THIS PAPER CAN NOT BE CITED WITHOUT THE WRITTEN CONSENT FROM THE AUTHORS

SC/60/SH35

Bryde’s whale off Chile: a note on distribution andpopulation genetic structure
Luis A. Pastene1, Jorge Acevedo2, Mutsuo Goto1 and Anelio Aguayo-Lobo3
1

Institute of Cetacean Research, Toyomi 4-5, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0055, Japan
Fundación Centro de Estudios del Cuaternario Fuego Patagonia y Antártica (CEQUA), Avda. Bulnes
01890, Punta Arenas, Chile
3
Instituto Antártico Chileno, Plaza Muñoz Gamero 1055, Punta Arenas, Chile2

ABSTRACTThe Bryde’s whale has been difficult to study in several regions of the world due to its similarity with thesei whale. Whaling stations in the eastern South Pacific continued to confuse both species until 1973
(Peru) and 1983 (Chile). As a consequence information on the biology and distribution of this species inthis ocean basin, is scarce. In this study we examined the information on sightings and catches ofconfirmed Bryde’s whales to investigate its pattern of distribution in Chilean waters. In addition we
conducted a preliminary genetic analyses based on mitochondrial DNA control region sequences of ten
animals with the aim to confirm species identity and compare its genetic composition with Bryde’s whalefrom other regions, including Peru. Furthermore some general biological information based on theanalysis of catches, is provided. A total of 135 animals (122 sighted and 13 caught) were confirmed as
Bryde’s whales in the period 1960-2000. They were distributed in the latitudinal range 18º43’-37º58’S.
Records were made between approximately 29ºS and 38ºS in summer (December-February) and between
approximately 18ºS and 33ºS in spring (September-November). Results of the phylogenetic analysis
identified the Bryde’s whales in Chilean waters as Wada et al. (2003)’s Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera
brydei). No statistically significant genetic differentiation was found between Bryde’s whales in Chileand Peru. Striking genetic differences were found between whales from Peru and Chile and those fromthe western North Pacific, Fiji and Java. These results therefore are not inconsistent with a north (Peru)south (till latitude 38ºS) movement of Bryde’s whales in the eastern South Pacific in spring-summer.
However this hypothesis should be further examined through the analysis of former ‘sei’ whale catches inChile and larger number of genetic samples. Most of the whales caught had stomach contents composedof commercially-important fish species in Chile.

INTRODUCTION
The Bryde’s whale has been difficult to study in several regions of the world due to its similarity with thesei whale. Whaling stations in the eastern South Pacific continued to confuse both species until 1973
(Peru) and 1983 (Chile). In the North Pacific, however, Japanese scientists were able to separate Bryde’s
and sei whale catches in the mid 1950s. As a consequence information on biology and distribution of
Bryde’s whales in the eastern South Pacific, is scarce.
The first record of Bryde’s whale in Chile was reported by Clarke and Aguayo (1965) on the basis of anindividual caught off Iquique (20°S). Subsequently Gallardo et al. (1983) reported the occurrence ofBryde’s whale based on sighting data between 32°-36°S approximately. The finding of this species within
an easy reach of the former whaling coastal station meant that all previous catches of ‘sei’ whales in thisarea should be understood as a mix of sei and Bryde’s whale, probably in varying proportions.
Japan conducted whaling under special scientific permit in the western South Pacific in three seasons:
1976/77, 1977/78 and 1978/79 (Ohsumi, 1980), and that research contributed substantially to know thebiology and to delineate stocks of the Bryde’s whales in this ocean basin. On the eastern side of the South
Pacific information was scarcer. A ‘Peruvian stock’ was defined from 10ºN-10ºS and from the SouthAmerican coast to 110ºW, and an ‘Eastern South Pacific stock’ from South American coast and 150ºW,

