COMMISSION K: Electromagnetics in Biology and Medicine(November 2004 – October 2007)
Edited by Tsukasa Shigemitsu

Introduction
K1 Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields
K1.1 DC and ELF Electric Fields
K1.2 Magnetic Orientation-microorganisms and Agarose
K1.3 DC and ELF Magnetic Fields
K1.3.1 In Vivo Studies
K1.3.2 In Vitro Studies
K1.3.3 Other Studies
K1.4 IF Magnetic Field
K1.5 RF Electromagnetic Field and Microwaves
K1.5.1 In Vivo Studies
K1.5.2 In Vitro Studies
K1.5.3 Other Studies
K2 Field measurement, Dosimetry and Exposure Asessment
K2.1 DC and ELF Fields
K2.2 IF Magnetic Field
K2.3 RF Electromagnetic Field and Microwaves
K3 Tissue Properties, Materials, and Phantoms
K3.1 Design Methods of the Electromagnetic Environment
K3.2 Phantoms and Tissue Properties-Bioelectromagnetics Parameters
K4 Biomedical Applications
K4.1 Magnetic Stimulation
K4.2 Thermal Therapy
K4.3 Thermal Therapy-Soft Heating and Inductive Heating
K4.4 MRI and Current Distribution MRI
K4.5 Contactless Power Transmission System
K4.6 Electromagnetic Intereference
Acknowledgements
References
Introduction
The research activities on the biological effects of electromagnetic fields in Japan from 2005 to2007 are reviewed. In vivo, in vitro, dosimetrical studies on DC electric and magnetic fields,
extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields, intermediate frequency (IF)magnetic fields, radio frequency (RF) and microwaves are discussed. Biomedical applications
including magnetic stimulation, hyperthermia, thermal ablation, MEG, MCG, current

distribution MRI, fMRI and radiometry, contactless power transmission, and electromagnetic
interference (EMI) are also introduced.
This report does not describe every paper of the member of Japanese Commission K that has
been carried out during 2005-2007. It begins with a chapter describing the recent publishedpapers of the biological effects of electromagnetic fields. Next chapter reviews the results ofelectromagnetic field measurement, dosimetry and exposure assessment. Third and forthchapters provide a state-of-the-art review of biomedical applications using thermal therapy,
hyperthermia with soft-and inductive-heating, MRI, and current distribution MRI, and further
discuss some of the EMI issue on implantable medical devices.
K1 Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields
K1.1 DC and ELF Electric Fields
To elucidate the mechanism of field perception, Shimizu et al. conducted a fundamental study
on the movement of body hair in field exposure [Shimizu, 2005]. The electric force exerted on ahair was given from the force component at dielectric discontinuity. With this force, theequation of hair displacement in field exposure was derived. The displacement evaluated by theequation agreed well with experimental results. Finally, the hair movement in field exposure
was formulated theoretically. The derived equation describes the real movement of body hair infield exposure. With the equation, the mechanism of the threshold variation in the field
perception was made clear.
Kagawa et al. have pursued the possibility to control immune functions by ELF
electro-stimulation [Kagawa, 2006]. The effect of ELF electro-stimulation on the nitiric oxide(NO) producing ability of macrophages was examined. The decrease of NO production due tothe electro-stimulation was observed with statistical significance. The measurement showed thedecrease of the NO synthesizing enzyme with statistical significance, as well. These facts
suggested that the ELF electro-stimulation suppressed the emergence of the NO synthesizing
enzyme and that the amount of NO production was consequently decreased by theelectro-stimulation. This suggested the feasibility to control the immune function by applying
ELF electro-stimulation from outside the body.
Hirata et al. investigated the effect of low-frequency (ELF) electric stimulation to muscle
oxygenation level by NIRS (near infrared spectroscopy) from comparing with V-Ex (voluntary
exercise) [Hirata, 2006]. ELF electric stimulaiton voltage was started at 20 V (20 Hz, pulse
duration: 200 μs, duty-cycle: 1s-1s), and then was increased at a rate of 3 V/30 s until maximal
tolerance level. In ELF electric stimulation and V-Ex, tissue oxygenation index was decreased
with decrease in O2Hb (oxy-hemoglobin) and increase in HHb (deoxyhemoglobin), and muscle
oxygenation levels at the end of test were very alike. Oxygen consumption, heart rate, systolicand diastolic blood pressure in ELF electric stimulation and V-Ex increased significantly,
however, the degree of change in ELF electric stimulation was significantly lower than V-Ex.
Blood lactate was significantly increased in both tests. Adrenaline and noradrenaline weresignificantly increased in V-Ex, even though they showed no change in ELF electric stimulation.
These results suggest that ELF electric stimulation is an effective technique activated muscle
hypoxia and glycolytic pathway metabolism with low stress on respiratory, circulatory andsympathetic nervous systems.
Muraki et al. investigated cardiorespiratory responses and muscle oxygenation during
prolonged electrical stimulation (ES)-evoked leg cycling in individuals with paraplegia (PARA)[Muraki, 2007]. PARA individuals demonstrated markedly lower gross mechanical efficiency(approximately 1.3 %) during ES cycling compared with able-bodied (AB) individuals
performing voluntary exercise. During ES cycling, muscle oxygen saturation (SO2) decreased,
whereas SO2 during volitional cycling was unaltered from resting levels. Muscle oxygenatedhaemoglobin initially decreased during ES cycling, but returned to resting levels after 10 min.

1

Deoxygenated haemoglobin initially rose during the first 5 min of ES cycling, and remained
elevated thereafter. Upon cessation of ES cycling, lower-limb muscle oxygenation increased,suggesting reactive hyperthermia in PARA individuals after such exercise. During ES cycling,muscle oxygenation followed a different pattern to that observed in AB individuals performing
voluntary cycling at an equivalent VO2. Equilibrium between oxygen demand and oxygen
delivery was reached during prolonged ES cycling, despite the lack of neural adjustments of leg
vasculature in the paralyzed lower limbs.
Miyazaki et al. measured somatosensory evoked fields (SEFs) by electric stimulus to theright finger using a 39-channel SQUID system [Miyazaki, 2007]. In order to investigate
relationship between phased lag and stimulus repetition frequency (SRF), delay time of acomponent synchronous the SRFs (2.0 to 30.3 Hz) was calculated by the convolution of thereference signal and the measured SEF waveform.
Oinuma et al. studied the influence of high-frequency monopolar stimulation (HFMS) on the
rat cerebral cortex [Oinuma, 2007]. Direct stimulation of the brain with 500 Hz HFMS is one of
the most common methods to produce motor evoked potentials (MEP). HFMS of 1.5-50 mA
were applied to the rat sensorimotor cortex. There was no change in the parameters of MEP in
any of the rats exposed to HFMS. Histologically, there was significant swelling of the dendrites
in rats immediately after exposure to 40 and 50 mA. The 50 mA stimulation group also
exhibited slight swelling of the mitochondria. These findings were not obtained in any of therats 30 days after stimulation. In rats exposed to 30 mA or less, no morphological orelectrophysiological changes were observed.
Nishiyama et al. investigated the effects of electrostatic fields on the storage of red blood cellconcentrates [Nishiyama, 2007]. The Na+ concentration decreased with time but wassignificantly lower in the 0 V than in the 500, 1500, and 3000 V groups. K+ and free hemoglobin
concentrations increased with time, with significantly higher values in the 0 V than in the 500,
1500, and 3000 V groups. The pH decreased in the 500, 1500, and 3000 V groups, while it did
not change in the 0 V group. The pH decrease was smaller in the 500 V than in the 1500 and3000 V groups. Electrostatic fields of 500-3000 V could decrease hemolysis in the preparation.
Considering the lower pH decrease, it is suggested that 500 V might be the field of choice.
Harakawa et al. examined the effects of exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) electricfields on plasma lipid peroxide levels and antioxidant activity (AOA) in Sprague-Dawley rats
[Harakawa, 2005]. The test was based on comparisons among rats treated with a combination of
the oxidizing agent, 2,2-azobis(2-aminopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) and 50 Hz electricfield of 17.5 kV/m for 15 min per day for 7 days, AAPH alone, ELF electric field alone or notreatment. The ELF electric field significantly decreased the plasma peroxide level in rats
treated with AAPH, similar to treatment by ascorbic acid or the superoxide dismutase. Ascorbic
acid increased AOA; however, ELF electric field and superoxide dismutase did not change AOA
compared with sham exposure in stressed rats. No influence on the lipid peroxide level and
AOA in unstressed rats was observed with ELF electric field exposure alone. Although theadministration of AAPH decreased AOA, this decrease did not change when electric field wasadded. These data indicate that the ELF electric field influenced the lipid peroxide level in anoxidatively stressed rat.
K1.2 Magnetic Orientation-microorganisms and Agarose
The past studies showed that the collagen fibers and adherent cells can be effectively oriented
under the exposure to strong magnetic field. These challenges can lead to the development ofbone tissue engineering. In order to achieve more clearly this phenomena, Saito et al.
investigated the relationship between collagen orientation and magnetic field intensity [Saito,
2006]. The osteoblast cells were prepared and mixed with collagen solution. These mixed
solutions were exposed to magnetic field with 2.5, 3 and 8 T. Five days later, the configulationof the osteoblasts was observed under microscope. These results showed the magnetic field
intensity over 3 T is necessary to effectively control collagen orientation.

2

Several studies were carried out on the control of cellular orientation and morphology byapplying strong static magnetic fields. Iwasaka et al. found that the motion of adherent cells(MC3T3-E1) was influenced by a static magnetic field of 8 T and was parallel to the static
magnetic field [Iwasaka, 2005]. During the exposure, most cells showed a back-and-forthmotion along the direction of the static magnetic field. Specifically, the direction of cellextension immediately after cell division was parallel to the static magnetic field. Cytoskeletonsinside the cells were oriented in parallel with the static magnetic field, and introduced a cellmotion parallel with the static magnetic field. The experiments showed that living cells
consisting of diamagnetic materials had their motion restricted by the direction of the applied
static magnetic field.
Diamagnetic anisotropy in cellular components provided a change in the fluidity ofmembrane assembly which was detected by fluorescent measurements in-situ under magnetic
field exposures [Iwasaka, 2006c]. A novel phenomenon was discovered on the structures ofgiant vesicles which were formed under 8 T magnetic fields, and the contributions of bothdiamagnetic anisotropies of collagen molecules and lipid molecules were explained on amathematical model [Suzuki, 2007a].
Effects of static magnetic fields on the optical property of cytochrome oxidase, which is
involved in an enzymatic system of mitochondria, were investigated by utilizing purified
enzymes and rabbit with a non-invasive oxygen monitor, and the results indicated a slightincrement in oxidation of cytochrome oxidase by 14 T magnetic fields [Iwasaka, 2006a].
Iwasaka et al. reported the effects of intense static magnetic field (up to 14 T) on thenear-infrared (NIR) optical properties of cytochrome oxidase in rabbits. The static magnetic
field changed the oxidation of cytochrome oxidase (aa3) periodically depending on the magnetic
flux density. Measurements with a cooled CCD system revealed that the absorbance at 830 nm
was slightly increased by a static magnetic field of 8 T. A static magnetic field of 14 T wasapplied to the head of the rabbit, and the results showed the enhanced oxidation of cytochromeoxidase in the mitochondria of cells under the static magnetic field. The effects of the static
magnetic field on the paramagnetic behavior of oxygen, electron transfer in cytochromes, andcell membrane conformation in mitochondria may play a role in increasing the sensitivity to
NIR light for detecting cytochrome oxidase oxidation, which is one of the primary indicators ofcellular activity.
Iwasaka et al. further reported a method of controlling the magnetic orientation of osteoblasts
by utilizing a ferromagnetic particle chain and a diamagnetic collagen [Iwasaka, 2006b]. A cell
culture medium with cells and magnetic particles (MP) was mixed with a collagen solution andincubated for 24 h. During the first 3 h of incubation, the medium in the cell culture dish was
exposed to static magnetic field of up to 8 T. The exposure caused the aggregation of MP,
which formed chains in parallel with the static magnetic field and at the same time oriented thepolymerized collagen fibers perpendicular to the static magnetic fields. A lattice pattern of MP
chains and collagen fibers was observed on the bottom of the culture flask. After 24 h ofincubation, the spindle like cells had become oriented in parallel with the MP chains or thecollagen fibers. The results indicate the possibility of a technique of cellular manipulation with
MP-collagen hybrid that could be used to control cellular orientation.
An experiment to clarify the effects of the static magnetic field of up to 8 T on cell membrane
fluidity by using red blood cell ghosts and a fluorescence dye, 1-aminonaphthalene-8-sulfonicacid (ANS) was performed [Iwasaka, 2006c]. The emission intensity at 480 nm increased when
the temperature of the cell holder was increased from 20 to 38-46°C for 15 min. A change intemperature exhibited an increase in the fluidity of the lipid molecules in the hydrophobic cell
membrane and increased the population of ANS molecules emitting light at 480 nm in the cell
membrane. A discontinuous change in fluorescence at 38-40°C was exhibited under exposure toa 5 T static magnetic field, while the temperature dependency was continuous without exposure.
In addition, under exposure to the static magnetic field, the fluorescence during a decrease intemperature from 38 to 20°C remained at a level close to the fluorescence during an increase in3

temperature. The results indicated that the fluidity of the molecules in the cell membrane wasdecelerated by 5 T static magnetic field. They speculated that the magnetic orientation in a partof the lipid membrane disturbed the release of ANS molecules from a hydrophobic region of themembrane.
According to applications of magnetic forces, which are of a spatial gradient of magnetic flux
density, for a biological process, Moses’ effect was applied to the patterning of adhered cells byusing a field modulator under 1 T [Kimura, 2005]. Also, two kinds of new approaches inmagnetic separation techniques for biological materials were reported, one of which was called“magnetic liquid chromatography” [Iwasaka, 2007], and the other was an application of theMagneto-Archimedes separation [Yokoyama, 2007].
Kimura et al. presented a new technique of cell micropatterning using a magnetic field[Kimura, 2005]. Mouse osteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) were seeded on a substrate whose surface
was exposed to a periodically modulated magnetic field (a line pattern with a 200- or 600-μm
pitch) produced by a field modulator inserted into a homogeneous static magnetic field of 1 T.
The cells were trapped consistent with the line profile of the modulated magnetic field. The
trapping efficiency was enhanced by adding Mn (II) EDTA (paramagnetic) to the cultivation
medium. The cells were subsequently incubated in the magnetic field. The same technique wasapplied to whole blood to pattern red blood cells.
Eguchi et al. examined the role of cytoskeletons, such as stress fibers, on magnetic
orientation of Schwann cells after the static magnetic field exposure (8 T in maximum) [Eguchi,
2005]. Schwann cells were cultured from dissected sciatic nerves of neonatal rats. Schwann
cells oriented parallel to the static magnetic field after 60 h of more than 4 T. Actin fibers
oriented in the direction of the static magnetic field after 60 h of 8 T static magnetic field
exposure but randomly oriented without static magnetic field. Orientation of Schwann cells was
not observed by inhibiting stress fiber formation using Y-27632, an inhibitor of small guanosine
triphosphatases (GTPase) Rho-associated kinase. These results indicate that the static magnetic
field elicits reorientation of actin fibers through Rho kinase to allow a response to magnetic
orientation of Schwann cells.
Eguchi et al. further examined cleavage and survival of fertilized Xenopus embryos exposed
to 8 T static magnetic field [Eguchi, 2006]. Fertilized Xenopus embryos exposed to static
magnetic field either in a static chamber or in a rotating culture system. The results showed thatthe static magnetic field exposure changed the third cleavage furrow from the usual horizontal
one to a perpendicular one; however, when the direction of gravity was randomized by exposing
embryos to the static magnetic field in a rotating culture system, the third cleavage furrow wereformed horizontally. These findings suggest that the observed distortion of the third cleavage
furrow in static magnetic field exposed embryos was accomplished by altering gravity effects
which were elicited by diamagnetic force due to high gradient magnetic field. These results also
showed that the exposure to the static magnetic field did not damage survival. These results
demonstrate that static magnetic field and altering gravity cause distortion of the third cleavage
furrow and show that effects of exposing cleavage embryos to static magnetic field weretransient and did not affect the post-cleavage development. They also showed that static
magnetic field is not hazardous to the cleavage and blastula-gastrula transition of developing
embryonic cells.
Shinohara et al. reported highly oriented collagen structures were successfully synthesizedusing a conventional superconducting magnet with static magnetic field of 2.5 to 8 T [Shinohara,2006]. The relationship between the orientation order parameters f2D of osteoblastic cells (theorientation of collagens) and the magnetic field intensity was mainly investigated. As a result, it
was clarified that collagens highly oriented perpendicular to the c direction were obtained byexposure to a static magnetic field of 3 T.
After the short-time exposure of pregnant mice (60 min on 1 day from 7.5 to 14.5 days ofpregnancy) to a strong magnetic field of 400 mT (exposure direction was in a dorso-ventral
direction), Saito et al. evaluated the teratologic effects of developing fetuses [Saito, 2006]. 160

4

animals were used in the exposure experiment; exposed and control groups consisted of 10
pregnant mice each. Teratological evaluation was performed on day 18.5. The number of live
and dead fetuses and fetal resorption sites were counted. All fetuses were examined from grossmalformation and gender. They observed various malformations and the type of malformations
were polydactylism, abdominal fissure, fused rib, vestigial 13th rib, lumber rib, brain hernia andcurled tail. In control groups only a low incidence (up to 2.8 %) of curled tail was observed. The
mentioned these deforations apparently caused by static magnetic field.
A National Project Group for research on strong static magnetic field effects on
physico-chemical processes partially including biological matters collected results of recent
topics [Yamaguchi and Tanimoto, 2006].
K1.3 DC and ELF Magnetic Fields
During past three years, three comprehensive review papers have been appeared [Kato, 2006;
Miyakoshi, 2005a; Ueno, 2007b]. Kato edited the book entitled “Electromagnetics in Biology”.
This comprehensive book covered the fundamental concept of biological issue inelectromagnetics and the topical reviews of the published literature. Miyakoshi reviewed theeffects of static magnetic feld at cellular level. As a result through reviewing many past
published studies, he mentioned that static magnetic field alone does not have a lethal effect on
basic propertes of cell growth and survival under normal culture condition regardless of themagnetic density. Most studies have also suggested that a static magnetic field has no effect onchanges in cell growth rate. Most interest area is whether static magnetic fields cause DNA
damage. Ueno and Shigemitsu reviewed some of the more recent information on biologicaleffects and medical applications of static magnetic fields. In their review, with exposure to about
1 T and above, there are no adverse effects on reproduction and development, genotoxicity, andmolecular and cellular systems, and no consistent evidence on behavioral effects. Most
important point they mentioned was that the International Agency for Research on cancer(IARC) has stated the static magnetic field are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity tohumans by inconclusive carcinogenic evidence.
K1.3.1 In Vivo Studies
Okano et al. reported that the homeostatic effect of the static magnetic field might influencenitric oxide (NO) pathways [Okano, 2005a]. When the genetically hypertensive rats were
exposed to a gradient static magnetic field of 5 mT for up to 12 weeks, blood pressure (BP)and/or plasma concentration of NO metabolites (NOx), angiotensin II and/or aldosterone werereduced. Specifically, 5 mT exposures reduced mean BP during 3-6 weeks. Youngspontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) are known to have increased levels of NOx, likely due tothe upregulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Exposure to a 5 mT static magnetic field for 6
weeks significantly reduced the concentration of NOx. A 1 mT static magnetic field did not havean effect on the NOx. A 5 mT static magnetic field reduced angiotensin II and aldosterone during
3-6 weeks. Similar significant reductions in angiotensin II and aldosterone were seen with the 1mT static magnetic field. However, until the 9th week of exposure, irrespective of the longer
duration of exposure, all significant antihypertensive effects of static magnetic field disappeared,
due to the development of hypertension in young SHR.
The above findings were partially elucidated when SHR were exposed to a 180 mT static
magnetic field (a magnet was implanted in the neck) for up to 14 weeks [Okano, 2005d, 2006a].
The static magnetic field enhanced the hypotensive effect of nicardipine and caused a further
increase in NOx during the 6th week of exposure compared with rats that also received
nicardipine but were exposed to a sham field (control). Thus, the synergistic effect of the static
magnetic field appeared to be related to NO. The static magnetic field alone (without
nicardipine), however, did not induce any change in NOx concentration. It is speculated that NO
increase by static magnetic field, in part, might be due to the upregulation of inducible NOS
rather than neuronal NOS or endothelial NOS [Okano, 2006a].

