+

Visiting Researcher Program 2018 B,
Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC)

Good Practices in Japan concerning with
Community- Based Disaster Risk Management(CBDRM)Ei Shwe Sin Win
Department of Disaster Management, Myanmar(ADRC Visiting Research Japan)
April 019

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2018 Term B (January – April 2019)
Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC member
countries. The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of
the ADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the maps
in the report also do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the ADRC.

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Acknowledgement
This study “Good Practices in Japan concerning with Community - Based Disaster Risk
Management (CBDRM)” is very useful for me who has the chance to join the Visiting
Researcher programme of Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC), Japan. I have thereasons why I want to choose that topic. Our country is also taking steps to abalance between peace and development. Nowadays, every country including
Myanmar in the world is facing the effects of climate change and also the gap ofunequal development. As a result, most of countries have been experiencing theattack of unexpected natural disasters. A disaster can put development gains at risk
because it is directly linkage with development. Therefore, all countries in the world
need to consider having the best plan on DRR and DRM.
In Myanmar, though we have Disaster Management Plans at all levels, we need to
update/ develop the old ones according to the time and circumstances of thecountry's situations. At the present time, our Department, DDM is taking the activity on
the process of updating DM plans in the designated levels. To be the effective andefficient plan, we have to use a people-centered and inclusive approach since thebackbone of the country is our citizens who are the first responders to disasters.
Moreover, DRR is Everyone's business. Hence, we must try to get the interest of
public and their strength in DRR projects. At the same time, we must to conduct
the process of public awareness on DRR. Community participating on implementing
the DRR process is very important. One of my ambitions is that I will be able to more
contribute in my Department functions as a well-trained staff.
Japan has the good experiences concerning with DM plan. Similarly, community
participating on DRR process is very strong. Japan has many experiences to responddisasters in all phases such as before, during and after. For these reasons, my expectation

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is to study the good practices in Japan about CBDRM and how to support that process by
the Japanese Government.
To fulfill my expectations and my ambition, I got the effective and valuable supports
and cooperation from ADRC, the persons who work for Government Sector, Private
Sector, Community Leaders and some professionals on DRR provided me the important
information and share some documents, data, their knowledge and experience
relating on my research. Also, to full concentrate on my research, my seniors, juniors
and colleagues from our Department, DDM help and support everything I want. I feel
thankful for their continuous support to me.
My deep appreciation goes to the Government of our country, Ministry of Social
Welfare, Relief and Resettlement and ADRC for providing me this kind of great
opportunity. I would like to thank Mr. Kouji Suzuki (Executive Director), Ms. Akiko
Nakamura, Ms. Miki Kodama and Mr. Makoto Ikeda who gave us the valuable lectures,kindness and guidance. Especially I would like to thank Ms. Yumi Shiomi who gives us
the great help and arranges the schedules for VRs. She can manage everything to beconvenient for us. I would also like to thank the rest ADRC staffs for sincere support
during my stay in Japan including two VRs from Thailand and Philippines who canunderstand my weaknesses and always encourage me all the time. I possessed thesweet memories. Finally, I am fully thankful to my family who want to be proud of me
and the ones from my Department who are being shared my responsibilities andduties.

Ei Shwe Sin Win
Visiting Researcher (from Myanmar)
January to April, 2011 (FY2018 B)
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2018 Term B (January – April 2019)
Table of contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Research Background
1.1

Country Profile in short

1.2

Background and Significance

1.3

Desired Field(s) or Subject(s) of Research

1.4

Research Objectives including the Specific Aims

1.5

Approach Methods

1.6

Expected Results

Chapter 2 Disaster Management System in Myanmar
2.1

Hazard Profile of Myanmar

2.2

Recent Distinct Disasters in Myanmar

2.3

Legislative and Institutional Arrangements for Disaster Risk Managementin Myanmar
2.3.1 National and Sub-National Arrangements for Disaster
Management in Myanmar
2.3.2 Disaster Risk Reduction Networks in Myanmar and Private Sector
in DRR
2.3.3 Participating on DRR process of Community Organizations

2.4

Introduction about Department of Disaster Management
2.4.1 Conducting

theCapacity-Building

Training

for

Staff

and

Communities including the materials
2.5

Introduction Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction(MAPDRR-2017)
2.5.1 Priority Action 1.8 under the Pillar 1 of MAPDRR
2.5.2 Priority Action 4.1 under the Pillar 4 of MAPDR
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2018 Term B (January – April 2019)
2.6

Community Resilience Framework in Myanmar

2.7

Case Study in Myanmar concerning with DM plan in Township Level

Chapter 3 Community Based Disaster Risk Management System in Japan
3.1

Hazard Profile in Japan

3.2

Some Major Natural Disasters Recently Happened in Japan

3.3

Disaster Management System of Japan

3.4

Disaster Management Plans in Japan
3.4.1 Promoting CDMP system at the National level in Japan
3.4.2 Promoting CDMP system at the Municipals level in Japan

3.5

Community Participation on DRR process in Japan

3.6

Some Activities which are included in the schedule for ADRC VR and
Benefits

Chapter 4

Finding and Conclusion

4.1

Finding and Conclusion
4.1.1 Advantages
4.1.2 Challenges

Abbreviations
References

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Research Background
1.1

Country Profile in Short

The Republic of the Union of Myanmar is situated in Southeast Asia and is borderedon the north and northeast by China, on the east and southeast by Laos and Thailand,on the south by the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal and on the west by
Bangladesh and India. It is located between latitudes 09º 32′ N and 28º 31′ N andlongitudes 92º 10′ E and 101º 11′ E. The country covers an area of 261,228 square
miles ranging 581 miles from east to west and 1,275 miles from north to south. It is aland of hills and valleys and is rimmed in the north, east and west by mountain ranges
forming a giant horseshoe. Enclosed within the mountain barriers are the flat lands of
Ayeyarwaddy, Chindwin and Sittaung River valleys where most of the country’s
agricultural land and population are concentrated. Another famous river’s name isThanlwin. Myanmar is made up of 135 national races, of which the main nationalraces are Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Chin, Bamar, Mon, Rakhine and Shan. Population of
the country is estimated at 54.07 million (2014 census) and the population growthrate is 0.89 percent. In Myanmar, there are Seven States and seven Regions which are
made up of 75 Districts, 330 Townships, 458 Towns, 3400 Wards, 13599 Village Tracts
and 63282 villages. The Capital City is Nay Pyi Taw.
There are three distinct seasons in Myanmar: the cold and dry season, from
November to February, with average monthly temperatures of between 20°C and
24°C, the hot- dry season, from March to April, with average monthly temperatures
between 30°C and 35°C and the wet season, between May and October, with averagetemperature between 25°C and 30°C. Annual rainfalls in the delta region isapproximately 2,500 millimeters (Yangon 2700 mm), while average annual rainfall in
the Dry Zone is less than 1,000 millimeters (Mandalay 840 mm), the coastal regions
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receiving over 5,000 millimeters of rain annually. However, Myanmar has witnessedsome extreme events in recent years. For example, the monthly rainfall of July, 2015
measured at the weather station in Hakha was equal to a 1-in-1000-year rainfall. On
14th May 2010, the highest temperature, reaching 47.2°C, was recorded in Myanmar.
figure 1.1. Map of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar

