COMMISSION B : Fields and Waves (November 2004 - October 2007)
Edited by Toru Sato
This report presents a summary of Japanese contributions, including those of international
collaborations, in the field related to URSI Commission B during the last three years. It is notintended to be an exhaustive survey of all relevant works, but rather an omnibus of important works
around the authors of each section or subsection. If important contributions in some field are
missing, it is due to the limited knowledge and effort of the editor.
B1. Scattering and Diffraction
1.1 Basic Electromagnetic Fields Analysis
The problem is to obtain the step response of a system when its amplitude function is given[Hosono and Hosono, 2004]. Two conventional methods are (1) factorization method that uses thefactorization of the amplitude function, and (2) ω domain method that uses the Kramers-Kronig
relation to get the phase function from the attenuation function. Both methods are poor as computer
algorithms. They introduced a new algorithm that uses the kramers-Kronig relation extended tocomplex frequency domain, and that can easily be carried out by a computer. As an application, theproblem of negative group velocity have been analyzed, and it is showed that the group velocity ofa wave packet is nothing but the phase velocity of the enbelope.
Gaussian pulse has no beginning point, so has no Laplace transform and is non-physical. Hosono
and Hosono [2007] proposes ( sin t )n pulse (referred to as pseudo-Gaussian pulse or PGP) as an
approximation of the Gaussian pulse. PGP has the Laplace transform and approaches the Gaussian
pulse as n → ∞ . The propagation of PGP-modulated wave packet in the highly anomalous
dispersion band of a Lorentz medium is investigated by numerical inversion of Laplace transform.
Their results are greatly different from the conventional results obtained by the saddle point method.
Their results show that the velocity of a Gaussian wave packet cannot be explained only by theconcept of the group velocity as has been done so far.
(T. Yamasaki)
1.2 Periodic Array Structures
Ozaki et al. [2007] proposes a new technique for the scattering problems of multilayered
in-homogeneous columnar dielectric gratings loaded rectangular dielectric constant both TM andTE waves using the combination of improved Fourier series expansion method, the multilayer
method, and the eigenvalue matrix method. Numerical results are given for the power transmis-sioncoefficients in the parameters of rectangular cylinders to obtain the basic characteristic of the powertransmission coefficients and reflection coefficients switching or frequency selective devices forboth TM and TE waves. The influence of the incident angle and frequency of the transmitted power
are also discussed in the connection with the propagation constant in the free mode.
Yamasaki et al. [2005] proposes a new method for the electromagnetic fields withinhomogeneous media mixed a positive and negative regions by the combination of improved
Fourier series expansion method using the extrapolation method which obtains the correct value ofthe eigen-value and eigenvectores for the case of TM wave. Numerical results are given for the
power reflection and transmission coefficient, the energy absorption, the electromagnetic fields, andthe power flow in the inhomogeneous medium mixed the positive and negative regions including
the case when the permittivity profiles touches zero for the TM wave. The results of the proposed
method are in good agreement with exact solution which is obtained the modified multilayer
approximation method.
The scattering from a periodic array of elliptical cylinders with coated circular shaped dielectricbody has been analyzed by moment method together with lattice sums technique [Sesay and Yokota,2007]. This coated material can act as a wavelength selection surface and can be apply in the designof transmitting narrow band filters. We can also conclude that the variation in the relative
permittivity of the coated cylinder strongly influence the resonance scattering characteristic,reflection and transmission properties of the periodic structure.
The scattering of an electromagnetic wave from the periodic array of the dielectric cylinder has
been examined numerically [Yokota et al., 2007]. The reflection and transmission properties havebeen shown.
(T. Yamasaki and M. Yokota)
1.3 Cavity Structures
The plane wave diffraction by a terminated, semi-infinite parallel-plate waveguide with four-layermaterial loading is rigorously analyzed by the Wiener-Hopf technique [Shang and Kobayashi,
2007]. Exact and approximate solutions are obtained. The scattered field inside and outside thewaveguide is evaluated explicitly. Numerical results on the radar cross section are presented and thefar field backscattering characteristics are discussed.
Two canonical cavities formed by a semi-infinite parallel-plate waveguide and a finite
parallel-plate waveguide are considered, and the problem of plane wave diffraction is analyzed
rigorously by using the Wiener-Hopf technique [Kobayashi and Koshikawa, 2006]. Numericalexamples on the radar cross section are presented, and the far field backscattering characteristics are
discussed.
The problem of axial symmetric scattering inside a circular waveguide with an interior planartermination is rigorously analyzed by using the Wiener-Hopf technique [Kuryliak et al., 2005]. The
scattered field inside and outside the waveguide is evaluated analytically. Numerical examples on
the far field pattern are presented, and the radiation characteristics of the waveguide are discussed.
Electromagnetic scattering from conducting polygons is studied [Ohnuki and Hinata, 2005a].
Tehir computational technique can perform precise EM simulation and the radar cross sections forvarious shapes and sizes of targets maintain more than eight-digit accuracy in double precision.
Radar cross sections of conducting polygons are investigated by using the point matching method[Ohnuki et al., 2006]. Computational results are highly accurate in order to study the scatteredwaves from the shadow region. The proposed method will clarify the contribution of the waves tothe far field in terms of the size of the scatterer and the incident polarization.
(K. Kobayashi and T. Yamasaki)
1.4 Canonical Structures
The plane wave diffraction by a semi-infinite parallel-plate waveguide with sinusoidal wall
corrugation is analyzed by means of the Wiener-Hopf technique together with the use of a
perturbation scheme [Zheng and Kobayashi, 2007]. The scattered field inside and outside thewaveguide is evaluated analytically. The final solution is valid for the corrugation amplitude small
compared with the wavelength.

The E-polarized plane wave diffraction by a finite parallel-plate waveguide with three-layermaterial loading is rigorously analyzed by means of the Wiener-Hopf technique [Zheng andKobayashi, 2006]. The scattered field inside and outside the waveguide is explicitly derived.
Numerical examples on the radar cross section are presented, and the far field scatteringcharacteristics of the waveguide are discussed. Also, the diffraction by a finite parallel-platewaveguide with three-layer material loading is rigorously analyzed using the Wiener-Hopf
technique for the H-polarized plane wave incidence [Shang and Kobayashi, 2006].
The SH elastic wave diffraction by a finite crack located at the plane interface between two
dissimilar materials is analyzed for the plane wave incidence by means of the Wiener-Hopf
technique [Voytko, et al., 2006]. Exact and asymptotic solutions are obtained. The scattered far
field is evaluated asymptotically using the saddle point method. Numerical results on the diffracted
pattern are presented for broad frequency range, and the far field scattering characteristics are
discussed.
(K. Kobayashi)
B2. Inverse Scattering
UWB (ultra-wideband) pulse radar is a promising candidate for environment measurement inrobotics. Radar imaging for nearby targets is an ’ill-posed inverse problem’, on which vari-ous
studies have been undertaken. Conventional algorithms require too much computational time forready application to real-time tasks in robotics. Sakamoto [2007a] developed the SEABED
algorithm to resolve this problem, which is based on a reversible transform IBST (Inverse Boundary
Scattering Transform) between real and data spaces. The effectiveness of the SEABED algorithm
was investigated only with numerical simulations. Sakamoto et al. [2005a, 2005b] applied the
SEABED algorithm to experimental data and confirmed its fast imaging capability. Experimental
data contains noise, and images estimated by the SEABED algorithm in a noisy environment are
degraded because the IBST uses differential operations that is sensitive to noise.
Sakamoto and Sato[2006a], and Sakamoto[2007b] expanded the IBST to FIBST (Fractional
IBST). The FIBST enables us deal with the intermediate space between the real and data spaces,and data in the intermediate space is guaranteed to be smooth regardless of the target shape.
Furthermore, Sakamoto and Sato[2006b] expanded the FIBST to 3-D FIBST to apply to
3-Dimaging. And then, Sakamoto et al.[2006] analytically clarified the theoretical limit of thesmoothness in the data space. This theoretical limit can be used to prevent image distortion of the
SEABED by adaptively changing the correlation length of a smoothing function. Kidera etal.[2006a, 2007a, 2007b] proposed an derivative-free imaging algorithm, Enverope, that is robust
for noisy data. This method estimate target image by using enverope of multiple circles whose
center is at antenna position and radius corresponds to delay time. Kidera et al.[2007c] expand the
Enverope algorithm to 3-dimensional case
The SEABED algorithm works quickly, but its image has a certain error because the scatteredwaveform is different from the transmitted one depending on the shape of targets. These differences
cause estimation errors in the SEABED method. Kidera et al.[2005, 2006b] pro-posed a waveformcompensation method with an integral of Green’s function along the ray path. By using this method,
the accuracy of the SEABED was improved to about 0.01 wave-length with a mono-cycle pulse
waveform. Kidera et al.[2007d, 2007e] introduced this accurate technique to the Enverope
algorithm and confirmed its quick and accurate imaging capability with numerical simulations andexperiments. However, for the application of this method to 3-dimensional problem, the calculation
time cannot be neglected. Kidera et al. [2007f] simplified this waveform compensation method byusing the spectrum shape of the scattered waveform, and realize robust 3-dimensional imaging with
3-D Enverope algorithm.
The conventional SEABED algorithm and the Enverope algorithm require antenna scanning thattakes long time, and spoil the fast processing of the algorithm itself. Kidera et al.[2006c, 2007g]
investigated the UWB radar imaging with linear antenna array, which does not need antenna
scanning. They used RF switches to arbitrarily select a pair of transmit and receive antennas, andrealized quick 3-dimensional radar imaging. Sakamoto and Sato[2007a] introduced spread spectrum
signals to realize code-division multiple transmission for UWB radar imaging, which does not needRF switches. And they found a sub-optimum code set for the system. By using the proposed code
set, the direct waves without scattering cancel one another and the signal-to-interference ratio was
improved. Sakamoto and Sato[2007b] proposed a method for UWB imaging of human bodies byusing walking motion instead of antenna scanning. This method was developed by expanding theconventional SEABED algorithm, and does not need antenna scanning only with a pair of antennas
to obtain cross-section image of a human body. This technique can be applied for security systems.
Orbit estimation of space debris, which is unnecessary objects orbiting around the earth, is an
important task in avoiding the collision with spacecrafts. Kamisaibara Space Guard Center radarsystem was built in 2004 as the first radar facility devoted to the observation of space debris inJapan. In order to detect smaller debris, it is effective to improve SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) using
coherent integration. However it is difficult to apply the coherent integration to the real data
because the motion of the target is unknown at the first step. Isoda et al. [2006] proposed fastalgorithms for signal detection and orbit estimation for faint radar echoes from space debris byutilizing the characteristic of the motion of space debris.
Ishida and Tateiba [2005] introduced a T-matrix expression of the scattered wave and expressed
the equivalent current in terms of orthonormal basis functions. Using the expressions, they haveformulated the inverse scattering problem of reconstructing a two dimensional object. As a result,
we can directly connect the noise-removed scattered waves to the measured equivalent current.
They proposed an iterative algorithm that the object and the unmeasured equivalent current are
updated by decreasingthe cost functional in the least square approximation. The algorithm avoids
employing a nonlinear optimization algorithm, solving the direct scattering problem, and using a
special additional regularization. Numerical examples show that the algorithm works well undernoisy conditions.
An algorithm for reconstructing a dielectric cylinder is formulated and discussed throughnumerical examples [Ishida and Tateiba, 2005]. An extended T-matrix is introduced in order toremove ineffective data of scattered waves and to explicitly separate the measured and theun-measured elements related to the equivalent currents. The object and the unmeasured elements
are obtained by solving two linear equations repeatedly. The algorithm avoids employing anonlinear optimization algorithm, solving the direct scattering problem, and using a special
additional regularization. Numerical examples show that the algorithm works well under noisy
conditions, and gives a good profile for a high-contrast object by use of multifrequency scattering
data.
(T. Sakamoto and K. Ishida)
B3. Computational Techniques
3.1 Finite-Difference and Finite-Element Methods
Finite-element methods have been applied to designing photonic devices based on linear and/or
nonlinear photonic crystal waveguides [Fujisawa, T. and M. Koshiba, 2005, 2006a, 2006b,

