Newsletter of the Global COE program

Deep Earth Mineralogy
Center for Advanced Experimental andTheoretical Deep Earth Mineralogy
先進的実験と理論による地球深部物質学拠点

No. 5, May 21, 2010

News & Events
Predicted temperatures at CMB

the infrared absorption spectra of ice XI and clarified that the widthof the libration mode of ice signif icantly nar rowed with thetransition from ice Ih to ice XI (Arakawa et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl.
Ser., 184, 2009). Earlier studies suggested that ferroelectric ice (ice
XI) may exist in Pluto and Charon, although no direct evidence for
ice XI has been reported from astronomical observations. The
present results demonstrate that the infrared observation is apotentially important method for searching ice XI in extraterrestrial
environments.

New appointments at GRC
Prof. T. Tsuchiya of the
GRC and Dr. K. Kawai of a
JSPS post-doc at Tokyo Inst.
Te c h . a n d I P G P a r i sdeveloped a comprehensivemodel based on the radial variations of the shear velocity in the D"layer (the base of the lower mantle) and the elastic properties ofmajor candidate minerals at high pressure and temperature,including the effects of post-perovskite phase transitions. Thismodel shows a temperature profile in the lowermost mantle with atemperature of ~3800 K at the core-mantle boundary (CMB). They
also concluded that lateral temperature variations of 200–300 K can
explain much of the large velocity heterogeneity observed in the D"layer. A single-crossing phase transition model was also suggested
to be more favorable in reproducing the observed seismic wave
velocity structure than a double-crossing phase transition model.
This result was reported in the Proceedings of National Academy of
Science (PNAS), USA, issued on 29 December, 2009.

Measurements of hydrogen-ordering in ice XIHydrogen-ordering in water ice induces a dramatic change in its
properties. Hydrogen atoms in normal ice (ice Ih) are distributed in
two crystallographically equivalent sites along the O–O bond (Fig.
(a)). In contrast, hydrogen atoms of ice XI, the hydrogen-orderedphase of ice Ih, are located at one site (Fig.(b)) and the crystal
structure with ordered hydrogen atoms results in ferroelectricity.
Mr. Arakawa (PhD student) and Prof. H. Kagi of Geochemical Lab,
Univ. Tokyo, who are the members of the present COE, measured

Dr. Matthew L. Whitaker, a former COE Postdoctoral Fellow, hasbeen appointed as a Jokyo (Assistant Professor) at the GRC. Dr.
W h it a ker ha s been work i ng on u lt r a son ic sou nd velocit ymeasu rements at high pressu re and temperat u re u nder thesupervision of Prof. Baosheng Li of the Mineral Physics Institute(MPI), Stony Brook University, who is an official member of thepresent global COE program. Meanwhile, Dr. Arnaud Metsuearrived at the COE Postdoctoral Fellow position in February 2010,
who received his PhD from Univ. Lille-Sciences and Technologies,
supervised by Prof. Patrick Cordier, for his first-principles study onmodeling of stacking faults. Also joining the GRC is Dr. Haruhiko
Dekura, who gained his PhD from Osaka University in solid statephysics, and took up the Postdoctoral Fellow position for the GRC
branch of Senior Research Fellow Center, Ehime University, in
April 2010. At the same time, Dr. Masayuki Nishi, a former PhD
st udent from Ky ushu University, joined the GRC as a JSPS
Postdoctoral Fellow. Dr. Nishi has been working on kinetics ofsome high-pressure minerals included in natural diamonds toaddress the ascending speeds of diamonds in the deep mantle,
supervised by both Profs. Takumi Kato and Tomoaki Kubo. The
GRC now has 16 faculty staff members, including three COE
professors and two tenure-track Senior Research Fellows, as well as
13 Postdoctoral Fellows (including one Research Fellow) working in
the field of deep Earth mineralogy.

Page 1

News & Events
Sound velocity measurement under lower
mantle conditions
Dr. Y. Higo of JASRI, who is a former PhD student at the GRC,
has set up a new system for measurement of elastic wave velocities
at BL04B1, SPring-8. He successfully measured sound velocities atpressures exceeding 25 GPa and temperatures to 1500 K, using a
combination of ultrasonic measurements and in situ X-ray
observations in a large-volume multianvil apparatus. Some GRC
members have been extensively working to synthesize high-quality
sintered-bodies of various high-pressure phases, including MgSiO3
perovskite, and the ultrasonic technique, originally developed by
the research group of SUNY at Stony Brook, will allow them tostudy the elastic properties of high-pressure phases under thepressure and temperature conditions of the Earth's lower mantle.

being constructed as one of the beamlines for neutron studies at
J-PARC, sponsored by two nation-wide Kakenhi projects (P.I.
Profs. T. Yagi and H. Kagi, respectively) and the present COE
program. About 50 researchers and students attended the school,
where a lecture by Dr. Hattori was given on the current status of
the beamline construction and the new facility to be installed in
PLANET, followed by an intensive discussion focusing particularlyon the design of the new high-pressure apparatus. A visit to thefactory of Sumitomo Heavy Industries Co. Ltd. was also organized
by Prof. T. Inoue of the GRC, which was attended by many of theparticipants. Sumitomo is known as the manufacturer of thefamous "Sumi-presses", including those at Stony Brook andBayreuth, and is located in Niihama city, Ehime Prefecture, close
to the GRC.