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1.2

Background and Significance

Myanmar has embarked on an ambitious development trajectory and launched theEconomic Policy of the Union of Myanmar which envisages a people- centered inclusiveand continuous development of the country. The 12-point economic policy prioritized
the rapid development of fundamental economic infrastructure such as electricity
generation, roads, ports, building environmentally sustainable cities, upgrading public
services and utilities, expanding public spaces, and making greater efforts to protect andconserve our cultural heritage. Myanmar’s development approach and framework,
including its economic policy, calls for resilient development as disaster is intimately
connected to development.
Disasters are the challenges for every country to the way of marching the developed
one. Also climate change and unequal development plans lead to be high disaster risk.
Everyone knew that there is no one who can prevent any disaster but can reduce thebad results. A disaster can occur in anywhere, anytime and unexpected forms. Whena disaster occurred, the government and the public in that area are initially facing its
effect and the first responders. Hence, implementing the process on CommunityBased Disaster Risk Management is included the fundamental role to be carried out
as a priority. In Myanmar, 85% of poor lives in the area of village tracts (especially they
can be found in the region of Ayeyarwady & dry zone). Similarly, Yangon and Mandalay,
the commercial cities of Myanmar, are very populated because of the internallydisplaced persons. Therefore, to conduct the public awareness concerning with Disasterand to update/ develop CBDRM plans at all levels are very important roles. If thecommunity has the good DM plan for disasters, they can response the disaster well. If
so, we can build our society as the resilient community in the future. Then it is not so
far to reach our vision "Protect lives, economy, heritage and environment, through an
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inclusive approach towards sustainable development in Myanmar".
1.3

Desired Field(s) or Subject(s) of Research

In Myanmar, according to the existing Disaster Management Law (2013) and Rules(2015), DM plans have been prepared in all states/ regions, administrative zones,
districts, townships, wards and village tracts levels. According to the time andcircumstances of the country’s situations, the existing DM plans are needed to
update/develop. Myanmar has the national plan namely “Myanmar Action Plan on
Disaster Risk Reduction- MAPDRR (2017)”. There are 4 pillars and 32 priority activities
to implement during the limited timeframe. Among them, in the priority activity 4.1,
firstly, we will implement on updating / developing the DRM plans which are in all
regional/state and self-administered zone and 50 most vulnerable townships. In thesecond year, we will continue implement another 150 vulnerable townships and its
ward/village tract. Rest all 150 townships and its village tracts/ wards will be
continued in 3rd year. For these reasons, the visiting researcher from Myanmar wants
to study the good practices in Japan concerning with CBDRM.
To accomplish this study, the following research activities will be conducted.
 Capacity building of stakeholders on DRM plan development in Japan Community participation in DM Plan in Japan Relations between government organizations and local community in making
the CBDM Plan in Japan Field visit and observe community based activity how to conduct mock drills
1.4

Research Objectives including the specific aims

It is very simple why I want to choose the title as the implementations of CBDRM in
Japan because it has the good experiences concerning with the disaster management.

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I am very serious to study the activities taken in community for DRM by the Japanese
Government. Moreover, I really want to know how to coordinate and cooperate
among the related organizations including communities concerning with DRM. The
followings are the specific aims to achieve the objectives.
 To integrate CBDRM activities into community based development
programmes in my country based on the knowledge and experiences I
received there
 To be able to apply the knowledge and experienced acquired from theprogram in my organization
1.5

Approach methods

Lectures by ADRC staff who are the experts on DRR, visiting some Government
agencies and meeting with some professionals on DRR from Kobe, Osaka, Tokyo,
Kyoto and Tohoku Universities and the ones from private companies, visiting to thecommunity level, some affected cities, museums, watching the movies about the pastdisasters occurred in Japan, and participating the memorial events held bycommunities together with Government societies, town watching activities, schoolbased DRR activities, going to some organizations to study their functions andoperations such as E-Defense, studying some documents published by Governmentand others, attending the seminars, international symposium forums, workshops,
global summit and also QGIS trainings.

1.6

Expected Results

The expectations concerning with the research are the following
 to implement the Priority action (1.8) under the pillar 1 of MAPDRR
namely “Nation-wide disaster awareness program with focus on people
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2018 Term B (January – April 2019)at most risk” as the priority action by closely cooperation with
Department of Social Welfare.
 The second one is the Priority action (4.1) under the pillar 4 of MAPDRR,
we need to implement “Updating / developing multi-hazard disaster risk
management plan of all regions/states, self- administered zones, districts,
townships and wards/ village tracts.
 When I come back to my country, I believe that I will be able to more
contribute for my Department and I can apply my knowledge andexperience studied in Japan.

