COMMISSION C: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
Edited by Masami Akaike
C1. Digital signal processing
Research and development in the filed of digital signal processing have been very active inJapan for past three years. Especially, various new methods have been investigated in adaptive
signal processing, applications of signal processing, implementations of signal processing
systems, nonlinear signal processing, theory and algorithms of signal processing, and so on.
Adaptive signal processing or adaptive filter design is continuous research topic in digital
filtering.
Some adaptive algorithms including a gradient type algorithm for blind system [Higa et al.,1999], an algorithm for lattice all-pass filter with minimum multipliers [Okello et al., 1999],
Sign-Sign algorithm based on Gaussian distributed tap weights [Koike, 2000], INLMS
algorithm [Fujii et al., 2000], and an algorithm for cascaded notch filter [Okello et al., 2001]
were investigated. An analysis method for adaptive filters using LMS algorithm [Koike, 1999]
was developed.
Some application systems including noise canceller [Ikeda et al., 1999], RLS equalizer[Shimamura et al., 2001], beamformer for microphone arrays [Hoshuyama et al., 1999],
wideband beamspace adaptive array [Sekiguchi et al., 2000] and echo canceler [Sugiyama et al.,1998] have been developed.
Some design and implementation techniques such as pipelined LMS adaptive filters [Kimijima
et al., 1999], RLS adaptive filters [Nishikawa et al., 2000], multidimensional linear-phaseparaunitary filter banks [Muramatsu et al., 1999], universal maximally flat lowpass FIR filter[Samadi et al., 2000], [Samadi et al., 1999] and FIR filters with CSD coefficients [Yamada etal., 2001] were discussed.
In the research area of nonlinear signal processing, a hierarchical Bayesian approach for
nonlinear dynamical systems [Matsumoto et al., 2001] was proposed. Nonlinear adaptive filters
by using recurrent neural networks [Lu et al., 2001], nonlinear pre-filter for a set-theoretic
linear blind deconvolution scheme [Kato et al., 2000], sinusoidal estimator using Kalman filter[Nishiyama, 2000] were proposed.
A complex-valued compact-supported orthonormal symmlets [Zhang et al.,, 2001] wasinvestigated. Digital differentiators based on Taylor series [Khan et al., 2001] was discussed.
Design methods of perfect reconstruction filter banks for FIR [Yan et al., 1999], [Hasegawa etal., 2000] have been proposed. An extended algorithm of split-radix FFT [Takahashi, 2001]
was presented.
Blind source separation and di entification for various applications [Kagiwada et al., 1998],[Amari, 1999], [Ohno et al., 2001] were developed.
Wavelet signal space was applied to error estimation [Chen et al., 1999] and detection of pulse
sequence [Ohsumi et al., 1999].
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(S. Hangai and T. Hamamoto)
References
Amari, S. [1999], “Superefficiency in blind source separation”, IEEE Trans. on Signal
Processing, vol.47, 4, pp.936-944.
Chen, W., J.Chen and S.Itoh [1999], “The Error Estimation of Sampling in Wavelet Subspaces”,
IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E82-A, 5, pp.835-841.
Fujii, K. and J.Ohga [2000], “Analysis on Convergence Property of INLMS Algorithm Suitable
for Fixed Point Processing”, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E83-A, 8, pp.1539-1544.
Hasegawa, H., I.Yamada and K.Sakaniwa [2000], “A Design of Near Perfect Reconstruction
Linear-Phase QMF Banks Based on Hybrid Steepest Descent Method”, IEICE Trans.
Fundamentals, vol.E83-A, 8, pp.1523-1530.
Higa, Y., H.Ochi, S.Kinjo and H.Yamaguchi [1999], “A Gradient Type Algorithm for Blind
System Identification and Equalizer Based on Second Order Statistics”, IEICE Trans.
Fundamentals, vol.E82-A, 8, pp.1544-1551.
Hoshuyama, O., A.Sugiyama and A.Hirano [1999], “A robust adaptive beamformer for
microphone arrays with a blocking matrix using constrained adaptive filters”, IEEE Trans. on
Signal Processing, vol.47, 10, pp.2677 -2684.
Ikeda, S. and A.Sugiyama [1999], “An Adaptive Noise Canceller with Low Signal-Distortion in
the Presence of Crosstalk”, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E82-A, 8, pp.1517-1525.
Kagiwada, H., L.Sun, A.Sano, W.Liu [1998], “Blind Identification of IIR Model Based on
Output Over-Sampling”, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E81-A, 11, pp.2350-2360.
Kato, M., I.Yamada and K.Sakaniwa [2000], “A Simple Nonlinear Pre-Filtering for a
Set-Theoretic Linear Blind Deconvolution Scheme”, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E83-A, 8,
pp.1651-1653.
Khan, I.R. and R.Ohba [2001], “Mathematical Proof of Explicit Formulas for Tap-Coefficientsof Taylor Series Based FIR Digital Differentiators”, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E84-A, 6,
pp.1581-1584
Kimijima, T., K.Nishikawa and H.Kiya [1999], “An Effective Architecture of the Pipelined
LMS Adaptive Filters”, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E82-A, 8, pp.1428-1434.
Koike, S. [1999], “Analysis of adaptive filters using normalized signed regressor LMS
algorithm”, IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing, vol.47, 10, pp.2710-2723.
Koike, S. [2000], “Analysis of the Sign-Sign Algorithm Based on Gaussian Distributed Tap
Weights”, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E83-A, 8, pp.1551-1558.
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Lu, J., H.Lin, X.Wang and T.Yahagi [2001], “Multi-Input Single-Output Nonlinear Adaptive
Digital Filters Using Recurrent Neural Networks”, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E84-A, 8,
pp.1942-1950.
Matsumoto, T., Y.Nakajima, M.Saito, J. Sugi and H.Hamagishi [2001], “Reconstructions andpredictions of nonlinear dynamical systems: a hierarchical Bayesian approach”, IEEE Trans. on
Signal Processing, vol.49, 9, pp.2138 -2155.
Muramatsu, S., A.Yamada and H.Kiya [1999], “A design method of multidimensional
linear-phase paraunitary filter banks with a lattice structure”, IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing,vol.47, 3, pp.690 -700.
Nishikawa, K. and H.Kiya [2000], “Fast Implementation Technique for Improving Throughput
of RLS Adaptive Filters”, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E83-A, 8, pp.1545-1550.
Nishiyama, K. [2000], “A Nonlinear Multiple Complex Sinusoidal Estimator”, IEICE Trans.
Fundamentals, vol.E83-A, 3, pp.497-506.
Ohno, S. and H.Sakai [2001], “Blind Identification of Multichannel Systems by Scalar-Valued
Linear Prediction”, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E84-A, 8, pp.1856-1862.
Ohsumi, A., H.Ijima and T.Kuroishi [1999], “Online detection of pulse sequence in random
noise using a wavelet”, IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing, vol.47, 9, pp.2526-2531.
Okello, J., Y.Itoh, Y.Fukui and M.Kobayashi [1999], “A Simple Algorithm for Adaptive
Allpass-FIR Digital Filter Using Lattice Allpass Filter with Minimum Multipliers”, IEICE
Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E82-A, 1, pp.138-144.
Okello, J., S.Arita, Y.Itoh, Y.Fukui and M.Kobayashi [2001], “An Adaptive Algorithm for
Cascaded Notch Filter with Reduced Bias”, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E84-A, 2,
pp.589-596
Samadi, S., Y.Igarashi and H.Iwakura [1999], “Design and multiplierless realization of
maximally flat FIR digital Hilbert transformers”, IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing, vol.47, 7,
pp.1946-1953.
Samadi, S., A.Nishihara and H.Iwakura [2000], “Universal maximally flat lowpass FIR
systems”, IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing, vol.48, 7, pp.1956 -1964.
Sekiguchi, T. and Y.Karasawa [2000], “Wideband beamspace adaptive array utilizing FIR fan
filters for multibeam forming”, IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing, vol.48, 1, pp.277-284.
Shimamura, T. and C.F.N.Cowan [2001], “Equalisation of Time Variant Mult ipath Channels
Using Amplitude Banded LMS Algorithms”, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E84-A, 3,
pp.802-812.

