ᚑくᄢቇℂᎿቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔
J. Fac. Sci. Tech., Seikei Univ.
Vol.45 No.2 (2008) pp.43-51
㧔⎇ⓥႎ๔㧕ࠕࡈ࡝ࠞߢߩᢎ⢒੐ᖱߣㅢା੐ᖱ̆ ࠫࡦࡃࡉࠛߣ࠽ࡒࡆࠕ࿖ ̆              ᧛਄ ੳᏆ 

Environments of Education and Telecommunication of Africa Countries
㧙Zimbabwe and Namibia 㧙Hitomi MURAKAMI*ABSTRUCT: Africa, especially Middle-South Africa countries are far from Japan and are notfamiliar with our Japanese. Most of Africa countries are defined as developing countries fromview points of economy, technologies and others. These Africa countries, however, have widevarieties of potential resources such as rare metals, natural tours and agriculture. In addition

to such potentials, these Africa countries have important role to the possibilities to introduce

the newest ICT and Ubiquitous technologies against environmental problems. The author
was invited to give lectures on `recent trends of ICT and Ubiquitous technologies andbusiness` for professors and students of the universities of both countries, Zimbabwe andNamibia. This report introduces the author`s experiences on the environment of educationand telecommunication of these countries.

Keywords: Zimbabwe, Namibia, ICT, Mobile phone, Ubiquitous(Received September 1, 2008)ᴾ㧝㧚ߪߓ߼ߦ એਅߪ㧘㧞㧜㧜㧤ᐕ㧡᦬ᓟඨߦਔᄢቇࠍ⸰໧ߒ㧘ᚲᦼ ੹࿁ Zimbabwe University ߣ Namibia Universityߩ⋡⊛ߢ޽ࠆ⻠Ṷ㧘㓸ਛ⻠⟵ࠍታᣉߒߚ㓙ᗵߓߚਔᄢቇߢߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩ⃻⁁߅ࠃ߮ਔ࿖ߩㅢା੐ᖱߢ޽ࠆ‫ߜ߽ޕ‬㧔Polytechnic㧕߆ࠄߩ᜗⡜ߦࠃࠅ㧘ᄢቇ㑐ଥ⠪ߣቇ↢ߦࠈࠎ㧘ߎߎߢ⚫੺ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ੐ߪ㧘ਔᄢቇߣ߽ࠊߕ߆㧟ኻߒ㧘ᖱႎㅢାߦ㑐ߔࠆ⻠Ṷߣ㑐ㅪᛛⴚߦ㑐ߔࠆ㓸ਛ⻠ᣣߕߟߩ⍴޿⸰໧ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ળߞߡ⹤ߒੱߪ㧘ᄢቇᢎຬ㧘⟵ࠍߔࠆᯏળࠍᓧߚ‫ࠅ߹޽ޕ‬ធߔࠆᯏળߩߥ޿ࠕࡈ࡝ࠞධ ㇱ ߩ ࿖ ߢ ޽ ࠆ ߎ ߣ 㧘 એ ೨ ITU(InternationalTelecommunication Union)ᵴേࠍⴕߞߡ޿ߚᤨ㧘ࠕࡈ࡝ቇ↢ߣ޿߁㕖Ᏹߦ㒢ࠄࠇߚ▸࿐ߩੱߢ޽ߞߚߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬․ߦቇ↢ߪߘࠇߙࠇߩ࿖ߩ࠻࠶ࡊࠛ࡝࡯࠻ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ㧘߹ߚਔᄢቇ߇⟎߆ࠇߡ޿ࠆㇺᏒߪ౒ߦ㚂ㇺߢ㧘޿ࠊࠁࠆࠞઍ⴫߆ࠄ㧘ߗ߭ࠕࡈ࡝ࠞߩㅢା੐ᖱࠍߺߡ߶ߒ޿ߣߩᄢㇺળߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩ࿖ߢᦨ߽ㅢା੐ᖱ╬ߦᕺ߹ࠇଐ㗬ࠍᕁ޿಴ߒ㧘߃޿㧘߿ߞߣ಴߆ߌࠆߎߣߦߒߚ‫ޕ‬㧝ߚⅣႺߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍੌᛚ㗿޿ߚ޿‫ޕ‬ᐕ೨ߦߥߞߚᣂ☨ᄢቇᢎຬߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᚑくᄢߩቇ↢ߣઁ࿖ߩቇ↢ߩ․ᓽࠍᲧセߒ㧘ߘߩᏅࠍᛠីߒߡߺߚ޿㧘ߣ޿ ᛬ⷺߩ⸰໧ߩᯏળߢ޽ࠆߩߢ㧘߁᳇ᜬߜ߽޽ߞߚ‫ᦨޕ‬ㄭߎߩਔ࿖ߪ࡟ࠕࡔ࠲࡞ߩቲᐶߣ㧝㧚ਔᄢቇߢߩᖱႎㅢାߦ㑐ࠊࠆ᝼ᬺౝኈߣߘߩ࡟ࡌ࡞㧘ߒߡᵈ⋡ࠍ޽߮ߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᣣᧄߦߣߞߡ㊀ⷐߥ࿖ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ㧘߹ߚ Zimbabwe ߪ᡽ᴦ⊛㧘⚻ᷣ⊛ߦ⹤㗴⼾ንߢ޽ࠆ㧞㧚ᄢቇߢߩ⎇ⓥౝኈߣቇ↢ߩ዁᧪ߦኻߔࠆ⠨߃ᣇ㧘㧟㧚ㅢାⅣႺ㧘ߣߊߦࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ⅣႺߣ៤Ꮺ㔚⹤Ⅳߎߣ߽㧘಴߆ߌࠆ߈ߞ߆ߌߩ㧝ߟߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬Ⴚ㧘* : ᖱႎ⑼ቇ⑼ᢎ᝼㧔hi-murakami@st.seikei.ac.jp㧕߇ߤ߁߆㧘ࠍᔨ㗡ߦ⟎߈㧘⾆㊀ߥᤨ㑆ࠍㆊߏߔߎߣߦߒ㧙㧙ߚ‫ޕ‬൩⺰੹ᓟߩਔᄢቇߣᚑくᄢߣߩද⺞㑐ଥ߽㧘น⢻ߥߤࠎߥ⹤ࠍߔࠆ㧫ߣ޿߁᳇ᜬߜߢળߞߚߢ޽ࠈ߁ߎߣߪ㧘ࠄߎߩ⸰໧ߢߘߩ߈ߞ߆ߌࠍߟ߆ߺߚ޿ߣᕁߞߚ‫ޕ‬ኈᤃߦુࠊࠇߚ‫ޕ‬㧕࿑㧞ߪ㧘ቇ㐳㧘Ꮏቇㇱ㐳㧘㔚᳇Ꮏቇ⑼ቇ⑼㐳ߣߩ౮⌀ߢ޽ࠆ㧔ฬ⋡਄ߩቇ㐳ߪ㧘⃻ᄢ⛔㗔ߩ㧞㧚ࠫࡦࡃࡉࠛ࿖ߣ࠽ࡒࡆࠕ࿖

Robert Mugabe ᳁ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ࠕࡈ࡝ࠞߢߪࠃߊ޽ࠆߎߣࠄ
ߒߊ㧘ታ⾰⊛ߥቇ㐳ߪ㧘౮⌀ߩ Dr. Levi Nyaguard ᳁‫ޕ‬㧙㧚<KODCDYGߣ 6JG7PKXGTUKV[QH<KODCDYGᄢ⛔㗔ߢ޽ࠆቇ㐳ߪතᬺᑼߦ಴Ꮸߒ㧘ቇ↢৻ੱߠߟߦත