GRC team selected as PU at SPring-8
External evaluation of the COE program
The annual meeting for reporting activities of the present
program on Deep Earth Mineralogy was held on the 15 and 16 ofMarch, attended by the faculty staff members, post-doctoral andresearch fellows, and students of the GRC and the relevant
laboratories, as well as the members of the internal and external
evaluat ion com m it tees, i ncludi ng the president of Ehi me
University. The outlines on the performance and outcomes fromthe program were summarized by Profs. T. Irifune, T. Inoue, and T.
Tsuchiya of the GRC, followed by reports from the individuals andthe principal investigators of each research group in oral and poster
presentations. The external committee concluded that the present
program has perfor med well overall in light of its original
pur poses, and made some constr uctive comments on future
directions for the program, which will be taken into account in
conducting the current program.

The GRC high-pressure experiment team was selected as one off ive Power Users (PU) among hundreds of research groups
working at SPring-8, to which intensive supports are given by
JASRI. The main subjects to be studied during the appointed PU
term of 5 years are: 1) rheological studies of mantle minerals, 2)
sound velocity measurements under lower mantle conditions, 3)phase transitions and P-V-T studies using sintered diamond anvils,
and 4) applications of ultra-hard nano-polycrystalline diamond( N PD o r H I M E - DI A) i n ve n t e d b y t h e G RC t o v a r i o u s
high-pressure apparatus. Some interdisciplinary studies, such as
sy nthesis and character ization of new hard mater ials andhigh-temperature super-conductors, will also be conducted. The
team is planning to replace the existing DIA-type guide block
system of the 1500-ton multianvil apparatus (SPEED-MkII) with a
new large deformation-DIA system (MADONNA) available at the
GRC for such advanced studies at BL04B1 in the summer of 2010.

Long-term visiting PhD students from Edinburgh, UK

Spring school for high-pressure neutron studies
A joint school was held at the GRC on the topics relevant to thehigh-pressure neutron beamline ("PLANET"), which is currently

Page 2

A PhD student from CSEC (Center for Science at Extreme
Conditions), University of Edinburgh, UK, Mr. Shigeto Hirai,
stayed and joined in experimental studies at the GRC for about amonth from February to March, 2010. He made many successful
high pressure and temperature (PT) r uns using Kawai-typeapparatuses installed at the GRC, Orange-2000 and Orange-3000,
driven by 2000 and 3000 tons hydraulic rams, up to about 25 GPa
and 1600 K. He succeeded in synthesizing novel materials withperovskite and post-perovskite structures. He also performed somehigh PT experiments using a diamond anvil cell to study thestability of the newly synthesized materials at higher pressures up
to about 60 GPa. He is pla n n i ng to ca r r y out f u r thercharacterization and physical property measurements of thesynthesized materials at CSEC, University of Edinburgh.

News & Events
Completion of MADONNA-II at SOSEKI LAB

A new DIA-type apparatus, MADONNA-II, has been installed at
the SOSEKI Lab, GRC, in February 2010, sitting next to a larger
mult ia nv il press, BOTCH A N- 60 0 0. T he basic desig n of
M A DON NA-I I is si m ila r to t hat of it s or ig i nal ve r sion ,MADONNA-1500, but the former apparatus is aimed mainly atconducting high-pressure and temperature experiments underlower mantle conditions using sintered diamond anvils while thelatter focuses on rheological studies utilizing its deformation-DIA
mechanism. The other three multianvil apparatus at the GRC,OR ANGE-1000, -2000, and -3000 are used for “ordinar y”
e x p e r i m e n t s a t p r e s s u r e s u p t o 3 0 G Pa , a s wel l a s fo r
collaborations with external users.

The 3rd International Special Lecture
The third COE International Lecture was given by Dr. Catherine
McCammon of Bayerisches Geoinstitut (BGI), Germany, on 9 and
10 February 2010, attended by the students, post-docs, and staff
member s of t he GRC a nd ot her releva nt labor ator ies. D r.
McCammon gave two 3-hour lectures entitled as "Transition metalchemistry and the Earth's interior" and "Oxygen fugacity and theEarth's interior", as well as a shorter talk on her recent study on Fe

spin-transitions as one of the
COE I nt e r nat ional Front ie r
Seminar, followed by intensive
discussion on these topics withthe participants. GRC and BGIhold an agreement about mutual
resea rch collaborat ions a nd
exchange of people, and a PhD
st udent of BGI stayed at the
GRC fo r fou r m o nt h s fo rinter nships based on thisagreement last year. Dr. McCammon also enjoyed staying in
Matsuyama for 10 days, visiting Kashima-island in the Seto inland
sea and climbi ng Miy u k i-hill behi nd the campus of Ehime
University.