3

Sugiyama, A., K.Anzai, H.Sato and A.Hirano [1998], “Cancellation of Multiple Echoes byMultiple Autonomic and Distributed Echo Canceler Units”, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals,
vol.E81-A, 11, pp.2361-2369.
Takahashi, D. [2001], “An extended split-radix FFT algorithm”, IEEE Signal Processing
Letters, vol.8, 5, pp.145-147.
Yamada, M. and A.Nishihara [2001], “Design of FIR Digital Filters with CSD Coefficients
Having Power-of-Two DC Gain and Their FPGA Implementation for Minimum Critical Path”,
IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E84-A, 8, pp.1997-2003.
Yan, H. and M.Ikehara [1999], “Two-dimensional perfect reconstruction FIR filter banks withtriangular supports”, IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing, vol.47, 4, pp.1003 -1009.
Zhang, X. and T.Yoshikawa [2001], “A New Class of Complex Compact-Supported
Orthonormal Symmlets”, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E84-A, 7, pp.1740-1746.
C2. Optical Signal Processing
In the field of optical signal processing, optical devices integrated with electrical circuits andoptical interconnection technologies have been extensively studied because of recent needs forimage processing. Smart pixels with optical I/O connections and electrical circuits have been
investigated as a key element for parallel signal processing. An integrated single-chip 8x8 arrayof processing elements and photodiodes named Optoelectronic Computer Using Laser Arrayswith Reconfiguration II (OCULAR-II) was fabricated, and an optically interconnectedreconfigurable system was demonstrated by using it [McArdle et al., 2000]. Smart pixels withhybrid integration of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL) as light sources andphotodiodes and CMOS circuits were realized [Nakahara et al., 1999]. The pipe lined digitalcorrelator (PDC) for the optoelectronic discrete correlation processor (OEDCP) as OE hybrid
computing system, which consists of optical fan-in and fan-out interconnection system, wasdesigned and fabricated [Nitta et al., 2001]. As for an image processing, an artificial retina LSI
chip which had a 32x32 array of photodetectors was fabricated for high-accuracy on sensor
image projection, and motion detection system was demonstrated [Funatsu et al., 2000]. A
novel optical time-to-two-dimensional(2D)-space-to-time-to-2D-space conversion techniquefor ultrafast image transmission with ultarashort-pulse lasers was proposed and demonstrated[Konishi et al., 1999]. A new design procedure for binary zone-plate array (BZPA) was
proposed and applied it to a parallel joint transform correlator for the recognition of the humanface [Kodate et al., 1999]. As for an optical communication, time space conversion-based
differential processing of optical signals by using a high resolution arrayed-waveguide grating(AWG) and a spatial filter was proposed and demonstrated [Takenouchi et al., 1999].
(H. Sakata)
References
Funatsu, E., S. Kuramochi, Y. Nagafuchi, H. Kage, N. Sakashita, F. Murao and K. Kyuma,[2000], "An Artificial Retina LSI with 5000 Frames per Second On-Sensor Projection
Function", Jpn. J. Appl, Phys. Vol. 39, pp. L675-677.
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Kodate, K., A. Hashimoto and R. Thapliya, [1999], "Binary zone-plate array for a parallel joint
transform correlator applied to face recognition ", Applied optics, Vol.38, No.14, pp.
3060-3067.
Konishi, T. and Y.Ichioka, [1999], "Ultrafast image transmission by optical
time-to-two-dimensional-space-to-time-to-two-dimensional-space conversion ", J. Opt. Soc.
Am. A, Vol.16, No.5, pp. 1076-1088
McArdle, N., M. Naruse, H. Toyoda, Y. Kobayashi and M. Ishikawa [2000], "Reconfigurable
Optical Interconnections for Parallel Computing", Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol.88, No.6, pp.
829-837.
Nakahara, T., H. Tsuda, K. Tateno, S. Matsuo and T. Kurokawa, [1999], "Hybrid Integration of
Smart Pixels by Using Polyimide Bonding: Demonstration of a GaAs p-i-n Photodiode /CMOS Receiver ", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol.5, No.2, pp.
209-216.
Nitta, K., K. Kagawa and J. Tanida [2001], "Design and Fabrication of Pipelined Digital
Correlator for Opto-Electronic Discrete Correlation Processor", IEICE Trans. Electron., Vol.
E84-C, No.3, pp. 312-317.
Takenouchi, H., H. Tsuda, C. Amano, T. Goh, K. Okamoto and T. Kurokawa, [1999],"Differential Processing Using an Arrayed-Waveguide", IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol. E82-B,
No.8, pp. 1252-1257.
C3. Circuits and Systems
In these three years, studies on circuits and systems have been very active in Japan. The mostremarkable activity was seen in the field of nonlinear sciences such as chaos, bifurcation,neural networks, etc.
Since Ueda's first systematic observation on chaos, studies on chaos and bifurcation have beenvery active in Japan. A new concept of spatio-temporal expansion to the time delayed
feedback control system was introduced [Hikihara and Ueda, 1999]. It is a clue to grasp the
dynamics in a functional space and has a potential to analyze the stability of the system withdelay. Moreover, it was made clear that the heteroclinic interesections between the manifolds
of unstable wave solutions are substantial to the onset of wave propagations [Hikihara, Torii
and Ueda, 2001].
A method to calculate bifurcations of periodic solutions in Hodgkin-Huxley neurons coupledby excitatory synapses with a time delay was proposed [Yoshinaga, Sano and Kawakami, 1999],and synchronization phenomena in chaotic oscillators coupled by a transmission line areinvestigated [Kawata, Nishio and Ushida, 2001]. A chaotic neurodynamical searching methodfor quadratic assignment problems and an automatic parameter tuning method for robust
applications were also proposed [Hasegawa, Ikeguchi and Aihara, 2000].

