 light modulator. The measured temperature characteristics of a prototype of this modulator was
2 × 10-4 / °C in absence of the electric field (OFF state), and 2.8× 10-4 /°C in presence of the external
field (ON state), respectively. During running test longer than 8 hours at room temperature, the intensity
fluctuation of this prototype was 0.2% at OFF state, and 0.5% at ON state.
Keywords㧦LiNbO3 crystal, light modulator, electro-optic effect, birefringence, manufacturing error
㧔Received March 25, 2010㧕߇ఝࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘⚿᥏㐳߿⚿᥏ᣇ૏ߥߤࠍ㧞ߟߩ⚿᥏ߢ㧝㧚߹߃߇߈

ቢోߦߘࠈ߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿ߚ߼㧘⥄ὼⶄዮ᛬ߦࠃࠆ
⭯⤑ߩዮ᛬₸߿ๆ෼₸㧘ෘߐߥߤࠍ⸘᷹ߔࠆࠛ࡝ࡊ࠰

᷷ᐲଐሽ․ᕈ߇ᱷࠆ‫ޕ‬ࡔ࠻࡝߅ࠃ߮ࠨࡦࡊ࡞ߩ࡝࠲࠺࡚ࠗࠪࡦ߿ᣇ૏ⷺࠍ⸘᷹

ߎࠇࠄߩ࠺ࡃࠗࠬߩ౒ㅢߩ⺖㗴ߢ޽ࠆ᷷ᐲଐሽᕈࠍૐ

ߔࠆ஍శ⸘᷹ࠍ㜞ᕈ⢻ൻߔࠆߦߪ㧘శߩ૏⋧Ꮕࠍ㜞ㅦ߆ᷫߔࠆߚ߼㧘ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘Y ࠞ࠶࠻ Z ゲવ៝ LN శᄌ⺞ེ㧔ߎߟᱜ⏕ߦ೙ᓮߔࠆశᄌ⺞ེ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ಽ㊁

ߎߢߪ Y-Z శᄌ⺞ེߣ๭߱㧕ࠍ↪޿ߚⶄዮ᛬⸘᷹ࠪࠬ࠹

ߢߪ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢߦ㧘⍹⧷ߩ࿶㔚ലᨐࠍ೑↪ߒߚశᒢᕈᄌ

ࡓࠍឭ᩺ߒߚ 5)‫ޕ‬Y-Z శᄌ⺞ེࠍࡐ࡜࡝ࡔ࡯࠲ߦ↪޿ࠆ⺞ེ(PEM)  㧘ࡀࡑ࠹ࠖ࠶ࠢᶧ᥏ߩⶄዮ᛬ࠍૐ㔚࿶ߢ೙

ℂ↱ߪᰴߩㅢࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫⚿ޕ‬᥏ߩ Y ゲᣇะߦ㔚⇇ࠍട߃㧘ᓮߔࠆᶧ᥏ᄌ⺞ེ߅ࠃ߮  ୘ߩ < ࠞ࠶࠻ ; ゲવ៝

LiNbO3(LN)⚿᥏ߩ㑆ߦඨᵄ㐳᧼ࠍᝌ౉ߔࠆ࠺ࡘࠕ࡞࠲

Z ゲᣇะߦశࠍવ៝ߐߖࠆߣ㧘X ゲᣇะ߅ࠃ߮ Y ゲᣇะߦߘࠇߙࠇᝄേߔࠆ⋥✢஍శߪ㧘หߓᄢ߈ߐߩ EO ലᨐࠗࡊశᄌ⺞ེ ߥߤ߇↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠍฃߌࠆ‫ߩࠄߜߤޕ‬శ߽Ᏹశ✢ዮ᛬₸ࠍᗵߓࠆߚ߼㧘㕒PEM ߪᄢ߈ߥ㐿ญࠍ᦭ߔࠆ߇㧘ԘSiO2 ߩⶄዮ᛬ᕈߦ

⊛࡝࠲࠺࡚ࠗࠪࡦߪේℂ⊛ߦߪ࠯ࡠߣߥࠅ㧘ᄌ⺞ེߩ᷷ၮߠߊ᷷ᐲଐሽᕈࠍ᦭ߔࠆ㧘ԙ᳿߼ࠄࠇߚ౒ᝄ๟ᵄᢙߢ

ᐲଐሽᕈߪ߈ࠊ߼ߡዊߐ޿‫ޕ‬Y-Z ᄌ⺞ེߩߎߩᕈ⾰ߪᣢߒ߆േ૞ߢ߈ߥ޿㧘Ԛᄢဳߢ㊀㊂߽ᄢ߈޿ߥߤߩ⺖㗴ࠍߦࠃߊ⍮ࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᄙߊߩႎ๔߇޽ࠆ 6-10)‫ޕ‬Takizawa߽ߟ‫ޕ‬ᶧ᥏⚛ሶߪዊဳ࡮቟ଔߢ㚟േ㔚࿶߽㕖Ᏹߦዊߐ޿

ࠄߪ㧘਄⸥ߩ․ᕈࠍ೑↪ߒߡ㧘஍శήଐሽߩዉᵄ〝ᒻశ߇㧘᷷ᐲଐሽᕈ߇ᭂ߼ߡᄢ߈޿㧘േ૞ㅦᐲ߇ㆃ޿ߥߤߩ

ᄌ⺞ེ߿㨄ಽጘᒻశࠬࠗ࠶࠴ࠍ૞⵾ߒߚ 9,10)‫߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬⺖㗴ࠍᜬߟ‫ࡊࠗ࠲࡞ࠕࡘ࠺ޕ‬శᄌ⺞ེߪዊဳߢᔕ╵ㅦᐲߦ Y-Z శᄌ⺞ེߩ㐿⊒ߪㅴࠎߢ޿ࠆ߇㧘ᄌ⺞േ૞ᤨߩ᷷

㧦‛⾰↢๮ℂᎿቇ⑼ᢎ᝼ (takizawa@st.seikei.ac.jp)㧖㧖㧦ጊ᪸ᄢቇකᎿಎᢎ᝼

ᐲ․ᕈ߿ടᎿ⺋Ꮕࠍ߽ߟ Y-Z ᄌ⺞ེߩ᷷ᐲ․ᕈߪ߹ߛ⍮ࠄࠇߡ޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬㧖㧦‛ℂᖱႎᎿቇኾ᡹තᬺ↢(⃻㧧㒐ⴡ⋭)ᧄ⺰ᢥߢߪ㧘⚿᥏ゲᣇะ߇ℂᗐ⊛ߥ⁁ᘒ߆ࠄㅺ⣕ߒߚ㧙㧙⁁ᘒߩ Y-Z ᄌ⺞ེߩᄌ⺞⁁ᘒߩ᷷ᐲ․ᕈࠍ⹦ߒߊ⸃ᨆߔ

ࠍ଀ߦขࠅ㧘࿁ォⷺᐲǶߣ᷷ᐲ․ᕈߩ㑐ଥࠍ⸘▚ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠆߣߣ߽ߦ㧘Y-Z ᄌ⺞ེߩᄌ⺞․ᕈߣ᷷ᐲߣߩ㑐ଥࠍታ:㧘:㧘: ߪ⚿᥏ߩᧄ᧪ߩశቇゲߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߎߎߢߪᣥ

㛎ߦࠃࠅ᳞߼ߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ᓥ᧪ߩ࠺ࡘࠕ࡞࠲ࠗࡊశᄌ⺞ེᐳᮡゲߣ๭߱‫ޕ‬ടᎿ⚿᥏ߩㄝߦᴪߞߚゲ :̉ : :̉ߩᄌ⺞․ᕈߣ᷷ᐲߣߩ㑐ଥ߽⸃ᨆߒ㧘Y-Z శᄌ⺞ེߣᲧ:̉ߪടᎿ⺋Ꮕߦࠃߞߡ↢ߓߚᣂᐳᮡゲߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿑㧝セߒߚ‫ޕ‬

