A true all-roundpara-aramid performer.

Aramids by Teijin

2

Twaron®

Aramids by Teijin

For over thirty years, our flagship brand, Twaron®, has deliveredIndex

higher strength, lower weight and improved durability in

What is Twaron®?

4

applications around the world. A true all-round para-aramid,

How is Twaron® produced?

6

Twaron® performs better than competitor materials across a

What types of Twaron® are available?

8very wide range of criteria. So – whether you’re involved in

A unique combination of properties

12

automotive, protective, defense, marine or beyond – you can

Value throughout the chain

14

rely on Twaron® to improve the performance of your productin the market.

3

Twaron®

Aramids by Teijin

What is Twaron®?
Twaron® para-aramid yarn is suitable for use across a wide
range of challenging applications and industries, fromballistic protection to heat and cut protection, and from oil andgas to the automotive and telecommunications industries.
The unique characteristics of Twaron® are the result of a 100%
paracrystalline structure with molecular chains preferentiallyoriented along the yarn filament axis.

N
I
H

N
I
H

O

O

=

Twaron® is Teijin Aramid’s flagship, para-aramid, highperformance yarn. Offering well-balanced performance interms of mechanical properties, chemical resistance andthermal stability, Twaron® is recognized across a wide range
of industries as an extremely valuable material with excellent
durability. Our experience in aramid production, which
extends back more than 30 years, not only guarantees atechnically well-established product, it is also the basis fordevelopments, often in close cooperation with our customers,
to tailor Twaron® to the specific requirements of various
applications.

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4

C

C
n

“From a product development perspective, it truly
is a game changer – Twaron® enhances so many
applications in so many different ways.”

Jos Moorman | Process Engineer
Teijin Aramid“I have been working with Teijin Aramid for many years now,and I am extremely proud to contribute to the production of
Twaron®. From a product development perspective, it truly isa game changer – Twaron® enhances so many applications
in so many different ways. It makes products stronger, lighter,

Twaron® combines the following
characteristics, which distinguishes it fromother synthetic yarns:>> High strength: excellent strength-to-weight ratio>> High modulus>> High dimensional stability: very low creep, small
negative thermal expansion coefficient>> Excellent thermal stability: usable across a wide
temperature range, no melting point, high heatstability, low heat conductivity>> High cut resistance>> Good chemical resistance>> Low flammability>> Electrically non-conductive>> Long, well-defined lifetime

Read more on our website
www.teijinaramid.com/twaron

and more durable; and, as such, it helps to lower carbon
footprints, extend product lifecycles and enhance protection.
In short, it makes a real difference to real people, and helps
to make the world a better place.”5

6

Twaron®

Aramids by Teijin

How is Twaron®
produced?
Dedicated specialists in our manufacturing departments
continually monitor the production of Twaron®, which ismade from monomers in three stages: polymerization,
continuous filament yarn spinning and converting.

TDC, PPD
Monomers

NMP, CaCI2
Solvent

Polymerization
Polymerization

During the first stage, the monomers are combined into a firm, fine-grained para-aramid polymer.
This material has the typical heat resistance and chemical properties of para-aramid. The fine-grained
powder can be used to improve the properties of plastic components. However, the powder does not
yet possess the distinctive mechanical properties of yarn or pulp.

PPTA
Coagulation, washing,drying

Dissolving

H2SO4
H2O

Pigments(for dope-dyed
Twaron® Black)Spinning

Washing, neutralizing,heat-treatment
Winding

Packingof filament
yarn

Crimping/
finishingContinuous filament yarn spinning
The second stage involves dissolving the polymer in sulfuric acid, which produces a liquid crystalline
solution. This solution is then spun into fine, natural yellow or dope-dyed black continuous filament
yarns, with each filament being as low as 12 µm in diameter. The resulting structure is 100% para­
crystalline, with molecular chains running parallel to the axis of the filaments. It is this high degree oforientation that contributes to the extraordinary properties of Twaron® yarns.

