Feature Article
Graded Readers: Selecting an Appropriate
Level for University EFL Students@\RH4HY\`HTH;V`V,P^H<UP]LYZP[`

Abstract0[ PZ ^LSS LZ[HISPZOLK [OH[ L_[LUZP]L YLHKPUN PZ ILULÄJPHS MVY 3
SHUN\HNLSLHYUPUN;OLPTWVY[HUJLVML_[LUZP]LYLHKPUNPUWYVTV[PUNSHUN\HNL KL]LSVWTLU[ MVY 3 SLHYULYZ OHZ ILLU HK]VJH[LK I` THU`ZJOVSHYZ 2YHZOLU  " 5H[PVU " >HYPUN  ;HRHRP 
/V^L]LY PU VYKLY [V NL[ [OL TVZ[ V\[ VM [OL SLHYUPUN JOVVZPUN [OLHWWYVWYPH[LTH[LYPHSZPZJY\JPHS;OPZWHWLYKPZJ\ZZLZ[OLPTWVY[HUJLVM
NYHKLKYLHKLYZHUKVUOV^[VKLJPKLVU^OPJONYHKLKYLHKLY»ZSL]LS[VHZZPNULHJOZ[\KLU[I`\ZPUN[OL=VJHI\SHY`3L]LSZ;LZ[:JOTP[["
:JOTP[[:JOTP[[ *SHWOHT-PUHSS`P[YLWVY[ZVU[OLÄUKPUNZVM
^OL[OLYHZZLZZPUN[OL]VJHI\SHY`ZPaLPZHULMMLJ[P]LKLJPZPVUTHRPUN
[VVS[VKL[LYTPUL[OLZLSLJ[PVUVMSL]LSVMNYHKLKYLHKLYZMVY[OPZ[HYNL[WVW\SH[PVU
多読の学習効果については、多くの先行研究で立証されてきた(Nation, 2001; Waring & Takaki, 2003)。しかし、学習効果を最大限に引き出すためには、多読に使用するリーディングの選定及び適切なレベルの把握が鍵となる。本研究では、Graded Readersの重要性及び語彙レベルテスト (Schmitt, 2000; Schmitt, Schmitt & Clapham, 2001)
によるレベル選定が有効かを検証した。アンケートの結果、Graded

.YHKLK9LHKLYZ6U*<,1V\YUHSWHNLZ

Readersのレベルが上がるほど語彙レベルテストのみでは、難易度が測れないことを示唆した。
6UL VM [OL JLU[YHS HPTZ MVY HU ,UNSPZO MVY (JHKLTPJ 7\YWVZLZ,(79LHKPUNWYVNYHTPZMVYZ[\KLU[Z[VILJVTLÅ\LU[YLHKLYZHUKYLZLHYJOLYZOH]LWVPU[LKV\[[OLPTWVY[HUJLVML_[LUZP]LYLHKPUNPU
HJOPL]PUN[OPZLN.YHIL :[VSSLY"5H[PVU ">HYPUN
;HRHRP/V^L]LYZ[\KPLZZ\NNLZ[[OH[HS[OV\NOTVZ[1HWHULZL\UP]LYZP[` Z[\KLU[Z HSYLHK` YLJVNUPaL [OL IHZPJ  ,UNSPZO ^VYKMHTPSPLZ 4VJOPa\RP  (PaH^H " 5VUHRH " :HPKH 
[OL`KVUV[OH]L[OLYHUNLVM]VJHI\SHY`ULJLZZHY`[VYLHK\UZPTWSPÄLK[L_[HUK[VN\LZZ\URUV^U^VYKZMYVTJVU[L_[0UVYKLY[VTLL[Z\JOSPUN\PZ[PJ KLTHUKZ LZWLJPHSS` MVY IHZPJ HUK PU[LYTLKPH[L SLHYULYZNYHKLK YLHKLYZ WSH` HU PTWVY[HU[ YVSL HZ [OL` HYL ^YP[[LU I` \ZPUNHSPTP[LKU\TILYVM]VJHI\SHY`^VYKZ;OPZZ[\K`L_HTPULZ^OL[OLY\ZPUN[OL=VJHI\SHY`3L]LSZ;LZ[PZHUHWWYVWYPH[L[VVS[VKLJPKL[OLZLSLJ[PVUVMSL]LSVMNYHKLKYLHKLYZMVY1HWHULZL\UP]LYZP[`Z[\KLU[Z

Extensive reading
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,_[LUZP]LYLHKPUNHSZVJHSSLKWSLHZ\YLYLHKPUNPU]VS]LZL_WVZ\YL

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graded readers
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Z[\KLU[Z JVTTLU[LK [OL SHJR VM JVUÄKLUJL TPNO[ OH]L SLK [OLT[V RLLW H^H` MYVT YLHKPUN ,UNSPZO IVVRZ 0M Z[\KLU[Z Z[HY[ L_[LUZP]LYLHKPUN\ZPUNH\[OLU[PJ[L_[Z^OPJOHYLYLSH[P]LS`SVUNHUKJOHSSLUNPUN[OPZ TH` WYL]LU[ [OL KL]LSVWTLU[ VM Å\LUJ` HUK KL[YHJ[ MYVT [OL
WSLHZ\YLVMYLHKPUN

