1

Contents
Contents ................................................................................................................................................. 2
Letters of Welcome .............................................................................................................................. 3
Committee Members ............................................................................................................................ 4
Keynote Speakers ................................................................................................................................. 6
Main Paper Speakers .......................................................................................................................... 10
Oral Abstracts ...................................................................................................................................... 17
Poster Abstracts ................................................................................................................................ 109

2

Letters of Welcome
Dear colleagues,
I would love to sincerely welcome all the delegates with the brightest smile and embracing arms
extending our earnest Indonesian greeting ‘Selamat Datang’. It is an invaluable verity that I see many
come to our conference with joy and contented heart despite the weariness you might have felt
after long hours of flights or miles you have gone through. I thank you for the efforts andsupposedly, we can serve you at best here, in Bali.
Bali is the island of enchanting beauty. It is the sanctuary where the Mother Nature bestows ideas
and inspirations. Our intention is to get together the scientific side and the calming nature. And Bali
is the perfect place for this rendezvous. Our scientific committee together with the local organizing
committee have avidly arranged the scientific program for the conference and we do hope thateveryone learns this to be prolific and beneficial opportunity.
This year’s theme of the 16th World lake Conference is Lake Ecosystem Health and Resilience:
Diversity and the Risk of Extinction. It has become our commitment, as the human beings and theones who exploit the nature; lakes in particular, to sustain the balance and self-reflect that a lot havebeen going on with our lakes and that most of them are silently suffering. Actions may have been
kicked off but that is not about it. ‘Are actions sufficient to recover the grieving lakes?’, ‘Do we need
improvements on our actions?’, ‘How long will it take for the accomplishment?’ are of the lingering
questions that need to be answered. Open discussions and sharing experience are encouraged
during the conference although three-day schedule may seem so short for multifaceted issues.
In regards to the abstract submissions, we are pleased to know that the total number exceeds 250
submissions in which those for oral presentations are 171 and 89 are enganged for posters. Oralpresentations are divided into four stream rooms for three days. Whereas the poster showcase isscheduled twice at the designated timeframe.
Lastly, I would like to acknowledge our hard-working friends from the committees who have been so
enthusiastic in ensuring the details of the conference. I do appreciate the whole lot you have worked
on and look forward to the successful conference.
Terima kasih.
Sincerely yours,
Prof. Gadis Sri Haryani

3Committee Members

A. International Scientific Advisory Board
Chair Person:
Prof. Gadis Sri Haryani [Indonesia]
Vice Chair:
Dr. Ignasius D.A Sutapa [Indonesia]
Members:
Prof. Hery Harjono [Indonesia]
Prof. Robert Delinom [Indonesia]
Prof. Hidayat Pawitan [Indonesia]
Prof. Takehiko Fukushima [Japan]
Prof. Yasuyuki Kono [Japan]
Prof. Sin-ichi Nakano [Japan]
Prof. Sucharit Koontanakulvong [Thailand]Prof. Wan Maznah [Malaysia]
Prof. Kwansue Jung [South Korea]
Prof. I Wayan Arthana [Indonesia]
Dr. I Nyoman Sunarta [Indonesia]
Dr. Tri Widiyanto [Indonesia]
Dr. Ignatius D.A. Sutapa [Indonesia]
Dr. Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati [Indonesia]
Dr. Theo Ebbers [Germany]
Mr. I Nyoman Suryadiputra [Indonesia]
Dr. Hidayat [Indonesia]
Dr. Apip [Indonesia]
Dr. Cynthia Henny [Indonesia]
Dr. Syahroma Husni Nasution [Indonesia]
Dr. Lukman [Indonesia]
Dr. Jojok Sudarso [Indonesia]
Dr. Nofdianto [Indonesia]
Dr. Yustiawati [Indonesia]
Mr. Tjandra Chrismadha [Indonesia]
Mr. M. Fakhrudin [Indonesia]
Ms. Sulastri [Indonesia]
Ms. Djamhuriyah S. Said [Indonesia]
Mr. Eko Harsono [Indonesia]
Mr. Hendro Wibowo [Indonesia]
Prof. Hafrijal Syandri [Indonesia]
Dr. Henderite Ohee [Indonesia]
B. ILEC Scientific Committee
Chair Person:
Prof. Walter Rast [USA]
Ex-Chair Person:
Prof. Masahisa Nakamura [Japan]
Members:
Prof. Sandra Azevedo [Brazil]
Prof. Salif Diop [Senegal]
Dr. Zhengyu Hu [China]
Prof. Daniel Olago [Kenya]
Dr. Ajit Kumar Pattnaik [India]
Ms. Adelina Santos-Borja [Philippines]
Prof. Yoshihisa Shimizu [Japan]
Dr. Juan Skinner [Guatemala]Prof. Tsugihiro Watanabe [Japan]

4

C. Local Organizing Committee
Chair person:
Mr. Hermono Sigit
Dr. Fauzan Ali
Mr. Imam Santoso
Vice chair:
Dr. Luki Subehi
Mr. Bob A. Lombogia
Mr. Djadid
Secretary general :Ms. Ivana Yuniarti
Ms. Yasue Hagihara
Members:
Dr. Sekar Larashati
Dr. Gunawan Pratama Yoga
Mr. Syamsuhari
Ms. Hadiid Agita Rustini
Ms. Inge Retnowati
Mr. Ali Cahyadi
Ms. Yovita Lambang Isti
Ms. Miratul Maghfiroh
Mr. Octavianto Samir
Mr. Aan Dianto

5Keynote Speakers
LIMNOLOGY AND THE EFFORT TO FACE ITS PROBLEMS
Fauzan Ali
Director of Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Corresponding author: fali_6262@yahoo.com
The field of limnology has been evolving with the integration of the ecosystem, which now comprises lakes
catchment area, reservoir, rivers and wetlands. As such, all-encompassing studies to understand the structure
and the function of inland ecosystem in Indonesia have been encouraged. Also, there is an increasing
obligation towards the needs to conceive and maintain the ecological balance of inland water ecosystem
which was subjected to massive pressure in recent times. Indonesia is listed among the 12 megadiversity
countries, ranked the second in the world (the first in Asia) in the number of freshwater fish species.
Moreover, there are 840 lakes, 735 ponds and 162 dams in Indonesia, covering about 21,000 km 2 of area,
retaining approximately 500 km3 of water volume and providing both ecological and economic services.
Recently, there is an increasing need to conserve and maintain the ecological balance of inland water system
which are subjected to massive pressure. In addition, the problem of biodiversity crisis in limnetic systems is
at the worst among that in other natural systems. To identify the reason for the crisis in limnetic
environments, and to conduct better conservation and management, we must urgently collect the information
about the status quo of limnetic environments through appropriate environmental monitoring.
Keyword: Biodiversity, Limnology, Ecosystem, Conservation

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF LENTIC AND LOTIC WATER SYSTEMS: APPLICATION TO
INDONESIAN PRIORITY LAKES
Walter Rast, Chair, ILEC Scientific Committee andDirector of International Watershed Studies, Texas State University
Lakes, reservoirs and wetlands comprise our planet’s major lentic (standing or pooled) water systems on ourplanet, containing the vast majority of the readily-accessible liquid freshwater on its surface. Although
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) has become the mantra in global water discussions and innational water programs, it is becoming increasingly clear this approach does not adequately address theunique features of lentic water systems (large volume; long water retention time; integrating nature; complex
dynamics) within many water management schemes. The sustainability of the wide range of life-supporting
ecosystem services provided by these lentic water systems is threatened by this deficiency. Subsequent
experience suggests Integrated Lake Basin Management (ILBM), infused within the IWRM concept, provides avaluable complementary approach to watershed management. The Indonesian National Conservation Policy
has recognized its value with its ILBM-based approach to assessing and managing its priority lakes. At thesame time, a lake basin actually represents a linked system of nested and interacting lentic and lotic (flowing)water systems. This reality expands the ILBM concept to a broader Integrated Lentic-Lotic Basin Management(ILLBM) framework. There are examples for application of this broader approach within the context of theIndonesian priority lakes activities, with both scientific and management implications.

6

PASSING OUR BOUNTIFUL LAKES TO THE NEXT GENERATION WITH LOCAL EFFORTS
Taizo Mikazuki
Governor of Shiga Prefecture
I would like to express my joy at the opening of the 16th World lake Conference in Bali, and extend my
gratitude to Indonesian Government and those responsible for their efforts in organizing this conference.
Shiga Prefectural Government proposed this World Lake Conference about 30 years ago, with the hope thatgovernment officials, researchers and citizens from regions that have lakes could meet together and discuss
issues regarding the lakes. The 1st World Lake Conference was held in Otsu City in Shiga in 1984. Since then,the conferences have been held in many countries around the world and attended by around 20,000 people intotal. This 16th World Lake Conference is being held in Southeast Asia for the first time, with the theme, “Lake
Ecosystem Health and Its Resilience: Diversity and the Risk of Extinction.”Amidst concerns that lake
environments around the world are getting worse, I expect that our discussions will be beneficial for future
initiatives in participating countries. Shiga is home to Lake Biwa, the largest lake in Japan, which supplies waterfor 1,450 million people. Historically, Shiga’s citizens, government, and researchers have collaborated onefforts addressing environmental problems in Lake Biwa, including the occurrence of freshwater red tides. We
are continuing our efforts for the lake with initiatives such as the Lake Biwa Comprehensive Conservation Plan,
Mother Lake 21 Plan and the Law for the Conservation and Restoration of Lake Biwa. Regions with precious
water resources, such as lakes, play an important role in the world and shoulder a great deal of responsibility. I
would like to call upon this year’s participants to continue their efforts towards lake conservation. Beginningon the local level in regions with lakes, I hope we can expand our efforts and contribute to the solution ofwater problems around the world.

7

SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT WITH AP-HELP AND IWRM
Soontak Lee
Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea President, International Hydrologic Environmental Society(IHES) Governor, World Water Council
In many years of the world, growing human populations are rapidly depleting available freshwater supplies.
During the 20th century, the global human population increased fourfold to more than six billion. Water
withdrawn from natural freshwater ecosystem increased eightfold during the same period. Facing an ominous
specter of increasingly severe water shortages in many areas of the world, water managers and leaders are
exploring strategies for managing water resources sustainably. This quest for sustainability centers on
managing human uses of water as well as maintaining healthy freshwater ecosystems for future generations in
the 21st century.
The sustainable management as a new paradigm since 1992 is to manage water supply and demand in an
integrated way, taking into consideration both socio-economic requirements and the intrinsic capabilities andlimitations of ecosystems to support, over the long-term, a particular suite of human activities. Furthermore,
ecologically sustainable water management protects the ecological integrity of affected ecosystems while
meeting intergenerational human needs for water and sustaining the full array of other products and services
provided by natural freshwater ecosystems. Ecological integrity is protected when the compositional andstructural diversity and natural functioning of affected ecosystems is maintained.
As the sustainable water management, the HELP(Hydrology for the Environment, Life and Policy) was
implemented as a cross-cutting programme of the IHP-VII and VIII and is to deliver social, economic andenvironmental benefit to stakeholders through sustainable and appropriate use of water by directinghydrological science towards improved integrated catchment management basins and aims to address key
water resources security issues in the field and to integrate them with policy and management needs.
Secondly, the Integrated Water Resources Management(IWRM), a process which promotes the coordinateddevelopment and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant
economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital
ecosystems is also implemented for the sustainable water management through the establishment of goodunderstanding of sectoral perspectives.
The HELP also provides scientific research results for the implementation of IWRM through the processes suchas; IWRM guidelines as a user-friendly and cooperative approach that will invite each water sector to fruitfully
participate and cooperate in improving water quality and quantity in a river basin; and the river basin
approach is being recognized as a comprehensive basis for managing water resources more sustainably andwill thus lead to social, economic and environmental benefits. Furthermore, AP-HELP(Asia Pacific-HELP) canplay important roles in developing holistic sustainable solutions for the SDGs and needs to respond to thepriorities and needs of Member States under IHP-VIII focused on six knowledge areas.
It is required to develop IWRM strategies with HELP approaches and reflect the strategy into National Water
Resources Plan and needed for advanced technologies and methods for basinwide IWRM and Sustainable
Water Management.

8

LAKE RESTORATION IN NEW ZEALAND, WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR LAKES GLOBALLYDavid Hamilton1*, Kevin Collier1, Chris McBride and Clive Howard-Williams2
1
University of Waikato, Hamilton New Zealand2
National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Christchurch, New ZealandCorresponding author: davidh@waikato.ac.nz
Lake restoration requires an enabling context, including policies and funding to support the restoration
process, time series monitoring to separate intrinsic (natural) variations from effects of management
interventions, and clear end points that provide an expected time course of improvement in key variables.
Examples of each of these requirements are provided in the context of lake restoration in New Zealand, where
there has been active use of a range of physical and chemical methods. By contrast, restoration using
biological manipulation is uncommon in New Zealand, whereas inadvertent introductions of exotic species(e.g., fish such as koi carp and catfish, or macrophytes such as hornwort or oxygen weeds), have haddeleterious impacts on lake water quality. Some general findings of these case studies are that (i) restorationmust be tailored to individual lakes because of different stressors, connectivity and levels of natural resilience,(ii) degraded lakes often have high levels of resilience that necessitate more extreme restoration measures,(iii) sediment and nutrient legacies (i.e., bottom-sediment pools) may require specific management to effectshort-term improvements, and (iv) addressing catchment sediment nutrient inputs and connectivity isfundamental to successful restoration and enables longevity and effectiveness of in-lake actions. Restorationmust also build in future challenges; the intersection of land use intensification and climate change, as well as
increased globalisation, are likely to necessitate even greater vigilance for lake management programmes andmay mean that a greater number of lakes will fail to meet water quality targets without concerted
management actions.

LAKE ENVIRONMENTS UNDER STRESS AND THEIR RESTORATION CHALLENGES
Takehiko Fukushima
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Lakes are facing multiple kinds of stresses on their environments e.g. effluent increase in point and non-point
sources, artificial alternation of basin, excessive water use, invasion of alien organisms, global climate change,change in people’s concern, etc. In this presentation, two topics on lake environmental changes in Southeast
Asian tropical regions are focused. First, the spread of cyanobacterial blooms and/or macrophyte isdemonstrated in several shallow polymictic lakes using the analysis on satellite images. Lake Tonle Sap in
Cambodia shows a clear increase trend in the area covered by cyanobacterial bloom and its influence on fish
catch and fish species richness should be discussed. In contrast, the areas covered by macrophyte are
expanding in Indonesian shallow lakes, e.g. Lakes Limboto, Tempe, resulting in damages in lake use. Second,the upwelling of dissolved oxygen (DO) deficit waters in several Indonesian deep lakes (Lakes Maninjau,
Singkarak, Toba, Matano, Batur and Buyan and Cirata Reservoir) is indicated based on the published reports
and our field surveys. The upwelling rates and areal hypolimnetic oxygen depletion rates are increased inrecent decades compared with those in the period before the decades. Most probably, meromictic
characteristics result in the upwelling regardless of lake tropic levels and it is predicted that the DO deficit
layer will reach and pass over the thermocline in near future partly accelerated by global warming. Thus, themass death of fish is expected and has already occurred in a few lakes when relatively strong wind blows.
Urgent challenges for their restoration are necessary particularly on regular monitoring, prohibition ofexcessive fish culture, injection of oxygen-rich waters, withdraw of oxygen-deficit waters, adaptive
management of lake water use, etc.
Keywords: Stress on lake, cyanobacterial bloom, macrophyte coverage, upwelling of dissolved oxygen deficit
water, meromictic, mass death of fish, global warming, restoration challenges

MULTIPLE WATER USE PURPOSES
Nazir Foead
Peatland Restoration Agency, Indonesia

9Main Paper Speakers
LAKE AND LAKE BASIN MANAGEMENT AND POLICIES IN BALINi Luh Kartini
Lecturer Program Study . Agroecotechnology , Faculty of Agriculture , Udayana University
Corresponding author: kartiniorganik@yahoo.com
Bali small island has four lakes located in the highlands into reservoir water flowing underground into 9
districts of the city in Bali. Lake basin caldera in Bali is the result of ancient volcanic eruptions. Position Batur
lake basin, Beratan, Bulian, Tamblingan very distinctive because the landscape is closed (confined) in thescience of hydrology called confined basin. Confined basin means not river flow in and out of the lake. Lakes
exist in Bali since Rice and agricultural system in Bali starting in upper reaches 678. Subak is upstream of thelake..The King gives subsidies to people making the field (tax free), proved that taking care of Ulun Danu eachlake from Castle (royal). Lake management policies there needs to be involvement and active role of local
communities affected by this danau.Hal 1) internal factors (physical, motivation, community interests thatexist around the lake); 2) external factors (facilitators, media, profits, time and quality companion). Rescue
ecosystem of the lake in bali with the implementation of tri hita karana. Tri Hita Karana is three relationships
reason for happiness, 1. Man's relationship with God (Parhyangan), 2. Man's relationship with man(Pawongan), Human 3.Hubungan an environmental deng (Palemahan). Bali Lake guarded by customs andreligious ceremonies regularly. Lakeside village is responsible for managing the lake from the religious
ceremony while from the management authority is the authority of the Central Government. Of the four lakes
in Bali Tamblingan lake is still only sustainable for a very strong traditional institutions. members of traditional
institutions have always taught about the lake is the temple, the temple of the forest if there are disturbing thelake means no survivors.
Keywords : Lake, management, policies, tri hita karana

BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN LAKES
Mashhor Mansor
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
Corresponding author: mashhor@usm.mySoutheast Asian countries are rich in lakes either natural or man-made lakes. Indonesia alone has 521 naturallakes and more than 600 reservoirs. The lakes are not only beautifulwith panoramic views which attract
international tourists, but also a natural supermarket. The hydrological cycle in the tropical Asia, has brought
high precipitation to Southeast Asian region. The ecoregion has one of highest lake biodiversities in the world.
Two distinct seasons are recorded, the dry and wet months. In the wet months, most lakes are overflow. The
colonization of floating aquatic weeds such as Eichhornia crassipes, Salvinia molesta, Azolla pinnata, and Pistia
stratiotes have shallowing the lake depths. Submerged weeds such as Hydrilla verticillata and Ceratophyllum
demersum have spoilt the lake bottom benthic ecosystem. The colonization of wild Mimosa pigra population
has brought massive problems to the lake especially on utilization fishing activities. The cage cultures using thehighly prized hybrid tilapia Oreochromis niloticus are widely practised in most lakes. The Irrawaddy dolphin(Orcacella brevirostris) is one of the widely distributed aquatic mammal in Southeast Asia coastal zones andlarge rivers such as Irrawaddy in Myanmar, Mekong in Cambodia and Mahakam in Kalimantan. Tonle Sap in
Cambodia is a largest seasonally inundated freshwater lake in Southeast Asia. It is connected to Mekong riverthrough 200 km Tonle Sap river. This lake is a place for migratory birds. The local communities have utilized
this lake as a resource area. Perhaps the lake is functioning as a resource area.

10

LAKE RESTORATION IN INDONESIA: A RISK BASED ECOHYDROLOGY APPROACH
Gadis Sri Haryani
Research Center for Limnology
Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Lakes are the last frontier in survival and resilience of our society in that they provide us with more than justprecious fresh water resources and other ecosystem services, but the health of Lake Ecosystem would reflect
how we value our present civilization and future wealth of our descendants. What may commonly bemisperceived is that lakes in many respects are not part of rivers, e.g. the longer retention time, different
geological histories, many lakes have no rivers, and the presence of thermocline as well,
15 lakes in Indonesia have been considered to be in their critical stage and they suffered from a range of direct
and indirect anthropogenic as well as the aggravating climate change impacts. Attempts to address someecosystem deterioration in a number of lakes in Indonesia by introducing ecohydrological andecotechnological measures will be described in this paper.
This paper will eventually highlight the restoration within the light of risk and future uncertainties impacts
reduction at the center of our sustainable lake management, in which ecohydrology remains at the core of
seamless reconciliation between development and aquatic environmental conservation efforts.

WATER ENVIRONMENTS UNDER STRESS IN CHANGING CLIMATE: ECOHYDROLOGY AND
ECOTECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS
Hidayat Pawitan
Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
Corresponding author: hpawitan@ipb.ac.id
Water environments under stress in changing climate is obvious from environmental degradations, water,
climate and anthropogenic changes related to disasters that include land subsidence and modified rivermorphology and downstream floodings. Despite relatively very high water security status in terms of water
quantity, Indonesia is facing serious challenges to continuity and access to good water quality, especially inurban and developing areas. Case in the Greater Jakarta-Citarum basins supported with large cascaded
reservoirs will be briefly presented with simple water balance analysis indicating the critical conditions
between the competing water uses. Apparent seasonal and spatial patterns changes of water environments in
the Greater Jakarta basins could be recognized from water quality information due to population density,
anthropogenic activities and land use changes that represent substantial ecohydrology issues.
River basin
management considering upstream and downstream interactions, groundwater and coastal development andmanagement issues required good governance regulating respected stakeholders. Ecohydrology andecotechnology offer science based solutions that need to be promoted further with ecoefficiency indicators toboost sustainability of the Greater Jakarta-Citarum water system.
Keywords : environmental degradations, ecoefficiency indicators, governance, water security, Jakarta basins.

11ECOTECHNOLOGY IN WETLANDS RESTORATION: A CASE STUDY OF RESTORING DEGRADEDPEATLAND AREA IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA
I Nyoman Suryadiputra
Director of Wetlands International-Indonesia
Corresponding author: nyoman@wetlands.or.id
Water is a vital necessity for all living organisms (flora and fauna). Most of the surface fresh water reserves on
Earth are found in lakes (87%), Swamps () 11%) and the rivers (2%). But in Indonesia, the majority of surface
fresh water reserves are located in the peat swamps of Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua (> 1 trillion m3), in thelake about 100 billion m3 and in big rivers around 1.4 billion m3. Peatland ecosystem can also be categorized
as a “lake” as 80-90% of its volume contains water (Suhardjo dan Dreissen, 1975), but filled up with organic
matters which accumulated since thousands years ago and therefore stored lots amount of carbon. In the exMega Rice Project located in central Kalimantan, started in 1995, about 1,4 million Ha of peatland area wasdissected with primary-secondary- tertiary canals, which totally about 4,500 km long. These canals havecaused repeated peatland fire, as much of its water drained into the river and peatland became dry in the dry
season or even much dryer during the el_Nino that makes peatland very susceptible to fire. In order toreduce peatland fire, also its ghg emission, Wetlands International Indonesia has rewetted such dried peatlandusing appropriate and low cost eco-technology, where many of the existing canals were blocked (dammed)
using local materials, and above the dams, indigenous peatland tree species were planted. By blocking suchcanal, not only the peatland became wet and insusceptible to fire and carbon emission can be reduced, but at
the same time, the blocked canals revealed to trap many fish species that can support the local community
livelihoods.
Keywords: peatland, carbon, ghg emission, drainage canals, peat fire and blocking of canals provided multiple
benefits to nature and local community

REWETTING AND PALDICULTURE AS A SOLUTION TO REHABILITATE DEGRADED PEATLAND IN
INDONESIA- LOCAL KNOWLEDGE, COMMUNITY AND LOCAL ECONOMY
Kosuke Mizuno
Kyoto University, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, JapanThe tropical peat swamp forest ecosystem is one of the most biodiverse ecosystems in the world and provides
a wide range of goods and services that are of vital importance, both locally and globally. Due to their physicalcharacteristics, tropical peat swamp forests have been difficult to utilize, and therefore spared fromdevelopment for a long time. However, the tropical peatlands started to be developed on a large scale since
1980’s. Drainage associated with plantation development of fast-growing trees and oil palm has led to adecrease in groundwater table levels and the drying of peat swamp forests, resulting in an increase of carbon
dioxide (CO2) emissions by peat decomposition, and frequent fires. Rewetting and Paludiculture on therewetted peatland is a solutions to the current crisis of peat degradation and fire/ haze. The study will show
the paludiculture activities that are suitable for the rehabilitation of tropical degraded peatland, especially in
Riau Indonesia. Paludiculture is sustainable livelihood options with conserving and rehabilitating peatlands.
Livelihood activities include agroforestry, such as the combination of indigenous peat swamp tree species andpineapples, sago, commercialization of non-timber products and fisheries. The paludiculture will develop
based on the local knowledge, local economy, and value-chain to the domestic and international markets. This
study shows the two cases of paludiculture, one is a sagu planting at the Kepulauan Meranti District, andanother is a peatswamp indigenous tree planting at the Bengkalis District, Riau Province, Indonesia.

12

GENERATING A LONG-TERM DATABASE FOR INDONESIAN LAKES FROM LANDSAT SATELLITE DATA
Bunkei Matsushita1, Setiawan Fajar2,3, Luki Subehi3, and Takehiko Fukushima1
1
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
2
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
3
Research Centre for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
Corresponding author: matsushita.bunkei.gn@u.tsukuba.ac.jp
A long-term database is crucial to monitor and understand the amount and quality of water bodies as well as
their biogeochemical processes in order to achieve an effective management and a sustainable use of water
resources. However, routinely monitoring a water body is not easy for local and national governments withmeager financial resource especially in developing countries. It is thus lack of the long-term database that canbe used by policy makers and environmental managers for evaluating a water body. On the other hand, withthe progress of remote sensing techniques, it has been possible to provide synoptic observations for water
bodies at frequent intervals and relatively low cost. In this presentation, we will introduce our JSPS-LIPI (Japan
Society for the Promotion of Science – Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia) Joint Research Program, which
has an objective to generate a long-term database for Indonesian lakes from Landsat satellite data. The
database includes water surface area and shape, secchi disk depth, concentrations of total suspended matterand chlorophyll-a since 1980s. Challenges for the database generation from satellite images are also discussed.
Keywords: remote sensing, database, Landsat, Indonesian lakes

IMPACT OF CAGE AQUACULTURE ON PROLONGED LAKE EUTROPHICATION AND FREQUENT LAKEHYPOXIA: LAKE MANINJAU, INDONESIA
Cynthia Henny and Trisuryono1
1
Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
Corresponding author: cynthia@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Lake Maninjau has been exploited for cage aquaculture since 1990s. During the1990s and 2010s, increased
inputs of organic waste and nutrients from fish feed waste and feces degraded lake water quality, induced
prolonged eutrophication and reduced hypolimnetic oxygen levels. Massive fishkill first recorded was in 1998
followed by cyanobacteria blooms. The lake is a tectono-volcanic type of lake in which produced fair amountof sulfide in the anoxic hypolimnion. The lake is weakly stratified and therefore it is very sensitive to changes inmeteorological conditions. Storm with strong winds, which induce vertical mixing, could lead to lake hypoxia
with sulfide odorous surface water. Fishkill incidence has been reported due to this phenomenon. Since 2008
lake has been highly eutrophic and enduring hypolimnetic hypoxia, which cause more frequent fishkill. We
compile and synthesize past and recent research to address prolonged eutrophication and frequent hypoxia in
Lake Maninjau due to impact of uncontrolled cage aquaculture in Lake Maninjau. We document past andrecent trends in key parameters determining prolonged eutrophication and lake hypoxia and examine theirlikely ecologically impacts. Long-term study (2001- recent) reveals increase trends in nutrient concentrations
as total nitrogen and total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a and solids concentrations as suspended solids. Increase
inputs of nutrients induces changes in dominant type of phytoplankton from Chrysophyta (diatom) to
Chlorophyta (green algae) in 2005 - 2007 and to Cyanophyta (toxic blue green algae) from 2007 to recent.
Changes in the highest concentrations of sulfide related depth to the upper hypolimnion layer might cause
shifting oxycline to the upper water column up to < 8 m depth (epilimnion layer), which increases the thicknessof hypolimnetic hypoxia (DO < 2 mg/L). Rough estimation indicates that 97% of lake volume has been in anoxic
conditions. Lake hypoxia also has impacts on fish community where it does not only reduce the types of fish
and benthic fauna present but also reduce its productivity. To improve lake water quality to a mesotrophic
requires reduction in nutrient and organic loads which means removing most of fish cages out of lakes.
However, the complexity of the problems due to economic value of cage aquaculture makes it harder toimpose any regulation on reducing fish cage number or even on banishing any cage in lakes. We set good
ecosystem lake water quality criteria and provide potential approaches to achieve those water quality criteria
targets for Lake Maninjau to reduce risk of prolonged eutrophication and frequent lake hypoxia.
Keywords: Eutrophication, lake hypoxia, water quality, tropical lake

13

EFFECTS OF SALTWATER INTRUSION IN CHAO-PHRAYA RIVER AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Anurak Sriariyawat1*, Peesapat Mikled1, Sucharit Koontanakulvong1, Supattra Visessri, Piyatida
Ruangrassamee1, Pongsak Suttinon1 and Tuantan Kitpaisalsakul1
1
Dept. of Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University
Corresponding author: anurak.s@chula.ac.th
Drought has caused many problems in lower Chao Phraya River basin for the recent years. With the lackdischarge released from the north, this caused the problem of saline water from the sea intruded into Chao
Phraya River and made the water impropriated for both consuming and agricultures. Unfortunately, the saline
water could intrude into the river with a vast distance, more than 100 kilometers from the river mouth, where
it reached the Bangkok Metropolitan raw water supply intake stations and also passed many agricultural areas.
This caused damages to Bangkok Metropolitan water supply system and high value crops; such as orchids anddurians. To keep the saline water far away from the significant places, adequate amount of discharge related
to the sea level have to be released from the reservoirs in the upstream of Chao Phraya River. Then, the water
budget balance between water to counter the saltwater and irrigated water for farmers became a curious
issue among the people in Chao Phraya River basin; especially during the drought season. This study aims toinvestigate the damages of saltwater intrusion in Chao Phraya River by simulations and questionnaires, and tosummarize the possible mitigation measures in the short and long term plans. This could be a guideline forpreventing the saltwater intrusion in the future.
Keywords: Saltwater intrusion, Chao-Phraya River, Reservoir Management, Drought

14BIOGEOCHEMICAL AND GEOMICROBIOLICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON FERRUGINOUS SEDIMENT OF
LAKE TOWUTI, SULAWESI, INDONESIA
Jens Kallmeyer1*, Cynthia Henny2, Towuti Drilling Project Scientific Party
1
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 5.3 Geomicrobiology, Telegrafenberg, 14473
Potsdam, Germany
2
Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong-Bogor, Indonesia*Corresponding author: kallm@gfz-potsdam.deLake Towuti is a tropical 200 m deep tectonic lake seated in ophiolitic rocks and surrounded by lateritic soils.
Its location on Sulawesi, Indonesia, renders Lake Towuti’s sediments prime recorders of paleoclimatic changes
in the tropical Indo-Pacific Warm Pool. The tropical climate and the lateritic weathering of the (ultra)mafic
catchment of the Malili Lakes system cause a strong flux of iron(oxy)hydroxides to the lake, which are
effectively trapping all available phosphorus in the water column, thereby driving the water column towards
severely nutrient-limited conditions. The strong iron flux results in ferruginous sediments that support
microbial communities that are utilizing a range of metalliferous substrates as electron donors. However, due
to anoxia in the deepest parts of the stratified water column and the sediment, metal reduction processes leadto a release of adsorbed phosphate, allowing for increasing biological activity. From May to July 2015, theTowuti Drilling Project (TDP) carried out a drilling campaign at Lake Towuti and recovered over 1000 m of
sediment drill cores from three sites with maximum penetration depths of133, 154, and 174 m below lake
floor, respectively. Initial sedimentological data indicate that at least 800 ky of sedimentation history wererecovered. Two biogeochemical pilot campaigns were carried out prior to drilling to obtain a detailed pictureof the surface sediment and to optimize the analytical procedures for the peculiar sediment composition. By
analyzing cores from sites above and below the oxycline we found that biogeochemical processes in thesediment can be linked to differences in bottom water redox conditions
Ferruginous sediments likely support microbial communities, which can utilize a range of metalliferous
substrates. Although microbial activity decreases dramatically below the water-sediment interface and withincreasing sediment depth, even this low activity can have an appreciable impact on both sediment
composition and biogeochemical cycles over long time periods. In addition, iron minerals are also suspected tostrongly adsorb DNA. Upon cell lysis, nucleic acids are released into the surrounding water and sediment andpartitioned between sorption to reactive Fe surfaces and uptake or degradation via microbial metabolisms.
Binding to metal oxides and colloids could result in preservation and persistence of eDNA in the lacustrine
record, providing a valuable archive of genetic information. However, since metal-reducing bacteria have thecapacity to solubilize structural Fe and utilize adsorbed nutrients, the sediment-bound eDNA should not be
totally recalcitrant and could serve as a labile organic substrate for sedimentary microbes. Its concentrations
should then depend on the complex interplay between these processes. Lake Towuti provides the opportunity
to examine microbial populations in an iron-dominated and sulfate-poor ecosystem with dynamic redox
conditions and infer sorption and diagenetic processes arising from subsurface microbial activity.
In order to investigate the relationship between biogeochemistry and microbial processes in these iron-richanoxic sediments, we retrieved short sediment cores from Lake Towuti in 2013 and 2014 at three different
depths. The sediment was analyzed for pore water geochemistry, total cell counts and potential sulfate
reduction rates (SRR) as well as extra- and intracellular DNA (iDNA). These data provide a background forgeomicrobiological and biogeochemical analysis of the long (>100 m) drill cores that were retrieved during theICDP (International Continental Scientific Drilling Program) Towuti drilling campaign in spring/summer 2015
and which were analyzed with the same techniques in order to provide a concise dataset.
Changes in redox chemistry, whether they are related to climate or in-lake processes, appear to lead tovariations in burial of OM, as well as electron acceptor availability and metal speciation in the sediments.
When considering a lacustrine sedimentary record over geologic timescales, long-term shifts between oxic andanoxic conditions and vice versa appear to be the main control factors for the distribution of electron
acceptors and OM availability and therefore control metabolic activity of the subsurface biosphere.

15

Oral Abstracts

16

Oral Abstracts
Tuesday, November 8th, 2016

Room A, Topic 3 Lake and Lake Basin Management and Policies
RANKING TRANSBOUNDARY LAKE THREATS: A GLOBAL-SCALE ASSESSMENT
Walter Rast, Masahisa Nakamura and Khila Dahal
Corresponding author: wr10@txstate.edu
A Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme (TWAP) was undertaken to determine the status of, and thethreats to, transboundary lakes and reservoirs, rivers, aquifers, large marine ecosystems and the open ocean,both to establish a global-scale knowledge base and to rank the threats to these various water systems. The
lakes component of this global-scale assessment focused on 206 priority transboundary lakes and reservoirs.
Based on GIS-based spatial analysis techniques, and consideration of the characteristics of their drainage
basins, the relative lake threats were expressed in terms of Human Water Security threats and Biodiversity
threats. As a group, the African transboundary lakes merit the greatest attention from the perspective ofrelative threats, and the need for management interventions, followed by lakes in Asia and South America.
Another major finding was that the interpretation of the relative threat ranks was fundamentally dependent
on the perspective of those using the ranking results, with many ranks changing significantly when different
filtering criteria or alternative weights were applied in the threat ranking calculations. The assessment results
also demonstrated that an accurate, meaningful risk classification required consideration of a range ofinteracting scientific, socioeconomic and governance issues. To this end, the value of Integrated Lake BasinManagement (ILBM) in future assessments, as a complement to Integrated Water Resources Management(IWRM), also is discussed. A final conclusion was an urgent need for the international water community toundertaken knowledge base development focusing on transboundary lakes, as well as their linkages with otherlentic and lotic water systems.
Keywords: lakes, transboundary, assessment, governance, management

PEOPLE’S ACTIVITIES IN LAKE DANAO, PACIJAN ISLAND, CEBU, PHILIPPINES
Serapion N. Tanduyan*, Genes M. Pasaje, Ricardo B. Gonzaga, Wilfredo G. Anoos, Homer Gaciano,
Norbero B. Andrade, Eva P. Muaña, Gabriel T. Muaña, Leif Erickson Tampus, Jonar Gonzales,
Berenice T.Andriano ,Lorenzo B.Andriano and Aderito Gonzales II*Cebu Technological University, San Francisco Campus,6050 San Francisco, Cebu, Philippines
Corresponding author: sntanduyan@yahoo.com
Pacijan Island was blessed to have Lake Danao as the largest and cleanest lake throughout Region 7 and one to
the tourist destinations in Camotes islands the study on people’s activity was made to find out their effects tothe lake as well as their nature, problems and solutions. Actual interview with the respondents and visits in thelake Danao and workplace of the respondents was using an interview guide to gather data throughout thebarangays surrounding the lake namely, Northern Poblacion, Sta. Cruz, Cabunga-an, Esperanza, Union andCampo. Results as to capture fisheries shows that pole and line dominates as the fishing gadget throughout
the six barangays followed by spear fishing, fish pots , drag seine and gillnet. Fishes caught are tilapia, mudfish,
freshwater catfish, climbing perch, therapon, shrimps and goby. Aquaculture activities were only done by the
BFAR-7 and D.A- Municipal Office. Post harvest processing of caught fishes were drying, frying, pickled,stewed, broiled and tinola. Agricultural activities are planting corn, rice, coconut, cassava, vegetables and cow
and chicken raising. Recreational activities and business includes the construction and operation of White Lake
Park, bike trail, and sakanaw. Conservation and sustainability of Lake Danao as an aquatic site involves Lake
Danao Clean-up, cleaning the area and tree planting. Problems encountered are stealing of caught fish in
fishpots, restricting fishing, using gillnets becomes a problem because fishing is the major livelihood of thepeople. Soli-soli weavers have no specific areas for gathering the raw materials. Rainy season becomes theirproblem because the soli-soli is not thoroughly and immediately dried resulting to poor quality of the product.
Perceptions as to the conditions of the lake show that during summer months water is shallower and during
rainy days the water is very deep. Crocodiles, leeches and land turtles are already gone and replaced bytherapons. Species of birds are diminishing due to disturbance and hurting of birds which were stopped for thelast 10 years. The space for the lake becomes large because the inhabitants cleaned the lake.
Keywords: Lake Danao, People’s activities, Cebu, Philippines

17

SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF LAKES WATER’S SYSTEMS AND THE NEED FOR AN ECOSYSTEMAPPROACH AND A COMPREHENSIVE INTEGRATION OF WATERS BODIES
Prof. Salif E. DIOP
Corresponding author: sal-fatd@orange.sn
Recent completed transboundary water assessment programme has indicated that lakes and other lentic
water systems provide wide range of ecosystem services, comprising, resource provision services (drinking
water supply, agricultural irrigation, fisheries, recreation, transportation, hydropower generation); regulating
services (flood and drought mitigation, self-purification, climate mediation, shoreline ecotone buffering,
diverse food-chains) and cultural and recreational services (including aesthetics, spiritual, anthropogenic, andhistorical values). Those wide range of services that benefit directly to people have become the focus ofintense research and policy interest over the past decade. Such assessment has indicated as well that, in order
to assess comprehensively the sustainable management of lake basins and lake water systems, one needs tofully consider interactions and integration of overall inland water systems, including lakes and reservoirs, rivers
and wetlands, aquifers and in many instances coastal waters. In fact, the complexity of water systems drainage
basin should lead to a more comprehensive approach for a sustainable management and governance of lakebasins. Indeed the step by step methodology of target and indicator 6.6.1 of SDG Goal 6 which main focus is,by 2020, to: “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all” includes theneed to protect and restore in a comprehensive way all those water-related ecosystems, namely rivers, inland
waters, wetlands, aquifers and lakes. Considering the global sustainable development agenda as a whole,reaching such target by 2020 will surely constitute one of the major challenges the world will have to face inorder to successfully achieve most of the 2030 Agenda targets.

ECOSYSTEM HEALTH REPORT CARD: A TOOL FOR EFFECTIVE TRACKING OF THE ECOSYSTEMHEALTH OF CHILIKA LAKE AND ITS BASIN
Ajit K. Pattnaik 1 *, Pradipta R. Muduli 2
1
Odisha Forestry Sector Development Project, SFTRI, Campus, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar,India
2
Chilika Development Authority, C-11, BJB Nagar, Bhubaneswar, 751014, Odisha,India*Corresponding author: ajitpattnaik13@gmail.com
Chilika Lake a Ramsar site, is situated along east coast of India, was in a degraded condition till late1990’s. Lake was restored successfully in 2000 by Chilika Development Authority (CDA) with an ecosystemapproach. CDA adopted “Ecosystem health report card” as a monitoring tool to track the health of the lake andits basin. Ecosystem health report card is a transformative assessment that compares scientific andenvironmental data with thresholds and are delivered to a wide audience in a simple format for better
understanding and appreciation. The health of the lake was assessed, taking into consideration 10 indicatorsorganized into three broad indices i.e. (a)Water quality (b) Fisheries and (c) Biodiversity. For water quality (i)water clarity, (ii) DO (iii) total chlorophyll; for biodiversity (i) bird (ii) dolphin (iii) benthic faunal diversity (iv)
phytoplankton diversity and for fisheries (i) total catch (ii) size (iii) diversity, had been taken in to account.
Desired conditions (thresholds) for each indicator was arrived at based on available guidelines, current
scientific knowledge, historical data and trends based on which score was given to each indicator at the scale
1-10. The individual grades were calculated for all three indices; water quality, fisheries and biodiversity.
Overall, Chilika Lake scored a “B” for ecosystem health based on performance of water quality, fisheries, andbiodiversity indices during 2012 and 2014. The report card is produced every two years . Considering its
effectiveness, it is adopted as a management tool for effective tracking of ecosystem health of Chilika Lake andis being replicated in other wetlands in Asia.
Key words: Ecosystem health report card, Ramsar site ,water quality, biodiversity, fisheries, Chilika lake

18

QUESTIONING NEGOTIATED APPROACH IN MANAGING MULTI-PURPOSED LAKE MANINJAU
Syarifah Aini Dalimunthe 1*, Intan Adhi Perdana Putri 2, Mahmud Thoha 2
1Research Center for Population, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)
2
Economic Research Center, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)*Corresponding author: syar008@lipi.go.id
Lake Maninjau offers picturesque green landscape to tourist across the world before fish farm invaded thelake. For the past ten years the number of fish farming using Floating-net- cage (FNC) in Maninjau skyrocketing
to more than 20.000 unit in the area of 99.5 km. With the total value production of USD 2.1726 billion, the fish
farming activity has been claimed success in generating economy of fish farmer’s income. However, theenvironmental impact of overly used Lake is cautiously being overshadowed by the economic pressure to thelake. Negotiations and strategic management largely failed to lessen the environmental degradation. To
addressed issues mentions above, research method has combined quantitative and qualitative approach toshaping suitable recommendation to each party (Government, Community, and Civil Society). By employing
quantitative approach (choice modeling), there are four scenarios offered to the community surrounding thelake (4 Nagari/Villages as samples). Community likely to pledge into two different opposite poles: business as
usual or zoning the FNC to a particular area of the lake. A qualitative approach has shown that main challenge
is to create an institutional environment that will enable all stakeholders to participate in the management ofwater resources in a continuous learning process. One of the methods for solving water resource management
is Negotiated Approach (NA). These efforts promote negotiations as processes in which participants can reachan understanding of and resolve problems based on their shared common interests, rather than as bargaining
processes in which individual participants defend their positions and interests. Thus, this paper will discuss two
main issues: A) will NA able to contribute in managing Lake Maninjau with all the complexity within the Lake’s
utilization? B) in what way the four scenarios offered will support NA in Lake Maninjau?
Keywords: Negotiated Approach, Lake Maninjau, Fish Farming, Water Resource Management

THE GOVERNANCE OF LAKE RAWAPENING, INDONESIA : AN INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL NETWORKANALYSIS
Evi Irawan 1*
1
Research and Development Institute for Watershed Technology Management,Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Jl. A.Yani, Pabelan, P.O. Box 295, Surakarta, 57102*Corresponding author: evirawan17@gmail.com
Lake governance is an inherently complex process. Much of literature dealing with lake governance,
however,relates to the limnological sciences and the technological dimensions. There is an increasing need tounderstand the multi-stakeholder governance arrangements that emerge from the cross-scale nature andmultifunctional role of lake. This study aims to examine networks between actors that either directly or
indirectly inﬂuence the sustainability of Lake Rawapening in Indonesia. The data were collected using aquestionnaire and semi-structured interviews of 60 organizations, ranging from local resource users and village
leaders, to governmental agencies, universities and NGOs. Results show that there is no organization thatcoordinates the various lake
resources related activities at the lake catchment scale. Furthermore, an important result is that municipal
governmental agency play a crucial role linking otherwise disconnected actors. Instead of imposing
institutional arrangements, it is more promising to identify and build on existing inter-organizational network
structures. Social network analysis can help to identify existing social structures and points for interventions toincrease the problem solving capacity of the governance network.
Keywords: Lake governance, watershed, social network analysis, Indonesia

19

VALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICE OF THE LAGUNA LAKE BASIN : EROSION CONTROL AND
FLOOD WATER RETENTION
Alvin A. Faraon 1* and Adelina C. Santos-Borja 2
1
Project Evaluation Officer II, Project Development, Monitoring, Evaluation Division,2
Department Manager III, Resource Management and Development Department, Laguna Lake
Development Authority
Corresponding author: alvin.faraon@gmail.com
The Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES) is a global partnership program initiatedby the World Bank in 2014. It aims to promote sustainable development by ensuring that accounting fornatural resources and the services provided by the ecosystems are mainstreamed into development planning.
One of the two pilot test sites in the Philippines is the Laguna Lake Basin where lies the largest and mosteconomically important lake in the Philippines. Based on the framework of the System of Environmental andEconomic Accounts (SEEA) approved by the UN Statistical Commission (UNSC), a pilot ecosystem accounts wasdeveloped which includes a land account containing land cover and changes; a water account providing
information on water quantity; an ecosystem condition account indicating water quality, changes inbathymetry and sediment loading; an ecosystem production account looking at the flow of ecosystem services
like fishery production, water supply, flood retention and soil erosion regulation. This paper focuses on two
ecosystem services: erosion control and floodwater retention capacity, which is also referred to as flood
control service, and their significance on the ecological integrity of the lake. Erosion control is defined as theamount of sedimentation avoided because of the vegetation cover. This was calculated by comparing theerosion and sedimentation rates in the lake that would have taken place without vegetation cover with theactual erosion and sedimentation rates. Major land cover changes in the basin using satellite images wereanalyzed for the period 2003-2010. Closed forest decreased by 35% while built-up areas increased by 116%.
There was rapid urbanization and industrialization in the lake region in particular in the northwest, westernand southern portions of the watershed.
Keywords: This section should contain maximum 5 words that are written in 10 font size and separated withcommas.

ASSESSMENT OF ECOSYSTEM HEALTH STATUS OF LOKTAK LAKE – THE LARGEST FRESH WATER
LAKE IN NORTH EAST INDIA
Rajiv Das Kangabam 1*, Govindaraju Munisamy 1
1
Affiliation Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences,
Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
Corresponding author: rajiv.kangabam@gmail.com
The lake’s ecosystem is an essential resource for human survival. They provide a number of ecosystem services
which are essential for mankind. The increasing human activity has degraded these resources throughmodifications resulting in physical, chemical and biological features. This will severely affect the humansocioeconomic and later collapse of the lake ecosystem. Considering the above issues, the main objective of
the present study is to assess the Loktak lake ecosystem health in order to identify the main driving forces fordeterioration of the lake. The methodology of the study includes studying the factors, including
socioeconomic, climatological, land use/land cover changes, status of biodiversity, water quality, pesticides
level and human health risk assessment. The result identified that the lake is under severe pressure fromanthropogenic activity leading to alternation in land use pattern, increase in regional climate leading tohydrology variation, increase level of pollution and pesticides load resulting in higher chance of disease tohuman and animal due to the consumption of the polluted water. This will also affect the flora and fauna of
Keibul Lamjao National Park, the only floating national park in the world located in the southern part of the
Loktak where a number of important species including highly endangered Rucervus eldii eldii has its only
habitat. The outcome of this study provide the overall health status of the Loktak lake and the data from thisstudy will be useful for implementation of news schemes and policy for restoration and sustainable
management of the Loktak lake.
Keywords: Ecosystem health, Socioeconomic, Rucervus eldii eldii, Loktak, Sustainable management

20

STRATEGIES FOR CONVERSION OF ABANDONED QUARRIES TO LAKES FOR LAND USE ANDFISHERIES -- CASE STUDIES
Dr. B. K. Pal*, Sunil Kr Bioyi, Deepak Majhi and Susil Kr Bisoyi
Department of Mining Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela – 769008, Odisha,
India.
*Corresponding author: drbkpal2007@gmail.com
Once quarrying is over, it gives the problems for the land use for the area, as they are not suitable forvegetation purposes. However, flooding of that quarry may change the land use, if it is converted to lake.
Under the Resource Management Act (RMA) 1991, it is one of the permitted activity unless specificallycontrolled under the regional plan. Flooding of that quarry does not take water from a stream or discharge it
to a stream but it does divert groundwater. As quarries typically have steep sides and are likely to havesubstantial water depth when full, the Health and Safety Act (HSA), 1992 requires it to be fenced or otherappropriate safety measures to be implemented according to the intended use. The water quality in theflooded quarry will depend on the morphometry of the excavated pit i.e., is it a relatively shallow river gravel
extraction site with a large surface area to volume ratio, or is it an open-cast coal mine or rock or mineral
extraction quarry which has been sunk deep into the ground to follow a specific rock or mineral load and/ or
what is the proposed use of the lake once the quarry has been flooded. Because these flooded quarries havegroundwater as their primary water source and they are likely to be surrounded by pastoral farm land, thewater in the lake is nutrient enriched. A no. of case studies is conducted in the different mining fields. It isobserved that the plant material remaining in the quarry when it filled are decomposed and the bottom water
oxygen levels are very low. The low oxygen in the bottom waters are exacerbated when the water column
thermally stratifies. The decomposition processes associated with residual coal in a flooded coal mine may
release chemical contaminants (e.g., boron) which could leak back into the groundwater contaminating thedownslope streams and aquifers. Design considerations to minimize these effects include terracing the littoralzone to provide suitable substrate for growing marginal wetland plants and emergent macro-phytus as abuffer zone around the lake edge. Intercept drains are installed to prevent surface runoff from adjacent land
and roads entering the lake. Stock exclusion fences are erected around the lake. Within the lake, onsiderations
are given to install aerators to keep the water column mixed. In a lake where the surface area dimensions arenearly uniform, an air-bar aerator are less efficient that an enclosed rising plume device which draws thebottom water to the surface before dispersing it laterally. These aerators are destratification devices which
need to be in operation as soon as the lake begins to stratify in spring. By artificial means through chemicaltreatment these waters are made to be non-toxic so that the hygienic conditions can be maintained. It isobserved that because of enriched mineral content in the water the growth rate for different types of different
types of fishes, crabs, prawns are appreciable. This man-made lakes not only solves the utilization of lands but
also solves the crisis of fishes.

21

AN OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK TO EVALUATE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND DISSERVICES IN A
BIOSPHERE RESERVE INTEGRATING LOCAL INSIGHTS
Yoshihisa Shimizu 1* , Ho Huu Loc 1* , and Vo Thanh Tuan 2
1
Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan2
Department of Land Resources, College of Environment and Natural Resources, Can Tho University,
Can Tho, Vietnam, Corresponding author. shimizu@biwa.eqc.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Colloquially the evaluation of ecosystem services (ES) and ecosystem disservices (EDS) for various ecosystems
at different scales is completed using top-down approach with economic valuation methods such as market
price or cost based. Reasons for this predominance could lie in first, the attractiveness of applying preset
evaluation frameworks in which the aforesaid methods are commonly referred and second, our suspect thatunless monetized, benefits will be ignored. However, the integration of the concept into real decision making
has never been up to our prospects. Within the limited success stories reported, a number of challenges havebeen unveiled, one of which relates to the need of complementing the evaluation with local insights fromstakeholders given the ultimate beneficiaries of studies being these local people. In light of addressing thisissue, we propose a conceptual framework to evaluate ES and EDS with consideration of empirical knowledge
from stakeholders. Within the scope of this manuscript, some highlighted results from the application of theframework to locate, quantify, and assess endemic ES and EDS of U Minh Thuong Biosphere Reserve in
Vietnam’s Mekong delta were briefly presented. The proposed framework, through the case study, has proved
to be operational by being able to elucidate not only the values of ES and EDS but also how they are intuitedby stakeholders.
Keywords: Ecosystem Services and Disservices, Biosphere Reserve, Mekong Delta

EFFORTS TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY IN LAKE KASUMIGAURA BY THE IBARAKI PREFECTURAL
GOVERNMENT
Kunika Soma1*, Tatsumi Kitamura1, Ouchi Takeshi1, Takuo Nemezawa1, Hiroyuki Kashimura1,
Yoshinao Nakazawa1 and Mieko Kuwana1
1
Environmental management division, Ibaraki prefectural Government, Japan
Corresponding author: k.souma@pref.ibaraki.lg.jp
Lake Kasumigaura is the second largest lake in Japan and a million people lives Kasumigaura watershed. Lake
Kasumigaura is expected to support economic development of Ibaraki and the metropolitan area as precious
water resources. However, the economy developed caused deterioration of lake water quality. Therefore,
Ibaraki Prefectural Government has placed Lake Kasumigaura water purification at important prefecturaladministration and has formulated Lake Kasumigaura Water Quality Conservation plan for 30years. The planconsist of various efforts i.e. Household Wastewater Management, Livestock Waste Management, Agricultural
Measures, etc. Ibaraki Prefecture make Prevent Eutrophication in Lake Kasumigaura ordinance was establishedin 1982(reformed the Ordinance to Water Conservation in Lake Kasumigaura in 2007). The ordinance focusedon the idea of reducing the amount of nitrogen and phosphate in the wastewater and included a ban on theuse and sale of phosphorus detergent and the strict wastewater standards for the factories. In 2005, Ibaraki
Kasumigaura Environmental Science Center was established to conduct the conservation of rivers and lakes, as
an opportunity which the Governor propose its establishment during the 6th World Lake Conference held in
Ibaraki prefecture in 1995.Moreover, to be a financial source to conserve lake Kasumigaura project, Ibaraki
Prefectural Government introduced a local tax called ‘Forest and Lake Environment Conservation Tax’ in 2008.
As a result of these efforts, economy and population have been growing up whereas Lake Kasumigaura water
quality remains on the same level recent years.
Keywords: Lake Kasumigaura, Water Quality Conservation plan, Eutrophication in Lake Kasumigaura
ordinance, Ibaraki Kasumigaura Environmental Science Center , Forest and Lake Environment Conservation Tax

22

Room B, Topic 10 Limnology and Limnological Science Fundamentals
DIATOMS, WATER QUALITY OF TOBA LAKE AND ITS MANAGEMENT
Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati 1,2,* , Sri Widodo Agung Suedy 1
1
Department Biology, Faculty Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Semarang,
Indonesia
2
School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia*Corresponding author: trsoeprobowati@live.undip.ac.id
Toba Lake is one of the biggest lakes in the world: 1,130 km 2 wide, 529 meter depth; and 4,311,58 km 2 of
total catchment area. There is Samosir Island in the centre of lake. 19 rivers are enter to the lake but only has 1
outlet i.e. Asahan River. The main functions of Toba Lake are for hydroelectricity power, resource for drinking
water, transportation, tourism, and irrigation. The town development in Toba Lake side and Samosir Island had
induced water quality deterioration. This research was done to study the diatoms and water quality of Toba
Lake and its management. Water samples were taken for diatoms and water quality analysis. Identification of
diatoms was done using microscope with 1,000 magnification. Based on this research, the main problem ofwater quality in Toba Lake was heavy metals lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) that exceeded water quality criteria for
all class. Based on total nitrogen (1.085-2.03 mg/L) Toba Lake was in the state of mesotrophic –hypereutrophic. Whereas based on total phosphorous (0.37-0.42mg/L), in the state of hyperetrophic, whereas
based on chlorophyll-a in the state of hypereutrophic. pH in Toba Lake was exceeded 7, therefore Falacea
pygmaea was found in Toba Lake, as well as several Denticula species.
Keywords : Toba Lake, diatoms, water quality, hyper-eutrophic, Falacea, Denticula

PALAEOLIMNOLOGY FOR ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT IN TROPICAL AND TEMPARATE FLOODPLAIN
LAKES
Suzanne McGowan 1,2* , Charlotte Briddon 1,2 , Xu Chen 3 , Stefan Engels 1 , Mushrifah Idris 4 ,Melanie Leng 1,5 , Keely Mills 5 , Virginia Panizzo 1 , Muhammad Shafiq 4 , Lei Xu 3
1
Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, School of Geography, University of Nottingham, UK
2
School of Geography, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih,
Selangor Dahrul Ehsan, Malaysia,
4State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China
University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China,
4
Tasik Chini Research Centre, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia,
5
British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.
Corresponding author: Suzanne.mcgowan@nottingham.ac.uk
The ecological balance of many shallow floodplain lakes has been altered in recent decades through themodification of hydrology and fluxes of pollutants. Palaeolimnology (sediment core analyses) allows
reconstruction of lake ecological conditions before and after major anthropogenic impacts which often predate the implementation of lake monitoring programmes. Here we present sedimentary data from threecontrasting floodplain sites in tropical (Tasik Chini, a shallow flood pulse wetland in Peninsular Malaysia),
continental (Dongting Lake, Yangtzse Delta in China) and temperate (Attenborough wetlands complex of small
artificial ponds in the UK) regions to demonstrate how palaeolimnology can be applied to assess the causes
and consequences of changes in floodplain lake ecosystem structure and associated ecosystem services. We
used a range of geochemical/ isotopic and physical analyses to reconstruct past changes in these sites. In
tropical Tasik Chini, the combined impacts of land use conversion to oil palm during the 1980s and subsequent
regulation of the lake in 1995 to raise water levels have increased sediment infilling rates, and increased
allochthonous carbon processing in the lake basin. In Dongting Lake, the construction of the Three Gorges Damin the 1990s has increased the retention of organic biota and algal remains in sediments of this lake. Ponds in
Attenborough wetland complex show hydrological connectivity has a strongly influences the prevalence of
bloom-forming cyanobacteria. The long-term and integrative overview provided by palaeolimnology shows
how ecosystem services such as the provision of high quality water and carbon sequestration have been
influenced over recent decades.
Keywords: wetlands, algal pigments, stable isotopes, sediment cores, shallow lakes

23

WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS IN THE PLANKTOTHRIX DOMINANT YEARS IN SHALLOW LAKE
KASUMIGAURA
Takao Ouchi1*, Hisao Kobinata1, 2, Koichi Kamiya1, Keita Nakagawa1, Kazuhisa Sugaya1
and Morihiro Aizaki1
1
Ibaraki Kasumigaura Environmental Science Center, Japan
2
Fisheries Administration Division, Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Ibaraki
Prefectural Government, Japan*Corresponding author: ta_oouchi@pref.ibaraki.lg.jp
The cyanobacterial blooms in lakes cause serious problems in the world. The most common bloom in eutrophic
lakes occurs in the epilimnion. On the other hand, the bloom of Planktothrix, one of the filamentous
cyanobacteria, appears in the dysphotic zone because it prefers low irradiance and temperature comparedwith other phytoplankton. In Lake Kasumigaura, the bloom of Planktothrix suspensa occurred during winterand spring from 2007 to spring 2011. Lake Kasumigaura, located in Ibaraki Prefecture in the eastern part ofJapan, is hypereutrophic, large (the second largest lake in Japan), relatively shallow (average depth of 4 m),
and polymictic lake. In this study, we analyzed characteristics of water quality in the P. suspensa dominant
years (2007-2010) by comparing with the other years (2012-2015). The average of bio-volume of hytoplankton
in the former years was larger than that in the latter years. This is the reason why chemical oxygen demand(CODMn) was high in the former years (average of 9.7 mg L-1 at lake center, whereas average of 7.6 mg L-1 inthe latter years). Total phosphorus concentration peaks were observed in spring and summer in the former
years, but only in summer in the latter years. The average of transparency in the former years was 0.7 m, and
0.9 m in the latter years. The change of irradiance condition seems to affect in occurrence of the P. suspensa
bloom.
Keywords: filamentous cyanobacteria, Planktothrix suspensa, Lake Kasumigaura, shallow, water quality
characteristics

WATER QUALITY ASSESMENT OF VASTRAPUR & SOLA LAKE OF AHMEDABAD CITY, GUJARAT, INDIA
Manisha Desai
Botany Department, Sheth R A Bhavan’s science College, Ahmedabad ,Gujarat ,INDIA
Corresponding author: mnd909@yahoo.co.in
The water bodies are facing a severe threat of pollution all over the world. To ensure fresh water availability
from the local water sources has become a big challenge. The main objectives of this paper are to assess water
quality of these lakes situated in the city. This paper discusses the water quality of two small, an artificial lake
situated in Western part of Ahmedabad. Both lakes are considered artificial as a recreational resource. The
purpose of the survey was to collect information concerning use and value of water quality improvements.
During January-2011 to December -2012 Water samples were collected from aforesaid both lakes andanalyzed at monthly interval. The analysis was carried out for the parameters like Temperature, pH, color,
odour, Dissolved Oxygen (D.O), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D), Chemical Oxygen Demand (C.O.D),
Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Calcium, and Magnesium. The study report discusses about the analysis of the lakewater quality and suggests the means to improve the lake water. It was observed that due to presence of
impurities in the lake there are many different parameters like DO, COD, Chloride, Total Hardness, ph, andAlkalinity was found to be increased during summer season and have got diluted during rainy season. So thesekind of changes would affect the aquatic environment like increase in nitrogen content would result ineutrophication naturally which leads to decrease in the oxygen content level. The study report discusses about
the analysis of the lake water quality and suggests the means to improve the lake water quality.
Key words: water pollution, water quality, Sola lake, Vastrapur lake, Eutrophication

24

REGIME SHIFT OF PLATEAU SHALLOW LAKE DIANCHI (ENCLOSURE EXPERIMENTS IN CAOHAI BAY
AS AN EXAMPLE)
Xingqiang Wu, Bangding Xiao
Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
Corresponding author: bdxiao@ihb.ac.cn
Due to eutrophication and climatic changes, cyanobacterial blooms seem to be increasing in a growing numberof freshwater ecosystems all around the world. Two alternative stable states exist in shallow lakes: acrophyte
dominated clear state and phytoplankton dominated turbid state. More and more people pay attention tolooking for effective method for regime shift in eutrophic water body in recent years. We did the situ field
experiment using the different size enclosure in Lake Caohai, a part in Lake Dianchi. As large Microcystiscolonies were founded the main contributing to the algae biomass and have a great influence on thebiomanipulation using cladoceran Daphnia, an effective microfiltration method was applied to removal larger
size of Microcystis colonies before the biomanipulation experiments. Then the combined metheds bybiomanipulation using cladoceran Daphnia and re-establishing submerged macrophyte were applied. The
results showed that the chlorophyll content can be decreased to 50 μg/L or less when abundance of Daphnia
magna exists by using the combined method. Secchi depth was increased from 40 cm to more than 80 cm. It is
implied that the Daphnia magna may plays a regulatory role to induce a clear water state in shallow
hypertrophic lake. However, it is not obvious of regulation of Daphnia magna on higher algal biomass or large
Microcystis colonies in eutrophic water body. The corresponding relation data between the characteristics ofalgal bloom and the Daphnia magna density can give some guidance in biomanipulation.
Key word: Regime shift, Plateau shallow Lake, Cyanobacterial blooms control, Biomanipulation, submerged
macrophyte

TROPHIC STATUS ASSESSMENT OF TADLAC LAKE IN LOS BAÑOS, LAGUNA PHILIPPINES USINGPHYTOPLANKTON AND ZOOPLANKTONMc Jervis Villaruel 1 , Jessica Christina Apolonio 2 , Nikko Amor Flores 2 , Lara Mendoza 2 and Ma.
Vivian Camacho 3
1
School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños;
2
Department of Biology, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines;
3
Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of
the Philippines Los Baños
Corresponding Author: mjsvillaruel@pup.edu.phTadlac Lake was heavily used for aquaculture until massive fish kill occurred in the lake during December 1999
to February 2000 as its annual overturn happened. Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) and Barangay
Fisheries Aquatic Resource Management Council (BFARMC) rehabilitated the lake via banning of aquaculture in
the lake. This study seeks to provide an information regarding the lake’s trophic status since there is noavailable data regarding the trophic status of the lake 15 years after rehabilitation. The phytoplankton andzooplankton community, abundance and some physico-chemical parameters were analyzed from October
2014 to January 2015. Five stations in littoral zone and two stations in limnetic zone were selected. Samples
for zooplankton was collected using vertical hauling while for phytoplankton, horizontal hauling was used inlittoral zone and vertical hauling for limnetic zone. A total of 14 species were recorded throughout the
sampling period. For phytoplankton, Chlorophyta was the most abundant group with relative abundance of
58%, followed by Bacillariophyta (35%) and Cyanophyta (7%) while for zooplankton, Rotifera was the mostabundant group (83.93%) followed by Copepoda (14.60%) and Cladocera (1.47%). In terms of mean abundance(MA) and relative abundance (RA) for phytoplankton, the highest is Melosira (MA= 51,815, RA= 34.887%),
followed by Coelastrum (MA= 31,107 RA= 20.944%) and Eudorina (MA= 27,147 RA= 18.277%). While forzooplankton group, the highest is Brachionus forficula (MA= 2,864; RA= 25.23%), followed by Bdelliod sp. 1(MA= 1,742; RA= 15.34%) and Brachionus havanaensis (MA= 1,427; RA= 12.57%). Abundance of these plankton
species indicates that the lake is still experiencing eutrophication. Moreover, the algal pollution index,
saprobity index and zooplankton wetland index result showed that the lake is eutrophic with moderate organic
pollution.
Keywords: trophic status, phytoplankton, physico-chemical parameters, algal pollution index, saprobity index.

