THE STORY OF
13th AUSTRALIAN GENERAL HOSPITAL
8th DIVISION
2nd A. I. F.

1941 – 1945

This un-official history of the 13 Australian General Hospital during WW2 was written by
A.C. (Lex) Arthurson VX61276 who was a Corporal in the unit. It was prompted by former
POW nurse Vivian Bullwinkel asking if the history had ever been written. Lex undertook to
do it. With the assistance of others, it was completed over two years. The original
document was enhanced by many newspaper cutting, pictures and sketches. It was notpossible to reproduce these. Some alternative images have been inserted. (Most of thesketches inserted into the story were done by Corporal Dick Cochran 2/12 Field Company(Engineers) and provided to me by Ken Gray former National President ex POWs
Association). I am grateful to Lex for permission to reproduce this history. It is pleasing tonote the extensive (and rightful) coverage given to the Nurses in this history.
Lt Col (Ret’d)Peter Winstanley OAM RFD (JP)May 2009

LIVES OF GREAT MEN ALL REMIND US
WE CAN LIVE A LIFE SUBLIME
AND, DEPARTING, LEAVE BEHIND US
FOOTPRINTS IN THE SANDS OF TIME.

QUATRAINOFLONGFELLOWFROM“The Psalm of Life”

Acknowledgements:

Official Army Records
Newspapers of1945 - Melbourne Herald
1945 - Melbourne Age1942 - Singapore Straits Times

Special thanks to
Mrs. Maureen Chandler for the loan of her father’s unique records of the 13th A.G.H. from
1941 – 1945. (Staff/Sgt. Pearce Wells was privy to all hospital records.)_________________________Mrs Connie Cooper who loaned the diary of her husband, Staff/Sgt. Frank Cooper.

_________________________
Members of the 13th A.G.H. who refreshed my memory with the most suitable material.

_________________________

Most grateful, too, that Pamela Harley, a friend of many years, was kind enough to typeand organise my hand-written pages.

1.
STAFF OF THE 13th AUSTRALIAN GENERAL HOSPITAL

Commanding Officer

Col. D.C. Pigdon E.D.

Registrar

Major A. R. Home

Lt. Colonels

W. A. Bye

C. H. Osborn

T. P. Crankshaw
J. O. Rosson
G. F. S. Davies NX76351

R. G. Orr
B. L. Clarke

MajorsB. A. Hunt
B. W. Nairn

Captains

J. L. Frew VX39181
E. B. Drevermann VX61260G
T. G. H. Hogg TX2185 C. R. R. Huxtable M.C.

Chaplains

C. E. Usher

F.Braby VX60066 QM
V. A. Conlon VX39982
L. T. Marsden

A. A. N. S. ATTACHED TO 13th A. G. H.
MatronI. M. Drummond

Sisters

L. M. I. Bates
M. E. McGlade
D. M. Sheehan

C. J. Ashton
J. E. Simons
F. A. Cullen
J. E. B. Powell

F. R. Casson
P. B. Hempstead
M. E. Hurley

Masseuses

C. M. Sutton

A. C. A. Simpson

M. Hill

Staff Nurses

M. M. Wilton
H. R. Brewer
M. M. Gunton
E. M. Wittwer
J. Kerr
B. R. Sheat
V. A. Torney
G. M. McDonald
V. I. McElnea
V. A. Clancy
L. F. Fairweather
G. L. Hughes
A. M. Beard

P. Pugh
H. M. Hilyard
N. P. Bentley
L. I. Seebohm
D. M. McSetchell
A. S. Muldoon
M. I. Anderson
S. J. M. Muir
E. M. Short
N. Harris
W. E. F. Oram
I. Harper
A. J. Bridge
S. C. Baldwin-Wiseman

M. C. Sellwood
M. E. Rayner
B. H. Garrood
M. L. Speer
T. A. Glover
B. C. E. Taylor
G. M. McManus
V. E. Smith
M. M. A. Tait
A. M. Trenerry
R. J. Wight
M. I. Hodgson
V. Bullwinkel

Lieutenant

K McBoundy

A.R.C.S

Mr. Wright

R. S. M.

S. Gabb

W.O.11R. D. Horgan

J. J. Flavin2.
Staff Sergeants
W. B. Monteath
M. R. Street

P. J. Wells
D. J. RoweA. E. Christensen

A. Buck
A. A. Southgate
F. Cooper

Sergeants

M. F. Brown
J. J. Spencer
F. J. Brown
G. A. Blackie
H. B. Frankland

B. G. Fell
J. D. McGuffiee
J. Denton
S. A. Lockwood
P. H. Cutts

R. C. Fox
A. G. McGhie
T. Winters
N. J. Logan

Corporals

W. J. Rossiter
G. W. S. Ewins
J. Saunders
A. B. Mouat

A. E. Ogburn
A. C. Arthurson
H. F. Hollioak
A. A. Deans

A. W. Webster
G. W. Brown
L. Byrne
P. J. Hanaghan

Lance Corporals

E. Burke
G. M. Robbins

C. E. Youdan

Privates

F. Davies
F. S. Smith
J. C. Knight
R. W. Barguss
H. L. Barker
R. B. Cusson
S. W. Ross
T. F. Nestor
E. C. Stephens
R. P. Coonerty
R. WhiteT. A. Chaplin
S. F. Boulter
C. A. Eastwood
A. A. Schleibs
J. J. Kirk
J. Falco
R. Young
F. X. Quirk
P. J. O’Brien
G. E. Gadd
H. W. McKean
C. Carnie
R. G. Sim
E. Waddington
E. E. R. Miller
C. S. Logan
O. E. Vickers-Bush
L. R. Wade
C. R. Garrett
R. I. Felsentahl
K. M. Lewis
P. Walsh
S. Butler
L. J. Fox
A. H. Haines
A. Simfendorfer

R. S. Anderson
W. A. Wilson
J. Wells
J. D. O’Leary
B. Barker
J. B. Moore
G. Munro
J. C. Ellis
P. G. RiceJ. J. Randall
F. Bragg
R. AylettA. W. Thomas
L. C. Canterbury
J. J. Waller
W. E. Turrell
A. D. H. Miller
L. W. Hancock
W. J. Gunn
A. N. Syer
R. W. Goldsmith
E. C. Ward
E. L. S. GarthP. A. Boulton
C. R. L. Davies
W. E. Parker
G. B. W. Skewes
R. A. Webb
C. G. Baker
E. D. Coventry
H.J. Squire
J. Beretta
C. E. Stewart
C. J. Meredith
C. LoweK. Twentyman
N. R. Seddon

J. A. Foster
C. W. Beasland
R. G. Ford
R. L. Scull
W. J. Banning
R. R. Jones
R. M. B. Wilson
C. J. McKay
G. A. Patterson
F. J. Sutton
G. Letwin
K. R. Woolf
K. E. Nicholson
D. M. Davies
R. F. D. Owen
J. P. Carmody
P. FraserJ. D. McLerie
E. J. Taylor
M. J. Brennan
J. F. Owen
R. J. Matters
T. H. Nash
J. Hamment
R. P. Anderson
R. G. Small
N. F. S. Chandler
A. E. Sweatman
K. J. G. Curtis
J. E. TeeE. R. Treloar
T. F. Cully
T. H. Hadden
K. Atkins
E. Hancock
A. Howes

3.
FORMATION OF THE UNIT
The 2/13th Australian General Hospital was born in Melbourne on the 11th August, 1941, a very
immature and undernourished infant.
There appeared to be an urgent need for a second military hospital in Singapore or Malaya.
Representations were being made to Southern Command, Victoria Barracks, Melbourne by
Colonel A. P. Derham, A.D.M.S., 8th Division, A.I.F. Malaya, for additional medical personnel.
Intelligence sources in Singapore now viewed an attack on the impregnable island was possible
and feasible, not from the south but from the north.
The Secret Service intimated that the Thai Government would allow enemy access to North
Malaya. At the outbreak of War in 1939 Air Chief Marshall Sir Robert Brook-Popham, theCommander in the Far East, reported he had 180 aeroplanes and 8,000 troops including manywith very little service. Many crack British regiments enjoyed the plum postings to Singapore.
Among the swell of new numbers arriving, to aid the dangerous situation envisaged by Intelligence,
was the Australian 27th Infantry Brigade which left Sydney on July 29th, 1941.
Victoria’s 29th Batallion joined the convoy of ships en route. Already in Malaya was the 10th A. G.
H. settled and working in Malacca on the western seaboard, and finding 17,000 Australian troops
more than a handful with the high incidence of sickness mainly due to the climate. The 10th A. G.
H. was kept very busy with an average of 400 patients during the months April – December 1941.
And so Colonel Derham’s plea for assistance was heeded. The administrative Command andOrganising O.C., Lt. Col. Smalle, on 11.8.41, directed that the 2/13th A.G.H. be formed in hasteand be ready to embark for an overseas destination in three week’s time.
Major A. R. Home, appointed as Registrar of the hospital unit, was empowered to recruit staff,
sufficient to run a 600 bed hospital. He was instructed to be Acting C.O., take the Unit to Malaya,where he would hand over his command to Col. D. C. Pigdon presently CO. Of 2nd/4th
Convalescent Depot at Kajang in Malaya.
Personnel were enticed from all over Victoria to volunteer for overseas service. Especially
important was to gain experienced medical staff. The Australian Army Medical Corps training
depot supplied many men who maintained their early friendships during later service. Wangaratta,
Darley, Queenscliff, Bendigo, were centres busily training men in medical and ordnance skills.
One group of men transferred, en masse, from the permanent A.A.M.C. All were interested in thevery attractive prospect of an early movement overseas.
On the 26th August, 1941 at R. T. Caulfield (Racecourse) the command of the 13th A.G.H. was
handed over to Major A. R. Home. Two days later at 1100 hours the Military Board released
details of the strength of the unit to be despatched overseas.
The 2/13th A.G.H. was to comprise :20
51
3
21
130
225

officers
A. A. N.S.
Masseuses
W.Os and Sgts
Rank and File
Total

On the following day, 27th August, Southern Command issued embarkation orders for 14 officers,
24 A.A.N.S., 3 Masseuses, 21 W.Os and Sgts. (17 actual) and 128 Rank and File (127 actual).
Total 190 (185 Actual).

4.

A sense of urgency could now be felt at Caulfield. Following fitful sleep in cold horse stalls on
straw palliasses, garbed in cold water shaves, the men marched around the outside streets to theaccompaniment of the strident commands of Regimental Sergeant-Major Sesom Gabb. After all,every soldier must know how to march!
All personnel received injections against typhoid fever and were vaccinated to ensure immunityfrom smallpox. Some took these standing up – some on the way down. Marvellous what the sightof a hypodermic needle does to tough men.
On the 31st August a detachment of the 13th Australian General Hospital, led by Capt. J. L. Frew
took part in the customary march past of a newly formed unit before the Governor of Victoria.
About this time Capts. T. G. Hogg and G. M. Crabbe ex 6th Mil. Dist., Major T. P. Crankshaw ex
Balcombe and Major R. G. Orr with Captain V. A. Conlon ex 3rd Mil. District were taken on strength.
On 1st September Sgt. Ogburn, Cpl. Arthurson and 8 O.R’s reported to Station Pier at 0800 hours
as a loading party. The wharf labourers just happened to be on strike that day, and our loading of
the ex ocean liner Wanganella was the cause of much amusement. Luckily most of the heaviest
equipment had already been loaded. The Hospital Ship Wanganella carried 1,488 packages of
war equipment of 450 tons weight and 2,536 packages of Reserve Rations of weight 110 tons.
Routine orders of 1st September ordered all men requiring war equipment and Blood Grouping toparade at 0900. No Leave will be granted and strict secrecy of troop movements is to be
maintained.
Because an Officer queried his seniority order, Col. Derham A.D.M.S. sent a list of medical officers
arranged in order of seniority and a list of members of the A.A.N.S. in their order of seniority. Col
Derham pointed out that the two specialists (Physician and Surgeon) “have not been appointed as
Lieutenant-Colonels. This promotion is to be left for the recommendation of the C.O. later on.”
It was also pointed out that only 3 Masseuses have been appointed instead of the 5 allowed. The
selection of a staff Masseuse will be left to the discretion of the CO. after he has seen the
Masseuses at work. The full quota of 19 M.Os has been appointed.

13th Australian General Hospital - Seniority List of Officers
Major A. R. Home
Major T. P. Crankshaw
Major B. W. Nairn
Major B. L. W. Clarke
Major R. G. Orr
Major S. Krantz
Major G. F. S Davies
Major B. A. Hunt
Major H. H. Eddey
Captain D. C. C. Hinder
Captain J. L. Frew
Captain C. R. R. Huxtable
Captain T. G. H. Hogg
Captain E. B. Drevermann
Captain C. P. Juttner
Captain G. M. Crabbe
Captain V. A. Conlon
Captain C. R. Boyce5.
13th Australian General Hospital Seniority List
Matron :Drummond, Irene Melville

Sisters :Powell, Julia Elizabeth Blanch
McGlade, Mary Eleanor
Bales, Eloise Marcia
Bates, Louvinia Mary Isabella
Hempstead, Pauline Blanche
Kinsella, Kathleen
Ashton, Carrie Jean
Casson, Florence Rebecca
Cooper, Elvie Elizabeth
Simons, Jessie Elizabeth
Hurley, Marie 2 I.C.

S/Nurses :Short, Eileen Mary
McElnea, Violet Irene
McManus, Gertrude Mary
Muir, Sylvia Jessie Minnie
Seebohm, Loris Irena
Wittwer, Elvin Minna
Trenerry, Annie Merle
Pugh, Phyllis
Harper, Iole
Beard, Alma May
Baldwin-Wiseman, Sarah Catherine
Hodgson, Minnie Ivy
Selwood, Margaret Constance
Bentley, Nellie Pearce (Penny)
McDonald, Gladys Myrtle
Fairweather, Lorna Florence
Spehr, Maude Lyall
Smith, Valerie Elizabeth
Hughes, Gladys Laura
Garrood, Bettie Hampden
Muldoon, Annie Susan
Wight, Rosetta Joan
Taylor, Bessie Christine Ellen
Sheehan, Dorothy Mary
Skeat, Belinda Rosalind
Wilton, Mona Margaret
Setchell, Dulcie May McLean
Hildyard, Hilda Mavis
Cullen, Frances Ann
Bullwinkel, Vivian
Kerr Janet
Atkinson, Dorothy Mary
Tait, Mona Margaret Anderson
Clancy, Veronica Ann
Gunton, Mollie Marie
Rayner, May Eileen
Brewer, Harley Rosalind
Glover, Trixie Alice
Bridge, Ada Joyce
Harris, Nancy

Empire Star Evacuee?
Empire Star?
Empire Star

Empire Star
Empire Star
Empire Star
Empire Star

Empire Star
Empire Star
Empire Star

Empire Star

Empire Star
Empire Star
Empire Star
Empire Star
Empire Star
Empire Star
Empire Star
Empire Star

Empire Star

Empire Star
Empire Star
Empire Star
Empire Star6.
EMBARKATION AND VOYAGE
And so the big day arrived. On 2nd September, 1941, the 13th Australian General Hospital left R& T Camp Racecourse, Caulfield, at 1400 hours sharp for the Caulfield R. S. – No. 1 platform.
All men wore battle dress with issue kit-bags and sea-kit bags. Steel helmets had numbers
marked on them for the embarkation parade Nos. 1 – 50 front row, 51 – 99 middle, 100 – 149 rearrow.
Pay books and pay embarkation cards were carried in the left breast pockets.
At Station Pier, there, at berth, was H.M.A.H.S. Wanganella looking immaculate and displaying thelarge Red Cross on its hull. This ship of 9.500 tons, previously on the Sydney – New Zealandtourist run was to be our home for awhile – destination unknown – but strong rumours pointed tothe tropics. The engine noise, the loud talking, the angling for positions as the ship pulled away at1700 hours – added to the excitement of most who were on their first journey from the homeland.
Settling in, Officers and Sergeants in cabins, others in double-decked bunks, was made easy andcomfortable by the attentiveness of the permanent ship’s staff. Soon, it was discovered that 5
officers (including Chaplain L. T. Marsden) and 19 A.A.N.S. personnel from Queensland and
N.S.W. had embarked on the Wanganella on the 29th and 30th August at Sydney and were on
board before us.
So, the strength of the 13th Australian General Hospital became 18 Officers, 1 Chaplain, 44 nurses,
3 Masseuses, 20 W.Os and Sergeants, 126 O.Rs – a total of 212.
After the evening meal, on this our first day, instructions bombarded us – no smoking below deck
except in sleeping quarters – N.C.Os and men not allowed on the boat deck nor on the port side of
the Promenade deck – noise to be moderated – lights out in quarters of O.Rs is 2230 hours – Allmust be in bed at that hour (unless on shore leave).

Responsible for Discipline and Law and Order were :O.C. Major Arthur R Home
2 I/C Major T. P. Crankshaw
Adjutant-Captain J. L. Frew
Quartermaster-Captain G. Braby
Baggage Officer-Cptain C. Crabb
Sgt. Major-WO/I.S. Gabb
Ord. Room Sgt.-Sgt. P. Hanagan
Provost Sgt.-S/Sgt. D Rowe
Troop Deck Sgts. & Orderly Officers to be arranged daily.
As the ship prepared to leave Port Phillip Bay Staff Sergeant Frank Cooper reckons he saw
lanterns waving from the A.A.M.C. Cottage at Queenscliff farewelling those who trained there.

Melbourne to Fremantle
3rd September, 1941
Life on board – Orders, orders
No written messages to relatives to be placed in bottles and thrown overboard – could be serious
consequences – Sick parades 1030 hours and 1530 hours – Morning parade 0900 hours on Port
Promenade deck – No smoking in men’s mess – light boots or sandshoes to be worn on board –Hairdressing saloon open 0930 to 1200 and 1400 to 1600 hours, barber provided by the 2/2
Hospital Ship; charge will be 9 pence for Officers and Nurses, free for other ranks.
Today – Lifeboat drill at 1600 hours
Please remember there’s a limited supply of fresh water – Don’t waste – One shower a day only.
Canteen 1 bottle beer per man per day can be obtained for N.C.Os and men on starboard side ofPromenade deck, 1100 -13.30, 16.30 -1800, 1900-2100. Most men thought their throats had been
cut and envied the Sergeants, Officers and Nurses with their quite generous facilities.

7.
4th September, 1941
A surprise boat drill was held. Lectures for operating room assistants,
nursing and ward orderlies were held at 0930 hours and 1430 hours in the Men’s Mess.
Meals were tasty and adequate. As the ship rocked and rolled many changed colour and retired totheir bunks. Thus, food was plentiful, for those who didn’t mind the crockery sliding around and thefork missing the mouth occasionally, as the ship lurched this way and that.
5th September, 1941
Lectures 0930, 1100, 1430, 1515. Inoculations for some.
Library open between 1615 and 1700 hours daily.
Weather on top deck – very cold. Seas very rough. The Captain has taken the ship south of thecommercial route for security reasons. So, the Wanganella touched latitude 40degrees where,
close to the port side, spouted three huge whales – a magnificent sight, massive bulks gently andslowly diving and reappearing, emitting water sprays skywards.
Saturday night the 6th September, 1941 The seas were very rough with 30 foot waves –presumably, it was a whale which hit and badly damaged the port side paravane. The jolt could be
plainly felt throughout the ship.
7th September, 1941
A N-W course now headed the Wanganella to the mainland once
more, and, the magic word “Leave” was mentioned. “Yes”, the loud speaker informed us. “It waspossible the ship may call at an intermediate port at an early date. Troops, except picquet, will be
granted shore leave if circumstances permit”.
As the seas moderated, following the mountainous waves of the last few days, more and moremen were up and about. Joe Knight has recovered from bronchitis after a few days in the ship’s
hospital. Private E. Stephens, after four days in hospital with cough and influenza, is recuperating
on deck.
8th September, 1941
Fremantle – a magnificent sight after a week at sea, and, as we sat atanchor, the appearance of the Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth and the H.M.A.S. Canberra as escort
confused our thinking as to our ultimate destination.
Shore leave of 14 hours was given to all except picquet. The Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth,
too large to enter the harbour, sat rocking gently in the Roads of Fremantle, their troops denied
shore leave.
Our men, on leave, paid one shilling each to cover unrestricted travel on the Perth suburban
railways. This “Bob” was collected before troops left the ship. A serious warning was given thatmisbehaviour could affect future leave to Perth when other transports eventuated. A Citizen’s
Committee entertained troops in Fremantle, - buses arranged to Perth – most headed to the Post
Office to send a final telegram to their loved ones way, way east. The people of Perth were mostgenerous and did their best to make the few hours of shore leave most enjoyable. Back to the
Wanganella and to where?
9th September, 1941
Prior to sailing, Staff Nurse, D. M. Atkinson, NX76280, who embarked
in Sydney, disembarked 8/9/’41. Private A. C. Adams, VX53506, who embarked at Melbourne on
2/9/’41 and was admitted to ship’s hospital on 4/9/’41 with Pharyngitis (later diagnosed Pulmonary
Tuberculosis), remained aboard for return to Australia.
The Unit’s strength was further improved by the addition of a Western Australian group consistingof Captain F. W. Finch, Sisters Bales and Bates and Staff Nurses McManus, Hodgson, Harper,
Beard, Baldwin-Wiseman and Privates Burke, Logan and Vickers-Bush.
Unit number now was 216 comprising 20 Officers, 49 A.A.N.S., 3 Masseuses, 17 W.O Sgts. and
127 O.Rs

8.
Tuesday 9th September, 1941
H.M.A.S. Wanganella left Fremantle, sailed past the Queen
Mary and Queen Elizabeth and headed in a northerly direction over the very placid Indian Ocean.
What a contrast to the turbulent Southern Ocean! Bed linen was changed today at 1430 hours –bottom sheets only if you don’t mind!
It became noticeable that more and more first names were being used as personnel came to knoweach other better.
Wednesday 10th September, 1941
Ship ploughing through the ocean with a gentle up anddown and sideways movement disturbing the water and causing dozens of silver flying fish to landon the upper deck. Most enjoyable voyage this – we now think Singapore is our destination.
Major Crankshaw is arranging a Sports Programme for tomorrow – deck games – deck quoits –tug-o-wars.
At night the air was filled with the sound of song led by Terry Burke with his repertoire of Irish andpopular airs. My word Terry had a fine voice and was “just what the doctor ordered” for the
beginning of “togetherness and comradeship”.
The sports were successful but, as we travelled further north, sunburn and windburn began to betroublesome. Care had to be taken to limit exposure to the sun. Sunburn is a self-inflicted wound
and merits little sympathy.
13th September, 1941
TOPICS :Personnel set down to work in wards. Attended lectures today.
Captain Frew – Medical Terms
Captain Huxtable – Bowel diseases in the Tropics
Major Davies – Parasites, bacteria etc.

Sunday 14th September, 1941

Church Services were held.

Church of England – Padre Waterman 0645 hours
Other – Padre Miles 1030 hours
Roman Catholic – Padre Marsden 0630 and 0700 hours
This day a private was put on charge for neglect to the prejudice of good order and military
discipline. He was admonished for his offence (No names – no pack drill).
Letters were written and handed in for posting before 1200 hours.
This afternoon we crossed the Equator, and so King Neptune arrived on board and, assisted the
2/1 Hospital Ship sisters, who dressed up for the occasion – all land-lubbers were suitably initiated– a lot of fun it proved to be too.
Passed through Sunda Strait and could see volcano smoke from Krakatau.
Tomorrow, Monday 15th September, 1941 we shall arrive at Singapore and then what?
Privates R. Wilson, E. Stephens, E. Ward, J. Tee and R. Felsenthal have all recovered frominfluenza and sea-sickness and have been discharged from ship’s hospital. Privates J. Banningand M. Millions are still unwell and tomorrow will be transferred to the Alexandra Military Hospital.
On the 15th excitement ran high. Disembarkation dress was shirts, shorts and hats – gaiters tocover top of boots. There seemed to be dozens of islands about as we approached Singapore
where we berthed at Victoria Dock. First thing noticed was the sickly smell which hit the olfactory
nerve in no uncertain manner. So this is the “smell of the East” of which I had heard so much – acloying humid smell of sweetness never to go away.

9.
SINGAPORE AND ST. PATRICK’S SCHOOL BEFORE HOSTILITIESAt 1500 hours we disembarked into open trucks and in sweltering heat drove to St. Patrick’s
School, Katong where we were to await the readiness of a hospital to operate as an army medical
unit.
St Patrick’s School occupies 15 acres on the island’s southern coastline. The place looked smart
and clean. It consisted of 3 large buildings with many outhouses. Two main buildings were threestoried, built of brick, and containing modern conveniences. Officers, nurses, Sergeants and O.Rs
were allocated their areas of living, sleeping and eating.
Blackout conditions were to be in force for 2 nights.
Sleep was difficult the first night under a mosquito net on a charpoy in very humid heat.
Perspiration just poured out from us and frequent showering was necessary.
In the morning, some compensation was the beauty of the grounds – the beautiful hibiscus, themany coloured bouvardia and the heady frangipani.
Drains everywhere are 3 to 4 feet deep and care must be taken when moving about during
blackouts. There were some with abrasions on their legs after the first night as they misjudged.
Already on the Malayan mainland was the 2/10th Australian General Hospital established at
Malacca on the west coast. This General Hospital and the 2/4 Casualty Clearing Station were to
be training centres for members of our newly arrived unit.
Thus, on arrival in Singapore and Monday the 15th September the following Staff Nurses weredetached for duty to 10th Australian General Hospital, Malacca.
V. Bullwinkel
H. Brewer
V. Clancy
N. Harris

M. Rayner
J. Kerr
T. Glover

M. Gunton
J. Tait
A. Bridge

Lt. Cols. C. H. Osborn and W. A. Bye, two senior appointees, commenced duty.
On 16th September VX37648 Div. G. M. Robbins was taken on strength to act as batman to Lt.
Col. Pigdon.
17th September, 1941
Acting O/C Major Home handed over to VX39275 Lt. Col. D. C.
Pigdon E.D. Commanding Officer of the 13th Australian General Hospital, Malaya
1st Routine order from new C.O. set down
Reveille
Roll Call
Breakfast
Main Parade
Midday Meal
Afternoon Parade
Evening Meal
Lights Out

0600 hours
0630
0700
0900
1230
1600
1800
2215

Dress – After 1830 hours knees and arms to be covered.
DutiesOrderly Officer –Orderly Sgt. –Orderly Cpl. –Captain Hinder
Sgt. A. Deans
Cpl. A. C. Arthurson

Many with Australian money were able to change to dollars and cents at the rate of $6.72 to theAustralian pound. The Unit was advised to beware of stores overcharging. The art of bartering
was demonstrated. The Unit was pleased that Major Home, who took us from Australia, was toremain with us. High praise indeed! Many O.Rs are ultra cautious when dealing with officialdom.

10
On 18th September leave arrangements were announced.
To Singapore which all wished to see
20% of Unit on Saturdays and Sundays from 1300 – 2359
10% of unit on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday from 1730 – 2359
Local
50% of Unit until 2200 hours.
All personnel to be inspected by Ord. Sgt. before leaving for correctness of dress.
As a precaution, cameras were registered at the Orderly room.
On Friday the 19th September the Unit received amenities from the Australian Comforts Fund.
The gifts included 3 rugby balls, 3 Australian rules balls, 1 complete cricket set, 1 basketball outfit
and 5 cases of biscuits. So, Capt. F. W. Finch was appointed Amenities Officer and Major T, P.
Crankshaw, the Security Officer. A Sports Committee comprising Officers and O.Rs was formed.
Smiles appeared everywhere and much serious training commenced.
There was talk of cricket and football teams to play other Units in Singapore and Malaya. Boredom
disappeared and fitness of body reappeared.
All were awaiting mail from home with eagerness.
A.A.N.A. personnel met and greeted the Hospital’s Matron, SX10594 I. M. Drummond who wastaken in on strength today.
20th September
Fire Orders :Instructions issued re
A Picquet of I.N.C.O. and 10 men to be appointed daily. The Picquet will
be on duty 24 hours and will remain in camp. On the sound of the alarm,
the whole unit will fall in on the Parade ground under the command of theOrderly Officer.

Aircraft Attack: Evacuate buildings and take cover in slit trenches – wear steel helmets andCarry respirators.
Because of the heat the canteen was most popular and drinks and amenities could be purchased.
Dry- 1200 – 1400 hours
Wet and Dry- 1730 – 2000 hours
All ranks were warned against signing for gifts etc. in shops using name, rank and unit as this is afrequent method by which enemy agents obtain information.
On Monday 22nd September the training of Nursing, Ward Orderlies and Theatre Assistantscommenced. Lectures and demonstrations began at 1100 hours on the top floor of the building
facing the sea. The ten demonstration groups progressed from table 1 to 2 to 3 etc. until eachgroup has attended each demonstration once.

11.
Visit by Commander A.I.F. Malaya
At 1030 hours on 23rd September the unit was visited by Major General H. Gordon Bennett C.B.,
C.M.G., D.S.O., V.D. and the inspection was made by Brigadier Stringer D.M.S. All fell in on thecentre of the parade ground facing west – Headquarters in front. A.A.N.S. on lawn between theOrderly Room and the western end of the building.
Rumour had it that the C.O. was not impressed with the overall precision shown on parade andpossible remedial measures will be taken.
Singapore leave was always looked forward to and taken. This small island 41kms long and
22kms wide just 1 degree north of the Equator, tucked in the foot of the Malay Peninsula wasconnected to the mainland by a causeway. This island was set up as a naval fortress with thenaval base and floating dock sited on the north of the island. Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles in 1819
selected the island as a maritime base. In 1827 the Sultan of Johore had ceded full sovereignty to
Britain and so Singa Pura (in Sanskrit “Lion City”) became Singapore, the free port, the busiest port
in the East.
Singapore was the plum overseas posting. So, many of the crack U.K. and Indian regiments were
stationed there. It was said that Singapore was more English than England.
On leave Officers and O.Rs were poles apart. Officers had access to Raffles and most of the
exclusive clubs. Other ranks roamed the streets visiting the Lulu Cafe, the New and Happy
Worlds.
The largest building was the Cathay in which was the largest picture theatre in Singapore. About
this time Nelson Eddy and Jeanette MacDonald were starring in “New Moon”. Shops wereplentiful, goods reasonably priced if bartered for and troops spent hours and hours shopping forsilks etc. to send home to mothers, wives and girl friends. After a happy and enjoyable leave arickshaw race back to camp was in order. Some who used buses were very shy paying fares until
it was pointed out that a private company was involved and all must contribute when travelling.
Urgent additions to the Mental Home at Tampoi in southern Johore, granted to us for our future
hospital, had not been commenced. And so we waited and drilled. Brigadier Stringer evidently
wasn’t satisfied with the saluting from the unit’s officers and ordered the C.O. to give them squaddrill at 0630 hours each morning.
In the meantime the 2/4 C.C.S had taken over part of the mental home, started a small hospital,
and immediately took the A.I.F. sick from the British Alexandra Hospital.
On 29th September, 1941 a quantity of cigarettes, tobacco, cigarette papers, shaving and toilet
soaps was received from the Australian Comforts Fund. It has been noticed that local folk havebeen strolling through the camp without authorisation. The paper boy, the Dhobi man and otherwith passes were O.K. but some strangers were being fed at the cookhouse illegally. Captain
Braby, the transport Officer, was instructed to arrange a picquet to stop the odd bods. So, if wewant coconuts we’ll shin up the tree ourselves in place of the youngsters, who were so adept at
obtaining both coconuts and monetary rewards.
About this time swimming at the Tanglin pool was arranged.
Corporal Fell organised seats on the transport on Saturdays 1400 to 1500 hours and on Sundays
0800 to 0945 hours.
The rest period each afternoon during the hottest part of the day was important as after a fortnighton the island we found the heat enervating. Major S. Krantz, in charge of the camp hospital was
already getting a few patients with P.U.O., sunburn, skin conditions and breathing problems.
The promotion to A/Sgt. of the newly arrived VX42846 Pte. J. Denton was posted on the noticeboard.
For training some nurses and officers were sent to the 10th Australian General Hospital in Malacca.
Captain Frew has gone to 2/9 Field Ambulance and Captain Hinder to 3 Res. M.T. temporarily.

12.
The tennis court provided a great source of exercise. Times for all were organised as follows :A.A.N.S.
Officers
O.Rs

Daily to 1400 hours
Monday, Wednesday, Friday - 1400 – 1900 hours
Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday and Sunday - 1400 – 1900 hours

Ten one-hour instructive lectures for Nursing Orderlies have been held. An examination for
Nursing Ward Orderlies and Theatre Assistants was held at 1045 hours on 4th October. The ten
most promising orderlies are to go to 2/4 C.C.S. at the small Tampoi Hospital.
A new course of lectures was arranged for 1100, Monday 6th October.
The Army Postal Service has suggested that Christmas presents be purchased and sent home toAustralia as soon as possible. This will be done I’m sure. Mail has been received at long last so it
will be great to send some gifts home to maintain that firm bond with here and home.
On Thursday, further amenities were received from the Australian Comforts Fund viz. Tobacco 193
ozs., 193 packets of cigarette papers, 100 packets cigarettes, 586 handkerchiefs, 243
toothbrushes, 729 packets chewing gum, 50lbs cake and 193 packets of razor blades.
Sounds of music can occasionally be heard emanating from the Concert Hall as the piano is now
able to be used by Officers Saturday and Sunday, A.A.N.S. Wednesday and O.Rs on Monday,
Tuesday, Thursday and Friday.
On 10th October a Court of Inquiry was held to look into injuries received by Private J. A. Foster
and Private W. T. McKean. Presiding was Major B. Nairn with members Major S. Krantz andCaptain J. L. Frew.
The following doctors and nurses were seconded to the 10th Australian General Hospital and 2/9
Field Ambulance Major Clarke, Captain Drevermann,
Sisters and Staff Nurses - Gunton, Brewer, Tait, Glover, Baldwin-Wiseman, Raynor, Kerr, Clancy,
Harris, Muldoon, Bentley, McDonald, Spehr, Seebohm, Taylor, Garrood, Trenerry, McManus,
Wittner, Hughes, Muir, Fairweather, Hodgson and Bullwinkel.
Also the following ten privates were detached to the 2/4 C.C.S on 11th October,
L Twentyman, C. Eastwood, F. Quirk, R. Wilson, B. Barker, R. White, A. Sweatman, E. Treloar, G.
Lowe, F. Bragg.
A Commanding Officer’s Parade was held on 13/10/’41 at 1100 hours. The whole Unit paraded
except for one N.C.O. in the Orderly room and one N.C.O. in the “Q” store.
C.O. still not happy with precision shown on parade ground.
This day the following nurses went to the C.C.S. – Wilton, Hempstead, Oram, Short, McElnea,
Smith, Harper and Beard.
Tinea, which threatened earlier to become a problem, has become just that. Tinea in the feet,groin and armpits is rampant. The term “dhobi itch” was coined. Treatment to relieve the itch wasgiven twice daily and those infected were advised to wear clogs in shower, to wear cotton socks
and to boil and wash their own underclothes, socks and towels.
New members to the unit arrived from 2 Con. Depot and were taken on strength.
Sgt. G. A. Blackie, A/Sgt., S. Lockwood, Pte. T. Winters (to be promoted A/Cpl.) and Pte. C.
Youdan (to be promoted L/Cpl.)
The strength of the Unit was now above establishment and so the C.O. had to make adjustments.
Reversions were made and caused much rumbling and disappointment. Some openly resented
the new appointees but, as usual, time was a great healer.

13.
Those who reverted were :A/Cpl. to Pte. R. Scull
A/Cpl. to Pte. G. Skewes
A/Cpl. to Clerk Gr 111 L/Cpl. A. Arthurson
A/Cpl. to Clerk Gr. 111 Pte. J. D. McLerie
Sgt. Blackie was made General Duties Sgt.
Sgt. Deans was made Nursing Sergeant.

A/Sgt. to A/Cpl. A. Webster
A/Sgt. to L/Sgt. F. Brown

The Unit was certainly being turned up-side-down and 14 Privates ceased to be classified asGroup 111 Nursing Orderlies – hence less pay.
A Blackout was in force from 1800 hours on 27/10 to 0600 28/10.
No leave of course during this period.
On October 28th, 1941 further amenities were received from the Australian Comfort Fund. 49 tins
fruit, 243 face washers, 100 packets cigarettes and 243 cakes of toilet soap.
Joe Spencer on 30/10’41 was reverted from Acting Staff Sergeant to Acting Sergeant.
Next day, 10 A.A.N.S., Sheehan, Simons, Powell, Wight, Skeat, Setchell, Cullen, Tait, Harris andGlover were transported to 10th Australian General Hospital for duty.
Cpl. N. J. Logan ex 2/9 Field Ambulance was appointed to the 13th Australian General Hospital,and promoted to Sergeant.
On the 2nd last day of October, Sgts. Logan and Lockwood, Cpl. Saunders and 12 Privates set off
for training to 2/4 C.C.S.
The 1st November was a bad day for Jack Beretta. “Bluey” reported the loss of his gold wristlet
watch without band. Jack said his name etc. was on the back. Finder please return to Orderly
room.
Another new man, Cpl. P. Cutts arrived from 10th Australian General Hospital and was taken on
strength.
The Canteen was now being run by the N.A.A.F.1 Organisation whose non-military civilian staff
gave you exactly what you ordered and sometimes the correct change. Everything now seemedvery precise for the canteen opened on time and shut most promptly.
On Tuesday 11th November the Unit had its first practice in the reception of patients. All not
involved in the exercise assembled near the entrance to the Concert Hall and watched and learnt.
On this Armistice Day, further amenities from Australian Comfort Funds were received anddistributed Viz 193 ozs tobacco, 150 packets cigarettes, 193 packets razor blades, 40 bars oflaundry soap, tomato soup, 4 badminton racquets, 1 net and 1 dozen shuttlecocks.
Captain Hogg returned from Con. Depot and Major Nairn and Captain Drevermann came backfrom the 10th Australian General Hospital. Further A.A.N.S. detachments meant that A.A.N.S. Staff
Hurley, Casson, Muir, McDonald and Hughes left for 2/4 C.C.S.
Sad day, the 13th November, for A/Sgt. R. Anderson who was reduced to the rank of Private.

14.
Big news arrived on 14th November – increases in Rates of Pay :A.I.F. Personnel (all ranks except A.A.N.S.) Active pay increased by 1/- per day
A.A.N.S. 8 pence a day increase
Dependant’s allowance up 6 pence a day
At last the Gods are smiling on us. Six “bob” a day is better than five.
Meanwhile at Tampoi, Staff Sergeant F. Cooper reported difficulty in organising the growing
number of patients, now 257. The time for the Unit to take over appears imminent.
Two additional S/Nurses joined the 13th Australian General Hospital, Sisters Anderson and Torney.
A pleasure it was to ration and quarter for 3 weeks Officers and S/Nurses from the Sea Ambulance
Transport Company.