1excluding the Peruvian stock area (Donovan, 1991). Little is known about the distribution, pattern of
movement and the relationship with the Peruvian stock, of whales of the Eastern South Pacific stock.
More recently Wada et al. (2003) described a new species of baleen whale Balaenoptera omurai(Omura’s whale) based on the morphological and genetic analyses of nine animals. These animals
resembled B. physalus (fin whales) in external appearance but were much smaller. Comparison of
external morphology, osteology and mitochondrial DNA data grouped these animals as a single species
but separated them from all known baleen whale species. Furthermore Wada et al. (2003) provided
evidence to separate B. brydei (Bryde’s whale) and B. edeni (Eden’s whale) into two distinct species. The
Omura’s whale distributes in the Sea of Japan, the Solomon Sea and the eastern Indian Ocean near the
Cocos Islands. The Eden’s whale has been recorded for coastal areas in Japan and Philippines. The
Bryde’ whale has a pelagic distribution in all oceans of the world but limited to the regions comprised
between 40°N and 40°S. It should be noted that the first evidence for considering the Solomon Islands asa separated ‘stock’ came from analysis of body lengths of a six individuals caught under Japanese special
scientific permit around the Solomon Islands (Ohsumi, 1980).
The objective of this study is to gather additional information on sightings and catches of confirmed
Bryde’s whale of the Eastern South Pacific stock to investigate its pattern of distribution in Chilean
waters. In addition we conducted a preliminary genetic analyses based on mitochondrial DNA control
region sequences of ten animals with the aim to confirm species identity (based on Wada et al., 2003’s
classification), and compare its genetic composition with Bryde’s whale from other regions, including
Peru. Finally some general biological information based on the analysis of catches is provided.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Published and unpublished documents were reviewed for records of sighting and catches of Bryde’s
whales. Only confirmed records by experienced researchers and whalers were considered.
Sighting data
The source of information on sighting were: Gallardo et al. (1983) whose summarized sightings madeduring a systematic sighting survey in central Chile in February 1982; Findlay et al. (1998) whosesummarized the sighting made during the 1997/98 Southern Ocean Whale and Ecosystem Research(SOWER) survey in Chilean waters; and personal records made by scientists onboard the Yacht Balaena
in a 2000 survey.
Catch data
The source of information on catches were: Clarke and Aguayo (1965); records and notes of whale
catches in Chile in the 60’s by a Japanese whaling company; and records and notes of whale catches inChile in 1983 by a Chilean whaling company.
Genetic analysis
Samples
Skin biopsy samples were obtained from eight free-ranging Brydes’s whales during the 1997/98 SOWER
survey in Chilean waters (Findlay et al., 1998). Biopsy samples were collected using several methods
including Paxarm system and crossbows. The geographical location and date of sampling of these
individuals are shown in Appendix 1. In addition baleen plates of two Bryde’s whale caught in Chile in1983 were available for the genetic analysis. Relevant information on these whales is given in Appendix 1
and Table 3.
Mitochondrial DNA sequences from Bryde’s whale from Western North Pacific, Western South Pacific(Fiji), Eastern South Pacific (Peru) and Eastern Indian Ocean (Java) used by Kanda et al. (2007) wereused for comparative purposes.
Molecular genetic analysis
Genomic DNA was extracted from approximately 0.05g of the outer epidermal layer of the skin biopsy,
by standard phenol/chloroform extractions (Sambrook et al., 1989). Extracted DNAs were stored in TE
buffer (10mM Tris-HCl, 1mM EDTA, ph8.0).

