Heat Transfer Engineering, 33(15):1220–1231, 2012
C Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
Copyright 
ISSN: 0145-7632 print / 1521-0537 online
DOI: 10.1080/01457632.2012.692294

heat in history

Heat Transfer Research in Sweden:
Historical and Current Activities
BENGT SUNDÉN
Department of Energy Sciences, Division of Heat Transfer, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

This article describes some historical and significant contributions in the field of heat transfer from various Swedish
universities and researchers. It also gives an overview of what kind of heat transfer-related research has been going on
recently, as well as some current activities. Traditionally, research projects have been associated with the Ph.D. education
programs and in these, common theses for the licentiate of engineering and doctor of philosophy appear, besides publications
in journals, conference proceedings, and technical reports. The only location with a Ph.D. program in heat transfer andthe main research focus on this subject is at Lund University. Nevertheless, heat transfer research is carried out at various
universities, but not as the major subject.

INTRODUCTION
In the past, most research works were carried out by individuals, and to a limited extent. Focus was mostly on fundamental
issues. Publication was not always a priority. As the university
education and research were extended and new universities werestarted, new research groups (professors, senior researchers, andPh.D. students) were established as the available funding wasincreased. Also over the years, there has been a shift from fundamental research to applied and industry-oriented studies.
In this article some important contributions are highlighted
and the most important researchers and departments are briefly
introduced. The given references are just examples of publications. Figure 1 shows a map indicating the locations of the major
universities in Sweden.
It should also be noted that computational fluid dynamics(CFD) for fluid flow, heat and mass transfer, combustion, andchemical processes has become an engineering tool, and nowadays several commercial codes are provided by competing companies, and for research and development (R&D) at universities
both commercial codes and in-house codes are being used. Similarly experimental equipment has been developed significantly
Address correspondence to Professor Bengt Sundén, Department of Energy
Sciences, Division of Heat Transfer, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund,
Sweden. E-mail: bengt.sunden@energy.lth.seand tools like laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV), particle image velocimetry (PIV), liquid crystal thermography (LCT), andinfrared thermography (IRT) have become easily available andappear in engineering and research work frequently. This alsomeans that heat transfer issues or problems are also tackled byresearch groups not primarily focusing on heat transfer.

WORK BY NILS FRÖSSLING AT LUND UNIVERSITY,(LUND), KTH (STOCKHOLM), AND CHALMERS
UNIVERSITY (GOTHENBURG)
Nils Frössling started his academic career at Lund University, Department of Physics. At first he carried out a theoreticaland experimental investigation of evaporation of falling drops.
The drops were placed on a thin glass rod or a thermocouple
and a wind tunnel created a forced airflow that was comingfrom below. The evaporation was measured by photographing
the drops repeatedly on an increased scale. The drop radius varied from 0.1 to 0.9 mm. The air velocity was 0.2–7 m/s and thecorresponding Reynolds number was in the range of 2 to 800.
The liquids used in the experiments were nitrobenzene, aniline,
and water. Frössling also considered sublimation of naphthalene spheres in the same Reynolds number range and he presented distribution of the sublimation rate over the surface of thenaphthalene spheres. Figures 2 and 3 show the experimental

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Figure 2 Frössling’s experimental setup [1]. (Color figure available online.)

Figure 1 Map showing locations of major universities in Sweden. (Color
figure available online.)

setup. This part of the work is frequently cited in the literature as the pioneering work using sublimation of naphthalene
in mass transfer experiments and converting such data to heattransfer data (Nusselt numbers, Nu) using the heat and masstransfer analogy.
The results (actually mass transfer) were already correlated
by a formula in 1938; see reference [1].
Sh = 2 + 0.55 · (Re)0.5 · (Sc)1/3(1)

Equation (1) with the constant 0.55 exchanged by 0.6 is morecommonly referred to in the literature and then usually referenced to Ranz and Marshall [2], who also did corresponding
experiments but later.
Later on, Frössling started to work on calculations of heattransfer and fluid flow in laminar boundary layers by using andheat transfer engineering

further developing the method based on the Blasius series orgeneralized Blasius series solutions. He extended the series byintroducing universal functions for axisymmetric flow and fortemperature and concentration fields. He also showed that forsimilar√ velocity distributions outside the boundary layer, theNu/ Re is only a function of the Pr number. Further details areavailable in references [3] and [4].
Frössling spent a short time period at KTH (Royal Institute ofTechnology) in Stockholm, but his major concern there seemed
to be finalizing his Ph.D. thesis and achieving the honorary
degree docent [5, 6].
As Frössling was appointed a professor in Applied Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics at Chalmers University ofTechnology in 1959, he with several co-workers continued his
research on laminar boundary calculation methods. Extensions
for the series solution method were exemplified by introducing
a more general description of the velocity distribution outside
the boundary layer. Later on, the thermal boundary conditionof an isothermal wall surface was relaxed and nonisothermal
surface temperature distributions were introduced. Then
universal functions for the boundary layer temperature distribution were developed. This enabled studies with solid
bodies having limited thermal conductivity, and the concept
of conjugated heat transfer was introduced. Also, the shapeof the immersed solid bodies was developed and some works
considered so-called lenticular cylinders and wedge-shaped
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B. SUNDÉN