Chapter 2 Disaster Management System in Myanmar
2.1

Hazard Profile of Myanmar in Short

Myanmar is prone to almost all types of hazards, which include fire, forest fire,
earthquake, strong wind/ cyclone, storm surge, tsunami, landslide, floods, drought
and industrial/technological hazards. In recent years, the country is also witnessing aspate of localized disasters such as lightning and riverbank erosion. In 2014-2017,
lightning led to the loss of 175 lives. During the same period, Myanmar also
experienced loss of 261 and 782 lives due to riverbank erosion and strong windrespectively. The 2015 floods caused damages and losses amounting to USD 1.5
billion, while the 2008 Cyclone Nargis led to USD 4.1 billion. Moreover, the existingrisks can increase many fold due to climate change and skewed development.
Myanmar has witnessed some extreme events in recent years. For example, in the
Chin State, during the last seven days of July 2015, the recorded rainfall was 30
percent higher than in any other month over the past 25 years. The monthly rainfall
of July measured at the weather station in Hakha was equal to a 1-in-1000-year
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rainfall. In Myanmar, 2,511 disasters affected 515,153 people and property lost
cost (967.79 million Kyats) in the last fiscal year (2017-2018).
table 2.1 Hazard Profile of Myanmar

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Figure 2.1. Hazard Calendar of Myanmar

Source- www.moezala.gov.mm

Figure 2.2

Risk Index of Myanmar

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2.2

Recent Distinct Disasters in Myanmar:

Floods and Landslides (July 2015)
Heavy seasonal rains since end June superimposed by storm winds from Cyclone
Komen when it made land fall in Bangladesh on 30 July 2015 resulted in flooding in 12
States and Divisions out of 14 in Myanmar. Worst hit areas are in Chin State, Rakhine
Sate, Sagaing Region and Magway Region. Death toll has risen to 117 persons as of
31st August. 1,615,000 persons and 399,913 households were directly affected basedon government sources. A total of 247 health facilities were damaged of which 195
were sub-health centers in 38 townships of 7 States and Regions. The flooding has
inundated more than 1.2 million acres of farmland; damaged 485 schools and 16,741
homes (according to the situational report (SR 4) of WHO). The 2015 floods andlandslide caused damages and losses amounting to USD1.5 billion (according to
Myanmar Post-Disaster Needs Assessment of Floods and Landslides.

Earthquake in Bagan (August 2016)
A 6.8 – magnitude of earthquake in central Myanmar on 24th August, 2016 killed four
people and damaged 389 of ancient structures dotting the plains of Bagan. (sourcefrom face book page of Bagan Arch)15

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Fire (October 2017)
On 19th October 2019, fire destroyed landmark hotel namely Kandawgyi Palace
situated in Yangon.

Landfill Fire in Yangon (April 2018)
On 21st April, 2018, it happened the fire in a massive garbage dump on the edge of
Hlaing Thar Yar Township in Yangon. Due to the foul-smelling smoke from the burning
trash, many people were injured and sent to the hospitals. It highlights the growing
waste problem in Yangon, the commercial city of Myanmar. Fighters took about one
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month to put out it. (on line source)

Dam collapse (August 2018)
On 29th August 2018, a dam collapse in Myanmar’s central Bago Region because of
the heavy monsoon rains killed 7 people and 77,148 people from 17,958 households
evacuated to the 93 camps which were opened in Taungoo, Yadashe and Phyu.
(Source is Bago DDM)

2.3

Legislative and Institutional Arrangements for Disaster Risk Management in
Myanmar

Myanmar is one of the ASEAN member states and agreed to empower the
existing ASEAN mechanisms and actions to improve prevention, preparedness
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2018 Term B (January – April 2019)and response in a more coordinated manner in line with ASEAN Agreement on
Disaster Management and Emergency Response (ADMER). Therefore, theGovernment takes these actions to set up legislative and institutionalarrangements for disaster risk management. The country enacted the Disaster
Management Law and Rules in 2013 and 2015 respectively. The Law provides
legal basis to set up disaster management bodies based on various roles. The
Disaster Management Rules, 2015 detail out provisions of the law towa rds its
implementation.
Nowadays, led by Department of Disaster Management and other relatedorganizations try to review the existing laws and rules. The disastermanagement actions are being taken by linking with Sendai framework foractions and ASEAN Coordination Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on
Disaster Management (AHA-Center) in Jakarta, Indonesia.
2.3.1 National and Sub-National Arrangements for DRM in Myanmar
The National Disaster Management Committee (NDMC) under the chair of theVice President (2) is the apex body for Disaster Risk Management (DRM).
Under the NDMC, there are 12 work committees related to specific areas ofdisaster risk management and an advisory committee has been set-up.

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Figure 2.3 Organogram of Disaster Management Bodies in Myanmar

According to provisions of the Disaster Management Law (2013), disastermanagement bodies are being constituted at the regional/state, selfadministered zone, district, township, ward and village tract levels.
Figure 2.4

Sample of Disaster Management Bodies in Village Tract level

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2.3.2 Disaster Risk Reduction Networks in Myanmar and Private Sector in
DRR
In Myanmar, Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group (DRR Working Group) wasestablished in 2008 to support recovery and reconstruction efforts of Cyclone
Nargis. It serves as a platform for information sharing and strengthened
coordination among development partners working on disaster risk reduction
issues. Working groups have been also set-up at the sub-national level inselected regions and states, including in Mon State, Kayin State and RakhineState. The groups also coordinate sub-national risk reduction activities. UNDP
is the chair of the DRR Working Group at the national level, while the Swiss
Development Cooperation (SDC), the Community Development Associationand the International Organization for Migration (IOM) head the DRR Working
Groups of Chin State, Kayin State and Rakhine State respectively. Besides,
Myanmar Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) is a strategic humanitarian
coordination and decision-making body that seeks to optimize the collective
efforts of the UN, other international and national organizations, non governmental organizations and the Red Cross Movement. It is convened
under the leadership of the Humanitarian Coordinator (RC/HC). The UN Officefor the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) serves as its Secretariat.
It oversees the development of sector/cluster response plans and provides
oversight and advice to the cluster/sector leads and humanitarian-focusedgeographic and subsidiary groups. It also leads decision making on inter-agency
coordination in regards to assessments, joint monitoring and evaluation missions.
There are several international and local non-government organizations, community
based organizations, and some professional societies such as Myanmar Engineering
Society, Myanmar Geosciences Society and Red Cross system are working on disaster
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ADRC Visiting Researcher
2018 Term B (January – April 2019)risk management, including community level disaster preparedness.
The role of private sector in disaster management especially risk reduction is evolving.
It played an important role in the response and recovery efforts of Cyclone Nargis in2008 and the floods and landslides of 2015. The Union of Myanmar Federation of
Chamber of Commerce and Industries (UMFCCI), in partnership with UNDP and
UNOCHA, have established the Myanmar Private Sector Disaster Management
Network (MPD-Network). The MPD-Network is at a nascent stage but has started toengage at the global, regional and national levels. It has been a member of the Task
Force on the MAPDRR 2017 and of the Disaster Management Sub-Sector
Coordination Group under Development Assistance Coordination Unit (DACU).
2.3.3 Community Organizations in Myanmar
There are many Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) which are non-government andnone-profit ones in Myanmar and they are much strengthened. It is the importantsector to improve the role of CSOs because most of the members in which are theregional people and they knew well the real situations of the ground level. Most ofthem are volunteers and comprised of the ones who are being admired andrespected by their communities. To implement the activities on DRR successfully, we
cannot neglect the role of CSOs. And we need to apply the strength of them. Besides,
the human resources are very limited in the Government Agencies. There are many
CSOs all over the country. Among them DDM gives the approval to get the permissionof register recognized by the Government is (91). (It is the update list of CR Division
under DDM).