㧔5QWVJGTP4JQFGUKC ᄢቇ߆ࠄߩᡷ⚵㧕ᬺ⸽ᦠࠍࠊߚߔߩ߇ߥࠄࠊߒߣߩߎߣ㧕‫ޕ‬ Zimbabwe ߪੱญ㧝,㧟㧜㧜ਁੱ㧘㕙Ⓧߪᣣᧄࠃࠅ߿߿ᄢ߈޿࿖ߢ㧘࿖᳃㧝ੱᒰߚࠅߩ෼౉㧳㧺㧵ߪ㧟㧠㧜࠼࡞㧔㧞㧜㧜㧢ᐕߩ࠺࡯࠲㧕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ ߩߎޕ‬Zimbabwe ᄢቇߪ㚂ㇺ Harare ߩ㇠ᄖߦ޽ࠅ㧘㕖Ᏹߦᄢ߈ߥࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᄢߍߐߦ⸒߃߫⨲ේߦ޽ࠆᄢቇߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿑㧝߇ߘߩᱜ㐷ߢ޽ࠆ‫⸰ޕ‬໧ᦨೋߩᣣ㧘⨲ේߦ⋴᧼߇޽ࠆ㧘ߣᕁߞߡᄢቇ᭴ౝߦ౉ߞߚ‫߇ߎߎޕ‬ᱜ㐷ߛߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᴾ࿑㧞 <KODCDYG ᄢቇߩቇ㐳㧘ቇㇱ㐳㧘ቇ⑼㐳㧔ฝ߆ࠄੑੱ⋡߇㧘ታ⾰⊛ߥቇ㐳ߩ &T.GXK 0[CIWCTF ᳁㧕 ߚߛߒ㧘Zimbabwe ߪᦨㄭߢߪᣣᧄߢ߽㗫❥ߦႎ㆏ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᭂ߼ߡᕆ഍ߥࠗࡦࡈ࡟ߦ⷗⥰ࠊࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧔㧞㧜㧜㧤ᐕ㧟᦬ߩ⊒⴫ߢ㧘㧟㧡㧡㧘㧜㧜㧜㧑㧍㧕㧘ᄢᴾ࿑㧝 <KODCDYG ᄢቇߩᱜ㐷౉ࠅญ⛔㗔ㆬ᜼ߩᷙੂ㧘߹ߚᭂᦨㄭߢߪධࠕࡈ࡝ࠞ߳ߩ㔍᳃ߦ㑐ߔࠆ࠻࡜ࡉ࡞╬ߩߚ߼߆㧘Ꮢౝߩߺߥࠄߕ㧘ᄢቇߩਛߢ߽㧘⪭ߜ⌕߆ߥ޿㔓࿐᳇߇ᗵߓࠄࠇߚ‫߫߃ߣߚޕ‬㧘⑳ 㧝㧥㧤㧜ᐕߦ⧷࿖ߩ⥄ᴦᬀ᳃࿾ߣߒߡߩධࡠ࡯࠺ࠪࠕߩṛ࿷ਛߦᦺ߆ࠄᄛ߹ߢ㕙ୟࠍߺߡ㗂޿ߚ㔚᳇Ꮏቇ⑼ߩ

߆ࠄ⁛┙ߒߚ‫࠽࠴࡜ࡊޕ‬㧘ࠢࡠࡓ㧘࠾࠶ࠤ࡞㧘㊄ߥߤߩ

ቇ⑼㐳ߢ޽ࠆ㧘Prof. Elmicily ⎇ⓥቶߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߣᛂߜวࠊ࡟ࠕࡔ࠲࡞߇↥಴㧘ャ಴ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇߣߒߡߪฎߊ㧘ߖࠍⴕߞߡ޿ࠆᦨਛߢ߽㧘ᔅⷐߦᔕߓߡᛂߜวࠊߖߩ႐

1952 ᐕߦ⸳┙ߐࠇ㧘Zimbabwe ߦ޽ࠆ㧝㧠ߩᄢቇߩਛߢࠍㅌ಴㧘㌁ⴕߦ಴߆ߌࠆ⎇ⓥ⠪߇ዋߥ߆ࠄߕ޿ߚ‫ࡦࠗޕ‬ᦨ߽ฎ޿ᱧผࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧝㧜ቇㇱ㧘ቇ↢ᢙߪ⚂㧝.

ࡈ࡟ߩߚ߼㧘߅㊄߇ਅࠅࠆߣߔߋᔅⷐߥ߽ߩࠍ⾼౉㧘ᡰ㧞ਁੱߢ޽ࠆ㧔ߎߩࠃ߁ߥᄢ߈ߥᄢቇߦ߆߆ࠊࠄߕᢎ᝼ᛄ޿ࠍߔࠆߚ߼ߣߩߎߣߢ޽ߞߚ‫߫߃޿߁ߘޕ‬㧘↸ਛߩߪࠊߕ߆ߦ㧠㧞ฬߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬᝼ᬺߪၮᧄ⊛ߦ⻠Ꮷ߇ᜂᒰ㧕‫ޕ‬㌁ⴕߦߪ㧘ᏱߦᄙߊߩᏒ᳃߇ਗ߮㧘߅㊄ࠍ߅ࠈߒ㧘ߔߋᒰὼߩߎߣߥ߇ࠄ㧘තᬺ↢ߪ⃻ᄢ⛔㗔ࠍᆎ߼㧘᡽ᐭߦᄙߦ‛ࠍ⾼౉ߔࠆᏒ᳃ࠍᄙߊ⷗ߚ‫ࠅ޽ߢ࡟ࡈࡦࠗ߇ࠇߎޕ‬㧘ߊߩቇ↢߇ዞ⡯㧘࿖ߩਛᔃࠍᜂߞߡ޿ࠆ㧘൩⺰ᛛⴚ♽ߩ઀੐ߤߎߢߪߥ޿㧘ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬ᄢቇߩవ↢ᣇතᬺ↢ߩᄙߊ߽㧘᡽ᐭ߅ࠃ߮ㅢାᬺ⇇ߢᄢ߈ߥ൓ജࠍᜬߩ⛎ਈߪ㧘Ფ᦬ᡷ⸓ߐࠇࠆߣߩߎߣߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ᄢቇߞߡ޿ࠆߣߩߎߣߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
㧔Zimbabwe ᦨᄢߩㅢାળ␠ߩ⛎ਈߢߪ↢ᵴߢ߈ߕ㧘ᄖߢࠕ࡞ࡃࠗ࠻ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧘ߣ޿

Eco Net ߩ CEO ߽තᬺ↢ߢ޽ࠅ㧘หᄢቇߩᎿቇㇱ㐳ߩห߁ᢎຬ߽޿ߚ‫↹ޕ‬௝Ꮏቇߩᢎຬߪ㧘ડᬺߢߩࠞࡔ࡜ᠲ૞⚖↢ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘ᕆㆰ㧘ᗧ⷗੤឵ߩᤨ㑆ࠍ߽ߟߎߣߩ઀੐ࠍߒߡ޿ࠆ㧘ߣ⸒ߞߡ޿ߚ‫߫߃޿߁ߘޕ‬㧘⑳߇ᴱ߇ߢ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇߩవヘ࡮ᓟヘߩ⚿߮ߟ߈ߩᒝߐ߇ᅤታߦ߹ߞߚࡎ࠹࡞ߩ࡞࡯ࡓࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ୯Ბ⴫߽㧘ੑᣣ⋡ߩᦺ⃻ࠇߚ଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ‬వᣇߪ㧘ࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻㧘៤ߦ㧘ᣂߒ޿߽ߩߦขࠅᦧ߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬Ꮺ㔚⹤వㅴ࿖ߩᣣᧄ߆ࠄ㧘߼ߕࠄߒ޿ᛛⴚደ߇߈ߚߩߢ㧘㧙㧙 ቇ↢ߦ዁᧪ߩㅴ〝ࠍ⡞ߊߣ㧘ඨಽએ਄߇㧘ᄖ࿖ߢዞ⡯ኋ㗴ߦ಴ߐࠇߚ࠼࡮ࡕ࡞ࠟࡦߩቯℂߦ㑐ߔࠆ໧㗴ࠍ৻↢ߒߚ޿㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪᄖ࿖ߩᄢቇ㒮ߦㅴቇߒߚ޿㧘ߣߩᏗᦸ ๮⸃޿ߡ޿ࠆߩ߇㧘߶߶߃߹ߒ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬࿑㧠ߪ㧘⑳ߩࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߩᄢቇ㒮ߦⴕߞߡ߽⸒⪲ߩ໧㗴ߪߥ㓸ਛ⻠⟵⚳ੌᓟ㧘ቇ↢ߣ৻✜ߦ᠟ߞߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߞ߿ޕ‬޿߆㧫ߣ޿߁⾰໧ࠍฃߌߚ‫޿ߟޕ‬൓޿ߢ㧘̈↢ᓤߦᶏᄖ߆ߣ⚳ࠊߞߡࡎ࠶࠻ߒߚ⑳ߣ㧘ࠃߊࠊ߆ࠄߥ޿⧷⺆ߩ⹤߇ࠄߩ⇐ቇ↢߇޿ࠇ߫㧘൩⺰᝼ᬺߪ⧷⺆ߢⴕࠊࠇࠆ̉㧘ߣ╵߿ߞߣ⚳ࠊߞߡࡎ࠶࠻ߒߡ޿ࠆቇ↢ߩ㗻߇ශ⽎⊛ߥ㧘ᕁ߃ߡߒ߹ߞߚ‫ߩ⪲⸒ߩߎޕ‬໧㗴ߪ㧘Namibia ߩᄢቇߢ߽޿಴ߩࠬ࠽࠶ࡊߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ห᭽ߦ⾰໧ߐࠇߚ‫ߪࠄ߆ࠇߎޕ‬㧘ᣣᧄߩᄢቇߩ᝼ᬺ߽⧷⺆ߢⴕ߁ߎߣ߇ᔅ㗇ߦߥߞߡ޿߆ߑࠆࠍ߃ߥ޿㧘ߣ޿߁㧙㧚0COKDKC ߣ 0COKDKC ᄢቇߎߣߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬

 0COKDKC ߣ޿߁࿖ߪ㧘ੱญ㧞㧝㧜ਁੱ㧘㕙Ⓧߪᣣᧄߩ㧞㧞୚ߢ޽ࠅ㧘㧳㧺㧵ߪ㧟㧘㧞㧟㧜࠼࡞ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߏޕ‬ሽ⍮ 㔚᳇Ꮏቇ⑼ߩᢎ᝼ࠍ฽߼ߚ⎇ⓥຬ㧝㧠ฬߣߩᙣ⺣ߢ㧘ߩࠃ߁ߦධࠕࡈ࡝ࠞ߆ࠄ㧝㧥㧥㧜ᐕߦ⁛┙ߒߚ㧘਎⇇ߢᦨㄭᦠ޿ߚ⺰ᢥߪ㧫ߣ޿߁⑳߆ࠄߩ⾰໧ߦኻߒ․ߦ㄰੐

ᦨ߽ᣂߒ޿࿖ߢ޽ࠆ‫࠼ࡦࡕࠕࠗ࠳ޕ‬㧘࠙࡜ࡦ㧘੝㋦㧘㌃ࠍᓧࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚ‫ߣ߁ࠈߛߣߎ߁޿߁ߘࠎ߱ߚޕ‬ᕁ޿ߘࠍ↥಴ߒ㧘࡟ࠕࡔ࠲࡞ߢߪᦨㄭንߦ⣉శࠍᶎ߮ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠇએ਄ߩ⎇ⓥߩౝኈߦߟ޿ߡߩᗧ⷗੤឵ߪ⚳ੌߦߒߚ‫ޕ‬

0COKDKC ߢߪ 0COKDKC ᄢቇ߇໑৻ߩᄢቇߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߎߩ࿑㧟ߪ㧘ߎߎߢⴕࠊࠇߚ Prof. Elmicily ߩ⎇ⓥቶߣߩᛂߜ

0COKDKC ᄢ ቇ ߆ ࠄ 㧝 㧥 㧥 㧠 ᐕ ߦ ಽ 㔌 㧘 ⁛ ┙ ߒ ߚวࠊߖߩ౮⌀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

2QN[VGEJPKE ߇㧘໑৻ߩᎿ⑼♽ߩᄢቇߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᄢቇߦߪએਅߩ㧡ቇ⑼㧔ࡎ࠹࡞ቇ⑼߽޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩߚ߼ࡎ࠹࡞ ቇ↢㧘ᢎຬߦኻߔࠆ⻠Ṷߪ㧘̈Recent Trend of Mobile߽⚻༡ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧕㧘㧝࠮ࡦ࠲㧘ቇ⑼ᢙߪ㧞㧢㧘ቇ↢ᢙߪ⚂Technologies and Business in Japan’ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘㓸ਛ⻠⟵㧔㧞㧘㧟㧘㧠ᐕ↢ߢ㧝ቇᐕߪ⚂㧟㧡ฬ㧕ߪ㧘̈Japanese History of㧡㧘㧜㧜㧜ฬߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧔㧝㧕㧿㨏㨔㨛㨛㨘 㨛㨒 㧮㨡㨟㨕㨚㨑㨟㨟 㨍㨚㨐

Telecommunications and Ubiquitous 6echnologies’ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘㧹㨍㨚㨍㨓㨑㨙㨑㨚㨠㧔㧞㧕㧿㨏㨔㨛㨛㨘 㨛㨒 㧯㨛㨙㨙㨡㨚㨕㨏㨍㨠㨕㨛㨚㧔㧟㧕㧿㨏㨔㨛㨛㨘 㨛㨒 㧱㨚㨓㨕㨚㨑㨑㨞㨕㨚㨓㧔㧠㧕㧿㨏㨔㨛㨛㨘 㨛㨒 㧵㨚㨒㨛㨞㨙㨍㨠㨕㨛㨚T㨑㨏㨔㨚㨛㨘㨛㨓㨥㧔㧡㧕㧿㨏㨔㨛㨛㨘 㨛㨒 㧺㨍㨠㨡㨞㨍㨘 㧾㨑㨟㨛㨡㨞㨏㨑㨟 㨍㨚㨐 㨀㨛㨡㨞㨕㨟㨙㧔㧢㧕㧯㨑㨚㨠㨞㨑 㨒㨛㨞 㧻㨜㨑㨚 㨍㨚㨐㧸㨕㨒㨑㨘㨛㨚㨓 㧸㨑㨍㨞㨚㨕㨚㨓 ⁛┙ߩ⚻✲߆ࠄ㧘ᢎຬߪධࠕࡈ࡝ࠞ಴り߇ᄙߊ㧘ߘߩઁ㧘࠼ࠗ࠷㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߥߤߩ࡛࡯ࡠ࠶ࡄ಴り㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪ⇐ቇ⚵ߺ߇߶ߣࠎߤߢ޽ࠆ‫৻ޕ‬ㇱ㧘☨࿖㧘ࡑ࠙ࠗ㧘ࠕ࡞ࠫࠚ࡝ࠕ಴りߩᢎຬߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫੹ޕ‬࿁⑳߇਎⹤ߦߥߞߚవ↢㧘Dr. Chikuni ߪ Zimbabwe ಴り㧘Mr. Phiri ߪ࿑㧟 2TQH'NOKEKN[ ⎇ⓥቶߢߩᛂߜวࠊߖ

Maui ᄢቇࠍතᬺᓟ Malaysia Multimedia ᄢቇߢୃ჻ภߩቇ૏ࠍขߞߚ޽ߣ㧘ߎߩᄢቇߢ⻠Ꮷࠍߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬Mobile㧔⑳ߩ⧷⺆ജߦᴪߞߚ㧕߿ߐߒ޿ᛛⴚ⸃⺑ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬

Data Transmission ࠍኾ㐷ߦߒ㧘໑৻ Mobile 㑐ଥߩ᝼ᬺࠍ

᝼ᬺߢ޽߃ߡ⑳߇ᚑくᄢߢᜂᒰߒߡ޿ࠆ㧘࠺ࠫ࠲࡞ାภᜂᒰߒߡ޿ࠆ㧘⧯ᚻߩ♖ജ⊛ߥ⎇ⓥ⠪ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬㧔㧝㧕㧔㧞㧕ಣℂ㧘࠺ࠫ࠲࡞࿁〝ߦ㑐ଥߔࠆ⾰໧ࠍቇ↢ߦ㗫❥ߦⴕߞ੹࿁ળߞߚ㧞ࠞ࿖ߩᢎຬߩਛߢᦨ߽ࠕࠣ࡟࠶ࠪࡉߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߚ‫੹ޕ‬࿁ߩ⸰໧ߩ⋡⊛㧞ߩ⢛᥊ߩߚ߼ߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠄ߆⺰⚿ޕ‬ߗ߭ᣣᧄߢඳ჻ߩቇ૏ࠍขࠅߚ޿ߣᾲߊ⺆ߞߡ޿ߚߩ߇