5

Studies on neural networks and chaotic neural networks have also been very active in Japan.
Synchronous burst firing and global bifurcations in a chaotic neural network model was studied
to investigate various temporal patterns of spikes in the brain [Kitajima, Yoshinaga, Aihara and
Kawakami, 2001], and a new sufficient condition for cellular neural networks with delay to becompletely stable was given [Takahashi, 2000]. It was also proved that chaotic neuralnetworks have a strange attractor [Chen and Aihara, 2000]. Furthermore, informationgeometry was applied to the manifold of neural networks called multilayer perceptrons [Amariand Ozeki, 2001].
Related to system theory, fluctuation analysis of information-transfer systems with feedback
confirmation channels by means of fuzzy-set-valued mapping concept was studied [Horiuchi
and Endo, 2001], and a mathematical theory for available operation of network systems
extraordinarily complicated and diversified on large-scales was developed [Horiuchi, 2001].
Moreover, it was shown that the solution to a conventional problem of filtering or prediction ofa nonstationary time series is reducible to a problem of which solution is given by
Kalman-Bucy's theory [Koga, 2001].
Related to circuit simulation, a new algorithm for finding the steady state solution of nonlinear
circuits driven by one tone periodic input signal was proposed [Uatrongjit and Fujii, 1998], andan efficient algorithm was proposed to solve communication circuits driven by multi-tone
signals which is based on the frequency-domain relaxation method and the multi-dimensional
Fourier transformation [Yamagami, Nishio, Ushida, Takahashi and Ogawa, 1999]. A globally
convergent algorithm using a homotopy method was proposed for solving modified nodal
equations (which are used in SPICE), and it was shown that this algorithm converges to astable operating point with high possibility from any initial point [Yamamura, Sekiguchi andInoue, 1999]. Using the homotopy method, bipolar analog integrated circuits with more than
16,000 elements were developed.
Some results on the number of solutions for a class of piecewise-linear (PWL) equations
related to transistor circuits were shown [Jitsumatsu and Nishi, 2001], and an efficientalgorithm for finding all solutions of PWL resistive circuits was proposed, which could find all
solutions of PWL resistive circuits where the number of PWL registors is 300 and the numberof linear regions is 10300 in practical computation time [Yamamura and Yomogita, 2000].
Related to graphs and networks, many papers have been published; as for details, see[Watanabe and Shinoda, 1999] and [Mase, Sengoku and Shinoda, 2001]. Furthermore, theproblem of obtaining an optimal file transfer on a file transmission is discussed [Kaneko andShinoda, 2000], and an algorithm for statistical static timing analysis considering correlations
between delays was proposed [Tsukiyama, Tanaka and Fukui, 2001].
(K. Yamamura)
References
Amari, S. and T. Ozeki [2001], ''Differential and algebraic geometry of multilayer perceptrons,''
IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, IEICE, vol.J84-A, 1, pp.31-38.
Chen, L. and K. Aihara [2000], ''Strange attractors in chaotic neural networks,'' IEEE Trans.
6

