Birth ofAstrobiology

Shigenori Maruyama

History of life and Earth < 23 years

Systematization ofAstrobiology

Today’s Contents
1. Background of Astrobiology
1)2)Cornerstones“World Standard Model” of the Whole Earth History

2. ELSI’s Scheme of Astrobiology
1)“Naked Earth” Hypothesis> Water Supplied Through Planetary Formation

2)“Habitable Trinity” Model> Life Emerged on Surface Environment of the Hadean Earth3)

Exploring the Origin of Life
> Bottom-up Approach: Reproducing the Hadean Chemical Evolution> Top-down Approach: Decoding the Genome of Primitive Organisms

3. “Universal” Life in Space
1)
2)

Specificity and Universality of the Earth’s Life
Extraterrestrial Life: Exploration of “Habitable Trinity Zone Planets”

1. Background of Astrobiology
1) Cornerstones

What is Astrobiology?
Goal: How can life-sustaining planets be formed ? What are theadditional conditions for organisms to evolve to intelligent life thateventually produces civilization?
Approach: We conducted intensive research on the Earth, anddistinguished the universality and specificity of the Earth’s life. We
will explore exo-planets to establish Astrobiology (universal biology).

1. Background of Astrobiology
1) Cornerstones

History of Astrobiology
1. Maruyama G has initiated the project of decoding the whole Earthhistory including life (Earth Bio-planetology) since 1990 .
2. NASA has led the Astrobiology project since around 1995.
3. Rapid increase in data obtained from the exploration of exoplanets(by Kepler spacecraft) (>1,000 planets) by 2013.
4. The concept of “Habitable Zone” was extended to classify the lifesustaining planets（Lammer et al., 2009)← Should be replaced withthe concept of “Habitable Trinity” (Maruyama G）.

1. Background of Astrobiology
2) “World Standard Model” of the Whole Earth History

Orogenic Belts of the Earth

Maruyama et al. (2002; 2008)

1. Past: Background of Astrobiology
2) “World Standard Model” of the Whole Earth History

Maruyama et al.,
2002; 2008

10 Major Events in Earth History

Irreversible Dynamics of Earth System caused
the Emergence and Evolution of Life.

Size of life enlarged by two steps, 1 million times bigger than before.

Fig.12-2

formation of ozone layer

System dynamics(fate of cooling
Earth after 4.0Ga since its birth)
Maruyama and Liou, 2005)
Maruyama et al., 2013

Maruyama et al., 1996; Maruyama and Liou, 2005

Maruyama et al., 2013

Birth of huge landmass: how
important same as in the Hadean• 1 Diversification of surface environment(Temp. Humidity and other physical conditions,chemical and biological parameters)• 2 First 600m.y. and last 600 m.y. (Phanerozoic)
are the golden age for life. Imagine if the Earthis covered perfectly by ocean, no
diversification of surface environment, no lifeand no evolution.

地球は水が殆どない岩石惑星：
どのように創るか？

図４

What is life?

Maruyama et al., 2013

2. ELSI’s Scheme of Astrobiology
2) “Habitable Trinity” Model (Dohm and Maruyama, 2014)> Life Emerged on Surface Environment of the Hadean Earth“Habitable Trinity”
Outer space

Steady energy supply
from the Sun

Atmosphere (CO2, N2)

Hadean atmosphere

Triple point
Ocean(H2O)
RockRockRock (P+K etc)

35-90 atm CO2-rich + N2
Ocean (all halogens, pH<1
F, Cl, Br, I, S; heavy metals,Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mo, Fe, Mg)

Anorthosite + KREEP
Three necessary conditions for life to emerge and evolve:(1) Landmass (oversaturated P for membrane),(2) Lakes (primordial ocean is toxic; ultra-acidic, high salinity, ultra-rich in heavy metals),(3) Nutrients (P-ore etc) continuously supplied2. ELSI’s Scheme of Astrobiology
1) “Naked Earth” Hypothesis (Maruyama et al., 2013)> Water Supplied Through Planetary Formation