⸒߃߫㧘࠺ࠫ࠲࡞ାภಣℂߪ߆ߥࠅೋᱠ⊛ߥ▸࿐߹ߢ㧘ශ⽎⊛ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬Zimbabwe ᄢቇߢߪ㧘ߘ߁޿߁ߎߣߪ࠺ࠫ࠲࡞࿁〝ߪ㧘㗅ᐨ࿁〝߇ SRFF(Set-Reset Flip-Flop)߹ߥ߆ߞߚ߇㧘㛳ߊ߶ߤ㩈㩁㨷㩢㩍㨼㨺ࠍ෩ߒߊ࠴ࠚ࠶ࠢߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ߢߢ㧘⺰ℂ࿁〝߇ਛᔃߢ޽ߞߚ㧘ߘߩઍࠊࠅ㧘ࠕ࠽ࡠࠣᄢቇ౉ࠅญߢߪ൩⺰㧘ฦᩞ⥢ߢ߽㧝ੱ㧝ੱߩቇ↢⸽ߩ⏕࿁〝ࠍߒߞ߆ࠅീᒝߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘◲නߥ࿁〝⸳⸘ߣߘߩࡂ⹺߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ ↸ߩߎޕ‬Windhoek ߪ․Ბෂ㒾ߥⴝߩ࡯࠼࠙ࠚࠕൻ߹ߢ߇ീᒝߩ▸࿐ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ࠆ޽ޕ‬ቇ↢߇㧘ࠃ߁ߦߪ⷗߃ߥ߆ߞߚ߇‫ޕ‬㧙㧙⺆ࠍℂ⸃಴᧪ߕ⧰ഭߒߡ޿ࠆቇ↢߇⧯ᐓߢߪ޽ࠆ߇޿ࠆߎߣ㧘ߣ޿߁⹤߇޽ߞߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᅚᕈᢎ᝼ߪධࠕࡈ࡝ࠞ಴りߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘̈ߘࠇߢ߽ධࠕࡈ࡝ࠞࠃࠅ߹ߒߛࠊࠃ㧘ධࠕࡈ࡝ࠞߪ㧣ࡩ࿖⺆ߢ᝼ᬺ߇ࠊ߆ࠆߎߣ㧘ߣ᳿߼ࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ㅢ⸶߇ᔅⷐߢ᝼ᬺߪࠟ࠲ࠟ࠲̉㧘ߣ޿߁╉޿⹤߇޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ ߹ߚ⑳߇ᄢቇᢎຬ㧘ቇ↢ߣ޿ࠈ޿ࠈ⹤ߒߚ߆ߞߚߩߪ㧘ᖱ ႎ ㅢ ା ᛛ ⴚ 㧘 ICT 㧔 Information and CommunicationTechnologies㧕ߦ㑐ߒߡߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᣇ㕙ߩኾ㐷ኅߪ㧘వ ߦ ⚫ ੺ ߒ ߚ ⻠ Ꮷ ߩ Mr. Phiri ߛ ߌ ߢ ޽ ߞ ߚ ߇ 㧘

Department of Communication ߩቇㇱ㐳ߣቇ⑼㐳㧔ਔᣇߣ࿑㧠 <KODCDYG ᄢቇߢߩ㓸ਛ⻠⟵߇⚳ࠊߞߡ߽ᅚᕈᢎ᝼㧕߇ળߞߡ⹤ߒߚ޿ߣߩߐߘ޿߇޽ࠅ㧘ᦸࠎߢ޿ߚᗧ⷗੤឵߇ߢ߈ࠆߣᕁ޿ߪࠅ߈ߞߡᤤ㘩ࠍ৻✜ߦ Namibia ߪ࡟ࠕࡔ࠲࡞ߩ↢↥ߢ⍮ࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘㚂ㇺߩߒߚ‫ߦߜ߁ࠆ޿ߡߒ⹤ޕ‬Ბ‫ޘ‬ਛり߇߆ߺ޽ࠊߥߊߥࠅ㧘Windhoek ߪᷡẖᗵ޽߰ࠇߚᄢᄌ߈ࠇ޿ߥ↸ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᄢࠃߊ⏕⹺ߔࠆߣ㧘Polytechnic ߢߪ߼ߕࠄߒ޿㧘ᣣᧄߢ⸒ቇࠠࡖࡦࡄ߽ࠬ㧘Zimbabwe ᄢቇߣᲧߴࠆߣ࿶ୟ⊛ߦᢛ߃߫ᢥൻ♽ߩࡔ࠺ࠗࠕቇߢ޽ࠅ㧘ੱߣੱߩㅢାߩᩮḮࠍ஻ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᚻ౉ࠇ߽ⴕ߈ዯ޿ߡ޿ࠆ‫࠙࠼࡯ࡂߦ․ޕ‬⷗ᭂ߼ࠆߩ߇⋡ᮡߩቇㇱߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬තᬺ↢ߪ࠹࡟ࡆዪߩࠚࠕ࿁〝ታ㛎ቶߪ㧘ᚑくᄢߩߘࠇߣห╬࡟ࡌ࡞એ਄ߦᢛ㩍㩨㨼㩤㩂㩊㧘㩖㩩㩥㩍㩨㩟㨺㩅 ޽ࠆ޿ߪᣂ⡞␠߳ߩዞ⡯߇ᄙ޿ߣߩ஻ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ታ㛎ቶߦߪᜂᒰߩᛛⴚຬ߇Ᏹ㚢ߒ㧘ߎߣߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ታࠍ޿߁ߣߎߩవ↢ᣇߣߩળ⹤߇৻⇟⋓ㇱደߩ▤ℂ㧘ቇ↢ߩታ㛎ࠨࡐ࡯࠻ࠍᜂᒰߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ቇ↢ࠅ਄߇ࠅ㧘ᚑくᄢቇᖱႎ⑼ቇ⑼ߩቇ↢߇૞ߞߚ㧘៤Ꮺ㔚ߦߣߞߡᄢᄌᕺ߹ࠇߚⅣႺࠍឭଏߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬࿁〝ታ⹤ࠞࡔ࡜↹௝㧘GPS㧔Global Positioning System㧕ᖱႎ, ࠣ㛎ߩ᝼ᬺ߽⷗ߖߡ㗂޿ߚ߇㧘ߎߎߢߪ㧝ᐕ↢߆ࠄኾ㐷⑼࡯ࠣ࡞࿾࿑ࠍⲢวߒߚ㧔㧟㧕㧘࡙ࡆࠠ࠲ࠬⅣႺߩ᭴▽଀ߩ⋡ߩታ㛎᝼ᬺ߇޽ࠅ㧘ࠕ࠽ࡠࠣ࿁〝ߩઍ⴫⊛ߥჇ᏷ེ㧘⹤ࠍߔࠆߣߣ߽ߦ㧘ߎߩ࿑㧡ߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ࠺ࡕࠍⴕߞߚ‫ޕ‬

ᓸಽ࡮Ⓧಽེ㧘ࡈࠖ࡞࠲ߩ⸳⸘ߣߘߩࡂ࡯࠼࠙ࠚࠕൻࠍߚ޿߳ࠎ⥝๧ࠍ␜ߒ㧘⥄ಽ㆐߇ NOKIA ߣⴕߞߡ޿ࠆStreetⴕߞߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ቇ↢৻ੱ৻ੱ߇㧘ࠦࡦࡇࡘ࡯࠲ߢ㧘ߚߣ߃

