Newsletter of the Global COE program

Deep Earth Mineralogy
Center for Advanced Experimental andTheoretical Deep Earth Mineralogy
先進的実験と理論による地球深部物質学拠点

No. 3, September 25, 2009

News & Events
International awards to young scientists
Two young scientists of GRC received international awards during
the 22nd general assembly of International Association for the
Advancement of High-Pressure Science and Technology (AIRAPT)
held in Tokyo on 26-31 July.
Dr. Yasuhiro Kuwayama, an assistant professor of GRC, received
Jamieson award from AIRAPT, for his outstanding researchachievements in high-pressure mineral physics using a laser-heateddiamond anvil cell. The executive committee of AIRAPT selects one
young scientist for Jamieson award mainly from research fields
relevant to geophysics and high-pressure physics. This award is inmemory of Prof. J.C. Jamieson of Chicago Univ., who greatly
contributed to the invention and development of diamond anvil cell
technology. Dr. Kuwayama is the second person who received thisaward from Japan, and gave a 40 minute award lecture.
Mr. Takehiro Kunimoto, a PhD student at GRC, received a Student
Poster Award during this meeting, as one of seven outstanding poster
presenters in three-day poster sessions. He presented some of thelatest results on application of nano-polycrystalline diamond (NPD =HIME-Dia) to a 6-8-2 type multianvil apparatus, resulting in
generation of pressures as high as 125 GPa, at 1000 K. This is thehighest pressure ever reported in multianvil apparatus.

Dr. Kuwayama

new method of deriving a unified EOS utilizing available
experimental data sets was proposed by Dr. Yoshinori Tange, anassistant professor of GRC, who gave a talk on the performance of aseries of new EOSs, referred to as "EHIME-scale", based on thismethod.

Internship for crystal structure analysis
An internship for crystal structure analysis was held on 19-21
August, attended by PhD students and postdoctoral fellows, as well
as some faculty members of GRC and GL. The lecturer, Dr. Kazuki
Komatsu of GL, Univ. Tokyo, made a comprehensive lecture on thebasics of crystal structure analysis, followed by some practice inusing major software packages, such as VESTA and GSAS.
Training of young scientists in applications of various "quantum
beams", particularly X-ray and neutron, to deep Earth mineralogy is
one of the purposes of the education program of the present global
COE, and this internship offered an opportunity to learn practicalmethod for analysis of crystal structures using observed diffraction
data. The internship program will continue in laboratories related tothe present COE program.

Mr. Kunimoto

Hot discussion on novel pressure scales
Intensive discussion was made on existing and new pressure
scales among ~40 participants in a summer school held at GRC on
3-5 August. Establishing practical pressure scales based on adequate
P-V-T equations of state (EOS) is one of the major issues relevant to
the deep Earth mineralogy. Prof. Taku Tsuchiya of GRC, whosepressure scale of gold is well cited and sometimes referred to as"Tsuchiya-scale", organized a summer school in Matsuyama for thesatellite meeting of AIRAPT, held in Tokyo in the preceding week.
Some internationally well-acknowledged speakers in boththeoretical and experimental studies were invited to GRC fromvarious countries, and had intensive discussion with the participants
for three days, focusing on the current status and future perspectivesof the P-V-T EOSs suitable as pressure scales. One of the highlightsof the summer school is a special lecture by Prof. W. B. Holzapfel,
Univ. Paderborn in Germany, who is the authority of P-V-T EOS
studies and made a comprehensive review talk on these topics. A

Page 1

News & Events
Paper highlighted by Nature Geoscience
Dr. Steeve Gréaux, a COE postdoctoral fellow at GRC publishedhis research paper entitled "Experimental high pressure and hightemperature study of the incorporation of uranium in Al-rich CaSiO3
perovskite" in Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors (vol.174,
254-263), which has been picked up in "Nature Geoscience" as oneof the articles in Research Highlights (Nat. Geosci., vol.2, 5).
Another paper by a COE postdoctoral fellow of GRC was also
picked up by the same journal as a highlight (see, No.2 of this news
letter) earlier this year, demonstrating high quality of researches
conducted by the young scientists of GRC. Further details of Dr.
Gréaux's work are summarized in this issue.

results in a quite large density increase by
about 13% upon the transition. The same
phase transition was also found in In2O3,
suggesting that the new structure could
also be important in deep Earthmineralogy. An illustration of the new
structure and phase transition sequence
was adopted as the cover page of thejournal "Inorganic Chemistry", issued by
the American Chemical Society.

