EU house, July 6, 2018

Japan Atomic Energy Commission
andBasic Policy for Nuclear Energy
Yoshiaki OKAChairman
Japan Atomic Energy Commission (JAEC)
The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of JAEC nor the government
1

Contents
Japan Atomic Energy Commission
Basic Policy for Nuclear Energy
Collaboration Program of Nuclear Power
related Organizations
Building Infrastructure for Communication
White Paper on Nuclear Energy
Global Warming and Nuclear power2

Japan Atomic Energy Commission• Atomic Energy Basic Act was enacted on December 19, 1955:
activities are limited for peaceful purposes, to be conductedsecuring the safety, under democratic administration,
independently, making the results available to the public,
actively contribute to international cooperation• Atomic Energy Commission was established on January 1,
1956: The Commission plans, deliberates and makes
decisions on, (1) matters relating to nuclear research,development and utilization policies, (2) matters relating to
the coordination of the activities of the Government agencies
engaged in such activities, (3) matters relating to thecollection of information and conducting of surveys
concerning such activities, and (4) matters tasked by laws tothe Commission and such other important matters relating tonuclear research, development and utilization.
3

JAEC’s tasks and commissioners• Commission may make recommendations to the heads of therelevant Government agencies in accordance with the Act toEstablish the Atomic Energy Commission.
• Three Commissioners, appointed by the Prime Minister with theconsent of the Diet.
• The Office of Atomic Energy Policy of the Cabinet Office serves asSecretariat.

Yoshiaki Oka
chairmanToshio Sano

Tomoko Nakanishi
4Administrative Organizations for Nuclear Energy Policy
Cabinet OfficeJapan Atomic Energy Commission (JAEC)
Discuss and form a plan on:• Policy on nuclear energy research, development andutilization• Important policy matters on nuclear energy utilization e.g.,coordination among relevant ministries on nuclear energy
research, development and utilization
Basic Guidelines, Decisions, Statements, Views etc.

Ministries that own individual policy matters
CabinetOfficeMOFAMEXT

・Foreign policy on・Policy on nuclear

METI
・Policy on nuclear

energynuclear science and science•Nuclear Disaster Peaceful use of nuclear・Nuclear fusion and ・Nuclear fuel cycle・High level RW
Prevention
nuclear applications
energy・Fukushima Daiichi

MOENRA・Nuclearregulation
・N. Security
Safeguards

JAEC’s activities• Regular meeting: weekly, open to the public• Basic Policy for Nuclear Energy: every 5 years• White Paper on Nuclear Energy: annually• Decisions, statements and Views: R&D policy, Human
resource development, Fast reactor development, Light
water reactor utilization, Improving knowledge base, View
on the mid‐term implementation plan for spent nuclear fuelreprocessing, View on future research reactor facilities,
Statement on Nuclear Test by North Korea, Opinion on thePlutonium Utilization Plans of Electric Power Companies,
Report on the Next Mid and Long Term Goal of the Japan
Atomic Energy Agency, Report on the basic concept for theDesignated Radioactive Waste Final Disposal Act etc.
• Policy information: Plutonium utilization in Japan
6

Nuclear Power Utilization in Japan• 42 operable LWR plants; BWR and PWR• 9 utilities (TEPCO, Kansai, Chubu etc.) and JAPC andJ‐Power(EPDC)• First LWR demo (JPDR, 12MWe BWR) in 1959
• First commercial plant (GCR) in 1965, LWR in 1970
• 3 Manufacturers; Hitachi/GE, MHI and Toshiba• 3 nuclear fuel manufacturers; GNF‐J, Mitsubishi NF,NFI• Commercial nuclear fuel cycle program by JNFL
(enrichment, spent fuel reprocessing and low level
radioactive waste disposal) in Rokkasho‐mura• Only for peaceful use, no nuclear weapon by law
7Nuclear R&D institutes in Japan Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)• Experimental fast reactor JOYO
• High temperature test reactor HTTR
• Research Reactors and critical assemblies: JRR‐3,NSSR andSTACY• Thermal hydraulic test loops, hot labs. etc.
• Nuclear fuel cycle (backend) facilities• J‐PARC (proton accelerator)
 Japan Agency for Quantum and Radiological Science (QST)
from April 2016
Merger of• National institute of radiological science(NIRS):Heavy ionsetc.
• Fusion program of JAEA: JT‐60, ITER and Broader approachetc.
• Takasaki Advanced Radiation Institute(JAEA Takasaki):Ionsand Co60 etc.
• Kansai Photon Science Institute(KPSI) of JAEA: Photons andLasers etc.
 Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry(CRIEPI)
etc.
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Basic Policy for Nuclear Energy
 First policy paper on nuclear energy after the TEPCO Fukushima accident,
characterized as:

An articulation of policy directions and ultimate goals
for cross‐cutting issues of overall nuclear policy
Guideposts for JAEC itself and the relevant government
ministries, agencies in performing their respective roles
and responsibilities
An indication of long‐term policy directions,
incorporating a wide variety of viewpoints surrounding
nuclear energy
It is to be reviewed, as necessary, basically every fiveyears or so9

Changing Environment Surrounding Nuclear Energy
Impact of the Fukushima Accident
 Essential to sincerely face up to the public distrust and anxiety about nuclear
energy and rebuild social confidence.

Environment surrounding nuclear energy use With full liberalization of the retail electricity market, it is pointed out that thenew competitive electric power business has made it difficult to make reliableprediction about the future of nuclear power business.

Environment surrounding the global warming issue
 Japan’s INDC intend to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 26.0% relative to theFY2013 level by FY2030.

Energy issues that affect the livelihood and economic activities
 Increased use of existing thermal power stations and introduction of a feed‐intariff (FIT) system for renewable energy have led to electricity tariffs higher.
 The rise in electricity tariffs has had a major negative impacts on people’s
livelihood and economic activities.

10

Nuclear Power Plants in Japan (June 2018)• 9 plants restarted after
rigorous safety review
of NRA.
• 5 plants passed thereview.
• 12 plants are underreview.
• 16 plants have not yet
applied the review.
• 18 plants were shut
down permanently,including 4 plants whichwere shut down before
the TEPCO Fukushima
Daiichi accident.
Source: METI and http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/countryprofiles/countries-g-n/japan-nuclear-power.aspx

11

ElectricityTariffs and Fuel cost
我が国の電気料金及び燃料費の推移
 After the Fukushima accident, electricity tariffs raised by about 30% for industry and by
about 20% for household.
 Fuel cost increased by $90 billion due to higher dependency on thermal power generation
as a result of the suspension of nuclear power generation after the Fukushima accident.
(¥/kWh)Fuel Cost of Japanese Electric(¥ trillion)
Power Companies

electricity tariffs in Japan

HouseholdAverage
Industry

2016*(*estimated record)(FY)
Source: Energy Annual Report 2015

FY2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Thermal(％） 61.7

78.9 88.3

88.3 87.8 84.6

Source： Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan

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Comparison of Electricity Charges with foreign countries
Industrial Electricity Charge

Home Electricity Charge

Germany

Italy
Spain
UKJapanFranceUS
South Korea

The value of France sharply rising in 2007 is due to the Change of the source of French data used by IEAElectricity rates in Japan have risen since the earthquake, but this graph reflects the impact of foreign exchange rates as it is written
in dollars
Source: IEA Energy Prices and Taxes

13

Electricity demand and supply outlook in 2030
Power sources

Electricity demand
Economic
growth:1.7%／ySaving（-17%）

Total generation:
1065
Billion kWh(transmission loss)