D ߩ᭴ᚑ߆ࠄ㧘ᑼ㧔㧝㧕ߦ␜ߐࠇࠆ '1 ലᨐߦࠃࠆዮ᛬
₸ᄌൻ߅ࠃ߮ᑼ㧔㧞㧕ߩዮ᛬₸ᬦ౞૕ߩᑼࠍᓧࠆ‫ޕ‬

 0

 0

0

 0
 r
 51
− r
 22

㧞㧚;< శᄌ⺞ེߩടᎿ⺋Ꮕ೨▵ߦㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘Y-Z శᄌ⺞ེߪ㧘శߩવ៝ᣇะ
߇⚿᥏ߩ⇣ᣇᕈゲ㧔Z=X3 ゲ㧕ߣ৻⥌ߔࠆߚ߼㧘㕒⊛૏⋧Ꮕࠍ㧜ߦߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿑ 1(a)ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ㧘LN ⚿᥏ߩ X(=X1)ゲߣ Y(=X2)ゲߦ 45 ᐲߩⷺᐲߢᝄേߔࠆ⋥✢ᝄേߔࠆ㧞ߟߩ⋥✢஍శߪߤߜࠄ߽Ᏹశዮ᛬₸ࠍᗵߓࠆߚ߼㧘ਔశ✢ߩ㑆ߩ㕒⊛૏⋧Ꮕߪ 0 ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ታ㓙ߦ⚿᥏ࠍടᎿߔࠆ႐ว㧘LN ⚿᥏ߩߘࠇߙࠇߩ㕙ߩᴺ✢ߣ⚿᥏ߩਥゲࠍቢోߦ৻⥌ߐߖࠆߎߣߪਇน⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߎߢߪ㧘ߎߩടᎿ⺋Ꮕ߇૏⋧Ꮕߦߤࠇ߶ߤߩᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆߩ߆ࠍ⸃ᨆߔࠆ‫ޕ‬(b) X2
Ecos

Applied
X3 =X3′
LN Crystal

X2′

X2 =X2′

X1′= X1(c)

X3

E EsinξξX3 ′X1 =X1′
Incident(a) Ideal Y-Z modulatorξX2′= X2
(d) X
2
Ecos
X3′= X3

0

(1)

 1

   (2)+
+ r22 E cos ξ + r13 E sin ξ  x 22 ‫ޓޓޓ‬
 n2

 o


 1
+
+ r33 E sin ξ  x32 + 2r51 E cos ξx 2 x3 = 1 

 n2

 e
ߎߎߢ㧘rij ߪ㔚᳇శቇଥᢙ㧘no ߪᏱశ✢ዮ᛬₸㧘ne ߪ⇣

X3Ᏹశ✢ዮ᛬₸㧘E ߪශട㔚⇇ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿑㧝(b)ࠃࠅ㧘ᣥᐳ

X3′ᮡ♽ߣᣂᐳᮡ♽ߩ㑆ߦߪ㧘ᰴߩ㑐ଥ߇ᚑ┙ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬0
 x1   1
  
 x2  =  0 cos ξ x   0 sin ξ 3 

X1
X1′

0  x1′  − sin ξ  x2′    
cos ξ  x3′ (3)ᑼ(3)ࠍᑼ(2)ߦઍ౉ߒ㧘ዮ᛬₸ᬦ౞૕ߩਥゲࠍ᳞߼ࠆߣ㧘

X2 ′
E

0
r51
0

r13 
 − r22 E cos ξ + r13E sin ξ 



r13 
 r22 E cos ξ + r13E sin ξ 
0



 
r33 
r33E sin ξ E cos ξ  = 0 
r51E cos ξE sin ξ  

0 
0




0 
0



 1


− r22 E cos ξ + r13 E sin ξ  x12 
 n2

 o


஍శ߇㧸㧺⚿᥏ߦ౉኿ߔࠆߣ㧘X ゲ޽ࠆ޿ߪ Y ゲᣇะߦㅢᏱߩടᎿߢߪ㧘1㨪10 ಽ⒟ᐲߩⷺᐲ⺋Ꮕ߇฽߹ࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬

− r22
r22

X1’޽ࠆ޿ߪ X2’ゲᣇะߦᝄേߔࠆ⋥✢஍శߪ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇ

Esin
X1
ξ

X1 ′

࿑ : ゲ߇࿕ቯߐࠇߚ ;< శᄌ⺞ེടᎿ⺋Ꮕߪ 3 ᰴర⊛ߦ⊒↢ߔࠆߚ߼㧘ߘߩ߹߹ߢߪ⸘
▚߇ⶄ㔀ߦߥࠆ‫ߪߢߎߎߢߎߘޕ‬㧘X1㧘X2㧘X3 ゲߩਛߩ1 ߟߩゲࠍ࿕ቯߒߡ㧘ઁߩ 2 ߟߩゲ߇࿕ቯߐࠇߚゲߩ๟ࠅࠍᓸዊ࿁ォߔࠆන⚐ߥࠤ࡯ࠬߦߟ޿ߡ㧘⥄ὼⶄዮ᛬ߦ
ࠃࠆ㕒⊛࡝࠲࠺࡚ࠗࠪࡦ߅ࠃ߮ශട㔚⇇ߦࠃࠆേ⊛࡝࠲ߟ߉ߩዮ᛬₸ n1’, n2’ࠍᗵߓࠆ‫ޕ‬n1′ = no +1 3
no (r22 cos ξ − r13 sin ξ )E     
2n2′ = noen 3  r22 cos ξ + r13 sin ξ cos ξ 
− oe ‫ޓޓ‬E
2  + r sin 3 ξ + 2r sin ξ cos 2 ξ 
51
 33

3

2

  

(4)

(5)

ߚߛߒ

1
1
1
= 2 cos 2 ξ + 2 sin 2 ξ2noe none(6)࠺࡚ࠗࠪࡦࠍ⸃ᨆߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
 :㧝ゲ߇࿕ቯߐࠇߚ ;< శᄌ⺞ེ߹ߕ㧘࿑㧝(b)ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ㧘㧸㧺⚿᥏ߩ X1 ゲࠍਛᔃ

ߦ X2 ゲ߅ࠃ߮ X3 ゲ߇ᓸዊⷺᐲ ξ rad ߛߌ࿁ォߔࠆࠤ࡯ࠬ

ߟ߉ߦ㧘ㅒ࿶㔚ലᨐࠍ⸃ᨆߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᣥᐳᮡ♽ߩ Xj ゲߦኻߔࠆᣂᐳᮡ♽ߩ Xi’ゲߩᣇะ૛ᒏࠍ aij ߣߔࠆߣ㧘㧞ߟߩᐳᮡ♽ߩ㑆ߦߪߟ߉ߩ㑐ଥ߇ᚑ┙ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㧙㧙

xi′ = aij x j  ( i, j=1,2,3,···)  

 

(7)

 㨄㧞ゲ߇࿕ቯߐࠇߚ㨅㧙㨆శᄌ⺞ེ࿑ 1(c)ߩࠃ߁ߦ X2 ゲࠍਛᔃߦ X1, X3 ゲ߇ᓸዊⷺᐲ ξ ߛ

ᑼ(7)ߩᣇะ૛ᒏࠍ↪޿ࠆߣ㧘ᣥᐳᮡ♽ߩᱡ Ski ߣᣂᐳᮡ♽ߩᱡ Shj ߩ㑆ߦߪએਅߩ㑐ଥ߇ᚑ┙ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬S hj′ = a hk a ji S ki  (8)ߣߎࠈߢ㧘ὐ⟲ 3m ߩ LN ⚿᥏ߪ࿶㔚ቯᢙ d15㧘d22㧘d31

߅ࠃ߮ d33 ࠍ߽ߟ߆ࠄ㧘ᣥᐳᮡゲ X2 ᣇะߦ㔚⇇ࠍශടߔ

S4

0

0

d 22

0

d15
0

 0

⋅  − d 22
 d
 31

0

d 31

S6 )

S5

E sin ξ )

d 33

d15
0
0

(9)

 x1   cos ξ   x2  =  0
 x   − sin ξ 3 

ߣߩ㑆ߦߪ㧘S1=S11㧘S2=S22㧘S3=S33㧘S4=S23+S32㧘S5=S31+S13㧘
S6=S21+S12 ߩ㑐ଥ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᑼ(3)㧘(8)㧘(9)ࠃࠅ㧘(10)ࠆዮ᛬₸ n1’, n2’ࠍᓧࠆ‫ޕ‬n1′ = noe +

(11)



(12)

(S1

߅ࠃ߮(11)ࠍ↪޿ࠆߣ㧘θs ߣ θd ߪ㧘ᰴߩᑼߢਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
  

S2

 0

 − d 22 d
 31

ሽߔࠆേ⊛૏⋧Ꮕ θd ࠍ↪޿ߡ θ=θs+θd ߣ⴫ߔ‫ޕ‬ᑼ(4)㧘(5)2π(no − noe )L
λ

(17)

)

(18)
(19)

࿑ 1(c)ࠃࠅᣥᐳᮡ♽ߩᱡߪᰴᑼߢਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎࠇࠍ⥄ὼⶄዮ᛬ߦၮߠߊ㕒⊛૏⋧Ꮕ θs ߣශട㔚⇇ߦଐ

θs =

(

1 3
noe r22 cos 2 ξ + r51 sin 2ξ  21n2′ = n o − no3 r22 E    
2

Y-Z ᄌ⺞ེߩ࡝࠲࠺࡚ࠗࠪࡦ θ ߪ㧘ᰴߩᑼߢ⴫ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬

2π(n2′ − n1′ )(L + ∆L ) λ0 sin ξ  x1′  
10  x ′2   
0 cos ξ  x3′ ߊߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘X1’, X2’ゲᣇะߦᝄേߔࠆ⋥✢஍శ߇ᗵߓ