Circuits and Systems-I, vol.47, 10, pp.1455-1468.
Hasegawa, M., T. Ikeguchi and K. Aihara [2000], ''Exponential and chaotic neurodynamical
tabu searches for quadratic assignment problems,'' Control and Cybernetics, vol.29, 3,
pp.773-788.
Hikihara, T. and Y. Ueda [1999], ''An expansion of system with time delay into spatio-temporal
state space,'' Chaos, vol.9, 4, pp.887-892.
Hikihara, T., K. Torii and Y. Ueda [2001], ''Wave and basin structure in spatially coupledmagneto-elastic beam system -Transition between coexisting wave solutions-,'' Int. J. of
Bifurcation and Chaos, vol.11, 4, pp.999-1018.
Horiuchi, K. and Y. Endo [2001], ''Fluctuation analysis of information-transfer systems withfeedback confirmation channels by means of fuzzy-set-valued mapping concept,'' IEICE Trans.
Fundamentals, IEICE, vol.J84-A, 4, pp.1042-1049.
Horiuchi, K. [2001], ''A mathematical theory for available operation of network systems
extraordinarily complicated and diversified on large-scales,'' IEICE Trans. Fundamentals,
IEICE, vol.J84-A, 9, pp.2078-2083.
Jitsumatsu, Y. and T. Nishi [2001], ''On the number of solutions for a class of piecewise-linear
equations related to transistor circuits,'' IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E84-A, 9,
pp.2221-2229.
Kaneko, Y. and S. Shinoda [2000], ''On the optimality of forest-type file transfers on a filetransmission net,'' IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E83-A, 7, pp.1411-1419.
Kawata, J., Y. Nishio and A. Ushida [2001], ''Synchronization and its analysis in chaotic
systems coupled by transmission line,'' IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E84-A, 12,
pp.3099-3107.
Kitajima, H., T. Yoshinaga, K. Aihara and H. Kawakami [2001], ''Burst firing and bifurcation inchaotic neural networks with ring structure,'' Int. J. of Bifurcation and Chaos, vol.11, 6,
pp.1631-1643.
Koga, T. [2001], ''New vistas to the signal processing of nonstationary time series via an
operator algebraic way,'' IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.J84-A, 1, pp.14-30.
Mase., K., M. Sengoku and S. Shinoda [2001], ''A perspective on next-generation ad hoc
networks -A proposal for an open community network-,'' IEICE Trans. Fundamentals,
vol.E84-A, 1, pp.98-106.
Takahashi, N. [2000], ''A new sufficient condition for complete stability of cellular neuralnetworks with delay,'' IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems-I, vol.47, 6, pp.793-799.
Tsukiyama, S., M. Tanaka and M. Fukui [2001], ''An algorithm for statistical static timing
7

analys is considering correlations between delays,'' IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E84-A, 11,
pp.2746-2754.
Uatrongjit, S. and N. Fujii [1998], ''Steady state solution of nonlinear circuits by asymptotic
periodic waveform evaluation,'' IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E81-A, 10, pp.2212-2218.
Watanabe, H. and S. Shinoda [1999], ''Soul of circuit theory-A review on research activities ofgraphs and circuits in Japan,'' IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems-I, vol.45, 1, pp.83-94.
Yamagami, Y., Y. Nishio, A. Ushida, M. Takahashi and K. Ogawa, ''Analysis of communication
circuits based on multidimensional Fourier transformation,'' IEEE Trans. Computer-Aided
Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, vol.18, 8, pp.1165-1177.
Yamamura, K., T. Sekiguchi and Y. Inoue [1999], ''A fixed-point homotopy method for solving
modified nodal equations,'' IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems-I, vol.46, 6, pp.654-665.
Yamamura, K. and K. Yomogita [2000], ''Finding all solutions of piecewise-linear resistive
circuits using an LP test,'' IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems-I, vol.47, 7, pp.1115-1120.
Yoshinaga, T., Y. Sano and H. Kawakami [1999], ''A method to calculate bifurcations insynaptically coupled Hodgkin-Huxley equations,'' Int. J. of Bifurcation and Chaos, vol.9, 7,
pp.1451-1458.
C4. Satellite Communications<Commercial Services> A S band satellite mobile packet communication system was
integrated with N-STAR a and N-Star b, which were launched in 1995 and 1996, respectively[Inoue et al., 2001]. The system has been providing Internet and Intranet access service forthose customers, where the terrestrial system is not serving, mainly maritime users, since
March 2000. In July 2001, the Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service was initiated to replace
the terrestrial aeronautical telephone system with limited service areas and altitudes [Nitta et al.,2001].
<Satellite Communication Systems> A role of Broadband Satellite Communication System wasinvestigated with respect to the throughput capacity and the size of large antenna reflector[Ueba et al., 2000]. After the proposal of the concept of the gigabit communication satellite
which satisfies the demands placed on satellite systems by the future multimedia applicationsin the optical fiber era, its development status was reported [Kadowaki et al.,1998]. A
satellite communication system that enables high-speed communication in a mobile
environment was proposed, whose configuration combines a terrestrial mobile network for
return link and an existing Ku band satellite system for forw ard link. The validity of thesystem was confirmed by using a trial product of tracking antenna system [Nagase et al.,2001].
Based on the concept of Next generation LEO System, satellite constellation for the NELS was
designed and four kinds of key technologies are focused and developed [Suzuki et al., 2000].
To reduce the voice delay of the GEO mobile satellite communication systems, in which a
communication passes through the GEO satellite twice, single–hop connection methods areinvestigated with respect to a through repeater satellite and a regenerative satellite [Ebina et al.,8