Choosing appropriately graded reader levels
3LHYULYZHYLHISL[VWYVJLZZYLHKPUN[L_[ZÅ\LU[S`VUS`PM[OL[L_[Z
HYL^LSS^P[OPU[OLPYSPUN\PZ[PJSL]LS;O\ZJOVVZPUN[OLYPNO[SL]LSVM
NYHKLK YLHKLYZ MVY Z[\KLU[Z PZ JY\JPHS  *VUZLX\LU[S` OV^ JHU ^L
ZLSLJ[ [OL HWWYVWYPH[L SL]LS& 6UL Z[YVUN PUKPJH[VY PZ [OL Z[\KLU[Z»
J\YYLU[YLJLW[P]L]VJHI\SHY`ZPaL5H[PVU -VYPUZ[HUJL
[OL[V[HS^VYKMHTPSPLZ\ZLKH[LHJOSL]LSPZYV\NOS`[OLZHTLHZ[OL

4HY\`HTH

NYHKLK YLHKLYZ» SL]LS PU [OL 6_MVYK )VVR^VYTZ ZLYPLZ HZ ZOV^U PU
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[OL [L_[Z 3LHYULYZ HYL Z\NNLZ[LK [V YLHK H[ H SL]LS ^OPJO PZ ZSPNO[S`HIV]L[OLPYJ\YYLU[]VJHI\SHY`SL]LS¸P¹/V^L]LYPM[OLHPTPZ[VKL]LSVWÅ\LUJ`[OL]VJHI\SHY`JV]LYHNLZOV\SKILL]LUOPNOLY  -VYÅ\LUJ`KL]LSVWTLU[HSL]LS^OPJOPZZSPNO[S`SV^LY[OHU[OLWYLZLU[]VJHI\SHY`RUV^SLKNL¸P¶¹PZYLJVTTLUKLK)HZLKVU[OL*V\YZLVM:[\K`N\PKLSPULZLZ[HISPZOLKI`[OL4PUPZ[Y`
VM,K\JH[PVU*\S[\YL:WVY[Z:JPLUJLHUK;LJOUVSVN`1HWHULZLQ\UPVYOPNOZJOVVSZ[\KLU[ZHYLL_WLJ[LK[VOH]LSLHYULKHTPUPT\TVM
,UNSPZO^VYKZHUKHUHKKP[PVUHS^VYKZPUZLUPVYOPNOZJOVVS;OH[TLHUZI`[OLLUKVMZLUPVYOPNOZJOVVS[OL`ZOV\SKOH]LSLHYULKH[SLHZ[H[V[HSVM^VYKZ;OPZZ\NNLZ[ZHTPUPT\TZL[VM^VYKZPU[YVK\JLK PU HSS [OL ,UNSPZO [L_[IVVRZ;OYV\NO [OL Z[\K` VM Q\UPVY
OPNOHUKZLUPVYOPNO,UNSPZO[L_[IVVRZ/HZLNH^HHUK*O\QV
MV\UK!HHUH]LYHNLVMKPMMLYLU[[`WLZVM^VYKZPU[YVK\JLKPU
Q\UPVYOPNO,UNSPZO[L_[IVVRZHUKIHIV\[^VYKZPUZLUPVYOPNO
[L_[IVVRZ;OPZÄN\YLHSZVPUJS\KLZ[OL^VYKZ^OPJOOH]LHSYLHK`ILLU.YHKLK9LHKLYZ6U*<,1V\YUHSWHNLZ

PU[YVK\JLKPUQ\UPVYOPNO[L_[IVVRZ0M^LL_JS\KL[OVZL^VYKZH[V[HSH]LYHNLVMKPMMLYLU[[`WLZVM^VYKZHYLPU[YVK\JLKPUQ\UPVYOPNOHUKZLUPVYOPNO,UNSPZO[L_[IVVRZ
(Z^LOH]LZLLUPU[OLWYL]PV\ZZLJ[PVUZPUJL\UP]LYZP[`Z[\KLU[ZOH]L H ^VYRPUN RUV^SLKNL VM TVYL [OHU  ^VYK MHTPSPLZ4VJOPa\RP (PaH^H":HPKH^LJHULZ[PTH[L[OH[SL]LS6_MVYK)VVR^VYTZ^P[OH[V[HSVM^VYKMHTPSPLZ^V\SKIL
[OLTVZ[HWWYVWYPH[LSL]LS;OL J\YYLU[ Z[\K` ^HZ KLZPNULK [V PU]LZ[PNH[L ^OL[OLY HZZLZZPUNZ[\KLU[]VJHI\SHY`ZPaLPZHULMMLJ[P]LKLJPZPVUTHRPUN[VVSPUJOVVZPUN
[OLHWWYVWYPH[LSL]LSVMNYHKLKYLHKLYZMVYZ[\KLU[Z-\Y[OLYTVYL[OL
Z[\K`PU]LZ[PNH[LK[OLZ[\KLU[Z»WLYJLW[PVUZVM[OLHWWYVWYPH[LULZZVM[OLPYZLSLJ[PVUIHZLKVUHX\LZ[PVUUHPYLJVUK\J[LKVU[OLÄUHSKH`VM
JSHZZ

The study
Participants
;OL WHY[PJPWHU[Z PU [OPZ Z[\K` ^LYL  ÄYZ[ `LHY Z[\KLU[Z PU VULJSHZZ H[ H WYP]H[L \UP]LYZP[` PU;VR`V ,SL]LU WHY[PJPWHU[Z ^LYL THSLHUK^LYLMLTHSL;OPZ^HZHJVU]LUPLUJLZHTWSLVM:VJPHS>LSMHYLTHQVYZ[HRPUNHU,(79LHKPUNJV\YZLInstruments;^VPUZ[Y\TLU[Z^LYL\ZLKPU[OLWYLZLU[Z[\K`!
 ;OL=VJHI\SHY`3L]LSZ;LZ[:JOTP[[":JOTP[[:JOTP[[ *SHWOHT^HZJVUK\J[LK[VTLHZ\YLZ[\KLU[Z»J\YYLU[]VJHI\SHY`ZPaLHUK[VKLJPKLVU^OPJOSL]LSVMNYHKLKYLHKLY[VHZZPNULHJOZ[\KLU[ (Z\Y]L`X\LZ[PVUUHPYLJV]LYPUNHZWLJ[ZVM[OLPYYLHKPUN