2

The first 299 nucleotides at the 5' end of the mitochondrial control region were amplified by thepolymerase chain reaction (PCR, Mullis and Faloona 1987). The oligo-nucleotides employed in the PCR
amplification were MT4 (Arnason et al. 1993) and P2R (5’-GAA GAG GGA TCC CTG CCA AGC GG3'). Reactions were carried out in 50 uL volumes containing 100 mM KCl, 20 mM Tris-HCl, 0.1 mM
EDTA, 1 mM DTT; 0.5% Tween 20, 0.5% Nonidet P-40, 200 uM dNTPs, 2.5 pM of each oligonucleotide and one unit of Taq DNA polymerase. After an initial denaturation step at 95° C for 5 minutes,
a PCR amplification cycle of 30 seconds at 94°C, followed by 30 seconds at 50°C and 30 seconds at 72°C
was repeated 30 times. The amplification was completed with a final extension step of 10 minutes at 72°C.
Subsequent cycle sequencing reactions were performed with 100ng of products generated in the above
PCR amplifications using the PrismTM dRhodamine Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied
Biosystems, Inc.). The oligo-nucleotides used to prime the cycle sequencing reaction were the same as
employed in the initial PCR amplification listed above. A total of 25 cycles with 10 seconds at 96°C, 20
seconds at 56°C and four minutes at 60°C were performed. The nucleotide sequence of each cycle
sequencing reaction was determined by electrophoresis through a 5% Long RangerTM (FMC, Inc.)
denaturing polyacrylamide matrix on a DNA PrismTM 377 DNA Sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Inc.)
under standard conditions. Both strand samples were sequenced in their entirety for all samples.
Analysis of genetic data
Genetic distances among unique sequences (haplotypes) were estimated using the Kimura’s two
parameters method (Kimura, 1980). The degree of mtDNA diversity within each Area was estimatedusing the nucleotide diversity (Nei and Li, 1979).
Heterogeneity tests among oceanic regions were conducted as described in Hudson et al. (1992), using
the chi-square, the Hst and the Kst* statistics. The level of statistical significance was estimated from10,000 Monte Carlo simulations as the proportion of simulations in which a similar or more extreme
value of chi-square, Hst or Kst* was observed.
A phylogenetic tree of haplotypes was generated using the neighbor-joining method (Saitou and Nei,
1987). To estimate confidence intervals, 1,000 bootstrap simulations were conducted. The phylogeny wasrooted using the homologous sequence from sei whale as well the Omura and Eden whales (Wada et al.,2003).
Other biological data
Information on body length, sex and stomach contents of whales caught in 1968 and 1983 were reviewed
and summarized.
RESULTS
Distribution of sighting and catches
Appendix 1 summarized the information on sightings and catches of confirmed Bryde’s whales inChilean waters. There was a total of 135 animals confirmed as Bryde’s whales, thirteen of themcorrespond to catches and 122 to sightings. The earliest record is on May 1960 and the later one on
November 2000. Figure 1 shows the geographic distribution of sighting and catches of Bryde’s whales inChilean waters. They were distributed in the latitudinal range 18º43’S and 37º58’S. Figure 2 shows
distribution of sightings and catches of Bryde’s whales, by season. Records were made approximately
between 29ºS and 38ºS in summer (December-February) and between approximately 18ºS and 33ºS inspring (September-November). Records in fall and winter were scarce.
Genetic analysis
Genetic diversity
In the total sample of 482 animals (including the samples examined by Kanda et al., 2007) there were 38
segregating sites discriminating a total of 54 haplotypes (Figure 3). Then the additional 10 samples from
Chile discriminated three new haplotypes in relation the data set used by Kanda et al. (2007). Nucleotide
diversity by geographic locality is shown in Table 1. The diversity in the Chilean Bryde’s whale is at thesame level as in other geographical localities.
Population differentiation
Figure 3 shows the geographical distribution of haplotypes. There was a total of seven haplotypes in the
Chilean sample, four of them (representing 70% of the total samples) were shared with the Peruvian
sample. Table 1 shows the net-interpopulational distances among populations. The comparison between