Rodrguez-Esquerre, V.F. et al., 2005b], nonlinear slot waveguides [Fujisawa, T. and M. Koshiba,
2006c], and nonreciprocal magneto-photonic crystal waveguides [Kono, N. and M. Koshiba, 2005a,
2005b]. A full-vectorial finite-element method has been formulated in a cylindrical coordinate
system for computation of bending losses in photonic wires [Kakihara, K. et al., 2006a].
Acurvilinear triangular-prism element has been developed for computation of band structures in aphotonic crystal slab [Hirayama, K. et al., 2006]. An efficient frequency-dependent finite-element
time-domain method for the analysis of dispersive media has been presented [Rodriguez-Esquerre,
V.F. et al., 2005a].
(M. Koshiba)
3.2 Integral Equation Methods
Singular volume integral equations describing the electromagnetic wave scattering inthree-dimensional bounded inhomogeneous media are considered [Budko et al., 2007]. The
problem of finding the spectrum of these operators has been analyzed for the low-frequency case. A
closed-form expression describing the spectrum in the complex plane is obtained. Numerical resultson the convergence of the proposed method are also presented.
Three mathematical models based on approximate surface integral equations for theelectromagnetic analysis of scalar wave scattering from thin extended target are considered[Nazarchuk and Kobayashi, 2005]. Such models include different systems of the second kindsingular integral equations determined by the target media. Verification of the mathematical models
and their comparison are performed in the case of a penetrable cylindrical shell in homogeneous
non-magnetic media.
Nakashima and Tateiba [2005] describe an estimation of the computational and memory
complexities of Greengard-Rokhlin’s Fast Multipole Algorithm (GRFMA). GRFMA takes a quad
tree structure and six calculation processes. They consider a perfect a-ary tree structure and thenumber of floating-point operations for each calculation process. The estimation for bothcomplexities shows that the perfect quad tree is the best and the perfect binary tree is the worst.
When GRFMA is applied to the computation of realistic problems, volume scattering are the bestcase and surface scattering are the worst case. In the worst case, the computational and memory
complexities of GRFMA are O ( L log2 L ) and, O ( L log L ) , respectively. The computational
complexity of GRFMA is higher than that of the multilevel fast multipole algorithm.
A Monte Carlo simulation is done for electromagnetic (EM) wave scattering from randomly
distributed 4225 cylinders [Nakashima and Tateiba, 2006, 2007]. The scattered field is computed bymeans of the boundary element method (BEM) with our fast techniques: a multilevel fast multipole
algorithm (FMA) and a generalized minimal residual (GMRES) iterative solver with two-steppreconditioning (TSP). Numerical examples show the normalized power densities for scattered far
and near fields for regularly and randomly distributed cylinders. The characteristics of scatteredfields by random medium is discussed.
The scattering of a Gaussian beam by a dielectric cylinder has been analyzed by the moment
method combined with the multigrid method [Yokota, 2004]. It has been shown that the modified
multigrid method has a little advantage to the conventional one. The effect of the reduction of the
CPU time for the multigrid method appears as the number of unknowns is large. It has also beenshown that the scattered light is concentrated near the optical axis by using the dielectric cylinder
with a smaller curvature [Aoyama and Yokota， 2006] .
The scattering of a two-dimensional Gaussian beam by arbitrary configuration dielectric cylinders
has been considered and the effectiveness of the multigrid-moment method has been shown fromthe residual norm and the CPU time viewpoints [Yokota and Aoyama, 2007]. It has been seen thatthe convergence speed is improved in comparison with that obtained by conventional method.
(K. Kobayashi, N. Nakashima and M. Yokota)
3.3 Modal Expansion Methods
Ohnuki and Chew [2005] focused on the truncation error of the multipole expansion for the fastmultipole method and the multilevel fast multipole algorithm. When the buffer size is large enough,the error can be controlled and minimized by using the conventional selection rules. On the other
hand, if the buffer size is small, the conventional selection rules do not hold anymore, and the new
approach which have recently been proposed is needed. However, this method is still not sufficient
to minimize the error for small buffer cases. The technique clarifies this fact and show that the
information about the placement of true worst-case interaction is needed. A novel algorithm tominimize the truncation error is proposed.
The computational error of the multilevel fast multipole algorithm is studied [Ohnuki and Chew,
2006]. The error convergence rate, achievable minimum error, and error bound are investigated forvarious element distributions. They discuss the boundary between the large and small buffer casesin terms of machine precision. The needed buffer size to reach double precision accuracy isclarified.
(T. Yamasaki)
B4. High Frequency Technique
The approximation principle of Physical Optics (PO) has been reviewed in view of diffraction
theory [Ando, 2005]. Two key error factors are identified for PO, that is, 1) errors in edge
diffraction coefficients and 2) fictitious penetrating rays [Shijo and Ando, 2005]. Improved methods
named PO-AF (Aperture Field) and PTD (Physical Theory of Diffraction) -AF are proposed as themethods which suppress the fictitious penetrating rays from PO and PTD respectively. In deep
shadow regions of the reflector antenna, PO-AF and PTD-AF approach to PO-EEC (Equivalent
Edge Current) and UTD (Uniform Theory of Diffraction) respectively, while the continuity is
assured. The effectiveness is numerically demonstrated for two dimensional scatterers. In highfrequency, calculation load of the conventional boundary value problems which solve induced
currents on the scatterer becomes large. Although there are the induced currents all over the surfaceof the scaterer, the important contribution of the electro-magnetic waves seen from the observing
point is localized. This occurs due to the cancellation effect by rapid phase variation between
adjacent currents. The visualization technique was pro-posed for PO which extracts only theimportant currents which contributes to the fields at the observer point [Shijo et al., 2004]. EYE
function used as the weighting is determined so as not to disturb the cancellation effects while retain
the enough resolution. The visualization demonstrated local property of the HF phenomena anddefects associated with the ray techniques. The PO visualization even suggests the ways out of PO
errors, the fictitious penetrating rays. The practical application in [Shijo et al., 2004] includes
visualization of slot array with the finite ground plane.
The PO has a major fault in the high frequency because the numerical surface integration
becomes too heavy. Therefore, many mathematic, asymptotic or wave theoretic, works for thesurface to the line integral reduction have been reported until now. Besides the above engineering
advantages, the line integral expression is an effective extraction mechanism of the PO errors, since
the discussion of the analytical and explicit expressions of equivalent edge currents is more generaland clear than that of the numerical comparison of values after the PO surface integration. The
modified edge representation (MER) [Rodriguez et al., 2005] is the concept to be used in the line
integral approximation for computing the surface radiation integrals of diffraction. The MER as
applied to the physical optics (PO-MER), has remarkable accuracy in the surface-to-line integral
reduction even for the curved surfaces and for sources very close to the scatterer. The uniqueconcept of the modified edge representation (MER) was proposed for the surface to the line integral
reduction of the physical optic (PO) [Rodriguez et al., 2007]. The equivalence between the MERline and the PO surface integration was analytically derived by using the Stokes theorem relations
as well as asymptotic treatments, for the smooth scattering surfaces without inner stationary phase
points (SPP). In this research, findings related with the MER line integration around the inner SPP
are extended to curved surfaces. The accuracy and the applicability of the SGO(scatteringgeometrical optics) extraction in terms of the MER line integration are numerically investigated for
different radii of curvatures of the scattering surfaces. The MER line integration provides analternative way to the stationary phase method or the classical geometrical optics for calculating
SGO. In addition, this numerical result indirectly identifies the entity of the MER line integration
along the periphery of the scattering illuminated region, irrespective of the position of observer, as
not other than diffraction.
The Modified Edge Representation (MER) line integration was introduced in [Rodriguez et al.,2005] and [Rodriguez et al., 2007] as an alternative methodology, for the physical optics (PO)radiation pattern calculation of curved surfaces. In the high frequency diffraction analysis, thisunique technique is one of the methods of equivalent edge currents (EECs), but in contrast with theconventional EECs, not only diffracted fields but also the geometrical components (GO) are
expressed in terms of line integrations. The paper by [Rodriguez and Ando, 2007] presents the
Physical Optics field calculation in terms of only line integrations by using the Modified Edge
Representation technique (MER), the alternative way of the surface integration. Not only thediffracted fields as in the conventional method of equivalent edge currents (EEC) but also thescattering geometrical optics fields are expressed in terms of the MER line integrals. The far field
patterns of parabolic reflector antenna with the defocused dipole feed are discussed and thesatisfactory agreement with those obtained by the Physical Optics surface integration isdemonstrated.
Locality in high frequency diffraction is embodied in the Method of Moments (MoM) in view ofthe method of stationary phase. In [Shijo et al., 2005], local-domain basis functions accompaniedwith the phase detour, which are not entire domain but are much larger than the segment length in
the usual MoM, are newly introduced to enhance the cancellation of mutual coupling over the
local-domain; the off-diagonal elements in resultant reaction matrix evanesce rapidly. The Fresnel
zone threshold is proposed for simple and effective truncation of the ma-trix into the sparse band
matrix. Numerical examples for the 2-D strip and the 2-Dcorner reflector demonstrate the feasibility
as well as difficulties of the concept; the way mitigating computational load of the MoM in highfrequency problems is suggested.
Target reconstruction algorithm from its monostatic radar cross section (RCS) has been proposedfor polygonal cylinders with curved surfaces [Shirai et al., 2005]. This algorithm is based on theirprevious finding that the main contribution to the back scattering is due to edge diffracted fields
excited at a facet of nearly specular reflection direction. Dimension of this constitutive facet of thetarget is estimated from the local maxima and its lobe width in the angular RCS variation. Half andquarter circular cylinders are used as canonical scattering objects, and their measured andnumerically simulated monostatic RCS values have been studied extensively to find scattering
pattern characteristic difference between flat and circularly curved surfaces. Thus estimatedconstitutive facets are connected in order, and this procedure will be continued until the distancebetween the first and the final edges would be minimized. Their algorithm has been tested for othertargets, and it is found that it works well for predicting metal convex targets with flat and curved
facets. A simple target reconstruction algorithm is also proposed for cylindrical metal scatterers
using monostatic RCS data in the time domain as well as in the frequency domain. By using thetime domain RCS response at the local frequency maxima at possible specular reflection angle, thelocations of the facets can be estimated by measuring the wavefront arrival time difference from thescattering center [Shiarai and Hiramatsu, 2005].
The radio propagation characteristics for line-of-sight (LOS) inter-vehicle communication (IVC)
at 60 GHz on an actual road with an undulating surface have been investigated in [Amornthipparat
et al., 2006] and [Yamamoto et al., 2007a]. Radio propagation tests between two moving vehicles
were carried out on a test course. From this, it was found that the measured received power on theactual road and the results calculated for a flat road approximately follow logarithmic normal
distributions. To investigate this phenomenon in detail, a propagation test between two stationary
vehicles on a road was performed. Furthermore, calculations using geometrical optics taking road
undulation into consideration demonstrated that undulation in the road can cause variations in thereceived power that follow a logarithmic normal distribution. The received power for moving
vehicles on an undulating road was also calculated using the model. In [Yamamoto et al., 2007b],
the authors also applied a ray-tracing method to estimation of the received power when there was a
blocking vehicle between communicating vehicles. The uniform theory of diffraction (UTD)
technique was used for the calculation of waves propagating through the intermediate vehicles. In
comparison with measured data, the propagation path model is capable of accurately representing
the received power in a non line-of-sight (NLOS) situation with an obstructing vehicle.
For indoor multihop-or relaying-based wireless systems, it is important to comprehend thecomplex propagation mechanisms, and, hence, a high speed propagation estimation method isrequired. Indoor electromagnetic wave propagation through dielectric walls is analyzed using a ray
tracing method, which is based on a high frequency ray launching or SBR (shooting and bouncingray) technique. In the previous SBR analysis for indoor environment with many walls [Sato et al.,2005a], three fundamental GO components, direct, reflected and transmitted rays, have been
considered. However, the contribution of multiple reflections inside the wall has not been includedin the study. To derive the multiple reflections representation analytically, the Green’s function
problem for a line source in the presence of a dielectric slab is considered, and the asymptotic
Green’s function representation for each ray is obtained using the collective ray approximation[Sato et al., 2005b]. Taking into account the derived complementary terms for the multiple
reflections inside the slab, an accurate numerical result for a simple indoor model is obtained. In
comparison with the FDTD result, the validity of this SBR solution with multiple reflections is
confirmed.
In the ray-launching procedure, the complex refraction angle must be replaced real shooting angle,
when one needs to calculate the transmitted ray through such high lossy wall [Sato et al., 2006a].
However, it is not clear how one determines the appropriate real shooting direction inside the wallwhen the refracted angle becomes complex. In order to make this question clear, authors considered
how to determine the appropriate real refracted angle by comparing the numerical ray-launchingsolution with an analytical reference one. Here, as the reference field representation, the asymptotic
solution for the Green’s function problem in the presence of lossy dielectric slab is utilized, where
the contribution of the complex transmission coefficient for the high lossy slab is also taken into
account in the reference one. Discussion on the accuracy of the transmitted ray through the lossy
wall (slab) will be done not only for two dimensional problem but also for simplified three
dimensional one [Sato et al., 2006b]. The field interaction between multiple scattered rays and theedge diffracted rays are also analyzed and included to fill the field map [Otoi et al., 2006]. The