25

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TROPHIC STATES AND NUTRIENTS LOAD IN WATERS SURROUNDSAMOSIR ISLAND, LAKE TOBA, NORTH SUMATRA
Niken Tunjung Murti Pratiwi 1 , Arif Rahman 1 , Sigid Hariyadi 1 , Inna Puspa Ayu 1 , Aliati Iswantari 1
1
Department of Aquatic Resources Management,Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor
Agricultural University Jl. Lingkar Akademik, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, West Java,
Indonesia
Corresponding author: niken_tmpratiwi@yahoo.com
Lake Toba as the largest lake in Indonesia is fast developed in fish aquaculture, tourism, agriculture, andhuman settlement. These activities will produce organic and inorganic materials that will affect water quality
and can cause eutrophication. Some indicators of eutrophication in Lake Toba are nutrients increasing andtrophic states changing. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of nutrients load to the trophic statesin waters surround Samosir Island, Lake Toba, North Sumatera. This study was conducted at 23 stations
around Samosir Island. Water samples were taken for water quality, nutrient (P and N), and phytoplankton
analysis. Data analyses were conducted for nutrients load, trophic states, and spatial distribution mapping of
those and dominant species of phytoplankton. Result showed that P and N load in waters surround SamosirIsland mainly sourced from floating cage aquaculture and land activities. P and N load from floating cageaquaculture activity was higher than land activity. Those P and N load had increased P and N concentration inwaters surround Samosir Island. The P and N concentration showed high trophic states (eutrophic). Biologicaltrophic states index (Nygaard) also showed that waters surrounds Samosir Island have already in eutrophic
states. This was strengthened by high abundance of Anabaena (Cyanophyceae) that indicates eutrophic
condition.
Keywords: Lake Toba, nutrients, phytoplankton, trophic states

TROPHIC STATE CHARACTERISATION FOR MALAYSIAN LAKES
Zati Sharip 1* , Fatimah M. Yusoff 2 , Wan Ruslan Ismail 3
1
Lake Research Unit, Water Quality and Environment Research Centre, National Hydraulic ResearchInstitute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)
2
Universiti Putra Malaysia
3
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Corresponding author: zati@nahrim.gov.my
This study investigates the trophic conditions and water quality of three selected lakes of different trophy
namely Dayang Bunting Lake (oligotrophy-mesotrophy), Subang Reservoir (mesotrophy-eutrophy) andSembrong Reservoir (eutrophy-hyper eutrophy) with the objective to characterize a trophic classification for
Malaysian Lake. The study assess the various environmental variables including chlorophyll-a, total
phosphorus, total nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity and transparency. Our results showed alowtransparency in all lakes which ranged from 0.2 to 3.7 m. Dayang Bunting Lake has the highest
transparency, salinity and conductivity among the lakes. Mean concentration of chlorophyll-a was below 10µg/L while mean secchi depth transparency exceeded 3.0 m indicating oligotrophic-mesotrophic environment.
TP concentrations were lowest compared to other lakes. Sembrong Reservoir has the highest turbidity andchlorophyll-a, and lowest transparency among the lakes. Mean concentration of chlorophyll-a in this reservoir
exceeded 25 µg/L, indicating eutrophic to hyper-eutrophic environment. The physical-chemical properties ofSubang reservoir, such as turbidity, transparency, dissolved oxygen and nitrate, are in between the two lakes.
TSI differences indicated both Subang and Sembrong reservoirs are non-phosphorus limited while Dayang
Bunting Lake is phosphorus limited. Sembrong Reservoir is dominated by Aphanizomenon and Oscillatoria spp
while Subang Lake is dominated by green algae. The most common algae in Dayang Bunting Lake are
dinoflagellates and diatom. Using linear regression of the data, a new trophic state classification was proposed
for Malaysian lakes.
Keywords: eutrophication, Malaysia, trophic state

26

LIMNOLOGICAL MONOGRAPH OF LONAR LAKE, INDIA
Dilip S. Dabhade 1*, Mahesh R. Tandale2
1
R.A Arts, Shri M.K Commerce and Shri S.R Rathi Science Mahavidyalaya, Washim
2
P.G and Research Department of Zoology, R.A Mahavidyalaya, Washim
Corresponding author: dsdabhade12345@gmail.com
The main objectives of the present study are, to identify the Bio-Geographical area of Lonar Craterand the lake basin inside it is need to protect and conservation of the ecological wonder in India. This require
to recommend a monitoring mechanism that can review and guide the process of comprehensive conservation
measures. Effective measures therefore can be suggested only by detail knowledge of Biological Diversity andknowing the data of present status of rare, endangered and threatened (RET) species, endemic and vulnerable
species of crater ecosystem. Environmental education to create awareness in community so as to get theirinvolvement for the conservation of Biodiversity of Lonar Lake and identification of appropriate legal status tobe accorded to the identified area is the another objective. These objectives are related to current perceptionsof key environmental challenges that may accordingly evolve over time: to investigate ecosystem of Lonarlake, to know composition of flora and fauna, to know ecological aspects, sub ecosystems and their interrelationship, find out causes of degradation of Lonar Lake, to find out effective conservation of a criticalecosystem and its resources, to evaluate ecological issues, pollution level and reasons, to know impact ofhuman interventions, and to inculcate the judicious and sustainable use of lake and its resources. This willappeal to Ramsar Treaty and Government of India for the conservation of Lonar Lake. The methods followedDifferent locations were selected as sites for the study of ecological zones as the monograph is concerned to
study of ecological aspects of all kind of organisms living in the lake. Various Limnological parameters werestudied by using standard methods. For the assessment and comprehensive conservation measures of theecological, geographical and archeological aspects, local stakeholders and controlling authorities wereconsulted. The microbial fauna, zooplanktons, phytoplanktons, Macroinvertebrates, Avian diversity are studied
since ten years but recent data of previous three years i. e. 2013-2016 will be discussed. The study reveals that
Lonar lake is an inland saline water body of the salinity is due to carbonates only and is 10g./L. The microbial
flora and fauna includes only the salt tolerant species of planktons. Though salty the water is not hard. The
lake is in peril as it declining in salinity gradually. Human interventions, increasing load of pollutants in theform of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture at the alluvium of the crater leading it towards Eutrophication.
Keywords: Lonar lake, Wet-land, Eutrophication.

ZOOPLANKTON DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION IN DANAU LAUT TAWAR, ACEH
Dwinda Mariska Putri 1* , Suwarno Hadisusanto 2
1
Half time researcher, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University
2
Professor, Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University
Corresponding author: dwinda.mariska@gmail.com
Danau Laut Tawar located in tropical sub-alpine area, light intensity high throughout the year withlow air temperature. Watershed supplied high sediment input during rainy season. Floating karamba anddomestic wastes supplied nutrients. Zooplankton diel vertical migration (DVM) are distinct in each lake.
Environmental factors are playing role in driven zooplankton DVM, also competition and predation. The aim of
this research is studying zooplankton DVM pattern and biological-physical factors drives it in Laut Tawar Lake,
Aceh. Sampling took place in centre of lake using water sampler on March and June 2015. Sampling perform
three times a day, before dawn at 03.00 WIB, before culmination at 11.00 WIB, and after sun sets at 20.00
WIB. Samples collected in 0, 1, 3, 5, 8, 15, 30 and 60 meters with 5 replications. Physico-chemicals factor
measured are secchi depth, air temperature, vertical water temperature, DO, CO 2 , nitrate and phosphate.
Zooplankton in Laut Tawar shows temporal DVM. Zooplankton didn’t perform DVM in March while they shownstrong DVM in June. Zooplankton DVM in Danau Laut Tawar driven mostly by the presence of predators.
March is Depik (Rasbora tawarensis) last month of spawning season. Zooplankton density increased on June
after spawning season end. Rise of zooplankton density caused decrease of phytoplankton density. Copepods
can reach 30 m to avoid predators. Weak DVM shown by Rotifers. They compete with Cladocerans for foodthus avoiding the same depth as Cladocerans.
Keywords: trophic cascade, cascade migration, tropical subalpine lake, temporal diel vertical migration

27

DRIVING FACTORS AFFECTING DYNAMICS OF PHYTOPLANKTON FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN ERHAI
LAKE
Zhaosheng Chu * , Jing Cao, Shengrui Wang, Zeying Hou, Binghui Zheng
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment; State Environment
Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Research center for lake ecology andenvironments, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Corresponding author: chuzs@craes.org.cn
Dynamics of phytoplankton functional groups during 2013 to 2015 were investigated in lake Erhai，a large
plateau lake in Southwest of China. Species (or genus) which relative biomass abundances more than 10%
were included in 16 functional groups. The concurrent frequency of Tz、T、M、P functional groups is highest,
but the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton functional groups are different during 3 years. In 2013, theoccurrence sequence of dominant functional groups was Tz-P- M/T-M, while in 2014, the occurrence sequence
was Tz-P- Y-M- T-Tz, and in 2015, the occurrence sequence was Tz-P- Tz-T- Tz. Heavy cyanobacterial blooms ofMicrocystis were occurred in September and October in 2013. Compare to 2013, the biomass contribution offunctional groups P increased and functional groups M decreased in summer and autumn in 2014, and thebiomass contribution of functional groups Tz increased and M decrease significantly in summer and autumn in
2015. The possible driving factors, such as total phosphorus, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen , permanganate
index, water temperature, transparence, pH, DO, rainfall, radiation were also studied. Temperature, radiation,
nutrients from heavy runoff pollution may be the key factors.
Keywords: functional groups; Lake Erhai; cyanobacterial blooms

28

SPECIAL SESSION
MANAGING LAND-USE SYSTEM IN THE CATCHMENT AREA OF UPPER SEKAMPUNG WATERSHED IN
SUMATRA-INDONESIA
Introduction to the Session: Bustanul Arifin (Professor, University of Lampung, Indonesia)
Sekampung Watershed in Lampung, Sumatra-Indonesia covers over 484 thousand hectares and 8 districts andmunicipalities, stretching from Upper Sekampung in the District of Tanggamus to Lower Sekampung in theDistrict of East Lampung. Sekampung is the main watershed in the Province, serving as major food baskets,
such as rice, maize, cassava, other secondary crops, and fishery products and centers of major agricultural
export commodities such as coffee, cocoa, palm oil, coconut, etc. However, the current land use system,
especially in the catchment area has led to land degradation in the watershed, where 49 percent of land area
is degraded, 34 percent potential to degrade and 17 percent non-degraded. The average rate of soil erosion is67.5 ton per hectare per year, higher than the 25 ton per hectare tolerable soil loss. This session examines the
management of land-use system in the catchment area of Upper Sekampung, as it will affect significantly the
ecosystem health and resilience of the watershed. Non-sustainable land use system will increase ecologicalrisks, posing serious threats to the livelihood deterioration of the poorer segment of rural and suburban
people in the Province. Such ecological risks have caused significant impacts on soil and water quality,
agricultural production and productivity, food and water supply on which public health heavily depends. Fourpresenters from Indonesia and Japan will discuss more in-depth from social-economic to bio-physicaldimensions of the theme. Dr. Hanung Ismono examines the economics of coffee agroforestry system in Upper
Sekampung Watershed that serves as conservation strategy in the catchment area. Professor Irwan Sukri
Banuwa extends the arguments of multiple-crops modeling of coffee farming system in Upper Sekampung that
contributes to diversified income sources and sustainable resource management. Dr. Hiroaki Somura analyzes
the relationship between land use system of catchment area and water quality in Batu Tegi Dam of Sekampung
Watershed, as most farmers do not apply chemical fertilizer and pesticides excessively. Dr. Slamet Budi
Yuwono examines sustainable water resources management in Way Betung, Lower Sekampung Watershed,
and introduces the mechanism of payment for ecosystem services from water users in the downstream as
beneficiaries to land-users in the upstream as service providers. Finally, Professor Ryohei Kada will summarize
the session and deliver a concluding note on interdisciplinary approach in managing environmental risks in
Sekampung Watershed of Sumatra, Indonesia.

THE ECONOMICS OF COFFEE AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM IN UPPER SEKAMPUNG WATERSHEDS
Hanung Ismono (Associate Professor, University of Lampung, Indonesia)(co-authored with Bustanul Arifin, Ryohei Kada, Katsuya Tanaka)
This study examines the economics of coffee agroforestry system in Upper Sekampung Watersheds,
conducting a thorough household survey, by interviewing 408 coffee farmers in two sub-districts of Pulau
Panggung and Pugung in the watershed. The study employs farm-economic analysis and compares the
economic performance of coffee agroforestry in different land-use systems in the study sites. Farmers in the
study sites have adopted coffee agroforestry system for a while using shaded fruit trees and multi-strata
coffee system to secure household income and to contribute to conservation practices in the catchment areaof the watershed. Average coffee production in Upper Sekampung is 394 kg/ha, which is far away below thenational average of 645 kg/ha, mostly due to traditional farming practices and simple processing techniques.
Coffee crops remain profitable in the watershed, but ample opportunities could be explored to improve thecoffee yield and quality to fulfill increasing demand for coffee. Agroforestry system has provided additional
income sources, mostly from tree species, shown by significant higher B/C ratio than the coffee farm only.
Supply chain certification programs have attempted to create price premiums at the farm level, where
Rainforest Alliance and 4C certificates have been around in the study sites for about 5 and 2 years respectively.
Farm gate price of coffee closer to the premium market price has more short-term attention from coffee
farmers in the study sites, although environmental risks are higher. The study calls for more empowerment
programs for coffee farmers to improve coffee yield and coffee quality, for example by adopting selected redcherry picking, green-washing and dry processing of the post-harvest handling.

29

MULTIPLE-CROP MODELING OF COFFEE FARMING SYSTEM IN UPPER SEKAMPUNG
Irwan Sukri Banuwa (Professor, University of Lampung, Indonesia)(co-authored with Melya Riniarti)This study analyzes multiple-crop modeling of coffee-based farming systems in Upper Sekampung watershed,by comparing coffee monoculture (UT1), multiple-crop modeling of farming system of coffee and pepper(UT2), farming system of coffee, pepper, and banana (UT3), farming system of coffee, pepper, and cocoa(UT4), and farming system of coffee, pepper, banana, and cocoa (UT5). The study observes bio-physicalconditions in great detail, land capability classes of the multiple-crop of the farming system, and analyzes thesustainability of the above-mentioned farming systems using soil erosion indicators, farm-income generated
from the system, and its ability to support the household livelihood in the study area. The results show thatthe existing monoculture coffee in Upper Sekampung does not perform sustainable farming indicators. The
rate of soil erosion in Upper Sekampung is extremely high, ranging from 52.5 to 452 ton per hectare year on
the slope of 15 percent or higher, far greater than the local tolerable soil loss of 38.7 ton per hectare per year.
Average farm income generated from coffee-based farming system is quite low, ranging from Rp 6.9 tp 16.2
million per year, much lower from minimum decent living (KHL) of Rp 18 million per year. Multiple-crop coffeebased farming systems show more sustainable farming indicators, where more complex coffee-farming system(UT5) show the most optimal indicators compared to others. Combination of modern agricultural inputs in
multiple-crop of coffee-based farming system of UT5 could reduce the erosion rate down to 2.9 to 27.1 ton perhectare per year and generate farm income nearly Rp 20 million per year, which is above the minimum decent
living standard. This study strongly recommends the protected zone of Upper Sekampung should bedesignated for conservation area, and not recommended for agricultural development.

ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAND USE SYSTEM OF CATCHMENT AREA AND WATER QUALITY
IN BATU TEGI DAM OF THE SEKAMPUNG WATERSHED
Hiroaki Somura (Assistant Professor, Shimane University, Japan)(co-authored with Slamet Budi Yuwono)This study reports the progress research on relationship between land use system of catchment area andwater quality in Batu Tegi Dam of the Sekampung Watershed in Lampung. Coffee farmers in the catchment ofUpper Sekampung Watershed generally do not apply excessive chemical fertilizers and pesticides, resulting in
low coffee yield and their farm income. However, different land-use system has different pattern ofagricultural input application, causing different water quality in the main river and some sub-rivers in the study
area. Land use systems that are prone to soil erosion and land degradation, such as coffee monoculture andintensive food crop farming, have major impact on water quality duet to sedimentation process and somecontamination incidence. Land use systems that are more sustainable such as coffee agroforestry with shaded
tree of fruit crops and timber crops have minor impact on water quality. Some other patterns of correlation
between land-use system and water quality in Batu Tegi Dam will also presented in the analysis, especially inthe main Sekampung river and Sangharus river.

30

SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN WAY BETUNG, LOWER SEKAMPUNGWATERSHED
Slamet Budi Yuwono (Associate Professor, University of Lampung, Indonesia)(co-authored with Irwan Sukri Banuwa)
The study examines the impact of land use change in Way Betung Watershed on the capacity of water
resources supplier of Bandar Lampung City, and estimate the economic value of Way Betung water resources.
Way Betung watershed serves as one important network of Sekampung Watershed and the most potential
water resources supplier for the City of Bandar Lampung, particularly for potable regional water company(PDAM) in the Provincial Capital. An integrated bio-physical and economic model was employed to examine
the impact of land-use changes. A demand function of willingness to pay (WTP) was adapted to estimate theannual economic value of water resources in the watershed. The results shows that the drivers of land usechanges in the Way Betung watershed include: (1) increasing annual run off coefficient, (2) the maximum daily
discharge (Q max), and (3) decreasing daily minimum discharge (Q min), as (5) increasing fluctuation of riverdischarge. Total annual economic value of water resources of Way Betung watershed was Rp 101.1 billion peryear and the total willingness to pay value for the rehabilitation of Way Betung watershed was Rp 1.5 billion
per year. These estimates were derived from public clean water sector, tourism, water mineral companies,
households and paddy field farmers in the upstream portion of the watershed. The study recommends somescenarios of water resources development, by simulating the erosion level and run-off and potential economic
consequences for the future. The best scenario for sustainable water resources of Way Betung watershed
includes forest cover as much as 30 percent of the watershed and alley cropping on mixed farming system.
This development will reduce the erosion to lower than the tolerable soil loss (TSL) and decrease thefluctuation of monthly run off from 64.7 to 30.9. Finally, association of water users is willing to pay therehabilitation costs in the catchment area of watershed.

SUMMARY OF THE SESSION
INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH IN MANAGING ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS IN SEKAMPUNGWATERSHED
Ryohei Kada (Professor, Shijonawate Gakuen University, Japan)
The collaborative research between Indonesian researchers and Japanese researchers on such important
theme of managing land-use system in the catchment area of Upper Sekampung Watershed in the Province of
Lampung in Sumatra-Indonesia has revealed some insights that an interdisciplinary approach is really neededin managing environmental risks in Sekampung Watershed of Sumatra. Since the watershed is really important
for the people’s livelihood in the province, non-sustainable land-use system significantly affects the ecosystem
health and resilience of the watershed. An interdisciplinary approach of such complex problems would result
in better managing the ecological risks through integrated natural resource management, especially since
agricultural production and food security remain important issues in Indonesia, either at the household,landscape or regional levels.
Policy changes and advocacy are needed to provide alternatives for farmers’ decision on land-use systems andcrop rotations to manage ecological risks and to ensure the level of profitability of agroforestry systems in thewatersheds. Such integrated approach of social sciences and natural sciences shall generate better
recommendations for community-based risk communication and early warning system of ecological risks. This
could also contribute to better farming practices that could ensure sustainable resources management,
agricultural production and livelihood consequence at the landscape and regional levels. Involving local
community in such a complex task could also contribute to the improvement of social capital and effectivenessof stakeholders’ networking for co-design of integrated natural resource management. This community-basedtrans-disciplinary approach could be more effective and sustainable for natural resource management. An
important key for policy advocacy in the future is by building up partnership the above mentioned tasks withlocally organized leaders and major steakholders involved in land use changes affecting ecological risks at thelandscape and regional level.

31Room C, Topic 7 Biodiversity and ConservationRESPONSES OF PHYTOPLANKTON STRUCTURE COMMUNITIES IN THE XIANGXI RIVER TO THE
REGULATION OF THE THREE GORGES RESERVOIR
Yonghong Bi, Zhengyu Hu
Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430072,
Wuhan, China
Xiangxi River is a typical tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) and was influenced significantly by theregulation of the TGR. In order to get insight into the variation of phytoplankton communities in the Xiangxi
River and its responses to the hydrologic regime of the TGR, annual investigation in situ was conducted. The
results indicated that the hydrologic regime of the TGR was divided into four stage: water releasing stage(Feb.- June), low water level stage (June – Sept.), water impounding stage (Sept. – Nov.) , high water levelstage (Nov. – Next Feb.). A total of 67 species belonged to 7 phyla were identified, including 32 Chlorophyta,
15 Bacillariophyta, 10 Cyanobacteria, 5 Pyrrophyta, 4 Chrysophyta and 1 Cryptophyta species. The perennialcommon species were cryptomonas ovate, Cyclotella meneghiniana and Melosira granulata (Ehr.) Ralfs.The
seasonal predominant species were including Peridiniopsis niei., Ceratium hirundinella, Pandorina morum,
Eudorina sp. and Microcystis aeruginosa. the succession order was the following: cryptophyta, pyrrophyta andbacillariophyta (Mar.—April) -- Chlorophyta (May) -- Cyanobacteria (June - Sept.) – bacillariophyta (Sept.-Nov.)– cryptophyta (Dec. – Feb.). Total biomass of phytoplankton was 0.53 -233.57 µg/L expressed as Chl aconcentration, the peak value was appeared in spring (May). Algal cell density varied from 0.29× 10 6 ind /L to
206.85× 10 6 ind /L, the peak value was observed in the summer. Significant positive correlation between
phytoplankton communities and water level was proved. It was concluded that the regulation of reservoir
could determine the characteristics of phytoplankton community in its tributary.

DISTINCTIVE FLUCTUATION IN WATER QUALITY AND PLANKTON IN THE CENTER OF LAKE
KASUMIGAURA, JAPAN SINCE 2001
Atsushi Numazawa 1)2) Kazuo Okubo 2)
1)
Lake Kasumigaura water quality monitoring group2)
Kasumigaura Citizens’ Association
Corresponding author: kca@cg.mbn.or.jp a.numazawa@pref.ibaraki.lg.jp;
kazuotti2315@yahoo.co.jp
Lake Kasumigaura is a wide, shallow maritime lagoon lake in which the water is artificially desalinated to be
utilized effectively for tap water, irrigation and industry. The water is highly eutrophicated and its
improvement has been an urgent matter for some time. We have scientifically monitored the water quality
and plankton periodically at six monitoring points since 2001 in citizen activities. We experienced outbreaks of
Bosmina, high transparency in early summer and a massive microcystis bloom in midsummer, 2011 after theGreat East Japan Earthquake and the subsequent radioactive cesium pollution from the accident in the
Fukushima nuclear power plant in March. We propose that the outbreak of Bosmina grazing diatoms andgreen algae in early summer caused the increment of transparency, resulting in a massive proliferation of
microcystis in midsummer. However the causalities from this abrupt outbreak of Bosmina are uncertain. It wasobserved that water fleas including Daphnia and Cyclops became scarce during the white turbidity period,
2002~2006. White turbidity in the lake water inhibits the photosynthesis by phytoplankton, resulting in adecrement in primary production, including the population of zooplankton and the fishery catch. While COD
values also decreased, the inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus values were relatively high during the whiteturbidity period. Since 2012, a restoration of transparency has brought about relatively high COD values
probably because of the proliferation of phytoplankton. Through these experiences we have learned again theimportance of transparency for the productivity and health of our lake eco-system.
Key words: water quality, plankton, transparency, productivity

32

FISH DIVERSITY OF THE SINGKARAK LAKE, INDONESIA: PRESENT STATUS AND CONSERVATION
NEEDS
Ainul Mardiah 1 *, Azrita 2 , and Hafrijal Syandri 1
1
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bung Hatta University, West
Sumatera-Indonesia
2
Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Bung Hatta University, West Sumatera,
Indonesia
Corresponding author: a_mrdh@yahoo.com
Singkarak lake is one of the priority lake in Indonesia who need to be save in terms of fish production andsource of income for many fishermen living. This study has been conducted from January to April 2016. Whileaim of the study revealed the existing of fish species and their composition along with diversity andconservation needs. The results of present investigation reveal the occurrence of 19 fish species belonging to 5
orders, 8 families and 15 genera. Among the collected species, order Cypriniformes was the most dominantconsist of 42.10%, followed by order Perciformes 21.05%, order Siluformes 10.52%, and order
Tetraodontiformes and Synbranchiformes 5.26%, repectivelly. Among 19 species, bilih (Mystacoleucus
padanggensis) in Singkarak lake was categorized only one species in the world and have economi value tosociety. The fish status is endangered now, due to over fishing by gillnet and liftnet. Futhermore, needs to beconservation regarding the mess size and the total fishing gear used in Singkarak lake.
Keywords : Singkarak lake, diversity, conservation, economic value

PROTOZOAN GRAZING IN A SHALLOW EUTROPHIC LAKE: COMPARISON BETWEEN LITTORAL AND
PELAGIAL
Priit Zingel 1
1
Centre for Limnology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research, Estonian University ofLife Sciences
Corresponding author: priit.zingel@emu.ee
We studied the protozoan grazing rates in a shallow eutrophic lake and made a comparison between two
different habitats: littoral and pelagial. Studies were carried out in Lake Võrtsjärv and lasted from April to July.
Grazing by protozooplankton was measured by in situ feeding experiments with fluorescent microspheres(diameters of 0.5 μm for picoplankton, and diameters of 3 μm and 6 μm for nanoplankton). Our study revealed
that the lowest grazing rates in pelagial coincided with the corresponding highest grazing rates in littoral. We
also studied the metazooplankton seasonal dynamics and larval fish feeding on zooplankton. The possible
cascading effects and their influence on the microbial loop will be discussed in more detail.
Keywords: protozoa, grazing, littoral, larval fish

33

A BEHAVIOURAL STUDY OF GOLDEN APPLE SNAIL Pomacea canaliculata AT TROPICAL LAKE WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CHENDEROH RESERVOIR, MALAYSIA
Siti Norasikin Ismail 1 , Nurul Izzati Abdul Wahab 1 , Muzzalifah Abd Hamid 1 and Mashhor Mansor 1
1
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang,Malaysia
Corresponding author: norasikin1023@yahoo.com
A survey on the egg deposition behaviour of golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata was conducted at
Chenderoh Reservoir, Perak. The distribution of P. canaliculata and their mediums for egg deposition at thelake were recorded. The egg deposition mediums ranged from the aquatic plants, rock, boat and human
instruments. Since P. canaliculata is native to South America and extremely macrophytophagous; feeding on
submersed and floating higher plant, the number of egg clusters on the aquatic plants was counted to examine
the preferred plant species for egg deposition by P. canaliculata. The egg clusters were then collected for
hatching test. Findings showed that P. canaliculata were found to lay eggs on the stems and leaves of aquaticplants with 44% occurrence compared to the other hard medium such as boat, rock and fish cage and also on
the emerged bamboo pile which recorded 14% occurrence for each medium. A total of 65% of the eggs were
deposited on the stem and 35% of the eggs were deposited on the leaves of the aquatic plants. Phragmites
australis (41%) from Poaceae family was the most preferred plant for egg deposition whereas the least
preferred plant for egg deposition was Neptunia oleracea (3%) from Fabaceae family. Based on the results,
there was no significant difference (p&gt;0.05) in percentage of hatched egg between the submersed and nonsubmersed test. The incubation period of egg to hatch was approximately 14 days upon the hardening of thecalcium shell. In addition, the percentage of the egg to hatch is about 60% even though the egg was immersedin the water. As P. canaliculata is considered to be in the top 100 of the “World Most Invasive Alien Species”,
therefore, the studies on its behaviour are needed in order to reduce the economic loss especially in the
agriculture sector and also for a healthier lake environment.
Keywords: Pomacea canaliculata, Chenderoh Reservoir, invasive, aquatic plant, egg deposition

AVIFAUNAL AND RIPARIAN VEGETATION COMPOSITION IN AND AROUND THE MUSEUM LAKE IN
GOVERNMENT ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN THIRUVANANTHAPURAM, KERALA INDIA
Anila. P. Ajayan 1* , Anoop Rajamony 2 , Prasannan Krishnankutty 3 , Ravinesh Raveendran 4 &Ajit Kumar K G 1
1
Environmental Biology Division, Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi College
2
Livestock Research Station, Thiruvazhamkunnu, Palakkad 678 601
3Department of Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi College, Thiruvananthapuram 695 004
4Department of Aquatic Biology &amp; Fisheries University of Kerala, Karyavattom Campus
Thiruvananthapuram 695 581
Corresponding author: anila.dehradun@gmail.com
This study considers with species composition, diversity and IUCN threat status of avifaunal population alongwith an ear marked riparian vegetation in and around the lentic ecosystem inside the Government Zoological
Garden, Thiruvananthapuram Kerala. Of the total 60 bird species identified during the study period February
2013 to July 2015, 88% (S=53) are resident breeders and 23% (S=14) are winter migrants.The order
Passeriforms shows an exceptional gradient of species diversity with 26 species (43%). 17% (S=8) of the total
46 plant species belongs to the family Poaceae followed by Araceae and Lecythidacaea. Nesting ground of
Oriental darter (Anhinga melanogaster), a near threatened species enlisted in the IUCN Red List ignites theindispensability of biodiversity conservation and effective resource management. The Thiruvananthapuram
zoo which is located at the heart of the city acts as a buffering zone for the captured, exhibited and native
avian fauna. Maximum number of bird species was observed in winter season as compared to the summer andmonsoon. Highest numbers of birds were recorded during the month of November(n=423) and lowest in
August (n=193) which may be due to availability of food and favorable climatic conditions for nesting, roosting
and boosting for most of the bird species in winter season. This watery ecosystem and the surrounding
vegetation is an abode of diverse fauna which emancipates the global concept of conservation and ecologicalduty, even if it is being landscaped at the heart of the overcrowding city. The distribution of birds shows thestatus of this aquatic ecosystem.
Keywords: Avifauna, Kerala, Zoological garden, Riparian Vegetation, Oriental darter

34

FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY USING GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS IN Glossogobius giuris(HAMILTON, 1822) FROM LAGUNA LAKE, PHILIPPINES
Lorenz J. Fajardo*1,2, Carmelita M. Rebancos2, Maxima E. Flavier2 , Pablo P. Ocampo2,3 and Maria
Vivian C. Camacho2,31College of Fisheries, Central Luzon State University, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
2
School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños,Laguna,Philippines
3
Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines*Corresponding author: renz4881@gmail.com
The study investigated the pattern of asymmetry in white goby, Glossogobius giuris, a native and an
economicallyimportant fish which is of declining population in Laguna Lake, Philippines. Fish samples (N=118)
were obtained from two predominantly agricultural sites (Bay and Santa Cruz) in the East Bay and from areference site, where gobies were reared in tanks. Nineteen anatomical landmarks were digitized on fish
images and were subjected to an advanced tool for shape asymmetry (Symmetry and Asymmetry in Geometric
Data (SAGE) version 1.04). Procrustes two-way mixed model ANOVA revealed significant levels of both
directional and fluctuating asymmetries (FA) between sexes and among populations. Fluctuating asymmetry,the small, random differences between the left and right sides of a bilaterally symmetrical organism, is widelyreported as a measure of developmental stability and as an early-warning tool in monitoring the health ofaquatic ecosystems. Results of this study imply that deviations from perfect symmetry may be attributed toboth genetic and environmental stressors. Overall FA variations based from two major principal components
were high in wild populations. Findings may indicate the contributory effects of environmental conditions
associated with anthropogenic pressures on the developmental stability of goby populations.
Keywords: fluctuating asymmetry, white goby, Laguna Lake, geometric morphometrics, SAGETOWARDS SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES IN LAKE LANAO, THE PHILIPPINES: FOCUS ON THE DWINDLINGENDEMIC CYPRINIDS POPULATION
Misael M. Sanguila1* and Carmelita G. Hansel2
1
College of Fisheries, Mindanao State University, Marawi City Campus, Philippines
2
College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Mindanao State University, Marawi City Campus,
Philippines*Corresponding author: msanguila@gmail.com; carmelita_hansel@yahoo.com
Sustainable fisheries is the management and conservation of the natural aquatic resources base andthe orientation of technological and institutional change in such a manner as to ensure the attainment andcontinued satisfaction of human needs for present and future generations. In Lake Lanao, Lanao del Sur
Province, Southern Philippines, sustainable fisheries had been practiced hundreds of years ago as evidenced by
the fishing practices of the M’ranaw people. However, advancing civilization and foreign dominations had
influenced many of these practices, eventually resulting in unsustainable patterns of development. Moreover,modern fisheries, even as it had been enormously successful in extracting abundant harvest from aquatic
habitats had harmed the ecosystem, and destroyed the economic and social well-being of the ruralcommunities. For the present paper, critical issues such as open access, overfishing, and other anthropogenic
stress, amongst others, that had led to a declining endemic cyprinids population are presented. One study
carried out exemplifies one of these issues. Common indicators that fisheries managers can use to detect
overfishing and fishing pressure on these prized species are discussed. Responsive action agenda to the
problems confronting the endemic cyprinids are also proposed. These agenda hope for proper management
and conservation of these resources ensuring food security to the M’ranaw people.
Keywords: Sustainable Fisheries, Endemic Cyprinids, Fisheries Management, Anthropogenic Stress, Food
Security35

A BASIC IDEA OF GUIDELINES FOR CONTROLLING SUBMERGED MACROPHYTE OVERGROWTH TO
BENEFIT ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERSITY
Kanako Ishikawa1*, Hiroki, Haga2, Eiso Inoue1, Syuhei Ban3
1
Lake Biwa Environmental Research Institute2
Lake Biwa Museum
3
University of Shiga Prefecture
Corresponding author: ishikawa-k@lberi.jp
The growth of submerged macrophytes expanded rapidly after 1994, especially in the South Basin of Lake
Biwa, and since that time long-term chlorophyll a concentration has been decreasing, suggesting a so-called“ecological regime shift” is occurring. Since 2002, their overgrowth has caused harmful impacts such as oxygen
depletion at the lake bottom and/or lentic algal blooms, as well as having detrimental effects on fisheries,
navigation, and the scenic value of the lake. The local government, Shiga Prefecture, has been cutting andremoving macrophytes to reduce the damage and to conserve the lake ecosystem.
In this study, we investigated the biomass of macrophytes in the South Basin and calculated the biomass forthe purpose of recycling. According to long-term records the maximum biomass in a year has varied between
500-18,000 dry-t since 1936 and between 3,000-18,000 dry-t over the last 20 years. The macrophytes grow byapproximately 2,000 dry-t per month from May to September. The local government harvested 500 dry-t per
year from 2011-2014, which is only 3-15% of the total biomass. However we do not know how much volume isappropriate for sustainable harvesting. It is important to take care of the overall ecosystem balance as well as
to control macrophytes. Therefore, we observed benthic animals, epi-fauna and periphyton while controlling
macrophytes volume. We will suggest a benchmark macrophyte biomass amenable to scientific analysis taking
into consideration the ecosystem and biodiversity. This study will provide a basic idea of the guidelines for
macrophyte management in lakes.
Keywords: biodiversity, species richness, submerged macrophytes, South Basin of Lake Biwa, harvesting
submerged macrophytes

SPECIES DIVERSITY OF FINFISHES AND CRUSTACEANS OF BUGUEY LAGOON
Wilma S. Urmeneta*, Ramil T. Romias
College of Fisheries and Marine Science, Cagayan State University Aparri, Cagayan North, Philippines*Corresponding author: urmenetawilma@gmail.com
Buguey Lagoon is significantly a productive inland water along wetlands of Cagayan which is one of the priority
biodiversity conservation areas. Despite of its significance to municipal fisheries, only limited studies havebeen carried out along species diversity. This study investigated the species composition, relative abundanceand diversity of finfishes and crustaceans. Sampling was carried out twice a month from June to November
2015 at three sites/barangays. Species composition revealed 55 species caught of which 43 finfishes classified
belong to 10 orders and 31 families. Crustaceans like shrimps (6) and crabs (6) belong to 1 order and 4 families.
Order Perciformes and Decapoda constitutes 52.72 % and 21.81 % of the total order diversity respectively. The
community was dominated by Family Portunidae comprising 83% and Gobiidae 13% of the species
richness/total familial diversity. Portunus pelagicus is the most dominant among the crab species in terms of
relative abundance of crustaceans. Ambassys gymnocephalus and Penaeus indicus have the highest species
abundance. The exotic Litopeneaus vannamei an aquaculture commodity in ponds was caught for the firsttime in this inland water. Simpson’s Reciprocal Index shows that in every fishing operation more than 3
finfishes and 2 crustaceans were caught. Diversity index were higher in finfishes H =2.08 than crustaceans
H=1.02 but both show good results to the study. Thus, suggesting that this lagoon would provide sustainable
livelihood if managed appropriately.
Keywords: species composition, relative abundance, diversity index, shrimps, crabs

36

LEGISLATION AND STAKEHOLDERS’ INVOLVEMENT IN CONTROLLING INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES IN
LAKE BIWA, JAPANKatsuki Nakai
Lake Biwa Museum, Kusatsu 525-0001, Japan / Nature Conservation Division of Shiga Prefecture,
Otsu 520-8577, Japan
Corresponding author: nakaikatsuki@gmail.com
Lake Biwa, the largest and oldest lake of Japan, inhabited by more than 2,000 species of animals and plants
including some 60 endemic species, has provided a variety of ecological services with local society andresidents. However, its rich and unique biodiversity has been deteriorated and threatened by invasions andproliferation of not a few invasive alien species, exemplified by North American predatory fishes (largemouthbass Micropterus salmoides and bluegill Lepomis macrochirus) and South American amphibious weeds(alligator weed Alternanthera philoxeroides and water primrose Ludwigia grandiflora ssp. hexapetale).
Intensive removal of alien fishes by commercial fishermen has been carried out since 1984 when the
population of largemouth bass started to explode within the lake, whereas volunteering removal of alien
amphibious weeds was initiated in 2007 when another alien weed Senegal tea plant Gymnocoronis
spilanthoides was first found in the lake. To activate the control of invasive alien species, national and local
legislation has played an important background role through authorization of governmental financial support
and facilitation of public participation. Here, I will review the cases of collaborative efforts for controlling fish
and amphibious weeds that are highly invasive.

Room D, Topic 5 Water Education, Ecotourism, Culture
KABATA
Satoru Yamakawa
The Committee of Harie Shozu Village
Corresponding author: yama-gos@amber.plala.or.jp
Harie District, Takashima City, is located on the northwestern shore of Lake Biwa. This district is well endowedwith clean water, which is flowing from springs originate in underflow water of the Ado-riverand groundwater from the Hira mountains. This clean water is called as “shozu (pure water)” and many of theapproximately 160 houses there have a feature unique to the area known as “kabata” (literally, edge of a river)whereby residents make use of these springs in their daily lives. Being aware of the importance of the water
being as the common property of the entire area, the Committee of Harie Shozu Village, a community-basedorganization which local residents form, conducts activities to preserve the water environment and provides
visitors with guided tours which create profits. The District annually accepts almost 10,000 visitors including
the ones from the foreign countries. Being highly recognized as one of the most successful cases of ecotourism
in Japan, the Committee won Grand Prize at 9th Ecotourism Awards co-organized by Ministry of theEnvironment, Japan, and the Japan Ecotourism Society in 2013. In addition, Harie District has been designatedas “Important Cultural Landscape Sites” by the Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan and submitted an application
as “Lake Biwa and its Surrounding Waters: The Water Heritage of Prayers and Lifestyle” and this was approvedin 2015 as “Japan Heritage”.
Keywords: Kabata, Community-Based Organization, Ecotourism, Japan Herritage, heratware Approaches

37LOCAL VOLUNTEER GROUP ACTIVITY IN TAKASHIMA CITY, JAPAN
Yoshihisa Hayashi
Lake Biwa cleaning crops
Corresponding author: hayashi@juppo.co.jp
Takashima City (located in the northwestern part of Shiga Prefecture, Japan) has been quenched since ancient
times with fresh water from the underflow or spring water from mountains and forest area. The highest
quality and most low temperature current has been flowed into the Lake Biwa (the largest lake in Japan) fromTakashima’s many underground veins and rivers without cease (the amount of which is equal to approximately
40% of the water in the Lake Biwa which provides drinking water with 13.5 million peoples in Kansai area).
Although Takashima is described as very beautiful scenery, the garbage in the mass consumption times thrownby the people can be seen in the Lake Biwa lakefront. Under such circumstances, the 654 cherry blossom trees
planted every 6 km of lakeshore in Takashima, have been once spoiled but achieved flowering reproduction
wonderfully by the activity of local volunteer group. Furthermore, we have started volunteers “Lake Biwa
cleaning crops” since 2011 and started cleaning activities around the cherry trees and lakefront area. It
continues well more than five years mainly on a middle and early old age generation and enjoying morning
natural walking, health maintenance and talking with the persons from 8:00 to 10:00 in the morning of every
Tuesday. We started with a few persons and now grew up more than ten person’s group activity. We continue
our activity, even it’s a small one, for not only the Lake Biwa but also the human awareness of the importanceof maintain the global environment including lakes and reservoirs.
Keywords: Flowering reproduction, local volunteer group, cleaning activities, human awareness, heartware
approaches

THE LAGUNA DE BAY ECOSYSTEM HEALTH REPORT CARD: AN ASSESSMENT AND
COMMUNICATION TOOL FOR STAKEHOLDERS
Adelina C.Santos-Borja*, Jocelyn G. Sta. Ana, Ireneo G. Bongco, Rosemary R. Cabrera, Bileynnie P.
Encarnacion, and Rose S. Bonifacio
Laguna Lake Development Authority National Ecology Center Compound, East Avenue
Quezon City 1101, Philippines*Corresponding author: lennieborja@yahoo.com
The Laguna Lake Development Authority, in collaboration with the Partnerships in Environmental
Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), published the first Laguna de Bay Ecosystem Health Report
Card in 2016. This was funded by the UNEP/GEF project on Global Foundations for Reducing Nutrient
Enrichment and Oxygen Depletion from Land-based Pollution in support of the Global Nutrient Cycle. It is
designed to provide a better understanding of the current ecosystem health and to serve as a simple
communication tool to the stakeholders. Two sets of indicators were used, i.e. water quality (nitrate,
phosphate, chlorophyll a, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand and total coliforms) and fisheries(zooplankton, population of native species, and catch per unit effort), which were monitored from 2004 to
2013. They were evaluated in terms of compliance to the National Water Quality Criteria for Class C waters(Fisheries), which is the classification of Laguna de Bay. The numerical scores were then transformed into theequivalent grade in five colors, wherein green is the highest grade and red is the lowest grade. The fisheries
indicators were calculated as ratios or percentage that are then combined for each bay. Based on the 10-year
data, the ecosystem health of Laguna de Bay scored a passing mark of 76% or a C- in water quality and a failingmark or an F in Fisheries. These were influenced by the high concentration of phosphate, high chlorophyll a,abundance of invasive species, low population of calanoids and low fish catch per unit effort.
Keywords: ecosystem health, communication tool, indicators, score

38

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF
LAKE BINDUSAGAR: FAMOUS NATURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA
Dr. Sarmishta Mohanty 1, Prof. Chittaranjan Das 2*
1
Social Advisor & Secretary, Janasadhana2Former Chief Executive Director Chilika Lake Development Authority, Govt. of Odisha Present
Environment Advisor, Odisha Water Supply & Sewerage Board, Govt. of Odisha.
*Corresponding author: chittardas@yahoo.com
Bindusagar, situated in the city of Bhubaneswar, India, a very old important natural heritage site under stress.
It is a holy lake latitude-20.24 0 , longitude-85.83 0 having great religious historical significance. The lake areais 3 x 10 4 square meter &amp; depth is more than 5mts.It is not only an old worship place, but it also controls
major socio economic; cultural activities of large number of people.It harbors various types of flora & fauna.
More than five thousand people mostly priests, live around the lake.They earn day to day living using the lake
resources. Over the years the lake has suffered from degradations like, siltation, eutrophication, weed
infestation, water quality changes. After detailed study, an integrated sustainable environmental management
plan has been prepared with community mobilization &amp; participation to address the above mentioned
environmental degradation. Methods: A detailed primary socio-economic study was conducted by Rapid Rural
Approval (RRA). Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods. Detailed analysis of water quality parameter &soil analysis were carried out. Findings- From the results it was observed that the water is in highly eutrophic
condition resulting in huge weed infestation. The inlets &amp; outlet for water circulation is chocked, are to berenovated for better water circulation. The water use pattern was mostly responsible for eutrophic condition.
Therefore, an Integrated Sustainable Environment Management plan has been prepared with community
mobilization & participation to address Restoration Challenges.
Key words: Bindusagar, Stress, Integrated, Community Management.

WATER EDUCATION: AN AWARNESS CAMPAIGN IN SCHOOL IN TRIBAL BELT OF WESTERN PART OF
INDIA
Nagesh Tekale 1 , Sandhya Khedekar 2 Santosh Jagdhane 3
1
President, NGO Navdrushti, Mumbai
2
College of Education Sangamner
3
CSR Head, Dorf Ketal, Mumbai
Corresponding author: nstekale@gmail.com
On site experiment was conducted in 2015-16 on adopted residential tribal school students located deep inthe forest of western part of India. For years together, the students of this school were drinking natural
untreated spring and well water usually contaminated by E.coli which was further linked with burden of
diarrial infection, Regular hospitalizations Anaemia, poor class attendance and academic performance. The
dropout percentage was significant for all classes. After studying the negative impact, we designed andimplemented safe drinking water plant for all in-house students with hand wash station. The E.Coli freedrinking water was provided to all in scientific way. Water education films were screened and awarenessprograms were conducted for their parents too by organizing their school visits. Majority of parents areresiding nearby hamlets and show their complete dependence on slow flowing river and small water bodies
existing in forest as a main source of drinking water. These water sources are the true causal factors for earlychild morbidity and mortality in this tribal belt. The community participation was also involved for water
education to reduce child mortality. Results obtained in one span of years study were amazing. There were no
health complains nor hospitalizations, Anaemia and stress in girls was drastically reduced, dropout percentage
was almost zero and class attendance was excellent. We concluded that if safe clean drinking water is provided
to residential tribal school children supported with excellent class room coaching, their academic performancecan easily compete with urban students to enter in main stream of education.
Keywords: Tribal, E.Coli, Morbidity, Mortality, Anaemia

39

NATIONWIDE COOPERATION OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN REMOVAL OF INVASIVE AQUATICWEED IN LAKE BIWA, JAPAN
Yusei Nishide *1, Kiyotaka Tani 1
1International Volunteer University Student Association(IVUSA)
Corresponding author: 06yusei18@gmail.com
Water primrose Ludwigia grandiflora ssp. hexapetale, an alien aquatic weed from South America was firstfound in 2009 and have continued expanding in Lake Biwa, Shiga prefecture, thereafter. Its initial coverage wasonly 142㎡, but it reached some 2,000 times as large as 270,000㎡within 6 years through its explosive growth.
Because of an amazing ability to propagate and regenerate, negative influences on ecosystems are worried
about, such as competitive exclusion of native plants, degradation of habitats, and obstacles in operation ofcommercial fisheries. We, IVUSA (International Volunteer University Student Association) are the pioneers toremove water primrose in April 2013, and organized large-scale removal events by more than 1,000 students
from universities all over Japan in September 2014 and 2015. As a total, we carried out 29 removal events inwhich a total of 4,668 persons were participated including administrative officers, regional environmentalorganizations, commercial fishermen, and local residents. As much as 270 tons of water primrose was
successfully removed, thereby. In addition, we have extended our connections and regional relations to otherenvironment-oriented groups, local residents, fisheries cooperatives, and local governments of prefecture andcities. We have actively and continuously tried to raise regional awareness of the problem through a variety ofexhibitions, presentations, and communications through SNS. We made “Banakin-kun”, a symbolic mascot
character of water primrose to enhance public relations.
Keywords: Water primrose Ludwigia grandiflora ssp. hexapetale

A NEW WATER CULTURE CONCEPT “TIRTA BUDAYA SITU”
Ami A. Meutia
UP 45 University, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature
Corresponding author: ami.meutia@gmail.com
For increasing the quality of life of Jabodetabek residents, it is urgent to enhance the functions of urban lake
and their surroundings. The research found that there is a need to organize the relationship between
residents, local government and private sector. Based on our research results, a new water culture called the“Tirta Budaya Situ” is promoted. With a new water culture, community will feel needs from the urban lake,
and they will protect and maintain urban lake and environment. This is a new approach to maintain urban lake
where Central Government could not handle and Local Government has no authority to manage, thecommunity role is defined and enhanced. In “Tirta Budaya Situ “, the system of urban lakes certification iscreated. Community, local government and private sector will work together to apply for the certificate to the
Ministry of Environment, and maintain and enhance the functions and services of urban lake. Urban lake which
has certificate of “Tirta Budaya Situ”, will be proud of the local community. Thus, encourage community toconcern with urban lake at their area. Situ or reservoir which has certificate of “Tirta Budaya Situ” has a variety
of functions and residents surrounding the lakes will be deeply involved in the maintenance and enhancepreservation. Through “Tirta Budaya Situ” Certification, we hope that community, local government andprivate sector will be active in the urban lake utilization and management, so that the urban lake will not beabandoned or damaged.
Keywords: urban lake, Jabodetabek, local community, water culture, certification.

40

EVALUATING INDICATORS FOR USE IN REPORT CARDS FOR LAKE ECOSYSTEM HEALTH
Vanessa Mercee D. Vargas 1* , Simon Costanzo 2 , Dave Nemazie 2 , Heath Kelsey 2 , Jane Hawkey 2 ,and William Dennison 2
1
Integration and Application Network, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 1Park Place, Annapolis, Maryland, 21401, USA
2
Integration and Application Network, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, PO
Box 775, 2020 Horns Point Rd, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
Corresponding author: vvargas@umces.edu
Ecosystem health report cards are effective tools for environmental management and science communication.
They are designed to effect changes in management and policy and influence behavior. Report cards are
successfully being used in iconic watersheds in the USA (Mississippi River and Chesapeake Bay) and Australia(Great Barrier Reef) and have been used for the first time in two lake ecosystems in Asia - Chilika Lake (India)
and Laguna Lake (Philippines). The process promotes community participation by bringing together decisionmakers, managers, scientists, stakeholders, and resource-users to develop a conceptual framework for theirecosystem. This framework identifies the values of the ecosystem and the different threats that it is faced
with. It also defines the goals and major aspects of each goal that should be evaluated over time bynominating potential ecosystem indicators that address these goals. Indicators are more often selected fromavailable monitoring data that are ollected by a specific agency. However, there is an emerging trend anddemand for the inclusion of socio-economic indicators. While report cards are inherently diverse and placebased, similar indicators can be adapted by a particular ecosystem. In this study, we evaluate the use ofdifferent biophysical, ecological, socio-economic and other emerging indicators specific for a Lake ecosystem.
With consideration to the importance of incorporating local knowledge and community values in the reportcard process, we develop a framework to help stakeholders determine what suite of indicators and possible
thresholds they can use in developing their own Lake Ecosystem Health Report Cards.
Keywords: Lake ecosystem health, report cards, indicators

CAPACITY BULIDING OF LAKE TOBA ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT BASED ON SOCIO CULTURAL
R.Hamdani Harahap 1 , M.Arif Nasution 2 , Husni Thamrin 3
Corresponding author: rhamdani@yahoo.com
Lake Toba is one of the natural resources and environment in Samosir District, North Sumatera and the largest
lake in Indonesia which is already known as one of tourist the attractions. Currently preservation of function isthreatened due to the pressure of unsustainable development. This study aims to formulate a capacity
development strategy for sustainable Lake Toba ecosystem management through the identification of
traditional wisdom and its relation to environmental management in Samosir, socio-economic and soscio
cultural analysis and in relation to the preservation of the Lake Toba ecosystem, the analysis of capacity Lake
Toba ecosystem management. The method used is explanatory research by conducting surveys, Focus Group
Discussion (FGD) and SWOT analysis. Research results indicate that socio-economic and soscio cultural
conditions is categorized as good. Overall condition of ecological wisdom is categorized as good. The
environmental damage of Lake Toba ecosystem can be divided into Toba lake water pollution due to floating
net cages activities and domestic waste, hotels and restaurants waste and environmental damage such as
deforestation, illegal logging and sand mining. Conditions of pollution and damage in the area of the Lake Toba
ecosystem in bad categories. Society and government capacity in Managing Lake Toba Ecosystems in sufficient
category The strategy resulting from the SWOT analysis can be impelemented into a variety of programs.
Keywords : capacity building, socio economic, sosio cultural, ecological wisdom

41

IMPACTS OF PARTICIPATING MEASURES FOR REDUCTION OF ALIEN FISHES IN LAKE BIWA
Naoko Hirayama 1* , Takeshi Kino 2
1
School of Environmental Sciences, the University of Shiga Prefecture2
Uchida Business Solutions Company
Corresponding author: hirayama.n@ses.usp.ac.jp
Since alien fishes were found in Lake Biwa on 1960s, environmental and economic problems broke out in thelake. Shiga prefectural government have carried out eighteen political measures for reduction of alien fishes:some grant for fishers for extermination alien fishes, research for efficient extermination of alien fishes,ordinance to prohibit release of alien fishes to the lake and so forth. As these measure’s outcome, amount of
exterminated alien fishes has been assessed by prefectural government. However, the impacts on recreational
fishers’ mind to participate extermination of alien fishes are unknown yet. We investigated recreational
fisher’s recognition and observance level of no-release rule and their cooperation mind in extermination of
exotic fishes by a questionnaire. As a result, we revealed that: (i) fishers who knew the no-release rule hadlong fishing career and caught many largemouth bass; (ii) fishers who kept the no-release rule who were older
than forty years old and their fishing point was near the box for dump alien fishes. In addition, fishers who
didn’t keep the rule came from outside Shiga prefecture and their fishing point was not near the box for dump
alien fishes; (iii) fishers who used the box for dumping alien fishes caught many bluegill and their fishing point
was near the box for dump alien fishes.
Keywords: common resource management, policy assessment, alien species, citizen’s participation, Lake Biwa

BOTTOM UP TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: THE EMERGENCE OF COMMUNITY BASED TOURISM IN
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF BALI TOURISM
Darma Putra
Udayana University
In the last two decades there has been a growing number of villages in Bali that show their serious efforts tomanage the natural and cultural potentials of their area as tourism attractions. By doing so, the villages havethe opportunity to be part of the tourism economy. This is something that has been widely enjoyed by locals
and national entrepreneurs or multinational corporations. This paper discusses the emergence of community
participation in recent development of tourism in Bali. It focuses on three questions which are (a) why does
community participation in the tourism sector has been so late, (b) how do they manage their natural andcultural resources, and (c) does their participation in tourism development contribute to a model ofcommunity based tourism (CBT), if yes what type of CBT have they implemented? In order to provide a clear
picture, the paper discuses tourists attractions managed by two different villages in Bali, which are Tanah Lot
Temple in South-West Bali and Pandawa Beach in South Bali. The paper concludes that community
participation in managing tourism attractions are not given by authority but, as in the case of Tanah Lot, thecommunity had to protest through demonstration in order to get their right. The two cases show that Balinese
communities have the professional capacity to manage tourism attraction in their area and use the income
from the tourism sector to support financial need of the community through the channel of existing customary
village organisation (desa adat), thus make it a typical Balinese model of CBT.