2001]. A new satellite communications system called the direct-multicasting satellite
communications system was proposed and its performance evaluation was reported. The
proposed system adopts an autonomous decentralized satellite channel assignment control
system[Okada et al., 2001].
<Experiments> After the injection into a transfer orbit, several experiments using
Communications and Broadcasting Engineering Test Satellite (COMETS), with Ka-band andMillimeter-wave payload, were made and their results were evaluated [Wakana, et al., 2000].
Following the announcement, a plan to make experiments using ETS-VIII (Engineering Test
Satellite-VIII) was made public [Homma et al., 2000]. High speed satellite communication
experiment of HDTV transmission and IP over ATM transmission, which was agreed between
Korea and Japan, was carried out and 35 Mbps throughput with TCP and XTP over IP was
confirmed [Nishinaga et al., 2001]. After the proposal of the “figure of eight” satellite system
which uses inclined geostationary orbits, the method to evaluate its characteristics of higher
elevation angles for land-mobile satellite communications in urban areas with respect toblockage was proposed and confirmed that the new satellite system is more suitable forland-mobile satellite communications in metropolis [Takahashi et al., 1999].
The
development of LUCE(Laser Utilizing Communications Equipment) for OICETS(Optical
Inter-orbit Communications Engineering Test Satellite) was completed and its test was
performed to demonstrate the tracking capabilities[Aoki et al.,2001]. The performance of
Bi-directional multimedia satellite communication systems with portable terminals (A4 size)
employing superposed transmission was experimentally confirmed [Toshinaga et. al., 2001].
<Key Technologies> On-board components have been developed for new services and futuresatellite communication systems [Taira et al., 2000], [Taira et al., 2001], [Kadowaki et al.,2001].
A microwave signal processing device has been developed for active phased array beam
forming and steering. A large scale beam forming network, comprising 63 power dividers and32 pairs of phase/amplitude controllers, has been developed and qualified by ground testing[Suzuki et al., 2000]. S band as well as Ka band active phased array antennas have been
researched and developed to achieve high EIRP and G/T [Tokunaga et al., 1999], [Kadowaki etal., 1999]. The modular type mesh antenna reflector has been investigated to make mobile
terminals smaller. The feature of this reflector is that several nearly identical modules are
combined to achieve the required aperture size. The mechanical error for the mesh antennareflector caused by combining modules was evaluated [Watanabe et al.,1999] and the radiation
patter was confirmed to meet the specifications [Senbokuya et al.,2000]. The validity of the
proposed scheduling discipline of an adaptive MPEG2-TS Packet for multimedia broadcasting
was experimentally confirmed to offer efficient and flexible multiplexing [Teruhi et al., 2001].
High power SSPAs for S band and C-band have been developed [Ishida et al., 2000], [Ogura etal.,2001]. A novel technique to suppress intermodulation distortion was developed andconfirmed to be useful [Kaho et al., 2001].
(M. Ueba)
References
Aoki K., H. Mikami, T. Kurii, R. Suzuki [2001], “Acquisition and Tracking Terminal for
Optical Inter-satellite Communications,” 19th AIAA International Communications Satellite
Systems Conference, AIAA-2001-202.
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Ebina K., N. Kataoka, M. Ueba, H. Mizuno [2001], “Investigation of Single-hop Connections
between User Terminals in Geostationary Mobile Satellite Communication,” IEEE
GLOBECOMM ’01, SAT03-3, p.2764-2768.
Homma M., S. Yoshimoto, N. Natori, Y.Tsutsumi [2000], “Engineering Test Satellite - 8 for
Mobile Communications and Navigation Experiment,” 51st International Astronautical
Congress, IAF-00-M.3.01.
Inoue M., T. Yamashita, T. Ono [2001],” N-STAR Satellite Mobile Packet Communications
System,” 52nd International Astronautical Congress, IAF-01-M.2.a.06.
Ishida Y., T. Asano, T. Hirano [2000], “A 50W High Power S-band SSPA for Inter-Orbit Link,”
18th AIAA International Communications Satellite Systems Conference, AIAA-2000-1249,
pp.827-830.
Kadowaki N., H. Okazawa, T. Araki, R. Imai [1998],”The development status of the Gigabit
Communications Technology Satellite,” 4th Ka-Band Utilization Conference.
Kadowaki N., N. Yoshimura, Y. Ogawa, N. Komiya, T. Araki [1998], “Development results
about partial model of Ka-band active phased array antenna for Gigabit satellite,” 4th Ka-Band
Utilization Conference.
Kadowaki N., M. Nakao, N. Yoshimura, Y. Ogawa, N. Nishinaga [2001],”Space-Based High
Data Rate Internet with On-Board Processing Technology,” 19th AIAA International
Communications Satellite Systems Conference, AIAA-2001-0187.
Kaho T., H. Okazaki, Y. Nakasuga, K. Araki [2001],” Intermodulation distortion control
technique for an onboard HPA array,” 19th AIAA International Communic ations Satellite
Systems Conference, AIAA-2001-0144.
Nagase F., H. Kazama, M. Nakayama, T. Seki, H. Mizuno [2001], “Mobile Multimedia
Satellite Communication System at Ku band,” IEICE Trans. Commun. E84-B, 4, p.903-909.
Nishinaga N., T. Takahashi, N. Kadowaki, M. Tanaka, T. Goto, D. J. Choi, N. S. Kim, J. H. Lee[2001],” Korea- High-Speed Satellite Communication Experiment -IP over ATM Sat-,” 19th
AIAA International Communications Satellite Systems Conference, AIAA-2001-193.
Nitta K., T. Tsuji, T. Ando, T. Ono [2001],” Aeronautical Mobile Satellite System in Japan,”
52nd International Astronautical Congress, IAF-01-M.3.10.
Ogura S., A. Kiyohara, K. Abe, T. Ohshima, T. Ono, K. Seino, H. Hirose [2001],” Developmentof 60W C-band solid State Power Amplifier for Satellite Use,” 19th AIAA International
Communications Satellite Systems Conference, AIAA-2001-0103.
Okada K., K. Kawazoe, H. Kazama [2001], “Novel Satellite Communications System for
Direct-multicasting,” 19th AIAA International Communications Satellite Systems Conference,
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AIAA-2001-0072.
Senbokuya Y., H. Tsunoda [2000],”Simultaneous Investigation of Radiation Patterns andModular Composition for Large Deployable Mesh,” 18th AIAA International Communications
Satellite Systems Conference, AIAA-2000-1143, pp.267-274
Suzuki R., K. Sakurai, S. Ishikawa, I.Nishiyama [2000],”A Study of Next-Generation LEO
System for Global Multimedia Mobile Satellite Communications”, 18th AIAA International
Communications Satellite Systems Conference, AIAA-2000-1102,pp.172-178.
Suzuki Y., Y. Imaizumi, K. Araki, T. Ohira, F. Ishituka [2000], “Onboard Large Scale MMIC
Beam Forming Network for ETS-VIII,” 18th AIAA International Communications Satellite
Systems Conference, AIAA-2000-1193,pp.9-13
Taira S., T. Ida, S. Hama [2000], “Development of an Onboard Packet Switch for the Mobile
Satellite Communication System,” 18th AIAA International Communications Satellite Systems
Conference, AIAA-2000-1111,pp.206-213.
Taira S., M. Yoneda, S. Hama [2001], “Performance of the onboard packet switch forEngineering Test Satellite VIII,” 52nd International Astronautical Congress, IAF-01-M.2.a.08.
Takahashi M., K. Kimura, M. Tanaka [1999],”A Effective Method to Evaluate Intermittent
Blocking on Land Vehicle Satellite Communications,” IEEE 50th VTC p.2735-2739.
Teruhi S., K. Nidaira, M. Nakayama, H. Suda [2001], “An Adaptive MPEG-2TS Packet
Scheduling Discipline for Multimedia Broadcasting,” IEEE 53rd VTC, pp.2051-2055.
Tokunaga K., K. Ueno, Y. Matsumoto, Y. Suzuki, H. Hamamoto, M. Okumura [1999], “Designof Phased Array-Fed Reflector Antennas for the Engineering Test Satellite 8,” 50th
International Astronautical Congress, IAF-99-M.3. 06.
Toshinaga H., K. Kobayashi [2001], “Bi-directional Multimedia Satellite Communication
System Employing Superposed Transmission,” IEEE GLOBECOMM ’01, SAT03-4,
pp.2769-2773.
Ueba M., H. Kazama, H. Mizuno [2000],” A Role and Broadband Satellite Communication
System for High-Speed Access Line in the Internet Era,” 51st International Astronautical
Congress, IAF-00-M.5.05.
Wakana H., S. Yamamoto, N. Obara, H. Saito, H. -B. Li, M. Tanaka [2000],”Communications
and Broadcasting Engineering Test Satellite (COMETS): Experimental Results,” 18th AIAAInternational Communications Satellite Systems Conference, AIAA-2000-1150,pp.529-534.
Watanabe M., K. Ando, A. Miyasaka, S. Harada [1999], “Mechanical Error Evaluation
Onboard Modular Mesh Antenna,” 50th International Astronautical Congress, IAF-99-I.1. 01.

