Melnikov: Populationand rangefluctuationsof AsianDowitcherLtmnodromus
semtpalmatusin the centralAsianarid zone

Population and range fluctuations of Asian
Dowitcher Limnodromussemipalmatusin the central
Asianarid zone

Yu.I. Melnikov
Melnikov,Y.I. 1998.Populationandrangefluctuationsof AsianDowitcherLimnodromus
semipalmatusin the centralAsianarid zone. International
WaderStudies
10:351-357.
Themainbreedingrangeof theAsianDowitcherLimnodromus
semipalmatuslieswithinthe limitsof
the arid zonein south-western
Siberia,Mongoliaand China. Furthernorth,up to 56-57øN,it ispatchilydistributedonisolatedareasof relictsteppe.At theendof the 19thcenturyseveral
hundredpairswereknownto bebreedingat thenorthernlimitsof thespecies'
breedingrange.
Theirpopulationduringthisperiodwasprobablystable.Sincethemid-1970sthepopulationhas
increased
to 6,000birds. Thisismainlydueto extremedroughtsin thesouthernpartsof thebreedingrangeandan expansionof at least1,000km in theextentof thenorthernboundary.This
increaseoccuredvery rapidly overa periodof abouttwo years. The subsequent
population
decrease
wasslow,lastingmorethantenyears.Currently(1990-1991)
thepopulationis similartothat at the beginningof the century.A slowdecreasein numbersin the northernpart of thebreedingrangeafterthedroughtendedin thesouthindicatesthatthespecies
isbothhighlysitefaithfulandverymobile.Thespecies'
expansionis characterisedby markedirruptionsduring
extremedroughts,theirscaledependingonthesizeof the areassufferingfromdrought.This
behaviouris a characteristic
adaptationto existence
in aridregions.
Yu.I. Melnikov, East-SiberianSectionASRIF, SedovStr., 41, Irkutsk, 664003, Russia.

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Introduction
Publications

zoneonly extendsinto Russiaat the border,thecharacteristicsof thisphenomenon
couldonlybe

from recent decades have shown thatthe spatialstructureof the rangesof waderssuchas
AvocetRecurvirostra
avosetta,
Black-winged
Stilt
Himantopus
himantopus,
MarshSandpiperTringa
stagnatitis
andAsianDowitcherLimnodromus
semipalmatus
breedingnearthewaterbodiesof thearid zoneof CentralAsia arevery variable(Melnikov1986a,1986b;Osipova1986). As the arid

351

studied for the northernboundariesof the waders

breedingin thesearid areas.The groupof wadersthat usethe narrowhabitatspectrumin the arid
regionareof specialinterest,asmostof themare
includedin the RussianRedData Book'sregional
listsof endangered
speciesandthusrequirespecial
measuresfor theirprotection.An importantelementof suchwork is theanalysisof thoseInternational

Wader Studies 10: 351-357

80OE 100OE 120øE

140øE

160øE

Study

Lake Baikal

Figure1. AsianDowitcherbreedingrange:1 - WestSiberianconcentration;
2 - theLargeLakesdepression(Mongolia);
3 - Selengariver basinconcentration(Mongolia);4 - Russian-Mongolian-Chineseconcentration;
5 - Cicikarconcentration(China);ß - recordsof AsianDowitchersduringinvasionsto northernrangelimits.

populationprocesses
for speciesof which only
limiteddata exist. The Asian Dowitcher

is used as

an exampleof thisanalysisof fluctuationsin
numbersand changesin breedingrange
boundaries.

TheAsianDowitcheris a rare,poorlystudied
waderspecies,
includedin theIUCN RedData Bookand in the Red Data Books of several countries

within theCIS.-Thetotalpopulationwasestimatednot longagoat 1,000birds. Surveysat the
winteringgroundsin south-eastern
Asiamadeit
possibleto updatethisfigureto 5,000birdsin 1984.
After a furtherinventoryof the winteringgrounds
in 1989,the populationwas estimatedat 15,00020,000birds(Howes& Parish1989). Surveysmade
within itsbreedingrangein Russiain yearswhen
largenumbersof birdswerepresentestimatedless

we collecteddataon the changesin numbersof thrs
speciesin south-eastern
Siberia,aswell asdetailed
informationon the ecologyof AsianDowitcherat
the Selengariver delta (1973-1980)and the Irkut
river mouth(1983-1987).The mostprobablebreedingareaswerealsosurveyed(Melnikov1985,
1986a,1991),and all publisheddatawereanalysed.
Totalcountsweremade at the Selengadeltaonce
everytwo or threeyearsusingspeciallydesigned
methods(Melnikov1986c).Reproductive
success
was estimatedaccordingto Mayfield (1975),
modifiedby Payevsky(1985).The nest-histories
ofa total of 625 nests were recorded: 531 nests at the