15.
THE HOSPITAL AT TAMPOI – JOHORE BAHRUAt last the Movement Order from Admin. H. Q. of the 13th Australian General Hospital from St.
Patrick’s School. Geylang to Tampoi arrived.
And so, on 21st November, Majors Home, Nairn, Davies and Clarke with 22 other personnel weresent to Tampoi.
On 23rd November, 1941 the hospital at Tampoi was taken over from 2/4 C.C.S. and the 13th
Australian General Hospital was alive and about. One hundred tons of equipment was transported
between 21/11 and 23/11.
And what was this Mental Home? His Highness, the Sultan of Johore, granted the A.I.F. use ofthis rambling single story complex of concrete buildings with 8 feet wide connecting paths for$250,000. Situated 6 and a half miles from Johore it had possibilities but it needed much reshaping. Sisters and Ward Staff worked tirelessly for days to make wards suitable for casualty
patients should that need arise. All were exhausted because of the magnitude of this task, but allast the hospital took shape. All Wards had Asiatic lavatories, water, electric light, telephone.
On 25th November, 1941 the C.O. Col. D. C. Pigdon, expressed his appreciation of the manner inwhich all ranks co-operated to make the movement to the new hospital a success. All felt very
proud and appreciated the accolade from the No. 1.
Regulations now banned A.I.F. troops from entering any Japanese photographers’ studios andpremises. Now, it seems that a nation is being nominated as a possible aggressor.
It was a difference to be housed in tents. The days were busy, the nights different – glow worms
glistening as lighted cigarettes, monkeys raiding our tents – how foolish to hang a hand of bananason the tent pole! This only encouraged the cunning creatures.
The O.R’s Canteen closed at 2200 hours and troops sadly dispersed from the vicinity – the Sgt’s
mess was allowed more latitude and so closed an hour later – no alcohol was allowed in tents orbarrack rooms.
Because of the danger of malaria, sleeves had to be rolled down at 2000 hours.
Church Parades for Sunday 30th November arranged as follows :All Protestant Denomination–
0900 hours – Chaplain Usher.
Roman Catholic Mass–
0630 hours – Padre Marsden.
A Brown-out practice was organised from 1800 hours to 2100hours.
On 3rd December the Unit was visited by General Sir Thomas A. Blamey K.C.B., C.B., C.M.G.,
D.S.O. This was quite an honour and General Blamey expressed his congratulations on ourcurrent achievement of establishing a General Hospital from “such an impossible or unlikely start”.
THE AUSTALIAN INFANTRY FORCES PARTY put on the “Diggers Show” on the 5th and 6th
December at G.B.D. at 1930 hours. Names had to be submitted to the Regimental Sergeant
Major. A case of the quick and the dead. If chosen, take ground sheet for ground comfort.
It being wet season, rain teemed down at approximately 1500 hours each day. Luckily, there wasa good bitumen road serving the approach to the hospital, but, the road to General Base Depot,
where all reinforcements were initially quartered, was unsurfaced.
Prophetically, the Routine Orders, dated 5th December, ’41 contained instructions reApproach of Enemy Aircraft – Siren – rise and fall. All lights out.
Lie on floors or in slit trenches.
Gas. Warning by rattle. Respirators – staff and patients.
Lookouts on duty when air raid alarm is sounded.
All clear is a continuous note on the siren.
Bombs – Report any unexploded to the P.A.D. Officer.
Telephone Exchange will be manned continuously.
P.A.D. Officer and Exchange staff to be in constant touch.

16.
AT WAR WITH THE JAPANESE

Suddenly the bubble burst when all were awakened at 0430 hours on 8/12/41 by the sound ofshells being fired at aeroplanes, in formation, silvery looking in the full moon heading south
towards Singapore. Search-lights crossed the sky – tracer bullets and ak-ak shells tried theirhardest. Then the sound of bombs hitting earth – most likely Singapore’s strategic positions,airfields and oil installations.
Immediately slit trenches were dug, and, on the 8th December emergency evacuations were madeby rail and motor transport. 103 patients were sent to the 10th Australian General Hospital and 67
to Con. Depot.
Oddly, a few days ago, the Japanese Foreign Minister, Admiral Nomura left America after giving
the impression of everlasting peace in the Pacific. No sooner had he arrived back in Japan thanbombs rained simultaneously on Pearl Harbour, Singapore and the Phillipines on the 8th
December.
So, the announcement at “A state of war exists in Malaya” caused no surprise.
Two orders followed (i) there will be a constant brown-out and (ii) steel helmets to be worn
outdoors.
The Unit’s first tragic incident happened on the 10th December. Keith Twentyman, a theatreorderly, was severely burned when an autoclave blew up. He was on the dangerously ill list,
placed in a bath of oil, given a blood transfusion, but had little hope so badly was he burnt. At
1000 hours on 12th December VX57517 Private L. K. H. Twentyman died of burns and shock.
A Court of Inquiry comprising Lt. Col. Osborn and Majors Orr and Clarke was convened to look into
the cause of the tragedy. All of the 13th were very sad indeed.
12/12/’41 Special Orders today from Malaya Command call for a determined effort to safeguard
Malaya. “The Eyes of the Empire are on us. Let us resolve to stand fast and prove ourselves
worthy of the great trust placed in us”.
Medical staff are concerned as the first case of Malaria has occurred within the Unit. Two newwards have been opened. This business of opening wards meant much hard labour – iron bars to
be removed from windows and equipping the wards to make them habitable for patients. Wires
had to be placed on windows and mosquito nets placed on beds as they were made up. Officers,
nurses and O.Rs co-operated in this most exhausting work.
News of the landing of Japanese troops in Northern Malaya was sketchy due to Security. In 1 anda half days the Imperial Japanese Army had established itself firmly on the peninsula. The Argylls
retreated 25 miles to regroup and rethink. Meanwhile Singapore, Kota Bahru, Alor Star andButterworth were under frequent bombing attacks even as early as 9th December, 1941. If the
British and Indian fail to withstand the Imperial Japanese Army’s push, our Australian troops willsoon be right in it.
On 12th December a Secret Memo was received from D.A.D.M.S. Lt. Col. Glyn White ordering the13th General Hospital to expand from 600 to 1200. Number of beds available at midnight was 359.
However, following the setting up of 2 more wards, at midnight on the 15th December, the numberof available beds had grown to 643.
Red Cross brassards must now be worn by all ranks on the left arm.
Two promotions were announced today, the 15th December.
A/Cpl. B Fell to be A/Sgt. and A/Cpl. P Cutts to A/Sgt.
To compensate or balance these promotions two reversions took place.
A/Sgt. A. Deans to A/Cpl. and A/Sgt. P. Hanaghan to A/Cpl.
Fifteen S/Nurses rejoined the Unit from 10th Australian General Hospital.

17.
17th December, 1941 we were visited by the G.O.C. A.I.F. Major General Gordon Bennett at 1415
hours. A parade was inspected and some wards were visited.
It was good news that the bed strength was now 945.
20th December “Christmas in the Air”. Wards are being decorated – Fosters lager for patients was
unpacked – awaiting Australian Comfort Funds parcels.
The A.A.N.S. won a small victory. From 21st December nurses will be allowed to wear ward
uniform with sleeves 2 inches above the elbow with turn backed cuffs.
A cable was received by G.O.C. from St. Kilda R.S.L. “Please inform St. Kilda diggers that their
kiddies are being entertained at a huge Christmas party next Saturday at Luna Park. Greetings to
all the boys”. Signed Burnett Gray.
Some-one may not enjoy Christmas dinner. Looking at the notice board one could read “Found –Part-upper-denture – 6 teeth – Owner may have same on application to orderly room”. Some
fellow must have had a spare set.
Christmas Day 1941
Our first Christmas away from home. Cooks tried their best to make up for this and werecongratulated on the menu provided. Church Services were held for those interested. Greetings
filtered down from the C.O. wishing all Officers, Nurses and men of the 13th Australian General
Hospital a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year. A Christmas Day visit was made by His
Highness the Sultan of Johore.
Private O. Vickers-Bush reported the loss of his respirator and steel helmet, but no-one appearedinterested except the “Q” store.
Patients were made as cheerful as possible and 99% enjoyed the hospital’s efforts on their behalf.
The 1% was too ill to care.
Quite a lively party took place on the night of 27th December. The sisters put on a do for all the
Unit to attend. It was arranged that half would go in the afternoon and half at night. Eats, drinks
and smokes were on hand and everyone had a most enjoyable time.
A patient was up on a charge on the 27th December, the Offence being “A.W.L. at Tampoi on 25th
December”. “Whilst a patient did absent himself without leave from Ward E from 1400 hours on
25th December to 0630 hours on 26th December”. Decision – Fined 10/- and forfeits one day’s pay.
Meanwhile the Japanese army was steadily approaching using some 120,000 troops supported byaircraft and tanks. Sadly, we had no tanks at all and just a few fighter planes. From the hospital
could be seen 6 or 7 of British planes leave the ground to combat 40 or 50 enemy craft. Once, wewere certain the dog-fight went our way – a plane hurtling to the ground – but it proved to be R.A.F.
On New Year’s Day 1942 twenty A.A.N.S. from the 10th Australian General Hospital were attached
for duty. This wasn’t a good sign – seems as though patients are to be moved from Malacca
because of the enemy’s southern push.
A Medical Board interviewed patients who in the opinion of the doctors would be no further use incombat. As a result 29 men were repatriated from Malaya. One nearly made the number 30 but
his mistake came right at the end of his review. Standing with pants to his ankles, and , having aserious back complaint restricting bending to zero, he was told “You are to be repatriated. Dismiss
soldier”. Without thinking, the unfortunate fellow bent down and retrieved his trousers, viz shorts K.
D., hitching them over his posterior. Unfortunately, a member of the board spotted the incident,
and so that lad stayed in Malaya. A very good try!!
Next day, Private J Beretta rejoined the Unit from G.B.D.

18.
On Sunday the 4th January, hospital staff were given a warning re breach of Security. The
message read “Information from patients admitted from the fighting Zone gained by Hospital
personnel must not be passed on by recipients. Any infringement of the law in this respect renders
the culprit liable to prosecution under the Security Act”.
Actually, at this time the Japanese army were north of the Slim River between Trolak and Bidor.
The Imperial Guards, the most formidable of all the Imperial Japanese Army regiments, fresh from
Hong-Kong, were now being brought into action.
Major G. Orr and Sgt. Norm Logan provided spectacles for Matron Drummond. Sisters Simonsand McGlade, S/Nurses Glover, Miss Simpson, Cpl. McGhie, Pte. Sweatman and Pte. Banning
January 6th 1941
Big news was that the 10th Australian General Hospital and 2 Con Depot had left Malacca andreturned to a site on Singapore Island. In view of this we got a lot more patients and our hospital
was bursting at the seams. We admitted 76 patients from the 10th Australian General Hospital.
Within two days Lt. Col. A. E. Coates, Lt. Col. W. Harvey and 6 Officers, including Majors Farmer
and Fagan, plus 15 N.C.Os and 39 O.Rs were attached for duty from the 10th Australian General
Hospital. On their heels followed, from the same hospital, 16 Sisters, 5 Masseuses, 4 Officers, 2Chaplains, 4 N.C.Os including S/Sgt. C. Weir and 28 O.Rs.
Mail started to become less reliable and more sporadic as the Japanese controlled the air wellsouth of Singapore and now were bombing the occasional ship. The R.A.A.F. squadron’s
remnants were now based in Sumatra leaving Singapore’s people unprotected from aerial attack.
The British living in Singapore were slow on the uptake, believing in the impregnability of the Lion
City. Wining and dining with the appropriate black-out shade continued. Singapore in danger –never they thought. Raffles and the Clubs really whooped it up.
Not so at the 13th Australian General Hospital. The gravity of the situation was evident.
Water needed to be conserved throughout Johore Bahru and a 20% reduction was necessary
immediately to avoid a complete cut off for some periods.
Lights. Carelessness – at any time was extremely dangerous – unshaded hurricane lamps mustnot be used in tents, wards or buildings. Fires under coppers and around cook houses must be out
by sundown. Torches must be shaded outdoors. To show the seriousness of the instruction a
private from 10th Australian General Hospital was fined 10/- for an unshaded lantern in his tent.
Nobody knows whether Phil Boulton, the bugler, found his webbing belt which he reported lost.
January 13th 1942
The first Australian troops went into combat with the Japanese. The 2/30th Battalion retired
fractionally after losses and so the wounded began their journey to a General Hospital by (a) Field
ambulance, (b) Casualty Clearing Station, (c) Motor or ambulance transport, (d) arrival at General
Hospital. No wonder after such a long haul a comfortable bed in the hospital felt like heaven. The
hospital staff was told not to write to relatives of casualties because the Unit censors will delete
from letters any reference to cases of death or dangerous illness. All such letters will be sent to
the 2nd Echelon A.I.F. and held there until relatives were officially notified.
All tents were camouflaged by occupants using a mixture of clay and water over the fly andverandas.
January 15th, 1942
The 13th Australian General Hospital this day had 1165 beds ready for occupancy with 880
patients, very few of which were battle casualties. The operating theatres were working day andnight to be in readiness for the approaching casualties.

19.
On the evening of the 16th January the war hit us right between the eyes. Men, on stretcherswith tickets pinned to them showing the most urgent injuries, were delivered in rapid succession
from transports of all types. Suddenly the hours and hours of training, the toughness of the C.O. in
moulding an efficient Unit, the compassion of the hospital staff all combined to evidence the 13th
Australian General Hospital as an outstanding Unit. The admission room quickly establishedidentity, rank, injury of the admitted. Stretcher bearers ran the battle casualty to either ward ortheatre. Matron Drummond had her staff fine-tuned and expert attention was provided at all times.
Our hospital had most competent surgeons and physicians who certainly proved their worth inthese difficult times.
Most of the casualties arrived at night and so little sleep was available to most. Air raid alarms
were disturbing both day and night when sleep was sought.
Tokyo Rose, the radio phantom of Japan, began to be received on our radios. Our exact position
was pin-pointed by Japanese radio.
The voice from the Japanese controlled radio station told the 13th Australian General Hospital to beout of their buildings by 26th January as they were needed by the Japanese at that time.
As more and more battle casualties arrived, so 200 medical and minor surgical cases weretransferred to 10th Australian General Hospital at Oldham Hall in Singapore between 16th and 21st
January.
The Japanese at this time were at Muar on the west coast and the situation was looking grim. The
Australian 2/29th are now in constant contact with the enemy.
On the 21st January, at 1330 hours the D.A.D.M.S. Lt. Col. White held a medical conference with
the C.O.s of the 10th and 13th Australian General Hospitals and instructed the 13th Australian
General Hospital to reduce its capacity to 250 beds and to move on to Singapore Island.
At 1530 hours the C.O. of the 13th Australian General Hospital met again with the D.A.D.M.S. foran hour and three quarters to resolve the matter of siting the Hospital in Singapore.
Offered to Lt. Col. Pigdon were:(a) Goodwood Park Hotel(b) Mr. Davidson’s residence at 18 Massim Rd.
Both were refused as unsuitable, too small, situated in densely populated areas, and no
opportunity of expansion to the required capacity. The 13th Australian General Hospital Command
requested use of the New Trades School, Balister Road as a hospital. The Colonial Secretaryrefused as the building was reserved for Public Officers. Eventually, the decision was – return to
St. Patrick’s School at Katong.
On the 23rd January 31 O.Rs and 40 patients went to the 10th Australian General Hospital.

20.
RETURN TO ISLAND – ST. PATRICK’S AGAIN
On 24th January at 1000 hours the evacuation of patients commenced. The Malaya Volunteer
Corps assisted. 198 patients went to No. 2 Con. Depot. At 1400 hours, 14 Officers, 42 A.A.N.S.
and 52 O.Rs were returned to the 10th Australian General Hospital.
On 25th January Major Eddy and O.Rs arrived in camp as medical reinforcements who had left
Sydney on 10th January on the Acquitania and transhipped to 6 small Dutch vessels in the Sunda
Straits.
Accompanying Major H. Eddy were Major Watson, Captains Boyce and Lindon, Staff Nurses G.
Forsyth, C. Gordon and M. Mulvihill and Privates L. Coles, W. Goodwin, G. Thomas, G. Lees, C.
Lees, B. Richardson, F. Craven, E. Wookey, L. Stone, W. Giblett, J. Stewart, W. Ackland, R.
Woods, C. Cox, J. Burns, G. Velacott, T. Lyons, A. Clark, D. Whalley, G. Plumstead, M. Coulton, J.
Swann, F. O’Shannessy, R. Underhill, F. Sharpe, R. Hassett, J. Maitland, E. Sharpe and L. Kelly.
These men were most welcome and gave valuable assistance during the move from Tampoi toSingapore.
At 2300 hours the evacuation of patients was completed.
The movement of the hospital equipment was an enormous exercise. Indians and Malays drove
the transports to Singapore and convoys of 20-30 trucks would set off. The drivers were aconstant headache – couldn’t follow closely enough – didn’t know the way. The fact of the matter
was that Singpore was being bombed and trucks had to be re-routed as roads disappeared in frontof them. Some trucks were side-roaded and the drivers stepped out of their military uniforms andbecame automatic civilians.
Dismantling the wards was hard work and the sound of guns and bombs could be plainly heard as
the task went on. When, finally, the 13th Australian General Hospital settled back in St. Patrick’s
school, all were dog-tired but the work of caring for patients had to be carried on.
It was decided that all available rooms in the school building were to be used as wards and thestaff were to sleep in houses to the west. All houses in the Katong area had been evacuated, allfurniture being left.
The kind and very friendly De Souza family, whom we knew inNovember/December, had departed their most comfortable home over the road from the school’s
entrance. From now on the school must be referred to as the hospital as battle casualties werereceived night after night. The Office and Admission and Discharge Room were situated on the
ground floor of Block ‘D’. Ambulances were diverted via a new roadway past the A.D. room,around the Gymnasium which was divided into ward and “Q” store.
On the 28th January, the number of patients, mainly battle casualties, had risen to nearly 700 andmore wards needed to be found and opened. The Chapel had to be used for this purpose and aresuscitation ward next to the Operating Theatre in “A” block was established. All surgical cases
were sent to this ward, examined and partially attended to, then transferred to appropriate surgicalwards. This was an excellent idea of Col. Pigdon and Matron Drummond for there were always
doctors and nurses on duty in the resuscitation ward which had the added advantage of being
equipped for black-outs.
On Saturday the 31st January, 1942 the causeway was blown up as soon as the remnants of thegallant 2nd Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders had crossed back to Singapore Island. The
Japanese army had advanced 600 miles in 6 weeks. The last of the hospital equipment from
Tampoi crossed the causeway on the day before the big explosion. No further retreat waspossible. How long before the inevitable?
The 13th General Hospital displayed a large Red Cross to alert enemy bombers that this was a
non-combatant area. The problem was the proximity to the Civil Airport and oil installation justnorth of us in Geylang. Japanese bombers were always attacking these spots and also aiming at
anti-aircraft batteries. Often, the bombs were too close for comfort and we headed for the slittrenches hearing that quite frightening whistle as the stick of bombs approached the ground.

21.
Then the worst happened. At approximately 2300 hours on the last day of January a lone bomber
flew around us for about 30 minutes. The alarm had sounded at 2230 hours but all seemed quiet
once more when, suddenly, a plane was heard approaching from the sea. The pilot dropped astick of five bombs on the hospital. Luckily only one hit. The first two landed in the sea – one ofthese just opposite the Officer’s Mess – the third hit the top of one of the main buildings and theother two went off on the vacant land next door. The noise of the explosion was terrific andscreams could be heard from the patients, particularly from those 113 men in the ward hit.
Damage, that became evident in the darkness, was seen to be the blowing out of the end of thebuilding, burst water pipes, flooding occurring rapidly and the kitchen damaged. Fortunately there
were no patients under the bombed portion of the ward but many received cuts and bruises. The
butcher on night duty received one heck of a fright. Sisters quickly moved about the wards calming
and reassuring the patients.
As Battle Casualties arrived steadily, still more space was needed. Nearby, on the shore towards
Katong, a small convent was put to use and the hospital’s bed strength rose to 760. Again, anxiety
arose as shelling commenced on February 4th from the south of Johore. An invasion was close athand but from which direction? It was plain to see that if the south of the island was attacked thehospital was in the front line. The whole of the sea front was heavily mined, barb wire covered thebeach and machine-gun posts were in position. There was even one unmanned in the hospitalgrounds. From the hospital a grandstand view was available to see the burning of Keppel Harbour
and the docks. Then the oil installations on nearby islands were blown up. The fires burnt nightand day for weeks. At night the red glow extended over the island making black-outs nearlysuperfluous. The staff were magnificent during air raids and went about their tasks with a total
disregard of self. A few cracked under the strain – one private refused to leave the slit-trench andno-one had time to make him. Our army nurses were really heroines and showed true grit.
Everyone winced when the big 15 inch guns at Changi were fired towards the enemy and our
hospital buildings were constantly being shaken by the blast. But every shell went with our best
wishes for a successful landing.
On the 6th February word came through that all nurses were to be evacuated from the island assoon as possible. This news made all very gloomy – the Sisters wanting to stay – the men anxiousthat they get out while the going was good.
During the night of the 8th February, 1942 the Japanese landed in the north, crossing the Johore
Strait, and rapidly gained a foothold although strongly opposed by the Australian 2/20 Battalion and
2/4 M. Gun Battalion. The battle for survival had commenced. Casualties were very heavy andwere simply pouring into hospital – mainly with gunshot and shrapnel wounds. Surgeons wereoperating non-stop and all were surprised as to how calmly the hospital staff were reacting andperforming under battle conditions. British, Australian and Indian troops were under extreme
pressure.
On February 9th Major General G. Bennett visited the hospital and confirmed various initiatives
planned by the Hospital Command
February 10th – 80 patients were repatriated from Victoria Dock. There, the situation on the wharf
was causing concern. Many were endeavouring to board the few ships available at the expenses
of women, children and the sick.
Military Police endeavoured to restore some sanity on the wharves. One fit fellow tied a bandage
on to his leg, limped on board and was repatriated. Some were cowards and very desperate.
All our Sisters, 57 in number, left to board ships for home. Thirty were able to board the Hospital
Ship Wah Sui and the Empire Star and depart. We were surprised when 27 returned and restarted work immediately.
Evidently, there was not enough room on the boats to get all on board. Again, ten to twenty
bombers overhead with no opposition at all. And the never ending stream of casualties arriving by
ambulance and by trucks.

22.
In the ward, awaiting surgery for the removal of bullets, one young man from 2/4th Machine
Gunners asked for a cigarette. This was given him, lit and placed between his lips. “Thanksmate”, he gasped and then, as he inhaled, three streams of smoke emitted from his bullet-ridden
chest. No wonder the nursing sisters wanted to stay. This was what they enlisted for, were trained
for, were mentally attuned for and now sadly must obey orders and leave just when most needed.
It’s worth recording that on this day, the 11th February, the Singapore Volunteer Force retired fromthe Changi area leaving no fighting troops between the hospital and the enemy. Things arelooking grim.
On February 12th at 1700 hours the remaining 27 nurses reluctantly and sadly bid farewell to theirpatients and nursing confreres, and were transported to the Singapore docks where they squeezedon the steamship “Vyner Brooke”. There they were joined by other nurses from the 10th Australian
General Hospital and the 2/4 Casualty Clearing Station. And so the “Vyner Brooke” left a hopelessand crippled Singapore for Australia carrying 65 nursing staff. One day was to make all thedifference – the 11th Feb. safer than the 12th Feb. The sea and sky now belonged totally to theJapanese and, from the outset, the Vyner Brooke was doomed. There follows the tragic fate of the64 nursing staff on board the ill-fated ship.
This saga of the gallant sisters of the 13th Australian General Hospital is heart-rending and will be
related later on in this history of the Unit.

23.
13th Australian General Hospital
Nurses evacuated on 11th February, 1942 and returned to Australia were
From Queensland

J. Powell

P. Pugh

M. Selwood

From N.S.W.

M. Hurley
T. Glover

D. Setchell
M. Mulvihill

F. Cullen
C. Gordon

From Victoria

D. Sheehan
B. Taylor
M. Anderson

B. Skeat*C. Sutton
G. Forsyth

A. Muldoon
V. Torney

From Tasmania

H. Brewer
M. Gunton

H. Hildyard

N. Rayner

From South Australia

N. Bentley*A. Simpson

M. Shehr*M. Hill

From Western Australia

G. McManus

S. Baldwin-Wiseman*Three Masseuses

13th Australian General Hospital
Nurses evacuated the next day, 12th February, 1942
From Queensland

P. Hempstead
V. Smith

G. McDonald
V. McElnea

S. Muir
E. Short

From N.S.W.

M. McGlade
V. Clancy

J. Kerr
A. Bridge

M. TaitN. Harris

From Victoria

W. OramV. Bullwinkel

M. Wilton
G. Hughes

R. Wright

From South Australia

Matron Irene Drummond F. Casson
A.Trennery
C. Ashton

From Tasmania

J. SimonsFrom Western Australia

L. Bates
A.Beard

I. Harper

M. Hodgson

Of these 27 nurses, only 10 survived the war and returned home.
On 16th February, 1942, 11 were shot and killed, 4 drowned two days before and 2 died whilst
P.O.W.
Vivian Bullwinkel was the sole survivor of a barbaric slaughter of 21 nurses off the island of Banka.

24.
At this stage all manner of men were arriving at the hospital looking for food and shelter. 2/4
C.C.S. came to give a hand. Red Cross officials, Y.M.C.A. men, padres, Dental Officers and theirstaffs and many claiming they had become separated from their own Units. Some of the latter
were sent away as there was still time to rejoin their outfits. The only fighting troops near us werethe Singapore Volunteer Force which had set up a machine gun post nearby and one even in thehospital area. This created a hazard for the hospital and its 1,300 patients so Col. Pigdon drove to
Malaya Command and arranged for an immediate withdrawal of the Volunteers. This wascompleted and the hospital was then outside the perimeter and therefore unprotected.
The following communications were received and left no doubt as to our fate.
“The Orders of the G.O.C. Malaya Command, given to Brigadier Stringer in the presence ofBrigadier Lucas on the evening of the 12th February, were that the 13th Australian General Hospital
was to remain in its present position and was not to move when the line shortened. These orders
were passed on to Commander 13th Australian General Hospital by Brigadier Stevens the samenight”
Signed C. W. Stringer
Brigadier D.D.M.S. Malaya Command

From Captain Geldart, Liaison Officer, A.I.F.
“General Percival and Brigadier Lucas conferred on 13th Australian General Hospital at myinstigation.
A tank trap (ditch or canal) runs near HospitalNot expected enemy will use East Coast road and expected troops will eventually withdraw
in conformity with others from your area without fighting.
Put plenty Red Cross signs on buildings
Col. Broadbent accepts the position as inevitable
From Lt. Col. White D.A.D.M.S. A.I.F.
“G.O.C. Malaya Command and G.O.C. A.I.F. Malaya do not want the 13th Australian General
Hospital to shift. It is quite possible that before enemy action starts in that area the perimeter will
be withdrawn a couple of miles. I am sending as many medical supplies and rations as I can get toyou”.
By the 13th February the writing was on the wall – the island was nearly all in the hands of theenemy. The crack Imperial Guards had by-passed us leaving observers and rear-guard troops tokeep a discreet eye on the hospital. One corporal, who ventured out the front gate, must havebeen deemed to be out of bounds and a bullet whistled past his head. One attempt to send somepatients back into Singapore proved risky. Some were caught a little way down the road from thehospital by Jap snipers and some were shot – some escaped to the beach and returned to thehospital – all these men had no arms. The convent area was shelled and mortared. Fortunately
nobody was hurt although many had lucky escapes. The sound of artillery, mortar and small-arm
fire did not allow any sleep. Doctors worked ceaselessly in the operating rooms. L. Col. C. Osborn
didn’t have time to straighten up. One patient whisked away – another on the table. Operations
continued day and night and the hospital staff deserve great credit for their devotion to duty.
Our silent thoughts turned to ourselves often now. Do the Japs take prisoners? If not, how andwhen will the worst happen? If we had known about the massacre at the Alexandra Military
Hospital in Singapore in the afternoon of the 13th February, we would have been more
apprehensive.
The Japanese took no notice of a white flag and Lt. Watson holding it was bayoneted to death.
Then the Japanese troops ran amok. Patients and staff in the operating theatre died when also
bayoneted. Patients and nursing orderlies in wards suffered the same fate. Others, very ill, weremarched into rooms 3x3 metres crammed so tightly arms couldn’t be raised above heads. The
men died during the night from thirst in the suffocating atmosphere.
On February 17th the Imperial Japanese Army G.O.C. called at the hospital and expressed his
regret. But the damage was done and the Geneva Convention surely broken.

25.
Our sagacious C.O. made sure that all arms were collected and dumped outside the hospital’sboundary – a sure sign of a non-military establishment.
On Sunday 15th February, 1942 in mid-afternoon an uncanny silence was noticed. The sounds of
war had ceased. The Allied forces had been defeated on the island which the British Government
boasted as being impregnable. The capitulation was complete and, now, our destiny has beentaken out of our hands. 15,000 Australian soldiers were now P.O.Ws. Lights were now allowed on
at night. This helped the nursing orderlies as they attended 1,273 patients (the maximum intake sofar). Staff strength was for the original 600 bed hospital but, less 67 nurses – so work was solidand really tested the spirit of the Unit. Imagine a ward full of men, more or less in a criticalcondition, with beds inches apart, asking for relief from pain and suffering. One poor fellow,
cheerful to the last, enjoyed a cigarette before death and was amused to see smoke coming out
from his chest. Another sad case was the Chinese civilian, who dragged himself to the A & D
room, his calf shot away by dum-dum bullets. He joined the line-up to the theatre and eventually
lost his leg. Blood was two inches deep in the operating theatres and stretcher bearers, allvolunteers, stood by waiting to remove the patient from the table to the ward or to the mortuary.
Up to the 12th February, 1942 we buried our dead at Reformatory Road but when this became thefront line we made a new cemetery in Martia Road. Twenty-one men were buried there during thelast few days of the Japanese push.
The first Japanese soldiers to visit the hospital appeared more curious than hostile. Theirappearance showed the effects of a tough campaign. What was most noticeable and different
from us was their canvas footwear with an unusual toe arrangement. One fellow indicated veryclearly by signs he wished to exchange canvas for leather boots. He got his wish pronto. Anothertook a watch from one of our men rather arrogantly too – give me or else!
An enterprising member of the Unit had somehow gained possession of a brand new 1942 Hudsonof black duco. Next to no time a Japanese Staff car – Officer and driver – drove into the grounds.
Very politely, but indicating no option, the Japanese Officer drove out in the new and left the olddirty camouflaged object.
Next day, the 17th February another Japanese Officer entered the grounds sticky-beaking andquite proud of the accomplished victory. If the Jap private looked crummy the Jap Officer was
turned out superbly. Sporting clean, new clothing, magnificent soft-leather long boots, he removed
his sword from its scabbard and demonstrated his skill on a branch of a large hibiscus tree.
Holding the sword in two hands, he raised it high above his head, and, with an almighty yell anddownward sweep off came the 2” thick branch and damn near his big toe. The skite cut the tip of
his boot only and rapidly made his departure counting his Japanese blessings.
Next day at 1400 hours on the 18th February an Officer of the Japanese Medical Forces visited thehospital and enquired the number of patients and the position of the medical supplies. Certainly a
few white lies were told re the medical supplies in the hope of gaining some more...
This Japanese Officer was told, by using signs, that a pair of boots and a wristlet watch had beenstolen. To his credit, and as an indication of the strict discipline within the Imperial Guards, next
day both items were returned. The new car he said would probably not be needed by the hospital.
It was learnt that the Changi Gaol had been opened and murderers, rapists and thieves had been
given freedom. So, it was no surprise to see looting from houses around the hospital. We
strengthened our picquets to make sure that our fairly good stock of food wasn’t stolen bymarauders.
There were many unplanned meetings of inquisitive Japanese Officers and their underlings with
our Unit members. We had been advised to give very guarded answers or to crack “silly Willy”.

26.
At this time the 2/10 Field Ambulance moved in from Singapore and camped in our grounds and all
battle casualties not at 10th Australian General Hospital were transferred to the 13th Australian
General Hospital. Most of the surgical cases had received initial treatment but some were in a
shocking state especially those from Alexandra and Civil Hospitals.
On the 20th February, 1942 the D.D.M.S. (Lt. Col. G. White) was permitted to visit us to makearrangements to transfer us to Changi and there to form a combined hospital for all Prisoners ofWar.
From Glyn White we learnt about the incident at Alexandra Hospital and, another shock, theG.O.C. Major General Gordon Bennett clearing out with most of his staff. This latter news left anasty taste in the mouth so to speak.
Lt. Col. Osborn is still bent over and is using a stick after his long stint in the operating theatre.

27.
PRISONERS-OF-WAR - The First 100 Days.
On 20th February the Imperial Japanese Commander, Lt. General Yameshita, ordered a generalmove of all captured men to Changi.
At 0900 hours on 22nd February we commenced the movement of 1270 patients and 650
personnel with few trucks and ambulances. The 15,000 A.I.F. were allotted the Selarang Area tobe named No. 1 P.O.W. Camp. By much hard work and with the help of the 2/10 Field Ambulance
and the 2/4 C.C.S., the move to Changi was completed by midday on the 23rd February. No
definite instructions were given as to what could be taken so perhaps more clothing could havebeen crammed into the trunks. Most of the Unit walked the seven miles to the new camp so theamount taken with the men was limited. On arrival it was evident that the Selarang barracks had
suffered badly from the bombing. Many buildings had been bombed and there were craters to be
seen everywhere.
All Units placed food reserves in a common pool. Our Unit suffered in this regard as we hadbrought enough food to last our patients and staff for about a month but now had to pool
resources.
One of the barrack blocks became our hospital with 140 patients to a floor. Because of lack ofspace, as many patients as possible were returned to their units and a lot were transferred to a
hospital run by the 2/9 Field Ambulance next door. The men of the unit were quartered in tents inappalling conditions. Soon dysentery broke out and we moved most patients to 10th Australian
General Hospital and then took in all the dysentery patients. Camp sanitary arrangements wereshocking – the latrines couldn’t cope with the needs. The only source of water was from a small
tong which was served from a spring. This was originally built for native ablution with two cubicles– one for males and one for females. Water fatigues had to be formed to carry the water up to thewards – a carry of about 600 metres and uphill.
Drinking water was supplied by water carts into canvas tanks which we brought from Katong. It
was chlorinated heavily but, never mind the taste, water was water, and everyone rushed the water
trucks to fill water bottles.
Food was immediately rationed and a promise was obtained from the Japanese to provide thefollowing issue per man :Rice (polished) 17ozs, Meat 1 and 1/2ozs., Milk 1/2oz., Sugar 3/5oz., Salt, tea, frying oil
4/25oz.each.
Cigarettes 1 and 1/3. All available flour was taken over by the Field Baker to make bread and we
had a little slice each day until this gave out. The size was about 2 inches square and very thin.
The meat was not issued daily but twice a week and had to be cooked immediately to avoid it
going rotten in the heat. The stew provided flavoured a plate of rice and efforts were made to
make the hospital food more interesting and palatable. The Japanese didn’t supply all the rations
they said they would mainly because the food was not available. They didn’t anticipate winning aneasy war and then having to provide food etc. for :15,000 A.I.F.
36.000 British
19,000 Indian troops.
The transition to a rice diet was not easy as rice is 95%+ water and the polished variety lacked
fibre. All men were using their bladders frequently but, unless infected with dysentery, bowel
motions could be weeks apart. One of our unit, who hadn’t had a bowel motion for a month, wasreassured by Dr. Hunt that the world record was 364 days.
There were many teething problems e.g. A.I.F. Officers refusing to salute the Imperial JapaneseArmy or some petty crime resulting in one or two items of our diet being cut out for a week. This
was tough on the very ill who needed special diets for survival. In the hospital, nursing orderlies
worked twelve hour shifts, often when ill themselves. The stench of the plaster over wounds andthe dirty linen was overpowering. The flies were about in the millions – no wonder dysentery
flourished. There were plenty of coconut trees but all coconuts became common property – it was
an offence to pick up a coconut from the ground and use it for yourself and your friends.
All must be handed in – the flesh to be desiccated – the husks to be used as firewood. Many werethe coconuts which disappeared from the trees at night.

28.
Now that the war was over Malaya Command now started a “paper-war” and this return and that
return were wanted almost before the message was received. The hospital was supplying
information a.m. and p.m. Nominal roll, patients in, patients out, patients S.I. and D.I., deaths,
Staff, Officers, N.C.Os, O.Rs, This was a terrible waste of time and most non-productive.
Our nursing orderlies had a bad time attending the dysentery cases but did a magnificent job. The
nights were the worst – brown-outs till 2115 hours and then black-outs – but the cries for bedpans
were incessant. One hurricane lamp was given to each ward with little kerosene.
Requests to write or communicate with home were summarily refused by the Imperial JapaneseArmy. The Red Cross was the only organisation recognised by the senior Japanese Officers who
allowed a preparation of a nominal roll of all personnel for transmission to Australia. This eagerly
awaited news of husbands and sons by their wives and mothers did not filter through Geneva toAustralia for 18 months. Next-of-kin received the formal notice from the Australian Army – “Missing
believed killed in action” – some were – most weren’t.
Even the Officers of all units came under pressure early April 1942. A Senior Malaya Command
Officer failed to salute a junior Japanese Officer in the conference room and when asked thereason he replied that it would be infra-dig for a very Senior British Officer to have to salute a junior
Nippon Officer. The shrewd Japanese reply was “Is that so? Well, to save embarrassment, all
P.O.W. Officers will be reduced to one pip and thus become junior to my junior officers, so there
will be no confusion in saluting”. From then on all officers removed their rank insignias, wearing
one pip on the right hand shirt-pocket flap.
This hurt the feelings of most A.I.F. Officers – the 13th Australian General Hospital doctors weremore unconcerned than most of other units’ Officers. The reason was obvious. Our unit had
plenty of work to do and very little time “to moon”. Other units with limited chores had plenty oftime to console each other with the thought “We’ll be out of here in a few weeks. When theAustralians back home know what’s happened, help will be soon on the way”.
Dysentery was concerning the Imperial Japanese Army more and more each week. An inspection
by a group of Japanese medicos resulted in the following decision – Australian General Hospitalunits in Selarang to move immediately to the Roberts Barracks area, two miles away, and combinewith the British General Hospital to form the Roberts Hospital area. Lt. Col. Craven, late ofAlexandra Hospital, was in charge over there and would allot areas for both the 2/10th and 2/13th
hospitals, the 2/4 C.C.S. and for personnel of the 2/10 Field Ambulance and 2/2 M.A.C. – allAustralian units to be under the control of Col. D. C. Pigdon. The Australian hospital was to retain
its identity but to become simply an annex of the English Hospital.
Certain medical officers of the two Australian General Hospitals were instructed to remain in the
Selarang area to carry out specialist and other medical duties.
Robert Barracks
On 8th March 1942 the 13th Australian General Hospital moved. To its credit, by 1500 hours, themove of the hospital by trailers, trucks, etc. was completed by the hard working members of theunit. To ensure that the British would control the Australians, Lt. Col. Craven was suddenly
promoted to a full Colonel, back-dated to 30/4/41 so that he would be senior to Col. Pigdon, theC.O. of the 13th Australian General Hospital.
So, the Australian General Hospital was set up with 1050 beds available and 956 patients including
283 cases of dysentery and 325 battle casualties. Space was limited and hardships a’plenty. Men
slept on concrete floors with bugs as their bed companions. These pests were already in cracks
and grooves and this infestation gradually but surely spread to beds and mattresses. All bedding
had to be checked daily, mostly in the 4 corners.
The Australian General Hospital Staff will always remember the early days of our sojourn at
Roberts Hospital – limited accommodation, shortage of water, shocking sanitary arrangements,
swarms of flies, improvised cooking facilities, limited transport and insufficient lamps for night duty.