Culture ߣⲢวߒߡߺࠃ߁㧘ߣ⹤߇⊒ዷߒߚ‫੹ޕ‬߫Ⴧ᏷ེࠍ⸳⸘ߒ㧘ߎࠇࠍၮ⋚਄ߦࡂ࡯࠼࠙ࠚࠕൻߔࠆᓟߩ Namibia ᄢቇߣᚑくᄢቇߣߩදห⎇ⓥ࠹࡯ࡑߩ⋡ᮡ᝼ᬺߢ޽ࠆ‫⊝ޕ‬ᾲᔃߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߢ޿ߚ‫ࠆ޽ޕ‬ᅚሶቇ↢ߦ㧘ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬߅߽ߒࠈ޿ߢߔ߆㧫ߣ⾰໧ߔࠆߣ㧘Yes!ߣ╵߃ߚ߇㧘⴫ᖱߪ޽߹ࠅ߿ࠅߚߊߥ޿㧘ߣ޿߁㗻ߢ޽ߞߚ‫࠽ࠕߩߎޕ‬ࡠࠣ࿁〝ታ㛎ߪ㧘ᣣᧄߩߤߎߩᄢቇߢ߽߽߁ⴕߞߡ޿ߥ޿ߩߢߪ㧘ߣ޿߁ᕁ޿ࠍߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬Namibia ߣ޿߁࿖ᖱ᡿ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬ ᕁ޿ߩ߶߆ᅚሶቇ↢߇ᄙߊ㧘㔚᳇Ꮏቇ⑼ߢ㧟㧜㧑ࠍභ߼ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧔࿯ᧁᎿቇ⑼㧘㋶ጊ⑼ࠍ฽߻ߣᄢቇో૕ߢߪ㧞㧡㧑㧕ᣣᧄߣห᭽㧘ᚑ❣ߪᅚሶቇ↢߇਄ߣߩߎߣߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ ߎߎߩᄢቇߩవ↢ᣇߪ㧘ቇળ⊒⴫߽Ⓧᭂ⊛ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߐߔ߇ߦ࡛࡯ࡠ࠶ࡄ㧘☨࿖㐿௅ߩቇળߢߩ⊒⴫ߪዋߥ޿߇㧘ోࠕࡈ࡝ࠞ IEEE ቇળ߇Ფᐕ㐿௅ߐࠇ㧘ߎࠇߦ⊒⴫ߔࠆߩ߇⋡ᮡߣߩߎߣߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᜂᒰߔࠆ᝼ᬺߪᐔဋㅳ㧞㧘㧟ࠦࡑߢ޽ࠅ㧘᝼ᬺߩ⽶ᜂ㧘ቇ↢ߩ⢻ജ㧘߿ࠆ᳇ߦ․Ბ

ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ࿑㧡 ᚑくᄢᖱႎ⑼ቇ⑼㐿⊒ߩ៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ࠞࡔ࡜㧘ਇḩߪߥ޿ߣߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫⧯ޕ‬ᐓߩ⧰ഭߣ޿߃߫㧘ߎߩ    )25 ᖱႎ㧘࿾࿑ߩⲢว

࿖ߩ╙৻⸒⺆ߢ޽ࠆ⧷⺆ߢ᝼ᬺߔࠆ߇㧘ቇ↢ߩਛߦߪ⧷

㧙㧙 ᢎຬߩᣇߪ㧘ഥᚻ߆ࠄᢎ᝼߹ߢ㗫❥ߦળ⼏߇޽ࠆ‫ߘޕ‬߽ࠃࠄߥ޿ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ̉ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߎࠇࠄߦ㑐ߔࠆ⍮⼂㧘ᖱߩਛߢ߽ᄢᄌߥળ⼏ߪ㧘ᢎ⢒ౝኈߩᄖㇱᆔຬ߳ߩ⺑᣿ߣႎߪ߶ߣࠎߤߥ޿ࠃ߁ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘⥝๧߽␜ߒߡ߽

޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ߞߚ‫↥ޕ‬ᬺ⇇ઍ⴫߆ࠄߪ㧘ᄢቇතᬺߒߡහ

ࠄ߃ߥ߆ߞߚ‫ ߩߡߒߣࡓ࡯ࠥߒߛߚޕ‬SUDOKU㧔ᢙ⁛㧕ᓎߦ┙ߟታ〣ജࠍᦸ߹ࠇ㧘߹ߚ࿖߆ࠄߪ㧘዁᧪࿖ࠍ⢛⽶ߪߔߴߡߩቇ↢߇⍮ߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᡷ߼ߡᣣᧄߩࠥ࡯ࡓ㧘ࡄߞߡ┙ߟ㧘዁᧪ࠍ⷗ᝪ߃ߚᛛⴚ⠪⢒ᚑࠍ㧘ߣᦸ߹ࠇࠆߣ࠭࡞ߩ਎⇇⊛᥉෸ࠍ⋡ߩᒰߚࠅߦߒߚ‫ޕ‬޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ߞߚ‫߽ߎߤޕ‬หߓᖠߺࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ⏕⹺ߒߚ‫ޕ‬࿑㧢0COKDKC ᄢቇߩቇ㐳㧘ቇㇱ㐳㧘ቇ⑼㐳㧔Ꮐ߆ࠄੑੱ⋡߇ቇ㐳ߩ㧰㨞㧚㨀㧚 㨀㨖㨕㨢㨕㨗㨡㨍᳁㧕࿑㧣 0COKDKC ᄢቇߢߩ⻠Ṷ⚳ੌᓟ ࿑㧢ߪ㧘Namibia ᄢቇ Polytechnic ߩቇ㐳㧘ቇㇱ㐳㧘㔚

᳇Ꮏቇ⑼ቇ⑼㐳ߣߩ౮⌀㧘࿑㧣ߪ⻠Ṷ⚳ੌᓟߩ౮⌀ߢ޽࿑㧤 ධࠕࡈ࡝ࠞ⥶ⓨᯏౝ⹹ߢ⚫੺ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧘57&1-7
ߣ⣖ࠍ㎊߃ࠆࡄ࠭࡞

ࠆ‫߽ߢߎߎޕ‬㧘Zimbabwe ᄢߣหߓ⻠Ṷౝኈ㧘⻠⟵ౝኈࠍⴕߞߚ‫ޕ‬Namibia ߩ៤Ꮺ㔚⹤߽ Zimbabwe ߣห᭽㧘㧞G

߆ࠄ㧟G ߦ⒖ⴕㅜਛߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᣣᧄߩࠃ߁ߥ࠺࡯࠲વㅍࠨ ࿑㧤ߪ㧘ධࠕࡈ࡝ࠞ Johannesburg ߆ࠄ㚂ㇺ Windhoek࡯ࡆࠬߪㅜߦߟ޿ߚ߫߆ࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߢᐢߊ᥉෸ߒߡ

ߦะ߆߁ධࠕࡈ࡝ࠞ⥶ⓨߩᯏౝႎߢ⚫੺ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ

޿ࠆ⌕߁ߚ㧘ࠥ࡯ࡓ㧘ᤋ௝ߥߤߪ㧘ቇ↢ߦߣߞߡ̈ᕁ޿SUDOKU ߣᣣᧄߢ߽ᵹⴕߞߚછᄤၴߩ̈⣖ࠍ㎊߃ࠆ̉ࡄ㧙㧙⴫㧝㧚ኅᐸ↪ #&5. ߩଔᩰߣឭଏㅦᐲ࠭࡞ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㆙޿ᄖ࿖ߢᣣᧄࠍᗵߓࠆߣ㧘ᄢᄌ⹶ࠄߒ޿᳇ᜬߜߦߥࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬៤Ꮺ┵ᧃߦࠞࡔ࡜߇⌕޿ߡ޿ࠆߩߪ          

߹ߛ⒘ߢ㧘ߐࠄߦߪ GPS ࠍ૶ߞߚ࠽ࡆࠥ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߥߤ߳ࠕࠢ࠮ࠬㅦᐲ㧔MDRU㧕 ଔᩰ㧔0㧘㧔౞㧕㧕ߩ޿ࠈ޿ࠈߥᔕ↪ߪ߹ߛ߹ߛవߩ⹤ߦᕁ߃ߚ‫ޕ‬㧞㧡㧢㧟㧠㧥  㧔㧡㧜㧢㧜㧕㧟㧤㧠㧡㧠㧥  㧔㧣㧘㧥㧢㧜㧕㧡㧝㧞㧢㧥㧥  㧔㧝㧜㧘㧝㧟㧡㧕㧝㧜㧞㧠㧝㧘㧜㧥㧥 㧔㧝㧡㧘㧥㧟㧡㧕㧟㧚ㅢା੐ᖱ એਅߪ Telecom Namibia ߩ଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ၮᐙࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯

ࠢߩ࠺ࠫ࠲࡞ൻߪ 100㧑ࠍ㆐ᚑߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ㅢାߩਥജߪ㧘㨂㧿㧭㨀ߢ޽ࠅ㧘࿖ౝߦߪ 208 ዪ⸳⟎ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬⴫㧞㧚ࡆࠫࡀࠬ↪ #&5. ߩଔᩰߣឭଏㅦᐲߎࠇࠄⴡᤊዪߪశࡈࠔࠗࡃߢ⚿߫ࠇ㧘࿖ౝ࠻࡯࠲࡞ߢ