5

The homeostatic effects of a static magnetic field were again reinforced when reserpine, anindole alkaloid, was used to induce hypotension and deplete catecholamine reserves in
conscious rats [Okano, 2005b]. The static magnetic field exposure (25 mT for 12 weeks)significantly reduced the effect of the reserpine, reducing the hypotension caused by the drug. A
10mT static magnetic field did not have any effect. It is concluded that a 25 mT static magnetic
field could potentially reduce hypotension in vivo.
The combined effects of a static magnetic field (12 mT for 10 weeks) and two different
sympathetic agonists were investigated in conscious rats [Okano, 2007a]. The two different
sympathetic agonists, a α1-adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine and a β1-adrenoceptor agonist,
dobutamine, induced hypertension and different hemo- dynamics: phenylephrine increased BP
and decreased heart rate, skin blood flow, skin blood velocity, and the number of rearing
responses; dobutamine increased BP and heart rate, increased skin blood flow and velocity, andthe number of rearing responses. Continuous neck exposure to the static magnetic field alone forup to 10 weeks induced no significant changes in any of the measured cardiovascular andbehavioral parameters. The static magnetic field exposure for at least 2 weeks (1) significantly
depressed phenylephrine effects on BP, skin blood flow and velocity, and rearing activity, and(2) significantly depressed dobutamine effects on BP, skin blood flow and velocity, andsuppressed dobutamine-induced increase in the rearing activity. These results suggest that
continuous neck exposure to a 12 mT static magnetic field for at least 2 weeks may depress or
suppress sympathetic agonists-induced hypertension, hemodynamics, and behavioral changes
by modulating sympathetic nerve activity.
In the case of neck application of the static magnetic field, Okano et al. found that the
exposure to 5.5 mT for 30 min induced significant increases in baroreflex sensitivity (BRS)
values during the post-exposure period of 40-60 min in norepinephrine-elevated BP comparedwith sham exposure in conscious rabbits [Okano, 2005c]. Moreover, the exposure to the static
magnetic field for 5-8 weeks significantly suppressed or delayed the development ofhypertension together with increased BRS in SHR [Okano, 2005d]. Furthermore, it is postulated
through theoretical calculations that the applied static magnetic field can be converted into achanging magnetic field in the baroreceptor region by means of the carotid artery pulsation[Okano, 2005d]. Therefore, it is speculated that the changing magnetic field and the magnetic
field modulated by the pulse rate, may influence the activity of baroreceptor and baroreflex
function.
Xu et al. investigated the effects of the static magnetic field (180 mT for 3 weeks) on thevascularization in bone using an ischemic bone model, where rat femoral artery was ligated [Xu,2007]. Magnetized and unmagnetized samarium-cobalt rods were implanted transcortically into
the middle diaphysis of the ischemic femurs. Collateral circulation was evaluated by injection of
microspheres into the abdominal aorta at the third week after ligation. It was found that the bone
implanted with a magnetized rod showed a larger amount of trapped microspheres than that withan unmagnetized rod at the proximal and the distal region. There were no significant differencesat the middle and the distal region. This tendency was similar to that of the bone mineral density(BMD) in the static magnetic field exposed ischemic bone.
Taniguchi et al. examined the effects of the static magnetic field (30 mT for 12 weeks) on
osteopenia in an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model [Taniguchi, 2007]. The bone mineral densigty(BMD) was assessed mainly using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Thirty-six female
Wistar rats were divided into three groups. The rats in the OVX-M group were exposed to thestatic magnetic field for 12 weeks after ovariectomy. The ovariectomized rats in the OVX-D
group were not exposed to the static magnetic field as a control. The rats in the normal group
received neither ovariectomy nor exposure to the static magnetic field. Twelve-week exposure to
the static magnetic field in the OVX-M group inhibited the reduction in BMD that was observedin the OVX-D group. Moreover, in the OVX rats, before exposure to the static magnetic field,
there was no clear difference in the level of locomotor activity between the active and resting
phases, and the pattern of locomotor activity was irregular. After exposure of OVX rats to the6static magnetic field, the pattern of locomotor activity became diphasic with clear active andresting phases, as observed in the normal group. In the OVX-M group, the continuity of thetrabecular bone was maintained more favorably and bone mass was higher than the respective
parameters in the OVX-D group. These results demonstrate that exposure to the static magnetic
field increased the level of locomotor activity in OVX rats, thereby increasing BMD.
Goto et al. examined the effects of the static magnetic field (100 mT for 2 h, four times per
day for 7 days) affects higher order neural functions in vivo [Goto, 2006]. When embryonic
12-day-old or newborn mice were successively exposed to the static magnetic field at 100 mT
for 2 h, four times per day until the postnatal seventh day, Ntan1 mRNA was significantly
increased about 1.5-2-fold in the hippocampus in vivo. The mice exposed to the static magnetic
field under the same condition showed significantly decreased locomotor activity. These results
suggest that the static magnetic field affects higher order neural functions through modulation ofgenes expression.
Toyomaki et al. investigated the static magnetic field (1.5 T) affects brain activity such as
arousal level [Toyomaki, 2007]. They compared the electroencephalography (EEG) inside an
MRI scanner in the presence/absence of the static magnetic field in two different arousal levelsof task and rest conditions in humans. Cardiac-related pulsations of head and blood flow induce
an electric voltage at each EEG electrode in a static magnetic field. This induced voltage
overlaps with the intrinsic EEG signal and becomes a large confounding factor. No significant
difference was observed in the intrinsic EEG in the absence of a magnetic field, whereas in thepresence of the static magnetic field, the theta frequency band of the intrinsic EEG increased,
especially during the task condition, but other frequency bands did not change. These results
demonstrate that a static magnetic field affects brain activity.
Sekino et al. investigate the effects of strong static magnetic field (up to 8 T) on the action
potentials of the rat sciatic nerve [Sekino, 2006c]. A pair of needle electrodes was inserted
beneath the skin of the heel for applying electrical stimulations. Compound action potentials of
the left sciatic nerve were measured from a pair of electrodes attached to the nerve bundle under
the static magnetic field. We identified the action potentials originating from the A and C fibers.
The exposure to static magnetic field did not affect the amplitude of the A fiber’s action
potentials. An increase in the static magnetic field increases the amplitudes of the peaks of the Cfiber. These results indicated that exposure to strong static magnetic field enhances theexcitation of nerve fibers, and this effect depends on the type of fibers involved. These result
implies that exposure to a strong static magnetic field enhances pain perception because the Cfiber is responsible for pain transmission.
Komazaki et al. examined the influence of an extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field(50 Hz, 5-30 mT) on early development of amphibian embryos [Komazaki, 2007]. When theembryos developed under the influence of an ELF magnetic field, the rate of early development
was accelerated. The effect of ELF magnetic field was exerted preferentially at the gastrula
stage, and the period of gastrulation was shortened. Histological observations showed that ELF
magnetic field promoted morphogenetic cell movements during the gastrulation. ELF magnetic
field increased intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) particularly in the cells isolated from gastrula. These
results suggest that ELF magnetic field specifically increased the [Ca2+]i of gastrula cells,
thereby accelerating the rate of morphogenetic cell movements during gastrulation.
In order to study the infleunce of magnetic field (60 Hz, 0.5 T, one hour exposure) on the
nervous system of nematode C.elegans, Maeda et al. observed the behavior of the worm in
response to certain chemicals (DA and CuSO4) both during the exposure and after exposure tomagnetic field [Maeda, 2006]. They suggested that the parts of the worm’s nervous system are
influenced by magnetic fields and there are more effects on the nervous system during than after
exposure to magnetic fields.
Suzuki et al. investigated the effect of static magnetic field of 4.7 T on the induction of
micronuclei induced by some mutagens in order to confirm the co-mutagenic effect [Suzuki,
2006]. Seven-week-old BALB/c male mice with body weights between 22-27 g were exposed7

to 4.7 T magnetic fields just after the injenction of carboquone (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg), colemid(1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg), mitomycin C (0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 mg/kg), vincristine (0.02, 0.03 and0.04 mg/kg), sodium fluoride (10. 20 and 30 mg/kg) or ENU (9. 18 and 36 mg/kg). After
exposure to magnetic field, the mice were sacrified by cervical dislocation. Bone marrowsmears were prepared. The number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in 1000
polychromatic erythrocytes per animal was counted under a light microscope. The frequency of
micronuclei induced by above six mutagens increased after co-exposure to magnetic field. The
authors concluded that an additive/synergistic effect of magnetic field was observed from theresults of increased frequency of micronuclei by mutagens in mouse bone marrow erythrocytes.
Ogiue-Ikeda et al. investigated the acquisition of ischemic tolerance in the rat hippocampus
using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) which is a type of ELF-pulsed
magnetic fields (ELF-PEMF) [Ogiue-Ikeda, 2005]. Rats received ELF-PEMF (0.75 T, 1000
pulses/day) for 7 days, and the field excitatory postsynaptic potentials were measured in the
hippocampal CA1. After slices were exposed to ischemic conditions, long-term potentiation(LTP) was induced. The LTP of the stimulated group was enhanced compared with the LTP of
the sham control group in each ischemic condition, suggesting that ELF-PEMF has the potential
to protect hippocampal function from ischemia.
Funamizu et al. examined the effects of an ELF-PEMF on neurological and psychiatricdisorders [Funamizu, 2005] As an animal model, the lesioned rats were made by administering
the neurotoxin MPTP (l-methyl-4-phenyl-l, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine). Forty-eight hours after
MPTP injection, the rats received ELF-PEMF (1.25 T, 2000 pulses/day) for 1 day, and tyrosinehydroxylase (TH) and NeuN expressions were investigated in the substantia nigra. The
functional observational battery-hunched posture score for the MPTP-ELF-PEMF group was
significantly lower and the number of rearing events was higher compared with the MPTP-shamgroup, these behavioral parameters reverted to control levels. These results suggest that
ELF-PEMF treatment could reactivate the dopaminergic system in lesion rats.
Yamaguchi et al. investigated the effects of an ELF-PEMF on tumor development processes
and immune functions in vivo [Yamaguchi, 2005ab, 2006a]. ELF-PEMF were applied at pulse
width = 238 μs, peak magnetic field = 0.25 T, frequency = 25 pulses/s, 1,000 pulses/sample/day
and magnetically induced eddy currents = 0.79-1.54 A/m2. B16-BL6 melanoma model mice
were exposed to the ELF-PEMF for 16 days from the day of injection of cancer cells. A tumor
growth study revealed a significant tumor weight decrease in the ELF-PEMF group. These
results showed the anti-tumor effect and immunomodulatory effects of ELF-PEMF.
Yamaguchi et al. further examined the combination effect of an ELF-PEMF and an anticancer
agent on human chronic myelogenous leukemia-derived cell line TCC-S using molecular target
drug (selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor) imatinib mesylate (imatinib) [Yamaguchi, 2006b]. The
stimulus conditions were determined as follows: 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 T, 25pulses/s, 1000, 3000,
and 6000 pulses/day. TCC-S cells were cultured with imatinib (100 nM) and exposed to
ELF-PEMF for up to 56 h after drug treatment. The significant combination effects of
ELF-PEMF and imatinib occurred by the stimulus intensity and pulse dose depended manner.
To clarify the effects of ELF-PEMF on human normal lymphocytes, PBMCs were also exposed
to ELF-PEMF with or without imatinib. ELF-PEMF had no effect on the viability of PBMCs.
These results indicate that ELF-PEMF possibly improve the effectiveness of anticancer agents.
Mano et al. investigated the effect of ELF magnetic field (60 Hz, 5 mT) on the germination ofseeds [Mano, 2006]. The germination of seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana, Lactuca sativa andZinnia elegans were decreased by 8-21 day-incubation in 90 % relative humidity at 37 . ELF
magnetic field applied to seeds during the incubation suppressed these decreases in thegermination. The ELF magnetic field suppressed irreversible deterioration of the seeds, rather
than dormancy, probably preventing water absorption. ELF magnetic field can be helpful for the
storage of humidity-vulnerable seeds.
K1.3.2 In Vitro Studies

8Hirai et al. reported repetitive daily exposure to a static magnetic field (100 mT for 15 min
per day for 8 days) led to a decrease in the expression of microtubule-associated protein-2(MAP-2), without significantly affecting cell viability or the expression of neuronal nuclei(NeuN) and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) [Hirai, 2005a]. However, the repetitive
static magnetic field exposure prevented decreases in both brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) mRNA and MAP-2 and additionally increased the expression of NR2A subunit,
without altering NR1 expression in neurons cultured in the presence of the antagonist for
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors dizocilpine (MK-801). Repetitive static magnetic
field exposure was also effective in preventing the decrease by MK-801 in the ability of NMDA
to increase intracellular free Ca2+ ions, without affecting the decrease in the maximal response.
These results suggest that repetitive static magnetic field exposure may at least in part
counteract the neurotoxicity of MK-801 through modulation of the expression of particular
NMDA receptor subunits in cultured rat hippocampal neurons.
Hirai et al. examined the effects of a static magnetic field (100 mT for 15 min) on cultured rat
hippocampal neurons using polymerase chain reaction [Hirai, 2005b]. The results suggest thatthe static magnetic field may modulate cellular integrity and functionality through expression ofa variety of responsive genes required for gene transcription and translation, proliferation,differentiation, maturation, survival, and so on. in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Hirai et al.
screened genes responsive to a brief static magnetic field （100 mT for 15 min) in cultured rat
hippocampal neurons using differential display analysis [Hirai, 2006]. These results suggest thata brief static magnetic field leads to the induction of amidohydrolase for N-terminal asparagines(Ntan1) responsible for MAP2 protein degradation through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in rat
hippocampal neurons.
Okano et al. reported the effects of the static magnetic field (120 mT for 10 days) on
increased endothelial tubular formation mostly in the absolute field gradient range of more than
28 mT/mm (28 T/m) in the target cells [Okano 2006b, 2007b, 2007c]. These studies investigated
the spatial magnetic gradient effects of static magnetic field on endothelial tubular formation.
The effects of gradient static magnetic field on tubular formation were compared with those of
uniform static magnetic field that has no spatial gradients on the entire bottom area of culture
wells [Okano 2007c]. Five experimental groups of 25 samples each were examined: (1) sham
exposure (control); (2) peak gradient exposure in the peripheral part; (3) peak gradient exposurein the central part; (4) uniform exposure to 20 mT; (5) uniform exposure to 120 mT. The static
magnetic field or sham exposure was carried out for 10 days. Photomicrographs of tubular cells,
immunostained with an anti-platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1 [CD31])
antibody as a pan-endothelial marker, were analyzed after the 10-day culture. Gradient static
magnetic field in the peripheral or central part was found to significantly promote tubularformation in terms of the area density and length of tubules in each peak gradient/force part of
the wells, compared with the sham exposure. In contrast, uniform static magnetic field did not
induce any significant change in the tubular formation. These findings suggest that tubuleformation can be promoted by applying the peak gradient/force to a target site of culture wells.
Haneda et al. examined the effects of the static magnetic field (300 mT for several hours) on
single suspension-cultured plant cells (Catharanthus roseus) [Haneda, 2006]. Exposure of intact
cells to the static magnetic field did not result in any changes within experimental error, while
exposure of regenerating protoplasts significantly increased the measured forces and stiffened
regenerating protoplasts. The diameters of intact cells or regenerating protoplasts were notchanged after exposure. Measured forces for regenerating protoplasts with and without exposure
increased linearly with incubation time, with these forces being divided into components basedon the elasticity of synthesized cell walls and cytoplasm. No changes in cell wall synthesis werenoted after exposure. Analysis suggested that the static magnetic field roughly tripled theYoung's modulus of the newly synthesized cell wall without any lag.
Sakurai et al. reported that exposure to the static magnetic field of up to 10 T promoted

9

osteoblast differentiation in vitro [Sakurai, 2007a]. Prostaglandins respond early to exogenous
mechanical loading, and play an important role in bone formation. The magnetic field gradient
was highest (41.7 T/m) at 6 T. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion was not affected at 10 T
compared with sham exposure, but was enhanced at 6 T. Similarly, PGE2-synthesizing enzyme,
cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) expression and the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)
translocation were not enhanced at 10 T, but increased at 6 T. These findings suggested that
exposure to a high magnetic field gradient induced secretion of PGE2 and expression of the
Cox-2 protein via increased translocation of NF-κB.
Sakurai et al. evaluated the effects of an extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field on
glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from HIT-T15 cells and investigated the mechanisms ofthese effects [Sakurai, 2005b]. They demonstrated that ELF magnetic field at 5 mT and 60 Hz
decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by preventing the increases in cellular adenosine
5'-triphosphate/adenosine 5'-diphosphate, membrane depolarization, and cytosolic free Ca2+
concentration. The glucose-induced upregulation of insulin mRNA expression was also
attenuated by exposure to ELF magnetic field, although cell viability was not affected. Thesefindings demonstrate the potential of exposure to ELF magnetic field for clinical use as a novel
inhibitory method of insulin secretion.
Because there are few studies about the effects of an ELF magnetic field on β-cell survival
and function, Sakurai et al. investigated the effects of 5 mT of 60 Hz magnetic fields on cell
survival and function [Sakurai, 2005a]. The used cultured cell was a hamster-derived
insulin-secreting cell line (HIT-T15). They cultured HIT-T15 cells under the exposure to shamand ELF magnetic field conditions. It was found that exposure to ELF magnetic field for 5 daysin the absence of glucose increased cell number, exposure for 2 days without glucose aand for 5days with 100 mg/dl glucose increased the insulin secretion, and exposure for 2 and 5 days with
40 and 100 mg/dl glucose increased intracellular insulin concentration in HIT-T15 cells. The
increase in cell number under apoptotic culture condition by exposure to ELF magnetic field
can lead to new therapeutic applications in the treatment of diabetes.
Koyama et al. investigated the effects of an ELF magnetic field (5 mT and 60 Hz) on thenumber of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in human glioma A172 cells [Koyama, 2007a].
There was no difference in the number of AP sites between cells exposed to ELF magnetic fieldand sham controls. With methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) or H2O2 alone, the number of AP
sites increased with longer treatment times. ELF magnetic field in combination with the
genotoxic agents increased AP-site levels compared with the genotoxic agents alone. The results
suggest that the number of AP sites induced by the genotoxic agents is enhanced by ELF
magnetic field, presumably thereby lengthening the lifetime of radical pairs.
Fukushima et al. examined the effects of an ELF magnetic field applied phosphate bufferedsaline solution (PBS) or water on ATP activity [Fukushima, 2005]. PBS and highly purified
water were exposed to ELF magnetic field at 1 μT and 6 Hz under visible light (ELF magnetic
field + light). When ELF magnetic field/light-applied pure water or PBS was added to themedium, CHO cells which respond to exogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) resulting inincrease of [Ca2+]i, were found to elevate [Ca2+]i without exogenous ATP. This activity of ELF
magnetic field applied water or PBS was equivalent to 100 nM ATP. Furthermore, when the
ELF magnetic field was applied on highly purified water under visible light, for more than 12 h
at 40°C, the pure water became to exert luminescence of luciferin in the presence of luciferase.
This reaction did not require ATP nor Mg2+ in the reaction mixture at all. These facts indicatethat ELF magnetic field/light-applied PBS or water mimics ATP activity.
Ono et al. evaluated the effect of 44 mT static magnetic field on glucose uptake as the energy
source of the metabolic change, and on gene expression of glucose transporters (GLUT1 andGLUT3) [Ono, 2006]. The static magnetic field was applied to the cultured cells (30 x 104
cells/mL) for 8 or 24 h. The target cell was neuroblastoma NG108-15. Glucose uptake of thecells and mRNA expression was measured by the phenol-sulfuric acid method and RT-PCR
technique, respectively. The results showed that the glucose uptake of the cells was enhaced in 8

10

h exposure, while the GLUT1 and GLUT3 mRNA expression shows no change. In contrast, in
24 h exposure to static magnetic field, the glucose uptake and GLUT1 and GLUT3 mRNA
expression were suppressed. The authors suggested tha the metabolic activity change observed
during the 24 h exposure may attribute to the change in glucose uptake and modification of
GLUT1 and GLUT3 gene expression.
K1.3.3 Other Studies
Koyama et al. examined the effects of an ELF magnetic field (5 mT and 60 Hz) and/or X-rays
on mutations in the supF gene carried by pTN89 plasmids in Escherichia coli (E. coli) [Koyama,
2005]. The plasmids were subjected to sham exposure or exposed to ELF magnetic field, withor without X-ray irradiation (10 Gy). Increased mutant fraction was not detected following
exposure to ELF magnetic field alone, or after sham exposure. The mutant fraction for X-rays
followed by an ELF magnetic field was significantly higher than those of other treatments.
Sequence analysis of the supF mutant plasmids revealed that base substitutions were dominant
on exposure to X-rays alone and X-rays plus an ELF magnetic field. Several types of deletions
were detected in only the combined treatments, but not with X-rays alone. There were no
mutant colonies in sham irradiated and an ELF magnetic field alone treatment, but exposure to
ELF magnetic field immediately before or after X-ray irradiation may enhance the mutations.
These results indicate that an ELF magnetic field increases mutation and alters the spectrum of
mutations.
Ohkubo et al. reviewed the effects of static magnetic field of 0.3-180 mT, ELF magnetic fieldof 0.1-30 mT and microwave, 1.5 GHz with SAR of 0.08-8 W/kg on microcirculary system in
different tissues in experimental animals of rat, rabbit, house and human [Ohkubo, 2007]. Heemphasized that there is an importance of understanding the effects of magnetic fields on
microcirculatory system. It may have direct and indirect role in interaction of magnetic fields
with different tissues. The results obtained from ELF and RF electromagnetic field failed toshow any changes in microcirculatory system except for leukocyte and endotherlial cellinteraction. The animal study can contribute to evaluate possible health risks of electromagnetic
field.
K.1.4 IF Magnetic Field
Chuman et al. first, investigated the effect of 20 kHz intermediate frequency (IF) magnetic
field on Xenopus laevis [Chuman, 2007]. They compared the tail-length of frogs between
exposed and control groups after exposure to IF magnetic field. The parameters were theexposure time and strength of magnetic field intensity. They used two exposure equipments, thecommercial available induction heater (IH) cooker and Merritt coil type exposure facility. The
results showed that the exposure may spped up metamorphosis of frog.
Tachi et al. investigated whether 20 kHz magnetic field of 0.5 mT and 1 mT induce DNA
damage or physiologically abnormality in bacterial cells containing bacteriophage λ [Tachi,
2005]. Their results showed that after exposure to magnetic field for about 4 and 8 hours, theprophages shifted to lytic growth more often than control group. The results were compared to
the result of 60 Hz, 45 mT magnetic field exposure experiments. The comparison gave the both
IF and ELF magnetic fields induce physiological damage in bacterial cells.
Morimoto et al. examined the effects of an intermediate frequency (IF) electromagnetic field(10 MHz for 24 h) on production of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in cultured endothelial cells [Morimoto,2005]. IF electromagnetic field reduced ET-1 basal levels in human umbilical vein andmicrovascular endothelial cells, but failed to reduce ET-1 basal levels in bovine and humanaortic endothelial cells. IF electromagnetic field significantly inhibited thrombin-stimulatedET-1 production in all four endothelial cell types in a dose-dependent manner. IF
electromagnetic field significantly inhibited thrombin-induced endothelin-1 mRNA expressionin all four cell types. The inhibitory effect of IF electromagnetic field on ET-1 production was
abolished by the NOS inhibitor, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (10-3 M). These results

