COMMISSION E: ELECTROMAGNETIC NOISE AND INTERFERENCE
Edited by Zen Kawasaki
Activities of Commission E in Japan can be roughly categorized into major six subjects, andthose are lightning physics, Sprites/Elves, Electromagnetic waves related with earthquakes,
Electromagnetic noise in wireless communications, Electromagnetic noise related with printed
circuit boards and EMC related with electrical power engineering. The first three subjects arenatural phenomena, and the latter three seem to be man made issues. That is why this Activity
Report consists of six sessions from E1 to E6.
E1. Lightning Physics
One of the most current topics in the research field of lightning physics is the VHF/UHF source
location, which is believed to highly depend on the charge distribution inside the thundercloud.
To make VHF/UHF source location two different principles are well known. The one is theTime of Arrival (TOA) technique, and the experimental system named LDAR (Lightning
Detection and Ranging) has been operating in U.S. The other one is based on the technique ofinterferometory, and has been accomplished as an operational and commercially available
system by a French organization. Under this situation, University of Tokyo lightning researchgroup has been concerned with the TOA technique, and Lightning Research Group of Osaka
University (LRGOU) has been engaged in the interferometers. Both groups have been
conducting filed campaigns independently at the Hokuriku Coast, where they can observe thelightning activity during winter thunderstorms. Lightning activity during winter thunderstorms
was discovered in mid 70’s, and since then many related researchers have been paying theirattention on its unique features. Both UT and OU groups are quite vigorous and productive. UTgroup has presented the possible interpretations on the initiation of lightning discharges during
winter thunderstorms by observing with their TOA system. LRGOU has partly revealed thepositive charge distributions, which can contribute positive cloud-to-ground discharges withlong continuing currents.
Optical observation of lightning flashes is another interesting issue in this filed. Central
Research Institute of Electrical Power Industry (CRIEPI) has contributed for developing an
optical measuring system based on CCD matrix with high speed A/D converters for all CCD
components. They name this ALPS (Automatic Lightning Progression measuring System), andthe function is equivalent to a digital flaming camera and/or a streak camera. They haveachieved the sub micro-second time resolution, and they have mainly operated this for the
upward triggered lightning from tall constructions. The main objective of their observations is
to understand the mechanism of upward initiated lightning discharges to design the protectionof power apparatus. ALPS are widely operated by other organizations, like Gifu University, andSuzuka Technical Collage. CRIEPI and Gifu University have collaborated campaigns with
Florida University. In Florida they have been concerned with the rockets triggered lightning
instead of upward initiate lightning from tall constructions.
LRGOU has been concerned with TRMM/LIS (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission/
Lightning Imaging Sensor) as one of principal investigators. LRGOU has discovered following
three items. The first issue is lightning activity during El-Nino period over west Indonesia ishigher than the normal period instead of less precipitation. The second issue is the immigrationof winter thunderstorm activity over the Pacific Ocean at mid latitude. The last issue is that the1relation ship between lightning activity and snow depth observer by TRMM PR is uniform. The
analysis of TRMM/LIS observations are on going.
The Fifth International Workshop on Physics of Lighting (5th IWPL) was held from September
10 through 13, 2001, in Nagoya. This workshop was organized by Prof. Nakamura, Nagoya
Institute of technology.
(Z.-I. Kawasaki)
E2. Sprites/elves-related study in Japan
E2-1 Optical Observations
Japanese groups have been conducting ground-based and aircraft observations since 1995.
Tohoku University developed a hi-speed multi-anode array photometer (MAP) that has 16
channels in vertical direction. Using 2 MAPs with two different color filters, the electronenergies producing sprites and elves were estimated. A hi-speed CCD camera, a near-infrared
CCD camera and an image-intensified CCD camera were also operated in US and Japan. A
hi-speed photometer operated by Tohoku University found elves in 1995. Japanese groups also
took important roles in discoveries of sprites and/or elves in Japan, Australia and theMediterranean. The stored data sets are now under detail analysis
Projects:
Colorado (1995 – 1999): Tohoku University
The international observation campaign has been conducted since 1994 at Yucca Ridge Field
Station (YRFS) in Colorado, US. Tohoku University group participated in the campaign in1995 – 1999 with several optical instruments as well as an ULF receiver.
Japan (1998 – present): Tohoku University, University of Electro-Communications
Tohoku University started the ground based optical observation at two sites in Japan in
December 1998. Every winter season activity of sprites and elves was confirmed.
Australia (1996-present): Osaka University
International observation team including New Zealand, Australia and Japan found sprites inAustralia during a summer lightning campaign.
Mediterranean (1999): ISAS
The Leonid meteor shower campaign using an aircraft was conducted by an international
science team in November 1999. Japanese scientist caught some sprites and elves with a highresolution TV camera over the Mediterranean Sea.
Results:
Discovery of elves (1995)
Four channel hi-speed photometer found new optical emission appearing with a horizontal
extent over 200 km.
Time delay of optical emissions from causative CG
Hi-speed measurement with photometers revealed the relationship between the time delay of
sprites emissions from the causative cloud to ground (CG) discharge. According to the result,the sprites can be classified into three types.
Vertical motion of sprites
MAP data showed that the appearance of sprites and vertical motion of sprites are closely
related.