Figure 3 Droplets in the experiments of Frössling [1].

bodies. Because of the limitations of series solutions like slow
convergence at far distances from the starting position of thelaminar boundary layer, Frössling also initiated application offinite-difference methods for the downstream boundary-layer
calculations. Because of the parabolic nature of the boundary
layer equations, these require initial data for the velocity andtemperature fields. The series solutions were used to provide
such data. A few references are [7–9].
Frössling also at Chalmers introduced studies on free-stream
turbulence on boundary-layer heat transfer (on circular cylinders and flat surfaces), infrared technique to measure surface
temperature, LDA measurements of fluid flow, and hot-wireanemometry for turbulent boundary-layer flow. He succeededin building up a research laboratory of high quality and withmodern equipment, including relatively big low-speed wind tunnels. Also the undergraduate education was developed to a highstandard.
Joseph Kestin, a professor at Brown University, Providence,
RI, met Frössling several times and Professor Kestin at someheat transfer engineering

time suggested (it is not totally confirmed that it was Kestin being the originator) that Frössling numbers should be introduced
as
Fr1 =

Nu − 2
Re0.5 · Pr1/3

(2)

and
Nu
Fr2 = √Re

(3)

The second one of these, Eq. (3), is more frequently used thanEq. (2).
Nils Frössling did not publish much in the open literature, andthe work of his students was mainly published in several licentiate of engineering theses and a few Ph.D. theses. Nevertheless,several of his co-workers reached professorships at universities,
and management and R&D top positions in companies.
Nils Frössling was born in 1913, retired in 1980, and passed
away in 1986. He suffered from a stroke shortly after his
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B. SUNDÉN

retirement and was partly physically disabled during his lastyears. In younger days he was a competitive runner and won
a Swedish championship in relay, 4 × 100 m. Figure 4 shows
Frössling and the author around 1978 at a national Swedish
conference.

CONTRIBUTION BY BO LECKNER, CHALMERS
UNIVERSITY
Bo Leckner, now retired but still a part-time active professor
in energy technology at Chalmers University, contributed in a
specific area as he considered emissivities and absorptivities
for combustion gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide. By
his work the accuracy of the original charts and correlations
presented by Hottel [10] was improved. Leckner’s work [11]has been well recognized; see, for example, Modest [10].
Later on, Leckner and co-workers have also initiated andcarried out applied research on fluidized-bed heat transfer aspart of extensive research on various fluidized-bed combustion
equipment. See also the description of the Department of Energy
Conversion at Chalmers.

PROFESSOR BENGT SUNDÉN’S RESEARCH AT
CHALMERS UNIVERSITY AND LUND UNIVERSITY
Professor Sundén started his research career in 1973 at
Chalmers University of Technology with Frössling as supervisor, and then from 1992 he continued as a professor in heattransfer at Lund University. His first research activities concerned numerical investigation of fundamental aspects of freestream turbulence effects on tubes in cross flow and conjugatedheat transfer problems for extended surfaces like fins and thickwalled cylindrical objects. The freestream turbulence studies
included turbulence modeling, and he showed for the first timethe importance of the turbulent length scale on local heat transfer. Previously only effects of the turbulence intensity were
known in the literature. The studies on fins concerned laminar and turbulent boundary layer flow and heat conduction in
the fins. Professor Sundén introduced a convection–conduction
parameter (CCP) that can be used to evaluate whether a conjugate heat transfer analysis is needed or if an engineering analysis
is sufficient. For the thick-walled cylindrical objects exposed to
low-Reynolds-number cross-flow, the ratio of the thermal conductivities of the fluid and solid as well as the buoyancy parameter Gr/Re2 were found to be important as the heat conduction

Figure 4 Frössling (to the right) and the author at a national Swedish conference in 1978.

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became two-dimensional. Some references are represented byreferences [12–14].
Later on, convective heat transfer and fluid flow in ducts became a major topic. The cross-sectional shape of the ducts aswell as surface modifications (e.g., ribs, dimples, inserts) for heattransfer enhancement were investigated thoroughly both experimentally and numerically. In the experimental work the liquid
crystal technique was further developed and applied. LDV andPIV measurements were applied for detecting flow structures.
The numerical investigations included to a large extent turbulence modeling, and Professor Sundén and co-workers evaluatedseveral models and showed the limitations of such in complex
flow fields and geometries. In addition, they found the influenceof geometrical parameters for heat transfer and pressure drop in
various duct flows. Based on the results, guidelines to balanceheat transfer versus pressure drop were suggested. Applications
for these studies were found in compact heat exchangers and gas
turbine cooling (i.e., blades, guide vanes, and combustor walls).
A current test rig for rectangular duct flows is illustrated in Figure 5. Some publications are represented by references [15–26].