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Table 2.2

the approval lists of CSOs given by DDM to get the registration certificate

With the strengths of communities, DDM has been implementing the awarenesscampaign concerning with strong wind in some designated areas since 2017, February.
The activity is being implemented under the instructions of Director General from
DDM. It is aimed at to promote the public awareness on prevention process like thatwhat they need to prepare before the period of strong wind coming. DDM staffs,
other NGOs including the leaders of communities go to the ground level, check thereal situations of the residents' houses (Not every house, only the houses of the poor)
then make the discussions that they can support. First priority is the houses of seniorcitizens who do not have the dependent ones. DDM takes the role of coordinatorbetween the donors and the public.
2.4

Introduction about Department of Disaster Management

In Myanmar, Department of Disaster Management - DDM (the former name was
Relief and Resettlement Department-RRD) under the Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief
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and Resettlement-MSWRR is the focal for Myanmar’s Disaster Risk Management andalso the focal point for the ASEAN Committee on Disaster Management (ACDM).
DDM is responsible to implement the second policy which is “To build a resilient anddisaster responsive society and provide better life for disaster affected people througheffective disaster management programs” enacted by MSWRR. Therefore, DDM
adopted two objectives which are providing emergency assistance for the victims ofnatural disasters for ensuring immediate relief and conducting preventive measures toreduce the loss of lives and properties due to disasters. Moreover, DDM carries out thefollowing six functions, Providing immediate relief to affected people of any kind of natural or manmade disaster.
 Providing aids to persons who are displaced externally or internally either by thestorm on the rivers/seas or by any kind of disasters.
 Delivering assistance to people who have to leave their residences due to manmade disasters and to those who have been displaced to secured place fromunsafe areas.
 Providing support to people who suffer from starvation as a consequence ofdamage to crop caused by extreme climate conditions or pests/plant diseases.
 Coordinating with Government Organizations, International Organizations, Civil
Society Organizations and well-wishers to undertake rehabilitation and reconstruction
interventions to bring about better living conditions of the affected communities.
 Conducting education, training and awareness programmes on disasterprevention and risk reduction.

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2.4.1 Capacity- Building Trainings for Staff and communities including materials for
DRR
To implement the effective and efficient DRM Process, all-inclusive pattern is very
important. We need to understand the concept “DRM is everyone’s business”. Therefore,
DDM tries to get the public interest by conducting the Disaster Education at schools,
community workshops, youth volunteer trainings and awareness campaign programs on
Disaster Prevention and Risk Reduction among the public areas. For the public awarenessprogram in districts, townships, wards and village tracts levels, DDM coordinated andcollaborated together with UN, INGOs, NGOs. DDM can conduct the knowledge sharing
about DRR to (486252) people all over the country (from 2013 to 2018).

Table 2. 3

Conducting Training Program Lists for Youth Volunteers (2014-2018)

No.
Types of Trainings
1 Youth Volunteer Programs(TOT Course)
2 Youth Volunteer Programs(Multiplier Course)
3 Youth Volunteer Programs(Refresher Course)
Total

List of Trainings
33

List of Participants
1788

29

1484

186

5821

248

9093
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In the Youth Volunteers trainings, the trainees were provided the things such as T-(1)Shirt, (2) Hat, (3) torch with battery, (4) Shoulder-Bag, (5) Raincoat, (6) Pencils andPens, (7) Books, (8) File, (9) Hand Speakers with storage battery and (10) Radio plus
dry battery. Moreover, DDM provided the trainees daily allowance including travelcost.
At the same time, DDM trains the Staff from NDMOs and LDMOs to improvetheir capacity-building by doing the following activities  Sending them to some foreign countries aimed at getting knowledge andexperiences on DRR taken from other countries.
 Opening the technical trainings for Staff only by inviting the experts frominternal and external.
 Sending them to Disaster Management Training Centre (DMTC) situated in
Hinthada Township, Ayeyarwady Region aimed at getting the basic concepts
on DRR and also to be the professionals in their respective fields and othertrainings opened in local.
Figure 2.4/ 2,5Showing the capacity building training for Staff in DMO

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Besides, DDM distributed the pamphlets and vouchers in which eight kinds ofdisasters are printed. Similarly, DDM is setting up the signboards and wall
posters in the public areas to develop the public interest on DRR. At thepresent time, DDM together with DRR WGs make the analysis the existing
pamphlets and wall posters and then edit to more update with the key
messages plus pictures.
2.5

Introduction Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction (MAPDRR 2017):

MAPDRR is a comprehensive and unified action plan for risk reduction andmanagement with prioritized interventions across Myanmar until 2020. In the Action
plan, 32 priority actions have been identified under the four pillars namely Risk
information and awareness, Risk Governance, Risk mitigation and Preparedness forresponse, rehabilitation and reconstruction. Each priority action has identified
objectives, activities, outputs, duration and lead ministry/ department. Also, otherdepartments and partners to support the lead agency have been identified. Though
the priority actions are the national level, the focus will be to build resilience at thecommunity level. Regional/state and self-administered zone governments will be key
in reducing and managing risk. The first phase of the MAPDRR identified priority
actions for 2020, will support progress against all targets of 2030. Target 5'Substantially increase access to multi-hazard early warning systems and improve
local disaster preparedness in Myanmar' needs to be achieved by 2020; hence thefirst phase of the action plan will contribute significantly to it. This action plan is
primarily towards creating and strengthening systems, creating risk profiles andimplementing pilot projects on disaster risk reduction. Therefore, it will be a major
milestone for target 2030.