ߪ㧘ᰴᑼߢਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬

θ=

(16)

ᑼ(17)ࠍ(16)ߦઍ౉ߒ㧘X3’ゲࠍ㒰޿ߚ࿕᦭୯ᣇ⒟ᑼࠍ⸃

ࠍᓧࠆ‫⚿ޕ‬᥏㐳ࠍ L ߣߔࠆߣ㧘X3’ゲᣇะߩ⚿᥏㐳ᄌൻӠL∆L = S L,  

0

(15)

࿑ 1(c)ࠃࠅ㧘ᣂᣥᐳᮡゲߩ㑆ߦߪ㧘ᰴߩ㑐ଥ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

ᑼ(9)ߩᱡߪ◲⇛ൻߐࠇߚ⴫⃻ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᑼ(8)ߩ෩ኒߥ⴫⃻

'
3

0
r51
0

x2
+ 3 + 2r51Ex1 x3 = 1
ne2− 2d 22 

0 
0 

 d sin 2 ξ cosξ + d sin3 ξ + 

 22
31
E
S3' = 22
 d sin ξ cos ξ − d sin ξ cos ξ 
15

 33

r13 
 − r22 E 



r13 
 r22 E 
0
r33    0     E  = 0    r51E 
00    0 
 0 
0 




 1

 1

+ r22 E  x 22
− r22 E  x12 + 

 n2

 n2
    0
 0ࠆߣ㧘ㅒ࿶㔚ലᨐߦࠃࠅਅ⸥ߩᱡ߇↢ߓࠆ‫ޕ‬(S1 S 2 S 3= (0 E cos ξ

− r22
r22

 0

 0
 0

 0
 r
 51
− r
 22

ߌ࿁ォߔࠆߣ߈ߩዮ᛬₸ᬦ౞૕ߩᑼߪᰴߩㅢࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

(13)

S3

S4

S5

S6 ) = (0 E 0 )

d 22

0

d15

0

0

d 31

= (− d 22 E
r22 cos ξ − r13 sin ξπ 3 
θ d = no EL   noe  32(no − noe ) λ ⋅ A +
B
+ 
no3

  no 

0

d 33

0
0

d15
0

− 2d 22 

0 
0 

(20)

d 22 E 0 d15 E 0 0 )ᑼ(20)ߣᑼ(8)ࠃࠅ㧘X3’ゲᣇะߩᱡ S3’ߪᰴߩᑼߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬S 3′ = −d 22 E sin 2 ξ   

 r22 cos 3 ξ + r13 sin ξ cos 2 ξ 



3
2
A =  + r33 sin ξ + 2r51 sin ξ cos ξ 

(21)ߎߩᱡ߇ :̉ゲᣇะߩ⚿᥏㐳ࠍ

∆L = S 3′ L = − d 22 EL sin 2 ξ 

(22)ߛߌᄌൻߐߖࠆ‫ޕ‬ d 22 sin 2 ξ cos ξ + d 31 sin 3 ξB =  + d sin ξ cos 2 ξ − d sin ξ cos 2 ξ 
15
 33


ᑼ(18)㧘(19)߅ࠃ߮ᑼ(22)ࠍᑼ(12)ߦઍ౉ߔࠆߣ㧘㕒⊛ ࡝࠲࠺࡚ࠗࠪࡦ θs ߅ࠃ߮േ⊛࡝࠲࠺࡚ࠗࠪࡦ θd ߪߘࠇߙࠇᰴᑼߢਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬

(14)

㧙㧙

θs =

2π
(no − noe )L  λ    (23)⴫㧝 㧸㧺⚿᥏ߩዮ᛬₸ಽᢔߩଥᢙ

3
 
 
r22 1 +  noe  cos 2 ξ     n 0 
 
 
 


3
π
 n 
  (24)
θ d = − no3 EL +  oe  r51 sin 2ξλn  o 
 2(n − n )

o
oe
−
d 22 sin 2 ξ 


no3











a1

a2
a3
a4

no 


4.905E+00

4.582E+00



1.180E+05

9.920E+04



2.180E+02

2.110E+02-2.720E-08-2.190E-08

2.230E-02


5.270E-02-2.970E-05
-4.910E-05

b1

b2
b3

ne

2.140E-08

2.300E-08

 : ゲ߇࿕ቯߐࠇߚ ;< శᄌ⺞ེf (T ) = (T − 24.5)(T + 570.5) (T : ºC)     (28)ㅴ߻శߪⶄዮ᛬ࠍᗵߓߥ޿ߚ߼㧘ઁߩ 2 ゲࠍ࿁ォߒߡ߽ߔ‫ޕ‬ะߦᝄേߔࠆ⋥✢஍శ߇ᗵߓࠆዮ᛬₸ n1㧘n2 ߪࠄߦࠃߞߡ 20ºC ߆ࠄ 200ºC ߹ߢ᷹ቯߐࠇߚ 8)‫ޕ‬ᓐࠄߪ㧘࿑ 1(d)ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ X3 ゲ߇࿕ቯߐࠇࠆߣ㧘X3 ゲᣇะߦਥゲᄌ឵ߪ⿠ߎࠄߥ޿‫ߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬㧘X1 ޽ࠆ޿ߪ X2 ゲᣇ

n3
n1 = no + o r22 E
2
  
no3
n 2 = no −
r22 E
2



(25)

࡚ࡦ θ ߪᰴߩᑼߢਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬

2π 3
no r22 LE λ

LN ⚿᥏ߩ㔚᳇శቇଥᢙ r13㧘r33㧘r22 ߩ᷷ᐲଐሽᕈߪ Zookඨᵄ㐳㔚࿶ߣ᷷ᐲߩ㑐ଥࠍ᷹ቯߒ㧘Ԙr13 ߣ r33 ߪ᷷ᐲ߇ߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬X3 ゲᣇะߩᱡߪ S3=0 ߣߥࠆ߆ࠄ㧘࡝࠲࠺ࠗࠪ

θ = θd =ߚߛߒ㧘6 ߪ᷷ᐲ {% ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᑼ  ߩଥᢙࠍ⴫ ߦ␜(26)Ⴧടߔࠆߣ EO ଥᢙ߇⋥✢⊛ߦᷫዋߔࠆ㧘ԙr22 ߪ 125ºC߹ߢ᷷ᐲߦଐሽߖߕ৻ቯߢ޽ࠆ㧘ߎߣࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚ‫ޕ‬ଥᢙ r13㧘r33㧘r22 ߩ᷷ᐲ൨㈩ࠍએਅߦ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬

dr13 dT = 0.016 pm / V͠

dr33 dT = 0.0046 pm / V͠  (29)

dr22 dT ≈ 0 pm / V͠╩⠪ࠄ߽ T ߩ᷷ᐲଐሽᕈࠍ᷹ቯߒ㧘<QQM ࠄߣหߓ⚿ᨐߎߩࠤ࡯ࠬߩ࡝࠲࠺࡚ࠗࠪࡦߪ㧘ടᎿ⺋Ꮕߩߥ޿ℂᗐ⁁ࠍᓧߚ㧔࿑ 㧕
‫ <;ޕ‬ᄌ⺞ེߩ᷷ᐲ․ᕈߩታ㛎⚿ᨐߦߟ޿ᘒߩߘࠇߣห৻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߡߪ  ▵ߢ⹦ߒߊㅀߴࠆ‫ޕ‬
LN ⚿᥏ߩᾲ⤘ᒛଥᢙߪ Gallagher ࠄߦࠃߞߡ᷹ቯߐࠇ


㧟. .K0D1 ⚿᥏ߩዮ᛬₸ߣ㔚᳇శቇଥᢙߩ᷷ᐲಽᢔ,ᵄ㐳᷷ᐲଐሽᕈߪᰴᑼߢਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬⸘▚ߔࠆߦߪ㧘LN ⚿᥏ߩዮ᛬₸ߣ㔚᳇శቇଥᢙߩ᷷ᐲ
ଐሽᕈ߅ࠃ߮⚿᥏ߩᾲ⤘ᒛ․ᕈ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬LN ⚿᥏ߩዮ᛬₸ߩ᷷ᐲଐሽᕈߪ㧘D. F. Nelson ߣ R. M. Mikulyakߦࠃߞߡ⹦ߒߊ⺞ߴࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ 10)‫ޕ‬LN ⚿᥏ߩዮ᛬₸ߩᵄ㐳ಽᢔߪ 24.5͠ߢ 404.63 nm ߆ࠄ 3051.48 nm ߦࠊߚߞߡ᷹ቯߐࠇߚ‫ߪ࠲࡯࠺ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬㧘Smith ࠄߦࠃߞߡ⏕⹺ߐࠇߚ‫ߪࠄࠇ߆ޕ‬㧘ߐࠄߦ 20-600͠ߩ▸࿐ߢዮ᛬₸ߩ