Inter-institutional workshop in Bayreuth, Germany

Awards to COE members
Two of the COE executive members, Profs. Tetsuo Irifune of
GRC and Hiroyuki Kagi of Geochem. Lab. (GL), Univ. Tokyo,
received the most prestigious awards of two major JapaneseSocieties relevant to high-pressure studies and mineral sciences,respectively. Prof. Irifune was selected as the winner of the Japan
Society of High Pressure Science and Technology Award, and gave
a plenary lecture during the joint meeting with AIRAPT-22 held inTokyo in July. The Japan Association of Mineralogical Sciences
Award was given to Prof.Kagi, who gave a special talk during theannual meeting of the association held in Sapporo in September.
Meanwhile, Prof. Kiyoshi Fujino, also a staff member of GRC,
received the Research Paper Award of the latter society during themeeting, as one of the co-authors. Moreover, Mr. Akihito Sogabe, a
graduate student at GRC, and Mr. Toru Yoshino, also a student at
GL received Outstanding ResearchPresentation Award in this meeting.
Only three students were selected forthis award.

Prof. Irifune

Prof. Fujino

Prof. Kagi

Mr. Sogabe

Mr.Yoshino

A new high-pressure form of M2O3
A research team of Prof. Taku Tsuchiya of GRC and Dr. Hitoshi
Yusa of NIMS (Guest Researcher of GRC) found a new
high-pressure form with the Gd 2 S 3 -type structure as a result of aphase transition from Sc2O3 at about 20 GPa, using both diamondanvil cell experiments and first-principle calculations. The new
structure was found to possess octahedrally coordinated cations andPage 2A workshop attended by the global COE members and themembers at Bayeriches Geoinsitut (BGI), University of Bayreuth,
was held on 17-19 June, at Eremitage old palace in the suburb of
Bayreuth. About 70 people, 30 from the GRC side, gathered, andoral and poster presentations were made mostly by young scientists,such as PhD students and postdoctoral fellows.
The best presentation award was given to two presenters, Drs.
Shinichi Machida, GRC, and Micaela Longo, BGI, with Germany
wine and Japanese sake as supplementary prizes, respectively, by theselection committee made of 12 "senior" members from both sides.
This workshop was held to improve ability of research presentations
in English for young scientists, as well as to enhance mutualinteractions and collaborations between the two institutes, who havean agreement on exchange of people and collaboration in
research/education.
During the workshop in Bayreuth, participants from GRC side
visited BGI for a lab tour, and also discussed with the people at BGI
on details of the experimental techniques and facilities. After the lab
tour, a BBQ party was held at BGI and all the participants enjoyedfurther discussion and communication with fine German Beer. At
the end of the workshop, an excursion tour to an old castle and alimestone cave was arranged by BGI, where the participants learned
some history and nature of this region in Bavaria.

News & Events
Larger HIME-Dia now available with BOTCHAN
Up to about 7 mm "HIME-Dia" (or nano-polycrystalline
diamond, NPD) rods in both diameter and length are now produced
at GRC using a newly constructed large-volume multianvil
apparatus (BOTCHAN) operated in a 6000-ton press. Thus
synthesized HIME-Dia rods are processed with a pulse-laser to form
various shapes and used as anvils for high-pressure apparatus. Press
loads of only up to about 3000 tons have been used for synthesis ofsuch HIME-Dia rods, and those exceeding 1 cm in dimensions are
expected to be produced when the capacity of BOTCHAN is fullyused.

10th (22 July)"Magma to Molecules: Simulation of Abiotic Organic Synthesis
at Mid-Ocean Ridge Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems"
Lecturer : Prof. John R. Holloway (Institute for Geothermal
Sciences, Kyoto University & Department of Chemistry &Biochemistry, and School of Earth and Space Exploration,
Arizona State University)
11th (24 August)"Laboratory-based Interpretation of Upper-mantle Seismic
Tomograms: Progress and Prospects"
Lecturer : Prof. Eiji Ito (Institute for Study of the Earth's
Interior, Okayama University, Japan)

12th (2 September)"Water Distribution Across the Mantle Transition Zone in Earthand Its Implications for the Evolution of Ocean"
Lecturer : Prof. Shun-ichiro Karato(Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University)