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The following should be achieved by 2020:•

Disaster

response,

relief,rehabilitation

andreconstruction

strategy/

guidelines/procedures in place.
• Regulatory frameworks (planning, implementation and monitoring guidelines) toinclude DRR into development (union, regional/state and local development
planning) prepared and practiced.
• National, sectorial, regional/state, self-administered zones, township andward/village tract disaster risk management plan prepared and implemented.
• Disaster management bodies at regional/state, self-administered zone, district,township and ward/village tract fully functional.
• Coordination mechanism for multi-hazard disaster risk assessment is establishedand operational, at the national level, under the leadership of the government.
• Significant improvement in end-to-end early warning systems (monitoring, forecast,dissemination, evacuation, etc.) across sectors and in all regions/states and selfadministered zones.
• System to track DRR investments by government and development partners
created and strengthened.
• System/database for recording data on disaster damage and loss is fully operational
and annual report on disaster impact and trend prepared and shared. Nowadays, therespective departments must monitor, analyze, document and report the progress of
the MAPDRR implementation and coordinate between them.
Nowadays, the designated Departments together with the related agencies are
implementing the respective priority activities in which are MAPDRR.

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2.5.1 Priority Action 1.8 under the Pillar 1 of MAPDRR

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2.5.2 Priority Action 4.1 under the Pillar 4 of MAPDRR

2.6

Community Resilience Framework in Myanmar

The Myanmar National Framework for Community Disaster Resilience seeks toachieve people-centered, inclusive, and sustainable socioeconomic development in
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articulates a common understanding, proposes a coherent approach, and identifies
potential opportunities for strengthening the resilience of communities in Myanmar.
The framework has been started since 2015 and officially launched on 31st March,2017. The framework was made led by Department of Disaster Management,
Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement in its capacity as Chair of National
Disaster Management Working Committee of National Disaster Management
Committee, in close consultation with different ministries of the Republic of theUnion of Myanmar, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the members of the
Myanmar Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group. To achieve the community disaster
resilience outcomes, the stakeholders who are involved in drawing the framework
explored those sectors interventions such as strengthening Community Disaster
Resilience through rural livelihoods and village infrastructure/ urban development
and forestry, financial Inclusion, Social Protection and Disaster Risk Management(strengthening disaster preparedness).
On April 10, 2018, after launching of the framework, the meeting concerning with
the implementing of the activities in which was held. Moreover, some project pilots
are being carried out in Ayeyarwady Region. ADB supported the financial andtechnical assistance. The project implementation timeframe is from April, 2017 toMay, 2021.

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2.7

Case Study in Myanmar concerning with Disaster Management plan inTownship level

According to DM Law (2013) and DM Rules (2015), there is a provision to prepare themulti-hazard Disaster Risk Management Plan in all states/ regions, administrative
zones, districts, townships, wards and village tracts levels. In Myanmar, to constitute
DM Bodies at the township levels are included as the important role because most of
Government Offices can be opened at the township levels. Therefore, the offices at
the township levels are the focal to connect up and down. For these reasons, one of
our priority activities is to prepare/ update the DM Plans at all levels.
In the report, I would like to show the sample of our DM Plan at the township level
namely "the Action Plan on Disaster Risk Management of Labutta Township." In that
action plan, DM Bodies and (13) sub bodies have been constituted including therespective roles and responsibilities. In the plan, it was defined the activities which
need to take actions before, during and after the disasters (flood and cyclone, fire andtsunami). There was Tsunami Hazard Ranking, Fire hazard Ranking, Storm Surge
Hazard Ranking and Cyclone Hazard Ranking for Labutta Townships in that plan.
Besides, the lists of cyclone shelters, the names of contact person who areresponsible to response the disaster and their phone numbers and the number ofdrills and capacity building trainings taken in that areas. For Monitoring and
Evaluation (M&E) Process, the index such as the number of regular/ emergency
meetings between the members of DM Bodies and sub-bodies, the number oftrainings and simulation exercises including school – based drills, the participants list
who attended the trainings and enjoyed the drills and exercises, the number of actionplans taken in the village levels. Also each sub-body has the index to measure theimplementation. The stakeholders want to review the action plan every year andrevise it based on the experience of conducting drills and exercises which can support
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to explore the weaknesses and challenges. The Action Plan on DRR for Labutta
Township was made on March 2014. To appear the action plan, led by DDM and thegovernment officials at the township level coordinated with the NGOs, CSOs madethe plan. UN-Habitat supported the technical assistance and European Commission
Humanitarian Aid Department and Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs assisted thefinancial support. Though Labuatta has experienced the major disasters such as Fire
(2003), Earthquake and Tsunami (2004), Nargis (2008) and Fire (2016), it can stand up.
The people in Labutta named their town as the Phenic. The DM Plan for Labutta
Township is the good sample of our country. We have given the name of Labutta as aphoenix.
Nowadays, DDM has carried out the process to update/ develop the existing DM plan
aimed at to be the more comprehensive ones. Recently, reviewing workshop on
developing DM plans Guidelines at the township levels was held in Naypyitaw.
Similarly, other states and regions held the workshops concerning with the DM plans
based on the lesson learnt from the recent disasters especially 2015 floods.

Chapter 3 Community Based Disaster Risk Management in Japan
3.1

Hazard Profile in Japan

Japan is located in the Circum-Pacific Mobile Belt where seismic and volcanic
activities occur constantly. Due to its natural conditions, Japan is also prone tovarious natural disasters such as typhoons, torrential rains and heavy snowfalls aswell as tsunami and earthquakes. Every year there is a great loss of people's lives andproperty in Japan due to disasters. Up until the second half of 1950s, numerous
large-scale typhoons and earthquakes caused extensive damage and thousands ofcasualties. Thereafter, with the progress of society's capabilities to respond to32

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disasters and mitigate vulnerabilities to disasters by developing disaster management
systems, promoting national land conservation, improving weather forecasting
technologies, and upgrading disaster information communications systems, disasterdamage has shown a declining tendency.
Figure 3.1 showing the results of deaths and missing caused by disasters in Japan