authors applied an accuracy improvement to the ray-launching solution by making the path length
inside the wall slightly longer [Sato and Shirai, 2007a]. By this simple improvement, one can easily
compensate for the shortage of the internal attenuation in the ray-launching approximation [Satoand Shirai, 2007b]. The validity of the improvement is confirmed by some numerical experiments.
When a cylindrically curved concave conducting surface is terminated abruptly at the edge, thewhispering gallery (WG) mode propagating toward the edge direction is radiated into the free spacefrom the aperture plane at the edge as is scattered by the edge [Goto and Ishihara,2005], [Ishihara etal., 2006]. The uniform asymptotic solution for the WG mode radiation field applicable uniformly
in the transition region near the geometrical boundaries has been derived in [Ishihara et al., 2006],[Ajiki et al., 2006a], and [Goto et al., 2007a]. The uniform solution is represented by the summationof the geometrical ray solution converted from the modal ray of the WG mode and the uniform edge
diffracted ray solution scattered at the edge [Ajiki et al., 2006b], [Goto et al., 2007a]. Also derived
are the uniform asymptotic solutions for the scattered fields by a thin cylindrically curved
conducting surface applicable near the geo-metrical boundaries produced by the incident waves (orrays) and near the cylindrically curved surface [Goto et al., 2004]. The theories have been extended
to the transient scattered fields by various complex objects [Goto et al., 2006a], [Goto et al.,2006b].The time-domain uniform asymptotic solution (TD-UAS) [Goto et al., 2006c] for thetransient scattered field excited by the high-frequency (HF) pulse wave have been derived in [Gotoet al., 2007b] and [Goto et al., 2007c]. The TD-UAS is composed of the geometrical rays (GO), theedge diffracted (ED) rays, the surface diffracted (SD) rays, and the lowest order whispering gallery(WG) mode radiation field. The validity of the TD-UAS has been confirmed by comparing bothwith the hybrid experimental-numerical results obtained by using the frequency-domain (FD)experimental results measured in an anechoic chamber and the numerical code for the fast Fouriertransform (FFT) and with the purely numerical reference solution.
The applicable range of the GTD in the asymptotic analysis of the scattered field by an aperture ina thin screen have been reexamined in [Kawano and Ishihara, 2004a]. It is clarified analytically thereason why the geometrical optics field disappears at the far field in the illuminated region. The
authors have derived the criterion for applying the GTD. The theory is extended to analyze thescattered fields by a conducting strip whose width is sufficiently larger than the wavelength of anincident wave [Kawano and Ishihara, 2004b]. Two versions of the GTD solutions are derived
analytically, one of which contains the geometrically reflected ray (the first version) and the other
does not contain the reflected ray term (the second version). Without applying the “trick”
introduced in the Keller’s GTD, the reason why the geometrical ray term is disappeared in thesecond version of the GTD is clarified. Also derived is the novel criterion for applying the GTD.
The high-frequency uniform asymptotic analysis methods are applied also for scattered fields by
the circular cylinders and the dielectric plane boundary. Novel uniform asymptotic solutions(UTD)
for the scattered fields by an impedance cylinder and a dielectric cylinder with a radius of curvaturesufficiently larger than the wavelength, are presented in [Ida et al., 2004], [Ida et al., 2005a], and[Ida et al., 2005b]. The frequency-domain novel extended UTD and the modified UTD solutions,derived by retaining the higher-order terms in the integrals for the scattered fields, may be appliedin the deep shadow region in which the conventional UTD solutions produce the substantial errors.
The novel time-domain uniform asymptotic solutions are derived by applying the saddle point
technique in evaluating the inverse Fourier transform. The accuracy of the uniform asymptotic
solutions both in the frequency-domain and in the time-domain has been confirmed by comparing
those solutions with the reference solutions calculated from the eigenfunction expansion and fast
Fourier transform(FFT) method (time-domain). Also, the new uniform asymptotic solution, whichuses the parabolic cylinder functions, for the Gaussian beam scattered at the plane dielectricinterface has been derived[Yamada et al., 2007]. It is shown that the asymptotic solution agrees