4HY\`HTH

0UZ[Y\TLU[!=VJHI\SHY`3L]LSZ;LZ[;OPZÄ_LKJOVPJL[LZ[PZYLW\[LK[VILJHWHISLVMZOV^PUN[OLZ[HNL
VM SLHYULYZ»]VJHI\SHY`ZPaLIHZLKVUHSPZ[VM OPNO MYLX\LUJ` ^VYKZJHSSLK [OL .LULYHS :LY]PJL 3PZ[ >LZ[  ;OLYL HYL Ä]L ZLJ[PVUZ
PU[OL[LZ[I\[VUS`[OYLLZLJ[PVUZ^VYKSL]LS[OL^VYKSL]LS HUK [OL ^VYK SL]LS ^LYL \ZLK PU [OL WYLZLU[ Z[\K` 0U
[V[HS[OL[LZ[JVUZPZ[LKVM P[LTZ,HJOZLJ[PVUPZJVTWYPZLKVMZP_^VYKZHUK[OYLLKLÄUP[PVUZ0ULHJOZLJ[PVU[OL[LZ[[HRLYZHYLHZRLK[VTH[JO[OL^VYKZVU[OLSLM[^P[O[OLKLÄUP[PVUZNP]LUVU[OLYPNO[ZLL-PN\YLMVYHZHTWSLMYVT[OL=VJHI\SHY`3L]LSZ;LZ[;OL[LZ[[VVRHIV\[TPU\[LZTPU\[LZMVYLHJOZLJ[PVU[VJVTWSL[L VYPNPUHS WYP]H[LÄYZ[ YV`HSUV[W\ISPJ
 ZSV^HSSHKKLK[VNL[OLY ZVYY` [V[HS-PN\YL:HTWSLP[LTZMYVT[OL=VJHI\SHY`3L]LSZ;LZ[;V LZ[PTH[L [OL Z[\KLU[»Z J\YYLU[ ]VJHI\SHY` ZPaL [OL MVYT\SH
JYLH[LKI`3H\MLY ^HZ\ZLK-PYZ[L]LU[OV\NOZ[\KLU[Z^LYL
[LZ[LK VU [OYLL SL]LSZ   HUK  SL]LSZ [OL 
HUKSL]LSZ^LYLHJJV\U[LKMVYZ[H[PZ[PJHSS`-VY[OLSL]LSZ[\KLU[Z^LYLHZZ\TLK[VOH]L[OLZHTLZJVYLHZMVY[OLSL]LS-VY[OLSL]LS[OLH]LYHNLZJVYLMVY[OLHUK^VYKZ.YHKLK9LHKLYZ6U*<,1V\YUHSWHNLZ

^HZ[HRLU;OLU[OL[V[HSZJVYL^HZHKKLKHUKT\S[PWSPLKI`HZ
Z[\KLU[Z^LYL[LZ[LK\W[VHZPaLVM^VYKMHTPSPLZHUKKP]PKLKI`P[LTZWLYSL]LSMVYSL]LSZ·
HUK-VYL_HTWSLPMHZ[\KLU[ZJVYLKV\[VMH[[OL
^VYKSL]LSV\[VMH[[OL^VYKSL]LSHUKV\[VMH[[OL^VYKSL]LSP[PZLZ[PTH[LK[OH[HZ[\KLU[OHZV\[VMH[[OL^VYKSL]LSHUKV\[VMH[[OL^VYKSL]LS;OL[V[HSZJVYLHKKZ\W[V;OPZÄN\YLPZT\S[PWSPLKI`HUKKP]PKLKI`^OPJOYV\NOS`LX\HSZ[V^VYKMHTPSPLZ
0U[OPZZ[\K`\ZPUN[OLLZ[PTH[LK]VJHI\SHY`ZPaLZ[\KLU[Z^LYLYLJVTTLUKLK[VYLHKNYHKLKYLHKLYZ^OPJO^LYLZSPNO[S`SV^LY[OHU[OLPYJ\YYLU[]VJHI\SHY`RUV^SLKNLZPUJL[OLHPT^HZUV[[VL_WHUK[OLPY UL^ ]VJHI\SHY` ^VYKZ I\[ [V KL]LSVW YLHKPUN Å\LUJ` -VYPUZ[HUJLPM[OLYLZ\S[PUKPJH[LK[OH[HZ[\KLU[OHKH]VJHI\SHY`ZPaLVM
YV\NOS`[OPZZOV^LK[OH[OLZOL^HZPUJVU[YVSVM^VYKMHTPSPLZ6_MVYK)VVR^VYTZ3L]LS";HISLI\[UV[MVY^VYKMHTPSPLZ6_MVYK)VVR^VYTZ3L]LS

