Science of Educational Administration
and Finance (Yr. 2005)
Jan. 10, 2006
Administration and Management of School:
Reform and Theory (5)Masa・aki Katsuno

Context of Lecture
8. Human Resources Management (HRM) in Schoolz 8－1. Background of Human Resources Management in Schoolz 8－2. Two Patterns of Human Resources Managementz 8－3. Rational Model of Human Resources Managementz 8－4. Efficacious Model of Human Resources Managementz 8－5. Theories of Motivation
9. Teacher’s Work Statusz 9－1. Teacher’s Work Status/Busynessz 9－2. Teacher’s Work Status/Mental Health8－1. Background of Human ResourcesManagement in Schoolz Decentralization and School Characterizationz New Public-Administrative Management (NPM)
In the rapidly changing world, as a response to challenges
to enhancing international competitiveness, the newscheme constitutes aspiration/policy/measures to achieve
higher-level and measurable effectiveness and efficiency,
by introducing philosophy and method of business
management into a public administrative domain.
cf. Managerialism

8－2. Two Patterns of Human Resources
Managementz “Hard” human resources management
efficient achievement of tasks and organization’s strategic objectives
organization’s structure, policymanagement by objective, performance-based salary, line managementz “Soft” human resources management
staffs’ human/professional feeling of efficacy and growthorganization’s human relationship and culture
reflective practice, collective decision-making/execution, job enrichment,
mentoring8－3. Rational Model of Human Resources
Management
zStaffingrules, selection and acceptance of job content↓

zPerformance management
trial, performance review, inspection, incentive andremuneration↓zDevelopment
individual development plan, team development,
advancement

8－4. Efficacious Model of Human Resources
Managementz Personal feeling of efficacyaffirmation/confidence by colleagues, feeling ofself-affirmation↓z Feeling of professional efficacy (individual)
motivation/morale, job satisfaction↓z Feeling of professional efficacy (organization/group)
organizational culture/leaning, collaborative work

8－5. Theories of Motivation
zContent theories of motivation
Hierarchy of needs theory (Marslow)
Motivators and hygiene factors (Herzberg)
X-theory and Y-theory (McGregor)zProcess theories of motivation
Expectancy theory
Equity theory
Goal setting theory9－1. Teacher’s Work Status/BusynessSurvey on “the complete 5-day school week system”(conducted in Jan., 2004)“Education Reform Reserch Group” (Representative Takehiko Kariya)z Working hour: about 60% to clocking out after 7 o’clockz Week-end work : about 1 out of 3 teachers of junior high schools coming
to work on almost every Saturdayz “The 5-day school week system is depriving teachers’ work of leeway.”:
Agreed + rather agreed by majority of teachers
z “Too busy to take enough time to prepare for classes”:
Agreed + rather agreed by nearly 80% of teachers
Discussion: Why is the leeway being denied?

9－2. Teacher’s Work Status/Mental HealthPublic school teachers taken sick leave due to mental problems:
3194 persons (yr. 2003) = 2.7 times ← 1188 persons (yr. 1994)“Sanraku Hospital” of Mutual Aid Society for theTokyo Metropolitan faculty members received
353 new patients in 2003, which was an increaseof 90 persons from 263 in 1998. Many of themwere in their 50s of the experienced echelon,
who noticeably claimed that they “could not goalong with changes at the work site”. The firstproblem on their mind was “problems on guidance
to pupils”, which was followed by a “humanrelationship in workplace”. (morning edition ofAsahi Shimbun dated Dec. 11, 2004)
Discussion: Why is it increasing?

The figure is omitted due tocopyright.