Performance of plate heat exchangers (PHEs) as condensers
and evaporators has been established experimentally. Correlations for condensation of steam and evaporation of ammonia
have been found. For single-phase heat exchangers, computercodes for design and performance calculations have been developed. Also, the relevance and importance of maldistributionin PHEs have been investigated. For recuperators in gas turbine systems the research of Professor Sundén and co-workers
recommended cross-corrugated surfaces for achieving compact units. Some references are exemplified by references [15,
27–35].
Heat exchanger design procedures have been further developed, and optimization has been considered, as well as enhanced
heat transfer. For heat exchanger networks the pinch technology has been demonstrated and applied to several industrial
case studies. Heat exchangers like radiators, rotary generators,
plate heat exchangers, condensers, and evaporators have been
considered. Micro heat exchangers have been in focus more
recently. Current activities include foam heat exchangers andfuture vehicle heat exchangers.

Figure 5 A current multipurpose test rig for rectangular duct flows in the Heat Transfer Laboratory, Lund University. (Color figure available online.)heat transfer engineering

vol. 33 no. 15 2012

B. SUNDÉN

Thermal radiation with participating media has attracted Professor Sundén for research due to its significance in gas turbine combustors and in furnaces for biomass combustion, as
well as in fires. The contributions mainly are in improving theengineering computation of thermal radiation in participating
media. An important aspect is the estimation of the radiative
properties of the participating media, that is, gases and particles. Much effort has been spent here, and the results show
how the absorptivity, transmissivity, and scattering coefficientscan be calculated in several cases. Solid fuels and various biofuels have been considered and the properties of some additional gases like CH4 and CO have been evaluated. Overall,
the prediction tool for calculating the heat load in furnaces
and gas turbine combustors has been improved. CFD methods(including combustion modeling) have been linked with solution methods for the radiative transfer equation (RTE). Due tohis experience in analysis and modeling, Professor Sundén has
contributed in moving the frontier forward and improved engineering calculation methods. For further details, see references[36–38].
Heat transfer analysis in combustion engines has been linked
to research on the knock phenomenon, ion current transport,
and thermal radiation in diesel engines. In addition, studies toimprove the performance in the cooling jacket have been included. The knock and ion current projects involved simulationof chemical kinetics besides the overall combustion process.
Overall the intention is to contribute to improving the efficiency
and reducing the emissions in combustion systems.
Over the past 15 years, Professor Sundén and his co-workers
have also put research efforts into modeling aspects of transport phenomena, that is, mass, momentum, heat, chemical, andelectrochemical reactions in fuel cells. This was started by considering the phenomena in the fuel and oxidant channels, andthen the cathodes, catalytic layers, and electrolyte have beentaken into account to model the whole units. Unit cells, stacks,
and systems have been considered. Balance of power plants
is another topic under consideration. Auxiliary equipment likeheat exchangers has also been considered. Phenomena, characteristics, and influence of a variety of parameters have been
revealed. Currently, modeling of multiscale and multiphysics
transport phenomena (ranging from nanoscale up to macro levels) is under development. High-temperature solid oxide fuelcells (SOFC) and low-temperature proton exchange membrane
fuel cells (PEMFC) are considered. The methods of analysis, as well as the results, have contributed to improving thebasic understanding of fuel cells and development of guidelines for design. For further details, see references [39] and[40].
Currently, the main focus on gas turbine heat transfer is on
the internal blade tip cooling and development of methods toenhance the tip cooling efficiently at low manufacturing costs
and with limited pressure drop penalty. The most recent work on
tip cooling of gas turbine blades have received good recognition[41–43].
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Up to now, Professor Sundén has supervised 34 Ph.D. theses,
40 licentiates of engineering theses, and about 170 M.Sc. theses.
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM CHALMERS UNIVERSITYAt this university most heat transfer-related research has been
carried out at the previous Department of Applied Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics (TFD) (described under Frösslingand Sundén), Division of Energy Conversion, and Division of
Heat and Power Technology. The TFD has now been split up
and is included in the Department of Applied Mechanics. The
research profile includes combustion, fluid mechanics, and vehicle engineering.

Division of Energy Conversion at Department of Energy andEnvironment, Chalmers
For several years, experimental and theoretical/numericalheat transfer investigations have been part of the extensive research on combustion of coal and biomass in stationary-bed
boilers, atmospheric fluidized-bed boilers, and circulating
fluidized-bed boilers. Some heat transfer works have been related to biofuel combustion, and lately investigations related
to capturing and sequestration of CO2 and oxyfuel combustion
have been carried out.
Overall the research covers the broad areas like energy conversion, sustainable energy systems, and energy systems technology. However, the main focus is on combustion and its environmental impact, separation of CO2 in combustion processes,
and issues on energy systems.
Current leaders are Professors Filip Johnsson and Anders
Lyngfelt (former students and now successors of B. Leckner).
References [44–49] exemplify some contributions.