0UZ[Y\TLU[!:\Y]L`X\LZ[PVUUHPYL;OLW\YWVZLZVM[OLX\LZ[PVUUHPYLPU[OL(WWLUKP_^HZ[VJOLJR^OL[OLY[OLZ[\KLU[ZYLHK[OLHZZPNULKU\TILYVMNYHKLKYLHKLYZPL
TPUPT\TVMÄ]LNYHKLKYLHKLYZ0[LT^OL[OLYZ[\KLU[ZJOVZL[OL
L_WLJ[LKYPNO[SL]LS0[LTHUK^OL[OLY[OL`MLS[JVTMVY[HISL^P[O[OLPYSL]LSVMYLHKPUN0[LTZHUK
;OLX\LZ[PVUUHPYLJVUZPZ[LKVM[OYLLÄ_LKYLZWVUZLX\LZ[PVUZHUKVULVWLULUKLKX\LZ[PVU6ULVM[OLÄ_LKYLZWVUZLX\LZ[PVUZ0[LT\ZLKHWVPU[3PRLY[ZJHSLPU^OPJOYLWYLZLU[LK¸0KVU»[\UKLYZ[HUK[OLX\LZ[PVU¹HUKYLWYLZLU[LK¸0Z[YVUNS`HNYLL¹

Test procedure;OLJSHZZLZMVSSV^LKHWYVJLK\YLVMWYLYLHKPUN^OPSLYLHKPUNHUKWVZ[YLHKPUN Z[HNLZ 4VZ[ VM [OL JSHZZ [PTL ^HZ KL]V[LK [V [LHJOPUN

4HY\`HTH

YLHKPUN ZRPSSZ LN WYL]PL^PUN ZRPTTPUN ZJHUUPUN HUK HUUV[H[PUNHUK MVJ\ZPUN VU PU[LUZP]L YLHKPUN (Z HU L_[YHJ\YYPJ\SHY HJ[P]P[`Z[\KLU[Z ^LYL YLX\PYLK [V YLHK H[ SLHZ[ Ä]L NYHKLK YLHKLYZ 5H[PVUYLJVTTLUKZSLHYULYZ[VYLHKHIVVRL]LY`VULVY[^V^LLRZ
\U[PS[OL`YLHJO[OL^VYKSL]LS(ZZ[\KLU[Z^LYLHSYLHK`H[[OL ^VYK SL]LS YLHKPUN Ä]L NYHKLK YLHKLYZ K\YPUN VUL ZLTLZ[LY
PLHIV\[VULL]LY`[^V^LLRZ^HZJVUZPKLYLKZ\MÄJPLU[[VLUZ\YL[OLYLWL[P[PVUVM]VJHI\SHY`:[\KLU[Z^LYLUV[NP]LUHU`L_[YHJYLKP[ZMVYYLHKPUNTVYL[OHUÄ]LIVVRZ;OLVUS`[OPUN[OH[^HZHZZPNULKHUKHZZLZZLK MVY [OL L_[LUZP]L YLHKPUN [HZR ^HZ [V ^YP[L Ä]L ZOVY[ IVVRYLZWVUZLZHIV\[^VYKZSVUN^OPJOPUJS\KLKHZOVY[Z\TTHY`VM
[OLIVVRHUKYLZWVUZL[VZL]LYHSX\LZ[PVUZLN>OH[KVLZ[OLYLHKPUN
THRL`V\[OPURVM&"+VLZP[YLTPUK`V\VMHU`[OPUNVYHU`VUL&">OH[PZ`V\YVWPUPVU&6U[OLÄYZ[KH`VMJSHZZ[OLZ[\KLU[Z^LYLNP]LUPUZ[Y\J[PVUVU^OLYL[OL`JV\SKI\`NYHKLKYLHKLYZ;OLU[OLZ[\KLU[ZW\YJOHZLK[OLPYÄYZ[IVVRIHZLKVU[OLPYPU[LYLZ[ZHUKYLZ\S[ZVM[OLPYYLJLW[P]L]VJHI\SHY`SL]LS[LZ[;OLZ[\KLU[ZJOVZL[OLPYIVVRZMYVT[OLJVSSLJ[PVUVM6_MVYK)VVR^VYTZ;OLZLYPLZOHZZP_SL]LSZMYVTSL]LSOLHK^VYKZ[VSL]LSOLHK^VYKZ^OPJOTHPUS`JVUZPZ[VMJVUKLUZLK]LYZPVUZ
VMJSHZZPJUV]LSZ;OLUVU[OLZLJVUKKH`VMJSHZZ[VJVUÄYT^OL[OLY[OLZ[\KLU[ZIV\NO[[OLYPNO[IVVRZ[OL`^LYLYLX\PYLK[VIYPUN[OLT[VJSHZZ;OLZ[\KLU[Z^LYLPUZ[Y\J[LK[VYLHKMVYH[SLHZ[TPU\[LZ
L]LY`KH`V\[ZPKLVMJSHZZ:[\KLU[Z^LYLHZRLK[VYLHKVULIVVR^P[OPU[^V^LLRZMVYH[V[HSVMÄ]LIVVRZPU[V[HSMVY[OLLU[PYL[OPY[LLU^LLR
ZLTLZ[LY
6U[OLKH`VM[OLÄUHSL_HT[OLX\LZ[PVUUHPYL^HZHKTPUPZ[LYLK;VVI[HPUHJJ\YH[LPUMVYTH[PVUMYVT[OLYLZWVUKLU[ZHSS[OLX\LZ[PVUZHUK PUZ[Y\J[PVUZ ^LYL ^YP[[LU PU IV[O ,UNSPZO HUK 1HWHULZL [V H]VPKTPZ\UKLYZ[HUKPUN.YHKLK9LHKLYZ6U*<,1V\YUHSWHNLZ