Selengadeltaand 94 at the Irkut river mouth.
Results

and Discussion

Thebreedingrangeoccupiesa narrowbelt in theforest-steppes,
steppesand semi-desertsfromsouth-western
Siberiaacrossthe Baikalregions,
Mongolia,andnorthernChinato theshoresof the
PrimoryeTerritory.The mainpart of thebreeding
rangeis situatedwithin the arid zone,wherebirds
inhabitextremelyvariablewetlandecosystems.
Thecharacteristic
distributionis due to the factthat theychooseto breedin rather.flat,swampymeadowswith low grasscover,whichoftenhavenumerous

than half this number (lessthan 6,000birds;

Melnikov 1986a),whilstthe datafrom otherpartsof
thebreedingrangeareinsufficientfor evena
preliminaryestimateof populationsize.
Methods

Informationpresentedin thispaperis basedon 20
yearsof studiesfrom 1972-1991.Duringthisperiod352

Melnikov. Populationand rangefluctuationsof AsianDowitcherL•mnodromus
semipalmatusin the centralAsianarid zone

shallowtemporarywaterbodies,aswell asthe
shallowwatersandmudflatsof temporarylakesin
thesteppeareas.Mostof the recordsfromthe
northernboundaryof thebreedingrangehavebeen
in areasof steppeor similarhabitats.Judgingfrom
publisheddata (Pevtsov1883;Kozlova1930)thesameis true alsofor thesouthernboundaryof thespecies'
breedingrange.

Onelargeconcentration
wherebreedingoccurs
regularlyis situatedin the Nonni and the
Sunkhuaztsyan
riverbasinsandprobablyat theSungaririverbasin,fromwherebirdsspreadto
KhankaLakeandtheZeyawaterreservoir.This
breedingconcentration
is probablyconnectedwiththepreviousoneastheratherlow Kinganmountain
rangeprobablydoesnot actasa barrier.

The most characteristic feature of such arid areas is

Velizhanin1929;Zalessky1934)suggestthat several

thesharpcyclicfluctuationsof waterlevelin lakes

hundredand otherwater bodies(Shnitnikov1957;Maksimov

species'range(in Russia)in the late 19th- early20th
centuries.The specieswas consideredto be
extremelyrareandprobablygoingextinct.
Sometimes,
accordingto theseobservations,theAvailable data (Taczanowski1873;Velizhanin &1984;Melnikov1986b;Krivenko1991). Suchcyclicchangesin thewatertableaffectbreedingconditions
for shorebirds
andwaterfowl.Consequently
theexistenceof locations
wherebreedingis always
possible,
only occursin vastswampyareaswhichhaveoptimalhabitatdiversity(Melnikov,1986b).
The distributionof suchareasis determinedby
landscapeconditionsand,asa result,theyare
situatedwell apartfromeachother.In betweenare
rathersmallswampyareaswhichcansupportonly
a few breedingAsianDowitchers,oftenonlyin very
favourableyears(Figure1).

birds bred at the northern

limits of thenumbers of Asian Dowitcher would fluctuate,

althoughthedatafor thatperiodareinsufficient
evenfor a generalanalysis.The appearanceof thespeciesin ratherlargenumbersthereduringthe
1970swasratherunexpected(Melnikov1979;
Gluschenko& Shibnev1979;Yurlov 1981).

