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学術俯瞰講義「文化資源、文化遺産、世界遺産」
文化資源と情報技術の変化
2017/10/30
東京大学大学院人文社会系研究科 中村雄祐

1. 西欧史における印刷術の評価
Eisenstein, Elizabeth. 1979. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change.
In this work she focuses on the printing press's functions of dissemination, standardization,and preservation and the way these functions aided the progress of the Protestant
Reformation, the Renaissance, and the Scientific Revolution. Eisenstein's work brought
historical method, rigor, and clarity to earlier ideas of Marshall McLuhan and others, about
the general social effects of such media transitions.
This work provoked debate in the academic community from the moment it was publishedand is still inspiring conversation and new research today. Her work also influenced later
thinking about the subsequent development of digital media. Her work on the transition
from manuscript to print influenced thought about new transitions of print text to digitalformats, including multimedia and new ideas about the definition of text.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Eisenstein

Johns, Adrian. 1998. The Nature of the Book Print and Knowledge in the Making.
In The Nature of the Book, Adrian Johns transports his readers back to early modern
England and the cauldron of creative and commercial forces in which print culture wasformed. His uncanny eye for detail allows us to visit booksellers’ shops and the Royal Society,paper manufactories and type foundries. We can eavesdrop on the often-bitter disputes
between authors and printers, printers and booksellers, clerics and intellectuals as theydebate and resolve the meaning and rights attached to the creation of ideas, theirappearance in written form and then in print, and the opportunity to sell, buy, and readprinted work. Johns focuses on the interplay between the scientific and print revolutions andon their roles, both complementary and antagonistic, in the production and dissemination ofknowledge.
http://www.adrianjohns.com/nature/

2. 政府・市場・技術 ― 文化資源を取り巻く環境限定された合理性の世界では、個々の人間の計算能力を拡大し、彼らの集団的な生存と繁栄の可能性を高める方法が、いくつか存在する。市場と管理階層とを組み合わせることによって、人類は仕事の専門家と分業の能力を著しく高めてきた。人口の莫大な増加と拡散を―現代医学や現代技術もそれとある程度の関係があるが―これらのメカニズムのみですべて説明することは行き過ぎであるとしても、地球全体にわたる今日の人類の優位は、これら社会的人工物により可能となった人間理性の増大の証なのである。
サイモン、H. 1999. 『システムの科学 第3版』、p.51. パーソナルメデ
ィア.
官僚制 Bureaucracy

政府、企業など、規模の大きな組織が持つ階層構造を持った管理・支配の体系
近代的官僚制の諸原則（M. ウェーバー）••••法律で規定された権限階層化された組織
専門性による分業体系化された文書管理

cf. https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/官僚制

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CC BY-NC-NDDysfunctions of Bureaucracy
Any action can be considered in terms of what it attains or what it fails to attain. "A way ofseeing is also a way of not seeing--a focus upon object A involves a neglect of object B." In hisdiscussion, Weber is almost exclusively concerned with what the bureaucratic structureattains: precision, reliability, efficiency. This same structure may be examined from anotherperspective provided by the ambivalence. What are the limitations of the organizations
designed to attain these goals?
Merton, Robert K. 1957. Social Theory and Social Structure: 195-206.

1980年代のペルーで家の登記に必要な事務手続き（第一段階）
De Soto, Fernando. 2002[1989] The Other Path. Basic Books.

What is Governance?
Governance consists of the traditions and institutions by which authority in a country isexercised. This includes the process by which governments are selected, monitored andreplaced; the capacity of the government to effectively formulate and implement soundpolicies; and the respect of citizens and the state for the institutions that govern economic
and social interactions among them.
http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/#home

The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI)
The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) project reports aggregate and individual
governance indicators for over 200 countries and territories over the period 1996–2016, forsix dimensions of governance:
••
••
•
•

Voice and Accountability
Political Stability and Absence of Violence
Government Effectiveness
Regulatory Quality
Rule of Law
Control of Corruption
http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/#home

The Guatemalan Police Archives
In July 2005, in an abandoned warehouse in downtown Guatemala City, Guatemala,delegates from the country's Institution of the Procurator for Human Rights uncovered, bysheer chance, a vast archive detailing the history of the defunct National Police and its rolein the Guatemalan Civil War. Over five rooms full of files containing names, address,identity documents, were brought to light.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala_National_Police_Archives
cf. 関雄二・狐崎友巳・中村雄祐（編著）2009. 『グアテマラ内戦後：人間の安全保障の挑戦』。明石書店。

Basic Features of Market Design•••••

Information flows smoothly.
People can be trusted to live up to their promises.
Competition is fostered.: “Alternatives exist”.
Property rights are protected but not overprotected.
Unintended side effects on third parties (negative externalities) are curtailed.
McMillan, John. 2002. Reinventing the Bazaar:
A Natural History of Markets. W.W. Norton.

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Governments provide services that are typically nontradable, often lack scale, and are notsubject to market competition.
World Bank. 2016. Digital Dividends. Overview.