42

SPECIAL SESSION – HEARTWARE THEME“HEARTWARE”: A TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND PROSPECTIVE INTEGRATION INTO “ILBM”
Masahisa Nakamura
International Lake Environment Committee Foundation (ILEC), Japan
Corresponding author: masahisa@mub.biglobe.ne.jp
The concept of “heartware” (e.g., common appreciation of historical, cultural, anthropological and evenreligious implications) aspect is beginning to be recognized as important as “software’ (the government rules
and regulations and the stakeholder participation) and ‘hardware’ (structural and non-structural interventions
involving technology and instrumentation) aspects in river-lake basin management. The proposed presentation
will discusses a provisional synthesis of the exploratory surveys of existing river-lake basin management
experiences, in which the importance of shared values among people with regard to such “heartware” hasemerged as the essential glue uniting the scientific, socio-cultural and political dimensions. The survey wasparticipated by various lake basin management research groups and projects from India, Japan, Malaysia,
Nepal and the Philippines with additional workshop inputs received from various Bangladesh, Indonesia,
Mexico and Pakistan. The presentation will also bring forth how the implicit importance of “heartware” maybe more explicitly integrated into the ILBM Platform Process, a river-lake basin governance improvement
approach having been promoted globally over the past decade. The project has been technically and financially
supported by Ministry of Education, Sports, Culture, Science and Technology through Research Center for
Sustainability and Environment, Shiga University, and the government and people of Shiga Prefecture throughILEC.
Keywords: ILBM, Heartware, Knowledgebase, Experience Sharing, Ecosystem Service

COMMUNITY-BASED SHARED VALUE AS THE HEARTWARE DRIVER FOR INTEGRATED LENTIC LOTIC
BASIN MANAGEMENT
Zeeda Fatimah Mohamad 1* , Siti Norasiah Abdul Kadir 2 , Affan Nasaruddin 3
1
Water Warriors Campus Sustainability Living Lab, Sustainability Science Research Cluster, Universityof Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
2
Department of Science & Technology Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala
Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
Corresponding author: zeeda21@um.edu.my
This paper explores the case for using ‘‘community-based shared values” as a potential driver for theheartware aspect of governance in Integrated Lotic-Lentic Basin Management (IL 2 BM). This policy approach
was originally inspired from the Japanese experience - and the paper investigates whether a similar strategy
can be adapted in the Malaysian context. The insights will be gained through a literature review of the subject,plus our 3.5 years experiment in testing the application of the Heartware concept with watershedcommunities at the Selangor River and Lake Varsity (within the campus of University of Malaya) respectively.
The study confirmed the availability of a range of community-based shared values that are promising to drive
the heartware for integrated watershed management in the local Malaysian context. However, most of theseshared values are either declining in its appreciation or nostalgic in nature – and its value for IL 2 BM could not
be realized if it is not proactively re-enchanted, activated and creatively mobilized by the local communities
and key stakeholders of the watershed. We propose that a conscious application of the heartware approach
could tap into the care/humanistic dimension of shared agency which can then create a more reflective andadaptive policy environment for the IL 2 BM cyclic platform process.
Keywords: Community-based shared value; Heartware; Integrated Lotic-Lentic Basin Management;
Governance43

“THE HEARTWARE ASPECT FOR STRATEGIC PLAN OF TONLE SAP AUTHORITY”
Khov Meas1, Masahisa Nakamura2
1
Technical Team Members of TSA (Tonle Sap Authority)
2
RCSE-Shiga University, Japan
Corresponding author: k.meas99@gmail.com
Tonle Sap Authority (TSA) was established by the Royal Degree NS/RKT/0609/705 dated on 29th June 2009.
TSA is the national independent institution with its mandate to manage and coordinate the overall activities in
the Tonle Sap Great Lake and related region, direct adviser and providing recommendation to the Royal
Government of Cambodia. In particular, the present pressure of the development, population growth,inequality use of beneficiaries, and poverty of the people relying on these natural resources have been making
the ecosystems of Tonle Sap be jeopardized and at risk of threats of overexploitation. The main threats are
population growth, overfishing, wildlife, flooded forest encroachment, illegal fishing activities, climate change,pollution and water quality, variation in hydrology regime etc. After recently attending a seminar on theconcept of "Heartware" governance and management of the lake and basin, which initiated the experience ofJapan seen as a good theory should be more aware and learn to be more comprehensive. I hope that themeeting WLC16 will gain many new experiences and especially the idea of "Heartware" a matching basis to thecontext of Cambodia on the principle of river basin management.
Keywords: The Heartware and Tonle Sap Strategic Plan.

FORMATION, MAINTENANCE, TRANSFORMATION OF HEARTWARE: EXPERIENCES IN LAKE BIWA
Katsura Nakano, Naoki Umezawa
Shiga University, Japan
Corresponding author: knakano@biwako.shiga-u.ac.jp
There has been a focus on the use of “heartware” concept for Integrated Lake Basin Management (ILBM). In
many fields, heartware, along with hardware and software, is recognized as an important element to constructeffective governance structure. A dam, for example, is hardware, while its operating rules are software. These
two are, however, often not good enough. Heartware, such as people’s wisdom and culture, is usually needed
to complement the whole system. This paper will discuss how heartware is formed, maintained, andtransformed through the experience in Lake Biwa, Japan. As a case study, we will review what happened
personal water crafts (PWC) were introduced to the lake in 1990s. In many western countries, there should becertain boating etiquettes, which may not be written in the official regulations, but are still important for theboaters to respect each other and the environment. Japan, on the other hand, was relatively weak in such ahealthy culture for pleasure boating. The result was chaotic: they cut trees to launch their boats, run aroundnearby the shores which created noise and air pollutions, and caused deadly accidents and so on. The first partof our paper will look closely the cause of this chaos. Then, the second part will discuss the way to address theissues based on hardware, software, and heartware approaches. We will also refer to a prefecture’s
environmental education project “Uminoko”, a floating school project for every fifth graders in the end.

44

URBAN LAKES: IDENTIFYING HEARTWARE APPROACHES FOR DHAKA CITY
Remeen Firoz 1
1
Environmentalist and Freelance Consultant
Corresponding author: firozremeen@gmail.com
The term ‘Heartware’ refers to traditions, values and emotional connections, with respect to lakes and rivers.
Water bodies in Bangladesh have traditional, cultural, economic and spiritual values and are consideredsacred. With the advent of modernization, our past connections with lakes and rivers have been eroding.
Although there have been attempts to restore and protect urban lakes by various government and nongovernment agencies, these initiatives have largely focused on structural and legal reforms. Human sentiments
and people’s connection to lakes and their influence on decision making about the wise-use of lakes have notreally been explored in Dhaka. This paper seeks to understand the connections between human emotions andhow they can influence the management of lakes. The objective of the research is to identify the ‘heartware’
approaches for urban lakes in Dhaka City. A combination of research tools have been deployed for the purposeof collating information: namely, review of existing literature and interviews with the users of the lakes invarious capacities. The insights about people’s values and emotional linkages to urban lakes in Dhaka city
identified through the research pave the way for sustainable planning and use of the natural resources. The
key findings or suggestions put forth by the respondents such as meaningful engagement of people througheducation and awareness can be applied for strengthening efforts geared towards conservation of urban lakes
in Dhaka, as well as other parts of the country and the region.
Keywords: Heartware, Urban Lakes, Dhaka City, Education, Awareness45

Wednesday, November 9th, 2016

Room A, Topic 3 Lake and Lake Basin Management and Policies
STRATEGY FOR CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF URBAN LAKES IN MUMBAI
P. B. Salaskar 1 E.V. Muley2
1
Naushad Ali Sarovar Samvardhini (NASS), PowaiLake, Mumbai
2
Indian Association of Aquatic Biologists (IAAB), India
Corresponding author: powai_mumbai@yahoo.co.in
Studies on impact of massive urban development on the trophic status of water bodies in Mumbai have been
carried out for two years. Water quality characteristics with reference to various physico-chemical andbiological parameters in Powai Lake , Vihar Lake, Bhavan’s Pond, and Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) Pond
located in the vicinity of Maharashtra Nature Park, Sion, Mumbai reveal deterioration of water quality due toimpact of various anthropogenic activities leading to changes in the trophic status of these water
bodies. Water Quality characteristics and trophic status of Powai Lake indicate it as a hyper- eutrophic. The
lake is fully infested with water hyacinth as well as blooms of blue green algae Microcystis aeruginosa. Primary
productivity studies on Vihar Lake reveal that the lake is least productive and characterized by hightransparency, low plankton volumes, and low respiratory rates. RWH pond and Bhawan’s Pond are relatively
more productive than Vihar lake. Plankton volumes and respiratory rates were higher and transparency wasless in both the water bodies. In contrast to the Vihar lake, plankton was abundant and respiratory rates werevery high in RWH Pond and Bhawan’s Pond. Systematic efforts for monitoring of water quality of these water
bodies through Naushad Ali Sarovar Samvardhini are strongly recommended so as to evolve strategic planningand action plan for conservation and management of these water bodies through stake holder and community
participation.
Keywords: Sarovar Samvardhini, Community participation, Water Quality, Trophic status, Urban lakes, Mumbai

POTENTIAL CROSS-SECTORIAL TRADE-OFFS IN RIVER BASIN SCALE WATER MANAGEMENT
Tiina Nõges 1* , Peeter Nõges 1
1
Centre for Limnology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research, Estonian University ofLife Sciences, Rannu 61117, Tartu County, Estonia*Corresponding author: tiina.noges@emu.ee
The carbon balance of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems is tightly linked with cycles of other nutrients, first of
all with nitrogen and phosphorus, and with the CNP stoichiometry in food webs. All these processes are
sensitive to climate change and transform as a result of global trends. Climate change affects nutrient andcarbon losses from terrestrial ecosystems and their loads into aquatic ecosystems. For mitigating nutrient
losses/loads, river basin management should plan better matching of nutrient supply with plant demand.
Climate change mitigation measures aim at reducing greenhouse gas emissions while adaptation measures
should reduce the vulnerability of societies and ecosystems to adverse effects of climate change. In respect ofwater resources and ecological status of water bodies, the two approaches are often disconnected that,instead of synergies, can create trade-offs between them. It is well-known that large-scale biofuel production
increases water demand and contamination, hydro-electric power plants fragmentise the river ecosystem
integrity and affect biodiversity, dams and water reservoirs can emit additional greenhouse gases, andseawater desalination as a drought combating measure accelerates energy consumption. It is much less known
that even reforestation, wetland reconstruction, or creating buffer strips, usually considered as win-win
measures, may locally become antagonistic to other adaptation and mitigation measures. Careful spatialplanning should avoid trade-offs between mitigation and adaptation, and make it possible to combine thereduction of vulnerability with mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Environmental impact assessment andstrategic environmental assessment should be applied to analyze the environmental effects of proposed
measures.
Keywords: water, river basin management, climate change, nutrients, cross-sectorial tradeoffs

46

ESTABLISHMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION PLATFORM OF TONLE SAP LAKE
Chihiro Yoshimura 1* , Hideto Fujii 2 , Hirofumi Hinode 1 , Yasunori Tanji 1 , Toru Watanabe 2 ,Tetsuo Kuyama 3 , Seingheng Hul 4 , Sarann Ly 4 , Chantha Oeurng 4 , Fidero Kuok 4 , Reasmey
Tan 4 , Paradis Someth 4 , and Sokneang In 4
1
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
2
Yamagata University, Japan
3
Institute of Global Environmental Strategies, Japan
4
Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Cambodia
Corresponding author: yoshimura.c.aa@m.titech.ac.jp
Tonle Sap Lake is one of the world’s most precious freshwater ecosystems, serving crucially importantfunctions to Cambodian society. However, this ecosystem is experiencing drastic changes due to pollution,
overfishing, shifts in land use, human activities in adjacent river basins, regional climate change, and impacts
from the Mekong River. Given such environmental and societal concerns, we have initiated a project toinvestigate the unique system of Tonle Sap Lake and its surrounding basins to develop a hydraulic/water
quality model (water environment analytical tool) for the lake and propose environmental conservation plans
focusing on the assessment of environmental health and ecological risks. Making use of this analytical tool, we
will propose water environment conservation plans that will maintain environmental health and alleviate
ecological risks, taking into account factors such as population growth, land use change, and other relevant
environmental stresses. This project also aims to establish the Tonle Sap Water Environmental Platform(TSWEP) through which researchers, administrative organizations, and citizens can collaborate and co-design
regarding measures for conserving the lake environment. The TSWEP is open to any persons and organizations
eager to initiate and to promote conservation acts on the lake. By combining the aforementioned analytical
tool with the Tonle Sap Water Environmental Platform, we aim to contribute to the sustainable developmentof Tonle Sap Lake as well as the Mekong River Basin. This project is currently being implemented together with
the Tonle Sap Authority, the Ministry of Environment, and the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology
of Cambodia.
Keywords: Tonle Sap Lake, Mekong River Basin, Water quality model, Environmental conservation, Tonle Sap
Water Environmental Platform.

TOWARD THE ADAPTIVE WATERSHED GOVERNANCE TO ENHANCE BIODIVERSITY-DRIVENNUTRIENT CYCLING AND HUMAN WELL-BEING
Noboru Okuda
Research Institute for Humanity &amp; Nature
Corresponding author: nokuda@chikyu.ac.jp
Technological innovations in the use of nutrients to produce food contributed to the great global increase inpopulation, life expectancy, and economic prosperity experienced in the twentieth century. Overexploitationof nutrient resources, however, causes disturbance of natural biogeochemical cycles, accounting for serious
eutrophication in many watershed ecosystems around the world. Such nutrient imbalances are a main driverof biodiversity loss on a global scale, leading to deterioration of its ecosystem functions and services. It is now
recognized that nutrient imbalances and biodiversity loss are prevalent throughout the planet, posing a risk tosustainable human development. In order to solve these problems related to nutrient imbalances and to
ultimately ensure sustainable social-ecological systems, we have to enhance nutrient recycling on watershedscales. Under such a background, we aim to facilitate cross-linkage of the multi-level governance, in whichgovernments and researchers with a systemic view intend to solve nutrient imbalance-derived issues on theregional and global scales, while civilians want to solve social and environmental issues in the context of theirlife and livelihood. For such watershed governance to be successful, local and scientific knowledge must be
shared and integrated by a variety of stakeholders to reconcile conflicts and interests emerging on different
scales. Here I will develop a framework for the adaptive watershed governance with the case study in the Lake
Biwa Watershed, in which civilians are empowered for biodiversity conservation, resulting in enhancement of
their well-being, while scientists show how biodiversity enhances nutrient recycling through their conservation
activities.
Keywords: Nutrient imbalance, Biodiversity, Transdisciplinary science, Human well-being

47

IDEAS AND SUGGESTION FOR ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION OF FRESH MACROPHTIC
LAKE – KELUKE LAKE
Xia Jiang *, Shuhang Wang, Li Zhao
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy ofEnvironmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China*Corresponding author: jiangxia@craes.org.cn
Keluke Lake, located in Qaidam Basin of Tibet plateau, belongs to fresh macrophtic lake which is disturbed byhuman. The lake and its wetlands have the significant function of ecological security in eastern part of Qaidam
Basin. National and local governments have paid much attention to the protection of ecological environmentof lakes. However, Keluke lake is still facing several problems including worsen water quality and deteriorated
ecological environment, especially the decrease of the submerged plants area, which resulted from theincreased population in the upper reaches, the rapid developments of industry, agriculture, tourism, and thefishery breeding. The lake ecological security is under threats.
In order to improve the water quality or ecological environment state, and avoid “taking measures after
polluting”, this study took the safeguard of ecological security in Keluke Basin as the target, the “ecologicaloriented, the source control and pollutant decrease, the improvement of ecological environment quality, andmaintenance of ecological environmental security” as the strategic orientation, and this study explored themethod of ecological environment protection, which was suitable for the characteristic of the lake in Tibet
plateau. The The engineering proposal of the social and economic regulation, land and water resources
regulation, the prevention and control of pollution source and ecosystem conservation were implemented
aggressively in Keluke Lake basin, and long-term protection mechanism was constructed gradually to protect
and improve the nature ecological function or natural capacity of recovery in Keluke Lake to become thetypical case of ecological environment protection for lakes in Tibet plateau.
Keywords : Tibet plateau, Qaidam Basin, Keluke Lake, ecological security

THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT AROUND LAKE VICTORIA WITH WATER, ECOLOGICALSANITATION AND AGRICULTURE
Saburo Matsui 1 , Shohei Sendo 2 、Katsuhiko Okada 2 , Osamu Ono 2 , Satoyo Ono 2
1
Kyoto University, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies & ILEC 10-45 Uchihata,
Hanazono, Ukyo-ku, Kyoto City, Japan 616-8045
2
Nippon International Cooperation for Community Development (NICCO), 101 Nishi-Rokkaku- cho,
Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto City, Japan 604-8217
Corresponding author: m36@3kankyo.co.jp, okada@kyoto-nicco.org
African rural communities need comprehensive development models that could solve the problems ofinfrastructure such as safe drinking water supply, proper hygiene and sanitation, and food security. Nippon
International Cooperation for Community Development (NICCO) with the support of Kyoto University
implemented the comprehensive development project over seven years in amount about 1.5 million US$ for
about 11,000 people in three districts of Malawi, which consisted of seven elemental programs such as (A)agriculture, (B) grain storage, (C) reforestation, (D) measures for infection, (E) human resource development,(F) water supply and (G) ecological sanitation (ECO-sanitation). Upon the successful results of Malawi, NICCO
started a new project in Kenya from 2015, which will expand target communities around Lake Victoria aiming
for water pollution control of the costal zones.
Keywords: ecological sanitation, agriculture, water supply, Malawi, Kenya

48

ASSESSMENT OF ANTHROPOGENIC PRESSURES ON THE VISOVAC LAKE, CROATIA – STEPSTOWARDS IMPROVED PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENTMarijan Ahel 1* , Iva Mikac 1 , Vedranka Hodak Kobasić 1 , Senka Terzić 1 , Marija Marguš 1 , Niko
Bačić 1 , Nevenka Mikac 1 , Dario Omanović 1 , Irena Ciglenečki 1
1
Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb,
Croatia;*Corresponding author: ahel@irb.hr
Lakes are highly vulnerable aquatic ecosystems which are exposed to ever-increasing anthropogenic pressures,such as population growth and land-use change. Accurate and timely assessment of anthropogenic pressuresin lake watersheds is therefore a key prerequisite for their environmental sustainability and management. The
problem of environmental protection is especially pronounced in conservation areas such as national parks.
The aim of this study was a comprehensive analysis of the main factors influencing biogeochemistry andenvironmental quality of the Visovac Lake, Croatia. The Visovac Lake is situated in the Krka National Park, an
unaltered karst area of exceptional natural value, which has been intensively used for regional drinking watersupply as well as for recreation and tourism activities with about 1 million visitors per year. The study was
conducted by focusing on anthropogenically-enhanced eutrophication and input of various toxic contaminants
as the two major processes which may lead to the deterioration of the environmental quality of the lake. The
investigation comprised a systematic assessment of water and sediments samples, based on a number ofparameters, including basic hydrographic properties, eutrophication-related parameters, concentration ofmajor and trace elements as well as a suite of natural and xenobiotic organic contaminants. Periodic
hypoxia/anoxia events in the bottom layer during the lake stratification indicated that eutrophication poses
the potential threat to the lake quality, while the concentration of anthropogenic contaminants in water andsediment was comparatively low. However, increasing trends in recent years, associated probably with thegrowth of tourist activities, indicated the need for continuous monitoring.
Keywords: eutrophication, anthropogenic inputs, trace elements, organic contaminants, Visovac Lake

SUMMARY OF EFFORTS TO MAINTAIN THE WATER ENVIRONMENT QUALITY OF THE LAKE FUXIAN,
CHINA
Xiao Shang 1* , Donghua Zhao 1 , Zhenhua Zhang 1
1
Shanghai Waterway Engineering Design and Consulting Co., Ltd.
Corresponding author: Shangxiao2009@163.com
The Lake Fuxian is the biggest deep freshwater lake in China, occupying 9.16 percent of the fresh water
resources of the whole country. It had great water quality and was known as “Plateau Pearl” in honor.
However, with the recent local rapid economic development on tourist and agriculture industry, the water
environment appeared progressively deterioration. For maintaining the healthy water environment of thelake, a system framework of watershed pollution control, including the comprehensive analysis of thepollution driving forces, calculating Water Environmental Carrying Capacity of the lake, specificimplementation of Five-Projects of water pollution control, and enhancing the ability of watershedmanagement and environmental monitoring capacity, has been carried out. So far, above efforts wascontributed a lot for maintaining the great water environment quality of the Lake Fuxian. This paper makes asystematic introduction to the system framework of watershed pollution control, and moreover the somemajor engineering effects after being widely carried out. It hopes this summary could be the next step
protection experiences for the Lake Fuxian and used for reference to the protection of other related lakes in
China even all over the world.
Keywords: Lake Fuxian, Watershed pollution control, Protection experiences, Engineering effects

49

THE EFFORT FOR THE CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF LAKE BIWA IN SHIGA, JAPANNaoki Komatsu
Department of Lake Biwa and the Environment, Shiga Prefectural Government
Corresponding author: komatsu-naoki@pref.shiga.lg.jp
The initial push towards restoration of the water quality of Lake Biwa came from housewives who took aleading role in initiating a public movement to make the switch from synthetic detergents to organic soap in1970’s while fresh water red tides were observed. It was called Soap Movement and Shiga prefectural
government established an ordinance which prohibits the use of the synthetic detergents in response to the
movement. Besides those efforts, by constructing sewerages and laying down the regulation concerningindustrial waste water, its water quality has improved to a certain level. However, there are still many
problems regarding eco-system such as the decrease of endemic species and the increase of the invasive
species, and the outgrowth of waterweed. Although Shiga government made the Lake Biwa Comprehensive
Conservation Plan (Mother Lake 21 Plan) in 2000 and has promoted individual initiatives in several areas, it
revised the plan completely to take countermeasures to the current problems. The revised plan aims at thecomprehensive measures taking water catchment of Lake Biwa as one whole system, with a key phrase,
consideration to the connection and its progress is being checked by Mother Lake Forum, which is formed byvarious parties such as the government, citizens, NPOs, researchers and companies. In 2015, the Law for theConservation and Restoration of Lake Biwa was implemented by the Japanese national government. Based on
the law, with the support from the national government, Shiga government will take various initiatives for thelake.
Keywords: Soap Movement, the Lake Biwa Comprehensive Conservation Plan (Mother Lake 21 Plan),
Consideration to the Connection, the Law for the Conservation and Restoration of Lake Biwa

Room A, Topic 7 Biodiversity and Conservation
BIODIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF ICHTHYOFAUNA IN LAKE MATANO, SOUTH SULAWESI
Syahroma Husni Nasution, Rahmi Dina, Ira Akhdiana
Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Insitute of Sciences, Cibinong Science Center, Jalan Raya
Jakarta Bogor, km 46, Cibinong, 16911
Corresponding author: syahroma@limnologi.lipi.com
Lake matano is one of the ancient lakes in Sulawesi. One fauna unique in sulawesi is ichthyiofauna. The aim ofstudy to express biodiversity and distribution of iktiofauna and know the habitats life in Lake Matano.The
study was conducted in Lake Matano at five stations in April and August 2015 namely Lawa River, Nuha, Petea,
Pantai Impian, and Pantai Kupu-kupu. Samples were collected using experimental gillnet with mesh sized ¾; 1;
1¼; 1⅟ 2 ; 2; 2,5; and 3 inches. The sample iktiofauna done for two hours each station. The result showed that17 species were found which consist of 13 endemic species and red listed by IUCN and fours exotic species.
The three species form genus Glossogobius, three species from genus Paratherina, seven species from genus
Telmatherina, and four alien species of the carp (Cyprinus carpio), louhan, gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus),
and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The total number of fish highest found on Telmatherina antoniae at the
Petea station (outlet of the lake) and the Pantai Impian. Composition of fish highest in April and August foundon fish T.antoniae were 53% and 47%, respectively. Exotic species who became invasive was louhan that were
found in Nuha station. In general the whole range of water quality in each station still requirements of fishingactivities. Considering ichthyiofauna that were found in Lake Matano dominated by endemic fish, we need tocareful when will do introduction new spesies into these waters, because it will be decreased even extinct ofendemic fish in this lake.
Keywords: Biodiversity, distribution, ichthyofauna, Lake Matano

50

THE FISH COMMUNITIES OF ABKHAZIAN LAKES
Nail Nazarov 1 , Rinat Mingaliev 1 , Nafisa Mingazova 1 , Roman Dbar 2 , Renat Zamaletdinov 1
1
Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
2
Ecology Institute of the Abkhazian Academy of Sciences, Sukhum, Abkhazia
Corresponding author: nail-naz@yandex.ru
The aim of this work are research and assessment of the fish community’s status of the Abkhazian lakes withdifferent anthropogenic pressing. In the work following tasks have been: study of the species composition of
the lake’s fish fauna, assessment of species diversity of fish communities with the aid of standard indexes,
analysis of the environmental groups of fish communities in lakes. The material collected by fishing on lakes
using fishnet with length of 3 m and a mesh size of 5 mm. Assessment of species diversity indices were carriedout by Margalef-, Menhinik- and Shannon-indexes. The study as a part of the fish communities of lakes
Skurcha, Ritsa, Mayak was found 16 fish species of 4 units (gasterosteiformes , cephaloformes, carpiformes,
perciformes) . Among the studied lakes the highest rates of species richness and diversity observed in the lake
Skurcha. Skurcha get the lowest rates of species richness. By confinement fish community to the type of foodon the Skurcha marked: benthophages (60%), planktophages (30%), detritophages (10%). Lake Mayak fully
represented by benthophages. The lake Ritsa marked planktophages (60%) and benthophages (40%). In lake
Skurcha rheophilic fish (60%) and limnophilic fish (40%), rheophilic fish (100%) lives on the lake Ritsa, on lake
Skurcha lives limnophilic fishs (100%). By confinedness to the habitat on the lakes of Skurcha and Ritsa fish
community represented by demersal fish (50%) and pelagic fish (50%). The lake Ritsa live only demersal
species (100%).
Keywords: ichtyofauna of Abkhazia, fish communities, biodiversity

ROTIFER COMPOSITION AND BIODIVERSITY IN TROPICAL MESOTROPHIC AND EUTROPHIC LAKES
Umi Wahidah Ahmad Dini 1 , Fatimah Md Yusoff 1* , Ahmad Zaharin Aris 2 and Zati Sharip 3
1
Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia (UPM),
43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Faculty of environmental studies, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor,
Malaysia
3
Lake Research Unit, Centre of Water Quality and Environment, National HydraulicResearch Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM), 43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
Corresponding author: fatimahmy@upm.edu.my
Zooplankton is one of the biotic constituents for the structure and function of freshwater lake ecosystem.
Rotifers, one of the common group of freshwater zooplankton are usually considered to be useful indicators ofwater quality due to their high population turnover rates. This study was conducted to evaluate the rotifer
composition and abundance in relation to different trophic status of the lakes in order to identify potential
rotifer species as bioindicators of lake trophic status. Bimonthly sampling were carried out in Sembrong Lakeand Putrajaya Lake from April 2015 to February 2016. Duplicate zooplankton samples were collected verticallyand preserved for identification and enumeration. Physico-chemical parameters were measured in situ using
YSI multi-parameter. A total of 32 species of rotifers were identified consist of 11 families, Asplanchanidae,
Brachionidae, Filinidae, Flosculariidae, Gastropodidae, Hexarthridae, Lecanidae, Mytillinidae, Synchaetidae,
Testudinellidae, and Trichocercidae. Putrajaya Lake had the higher (p<0.05) density of rotifers with the total
mean density of 239393.11 ± 12974.75 ind m -3 while, the lower total mean density recorded in Sembrong
Lake (158676.57 ± 8461.40 ind m -3 ). Rotifer diversity was higher (p<0.05) in Sembrong Lake (1.9 ± 0.02)
compared to Putrajaya Lake (1.50 ± 0.03). The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) scores indicated thatthe abundance of Brachionus forficula, B. sericus, Filinia opoliensis, F.terminalis, Keratella tropica, Pompholyx
complanata and Trichocerca similis was related to eutrophic condition, whereas Anuraeopsis fissa, B.
angularis, B. caudatus, B. quadridentatus, K. cochlearis, K. tecta, and T. cylindrica was related to mesotrophic
condition. This suggests that the trophic state of a lake determines the rotifers community structure.
Keywords: Rotifers, species diversity, indicator species, trophic status

51

IMPACT OF EXOTIC FISH REMOVAL ON BIOTA IN A LAGOON LINKED TO LAKE BIWA
Toshiya Sano
Shiga prefectural fisheries experiment station
Corresponding author: sano-toshiya@pref.shiga.lg.jp
Lake Biwa, the largest and oldest lake in Japan, has many endemic species and traditional fisheries. In this lake,
two invasive exotic fish, piscivorous largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and omnivorous bluegill Lepomis
macrochirus, which were introduced from North America increased remarkably in the 1980s. Consequently,
native aquatic organisms have decreased conspicuously. But in recent years, owing to the removal of these
exotic fish by fisherman for decades, it seems that these exotic fish have been decreasing their populations
gradually. The purpose of this study is to confirm that the decrease of the exotic fish populations leads to therestoration of the native biota. Methods Since 2003, we removed these exotic fish and monitored the changeof biota in Sonenuma-lagoon which is a lagoon linked to Lake Biwa via only a narrow and shallow channel.
Because Sonenuma-lagoon (0.2km2) is much smaller than Lake Biwa (670 km2), the changes of the biota arelikely to be detected more rapidly and easily than for Lake Biwa. We removed exotic fish by netting and fishing
until 2007. Since 2008, we have mainly used electro-fishing boat (EFB) which discharges into the water.
Findings Owing that EFB was efficient to capture mature largemouth bass, its decrease has become clear sincearound 2012. From around the same time, increasing populations of native fish and crustaceans have beenclearly detected. On the other hand, decrease of the bluegill population has not been detected. The results ofthis study showed that removal of piscivorous largemouth bass is effective in restoring native biota.
Keywords: largemouth bass, bluegill, exotic fish, biota, electro-fishing

REVIEW OF CONSERVATION PRACTICES ON LAKE TANA, ETHIOPIA
Habiba Gashaw
Addis Ababa University
Corresponding author: habibag2@gmail.com
Soil erosion is a widespread primary factor degrading fertile lands within Ethiopia, causing an estimated loss of
two billion tons of fertile soils, and reducing the agricultural GDP by 2.3% a year. To remedy this problem aswell as introduce measures to mitigate the effect of Climate Change, the International Fund for Agricultural
Development and the Ethiopian Government have put in place the Community Based Integrated Natural
Resources Management Project in March, 2010. The project is being implemented in 27 Woredas oradministrative districts, of the Lake Tana Watershed, the area drained by Lake Tana, the source of the Blue
Nile, and connected rivers. The conservation efforts under the project focus on convincing communities toallocate and respect no-grazing and no-tillage protected areas, developing their interests in conservation
activities through regional learning exchanges and trainings. In addition, cash crops are used to createcommon Funds to drive conservation practices. Through learning exchanges with communities that havesuccessfully rehabilitated severely degraded lands in the Tigray region in the North of Ethiopia, communities
have been able to view the positive impacts of conservation activities. After the exchange, their perception ofconservation activities has changed. Members are enthusiastic to share their newly gained knowledge andmobilize people in their own Kebele (local district) through a Watershed management committee to devise anaction plan, and undertake sustainable land management practices. This includes women’s participation andthey are now almost equally participate in soil and watershed conservation activities. By the end of the sevenyear project, 1,040 hectares of degraded lands will be revived by planting suitable tree species and 1,293 ofcommunity forests will be protected to revitalize watersheds in 27 Woredas within the Lake Tana
Basin. Engaging people in forest and watershed committee&#39;s has created synergies to enhance collective
action for conservation efforts.
Keywords: Conservation, lake, management, practices, Tana.

52

PREFERENCE OF MICROALGAE AS PLANKTONIC OR PERIPHYTIC COMMUNITY IN CILEUNGSIKARSTIC SINKHOLES, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA
Niken Tunjung Murti Pratiwi 1 , Majariana Krisanti 1 , Yusli Wardiatno 1 , Inna Puspa Ayu 1 , Muhamad
Radifa 1 , Agung Sutriansyah 1 , Aliati Iswantari 1
1
Department of Aquatic Resources Management,
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University
Jl. Lingkar Akademik, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia
Corresponding author: niken_tmpratiwi@yahoo.com
Karstic sinkholes in Cileungsi Karst formed as consequences of lime mining activity. Sinkholes filled by water
through hydrological process and subsequently inhabited by microorganisms, such as microalgae. This
research was conducted to determine microalgae preference as planktonic or periphytic community in karstic
sinkholes that influenced (site 1) and uninfluenced (site 2) by anthropogenic activities. Preference analysis was
conducted using α, β, γ diversity and PCA. Diversity analysis result showed that α periphyton ranged from 1823 and α plankton ranged from 11-37. Furthermore, γ periphyton was 24 and γ plankton was 37. There wasnestedness phenomenon based on the value of β (βcc supported by βrichness). In site 1, periphytic microalgae
nested to planktonic microalgae. In site 2, planktonic microalgae nested to periphytic microalgae. Based on
PCA, there were 16 genera of phytoplankton, 16 genera of periphyton, and 5 switchover genera in site 1, andthere were 3 genera of phytoplankton, 21 genera of periphyton, without switchover genera in site 2.
Microalgae prefer to live as periphytic community in anthropogenic uninfluenced karstic sinkholes, and prefer
as planktonic community in anthropogenic influenced karstic sinkholes.
Keywords: karstic sinkholes, microalgae, periphyton, plankton, α β γ diversity

PREVALENCE OF TREMATODE METACERCARIAE IN CYPRINOID FISH FROM NONG LUANGWETLAND, CHIANG RAI PROVINCE, THAILAND
Pinatthinee Jitkham 1 , Chalobol Wongsawad 2 , Patchara Koychusakun 3 and Chitchol Phalaraksh 1,2*
1
Environmental Science Program, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
3
Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Chiang Rai Rajabhat University, Chiang Rai
57100, Thailand*Corresponding author: chitchol.p@cmu.ac.th
A study of prevalence rate of trematode metacercariae was determined in cyprinoid fish collected from Nong
Luang Wetland, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand in May 2016. A total of 120 freshwater fish of 8 species were
examined by dissection techniques. Then fish samples were digested with 100% pineapple juice instead ofPepsin. Subsequently, the digested materials were rinsed through the grading sieves esh and examined formetacercariae using stereo microscope. The overall prevalence rate of metacercariae in cyprinoid fish was 10%(12/120), predominantly in Puntius brevis (5%), Anematichthys repasson (2.5%), Luciosoma bleekeri (1.66%),
Rasbora tornieri (0.83%), Labiobarbus siamensis (0.0%), Barbodes gonionotus (0.0%), Osteochilus vittatus(0.0%) and Puntius orphoides (0.0%), respectively. Centrocestus caninus metacercariae was found in thehighest number and unidentified species of metacercariae, respectively. These results indicate that eating raw
freshwater fish represents a risk for acquiring fish borne zoonotic trematode infection in Nong Luang Wetland,
Chiang Rai Province, Thailand.
Keywords: prevalence, Trematode, Metacercariae, Cyprinoid fish, Nong Luang Wetland

53

EFFECT OF SEASONAL CHANGE ON SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS IN TILAPIA(Oreochromis niloticus) IN BATUR LAKE
Endang Wulandari Suryaningtyas 1 , Devi Ulinuha 2
1
Program Studi Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan, Universitas Udayana, Bukit Jimbaran, Bali 80361,
Indonesia
2
Program Studi Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan, Universitas Udayana, Bukit Jimbaran, Bali 80361,
Indonesia
Corresponding author: endangwulandari.unud@gmail.com
The aquaculture production of tilapia in Batur Lake is decreasing due to infection of some potential pathogenic
bacteria. Bacterial infection happen in Tilapia immune system weakens, causes of water quality changes andseasonal changes. Disease by pathogenic bacteria causing damage to the skin, flesh, gilss and internal organs.
The spread of bacterial diseases in fish are generally very fast and can lead to a very high mortality in fish that
attacked, so the loss caused by this disease is quite large. While the infected fish will lead to cuts in the meat,
resulting in lower selling prices. The aim of the research was to determine the seasonal distribution ofphatogenic bacteria present in tilapia samples collected from farming locations in Batur Lake. Tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus) samples were collected from five floating net cages in Batur Lake. Three fish samples
were taken from each station with fish sized ranged from 100-200 g. Identification of bacteria was conductedby using Gram staining method while the observation of colors and shapes of the cells were performed using a
microscope at 1000 magnification. Finally the bacteria were inoculated using a streak plate technique on SSA(Salmonella Shigella Agar), EMBA (Eosin Methylene Blue Agar) and TCBS (Thiosulphate Citrate Bilesalt Sucrose).
The results showed that the seasonal change affects the spatial distribution of pathogenic bacteria tilapia.
Type of pathogenic bacteria in the dry season is more varied than the rainy season. In the dry season there are
5 types of potentially pathogenic bacteria that cause the disease are Aeromonas, Streptococcus, Salmonella sp,
Shigella sp and E.Coli while in the rainy season there are 2 types of pathogenic bacteria is Pseudomonas
alcaligenes and Aeromonas salmonicida.
Keywords: Oreochromis niloticus, seasonal change, spatial distribution, potential bacteria pathogenic

ZOOBENTHOS OF LAKES OF REPUBLIC OF ABKHAZIA UNDER VARIOUS TROPHIC, SPATIAL AND
SALINITY CONDITIONS
Dina Mingazova, Venera Ivanova, Nafisa Mingazova 1
1
Kazan Federal University
Corresponding author: dina.mingazova281@gmail.com
Republic of Abkhazia has been rarely investigated due to the wars that undergone on its territory. Therefore,
any studies on biodiversity of republic’s lakes provide unique information. Laboratory of Water Ecosystem
Optimization has inspected biodiversity of republic’s lakes for several years. Samples of zoobenthos werecollected from 9 lakes which diverse by location, trophic status and salinity. Zoobenthos was represented by
98 organisms belonging to 8 classes. Most of the organisms of zoobenthos were represented by insects andgastropods. Amphibious insects contibute to more, than 60% of organisms of zoobenthos found. The biggest
amount of organisms of zoobenthos was found in Skurcha Lake (36 species). In addition, zoobenthos
biodiversity has changed significantly over the period of long-term study on the Skurcha Lake. Lake has
experienced transformation processes, such as lake desalination. This has been achieved via channel that has
been digged from Kodor River with freshwater. Therefore zoobenthos biodiversity vary, some of the species
belong to freshwater systems while other belong to estuary ecosystems. Biggest biodiversity of zoobenthosorganisms observed in the littoral zones of lakes. Rheophilic species were found at the confluence with rivers.
Oligochaeta was the only class observed at large depths.
Keywords: zoobenthos, oligochaeta, desalination, invertebrates

54

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF ZOOPLANKTON DISTRIBUTION IN BUKIT MERAH LAKE, PERAK,
MALAYSIA
Azma Hanim Ismail 1* , Nur Syazwani Aziz 1 and Zul Fahmi Zainal 1
1.2.3
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Corresponding author: azma_hanim@yahoo.com
A preliminary study on zooplankton distribution was conducted in Bukit Merah Lake, Perak, Malaysia with theaim of providing baseline information on zooplankton community structure in relation to physico-chemical
characteristics. Zooplankton were collected by filtering 40 L of lake water for each sample using 35 μm meshplankton net. A total of 49 taxa were recorded from the three main groups of freshwater zooplankton, madeup of 34 Rotifera, 13 Cladocera and 2 Copepoda. The study revealed that the lake was dominated by Keratellacochlearis, Trichocerca sp., Polyarthra sp., Bosminopsis deitersi and Diaphanosoma sp. Zooplankton abundanceshows a strong positive correlation with temperature measurement (r = 0.872) and a weak negative
correlation with conductivity (r = -0.158) and total dissolved solid (r = -0.173). There was a significant
difference of zooplankton abundance among the six sampling stations. Based on the findings, it could beconcluded that the zonation of the sampling stations and environmental conditions of the lake was greatly
affected the distribution and abundance of zooplankton at all sampling stations.
Keywords: zooplankton, Bukit Merah Lake, Rotifera, Cladocera, Copepoda

Room B, Topic 10 Limnology and Limnological Science Fundamentals
CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE ACCUMULATION IN A HIGHLY EUTROPHIC TROPICAL LAKE,
INDONESIA
Cynthia Henny 1* , Sulung Nomosatryo 1 and Arianto B. Santoso 1
1
Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
Corresponding author: cynthia@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and methane (CH4 ) has been estimated in a highly eutrophic
Lake Maninjau (West Sumatera, Indonesia) in 2009 and in the recent years. The lake has been exploited forcage aquaculture for more than two decades. The lake receives high inputs of not only nutrients (Nitrogen (N)and Phosphorus (P)) but also organic carbon (C). Accumulation of carbon in the lake bottom has caused
steadily sulfides production in the hypolimnion waters. As results, the lake oxic-anoxic line has been shifting
gradually from the depth of 40 m in 2006 to 10 – 20 m depth in recent years increasing the thickness of anoxic
hypolimnion. Deep profile water samples were collected at two sites of lake (one is the master deep station
and another one is on the shallower area of the cage aquaculture). CH 4 was determined from the headspace ofthe crimp-sealed vials by using gas chromatography (Agilent Technologies) and CO2 concentration were
calculated from alkalinity data and pH. The lake condition reflects the CO 2 and CH4 accumulation.
Concentration of CO2 increases from 0.1 mmol L-1 in 2009 to about 0.63 mmol L-1 in 2016 in the anoxic bottom
waters, which contain a total accumulation of 45.8 tons CO 2 in 2009 and to a high total accumulation of 227.2
tons of CO2 in 2016. Biogenic CH4 accumulates to high concentrations (up to 1.5 mmol L -1 ) in deep anoxic
hypolimnion waters, which contain a total of 158.5 tons CH4. No substantial increase has been observed on theconcentrations of CH4 from 2009 to 2015. There is no sign of inhibition of methane production in the presenceof sulfides. The lake acts as a CO2 sink with flux of around – 3 mmol m2 d -1 however the lake emits around 4.9mmol m 2 d -1 of CH4 . Although the lake acts as CO2 sink, the accumulation of CO 2 and CH4 in the bottom
water is substantially high. The lake is weakly stratified with anoxic hypolimnion where the other study has
shown that the lake experiences complete mixing to a depth of 60 m several times in a year depending on theweather causing lake hypoxia. Henceforth elevated CO2 and CH4 in the bottom water could escape during thelake mixing. Elevated CO2 and CH4 emission from the lake can make significant contribution to global climatechange.
Keywords: Carbon dioxide, methane, emission, eutrophic, tropical lake

55

IDENTIFYING SOURCES OF NITRATE IN AN IRRIGATED RICE PADDY WATERSHED, TSUKUBA, JAPANS. Yada*, Y. Nakajima, T. Horio, K. Inao, S. Itahashi, K. Asada, S. Yoshikawa and S. Eguchi
Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-8604, Japan
Corresponding author: helios02@affrc.go.jp
The objective of this study is to identify sources of NO 3− in river water using δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3 in an irrigatedrice paddy watershed where irrigation water is supplied from outside of the watershed as well as the upstream
mountain area. The study was conducted in a rice paddy watershed which covers 9.9 km 2 in the southern partof Mt. Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. We determined δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3 of NO3− for river water, mountain stream,foothill stream, irrigation water, and drainage water every other month. Stable isotopes were analyzed byisotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) after converting NO3− to N2O by the denitrifier method. Analysis of
δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3 of NO3− from this watershed showed that the decrease in NO3− concentration in themainstream river water occurred mainly because of the mixing of nitrate from different sources (foothill
stream water and drainage water) during irrigation period. Our data suggested that denitrification is a lesser
contributor to the decrease in NO3− concentrations in this watershed, because enrichment of isotopic
transformation (positive relationship between δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3) with decreasing NO3− concentration was
not apparent. Different hydrological components suggest that NO 3− in the mainstream river water in thiswatershed consisted mainly of mountain stream-derived NO3− during the non-irrigation period. The researchhighlights that the δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3 of NO3−can be used as a powerful tool, in order to evaluate nitrogen
cycling in a watershed-level agricultural field where irrigation water is supplied from outside of the watershed.
Keywords: Agriculture, Irrigation, Nitrate, Stable Isotope, Watershed

STUDY ON THE NITROGEN LEACHING MECHANISM FROM AGRICULTURAL LANDS
Kuroda Hisao1*, Lin Xiaolan2, Kitamura Tatsumi3, Oouchi Takao3 and Sugaya Kazuhisa3
1College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University
2
United Graduate School of Agricultural Science Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
3
Ibaraki Kasumigaura Environmental Science Center
Corresponding author: hisao.kuroda.agr@vc.ibaraki.ac.jp
In Lake Kasumigaura basin, agricultural production value is the top class in Japan. As a result, agricultural nonpoint source loads measures have become a big problem. It is an object to clarify the mechanism of thenitrogen pollution. In Hokota river basin, there are many cultivation, such as melons and tomatoes andstrawberries that use a large amount of nitrogen fertilizer. In addition, livestock is also very large. Therefore,
livestock compost is produced in large quantities, large amounts of compost is thought to be fertilizer tofarmlands. As a result, the total nitrogen concentration of Hokota river has been increased to about 10mgL-1
was observed. This case was similar to the results of measurement of the nitrogen pollution spring water bycompost put in the past. Therefore, although nitrogen fertilizer reduction was intended for chemical fertilizers,
it was found to cause nitrogen contamination over an extended period of time even organic fertilizers.
Moreover, we were core boring the farmlands subsoil until 10m, and analyzed the nitrogen component.
Therefore, it was found that it is necessary to solve the three mechanisms shown below as nitrogen pollution
mechanism of agricultural simultaneously. 1) Reduction of “the total input nitrogen” (the total amount ofchemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers), 2) Reduction of “the necessity nitrogen leaching” (minimum
required soil residual nitrogen content for the crop harvest), 3) Countermeasure of “the accumulated
nitrogen” (inorganic nitrogen content which is present in less than or equal to about 1m subsoil).
Keywords: Nitrogen pollution, non-point source load, the total input nitrogen, the necessity nitrogen leaching,
the accumulated nitrogen

56

EVALUATION OF LAKE WATER QUALITY IN KLANG VALLEY (MALAYSIA) USING MULTIVARIATESTATISTICAL TECHNIQUESIsa Baba Koki 1,3 , Sharifuddin Md Zain 1* , Low Kah Hin 1 , Hafizan Juahir 2 , Azman Azid 2
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603,
Malaysia
2
East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), University Sultan Zainal Abidin,
Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
3
Department of Chemistry, Northwest University Kano, PMB 3220 Kano Nigeria*Corresponding author: smzain@um.edu.my
Lakes are major sources of water for human consumption and domestic uses in Malaysia, but suffereddeterioration in water quality due to anthropogenic activities. This paper studied Physico chemical parametersand heavy metals distribution in five lakes at Klang Valley Malaysia, to evaluate its quality status and possible
sources of the identified pollutants for their preservation and continuous utilization. The analyzed parameters
were Electrical Conductivity (EC), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), pH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Ammoniacal
Nitrogen (AN), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), and Suspended Solid (SS), and metals include Cd, Mn, Pb, As, Fe, Ca,
Na, and Mg. The levels of these parameters were compared to Malaysia’s national water quality standard. The
chemometric tools applied were Principal component analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA).
The PCA was applied to identify decreased number of four principal components (PC). The PC1 was strongly
loaded with Mn, BOD and AN, while PC2 was strongly loaded with As, Fe and Na. HCA classified the sample
sites into three clusters, and the results showed variations in degree of pollution due to oxygen consumingorganic pollutants which can be attributed to the domestic sewage and waste water, and other anthropogenic
sources. The lakes were classified as the most polluted, polluted and less polluted with respect to influence oforganic and metal pollutants. There is a need to monitor the lakes to prevent further deterioration. Properlake management and environmental law enforcements will assist in maintaining a healthy lake ecosystem.
Key words: Klang Valley, Lake, Pollution, water quality, Chemometric.

WATER QUALITY IN COASTAL WETLAND AND ITS IMPACTS ON MACRO FAUNA AT GULF OF
KACHCHH, GUJARAT, INDIA
Prajapati, Rohit* and Dharaiya, Nishith
Wildlife & Conservation Biology Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North
Gujarat University, Patan (Gujarat), India - 384265* Corresponding author: rohitprajapatiescience@gmail.com
Wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems in the world, comparable to rain forests and coral reefs.
They also support numerous species from various groups including microbes to mammals. Physical andchemical features such as climate, topography, geology, nutrients, and hydrology help to determine the life
forms inhabiting in wetlands. Coastal wetlands of Gulf of Kachchh is itself a unique for its semi-arid climate
with extremely low rainfall, high variability in seasonal temperature, high rate of evaporation and high salinity
with the tidal amplitude. The present study deals with the investigation on birds and macro fauna abundancein coastal wetlands with reference to the water quality. Total 76 species of birds including 54 migratory and 22
resident birds, 34 macro invertebrate species were recorded in different zone responding to the water quality
at different zone of coastal wetland of Gulf of Kachchh. Study depicted that the water qualities shows
significant impact on the faunal abundance; several parameters like, salinity, temperature, DO, phosphate ,nitrogen are negatively correlated while the elements such as pH, sulphate , BOD, calcium, magnesium showed
positive correlation with the faunal abundance and activities and found to be vary by wetland zone. The study
reveals that macro fauna like birds and benthic invertebrates can be used as key indicator to know the statusof coastal wetlands and apply for the rapid monitoring.
Key words: coastal wetland, rapid monitoring, indicator, macrofauna

57

WATER QUALITY IMPACT ON FISH CULTURED IN LAKE TUTUD IN NORTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA
Suzanne Lydia Undap 1* , Reiny Tumbol 1 and Sandra Tilaar 1
1
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Kampus Kleak, Manado, 95115,
Indonesia
Corresponding author: Corresponding author: suzanneundap@unsrat.ac.id
Lake Tutud is a lake and is located in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The estimate terrain elevation above seal levelis 390 metres. Latitude: 1°2’40.56’’ Longitude: 124°41’49.55’’. We determined the current condition of thewater quality of Lake Tutud in terms of physical and chemical parameters in a fish farming locations on Lake
Tutud of Tombatu village waters. Determination of sampling points at each station is placed vertically at threepredetermined points from the guard house toward the front of the net, the distance between one point to
the next point was ± 15 m; whereas for the analysis of water quality parameters was done using an HORIBA
water quality meters’ type U-536. Determination points were done by purposive sampling which refers to thephysiographic location wherever possible in order to represent or describe these waters. The research was
carried out for 6 months and was done in 3 stages, morning, afternoon and evening. For direct measurement(in situ) was performed once a week at the three points which included parameters pH, temperature,
conductivity, DO, Oxidation reduction potential, turbidity, TDS, depth and GPS. Findings, generally, the resultof water quality analysis at the aquaculture still in the water quality standard PP No.82 of 2001.
Keywords: Water Quality, Lake Tutud, Aquaculture

ORIGINAL CLASSIFICATION METHOD LAKES IN THE WORLD USING A FORMULA AND RESULTS OF
APPLICATION
Nafisa Mingazova, Asya Galeeva
Kazan federal University
Corresponding author: nmingas@mail.ru
In world practice, there are many classifications of lakes, based on the use of 1-2 parameters. The aim of thepresent study was to develop a new method of classification of lakes and identifying opportunities for its
application. During large-scale studies of lakes in different regions of the world original way to classify of lakes
the authors was developed. The method allows to classify each lake on the feature set using special formulas.
The structure formulas contain geographical, hydrological, hydro-chemical and hydro-biological indicators.
Each indicator is denoted by a specific letter. Each feature is indicated by the numeral index. The set ofindicators and signs gives a certain formula. With the help of this method and formulas was carriers the typing
and classification of lakes for several regions of the world. For Russia, the inventory of lakes in Kazan Republicof Tatarstan was held. The study of 180 lakes showed that the main type of city lakes are small floodplain
lakes, with increased salinity, eutrophic trophic status. In the Republic of Mari El (Russia) has an inventory of
more than 100 lakes. Here, among the lakes of karst origin meets a wide variety of types. With the use of thismethod are classified as lowland lakes Abkhazia (Caucasus), some lakes in Italy (Trazimeno) and Turkey (Iznik,
Yuzla). During the testing of the method it is proved that it can be used both to refer to the individual lakes(identification of the formula), and for large-scale typing in the regions, with the identification of belonging to
one or another type.
Keywords: Lake classification, method of classification , lake

58

Room B, Topic 2 Lake Environment Under Stress and Their Restoration
Challenges
INFLUENCE OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION CHANGE ON MUSTY ODOR PRODUCTION BY
ACTINOMYCETES
Azusa Hashimoto 1*, Kazuya Shimizu 2, Norio Sugiura 3 , Motoo Utsumi 3
1
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
2Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University
3
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
Corresponding author: s1521122@u.tsukuba.ac.jp
Musty odor in drinking water has been a worldwide problem. There are two typical musty odor compounds,
geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, both of which are produced as secondary metabolites by some filamentous
cyanobacteria and actinomycetes existing in freshwater environment. However, environmental factors
affecting their musty odor production have not yet been fully studied. Dissolved oxygen (DO) changes inaquatic environment could play a role in stimulating geosmin production by actinomycetes in the sediment. In
this study, to clarify the effect of different DO concentration on geosmin production, Streptomyces coelicolor
A3(2), a geosmin-producing actinomycete, were cultured for 3 days under different initial DO concentrations(0-8 mg/L). In order to explain the putative influence of temporal DO change, A3(2) were also incubated under
DO 0 mg/L for 1 or 3 days first, and then incubated under DO 8 mg/L for another 3 days. As a result of theexperiment under different initial DO concentrations, the highest geosmin production of the single cell level
was recorded under DO 2 mg/L, indicating that DO 2 mg/L condition may facilitate geosmin production.
However neither A3(2) growth nor geosmin production were observed below DO 0.4 mg/L. As a result of theexperiment of temporal DO change, A3(2) growth and geosmin production occurred when incubated under DO
8 mg/L after incubated under DO 0 mg/L for 1 or 3 days, indicating that A3(2) has been active in anoxic
environment for 3 days. Our results proved that geosmin production by S. coelicolor A3(2) could be affected by
DO condition.
Keywords: musty odor problem, geosmin, actinomycetes, dissolved oxygen concentration

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCE: SEDIMENTARY EVIDENCE FROM CRATERLAKES IN THE PHILIPPINESDavid Taylor 1*, Wayne Bannister 1
1
Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570*Corresponding author: geodmt@nus.edu.sg
Many earth processes are thought to be sensitive around threshold values of key environmental variables.
Knowing how these control variables have varied over time and how environmental conditions have
responded to the variations, and in particular tipping points across which conditions show a high rate ofchange for a given alteration in stimulus, is important to our understanding of environmental change. In order
to better project future environmental changes at policy-relevant geographic scales, relationships have beensought at the regional scale between environmental control and response variables. Regional and local scalesof analyses also enable inclusion of indices of human development to ensure that widely differing levels of
resource use are not over-looked in any analysis of how to mitigate anthropogenic impacts. This presentation
focuses on research on crater lakes in a particularly dynamic (environmentally) part of tropical east Asia –Luzon, the largest of the archipelago of islands that form the Philippines. The research is using lake sediments
as a basis for an ecologically meaningful perspective in which current environmental change is placed within
the context of natural variability over timescales of hundreds and thousands of years. The Philippines isgenerally considered highly vulnerable to a range of environmental change phenomena. Variations inimportant environmental control and response variables, reconstructed from sedimentary evidence andcalibrated using data from investigations of present-day ecology and water quality at the same sites, are being
used to establish environmental resilience and the extent to which anthropogenic impacts are exceeding
natural variability.
Keywords: Climate change, palaeolimnology, pollution, regime shift, volcanic lakes

59

TRANSFORMATION OF ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES DUE TO THE LAKES RECOVERY PROGRAMSOlga Derevenskaya, Nafisa Mingazova
Kazan Federal University
Corresponding author: oderevenskaya@mail.ru
Studies were carried out on three lakes in Kazan (Russia). The lakes were severely polluted due to sewage
revenues of industrial enterprises. In 1984-1995 two lakes measures to restore water quality have been met.
Measures included the removal of industrial waste water to the treatment plant, the bottom of the cleaning ofcontaminated sediment, creating a temporary flowage, landscaping shores. Water quality in lakes has
improved considerably. We investigated changes in zooplankton communities during the measures, after theircompletion, as well as 20 years later. We have found that the response of zooplankton to reduce pollution
manifested in the increase in the number of zooplankton species, amount of dominant species, abundance andbiomass. In the Lake L. Kaban increased share of Cladocera, in the lake M.Kaban - Copepoda and Cladocera.
Enhanced development of these groups of zooplankton caused corresponding changes in taxonomic indicators
based on the ratio of the values of abundance and biomass of zooplankton major groups, saprobic index.
Follow-up of the lakes showed that the preserved sufficiently high anthropogenic load in 15- 20 years require
repeated remediation.
Keywords: zooplankton, restoration, lake, community

THE INFLUENCE OF TILAPIA CAGE CULTURE ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS AT DIFFERENT
DEPTHS OF TEMENGOR RESERVOIR, MALAYSIA
Muzzalifah Abd Hamid* and Mashhor Mansor
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia*Corresponding author: muzzalifah.abdhamid@gmail.com
Aquaculture industry has risen with the increase in human population and its function as a major protein
source provider. With a surface area of 15,200 ha, Temengor Reservoir, Malaysia was selected for a large scaleaquaculture for highly prized hybrid tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. The commercial tilapia hybrids fetch a highvalue in freshwater fish market and subsequently reaching an international market. Based on previous studies,aquaculture activities could deteriorate the surrounding environment due to water discharge from the cage
containing high concentrations of nutrients and suspended solids. Since there are no previous documentations
on the impact of fish cage culture on water quality of Temengor Reservoir, hence this study was conducted byexamining several physical and chemical parameters in the immediate vicinity of fish cages and at somedistances away at different depths of Temengor Reservoir. Monthly sampling was conducted at 13 samplingstations from April 2014 to March 2015. In this study, water samples were collected at depths of 0m, Secchi
depth, 5m, 10m and 15m. Physical parameter readings were taken in-situ. The results revealed that watertemperature did not differ among stations while dissolved oxygen and pH values were slightly lower at thestations with fish cages. The presence of fish cages significantly increased the concentration of nitratenitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, orthophosphate and chlorophyll a. Apparently, the nutrient concentrations wererelatively higher near to cages and decreased slightly at sampling points more distant from the cages (p<0.05).
Based on the findings, the water quality dynamics in this area was not pronounced and has not led to any
deterioration of environmental health so far. Moreover, the depth of this reservoir has diluted theconcentration of the nutrients resulting in low concentrations of nutrients as compared to other previous
studies conducted in other areas. The data obtained from this research can be utilised as baseline data forreference by other scientists in terms of ecological management and conservation related to aquaculture
activities.
Keywords: Temengor Reservoir, tilapia cage culture, physical and chemical parameters, lake depths

60

BIOACCUMULATION OF COPPER (CU) IN ORGANS OF Oreochromis Niloticus AT BUYAN AND
TAMBLINGAN LAKE BALIAri Anggara1*, Andhika Puspito Nugroho1
1
Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada - Yogyakarta*Corresponding author: ari.anggara.undiksha@gmail.com
The research aimed to study the degradation of Buyan and Tamblingan lake using ecologicalapproach by investigating the potential and impact of copper (Cu) on freshwater ecosystem. Nile
Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) weighted 200 g and 20 cm body-long was introduced and exposure in each lake.
Bioaccumulation of copper (Cu) was analyzed in muscle and liver using Atomic Absorbance Spectrophotometer(AAS) in 0, 15 and 30 days of exposure. The result showed that the bioaccumulation of copper (Cu) range from
2,04 x 10-3 μmol g-1 to 45,92 x 10-3 μmol g-1 in muscle and 9,34 x 10-3 μmol g-1 to 22,18 x 10-3 μmol g-1 inliver in three station of each lake. Fluctuation of heavy metals accumulation in muscle and liver is due tointernal mechanism respond by exogenous metals metabolism. This result describe that copper (Cu) has higher
concentration in comparison with Indonesia government policy in both lake. These circumstances because thedifferences of environmental disturbance. Buyan has higher disturbance such as deforestation for industry, theusing of organic fertilizer or pesticides and agro-tourism.
Keywords: Copper (Cu), Oreochromis niloticus, Bioaccumulation, Buyan; Tamblingan.

CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER BLOOMS IN THE THREE GORGES RESERVOIR
Yonghong Bi, Zhengyu Hu
Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430072,
Wuhan, China
Corresponding author: biyh@ihb.ac.cn
Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) is the biggest river-type deep reservoir in the world. After the TGR’s
impoundment, more than 170 tributaries became the typical bay in its mid-downstream, where water blooms
occurred frequently in spring and summer annually. The backwater area was the sensitive area for water
bloom and different type of water bloom could be observed, such as dinoflagellates bloom, Cryptomonas
bloom, diatom bloom, green algal bloom and cyanobacteria bloom, et al.. Information on occurring
mechanisms of water blooms in the new reservoir (TGR) is very important to forecast and prevent water
bloom. After 12 year’s investigation, a distinct spatial heterogeneity was the characteristics of the water bloom
distribution. Though water bloom occurred in the backwater area, different type of water bloom could beobserved in different bay at the same time, even in the same tributary. On the other hand, different
tributaries showed significant different variation of predominant spices and the algal biomass. The spatial
features of water bloom was the consequence of accelerated eutrophication process and the changes ofhydrodynamics after the TGR’s impoundment. Significant seasonal succession of water bloom was observed,
dinoflagellates bloom and cryptomonas bloom were appeared in spring, diatom bloom was observed in thelate spring and early summer, green algal bloom occurred in the early summer, cyanobacteria bloom wasfounded in summer and the early autumn. Temperature and light intensity was the driving force in the
succession of water blooms in TGR.