very well with the reference solution calculated numerically. Also shown is the Goos-Hänchen shift
appeared for the beam angle close to the critical angle.
The new solutions for the medium-frequency and the high-frequency ground wave propagation ina surface duct over mixed-paths have been derived in [Kawano and Ishihara, 2005], [Kawano andIshihara, 2006a], [Kawano and Ishihara, 2006b], and [Kawano et al., 2007a]. It is shown newly thatthe solution for the ground wave propagation in a standard atmosphere can be obtained directlyfrom the solution for the surface duct problem by applying the analytic continuation from thenegative equivalent radius of curvature of the earth to the positive one. Through the theoretical andexperimental studies, it is confirmed that the radio wave propagating over the sea in the land-to-sea
mixed-paths is enhanced by the recovery effect [Kawano et al., 2006a]. It is clarified that the
ground wave is also enhanced in the surface duct in a long range propagation[Kawano et al., 2007b].
It is shown that the unexpected attenuation and the anomalous variation with distance are appearedin the propagation in the urban area due to the emergence of the slow-wave type trapped surface
wave[Kawano et al., 2006b], [Kawano et al., 2007c].
Propagation mechanisms which degrade the performance of mobile communication system inurban areas are basically wall reflections, building edges and roof diffractions. From the experimentresults, the scattering from some objects in the environment can have strong impact on the urban
propagation channel. Careful analysis of these results reveals that these scattered objects, which canbe any surrounding metallic object, such as signboards, street lights, traffic lights and traffic signs,
are involved in scattering transmitted signals to the receiver. Physical optics (PO), theapproximation method for determining surface currents, is utilized to simulate the induced surface
current to handle non-specular scattering [Lertsirisopon et al., 2006]. The simulation results showed
good agreement with the experimental results and in the same manner, the PO approximation
method can be applied to study the scattering of surrounding objects in the wireless communication
environment.
In the study in [Lertsirisopon et al., 2006], to represent the data structures of scatterers, polygon
meshes are used to model scatterer constructions including 2 dimensional (2D) and 3 dimensional(3D) geometrical objects. Polygon meshes represented by regular triangles can be easily generated
by using intrinsic functions in MATLAB for 2D cases. For 3D cases, a mapping first of the 3D
object to a 2D object is necessary to be able to use the MATLAB intrinsic functions. Then, thecorresponding height is put back to the meshed 2D object to obtain the meshed 3D object. Using
this “Polygon Meshed PO” method, the complex calculation of the induced current to examine thescattered field can also be simplified by summing the contribution on each triangle mesh. By
defining the polygon mesh ratio as the ratio of the average triangle area to the square of the
wavelength, the convergence of the simulated scattered field can be found. This simulation program
will then be used to evaluate scattering objects that cause significant amount of scattering in thewireless communication environment specifically from previously mentioned objects in an urban
propagation channel. By utilizing the size and shape of these surrounding metallic objects, andparameters used in the experiments, the scattered fields can be calculated and compared withexperimental results to help verify observations in the experiments. In addition, this simulation toolcan give us an idea on the amount of scattered fields caused by both regular and irregular shaped
objects in certain scenarios. Knowing these scattering characteristics can help better explain theeffects of surrounding objects on the propagation channel.
The high-frequency Physical Optics (PO) technique has been applied in designing themillimeter-wave system. Passive millimeter-wave (PMMW) imaging systems are now spreading tovarious applications such as security, intelligent transport systems (ITS), and military uses, giving a
key advantage. However, conventional systems are very large because they require large antennas
in an arrayed configuration. In order to realize commercially usable imaging array systems,

miniaturizing antennas are essential. In the paper [Sato et al., 2007], authors demonstrate theirdeveloped tapered slot antenna with its slot profile defined by the Fermi-Dirac function (Fermi
antenna) for 94 GHz band PMMW imaging. The portion of this antenna has been designed byapplying the PO. When measuring the radiation patterns of these antennas, the authors used MMICs
with a low noise amplifier (LNA) and a square-law detector (DET) on the antenna substrate toincrease receiver sensitivity. The sensitivity of these MMICs is as high as 450,000 V/W with thenoise figure of 3.5 dB.
With the recent development of fast algorithms, the difference in capability between
high-frequency techniques and numerical techniques becomes smaller. Therefore, theadvantage of high-frequency techniques is in the much higher frequency range where fastalgorithms still cannot compete due to the lack of current computational resources. However,the drive to-ward higher frequencies gives rise to another difficulty in solving the highfrequency scattering problem. Ohnuki et al. [2005] clarifies the difficulties to apply
conventional techniques to electromagnetic scattering problems under this condition, anddevelops a strategy to solve them in terms of high-frequency approximations.
(T. Ishihara and T. Yamasaki)
B5. Transient Fields
5.1 Scattering and Diffraction
Transient scattering from parallel plate waveguide cavities is studied by using the combinationof a point matching technique and numerical inversion of Laplace transform [Ohnuki and
Hi-nata, 2005b.] They thoroughly investigate the scattering mechanism for a half sine-pulse
and modulated sine-pulse incidence. The advantages and disadvantages on the target
recognition are clarified in terms of the internal object, incident waveform, and polarization.
5.2 Guided Waves and Propagation
Kobayashi et al.[2004] numerically analyze the transient response of pulse propagation in a
multi-layered printed circuit board with a via and a bump. FDTD method is used for our models. It
is found from numerical results that; (1) Even if the lengths of the striplines are equal, pulse
waveforms passed through a via and a bump are different according to the direction of the striplines.
(2) The propagating pulses are influenced by the pad size connecting the bump rather than the bumpsize. (3) For the model consisted of a via and a bump pulse distortion of responses are substantially
improved, if the smaller bump part (including pads) can be designed.
It is of great importance to investigate the influence for the pulse wave propagation by vias andbumps in multilayer interposer used in SiP (System-in-a-Package) technology. Kobayashi [2006]
analyzed the transient response of the pulse propagation characteristics of the via structure by using
the FDTD method. The via structure is optimized by peak value of pulse responses, and the radiusof via, the radius of pad, and the radius of clearance hole are investigated so as to maximize thepeak value of pulse responses. It is found that the pulse width is limited by the radius of via and theradius of pad.
(T. Yamasaki)
B6. Wave in random, inhomogeneous, nonlinear and complex media

6.1 Wave propagation and scattering in random media
Tateiba et al. [2004] shows that scattering by a body in a random medium consists of the following
two issues; one is scattering of spatially partially coherent wave by the body and the other iscoupling between incident and scattered waves through the random medium. Investigating
separately each issue makes the scattering more understandable. The numerical analysis of scattered
power by conducting cylinders leads to the radar cross-sections quite different from those in freespace, under the condition that the radar cross-section of the random medium is negligibly small.
The causes of the difference are explained on the basis of above separation of the scattering, and it
is emphasized that the spatial coherence length of incident wave is one of key parameters for
estimating the cross sections.
Tateiba [2004] reviews the activity in his laboratory, which are categorized as: (A)electromagnetic (EM) wave theory with application to sensing, imaging and material estimate, and(B) high data rate satellite communications systems. Each research has five subjects and the pa-per
addresses four subjects, which are (A-1) Effective parameters of a medium containing many
particles, (A-2) Radar characteristics of a body surrounded by a random medium, (A-3) Statisticalmethods for measuring ocean waves in satellite altimetry, and (B-4) Atmospheric turbulence effects
on high data rate satellite communications. Here A and B in parentheses indicate above two
researches, respectively. To solve these subjects the author has proposed fundamental and original
methods and thereby obtained many interesting results to scientists and engineers.
Electromagnetic wave scattering by many particles is treated in Tateiba and Matsuoka [2005]
based on the method of analysis (DUR method) proposed by one of the authors and compared withconventional methods. It is explained that electromagnetic wave scattering can be treatedsystematically by the DUR method for the cases ranging from a periodic distribution of particles toa random distribution, and that the condition can be given when the particle distributions are
random from a coherent field point of view. Next, two application examples of the DUR method arepresented. One is the calculation of the effective permittivity of a random medium consisting ofmany dielectric spheres. In contrast to the calculation by conventional three multiple scattering
analysis methods, the present calculation results can be applied to particles with higher permittivity
and hence the method is the best one at this time. The other example involves microwave active
sensing of the moisture content of soil. It is shown that the polarization ratio of the incoherent
scattered power is useful for estimation of moisture content in the cases where the moisture content
is more than 5% in the surface layer and where the surface is dry in the deep layer. Finally, it ispointed out that accurate analysis of electromagnetic wave scattering in random media is becoming
increasingly important in the development of new materials and new technologies for high-speed,
high-reliability communications and high-precision sensing.
Meng and Tateiba [2005a] discussed the scattering characteristic of a conducting circular cylinder
embedded in a random medium by changing the scale-size of the medium. The numerical results ofbistatic radar cross-section (RCS) show that sometimes the scattering enhancement phenomenon
may not occur in the backward direction but in the other directions, where a scattering depression
region may exist in the neighborhood of backward direction and scattering enhancement may beobserved outside the depression region. The region of the enhancement may be much wider thanthat of the well known backscattering enhancement, although the enhancement peak is not so high.
The complicated oscillation of bistatic RCS is considered to be caused by statistical interference ofincident and scattered waves. For all numerical results, the intergral value of the bistatic RCS withrespect to β is almost equal to that in free space, which fact shows that the results agree with thelaw of energy conservation.
A new phenomenon of scattering enhancement in a random medium is discussed by analyzing