11demonstrate that IF electromagnetic field modulates ET-1 production in cultured vascularendothelial cells and the inhibitory effect of IF electromagnetic field is, at least partly, mediatedthrough a NO-related pathway.
Miyakoshi et al. examined the cellular genotoxicity of an IF magnetic field (532±20 μT at 23
kHz) in cultured cells [Miyakoshi, 2007]. Exposure to IF magnetic field for 2 h did not affect
the growth of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells and caused no mutagenic effects inbacterial mutation assays. Exposure to the IF magnetic field for 2 h induced neither single nor
double DNA strand breaks in comet assays, and caused no significant change in the mutation
frequency at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) locus compared tosham exposure. The results suggest that exposure to an IF magnetic field for 2 h does not cause
cellular genotoxicity in bacteria and in CHO cells.
Haga et al. investigated the effects of IF magnetic fields with 20 kHz, 600μT on living
biological cells using a highly sensitive mutagenesis assay method [Haga, 2005]. A bacterial
gene expression system for mutation repair (umu system) was used for the sensitive evaluationof damage in DNA molecules. Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535 (pSK 1002) was used in thisstudy. No effect from exposure to 20 kHz, 600 μT magnetic field in terms of damage in DNA
molecules were observed.
Shigemitsu et al. reviewed the biological effects of IF electromagnetic fields with around 20
kHz from in vivo and in vitro studies [Shigemitsu, 2007]. After the short review based on
published papers, they concluded that the available research data is inadequate for health risk
assessment of IF electromagnetic fields. They also recommended that the study and exposure
experiment of the biological and health effect of IF electromagnetic fields are very important.
K1.5 RF and Microwaves
K1.5.1 In Vivo Studies
Hata et al. studied the effects on melatonin synthesis in rats after short term exposure to a1439 MHz time division multiple access (TDMA) electromagnetic field [Hata, 2005]. The
average specific absorption ratio (SAR) of the brain was 7.5 W/kg, and the average SAR of thewhole body were 1.9 and 2.0 W/kg for male and female rats, respectively. No significant
differences in melatonin and serotonin levels were observed between the exposure, sham, andcage control groups. These results suggest that short term exposure to a 1439 MHz TDMA
electromagnetic field (about four times stronger than that emitted by mobile phones) did notalter melatonin and serotonin synthesis in rats.
Kuribayashi et al. investigated the effects of 1439 MHz electromagnetic field exposure on the
blood-brain barrier (BBB) were using immature (4 weeks old) and young (10 weeks old) rats
[Kuribayashi, 2005]. Alteration of BBB related genes, such as those encoding p-glycoprotein,aquaporin-4, and claudin-5, was assessed at the protein and mRNA levels in the brain after local
exposure of the head to electromagnetic field at 0, 2, and 6 W/kg SAR for 90 min/day for 1 or 2
weeks. Although expression of the 3 genes was clearly decreased after administration of 1,
3-dinitrobenzene (DNB) as a positive control, when compared with the control values, there
were no pathologically relevant differences with the electromagnetic field at any exposure levels
at either age. Vascular permeability was not affected by electromagnetic field exposure. Thus,
these findings suggest that local exposure of the head to 1439 MHz electromagnetic field exerts
no adverse effects on the BBB in immature and young rats.
Yuasa et al. investigated whether the radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF)
emitted by a mobile phone for 30 min has short-term effects on human somatosensory evoked
potentials (SEP) [Yuasa, 2006]. Neither SEP nor their recovery function was affected byexposure to RF electromagnetic field or sham phone use. The results suggest that 30 min mobile
phone use has no short-term effects on the human sensory cortex.
Inomata-Terada et al. investigated whether RF electromagnetic fields emitted by a mobile
phone has short-term effects on the human motor cortex [Inomata-Terada, 2007]. They12

measured motor evoked potentials (MEP) elicited by single pulse transcranial magnetic
stimulation (TMS), before and after mobile phone exposure (active and sham) in 10 normal
volunteers. Three sites were stimulated (motor cortex (CTX), brainstem (BST) and spinal nerve(Sp)). The short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) of the motor cortex reflecting
GABAergic interneuronal function was also studied by paired pulse TMS method. MEP tosingle pulse TMS was also recorded in two patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) showing
temperature dependent neurological symptoms (hot bath effect). Neither MEP to single pulse
TMS nor the SICI was affected by 30 min of RF electromagnetic field exposure from mobile
phones or sham exposure. In two MS patients, mobile phone exposure had no effect on any
parameters of MEP even though conduction block occurred at the corticospinal tracts after
taking a bath.
Terao et al. investigated whether exposure to pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field(pulsed EMF) emitted by a mobile phone has short-term, 30 min, effects on saccard
performances [Terao, 2007]. Using 10 normal subjects (4 male, 6 female, with 33.1±8.6 years(23-52 years), they studied the performance of visulally guided saccarde (VGS), gap saccade(GAP), and memory guided saccade (MGS) tasks before and after exposure to 800 MHz EMF
with 0.054±0.02 W/kg of 10 g. They also implemented a hand reaction time (RT) task in
response to a visual signal. In conclusion, Thiry minutes of moble phone exposure has no
significant short-term effect on the performance of various saccade tasks, which suggests thatthe cortical processing for saccades and attention is not affected.
Shirai et al. evaluated the effects of a 2-year exposure to a RF electromagnetic equivalent tothat generated by cellular phones on tumor development in the central nervous system (CNS) of
rats [Shirai, 2005, 2007]. Pregnant F344 rats were given a single administration of
N-ethylnitrosourea (ENU) on gestational day 18. A 1.439 GHz time division multiple access(TDMA) signal for the Personal Digital Cellular (PDC), Japanese standard cellular system wasused for the exposure of the rat head starting from 5 weeks of age, 90 min a day, 5 days a week,
for 104 weeks [Shirai, 2005]. A 1.95 GHz wide-band code division multiple access (W-CDMA)signal for the International Mobile Telecommunication 2000 (IMT-2000) cellular system wasalso employed [Shirai, 2007]. Under the present experimental conditions, exposure of heads ofrats to both RF electromagnetic field signals for a 2-year period was not demonstrated toaccelerate or otherwise affect ENU-initiated brain tumorigenesis.
Jia et al. monitored local temperature changes in rabbit pinnae, which were evoked by RFelectromagnetic field for 20 min at local SAR levels of 0 (sham exposure), 2.3, 10.0, and 34.3
W/kg over 1.0 g rabbit ear tissue [Jia, 2007]. The effects of exposure RF electromagnetic fieldon skin temperature were measured under normal blood flow and without blood flow in the ear.
The results showed: (1) blood flow clearly modified the RF electromagnetic field-induced
thermal elevation in the pinna as blood flow significantly suppressed temperature increases evenat 34.3 W/kg; (2) under normal blood flow conditions, exposures at 2.3 and 10.0 W/kg,
approximating existing safety limits for the general public (2 W/kg) and occupational exposure(10 W/kg), did not induce significant temperature rises in the rabbit ear. However, 2.3 W/kg
induced local skin temperature elevation under no blood flow conditions. These results
demonstrate that the effects of blood flow should be considered when extrapolating modelingdata to living animals, and particular caution is needed when interpreting the results of modelingstudies that do not include blood flow.
Masuda et al. examined the influence of RF electromagnetic field on rat skin using Global
System for Mobile Communication (GSM)-900 or -1800 Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR)[Masuda, 2007a]. Hairless female rats were exposed or sham-exposed for 2 h to GSM-900 or-1800 signals, using a loop-antenna located on the right part of the rats' back. The local SAR atskin level was 5 W/kg. A skin biopsy was done at the end of the experiment not only at thelocation of exposure, but also on the symmetrical part of the back. Analysis of skin sections
using hematoxylin eosin saffron (HES) coloration showed no difference in skin thickness orapparent cell toxicity among the animal groups. Histological analysis of the epidermis showed13

that the ratio between cells expressing the antigen Ki-67 (cellular proliferation marker) and thetotal number of cells remained within the range of normal proliferation ratio for the exposedside of the animal. No Ki-67 labelling was observed at the dermis level. Results on filaggrin,
collagen and elastin levels also showed an insignificant influence of RFR. These results do notdemonstrate any major physical and histological variations at skin level induced by RFR used in
mobile telephony.
Masuda et al. further investigated the effects of RF electromagnetic field on cerebral
microcirculation in rat brain [Masuda, 2007bc]. The head of the rat was exposed for 10 min to1439 MHz RF electromagnetic field at 0.6, 2.4 and 4.8 W/kg of brain averaged SAR [Masuda,
2007b], and for 4 weeks (60 min/day, 5 days/week) to RF electromagnetic field at 2.4 W/kg ofbrain averaged SAR [Masuda, 2007c]. Four microcirculatory parameters (BBB permeability,
leukocyte behavior, plasma velocity, and vessel diameter) were measured before and after RF
electromagnetic field exposure using a closed cranial window method. No extravasation of
intravenously injected dyes from pial venules was found at any SAR level. No significant
changes in the number of endothelial-adhering leukocytes after exposure were found. The
hemodynamics indicated that the plasma velocities and vessel diameters remained constantwithin the physiological range throughout each exposure. These findings suggest that there were
no effects on the cerebral microcirculation under the given RF electromagnetic field exposure
conditions.
Ushiyama et al. investigated the effect on Blood Cerebrospinal fluid Barrier (BCB) functionof rat by RF electromagnetic fields exposure [Ushiyama, 2007]. They set up a real-timemeasuring system for BCB function using a micro-perfusion method. After the short time
exposure (30 min), 1.5 GHz RF electromagnetic field at the brain average SARs of 9.5 W/kg for
adult and 10.4 W/kg for juvenile did not affedct BCB function in rats.
The uncertainty of a large-scale long-term in vivo study on brain tumor has been evaluated by
Wang et al. and Wake et al. [Wang 2006d 2006e: Wake, 2007a]. They found that theuncertainty of brain SAR in the rats in the exposure setup is higher for male rats than for female
rats. Wake et al. developed an exposure setup for local exposure of a rabbit eye in order toevaluate the threshold of ocular effects such as cataract at 2.45 GHz [Wake, 2007b].
K1.5.2 In Vitro Studies
Wang et al. examined the effects of 2450 MHz RF electromagnetic field on malignantchanges in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells [Wang, 2005a]. The cells were exposed to the RF
electromagnetic field alone in SAR from 5 to 200 W/kg for 2 h and/or were treated with aknown initiating chemical, methylcholanthrene (MC) (2.5 μg/ml). No significant differenceswere observed in the malignant transformation frequency between the controls and RF
electromagnetic field with or without 12-O- tetra decanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) (0.5 ng/ml),a tumor promoter that could enhance transformation frequency initiated by MC in multistage
carcinogenesis. However, the transformation frequency for RF electromagnetic field in SAR of
more than 100 W/kg with MC or MC plus TPA was increased compared with MC alone or MC
plus TPA. In contrast, the corresponding heat groups (heat alone, heat + MC, and heat + MC +TPA) did not increase transformation compared with each control level. The results suggest that2450 MHz RF electromagnetic field could not contribute to the initiation stage of tumor
formation, but it may contribute to the promotion stage in very high SAR (>100 W/kg).
Wang et al. further investigated the effects of 2450 MHz RF electromagnetic field on a stressresponse in A172 cells, using heat shock proteins (HSP)70 and HSP27 as stress markers [Wang,
2006b]. The cells were exposed to the RF electromagnetic field with a wide range of SAR(5-200 W/kg) or sham conditions. Since the RF electromagnetic field in 50-200 W/kg SAR
causes temperature increases in culture medium, appropriate heat control groups (38-44 °C)
were also included. The results showed that the expression of HSP70 increased in a time anddose-dependent manner in >50 W/kg SAR for 1-3 h. A similar effect was also observed incorresponding heat controls. There was no significant change in HSP27 expression caused by14

RF electromagnetic field at 5-200 W/kg or by comparable heating for 1-3 h. However, HSP27
phosphorylation increased transiently at 100 and 200 W/kg to a greater extent than at 40-44°C.
Phosphorylation of HSP27 reached a maximum after 1 h exposure at 100 W/kg RF
electromagnetic field. The results suggest that exposure to a RF electromagnetic field has little
or no apparent effect on HSP70 and HSP27 expression, but it may induce a transient increase in
HSP27 phosphorylation in A172 cells in very high SAR (>100 W/kg).
Komatsubara et al. investigated the effects of RF electromagnetic field on chromosomal
aberrations in mouse m5S cells [Komatsubara 2005a]. The RF electromagnetic field exposure
was performed at 2.45 GHz for 2 h at average SAR of 5-100 W/kg with continuous wave-form(CW), or at a mean SAR of 100 W/kg (with a maximum of 900 W/kg) with pulse wave-form(PW). The effects of RF electromagnetic field exposure were compared with those in
sham-exposed controls and with mitomycin C (MMC) or X-ray treatment as positive controls.
No significant differences were observed following exposure to RF electromagnetic field in
SAR from 5 to 100 W/kg CW and at a mean SAR of 100 W/kg PW compared withsham-exposed controls, whereas treatments with MMC and X-rays increased the frequency ofchromatid-type and chromosome-type aberrations. RF electromagnetic field exposures at 2.45
GHz for 2 h with up to 100 W/kg SAR CW and an average 100 W/kg PW do not induce
chromosomal aberrations in m5S cells. Furthermore, there was no difference between exposures
to CW and PW RF electromagnetic field.
Takashima et al. examined the effects of 2.45 GHz RF electromagnetic field with SAR from0.05 to 1500 W/kg in vitro [Takashima, 2006]. When cells (CHO-K1 and MO54) were exposed
to a continuous RF electromagnetic field in SAR from 0.05 to 100 W/kg for 2 h, cellular growthrate, survival, and cell cycle distribution were not affected. At 200 W/kg, the cell growth rate
was suppressed and cell survival decreased. When the cells were exposed to an intermittent RF
electromagnetic field at 300 W/kg (pk), 900 W/kg (pk) and 1500 W/kg (pk) (100 W/kg [mean]),no significant differences were observed between these conditions and intermittent wave
exposure at 100 W/kg. When cells were exposed to a SAR of 50 W/kg for 2 h, the temperatureof the medium around cells rose to 39.1°C, 100 W/kg exposure increased the temperature to
41.0°C, and 200 W/kg exposure increased the temperature to 44.1°C. Exposure to RF
electromagnetic field results in heating of the medium, and the thermal effect depends on themean SAR. Hence, these results suggest that the proliferation disorder is caused by the thermal
effect.
Koyama et al. investigated the effects of 2.45 GHz RF electromagnetic field on bacterial
mutations and the HPRT gene mutations [Koyama, 2007b]. Bacteria were exposed to RF
electromagnetic field for 30 min in SAR from 5 to 200 W/kg. In all strains, there was no
significant difference in the frequency of revertant colonies between sham exposure and RF
electromagnetic field-exposed groups. In examination of mutations of the HPRT gene, CHO-K1
cells were exposed to RF electromagnetic field for 2 h in SAR from 5 to 200 W/kg. A
combination effect of simultaneous exposure to RF electromagnetic field and bleomycin was
detected at the respective SAR. A statistically significant difference was observed between thecells exposed to RF electromagnetic field at the SAR of 200 W/kg. Cells treated with the
combination of RF electromagnetic field in SAR from 50 to 200 W/kg and bleomycin exhibited
increased HPRT mutations. As the exposure to RF electromagnetic field induced an increase intemperature, these increases of mutation frequency may be a result of activation of bleomycin
by a thermal effect.
Sakuma et al. conducted a large-scale in vitro study focused on the effects of RF
electromagnetic field from mobile radio base stations employing the IMT-2000 cellular system[Sakuma, 2006]. First, they evaluated the responses of human cells to microwave exposure at a
SAR of 80 mW/kg, which corresponds to the limit of the average whole body SAR for generalpublic exposure defined as a basic restriction in the ICNIRP guidelines. Second, they
investigated whether continuous wave (CW) and Wideband Code Division Multiple Access(W-CDMA) modulated signal RF electromagnetic field at 2.1425 GHz induced different levels

15

of DNA damage. Human glioblastoma A172 cells and normal human IMR-90 fibroblasts were
exposed to RF electromagnetic field. A172 cells were exposed to W-CDMA radiation at SARs
of 80, 250, and 800 mW/kg and CW radiation at 80 mW/kg for 2 and 24 h, while IMR-90 cells
were exposed to both W-CDMA and CW radiations at a SAR of 80 mW/kg for the same time
periods. Under the same RF electromagnetic field exposure conditions, no significant
differences in the DNA strand breaks were observed between the test groups and thesham-exposed control groups. These results confirm that low level exposures do not act as agenotoxicant up to a SAR of 800 mW/kg.
Hirose et al. investigated the effects of RF electromagnetic field on apoptosis or other cellularstress response through p53 activation or the p53-signaling pathway [Hirose, 2006]. Under the
RF electromagnetic field conditions described above (IMT-2000), no significant differences in
the percentage of apoptotic cells were observed between the test groups and the sham-exposed
control groups. No significant differences in expression levels of phosphorylated p53 at serine
15 or total p53 were observed between the test groups and the sham-exposed control groups.
Moreover, there were no noticeable differences in gene expression of the subsequent
downstream targets of p53 signaling involved in apoptosis between the test groups and thesham-exposed control groups. These results confirm that RF electromagnetic field up to 800
mW/kg does not induce p53-dependent apoptosis, DNA damage, or other stress response in
human cells.
Hirose et al. further examined the effects of RF electromagnetic field on phosphorylation andoverexpression of a heat shock protein HSP27 [Hirose, 2007]. Under the RF field exposure
conditions described above (IMT-2000), no significant differences in the expression levels ofphosphorylated HSP27 at serine 82 (HSP27 [pS82]) were observed between the test groups andthe sham-exposed control groups. Moreover, no noticeable differences in the gene expression ofhsps were observed between the test groups and the sham-exposed control groups. These results
confirm that e RF electromagnetic field up to 800 mW/kg does not induce phosphorylation of
HSP27 or expression of hsp gene family.
Using of human glioma MO54 cells, Miyakoshi et al. investigated whether radio frequency
field exposure (1950 MHz with SAR of 1, 2 and 10 W/kg) could activate stress response genes[Moyakoshi, 2005b]. After the exposure up to 2 h, cell growth and cell number were counted at
0-4 days after exposure. Expression of HSP27, HSP70 and the level of phoshorylated HSP27(78Ser) protein were determined. The results suggested that although exposure to a 1950 MHz
RF electromagnetic field has no effect on cell proliferation and expression of HSP27 and HSP70,
it may inhibit the phosphorylation of HSP27 at Serine 78 in MO54 cells.
Hikage et al. performed in vitro experiments on free radical production due to 900 MHz and2.45 GHz mobile radio wave exposure [Hikage, 2006, 2007b]. Using of human white blood cell
exposed to 900 MHz RF electromagnetic field, they investigated the estimation of hydroxyl free
radical production due to non-thermal effects. Including 900MHz wave, the six different sets of
exposure conditions were used: 1) continouse wave, 2) pulse modulation, 3) GSM (Global
System for Mobile Communication) basic signal modulation, 4) PDC (Personal Digital
Cellular) signal modulation and 5) CDMA (Code Divison Multiple Access) 2000 signal
modulation. The exposure level can be changed from cellular level to high SAR level (up to 150
W/kg). The cell’s temperatures were kept below 39 . The experimental data confirms that
there is no statistically significant influence of 900 MHz RF electromagnetic field exposure on
human white blood cells and that there is a correlation between radical production and celltemperature. In addition, Hikage et al. tried to confirm the effects of 900 MHz and 2.45 GHz RF
electromagnetic field exposures on the production of free radical in human fibroblasts cells.
K1.5.3 Other Studies
There have been increased in the number of cellular phone users. With increasing there havebeen many reports of health disorders related to RF electromagnetic fields. Kawasaki et al.

16considered and confirmed the dependency of students (Thai university and high school) on
cellular phones and compared the results with the dependency of Japanese students (University
and high school) [Kawasaki, 2006]. A survey form (cellular phone dependence questionnaire;
CPDQ) was distributed to 181 female and 177 male Thai university students and to 240 female
and 140 male Thai high school students. Aftere factor analysis, the total scores for the Thai
university was higher than the scores for the Thai high school students. The total socre of thequestionnaire was high, indicating a strong tendency toward cellular phone dependence.
Due to the rapid increase of cellular phone use in Japan, the public concerns about thepossible health effects. Takebayashi et al. initiated a case-control study to examine therelationship between cellular phone use and acoustic neuroma [Takebayashi, 2006]. This study
followed the INTERPHONE study with the international collaboration. Fifty one cases and 192
controls were regular cellular phone users on the reference date, one year before the diagnosis.
No significant increase of acoustic neuroma was observed. The odds ratio (OR) was 0.73 (95 %CI 0.43 to 1.23). As an exposure index, cumulative lengths of use (<4 years, 4-8 years, >8 years),or cumulative call time (<300 hours, 300-900 hours, >900 hours) were used. Thisepidemiological study suggests that there is no significant increase in the risk of acoustic
neuroma in association with cellular phone use in Japan.
K2 Field measurement, Dosimetry and Exposure Asessment
K2.1 DC and ELF Fields
Moriyama et al. assessed ELF magnetic field originating from equipment used for assisted
reproduction, umbilical cord-blood and peripheral-blood stem cell transplantation, transfusion,and hemodialysis [Moriyama, 2005a]. The ELF magnetic field values were 0.1-1.2 μT on clean
benches, <0.1-8.0 μT on inverted microscopes, <0.1-13.6 μT in CO2 incubators, 4.3-11.5 μT in
centrifuges, 0.4-18.8 μT in programmed freezers, <0.1-0.3 μT in deep freezers, 0.3-3.1 μT on
cell separators, and 0.2-0.9 μT in hemodialysers. Frequencies of ELF magnetic field were
nominally 60 Hz, but some devices showed non-sinusoidal 120 Hz. Such ELF magnetic field
can be reduced by shielding the sources or altering the protocols employed.
Moriyama et al. measured ELF magnetic field at 696 points in a room of a typical Japaneseapartment building [Moriyama, 2005b]. ELF magnetic field exceeded 0.4 μT in 24 % of theliving space, and the maximum value, 1.8 μT, was detected at floor level. Analysis of the ELF
magnetic field distribution revealed that 60 Hz 100 V electrical wiring for room lights within
the floor and ceiling had been laid out in large rectangles, equivalent to 1 turn coils. Further
plotting of the vertical components every 0.01 m on the floor indicated that the depth of thecable was 0.23 m. Further studies should be conducted in order to confirm that the building
investigated in this pilot study is typical of Japanese apartment buildings in terms of ELF
magnetic field.
Kabuto et al. evaluated the effects of residential power-frequency ELF magnetic field as apossible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)[Kabuto, 2006]. In response to great public concern, the World Health Organization (WHO)urged that further epidemiologic studies should be conducted in high-exposure areas such as
Japan. They conducted a population-based case-control study analyzing 312 case children (0-15
years old) newly diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myelocytic
leukemia (AML) in 1999-2001 (2.3 years) and 603 controls matched for gender, age andresidential area. The odds ratios for children whose bedrooms had ELF magnetic field levels of
0.4 μT or higher compared with the reference category (<0.1 μT) was 2.6 (95 % CI=0.76-8.6)
for AML+ALL and 4.7 (1.15-19.0) for ALL only. Controlling for some possible confounding
factors did not alter the results appreciably. Even an analysis in which selection bias was
maximized did not fully explain the association. Most of the leukemia cases in the highest
exposure category had ELF magnetic field levels far above 0.4 μT. These results provided
additional evidence that high ELF magnetic field exposure was associated with a higher risk of17