6000㨗㨙ߩశࡈࠔࠗࡃ߇ᢝ⸳ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ ߚ߹ޕ‬Namibiaࠕࠢ࠮ࠬㅦᐲ㧔kbps㧕ଔᩰ㧔0 ౞㧕㧟㧤㧠㧢㧟㧝 㧔㧥㧘㧝㧠㧡㧕㧡㧝㧞㧤㧜㧠 㧔㧝㧝㧘㧢㧠㧟㧕㧝㧜㧞㧠㧝㧘㧞㧢㧠 㧔㧝㧡㧘㧥㧟㧠㧕㧞㧜㧠㧤㧞㧘㧠㧝㧠 㧔㧟㧠㧘㧥㧤㧤㧕ߦߪ៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ળ␠ߣߒߡ㧘ߎߩ㧯㧰㧹㧭ࠍណ↪ߒߡ޿ࠆ
Telecom Namibia ߦട߃㧘㧹㨀㧯ߣ Cell One㧔ਔᣇߣ߽㧳㧿㧹ᣇᑼࠍណ↪㧕߇޽ࠆ߇㧘ߎࠇࠄ៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ળ␠ߦశࡈࠔࠗࡃࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍឭଏߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ߹ߚ㧘*CTCTG ㇠ᄖ㧝㧜-O ߩߣߎࠈߦ㧘ࠗࡦ࠹࡞ࠨ࠶࠻
㧭ᮡḰ࿾⃿ዪ߇Ⓙ௛ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘0COKDKC ߩ࿖㓙ㅢାߩၮᐙࠍᜂߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ৻ᣇ㧘ߎࠇ߆ࠄߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢᢛ஻ߦ߽Ⓧᭂ⊛ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬㧞㧜㧝㧜ᐕࠍ⋡ᮡߦ㧘DWDM ߢߩ MPLS, ATM, SDH,FR ߦࠃࠆ IP ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩឭଏࠍ⋡ᮡߦߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠄࠇߎޕ‬ࠗࡦࡈ࡜ࠍ೑↪ߒߡฦ⒳㖸ჿࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ㧘࠺࡯࠲વㅍ㧘ઃടࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߇ᗐቯߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ‬㧘៤Ꮺ㔚⹤╬ߩή✢♽ࠍ฽߻ฦ⒳ࠕࠢ࠮ࠬ✂ߣߩធ⛯߽ⷞ㊁ߦ౉ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬᭴ᗐߪ NGN㧔Next Generation Network㧕ߘߩ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ ߩߎߡߞࠃޕ‬NGN ࠍ੹ᓟߤ߁౞Ṗߦዉ౉࿑㧥 ↸ߩ㔚᳇ደߢߩ㧘ࡊ࡝ࡍࠗ࠼៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ߩትવߔࠆ߆ࠍ੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫࠼ࡦࡃ࠼࡯ࡠࡉࠄࠇߎޕ‬ߩ᥉෸ߩ߅㒶ߢ㧘Namibia ߢߪᄢኈ㊂ࡈࠔࠗ࡞ઃ߈ࡔ࡯ ౕ૕⊛ߥࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߣߒߡ㧘㧭㧰㧿㧸(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)߇᥉෸ߒߡ߈ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧞㧜㧜㧢ᐕߦ㚂ㇺߢ޽ࠆ Windhoek ߢ㐿ᆎߐࠇ㧘⃻࿷ߪ࡞߽ࠬࡓ࡯࠭ߦࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ߢㅢାߢ߈ߚ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ㧘
Zimbabwe ߢߪ㧘ၮᧄ⊛ߦߪࡔ࡯࡞ߩߺߢ޽ࠅ㧘ਔ࿖ߩࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ⅣႺߦᄢ߈ߥᏅ߇޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⏕⹺ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㧝㧤ㇺᏒ߹ߢࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߇᜛ᄢߒߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬ឭଏߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠕࠢ࠮ࠬㅦᐲߪ㧘㧞㧡㧢㧷㨎㨜㨟߆ࠄ㧞.㧜㧠㧤㧹㨎㨜㨟㧠㧚៤Ꮺ㔚⹤੐ᖱ߹ߢߢ޽ࠆ‫⴫ޕ‬㧝㧘㧞ߪኅᐸ↪ߣࡆࠫࡀࠬ↪ߢߩㅦᐲߣଔᩰࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔ߎߎߢߪෳ⠨ߣߒߡ㧘㧝㧺࠼࡞ࠍ㧝㧠㧚㧠౞ߢ឵▚ߒߚᣣᧄ౞ߢߩଔᩰ߽␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧕‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ߎߩࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߢߪᣣᧄߢߪᒰߚࠅ೨ߩቯ㗵೙ߢߥߊ㧘޽

 Zimbabwe ߢ߽៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ߪᏒ᳃ߩࠗࡦࡈ࡜ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᛂߜวࠊߖࠍᜬߞߚ ECO Net ߩ႐ว㧘㧞㧜㧜㧟ᐕߦࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍ㐿ᆎ㧘Ფᐕ㧟㧜㧙㧠㧜㧑ߩഀวߢ㗅⺞ߦ㘈ቴᢙࠍિ߃ߡ⸒߃߫ᓥ㊂೙ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍណ↪ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫⃻ޕ‬࿷ߩᣣᧄ߫ߒߡ߈ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧞㧜㧜㧣ᐕߢ㧢㧟ਁੱߩ࡙࡯ࠩࠍᜬߞߢߪ㧘㧤Mbps ߢ㧞,㧜㧜㧜߆ࠄ㧟,㧜㧜㧜౞ߩቯ㗵೙ߢࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߇ឭଏߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧳㧺㧵߇㧟㧣,㧝㧤㧜࠼࡞ߢᣣߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ARPU(Average Revenue Per Unit)ߪ㧞㧤,㧜㧜㧜Z࠼࡞㧔Ფᐕ㧠㧜㧑ߩિ߮㧕ߣߩߎߣߛߞߚ߇㧘ߎߩࠗࡦᧄߩ㧝/㧝㧜એਅߩ࿖ߢߩߎߩ୯Ბߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ㧘޿߆ߦᣣࡈ࡟₸ߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠅ߹޽ޕ‬ା㗬ߢ߈ࠆᢙ୯ߩࠃ߁ߦᕁ߃ߥ޿‫ޕ‬ᧄߪࡉࡠ࡯࠼ࡃࡦ࠼ⅣႺߦᕺ߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆ߆߇ࠊ߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧙㧙 Namibia ᦨᄢߩࠠࡖ࡝ࠕߢ㧘MTC ߣ Cell one ߦᰴ޿ߢ એਅߩ⴫㧟ߪ㧘Namibia ߩ៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ᐫߢᄁߞߡ޿ߚ┵㧟⇟⋡ߦ៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ࡆࠫࡀࠬߦෳ౉ߒߚ Telecom Namibiaߩ଀ࠍ⚫੺ߔࠆ‫ ߩߎޕ‬Telecom Namibia ߪ W-CDMA ࠍᧃᯏེߩ୯Ბߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ណ↪㧔ઁߩ㧞␠ߪ GSM㧕ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔㑐ㅪ┵ዪⵝ⟎ߪਛ࿖⴫㧟 0COKDKC ߢ⽼ᄁߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ៤Ꮺ㔚⹤┵ᧃߩ୯Ბ

H㨁AWEL ߇ឭଏ㧕‫ޕ‬ਥᵹߪ㧞G ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘㧟G ߽ߔߢߦ㐿ᆎߐࠇ㧘⌕ታߦ᥉෸ߒߡ߈ߡ޿ࠆ‫ߦߊߣޕ‬㧟G-EVDO

ᯏ ⒳୯ Ბ

㧔Evolution Data Only㧕ࠍⓍᭂ⊛ߦትવߒߡ޿ࠆ‫࠲࡯࠺ޕ‬0QMKC( 㩏㩚㩕㩨㨻㩎㩨㩣㧔㧝㧟㧚㧟ਁ౞㧕વㅍㅦᐲߪᦨᄢ㧟㧚㧝Mbps ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ធ.)-' 㩏㩚㩕㩨㨻㩎㩨㩣㧔㧝㧜㧚㧠ਁ౞㧕⛯ߩ↪ㅜߣߒߡ᥉෸ߒߡ߈ߡ޿ࠆ‫࡞ࠗࡃࡕߩߎޕ‬㩖㩨㩥㨺㩎㩨

5CO6 㩏㩚㩕㩨㨻㩎㩨㩣㧔㧢㧚㧠ਁ౞㧕㩔㩨㩧㩎㩨ⅣႺࠍ੨ฃ಴᧪ࠆߩߪ㧘߹ߛ㧝㧝ㇺᏒߦ㒢ࠄࠇߡ޿

5QP['TKEUQP 㩏㩚㩕㩨㨻㩎㩨㩣㧔㧞㧚㧤ਁ౞㧕ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ߩ૶↪ߪ㧘࿑㧥ߩ↸ߩ㔚᳇ደߩትવߢ5& 㩜㩝㩢)