61

CHALLENGES IN THE RESTORATION OF LAKE MANINJAU: BRIDGING ACTORS’ INTERESTS FORSUSTAINABILITY
Putu Oktavia1* , Uly Faoziyah1
1
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Corresponding author: putu.oktavia@gmail.com
Lake Maninjau, situated in Kabupaten Agam West Sumatera, has a lot of strategic functions ranging from
ecological to socio-economic for the surrounding areas. However, the lake condition in the last decades shows
progressive environmental damage caused by extensive fish cultivation, pollution from domestic uses anddegradation of the catchment areas. This condition if left unchecked, threatens not only Maninjau biodiversity
but also threaten the ability of the lake to sustain the social and economic life of the surrounding community.
The management of Lake Maninjau has become the interests of various parties, including local people,
governments, environmental activists, and investors. Unfortunately, these interests are often not aligned,
giving rise to conflicts. Broadly speaking, potential conflicts of interest in the management of Lake Maninjau is
between economic interests and environmental interests. Therefore, to provide input for decision making
related to quality improvement efforts and management of Lake Maninjau, this paper aims to identify themain problems of the lake management by using stakeholder mapping. Specifically we (i) highlight thechallenges in the restoration of the lake from stakeholders perspectives and (ii) describe the alternatives inbridging actors interest for the successful lake management. This study offers one potential approach in the
management of the lake in Indonesia.
Keywords: Maninjau, local knowledge, stakeholder mapping

THE DIFFERENCE OF TRIGGERS INDUCING ALGAL BLOOMS BETWEEN PLAIN AND PLATEAUEUTROPHIC SHALLOW LAKES
Xiaofeng Cao, Yi Huang *College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
Corresponding author: yhuang@pku.edu.cn
Excessive nutrient loads alter aquatic ecosystem structure and often leads to harmful algal blooms. However,the possible difference of who drive the algal blooms under the eutrophic lakes with different elevations is notclear. Here the goal was to determine if distinct triggers inducing algal blooms occur in plateau and plain
eutrophic lakes. A dataset of 643 eutrophic lakes derived from National Lakes Assessment in 2007 conductedby U.S. Environmental Protection Agency were employed. Self-organizing map (SOM) was used to classified
and characterized the spatial pattern of environmental variables. Two structural equation models (SEM) weredeveloped to identify the triggers and analyze the dynamic response of algae. The results demonstrated solar
ultraviolet was the trigger inducing the algal blooms in plateau eutrophic lakes, while the trigger was watertemperature in plain eutrophic lakes. The findings could provide implications for deeply deciphering theeutrophication mechanism and reserving the detrimental effects of eutrophication.
Keywords: Eutrophication, Self-organizing map, Structural equation model, Solar ultraviolet
radiation,Temperature

62

THE INCREASE OF FLOATING NET CAGES, AQUACULTURE AREA AND WATER QUALITY IN
MANINJAU LAKE, WEST SUMATERA-INDONESIA
Hafrijal Syandri* 1 , Junaidi 1 , Ainul Mardiah 1 , Azrita 2
1
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bung Hatta University, West
Sumatera, Indonesia.
2
Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Bung Hatta University, West Sumatera,
Indonesia.
*Corresponding author: syandri_1960@yahoo.com
This study was carried out to evaluate the increase of floating net cages, aquaculture area and water quality
parameter in Maninjau lake. The results showed that the total floating net cages in the years of 2011 (15,000
units), 2012 (15,860 units), 2013 (16,120 units), 2014 (16,580 units) and 2015 (20,608 units) respectively. The
location of floating net cages in Maninjau lake still dominant in littoral area, with distance 25 to 100 meterfrom the edge of the lake. The aquaculture areas which are used for 20,608 units of floating net cages are
113.7 hectares. Meanwhile, based on the size of fish, stocking density and oxygen used for aquaculture, theneeded ideal area is 1416,04 hectares. The water quality around floating net cages showed there was no
significant differences (p < 0.05) between sampling sites. The results obtained the levels of water transparancy
was 1.91-1.99 meter, ammonia 0.35-0.65 mg/L, nitrite 0.210-0.254 mg/L and the total phosphorus 00.32-0.80
mg/L, respectively. We conclude that increasing of floating net cages around Maninjau lake is not suitable withaquaculture area which have negative effect to sanity of fish and water quality parameter.
Keywords: Maninjau Lake, floating net cages, aquaculture area, water quality.

RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION AND FISH HEALTH IN LAKES WITHIN THE CHERNOBYL ZONE: 30
YEARS AFTER ACCIDENT
Dmitri Gudkov 1* , Natalia Pomortseva 1 , Maria Balandina 2 , Alexander Kaglyan 1 and Alexander
Nazarov 3
1
Insitute of Hydrobiology, Kiev, Ukraine
2
T. Shevchenko National University of Kiev, Ukraine
3
State Specialized Enterprise “Ecocentre”, Chernobyl, Ukraine* Corresponding author: digudkov@gmail.com
During 1998-2015 we studied dynamics and bioavailability of the main dose-forming radionuclides incomponents of lake ecosystems as well as effects of long-term radiation exposure on fish within the Chernobyl
exclusion zone (CEZ). Despite the absence of significant changes in the population structure, as well as a small
number of external morphological disorders and malignant neoplasms in fish, we determined an increase inabnormalities of the axial skeleton, histopathology of liver, gills and gonads, as well as significant changes in
the peripheral blood of fish. Drawing attention the high rate of red cells aberrations and abnormalities in bloodof fish from lakes within the CEZ in comparison with reference lakes. It can testify to certain mutagenous ofenvironment and possible display of radiation-induced genetic instability of fishes in condition of chronic
radiation impact. The increased levels of erythrocyte damages in 4-12 times for pray fish and in 7-15 times for
predatory fish were higher in comparison with fish from the reference lakes. Hereby the long-term radiation
exposure of fish in lakes within the CEZ causes reactions, showing the damage of important biological systems.
The special significance may acquire cytogenetic and genetic effects resulting from disorders of the genome
stability with high probability of appearance in the form of increased mutation rates, decreased fertility andloss of the most sensitive species. Cumulative radiobiological processes can last for many generations allowing
currently assume the possibility of incomplete realization of the long-term effects of irradiation.
Keywords: Chernobyl exclusion zone, lake ecosystems, fish, radioactive contamination, radiation-induced
effects.

63

CREEPING WATER-PRIMROSE THREATS AKANOI BAY WHICH INSIDE THE LAKE BIWA THE
RESERVOIR OF KANSAI REGION
Mamoru Terada * , Shoichi Nakajima *Aakanoi Biwako Environmental Citizen’s Initiative
Corresponding author: houjyounosato@lake-biwa.net
The Akanoi bay is the one of the most invade water pollution area in the lake biwa,the largest lake in Japan.
The akanoi bay is inlet that had biodiversity therefor it had many living things inhabit until 1960s. In 1996,weorganized the NPO called Akanoi Biwako Environmental Citizen’s Initiative to restore the water environment of
this area. Spontaneously Invasive foreign species named water primrose are discovered in 2009 in Lake Biwa
and it starts growing rapid speed. Then we started project to remove these water primrose withresident,fishery assocoations,students,and companies.Continuing this operation,with government andadministration,we obtain an evaluation as the model case in Shiga prefecture the Kansai region.
Keywords: water-primrose , npo , lake biwa , akanoi bay

Room C, Topic 1 Climate Change and Water Crisis
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON WATER QUALITY OF PHEWA LAKE, NEPAL
Rudraraya
IDS Nepal Balwatar
Corresponding author: rudra7raya@googlCorresponding author.com
Water quality of Phewa lake has been identified as potentially vulnerable to climate change. In a subtemperate climate like western region of Nepal, there will be changed in the spatial and temporal distributionof temperature and precipitation due to climate change which in turn will increase both the intensity andfrequency of extreme events like droughts and floods. Climate change has several impact on water quality of
Phewa Lake because of depletion of oxygen level and thermal stratification. The prime objective of thisresearch is to analyze impact of climate change on water quality Phewa Lake through CE-QUAL- W2 simulation
model. The model parameters were calibrated by field data collected during 2002–2007, and verified against
observations made during 2007–2011. The projected temperature and precipitation data for the near- andlong-term future were downscaled to regional and daily scales, and used to simulate the projected changes inwater quality through the validated model. This lake is tectonic nature so the stratified random samplingtechnique was adopted at sampling time. The results indicate that rising temperatures will significantly lower
the water quality in sub-tropical climate region through greater thermal stability and dissolve oxygen
stratification, resulting in reduced dissolve oxygen concentrations in deeper layers of the lake and increased
release of phosphorus and nitrate nitrite from sediments. Dissolve oxygen is decreasing from 9.5mg/l to 6mg/l
in mean annual in summer season. Average annual surface water temperature is going up by 2.2 percentage.
This flux in phosphorus in the hypolimnion may not support algal growth in the epilimnion during summer.
However, nutrients are projected to increase throughout the lake, since it is well-mixed in late fall/winter. If
the presence of nutrients is high, the prolonged growing season will increase the expected frequency of algal
blooms. Phewa Lake is mesotrophic to eutrophic status. Most of the chemical parameters shows negative
result. The ecosystem of Phewa Lake was worst if depletion rate of oxygen would be continued in future.
Keywords: Climate change, lake, water quality, dissolve oxygen

64

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON NATURAL RESOURCES AND COMMUNITIES: A GEOSPATIALAPPROCH FOR MANAGEMENT
R.N. Samal 1 , A. Ojha 2 , P.K.Mohan 1 , J.Rout 1*
1
Chilika Development Authority, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
2
SPMU-ICZMP, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Corresponding author: jajnasenirout@gmail.com
Climate change causes environmental depletion which became threats to the global economy. The health andproductivity of ecosystems underpins agriculture, stable ecosystems are the foundation for livelihood and foodsecurity. The objective of the study is to propose adaptation measures using geospatial technology forconserve the natural resources and improve the livelihood of the local community from climate change
scenario. Planning & decisions on policies and programs are required for natural resource management need
to be based on broad citizen participation and the engagement of rural communities. The adaptation
measures will help the planning system to regulate the development for the natural resources and socioeconomic environment. The major natural resources in the environment are land and water which destroyedby human interference and also for climate change. With the use of geospatial technology the various
thematic maps are prepared, which are helpful for the site suitability analysis for preparation of land &amp;
water management action plan and also socio-economic development. The study area is one of the micro
watershed of Ansupa lake catchment under Cuttack district of Odisha, India. To reduce the impact of climatechange on natural resources and livelihood, some adaptation measures have been proposed i.e. forafforestation 68.9ha. , gap plantation 13.94 ha, agrohorticulture 389.62ha, for farm pond, renovation ofexisting pond for pisciculture and dockery etc. 11.33 ha., for land management and 5 nos. of bore well, 8 nos.
dug well, 51 nos. LBS / check dam, 4 nos. WHS etc. for water management.
Keywords: Climate, Geospatial, natural resource, LBS, WHS

THE APPLICATION OF SEDIMENTARY PIGMENTS FOR UNDERSTANDING LAKE ECOSYSTEMRESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN IMPACTS IN SOUTHEAST AUSTRALIAN CATCHMENT
Phuong Doan 1, 2
1Faculty of Biology- Environment, University of Education- The University of Da Nang, Da Nang city,
Vietnam.
2
Water Research Network Federation University Australia, Mt Helen Campus, Ballarat Victoria,
Australia.
Corresponding author: phuongdoan09@gmail.com
The western volcanic plains of Victoria, Australia are characterised by a large number of permanent andintermittent saline and freshwater lakes. These lakes have been subjected to a large number ofpalaeolimnological studies mainly using pollen, diatoms, ostracods and carbonates to reconstruct climate
variability in the western region of Victoria. Reconstructed climate change in those studies has shown a close
relationship between salinity, lake water levels and climate variability and change in Western Victoria;
however, changes in the functioning of aquatic ecosystems in response to climate variation and catchment
modification since European settlement have not been adequately examined. This study presents thereconstruction of past algal productivity changes over a long time-scale prior and post European settlementfrom sedimentary pigments. Through using this biomarker preserved in lake sediments, changes in lakeecosystem productivity, in association with key climatic and catchment environment parameters can beinferred, hence enabling the insights of how aquatic ecosystems have responded to climate change and humanpressures.
Keywords: eutrophication, lake response, productivity, cyanobacterial pigments, land use impacts

65

LIVING BY THE WATERSIDE: HUMAN ADAPTATION TO GLOBAL WARMING DURING THE HOLOCENE
CLIMATIC OPTIMUM IN CHINA
Shin-ichi NAKAMURA 1* , Guoping SUN 2 , Yunfei ZHENG 2
1
Kanazawa University, Japan
2
Zhejiang Institute of Archaeology, China*Corresponding author: shenyi@staff.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
We have been engaged in the Sino-Japanese Joint Research on Neolithic cultures in Zhejiang Province, China
for more than ten years. The aim of the project is to analyze the ecofacts from archaeological sites in order toelucidate the conditions of the natural environment and the subsistence and diet patterns of people at thetime. This report deals with the causal relationship between the climatic change during the Holocene and the
beginning of the way of living by the waterside. In Eastern China, over the course of the Early Holocene, thetemperature steadily rose toward the Climatic Optimum. Although various sea level curves for the area havebeen presented, the collective view on the date for the peak is around 6,000 BP or a little earlier. The warming
was also accompanied with humidification. The deciduous forests and semi-arid grasslands that distinguishedthe Late Pleistocene changed into vast inland lakes and swamps. The Kuahuqiao site, Zhejiang Province is thetype site of the Kuahuqiao culture and is dated back to the first half of the sixth millennium BC. The groundsurface of the site is only 4 m above sea level. It is rich in ecofacts which show high dependency on wetland
resources. Especially remarkable among the excavated objects at the site are a wooden ladder and a dug-out
canoe that belong to the oldest of their kind in the world. The ladder is a type made of a tree trunk withtriangular notches for steps. This hints at the existence of pile dwellings at this site. It is likely that the dug-out
canoe and ladder were invented as a pre-adaptation for successfully moving into the wetland environments of
the lowlands which had unstable, fluctuating water tables. During the fifth millennium BC (Hemudu culture),
adaptation to the wetland settings established. It is clear that they had already begun rice cultivation, based
upon evidence of abscission scar at the base of carbonized rice spikelet. The presence of agricultural
implements, hoes, or spades made of wood and mammal scapulae also supports this assumption. However,neither paddy fields nor irrigation facilities have been found. It is necessary to emphasize that they had abroad-spectrum subsistence strategy highly dependent on lacustrine resources and the rice cultivation was
only a part of it and it took another millennium to establish the ancient civilization (Liangzhu culture) based onrice cultivation.
Keywords: China, Climatic Optimum, Kuahuqiao culture, Hemudu culture, Tianluoshan site

SOURCE AND SINK OF CO2 AND TROPHIC SWITCHOVER IN THE CHILIKA LAKE, INDIA
Pradipta R. Muduli*, Saroja K. Barik, Abhijeet Das, Bita Mohanty, Alaya T. Behera, Suprava Mallick,Rabindro N. Samal, Gurdeep Rastogi, Ajit K. Pattnaik
Wetland research and training center, Chilika Development Authority, Barkul, Balugaon, Khurda,
Odisha 752030, India*Corresponding author: prmuduli.wrtc@gmail.com
Chilika Lake, one of the largest lake in the world and the first Ramsar site in Aisa was studied to understand thecarbon dynamics with respect to spatial aswellas temporal scale. In the present study, the CO2 was calculated
as a difference of pCO2 of water and air considering other factors such as solubility coefficient and gas transfer
velocity of CO2. The monthly data of relevant parameters from 30 stations spreading over the Lake collectedduring march 1999 to march 2016 (17years) was analysed normalizing through necessary correction factors to
avoid methodological variability with respect to time. The pCO2 and CO2 flux recorded to have a significant
spatial as well as temporal variability. The study reveals that the inter-seasonal variability leading to trophic
switchover mostly attributed to the pattern of rainfall, riverine discharge and extent of seawater mixing. The
Lake found to maintain four different ecological zones with respect to environmental characteristics. The
spatial variability (in respect to different zones) of pCO2 and CO2 flux mostly controlled by presence/absenceof vegetation and total carbon distribution in the Lake. Inhibition in primary productivity due to turbidity (bywind induced bottom sediment churning), decomposition of macrophytes and lowering of pH by mixing ofriverine freshwater was responsible for the trophic switchover in the several regions of the Lake. The longterm monitoring of such parameters proved to be an effective tool to understand the behavior of an
ecosystem with respect to trophic status and it’s controlling factors.
Keywords : CO2 flux, pCO2, vegetation, Riverine discharge, Trophic status

66

RISE IN WATER LEVEL OF LAKE ENRIQUILLO, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Virgilio Antonio Miniño1*, Yolanda León2, Cándido Quintana3
1
Department of Basic and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo,
Dominican Republic2
Department of Basic and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo,
Dominican Republic
3
Department of Basic and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo,
Dominican Republic*
Corresponding author: Virgilio.minino@intec.edu.do
Lake Enriquillo is the largest of the Antilles with a surface area of approximately 265 square kilometers and its
water level at approximately 44 meters below sea level. The lake is hypersaline. Its salinity normally fluctuates
between 80 and 110 ppt. As of 2004 a continued rise in the level of its water was observed, taking its fastest
growth since late November and early December of 2007, when the southwest of the Dominican Republic wasaffected by the tropical storms Noel and Olga. This caused the salinity of the lake to significantly decrease at
20 ppt in 2013. During its history Lake Enriquillo has experienced fluctuations in its water level, but theconcern of this process has been its rapid and continuous growth. By 2012 the surface area of the lake wasover 350 square kilometers. Recent satellite images have shown a decrease in the area of the lake. In thisstudy, we use seismic data, geophysical methods, satellite imagery, and meteorological data to investigate thepossibilities of neotectonics influences over the water level rise of the lake. A Ground Penetrating Radar wasused to monitor the water level around the lake, and seismic data from the region were analyzed andcompared with the precipitation of the study site. Preliminary results indicate that neotectonics has not
influenced in the water level rise of the lake.
Keywords : Lake Enriquillo, hypersaline, precipitation, neotectonics

ESTONIAN CLIMATE AND WATER - TRYING TO GUESS THE FUTURE
Peeter Nõges1*, Tiina Nõges1
1
Centre for Limnology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research, Estonian University ofLife Sciences, Rannu 61117, Tartu County, Estonia*
Corresponding author: peeter.noges@emu.ee
Estonia located at the Baltic Sea coast is a flat country rich in water resources. Five percent of Estonia iscovered by lakes. Long-term periodic changes in atmospheric circulation patterns, such as described by theNorth Atlantic Oscillation winter index, are the strongest signals of meteorological forcing reflected in the
structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems in Estonia. Since the 1960s, the rate of surface watertemperature increase is 0.4 °C per decade in lakes and double of that in the coastal sea as a result of changing
wind patterns pushing warm surface water to Estonian coast. It is not expected that in the coming decades theeffects of long-term trends in the mean values of climatic forcing factors, such as temperature, wind speed or
the amount of precipitation, on aquatic ecosystems will be statistically distinguishable from the effects ofperiodic changes or impacts of direct human pressures. It is more likely that indirect pressures arising fromhuman adaptational responses to climate change (such as elevated water abstraction for agriculture,
production of energy crops or building of flood defense infrastructures) will have a greater impact on water
quality and aquatic ecosystem integrity. In general, Estonia is a safe place by its nature. In spite of that, thefrequency of extreme events and related disasters, such as storm surges, coastal floodings, summer heatwaves, droughts, forest and peat fires is likely to increase that may require application of specific adaptation
measures.
Keywords : climate change, lakes, rivers, coastal waters, North Atlantic Oscillation, adaptation

67

Room C, Topic 6 Database and Knowledgebase Systems, Informatics, andMonitoring Technologies
WEB APPLICATION FOR EXAMINING CLIMATE DATA OF GLOBAL LAKE BASINS: CGLB USING ILEC’SWORLD LAKE DATABASE
Tosiyuki Nakaegawa 1,2* , Shinichiro Horiuchi 1 , Hyungjun Kim 2
1
Climate Research Department, Meteorological Research Institute2
Affiliation Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo* Corresponding author: tnakaega@mri-jma.go.jp
A newly developed web application, Climates of Global Lake Basins (CGLB), combines existing datasets andinteractively displays geographical, hydrological, and climatological information for hundreds of lakes aroundthe world. The listed lakes in this web application is based on the World Lake Database provided by theInternational Lake Environment Committee. CGLB also provides photographs containing vegetation
information by as well as quasi-real time monitoring of lake water levels using satellite altimetry provided by
U.S. Department of Agriculture. CGLB can interactively create and animate time series of climatological data ina one-dimensional or two-dimensional (geographical) form. These functions are useful for education,
expedition planning, and scientific research. As an example of the application’s use, links between water levels
in Kenya’s Lake Turkana and sea surface temperature (SST) and regional precipitation were tested by time-lag
correlation analysis. Precipitation showed no significant correlation with the lake water level for time lags of 0,
1, and 2 months. This suggests that variation in land-surface hydrological processes are key to the interannual
variability in water levels in the lake. In contrast, SST in the central tropical Pacific was strongly correlated withthe lake water level for all time lags. No significant correlation was found between the lake water level and SST
in the Indian Ocean adjacent to Kenya, although significant correlations were found between regional
precipitation and SST in the Indian Ocean.
Keywords: global lakes, lake information, climate, web application, Lake Turkana

PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY IN LAKE GENEVA: A VIEW FROM SPACE DURING A DECADE
Tuuli Soomets 1* , Tiit Kutser 1 , Helgi Arst 1 , Alfered Johny Wüest 2
1
Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Mäealuse St. 14, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
2
Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
Corresponding author: tuuli.soomets@ut.ee
Lakes are the hot spots in the global carbon cycle, and therefore are key elements as climate change
regulators; and the productivity of the lakes has a marked importance in the estimation of their ecologicalstate and for predicting their development in the future. However, in situ approaches are not suited to thereliable measurement of primary production at large scales. Combining satellite data with model calculations
allows monitoring the state of lakes in space and time, providing a new perspective for lake primary
production studies. In this study the primary production was modelled for a large, deep and stratified Lake
Geneva in Switzerland using MERIS image archive for 2002-2012. We used a semi-empirical model that
estimates primary production as a function of photosynthetically absorbed radiation and quantum yield ofcarbon fixation. The necessary input parameters of the model (concentration of chlorophyll a, downwelling
irradiance, and the diffuse attenuation coefficient) were obtained from MERIS products. Our results show thatspatial variability in primary production cannot be neglected in large lakes. One or two measuring points are
inadequate to obtain an overview of the dynamics of the productivity of the lake or the evolution of a large
lake. How have been the overall trends in productivity and has the spatial changes over time been uniform
across the lake? The primary production maps show us the temporal and spatial changes in lakes for a decade,which is impossible to achieve with a common in situ monitoring.
Keywords: lakes, primary production, modeling, MERIS, remote sensing

68

SWAT APPLICATION TO ASSESSING DIFFERENT FERTILIZATION EFFECTS ON WATER QUALITY IN AN
AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED
Seiko Yoshikawa1*, Kazunori Kohyama1, Yuta Shimizu1, Saeko Yada1, Kei Asada1, Sunao Itahashi1,
Yasuhiro Nakajima1, Sadao Eguchi1
1
National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Japan*
Corresponding author: seikoyo@affrc.go.jp
To study the desirable balance of agriculture and water conservation, SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool)
was applied to estimate water, sediment(SS), and nutrient movements, and to assessing effects of different
fertilizations on water quality in an agricultural watershed leading to the Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. The study
area is Sakura River basin of 335 km2 including 29% of rice fields and 20% of upland fields. The DEM, land use
data, and soil data were used for model construction, and meteorological data, soil-profile properties data,irrigation water supplying data, and a general crop management were used for model configuration. Domestic
discharge such as water, SS, Org-N, NO3-N, Org-P, and Min-P were assumed to constantly flow out from each
sub basin in proportion to its urban area. For model calibration and validation, daily stream water flow, andSS, T-N, T-P, NO3-N, Ortho-P concentrations measured a few times a month at a downstream observatory
station were used, and 3 years (2000~2002) were assigned to the warm-up, 3 years(2003~2005) to thecalibration, and the following 3 years (2006~2008) to the validation. By simulations with adjusting several
parameters, good estimations for daily stream water flow and SS with R2>0.6, ENS (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency
coefficient)>0.6, and reasonable estimations for Org-N, Org-P, and NO3-N with R2 from 0.3~0.8 and ENS from
0.1~0.4 were attained. By introducing improved fertilizations (smaller and more frequent fertilizations with
about 10% decreased N-amount) to paddy, upland, and pasture fields, equal or greater crop yields andmitigated NO3-N discharge by 21% were estimated.
Keywords: SWAT,nutrient discharge,fertilization, water quality

MONITORING LAKE WATER QUALITY CHANGES WITH TIME SERIES OF SATELLITE DATA
Tiit Kutser1*, Krista Alikas2 , Külli Kutser1
1
Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Tallinn, Mäealuse 14, Estonia
2
Tartu Observatory, Tõravere, Estonia
Corresponding author: Tiit Kutser Tiit.Kutser@ut.ee
Using of satellite data allows extending lake monitoring from point measurements to the whole lake andimproving the frequency of sampling significantly. On the other hand, most lakes are optically complex
waterbodies. Meaning that the standard remote sensing products do not perform well there. The objective of
our study was to test which processors/algorithms allow us to use MERIS satellite archive for monitoring water
quality in one of the largest (3555 km2) lakes in Europe, Lake Peipsi, and analyze the changes taken place
during the 2002-2011 period. MCI proved to be the best index for phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll-a)
retrieval. This allows us to monitor the chlorophyll-a over the whole lake and increase the sampling frequency
significantly (e.g from 2 annual samplings in Russian part of the lake to more than 40). This data reveals
interesting trends in lake water quality. OLCI, a follow-up mission of MERIS, was launched on Sentinel-3A in the
beginning of 2016 and similar 3B will be launched in 2017. Funding of the Sentinel missions is guaranteed until
2029 meaning that there will be frequent (daily) and long lasting data flow allowing to monitor processes inlakes. MERIS and OLCI have 300 m spatial resolution allowing to monitor only large lakes. Sentinel 2A with 10
m spatial resolution was launched in 2015 and with two sensors in orbit (2017) it will allow to study also verysmall lakes with quite high frequency (every second day at the latitude of Estonia) increasing the role ofremote sensing in lake studies and monitoring significantly.
Keywords: Remote sensing, lakes, water quality.

69

MEROMIXIS IN DEEP MINE PIT LAKES – SIMULATING PERSISTENCE OF STRATIFICATION
Emeline Righetti 1 , Klaus D. Joehnk 2* ,1École Nationale Supérieure d’Ingénieurs de Limoges (ENSIL), Limoges, France
2
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Land and Water, Canberra,
Australia
Corresponding author: Klaus.Joehnk@csiro.au
Water quality in future mining lakes strongly depends on their thermal and chemical stratification. High salinity
groundwater inflow accumulating in the deepest parts of the lake tend to generate a permanent stratification,a monimolimnion. Turbulence generated by wind action and convective mixing during cooling periods inautumn and winter can, on the long run, dissolve an existing chemocline, thus, releasing any material
accumulated in the monimolimnion into the water column. Here we simulate the entrainment process using a
vertical, one-dimensional hydrodynamic model driven by meteorological conditions as found in the mining
districts of eastern Germany and Western Australia, respectively. The model is initialized with chemocline
depth and salinity of the monimolimnion and forced by hourly meteorological data. Simulation periods are of
the order of a century. Modifying climate input data and lake conditions allows us to quantify the timescale ofpersistence of meromictic conditions for different scenarios. The analysis of ~10000 lake simulation runs
shows a consistent pattern of overturn in meromictic post mining lakes after several years or decades
whenever there is no additional saline inflow maintaining the permanent stratification. Air temperature andthe prevailing attenuation coefficient – or turbidity – of the water column will largely determine thepersistence of meromixis. The results of this simulation approach allow to quantify the mixing behavior of
future mine pit lakes based on lake bathymetry, expected chemocline depth and salinity under different
climate conditions.
Keywords: mining, monimolimnion, chemocline, lake model.

LAND USE CHANGE ON SENTRAUM CATCHMENT AREA, WEST KALIMANTAN-INDONESIA
Iwan Ridwansyah1), Kenlo Nasahara2) and Chikako Nishiyama2)
RC Limnology – Indonesian Institute of Science 1)
University of Tsukuba 2)
Lake Sentarum (800 km2) is one of 15 national priority lakes in Indonesia. The lake consists of several
floodplain lakes, so it makes a large seasonal changes in area and depth between rainy and dry seasons. Lake
Sentarum, included in the list of Ramsar Sites, is the largest and the most important part of the wetland
ecosystem in Asia since 1994. Sentarum Catchment Area (4000 km2) is directly adjacent to national boundaryof Malaysia, and currently Indonesian government is improving the economy in border areas. Economic
growth will trigger the land demand for residential areas and cultivation. Therefore, it is important to identify
land use changes that will have impacts on hydrological characteristics and floodplain ecosystem of the lake.
Currently the land use changes in the catchment arise quickly, especially in forests loss and development of oilpalm plantations. The purpose of this study was to analyze the land use changes in Sentarum Catchment Area.
The identification of land use changes was using supervised classification method. Data utilized were Landsat-5(2001) and Landsat-8 (2013). Analysis of land use changes used cross tabulation methods to compare both ofland use data series. Results of the analysis showed the land use in 2013 was still dominated by forests witharea of 2,320 km2 (56.6%) after decrease of 143 km2 for 12 years, while settlement area still only 4.9 km2(0.1%) which was a result of increase of 3.8 km2. Major changes occurred in the development of oil palm
plantations which covers 280 km2 and the majority comes from the area originally covered by forests (140km2).
Keywords : Lake Sentarum, land use, catchment area, classification

70

DAM OPERATION MODEL AIDED FOR ASSESSMENT OF WATER AND SEDIMENT CYCLES AT NEWLYCONSTRUCTED CASCADE REGULATED DAMS: CASE STUDY IN THE UPPER NAKDONG RIVER BASIN,
KOREA
Apip 1,2,* , Lee GIHA 3
1
Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Indonesia
2
Asia Pacific Centre for Ecohydrology (APCE), Indonesia
2
Dept. of Construction &amp; Disaster Prevention Engineering, Kyungpook National University,
Republic of Korea*Corresponding author: apip@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Recently, the K-Water (Korean governmental company for water resources) has constructed two cascadedams: Youngju Main Dam and Youngju Sediment Control Dam in the Upper Nakdong River basin (495 km 2 ),Korea. The sediment control dam was built 8-km in the upstream of the main dam. Beside for flood control
and hydropower supply purposes, the other main function of these two dams is for water quality improvement
through sediment control and manegement such as trapping, flushing, etc. However, many of NGO havecomplained the dam construction impatcs on hydro-ecology of the dam downstream due to insufficient of
sediment supply from the upstream. Additionally, no previous studies were carried out enoughly such that
eco-hydrologists concerned on the assessment of the effect of sediment control dam developments.
Therefore, this research was intended for quantification of water and sediment cycles at the Youngju dam
basin. Dam operation models for water and sediment control in coupling with A distributed Catchment-scale
Soil Erosion Model (C-SEM) have been developed and tested. Herein, the dam operation rules proposed by KWater were successfully formulated in integration with a reservoir sediment-water balance equation. The
results shown that the model could reasonably well used for estimating water and sediment cycles in response
to various water level condition of dams. Furthermore, the developed model provides fundamental
information in planning sediment management strategies for sustainable development of the Youngju dam
basin.
Keywords: dam operation, soil erosion, water and sediment cycles, Youngju Dam

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF INLAND WATER QUALITY USING DATACUBE CONCEPTS
Janet M. Anstee 1* , Tim J. Malthus 1 , Elizabeth J. Botha 1 , Eric Lehmann, Xavier Klaus D. Joehnk 2 ,Nagur Cherukuru 1 , Ho and Arnold G. Dekker 2
1
CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere
2
CSIRO Land and Water
Corresponding author: janet.anstee@csiro.au
Water quality and ecosystem health of inland systems are important for the sustainable developmentof these important ecosystems. The UN-Water agency recognized that there are many challenges inundertaking improvements in water quality or ecosystem health and monitoring their changes over time.
Quantitative use of satellite remote sensing data for the synoptic assessment of these vulnerable resources
has been shown to be cost effective and beneficial for agencies responsible for water quality management.
Multi-temporal Landsat data acquired from the Australian Geoscience Data Cube (AGDC) when combined with
optical modeling approaches, enables for the generation of consistent time-series analysis of inland water
quality data and products. From this data, water quality variables such as total suspended matter, algal
concentrations and the light environment of the water column (vertical attenuation of light) can be retrieved.
When integrated with ESA’s Copernicus’ Sentinel data, the AGDC will provide analysis-ready data for Australia
and the South East Asian region. In particular, Sentinel 2A and 3A data has been shown to greatly increase theaccuracy of chlorophyll retrievals in comparison to Landsat data, and has great potential for large scalemonitoring of eutrophication and associated health risks in inland waters. The Australian Government hassigned an agreement with the European Union in regards to the Copernicus mission, and its technical agencies
are keen to promote an approach supporting the objectives of Copernicus, ensuring that Australia and theregion can benefit from this data. This presentation will demonstrate a framework and product delivery
system for quantitative estimation of inland water quality parameters across a range of different optical watertypes.
Keywords: Copernicus data hub, optical modelling, multi-temporal, remote sensing, water quality

71

ESTIMATION OF THE LAKES OPTICAL PROPERTIES FROM SENTINEL 2 AND SENTINEL 3 SATELLITESFOR ECOLOGICAL AND MANAGEMENTS APPLICATIONS
Anu Reinart, Kristi Uudeberg, Krista Alikas, Martin Ligi, Elar Asuküll
Corresponding author: anu.reinart@to.ee
New satellite sensors that provide data over Earth free have been launched by European Space Agency underprogramme Copernicus during last two years. Sentinel 2 and 3 provide spectral, spatial and temporal
resolution that would allow use of these data to monitor optically complex waters of lakes. However thevariation of lakes waters colour over globe is very large- from dark brow humid rich to crystal clear
transparent, and these lakes locate in very varying geographical heights and in climate conditions. Main factors
influencing to the optical water type are dissolved organic carbon in water, phytoplankton biomass andamount of suspended sediments. Additional factor is also spectral atmospheric transparent that affects thesatellite signal. We provide classicisation of lakes based on satellite data into five optical type and link thesetypes with possible ecological classification, show the main areas where the classification needs
complementary sub-classes, adaption to quickly changing environmental conditions or climatic conditions.
Keywords: Remote sensing, ecological situation, lakes management

COUPLING OF GIS AND HEC-HMS FOR FLOOD DISCHARGE HYDROGRAPH ESTIMATION IN A
PROPOSED RESERVOIR (CASE STUDY: SINDANGHEULA RESERVOIR)
Faris Zulkarnain 1,2* , Aswita Wulandari 1 , Baiti Rahma Maudina 1 , Putri Maudy Kusumah 1 , Evi
Anggraheni 1 , Dwita Sutjiningsih 1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia
2
Department of Geography, Faculty of Mathematics &amp; Natural Science, Universitas Indonesia
Corresponding author: faris.zulkarnain@sci.ui.ac.id
Understanding the rainfall-runoff process and flood discharge hydrograph characteristics in reservoir’scatchment is really important particularly for designing spillway. Designing the dimension of spillway must
consider the return period flood that driven by storm event or extremely rainfall condition to meet risk andsafety factor analysis of Sindangheula Reservoir that will be build in the near future. This paper presents
application of HEC-HMS and geographic information system (GIS) to estimate flood discharge hydrographcharacteristics in a proposed Sindangheula Reservoir. The SCS unit hydrograph and SCS-Curve Number model
were used to determine transformation method between rainfall and runoff process that produce a flood
discharge hydrograph in the outlet of the Sindangheula reservoir. The hydrological and GIS data of the study
catchment such as: reservoir’s catchment deliniation, schematic diagram of reservoir’s catchment, digital
elevation model (DEM), landuse, hydrology soil group and curve number calculation were processed by using
ArcGIS 10.1 and its extension, ArcHydro tools and HEC-GeoHMS as input models to HEC-HMS. The result of thisresearch describes the application of GIS and HEC-HMS such as: its capability, reliability, and limitation for
estimating flood discharge in a reservoir for designing spillway.
Keywords: GIS, HEC-HMS, HEC-GeoHMS, Flood Discharge Hydrograph, Sindangheula Reservoir

72

ASSESSMENT OF HYDROLOGIC ALTERATION IN A SAHALIEN SHALLOW LAKE WITHIN ITSECOSYSTEM; LAKE GUIERS, SENEGAL
Sambou Djiby 1* , Diekkrüger Bernd, Gaye Amadou Th
1
WASCAl-GRP climate change and water resources, University of Abomey calavi, Benin
2
University of Bonn, Germany
3
University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
Corresponding author: samboudjiby@outlook.com
During the last three decades, climate change, increasing population, changing patterns of water demand haspressurized Lake Guiers’ water resources. To address these challenges, Senegalese authorities turned to theconstruction of dams along Lake Guiers and its tributaries. In this study we assess Lake Guiers hydrologic
alteration in order to build greater understanding of flow regimes and facilitate informed resource
management decisions on environmental flows. 35 years of daily streamflow data records in Lake Guiers were
investigated to determine the Indicator of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA). Two times series (pre-dams and postdams periods) were considered. The Range of Variability Approach (RVA) was used to quantify themodification of the IHA by comparing the requencies within three fixed intervals. Dams and sluices profoundly
affect the hydrologic conditions in the Lake Guiers. They reduced high monthly variability of discharges,
increased the range of daily discharges, altered the timing of high and low flows, and changed the timing of
the yearly maximum and minimum flows. Comparing with that in the pre-impact period, hydrologic features
demonstrated obvious changes during the post-impact period. The flow magnitude was smaller and thefrequency of low flow events decreased during all months; and the maximum flows and minimum flows
increased. The number of high flow events and annual base flow 50% exceedance presented increasing trend.
Annual median rate of change appeared as a decreasing trend. Base flow remains low both in pre and post
impact. These changes have greater impacts on the water quality and the environmental flow.
Keywords: Streamflow, environmental flow, Indicator of hydrologic alteration, Lake Guiers, Senegal.

DEVELOPMENT OF SPATIAL REGRESSION MODEL TO IMPROVE LAKE WATER QUALITYMANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA
Bashirah Fazli1, Aziz Shafie2, Normaliza Noordin3, Nasehir Khan E.M. Yahaya 4, Suriyani Awang5, Azman Mat
Jusoh6, Pauziah Hanum Abdul Ghani7
1,2Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
3
Principle Assistant Director, Environment, Lake and Wetland Division, Perbadanan Putrajaya, Putrajaya,
Malaysia
4,5,6River Basin Research Centre, National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM), Jalan Putra
Permai, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia.
7
Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Corresponding author:bashirah.fazli@gmail.com
Water quality of lentic ecosystem is highly dependent on upstream processes and activities in the catchment
area. Thus, integrated watershed management approach is necessary in order to effectively manage the lakewater quality. Given the lentic nature of lakes with long retention time and complex response dynamics, it isan arduous task to comprehend types and strengths of pollutions that would impact the water quality status
and the responses by the biological communities. The existing traditional evaluation practice of lake water
quality that is based upon a quick assessment without considering seasonal succession will never be accurate.
Thus, limited information could affect decisions in making effective strategies to overcome water quality
deterioration which escalates with time. In addition, established water quality index based on a few fixedparameters may not be sufficient to address problems in different lake types. Hence, consolidating GIS spatial
analyst with statistical analysis in one platform as a foundation for the proposed development of water quality
prediction model will provide the lake management a supporting tool that will meet the existing sustainable
development and water resource management policy. The developed model is incorporated with both
statistical and spatial analysis of linear multi-regression using ARC-GIS 10.3. The visualisation output would
guide lake managers to prioritise on the areas that require attention. This paper discussed the conceptual
framework of the developed water quality prediction model. The model development processes andpreliminary findings is also highlighted.
Keywords : Integrated management, GIS, prediction model, water quality.

73

Room D, Topic 8 Ecotechnology, Ecohydrology
USING SUBMERGED VEGETATION AND CHLOROPHYLL A DEFINE THE ALTERNATIVE STABLE STATESOF A SHALLOW LAKE, BAIYANGDIAN, CHINA
Ping He1*, Jie Xu1, Ying Ren1, Qin Wang1, Jiaqiang Du1, Weiling Liu1
1
Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences2
Sino Environmental Investment Holding Group Co.LTD*Corresponding author: 972900901@ qq.com
Alternative stable states of shallow lakes explain the process of ecological degradation or recovery.
Baiyangdian, the largest freshwater lake in northern China, was separated by artificially dug and raised
platform fields into small or medium-sized ponds which are connected by navigation channels. The pollution of
the western ponds were heavier than the eastern ponds, since more than 100,000 inhabitants concentrated in
the western bank and western platform fields of the lake, and also the inflow is from the western rivers.
Defining the alternative stable states of the pond communities is necessary for the appropriate ecologicalrestoration from pond to pond. Based on the data of submerged macrophytes and water qualities of 70 sites
along a rough gradient of eutrophication from west to east, the adaptabilities of the plant species to thepollution were ranked from their relationship with water qualities. The Charophytes dominated community
which accompanied with Utricularia vulgaris L indicates a clear state of water, alternately a Potamogeton
pectinatus L dominated community or no vegetation indicates a turbid state. The ratio of chlorophyll a (ug/ml)
to the biomass of submerged vegetation (kg/m2) (Chla/BSV) has two turning points (1, 5) along the Chla
gradient and suggests that Chla/BSV <1 cover with clear state while Chla/BSV >5 with turbid state.
Keyword : Alternative stable states, Shallow lakes, Submerged vegetation, Chlorophyll a, Baiyangdian Lake

ECOTECHNOLOGY FOR URBAN WATER SECURITY (A CASE STUDY OF INDRADHNUSHYA CENTER,
PUNE- THE NAWATECH INITIATIVE)
Sayali Joshi1, Pallavi Patil2
1
CEO2
Environment Executive
1,2
Shrishti Eco-Research Institute (SERI), B-106, Devgiri, Near Ganesh Mala, Sinhagad Road, Pune –411 030 INDIA
Corresponding author: sayali@seriecotech.com, pallavi.patil@seriecotech.com
Modern Urban development demands large quantity of freshwater which generates tremendous pressure on
depleting fresh water resources. The prime feature of the urban water cycle is the maximization of recycling
and reuse of treated wastewater for various non-consumptive and consumptive applications to lessen thepressure on freshwater resources. In the urban catchment, the water balance can be achieved using various
technological options with standardized management procedures to ensure supply of good quality water.
Under NaWaTech, an initiative of European Union and Department of Science and Technology, Government ofIndia, project Eco-Filtration Bank treatment system, designed by Shrishti Eco-Research Instityte is installed at
Indradhnushya Environment Center, established by the Municipal Corporation of Pune (Maharashtra, India).
Ambil stream passing by the Indradhanushya Environment Center premises has non-monsoon flow about 70–
100 MLD (though in monsoon 300 MLD) is contaminated with sewage till confluence with Mutha River. Ecofiltration Bank (EFB) system proposed for the treatment of stream water is comprised of Screen, Intake well,
Soil Scape Filtration and Treated water pond. About 50 cu m / day water from the stream is tapped to yield 40
cu m/day clean water for irrigation of public gardens and toilet flushing at public places. This systemdemonstrates the utilization of contaminated stream water for non-consumptive uses thereby reducing thepressure on freshwater demand. Ecotechnology provides low maintenance, natural technologies for reuse andrecycle of the waste water generated by urban settlements. These cost effective technologies reduces spacefoot print, carbon foot print, and energy foot print leading to sustainable urban development and urban
economics.
Key word : NaWaTech, Ecotechnology, Eco-filtration Bank, Soil Scape Filter,

74

IMPACT OF ECO-RESTORATION OF CHILIKA LAKE THROUGH HYDROLOGICAL INTERVENTION ONFISHERIES OUTPUT AND SALINITY DYNAMICS
K.S.Bhatta1*, S.Parida1, S.K.Mohanty1 & P.K.Mohan1
Chilika Development Authority, C-11, BJB Nagar, Bhubaneswar -751 014, India
Corresponding author: bhattaks@yahoo.co.uk
Chilika is the largest brackish water lake in Asia situated on the east coast of India. It is the first Indian Ramsarsite of international importance for its rich biodiversity, rich fisheries resources, a million of migratory birds
and several rare and endangered species of which Irrawady dolphin is the flagship animal of the Lake. After
passing through an eco-degradation phase for several years, hydrological intervention with opening of a newlake mouth was carried out in 2000 for restoration of the Lake. Regular monitoring of fishery yield and water
quality were carried out before hydrological intervention to generate baseline information for the prerestoration period. The post-restoration monitoring of fisheries output and salinity dynamics during postrestoration period (2001-2002 to 2013-2014) indicated spectacular enhancement in fisheries output andsalinity dynamics. Collection and estimation of fish catch statistics from the lake employing the systematic
sampling technique with landing centre approach during the pre- & post-restoration period embodied thepositive impact of eco-restoration. The average annual fisheries output during 13 years of post restoration
period (12137.14 t) registered an increase of 595.24 % in comparison to the pre-restoration yield (1745.75 t)
during 1999-2000. The average annual salinity (8.5 ppt) during 1999-2000 (pre-restoration period) was
increased to average annual salinity of 11.5 ppt, registering an increase of 35.29 %.
Keyword : Chilika Lake, hydrological intervention, eco-restoration, fisheries output, Salinity dynamics.

ECO-FRIENDLY LARGE SCALE TESTS TO REDUCE PHOSPHEROUS IN RIVER WATER BY ELUTING IRON
ION SYSTEM
Naozo
Fukuda1*,
Toshiya
Akasaki1,
Mikio
Sugimoto2,
KenkichiMaruyama3,
Tomohiro Ichikawa3, Shigeru Endo4, Takeharu Konami5
1
Fukken Co., Ltd.
2
Move Research laboratory
3
Geo Design Co., Ltd.
4
Get Incorporate
5
Okasan Livic Co., Ltd.
Corresponding author: fukuda@fukken.co.jp
A large scale verification tests were performed. The purpose was the reduction in phosphorus in river waterusing technique of eluting iron ion bodies and to suppress generation and water purification phytoplankton in
the rivers flowing into Lake Kasumigaura, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. The system that was consisted of three
processing 25 m3 tanks as 10m3, 10m3 and 5m3 were developed based on a rolling dram cartridge system inorder to elute Fe2+ continuously. The amount of treatment water was 100-300m3 per day and the volume
384kg of eluting iron ion body was referred from a middle scale verification test of 3m 3 single processing tankand laboratory column experiments. The reduction rate of PO 4-P of treatment raw water recorded 31-47%
relative to the quantity of flow. That means we achieved the targeted value of reduction over 30% of PO 4-P byseries of experiments. These experiments found that it is important a deposition process to reduce PO4-P and
TP under gentle velocity of treatment flow. pH and DO of the treated water to be discharged into the river wasa value that fully satisfy the environmental regulations value. It aims in the future a better cost balanced
system construction by eluting iron ion effectively.
Keywords: large scale verification tests, reduction of phosphorus, eluting iron ion, river water purification,
suppress generation of phytoplankton

75

FISH CRADLE PADDY FIELD PROJECT
1
Ayao Hori2
Miho Saito
1
Seseraginosato (Association for Promotion Fish cradle paddy field project), Japan2
Department of Economics, Shiga University, Japan
Corresponding author: ayao@hori55.com
Fish cradle paddy field project aims to maintain agricultural productivity while restoring paddy fieldenvironments where fish can spawn and breed. Until the mid-1960s, farmers had great difficulty growing ricein paddy fields around Lake Biwa, due to flooding caused by fluctuating water levels in Lake Biwa and work in
wet paddies using paddy field boats. Meanwhile, Paddy fields, warm and rich in the plankton on which fish
feed, were ideal spawning and breeding sites for lake fish. From the mid-1960s, land consolidation projects
were promoted, resulting in increased productivity and improved agricultural management. Conversely, toconvert wet paddy fields into dry paddy fields, drainage canals were made deep, fish was difficult to go
upstream at a rice paddy. Therefore, Shiga Prefecture is promoting the “Fish cradle paddy field project” bywhich to maintain agricultural productivity while restoring paddy field environments where fish can spawn andbreed. Install fish-ways (fish ladders) with a series of steps that reach the level of paddy fields so that waterlevel of the drainage canal is level with the paddy field surface, fish coming from Lake Biwa can enter paddy
field and spawn. Hereby, restoration of the local ecosystem is expected to increase environmental awarenessamong local residents, revitalize the local community and stimulate development of brand agricultural
produce as eco-friendly brand rice.
Keywords: local ecosystem, environmentl awareness, local community, heartware approaches.

A NEW METHOD TO ESTIMATE CONCENTRATIONS OF PHOSPHOROUS, NITROGEN AND COD INEUTROPHIC RIVERS
Tsuyoshi Kinouchi1* and Yan Zeng 1
1
Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo
Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
Corresponding author: kinouchi.t.ab@m.titech.ac.jp
A new method was proposed to estimate the concentration of total phosphorous (TP), total nitrogen (TN) andchemical oxygen demand (COD) in eutrophic river streams as an alternative to the conventional rating method(LQ method). The method was formulated and parameterized based on the water quality data obtained from anumber of water samples collected from six rivers flowing into the Lake Kasumigaura. For estimating TP and
COD, the ratio of particulate phosphorous (PP) and particulate COD (PCOD) to the total constituents (PP/TP
and PCOD/COD, respectively) was represented as a function of concentration of suspended sediments (SS).
Furthermore, the ratio of constituent per unit weight of SS is represented by a function of SS with a correction
factors depending on the ratio of particulate components (PP/TP and PCOD/COD). These equations are
combined to calculate TP and COD with observed SS as an only input variable. For TN, we proposed a method
to estimate dissolved nitrogen (DN) from the monitoring of Nitrate (NO3-N) and particulate nitrogen (PN) from
SS. The estimated concentrations of TP, TN and COD well agreed with those observed with the root meansquare error (RMSE) less than that calculated from the rating method. It was concluded that using monitored
SS, NO3-N and the flow rate, we can obtain reliable information regarding the concentration and load of TP, TN
and COD in the eutrophic streams.
Keywords: Estimation Method, Concentration, Total Phosphorous, Total Nitrogen, COD, Suspended Sediment76

CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FOR SEWERAGE TREATMENT FOR MULTIPLE WATER USE TO AVOIDPOLLUTION AT BHUBANESWAR
Prasanta Kumar Mohapatra 1* , Rajesh Biniwale 2, Manoranjan Dash 3 , Chitta Ranjan Das4
1
Nodal Officer, Orissa Water Supply & Sewerage Board (OWSSB), Satyanagar, Bhubaneswar-751007
2
Principal Scientist, National Environmental, Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), CSIR, Nagpur,
India
3
Member Secretary, OWSSB, Satyanagar, Bhubaneswar-751007, India
4
Advisor, OWSSB, Plot No. 42, Surya Nagar,Bhubaneswar-751003, India
Corresponding author: prasanta.k.mohapatra@gmail.com
Domestic sewerage at Bhubaneswar, India, contains a lot of polluted matters, which pollute air, water& soil. Literature survey revealed that though a number of methods are available for sewerage treatment yet
use of Environmental compatible bio-technology methods are rather scanty in literature. Therefore
constructed wetlands, using bio-technology method, called Phytorid technology, has been developed &patented by NEERI, CSIR organization at Nagpur, INDIA, is being implemented for Sewerage Treatment at
Bhubaneswar City, INDIA. This city is being developed as number one Smart City of India. The main objective is
to use this technology, which will not only avoid pollution, but the treated water can be used for othermultiple usable purposes in a sustainable way with minimal maintenance. Sewerage Treatment Plant, module
having constructed Wetlands, and different small chambers like screening/floating chamber. Sedimentation
cum anaerobic baffled settler tank, constructed wetlands called Phytorid chamber &amp; also called
equalization tank containing eco friendly bacteria over it planted beautiful flowering plants, the roots of whichreach the surface of water inside the chamber. Finally, the treated water is pumped out for multiple analyzed
for pH, BoD, D.O and other parameters before treatments and after treatment. If does not require electric
power for operation and minimal maintenance. The results after treatment by such process meet Indian
Pollution Control Board norms and is odourless, colourless and pollution free. It can be used for Agriculture,
Horticulture and gardening and many other purposes but not useful for drinking purposes.
Keywords: Constructed, wetland, sewage, multiple water use, pollution

CHALLENGES IN RAW WATER QUALITY, A CASE STUDY IN PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Benjamin C. Villa 1* , Ronaldo C. Padua1
1 Maynilad Water Services, Inc.
Corresponding author: villabc@gmail.com
This paper discusses how Maynilad was able to achieve its service obligation to the West Zone Concession
Area of Metro Manila, Philippines despite having a very challenging raw water source. The then lone water
source Angat Dam and its designed water distribution network can hardly manage the demand of growing
population and rapid urbanization of the company’s service area. Demand is further elevated with the majorityof expansion in the south portion of the concession area. In 2010, Maynilad constructed a membrane-typewater treatment plant with 100 million liters per day (mld) capacity, the very first of its kind and volume in the
country. It draws water from Laguna Lake - a new source with unpredictable raw water quality. This paper will
discuss in detail how Maynilad applied appropriate engineering solutions to its water quality challenge.
Keywords: Laguna Lake, Maynilad, Philippines77

EVALUATION OF INTRODUCING PLANKTON FEEDER MILKFISH (Chanos chanos) TO UTILIZE THE
ABUNDANCE OF PLANKTON AT THE EUTROPHIC DJUANDA RESERVOIR IN WEST JAVA, INDONESIA
Triyanto1), M.Mukhlis Kamal 2), Niken TM. Pratiwi 2)
1)
Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)
2)
Department of Water Resources Management Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Bogor Agricultural
Institute (IPB)
Corresponding author: triyanto@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Since 2008 the milkfish (Chanos chanos) were introduced in Djuanda Reservoir. The introducing fishes aimed
to take advantage of natural food such as plankton that were abundant at the eutrophic reservoir and toincreasing fishery production. This study aimed to evaluate introducing plankton feeder based on the food andfeeding habit of milkfish. The study was conducted in December 2009-February 2010 at 4 stations representing
the reservoir condition. Fish caught by experimental gillnet with the mesh sizes from 1-2.5 inches
approximately every 10 days. Analyses of fish stomach content were determined to describe feed intake,dietary overlap and prey preferences. The results showed that the main food of milkfish based on Index of
Preponderance were phytoplankton (35.2-56.42%), zooplankton (12.22-42.8%) and others (10.92-34.99%). The
domination foods from the phytoplankton were Cynophyceae (10.05-31.12%) and from zooplankton were
Copepods (3.33-27.79%). The difference of the food consumption by the fishes at three size classes of fish
length and between location was statistically no significant (p>0.05). The dietary overlap between three sizeclasses of fish length estimated 0.60-0.98. From the electivity index knew that no difference food electivity
based on proportion of positive and negative food selected value. The food and feeding habit of milkfish
followed the availability of plankton as its food on the water.
Keywords: plankton feeder, milkfish, Chanos chanos, eutrophic and Djuanda reservoir

MOBILE DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANT (TYPE IG5M30) FOR DISASTER EMERGENCYRESPONSE
Ignasius D.A. Sutapa, Eka Prihatinningtyas, Eva Nafisyah and Hasan Fauzi
Research Centre for Limnology - LIPI
Cibinong Sciences Centre, Jl. Raya Bogor Km 46 – Cibinong
Bogor, West Java – Indonesia
Email : ignasdas@yahoo.co.id
Emergency conditions due to floods, landslides and droughts cause shortages of clean water and drinking
water to meet daily needs. These conditions require immediate solution to provide clean water and drinking
water to the people in the disaster area. This research activity aims to develop mobile drinking water
treatment system beeing capable for processing of marginal raw water into drinking water in the affectedareas, in order to help people in the region to access water they need. Development of systems URC-IPAMB
Type IG5M30 is an important step to address the needs of water services in the disaster areas, especiallyfloods. URC-IPAMB Type IG5M30 has been completed and the results of operating system and installation
testing were satisfied. The quality of water produced has met the standard. Some adjustments and system
improvements URC-IPAMB Type IG5M30 still needed in order to optimalize the installation function.
Keywords: mobile plant, operating systems, water quality, clean water, RO system

78

DEVELOPMENT OF UNESCO ECOHYDROLOGY DEMOSITE CARD FOR INTEGRATED CATCHMENTMANAGEMENT OF PUTRAJAYA LAKE AND WETLAND, MALAYSIA
1
Rahmah Elfithri, 1Mazlin Bin Mokhtar, 2Normaliza Nordin & 2Nurliyana Abdul Rahman
1
Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM),
Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Putrajaya Corporation (PPj), Putrajaya, Malaysia; elfith@ukm.edu.my
UNESCO Ecohydrology Demonstration Sites have launched in 2010 focused on "an integrated understanding of
biological and hydrological processes at a catchment scale in order to create a scientific basis for a sociallyacceptable, cost-effective and systemic approach to the sustainable management of freshwater resources in avariety of ecosystems and climatic zones”. UNESCO Ecohydrology Demosite Cards were introduced in 2015 as
low cost advanced methodology for mitigation impacts from molecular to catchment scale. Hence, all UNESCO
Ecohydrology Demosites came out with their own Demosite card as self-assessment for its current
development and achievement related to Ecohydrology implementation in their respective areas. For
Putrajaya Lake and Wetlands whereas a UNESCO Ecohydrology Demonstration Site in Malaysia since 2010 andcategorized as Operational Demosite out of 32 Demosites in the world and the only Operational Demosite inSoutheast Asia, a demosite card on Integrated Catchment Management of Putrajaya Lake and Wetland,
Malaysia is developed. The development of this card were taking into account the current status of Putrajaya
Lake and Wetlands Ecohydrology management by using relevant data and information needed which collectedfrom various sources virtually or directly in collaboration with local stakeholders in Putrajaya. All data gathered
were compiled and arranged into specific Demosite Card template developed by UNESCO. The Demosite Carddeveloped for Putrajaya Lake and Wetlands has shown that major issue contributing to the reduction of theenvironmental condition in Putrajaya is water pollution, which related to elevated level of pollutants fromupstream inflow to the lake that need a serious and systematic management approach and control in order tosustain the catchment area of Putrajaya. The ecohydrological approach that combining the need of theecosystem into the overall planning, approval, monitoring and enforcement jurisdiction of the city
development and the human activities in this catchment area, significantly having a direct impact to the
Putrajaya Lake. A number of monitoring and surveillance conducted in this area has shown very positive signsof interesting habitat development and ecosystem enhancement. Water quality is needed to remain in a goodcondition for allowing water related activities conducted in the lake.
Keywords: Ecohydrology, Demosite Card, Integrated Catchment, Management, Lake, Wetland, Putrajaya.