Renewables
22-24%
Nuclear20-22%

966.6
BillionkWh

980.8
BillionkWh

Biomass
3.7-4.6%

Geothermal
1.0-1.1%
Wind 1.7%

Solar
7.0%
Hydro
8.8-9.2%

LNG
27%
Coal26%
Oil 3%

2013

2030

2030

Source; Long-term energy supply and demand outlook, July 2015 METI
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Fundamental Issues Ingrained in Nuclear
Energy‐related Organizations
 National culture is embedded in values and social
structures and affects the work methods ofindividuals and the activities of organizations.
The unique mindset and groupthink in Japan, thepressure to conform tacitly or forcibly to theopinion of the majority, and the tendency tomaintain the status quo are all very strong, andthey can be a problem.
As a result of the sub‐optimization of information
sharing in terms of the contents and scope, Truly
needed information does not get appropriately
shared.
Recognizing those characteristics, nuclear energy‐related organizations have to take drastic steps toimprove their way of conducting their works.
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Basic Objectives of Nuclear Energy Use
Appropriate use of nuclear energy is necessary, while
thorough risk‐management by responsible regime isprecondition.
1. Fukushima Accident: Seriously reflect on the accident andlessons learned.
2. Nuclear energy, addressing global warming issues and people’s
livelihood and the economy3. Nuclear energy in the global context
4. Peaceful use of nuclear energy: enhancing non‐proliferation andsecurity regimes
5. Rebuilding public trust, as a major precondition
6. Steadily pursuing decommissioning and radioactive waste
disposal
7. Improving quality of life through the use of radiation andradioactive isotopes
8. Strengthening the foundations for the use of nuclear energy

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Important initiatives and directions

Continuous improvement of safety
Economic and safety improvement coexist in USA by
Industry’s risk management and improvement of regulation

00

0.130.100.10 0.10
0.08
0.07
0.07 0.07
0.05
0.04
0.04 0.05 0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02 0.02
0.01
2014

20

2012

100

2010

40

0.26
0.25
0.210.17

2008

20060

2006

300

2004

800.40

2002

400

0.45

2000

100

1998

120500

1996

527

1994

1400.77

1992

160

700
600

1801990

Power generation GｋWh

797

800

0.90

1988

200

900

Significant Events per Plant

US nuclear power generation increased 50% and reactor accidents
decreased 1/30th since 1989, 10 years from the TMI accident.

17International comparison of Facility Utilization Rate In the United States and South Korea, the facility utilization ratio of nuclear power generation is about 90%.
 the utilization rate of Japan before the Fukushima Accident is about 70%.

Trend of facility utilization rate of nuclear power generation(%)

JJapanJUS

JFrance

Source：IAEA,Power Reactor Information System(PRIS)

JGermany

JCanadaJS.Korea

JFinland18

Outline of the Utilization of LWR in US～Structure for Managing risk by US nuclear power companies～
Common Goal ：Enhancement of Nuclear Safety
Research Commission

DOE
PublicInformation, Publicity
Cooperative
Research（Nuclear Energy Institute）

Budget and Staff
規制に係る科学的・合理的な議論

EPRI（Electric Power Research Institute）③ Improvement of safety level throughscientific, reasonable recommendations,and discussions

NRC（Nuclear Regulatory Commission）

NEI

Proposals, Explanation

Congress

Submit a resultof nuclear
Safety Research②Improvement of Research on LWR
through collaboration
between domestic and overseas

法的規制
安全目標の提示

Cooperative
Research

Consolidatie
Opinions

Electric PowerIndustry

SubmitOperation
Datum

INPO
Peer Review（Institute of Nuclear Power Operations）

Research and implementation of probabilistic risk assessment
as a common language supporting activities of ①～③Information Exchange①Promotion of Voluntary efforts
for safety improvement by the Industry

WANO（World Association of Nuclear Operators ）出典：総合資源エネルギー調査会総合部会第２回会合資料（平成２５年４月２３日）を基に内閣府作成

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Japanese industry efforts on safety improvement
 Nuclear power companies are promoting efforts to improve safety through peer
review toward building autonomous systems for improving safety.
Electric Power Companies
Construct and Operate
the System of Risk
Management(RM)・Develop and prepare the Risk Management
Excellence Guidelines
・Specific Review of RM Activities (shift toPeer Review in the future)