Quantitative measurements of luminosity with photometers
Well-calibrated photometers enable us to examine the absolute luminosity of optical emissions
precisely, suggesting 1000 times as bright as what we considered before.
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Height estimation of elves
Assuming thin optical layer of elves, the emission height are calculated precisely to be ~90 km.
Characteristics of sprite hal
Characteristics of “sprite halo” , such as dimensions, luminosity, motion and color, were
investigated in detail for the first time with photometric and imaging data.
Estimation of electron energy
Measurement by MAPs with two broad band filters enable us to estimate the electron energy of
sprites, elves and sprite halo with a high temporal resolution. The results show sometimes over
15 eV for sprites.
Discovery of sprites in Australia (1997)
Sprites were imaged outside North America for the first time in summer Australia.
Discovery of sprites and elves induce by winter storms (1998)
Winter sprites and elves were found for the first time in Japan. Also the precise height andhorizontal distribution of elements for one sprites event were calculated by triangulation fromtwo sites.
Discover of sprites and elves over the Mediterranean (1999)
From aircraft flying for the Leonid campaign, activities of sprites and elves were identified in
the European area for the first time. The elves imaged showed considerably long life, 10 times
of normal elves’ life times.
Discovery of sprites appearing over the Pacific Ocean (2000)
During the winter sprites campaign in Japan sprites were observed at a distance of >500 km
from the closest coast of Japan. Their feature seems something different from sprites near thewest cost of Japan in the same season.
Morphology of summer and winter sprites
Characteristics of sprites and elves in summer US and in winter Japan were compared carefully.
Sprites’ features look quite different, though no clear difference was found for elves.

E2-2 Electromagnetic Wave Observations
Electromagnetic measurements in the frequency range of VLF, ELF and ULF have been
conducted by two Japanese groups.
Projects:
Colorado (ULF: 1995 - 1999): Tohoku University
During the summer campaigns at YRFS in Colorado, a set of searchcoil magnetometer for ULF
waves were employed.
Japan (VLF: 1998- present, ELF 2001 - present): University of Electro-Communications,
Tohoku University
VLF receivers have been operated in Japan continuously by Univ. Electro-Communications.
The Schumann resonance (~8Hz) in ELF range is recorded by a searchcoil magnetometer (thesame type installed at Syowa) installed at Onagawa observatory in Miyagi by Tohoku
University.
Antarctica (2000 - present):
ELF searchcoil magnetometer systems installed at Syowa station, Antarctica, started dataacquisition in 2000. The sensor has sensitivity in the frequency range of 0.5 – 150 (or 400) Hz
and the sampling rate is 1 kHz (or 400Hz).
Results:
Determination of location for CG producing Q-burst
Using Q-burst data obtained by ELF receiver at Syowa and at Onagawa, the location of CG3

that produces sprites can be determined by triangulation. The accuracy is ~400 km or better.
Estimation of charge moment
Charge moments of sprites occurring in Japan, US and other regions in the world, has been
derived from ELF observation in Japan and Antarctica.
Discovery of ULF emissions associated with sprites
ULF recording in the summer observation campaign at YRFS, Colorado resulted in finding oftransient ULF waves induced by sprites-related discharge phenomena.

E2-3 Numerical Simulation
Two groups in Japan have performed numerical simulations to investigate the mechanisms of
sprites, sprite halo and elves.
Projects:
Full wave (1996 – present): Kanazawa University
Using a workstation network linking several tens of machines, the full wave simulation has
been conducted.
Quasi electro static model (2001 – present): Tohoku University
Numerical simulation based on the Quasi electrostatic model has been started.
Results:
Full wave simulation
Considering magnetic filed effect at the ionospheric height, the calculation suggests modulationof elves’ form. The dynamics of the sprite halo were also reproduced.
- Seasonal change of sprite halo feature
Effect of vertical profile of electron density in summer and winter seasons are examined,suggesting height variation of optical emissions.

E2-4 Summary of International Collaboration
In many cases sprites/elves study has been carried out by international collaboration. Here wesummarize the projects and participated universities / institutes working with Japanese groups
for sprites/elves research.
Projects:
Colorado Summer Campaign
FMA research Inc., Stanford Univ., Utah State Univ., Univ. Alaska (US), etc
Leonid Meteor Shower observation
NASA, Utah State Univ. (US), etc
Japan Winter Campaign
Stanford Univ. (US)Student exchange
Utah State Univ. (US)ELF Observation
Frankfurt Univ., Duke Univ., Univ. Alaska (US), National Chung Kong Univ. (Taiwan)International Meeting in Japan:
AP-RASC and get together in Sendai [August 2001]
Participants from Germany, Taiwan, Israel, USA, and New ZealandE2-5 Future Projects
Some future projects of sprites/elves study are now going or under planning in Japan
collaborating with many countries.
Spacecraft Missions
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- ROCSAT -2/ISUAL (development of instruments: 1998 – present)
Taiwan will launch ROCSAT -2 spacecraft with sprites instrument unit (ISUAL) in 2003.
Tohoku University is developing Array Photometer which measures vertical motion of
sprites/elves/jets at two colors.
- Ground support of spacecraft mission
Space shuttle mission planned by Israel will be launched in July 2002. Japanese groups
supports from ground with optical and ELF measurements.
ELF global network
To monitor the global activity of sprites and CG discharges, global network of ELF
magnetometrs will be employed continuously in Antarctica, Japan, and Germany.