childhood leukemia, particularly of ALL.
Yamazaki et al. examined the association between residential proximity to 60 Hz high voltage(22-500 kV) overhead transmission lines (HVOTL) and mental health [Yamazaki, 2006]. The
prevalence of poor mental health was 15 %. Among the 223 subjects, 10 lived within 100 m of a
HVOTL. The adjusted odds ratios (OR) for poor mental health among those who lived 101-300
m or within 100 m from HVOTL were 1.29 (95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.35-10.13) and1.87 (95 % CI: 0.35-10.13), respectively, against the reference category (>300 m). Mental healthstatus was not significantly associated with the distance between the subject's residence and theclosest HVOTL.
Hamada presented a fast-multpile surface-charge-simulation method for calculating
three-dimentional Laplacian fields in voxel models. This method treats a surface of a voxel thathas different inside and outside conductivities as a surface element of the indirect boundary
element method [Hamada, 2006]. This method was successfully applied to calculate the electricfield induced by an applied homogeneous EMF magnetic field in a human head model that has
1 m x 1 m x 1 m voxel size.
In Japan, the radio frequency protection guideline recommends the limits of contact current
for contact hazard due to an ungrounded metallic object under an electromagnetic field in therange from 10 kHz to 15 MHz. The contact body impedance for the Japanese in the frequency
range from 75 kHz to 15 MHz is obtained to arrange the standard measurement method forcontact current [Kamimura, 2005]. The contact body impedance of 27 Japanese subjects (eight
adult male, five adult female and fourteen children) was measured. The human body impedance
is obtained from numerical simulation using the impedance method and voxel model, and iscompared it with measured value.
Kitano et al. formulated mathematically the induced electric field in a spherical conductor
exposed to arbital EMF dople magnetic field source [Kitano, 2006]. They confirmed its validity
by comparing the analytical solution with numerical solution by the equivalent multiple moment
method.
Kobayashi et al. carried out the rejection of magnetic noise from the wire inmagnetocardiogram (MCG) measurement [Kobayashi, 2005]. MCG were measured from two
subjects with and without attachment of the wire. In order to reduce the effects of magnetic
noise from the wire, signal orocessing by independent component analysis, digital-high-passfilter, and singer value decomposition was carried out. Due to the reduction of the magnetic
noise from the wire by independent component analysis, independent component analysis is theeffective technique.
Miyata et al. proposed the free scanning method for the magnetic field distribution
measurements by recording the position of the moved sensor automatically [Miyata, 2007]. The
magnetic field sensor has two kinds of range of the measurement frequency, low frequency (30Hz to 1 kHz) and high frequency (1 kHz to 100 kHz). In their study, they tried to measure twodimensional magnetic flux density distributions in the vicinity of the induction heating (IH)
cooker.
Oikawa et al. measured the environmental magnetic field of 50 Hz and 60 Hz in the room
very close to power-receiving and transformer rooms in two buildings [Oikawa, 2006].
In highly non-uniform ELF magnetic field, the compliance test in accordance with guidelines
has been a crtical issue. When the measured maximum magnetic fields on the surface of thehuman body exceed the reference level, the basic restriction should be investigated in a different
way. Yamazaki et al. proposed a new simplified method for the estimation of the maximum
induced current from magnetic field measurements in practical complex [Yamazaki, 2005,2007]. The method is based on the reduction rate of the magnetic field within a sphericalmodel.The relationship between the reduction rate of magnetic field and the rate of maximum
induced current to that of uniform field exposure was approximated using a simple regression
curve. The results have practical values for assessing compliance with guidelines.
Nishizawa et al. investigated the magnetic field properties and dosimetry at 50 Hz, ELF with18

the coil model [Nishizawa, 2007]. This coil model is prescribed as substitute source model fro
real household appliances in European standard EN50366 (CENELEC). The accuracy of themagnetic field vectors and the values of the induced current density were compared with theresults of two test appliances (a drill machine and a hand mixer) obtained from the equivalentsource model. The magnetic fields obtained using the coil model and real appliance show anagreement with each other with a maximum difference of 5 dB. The calculated induced current
densities in the numerical human body models (homogeneous and anatomical body models) andthe real appliances also show a good agreement with each other with a maximum difference bya factor of 1.6. Based on the totally obtained results in this study, the applicability of the coilmodel prescribed in EN50366 confirms that of the two applied test appliances.
Takuma et al. reviewed and summarized the recent developed topics related the basic
formulas for field calculation, effects of electromagnetic fields, calculation methods, activity ofInvestigation Committte in the IEEJ, and future research subjects [Takuma, 2006].
K2.2 IF Magnetic Field
Yamazaki et al. developed IF magnetic field exposure facility for in vivo exposure experimentwith small animal [Yamazaki, 2006a, 2006b]. Before constructing facility, they first,
investigated the effect of architectural structure on the uniform magnetic field generated fromtheir proposed coils by the 3D magnetic field analysis. It is shown that the distance between coiland architectural structure in the direction of magnetic field should be determined taking into
account the frequency. Also, the architectural structure has shielding effect. IF magnetic field
generates the eddy current inside the reinforcing steel bar, so, the magnetic field disturbance issubstantially greater in reinforced concrete building. After these preliminary considerations,Shigemitsu et al. have developed a 20 kHz (IF) magnetic field exposure system for in vivo
studies [Shigemitsu, 2007]. The dimensions of the exposure system are 1.6 m x 1.6 m x 1.616 mhigh located in the specific pathogen free (SPF) exposure room. The system is designed toprovide magnetic fields with vertically polarized sinusoidal 20 kHz wave form up to 200 μT
with the uniformity within ±5 % over the space occupied by an animals.
Fujita et al. have developed an IF magnetic field exposure system in vitro [Fujita, 2007]. Thissystem mainly consists of an IF magnetic field generating coil housed inside an incubator, insidewhich cultured cells can be exposed to IF magnetic field. Two systems were prepared to allow
the experiment to be conducted in a double-blind manner. The level of the generated IF
magnetic field was set to 532 μT rms in the exposure space, 23 kHz, 80 times the value in theInternational Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines, withspatial field uniformity better than 3.8 %. The waveforms were nearly sinusoidal. The parasitic
electric field was 157 V/m rms and the induced electric field was 1.9 V/m rms. The temperature
was maintained at 36.5 ± 0.5 °C for 2 h. The leaked magnetic flux density was 0.7 mT rms orlower in the stopped system when the other system was being operated, and the environmental
magnetic flux density was 0.1 mT rms or lower. This system could be successfully used toevaluate the biological effects of exposure to IF magnetic field.
Kamimura et al. evaluated the magnetic field exposure of human body near an induction
heating (IH) cooker with 20 kHz by using of SPFD method [Kamimura, 2006]. They calculated
the maximum induced current density among thee kinds of human body models (Japanese adultmale/female and American adult male) and compared the calculated current density with theguideline of ICNIRP. They showed that the maximum induced current densities are different
among three models. They also showed that the induced current exceeding the guideline of
ICNIRP may not flow inside human body in the case with a portable type IH cooker and a pan
designed for the IH cooker.
Nishizawa et al. investigated the magnetic field properties and dosimetry at 21 kHz,intermediate frequency for an induction heater (IH) with the coil model [Nishizawa, 2006]. This
coil model is prescribed as substitute source model in European standard EN50366 (CENELEC).
The accuracy of the magnetic field vectors and the values of the induced current density were19

compared with the results of realistic model for IH obtained from the equivalent source model.
The coil model coincided well for the magnitude of the magnetic field strength around the IH.
On the other hand, the dominant field vector of the coil model differs significantly from the real
IH, which leads to induced current densities in the body model, three times larger. These results
showed that the application of the coil model prescribed in the EN50366 is confirmed for the
IH.
Suzuki and Taki measured the magnetic field around induction heating hobs operated at 20
kHz and evaluated the compliance with ICNIRP guideline [Suzuki, 2005]. At the very proximity
to the device, the distribution of the magnetic flux density was highly inhomogeneous and the
maximum flux density can exceed the reference levels of the guideline. Using of anatomical
human model, the induced current densities exposed to magnetic field were calculated
numerically by impedance method. The induced current densities were sufficiently lower thanthe basic restriction of INCIRP guideline.
Tarao et al. calculated the induced current in an anatomiccaly high-resolution human model
exposed to 20.9 kHz operated house-hold (IH) induction cooker [Tarao, 2006ab]. In case of theadult human model exposed to highly inhomogeneous 20.9 kHz magnetic field, they calculated
that the induced current ranging from 5 to 19 mA/m2 is obtained for between the shoulder andlower abdomen. However, for child model, it can be obtained that the currents between 5 and 21
mA/m2 are induced for between the head and abdomen. They also obtained the result that theinduced current in the child model are 2.1 to 6.9 times larger compared of the adult model underthe exposure condition. They further studied the induced current in an anatomically humanmodel of 2.5 x 2.5 x 2 mm voxel size exposed to 20.9 kHz magnetic fields generated from IH
cooker by impedande method. In calculation, the maximum about 2 μT magnetic field near the
lower abdomen of the body was assumed. ICNIRP guideline gives that the basic restriction isexpressed in term of a current densities averaged over a cross-section of 1 cm2 perpendicular tothe direction of the current. Tarao et al. proposed the conversion of computed results tocorresponding current densities by averaging the current over the cross section of any 1 cm2 ofthe model. The calculation results showed that the maximum averaged current densities, 5.31
mA/m2 appears at the muscle of the abdomen, close to the magnetic sources. This value is 1/8 of
the ICNIRP basic restriction level for the public exposure. In calculation at certain voxel, theaveraging is key procedure. For example, the maximum value with the averaging decreased by
60 % from 13.2 mA/m2 without the averaging to 4.31 mA/m2.
Induction heating (IH) cooker is recently very popular in Japan. Along the study of thebiological ahd health effects of IF magnetic field generated from IH, the evaluation of the best
heating performance and practical design are also necessary to achive the higher quality heating.
Yonetsu et al. proposed the effectiveness and practical design method of higher quality heating
for IH cooker [Yonetsu, 2006]. They evaluated the better heating performace by adjusting thearrangement of the heating coil and coil winding. The heat distribution of heating plate and heattransfer were also calculated by the finite element methods. For obtaining the optimum coilarrangement, multi-objective genetic algorithm was employed. By these approaches, they
showed that the optimum coil arrangement can be obtained easily.
K2.3 Radio frequency electromagnetic fields and Microwaves
Wang et al. reported some detailed dosimetry results for the Salford-used transverse
electromagnetic (TEM) cell in rats [Wang, 2006a]. The whole-body average SAR and thebrain-average SAR varied up to 1.5 times and 2.7 times, respectively. For an input of 1 W to theTEM cell, the whole-body average SAR was 1.1 W/kg, while the brain-average SAR was 1.0
W/kg. This means that the TEM cell structure obviously produces not a local but a whole body
exposure.
Wang et al. evaluated RF electromagnetic field in experimental fusion facilities for safety
guidelines to ensure workers’ safety [Wang, 2005b]. Since the leaked RF electromagnetic field
has time-varying characteristics whose amplitudes vary according to a stochastic process, a20

measurement of the amplitude probability distribution (APD) was conducted. An approach wasthen presented to derive from the measured APD and SAR in an exposed human body. The
statistically-averaged whole-body-averaged SAR showed that the leaked field intensities were
low enough to not cause any thermal hazards for the workers in the specific RF electromagnetic
field environment. The statistically averaged SAR also showed fair agreement with the SAR
derived from the time average over 6 min as specified in the safety guidelines. This finding
suggests the usefulness of the APD measurement in lieu of a field measurement over a 6-min
period because the APD can be obtained in a time period much less than 6 min.
Wang et al. made a detailed error analysis in the whole-body average SAR calculation for thefinite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method in conjunction with the perfectly matched layer(PML) absorbing boundaries [Wang, 2006b]. They derived a basic rule for the PML
employment based on a dielectric sphere and the Mie theory solution. They then attempted toclarify to what extent the whole-body average SAR may reach using an anatomically based
Japanese adult model and a scaled child model. The results showed that the whole-body average
SAR under the ICNIRP reference level exceeds the basic safety limit nearly 30 % for the childmodel both in the resonance frequency and 2 GHz band [Wang, 2006c].
Hirata investigated the effect of frequency, polarization, and angle of incidence of an ELF
electromagnetic field on the SAR and maximum temperature increase in the human eye at 900
MHz, 1.5 GHz, and 1.9 GHz [Hirata, 2005a]. The SAR and temperature increased in the eye,largely dependent on the separation between the eye and a source, and the frequency,
polarization, and angle of incidence of the ELF electromagnetic fields wave. The maximum
temperature increased (0.303-0.349 °C) in the lens of the adult for the SAR value of 2.0 W/kg
for the eye tissue (about 10 g) was marginally affected by the above-mentioned factors. No clear
difference of a maximum temperature increase in the lens at the SAR limit was observed
between the adult and children models.
Hirata et al. investigated statistically the maximum temperature increases in the head andbrain for the SAR averaging schemes prescribed in the ICNIRP and IEEE guidelihnes [Hirata,
2005b]. They paid much attention to the correlation between peak SARs and maximum
temperatures. They found that maximum temperature increases iin the head are well correlatedwith peak spatial average SARs calculated with different schemes. Maximum temperature
increases in the head for peak SAR values are largely dependent in the averaging scheme.
Hikage et al. estimated the electromagnetic field exciation by cellular radios in actual train
carriages [Hikage, 2005b]. They mentioned; with regard to the electromagnetic compatibility(EMC) of the portable radio terminals such as cellular phones and data communicationtransceivers, the important issue is to prevent the occurrence of unwanted effects on the humanhealth due to the RF exposure. As example, they conducted the precise computer numericalstimulating, FDTD method, using 800 MHz and 2 GHz transmitter in an actual train carriage
and estimated the electromagnetic field distribution excited inside train carriage. The parallel
FDTD computer simulation could be considered to be effective for estimating the complicatedelectromagnetic field excitation problems precisely.
Hikage et al. developed a 900 MHz ridged-waveguide microwave exposure equipment toachieve high power density irradiation for in vitro experiments [Hikage, 2007d]. This exposuresystem consists of a vector signal generator, 100 watts transistor amplifer, stub tuner, the ridged
waveguide and terminator.
Ishikawa and Tanimura visualized the magnetic leakage flux from cellular phone [Ishikawa,
2006]. As a result of the visualization, the magnetic leakage flux from some parts of cellular
phones can be clearly observed even when the cellular phone is turned off. The magnetic
leakage flux can be estimated roughly to be about 0.01 mT. They emphasized this visualizing
technique is usefull for the research areas of human health, environmental medicine, scientificeducation and engineering.
Although there are several papers on the evaluation of electromagnetic wave exposure in thefetues, the abdomen model, of pregnant women, the structure inside the models is not21

representive of actual situation due to the organ and tissue complexity of the mother and fetus.
So, Kawai et al. presented a simple abdomen modcel of pregnant women and evaluated theSAR inside the proposed model close to normal mode helical antennas (NHAs) [Kawai, 2006].
The SAR was calculated using FDTD method. They confirmed that the 10-g average SAR in thefetus is sufficiently less than 2 W/kg, when the output power of NHAs is 5 W which is the
maximum power of portable radio terminals in Japan.
Nagaoka et al. developed an anatomicazlly realistic whole-body pregnant-woman model forelectromagnetic dosimetry [Nagaoka, 2007]. The numerical dosimetry of pregnant women is an
important issue in electromagnetic field safety. They constructed a new fetus model including
inherent tissues of pregnant women based on abdominal magnetic resonance imaging data of a
26-week-pregnant woman. The whole-body pregnant woman model was developed by
combining the fetus model and a nonpregnant-woman model. The modle consists of about 7
million cubical voxels of 2mm size and is segmented into 56 tissues and organs.First, thispregnant-woman model is completely anatomically realistic voxel model that includes a realistic
fetus model and enables a numerical simulation of electromagnetic dosimetry up to thegigahertz band. In this paper, the basic specific absorption rate characteristics of thepregnant-woman model exposed to vertically and horizontally polarized electromagnetic waves
from 10 MHz to 2 GHz.
With rapid increase in the use of the mobile phones in enclosed environments such as trains
and elevators, public concern regarding the possibility of the RF exposure in such areas
exceeding the basic restriction of the ICNIRP exposure guideline has been growing. Using of
FDTD calculation method, Simba et al. carried out to determine whether the exposure in theelevator can exceed the basic restriction, 0.08 W/kg, whole-body average SAR [Simba, 2007a,
2007b]. They performed the FDTD calculation of the 10 g average SAR as a function of thehuman body position inside an elevator at 900, 1500 and 2000 MHz. The SAR results are below
the ICNIRP exposure guideline.
Wang et al have developed a formulation to approximate complex permittivities of biologicaltissues and organs as function of age [2006e]. The model is based on the dependence onwater-content ratio which is dominant to determine the complex permittivitis in GHz band.
A novel technique to evaluate SAR experimentally has been developed by Suzuki et al.
[Suzuki, 2006]. Using liquid crystal sensitive to temperature, they measured temperatureelevation due to microwave exposure.
Standardization of procedures for compliance tests of wireless terminals is also one ofimportant topics. Mochizuki et al. clarified the effects of the size and shape of head phantoms
on SAR distributions during exposure to near-field from a cellular phones [Mochizuki, 2007].
Ishii et al. investigated on applicability of a small antenna in phantom liquid for calibration ofSAR probes [Ishii, 2007].
K3 Tissue Properties, Materials, and Phantoms
K3.1 Design Methods of the Electromagnetic Environment
Tosaka et al. developed a measuring system using a tri-axial search coil in order to measure
the magnetic field noise around electric devices [Tosaka, 2005]. They chose the measuring
frequency is less than 100 kHz and the sensitivity is of the order of pico Tesla. In conclusion,
the crosstalk of the orthogonal search coil is less than -40dB between the tri-axial search coilsensors. The sensitivity of the search coil is 10 pT/√Hz at 1 kHz.
K3.2 Phantoms andTissue Properties-Bioelectromagnetics Parameters
Hirata et al. quantified induced current in anatomically based Japanese male and female
models for exposure to low-frequency electric fields [Hirata, 2007b]. A quasi-static FDTD
method was applied to analyze this problem. For the computational results, the difference of theinduced current density averaged over an area of 1 cm2 between Japanese male and female

22models was less than 30 % for each nerve tissue. The difference of induced current density
between the present study and earlier works was less than 50 % for the same conductivities,
despite the different morphology. Particularly, maximum current density in central nerve tissues
appeared in the retina of Japanese models, the same as in the earlier works.
Hirata et al. computationally verified the effect of anesthesia on temperature variations in the
rabbit eye due to microwave energy [Hirata, 2006a]. The FDTD method was used for
calculating the SAR and temperature variation in rabbits. They used a computational rabbit
phantom, which is comprised of 12 tissues (including 6 eye tissues) with a resolution of 1 mm.
Thermal constants of the rabbit were derived by comparing measured and calculated
temperatures. For intense microwave exposure to the rabbit eye, time courses of calculated andmeasured temperatures were in good agreement for cases both with and without theadministration of anesthesia. The point to be stressed is that under anesthesia thethermoregulatory response was inactivated, and blood flow and basal metabolism was reduced.
The correlation between the peak spatial-average SAR and maximum temperature increase
for antennas attached to the human trunk was reported [Hirata, 2006b]. Frequency bands
considered are 150, 400, and 900 MHz, which are assigned for occupational communications.
The effect of variation of thermal constants on the temperature increase is revealed by using
one-dimensional model. Computational results suggests that one of the most dominant factors
which affect the correlation between peak SAR and maximum temperature increase is bloodflow in tissues.
Hirata proposed an improved heat transfer model of the eye for exposure to RF
electromagnetic field. Particular attention was paid to the difference from the simplified heattransfer model commonly used in this field [Hirata, 2007a]. From the computational results, thetemperature elevation in the eye calculated with the simplified heat transfer model was largely
influenced by the RF electromagnetic field-induced SAR outside the eyeball, but not whenusing their improved model.
Hirata et al. reported that a RF electromagnetic field-induced SAR of the human body for
far-field exposure at the International Commission on the ICNIRP reference level has two peaksin the resonance frequency and GHz regions [Hirata, 2007d]. Dominant factors influencing
whole-body average SAR in these two frequency regions have not yet been revealed sufficiently.
The main purpose of this study is to clarify the dominant factors influencing the SAR in termsof whole-body average SAR in an anatomically based model compared with those in a
homogeneous anthropomorphic model and corresponding cuboid models. Computational results
show that the SAR peak in the resonance frequency region greatly depends on the electric
properties of tissue, while the peak in the GHz region is affected mainly by the surface area ofthe model.
Hirata et al. investigated the effect of blood temperature variation modeling on body-coretemperature [Hirata, 2007c]. The computational results show that the modeling of bloodtemperature variation was the dominant factor influencing the body-core temperature. This isbecause the temperature in the inner tissues is elevated via the circulation of blood whose
temperature was elevated due to the RF electromagnetic field-induced SAR. Even at different
frequencies, the body-core temperature elevation at an identical whole-body average SAR was
almost the same, suggesting the effectiveness of the whole-body average SAR as a measure in
the ICNIRP guidelines. Next, they discussed the effect of sweating on the temperature elevationand thermal time constant of blood. The variability of temperature elevation caused by thesweating rate was found to be 30%. The blood temperature elevation at the basic restriction in
the ICNIRP guidelines of 0.4 W/kg is 0.25°C even for a low sweating rate. The thermal time
constant of blood temperature elevation was 23 min and 52 min for a man with a lower and ahigher sweating rate, respectively, which is longer than the average time of the SAR in the
ICNIRP guidelines. Thus, the whole-body average SAR required for blood temperatureelevation of 1 °C was 4.5 W/kg in the model of a human with the lower sweating coefficientsfor 60 min exposure. From a comparison of this value with the basic restriction in the ICNIRP

23

guidelines of 0.4 W/kg, the safety factor was 11.
Hirata et al. investigated the temperature elevation in the eye of anatomically based humanhead models for plane-wave exposures [Hirata, 2007e]. The finite-difference time-domain
method is used for analyzing the RF electromagnetic field-induced SAR and temperatureelevation. The eyes in the anatomic models have average dimensions and weight.
Computational results show that the ratio of maximum temperature in the lens to theeye-average SAR is almost uniform (0.112-0.147°C W/kg) in the frequency region below 3
GHz. Above 3 GHz, this ratio increases gradually with an increase of frequency, which is
attributed to the penetration depth of RF electromagnetic field. Particular attention is paid to thedifference in the heating factor for the lens between this study and earlier works. Considering
causes clarified in this study, compensated heating factors in all these studies are found to be ingood agreement.
Hirata et al. investigated the SAR and temperature elevation in an anatomically-based humanmodel for RF electromagnetic field exposure [Hirata, 2007f]. First, they investigated the effectof blood temperature variation and thermoregulation modeling on body-core temperature. The
modeling of blood temperature variation was found to be the dominant factor influencing the
body core temperature. This is because the temperature in the inner tissues is elevated via thecirculation of blood warmed due to the RF electromagnetic field-induced SAR. For the same
whole-body average SAR at different frequencies, the body-core temperature elevation wasalmost same, suggesting the effectiveness of the measure used in the ICNIRP guidelines. Then,they discussed the effect of sweating rate on the temperature elevation and thermal time
constant of blood temperature. The uncertainty of temperature elevation due to the sweating rate
was 30% or so.
Saito and Ito have been studying various coaxial-slot antennas for microwave hyperthermia.
Saito et al. presented the effectiveness of the coaxial-slot antenna and the array applicatorscomposed of two or four coaxial-slot antenna through clinical trials [Saito, 2005]. Then, as an
example, they have developed a coaxial-slot antennas aiming at intracavitary heating for bile
duct carcdinoma [Saito, 2006; Hiroe, 2006]. They estimated the heating performance of suchantenna for the actual treatments and confirmed the possibility of this treatment by use of the
proposed coaxial-slot antenna.
Phantoms are used to evaluate amounts of absorbed electromagnetic energy. Ito and his
research groups developed phantoms for use in the frequency range from 3 to 10 GHz.
Takimoto et al. evaluated the effectiveness of the biological tissue-equivalent solid phantom for
Ultra WideBand (UWB) communications [Takimoto, 2006]. Solid phantom can be obtained
manufactually the arbitrary shapes. Such solid phantom have neen developed and used for thefrequency bands between 3-10 GHz It was shown that it is possible to investigate antennacharacteristics using this developed phantom in wide frequency ranges in mobile terminal. Ito et
al. reviewed the development of solid biological tissue-equivalent phantoms for UWB
communications band and evaluated the interaction between human bodies (called biologicaltissue-equivalent phantom) and radio terminals [Ito, 2007b].
Hiroe et al. developed the phantom for measurement of temperature rises inside biologicaltissue by electromagnetic wave exposure [Hiroe, 2007]. Iwai et al. also developed a realistic
human phantom in a PDA (Personal Digital Assistance) position for electromagnetic wave
evaluation of handset antennas [Iwai, 2006].
There are few data of electrical properties of biological tissues and organs in millimeter-wave(MMW) while new wireless technology will be operated in the frequency regions. Wakatsuchi
et al. recently tried to measure complex permittivities of whole-blood sample upto 50 GHz[Wakatsuchi, 2007].
K4 Biomedical Applications
K4.1 Magnetic stimulation

