SHORT COMMUNICATIONS
Wilson Bull.,763

106(4), 1994, pp. 763-764

Drinking methods in two species of bustards.-Most
birds drink water by scooping itup with their beaks and tilting their head backwards, allowing the water to run down theirthroat. There are a few families of birds, however, such as the Columbidae (Wickler 1961),
Estrildidae (Poulsen 1953), Spermestidae (Immelmann 1962), Coliidae (Cade and Greenwald 1966) Turnicidae (Fry 1978), and Otididae (Fisher et al. 1972) in which all or someof the species drink water using a sucking method. Suction drinking is believed to be anadaptation for obtaining water in arid climates. It is believed that by using this method thebird is able to utilize small amounts of water efficiently and quickly (Immelmann 1962).
Since it is a rather quick method, Cade (1965) and Immelmann (1962) have suggested thatit may be advantageous to the bird by reducing the amount of time at the water source, andhence, the likelihood of being attacked by predators. In this method, the beak is immersed
in water, and the bird draws in water by pumping of the throat. There are also some species
that employ a third and intermediate method of drinking, whereby water is sucked into themouth using the same sucking action as described as above, followed by raising of the headin order to swallow. Members of the family Pteroclidae (Cade et al. 1966) and Dicruridae(Skead 1975) are reported to use this method. Two species of bustards, the Kori Bustard(Ardeotis kori), and the Buff-crested Bustard (Lophotis rujicrista)
were observed drinking
water and their drinking methods are reported in this paper.
At the National Zoological Park, where Kori Bustards are exhibited, drinking was observed on numerous occasions. Water is available at all times, and the birds were observed
drinking water throughout the year. It is not unusual for a bird to drink for over two minat interrupted intervals. One position assumed by the birds when they drink is identical tothat described by Fisher et al. (1972) for the Australian bustard, and by Ali and Rahmani(1981-1982) for the Great Indian Bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps). In this position, the bird sits
down while drinking. Fisher et al. stated that the only other bird that sits in this position todrink is the Emu (Dromiceius novaeholkzndiae).
Another common position observed is thatthe birds simply remain standing to drink. In both positions, it is clear that the birds wereusing a sucking action to obtain the water.
In the Buff-crested Bustard, drinking was observed on one occasion by a pair housed at
the Baltimore Zoo. A video camera was used to observe the birds’ drinking methods. In
this species, an intermediate form of drinking was used, and the bird remained standing forthe several bouts of drinking observed. It was the same method described by Skead for theForktailed Drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis) where a sucking action was used to draw the waterin, after which the head was tilted back to allow the water to run down the throat.
Acknowledgments.-1 thank the entire staff of the Baltimore Zoo bird department, especially the former curator of birds, Fred Bealle. I am also very grateful to Charles Pickett
for his editorial comments.
LITERATURE

CITEDS. AND A. R. RAHMANI. 1981-1982.
Study of ecology of certain endangered speciesof wildlife and their habitats. The Great Indian bustard. Ann. Rept. I. Bombay Nat.
Hist. Sot.
CADE, T J. 1965. Relations between raptors and columbiform birds at a desert water hole.
Wilson Bull. 77:340-345.
AND L. I. GREENWALD. 1966. Drinking behavior of mousebirds in the Nambib Desert, southern Africa. Auk 83:126128.
ALI,

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E. J. WILLOUGHBY, AND G. L. MACLEAN. 1966. Drinking behavior of sandgrousein the Nambib and Kalahari deserts, Africa. Auk 83: 124-126.
FISHER, C. D., E. LINDGREN, AND W. R. DAWSON. 1972. Drinking patterns and behavior ofAustralian desert birds in relation to their ecology and abundance. Condor 74:111-136.
FRY, C. H. 1978. Buttonquails. Pp. 80-81 in Bird families of the world (C. J. 0. Harrison,ed.). Abrams, New York, New York.
IMMELMANN, K. 1962. Beitrage zu einer vergleichenden Biologie australischer Prachtfinken(Spermestidae). Zool. Jb. Syst. 90: 1-196.
POULSEN,H. 1953. A study of incubation responses and some other behavior patterns inbirds. Vidensk. Medd dansk naturh. Foren. 115: l-l 3 1.
SKEAD, D. M. 1975. Drinking habits of birds in the central Transvaal bushveld. Ostrich
45:139-146.
WICKLER, W. 1961. Uber die Stammesgeschichte und der taxono-mischen Wert einiger
Verhaltensweisen der Vogel. A. Tierpsychol. 18:320-342.
SARA L. HALLAGER, Dept. of Ornithology, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C.
20008. Received 31 Jan. 1994, accepted I May 1994.

Wilson Bull., 106(4), 1994, pp. 764-766
Brown-headed Cowbirds fledged from Barn Swallow and American Robin nests.Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) have parasitized at least 220 species of birds, ofwhich approximately 144 species have raised cowbird young (Friedmann and Kiff 1985,Lowther 1993). For several species, records of parasitism are rare or based on circumstantialevidence. Here I document two unlikely species, American Robin (Turdus migratorius) andBarn Swallow (Hirundo rustica), raising Brown-headed Cowbirds at least to fledging age.
There is only one reported case of Barn Swallows raising a young cowbird (Sutton 1967)
but it was undetermined if the cowbird fledged. Other accounts of Barn Swallows being
parasitized are rare. No parasitism was observed in 322 Barn Swallow nests found between
1963 and 1975 in Louisiana (Goertz 1977), nor 185 nests in Iowa (Lowther 1985, 1991)
and Hill (1976) found no parasitism in 284 nests in Kansas. Friedmann (1929) cites a single
report in Iowa with little detail. More recently, Friedmann (1963, 1971; Friedmann et al.
1977), in addition to citing the Oklahoma record, mentions three records of parasitized BarnSwallow nests from Pennsylvania, one from Maryland, one from Manitoba, two (0.1%) of1977 from Ontario, “several” from Kansas, and none out of 3776 nest records in the Cornell
Univ. files.
Out of 67 Barn Swallow nesting attempts I observed in Osage County, Oklahoma, two(same nest twice) were parasitized by cowbirds. The first nest, first active on 30 May 1992,
contained one cowbird egg and live Barn Swallow eggs. The nest was checked twice weekly
until all young fledged. By 19 June, the cowbird egg had hatched and the nestling was twoor three days old. On 23 June, the Barn Swallow eggs had recently hatched. The cowbird
chick was banded on 26 June and was very near fledging. On 30 June the cowbird chick
was gone and four swallow chicks remained. The last Barn Swallow chick fledged on 14
July, at least 14 days after the cowbird had left the nest. The cowbird was never seen outsideof the nest, so it is not known whether it survived to independence. In the second parasitizedswallow nest (late July) the cowbird egg failed to hatch.
The American Robin is known to be a rejecter of cowbird eggs (e.g., Friedmann 1929,Rothstein 1975). However, Brown-headed Cowbird eggs occasionally appear in robin nests.