 㩏㩚㩕㩨㨻㩎㩨㩣㧔㧡㧢㧜㧜౞㧕߽ࠊ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ࡊ࡝ࡍࠗ࠼߇ਥᵹߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ᣣᧄߣోߊ⇣ߥࠆ㧔ߣ޿߁ࠃࠅ㧘ᣣᧄ߇଀ᄖ⊛ߥࡆࠫ

 Zimbabwe ᄢቇ㧘Namibia ᄢቇߢߩ⻠Ṷ࡮⻠⟵ߩ㓙㧘ᔅࡀࠬࡕ࠺࡞ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠈ߁߇㧕ࡆࠫࡀࠬࡕ࠺࡞ߢߩ

ߕቇ↢ߦ㧘៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆ߆㧫ARPU ߪᐞࠄ߆㧫୯Ბߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍᛚ⍮ߢ㧘ߎߩ⴫ࠍߏⷩ㗂߈ߚ޿‫ޕ‬࿶ୟߤߩࠃ߁ߥ૶޿ᣇࠍߒߡ޿ࠆ߆㧫ߎࠇ߆ࠄᦸ߻ᯏ⢻ߪ૗⊛ߦ NOKIA ⵾߇ᄙߊ㧘޽ߣߪ Motorola, Samsung, LG ⵾߆㧫ࠍ⡞޿ߚ‫ޕ‬⡞޿ߚቇ↢ᢙߪ㧘Zimbabwe ᄢߢ㧢㧤ฬ㧘Namibia ᄢߢߪ㧝㧝㧞ฬߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬߇ᐫ㗡ߦਗࠎߢ޿ߚ‫࡜ࡔࠞߚ߹ޕ‬㧘GPS ߥߤߩᣣᧄߩ៤Ꮺ㔚⹤߇ߔߴߡߘߥ߃ߡ޿ࠆᯏ⢻߽㧘ߎࠇ߆ࠄ㧘ߣ޿߁⁁ᴫߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ ଻᦭⠪ߪ㧘
Zimbabwe ᄢߢ㧠㧡㧑㧘
Namibia ᄢߢ㧤㧞㧑㧘ਔᄢቇߣ߽ ARPU ߪ㧝㧜US ࠼࡞‫ޕ‬
㧔Zimbabwe ߩ႐ว㧘ᕆỗߥࠗࡦࡈ࡟ߩߚ߼㧘ቇ↢߽ߘߩ⸘▚ߦᄢᄌ࿎ᖺߒߡ޿ߚ㧘ߣ޿߁᧦ઙߢߩ㧝㧜US ࠼࡞ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘৻ੱߛߌ㧘⑳ߪ㧞㧜US ࠼࡞ߣ޿߁ᅚሶቇ↢߇޿ߚ‫ޕ‬㧕૶޿ᣇߪ㧘ਔᣇߣ߽㔚⹤ߣ SMS ߇߶ߣࠎߤߢ޽ࠆ㧔߿ߞߣ㧟G߇ ᆎ ߹ ߞ ߚ ߫ ߆ ࠅ ߢ ޽ ࠅ 㧘 ᒰ ὼ ߩ ⚿ ᨐ ߢ ޽ ࠈ ߁ 㧕‫ޕ‬
Zimbabwe ߦ৻ੱ㧘ᣣᧄߩ IUJ(International University ofJapan)ߦ⇐ቇߒߚቇ↢߇߅ࠅ㧘ᣣᧄ߆ࠄᜬߜᏫߞߚ៤Ꮺ ߹ߚਔ࿖ߢࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ߪ㧟␠ߢ޽ࠅ㧘㧞␠߇ GSM,৻␠߇ CDMA ᛛⴚࠍណ↪ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߦ․ޕ‬Namibia ߢߪ㧘ᦨㄭㅢା੐ᬺ␠ߣߒߡᦨᄢߩ Telecom
Namibia ߇ CDMA ߢෳ౉㧘㧞㧜㧜ਁߣ޿߁ੱญߢߩ㘈ቴ੎ᅓᚢ߇ᆎ߹ߞߚ‫ޕ‬㧞㧜㧜ਁߩੱญߢߩ㧟␠㧔MTC, Cell
One, Telecom Namibia㧕ߪ㧘޽߹ࠅߦ߽ᄙ޿‫ ߚ߹ޕ‬Namibia
Telecom ߩ␠ౝࠍ⷗ቇߐߖߡ㗂޿ߚ‫ޕ‬Namibia ߪ࠼ࠗ࠷଻⼔㗔ߢ޽ߞߚߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘ዪ⥢ౝⵝ⟎ߪߔߴߡ Siemens ⵾㔚⹤ࠍᡷୃ㧘૶ߞߡ޿ࠆߣߩ੐ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߒߛߚޕ‬㧘ࠕࡊߣ੍ᗐߒߚ߇㧘Mobile ࠕࠢ࠮ࠬ㧘Wireless ࠕࠢ࠮ࠬ♽࡝߇߶ߣࠎߤߥ޿ߩߢ㧘޽߹ࠅᗧ๧ߥ߆ߞߚ㧘ߣ╉ߞߡߪ CDMA ⵝ⟎߽฽߼ਛ࿖ HUAWEI ⵾ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘޿ߚ‫ޕ‬

WiMAX (elvarion ⵾)ߩḰ஻߽ㅴࠎߢ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ዋ‫ޘ‬㛳߆ߐࠇߚࡕࡃࠗ࡞ࡉࡠ࡯࠼ࡃࡦ࠼ߩవㅴᕈߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ⻠Ṷߢߪ̈ᣣᧄߩㅢା੐ᖱ㧘៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ߩㅴዷ̉ࠍ⚫੺ߒߚ‫ޕ‬៤Ꮺ㔚⹤↪ࠦࡦ࠹ࡦ࠷ߣߒߡ㧘ᣣᧄߢߪ࠹࡟ࡆ߿ ߹ߚ࿑㧝㧜ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ߔߴߡߢߪߥ޿߇៤Ꮺ㔚⹤↪ၮࠥ࡯ࡓ㧘ዊ⺑߇᥉෸ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ⚫੺ߒߚ߇㧘ࡇࡦߣ࿾ዪࠕࡦ࠹࠽ࠍ⋡┙ߚߖߥ޿Ꮏᄦ߇ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬౮᧪ߚ᭽ሶߢߪߥ߆ߞߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㖸ᭉ৻ᦛߦ㧟US ࠼࡞ߪ㜞⌀ߢߪࠕࡦ࠹࠽߇ᄢ߈ߥᧁߦ㓝ࠇߡ⸳⟎ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᣣ޿㧍ߣ৻ᢧߦჿࠍ਄ߍߚ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ㧘ࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ⅣႺߣᧄߢߪ⷗ࠄࠇߥ޿㧘㧝ߟߩⅣႺኻ╷ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߒߡ㧘㧝㧜㧙㧞㧜Mbps ߢ᦬㧟㧜㧙㧠㧜US ࠼࡞ߣ޿߁ᣣᧄߩࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ⅣႺߪ㧘቟޿㧍ߣߩ෻㗀ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
Zimbabwe ߣ Namibia ߩቇ↢߆ࠄ㧘቟޿㧘ߣ⸒ࠊࠇࠆߎߣߪ㧘⴫㧝㧘㧞ߦ␜ߒߚࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߆ࠄኈᤃߦℂ⸃ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬߶ࠎߣ߁ߦ቟޿㧘㜞ㅦߥࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ⅣႺࠍᚒ‫ޘ‬ᣣᧄߪ੨ฃߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬㧙㧙ߞߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬JICA ߇ᄢቇߣߩ੤ᵹߦദജߒߡ޿ࠆ᭽ሶ߇ુ߃ߚ‫ޕ‬࿑㧝㧝ߪ㧘޽ࠆⓨ᷼ߩࠦࡦ࠮ࡦ࠻ߩ౮⌀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߩࠕࡈ࡝ࠞ⽸₂ߩ㧝ߟߪ㧘‛૞ࠅߩಽ㊁ߛ㧘ߣᕁߞߚ‫ޕ‬࿑  ᧁߦ㓝ࠇߚ៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ၮ࿾ዪߩࠕࡦ࠹࠽㧡㧚₸⋥ߥᗵᗐ࿑ 11 ޽ࠆⓨ᷼ߢߩࠦࡦ࠮ࡦ࠻