Accordingto maximumestimatesmadein different
areasin thenorthof thebreedingrange,numbersof
Asian Dowitchers at that time reached 6,000 birds(Melnikov 1986a). Sincethen the number of

Oneof thesebreedingconcentrations
is situatedin
the south-west

Siberian lowland.

breedingbirdshasdecreased
and currently

This area is wellfluctuates from 700 to 1,000 - 2,000 individuals. The

isolatedfromtheeasternpartsof thespecies'
breedingrange,a factreflectedbothin the migrationroutesof thesebirdsandthepositionof theirwinteringgroundsin north-east
Africaand,probably,theNear East(Liedel1982;Melnikov
1990).Althoughwe do not rejectthepossibilitythat
birdsfromMongoliacanpenetrateto Western
Siberia,especiallyin big expansion
years,weconsiderthisbreedingpopulationto be separateandwell-isolated
fromthemainpart of thebreeding
rangeandrestrictedto Russia.The relativelysmall
population,whichcomprises
lessthan1.0%of theworldpopulationof AsianDowitchers,meansthat
specialconservationmeasuresare extremely
importantin Russia(Melnikov1990).

Two largebreedingconcentrations
aresituatedin
northernMongolia:at theLargeLakesdepressions,
fromwherebirdspenetrateto TuvaRepublicand
theMinusinskdepression,and at the Selengariver
basin.Thelastoneis themostsignificant
breeding
concentration,
fromwhichDowitchersspreadin
unfavourable
yearsto areascloseto thesouthernand south-westernBaikalLake areas(Melnikov

1991).At HubsugulLakethebirdsappear
sporadically,
probablypenetratingfromthe Large
Lakesdepression
or fromtheSelenga
riverbasin.
Anotherbreedingconcentration
is locatedat thebordersof north-eastern
Mongolia,southernRussia(Dauria)andnorth-western
China(Barga),and
includesthe Dalai-Nor,Byi-Norand the Toreiskiye
Lakesandthebasinsof discharging
rivers,aswellasthemiddlereachesof theArgunriver. The
groupsof AsianDowitcherswhichsometimes
appearat the EravnaLakes,in theBarguzinand the
VerkhnyayaAngarariver basinsprobablyoriginate
fromthisMongolian-Russian-Chinese
breeding
area.

353

largestnumber,about4,500birds,was recordedat
theSelengaDelta(Melnikov1979,1985).

The changes
in numbersand in thestructureof the
AsianDowitcher'sbreedingrangearerather
complicatedandaredeterminedby geographic
andclimaticconditions.As thelatterchangecyclically,
it is possiblethattheyinfluencebreedingsuccess.
In thissituationwe canassumethat thebiggest
differencesin breedingsuccesswouldbe recognised
at thebeginningandendof a climatichydrologicalcycle. Our datashowsthe tendencytowards
increasing
breedingsuccessduringa hydrologicalcycleat the Selengariver delta,and a simultaneous
decreaseat theIrkut rivermouth(Figure2).
Unfortunately,
theregressions
werenot significant
dueto a highdegreeof variationduringthe
intermediateyearsof the cycle.Additional
estimatesof thedistributionof breedingsuccessusingthe iterationcriterion(Zaks 1976)did notreveala temporaltrendand provedthe random
distribution of the extreme values, which wererecordedthreetimesat the SelengaDeltaand onceat theIrkut river mouth(Figure2). Thus,webelievethatbreedingsuccessis not dearlyrelatedto
fluctuationsin the hydrologicalregime.
Numbersof Asian Dowitcher

are limited

over thewholebreedingrangeby similarfactors,the mostimportantof whicharehighratesof predation,
fluctuationsin thewatersupply,nest-tramplingbycattleand othertypesof humaninfluence(Gluschenko& Shibnev 1979;Yurlov 1981;Melnikov

1985,1991). Althoughthe intensityof thesefactors

differsbetweenyears,theaveragebreedingsuccessremainsratherstable(Figure2). Thisappearsto bea resultof compensatory
adaptations
to thechangingenvironmentwith largedifferencesinInternational Wader Studies 10: 351-357a) Selenga Delta hatchingsuccess%

7O
60-

5040-

theSelenga
Deltawasprobablyconnectedwithcomparatively
highnumbersduringimmigration.
Theslowdeclinein numbersobserved
duringthe
nexthydrologicalcycleindicates
thattwo opposite
trendsexistwithinthepopulation:
highmobilitybut
alsosomesitefidelity.In spiteof therestorationofsuitable
breedingconditionsin themainbreedingarea,sitefidelitywaspossiblythemainreasonfor......................•..•
average30-

breeding

Success20-

the slow decline in the numbers of Asian

10-

Dowitchersat thetemporary,northern,breeding
grounds.