EO coefficient r 22 (pm/V)

2 ▵ߩ θs ߅ࠃ߮ θd ࠍ↪޿ߡ Y-Z శᄌ⺞ེߩ᷷ᐲ․ᕈࠍ

EO coefficient r22 (pm/V)ಽᢔ߅ࠃ߮ᾲ⤘ᒛଥᢙߚ 12)‫ޕ‬ᓐࠄߩ⺰ᢥߦࠃࠆߣ㧘LN ⚿᥏ߩᩰሶ㑆〒㔌 D ߩ᷷ᐲಽᢔࠍ᷹ቯߒ㧘ߟ߉ߩ࿁Ꮻᣇ⒟ᑼࠍ᳞߼ߚ 11)‫ޕ‬n (λ , T ) = a1 +2

a2 + b1 f (T )λ2 − (a3 + b2 f (T ))2+ b3 f (T ) + a4 λ

7.0
6.8
6.6
6.4
6.2
6.0
5.8

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

LN crystal temperature(°C)

80

90

100

LN crystal temperature (͠)

4࿑㧞 .K0D1 ⚿᥏ߩ㔚᳇శቇଥᢙ T ߣ᷷ᐲߣߩ㑐ଥ

(27)

110



㧙㧙

0.3034

Temperature
range (K)60-220220-523523-1373

Temperature
range (K)60-373373-1373

Nomalized output signal I⴫ 㧸㧺⚿᥏ߩᩰሶ㑆〒㔌 & ߩଥᢙ  
a-axis
a
5.149

5.149

5.1485b ( 㬍10-6)c (㬍10

13

-6

)

0

13.43

)

13.8673

13.8633b ( 㬍10-6)

c (㬍10

4.09

-6

)

4.4

4.4

d ( 㬍10

-6

)



-20.2

0

ξ = 0.15ºξ = 0.20º

0.30220.30200.3018-3.69

D = a1 + bT + cT 2 + dT 3   (T : ºC)  (30)



20

40

60

80

100

T emperature (ºC)

࿑:㧝ゲࠍ࿕ቯߒߚ ;< శᄌ⺞ེߩ಴ജߣ᷷ᐲߩ㑐ଥ਄ᑼߩଥᢙࠍ㧘⴫ 2 ߦ߹ߣ߼ߡ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬

0.3045
Nomalized output signal I㧠㧚;< శᄌ⺞ེߩ᷷ᐲଐሽᕈ

;< శᄌ⺞ེߩⷙᩰൻߐࠇߚ಴ജାภ + ߪ㧘ᰴߩᑼߢ⴫ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬1 − cos(θ s + θ d )   I=2

ξ = 0.10º 0.30240

c-axisa0.3030 0.3026

-16.3

4.83

ξ = 0.05ºξ = 0.00º 0.3028

-98.1

17.55

16.29

d ( 㬍10-60.3032(31)

0.3040ξ = 0.00ºξ = 0.05º

0.3035

ξ = 0.15ºξ = 0.10º

0.3030ξ = 0.20º

0.30250.30200.30150.3010ᢙᑼ(27)㨪(30)ߢ⴫ߐࠇࠆ LN ⚿᥏ߩዮ᛬₸㧘ᾲ⤘ᒛ₸߅

20

40

60

80

100

T emperature (ºC)ࠃ߮㔚᳇శቇ♽ߩ᷷ᐲ․ᕈࠍᑼ(13)㧘(14)㧘(23)㧘(24)㧘(26)ߦઍ౉ߒ㧘ߐࠄߦߘࠇࠄࠍᑼ(31)ߦઍ౉ߔࠇ߫㧘X1 ゲ㧘

X2 ゲ޽ࠆ޿ߪ X3 ゲࠍߘࠇߙࠇ࿕ቯߒ㧘ߘߩ߶߆ߩゲࠍᓸ࿑ : ゲࠍ࿕ቯߒߚ ;< శᄌ⺞ེߩ಴ജߣ᷷ᐲߩ㑐ଥዊⷺ ξ ߛߌ࿁ォߐߖߚ Y-Z శᄌ⺞ེߩ᷷ᐲ․ᕈࠍᓧࠆ‫ޕ‬
0.3034

L=20.6 mm ߩ⚿᥏㐳ࠍ߽ߟ Y-Z శᄌ⺞ེߩ⸃ᨆ⚿ᨐߩ৻

0.3032
Nomalized output signal I଀ࠍ࿑ 3㨪࿑ 5 ߦ␜ߔ‫ߢߎߎޕ‬㧘⸃ᨆ᧦ઙߪ㧘ᵄ㐳 ξ= 632.8
nm㧘ශട㔚⇇ E =70 kV/m㧘ടᎿ⺋Ꮕⷺᐲ ξ=0㧘0.05㧘0.1㧘

0.15㧘0.2º ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ξ ߣ᷷ᐲ൨㈩ߣߩ㑐ଥࠍ᣿⍎ߦߔࠆߚ߼㧘࿑ 3 ߢߪ ξ ߩዊߐߥ߶߁߆ࠄ㗅ߦࡃࠗࠕࠬ૏⋧Ꮕ θ
b=0㧘0.0185㧘0.065㧘0.1385㧘0.24

rad.ࠍട߃㧘࡟ࡌ࡞ࠍឥ߃ߡ⴫␜ߒߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬࿑ 4 ߢߪ㧘ⷺᐲ ξ ߦᔕߓߡ㧘θ b=0㧘0.0088㧘0.045㧘0.109㧘0.2 rad.ࠍട߃ߚ‫ޕ‬ߎࠇࠄߩ࿑ߪ㧘20ºC ߆ࠄ 100ºC ߹ߢ᷷ᐲ਄᣹ߔࠆߣ߈㧘

0.30300.30280.30260.30240.30220.30200.3018

ξ < 0.2 ᐲߩ⚛ሶߩⷙᩰൻ಴ജᄌേߪ 5 × 10-5~10-4/͠ߢ

20

40

60

80

100

T emperature (ºC)޽ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿑ 4 ߪ㧘ടᎿ⺋Ꮕߩή޿⚛ሶ(ξ =0º)ࠃࠅ߽ ξ = 0.2º ߩടᎿ⺋Ꮕࠍ߽ߟ⚛ሶߩ߶߁߇ఝࠇߚ

࿑: ゲࠍ࿕ቯߒߚ ;< శᄌ⺞ེߩ಴ജߣ᷷ᐲߩ㑐ଥ
᷷ᐲ․ᕈࠍ᦭ߔࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ශട㔚⇇ߦࠃߞߡ࿑ 3㨪࿑ 5 ߩ․ᕈߪᄌൻߔࠆߚ߼㧘એਅߦ␜ߔ

᷷ᐲࠍࡄ࡜ࡔ࡯࠲ߣߒߚశ಴ജ I ߣශട㔚⇇ E ߩ․ᕈ߆ࠄ್ᢿߔߴ߈ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬



㧙㧙


0.005

0.004
0.003;< శᄌ⺞ེߩ +' ․ᕈࠍ⹏ଔߔࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘⚿᥏᷷ᐲ߇ {% ߩ಴ജାภ+  ࠍၮḰߣߒߚߣ߈ߩ 6{% ߢߩశ಴ജାภ + 6 ߩ಴ജᄌേ࡮+ 6 ࠍਅᑼߩࠃ߁ߦቯ⟵ߒ㧘ߘࠇߣශട㔚⇇ ' ߣߩ㑐ଥࠍ⸘▚ߒߚ‫ޕ‬∆I (T ) = I (T ) − I (20)  ∆I (T )∆I (T )



(32)



0.002
0.0010
-0.001

0.005-0.002
T = 80ºC
T = 60ºC
T = 40ºC-0.003


0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
-0.001-0.002-0.003-0.004-0.005-0.004
-0.005
-250

T = 100ºC

T = 20ºC

-E π

-150

-50

50

Eπ

150

250

Applied electric field E (kV/m)

T = 80ºC

T = 60ºC࿑  : ゲࠍ࿕ቯߒߚ ;< శᄌ⺞ེߩӠ+ 6 ߩ㔚⇇ ' ଐ

T = 40ºC

T = 20ºC

-Eπ

-250

-150

-50

50

Eπ
150

ሽᕈ Ƕ=0.1q
(1)

250

(3)