Data analysis procedure
3LHYULYZ»TLHUZJVYLZHUKZ[HUKHYKKL]PH[PVUZMVYLHJOMYLX\LUJ`IHUKHUK^VYKSL]LSZ^LYLJVTW\[LK\ZPUN:7::
]LYZPVU0U[OL=VJHI\SHY`3L]LSZ;LZ[Z[\KLU[ZNV[VULWVPU[MVY
LHJOJVYYLJ[HUZ^LY(WLYMLJ[ZJVYLMVYLHJOZLJ[PVU^HZWVPU[Z;O\Z[OLTH_PT\TZJVYL[OH[Z[\KLU[ZJV\SKNL[^HZ P[LTZWLYSL]LS[PTLZ[OYLLSL]LSZ-VY[OLX\LZ[PVUUHPYL[OLKH[HHUHS`ZPZWYVJLZZJVUZPZ[LKVM[^V[`WLZ!3PRLY[[`WLHUKVWLULUKLKP[LTHUHS`ZPZ
Result 1: The Vocabulary Levels Test
;OLTLHUZJVYLZVM[OL[OYLLMYLX\LUJ`SL]LSZ^LYL:+$ MVY[OL^VYKSL]LS :+$MVY[OL^VYKSL]LSHUK:+$MVY[OL^VYKSL]LS;HISL<ZPUN
3H\MLY»Z MVYT\SHPM^LJVU]LY[[OLÄN\YLZPU[VU\TILYZVM^VYKMHTPSPLZ[OL[V[HSVMPZYV\NOS`LX\P]HSLU[[V^VYKMHTPSPLZ*VTWHYPUN [OPZ ÄN\YL [V [`WPJHS 1HWHULZL \UP]LYZP[` Z[\KLU[Z ^OVYHUNLMYVT:HPKH[V ,UNSPZO^VYKZ4VJOPa\RP (PaH^H[OLKH[HZ\NNLZ[Z[OH[[OLWYLZLU[Z[\KLU[Z^LYL^LSS
^P[OPU[OLYHUNLVMH]LYHNLPU[LYTLKPH[L\UP]LYZP[`Z[\KLU[Z;OLYLZ\S[PUKPJH[LK[OH[SL]LS^HZHWWYVWYPH[LMVYTVZ[VM[OLT;HISL9LZ\S[ZMVY[OL=VJHI\SHY`3L]LSZ;LZ[5$
3L]LS

4

4H_

4PU

:+

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 

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 

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

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;V[HS

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4HY\`HTH

Result 2: Questionnaire:[\KLU[ZPUKPJH[LK[OH[[OL`YLHKHUH]LYHNLVMNYHKLKYLHKLYZ
:+ $   V]LY [OPY[LLU ^LLRZ 0[LT  )HZLK VU [OL =VJHI\SHY`3L]LSZ;LZ[Z[\KLU[Z^LYLWYLZ\TLK[VRUV^HUH]LYHNLVM^VYKMHTPSPLZ;OPZPUKPJH[LK[OH[SL]LS^VYKMHTPSPLZ";HISL^HZ
HWWYVWYPH[LMVYHSSZ[\KLU[Z[OLSV^LZ[ZJVYL^HZ^VYKMHTPSPLZ
/V^L]LYJVU[YHY`[VL_WLJ[H[PVUZHZ[OL`TV]LK[V^HYKZ[OLLUKVM
[OLZLTLZ[LYZ[\KLU[ZZOV^LKH[LUKLUJ`[VJOVVZLHSL]LS[OH[^HZ
T\JOSV^LY[OHU[OLPYHJ[\HS]VJHI\SHY`SL]LSHZZ\NNLZ[LKI`;HISLHUK-PN\YL;HISL4LHUSL]LSVMNYHKLKYLHKLYZ[OH[Z[\KLU[ZYLWVY[LKYLHKPUN
0[LT
N

4LHU3L]LS:+

1stIVVR

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rdIVVR



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

4[OIVVR



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

5[OIVVR



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

5V[L;OLU\TILYVMZ[\KLU[ZJVTWSL[PUNLHJOIVVR]HYPLKMYVT [V

;OLMVSSV^\WYLZWVUZLZL_WSHPU[OPZYLZ\S[;HISL(ZMVY[OLÄYZ[NYHKLK YLHKLY [OL THQVYP[` VM  Z[\KLU[Z   V\[ VM [OL  ^OVYLZWVUKLK JOVZL [OLPY SL]LS IHZLK VU [OLPY YLZ\S[Z PU [OL ]VJHI\SHY`SL]LSJOLJR[LZ[/V^L]LYHNYHK\HSZOPM[^HZZLLUPU[OLYLHZVUZMVY
[OLPYZLSLJ[PVUZI`[OLLUKVM[OLÄM[OIVVR VM[OLZ[\KLU[Z^OV YLZWVUKLK JOVZL [OLPY IVVRZ IHZLK VU [OL SL]LS JOLJR [LZ[U\TILY  `L[     VM [OL Z[\KLU[Z PUKPJH[LK [OH[ [OL` JOVZL[OLPY IVVRZ ZPTWS` MYVT [OL IVVR [P[SL U\TILY ;OPZ YLZ\S[ JV\SK
ILPU[LYWYL[LKHZZLY]PUN[OLYLHSW\YWVZLVM\ZPUNNYHKLKYLHKLYZMVY.YHKLK9LHKLYZ6U*<,1V\YUHSWHNLZ

L_[LUZP]LYLHKPUN^OLYLZ[\KLU[ZUV[[OL[LHJOLYZJOVZLIVVRZIHZLK-PN\YL+PZ[YPI\[PVUVMSL]LSVMNYHKLKYLHKLYZ[OH[Z[\KLU[ZYLWVY[LKYLHKPUN0[LT

