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Disinfection is all around us
Clean and safe water forwaterworks, wastewater treatment
plants and industry

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Disinfection is all around us

Disinfection is all around us
Overview of disinfection applications
How many liquids have you already come across today?
This might include the milk in your breakfast, the waterin your shower or the drops in your medical cabinet. All ofthese liquids have one thing in common. In all likelihood,they have been subjected to disinfection measurements –either because the water itself was disinfected or because
these liquids flow through pipes or are stored in bottles thatwere disinfected. After all, disinfection plays a key role inmany production processes that are relevant to everyday
life. This wide range of applications is shown in the figure
below.

Disinfection applications will continue to grow inimportance in the future. However, water treatment faces
particular challenges. For example, the issue of water
scarcity is becoming more and more pressing due todemographic growth, industrialization, micropollutants
and climate change. Nevertheless, having access to cleanand safe water is and remains a prerequisite to a healthylife. Many of our partners and customers are committed toensuring this supply in the future - by using our wide rangeof disinfection products.

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Disinfection is all around us

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Utilities and process water• For process water: To ensure high-quality
water and production safety, and to savemoney.
• In cooling towers and cooling applications:
To prevent the formation of pathogens andbiofilms.
• For industrial wastewater and wastewaterreuse: The treatment and reuse ofwastewater in secondary processes can be
efficient because less fresh water is required
and the costs for wastewater disposal arereduced. If this is not possible, discharging it
into the sewerage system or a body of water
is the only option. In both cases, analyzing
disinfection parameters improves the safetyof processes and enables compliance withlimit values.
Drinking water• In waterworks and in the distribution
network: To ensure good quality drinking
water by using as much disinfection asnecessary but also as little as possible. Ozone
can be used for disinfection at the inlet of
the waterworks. However, at the outlet,
free available chlorine or chlorine dioxide istypically used for the rest of the transportroute due to the depot effect. Given thathigh doses can be harmful, compliance withlimit values and regulations is particularlyimportant.
Wastewater• In wastewater treatment plants: To be able
to return the effluent water back into thenatural water cycle and therefore contributeto the safe exchange of water. Dependingon the legislation, evidence of a value based
on total chlorine or free available chlorine isrequired.
• In wastewater reuse: Global developments,
such as changes in the climate anddemographic growth, are leading to water
becoming increasing scarce. The field ofwastewater reuse presents a particular
opportunity to meet this challenge (forexample, for agricultural irrigation). While
the precise requirements of treatments aredependent on the type of wastewater and thepurpose of reuse, disinfection (and thereforedisinfection measurements) play a key role inevery treatment method.

4Food industry• For cleaning bottles, cans and cool CIP
cleaning: To ensure hygienic filling. Chlorine
dioxide is particularly suitable for thesecleaning processes because, unlike chlorine, itdoes not form any harmful compounds and iseasy to wash out.
• In washing water: To ensure high foodquality, for example when disinfecting readyto-eat salads. Substances and concentrations
used in the food industry vary greatly
according to local regulations.
• In aquaculture facilities: To protect the
livestock of fish and shrimp farms andtherefore ensure the success of theaquaculture facility.
• In reverse osmosis systems: To prevent
damage to the membrane and thus
protect these valuable systems (for more
information, see page 7).
• In beverage production: To ensure that there
is no impact on taste.

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Swimming pools and thermal baths• Chlorination ensures healthy waterconditions. Thermal baths often use freeavailable bromine as a disinfecting agent
due to the salinity of the water. Freeavailable bromine is also increasingly usedin swimming pools since it does not leadto unpleasant-smelling compounds being
formed when it is combined with ammonia
and therefore avoids the "traditionalswimming pool odor".

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Sea water desalination• In desalination plants: In many dry areasof the world, seawater is used to produce
drinking water and, in coastal regions, it
has many uses as process water and coolant
in industry. However, the water must be
disinfected before it can be desalinated. The
goal is to minimize the biological activityof the water and therefore to maximize
the operating times of the downstream
filters and the desalination plant (for more
information about the special role of bromine
compounds in disinfection, see page 5).

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4Disinfection is all around us

Overview of disinfection
How it works, measuring principles and disinfection methods
Meaning and how it works
The applications on page 3 show that disinfection protects
us humans and our environment. This is done by reducing
pathogens, bacteria and viruses to such an extent as to ruleout infection. Disinfecting liquids with chlorine, chlorine
dioxide and ozone inactivates bacteria by breaking downor penetrating their cell walls and preventing metabolic
processes in the cells. This is an interdependent process.
Chlorine's effectiveness is strongly related to certain
bacteria, while chlorine dioxide also treats viruses andunicellular organisms, and ozone's reactivity means that it
oxidizes almost anything. The dosing must be very precise
because it needs to be high enough to eliminate pathogens
but also as low as possible so as not to endanger healthand safety for people and the environment. Moreover, thisprevents unnecessary costs due to overdosage.