Polar region
The discovery of winter sprites in Japan strongly suggests the existence of sprites and elves inpolar region where aurora appears in the winter season.
Equatorial region
Equatorial area of Asia is one of the most active regions for lightning. Collaborative study withatmospheric radar will be fruitful.
(Y. Takahashi)
E3. EM waves related with earthquakes
After the Kobe Earthquake disaster in Japan (January 14, 1995), Japanese government
established the special research programs to investigate short-term earthquake prediction in
1996. These programs included RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research)
international frontier research group on earthquakes and NASDA(National Space
Development Agency of Japan) remote sensing frontier research, which investigatedelectromagnetic effects associated with earthquakes. RIKEN project deals withearthquake-related electromagnetic effects occurred under the ground at lower frequency(mainly DC-ULF) phenomena and NASDA’s one treats those occurred in atmosphere orionosphere at higher frequency (VLF, HF). These projects terminated on March, 2002. Over thelast five years, especially the last three years, Japan or Japanese researchers did outstanding
contributions to earthquake related electromagnetics. First, they set up network station system
in Japan. Also sophisticated stations have been installed not only in Japan but also Kamchatka,
Russia. Second, RIKEN and NASDA frontier groups organized several international
workshops in Japan, two in the last three years and member of these groups organized many
sessions in the international conferences. These contributions extend the population withinterest in earthquake related electromagnetic phenomena. For example, India started their own
frontier project toward the short-term prediction of a large earthquake. And Taiwan will start
this September. The third a lot of papers were published.
For these three years, the papers corresponding to moderately large (M6 class) earthquakes
such as 1999 Iwate-Ken Nairiku Hokubu EQ, 2000 Izu Islands Swarm, and so on have been
published. They have much convincing evidence in ULF geomagnetic changes, abnormal
signal changes in VLF transmitter signal, geoelectric potential differences, borehole antenna
analysis, Ionsopheric disturbances, and so on.
The important point to find out is to recognition or separation of earthquake related
electromagnetic signals in the methodology. In general, electromagnetic signals associated withearthquakes are considered to be weaker and the principle component analysis and polarization
analysis have been proposed and developed in ULF geomagnetic approach. As for VLF
subionospheric phenomena, significant changes in terminator time are found be appeared a few
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days before the earthquake. Direction finding method of this field is also highly required.
The perturbation in the ionospheric or the subionospheric data suggests that there are coupling
process between Lithosphere, Atmosphere and Ionosphere. That is the forth important findings.
It is expected that a convincing scenarios for the generation of earthquake related
electromagnetic phenomena will be proposed soon based on the detailed observation.
(K. Hattori)
E4. EM Noise and Interference in Wireless Communications Systems
As the increase of the demands for mobile communications services, many kinds of wirelesscommunications systems have been developed. In wireless communications systems, atransmitter transmits signal through open space, and a receiver receives it. This means that thetransmitter emits the electromagnetic waves in open space, and the receiver receives theelectromagnetic waves radiated from any radiation source. As the increase of the wirelesscommunications systems, electromagnetic environment in open space becomes complex, andthen electromagnetic compatibility concerning wireless communications systems becomes
important issue. Though there are many considerable research activities related withelectromagnetic compatibility concerning wireless communications systems, we intend to pay
our attention on some special topics to review these three-year's activities and introduce them.

E4-1 Measurements and Statistics of Man-made Noise and Interference
Measurements of radio frequency unnecessary electromagnetic wave (man-made noise orinterference) remain to be one of the basic research theme, and the measurements ofelectromagnetic waves radiated from electrical apparatus, automobiles have been reported inmany papers. In addition, since wireless communications systems also become to be noise(interference) sources for another kinds of wireless communications systems, electromagnetic
wave emitted from wireless communications systems have been measured. Especially, becauseof the widespread use of 2.4 GHz band wireless communications systems such as IEEE
802.11b wireless LAN systems and Bluetooth, many efforts to measure the electromagnetic
waves radiated from IEEE 802.11b wireless LAN systems, Blutooth and ISM apparatus such as
microwave ovens have been done.
In wireless communications systems, since the man-made noise (interference) radiated fromelectrical apparatus or other wireless communications systems propagates multipath channel
from the noise (interference) source to the receiver, the statistics of noise (interference)
observed at the receivers point are different from those observed at noise (interference) source
point. Propagation of man-made noise (interference) emitted from ISM apparatus or 2.4
GHz band wireless LAN systems through indoor environment has also been discussed inseveral papers.
E4-2 Effect of Man-made Noise and Interference on the Performance of WirelessCommunications Systems
In wireless communications systems, it is well-known that the man-made noise (interference)
radiated from electrical apparatus degrades the performance of wireless communications
systems. In unlicensed radio frequency bands such as 2.4 GHz radio frequency band, since
many kinds of wireless communications systems are operated in same radio frequency bands.
Therefore, if these wireless communications systems exist on same place, each wirelesscommunication system degrades the performance other wireless communication system.
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Although there are many kinds of wireless communications systems subject to man-made noise(interference), IEEE 802.11b wireless LAN systems and Bluetooth have taking a great attention,
as it provides the unlicensed wireless communications services using ISM radio frequency
band. Several paper reports the effect of man-made noise emitted from microwave ovens on thethroughput performance of IEEE 802.11b wireless LAN system and Bluetooth. In addition,some papers discuss the co-existence of IEEE 802.11b wireless LAN system and Blutooth, andreports the effect of mutual interference on the performance of each wireless communication
system.