ß

0
1972

I

I

I

1973

1974

1975

I

I

1976
1977
year

I

1978

1979

1980

1981

Anotherpeculiarityof theAsianDowitcheris theformationof largelocalbreedingconcentrations,whichcanincludeup to 50%of thetotalpopulation.

b) Irkutrivermouthhatchingsuccess%50

Such concentrations were recorded at the Airik-Nor
40-.. average
breeding
success30-

Lake(Pevtsov1883),the Malyi ChanLakein 1974
(Yurlov1981),at theSelengaDeltain 1977-1978(Melnikov1979),at the KhankaLake in 1975

(Gluschenko& Shibnev1979),andat theToreiskiye
20-

Lakesin 1971(Shkatulova1973)and in 1985
(Osipova1986).

10-

Thebreedingsuccessof AsianDowitcherseveninsuch short-term concentrations can influence the

I

1985

year

Figure2. Variationin AsianDowitcherbreedingsuccessa)in theSelenga
Deltaandb) in theIrkut rivermouthduring
a completehydrologicalcycle(frommaximumto
m'mimumwater supply).

breedingsuccessoccuringonlyin yearswith
extremeconditions(Melnikov1982).Statisticallysignificant
differencesin thebreedingsuccessof
AsianDowitchers(p<0.01)foundat differentstudy
areasindicategeographic
variationsin population
dynamics.

sizeof thepopulationovera fairly longperiod.
Comparatively
low averagereproductivesuccess(Figure2), aswell assomeothercharacteristics
ofthespecies'
ecology,suggestthatthepopulation
remainsstableor increases
in periodsto sharp
increasesin breedingsuccessin singleyears(Figure2). Asthespecies
hasa ratherlonglife expectancy
andtherefore
a complicatedagestructure
withinthe
population,
highproductivityseasons
maintainratherlargeandstablenumbersovera longperiod

10000_
a)numberofbirds
atSelenga
Delta
--

--

--

--

A sharpincreasein thenumbersof AsianDowitcher
couldnotbe theresultof changes
in therelationshipbetweenlocalproductivityandmortalityrates.The
breedingsuccessofbirdsin theyearsbeforepeak
numbersremainedat theusualaveragelevel(Figures2 & 3). Althoughthepopulation
peakof1977coincidedwith veryhighbreedingsuccess,noincreasein numberswasrecordedin thefollowing
years(Figure3). In addition,therewasno
correlation
betweennumbersandreproductive
success. The latter varied while numbers remained

1000_-

7219'74
1976197819801982
198419861988199019•92
year

10o_
b)numberofbirds
atIrkut
river
mouth

similar(Figure4). Thereis no doubtthat_

fluctuations in numbers at the northern limit of thespecies'rangecanbeexplainedonlyby emigration
andimmigration
processes,
followingfromsharp
environmental
changesin themainpartof thebreedingrange.

lO_--

Our observations
at theSelenga
river deltaandthe
Irkut rivermouthdemonstrate
thatthechangein
numberswassimilar(Figure3) duringa mass
appearanceof AsianDowitchersbothin the casesof
large-scale
immigrationandduringlocal
resettlement
ofbirds.A sharpincreasein numbers
wasobserved
overa periodof oneto two years
followedby a declineto theoriginallevel. The
prolongeddeclinein numbersto the lowerlevel at----

198019'81
192 19831984198519861987198 1989year

Figure3. Changesin numbersof AsianDowitchersa) in
theSelenga
Deltaandb) in theIrkut rivermouthin southeasternSiberia.(Notelog scale).
354

Melnikov:Population
andrangefluctuahonsofAsianDow•tcherLimnodromus
semtpalmatus
tn thecentralAsianaridzone

theneighbouringpartsof Mongoliain 1977.As aresult, in 1975 Asian Dowitcher was recorded in100.

largenumbersat KhankaLake(Gluschenko&
Shibnev1979),and duringthemostseveredroughts
an influxwasrecordedat theSelengariver delta(Melnikov 1979;1986a). So,the increasein numbersof Asian Dowitcher

which was observed in Russia isconnected
with thelargeimmigrationof birdsfrom
themain breedinggroundswhichweresuffering
fromseveredroughts.