79

Room D, Topic 10 Limnology and Limnological Science Fundamentals
RIPARIAN VEGETATION AND ITS RELATIONSHIPS WITH RAINBOW FISH OF LAKE SENTANI, PAPUAI Gusti Ayu Agung Pradnya Paramitha1*, Riky Kurniawan1
1
Research Centre for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Corresponding author: agung@limnologi.lipi.go.id
The relationship between riparian vegetation and ornamental fish in Lake Sentani (140° 23'-140° 50' S and 02°
35'-02° 41' E) was studied. This research was conducted from September until October 2014 through survey
method in 3 stations. The survey recorded a total of 30 species within 17 families. Imperata cylindrica (L.)
Beauv. (Cogongrass) was found as the most abundant species during the survey. Jaifuri was the station withthe most species (20 species) and the most abundant of riparian vegetations (304 individuals). The rainbow
fish found in the stations were barred rainbow fish (Chilaterinna fasciata) (45 individuals) and red rainbow fish
(Glossolepsis indicus) (837 individuals). Dondai was the station with the most abundant of rainbow fish (595individuals). Both of barred rainbow fish and red rainbow fish found in Dondai station. The result of this study
calls for critical consideration for efficient riparian vegetation conservation as a habitat of rainbow fish in thelake because the number of species recorded is lower than expected.
Keywords: riparian vegetation, rainbowfish, Lake Sentani

DOES EUTROPHIC LAKE PROMOTE GREENHOUSE GAS SINK ?
Arianto Santoso1,2*, David Hamilton1
1
Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New
Zealand2
Research Centre for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor 16911, Indonesia
Corresponding author: ari@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Globally, inland waters are known to emit a significant amount of greenhouse gases, namely carbon dioxide(CO2) and methane (CH4), to the atmosphere. The net emissions of these gases are largely associated withorganic carbon decomposition in the system. Lakes and reservoirs also bury a substantial amount of carbon in
the sediment which undergoes remineralization producing dissolved organic and inorganic carbon. Both CO 2
and CH4 are generated in such process too and are returned back to the water column. Eutrophic lakes, on theother hand, were estimated to sink atmospheric CO2 due to their high autotrophic activity, and thereby
contribute to high organic carbon deposition in the sediment. Despite the important of lakes in regulating
global carbon balance, few process-based estimates of emissions from lakes have been undertaken. Here we
calculate CO2 and CH4 emissions in a small, eutrophic monomictic lake (Okaro, New Zealand) using a massbalance model based on concentrations measured monthly over a one-year period. To support modelcomputations, sediment porewater concentrations of CO2 and CH4 and water column profiles of temperature,
dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll a were collected. We also measured organic carbon content in bottom
sediment of the lake to derive estimates of the effects of sediment accumulation and diagenesis on carbon
burial, and to provide insights into net accumulation of sediment carbon. On an annual basis, we calculated
that CO2 is released to the atmosphere at a rate of 4 mmol m-2 y-1. Although mostly being up taken to sustainhigh rates of phytoplankton productivity, CO2 is emitted as a pulsed release during the onset of lake mixing in
winter in which its emission is calculated up to 54.9 mmol m-2 d-1. At that particular time, CH4 is released in alarge amount as well. Up to 6.6 mmol m-2 d-1 of CH4 is calculated emitted from the lake in winter in addition to
the monthly average of ~0.1 mmol m-2 d-1. Based on these calculations, the total annual greenhouse gas
emission rate (CO2 and CH4 combined) from Lake Okaro is 8.8 mol CO2-eq m-2 y-1 (~0.39 kg CO2-eq m-2 y-1) inwhich that is about half of the average emission from global lakes. Our calculation revealed that althoughaccumulating a high rate of organic carbon (2.3 mol m-2 y-1) in the sediment, only a small portion of that carbon
is permanently buried (0.8 x 10-3 mol m-2 y-1). Most of the accumulated carbon is experiencing remineralization
which can be associated with CO2 and CH4 production in the sediment, and may potentially be released to theatmosphere during the mixing. This study suggests that eutrophic lakes with high rates of primary production
may act as a source of greenhouse gases rather than a sink due to their high rate of organic carbon
remineralization in the sediment.
Therefore, knowing that inland waters are dominated by small water bodies with surface areas of <1 km 2 inwhich they are prone to eutrophication, the role of eutrophic lakes is critical in regulating global carbon cycle.
Keywords: Greenhouse gas emissions, carbon dioxide, methane, global carbon cycle, eutrophic lakes

80

STUDY OF FISHERY LOAD CAPACITY IN SUTAMI-LAHOR RESERVOIR USING CLOROFIL-A ANDZONING METHODS
Teguh Winari1*, Dian Hapsari1, Kamsiyah Windianita 1, Kurdianto Idi Rahman1, Fahmi Hidayat 1,
Raymond Valiant Ruritan 1, Sri Sudaryanti2
1
Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation
2
Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, Brawijaya University*Corresponding author: teguhwinari@gmail.com
Sutami and Lahor reservoir is the largest man made reservoir in East Java Province with multiple function,
which one of them is for aquaculture. Fishery activities with floating net, trawl, and fishnet separator in Sutami
and Lahor reservoir held by society nearby the bay along the reservoir. Those activites are also created wastethat create higher pollutan load in reservoir. Study of fishery load capacity in Lahor and Sutami Reservoir heldwith Chlorofil-a method and intended to preserve the benefits of water resources sustainability. The
calculation of Chlorofil-a concentration in unit (mg/m2) will produce distribution of fisheries potention in eachreservoir. The right system to manage fisheries scatter-catch with zoning system, which means divided theteritorial waters based on their physical and biological to organize the reservoir fisheries pattern based onreservoir priority function. Sutami and Lahor Reservoir divide into Dangerous Zone, Conservation Zone,
Commercial Operation and Free Zone. The result shown the average potention of fishery potention in Sutami
Reservoir in range of 73,18 - 166,85 ton/year with fisheries production in Sutami Reservoir in a number of
42,76 ton/ year. The average potention of Lahor Reservoir in range of 10,70-16,64 ton/ year and the fisheries
production Lahor Reservor in a number of 351 ton/ year.
Keywords: Sutami-Lahor Reservoir, Fishery, Chlorofil-a, Zoning

PELAGIC TO BENTHIC PRIMARY PRODUCTION RATIOS IN TWO LAKES WITH CONTRASTING LIGHT
CONDITIONS
Fabien Cremona1, Alo Laas1, Toomas Kõiv1, Margot Sepp1, Peeter Nõges1, Tiina Nõges1
1
Centre for Limnology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University ofLife Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
Corresponding author: fabien.cremona@emu.ee
Pelagic primary production of phytoplankton and benthic primary production of periphyton were modelled in
two small lakes of Estonia (north-east Europe). Although located only 500 m apart from each other, the watercolor and light attenuation of these two lakes differed markedly. Secchi depth in the clear-water lake was 4.5
and only 0.5 m in the dark-water, total phosphorus was, respectively 15 µg L-1 and 28 µg L-1. We employed aprocess-based model whose inputs were morphometric, light, and dissolved organic carbon parameters
obtained from in situ measurements. The model calculated primary production with a time step of 10 minutes,
and a spatial resolution of 10 cm, from sunrise to sunset and from surface to lake bottom. While in the clear
lake, the primary production of periphyton and phytoplankton were almost equal, in the dark lake only
phytoplankton contributed to whole-lake primary production because of the stronger light attenuation in thewater column. The hypsometric profiles differed dramatically between the two lakes. The clear lake had deep,
U-shaped curve with high production at all depths in the morning but no increase afterwards; on the other
hand, the dark lake production curve was increasing in midday but declined rapidly below the surface. The
model we employed was a useful tool for sorting between systems where primary production was light- or
nutrient-limited.
Keywords: DOC, light, nutrients, production, periphyton

81

INFLUENCES OF MACROPHYTES ON SPATIAL VARIATION OF PHOSPHROUS SPECIES IN SEDIMENTOF THE CHILIKA LAGOON
Saroja Kumar Barik1*, Pradipta Ranjan Muduli2, Prasanta Rath1, Ajit kumar Pattanaik2,Satya Narayan
Brahma3,Bita Mohanty2, Dibakar Behera1
1
School of Applied Science,Dept. of Chemistry,KIIT University,Bhubaneswar,Odisha, India
2
Wetland Research and Training centre,Chilika Development Authority,Barkul,Odisha India
3
Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), DAE, Government ofIndia, Kalpakkam 603 102,Tamil Nadu,India*Corresponding author: mktchem@gmail.com, bariksaroj@yahoo.co.in
The Phosphrous(P) cycle of the lagoon is mostly influenced with decomposition and regeneration processmacrophytes and the exchange between benthic and pelagic compartment. However, the P species variation
greatly influenced over time and space depending up on the environmental characteristics. In order to explore
the variability of P species in respect to sediment quality and macrophytes, the Asia’s largest brackish waterlagoon ‘Chilika’ was studied during 2013. Samples were collected from 15 stations covering four sectors(Sourthen sector(SS),Northen sector(NS),Central sector(CS) and Outer channel(OC)) of the lagoon. Organiccarbon was positively correlated with water temperature,which indicated that vegetation biomass was a major
factor for controlling the water temperature of Chilika lagoon. The Spatial distribution of bioavailable
phosphrous showed that rooted vegetated area of the lagoon released less quantity of phosphrous to theoverlying water, Hence, the bio avaialable P concentration observed to maintain an opposite trend withrespect to biomass of rooted vegetation. Sediment particle size distribution strongly affected the spatial
variation of P species, as indicated by a significant correlation between them. Fe/TP value in rooted vegetatedsediments was higher than those of non rooted vegetated of the Lagoon. The rank order of P species in Chilika
sediment based on concentration were; loosely-P(L-P)<aluminum-bound P(Al-P)<iron-bound(Fe-P)<organic P(Org-P)<calcium-bound P (Ca-P). There was a significant negative correlation between Ca-P and Org-P, whichshowed that the converting the Ca-P to soluble and Higher Org-P as a result of P-speciation due to thepresence of vegetation area.
Keywords:Phosphorus speciation.,Sediment, Macrophyte,Chilika Lagoon

ECOSYSTEM RESILIENCE: THE ROLE OF MICROALGAE BASED NUTRIENT RECYCLING
Ahmed Parvez 1 *, A.K.M. Muzahidul Islam and Megat Johari Megat Mohd Noor, Motoo Utsumi 2
1
Ecological Engineering Research Laboratory, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology,
Universiti Technologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2
Aquatic Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba,
Ibaraki, Japan
Corresponding author: ensparvez@gmail.com
Big but shallow lake water are subject to simultaneous exposure from several anthropogenic stressors,
such as pollutants and nutrients and resultant effects come out as bloomed micro algal growth, known as
eutrophication, destroying the ecosystem. This kind of problem facing worldwide, which has created a great
attention to the researcher. So, protecting the lake to become eutrophicated and managing the risk has
become a novel research and new challenges to the lake researchers. Building a nexus between nutrient
enrichment condition and basic ecosystem services from the lake a microalgae based nutrient recycling canplay a vital role towards ensuring the resilient ecological system in a lake community. A co-benefit ofproducing alternative renewable energy and the carbon sequestration has been suggested by the present
investigation using subcritical water (SCW) treatment. The system is considered to be less energy intensive andmore environmental friendly, in which we get three kind of product; upper most part is lipid, which can beconverted to biodiesel, liquid phase, in the middle, contains different N and P species which ca be a directsource of nutrients for N and P and in the bottom, the solid phase can be used as soil conditioner or organic
fertilizer. To achieve the goal of our research, the behaviors of microalgae biomass in subcritical water
treatment have been observed through detailed studies. Optimization for operational conditions of SCW for
efficient recovery of nutrients are analyzed and found the potentialities to make the lake ecosystem a resilient.
Key words: Lake Ecosystem, Resilient, N and P nutrients, Subcritical water, Microalgae

82

CALCULATING METAL BACKGROUND LEVELS OF SEDIMENTS FROM TAIHU LAKE, A LARGE AND
SHALLOW LAKE IN CHINA: AN APPROACH BASED ON SEDIMENT STRATIFICATION
Shuhang Wang, Xia Jiang, Bo Zhang, Li Zhao
State Key Laboratory of environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy ofEnvironmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Corresponding author: jiangxia@craes.org.cn
This paper presents an attempt to reach natural background levels of metals in sediments from large andshallow lake, being strongly influenced by wind-induced waves and currents. The core sediment profiles from
Taihu Lake were classified into four layers, namely “fluid mud layer”, “pollution layer”, “interlayer”, and“nature layer”. The nature layer was defined as the background layer by systematically analyzing theconcentrations of metals in each layer to determine the background values of metals. To correct for the grainsize and mineralogy effect, vanadium appeared to be the most appropriate choice among the different
candidates we tested for normalization. After the samples standing outside the 95% prediction limits withvanadium were eliminated, we used mean values to characterize background concentrations of metals,
namely 30.35, 32768.58, 62.30, 43.90, 448.61, 27828.60, 13.40, 20.58, 18.81, 53.28, 6.41, 59.59, 0.26, 144.12,
and 20.76 mg/kg for Li, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr, Cd, Ba, and Pb, respectively.
Keyword: Taihu Lake, background concentration, sediment, metal assessment, normalization

CURRENT STATUS OF LAKE ARAL – CHALLENGES AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES
N. Aladin1*, T. Chida2, J.-F. Cretaux3, Z. Ermakhanov4, B. Jollibekov5, B. Karimov6, Y. Kawabata7, D.
Keyser8, J. Kubota9, P. Micklin10, N. Mingazova11, I. Plotnikov1
1
Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, Russia
2
Slavic-Eurasian Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
3
CNES/LEGOS, Toulouse, France
4
Aral branch of Kazakh Research Institute of Fishery, Aralsk, Kazakhstan
5
Instutute of Bioecology, Nukus, Uzbekistan
6
Scientific-consulting center ECOSERVICE, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
7
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
8
Hamburg University, Germany
9
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
10
Western Michigan Umiversity, Kalamazoo, USA
11
Kazan Federal University, Russia
Corresponding author: nikolai.aladin@zin.ru
The Aral Sea was the fourth largest lake in the world before 1960. However, it is now split into four separate
parts and water bodies on isolated bays fed mainly by collector-drainage waters (Jiltirbas, Sarbas, etc.) becauseof excessive upstream irrigation water withdrawals from the two main influent rivers, the Syr Darya and Amu
Darya. The resulting rapid increase in salinity has caused a dramatic decrease in the lake biodiversity and lossof fishery. Only a small part of the indigenous biota has survived. The regression of the Aral Sea has also had
profound socioeconomic and human impacts on the lake riparian populations. Accordingly, it is encouraging tonote the reversal of the degradation of the Northern (Small) Aral Sea after the creation of a dike at Berg’s
Strait in 1992. Although this first dike was washed out in 1999, it was replaced with a new structurally-sounddike in 2004-2005. The water level in the Northern Aral has increased several meters and its salinity has
returned to levels that can sustain the pre-1960 ecosystem. The biodiversity also has been somewhat
rehabilitated, and the commercial fisheries have revived. The remnants of the hyperhaline Southern (Large)
Aral unfortunately continue their retreat and salinization. The Large Aral contains no fish species, and almost
all the invertebrate species have been lost. To stabilizethe Aral Sea to its present state would be very difficult,if not impossible, in the foreseeable future. However, a partial restoration of its separate parts is possible.
Plans for further rehabilitation of the Small Sea and possible restoration of some parts of the Southern (Large)
Aral Sea are discussed. In fact, the Aral Sea has experienced a number of water level declines and subsequent
recoveries over the last 10 millennia.
Keywords : Aral Sea, biodiversity, fauna, salinity

83

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS REGULATING THE DOMINANCE SPECIES OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN LAKE
MANINJAU, WEST SUMATERA, INDONESIA
Sulastri1, Arianto Budi Santoso1 and Sulung Nomosatriyo1
1
Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Corresponding author: sulastri@limnology.lipi.go.id
Together with the occurrence of algal bloom high concentration of nutrient are always associated witheutrophication in lakes. However, direct links between nutrient composition and the dominant phytoplankton
taxa in eutrophic lakes are often limited. Using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), we elucidated
phytoplankton assemblage and the associated nutrient and other environmental variables in a highly eutrophic
Lake Maninjau, West Sumatera, Indonesia. Subsurface water samples were collected at 7 study sites in April
and July 2009, April 2014, August 2015 and March 2016 to determine species composition and distribution ofphytoplankton and physico-chemical parameters including Secchi depth, temperature, conductivity, dissolved
oxygen (DO), pH, ammonium (NH4+-N), Total nitrogen (TN), Phosphate (PO4--P) and Total phosphorus (TP).
Succession in the assemblage was observed in August 2015 where the dominance of cyanobacteria was
replaced by diatoms and dinoflagellates. Cyanobacteria taxa of Anabaena sp., Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii
and Microcystis sp. were associated with TN, ammonia and TN/TP ratio, while Planktolyngbya sp. andChroococcus sp. was related to TP, temperature, and pH. Dinoflagellate bloom of Ceratium hirudinella waslinked with phosphate concentration. Our results confirm that changes in nutrient compositions may have
implications for the dominance of taxa in phytoplankton assemblage.
Keywords: canonical correspondence analysis, nutrients, cyanobacteria, eutrophication.

HEAVY METALS CONTENT OF SEDIMENT AND MOLLUSC IN LAKE MANINJAU, WEST SUMATERA
Muhamad Suhaemi Syawal1, Sigid Hariyadi2 and Yusli Wardiatno2
1) Research Center of Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences2) Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences,
Bogor Agricultural University
Some evidence indicates that Lake Maninjau has been suffering from pollution in the last decade due toincreasing activities either in the catchment area or in the lake waters. The aim of the research was todetermine the stage of pollution of the lake through observation of Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, and Fe content in thesediment and molluscs in some river mouths entering to the lake. The three times observations wereconducted from March to September 2015 in seven (7) river mouths of Lake Maninjau. Sediment and molluscs
of each location were sampled for metals content analyses. Some water quality characteristics were also
observed. The molluscs are Corbicula moltkiana, Melanoides sp., and Anodonta woodiana. The metals content
of the sediment were Pb: 0.004-11.230 mg kg-1; Cd: 0.005-0.019 mg kg-1; Hg 0.0006-0.0590 mg kg-1; Cr:undetected (<0.004 mg kg-1); and Fe: 1.173-3.573 mg kg-1. While the metals content in the molluscs were Pb:
0.002-4.170 mg kg-1; Cd: 0.013-1.032 mg kg-1; Hg: 0.0004- 0.1062 mg kg-1; Cr: 0.040-0.098 mg kg-1; and Fe:
0.040-0.948 mg kg-1. The content of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in the lake sediment and molluscs (C.
moltkiana and A. woodiana) were considered high or polluted. The lake water quality in the 7 stations seemed
to be quite turbid with high content of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Keywords: heavy metals, Maninjau, mollusc, sediment84

UNDER ICE AND EARLY SPRING ECOSYSTEM METABOLISM IN TWO CONTRASTING LAKES
Alo Laas1, Toomas Kõiv1, Fabien Cremona1, Peeter Nõges1, Tiina Nõges1
1
Centre for Limnology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University ofLife Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
Corresponding author: Alo.Laas@emu.ee
Lake Nohipalo Valgõjärv and Lake Nohipalo Mustjärv are two small waterbodies (7 ha and 22.2 ha respectively)in southern Estonia. Valgõjärv is an oligotrophic light-colored (Secchi depth 4.5 m) soft-water (HCO3- < 80 mg
L-1) and shallow (max depth 12.5 m; mean 6.5 m) lake. Mustjärv, which is only 500 m away, represents adystrophic dark-colored (Secchi depth 0.48 m) soft-water, shallow (max depth 8.9 m; mean 3.9 m) system.
Both lakes were equipped with Onset HOBO dissolved oxygen (DO) and water temperature/light loggers in lateautumn to capture high-frequency changes of measured parameters in several depths over the winter period
until spring (end of May). Ice cover started in both lakes at the same time but lasted one week longer in
Nohipalo Valgõjärv. Using continuous data of DO, irradiance, and water temperature we estimated winter- andspring-period net ecosystem production (NEP), community respiration (CR) and gross primary production(GPP) for both investigated lakes. Studied lakes acted strongly as net heterotrophic waterbodies in winter andunder-ice periods, caused by the light limitation which turned the GPP close to zero. Both lakes had a slightincrease of their CR after ice break-up. Lake Nohipalo Mustjärv stayed strongly heterotrophic also in spring,
while in Lake Nohipalo Valgõjärv GPP started to increase steadily after the ice break-up leading to a morebalanced metabolic state at the end of the measurement period.
Keywords: lake metabolism, contrasting small lakes

85Thursday, November 10th, 2016

Room A, Topic 6 Database and Knowledgebase Systems, Informatics, andMonitoring Technologies
A LAND COVER MAP ACCURACY METRIC FOR HYDROLOGICAL APPLICATIONSBrian Alan Johnson 1* , Isao Endo 1 , Milben Bragais 2 , Damasa B. Magcale-Macandog 2 , Emily
Skeehan1
1
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2108-11 Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama, Kanagawa, 2400115, Japan
2
Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippine Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031,
Philippines
Corresponding author: johnson@iges.or.jp
Land cover (LC) has a significant impact on the water quality/water quantity of nearby lakes and rivers, so LC
maps are often required as input data for hydrological models. The accuracy of a classified LC map (or LC
change map) can affect the accuracy of hydrological modeling results, but because LC maps are usually not
produced specifically for hydrological studies, the commonly-used LC map accuracy metrics (e.g. overall
accuracy or Kappa coefficient) may not be the most relevant. In this study, we proposed a new metric for LC
map accuracy assessment, calculated as the root-mean- square-deviation (RMSD) of the estimated (i.e.
mapped) and “ground truth”, or reference, runoff curve numbers (CN) at randomly-sampled pixel locations.
The new metric, CN-RMSD, directly assesses the accuracy of the runoff estimates in a classified LC map, and its
benefit over the traditional LC accuracy assessment metrics is that it more heavily weights LC classification
errors that cause greater errors in estimated runoff. Ground truth CN data can be collected much in the same
way as ground truth data is collected for the traditional accuracy metrics, e.g. by field surveys or visualinterpretation of high resolution remote sensing images, although the use of ancillary data sets (e.g. a soilmap)can further improve the accuracy of the ground truth CN values. As a practical demonstration, we
compare the calculations of map accuracy given by CN-RMSD, Overall Accuracy, and Kappa Coefficient for a LC
map and a LC change map of the Laguna de Bay area of The Philippines.
Keywords: remote sensing, stormwater runoff, SCS curve number, accuracy assessment, hydrological modeling

ESTIMATING WATER CLARITY FOR INDONESIA LAKES USING LANDSAT IMAGERY
Setiawan Fajar 1,3 , Bunkei Matsushita 2 , Takehiko Fukushima 2
1
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
2
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
3
Research Centre for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Bogor, West Java,Indonesia
Corresponding author: fajar@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Recently, many lakes are degraded due to the anthropogenic activities and or global climate change. One key
parameter for evaluating water quality is the water clarity or Secchi Disk Transparency (SDT). It is not easy to
perform a routine water quality measurement because very time-, labor and cost consuming. As a result, weare suffering from lack of available data for evaluating water quality change from past to now and even in the
future. We need a method with relatively low cost but higher accuracy to fill the data gap. Remote sensing has
a potential to meet the above requirements. Comparing to the other satellites, Landsat has the longest
continuous mission for earth observation. Accordingly, the main objective of this research is to develop ageneral model to estimate water clarity for Indonesian lakes using a time-series Landsat images. In situ SDT
measurements collected from 2011 to 2016 (ranging from 0.03 m to 18.6 m) and corresponding reflectance
extracted from Landsat images were used for model calibration. The other in situ SDT measurements collected
in 1992 or 1993 and corresponding Landsat images were used to validate the developed model. As a result, themodel calibration and validation show determination coefficients of 0.86 (with averaged relative error of
50.2%) and 0.44 (with averaged relative error of 74.4%), respectively. A long-term change of lake water clarity
from 1990 to 2016 will be produced using the developed model.
Keywords: water clarity, remote-sensing, Landsat, water quality86INTEGRATION OF SELF ORGANIZING MAP (SOM) AND FUZZY LOGIC AS MODELLING FOR ANALYSIS
OF ALGAL BLOOMS RISK IN MANINJAU LAKE
Yuli Sudriani and Astried Sunaryani
Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia
Corresponding author: yuli@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Maninjau Lake is a vital water resource for West Sumatera province, providing a home to aquatic species andhas been used for hydropower plant, irrigation, tourism and fisheries. At the same time, Maninjau Lakesuffered a catastrophic eutrophication by algal blooming for several years. It caused mass death of fish andreduce the water quality. The process of algal blooms mechanism in Lake was very complex with uncertainty inspace and time. This study integrated two methods using Self Organizing Map (SOM) and Fuzzy Logic (FL) to
quantify the algal blooms risk with uncertainty condition. SOM has advantages for information extraction
without prior knowledge (unsupervised) and the efficiency of pattern, classification, clustering andvisualization. FL is a powerful method for dealing with uncertainty problems, especially risk analysis andassessment. On-site monitoring data of water quality from 2013 - 2014 in 11 stations in Maninjau Lake wereused in rainy and dry season. Algal blooms in Maninjau Lake were classified into four categorized: no bloom,
light bloom, moderate bloom, severe bloom. The result showed that most of the Maninjau Lake characteristics
for algal blooms risk are light bloom to severe bloom. The method provides an approach to estimate algal
blooms risk under uncertainties. Findings indicate that the higher status of eutrophication, the lower accuracy
that was achieved for and most severe bloom outbreaks occured in rainy season.
Keywords: Algal bloom, Risk uncertainty, SOM, Fuzzy logic, Maninjau Lake

MAPPING LAKE WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS WITH SENTINEL-2 MULTISPECTRAL INSTRUMENT
IMAGERY
Kaire Toming 1,2*, Tiit Kutser1, Alo Laas2, Margot Sepp2, Birgot Paavel1, Tiina Nõges2
1
Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Mäealuse 14, Tallinn, Estonia
2
Centre for Limnology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu, Estonia
Corresponding author: kaire.toming.001@ut.ee
The importance of lakes and reservoirs leads to the high need for monitoring lake water quality both at local
and global scales. Satellite remote sensing is the only feasible way to monitor lakes when we have global
questions under investigation, or when water quality over large regions has to be monitored with reasonablefrequency. The aim of the study was to test suitability of Sentinel-2 Multispectral Imager’s (MSI) data formapping different lake water quality parameters. In situ data of chlorophyll a (Chl a), water colour, coloured
dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from 9 small and 2 large lakes werecompared with band ratio algorithms derived from Sentinel-2 Level-1C and atmospherically corrected(Sen2cor) Level-2A images. The height of the 705 nm peak was used for estimating Chl a. The suitability of thecommonly used green to red band ratio was tested for estimating the CDOM, DOC and water colour. We wereable to show that there is good correlation between band ratio algorithms calculated from Sentinel-2 MSI data
and lake water parameters like Chl a (R2 = 0.83), CDOM (R2 = 0.72) and DOC (R2 = 0.92) concentrations as wellas water colour (R2 = 0.52). The in situ dataset was limited in number, but covered reasonably wide range in
optical water properties. These preliminary results allow us to assume that Sentinel-2 will be a valuable tool
for lake monitoring and research, especially taking into account that the data will be available routinely formany years, the imagery will be frequent, and free of charge.
Keywords: remote sensing, Sentinel-2, lakes, water quality

87

MONITORING OF LIMBOTO LAKE WATERS QUALITY DURING THE PERIOD 2015-2016 USING MULTITEMPORAL LANDSAT 8 DATA
Bambang Trisakti
Remote Sensing Application Center, National Institute of Aeronautics and Space
Correspondence author: btris01@yahoo.com
Limboto Lake is a lake with flood plain type that located in the Gorontalo province, Indonesia. The lake isfacing problems with shrinkage and siltation, water hyacinth uncontrolled spreading, and water quality
degradation, so the lake is included in 15 priority lakes that should be saved. In this research, the qualitychanges of Limboto lake waters during the period 2015-2016 were monitored and analysed using multitemporal Landsat 8 data for supporting the national program of lake rescue. Sun geometric correction andatmospheric correction using Dark Object Subtraction were done to maintain the pixel values consistency inmulti-temporal data. Furthermore, water hyacinth identification, water lake surface delineation, water coverclassification and total suspended solid (TSS) extraction were done sequentially. Lake water quality changes
were analyzed by comparing the changes in lake water surface area, water hyacinth distribution and TSS
concentration. The results showed that the quality of Limboto lake waters was affected by material comingfrom the catchment area and the seasons. The areas of lake water surface and water hyacinth decreased and
TSS increased in October 2015 during the dry season, but the areas increased and TSS decreased in July 2016
during the wet season. TSS concentrations were high all the time and water hyacinth area covered more than
40% of the lake area.
Keyword: lake waters quality, Landsat 8, lake water surface, water hyacinth, TSS

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE VERTICAL MIGRATION OF CYANOBACTERIA IN LAKESRob Uittenbogaard 1 Benjamin Lemonnier 2
1
Senior Specialist , Deltares, Delft - The Netherlands
2
Former M.Sc. Physics of Aquatic Systems Laboratory, ENAC, EPFL, Lausanne – Switzerland
Corresponding author: rob.uittenbogaard@delares.nl
The buoyancy of cyanobacteria with gas vesicles is determined mostly by photosynthesis and respiration. Theinterplay between vertical mixing, irradiance and vertical mobility requires careful mathematical andnumerical modelling for yielding the correct vertical distribution of cell mass. We simulated the vertical
distribution of Microcystis aeruginosa and Planktothrix rubescens by modelling the changes in specific weightof cell material through the Fokker-Planck equation implemented in our numerical one-dimensional vertical(1DV) model for lakes. This 1DV model is forced by wind, air temperature, relative humidity, cloud cover andsolar irradiance. Turbulence is modelled by the k-ε turbulence closure including damping by temperature
stratification such as by thermoclines in lakes. The 1DV-model has a sub-program for simulating the verticaltransport and entrainment by air-bubble plumes and the model is extended with a simplified oxygen balance
including the oxygen-production by Planktothrix rubescens. Compared to the 200-1000 μm large colonies ofMicrocystis aeruginosa the filaments of Planktothrix have an equivalent hydraulic diameter of just 40 μm. Withthe 1DV-model we demonstrate the consequences of size in terms of vertical migration, depth ofconcentration and oxygen production similar to Walsby’s more simplified approach. For Planktothrix rubescens
we compare their depth of maximum concentration to observations from 2010 to 2014 in the Swiss Lake
Hallwil, including the vertical distribution of oxygen.
Keywords: Lake, migration, cyanobacteria, plume, oxygen

88

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAND COVER CHANGES AND WATER QUALITY CHANGES IN LAGUNA DE
BAY, THE PHILIPPINES, OVER THE 2007-2015 PERIOD
Isao Endo1*, Brian Johnson1, Emily Skeehan11Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Corresponding author: endo@iges.or.jp
In this study, we assessed the relationship between land cover change and changes in water quality in the
Laguna de Bay area of the Philippines. Land cover changes occurring between 2007 and 2015 were mappedusing a combination of optical (Landsat-7/-8) and synthetic aperture radar (ALOS Palsar-1/-2) satellite imagery,and time-series water quality data from 5 different stations situated in the Laguna lake were obtained fromthe Lake Laguna Development Authority website. To study the effects of land cover changes on water quality
at these 5 different stations, the lake and its surrounding watershed area was first subdivided into 5 nonoverlapping zones based on the generation of Thiessen polygons. Then, in each of these 5 zones, regression
modeling was performed to assess the correlation between the changes in land cover (annual % changes of"built-up", "cropland", and "tree" land cover types) and the change in water quality parameters. In future
work, we plan to use the regression modeling results to predict some potential impacts of future land coverchanges in each zone as well as in in the entire Laguna de Bay area.
Keyword : land cover change, water quality, watershed, eutrophication, ecosystem services

ESTIMATING LAKE EXTENT AND WATER VOLUME OF FLOODPLAIN LAKES OF KALIMANTAN USING
RADAR IMAGES
H. Hidayat1,2, D.H. Hoekman3, A.J. Teuling1, G.S. Haryani2, A.J.F. Hoitink1
1
Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The
Netherlands
2
Research Centre for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong, Indonesia
3
Earth System Science and Climate Change Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
Lakes hold about 80% of global liquid surface freshwater and encompassing crucial contributors tobiodiversity. In time of increasing water demand and climate uncertainty, establishing fundamental patternsof natural variability of water resources including those in lakes is vital. Currently, storage capacity of tropicallakes is rarely reported due to the lack of data. In this contribution we use radar images from the Phase Array
Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) with a pixel spacing of 75 m for the years 2007 through 2010 and lake level
data to estimate lake extent and to quantify the volume of floodplain lakes in the Mahakam (East Kalimantan)
and the Kapuas (West Kalimantan) lakes region. From flooded pixels we obtain areas of lakes inundation. Areaof floodplain lakes is following seasonal inundation pattern as a result of variable rainfall rate; we use rainfall
estimates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission for this analysis. The period of the Mahakam lakes
depth measurements was coincided with part of PALSAR data acquisition dates. Therefore, we are able toderive a depth-area relationship that is used to estimate lake’s water levels beyond our measurement period.
Correlation analysis reveals that depth of the lakes is well-correlated with two-month moving average of areal
rainfall. We obtained a linear depth–rainfall relation that was applied to approximate depth of the Kapuas
lakes. An estimate of total volume of lakes is derived from total area of flooded pixels and lake’s depth. Within
the study period, the highest estimated total volume of water in the Mahakam lakes is 6.5 billion m 3 during the
PALSAR data acquisition on 4 May 2007, while that of the Kapuas is about 3 billion m 3 during the PALSAR dataacquisition on 8 April 2009.
Keywords: Floodplain lakes, inundation; water level, volume estimation, radar.

89

SENSING, SIMULATING, PREDICTING ALGAL BLOOMS IN INLAND WATERS
Klaus D. Joehnk1*, Janet M. Anstee2, Nagur Cherukuru2
1
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Land and Water, Black Mountain,
Canberra, Australia
2
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Ocean and Atmosphere, Black
Mountain, Canberra, Australia
Corresponding author: Klaus.joehnk@csiro.au
Water quality in inland waters is worldwide declining due to changes in land-use and climate change, recurring
algal blooms by e.g. toxic cyanobacteria species are widespread. Such potential harmful algal blooms impact
ecosystem services, harm aquatic ecosystem health and limit recreational and cultural water uses. Predicting
and managing algal blooms traditionally requires continuous monitoring and data analysis for individual
waterbodies which is limited by cost and accessibility. Novel techniques are necessary to step up from local toregional or global forecasting of algal blooms. Earth observation data can be used to gather water quality data
even in remote locations with high spatial and temporal resolution, citizen science can help to close local
monitoring gaps, aquatic ecosystem models are available to simulate algal blooms based on generally available
drivers like meteorology and inflows, and sophisticated prediction tools exist drawing from historicalknowledge and current drivers. Predictive capability allows for issuing timely alerts on upcoming threats
minimizing risks to public health and reducing business failure. In a historical context they allow for causeeffect analysis of previous blooms and thus help improving management options for the future. Here we givean overview of current techniques for sensing, simulating and predicting harmful algal blooms in lakes andreservoirs on a local, regional and global scale. Example applications for lakes in Europe and Australia show thepotential of modelling algal blooms under historical and future climate conditions.
Keywords: Earth observation, CyanoHAB, cyanobacteria, hydrodynamics, remote sensing.

VOILÀ, SCHRODINGER’S CAT - NON-EQUILIBRIUM ECOLOGY FOR ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT: THE
CASE OF PULICAT LAGOON, SOUTHEASTINDIA
Harini Santhanam1, Anjum Farooqui2, Anandasabari Karthikeyan3, Thulasiraman Natarajan4 and Amal
Raj, S. 5
1,4
Indian Institute of Science Bangalore – 560012
2
Quaternary Division, Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany, Lucknow -226007
3
Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore – 560064
4
Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University Chennai – 600025
Corresponding author: ecoharini@gmail.com
Coastal lagoons are vulnerable to sudden high-impact climatic events, for example, unprecedented floods due
to super-cyclonic formation. Such short-term natural events introduce acute, high-impact disturbances orstresses to lagoon ecosystems capable of altering the ambient regimes in various ways. Events like thedessication of lake bed signal longer, unforeseen periods of stress that may go unnoticed in shorter time-spansof monitoring. Any change to trophic status can be temporary or permanent under different disturbance
thresholds or ecosystem resiliencies towards geohazards. Exploring adaptive ecosystem management under
this perspective dictates that the time has come to let the new Schrodinger’s cat – the concept of nonequilibrium ecology of coastal systems – literally “out of the bag”. Non-equilibrium ecology has been
established to be quite essential to understand the interactive effects of disturbances as sources of ecosystem
states in terrestrial ecosystems, but less applied to coastal lagoons. However, this method can provide crucial
information on ecosystem behavior for pursuing adaptive management strategies towards resource
management of lagoonal ecosystems. Using data from paleoenvironmental investigations as well as from therecent past, the non-equilibrium ecological responses of Pulicat lagoon (an urban backyard lagoon near
Chennai) to high-impact events like the impact of super-cyclones, the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, and the2015 South India flood event is discussed. Multiple palynological, environmental and biological proxies will be
used to illustrate non-steady state changes and disturbance regimes. Using the disturbance legacy of theecosystem, the present work hopes to highlight important post-disturbance pathways influencing theecological functions of the lagoon.
Keywords: Coastal lagoon, non-equilibrium ecology, disturbance regimes, disturbance legacy, post-disturbancepathways, Pulicat.

90

Room B, Topic 2 Lake Environment Under Stress and Their Restoration
Challenges
TRACE ELEMENTS AS INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND ANTHROPOGENICPRESSURE ON PROTECTED MARINE LAKES
Nevenka Mikac1*, Ivan Sondi2, Neda Vdovic1, Maja Ivanic1, Martina Furdek1
1
Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb,
Croatia;2
Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, Pierottijeva 6, University of Zagreb, Zagreb,
Croatia*Corresponding author: mikac@irb.hr
The Mljet National Park, Adriatic sea, Croatia, founded in 1960, is one of the first established marine protectedareas in the Mediterranean. Its most famous phenomenon are two karstic seawater lakes, known as Small andGreat Lake. They are unique for their geological formation, hydrography and water dynamics, and waterchemistry resulting in whiting events, but also for their specific biological community including scyphozoans
and corals. These unique natural values require strict protection from anthropogenic pressures, in particularfrom growing tourism. It this work, we applied multielemental analysis of trace elements in undisturbed
sediment cores to investigate the origin of sediments, the diagenetic processes in recent sediments and thepalleoredox history of the lakes in order to provide a basis for the assessment of recent trends inanthropogenic influence on this vulnerable system. Typical fingerprint of trace elements in sedimentssuggested the surrounding soil as the main provenance of lake sediments and indicated limited input of thematerial from the open sea. Different trace elements were used as authigenic mineral formation, paleoredox
and pollution indicators. It was demonstrated that Sr could be used as a proxy indicating authigenic formationof aragonite mud sediments. Distributions of the redox sensitive elements Mo, Tl, U and Cd were used to
identify changes in redox conditions in the investigated lakes caused by environmental changes in the systemover the last century. Elements having anthropogenic origin (Zn, Cu, Pb, Sn, Bi), including organotin
compounds, were used to demonstrate increasing pollution over the past 40 years.
Keywords: sediment, trace elements, indicators, Mljet lakes, Adriatic sea

DETERMINATION OF MERCURY IN FISH FROM GANDOMAN AND SOOLEGHAN LAGOONS:POTENTIAL LIMITS FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
Mehdi Raissy
1
Department of Aquatic Animal Health, faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic
Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
Corresponding author: mehdi.raissy@iaushk.ac.ir
Concentrations of mercury in four freshwater fish species from Gandoman and Sooleghan Lagoons, west Iran,were determined by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Concentrations of mercury in muscle of 60
fish ranged from 21 to 31 µg kg-1 (mean=26.2 µg kg-1). Statistical analysis showed no statistical relationshipbetween mean mercury concentration and fish species, although concentration of mercury in different
seasons and habitats was statistically different (p<0.05). The obtained results indicated that fish from
Gandoman and Sooleghan Lagoons have concentrations well below the maximum permissible levels of
mercury according to international standards. Estimates of the health risks associated with consumption of Hg
contaminated fish are presented according to daily (kg/d) and monthly (meals/month) limits for the 3 to 75year-old population demographic. According to the results, maximum allowable fish consumption rate ranged
between 233 and 321 g/day and 31 and 43 meal/mo for an adult person with mean 71.5 kg body weight in thestudied area.
Keywords: Mercury, Fish, Gandoman Lagoon, Sooleghan Lagoon.

91

BIOACCUMULATION OF METHYL MERCURY IN LAKE TALIWANG, WEST NUSA TENGGARA: IMPACT
OF TRADITIONAL GOLD MINING
Suwarno Hadisusanto1, Dwinda Mariska Putri2, Dini Dwi Amanda31
Professor, Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University
2
Half time researcher, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University
3Student, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University
Corresponding author: dwinda.mariska@gmail.com
Traditional gold mining in Taliwang used to flow their waste directly to environment. Traditional gold mining
separate gold from it rock using mercury. Danau Taliwang recently suffered from mercury pollution and highsedimentation. Organisms live in lake accumulating mercury in their body. The aim of this research is studying
the amount of bioaccumulation in plankton, fishes, and sediments, and measuring water quality of Danau
Taliwang. Sampling took place in Danau Taliwang, West Nusa Tenggara on February 2016. There were four
species of fishes taken: Nila (O. niloticus), Gabus (C. striatus), Belut (M. albus) and Betok (A. testudineus).
Sediments and plankton collected in inlet area, utilization area and outlet area. Water quality measured whilecollecting sediment samples. Water quality measured were secchi depth, basin depth, water temperature, pH,
DO, CO2 and alkalinity. Methyl mercury in organisms was analyzed using mercury analyzer in LPPT UGM, only
hepar were analyzed. The highest methyl mercury bioaccumulation is in Betok’s hepar, there were 204,6µg/Kg. Gabus has 38,4 µg/Kg, Nila 9,3 µg/Kg, and Belut (M. albus) 1,3 µg/Kg. High concentration of mercury in
Betok is because it’s feeding habits. Betok is omnivorous fish, it likes to stir sediment to find food. The highest
methyl mercury concentration in sediment is in inlet area, there was 9,46 µg/Kg. Methyl mercury
concentration lower in utilization and lowest in outlet area. It because traditional gold mining found mostaround inlet area. Water quality showed Danau Taliwang DO is very low. It shows high rate of decomposition
due to sedimentation
Keyword : polluted lake, sedimentation, tropical lake

TROPHIC AND POLLUTION STATUS OF JAWAHAR SAGAR IN SOUTHERN RAJASTHAN, INDIA BASEDON WATER QUALITY AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNA
N. Sarang, L. L. Sharma* and H. K. Vardia
College of Fisheries (Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya) Kawardha, Kabirdham-491995
Chhattisgarh, India*College of Fisheries (Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology) Udaipur-313001,
Rajasthan, India
Corresponding author: saranglimno@yahoo.com, sarangfish@gmail.com
Jawahar Sagar reservoir is the third reservoir in the series of Chambal valley projects, located 29 Km up streamof Kota Barrage and 26 Km downstream of Rana Pratap Sagar dam, across the river Chambal. Water Quality
was analyzed for the period of one year (November: 2004 to November: 2005). Water of Jawahar Sagar
indicated alkaline condition ( pH 7.6 in winter to 8.8 in summer). The water temperature was warm (18.5°C in
winter to 32.0°C in monsoon). On the basis of water quality and especially depth of visibility of Jawahar Sagar
could be categorized as “moderately eutrophic”. Nitrate nitrogen values in Jawahar Sagar indicated'Mesotrophic' status whereas orthophosphate levels in the Jawahar Sagar may be considered a sign ofeutrophic status. Jawaha Sagar reservoir could be categorized as 'moderately hard' water based on hardness.
In addition to water quality, benthic biodiversity of macroinvertebrates were also studied as bioindicatorspecies for pollution status. From Jawahar Sagar 29 species of macroinvertebrates have been recorded Among
macroinvebrates most dominant five benthos were Melanoides tuberculata, Chironomus larvae, Bellamya
bengalensis, Lymnaea acuminata (Gracilior) and Goniobasis virginica in the littoral zone in the decreasingorder. The total number of macroinvertebrates depicted by various species of benthos ranged from 858 to
1188 (No./m2) in Jawahar Sagar. The macrobenthic community showed dominance of molluscs at Jawahar
Sagar probably due to congenial environmental conditions and availability of choice substratum. Organic
pollution indicator Lymnaea acuminate, Chironomus larvae, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Indoplanorbis
exustus fairly domainated in Jawahar Sagar reservoir.
Keywords: Water quality, Pollution, Macroinvetebrates, Bioindicator, Jawahar Sagar Reservoir Rajasthan.

92

INCREASING HUMAN-ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES ON JATILUHUR RESERVOIR IN THE PAST
DECADESEka Fibriantika1, Hidayat Pawitan2,4, Robert Delinom3,41
Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), Jakarta, Indonesia;
2
Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia;
3
Research Center for Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Bandung, Indonesia;
4
The Asia-Pacific Center for Ecohydrology (APCE) under the auspices of UNESCO, LIPI Cibinong
Science Center, Bogor, Indonesia.
The study site is the Jatiluhur Reservoir – Downstream area of the Citarum Basin. The study focus concerns theimpacts of economic development in the past decades related to food production and availability of water
resources in the study area that have undergone significant changes creating severe human-environmental
stresses. The study approach and analysis were based on observed hydrologic data to reveal simple waterbalance of the basin and the long term trends due to changing environment that further be related to foodproduction capacity in the past decades. Some discussions on necessary management options were then given
to deal with the sustainability issue by introducing the crop-water productivity strategy as means to ensure
efficient use of available resources.
Key findings on long term trends of decreasing rainfall of 28.3 mm/year that correspond to the increasing riverdischarge of 13.8 mm/year, indicated deterioration of the basin environment with increasing runoff coefficientin the past decades. On the demand side the basin is characterized by increasing population and the needs tosupport Jakarta water supply that require to increase food production under deterioration environment.
Therefore some basin management strategy need to be implemented as suggested.
Keywords: Human-environmental stresses, land and water degradation, food production, crop-waterproductivity strategy.

ALGAL BLOOM IN LAKE ERHAI —— THE ROLES OF BIOLOGICAL INVASION, EUTROPHICATION AND
CLIMATE CHANGESTe Cao, Leyi Ni, Xiaolin Zhang, Ping Xie
Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology andBiotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
Corresponding author: caote@ihb.ac.cn
Deterioration of aquatic ecosystem and algal bloom are serious problems occurring in many lakes worldwide,and eutrophication was frequently considered as one of the most important causations. In this study, we
analyzed the long-term changes in aquatic ecosystem, with the emphasis on algal bloom in Lake Ehai, a lakewith water surface area of 250 km2 and mean water depth of 11 m (maximum depth 21 m) in the subtropic
Yungui Plateau in southwestern China. The lake had clear water, occasional slight algal bloom and oligo- tomesotrophic status before 2002, and then changed to a turbid water state, with unoccasional heavy algal
bloom and eutrophic status since 2003. We found that the biological invasion of alien fishes and climatechanges in terms of warming temperature, water level fluctuation and inlake water retention, in addition to
the eutrophication, had contributed to the changes of the ecosystem in Lake Erhai. The results highlight thecomplicate managements of aquatic ecosystem in face of a warming world in the future.
Key words: Aquatic ecosystem, algal bloom, eutrophication, climate change, biological invasion

93

IS ABIOTIC FACTORS MAIN DRIVING FORCE FOR CYANOBACTERIAL BLOOM OCCURRENCE?
Azevedo, Sandra M.F.O
Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho – UFRJ – Brazil
Corresponding author: sazevedo@biof.ufrj.br
Cyanobacteria blooms represent a meaningful environmental and public health issue for freshwater andcoastal systems. These events are frequently explained by an interaction of environmental factors, such as
high nutrients loads, high temperature and water column stability. More recently, the role of climate change
events to promote cyanobacteria dominance has been also evaluated. Besides screening environmental
factors that govern fluctuations in the whole group, understanding the occurrence of different eco-strategies
and/or species-specific responses is important due to their relation with the functioning of aquatic ecosystems
and with the variation in the potential toxicity. In spite of many bloom forming species sharing important
traits, a high diversity of intraspecific genotipes is usually observed during a bloom development as well as on
spatial distribution of cyanobacteria population. This diversity can interfere on environmental preferences,which affect their occurrence. It is already demonstrated for populations of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii andMicrocystis aeruginosa, the two most common cyanobacteria species on cyanobacterial bloom. Cyanobacteria
are also subject to the effect of biotic factors by interactions with components of the planktonic community,
such as predation, parasitism and allelopathy. However, the driving forces behind clonal dynamics are still
poorly understood. Besides, the role of cyanotoxins is still an open question and the evolution of toxicity
among species and strains is practically unknown. In this presentation, these aspects will be shortly reviewed
and the importance of studies to improve our knowledge about the complex matrix of factors involved withcyanobacterial bloom dynamics will be emphasize.
Keywords: cyanobacteria bloom, environmental factors, biological factors

EUTROPHICATION DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGY OF PLATEAU LAKE—LAKE ERHAIJian Shen1, Xinze Wang1*
1School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Corresponding author: xinzewang@sjtu.edu.cn
As China's social, economic development and population increase, Lake Eutrophication is more and more
serious. In order to research complete technology system of Lake Eutrophication control and governance,
China government has launched Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control andTreatment, in 2006. Core objective of this program is to provide technology support for China's water pollution
control. Lake Erhai was enrolled in the main watershed special study in 2007. Through pollution source
investigation and analysis, treatment technology research and evaluation, demonstration project construction,a set of pollution control technology and solution system suitable for China's western underdeveloped areas is
expected to be put forward. Because of nitrogen and phosphorus mainly from rivers into the Lake Erhai, how
to reduce pollutant load of rivers into lake, especially reduce nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient concentrationof rivers into the lake and the bay, has been the focus of the research content. During years of 2007 to 2014,
research group formed a set of five-class system for nitrogen and phosphorus reduction engineering andecological restoration. The engineering system was launched in Luoshi River watershed that is one of mainrivers into the North Lake Erhai, in the form of demonstration project construction. The project brought goodresults. Compared with 2006, TN, TP and main pollutants concentration in Luoshi River estuarine water
decreased obviously. Pollutant concentration decreased by 66% (TP) and 66% (TN) respectively, slashing rivers
pollutant load into the lake.
Keywords: Eutrophication, Lake Erhai, Control Technology, Non-point Pollution

94

ASSESSMENT OF CYANOTOXINS IN SEDIMENTS AND WATER AT LAGUNA DE BAY PHILIPPINES
USING ELISA AND qPCR
Ricardo F. de Leon, Jr.1, 2, Delia B. Senoro1,3, Tsair-Fuh Lin4, Yi-Ting Chiu4, Yi-Shuan Chen4, Anna DG
Binayug1,3
1
Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, School of Civil, Environmental and GeologicalEngineering, Mapúa Institute of Technology, Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines
2
Department of Physics, Mapúa Institute of Technology, Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines
3
Office of International Linkages for Research and Development, Mapúa Institute of Technology,
Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines
4
Global Water Quality Research Center, Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng
Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
Corresponding author: rfdeleon@mapua.edu.ph
This paper presents the result of the assessment conducted at Laguna de Bay, Philippines specific to theoccurrence of cyanotoxins in surface water and sediments. Laguna de Bay is among the large lakes in Asia
from which population in various areas around the lake depend their domestic water supply. Some households
in several communities rely their everyday living from fishing at the lake. Cyanobacteral bloom in Laguna de
Bay has been reported several times and caused the water distributed to the nearby cities to have a peculiar
taste and odor. However, quantitative assessment and determination of the type of cyanobacteria present in
the lake have not been carried out hence this study was conducted. This will aid in providing information forbioremediation options. Cyanobacteria like Microcystis aeruginosa pose serious problems to drinking waterand the public health due to its cyanotoxins. Long-time exposure to cyanotoxins would affect the health of
public, and thus reliable detection and quantification of the algae species are challenging in Laguna de Bay.
Portable enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect cyanotoxins. Cell number in thewater samples was determined by portable quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to distinguish whether
cyanobacteria species in Laguna de Bay is toxic or non-toxic, and odorus or non-odorous.
Keywords: Microsystis aeruginosa, Laguna de Bay, cyanobacterial bloom, sediments

Room C, Topic 5 Water Education, Ecotourism, Culture
PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY DYNAMICS AS BIOINDICATORS TO ASSESS AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMHEALTH: A CASE STUDY OF A TROPICAL RESERVOIR
Makhlough, A. and Wan Maznah, W. O 1,2
1
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
2
Center for Marine and Coastal Studies (CEMACS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau
Pinang, Malaysia
Corresponding author: wmaznah@usm.my
Phytoplankton community structure in relation with water quality conditions in Mengkuang Reservoir,
Penang, Malaysia was studied to determine its suitability as a tool to characterize lentic ecosystem health. In
this study, sampling was carried out in three stations in limnetic zone from surface to bottom in August 2005
to July 2006. The results showed that total phytoplankton density have a clear pattern of vertical distribution.
Mean phytoplankton density was 28603 individual/L at the surface water and 14092 individual/L at thebottom. Other than Staurastrum apiculatum and Staurastrum which were dominant throughout the watercolumn, the upper and bottom layers were also dominated by Glenodinium lenticular and Lyngbya sp.,respectively. Shannon-Wiener diversity index were 3.69 and 3.7 bits/individual, while evenness were 0.58 and0.66 at the surface and bottom, respectively. Biological attributes of this reservoir were examined for verticalwater quality characteristic by calculating Saprobic index. Saprobic index showed that both layers were in classΙΙΙ ß of water pollution (moderately polluted). This study therefore showed that phytoplankton community is areliable indicator to assess water quality characteristics in a tropical reservoir.
Keywords: Phytoplankton, community structure, vertical distribution, water quality

95

POLLUTION OF LEVEL PENJALIN RESERVOIR PAGUYANGAN SUB DISTRICT BREBES REGENCY
DETERMINED FROM THE PLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
Octyviana arum, Agatha Sih Piranti, Christiani
Faculty of Biology, University of Jenderal Soedirman, Jl. Dr. Soeparno 63, Purwokerto 53122
Corresponding author: octyvianaa@yahoo.co.id
This study aimed to determine water quality of Penjalin Reservoir, to know plankton community structure(abundance, diversity and dominance), and to determine the level of water pollution at each station in Penjalin
Reservoir based on its plankton diversity. This study used a survey at six stations namely the inlets, the center,the pier and the outlet of reservoir. Sampling was done 3 times and 4 weeks interval each. Water quality was
analyzed descriptively based on quality standard criteria in PP no. 82 of 2001. Plankton community structurethat consisted of abundance, diversity and dominance were analyzed descriptively based on the criteria of
Shannon-Wienner’s diversity index and Simpson’s dominance index. Determination of pollution level at eachstation was based on the diversity index which then analyzed descriptively based on water quality criteria. The
results showed that water quality of Penjalin Reservoir was fairly good since it possessed the value under
quality standard in PP no. 82 of 2001. The abundance of plankton ranged from 4970.30 to 12923.37 ind.l -1 .
The most abundant species was Tetraedon minimum. Diversity index (H &#39;) ranged from 3.28 to 3.55 anddominance index ranged from 0.04 to 0.07. Based on its diversity index, pollution level in Penjalin Reservoir
was categorized as unpolluted water.
Keywords: community structure, level of pollution, reservoir

EVALUATION OF FLOOD MITIGATION AND WATER PURIFICATION EFFECT IN URBAN LAKE,
JABODETABEK
Koshi Yoshida1*, Ami Aminah Meutia2, Satoru Itagawa3, Hiroko Matsuda2
1
Ibaraki University, Japan
2
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Japan
3
Keio University, Japan
Corresponding author: koshi.yoshida.agri@vc.ibaraki.ac.jp
As rapid population increase and economic growth, land use was drastically changed from agricultural land tourbanized built-up area especially in outer edge of Jakarta Metropolis. In addition, degradation of water
environment in Jakarta became severe. For example, recently, severe flood occurred in Jakarta city in almost
every year (2012, 2013, 2014) and water quality level in rivers flowing through Jakarta Metropolis became
worse because only 3.0% of living households connected wastewater treatment system. According to JICA
feasibility reports, several flood controlling facilities or wastewater treatment plants were planned toconstruct, however settlement of living people relocation and land expropriation was very difficult in highly
populated region. In this study, we focused on multi-functionality of urban lakes (situ and waduk) which isnaturally or artificially developed. In Jakarta, about 1000 urban lakes were existed before, however number ofthem decreased around 300 until now. Reduction of urban lakes will accelerate the degradation of water
environment in Jakarta, because urban lakes have multi-functionality for keeping water environment insuitable condition. Therefore, to conserve those lakes in adequate condition and in sustainable, quantitativeevaluation of multi-functionalities were quite important in the view point of water purification and flood
control in this region.
Keywords : lake water environment, land use change, GIS, JAVA, Jakarta

96

WATER POLLUTION LOAD CAPACITY AND RESERVOIR ZONING AS AN ATTEMPT TO MAINTAIN THE
SUSTAINABILITY FUNCTION OF WADASLINTANG RESERVOIR
Nugroho Hari Anggoro Suyono 1*, Qurrota A’yuni 1, Fahmi Hidayat 1, Raymond Valiant Ruritan 1,
Agatha Sih Piranti 2
1
Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation
2
Faculty of Biology, Jenderal Soedirman University*Corresponding author: nh.anggoro@jasatirta1.com
Wadaslintang dam is a multipurpose dam located in Wonosobo regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia,
which raw water used for various purposes, such as water supply for irrigation, hydropower, domestic,
industry, fisheries and tourism. Degradation of water quality in Wadaslintang reservoir besides caused bypollution from catchment area (household waste, livestock and agriculture), also caused by aquaculture using
floating net. The number of floating nets in Wadaslintang reservoir currently is 546 units with various type andsize. Study of water pollution load capacity and reservoir zoning has been done as an effort to control waterpollution in Wadaslintang reservoir. Water pollution load capacity of reservoir is the limits of reservoir ability
to receive input pollutant load that does not exceed the limits required or meet quality standards. While
reservoir zoning is an attempt to exploit the reservoir space by determining the functional limits in accordancewith potential resource, pollution load capacity and ecological processes that aim to maintain the reservoirs
function. The study reveals that total pollutant load (phosphate/P) that takes into Wadaslintang reservoir fromthose two sources approx. to 407.97 tons/year, causing hyper-eutrophic conditions in Wadaslintang reservoir
with levels of phosphate estimated about 283.25 mg/m3 . Based on pollution load capacity, morphometric andbathymetry, Wadaslintang reservoir is divided into five zones, namely sanctuary fisheries zone, riparian zone,
utilization zone (fisheries and aquaculture), tourism zone and danger zone. This paper will discuss measures tocontrol water pollution in Wadaslintang reservoir by determining pollution load capacity and introducing
reservoir zoning.
Keywords: reservoir, water pollution control, reservoir zoning

IDENTIFICATION OF LAKE TOBA POTENTIONS TO SUPPORT GEOPARK TOBA CALDERADEVELOPMENT
Cathelya Yosephine Hotasina SILAEN
Lecture of Urban and Regional Planning
Faculty of Technic and Design
Institut Teknologi dan Sains Bandung
cathysilaen@gmail.com
Lake Toba Area in North Sumatra, Indonesia, is declarated as a National Geopark of the Republic of Indonesia
with a theme of Supervolcano and uniqueness as the largest Quaternary Tectonic-Volcano in the world. Basedon research, The Toba Caldera area was formed as a result of Toba Super Volcano eruption with an intensity of>8 VEI which affect globally. Last eruption happened on 74.000 years ago and formed Samosir Island as ageological phenomenon. This eruption affected a six-years of darkness through the whole earth. It is thelargest Quartery Caldera in the world and therefore is a significant world heritage. Therefore, its stakeholders
confidently registered Toba Caldera to Global Geopark Network UNESCO as one of geopark. UNESCO definedgeopark as a geological area, including the specific features of the geologically significant, rare or in the form ofbeauty which also has ecological value, archaeological, historical and cultural to local economic development
through conservation, education and tourism. Based on its uniqueness on geological area both on the lake,
land and watershed, on Sumatra Island and Samosir Island, the author set the research goal as an
identification of any potentions of Lake Toba to support the development of Geopark Toba Caldera. To reachthe goal, the author used qualitative method by doing some depth interview to key stakeholders, literature
researches and observation. The findings are Lake Toba may support Geopark Toba Caldera development as awater supply, energy supply, tourism attraction and transportation network.
Keywords : potentions, Lake Toba, support, geopark, development

97

ROLE OF WATER USER ASSOCIATIONS IN ENSURING WATER SECURITY OF UGANDA
Leodinous Mwebembezi 1* and Eligious Oworinawe 2
1
Ministry of Water and Environment, Directorate of Water Resources Management, P. O. Box 19,
Entebbe, Uganda
2
Ministry of Water and Environment, Department of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation, P.O. Box
20026, Kampala, Uganda*Corresponding author: leomwebembezi@gmail.com
Water user associations (WUA) can be defined as a cooperative group of individual water users who cometogether voluntarily to undertake water-related activities for their mutual benefit. WUAs form a tier in thedecentralized water resources management structure, serving as an important link between the Catchment
Management Committee and catchment-level Stakeholder Forum and water user groups, handpump
committees and individual water users. WUA&#39;s may also assist in compliance with and enforcement ofrelevant regulations and permits. WUAs may also participate in and contribute to the resolution of conflicts
arising between competing water uses, interests or practices. The objective was to find out the role WUAs in
ensuring water security of Uganda. The activities of the associations in 4 river catchments in Uganda wherethese have been formed were considered. Analysis was made of the contributions of these associations in the
management of water resources and their development. It was found out that 75% of the Committees had
contributed tremendously to the conservation and proposer use of water resources, 15% had not beensuccessful while 10% were inactive. However overall WUAs are important in ensuring water security of thecountry. It is therefore recommended that the entire country embraces thus shift so that WUA Associations
are established in all river catchments across the country.
Keywords: Water User Associations, Catchment Management Committee, water resources.