29.
Our patients were accommodated in N Block which had been hit by a bomb and the habitable partof the top floor was used as staff quarters.
The three floors in O Block and the ground floor in L Block made up the
hospital. The small area was wired-in with picquets on the three
gateways. At first, before the wire fence was completed, we were able
to take short walks, one of the most interesting being to Changi Hill, thesite of the 16 inch guns and the huge 100ft. long range-finder, now
rendered useless before the surrender. From the high vantage point
adjacent small islands to the south of Singapore and the approach to theNaval base were in clear view.
The whole hospital gradually increased to 2830 beds with 2372 occupied on 1st May, 1942.
Deaths in the British section were numerous but, in comparison, we were very happy with oursmall death rate, again due to much team-work and common sense.
From our entry to Robert Barracks the supply of water rations and wood was the responsibility of
the hospital so the Changi trailer was invented. This contraption was a motor chassis, no engine,
only wheels, brake and a steering wheel. The trailers went down hills very well but had to bepulled and pushed up hill. This task was no fun and there were many accidents.
Barry Smith, young and bright, a talented artist from the 10th Australian General Hospital was
thrown from a trailer on a bend and had his whole chest removed on contact with the road. This
young man, with only pencils, decorated concrete walls with complete murals – really beautiful.
Sadly, Barry died later in Thailand.
Water, being so important for a hospital, was eventually provided by the R.A.E., courtesy of Lt. Col.
O’Donnell, who arranged for the hospital to be connected to the Singapore main supply. Fromthen on a good supply of water for cooking, washing and showers was available and this was quite
a relief. The sewerage system had not been restored as the mains had been bombed.
The laundry situation was most serious. All dirty linen had to be carted to Selarang, washed andthen dragged back via Changi trailers. The hospital was now completely dependent on theJapanese for its food as the A.A.S.C. supply had been exhausted. The hospital’s cooks had to use
whatever they could get as no supplementary rations could be obtained. Our food was not up to
the standard of many other units. The reason was that other units were buying freely from the“Black Market” food with which to flavour the rice. By the time the hospital had a chance to buy,
the prices became too steep through having the food passing through so many hands. The units
also had more cookhouses and less mouths to feed. A dollar was worth 2/11 and the following
prices were being asked 1 tin condensed milk 8/9; tin marmite 14/7 rising to 2pounds/18/4 when Beri-Beri was firstdiagnosed. Tin golden syrup 19/-; bully beef, herrings, cheese, jam, meat and vegetables all 8/9
tin; 2oz tobacco 14/7 to 17/6; cigarette papers 2/11 packet.
These goods had been stolen by the natives and they were now selling them back to us. “BlackMarket” trading was illegal and was more than frowned on by the Japanese.
Division H.Q. asked us to give up all our dollars so that a canteen could be set up at the hospital.
This we did, but we are still waiting for the canteen. Unfortunately, now, our pockets were as
empty as our paybooks – we were sure conned.
Discipline in the camp was strict – no attempting to escape – guards and sentries had to be saluted
on passing. Two 10th Australian General Hospital personnel were caught attempting to escapeand were immediately executed. The natives were offered a bag of rice if they turned an escapeeover to the Japanese.
It was said that Lt. Col. Percival, G.O.C. was put into solitary confinement because he was latewith his office returns.
Anyone caught outside the wire was either shot, bashed, thrashed, goods and money being
confiscated. Often, too, rations would be cut to the unit concerned. The Australian Officers also
used to impose penalties – really there was a gaol within a gaol.
Indian Sikhs turned traitors and went over to the Japanese side after the capitulation. The
Japanese used them as guards and they insisted on a most correct and polite salute. It irked ourmen to show them the expected respect.

30.
In an endeavour to boost morale,
reformed and it used to come overno one was allowed to leave camparmband had to be worn. Alla special Imperial Japanese Army
Japanese writing on it. All flags
prevent us making more.

the 8th Division Concert Party wasand entertain the patients. At firstunless on duty when a special
parties of ten or more had to haveflag – white with a red border andand armbands were numbered toWorking parties were taken out of the camps to work in Singapore and were accompanied by
Medical Staff usually a doctor and a couple to man a R.A.P. The Japanese were emptying the Godowns of all stored food and loading the lot aboard one of their ships bound for Japan. One of our
medical orderlies brought back a case of pineapple juice having convinced the guard, by the use ofmime, that the tins contained boot polish. The same trick was tried again later on but this time theJapanese put a bayonet into a tin, realised he had been fooled, and our fellow was whacked with arifle butt.
Camp Gardens
The Imperial Japanese Army insisted that prisoners had to be self supporting, except for rice, by
the 1st May. So, gardens were organised and all available hands were out cultivating every pieceof ground in sight. A fowl yard endeavoured to provide eggs for the really ill on special diets in
hospital. Many thousands of eggs were produced to assist the well-being of patients.
A portion of the rice flour was ground by hand to make rice-flour. This gave the cooks a further
option to just boiled rice. Rice cakes gave some variety to the monotonous diet. Typical meals in
the Australian General Hospital were
Breakfast – Rice, no sugar (sometimes salt or milk)
Lunch – Rice with grass spinach, tea
Tea – Rice (with flavouring perhaps) bread, tea.
This diet of polished rice produced beri-beri cases – swollen legs and stomachs. Soon an averageof 60 patients in hospital in early May. Many suddenly developed a fullness round the heart anddied within a few hours because of cardiac irregularity. Still bacillary and amoebic dysentery wereraging. The seriously wounded battle casualties were gradually improving and were keen to be up
and about in the fresh air again. The cheerfulness of the amputees had to be seen to be believed.
They had been rescued from death and already were proficient on home-made crutches and lateron improvised artificial limbs. Amazing, indeed, to view a tennis match played by the “limbies”.
Rumours, popularly called furphies, circulated the camp – our immediate release as the Imperial
Japanese Army couldn’t afford to keep us – mighty land and sea battles won by our forces –Germany’s capitulation (16 times at least since March) – the collapse of Italy – the evacuation ofSingapore by the Japanese leaving us, the prisoners, to fend for ourselves – all capital cities ofAustralia being bombed – Sumatra, Java and the Phillipines recaptured at least half a dozen times.
Then, on parade, especially organised by Major Bruce Hunt, one of the 13th Australian General
Hospital’s senior physicians, we heard an assessment of our future. This wise and experienced
doctor told us “Forget about early release from this camp. Forget about being home for Christmas
1942. Settle down, conserve your strength, maintain discipline, for you will be here for years”. The
initial shock was devastating. What does he know? What a pessimist! He’s a good doctor; but hewouldn’t know a thing about army logistics and the determination of the Australian Government torelease us as quickly as possible. How truly prophetic were Major Hunt’s words!
On the 14th May 1942, the first of many groups of men left Singapore. Designated “A” force, 2999
A.I.F. personnel, which included 15 Officers and 127 O.Rs Medical staff, embarked by ship for
Burma. The rationale submitted by the Japanese Command was to relieve the food pressure on
Singapore Island. “Plenty good food up north – relaxation a plenty”. Our A.G.H. was concernedwith this movement of A.I.F. forces as the 2/4 C.C.S. was instructed to leave us and join the exitgroup. Major Krantz was thus lost to us. This man, a brilliant surgeon, could, in the words ofsome, “Cut my head off and sew it on again”.

Later, it was found out that “A” force was the western starting point of a railway from Rangoon to
Bangkok.
31.
The 1st June, 1942 showed on the return to Imperial Japanese Army Headquarters that the
number of patients had dropped to below 600. Consequently, it was now possible to give medicalorderlies one day per week off duty – this they deserved as most had not had a day off since wetook over St. Patrick’s Tampoi in late January this year.
To us medical staff, this P.O.W. camp seemed most unusual to say the least. We rarely saw any
Japanese troops. The Japs issued various orders and instructions, re discipline mainly, andindicated the penalties to be imposed should there be non-compliance. So, officers began toassert themselves and to issue the necessary orders to control their men again and to endeavour
to run a reasonable gaol within a gaol.
Men were put “on charge” for internal misdemeanours – incorrect dress, late for duty etc. It was
forbidden to venture “outside the wire” as interception by patrolling guards could mean that Officers
were not competent to control their men and penalties on all may be applied. Hungry men, though,did take the risk of burrowing under the enclosure meeting Chinese traders, Japanese guards
even, and bartering with wealth of the camp for chickens, coconuts, tinned fruit or vegetables,
sweet potato, sugar, gula Malacca or anything edible. The odd rifle shots gave the extra thrills tothe dangerous adventures. Prizes sought by Jap guards were Parker pens and Cyma watches.
Many a watch was sold, minus the works, to an unsuspecting guard for 150 dollars. The next nightin came the aggrieved – rifles and bayonets at the ready. “Where’s the bounder who diddled us?”
A game of hide-and-seek ensued until the patrol eventually gave up. Many a hospital patient owes
his life to the courageous members of our unit who risked their lives to supply something to thecookhouse for the very sick. In fact there was the double risk – bashed or shot by the Japs orbeing charged and imprisoned by our own Officers if caught in the act.
One character, not in our unit, but in near proximity, appeared to live extremely well – fresh eggs,
vegetables, cigarettes. These “extras” were shared among his cronies.
Soon the word was about “The cad was selling drugs to Japs”. This, of course, was classified aheinous crime in these times of drug shortage and sever rationing. So, the A.I.F. Security snooped
around and unearthed a flourishing business. May and Baker (M&B) tablets were being
manufactured on the spot. Chalk – yes plain chalk – was carefully cut, rounded and embossedwith the May & Baker (M.B.) distinguishing mark to be sold to the unsuspecting guards as an antibiotic. The guards would then resell them – goodness knows how much they charged, for all drugs
were at a premium. The character I/C of illicit drug making was duly arrested by the Australian
Military Police and charged with conduct prejudicial to camp safety etc. etc.
Thus ended another Aussie’s attempt to better himself. It must be pointed out that, in the event of
the Japanese finding out that they had been duped, the whole hospital, including patients, would
have had their rations cut.
The Imperial Japanese Army treated their soldiers very harshly; expecting them to be stoics.
Consequently, Japanese soldiers often wandered into the hospital area seeking relief from pain.
One was examined by a 13th Australian General Hospital’s surgeon and appendicitis wasdiagnosed. The soldier was in severe pain and was told “Come back tomorrow for an operation”.
This he did and was operated on without anaesthetic successfully. His fellow soldiers removed
him after eight hours and he wasn’t seen again. Presumably, one of their own scarce medics took
out the stitches.
The onerous work of the hospital continued day by day, monotonous but rewarding. In the evening
moments of leisure, under the light of the probing moon, men sat in circles reminiscing – “I wonder
what they’re doing at home – The first feed I’ll have will be steak and eggs – I’ll be a poultry farmer– The burgoo in Darwin was lousy – Better than the burgoo in Alice Springs”. An uneducatedmember of the group would be astonished to learn the comparison of gaol food was being
discussed.
At this time, the 30th May, 1942, a summary of the First Hundred Days of Hospitals in the
Prisoner of War Camp, Changi seems appropriate. During the last weeks of hostilities amidst thechaos of the island invasion, hospitals were one by one evacuated out of the front line area to asmall area along the waterfront, and there, under incredible conditions of improvisation, shellingand bombing had to carry on with the care of the sick and wounded.

32.
After the surrender, British and Australian troops were herded to Changi and arrangements had to
be made there for hospitalisation up till such time as the main units still working under greatpressure in Singapore could evacuate their patients, their equipment and their personnel.
This work was taken up by :2/9 Australian Field AmbulanceSouthern Area Hospital (an improvised team)
198 Field Ambulance

18th February, 1942
19th February, 1942
20th February, 1942

As more personnel arrived in Changi two large hospitals, British and Australian, were opened up,
but, under Japanese Orders all units were established by 10th March, 1942, in a small area of
seven barrack blocks and became Roberts Hospital with 2.500 patients. The conditions wereappalling, gross over-crowding, no running water, no lighting, no proper sterilisation, shortage ofdrugs and medical equipment, and no existing arrangements for the disposal of hospital andhuman waste products. From these heart-breaking beginnings great strides have been made, and,
although perfection has not been and never can be reached under existing conditions, the Hospital
Staff can look back with pride on the results of their labours.
The following figures will give some idea of the work that has been done.
BritishA.I.F.

Total

Total Admissions% of Strength

11,963
35.2

4,080
27.2

16,043
31.5

Dysentery Admissions% of Strength

6,512
18.1

2,019
13.5

8,531
16.7

Beri-Beri Admissions

477

104

581

Deaths – Total
Pure Dysentery
Associated with Dysentery
Associated with Beri-Beri
Battle Casualties
Other causes

185
84
10
48
43

38
13
3
3
10
9

223
97
13
51
53
9

It should be placed on record that Brigadier C. H. Stringer, D.D.M.S. was loud in his praises of the
combined efforts of the British and Australian hospitals. At this point of time, our Unit, the 13th
Australian General Hospital should deservedly take a bow.

33.
SETTLING IN TO HARDSHIPThe end of May 1942 saw the number of patients drop to 600. This gave a certain relief tooverworked doctors and medical orderlies but the work of the outdoor staff was never-ending.
Gigantic tasks were the digging of latrines and the cleaning up after the previous Asian inhabitants.
Before the reticulated system was repaired water for cooking and drinking had to be brought bywater-carts from a swimming pool that had been used lately by the Japanese Army. This water
naturally required chlorination, and was stored in underground tanks before being issued to wards
and cook-houses. Water for washing patients was carried in buckets from an anti-malarial drain in
an adjacent padang. The Changi wood trailers had to be pulled and pushed further and further as
the wood-yards cut out and were shifted to new sites. Rations were often located at Artillery
Square necessitating an extra mile of heavy trailer work.
Hospital records revealed the following :Australian General Hospital
Ration Scale and Issue for a week in June 1942

Item

Rice
Meat
Flour
Sugar
Salt
Tea
Oil-cooking
Vegetables
Cigarettes
Additional Issues :Peanut Meal
Eggs
Coconuts

Advised JapaneseRation Scale
Ounces per man per day
17.635
1.763
1.763
.704
.176
.176
.176
3.527
10 weekly

Rations actually
received 15-21 June
17.635
1.520
.705
.559
.176
.176
.176
1.547
10 weekly

9.5.4
1 between 7 men

Sgnt. D. C. Pigdon Colonel
Comd. Aust. Gen. Hospital

34.
On 13th June, 1942 the unpredictable Japanese informed us that today all P.O.W. will receive an
amenities grant to enable men to purchase a few items to supplement the food ration at prices
cheaper than the “Black Market Prices”. This grant was for the month of May and gave Officers 25
cents a day, W.Os and N.COs 15 cents a day and men 10 cents a day. The payment was madeevery 10 days or three times a month when the Japanese remembered. Patients as well as men
participated in these grants. A central fund was formed to purchase essential foods keeping in
mind vitamin and protein values.
Costs of goods commenced to jump, e.g. a tin of condensed milk was 15 cents and a small tin of
pineapple set us back 10 cents.
The Japanese Government printed flimsy paper notes of value - 10 cents (green), 50 cents (brown)and 1 dollar (blue) which were used the most commonly. This Japanese currency, which inflated
greatly as time passed, was used throughout Malaya and in all Singapore trading centres.
On 19th June, the hospital staff and patients were informed that a 20 word message to next-of-kin
would be permitted for transmission home. On the cards given were to be written messages re ourhealth and greetings to those home – anything adverse towards Japanese Army treatment of
P.O.W. would negate the message.
One typical message, endeavouring to beat the censors read “Am alive – no war injuries – in
captivity with Aussie mates – working in hospital – food nasal – Hope all’s well home – Love”
Name
Army No.
Unit
On 8th July, 1942 a second force of Australians “B Force, 1,496 strong” left Changi and weretransported to Sandakan on the N.E. coast of British North Borneo. The medical group chosen toaccompany this force was the 2/10th Field Ambulance. To compensate for this loss of medical
personnel, men from the 2/9th Field Ambulance were transferred from Selarang to the General
Hospital.
Sadly, this force in Borneo was butchered with only six surviving the Sandakan death march in
1945.
The rumour, that senior Australian and British Officers of rank Colonel and above were to be sent
away from Changi, proved spot on for, on 21st July, 1942, at a special parade, Col. Pigdon, C.O.
13th Aust. General Hospital, and C.O. of the combined Australian General Hospital, officiallyhanded the Unit over to Lt. Col. Hedley F. Summons, (C.O. 2/9th Field Ambulance) who was thus
appointed C.O. of the combined Australian General Hospital.
On 16th August the Senior Officers’ Party, including General Percival and General Callaghan,embarked from Singapore for Formosa and Japan. That was the last the 13th Australian General
Hospital saw of Col. Pigdon who was to die in captivity on the island of Formosa.
From this loss of its commanding officer the 13th Australian General Hospital never recovered. The
Unit became fragmented and disjointed and members who were sent away with different working
parties lost contact with others of the Unit. Many other units, particularly the 2/9th and 2/10th Field
Ambulances, which retained their Commanding Officers appeared, by comparison, to be “looked
after”.
The Australian General Hospital became very busy during August 1942 as the number of patients
grew alarmingly. At the end of June there were 347 patients but 825 admissions during July, due
to increases of dysentery, malaria, dengue fever and beri-beri, kept the staff on their toes. Staff
Sgt. Frank Cooper was in charge of a ward of 120 patients – quite a contract for him and his ward
staff. The restoration of both electric light and fans was significant. Hurricane lamps were set
aside. The nights became more cheerful for both patients and staff.

35.
Red Cross supplies from South Africa gave a welcome addition to rice meals. Maize flour and jam
were god-sent flavourings for our very uninteresting tasteless food. Rice cooked without salt isvery bland and so efforts were made to obtain some. It is interesting to note that following a ¾ milewalk back from the beach carrying a 4 gallon tin of salt water and setting a fire under the container
to boil the water away, after 2 whole days a small marmite jar of salt was obtained. So this method
was most impracticable for a hospital and was carried on only by private individuals for theirpersonal needs.
The entertainment offered to the Hospital by the regrouped A.I.F. Concert Party brought much joy
to all. Pantomimes were produced by very professional and experienced people and concerts
performed with excellent items and background scenery. Two Japanese Officers wandered into
one show and apparently enjoyed it. When the National Anthem was sung at the end the Japs
stood to attention also. It was obvious they failed to recognise our “God Save the King.”
On Monday 24th August a soldier in our surgical ward died from gangrene of the skin of thescrotum. Rather than a spreading gangrenous dermatitis of the streptococcal type the pathologist,
Major Davies, found it was a diphtheric infection. At this time there was an epidemic of throat andnasal diphtheria among the working parties in Singapore. The hospitals, both British andAustralian, had no stocks of anti-toxin and only limited supplies were allowed to us by theJapanese. Lately, many cases of scrotal dermatitis and body tropical ulcers had shown thepresence of a super-added infection with a diphtheria bacillus.
Patients and hospital personnel had been troubled by this epidemic of scrotal itchiness andsoreness without any previous history of tinea and dhobi itch.
(Pre-war the native laundry man was the dhobi man. Clothes used following dhobi set up itches
and rashes.)
Rice diet got the blame, of course, and the men had a most amusing name for this most
distressing condition. (Rice balls.)
Skin irritations were due, in part, to the lack of toilet soap, clean towels and powder for ablutions.
Sensible folk refused to use a rough yellow Chinese soap which was sometimes available.
Captain Huxtable, M.O. with the 13th A.G.H., was put in charge of the section of the hospital set
aside for nose and throat diphtheria cases. In two concrete rooms at the far south-eastern cornerof the area, looking out on to barbed wire, were 52 patients. An atap hut outside the two rooms
could take another 25 patients in very dark and uninviting conditions. There was one outside
shower, one running tap and one toilet. If the toilet failed it was a long walk to the outside latrines.
Captain Huxtable was able to draw on his experience of last March when he was in charge of 140
dysentery cases in very similar cramped conditions.
Marvellous how adversity was overcome by doctors and medical orderlies who laboured so longand hard in such appalling conditions.
The funeral of a soldier of the crack Scottish Gordon Highlander regiment was most impressive aswith bagpipes it slow-marched to the cemetery. Identification flags had
to be carried when moving from one compound to another. Following
the processions, burials were carried out in the Australian and British
cemeteries alongside the Changi Road. Each Australian grave wasmarked with a small concrete cross mounted with a copper plate – noname, just the army number. The British graves had wooden crosses
with names painted on – weather here played havoc with the latter.
Soon it was impossible to read the names.

36.
THE SQUARE ATROCITY
On 28th August, 1942, Headquarters received an order by the Imperial Japanese Army, from its
Commander, Major General Fukuye, that all troops sign the following “Paper No. 17”“I, the undersigned, do hereby swear on my honour that I will not attempt to escape”. As the dutyof every prisoner-of-war is to try to escape, if possible, all men refused to sign.
Immediately, the Japanese Commander decided to use force to compel the prisoners. On
September 1st all troops in Changi camp, which covered an area of some square miles, wereordered to move into the Selarang barracks. Its barrack square wasnormally occupied by one battalion of Gordon Highlanders. By 6 p.m.
19,000 prisoners were in the square.
The Japanese then ordered that the hospitals with all sick patients beprepared to move.
At the hospital on that Tuesday, September 1st, a grand muster paradeof staff was ordered for 8.30 a.m. in the space between N and O blocks. Only essential staff
remained in wards.
The 30 Officers and the men were counted three times by Japanese soldiers and officers. Moresedan cars containing more senior Japanese officers arrived. Having counted the parade, groupsof Japanese entered the wards and counted the patients and staff there. The men were totally
exhausted when the parade ended at 1.45 p.m. and the Japanese sentries who flanked us
indicated “all men go now”.
Many of our Unit were not on that parade but were in the square with the bulk of the Changi troops.
Cpl. Arthurson, who found a very small space on the roof of the barrack building gave the following
impressions of the incident.
“The crowded square was a shocking sight with prisoners jammed hard against each other.
Japanese troops had set up machine-guns around the area. Latrines for troops were being dug ata frenzied pace. Rather oddly, even in this crowded situation, the officers managed to grab anarea with hessian surrounds for their private W.C.
The digging of the latrines continued throughout the night with one severe casualty resulting from apick penetrating the skull of one of the diggers in the half-light of the lanterns.
To reach the roof of the 3 storied barrack building was a journey-and-a-half as all stairways were
occupied and nobody would give an inch of space. A final ladder took me to the roof when thestairs ran out.
On the morning of the 2nd September the sun rose hot and unfriendly. It would have beenpossible to cook eggs on the concrete at 8 a.m. The heat became unbearable on the concrete roof
and to get relief down below meant a journey of ¾ hour down ladders and down stairways chokedwith men. Toilet urges had to be satisfied. Some men on the roof relieved themselves up above
not wanting to risk their hard-earned spots.
I managed to reach the ground level and saw hundreds in lines for the latrines, so I decided to go
to the rear of the barrack building to the quiet of the screened Officers’ latrines. My relief wasinterrupted by a rather senior officer, Lt. Col. Kent Hughes who asked me “What are you doing
here soldier?” I answered very politely, “Same as you, Sir”. “Fair enough” came his reply. I’ve
admired that commonsense man ever since.
Trying to obtain something to eat was a long four hour wait in never-ending lines of men notknowing to what each line led. The stench was already overpowering and this was only thesecond day.
On this day, the 2nd September, the Japanese executed four men who were captured in May after
attempting to escape. The captors insisted that senior officers witness the execution of the 2
British and 2 Australian soldiers.

37.
Our Sgt. G. Blackie was given the personal effects of one of the Australians, Cpl. Breavington, who
had been in hospital suffering from malaria. These four men died courageously, Breavington
refusing the blind-fold. Following his example the offer was refused by the others. Sadly I reportthat the bullets were fired by a renegade Sikh party. (The Sikhs were part of the Indian army
forces).
Drinking too was another hardship and meant another long line to the only two water taps.
Imagine the present predicament – queues for toilet, food and water taking hours and hours. Food
was now cut to 1/3rd of ordinary meagre rations. Sick men had difficulty in finding or reaching a
Regimental Aid Post and men were collapsing from heat and exhaustion.
The only happy memory I have of this painful episode in my life was of the spirit of the British
troops. At night, the sounds of a guitar and a piano outdoors, under the stars, with men massed
around listening to a magnificent voice, belonging to a B.B.C. artist, singing “Do you remember that
September afternoon?”
I still remember and hum that tune with affection as I recollect the Square Atrocity.
Meanwhile, back at the Hospital two miles away from the Square, on Wednesday 2nd September
each ward made out an “urgent return” of the number of patients who could walk two miles, those
who would be able to walk 100 yards, and those who could not walk at all.
Something, surely, was in the air. In desperation the Japanese played their trump card.
If the forms were not signed, all hospital patients and staff would be compelled to join those in the
Selarang Barracks. There was no alternative left so, under atrocious sanitary conditions, and with1,000 already ill with dysentery and diphtheria, the Australian C.O. Lt. Col. Galleghan told all tosign, but under duress.
By 5th September all declarations were completed and troops were allowed to return to theirprevious quarters.
Unwashed, tired and hungry, they began the procession along the two miles of bitumen road with
its three long steep hills back through the hospital area to their own areas.
Once again the Japanese dropped in our estimation – fancy threatening hospital patients to certain
death just to obtain a result in their favour.
RESTORATION OF RANKS
Col. D. Pigdon, C.O. 2/13th A.G.H. prior to leaving Singapore in July 1942 rectified two wrongs.
Two who were reverted had their ranks restored
Cpl. A. Deans to Sgt.
L/Cpl. A. Arthurson to Cpl.
The Colonel said he was unaware that the above ranks were made substantive by Army H.Q.,
Melbourne, in August 1941.
SEEING OUT 1942
On Sunday, 13th September some of the hospital staff went with others to the A.I.F. cemetery.
Major Bruce Hunt, 13th A.G.H., took the parade and marched proudly in front of 150 men to thegravesides. A hollow square was formed and hymns were sung after the laying of a red wreath.
Major Hunt made his prophetic statement “You will be P.O.Ws for years so get yourselves in theright frame of mind to endure whatever is heaped upon you”. Most of his listeners just didn’t
believe him.

38.
MESS ARRANGEMENTS
The 420 hospital orderlies and outside workers had meals in two sittings at tables and benches.
Each man with his mess tin, spoon and mug lined up in mess number order and passed an N.C.O.
who ticked his entry to the mess-room.
There, on this 15th September, the anniversary of the arrival of the 13th A.G.H. in Singapore, ourmen sat down to 1 ladle of rice, a ladle of sauce over the rice, a thin 3” square of bread and a mugof black tea – no sugar. The rice is being cooked much better now – more like rice and less likemush.
The hospital patients had similar food but served with a little more care by Cpl. Hans Hollioak, avery good cook indeed. Eggs, some green vegetables, a little marmite, some broth here and there,
all combined to form some type of special diet for those really sick and in need of additional
nutriment.
On Sunday 27th September quite a humorous event took place. Two Japanese officers and a
private arrived unexpectedly and were taken to see two wards. Lt. Col. Cotter-Harvey, senior
physician, went to no end of trouble explaining the difficult cases and the treatment each requiredand his need for further supplies of drugs. Imagine his feelings and the merriment created when
the senior Japanese Officer, when stepping into the car, revealed they were not doctors.
Goodness knows what they were doing in a hospital or why they came. Cotter-Harvey came in forsome ribbing.
About this time three Japanese did arrive with a purpose – one of their number had severe
stomach pains – wished to see an Australian doctor as no treatment was available from his own
Japanese doctor. An examination showed a serious appendicitis was the cause of his pain. It was
explained to him that no anaesthetic was available as the hospital had little or none left. The
upshot was that the Jap had his appendix removed without anaesthetic but with the aid of somesaki or spirit. Two hours after, the two friends took their stoical mate away.
By the end of September the wounded still with us were healed. Between March and September
30th 367 deaths were recorded, of whom 57 were battle casualties and 121 dysentery cases.
Again, the work load eased somewhat allowing medical officers to work only a couple of hours
each daily.
On the evening of the last day of September nominal rolls of staff and patients showing details ofage, address, peacetime occupation, parents’ addresses were ordered by the I.J.A. No reason
was given by the Japanese.
On Thursday, October 1st, Japanese troops, probably recruits, moved through the hospitalgrounds for daily rifle and machine gun practice on the Selarang shooting range. They returned
each evening. Two-inch trench mortars damaged our field where the men played football.
Saturday 3rd October

Food!

Food!

Hooray! Hooray! Red Cross stores from India have arrived via the South African Red Cross.
Hospital trailer parties went to the Fairy Point wharf and pushed and dragged a rail truck loadedwith tinned milk to the Red Cross store. Mr. Roberts, a Red Cross officer, announced that the foodreceived was to be shared among all troops including the sick. Besides milk, India had sent us
biscuits, bully beef, maize, cocoa, tinned vegetables, cigarettes and some very welcome medical
supplies.
So, food throughout October was a little better – rice is easier to swallow with a little bully beef
stew on top of it. The cooks, looking ahead to Christmas, kept aside a little of the daily ration ofeach man so as to provide a special menu for Christmas day.
On October 9th, Captain C. Huxtable, with his batman, A. Thomas and Major R. Orr with his
specialist eye apparatus were sent to the 2nd Convalescent Depot at Selarang. The replacement
doctor, Captain Boyce worked with Sgt. Stan Lockwood and Ptes. Ern,. Ward, Allan Schliebs and J
Swann, all from the 13trh A.G.H., and all very highly recommended for their efficiency andteamwork.

39.
On Sunday 11th October, England played Australia cricket on the padang of the 11th English
Division. Many patients were taken over to have a look at the match. Australia, led by Ben Barnett
the Test Match Cricketer, won an interesting game. Barnett with his skills as both wicket-keeper
and batsman was the difference between the two sides.

PATIENTS FROM JAVAOn October 11th, 1942, a group of prisoners, containing 362 Australians led by Major Robertson of
the 2/6 Field Company, sailed from Java to Singapore.
On arrival many of these men were admitted to hospital. Four Officers, 14 N.C.Os and 85 privates,
mainly from 2/3rd Reserve motor transport, 2/2nd Pioneers, 2/6 Field Company, Royal Australian
Navy and 2/40th battalion were listed on the nominal roll of No. 3 and No. 4 Java parties presently
in hospital. These men needed attention for malnutrition, dysentery, malaria and beri-beri. The
whole Java Force left for Burma on 9th January, 1943 in much better shape than when they arrived
at Changi.
Major John Rosson, dental surgeon 13th A.G.H., reported officially on an A.A.F.D. 11 form that, on
October 25th 1942, he injured himself while helping to lift bags of sand on to a trailer. He was
examined by Major Bertram Nairn M.O. who diagnosed an early oblique left injured hernia but an
operation was deferred under the present circumstances. The C.O. of the combined A.G.H., Lt.
Col. Hedley Summons signed the form advising against any heavy work.
A most baffling case occurred about this time. An Australian soldier, repeatedly being admitted tohospital with general debility, was just as quickly discharged from the medical ward by Major Hunt,strongly suspected of being a malingerer. Then the worst happened – admitted again, reluctantly,
by the hospital – and he just died from an undiagnosed cause. An immediate post mortem
disclosed that the unfortunate fellow was indeed very ill all the time and had subsequently diedfrom encephalitis as others had earlier on.
This caused consternation among the doctors resulting in Major B. Hunt reading a paper stressing
the diagnosis and treatment of this new complaint – encephalitis.

40.

STATISTICS
On 13th October 1942 the following information was supplied from the Combined Hospitals for theperiods March to September 19th, 1942.

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

G.

Total admissions since arrival in P.O.W. Camp
Officers, British
Other Ranks, British
Officers, Australian
Other Ranks, AustralianGrand Total

1,221
18,499462
6,146
26,328Battle Casualties remaining in Hospital at 19/9/42
BritishAustralian
Total

98
57
155

Total Dysentery Admissions
BritishAustralian
Total

10,8432,050
12,893Beri-Beri Admissions
BritishAustralian
Total

853
343
1,202

Malaria Admissions
BritishAustralian
Total

956
482
1,438

T.B. Admissions
BritishAustralian
Total

27
27

Diphtheria Admissions
BritishAustralian
Total

408
52
460

41.
March – 18th September, 1942

DEATHS______________________________________________________________________________
Cause
Mar
Apr
May June July Aug Sept Total
Battle Casualties
39
12
1
3
2
57
Dysentery

20

35

13

12

13

18

10

121

Dysentery with Avitaminosis

1

12

20

4

-

-

-

37

Dysentery with Malaria

1

5

1

-

-

-

-

7

Malaria

6

3

1

2

1

1

-

14

Tuberculosis

-

-

2

3

1

3

1

10

Beri Beri

-

3

3

-

7

-

-

13

Encephalitis

2

4

9

3

4

1

-

23

Diphtheria

1

-

9

3

5

9

9

36

All Others

7

11

6

7

8

9

1

49

Total

77

85

65

37

41

41

21

367

Deaths out of Hospital

27

Grand Total

394

42.
STAFF
Roberts Hospital
Number of Medical Officers

88

Number of Medical

Padres5

Other Ranks

725

Quartermasters

7

Non Medical

315

Dental Officers

4

Non Medical Officers

7

Total

111

Total

Number of Medical Officers

27

Number of Medical

Non Medical

12

Other Ranks

410

___

Non Medical

5

39

Total

___
1,040

Australian General Hospital

Total

415

Staff Patients in Hospital
Officers

N.C.OsMen

Roberts Hospital

5

17

50

A.G.H.

1

934

Totals626

84

Recapitulation
Total Officers
Total Medical O/Rs
Total Non-Med O/Rs

150
1,135
320

Grand Staff Total

1,605

On 5th November 1942
A.G.H.
Staff
Patients

Officers
38
16

W.Os N.C.Os
107
145

O.Rs
300
478

Totals445635

On 12/11/42 Patients

19

165

540

724

43.
TOYS FOR CHILDREN INTERNED IN CHANGI GAOLAll units were making toys for Christmas to send to the youngsters of internees in Changi gaol.
Members of our Unit got busy and produced quality toys, prams, dolls, rocking horses, train sets
etc.
Four night black-outs early in December slowed production up but the men were truly proud of theirefforts when, at an exhibition at the hospital, there went on show doll’s furniture, carriages, cars,
warships, planes, as well as clothing – handkerchiefs, dressing gowns, shirts and small packagesof sweets.
The Imperial Japanese Army allowed these toys to be sent to the gaol a week before Christmas
Day but refused our request for the children to come to our hospital for a Christmas tree.
“C FORCE”
At the end of November 1942, a third force 2,200 strong, including 563 Australians, embarked fromSingapore for Japan on the Kamakura Maru. General Heath and Brigadier Maxwell, too ill to travelwith the Officers’ party in August, were off-loaded at Formosa. No medical personnel from theAustralian General Hospital were included in this group.
December in Singapore with its pleasant north-east breezes is by far the coolest and nicest time of
the year. The sun, still hot, seems more bearable.
DEFICIENCY DISEASESThe Committee of Physicians has considered reports from members of the hospital staff on thetreatment of various nutritional diseases under their care. All agreed that deficiency diseases are
all due to inadequate diet, especially in vitamin B content.
140 cases of retro-bulbar neuritis were reported, of whom 110 had been admitted to hospital since
8th October, 1942. Early diagnosis was important to safeguard the serious impairment of vision.
The longer the history the greater the impairment of vision usually, and the longer the response totreatment. All cases of blurred vision must be examined by an Opthalmic surgeon as soon as
possible.
Treatment of retro bulbar neuritis
Marmite – dosage 3 drams daily to check the progress of the condition.
Red palm oil and rice polishings together with nicamide injections improved those cases which had
been stationary on marmite alone. Others lately have been treated with nicotinic acid tablets bymouth – too soon to gauge effects.
Beri-Beri : Treatment to be standard vitamin dosage and rest in bed with splints applied toparalysed limbs.
In severe cases Vitamin B1 (Berin) has been given. Cure may take from a few days in mild cases
to several months in cases of severe neuritics – in these latter, complete recovery may not occur.
Stomatitis and Glossitis have always responded rapidly to vitamin therapy.
Spastic Paresis is a serious condition and so far there have been no deaths among A.I.F.
personnel but several fatal cases in the British Hospital have been recorded. Our cases have beentreated by extra nutrition with nicamide injections daily, marmite and rice polishings together withsuitable rest and exercises.
Painful Feet have been found in varying degrees of severity, often associated with otherconditions. Treatment is rice polishings in conjunction with rest and infra-red heat therapy.

44
Scrotal Dermatitis was due to lack of B2 complex. Mild cases were cured quickly by vitamintherapy, but some became complicated by sepsis, tinea and even diphtheria. Local irritation,
particularly scratching and antiseptics were harmful in the simple cases and rest and freedom fromsweating was beneficial.
Major Clarke of the 13th A.G.H. experimented extensively with various foodstuffs etc. in thetreatment of this condition and reported that the following had little or no value :- pineapple,
bananas coconut, vitamin B tablets, yeast, peanuts if not masticated. He recommended further
use of well ground peanuts, rice polishing and increased diet especially protein. Marmite, he said,cannot be equalled for value.
On 13th December, Major Bert Nairn led the A.G.H. Officers’ cricket team against the Selarang
Medical Officers, captained by Col. Webster. No record can be found of the result, so perhaps thegentlemen played a draw!
Sewerage System, which was damaged by enemy action in Jan/Feb 1942 was finally repaired
and became operative on the 15th December, 1942. This did not mean the end of the “bore-holes”
which became very offensive after flooding and over-flowing following heavy rain. The sight of
those cursed maggots everywhere made one wish for the luxury of a sewerage system.
Just imagine the improvement in hospital hygiene now that the water closets were functional. The
health of many patients must now improve markedly. So we had three comforts and threeimportant assistants to good patient care
(a)
(b)
(c)

Running waterElectric light
Sewerage system.

Morale in the hospital wards, always very good, improved still further.

45.

SPECIAL ORDER BY LT. COL. F. G. GALLEGHAN D.S.O. E.D.
COMMANDER A.I.F. MALAYA

Changi

Received by .A.G.H.

on

24th December, 1942

I desire to convey to all ranks of the A.I.F. my good wishes for a Xmas as merry as circumstances
permit, and the wish that 1943 brings to you all happiness, prosperity and a successful conclusionof the war. It is at times such as the present that our thoughts go to our loved ones in Australia
and elsewhere, and I know that on your return those loved ones will be proud of you because of
the A.I.F’s record in battle and of its high morale in the present circumstances. I give to you interms of strong recommendation that our future conduct as Ps.O.W. and in any other capacity the
future demands will be such that it will not sully our present reputations.
Since assuming my present responsibility I have been more than proud of the A.I.F. morale, andeach day brings evidence of it getting higher. May 1943 provide the opportunity to employ usefully
that quality by which alone good soldiers are known.
My thanks to you all for your efforts in 1942, which has been a difficult year, but we face the futurewith confidence in ourselves and our country.
God Bless you all.
Sgnd. F. G. Galleghan,
Lt. Colonel.
Comm. A.I.F. Malaya.
______________________________

This was the lead-in to our first Christmas as prisoners-of-war. Christmas Eve – thoughts of home
– decorations and presents – gaiety and laughter – freedom – but that was Christmas 1940 inAustralia. Many a tough “Aussie” shed a silent tear that Christmas Eve, the first as P.O.W.

46.
CHRISTMAS DAY 1942
All men, staff and patients, exchanged the customary “Merry Christmas” one to another. Many ahand was clasped in friendship and goodwill that day. Wards had been decorated as best as
possible and many beds were festooned with its occupant’s home-made decorations.
The big surprise was to be the Xmas puddings and cakes. Remember, rations had been slightly
reduced during November/December to supply the needs for Christmas day. A week ago thecooks, Sgt. Merv Brown, Cpls. Jack Ogburn, Hans Hillioak and his able helpers started making 800
lbs of pudding and cake. The bakers worked in shifts throughout each 24 hours of the week andmade their puddings and cakes from ground rice and sago flour.
Christmas Day started with carols until 0200 hours sung by two choirs – one from the A.G.H. andone from the B.G.H.
Church services were well attended and a sports meeting was arranged for the afternoon –athletics, baseball, Australian rules, rugby – take your pick.
We had very good meals on this Christmas Day – the Mess hut was decorated and tables were
lined up in a square. We were grateful to the cooks who provided
Breakfast:
Ground rice and mabella, milk, sugar, biscuit and cocoa with milk and sugar.
Lunch:
European dinner (i.e. no rice) Bully beef, beans, baked sweet potatoes, pumpkin, beetroot,
asparagus. Christmas pudding with white sauce. Cocoa with milk and sugar.
Tea:
More bully beef, beans, potatoes
Christmas cake and cocoa.
Supper:Christmas cake and cocoa.
Grumbles about scanty meals were forgotten this day.
REPORT ON THE DIPHTHERIA EPIDEMIC OCCURRING AMONST THE A.I.F.
FROM JULY TO DECEMBER 1942
A.G.H. – 28th DECEMBER, 1942
The first case of diphtheria amongst the A.I.F. occurred in the dysentery ward. This patientdeveloped a faucial diphtheria and was sent to the British diphtheria ward where he latersuccumbed to the combined toxaemia of his two infections. His death occurred on July 24th, 1942.
Towards the end of August two cases were admitted from Singapore working parties suffering fromscrotal dermatitis. Their scrota were indurated, weeping profusely, and so swollen as to almost
give the appearance of an elephantiasis. One of these cases, in time, became moribund fromtoxaemia and myocarditis with a terminal heart failure and died, in spite of 30,000 units of antitoxin, within two weeks of admission.
The companion case to this had his scrotum incised in hospital and it was from the fluid so
obtained that diphtheroid bacilli were cultured. This awakened us to the presence of skindiphtheria. This case was given 30,000 units of anti-toxin and, after a further stormy week,
gradually recovered. Some two weeks after his original infection he was returned to hospital fromthe Convalescent Depot suffering from ulnar and lower limb paresis accompanied by loss ofreflexes. He has now almost completely recovered from this complication.