International Frontier Seminer
16th (9 Feburuary)"Effect of spin transitions on properties and dynamics of thelower mantle"
Lect u rer : D r. Cather i ne McCammon (St af f Scient ist,
Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, Germany)

17th (19 March)"The role of mineral physics in modelling geodynamics of thelower mantle"
Lecturer : Prof. David A. Yuen
(University of Minnesota, USA)
18th (26 March)"Combined flexural and torsional
oscillation methods for laboratory
study of viscoelasticity andporoelasticity"
L e c t u r e r : P rof. Ian Jack s on
( Resea rch School of Ea r t hSciences, Aust ralian National
University, Australia)

Forthcoming Events
19th International Frontier Seminar"Melting of peridotite to 160 GPa"
Lecturer: Prof. Guillaume Fiquet (Institut de Minéralogie et dePhysique des Milieux Condensés, UMR CNRS 7590, Université
Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6) (Date: end of May, 2010)

2nd TANDEM Symposium at CUG, Wuhan
Following the first TANDEM symposium held in Matsuyama in
2008, the second symposium will be held at one of the National
Key Laboratories of China University of Geoscience in Wuhan on
5-7 November 2010. Young scientists and faculty members fromvarious laboratories of TANDEM will gather and have two-day
presentations on their latest studies relevant to Deep EarthMineralogy, followed by an excursion. At the moment, 26
laboratories of 5 Asian countries in this field join TANDEM toenhance research collaborations and exchange of
information/people among these laboratories. For further details on
the Symposium, see the TANDEM pages of this issue.

An international session at JpGU 2010 Meetingon May 25
An international session entitled "Mineral physics and dynamics
of deep mantle" will be held on May 25, as one of the sessions of
the Japan Geoscience Union (JpGU) Meeting 2010 in Makuhari
during 23 - 28 May. In this session, twenty-nine (22 for oral and 7
for poster) papers from various disciplines on mineral physics andgeodynamics of the planetary interiors will be presented byresearchers from many countries, with special focuses on (1)thermal/chemical str ucture, (2) behaviours of f luids and/orhydrous minerals, and (3) rheology of the deep mantle. Those whoare interested in deep Earth mineralogy are greatly encouraged tojoin the discussions in this session. We particularly welcome
researchers/students of TANDEM laboratories, to enhance mutualcommunications and collaborations in Asian countries. Dr. M.
Kameyama, Assoc. Prof. of the GRC, will act as the main
convener for this session. For further details, see the JpGU website(ht t p://w w w.jpg u.org / ) or directly contact Dr. Kameyama(kameyama@sci.ehime-u.ac.jp).

Page 3

The 3rd YESA Workshop in September
The 3rd Young Earth Scientist Association (YESA) workshop
will be held at the Geodynamics Research Center on 2-3 September,2010. This workshop aims to have valuable presentation anddiscussion of recent researches in water and hydrogen. Nowadays,
deep Earth water is studied by many research fields, particularly
focusing on structure and properties of hydrated magma, and on
phase transition of water and hydrogen-bearing substances. In thisworkshop, we will discuss the properties of hydrogen and water inthe Earth and planetary interiors, based on high-pressure
experimental studies and numerical simulations. We are still in the
preparatory stage of the workshop, but we expect that newinterpretations of the physical and chemical properties of hydrogen
and water will be suggested, and that their implications for theinternal dynamics and evolution in the Earth and planets are
discussed at this work shop. We cordially invite many young
researchers, including students, to join this workshop. (article by
Shin'ichi MACHIDA, Leader of YESA this fiscal year 2010-1011)

COLUMN: Four seasons in Matsuyama
Hiyoku-tsuka, the grave of lovers who died together, which is locatedalong the hill side near Ehime University, is famous for an old cherry
tree standing aside the tomb, as well as a sad love story from ancienttime. According to Kojiki, the oldest history book in Japan written in
the 7-8th century, the first son of the 19th Emperor (Emperor Ingyo) of
the 5th century fell in love with one of his younger sisters. The prince,
Karuno-miko, was sent to Iyo (the old name of Ehime prefecture, where
GRC locates) for banishment because of the forbidden love, and thesister, Sotoori-hime, followed Karuno-miko after having spent several
years in the capital with great patience. However, they finally killed
t he m selve s st abbi ng e a chother at the place where the
Hiyok u-tsu ka was later
constructed. This area is also
called Hime-bara (the field ofprincess), and the cherry tree
will be in full bloom in early
April, showing its beautiful
shape like the incarnation of
the pretty princess who died
for the tragic love.