24

Hirayama et al. examined the effects of rTMS on pain in patients with intractabledeafferentation pain [Hirayama, 2006]. Twenty patients received ten trains of rTMS (5 Hz for
10 seconds at 50 second interval) of the primary motor cortex (M1), the postcentral gyrus (S1),premotor area (preM), and supplementary motor area (SMA). Results indicated a statisticallysignificant effect lasting for 3 hours after the stimulation of M1. Stimulation of other targets was
not effective. The M1 was the sole target for treating intractable pain with rTMS, in spite of thefact that M1, S1, preM, and SMA are located adjacently.
Saitoh et al. also investigated the effects of rTMS on pain in patients with intractabledeafferentation pain [Saitoh, 2006, 2007a]. Ten trains of rTMS (5Hz for 10 seconds at 50
second interval) were applied to the M1, S1, preM and SMA. Only M1 stimulation was
effective for pain reduction (50%). Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) procedures were performed.
The success rate of MCS was around 63%, and seemed to be higher in cases of pain with spinal
cord and peripheral origins, while it was lower in cases of post-stroke pain.
Saitoh et al. further evaluated the effects of rTMS on pain in patients with a cerebral lesion orwith a noncerebral lesion [Saitoh, 2007b]. Ten trains of rTMS (5Hz for 10 seconds at 50 second
interval) were applied to the M1, S1, pre-. The rTMS was applied to all the patients at
frequencies of 1, 5, and 10 Hz and as a sham procedure in random order. High-frequency (5 or
10 Hz) rTMS of the precentral gyrus can reduce intractable deafferentation pain, but
low-frequency stimulation (at 1 Hz) cannot. Patients with a noncerebral lesion are more suitable
candidates for high-frequency rTMS of the precentral gyrus.
Sakihara et al. investigated whether the vestibulospinal tract mediates late electromyographic
response with a latency of 100ms evoked bilaterally in soleus muscles following rTMS (1.4 T
ELF-PEMF) over the left cerebellum [Sakihara, 2007]. The vestibulospinal tract was activatedby optokinetic stimulation. The results show that the latency of the soleus electromyographic
response is shortenedby optokinetic stimulation, but the latency of the motor response evokedby the corticospinal tract is unchanged. These findings support our hypothesis thatvestibulospinal tracts mediate late electromyographic responses, and allow the development oftechniques to assess the human vestibulospinal system function.
Ueno and Sekino reviewed medical applications of the recently developed techniques inbiomagnetics
andbioimaging
suchastranscranial
magnetic
stimulation,
magnetoencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging, cancer thrapy based on magnetic
stimulation, and magnetic control of cell orientation and cell growth. They emphasized thatthese techniques are leading medicine and biology into a new horizon through the novel
application of magnetism [Ueno, 2006].
First, Sekino et al. calculated eddy current distributions in transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS) under various conditons and compared ther calculated results with the current
distribution in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in order to find an optimum conditions of TMS
as an alternative to ECT [Sekino, 2005d]. Then, they performed numerical simulation of theeddy current induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the cerebellum [Sekino,
2006a]. Solutions were obtained on a three-dimensional human head model withinhomogeneous conductivity. The maximum current density in the cerebellum was 2.9A/m2 in amagnetic field intensity of 0.56 T. Distribution of the eddy current in the cerebellum was limited
to approximately 1 cm beneath the surface of the cerebellum.
Maeda et al. designed and developed the magnetic separator for biomaterials labeled bymagnetic beads [Maeda, 2007]. Magnetic separation is an important method for purifying ofcells or NDA. Their developed magnetic separator consisted of three rectangular coils, twocircular coils, and a separation chamber. A separation rate over 90 % was obtained with thissytem in a separation test using magnetic beads.
K4.2 Thermal Therapy
Tanaka et al. investigated the therapeutic effects of dendritic cell (DC) therapy combinedwith magnetite cationic liposomes (MCL)-induced hyperthermia on mouse melanoma [Tanaka,

25

2005]. In an in vitro study, when immature DC was pulsed with mouse B16 melanoma cells
heated at 43°C, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I/II, costimulatory molecules
CD80/CD86 and CCR7 in the DC were upregulated, thus resulting in DC maturation. C57BL/6
mice bearing a melanoma nodule were subjected to combination therapy using hyperthermia
and DC immunotherapy in vivo by means of tumor-specific hyperthermia using MCL anddirectly injected immature DC. Mice were divided into 4 groups: group I (control), group II(hyperthermia), group III (DC therapy) and group IV (hyperthermia + DC therapy). Complete
regression of tumors was observed in 60% of mice in group IV, while no tumor regression wasseen among mice in the other groups. Increased cytotoxic T lymphocyte and natural killer
activity was observed on in vitro cytotoxicity assay using splenocytes in the cured mice treatedwith combination therapy, and the cured mice rejected a second challenge of B16 melanoma
cells. This study has important implications for the application of MCL-induced hyperthermia
plus DC therapy in patients with advanced malignancies as a novel cancer therapy.
Mochiki et al. applied a new treatment modality using a combination of gastrectomy withpostoperative intraperitoneal hyperthermo-chemotherapy (PIHC) using a heating device
Thermotron RF-8 (8 MHz EMF) [Mochiki, 2007]. They evaluated the feasibility of PIHC in
advanced gastric carcinoma patients with peritoneal seeding. The PIHC group received a
60-min PIHC with a cisplatin (80 mg/m2) two weeks after surgery, and the control group
received surgery alone. The PIHC group had a significantly higher survival rate and better
prognosis compared with the control group.
Ito and Saito described two types of heating schemes which can be used with microwave
enery, and provided brief explanations of the basic engineering involved [Ito, 2007a]. In
addition, they pointed out the evaluation method of antenna performance. Ito reviewed theantenna technology to medicine [Ito, 2006]. His review included the diagnosis, hyperthermia,
MRI, computed tomography and telemetering system.
K4.3 Thermal Therapy-Soft heating and Inductive Heating
In hyperthermia, high frequency electromagnetic fields are used to heat the cancer cells.
These electromagnetic fields fall into two frequency ranges and produced some side effects suchas the heating of healthy cells or the impact on the body of invasive surgery required to exposed
deep-lying cells. To reduce these side effects, Matsumoto et al. proposed the use of lower
microwave frequencies with phase control [Matsumoto, 2007]. They confirmed that the phase
control technique for long-wavelength, 430 MHz, microwaves was effective in producing
localized heating. In order to use the brain tumor, Kikuchi et al. estimated the heating pattern forinterstitial microwave hyperthermia by a coaxial-dipole antenna [Kikuchi, 2006]
Saito and Ito described the fundamental characteristics of microwave inside the biologicaltissue and two types of heating schemes for the hyperthermic treatments [Saito, 2007]. In
Addition, they introduced the actual treatment of newly developed microwave antenna.
Microwave energy is one of the heating sources used for thermal therapy of cancer.
Stents are one method of treatment for stenosis of lumens organ from various causes. The
cylindrical metallic stents are composed of alloy wire. After stents are implanted, however, thestenosis may recur due to a tumor or abscess again. It is particularly difficult to remove tumors
or abscesses of the bile duct by surgical repair, because the duct is in a deep portion of theabdomen. Oya et al. proposed a noninvasive remedying method for tumors and abscesses byusing thermotherapy with magnetically excited metallic stents [Oya, 2006; 2007]. Currently,
clinical stents are not manufactured to allow for heating. We made experimental stents bymagnetic shunt steel to heat the stents and control the heat of stents by external magnetic
excitation for thermo-therapeutic applications [Hodaka, 2005].
A series of research papers about the soft-heating from Tohoku University were published[Matsuki, 2006; Maruyama, 2006; Sawaya, 2005; Takura, 2007a, 2007b]. Soft-heating method
is one kind of heating technique of hyperthermia. The feature of this method is to use
thermosensitive magnetic material as the heat element. The heater consists of thermosensitive26

ferrite and is implanted into the body. The heating can be obtained by a high-frequency
magnetic field. This means the heat element can control the temperature automatically, referring
the Curie-point of the thermosensitive ferrite. The heat element consists of a thermosensitive
ferrite and metal ring. The purpose of the metal ring wrapped to ferrite is increase heat quantity
compared with that of ferrite alone. The effect of the heat element in mouse tumor model (B-16
melanoma) is examined. As a result, the tumors of mice were locally heated to the point at
which tumor is necrotized in the condition of 6 mT at 200 kHz. Sawaya et al. examined theexciting conditions for the high-temeprature magnetic hyperthermia [Sawaya, 2005]. The
creation of a complex type of heater consists of thermosensitive ferrite wound on a metallic ringwhich gives the production of heat due to lossess of hysteresis and inductive currents. They
examined the effect of exciting frequency on the heating. The area if 12 x 7 mm is heated over
60 in phantom in the condition of 6 mT at 100 kHz. As example, the tumors of mice were
heate due to the point at which the tumor is necrotized.
Takura et al. created a complex heater composed of thermosensitive ferrite wound on ametallic ring which produces a greater amount of heat due to losses through hysteresis andinductive current than thermosensitive ferrite alone [Takura, 2007a]. The temperature of theheater was controlled by using the Curie-point. They comment that it is necessary to miniaturize
the element and achieve optimal performance if their technique is used. They also developed theminiaturization of micro implantable devices with thermosensitive ferrite for soft-heating
hyperthermia [Takura, 2007b].
K4.4 MRI and Current Distribution MRI
Two strategies-motor and visual- are considered to be used for performing mental rotation.
The former involves the function of the motor-related areas of the brain, whereas the latter doesnot. Subject’s experience influence strategy selection during the mental rotation of
three-dimensional (3D) shapes. However, it remains questionable as to whether the attributes of
3D objects enhace the motor-related activities. Kawamichi et al. compared the brain activities
during two types of mental rotations-two-dimensional (2D) and 3D rotation using functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) [Kawamichi, 2007a]. Then, they measured spatio-temporalbrain activities during two types (two dimensional (2D) and 3D rotation tasks) of mental
rotation of 3D objects using magnetoencephalography (MEG), task difficulty enhanced byrotation dimensionality is a major factor related to the selection of motor strategy [Kawamichi,
2007b].
Sekino et al. performed numerical simulations of the eddy current induced by
TMS/ELF-PEMF to the cerebellum [Sekino, 2006a]. Solutions were obtained on athree-dimensional human head model with inhomogeneous conductivity. The stimulating coilconsisted of a pair of circular coil elements with a diameter of 110 mm. The electric current
applied to the coil had an intensity of 44.2 kA Turn, which resulted in a magnetic field intensityof 0.56 T at the center of a coil element. The maximum current density in the cerebellum was
2.9 A/m2. Distribution of the eddy current in the cerebellum was limited to approximately 1 cm
beneath the surface of the cerebellum. The eddy current had a localized distribution in the
cerebellum, while the magnetic field had a broad distribution.
Detection of weak magnetic fields induced by electrical currents using MRI is necessary formapping neuronal activities in the brain. Such detection is dependent on the signal-to noise ratio
and sensivitiy of MRI. Hatada et al. computed the brain eddy current distributions induced by
RF magnetic field from a birdcage coil in MRI by simulations based on the finite element
method (FEM) and calculated Johnson noise from the head [Hatada, 2005a, 2005b].
Imae et al. obtained the minimization of discrete errors in diffusion simulation of nuclear
magnetization [Imae, 2007]. Simulations of finite-difference diffusion are used for solving the
diffusion equation of nuclear magnetization in discrete space and time. They evaluated thedifference between a discrete solution and an exact solution that had been derived from the27manetization diffusion equation..
Tanaka et al. proposed a method of estimating mechanical strain in biological tissue using
diffusion MRI [Tanaka, 2007]. Mechanical strain in biological tissues causes a change in the
diffusion properties of water molecules. Measurements were carried out on uncompressed andcompressed chicken skeletal muscles. A theoretical model of the diffusion of water molecules inmuscle fibers was derived based on Tanner’s equation. The intracedllualr duffusion coefficient
was changed by mechanical strain.
Kodama and Takeuchi assessed relationships between six texture features and changes inatrophy of the cerebral parenchyma, the hippocampus, and the parahippocampal gyrus in the
Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD) brain to determine whether or not the features reflect cerebral
atrophy in ATD patients [Kodama, 2005]. The subjects were 10 ATD patients consisted of three
men and seven women (the mean age of 71.4±6.7 years) underwent an MRI test of the head
annually for at least 3 consecutive years. These results indicate that the six texture features wereshown to reflect gray matter atrophy associated with ATD and to change with the progress of thedisease. The texture features should be a more effective instrument for identifying the progressof ATD.
Kumagai et al. prepared PEG-coated beta-FeOOH nanoparticles through electrostatic
complex formation of iron oxide nanoparticles with poly (ethylene glycol0-poly (aspartic acid)block copolymer [PEG-P (Asp)] in distilled water [Kumagai, 2007]. The nanoparticle size wasdetermined to be 70 nm with narrow distribution. The PEG-coated nanoparticles revealed
excellent solubility and stability in aqueous solution as well as in physiological solution. The
experiments on tumor-bearing mice demonstrated that this nanoparticle achieved an appreciable
accumulation into solid tumor.
Using of Wistar rats at nine weeks olds, Saotome et al. obtained 1H magnetic resonancespectra of skeletal muscles, with and without atrophy and evaluated the content of creatine in
the muscles [Saotome, 2005]. Tissues have diffusional anisotropy. Their diffusion properties aredenoted by a tensor. Saotome et al. evaluated the diffusional anisotropy and microscopic
structure in atrophied skeletal muscles using the pulsed-gradient spin-echo (PGSE) nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) method [Saotome, 2006]. In this study, the left sciatic nerve wassevered in twelve 9-week-old rats. The proposed method is effective for evaluating changes in
the microscopic structure of skeletal muscles.
Sekino et al. obtained the spatial distribution of anisotropic conductivity of the human brain
using MRI [Sekino, 2005a]. Estimaiton of conductivity is based on the proportionality between
the conductivity and the diffusion coefficient of water. The gray matter did not have a clear
dependence of conductivity on direction. In some rejoin in the white matter, conductivity
exhibited high anisotropy. This method has potential applications in current source estimationsof EEG and MEG. Then, Sekino et al. investigated the effect of strain on diffusion tensor MRIs
of muscles using numerical simulations and animal experiments [Sekino, 2005b]. A
compression of a tissue caused a decrease in the effective coefficient in the direction ofcompression and an increase in the fractional anisoptropy of diffusion.
Generally, non-invasive imaging techniques is usefull for analysis of electromagnetic fields,
current distributions in electric stimulation and magnetic stimulation, the calculation of theabsorption of electromagnetic waves from mobile phones, current source estimation in EEG
andc MEG. Sekino and Ueno reviewed the new methods for MRI of electric properties in living
bodies [Sekino, 2007]. They recommend that new methods have potential applications inbiomedical engineering involving electromagnetic field analysis and new diagnostic imaging
techniques.
K4.5 Contactless power transmission system
Matsuki and Sato explain the fundamental operation of circuit, and outlines trends in circuits
for various contactless power supply application including home electrical appliances andelectric automobiles [Matsuki, 2007].

28

Contactless power supply systems transit electric power by electromagnetic induction with apair of coils. The efficiency and the output voltage depend on parameters of coils. The suitableparameter values that realize stable high efficiency contactless power supply have been obtained.
In the application with low output voltage, the voltage drop of he diodes becomes dominant
power loss. A synchronous rectification was proposed as a solution of this problem. The
contactless power supply system for an artificial heart operates at 190 kHz. The planar coilswith Mn-Zn ferrite course were applied. Highly stable output voltage and 93.4% of maximal
efficiency (dc-dc) were realized.
The devices were designed in view of the biomedical compatibility, gradually sloped coils andthe flexibility of the primary coil prevent pressure necroses of the skin. The rectifier circuitboard was placed in the internal space of the ferrite core to reduce the number of the implanted
devices.
Implant medical devices are physically isolated from power sources required to supply
driving energy to them. A well-known contactless power transmission technology is thetranscutaneous energy transmission system (TETS), which applies electromagnetic induction
between two disk-like spiral coils (a primary coil outside the body, and a secondary coil inside
the body). Implant devices that require a temperature rise for their actuation must be prevented
from overheating, and transcutaneous control and monitoring of the devices7 temperature isnecessary. A small inductor with a thermosensitive ferrite core was developed as athermo-sensing device. This inductor controls the temperature automatically inside the body in
combination with TETS. A coupling factor change between the two coils of a TETS transformer
also affects the stability of power transmission characteristics. A suitable excitation frequency
was designed to ensure stable driving. The control system referred to above has been applied in
an artificial anal sphincter system that is now being developed, and appropriate driving has been
observed [Arai, 2005; Kakubari, 2006a, 2006b; Matsuki, 2007; Miura, 2005a, 2005b, 2006].
K4.6 Electromagnetic interference
The use of implantable cardiac pacemakers has become more widespread in the world. In
Japan, more than 50,000 devices are implanted per year as 2005. Now, many communication
devices including Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS)
and contactless IC cards are expected to be more popular. The implantable cardiac pacemakerpatients are exposed to the electromagnetic field generated from these communication devices.
From the safety issue, it must clarified that the impact of electromagnetic field from thesedevices (EMI) on implantable cardiac pacemaker.
Hanada proposed that most problems with the electromagnetic environment of medical
institutions have been related to radiated electromagnetic field and have been constructed from
reports about electromagnetic interference (EMI) with electronic medical equipment by theradio waves emitted from mobile telephone handsets [Hanada, 2007]. Examples ofmeasurements and measuring methods were shown for radiated electromagnetic field, the static
magnetic field, power-source noise, and common components of the medical electromagnetic
environment.
Tarusawa et al. clarified the impact of electromagnetic interference (EMI) from cellular basestation (BS) antennas on implantable cardiac pacemaker [Tarusawa, 2005b]. The estimation of
the impact is based on in vitro experiments conducted using simulated multicarrier andmulticode signals. These signals are transmitted from actual BS antennas and dipole antennas as
the radiation source of the BS antenna. The results showed that pacemaker EMI depends on the
average power of the transmission signal and does not depend on the peak-to-average power
ratios of the transmission signals. No pacemaker EMI is detected in the immediate vicinity
under the BS antenna at an input power level for typical operation. It is clear that the pacemaker
EMI should not pose a concern in residential environments.
Futatsumori et al. investigated the the EMI effect of RFID reader/writer on pacemakers and
ICDs using newly constructed in vitro experimental system based on an Irnich’s flat torso
phantom [Futatsumori, 2006abcd]. The in vitro EMI test, experiments on 10 types of RFID

29

reader/writer and 13 types of implantable pacemakers and defibrillators were conducted. The
frequency bands were 125 kHz, HF (13.56 MHz), UHF (950 MHz) and 2.45 GHz. Futatsumori
et al. have been carried out the detailed in-vitro experiments to assess the EMI due to RFID
reader/writers for implantable medical devices (RFID/IMD-EMI). They proposed a novel
RFID/IMD-EMI assessment methodology based on the total magnetic flux integrated across thepacemaker and the lead cross-section [Futatsumori, 2007ab]. Taguchi et al. developed
three-dimensional automatic mearuement system for the assessment methodology of
implantable medical devices EMI due to RFID reader/writers [Taguchi, 2007].
Hikage et al. estimated the EMI risk to pacemakers by cellular radio transmission consideringof the effect of electromagnetic field absorption and shielding due to a human’s body inside theelevator [Hikage, 2007a]. Large scale FDTD analysis for implantable cardiac pacemakers EMI
due to mobile radios in train carriage of complicate situation were carried out by Higaki et al[Hikage, 2007c].
Hirose et al. invetigated quantitatively the EMI caused by an induction oven in implantableunipolar cardiac pacemakers and measured the distribution profile of the magnetic field strength
both with and without a pan on the induction oven [Hirose, 2005]. Then, they performed theinhibition test and asynchrorous test using four kinds of pacemakers housed in the standardized
Irnich human body model and the maximum distance from the induction oven up to which the
EMI occurred. The maximum EMI distance from the oven was 34 cm for one of the pacemakers.
The safe distance from an induction oven of a patient with an implanted cardiac pacemaker isconsidered to be 50 cm or more.
Although the Computed Tomography (CT) is widely used in clinical practice, there has notbeen a detailed report of its effect on the function of pacemakers. Yamaji et al. investigated theeffect of CT on a pacemaker in a human body mode with and without shielding by rubber orlead and measured ECGs in 11 patients with pacemakers and electromagnetic field in the CT
room during CT scanning [Yamaji, 2006]. Transient malfunctions of pacemakers during CT
occurred in 6 of 11 patients. The malfunction was prevented by lead but not by rubber. The
alternating electric field was 150 V/m and the alternating magnetic field was 15μT on the CT
scanning line. These field strengths were lower than the level of influencing pacemakerfunctions.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Dr Okano and the members of Commission K Japan for their tremendous
efforts.
References
Abiko.Y, T.Hikage, Louis-Ray Harris, M.Hirono, T.Nojima, M.Omiya, M.Komazaki,
S.Watanabe and T.Shinozuka [2006], “EMF estimations in a train carriage consideringof implantable cardiac pacemaker EMI from cellular radios,” 17th International Zurich
Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Topical-meeting notes, pp.51-54, 2006 at
Singapore SUNTEC International Convention Exhibition Centre on 27 February-3
March.
Abiko.Y, L.Harris, T.Hikage, T.Nojima, A.Simba, S.Watanabe and T.Shinozuka [2007],"Electromagnetic field estimations considering of implantable cardiac pacemaker EMI
from cellular radios in elevators," Proceedings of Progress in Electromagnetics
Research Symposium (PIERS) 2007, p.100, Beijing, China, March.