11

C5. Mobile radio communications
The third generation mobile communications system based on the Wideband CDMAtechnology was launched in May 2001, in Japan. To realize the system, a lot of novel
technologies have been developed such as 2 Mbps data transmission with multi-code wideband
transmission [Okawa, K. et al 2000] and adaptive antenna array diversity [Tanaka, S. et al2000].
The research interests are shifting from the third generation system to its enhancement and thefourth generation system. One of the important goals for the enhancement of the third
generation system is to improve downlink packet transmission throughput by adaptive
modulation and coding (AMC). [Ue, T. et al 1998] showed the performance of adaptive symbol
rate and modulation level control in TDMA/TDD scheme. Multipath Interference Canceller[Sawahashi, M. et al 2000] can improve throughput of the AMC transmission under fading
environment, and a maximum throughput of 8 Mbps is possible with 5 MHz radio bandwidth.
“SSDT” site selection diversity transmission power control scheme [Furukawa, H. et al 2000]
was also studied to increase link capacity for high-speed down link packet transmission.
Regarding the fourth generation system, "System beyond IMT-2000", system vision andrequirements study was done [Yamao, Y. et al 2000]. Mobile radio access schemes with morethan 20 Mbps speed, using DS-CDMA [Ikeda, T. et al 2001], Multi-carrier /DS-CDMA and
MC-CDMA [Abeta, S. et al 2001] were investigated.
Software Radio [Kohno, R. et al 2001], and dual-band integrated antenna [Amano, T. et al1999] were the other key technologies for future multi-band and multi-protocol terminals.
Basic research on the user mobility characteristics [Kobayashi, T. et al 1999] showed that thecell dwell time of vehicles follows a lognormal distribution, which will influence design offuture microcellular systems.
(Y. Yamao)
References
Okawa, K., Fukumoto, S., Higuchi, K., Sawahashi, M. and Adachi, F. [2000], “Experiments on
2-Mbps data transmission applying antenna diversity reception over 5-MHz W-CDMA mobile
radio link”, Trans. of IEICE., Vol. E83-B, no. 8, pp. 1602-1609.

Tanaka, S., Harada, A., Sawahashi, M. and Adachi, F. [2000], ”Experiments on coherent
adaptive antenna array diversity for wideband DS-CDMA mobile radio”, IEEE J. Select. Areas
Commun., vol. 18, pp. 1495-1504.
Ue, T., Sampei, S., Morinaga, N. and Hamaguchi, K. [1998], “Symbol rate and modulationlevel-controlled adaptive modulation /TDMA /TDD system for high-bit-rate wireless datatransmission”, IEEE trans. VT, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 1134-1147.
Sawahashi, M., Higuchi, K., Atarashi, H. and Miki, N. [2001],” High-speed packet wirelessaccess in W-CDMA and its radio link performance”, Trans. of IEICE., Vol. J84-B, no. 10, pp.
12

1725-1743.
Furukawa, H., Hamabe, K. and Ushirokawa, A. [2000], “SSDT - site selection diversity
transmission power control for CDMA forward link”, IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 18,
pp. 1546-1554.
Yamao, Y., Umeda, N., Otsu, T. and Nakajima, N. [2000], “Fourth generation mobile
communications System - issues regarding radio system technologies – “, Trans. of IEICE., Vol.
J83-B, no. 10, pp. 1364-1373.
Ikeda, T., Okawa, K., Sawahashi, M. and Adachi, F. [2001], “Experimental Evaluation ofcoherent rake combining for broadband single-carrier DS-CDMA wireless communications”,
Trans. of IEICE., Vol. E84-B, no. 3, pp. 415-424.
Abeta, S., Atarashi, H., Sawahashi, M. and Adachi, F. [2001], “Performance of coherent
multi-carrier /DS-CDMA and MC-CDMA for broadband packet wireless access”, Trans. of
IEICE., Vol. E84-B, no. 3, pp. 406-414.
Kohno, R. and Haruyama, S. [2001], “Current status and the future of software radio”, Trans.
of IEICE., Vol. J84-B, no. 7, pp. 1112-1119.
AMANO, T., Chiba, N. and Iwasaki, H. [1999], “A quarter-wavelength shorted microstrip
antenna with a slot for dual-frequency operation”, Trans. of IEICE., Vol. E82-C, no. 7, pp.
1211-1216.
Kobayashi, T., Shinagawa, N. and Watanabe, Y. [1999], “Vehicle mobility characterization
based on measurements and its application to cellular communication system”, Trans. of
IEICE., Vol. E82-B, no. 12, pp. 2055-2060.
C6. Optical Fiber Communications
High-speed, large capacity optical transmission experiments over 1 Tbit/s were reported. A
1.28 Tbit/s TDM transmission [M. Nakazawa et al., 2000], a 3 Tbit/s (160 Gbit/s x 19
channels) TDM/WDM transmission [S. Kawanishi et al., 1999], and a 10.92 Tbit/s (40 Gbit/s x
273channels) TDM/WDM transmission experiment [K. Fukuchi et al., 2001]were successfully
demonstrated. Studies on multi-channel optical signal source for WDM systems achieved>1000-channel simultaneous generation using a single source based on supercontinuum in fiber[H. Takara et al., 2000]. A 1010 channel, 10 GHz-spaced WDM demultiplexer was also
developed for super-DWDM systems [K. Takada etal., 2001]. Optical signal processing basedon all-optical switchesare attracting interest and 100 Gbit/s all-optical time-divisionmultiplexing was reported using quasi-phase matched LiNbO3 waveguide based on cascaded
c(2) nonlinear switching [S. Kawanishi et al., 2000]. Loss reduction of a photonic crystal fiber(holey fiber) was realized and 3.2 dB/km was reported [H. Kubotaet al., 2001].
A 43 Gb/s x 30-channel high-speed (1.2Tbit/s) WDM transmission experiment over 376 km
was successfully performed [Y. Miyamoto et al., 2000]. A various new high-speed opticaldevices were developed, for instance, 40Gbit/s class LiNbO3 optical modulator [K. Noguchi,
13