New Members
Arnaud METSUE (COE Postdoctoral Fellow)

Masayuki NISHI (JSPS Postdoctoral Fellow)

I joi ned the GRC i n
February, after finishing my
Ph.D. in Materials Science at
the University of Lille (France).
My disser t at ion resea rch
focused on the dislocation coreproperties in mantle minerals.
Dislocations are cr ystalline
defects, responsible for theplastic defor mation ofmaterials. My research tool is
ab initio calculations of atomic structure energies. During my stayat the GRC, I would like to develop new approaches in order toinvestigate the effects of single-point defects on the physicalproperties of minerals. My first interest is the study of the effect ofiron on the thermodynamic and plastic properties of (Mg,Fe)SiO3
perovskite and post-perovskite phases, which are thought to be thepredominant phases in the lowermost part of the mantle. My otherinterests focus on the discovery of Japanese culture and on the
fabulous Japanese food!!

My name is Masayuki Nishi andI started working at the GRC in
April 2010 as a JSPS postdoctoral
fellow. I received a Ph.D. f rom
Kyushu University in March 2010.
My doctoral dissertation research
focused on examining thetransformation kinetics of mantle
minerals at high pressure and hightemperat u re conditions. T heexperiments were mainly
conducted u si ng a mult i-a nv il
high-pressure apparatus and time-resolved in-situ synchrotron
X-ray diffraction measurements. The kinetic data obtained fromthese experimental st udies were used for deter mination ofmetastable phase relations of a subducting plate and for theestimation of diamond ascent rate from the deep mantle. My
current research interest is chemical diffusion of garnet at the
mantle transition zone which is also important for understanding
the mineralogy of a subducting plate. I would like to contribute torevealing various reaction processes of mantle minerals.

Arata MIYAUCHI (PhD student)
I entered the Ph.D. course
this April to begin research on
the mantle dy namics ofter rest r ial planets by usi ng
computational f luid dynamics
a f t e r r e c e iv i n g a M a s t e r 's
degree in the Department ofphysics at Ehime University.
The purpose of my Ph.D study
is to clarify the differences in
the inter nal str uct ure of theobserved mantle and simulated one. Recent studies of mantle
convection showed that large scale convection can be developed byintroducing pressure and temperature dependent viscosity andphase transitions. However, coefficients of thermal expansion andthermal conductivity were kept constant in many cases, though
they may possibly affect the convection pattern. Therefore, it isnecessary to develop a mantle convection simulation model using
realistic physical properties of mantle materials, and this is the aimof my research.

Page 4

Futoshi ISOBE (PhD student)
I started my Ph.D. course
st udy i n Apr i l 2010 af t e r
receiving a Master's degree at
Ehime University in March of
the same year. In my Master's
research, I engaged in sometechnical developments forsynthesis of larger
nano-polycrystalline diamond(NPD) using a large-volume
Kawai-type apparatus (BOTCHAN-6000), which was recently
installed at SOSEKI LAB at the GRC. Synthesis of large NPD is
an important issue in developing new high pressure technology
because NPD has outstanding potential for high pressure anvils. I
have succeeded in synthesizing large NPD rods with dimensions of
8mm both in diameter and length which is large enough forapplications to various apparatus. I'm working on the challenge ofsynthesizing larger NPD over 1cm and would like to contribute to
the advancement in high pressure technology.

Hot Researches by Young Scientists
Simulation of core forming process
in the magma ocean
Hiroki ICHIKAWA(COE Postdoctoral Fellow)

We have made 1D numerical simulationsof iron rain in the whole magma ocean.
Separation of the metal phase from thesilicate phase is calculated based on fluid
dynamics. The model simultaneously treats
partitioning of thermal energy produced
from the release of gravitational energy andsiderophile elements such as Ni, Co, Mn,
Cr, etc. into the mantle and core. It has long
been known that the formation of the coretransforms gravitational energy into heatand is able to heat up the whole Earth byabout 2000 K. However, the distribution ofthis energy within the Earth is still debated.

