EARTHMOVING PLAN

Yamazaki Construction Co.,Ltd.

030516

CONTENTS

１．Construction Mechanization
２．Framing of Earthmoving Execution Plan
３．Selection of Earthmoving Equipment
3.1 Kinds of Work
3.2 The effect to use popularized or standard type equipments
４．Cost of Earthmoving
５．Estimate Production
5.1 Working Ability of a Equipment
5.2 Volume Change Characteristics of Soils
5.3 Fleet Production
5.4 Productivity of Combination Work by oneself
６．Workability and Soil Condition
6.1 Trafficability
6.2 Excavatability
6.3 Ripperability
6.4 Compactability
７．Hauling Distance
８．Gradeability
９．Operating Control for Equipment

Yamazaki2

030516

1. Construction Mechanization
Since some form of equipment is used in every operation in present construction
work, work and equipment have a very close relationship. The meaning of construction
mechanization is condensed into the following.
(1) To realize the works beyond human power(2) To decrease the cost(3) To shorten the term
(4) To uniform the quality of structure
As mentioned above, in construction work the advantages of mechanization are great,but on the other hand, mistakes in control would result in big losses. Therefore,
it is necessary for site engineer to have knowledge and experience, and to use amethod of control suited to the site.
Advantages of mechanization are:
(1) Larger scale operations possible(2) Reduced work time(3) Uniformity and improvement(4) Making larger operating unit
(5) Reduced manpower(6) Relief from heavy manual or exhausting work(7) Improved operating safety
But disadvantages of mechanization are:
(1) Large capital needed for obtaining equipments(2) Increased management work for equipments(3) Problems with training and keeping operations(4) Effort needed to keep up efficient control of mechanization
It needs optimum selection and management of equipments to succeed in theconstruction mechanization.

12m 3 ‑Wheel Loader & 90t‑Dump Truck

Yamazaki

3030516

2. Framing of Earthmoving Execution Plan
In general case, procedure of earthmoving work plan is investigated outline of wholeprocess to complete within the term at first, and finished by adjusting the roughplan according to conditions at several process.
Earthmoving execution plan is carried out by following procedure in general incase of road construction.

① Understanding of specifications and site condition according to design dataand surveying of the field.
② Setting up rational distribution of soil by considering cutting area, fillingarea and quantity, etc.

③ Deciding optimum working lot by considering distribution of soil and relation
with other structures and works.
Checking the relation in connection with each major working process.
④ Selecting the work method and the equipment in major working process.
Estimating the approximate cost of work and comparing with the cost of othermethods when selecting the work method.
④ Estimating the work period and summing up to them in each process. As next stage,adjusting several periods in order to accept within the term, and finallycompleting the whole process.
⑤ Adding sub working process and attached working process to major process, andmaking whole plan.

⑥ Reviewing, correcting or adjusting about the detailfinishing the plan completely.

of the whole plan and⑧ Making the schedule chart of work plan to apply the working control.

D11 with Impact ripper ( Ripper+ Breaker)

Yamazaki4

030516

3. Selection of Earthmoving Equipment
Earthmoving are usually many alternatives of construction method.
It has to consider many factors which are soil condition, working area, hauling
distance, quantity, construction term, weather, etc. when selecting earthmoving
equipment.

3.1 Kinds of Work
Table‑1

Kinds of work and equipments

Kinds of Work

Equipments

Clearing

Bulldozer, Rakedozer, Backhoe, Chipper

Excavating

Shovel (Backhoe, Dragline, Clamshell)
Bulldozer, Ripper, Rock breaker

Loading

Wheel Loader, Track Loader
Loading shovel (Front shovel)

Excavating / Loading

Power shovel (Backhoe, Dragline, Clamshell)
BWE(Bucket Wheel Excavator)
Bulldozer, Scrapedozer, Scraper

Excavating / Hauling
Hauling

Dump truck ( Rigid, Articulated), Wagon, Conveyer
Clowler dump

Spreading / Grading

Bulldozer, Wheel dozer, Motor grader

Compacting.