Snowline“Naked” = extremely thinocean and atmosphere
Earth → Landmass → Life

Another Earth

Ocean: 400km thickMade from 3H2O%
chondrite
Ocean: 4km thick（0.023H2O%）

No Landmass→No Life

2. ELSI’s Scheme of Astrobiology
1) “Naked Earth” Hypothesis> Water Supplied Through Planetary Formation

Two step formation of the Earth-Moon system
4.56Ga: Dry Earth-Moon system : No ocean and no atmosphere
4.4Ga: 4km thick thin skin of ocean and atmosphere

Asteroid impact

Birth of life on theprimordial continents
Anorthosite + KREEPAnorthositic continents covered by KREEP basalt
with KREEP lower crust . No Na.
Primordial continents
on which first life was born.

Facing tothe Earth

Anorthositic continents with KREEP are the excellent catalyzer to synthesize amino-acids
and much larger organic compounds. Amino acids can be synthesized under therifted lake on the primordial continents.

Primitive upper mantle normalized pattern

C1 Chondrite

TTG

Carbonatite & KREEP

Maruyama et al., 2013

Elements for origin of life
• 1 Extremely fractionated melt is necessary (K, no Na,P and others)= KREEP and no Na.
• 2 Also large ion lithophile elements such as U isconcentrated for the primordial continents(promoted mutation). Role of U and radioactive
elements may have played a critical role for birth oflife.
• 3 Atomic bomb magma played a critical role forevolution afterward the birth of life, specifically in
the Phanerozoic. See a recent model by Ebisuzaki
and Maruyama (2013).

■ Orogenic belts of the world

Maruyama et al., 2002, 2008

Absence of Hadean rocks on the Earth• 1. Originally absent by less extensive
fractionation up to gabbro• 2. Present but annihilated afterward• 3. 2 may be correct, because of two reasons(1) Nutrients source (HTP) and (2)K/Na=40/1
ratio of cell cytoplasm• 4. Mechanism=Tectonic erosion

■ 結果：大陸成長曲線（補正後）

Primordial Continents now in deep Earth to be
identified seismologically above on the CMB

To expose landmass as nutrientssource, primordial ocean must be
extremely small in amount.
How to make a naked planet Earth： akey is origin of asteroid belt.

See more in appendix
History of Earth and Life

Earth & Planetary Sciences

A04 History of Life& Earth

4.0Ga

Life Science

Astrobiology

A03 Microbes in the Hadean
pseudo-environment

A01: Hadean EarthCommonotes

A05 Meteorite and Planet

A02 Pre-biotic chemical evolution
4.56Ga(4.4-4.0Ga)
A01 Group時間変化図

A02 Pre-biotic chemical Evolution

A03 Pre-biotic chemical Evolution
Establishment of cultivation

Single cell genomics

Microbes living in the pseudo-Hadean
environment

Estimation of ancestral genome
arrangement

Artificial life experiments

2. ELSI’s Scheme of Astrobiology
3) Exploring the Origin of Life
> Bottom-up Approach: Reproducing the Hadean Chemical Evolution

A05 Meteoriteand Planet
How to make HT planets

A04 History of Life and EarthDifficulty of synthesis of huge organic compounds

Why difficult?

Ｍａｒｕｙａｍａ ｅｔ ａｌ., 2013

Difficulty of synthesis of life in laboratory. Barrier 4, 5 and 6 are extremely difficult
because of stabilization of huge organic molecules. Natural processes more thanseveral thousands of reactions were coded finally into Genome finally to pass overthe Barrier 5 to become life.