1999]. A first field trial using OTN-based 43 Gbit/s prototype system was successfully
demonstrated [S. Kuwahara et al., 2001]. Moreover, a 40Gbit/s direct modulation using acommercially available 1.3 ? m DFB laser was successfully demonstrated [K. Sato et al.
2002] .
The prototype of Photonic MPLS Router has been developed[F. Kano,et al.
2001 NFOEC]. Setting and removing of the Optical Label Switched Path (OLSP) had beensuccessfully demonstrated following to the constrained-based routed label distribution protocol(CR-LDP) messages [K. Shimano,et al. 2001 ECOC].
(Ken-ichi Sato)
References
Kawanishi, S., Takara, H., Uchiyama, K., Shake, I., and Mori K., [1999], "3 Tbit/s (160 Gbit/s
x 19 channel) optical TDM and WDM Transmission Experiment," Electron. Lett., vol. 35, no.
10, pp. 826-827.
Kawanishi, S., Chou, M. H., Fujiura, K., Fejer, M. M., and Morioka, T. [2000], "All-opticalmodulation and time-division-multiplexing of 100 Gbit/s signal using quasi-phasematchedmixing in LiNbO3 waveguides, "Electron. Lett., vol. 36, NO. 18, pp.1568-1569.
Kubota, H., Suzuki, K., Kawanishi, S., Nakazawa, M., Tanaka, M., and Fujita M. [2001],"Low-loss, 2-km-long photonic crystal fiber with zero GVD in the near IR suitable forpicosecond pulse propagation at the 800 nm band," Tech. Digest of Conference on Lasers andElectro-optics (CLEO), paper CPD3.
Kuwahara. S., K. Yonenaga, Y. Miyamoto, Y. Kisaka, K. Sato, A. Hirano, T. Ono, A. Matsuura,
M. Tomizawa, T. Kataoka, Y. Tada, H. Toba, N. Hirayama, and H. Asai [2001], "1 Tbit/s fieldtrial with 100GHz spacing over 91 km SMF using 43Gbit/s/channel OTN interface prototype,"
Electron. Lett., vol.37, pp.904-906.
Miyamoto. Y., K. Yonenaga, S. Kuwahara, M. Tomizawa, A. Hirano, H. Toba, K. Murata, Y.
Tada, Y. Umeda, and H. Miyazawa [2000], "1.2 Tbit/s (30 x 42.7-Gbit/s ETDM opticalchannel) WDM transmission over 376 km with 125-km carrier-suppressed RZ format," in Tech
Dig. of OFC2000 postdeadline paper, PD26.
Nakazawa, M., Yamamoto, T., and Tamura, K.R. [2000], "1.28 Tbit/s-70 kmOTDM
transmission using third- and fourth-order simultaneous dispersion compensation with a phasemodulator," Electron. Lett., vol. 36, no. 24, pp. 2027-2029.
Noguchi. K., H. Miyazawa, and O. Miomi, [1999], "LiNbO3 high-speed modulator,"
CLEO/Pacific Rim'99, pp. 1267-1268.
Sato. K., S. Kuwahara, and Y. Miyamato [2002], "Direct modulation of a distributed feedback
laser for 40 Gbit/s very-short-reach optical link," in Tech. Dig. of FC2002, 2002, ThF2.
Shimano, K., Y. Takigawa, M. Koga, and K. Sato, "Development of photonic MPLS router,"
14

ECOC '2001, Amsterdam, 2001.
Takada, K., Abe, M., Shibata, T., Okamoto, K. [2001], "10-GHz-spaced 1010-channel tandem
AWG filter consisting of one primary and ten secondary AWGs," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.,
vol. 13 no. 6 , pp. 577 –578.
C7.