PRACTICE OF WATER ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN KASUMIGAURA WATERSHED BY
TSUCHIURA CITY
Hiroki Nagamine1*, Takashi Fujiwara1, Kazuhiro Mizuta1
1
Environmental conservation division,Tsuchiura city,Ibaraki pref., Japan
Corresponding author: k-kasumi@city.tsuchiura.lg.jp
Lake Kasumigaura is a symbol of Tsuchiura city, and supports the lives of its 140,000 citizens. The city issituated along the western shore of the lake with inflowing 56 rivers and the lakesides are rich in diversity.
However, the lake has been giving citizens negative impression including offensive odors caused by putrid
aoko (water blooms) and debris in and around the lake. Therefore the citizen has been concerned about water
environment as familiar issue for a long time. As regards to the river, Tsuchiura city started water quality
observation in 1970s and these 20 years’ BOD data shows that water quality has been improved from 3.8mg/L
in 1995 to 2.0mg/L in 2015 measured at Sakura river’s monitoring point. The city has been carrying out
practical water environmental education for purposes of creating awareness of familiar water environment
and experience at first hand even for the citizens inhabiting off-site waterfront. The three major education
themes are to Know, to Touch and to Communicate. The poster shows some Tsuchiura city’s programs thatprovide elementary school students opportunity for learning good place and water environment including‘Sakura-rivers Eco-Adventure tour’.
Keywords : Lake Kasumigaura, Water environmental education, Packtest, Sump water-River water-Lake water,water cycle, Household water98

FORESHORE REPRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION ACTIVITIES BY COMMUNITY
Kaoru yoshida1*, Akira Horikoshi1, Tatsuya Katsuta1
1
Kasumigaura Citizen’s Association
Corresponding author: kcajimukyoku@dream.com
Since the establishment of Kasumigaura Citizen’s Association in 1996, we erformed many activities that raise
public awareness for improving water quality aiming to swimmable lake water such as the environmental
education and symposiums on Kasumigaura Lake. We investigated the role of the sandy beach that wasexisted once in Kasumigaura Lake, particularly about the function, the utilization and the formation
mechanism. We confirmed that it is very important to reclaim the sandy beach. After we examined several
places proposed for sandy beach regeneration, we selected the land where the old Ministry of Construction(the existing Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) developed for the foreshore in
Kasumigaura Lake shoreline. This development was performed as one of the activities that promote water
quality when the 6th World Lake Conference had held in Ibaraki prefecture in 1995. But after the construction,
reeds and weed grew thick and it became difficult to enter the foreshore. We held environmental event andraised participants who live in the Kasumigaura basin for the foreshore cleaning. We mowed weed and pickedlarge amount of trash for several years. As a result, the comings and goings of the person were enabled andwere able to secure the space where a sandy area can be seen. Our purpose is not only to make this reclaimed
foreshore as "Satohama" which anyone can utilize freely but also to maintain the beach clean. Hereafter wehold events that serve as an environmental education and carry out the periodical maintenance of theforeshore.
Keywords : Citizen activity, Foreshore reproduction, Environmental education

Room D, Topic 8 Ecotechnology, Ecohydrology
MITIGATION OF FERTILIZER RUNOFF BY USING TERRESTRIAL ALGAE
Katsunori Aizawa,1*, Atsushi Sato,2 and Shigetoh Miyachi1
1Institute for Clean Earth, 4-31-7, Shinbashi Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105-0004, Japan;
2
JK Jigyou Kyoudou Kumiai (JK business cooperative), 4-31-7, Shinbashi Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105-0004,
Japan*Corresponding author: norikatsu@aol.com
Objective: To create a technical measure against nonpoint pollution. Methods: Microalgae, which show
photosynthetic growth on the surface of sand-silt-fertilizers mixtures, were chosen to be tested. After such
screening, the cells were cultured in an inorganic liquid medium. The algae were collected, and inoculated
onto the soil in vitro or outdoors lawn field. After algal growth, the surface layer in the topsoil was collected,
sieved with 2-mm mesh, and chlorophyll a content was determined in the ethanol fraction extracted from thesoil. Reduction of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content in the soil by the algal growth was estimated fromthe difference of chlorophyll a level between the values of before and after the inoculation. Findings: Fertilizer
runoff into aquatic systems leads to eutrophication. There are few measures against the nonpoint pollution.
We focused on the fact that some microalgae utilize the inorganic nutrients in the upper surface of the topsoil.
Some algae utilized the nutrients of inorganic fertilizer and of manures in the soil for their photosynthetic
growth. Among them, terrestrial Nostoc sp. HK01 is a non-toxic and desiccation-tolerant cyanobacterium. We
succeeded in the semi-mass culture and the dry processing in the preservation of the Nostoc sp. The dry cells
after a year storage kept ability for regrowth, when inoculated onto the lawn field. The theoretical calculation
showed that the fertilizer runoff can be efficiently reduced by using the terrestrial microalgae.
Keywords: Ecobiotechnology, Fertilizers, Nonpoint source pollution, Runoff, Soil algae

99

IMMOBILIZATION OF HEAVY METALS TOWARDS ALLEVIATION OF ECOSYSTEM HEALTH RISK: A
GREEN HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT APPROACHED
Ayesha Akter 1*, MasaFumi Goto 2
1
Ecological Engineering Research Laboratory, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology,
Universiti Technologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2
Ecological Engineering Research Laboratory, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology,
Universiti Technologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Corresponding author: ensayesha@gmail.com
The generation of huge amount of waste and containing more hazardous metals (HMs) such as chromium,cadmium nickel and led especially coming from the tannery industries, has become serious problems onaquatic ecosystem and posses risk of bioaccumulation in the food chain. Surface water and soil pollution by
these HMs as a result of improper disposal of sludge has become a great ecosystem health-hazard concern tothe environmental researchers. There are two approaches that can be applied; removal of heavy metals andimmobilization of heavy metals. Immobilization techniques for HMs that have been proposed utilizing
subcritical water (SCW) is one of the new technologies, which is regarded as environmentally friendly andsustainable. The SCW technology can stabilize and reduce the volume of sludge as well as immobilize HMs to
reduce direct toxicity and the risk. Present study focuses on subcritical water treatment by formation of
tobermorite or similar crystalline minerals. In the study, XRD and SEM techniques are used to establish the
optimal subcritical water conditions and Ca/Silica ratio to from tobermorite. Heavy metals trapped by the porespace of tobermorite, which can be formed depending upon temperature and Ca/Silica ratio under the
subcritical water conditions. Based upon the preliminary SCW treatment experiments, which were conducted
at moderate temperature of up to 2800C and under the saturated water vapor pressure with amended silica
and calcium, and leaching tests, it was observed that heavy metal concentrations in the leachate from sludge
decreased after the SCW treatment.
Key words: Hazardous metals; Immobilization; Tannery sludge; Subcritical water; Waste Management

RESTORING INDONESIAN LAKE BUFFER ZONES USING NATIVE PLANT SPECIES
Susi Abdiyani1* and Evi Irawan1
1
Researcher, Jalan A Yani PO BOX 295 Pabelan, Surakarta Central
Indonesia
Corresponding author: jengsusi@gmail.com, evirawan17@gmail.com

Java

57102

Lake buffer zones are essential area to protect freshwater from pollutants originating from the catchment
area. Empirical research projects on the restoration of lake buffer zones’ function as pollutants trappers havebeen undertaken in some sub-tropical countries with mixed results. Most projects agreed that vegetated lakebuffer zones significantly reduce pollutants depending on the width of buffer area and vegetation types. In
tropical country including Indonesia, empirical research projects attempted to measure buffer zones
effectiveness in reducing pollutants are still limited. Existing regulations only consider buffer sizes; meanwhile
few research projects on plant species that are capable in trapping pollutants have been exposed. This paper
aims to explore potential plants for restoring buffer zone functions. Nitrogen accumulator plants were chosen
as Nitrogen is one of major pollutant sources on some Indonesian lakes. The exploration on Nitrogenaccumulator plants was carried out to gather information on the species. All collected plants were then sorted
into species distributed and native to Indonesia. Result from World Agroforestry Database explained that there
are 125 Nitrogen accumulator plants, 46 of which are distributed in Indonesia and 23 of them are native. The
native plants consist of timber sources from genus Acacia, Albizia, Casuarina, Dalbergia, Dipterocarpus andIntsia; food sources such as Cajanus cajan and Gnetum gnemon; medicine sources like Cajanus cajan, Erythrina
variegate, Flemingia macrophylla, Peltophorum pterocarpum and fodder such as Flemingia macrophylla andSesbania grandiflora.
Keywords: lake buffer zones, rehabilitation, native plant species, Indonesia

100

POSSIBILITY OF SEDIMENT MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS TECHNOLOGY FOR MONITORING WATERQUALITY
Nobutaka Kinjo1*, Nasroden Pagayao1* and Tadashi Hibino1*
1
Hiroshima University, 1-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Japan
Corresponding author: m151638@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
From the point of view of understanding and preventing water contamination, monitoring and measuring
water quality in water area become more important globally. On the other hand, water quality measurement
instruments need cost and efforts like boat, staff and measurement time. Furthermore, water quality
measurement instruments tend to be expensive and unsuited for continuous measurement due to fear of
losing it. We developed a simplified electrode potential measurement instrument that has similar
measurement mechanism to oxidation-reduction potentiometer (ORP meter). This instrument was applied
Sediment Microbial Fuel Cells technology and it was composed of carbon electrode, silver chloride electrode,voltage recorder and wire that are connecting to these materials. We expect that people in developing country
can use this because it is easy to make and inexpensive. In this study, we aim to examine possibility of thedeveloped water quality monitoring instrument for a new water quality measurement technology. We set
developed water quality measurement instrument in water area where untreated sewage flow in, andmeasured water quality continuously over 6 months. Electrode potential measured the water quality change
clearly during experiment period. For example, electrode potential was increased when rain water flow in due
to the increasing amount of dissolved oxygen. In addition, electrode potential was decreased when the water
quality degrading due to anaerobic decomposition of organic matter from untreated sewage. From the results,
it was suggested that developed water quality monitoring instrument can use for a new water quality
monitoring system.
Keywords: SMFC technology, Oxidation-reduction potential, Carbon electrode, Dysoxic environment

ECOHYDROLOGY MANAGEMENT OF LAKE AND WETLAND IN PUTRAJAYA URBAN ECOSYSTEM
Normaliza Noordin1, Akashah Majizat2, Zati Sharip3, Ahmad Zubir Sapian4
1,4
Perbadanan Putrajaya,
2
Eco Development Facilities Sdn Bhd
3
National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)
Corresponding author: liza@ppj.gov.my
Putrajaya has successfully implemented the creative ecohydrology concept of ‘ecosystem exploitation’ toachieve the targeted ‘hydrological quantity and quality’ of water in its urban drainage system by constructing a
600 ha of Lake and Wetland. The appropriately managed and conserved constructed wetland leads to theevidently functioning ecosystem services that benefit to the wellbeing of the communities. It has not only
produced the high quality of water, help in flood mitigation but also creates amazingly numerous benefit suchas functioning as breeding grounds, nurseries and homes to numerous flora and fauna. The diverse aquaticorganism that has been amazingly improving since it was created 15 years ago, represents a good sign of abalance ecosystem. In addition, the lake has now supporting the healthy lifestyle and become a renowned
venue to community, national and international high-profile events, though an attraction for domestic andinternational tourism as well. In 2015 and 2016 various management innovative applications have been
applied in order to achieve healthy and balance ecosystem the expected conservation status. Among all an
innovative method of algae removal through the non-destructive micro-bubble technology, a study of
Economic Assessment of Ecosystem Services and the integration of Putrajaya Lake model and catchment
management models becomes the long-term initiative towards conserving the Putrajaya Lake and Wetland
resources. Another innovation management effort that are taking place is the formation of the International
ASEAN Lake Network (IALN). The idea for IALN were than agreed as prospective way forward to encourage
information and experience exchanges among members.
Keywords : eco-hydrology, ecosystem services, constructed wetland, healthy ecosystem, Putrajaya Lake101

INTEGRATED MULTI TROPHIC AQUACULTURE FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE FISH PRODUCTION IN
SMALL RESERVOIR
Djamhuriyah S. Said, Tjandra Chrismadha, Triyanto
Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Corresponding author: djamhuriyah@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Integrated multi trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) is one technique in fish culture. These systems culture organismof varying trophic levels to maximize the system’s energy and nutrient utilization efficiency. IMTA systems
have been implemented in an effort to utilized the waters on small reservoirs. The objectives of this study wasto assess the growth of catfish (Clarias sp.) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), water quality and fish
production on IMTA system. Application of IMTA systems by utilizing the two treatments in different small
reservoir. The study was conducted in May-August 2016 at the Enrekang Botanical Gardens, Central Sulawesi.
This study consisted of two experiment of different type of small reservoir. First small reservoir located on
inside of botanical garden is a fish pond with area 20x25x1.5 m 3. The second reservoir located on outside ofbotanical garden is a new pond consists of two units (30x30x1.5 m 3 and 20x40x1.5 m3). In the first reservoir,
catfish cultured in the nets (1x5x1 m3), with stocking density of 200 fish/m2, an average total length 5.6 cm andaverage weight 1.34 g. The duckweeds planted in the two net of the same size as catfish net’s are placed on
both sides of the outside of the catfish net’s. The tilapia cultured in outside the net, with stocking 2,000 tilapia.
The size of tilapias were 6.93 cm average total length and average weight of 6.10 g. Surrounding catfish net’sand duckweed net’s installed plastic tarps to limit water from catfish culture mixed directly with the wateroutside the net. On the second reservoir catfish cultured in a net ( 4x4x1m 3), with stocking densities 187.5
fish/m2. An average of total length of catfish 4.9 cm and average weighs 0.84 g. The tilapia cultured with stock
2,000 fish separately in another small reservoir with has water connection with catfish reservoir. The size oftilapias were 6.5 cm average total length and an average weight of 5.3 g. The catfish were fed pelleted by 5%
per day, while the tilapia fed by duckweed, which is about 400 g wet weight per day. The results showed thegrowth of catfish reached 0.33 - 0.71 g day-1 and the growth of tilapia reaches 0.30-0.51 g day-1. The
duckweeds were planted growth well and It can be used as a fed source for tilapia. Water quality conditions in
IMTA systems observed still support for the life of both of fish, catfish and tilapia.
Keywords: aquaculture, trophic level, fish production, feed efficiency

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER COLUMN SAMPLER FOR THE STUDIES OF MICRO-SCLAE VERTICALSTRUCTURE IN THE LAKE
Tatsuro Akiba 1*, Yuji Tanaka2
1
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
2
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
Corresponding author: T. Akiba :ta-akiba@aist.go.jp
In lakes, physical, chemical and biological phenomena interact with each other and affect ecological functions
such as material cyclings. Proper knowledge on these functions is prerequisite in any action of management oflakes. However, because of the vertical stratification of the water column, distributions of environmental
properties including biological constituents such as bacteria, phytoplankton and micro-zooplankton can bequite uneven, showing fine structures. Nevertheless, spatial and temporal resolution in the environmental
measurements of lakes has historically been not enough to detect the fine structure. To improve this situation,
we have developed a free-fall device to sample water from the water column without disturbing the verticalstructure. While free-falling, using a suction mechanism it takes and preserves water keeping the verticalstructure in the sampling tube. Sampled water is segmented into waterlets with injected air in the tube. At one
sampling, about 500 mL of water can be taken. The spatial resolution is finer than 10 cm. The temporal
resolution is determined by the frequency of deployment. To maintain thin-layered shape of the vertically finestructure of the water column, a special mechanism for gentle suction is devised. In fact, the suction flow
generated with this apparatus produces smaller turbulence than conventional samplers. By recurrently
introducing the samples of water in the tube, we can measure three-dimensional distributions ofenvironmental properties. This three-dimensionally high-resolution measurement gives more proper
understandings of the lake environment..
Keywords: sampling technologies, vertical distribution, water column

102

IMPACT OF CRESOLS IN THE AMMONIUM RICH WASTEWATER ON ANAMMOX PROCESS
Yusuke Shimada1, Motoo Utsumi2, Yuya Kimura3
1
Graduate of School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
2Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba
3
Hitachi, Ltd.
Corresponding author: utsumi.motoo.ge@u.tsukuba.ac.jp
Eutrophication is a serious problem in lakes all over the world. It causes water bloom, therefore eutrophication
protect control are in urgent need. One of the causes of eutrophication is industrial wastewater because it
contains high concentration ammonium. Nitrification-denitrification is effective in removal of ammonium fromwastewater, while much attention has been paid to the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process,which can treat ammonium more efficiency than nitrification-denitrification process. It is reported thatanammox bacteria is highly sensitive to chemicals such as phenol, cresols. However, no study has been
conducted on the influence of cresols on anammox activity. In this study, the effect of cresols on anammox
activity was evaluated in laboratory scale experiment, adding synthetic wastewater containing cresols. Nochange in Nitrogen Conversion Rate (NCR) was observed until o-cresol concentration reached 20 mg/L, whileat 30 mg/L, NCR was decreased. At that time, it was found that the concentration of ammonium and nitrite intreated water increased. It was reveal that NCR decreased at 150 mg/L and 100 mg/L for m- and p-cresol
respectively, and it was found that only ammonium concentration increased in treated water. The results
showed that denitrification bacteria consumed nitrite with m- and p-cresol as a carbon source. When synthetic
wastewater containing 200 mg/L of m- or p-cresol was supplied. It was showed that NCR in both cases
decreased, and ammonium and nitrite were detected in treated water. Therefore, cresols in wastewater
affected the anammox process.
Key words: Anammox, denitrification, cresols, eutrophication

103

Room E, Topic ILBM (Integrated Lake Basin Management)
INTEGRATED LAKE BASIN MANAGEMENT OF GAIDAHAWA LAKE, RUPANDHI IN WESTERN NEPAL
Shailendra Pokharel1, Juddha Bahadur Gurung1
Conservation Development Foundation (CODEFUND)
Corresponding author: shailendrapokharel@gmail.com
Gaidahawa lake is a freshwater perennial water body of 28.5 ha with > 4560 ha basin area in Bishunapura,
Rudrapur and Suryapura Village Development Committees (VDCs) of Rupandehi district in Western Nepal. Its
core area belongs to Bishunapura VDC where as basin area is shared in 3 VDCs (Bishunapura, Rudrapur andSuryapura) with a human population of 20,951 populations in 3,120 HHs. GL is very close to the Lumbini
Cultural Heritage Site, the birth place of the Lord Buddha.Yet, lake area has been subjected to the succession
and encroachment by hill migrants. Senior citizens claim that GL used to be >80 ha. Lake basin represents
subtropical climate with 3 distinct noticeable seasons such as hot/dry, monsoon and cool/dry. There is no
major drainage in core area, but Kanchan river in north east. Lake water is non-arsenic, slightly alkaline andcoliform contaminated. All physical & chemical parameters are within reference of the National Drinking
Water Quality Standard and comply with prevailing national guidelines for irrigation; aquaculture; livestock
watering; and recreation. This lake is biodiversity rich with 134 species of plant (51 families & 112 genus)
including 6 species in IUCN Red List; 17 sps of mammals species; 95 sps of birds (41 families & 71 genera); >26
species of herpetofauna; and 18 species of local and 7 species of exotic fishes (Annex 4 to 7). An endemic
Indian-eyed Turtle i.e., Baldhyangre Kachhuwa (Morenia petersi) was reported the first time in 1995 from
Sagrahawa tal within the basin of GL. Political leaders and communities have been reiterating since many years
for a huge potential of GL to contribute to the biophysical surrounding of the Lumbini as well to promote thisarea for lake tourism. Therefore, NLCDC as the only government institution for lake in Nepal responded in2015 to the interest of local communities to assess and prepare a broader intervention plan of GL in theframework of ILBM approach for tourism, biodiversity and livelihoods. Consequently, ‘INTEGRATED LAKE
BASIN MASTER PLAN OF GAIDAHAWA LAKE, BISHUNAPURA VDC, RUPANDEHI DISTRICT, NEPAL (2015-2025) is
now in hand. This plan evolved out after national, district and communities level consultations, assessment
study and community planning processes. This plan has explored activities in 4 components such as 1) Lake
Basin Governance, 2) Lake Basin Environment, 3) Lake Tourism & Livelihoods, and 4) Lake Basin Management
Capacity. 1st component will deliver semi-governmental institution to execute plan to restore 2 nd component‘Lake Basin Environment’ for 3rd component ‘Lake Tourism & Livelihoods’. For all these, 4th component ‘Lake
Basin Management Capacity’ builds technical, managerial and financial strength of institution andcommunities to integrate basin environment to tourism, biodiversity and livelihoods.
Keywords: Basin, Governance, Biodiversity, Livelihoods.

DEVELOPING LOCAL LEADERSHIP FOR FUTURE SUSTAINABLE USE AND MANAGEMENT OF LAKEATITLÁN, GUATEMALA
Juan Skinner Alvarado
Lake Atitlán Environmental Protection Society
Corresponding author: jskinnera@gmail.com
In developing countries deficiencies in governance represent one of the greatest obstacles to the management
and sustainable use of lakes and their basins. This paper presents an analysis of the consequences of a lack ofgovernance in the development of environmental policy and law for the Lake Atitlán basin. Different
stakeholder views regarding the threats and state of the lake are analyzed, and the resulting policies, laws, andtechnological proposals for solutions are evaluated. Lake Atitlan is a tropical oligotrophic deep volcanic calderalake. Lake stakeholders include an indigenous Maya resident majority in the basin and influential non-resident
government officials, lakeshore recreational homeowners, and tourism associations. The main consequence
from deficient planning and centralized development of environmental law and policy is lack of environmental
justice, mainly from avoiding active and effective participation of the indigenous basin resident majority andtheir leadership. A revision of environmental law and policy for the basin is of utmost importance, but as a
midterm and long term strategy, it is recommended to increase literacy and leadership skills in the local
indigenous population for more effective participation in decision making processes and actions which willsustain the environmental quality in the lake Atitlán basin.
Keywords: lake, governance, policy, Maya, leadership

104

STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATORY ROLE IN MALAYSIAN ILBM INITIATIVES – RESEARCH PERSPECTIVE
Zati Sharip 1* , Saim Suratman 2
1
Lake Research Unit, Water Quality and Environment Research Centre, National Hydraulic ResearchInstitute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)
2National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia
Corresponding author: zati@nahrim.gov.my
This paper explores the status and challenges in adopting the lake basin heartware concept in Malaysian
integrated lake basin management initiatives. Realizing the importance of interacting with stakeholders tobuy-in their supports, stakeholder consultative approach has been used to develop a national research agenda
and a management tool for lake. This work is based on review of the development process of three national
studies over the period of 2.5 years to strengthen the research pillars to support the national ILBM initiatives
following to the implementation of the strategic plan for sustainable management of lakes in the country. The
study confirmed the positive involvement of various stakeholders in developing together the research agenda
and national water quality criteria for lakes. A case study on the challenges in strengthening the ILBM processof Chini Lake is also discussed.
Keywords: Heartware, Malaysia, Sustainable management

PROMOTING INTEGRATED LAKE BASIN MANAGEMENT IN LAKE NAKURU WATERSHED, KENYA
Jackson A.Raini1, Richard Kipsang Rop2, Timothy Murithi Kiogora2 Alice Bett3
1
FlamingoNet, P.O Box 13493-20100, Nakuru. Tel: +254712165699, Corresponding
author:jraini2002@yahoo.com.
2
County Min. of Environment, Natural Resources, Energy & Water,
3
Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O Box 535, Nakuru.
Corresponding author: jraini2002@yahoo.com
Lake Nakuru is one of several shallow, alkaline-saline lakes lying in closed hydrologic basins in the eastern
African Rift Valley. The lake is located between longitude 36o05’ E and Latitude 0o24’ S. In the past five years,
we have promoted an Integrated Lake Basin Management (ILBM) approach to address major Lake Basin
Governance in the lake basin issues that include; land use/ land cover changes, Climate Change (water
shortage, flooding, landslides), environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity, loss of tourism revenue,
deforestation & degradation of forested areas, urbanization, poor crop yields and damaged infrastructure (e.g.
roads, bridges), poverty and environmental pollution. The ILBM concept relates to the Millennium Ecosystem
Service Framework as applied to the river-lake-estuary basins. The “ILBM Platform Process”, a cyclic process ofgradual, incremental, and long-term improvement of basin governance, makes use of the Ecosystem Service
framework as a major conceptual basis. The improvement of basin governance should not only focus on
artificially augmenting for greater human uses the intrinsically endowed provisional services components tothe basin, e.g water, land and forest resources, fauna and flora of human-use value, but also focus on
preventing the undue diminishment of regulating service capacities such as biodiversity conservation, soundfood chain, moderation of the microclimate, mitigating functions of floods and droughts. Major
accomplishments of the ILBM working group include promoting ILEC supported such as concepts such as ILBMHeartware and ILBM- Ecosystem Service Shared Value Assessment (ESSVA) which have also evolved throughactivities held at the national, regional and global levels.

105

INTEGRATED LAKE BASIN MANAGEMENT - SAROWAR SAMWARDHINI OF LONAR CRATER LAKE,
INDIA
Kshama Khobragade1 , Vijay Pawar2
1
Associate Professor & Head, Dept of Environmental Science, S. B. E. S. College of Science,
Aurangabad- 431001 (MS), India
2
Research Scholar, Dept of Environmental Science, S. B. E. S. College of Science, Aurangabad- 431001(MS), India
Corresponding author: kshama.earth@gmail.com
Lonar crater is formed by a meteorite impact before some 50000 years ago. It is situated in the Buldhana
district of Maharashtra state of India and located between latitude 19°58’N and 76°31’. Being as a saline
crater; its aquatic ecosystem is unique. Anthropogenic activities caused a serious threat, hence forconservation point of view, this study carried out from more than a decade. Qualitative assessment of watershows that lake is under eutrophication. The domestic sewage from Lonar town is introduced into the lake. In
the periphery of lake basin, improper agricultural practices were also a major nuisance ongoing from last many
years. Cutting of trees, cattle feeding, tourist for site seeing and pilgrims, etc are some harmful activities
carried out which need to stop immediately. Sarowar Samwardhini is working on the principles led down by
the six pillars of ILBM concept. Scientists have demanded to declare this lake under Ramsar site, thereby
giving the lake an international perspective towards its conservation strategies. Continuous scientific studies
showed that this geological monument needs to be provided with special attention for its proper conservation
planning.
Keywords: Crater Lake, Eutrophication, ILBM, Ramsar site, Sarowar Samwardhini.

LIMNOLOGY OF LAKE LANAO, MINDANAO ISLAND, PHILIPPINES: INPUTS FOR AN INTEGRATEDLAKE BASIN MANAGEMENT
Carmelita G. Hansel1 and Misael M. Sanguila2
1
College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics; 2College of Fisheries, Mindanao State University,
Marawi City 9700, Philippines
Corresponding author: carmelita_hansel@yahoo.com
Due consideration of a lake’s limnology or its lentic properties in integrated lake basin management (ILBM)
would result to good lake basin management for sustainable resource use. Thus, this paper reviews andsummarizes limnological data obtained in Lake Lanao from studies done by Frey and by Lewis in the late 1960’s
and early 1970’s, respectively, to the currently ongoing characterization of physical and chemical factors in
Lake Lanao. These data will serve as inputs to an ILBM of Lake Lanao. Good basin management of Lake Lanao
in order for it to be utilized sustainably would require an evolving and improving lake governance that isfounded on and integrates the six pillars of ILBM: institutions, policies, participation, technologies, knowledge
and information, and financing.
Keywords: limnology, Lake Lanao, integrated lake basin management

106

ILLBM PROGRAM OF THE COAHUAYANA BASIN, MEXICO
Alejandro Juarez-Aguilar1, Rene Velazquez 1, Adalberto Diaz 1, Miriam Andrade 1, Paola Carranza1,
Claudia Gonzalez1, Nelida Orozco1, Mariano Beret 2, Carla Aceves 2
1
Institute Corazon de la Tierra
2
Universidad de Guadalajara
Corresponding author: corazondelatierra@gmail.com
The Integrated Lentic-Lotic Basin Management (ILLBM) of the Coahuayana Basin (Mexico) was developed as atool to guide the organization of human activities, in order to maintain and restore ecosystem services(Provisioning, Regulating , Supporting and Cultural types) within its 4,958 km² of territory. These services
create conditions to maintain both healthy aquatic ecosystems (Lake Zapotlan and a set of rivers) and qualityof life for 400 thousand watershed dwellers. The ILLBM-Coahuayana was built from a set of analysis ofenvironmental, economic , social and spatial aspects; it was conceptualized as a model to facilitate
intergovernmental and intersectoral linkages, having as center the basin functioning. It´s the first instrument
for basin management in Mexico developed completely under ILLBM principles, fostering basin governance asa core component of the process. It was held from 2015-2016, including fieldwork, data collection,
stakeholder involvement through participative workshops and feedback with the Intermunicipal Council of the
Coahuayana River-Lake Zapotlan Basin, a technical institution which provides counseling to 12 municipalities
within the watershed. The final document includes a comprehensive description of physical-biological andsocial aspects (with special attention to lentic-lotic ecosystems), an analysis of problems, causes and effects; areport of focal groups, a map of stakeholders, a Conflict-collaboration Matrix, a diagnosis of environmental
governance, a 27-layers GIS system, and an analysis of legal framework. Finally, using the afore mentioned
products there was structured a Conservation and sustainable management strategy, which includes a whole
section directed to Governance improvement, with a indicators monitoring system.
Keywords: ILLBM, Multistakeholder plattform, lentic-lotic waterbodies.

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT APPROACH OF SELANGOR DAM AND EX-MINING POND TO MITIGATE
EL-NINO EFFECT ON WATER RESOURCES IN SELANGOR, MALAYSIA.
Nor Zamri Bin Sondor1 , Mazlan Bin Idrus2 , Ahmad Faidz Bin Razalli3
1,2,3
Selangor Waters Management Authority (SWMA), 13th Floor, Darul Ehsan Building,40000 Shah
Alam,Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
norzamri@luas.gov.my1 , mazlan@luas.gov.my2 , faidz@luas.gov.my3
Sungai Selangor Dam is among of seven dams in Selangor State together with ex-mining ponds located along
Selangor River which are gazetted as Protected Zone under Section 48, Selangor Water Management Authority(SWMA) Enactment 1999. Management of the dam is inclusive of impounding water body and water
catchment area to ensure the water resource security. Both dams and ex-mining ponds are functioning as
water supply to the nearest Water Treatment Plant. Sungai Selangor Dam have been established in the basin
to regulate the river flow and ensure sufficient amount of water is available to all even during dry seasons.
LUAS will monitor the water quality as well as water level and report regularly to the State of Selangor. Water
resource from the ex-mining ponds are utilized by pumping from the ponds to the Selangor River. The total
capacity that can be abstracted from the ponds is 1,000 million litres per day (MLD). The utilization of theponds have been proven to reduce the dependency on the release of water from Selangor River Dam thus canincrease the storage life of the dam. Weekly monitoring of the water quality from the ponds is also
implemented to ensure that the raw water quality meets the Malaysian National Raw Water Quality Standard.
Another initiative undertaken by the Selangor Waters Management Authority (SWMA) is the cloud seeding
operation over the catchment areas of the 7 dams in the state of Selangor inclusive of Selangor River Dam. The
cloud seeding operation is conducted daily depending on the meteorological conditions to increase thepossibility and intensity of rainfall thus increasing the storage of the dams.

107

Poster Abstracts

108Poster Abstracts

Topic 1 Climate Change and Water Crisis
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON AND DISSOLVED INORGANICCARBON COMPOSITION IN AN OLIGOTROPHIC LAKE
Yustiawati
Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
Corresponding author: yusti@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Climate changes and global warming has been an important issue in the world because their impact to theenvironment. Carbon dioxide is one of green house gasses, that also present in carbon cycles. In aquatic
environment, Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) and Particulate Organic
Carbon (POC) are important component in carbon cycle. Each environment has a uniqueness to adapt andretain the climate change as well as Lake Matano, Southern Sulawesi. Lake Matano is an oligotrophic lake andmany endemic biota live in this lake. The objective of study is to reveal the impact of climate change to water
quality of Lake Matano, especially DOC and DIC parameters. DOC and DIC concentration were determinedusing TOC analyzer, Shimadzu TOC-L. According to TRMM data in Sulawesi region, the air temperature has
been increasing about 1 oC during 1948 to 2016, it means air temperature increase about 0.15- 0.2 oC per
decade. This phenomenon perhaps increases the water temperature in lake. The results showed that DOC
concentration in Lake Matano was in the range 0.4308-3.8890 mg/L, and DIC was 19.33-28.58 mg/L. Some
researchers reported that climate changes will decrease DOC concentration in aquatic environment because
releasing carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. However, in Lake Matano DIC concentration is higher than DOC
concentration. Lake Matano has alkaline pH, it is about 8.4- 8.9. Therefore solubility of carbondioxide is higher,
and carbondioxide will present in bicarbonate dan carbonate form. It indicated that the releasing
carbondioxide to the atmosphere is low.
Keywords: Dissolved organic carbon, dissolved inorganic carbon, oligotrophic, climate change.

Topic 2 Lake Environment Under Stress and Their Restoration Challenges
LEAD (Pb) DETECTION IN KNIFE FISH (Chitala ornata GRAY, 1831) FROM LAGUNA LAKE PHILIPPINESMc Jervis S. Villaruel1*; Rose Tiffany A. Pol2 and Regine L. Rogel2
1
School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños
2
Department of Biology, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Corresponding author: mjsvillaruel@pup.edu.phChitala ornata or Knife fish was accidentally introduced in Laguna Lake last 2009 after the typhoon Ondoy hit
the Philippines. Knife fish became an invasive species that threatened the biodiversity and aquaculture in thelake. As control for Knife fish proliferation, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Postharvest Division is
now using knife fish as a raw material in making nuggests, burger patties, kikiam and siomai. However, there isa threat of heavy metal bioaccumulation upon eating these products made from Knife fish since the lake
serves as catch basin of heavy metal from various tributaries. This study seeks to determine the leadconcentration in various organs of Knife fish namely; liver, intestine and muscle. Fish and water samples werecollected in 3 different stations in the lake within the jurisdiction of the Municipality of Binangonan, Cardona
and Morong. Samples were collected during the dry season (September and October 2015) and wet season(November and December 2015). Highest mean concentration of lead was recorded in liver (0.20±0.05mg/L),
followed by intestine (0.18±0.06mg/L) and muscle (0.17±0.06mg/L). Highest mean concentration of lead inwater samples was noted in Binangonan in all sampling months (1.454±0.487ppm). Lead concentration in theorgans of Chitala ornata significantly varied between dry season and wet season, wet season having higher
lead concentration for the 3 organ. This is due to the prolonged dry season in the area as forecasted byPhilippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). The leadconcentrations recorded from the organs of Chitala ornata were considered as toxic to human since there is
no known safe concentration of lead in the human system.

109

THE ANALYSIS OF TYPICAL NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION LOADS IN LAKE ERHAI BASIN
Jimeng Feng
Shanghai Jiaotong Uiversity
Corresponding author: fjm520@sjtu.edu.cn
Inflow rivers is the main factor for xenobiotic pollutants into Lake Erhai. There are totally 117 rivers in Lake
Erhai basin and the pollutants into the rivers are mainly from residents life, agricultural cultivation andlivestock breeding. Having been highly contaminated, Luoshi River, one of the three most significant rivers
flowing into the northern Lake Erhai, is the key point of pollution control and treatment in Lake Erhai. The
thesis taking Luoshi River as the main research object has analyzed the status of water contamination along
the river and studied the changing characteristics of pollution loads in different sections of Luoshi River basin.
The result showed that the lower reaches of the Lake Xihu is the most polluted section in Luoshi River basin
and the pollution loads accounts for 46.86% of the total. Besides, the river inlet section, Xiaojiangqiao section
and lower reaches of the Dengchuan section are all highly polluted, whose pollution loads account for 23.37%,
12.66% and 10.86% respectively. The contribution rate of different pollution types to pollution loads in Luoshi
River basin are as follows: livestock breeding 83.3%, agricultural cultivation 13.5%, residents life 3.1%. The
contribution rate of main villages to pollution loads in Luoshi River basin, listed from high to low, are as
follows: Zhaoyishaping Village, Zhongsuo Village, Xinzhou Village, Zhonghe Village, Tuanjie Village, Xingfu
Village and Xihu Village.
Keywords: Lake Erhai Basin, Luoshi River, Equal Standard Pollution Loading Method, Pollution Contribution
Rate

WATER QUALITY AND CADMIUM CONTAMINATION IN MAE TAO STREAM, MAE SOT DISTRICT, TAK
PROVINCE, THAILAND
Supisara Suwunprasert1, Supap Saenphet2 and Chitchol Phalaraksh1,2*1
Environmental Science Program, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand*Corresponding author: chitchol.p@cmu.ac.th
Cadmium is a non-essential element that found from natural soils concomitantly with zinc or zinc mining
activities. Many researches revealed the contamination of cadmium from zinc mining activities in Mae Sot
District, Tak Province, Thailand. The aims of this study were to evaluate physical-chemical parameters of Mae
Tao Stream and level of cadmium concentration in water and sediment from Mae Tao Stream and fromcontaminated fish farm. Samples were collected from upstream of zinc mine (reference site) and the othersites were downstream of zinc mine and in fish farm, which receive water from Mae Tao Stream. Samples
were collected in August, October and December 2015. Physical-chemical parameters including watertemperature, pH, conductivity, DO, BOD5 and nutrients (Nitrate-nitrogen, Ammonia-nitrogen andOrthophosphate) were measured. The result showed that Mae Tao Stream was classified to Type III of the
Surface Water Quality Standard of Thailand whereas; the water quality of fish farm was classified to Type IV.
Cadmium concentration in water samples was ranged of 0.00-0.016 mg/L. The water quality of reference siteand other contaminated sites was no significantly difference (p > 0.05). Cadmium concentration in sediment
was ranged of 1.12-93.00 mg/kg, where reference site and other contaminated sites was significantly
difference (p < 0.05). The expected usefulness of the study is to monitor the contamination of cadmium in Mae
Sot area.
Keywords: cadmium contamination, water quality, Mae Tao stream, Mae Sot District

110

CADMIUM CONTAMINATION IN ENVIRONMENT ALONG MAE TAO CREEK, MAE SOT DISTRICT, TAK(THAILAND)
Hataypat Viratkaseam1, Chitchol Phalaraksh 1,2 and Sutthathorn Chairuangsri 2*
1
Environmental Science Program, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
Corresponding author: s.suwann@gmail.com
The study of cadmium contamination in water sediment and some edible riparian plants were conducted along
Mar Tao creek, Mae Sot district, Tak province. This creek is subjected to cadmium contamination due to zincmining activity in the area. Four sampling sites were selected for water quality monitoring and cadmium
contamination determination; site 1 before mining area and site 2-4 after mining area. Three plants species
were selected for this study including Lasia spinosa (L.) Thw. Diplazium esculentum (Retz) Sw. and Colocasia
esculenta (L.) Schott var.aquatilis. Water, sediment and plant samples were collected in August and December
2015 which represent wet and dry seasons, respectively, The water quality from all sampling sites were notexceed value of the surface water standard of Thailand. The lowest cadmium concentration in water andsediment were found in site 1. Cadmium concentration in sediment of site 2-4 were higher than standard (at29.970 ± 12.766 mg/kg) with the highest value recorded in site 2, which located near mining site. However,plant samples from all study sites contained cadmium higher than the level that allowed for vegetable. The
highest cadmium contamination was found in L. spinosa, followed by D. esculentum and C. esculenta,
respectively. In L. spinosa accumulation in shoots was higher than in roots. Where as in D. esculentum and C.
Esculenta the accumulation were mostly in roots. Therefore consuming of these three plant species are notrecommended.
Keywords: cadmium contamination, water, sediment, riparian plants, Mae Tao creek

BIOMONITORING CADMIUM (Cd) USING Oreochromis niloticus AS BIOINDICATOR SPESIES INBUYAN - TAMBLINGAN LAKE BALIAri Anggara1*, Andhika Puspito Nugroho2
1,2
Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation Faculty of Biology
Universitas Gadjah Mada – Yogyakarta
Corresponding author: ari.anggara.undiksha@gmail.com
Buyan and Tamblingan Lake in north Bali has become severely degraded over recent years by deforestation foragroindustry and over using of organic pesticide or fertilizer which contained heavy metals. This research
aimed to study the bioaccumulation of cadmium (Cd) in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as bioindicatorspecies. Nile Tilapia weighted 200 g and 20 cm body-long was introduced and exposured in each lake during 30
days. Bioaccumulation of cadmium (Cd) was analyzed in muscle and liver using Atomic AbsorbanceSpectrophotometer (AAS) in 0, 15 and 30 days. The result showed that the cadmium (Cd) bioaccumulation
range from 0 μmol g-1 to 2,79 x 10-3 μmol g-1 in muscle and 0,07 x 10-3 μmol g-1 to 2,89 x 10-3 μmol g-1 inliver and the concentration in water colom are 0,8 x 10-3 both lake. The fluctuation of each station are
influence by cadmium (Cd) mechanism in the process of metals excretion and the range of pollutant resources.
This result proved that cadmium (Cd) trace from the anthropogenic activity and natural surface runoff fromthe riparian lakeside primary forest of Batukahu.
Keywords: Cadmium (Cd); Oreochromis niloticus; Buyan; Tamblingan; Batukahu.

111

IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ON EUTROPHICATION LEVEL AND PHYTOPLANKTON
DIVERSITY AT LAKE BUYAN, BALINi Putu Vivin Nopiantari1, Ida Ayu Astarini2, I Wayan Arthana3
1)
Master Degree Program on Environmental Sciences, Udayana University, Jl. PB Sudirman,
Denpasar, Bali, 80361
2)
Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Bukit
Jimbaran Campus, Badung, Bali, 80364
3)
Faculty of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran Campus, Badung,Bali, 80364
Corresponding author: iaastarini@unud.ac.id, idaastarini@yahoo.com
This research aimed to find out diversity of phytoplankton and water quality of Lake Buyan, Bali. Research was
conducted at Lake Buyan, Buleleng Regency, in February – June 2014. Organic compound were analyzed at
UPT Balai Laboratorium Kesehatan Provinsi Bali. Analysies of phytoplankton community structure was done at
UPT Laboratorium Sumberdaya Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler Universitas Udayana Denpasar. Purposive
sampling method was employed to take samples from 4 stations around Lake Buyan that represent agriculturalactivities. Water sample from Lake Buyan was taken to find out diversity of phytoplankton. Physical andchemicals measurements includes TDS, TSS, pH, DO, BOD, COD, NO3, NH3, NH4 and PO4. Thirty species ofphytoplankton from 6 Phylum were found, i.e. Bacillariophyta 81,7%, Chlorophyta 13.3%, Cyanophyta 3,1%,
Chrysophyta 1,7%, Dinophyta 0.1%, dan Pyrrophycophyta 0.1%. Varied phytoplankton species were found oneach station. There are 18 species were found at station I, 10 species at station II, 15 species at station III and
20 species at station IV. Phytoplankton abundance ranging between 53 individual/liter - 90 individual/liter.
The highest abundance was at station III: 90 individual/liter. Dominance species at all station was Synedra
ulna. Highest phytoplankton diversity index was at station IV (1.5) (mildly polluted) and lowest at station III:
0.8 (heavily polluted). Highest similarity was at station IV: 0.5 (mid similarity index) and lowest at station III :0.3 (low similarity index). Highest dominance was at station III: 0.7 (high partial dominance) and lowest at
station IV: 0.5 (mid partial dominance).
Keywords: Bali Lake, plankton, pollution

MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF THE WATER QUALITY OF TAAL LAKE, TALISAY, BATANGAS,
PHILIPPINES
Felipe B. Martinez 1, Imelda C. Galera2
1
De La Salle University Dasmarinas
2
De La Salle University Dasmarinas
Corresponding author: Corresponding author: fbmartinez@dlsud.edu.ph
This paper presents an update on the physico-chemical properties of the Taal Lake for local government
officials and representatives of non-government organizations by monitoring and evaluating a total of nine (9)water quality parameters. The study further shows that the Taal Lake’s surface temperature, pH, total
dissolved solids, total suspended solids, color, and dissolved oxygen content conform to the standards set by
the Department of Environment and Natural resources (DENR); while phosphate, chlorine, and 5-Day 20°C
BOD are below the standard. Likewise, the T-test result shows no significant difference in the overall averageof the two sites at the Taal Lake (P > 0.05). Based on the data, the Lake is safe for primary contact recreationsuch as bathing, swimming and skin diving, and can be used for aqua culture purposes.
Keywords: Cool dry season, hot dry season, rainy season, Taal Lake, water quality

112

FERTILITY WATERS BASED ON THE ABUNDANCE OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN BATUR LAKE,KINTAMANI, BALI
I.G.A.N. Sidaningrat1*, I.W. Arthana2, E.W. Suryaningtyas3
1
Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, Bali 80361, Indonesia*
Corresponding author: noviesidaningrat@gmail.com
Batur Lake is the largest lake in Bali, located in Kintamani, Bangli. Batur Lake is located at 1050 meters above
sea level (asl) which is geographically located in a position of 115022'42,3 "-115025'33,0" East Latitude and8013'24,0"-8017'13,3" South Latitude. The water surface area of Batur Lake is of 16.05 km2 with a volume of
815.38 million meters3 and an average depth of 50.8 meters. The catching area is covering 105.35 km2, andother activities around Batur Lake are agricultural (49.35%), cultivation of floating net cage, settlements(2.22%), tourism activities, and dock. Those activities may increase nutrient input into waters that affect thefertility of waters. The aims of this research was to determine the abundance of phytoplankton that can beused as an indicator of fertility of waters in Batur Lake. The results of plankton community was supported by
the diversity of phytoplankton as many as 16 species of 4 phylum. The abundance value of phytoplankton
ranged between 2686-2983 individuals/liter respectively which belongs to the mesotrophic waters (moderatewaters fertility). The range of water quality parameters of temperature was 24,90C-25,60C ; pH 9.02-9.06 ; DO
4.4 mg/l-5.0 mg/l ; brightness 119.1 cm-138.4 cm ; nitrate 0.452 mg/l-0.598 mg/l ; and phosphate 0.332 mg/l0.488 mg/l.
Keywords: Abundance, Phytoplankton, Water Fertility

THE CHANGING ECOLOGY OF DAL LAKE, KASHMIR
Humaira Qadri1, Basharat Mushtaq2, Shahid Ahmad Wani3, Abdul Roouf Bhat3, Khursheed Ahmad
Parray3 and A. R. Yousuf4
1,2,3
Sri Pratap College, Srinagar, M. A. Road, Srinagar, 190001, J&K, India
4
National Green Tribunal, New Delhi, India
Corresponding author: qadrihumaira3@gmail.com
The present paper represents an attempt to compare the ecological changes that have taken place in Dal lake(a multi-basined lake of Kashmir located at 34007’N, 74052’E, 1584m above MSL) over a period from 19772012. The physico-chemical parameters have undergone a considerable increase over a period of three
decades. One way ANOVA reflected a significant increase (p=0.05) in the concentration of nutrients
particularly, ammonical-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen and total phosphorus. The aquatic plant and benthic
diversity has undergone a serious decline with the ever increasing trophic status of the lake. Azolla cristata, afree floating invasive plant, which prefers highly eutrophic and stagnant waters, has been dominating the lake
for the past one decade. The benthic community is dominated by high pollution tolerant species including,tubifex tubifex, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Branchiura sowerbyi. The comparison of the ecological data and anevaluation of the conservation/restoration plans for the lake reflects a failure in the basic ecologicalunderstanding required to conserve this fragile ecosystem.
Keywords: nutrients, aquatic plant, benthic, invasive, pollution

113

DOMINANCE OF CYANOBACTERIA FROM TROPICAL MAN-MADE LAKES IN MALAYSIA
Fareha Hilaluddin1*, Siti Balqis Abd Razak1*Corresponding author: hfareha01@gmail.com
Cyanobacteria blooms often occur in eutrophic ecosystem. They have potential to produce toxins andtasteodor compounds which may cause to public health concerns. The relationship between eutrophication andextension of cyanobacteria abundance in two different trophics man-made lakes in Malaysia was carried out.
In thisstudy, temporal population of cyanobacteria dominance was analyzed from deep stratifying man-madelake in Malaysia. Main objective of this study is to identify the physical and chemical conditions of environment
in promoting and sustaining cyanobacteria dominance. Water samples for phytoplankton enumeration andnutrient analysis were collected monthly from November 2013 to October 2014 at Puchong Lake (2º57’13.9”
N,101º36’37.3” E) and Mines North Lake (3º02’03.7” N, 101º42’44.8” E) using 5 ml Niskin water sampler.
Water parameter, such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total dissolved solid and turbidity
had been taken from numerous depths using in-situ multi-parameter Troll 9500 water quality instrument.
Phytoplankton samples was preserved using Lugol’s iodine for enumeration while nutrient samples was kept in~ -2 ºC ice chest until reach to laboratory for immediate analysis. Our results showed the lower phytoplankton
diversity index value was recorded where cyanobacteria blooms are frequent. Cyanobacteria dominated by
Planktothrix agardii and Merismopedia glauca revealed the highest quantity in Puchong Lake, comprise 84.3199.85% where the highest nutrients loading recorded. In general, though there is clear evidence for direct
stimulation of cyanobacterial bloom by nutrient over-enrichment, the relationships between nutrient excess
and potential toxicity species of phytoplankton blooms remain poorly understood.
Keywords: Cyanobacteria bloom, Planktothrix agardii, eutrophication, nutrients, diversity index.

CHANGES IN THE CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF BLUE-GREEN ALGAE DURING PERIODS OF ACTIVEGROWTH
Ikuyo Makino1*, Yuji Yahagi2, Takahiro Nakayama3 and Atsushi Kobayashi41
Tohoku University, 1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan2
Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
3
Research Institute of Bio-system Informatics, Tohoku Chemical Co., Ltd., Morioka 020-0022, Iwate,Japan
4
Nihon University, 1 Nakagawara, Tokusada, Tamuramachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8642, Japan
Corresponding author: ikuyo.makino.e1@tohoku.ac.jp
It is well-known that tremendous growth of blue-green algae during summer is one of the causes for
freshwater pollution all over the world. Although the importance of photosynthesis, nutrient, and watertemperature on the growth mechanism of blue-green algae is well recognized, chemical ecology of blue-green
algae has not been elucidated yet. To understand this, we elucidated the effect of chemical ecology of bluegreen algae in various water depth on the growth mechanism by quantifying 110 chemicals relating requisite
biological activity. In August, the best energetically season for the blue-green algae growing, we collected thestagnating water from a man-made lake including blue-green algae. The water samples from the surface layer
and layer of 0.4 to 0.5 m depth were collected at daytime and nighttime. The samples blue-green algae wereanalyzed with an Agilent CE-TOFMS (capillary electrophoresis-time of flight mass spectrometry) system(Agilent Technologies) and the detected chemicals with a molecular weight of less than 1000 were grouped
into relating compounds. Based on our results, the effect of living depth in freshwater was more important
than that of sunlight exposure as to chemical ecology of blue-green algae. Indeed, higher concentration of
nucleic acid-relating compounds and dipeptides were detected at the surface water layer, while higher
concentration of free amino acids were found in mid-depth water layer. This correlation between the depth
and composition of metabolites must be a significant fact to reveal unknown biological event of blue-green
algae during periods of active growth.
Keywords: Blue-green algae, chemical ecology, water depth, metabolome, 110 chemicals required,photosynthesis

114

Topic 3 Lake and Lake Basin Management and Policies
CAGE CULTURE AND LAKE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN LAKE DANAO, SAN FRANCISCO, CENTRALPHILIPPINES
Serapion N. Tanduyan*, Berenice T. Andriano and Ricardo B. Gonzaga
Cebu Technological University, 6050 San Francisco Cebu, Philippines
Corresponding author: sntanduyan@yahoo.com
Lake Danao is a first runner up of the cleanest and greenish lake throughout the Philippines. This becomes also
the tourist destinations and its aquaculture activities have been controlled by the government so as tomaintain its status as a tourist destination. Cage culture was undertaken by the Bureau of Fisheries andAquatic Resources (BFAR), Department of Agriculture (DA) and the Cebu Technological University (CTU).
Freshwater fishes like tilapia, carps, mudfish and catfish were stocked in the cages fed with both commercial
feeds and local feeds. The BFAR engaged in grow out and breeding of tilapia and other freshwater fishes anddistributed throughout Central Visayas as seedlings and breeders for grow out and propagation purposes. The
Department of Agriculture reared tilapia until marketable sizes and are sold to tourists where it is placed in thecages for dispersal in Lake Danao Park and the tourists will catch them through hook and line and weighed andpriced then they are cooked according to the choice of the tourists. The CTU undergo research activities oftilapia cultivation and processing using different types of feeds and processing techniques on the value added
products of tilapia and other freshwater fishes. The BFAR stocked 150,000 tilapia fingerlings into the Lakeevery quarter to replenish the tilapia caught by fishermen in the lake. Fishing in the lake was regulated by
imposing ordinances on regulated mesh size of the gill net and banning fine meshed net fishing. Proper waste
disposal, banning the washing of clothes, tree planting, using paddle boats in fishing and no privateaquaculture activities in the lake except the three government agencies were imposed in the lake to sustain
the lake as a tourist destination and as part of the management of Lake Danao.
Keywords: Cage culture, Lake Danao, Central Philippines

SUCCESSFUL PUBLIC- PRIVATE MODEL FOR ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION OF KHAM RIVER,AURANGABAD, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA
Yeshwant Kulkarni1, Sayali Joshi2
1
Director2
CEO 1Green Water Revolution Pvt. Ltd.
Corresponding author: yeshwant@gwrpl.com 2Shrishti Eco-Research Institute (SERI), B-106, Devgiri,
Near Ganesh Mala,Sinhagad Road, Pune – 411 030 INDIA
Corresponding author: sayali@seriecotech.com
ILBM principles to successfully convert an aerobically dead river into a living lotic system. The flow of the river(about 190 MLD) mainly consists of domestic wastewaters. This was initiated in October 2015 and then theecotechnological Green Bridge™ system was developed after getting four of the pillars – Policy, Institutions,
Finance and Public Participation to support knowledge and technology pillars to revitalize the Kham River byin-situtreating the wastewaters flowing through the River. Confederation of Indian Industries along with the
Aurangabad Cantonment Board took the responsibility of local co-ordination. Finances were provided by
Varroc EngineeringPvt. Ltd. Knowledge and technology was volunteered for by Shrishti Eco-Research Institute(SERI), Pune, which is known for its pioneering work in ecotechnological pollution treatment spanning almost
two decades. SERI was requested by the CII to guide the project. Green Water Revolution Pvt. Ltd. has workedon the engineering designs and on field execution of the project. Green Bridge is horizontal eco-filtration
system having different physical and biological filters working inn combination removes suspended anddissolved impurities of water. This ecological restoration work has strengthened the faith that appropriate
network and timely actions with thorough knowledge of ecology can result in successful revitalization of lentic
and lotic systems.
Key words: River eco-restoration, Green Bridge™, network, biodiversity

115

THE POLITICS OF LAKE-SYSTEM CONSERVATION: THE CASE OF MISSION KAKATIYA IN TELANGANA,
INDIA
Pullanna Vidyapogu
Centre for Regional Studies, University of Hyderabad
Corresponding author: pullanna@gmail.com
In 2015 Telangana State Government launched Mission Kakatiya. The stated goal of Mission Kakatiya is tobring back the prosperity of the Kakatiya dynasty (12th to early 14th century) by restoring lakes across theregion through technological interventions. The administration hopes to achieve this goal by beautifying thelakes, preventing encroachments and increasing the ground water. Mission Kakatiya is being internationally
lauded for its design. In this paper I discuss Mission Kakatiya based on an analysis of ethnographic field data
gathered on the traditional communities that have customary claims over lake-resources at select lakes overthree years. Additionally, my analysis will be based on archival research, documentation of lake-centric
Bathukamma festival, and a content analysis of statements made by the state government, administrative
officials and other key resource persons on conservation of lakes. Under Mission Kakatiya, the aesthetic valueof the water body will be enhanced and may even bring in revenues through tourism. These notwithstanding, I
argue, Kakatiya Mission may not enhance needs of drinking water, nor augment livelihoods for communities.
To sustainably ‘restore’ urban lakes, the ‘ecosystem’ of a lake, which includes communities exercisingcustomary claims over the waterbody is to be considered. My paper will recommend ways in which Mission
Kakatiya can be modified for this purpose.
Keywords: State, Beautification, Customary Claims, Conservation, Commons

MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES IN NORTH SUMATERA (CASE STUDY : LAKE TOBA AND
ASAHAN RIVER )Ternala Alexander Barus
Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, University of Sumatera Utara (USU),
ternala58@gmail.com
Inland water ecosystems in North Sumatra has specific characteristics, especially with the presence of Lake
Toba with Asahan river as the flow out of Lake Toba water. This lake is a water resource that has a very
important value in terms of the function of ecological, hydrological and economic functions. The utilization of
the water of Lake Toba is very diverse as a source of clean water for the surrounding communities, as a fishingand fish farming in floating net cages, activities of water transport, tourism, as a source of water forhydropower in the downstream area, on the one hand requires lake water quality well and fulfill certain
requirements. Instead of Lake Toba is also used as a place to dispose of various types of waste generated fromagricultural activities in the surrounding area of Lake Toba, domestic waste from residential and hospitality,
waste nutrients from the rest of the fish feed that is not consumed by the fish cultivated, waste from tourism
and water transportation , If the pollution continues without any attempts to minimize the pollution that
occurs then the ecosystem of Lake Toba burden will be heavier and will ultimately harm all parties concerned.
It is necessary for the conservation of a well planned so that the quality of the environment and preservationof the ecosystem of Lake Toba can be maintained.
Keywords: Lake Toba , the Asahan River , Biodiversity Management

116

ECOSYSTEM SERVICE AWARENESS – CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK TOWARD DISASTER RISKREDUCTION AND RESILIENCE
Naoko Kimura1
1
Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan
Corresponding author: kimura.naoko.34u@kyoto-u.jp
The study reported here aims to propose a conceptual framework to employ awareness-raising of theecosystem and its services and functions toward disaster risk reduction as well as resilient society. The role ofecosystem in disaster risk reduction have been globally recognized as a means not only to attain ecosystembased disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR) but also to contribute to sustainable development. The framework
proposed in this study seeks to encourage tangible actions at local level in line with Eco-DRR and international
agreements such as the Hyogo Framework for Action, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, andGoal 15 of the Sustainable Development Goals. This study used literature reviews on a few Eco-DRR cases
mainly in Japan and developed matrices for workshops based on theories of education sociology andcommunication studies, then conducted a pilot workshop to high school students in Shiga, Japan. The resultsof the workshop made it clear that the students perceive certain functions of the regulating service, especiallyfunctions related to disaster risk mitigation, as high priority yet less close, as the scale of such functions are toolarge to visualize. Through peer discussion, the students became aware of the ecosystem as a product of an
accumulation of natural history and life, including historical disasters and their influences. This paper
concludes that integrating knowledge on local nature resources and disaster experiences can be key inpromoting an ecosystem adaptation approach for disaster risk reduction so as to achieve resilience andsustainability.
Keywords: Ecosystem services, awareness-raising, disaster risk reduction (DRR), resilience

Identification of Lake Sentarum's Potential Ecosystem Services, Social and Institutional Profiles to
Support Ecotourism Development ( A Review Paper)
Ivana Yuniarti
Research Centre for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Corresponding author: ana@limnologi.lipi.go.id
A memorandum of understanding of ecotourism development in Kapuas Hulu District has been signed byseveral institutions. Among some covered ecosystems, Lake Sentarum as a very unique ecosystem is the prime
destination included in the tourism plan. This paper is aimed to review and identify the lake's potential
ecosystem services (i.e. biodiversity, water supply, and tourism) as well as social and institutional profiles ofthe surrounding areas which are the main elements of the tourism plan. Moreover, a useful information thatcan be easily read by the decission maker about the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats is alsopresented in the paper. The informations were obtained by reviewing all possibly accessed papers and thenthey were analzed by using a strength, weakness, opportunity and threat (SWOT) analysis. The results of theanalysis show that the biodiversity and unique ecohydrological process are the main strength of the area. At
the same time the discrepancy of hydrological pattern in wet and dry system also becomes the main weakness
as it increases the difficulties of water transportation establishment. The main identified opportunity isgovermental and private institution supports. Whilst the identified main treats are both deforestation and land
use changing. Eventually, it is concluded that eventhough Lake Sentarum is significantly potential for
ecotourism development, structural and institutional improvement is imperative to be conducted to support
the tourism plan.
Keywords: Lake Sentarum, Ecotourism, ecosystem services

117

CONFIGURATION OF LAKE TOBA MANAGEMENT BASED ON PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 81/2014
Lukman1*
1
Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java,
Indonesia
Corresponding author: lukman@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Utilization of lake area continues on expanding and, especially in multipurpose lake, has led to the vexing
problems multi-dimensionally either in ecological, economical, and sociological aspect. Lake Toba, known as
the largest lake in Indonesia and located in seven districts in North Sumatra Province, has a variety offunctions with an intensive utilization rate. Management of the multifunctional lake requires profoundattention towards the existing interests. The Indonesian Government through the Government Regulation
number 26/ 2008, on the National Spatial Planning, has set a list of areas projected as National Strategy Region(NSR), and among them is Lake Toba area. The decision on incorporating Lake Toba as NSA is based on lake’s
location which is shared within seven regencies, various sectors’ exploitation, as well as the presence ofutilization associated with the national interest. Lake Toba management is a comprehensive activity that
relates to how to support the sustainability of the ecosystem and benefit values for the locals in thesurrounding area. Presidential Decree No. 81/ 2014 has authorized the management of Lake Toba area, whichaims to : i) manage the catchment area pertaining to the maintenance of the water resources sustainability,
and minimize the erosion to prevent sedimentation; ii) maintain the water quality and protect against the land
and water contamination; iii) sustain the biological resources and the stocks through the biodiversity andendemic biota protection, as well as maintain the stability of biological production that bestows myriad benefit
for locals. To conclude, Presidential Decree number 81/2014 synergistically binds together scientific and local
wisdom aspects.
Keywords: Lake Toba, National Strategy Region, Presidential Decree 81/2014

LAGUNA LAKE AS DRINKING WATER SOURCE: AN ASSESSMENT OF ITS WATER QUALITY
Benjamin C. Villa1*
1
Maynilad Water Services, Inc.
Corresponding author: villabc@gmail.com
As part of the agreement, Maynilad, the largest private water concessionaire in the Philippines in terms ofcustomer base, must provide an uninterrupted and enough potable water to the West Zone of Metro Manila.
They took initiative by exploring various alternatives such as Laguna Lake which became their new water
source through Putatan Water Treatment Plant (PWTP) since 2009. However, it possesses more water quality
challenges than Angat Dam, one of the major water sources in the country. PWTP gathered data to look fortrends of turbidity, manganese, algal count, ammonia, total dissolved solids (TDS) and taste-and-odor (T&O).
The first three parameters showed patterns: high turbidity and manganese occurred during Northeast
Monsoon seasons. Maximum of 212 nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) was observed last January 2016.
Likewise, increase in algal count is likely to occur whenever growth conditions are achieved. In contrast,
ammonia, TDS and T&O challenges seemed to be unpredictable. Study showed ammonia and turbidity
relationship vis-à-vis weather conditions. However, 2014 data deviated when ammonia values > 3ppm
happened more than 10 times compared to previous data. 1180ppm of TDS was also analyzed last 2014, thehighest value ever recorded by PWTP. TDS also increased four years ago but only up to 555ppm. Furthermore,
T&O challenges were seen to take place during the summer of 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2015. Based on thesefindings, it is recommended to continue data gathering and conduct higher data analyses to provide morereliable information for future plans and expansion of the company.
Keywords: Laguna Lake, Maynilad, Philippines.