E4-3 Improvement of the Performance of Wireless Communications Systems against
Man-made Noise and Interference
As the increase of the wireless communications systems and electrical apparatus, unnecessary
electromagnetic wave radiated from electrical apparatus and wireless communications systems
becomes more serious problem. In order to establish the electromagnetic compatibility
concerning wireless communications systems, several methods have been proposed. For
example, in 2.4 GHz band wireless communications systems, in order to establish theco-existence of IEEE 802.11b wireless LAN systems, Bluetooth and ISM apparatus, thepropagation control technique using adaptive array antenna have been proposed. Similarly,
electromagnetic wave absorber which control the propagation paths of man-made noise,interference and desired signal, have been proposed. These techniques have taking an great
attention to overcome the effect of unnecessary man-made noise (interference) and to establish
the electromagnetic compatibility in wireless communications systems.
(S. Miyamoto)
E5. EM Noise related with Print Circuit Boards
Excitation mechanisms of radiated emission from high-speed digital systems have been
investigated and considerably understood in recent years. Some topics are common mode
generation caused by imperfect ground planes in printed circuit boards (PCBs), radiation frombent transmission lines on PCBs, crosstalk from high-speed signal lines to a victim line acting
as an EMI antenna, and radio frequency (RF) noise on power supply interconnections such as
power bus noise related to resonance of power and ground planes in multilayer PCBs. To
suppress the EMI, some noise reduction techniques have been proposed, and have been studied
theoretically and experimentally. In this section, these topics on excitation and radiation
mechanisms and noise reduction techniques are reviewed.
Electromagnetic susceptibility, or immunity, is another concern related to PCB and electronicsystem design. Some papers were published on immunity of semiconductor devices and PCBs.
In the last part of this section some papers related to device immunity and immunity test
methods are reviewed.
Common mode current due to relatively narrow ground return path on a PCB causes strong
radiated emission. Influence of ground width to common mode current and emission spectrum
were investigated [Oka et al., 1999]. The mechanism of the common mode generation was
explained with the unbalance factor of a transmission line called “current division factor”.
Connection of transmission lines having different current division factors generates
common-mode excitation source voltage, which is proportional to the difference of the factor[Watanabe, et al., 2000]. High impedance connection of ground planes causes common modecurrent on a PCB. Dependence on ground structure and its connection to far-field emission was7

investigated experimentally [Sasabe et al., 2000.11]. Far-field emission was estimated frommeasured common-mode current and also from FDTD simulation [Sasabe et al., 2000.12,
2001.9], and good agreement with measured field was demonstrated. For the purpose ofevaluating immunity of printed circuits, the authors also analyzed the conversion from
common-mode to differential-mode on a PCB [Sasabe et al., 2000.4].
Radiation from bent transmission lines was evaluated and dependence of radiation on the curve
shape and bend shape was estimated with FDTD method and the method of moments (MoM)[Takahashi, et al., 1999] [Lee, et al., 2000]. Transmission line impedance of a printed line andits near-field were simulated with FDTD method [Kasuga, et al., 2000]. Resonance of atransmission line may cause strong emission, and the resonance frequency is affected bymetallic structures close to the line. The effect of a metal plate near a microstrip line to its
resonance frequency was simulated with MoM [Sakurai, et al., 2000]. These traditional
methods are effective to investigate electromagnetic characteristics of printed circuit structures,
though they consume computational resources. As a new approach, the fuzzy inference method
was applied to analyze transmission line characteristics [Tayarani and Kami, 2001].
Crosstalk plays a very important role not only in the signal integrity problems but also in theemission problems. Crosstalk from a high-speed signal line to a victim line may cause strong
emission even though the signal speed on the victim line is slow. Hence, in design of PCB, weneed some guidelines for controlling the crosstalk. For that purpose crosstalk on parallel
printed traces was evaluated [Takahashi, et al., 1999], and radiated emission from a PCB was
also evaluated for coupling between a low frequency signal trace and a digital signal trace [Oka,et al., 2000]. In some applications such as wireless terminals, coupling between an antenna or
RF analog circuits and high-speed digital circuits may cause serious problems in design. The
coupling between a monopole antenna and a strip line in a shielding case with slits wasinvestigated numerically with FDTD method and the results were compared with measured
ones [Fukasawa, et al., 2000].
For reducing EMI and unintended coupling through lines, ferrite materials are often used.
However, the details of their frequency characteristics or loading effects have not been wellunderstood yet. The noise reduction effect of ferrite beads was evaluated with an equivalentcircuit [Miyashita, et al., 1999]. More precise matrix-form expression of the load effect of aferrite core was given [Samir, et al., 2000], in which a practical method for determining theequivalent parameters was given by measuring the scattering parameters. The expression of theload effect of a ferrite was used to analyze crosstalk on parallel two-wire lines [Fujiwara, et al.,2001] and to evaluate far-field radiation and its reduction effect in relation to the position of aferrite [Maekawa, et al., 2001]. Loading effect of a noise suppression component as a functionof loading position was investigated theoretically and experimentally for PCBs exposed toexternal electromagnetic field [Yamamoto, et al., 2000]. Magnetic film tape was investigatedas a counterpart of ferrite cores for noise reduction on cables [Mori and Senda, 2000]. Effect oflossy rubber absorber was analyzed for suppression of coupling between microstrip lines in a
metal case of a microwave amplifier module [Saito and Nishikata, 2001]. Shielding
effectiveness of an enclosure of an electronic equipment was modeled and analyzed with aspherical shell model [Horagai and Ikeda, 2000].