The 2nd International Special Lecture
Lecturer: Prof. Shun-ichiro Karato(Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University)
Date: 2-3 September, Ehime Univ.
Lecture I : Some recent progress in the study of plastic deformationin minerals: Applications to the dynamics of Earth and otherterrestrial planets
Lecture II : A new approach to the equation of state of liquids:
Applications to the evolution of Earth and other terrestrial planets

Lecture & Seminar
International Frontier Seminer
8th (14 May)

"Experimental constraints on the chemistry and physical state of
the terrestrial planetary cores"
Lecturer : Prof. Yingwei Fei (Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie
Institution of Washington, USA)
9th (28 May)
"Rheology of serpentines, seismicity and mass transfer insubduction zone"
Lecturer : Prof. Bruno Reynard (Laboratoire de Sciences de la
Terre UMR CNRS 5570, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon,
France)Forthcoming Events
The 2nd YESA Workshop(YESA: Young Earth Scientist Association)"Seismic observations for the deep Earthand the interpretation"
28-29 September, Ehime University
Takuto Maeda, Seismic Energy Radiation from low-frequency
tremorYoujiro Yamamoto, Seismic velocity structure off Miyagi forearc
region, central part of NE Japan
Yoshihiro Yamamoto, Global P-wave tomography of mantle plumes
and subducting slabs
Genchi Toyokuni, Eff icient Comput ation of Seismic Wave
Propagation through Whole Earth for Investigation of Deep
Structures

Kensuke Konishi, Waveform inversion for seismic structure in D"
Yusuke Usui, Nu mer ical modeling of D" anisot ropy by thecalculation for polycrystalline elasticity
Noriyoshi Tsujino, Equation of state of γ-Fe and γ-Fe64 Ni36 alloys
Hiroki Ichikawa, Thermal distribution resulting from planetary coreformation by iron rain in a magma ocean
Yasuhiro Kuwayama, Phase relations of iron alloys and its
implications for the structure of the Earth's inner core
Takako Satsukawa, Fabric Characteristics and Seismic Properties ofMantle beneath South Central North America: Constraints from
Peridotite Xenoliths from Knippa and Kilbourne Hole
Ikuo Katayama, Where anisotropy is distributed in the mantle
wedge?
Akihiro Yamada, Structural change in hydrous magma under upper
mantle conditions

Page 3Forthcoming Events
Internship Program"Tutorial for Synchrotron in situ
X-ray Diffraction Experiment under High Pressureand High Temperature"Date: 30 November - 4 December, 2009, Venue: SPring-8
Lecturer: Ken-ichi Funakoshi, Yuji Higo
(Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), SPring-8)This is a practical inter nship program focused on a basic
procedure for synchrotron in situ X-ray diffraction experiment
under high pressure and high temperature. It would be particularly
suitable for PhD students,
Post-Doc a nd you ng
scientists who are
beginners for in situ X-rayd if f r a ct ion expe r i me nt
under high pressure andh ig h t e m p e r a t u r e. T heexperiment will be
conducted using a large
volu me h ig h pressu re@RIKEN/JASRI a p p a r a t u s ( M A 8 - t y p e(Kawai-type) apparatus), SPEED-1500 or SPEED-MkII in SPring-8.
Anyone who would like to know how to conduct in situ X-ray
diffraction experiments using a Kawai-type apparatus at SPring-8
or anyone who plans to do such an experiment at SPring-8 will bealso welcome.
The internship will include the following programs.
1) Lecture for synchrotron in situ X-ray diffraction experiment
under high pressure and high temperature,2) Preparation of high pressure cell assembly,
3) In situ X-ray diffraction experiment under high pressure andhigh temperature,4) Analysis for the obtained diffraction data
In this internship, we will observe olivine - wadsleyite
transformation in Mg 2 SiO 4 , and then collect the P-V-T data of
wadsleyite in wide pressure and temperature range. Using the data,
we will determine the P-V-T equation of state for wadsleyite. The
number of participants would be limited to 15.
Contact address: Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University
2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuayama 790-8577, JAPANToru Inoue (Professor), Email: inoue@sci.ehime-u.ac.jp

New Members
Hiroki ICHIKAWA (COE Postdoctoral Fellow)

Tomohiro OHUCHI (COE Postdoctoral Fellow)

I moved to GRC f rom ENS
Lyon in May. I was working on
a development of a numericalmethod to calculate a
met al-silicate separation
process in the planetary coreformation process and received
Ph.D. from the university ofTokyo in 2008. I made 10cm
length scale calculations ofmetal-silicate separation process in the magma ocean to estimate
size or velocity of metal droplets. Throughout my research, mymain tool has been computational fluid dynamics. I would like tocontribute to the understanding of the core formation process andthe mantle convection.