Digital Dividends
Overview—Strengthening the analog foundation of the digital revolution.
Digital technologies have spread rapidly in much of the world. Digital dividends—thebroader development benefits from using these technologies—have lagged behind. In many
instances digital technologies have boosted growth, expanded opportunities, and improved
service delivery. Yet their aggregate impact has fallen short and is unevenly distributed.
For digital technologies to benefit everyone everywhere requires closing the remaining
digital divide, especially in internet access. But greater digital adoption will not be enough.
To get the most out of the digital revolution, countries also need to work on the “analogcomplements”—by strengthening regulations that ensure competition among businesses, byadapting workers’ skills to the demands of the new economy, and by ensuring that
institutions are accountable.

The Risks: Concentration, Inequality and Control
Many problems and failures of the internet surface when digital technology is introduced but
the important analog complements remain inadequate. What are these complements? The
main ones are regulations that ensure a high degree of competition, skills that leveragetechnology, and institutions that are accountable.
World Bank. 2016. Digital Dividends. Overview.

3. “What a resource!”
100 Under $100

http://100under100.org/
トイチュ、ベッツィ. 2016.『WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
100―世界の女性をエンパワーする 100 の方法』（英治出版）.
cf. Kozaki, Tomomi & Yusuke Nakamura. 2017. “The Evolving Life
Improvement Approach: From Home Taylorism to JICA Tsukuba,and Beyond”, JICA Research Institute Working Paper No.146.

Design with The Other 90%: Cities
http://www.designother90.org/

東京文化資源会議
http://tohbun.jp/

神田祭ラボ2017 powered by 地図ファブ
http://tohbun.jp/k-lab/

4. 情報技術の変化と読み書き算術
Skills for the digital economy
Technological change means that many routine tasks will soon be done by machines. In
contrast to previous episodes, the internet will also make many tasks carried out in whitecollar jobs redundant. This puts a premium on different types of skills that automation
complements rather than replaces. Education systems have been slow to respond to thischallenge. Furthermore, the pace of change is fast, and the types of skills in demand change
quickly. So workers will have to upgrade their skills frequently throughout their careers.
World Bank. 2016. Digital Dividends. Overview.

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Digital Dividends@Edx
https://www.edx.org/course/digital-dividends-strengthening-analog-wbgx-wdr01x

東京大学大学院横断型教育プログラム Digital Humanities
http://dh.iii.u-tokyo.ac.jp/

東京大学大学院情報学環DNP学術電子コンテンツ研究寄付講座
http://dnp-da.jp/

Procept: Symbols as Process and Concept
The symbols that occur in arithmetic and algebra are used in special ways. Not only do theyspecify operations that can be performed as a sequence of steps, they also operate as mental
entities that can themselves be operated upon. This offers a mode of operation that isdifferent from the usual linguistic analysis for speaking about numbers.
[…] The symbol 3+4 operates both as a process (addition) and a concept (the sum).
Symbols that operate dually as both process and concept in this way give rise to a new partof speech in the language of mathematics, that Gray and Tall named a procept. As the childrelate various ways of calculating the same result, different symbols such as 7+3, 3+7 13-3
may then be reconsidered as being different ways of writing the same procept. The procept
here is the number 10 and all other possible ways that an individual thinks about it tomanipulate it flexibly in arithmetic. Over time it grows in richness to encompass many otherconnections such as 5*2, 20/2, 5+4+3-2, (-5)*(-2) and even -10i2. Flexible use of such
symbolism to derive new relationships and to build a rich structure of flexible alternatives iscalled proceptual thinking.

Mathematics Anxiety[…] Mathematics is often considered to be a logical and coherent subject, but the successive
developments in mathematical thinking may involve a particular manner of working that issupportive in one context but becomes problematic in another. [...]
This phenomenon occurs through out the long-term development of mathematics […] Emotion
enters into the development […]. Some who make sense of mathematics at one level and feel
confident about the future may enjoy tackling new problems, whereas others, who begin tofeel that the mathematics does not make sense, may either take the alternative route tolearn how to perform routines without attempting to understand them or, worse still, fall
into a downward spiral of anxiety and failure.
Tall, David. 2013. How Humans Learn to Think Mathematically.
Cambridge University Press.

5. ICTと文化資源 ― 動くページと深い読み書きUbiquity: ICTは、インタフェイスの多様化、ネットワーク化を通じて、資源化しうる文化の領域を拡大している。文化資源はすぐそこにある、かもしれない。

Interactivity: 文化資源化は、多様な要素・アクター間の相互作用とともに進む。印刷物との相互作用を通じて培われてきた深い読み書きの伝統は、デジタル・ネットワーク化された認知的人工物の発展とともに新しい段階を迎えつつある。
Scalability: ICTは、様々なスケールの文化資源化の可能性を開く。どのスケールにおいても「政治制度や市場経済といかに関わるか」、特にICTに対するanalog foundationsの強化が課題である。
Interdisciplinarity: デジタル・ネットワーク化された認知的人工物との相互作用は、学際的な社会連携を促進する。そこでは、ICT を活用した mathematics anxiety の克服が課題である。

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