 ੹࿁ਔ࿖ࠍ⸰໧ߒ㧘₸⋥ߦᗵߓߚߎߣࠍએਅߦ➙߼ࠆ‫ޕ‬ ࡛ࡂࡀࠬࡉ࡞ࠣⓨ᷼ߢ㘧ⴕᯏࠍᓙߞߡ޿ࠆߣ߈ߢ޽ߞ ߹ߕⓨ᷼ߦ⌕޿ߡߔߋ㧘ਛ࿖ੱߣ㖧࿖ੱ߇⋡ߦ⌕޿ߚ‫ޕ‬․ߦਛ࿖ੱ߇ᄙ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬Zimbabwe, Namibia ਔ࿖ߣ߽ߢ޽ߚ ‫ ̈ޕ‬Do you know,  gakikueebaa   ganeganarunaru bouryuuujii`㧍㧫㧍㧫‫ޕ‬.ߤ߁߽㓞ߦᐳߞߡ޿ࠆ࠼ࠗ࠷ߩࡆ

ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄੱߦߪోߊળࠊߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬Namibia ߩ౏࿦ߢᧄ

ࠫࡀࠬࡑࡦ߇⑳ߦ⹤ߒ߆ߌߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߛߞߚ‫ࠎޕ‬㧫ߣ৻ࠍ⺒ࠎߢ޿ࠆࡄ࠶ࠢࡄ࠶ࠞ࡯ߩᣣᧄੱ߇ߘ߁޿߃߫৻ੱ

⍍⠨߃ߚ‫ߛ߁ߘޕ‬㧘େฏߛ㧘̈ᩑ㘩߃߫ ㏹߇㡆ࠆߥࠅ ᴺ޿ߚ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ㧘ᣣᧄゞ߇⋡ߦ⌕޿ߚ‫ޕ‬Zimbabwe ߢߪ㧤ഀ㧘㓉ኹ’㧘ߣ⸒ߞߡ޿ࠆࠎߛ㧘ߣ᳇߇ߟ޿ߚ‫ࠄ߆ࠇߎޕ‬େฏ

Namibia ߢߪ㧠ഀ߇ᣣᧄゞߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬Namibia ߇࠼ࠗ࠷ߩߩ⹤ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᭉߒ޿ᤨ㑆ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬଻⼔㗔ߢ޽ߞߚߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘Namibia ߢߪ㧘㧢ഀ߇࠼ࠗ࠷ゞߢ޽ࠆߩߪ㧘චಽ⚊ᓧߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬㔚᳇⵾ຠ߽㧘߽ߞߣ㖧㧢㧚੹ᓟߩኻᔕ࿖⵾߇ᶐㅘߒߡ޿ࠆ߆ߥ㧘ߣᕁߞߚ߇࠰࠾࡯㧘ࠪࡖ࡯ࡊࠍਛᔃߦએᄖߥ߶ߤᣣᧄ⵾߇ᄙ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬Namibia ᄢ⛔㗔㇗ߪ㖧࿖ᑪ⸳ળ␠߇ᚻ߇ߌߚߎߣ㧘Namibia Telecom ࠍਛ ਎⇇ߩ೔ࠆಣߢ ICT ߪ⪺ߒߊ᥉෸࡮ㅴዷߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ਛ࿖ߩ៤Ꮺ㔚⹤଻᦭บᢙߪߔߢߦᣣᧄࠍ⿥߃ߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ਛ࿖ᔃߦਛ࿖ડᬺ㧔ౕ૕⊛ߦߪ HUAWEI㧕߇ฃᵈᵴേࠍᵴ⊒ࠍ㧘ࠗࡦ࠼ߪ᥉෸Ⴧട₸ߢߔߢߦ਄߹ࠊߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߣ޽ޕ‬ൻߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘㧟G ╬ߩή✢┵ዪ♽ߪਛ࿖⵾߇⚊౉ߐࠇߡߪࠕࡈ࡝ࠞߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ICT ᛛⴚߪ㧘ⅣႺ໧㗴㧘࠺ࠫ࠲࡞࠺޿ߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬Ꮢౝߦਛ⪇ⴝ߇ߔߢߦ಴᧪ߡ߅ࠅ㧘⌕ታߥᶐࡃࠗ࠼ߩ⸃ᶖ㧘ߥߤߦ੹ᓟᭂ߼ߡ᦭ലߥᚻᲑࠍឭଏߔࠆㅘࠍુࠊߖߚ‫⸰ߩߎޕ‬໧ᤨᦼߦৼᐲᮮᵿߢߪ㧘ᣣᧄਥ௅ߩߪ㑆㆑޿ߥ޿‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᣂߒ޿ᛛⴚߩ᥉෸ߣߎߩᕲߩోࠕࡈ࡝ࠞળ⼏߇㐿௅ߐࠇߚ߇㧘㧝㧘㧞ᐲ࠹࡟ࡆߢ⚫

ᕺࠍⵍࠆ࿖ߣߒߡ㧘ࠕࡈ࡝ࠞ․ߦਛᄩ࡮ධㇱࠕࡈ࡝ࠞߪ੺ߐࠇߡ޿ߚߩߺߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ᄢቇ㑆ߩ੤ᵹߦᣈ޿ߡਇนᰳߥ࿖ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߪߗ߭ߎࠇࠄߩ࿖ߩ⊒ዷߦ㧘ੱ߽㧘ਔᄢቇߩቇ㐳߆ࠄᣣᧄߩᄢቇᢎ᝼߇᧪ߚߩߪ⑳߇ೋ⊛ߦ⽸₂ߔߴ߈ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬ᄢቇ಴ߚߡߩ⧯޿ᛛⴚ⠪߇㧘߼ߡ㧘ߣ⸒ࠊࠇߚ‫ޕ‬Zimbabwe ᄢߢߪߔߢߦ㧘ਛ࿖ߩ㧟ᄢቇߢ⠌ߞߚᛛⴚࠍ៤߃㧘ࠕࡈ࡝ࠞߢᵴべߔࠆߎߣߪචᄢቇ㧘㖧࿖ߩ㧞ᄢቇߣߩᛛⴚ੤ᵹࠍ㐿ᆎߒߡ޿ࠆߣߩߎಽน⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫੹ޕ‬࿁ߩ⸰໧ߢᗵߓߚ㧘ᣣᧄߦኻߔࠆᦼᓙߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߣ᷷߆޿⌒Ꮕߒߪᔓࠇࠄࠇߥ޿ᒝ޿ශ⽎ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ ৻ᣇ㧘એᄖߣ⸒ߞߡߪᄬ␞ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘JICA ߩᵴേߪਔ ੹ᓟዋߒߕߟߢߪ޽ࠆ߇㧘Zimbabwe ᄢቇ㧘Namibia ᄢᄢቇߩ࠻࠶ࡊࠢ࡜߽ࠬ⦟ߊ⍮ߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘੹ᓟߐࠄߦ JICAቇߣᚑくᄢቇߣߩ੤ᵹࠍ㐿ᆎߒߚ޿ߣᕁ߁‫ޕ‬Ꮉ⿧ߩ⥄ቛࠍㅢߓߡᣣᧄߣߩදജ㑐ଥࠍᷓ߼ߚ޿㧘ߣ޿߁ᗧะࠍᜬࠍ಴ߡ㧘ᚑ↰㧘London, Johannesburg ࠍ⚻ߡ, Harare ߩࡎ㧙㧙࠹࡞߹ߢ㧘㧟㧡ᤨ㑆ߩᭉߒ޿ᣏߢ޽ߞߚ㧍㧣㧚ෳ⠨ᢥ₂







(1) F. A. Phiri, M. B. R. Murthy㧦“WLAN-GPRS Tight
Coupling Based Interworking Architecture with VerticalHandoff Support̍㧘Wireless Personal Communications(2007) 40㧦pp137-144
Handoff

Latency ina

WLAN/GPRSInterworking System̍㧘Journal of Computer Science
1(1)㧦pp24-27. 2005

(2) M. B. R. Murthy, F. A. Phiri㧦“Performance Analysis ofDownward(3) http://www.ci.seikei.ac.jp/murakami/㧙㧙