Surface environment of the 4.4Ga EarthBirth place of life: only one to satisfy numbers of conditions=Lake●Toxic Primordial Ocean (Ultra-acidic, high salinity, andsuper-enriched heavy elements). Imagine an ore solution in ablast furnace. Impossible for life to bear in the toxic primordialocean. Highly different from the modern Ocean.
●Constraints: Geology of Moon, Earth , Mars and meteorites

Plate tectonics as a cleaner

Primordial ocean is (1) Ultra-acidic, (2)High salinity,(3)Ultra-enriched in heavy metals
Ore deposit
Water-rock interaction
Increasing pH to neutral

Into mantle

The Earth has lost primordial
continents by tectonic erosion

How to demonstrate the presence of Primordial Continents
100atm□Experiment

AcastaIsua

North PoleCleaverville

98○

○

PCO2

Hamersley

pH7○○

1 million times more efficient
to change seawater chemistry

6550

pH

4・重金属元素・Salinity・PO2 など

3×××

2×PCO21■Experiment
46 44
無大気
無海洋

4240×38

冥王代

3634Time

3230282624 億年前

原生代

太古代
大気・海洋の初期進化

アステロイド重爆撃

原始大陸

花崗岩地殻の増加
原始大陸の消失

プレートテクトニクス開始

実験G3（澤木）2. ELSI’s Scheme of Astrobiology
3) Exploring the Origin of Life
> Bottom-up Approach: Reproducing the Hadean Chemical Evolution

2. ELSI’s Scheme of Astrobiology
3) Exploring the Origin of Life
> Bottom-up Approach: Reproducing the Hadean Chemical Evolution

Origin of Life

2. ELSI’s Scheme of Astrobiology
3) Exploring the Origin of Life
> Bottom-up Approach: Reproducing the Hadean Chemical Evolution

Chemical Evolution
Exp. 1

Exp. 2Exp. 3

1st row: Protein for metabolic reaction
2nd row: self-replication (RNA)
3rd row: membraneExp. 4Exp. 5

2. ELSI’s Scheme of Astrobiology
3) Exploring the Origin of Life
> Bottom-up Approach: Reproducing the Hadean Chemical Evolution“Hadean” Miller-Urey Experiments

2. ELSI’s Scheme of Astrobiology
3) Exploring the Origin of Life

Chemical Evolution Experiments
1) Discovery of New Self-Organizing Phenomena:
Multi-Stage Synthesis of “Functional” Polypeptidesand Polynucleotides2) Discovery of Optimal Catalysts (Minerals, Rocks,Interfaces, Wavelength, etc)
3) Comprehensive Parameter-vs-Product Database

Genome Database Analysis
1) Primitive Metabolism
2) Primitive Self-Replication
3) Primitive Membrane

Life=Organic radical reactions
１. What is radical reaction? Analogy: Nucleids radiation
reactions making continuously unstable nucleids.
２. Organic radical reactions continue over 4.4 Ga（e.g., Fertile egg→Baby chick→adult chicken,
Reactions occur in a restricted T range ca. 37℃）

３. Self-organizations（Coordinate bond & organic compound:
Frontier of new material industry)

４. Nearly infinite number of organic radical reactions which
are possible only by C,H,N,O with metallic elements from rocks,
and impossible by silicates only.

2. ELSI’s Scheme of Astrobiology
3) Exploring the Origin of Life
> Bottom-up Approach: Reproducing the Hadean Chemical Evolution

Towards Astrobilogy

3. “Universal” Life in the Universe
1) Specificity and Universality of the Earth’s Life

1)

What is Life?

What is life?
It is a system that is composed mainly of C, H, O, and N,
involving never-ending organic radical reactions (= universality).
Life cannot be made by clays (silicate minerals) but allows
small amounts of various nutrients to bear specificity.

2) Life sustaining planet：
Only planets within habitable trinity zone can bear life (= universality).
The diversity in chemical compositions of central star produces
the diversity in planets (= specificity)3) Habitable trinity zone is determined by strength of solar wind (universality),
but the diversity in chemical composition for each rocky planet produces theindividuality of each planet (= specificity).
4) Others key issues (about 30) → Springer (Book, 2014-2015)

Universality and specificity of biology
applied to the Earth, Solar System, and Milky Way Galaxy

Towards the establishment of Astrobiology→ Universal Formation Model of Habitable Trinity Planets
1st Step:
Bulk chemical composition ofSolar Rocky Planets

2nd Step:
Bulk chemical composition ofUniversal Rocky Planets
determined as a function ofCentral Star (chemistry and size)and distance (from CS)
2.1

3rd Step:
The birth and evolution ofHabitable Trinity Planet
are determined byinternal dynamics of solid planet

2.7

Habitable Zone as functions of not only by distance from CS but also
greenhouse gas (X and amount), X of CS, and time中心星からの距離だけでは定義できない3. “Universal” Life in Space
2) Extraterrestrial Life: Exploration of “Habitable Trinity Zone Planets”← Telescopes should focus on here!