What do a boxer, a superhero and ourdisinfection sensors have in common? Findout in this video about disinfection methods
and applications:
https://eh.digital/disinfection-video

Measuring principle: Advantages of amperometricsensors
Our disinfection sensors work according to theamperometric measuring principle. The electrochemical
reaction of the disinfecting agent at the cathode generates
a very small current in the sensor. The technology in thetransmitter converts this current into the concentration of
the disinfecting agent in milligrams per liter.
Chlorine parameters can also be measured colorimetricallyusing the DPD method. However, the advantagesof amperometric measuring – and therefore ofEndress+Hauser's disinfection sensors – include:•You can find an overview of disinfection and avideo about the amperometric measurement
method at:https://eh.digital/disinfection•••

Continuous measurement and fast response timecompared to individual measurements. This meansthat the process can be consistently monitored andcontrolled.
No costly reagents required
Large measuring range
Digital data management

All of this helps to optimize dosing, reduces the number of
personnel and time required, and leads to lower operating
costs for the measuring point.

Disinfection is all around us

Overview of disinfection methods
MediumCommon areas of use*

How it works

Advantages

Disadvantages

Freechlorine(MemosensCCS51E)

Protecting the drinking
water network,sometimes in the foodindustry, process water,
swimming pools andutilities

Inactivating bacteria bybreaking down their cellwalls, oxidative effects
within the cell

Deposit-forming,
virtually odorless,strong disinfection
performance

Effective in limited
4.5–7.5 pH range, pH
measurement requiredfor compensation,
possible formationof odor andbyproducts such astrichloromethane, only
partially permitted in
the food industry

Chlorinedioxide(MemosensCCS50E)

Drinking water
network, sometimes in
the food industry (e.g.
washing water andbeverage production),process water, filling
plants, reverse osmosis,utilities (e.g. coolant)

Inactivating bacteria bypenetrating their cellwalls, oxidative effects
within the cell, improved
disinfection effect(dissolves biofilms)

Deposit-forming,
effective over awide pH range, not
pH-dependent, nochlorinated byproducts,
bacteria do notdevelop resistance, lesscorrosive

Only partially permitted
in the food industry

Total
chlorine(MemosensCCS53E)

The special case of total
chlorine measurement(free available andcombined chlorine) isused in process waterand particularly inwastewater treatment
plants, where it isa good indicatorof residues of thedisinfecting agent.

The effluent of treatedwastewater contains
ammonium, whichforms chloramines
during chlorination withfree chlorine. These
chloramines also havea disinfecting property
but this is greatly
reduced comparedto free chlorine. The
chloramines can be
determined as sum
parameter using total
chlorine sensors.**

Fewer byproductswith organic materials
than when using freeavailable chlorine

Lower oxidation
potential and lower
reactivity than freeavailable chlorine

Freebromine(MemosensCCS55E)Water desalination,
swimming pools
and thermal baths,
process water, marine
applications, fish
farming

Disinfecting seawaterwith free chlorine leads
to the formation ofbromine, which also
have a disinfectant
effect. Given that
this would cause
measuring errors in purechlorine monitoring
and the disinfection
performance would
be underestimated, abromine measurement
is required.

More odor-neutral,higher pH value
tolerance than freeavailable chlorine

pH measurement
required forcompensation

Ozone(MemosensCCS58E)

Water treatment
process, wastewater(4th cleaning stage),process water,sometimes in the foodindustry, piping

Oxidation above all inclose proximity

Highly reactive

Not deposit-forming* There are sometimes large country-specific differences and local laws determine which components are permitted.
** However, depending on the legislation, a value based on free chlorine may also be required. In this process, free chlorine is added to themedium until all of the chloramines have been re-oxidized and converted.

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Disinfection is all around us

Our range of disinfection products
Everything you need for your disinfection measuring task
PanelsComponents of a disinfection measuring pointSensors

Assemblies

Transmitters and cables

Our extensive range of disinfection products contains the ideal solution for every measuring task – all from a single source. For example, acompatible immersion or flow assembly in conjunction with the Liquiline transmitter platform allows you to easily combine your disinfection
measurement with other parameters like pH or conductivity.