I have moved from Yale University in
Ju ne. I majored i n t he expe r i me nt al
petrology, particularly microstructural
evolution of rocks controlled by diffusionp r o c e s s , a n d g o t a P h D a t To h o k u
Universit y in 2007. I have wanted tounderstand the evolution of the Earth fromt h e v ie w p oi n t of "m ic r o s t r u c t u r e".
Deformation is one of the most essential
processes controlling the evolution of the
Earth, and microstructure of rocks evolves
during deformation. So, I started deformation studies when I moved
to Yale, and I am now concentrating in it. I would like to contributeto GRC and the GCOE program by conducting my researches.

Li Lei (COE Postdoctoral Fellow)

I re ceive d my Ph.D f rom Sichu a n
University on June 2009. My doctoral
dissertation was on investigating phasetransitions of LiMO 2 (M=B, Al, Ga)
compounds under high pressure as wellas high-pressu re sy nthesis of GaN
crystals through solid-state metathesis
reaction. GaN is considered as one of
the most promising semiconductormaterials for LEDs and LDs because of
its wide-band gap as well as thermaland chemical stability. The newly found chemical reaction may
imply an effective synthetic route to not only GaN but also othernovel materials. I'd like to continue this interesting research at
GRC. Geophysically, a minor fraction of borate component insilicate magma may affect the geodynamics in Earth's interior.
Borate exhibits interesting behaviors at high pressure. Exploring
the nature of borate at high pressure, therefore, is also my current
research interest.

Page 4

Matthew L. Whitaker (COE Postdoctoral Fellow)
I started working with the GRC at the
beginning of September of 2009 after
finishing my Ph.D. in Mineral Physics at
Stony Brook University in August 2009.
I have a n extensive backg rou nd i nexperimental mineralogy and petrology,
and my dissertation research focused on
examining the physical properties ofi r o n / l ig ht- ele m e n t a l loy s a t h ig h
pre ss u re s a nd t e mp e r at u re s u si ng
synchrotron X-ray diffraction in Diamond Anvil Cells and a
combination of synchrotron radiation techniques with ultrasonici nter feromet r y measu rements i n t he Mult i-A nv il Cell. T he
information obtained from these experimental studies can be used tomake some determinations about the composition of the Earth's core.
I hope to eat some good sushi, sing some good karaoke, andcontribute to the overall mission of the GRC and GCOE during mystay here by expanding our k nowledge of the composition ofplanetar y cores by using these experimental mineral physics
techniques.

Hot Researches by Young Scientists
Phase relation of Ca-rich garnets
under High-pressure and hightemperature
Steeve Gréaux( COE Postdoctoral Fellow)

To understand the structure of the Earth’s
mantle transition zone has become achallenge for geoscientists in the past years.
Main discontinuities in the upper part of the
mantle are usually associated with the
HP-HT polymorphism of olivine. However,in the lowermost part of the transition zone,
this model cannot completely explain
observed seismic variations (Irifune et al.,2008). Such variations could find an answer
in chemical and/or structural transformations in non-olivine materials within the
mantle’s transition zone (Deuss et al.,2006). Majorite garnet is a major phase of
the transition zone, whose behavior is ofimportance to explain the structure at thebase of the transition zone (Irifune andRingwood, 1993, 1995; Karato et al., 1995).

Technical development of a 6-8-2
t y p e mu l t i a nv i l s y s t e m w i t hnano-polycrystalline diamond
Takehiro KUNIMOTO(PhD student)

Kawai-type multianvil apparatus (KMA)
and diamond anvil cell (DAC) have been
widely used as the devices to study the
Earth's interior. KMA has an advantage inproducing homogeneous temperature andp r e s s u r e i n l a r g e r s a m p l e vo l u m e scompared with DAC. On the other hand,
DAC has an advantage in generating higher
P-T conditions equivalent to the Earth's
core region, while the P-T conditions
achievable with KMA have been limited tothose of the middle region of the lower
mantle. I have been developing the 6-8-2
type multianvil system (6-8-2 MA) toward