VU[OLPYV^UPU[LYLZ[Z

4HY\`HTH;HISL9LHZVUZ[OH[:[\KLU[Z0UKPJH[LKMVY:LSLJ[PVU;L_[3L]LSZ0[LT0[LTZ

1stIVVR
N$MYLX)HZLKVU[OL[LZ[YLZ\S[ndIVVR
N$MYLX



MYLX


0[SVVRLKLHZ`[VYLHK0[SVVRLKJOHSSLUNPUNLUV\NO0[SVVRLKHWWYVWYPH[L
MVYT`SL]LS;OLWYL]PV\ZSL]LSZLLTLK[VVKPMÄJ\S[;OLWYL]PV\ZSL]LSZLLTLKLHZ`;OLWYL]PV\ZSL]LSZLLTLKHWWYVWYPH[L0[^HZHIVVR0^HU[LK[VYLHK6[OLYZ

1rdIVVR
N$



1

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



1

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1

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1

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5

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6

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1

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1

4[OIVVR
N$

5[OIVVR
N$

MYLX

MYLX



 

1 

6







5V[L>OPSLZ[\KLU[ZÄSSLKPU[OLX\LZ[PVUUHPYLUV[HSS[OLZ[\KLU[ZHUZ^LYLK
0[LT

 3VVRPUN H[ [OL Z[\KLU[Z» WLYJLW[PVUZ VM [OL HWWYVWYPH[LULZZ VM
[OLIVVRZ»SL]LS8\LZ[PVUUHPYL0[LTZLL(WWLUKP_[OLTLHU^HZ
HUK[OLZ[HUKHYKKL]PH[PVU^HZNP]PUNHUL\[YHSYLZ\S[;OPZ
Z\NNLZ[Z[OH[HS[OV\NOZ[\KLU[Z»JOVZLHT\JOSV^LYSL]LS[OHU[OLPY
HJ[\HS]VJHI\SHY`ZPaLTHU`ILSPL]LK[OLZLSLJ[LKIVVRZ^LYLULP[OLY
LHZ`UVYKPMÄJ\S[;OPZ^HZHU\UL_WLJ[LKYLZ\S[ ,]LU TVYL Z\YWYPZPUNS` [OYLL Z[\KLU[Z PUKPJH[LK [OH[ [OL IVVRZ^LYLJOHSSLUNPUNMVY[OLPYSL]LSZ;HISL0[LT;OL`MLS[[OLNYHKLKYLHKLYZVM[OLSL]LSZ^LYLKPMÄJ\S[HZ[OL`MV\UKTHU`\URUV^U^VYKZ
PU[OLPYYLHKPUN;OPZPZWYVIHIS`K\L[V[OLYLJLU[ÄUKPUNZ[OH[OPNOLYSL]LSZSL]LSZ[VVMNYHKLKYLHKLYZPUJS\KLTVYL^VYKZ[OH[HYLUV[MYVT[OLTVZ[MYLX\LU[^VYKSL]LSSPZ[PL.LULYHS:LY]PJL3PZ[.YHKLK9LHKLYZ6U*<,1V\YUHSWHNLZ

>HUHYVT ;OPZ Z\NNLZ[Z [OH[ [OL \URUV^U ^VYKZ Z[\KLU[Z
LUJV\U[LYLK^LYL\UPX\L[V[OLIVVRZ[OL`YLHKHUK^LYLIL`VUK[OL
Z[\KLU[Z»]VJHI\SHY`SL]LS

Discussion
 :PUJL [OLYL PZ H Z[YVUN JVYYLSH[PVU IL[^LLU ]VJHI\SHY` ZPaL HUKYLHKPUN JVTWYLOLUZPVU LN .YHIL  :[VSSLY  " 5H[PVU 
P[ PZ UH[\YHS [V HZZ\TL [OH[ [LZ[PUN ]VJHI\SHY` ZPaL ^PSS IL [OL TVZ[LMÄJPLU[HUKLMMLJ[P]L[VVS[VKLJPKLVU^OPJONYHKLKYLHKLY»ZSL]LS[VHZZPNULHJOZ[\KLU[0UKLLK[OLV]LYHSSÄUKPUNZPUKPJH[LK[OH[[LZ[PUN
Z[\KLU[Z»]VJHI\SHY`ZPaL^HZHUHWWYVWYPH[LTLHZ\YL[VKLJPKL[OLPYIVVRZ»SL]LS;OLTHQVYP[`VMZ[\KLU[ZYLWVY[LK[OH[[OL`JOVZLHJLY[HPUSL]LSIHZLKVU[OLYLZ\S[VM[OL=VJHI\SHY`3L]LSZ;LZ[HUKMV\UK[OLTHWWYVWYPH[LMVY[OLPYSL]LSZ
/V^L]LYHZ[OLZLTLZ[LYTV]LKVU[OLYL^HZHNYHK\HSJOHUNL
PU Z[\KLU[Z» H[[P[\KLZ [V^HYK ZLSLJ[PUN [OLPY IVVRZ>OPSL OHSM VM [OL
Z[\KLU[Z JOVZL [OLPY IVVRZ YLS`PUN VU [OLPY ]VJHI\SHY` [LZ[ YLZ\S[Z
HIV\[VUL[OPYK[VVR[OLPUP[PH[P]L[VZLSLJ[[OLPYIVVRZIHZLKVU[OLPYV^UPU[LYLZ[Z0U[OPZZLUZL[OLYLHZVUMVY[OLZLSLJ[PVUZLY]LK[OLYLHSW\YWVZLVM¸WSLHZ\YLYLHKPUN¹PU^OPJO[OLZ[\KLU[Z[OLTZLS]LZUV[[OL[LHJOLYZJOVVZL[OLPYIVVRZ
(UV[OLYPU[LYLZ[PUNÄUKPUNPZ[OH[HS[OV\NO[OLIVVRZ[OL`JOVZL^LYL SV^LY [OHU [OLPY HJ[\HS ]VJHI\SHY` SL]LS Z\YWYPZPUNS` Z[\KLU[Z
MLS[[OL`^LYLULP[OLY[VVLHZ`UVY[VVKPMÄJ\S[VUH]LYHNL(S[OV\NO[OL U\TILY ^HZ SPTP[LK H ML^ Z[\KLU[Z L]LU JVTTLU[LK [OH[ [OLSL]LSZ^LYLJOHSSLUNPUNMVY[OLPYHIPSP[PLZ;OPZJV\SKILL_WSHPULKI`>HUHYVT»ZYLJLU[YLZLHYJO^OLYLOLJVUJS\KLK[OH[OPNOLYSL]LSZVMNYHKLKYLHKLYZ[LUK[VPUJS\KLTVYL^VYKZ[OH[HYL\UPX\L[V[OLIVVRZ[OHU[OLSV^LYSL]LSZ;OPZPZILJH\ZL]VJHI\SHY`SL]LS[LZ[ZJVUZ[Y\J[LKMYVT[OL^VYKMYLX\LUJ`SPZ[ZTH`UV[JVYYLZWVUKKPYLJ[S`[V[OLNYHKLKYLHKLYZ»SL]LSLZWLJPHSS`MVYOPNOLYSL]LSZ
41