47.
The third fatality in our records was a very interesting case. He was admitted to the skin ward
suffering from a septic impetigo, swabbings from which were negative to K.L.B. Five days before
death he became seriously ill from toxaemia. At this stage diphtheroid bacilli were cultured fromhis sputum but this fact was disregarded in the absence of an Upper Respiratory Tract lesion. No
anti-toxin was given. Then nephritis developed which went on to death. The Post Mortem foundtoxic spoiling of the kidneys, toxic myocarditis and bronchi filled with a fibrinous exudate whichgave a positive culture of K.L.B. There were no other signs of diphtheria throughout the U.R.T. in
spite of a very thorough search. From late August to mid December, 93 cases were admitted but
only 64 of these were proved diphtheritics.
They were classified as follows :Faucial
Oral
Conjunctive

34
1
1

and

Nasal 14
Scrotal 9
Wound 1

Lip
Skin

6
4

Six of the above cases were of mixed skin or scrotal diphtheria associated with faucial or nasal
infection.
The wound case was following the removal of a toe-nail, the bed of which refused to heal andulcerated.
It was in the last week of August that the British Hospital kindly granted us a wing of “S” block totreat A.I.F. diphtheritics. Capt. Huxtable of the 13th A.G.H. was designated to assist in theManagement of the skin patients.

48.
THE YEAR OF THE WORKING PARTIES – 1943
On New Year’s Day the Japanese made a present of a bottle of local wine to each 10 men. Those
who sampled the “grappa” said it tasted like “metho” but it certainly served as a token New Yeardrink. The more adventurous men made their own toddy from fermentation of pineapple, coconut
milk and sugar. Many tried a taste and many failed the challenge of the potent liquid.
After our Christmas and New Year splurge the food rations seemed to slip back to the usual uninteresting rice plus a small piece of dried fish or plus a green stew – again no salt and nosweetening.
The prize food was the burnt hard rice on the bottom of the cooking woks – easy to eat but hard tocome by – perhaps if you knew a cook – many knew cooks but were disappointed – the cooks
maybe ate too!
January ’43 saw the hospital back to work. Bone grafts were becoming a new venture. Major
Phillips made a new thumb for one fellow from a rib-piece.
Lt. Col. Osborn and Major Nairn attended to a head cavity caused by shrapnel and repaired thegap by a rib-bone canopy with the scalp sewn over.
There was a lack of post-operative drugs – luminal and phenobarb tablets were needed as often
fits followed operations to the head.
Football was discouraged because of the increasing number of injuries, sprained ankles etc.
Volley ball was encouraged and became quite popular as a means of relaxation and letting off
tensions.
The Sergeants seem to dislike the men’s company as they now have permission to form their own
mess with their own cooks. The reason given and approved was that close contact with the menmeant senior N.C.Os (i.e. Sgts. and above) were unable to get maximum amount of work from theorderlies.
Another rumour has started that a radio message home to Australia is being organised – but
sadly rumour only it was for all of us.
A.I.F. Concert Party was reformed during 1942 and became a truly competent and entertaining
troupe capable of producing concerts, drama and pantomime to entertain our A.I.F. troops. Often,
the concert party visited the hospital and all who could possibly make it enjoyed its performance.
In mid-December 1942 the pantomime “Cinderella” was presented. The scenery and costuming
were first class and the artists of excellent quality – Slim de Gray and others. Early in 1943 thePalladium theatre in the hospital area was done up to allow the Concert Party to come over every
Wednesday and entertain us.
In a group of P.O.W. embracing British and Australian personnel those with the necessary talents
emerged e.g. a singer with the B.B.C., a first violinist with the London Philharmonic Orchestra.
A.G.H. STRENGTH – CHANGI – 1930 HOURS – 10.1.43
Officers
Staff
Patients

42
20

W.O.s

N.C.O.s

Ptes.

Total

7
11

110
158

359
539

518
728

At this date the total number of A.I.F. in the Changi area totalled 9,505_____________________________________

49.
OPERATION LISTS – JANUARY 1943

The situation in the hospital in January 1943 was that physicians were kept busy and on their toes
while the hospital’s surgeons were stagnating. Most of the major reconstruction work with
amputees had been finished and so operations carried out at this time were mainly simple
procedures without complications.
The following official list of operations from January 14th to January 26th, 1943 is typical of
those carried out at that time.
Thursday January 14th
Major Phillips
1030 hours
Major Phillips
1100 hours
Major Phillips
1145 hours
Major Phillips
1230 hours

O.T.
O.T.
O.T.
O.T.

Dislocation of finger
Variceocle
Haemorrhoids and fissure
Fissure-in-ano

Friday January 15th
Major Phillips
Major Nairn
Major Nairn
Lt. Col. Osborn
Lt. Col. Osborn
Major Phillips

1000 hours
1045 hours
1100 hours
0945 hours
1030 hours
1130 hours

O.T.
O.T.
O.T.
N.T
N.T.
N.T.

Appendicectomy
Foreign body – leg
FissureExcision of knee cartilage
Excision of knee cartilage
Excision of knee cartilage

Saturday January 16th
Major Phillips
1030 hours
Major Phillips
1100 hours
Major Nairn
1100 hours

O.T.
O.T.
O.T.

Curellage of rib cartilage
Haemorrhoids
Injection of piles

Monday January 18th
Major Phillips
1000 hours
Major Phillips
1030 hours

O.T.
O.T.

Major Phillips
Major Phillips
Major Nairn
Major Nairn
Major Farmer
Major Farmer

O.T.
O.T.
O.T.
O.T.
O.T.
O.T.

Removal of bullet F.B.
Bone curetting and freeing of
tendon-wrist (G.A.)
Haemorrhoids (G.A.)
Haemorrhoids (G.A.)
Injection piles
Injection piles
Lung wash-out (Local)
S.M.R. (Local)

1115 hours
1145 hours
1200 hours
1215 hours
1400 hours
1530 hours(Other minor operations byTuesday January 19th
Lt. Col. Osborn
Lt. Col. Osborn
Capt. Vincent
Major Nairn
Major Nairn
Major Phillips
Major Eddy
Major Eddy
Major Farmer

Majors Nairn, Eddy andHerniaElbow

1000 hours
1130 hours
1000 hours
1000 hours
1030 hours
1045 hours
1130 hours
1230 hours
1630 hours

N.T.
N.T.
O.T.
O.T.
O.T.
O.T.
O.T.
O.T.
O.T.

Lt. Col. Osborn –Wrist )

Plastic to nose (Cartilage graft)
Stricture of membranous urethra
Circumcision (S.A.)
Manipulation (P.S.)
Injection of haemorrhoids
Manipulation of Spine (P.S.)
Bi-lateral saphenous vein (L.A. 1%)
Hammer toe (L.A. 1%)
D.R.A.

50.
Wednesday January 20th
Major Nairn
1000 hours
Capt. Duncan
1030 hours
Major Farmer
1200 hours
Major Farmer
1530 hours
Major Eddy
1100 hours

O.T.
O.T.
O.T.
O.T.
O.T.

Appendicectomy (G.A.)
Circumcision G.A.)
S.M.R. (Local)
Tonsillectomy (G.A.)
Haemorrhoids G.A.)

Thursday 21st January
Major Phillips
1000 hours
Major Phillips
1100 hours
Major Phillips
1130 hours

O.T.
O.T.
O.T.

Lipoma of Axilla (G.A.)
Appendicectomy (G.A.)
Haemorrhoids (G.A.)

January 22nd – January 26th

Above
Surgeons

6 Circumcisions
3 Tonsilectomies
2 Anal Fissures
3 Haemorrhoids
4 Appendicectomies
10 Miscellaneous ops.

51
AUSTRALIAN RULES FOOTALL
It says something for the above game when, men thousands of miles from the action which
enthrals players and spectators alike in Southern Australia, would form teams for competition in
Malaya.
Before Japan entered the war and our unit was establishing itself at Tampoi in Johore Bahru in
November 1941 a game of football was organised among the nearby units. Members of the
medical team included Jock Frew, Laurie Byrne, Bob Small, Hans Hollioak, Lex Arthurson, NoelChandler and Len Hancock.
The game was played on the palace padang of the Sultan of Johore who organised transport for
the teams. As a football match it was a memorable joke. The rain came down ceaselessly thatafternoon and the game was played to the accompaniment of the Sultan’s band. Refreshments
were available from white-coated stewards all afternoon by a nod or a gesture from the players.
The Sultan was not present at the game but evidently left orders not to spare the expense. Far
more whiskies and gin squashes were served than was good for the game. The score didn’t
matter and the game was played in good spirits!
During early P.O.W. Days, though, Chicken Smallhorn, Brownlow Medal winner with Fitzroy in1933, organised teams in both the Selarang and Hospital areas. Matches were played seriously inthe extreme heat and quite a few injuries resulted, much to the annoyance of the medical
hierarchy. Laurie Byrne was probably our Unit’s most successful member of the combined medical
team and he was given valuable support from Bob Small. “A Richmond” team list included Webb,
O’Leary, Webster, Lees, Hollioak, Ewins and Parker.
In early 1943 a firm stopper was placed on the inter-unit games because of the number of injuries
being sustained.
MESSAGES FOR BROADCAST
27th January, 1943
The Imperial Japanese Army are allowing each member of the A.I.F. in Changi to write a message
which they say will be broadcast to Australia. Not all will be transmitted but a certain number
chosen at random will be broadcast each day.
Efforts were to be made to have nominal rolls of A.I.F. prisoners broadcast also.
No person may write more than one message which is due in by 1000 hours, 29th January.
Specimen message
29th January, 1943
To Mrs. James Public, 3 King Street, Newtown, N.S.W.
From NX98754 Sergeant J. N. Public – A.I.F. Malaya.
Text“Dearest Wife – am prisoner, Singapore. Fit but thin on rice diet. Bill Smith well. Send
food Red Cross.
Love Jim.

Messages were submitted in hope.
Much later it was made known to us that some folks home in Melbourne received radio messages
about October 1943. More will be written about mail to and from Changi later in this history.
____________________________________
During February 1943 there were further hospital admissions of patients suffering from eye
troubles and scrotal dermatitis due to vitamin deficiencies.

52
Bugs in bedding and in cracks and crevices in concrete walls and flooring were most annoying
and much time was spent in debugging personal items. Patients, of course, had to be protectedfrom this problem as any additional skin scratch could result in serious infections. So, a common
sight was the shaking out of bedding and stamping on the stinking vermin.
Salt water parties still filled up drums on the trailers and, if the Japanese guards were in a good
mood, the working party was allowed a quick dip if the tide was in far enough.
The wood parties took their trailers into the nearby rubber plantation where the forestry men cut
the fuel. Having obtained their loads, the trailers were pushed and pulled back to camp. The
hospital cooks were able to use the rubber wood immediately – a quite unique feature of thiscommodity.
About this time the A.I.F. Education Centre was commenced by Brigadier Taylor and Captain
Adrian Curlewis. A listing of suitable courses was made. It appeared that over half the men
wanted to be poultry farmers after the war. Among the A.I.F there seemed to be instructors
available for most subjects. Early courses commenced included Elementary English, Public
Speaking, Mathematics, Malay, Horticulture and Poultry Farming. Further mention of the above
Education scheme will be made later on in this story.

27 Inf Bde
L of C Bde
Medical BdeCamp H.Q.

A.D.M.S. (for A.G.H.)
A/Staff Paymaster
File

H.Q. A.I.F.
23 Mar 43
Q3754

FINANCE – NON-COMBATANT PAY
1.
It is anticipated that pay as set out hereunder will be received monthly from the IJA
commencing in Apr in respect of non-combatants holding original Red Cross certificates only :W.O.1 $80
per month
W.O.11$32
per month
Sgt$20
per month
Cpl$20
per month
L/Cpl$10.50 per monthPte$9
per month2.
In view of the policy already adopted regarding the pooling of Officers’ pay and heavy duty
pay to enable the purchase of extra rations for all ranks and of drugs and other essentials for the
Hospital and the payment of ‘No Duty’ personnel, all non-combatant pay will be pooled.
3.

Heavy duty rates as follows :W.Os 30cents per day
N.C.Os 20 cents per day
Ptes
15 cents per day
will be paid to the following in addition to the personnel mentioned at the end of para 4 of Financememo Q3577 of 3 Mar 43 as from 1 Apr 43 and until reviewed :(a)All personnel holding original Red Cross certificates, irrespective of duties on which
engaged.
(b)
Personnel engaged in medical or nursing duties who do not come under para (a).
(c)
Personnel in A.G.H. area who are engaged exclusively in wood-cutting.
(d)
Payment to ‘No Duty’ personnel will be increased to 30 cents per pay (i.e. for ten days).

4.

This adjustment will enable the deduction from of two pay per month to bediscontinued for the month of Apr.

5.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

The following only will then be contributing to the pool :Officers
Non-combatants
Detainees
Canteen profits
Lt-Col

CO A.G.H.

Q.3728

HQ A.I.F.
19 Mar 43

NON COMBATANT PAY
1.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
2.

The general policy decided upon regarding non-combatant pay by Comd A.I.F. is:That all such pay be pooled
All personnel holding original Red Cross Certificates will be paid at heavy duty rates (i.e. 5cents per day extra).
All personnel in A.G.H. engaged in medical duties will be paid at heavy duty rates.
Personnel engaged in wood cutting in A.G.H. area will also be paid at heavy duty rates.
Please promulgate this policy immediately to all personnel affected.
Lt-ColA.A. & QMG A.I.F.

53“D” Force Working Party comprised 2,780 British and 2,220 Australian troops. The Aussie group
had been captured in Java after being diverted there while returning to Australia from the Middle
East.
Ten hospital doctors medically examined all the troops for transit, doing 1,000 an afternoon at 10tables, with 100 men lined up for each medical officer.
This force left for Thailand on the 14th March 1943 as a working party. Many of the 2/2 Pioneers,
who proudly paraded down Swanston Street, Melbourne, early in 1940, led by a bulldog mascot,
were included in this force along with a medical team led by Col. E. Dunlop. No 13th A.G.H.
personnel were selected for this party. The work of “D” Force and its now famous railway-doctor,
Sir Edward Dunlop, has been recorded for the world to read in book and on television.
___________________________“E” Force left Singapore for Borneo on Saturday, 27th March comprising 500 A.I.F. This party
included Major Howard Eddy, a medical officer from Melbourne, a member of the 13th A.G.H. His
medical companion was another doctor, Capt. J. Oakshott. Three medical orderlies from our unit
were members of “E” force and all three died in Borneo in 1945.
Their army details are set down as:VX 57176
R. Colombine (enlisted in 13th A.G.H. as Reg. Aylett) deceased 7/2/45
VX 57641
Leslie Charles Canterbury, deceased Borneo, 7/5/45
VX 58565
Jack Falco, died Borneo 26/2/45
These three Melbourne members of the 13th A.G.H. were unlucky indeed to die in 1945, the year of
our release from captivity. It is presumed these men succumbed while being force-marched from
Sandakan to Ranau in January, 1945 – a distance of 160 miles – only six men survived from “B”
and “E” Forces.
On Wednesday the 14th April it became known officially from the Japanese that “D” Force is in
Thailand and “E” Force is in Borneo.

THE TRAGEDY OF “F” FORCE
It is necessary to look into the reasons for the sending of the ill-fated “F” Force to Thailand toconstruct a railroad.
Five working parties had already left Singapore for Burma, Borneo, Japan and Thailand. Thesecomprised the fittest of the prisoners of war. So, in April 1943 any further working party would
need to include many unfit men.
The Japanese Command had received orders from the War Office that it was imperative a railway
line was constructed between Bangkok in Thailand and Moulmein in Burma. The Japanese now
considered their “back-door” in Burma vulnerable and a rapid supply line for food and militaryequipment was the urgent consideration.
This meant that a railway line had to be constructed from Bampong across 275 miles (420 kms) of
mountain and jungle to Thanbyuzayat. This overland supply route would need to be built quickly –already “A” Force was working from the Burma end and “D” Force had commenced from theThailand extremity. The middle section was to be hurriedly built by “F” Force.
It must be remembered, too, that at this time the Japanese were finding it very hard to keep up the
supply of rice to the Singapore and Changi people.
So, the propaganda and lies commenced. The Hospital was told that any men sent away toThailand would be leaving the bad for the good – “plenty of food and medicine in Thailand – don’t
hesitate to send any convalescent patients”.

54.
Other enticements given to the Hospital and other P.O.W. by the Japanese were:(a)
The new area will have a healthier climate than Singapore.
(b)Bands will be allowed – one to each 1,000 men.
(c)Gramaphones will be provided on arrival.
(d)Canteens will be set up within a month.
(e)
There will be no restrictions placed on the type or amount of equipment which may betaken.
(f)
Transport will be provided for the movement of heavy personal equipment, camp andmedical stores.
(g)
Men unfit to march will be given transport.
(h)There will be no long marches.
(i)Medicines and drugs will be available on arrival.
(j)
30% of unfit men may be included in the force.
___________________________________
Consequently, about 125 unfit Australians were included while the British had nearly 1,000 unfit
sent away with “F” Force.
On the 15th April, 1943 “F” Force personnel (3,662 Australian, 3.400 British) had glass rod tests
for bowel disorders and inoculations against cholera plague. It was arranged that the Australians
would leave in batches of 500 early each morning. Following them would be the British.
A large hospital party of 200 Australian and 200 British was to be added.
Major Bruce Hunt and a large number of our 13th A.G.H. were to be members of the medical
party to look after the health of the men of the 2/26th, 2/29th and 2/30th Australian Infantry
Battalions, 2/15th Field Regiment and attached Corps troops.
Preparations included nominal rolls, packing of precious medicines, party members organising
personal gear and the fare-welling of friends.
A “grand” concert was organised for 2000 hours on Sunday 18th April, 1943 by the combined
A.G.H. as a Farewell to “F” Force.
The program contained Community Singing and the following items:
1.
Chairman’s Remarks
K. Kemple.
2.
The King
Proposed by the Chairman.
3.
OvertureJack Greenwood and his Nitwits.
4.
Community
Pack Up Your Troubles etc.
5.
SongPaul Calderwood
6.
Jack Greenwood
Selected
7.
Happy Harry
Selected
8.
“F” Force (Toast)
Proposed by Lt. Col. H. Summons.
9.
Response
Major B. Hunt Pte R. F. D. Owen
10.
Jack Greenwood and his Nitwits
Selected
11.
Band
Leader Lou Brady
12.
Capt. Bush, Judy Garland and Team Musical Sketch
13.
Absent Friends (Toast)
Padre Pain
14.
Song
George L. Thomas
15.
Jack Greenwood
Selected
16.
Community“Wish Me Luck”
17.
Our Visitors (Toast)
Padre Marsden
18.
Artists and Orchestra
Thanks – Major Home
19.
Organisers (Toast)
Major Dick
FinaleLand of Hope and Glory
Auld Lang Syne

One of the organisers was Fred Sutton of the 13th A.G.H.

55.
At 2 a.m. on Sunday, 18th April 1943 those men from the hospital selected for the first trainload totravel north assembled on the Barrack square in heavy rain under floodlights. Names were called– groups of 25 men assembled at numbered posts. Most had groundsheets covering themselves
and their few possessions. Some had none and were drenched in the deluge. Water rose inches
deep over the bitumen. Captain Huxtable came down and said good-bye to Sgt. G. Blackie, Cpl. L.
Arthurson, Ptes. Tiny Parker, Curly Haines, Joe Knight and several others. He found themsheltering in a porch all fairly cheery in spite of having walked the mile or so in the rain from thehospital to the square in the middle of the night.
At 4 a.m. Japanese trucks drove into the square with glaring lights, blaring of horns and much loudshouting.
Men were loaded 25 to a truck and, amid shouts of farewell from the barracks’ balconies, the long
convoy of trucks disappeared into the elements. The flood lights were extinguished and the squareagain became black and silent except for the distant sound of “Waltzing Matilda” from the Diggers
aboard the 2 dozen lorries.
The road ran under the huge wooden boomerang mounted above the Changi gate. The inscription
on the boomerang read “Cum Gaudio Haec Omnia Recordabimus” (“We will remember all thesethings with joy”).
The convoy headed for Singapore about fourteen miles away, and was soon passing through thesilent city where Chinese watched from darkened doorways. Upon arrival at the railway station at
Tanjong Pagar – with its ridiculous advertising poster – “Come to Australia – Land of Sunshine” –troops were ordered into small steel rice trucks (6 metres by 2 ½ metres by 2 metres high) 27 men
to each.
Movement was impossible – men sat on their gear. The trucks were greasy and rusty. It was still
hard to get comfortable as the train rattled along the narrow gauge toward the causeway linking theIsland with Johore Bahru.
Once over the causeway, the Aussies were back in Malaya again for the first time in 14 months.
Men soon became cramped, uncomfortably hot and thirsty. As the sun sank, the town of Gemas
was reached. Here we were ordered on to the platform for a small ration of rice and a weak
vegetable stew – quickly swallowed as most had not eaten since 3 a.m. that day. After an hour thejourney recommenced. Sleep was impossible and the night dragged on. Many men fouled
themselves during the night and the air became putrid.
At Kuala Lumpur at 4 a.m. the men received another meal of rice and soup and a fifty minute legstretch.
At 9 a.m. the 19th April, the train stopped at a small station where buckets of tea were made.
Surprisingly, the guards permitted Chinese to sell us paw-paws and bananas. As we moved off,
the Chinese gave us what they had not sold.
Up through the hill country to Ipoh, the largest city in the State of Perak, where the Aussies used
the railway watering points beside the station as instant showers. Following another weak meal ofrice we were herded back into the trucks.
At Alor Star, at night, eggs were on sale for five cents each at the native railway refreshment room.
These were rushed as a real bargain which truly they were. Before most had purchased, theJapanese appeared swinging rifles and bashing prisoners back to the trucks.
Thought of Sir Charles Kingsford-Smith who, with Tom Pettybridge, went missing on November 9th,
1935. The plane was last heard of 2 a.m. 25 miles from Alor Star.
At 10.30 a.m. on the third day the train crossed the border into Thailand and pulled up at a tiny
station Padang Besar which was hard to read on the platform signboard because the Japanese
had painted over it – probably to obliterate the English letters. Ten minutes of physical exercises
did wonders for cramped muscles.
Again, no food was provided at this stop.

56.
One prisoner had died in one of the trucks and was dead nearly twenty-four hours before removal.
The men in that truck must have endured extra misery.
At Champon, 150 miles north of the Malay border, in a large paddock, the troops received their firstmeal for 36 hours – rice and thin soup. This was the last meal for yet another 36 hours.
The hot steel trucks were vile with dust, rust and soot. About noon, at Bara-Thon, eggs were again
for sale (14 a dollar). The sellers were rushed - some men paid, many did not. Guards rushed torestore order and again bashings took place to force the men back to their trucks. They were justplain hungry for the Japanese had provided no meal for the second successive day.
The fourth day was the most trying of the journey. As the train rattled up the Isthmus of Kra, theheat was almost unbearable. The sides of the truck could not be touched they were so hot andwater bottles again were empty.
Towards nightfall, the train really began to climb, slowly and tortuously. For hours the engine
laboured through the storm and the cold rain which began to fall. The sliding doors couldn’t beclosed and rain pelted in on the cold, hungry, unfortunate prisoners.
Next morning, just before dawn, the train left the mountains and entered the flat country again. An
hour later the nightmare journey was over, we had arrived at Bampong, a large town 30 miles
north-west of Bangkok.
“All men out” was the Japanese cry. Thankfully possessions were thrown to the ground and “allmen” climbed down to the platform.
“All men” were physically exhausted, had not slept for five days and had only four miserable meals.
All were covered in filth from the dirty trucks.
A two mile march through the town to the Japanese camp revealed a number of atap-roofed huts
where all were searched and told to be prepared to march out in a few hours. Many Australians
were to be left here being too sick to march – no 13th A.G.H. personnel stayed to tend the sick.
Most had showers and traded some items of clothing for food – hard boiled duck eggs 14 for a ticul
and tomatoes and bananas, great big beauties, for a shirt or a pair of shorts. Hungry men often
make poor traders. Food bought was dealt with summarily – a dozen hard boiled eggs down thehatch – hard to swallow but solace for the stomach.
Where were the promised trucks to transport men, gear, sick and medical supplies?
The awful truth now dawned on all. We were not going to a rest camp but were heading for amarch into the jungle to build a railway to Burma. The Japanese ordered the prisoners-of-war totake only what they could carry. Some quick decisions had to be made. Surplus gear was sold to
the Thais while the heavy kit and stores, including medical stores and tools, were dumped
unguarded on the side of the road. Three-quarters of the medical stores needed for the welfare of
the Australians were left behind. Even a piano and band instruments to be used by the Concert
Party had to be off-loaded.
This was in direct contradiction of the permission given in Changi for unlimited goods to be taken
north and for which transport would be provided. This cruel act would seem intended to humiliate
the prisoners even further.

57.
THE MARCH TO DEATH
The forced march started on Easter Sunday, the 25th April, 1943. All were pleased to leave theBampong bamboo huts with their disgusting filth of human excreta left by an earlier party of coolie
labourers.
The first party to march was formed from the first two train-loads and was led by Lt. Col. Pond
supported by some mentally strong officers, Capt. A. Curlewis and Capt. B. Barnett, the Adjutant.
The Medical Officer to this group of 720 men was Capt. R. Mills of the 2/10th Australian Field
Ambulance. Other parties were formed as successive train-loads arrived. The normal pattern was
to walk the 15 – 28 kilometres at night to the next staging camp. There would be a ten minute rest
every hour. Each man carried his own gear and that of a sick mate.
The first party marched 275 kilometres towards the Burma border through all kinds of weather andterrain. The planned track lay through some of the densest virgin jungle in the world, swarmingwith mosquitoes and every form of insect life. Already Asiatic labour forces of Malay, Tamil and
Burmese coolies had been decimated by cruelty, hunger and disease. It is estimated that at least
100,000, and probably quarter of a million, lay dead along the railway. The Australians were thereplacement labour. To build a railway the Japanese way appeared laughable. The enormity ofthe task ahead surely warranted mechanical equipment. The bridging of scores of streams, thesteep ravines to be conquered, the precipitous mountains to be blasted, demanded the latest inmodern clearing, engineering and bridge-building equipment.
The only addition to manual labour was the assistance of a few elephants. This long march lasted
17 days of absolute misery, trudging wearily from one staging camp to the next. One guard led theline with another at the rear. No hope of escape – jungle surrounding – roar of tigers nearby atnight. Food consisted of rice, often sour, onion soup, dried horse flesh and weak tea. Footwear
rotted and wore away – many men were now barefoot with shocking blisters.
Now, walking in thigh deep mud with the occasional foot crushing the skeleton of a coolie – now,
taking a turn in the stretcher party helping the sick. That poor unfortunate being carried is dying.
To leave him would mean death from a rifle-butt or from the parang of the nearby Thai bandits
always on the alert for a straggler from whom to steal a shirt, blanket or shorts.
The medical staff moved up and down the line treating scratches and ulcers mainly. Nothing could
be done about Beri-beri, malaria or dysentery. The name of the game at this moment is survival bykeeping up with the others, ignoring the constant hallucinations resultant from thirst.
At one point of the march, no food and water were supplied for 36 hours. Sometimes theJapanese lost their way, couldn’t read the lousy little maps they carried. This meant retracing ourway and starting out again.
The same flock of vultures followed us throughout. When we moved on so did they. When westopped they just sat up there watching and waiting as they had done as the Asians died.
Fierce tropical rain beat down making the jungle path slippery and men slithered about and slid totheir knees, all the time trying to support the stretchers they were shouldering. Hanging branches
and vines tore at the skin of arms and faces. Then, walking across swamps in waist-deep water,much gear became lost in the muddy bottom.
Troops were threatened with rifle butts if they halted and, so, on again in the dark and through theblack mud.
At dawn, the prisoners saw across their path a railway line they had heard so much about. By
now, all knew they were to work at railway construction but they didn’t know they still had 150 miles
more to march.

58.
Daylight disclosed Tarsau, the base camp of “D” Force which had left Singapore a month earlier.
The impression formed was that here is a very organised staging camp, clean and neat withorderly huts in line, but exuding a certain coolness. The camp spoke, “We are pleased to see you,but for God’s sake don’t request any of our meagre rations. You can use our cook-house but use
your own rations. Best of Australian luck to you all. Please keep moving”.
This summation may appear harsh to the reader but, at the time in our desperate position, thecomments from our marching party supported the above opinion. “D” Force had been lucky for it
had been transported from Bampong to Tansau by trucks. The hospital established here under theleadership of Lt. Col. Dunlop had been able to maintain all gear and medical supplies brought withthem from Singapore. Good luck to “D” Force.
Off the troops went on their lacerated feet to endure another 25 kilometre march through the
darkness.
The rest of the journey meant the negotiation of particularly bad terrain – the track winding uphillover sharp rocks – in desperation some crawled over the more difficult places.
The descent was worse than the climb – the rain persisted. Once through malarial swamps in thevalleys the jungle became thicker and great clumps of prickly bamboo confronted us. A bamboo
scratch became infected in a few hours and many a tropical ulcer owes its beginnings to thishazard.
This is surely the Land of Bamboo, much of which reached 50 metres towards the sky. Bamboo
provided the prisoners-of-war with slats for beds, drinking mugs, surgical needles for transfusions,huts, brooms, brushes, baskets and other things useful. Cooked bamboo shoots improved thestaple diet of rice.
The march followed roughly alongside the Menam Kwa Hat River through Takanoon to Kon Koita,
Shimo Nieke and finally to Shimo Songkurai. Work commenced at once – the 1st party on the 12th
May 1943, and the 5th and last party on the 16th May. The men were fairly feeble after the 275
kilometres and so it was absolute cruelty by the Japanese to expect so much from so many near
death. Many members of the 13th Australian General Hospital were sent to Thailand on “F” Forceand worked in the various camps. As far as can be ascertained the list included :Major B. Hunt, Medical Officer
Sgt. T. Winters
Sgt. A. Deans
S/Sgt. W. Monteath
S/Sgt. A. Southgate
Sgt. G. Blackie
Cpl. A. OgburnCpl. A. Arthurson
Cpl. W. Rossiter
Cpl. H Hollioak
Privates: R. Small
J. Beretta
A. Haines
E. E. R. Miller
C. McKay
G. Letwin
R. F. D. Owen
J. Carmody
J. Knight
R. Baguss
T. Nestor
A. Schliebs
L. Waller
W. Turrell
T. NashN. Chandler
A. Sweatman
E. Waddington
O. Vickers-Bush
A. Simpendorfer
P. Boulton
E. Parker
N. Seddon
K. Curtis
R. Sim
L. ColesJ. Swann
G. Vellacott
G. Gadd
E. Wookey
A.D.H. Miller
H. Ansell
W. A. Wilson
H. R. Hassett- a total of 44. There may possibly have been others but no records or lists are available forabsolute verification.
Before the work of the medical personnel is placed on record it may interest all to know what therailway work entailed. All work was on a task-work basis. Each man had to dig out and carry to
the embankment anything from two to 3.2 cubic metres of soil a day. This meant that the man
digging often had to excavate seven or eight cubic metres while two team mates used the coolie“basket and pole” system to trundle the earth up to the embankment often 100 metres away. The
poorest of spades, picks, axes and chunkels were the only tools available for this work which wasof a heart-breaking monotony.

59.
Even worse than embankment work was the bridge-building. Piles were driven in with great
weights which were hauled up and then dropped on the pile by men toiling on ropes.
The monsoonal weather commenced on May 22nd so thousands of men worked day after day,months on end, often up to the waist in swift torrents, virtually naked. They received a diet of riceand stew consisting of radish or bamboo roots in boiling water. At the end of a 14, 16 or 20 hour
day, immeasurably weary, they trudged back to their huts and after sick parade fell asleep
exhausted only to be driven out once more before dawn to front up to another day’s misery. All
work along the line was carried out under a barrage of screaming and yelling from Japaneseengineers and Korean guards. Brutal beatings by sadistic bullies using fists, bamboos, tools
handles and rifle-butts were everyday occurrences.
At the end of May “F” Force was distributed among five camps :No. 1. Camp at Lower Songkurai
No. 2. Camp at Songkurai
No. 3. Camp Upper Songkurai
No. 4. Camp at Konkoita
No. 5. Camp at Changaraya-

1,800 Australians
1,600 British
393 Australians
700 Australians
700 British

There were still 500 Australians and 800 British prisoners still to reach the others.
A hospital was set up at Lower Nieke at first, then moved 10 kilometres to Nieke, considered more
centrally placed. Colonel Banno, the senior Japanese officer established his headquarters at
Nieke and it was soon evident that there was less sickness and better rations at Nieke than in allother camps.
Each camp had its hospital staffed by Australian or British medical personnel. Most of the 13th
Australian General Hospital members of the “F” Force worked under the control of their medical
officer, Major Bruce Hunt. This courageous man stood up to the senior Japanese officers andreceived many a beating for not allowing sick men to be forced out of hospital to join the working
parties. Moving from camp to camp, checking on the sick and instructing his staff, Major Huntconstantly appealed to all Australians to grit their teeth and show the necessary determination to
win through this crisis in their lives. To the credit of all, the men responded magnificently andendured their hardships with renewed spirit. In contrast, there was a feeling of despair evident in
British camps and British hospitals. This resulted in many more deaths frequently hurried on by“giving up the ghost”.
The blitzing of camp “hospitals” was perhaps the most revolting feature of this period. IgnorantJapanese officers, N.C.O.s and even privates, overrode or ignored the Allied Medical Officers andforced sick men out to work. One Japanese field officer said “We will build this railway if necessary
over the bones of the P.O.Ws”. Another stated, “Any sick man who staggers to the line to lay evenone sleeper will not have died in vain”. More categorical still was the statement of the engineer –commander of the Tarsau area in Thailand, “You will never see your homes again. You will workfor the Japanese until you die”. With this Japanese attitude it is not surprising that men died likeflies despite the gallant efforts of overworked doctors who put up with an utter lack of all
instruments, containers, drugs, materials and hospital requisites.
Another two doctors who were outstanding were Lt. Col. Albert Coates in Burma and Lt. Col. E.
Dunlop in Thailand. These senior medical men toiled day and night against heartbreaking
difficulties with a devotion which will never be forgotten by the men they tended. Although theabove doctors were not in “F” Force, it seems appropriate to mention them at this stage.
From camps all along the road came disturbing reports of Cholera. “F” Force was being cut down
daily.

60.
At Shimo Songkurai camp, in the north-west of the Thailand jungle, only 37 kilometres from the
Burmese border, the workers were housed in a dozen roofless native huts made of atap and split
bamboo. The only water was a tiny steam running between this camp and another occupied by aJapanese engineering unit. The sick were made as comfortable as possible while negotiations
with the Japanese commander, Lieutenant Fuduka, for repairs to the huts were carried out. Three
hundred men were put to work on the day of arrival. The rest spent the day endeavouring to makethe camp habitable. First, because one man went down with cholera, an isolation section was set
up using badly perished tents pitched on a hillside. It became known as “Cholera Hill”.
Two doctors, travelling overnight, brought from Neike camp all the available anti-cholera serumand during the morning about 1,400 men were inoculated. Soon there were seven in isolation.
When the local commander of prisoners in North Thailand, a Japanese medical officer, Col. Banno,
visited the camp, Major Hunt, our senior medical officer, asked for anti-cholera serum to complete
inoculations, more atap for roofing, medical stores and cooking facilities.
Col. Banno, unfairly, maintained the responsibility for checking cholera and the general health in
the camp rested with our medical officers.
On the third day in camp news came from ”Cholera Hill” that one patient had died. An hour later
another passed away. Cholera and dysentery were spreading. A red glow at night on “Cholera
Hill” indicated that a funeral pyre had been lit to burn the dead cholera victims. This fire and thosethat burned regularly for months will burn forever in the memories of those who survived thosedreadful months in Shino Songkurai camp.
During this period, Stg. Alex Deans of the 13th Australian General Hospital and others of the unit
showed the highest courage and self-sacrifice in their dangerous work. Volunteers to nurse thedying and stricken men were speedily obtained, despite the grave risk.
On May 27th, 19 more got cholera and on the next three days 26, 20 and 17 men went into
isolation. A dozen or so men were dying daily.
More anti-cholera serum arrived and the men’s inoculations were completed. This serum was noteffective for ten days and was not 100 percent effective.
Dysentery continued to spread and was now causing deaths.
On June 1st about 80 men went down with a virulent malaria – the next day 200. The Japaneseaccused the sick men of malingering, and demanded 500 workers. They were informed there
weren’t that many fit men in camp. A stormy scene followed and the A.I.F. Commanders wererepeatedly bashed.
However, so desperate was the cholera position, 25 having died in the previous 24 hours, that
Major Hunt emphatically protested and the order was cancelled.
Soon 1,400 of the camp’s 1,900 men were in hospital. Of more than 200 cholera cases, nearly half
had died.
On June 5th optimism rose when the medical officers said that only three new cholera cases had
been diagnosed in the previous 24 hours. About 30 more cases followed but there were fewer
each day.
Private Thomas Nash contracted cholera and died in No. 1 camp Shimo Songkurai. He was a
medical orderly who worked cheerfully and willingly among the sick.
In camps up and down the railway our unit lost 20 men through malnutrition and disease.
Japanese had the crazy idea of supplying rations only to workers. They took a lot of convincingthat sick men needed food to become well enough to work once again.
So, on June 10th working men received 500 grams daily and 200 grams (about 6 ozs) were allowed
for men in hospital to be supplemented by stews of rice water and a little meat, but no vegetables.