Because of its complex nature and as thecomposition of garnets might significantly
vary in the mantle, it is difficult to investigate majoritic garnet as a function ofpressure, temperature and chemical composition. Therefore several experimentalists
investigated the HP-HT phase relations ofgarnet endmembers (Irifune et al., 1996;
Akaogi et al., 1998; Takafuji et al., 2002).
Unlike magnesian- and iron-rich garnets,
the HP-HT behaviour of Ca-rich garnets isstill poorly constrained. Grossular garnet isone of the most significant Ca-richendmember of mantle garnets. In order toclarify the situation we investigated the
HP-HT phase transitions in Ca3Al2Si3O12
using Kawai-type multi-anvil press apparatus coupled with in situ X-ray diffraction
techniques at the synchrotron facility,
Spring-8. Recovered samples wereanalyzed by micro-focused X-ray diffraction (μ-XRD) and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). Our experiments
showed a transformation sequence at 20-30
GPa and ~800-1500 K. First, an Al-Caperovskite gets exsolved and coexists withgrossular garnet. Second, grossular garnetcompletely transforms into a tetragonal“Grossular”-perovskite. As temperature
increases, Gr-perovskite transforms to the
cubic perovskite structure. Finally, at hightemperature, CaAl4Si2O11 CAS phaseappears besides two compositionallydistinct populations of Al-Ca-perovskites.
These new results suggest a slow andprogressive exsolvation of Al-Caperovskite from the garnet, with the occurrence of Gr-perovskite at intermediate
temperature. It is also likely that anadditional phase is required at hightemperature to accommodate the excess of
Al in the Ca-perovskite (Saikia et al., 2008).

higher pressure generation utilizing theadvantages of KMA and DAC.
In situ X-ray diffraction experiments
were car ried out using a large volume
K M A (S P E E D - M k . I I ) a t B L 0 4 B1,SPring-8. We adopted nano-polycrystalline
diamond (NPD or HIME-Dia) invented at
GRC, as third-stage anvil material, which
exhibited remarkable performance as anvilmaterial in my preliminary experiments(Kunimoto et al., 2008). The generatedpressu re was calculated f rom several
equations of state for MgO, while thetemperature was measured with a W-Re
thermocouple.
Usi ng t he p r e s e nt 6 - 8 -2 M A , I
succe ssf u l ly a ch ieve d t he m a x i mu mpressure of 125.2 GPa by an EOS model ofJamieson et al. (1982), 124.4 GPa by Tange
et al. (2009), under room temperature, at apress load of 5.0 MN. The sample was thenheated at this press load, with atemperature fluctuation of less than 5 K. A
slight increase of pressure from 125.2 to125.9 GPa was noted with i ncreasi ng
tempe r at u re to 10 0 0 K , whe re X-r ay
diffraction patterns of the sample wereacquired. The pressure decreased
significantly at higher temperatures, but
was maintained at 83.7 GPa for two hours
at 1300 K. The pressure at this temperature
was almost constant within 0.5 GPa.
The P-T limits in multianvil apparatus
with various techniques are shown in Fig.

1, which have been substantially expandedby the present technical development of
6-8-2 MA. With this new high-pressure
system combined with NPD, I hope toaccurately study the phase transitions at theP-T conditions of the Earth's lowermost
mantle.

Fig. 1. Phase relations of Ca3Al2Si3O12
grossular garnet at HP-HT. Squares:
grossular; diamonds: grossular + Al-Caperovskite; circles: Gr-perovskite; triangles:
Al-Ca-perovskite + CAS phase. Plain andopen symbols are in situ at HP-HT andrecovered samples data, respectively. Crystal structure illustrations stand for CAS
phase, CaSiO3 perovskite and grossulargarnet, up to down.

Fig. 1. Pressure-temperature limits invarious types of multianvil apparatus.
KMA (WC), Conventional Kawai typemultianvil apparatus with tungsten carbide
anvils (e.g. Irifune et al., 1992); KMA (SD),
Kawai type multianvil apparatus withsintered diamond anvil (e.g. Ito, 2007); 6-2
MA, 6-2 type multianvil system (Utsumi
and Aoki, 2003); 6-8-2 MA, 6-8-2 typemultianvil system (present study).