Division of Heat and Power Technology, Chalmers
The overall research concern is to disseminate knowledge
about efficient energy usage and reduction of CO2 emissions inindustries.
The research includes components in industrial energy systems and system studies concerning technology, economy, andthe environment. The components of interest are heat exchangers, heat pumps, heat, and power, as well as industrial separation
processes. Process integration with target to reduce energy consumption is a major concern.
Some heat transfer-related activities are exemplified byfalling film evaporation related to the pulp and paper industry,and evaporation and heat exchangers in heat pump applications.
Current leaders are Professors Thore Berntsson and Lennart
Vamling. Publications from this division are exemplified byreferences [50–58].
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An early work with relevance for plate heat exchangers
was the Ph.D. work by Dr A. Kullendorff. The paper byRosenblad (precessor of Berntsson) and Kullendorff [59] has
found some significance and recognition for R&D work on plate
heat exchangers.

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ROYAL INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY (KTH), STOCKHOLM
At this university most heat transfer-related research has been
carried out at the division of Nuclear Reactor Technology, thedivision of Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration, and the
Nuclear Safety Division.

Nuclear Technology Division
The research activities at this division have traditionally
included two-phase thermal hydraulics in fuel assembly geometries, reactor safety, plant instrumentation, and severe accidents. The current activities concern computational methods,
heat transfer, transport phenomena, reactor technology, and advanced nuclear power systems.
The division possesses a high-bay laboratory, which includes
a high-pressure, 1-MW heated water loop for two-phase flow
studies and dry-out testing. Circumferentially nonuniform heating can also be studied. These activities were started by the lateProfessor K. Becker, and some of the achievements are includedin the recognized references [60, 61]. The current leader is Dr
Henryk Anglart.

Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration
The research activities in this division concern a wide spectrum in energy and include system studies of city parts for development of components in refrigeration and heat pump systems.
Applied topics concerning temperature and climate control ingroceries as well as fundamental research on bubble formationin porous surface layers and two-phase flow in narrow ducts (microchannels) are carried out. Most of the work is related to heatpumping processes like refrigeration units and heat pumps. The
current leaders are Professors Björn Palm (boiling/evaporation,
microchannels, electronics cooling) and Per Lundqvist.
The late Professor Bo Pierre contributed in the 1950s and1960s to establish the knowledge on heat transfer and pressure
drop during boiling of refrigerants. From his experiments correlations were established, and these have frequently been citedin the relevant literature and used in engineering design. Unfortunately, most of the publications were in Swedish [62–64]. The
original work concerned boiling of refrigerant R12 in horizontal copper tubes. His later experiments on boiling of refrigerants
R22 and R502 confirmed the correlation. Experimental results
heat transfer engineeringfrom other researchers on R11 and methyl chloride also confirmed the correlation. Pierre gave correlations for the meanheat transfer coefficients as one correlation for complete evaporation and another one for partial evaporation. These read:
Num = 0.01 × (Re2 × Kf )0.4

(4)

Num = 0.001 × Re × Kf0.5(5)

In Eqs. (4) and (5), Num = αmean ·d/λ, Re = 4·ṁ/(π·d·µ), Kf= h/(L·g) (referred to as Pierre boiling number), h is thechange of enthalpy between inlet and outlet, L is he length of
the tube, and g is gravity acceleration. The conditions for theseequations were stated as: Re2·Kf < 3.5 ·1011, Num < 420. Morerecently, the constants in Eqs. (4) and (5) have been changed
as more accurate data for the thermophysical properties of therefrigerants became available.
Former Professor Eric Granryd (successor of Pierre, supervisor for Palm and Lundqvist) contributed on calculation
procedure for finned tube heat exchangers. Unfortunately, hiswork was published in Swedish, but nevertheless it has received widespread notice. Granryd also initiated and led research projects on boiling and condensation for refrigerants andheat exchanger research with main applications in refrigerationand heat pump technology. Publications from this division are
exemplified by references [62–76].

Nuclear Safety Division
Under the leadership of Professor Bai Raj Sehgal this division contributed significantly to research, including studies ofsevere accident phenomena in nuclear power plants; advanced
multiphysics and multiscale simulation methods for coupledneutron-kinetic and thermal-hydraulic analysis of transients andaccidents in nuclear reactors; experiments and analyses to support safety design of advanced nuclear energy systems; andbasic research in boiling heat transfer. Several journal publications and Ph.D. theses have emerged from these activities.
Some publications from this division are exemplified by references [77–79].

CONTRIBUTION FROM LINKÖPING INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY—LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY,
LINKÖPING
At the Division of Applied Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics some applied heat transfer problems with industrial relevance have been studied since the start of this university in the
1970s. These activities were started by senior lecturer D. Loyd(professor since 1995). Mostly heat conduction problems withspecified convective or radiative thermal boundary conditions
have been considered by the finite-element method. Examples
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B. SUNDÉNof studies concern cool storage installation with phase-changematerial, industrial latent heat storage, thermal insulation toprovide low temperatures for long time periods, slow-burning
pyrotechnical compositions, and others. Nowadays the research
includes analysis of flow and heat transfer processes with application in industry and medicine. Infrared (IR)–thermal detection of land mines and fuel-bed temperature determination insolid-fuel furnaces are considered, as well as influence of heat
treatment on blood flow. The research encompasses modeling,simulation experiments in the laboratory, and and those at fullscale. The current leader is Professor Matts Karlsson.