Broadcasting

A new digital satellite broadcasting service on the 12-GHz band (Integrated Services Digital
Broadcasting-Satellite: ISDB-S) started in December 2000. ISDB-S is providing HDTV
programs, SDTV programs, independent sound programs, and multimedia data services via
high-powered broadcasting satellites. A digital terrestrial broadcasting system has been
discussed, and ISDB-T (Terrestrial) was adopted as the standard of the ITU-R for digitalterrestrial television and sound broadcasting. Advancements toward next-generation services
have been made, including development of a three-dimensional video servic e and an interactive
television service with a home server.
ISDB-S, a new digital multimedia service via broadcasting satellite, has a high-speedtransmission rate (maximum: 52.2 Mbps) for transmitting two HDTV programs and several
data services within a single 12-GHz broadcasting satellite service channel. The modulation
scheme is TC8PSK (trellis coding 8PSK), and the video/audio-coding scheme is MPEG2[Nakada and Omura, 2000].
Research into a future 21-GHz-band satellite broadcasting system is now underway. A major
technical difficulty with satellite broadcasting using frequency bands above 20 GHz is the large
rain attenuation. Using the adaptive pattern synthesis technique of phased array antennas would
make it possible to reconfigure the radiation pattern for a service according to the distributionof rainfall [Tanaka et al., 2001].
ISDB-T service is scheduled to start in 2003 in three major metropolitan areas in Japan (Tokyo,
Osaka, and Nagoya). Pilot broadcast stations have been set up to conduct transmission
experiments. Field trials in the Tokyo area showed that the required minimum field strength in
the UHF band for stationary reception is about 57 dBµV/m, assuming the carrier modulation
scheme is 64 QAM. They also showed that time interleaving is effective for mobile reception[Tsuchida et al., 2000].
A single-frequency network (SFN) is needed to achieve efficient channel use with digitalterrestrial broadcasting. To overcome the distortions caused by coupling between transmitting
and receiving antennas at the relay stations, a coupling loop interference canceller that canelectrically eliminate such degradation was developed. Field trials in March 2000 of anexperimental relay transmitter with a prototype canceller showed that operation was stable
under the severe condition where the power of the coupling loop interference was almost equal
to that of the desired signal [Hamazumi et al., 2001].
A prototype home server that can automatically record a viewer's favorite programs for
subsequent viewing at any time has been developed. It can play back digitally recorded HDTV
programs while recording another one, and it can record over four hours of HDTV programs
15and play them back without having to wait for the programs to finish being recorded [Kurioka
et al., 1999].
Three-dimensional TV service should be an attractive next-generation. A real-time
three-dimensional video system based on integral photography will provide an auto
stereoscopic image from any desired viewpoint without the use of viewing glasses [Okano etal., 1999].
A broadcast transcription system using a speech-recognition algorithm has been developed andhas been used for automatic closed-captioning service on news programs since March 2000. A
speech-recognition system automatically converts the announcer's speech into textual data.
This barrier-free system is helping hearing-impaired viewers enjoy TV programs [Ando et al.,2000].
TV broadcast centers must handle high-speed digital video signals, as well as many signal
formats (SDTV, HDTV, MPEG, and so on). The routing networks in TV broadcast centersshould therefore have a large capacity and flexible operation. To cope with this requirement, awavelength-division and time-division hybrid multiplexed (WD/TD) optical network has been
applied to TV broadcast centers [Shiozawa et al., 1999].
An ultrahigh-sensitivity "New Super-HARP (high-gain avalanche rushing amorphous
photoconductor)" handheld camera was developed. Its sensitivity is about 100 times that of a
CCD camera, making it a powerful tool for reporting breaking news at night and in otherlow-light conditions [Tanioka et al., 2001].
Research on flat panel displays continues to progress. The plasma display panel (PDP) is apromising candidate for use as a high-quality-picture flat panel display for wall-hanging
television sets. The deterioration in the areas with moving pictures, called a false contour
artifact and a big problem of PDPs, has been mostly overcome with the use of"time-compression of emission". A digital HDTV receiver with a 50-in-diagonal plasma
display panel has been developed and put on the market. [Yamamoto et al., 2001].
TVML (TV Program Making Language), a text-based language, has been developed formaking complete TV programs on a PC. A TVML player on a PC generates a TV program in
real time, using real-time computer graphics, synthesized voice, and other multimedia functions.
TVML substantially reduces both the time and cost of program production [Hayashi et al.
2001].
(T. Nomoto)
References
Nakada, H., T. Omura [2000], Implementation of a digital HDTV and multimedia broadcasting
system via direct broadcasting satellite in Japan, IBC2000 Conference Publication, 274-279.
Tanaka, S., H. Matsumura et al. [2001], A study on pattern synthesis method for array-fed
reflector antenna for advanced direct broadcasting satellite, 2001IEEE Antennas & Propagation
Society International Symposium Vol. 1, 566-569.
16

Tsuchida, K., S. Moriyama et al. [2000], ISDB-T progress report, IBC2000 Conference
Publication, 44-48.
Hamazumi, K., M. Sasaki et al. [2001], A coupling loop interference canceller forbroadcast-frequency relay stations in an SFN, ABU Technical Review, No. 194, 3-9.
Kurioka, T., J. Numazawa et al. [1999], Television home server for digital HDTV broadcasting,
NAB1999 Broadcast Engineering Conference Proceedings, 123-130.
Okano, F., I. Yuyama et al. [1999], Three-dimensional video system based on integral
photography, Optical Engineering, 38, 6, 1072-1077.
Ando, A., K. Nakabayashi et al. [2000], Real-time transcription systems for simultaneous
subtitling of Japanese broadcast news programs, IEEE Trans. on Broadcasting 46, 3, 189-196.
Shiozawa, T., M. Fujiwara et al. [1999], Optical video/audio signal distribution network forbroadcast center using WD/TD/SD hybrid multiplexing, IEEE Trans. on Broadcasting 45, 3,
276-282.
Tanioka, K., T. Yoshida et al. [2001], Ultrahigh-sensitivity new super-harp handheld camera,
IBC2001 Conference Publication Vol. 2, 71-77.
Yamamoto, T., H. Murakami et al. [2001], Method to improve moving picture quality of PDPs
affected by dynamic false contour artifacts, SMPTE Journal, 110, 4, 248-257.
Hayashi, M., N. Hamaguchi et al. [2001], TV program making language (TVML)-benefits ofobject-based contents-creation method, IBC2001 Conference Publication Vol. 2, 23-31.
Editor
Masami Akaike
Faculty of Engineering
Tokyo University of Science
Contributors
S. Hangai
Faculty of Engineering
Tokyo University of Science
Takayuki Hamamoto
Faculty of Engineering
Tokyo University of Science
Yuichi Matsushima
KDDI R&D Laboratories, Inc.
Haruhisa Sakata
17KDDI R&D Laboratories, Inc.
Kiyotaka Yamamura
Faculty of Science and Engineering
Chuo University
Masazumi Ueba
NTT Network Innovation Labs.
Wireless Systems Innovation Laboratory
Yasushi Yamao
Wireless Systems Laboratories
NTTDoCoMo
Ken-ichi Sato
NTT Network Innovation Labs.
Photonic Transport Network Laboratory
Toshiyuki Nomoto
Digital Satellite Broadcasting Systems
NHK Science and Technical Research Laboratories

18