numerically a bistatic RCS of a conducting circular cylinder [Meng and Tateiba, 2005b, c]. The
results show that sometimes the scattering enhancement phenomenon may not occur in backward
direction but in the other directions, where a scattering depression region may exist in theneighborhood of backward direction and scattering enhancement may be observed outside thedepression region. It is found that a radar cross-section (RCS) of a body embedded in a random
medium may be nearly twice as large as that in free space, under the condition that the body size issmaller than the spatial coherence length of incident wave [Meng and Tateiba, 2006a, b]. If thecondition does not hold, the RCS may oscillate with the size of the body and becomes much larger
than that in free space in some cases. The paper shows numerical results of bistatic RCS of a larger
size circular cylinder in a random medium. Complicated oscillation of the RCS is seeen, i.e.,enhancement and depression, in different directions, and discuss the new scattering characteristics
with change in the size of the body in a fixed random medium for E-wave incidence.
Meng and Tateiba [2007] discussed the scattering characteristics of a conducting circular cylinder
embedded in a random medium by changing the fluctuation intensity and thickness of the medium.
The numerical results of bistatic radar cross-section show that sometimes the RCS in theneighborhood of backward direction plays a violent oscillation and becomes much larger than thatin free space. The complicated oscillation of the RCS is considered to be caused by statisticalinterference between incident and scattered waves.
(M. Tateiba and Z. Q. Meng)
6.2 Chiral media
The dispersion relation for a chiral slab waveguide consisted of the chiral media in the film andcladding has been examined [Yokota and Yamanaka, 2006]. It has been shown that the cutoff
frequency depends on the chiral parameter and for higher frequency, the eigenvalue approaches tothe different values from the achiral waveguide.
(M. Yokota)
B7. Guided Waves
Recent progress on numerical modeling methods for photonic crystal fibers has been reviewed[Saitoh, K. and M. Koshiba, 2005d]. Koshiba, M. et al. have deeply investigated characteristics ofseveral types of photonic crystal fibers: holey fibers [Florous, N.J. and M. Koshiba, 2005a, Florous,
N.J. et al., 2006a, Fujisawa T. et al., 2006, Koshiba, M. and Saitoh, K., 2005, Saitoh, K. and M.
Koshiba, 2005a, Saitoh, K.. et al., 2005b, 2005c, 2005f, 2006a, 2006b, 2006d, 2007c, Tsuchida, Y.
et al., 2005, 2007, Varshney, S.K. et al., 2007c], photonic bandgap fibers [Alam, M.S. et al., 2005,
Murao, T. et al., 2006a, 2006b, 2007, Saitoh, K. et al., 2006c, 2007a], and Bragg fibers[Skorobogatiy, M. et al., 2004]. Various photonic devices based on photonic crystal fibers [Florous,
N.J., 2005b, 2006f, 2006g, 2006h, 2006i, 2007a, 2007b, Morikawa,K. et al., 2006, Saitoh, K. et al.,2005e, 2007b, Skorobogatiy, M. et al., 2005, 2006a, 2006b, Varshney, S.K. et al., 2006a], photonic
crystal waveguides [Florous, et al., 2005c, 2005d, 2005e, 2006b, 2006c, 2006d, 2006e,
Rodriguez-Esquerre, V.F. et al., 2005, Yasuda, T. et al., 2005, Yokoi, N. et al., 2006], high index
contrast waveguides [Kakihara, K. et al., 2006b], slot waveguides [Fujisawa, T. and M. Koshiba,
2006d, 2006e, 2006f], magneto-photonic crystal waveguides [Kono, N. and M. Koshiba, 2007a,
Kono, N. et al., 2007b], and metallic nanostructured particles [Florous, N.J. et al., 2007c] have been
proposed. Design methods for photonic crystal fiber Raman amplifiers have been developed [Sasaki,
K. et al., 2007, Varshney, S.K. et al., 2005a, 2005b, 2006b, 2006c, 2007a, 2007b]. Fundamental

characteristics of localized acoustic modes in photonic crystal fibers have been invesrigated[Enomori, I. et al., 2005].
(M. Koshiba)
B8. Antennas
8.1 Antenna Elements
Takano and Thumvichit [2004], and Thumvichit et al.[2006] developed ULPD (Ultra Low Pro-file
Dipole Antenna) with a simplified feeding structure and a parasitic element. The con-cerns of
ULPD antenna are the feeding method and the impedance matching, because the input impedance
usually tends to be lowered by the existence of a metallic structure in its proximity. The proposed
antenna has an excellent impedance matching and a coaxial feed built within the antenna structureso that the external matching and a balun are not required. They also ver-ified its characteristics via
experiment and numerical computations [Thumvichit et al., 2004, Thumvichit et al., 2007]. Imuraet al. [2006] examined excitation of dipole mode in asymmet-rical ULPD antenna.
8.2 Arrays and Phased Arrays
A gigantic antenna aboard a Space Solar Power System (SSPS) satellite, or a space-tenna is one of
the most challenging devices to build. Takano [2006, 2007] describes the two kinds of hugeantennas used in this system: An antenna aboard a satellite or a spacetenna, and an antenna on the
ground or a rectenna. Takano [2004], Takano et al. [2004b], and Takano et al. [2006a] examine therequirements for a space-tenna from a SSPS, and system considerations for the configuration of
space-tennas. Three kinds of configurations are presented and compared from the viewpoint of theirrealization. Sugawara et al. [2005] discussed construction method and analyzed radiation
characteristics of an ultra-large array antenna for microwave power trans-mission. Takano et al.
[2006a, b, c] consider constitution of ultra-large power transmission antennas with positive
application of coupling between elements.
Takano et al. [2004a, 2005a], Okumura et al. [2006], and Radenamad et al. [2006] proposed thedesign to reduce the number of the fed elements using parasitic elements in an array antenna. They
also studied gain enhancement of an array antenna using coupling optimization between elements[Takano et al., 2005b].
In Japan, a new project for research and development has been started in collaboration of several
organizations in order to realize practical active phased array antennas (APAA) which can be usedin communications or public welfares. Takano et al. [2007a, b] describes the objectives, technicalproblems, organizations and schedule of the project, and propose cost reduction and usage
convenience.
8.3 Reflector and Lens Antennas
Takano et al. [2004c] describes a large deployable antenna which is used at L-, C-, and Ka-bands onan artificial satellite in space. The main reflector with 10-m maximum diameter is formed using thetensioned truss concept which was proposed by one of the authors. Hanayama et al. [2004]
examines characteristics of the antenna on HALCA satellite in orbit.
DECi-hertz Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory (DECIGO) is the future Japanesespace gravitational wave antenna [Kawamura et al., 2006]. It aims at detecting various kinds ofgravitational waves between 1 mHz and 100 Hz frequently enough to open a new window ofobservation for gravitational wave astronomy. The preconceptual design of DECIGO consists ofthree drag-free satellites, 1000 km apart from each other, whose relative displacements aremeasured by a Fabry-Perot Michelson interferometer.
The high performance antenna at light wave frequency requires optimal curved surfaces and highmechanical precision to acquire high aperture efficiency. Munemasa et al. [2005, 2006a, b, 2007a,b], and Takano et al. [2006d] developed a novel micro lightwave antenna by applying MEMS
(Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) technology. The papers describe the antenna of transparent
type which has a multi-level step structure with diameter of 4 mm.
In the Journal of the Japan Society of Infrared Science and Technologies which has strong
activities in science, the special issue has been organized concerning information communications
which is quite an engineering topic aiming at systems and services. Takano [2004] explains
photonic technologies to support the lightwave wireless communications.
(T. Takano)