3

Bryde’s whales from Peru and Chile yielded a negative value suggesting a close genetic relationship.
Table 2 shows the results of the statistical test for population differentiation for several statistics. Chilean
Bryde’s whale differed significantly from all other populations of Bryde’s whales, except that from Peru.
Phylogenetic analysis
Figure 3 shows the neighbor-joining based phylogenetic tree of Bryde’s whale haplotypes. Bryde’s
whales in Chilean waters clustered with Wada et al. (2003)’s Bryde’s whale (B. brydei). Within thebrydei, no geographic specific clades were found.
Biological data
Table 3 shows some biological data obtained from the catches confirmed as Bryde’s whale in 1968 and1983. All whales in Table 3 but one were females. All these animals but two had stomach contents
composed of different fish species.
DISCUSSION
This note presented the first comprehensive summary of confirmed records of Bryde’s whales in Chilean
waters. Genetic analysis confirmed these animals as B. brydei according Wada et al. (2003)’s
classification. As reported for other oceans, Bryde’s whales in the Eastern South Pacific do not occur inwaters south of 38°S. For Chilean waters, whales were reported mainly in spring and summer, however, it
should be noted that limited survey effort has been spent in other months.
Genetically Bryde’s whales from Chile and Peru were closely related as no statistically significant
mtDNA differences were found. Samples sizes used in the comparative genetic analysis between Peru andChile’s Bryde’s whales, were small, 24 ad 10 samples, respectively. However, such sample sizes werelarge enough to detect significant genetic differences with Bryde’s whales from other oceanic regions.
These results therefore are not inconsistent with the hypothesis of a north (Peru)-south (till latitude 38ºS)
movement of Bryde’s whales in the eastern South Pacific in spring-summer. This hypothesis should befurther examined through the analysis of former ‘sei’ whale catches in Chile (such analyses areunderway), and larger number of genetic samples.
Sightings of Bryde’s whales were related to a coastal upwelling ecosystem in central Chile (Gallardo etal., 1983). As the stomach contents of whales examined in central Chile were composed of pelagic fishes(Table 3), the north-south migration in spring/ summer could be related to food availability. As suggested
by Gallardo et al. (1983), Bryde’s whale appears to show more correlation with the presence of food of
the right kind and in the adequate quantities, than with a given range of temperature.
REFERENCES
Arnason, U., Gullberg, A. and Widegren, B. 1993. Cetacean mitochondrial DNA control region:
sequences of all extant baleen whales and two sperm whale species. Journal of Molecular Biology and
Evolution 70:960-970.
Findlay, K., Pitman, R., Tsurui, T., Sakai, K., Ensor, P., Iwakami, H., Ljungblad, D., Shimada, H., Thiele,
D., Van Waerebeek, K., Hucke-Gaete, R. and Sanino-Vatier, G.P. 1998. 1997/1998 IWC-Southern Ocean
Whale and Ecosystem Research (IWC-SOWER) Blue Whale Cruise, Chile. Paper SC/SO/Rep.2
presented to the IWC Scientific Committee (unpublished). 40pp.
Clarke, R. and Aguayo, A. 1965. Bryde's whale in the south-east Pacific. Norsk Hvalfangsttid 54 (7):1418.
Gallardo, V.A., Arcos, D., Salamanca, M. and Pastene, L.A. 1983. On the occurrence of Bryde’s whale(Balaenoptera edeni Anderson 1878) in an upwelling area off Central Chile. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn.
33:481-488.
Donovan, G.P. 1991. A review of IWC stock boundaries. Rep. int. Whal. Commn (special issue 13):39-68.

Hudson, R.R., Boos, B.B. and Kaplan, N.L.1992. A statistical test for detecting geographic subdivision.

4

Molecular Biology and Evolution 9:138-151.
Kanda, N., Goto, M., Kato, H., Mcphee, M.V. and Pastene, L.A. 2007. Population genetic structure of
Bryde’s whales (Balaenoptera brydei) at the inter-oceanic and trans-equatorial levels. Conservation
Genetics 8:853-864.
Kimura, M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions throughcomparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol 16:111-120.
Mullis, K.B., and Faloona, F. 1987. Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain
reaction. Methods in Enzymology 155:335-350.
Nei, M. and Li, W.H. 1979. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction
endonucleases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA, 76:5269-5273.
Ohsumi, S. 1980. Population study of the Bryde's whale in the Southern Hemisphere under scientificpermit in the three seasons, 1976/77-1978/79. Rep. int. Whal. Commn 30:319-31.
Saitou, N. and Nei, M. 1987. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing
phylogenetic tree. Molecular Biology and. Evolution 4(4):406-25.
Sambrook, J. and Russell, D.W. 2001. Molecular Cloning. A laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
Wada, S., Oishi, M. and Yamada, T. 2003. A newly discovered species of living baleen whale. Nature
426:278-281.

5

Table 1. Nucleotide diversity (on the diagonal) and net-interpopulational distances among populations ofBryde’s whale. In parenthesis is the SE (WNP= western North Pacific)

WNP

WNP
n=401
0.0101(0.0006)

Fiji

Fiji
n=24
0.0012Peru
n=240.0048Chile
n=100.0058Java
n=230.01150.0072(0.0018)0.00690.00800.01300.0104(0.0018)-0.0004

0.0089Peru
Chile

0.0083(0.0019)Java

0.0063(0.0029)

Table 2. Results of the statistical test for genetic heterogeneity (WNP= western North Pacific).