61.
This new ration meant starvation for the sick. Immediately, the fit men gave the sick an extra
ounce daily from their rations. The Japanese were challenged to bring one of their own medical
officers to examine the sick. The challenge was ignored.
Late in June, nearly every man had beri-beri in some form. You could press fingers into theswollen and pulpy flesh and find deep holes still there ten minutes later. Many men with cuts andbruises developed ugly tropical ulcers. Soon nearly 150 men were suffering from them. The
ulcers spread rapidly, were very painful, and no medical supplies were available for proper
treatment. Medical orderlies used to scrape out the pus with a spoon and cover the pungent
smelling wound with a banana leaf to keep the flies away. Often maggots were allowed to cleanse
the ulcers which were becoming larger and deeper. Many an amputation became necessary asbones became exposed and serious infections resulted. Imagine sawing off a leg under the mostunhygienic conditions – imagine the agony endured by the patient – imagine the stoicism of theweakened medical orderlies and the surgeons.
When malaria broke out afresh, the Japanese provided one quinine tablet a day as a preventive
but none extra to cure patients, each of whom needed at least seven tablets a day for seven days.
About this time several men died of black-water fever; others of pneumonia from continual work in
the rain-drenched jungle. Conditions on the railroad now were barbarous. Cruel floggings were
given, and men slaved on inadequate rations. Those with beri-beri and swollen water-logged feetwere considered fit by the Japanese. Most were now without footwear. Major Hunt suggested theremoval of all sick men to a place where food was more plentiful.
Subsequently, the Japanese decided to open a hospital in Burma and appointed the senior
medical officer at Shimo Songkurai (Major Hunt) to command it.
Lt. Fukuda declared one day that many men were malingering, and ordered to work all who had
recovered from cholera. When these sick, gaunt men were paraded before him, he cancelled theorder, but said they could not have been eating their rice to have become so thin. However, theirration was only seven ounces a day.
Next day, Lt. Fukuda increased the rice ration to 600 grams a day for 150 convalescents so thatthey would quickly become strong enough to walk.
Although the decision to evacuate 2,000 sick men from “F” Force to Burma was made on June
19th, the move was not made for almost two months.
On July 15th only 28 patients remained on “Cholera Hill”, most of them recovering, but there were1,493 sick men in hospital, nearly 700 with malaria and about 350 with dysentery from which somedied daily. At the end of July doctors selected the 500 worst cases to be sent to Burma, and theJapanese announced that in August Shimo Songkurai camp would be evacuated.
On August 7th 1943 the rains eased and the movement was completed, leaving 500 Australians
behind. Next day, 4,000 natives moved in and cholera became their worry almost immediately.
There is no doubt in the world the reason why most men died was because they were starved. No
Australian soldier was afraid of hard work but when suffering from enervating amoebic or bacillary
dysentery, plus the fortnightly bout of malaria, plus tropical ulcers and some beri-beri, even thesimplest of tasks proved difficult. Pity the doctors and the medical orderlies who, at times, had only
crushed charcoal in water to offer to their dying patients.
It became a constant fight to maintain some hygiene in the hospital huts. Latrines were just longtrenches swarming with flies and maggots. Sanitary paper consisted of leaves from bushes.
Constant monsoonal rain made the whole camp muddy and slushy.
Dressings for ulcers and wounds were not available and sores attracted flies. Patients had to beheld down while their ulcers were scraped out with spoons. The loud penetrating screams they
emitted had a chilling effect on other patients. Some even pleaded with doctors to amputate rather
than scrape.

62.
Some diarrhoea and dysentery patients received a little relief from drinking rice water from the
kitchen. Even the scorched rice, which adhered to the inside of the kwali and scraped out when
the cooked rice was removed, proved some sort of palliative.
Major Bruce Hunt’s hospital at Tanbaya in Burma was a disappointment. It consisted of the usual
bamboo and atap huts and no good water supply. Food was always poor and Dr. Hunt was given
very few medical supplies. The death rate was high. Three hundred died in the first month. Bedpans were made of hollow bamboo sections and because the men were so sick there were many
fouled bed areas. Most men were covered with shocking sores all over their bodies. The itchdrove them ratty and, following the inevitable scratching, many sores developed into gangrenous
leg ulcers.
Most men were skin and bone and body weights of four and five stones were commonplace.
Our men, who looked after the sick, all deserved commendation.

(i)Addendum to the “F” Force Story
VX 57871 Pte Robert Owen, 13th A.G.H. tells a story of courage and devotion to duty.
After a great deal of consideration I feel I should tell my experiences as a member of the “F” Forcewhich left Singapore in April 1943.
The medical personnel were selected from combined units commanded by Lt. Col. Hedley
Summons (2/9th Field Ambulance) at Roberts Barracks. Our C.O., Col. Pigdon had, with othersenior officers, already been sent away from Singapore. It was noticeable the “F” Force medical
team was mostly composed of 13th and 10th A.G.H’s, the Con Depot and the 2/4 C.C.S.
Trucked to Singapore, the troops were jammed into metal cattle trucks with sliding doors. Major
Bruce Hunt of the 13th A.G.H. was the medical officer in charge of the train No. 4 headed for
Thailand. Medical personnel were distributed along the trucks and reported casualties whenever
the train stopped. Men had to urinate hanging on to open doors because of lack of stops. Often
Japanese guards would not allow men to leave the trucks, but, by wearing my Red Cross brassard
and carrying a medical bag, I was allowed to move along to report to Major Hunt.
After four days of terrible conditions we arrived at Bampong in lower Thailand for a night’s stop
before setting out the next night on the long march.
Many men with malaria, dysentery and already weak to the point of collapse, needed muchassistance even on this first section of the journey. At the first staging camp, Major Hunt andCaptain Frank Cahill with their medical orderlies, worked non-stop with the sick. The next night
Phil Boulton and I were posted to the rear of the column. Sick and exhausted men kept fallingback on us. When dawn broke there was the amazing sight of men on stretchers, others carrying
and supporting their mates. As the monsoon season had started each night’s march became
increasingly harder. Men would collapse in the mud or fall down gullies. We kept calling to eachother endeavouring to move the injured and sick to the centre of the column of the march.
At one of the camps Major Hunt approached the Japanese requesting permission to leave the very
sick behind. One guard hit the Major with a solid lump of timber so hard and often that hecollapsed to the ground. I was terribly upset at this brutality and assisted him to the river where hebathed and examined a badly swollen hand. When he returned to camp he was told a small
number only could remain.
One of the Padres was extremely ill and I was concerned about his ability to march on. My clothes
were in tatters and my boots had gone. Capt. Reg Swartz loaned me a pair of fur-lined Air-Forceboots. Marching with the rear party I heard an urgent call for medical help. Major Hunt had beenleft behind exhausted and ill and Capt. Cahill was being carried on a stretcher. So, when Phil
Boulton brought up a fellow with a broken leg, I called to one of our N.C.Os for assistance but hemust have been out of ear-shot. I told a 2/26th Bn. Sergeant we required splints and bandages.
He barked out orders for branches of trees and torn-up shirts. After I set the leg he organised astretcher and some men to stay with me. This fine example of comradeship gave me greatstrength.
I arrived at Nicke (approx 14th May) where I worked with Capt. John Taylor, M.O. 2/30th Bn. and Lt.
Patrick Wolfe, M.O., Indian Army. I returned the boots loaned to me by Capt. Swartz as he wasmoving out that night. This was a sad parting for me.
Late in the evening of the 17th May I was giving transfusions when the newly arrived Major Hunttold us that Capt. Lloyd Cahill at Shimo Songkurai was seriously ill. Immediately the two M.Os,
Hunt and Taylor with four medical orderlies, including myself, undertook a nightmare truck ride to
the No. 1 camp.
On the 19th May 1943 I had my 21st birthday and spent it working among cholera patients withtorrential rain pelting down. Conditions were pathetic as dysentery, malaria and tropical ulcers
badly affected the working parties. Their problems were treated at the sick parades held after themen returned to camp, well into darkness. Injuries from bashings were frequent and I admired
their morale and spirit as they collected their evening meal of ¾ of a cup of cooked rice.

(ii)Cpl. Jack Ogburn led other 13th A.G.H. fellows carrying rations back from Nicke. They returned
exhausted and too weak to unload the bags from their backs. Attempts to force feed the seriously
ill were unsuccessful – clenched teeth and a turn of the head indicated a definite lack of interest in
the unappetising food. Nightly dashes to the latrines were made with shared foot-wear. Bill Turrell
shared his boots with Phil Boulton, Leo Waller and myself for the trips to the filthy bore-holes.
Often I’d hear, “Bobby, hurry, hurry”. The boots would change hands as in a baton change.
I had a lucky escape from drowning when out cutting timber and carrying it back to the cook-house.
On my third trip across the creek, I slipped backwards, the logs pinning me down. A group ahead
noticed my plight and hurriedly pulled me out, shivering and gasping. Later Major Hunt lectured
me “Stay with the party – stragglers in the dark could be lost forever”. A malarial attack followed.
That night the camp was in uproar as Norm Seddon and Tom Nestor, believing the Japanese wereattacking, went into hiding up the hill at the back of the camp.
Early in August Major Hunt advised me that he was moving to a hospital camp in Burma. I would
follow him shortly in charge of men too sick for work parties and supported by a party of semi-fit.
Under supervision of Japanese guards we moved by truck or foot, carrying patients on stretchersand on our backs, resting at night under trees and receiving some rations and help as we passed
No. 1 and No. 2 camps.
Having passed through the Three-Pagoda-Pass into Burma, most of the semi-fit men werecasualties. Four dead were denied burial as the guards required exact numbers when handing us
over at Tambaya. At the rail-head we grouped together in the rain – no cover or food – while
Japanese troops lined up waiting to entrain for Burma. I approached them indicating the Red
Cross brassard and received recognition from a Japanese officer who organised two buckets ofrice and fish and containers of water. These we shared with a group of British spreadeagled overthe ground. When our train arrived we tried to include the hapless British but again the “numbersgame” proved an obstacle. The guards hit us with steel rails as we shoved the British on to thetrain carrying the Australian ill and the dead bodies.
By the time the train arrived at Tambaya I had reached the end of my tether and just collapsed
from malaria, swollen face and feet and was put into hospital for a few days. Phil Boulton, who
accompanied me throughout, was seriously ill with dysentery and he, too, was admitted.
The railroad passed through the centre of the Tambaya camp. Major Hunt, a strong character,cleaned up the place. Toilet squads and a cremation centre, similar to Lower Songkurai, were set
up and he would brook no opposition. On one occasion I saw him rolling and struggling on the
ground with a Britisher. Both disliked each other intensely.
The food was poor, mainly rice and beans, and the death rate increased, especially amongst the
British troops. Many of our 13th A.G.H. were seriously ill. I would carry Phil Boulton on my back to
the creek where small fish would clean out his ulcers.
Dr. Pat Wolfe arrived from Nicke with sufficient emmotine for the dysentery patients. Alex Deans
had now left for Upper Songkurai.
Amputations were carried out in a small hut on a bamboo operating table using a saw from theJapanese cook-house. Survival rate of the amputees was low – the poor devils had nothing toallay their pain.
Padre Duckworth conducted the 1943 Christmas Day services. Many of our 13th A.G.H. personnel
died at Tambaya and I was with most at their last.
In March 1944 all who could travel moved back with Major Hunt to Kanburi. I stayed back with
about 20 expected to die, among them being Phil Boulton. Later, with a dozen survivors, I jumped
a train and got them down to Kanburi after a five day trip. All were put into hospital and helped by
our Hans Hollioak from the cookhouse. My cardiac beri-beri needed complete rest. I arrived backat Changi on the 29th April 1944 after twelve months with “F” Force.

Phil Boulton, in a letter to Lex Arthurson, said Bob Owen saved his life and that of many others andregretted that no recognition of Bob Owen’s accurate story was made.

63.
A PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
Corporal A. C. Arthurson of the 13th Australian General Hospital was a member of Lt. Col. Pond’s
party, “F” Force – April–November 1943. The Medical Officer with this party of 720 men was Capt.
R. M. Mills of the 2/10th Field Ambulance. Cpl. Lex Arthurson takes up the story.
“I was reasonably fit on arrival at Bampong after the five days in the steel trucks which railed ourparty from Singapore. The sight of Thai traders offering a hatful of cooked duck eggs or a hatful of
tomatoes for an army shirt was too much of a temptation for me. I was that hungry I wolfed down
the dry duck eggs almost non-stop. It was Good Friday and I was thinking Easter 1943 wasn’t
going to be so great. Looking around, all was filthy – excreta dry and unpleasant in the staging
huts where we spent Friday and Saturday nights. No one seemed to be organising transport for
our gear and supplies.
Then came the order to line up ready to march – permission to take only what can be carried. So,
on Easter Sunday, which also happened to be Anzac Day, I , with the others of the 1st party set off.
Dr. Mills, with Lt. Col. Pond and Capt. Barnett, organised stretcher bearers. All fit men took theirturn up front and were relieved every half kilometre. At first the walking was bearable for I wasinterested, until it became dark, in the water buffalo wallowing in the mud of the paddy fields oradmiring the deftness of the Thais controlling their hundreds of ducks with the flick of a 30 footbamboo cane.
Rumours abounded that we had to walk a very long way to our place of work.
I was trying to put up with an excruciating stomach pain during this part of the journey. At the
Bampong staging camp I was unable to bear the pain and asked Dr. Mills for morphia but none
was available to me.
During successive nights I was falling further behind, and at one time had to humour the rear
Japanese guard and even carried his rifle for him. The pain left my stomach and thankfully I began
to keep up with the others once more and re-commence assisting the very sick. (The lower
stomach pain set in again a month or so later and then again abated. In late July, after anothersevere bout of renal colic – that was what I put up with for months and continued working – twokidney stones were removed by forceps from my penis. Dr. Mills had four men hold me down, forthere was no anaesthetic).
After seventeen nights of marching, Lt. Col. Pond’s party arrived at Upper Konkoita where men
were put to work immediately.
Our camps were commanded by Lieutenant Murayama, a very cruel Japanese. I can remember
how he practised high jumping night and morning and how I wished he would take a tumble.
On one occasion the hut in which I lived appeared listless and without cheerfulness. So, in all
innocence, I began to sing some popular ditty. In a flash, a Japanese guard had me fronting Lt.
Murayama whose words I’ll never forget. “Wherefore you sing. Japanese soldier no sing”. And hefollowed this with two hefty cracks from a thick piece of bamboo across my shoulders. The deathly
silence in the huts was bad for morale but nothing could be done about it.
Before “F” Force was formed, part of a medical pamphlet came into my possession. The title
intrigued me – “Scourge of the East”. So I read that cholera could be spread in unhygienic
conditions. Symptoms included a rice stool which followed severe stomach cramps.
So, when a man was brought in from a walking party at Upper Konkoita, Dr. Mills and I had a lookat him. Immediately, I noticed the rice-water stool and cholera came to mean something. Capt.
Mills instructed me to keep a wise counsel and not to panic anyone. He asked for a volunteer tolook after this first cholera case. Why I took the job on I’ll never know for what was to follow was
the worst portion of my life.
The soldier was carried to a small hut on the outskirts of the camp. There, I looked after him as
best I could for I had not any medical training. Through the night the unfortunate fellow lost his
body’s fluid by mouth and bowel emissions.

64.
I had lit a fire to provide some light and all I could do was to try to encourage the drinking of boiled
water, and endeavour to keep him as clean as possible. An elephant ambled through the hut
during the night adding to the unreality of my position.
Soon, the patient lapsed into a coma and breathing became laboured. I noticed that the body
frame had shrunk and that he was perhaps only one-third of his weight of six hours before.
In the morning, I shouted to Capt. Mills that the patient was dead and was informed that I was now
in isolation, and would I be prepared to look after others with cholera symptoms.
So, another “Cholera Hill” was established. I received the sick and was given directions from Capt.
Mills standing 30 or 40 yards away. Within two days there were fifteen men lying under a small
marquee with their feet protruding.
Using a scalpel for the first time was not easy for I had to cut the skin and lay bare a large vein on
the inside of the ankle. Then I inserted a bamboo cannula into the vein and administered a salinetransfusion. This work was carried out day and night. I cursed the constant rain which kept thewounds on the men’s feet at risk from infection. I constructed a small lean-to for myself using
bamboo sticks supporting large banana leaves.
Looking at the unfortunate men lying heads pointed to the centre of the marquee, their feet
protruding outside the tent-line, I considered what to do to improve their lot. It was heartbreaking
to observe the progression of this dreaded cholera – the agonising cramps, the constant thirst, thecold bluish skin, the sunken eyeballs, the weakening pulse and the hoarse whispers.
Sadly, many died not so much from cholera but from septicaemia for, in a lot of cases, I had noteda gradual improvement in their condition – less vomiting and subsidence in the number of bowel
motions.
Septicaemia was unavoidable under the circumstances – no drugs or dressings. Most men
hanging on to life had had both ankles cut and infection set in so rapidly, One young army
lieutenant with cholera symptoms on the wane had developed a lump as large as a dessert plateon his back, obviously a deep seated abscess.
The instructions shouted to me next morning from Capt. Mills, after hearing all details of the case,were for me to sterilise the scalpel then plunge it into this patient. There were somesulphuranilamide 693 tablets to help him. Unfortunately, although I did what was told me, theofficer died a few days later.
As happened in other camps, the dead were burnt. I felt lousy having to build a funeral pyre andafter loading the bodies on the top, setting fire to the heap of combustible bamboo. I offered asilent prayer for each and every one of them.
One fellow, dying of cholera, offered me his Australian farm if I could cure him. Another, who in life
had no time at all for religion of any kind, asked for help from above as he breathed his last.
The Japanese ordered me to go through the jungle a little way and attend to one of their soldiersdumped in a small hut. I presumed this fellow had cholera. One look at him showed he was too
far gone for any transfusions so next day he was dead. I just set fire to the hut and told theJapanese what was done. The Japanese officer seemed quite relieved that the unpleasantepisode was concluded.
The half dozen or so who recovered from the cholera epidemic stayed with me and were atremendous help in caring for the very sick.
Looking back on this most horrible episode of my life I wonder why I didn’t contract his dreaded“Scourge of the East”.

65.
The Menam Kwa Noi river flowed nearby all the railway camps in Thailand and I’m sure the water
was full of cholera germs. Upstream the Japanese washed their clothing and bathed, a little lower
down elephants were washed by the Burmese Mahout, and then down stream the workers werepermitted to wash. If you put your head under water you were crazy and just asking to be ill.
Roadwork had ceased because of so much sickness at Upper Konkoita and, by 6th June 1943, lessthan half the 694 men of Lt. Col. Pond’s party were fit enough for even light work.
As cholera waned it was decided by the Imperial Japanese Army to move all to Nieke. So on 10th
June 316 of the fittest were moved to a filthy spot near Nieke. The rest marched 60 kilometres
south to Takanun. A shuttle system was instituted up and down from Nieke to Takanun using fit
men to carry stretcher cases, camp gear and the sick. Some men made three trips walking beside
the newly constructed line until 4 a.m. After four hours rest, urged on by Korean guards, theywould set out again at 0800 hours. Medical staff were used this way too – the red cross brassard
meant nothing to ranting guards. The party settled down at Takanun and worked there for twomonths 8 a.m. until 10.15 p.m. daily.
Two sick parades were conducted by Dr. Mills each day, one at 7.30 a.m. and the other at 10.30
p.m. If a man could walk he could work according to the Japanese. The conditions at the campwere pathetic – all mud and flies – the food a cup of cooked rice with weak soup made of whitebait.
The railway was finished on the 18th September 1943 and was marked by a Japanese ceremony ofthe meeting of the north and south sections of the line. Some of the last pieces of railway laid wererails stamped B.H.P. This bit of irony was certainly noted by our fellows.
The holiday given us that day, the 18th of September, was the first non-working day since leaving
Singapore in April.
In October, Pond’s party, now at Taimonta, had to carry railway gear from Nieke back to Taimonta
and then 24 kilometres to Konkoita.
Early in November this unfortunate party moved to Nieke carrying their sick, including 26 stretcher
cases.
In mid November ‘F” Force returned to Singapore having lost 3.100 of its 7,000 men.
The medical personnel of this force gave splendid and unselfish service to their Australian mates.
The 13th Australian General Hospital lost the following members of its 44 strong medical teamwhich accompanied ‘F” Force.
VX 56712
VX 59785
VX 59176
VX 61236
VX 39334
VX 53554
NX 43665
VX 60324
VX 58771
NX 42604
VX 60177
VX 55628
VX 58160
VX 39273

Pte. Gerald Letwin
Pte. Thomas Henry Nash
Pte. Alfred Otto Simpendorfer
Pte. Albert Edward Sweatmen
Sgt. Thomas Augustus Winters
Pte. Robert William Barguss
Padre Pte. Geoffrey William VellacottPte. Robert Gordon Small
Pte. W. A. L. Stone
Pte. L. J. Swann
Pte. Edmund Waddington
Pte. Edwin Wookey
S/Sgt. Arthur Arnold Southgate
Cpl. William James Rossiter

ThailandNo. 1 Camp Shimo Sonkuri
Tanbaya, Burma
Tanbaya, Burma
Tanbaya, Burma – Grave 43
Tanbaya, Burma
Kanburi – December 1943
ThailandThailandThailandThailandThailandThailandThailand“At the going down of the sun
And in the morning
We will remember them”

66.
WITH “F” FORCE IN 1943
Sgt. Alexander Rattray DEANS, VX 61259 and Pte. Robert Frank Davis OWEN VX 57871 were
two members of “F” Force who left Singapore in Train 4. Other members of the 13th Australian
General Hospital who travelled with them were Bill Turrell, Leo Waller, Jack Ogburn, Tom Nash,
Tom Winters, Tom Nestor, Norm Seddon and Albie Sweatman.
Train 4 carried 600 men, 25 to each steel rice truck (21 feet x 7 feet). The Commanding Officer ofthis party was Captain Reg. Swartz and the senior medical officer was Major Bruce Hunt of the 13th
A.G.H. Only 6 meals were provided by the Japanese in the four days it took to reach Bampong.
Drinking water was difficult to obtain and no stop for sleep was made. Men could only lie down inrelay in the trucks and toilet stops were few and far between.
By the time the men detrained and marched with all their gear to a nearby staging camp for anight’s rest, fatigue had already set in. Conditions were deplorable in this unhygienic camp. No
transport was available even for the medically unfit personnel and very reluctantly the seriously ill
men were allowed to remain behind when the march from Bampong commenced. At this point
many sold articles of clothing for food to sustain them on the march and also to lighten theircarrying loads.
Alex Deans takes up the story:“The medical equipment was divided up into six panniers so that the carrying of this most essential
material would be spread equitably over the party.
We left Bampong at 2100 hours on Tuesday 27th April, 1943 on a very long and unpleasant trek of
200 miles. After Kanburi and Wampoh the medical teams had to monitor the rear of the party toassist the sick stragglers. Some men were to exhausted they had to be carried mile after mile on
stretchers.
Next day, at Tarsau we met men from “D” Force on their way to the day’s work on the railway
construction. We were given a dirty area with a few tents as shelter from the sun.
Major Hunt, the senior doctor, paraded all the sick men to the Japanese medical officer who
agreed with our doctor’s assessments. The Japanese N.C.O. in charge of the march became
abusive and attacked Major Hunt and Major Wild, the interpreter, breaking a bone in Major Hunt’shand.”
Bob Owen took Chaplain Ross Dean to the river and helped him to wash. This patient was most
distressed and died from physical exhaustion at a later staging camp.
After Tarsau any stragglers who fell behind in the now continual soaking rain ran the risk of attackfrom Thai bandits. Warnings were also issued against tigers. Food during the march practicallyconsisted of rice and onion water.
Brigadier C. H. Kappe, a senior officer of “F” Force reported that on the night 14/15 May, 1,000
A.I.F. from Trains 3 and 4, under Major Tracey, marched out from Lower Nieke to their permanentcamp at Lower Songkurai, a distance of 7 ½ miles. This party was to be joined by a further 800
A.I.F. in two days’ time. One of the sick men was diagnosed by Captain Taylor A.A.M.C. as acholera case. Three more went down with cholera next day.
Sgt. Alex Deans opened a cholera hospital to cope with the expected epidemic.
Because there was only one medical officer at Lower Nieke, Major Stevens, senior A.I.F., M.O.,
sent Major Hunt from Konkoita and Captain Hendry from Upper Konkoita to that camp. On theirarrival they learnt that cholera had broken out at Lower Songkurai so a decision was taken that
Major Hunt and Captain Taylor should move on to there that night.
Pte. Robert Owen, with six other A.A.M.C personnel, accompanied these doctors arriving at theNo. 1 camp (Lower Songkurai) at 2.10 a.m. on the 18th May. There were plenty of diarrhoea anddysentery cases to keep the medical team busy.

67.
Bob Owen remembers the next day only too well because the 19th may, 1943 was his 21st birthday.
He recalls asking quite a few people if they knew the exact date and finally was convinced that his“big day” had come.
This Lower Songkurai camp was a dump – poor accommodation for working men, woeful latrines,
a shortage of water and no kitchen facilities.
Immediately, Major Hunt and Captain Cahill inoculated 1,400 men with ½ c.c. of vaccine againstcholera which had been brought up from Changi. By the evening of the 19th May the inoculation of
all ranks had been completed. Cholera flared up eight days later because the Japanese failed to
produce the so necessary back-up second inoculation.
Major Hunt moved up and down the line visiting camps between Lower Nieke and Upper
Songkurai, a distance of 30 kilometres approximately. Sgt. Alex Deans was doing sterling work at
Nieke during Major Hunt’s absences and on 1/7/’43 was promoted to Warrant Officer 11. He wasin charge of a convalescent depot until sent to Lower Songkurai early in August and finally toUpper Songkurai. There he was responsible for running a hospital of 1,000 patients.
Both Alex Deans and Bob Owen saw the weakening of the workers through the monsoonal rains
and because of cholera, ulcers, fevers and constant bashings.
On the 4th June 996 of 1,924 men were in hospital but in August there were 1,300 sick and only
400 men available for work on the railway.
Following the completion of the rail, the men and the medical team ,including Alex Deans, returned
to Changi. Major Hunt recommended recognition of Warrant Officer Dean’s work.
Bob Owen, who was sent to Tanbaya in Burma and worked in the hospital there with Major Hunt,contracted malaria and became a patient himself. With other survivors he eventually was returned
to Changi.
Both Alex Deans and Bob Owen survived the ordeal of 3 ½ years as P.O.W. and returned toAustralia on the Largs Bay leaving Singapore on the 23rd September, 1945.
The rank of W.O. 11 for Alexander Rattray Deans, B.E.M. was confirmed on his return to Australia.

68.
P.O.W. CHANGI CAMP HOSPITAL APRIL – DECEMBER, 1943
The last party of A.I.F. “F” Force left Changi at 4 a.m. by the light of a large Easter moon. On
Easter Sunday, coincidentally Anzac Day, 200 A.I.F. – “G” Force – left for Borneo with no medical
personnel attached. Col. Galleghan conducted the Anzac Service, the second since the surrender.
On Monday 26th April, the remainder of the 2/9th Field Ambulance merged with the personnel of theconvalescent depot to form one medical group.
“H” Force, comprising 3,000 men (600 A.I.F.), was ready to leave for Thailand on Saturday 8th
May. The only 13th Australian General Hospital member in this party was our popular Catholic
padre, Lionel Marsden. This young priest, then aged 32, did sterling work at Konyu 2 (later known
as Malayan Hamlet) in Thailand and comforted 179 Australians who died whilst working as Slavesof Nippon. Another working party named “J” Force left at 3 p.m. on Saturday 15th May, 1943 with
Captain Clive R. Boyce of the 13th Australian General Hospital as one of the doctors. After being
issued with woollen pullovers and balaclavas it became obvious Japan was the destination. Three
hundred of the 900 who left Keppel Harbour on board the “Wales Maru” were Australians. Chosen
to assist Dr. Boyce were 13th Australian General Hospital orderlies NX 41787 Pte. John H. Byrnes,
NX 42788 Pte. Leslie G. Kelly, VX 55331 Pte. George (Darby) Munro, while VX 11933 Cpl. A. B.
(Joe) Mouat worked in the coal mines in Kobe, Japan. Joe Mouat was a terrific worker and set afine example of maintaining the morale so necessary for survival. “J” Force remained in Japan
until the end of the war in 1945.
Late in May 1943 Staff Sgt. Frank Cooper, 13th Australian General Hospital, was appointed
wardmaster of a new surgical ward of 60 beds. As 490 patients comprised the whole hospital,
ward orderlies were now able to have one week off in four.
As the vegetable garden was flourishing, the hospital rations were supplemented with tapioca andtaro roots, spinach, sweet potatoes and snake beans.
Doctors now estimated that one in three had eye trouble which first became noticeable in August1942 after six months of captivity. This keratitis was due to a deficiency of vitamin B2. Some who
developed corneal ulcers became blind. Many others displayed strong symptoms of retro-bulbarneuritis and Coptic nerve inflammation.
Those men with the more serious eye problems were fed extra rice polishings, yeast and marmitewhen available. Any small supply of the last two items soon cut out and rice polishings weredifficult to swallow. Extra Vitamin B was provided by a soup made from couch grass and wild
passion fruit.
What a pity the beauty of nature was not appreciated during P.O.W. days! This time of the year
the perfumes from the frangipani and the male papaya were quite heady. Then there were thosemagnificent sunsets full of a blood-red glow. What about the movement of the soldier ants prior toa violent thunderstorm! Thousands and thousands of these giants travelled in regulated lines
flanked by others audibly snapping their warnings to keep going, regardless of what may be in theirpath.
On June 19th, 1943 another party – “K” Force – comprising all medical personnel was organised.
The party of 230 consisted of 30 medical officers and 200 orderlies. The Australian component
was led by Major Geoffrey Davies, the unit’s pathologist, who generously volunteered for the job.
Three other doctors of the 13th Australian General Hospital were chosen to assist him viz Capt.
John (Jock) Frew, Capt. Ernest Drevermann and Capt. Tim Hogg, a top surgeon. All were loaded
25 men to the truck, as usual, and departed from the Square at 9.30 a.m. in drizzling rain.
The Force was informed before leaving Changi that they would be going to well-equipped hospitals
and so it was unnecessary to take medical equipment. But when the medical party reached
Kanchanaburi in Thailand they found themselves treating coolies. A lot of time was spent digging
graves, for the poor coolies died like flies. This Force stayed in Thailand until 1945 and again
proved that there were none better than the trained Australian medical staff.

69.
Back in Changi hospital a hundred men with skin complaints were allowed to swim in salt watereach day. The food for the hospital patients seemed to be somewhat improved during June. The
staff quarters for sergeants of the hospital now had beds, mattresses, sheets, blankets, pillows andmosquito nets.
General Tojo, the Japanese Prime Minister who was also Japan’s War Minister, visited Singapore
on the 5th July, 1943. He didn’t visit the hospital; probably afraid of what he may be asked to do forthe sick.
Every second day or so, the hospital patients and staff received an issue of fish from the Imperial
Japanese Army. This 40 kilogram load comprised fish too small to clean. Sometimes, a small
shark, skate or catfish would be included. The cooks wasted nothing and cooked everything.
Even the rice smelt fishy.
Early August saw a delivery of mail. There were about 2,000 letters for the A.I.F., most of whichwere dated July and August 1942. The men up in Thailand will have to wait for theirs until they
return. Many a man shed the odd tear or two as they became reunited with wives and children,
albeit by letter.
On Tuesday, 10th August, the water from the town supply to the hospital was suddenly chlorinated.
Whoever added the first chlorine was very heavy-handed for the water was undrinkable. It waslater discovered that there had been a cholera scare in Singapore.
All men were given needles as a preventative. Fortunately, the men of Changi were spared acholera epidemic which says a lot for the medical personnel who set high standards of personaland camp hygiene.
Entertainment of the top quality was still being organised. The A.I.F. theatre had Harry Smith
singing old but still popular melodies, while Sid Piddingtron confused everyone with his conjuring
and sleight-of-hand. Piddington had a slight stammer which he adapted to suit his presentation.
An album of Dvorjak’s “New World Symphony” did the rounds of the hospital and was mostpopular.
Before “F” Force departed, each night at lights out, from an 8-man tent, a gramophone played bothsides of a Parlaphone record. Richard Tauber’s rich tenor voice singing “In My Little Grey Home in
the West” and “When Day is Done” could be heard emanating from the tent of Fred Sutton, Col.
Logan, Bill Turrell, Leo Waller, Phil Boulton, Keith Nicholson, Paul O”Brien and Lex Arthurson.
“When Day is Done and Shadows fall I think of you”. What memories for all who could hear and enjoy!

AGH Kitchen - see following paragraph 1

70.
HOSPITAL MOVED TO SELARANG
Midway through August 1943, and, about the time of the cholera scare, the Australian General
Hospital was instructed to move from Roberts to Selarang Barracks into which we first moved in
February 1942.
The move was completed on the 26th August and the hospital was allotted two of the sevenbuildings of the barracks. The only hospital in-patients were medical cases for the last wounded
man was discharged some time ago. Many of the latter surgical cases were readmitted for further
operations from time to time. Captain Huxtable, the medical officer in charge of Ward 3A, on the
ground floor of building 173, with 70 convalescing patients, agreed there was little to do and thehospital was running along comfortably.
Staff Sergeant Frank Cooper at this period of P.O.W. days thought the quarters of the senior
N.C.Os very comfortable, even comparable with the peace-time billets he knew and remembered.
On Wednesday 25th August the final up-country force left just after midnight in fine conditions for
Thailand. The “L” Force was a small party of 115 men – all medical – 73 were Australians.
Members of the 13th Australian General Hospital in this group were Major Tom Crankshaw, andPrivates Ron Felsenthal, Bob White, Frank Bragg, Ern Treloar, Jack O”Leary and Reg. Young.
This party worked as medical staff tending the sick Tamils who were dying like flies. One gravealone at Nieke contained 500 coolies.
The medical personnel had to dig graves, work in the kitchens, attend to all camp duties and try tostem the tide of deaths from cholera and dysentery. Without medical equipment poor hygiene
could not be overcome – food and treatment of coolies and medical staff were disgusting.
This was another working party which “did it hard” but as well as humanly possible.
_____________________________________The biggest operation yet done in this camp was performed by Col. Osborn with Major Nairn
assisting on the 30th August 1943. During the 3 ½ hour operation, the patient had 2/3rds of his
stomach removed during this partial gastroectomy procedure. Both the above doctors werebrilliant surgeons, and had the complete confidence of all troops.
In early September one of the wood trailers was involved in a smash. Eleven of the workers wereadmitted to hospital – one fellow had two fractured legs to add to his woes.
Albie Webster of the 13th Australian General Hospital had his appendix removed by Major Nairn on
6th November, 1943.
On Armistice Day, 11/11/43, 2 minutes silence was observed by the hospital staff and its 336
patients.
Canteen prices are again on the up.
3 ½ days work to buy 1 egg
8 days work to buy 1 box matches
Generally the food provided by the Imperial Japanese Army for the hospital was sufficient forsurvival but insufficient for the speedy and healthy recovery of patients.
OPERATIONS PERFORMED
The 13th Australian General Hospital undertook 674 operations between 25/11/41 and 6/3/42.
The combined A.G.Hs did 2,003 operations between 15/2/42, the date of capture, and 12/4/43.
The total number of patients treated by the combined A.G.Hs reached 13,031 to November 1st
1943.

71.
OUTRAM ROAD GAOLThis gaol in Singapore was run by the Kempeitai, the Japanese Military Police, and its inmates
were men caught attempting to escape, carrying, making or in possession of a wireless.
Sentences were years in gaol or death. In this gaol men were systematically tortured, kept insolitary confinement and interrogated constantly. When, near death’s door, it was possible to besent to the Changi hospital where every endeavour was made to keep the patient as long as
possible against his return to the gaol.
On Sunday 14th November 1943, a man from Outram Road hospitalised because of illness,
disappeared from the hospital area. As a result, others from Outram Road, now in our hospital,
were segregated from the other patients. Three patients were returned forthwith to Singapore tocontinue their isolation, starvation and torture.
Last month two doctors were called to Outram Road gaol by the Japanese and found a soldier thin,emaciated and quite dead in a cell.
This caused Colonel Holmes of the Manchester Regiment, the C.O. of British and Australian troops
in Changi, to write a strong letter of protest to the Japanese Commander at Changi. Colonel
Holmes asked that a representative of the International Red Cross be allowed to visit the Outram
Road gaol.
Eventually Colonel Holmes and Colonal Galleghan were summoned to the Head Quarters ofGeneral Arimura who had taken over from General Fukuye.
Colonel Holmes was taken in on his own and told bluntly that prisoners-of-war were being treatedaccording to Japanese Law and not International Law, and that all men must obey their captors at
all times.
For his so-called impertinence the Colonel lost his privileges of rank and was made to join the
aerodrome working party for the next 14 days.
With less than 2,500 Australians now in Changi there were few problems at the hospital. The
gardens of the camp were still providing sweet potato, green spinach, beans, chillies, tapioca, eggplant and taro. These vegetables gave a little flavouring to the rice.
When a few American Red Cross parcels arrived on 1st December 1943 the situation looked good.
Alas, one parcel among 20 men was only giving us a taste of what we were really missing.
George Thomas of Bendigo and one of our 13th A.G.H. was operated on for appendicitis on thefirst day of December.
Electric lighting in every building at Selarang made movement and contact rather simple. The
beautiful full moon of the 10th December almost made the electric light unnecessary.

72.
“F” FORCE RETURNS – DECEMBER 1943
The hospital was jolted into activity as the men of “F” Force returned from Thailand. The 16th
December 1943 was a sad day indeed when the first 500 men arrived back in shocking condition
and these were supposed to be the fittest! Each night 500 were delivered back by truck – a countshowed that over a thousand of the Force’s 3 ½ thousand had died on the railway.
Men who survived a 200 mile march looked pitiful – just skin and bone – their frames affected byulcers, tinea and scabies – all thoroughly exhausted.
A large number was hurried into hospital and little hope could be held for the survival of thoseothers left at Tanabaya and Kanburi in Thailand.
Prisoners at Changi were shocked when they heard the grim story of the north. The 14 membersof the 13th A.G.H. who did not return are remembered with affection. R.I.P.
All men who returned from the railway, besides being physically poor, had no material goods – justtattered clothing and no personal possessions. They looked with astonishment at those who did
not leave Changi, noted their calmness, their clothing, their cleanliness and wondered why they
were chosen to endure such hardships.
Major Bruce Hunt, a senior physician of the 13th A.G.H., was spoken of with admiration andgratitude for his stimulating work at Lower Songkurai in Thailand.
So the hospital came to life again with the influx of patients, one ward alone increased in numbers
from 29 to 123. One patient was isolated with smallpox. Now the doctors and orderlies were reallyworking hard. Our own Les Coles, really weak after Thailand, had an intestinal obstruction andwas on the operating table for 5 ½ hours as Major Phillips worked hard to keep him alive. Sadly,
after a wonderful fight, Les died at 0520 hours on the 14th January, 1944.
In the hospital it seemed like old times again – no medicine for the sick who needed it – stoppagesof the water supply, often lasting days – shortage of materials and nights of complete darkness
because of blackouts ordered by the Japanese.
Men were very ill with dysentery, recurrent malaria, beri-beri, suppurating tropical ulcers andmalnutrition.
Christmas Day wasn’t as happy as it should have been although some patients were fit enough toenjoy “Aladdin” and “Dick Whittington” produced by the A.I.F. Concert Party.
The New Year, 1944, saw 660 “F” Force patients in hospital, many seriously or dangerously ill andin need of spiritual, medical or surgical treatment. The first three weeks after the return saw sevendie from malaria relapses and diarrhoea, and the senior doctors became more than anxious aspoor eyesight, due to malnutrition, was most prevalent among the railway workers.
As many eggs as possible were sent to the hospital’s cookhouse for those on special diets.
On the 21st January, 1944, the Japanese brought in an 18th Battalion Australian soldier from a
Blakang Mati working party. The diagnosis was a fractured skull but most interesting was thereport of Staff Sergeant Frank Cooper who recorded the patient’s temperature at 109.6 degrees.
The A.I.F. and British concert parties combined to produce Noel Coward’s “Hay Fever” andperformed for the hospital on 1st February, 1944.
Changi now looked at its worst. There hadn’t been any rain for 17 days and everything is scorchedby the burning sun. Amazingly the trees and shrubs survived. The end of February’s first week
saw the end of the drought. There was rain and water everywhere and much flooding resulted.
Hospital records at this time showed that 14,000 inpatients had been treated since March 1942.
This number rose rapidly to 15,000 by 6th March.