Converting to staple and short-cut fiber
To produce Twaron® staple fiber, the continuous filament yarns are crimped, and can be treated witha finishing agent. After drying, the yarns are cut to the desired length. Twaron® short-cut fibers areproduced by cutting the continuous filament yarns to the specified length. What’s more, short-cut
fibers can also have additional finishing agents, depending on the application requirements.

DryingCutting
Packing of
staple/short cut
fibers

The following converting possibilities are not shown in the picture. High linear densities of Twaron®
continuous filament yarns can be produced by assembling yarns to customer specifications. Additional
functional coatings can also be applied to Twaron® yarns in order to optimize the value-in-use of theseproducts. The untwisted continuous filament yarns can be twisted to optimize fit-for-use characteristics.

Cutting
H2O
Suspending

Fibrillating

DryingConverting to pulp
Packingof pulp

To produce Twaron® pulp, the filament yarns are first cut, suspended in water and fibrillated. The pulp is theneither packed directly and marketed as wet pulp, or dehydrated and dried for sale in the form of dry pulp.

7

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Twaron®

Aramids by Teijin

What types of Twaron®
are available?

Twaron®

Twaron®

Filament yarn

Staple fiber
Twaron® filament yarn can be supplied in a wide range of
mechanical properties. A simple categorization of the available
yarn types is:>> Standard modulus / high elongation>> High modulus>> High tenacity
Twaron® filament yarn has proven its performance andadded value in numerous applications, including optical fiber
cables, hoses, tires, rubber products, ballistic protection,
protective clothing, ropes and cables, composites and belts.
Twaron® filament yarns are available in linear densities
starting as low as between around 400 to around 800 dtex,
depending on the type of yarn. Twaron® filament yarns canbe combined to high linear density yarns or cords. The
properties can be tuned to the application requirements by

Twaron® yarn

Tenacity(mN/tex)

Modulus(GPa)

Elongation at break(%)

Standard modulus /high elongation

1,650 - 2,250

55 - 85

3 - 4.5

High modulus

2,100 - 2,300

100 - 140

2-3High tenacity

2,350 - 2,500

85 - 95

3-4

using untwisted yarn or twisted cord constructions. Twaron®
filament yarn types can be further differentiated by applying
special surface treatments that add functionalities to the
Twaron® yarn. These functionalities improve the productperformance in an application and/or the processability.
Examples of this include the application of the waterblocking finish on high modulus Twaron® yarn for optical fiber
cables and the adhesion activation finish for rubber products.
Twaron® filament yarn is available in the regular yellow
color of para-aramid material. Additionally, certain Twaron®
filament yarn types are available in black. Black Twaron®
is used in applications where special requirements exist
regarding the appearance of the yarns. Specifically, black
Twaron® is used in applications such as composite fabrics,
boat sails and protective clothing. The black color is createdby dope-dying, resulting in good color fastness.

Twaron® staple fibers are used in textile applications forgloves, and for apparel that protects against heat andcuts. The staple fibers are available in the regular yellow
para-aramid color as well as in black. Several specified
staple fiber lengths can be supplied (40, 50, 60 mm). In
addition, a various-cut staple fiber product is available
with fiber lengths of between 76 mm and 100 mm. The
linear density of the staple fibers can be selected from
0.9, 1.7 and 2.5 dtex products. For black staple fibers,
linear densities of 1.7 and 2.5 dtex are available. Next tothe staple fibers, Twaron® can also be supplied as stretch
broken yarns.

9Twaron® 11

10 Aramids by Teijin

Twaron®

Twaron®

Twaron®

Twaron®

Twaron® filament yarn can be converted into short-cut
fibers or dipped chopped fibers with fiber lengths ofbetween 0.25 mm and 12 mm for use in, for instance,engineering plastic applications.

Twaron® is available in powder form, specified by theparticle size. Applications can be found in engineering
plastics, coatings and rubber compounds.