To harbor large multicellular life: the size of planet must be not too big, not too small
Maruyama, Ikoma, Genda, Hirose, Yokoyama, 2013

Expected results
1 Birth of lifeMaruyama et al., submitted to GR； Surface environment of first life on the Hadean Earth
生命の合成実験：第一段階まではＯＫ
第2段階（ＲＮＡ→ＤＮＡ）は困難

Golden age for life:
First and Last 600 million years (Repetition of extinction)
HadeanMagmaOceanArchean

Proterozoic

Loss ofprimordial
continent

Phanerozoic

Eukaryote

Chemicalfossil

Microfossil

Birth of
cyanobacteria

Archaea

Archaea

Metazoan

Ancestor of metazoan

20kinds amino acid
Limited proteins
Bacteria
Ancestor of plant

Plant
Bacteria

Mass extinction
Birth of life
Chemical evolution

第2段階はtop-downを組み合わせる
Hadean-Diversified microorganisms-Extinction & evolution during 400 m.y.
-Finally, Archaea & eubacteria-Loss of primordial continent

Phanerozoic-Golden age for plants and metazoan-Occupying on-land environment(increase in oxygen content)-Emergence of huge landmass

How to do experiments

p2p3p4p5e0 g1r2-n

c6r2r3r4r5v3v4v5r2-rr2-pv2

E=elements, g=gas, p=protein, r=RNA, v=vesicle (membrane), c=cell

c6 Hadeanc6Birth Place of Life on theE
c6
c6

c6

c6
p2-5

r2-5
g1

v2-5?
c6 Championship

Shigenori Maruyama

c6Birth Place of Proto-Life

g1: H2

Catalysts=magnetite, Ni-Co a

3Fe2SiO4 + 2H2O
→ 2Fe3O4 + 3SiO2 + 2H2
H2O@Lake
Fe2SiO4@MagmaBirth Place of Proto-Life

N2@Atmosphere

g1: NH3@Low Temp. < 150C
N2 + 3H2 (+ Cements) → 2NH3
H2@Lake
H2O@Lake
Anorthite + H2O→ Cements(Ca-Zeolites, Carbonates, CaAl-silicates)

Anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8)@Continental CrustBirth Place of Proto-Life

CO2@Atmosphere

g1: CH4
Komatiite + H2O + H2 + CO2→ CH4
H O@Lake
2H2@Lake
Komatiite@MagmaBirth Place of Proto-Life
UV, VIS, X-ray, Gamma-ray (energy)@AtmosphereElectric Discharge (energy)@Atmospherep2: Amino Acids (MU Exp.)
H2O +H2 + CH4 + NH3 (+ Energy)→ Amino Acids

H2O@Lake

NH3@Lake
CH4@Lake

H2@LakeBirth Place of Proto-Life
UV, VIS, X-ray, Gamma-ray (energy)@AtmosphereElectric Discharge (energy)@Atmospherer2: Nucleotide Precursors (MU Exp.)
H2O +H2 + CH4 + NH3 (+ Energy)→ Amino Acids

H2O@Lake

NH3@Lake
CH4@Lake
Nutrients from KREEPCatalysts: B and Li

H2@LakeBirth Place of Proto-Life

Catalyst: = B & Li

v2: Fatty Acids?

CH4@Lake
H2O@LakeBirth Place of Proto-Life

Nutrients from KREEP, no Na

p3-4: Polypeptides
Amino Acids + Mineral Surface+ Dry-Wet Cycle (Tide) → Polypeptides

Birth Place of Proto-Life

Nutrients from KREEP, no Na

r3-4: Polynucleotides
Nucleotides + Mineral Surface+ Dry-Wet Cycle (Tide) → Polynucleotides

Birth Place of Proto-Life

Nutrient source from KREEP, Evaporation and condensation ofCompounds in the lakev3-4: Vesicle Formation?