In the development of electronic systems such as printed circuit boards of digital circuits, toknow electric current on a PCB or in components and near-field distribution is helpful toevaluate their electromagnetic characteristics and to improve the design. A method for
estimating current distribution on a PCB was proposed, and a mother-board for a workstation
was evaluated with small loop magnetic probes [Masuda, et al., 1999]. Position of magnetic
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field source on a micro processing unit was also estimated with near-field measurement [Doiand Masuda, 2000]. A new method to estimate both current and voltage distributions with one
probe was proposed, and the distributions in packaged ICs were evaluated [Kazama, et al.,2000].
In designing high-speed digital circuit boards, it is practically important to control RF noise on
power supply interconnections and DC power distribution circuits, such as power and groundplanes in multilayer PCBs. The power distribution circuit is usually called as a “power bus”,
which could supply electric power only having low frequency current. However, in practicalcases, high-speed operation current should be supplied to a circuit; and since impedance of thepower distribution circuit is usually low especially in a multilayer PCB, the high frequency
current tends to flow over the power distribution circuit, which may cause radiated emission.
To prevent the high-frequency current on the power distribution circuit, decoupling techniques
were investigated. The decoupling can be achieved by increasing the RF impedance from ahigh-speed device to the power bus, or by using decoupling capacitors near the device or on the
power bus. For the decoupling, a power wiring technique with long printed traces and anotherwith embedded inductances in a multilayer PCB were demonstrated [Tohya, 1999] [Iwanami,
et al., 2000]. Resonance of power bus, which is responsible for strong radiated emission, wasinvestigated theoretically and experimentally, and a technique to control the resonance waspresented [Harada, et al., 2000], which utilized decoupling capacitors on a PCB. A technique to
optimize the location of the decoupling capacitors was proposed [Kamo, et al., 2001]. To
reduce the quality (Q) factor of the power bus resonance, resistive metal films were introduced
between power and ground planes in a multilayer PCB, and the resonance characteristics were
investigated to optimize the film thickness and its conductivity [Wang, et al., 2001]. For the
calculation of the resonance characteristics of the power bus, an improved closed-form
expression of the Green’s function was adopted to perform fast numerical calculation. The
power bus resonance can be excited also by high-speed signal routed through via holes, andimprovement of the routing to reduce the power bus noise was investigated experimentally[Tanaka, et al., 2001].
Improvement of packages of active devices was reported to reduce power bus noise. An EMI
reduction packaging for LSI was proposed, which achieves the power decoupling withdecoupling inductances internally connected to pow er and ground pins of the package[Fukumoto, et al., 2000]. Ferrite-resin composite material was investigated as package mold ofdigital ICs to reduce the power bus noise [Akino, et al., 2000]. To simulate the power bus noise
effectively, a macro-model of a digital IC and LSI was proposed [Fukumoto, et al., 2001]. The
model consists of a linear equivalent internal circuit and internal current source, and is suitablefor high-speed EMI simulation.
Regarding immunity of semiconductor devices and PCBs, papers were published on modeling,evaluation and test methods. To investigate immunity to electric coupling between an IC with ametal heat sink and an adjacent noise source, a capacitive coupling model was proposed[Nonaka, et al., 1999]. To achieve fail-safe property of digital systems, a design method of aflip-flop having asymmetric immunity characteristics was proposed [Tsukagoshi, et al., 1999].
Immunity characteristics of MOSFET were investigated and mechanism of its malfunction waspresented [Hattori, et al., 1999]. The authors also investigated RF noise immunity ofoperational amplifiers, both the bipolar type and the MOS type [Hattori, et al 2000]. Noise
immunity diagnosis for a PCB was discussed using an equivalent circuit, and the results ofexperiments were explained with the common-mode impedances [Sasabe, et al., 2000]. A
system to detect malfunction area on a PCB was developed and the validity was demonstrated
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with experiment [Onomae and Nagasawa, 2001]. A novel RF radiated immunity test method
was proposed and its basic characteristics were investigated. The method adopts
electromagnetic field rotating in low speed; the field is rotated electrically with a newly
developed circuit so that its characteristics are easily controlled [Murano and Kami, 1999,
2000.11]. The authors investigated another system for radiated immunity test which utilizes athree-dimensional Helmholtz’s coil set [Murano and Kami, 2000.3].
(O. Wada)
E6. EMC related with electrical power engineering
The source element of EMC related with electrical power engineering can be categorized in
two types. The one is the induction caused by high voltage and large current characteristics ofthe power line by its own nature. The other is caused by the apparatuses or faults connected tothe power line.
The influences of the electric and magnetic fields to the medical infections of human beingsand to the mal-operations of electronics apparatuses are attracted and studied as the former
difficulties. The electro magnetic field generated by the over head transmission lines voltages
and current and the human body exposure strength are calculated and studied by many
researchers and groups leaded by IEE-J (Institute of Electrical Engineering Japan). The studies
are mainly discussing about the quantitative values of the electro magnetic field its self andthey are different from epidemiology approach which is general research trend in Europe. Theirresults seem to be given highly political consideration to the utilities.