118

LAGUNA LAKE AS DRINKING WATER SOURCE: AN ASSESSMENT OF ITS WATER QUALITY
Benjamin C. Villa1*
1
Maynilad Water Services, Inc.
Corresponding author: villabc@gmail.com
As part of the agreement, Maynilad, the largest private water concessionaire in the Philippines in terms ofcustomer base, must provide an uninterrupted and enough potable water to the West Zone of Metro Manila.
They took initiative by exploring various alternatives such as Laguna Lake which became their new water
source through Putatan Water Treatment Plant (PWTP) since 2009. However, it possesses more water quality
challenges than Angat Dam, one of the major water sources in the country. PWTP gathered data to look fortrends of turbidity, manganese, algal count, ammonia, total dissolved solids (TDS) and taste-and-odor (T&O).
The first three parameters showed patterns: high turbidity and manganese occurred during Northeast
Monsoon seasons. Maximum of 212 nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) was observed last January 2016.
Likewise, increase in algal count is likely to occur whenever growth conditions are achieved. In contrast,
ammonia, TDS and T&O challenges seemed to be unpredictable. Study showed ammonia and turbidity
relationship vis-à-vis weather conditions. However, 2014 data deviated when ammonia values > 3ppm
happened more than 10 times compared to previous data. 1180ppm of TDS was also analyzed last 2014, thehighest value ever recorded by PWTP. TDS also increased four years ago but only up to 555ppm. Furthermore,
T&O challenges were seen to take place during the summer of 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2015. Based on thesefindings, it is recommended to continue data gathering and conduct higher data analyses to provide morereliable information for future plans and expansion of the company.
Keywords: Laguna Lake, Maynilad, Philippines.

119Topic 5 Water education, ecotourism, culture
CHANGES OF THE FARMING LIFE AND THE LAKE ENVIRONMENT
Ping Yang 1*, Aoi Hosoya 2
1
Lake Biwa Museum, Shiga, Japan
2
Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
Corresponding author: yang@lbm.go.jp, hosoya.aoi@ocha.ac.jp
Taihu Lake is the birthplace for the farming culture of the Southern Regions of the Yangtze River, and it is
known as a land with abundant fish and rice. From the 1980s, the eutrophication of Taihu Lake has been aproblem. In 2007, the large-scale algal blooms outbroke in Taihu Lake, resulting in the drinking-water crisis in
the cities around the lake .Because of the changes of the production and the lifestyle of the rural area, therelationship between man and nature, between the rice-farming and the lake environment, which is formed in
the long history, has been changed. The rapid development of urbanization has brought the changes in the
production and life. Especially the farming practices of the lake surrounding plays a vital role on the lake
environment.From the historical review of the rice-farming culture in the area around Taihu lake, from thepoint of view of sociology and archeology, the article analyses the relationship between the rice-farming andthe environmental changes of the lake, explores the development of rice-farming in the lake surrounding area.
Keywords: lake environment, rice-farming life

RELATIONSHIP PATTERN BETWEEN ACTOR AND NATURE BASED ON “TRI NING DANU” IN BEDUGULTOURISM REGION, BALI
Nyoman Sunarta, Adi Kampana, Sukma Arida, Saptono Nugroho
This study aims to find a profile in the form of relationship pattern between tourism stakeholders and lakebased tourism in Bedugul Tourism Region. The scope of this study are the identification of tourism
stakeholders, the relationship pattern between the actor with the three lakes (Tri ning Danu) in Bedugul
caldera (Beratan, Buyan and Tamblingan), as well as the implications that arise from the relationship patterns.
The design of the study is field research by using parallel mixed methods, combining qualitative andquantitative approaches in all phases of the research process. Quantitative approach was utilized in collecting
data (surveys) by the means of the data crawler instrument (questionnaire) and probability sampling (samplingof a given population). Simultaneously, a qualitative approach was conducted by using interviews (in-depth
interviews) to the informants that have been selected previously by using purposive sampling until the data
was gained. Quantitative research data was then integrated with the qualitative research findings to beconcluded. The results show that Bedugul tourism stakeholder consists of local communities, government
apparatus and elements associated with certain bureaucratic (NGOs, environmentalists), as well as tourism
entrepreneurs. Each actor has a distinctive interpretation that determines the pattern of their relations withthe lake, namely: the theological, ecological, and touristic. The local communities produce theologicalinterpretation, namely governance relations with the lake in a spiritual frame by conducting ritual andproductive work (agriculture, fisheries). The apparatus of government and certain bureaucratic elements have
ecological interpretation, which sees nature as an asset with an ethical obligation to preserve theadministrative and scientific practices. Tourism entrepreneurs produce touristic interpretation, approaching
the nature pragmatically that produces economistic (economic) practices. The implication of thisinterpretation spawned a variety of contestation among actors in the utilization of Tri Ning Danu, in the formof latent conflict.
Key words: Tafsir, actor, Bedugul Tourism Region, Tri ning Danu,

120

CULTURAL INSIGHT ON MANAGING COMMON POOL RESOURCES IN LAKE MANINJAU
Mochammad Nadjib1*, Nur Hadiati Endah2
1
Economic Research Center - LIPI
2
Economic Research Center - LIPI
Corresponding author: nadjibil@yahoo.com; nh.endah@gmail.com
Lake Maninjau was known not only for its green landscape. It also caters the livelihood of 9 Nagari in AgamDistrict, West Sumatera. The 99.5 Km2 lake served numbers of strategic functions namely tourism, fisheries,
ecological, and more importantly for hydropower plant. Its multi-purpose function served benefit and tradeoff while uncontrolled activities took place. Overexploited resources with low community participation in
managing the lake contradictory to its local wisdom message; “alam takambang jadi guru”. The message
conveys the idea of managing natural resources in balance, and it has gone through generation. Unfortunately,
this wisdom message left the lake management behind and led to the “tragedy of common” in Lake Maninjau.
This paper discussed the cultural insight and trade-off in Lake Maninjau as the impact of uncontrolled overutilization. A qualitative insight as main data collected through the in-depth interview as well as a householdinterview as a quantitative data to enhance the analysis. The data collected was part of “The Optimization ofMulti-purpose Lake to Develop Regional Economy” studies conducted in 2015 to 2016. Other data collection
method such as focus group discussion with essential stakeholders was applied to complement the analysis.
The study found that overexploit and insufficient management model of the Maninjau Lake has led to thepolarization of interests, causing significant environmental damage. Therefore, paradigm shifting from thatpolarization to collaboration management is necessary for a more sustainable benefit.
Keywords: Lake Maninjau, Local wisdom, Cultural insight, Multi-purpose economy, Common pool resource

THE ROLE OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT IN JAKARTA, INDONESIA
Gutomo Bayu Aji
Research Center For Population – Indonesian Institute Of Sciences
This study aims to determine the role of the people living around the dam in the management of reservoirs in
the area of Jakarta, the capital of the Republic of Indonesia. The method used is the in-depth interviews to anumber of key informants who live around the reservoir in seven reservoirs scattered in the Jakarta area. In
addition, the method also conducted group discussions and direct observation of community activities aroundthe reservoir associated with the use of reservoirs. The results of this study indicate that the reservoirs in the
Jakarta area changes the function of irrigation in the colonial period became a household waste disposal at thepresent time. This function changes occur due to changes in land use in the capital city of Jakarta and changes
in legislation governing authority in the management of the reservoir. At this time, when the capital city ofJakarta is often flooded, the government is trying to use the reservoir to support the flood control system inthe capital city Jakarta. Physical infrastructure of reservoirs carried out without the participation of the local
community, even the people living around the dam is seen as a problem in flood control. They were moved
from their homes around the dam to the apartment relatively far from the reservoir through the low-cost
housing program. Meanwhile, in several reservoirs located on the outskirts of the capital Jakarta, the local
community is still showing a harmonious relationship with the reservoir to preserve the reservoir and obtain
the benefit of clean water from the reservoir.
Keywords: Reservoir, local community, participation, land use change

121Potential Identification of Flora and Fauna Lake Buyan as Basis for Tourism Development Strategy
Based on Aquatic Ecosystems
I Wayan Restu1, Made Ayu Pratiwi1, Gede Raka Angga Kartika1
1
Aquatic Resources Management Departement, Faculty Of Marine And Fisheries, Udayana University
Corresponding author: msp.fkp@unud.ac.id
Lake Buyan is located in Buleleng, Bali which has been used for a variety of human activities with quite
intensive, such as fishing, aquaculture, tourism and recreation. Aquatic tourism is one of the great potentialthat has been developed in Lake Buyan such as boat trips, recreation and fishing. The development of tourism
activities in Buyan Lake have done quite intensive and it’s may decrease the potential and diversity of aquatic
resources. As a natural resources system, Lake Buyan contain the potential biological and non biologicalresources are not recorded and inventory adequately in order to empower the development of multi-activity
and conservation of public waters. Therefore, this "Potential Flora and Fauna Lake Buyan as a Basis for
Ecosystem-Based Tourism Development Bodies" research is needed. The aimed of this research was to identify
the flora and fauna as a basis for tourism development strategy in Lake Buyan. Research was conducted during
six months from June to November 2016. Sampling was carried out at the aquatic plant parameters 9observation point using 1 x 1 m transect, while the parameters of fish resources conducted in Buyan Lake byboat with fishing rod and fishing nets. There are eight species aquatic plants found that; Scirpus mucronatus,
Salvinia molesta, S. natans, Myriophylum Brasiliense, Brachiaria mutica, Cyperus odoratus, Eichornia crassipes
Solms, Ludwigia adscendens, and Ceratophyllum demersum L. Salvinia molesta was found in every observation
point, whereas S. natans found only in one observation point (point 8). It was found six species of fish, there
were Nilem, Zebra, Tilapia, Shrimp, Mujair, and Carp. The most fish catches was Zebra fish (218 animals) andthe lowest was carp (1 fish
Keywords: aquatic tourism development, Buyan Lake, potential of flora and fauna

THE SUSTAINABLE CENTRE OF LAKE AS PATH WAY FOR COLLABORATING ALL STAKE HOLDERS AND
GOVERNMENT
Paulus Hengky Abram
Tadulako University Indonesia
Corresponding author: paulus.abram15@gmail.com
Responsibility for lake management is divided among so many units in public and in units local government
agencies that it is extremely difficult to organize an effective and comprehensive lake management programamong the agencies and citizens. To rescue the lake , according to Arief Deputy Of Ministry of Environment
and Forests for Environmental Degradation Control and Climate Change (TEMPO.co 4/3/2015), takes thecommitment of various parties , including local governments and communities . Since 2009 has an agreement
among nine ministers for sustainable management of the lake put priorities funds to save of lakes inIndonesia. At least 15 lakes have been assigned priority to be saved, such as Lake Toba , Minanjau , andRawapening . " The aim of this review is to show several evident that the sustainable lake management can bework by apply the sustainable center of lake. Sustainable Lake Centre (SLC) can engage in more informed andeffective lake planning efforts than have historically been conducted and enhance cooperation amongcommunity organization and local governments and local lake managers for improved lake management. So
SLC will become Centre for data collection, Center for Lake Conservation Planning, Center for both promotion
and physical activity of lake conservation, Center for Environmental Education of lake in society and last but
not list Center for Information for people and institutions associated with the plan in each institution.
Keywords: Sustainable, lake, path way, collaborating122Topic 6 Database and Knowledgebase Systems, Informatics, and Monitoring
Technologies
SURFACE WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF WATER BODIES IN NANDED DISTRICT,
MAHARASHTRA, (INDIA) USING GIS
U. D. Kulkarni1 Akshay D. Gongale2
1
Chairman, Aurangabad Center, IWWA, India
2
Research Scholar, SGGS Institute of Engg and Tech, Nanded, India
U. D. Kulkarni udknanded@gmail.com
The quality of water in reservoirs and tanks used for domestic and irrigation purposes is of vital concern forhuman health. Water quality of reservoirs and tanks is required to be monitored regularly for their allocation
to different uses as well as corrective action for pollution abatement. The present study has attempted todevelop water quality index corresponding with different conditions and characteristics of the concernedwater bodies such as geographical, hydrological, discharge rate and pollution sources. 10 water bodies (tanks
and reservoirs) of Nanded District of Maharashtra, India were studied with reference to their physico-chemcal
and biological parameters for one year using standard methods of water analysis. DBMS maps were generatedusing Geographical Information System to understand the status of water bodies based on the water quality
data. The DBMS maps provide information regarding the status of seasonal water quality, quantity, surface
area and location of the water bodies. This will prove to be a good and effective monitoring tool for theplanners and administrators of the district to maintain water quality in the water bodies.
Keywords: Water Quality Index (WQI), Physico-chemical & biological parameters, GIS, Management tool.

TERRITORY DIAGNOSIS USING LADSCAPE UNITS ON LAKE ZAPOTLAN AND RIVER COAHUAYANA
BASINS, MEXICO
René Velázquez¹, Alejandro Juárez².
1
Institute Corazon de la Tierra. renevelazquezmoreno@gmail.com
2
Institute Corazon de la Tierra. corazondelatierra@gmail.com,
A diagnosis using landscape units was performed to assess the environmental situation of the Lake ZapotlanCoahuayana river basin, allocated in Western Mexico. Transects were designed from top to bottom of thewatershed, using the methodology of Evaluating landscapes through linear infrastructures. The analyzed
territory covers 4958 square kilometers, including completely or partially 12 municipalities of Jalisco state,with heights ranging from 300 to 3,969 meters above sea level.
The results show that in the whole area there is an ongoing deforestation process, mainly caused by asystematic advancement of agriculture and animal husbandry. This causes excessive sediment inputs in theriver and lake, aggravated by agrochemical pollution of water bodies and untreated wastewater. These
processes impact the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems as well as causing changes in the hydrological cycle,
which are reflected in the reduction in the volumes of surface water bodies, increased vulnerability of thebasin, and losses in agricultural profitability involving socio-economic damages in the rural sector andagricultural-industrial production.
The information obtained allowed to generate field data to establish lines of action and sub-programs ofConservation and Management, as part of the Integrated Management Program of Coahuayana-Zapotlán
Basins, prepared for the Inter-municipal Board of the Coahuayana River.
Keywords: altitude profile, landscape analysis, GIS.

123

SIMULATOR DEVELOPMENT FOR 2D PHOSPHOROUS CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION IN LAKE
MAHONI USING RESOURCE MODELING ASSOCIATES (RMA) PROGRAM
Putri Maudy Kusumah1, Dwinanti Rika Marthanty1, Herr Soeryantono1
1
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia
Corresponding author: maudykusumah@gmail.com
Lake Mahoni, part of the lake system in Universitas Indonesia, located in Depok, West Java has aphosphorous concentration of 2.34 mg/L based on previous research by Aziz, 2015. Government Regulation
Number 82/2011 states that the water quality standards of phosphorous for first and second class bodies ofwatershouldn’t exceed 0.2 mg/L. A simulator is built to aid the university’s management by providing costeffective engineering solution. The objective of this research is to assess the use of RMA model in developing asimulator that can predict the 2D phosphorous concentration distribution in Lake Mahoni, using limited data
available. Measurements of total phosphorous is used as input data, however organic phosphorous issimulated due to constraints of the model. The decay and settling rates of total phosphorous in Lake Mahoni is0.28 m/day and 0.046 m/day based on Aziz’ research. Three locations are considered to load phosphorous into
Lake Mahoni: Lake Agathis, surrounding residential areas, and the Engineering Faculty’s cafeteria. The processof developing the model includes: discretization of Lake Mahoni, data input, sensitivity analysis, andcalibration of diffusion coefficients. The transversal and longitudinal diffusion coefficients chosen are 800 m2/s
and 0.1 m2/s, based on the least SSE of 0.2557. The model is able to give expected responses of phosphorous
concentration distribution against time and space, when various scenarios of phosphorous loading are
simulated.
Keywords: Lake Mahoni, organic phosphorus, RMA, Universitas Indonesia, water quality modeling

A CASE STUDY ON THE SIMPLE FLOODS OBSERVATION AND MAPPING SYSTEM BY SMARTPHONES
Kiyoto KUROKAWA
Faculty of economics, Ritsumeikan University, Japan
Corresponding author: kkr10060@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp
In the Philippines, flood disasters are increasing. And the governments and many donors are trying to mitigate
it by introducing monitoring stations. However, many systems cannot work well to protect the regional
community. The local people did not react well for the warnings. Why does this happen? The warnings issued
by the authorities said to be quite general. This is due to limited monitoring systems. In addition, people
treated floods as a part of normal life. To tackle the difficulty, we started our researches with LLDA (Laguna
Lake Development Authority) from 2013. Simple web cameras have been installed to four rivers just for visualsurveillance.
This study analyzed the effectiveness of the simple floods monitoring and mapping system to improve theeconomic resilience of the local community and provided some policy recommendations to the local
governments and donor organizations to increase the people’s response to the floods.
The method of the effectiveness evaluation on the simple monitoring system is including number of images,
maps and warnings from the authorities and other social issues including security of the town, traffic jam, andillegal waste disposal. And we examined technical sustainability of the system under the bad internet
environments. We had a series of discussions with the target LGUs (Local Government Units), LLDA, privatecompanies including Japanese factories and other stakeholders. And we have found that the system can neverbe effective without education and community’s involvement. We found that the simple observation system
can increase the people’s involvement.
Keywords: Flood around Laguna Lake, Web camera monitoring, Early warning, Waste management, Problem
Mapping by smartphone124

GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF ECOLOGICAL CHANGES IN WETLAND URBAN TANKS IN THE CONTEXT OFSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Kannan Santhanaraj 1, Nitin K. Tripathi 1, K.V. Jayakumar 2
1
School of Engineering and Technology, RS & GIS Field of Study, Asian Institute of Technology P.O
Box 4, Klong Laung, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand, st115024@ait.ac.th2
Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506 004, India
Wetlands, the natural or artificial transition zones between land and water are those areas which permanently
or seasonally get saturated with water and support the ecosystem. Urban Water tanks such as Waddepally,
Bhadrakali and Dharmasagar tanks were the main source of drinking water and irrigation in the Warangal
province of India for centuries. During the past two decades ground water level in several parts has beenfalling and these tanks get either shrunk or become defunct. This Study focuses on the evolution changes inabove three urban water tanks. Geospatial technologies provide cost effective methods for change detection
analysis in the eco-system of urban wetland environment over the decades. Land use and Land cover changes
can be analyzed by 25 years Landsat data and change detection algorithms Multivariate regression analysis
and Cramer’s V analysis is conducted for the periods of 1994-2004, 2004-2014 to analyzed the climatic,
physical geographic and demographic factors to quantify the explanatory factors on the wetland degradation.
Extensive field work and community interviews were conducted to understand the community dependence on
wetland ecosystem for economic benefits. How the degradation in wetland ecosystem is affecting and it
further endanger the water availability to three-cities were also studied. The rapid urbanization andencroachments are going on and blocking the inflow of water in the ecosystem of this ever shrinking urban
wetland. This research assist planning and reviewing of land use allocation in the province Warangal tomaintain ecological sustainability. It also evaluate a suite of ecosystem services provided by above Urban
Water tanks in order to provide a deeper understanding of the economic benefits expected to result fromefficient and effective conservation and management of the wetland resources.
Keywords: Geospatial Analysis, Wetland Conservation, Wetland Ecology, Urban Wetlands, change detection.

ONLINE MONITORING AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEM FOR MASS DEATH OF FISH IN MANINJAU
LAKE
M. Fakhrudin, Yuli Sudriani , Ika A.S, Tjandra C, A. Hamid, Foni A.S, Endra T, Kodarsyah
Research Center for Limnology LIPI
mfakhrudin@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Lake management issues were very complex and involve many stakeholders because of many sectors dependon Maninjau Lake such as: fisheries, tourism, environment, agriculture, transportation and electrical energy. It
gave impact to required the aquatic environment data that were accurate, fast and real time. Maninjau Lake iscategorized as the tecnovulcanic lake which has a surface area of 9737 ha, a water catchment area of 13.260
ha, and a maximum depth of 170 m. Findings indicate that Maninjau Lake have morphometric characteristics
with low stability of lake water and retention time of 25 years. Mass death of fish on floating net
increased.Disaster for mass death of fish associated with upwelling of water from the bottom to the surface
water. In fact, lake water oxygen layer content close to zero. This upwelling of water associated with adecrease in the surface temperature of the water and an increase in wind speed. Mass death of fish process
are monitored by recording stratification of the water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and wind speed. The
data used as a key parameter for early warning system. This paper aims to discuss the real-time environmental
monitoring and early warning system for mass death of fish. The Results of monitoring station (site)measurements transmitted directly to server in Research Center for Limnology LIPI Cibinong. Real time
conditions of Maninjau Lake can be seen by website. When the level of fish kill’s criteria are met then awarning signal is sent to mobile phone.
Keywords: Maninjau Lake, water temperature, online monitoring, mass death of fish125Topic 7 Biodiversity and conservation
EARLY DETECTION OF ICHTHYOFAUNA ALIEN SPECIES AT GADJAH MUNGKUR RESERVOIR,WONOGIRI, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA
Rikho Jerikho1,, Lisa Mayasari br Perangin-angin1
1
Departement of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor
Agricultural University
Corresponding author: shinryuginagara@gmail.com
Alien species is one of threats to the ecosystem. Alien species of freshwater ichthyofauna could lead to theextinction of native species and ecosystem disturbance. Distribution through human activities allow alien
species spread easily. Early detection of alien fish species provides information about the types and existenceof alien fish species. This research was held at Gadjah Mungkur Reservoir, Wonogiri in July 2015 to August
2015. Collection of data held by direct sampling and observations of angler’s catches in 7 locations. Results
showed 5 of 19 species were alien fish species. Cyprinus carpio, Clarias cf. gariepinus, Pterygoplichthys
pardalis, Pangasianodon hypothalamus and Oreochromis niloticus were observed as alien species.
Pterygoplichthys pardalis is a forbidden species to enter in the territory of Indonesia based on the Regulationof Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Number 41 Year 2014. The alien species have been detected in
Gadjah Mungkur Reservoir and need urgent treatment to control the alien species.
Keywords: alien species, early detection, gadjah mungkur, fish, reservoir.

MICROCRUSTACEAN ZOOPLANKTON FAUNA OF PHILIPPINE LAKES: UPDATED TAXONOMY AND
DISTRIBUTION RECORDS
Jhaydee Ann F. Pascual1, Erica Silk P. Dela Paz5, Mark Louie D. Lopez2,8, Eric Zeus C. Rizo6, Dino T.
Tordesillas5, Shea Kathleen Guinto5, Boping Han6, Henri J. Dumont6, Augustus C. Mamaril, Sr.7 & Rey
Donne S. Papa3,4,5
1
Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Far Eastern University, Sampaloc, Manila
1015, Philippines2
Research Unit, Philippine Science High School, Agham Road, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
3
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila 1015,
Philippines
4
Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila 1015,
Philippines
5
The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila 1015, Philippines
6
Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
7
Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
8
Corresponding authors’ Corresponding author: mldlopez@pshs.edu.ph; marklouiedlopez@gmail.com
In the Philippines, freshwater zooplankton research in major lakes started as early as late 19th century. The
taxonomy and distribution of these groups remain underrated, yet, their knowledge is important tounderstand lake biological processes and to develop sound conservation policies for this type of ecosystem.
High endemicity and unique patterns of distribution in microcrustacean zooplankton were expected due tocountry’s archipelagic nature, biogeographical origins, and location in the tropics. A total of 51 lakes weresurveyed for microcrustacean zooplankton collection and results were consolidated with published literature
to provide updates on the taxonomy and distribution of freshwater zooplankton in Philippines lakes to aid inefforts of documenting freshwater biodiversity in the country given its current prevailing conditions. Resultsfrom published zooplankton studies and recent samplings (1872 to 2016) listed a total of 98 species offreshwater microcrustacean zooplankton from 51 lakes in the Philippines, including 66 Cladoceran and 32
Copepod species, which belong to 2 cladoceran orders, 6 families and 29 genera; 2 copepod orders, 4 families
and 12 genera. Among these, there were 4 species known to be endemic in the country. However, recent
taxonomic inventories (2008-2016) of lakes in the country revealed disappearance of several cladoceran andcopepod taxa, biological invasion of non-native calanoid, Arctodiaptomus dorsalis together withmisidentification and synonymies in taxonomy of several species. Mainly, these problems can be attributed tothe increase in aquaculture activity in Philippine lakes through introduction of non-native fishes and further
expounded by the problems in eutrophication and climate change.
Keywords: Zooplankton, taxonomy, diversity, tropics, and inland waters.

126

INDIGENOUS FISH FAUNA OF UPPER LAKE (BHOJ WETLAND, CENTRAL INDIA) WITH REFERENCE TO
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND LIVELIHOOD.
Vipin Vyas1* and Parul Gurjar2
1
Department of Bioscience, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462 026 India
2
Department of Environmental Science and Limnology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462 026 India*Corresponding author of Corresponding Author: vyasvipin992@gmail.com
The Upper lake of Bhopal is a major part of Bhoj wetland, a Ramsar Site of central India. .It is a thousand year
old man made reservoir formed by damming Kolans river near Kamla Park. The lake has an area of 32 sq. km
with catchment area of 360 sq.km spread in Bhopal and Sehore districts. Kolans is the main feed river to thelake. Upper lake supports rich fish diversity. 52 species fishes have been reported from the lake out of which
18 are of economic importance. About 500 fisherman families depend on the fishery resources of the lake for
their livelihood. Fishing rights are given by the Bhopal Municipal Corporation to the cooperative society offisherman on short term lease. Fish seed of culturable species of Indian major carps (i.e. Catla catla, Labeorohita and Cirrhinus mrigala) is released. The catch composition consists both cultured and self- recruiting
indigenous fishes. About 80% of the catch is contributed by indigenous self- recruiting fishes indicating
importance of the indigenous fish in livelihood. Since breeding of these species is dependent on monsoon
rains, climatic conditions and flow in incoming streams, disruption in any of these may affect breeding
processes thereby affecting the self-recruiting fish population. Lateral connectivity of the lake with its
incoming streams is largely affected by late onset of monsoon, reduced number of rainy days, scanty monsoon
and to a greater extent by degradation in water quality due to pollution. The concern in this case is thechanging hydrology pattern of the lake which affects the breeding of self –recruiting indigenous varieties offishes which will in long run affect the fish catch which contribute 80% to the total fish catch in the lake. This
will directly hit the food and livelihood security of poor fisherman families. The present paper focuses on theindigenous self recruiting fish fauna of the lake and threats because of changing hydrology of the lake basin
Keywords: Biodiversity Conservation, Indigenous Fish Fauna, Livelihood, Ramsar site, Bhoj wetland, Fisherman.

FECUNDITY OF THREE SPOT GOURAMI Trichogaster trichopterus Pallas IN LAKE LANAO, LANAODEL SUR
Maida Atomar1 and Nazma Eza1
1
Biology Department, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Mindanao State University
Marawi City, Lanao del Sur, Philippines 9700
The study aimed to assess the fecundity of T. trichopterus and determine its relationship to body length, bodyweight, egg diameter, and gonadosomatic index (GSI). A total of fifty-five (55) samples (24 males and 31
females) of non-native three spot gourami (T. trichopterus) were collected from Lake Lanao, Lanao del Sur in
February 2016. The collection represents the first documentation of this species in Wato, Lanao del Sur. The
correlation coefficient analysis of each parameter of the said species was obtained through Pearson-Productmoment correlation. Result showed that there was a very high positive and significant correlation between
body length and body weight in male (r = 0.967, P = 0.01) and female (r = 0.952, P = 0.01) T. trichopterus. The
fecundity showed a high positive and significant relationship with both body length (r = 0.857, P = 0.01) andbody weight (r = 0.939, P = 0.01). Egg diameter showed low positive and no significant relationship with bodylength (r = 0.344, P = 0.05), body weight (r = 0.369, P = 0.05) and fecundity (r = 0.405, P = 0.05). The fecundity
showed a moderate positive correlation with GSI (r = 0.599, 0.01). The findings of this study showed that T.
trichopterus has a relatively high fecundity compared to other studies. Thus, the introduction of T. trichopterus
in Lake Lanao could be one of the reasons of the declining distribution of its endemic cyprinids.
Keywords: Trichogaster trichopterus, fecundity, introduced fish.

127

ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF Microcystis spp. IN PUTRAJAYA LAKE, MALAYSIA
Adibah Shakri1 and Fatimah Md Yusoff1,2*
1
Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia.
2
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Aqriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang,
Malaysia.
Corresponding author: fatimahyus@gmail.com; fatimamy@upm.edu.my
The objectives of this study are to isolate and identify the Microcystis species in Putrajaya Lake Malaysia using
both the conventional and molecular methods. Two Microcystis species, UPM A0038 and UPM A0039, isolated
from the lake by a combination of techniques including microselection, serial dilution and plate streaking. The
cells/colonies were cultured and maintained in BG-11 medium pH 8 in an environmental chamber (Sanyo,
Japan) at 25 oC with light intensity of 120 µmoles photon m-2 sec-1, and a photoperiod of 12h light:12h dark.
The process was repeated until a pure culture of different species was obtained. After the purification, theidentification of the species was carried out by using direct sequencing of purified polymerase chain reaction(PCR) products with the use of 16S rRNA gene sequence. Based on 16S rRNA sequence and polyphasic
approach, the isolates were identified as Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis viridis. Both isolates varied
substantially in term of morphological features such as cell size, colonial formation and cell arrangement. The
colonies of Microcystis aeruginosa are in irregular forms but sometimes they can be spherical and usually
overlapping. The colonies consist of a large number of densely packed cells embedded in a colourless mucilage
and sometime can be seen with naked eyes. On the other hand, Microcystis viridis colonies are firm, smaller
and composed of cubical subcolonies. Each subcolony is composed of four cells and regularly arranged.
Keywords: Cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa, Microcystis viridis, 16s rRNA

GUT CONTENT ANALYSIS OF Puntius Tumba TAKEN FROM THE RIVERS OF LANAO DEL SUR
Aynie Mohammad1, Husna Dimapalao2
1World Assembly of Muslim Youth (WAMY)
2
Faculty of Biology department College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Mindanao State
University, Marawi city
Corresponding author: Ladyhinasaki73@gmail.com
Gut content analysis of Puntius tumba, one of the two remaining endemic cyprinids in Lake Lanao, was carriedout to gather additional information that could be used for any planned scheme to develop appropriate
culture techniques for the prevention of the extinction of this fish. The guts from 60 samples of P. tumba takenfrom the river along Ramain, Saguiaran, and Marantao were examined and analyzed. With the use of
stereomicroscope, macroscopic gut contents were identified. Data on gut contents were subjected tofrequency of occurrence and were analyzed by points (volumetric) method. Costello’s method was used todetermine whether the fish species is a generalists or specialists. Macrophytes are found to be the mostfrequent gut contents consumed by P. tumba. The least in frequency of occurrence are bivalve juveniles. The
gut contents with the highest volume percentage are macrophytes and the least are fine sand grains, bivalve
juveniles, and detritus. Other food items found include gastropod fragments, bivalve fragments, and gastropod
juveniles. Costello's method indicated that P. tumba is a generalist fish species. In addition, only a slightcorrelation was determined between gut length and body length of P. tumba.
Keywords: Puntius tumba, gut content analysis, endemic to Lake Lanao, Costello’s method, generalist

128

THE ABUNDANCE OF HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA IN SEVERAL OXBOW LAKES IN CENTRALKALIMANTAN, INDONESIA
Muhammad Badjoeri1
Research Centre for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Corresponding author: badjoeri@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Researches and scientific information on limnological conditions of Central Kalimantan Lakes which generally
are oxbow lakes are still very limited. The lakes support high fishery resource potential or even serve function
as fishery reserves (sanctuary). It is estimated that there are about 23 fishery reserve lakes in Kalimantan and
10 of the lakes are located in Central Kalimantan. In the aquatic ecosystems, heterotrophic bacteria play
important roles in decomposition process and nutrient remineralization into simple inorganic components
which will be further utilized by phytoplankton, periphyton and other aquatic floras. This study is aimed todetermine the heterotrophic bacteria abundance in oxbow lakes. It is also expected to be the basic
limnological data and scientific information for the lake management. The sampling was conducted in 2015 at
Lake Sebangau, Lake Hurung, Lake Batu, Lake Tehang, Lake Purun and Lake Jalan Pangen. The abundance
enumeration was conducted by using the total plate count (TPC) method with spread plate and dilution
techniques. The used media was Tryptone glucose yeast (TGY) incubated in room temperature for 24-48 hours.
The results showed that bacterial abundance in oxbow lakes in the rainy season was higher than it was in thedry season. In addition, it is also shown that bacterial abundance in Lake Sebangau was the highest among all
observed lakes. The abundance value was 231-340 x 103 upk.ml-1 in the rainy season and 216-321 x 103 upk.ml1
in the dry season. It can be explained since Sebangau River used for public transportation and a lot of humanactivity and there is a boat dock. Morever, during rainy season Sebangau River forms a flodplain lake, thus theriparian vegetations are relatively wide exposed and soaked. The emerged and rotten vegetations thenbecome organic matter autochtonous sources. The lowest bacterial abundance was observed from Lake Jalan
Pangen (69 x 103 upk.ml-1 in the rainy season and 45 x 103 upk.ml-1 in the dry season). The main reason of thiscondition is presumably caused by very low pH condition (pH 3.4). Therefore, suspected only certain species of
acid-bacteria that can live in the lake. Meanwhile, the abundance level of heterotrophic bacteria in the lake
Hurung, Lake Stone, Lake Tehang, and Lake Purun are relatively the same. The value of the abundance levelwas 142-181 x 103 upk.ml-1, 169-183 x 103 upk.ml-1, 153-162 x 103 upk.ml-1and 197-201 x 103 upk.ml-1
respectively. The total nitrogen concentration of Lake Sebangau is considered quite high (0.55 -0.82 mg.l-1).
While the measured ammonia, nitrite and nitrate concentration are the lowest compared to other lakes. These
results indicated that there is organic matter decomposition activity by nitrifying bactria. The consentration ofdissolved oxygen (3.1 to 7.0 mg.l-1) was observed to be sufficient to support the nitrification process.
Keywords: Oxbow lake, abundance, heterotrophic bacteria

129

PLANKTON DIVERSITY IN AN AQUACULTURE AND CAPTURE FISHERIES SITE IN LAGUNA DE BAY,
PHILIPPINESMaria Lourdes A. Cuvin-Aralar* and Mildred Rutaquio
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Aquaculture Department, Binangonan Freshwater
Station, Binangonan, Rizal, 1940 Philippines*Corresponding author: mlcaralar@seafdec.org.ph
Laguna de Bay is the Philippines’ largest inland water used for aquaculture and capture fisheries. The study
was conducted to determine the impact of decades-long aquaculture activities on plankton in this lake. Bimonthly samples of plankton were collected in an aquaculture site (AQS) and open fishery site (OFS) fromMarch 2013 to February 2015. AQS has been an aquaculture site for thirty years with cages stocked with Niletilapia, Bighead carp, and giant freshwater prawn. OFS was a former aquaculture site more than 30 years ago
but has since been left open for capture fisheries. Differential counts were conducted for each plankton
sample, with identification limited to genus level. Large fluctuations in plankton density as observed
throughout the observation period. Despite this, paired t-test showed significantly higher phyto- andzooplankton densities in the AQS compared to the OFS (at P<0.10 level). Phytoplankton diversity indices suchas species richness, Shannon-Wiener, and Simpson was also significantly higher in the AQS compared to the
OFS. In the case of zooplankton, except for species richness where significantly higher values were observed in
AQS, no siginificant differences were seen in the other diversity indices. This could be due to the regularprovision of feeds for the fish caged in the AQS which lessened the demand for plankton as feed. OFS, on theother hand is home to both native and introduced species such as catfish, snakehead, theraponids, tilapia,
milkfish, among others that rely solely in natural food available in the site, including plankton, for nutrition.
Keywords: plankton diversity, aquaculture, open fisheries, Laguna de Bay

AQUATIC MACROPHYTES IN SEVERAL PRIORITY LAKES FOR CONSERVATION 2010-2014
Riky Kurniawan
Research Center for Limnology-Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Corresponding author: riky.kurniawan@limnologi.lipi.go.id
According to national conference of Indonesian Lakes II in Bali on 2009 concern about sustainable lake
management, 15 lakes regarded as the Indonesia’s priority lakes for conservation in 2010-2014. The presenceof controlled aquatic macrophytes in an inland water ecosystem is recognized as one of the most importantfactors to support the ecosystem sustainability. Ecologically, the plants provide shelters and spawning sites forthe fish, purification system, water current stabilizing system, and erosion and turbidity controller. This
research aimed to study the diversity of aquatic macrophytes. The observation was conducted from 20122014, at several lakes in Indonesia: Lake Sentarum (West Kalimantan), Rawa Pening (Central Java), Tondano(North Sulawesi), Tempe (South Sulawesi) and Sentani (Papua). As the results, there were 34 identified species
categorized within 18 families. The recorded families were Ceratophyllaceae, Plantaginaceae, Alismataceae,
Onagraceae, Salviniaceae, Cyperaceae, Araceae, Pontederiaceae, Polygonaceae, Convolvulaceae,
Lentibulariaceae, Poaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Fabaceae, Menyanthaceae, Nymphaceae, Pandanaceae andEquisetaceae. Based on life form were found: 7 species submerged plants, 14 species emergent plants, 3
species free floating plants, and 10 species rooted with floating leaves plants. Among the listed species, 24
species were recognized as natives; meanwhile, 10 others were alien species (South America, America, Asia,
India).
Keywords: lakes, conservation, diversity, aquatic macrophytes

130

OCCURRENCE OF WATER-BORNE BACTERIAL PATHOGENS IN LAKE MATANO, INDONESIA
Miratul Maghfiroh1*, Eva Nafisyah1 and Nina Hermayani Sadi1
1
Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
Corresponding author: miratul@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Water-borne pathogens can be the threatening substances if adequate surveillance is not routinely carriedout. Pathogens in water grow at speedy abundance if environmental factors permit. The study of water-borne
pathogen in Lake Matano is underrated although the biogeochemistry of this lake is studied well. We tried to
identify the existence of bacterial pathogens from water samples and expected the different spectra ofpathogens on each sampling sites. In August 2016, seven sampling stations of Lake Matano were determined.
Each of 100 ml water samples was filter plated simultaneously in Rimler and Shotts Base, and Xylose-Lysine
Deoxycholate Agar. Incubation was set at 350 C for 24 hr. The single colony isolation was then completed toobtain the bacterial cells of interest followed by biochemical assay. We managed to isolate eight colonies thatseemingly belong to enteric pathogens (likely from the genera Salmonella and Escherichia) and four colonies oflikely Aeromonads. Occurrence of pathogens between sampling sites seems encouraging to which these arelikely subject to environmental attributes. Future works may cover the molecular analysis of isolated bacterial
cells to confirm the identification based on 16S rRNA and select pathogenic gene sequences.
Keywords: Lake Matano, water-borne pathogens

BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT OF LITTORAL MACROZOOBENTHOS IN LAGUNA DE BAY, PHILIPPINES
Ellis Mika C. Triño1, Irisse Bianca B. De Jesus12, Elfritzson Martin Peralta2, Hazel Joyce A. Guerrero2,
Jonathan Carlo A. Briones123, Rey Donne S. Papa123, Noboru Okuda4
1
The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines2
Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
3
College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
4
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
Corresponding author: ellismikatrino@gmail.com
Zoobenthos are particularly susceptible to monitoring pollutants due to their restricted mobility. Theirbiodiversity typically reflects changes in the local environment, making them crucial bioindicators to detect
trends in pollutant concentrations. Thus, this study gathered samples of zoobenthos species from 33 littoralsites of Laguna de Bay to determine the littoral zoobenthos richness and diversity of the species present in
Laguna de Bay. The results have recorded 6 identified families (Ampullaridae, Corbiculidae, Pachychilidae,
Planorbidae, Thiaridae, and Viviparidae) of macrozoobenthos and one unidentified species. Computation of
Shannon–Wiener index (H’) showed the highest diversity which was recorded from Pinagdilawan, Binangonan(H’=1.20) while the lowest was in Pulong Ligaya, Bogombong, Jala-Jala (H’=0.04). The output of this study alsoseeks to provide records on littoral zoobenthic community and preserved specimens for natural history
collection and character line drawings of present species in Laguna de Bay.
Keywords: zoobenthos, biodiversity, richness, Shannon–Wiener index

131

MAPPING TO DISTRIBUTION OF ENDEMIC AND INVASIVE FISH SPECIES IN SOME LAKES OF
SULAWESI
Syahroma Husni Nasution
Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Insitute of Sciences
Cibinong Science Center, Jalan Raya Jakarta Bogor, km 46, Cibinong, 16911
Corresponding author: syahroma@limnologi.lipi.com
Diversity of freshwater fish in Indonesia the second highest after Brazil. Biodiversity include diversity of
ecosystem, species and genetic. In inland waters found 1300 of fish, in lakes of Sulawesi there are 68 species(52 endemic). The high fish biodiversity in Sulawesi inland water could be decline and even extinct caused byover exploitation, water pollution, degradation habitats, species invation, and flow modification. Distributionof fish in several lakes of Sulawesi include: Lake Matano having 14 endemic fish and eights exotic fish.
Distribution of fish in several lakes of Sulawesi include: Lake Matano having 14 endemic fish and eights exotic
fish. “Louhan” is the result of a cross Amphilopus citrinellus x Cichlasoma trimaculatum is invasive in this lake.
In Lake towuti there are 21 endemic fish and 3 exotic species, Lake poso have 8 endemic and 1 native species
Anguilla marmorata. Lake Tempe having 1 native species Glossogobius aureus and 15 exotic fish; in Lake
Tondano (2 endemic fish and 13 exotic species); Lake Limboto have 15 species (10 exotic species, 1 native
psecies, Ophieleotris aporos, and 4 species the peripheral type). In 1950-1993 year from abroad put 16
species and in 2014 are 19 species. The act of protection to endemic and native species and to control invasive
species will be discussed on manuscript.
Keywords: Distribution, endemic, native, invasive, lakes, Sulawesi

HABITATS CHARACTERISATION FOR IHAN (Neolissochilus sp.) CONSERVATION PLANNING AROUND
LAKE TOBA, NORTH SUMATERA, INDONESIA
Sekar Larashati1*, Iwan Ridwansyah1, Lukman1
1
Research Center for Limnology-Indonesian Institute of Sciences*Corresponding author: asti@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Lake Toba is a home for some Indonesian native fishes including the endemic species. Ihan (Neolissochilus sp.)is a local name for a fish with high economic and sociocultural value inhabiting Lake Toba and rivers in North
Sumatera. However, the population of ihan in the wild has declined because of several factors such as
overfishing and habitat degradation. Conservation program for ihan is required to protect them fromextinction. We have identified ihan (N. cf sumatranus) from some rivers surrounding Lake Toba. The present
study aimed to physically and chemically characterise some ihan habitats potentially developed asconservation areas. Four rivers were selected namely Sitiotio River in Binangara, Bonandolok River in
Bonandolok, Tulas River in Siboro, and Boho River in Boho. Habitat mapping and measurement of the physicaland chemical parameters were conducted at the locations. Mapping was done by Geographic Information
System (GIS) and direct measurement in the field. Water quality was measured by Water Quality Checker andlaboratory analysis. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis were used to evaluate
the strategy for developing the conservation area in a selected location. Based on the physical and chemical
properties, the four rivers support the growth and development of ihan. Bonandolok River was chosen to be
the most suitable site for conservation because two thirds of the sub-catchment areas are dominated bynatural forests. The existing local wisdom in Bonandolok related to ihan capture will play a role in theconservation program and sustainable utilization of ihan.
Keywords: Neolissochilus sumatranus, Lake Toba, habitat characteristics, conservation area132

EFFECTS OF WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY ON MACROINVERTIBRATES IN TEMPORARY STREAM
AT HARIPHUNCHAI EDUCATIONCENTRE, THAILAND
moolla1and Decha Thapanya2*
1
Environmetal ScienceProgram, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai50200,
Thailand2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai50200, Thailand*Corresponding author:Thapanya2@hotmail.com
A temporary stream that delivers water to a reservoir in Hariphunchai Education Centre, Lamphun
Province was studied on water quantities and quality to macroinvertebrates assemblages during
November 2015-August 2016. Four study sites were selected and monitored. The study showed that
average of water discharge flowing into the reservoir was about 0.04 m3/s. During November 2015, awater level in the stream began to decrease and stop flowing in late of month and became a small
pool and the stream began to flowing again in late of June 2016. For an environmental factor pH
range was 6.68-8.50, Dissolved Oxygen range was 0.9-8.8 mg/L. Water temperatures range was
23.0-38.0ᵒC. Total Dissolve Solid range was 114.0-312.0 mg/L. Conductivity range was 213.7-571.0µS/cm. Concentration of NH3, NO-3 and PO4 in water were under the Thailand standard of surface
water quality. Macroinvertebrates were found 6 orders and 24 families. The first study site foundhighest abundant of Baetidae. The second study site found Thiaridae and Chironomidae as thedominance group. Third study site, the highest taxa were Chironomidae in October. But in theNovember in study site became dry out. Study site forth the highest abundant family were Gerridae.
The effect of changing a discharge condition in 10 months caused the stream dry out especially inthe downstream area. This impact caused disappearance of many macroinvertrbrates taxa when thestream became a pool. Chironomidae and Thiaridae were only the well adapted group to thiscondition. Finally, all aquatic macroinvertebrates disappeared when the stream completely dry.
Keywords: temporary, stream, macroinvertebrates, reservoir, water discharge, Hariphunchai.

COMMUNITY STURUCTURE ANALYSIS OF CHIRONOMID LARVAE ON LAKE MATANO'S LITORALZONEJojok Sudarso, Imroatussholihah
Research center for Limnology, Jl. Jakarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, 16911,
Corresponding author: denmaskoyoy@hotmail.com
Chironomid larvae is an important biotic component in lentic ecosystems. Distribution and wide tolerance of
this animal are the main reasons that make this biota adapt to live in almost all types of water bodies. Lake
Matano is categorized as one of the most ancient generally oligotrophic tectonic lakes in Indonesia. The biota
larvae is generally associated with the research on biodiversity, pollution, as well as aquatic environment
quality asssessment. Unfortunately, the studies on chironomid larvae biodiversity in tropical oligotrophic lakes
are still very limited. The purpose of this study was to assess the composition and distribution of Chironomid
larvae in Lake Matano. The study was conducted based on 2013 and 2015 ecological survey database.
Chironomid larvae was sampled by placing a kick-net at the rocky susbtrate and Ekman grab at sandy/ muddy
substrate. The results showed that Chironominae larvae tends to dominate the sampling area (32-70%),
followed by tribe Tanypodinae (13-54%), and Orthocladiinae (3-35%). It was also revealed that the abundanceof Chironomid larvae is greater at the 1 m depth than the surfae (0 m) depth. The abundance level for both
depth was 362-762 idv/ m2 and 89-474 idv /m2 respectively. Whilst the abundance of the 2 , 5, and 10 m depth
was 59-519 idv/ m2, 22-419 idv/m2, and 10 m (133-444 idv/m2). Overall, it can be concluded from theabundance data that the shallow littoral parts with high habitat complexity are more productive than the
deeper parts.
Key words : abundance, composition, diversity, oligotroph, matano, Chironomid.

133

BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF A SHALLOW OXBOW LAKEHANJALUTUNG, IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN
Imroatushshoolikhah1, Jojok Sudarso1, Yustiawati1, Laelasari1
1
Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Jakarta- Bogor km 46 Cibinong,
Bogor
Corresponding author: imroa@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Macroinvertebrates play an important role in the ecosystem of the lake, in the food chain system, nutrient
cycles, and portray the state of water quality. This research aims was to explore the conditions of the benthic
macroinvertebrates structure as a community in the oxbow Lake Hanjalutung and its relation to the physicaland chemical water quality parameters. The Lake Hanjalutung is a shallow oxbow lake where located in
Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. In addition we also conducted sampling at Rungan River as themain input for Hanjalutung. The research was conducted in September 2015. Total 14 taxa richness of benthic
macroinvertebrates are determined during the research. The value of Shannon-Wiener diversity index ranged
from 0 to 0.734, the evenness index value ranged 0 to 0.944, and the total abundance ranged between 18-960
individuals/ m2, which the amount varied in each location. In the present study, values of themacroinvertebrates index showed in a low range. More than 60% taxa of benthic macroinvertebrates strongly
correlated to the pH, showed by the results of the Canonical Correspondence Analysis that the nine taxa werecharacterized by pH, DO, and TDS, they were Clinotanypus, Tanytarsus, Cryptochironomous, Cullicoides,
Polypedilum, Micronecta, Caenis, Ecnomus, and Aulodrillus. While five other taxa Goeldichironomus,
Parachironomous, Kiefferelus, Nais, and Tubifid immature were characterized by temperature parameters.
Keywords: oxbow, lake Hanjalutung, macroinvertebrates, Kalimantan

DIVERSITY OF PLANKTON IN WATER VELVET BLOOMED WATERS (CASE STUDY: SITU PERIKANAN,
BOGOR, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA)
Inna Puspa Ayu1, Aliati Iswantari1, Dwi Yuni Wulandari1, Reza Zulmi1, Desy Mulyawati1, GoranSuryanti Afifah Sulaiman1, Fitri Afina Radityani1
1
Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor
Agricultural University, West Java, Indonesia
Corresponding author: innapuspa@gmail.com
Situ Perikanan had water velvet bloomed in 2015. This condition could lead changes of water quality andorganism diversity of waters. The aim of this research was to determine phytoplankton and zooplankton
diversity in Situ Perikanan in water velvet bloom condition. Sampling was conducted for nutrient and plankton
analysis, and in situ observation for several water quality parameters (temperature, pH, and DO). The results
showed that water quality was in common condition for freshwater with relatively high N:P ratio (>30).
Blooming water velvet caused a high P uptake that lead the high N:P ratio condition. Phytoplankton was
dominated by diatom and Chlorophyceae, respectively. It was related to the high N:P ratio. The domination of
diatom also indicated the association with water velvet that diatom might attached to. Zooplankton was
dominated by Rotifers. As a whole, the bloom of water velvet influence nutrients condition that lead specificdomination of plankton community structure.
Keywords: blooming, diversity, plankton, Salvinia molesta

134

PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY AT LITTORAL ZONE OF LAKE MATANO IN RELATIONSHIP TO
WATER QUALITY
Fachmijany Sulawesty1
1
Research Center for Limnology-LIPI
Corresponding author: fachmi@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Research on phytoplankton in Lake Matano has been carried out, but observations of phytoplankton in thelittoral zone has not been done, even though the role of the littoral zone are important. This study aims tofind out the composition and abundance of phytoplankton at littoral zone of Lake Matano in relationship towater quality. Observations were made in April and August 2015 at six locations in litoral zone of Lake
Matano. Water samples were taken 10 - 20 liters at surface waters and Secchi depth, filtered using a plankton
net no. 25, and preserved with Lugol 1%. Water quality parameters measured were temperature, pH,dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and turbidity. Phytoplankton abundance was calculated using the Sedgwick
Rafter method. Phytoplankton community structure was analyzed by Diversity Index (H'), Eveness Index (E)and Simpson Dominance Index (D). There are five phyla and 57 species of phytoplankton were found in Lake
Matano, comprised of Chlorophyta (16 species), Dinophyta (2 species), Bacillariophyta (34 species),
Chrysophyta (1 species), and Cyanophyta (6 species). The abundance of phytoplankton in April and August
2015 ranged between 198 – 1.281 x 104 individual/Liter, where Peridinium inconspicuum and Peridinium
cinctum were higher than other types. Diversity Index ranged from 0.719 to 2.632 indicates low to moderatecommunity stability. Eveness Index ranged from 0.065 to 0.216, this value is close to zero means theuniformity among species in community is lower, there is usually a species that dominates. From DominanceIndex (0.216 to 0.749), dominance species occur in some locations of observation at Lake Matano, especially in
April 2015. CCA ordination shows that dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature influences the existences of
Ulothrix, Navicula radiosa and Nitzschia, while conductivity impact on the Spirulina on the surface area in April
2015.
Keywords: phytoplankton, abundance, composition,water quality, matano

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF STOMACH CONTENT OF FLOWERHORN FISH IN LAKE MATANO, SOUTH
SULAWESI
Rahmi Dina1, Syahroma H Nasution1, and Ira Akhdiana1
1
Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
rahmi.dina@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Lake Matano is an ancient lake and known with its high aquatic biota endemicity. Most of the native fish in
Lake Matano is endemic species. However, at this time a non native fish species, flowerhorn fish, alsopresents. Currently, the flowerhorn population in Lake Matano is relatively abundant and stable. It is
concluded by the previous analysis of the size and its reproduction aspect. There are no reports about stomach
contents of flowerhorn in Lake Matano. Therefore, this paper aims to provide a preliminary information on theanalysis of its stomach contents. The sampling activity was conducted in May 2016 at four sites. The fish were
captured by using seven different mesh size gillnets set at the daylight. The length of the specimen wasmeasured to the nearest 1 mm and weighted to the nearest 0.1 g. Subsequently, the specimen was dissected
to identify the sex and maturity stage. The gut was removed and preserved in 5% formalin. Further analysis
was conducted in Laboratory of Physiology, Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
under binocular microscope. Data were quantitatively analyzed by calculating frequency of occurrence.
Among 42 speciments have been examined, there were 29 male, 11 female, and the rest could not be
determined. The total length of sample ranged from 53 to 185 mm and weight 2.5 to 102.6 gram. Based on theanalysis, it is found that there are four types of flowerhorn stomach contents, they are body’s parts of fish,
molluscs, crustaceans that could not be identified. The frequencies of occurrence of each type flowerhorn’s
stomach contents are 80%, 45%, 12.5%, 2.5% and 42.5% respectively. This result showed that flowerhorn in
Lake Matano tends to be.
Keywords: Lake Matano, flowerhorn fish, stomach content

135

CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE TROPICAL EEL (Anguilla spp.) RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN
CIMANDIRI RIVER, SUKABUMI WEST JAVA
Triyanto1)*, Iwan Ridwansyah1), Meti Yulianti1), Sekar Larashati1)
1)
Research Center for Limnology-Indonesian Institute of Sciences*Corresponding author: triyanto@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Cimandiri River is located in Sukabumi, West Java. The river has a length of 100 km with a catchment area of
201,431 hectares. The river flows into Palabuhan Ratu bay which is situated in the south of Java Island and is
known as a location for eels catches mostly at larval stage (glass eel). The anguillid eel is a catadromous fish inwhich the adult (silver eel) migrates from freshwater to the sea for spawning and the larvae return tofreshwater to grow until it is ready to spawn. Eel is an economically valuable fish commodity with important
ecological value. Catch production of eels in Sukabumi contributes to the highest economic value compared toother freshwater fish commodities. However, it has been reported that eel catches production is declining.
Habitat degradation, disruption of migration tracks, overexploitation, and environmental pollution are
believed to be some factors causing the decline of eel catch production. The management of eel resource is acomplex issue as it involves two ecosystems; the freshwater and marine ecosystems. Some considerations foreel resources management will be discussed in this paper. The approaches to ecosystem, bio-ecology, socioeconomic and institutions, as well as appropriate regulations are the main factors that should be addressed as
an attempt for sustainable eel resources management.
Keywords: eel, Cimandiri River, Ecosystem consideration, Habitat Conservation

Evaluation of genetic relationship among select six fish species using the partial fragment of
mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit-1gene (CO1)
Arif Wibowo* And Tuah Nanda Merlia1
1Research Institute for Inland Fisheries, Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research, Ministry ofMarine Affairs and Fisheries, Jl. Beringin 08 Mariana, Palembang - 30763, South Sumatera –Indonesia.
Corresponding author: wibowo@daad-alumni.de
In modern conservation and sustainable management approaches of species, it is important to haveknowledge about biodiversity, population structures and dynamics. In the present study, the genetic
relationship among select fish species in Lubuk Lampam floodplain region is investigated, utilising partial
fragment of mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit-1gene (CO1). This study aims (1) to reveal
genetically relevant relationship of fish species in the Lubuk Lampam floodplain and (2) to find more
pronounced substructures on the fine scale analysis. Tissue samples from 10 specimens of fish species werecollected during several field trips in 2012 at sample sites across Lubuk Lampam floodplain Ogan Komering Ilirregency South Sumatra Province. The results show congeneric species that diverged from a common ancestor
relatively recently and will be close to each other on the tree. Confamilial genera are futher apart on the tree
because their common ancestor was more remote, and member of different families are even more widely
spaced. The molecular marker, a 570 bp region of the mitchondrial cyctochrome c oxidase I gene (COI) has
been successfully found to be species-specific, and was also more variable between species than within
species.
Key words: Phylogeny, Lubuk Lampam and species assigment

136

BIODIVERSITY OF NON-CULTIVATED FISHES IN CIRATA LAKE WEST JAVA1
Ali Mashar1*, Kadarwan Soewardi1, Rahmat Kurnia1, Adam Wiradisastra1
1
Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor
Agricultural University*
Corresponding author: alimashar75@gmail.com
Cirata Lake is an artificial lake that will function as a hydroelectric power plant. Fish culture in floating net cages
thrives as compensation for people whose territory is inundated. Along with decline production of floating net
cages culture, people began to do fishing activities in outside floating net with target fish is non-cultivated fish.
Therefore, in order to ensure the sustainability of fishing activities, it must be known diversity and potential
biomass of non-cultivated fishes. The aim of this study is to assess biodiversity and potential biomass of noncultivated fishes in Cirata lake. This study has been conducted in March until April 2013. In this study assessed
diversity (H’), equity (E), and dominance (D) indices, and participatory fish stock assessment (Parfish). The
results showed non-cultivated fishes that many captured are golsom fish (Amphilophus alfari), tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), pomfret (Colossoma macropomum), lalawak fish
(Barbonymus sp.), hampal (Hampala macrolepidota), catfish (Pangasius pangasius), jambal fish (Pangasius
sutchi), and baung fish (Hemibagrus nemurus). Tilapia is the highest biomass and percentage with 424 kg of
biomass (68.1%) and golsom fish is the smallest with 2 kg of biomass (0.3%). Non-cultivated fishes in Cirata lake
have indices value 1.30 for H’, 0.59 for E, and 0.42 for D. Based on H’ value, diversity of non-cultivated fishes in
Cirata lake is low. Based on Parfish, allegations total catches of non-cultivated fishes Bnow is 1.1012 kg/day sothat the potential biomass of non-cultivated fishes in Cirata lake is 5,550 tons of fish/year.
Keywords: Cirata lake, diversity, non-cultivated fishes, potential biomass