Figure 3.2

Ration of Natural Disasters in japan to those in the World

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3.2

Some Major Natural Disasters Recently Happened in Japan

Great East Japan Earthquake (March, 2011)
On March 11, 2011, an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 occurred in the Pacific Ocean off
the coast of Japan's Tohoku region. After the earthquake, a tsunami ofunprecedented force broke over 650 km of coastline, toppling sea walls and otherdefenses, flooding more than 500 km2 land, and washing away entire towns andvillages. Due to that disaster, there were 20,000 people dead and missing, 130,000
houses and several damaged 260,000 more. The estimated economic damages are
16.9 trillion (yen).
Northern Kyushu Torrential Rain (July 2017)
During July 5-6, 2017, a linear precipitation system was formed and stayed due to theeffect of warm and very humid winds flowing into a stationary seasonal rain front in
the vicinity of the Tsushima Straits. This brought continued torrential rain to thesame areas, resulting in record heavy rain in northern Kyushu. Due to the torrential
rain, water supplies and electricity, as well as roads, railways, agriculture andforestry; all of which are key industries in this region were seriously damaged. Morethan 2000 people were forced to live in evacuation centers after the disaster. There
were 44 people fatalities/ missing and 34 people were injured and 326 houses werecompletely destroyed, 1110 houses were half-destroyed and the number of houses
which were above floor flooding were 222.
Typhoon 21 (October 2017)
Typhoon 21 moved northward from the southern part of Japan during 21-22 Octoberand made landfall near Omaezaki in Shizuoka Prefecture while retaining its
supersized and powerful momentum. This brought heavy rain over much of western

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2018 Term B (January – April 2019)and Eastern Japan and Tohoku Region; due to well-developed rain clouds
surrounding the typhoon and the rain front near Honshu. In this event, there were 8
people died/missing, 244 were injured, the number of completely destroyed houses
are 7, half – destroyed houses were 434 and 2776 houses were above floor flooding.
West Japan Torrential Rain (July 2018)
In July 2018, Japan has experienced the torrential rain especially in Okayama
Prefecture, Hiroshima Prefecture, Ehime Prefecture. We can see the losses anddamages list in the following table Figure 3.3

Loss and Damage List caused by West Japan Torrential Rain

Source of photo is from the power point of IRP Forum

3.3

Disaster Management System of Japan

Japan’s legislation for Disaster Management System, including the Disaster
Countermeasures Basic Act enacted in 1962, addresses all of the disaster phases of
prevention, mitigation and preparedness, emergency response as well as recovery andreconstruction with roles and responsibilities among the national and local governments
clearly defined, it is stipulated that the relevant entities of the public and private sectors
are to cooperate in implementing various disaster countermeasures.
The Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act has constantly been reviewed and amended
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since its first enactment, and with lessons learned from the GEJE (occurred in 2011),
provisions were added including enhancement of the measures concerning support
activities mutually done by local government in 2012 and the measures for ensuringsmooth and safe evacuation of residents and improving protection of effected people
in 2013. In 2014, provisions were added for strengthening measures against
unattended cars in order to promptly clear them from the roads for emergency
vehicles.
Along with a series of reforms of the central government system in 2001, the post of
Minister of State for Disaster Management was newly established to integrate andcoordinate disaster risk management policies and measures of ministries andagencies. In the Cabinet Ofﬁce, which is responsible for securing cooperation andcollaboration among related government organizations in wide-ranging issues, theDirector-General for Disaster Management is mandated to undertake the planning ofbasic disaster management policies and response to large-scale disasters, as well as
conduct overall coordination. To prepare for disasters, the Central Disaster
Management Council with the Prime Minister as the Chair and all Cabinet members
decides the national government’s disaster management policies. Such decisions arecarried out by respective ministries and agencies, accordingly. In the event of a largescale disaster, the Cabinet Office is engaged in collection and dissemination of
accurate information, reporting to the Prime Minister, establishment of theemergency activities system including the Government’s Disaster Management
Headquarters, overall wide area coordination concerning disaster response measures.

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Figure 3.4

The relationship of Ministries and Agencies related to DM in Japan

Figure 3.5

Disaster Management System in Japan37

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3.4

Disaster Management Plan in Japan

Basic Disaster Management Plan- This plan is the highest-level plan and constitutes
the basis for disaster management activities prepared by the Central Disaster
Management Council based on the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act.
Disaster Management Operation Plan- This is a plan made by each designatedgovernment organization and designated public corporation based on the Basic
Disaster Management Plan.
Local Disaster Management Plan- This is a plan made by each prefecture andMunicipal Disaster Management Council, subject to local circumstances and based on
the Basic Disaster Management Plan.
Community Disaster Management Plan- This is a disaster management activities planat the community level which is established by residents and business jointly on a
voluntary basis.
3.4.1 Promoting Community Disaster Management Planning System at National
Level in JapanTo promote the voluntary activities of residents, the Cabinet Office revised the Basic
Act on Disaster Management to commence the Community Disaster Management
Planning System in April 2014 for allowing community residents to draft a community
disaster management plan and present it in the municipal council for Disaster
Management to be reflected in the municipal disaster management plan. The
Cabinet Office implemented model projects in 44 districts over three fiscal years
through to FY 2016 to promote the community disaster management planningsystem and encourage residents to make a community disaster management plan. In
this three-year model projects, 27 of 44 districts, or roughly 60% drafted theircommunity disaster management plan, of which 16 districts successfully revised the38

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municipal DM plan and reflected their drafted plans in the community disastermanagement plan. 984 CDM plans, as stipulated in the Municipal Disaster
Management Plan, were created nationwide as of April 1, 2017. In FY 2017,awareness activities were continued in presentation meetings throughout Japan.
On March 24, 2018, the Cabinet Office held the 2018 Community Disaster
Management Plan Forum-Community Disaster Management Keeps on Evolving inTokyo aimed at to consider the future vision of community disaster management
plans based on the characteristics of recent disasters and contemporary trends. The
latest cases of community disaster management plan across Japan were presented in
the Forum to promote the formulation of community disaster management plans
and various techniques available for making such plans including the plans
themselves, processes and contents, etc., were introduced.
3.4.2 Promoting Community Disaster Management Plan at the Municipal level
Municipalities have also made good progress with their own initiatives to raiseawareness among local residents based on the model projects of the Cabinet Office.
For example, Ichihara City of Chiba Prefecture started the Ichihara Disaster Management
100 Members Meeting in February 2018. It comprises 60 residents recommended byvoluntary disaster management organizations and randomly selected 2,000 citizens
and hold workshops for formulating a community disaster management plan once
every month as a place for residents to consider local disaster management. Basedon the experience of providing support for northern district of Yahagi (FY 2015) andthe western part of Fujikawa (FY 2016), both of which were designated as model
districts by the Cabinet Office, Okazaki City of Aichi Prefecture launched independent
model projects to create community disaster management plans elsewhere.
Consequently, eight districts have already drafted the plan. The City published theimplementation Manual reflecting local characteristics based on the Community39