Birth Place of Proto-LifeKREEP@Basalt(K, Rare Earth, P)

p5: Enzyme-like Polypeptides+
r5: Ribozyme-like Polynucleotides+v5: Membrane-like Vesicle↓c6: Proto-Life
Carbonate Minerals(stable@pH7 Lake):Calcite, Dolomite, Ankerite, etc.c6 Hadean
c6Birth Place of Life on theEc6c6c6c6p2-5r2-5
g1v2-5?
c6 Championship

Shigenori Maruyama

c6c6 Championship: Survival of Optimal Proto-Life
Natural Selection@Toxic-Clean Water Interface

Clean Water@Lake
c6
c6

c6

c6

Toxic Ocean Water@Continental Lift

c6c6c6

1) Atmosphere2) Ocean3) Continent
Rapid Changes in 4) A-O-C Interaction resulted in5) Self-Rotation Freq. Unidirectional Chemical Evolution
6) Tide Freq.
7) Magnetic Intensity
4.6Ga

4.0Ga

Philosophical background: How toproceed multi-disciplinary works戦略（革新的研究の一般側）
Rule: How to create new science• １ 世界を独走する独自性：生命の誕生場• Geoscience to bear life on the Hadean Earth• ２ 冥王代類似環境微生物（未記載）の確保• Discovered bacteria (new species) under Hadean
Earth analog of hydrothermal system• ３ 人工生命実験に利用（世界へ開放）• Use for artificial life synthesis• ４ 学際研究を加速する法則• How to proceed multi-disciplinary works

Difficulties
to do interdisciplinaryresearch１）It is nonsense to think interdisciplinary research will progress by
conversation in common room ( where free soft drink and alcohol
provided!)２）It is wrong that directors expect that younger researchers should
provide the excellent achievement on behalf of them.
３）Every researcher have to be prepared and make tremendous
effort to do interdisciplinary research. Directors must perform it first.
Planetary scientist have to write papers of biology, geology andastronomy, and vice versa, which is interdisciplinary science.
Interdisciplinary scientist must be brave and perform by himself.
４）Internal assessment panel should annually evaluate staff
performance including both researchers and admin staff withapplication of praise and blame. Familiarize all staff with necessity
to deliver the result.

Implementation ofinternal assessment panel
1) Conduct annual performance review for all researchers
and administrative staff.
Evaluate result and set goal, which is evaluated by thepanel member.
2) Application of praise and blame
Praise: bonus, base up of salary, more funding
Blame: commitment to deliver the result and set a clear
target to make a progress3) 4 Directors are evaluated by all staff in ELSI
(15 items; from +5 to -5)4) Performance review spend 3 days. Invite appraisers (35 person) from outside of ELSI.
5) English is preferred language. But presentationmaterial include both English and Japanese to make it
more understandable for appraisers from various fields.

Appraisal items●For researchers1) performance for interdisciplinary research2) publication (or achievement)3) care for others
4) quality of research (by 3 rank; only description,
establishment of concept, systematization)5) and others (+10 items)●Admin staff
1) Endeavor for administrative organization
2) quality/accuracy3) care for others

Organization Theory●Fatal disease of organization
Functive (Organization to strive for thegoal) shifts to Community (Pursue
happiness of members)
Once member is fixed after the organization is established,biological urge appears in the organization to pursue happinessof members, regardless of the goal of the organization.

Organization Theory
1) Shift from functive to community- Feel like chosen people,- Non-intervention each other- Bureaucratization- Power game
- Stability orientation--Keeping information secret within the organization-> Remember the importance of mutual criticism

2) Successful experience3) Over-adapted to the circumstances-Sectionalism-Specialty

Organization Theory
Characteristics of Community
1) avoid appraisal
2) dislike a person of high ability3) like a person of noble character

Check points
1) Seniority-based system
2) Keep things confidential (no disclosure of information)3) A please-everyone policy
4) Anti- Shigenori Maruyama