Page 5TANDEM

THE ASIAN NETWORKIN DEEP EARTH MINERALOGYNews

Brief Communications

Internship students from CUG to GRC

Advanced Crystallography at High Pressure

Special course open to Asian students
A special PhD course in deep Earth mineralogy has been set up
in the Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime
University, which annually invites two students from Asian
countries with full financial supports from the University. The
entrance exam will be made in May, and the successful candidates
may enter the course from the end of September. The candidates
should complete their master (or equivalent) thesis by the time ofentrance. In this special course, GRC offers ideal environments fora dva nce d ex p e r i me nt a l a nd /or c omput at ion a l st ud ie s on
ultrahigh-pressure mineralogy and related sciences. Two students
from the Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan
University are allowed to enter the course this year.
For more details on the application of FY2009, see
http://deep-earth-mineralogy.jp/g-coe2008/english/positions/index.html
Application information for FY2010 will be announced March or
April, 2010.

Page 6

I had an opportunity to give a talk about current high-pressuretechniques using multianvil apparatus in GRC, in an international
conference "Advanced Crystallography at High Pressure" held as anactivity of the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
Commission on High Pressure on July 19-22, 2009 at Harbin
Institute of Technology (HIT), China. This was the 9th meetingorganized by the IUCr Commission on High Pressure since 1998.
Harbin is a capital city in the northern part of China and located at alatitude of 45º45' north, which approximately corresponds to thenorthernmost region of Japan. About 80 participants (34 from
Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Israel, Japan, Korea, Russia,
Poland, UK, Ukraine, and USA; 48 from China) gave oralpresentations (39) and poster presentations (36) on the high-pressure
crystallography from various aspects such as geosciences andplanetary sciences, materials sciences; amorphous, liquid,
non-crystalline and nanocrystalline solids, biological solids, simple
organic systems; magnetic and electronic phenomena, chemistry,theory, techniques, and so on. Some of the member of TANDEM
gave contributions to the conference. The conference was started at
the Science Park of HIT. From the second day, sessions were held in
a conference room at the Songhuajiang Gloria Plaza Garden Hotelbeside the Songhua River, and concentrated and hot discussions
were made in a good atmosphere. In addition to the scientificsessions, a tour in Harbin and a conference banquet were planed in
the afternoon of the third day, and we enjoyed the Tiger Zoo, theSun Island Park which is famous for the Ice Sculpture Festival in thewinter season, and the delicious Chinese food. Finally, I would liketo thank the local organizer Prof. Haozhe Liu and his colleagues of
HIT for their warm hospitality during the conference. The next
year's meeting is locally organized by Dr. Chris Tulk, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, USA.
http://shp.hit.edu.cn/Meetings/2009IUCr_HP/Home.htm(article by Y. Tange)

TANDEM Laboratories
Geochemical Laboratory, Graduate School of
Science, The University of Tokyo

The Geochemical Laboratory at the University of Tokyo
was originally founded as "Laboratory for Earthquake
Chemistry" in 1978 for developing earthquake prediction
from geochemical observations of groundwater. After acouple of decades from the foundation, the mission of thelaboratory shifted gradually into fundamental geochemical
researches for material science/chemistry of deep earth
minerals, trace isotope geochemistry/cosmochemistry,
spectroscopic observations of volatiles, etc. The Geochemical
Laboratory currently has 7 faculty members, 3 post-docs, 3
supporting staffs, 8 PhD students and 6 master-course
students. One of the marked features is that the laboratory
belongs to the chemistry department and most of the graduate
students majored in chemistry. We will contribute to thegeoscience community by supplying people who have abackground in chemistry.
"Deep Earth mineralogy" group has two faculty members,
Kagi and Komatsu, and 4 PhD students are studying under
their supervision. We join with the GCOE program on deep
earth mineralogy headed by Geodynamic Research Center,
Ehime University and TANDEM. Our research group mainly
focuses on the spectroscopic observations of deep earthm a t e r i a l s a n d hyd r o u s m i n e r a l s a t h ig h p r e s s u r e ,crystallographic studies on minerals at high pressure using
X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques, surface chemistryof cr ystal growth and dissolution, etc. Representative
distinguishing instruments are three-dimensional Raman
mapping system for imaging stress distributions aroundinclusions in diamonds, a high-intensity X-ray diffractometerwith a fine-focused rotary anode, imaging plate and confocal
mirrors for in-house X-ray diffraction measurements using