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Debris Radar using the Quasi-Periodicity of the Evaluation Function,” European Conference on
Antennas & Propagation (EuCAP) 2006, paper no.345341
Kakihara, K., N. Kono, K. Saitoh, and M. Koshiba [2006a], “Full-vectorial finite element method ina cylindrical coordinate system for loss analysis of photonic wire bends,” Optics Express, vol. 14,
23, pp. 11128-11141
Kakihara, K., N. Kono, K. Saitoh, T. Fujisawa, and M. Koshiba [2006b], “Impact of structuraldeformations on polarization conversion in high index contrast waveguides,” Optics Express, vol.
14, 16, pp. 7046-7056
Kawamura, S., et al. [2006], “The Japanese space gravitational wave antenna-DECIGO,” Classicaland Quantum Gravity, 23, pp.1-7
Kawano, K., and T. Ishihara [2004a], “Applicable Range of GTD in Asymptotic Analysis of
Scattered Field by an Aperture in a Thin Screen,” Proc. of 2004 Korea-Japan Joint Conference on
AP/EMC/EMT, pp. 61-64, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, November.
Kawano, T., and T. Ishihara [2004b], “Applicability of GTD in high-frequency asymptotic analysis
of electromagnetic scattered field by a conducting strip,” IEEJ Trans. FM, vol. 124, no. 12, pp.
1177-1184, December.
Kawano, T., and T. Ishihara [2005], “Ground Wave Propagation over Land-to-Sea and
Urban-to-Suburban Mixed-Paths with Inhomogeneous Impedance Surface,” Proc. of 2005 IEEE
Antennas and Propag. Society International Symposium, vol. 1A, pp. 375-378, Washington D. C.,
USA, July.
Kawano, T., and T. Ishihara [2006a], “Ground Wave Propagation over a Homogenous Impedance
Surface and a Mixed-Path with Inhomogenous Impedance Surfaces Including Tropospheric Ducting
Effect,” Proc. of IEEE Antennas and Propag. Society International Symposium, vol. 5, pp.
4735-4738, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, July.
Kawano, T., and T. Ishihara [2006b], “Ground Wave Propagation over Mixed-Paths Including
Tropospheric Ducting Effect,” Proc. of Proceedings of Progress in Electromagnetics Research
Symposium 2006 (PIERS 2006), p. 195, Tokyo, Japan, August.

Kawano, T., T. Ishihara, and K. Goto [2006a], “Ground Wave Propagation over Land-to-sea
Mixed-Path Including Tropospheric Effect,” Proc. KJJC-AP/EMC/EMT 2006, pp. 413-416,
Kanazawa, Japan, September.
Kawano, T., T. Ishihara, and K. Goto [2006b], “Experimental Results on Ground Wave Propagation
over Mixed-Paths,” Proc. the 2006 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP2006), (CD-ROM, ISBN81-903170-8-3, Abstract: Session [TA1]), Singapore, November.
Kawano, T., K. Goto, and T. Ishihara [2007a], “Ground Wave Propagation in an Homogenous
Atmosphere over Mixed-Paths,” IEICE Trans. Electron., vol. E90-C, no. 2, pp. 288-294.
Kawano, T., T. Ishihara, and K. Goto [2007b], “Experimental Results on the Recovery EffectAppearing in the Ground Wave Propagation over Land-to-Sea Mixed Path,” Proc. 2007 IEEE
Antennas and Propagation. Society International Symposium, 312, pp. 3764-3767, Hawaii, USA,
June.
Kawano T., K. Goto, and T. Ishihara [2007c], “Ground Wave Propagation on Mixed-Paths throughUrban Areas,” Proc. the 2007 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP2007),
2D1-3, pp. 450-453, Niigata, Japan, August.
Kidera, S., T. Sakamoto, and T. Sato [2005], “A High-resolution Imaging Algorithm Based on
Scattered Waveform Estimation for UWB Pulse Radar Systems,” Proc. 2005 IEEE International
Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, pp.1725-1728
Kidera, S., T. Sakamoto, and T. Sato [2006a], “A Robust and Fast Imaging Algorithm with an
Envelope of Circles for UWB Pulse Radars,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium(PIERS)
Kidera, S., T. Sakamoto, S. Sugino, and T. Sato [2006b], “An accurate imaging algorithm with
scattered waveform estimation for UWB pulse radars,” IEICE Trans. on Commun. vol.E89-B, no.9,
pp.2588-2595
Kidera, S., T. Sakamoto, and T. Sato [2006c], “A High-resolution 3-D Imaging Algorithm withLinear Array Antennas for UWB Pulse Radar Systems,” IEEE AP-S International Symposium,
USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, AMEREM Meeting, pp.1057-1060
Kidera, S., T. Sakamoto, and T. Sato [2007a], “A robust and fast imaging algorithm with anenvelope of circles for UWB pulse radars,” IEICE Trans. on Commun., vol.E90-B, no.7,
pp.1801-1809
Kidera, S., T. Sakamoto, and T. Sato [2007b], “A Robust and Fast Imaging Algorithm without
derivative operations for UWB Pulse Radars,” European Conference on Antennas & Propagation(EuCAP) 2006, paper no.314368
Kidera, S., T. Sakamoto, and T. Sato [2007c], “A robust and fast 3-Dimaging algorithm without
derivative operations for UWB radars,” URSI EMTS International URSI Commission B
Electromagnetic Theory Symposium, paper no. EMTS084
Kidera, S., T. Sakamoto, and T. Sato [2007d], “A High-resolution Imaging Algorithm without
Derivatives based on Waveform Estimation for UWB Pulse Radars,” IEEE AP-S International
Symposium

Kidera, S., T. Sakamoto, and T. Sato [2007e], “A high-resolution imaging algorithm with-out
derivatives based on waveform estimation for UWB radars,” IEICE Trans. on Commun., vol.E90-B,
no.6, pp.1487-1494
Kidera, S., T. Sakamoto, and T. Sato [2007f], “Fast and high-resolution 3-Dimaging algorithm with
spectrum shift for UWB pulse radars,” European Conference on Antennas & Propagation (EuCAP)
Kidera, S., Y. Kani, T. Sakamoto, and T. Sato [2007g], “An experimental study for ahigh-resolution 3-Dimaging algorithm with linear array for UWB radars,” 2007 IEEE International
Conference on Ultra-Wide Band (ICUWB2007)
Kobayashi, D. [2006], “An Effect on Pulse Propagation Characteristics of a Via Struntures inMultilayer Printed Circuit,” IEEJ Trans. FM, vol. 126, no. 10, pp. 990-996
Kobayashi, D., S. Furukawa, and T. Hinata [2004], “Pulse Propagation Characteristics of aMulti-layered Printed Circuit Board with a Via and a Bump,” IEEJ Trans. FM, vol. 124, no. 12, pp.
1154-1158
Kobayashi, K., and S. Koshikawa [2006], “Wiener-Hopf analysis of the radar cross section of two
canonical, parallel-plate waveguide cavities with material loading,” Proc. IVth International
Workshop on Electromagnetic Wave Scattering (EWS 2006), pp. 2.25-2.30 (invited paper)
Kono N., and M. Koshiba [2005a], “General finite-element modeling of 2-D magnetophotonic
crystal waveguides,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 17, 7, pp. 1432-1434
Kono N. and M. Koshiba [2005b], “Three-dimensional finite element analysis of nonreciprocal
phase shifts in magneto-photonic crystal waveguides,” Optics Express, vol. 13, 23, pp. 9155-9166
Kono N. and M. Koshiba [2007a], “Magneto-photonic crystal slab waveguides withlower-refractive-index-silica claddings,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 19, 5, pp.
258-260
Kono N., K. Kakihara, K. Saitoh, and M. Koshiba [2007b], “Nonreciprocal microresonators for theminiaturization of optical waveguide isolators,” Optics Express, vol. 15, 12, pp. 7737-7751
Koshiba M. and Saitoh, K. [2005], “Simple evaluation of confinement losses in holey fibers,”
Optics Communications, vol. 253, 1-3, pp. 95-98
Kuryliak, D. B., K. Kobayashi, S. Koshikawa, and Z. T. Nazarchuk [2005], “Wiener-Hopf analysisof the diffraction by a circular waveguide cavity,” Journal of the Institute of Science andEngineering, Chuo University, vol. 10, pp. 45-52
Lertsirisopon, N., M. Ghoraishi, G. S. Ching, and J. Takada,[2006], “A Study of Scattering
Characteristics using Polygon Meshed PO,” 2006 Progress in Electromagnetics Research
Symposium (PIERS 2006), p.142, (Tokyo, Japan).
Meng, Z. Q. and M. Tateiba [2005a], “A New Scattering Enhancement in a Random Medium for
H-wave Incidence,” Proc. 2005 Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium, Vo. 2, pp.
773-776
Meng, Z. Q. and M. Tateiba [2005b], “Investigation of Backscattering Enhancement Phenomenon,”Proc. 2005 International Symposium on Microwave and Optical Technology, pp. 79-82
Meng, Z. Q. and M. Tateiba [2005c], “Bistatic Scattering Enhancement Phenomenon in a Random