Tire roller, Steel roller, Vibration roller, Tampingroller, Vibration compactor, Tamper, Bulldozer

Trenching

Trencher, Backhoe

Maintaining macadam road

Motor grader

Slant finishing

Backhoe, Motor grader

Rock Braking

Drill, Breaker, Spliter

Chipper
Yamazaki5

030516

3.2 The effect to use popularized or standard type equipments
In general, it can consider that the equipment having lager size assures a lower
cost of working. However it often happens that use of large size equipment does notalways its ability to be fully demonstrated.
Because it requires a higher cost of transporting and disassembles/assemble, toincrease the loss due to repairs and suspension, thus it results to be uneconomically.
It can be said concerned with special made equipment in the same reason.
Therefore generally speaking, the popularized or standard type equipment is mostly
advantageous from technical and economical viewpoint.
The effect to use popularized or standard type equipment are following.
1) They may be obtained easily and quickly.
2) They can be used economically on more than one project,
3) Repair parts for them may be obtained quickly and economically.
4) When they are no more needed, they can be usually disposed easily and at afavorable price.
Table‑2 Popularized or standard type equipments in Japan
Kinds of Equipment
Popularized or standard type
Bulldozer
Bulldozer with ripper

NormalSwamp
Normal

7 〜 27 (ton)
7 〜 27 (ton)27 〜 103 (ton)Scrapedozer

Normal8.0 (m 3 )9, 15, 23 (m 3 )Tractor‑pulled scraper
Motor scraper

Single engine
Tandem engine

0.01 〜 11 (m 3 )Backhoe(hydraulic type)
ClamshellHyd.

0.3, 0.8 (m 3 )LoaderTrack‑type
Wheel‑type

0.4 〜 3 (m 3 )0.4 〜 12 (m 3 )Off‑Highway

4 〜 15 (ton)20 〜 90 (ton)Dump truck

Scrapedozer

Yamazaki

24 (m 3 )24 〜 34 (m 3 )6SR280030516

Haul
Excavation

Load

Leveling

Compaction

ReturnFig.1 Earthmoving Flow

Excavation
Hard RockSoft RockLoadSoilHaulLevelingCompaction

Scraepdozer

Tractor drawn Scrapers
Pusher Tractor
Motor Scrapers

RipperBlasting

Wheel Loader

Bulldozer

Bulldozer
Track-type
LoaderNo blast
methodCompactor
Dump Trucks

Hydraulic Excavators

Clamshell

Fig.2

Co‑Operation

Table‑3 Kind of Work & Typical Co‑Operation Equipments
Work

Typical Co‑Operation Equipments

Excavating / Loading / Hauling

Bulldozer + Loading equipment + Dump Truck

Spreading / Compacting

Spreading equipment + Compact

Loading / Hauling / Spreading

Scraper + ( Pusher)

4. Cost of Earthmoving
Yamazaki7equipment

030516

The cost of earthmoving is generally shown by cost per working volume as thefollowing formula.

C=WherePQ
C : Cost of earthmoving (yen/ m 3 )P : Cost of equipment (yen/h)
Q ：Working ability of equipment (m 3 /h)

The cost of equipment is consist of following, and has around 30‑40% of cost incase of earthmoving for road construction.

Cost of equipment―――――――

Owning Cost
Depreciation Cost
Maintenance and Repair Costs
Tax, Insurance, Storage, etc.

―――――――

Operating Cost
Operator Costs
Fuel and Lubricating Costs
Consuming Parts Costs etc.

――――――

OthersSet up / Breakdown Costs
Transporting Costs etc

Hyd. Rock Spliter MHS900

Yamazaki

8030516

5. Estimate Production

5.1 Working Ability of a Equipment
The feature of earthmoving is mainly consist of repeat or gathering of simple works.
To give an example, loading work of power shovel is consist of excavating, turn,loading to track and return for one cycle.
The working ability, generally shown by working volume per hour and is expressedas the following basic formula.