To produce pulp, Twaron® filament yarn is first cut,suspended in water and then fibrillated. The characteristic
properties of pulp are determined by the fibril lengthand the specific surface area, which is a measure of theamount of fibrillation.

Twaron® jet-spun fibrids and pulp are made by apatented manufacturing process. The products differ
from conventional pulp due to their adjustable specificstructure, from film-like to very fine, which improves
network formation and ensures superior binding.
Twaron® jet-spun fibrids and pulp can be processedon conventional paper machines, for instance, for the
production of specialty paper products.

Short-cut fiber

PowderPulp

Due to its chemical and physical properties, Twaron®
pulp improves stability and increases the strength ofcompounds in which it is used.
To help our customers find optimal solutions, both dry
and wet pulp options are available in various fibril lengths
and in varying degrees of fibrillation. These options areavailable across a wide range of different applications,
including friction products, sealing materials and specialty
paper products.

Jet-spun fibrids or pulp

Twaron® 13

12 Aramids by Teijin

A unique combination of properties
Mechanical properties

Dimensional stability

Twaron® yarns have a high strength, offering a tensile strengththat is two to three times higher than polyester and polyamide
yarns, and up to seven times higher than steel on a weightfor-weight basis. The table illustrates the main mechanicalproperties in comparison with a selection of other highperformance materials as reported under standard conditions.
Twaron® retains its core mechanical properties across a wide
temperature range. These properties are available forreinforcement purposes for a well-defined lifetime of
Twaron® yarn. This lifetime is determined by the specificcombination of load and temperature. In general, the higher
the load and/or the operating temperature, the shorter the
lifetime of Twaron® yarn. Using accepted safety factors in theapplications, Twaron® enables a long economic lifetime forthe end product. However, long-term exposure to UV lightshould be avoided, since this will result in discoloration andnegatively influence the mechanical properties of the yarn.

The dimensional stability of reinforcing material is often a key
factor in many applications. The high modulus of Twaron®
ensures that the end product shows minimal deformation
under a wide range of loading conditions. What’s more, theend product retains its required dimensions over a long
period of time due to the very low and quickly diminishingcreep behavior of Twaron®. In addition, Twaron® has a low,
negative thermal expansion coefficient of a few ppm/°C,
which contributes to the material’s high dimensional stability.
Finally, Twaron® does not shrink when exposed to hot air.

Thermal properties
Twaron® has no melting point and will only start todecompose at temperatures of 500 °C (932 °F) and above.
For heat-resistant applications, the recommended ambient
temperature should not exceed 250 °C (482 °F) in order toensure fit-for-use strength retention. Twaron® also largely

Stress/strain curve of various materials

maintains its mechanical properties at very low temperaturesof -200 °C (-328 °F) or below. This makes Twaron® usable inapplications across a very wide temperature range. Furthermore, the thermal isolation behavior of Twaron® products is
excellent due to the very low heat conductivity of the yarn.
In addition, Twaron® has a high limiting oxygen index (LOI).
This means that it ceases to burn as soon as it is removed
from flame, limiting the spread of fire when Twaron®
reinforcement is in use.

The high crystallinity and strong intermolecular interactionsof Twaron® prevent chemicals from penetrating the polymer
structure. Resistance to organic chemicals is good to excellent,
while resistance to inorganic chemicals varies according to
the pH value. Highly acidic or alkaline chemicals may causehydrolytic degradation. Concentrated solutions of strong
acids and strong bases will result in hydrolytic degradation.

Twaron® Technora®

Twaron®
high tenacity

Twaron®
high modulus

Carbon2,000

Technora®

Twaron®
high elongation

Twaron®
standard

1,500
1,000
E-Glass
500

Steel

1

H3BO3

CH3COOH

NaCI

80(NH4)2CO3(PH4)PO4
NH3

60
FeCL2
40 HF

H2SO4
NaOH

20

HNO3
HCI
0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

pH value
Twaron® resistance to chemical attack, exposure time:
three months in water at room temperature.

