586

GeneralNotes
GENERAL['Aukk Oct.

NOTES

A new form of Osprey from northern Manchuria.--Duringa recent examination of birds of the genusPandion in the Chicago Natural History Museum, several

specimensfrom northern Manchuria were immediately noted which were marked
with a solid, dark pectoralband, quite distinct from specimensof Pandion haliaetus
haliaetus and Pandion haliaetus carolinensis in which the breast is either white orvaryingly marked with a few feathersthat are mottled or streakedwith light brown.
The attention of Dr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator, Department of Zoology, wasinvited to these unusually marked birds and permissionsecuredfor their loan inconnectionwith a more critical study. After my return to Washington, the subject
was discussedwith Dr. Herbert Friedmann, Curator, Division of Birds, U.S. National
Museum. He was immediately interested and arranged for the shipment of skins
from the ChicagoNatural History Museum to the U.S. National Museum. Upon
their receipt, he made the entire collection at the U.S. National Museum available
to me for examination. A comparative study of specimensfrom the entire range ofthis speciesrevealed that the north~Manchurianbirds belong to a hitherto undescribed subspecies,which may be called:
Pandion haliaetus friedmanni,

subsp. nov.

Type.--Chicago Natural History Museum, specimenNo. 102,903; adult female,collectedby A. S. Loukashkin, Sungari River Valley, near Harbin, northern Manchuria, May 6, 1940.

Subspecificcharacters.--Similar
to Pandionhaliaetushaliaetus,but breastbroadly
banded with dark buffy brown to Saeeardo's umber, this color being evenly distributed over the entire vanes of the feathers, not blotched or streaked as in European
or west-Asiatic birds. Nearly all of the dark breast feathers narrowly edged withpale brown. Above darker, the interscapulars,upper scapularsand inner upper
wing-covertsfuseousto fuseousblack insteadof mummy brown as in the nominate
form. The dark postocularstripe darker, moreblackish (fuseousblack), lessbrownish(dovebrownin Pandionh. haliaetus). Sizeapparentlysimilarto thenominateform.
Measurementof type.--Wing, 510 min.; tail, 233, eulmenfrom cere, 36; tarsus, 60.5.
Three other femalesmeasure: Wing, 491, 502.5, 510; tail, 214, 237, 238; culmen fromeere, 33, 34, 34.5, respectively. Three malesmeasure:Wing, 455, 455, 465; tail, 193,205, 218; eulmen from eere, 30.5, 32, 32.2, respectively.

Range.--Northern Manchuria and northward for an undetermineddistance,
possiblyto the Arctic, wintering or migrating south to Inner Mongolia and China.
Accordingto information received from the collector, this form breeds along therivers and lakes in the Great Khingan Mountains, northern Manchuria and themountainousregionof northeasternManchuria. Absent as a breedingspeciesfrom
the Manchurian central plain along the Sungari River but breedingalong the entire
course of the Amur River. Intergrades with typical haliaetusin Kamchatka. Aseriesof six birds from Japan showno characteristicsof the north-Manchurian birds
but are typical haliaetus. Birds from northernAlaska showno approachto this newform but are typical carolinensis.

Comparative
materialexamined.--Pandion
h. haliaetus•4specimens
fromEurope;5from Kamchatka; 6 from Japan. t >. h. cristatus--4. P. h. ridgwayi--6; P. h. carolinensis--large series. P. h. friedmanni--7.
Rernarks.--It is with great pleasurethat I inscribethis new form to Dr. Herbert
Friedmann, Curator, Division of Birds, U.S. National Museum, in appreciationfor

Vol.
6•'1
•946 .I

GeneralNotes587

his many suggestionsand his guidanceand assistancewhich have made this study
possible. I also wish to expressmy thanks to the Chicago Natural History Museum
for the loan of specimensand to the U.S. National Museum for its generoushelpin the use of specimensand museumfacilities.--CoLoNBL L. R. WoLVB, Washington,D.C.

The type localities of Puffinus pacificus cuneatus Salvin and Pterodroma

teucopterahypoleuca (Salvin).--In 1888,Salvin['CriticalNoteson the Procellariidae,' Ibis, (5) 8: 353, 359] named cuneatusas a new speciesof lvu.•nus and hypoleucaas a new speciesof Oestrelata. He gave the type localitiesfor these species
as "IYab. Insulis Krusenstern (H. J. Snow)," and "IYab. Krusenstern Is., N. Pacific(H. J. Snow)," respectively. Subsequentornithologistshave repeatedly cited thistype locality without apparent individual investigation. Yet, at the time of his description, Salvin was doubtful of the true identity of the Krusenstern Islands, for onp. 353 he says in part: "The Krusenstern Islands here referred to are apparently
ß . . so named by Kotzebue, . . . part of the Marshall Group....
about lat. 10ø
17• N., long. 190 W." On p. 354 he notes the existenceof a Krusenstern Rock to
the west of the Hawaiian

Islandsand anotherKrusenstern

Islandin the narrowest

part of Behring's Straits.

The question was further clouded by Brigham ['An Index to the Islands of the
Pacific Ocean,' 170 pp., 24 figs., 1900 (Bishop Mus. Press, Honolulu)], who on p. 35
states, "Ailuk, also Tindall, Watts or Krusenstern of the Marshall islands, was discoveredby Captain Marshall in 1788,and is 20 m. long and 5-8 m. wide. 10ø 30• N.,
170ø 04• E." But on p. 86 the same author has: "Krusenstern, see Tikahau of the

Paumotu archipelago." On page 156 there is "TIKAHAU

or Krusenstern,of the

Paumotu archipelago,was discoveredby Kotzebue in 1815. A small, wooded island
10 m. in diameter, with a lagoon and inhabitants. The north point is in 14ø 5g• S.,
148ø 15• 15" W. [italics mine]."Brigham'sconfusion
may be tracedto the 1821Englisheditionof Kotzebue's'AVoyage of Discovery into the South Sea . . . in the Years 1815-1818 . . . in theShip Rurick ....
' (London, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown), 2: 149.
Here I(otzebue states: "To this group of Ailu I gave the name of the man underwhose command I made the first voyage round the world--Krusenstern."
On p. 150
is the location--lat. 10ø 17• 25" N., long. 190ø 00' 40" W. This would seemto settle
the question; however, in an abbreviated edition issuedin 1821 in London by Sir
Richard Phillips and Co., Part I, p. 27, the latitude of the center of the Krusenstern
Islands is given as 15øS., and the longitude of the center at 148ø 4V W., which is theposition of Tikahau Island of the Paumotu Group, and doubtlessis the reason Brigham (op. clt.: 156) regardsthe namesKrusensternand Tikahau as synonyms.
Nevertheless, on p. 170 of the same abbreviated edition of Kotzebue is this statement: "I named the cluster of Ailu Krusenstern.," and the location is lat. I0 ø 17' 25'tN., long. 190ø 00• 40" W. If one goesthrough I(otzebue's accountsday by day it
seemsapparent that his Krusenstern Islands must lie in the Marshall Islands, called
Radack and Ralick by him. Despite the figures of latitude and longitude which
would place the Krusenstern Islands some 3500 miles away the adjoining text indicates he was in the MarshaIls

because he describes atolls now known

to lie within

ashort sail of his Krusenstern. Consequently, it seemscertain that the figures indicating its position in the Paumotu Group are in error.
Further evidence concerning the type locality, however inconclusive it may be,
can be securedfrom the subspeciesof birds collectedby Snow. It seemsmore likelythat the raceschlororhynchus
Lessonor pacificus(Gmelin) of lVu.•nus cuneatuswould