Ｑ＝ｑ・ｎ・ｆ・Ｅ＝６０・q・f・E
CmwhereＱ ： Production per 60 minute hour(m 3 /h)ｑ ： Payload: heaped capacity ( m 3 /trip)ｎ :Number of cycle (trip/h)
ｆ ： Earth volume conversion factor
Ｅ ： Efficiency factor （ E ＝ E 1 ・ E 2 ）Ｃｍ : Cycle time (min)E is considered to divide E 1 and E 2 as following, but it is practically difficult
to distinguish between E 1 and E 2 .

E1 ＝WhereTw
Tw + ToE 1 : working time rate
Tw : Real Working TimeTo : Traveling Time + Idling Time+ Waiting Time in Working(within about 10 min) + others
Tw + To : Operating TimeE 1 depends on earthmoving method, co‑operating equipment, working condition, haulingdistance, maintenance condition of equipment, etc. （E 1 ＝ 0.6 〜 0.9）E 2 is working ability rate that depends on soil condition, weather condition,
selection of equipments, operator ability, etc. (E 2 ＝ 0.5 〜 0.85)

Yamazaki9030516(1) Bulldozer

Ｑ

６０・q・f・E
Cm＝

3600 ´ q ´ f ´ E
2.2 ´ l + 15＝

 ：Hauling (dozing) distance (m)where(2) Tractor drawn Scraper

Ｑ＝６０・q・f・E
Cm＝60 ´ q ´ f ´ E
1.7 + 0.026 ´ l(3) Motor Scraper, Dump TruckＱ

６０・q・f・E
Cm＝60 ´ q ´ f ´ E＝0.06 ´ l1 + 0.06 ´ l2 + tovv

12l ： distance of Haul (m)where

1l ： distance of Return (m)2v ： velocity of Haul(m)1v ： velocity of Return (m)2ｔ ０ ： Load, Maneuver and Spread time(4) Loader, Backhoe

Ｑ

６０・q・f・E
Cm＝3600 ´ q ´ f ´ E＝
whereqｎYamazakihCm ´ n：Hauler payload capacity:

Number of Loadh10( m 3 /unit)

030516(5) Compactor

Ｑ＝S・1000・W・h・E
P´ f

Ｑ ： Compacted Production per 60 minute hour(m 3 /h)
S ： Compacting Speed ( km/h)
W ： Compacting Widthh :Compacted lift Thickness
Ｅ ： Working efficiency （ E ＝ E1・ E2 ）P :Number of Passes required (trip/layer)ｆ ： Earth volume conversion factor

whereWorking capacity per day (QD) and during term （Qy） are shownas following.

QD ＝ Q x TD
where

QD :
Working Ability per day (m3/d)
TD :Operating Time per day (h/d)( TD ＝ .5 ‐ 7 h/d for earthmoving Equipment)

Operating TimeOtherReal Working Timetime

Operatingchecking,Investment
Time

Pause
RecessOthersOperator working Time

Qy = QD x D
whereQy : Working Ability during term (m3)
D : Operating Day during term (day)(D depends on rainfall, soil

Required term (DT) for the term
DT＝D+(holiday)+(pause day by rainfall)+(pause day by after rainfall)+(pause day for repair equipment, prepare and settle, etc.)

Yamazaki

11030516

5.2 Volume Change Characteristics of Soils
Following are the three principal states in which earthmoving material may exit:
Natural（in‑place）:
Soil in its natural state. A unit volume of material isreferred to as a bank cubic meter (Bm3).
Loose:
Soil after excavation or loading. A unit volume is referred
to as a loose cubic meter (Lm3).
Compacted:
Soil after compaction. A unit volume is referred to as a
Compacted cubic meter (Cm3).

Table‑4 Conversion factor
Q
NaturalExcavated

Compactedq
Natural (in‑place)
Loose
Compacted

1
1/L
1/C

L
1
L/C

Natural1m3

Natural condition(In‑place yards)

After Digging(Loose yards)

CC/L
1

Loose

Compaction

1.25 m3

After Compaction(Compacted yards)

Fig.3 Typical Volume change due to handlingYamazaki

120.9 m3

030516

Table‑5 Typical soil volume conversion factors
Soil
Gravel &Gravelly Soil
Sand &Sandy Soil
Cohesive Soil

TypeLooseCompacted

GravelGravelly Soil
SandSandy Soil
Cohesive Soil
Swampy Cohesive Soil

1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.30
1.25
1.20
1.30
1.50
1.60
1.65

0.95
0.90
0.95
0.90
0.90
0.90
1.00
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.40

BoulderSoft Rock (I)Soft Rock (II)Medium RockHard Rock (I)* Rock (II)is harder than Rock(I).