CONTRIBUTION FROM UMEÅ UNIVERSITYAt the Department of Applied Physics frosting phenomena ina model heat exchanger were investigated in the past. The study
involved the influence on the frost growth of the air stream humidity, the air velocity, and the surface temperature. Also, thedetoriation of the heat exchanger performance was studied andhydrophilic and hydrophobic coatings were considered. A conclusion was that the hydrophilic coating delayed the incipienceof the frost formation.

ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS FROM LUND
UNIVERSITY
Besides the work described under Frössling and Sundén,some other relevant work was carried out in the past.
At the former Division of Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, and Heat Transfer, a Ph.D. project on cross-flow plate heatexchangers was carried out. In particular, the influence of thelongitudinal wall heat conduction on the heat exchanger performance was investigated by mathematical/numerical and experimental methods; see reference [80]. This work has found practical application in a heat exchanger company. Another Ph.D.
project was carried out on frosting in air gap flow passages; seereference [81].
Also, activities related to building heat transfer have been
going on. Mainly heat conduction problems with specified convective heat transfer coefficients have been investigated numerically.
A more pioneering work has been carried out on heat transfer
in food engineering applications. Professor B. Hallstrom was aleader for such activities.

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM INDUSTRIES
Many companies are spending significant amounts of resources on R&D on engineering heat transfer and fluid mechanics problems. In some companies big groups are handling such problems both computationally and experimentally.
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Among these companies are AB Volvo, Volvo Aero Corporation, Scania, ABB, Flakt AB, Ericson, Alfa Laval, SWEP, andothers. However, most of these companies are involved in international competition and normally publishing is not permitted.
Nevertheless, there have appeared some high-quality industrial
works being published in the open literature that have received
significant recognition. References [82–87] represent such.

FUNDING OF RESEARCH
Nowadays all faculty members at universities need to apply for funding in order to carry out significant research. The
National Swedish Scientific Council (VR) and the Swedish Energy Agency are the major governmental funding organizations.
Sometimes industry may give direct financial support for research, but in most cases it appears as in-kind financing, whichmight be quite useful in co-sponsoring projects receiving funds
from the governmental agencies. Swedish researchers may also
be partners or coordinators of frame projects being funded by
the European Union (EU). The European Research Council(ERC) also is a possible financing body. However, heat transfer
as a topic is not by itself an area of prime priority for funding
agencies. Instead, it might be included in research programs ofa much wider scope, like combustion processes and combustion engines; sustainable energy generation, supply, distribution, transportation; air-conditioning, and refrigeration; processindustries; energy systems; efficient use of energy; and so on.

CONCLUSIONS
Past and current heat transfer research activities in Sweden
have been summarized. Most activities are included in the Ph.D.
educational programs at various universities. A variety of topics
were dealt with. Some of the most significant contributions werehighlighted. R&D work at industries is mostly confidential but
still some significant contributions have appeared with goodrecognition.

NOMENCLATURE
CFD
d
Fr1
Fr2
g
Gr
IRT
Kf
L
LCT
LDV

computational fluid dynamics
tube inner diameterFrössling number 1
Frössling number 2
gravity acceleration
Grashof number
infrared thermography
constant
tube length
liquid crystal thermographylaser Doppler velocimetry

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B. SUNDÉNṁ
rate of mass flow
Nu
Nusselt number
PEMFC polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
PIV
particle image velocimetry
Pr
Prandtl numberRe
Reynolds number
RTE
radiative transfer equation
Sc
Schmidt number
Sh
Sherwood number
SOFC solid oxide fuel cell

Greek Symbols
αmean
h
λ
µ

mean heat transfer coefficiententhalpy difference
thermal conductivity of fluid
dynamic viscosity

Subscript
m meanREFERENCES[1] Frössling, N., Űber die Verdunstung fallender Tropfen,
Gerlands Beiträge zür Geophysik, vol. 52, pp. 170–216,
1938.
[2] Ranz, W. and Marshall, W., Evaporation From Drops,
Chem. Engn. Progr., vol. 48, pp. 141–146, 1952.
[3] Frössling, N., Verdunstung, Wärmeübergang und
Geswindigkeitsverteilung bei zweidimensionaler undrotationssymmetrischer laminarer Grenzschichtströmung,Lunds Universitets Årsskrift, N.F., Avd. 2, vol. 36, no. 4,
1940.
[4] Frössling, N., Evaporation, Heat Transfer and Velocity Distribution in Two-Dimensional and Rotationally Symmetric
Laminar Boundary Layer Flow, Technical Memorandum,
TM no. 1432, NACA, 1958 (translation of NF2).
[5] Frössling, N., Calculation by Series Expansion of the Heat
Transfer in Laminar Constant-Property Boundary Layers
at Nonisothermal Surfaces, Arkiv för Fysik, vol. 14, no. 2,
1958 (Ph.D. thesis), Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
[6] Frössling, N., Calculation by Series Expansion of the Aerodynamic Heating at Laminar Constant-Property Boundary
Layers, Lunds Universitets Årsskrift, N.F., Avd. 2, vol. 54,
no. 9, 1958.
[7] Frössling, N., Problems of Heat Transfer Across Laminar
Boundary Layers, in Theory and Fundamental Researchin Heat Transfer, ed. J. A. Clark, Macmillan, London,
pp. 181–202, 1963.
[8] Frössling, N., Series Development and Finite Difference
Calculations in the Laminar Boundary Layer, High Speedheat transfer engineering