How does Twaron® compare to other fibers?

3,000

0

100

Chemical resistanceStress (mN/tex)

2,500

Residual strength (%)

2

3

4

5

Teijinconex®

UHMW
PE

CarbonE-Glass

PBI

0.95 - 0.98 1.73 - 1.91 2.48 - 2.62

1.4

Oxidized
PAN

Steel

1.54 - 1.56 1.37 - 1.41

7.5 - 8Densityg/cm3 1.44 - 1.45

1.39

1.38

Tensile strengthGPa

2.7 - 3.6

3.2 - 3.5

0.51 - 0.86

1.6 - 4

3.3 - 63 - 4.9

0.4

5.8

0.2 - 0.3

< 2.6

Tenacity

N/tex

1.9 - 2.5

2.3 - 2.5

0.37 - 0.62

1.7 - 4.2

1.9 - 3.5

1.2 - 1.9

0.27

3.7

0.15 - 0.2< 0.35ModulusGPa

60 - 145

65 - 85-

34 - 190

230 - 550

70 - 90

5.6

180 - 270

7 - 11140 - 200

Elongation at
break

%

2.3 - 4.2

3.9 - 4.5

28 - 45

1.5 - 80.7 - 2.1

4.5 - 5.830

2.5 - 3.5

15 - 23< 15

Moisture

%

2-7

1.9

5.3

< 0.1

0

0.1

15

0.6 - 2

4 - 100Decomposition
or melting
temperature

°C
°F

500
932

500
932

> 400
> 752

145
293

3,700
6,700

830 - 1,056
1,525 - 1,935

550
1,022

650
1,202

300
572

> 1,400> 2,600

Limiting OxygenIndex (LOI)%

29 - 40

25 - 40

27 - 38

17 - 18

-

-

41

68

50 - 55-

Strain (%)
N.B. As the data in the figure above originate from a variety of sources, they may be subject
to deviations resulting from different test methods and/or conditions.

PBO

N.B. As the data in the table above originate from a variety of sources, they may be subject
to deviations resulting from different test methods and/or conditions.

Twaron® 15

14 Aramids by Teijin

Value throughout the chain
In a changing world, our core objective remains the same:
to make sure Teijin Aramid continues to be the leadingaramid company in the world. To ensure this, sustainablevalue creation and cost-efficiency are critical success factorsthat are strongly embedded in our company’s strategy.
This means Teijin Aramid offers products that match ourcustomers’ needs as efficiently as possible, while also
ensuring that these products meet the required performancelevels of our customers.

Sustainable value creation:
Durability and recycling
The aramid products in our portfolio are intrinsically capableof enabling sustainability. Twaron® makes lightweight, longlasting, durable solutions possible that help our customers
to reduce their carbon footprints and conserve scarce raw
materials. We are actively pursuing the reduction of aramid

waste at our customers’ production sites by optimizing
our product offerings. Remaining aramid waste is reused
to create value-added products. Furthermore, we enable
used aramid to be recovered from applications, after theend-of-life of the end product has been reached, in order
to be recycled into new aramid products. Teijin Aramid issafeguarding the value of aramid products wherever possible
through this recycling program.

Teijin Aramid’s Customer Benefit Model
We recognize that being able to accurately monitor thesustainability impact and cost-efficiency of products is as
important to our customers as it is to us. However, many
standard eco-financial assessment methods simply compare
the environmental effects of producing 1 kg of aramidwith that of producing 1 kg of an alternative material. The
raw material only accounts for a small part of a product’s

impact across the entire value chain; the best way to assess
the eco-economics of a solution is to undertake a functionbased analysis over its entire life cycle – i.e. from raw material
through to end-product application and end of life. Our
Customer Benefit Model (TUV certified to ISO14040/14044)
makes it possible to clearly outline the overall lifecycle
benefit of using Twaron® over other raw materials.

customers, we are able to perform detailed Customer Benefit
Model analyses in order to develop specific business cases,
focusing on the differences between solutions with the samefunction. Region-specific variables are also taken into account.
This highly collaborative way of working ensures that theresults are accepted and used by the various stakeholders.