Maintenance of PRA
which is one of tools of RM
Academic AssociationStandards・HRD (shift to NRRC in the future)

Closecooperation

・Support safety related academic standards andstandard equipment (excluding PRA)

Nuclear Risk Research Center
Research and Development of PRA technology
・Promotion of practical application of RIDM by the Companies
shifted from
JANSI
(July,2016)

・ Promotion of PRA Peer Review
・ Maintenance of PRA Parameter

RIDM:
Decision making utilizing riskInformation

・Support safety related academic standards and standardequipment

Source: the 40th JAEC Regular Meeting documents (2016)20

Collaboration Program of Nuclear Energy
related Organizations
Vision： Improvement of Knowledge & Technology Base
Deepening Public and Experts’ Understanding
Improvement of R&D Management
Collaboration Council（InformationSharing)(JAEC FEPC JEMA JAEA)

Ministries &Agencies（Budget ＆ Information Sharing)

Ｐｌａｔｆｏｒｍ（Ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ Ｓｈａｒｉｎｇ ＆ Ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ）

Long‐term Use& Safety of LWRs

Severe Accident &Disaster Prevention

Decommissioning &Radioactive Waste
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Increasing public information with evidence in Japanese
Information layers

Simple andeasy-tofollow general
information

Layer 1
Information forgeneral publicPublicMedia
accessExplanation
with common
scientificbasis

Summaryreports,
Text books,
training
materials
Researchpapers,scientificreports

Layer 2
Bridging
information

Communicator
R&D organizations
Government

Increasing
publicunderstandingof nuclear
energyaccessSpecialists
Layer 3
Information forexperts

Layer 4
Scientific basis
Objective facts

knowledge-based Information network

public communication

22

Providing Public with Policy Information
It is common to provide public with easy‐to‐understand information regarding nuclear
energy policies in the U.S. and the UK.
Such sufficient effort has been not made inJapan.
Each ministry and agency in Japan is also
expected to provide policy information on HPetc.
JAEC published “utilization of plutonium inJapan”. (ref.1)[ref.1 ] “Plutonium Utilization in Japan” :http://www.aec.go.jp/jicst/NC/about/kettei/kettei171003_e.pdf
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Public communication•Informing the public (push‐type activities) does
not necessarily promote their understanding.
•Preparing knowledge‐based information andevidence‐based policy information and making
them available to the public constitute theinfrastructure for communication.
•Stakeholder* dialog/engagement (pull‐typeactivities) is necessary. It has been conducted in
UK for geological disposal facility siting and in
USA for environmental clean‐up of legacy
facilities for nuclear weapon production.
•Learning the lessons will promote ourunderstanding of the complex, multi‐disciplinary
characteristics of the communication.
*Stakeholder: a person, group or organization that has interest or concern. 24

White Paper on Nuclear Energy 2017
Published 2016 version for the first time since
March 2010. 2017 version in July 2018.
Describing overall picture of nuclear energy use.
Publish annually.
Special Chapter: Nuclear Communication
Chapter 1 Recovery and reconstruction of Fukushima andcontinuous safety improvement
Chapter 2 Nuclear energy utilization and global warming
Chapter 3 International and domestic activities
Chapter 4 Peaceful utilization and nuclear security
Chapter 5 Reconstruction of public trust
Chapter 6 Decommissioning and radioactive waste
Chapter 7 Utilization of radiation and radioisotopes
Chapter 8 Strengthening the foundation
Reference: http://www.aec.go.jp/jicst/NC/about/hakusho/index_e.htm

25World Energy Scenarios 2016

THE GRAND TRANSITION, 3 scenarios
1. Market driven （Modern Jazz）
2. State policies （Unfinished Symphony）
3. Patchwork(Hard rock)

出典：World Energy Scenarios 2016, The World Energy Council
26

Reduction of CO2 emission
Patchwork (Hard rock) fails the reduction

Modern Jazz

Unfinished Symphony

Hard rock27

Nuclear power increases for all scenarios,but smallest by market driven scenario (modern Jazz)
Nuclear power needs policy for recovering large investment
It is not logical to exclude nuclear power, if serious about global warming
Unfinished Symphony