Computing in Fluid Dynamics, Physics of Fluids Supplement II, pp. II-133–II-136, 1969.
[9] Olsson, U., Laminar Flow Heat Transfer From WedgeShaped Bodies With Limited Heat Conductivity, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 16, pp.
329–336, 1973.
[10] Modest, M., Radiative Heat Transfer, 2nd ed., Academic
Press, New York, 2003.
[11] Leckner, B., Spectral and Total Emissivity of Water Vapor
and Carbon Dioxide, Combustion and Flame, vol. 19, pp.
33–48, 1972.
[12] Sundén, B., A Theoretical Investigation of the Effect ofFreestream Turbulence on Skin Friction and Heat Transfer
for a Bluff Body, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 1125–1135, 1979.
[13] Sundén, B., Influence of Buoyancy Forces and Thermal Conductivity on Flow Field and Heat Transfer ofCircular Cylinders at Small Reynolds Number, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 26, no. 9,
pp. 1329–1338, 1983.
[14] Sundén, B., The Effect of Prandtl Number on Conjugate
Heat Transfer From Rectangular Fins, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 12, no. 3,
pp. 425–432, 1985.
[15] Sundén, B., and Karlsson, I., Enhancement of Heat Transfer in Rotary Heat Exchangers By Using StreamwiseCorrugated Flow Channels, Experimental Thermal andFluid Science, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 305–316, 1991.
[16] Olsson, C.-O., and Sundén, B., Heat transfer and pressure
drop characteristics of ten radiator tubes, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 39, no. 15, pp.
3211–3220, 1996.
[17] Gao, X., and Sundén, B., Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop
Measurements in Rib-Roughened Rectangular Ducts, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, vol. 24, nos. 1–2,
pp. 25–34, 2001.
[18] Wang, L., and Sundén, B., Performance Comparison ofSome Tube Inserts, International Communications in Heatand Mass Transfer, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 45–56, 2002.
[19] Utriainen, E., and Sundén, B., Evaluation of the CrossCorrugated and Some Other Candidate Heat Transfer Surfaces for Microturbine Recuperators, ASME Journal ofEngineering for Gas Turbines and Power, vol. 124, pp.
550–560, 2002.
[20] Jia, R., Saidi, A., and Sundén, B., Heat Transfer Enhancement in Square Ducts With V-Shaped Ribs, ASME Journalof Turbomachinery, vol. 125, pp. 788–791, 2003.
[21] Gao, X., and Sundén, B., PIV Measurements of the Flow
Field in Rectangular Ducts With 60 Degree Parallel,
Crossed and V-Shaped Ribs, Experimental Thermal andFluid Science, vol. 28, pp. 639–653, 2004.
[22] Gao, X., and Sundén, B., Effects of Inclination Angle ofRibs on the Flow Behaviour in Rectangular Ducts, ASME
Journal of Fluids Engineering, vol. 126, pp. 692–699,
2004.
vol. 33 no. 15 2012