137

Topic 8 Ecotechnology, ecohydrology
DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND PHOSPHATE CONDITION OF POST-HYPOLIMNETIC AERATION IN LAKE
LIDO, BOGOR, WEST JAVA
Tunjung Murti Pratiwi1, SigidHariyadi1, Enan Mulyana Adiwilaga1, Aliati Iswantari1,
Arif Rahman1, Ekie Sakhroni Firdausi1
1
Department of Aquatic Resources Management,
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University
Jl. Lingkar Akademik, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia
Corresponding author: niken_tmpratiwi@yahoo.com
Dissolved oxygen and phosphate are very important indicators for ecological process in aquatic ecosystem.
Lake Lido has a low oxygen concentration with high phosphate condition in hypolimnion layer, as aconsequence of floating cage activity. The research was carried out to study the impact of hypolimnetic
aeration to the oxygen and phosphate condition in hypolimnion layer of Lake Lido. One set of hypolimnetic
aeration equipment was operated in 10 hours to lift hypolimnetic water mass to the surface and directly
agitated to atmospheric oxygen, and turning back down to the origin point. The distribution of oxygen andphosphate were measured horizontally, before, along, and after aeration. The result shows that the closer the
position from aeration point, the higher of oxygen and the lower of phosphate will be. The oxygen wasincreased up to 90% and the orthophosphate was decreased 91.88% after 10 hours operational time. The
oxygen and orthophosphate were still better than the original condition at 10 and 5 hours, respectively, after
the equipment has been stopped. The 10 hours operational of hypolimnetic aeration decreased AHOD about
13.96%. The hypolimnetic aeration technique has a high potential ability to improve hypolimnetic condition of
Lake Lido.
Keywords: AHOD, dissolved oxygen, hypolimnetic aeration, hypolimnion layer, phosphate

STUDY ON AVAILABILITY OF OXYGEN PRODUCTIVE ELECTRODE (OPE) FOR IMPROVEMENT OF
ANAEROBIC CONDITION IN LAKE
Shunichi Ohyama1, Kazuya Shimizu2, Motoo Utsumi3
1Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
2Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University
3
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
Corresponding author: utsumi.motoo.ge@u.tsukuba.ac.jp
Eutrophication is a serious problem in freshwater lake, triggering excessive growth of algae known as water
bloom. Water bloom may cause some problems such as musty odor of drinking water and blocking filtration at
water treatment facilities. As a consequence of eutrophication, depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO) occurs at
the bottom layer of lake due to decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms and thus nutrients such as
phosphate, ammonium or manganese ion can be released from sediment. Oxygen productive electrode (OPE)using solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) membrane can produce microbubble oxygen by water electrolysis even in
freshwater, which is expected to improve anaerobic condition at the bottom layer of lake. However, the device
is supposed to utilize only in pure water. In this study, a mesocosm experiment using Lake Kasumigaura waterand sediment was conducted to clarify whether OPE could be available for practical use in lake, andexperiments using the artificial lake water containing as the same concentration of cations (Na +, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+,
Al3+) as Lake Kasumigaura water were carried out to elucidate SPE membrane degradation mechanism. The
results showed OPE aeration, which could keep high DO, prevent nutrients and metal ions release comparedwith control and normal air aeration. On the other hand, it was found multivalent cations (Mg 2+, Ca2+, Al3+)
were more adsorped into the membrane than monovalent cations (Na+, K+), and caused ion exchange capacity
loss of the membrane. The results showed OPE aeration could be effective for improvement of anaerobic
condition at the bottom layer and mitigation strategies for SPE membrane degradation were necessary.
Keywords: OPE, microbubble oxygen, Eutrophication, SPE membrane138

WATER FOOTPRINT ASSESSMENT OF STRAWBERRY CULTIVATION IN BOR KEAW SUB-DISTRICT,CHIANG MAI PROVINCE, THAILAND.
Tharinya Tewapuchom1 and Chitchol Phalaraksh1,2*1

Environmental Science Program, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
* Corresponding author: chitchol.p@cmu.ac.th2

Water footprint is the indicator that can evaluate not only how much of freshwater consumption in production
but also show the location which happened. The aim of this study was to evaluate the 3 types (green, blue andgrey) of water footprint of strawberry cultivation in 80 farmers in 4 villages of Bor Keaw Sub-district, Samoeng
District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. In this cultivated area with mountainous-forested watershed, water
scarcity and pollution should be concerned about area of vulnerability. The water footprint was analyzed
based on the guideline of Water Footprint Network. By using CROPWAT 8.0 models with local meteorologicaland primary data from interview strawberry producer during agricultural season in year 2014-2015, green andblue water footprints were calculated. Nitrogen fertilizer was considered as a source of grey water footprint.
The water footprint of strawberry cultivation in this region was 228 m 3/ton which the green, blue and grey
water footprint was 84(36.84%), 29(12.72%) and 115 m 3/ton (50.44%) respectively. The fraction of green
water footprint revealed significant of rainfall for this cultivation area. The grey water footprint was threetimes higher than the world average. The grey water footprint showed the important role and high fertilizer
use of nitrogen which will impact on surface and ground water resources. To provide sustainability clean
agriculture in this region, application of this result to the water management organization and fertilizer usedeffectively that is expected to decrease the grey water footprint.
Keywords: water footprint, strawberry cultivation, Bor Keaw Sub-district

INTRODUCTION ON GENERAL PLAN OF ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OF CLEAN
LAKES
Yuan Niu
Chinese Academy of Environmental Sciences
Corresponding author: niuyuan@craes.org.cn
At present, the overall situation of the ecological environment of lakes (including reservoirs) in China isunoptimistic. Since the “Ninth Five-Year Plan”, China has carried out the large-scale work of treating severely
polluted Lake Taihu, Lake Chaohu and Lake Dianchi; as a result, the deterioration of water quality has been
initially controlled. In order to protect the ecological environment of lakes and avoid the old route of“pollution first and treatment later”, the Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Environmental Protection, withthe approval of the State Council, have been supporting the lakes having the area of over 50 square kilometers(km2) with drinking water sources or important ecological functions, and the current water quality or target
water quality of being higher than Grade III (including Grade III) to carry out the ecological environmental
protection work since 2011. So far, the central government had invested a total of RMB 15.8 billion (in 3batches) to support the ecological environment protection work for 77 lakes, including Lake Fuxian, Lake
Qiandao and Lake Erhai, which had mobilized the local and social investment of about RMB 40 billion. Since
the treatment, the water quality of these lakes has been improved, and the ecological environment has been
gradually restored.
Basic Principles of the Plan: 1. Giving priority to protection and putting prevention first; 2. Protecting inaccordance with laws and conducting goal constraint; 3. Guiding by regions and comprehensively
implementing the policies; 4. Clearing the responsibility, and conducting planning and coordination; 5.
Broadening the channels and making the multiple investment. Protection Strategy of the Plan: (I) Regional
Protection; (II) Protection Countermeasures: 1. Investigate and evaluate the ecological security situation oflakes; 2. Adjust the industrial structure and layout in lake basins; 3. Strengthen the pollution control in lakebasins; 4. Carry out the ecological construction and recovery of lake basins; 5. Rationally use the land andwater resources in lake basins; 6. Strengthen the construction of lakes’ environment supervising ability.
Supporting Measures of the Plan: (I) Strengthen the responsibility of entities and make strict the performanceassessment; (II) Perfect the policy measures, and establish the long-term mechanism; (III) Broaden thefinancing channels and innovate financing methods; (IV) Strengthen the ecological monitoring and intensify
the scientific support; (V) Implement the information disclosure and encourage the public participation.
Keywords: Clean Lakes; Ecological Environmental Protection

139

PHYTOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATION TO CONTROL LAKE WATER QUALITY: A PRELIMINARY TRIAL INA SMALL LAKE OF SITU CIBUNTU, CIBINONG, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA
Tjandra Chrismadha, Tri Suryono, Yayah Mardiati, Endang Mulyana
Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
CSC-BG Cibinong, Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
Ph. 62 021 8757071, Fac. 62 021 8757076, emal tjandra@limnologi.lipi.go.id
A preliminary trial to use aquatic plants for controlling small lake – Situ Cibuntu in Cibinong, West Java,
Indonesia - water quality has been carried out. A phytotechnology pond system consisted of 2 tarpauline pondseries, each contained 1 reservoir pond, 4 phytoremediation ponds, and 1 buffer pond. The phytoremediaalfunction was facilitated by some floating plants which were planted in the phytoremediation ponds. The
experimental floating plants were minute duckweed (Lemna perpusilla), greater duckweed (Spirodellapolyrizha), water lettuce (Pystia stratiotes) and water hyacint (Eichornia crassipes). The phytoremediation
capacity was evaluated according to some water quality parameters monitored at points of the reservoir pond,
phytoremediation ponds, and buffer pond. They included pH, DO, conductivity and turbidity measured twice a
week, as well as total suspended solid (TSS), total organic matter (TOM), total nitrogen (TN) and total
phosphorous (TP) which sampled and analysed every week. The results shows that floating aquatic plants canbe potentially used for lake water phytoremediation agents. Meanwhile, the observed variation among theplants phytoremedial capacity emphasizes the important of plant selection in developing the phytotechnology
for lake water quality control. This selection has to consider the lake water trophic status and in particular has
also optimized by appropriate phytotechnology pond design.
Key words: phytotechnology, aquatic plants, lakes, water quality

MONOFILLAMENT GILLNET AS A CONTROL OF MIDAS CICHLID (AMPHILOPHUS CITRINELLUS) AT
WADUK IR. H. DJUANDA, WEST JAVA
Andri Warsa, Endi Setiadi Kartamihardja, Joni Haryadi dan Dimas Angga HediantoCorresponding author: ?
Midas cichlid (Amphilophus citrinellus) is a invasive alien species in the Ir. H. Djuanda Reservoir. The presenceof these fish is one of the factors leading to the decline of fish species diversity. The purpose of this study was
to gain control techniques midas cichlid populations in the Ir. H. Djuanda, West Java. The results showed forthe control these population to do with catching fish using gillnet monofillament with mesh size of 3.8 cm (1.5inch). The use of mesh sizes can catch fish on the size of the first lenght of maturity are 11.3-13.5 cm(average12.4 cm) for male and 11.6-12.7 cm (average 12.0 cm) for female. Mesh size of 3.8 cm was also justcatch fewer another importantce economic fish spesies. Gillnet monofillament Installation can be done at theaquaculture location like zona 5 (Baras Barat). At the location of the aquaculture of a number of fish caught
midas cichlid was high and most have mature gonad. Catching with mesh sizes and the exact location is
expected to break the reproductive cycle of the fish.
Keywords: control, midas cichlid, gillnet monofillament selectivity, Ir. H. Djuanda Reseroir

140

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE COAL ASH FOR IMPROVEMENT OF WATER ENVIRONMENT
Kyohei YAMADA1, Kenji NAKAMOTO2* , Tomoko INOUE1, and Tadashi HIBINO2
1
The Chugoku Electric Power Co., Inc., 4-33, Komachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
2
Hiroshima University, 1-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Japan
Corresponding author: Corresponding author:264905@pnet.energia.co.jp
Is coal ash superior to the ash of plants and trees? The ingredients of coal ash are almost same as them ofplants and trees. But, the composition ratio of ingredients is different. The ashes have been used for
improvement of the living environment from ancient times. For example, it has been utilized as the source ofmineral. There is a famous Japanese fairy tale that Grandfather Cherry Blossom made dead trees bloom byusing the ashes. In modern society, ashes of plants rarely have been seen in daily life. Can coal ash substitutethe ashes of plants as the essential material for human life? The purpose of this paper is to propose theutilization of coal ash as the valuable material for restoration of water environment. Deterioration of sedimentquality is one of serious problems in water area. Recently, restoration technologies with granulated coal ash(“Hi-Beads”) are widely applied for sediment remediation in Chugoku district, Japan. Hi-Beads is a valuable
product made from coal ash and is proven to absorb phosphate and hydrogen sulfide. From our findings,
biodiversity and ecosystem have been recovered in the water area with sprayed Hi Beads. Like the story ofGrandfather Cherry Blossom, it was confirmed that coal ash can supply minerals same as ashes of plants andtrees. It is a logical environmental purification method that an algal can grow proliferously, because of the
supply of SiO2 from Hi-Beads. In addition, an aquatic plant can recover with Fe supplied from FeO 2 in Hi-beads.
Keywords: Granulated coal ash, Coal ash, Covering material, Supply of mineral, Sediment remediation

Topic 9 Manmade Lakes
EFFECTS OF CHECK DAM ON MACROINVERTEBRATES IN HUAI TON KOK WATERSHED, CHIANG MAIPROVINCE, THAILAND
Varaphan Maruang1, Decha Thapanya1, 2, Chitchol Phalaraksh1, 2*
1Envrionmental Science Program, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand2
Departmaent of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand*Corresponding author: chitchol.p@cmu.ac.th
Check dam is a construction that used for water and soil conversation but, river ecosystem was changing by
check dam. The aim of this research was to study physico-chemical parameters and macroinvertebrate
communities before and after check dam constructed. The study sites were located in 3 Check dam sites
including above and below check dam and 1 non-check dam site (reference site) in Huai Ton Kok watershed,
Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Physico-Chemical parameters including DO, BOD5, pH, Conductivity, watervelocity and nutrients were measured and the macroinvertebrates were collected between June 2015 andApril 2016. It was found that check dam had none significant effect on physico-chemical factors, except
velocity, BOD5 and nutrients. The BOD5 and nutrients of the below check dam sites were lower than above
check dam sites. In addition, the BOD5 and nutrients were increased after check dam constructed. According to
the construction of check dam, the macroinvertebrate communities were changed. The insect order
Trichoptera, Coleoptera and Ephemeroptera were dominant orders before check dam constructed. Then, after
check dam constructed, the Coleopterans Hemipterans and Dipterans were dominant in above check dam sites
which different from the below check dam sites where Trichoptera, Odonata and Ephemeroptera were
dominant orders. In addition, according to the Surface Water Quality Standard of Thailand, both before andafter check dam constructed water quality was classified to moderate level. In conclusion, water velocity andhabitat type were changed according to the check dam construction, which effect to the changes ofmacroinvertebrates communities.
Keywords: check dam, macroinvertebrate, water quality, Huai Ton Kok

141

BIOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PENJALIN RESERVOIR IMPLICATIONS FORASSESING LONG-TERM MONITORING
Ardo Ramdhani1*, Bayu Awifan Dwijaya1 and Rahayu Laila1
1Biology Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University
Corresponding author: ardo.ramdhani@unsoed.ac.id
Majority of local society in Brebes, Central Java had been depended to Penjalin Reservoir for a long time. It
utilized for agriculture irrigation, fisheries and plantation. It have a lot of nutrient flow because anthropogenic
activities around it. This work was held since 2014. This work has 3 parameters, biology, physic and chemical
properties of Penjalin Reservoir in 6 sampling spots. These properties relationship analyzed using correlationand ordination data processing to know well changes that had been happened in the past 3 years. For biology
properties, survey has been done with plankton net and observed under light microscope. Plankton
community structure then being correlated with Penjalin chemical (Nitrit, Phosphat, DO, BOD etc) and physicalfactor (light penetration, pH, and temperature). Ordination analyses has been done to know these properties
tendency. These result and trend for the past 3 years could be used to asses eutrophication event and make apolicy also strategy to do a long term monitoring.
Keywords: reservoir, eutrophication

DETERMINATION OF UTILIZATION ZONING FOR ECOSYSTEM SUSTAINABILITY OF WADASLINTANGRESERVOIR
Agatha S. Piranti1, Gentur Waluyo2, Diana RUS Rahayu1, Carmudi1 and Christiani1
1
Faculty of Biology, Universitas of Jenderal Soedirman Purwokerto, Indonesia
2
Faculty of Engineering, Universitas of Jenderal Soedirman Purwokerto, Indonesia
Corresponding author: agatha.piranti@gmail.com
Wadaslintang is a multipurpose reservoirs as a consequence a lot of problems occurred, among which aresiltation, eutrophication, pollution, productivity declines due to overfishing, reduced volume of lake water
when drought and floods when it rains. Zoning is a form of engineering utilization of space through theestablishment of functional limits in accordance with the resource potential, carrying capacity and ecologicalprocesses. In determining the reservoir utilization zones based on the principle of sustainability must be basedon the criteria of an ecological approach (water quality), water pollution load capacity, status management,socio-cultural aspects surrounding dams and economical aspects. Water quality of Wadaslintang reservoir was
heavily polluted. There were 10 parameters that exceeded the standard quality of class II on the TSS, BOD,
COD, PO4, Cd, Pb, Cu, H2S, oils/fats and detergents. Furthermore, the load pollution entering the reservoir has
exceeded its maximum capacity (up to 47.32%) , Therefore, there were 5 (five) zoning could be determined toconserve the ecosystem of Wadaslintang Reservoir, that were : Fish Conservation Zone, Border Zone, Captive
Fishery Zone, Fish Farming Zone, Recreation Zone and Hidropower Zone.
Keywords: Zoning, pollution load, carrying Capacity, Wadaslintang Reservoir

142

NITROGEN LOAD INFLOW TO LARGE SCALE RESERVOIRS IN THE CITARUM RIVER BASIN, INDONESIA
Yuki Jikeya1*, Koshi Yoshida1, Shigeya Maeda1 and Hisao Kuroda1
1
Faculty of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Japan
Corresponding author: koshi.yoshida.agri@vc.ibaraki.ac.jp
Human population growth has led to increases in energy and food production, use of fertilizers, andwastewater flows. Enhanced availability of nitrogen is a cause of eutrophication of rivers, lakes, and estuaries
worldwide; however, quantitative evaluation of the impact of population growth on nitrogen load has been
insufficient in developing countries because data are often unavailable. In this study, a nitrogen-load
estimation model, which has three nitrogen pools, was developed and applied to the Citarum River Basin,West Java, Indonesia. Simulated river discharge and nitrogen load were in good agreement with observed
data, and the proposed model successfully estimated nitrogen inputs into reservoirs. Next, we investigated thefuture variation of nitrogen load in this basin under population growth scenarios. Future population growthincreased the nitrogen inflow to all reservoirs, but the magnitude of the increase varied between the different
scenarios. For the water environment of the Citarum River, a spread-type population increase is desirable;
however, population increase normally occurs mostly in urban areas because living in a city is more convenient
for housing, finding employment, and accessing public services.
Keywords: Nitrogen balance, Population growth, Urban and rural areas, Reservoir, West Java143

Topic 10 Limnology and Limnological Science Fundamentals
WATER QUALITY STATUS OF SINGARVA LAKE AT AHMEDABAD, GUJARAT, INDIA
Sanjay Vediya
P. G. Center in Botany. Sir P.T. Science College, Modasa, Gujarat, India
Corresponding author: drsanjuvediya@rediffmail.com
The present study was carried out to determine the Water quality of Singarva Lake at Ahmadabad –Gujarat,for period of two year during 2010. The minimum and maximum values of pH varied from 6.8 to 8.5
respectively .variation in TDS 305 to 1210 mg/l , Total hardness 100to 200 mg/l , Calcium Hardness varied from50 to120mg/l were in good amounts in water and magnesium hardness is minimum and maximum 40 to 130
mg/l. Concentrations of Chloride is 141.91 to 629.85 mg/l . D.O concentration 0.6 to 3.6 mg/l, COD varies from
1.0 to 117 mg/l and BOD 8.1 to 37 mg/l respectively in Singarva Lake.
Keywords: Lake, Singarva Lake, water quality.

ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING IN THE TOBA ASAHAN RIVER BASIN
Astria Nugrahany1*, Ali Masduqi2, Abdu Fadli Assomadi2, Hermien Indraswari1, Fahmi Hidayat1 andRaymond Valiant Ruritan1
1
Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation, Malang, Indonesia
2
Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya, Indonesia
Corresponding author: astria@jasatirta1.net
Toba Asahan River Basin is located in the North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. The main water resources in thebasin is originated from Lake Toba which cover the area of 2,225.45 km 2 with three main sub basins, Asahan,Silau and Piasa. The main challenge in water resources management in the basin especially in water quality
monitoring due to the pollution from tourism activities, domestic waste, fisheries activities and industrial
pollutant. Therefore, is needed an assessment of the condition on the dispersion of pollutants in the basin to
determine the sampling point for water quality monitoring. The methods in this study is using dispersion
pattern of dissolved material in the lake and using approach of stratification system in the deep lake. The
findings of the study are there are three groups of point sampling water quality in the Lake Toba, (1) the
sampling point to obtain a reference quality data of lake Toba in the area which is not contaminated andpotentially protected from pollution sources (one point); (2) the sampling poin to obtain data to describe lakewater quality based on administrative area (twelve point) and (3) the sampling point to obtain data which
describes the condition near the sources of pollution (pollution zone) (seven point). The determination of thelocation of sampling point should be implemented gradually and should be evaluated every year. For medium
term objectives (5-10 years), an online monitoring should be developed and implemented in the basin basedon the sampling point that have been evaluated periodically.
Keywords: river basin, water quality monitoring, dispersion of pollutants, sampling point, lake stratification
system.

144

PHYTOPLANKTON BASED ASSESSMENT OF TROPHIC STATE OF TIKUB LAKE IN TIAONG, QUEZON,
PHILIPPINES
Nichell Villarta*, Pamela Gale Tan, Ray Joseph Aguja and Mc Jervis VillaruelCorresponding author: shiwdy536@gmail.com
Tikub Lake is circular Crater Lake with surface area of 48.34 hectares and maximum depth of 75 meters. The
lake has been used primarily for ecotourism and aquaculture. However, the lake is experiencing stress due tothe different anthropogenic along its bank such as cutting of trees along the bank, human settlement andexcessive use of fish feeds for aquaculture. Despite this scenario, there is no published research regarding thequality of the lake’s water. Thus, this study seeks to provide a baseline information regarding the trophic
statusassessment
of
Tikub
using
phytoplanktonasindicator
species.
The phytoplankton community, abundance and some physico-chemical parameters were analyzed from
September to December 2015. Four stations in littoral zone and two stations in limnetic zone were selected.
Phytoplankton samples were collected in the littoral zone using horizontal hauling and vertical hauling forlimnetic zone.A total of 13 species were recorded throughout the sampling period. For phytoplankton,
Cyanophyta was the most abundant group with relative abundance of 53%, followed by Bacillariophyta (24%),
Chlorophyta (22%) and Dinophyta (1%) In terms of mean density (per m3) (MD) and relative abundance (RA)for phytoplankton, the highest is Microcystis (MD= 11,619,939; RA= 53.88%), followed by Melosira(MD=5,121,058; RA= 23.75%) and Staurastrumsp. 1 (MD= 12.11% RA= 18.277%). Abundance of these plankton
species indicates that the lake is still experiencing mesotrophic to eutrophic condition. In terms of diversity,
phytoplankton community in the lake showed low species richness, diversity and evenness.

PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FRESHWATER CRABS CAUGHT IN THE RIVER
MENGAJI, DISTRICT BANYUMAS
Diana R.U.S. Rahayu 1*, Anastasia E. Pulungsari 2, Agatha S. Piranti3
123
Fakultas Biologi Universitas Jenderal Soedirman*
Corresponding author: dianaretna.01@gmail.com
Freshwater crabs is one of the aquatic organisms that contribute in converting nutrients, improvemineralization and maintaining the ecological balance. This study aimed to determine the physical-chemical
environment of freshwater crabs in The river Mengaji, District Banyumas. Physical-chemical factors examined
include the type of substrate, the speed of the river flow, water temperature and the substrate, water pH andsubstrate, and DO. Physical-chemical factors data were analyzed by descriptive analytic. Identification of
freshwater crabs crustacean conducted at the Laboratory of Crustacea Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia(LIPI) Cibinong, Bogor. The results showed that the physical-chemical environmental factors which include thecomposition of the substrate, substrate temperature, substrate pH, DO and flow velocity effect on different
types of crab are caught.
Keywords: freshwater crabs, physical chemistry waters factors, substrat

145

MESOCYCLOPS SARS, 1914 AND THERMOCYCLOPS KIEFER, 1927 (COPEPODA: CYCLOPIDAE) IN THE
PHILIPPINE LAKES
Erica Silk P. dela Paz 1*, Maria K. Holynska 3, and Rey Donne S. Papa 1,2
1
The Graduate School University of Santo Tomas, Manila
2
Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences and Department of Biological Sciences,
University of Santo Tomas, Manila
3Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-950, Warsaw, Poland
Corresponding author: ericasilk@gmail.com
In spite of the large number of the fresh water bodies in the numerous islands of the region, the freshwater
cyclopid copepods of the Philippines have not been given much attention. A study on the species compositionand distribution of Mesocyclops and Thermocyclops are conducted to update the species list in the Philippines.
A total of 53 lakes were examined and analyzed from the samples deposited in University of Santo Tomas –Zooplankton Reference Collection (UST-ZRC) (collected from 2006 to 2013) together with more recent
collections (April 2014 to 2015). Also, all available published materials were reviewed for all Philippine records
of freshwater Cyclopidae. Five species of Mesocyclops and three species of Thermocyclops were identified
from the samples. An updated list of 11 species of the genus Mesocyclops and Thermocyclops recorded for thePhilippines is here presented, including all sources of information. Our results include the first recorded
occurrence of Mesocyclops woutersi in the Philippines which was so far unknown from insular South East Asia.
The endemic M. microlasius, previously only reported from Luzon Is., was also found in Lake Danao (Pacijan Is.)
which is now considered to be its southernmost distribution in the country. Geographic distribution of thespecies, the possible causes of the low number of species observed and its implications for further fauna
studies are also discussed. Our data suggest a strong connection of the Philippine Cyclopidae in otherneighboring Asian and Australasian fauna.
Keywords: distribution, freshwater, Mesocyclops woutersi, species composition, zooplankton

WATER QUALITY AND TROPHIC STATUS OF MAE KLONG RIVER, WESTERN THAILAND
Songyot Kullasoot1 and Chitchol Phalaraksh1,2*1
Environmental Science Program, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand*Corresponding author: chitchol.p@cmu.ac.th
The aim of this study was to determine water quality and trophic status of the Mae Klong River,
Western Thailand. Three replicates of water samples were collected from 6 study sites along Mae
Klong River between October 2015 and February 2016. Six physicochemical factors were chosen fortrophic status analysis base on physicochemical index which modified and applied for water quality
classification in Thailand. The results showed that water quality of Mae Klong River were classified asclean to moderate level. It could be classified as oligo-mesotrophic status. However, the study sitewhich located nearly discharged point of pulp and paper mill effluent, represented moderate topolluted water quality (mesotrophic to eutrophic status) while, study site which located at the Ban
Pong City showed moderate water quality (mesotrophic status). The overall water quality of Mae
Klong River was decreased from upstream to downstream and classified to class 3 of the surface
water quality standard of Thailand base on beneficial use.
Keywords: water quality, trophic status, Mae Klong River146

WATER QUALITY AND DIVERSITY OF AQUATIC INSECTS IN HIGHT LAND AGRICULTURAL AREA,CHIANG MAI THAILAND
Rungpailin Wongphutorn1 and Chitchol Phalaraksh1,2 *1Environmental Science Program, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
Corresponding author: chitchol.p@cmu.ac.th
The highland agricultural products are widely popular in Thailand. One of the most important rose production
area is located in Northern Thailand. In high production season, high volumes of chemicals have been used forenhancing their products which have also been contaminated in highland soil that eroded by rain and runoff tostream. The stream organisms have been affected by these chemical erosion. This study was aimed toinvestigate physico-chemical parameters and diversity of aquatic insects from upstream to downstream of
Mae-Sa tributary streams in Buak Tuei village, Pong Yang Sub-district, Mae Rim District, Chiang Mai Province,
Thailand. Water samples and aquatic insects were collected from 5 study sites of Mae-Sa tributary stream. The
upstream sites located nearby agricultural area. The results showed pH, conductivity, velocity were significant
difference (p<0.01) between sampling sites. Whereas, TDS, BOD5 and ortho-phosphate represented significant
different between sampling sites at p<0.05. According to aquatic insect diversity, the highest abundant in
upstream were represented by Chironomidae, Simuliidae, and Gerridae Family respectively. Whereas, thedownstream sites were presented by Chironomidae, Simuliidae, Hydrosychidae and Baetidae. The downstreamsites showed higher diversity as they presented 27 of insect families, while upstream sites presented only 17
familiest. As the results, upstream sites showed the higher concentration of BOD5 and ortho-phosphate thandownstream sites. Therefore, they might be affected to diversity of aquatic insects nearby agricultural area.
Keywords: water quality, highland agricultural, aquatic insects

COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND THE TROPHIC STATUS OF TELAGA TUNJUNGRESERVOIRNi Wayan Desy Wahyudiati a*, I Wayan Arthana a, Gde Raka Angga Kartika aaFaculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, Bali 80361, Indonesia*Corresponding author: desywahyudiati@gmail.com
Telaga Tunjung reservoir is located in Timpag Village, Kerambitan Subdistrict, Tabanan Regency. The reservoir
is used for industry, irrigation and tourism development. The aim of the research was to determine thecommunity structure of phytoplankton and to obtain information on the current condition of the Telaga
Tunjung trophic status, viewed from the abundance and diversity of phytoplankton. Phytoplankton plays avery important in a water body. The abundance of phytoplankton can be connected with fertility waters
because phytoplankton can transform inorganic substances into organic matter through photosynthesis. This
research was conducted from January to February 2016. Water sampling was conducted twice with a samplinginterval of 2 weeks in 4 stations. There was a total of 50 species of phytoplankton found, consisting of 5classes: Chlorophyceae (19 genera), Bacillariophyceae (13 genera), Cyanophyceae (7 genera), Dinophyceae (1genera) and Euglenophyceae (2 genera). The most common species of phytoplankton found in the samplingstation were Peridinium sp., Chlorococcum sp. and Trachelomonas rugulosa. Phytoplankton diversity was low,
its value was 1.86. The average value of similarity index was 0.59. The average value of dominance index was
0.29. The average abundance of phytoplankton was 802.62 cell/l. Based on the abundance of phytoplankton
and nitrate concentration, the trophic status of Telaga Tunjung reservoir is oligotrophic.
Keywords: community structure, phytoplankton, Telaga Tunjung reservoir, trophic status

147

THE EFFECT OF NITRATE (NO3) ON THE GROWTH OF WATER HYACINTH BY WET BIOMASS IN BATUR
LAKE
Lisa Rosalia Prayuda a*, I Wayan Arthana a, Ayu Putu Wiweka Krisna Dewi aa(Program Studi Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan, Fakultas Kelautan dan Perikanan, Universitas
Udayana), Bukit Jimbaran, Bali-Indonesia*
Corresponding author: lisarosaliapra@yahoo.com
Telp: +6282233998638
Batur Lake is one of the natural lakes in the province of Bali where the activity of fishing, agriculture , tourism
and housing available. This study aims to determine the effect of nitrate relation to the natural growth of thewater hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes). Increased water hyacinth biomass in Songan station is the highest among
the three other stations (Batur, Buahan, and Trunyan). At the end of the study (day 42), water hyacinth
biomass of Songan station increase by 338.2 % from the initial weight , while at another station the increase
weight ranges from 75 % -158 %. The highest daily growth rate in Trunyan station 3.68% / day, and the lowest
in station Buahan which only reached 0.88% / day. At the station Songan where are many floating net which
contribute to increase nitrate. There is a tendency of growth of water hyacinth faster at higher nitrateconditions. Nitrate conditions ranged from 0,35 to 0,62 m /l which shows that the waters of Batur Lakeclassified into waters that have a high fertility rate (eutrophic).
Keywords: Water Hyacinth, Wet Biomass Growth, Nitrate, Batur Lake

WATER QUALITY AND TROPIC STATUS IN LAKE MANINJAU WEST SUMATRA, INDONESIA
Azrita1* ,Ainul Mardiah2 and Hafrijal Syandri2
1
Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Bung Hatta University,
West Sumatera, Indonesia.
2
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science,
Bung Hatta University, West Sumatera, Indonesia.
*Corresponding author Corresponding author: azrita31@yahoo.com
Lake Maninjau in West Sumatra, Indonesia has very high utilization in inland area and aquatic area. In aquaticarea cultured with floating net cages were one of primary activities had causing the significantly increase of
the number of floating net cages, thus caused a decrease in water quality and mass mortality fish cultured infloating net cages. This study was aimed analyzed water quality and tropic status from 2012 to 2015. Water
quality data measured every year in September around the area of floating net cages at four site ie Sungai
Batang, Sungai Tampang, Bayur and Intake of Hydroelectric Power Plant in Muko-Muko village. Aquatic tropic
state determination was based in Carlson Trophic State Index (TSI) measurement. This method used some
represented parametersof physics, chemistry, and biology such as water transparency, total phosphorus, andchlorophyll-a. The results showed average water transparency in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 each is 1.93±0.09
m; 1.67±0.39 m; 1.85±0.23 m; 1.40±0.18 m. Nitrite each is 0.14±0.03 mg/L; 0.16±0.05 mg/L; 0.17±0.04 mg/L;
0.15±0.04 mg/L. Total nitrogen each is 2.56±0.16 mg/L; 2.18±0.80 mg/L; 2.28±0.85 mg/L; 1.84±0.64 mg/L.
Total phosphate is 0.26±0.01 mg/L; 0.62±0.09 mg/L; 0.49±0.14 mg/L; 0.46±0.15 mg/L. Aquatic area state ofLake Maninjau based on Carlson TSI from 2012 to 2015 was classified to high euthropic category with the valueof each 70.28; 79.09; 74.4 and 75.08.
Key words: Lake Maninjau, water quality, aquatic trophic state, Carlson Trophic State Index

148

ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY BASED ON TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID, TURBIDITY, AND WATER
CLARITY IN TELAGA TUNGJUNG RESERVOIR
Dewa Gde Tri Bodhi Saputra1*, I Wayan Arthana2, Made Ayu Pratiwi3
Aquatic Resource Management of Marine and Fisheries Faculty in Udayana University Bukit Jimbaran
Campus, Bali 80631
Corresponding author: tibosaputra@gmail.com
Telaga Tunjung reservoir has a function for irrigation for around 1.335 Ha irrigation land. Beside, also forsupplying clean water to the household in 6 village in Selemadeg District, 2 village in Kerambitan District and 1
village in Tabanan District. The clean water also used in Soka tourism area and in Berembeng village. Telaga
Tunjung reservoir also used for water resources conservation. This research aim to know total suspended solid
at Telaga Tunjung reservoir as a reference for reservoir management. The method of this research were survey
method and laboratory analyzing. The results of TSS in Telaga Tunjung reservoir were 2.667-91.278 mg/L. The
lowest value of TSS was in January and the highest in February. The condition of TSS was in January (no rain).
The difference between inlet and outlet was 19.051 mg/L or 61,22 %. In the downstream of reservoir, the TSS
was getting lower. In February the differences between inlet and outlet was 53.315 mg/L or 140,43 %. The TSS
at inlet, upstream and outlet in February increased significantly compared that in January and March. In
February there was some location that exceed the second class water standard of central Government
Regulation Number 82 in 2001 and Bali’s Governor Regulation number 8 in 2007.
Keywords: Management, Reservoir Telaga Tunjung, TSS

THE ECOLOGY OF NILNAG LAKE, KASHMIR
Shahid Ahmad Wani1, Humaira Qadri2 and Basharat Mushtaq3
1,2,3
Sri Pratap College, Srinagar, M. A. Road, Srinagar, 190001, J&K, India
Corresponding author: wsahmadkmr@gmail.com
The present paper describes the ecology of Nilang Lake, Kashmir. The physico-chemical parameters of the lakereflect the mesotrophic status of the lake. The aquatic plant community is dominated by Polygonum
amphibium and Potamogeton lucens. The free floating community is represented by only one free floating
macrophyte, Riccia fluitans. The plankton community is dominated by Bacillariophyceae. The benthic
community is dominated by Chironomidae and Tubificidae. A number of tourism development related
activities are taking place around the lake which are believed to have an impact on the ecology of thismesotrophic lake.
Keywords: mesotrophic, aquatic plant, plankton, benthic, tourism

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTIC IN DIFFERENT LAKES OF MALAYSIA
Mohd Azril Hilmi Shapiai1, Ahmad Taqiyuddin A. Zaki1, Zati Sharip1*
1
Lake Research Unit, Water Quality and Environment Research Centre, National Hydraulic ResearchInstitute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)
Corresponding author: zati@nahrim.gov.my
The objective of this study is to assess the physico-chemical characteristic of five selected lakes in Malaysia.
The depth of the selected lakes range between 4 m and 100 meter. The selected lakes with increasing depth
are Sembrong Reservoir, Bekok Reservoir, Dayang Bunting Lake, Sg Terip Reservoir and Kenyir Reservoir.
Measurements were carried out at three sites in all lakes using a multi-parameter probe. The main parametersstudied include temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and chlorophyll-a. Additionally, water samples were alsocollected near surface for analysis of total phosphorus. Temperature-depth profile indicate that stratificationof temperature was only apparent in deeper lake such as Kenyir. Stratification of dissolved oxygen wasobserved in most lakes despite their depth variation. Chemical stratification in the studied lakes was likely
influenced by geological and chemical processes. Shallower lakes were observed to have higher nutrient
concentration compared to deeper ones.
Keywords: reservoir, tropical lake, water quality

149

ANALYSIS OF LAKE TEMPE SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTIC BY STATISTICAL APPROACH
Siti AisyahCorresponding author: iis@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Sediment is a deposit for various of compounds, such as carbon and nitrogen compounds. These compounds
are needed by aquatic plants and easily available for the growth of aquatic organisms. Factor analysis ofmultivariate statistic used to determine multivariable correlation at the same time. This study aims to look at
the distribution of sediment characteristics as the aquatic life substrate in Lake Tempe. Sampling was
conducted using Ekman Grab in March 2016 at six stations. The sediment samples were analyzed in thelaboratory with parameters nitrogen, total organic carbon, total organic matter (TOM), and particle size withthree fractions (sand, silt, and clay) based on technical analysis methods of sediment. The results showed thatthe type of substrate sediments in Lake Tempe dominated by clay substrate (70.83%). Based on principal
component analysis (PCA), stations 1, 3, and 5 are characterized by sand substrate with high consentrations of
total organic carbon and TOM, while the stations 2, 4, and River Bila characterized by silt and clay substrates
with high concentration of nitrogen and a lower pH.

NUTRIEN CHARACTERISTICS AND TROPHIC STATUS OF LAKE SENTANI , PAPUA INDONESIATri Suryono , Nina Hemayani Sadi and Rosidah
Corresponding author: tris@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Lake Sentani is the largest lake in Jayapura with the area extending about 96, 300 m 2 at 75 m above sea level
height. The main activity in the Lake Sentani is the tourism sector. The development of community activites
around Lake Sentani has caused changes the lake water limnological characteristics. The particular change isobserved from Nitrogen (N ) and Phosporous (P) loading causing the water becomes more fertile. This study
was conducted to determine spatial and temporal chemical properties (mainly N and P) distribution. It is
expected that the obtained information can be the basic for the lake sustainable management. The sampling
was conducted in April and October 2014. The measured nutrient concentration at the surface, the sechi depth
and the bottom were relatively similar. In general, TN concentration in April ranged from 0.612 to 1.310 mg / Lwith an average of 0.896 mg / L (the surface area), 0.720 to 1.293 mg / L with an average of 0.930 mg / L(Secchi Depth), and. 0.496 to 1.070 mg / L with an average of 0.838 mg. Whilst, TP concentration for the same
depths ranged from 0.19 to 0.23 with an average of 0.22 mg / L, 0.13 to 0.33 with an average of 0.24 mg / L,and 0.19 to 0.33 mg / L with an average of 0.24 mg / L respectively. The observed concentration of TN in
October was slightly lower. The concentration of the surface area, Secchi Depth, and and bottom depth was
0.51 to 1.32 mg / L with an average of 0.94 mg / l, 0.21 to 0.81 mg / L with an average concentration of 0.59
mg/ L, and 0.10 to 1.16 mg / L with an average of 0.70 mg / L. The concentration of TP in the same monthranged from 0, 02 to 0.06 mg / L with an average of 0.04 mg / L,0.03 to 0.38 mg / L with an average of 0.08 mg/ L, 0.07 to 0.28 mg / L with an average of 0.12 mg / L for the three depth respectively. The TSI Carlson's
calculation showed that Lake Sentani is lightly eutrophic. The TSI values ranged from 52.658 to 57.896 with anaverage of 54.304 in April. While in October the value of TSI ranged from 33.717 to 45.016 with an average of
40.508.
Keywords: Characteristics, nutrients (N and P), Trophic Status and Lake Sentani

150

PRELIMINARY LIMNOLOGY PROFILE OF CIBEUREUM URBAN LAKE IN BEKASI
Ardo Ramdhani1* and Bayu Awifan Dwijaya2
1
Biology Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University
2
Biology Faculty,Jenderal Soedirman University
ardo.ramdhani@unsoed.ac.id
Cibeureum lake is one of urban lake in Bekasi with map position -6.298653, 107.043200. This lake have a quite
disturbance because anthropogenic activities such as fisheries, agriculture irrigation and tourism. Nutrient
pollution flow to this lake will also be the most important thing to be noticed. This work will contribute tourban lake monitoring that could affect microclimate change in the future and better understanding to do apaleolimnology approach. Field work initiated by taking a sediment samples in 2 purposive area by a single
core. Sediment sample processing (HCL and H2O2 reagent) will be held in Jenderal Soedirman University
laboratory to get a diatom assemblage profile. Any physical and chemical properties will be taken to support
diatom community analyses. Diatom community data processing by PRIMER 7 and will be represented using
PAST package.
Keywords: urban lake, paleolimnology, nutrient pollution

SITUBUNTU AND ECOLOGY PARK LAKE WATER QUALITY ASESSMENT IN BOGOR
Annisa Dwi Septiani1* and Ardo Ramdhani2
1
Biology Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University
Annisadwiseptiani13@gmail.com
Situbuntu and Ecology Park is an urban lake located in near area at Bogor. These lake was utilized asrecreational park for a long time. Water quality assessment for both lake is needed to know a significant
different and to know what a significant factor affected and changes those lake. We had done a phytoplankton
spatial sampling in both lake in different period. The higest abudance of phytoplankton in Ecology Park Lake is1637,5/m3 in central area and 12.733/m3 in central area situbuntu lake. Other parameter was taken such us
DO, pH, Temperature and brightness with water quality checker. Correlation between those parameter has
been done This work will give us basic informations and will be used to create a management strategies forthese recreational lake
Keywords: situbuntu, ecology park

THERMAL STRATIFICATION AND STABLITY OF LAKE MANINJAU, WEST SUMATERA
Taofik Jasalesmana, Fifia Zulti, Tri Suryono, Arianto Budi Santoso
Research Centre for Limnology. Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Lake Maninjau is a deep and eutrophic lake, located in west Sumatera, Indonesia. Geographically, lake
Maninjau experiences a hot and humid climate throughout the year. Atmosphere temperature variations was
greatly influences the physical phenomena in lake, especially thermal stratification and lake stability. This
paper describes the fluctuation of thermal stratification and stability in lake Maninjau at 2007, 2009, 2015 and2016. There are four mathematical calculations related to lake stability as a function temperature: thermocline
depth (t.d), bouyancy frequency (N2), center of buoyancy (c.b) and stratification index (SI). The water coulumn
temperature is measured in DM7 station. The t.d is different in evey year. The deepest thermocline depth is10.9 m in 2009 and the shallowest is 1.5 m in 2015. While the thermocline depth in 2007 and 2016 are 8.9 and9.3 m respectively. Thermal stratification of water coulumn is varying in every year which is shown by thehighest thermal stratification index is 14422.4 Jm-2 in 2007 and the lowest is 3270.6 Jm-2 in 2015. The samewith SI and t.d, center of buoyancy and buoyancy frequency are varying in every year. The deepest of thecenter of buoyancy is in 2007 (c.b = 35.7 m) then decreased until 2016 (c.b = 15.3 m). The fluctuation ofstability parameter in every year, indicates that lake Maninjau is quite susceptible to the physicalcharacteristics changes of the atmosphere.
Keywords: Thermal stratification, lake stability, bouyancy frequency

151

DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY OF DIATOM ABUNDANCE IN SEDIMENTS OF SHALLOW LAKE IN
CIBINONG BOTANICAL GARDEN
Aan Dianto1*, Luki Subehi1, Ardo Ramdhani2
1
Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor
2
Departement of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto
Corresponding author: aan@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Diatoms are classified as algae within the Division of Bacillariophyta. They are unicellularly eukaryoticorganisms characterized by siliceous cell walls that can be long preserved in sediments. Therefore, diatom
analysis in sediment records is potential indicator used for environmental reconstruction. The current
knowledge on the distribution and diversity of diatoms in the sediment in many shallow lakes in CibinongBogor is poorly known. This study aimed to identify the distribution and diversity of diatoms from thesediments of the shallow lake. We expect to obtain primary data base of a variety of diatoms. The sediment
samples were taken from Lake Cilalay and Lake Cibuntu in Cibinong Botanical Garden. Sediments weredigested using HCl and H2O2. The resulting diatom solution was dried and transferred onto glass coverslip,
which subsequently mounted onto microscope slides using Naphrax (Refraction index 1.7). Diatom
Identification was examined using light microscopy at 1,000x maginification. Diatom communities in Lake
Cilalay were dominated by genus Stauroneis, Eunotia, and Pinnularia whereas Genus Eunotia was predominant
in Lake Cibuntu. This exploratory survey provides the first inventory of diatom assemblage in Cibinong region
for roughly inferring the environmental changes in shallow lake ecosystem.
Keywords: Diatoms, palaeolimnology, shallow lakes, Cibinong Botanical Garden

THE GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN AND AROUND MANASBAL LAKE, KASHMIR
Khursheed Ahmad Parray1 , Humaira Qadri2 and Basharat Mushtaq3
1,2,3
Sri Pratap College, Srinagar, M. A. Road, Srinagar, 190001, J&K, India
Corresponding author: kaparray2006@gmail.com
The present paper attempts to represent the geology of Manasbal lake, Kashmir () situated in the lap ofTriassic limestones of approximately 245 million years. The middle Triassic limestones pass uppered into moremaasive beds of upper Triassic limestone of several thousand meters and covers much wider than area lower
and middle units and the escarpments formed out of this limestone series exhibits the best scenic geologicalformations around. These comprise pale grey limestone and dolomites with occasional quartzite layers. The
dissolution processes in and around the lake have given rise to sink holes, caverens, caves on the peripheryand floor of the lake. The presence of sink holes on the floor of the lake have made it the deepest lake in theregion. The lake is fed through springs oozing out of these solution cavities and joints. The biggest advantageof these geological processes is that no major influx of sediments finds way into the lake. The recent
subsidence of Nesbal area is an outcome of these geological processes associated with caveren formations.
The physico-chemical parameters of the lake are chiefly governed by these geological processes.
Keywords: geology, limestones, quartizite, sediments, springs

152

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF TROPICAL KARST LAKES: STUDY CASE IN LAKE AYAMARU, WEST PAPUA,INDONESIA
Sulung Nomosatryo1,2, Jens Kallmeyer1, Dirk Wagner1, Cynthia Henny2, Herry Kopalit3
1
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 5.3 Geomicrobiology, Potsdam,
Germany
2
Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong – Bogor,
Indonesia
3
University of Papua, Manokwari, Indonesia
Corresponding author: snomosa@gfz-potsdam.de
When it comes to inland lake management, a lake’s hydrological and biogeochemical characteristics should beunderstood before making any decisions. Especially the biogeochemistry of a lake is critical for effective longterm planning and resource management. Lake Ayamaru is a shallow lake located in a karstified limestoneterrain in West Papua, Indonesia. Due to its relatively large size (ca. 22 km 2) it might play an important role in
the hydrogeology of the Ayamaru district. We have conducted a first limnogeologic pilot campaign in spring2016 to measure the water parameters, take water samples and ca. 80 cm long sediment cores. The lake’s
water is clear and oxic; sunlight and oxygen penetrate to the surface of the sediment, which is methane
saturated and mainly composed of conspicuously pinkish carbonate minerals. Due to the carbonate bedrock
the lake is highly alkaline (up to 20 meq/L) despite its very low salinity. Pore water profiles show that hydrogensulphide is eight times higher concentrated than sulphate (>150 µM and 20 µM, respectively). The lack of any
sulphide minerals together with high methane concentrations indicates that remineralization of organic matteris driven mainly by sulphate reduction and methanogenesis. Other terminal electron acceptor processes do
not seem to play any significant role. The lake’s response to human activity and whether the uniquebiogeochemistry can influence the porosity of the lake’s bedrock will be the subject of future studies. We hopethat our biogeochemical study will provide valuable input for a holistic management of the lake.
Keywords: Shallow lake, Sulphur cycle, Methanogenesis, Karst lake.

THE STATE OF ORGANIC MATTER DURING DRY SEASON 2015 IN LAKE TONDANO, NORTHSULAWESI, INDONESIA
Joudy R.R. Sangari1, Jan F.W.S. Tamanampo1 & Grevo S. Gerung1
1
Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science
Sam Ratulangi University, Manado
Corresponding author: didie.rizal1961@gmail.com
kiyo this study, we present data on OM, TOC, total nitrogen (TN), a n d C/N from two different depthsof Lake Tondano, North Sulawesi, Indonesia to identify the source of OM and understand the spatial
distribution and interrelation among various parameters. Data were collected from 12 creeks within the lakevicinity. In situ measurement on chemical parameters was conducted by using Horiba and further analysis wasdone in the laboratory. PCA, Biplots Analysis and MDS as packages of Open Source Statistical Software R wereused to figure out those parameters. TOC, TN% and C/N ratio of the Tondano lake waters indicate a mixed
source of OM (terrestrial and in situ lake fish culture and other biota). Aquatic weeds, mainly Echornia
grassipes, and plant detritus that grow along its margins as well as the use of fertilizers in paddy fields
surrounding the Tondano lake also contributed to the current situation. T o t h e s a m e t o k e n e x c e s s i v e
use of artificial food for floating fish cage culture was also assume d as a major cause
c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e s i t u a t i o n . The lake margins and lake-bed morphology control the distribution of
sediment particulate matter and texture.
Keywords: Lake Tondano, dry season, Organic Matter, PCA, Biplots Analysis.

153

ZOOPLANKTON SPATIAL DIVERSITY IN LAKE TONDANO, INDONESIA
Reliana Lumban Toruan1
1Research Centre for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Jl. Raya Bogor Km 46-Cibinong, INDONESIA 16911
Corresponding author: reliana@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Study on freshwater ecology have been long focused toward subtropical habitats with few references totropical regions. Despite the increasingly recognized as biodiversity hotspots, there is still lack of study of how
spatial patterns drive ecological heterogeneity in tropical regions, particularly no such study has been
conducted in Indonesia. Zooplankton, in particular, are among the most abundant aquatic organism and are
key player of aquatic food webs and a solid understanding of their community structure can be of direct
benefit to freshwater ecosystem management. We studied spatial patterns of zooplankton diversity in Lake
Tondano, Celebes Island - Indonesia, with the aim to understand how local environmental and habitat
heterogeneity driving the zooplankton diversity. We performed field samplings to collect zooplankton using a
vertical two with a 156 µm mesh net from 1 meter above sediment to surface, and to measure environmental
parameters using portable multi probes water quality checker from three different water columns. The
sampling designed included different habitats within the lake to look at diversity of the entire zooplankton
communities (Rotifera, Cladocera, Copepoda) in Lake Tondano. We identified 22 species of cladocerans, 32
copepods and 59 rotifers. Our result indicates relatively low number of cladoceran which is found to be
associated with high predatory pressure from planktivorous fish especially within the open pelagic zone. Lake
Tondano is subjected to ecological disturbance due to several factors including invasive introduction andeutrophication. Our future work will look at temporal shift in zooplankton community composition in response
to environmental disturbance in Lake Tondano.
Keywords: Zooplankton diversity, tropical lake, Lake Tondano.

MICROZOOBENTHIC COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN RELATION WITH CONCENTRATION OF TSS IN
BANJARAN RIVER OF BANYUMAS, INDONESIA
Rizki Febriani, Christiani, Agatha Sih Piranti
Faculty of Biology, University of Jendral Soedirman, Jl. Dr. Suparno, Purwokerto 53122
Corresponding Corresponding author: hj.christiani@yahoo.com
This study aimed to know concentration of Total Suspended Solid (TSS) in Banjaran River, structure communityof microzoobenthic in Banjaran River as well as the relationship between TSS with abundance microzoobenthic
Banjaran River. This study using survey method at 7 locations based on existsting environmental setting in
Banjaran River. Sampling was performed 3 repetitions with interval of 2 weeks. Parameters are number of
species and individual microzoobenthic as well as value of TSS. Analysis of data to determine concentration of
TSS done in a descriptive way. Community structure of microzoobenthic utilize diversity index, evenness index,
dominance index, and similarity index. To determine relationship between the abundance microzoobenthic
with TSS concentration using regression analysis and correlation. Concentration of TSS in the Banjaran River
160.1 - 253.5 mg/l is still good to support life of microzoobenthic. Structure community of microzoobenthic in
Banjaran River consists of 2 Phylum. They are Protozoa consists 10 species and Rotifera consists of 9 species.
Abundance microzoobenthic in Banjaran River range 130 – 1039 ind/cm2. Diversity of microzoobenthic in
Banjaran River is low. Dominance is low or no domination. The level of evenness microzoobenthic at eachstation on average is unequal, and the similarity between the station on average types are low and medium.
The relationship between the concentration of TSS and microzoobenthic abundance in the Banjaran River
showed a very low or negligible (r = 0.11), This imply that microzoobenthic abundance determined by TSS at
1.21% and 98.79% is determined by other factors such as type of substrate.
Keywords: Microzoobenthic, Structure Community, TSS.

154

210

Pb AND 210Po TROPHIC TRANSFER WITHIN THE PHYTOPLANKTON – ZOOPLANKTON – NILE
TILAPIA/COMMON CARP FOOD WEB : A CASE STUDY FROM THE CIRATA RESERVOIR, INDONESIA
Evi Susanti1, Nurpilihan Bafdal2, Tb. Benito A. Kurnani2, Sunardi2 & Cynthia Henny1
1
Researcher in Research Center for Limnology – LIPI, Cibinong
2
Lecturer in Padjadjaran University, West Java
Lead-210 (210Pb, half-life: 22.4 years) and Polonium-210 (210Po, half-life 138 days) are non-conservative naturalradionuclides produced from the 238U decay chain whose distribution and behavior in the fresh water for toxic
reasons owing to 210Po and 210Pb accumulation on organisms and health concerns via the radiation dose
received by humans through fish consumption. The transfer of 210Pb and 210Po in the food web of pelagic fishes(from phytoplankton and zooplankton to Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and common carp, Cyprinus carpio)
will investigate in the Cirata Reservoir. The purpose of this research is to (i) investigate seasonal and spatial
variability of 210Pb and 210Po activity in phytoplankton, (ii) determine 210Po and 210Pb bioaccumulation fromphytoplankton to zooplankton trophic levels and (iii) define 210Po bio-magnification from plankton to fishes.
Data to be collected are 210Pb and 210Po activity concentration, C and N stable isotope ratios, measure from (i)different size classes of phytoplankton and zooplankton during dry and wet season in different environmentalof the Cirata Reservoir, and (ii) in two fish species. A chlorophyll-a (Chlo-a) concentration will be obtain at eachsampling site. Plankton will be collected using 200 m, 60 m and 6 m mesh size plankton-net. Two small
plankton size fractions will retain ([6 – 60 m] and [60 – 200 m]). Larger plankton organisms immediately
sieved onboard through three different filter meshes: 1000 m, 500 m and 200 m to obtain three large
plankton fractions: [200 – 500 m], [500 – 1000 m], and [> 1000 m]. Common carp and Nile tilapia willcollected and dissected to extract muscle, liver and body remain (skin, head and skeleton). 210Pb and 210Po
analyses will be performed on plankton, fish organ and water sample that filtered through 0.45 m filter.
Three replicate will be performed on each plankton fraction for each site and season for both 13C and 15N.
Prior to stable isotope analyzes, the taxonomic composition of plankton fraction will estimate under abinocular microscope. The dominant groups of organisms will determine in each size fraction. A hierarchicalclustering will be implemented to average 210Pb and 210Po mean activity concentration in plankton fraction
using complete linkage and Euclidean distances to investigate radionuclide variation between sites andpotential spatial structuring in zones in Cirata Reservoir with season. The differences in mean activity
concentration of 210Pb, 210Po and 210Po/210Pb ratios with size per season will be tested by a non-parametric
Kruskal-Wallis Procedures. 210Pb and 210Po activity concentration, 13C and 15N values will be tested using twoway crossed ANOVAs to assess the effects of the zone and size parameters for plankton fraction for eachsampling season. When the differences were significant, post-hoc comparisons of means will be performed
with Turkey Tests. To test for bioaccumulation process across plankton fraction and within the two analyzes
pelagic fish species, linear regressions will be run between the log10 of 210Po activity concentrations and 15N
values of plankton fractions and fishes.
Keywords: 210Pb, 210Po, phytoplankton, zooplankton, common carp, Nile tilapia, Cirata reservoir.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPECTRAL OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND OPTICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN
LAKE MANINJAU.
Fifia Zulti*, Taofik Jasalesmana*, Tri Suryono* and Cynthia Henny**Research Center for Limnology, Infonesia Institute of Science
Jl. Raya Bogor-Jakarta KM 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
Corresponding author: fifia.zulti@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Light conditions in water are very important for primary production. Optical properties play a major role in theecological structure and functioning of lakes.This study aims to look at the relationship between spectral
optical properties (attenuation coefficient, transmittance) with optically active substances (secchi depth,
suspended solid and volatile suspended solid concentration). The study have been conducted on eight stations
during the month of May and August 2015 in Lake Maninjau. The attenuation coefficient of light is influenced
by secchi depth. The shallowest of secchi depth in Koto Gadang (1.65 m) with attenuation coefficient is 0.6781.
Transmittance of light decreases exponentially with increasing depth of the lake. For ach stations, suspended
solid concentration ranges 0.83 – 3 mg/L and VSS value ranges 0.75 – 2.38 mg/L. The attenuation coefficientand depth correlated with VSS concentration. The concentration of suspended inorganic matter has a strong
influence on the rate of attenuation of light into the lake.
Keywords: depth, attenuation coefficient, transmittance, suspended solid, volatile suspended solid.

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CHANGE OF PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY OF ERHAI LAKE AND THE DRIVING FORCE DURING THE
PAST CENTURY
Shao Yang1*, Hongyan Yang1, Yi Liu1, Pan Liu1, Jinghui Jiang1, Chuanhong Chen2
1
School of Life sciences, Central China Normal University, wuhan, P.R.China
2
East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, P.R., China
Corresponding author: mryangshao@126.com
Erhai lake is one of the largest lakes (size 251 km2) in Yunnan-Guizhou plateau of China, which serve as themain water resource for drinking water and agriculture for the local region. Since 1996 severe algal bloom
keep occurring in Erhai lake occasionally, posing threats to aquatic ecosystem and drinking water. To
understand the phytoplankton community change during the past century, a paleolimnological investigation
was conducted. 326 diatom species in total were observed in the sediment core with a span of about 150
years. Cyclostephanos dubius was dominant in the whole history, and Aulacoseira granulate and Aulacoseira
ambigua became dominant since 1960s. The abundance of the mesotrophic indicator A. granulate showed agreat increase from 1992 to 2004, positively correlated to TN increasing of the lake water quality. TP in
sediment remained at low level until 1980s, and then gradually increase. An in-situ mesocosm experiment wasalso carried out to evaluate the improvement of nitrogen and phosphorus on the algal bloom formation. The
results showed phosphorus was more important for the formation of Microcystis bloom in Erhai lake.
Keywords: Phytoplankton, community succession, paleolimnological record, Erhai lake

ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY PROFILES AND THEIR UTILIZATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCES TO
SEVERAL LAKES IN INDONESIALuki Subehi1, Takehiko Fukushima2, Iwan Ridwansyah1, Bunkei Matsushita2
1
Research Centre for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
2
Laboratory of Water Environment, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba - Japan
Corresponding author : luki@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Indonesian lake is one of the unique ecosystems which are functioning in both ecological and economic
services. The objective of this study is to analyze the hydrological characteristics represented by several lakes
in Indonesia. Surveys at Jatilhur and Cirata reservoirs were conducted on July 2014 and March 2015,
respectively. The results on the survey in Jatiluhur and Cirata reservoirs showed that the average depths are
32.9 m and 34.9 m, respectively. Jatiluhur reservoir covers 7,780 ha of area with maximum depth of 90 m.
Meanwhile, Cirata reservoir covers approximately 6,200 ha of area with maximum depth of 106 m. Both of
those reservoirs serve as important hydroelectricity power. Next, the percentage value of fish cages at Cirata
reservoir was larger (2.02%) than that at Jatiluhur reservoir (0.51%). It indicated the potential impact from fish
cages as pollutant at those reservoirs. In addition, based on water quality profiles (dissolve oxygen/DO, Chl-aand temperature), upwelling caused water quality degradation. In order to maintain the sustainability of thelake, basic ecological information is necessary for the next study.
Keywords: Jatiluhur reservoir, Cirata reservoir, Water quality, Fish cages

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