࿑ :㧝ゲࠍ࿕ቯߒߚ ;< శᄌ⺞ེߩӠ+ 6 ߩ㔚⇇ ' ଐሽᕈ ǶqӠI(T)ߪ㧘ශട㔚⇇㧱ߩჇടߣߣ߽ߦჇᄢߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߩశᄌ⺞ེߩඨᵄ㐳㔚⇇(194.5 kV/m)ࠍ Eπ ߢ⴫ߔߣ㧘ӠI(T)ߪ㧘E=mEπ (m=0,±1㧘±2㧘±3࡮࡮)ߩ
ߣ߈࠯ࡠߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬

(4)

0.005

ශട㔚⇇߇|Eπ|એਅߢ㧘࠺ࡃࠗࠬߩേ૞᷷ᐲ߇

20͠߆ࠄ 100͠߹ߢᄌൻߔࠆߣ߈㧘ⷙᩰൻ಴ജାภ

ߩᄌൻߪ㧘X3 ゲ࿕ቯߩ⚛ሶߢ 2.63 × 10−5 /͠એਅ㧘

0.004ߘࠇએᄖߩ⚛ሶߢ 3.13 × 10 −5 /͠એਅߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

0.003(4)ߩ⚿ᨐߪ㧘Y-Z శᄌ⺞ེߩ᷷ᐲ․ᕈ߇ᭂ߼ߡఝࠇߡ

0.002޿ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘X3 ゲ߇ਇേߢ㧘X1,X2 ゲ߇

0.001

ⷺᐲ ξ ߛߌ࿁ォߔࠆ⚛ሶߪ㧘ξ㧩㧜ߩℂᗐ⊛⚛ሶߣห৻ߢ

0-0.001޽ࠅ㧘㚟േ㔚⇇߇ mEπ ߩߣ߈㧘಴ജାภߪ᷷ᐲߦଐሽߒ

T = 100ºC
T = 80ºC-0.002ߥ޿‫․ߩߎޕ‬ᕈࠍ೑↪ߔࠇ߫㧘శዉᵄ〝߆ࠄߥࠆᣇะᕈ
⚿วེ 13)㧘㨅ಽጘဳశࠬࠗ࠶࠴ 14)㧘ో෻኿ဳశࠬࠗ࠶࠴

T = 60ºC-0.00315)

T = 40ºC-Eπ-0.004-0.005

ӠI(T)ߪ㧘᷷ᐲ㨀ߩჇടߣߣ߽ߦჇᄢߔࠆ‫ޕ‬(2)

Applied electric field E (kV/m)㰱I(T)T = 100ºC

Eπ

T = 20ºC߅ࠃ߮㨅ಽጘဳశࠬࠗ࠶࠴ 16) ߥߤ࠺ࠫ࠲࡞࠺ࡃࠗࠬ

ߩ᷷ᐲ․ᕈࠍᡷༀߢ߈ࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬

-250

-150

-50

50

150

Applied electric field E(kV/m)

250

ሽᕈ Ƕq
X1, X2, X3 ߩߥ߆ߩ㧝ߟߩゲࠍ࿕ቯߒ㧘ઁߩ㧞ゲࠍ

ξ=0.1°ߛߌ࿁ォߐߖߚ Y-Z శᄌ⺞ེߩӠI(T)-E ․ᕈࠍ࿑ 6

㨪࿑ 8 ߦ␜ߔ‫⸃ޕ‬ᨆ᧦ઙߪ㧘⚿᥏㐳 L=20.6 mm, ᵄ㐳ӠI(T)ߣශട㔚⇇ E ߣߩ㑐ଥࠍ࿑ 9 ߦ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬-30㨪190 kV/mࠍേ૞▸࿐ߣߔࠆߣ㧘ߎߩ▸࿐ߩ᷷ᐲᄌേߪ
࿑ : ゲࠍ࿕ቯߒߚ ;< శᄌ⺞ེߩӠ+ 6 ߩ㔚⇇ ' ଐߟ߉ߦ㧘ξ=0.22º ߩߣ߈ߩ X㧝ゲ࿕ቯߩ Y-Z శᄌ⺞ེߩ

7.75 × 10 −6 /͠એਅߣߥࠅ㧘࿑ 8 ߦ␜ߐࠇࠆ X3 ゲ࿕ቯ⚛ሶߩ᷷ᐲᄌേߩ⚂ 1/3 ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ടᎿ⺋Ꮕߩή޿⚛ሶࠃࠅ߽㧘ㆡᒰߥടᎿ⺋Ꮕࠍ߽ߟ⚛ሶߩ߶߁߇᷷ᐲᄌേ߇ᄢ

᏷ߦᷫዋߔࠆߣ޿߁⥝๧ᷓ޿⚿ᨐ߇ᓧࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬X2 ゲࠍ࿕ቯߒߚ⚛ሶߢ߽ห᭽ߥ⚿ᨐ߇ᓧࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ξ=0.2º ߩടᎿߪኈᤃߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ㧘࿑ 9 ߩ․ᕈࠍታ⃻ߔࠆߎߣߪ㧘น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

ξ=632.8 nm㧘᷷ᐲ T = 40㧘60㧘80㧘100 ºC ߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠇߎޕ‬ࠄߩ࿑߆ࠄ㧘ᰴߩߎߣࠍ⷗಴ߔ‫ޕ‬㧙㧙ᶖṌߔࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘⚿᥏ടᎿߦߪᔅߕ⺋Ꮕ߇઻߁‫ޕ‬Y-Z

0.005

0.004

శᄌ⺞ེߣ㆑ߞߡ࠺ࡘࠕ࡞࠲ࠗࡊߩ᭴ㅧߪⶄ㔀ߢ޽ࠆߚ߼㧘޿ߊߟ߆ߩടᎿ⺋Ꮕ߇หᤨߦ⊒↢ߔࠆน⢻ᕈ߇㜞޿‫ޕ‬

 0.002ⶄว⊛ߥടᎿ⺋Ꮕߩ⸃ᨆߪኈᤃߢߥ޿ߚ߼㧘ߎߩ▵ߢߪ㧘

 0.0010

2 ߟߩ LN ⚿᥏ߩ㐳ߐ߇⇣ߥࠆߣ޿߁ᦨ߽න⚐ߥࠤ࡯ࠬٛ I (T ) 0.003-0.001T ٛ= 40ºC

T ٛ= 60ºC

-0.003-0.004-0.005-30 kV/m-250ࠍ⸃ᨆߔࠆ‫ޕ‬T ٛ= 20ºC

-0.002-150

T ٛ= 80ºC-50

190 kV/m

T ٛ= 100ºC

50

150

X1

Electrode

X3

X2

LiNbO3 crystal

250

X1
LiNbO3 crystal

X3
X2

Applied electric field E (kV/m)Polarizer(45º)

࿑  :㧝ゲࠍ࿕ቯߒߚ ;< శᄌ⺞ེߩӠ+ 6 ߩ㔚⇇ ' ଐ䌾V

Analyzer(−45º)

Half-wave plateሽᕈ‫ޕ‬Ƕq࿑  ࠺ࡘࠕ࡞࠲ࠗࡊᄌ⺞ེߩ᭴ㅧ
࿑ 10 ߪ X㧝ゲ࿕ቯߩ Y-Z శᄌ⺞ེߩӠI(100)ߣ ξ ߩ㑐ଥߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬࿑ߪ㧘ξ<0.38º ߅ࠃ߮ E=200 kV/m ߩ᧦ઙߩ╙৻߅ࠃ߮╙ੑ⚿᥏ߩ⚿᥏㐳ࠍߘࠇߙࠇ L㧘L +ӠL ߣߣ߈㧘20㨪100ºC ߩ▸࿐ߩ᷷ᐲᄌേߪ 5 × 10 /͠એਅߦߔࠆߣ㧘⥄ὼⶄዮ᛬ߦࠃࠆ㕒⊛૏⋧Ꮕ θs ߅ࠃ߮ EO ലᨐ−5ߦࠃࠆേ⊛૏⋧Ꮕ θd ߪ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇᰴߩᑼߢਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ᛥ߃ࠄࠇࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬

θS =



0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1
)
(T
0
I
D
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4

   π  3E  n e r33 − n o3 r13  + (n o − n e )d 31 λ   ‫( ⋅ޓޓޓ‬2 L + ∆ L )                      

ᑼ(33)㧘(34)ࠍᑼ(31)㧘(32)ߦઍ౉ߒߡ㧘࠺ࡘࠕ࡞࠲ࠗࡊ
ߩ᷷ᐲ․ᕈࠍ⸃ᨆߔࠆ‫⸃ޕ‬ᨆ᧦ઙ߇ ∆L =0㧘L =10.3 mm㧘

 1.E-04

2π(n o − n e )∆ L  λθd = −

DI(T)

1.E-03t (º)