By considering how the aramid functions throughout the
lifecycle of the end product, we can calculate to what extent
its use reduces environmental impact across the chain,
while improving economic returns. In particular, we are able
to demonstrate how using aramid instead of alternative
materials drives significant improvements in qualities suchas rolling resistance, weight, wear and tear, and material use,
leading to reduced energy consumption and maintenancerequirements. Together with our value chain partners andInnovation and cooperation are key drivers of sustainability
and cost-efficiency. Because of this, Teijin Aramid has several
dedicated research and development sites around the world,
as well as customer support facilities. These facilities allow us
to further develop standard aramid products to meet eventhe most demanding customer requirements. Improvementin understanding the behavior of aramid products under
the actual application conditions contributes to the mosteffective use of products.

Tony Mathew | R&D Scientist
Product and Application
Development, Teijin Aramid

Research and Development

In addition, combining our extensive knowledge of aramid
products with our capacity for end-product design allows us
to support our customers in the most optimal way. Our R&D
facilities also allow us to react rapidly to urgent customer
requests and business continuity issues. Working closely withour customers and partners across the value chain in thisway allows us to fulfill our strategic objectives of creating andoptimizing sustainable, cost-efficient solutions for existing
markets as well as new ones.

Quality, Health, Safety & Environment (QHSE)
Across our global operations, staying ahead of relevant laws
and regulations is integral to our way of working, particularly
when it comes to standards for environmental protection
and for health and safety. Teijin Aramid’s most relevant
certificates and statements for Quality, Health, Safety &Environment (QHSE) are listed below and can be found on
www.teijinaramid.com/certificates.

“Through our research, we are working
to optimize the use of Twaron® inapplications, in order to create efficientand sustainable solutions – for ourcustomers and for society.”
Read more on our website
www.teijinaramid.com/twaron>> ISO 9001 (2015)>> ISO 14001 (2015)>> OHSAS 18001>> EcoVadis Gold Recognition level (2018)>> OEKO-TEX statements, i.e. REACH (2018)

From automotive and oil & gas, to civil engineering, ballistic protection and beyond,our products are empowering excellence in diverse markets and applications
around the globe. By enabling lighter, stronger and more resistant materials.
And by taking durability, protection and efficiency to new levels. Whether you
choose Twaron®, Teijinconex®, Technora® or Endumax®, our high-performancematerials are an enduring guarantee of reliability. You can be sure of that.

For more information

ta-2.1-20181106-en

Please e-mail us at:
information@teijinaramid.com
or visit
www.teijinaramid.com/twaron

Disclaimer: this data reflects our best knowledge at the time of publication. The content is subject to change as a result of new developments. It only contains a selection of the properties of the product(s)and is meant for commercial use only. Teijin Aramid gives no warranties and does not accept any liability regarding (i) the fitness of the products for any particular use, (ii) the correctness, completeness andusage of the information, (iii) the usage of the products (iv) or any infringement of any (intellectual or industrial) property of a third party. All intellectual property rights regarding this publication are theproperty of – or are licensed to – Teijin Aramid. Without our prior written consent, the reproduction and publishing of (parts of ) this publication is prohibited.

At Teijin Aramid, everything we do is guided by our ambition to shape a better
future for generations to come. Day after day, we move forward, continuously
improving our processes, our technology and ourselves. As market leaders, we
drive progress through collaboration and set new standards for high performance.
We connect with our customers at every level, wherever they are in the world.
Because we believe that, together, we can be something bigger. Together, we canchallenge conformity.

www.teijinaramid.com