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Disaster Management Plan Guidelines provided by the Cabinet Office in FY 2014 to
supply specific instructions such as a method of opening workshops to help residents
understand the system. Municipalities hold awareness seminars for residents to raise
their disaster risk reduction awareness. To foster disaster management awarenessunderpinning the community disaster management plan, the Cabinet Office hascollaborated with municipalities in this approach to showcase effective ways ofraising the interest of residents who may not otherwise be aware. Designated as thedemonstrating district in FY2016, Naka Ward of Hamamatsu City in Shizuoka Prefecture
launched the Hamamatsu Citizens’ Disaster Preparedness Council; comprising
subcommittees participated in by randomly selected residents. The Cabinet Officepublished the Guide to Initiatives to Increase Awareness of Disaster Preparedness
among Local Citizens via Random Sampling in March 2017 based on the outcomes ofthis demonstration project. In FY2017, the Ninomiya Town Disaster Management
Workshops were held at Ninomiya in Naka-gun, Kanagawa Prefecture, and as usual,featured randomly selected residents in their 20s to 70s, including 14 first-timers (30males and females in all) taking part. The demonstrations in the workshop weresuitable for local residents who would not normally have many chances to deal withdisaster management otherwise, such as hearing evacuees’ experiences and playing
crossroad games.
As mentioned above, there are various methods to formulate community disastermanagement plans, which municipalities strive to disseminate to make a suitable
plan in collaboration with each other while nurturing reliable relationships with local
residents. Disaster mitigation and prevention awareness may be fostered andpropagated from one community to another when municipalities provide rear area
support for communities, and prefectures and municipalities spread information
horizontally in and out of communities through seminars, etc. It is preferable for each40

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2018 Term B (January – April 2019)of these communities to start planning voluntarily; based on the model projects of
the Cabinet Office and initiatives taken by local governments. The Cabinet Office will
also strive continuously to increase public awareness by disseminating this system offormulating community disaster management plans as best it can.
3.5

Community Participation in Disaster Risk Reduction in Japan

In Japan, community-based organizations (CBOs) have existed for centuries. They are
Suibo- dan for ﬂood risk dating from the 17th century, Syobo- dan for ﬁre ﬁghtingfrom the 18th century, and Jisyubo for earthquake disasters from the 1970s. The volunteer
ﬁre corps (Syobo-dan) members have regular jobs but, when disaster strikes, theytake part in disaster management activities in their own communities, such as ﬁreﬁghting, issuing warnings, assisting evacuations, conducting search and rescue operations,and operating facilities. There are currently some 890,000 active volunteers acrossJapan, which is almost six times the number of career ﬁre ﬁghters. The Fire Defense
Organization Act and its bylaws stipulate the corps’ roles, organizational structures,
members’ status as part-time government staff, and compensation and allowances.
The local government has principal responsibility for the corps, while the central
government subsidizes their facilities. The Syobo- dan responded to the GEJE at the riskof their lives. Some 250 members were killed or are missing, including 51 in
Rikuzentakata City. Based on lessons learned from the GEJE, the Fire and Disaster
Management Agency requested local governments to reinforce the volunteer ﬁrecorps in October 2011 with equipment, increased allowances up to the levelstipulated by law, and the recruitment of new members.

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Figure 3.6

Number of Voluntary Disaster Management Organizations and their coverage activities

Figure 3.7

Number of Fire Corps Volunteers including Female

Figure 3.8

Number of Flood Fighting Corps Personnel

In normal times CBOs conduct various emergency drill programs such as on how to
use the provided equipment and materials (for ex. Water fire extinguishers, powder
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fire extinguishers), rescue drills, evacuation drills, information transmission drills,
flood control drills and etc. In addition, CBOs also conduct welfare activities (such as
keeping in touch with and holding lunch gatherings for the elderly people who live
alone) as an effort to cover both community welfare activities and community
disaster prevention activities. Also they use a number of community festivals asopportunities to engage local schools in disaster awareness and preparedness
activities. For example, in the Wakabayashi ward of Sendai City, the local community
forged a very strong relationship with the elementary school to educate people indisaster preparedness. At the initiative of the Jichikai, regular drills were conducted incooperation with the school. Schools in Japan also serve as evacuation sites during
emergencies.
Figure 3.9

Ratios of Evacuation Center and various facilities in Japan

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Figure 3.10 Ordinary Utilization of Public Areas on DRR

Figure 3.11 No. of conducting Drills together with related organizations on DRR

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3.6

Some activities in the Schedule for ADRC VR and Benefits

ADRC VRs for 2018 Term B have many chances to study concerning with Disaster
Management System in Japan (especially in CBDRM). VRs participated in the
conducting community based disaster drills held at the designated elementary
schools, shopping mall area, memorial walk and events of the Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake. In that activities, the roles of communities especially on DRR process canbe seen. Moreover, VRs had the chance to see some community leaders and toattend the Community Bosai Forum. These opportunities could help the VRs to know
more about CBOs and their participating on DRR implementation.
Visiting Researchers VRs had the opportunity to join the town watching and hazard
mapping activities in the areas of Aotani in Kobe City and Kamakura City. These
activities could improve VRs’ environmental awareness, the consideration of the risks
in the different places and the coordination and collaboration among the VRs and it
can highlight the importance of hazard mapping process, the critical role on DRR andfor preparing the effective DRM plans.
Travelling to the affected areas such as Sendai, Osaka and Tokyo Cities could
understand the effects of mega disaster and how the Government sectors and Private
Sectors including residents received the lesson learnt of the past disasters. At thepresent time, how they try their cities to be the resilient ones.
Sight-seeing visit to Tsunami Storm Surge Station and Ajiwa River Gate Operation Drill
in Osaka City, Keage Hydropower Station, Lake Biwa Canal and some famous Shrines
in Kyoto, E-Defense could easily understand the importance of investment on DRR.
Attending the International Recovery Forum, International Symposium about Tsunami,
4th Global Submit of Research Institute for Disaster Risk Reduction, Seminars candevelop the VRs’ thoughts and considered the critical role of Science and Technology

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on DRR and how the research of the academic Institutions could help the Decision
Makers to make the right decisions on DRR.
Another interesting activity for VRs was public and private Seminar held in Cabinet
Office Head Quarter. There, VRs and others met the representatives from different
private companies who introduced their products. Similarly, VRs enjoyed theEarthquake Technology Expo celebrated in Yokohama. There, VRs studied thedifferent kinds of products for Emergency food, the modern facilities, introduction of
the building structural design, the early warning system and the tools for fitness
furniture.
Lectures by the professionals from Kobe, Toyko, Kyoto, Osaka and Tohoku Universities
supported VRs to know more the experts’ efforts and point of views. Their experienceand knowledge sharing provided VRs in preparing their research papers morecomprehensive.
We also had the chance to study the Japanese Lessons.