4HY\`HTH

Limitations and suggestions for future research;OL YLZ\S[Z VM [OPZ Z[\K` WVPU[ [V ZL]LYHS [OPUNZ -PYZ[S` ZPUJL [OL
=VJHI\SHY`3L]LSZ;LZ[JVU[HPUZZL]LYHS,UNSPZOSVHU^VYKZPU1HWHULZLLNZWVY[JOVPJL[YPJRILUJOHZZPZ[P[TH`UV[IL[OLILZ[TLHZ\YL
VM1HWHULZLZ[\KLU[Z»[Y\L,UNSPZO]VJHI\SHY`SL]LS-\Y[OLYTVYLK\L
[V[OLMHJ[[OH[0SPTP[LK[OL[LZ[PUNPUZ[Y\TLU[VUS`[V]VJHI\SHY`ZPaLP[ ^V\SK IL ^VY[O PU]LZ[PNH[PUN OV^ [OL YLZ\S[ ^PSS IL KPMMLYLU[ I`\ZPUNV[OLYHZZLZZTLU[[VVSZ[VHZZPNUIVVRSL]LSZ[VZ[\KLU[Z5H[PVU OPTZLSMWVPU[LKV\[[OLSPTP[H[PVUZVM[OL\ZLVM[OL=VJHI\SHY`3L]LSZ;LZ[I`Z[H[PUN¸BP[DJHUIL\ZLKHZH[LZ[[VZLLPMSLHYULYZOH]LLUV\NO]VJHI\SHY`[VYLHKI\[P[PZPTWVY[HU[UV[[VJVUM\ZLOH]PUNHUHKLX\H[LYLHKPUN]VJHI\SHY`^P[OZRPSSPUYLHKPUN¹W
:PUJL VUL VM [OL THQVY ILULÄ[Z VM KVPUN L_[LUZP]L YLHKPUN PZ [V
PTWYV]L Z[\KLU[Z» YLHKPUN Å\LUJ` V[OLY [LZ[PUN TLHZ\YLZ JV\SKPUJS\KLJOLJRPUNZ[\KLU[Z»YLHKPUNZWLLKHUKÄUKPUNV\[OV^SVUNP[[VVRZ[\KLU[Z[VNL[[OYV\NOLHJOIVVR;OPZJV\SKILKVUL[OYV\NOHZZPNUPUNZ[\KLU[Z[VÄSSV\[HZOVY[YLJVYKZOLL[ PUKPJH[PUN [OL KH[L
HUK[PTLP[[VVR[VYLHKLHJOIVVR;OPZJV\SKZOV^OV^T\JOYLHKPUN
OHZILLUJV]LYLKV]LY^OH[WLYPVKVM[PTL:LJVUKS` P[ ^V\SK IL \ZLM\S HUK PU[LYLZ[PUN [V HUHS`aL [OL
]VJHI\SHY`PU[OLNYHKLKYLHKLYZ^OPJOZ[\KLU[ZYLHK[VNL[HIL[[LY\UKLYZ[HUKPUNVMOV^THU`^VYKZ^LYLHJ[\HSS`UL^[V[OLZ[\KLU[Z
0U[OPZ^H`^LJHUNL[HJSLHYLYWPJ[\YLVM[OLYLSH[PVUZOPWIL[^LLU
SL_PJHSRUV^SLKNLHUKYLHKPUNKPMÄJ\S[PLZ
3HZ[S`ZPUJLVUS`HZTHSSU\TILYVMZ[\KLU[Z[VVRWHY[PU[OLWYLZLU[YLZLHYJOP[PZULJLZZHY`[VJHYY`V\[[OLZHTLL_WLYPTLU[^P[OHNYLH[LY
U\TILYVMZ[\KLU[ZPUVYKLY[V]LYPM`[OLYLZ\S[Z

Acknowledgments0^V\SKSPRL[VL_WYLZZT`ZPUJLYLNYH[P[\KL[V+Y@VZOPUVYP>H[HUHIL:VWOPH<UP]LYZP[`MVYOPZPUZPNO[M\SJVTTLU[ZHUKHK]PJL4`HWWYLJPH[PVUPZHSZVL_[LUKLK[V(SSHU4\YWO`MVY.YHKLK9LHKLYZ6U*<,1V\YUHSWHNLZ