1.E-02

1.E-01࿑ :㧝ゲ࿕ቯߩ ;< శᄌ⺞ེߩӠ+  ߣ⺋ᏅⷺᐲǶߣߩ㑐ଥ‫ޕ‬㧱㧩M8O

λ=632.8 nm ߢ޽ࠆߣ߈ߩ㧘∆I(T)ߣශട㔚⇇ E ߣߩ㑐ଥࠍ
࿑ 12 ߦ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬
0 .01
0.008
 0.006
 0.004
 0.0020
-0.002
 -0.004
 -0.006-0.008
-0 .01

-2 .5


㰱I(T)






㧡㧚࠺ࡘࠕ࡞࠲ࠗࡊᄌ⺞ེߩ᷷ᐲ․ᕈ
࠺ࡘࠕ࡞࠲ࠗࡊᄌ⺞ེߩ᭴ㅧࠍ࿑ 11 ߦ␜ߔ 4)‫⚛ߩߎޕ‬ሶߪ㧘2 ୘ߩ LN ⚿᥏ߩ㑆ߦඨᵄ㐳᧼߇ᝌ౉ߐࠇߚ᭴ㅧ
ࠍᜬߟ‫ޕ‬ඨᵄ㐳᧼ߩశゲߣ LN ⚿᥏ߩ Z ゲߣߩ੤Ꮕⷺᐲ

T = 100º C
T = 80ºC
T = 60ºC
T = 40º C
T = 20ºC

-1.5

-0.5

0.5

1.5

Applied electric field E(kV/m)

2.5

߇ 45º ߩߣ߈㧘╙৻⚿᥏ߩᏱశ✢߅ࠃ߮⇣Ᏹశ✢ߪ㧘╙ੑ⚿᥏ߢߪߘࠇߙࠇ⇣Ᏹశ✢߅ࠃ߮Ᏹశ✢ߣߥࠆ‫ߚߒޕ‬࿑ ࠺ࡘࠕ࡞࠲ࠗࡊᄌ⺞ེߩӠ+ 6 ߣශട㔚⇇㧱ߩ㑐ଥ Ӡ.㧩㧜߇ߞߡ㧘2 ߟߩ⚿᥏߇หߓࠨࠗ࠭ߢశゲߩ࠭࡟߇ήߌࠇ
߫㧘ήᄌ⺞ᤨߦߪ⥄ὼⶄዮ᛬ߦࠃࠆ᷷ᐲଐሽᕈߪቢోߦ



㧙㧙

࿑ 12 ߪℂᗐ⊛ߥ࠺ࡘࠕ࡞࠲ࠗࡊߩ᷷ᐲ․ᕈߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬᷷ᐲᄌേߦࠃࠆ಴ജᄌൻߪ࠺ࡘࠕ࡞࠲ࠗࡊߩ 50%ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ӠL =0 ߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ㧘E =0 ߥࠄ᷷߫ᐲ߇ᄌൻߒߡ߽శ಴ജ

቟ቯേ૞ߦఝࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ξ=0.22º ߩᓸዊ࿁ォ⚛ሶߢߪ㧘಴ߪ৻ቯߢ޽ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘θd ߪዮ᛬₸㧘EO ଥᢙ㧘⚿᥏㐳ജᄌേࠍߐࠄߦඨᷫߐߖࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ࠪߥߤ᷷ᐲଐሽᕈࠍ߽ߟࡄ࡜ࡔ࡯࠲ࠍ฽ࠎߢ޿ࠆߚ߼㧘ᄌࡦࡊ࡞ߥ᭴ㅧࠍ߽ߟ Y-Z శᄌ⺞ེߩ૞⵾ߪኈᤃߢ޽ࠆߣ

⺞ࠍ߆ߌࠆߣ᷷ᐲଐሽᕈ߇⃻ࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬L =10 mm ߩ࠺ࡘࠕ࡞

޿߁ࡔ࡝࠶࠻߽᦭ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬࠲ࠗࡊߩඨᵄ㐳㔚⇇ Eπ ߪ⚂ 94 kV/m ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬±Eπ ࠍ࠺ࡃࠗࠬߩേ૞▸࿐ߣߔࠆߣ㧘࿑ 12 ࠃࠅ㧘20㨪100º C ߩᄌൻ㧢㧚;< శᄌ⺞ེߩ૞⵾ߣߘߩ᷷ᐲ․ᕈߩ᷹ቯ

ߢ࠺ࡃࠗࠬߩ಴ജߪ 5.13× 10 /͠߶ߤᄌേߔࠆߎߣ߇ಽ

ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

ߪࡐ࡜࡝ࡔ࡯࠲↪ Y-Z శᄌ⺞ེߩ૞⵾ߣߘߩ᷷ᐲ․ᕈታ

−5߆ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬୯ߪ㧘ടᎿ⺋Ꮕߩή޿ Y-Z శᄌ⺞ེߩ⚂㧞୚ߎࠇ߹ߢ Y-Z శᄌ⺞ེߩ᷷ᐲ․ᕈࠍ⸃ᨆߒߚ‫ߢ▵ᧄޕ‬

ߟ߉ߦ 0.1㧑ߩടᎿ⺋Ꮕ㧔ӠL=10µm ߦ⋧ᒰ㧕ࠍ߽ߟ࠺㛎ࠍㅀߴࠆ‫ޕ‬ࡘࠕ࡞࠲ࠗࡊࠍ⸃ᨆߒࠃ߁‫ޕ‬ӠL એᄖߩ᧦ઙߪ೨ߣหߓ

ߣߔࠆߣ㧘࠺ࡃࠗࠬߩ᷷ᐲ․ᕈߪ࿑ 13 ߢਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ ;< శᄌ⺞ེߣᕡ᷷ᮏߩ૞⵾

ߩ▸࿐ߩࡄࡢ࡯ᄌേߪ 1.25 × 10 /͠એ਄ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬േ૞ᚑ ; ࠞ࠶࠻ < ゲ

E =0 ࠍേ૞ὐߣߒߡ±Eπ ߛߌᄌ⺞ߔࠆ႐ว㧘20㨪100ºCࡐ࡜࡝ࡔ࡯࠲↪ ;< ᄌ⺞ེߣߒߡ㧘ࠦࡦࠣ࡞ࠛࡦ࠻⚵−4

ὐࠍ E =1 kV/m ߦ⒖േߔࠇ߫㧘ࡄࡢ࡯ᄌേࠍ 5.63 ×

વ៝ .0 ⚿᥏ࠍ↪޿ߡ㧘ශട㔚⇇߇࠯ࡠߩߣ߈᷷ᐲήଐ

10 /͠ߦᛥ߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ߇㧘ӠL ߩᄢ߈ߐࠍࠦࡦ࠻

ሽߣߥࠆǶ ߩ࠺ࡃࠗࠬࠍ૞⵾ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ࡠ࡯࡞ߔࠆߎߣߪ࿎㔍ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ⚿᥏ߩ  㕙ࠍశቇ⎇⏴ߒ㧘  㕙ߦ #W 㔚ᭂ ෘߐ-5∆I (T )


0.02



0.015



0.01



0.005



0



-0.005

T = 100ºC



-0.01

T = 60ºC

T = 80ºC

T = 40ºC-0.015-0.02-2.5

T = 20ºC࿑  ⹜૞ߒߚ ;< శᄌ⺞ེ࿑  ⹜૞ߒߚ ;< శᄌ⺞ེ

-1.5

-0.5

0.5

1.5

2.5



Applied electric field E (kV/m)⴫㧟 㧸㧺⚿᥏ߩࠨࠗ࠭ߣടᎿ♖ᐲ࿑ ࠺ࡘࠕ࡞࠲ࠗࡊᄌ⺞ེߩӠ+ 6 ߣ㔚⇇ ' ߩ   ߩ㑐ଥ Ӡ.㧩ǴO䉰䉟䉵㩷 䋨㫄㫄䋩㩷㪯㪈 ゲᣇะ㩷㪉㪅㪇㪇㫧㪇㪅㪇㪈㩷㩷 㩷㪯㪉 ゲᣇะ㩷㪐㪅㪐㪊㫧㪇㪅㪇㪉㩷㩷㩷㪯㪊 ゲᣇะ㩷㪉㪇㪅㪇㪈㫧㪇㪅㪇㪈ゲ♖ᐲ㩷 䋨㫦䋩㩷㪯㪈 ゲ㩷㪓㫧㪇㪅㪈㩷㩷㩷㪯㪉 ゲ㩷㪓㫧㪇㪅㪇㪈㩷㩷㩷㪯㪊 ゲ㩷䋼㫧㪇㪅㪈㩷

㩿㪇㪈㪇㪀㕙䈱䉡䉣䉾䉳ⷺᐲ㩷 䋨㫦䋩㩷

㩷㩷

㪇㪅㪇㪈㩷



 