10-ßPermamentstudyarea of100km 20100

Extrapolatedfor the whole
SelengaRiverDelta
1000

5000

Figure4. Relationshipbetweenthebreedingsuccessandnumbersof AsianDowitchersat the SelengaDelta.Note
log scales.

of time. In otheryearsreproduction
onlypartly
makesup for annualadultmortalityand,asa result,
thepopulationdeclines
until thenextfavourable
breedingseason.Obviously,
whenbreedingsuccessis extremelylow,it cancausea significantdeclinein
thepopulation.
Our studiessuggest
thatfavourablebreeding
conditions
occuronceeveryeightto tenyears(Figure2). Thisis comparable
to theaveragelife ofonegeneration,
calculated
by regression(Payevsky1985),andalsocloseto thelengthof one11-yearhydrologicalcycle.
Changesin numbersat thelimitsof thebreeding
rangecanbe explainedby cyclicchangesin climate.
Thus,the20thcenturyischaracterisedby a generalwarmingof climatein thenorthernhemisphere(Budyko1980),accompanied
by increasingly
frequentdroughts,
sometimes
extremeones.These
droughtsareobserved
asynchronously
in different
areas,passinggraduallyto theneighbouring
regions(Pasechniuket al. 1977;Rauner 1979;Koshelenko

1983).Forexample,
theseveredroughtof 1968-1973
started in Africa and then moved eastwards,

coveringthelargeareasof India,Nepal,Burma,Sri
Lankaandsouthern
China. In 1972it passedto
morenorthernareasandspreadoverEuropeandCentralAsia (Koshelenko
1983).

Theconnection
betweenchanges
in thenumbersof
thisspeciesat the boundariesof itsbreedingrange
with the distributionand intensityof droughtsat the
mainbreedinggroundsis emphasized
by the mass
appearenceof AsianDowitchersat the northof thebreedingrangeat the sametime asthe droughts
occurin thesouth(Melnikov1986a).Althoughthe
winteringgroundsof AsianDowitchersfrom
differentbreedingconcentrations
areat leastpartly
shared(Verheugt
etal. 1990),theasynchronous
populationfluctuationssuggestthattheseconcentrations
areindependentfromeachother.

An increasein rainfallin Russiausuallycoincides
with droughtsin neighbouring
southernareas
leadingto the emigrationof birdsfromthe main
breedinggrounds.Althoughtheoptimalconditions
for breedingAsianDowitchersarefoundon earlystagesof ecologicalsuccessions(Melnikov1985;
1991),itsmassappearence
on thenorthernbreedingareasdoesnot alwayscoincidewith theformationof
optimalbreedinghabitats.Thuswe canconclude
that emigrationof AsianDowitchersis determined
onlyby environmental
conditions
at themain
breedinggrounds.The latteris provedalsoby thefactthat,evenin the extremeyears,no morethan
half of thetotalpopulationappearsin thenorthernparts,while therestevidentlystayat themain
breedinggrounds,wheresuitableconditionsremain
locally.
Sinceit hasbeenshownthatbreedingsuccessinlarge,localconcentrationsof AsianDowitchers
formedduringdroughtperiodsinfluences
populationlevelfor a ratherlongperiod.We can
suppose,judgingby the resultsof winter counts(Howes& Parish1989)that the mostrecentyears
have been rather favourable

In 1973-1974
theperiodof ratherhighhumidityinsouth-western
Siberiachangedto a periodof
droughts,whenlargeareasof thelakedepressions
within the rangeof AsianDowitcherdried out(Maksimov1984;Krivenko1991).It wasprobably
the main reason for the concentration of Asian

Dowitchers
fromthispartof thebreedingrangeon
the easternshoreof theMalyi ChanLake,theChulymandtheKargatrivervalleys,wherethe
conditions
forbreeding
hadbecomeoptimal(Yurlov
1981).Since1975,severeandprolongeddroughts
haveoccurredin China(Cheng1978;Ofori-Sarpong1980),andwereat theirworstwhentheyspreadto
355

for this wader.