Loose volumeBank volum

L=

5.3

C=Compaction volumeBank volume

Fleet Production
In earthmoving, some co‑working equipments are generally used depending on the work
to be performed.
a) The working ability of the co‑working equipments is determined by theequipment having the minimum working ability in them.
b) The working ability of each equipment should be well balanced.

5.4

Productivity of Combination Work by Oneself
Production of combination work by one equipment, which is for example ripping, anddozing work by one bulldozer is expressed by following formula.

Q =whereYamazaki

Q1 ´ Q 2
Q1 + Q 2
Q : Production of combination work (m 3 /h)
Q1: Ripping ability (m 3 /h)
Q2: Dozing ability (m 3 /h)

13030516

6. Soil Condition
6.1 Trafficability
Trafficability refers to the evaluation as how much the ground can bear the travelingof equipment, and is especially important factor for the field of soft soil.
Trafficability of soil is usually evaluated by cone index that is measured by using
cone penetrometer.
Table 6 Trafficability
Cone index
qc (kg/cm2)

Equipment

Super swampdozer
Swampdozer
Bulldozer (21t class)
Scrapedozer
Bulldozer (32t class)Tractor‑pulled scraper
Motor Scraper
Dump Truck

Qc =Contact pressure ofequipment p (kg/cm 2 )More than 2
More than 3
More than 5More than 6
More than 7
More than 7
More than 10
More than 12

mean resistance force (kg)base area. of cone ( 3.24cm 2 )Fig. 4 Contact Pressure of Bulldozer

Yamazaki140.15 〜 0.23
0.22 〜 0.43
0.50 〜 0.60
0.41 〜 0.56
0.60 〜 1.00
1.3 〜 1.4
4.0 〜 4.5
3.5 〜 5.5

030516

Fig.5

Cone penetrometer

Cone penetrometerYamazaki15

030516

6.2 ExcavatabilityTable‑7
Kinds of soil

Kinds of soil and equipment
Equipments

Sand, Sandy soil

Wheel‑type or Track‑type tractor‑‑‑ (loosened)
Power shovel, Bulldozer ‑‑‑ (fixed)

Clay, Cohesive soil

Power shovel

Soft rock

Bulldozer with ripper, Rock breaker

Hard rock

Large size bulldozer with ripper(after loosening with dynamite),Rock breaker

Seismic wave velocity

01.0

2.0

3.0

km/secBucket Wheel Excavator
Shovel & Pick Hammer (Man Power)
Bulldozer, Scraper
Heavy Power Shovel
Bulldozer, Scraper (after ripping)
Bulldozer equipped Ripper (32t class)
Bulldozer equipped Ripper (43t class)
DynamiteFig.6 Margin of Earthmoving Equipment

Bucket Wheel Excavator

Yamazaki

Backhoe with 5,800kg Rock Breaker (G120)

16

030516

6.3 Ripperability
The excavation ability of ripper on rock is called ripperability, and is affectedby the following factors.
1) Hardness, strength and gap(seismic wave velocity)
2) Direction of crack in rock3) Ununiformity of rock4) Working slope
5) Size of bulldozer
6) Number of ripperofrock

Ripperability can be estimated by measuring theseismic wave velocity of rock as one method.
A rock has higher seismic wave velocity, harderor more difficult to excavate in general.

Fig.7 Production estimated graph
D9R

Multi or Single Shank No.9 Ripper

Estimated by Seismic Wave Velocities

Fig.8 ripperability of rock103t‑Bulldozer with Ripper：CAT D11R
Yamazaki17

030516

The principle measuring the seismic wave velocity in the field is shown as following.

Fig.9 Operation of the refraction seismograph
The thickness of upper layer of a soil/rock system may be computed by using nextEquation.