ߎߩ▵ߩ߹ߣ߼ߣߒߡ ;< శᄌ⺞ེߣ࠺ࡘࠕ࡞࠲ࠗࡊ

ᄌ⺞ེߩ․ᕈࠍᲧセߔࠆ‫ޕ‬೨▵ߣᧄ▵ߢ⸃ᨆߐࠇߚ㧞ߟߩᄌ⺞ེߦߪห৻᧚ᢱ߇↪޿ࠄࠇ㧘࠺ࡃࠗࠬ㐳߽หߓߢ޽ࠆ‫ࡊࠗ࠲࡞ࠕࡘ࠺ޕ‬ᄌ⺞ེߪ㧘ᄢ߈ߥ㔚᳇శቇଥᢙ T㧦200 nm)ࠍ⫳⌕ߒߚ‫⹜ޕ‬૞ߒߚ Y-Z శᄌ⺞ེߩᄖⷰߣߘ

ߣ T ࠍ↪޿ࠆߚ߼㧘'Ǹߪ㔚᳇శቇଥᢙ T ࠍ↪޿ࠆ ;<ߩ⹦⚦ࠍ࿑ 14 ߅ࠃ߮⴫ 3 ߦ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬ဳߩ߅ࠃߘඨಽߢ޽ࠅ㧘ૐ㔚⇇ߢ㚟േߢ߈ࠆߣ޿߁೑ὐ

ߎߩ࠺ࡃࠗࠬߩ᷷ᐲ․ᕈࠍ᷹ቯߔࠆߚ߼㧘࿑ 15 ߅ࠃ߮ࠍ᦭ߔࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘⥄ὼⶄዮ᛬ࠍᛂߜᶖߔߚ߼ߦ㧘 ߟߩోߊหߓ․ᕈࠍ߽ߟ .0 ⚿᥏ߣඨᵄ㐳᧼ࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖ㧘࿑ 16 ߩ㐿᡼ဳߩዊဳᕡ᷷ⵝ⟎ࠍ૞⵾ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᕡ᷷ⵝ⟎ߪ㐿ࠕ࡜ࠗࡔࡦ࠻ࠍቢ⅜ߦߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߣ޿߁ᄢ߈ߥ

᡼ဳᕡ࡙᷷࠾࠶࠻㧘ࡍ࡞࠴ࠚ㚟േㇱ㧘᷷ᐲ᷹ቯㇱ߅ࠃ߮ࡂࡦ࠺ࠖࠍᛴ߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬೙ᓮㇱ߆ࠄ᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬శ౉಴ജ↪ߦᕡ࡙᷷࠾࠶࠻ߩ 2

৻ᣇ㧘X3 ゲߩ࿁ォⷺᐲ߇ ξ=0º ߩ Y-Z శᄌ⺞ེߦ߅ߌࠆ

㕙߇㐿᡼ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߚ߼㧘࡙࠾࠶࠻ో૕߇ဋ৻ߥ᷷ᐲಽ

㧙㧙

mm × 120 mm㧕ߩਛᄩߦ⴫ 3 ߩࠨࠗ࠭ࠍ߽ߟዊߐߥᄌ
⺞ེࠍ⸳⟎ߔࠇ߫㧘࠺ࡃࠗࠬߩ᷷ᐲಽᏓࠍ߶߷ဋ৻ߦ଻Collimate lensߟߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᕡ࡙᷷࠾࠶࠻ౝߩ㔚ᭂߦߪ㧷ဳᾲ㔚ኻ

LED

Beam
splitter Polarizer

Opticalchopperࠍၒ߼ㄟࠎߛ‫ޕ‬㔚ᭂߪ⛘✼⤑ࠍ੺ߒߡࡍ࡞࠴ࠚ⚛ሶߣធ⌕ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬᷷ᐲ೙ᓮㇱߩ⸳ቯ᷷ᐲߣᾲ㔚ኻߢᓧࠄࠇࠆ㔚▸࿐ߪቶ᷷߆ࠄ 100°C㧘᷷ᐲ♖ᐲߪ±0.1°C ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

X1

LN crystal

LIA

Analyzer Photodetector−π/4
Amp

Temperature
control unit

Chopper
controller

Ref. signal

X3㔚ᵹࠍ೙ᓮߒ㧘㔚ᭂㇱ᷷ᐲࠍ⸳ቯ୯ߦ଻ߞߚ‫ޕ‬᷷ᐲ೙ᓮ

π/4
signalX2ᭂ᷷ᐲ߆ࠄߩᏅಽࠍ⵬ቢߔࠆࠃ߁ߦࡍ࡞࠴ࠚ⚛ሶߩ㚟േTemperature controlled
electrode module

signalᏓߦߥࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘࡙࠾࠶࠻㧔ᢿ㕙Ⓧ㧦120

MM

Data logger

LIA ታ㛎࡮⚿ᨐ㧔⚿᥏᷷ᐲࠍᄌൻߐߖߚߣ߈ߩ૏⋧Ꮕ
ᄌൻ㊂㧕࿑  ታ㛎♽⛔࿑㧔૏⋧Ꮕᄌൻ㊂ߩ᷹ቯ㧕Y-Z ᄌ⺞ེߩ᷷ᐲߩᄌൻߣ಴ജାภߣߩ㑐ଥࠍ᷹ቯߔ

ࠆߚ߼㧘࿑ 17 ߩታ㛎♽ࠍ᭴ᚑߒߚ‫ޕ‬Insulator

Thermocouple(Type. K )Ventilated ribశߩ৻ㇱߣశᬌ಴ེߩ಴ജାภࠍ࠺࡯࠲ࡠࠟ࡯ߦ⸥㍳ߒ㧘
LED ߩ಴ജࠁࠄ߉ࠍ⵬ᱜߒߚ‫⚿ ޕ‬᥏᷷ᐲࠍ 25-50 ºC ߹

Peltier device

Light beam


 V

䌾

ߢᄌൻߐߖߚߣ߈ߩ಴ജାภߩᄌൻ δI(T)ࠍ࿑ 18 ߅ࠃ߮

Electrode
LN crystal
Electrode࿑ 19 ߦ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬
0.03

Peltier device
0.02

Ventilated rib
Temperature
control unit

Peltier driver
Temperaturemonitor

0.01



㼺I(T)
ǬI(T)

Insulator

Thermocouple cable⚿᥏ౝߩᄙ㊀෻኿ᐓᷤߩᓇ㗀ࠍ㒰ߊߚ߼㧘శḮߦߪਛᔃᵄ㐳 632.8 nm㧘ඨ୯ో᏷ 10 nm ߩ LED ࠍ↪޿ߚ‫ ޕ‬LED



0




-0.01
-0.02







-0.03

࿑  ᷷ᐲ⺞ᢛᯏ᭴ઃ߈㔚ᭂࠬ࠹࡯ࠫ

25



30

35

40

45

50

T (° C)
TemperatureThemperaturemonitorcontrolled unit࿑  ;< శᄌ⺞ེߩ಴ജᄌേǬ+ 6 ߣ᷷ᐲ 6 ߣߩ㑐ଥ  .'& శḮ㧦ǳPO 
0.05
0.04
0.03

controlled unit
PeltieǬI(T)Themperature∆I (T )

0.02
0

-0.01
-0.02
-0.03

Temperature-0.04

control board࿑ ᕡ࡙᷷࠾࠶࠻ߣ᷷ᐲ೙ᓮㇱ

0.01

-0.05



25

30

35

40

Temperature T (ºC)

4550

Temperature (͠)࿑  ;< శᄌ⺞ེߩᦨᄢ಴ജାภߩᤨ㑆ᄌൻǬ+ 6
ߣ᷷ᐲ 6 ߩ㑐ଥ

㧙㧙



ǬI(T)



ᑼߢ⴫ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬



0.01

δI (t ) =0.002
ㅍ㘑ญߩ᷷ᐲࠍ 25͠ߦ⸳ቯߒߚⓨ⺞ᯏߛߌߢቶౝ᷷





0.004
ǬI(T)
∆I (t)I (t ) − I   
I

0.006

0.008

0



(36)

ᐲࠍ೙ᓮߒߚ⁁ᘒߢ㧘࠺ࡃࠗࠬߦ 0 V ߅ࠃ߮ 404 V ߩ DC

-0.002߅ࠃ߮ AC 㔚࿶ࠍട߃ߚߣ߈ߩ಴ജାภߩ⚻ᤨᄌൻࠍ᳞


-0.004
-0.006߼ߚ‫⚿ޕ‬ᨐࠍ࿑ 20㧘࿑ 21 ߦ␜ߔ‫߽ࠄߜߤޕ‬㧡ᤨ㑆ߦࠊ

-0.01ߚࠅ߈ࠊ߼ߡ቟ቯߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘Y-Z శᄌ⺞ེߩఝࠇߚ቟ቯ

-0.008




0

5000

10000



15000

(sec)
t t(sec)