The induction power source of aerial beacon flash light on the top of transmission tower withusing the induction by power line magnetic field was proposed and studied, for it is difficult toobtain adequate electric power source at such location. This work is the enterprising usage ofthe electro magnetic field generated from over head transmission line that is generally
annoying public peoples. The proposed power source uses the induced current on the over headground wire for the asymmetric arrangement of the three phase power lines and obtains several
kW electric powers. The inducted current on the ground wire changes with the current on the
power line for it changes with load amount, then the suitable junction span of ground wire to
tower body and electrical power storage capacity is discussed to obtain the desired induced
current and power quality coping with the periodic load change.
Power Line Carrier (PLC) communication is considered one of the EMC difficulties. The PLC
on high voltage transmission line for protective relay information transmission has been studied
since a long time ago and the system is almost perfect and left no room for study, then the PLC
on distribution line is now being studied. The PLC on distribution line is aiming at internet
connection, and the PLC study in Japan is behind Europe. There are two reasons for research
subordination. The one is regulation restricted by law. The regulation relating PLC isadministrated by different two ministries. The ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
administrates the power line related regulation, and the Ministry of Public management, Homeaffairs, Posts and telecommunications administrates the communication relating regulation.
Though, the deregulation by government has been proceeding recently, but the regulation
relating with PLC made little progress for it is extended two ministries. The second reason is
the highly prepared optic fiber networks. The Japanese utility companies monopolies thegeneration, transmission and distribution to the respective territories, and they lay down optic
fiber along with the distribution line network. Therefore, the communication requirement withusing distribution line is low for they can use optic fiber communication. The subsidiary10

company of the utility company conducts low power cellular phone system called PHS, and theinspection of the meters is realized by linking the PHS with optical fiber networks. Moreover,the subsidiary company also offers internet provider business with using PHS as the home
LAN, and also optical fiber to the home is offered. Therefore, the last one mile difficulty issolved without using PLC. According to those conditions in Japan, it can be expected that themain application of PLC is home LAN system application leaded by household electric
appliances with internet access function. The conventional distribution power line insidebuildings is not properly twisted and the line impedance is not uniform, then high speed
communication has to clear this difficulty and spectrum spread and error correction method arehighly expected.
The followings are the EMC problem caused by the harmonics generated by electric apparatus
connected to the power line. The dispersed energy system has been growing its number linked
to the power system in accordance with the power system deregulation. The isolate operation
detection system of the dispersed energy system connected distribution line, which makes themost of the harmonics characteristic in the power system, is proposed. The dispersed energy
system can continue its operation even if they are isolated from ac bus by some faults, if the
supply and demand is almost balanced. But, this operation continuation gives harmful
influences on the power system recovery for the power system protecting relay system does not
estimate such operation continuation, then the dispersed energy system must be shut down after
such inadequate conditions. The nonlinearity characteristics of the transformer are one of theoldest harmonics difficulties in the power system. The one of the isolate operation detection
relay system checks the 3rd order harmonics on the power line, which increases with thenonlinear affection of the transformer, when the distribution system is isolated from the ac bus.
There are other isolation operation detection relay system with using power line characteristics,
such as the inter harmonics injection method, reactive power modulation method and frequency
bias method are proposed.
The increasing number of electronics devices which use inverters, make the difficulty ofharmonics current injection to the power line as the server problem. The Japanese utility
companies have been encouraging to establish power factor correction capacitors by the users
with giving the incentive of power charge discount. Almost all the power factor correction
capacitor does not have circuit breakers which open and closes in accordance with the power
factor of the user load and remain connected at all times. Therefore, the amount of power
capacitor connected to the power distribution line is highly exceeded and shows leading power
factor conditions at night light load, and it makes the undesired phenomena of harmonics
magnification at the end of distribution line by the small harmonics injected to the transmission
line from some sources. The power line active filter is proposed as the solution of theharmonics suppressions, which is consisted from power electronics inverter. The active filter is
specified in two types. The one is series connected type, and the other is parallel connected
type. The former one is conventional type active filter, which is suitable when the harmonics
source is identified. The last one is the mainstream of active filter study, for it can cope with theharmonics from uncertain sources like the above mentioned harmonics magnification
phenomena. Not only harmonics suppressions by active filter, but also harmonics reduction
generated from the apparatus is studied. This study is enhanced now because the household
electric appliances become to use dc power source by ac/dc converter and the conventional
capacitor input type converter generates harmonics and it becomes to dominate the harmonics
problems. The main difficulty of this type converter is caused by the pulse shape current
containing harmonics and the low power factor. The PWM type converters or dc/dc converter
11link with PAM operation is studied to cope with these difficulties, which are called PFC andhas become to use in the dc power source.
On the other hand, the increasing number of these intelligent type electronics apparatus has
made the power quality as the very important issues, such as voltage sag and swells. Thoughconventional electric apparatuses are not so sensitive, but such new and intelligent apparatuses
are very sensitive to the short interruptions or degradation of voltage waveform. The countermeasurements to cope with power quality deterioration, the usage of UPS is proposed andstudied as the user side local management and DVR is investigated as the aerial management.