73.
Maize replaced rice during March and no fish was supplied but sometimes a little yak meat andbean soup were “on the menu”.
Hard to fathom the thinking of the A.I.F. Officers who fined a few diggers $1 each for selling snails– probably for disobeying orders. One could get killed in the rush for snails after a shower of rain.
Snails were soaked in salt water overnight to remove the slime. After removing the shells the little
things would be fried in red palm oil for a few minutes, emerging like a mini-sheep’s tongue. The
taste was nothing to write home about – a bit tough too and dozens would be needed to make any
impact on one’s appetite.
In mid-March 1944, General Saito replaced Arimura as commander of the prisoners in Malaya andSumatra. His new policy was to recognise us as Prisoners-of-War and not just captives.
A parade was called when Saito visited the camp. The medical staff were not supposed to lookdown from the wards. From a platform on the square Saito spoke, short and to the point, through aJapanese interpreter who stood by his side.
“I am Saito. I have taken over command of the P.O.W. camp. I will make no change. You will
obey orders and regulations of the Imperial Nipponese Army. If I see the necessity for changes, I
will make them”.
In the middle of March a new disease appeared – raw and ulcerated lips, mouth and throat. Threemen with this condition died and were found to have lung lesions. Pathology testing indicated an
infection due to pellagra of the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat. Deaths occurred fromacute inflammation of the kidneys, another with lung cancer and another from a bowel obstruction.
Many of the orderlies from “F” Force still had scabies and others were still too ill to perform any
normal ward duties.
Lt. Col. Bill Bye, the senior physician of the 13th A.G.H., gave lectures on neurology twice weekly tofellow doctors during March and April. These were very well received.
During a morning round in a medical ward “Billy Bye”, considered rather deaf my most, paused andinspected a patient’s chest. He then outlined the necessary treatment to the ward Sergeant. The
patient remarked as Colonel Bye was moving to the next bed, “The silly old bugger wouldn’t know“b” from a bull’s foot”. Bill Bye quietly turned and retorted, “I heard that soldier”.
Word soon spread that the deafness appeared to be on the mend and the whole hospital became
more circumspect within earshot of the very gentle Colonel.
The rest of “F” Force arrived back from Thailand on Easter Sunday, the 9th April, 1944, andoccupied the Chapel in the Square as sleeping quarters.
Some survivors of the rear parties were in reasonable condition as a result of their long stay at
Kanburi on good rations. Others with limbs amputated and shocking ulcers were quite sick. The
prisoners were now receiving nine ounces of rice a man daily and small amounts of soya beans
and vegetables. The camp was short-weighted in March receiving 33,000 lbs less vegetables than
the amount which the Japanese said we received. The duck farm was now at risk. The 700-800
patients and staff in the A.I.F. wing of the hospital had barely enough refuse to feed a hundred
ducks. The Officers and N.C.Os who weren’t sent away organised the duck co-op (70 belonged toSergeants and 30 to the Officers). So, now, these ducks, which supplied so many valuable eggs,
had to be killed off for their food value.
On 17th April 1944 the hospital passed the 16,000 patient mark.
Still the hospital cases were medical – malaria, swollen legs, beri-beri, emaciation and severe
anaemia.

74.
An Australian lad died from acute nephritis (kidney inflammation) and it was touch and go withanother patient suffering from an ulcerated mouth, high fever and a blood condition of abnormal
white cell count.
Early in May the Japanese said all prisoners would be moved into the Changi convict prison by theend of the month. This could mean only one thing – the Japanese now considered it unsafe toleave the P.O.Ws where they might prove troublesome in the event of Allied action in the vicinity.
This move to the gaol was a major feat in itself and accomplished in a few weeks.
There were to be two small hospitals in and around the gaol, while the main hospital of 1,500 beds
was to be established at Kranji, 20 miles away near the Straits of Johore, and near the main roadfrom Singapore to Johore Bahru. The Kranji hospital was to be controlled by British and staffed by
British and Australian medical personnel.
S/Sgt. Frank Cooper was appointed in charge of the A.I.F. surgical wards. Frank left for Kranji on
1st May to organise the move which was completed on the 31st May.
Next, in mid May the big move to Changi gaol commenced.
The present inmates of the gaol, viz civilian internees including women and children, were moved
to Syme Road, Singapore,. The P.O.Ws (“H” Force) at Syme Road joined the party going to thegaol.
Seven thousand men were crowded into Changi gaol built to house 650 convicted prisoners.
Small one man cells, 14ft x 8ft, now took three and four men. Corridors and prison yards wereenclosed with 30 foot walls, most depressing to say the least. Lucky indeed those who lived in the
fresh air outside the grim walls. Huts and out-buildings were erected outside the gaol after being
dismantled at Selarang and Roberts barracks and dragged over on trailers. The hard-working men
were in rags and wore loin cloths and vees. Even Colonel Julian Taylor, the 4th surgeon to theKing, was getting around without shoes.
13th A.G.H. men were split up once again – some to Kranji – some inside the gaol to look after the
Outram Road unfortunates – the rest to help in the hospital outside the gaol.
The large tower clock recorded and recognised each hour of the day and night. The massive gaol
kitchens gave some joy to the unit cooks and certainly gave them easier conditions. On the cell
walls were scribbled messages left by the civilian internees who must still be rather bright andcheerful. One read “Good Luck, Safe Home”
Another“Be kind to Oscar, our spider, whom we have looked after for two years”.
And“This was Lady Shenton’s cell” (the Governor’s wife).
Outside, the whole area was surrounded by a barbed wire fence with guard houses for Japaneseand Sikhs. There was movement daily in and out of the main gaol gates as prisoners went forth on
daily working parties to the drome or in to Singapore loading ships from the godowns.
1,600 men worked on the aerodrome, mostly unloading railway skips bringing earth and rock toswampland being reclaimed as part of the airfield. Three or four men tipped each skip containing a
ton of earth and rock. Then the spreading and levelling was done in extreme heat during a 12 hour
shift.

75.

The daily diet of an aerodrome worker was :Breakfast

Half a pint of thin gruel made from rice and water and a thin biscuitmade of rice weighing about ½ oz.

Lunch

Half a pint of mixed rice and green vegetable.

Dinner or Tea

Half a pint of soup made from greens (known as jungle soup).
Half a pint of boiled rice and a rice pastie of weight 1 ½ ozs(the pastie had a filling of vegetable or the faint flavour of fish).

A small mug of tea was issued with each meal.
Light duty workers got less and the sick in hospital less still.

76.
KRANJI – THE MAIN HOSPITAL
In contrast, Woodlands Kranji Camp was established on 28th May 1944 with its hospital under thecommand of Lt. Col. Collins, R.A.M.C. Among the medical officers were the 13th A.G.H.’s Lt. Col.
Osborn, Major B. Hunt, Captain V. Conlon and Captain Huxtable. Our Quartermaster, Captain
George Braby, came as a patient.
The new site was previously a hospital for sick Indian P.O.W. and was at the 13 ½ mile stone on
the main road and 2 ½ miles south of the causeway.
Johore Bahru, across the Straits, was plainly visible as were parts of the Sultan’s palace and thesquare tower of the municipal buildings. Looking southerly in the direction of Singapore the view
was of hills and trees. Kranji hospital was surrounded by rubber plantations which provided thenecessary shade and shelter to the hospital huts.
Again, now, it is important to record that, at the end of May 1944, more than 17,000 patients had
been admitted to hospital in fractionally over two years. The first patient to die at this newly
established hospital had cardiac beri-beri. He had been riddled with this deficiency disease –swelling in the legs followed by a huge bloated stomach and his sudden collapse on the 5th June.
Conditions at the hospital were not as good as they were at settled Selarang. There was no campgarden to supply greens to the kitchens so consideration was given to the establishment of such asa matter of urgency.
The month of June ’44 noted the following :Rumour that Britain had landed in France. True facts were always smothered with nonsense,
furphies. It became difficult to know what to really believe.
Patients were exchanged regularly with Changi – e.g. one was returned to a working party whilefour were admitted for treatment. Mosquitoes were very much a nuisance and a danger. Sgt.
Frank Brown was one of many who contracted B.T. Malaria. Medical supplies were limited, there
being no absorbent wool. Old rags were used and rewashed after soiling, autoclaved and put backin the wards.
Twenty-three survivors from a torpedoed ship in the Malacca Straits were admitted to hospital.
They were mostly Dutch and only three or four were Australian or British.
The Japanese guards stepped up their brutality towards patients and staff during July and many
were beaten for no reason. Perhaps the tide of war is at last turning our way! Now the wet season
has set in and, because of the coldness of the night, a blanket, if owned, came in very handy.
Flying lizards by the thousands were proving a nuisance, some even landing on you.
Lou Garth wrote to his pal, Tiny Parker, so his letter is quoted word for word.
KRANJI
Tuesday 11/7/44
Dear Tiny,
Just a line to say we received your letters also the cigars and very thankful we were forthem. Well longfellow I am quite O.K. again and out of hospital. I’m working in Ward 20 Staff
Monteath is wardmaster. We get along very well together.
Dick, Bert, Norm myself and Allan Mull are very well – all wish to be remembered to you I hope you
have recovered from your bout of dysentery and are yourself again once more. Chris is out of
hospital and working in the Officers Ward as Wardmaster. I hope George, Thomas, Mick Coultan,
Noel and the rest of the boys are OK also Bob Mull, Jack Hussy and the rest of the 29th. Dick is
working in the Orderly Room. Norm is still in the Officers ward. Chris has just walked in here andtold me to go to Buggery. Well old chap you will find enclosed five dollars re the cigars.
Sgt. Philgate died out here about three days ago.
Well Tiny will have to close now with kind regards to yourself and all the boys.
Lou

77.
Footnote:- Both VX 59856 Edwin Louis GARTH and VX 60696 William Ernest PARKER of the 13th
Australian General Hospital returned to Australian but have since died, the former in Victoria, thelatter in Queensland.
Again the main topic of conversation was food. Men cursed the rice and dried prawns, andbecause canteen prices were so high spoke of steak and eggs aplenty when they get home.
The canteen prices actually were affordable by only the officers.
Gula Malacca$6.00 lb
Whitebait$11.00 lb
The gardens are now flourishing following sun and rain and the greens are used to stem the flow ofa host of deficiency diseases.
Many of the “F” Force men are as thin as ever and probably will never improve while prisoners.
Albie Webster was admitted to hospital early in September with fever. He hasn’t put on any weightsince his operation twelve months ago. The cause of his fever remained unknown and Albie spent
four weeks in bed before returning to work.
Late in September Col. Osborn, our senior surgeon, performed two major operations:
(i)
(ii)

A peg graft in a sacro-iliac joint;
A Laperotomy.

S/Sgt. Cooper reported that both patients recovered following the appropriate nursing.
Five T.B. patients died in Kranji camp during the last two weeks. All were British army whose
troops, unlike the Australians, were unchecked for lung complaints on enlistment.
November 1944 set the tongues wagging and hopes rising, for, on the 5th at 1000 hours, heavy
bombers raided Singapore Island for two hours. The Japanese fighters were unable to reach themso high were the Allied planes. Three days later, a lone bomber was overhead – in and awayprobably taking photographs. On the 27th in the afternoon there was another two hour raid. Again
the planes were too high for interception. Just in case, slit trenches were dug throughout thecamp. The huts were already concealed from the air by rubber trees – this may or may not besuch a good thing.
Frank Quirk collapsed while working in a hospital ward and was put to bed with primary malaria.
Bob Coonerty, Leigh Fox, Lou Garth and Bill Goodwin were fast improving their technique at
cribbage and bridge. These card games, along with euchre and bridge, were most popular andwhiled away hours of leisure time.
The Blackwood and Culbertson conventions were most used by the keenest and mostknowledgeable contract bridge players.
Many, with no yen for cards, just waited for word from home. Some lucky enough to receive lettersin the first delivery of March 1943, also scored in August of that year.
Most though, heard nothing from Australia until 1944 when deliveries were made in January, May,
July and September. All letters or lettercards were in envelopes as under:-78.
Sister Marie Gunton, who left Singapore with the first group of nurses, reached home and sent thefollowing message in her letter dated 3rd November 1943 and received at Changi 24/9/’44_______________________________VX 61276
Corporal
A.C. Arthurson
13th Australian General Hospital
SINGAPORE

TX 6025
Sister M. Gunton
Rossarden
Tasmania

Dear Arthurson,
We are thinking of and praying for you. Long for news. Love to Padre Marsden and theboys.
Marie Gunton

In reverse, cards, written in June 1942 and February 1943, and sent from Changi through theJapanese Red Cross, were received by relatives in Australia in October 1943 and April 1944
respectively. It was noted that patients who received mail immediately showed an improvement intheir physical condition, and there emerged a greater resolve to see it through and get home.
Again, the hospital saw another Christmas Day, the third as prisoners-of-war. Once again, Sgt.
Jack Ogburn and his cooks did the very best possible food preparation to make the day a happy
occasion for both patients and staff.
Will we endure another Christmas here?

79.
THE CHANGI GAOL AREA JUNE-DECEMBER 1944
Rations of rice had now been cut to 300 grams for men on heavy-duty work, 270 grams for lightduty work and 120 grams for those sick in hospital. Strong protests were of no avail. The
Japanese refused to concede that sick men needed as much food as other prisoners if they wereto get well.
In the hospital outside the gaol walls deaths were frequent from beri-beri, pneumonia, tuberculosis,
dysentery and cerebral malaria. Hardly a day went past without two or three unostentatious
funerals.
The small hospital within the gaol cared only for men sent from the Japanese military prison at
Outram Road, Singapore. These soldiers – Australians, British and Dutch – were in Outram Road
gaol for various offences, mostly for trying to escape or for having concealed radios. Japanesetreatment there was barbarous. The prisoners lived in tiny dank cells, each white man sharing one
with a native. Bashings and torture were frequent. No medical treatment was given and only
sufficient food to maintain life was supplied.
So, when a transfer was made to the Changi gaol hospital, the patients were in a terrible physicalstate. Many could not straighten up, many had fractured limbs and fingers. All were covered withlice and sores, and were riddled with dysentery and beri-beri. A few were blind or near enough toit, and so the medical orderlies had plenty of complaints to work on. The ten or a dozen patientswere subject to strict supervision. No unauthorised person was allowed entry to the small ward.
The utmost care and attention were showered on these men and as much extra food was“scrounged” as humanly possible.
The Japanese stormed in every second day or so and demanded their return to Outram Road atonce. Often sheets were tugged off beds, faces smacked and orderlies shouted at as the battle ofwits took place. Not one man was able to walk at all when the Japs arrived – a desperate ruse thisand risky.
One prisoner treated was Sgt. A. M. Blain, M.H.R. for the Northern Territory. He and others cameover under guard from Borneo. Fortunately he slowly regained health at Changi.

80.
THE CHANGI UNIVERSITY
In an endeavour to both instruct and maintain morale a Vocational Guidance Educational Scheme
was devised and commenced. Classes began during the week 28th August 1944 – 3rd September
1944.
Subjects provided were :Area
Day Time
Place
Instructor______________________________________________________________________________
Bookkeeping

Camp 1
2)
Med)

Frid
Thurs

2000
2000

Pay Office
Med Area

S.S.M. Blinch R.A.S.C.
Lt. Cotterell R.A.S.C.

ShorthandCamp 1
2)
Med)

Frid
Frid

2100
2000

Pay Office
Med Area

Cpl. Hollinshead
Lt. PantlingSalesmanshipAnd
AdvertisingCamp 1
2)
Med)

Thurs

2000

G.D.N. Coy Mess

Lt. Hogg-Ferguson

Tues

2000

Med Area

Lt. Hogg-Ferguson

Business
Management

Camp 1
2)
Med)

Sat
2000
Detailslater

Pay Office
St. George’s

Lt. Hogg-Ferguson
Lt. Hogg-Ferguson

Agriculture

General

Wed

2000

Pay Office Camp 1

Pte. Scott F.M.S.V.F.

Theory ofMusic

General

Thurs

1530

Med. Theatre

Mr. McNeilly Y.M.C.A.

Music
Appreciation

GeneralWed

1900

Med. Theatre

Mr. McNeilly Y.M.C.A.

Horticulture
General
And Market Gardening

Tues

2000
G.D.N. Coy Messto 2150 Camp 1

S/Sgt. Goodliffe
R.E.

Poultry
Farming

General

Thurs

2015

“E” Yard Camp 1

W.O. Pocock R.A.O.C.

Building

GeneralTues
2000
and Thurs

Pay Office Camp 1

Lt. Brindley A.I.F.

Motor
EngineeringCamp 1
Camp 2)
Med)

Mon
Thurs

2000
2000

Pay Office Camp 1Med. Area

A.S.M. Miller
A.S.M. Miller

First Aid

GeneralWed

2000

Med. Area

Maj. Gunther A.A.M.C.

Elementary
EnglishCamp 1

Sat

2000

Jewish Synagogue

Dr. Heine

EnglishCamp 2

Mon
Med)

2000

Med. Area

Chaplain Barrett

PublicSpeaking

GeneralMon

2000

Med. Area

Mr. Ivor Hanger YMCA

81.
Subject
Area
Day
Time
Place
Instructor______________________________________________________________________________
Mathematics

Camp 1
Camp 2)

Thurs
Wed
Med)

Malay

Camp 1
Camp 1B
Camp 2
Med)(Sgt. Holt’s class has no vacancies)
Frid
2000
E. Passage
Sat
2000
Med. Area

Cpl. Riley
Major Grant

Camp 1Mon

Maj. Avery I.A.O.C.

Camp 2
Med)

Frid

1.

R.V. for visit classes in Medical Area will be under Red Cross Flag
to meet Guide to classroom.

2.

Bring your own seats.

Hindustani

NOTES:

2000
2000

Jewish Synagogue
Med. Area

2000
Jewish Synagogue
to 2150
2000
Med. Area

Dr. HeineDr. Heine

Lt. Col. Rose
I.M.S.

.
s24th August 1944__________________________________

These lectures were well attended and copious notes were taken by those fortunate to possess
pencil and paper. Both the latter commodities were at a premium. The hospital orderly room wasusing old prison paper, some carrying dates as far back as 1927.
It wasn’t long, though, before the Japanese imposed severe restrictions on camp entertainment
and lectures. Numbers of people attending lectures were restricted to 25 each session, and alltheatres outside the gaol were closed.
The gaol theatre put on two shows a week organised by the very clever A.I.F. Concert Party.
Following a month of instruction, if a poll was held asking for the most popular future occupation
after release 60-70% would be poultry farmers. Eggs are sure going to be cheap in Australia soon!
To save for Christmas 1944, the hospital kitchen pared the men’s already light rations for someweeks. The cooks did a good job and the Christmas dinner – although mostly rice and vegetable
and a little corn and fresh fish – was a treat to men so long semi-starved.
Each Christmas, too, the staff decorated the wards and gave the patients a wonderful time under
the circumstances that prevailed. The idea was to maintain and even improve morale if possible.
Some patients still had the P.O.W. blues thinking and often saying“We’ll never get off the Island”
Let’s see what 1945 has in store for all.

82.
KRANJI – 1945
The Australian part of the main hospital, run by the British, was still performing most useful work,but, in early 1945 particularly, staff and patients became most conscious of activity in the skies. At
1300 hours on 8th January there was a quick-fire allied bomb attack on the naval base. Three days
later the biggest yet air raid lasted 3 hrs. (1000 hrs – 1300 hrs) and this time the Nip fighters had
success when they managed to shoot down a super fortress. Guards were proving very shirty andbegan bashing anyone caught watching the planes. At 1155 hrs. on 14th January a few planes
raided the island and met a strong barrage from the ground.
Hospital staff were selling unwanted possessions to the ever receptive natives on the fence lines.
Shirts, watches – in fact anything had its price, which meant money to purchase coconuts, peanutoil, eggs and sometimes a pullet.
The hospital huts were infested with large hungry-looking rats. Following a complaint to theJapanese that a plague may break out if the rats were not got rid of, seventy-five cats werereleased to do the job. A short time later the P.O.Ws had eaten the cats and the camp had to put
up with the rats.
The air raid of the 1st February saw bombers coming over in waves as follows:4, 4, 12, 6, 10, 20, 3, 3, 6, 19, 3
Total 90.
Their bombs were released overhead the hospital, and appeared to land on the naval base.
Shrapnel was falling – one fall-out piece weighed 30lbs. Six miles away, an ammunition ship had
been hit. Some bombs didn’t explode and Japanese shell-fire came perilously close to thehospital; but, luckily, no-one was hurt.
Two days later on the 3rd February, 1945 seventeen super fortresses bombed the civil aerodromeat Katong.
The supply of food to the camp became more spasmodic and rations were cut dramatically.
11/2/45

Rice

600 to 500 grams for heavy duties
500 to 400 grams for light duties
250 grams for patients.

10/3/45
17/3/45
18/3/45

Rice

400 to 290
290 to 285
285 to 270 grams.

However, daily rain was helping the gardens although the torrential rain of 22/3/45 nearly wrecked
the hospital garden crops.
After a March raid of 53 bombers, which attacked the naval base and the causeway, the hospitalwater supply ceased.
Even to this day Singapore’s water supply is piped from Malaysia across the causeway. So any air
attack on the connecting roadway between Singapore and the mainland could damage the water
piping.
So desperate did conditions become – no water and constant danger from the skies – that on the
30th March, 500 patients were sent back to the Changi hospital. This left the wards nearly empty.
Those patients who remained had no medical supplies for their comfort. There was only eusol left
to dress wounds and ulcers. The issue, each 6 weeks, of ½ lb cottonwool, 6 bandages and 12
yards of gauze was most inadequate.
The average A.I.F. patients weighed 108lbs.

83.
In April a truck load of Red Cross parcels arrived; probably about 600 in number. The Japanesegave the hospital 15 parcels. The skill of Sgt. Ogburn was again evident as he manoeuvred hismenus to now include small rations of biscuits, cheese, meat, tinned bacon, tomatoes andmargarine. The tastier and more beneficial food lifted morale no end. And when Red Cross
medical supplies arrived in the 2nd week of May the standard of hospital care improved forthwith.
Late in May more food arrived as well as Red Cross clothing – boots, shirts, slacks and somebooks.
S/Sgt. Frank Cooper noted that after twelve months in operation at Kranji, 1,381 patients had been
through the A.I.F. wing. There had been 290 operations of which 29 were considered major.
The Japanese were now working feverishly to get the island’s defences ready against any Alliedattack. Fox holes and trenches were being dug by P.O.W. working parties.
Late in June three A.I.F. men from a working party at Keppel Harbour were brought to hospitaldead. They had stolen wood alcohol (used by the Japanese to boost aviation spirit) mixed it with
their cha (tea) and after drinking, died in agony from alcoholic poisoning.
Further food cuts were made in July – rice to only 230 grams daily with the addition of potato tops
and a little dried fish.
The Chinese beyond the wire were becoming more obvious and more intent on risking theresultant dangers which any communication with P.O.Ws may cause.
Perhaps! After 3 ½ years is it possible that the end is close by?

84.
THE CHANGI GAOL – AREA 1945
Early in 1945 excitement was high when the first B29 bomber appeared high over Singapore
Island. Weeks later the hospital staff were thrilled to see nearly 100 “Fortresses” mass raiding
Singapore and the harbour docks.
In March the A.I.F. Concert Party had been disbanded and the men returned to their original units.
Also in March the food ration was cut to less than 8 ounces of rice daily per man. The hospital had
800 patients and it was becoming most difficult to feed all in the hospital area.
Than come April and the Gods smiled on all for the Japanese Camp Commandant announced thata Red Cross ship had arrived carrying bulk food, clothing and 90,000 parcels for prisoners. Eachman would receive a parcel.
We had been waiting for Red Cross relief for nearly 3 ½ years.
A work party was taken to Singapore to sort the supplies and reported that Japanese troops, Indian
troops (who had switched their allegiance to the Japanese) and many natives were looting them.
The next Japanese announcement was that no bulk food would be issued. Some weeks later
8,000 patients parcels were issued to the camp of 9,000 men. At a parcel to 20 men the contents
were to go to the cookhouse, and distributed as part of the rations. This would be done twice
weekly until the 8,000 parcels had been issued.
The meats were spread through the rice on “Red Cross Days:” (Wednesdays and Sundays).
On the first such day the hospital cookhouse gave the prisoners their first taste of bully-beef,
salmon, butter, jam, milk and dried fruit for more than three years. All these were mixed with rice
but the taste was there – and it was delicious.
After about 20 “Red Cross Days” the supply of comforts finished although the Japanese still held
large supplies in Singapore.
Each month a roll of deaths was prepared by the hospital Orderly room and certified by Hedley F.
Summons – Officer commanding the A.I.F. hospital. That of the 21st July 1945 – 20th August 1945
showed the last Australian to die at the time of release.
The official record is set down as under:-Nationality Name

Age Date of
Place
Place
Next
Illnessofofof KinProgress
Death
BurialTime of Death______________________________________________________________________________________________

Australian

Personal
NumberLevingstone NX 40789
WalterHaroldIdentity
NumberRank Unit

15755

Pte

2/18
Bn.

35

13.8.45 Malaria
14.8.45 Benign
16.8.45 Tertian
2.00 a.m. Heart
FailureAttached Buried
MotherHospital Changi
Mrs Mary
No.1
Cemetery LevingstoneCamp
Fitzroy St.
MalayaWalchaP.O.W.
NSW
Camp
Australia

During 1945 the following total deaths occurred in the Combined P.O.W. Camp Hospital
British33
A.I.F.
26
Dutch
29
Others
1
Total
89

85.
A secret wireless on 21st July 1945 informed H.Q. that the Australian 9th Division was doing well at
Brunei Bay, North Borneo, and the 7th Division equally well at Balikpapan. The Japanese havebeen defeated in Burma. Soon the “bush” wireless spread the “hush-hush” news and hope arose
everywhere.
Another message revealed that, on 24th July, allied planes attacked the Japanese navy in theinland sea.
Then, on 27th July, Attlee replaced Churchill as Prime Minister and Labour had a big majority.
In hospital hut No. 23 were 12 beri-beri cases, bloated, anaemic and waterlogged.
couldn’t help, being – rice 8 ½ oz, ½ oz whitebait, spinach and potato tops per man.

The diet

Vitamin tablets given us from the American Red Cross three months ago have had no beneficial
effects at all. Good food is needed urgently. The vitamin tablets are old and the humidity hascaused them to lose their potency.

86
PTE. KEITH ERNEST NICHOLSON VX 57455 RECALLSI was an original member of the 13th Australian General Hospital and was captured on February
13th 1942 with the others at St. Patrick’s College, Katong. The “Selerang Square” incident will
always remain in my memory. The “no-escape” form was signed under duress and all who werecooped up in their thousands were allowed to return to their quarters.

In April 1943 large numbers of P.O.Ws were moved up north to build a railway line. A number of
my friends were caught up in the draft. My closest friend Col. Logan and I volunteered for “F”
Force but we were both pulled off the list on the eve of its departure.
A request came from Selerang for a small party from the combined hospital to help in the mental
ward. So this was where I had my first taste of nursing under Dr. John Cade (Major), Psychiatrist.
This was a complete change of pace for me. These mental patients needed special supervision in
an area with plenty of working space for both patients and staff.
After a few months on this job, I volunteered to go into Singapore on a working party. So, in
August 1943, from the Havelock road camp, I worked on the waterfront either in the hold of a shipor on the wharf handling a wide range of cargoes – rice, sugar, scrap metal and clothing. At theend of the day there was the usual head count and body check before the return to camp.
The Havelock Road camp was connected to the much larger River Valley Road camp by a wooden
bridge.
Our working party was also sent out to make roads or roll 44 gal. drums from a fuel dump onto rail
trucks. Two months of hard work on a poor food ration was considered a fair thing and back I went
to Selarang.
The last eighteen months of P.O.W. days were spent at the British-Australian hospital at Kranji.
There, the only substantial building was used as the Operating Theatre with the rear used to housethe very bad surgical cases. I did general duties at first, digging refuse pits and working in amarket garden adjoining the camp.
The Japanese, of course, had first pick of the produce, then the hospital patients and finally thecamp.
Again, I tried my hand at nursing, this time in the Officers’ ward and finally in the mental ward. At
Kranji conditions were not as good as Selarang. Here the staff and patients were housed together
in one hut.
Atap huts are not strong and tight security measures had to be enforced. Mental ward staff evenhad to mount a picquet from 8 p.m. to 8 a.m.
News of the outside world was being received each day. This nourishment helped a lot to get
home. The American B29s scattered us to slit-trenches very often but somehow we didn’t mind.
Eventually, in August 1945 the Japs informed us that Lord Louis Mountbatten and his forces had
obtained a surrender.
Kranji camp and hospital were honoured by a visit from Lord Louis and Lady Mountbatten. This
was a great thrill.
Arrangements were made to move the very sick to points where they would be comfortable prior toembarking for Australia.
We were given generous leave. My friends and I hitch-hiked our way to the waterfront where all
the action was taking place. I noticed Fred Sutton and Leigh Fox from my unit and we headed fora submarine where we were feted in right royal fashion. From Changi I moved on to the Largs Bay
which brought a large number of us back home.
KEITH ERNEST NICHOLSON

87.
RELEASED AT LAST – AUGUST, 1945
For the prisoners in Changi camp, the biggest prisoner-of-war establishment in the South-West
Pacific, the war ended on a note of quiet restraint.
About 4 a.m. on Saturday August 11th, the prisoners in their cells knew via their extraordinary
grapevine – direct from Daventry, England – that Japan’s capitulation was at hand. In the gloom of
the gaol cells and in the hospital corridors the men quietly told each other.
There was no demonstration. All accepted this as they had accepted everything else during 3 ½
years of hardships – quietly, with no show of emotion. The educated word was that the Nips
accepted terms of surrender and we’ll be free in 2 weeks.
The official announcement at 7 a.m. (Singapore time) on August 15th that Japan had capitulated
gave a new lease of life to the hundreds of sick in the big hospital.
It was then that men began to talk of home.
The Liberator which flew over Changi on 20th August dropped pamphlets with the following
message in English, Malay and Japanese.
“In accordance with the terms of the surrender of all Japanese forces signed by His Majesty theEmperor, the war has now come to an end. Allied prisoners of war and internees have been told toremain quiet where they are. Japanese guards are to ensure that prisoners get these leaflets andthat they are treated with every care and attention”.
By the end of the week most of the medical orderlies attached to working parties on the island had
returned to the camp hospital.
All Outram Road prisoners were expected to arrive at the hospital by 1800 hours on 19th August,
1945.
Great excitement as planes dropped little parcels by parachute. Lo and behold, some of the firstarticles to arrive were round tins of 50 Camels and Chesterfield cigarettes.
The lone British Major who parachuted into the camp displayed great courage for the Japaneseand Sikhs still were the only ones with arms. Cheerfully, he said he was to take over until Lord
Louis Mountbatten arrived which wouldn’t be long.
A mobile bakehouse arrived from an Allied cruiser which had just arrived. Fresh bread was soon
distributed to the hospital and with butter and frozen lamb which had been in the Singpore Cold
Storage since 1941. Men thought they could devour huge amounts, but what a disappointment!
Shrunken stomachs could endure very small amounts of good food.
Singapore took on an immediate change. The Japanese flags displayed from private homes andshops since 1942 suddenly disappeared and were replaced by the Union Jack.
Trenches in the parks were being filled in. The Kempetai men were rounded up and marchedthrough the city to gaol.
Shops trotted out their black market goods, stored away for years, but nobody had any money withwhich to buy them.
Japanese “banana money” was discarded and now cluttered gutters and sewers. The watersupply had been fouled, the filters had been left in a deplorable condition. The reservoirs were
filthy and the pumping stations run down.
Red Cross supplies were received and distributed.

88.
Early in September Lord Louis and Lady Mountbatten visited the Changi area and walked throughthe hospital. One could see Lord Louis bristle and he openly vowed vengeance and retribution.
And so it was all over at last – just a little more patience and then “Home Sweet Home”.

89.
HOSPITAL SUMMARY OF DEATHS BY DISEASES
1942 – 1945 (Aug.)CHANGI______________________________________________________________________________
Disease

1942

1943

1944

1945

Total

Dysentery – Bacillary

28

5

1

2

36

Battle Casualties

9

-

5

-

14

Accidents

5

1

2

-

8

Beri-Beri

4

1

7

23

35

Malaria

4

1

13

4

22

Encephalitis

4

1

2

-

7

Diphtheria

3

-

-

-

3

Dysentery – Amoebic

2

1

5

3

11

Myocardial failure

1

-

1

-

2

Septic Pneumonia

1

-

-

-

1

Blackwater Fever

1

-

3

-

4

Meningitis – Pneumo Coccal

1

-

-

-

1

Osteomyelitis

1

-

-

-

1

Appendicitis

1

-

-

-

1

Death under Anaesthesia

1

-

-

-

1

Pancreatitis

1

-

-

-

1

Mania Pachy Meningitis

1

-

-

-

1

Meningitis Sphenic

1

-

1

-

2

Pulmonary T.B.

-

1

-

5

6

Carcinoma

-

1

1

1

3

Hodgkins Disease

-

3

-

-

3

Pulmonary Abscess

-

1

1

-

2

Gastric Ulcer

-

1

-

-

1

Sarcoma

-

1

-

-

1

Bronco-Pneumonia

-

1

6

2

9

Nephritis

-

1

5

1

7

90.
Disease

1942

1943

1944

1945

Total

Lobar – Pneumonia

-

2

1

2

5

Duodenal Ulcer

-

-

2

2

4

Angina

-

-

2

-

2

Coronary Thrombosis

-

-

2

-

2

Pericarditis

-

-

2

-

2

Variola

-

-

1

-

1

Intestinal Obstruction

-

-

1

1

2

Gangrene Bowel

-

-

1

-

1

Tumour Mediastinal

-

-

1

1

2

Gangrene Lung

-

-

1

-

1

Thrombosis Venous

-

-

1

-

1

Hepatitis

-

-

1

-

1

Avitaminosis

-

-

1

2

3

Paralyticlias

-

-

1

-

1

Pyaemia

-

-

1

1

2

Septicaemia

-

-

-

1

1

S.I.W.

-

-

-

3

3

Ruptured Aneurism

-

-

-

1

1

Endocarditis

-

-

-

1

1

Pulmonary Oedema

-

-

-

1

1

Drowning (Blakang Mati)

-

-

-

1

1

Septic Thrombosis

-

-

-

1

1

69
22
72
59
222
______________________________________________________________________________

91.
Subject : Outline of present situationTo:

1.

AC/10/9

1 2 3 4Gps:
Adm Offrs’ Coy:
Offrs’ Area:
Med Area:--------------------------------STATEMENT. The following statement was made by the Camp Commandant to therepresentative Officer on 19th Aug, 45 :The Camp Commandant stated that the position is that the war is very nearly over,that in the meantime he remains in charge of this Camp with his guards until he informs
the Representative Officer to the contrary.

2.

DISCIPLINE. In view of para. 1 above, the Representative Officer has ordered that thefollowing will be brought to the notice of all ranks:(a)Anyone going outside the Camp boundaries is liable to be shot by the I.J.A.
(b)
All ranks are urged to be patient and maintain their magnificent record of the past
week, and to avoid doing anything which may create incidents with the I.J.A.
(c)Compliments to I.J.A. personnel will continue to be as hitherto.
(d)Unless notified to the contrary, present Camp orders and routine will remain inforce.

3.

INTERVIEW. The following points were discussed at an interview between the
Representative Officer and the Camp Commandant on 19 Aug 45:(a)
All Outram Road prisoners are expected to arrive in this Camp by 1800 hrs 19 Aug
45.
(b)
The Representative Officer requested permission to contact all British and Indian
P.O.W. Camps in Singapore by telephone, letter or visit. The Camp Commandantstated that this was NOT possible at present.
(c)Permission was given for Ps.O.W. to send postcards to relatives and fiancées in
Sime Road under existing regulations. Details separately.
(d)
The Camp Commandant ordered that the present A.R.P. orders would remain inforce for the time being.
(e)Permission for music in the Camp was sought but has been refused for the present.
(f)Permission to send eggs to Kranji was sought. The Camp Commandant is to takethis up with the General.
(g)
A request was made for an issue of wireless sets. The Camp Commandant said that
it was not possible at present.
(h)
The Representative Officer said that he was proceeding with tentative arrangements
for the disposal of Ps.O.W. after the cessation of hostilities. This was approved.

4.

HOLIDAY. The Camp Commandant has granted a whole holiday except for essential
services and Garden cropping parties for 20 Aug 45.

5.

RE-ORGANISATION. No.12 Camp will come under command of this Camp
19 Aug 45 and will be designated No. 4 Group.

21 hrs

The following appointments will come into effect from same time and date :Comd No. 1 Group
Comd No. 2 Group
Comd No. 3 Group
Comd No. 4 Group
6.

-

Lt.-Col. W. D. Jeater, A.I.F.
Major G. D. McK Sutherland, RE
Major T. E. J. De Bie, R.N.F.
Lt.-Col. S. A. F. Pond, A.I.F.

OFFICERS VISITING GAOL.
(I)
W.E.F. 20 Aug 45 officers NOT on Camp and Group staffs may visit the Gaol daily
between 2000 and 2145 hours.
(II)
Officers are requested to keep their visits to the minimum so as not to cause
congestion as the gaol will be very crowded.

-

SPECIAL ORDER
BY
COLONEL E. B. HOLMES M.C.
------------------------------------------------------------------------Changi,
9 Sep 45
1.

At long last Changi and other Prisoner of War Camps will, very shortly, be no more.

2.

We have passed through stirring and anxious times together, and I now wish to take thisopportunity of thanking you all for your splendid spirit, your behaviour, your constantcheerfulness, and the way in which you have kept up your morale and a united front against
the Japanese, in spite of all the dangers and difficulties.

3.

I find it difficult to express adequately my feelings at your magnificent response to all that I
have asked. Your discretion, patience and sound common sense, especially during the last
four weeks, have filled me with admiration.

4.

I shall, in due course, represent to Higher Authority (for transmission where necessary to
our respective Governments) my appreciation of your services.

5.

I wish to pay special tribute to the cordiality and good relations that have existed between
troops of the various parts of the Empire and between the many nationalities and thevarious services that we represent.

6.

We will not forget those of our comrades that we shall leave behind here and up country for
ever.

7.

I wish you all a safe, happy and speedy journey back to your dear ones wherever they maybe.

COLONEL,COMMANDING, PRISONERS OF WAR, MALAYA.

MESSAGE TO PRISONERS OF WAR
From
GENERAL SIR THOMAS BLAMEY GBE KCB CMG DSO ED
Commander-in-Chief, Australian Military Forces
I extend to you on behalf of all ranks of the Australian Military Forces our congratulations on
your final release from captivity.
Everything possible has been and will be done to ensure you rejoin your families with aminimum of delay and that in the interim your comfort and your needs are thoroughly cared for.
Many of you have suffered severely at the hands of the enemy while others, due tovariations in conditions, localities and the quality of your captors have been more fortunate. But
now you are free to resume the peaceful lives of which you must have thought so often in yourcaptivity and we rejoice with you in your freedom.
You will find Australia is mindful of and grateful for the sacrifices you have made on her
behalf and I trust that you will find great happiness and full compensation for the difficult times you
have endured.
Good luck and God speed to all of you.
GeneralCommander in Chief
Australian Military Forces

92.