D1＝L V -V2 V +V
12121

In most construction application we are primarily concerned with the thickness
and hardness of the upper soil/rock layer and with the hardness of the second layer.
However, in some cases, it may also be desirable to determine the thickness of thesecond layer and the hardness of the underlying (third) layer. This can beaccomplished by using next Equation.

DYamazaki

2＝L V -V
2 V +V23232+

22212231

L ・ V V -V -V V -V
3122232V V -V
1180305166.4 Compactability
The compacting equipment has many kinds of mechanical characteristics such as
static, dynamic vibration or impact to perform an effective compacting material.
The adaptability of the various compacting equipments soil is shown as following.

Vibratory Plate compactor

Tamper

○

○

◎

○

○

Coarse grained sandSand, Sandy soil◎○

Clayly gravel,Cohesive soil○

◎

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○
○

Soft clay
Asphalt paving *)◎◎*) refernce

Swampdozer

Vibrating roller

RockTampimg foot roller

Kinds of soil

Pneumatic Tire roller

Steel Wheel rollerKinds of compactor

Bulldozer

Table‑8 Kinds of soil and kinds of compactor○○○◎ suitable○ usable

The bulldozer and swampdozer are not compacting equipment, are often used forcompacting work when they are used for soil spreading work, as in case of constructing
a levee.

Fig.10 Compactability of soil

Yamazaki19030516

Fig.11 Typical compaction equipment

Vivrating roller for Sloop :SV510DVC

Yamazaki20

0305167 . Hauling DistanceIn general, the relation between hauling distance and unit cost depending on theequipment can be expressed as following.

Fig.12 Cost and hauling distance
D1; Max. advantageous Hauling Distance for Bulldozer to Motor Scraper
D2; Max. advantageous Hauling Distance for Bulldozer to Shovel+ Dump Truck
D3:

Max. advantageous Hauling Distance for Tractor‑drawn

Scraper toShovel+ Dump Truck

Table‑9 Economic haul distances
Equipment
Hauling Distance
Bulldozer
Scrapedozer
Tractor‑drawn Scraper
Motor Scraper
Shovel & Dump Truck

Less than 80m
40 〜 250m
60 〜 400m
300 〜 2500m
more than 200m

* It is possible to use Loader in case of less than 100m of Hauling Distance.
** In case of 80 〜 2OOm of Hauling Distance, using most advantageous equipment
comparing with between Bulldozer and Shovel & Dump Truck, etc. according to field
condition.

Fig.13 General haul distances
for mobile systems

Yamazaki21

030516

Table‑10 Required width of hauling road
Size of Dump Truckfor one way (m)for double a way (m)8 〜11 t20 t
32 〜 45 t

4.0 〜 5.0
6.4
7.0 〜 8.0

8.0 〜 10.0
10.0 〜 12.0
14.0 〜 18.0
( for Dump Truck )8. Gradeabilit y
Table‑11 Gradeability of Equipment
Equipment
Slope (%)
Swamp Bulldozer
Bulldozer
Tractor‑pulled scraper
Motor scraper
Dump truck

40 〜 55
35 〜 40
15 〜 25≒ 10≒ 10In the gradeability of equipment, crawler type is superior in general. The crawler
type vehicle has larger tractive force and wider ground contact area, lower gravity
center than that of wheel type.

Fig.14 Rimpull‑Speed‑Gradeability

YamazakiFig.15 Brake Performance

22030516

9. Operating control for equipments
The propriety of control equipment affects greatly the quality, cost, term andsafety of construction.
Therefore proper control for equipment is required.
The following must be considered in principle.
(1) To adjust and maintain equipments plentifully(2) To reduce waiting time for works(3) To improve operators' ability and enthusiasm(4) To keep as low as prossible to change equipments throughout the work(5) To clear off in job fields and to maintain haul road(6) To keep communication between operators and foremen‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
References
Earthmoving Planning, Selection and Working Capacity of Equipment: K.Hashimoto / Ministry of Construction
Earthmoving Execution Plan
： Yamazaki Construction co.,ltd.
CAT Performance Handbook
Managing Construction Equipment: S.W.Nunnally
http://www.yamazaki.co.jp/

Yamazaki23