The configurations and control strategy of the compensation system are enthusiastically
discussing now. More over, CRIEPI is proposing demand area power system and several
universities unions proposing FRIENDS system as the quality divided power supply system.
(T. Funaki)
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Sasabe, K., K. Yoshida and O. Fujiwara [2000], “An Analysis of the Conversion from Common
to Differential-mode Noise on the Balanced Line,” Trans. IEE of Japan, vol. 120-C, no. 4, pp.
583-589.
Sasabe, K., K. Yoshida and O. Fujiwara [2000], “An Effect of the Ground Plane on the
Radiated Emission for Motherboard PCB,” Trans. IEICE C1, vol. J83-B, no. 11, pp.
1642-1644.
Sasabe, K., K. Yoshida and O. Fujiwara [2000], “A Prediction of Electric Far-field Strengthfrom Printed Circuit Boards by Measuring the Common-Mode Current,” Trans. IEE of Japan,
vol. 120-C, no. 12, pp. 1920-1926.
Sasabe, K., J. Wang and O. Fujiwara [2001], “An Estimation of Electric Far-Field Strength
Radiated from Printed Circuit Boards by A FDTD Calculation of Common-mode Current on
the Trace Pattern,” Trans. IEE of Japan, vol. 121-A, no. 9, pp. 823-827.
Takahashi, M., M. Takahashi and M. Abe [1999], “Radiation Electromagnetic Waves
Suppressed by the Curve Shape of Microstripline,” Trans. IEICE B, vol. J82-C1, no.9, pp.
561-569.
Takahashi, T., T. Sakusabe, N. Schibuya and H. Maeda [1999], “Analysis of Cross Talk Noiseon Parallel Traces with Non Equivalent Length,” Trans. IEICE B, vol. J82-B, no. 4, pp.
653-660.
Tanaka, M., Y. Ding, J. L. Drewniak and H. Inoue [2001], “Diagnostic Procedure for EMI
Resulting from High-Speed Routing between Power and Ground Planes,” IEICE Trans.
Commun., vol. E84-B, no. 7, pp. 1970-1972.
Tayarani, M and Y. Kami [2000], “Qualitative analysis in engineering electromagnetics; Anapplication to general transmission lines,” IEICE Trans. Electronics, vol. E84-C, no. 3, pp.
364-375.
Tohya, H. [1999], “, Technologies Doing Much for Solving the EMC Problem in the High
Performance Digital PCBs and Equipment, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol. E82-A, no. 3, pp.
450-456.
Tsukagoshi, T., S. Nitta and A. Mutoh [1999], “The Design Method of Flip-Flop with
Asymmetric Noise Immunity Characteristics,” Trans. IEICE B, vol. J82-B, no. 6, pp.
1269-1277.
Wang, Z. L., O. Wada, Y. Toyota and R. Koga [2001], “Reduction of Q-factor of resonance inpower/ground planes of multilayer PCBs by using resistive metal films,” Trans. IEE of Japan,
vol. 121-A, no. 10, pp. 928-932.
Watanabe, T., O. Wada, T. Miyashita and R. Koga [2000], “Common-Mode-Current Generation
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Caused by Difference of Unbalance of Transmission Lines on a Printed Circuit Board with
Narrow Ground Pattern,” IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E83-B, no. 3, pp. 593-599.
Yamamoto, H., S. Shinohara and R. Sato [2000], “The Effect of Impedance Loading Position
on Induced Voltage Suppression,” IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E83-B, no. 3, pp. 569-576.
H.Echigo, T.Hachiya, R.Sato: "Radio noise measurement near the vehic le traffics", Proc. ofInternational Symposium on EMC/Tokyo, 20P506, p.774-777 (May,1999)
M.Tanigaki, H.Echigo, M.Kamiyama:"Simulation of cutoff frequency in TEM cell by boundary
scaling functions", Proc. of 2001 IEEE AP-S/URSI Symposium/Boston,Vol.1,29,pp.596-599(July, 2001)
H.Echigo, R.Sato : "Calculation of transient response on circuits constructed with resistors andequi-length transmission lines", Proc. of PIERS2001/Osaka, p.379 (July, 2001)
Y.Itoh,K.Sato,H.Echigo : "Time domain measurements of EM field pattern to animate the radio
wave propagation", Proc. of AP-RASC'01/Tokyo, p.61(August, 2001)
H.Echigo, R.Sato : "Representing function for extreme value distribution to describe the low
time rate portion of radio noise", Proc. of AP-RASC'01/Tokyo, p.61 (August, 2001)
H.Echigo, R.Sato : "The mathematical representation for the variation of levels with small
occurrence rate in radio noise", Proc. of 2001 IEEE
International Symposium on
EMC/Montreal, pp.870-875 (August, 2001)
T. Harada, H. Sasaki, and Y. Kami “Controlling power distribution plane resonance inmultilayer printed circuit boards”, IEICE Trans. Commun., vol.E-83, no.3, pp.577-585, March
2000.
K. Murano and Y. Kami “Low frequency radiated immunity test using three-dimensional
Helmholtz-coil set”, IEICE Trans. Commun. Vol.E83-B, no.3, pp.467-473, March 2000.
K. Murano and Y. Kami, “Basic characteristics of 3-dimensional Helmholtz coils for radiatedimmunity test”,Trans. IEE of Japan, 119-A,12,pp.1409-1415, Dec., 1999.