Modern Jazz

Hard rock

Nuclear power

28

Nobel prize laureates in Nuclear Field Nobel laureates by research in the field of nuclear energy / radiation account for morethan 25% in the physics awards and about 15% in the three awards of natural science(physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine). Research in those fields has given a great
influence on the development of the science and technology.
X-Ray

M.T.F. Laue(1914)
Discovery of X-ray diffraction

W.C.Röntgen.(1901)

P.J.W. Debye(1936)

W.H. Bragg
W.L. Bragg(1915)

Invention of X-ray diffraction powder
Research on crystal structure using X-ray
methodJ.D. Watson
F.H.C. Crick(1962)
M.H.F. Wilkins

Discovery of X-rays

H.J. Muller(1946)
Discovery of artificial mutation by X-ray

J.J. Thomson(1906)
Discovery of electrons

L.W.D.Broglie (1929)

C.T.R. Wilson (1927)

E. Ruska(1986)

G.P. Thomson(1937)

Positron and antiparticle prediction

C.D.Anderson (1936)

P.M.S. Blackett (1948)
Discovery of electron-positron pair creation

Discovery of Positron

Neutron

E.O. Lawrence(1939)

G.D. Hevesy (1933)

Electromagnetic wave
Neutrino

F. Bloch
E.M. Purcell (1952)
Development of nuclear
magnetic resonance method

A.H. Becquerel(1903)
Discovery of radioactivity

M.K.E.L.Planck(1918)

M. Calvin(1961)

W.F. Libby(1960)

Establishment of isotope tracer technology

Radioactive Material

Discovery of cyclotron

Development of neutron diffraction / scattering method

Ion
Beam/Isotope

Theoretical physics

C.G. Shull
B.N. Brockhouse (1994)

J. Chadwick (1935)
Discovery of Neutron

Development of electron microscope

Discovery of electron
diffraction

P.A.M. Dirac (1933)

Invention of Wilson mistbox

Elucidation of the mechanism of photosynthesis

C.J. Davisson

Discovery of electron wave nature

Discovery of Compton effectDevelopment of X-ray CT

J. Deisenhofer
R. HaberH. Michel 1988)

Elucidation of biological material
molecular structure

A.HCompton.(1927)

A.M. Cormack

Establishment of direct crystal structure determination
G.N. Hounsfield(1979)

D.M.C. Hodgkin(1964)

Discovery of the molecular structure ofDNA

Electron/Positron

H.A. Hauptman
J. Karle(1985)

Establishment of dating method By radioactive carbon

P.A. Cherenkov
I.M.Frank
I.E.Tamm(1958)
Discovery of Cherenkov
radiation

P.Curie
M.Curie(1903)

Research on Radioactivity

N.H.D. Bohr
Research on thermal radiation (1922)
Energy quantum hypothesis Research on radiation from theM. Koshiba (2002)
Space neutrino detection

Ｅ. Rutherford (1908)
Research on ｃollapse ofelements and radioactivesubstances

R.S. Yalow(1977)

Research on photosynthesisｂy radioactive carbon

Development of radioimmunoassay method

P.C. Lauterbur
P. Mansfield (2003)

T.Kajita (2015)

Development of magnetic resonancetomography (MRI)

F.Soddy（1921）

Mass for neutrino

I. Joliot-Curie
J.F. Joliot-Curie (1935)

Research on radioactive materials
Research on the origin andproperties of isotopes

Creation of new radioactive isotope

Y.Nambu
T. Masukawa

W.K.Heisenberg(1932)

E.Schrödinger(1933)

Founding of quantum mechanics

T.Kobayashi(2008)
Discovery of a new form of Prediction of existence of mesons
based on the theoretical study of CP symmetry breaking
atomic theory

structure of atoms and atoms

Source： S. Okada, the 4th JAEC Regular Meeting documents (2017)

H.Yukawa(1949)

nuclear forces29

Thank You30