Arai.S, H.Miura, F.Sato, H.Matsuki and T.Sato [2005]. “Examination of circuit parameters forstable high efficiency TETS for artificial hearts.” IEEE Trans on Magnetics, vol.41 (No.10),
pp.4170-4172.

30

Chuman.A, A.Nuruki, S.Tsujimura and K.Yunokuchi [2007], “Study of electromagnetic effectsof IH cooker on Xenopus laevis.”J Magn Soc Jpn, vol.31, pp.263-267 (in Japanese).
Eguchi.Y and S.Ueno [2005], “Stress fiber contributes to rat Schwann cell orientation undermagnetic field.” IEEE Trans on Magnetics, vol.41 (no.10), pp.4146-4148.
Eguchi.Y, S.Ueno, C.Kaito, K.Sekimizu and K.Shiokawa [2006], “Cleavage and survival of
xenopus embryos exposed to 8 T static magnetic fields in a rotating clinostat.”
Bioelectromagnetics, vol.27, pp.307-313.
Endo.M, T. Manabe, T. Hikage and T. Nojima [2006], "Experimental investigations on the
biological free radical production in human blood cells due to microwave exposure." Biological
Effects of EMFs 4th International Workshop 16 - 20 October.
Fujita.A, I.Hirota, Y.Kawahara and H.Omori [2007], “Development and evaluation ofintermediate frequency magnetic field exposure system for studies of in vitro biologicaleffects.”, Bioelectromagnetics, vol.28, pp.538-545
Fukushima.M, T.Kataoka, N.Sugiyama and K.Mohri [2005], “Milligauss magnetic field applied
pure water exert firefly luciferin-luciferase luminescence and induce intracellular calcium
elevation of CHO cells without ATP.”, IEEE Trans on Magnetics, vol.41 (no.10), pp.4188-4190
Funamizu.H, M.Ogiue-Ikeda, H.Mukai, S.Kawato and S.Ueno [2005], “Acute repetitivetranscranial magnetic stimulation reactivates dopaminergic system in lesion rats.”, Neuroscience
Letters, vol.383 (no.1-2), pp.77-81
Futatsumori.S, T. Hikage, T. Nojima, B. Koike, H. Fujimoto and T. Toyoshima [2006a], "Anexperimental assessment on implantable medical devices EMI caused by magnetic flux
distributions of low-band RFID reader/writers", Proceedings of the 2006 International
Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP 2006), November.
Futatsumori.S, T. Kono, T. Hikage, T. Nojima and B. Koike [2006b], "In vitro experiments toassess electromagnetic fields exposure limits from RFID reader/writer for pacemaker patients,"
Biological Effects of EMFs 4th International Workshop 16 - 20 October.
Futatsumori.S, T. Kono, T. Hikage, T. Nojima and B. Koike [2006c], "Experimental test system
to assess the EMI from RFID reader/writer on implantable cardiac pacemaker," PIERS 2006 Tokyo, Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium pp.210, 2 – 5 August.
Futatsumori.S, T.Hikage, T.Nojima, B.Koike, H.Fujimoto and T.Toyoshima [2006d], “In vitro
experiments to assess electromagnetic fields exposure effects from RFID reader/writer for
pacemaker patients.” Proceedings of Biological Effects of EMFs, 4th International Workshop,
pp.494-500, October.
Futatsumori.S, S. Taguchi, T. Hikage, T. Nojima, B. Koike, H. Fujimoto and T. Toyoshima[2007a], "An Assessment methodology of implantable medical device EMI due to RFID
reader/writers based upon the EMF distribution analysis", Proceedings of the
Bioelectromagnetics Society the 29th Annual Meeting (BEMS2007), P-115, pp. 460-462, June.
Futatsumori.S, T. Hikage, T. Nojima, B. Koike, H. Fujimoto and T. Toyoshima [2007b], "A
novel assessment methodology for the EMI occurrence in implantable medical devices based
upon magnetic flux distribution of RFID reader/writers", Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE EMC

31

Symposium (EMC 2007), TU-PM-7-5, July.
Gjini.K, T.Maeno, K.Iramina and S.Ueno [2005], “Short-term episodic memory encoding in thehuman brain: a MEG and EEG study.” IEEE Magnetics, vol.41, pp.4149-4151
Goto.Y, H.Taniura, K.Yamada, T.Hirai, N.Sanada, N.Nakamichi and Y.Yoneda [2006], “Themagnetism responsive gene Ntan1 in mouse brain.”, Neurochem Int, vol.49, pp.334-341
Haga.A, Y.Kumagai, H.Matsuki, G.Endo, A.Igarashi and K.Kobayashi [2005], “Evaluation ofdamage in DNA molecules caused by very-low-frequency magnetic fields using bacterial cells.”
IEICE Trans Comun vol.E88-B, pp.3249-3256
Hamada.S and T.Kobayashi [2006], “Analysis of electric field induced by ELF magnetic field
utilizing fast-multiple surface-charge simulation method for voxel data.”, IEEJ Trans FM,
vol.126, pp.355-362 (in Japanese)
Haneda.T, Y.Fujimura and M.Iino [2006], “Magnetic field exposure stiffens regenerating plant
protoplast cell walls.”, Bioelectromagnetics, vol.27, pp.98-104
Hanada.E [2007], “The electromagnetic environment of hospitals: how it is affected by thestrength of electromagnetic fields generated both inside and outside the hospital.” Ann Ist Super
Sanita, vol.43, pp.208-217
Harakawa.S, N.Inoue, T.Hori, K.Tochio, T.Kariya, K.Takahashi, F.Doge, H.Suzuki and
H.Nagasawa [2005], “Effects of a 50 Hz electric field on plasma lipid peroxide level andantioxidant activity in rats.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.26, pp.589-594
Harris.L, A. Simba, T. Hikage, T. Nojima, M. Omiya, S. Watanabe and T. Shinoduka [2006], "A
precise electromagnetic field estimation in elevator considering of implantable cardiac
pacemaker EMI from cellular radios," PIERS 2006, Tokyo, Progress in Electromagnetics
Research Symposium, pp.123, 2 - 5 August.
Hata.K, H.Yamaguchi, G.Tsurita, S.Watanabe, K.Wake and M.Taki [2005], “Short term
exposure to 1439 MHz pulsed TDMA field does not alter melatonin synthesis in rats.”
Bioelectromagnetics, vol.26, pp.49-53
Hatada.T, M.Sekino and S.Ueno [2005a], “FEM based brain RF electromagnetic field
distribution in magnetic resonance imaging.” J Mag Soc Jpn 29, pp.364-367 (in Japanese)
Hatada.T, M.Sekino and S.Ueno [2005b], “Finite element method-based calculation of thetheoretical limit of sensitivity for detecting weak magnetic fields in the human brain using
magnetic-resonance imaging.”, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.97(no.10), pp.10E109 Part 2
Hikage.T, T. Nojima, S.Watanabe and T.Shinozuka [2005a], “Electric-field distribution
estimation in a train carriage due to cellular radios in order to assess the implantable cardiac
pacemaker EMI in semi-echoic environments.” IEICE Trans Commun vol.E88-B, (no.8),
pp.3281-3286
Hikage.T, Y.Abiko, M.Hirono, T.Nojima, M.Omiya, S.Watanabe and T.Shinozuka [2005b].
“Estimation of the EMF excitation by cellular radios in actual train carriages. -With and withoutpassenger-.” IEEE EMC 2005 Sympoium Proceedings

32

Hikage.T, T. Manabe, M. Endo and T. Nojima [2006], "Experimental investigations on the
biological free radical production in human fibroblasts due to microwave exposure."
Proceedings of the Bioelectromagnetics Society the 28th Annual Meeting, PB-78, pp.304-306,
June.
Hikage.T, Harris Louis-Ray, Y.Abiko, T.Nojima, Ally Y. Simba and S.Watanabe [2007a],
Takashi Shinozuka, "A numerical estimation for human body mitigation effects on implantablecardiac pacemaker Emi from cellular radios used in elevators." Proceedings of the
Bioelectromagnetics Society the 29th Annual Meeting (BEMS2007), P-138, pp. 502-504, June.
Hikage.T, M.Endo and T.Nojima [2007b], "In-Vitro experiments on free radical production
within human white blood cells due to 900 MHz mobile radio waves exposure." Proceedings ofthe Bioelectromagnetics Society the 29th Annual Meeting (BEMS2007), 14-5, pp. 233-235,
June.
Hikage.T, Y. Abiko, M. Hirono, T. Nojima, S. Watanabe and T. Shinozuka [2007c], "Large scale
FDTD analysis for implantable cardiac pacemaker EMI due to mobile radios in train carriage ofcomplicated situation." Proceeding of EMC Europe Workshop 2007, ABS-71, 14-15 June.
Hikage.T, M.Endo and T.Nojima [2007d], “A new 900 MHz ridged-waveguide microwave
exposure equipment to achieve high power density irradiation for In Vitro experiments."
Abstracts of EBEA 2007 8th International congress of the European BioElectromagnetics
Association, p.28, April.
Hirai.T, H.Taniura, Y.Goto, K.Tamaki, H.Oikawa, Y.Kambe, M.Ogura, Y.Ohno, T.Takarada andY.Yoneda [2005a], “Counteraction by repetitive daily exposure to static magnetism againstsustained blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channels in cultured rat hippocampal
neurons.” J Neurosci Res, vol.80, pp.491-500.
Hirai.T and Y.Yoneda [2005b], “Transcriptional regulation of neuronal genes and its effect onneural functions: gene expression in response to static magnetism in cultured rat hippocampal
neurons.” J Pharmacol Sci, vol.98, pp.219-224.
Hirai.T, H.Taniura, Y.Goto, M.Ogura, J.C.Sng and Y.Yoneda [2006], “Stimulation ofubiquitin-proteasome pathway through the expression of amidohydrolase for N-terminal
asparagine (Ntan1) in cultured rat hippocampal neurons exposed to static magnetism.” J
Neurochem, vol.96, pp.1519-1530
Hirata.A. [2005a], “Temperature increase in human eyes due to near-field and far-field
exposures at 900 MHz, 1.5 GHz, and 1.9 GHz.”, IEEE Transactions on EMC, vol.47, pp.68-76
Hirata.A, J.Wang, O.Fujiwara, M.Fujimoto and T.Shiozawa [2005b], “Maximum temperatureinsreases in the head and brain for SAR averaging schemes prescribed in safety guidelines.”
IEEE International Sym on EMC, Chicago, vol.3, pp.801-804, August.
Hirata.A, S.Watanabe, M.Kojima, O.Fujiwara, K.Wake and M.Taki [2006a], “Computationalverification of anesthesia effect on temperature variations in rabbit eyes exposed to 2.45 GHz
microwave energy.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.27, pp.602-612
Hirata.A, O.Fujiwara, T.Shiozawa, [2006b]. “Correlation between peak spatial-average SAR
and temperature increase due to antennas attached to human trunk.” IEEE Trans Biomed Eng,
vol.53, pp.1658-1664

33

Hirata.A [2007a], “Improved heat transfer modeling of the eye for electromagnetic wave
exposures.” IEEE Transactions on BME, vol.54, pp.959-961
Hirata.A and O.Fujiwara [2007b], “Dosimetry in Japanese male and female models for a
low-frequency electric field.” Phys Med Biol, vol.52, pp.N339-N343.
Hirata.A, S.Kodera, J.Wang and O.Fujiwara [2007c], “Dominant factors influencing
whole-body average SAR due to far-field exposure in whole-body resonance frequency and
GHz regions.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.28, pp.484-487
Hirata.A, T.Asano and O.Fujiwara [2007d], “FDTD analysis of human body-core temperatureelevation due to RF far-field energy prescribed in the ICNIRP guidelines.” Phys Med Biol,
vol.52, pp.5013-5023.
Hirata.A, S.Watanabe, O.Fujiwara, M.Kojima, K.Sasaki and T.Shiozawa [2007e], “Temperatureelevation in the eye of anatomically based human head models for plane-wave exposures.” Phys
Med Biol, vol.52, pp.6389-6699
Hirata.A, T.Asano and O.Fujiwara [2007f], “FDTD Computation of temperature elevation inhuman body for RF far-field exposure.” Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, vol.1,
pp.1164-1167
Hirata.K, T.Hara, Y.Oshima, T.Yoshikawa and S.Fujimoto [2006], “Effects of electricalstimulation and voluntary exercise on muscle oxygenation assessed by NIRS.” Osaka City Med
J, vol.52, pp.67-78
Hirayama.A, Y.Saitoh, H.Kishima, T.Shimokawa, S.Oshino, M.Hirata, A.Kato, and T.Yoshimine[2006], “Reduction of intractable deafferentation pain by navigation-guided repetitivetranscranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex.” Pain vol.122, pp.22-27
Hiroe.A, K. Saito, M. Takahashi and K. Ito [2006], “Heating performances of a coaxial-slot
antenna for thermal treatment of bile duct carcinoma － Experimental estimation of cooling
effect due to a thick blood vessel －.” IEICE Transactions on Communications B, vol. J89-B,
pp.2271-2274 (in Japanese)
Hiroe.A, K. Saito, M. Takahashi and K. Ito [2007], “Development on phantom for measurementof temperature rises inside biological tissue by electromagnetic waves exposure.” IEICE
Transactions on Communications B, vol. J90-B, No.11, pp.1187-1192 (in Japanese)
Hirose.H, N.Sakuma, N.Kaji, T.Suhara, M.Sekijima, T.Nojima and J.Miyakoshi [2006],“Phosphorylation and gene expression of p53 are not affeced in human cells exposed to 2.1425
GHz band CW or W-CDMA modulated radiation allocated to mobile radio base stations.”
Bioelectromagnetics, vol.27, pp.494-504
Hirose.H, N.Sakuma, N.Kaji, K.Nakayama, K.Inoue, M.Sekijima, T.Nojima and J.Miyakoshi[2007], “Mobile phone base station-emitted radiation does not induce phosphorylation of
hsp27.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.28, pp.99-108
Hirose.M, M.Hida, E.Sato, K.Kokubo, M.Nie and H.Kobayashi [2005], “Electromagnetic
interference of implantable unipolar cardiac pacemakers by an induction oven.” PACE, vol.28,
pp.540-548

34

Hodaka.S, Y.Ozu, S.Satomi, Y.Nihei, Y.Kurokawa and T.Sato [2005], “Thermotherapy withmetallic stent heated by external magnetic excitation.” IEEE Trans on Magnetics, vol.41 (no.10),
pp.4167-4169
Horikawa-Miura.M., N.Matsuda, M.Yoshida, Y.Okumura, T.Mori and M.Watanabe [2007],“The greater lethality of UVB radiation to cultured human cells is associated with the specificactivation of a DNA damage-independent signaling pathway.” Radiation Research, vol.167,
pp.655-662
Ikehata, M., S. Yoshie, Y. Takashima and T. Koana [2006], “Exposure to magnetic fields andmutagenesis,” IEEJ MAG-06-51 (in Japanese).
Ikehata, M., Y. Suzuki, S. Yoshie, M. Taki and T. Koana [2006], “Estimation of biologicaleffects by exposure to complex magnetic fields with static and 50Hz components,” Proceedingsof the Bioelectromagnetics Society the 28th Annual Meeting (BEMS2006), PA-81, pp.92-93,
June.
Ikehata, M., Y. Suzuki, S. Yoshie, K. Wake, S. Nakasono and M. Taki [2007], “Evaluation ofmutagenicity by exposure to intermediate frequency magnetic fields in mouse lymphoma
assay,” Book of abstracts of EBEA2007 8th International Congress of European
BioElectromagnetics Association, P-90, April.
Ikehata, M., Y. Suzuki, S. Yoshie, K. Wake, S. Nakasono and M. Taki [2007], “Evaluation ofmutagenicity by exposure to intermediate frequency magnetic fields in mouse lymphoma
assay,” Proceedings of the Bioelectromagnetics Society the 29th Annual Meeting (BEMS2007),5-5, pp. 91-92, June.
Ikehata, M., S. Yoshie, S. Matsumoto, Y. Suzuki, T. Hayakawa [2007], “Mutagenicity andCo-mutagenicity of Strong Static Magnetic Field in Yeast Cells,” Proceedings of EHE2007,
p9-1, September.
Ikehata, M., S. Yoshie, Y. Suzuki, M. Taki and T. Hayakawa [2007], “Evaluation ofmutagenicity of complex magnetic fields with static and extremely low frequency components,”
IEICE Technical Report, EMCJ2007-91, pp. 57-61 (in Japanese).
Ikehata, M., S. Yoshie, Y. Suzuki and T. Hayakawa [2007], “Evaluation of mutagenicity andco-mutagenicity of a static magnetic field in yeast cells,” International Conference on
Magneto-Science ICMS2007, IIP-22, pp. 132, November.
Ikehata, M., S. Yoshie, Y. Suzuki, T. Hayakawa [2007], “Mutagenicity and co-mutagenicity ofstrong static magnetic field in yeast cells,” 1st Asian Conference on Environmental Mutagens &36th Annual Meeting of The Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society, November.
Ikehata, M. [2007], “Static magnetic fields and health,” J. Natl. Inst. Public Health, 56(4), pp.
343-350 (in Japanese).
Imae.T, H.Shinohara, M.Sekino, S.Ueno, H.Ohsaki, K.Mima and K.Ootomo [2007],“Minimization of discrete errors in diffusion simulation of nuclear magnetization.” J. Magn Soc
Jpan, vol.31, pp.279-282 (in Japanese)
Inomata-Terada.S, S.Okabe, N.Arai, R.Hanajima, Y.Terao and T.Furubayashi [2007], “Effects ofhigh frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted by mobile phones on the human motor

35

cortex.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.28, pp.553-561
Iramina.K and S.Ueno [2007]. “High spatial resolutional measurement of biomagnetic fields.”
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.43 (no.6), pp.2477-2479
Ishii N., T. Akagawa, K. Sato, L. Hamada, and S. Watanabe [2007], “A method of measuring
gain in liquids based on the Friis transmission formula in the near-field region.” IEICE
Transactions on Communications, vol.E90-B, pp.2401-2407
Ishikawa.I and M.Tanimura [2006]. “Visualization of magnetic leakage flux from a cell phone.”
Journal of the Magnetics Society, vol.30, pp.38-39
Ito.K [2006], “Antenna technology applied to medicine.” IEICE Transactions on
Communications, vol. J89-B (no.9), pp.1558-1568 (in Japanese)
Ito.K and K. Saito [2007a], “Microwave antennas for thermal therapy.” Thermal Medicine,vol.23 (no.1), pp.23-30
Ito.K, M.Takahashi and K.Saito [2007b], “Development of a tissue-equivalent solid phantom for
UWB band and its application to the evaluation of the interaction between radio terminals andthe human body.” IEICE Japan C, vol.J90-C, pp.208-215 (in Japanese)
Iwai.H, K.Ogawa and N.Hatakenaka [2006], “A development of a realistic human phantom in a
PDA position for EM evaluation of handset antennas.” IEICE Japan B, vol.J89-B, pp.784-793(in Japanese)
Iwasaka.M and S.Ueno [2005], “Magnetic-field parallel motion of living cells.” Journal ofApplied Physics, vol.97 (no.10), pp.10Q907 Part 3
Iwasaka.M. and S.Ueno [2006a], “Magnetic field effects on near-infrared optical properties ofcytochrome oxidase.” Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, vol.7 (no.4), pp.315-318
Iwasaka.M, T.Kurakane, T.Kimura, F.Kimura and S.Ueno [2006b], “Magnetic cell manipulation
utilizing magnetic particles and diamagnetic collagen fibers.” Journal of Applied Physics, vol.99(no.8), pp.08R906
Iwasaka.M, M.Yaoita, T.Iwasaka and S.Ueno [2006c], “Combined effects of magnetic fields andtemperature changes on 1-aminonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid fluorescence in red blood cellghost cell membrane.” Journal of Applied Physics, vol.99 (no.8), pp.08S104
Iwasaka.M [2007]. “Field-flow fractionation of nucleic acids and proteins under large-scale
gradient magnetic fields.” Journal of Applied Physics, vol.101 (no.9), 09J105, 2007.
Jia.F, A.Ushiyama, H.Masuda, G.F. Lawlor and C.Ohkubo [2007], “Role of blood flow on RF
exposure induced skin temperature elevations in rabbit ears.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.28,
pp.163-172
Kakubari.Y, F.Sato, H.Matsuki and T.Sato [2006a] “Temperature control and monitoring system
for implant medical devices and its design process.” J. Magn. Soc. Jpn, vol.30, pp.510-514 (inJapanese)36

Kakubari.Y, F.Sato, H.Matsuki and T.Sato [2006b] ” Thermosensitive transformer as
temperature and output power control device.” IEEE Trans on Magnetics, vol.41 (no.10),
pp.4045-4047
Kabuto.M, H.Nitta, S.Yamamoto, N.Yamaguchi, S.Akiba, Y.Honda, J.Hagihara, K.Isaka, T.Saito,
T.Ojima, Y.Nakamura, T.Mizoue, S.Ito, A.Eboshida, S.Yamazaki, S.Sokejima, Y.Kurokawa andO. Kubo [2006], “Childhood leukemia and magnetic fields in Japan: A case-control study ofchildhood leukemia and residential power-frequency magnetic fields in Japan.” Int. J. Cancer,
vol.119, pp.643-650
Kagawa.M, T.Shimooka, Y.Kurachi and K.Shimizu [2006] “Suppression of NO production in
macrophages by ELF electro-stimulation.” Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on
Biological Effects of Electromagentic Fields, vol.1, pp.66-70
Kamimura.Y, K.Komori, Y.Yamada, S.Watanabe and Y.Yamanaka [2005]. “Human body
impedance for contact current measurement in Japan.” Trans IEICE vol.E88-B (no.8),
pp.3263-3268
Kamimura.Y, K.Ito and Y.Yamada [2006], “Calculation of induced current inside a human bodynear an IH cooker by SPFD method.” 4th International Workshop on Biological Effects of
EMFs, Creta, Greece, 16-20 October, pp.970-974
Kato.M (ed.) [2006], “Electromagnetics in Biology”. Springer Verlag
Kawai.H, K. Ito, M. Takahashi, K. Saito, T. Ueda, M. Saito, H. Ito, H. Osada, Y. Koyanagi, andK. Ogawa [2006], “Simple modeling of an abdomen of pregnant women and its application to
SAR estimation.” IEICE Transactions on Communications, vol. E89-B, no. 12, pp.3401-3410
Kawamichi.H, Y.Kikuchi and S.Ueno [2005], “Magnetoencephalographic measurement during
two types of mental rotations of three-dimensional objects.” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,
vol.41 (no.10), pp.4182-4184
Kawamichi.H, Y.Kikuchi and S.Ueno [2007a], “Spatio-temporal brain activity related torotation method during a mental rotation task of three-dimensional objects: An MEG study.”
NeuroImage, vol.37 (no.3), pp.956-965
Kawamichi.H, Y.Kikuchi, M.Noiuchi, A.Sekino and S.Ueno [2007b], “Distinct neural correlates
underlying two- and three-dimentional mental rotation using three- dimentional objects.” Brain
Research, vol.1144, pp.117-126
Kawasaki.N, S.Tanei, F.Ogata, S.Burapadaja, C.Loetkham, T.Nakamura and S.Tanada [2006],“Survey on cellular phone usage on students in Thailand.” J Physiol Anthropol, vol.25,
pp.377-382
Kawata.M, M.Sekino, S.Takamoto, S.Ueno, S.Yamaguchi, K.Kitahori, H.Tsukihara, Y.Suematsu,
M.Ono, N.Motomura, T.Morota and A.Murakami [2006], “Retrograde cerebral perfusion withintermittent pressure augmentation provides adequate neuroprotection: Diffusion- andperfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging study in an experimental canine model.”Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, vol.132 (no.4), pp.933-940
Kikuchi.S, K.Saito, M.Takahashi and K.Ito [2006], “Control of heating pattern for interstitial
microwave hyperthermia by a coaxial-dipole antenna. -Aimming at treatment of brain tumor-.”