20000

25000

30000

ᕈ߇⏕⹺ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬




㧣㧚߹ߣ߼
࿑  ήශടᤨߩ ;< శᄌ⺞ེߩ಴ജାภǬ+ V ߩᤨࠦࡦࠣ࡞ࠛࡦ࠻ LN ⚿᥏߆ࠄߥࠆࡐ࡜࡝ࡔ࡯࠲↪ Y-Z

㑆ᄌൻ



0.01

శᄌ⺞ེߩ಴ജశᒝᐲߩ᷷ᐲଐሽᕈࠍ⹦⚦ߦ⸃ᨆߒ㧘ߘ

0.008ߩఝࠇߚ቟ቯᕈࠍታ㛎ߦࠃࠅ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚ‫⸃ޕ‬ᨆߢߪ㧘


0.006

㧝ߟߩ⚿᥏ゲࠍ࿕ቯߒ㧘ઁߩ㧞ߟߩ⚿᥏ゲࠍᓸዊⷺᐲ ξ

ǬI(T)∆I (t)0.004ߛߌ࿁ォߐߖߚࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ↪޿ߡ㧘࿁ォⷺᐲ ξ㧘ශട㔚⇇

0.002



0

㧱߅ࠃ߮࠺ࡃ᷷ࠗࠬᐲ㨀ߩ㑐ଥࠍ᳞߼ߚ‫ޕ‬ᐳᮡᄌ឵ߢ᳞

߼ߚ࡝࠲࠺࡚ࠗࠪࡦߦ㧘ᣢߦ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ LN ⚿
-0.002-0.004
-0.006

᥏ߩዮ᛬₸ኻ᷷ᐲ․ᕈ㧘ᩰሶቯᢙኻ᷷ᐲ․ᕈ㧘㔚᳇శቇ-0.008-0.01ଥᢙኻ᷷ᐲ․ᕈࠍㆡ↪ߒ㧘శᄌ⺞ାภኻ᷷ᐲ߅ࠃ߮శᄌ




0



5000

10000

15000

t (sec)t (sec)

20000

25000

30000

⺞ାภኻ࿁ォⷺᐲߩ㑐ଥࠍ᳞߼ߚ‫⎇ߩߎޕ‬ⓥߢ᣿ࠄ߆ߦ
ߐࠇߚ Y-Z ᄌ⺞ེ(⚿᥏㐳㧦20.6 mm)ߩᕈ⾰ߪ㧘㧠▵ߩ(1)㨪(4)ߦㅀߴࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫․ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ᕈߪ㧘ᓥ᧪ߩ᷷ᐲ⵬
ఘဳ LN ᄌ⺞ེߦᲧߴߡฦᲑߦൎߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿑ ;< శᄌ⺞ེߦ 8 ߩ੤ᵹ㔚࿶ࠍട߃ߚߣ߈ߩ એ਄ߩ⚿ᨐࠍ〯߹߃ߡ㧘ࠦࡦࠣ࡞ࠛࡦ࠻ LN ⚿᥏߆ࠄ಴ജାภߩᤨ㑆ᄌൻǬ+ V ࿑ 18 ߪ㧘⚿᥏ߦ㔚࿶ࠍട߃ߥ޿ߣ߈ߩ᷹ቯ⚿ᨐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

࿑ 19 ߪ㧘⚿᥏ߦᱜᒏᵄ㔚࿶㧔ᝄ᏷㧦170.8 V㧘๟ᵄᢙ 1 kHz㧕ࠍട߃ߚߣ߈ߩ᷹ቯ⚿ᨐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬δI(T)ߪ⚿᥏ߩ᷷ᐲ߇
T͠ߩߣ߈ߩ಴ജାภߩᄌൻߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᰴߩᑼߢਈ߃ࠄࠇ

ᕡ࡙᷷࠾࠶࠻ߦ࠺ࡃࠗࠬࠍ⸳⟎ߒߡ㧘಴ജାภߣ᷷ᐲᄌ
ൻߩ㑐ଥࠍ᷹ቯߒߚ‫⹜ޕ‬૞࠺ࡃࠗࠬߩ಴ജାภߩᄌേߪ㧘2 × 10−4 㨪 2.8 × 10 −4 /͠ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ቶ᷷ߦ߅ߌ

ࠆ Y-Z ᄌ⺞ེߩ࡜ࡦ࠾ࡦࠣ࠹ࠬ࠻ߢߪ㧘಴ജାภߩᄌേ

ߪ㧘ශട㔚⇇߇ࠝࡦ⁁ᘒߩߣ߈ 0.5㧑㧘߅ࠃ߮ࠝࡈ⁁ᘒࠆ‫ޕ‬

I (T ) − I (50)δI (T ) =        I (50)

ߥࠆ Y-Z శᄌ⺞ེ(⚿᥏㐳㧦20.6 mm)ࠍ૞⵾ߒ㧘㐿᡼ဳߩߩߣ߈㧘0.2㧑ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬(35)

Y-Z శᄌ⺞ེߩߎࠇࠄߩఝࠇߚ․ᕈࠍࡐ࡜࡝ࡔ࡯࠲߿
ࠛ࡝ࡊ࠰ࡔ࡯࠲ߦᔕ↪ߔࠆߣ㧘㜞ㅦᕈߣ቟ቯᕈࠍ౗ߨ஻

⚿᥏᷷ᐲ߇ 25 ᐲ߆ࠄ 50߳͠ᄌൻߔࠆߣ߈ߩήශടᤨ

ߩⷙᩰൻ಴ജାภᄌൻߪ⚂ 2.8 × 10 −4 /͠ߢ޽ߞߚ‫৻ޕ‬߃ߚశ⸘᷹ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ᭴▽ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߩߎߦ․ޕ‬ᄌ⺞ེߩ㚟േ㔚⇇߇ඨᵄ㐳㔚⇇ߩᢛᢙ୚ߣߥࠆߣ߈㧘࠺ࡃࠗࠬߪ᷷

ᣇ㧘੤ᵹ㔚࿶ශടᤨߩ಴ജାภߩᄌൻߪ 2 × 10 −4 /͠ߢ޽ᐲήଐሽߢേ૞ߔࠆߚ߼㧘߈ࠊ߼ߡ቟ቯߥశ⸘᷹ࠪࠬ࠹

ߞߚ‫߽ࠇߕ޿ޕ‬ℂ⺰୯ࠃࠅ߽߿߿ᄢ߈޿߇㧘ఝࠇߚ቟ቯ

ࡓߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬Y-ࠞ࠶࠻ Z ゲવ᠞㧸㧺⚿᥏ߣห᭽ߦ㧘⥄ὼⶄዮ᛬ࠍ߽

ᕈࠍ␜ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᰴߦ࿑ 17 ߩታ㛎♽߆ࠄᕡ࡙᷷࠾࠶࠻ࠍ㒰޿ߚశቇࠪ

ࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ↪޿ߡ㧘࠺ࡃࠗࠬߩ಴ജାภߩ⚻ᤨᄌൻ δI(t)ࠍ

᷹ⷰߒߚ‫ޕ‬᷹ⷰ㐿ᆎ߆ࠄ㨠⑽ᓟߩ಴ജାภߩᄌേࠍ I(t)㧘

᷹ቯߐࠇߚ಴ജାภߩᐔဋ୯ࠍ I ߣߔࠆߣ㧘δI (t)ߪᰴߩ

ߚߥ޿㔚᳇శቇ⚿᥏ߣߒߡ㧘ὐ⟲ 4 3 m ߩ GaAs㧘InP ⚿᥏㧘ὐ⟲ 23 ߩ Bi12SiO20㧘Bi12GeO20 ⚿᥏㧘ὐ⟲ 4 2 m ߩ

KH2PO4㧘KD2PO4㧘(NH4)H2PO4 ߥߤ߇᜼ߍࠄࠇࠆ‫ࠇߎޕ‬ࠄߩ⚿᥏ࠍ↪޿ߚశᄌ⺞ེߩ᷷ᐲ․ᕈࠍ⸃ᨆ߅ࠃ߮ታ㛎㧙㧙

11. D. S. Smith, H. D. Riccius, and R. P. Edwin, “Refractiveߩਔ㕙߆ࠄᬌ⸛ߔࠆߎߣ߇ᰴߩ࠹࡯ࡑߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬indices of lithium niobate”, Opt. Commun. 17, 332-335

⻢ ㄉ(1976).



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ᧄ⎇ⓥߩ৻ㇱߪ㧘⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ⾌⵬ഥ㊄ၮ⋚⎇ⓥ㧔㧯㧕ߩᡰេࠍฃߌߡⴕࠊࠇߚ‫ޕ‬

Krause, “Thermal expansion and transitions of single

ෳ⠨ᢥ₂

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㧙㧙