B. SUNDÉN[23] Jia, R., Sundén, B., and Faghri, M., Computational Analysis of Heat Transfer Enhancement in Square Ducts With
V-Shaped Ribs—Turbine Blade Cooling, ASME Journalof Heat Transfer, vol. 127, pp. 425–433, 2005.
[24] Jia, R., Sundén, B., Leger, B., and Miron, P., A Numericaland Experimental Investigation of the Slot Film Cooling Jet
With Various Angles, ASME Journal of Turbomachinery,
vol. 127, pp. 635–645, 2005.
[25] Jia, R., Sundén, B., and Faghri, M., A New Low Reynolds
Stress Transport Model for Heat Transfer and Fluid in Engineering Applications, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer,vol. 129, pp. 434–440, 2007.
[26] Haglund, C., Sundén, B., and Fahlen, P., An Experimental Study of Liquid Phase Heat Transfer in Multiport
Minichannel Tubes, Heat Transfer Engineering, vol. 30,
no. 12, pp. 941–951, 2009.
[27] Nilsson, K., and Sundén, B., Optimizing a Refinery Using
the Pinch Technology and the Mind Method, Journal of
Heat Recovery Systems & CHP, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 211–220,
1994.
[28] Wang, L., Sundén, B., and Yang, T., Pressure Drop
Analysis in Plate Heat Exchangers During Condensation, Heat Transfer Engineering, vol. 20, pp. 71–77,
1999.
[29] Wang, L., and Sundén, B., Design Methodology for Multistream Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers in Heat Exchanger Networks, Heat Transfer Engineering, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 3–11,
2001.
[30] Rao, B. P., Sundén, B., and Das, S. K., An Experimental
and Theoretical Investigation of the Effect of Flow Maldistribution on the Thermal Performance of Plate Heat Exchangers, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 127, pp.
332–343, 2005.
[31] Sterner, D., and Sundén, B., Performance of Plate Heat
Exchangers for Evaporation of Ammonia, Heat Transfer
Engineering, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 45–55, 2006.
[32] Sundén, B., Computational Fluid Dynamics in Researchand Design of Heat Exchangers, Heat Transfer Engineering, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 898–910, 2007.
[33] Xie, G., Wang, Q., and Sundén, B., Application of a Genetic Algorithm for Thermal Design of Fin-and-Tube Heat
Exchangers, Heat Transfer Engineering, vol. 29, no. 7, pp.
597–607, 2008.
[34] Xie, G., Sundén, B., Wang, Q. W., and Tang, L., Performance Prediction of Laminar and Turbulent Heat Transfer
and Fluid Flow Heat Exchangers Having Large Tube Diameter and Large Tube Row by Artificial Neural Networks,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 52,
nos. 11–12, pp. 2484–2497, 2009.
[35] Bobbili, P. R., and Sundén, B., Pressure Drop in MultiParallel Channels of Corrugated Plate Steam Condensers,
Heat Transfer Engineering, vol. 30, pp. 1024–1032,
2009.
[36] Nilsson, T. K., and Sundén, B., Thermal Radiative Coefficients of Cylindrically and Spherically Shaped Soot Partiheat transfer engineering

1229

cles and Soot Agglomerates, Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.
41, pp. 12–22, 2004.
[37] Bahador, M., and Sundén, B., Investigation on the Effects of Fly Ash Particles on the Thermal Radiation in
Biomass Fired Boilers, International Journal of Heat andMass Transfer, vol. 51, pp. 2411–2417, 2008.
[38] Klason, T., Bai, X. S., Bahador, M., and Sundén, B., Investigation of Radiative Heat Transfer in Fixed Bed Biomass
Furnaces, Fuel, vol. 87, nos. 10–11, pp. 2141–2153, 2008.
[39] Andersson, M., Yuan, J., and Sundén, B., Review on Modeling Development for Multiscale Chemical Reactions
Coupled Transport Phenomena in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells,
Journal of Applied Energy, vol. 87, pp. 1461–1476, 2010.
[40] Paradis, H., Andersson, M., Yuan, J., and Sundén, B., CFD
Modeling Considering Different Kinetic Models for Internal Reforming Reactions in an Anode-Supported SOFC,
ASME Journal of Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 8, June, paper no. 031014, 2011.
[41] Xie, G. N., Sundén, B., Wang, L., and Utriainen, E., Enhanced Internal Heat Transfer on the tip-wall in a Rectangular Two-Pass Channel (AR = 1:2) by Fin Arrays,
Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A, vol. 55, pp. 739–761,
2009.
[42] Xie, G. N., Sundén, B., Utriainen, E., and Wang, L., Computational Analysis of Pin-Fin Arrays Effects on Internal
Heat Transfer Enhancement of a Blade Tip-Wall, ASME
Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 132, no. 3, paper 031901,
2010.
[43] Xie, G., and Sundén, B., Numerical Predictions of Augmented Heat Transfer of an Internal Blade Tip-Wall byHemispherical Dimples, International Journal of Heat andMass Transfer, vol. 53, pp. 5639–5650, 2010[44] Johansson, R., Andersson, K., Leckner, B., and Thunman,
H., Models for Gaseous Radiative Heat Transfer Applied
to Oxyfuel Conditions in Boilers, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 53, pp. 220–230, 2010.
[45] Johansson, R., Modeling Elements in Conversion of Solid
Fuels—Fixed Bed Combustion and Gaseous Radiation,
Ph.D. thesis, Department of Energy Conversion, Chalmers,2008.
[46] Andersson, K., Characterization of Oxifuel Flames—Their
Composition, Temperature and Radiation, Ph.D. thesis,
Department of Energy Conversion, Chalmers, 2007.
[47] Johnsson, F., Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer in Fluidized Beds With Application to Boilers, Ph.D. thesis, Department of Energy Conversion, Chalmers, 1991.
[48] Andersson, B. Å., Heat Transfer in Stationary Fluidized
Bed Boilers, Ph.D. thesis, Department of Energy Conversion, Chalmers, 1988.
[49] Strömberg, L., Calculation of Heat Flux Distribution in
Furnaces, Ph.D. thesis, Department of Energy Conversion,
Chalmers, 1977.
[50] Berntsson, T., Heat Transfer Studies in a New Type of Heat
Exchanger for Divided Solids, Ph.D. thesis, Department ofHeat and Power Technology, Chalmers, 1976.
vol. 33 no. 15 2012