OPZHZZPZ[HUJLPULKP[PUN^VYR0HTHSZVNYH[LM\S[V7YVMLZZVY+L_[LY+H:PS]HHUK[OL[^VHUVU`TV\ZYL]PL^LYZMVY[OLPYOLSWM\SJVTTLU[ZHUKZ\NNLZ[PVUZVU[OLWYL]PV\Z]LYZPVUVM
[OLWHWLY@\RH4HY\`HTH4,+;,:63PZJ\YYLU[S`[LHJOPUNH[;V`V
,P^H<UP]LYZP[`+LWHY[TLU[VM:VJPHS:JPLUJLZHUKPZH7O+
JHUKPKH[LPU(WWSPLK3PUN\PZ[PJZH[:VWOPH<UP]LYZP[`/LY
YLZLHYJOPU[LYLZ[ZHYLPUJ\YYPJ\S\TKL]LSVWTLU[L_[LUZP]LYLHKPUNHUK]VJHI\SHY`Z[\KPLZ

References-YLLTHU@: -YLLTHU+, >OVSLSHUN\HNLMVYZLJVUKSHUN\HNLSLHYULYZ7VY[ZTV\[O5/!/LPULTHUU.YHIL> :[VSSLY- 9LHKPUNHUK]VJHI\SHY`KL]LSVWTLU[PUHZLJVUKSHUN\HNL( JHZLZ[\K`0U1*VHK` ;/\JRPU,KZ:LJVUKSHUN\HNL]VJHI\SHY`HJX\PZP[PVU!(YH[PVUHSLMVYWLKHNVN`WW 5L^@VYR!*HTIYPKNL<UP]LYZP[`7YLZZ.YHIL> :[VSSLY-9LHKPUNMVYHJHKLTPJW\YWVZLZ!
.\PKLSPULZMVY[OL,:3,-3[LHJOLY0U4*LSJL4\YJPH,K;LHJOPUN,UNSPZOHZHZLJVUKVYMVYLPNUSHUN\HNLWW
)VZ[VU!/LPUSL /LPUSL7\ISPZOLYZ/HZLNH^H: *O\QV2=VJHI\SHY`ZPaLHUKLMÄJHJ`^P[OPU[OYLLZLYPHS1:/,UNSPZO[L_[IVVR]VJHI\SHYPLZJYLH[LKPU
HJJVYKHUJL^P[OYL]PZLK¸JV\YZLVMZ[\K`¹N\PKLSPULZ3HUN\HNL
,K\JH[PVU ;LJOUVSVN`/PYZO+ 5H[PVU0:7 >OH[]VJHI\SHY`PZULLKLK[VYLHK\UZPTWSPÄLK[L_[ZMVYWSLHZ\YL&9LHKPUNPUH-VYLPNU
3HUN\HNL  
2YHZOLU: ;OLWV^LYVMYLHKPUN0UZPNO[ZMYVT[OLYLZLHYJO,UNSL^VVK*6!3PIYHYPLZ<USPTP[LK

4HY\`HTH

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44

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46

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Appendix.YHKLKYLHKLYZ»X\LZ[PVUUHPYL
1 How many graded readers did you read in total during this semester?
今学期何冊のｸﾞﾚｰﾃﾞｯﾄﾞ・ﾘｰﾀﾞｰｽﾞを読みましたか。
2 Which level of graded readers did you read? Please write the level for each book. Also, indicate
the reason why you chose that level from the list below. どのレベルのｸﾞﾚｰﾃﾞｯﾄﾞ・ﾘｰﾀﾞｰｽﾞを読みましたか。各本について回答してください。また、どうしてそのレベルを選んだか
もっとも当てはまる理由を下記のリストから選び記入してください。
1. Based on the test result. レベル診断ﾃｽﾄの結果に基づいて
2. It looked easy to read. やさしそうに見えたから。
3. It looked challenging enough. そこそこ難易度が高そうに見えたから。
4. It looked appropriate for my level. 自分のレベルに適していると思ったから。
5. The previous level seemed too difficult. 前回の本は難しかったから。
6. The previous level seemed too easy. 前回の本は易しすぎたから。
7. The previous level seemed appropriate. 前回の本は、妥当なレベルだったから。
8. It was a book I wanted to read. そのレベルで、読みたい本があったから。
9. Others 他の理由.
1st graded reader

Level: ( ) Reason: ( )4th graded reader

Level: ( ) Reason: ( )2nd graded reader

Level: ( ) Reason: ( )5th graded reader

Level: ( ) Reason: ( )3rd graded reader
Level: ( ) Reason: ( )3 Please think about the following statement. Then choose a number 1-5 to show the extent towhich you agree or disagree with the statement. Write the number in the space on the right.
5 = Strongly agree; 4 = Agree; 3 = Neither agree nor disagree; 2 = Disagree; 1 = Strongly
disagree; 0 = I don’t understand the question 次の文章を読み、その文章の内容について自分の考えに最もよく当てはまる選択肢を１から５の中から１つ選び、その番号を右の空欄に記入してください。5 =強くそう思う; 4 =そう思う; 3 =どちらでもない; 2 =そう思わない; 1 =強くそう思わない; 0 =問題の意味がわからない
Graded readers were appropriate for my level.
ｸﾞﾚｰﾃﾞｯﾄﾞ・ﾘｰﾀﾞｰｽﾞは自分のレベルに合っていたと思う。
4 If you answered “1” or “2” in “3”, why not? 合っていなかったと3番で答えた人は、どうしてですか？()

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