Simple-shear deformation of olivine
under the upper mantle conditions
Tomohiro OHUCHI(COE Postdoctoral Fellow)

Plastic deformation of olivine plays animportant role in controlling the dynamics
in the upper mantle. The lattice-preferredorientation (LPO) of olivine developed bydislocation creep is known to be the causeof the anisotropic elastic properties ofu p p e r m a nt le m at e r ia l s. It h a s b e e nreported that water has significant effects
on the LPO of olivine (e.g., Ju ng andKarato, 2001). Recently, Raterron et al.
(2007) conducted a series of deformation
experiments on forsterite single crystals atpressures of 2.1−7.5 GPa and temperaturesof 1373−1677 K, and repor ted that theIron rain at the surface magma ocean is
supposed to be the first mechanism of
separation for large planets; iron thencoalesces to form a pond at the base of themagma ocean. The time scale of the separation can be estimated from the falling
velocity of the iron phase, which isestimated to be about 10 cm/s with irondroplets on the cm-scale.
This process had not been dealt with bynumerical simulation because of the large
discrepancy between the size of the Earthand the iron droplets.
Any Earth-sized numerical model cannot
directly incorporate the effect of irondroplets. We made a parameterization
based on a direct numerical simulation of a
10cm-scale emulsion of liquid iron in liquidsilicates [Ichikawa et al., 2010] and incorporated it into our Earth-sized model. The
evolution of the thermal and chemical
structure during the separation of the ironphase is calculated by using this model.
As a result, the maximum temperature,
which exceeds the peridotite melting
temperature by several thousand Kelvin, isobtained at the boundary between the metal
ponds (or the core if the whole planet isliquid) and the silicate layer. This result
indicates the chemical equilibrium between
metal and silicate would take place at amuch hotter condition than the silicate

melting temperature. These results are
consistent with P-T conditions wheresilicate equilibrated with metal that is
estimated from the partitioning of siderophile elements [Wade and Wood, 2005].
Furthermore, we estimated the depth of themagma ocean as 2000-3000km by chemical
distribution.

dominant slip direction changes from b =[100] to [001] at > 5 GPa. Both pressure
and water, therefore, is expected to affectthe LPO of olivine in the deeper upper
mantle. However, the influence of pressure
and water on the LPO of olivine (and otherminerals) has not been fully evaluated atpressures of > 4 GPa.
In order to explore the pressure-induced
fabric transition of minerals and the effectof water on the LPO of minerals at highpressures, we have initiated a series ofexper imental st udies on the effect ofpressure and water on the LPO of olivine
under upper mantle conditions using themulti-anvil assembly 6-6 (MA6-6) systemc o m b i n e d w i t h a d e fo r m a t i o n - DI A
apparatus. We successfully conducted theexper i ments of t he si mple -shea r
deformation of anhydrous and hydrous
olivine at P = 3−7 GPa and T = 1473−1773
K for a range of shear strain rates 1E-5 to1E-4 /s (Fig. 1).
Our experimental results showed thatthe t y pe-A LPO of olivine, where theolivine [100] axis and (010) plane aresubparallel to the shear direction and theshear plane, respectively, was dominant
under anhydrous conditions (Fig. 1). Thet y pe -B LPO of olivi ne, wh ich ischaracterized by the olivine [001] axis
subparallel to the shear direction and the(010) plane subparallel to the shear plane,
was dominant under hydrous conditions(Fig. 1). These observations suggest thatwater content is one of the most importantparameters controlling the fabric transitionof olivine not only in the uppermost mantle
but also in the deeper part of the upper
mantle.

Fig. 1. The relation between metal-silicate
bulk partition of V, Cr, and Mn and thedepth of the magma ocean. The shaded
regions in the figure denotes the likely
range for each element evaluated fromcore-mantle bulk partitioning. The resultsof a 2000-3000km magma ocean depth areconsistent with the core-mantle bulk
partition.

Fig. 1. (a) A representative backscatteredelect ron image of a defor med olivine
sample. Note that the strain marker was
rotated ~50º (i.e., shear strain of ~120%).
Arrows represent the shear direction. (b)Pole figures showing the LPO of deformed
olivine samples at 5 GPa and 1573 K under
dry and wet conditions.

Page 5TANDEM

THE ASIAN NETWORKIN DEEP EARTH MINERALOGY
News & Events
The 2nd TANDEM Symposiumon Deep Earth Mineralogy

Date: 5-7 November, 2010
Venue: China University ofGeosciences (Wuhan), China
Registration: ~30 September
We are delighted to invite you toa t t e n d t h e s y m p o siu m d u r i ng
November 5-7, 2010 in Wu han,China. We look forward to yourparticipation at this meeting and thereports of your recent interesting
research results. Detailed
information and important dates
can be found in the First Circular.
Please mark you r calendar anddistribute the information to thecolleagues, students and postdocs in your laboratory/institution
who might be interested. We had a very successful 1st symposiumin Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan two years ago. We will
make the 2nd symposium a joyful reunion for all TANDEM
members and friends in Wuhan.
Now the 1st circular and the abstract format are distributed via
TA M DE M m a i l i ng l i s t a n d c a n b e s e e n o n t h e we b sit e ,http://deep-earth-mineralogy.jp/tandem/index.html.
Second circular including updated infor mation about theconference will be advertised in the summer of 2010 in the web site
above and the mailing list.
Organizing Committee:
Zhenmin JIN, China Univ. of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
Tetsuo IRIFUNE, Ehime Univ., Japan
Yuansheng DU, China Univ. of Geosciences, China
Changqian MA, China Univ. of Geosciences, China
Yanbin WANG, GSECARS, Univ. Chicago, USA
Shan GAO, China Univ. of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
Laishi ZHAO, China Univ. of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
Hongfei ZHANG, China Univ. of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
Junfeng ZHANG, China Univ. of Geosciences, Wuhan, China