WNP-Fiji
WNP-Peru
WNP-Chile
WNP-Java
Fiji-Peru
Fiji-Chile
Fiji-Java
Peru-Chile
Peru-Java
Chile-Java

Hst
0.0215 (P=0.0000)
0.0140 (P=0.0000)
0.0077 (P=0.0000)
0.0528 (P=0.0000)
0.1366 (P=0.0000)
0.1275 (P=0.0000)
0.3760 (P=0.0000)-0.0125 (P=0.8535)
0.2377 (P=0.0000)
0.2511 (P=0.0000)

Kst*
0.0166 (P=0.0000)
0.0377 (P=0.0000)
0.0216 (P=0.0000)
0.0885 (P=0.0000)
0.2347 (P=0.0000)
0.2522 (P=0.0000)
0.4722 (P=0.0000)-0.0163 (P=0.9601)
0.3336 (P=0.0000)
0.3514 (P=0.0000)

Chi-square
P=0.0000
P=0.0000
P=0.0000
P=0.0000
P=0.0000
P=0.0000
P=0.0000
P=0.8932
P=0.0000
P=0.0000

Table 3. Biological data of 12 Bryde’s whale caught in Chile (see also Appendix 1).
Catch date

Catch location

Sex

Body length
StomachOther(m)contents
observations
16 Feb 1968
35º21’S;75º32’W
F
13.1
Fish*
16 Feb 1968
35º18’S;75º25’W
M
12.5
None
17 Feb 1968
34º32’S;75º20’W
F
14.6
Fish*
20 Feb 1968
34º45’S;75º11’W
F
14.6
Fish*
24 Feb 1968
35º15’S;75º19’W
F
14.9
Fish*
24 Feb 1968
34º40’S;75º30’W
F
12.5
Fish*
25 Feb 1968
35º10’S;76º16’W
F
12.6
Fish*
3 Mar 1968
37º58’S;75º29’W
F
13.4
None
4 Mar 1968
36º55’S;74º22’W
F
12.6
Fish*
10 Apr 1983
33º55’S;72º46’W
F
14.3
Fish**
Pregnant
12 Apr 1983
35º19’S;73º09’W
F
10.3
Fish***
15 Apr 1983
33º20’S;72º21’W
F
13.0
Unk
*= Whalers identified those fishes as juvenile of the ‘choicy ruff’ (‘cojinova’) (Seriolella porosa)**= Scientists identified those fishes as ‘king gar’ (‘agujilla’) (Scomberesox saurus scombroides)***= Scientists identified those fishes as ‘jack mackerel’ (‘jurel’) (Trachurus murphyi)

6Figure 1. Distribution of sightings and catches of Bryde’s whale in Chilean waters (sightings in stars,
catches in cross, like Bryde’s whales in circle).

7

a)

b)

c)

d)

Figure 2. Distribution of sightings and catches of Bryde’s whales in Chilean waters, by season: summer (a), fall (b), winter (c) andspring (d) (sightings in stars, catches in cross and like Bryde’s whales in circle).

8

Figure 3. Neighbor-joining based tree of Bryde’s whale mtDNA haplotypes. Haplotype frequencies by locality are also shown.
Closed circles indicate high bootstrap values (over 50% in 1,000 simulations).

9

Appendix 1. Sightings and catches of confirmed Bryde’s whale in Chilean waters.
N
1

Species

Date

Bryde’s whale 5 May
1960
2 Bryde’s whale 16 Feb
1968
3 Bryde’s whale 16 Feb
1968
4 Bryde’s whale 17 Feb
1968
5 Bryde’s whale 20 Feb
1968
6 Bryde’s whale 24 Feb
1968
7 Bryde’s whale 24 Feb
1968
8 Bryde’s whale 25 Feb
1968
9 Bryde’s whale 3 March
1968
10 Bryde’s whale 4 Mar
1968
11 Bryde’s whale 5 Feb
1982
12 Bryde’s whale 6 Feb
1982
13 Bryde’s whale 7 Feb
1982
14 Bryde’s whale 10 Feb
1982
15 Bryde’s whale 10 Feb
1982
16 Bryde’s whale 10 Feb
1982
17 Bryde’s whale 10 Feb
1982
18 Bryde’s whale 10 Feb
1982
19 Bryde’s whale 10 Feb
1982
20 Bryde’s whale 11 Feb
1982
21 Bryde’s whale 11 Feb
1982
22 Bryde’s whale 11 Feb
1982
23 Bryde’s whale 11 Feb
1982
24 Bryde’s whale 12 Feb
1982
25 Bryde’s whale 13 Feb
1982
26 Bryde’s whale 10 April
1983
27 Bryde’s whale 12 April
1983
28 Bryde’s whale 15 April