HOSPITAL ORDERS NO. 237
byLieutenant-Colonel Hedley F. Summons O.C. Camp Hospital

7th Sept., 1945

Special Message to all ranks :“As the time of our splitting up and returning to our homes is rapidly approaching, I would like totake this opportunity of passing on to you my feelings about the Combined Hospital attached to theNo. 1 P.O.W. Camp, Malaya.
Firstly let me speak to the nursing orderlies – you have done a magnificent job – working for long
periods under difficult conditions both night and day – you have saved many lives of yourcomrades and your work will never be forgotten. You have carried out your duties in the realm of
nursing sisters in a way that I did not think possible for mere men to perform.
Next we come to the General Duties, cooks and the associated Technical Services – Your duties
have been admirably performed and you have made a very big contribution to the smooth runningof the Hospital.
The Medical Officer Staff has been of a standard closely approaching that of a Leading Teaching
Hospital. On behalf of the patients I thank you for the way in which you have used your technicalskill and experience. The patients have been indeed fortunate in being cared for by so many
Officers so well trained in tropical medicine.
The Unit as a whole has blended in together in the most remarkable way, consisting as it does ofdifferent nationalities and parts of many different Medical Units.
I am indeed proud to have been your Commanding Officer and I wish you all the best of luck in theyears ahead, years which will be difficult in this war torn world – Remember the Spirit of Changi
and “Keep Your Chin Up”.
-------------------------

93.
EVACUATIONS OF STAFF/PATIENTS FROM COMBINED HOSPITALCHANGI
AUSTRALIANS
C Group Dakota Planes for Labuan.

Planes 1 – 6

102

B Group Manunda

235

D & E Group Oranje

722

Dakota Planes

Plane No. 8

16

Plane to Oranje

15

Dakota Planes

Planes 9 and 10

32

Dakota Plane

Plane No. 11

14Team No. 1

Duntroon

6 Officers

15 Ors21

Team No. 2

6 Officers

15

21Team No. 3

6 Officers

1824Team No. 4

5

15

20

Team No. 5

10

16

26

Team No. 6

13

255

268

BRITISHBy Air

By Sea8.9.’45

2 Off

7 ORs

9

9.9.’45

14 Off.

34 ORs48

10.9.’45

3

17

20

10.9.’45

36

355

391

11.9.’45

12

12

10.9.’45

2

1

3

11.9.’45

20

20

11.9.’45

18

70

88

12.9.’45

10

55

65

12.9.’45

4

6

10

94.
Evacuated to Hospital – Singapore :-10 September

46 ORs

46

11 September

3

3

13 September

2

2

DUTCH
Evacuated to 47 British General Hospital Singapore

17ORs

Patients remaining at Changi
Staff remaining

Total 601
22 Officers

210 ORs232

As at 18th September, 1945PERSONNEL ON PLANE NO. 2
TO LABUAN
Cpl. Arthurson A. C.
I/C 13th A.G.H.
Cpl. Brown R. G. QX 25501
Pte. Chaplin T.
13th A.G.H.
Pte. Owen W. G.
Cpl. McGuigan J.
Pte. Boulter A.
Pte. Allen J.
Pte. Jones A. S.
Pte. Speilvogel
Pte. Morton (Instruct Sgt. Morton he will march out as Pte.)
Pte. Hearne
Pte. HuthnancePte. Clarke R. G. QX 25512
Pte. Brent E.
2/10 Field Ambulance
Pte. Brown A. E.
““
Pte. Law D. J.
““_______________________
Same Instructions
C. R. Weir S/Sgt.

95.
NURSES OF THE 13th AUSTRALIAN GENERAL HOSPITAL
As has been mentioned earlier in the history of the Unit, the nursing sisters for service in Malaya
were recruited from all Australian States.
The Hospital Ship Wanganella left Sydney on August 30th 1941 with 10 nurses from New South
Wales and 9 from Queensland. Twelve Victorians, 5 Tasmanians and 11 from South Australia
embarked in Melbourne on September 2nd. Seven other nursing sisters were taken on board in
Perth and all sailed for Malaya on September 9th. The party of 54 included three masseuses, twofrom South Australia and one from Victoria.
All were fit and full of enthusiasm for the task ahead of staffing and looking after Australianservicemen in a 600 bed hospital.
The Wanganella berthed in Singapore on the 15th September and was met by Col. Wilfred KentHughes, the Deputy-Assistant Quarter Master General who had organised motor buses totransport the nurses the seven miles to their billets in a three-storied building, St. Patrick’s Schoolon the East Coast Road.
There appeared to be plenty of room although a walk to the south revealed that barb wire, landmines and notices reading “Danger – Keep Away” separated the school from the ocean.
Within a few days the sisters met their Matron. SX 10595, Irene Melville Drummond, aged 36,
from the inner Adelaide suburb of Millswood, came from the 2/4 Casualty Clearing Station which
unit embarked from Australia in the “Queen Mary” arriving in Malaya in February 1941.
Wearing spectacles and most often a smile, Matron Drummond very soon won the respect andgood-will of the newly arrived nursing staff.
Dispersed to the already established medical units in Malaya, the nurses soon got back into theswing of things, and learned the art of Tropical Nursing with the bias on skin complaints.
Then, back to St. Patrick’s school to instruct the nursing orderlies and stretcher bearers exactly
what to do and how to do it when an emergency occurred. Their work was made easier because
most ward orderlies had previous bandaging and nursing experience in Camp Hospitals back inAustralia.
The nurses’ quarters were in the south wing of the building with views over the beach.
There being a scarcity of unmarried ladies among the island’s population of 9,000 Europeans, and,also because of their charm, the nurses were entertained like royalty.
At first all were introduced to the sightseeing tours of Singapore – truly a beautiful tropical jewel.
Next came the invitations to tennis at the many lovely private homes. The entertainment at boththe houses of Dr. John and Mr. Howl, the Attorney-General, was memorable. The beauty of theirgreen grass courts surrounded by albrizzia trees, bougainvillea, hibiscus, orchids and frangipani
was really something.
Then, there were the dinners and the dances at the Airport Hotel with its extensive menus.
Of course, the most popular spot in Singapore for our nurses was the renowned Swimming Club
where each was made an Honorary member.
But it wasn’t all play and entertainment – visits were arranged to the Alexandra Military Hospital toview the malarial films and, then, at Tan Tock Sang hospital, on Friday afternoons, there wereclinics conducted by Professor Ransom and Dr. Wallace.
Others visited Singapore General Hospital and were acquainted with beri-beri and typhoid patients,
mostly Chinese.

96.
In November 1941, the 13th Australian General Hospital was allowed, by the good grace of the
Sultan of Johore, to occupy the mental hospital at Tampoi, seven miles from Johore Bahru. The
work involved, in order to make the building anything like a military hospital, was truly daunting.
Nurses bashed out iron bars from windows and physically man-handled beds and equipment tomake functional medical and surgical wards.
Wilma Oram, Elizabeth Simons and Jenny Kerr, the Operating Theatre team had great difficulty inorganising their area of work because of the shortage of medical equipment available to them.
However, when the Japanese attacked Malaya on 8th December, 1941 the 13th Australian General
Hospital was ready and waiting and very well prepared for what did follow.

CIVILIAN PROPERTY HELD BY 13th A.G.H.
Item

Loaned by

BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE made by
Ernst Leitz, Wetzler No. 339316 with Monoccular
attachment movable stage. Substage condenser
Eyepieces 2 of 6” and 2 of 8”.

Mr. W. Dobb
East Coast Road, Singapore

ZEISS FIELD GLASSES NO. 6 and TRIPOD.

Mr. W. Dobb
East Coast Road, Singapore

PORTABLE SUNIC X RAY with Screen,
Screening Box and Exposure Time Switch

H.H. The Sultan of Johore

SANATOS X RAY COOLNAXOS “B”
With Tube, Radiscopy screen switch box
and exposure time switch.

H.H. The Sultan of Johore

DIATHERMY SHORT WAVE

H.H. The Sultan of Johore

DIATHERMY SURGICAL OUTFIT“X RAY ACCESSORIES
Films, Screens, Cassettes, Lead Rubber gloves
And lead rubber apron.

“

PROMETHEUS INFRA RED OUTFIT

Dr. C. J. Paglar
40 Branksome Road, Singapore

97.
The war with Japan never seemed in doubt – rumours abounded that a “fifth column” had been in
Singapore and Malaya for years – and Japan was short on territory and oil.
Oddly enough little Abdul, the Tampoi paper boy, produced the banner of the Singapore Free
Press of November 14th, 1941 reading “Nomura’s Optimism over U.S. Parleys”. In December
Nomura had hardly left America when Japan’s perfidious attacks began. Relying on the element of
surprise, Pearl Harbour and Malaya were simultaneous targets.
Thus, the military hospital geared itself for its first patients. The sisters’ atap huts were a far cry
from the comforts of St. Patrick’s School – probably just needed getting used to.
Gas drills with respirators and tin hats were conducted regularly. Sisters Vera Torney, Phyl Pughand Margaret Sellwood even appeared to enjoy themselves at such time and were photographedshowing “how it should be done”.
Matron Irene Drummond made a point of visiting each hospital ward in rotation to enjoy a tea breakwith her “girls”, and what’s more she generally poured the tea.
A very important part of any hospital is its operating theatre. Good surgeons need an equally goodtheatre team of nurses. There was no trio better than the experienced Staff Nurses Wilma Oram,
Jenny Kerr and Elizabeth Simons.
Two new wards were opened on the 15th December 1941 and fifteen of our nurses returned from
Malacca to staff them. A total of 643 beds were now available for occupancy. Further expansion
had 1,165 beds ready and 880 occupied on January 15th, 1942.
Battle casualties galore arrived on the 16th January and the whole hospital became one efficientorganisation. Every nurse, every doctor, every orderly knew his or her job and that job was
performed with extreme skill and devotion.
With the rapid advance of the Japanese southwards towards Johore, the position of the 13th
Australian General Hospital became most vulnerable.
The decision to move back to St. Patrick’s school meant another tremendous effort from the
Sisters to empty their wards of patients and equipment.
A world record of 38 hours is being claimed for the gigantic move.
As the hospital was settling down in its new surroundings, nurses were working frantically to assist
the many dangerously ill Australian soldiers with serious abdominal wounds. These men, thoughracked with pain, were all polite and most courteous to sisters, orderlies and doctors.
When the bomb hit the South-East corner of the hospital building at 2300 hours, 31st January,
1942, there could have been one great panic. The 75 men in Dr. Huxtables’ ward looked in alarmat the large hole through which water was cascading down.
Sister G. Forsyth, newly arrived as one of the three re-inforcement nurses, was quick to sum up
the situation and comforted the most agitated man who, having lost one eye in the front line
fighting, was heavily bandaged about the head.
When twenty casualties were unloaded from ambulances on February 1st very late at night,
diagnosed as suffering from a variety of fevers caught in the swamps and jungles, S/N Hempsted
immediately took them under her wing and administered not only prescribed medicines but muchhome-spun common sense. Patients were there to be made fit and well as soon as possible andNurse Hempsted endeavoured to gain patient co-operation to make this a reality.
The nurses now left their quarters for duty carrying gas masks, tin hats and a few personal items.
Four tables were spread out in the new improvised operating theatre which was a large room in thebasement formerly the First Officers’ Mess. Wilma Oram and her team quickly had all medical
equipment in position and ready for the next patient.

98This was February 3rd and only a week or so since the 13th Australian General Hospital returned to
St. Patrick’s School finding itself with 760 patients and awaiting the approach of the enemy.
This situation began a very serious topic of conversation concerning the nursing sisters. If theworst happened and we were over-run would our sisters be subjected to the same brutalities asrecorded in Nanking?
The men’s attitude was to repatriate the nurses as soon as possible.
A.I.F. Command took until 9th February to really grasp the situation and its consequences. Major
General G. Bennett approved the evacuation but the nurses didn’t want to leave. This wasunderstandable because on February 8th ambulances in convoy arrived bearing hundreds ofwounded soldiers. No-one sought rest or sleep at this time. The surgeons, Charles Osborn, Tim
Hogg, Major Eddy and Bert Nairn, supported by the theatre sisters, carried out 65 operations in 24
hours. The sisters blacked out the Resuscitation ward at night using blankets. The air became
humid and smelt of sweat, antiseptic and fresh blood.
By day, the open doors of the operating theatre admitted the welcome sea breezes. The teamwork of the hospital staff had to be seen to be believed.
Because of the determination of the nurses to tough it out – the call for volunteers to go was
ignored – lists had to be drawn up and orders given.
Many nurses wept openly as they went about their work during the 9th, 10th and 11th of February,
1942. The girls worked tirelessly among their patients arriving in the wards after a long wait for avacant operating table. They understood the pain and suffering being endured by these heroic
Australian and British fighting men.
Farewells were exchanged and some messages for home were stored away among the sisters’
personal gear. The parting was the saddest day in the history of the 13th Australian General
Hospital.
The first batch of six nurses left Singapore on the 10th February on the hospital ship Wah Sui which
was loaded with wounded. No nurses from the 13th General Hospital were in the first group which
eventually made it to Australia.
Next day, February 11th, approximately half of the remaining number of nurses left the hospital toboard the Empire Star for home.
Members of the Australian General Hospital in this second batch were :S/N Anderson Margaret Irene
S/N Brewer Harley Rosiland
S/N Baldwin-Wiseman Sara Catherine
S/N Bentley Nellie Pearce
S/N Cullen Frances Ann
S/N Gunton Mollie Marie
S/N Garrood Bettie Hampden
S/N Glover Trixie Alice
S/N Hildyard Hilda Mavis
Sister Hurley Marie Evelyn
S/N Muldoon Ann Susan
S/N McManus Gertrude Mary
S/N Pugh Phyllis
S/N Powell Julia Elizabeth Blanche
S/N Raynor May Eileen
S/N Sellwood Margaret ConstanceS/N Setchell Duxie May McLean
S/N Seebohm Loris Irene
Sister Sheehan Dorothy May
S/N Skeat Belinda Rosalina
S/N Spehr Maud
S/N Taylor Bessie Christina Ellen

99.

and

S/N Torney Vera Alexandria
S/N Wittwer Elvie Minna
3 Reinforcement nurses
S/N Forsyth G.
S/N Gordon C.
S/N Mulvihill M.
3 Masseuses
Hill Marjorie
Simpson Audrey Katherine
Sutton Cynthia Myra
- ----------------------------The Empire Star was filled to capacity and left Singapore on the 11th February, 1942. The ship’s
captain used the night hours cunningly to edge the vessel along the coastlines of the host ofislands which gave a measure of protection.
Daylight, however was danger time, and Japanese bombers attacked many times. The nurses dida sterling job calming the women and children during the bombings and machine-gun attacks. The
Empire Star was hit a few times and three fires were quickly extinguished. Those patients on the
open decks were at great risk, and, realising this, during machine-gunning two 13th Australian
General Hospital nurses, Margaret Anderson and Veronica Torney, stretched themselves acrossthe endangered bodies as human shields. None was injured luckily.
The Empire Star eventually reached Australia where the nurses later resumed Army Nursing
duties, many with the 105th Australian General Hospital.
For their bravery under fire, Margaret Anderson received the George Medal and Vera Torney an
M.B.E. – deservedly so.

THE PLIGHT OF THE REMAINING NURSES
The remaining nurses, comprising 27 of 13th Australian General Hospital and 38 of 10th Australian
General Hospital and 2/4 C.C.S. continued their hospital work until the afternoon of the 12th
February 1942. They met and were taken together to the docks. Their last memories of Singapore
were to be of desolation – buildings flattened and still burning – people scampering about carrying
their children and their few possessions. When the latest air-raid was over, the nurses were
farewelled by Col. Derham and Lt. Col. Glyn White. The wharf was a state of confusion withpeople galore milling about the entrance gates hoping to obtain a place on a ship. Military policewith drawn revolvers kept some of the very insistent ones away from the “in” gates.

100
THE FOLLOWING 27 NURSES OF THE 13th A.G.H.
WERE AMONG THOSE ABOARD THE “VYNER BROOKE”
MatronSisterSisterSister
S/N
S/N
S/N
S/N
S/N
S/N
S/N
S/N
S/N
S/N
S/N
S/N
S/N
S/N
S/N
S/N
S/N
S/N
S/N
S/N
S/N
S/N
S/N

Drummond
AshtonBates
McGladeBridgeBeard
Bullwinkel
CassonClancyFairweather
HarrisHarperHempsted
HodgsonHughes
Kerr
Muir
McDonald
McElnea
Oram
SimonsShort
Smith
Trenerry
Tait
WiltonWight

Irene Melville
Carrie JeanMay Isabella
Mary Eleanor
Ada Joyce
Alma May
VivianFlorence Rebecca
Veronica Ann
Lorna Florence
Nancy
Iole
Pauline Blanche
M. IvyGladys Laura
Janet
Sylvia Minnie
Gladys Myrtle
Violet Irene
Wilma Elizabeth Forster
Jessie Elizabeth
Eileen Mary
Valerie Elizabeth
Annie Mente
Mona Margaret Anderson
Mona Margaret
Rosetta Joan____________________________________
Olive D. Paschke, aged 37, a trained nurse from Dimboola, Victoria was Matron of the 2/10th
Australian General Hospital and was in charge of the other 38 nurses aboard the “Vyner Brooke”.
The 65 nurses boarded the former luxury steamer “Vyner Brooke” already chock-a-block with threehundred men, women and children.
Late in the evening of the 12th February the “Vyner Brooke” left Singapore harbour. Most of thenurses stayed on deck where the air was certainly cleaner than down below.
Friday, the 13th, was spent moving among the islands and using them as cover from Japanese aircraft. That night a search-light pin-pointed the ship and a low level attack from a fighter plane
resulted.
The worst happened about 2 p.m. on Saturday 14th February when the Vyner Brooke was attacked
seriously. Bombs fell but just missed as the Captain zig-zagged frantically trying to reach Banka
Straits between Sumatra and Banka Island.
Then the bombs landed on the ship starting fires and killing and wounding. Cries of misery could
be heard all over the ship. One bomb travelled down the funnel before exploding and spraying
shrapnel about. Sylvia Muir said an old fellow beside her had his stomach ripped open. He justsang “Britons never never will be slaves”. Sylvia also saw a young girl with her buttocks badly
slashed.
Wilma Oram remembered being ordered below when the bombs landed. She saw the side of thesteamer blown away very close to where she herself was lying. :”We had only 15 minutes toscramble up the ladders with the injured, dress their wounds and get into the lifeboats”, S/N Oram
said.

101
The Vyner Brooke sank quickly, within twenty minutes. The children and the elderly were got off
into two life boats first. The scene in the water showed nurses and passengers supported by life
jackets and by the debris floating about. Some had only sticks to which to cling.
Land could be seen on the horizon, maybe a dozen or so miles away, but very hard to tell.
Matron Drummond, with the medical equipment, and some nurses helping the wounded were in arear life-boat. Some non-swimmers were hanging on to the sides while others organised
themselves into swimming groups lending support as tiredness set in.
The reaching of land was most difficult as those in the water were washed back and forth by thetide. Most nurses were 16 or more hours in the tropical seas before being finally washed ashore,
others drowned as they drifted away in their sleep.
Iole Harper said she was 70 hours in the water and enjoyed the company of Betty Jeffrey of the10th Australian General Hospital. They kept together and were beached almost alongside one
another.
Jessie Simons came in on a raft weighed down with civilians and sailors.
Sylvia Muir and Veronica Clancy said they improvised sails using clothing to catch the gentle
breezes.
All the Vyner Brooke’s passengers were widely scattered during the night and parties landed atvarious places along the beach of Banka Island.
One party, including the nurses, reached shore 10 miles north-west of Muntok.
The Japanese machine-gunned nurses and other survivors struggling on rafts, flotsam and in lifeboats. It is thought that three nurses drowned without making it ashore, among them Matron
Paschke.
Most of the main party, including about thirty Australian nurses, once ashore, struggled along theroad to Muntok and walked into the Customs House, thinking they had found safety. They were
promptly captured by Japanese.
The rest of the nurses, numbering twenty-two, landed further along Banka Island at Radji beach,
and with naval ratings and other passengers, including children, were about to turn inland when aJapanese patrol returned and separated the service personnel. This patrol had previously passed
without taking any notice of the ship-wrecked people. Matron Irene Drummond had alreadypersuaded the women and children to head for Muntok and give themselves up. This proved to bea very wise and life-saving move.
The Japanese patrol surveyed the scene on Radji beach – twenty-two nurses still in their uniforms,
twenty British soldiers, survivors from another ship sunk by the Japanese and some wounded
stretched out on the shore-line.
The decision was made to bandage the eyes of the service men, take them around the bend
behind the bluff and just tommy-gun them. To make sure the job was done properly, all werebayoneted. One sailor, Ernest Lloyd, a stoker from H.M.S. Prince of Wales, rushed into the waterand escaped, although he was wounded.
After the killing of Lloyd’s companions, the Japanese patrol returned from round the cape wiping
their bayonets.
Next, the Japanese set up a machine gun and ordered the 22 Australian castaway nurses backinto the sea. It was here that Sister Vivian Bullwinkel had the escape that matched Lloyd’s.
She continues the story of the tragedy, “They then opened fire. We all believed that we were goingto die. We stood still waiting. There were no protests. The sisters died bravely.

102
Their marvellous courage prevented me from calling out when I was hit. I couldn’t let them down”.
Sister Bullwinkel said that she saw friends sink beneath the waves. Then she was struck herself
by a bullet in the side and became partially unconscious, although she was aware of being washedby the surf back to the beach. She lay still knowing that she would be shot if she gave a sign f life.
Then she lapsed into unconsciousness.
When Vivian Bullwinkel revived, she found herself alone except for the bodies of men and women.
Dragging herself up the beach, she reached some fresh water – a spring in the jungle – where she
again fainted.
She lived in a daze for two or three days until she recovered enough strength to return to thebeach going from body to body of her nursing friends, seeking signs of life and noting names.
Unexpectedly, Sister Bullwinkel found a young Englishman named Kingsley on the beach, still alive
but with only one arm. Vivian continues, “I nursed him for nearly a fortnight, keeping him alive withfood from friendly villagers. But the food was insufficient and we decided to surrender rather thanstarve. We met 31 of our companions who had escaped the slaughter because after nearly 14
hours in the water, they were washed ashore further along the beach than we.
I saw Kingsley a fortnight later, just before he died, and promised to write his wife an account of hisdeath. It was one of the most difficult tasks of my experience”.
Ernest Lloyd, the lone survivor of the shooting of male servicemen, revisited the scene and foundthe bayoneted bodies of his comrades and of some nurses. Some bodies were in the sea andsome out of it. Lloyd was recaptured afterwards and later retold the above facts in an official
report.
THE SURVIVING NURSES AS P.O.W. 1942 – 1945
The 13th Australian General Hospital lost 15 of the 27 nurses on the Vyner Brooke, while the 10th
Australian General Hospital and the 2/4 C.C.S. lost 18 of their 38 sisters.
So 33 of 65 were either drowned trying to make land or shot having succeeded in reaching theshore.
Our casualties were :Drowned:WX 11169
QX 22815
SX 13419
VX 61225

Sister Bates
S/N McDonald
S/N Trenerry
S/N Wilton

L. May Isabella
Gladys Myrtle
Annie Mente
Mona Margaret

Shot and Killed:

SX 10594
WX 11175
NX 76284
SX 13418
SX 13431
NX 76285
WX 11174
NX 76279
NX 76275
NX 76281
VX 61329

Matron Drummond
S/N Beard
S/N Bridge
S/N Casson
S/N Fairweather
S/N Harris
S/N Hodgson
S/N Kerr
Sister McGladeS/N Tait
S/N Wight

Irene Melville
Alma May
Ada Joyce
Florence Rebecca
Lorna Florence
Nancy
M. IvyJanet
Mary Eleanor
Mona Margaret
Rosetta Joan

“At the going down of the sun
And in the morning
We will remember them.”

103
February 28th, 1942
The fortunate, courageous Vivian Bullwinkel, aged 27 of Blyth Street, Fullarton, South Australia,
with a Victorian army number VX 61330 and supporting the weakening Kingsley, joined her fellow
nurses at the Custom House in Muntok. There, 32 nurses commenced more than three years of
suffering, ill-treatment and indignities.
Vivian met her friends who wanted to know the fate of the 33 Australian nurses, Sisters Carrie
Ashton and Veronica Clancy, having heard of the terrible massacre from Vivian, suggested to all
and impressed on all that no mention was to be made of the happenings on Radji beach.
News of the above act of Japanese barbarism filtered through to A.I.F. H.Q. Changi during 1942
and a similar decision of maintaining secrecy was agreed to and adhered to.
The matter of great delicacy could have cost the lives of P.O.W. and our nurses.
Muntok – Banka Island was the spot where our twelve 13th Australian General Hospital nurses
were introduced to P.O.W. life, Asiatic style. Gone were the simple comforts of plain ordinary living– water, sewerage, electricity and nourishing food. These amenities were now non-existent.
Privacy was replaced by the leering of Japanese guards. Toilets were ground level canals which
did not flow well and which stank to high heaven. For these two weeks the girls slept on concrete,
ate the miserable ration of rice with a ladle of watery stew on top and, despite their own medical
problems, helped to look after the many servicemen and civilians in the dormitory-hospital.
Early in March 1942 the P.O.W. in Muntok were dispersed to more permanent camp sites.

104.
MARCH 1942 – PALEMBANG – SUMATRA
The Australian nurses were transferred by ship across the Banka Strait and up the Musi River to
Palembang situated in south-east Sumatra. Palembang was one of the largest towns on the island– perhaps Medan on the north-east coastline was larger because of its proximity to Malaya.
Before the war, the Dutch owned the estates and ran the plantations.
Conditions were a big improvement on Muntok, even the food was more filling.
The camp consisted of houses and bungalows occupied by Malay, Dutch and our Australianwomen. Now began another learning experience, that of mingling and mixing with other races,
being helpful, cheerful and more or less tolerant.
Suddenly, like a bomb-shell it dawned on the nurses preparing and cleaning out a couple ofhouses that the Japanese mind was up to no good. Nurses, who were expected to say “Yes” to “I
am willing to entertain Japanese officers,” immediately thought of Geisha girls and what thatmeant.
To put it bluntly, the Japanese officers had their eyes on the Australian nurses and a most serious
situation was about to happen. Team work won the day or rather the night, when all turned up
looking decidedly unattractive – dirty in body and filthy in clothing. The ruse worked for theJapanese were not impressed, thinking they could do much better in a camp of hundreds ofwomen. So the nurses did not end up in brothels; but other women did offer and were accepted.
They were often those who could now afford to buy the important “extras” and who now had lightduties in the camp.
Two 13th Australian General Hospital nurses, Queenslanders E. Short and B. Hempsted showed aremarkable lot of common sense in their dealings with the amorous Japanese.
Five weeks had passed and once more the Japanese moved the nurses – this time to the otherside of Palembang and not for the better either. Housed in bungalows, thirty women and children
to a room with no water or electricity, it became difficult to maintain any semblance of good nature.
There were other women to assist with camp hygiene and the carting of water.
Nurses who, after their ordeal, had little or no personal effects, looked at the Dutch women inwonderment. They had been able to bring with them expensive clothing, jewellery and plenty of
Dutch guilders.
Many Dutch women appeared to put on weight while the Australian girls had to struggle to provide
sweetening or flavouring for the rice ration.
After three months of captivity, skin problems were the major concern. Antiseptics were secreted
from the Palembang hospital but major drugs and medicines were scarce.
As in other P.O.W. camps throughout Asia, educational classes were formed utilizing the available
talent. The rest of 1942 was made up of dressmaking, learning languages, acquiring the skills ofcontract bridge, singing and preparing concerts.
As it became obvious that Christmas 1942 would be spent as prisoners, thoughts turned topresents and Christmas dinner.
The men’s camp made toys for the children and sent over a donation of vegetables and meat.
Cards and presents were exchanged among the nurses and the camp “house-keepers” produced areally nice dinner for Christmas Day. Bully-beef, beef broth, vegetables, fruit and a tasty Christmas
pudding made from rice, gula and nuts, washed down with coffee combined to fill all hungry
stomachs for just this once.
1943 saw hope that news of the nurses’ plight might reach Australia because a Japanese officercollected a full list of the names of all 32 and said, “Will send to Australia”. Who could believe him?

105
He also promised to provide soap, toilet paper and mosquito nets, but none of these articles
eventuated.
During March nurses were permitted to send a letter-card home.
After a year and a half in the outer suburb of Palembang the nurses were moved in September
1943 to the now vacant men’s camp. Conditions there were shocking. When the men moved they
determined to make the camp un-inhabitable for the Japanese who may need it in the future. The
water well was choked with rubbish, piping was ripped out, rubbish dumped everywhere and atap
huts badly vandalised. The men never dreamt for one minute that the nurses would be following
them into that camp.
But the damage had to be fixed. Vermin abounded – rats everywhere and the huts were bug
infested. The Japanese stole watches and any valuables the nurses had.
Then started the dysentery, the malaria, dengue fever and more serious tropical ulcers. It took
ages to restore the camp to anything reasonable and the girls were hampered by the wet season –rain came down in torrents and the surrounds were horrid mud.
The work “TENKO” was a pain in the neck for at that command all had to line up and be checkcounted. This could happen at any time of the day or night.
During the heat of the midday sun was the worst time of all, standing to attention for long periods
waiting for a correct count to be achieved by Japanese who really couldn’t count. Sister Jean
Ashton was given the task of telling the guards how many were on parade. This improvement wasa real blessing and shortened Tenko times.
Bowing to the Japanese was insisted on and all nurses registered their inward protest as they wereso humbled. Japanese traitors assisted the Japanese as guards and could not be trusted – allnurses were told to watch their “p’s” and “q’s” at all times when in their proximity.
Although there was a camp hospital run by an order of Catholic Dutch nuns, the work of theAustralian nurses was to provide a visiting service for those not sick enough to be admitted as
patients. Vivian Bullwinkel and Wilma Oram were assigned the cleaning of drains and the septictank after two nurses became seriously ill with typhoid fever.
Towards the end of 1943 most internees and nurses were near the end of their tethers and once
more music came to the fore to soothe heartaches. The camp possessed a very skilful writer ofmusic, a Mrs. Chambers and a Miss Dryburgh who translated classical themes into music forvarious musical instruments of the orchestra. A choir was formed to hum the different sounds ofthe instruments. As was the case in Changi among the 13th Australian General Hospital men, themost popular musical item was the haunting theme from Dvorjak’s “New World Symphony”, “La
Lala, La Lala, La La La La La”. “Going home Going home”.
The camp concert took place on Boxing Day 1943 and the choir received high praise for its
excellent performance.
After two years as prisoners, and all that time living in each others’ pockets, it was understandable
that much unfriendly behaviour took place. Various nationalities appeared opposed to each other;
Dutch and English women snapped at each other and lacked the co-operation so necessary whenliving for survival in tough conditions. It followed then that thieving and greed showed their ugly
heads for hungry people did act out of character. The nurses tried to remain outside such
unpleasantness and tended to form small groups to share any “extras” that came their way.
Work still went on, nurses using chungkals to turn the soil over for the cultivation of sweet potatoes
and tapioca. As food supplied by the Japanese diminished in quantity work in the market gardens
was stepped up. Most work was done in the early mornings and in the fore-noon.
Unloading supplies from the trucks was very heavy work for women getting weaker day by day andwas always accompanied by Japanese screams of “Speedo”. Water had to be carted from a lowpressure tap some hundreds of metres outside the camp perimeter.

106
Rationing of water was introduced, but sufficient had to be carried in for Japanese needs, whichappeared most extravagant compared to the few litres per person allowed each prisoner.
A good “tong” was a real luxury and was available only occasionally. To “tong” oneself as should
be done, there needed to be the first water-splash over the head and body, followed by a generous
lathering of soap and finally the refreshing removal of the soap by a double rinse.
Many internees and nurses smoked and went to no end of trouble to secure cigarettes fromtraders, the men’s camp, the hospital and the Japanese guards. Some “rolled their own” from ahorrid locally grown coarse tobacco sold in long strands.
This local product needed washing at least twice to rid it of 50% of its nicotine. Then came thedifficulty of obtaining paper in which to encase the tobacco. But, foul and all as the cigarettes
were, the habit persisted in the camp.
There was great excitement when the first load of mail was delivered and eventually distributed
around. Most letters were written in Australia in late 1942 and up to November 1943 and this was
August 1944. Letters were read again and again by those lucky ones. Some of our nurses missed
out on mail completely – Western Australia and Queensland were a bit slow because Iole Harper
and Val Smith were two of the unfortunates.
Red Cross parcels arrived in October 1944 and were distributed one to each nurse.
The contents were welcome – cigarettes, sugar, jam, meat, fish and coffee. The Japanese ratted
the parcels and kept dairy foods their own use. Milk and butter would have made some
contribution to better health. Also, the important medical supplies – bandages, antiseptics, quinine,
ointments, surgical equipment and pharmaceutical articles were kept by the Japanese for their own
use or for the “black market”.
The girls barely had time to enjoy their parcels when another move was announced. The wholecamp, nurses, internees, hospital and patients, many very sick, were returned to where they
started in 1942, Muntok on Banka Island.

107
MUNTOK – 2nd TIME AROUND
Once more into filthy boats and across the Banka Strait back to Muntok where the seven hundred
women and children were settled into a different camp from that of 1942. The huts were lesscrowded than before and the surrounds were clean. But not for long, and soon the lavatories, tooclose to the kitchens, were a decided health hazard. So the ever faithful self-appointed hygiene
team consisting of 13th Australian General Hospital nurses Vivian Bullwinkel, Iole Harper, Wilma
Oram and Jean Ashton went to work once more to improve things. Unfortunately, a creek at thebottom of the hill became another health hazard. Malaria broke out and all nurses became
reinfected and were extremely weakened. Mothers of the internee children were going without
food in order to give the little ones extra nourishment.
The number of deaths was growing alarmingly among the internees, mainly complications frommalaria, beri-beri and dysentery. This caused concern among the nurses because quite a few ofthemselves were very thin, emaciated and weak.
Some payment was made by the Japanese late in 1944 emanating from the Red Cross. The
guilders received were truly Godsent when food was so poor and bodies were so low in spirit thatmany now lacked the will to live. The fruit and eggs which could now be purchased with the money
provided did help a little.
Our sisters worked in the camp hospital alongside the nuns and British nurses – actually Sister
Jean Ashton of the 13th A.G.H. was matron, and sadly had to roster her fellow unit members evenwhen they were ill.
“Banka Fever” they called the illness which caused high temperatures and sweating followed bynausea, vomiting and serious discomfort.
Very few quinine tablets were available to allay the ravages of the malarial fever.
The final stage before death was the unintelligible ravings of the mind, and the irregular bodyspasms which weakened the patient into the final coma.
This time of P.O.W. life, late 1944, was the most critical period of all. If decent food and somemedicines had been available most would have recovered eventually, but, as this didn’t happen,
the greatest number of deaths occurred.
Working parties were flat out digging graves and making simple coffins. Each burial patch was
designated by a simple wooden cross.
Christmas 1944 was somewhat low-key with so many nurses ill and rather despondent about the
future. It must be remembered that no news of the outside world was available to the camppersonnel. The Japanese sometimes let small items of news leak out because of their gloating.
“Darwin finish – boom boom”. “Sydney boom boom”.
After the New Year 1945 it became apparent that, unless there was a quick resolution of the war,some nurses were not going to survive. Malaria, beri-beri and malnutrition were wearing bodies
out.
The first nurse to die was Wilhelmina Raymont of the 2/4 Casualty Clearing Station who contracted
cerebral malaria following continuing attacks of B.T. malaria. She lapsed into a coma on the 8th
February, 1945.
Twelve days later S/N Irene Singleton of the 10th Australian General Hospital died from beri-beriand starvation. She was buried on the 21st February.
S/N QFX 22714 Pauline Blanche Hempsted, aged 36, of our own 13th Australian General Hospital
passed away on the 19th March, 1945.
Puffed-up with Beri-beri which eventually reached the heart, this hard working nurse could survive
no longer.

108
The funerals of the above three nurses were carried out with full military honours. The sisters,
wearing their tattered uniforms, slow-marched behind the coffins. Even the Japanese realised thatthe occasions were of great significance and often stood to attention as their mark of respect.
Just prior to the final movement of the camp back to Sumatra, S/N Dorothy Shirley Gardam, 2/4th
C.C.S., died from malaria after a very long illness.
It was noticeable how very thin all nurses had become – some had lost two and three stone andhad bony frames. Work in the hospital wards went on regardless of whether the staff felt like it ornot. Acting sister-in-charge, Jean Ashton, received magnificent assistance from the youngest
nurse, Wilma Oram.

109
SUMATRA – FINAL MONTHS OF CAPTIVITY
Reasons for the Japanese moving the whole camp from Muntok back to Sumatra were neverstated, but, as the net began to close in about the Japanese Army, it appeared they were trying tohide the evidence of their barbaric behaviour.
In April 1945, all were loaded on board a ship and travelled across the Banka Strait. The nurses
and patients stretched out on the deck while all others endured the stifling heat down below in theholds. Once in Sumatra all were transported by train and then truck to Lubuklinggau in the west of
the island approximately 3 degrees south of the equator. Again, atap huts provided theaccommodation on a rubber plantation and once more a camp hospital had to be set up.
Food had to be obtained from vegetable gardens in increasing quantities as the rice ration shrank
considerably.
Workers received more food than the non-workers lying in hospital. Nurses were classified as nonworkers despite their maintaining the wards and tending the sick.
It was no surprise that on 31st May 1945 S/N Gladys Laura Hughes, VFX 61331, aged 37, who had
suffered for ages with malaria and debilitating malnutrition, slipped gently from this life and, like theothers, was buried with full military honours.
Gladys Hughes (ex New Zealand) had left Melbourne for Singapore on Sept. 2nd, 1941 as amember of the 13th Australian General Hospital.
Within the next three months three more nurses died, all being from 2/10th Australian General
Hospital. Sister Winifred May Davis (19/7/45), S/N Robina Dorothy Freeman (8/8/45) and Sister
Pearl Beatrice Mittelheuser (18/8/45).
It was sad to record that the last death occurred three days after the war with Japan had ended.

HOPEFUL SIGNS: Mid-August 1945
Letters from Australia arrived and were distributed.
Japanese guards appeared to have a different attitude towards P.O.W.
Capt. Seki, who had been Japanese camp commander from day one, called a general parade on
24th August and announced that the war was over. But, he failed to tell the stunned nurses andinternees who was the victor.
The quality of food improved forthwith with extra meat being provided.
From out of thin air the Japanese produced Red Cross parcels, medical supplies, clothing and avariety of vegetables.
Javanese approached the camp far more boldly and confirmed that the allies had defeated theJapanese some weeks before.

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RESCUE AND REPATRIATIONThis camp at Lubuklinggau took a bit of finding. The authorities knew that some nurses had
survived and sent search planes out to locate the well-concealed camp. Three weeks passed
before para-troopers landed and organised the removal of the survivors.
The 24 Australian nurses were entrained 100 miles to the aerodrome at Lahat and flown into
Singapore in a R.A.A.F. Dakota on Sunday the 16th September, 1945.
S.E.A.C., the all-Services Newspaper of South East Asia Command in its Singapore Edition of
Wednesday 19th September 1945 carried this report by Noel Monks, Daily Mail Reporter.
Singapore Tues. “Twenty four Australian nurses, so thin that the combined weight equalled onlythat of six normal passengers, were flown to Singapore on Sunday from Sumatra and rushed to an
Australian army hospital for immediate attention. They are the survivors of a party of 65 Australiannurses whose ship was sunk off Banka Point, E. Sumatra as they were escaping from Singapore in
1942, and the sight of them and the story they told of inhuman Japanese treatment is as bad as
anything I saw or heard in Nazi horror camps.
Sick Australian P.O.Ws in hospital when the nurses were brought in wept at the sight of them anddemanded guns to go out to Japanese concentration area here”.
Noel Monks then set down a summary of the nurses’ ordeal which has already been described infull earlier in this story.
Allan Dawes, Herald war correspondent, says that the story of the massacre on Banka Island had
been well-known but was kept out of print to save the life of Sister Bullwinkel. War correspondents
were told the story officially but refused to use it.
By a strange coincidence the 24 nurses were met at Kallang airport by ambulances and wererushed to St. Patrick’s School, the former home of the 13th Australian General Hospital, and put
into wards, decorated for the occasion, under the nursing care of the newly formed 2/14th
Australian General Hospital.
Some of the 13th Girls who had reached Australia in February 1942 came back to St. Pat’s.,
Katong, to nurse their friends.
Sisters Gunton and Brewer hardly recognised the tired, skinny, sick and emotionally drained
nurses with whom they had worked while the war raged.