Call for internships at GRC, Ehime Univ.
The GRC of Ehime University will invite a few master-course (orequivalent) students for long-term internship program (up to about
two months) in deep Earth mineralogy. Successful applicantsshould have a strong intention to enroll in either the special PhD
course in Deep Earth Mineralogy (for Asian students) at the GRC
or the ordinary PhD course in the Graduate School of Science andTechnology, Ehime University for this and next fiscal year (theentrance exams will be held this coming August, May 2011, andAugust 2011). Most of the students in both of these PhD courses

Page 6will be financially supported (up to about 140000 yen/month) andexempted from the tuitions and the enrollment fee. The successful
applicants can choose one of the following topics for internships tobe conducted during the period from early August to late March
2011: 1) High-pressure experiments using the multianvil apparatus
or diamond anvil cell, 2) Numerical simulations in mineral physics
using first-principles calculations and those in geodynamics basedon f luid dynamics theory, which are supervised by the faculty
members of the GRC. The GRC will financially support the travel
and living expenses during the period of the internship. For further
details: contact Dr. Akira Yamada (yamada@sci.ehime-u.ac.jp).

Visits of TANDEM lab representatives to GRC
Prof. Zenmin Jin, the representative of the National Key Lab,
CUG in Wuhan, visited the GRC during the period of 12-15 March,accompanied by his wife and Dr. Yao Wu of the same laboratory.
Prof. Jin and Dr. Wu discussed with some of the faculty staff
members of the GRC about the details of the second TANDEM
sy mposiu m t o be held i n Wu ha n t h is com i ng Nove mbe r.
Meanwhile, Prof. Ian Jackson, therepresentative of RSES, ANU, also
visited the GRC on 25-27 March andgave a talk as one of the International
Frontier Seminars. Dr. Yoshio Kono,
a COE Research Fellow at GRC, willvisit Prof. Jackson's lab for a few
months based on the mutual
agreement of exchange of peopleb e t we e n t h e t wo i n s t it u t e s a n d
suppor ted by the COE long-ter moverseas internship program.

Keynote lecture at NDNC2010 in Suzhou
Prof. T. Irifune of the GRC was invited as a keynote lecturer atthe 4th International Conference on New Diamond and Nano
Carbons (NDNC2010) held in Suzhou, near Shanghai, China. Thisconference is held for presentations and discussions on sciences andtechnologies on diamond and various nano-carbons (nanotubes,
grapheme, fluerene, etc), as well as on diamond-like carbons andother hard materials. Prof. Irifune gave a 30-minute keynote talkon the nature and application of nano-polycrystalline diamond(HIME-DIA), firstly synthesized at the GRC.

TANDEM Laboratories
Experimental Research in Earth Materials at theAustralian National University
Experimental research into chemical and mechanical aspects ofthe behaviou r of geological mater ials is u nder t aken by theexperimental petrology and rock physics groups within the Research
School of Ea r t h Sciences. Exper i ment al facilit ies i nclude
piston-cylinder, multi-anvil, hydrothermal and internally heated gas
apparatus for high-pressure-temperature studies of phase equilibria,
rheology and seismic properties, along with controlled atmospherefurnaces. Analytical capability includes an electron microprobe,laser ICPMS, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), andlight and electron microscopy, including SEM-based electronbackscattered diffraction (EBSD) and TEM. The research activities
involve a substantial number of Ph. D and undergraduate students
and are supported by specialised technical staff. The current
interests of the senior research staff are summarised in the following
paragraphs.
Joerg Hermann is experimentally investigating the nature andcomposition of subduction zone f luids, taking advantage of new
developments such as the UHP piston cylinder technique (up to 6.5
GPa) and large, cold sealed silver capsules for hydrother mal
experiments at very high pressures. Special emphasis is placed on
the influence of accessory phases on the trace element compositionsof subduction zone fluids, which are analysed in the experimental
runs by Laser-Ablation ICP-MS. Other experimental studies focus
on different ways how volatiles (H 2O, CO2, Cl and F) are recycling
through subduction zones.
Gre g Ya x l ey i s wor k i ng on c on s t r a i n i ng t he n at u r e ofmetasomatic processes operating in the deep cratonic mantle, thest abilit y of d ia mond , a nd t he pet rogenesis of h ig h ly
silica-undersaturated magmas such as kimberlites. Based on studiesof spinel and garnet peridotite xenoliths, the oxygen fugacity of the
Earth's upper mantle is heterogeneous. There is an observed overall
decrease from values within 1 or 2 log units of FMQ in the upper
most lithosphere to several log units below FMQ near the base of thecratonic lithosphere at 150 - 200 km depth. Such low values in the
deep cratonic mantle are consistent with diamond and CH4-rich fluid
stability. However, superimposed on this overall trend is frequently
observed evidence of oxidation associated with metasomatism,
which may be of sufficient magnitude to destabilise diamond. Dr.
Yaxley's experimental program aims to investigate the nature ofpartial melting of peridotite in the presence of CHO under the
reduced oxygen fugacities near the base of the cratonic lithosphere,
using ƒO2 buffering techniques and analysis of experimental fluids
by gas chromatography.
John Mavrogenes' research is broadly focussed on the chemical