Sighting (S)Match (C)C

Latitude Longitude
(S)
(W)
20º17
70º45

Number ofwhales1

SourceClarke & Aguayo (1965)

C

35º21

75º32

1

Nitto Whaling Co. records

C

35º18

75º25

1

Nitto Whaling Co. records

C

34º32

75º20

1

Nitto Whaling Co. records

C

34º45

75º11

1

Nitto Whaling Co. records

C

35º15

75º19

1

Nitto Whaling Co. records

C

34º40

75º30

1

Nitto Whaling Co. records

C

35º10

76º16

1

Nitto Whaling Co. records

C

37º58

75º29

1

Nitto Whaling Co. records

C

36º55

74º22

1

Nitto Whaling Co. records

S

32º14

74º27

2

Gallardo et al. (1983)

S

32º58

73º26

2

Gallardo et al. (1983)

S

33º27

73º10

1

Gallardo et al. (1983)

S

35º40

73º20

1

Gallardo et al. (1983)

S

35º42

73º40

5

Gallardo et al. (1983)

S

35º43

73º55

3

Gallardo et al. (1983)

S

35º45

74º00

2

Gallardo et al. (1983)

S

35º27

74º10

1

Gallardo et al. (1983)

S

35º15

74º28

1

Gallardo et al. (1983)

S

35º31

74º21

1

Gallardo et al. (1983)

S

35º50

74º17

1

Gallardo et al. (1983)

S

35º53

74º15

1

Gallardo et al. (1983)

S

36º05

74º09

1

Gallardo et al. (1983)

S

36º33

74º25

1

Gallardo et al. (1983)

S

36º28

74º35

2

Gallardo et al. (1983)

C

33º55

72º46

1**

Macaya Whaling Co. records

C

35º19

73º09

1**

Macaya Whaling Co. records

C

33º20

72º21

1

Macaya Whaling Co. records

10

1983
29 Bryde’s whale 2 Sept
1994
30 Bryde’s whale 3 Sept
1994
31 Bryde’s whale 14 Dec
1997
32 Bryde’s whale 14 Dec
1997
33 Bryde’s whale 14 Dec
1997
34 Bryde’s whale 14 Dec
1997
35 Bryde’s whale 14 Dec
1997
36 Bryde’s whale 15 Dec
1997
37 Bryde’s whale 15 Dec
1997
38 Bryde’s whale 15 Dec
1997
39 Bryde’s whale 15 Dec
1997
40 Bryde’s whale 15 Dec
1997
41 Bryde’s whale 15 Dec
1997
42 Bryde’s whale 15 Dec
1997
43 Bryde’s whale 15 Dec
1997
44 Bryde’s whale 16 Dec
1997
45 Bryde’s whale 16 Dec
1997
46 Bryde’s whale 16 Dec
1997
47 Bryde’s whale 16 Dec
1997
48 Bryde’s whale 17 Dec
1997
49 Bryde’s whale 17 Dec
1997
50 Bryde’s whale 17 Dec
1997
51 Bryde’s whale 18 Dec
1997
52 Bryde’s whale 18 Dec
1997
53 Bryde’s whale 18 Dec
1997
54 Bryde’s whale 19 Dec
1997
55 Bryde’s whale 19 Dec
1997
56 Bryde’s whale 20 Dec
1997
57 Bryde’s whale 20 Dec
1997
58 Bryde’s whale 20 Dec
1997
59 Bryde’s whale 21 Dec
1997