Medium,” Proc. 2005 Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium, pp. 615-619
Meng, Z. Q. and M. Tateiba [2006a], “The Bistatic Radar Cross-section of a Large Size Body
Embedded in a Random Medium,” Proc. 2006 Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium
Meng, Z. Q. and M. Tateiba [2006b], “Bistatic cross-sections of conductive body in random
media,” Proc. the 6th Asia-Pacific Engineering Research Forum on Microwaves andElectromagnetic Theory pp.183-186
Meng, Z. Q. and M. Tateiba [2007], “AViolent Oscillation of Bistatic Radar Cross-section in a
Random Medium,” Proc. URSI2007 CNC/USNC North America Radio Science Meeting
Morikawa, K., T. Fujisawa, K. Saitoh, and M. Koshiba [2006], “Transmission characteristics oflaterally illuminated photonic crystal fibers,” IEICE Electronics Express, vol. 3, 4, pp. 70-73
Munemasa, Y., M. Mita, and T. Takano [2005], “Study of Micro Lightwave Antenna Manufactured
by MEMS Technology,” ISAP05, WD2-3, Seoul, August.
Munemasa, Y., M. Mita, M. Sano, and T. Takano [2006a], “Application of MEMS Technology to a
Lightwave Antenna for Communication in Space and Aeronautics,” CANEUS 2006, Poster Session
11069, Toulouse, August.
Munemasa, Y., M. Mita, M. Sano and T. Takano [2006b], “Characteristics of a Transparent
Lightwave Antenna for Trial-fabrication in MEMS Technology,” C-23, pp. 121-124, AP-MWP06,
Kobe, April.
Munemasa, Y., M. Mita, T. Takano, and M. Sano [2007a], “Light-Wave Antenna with a Small
Aperture Manufactured Using MEMS processing Technology,” IEEE Trans. on Antenna
Propagation, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 3040-3045, Nov.
Munemasa, Y., T. Takano, M. Mita, and M. Sano [2007b], “Measurement of Light-wave Antennas:
Difficulties and Peculiarities in Comparison with Radio-Wave Antennas,” IEEE Trans. on Antenna
Propagation, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 3046-3051, Nov.
Murao, T., K. Saitoh, and M. Koshiba [2006a], “Design of air-guiding modified honeycomb
photonic band-gap fibers for effectively single-mode operation,” Optics Express, vol. 14, 6, pp.
2404-2412
Murao, T., K. Saitoh, and M. Koshiba [2006b], “Realization of single-moded broadband air-guiding
photonic bandgap fibers,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 18, 15, pp. 1666-1668
Murao, T., K. Saitoh, N.J. Florous, and M. Koshiba [2007], “Design of effectively single-mode
air-core photonic bandgap fiber with improved transmission characteristics for the realization ofultimate low loss waveguides,” Optics Express, vol. 15, 7, pp. 4268-4280
Nakashima, N. and M. Tateiba [2005], “Computational and Memory Complexities ofGreengard-Rokhlin’s Fast Multipole Algorithm,” IEICE Trans. Electron., Vo. E88-C, no. 7, pp.
1516-1520
Nakashima, N. and M. Tateiba [2006], “Computation of Scattering from Randomly DistributedDielectirc Circular Cylinders,” Proc. 2006 Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium
Nakashima, N. and M. Tateiba [2007], “The application of a fast multipole algorithm to thecomputation of scattering from many objects,” Proc. International Conference on Computa-tional

Method
Nazarchuk, Z. T., and K. Kobayashi [2005], “Mathematical modeling of electromagnetic scatteringfrom a thin penetrable target,” Progress In Electromagnetic Research (PIER), vol. 55, pp. 95-116
Ohnuki, S., and W. C. Chew [2005], “Error Minimization for Multipole Expansion,” SIAM Journalof Scientific Computing, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 2047-2065
Ohnuki, S., and T. Hinata [2005a], “Electromagnetic Scattering from Conducting Polygons,”
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 532-536
Ohnuki, S., and T. Hinata [2005b], “Transient Scattering from Parallel Plate Waveguide Cavities,”
IEICE Trans. Electron., vol. E88-C, no. 1, pp.112-118
Ohnuki, S., W. C. Chew, and T. Hinata [2005], “Monte Carlo Simulation of 1-D Rough Surface
Scattering in 2-DSpace,” Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, vol. 19, no. 8, pp.
1085-1102
Ohnuki, S., N. Ohtaka and T. Hinata [2006], “Analysis of Electromagnetic Scattering from
Conducting Polygons by the Point Matching Method,” IEICE Trans. on Electron., vol.J89-C, no.11,
pp. 911-917 (in Japanese)
Okumura, M., Y. Kamata, T. Imura, K. Kumamaru and T. Takano [2006], “Experimental Study on
a Partially Driven Array with Simplified Dipole Elements,” a234-r142, ISAP06, November,Singapore.
Otoi, K., H. Wakabayashi, T. Ohno, A. Yamamoto, H. Shirai, and K. Ogawa [2006], “ EM Wave
Indoor Propagation Analysis by 3-D Adaptive SBR Method,” Proc. of 2006 Korea-Japan
AP/EMCJ/EMT Joint Conference (KJJC-AP/EMCJ/EMT’06), pp.273-276, (Kanazawa, Japan).
Ozaki, R., T.Yamasaki and T.Hinata [2007], “Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves by Multilayered
Inhomogeneous Columnar Dielectric Gratings Loaded Rectangular Dielectric Constant,” IEICE
Trans. Electron., vol.E90-C, no.2, pp. 1676-1681
Radenamad, D., T. Isono and T. Takano [2006], “Simulation Study of Partly Excited Parasitic
Elements for an Aperture Array,” a179-r146, ISAP06, November, Singapore.
Rodriguez, L., K. Sakina, and M. Ando [2005], “Direct and Analytical Derivation of the Vectorial
Geometrical Optics from the Modified Edge Representation Line Integrals for the Physical Optics,”
IEICE Trans. Electron., vol.E88-C, no.12, pp.2243-2249.
Rodriguez, L., K. Yukimasa, T. Shijo, and M. Ando [2007], “Inner stationary phase point
contribution of physical optic in terms of the modified edge representation line integrals (curved
surfaces),” Radio Sci., doi:10.1029/2007RS003684.
Rodriguez, L., and M. Ando [2007], “Far Field Radiation Pattern Calculation of the Parabolic
Reflector Antenna in Terms of Line Integrals by the Modified Edge Representation,” IEICE Trans.
Electronics, vol.E90-C, no.2, pp.235-242.
Rodriguez-Esquerre, V.F., M. Koshiba, H.E. Hernandez-Figueroa, and C.E. Rubio-Mercedes[2005],“Power splitters for waveguides composed by ultralow refractive index metallic nanostructures,”
Applied Physics Letters, vol. 87, 091101
Rodriguez-Esquerre,

V.F.,

M.

Koshiba,

and

H.E.

Hernandez-Figueroa[2005a],“Frequency-dependent envelope finite-element time-domain analysis of dispersion materials,”
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 44, 1, pp. 13-16
Rodriguez-Esquerre, V.F., M. Koshiba, and H.E. Hernandez-Figueroa [2005b], “Finite-element
analysis of photonic crystal cavities: time and frequency domains,” IEEE/OSA Journal ofLight-wave Technology, vol. 23, 3, pp. 1514-1521
Saitoh, K. and M. Koshiba [2005a], “Empirical relation for simple design of photonic crystal
fibers,” Optics Express, vol. 13, 1, pp. 267-274
Saitoh, K., Y. Tsuchida, and M. Koshiba [2005b], “Bending-insensitive single-mode hole-assisted
fibers with reduced splice loss,” Optics Letters, vol. 30, 14, pp. 1779-1781
Saitoh, K., N.J. Florous, and M. Koshiba [2005c], “Ultra-flattened chromatic dispersion
controllability using a defect-core photonic crystal fiber with low confinement losses,” Optics
Ex-press, vol. 13, 21, pp. 8365-8371
Saitoh, K. and M. Koshiba [2005d], “Numerical modeling of photonic crystal fibers,” IEEE/OSA
Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 23, 11, pp. 3580-3590

