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úËõ Nov. 2014 Vol.27 No.6  307(C) 2014 The Japanese Society for Synchrotron Radiation ResearchFig. 3

(Color online) The Ewald construction for Laue diraction.
A central section of the reciprocal lattice, origin O, is illumi­
nated by X_rays of wavelength l, where lminllmax. C1O1/lmin and C2O1/lmax.

õÌPê X üpXÉæéIõÀ±ªñ³êÄ¢é8)BP»ðp¢½ X ü»\¢ðÍÅÍCêÊÉªõíÅPF»µ½ X üðp¢CP»ðñ]³¹Èªçti
q_ªGohðXÉÊß·éæ¤ÉððÝèµÄX üñÜ­xðoíÅL^·éBêûCF X üðü
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yNgÌÅZg·ÆÅ·g·ÉÎ·éGohÜê½ÌæÉ
Fig. 1(a) Schematic drawing of gated conversion electron detector
used at the Stanford storage ring. (b) Timing diagram forthe gating circuits shown in (a). Reprinted with permission
from Cohen et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. (1978)4). Copyright(1978) American Physical Society.

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Fig. 2

Resonance curves observed by scanning the X_ray
monochromator over the nuclear excitation energy. The
hyperne­broadened nuclear resonance is 5~10|7 eV wide,and so the shape of the observed resonance actually
represents the energy resolution of monochromator. Actual
counts are shown for 100 sec (x) or 120 sec (o). Reprinted
with permission from Cohen et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. (1978)4).
Copyright (1978) American Physical Society.

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Fig. 4\úËõÅé¸kÈ\¢Ì¢E\

A single bunch, 120 ps, Laue diraction pattern from theprotein lysozyme crystal. Reprinted with permission from
LeGrand et al. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A. (1989)8).
Copyright (1989) Elsevier.

\zµ½9)BMoat çÍC±ÌªèVXeðp¢Cõ½«ðL·éê_»YfiCOj^~IOr»ð¿ÆµÄCimbI[_[ÌÔªðEGñÜªèðsÁ½10)B»Ì¤ÅÍC5 imbÌ YAG [U[õpXð¿ÉÆËµÄ»Ì CO ªqðõð£³¹CêèÌxÔãÉ120sRbÌF X üpXð
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Fig. 5(Color online) Dierence Fourier maps of the heme regionof photolyzed myoglobin (Mb) CO, at dierent time delays
after the laser pulse. The maps are calculated at 1.8 Å resolu­(t))||
tion with structure factor amplitudes DF{|(MbÞ|F(MbCO)|} obtained from the combined single and multi­
ple reections. The model of MbCO is also shown. Maps arecontoured at }3s (0.12 e/Å3). Negative contours are shownin red and positive in blue. (A) 4_ns time delay after CO
ms delay (C) 7.5_
ms delay (D) 50.5
photodissociation (B) 1__ms delay (E) 350_ms delay (F) 1.9_ms delay (G) referencedierence Fourier map calculated from deoxy Mb andMbCO models. Reprinted with permission from Srajer et al.,Science (1996)10). Copyright (1996) AAAS.

ªqâCntÌ^pN¿ªqÌõ½ÉKp³êÄ¨èCEfªqÌõð£CWE»G`ªqÌõÙ«»½iFig. 6jâwOrÌ 4 \¢Ï»ÈÇÌªèáªñ³êÄ¢é14_16)B
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Fig. 7

Fig. 6(Color online) (A and B) Structure determination of the C2
H4I radical in methanol at t100 ps. The contribution fromC2H4I alone is isolated by subtracting other contributions
from the raw data, allowing comparison with the gas­phasemodel of the anti and bridged structures. (A) Theoretical(red) and experimental (black) dierence intensities for two
possible reaction channels. The dierences between the theo­ry and experiment are also shown in blue. The upper curves
are for the formation of the bridged C2H4I radical and thelower ones are for the classical anti structure. (B) Cor­
responding radial density functions for the two possible reac­tion channels, and molecular structures (iodine, purple; car­bon, gray). (C) A schematic reaction mechanism based ontime­resolved x­ray diraction in solution. Reprinted withpermission from Ihee et al. Science (2005)15). Copyright(2005) AAAS.

XANES spectra near the Ni K­edge region, with normalized
x­ray absorption m(E) as a function of x­ray photon energy
E. The shoulder feature at 8.340 keV that is present in the
ground state NiTPP and in the laser­pumped sample is indi­cated by the arrow. The XANES spectrum for the laser­
pumped sample can be approximated by mixing the groundstate spectra of NiTPP_L2 and NiTPP with a ratio of 7F3.
Reprinted with permission from Chen et al. Science(2001)20). Copyright (2001) AAAS.

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Reprinted with permission from Gawelda et al. J. Am.
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namics. (a) Time­dependent optically­ induced two­dimen­_
sional Kb uorescence dierence spectra for [Fe(2,2bipyridine)3]2{. (b, c) The dierence signal measured at aKb uorescence energy of 7,061 eV (b) and 7,054 eV (c) for[Fe(2,2
_bipyridine)3]2{ (red), as well as the best tachieved for kinetic models with (blue) or without (green
dashed) a 3T1,2 transient. Reprinted with permission from
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ÒÐî
«§Lê

GlM[Á¬í¤@\ ¨¿\¢Èw¤ úËõÈwæñ¤n ³ö
E­mail: shinichi.adachikek.jpêåFúËõÈwC\¢¶¨wmªðn
1992Nsåwåw@Hw¤ÈªqH
wêUmÛöC¹CmiHwjBú{
wpU»ïÁÊ¤õiGlM[¨w¤jC»w¤¤õi¶Ì¨»w¤ºjCGlM[Á¬í¤@\É¨¿\¢Èw¤Éy³öðoÄC
2010N10æèC»EB

Unveiling structural dynamics of materials
by synchrotron radiation
Shin­ichi ADACHI
Abstract

Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, KEK
1_1 Oho, Tsukuba, Japan

Materials bear intrinsic dynamics in wide range of time (10|15_
103 sec) and length (10|10_
10|3 m) scales. Synchrotron radiation is a powerful tool to pin down the materials dynamics intime­length and relevant energy­momentum spaces. This review covers the history of time­
resolved X_ray measurement by utilizing pulsed nature of synchrotron radiation to study structuraldynamics of materials in the time­length scale, and tries to foresee the future direction of structur­
al dynamics studies.

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