It isquiteprobablethough,thathighpopulation
estimatesfor Asian Dowitcheron the wintering
groundsweremadein theyearsof themost
successful
breedingaftertheimmigrationof birdsto
northernbreedingareas.At the sametime weconsider that the coincidence of unfavourable

conditions
for the speciesat differentbreeding
concentrations
overseveralyearscancause
catastrophic
changesin the stateof theAsian
Dowitcherpopulation.
Theabsenceof massemigrationof Asian
Dowitchers
in theperiodsbeforeandafterthe 1970s
is explainedby the absenceof severeextensive
droughtscoveringthe mainbreedinggroundsof theh•ternational

Wader Studies 10. 351-357

species.It is known that suchdroughtslastfor twoor threeyearsand recurno moreoftenthanonceina century(Koshelenko
1983).Wethereforesupposethat the observed fluctuations in the number ofbirdsalsodependson suchlong-termcyclicclimaticchanges.Thereforewe do notexpectanothermass
appearenceof thespecies
at thenorthernbreedingareas in Russia in the near future.

Steppenschlammlaufers
Limnodromus
semipalmatus(Blyth).Mitt. Zool.Mus.,Berlin. Bd 58. Ann.Orn.
6: (S)147-162.

Maksimov,
A.A. 1984.Long-term
jquctuations
ofanimalnumbers,
theirreasons
andforecasting.
Nauka,
Novosibirsk.
249pp. In Russian.
Mayfield,H.E 1975.Suggestions
forcalculating
nest
success.WillsonBull.87(4):456-466.

Melnikov,Yu.I. 1979.Numbersandecology
ofAsian
Dowitcherat theSelenga
river Delta. In:Yu.V.
Labutin(ed.),Migration
andecology
ofbirdsofSiberia

Conclusions

Long-termobservations
onAsianDowitcherduring
a 20-yearstudyand analysisof theliteraturedemonstratethat thelatestsharpincreaseinnumbersof thisspeciesin Siberiawasconnectedwith the displacementof the optimalpart of its
breedingrangeto the northernareasdueto
emigrationof birdsfromconcentrations
onthemain
breedinggrounds.The scaleof suchemigrations
aredeterminedby the sizeof theareaaffectedandthe
durationof the drought.Sucha dynamic
distributionis considered
to be themainadaptationof AsianDowitcherto dependance
onwetlandsin
an aridzoneenvironment.Thisadaptationis
realizedeitherthroughlocalredistributionof birds
withinbreedingconcentrationsor throughlargescaleemigration,
causedby sharpchanges
in thewetlandecosystemsof thearidareasduringlongtermcyclicfluctuationsin humidity.Evenin periodsof large-scale
resettlement,
onlypart of theAsian
Dowitcherpopulationappearsin Russia.However,
6,000birdsrecordedduringthepre-breeding
periodin theRussianpart of thebreedingrangerepresents
aboutonethird of the totalworld populationof thisspecies.The changesin numbersat thelimitsof thebreedingrangearecompletelydeterminedbyemigrationand immigrationprocesses.

pp. 160-161.YakutskSectionof SiberianBranchof
USSR Acad. Sci.,Yakutsk. In Russian.

Melnikov,Yu.I. 1982.Certainadaptations
in coastal
birds.
TheSoviet
JournalofEcology
13(2):134-139.
Melnikov,Yu.I. 1985.OntheecologyofAsianDowitcher
at theSelenga
Delta. Bull.ofMoscow
Soc.ofNaturalists,
BiologyBranch88 (5):21-28.
In Russian.

Melnikov,Yu.I. 1986a.Numberdynamics,
peculiarities
of
distribution
andprotectionof AsianDowitcherin
theUSSR.In:V.E.Sokolov,
E.E.Syroechkovsky&
V.A.Kuzyakin(eds.),All-UnionMeeting
onthe
problems
ofcadastre
andcensuses
ofanimals,
part2,
pp. 341-342.
Rosagropromizdat,
Moscow.
In Russian.

Melnikov,Yu.I.1986b.Cyclicchanges
ofwetland
ecosystems
and conservationof rare shorebird
speciesin naturereserves.In: V.E. Sokolov,I.Yu.
Koropachinsky& I.V. Taran(eds.),Recent
stateand
perspectives
ofscientificstudiesin Siberiannaturereserves,
pp. 148-150.Nauka, Moscow. In Russian.

Melnikov,Yu.I. 1986c.Theexperience
ofnumberestimationin AsianDowitcher.In: L.V.Sopin(ed.),Organization
andtechnology
ofgame-economy
production
pp. 11-17.Inst.ofAgriculturalResearch,
Irkutsk. In Russian.

Melnikov, Yu.I. 1990. Current status of Asian Dowitcher.

In:V.A.Krasilov(ed.),Ecologicalproblems
ofnature

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