Chapter 4 Finding and Conclusion
4.1

Finding and Conclusion

4.1.1 Advantages
Both Japan and Myanmar are the most vulnerable to disasters such as floods,
typhoons, earthquakes, landslides and tsunamis and also suffer the effects of climatechange. Both countries have the legislative and institutional arrangements on DRR. In
Japan, the Acts and Laws for DRR/DRM are being reviewed/ amended after the majordisasters had occurred based on the lessons learnt from them. The habit is goodpractice.
The Japanese accept the concept such as "DRM is everyone's business". Therefore,
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they can understand well the importance of self-help and mutual-help. Most of themnever forget the damages and losses of past disasters. Therefore, they celebrated thememorial events every year by coordinating with the related government agencies
and communities.
Japan has the Museums in which the person who are interested on DRR can touch
the image of past disasters and can suffer the messages they want to hand over totheir generations. The maintenance of the records (photos, documentary, and somesamples of broken physical features) about the past disasters is very systematic.
They knew the importance of Science and technology. Hence, they try to develop theprocess of their DRM by using the latest technical assistances. Nowadays, many
prefectures make the investment in the prevention and preparedness measures.
Professionals from the different Academic Institutes try to develop the DRR education
system by doing many research papers. Then they explore the better ways to settle
the problems related to disasters. The respectable and admirable fact is that sharing
their research to apply on DRR projects.
There are many infrastructures, except the ancient ones in some places, built inaccordance with the guidelines of building-codes. In every development process, they
consider the risk of disasters. They also have the modern facilities for Search andRescue Team.
There are many different kinds of hazard maps in which the place of high risk areas,
the route to the evacuation places, the information of contact list persons, and the
documents are distributed to every house.
The community leaders knew well to prepare community based disastermanagement plan by themselves and municipals government supported the leaders
to make that plan. After preparing the plan, the members of CBOs distributed them
all houses in that respective areas.
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They can conduct the drills at night. Most of Cities have the schedule for monthly
drills. The CBOs distributed the lists to every house and anybody who are interested
to participate can join.
The community leaders hold the monthly meetings and two third of members joined
the meetings. They also have the chance to attend the trainings supported byGovernment.
Some companies send their staff to study the experience of disasters.
In the evacuation center, they place the stockpiling items, chargers, blankets, heaters
and some radio communication facilities which can be used in the emergency case.
4.1.2 Challenges
In Japan, the generation gap between the adult and the senior citizens is very high.
Most of the members in CBOs are the senior citizens. In BOKOMIs of Kobe City, theyoungest member is 65 years old. Though they have many experiences, they cannot
totally absorb on DRR activities as they wish. They only take the role of supporting.
They have the challenges to invite the young to join in CBOs.
In some parts of regions, the participating of residents in conducting CBDM drills is
gradually decreasing. (in case study of GEJE, according to the head of the Jichikai, theparticipation rate in Kojirahama is low.) The government’s recognition of and support
to community-based DRM has been key to keeping these efforts alive and well.
Though Japan has the highest and latest technology, most of senior citizens do notwant to use them. The system is too high for them to catch up.
There are a little people who has seen the hazard map showing risk areas andevacuation shelters though they had been distributed in the tsunami-stricken areas.
(Case study about GEJE, only 20% of residents have seen it)
In the camp management, the involvement of females is still the challenges. CBOs can
get the limited information concerning with vulnerable persons supported by48

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Government because of the individual privacy.
In some public schools, to hold the community based disaster drill on the weekdays is
still difficult to adjust and some Principals don't want to give the permission.
In Japanese Government Sector especially in the officials in the Cabinet Officealternately change every 2 years. Hence, to catch up the concepts on DRR might be
the challenges.
All activities in the schedule for VRs are very useful and perfect. But, VRs have thechallenges to study all during the three months.

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Abbreviation
AADMERASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency
Response

ADB

Asian Development BankADRC

Asian Disaster Reduction Center

ASEAN

Associations of South East Asian Nations

CBDRM

Community-Based Disaster Risk Management

CBOs

Community-Based Organizations

CDMP

Community Disaster Management Plan

CSOs

Civil Society Organizations

DACU

Development Assistance Coordination Unit

DDM

Department of Disaster Management

DM

Disaster Management

DMTC

Disaster Management Training Center

DRR

Disaster Risk Reduction

EOC

Emergency Operation Center

FY

Fiscal YearGEJE

The Great East Japanese Earthquake

HQ

Head Quarter

IDDR

International Day for Disaster Reduction

LDMO

Local Disaster Management Organizations

MAPDRR

Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction

MDPA

Myanmar Preparedness Agency
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M&E

Monitoring and Evaluation

MPD-Network

Myanmar Private Sector Disaster Management Network

MSWRR

Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement

NDMC

National Disaster Management Committee

NDMO

National Disaster Management Organization

NGOs

None-Government Organizations

PDNA

Post Disaster Nargis Assessment

QGIS

Geographic Information System

TOT

Training of Trainers

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

UNOCHA

United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

VRs

Visiting Researchers

WGs

Working Groups

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References
Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction – MAPDRR (2017)
Myanmar Community Resilience Framework
www.mofa.gov.mm (Ministry of Foreign Affairs website)www.dop.gov.mm (Department of Populations website)www.moezala.gov.mm (Department of Meteorology and Hydrology website)www.gad.gov.mm (Department of General Administration website)
Myanmar Post-Disaster Needs Assessment of Floods and landslides
Department of Disaster Management Report for 2018
6 Months Reports of DDM
Recovery Handbook for Trainers
Myanmar Disaster Management Law (2013) and DM Rules (2015)
Hazard Profile of Myanmar
Sources from Bago/ Yangon Regional Office of DDM
Township Disaster Management Plan for Labutta situated in Ayeyarwady Region
face book page of Bagan Arch
Disaster Management in JapanWhite Paper Disaster Management in Japan 2018
Documents from IRP Forum and Lectures by professionals on DRR
Learning form Mega Disasters Knowledge Notes
Power Points from Osaka City University Lecture52