24
Saitoh, K., N.J. Florous, M. Koshiba, and M. Skorobogatiy [2005e], “Design of narrow
band-pass filters based on the resonant-tunneling phenomenon in multi-core photonic crystal
fibers,”Optics Express, vol. 13, 25, pp. 10327-10335
Saitoh, K., Y. Tsuchida, M. Koshiba, and N.A. Mortensen [2005f], “Endlessly single-mode
holey fibers: the influence of core design,” Optics Express, vol. 13, 26, pp. 10833-10839
Saitoh, K., N.J. Florous, and M. Koshiba[2006a], “Theoretical realization of holey fiber withflat chromatic dispersion and large mode area: An intriguing defected approach,” Optics Letters,
vol. 31, 1, pp. 26-28
Saitoh, K., T. Fujisawa, T. Kirihara, and M. Koshiba [2006b], “Approximate empirical relations
for nonlinear photonic crystal fibers,” Optics Express, vol. 14, 14, pp. 6572-6582
Saitoh, K., N.J. Florous, T. Murao, and M. Koshiba [2006c], “Design of photonic band gap
fibers with suppressed higher-order modes: Towards the development of effectively single
mode large hollow-core fiber platforms,” Optics Express, vol. 14, 16, pp. 7342-7352
Saitoh, K., M. Koshiba, and N.A. Mortensen [2006d], “Nonlinear photonic crystal fibers:
Pushing the zero-dispersion towards the visible,” New Journal of Physics, vol. 8, 207
Saitoh, K., N.J. Florous, T. Murao, and M. Koshiba [2007a], “Realistic design oflarge-hollow-core photonic band-gap fibers with suppressed higher order modes and surface
modes,” IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 25, 9, pp. 2440-2447
Saitoh, K., N.J. Florous, T. Murao, S.K. Varshney, and M. Koshiba [2007b], “Photonic bandgap
fiber filter design based on nonproximity resonant coupling mechanism,” IEEE Photonics
Technology Letters, vol. 19, 19, pp. 1647-1549
Saitoh, K., S.K. Varshney, and M. Koshiba [2007c], “Dispersion, birefringence, andamplification characteristics of newly designed dispersion compensating hole-assisted fibers,”
Optics Express, vol. 15, 26, pp. 17724-17735.
Sakamoto, T., S. Kidera, T. Sato, T. Mitani, and S. Sugino [2005a], “An experimental study ona fast imaging algorithm for UWB pulse radar systems,” Proc. 2005 IEEE AP-S International
Symposium and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, P24.5
Sakamoto, T., S. Kidera, T. Sato, T. Mitani, and S. Sugino [2005b], “An Experimental Study on
a Fast and Accurate 3-D Imaging Algorithm for UWB Pulse Radar Systems,” XXVIIIth General
Assembly of International Union of Radio Science (URSI), F05.7
Sakamoto, T., and T. Sato [2006a], “An Image Stabilization Algorithm for UWB Pulse Radars
with Fractional Boundary Scattering Transform,” IEEE AP-S International Symposium,
USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, AMEREM Meeting, pp.1399-1402
Sakamoto, T., and T. Sato [2006b], “A Stable and Fast 3-DImaging Algorithm for UWB Pulse
Radars with Fractional Boundary Scattering Transform,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research
Symposium (PIERS)
Sakamoto, T., S. Kidera, T. Sato, and S. Sugino [2006], “An Edge-Preserving Stabilization for a
Fast 3-D Imaging Algorithm with a UWB Pulse Radar,” European Conference on Antennas &Propagation (EuCAP) 2006, paper no. 306687
Sakamoto, T. [2007a], “A fast algorithm for 3-dimensional imaging with UWB pulse radarsystems,” IEICE Trans. on Commun., vol.E90-B, no.3, pp.636-644
Sakamoto, T. [2007b], “A 2-D image stabilization algorithm for UWB pulse radars with

fractional boundary scattering transform,” IEICE Trans. on Commun. vol.E90-B, no.1,
pp.131-139
Sakamoto, T., and T. Sato [2007a], “Multiple Transmission for High-Speed UWB Radar
Imaging with an Antenna Array,” IEEE AP-S International Symposium 2007
Sakamoto, T., and T. Sato [2007b], “Real-time imaging of human bodies with UWB radars
using walking motion,” 2007 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wide Band(ICUWB2007)
Sasaki, K., S.K. Varshney, K. Wada, K. Saitoh, and M. Koshiba [2007], “Optimization of pump
spectra for gain-flattened photonic crystal fiber Raman amplifiers operating in C-band,” Optics
Express, vol. 15, 5, pp. 2654-2668
Sato, M., T. Hirose, H. Kobayashi, H. Sato, K. Sawaya and K. Mizuno, [2007], “Tapered Slot
Antennas with MMIC for 94 GHz Band Passive Millimeter-wave Imager,” International
Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP 2007), POS1-42, pp.1023-1026, (Niigata,Japan).
Sato, R., H. Sato, and H. Shirai, [2005a], “ASBR Algorithm for Simple Indoor Propagation
Estimation,” Proc. of the 2005 IEEE/ACES International Conference on WirelessCommunications and Applied Computational Electromagnetics, pp.810-813, (CD-ROM).
Sato, R., H. Sato, and H. Shirai, [2005b], “ASBR Estimation for Indoor Wave Propagation
Through Dielectric Walls,” 2005 IEEE AP-S International Symposium Digest, vol.2B,
pp.719-722, (CD-ROM), (Washington D.C., USA).
Sato, R., H.Sato, and H.Shirai [2006a], “Accuracy Improvement of Ray-launching Approach for
Indoor Wave Propagation Through High Lossy Walls,” 2006 IEEE Antennas and Propagation
Society International Symposium Digest, pp.2157-2160(CD-ROM).
Sato, R., H.Sato, and H.Shirai [2006b], “A Ray-launching Estimation For Simple Indoor Wave
Propagation Through High Lossy Walls,” Proc. of 2006 Progress in Electromagnetics Research
Symposium (PIERS 2006), p.136(CD-ROM).
Sato, R., and H. Shirai [2007a], “Accurate Ray-Launching Analysis for Indoor Propagation
Through a High Lossy Wall,” 2007 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International
Symposium Digest, pp.3009-3012(CD-ROM).
Sato, R., and H. Shirai [2007b], “Accuracy Estimation of Simplified Ray-launching Analysis for
Indoor Propagation Through High Lossy Wall,” Proc. of the 2007 International Symposium on
Antennas and Propagation (ISAP 2007), pp.217-220(CD-ROM).
Sesay, M., and M. Yokota, [2007a] “Scattering From a Periodic Array of Elliptical Cylinders
With a Coated Body of Arbitrary Shape Using Moment Method”, Proceedings of 2007
International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, pp.832-835
Shang, E. H. and K. Kobayashi [2006], “Plane wave Diffraction by a finite parallel-platewaveguide with four-layer material loading: part II -the case of H polarization,” Proc. IVthInternational Workshop on Electromagnetic Wave Scattering (EWS 2006), pp. 2.49-2.53
Shang, E. H., and K. Kobayashi [2007], “Diffraction by a terminated, semi-infinite
parallel-plate waveguide with four-layer material loading,” Proc. 2007 URSI International
Symposium on Electromagnetic theory (EMTS 2007), O11-32-2
Shijo, T., T. Itoh, and M. Ando [2004], “Visualization of High Frequency Diffraction Based on
Physical Optics,” IEICE Trans. Electron., vol.E87-C, no.9, pp.1607-1614.

Shijo, T., T. Hirano, and M. Ando [2005], “Large-Size Local-Domain Basis Functions with
Phase Detour and Fresnel Zone Threshold for Sparse Reaction Matrix in the Method ofMoments,” IEICE Trans. Electron., vol.E88-C, no.12, pp.2208-2215.
Shijo, T., and M. Ando [2005], “Elimination of fictitious penetrating rays from PO andhybridization with AFIM,” Electrical Engineering in Japan, Wiley, vol.150, no.2, pp.1-10.
Shirai, H., Y. Hiramatsu, and M. Suzuki, [2005], “Reconstruction of Polygonal Cylindrical
Targets with Curved Surfaces from Their Monostatic RCS,” IEICE Trans. Electronics., vol.
E88-C, no.12, pp.2289-2294.
Shirai, H., and Y. Hiramatsu, [2005], “Reconstruction of cylindrical metal targets using theirFrequency and time domain RCS values,” Proc. of XXVIII-th General Assembly ofInternational Union of Radio Science, CDROM, (Delhi, India).
Skorobogatiy, M., M. Saitoh, and M. Koshiba [2004], “Coupling between two collinear air-core
Bragg fibers,” Journal of Optical Society of America B, vol. 21, 12, pp. 2095-2101
Skorobogatiy, M., M. Saitoh, and M. Koshiba [2005], “Transverse lightwave circuits in
microstructured optical fibers: waveguides,” Optics Express, vol. 13, 19, pp. 7506-7514
Skorobogatiy, M., M. Saitoh, and M. Koshiba [2006a], “Transverse light guides in
microstructured optical fibers,” Optics Letters, vol. 31, 3, pp. 314-316
Skorobogatiy, M., M. Saitoh, and M. Koshiba [2006b], “Transverse lightwave circuits in
microstructured optical fibers: Resonator arrays,” Optics Express, vol. 14, 4, pp. 1439-1450
Sugawara, A., T. Takano, E. Hanayama, and Y. Kami, [2005], “Construction Method andAnalysis of Radiation Characteristics of an Ultra-Large Array Antenna for Microwave Power
Trans-mission”(in Japanese), Trans. of Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication
Engineers vol.J88-B, no.2, pp.432-441
Takano, T. [2004a], “Research on the Space-tenna Configuration in Consideration of SPS
Systems,” AP-RASC ’04, Qingdao, August.
Takano, T. [2004b], “Lightwave Wireless Communications and Infrared Technologies,” (inJapanese) Journal of the Japan Society of Infrared Science and Technology, vol13, no.2, pp.6-11
Takano, T. [2006], “Antenna Systems for Microwave Power Transmission from a Solar Power
Satellite to the Earth,” The 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Energy System, Session
I-II, Kyoto, September.
Takano, T. [2007], “New Antenna Systems for Microwave Power Transmission,” IMS2007
Workshop, WFG, Honolulu, Hawawi, June.
Takano, T., and A. Thumvichit [2004], “Ultra-Low-Profile Dipole Antenna in a Quadruple
Mode,” IEEE AP-S and URSI, p.169, June.
Takano, T., N. Kamo, and A. Sugawara [2004a], “Simplification of Microwave Transmission
Antenna on Board by Reducing the Fed Elements,” (poster), SPS ’04, July.
Takano, T., A. Sugawara and S. Sasaki [2004b], “System Considerations of Onboard Antennas
for SSPS,” The Radio Science Bulletin, no.311, pp.16-20, December.
Takano, T., K. Miura, M, Natori, E. Hanayama, T. Inoue, T. Noguchi, N. Miyahara and H.
Nakaguro [2004c], “Deployable Antenna With 10-m Maximum Diameter for Space Use,” IEEE
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