1230

B. SUNDÉN[51] Åsblad, A., and Berntsson, T., Surface Evaporationof Turbulent Falling Films, International Journal of
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[52] Melin, P., Measurements and Modelling of Convective Vaporization for Refrigerants in a Horizontal Tube, Ph.D. thesis, Department of Heat and Power Technology, Chalmers
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[53] Johansson, M., Heat Transfer and Hydrodynamics inFalling Film Evaporation of Black Liquor, Ph.D. thesis,
Department of Heat and Power Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, 2008.
[54] Johansson, M., Vamling, L., and Olausson, L., Falling Film
Evaporation of Black Liquor under Evaporative Conditions, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,vol. 52, pp. 2759–2768, 2009.
[55] Karlsson, T., and Vamling, L., Surprising Effects of Combined Vapour and Liquid Mass Transfer Resistances When
Condensing a Mixture Outside Tube Banks, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 48, pp. 403–412,
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[56] Wellsandt, S., and Vamling, L., Prediction Method for
Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in a Herringbone Microfin
Tube, International Journal of Refrigeration, vol. 28, 6,
pp. 912–920, 2005.
[57] Wellsandt, S., and Vamling, L., Heat Transfer and Pressure
Drop in a Plate-Type Evaporator, International Journal of
Refrigeration, vol. 26, 180–188, 2003.
[58] Gabrielli, C., and Vamling, L., Replacement of R22 in
Tube-and-Shell Condensers: Experiments and Simulations, International Journal of Refrigeration, vol. 20, 3,
pp. 165–178, 1997.
[59] Rosenblad, G., and Kullendorff, A., Estimating Heat
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[60] Becker, K., Letzter, A., Nylund, O., and Schölin, B., An
Experimental Study of the Effect of the Axial Heat Flux
Distribution on the Dryout Conditions in 3650 mm Long
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[61] Becker, K., Enerholm, A., Sardh, L., Köhler, W.,
Kastner, W., and Krätzer, W., Heat Transfer in an Evaporator Tube With Circumferentially Non-Uniform Heating,International Journal of Multiphase Flow, vol. 14, no 5,
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[62] Pierre, B., Värmeövergångstalet vid kokande Freon-12
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[63] Pierre, B., Strömningsmotstånd vid kokande köldmedier,
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[66] Hambraeus, K., Flow Boiling of Pure and Oil Contaminated Refrigerants, Ph.D. thesis, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration, KTH, 1993.
[67] Rohlin, P., Zeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures in Systems andin Flow Boiling, Ph.D. thesis, Applied Thermodynamics
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[68] Shao, W., Flow Condensation of Refrigerants and Refrigerant Mixtures, Ph.D. thesis, Applied Thermodynamics
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[72] Martin-Callizo, C., Palm, B., and Owhaib, W., Subcooled
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[75] Granryd, E., Värmeövergång och tryckfall vid påtryckt
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Thermal-Hydraulic Performance of Heavy Liquid Metal
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[78] Sinha, R., Nayak, A. K., and Sehgal, B. R., Modeling of
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[79] Nayak, A., Sehgal, B. R., and Stepanyan, A., An Experimental Study on Quenching of a Radially Stratified Heated
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vol. 33 no. 15 2012

B. SUNDÉN[81] Andersson, I., Theoretical and Experimental Studies of
Frosting in an Air Gap, Ph.D. thesis, Division of Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer, Lund
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73–78, 1977.
[84] Holmberg, R., Heat Transfer in Liquid-Coupled Indirect
Heat Exchanger Systems, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer,vol. 97, no. 4,pp. 499–503, 1975.
[85] Holmberg, R., Heat and Mass Transfer in Rotary Heat
Exchangers With Nonhygroscopic Rotor Material, ASME
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[86] Holmberg, R., Combined Heat and Mass Transfer in Regenerators With Hygroscopic Materials, ASME Journal of
Heat Transfer, vol. 101, pp. 205–210, 1979.

heat transfer engineering1231[87] Holmberg, R., Sensible and Latent Heat Heat Transfer in
Cross-Counterflow Gas-to-Gas Heat Exchangers, ASME
Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 111, pp. 173–177, 1989.
Bengt Sundén received his M.Sc. (1973) and Ph.D.
(1979) from Chalmers University, Sweden. He is a
professor of heat transfer and department head at
Lund University, Sweden. He has taught several undergraduate and graduate courses in thermal sciences,and supervised 170 M.Sc. theses, 40 licentiate of engineering theses, and 34 Ph.D. theses. His researchinterests are compact heat exchangers, computational
heat transfer, combustion-related heat transfer, gas
turbine heat transfer, enhanced heat transfer, and multiphysics and multiscale transport phenomena in fuel cells. He has publishedmore than 500 papers in journals, books, and proceedings. Several keynote andinvited lectures have been delivered. He has edited 24 books and issued three
textbooks. Professor Sundén is a reviewer for 40 international journals and active in several committees. He is on the editorial boards of six journals. He isa fellow of the ASME and an honorary professor of Xi’an Jiaotong University,
China. He is a recipient of the 2011 ASME Heat Transfer Memorial Award.

vol. 33 no. 15 2012