37

IEICE Japan B, vol.J89-B, pp.1486-1492 (in Japanese)
Kimura.T, Y.Sato, F.Kimura, M.Iwasaka and S.Ueno [2005], “Micropatterning of cells using
modulated magnetic fields.” Langmuir, vol.21, pp.830-832
Kitano.M, S.Hamada and T.Kobayashi [2006], “Analytical formula of induced electric fields ina spherical conductor by an arbitral ELF dipole magnetic field source.” IEEJ Trans. FM, vol.126,
pp.725-726 (in Japanese)
Kobayashi.K, Y.Uchikawa, T.Simizu, K.Nakai and M.Yoshizawa [2005], “The rejection ofmagnetic noise from the wire using independent component analysis for magnetocardiogram.”
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.41, pp.4152-4154
Kodama.N and H.Takeuchi [2005], “Correlation between cerebral atrophy and texture featuresin Alzheimer-type dementia brains: a 3-year follow-up MRI study.” IEEJ Trans. EIS, vol.125,
pp.1382-1386
Komatsubara.Y, H.Hirose, T.Sakurai, S.Koyama, Y.Suzuki, M.Taki and J.Miyakoshi [2005a],“Effect of high-frequency electromagnetic fields with a wide range of SARs on chromosomal
aberrations in murine m5S cells.” Mutat Res, vol.587, pp.114-119
Komatsubara.Y, H.Hirose, T.Sakurai, S.Koyama, Y.Suzuki, M.Taki and J.Miyakoshi [2005b],“Effect of 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields with a wide range of SARs on DNA damage inMO54 cells.” European Biology and Bioelectromagnetics, vol.1, pp.148-150
Komazaki.S and K.Takano [2007], “Induction of increase in intracellular calcium concentrationof embryonic cells and acceleration of morphogenetic cell movements during amphibian
gastrulation by a 50-Hz magnetic field.” Journal of Experimental Zoology, vol.307A,
pp.156-162
Koyama.S, T.Nakahara, T.Sakurai, Y.Komatsubara, Y.Isozumi and J.Miyakoshi [2005],“Combined exposure of ELF magnetic fields and x-rays increased mutant yields compared with
x-rays alone in pTN89 plasmids.” J Radiat Res (Tokyo), vol.46, pp.257-264.
Koyama S, T.Sakurai, T.Nakahara and J.Miyakoshi [2007a], “Extremely low frequency (ELF)
magnetic fields enhance chemically induced formation of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in
A172 cells.” Int J Radiat Biol, pp.1-7, published online.
Koyama.S, Y.Takashima, T.Sakurai, Y.Suzuki, M.Taki and J.Miyakoshi [2007b], “Effects of
2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields with a wide range of SARs on bacterial and HPRT genemutations.” J Radiat Res (Tokyo), vol.48, pp.69-75.
Kumagai.M, Y.Imai, T.Nakamura, Y.Yamasaki, M.Sekino, S.Ueno, K.Hanaoka, K.Kikuchi,
T.Nagano, E.Kaneko, K.Shimokado and K.Kataoka [2007], “Iron hydroxide nanoparticles
coated with poly(ethylene glcol)-poly(aspartic acid) block copolymer as novel magnetic
resonance contrast agents for in vivo cancer imaging.” Colloids and Surfaces B, Biointerfaces,
vol.56, pp.174-181
Kuribayashi.M, J.Wang, O.Fujiwara, Y.Doi, K.Nabae, S.Tamano, T.Ogiso, M.Asamoto and
T.Shirai [2005], “Lack of effects of 1439 MHz electromagnetic near field exposure on the
blood-brain barrier in immature and young rats.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.26, pp.578-588

38

Liu.Y, T.Nakahara, J.Miyakoshi, D.-L.Hu, A.Nakane and Y.Abe [2007]. “Nuclear accumulation
and activation of neculear factor kℨ after split-dose irradiation in LS174T cells.” Journal
Radiation Research, vol.48, pp.13-20
Maeda.S, M.Kakikawa, M.Iwahara and S.Yamada [2006], “Effects on the attraction andavoidance behavior of C. elegans by exposure to ELF magnetic fields.” J Magn Soc Jpn, vol.30,
pp.418-421 (in Japanese)
Maeda.W, S.Yamada and M.Iwahara [2007], “Development of magnetic separator forbiomaterials labeled by magnetic beads.” J Magn Soc Jpn, vol.31, pp.268-272 (in Japanese)
Mano.J, T.Nakahara, Y.Torif, H.Hirose, J.Miyakoshi and K.Takimoto [2006]. “Seeddeterioration due to high humidity at high temperature is suppressed by extremely low
frequency magnetic fields.” Seed Sci & Technol, vol.34, pp.197-200
Masuda H, A.Ushiyama., M.Takahashi, J.Wang, O.Fujiwara, T.Hikage, T.Nojima, K.Fujita,
M.Kudo and C.Ohkubo [2006a], "Effects of 915 MHz electromagnetic field irradiation in
TEM-cell on blood-brain barrier and neurons in the rat brain." Biological Effects of EMFs 4thInternational Workshop 16 - 20 October
Masuda.H, S.Sanchez, P.E.Dulou, E.Haro, R.Anane, B.Billaudel, P.Lévêque and B.Veyret[2006b], “Effect of GSM-900 and -1800 signals on the skin of hairless rats. I: 2-hour acuteexposures.” Int J Radiat Biol, vol.82, pp.669-674
Masuda.H, A.Ushiyama, S.Hirota, G.F.Lawlor and C.Ohkubo [2007a], “Long-term observationof pial microcirculatory parameters using an implanted cranial window method in the rat.” In
Vivo, vol.21, 471-479
Masuda.H, A.Ushiyama, S.Hirota, K.Wake, S.Watanabe, Y.Yamanaka, M.Taki and C.Ohkubo[2007b], “Effects of acute exposure to a 1439 MHz electromagnetic field on the
microcirculatory parameters in rat brain.” In Vivo, vol.21, pp.555-562
Masuda.H, A.Ushiyama, S.Hirota, K.Wake, S.Watanabe, Y.Yamanaka, M.Taki and C.Ohkubo[2007c], “Effects of subchronic exposure to a 1439 MHz electromagnetic field on the
microcirculatory parameters in rat brain.” In Vivo, vol.21, pp.563-570
Matsuki, H. F.Sato, Y.Sawaya, T.Maruyama, S.Aiba and T.Sato [2006], “Mechanism of self
control type hyperthermia based on advanced soft heating.” Jpn. J. Hyperthermic Oncology.
Vol.22 (no.3), pp.159-164.
Matsuki.H and F.Sato [2007], “Contactless power transmission system utilizing a magnetic
field.” Magnetics Japan, vol.2, pp.182-186 (in Japanese)
Matsumoto.H, H.Ishida, S.Nakamoto, H.Takeno, Y.Yasaka, S.Kawai, T.Mitani, N.Shinohara andH.Namiki [2007], “Fundamental study on localized heating in hyperthermia using phase control
of long-wavelength microwaves.” IEEJ Trans.EIS, Vol.127 (no.11), pp1832-1838.
Maruyama T, Y.Sawaya, F.Sato, H.Matsuki, S.Aiba and T. Sato [2006], ”Heat element ofmagnetic hyperthermia in mouse melanoma model.” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol.42(No.10), pp.3590-3592
Mihara.H, M.Sekino, N.Iriguchi and S.Ueno [2005a], “A method for an accurate T1
relaxation-time measurement compensating B1 field inhomogeneity in magnetic- resonance39

imaging.” Journal of Applied Physics, vol.97 (no.10), pp.10E 107Part 2
Mihara.H, M.Sekino, N.Iriguchi and S.Ueno [2005b], “Imaging of the dielectric resonanceeffect in high field magnetic resonance imaging.” Journal of Applied Physics, vol.97 (no.10),
pp.10R305 Part 3
Miura.H, S.Arai, F.Sato, H.Matsuki and T.Sato [2005a]. “A synchronous rectification using a
digital PLL technique for contactless power supplies.” IEEE Trans on Magnetics, vol.41(No.10), pp.4167-4169
Miura.H, S.Arai, F.Sato, H.Matsuki and T.Sato [2005b]. “ Synchronous rectification forcontactless power supply utilizing Mn–Zn ferrite core coils.” J. Appl. Phys. vol.97, 10Q702
Miura.H, S.Arai, Y.Kakubari, F.Sato, H.Matsuki and T.Sato [2006]. “Improvement of thetranscutaneous energy transmission system utilizing ferrite cored coils for artificial hearts.”
IEEE Trans on Magnetics, vol.42 (no.10), pp.3578-3580
Miyakoshi.J. [2005a], “Effects of static magnetic fields at the cellular level.” Progress inBiophysics and Molecular Biology, vol.87, pp.213-223
Miyakoshi.J, K.Takemasa, Y.Takashima, G.-R.Ding, H.Hirose and S.Koyama [2005b], “Effects
of exposure to a 1950 MHz radio frequency field on expression of Hsp70 and Hsp27 in humanglioma cells.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.26, pp.251-257
Miyakoshi.J [2006a]. “Biological response to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields.”
Journal of Dermatological Science Spplement, vol.2 (suppl.1), pp.S23-S30
Miyakoshi.J [2006b]. “The review of cellular effects of a static magnetic field.” Science &Technology of Advanced Materials, vol.7, pp.305-307
Miyakoshi.J, E.Horiuchi, T.Nakahara and T.Sakurai [2007], “Magnetic fields generated by an
induction heating (IH) cook top do not cause genotoxicity in vitro.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.28,
pp.529-537
Miyata.N, Y.Kamimura and Y.Yamada [2007], “Free scanning method for measuring themagnetic field distribution.” Proceedings of the Bioelectromagnetics Society the 29th Annual
Meeting at Kanazawa, Japan, on June 10-15, pp.411-413
Miyazaki.N, B.S.Kim, A.Kawwase, Y.Uchikawa and K.Kobayashi [2007], “Discussion ofsomatosensory evoked field responses by the finger stimulation with different stimulus
repetition frequency.” J Magn Soc Jpn, vol.31, pp.297-301 (in Japanese)
Mizuno.Y, T.Ohnishi, Y.Moriguchi, T.Nojima, T.Hikage and Y.Ugawa [2007], "Effects of a
W-CDMA 1950 MHz signals associated with mobile phone on the regional cerebral blood flow
(RCBF) in humans." Proceedings of the Bioelectromagnetics Society the 29th Annual Meeting(BEMS 2007), P-58, pp. 354-355, June.
Mochiki.E, M.Shioya, H.Sakurai, H.Andoh, T.Ohno, R.Aihara, T.Asao and H.Kuwano [2007],“Feasibility study of postoperative intraperitoneal hyperthermochemotherapy by radiofrequency
capacitive heating system for advanced gastric cancer with peritoneal seeding.” Int J
Hyperthermia, vol.23, pp.493-500

40

Mochizuki S, H. Wakayanagi, T. Hamada, S. Watanabe, M. Taki, Y. Yamanaka, and H. Shirai[2007], “Effects of ear shape and head size on simulated head exposure to a cellular phone.”IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol.49, pp.512-518.
Morimoto.S, T.Takahashi, K.Shimizu, T.Kanda, K.Okaishi, M.Okuro, H.Murai, Y.Nishimura,
K.Nomura, H.Tsuchiya, I.Ohashi and M.Matsumoto [2005], “Electro- magnetic fields inhibit
endothelin-1 production stimulated by thrombin in endothelial cells.” The Journal ofInternational Medical Research, vol.33, pp.545-554
Moriyama.K, H.Sato, K.Tanaka, Y.Nakashima and K.Yoshitomi [2005a], “Extremely low
frequency magnetic fields originating from equipment used for assisted reproduction, umbilicalcord and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, transfusion, and hemodialysis.”
Bioelectromagnetics, vol.26, pp.69-73
Moriyama.K and K.Yoshitomi [2005b], “Apartment electrical wiring: a cause of extremely low
frequency magentic field exposure in residential areas.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.26,
pp.238-241
Muraki.S, C.Fornusek, J.Raymond and G.M.Davis. [2007], “Muscle oxygenation during
prolonged electrical stimulation-evoked cycling in paraplegics.” Appl Physiol Nutr Metab,vol.32, pp.463-472
Nagaoka.T, T.Togashi, K.Saito, M.Takahashi, K.Ito and S.Watanabe [2007], “An anatomicallyrealsitic whole-body pregnant-woman model and specific absorption rates for pregnant-woman
exposure to electromagnetic plane waves form 10 MHz to 2 GHz.” Phys Med Biol, vol.21
No.22, pp.6731-6744.
Nakagawa.H, T.Shiina, M.Sekino, M.Kotani and S.Ueno [2007]. “Usion and molecular aspectsof liposomal nanocarriers incorporated with isoprenoids.” IEEE Transactions on
Nanobioscience, vol.6 (no.3), pp.219-222
Nakasono, S., M. Ikehata, T. Shigemitsu and T. Negishi [2006] “Effects of power frequency andintermediate frequency magnetic fields on mutagenicity and gene expression,” IEEJ
MAG-06-52 (in Japanese).
Nakasono, S., M. Ikehata, T. Shigemitsu and T Negishi [2006], “Exposure to intermediate
frequency magnetic fields did not have co-mutagenic potential in microbial mutation test,”
Proceedings of the Bioelectromagnetics Society the 28th Annual Meeting (BEMS2006), PA-65,
pp.78-79, June.
Nakasono, S., M. Ikehata, M. Dateki, S. Yoshie, T. Shigemitsu and T. Negishi [2007], “Effect ofintermediate frequency magnetic fields on in vitro micronucleus formation,” 1st Asian
Conference on Environmental Mutagens & 36th Annual Meeting of The JapaneseEnvironmental Mutagen Society, P017, pp.76, November.
Nishiyama.T. and D.Hayashi [2007], “Electrostatic field can preserve red blood cells in stored
blood preparations.” Journal of Anesthesia, vol.21, pp.42-46
Nishizawa.S, F.M.Landstorfer, K.Matsumoto and O.Hashimoto [2006], “Magnetic field anddosimetric study at intermediate frequency range using the coil source model.” IEICE Trans
Electron, vol.E89-C (no.4), pp.524-530

41

Nishizawa.S, F.M.Landstorfer and Y.Kamimura [2007], “Low-frequency dosimetry of
inhomogeneous magnetic fileds using the coil source model and the household appliance.”
IEEE Trans BME, vol.54 (no.3), pp.497-502
Ogiue-Ikeda.M., S.Kawato and S.Ueno [2005], “Acquisition of ischemic tolerance by repetitivetranscranial magnetic stimulation in the rat hippocampus.” Brain Research, vol.1037 (no.1-2),
pp.7-11
Ohkubo.C, H.Okano, A.Ushiyama and H.Masuda [2007], “EMF effects on microcirculatory
system.” Environmentalist vol.27, pp.395-402
Ohkubo.C [2007], “Electromagnetic fields and possible health effects.” J Natl Inst Public Health,vol.56 (no.4), pp.317-326 (in Japanese)
Oikawa.S, A.Haga and K.Yamazaki [2006], “Examination of environmental magnetic fields inoffice space: measurement of environmental magnetic fields in power-receiving and transformer
rooms.” J Magn Soc Jpn, vol.30, pp.316-320 (in Japanese)
Oinuma.M, K.Suzuki, T.Honda, M.Matsumoto, T.Sasaki and N.Kodama [2007],“High-frequency monopolar electrical stimulation of the rat cerebral cortex.” Neurosurgery,vol.60, pp.189-196
Okano.H, H.Masuda and C.Ohkubo [2005a], “Decreased plasma levels of nitric oxide
metabolites, angiotensin II, and aldosterone in spontaneously hypertensive rats exposed to 5 mT
static magnetic field.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.26, pp.161-172
Okano.H, H.Masuda and C.Ohkubo [2005b], “Effects of 25 mT static magnetic field on bloodpressure in reserpine-induced hypotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.26,
pp.36-48
Okano.H. and C.Ohkubo [2005c], “Effects of neck exposure to 5.5 mT static magnetic field on
pharmacologically modulated blood pressure in conscious rabbits.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.26,
pp.469-480
Okano.H. and C.Ohkubo [2005d], “Exposure to a moderate intensity static magnetic fieldenhances the hypotensive effect of a calcium channel blocker in spontaneously hypertensive
rats.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.26, pp.611-623
Okano.H. and C.Ohkubo [2006a], “Elevated plasma nitric oxide metabolites in hypertension:synergistic vasodepressor effects of a static magnetic field and nicardipine in spontaneously
hypertensive rats.” Clin Hemorheol Microcirc, vol.34, pp.303-308
Okano.H, R.Onmori, N.Tomita and Y.Ikada [2006b], “Effects of a moderate-intensity static
magnetic field on VEGF-A stimulated endothelial capillary tubule formation in vitro.”
Bioelectromagnetics, vol.27, pp.628-640
Okano.H and C.Ohkubo [2007a], “Effects of 12 mT static magnetic field on sympathetic
agonist-induced hypertension in Wister rats.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.28, pp.369-378
Okano.H, N.Tomita and Y.Ikada [2007b], “Effects of 120 mT static magnetic field on
TGF-β1-inhibited endothelial tubular formation in vitro.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.28,
pp.497-499

42

Okano.H, N.Tomita and Y.Ikada [2007c], “Spatial gradient effects of 120 mT static magnetic
field on endothelial tubular formation in vitro.” Bioelectromagnetics, published online
Ono.T, R.Ishi and T.Nakamura [2006], “Effects of static magnetic field on cellular glucose
uptake in culture.” J Jpn Biomagnetism and Bioelectromagnetics Society, vol.19, pp.29-35 (inJapanese)
Osada.T [2007] “EMF risk communication.” J Natl Inst Public Health vol.56 (no.4), pp.371-377(in Japanese).
Oya J, H.Shoji, F.Sato, H.Matsuki, S.Saotomi, Y.Nihei, Y. Kurokawa, T. Sato [2006],“Thermotherapy with metallic stent excited by the magnetic field.” IEEE Trans on Magnetics,
vol.42 (No.10), pp.3593-3595
Oya.J, F.Sato, H.Matsuki, Y.Nihei, Y.Kurokawa and T.Sato [2007], “Development of stents
having controlled heating for bile duct and excitation arrangements.” J Magn Soc Jpn, vol.31,
pp.293-296 (in Japanese)
Saito.K, Y.Aoyagi, K.Ito and H.Horita [2005], “Interstitial microwave hyperthermia using
coaxial-slot antenna - clinical trials based on numerical calculations of heating patterns.”
Japanese Journal of Hyperthermic Oncology, vol.21 (no.4), pp.237-245
Saito.K, A.Hiroe, S.Kikuchi, M.Takahashi and K.Ito [2006], “Estimation of heating
performances of a coaxial-slot antenna with endoscope for treatment of bile duct carcinoma.”IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.54 (no.8), pp.3443-3449
Saito.K and K. Ito [2007], “Microwave antennas for thermal therapy: Several approaches forclinical applications.” Journal of Microwave Surgery, vol.25, pp.49-55 (in Japanese)
Saito.K, H.Suzuki and K.Suzuki [2006], “Teratogenic effects of static magnetic field on mouse
fetuses.” Reproductive Toxicology, vol.22, pp.118-124
Saito.D, H.Takei, T.Shinohara, S.Ueno and M.Kotani [2006], “Examination of magnetic field
intensity for collagen orientation.” J Jpn Biomagnetism and Bioelectromagnetics Society, vol.19,
pp.37-43 (in Japanese)
Saitoh.Y, A.Hirayama, H.Kishima, S.Oshino, M.Hirata, A.Kato, and T.Yoshimine [2006],“Stimulation of primary motor cortex for intractable deafferentation pain.” Acta Neurochir
Suppl, vol.99, pp.57-59
Saitoh.Y. and T.Yoshimine [2007a], “Stimulation of primary motor cortex for intractabledeafferentation pain.” Acta Neurochir Suppl, vol.97, pp.51-56
Saitoh.Y, A.Hirayama, H.Kishima, T.Shimokawa, S.Oshino, M.Hirata, N.Tani, A.Kato, andT.Yoshimine [2007b], “Reduction of intractable deafferentation pain due to spinal cord or
peripheral lesion by high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary
motor cortex.” J Neurosurg, vol.107, pp.555-559
Sakihara.K, M.Hirata, S.Nakagawa, N.Fujiwara, M.Sekino, S.Ueno, A.Ihara and S.Yorifuji[2007], “Late response evoked by cerebellar stimuli: effect of optokinetic stimulation.” Neuro
Report, vol.18 (no.9), pp.891-894