S

26º26

81º02

1

Aguayo et al. (1998)*

S

26º59

86º31

1

Aguayo et al. (1998)*

S

23º54

71º41

2

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

24º08

71º45

1**

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

18º43

71º09

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

18º44

71º11

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

18º54

72º07

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

28º36

73º21

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

19º05

72º37

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

19º15

72º49

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

19º27

72º15

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

19º29

72º44

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

19º31

72º40

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

19º33

72º32

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

19º38

72º17

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

32º25

74º48

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

32º27

74º50

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

19º47

71º51

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

19º58

71º18

2

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

20º37

71º17

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

20º33

71º26

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

20º35

71º37

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

20º44

71º40

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

20º47

71º52

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

20º54

72º05

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

21º46

71º15

1**

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

21º47

71º09

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

22º46

72º18

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

22º46

72º18

2

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

22º48

72º23

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

22º49

72º25

1

Findlay et al. (1998)11

60 Bryde’s whale 21 Dec
1997
61 Bryde’s whale 21 Dec
1997
62 Bryde’s whale 21 Dec
1997
63 Bryde’s whale 21 Dec
1997
64 Bryde’s whale 21 Dec
1997
65 Bryde’s whale 21 Dec
1997
66 Bryde’s whale 21 Dec
1997
67 Bryde’s whale 24 Dec
1997
68 Bryde’s whale 24 Dec
1997
69 Bryde’s whale 26 Dec
1997
70 Bryde’s whale 26 Dec
1997
71 Bryde’s whale 26 Dec
1997
72 Bryde’s whale 26 Dec
1997
73 Bryde’s whale 26 Dec
1997
74 Bryde’s whale 27 Dec
1997
75 Bryde’s whale 27 Dec
1997
76 Bryde’s whale 27 Dec
1997
77 Bryde’s whale 27 Dec
1997
78 Bryde’s whale 27 Dec
1997
79 Bryde’s whale 27 Dec
1997
80 Bryde’s whale 28 Dec
1997
81 Bryde’s whale 29 Dec
1997
82 Bryde’s whale 29 Dec
1997
83 Bryde’s whale 29 Dec
1997
84 Bryde’s whale 29 Dec
1997
85 Bryde’s whale 29 Dec
1997
86 Bryde’s whale 30 Dec
1997
87 Bryde’s whale 30 Dec
1997
88 Bryde’s whale 30 Dec
1997
89 Bryde’s whale 30 Dec
1997
90 Bryde’s whale 30 Dec
1997
91 Bryde’s whale 30 Dec

S

22º47

72º25

1**

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

22º51

72º34

3

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

22º50

72º39

1**

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

23º19

72º41

2

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

23º32

72º29

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

23º36

72º19

2

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

23º38

72º17

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

27º02

71º38

1**

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

27º04

71º38

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

32º45

74º17

2

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

32º37

74º25

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

27º41

72º54

1**

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

27º33

71º21

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

27º32

71º22

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

27º13

71º23

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

27º11

71º22

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

27º06

71º23

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

27º00

71º23

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

26º38

71º27

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

26º39

71º35

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

30º40

72º25

2

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

30º36

72º16

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

30º46

72º11

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

27º57

73º04

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

27º59

73º22

2

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

27º16

73º31

2

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

30º52

72º26

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

30º50

72º28

2

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

30º53

72º32

1**

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

30º51

72º34

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

30º49

72º28

1**

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

30º48

72º26

2

Findlay et al. (1998)

12

1997
92 Bryde’s whale 30 Dec
1997
93 Bryde’s whale 30 Dec
1997
94 Bryde’s whale 31 Dec
1997
95 Bryde’s whale 31 Dec
1997
96 Bryde’s whale 31 Dec
1997
97 Bryde’s whale 31 Dec
1997
98 Bryde’s whale 2 Jan
1998
99 Bryde’s whale 2 Jan
1998
100 Bryde’s whale 2 Jan
1998
101 Bryde’s whale 2 Jan
1998
102 Bryde’s whale 2 Jan
1998
103 Bryde’s whale 3 Jan
1998
104 Bryde’s whale 3 Jan
1998
105 Bryde’s whale 15 April
2000
106 Bryde’s whale 13 May
2000
107 Bryde’s whale 26 Sept
2000
108 Bryde’s whale 3 Oct
2000
109 Bryde’s whale 28 Oct
2000
110 Bryde’s whale 23 Nov
2000

S

27º58

71º33

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

27º59

71º49

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

30º26

73º43

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

30º23

73º29

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

28º22

72º09

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

28º26

72º05

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

30º02

72º24

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

29º59

72º19

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

29º56

72º19

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

29º53

72º08

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

29º49

71º54

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

32º48

72º14

2

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

32º38

72º28

1

Findlay et al. (1998)

S

20°29

70°56

2

Records by Yacht Balaena

S

19°56

71°03

2

Records by Yacht Balaena

S

23°38

70°56

1

Records by Yacht Balaena

S

19°38

71°50

1

Records by Yacht Balaena

S

24°49

70°51

1

Records by Yacht Balaena

S

23°10

72°04

1

Records by Yacht Balaena*Sightings made around Eastern Island (not in the maps of Figures 1 and 2).
** Samples used in the genetic analysis.

13