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The following is a list of the 24 survivors whose extraordinary stories were being flashed aroundthe world.
13th Australian General Hospital
57
30
__

Original nurses (includes 3 masseuses)
To Aust. Feb. 1942 (includes 3 masseuses)

27
12
__

(11 shot and killed, 4 drowned Banka Island February 1942)(2 died P.O.W. 1945)

10

Survivors
C. J. Ashton
V. Bullwinkel
V.A. Clancy
I. Harper
V. I. McElnea
S. M. Muir
W. E. Oram
E. M. Short
J. E. Simons
V. E. Smith

2/10th Australian General Hospital and 2/4 C.C.S.
68
30
__

Original nurses (includes 4 masseuses)
To Aust. February 1942 (includes 4 masseuses)

38
20
__

(18 shot and killed or drowned) Banka Island 1942
(6 died P.O.W.)

14

Survivors
E. M. Hannah
J. J. Blanch
K. C. Blake
C. M. Delforce
J. C. Doyle
J. K. GreerJ. P. Gunther
N. G. James
B. A. Jeffrey
C. S. M. Oxley
A. C. SyerF. E. Trotter
J. Twedell
B. Woodbridge(Sole survivor of 2/4 C.C.S.)
10th A.G.H.
“
“
“
“
“
“
“
“
“
“
“
“

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At St. Patrick’s all received a great reception by doctors and nursing staff. The bright ward had
been decorated with bowls of flowers. Lights were shining through the hospital and warm baths,
food and delicacies were waiting. Gentle and willing hands were ready to put the tired andbewildered girls to bed. All the nurses had lost much weight but none of them was on the serious
list. Their spirit was unbroken and they were able to laugh and joke that night of the 16th
September 1945.
The Matron-in-Chief, Colonel A. M. Sage, A.A.N.S., who had handled the recruitment of nurses inAustralia met her girls at Lahat and stayed with them at the 2/14th A.G.H. for a week.
Col. Sage was visibly upset as she heard the stories of cruelty and the circumstances of the deathsof “her nurses”.
The nurses were told to expect a treat next week. Gracie Fields, with a company of seven others,
was to arrive in Singapore from the Cocos Islands on 26th September. She was to play in town at
the Garrison Theatre for a week, from 27th September to 3rd October. The title of the performances
was billed as “Keep Moving”.
Following an improvement in their physical conditions the 24 nurses left Singapore on 5th Octoberand sailed to Perth on the Hospital ship Manunda. A leisurely cruise to Melbourne and Sydney
aided the general health of all and, so, dressed in new uniforms, the sisters appeared nearly backto normal.
But most were admitted to hospitals at the earliest opportunity to be treated for the ravages ofmalaria, amoebic dysentery, beri-beri, skin complaints and anxiety neurosis.
Demobilisation took place during 1946 except for Vivian Bullwinkel who was one of three nurses
who gave evidence at the Australian War Crimes Inquiry and at the Tokyo War Trials in 1946.
She was discharged from the army in 1947 and received a decoration, the Associate Royal Red
Cross and later other honours, the Florence Nightingale Medal, an M.B.E. and E.D.
Since their return to Australia all surviving P.O.W. nurses have maintained the closest of contact.
“Same family so to speak”, some-one said.
At reunions, positive things are remembered about their time in P.O.W. camps – the family-likerelationship that developed with the other women, the card games with make-shift cards, birthdays
with cakes made from ground rice, the English lady who was a Melbourne Cup fan and dressed up
every first Tuesday in November, and the camp choir.
One final comment to end this remarkable story of the nurses of the 2/13th Australian General
Hospital. Matron A. M. Sage, who alighted from the rescue plane in Sumatra, looked at each andevery one before she said, “I’m the mother of you all. But, where are the rest of you?”
She was hoping to see 65. And there were 24 only.

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THE EVACUATION OF NURSES FROM SINGAPORE ON THE EMPIRE STAR 11/2/42
This portion of the Nurses’ story has so far been left out by historians and writers of books tellingthe facts relating to the Malayan campaign and the fall of Singapore.
Not all nursing sisters who did duty in Malaya became prisoners-of-war or were killed on Banka
Island.
Half their number did return to Australia in March 1942 and were able to continue their nursing
duties.
But, their voyage on the Empire Star was a dangerous and never-to- be-forgotten experience.
Three Staff nurses of the 13th Australian General Hospital, Nell Dollman (Bentley), Bettie Forwood(Garrood) and Maudie Westerman (Spehr) now tell of that voyage of the Empire Star. Their stories
have not been high-lighted until today.
SX 12140 Staff Nurse Nellie Pearce BENTLEY (now Dollman of Adelaide) recalls
The 13th Australian General Hospital was set up at St. Patrick’s School after we evacuated our
hospital from Johore Bahru.
On February 11th 1942 the Japanese were infiltrating on to Singapore Island. Bombing andshelling were almost continuous. We were summoned to assemble in the grounds of the hospitalby our C.O. and Matron Drummond. We were then told that we were to be evacuated thatafternoon. The entire staff was there when the ambulances arrived to transport us. Matron thenread, from a list, the names of the 30 nurses who were to leave in that convoy.
We had no option of either staying with our patients or waiting until all of the staff could leave
together.
The drive from St. Pat’s school to St. Andrew’s Cathedral where we were joined by 30 nurses fromthe 10th Australian General Hospital was anything but enjoyable. From there we were driven to thedocks where, at the time, an air raid was on. We then embarked on the Empire Star which, inpeacetime, carried frozen meat from Fremantle to Singapore. As well as 60 Australian Nurses
there were nurses from the British Hospital, also some R.A.A.F. and Army personnel as well as alarge number of civilians. Normally the ship accommodated 16 passengers but we had 2,000 on
board. The nurses were down in the “hold” to which the only ventilation came from the hatch when
opened.
The night of the 11th February we pulled away from the wharf and anchored in our own mine-field.
Next morning we set sail for Batavia. Not long after we were “at sea” wave after wave of Japaneseplanes were over us dropping their bombs and machine-gunning the decks.
During these attacks 17 men were killed and 32 injured. Eventually the raids ceased, the Japs
thinking that we were sinking as there were flames and smoke billowing from the ship. One large
bomb scored a direct hit to a cabin next to the engine room. The ordeal lasted for just over 4
hours. All credit must be given to the Captain who, miraculously, dodged many more bombs.
The Empire Star limped into Batavia on 14th February. The Australian nurses were transferred to a
Dutch ship. Meanwhile, temporary repairs were made to the Empire Star. The Captain announced
that he was continuing on to Fremantle and would take the nurses home. We were thentransferred back to the Empire Star and sailed from Batavia on the 16th February arriving inFremantle on 23rd February.
During the bombing two nurses from the 13th Australian General Hospital from Victoria were on
deck and, because of their acts of bravery, one, Margaret Anderson was later awarded the George
Medal, the other, Veronica Torney the M.B.E.
After the bombing we were kept very busy attending the injured and those who lost their lives were
given a burial service at sea.

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We were all most anxious to know how the remaining staff of the C.C.S., the 10th and 13th A.G.H.
were, and, if they had been evacuated.
It was a dreadful feeling having to leave our patients who were all so very brave.
Our Physiotherapists, three in all, were with us on the Empire Star.
We were to hear later that all nursing staff who were left waving to us when we were driven away
were evacuated less than 24 hours after we sailed. They embarked on the Vyner Brooke lateafternoon of the 12th February 1942. So, the entire staff of the C.C.S. and both hospitals were off
the island before Singapore fell and we all know what horrific times they all had.
Six South Australian nurses and two Physiotherapists arrived back in Adelaide on 11th March 1942.
N. Dollman
13th A.G.H.
SX 12740 Staff Nurse Bettie Hampden GARROOD (now Forwood of Adelaide) adds
I won’t forget any of those factual details written by Nell Dollman but I remember some otherinteresting points.
Did you know that Nell Bentley’s mother and my mother both got cables from us sent from Java?
Officials talked to Maudie Spehr’s mother and to Mrs. Drummond so there were several civilians
who knew that some of the nurses “were about”.
Mother was ahead of the news coming through in 1942 because of this cable and some telegramsfrom Perth and my letter written on the ship. I also spoke to her on the phone. I enclose a copy ofthe cable from Tandjongpriok which mother took down to Keswick asking where “that place” was.
This cable, the wires from Perth and my phone call evidently caused a stir as there was no official
communication and they were puzzled too. The official communication as you see came to motherby telegram on 11th March, 1942.
I have the letter to mother started on 14th February. To quote a part –“We were lucky this morning as we met Capt. Gardner who was looking for his sister-in-law andtumbled over us. So we asked him if he would send cables, one to you and another to Mrs.
Bentley – which he has since told us he did satisfactorily. He has been absolutely marvellous to us– located us again this afternoon and took us over to his ship (Edendale of 1,700 tons), gave ustea, but what we enjoyed more than anything else was the use of his bathroom”.
I finished this letter on 21st February in pencil on the ship with a postscript that we arrived
Fremantle “10 a.m. ish” 23.2.’42.
We knew we were going to Northam “to be officially found” and were then taken to Hollywood, 110
Military Hospital. Mother received this letter on February 26th.
I have another quite interesting letter (to me) written from Northam dated 28th February. It gives adetailed list of what I possessed at this stage – evidently in answer to mother’s questions. She
received this on 3rd March.
Another personal memory is waving to the ship carrying the 2/3 Machine Gun Battalion who werecoming into Tandjongpriok as we were leaving on the Empire Star for Australia. They were lining
the decks and waving back – all were captured I think. It’s a sad memory.
SFX 12740
Bettie Forwood
13th A.G.H.

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SFX 13420 Staff-Nurse Maud SPEHR (now Westerman of Adelaide) remembers
We were each given “Iron rations” – a tin of bully beef and dog biscuits.
I remember climbing up a rope ladder hanging from the Empire Star and my haversack falling into
the sea. The hold smelt of stale meat as there wasn’t even any time to clean it out.
I remember, too, some of our army boys throwing cartons of cigarettes and toys to us in the hold. I
caught a Teddy Bear that my grand-daughter still has – we called it “Blitzer”.
On the night of February 11th Capt. Capon moved the Empire Star away from the wharf andanchored a short distance away. At first light of day on the 12th we went back to the wharf to see if
any stores or luggage were left there.
The Empire Star, during the day, was bombed by formations of up to 62 Japanese planes. At thetime she was in convoy escorted by a cruiser and one other auxiliary vessel. As bombs struck theship she heaved and gave a big shudder – just sounded as if wood was being splintered.
As the attacks went on the girls started singing “There will always be an England”.
We limped into Batavia on the 14th February as one bomb destroyed one of the engines. There
had been deaths and casualties, among them the second officer of the ship who had to have his
arm amputated. This officer directed the anti-aircraft guns which had brought down one raider, andprobably one other, last seen with smoke pouring from its tail.
Approaching Batavia, I remember going up on deck with a friend from our 13th A.G.H., Trixie
Glover, a New South Wales girl, to have a wash in what appeared to be tea water. When the Japs
came over again we were pulled out of the bathroom and given a drink by an English lady – it wasneat gin.
When we arrived in Batavia many of the civilian passengers were taken off – one lady had 12
trunks on the wharf and was calling out for the 13th. We were disgusted, as only a short time before
some of our boys were taken off as deserters and it wasn’t true as their officers gave them
permission to go. The poor boys were marched out to some camp.
Here, in Batavia, the Dutch people were very kind and gave the nurses welcome food.
While the Captain had repairs done to the Empire Star we were taken off and placed in the hold ofa Dutch ship “Planthius”. I’m sure of the sound but not the spelling of the ship’s name.
At first we were told we would be sent to Colombo to help the nurses at the 12th Australian General
Hospital. This didn’t eventuate as we had only a minimum of clothing etc.
Capt. Capon volunteered to take us to Fremantle so once more we were on the Empire Star.
Our senior sisters arranged to go into Batavia and buy a few supplies, food etc. So we gave them
our Malayan dollars which they turned into guilders. Unfortunately the nurses didn’t have muchmoney as they hadn’t been paid for six weeks.
The buying party came back with what was available, mainly tinned food. As the quantity
purchased was insufficient, a meeting was held on deck and the decision was to have one meal a
day at 11 a.m.
Soon after leaving Batavia we noticed a ship approaching over the horizon. It proved to be thevery fast Orcades carrying 7th Div. Troops which included the 2/2 Pioneer and the 2/3rd Machine
Gun Battalions. We knew they were “Aussies” because they were waving frantically and callingout “Coo-ee Coo-ee”.
After that we were left alone except for our share of spotting for mine-fields.

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The ship’s westerly course was suddenly changed to the south. We thought we were going to theSouth Pole as we were so cold with no blankets or bedding to keep us warm.
The “Empire Star”, usually considered a fast cargo ship taking 4 ½ days to travel from Fremantle toSingapore, this time, took until 23rd February – 10 days.
We anchored out of Fremantle until Headquarters was notified of our arrival. Then some officers
came aboard, took our pay-books, checking up that we were really Australian nurses.
Once ashore we had a good lunch at the Hollywood Hospital in Perth and were taken to 118
A.G.H. at Northam to be re-equipped with uniforms and gear.
While at Northam some army lads came to see us and told us the sad news of the “Vyner Brooke”.
We were told not to listen as they were “front happy”.
We often thought about the other girls but were told very little. Leave to see our parents andfriends followed our stay at Northam.
SX13420
M.L. Spehr
13th A.G.H.
REMINISCENCES OF S/N PHYL PUGH (MRS. CAMPBELL)
Doctors, with the exception of Drs. Frew and Dreverman, were all W.W.1 veterans who had servedin the ranks as N.C.Os. Col. Pigdon was a Sergeant. All these doctors were Senior Consultants intheir fields of medicine and came from every capital city in Australia including Tasmania.
Disciplined soldiers and highly qualified doctors proved to be main reasons for our Unit to be so
special and such a happy one. The nursing sisters, like the doctors, came from every State
including Tasmania. In August 1941 from South Brisbane Station the Queensland contingent
departed for Sydney. We were led by the popular Major Bernard (Bernie) Clarke, a consultant
Radiologist from Brisbane – a Clive Brook lookalike for sure – unflappable – a twinkle in his browneyes. Our nursing group composed Sister Julie Powell (Matron of Blackall Hospital) in charge ofQueenslanders, Sister Short (Shortie), Matron of Isisford Hospital, S/N Val Smith from Cairns, S/N
Sylvia Muir from Longreach, S/N Gladys McDonald, the bush nurse from Adavale (salt of the earth
she reckoned). S/N Blanche Hempsted from Brisbane, S/N Violet McElnea from St. Luke’s District
Nursing Service (came from a family of nurses), S/N Margaret Selwood, Brisbane General
Hospital, and S/N Phyllis Pugh from Brisbane.
In Sydney we boarded the “Wanganella”, a merchant navy ship, which carried meat from New
Zealand to England and now converted to a Hospital Ship. Here we were joined by the N.S.W.
nurses with Sister Marie Hurley in charge. Marie became second-in-charge to Matron Drummond
after arrival in Singapore. Left Melbourne with Victorian, South Australian and Tasmanian nurses.
Severe storm in Australian Bight – many nurses sea-sick.
Favourite spot on ship was the glassed-in bow where we could watch the gigantic white waves
breaking over the front of the Wanganella.
One sister, very weak and dehydrated, was trans-shipped back to the Eastern States. While inFremantle we telephoned our families. I spoke to my mother who sounded just in the room next
door. Margaret spoke to her father, Major Selwood at Redbank, not knowing it would be the lasttime she would speak to him. (Major Selwood died at Redbank camp three days later with acutevirus pneumonia).
Approaching Singapore, at Church Parade, compulsory those days, we were addressed by the two
Padres on board. One warned us at great length of the wickedness of Singapore in the drowsy
heat of the ship’s saloon, the other brief and to the point – Yes, Singapore was the most wicked
city in the world. My advice to you is “Live your life to the full, but above all have the courage ofyour convictions”.

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I was most impressed as we docked in Singapore harbour with the appearance on the wharf of themost handsome and finest soldier in the world. I saw this Sikh in all his magnificence – six feet tall,
turbaned, with the classical features of his race, standing with the proud bearing of his famous
Indian regiment.
The 13th A.G.H. was quartered at St. Patrick’s College, a R.C. Boys’ school in the village of Katong
between Singapore and Changi.
The Queensland 2/26th Infantry Battalion were in the building down the road from us. It was one of
our pleasures to walk down the road a little to watch the “Changing of the Guard” at sunset.
Nowhere have I ever seen such sunsets and sunrises. We made very good friends with the
Officers of the 26th and were somewhat lonely when they moved up to Malacca on the Peninsula totrain in jungle warfare.
I shall never forget the first week in Singapore mainly because I had lost my appetite. The canalsof Singapore’s streets smelt dreadful as did most of the markets. As Singapore sat almost on theequator, the heat was at first unbearable and any worthwhile sleep was impossible. Then forbreakfast the army served us herrings-in-tomato sauce (gold fish) morning after morning. Things
were very organised during the second week and some “skilled” cooks were produced from among
our unit.
Now, mornings were spent lecturing the orderlies. My classes were taught correct bandaging andhow to test urine. Between 11 a.m. and noon Major Bruce Hunt, our senior physician from Perth,gave us lectures on Tropical diseases.
After lunch we rested until 3 p.m. and following afternoon tea we were free to go to the Swimming
Club or to play tennis or squash.
We were only allowed out three nights a week and had to be in by 23.59. Our C.O. did not confine
any culprit only to barracks for a fortnight but the whole nursing staff. This was most effective andwe didn’t break the rules. The upshot was besides being well-trained we were physically very fit.
For the next six weeks our nurses lived the lives of debutantes moving about in pairs as per orders.
Margaret and I paired up and became firm friends. On our visits to Singapore we met many locals
who had some connection with Queensland. Through Bill Low, Secretary to Sir Earl Page, we
received invitations to most of the Government dinners held at Raffles Hotel – all very formal andwith the most beautiful women of all nationalities, magnificent decor, an abundance of tropicalflowers and playing back-ground music was the kilted 2/Argyll and Sutherland Highlander
Regiment band.
On one occasion, at Raffles for a “real English morning tea” with Bill Low, we were awaiting him
when we were approached by a tall fair man with an American accent asking some rather leading
questions (one of our first lectures was on security). As Bill Low approached us our “suspect
friend” disappeared. Margaret and I wondered whether we were making too much of it but she
was certain his accent was assumed. Bill, when told, didn’t seem to take any notice of it but, afortnight later, said that our friend had been picked up as a German spy.
Shortly after this we moved to Johore Bahru, not far from the Sultan’s palace, but plumb in thelocal lunatic asylum. Instead of windows there were iron bars which were removed by the doctors
and men. Wards were separated by long covered concrete paths and so bicycles were needed totransport from one area to another. Later, during blackouts, pedestrians needed to take care.
Our quarters, surrounded by a high brick wall, were a short distance down the road and a bus,
driven by Driver Nimbs was supplied for transport. We were taking patients from nearby units
mainly with fevers and the odd surgical complaint.
I recall, even at this time of peaceful existence, Major Hunt, at tea, shook us out of our lethargic
state with these words.

118“There will be war with the Japanese. The Japanese will come in through the back door andadvance down the Peninsula. Our troops most likely would retreat to Singapore Island, trapped
like rats. The Japanese, then, could control our Singapore reservoirs and we then would be under
extreme stress. At the worst, none would go home to Australia”.
One sister remarked straightaway “That’s what I like about Bruce – he is so cheerful and so goodfor morale”.
Major Bruce Hunt was to be proven right on all scores. A pity he wasn’t on the 8th Division
Headquarters in Malaya which later needed officers with vision.
The night of December 7th, 1941 when the Japanese bombed Singapore was a lovely moon – lightnight so calm and peaceful and all our patients sleeping.
Having heard the bombs in the distance, ‘Lofty’, my orderly (Allan Schliebs), and I decided it must
be a practice raid. Then we saw the tracer bullets followed by the Ack-Ack guns firing skyward at
the Japanese planes overhead.
All the patients were now awake, in fact, very awake to the realisation that we were at war withJapan.
Major Bruce Hunt every evening visited our ward and, after attending to the sick patients, stood ona chair in the centre of the ward and gave us news reviews “Our troops are retreating rapidly down
the peninsula and the casualty list is high – not good news so far”.
On leaving he would say “If any of the patients need a sedative, Sister, give it to them”.
The war was getting hotter and closer and once more we attended lectures, this time in the Blackouts. Some of us were formed into a decontamination squad and Margaret Selwood, Margaret
Anderson, Veronica Torney and myself found ourselves made into the Signals Squad because thetelephone was in our bedroom. The Army Signals Corps rang us and, when the message was “AirRaid Red”, we had to ring a large brass bell and the nurses and amahs headed for the cover of thejungle. Most of our nights were interrupted by Japanese bombers and, staff trying to catch a few
hours sleep did it with extreme difficulty.
British and Indian troops were retreating rapidly following attacks from the Japanese Imperial
Guards, crack troops six feet tall and very well trained in jungle warfare.
On a shopping visit to Johore Bahru we encountered trucks of Indian Sikh and Gurka wounded
being taken to their own hospital.
Colonel Pigdon, our C.O., summoned all nurses to our mess and stressed the dangers ahead. He
asked us not to underestimate the strength of the Japanese. He was concerned that paratroops
could be employed to isolate the hospital. Should we be at risk we must take our “iron rations”,
head into the jungle and make our way to the coast. We had to familiarise ourselves with our
locality by studying maps and Col. Pigdon also put a curfew on nurses – not allowed outside ourcompound after dark, nor were we allowed visitors. The Japanese troops were just seventy two
miles away to the north. This I found out from the guard when I overheard him say to the Postal
Corporal, “Keep your rifle at the ready – the Japanese are only 72 miles away and advancing”.
Christmas 1941 came and the wards were decorated and the Red Cross and Salvation Army wereprevailed upon to boost the patients’ rations for the festive event. Our Officers were splendid on
Christmas Day. They helped to carve up the poultry and ham and helped serve the bed patients.
They also made the nurses sit down with the up patients while they waited on us.
In return the nurses had arranged an excellent party in our mess for the Officers and on Boxing
Day a Christmas party for all men of our unit. The Officers returned our party and additionally the
Sultan of Johore invited Matron Drummond and our C.O., Col. Pigdon, and the Officers and Sisters
who could be spared, to a festive dinner at his palace. I was on duty but I believe they ate off gold
plates.

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Events speeded up after this as the 2/10th A.G.H. had to evacuate their patients to us from
Malacca while they moved back to Singapore Island to set up their hospital. With the help of somesisters of the 2/10th A.G.H. and the 2/4th C.C.S. we managed to cope with an increase in hospitalpatient numbers from 500 to 1200.
The unit was very busy now as we coped with surgical wounded. The theatre staff were working
long hours. Captain Dreverman was in charge of the Blood Bank and he was so quick and efficient
at taking and giving blood the boys named him “Dracula”. Penny Bentley (South Australia) was his
assistant and they worked together in perfect harmony. They snatched their sleep when they
could get it. The Surgical team and the Physiotherapists were now encasing all possible wounds
in plaster-of-paris as had been first done in the Spanish Civil War. Firstly, sulphonamide powder
was dusted into the wound which was then packed with “Tulle Gins” (gauze bandages soaked in asolution of Vaseline and Balsalm of Peru). Then, the plaster cast was applied and stayed in situ
until the patients eventually reached the 2/12th A.G.H. in Colombo. The sisters of the 2/12th told us
the casts were dirty and smelly but, when removed, the wounds were clean and healed perfectly.
Fortunately, our Matron had the forethought to prepare the plaster bandages and Tulle Gins long
before they were needed and supplies did not run out.
The first indication we were to move came when the C.O., putting Padre
Marsden in charge, sent Margaret Selwood and I and a handful oforderlies back to Singapore to St. Patrick’s School which was to becleaned and prepared for the hospital. Margaret and I had to clean up
the civilian houses adjoining the college to house the members of ourunit. These houses had been evacuated by the civilians.
Near the end of January 1942 the 2/13th A.G.H. evacuated during
bombing raids in the record time of 72 hours from Tampoi to Katong,
Singapore. Medical history was surely made with not even the loss of an ambulance.
With the help of Bill Goodwin, a newly arrived member of the reinforcements landed about the 28th
January 1942, the assembly hall of the school was made ready for the last of the convoy (allmedical patients) to arrive. Beds were made, pyjamas placed at the ready with towels, cold drinks
on lockers and heaps of sandwiches made and tea-pots just awaiting boiling water. I might add we
had only kerosene refrigerators and primuses to sterilise our instruments and to make our tea.
Two orderlies serviced these daily. Being used to western Queensland I knew this was a wise
move. Kerosene appliances can be very temperamental unless handled by the same person.
Major Bruce Hunt and Sgt. Lockwood, both looking very exhausted, waited with us.
The ambulance convoy, driven by Indian drivers, had got lost in the black-out and it wasn’t till near
midnight that all patients were bedded down.
I took T.P.R. and their medical cards, whilst Major Hunt attended to their medical needs. Sgt.
Lockwood fetched the necessary medicines and sedatives as ordered. Bill followed up with the
sandwiches and tea. In a very short time every patient was asleep and Bill and I stayed on night
duty for the duration of the Malayan campaign.
Major Hunt insisted that every bath tub, every bucket and receptacle be filled with water. He
predicted the Japanese would cut off our water supply.
By now, the 31st January, all troops were on Singapore Island. The civilian women and children
were being evacuated on every available ship. Our first boat load of wounded left for Colombo
with three nursing sisters, none of whom were from the 13th A.G.H.
I believe that Colonel Pigdon, the C.O., sent three cables to the Prime Minister asking for ships toevacuate our wounded. These cables were not answered. Did they get through to Australia in all
the confusion?
We were all working 12 hour shifts except for the theatre staff, blood bank, X-Ray and our
Physiotherapists who, all of necessity, were on duty much longer than half-a-day. I, fortunately,
had the ability to sleep during the daytime air-raids, bombings and the constant artillery barrages
having found a quiet room in a deserted house where I rested undisturbed.

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So, Matron decided to put me in charge of the Resuscitation ward where the wounded wereadmitted. Because of the first war experience and organising ability of our Medical Officers our
hospital at St. Patrick’s school was excellently arranged for both patients and staff.
In the large Assembly Room on the lower ground floor, now used as the Resuscitation Ward, myjob as Sister-in-Charge was to arrange the setting up of all surgical trolleys, the duties of orderlies
and the placement of beds. The first row was to be for the very seriously wounded and an
intravenous drip was attached to each bed. The second row would contain the seriously wounded
and so on until the back row consisted of walking wounded.
As the convoys arrived I examined each stretcher and allocated the bed accordingly. Capt.
Huxtable, the surgeon in charge of the ward, ordered treatment and dressings. Capt. Dreverman
and Sister Penny Bentley attended to blood transfusions and intravenous drips. In their free timethey took blood from the walking wounded and sometimes seriously ill patients were transfused
direct from donor to recipient.
We sadly missed Drev. and Penny on the odd night when they slept. Their good-humoured
efficiency was appreciated by the wounded. The first row soldiers received the help and solace
from our Padres and I thanked God they were there to sit beside a dying soldier who would knowthat he was not alone in his last dying moments. How I wish their parents and wives could haveknow this.
First row patients on admittance were treated – no-one was bathed. Their wounds were cleaned
and dressed and followed by blood transfusions and intravenous saline. As each bed was onwheels patients were wheeled into the next room for X-Ray where Major Clarke and his staff
attended to them and attached their X-Rays (sometimes still wet) to the posts of the beds whichwere then wheeled into the adjoining operating theatre. Following their surgery the soldiers werewheeled to the next room to wait until they were fit enough to be moved to a ward. This exercise
was more beneficial for our patients as they were not moved out of their beds except on to theoperating table.
The Resuscitation Ward was a most interesting one and I saw only bravery and courage amongst
the wounded. They of course, didn’t stay long but I remember remarking to Cpt. Huxtable that nomatter how badly wounded they were they remained conscious whereas accident cases coming
into casualty in Civvy St. were unconscious and suffering from shock. Capt. Huxtable explainedthat a soldier went into action knowing he could be killed and when he found himself on a stretcher
in a hospital unit the old adrenalin pumped away and his spirits rose accordingly. So we can see
them conscious, co-operative and cheerful with the most appalling wounds, whereas a civilian did
not expect to be knocked down by a car or whatever and shock took over.
One night the top floor of the hospital was bombed and a direct hit caused much damage – many
patients had lucky escapes.
Early in February 1942, Col. Pigdon summoned all nurses into the Mess and told us we were to be
evacuated when there were ships available. Two lists of thirty names of Nursing Sisters on eachwere made and when the time came he asked that we go quietly with no good-byes. Also, wewere to pack just our small suitcase and take respirators and iron rations with us.
I shall always remember my last night. That night our patients were walking wounded, some so
serious I wondered how they had managed it. One soldier had a very severe chest wound and, as
Penny Bentley and dressed his wound, he looked up at us and said “God, you are beautiful”.
Penny and I laughed because, owing to black-out conditions, no air-conditioning or fans we wore
just theatre gowns and gauze caps over our hair.
His attitude reminded me of the night I knelt beside a stretcher on which lay a soldier whose face
was deathly white and not appearing to be breathing. I lifted the blanket to take his pulse and thestretcher was full of blood. Yes, he did have a pulse, but very feeble. I looked at his face and heopened his eyes and winked at me. I nearly died of shock. This brave man did recover.
Most of our wounded were mainly chest and facial wounds patients who were hit by snipers in therubber trees.

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THE JOURNEY BACK HOME
I was dragged out of the shower on the morning of February 11th by Margaret Selwood (now Meg
Harold Forbes) and told to hurry as we were leaving and the ambulance was waiting. Only Matron
saw us off and I shall always remember Matron Drummond cuddling Margaret and I in her arms
and saying “Good-luck Kids”. Then we were taken to St. Andrew’s Cathedral to await transport toa ship. We waited quietly knowing we must do exactly as we were told. The bombing and artillery
fire had intensified and fires had broken out all over Singapore. Late in the afternoon we weretaken by ambulance to the wharf where we waited in an air-raid shelter until the order came toboard the ship.
We were assisted from the swaying gang-plank by two merchant seamen on to the “Empire Star”
which had previously been used in evacuating troops from Dunkirk, Greece and Crete. With the
2/10th A.G.H. Sisters we numbered sixty and were sent down into the hold where we saw English
and Indian nurses. The English nurses were the Territorial Nurses and still wore the uniforms wornby Florence Nightingale nurses. The English and Indian girls were very nervous, having been
through a very bad time recently.
We stayed in the harbour overnight waiting to join a convoy of 28 ships – the last convoy to leave
Singapore. Only three of the 28 were to reach Java. At dawn we moved away from the island andat 9 a.m. precisely the bombing commenced. The convoy was also machine-gunned and evensuicide pilots crashed into the decks of some of the ships.
We quickly made dressing stations down in the hold and very soon wounded were brought down to
us. There were three direct hits on our ship and one incendiary bomb which fired the crew’s
quarters. A last effort resulted in the Japanese dropping two one-thousand pound bombs one oneach side of the ship. The Empire Star literally was lifted out of the water and when it righted itself
we heard only one of the two engines working. I stood beside my friend, Margaret, when thishappened. Looking at her I noticed a trickle of blood from her ear which had had its drum ruptured.
In the meantime Margaret Anderson and Veronica Torney had gone up on deck and attended themen as they fell wounded. These sisters of the 13th A.G.H. were noticed by the Captain on thebridge working without regard to their own safety and later recommended both for decorations.
From this time on, the Captain took a great interest in Australians. The use of his bathroom wasmuch appreciated by the Aussie nurses and the Empire Star became the only ship in the British
Navy with smalls waving gaily from the bridge.
It was from here Margaret and I saw the burial at sea with full military honours for thirteen men.
Throughout the raids the troops on deck sang hymns and at this burial service they sang “Abide
With Me”. If I hear it today I still get a lump in my throat.
Just before arriving in Java, the Captain held a Thanksgiving Service and all attended. We had
had a miraculous escape – one of the three ships to survive in a convoy of 28 which included three
oil tankers. We also shot down a Japanese plane during a six-hour bombing attack.
All felt our survival was due to the efficiency of the Captain and his crew of the “Empire Star” asthey worked together calmly, cheerfully and with a wonderful “esprit de corps”. The Captain in his
address said many had thanked him for saving their lives but he gave all credit to the Supreme
Being who had guided our ship into safe waters. He asked all when ashore to go to church andthank God for our safety.
I feel this experience had a profound effect on all of us. I know I felt very close to God andexperienced that feeling of “Peace that Passeth all Understanding”. This was to remain with me forthe duration of the war.
While the Empire Star was being repaired we were taken on board a Dutch merchant ship boundfor India. We were made comfortable on straw mattresses on the very clean lower deck and given
nice fresh sandwiches and tea and cold water.
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As the Empire Star now had orders to sail south to Australia, the Captain was persuaded to takethe Australian nurses with him. No sooner were we on our way then Java capitulated to theJapanese. Near Bali a troop ship containing our men from the Middle East passed nearby. We
established their Australian content when we coo-eed and they replied.
When we arrived in Fremantle we found out that Darwin, Wyndham and Broome had been bombed
and a Japanese invasion was imminent. The average Australian seemed unaware of this. They
could not understand why the 8th Division had not held Singapore and the men who found their
way home from there in 1942 were arrested as deserters and imprisoned in Fremantle. General
Gordon Bennett the leader of the 8th Division was the subject of an exhaustive inquiry.
After a period of leave Margaret Selwood joined the 106 C.C.S. which unit later went to New
Guinea (it was her father’s old unit) from Redbank. I eventually joined the 2/2 A.G.H. which was
disbanded at the end of hostilities and the 2/14 A.G.H. was formed to return to Singapore torehabilitate the prisoners-of-war. We knew, too, that our girls who left Singapore after us on the
Vyner Brooke had been taken prisoners.
The 2/14 A.G.H. was formed in Melbourne with a new C.O., the Matron ex 2/2 A.G.H., new N.C.Os
and orderlies. We sailed from Melbourne on the “Duntroon”, a troop ship during the war. On
arrival at Darwin I was amazed to see the amount of devastation – the newspapers had made lightof the air-raids on that town.
The “Duntroon” was escorted by a corvette through possible mine-fields. At an appropriate time
the Captain got rid of his ammunitions. Another Sister and I were invited above decks to witness
the firing of tracer bullets illuminating the sky and, with our ears plugged, watched in awe as the big
guns were manned and fired into the distance.
We arrived in Singapore where many other ships were anchored. Our impatient nurses hitchedrides in trucks bound for Changi Jail. The local people cheered us and gave us the thumbs-up signbut, Oh! How Singapore had changed! The influence of the British rule was gone and with it allthat was dignified and lawful. The people were not the happy people we had known.
On arrival at Changi we were escorted through the jail by some men of the 13th A.G.H. Its C.O.
Col. Pigdon had died in Formosa, Capts Frew and Dreverman were still in Thailand. Our other
Doctors and Padres were there. With amazement we witnessed P.O.W. ingenuity – seawater had
produced their salt – boiled grass their Vitamin B – oil from coconut trees their kitchen fuel –concealed radios in a broom head and in the seat of a R.A.P. stool supplied their news. The men
were very emaciated and their clothes in tatters but they and their surroundings were clean.
As a unit we had been one big happy family and it was great to meet friends once more.
Then the 2/14 A.G.H. established itself at St. Patrick’s College – seemed like going home. Verysoon the hospital was fully functional and all beds were full. Planes were bringing P.O.Ws fromBurma and Thailand. A ward two floors up was prepared for our nursing sisters but no-one knew
yet where they were. Then came the good news, the girls were found in Sumatra. Sixty had left
on the “Vyner Brooke” but we didn’t know how many to expect.
It was our custom to visit as many P.O.Ws in hospital each day as possible. As Driver Nimbs and I
walked past the hospital’s entrance an ambulance pulled up and its passengers alighted. I
remarked to Driver Nimbs, “They are coolies and should go to the European hospital”. Looking
closer, I saw, under the coolie hats, the old grey uniforms worn by our nurses, thongs on their feetand carrying small bundles of their belongings. It’s them – thank God. Sadly instead of 60 nurses
there were only 24. I took them up to the C.O. and introduced them. The Queenslanders were Vy
McElnea (died later of heart attack in 1950s), Val Smith, Eileen Short, Flo Trotter, Sylvia Muir andJoyce Twedell. Joyce was a stretcher case and it would have been only a matter of hours for her.
The only sister I didn’t recognise was Jenny Greer who had been a buxom 12 stone and was
reduced to 4 stone.
I arranged baths for them all and the Chinese boys had to run backwards and forwards with therequired hot water. There was great excitement but I felt a terrible numbness.
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It had been bad enough to see the stat of the men but the girls were walking skeletons – hip joints,
elbows etc. were protruding through their skin. They were happy and delighted to get a sponge
bag each, and joy of joys, their very own tooth brush. Once they were fed and bedded down I went
off duty. Vivian Bullwinkel asked me later how I reacted to the reunion. I told her after I went off
duty I vomited with the stress of it all.
During the fortnight the girls talked incessantly of their life in prison camp. There was only sadness
for their lost friends. They had accepted their lot for 3 ½ long years and made the best of it. They
told of their capture and imprisonment and Viv’s miraculous survival of the Banka Strait massacre,
how they cleaned out several houses to be used as Japanese brothels, of the dreadful days that
followed when, two by two, they were coaxed, bribed with cigarettes, food and drink. The nurses
fronted up looking as unattractive as possible – big girls wearing the smaller girl’s uniforms andvice versa – hair dishevelled and a really stupid look. The Japanese officers desisted and turned
their attention to others.
For the duration of the war they had to scrounge and to work for the European women for money
to buy food. A small cake of soap was a luxury and one tooth brush had to be shared. Many of
our girls died.
So the surviving nurses talked non-stop of their life in P.O.W. camps. Now they do not mention it.
I remember them squatting on the floor like “boongs” – their habits of 3 ½ years still with them as
they became stronger. The men brought them gifts of bunches of bananas, baskets of eggs andnuts. These were placed on the floor where they squatted. Into their cups of tea they broke 1 or 2
raw eggs. Their craving for protein was profound with the result their bodies became bloated andthe Physicians had to control their diets. During their stay in hospital, and since, they were always
cheerful and happy.
I have just heard the cassette of the “Song of Survival” which will be produced as a documentary.
This to me was an inspiration and should be shown to the world as a tribute to the magnificent
spirit of our surviving sisters.
QX 22716
S/N Phyllis Pugh
(Mrs. P. B. Campbell)

DECORATIONS
NursesMargaret Anderson
Vera Torney
Vivian Bullwinkel (P.O.W.)

George Medal
M.B.E.
(a)
A.R.R.C.
(b)
Florence Nightingale(c)M.B.E.
(d)E.D.

Major Bruce Hunt

M.B.E.

Officers

O,Rs
Sgt. Alex Deans
B.E.M.
Additionally, Sgt. Deans was promoted to Acting rank of Warrant Officer Class 2
as from 1st July 1943
Lt. Col. Kappe C.O. “F” Force recognised the work of Sgt. Deans when in chargeof the nursing staff at Nieke during a cholera epidemicEditorial comment.
•••

There is comment of “F” Force having contact with “D” Force at a POW camp Tarsau. “D” Force
was certainly in that area at that time. However “Dunlop” Force, whilst generally in the area, waslocated about 30 km further north in the Hintok area.
There is also mention of the Commanding Officer of 13 AGH Colonel Pigden dying in captivity in
Formosa. Although he passed through Formosa in 1942, he actually died in Mukden, Manchuria on
9 July 1945.
Gratitude must be expressed to Mrs Marie Wilson who has re-typed this history to enable it to beplaced on the website. It will be realised this was a huge task. The quality of her typing, accuracy
and the adjustment of layout is much appreciated.

Lt Col Peter Winstanley (Ret’d) OAM RFD (JP)May 2009