43

Sakuma.N, Y.Komatsubara, H.Takeda, H.Hirose, M.Sekijima T.Nojima and J.Miyakoshi [2006],“DNA strand breaks are not induced in human cells exposed to 2.1425 GHz band CW and
W-CDMA modulated radiofrequency fields allocated to mobile radio base stations.”
Bioelectromagnetics, vol.27, pp.51-57
Sakurai.T, S.Koyama, Y.Komatsubara, W.Jin and J.Miyakoshi [2005a], “Decrease inglucose-stimulated insulin secretion following exposure to magnetic fields.” Biochem Biophys
Res Commun, vol.332, pp.28-32.
Sakurai.T, S.Koyama, Y.Komatsubara, J.Wang and J.Miyakoshi [2005b]. “Decrease inglucose-stimulated insulin secretion induced by exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic
fields.” European Biology and Bioelectromagnetics, vol.1, pp.60-73
Sakurai.T, S.Terashima, and J.Miyakoshi [2007a], “Enhanced secretion of prosta- glandin E2
from osteoblasts by exposure to a strong static magnetic field.” Bioelectro- magnetics,
published online
Sakurai.T, M.Yoshimoto, S.Koyama and J.Miyakoshi [2007b]. “Exposure to extremely low
frequency magnetic fields affects insulin-secreting cells.” Bioelectromagnetics (in press)
Saotome.T, M.Sekino, F.Eto and S.Ueno [2005], “Quantitative measurement of creatine content
in skeletal muscle using 1H-MRS.” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.41, pp.4164-4166
Saotome.T, M.Sekino, F.Eto and S.Ueno [2006], “Evaluation of diffusional anisotropy andmicroscopic structure in skeletal muscles using magnetic resonance.” Magnetic ResonanceImaging, vol.24 (no.1), pp.19-25
Sawaya.Y, N.Suzuki, F.Sato, H.Matsuki, S.Aiba and T.Sato [2005], “Examination of theexciting condition for the high-temperature magnetic hyperthermia.” IEEE Trans- actions on
Magnetics, vol.41, pp.4161-4163
Sawayama.Y, S.Hoshino, H.Hirata, Y.Okita, M.Kimura and T.Sugiura [2006], “Study ofappropriate number of receivers in microwave radiometry based on changes of tissue electric
constants.” Proceedings of PIERS, pp.399-402, August
Sekino.M, Y.Inoue and S.Ueno [2005a], “Magnetic resonance imaging of electrical conductivity
in the human brain.” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.41, pp.4203-4205
Sekino.M, A.Kaneko and S.Ueno [2005b], “Mapping of strain-induced diffusivity changes inbiological tissues using magnetic resonance.” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.41,
pp.4176-4178
Sekino.M, H.Mihara, N.Iriguchi and S.Ueno [2005c], “Dielectric resonance in magnetic
resonance imaging: signal inhomogeneities in samples of high permittivity.” Journal of Applied
Physics, vol.97 (no.10), pp.10R303 Part 3
Sekino.M. and S.Ueno [2005d], “Numerical calculation of eddy currents in transcranial
magnetic stimulation and optimization of stimulus parameters for psychiatric treatment.” J
Magn Soc Japn, vol.29, pp.589-593 (in Japanese)
Sekino.M, M.Hirata, K.Sakihara, S.Yorifuji and S.Ueno [2006a], “Intensity and localization of44

eddy currents in transcranial magnetic stimulation to the cerebellum.” IEEE Transactions on
Magnetics, vol.42 (no.10), pp.3575-3577
Sekino.M, M.Sano, M.Ogiue-Ikeda and S.Ueno [2006b], “Estimation of membrane
permeability and intracellular diffusion coefficient.” Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences,
vol.5, pp.1-6
Sekino.M, H.Tatsuoka, S.Yamaguchi, Y.Eguchi and S.Ueno [2006c], “Effects of strong static
magnetic fields on nerve excitation.” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.42 (no.10),
pp.3584-3586
Sekino.M and S.Ueno [2007], “Magnetic resonance imaging of electric properties in living
bodies.” Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, vol.27, pp.175-182
Shigemitsu.T, K.Yamazaki, S.Nakasono and M.Kakikawa [2007], “A review of studies of thebiological effects of electromagnetic fields in the intermediate frequency range.” IEEJ Trans on
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, vol.2, pp.405-412
Shigemitsu.T, T.Negishi, K.Yamazaaki, Y.Kawahara, A.Haga, K.Kobayashi and K.Muramatsu[2007], “A newly designed and constructed 20 KHz magnetic field exposure facility for in vivo
study.” Bioelectromagnetics (submitted for publication).
Shimizu.H.O and K.Shimizu [2005], “Analysis of body hair movement in ELF electric field
exposure.”, Proceedings of 27th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in
Medicine and Biology Society (CD-ROM), No1105 84 pages)
Shinohara.H, H.Takei, D.Saito, M.Kotani, S.Ueno and A.Nakahira [2006], “Fundamental study
on bone formation using collagen orientation induced by magnetic fields.” Journal of the
Ceramic Society of Japan, vol.114 (1325), pp.131-134
Shirai.T, M.Kawabe, T.Ichihara, O.Fujiwara, M.Taki and S.Watanabe [2005], “Chronic
exposure to a 1.439 GHz electromagnetic field used for cellular phones does not promote
N-ethylnitrosourea induced central nervous system tumors in F344 rats.” Bioelectromagnetics,
vol.26, pp.59-68
Shirai.T, T.Ichihara, K.Wake, S.-i.Watanabe, Y.Yamanaka and M.Kawabe [2007], “Lack ofpromoting effects of chronic exposure to 1.95-GHz W-CDMA signals for IMT-2000 cellular
system on development of N-rthylnitrosourea-induced central nervous system tumors in F344
rats.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.28, pp.562-572
Simba.A.Y, T.Hikage, S.Watanabe and T.Nojima [2007a], "The dependence of SAR upon
position of a mobile phone user in enclosed environments," Proceedings of the
Bioelectromagnetics Society the 29th Annual Meeting (BEMS 2007), pp. 256-258, June.
Simba.A.Y, T.Hikage, S.Watanabe, and T.Nojima [2007b], "The SAR of a realistic humanmodel ue to mobile-phone RF radiation in enclosed areas." Abstracts of EBEA 2007 8thInternational congress of the European Bioelectromagnetics Association, p.133, 10-13 April.
Sokejima.S [2007], “Review of the epidemiologic studies on EMF and health.” J Natl Inst
Public health, vol.56 (no.4), pp.327-333 (in Japanese)
Sugiura.T, H.Hoshino, Y.Sawayama, Y.Okita, H.Hirata and S.mizushina [2006], “Five-band

45

microwave radiometer system for non-invasive measurement of deep brain temperature innewborn infants: first phantom study.” Proceedings of PIERS, pp.395-398, August.
Suzuki.Y and M.Taki [2005], “Measurement of magnetic field from an induction heating hoband estimation of induced current density in human body.” IEEJ FM, vol.125, pp.427-433 (inJapanese)
Suzuki Y., M. Baba, M. Taki, K. Fukunaga, and S. Watanabe [2006], “Imaging the 3D
temperature distributions caused by exposure to electromagnetic fields.” IEEE Transactions onDielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.13, pp.744-750
Suzuki.K, T. Toyota, K. Sato, M. Iwasaka, S. Ueno, and T. Sugawara [2007a], “Characteristic
curved structure derived from collagen-containing tubular giant vesicles under static magnetic
field.” Chemical Physics Letters, vol.440 (no.4-6), pp.286-290
Suzuki.Y, Y.Toyama, Y.Miyakoshi, M.Ikehata, H.Yoshioka and H.Shimizu [2006], “Effect ofstatic magnetic field on the induction of micronuclei by some mutagens.” Environmental Healthand Preventive Medicine, vol.11, pp.226-230
Suzuki, Y., Ikehata, M., Miyakoshi, Y., Shimizu, H. and Yanagisawa, H., [2007], “A possible
mechanism for the enhancement by co-exposure to static magnetic fields of micronucleus
formation by mutagens” 1st Asian Conference on Environmental Mutagens & 36th Annual
Meeting of The Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society, November.
Tachi.S, M.Kakikawa, S.Hashimoto, M.Iwahara and S.Yamada [2005], “Effects on bacterial
cells of exposure to very-low-frequency magnetic fields.” J Magn Soc Jpn, vol.29, pp.356-359(in Japanese)
Taguchi.S, S. Futatsumori, T. Hikage, T. Nojima, B. Koike, H. Fujimoto and T. Toyoshima[2007], "Three-dimensional automatic measurement system for the assessment methodology of
implantable medical devices EMI due to RFID reader/writers." Proceedings of the 2007
International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP 2007), 3A2-4, pp.624-627,
August.
Takashima.Y, H.Hirose, S.Koyama, Y.Suzuki, M.Taki and J.Miyakoshi [2006], “Effects ofcontinuous and intermittent exposure to RF fields with a wide range of SARs on cell growth,survival, and cell cycle distribution.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.27, pp.392-400
Takebayashi.T, S.Akiba, Y.Kikuchi, M.Taki, K.Wake, S.Watanabe and N.Yamaguchi [2006],“Mobile phone use and acoustic neuroma risk in Japan.” Occup Environ Med, vol.63,
pp.802-807
Takeuchi.M, M.Sekino, N.Iriguch and S.Ueno [2005], “T2 relaxation and diffusion of collagengel oriented.” J Magn Soc Jpn, vol.29, pp.347-350 (in Japanese)
Taki.M, S.Watanabe and K.Wake [2005], “Biological effects and safety of exposure toradiofrequency electromagnetic fields from mobile communications.” Transactions of theJapanese Society for Medical and Biological Engineering, vol.43, pp.375-387 (in Japanese)
Taki.M and S.Watanabe [2007], “Review of guidelines on exposure limits of electromagnetic
fields and regulations based on the guidelines.” J Natl Inst Public Health, vol.56 (no.4),
pp.363-370 (in Japanese)46

Takimoto.T, T.Onishi, K. Saito, M. Takahashi, and K. Ito [2006], “Evaluation on effectivenessof the biological tissue equivalent solid phantom for UWB communications.” IEICE
Transactions on Communications, vol.J89-B (no.9), pp.1806-1814 (in Japanese)
Takuma.T, S.Watanabe, T.Kawamoto and K.Yamazaki [2006], “A review of studies on electricand current induced in a human body exposed to electromagnetic fields.” IEEJ Transactions on
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, vol.1, pp.131-139
Takura.T, T.Maruyama, F.Sato, H.Matsuki, S.Aiba and T.Sato [2007a], “Configuration of
metallic ring for heating element to treat hyperthermia.” J Magn Soc Jpn, vol.31, pp.288-292 (inJapanese)
Takura T, T.Maruyama, F.Sato, H.Matsuki, S.Aiba and T.Sato [2007b], “Miniaturization of
micro implantable devices with thermosensitive ferrite for soft-heating hyperthermia.” IEEE
Transactions on Magnetics, Vol.43 (No.6), pp.2454-2456
Tanaka.K, A.Ito, T.Kobayashi, T.Kawamura, S.Shimada, K.Matsumoto, T.Saida and H.Honda[2005], “Intratumoral injection of immature dendritic cells enhances antitumor effect ofhyperthermia using magnetic nanoparticles.” Int J Cancer, vol.116, pp.624-633
Tanaka.K, M.Sekino, T.Imae, S.Ueno, H.Ohsaki and K.Mima [2007], “Changes in diffusion
properties of biological tissues associated with mechanical strain.” J Magn Soc Jpn, vol.31,
pp.283-287 (in Japanese)
Taniguchi.N and S.Kanai [2007], “Efficacy of static magnetic field for locomotor activity ofexperimental osteopenia.” Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, vol.4, pp.99-105
Tarao.H, N.Hayashi and K.Isaka [2006a], “Averaging treatment of numerically obtained
induced currents in human body exposed to intermediate frequency magnetic fields in thevicinity of household induction heater.” J. IEIE Jpn., vol26, pp.142-151 (in Japanese)
Tarao.H, N.Hayashi and K.Isaka [2006b], “Effect of human model height and sex on induced
current dosimetry in household heater users.” IEEJ Trans. FM, vol.126, pp.947-948
Terao.Y, T.Okano, T.Furubayashi, A.Yugeta, S.Inomata-Terada and Y.Ugawa [2007], “Effects ofthirty-minute mobile phone exposure on saccades.” Clinical Neurophysiology, vol.118,
pp.1545-1556
Terashima.S, R.Yamauchi, T.Sakurai, T.Nakahara and J.Miyakoshi [2007]. “Morphologicalchanges of cultured cells by the medium convection under strong static magnetic fields.”
Bulletin of Health Sciences Hirosaki, vol.6, pp.115-120
Tarusawa.Y, K.Ohshita and T.Nojima [2005a], “The test phantom for the cochlear implanted toestimate EMI from cellular phone.” IEICE Trans on Communications, vol.E88-B (no.8),
pp.3275-3280
Tarusawa.Y, K.Ohshita, Y.Suzuki, T.Nojima and T.Toyoshima [2005b], “Experimental
estimation of EMI from cellular base-station antennas on implantable cardiac pacemakers.”
IEEE on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol.47, pp.938-950
Tian.Fu-Rong, T.Nakahara and J.Miyakoshi [2005]. “Transient increase in X-ray-induced c-Jun,

47

c-Fos and BRCA1 expression by exposure to power frequency magnetic fields in MCF-7 cells.”
Bulletin of Health Sciences Hirosaki, vol.4, pp.123-128
Tosaka.T, I.Nagano and S.Yagitani [2005], “Development of a magnetic field measurement
system using a tri-axial search coil.” IEEE EMC 2005 symposium Proceedings
Toyomaki.A and T.Yamamoto [2007], “Observation of changes in neural activity due to thestatic magnetic field of an MRI scanner.” J Magn Reson Imaging, vol.26, pp.1216-1221
Traikov L, A.Ushiyama, G.Lawlor, R.Sasaki and C.Ohkubo [2005]. “Subcutaneous arteriolar
vasomotion changes during and after ELF-EMF exposure in mice in vivo.” The
Environmentalist, vol.25, pp.93-101.
Ueno.S and M.Sekino [2006a], “Biomagnetics and bioimaging for medical applications.”
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol.304 (no.1), pp.122-127
Ueno.S, J.Ando, H.Fujita, T.Sugawara, Y.Jimbo, K.Itaka, K.Kataoka and T.Ushida [2006b],“The state of the art of nanobioscience in Japan.” IEEE Transactions on Nanobioscience, vol.5(no.1), pp.54-65
Ueno.S and M.Fujiki [2007a], Chapter 4.4 “Magnetic Stimulation”, pp.511-528 in : “Magnetismin Medicine, A Handbook”. Edited by Wilfried Andra and Hannes Nowak, Wiley-VCH Verlag
GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Ueno.S and T.Shigemitsu [2007b]. Chapter 8: “Biological effects of static magnetic fields”,
pp.203-259 in: “Bioengineering and Biophysical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields” (Handbookof Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields 3rd Ed.). Edited by Frank S. Barnes and Ben
Greenbaum, CRC Press
Ushiyama.A, H.Masuda, S.Hirota, K.Wake, H.Kawai, S.Watanabe, M.Taki, and C. Ohkubo[2007]. “Biological effect on blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier due to radio frequency
electromagnetic fields exposure of the rat brain in vivo.” The Environmentalist, vol.27,
pp.395-402.
Ushiyama.A [2007], “Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and health: review ofbiological study.” J Natl Inst Public Health, vol.56 (no.4), pp.351-356 (in Japanese)
Xu.S, N.Tomita, K.Ikeuchi and Y.Ikada [2007], “Recovery of small-sized blood vessels in
ischemic bone under static magnetic field.” Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, vol.4,
pp.59-63.
Yamaguchi.S, M.Ogiue-Ikeda, M.Sekino and S.Ueno [2005a], “Effects of transcutaneous
magnetic stimulation on tumor and immune functions in mice.” J Magn Soc Jpn, vol.29,
pp.360-363 (in Japanese)
Yamaguchi.S, M.Ogiue-Ikeda, M.Sekino and S.Ueno [2005b], “Effects of magnetic stimulation
on tumors and immune functions.” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.41, pp.4182-4184
Yamaguchi.S, M.Ogiue-Ikeda, M.Sekino and S.Ueno [2006a], “Effects of pulsed magnetic
stimulation on tumor development and immune functions in mice.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.27,
pp.64-72
Yamaguchi.S, Y.Sato, M.Sekino and S.Ueno [2006b], “Combination effects of the repetitive48

pulsed magnetic stimulation and the anticancer agent imatinib on human leukemia cell line
TCC-S.” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.42 (no.10), pp.3581-3583
Yamaguchi.M and Y.Tanimoto [2006], “Magneto-Science; magnetic field effects on materials:
fundamentals and applications.” KODANSHA Springer
Yamaguchi.N [2007], “Epidemiology of high frequency electromagnetic fields” J Natl Inst
Public Health, vol.56 (no.4), pp.334-342 (in Japanese)
Yamaji.S, S.Imai, F.Saito, H.Yagi, T.Kushiro and T.Uchiyama [2006], “Does high-power
computed tomography scanning equipment affect the operation of pacemakers?” Circulation
Journal, vol.70, pp.190-197
Yamamoto.M, Y.Kowatari, S.Ueno, S.Yamane and S.Kitazawa [2005], “Accelerated recognitionof left oblique views of faces.” Experimental Brain Research, vol.161 (no.1), pp.27-33
Yamazaki.K, T.Kawamoto, H.Fujinami and T.Shigemitsu [2005], “Simplified dosimetry forhuman exposure to non-uniform ELF magnetic field.” IEEJ, vol.125, pp.571-576 (in Japanese)
Yamazaki.K, T.Kawamoto, H.Fujinami and T.Shigemitsu [2007], “On the method ofinvestigating human exposure to nonuniform magnetic field.” IEEJ Trans. FM, vol.127,
pp.239-247 (in Japanese)
Yamazaki.K, K.Kato, T.Okitsu, K.Muramatsu and T.Shigemitsu [2004]. “Investigation of effectof architectural structure on uniform magnetic field generated by coil using 3D magnetic field.”Technical Report of IEICE EMCJ No.2003-144 (in Japanese)
Yamazaki.K, K.Muramatsu, A.Haga, K.Kobayashi, I.Nishimura, S.Nakasono, T.Shigemitsu and
T.Negishi [2006b], “Discussion on uniform magnetic field coil including influence byarchitectural structure.” IEEJ MAG-06-48 (in Japanese)
Yamazaki.K, K.Muramatsu, A.Haga, K.Kobayashi, I.Nishimura, S.Nakasono, T.Shigemitsu and
T.Negishi [2006b], “Experimental verification of analyzed effect of architectural structure on
uniform magnetic field.” J Jpn Biomagnetism and Biomagnetics, vol.19 (no.1), pp.108-109 (inJapanese).
Yamazaki.S, S.Sokejima, T.Mizoue, A.Eboshida, M.Kabuto and N.Yamaguchi [2006],“Association between high voltage overhead transmission lines and mental health: A
cross-sectional study.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.27, pp.473-478
Yokoyama.K, N.Hirota and M.Iwasaka [2007]. “Separation of collagen by
Magneto-Archimedes levitation.” IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol.17(no.2), pp.2181-2184
Yonetsu.D, K.Kawata, T.Hara, S.Ujiie, T.Joto and T.Masuda [2006], “Examination of coilarrangement for higher quality heating of the induction heating cooker.” IEEJ Trans IA, vol.126,
pp.1591-1597 (in Japanese)
Yoshie, S., M. Ikehata, A. Saitou, S. Hiromoto, Y. Suzuki, T. Hayakawa and M. Taki [2007],“Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field on survival of yeast cells under heat
treatment,” Proceedings of the Bioelectromagnetics Society the 29th Annual Meeting49

(BEMS2007), 7-7, pp.122-123, June.
Yoshie, S., M. Ikehata, T. Hayakawa, N. Hirota, T. Takemura, T. Minowa and N. Hanagata[2007], “Evaluation of mutagenicity of static magnetic fields using SOD-deficient Escherichia
coli,” IEEJ MAG-07-77 (in Japanese).
Yoshie, S., M. Ikehata, N. Hirota, T. Takemura, T. Minowa, N. Hanagata and T. Hayakawa[2007], “Effects of static magnetic field on Escherichia coli deficient in superoxide dismutase,”
International Conference on Magneto-Science ICMS2007, IIP-21, pp. 131, November.
Yuasa.K, N.Arai, S.Okabe, Y.Tarusawa, T.Nojima, R.Hanajima, Y.Terao and Y.Ugawa [2006],“Effects of thirty minutes mobile phone use on the human sensory cortex.” Clin Neurophysiol,
vol.117, pp.900-905
Wakatsuchi H., M. Hanazawa, S. Watanabe, A. Nishikata, M. Kouzai, M. Kojima, Y. Yamashiro,
K. Sasaki, and O. Hashimoto [2007], “The measurements of the complex permittivities of blood
samples in quasi-millimeter and millimeter wave bands.” IEICE Transactions on
Communications, vol.E90-B, pp.1357-1359
Wake, K., A. Mukoyama, S. Watanabe, Y. Yamanaka, T. Uno, and M. Taki [2007a], “An
exposure system for long-term and large-scale animal bioassay of 1.5-GHz digital cellular
phones.” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.55, pp.343-350
Wake, K., H. Hongo, S. Watanabe, M. Taki, Y. Kamimura, Y. Yamanaka, T. Uno, M. Kojima, I.
Hata, and K. Sasaki [2007b], “Development of a 2.45-GHz local exposure system for in vivo
study on ocular effects.” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theroy and Techniques, vol.55,
pp.588-595.
Wang.J, T.Sakurai, S.Koyama, Y.Komatubara, Y.Suzuki, M.Taki and J.Miyakoshi [2005a],“Effects of 2450 MHz electromagnetic fields with a wide range of SARs on
methylcholanthrene-induced transformation in C3H10T1/2 cells.” J Radiation Research, vol.46,
pp.351-361.
Wang.J, O.Fujiwara and T.Uda [2005b], “New approach to safety evaluation of human exposure
to stochastically-varying electromagnetic fields.” IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic
Compatibility, vol.47, pp.971-976
Wang.J, O. Fujiwara, T. Hikage, T. Nojima, H. Masuda, A. Ushiyama, C. Ohkubo [2006a],“Dosimetry evaluation of rats exposed To GSM-900 signals in Salford-used TEM cell.”
Proceedings of the Bioelectromagnetics Society the 28th Annual Meeting at Cancun, Mexico on
June 11-15, pp.372-373
Wang.J, S.Koyama, Y.Komatsubara, Y.Suzuki, M.Taki and J.Miyakoshi [2006b], “Effects of a
2450 MHz high-frequency electromagnetic field with a wide range of SARs on the induction ofheat-shock proteins in A172 cells.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.27, pp.479-486
Wang.J, O.Fujiwara, S.Kodera and S.Watanabe [2006c], “FDTD calculation of whole-body
average SAR in adult and child models for frequencies from 30 MHz to 3 GHz.” Phys. Med.
Biol, vol.51, pp.4119-4127
Wang J., M. Fujita, O. Fuiwara, K. Wake, and S. Watanabe [2006d], “Uncertainty evaluation of
an in vivo near-field exposure setup for testing biological effects of cellular phones.” IEEE

50

Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol.48, pp.545-551.
Wang J., O. Fujiwara and S. Watanabe [2006e], “Approximation of aging effect on dielectric
tissue properties for SAR assessment of mobile telephones.” IEEE Transactions on
Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol.48, pp.408-413.

51