K. Murano, M. Tayarani, Y. Kami, “Wide-band phase splitter using DBM”,IEICE Trans.
Commun. , J83-B, 1, pp.131-133, 2000-1.
M. Tayarani, and Y. Kami “Fuzzy inference in engineering electromagnetics: An application toconventional and angled monopole-antenna”, IEICE Trans. Electron., vol.E83-C, no.1,
pp.85-97, Jan. 2000.
T. Harada, H. Sasaki, and Y. Kami “Investigation on power distribution plane resonance inmultilayer printed circuit boards using a transmission-line model”, Proc. of 1999 Intn. Symp.
Electromag. Compat., pp.21-24, May 1999.
K. Murano, A.Shiokawa and Y. Kami “Three directional helmholtz coils for a low
frequency-magnetic -field immunity test”, Proc. of 1999 Intn. Symp. Electromag. Compat.,
pp.79-81, May 1999.
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M. Tayarani, and Y. Kami “A new modeling approach in engineering electromagnetics using
fuzzy inference”, Proc. of 1999 Intn. Symp. Electromag. Compat., pp.106-109, May 1999.
W.Liu and Y.Kami “Vertical riser effects of a finite-length transmission line”, Proc. of 1999
Intn. Symp. Electromag. Compat., pp.642-645, May 1999.
W.Liu and Y.Kami “Discontinuity effects for a cascaded transmission-line system consisting of
two line sections of different height”, Proc. of 1999 IEEE Intn. Symp. Electromag. Compat.,
pp.526-530, August 1999.
M. Tayarani, and Y. Kami "A Fuzzy Model for Input Impedance of a General Monopole
Antenna", 1999 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Manand Cybernetics, October
12-15, 1999, Tokyo, Japan, pp.VI-173 to 178
K. Murano,Y. Kami, “An RF radiated immunity test method using an EM field of low speed
rotation and its basic characteristics,” Trans. IEE of Japan, Vol. 120-A,No. 11,pp. 1044-1050,
Nov. 2000.
M. Tayarani, and Y. Kami “Qualitative analysis in engineering electromagnetics; Anapplication to general transmission lines,” IEICE Transactions on Electronics, Vol. E84-C, No.
3, pp. 364-375, March 2001.
M. Tayarani, and Y. Kami “Fuzzy Modeling of Nonuniform Transmission Lines”,Proc. of IEEE
Intern. Symp. Antennas Propagat, pp.737-740, Aug. 2000.M. Tayarani, and Y. Kami “Toward
Qualitative Study of Transmission Lines Using Fuzzy Inference”,Proc. of 4th European Symp.
Electromag. Compat., pp.233-238, Sept. 2000.
M. Tayarani, and Y. Kami “A qualitative analysis approach for externally excited transmission
lines,” Intern. Zurich Symp. and Tech. Exhibition on EMC, Zurich, Switzerland, pp. 589-594,
Feb. 2001.
M. Tayarani, and Y. Kami: A new approach to analysis and modeling of externally excitedtransmission lines using fuzzy inference, Trans. IEE of Japan, Vol.121-A, No.6, pp.547-553,
June 2001.
H. Hirayama, T. Yakabe and Y. Kami: An imaging system for EM emitting sources using a
six-port interferometer; IEICE Trans. Electron., Vol.E84-C, No.12, pp.1885-1891, Dec., 2001.
F. Xiao, and W. Liu, and Y. Kami: Analysis of crosstalk betw een finite-length microstrip lines:
FDTD approach and ciruit-concept modeling, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol.43, No.4,
pp.573-578, Nov. 2001.
F. Xiao, and Y. Kami: Design of a log-periodic dipole array for pulsed electromagnetic
compatibility testing using a genetic algorithm, Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symp.
Proceedings, p.378, July 2001.
M. Tayarani, and Y. Kami: A novel approach analysis and modeling of electromagnetic
problems using fuzzy inference system, Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symp.
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Proceedings, p.395, July 2001.
K. Murano and Y. Kami: A study of three-dimensional RF radiated immunity test method using
EM field of low speed rotation, Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symp. Proceedings,
p.594, July 2001.
Y. Kami: Susceptibility and immunity characteristics of circuits on a PCB, 2001 Asia-PacificRadio Science Conference Record, E8-3, Aug. 2001.
F. Xiao, and Y. Kami: Trnasient response of nonuniform and uniform transmission lines excitedby external field, 2001 IEEE EMC Intn. Symp. Record, pp.210-215, Aug.,2001.
H. Hirayama, T. Yakabe and Y. Kami :An imaging system for EM emitting sources using a
6-port correlator, 2001 IEEE EMC Intn. Symp. Record, pp.374-377, Aug.,2001.
K. Murano and Y. Kami :A study of three-dimensional immunity characteristics of an EUT
using low-speed rotation fields, 2001 IEEE EMC Intn. Symp. Record, pp.527-530, Aug.,2001.
W. Liu, S. Nishikado and Y. Kami :Electromagnetic fields and transmission characteristics of afilter composed of transmission lines, 2001 IEEE EMC Intn. Symp. Record, pp.1111-1116,
Aug.,2001.
T. Sanpei, K. Murano, K. Nakada, and Y. Kami: An immunity mapping method by using EM
field with a slowly rotating polarization, Korea-Japan AP/EMC/EMT Joint Conference
Proceedings , pp. 192-195, Sep.,2001.

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