Lunch-time gathering of staff and students involved in experimental research in rock physics group. From left to right: Harri
Kokkonen (technician), John Fitz Gerald, Ian Jackson, Robert
Farla (Ph. D. student), Heather Schijns (Ph. D. student), Emeritus
Professor Mervyn Paterson, Hayden Miller (technician).

From left to right: Joerg Hermann, Guilherme Mallmann, HughO'Neill, Cassian Pirard (Ph. D. student), Kay Provins(administrator), David Buchs (visitor), Anja Rosenthal (Ph. D.
student), David Green (visitor), Dean Scott (technician) and Aleksey
Sadekov (Ph. D. student). Missing: Greg Yaxley, John Mavrogenes,
Laure Martin, Oliver Nebel, Robert Rapp, David Clark (technician)and Ph. D. students Jeremy Wykes, Huijuan Li, and Jesse Jones.
processes responsible for the formation of ore deposits, including 1)
Evolution of high-temperature volcanic gases: metal (Au, As, Sb, Se)solubilities and speciation (complexes of S and Cl); entrapment andanalysis of low-density synthetic f luid inclusions; formation ofenargite gold deposits, 2) Formation and modification of PGE
deposits: diffusive re-equilibration and evolution of PGE-bearing
sulf ide melts du r ing cooling, 3) T he pet rochemist r y of theWindimurra-Narndee (Western Australia) layered mafic intrusions,4) Evolution of polymetallic melts in high grade metamorphic
terranes, including the effects of halogens on sulfide melting, and 5)
Analysis of magnetites in support of the bornite model.
Hugh O'Neill's research focuses on applying physical chemicalmeasurements to understanding the origin and evolution of the Earthand the terrestrial planets. He is especially concerned with studying
the accretion and early differentiation of the Earth and how thisinf luences the Earth's composition, and the subsequent mantle
processes that lead to partial melting and the production of basaltic
magmas. His longstanding interest in measuring the thermodynamic
properties of minerals and melts at high temperatures and pressures
has recently been extended to experimental measurements oftrace-element partitioning and diffusion.
Ian Jackson and John Fitz Gerald are continuing to collaboratein the use of seismic-frequency torsional forced oscillations tomeasure shear wave speeds and attenuation in upper-mantle
materials. Particular emphasis is currently being given to the
influence of dislocations (Ph. D. student Robert Farla) and water,
improvements to exper iment al tech nique, and more robustmodelling of the variations of shear modulus and attenuation
resulting from high temperature viscoelastic relaxation. This work
has a vital microstructural dimension involving light microscopy,
SEM-based EBSD, TEM, and FTIR. Collaborative work with Uli
Faul (Boston University) involves the influence of trace elements on
the rheology of fine-grained polycrystalline olivine prepared inhouse from synthetic (sol-gel) precursors. Another major project isthe development of complementary flexural-oscillation methods forthe measurement of Youngs modulus and associated strain energy
dissipation. This approach, being undertaken in collaboration with
Doug Schmitt and Ph. D. student Heather Schijns of the Universityof Alberta, is being pursued primarily for studies of cracked andf luid-saturated crustal rocks but is also potentially applicable tophase-transforming materials including partial molten rocks.
Correspondences:
Ian Jackson (Ian.Jackson@anu.edu.au)Hugh O'Neill (Hugh.ONeill@anu.edu.au)Page 7

TANDEM Laboratories
The Research Group of the Physics of the Earth's
Interior (HACTO), Institute for Study of the Earth's
Interior, Okayama University