SensorMeasuring ranges

Polarization time

Response time*

Memosens CCS51E(free available chlorine)
www.endress.com/CCS51E•••

0 to 5 mg/l (ppm) HOClInitial commissioningt90 < 25 s**
0 to 20 mg/l (ppm) HOCl 45 min, recommissioning
0 to 200 mg/l (ppm) HOCl 20 min

Memosens CCS50E(chlorine dioxide)
www.endress.com/CCS50E•••

0 to 5 mg/l (ppm) ClO2
0 to 20 mg/l (ppm) ClO2
0 to 200 mg/l (ppm) ClO2

Initial commissioningt90 < 15 s45 min, recommissioning
20 minAlso available in a product bundle: https://eh.digital/disinfection
n/an/aMemosens CCS53E(total chlorine)••

0 to 5 mg/l (ppm) TC
0 to 20 mg/l (ppm TC

Memosens CCS55E(free available bromine)www.endress.com/CCS55E•••

0 to 5 mg/l (ppm) HOBr
Initial commissioningt90 < 20 s**
0 to 20 mg/l (ppm) HOBr 45 min, recommissioning
0 to 200 mg/l (ppm) HOBr 20 min

Also available in a product bundle: https://eh.digital/bundle-bromine
Memosens CCS58E(ozone)www.endress.com/CCS58E

Additional products•

0.1 to 2 mg/l (ppm) O3

Initial commissioningt90 < 440 s
60 min, recommissioning (under reference
20 minconditions)

Description

Drinking water, cooling andWe have developed panels to address complex measurement tasks, simplify
process water panels and custom operation and save space. These are made up of multiple components and comesolutions
pre-installed. We also design customer-specific solutions depending on yourspecifications.
https://eh.digital/panels-drinkingwater und https://eh.digital/panels-process-water
Netilion Services
www.netilion.endress.com

Netilion, our cloud-based IIoT ecosystem, connects the physical and digitalworlds. This allows you to automatically turn data from the field into valuable
information and use it in many different ways.

* After polarization** The t90 time may be longer under certain conditions. If the sensor is in a disinfectant-free medium longer time, the sensor responds
straight away when the disinfectant is present. However, there is a delay until the sensor measures the precise concentration.

Disinfection is all around us

Features and benefits
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Your partner for process improvement
As a world-leading supplier of measuring devices,
services and solutions, we can offer you both range
and depth of disinfection products – all from asingle source. As a result, you benefit from patented
technologies such as Memosens 2.0 (see information
box on the right) and Heartbeat Technology, whichfeature in a host of different products. This technology
helps to work out the ideal maintenance interval foryour disinfection measuring point – long before a
critical state is reached. The warning regarding theelectrolyte consumption, for example, clearly shows
when the electrolyte needs to be topped up or themembrane cap needs to be replaced.
Low-maintenance and precise measurement withlong-term stability
The highly precise measurement allows the smallest
possible concentrations of disinfectants. Robust
components, such as the convex membrane madefrom dense and dirt-repellent material, minimize
maintenance requirements.
Fast response times
The challenge for chlorine sensors in membrane
filtration is to provide reliable measurements, evenafter long periods of time when no chlorine is present.
Memosens chlorine sensors are not deactivated inthese conditions, but start measuring as soon as
chlorine is present. This ensures a quick response toprocess changes, as well as efficient process control.
Minimal cross-sensitivity
The interaction of technological features of membrane,electrolyte and electrode ensures that the sensors
show high selectivity for their particular disinfectant,especially compared to open cell sensors.
Amperometric measuring principle
The advantages resulting from the sensors'
amperometric measurement method lead to a
reduced total cost of ownership (see page 4 for moreinformation).

Memosens 2.0 technology••••

Simple: Operation is user-friendly thanks
to laboratory calibration under optimalconditions, rotation-proof bayonet lock and trueplug-and-play.
Safe: Contactless, digital transmission ofmeasured values eliminates the effects ofmoisture and corrosion, preventing falsified
measurements. If there are any signaltransmission faults, messages will be actively
output.
Connected: Memosens 2.0 offers extended
storage of calibration, sensor and process data. It
enables improved trend identification and more
precise process management, while creating afuture-proof basis for predictive maintenanceand IIoT services.
Less operating costs and increased plant
availability: Quicker polarization time
accelerates commissioning, sensor replacementin the field using pre-calibrated sensors
minimizes process downtime and periodic
regeneration extends the service life of thesensor.

For more information on Memosens, watch:www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Zwh6xvAXpA

We are your partner for improving your processes. This is how, together, we play a part in using valuable resources carefully, ensuring the world's growing
population has everything it needs, and effectively protecting our environment.

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"After several years of operation, we arevery pleased with the Endress+Hauser
analysis panels measuring the freechlorine and enable us to monitor thedisinfection of the potable water in realtime."Thierry IllyManager of the water treatment plant in Moselle, France
You can find the whole success story, including a video, at:https://eh.digital/success-story

Links• You can use the product finder to easily filter for the entire
disinfection range:
www.endress.com/product-finder• To go to the Applicator (an online tool for choosing aproduct according to the application), visit:www.endress.com/applicator

CP01548C/07/EN/01.23

www.addresses.endress.com