DAC, IR and Raman microprobe for DAC, atomic force
microscopes (AFM) for surface observations of crystal
surface with the atomic scale, etc. These analytical tools havebeen improved from commercially available instruments with
our original idea. Collaborations with people who are notfamiliar with these measurements are strongly welcomed andmany geologists/pet rologists visit the laborator y forcollaborative works.
It is also wor thwhile to note that we are leading thehigh-pressure neutron diffraction project at J-PARC bycollaborating with many colleagues all over Japan headed byProfessor Takehiko Yagi at the Institute for Solid State
Physics, University of Tokyo. Neutron scattering experiments
under high pressure will be one of the strongest tools forstudying water in the earth’ s interior. In 2007, JSPS funded
us the Grant-in-Aid for Creative Scientific Research entitled"Material sciences at ultra-high pressure using the strongest
spallation neutron source". We aretrying to apply HIME-DIA (nanopolycrystalline diamond developedat GRC) as a new high-pressure
ge ne r at i ng d ev ic e fo r ne ut r o nscattering. The construction of thehigh-pressure beamline at the pulsed
neutron facility in J-PARC (Japan
Proton Accelerator Complex) will becompleted in a couple of years.
Complementary studies using thesemeasurements will shed light on
mat e r ial scie nce of de e p ea r t hminerals. We st rongly hope forf u r ther collaborations andexchanges of knowledge and people
to further develop the sciences in
TANDEM.
Correspondence:Prof. Hiroyuki Kagi
(kagi@eqchem.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp)

Page 7

TANDEM Laboratories
Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute(JASRI, SPring-8)
SPring-8 (Super Photon ring-8 GeV) is a large
third-generation synchrotron radiation facility which delivers
the most powerful synchrotron radiation currently available in
the world. SPring-8 has been in operation for users since
October 3, 1997. Consisting of narrow, powerful beams ofelectromagnetic radiation, synchrotron radiation is produced
when electron beams, accelerated to nearly the speed of light,
are forced to travel in a curved path by a magnetic field. The
research conducted at SPring-8, located in Harima Science
Park City, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, includes nanotechnology,
biotechnology and industrial applications. The electron
storage ring of the SPring-8 accelerator complex canpotentially accommodate 62 beamlines (34 insertion devices,
4 long undulators, 23 bending magnets and 1 infrared).
Currently, 49 beamlines are operational.
The "Material Structure Group І" / "Extreme structure team"has 6 researchers, and 3 beamlines are used for high pressureand high temperature experiments.
One of the beamline BL04B1, "High Pressure and High
Temperature Research beamline" is a white X-ray beamline
from a bending magnet. The use of high energy X-ray (20 150 keV) is suitable for energy-dispersive diffraction
experiments using a solid state detector (SSD) and X-ray
radiography experiments using a CCD camera. This beamline
is designed to conduct research on the materials in the Earth's
interior, and many studies concerning the phase relation,
equation of state, structure, kinetics, viscosity, elastic wave
velocity etc., have been conducted under high pressure andhigh temperature conditions. High-pressure andhigh-temperature experiments are performed using twolarge-volume presses: SPEED-1500 and SPEED-Mk.II, bothof which are installed in the tandem experimental stations(Experimental hutch 1, hutch 2). These large-volume presses
are constructed by double-stage (Kawai-type) high-pressure
vessels with three kinds of the anvils; the tungsten carbide(WC), the diamond/SiC composite (RDC) and the sintereddiamond (SD). 30 GPa or 90 GPa has been reached with theWC (26 × 26 × 26 mm3)/RDC (14 × 14 × 14 mm3) or the SD(14 × 14 × 14 mm3) over 2500 K, and this high pressure andhigh temperature condition corresponds to the lower mantle
region in Earth's interior. Recently, the monochrometer was
installed into BL04B1. The white X-ray from a bending
magnet source was monochromatized by a water-cooled Si(111) monochromator, which is capable of selecting
monochromatic energies 30 ~ 60 keV. The lattice strain ismeasured using X-ray diffraction data collected at different
azimuth angles by a two-dimensional X-ray detector (Imaging
Plate or X-ray CCD Camera).
In this G-COE program, Practical internship program,which focused on a basic procedure for synchrotron in situ
X-ray diffraction experiment under high pressure and hightemperature, is held at SPring-8.
Correspondences:
Ken-ichi Funakoshi (funakosi@spring8.or.jp)
Yuji Higo (Higo@spring8.or.jp)

Global COE Newsletter, issued Jan., May and Sep.
Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University
2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
Tel & Fax : +81-89-927-8405
E-mail : g-coe@sci.ehime-u.ac.jp
URL: http://deep-earth-mineralogy.jp/
Edited by Akira Yamada and Tomo Ohkuma
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