Institute for Study of the Earth's Interior (ISEI) is one of theresearch centers of Okayama University located in the small town,
Misasa in Tottori prefecture, Japan, and it was reconstructed in 1985
from the Institute for Thermal Spring Research. The Research groupof the physics of the Earth's interior (HACTO, Highly Advanced
Compression for Terrestrial Objects) aims to study the structure,dynamics, and evolution of the solid Earth through experimental
studies for the constituents of the Earth's interior. In order tounderstand more accurately the Earth's interior, we are determining
the various physical properties of the mantle and core materials andresults are compared with geophysical observations. We are focusing
on the following topics: 1) Equation of the state and phase equilibria
of mantle minerals; 2) Determination of the electrical properties ofmantle minerals; 3) Technical development for ultra high-pressure
generation; 4) Determination of the elastic and plastic properties ofthe materials in the Earth's interior.
Our group is one of the oldest multi-anvil labs in Earth sciencesince 1969. During its long history, we contributed to thehigh-pressure Earth science field, for example, the first attempt ofsynthesizing a large-sized perovskite crystal, determinations ofspinel-postspinel and alpha-beta phase boundaries in olivine,
electrical conductivity measurement under high pressure, ultra
high-pressure generation using sintered diamond anvils. We have thecurrent world record of high pressure generation using a Kawai-type
multianvil press at nearly 100 GPa. We have published 6 Nature and5 Science papers through its history. We also have developed somespecial techniques to measure elasticity, plasticity and thermal
conductivity.
In our lab, we installed several high pressure apparatus, such as:
USSA-5000 split sphere press, USSA-1000 split sphere press,
UHP-2000/20 DIA-type press, piston cylinder apparatus, and the“6-axis” press.
With the USSA-5000 press, we can apply the maximum press load
to 2000 tonf at present and we are now trying to expand it to morethan 3000 tonf. By using 46 mm tungsten carbide cubes as second
stage anvils for the octahedral high pressure assembly, we are able togenerate pressures and temperatures up to ~25 GPa and 2500 K. By
using this technique, we successfully synthesized a large single
crystal (>1 mm) of MgSiO3 perovskite.
The concept of the USSA-1000 press is the same as that of the
USSA-5000, except the second stage anvil size is fixed to 32 mm.
Therefore, sample size in USSA-1000 press is much smaller than thatin USSA-5000 press although the maximum pressure andtemperature conditions are almost identical. USSA-5000 and 1000
presses are mainly used for synthesis of high pressure materials,
determination of phase boundaries, observation of phase equilibrium,
measurement of rheological properties, electrical properties, andthermal properties.
In the UHP-2000/20 DIA-type press, a unique system for
deformation is equipped to the normal DIA-type press. By using thispress, we can deform the samples at high pressure and temperature(to ~3 GPa and 2000 K) by driving a cylindrical piston which is set in
the bottom anvil of a DIA type guide block. We measure electricalconductivity coupled with rheological properties under the deviatricstress field.
The new “6-axis” apparatus was developed 1) to achieve an ideallyuniform compression of the cubic anvil assembly and 2) to minimize
frictional loss of applied load in the guide block. The movement of
the six anvils is monitored and controlled by the servo system.
Therefore, it is possible to keep the cubic space (ex. Kawai-type highpressure assembly) within accuracy of 1 μm during compression anddecompression. This press is mainly used for experiments higher than
~50 GPa employing sintered diamond cubes as second stage anvils.
We are expected to generate pressure higher than 100 GPa withfurther technical development and study for mineral physics
applicable to the lowermost mantle.
In addition to the research at our own laboratory, we frequently use
the synchrotron facility, SPring-8, to conduct in situ X-ray
observation at high pressure and temperature to clarify the pressure
effect on the physical properties of high pressure materials, determine
phase equilibria of unquenchable phases, and so on.
We have carried out collaboration research programs withresearchers from Kyoto University, Hiroshima University, Toyama
University, Tokyo Institute for Technology, Okayama University of
Science, and University of Hyogo. Moreover, we are building ourlaboratory to be an international laboratory. A lot ofscientists/students from all over the world, China, Chinese Taipei,
France, Korea, Russia, etc. have visited our laboratory for researchand our members (including students) are/were also from foreigncountries, e.g., Bangladesh, China, France, Russia and Sri Lanka.
Currently our group is composed of 4 faculty (including a professor
emeritus), 2 post-doctors, 4 graduate students and technical staffs.
We appreciate cooperation with the members of TANDEM, andwelcome researchers and students to visit our laboratory and work
together.
Correspondences:
Akira Yoneda (yoneda@misasa.okayama-u.ac.jp)
Daisuke Yamazaki (dy@ misasa.okayam-u.ac.jp)
Takashi Yoshino (tyoshino@misasa.okayama-u.ac.jp)

Global COE Newsletter, issued Jan., May and Sep.
Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University
2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
Tel & Fax : +81-89-927-8405
E-mail : g-coe@sci.ehime-u.ac.jp
URL: http://deep-earth-mineralogy.jp/
Edited by Akira Yamada and Tomo Ohkuma
Page 8