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Table of Contents

Technical White Paper

THVD44xx: Multiprotocol Transceivers With Advanced
Integration and Flexibility Enable Diverse Applications

Vikas Kumar Thawani, Mani Ray, and Jitender Kapil
ABSTRACT
RS-232 and RS-422/RS-485 wired interfaces have been popular in industrial applications because of thesimplicity, low cost and robustness offered by them. Applications such as industrial and factory automation,industrial PCs (also known as single board computers), barcode scanners, point-of-sale terminals, building
security systems and industrial transport use one or both of these interfaces.
Multiprotocol (MP) transceivers integrate RS-232, RS-422 and RS-485 into one chip and offer flexible
configuration options for the user. Multiprotocol transceivers can be used as standalone RS-232 or RS-422
or RS-485 transceiver by allowing seamless switching between either interface based on control pins. MP
transceivers usually combine charge pump for RS-232 signaling and termination resistor for RS-232 receiver(5kΩ) and for RS-422/RS-485 (120Ω), making the overall system compact and eliminating costly and spaceconsuming external circuitry.
Texas Instruments THVD44xx family of multiprotocol transceivers offer an unprecedented level of integration andflexibility. This paper describes multiprotocol transceivers and compares them to the discrete implementation.
Article then describes in detail the THVD44xx devices by diving into the operational modes and waveforms. The
paper concludes by showcasing benefits THVD44xx devices offer compared to available devices in the market.

Table of Contents
1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................................2
2 Application Use-Case of Multiprotocol Transceivers..........................................................................................................4
3 Key Design Goals of a Versatile Multiprotocol Transceiver............................................................................................... 5
4 Discrete Multiprotocol Transceiver Implementation........................................................................................................... 6
5 TI's THVD44xx Multiprotocol Transceiver Family................................................................................................................6
6 MODE Configurations for THVD4431....................................................................................................................................8
7 Application Diagrams for THVD4431.................................................................................................................................. 10
8 Waveforms for THVD4431.................................................................................................................................................... 129 Benefits of THVD4431 Over Competition Devices.............................................................................................................13
10 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................................................... 13

Trademarks
All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

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Introduction

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1 Introduction
RS-232 is prevalent in low-cost, low-speed, point-to-point industrial applications. RS-232 is typically used
for factory equipment diagnostics or programming. This interface utilizes large signal amplitudes to increasesignal-to-noise ratio and work in harsh industrial environments. RS-232 is a full duplex wired interface and acommunication port design can be implemented with a single driver and single receiver, or the interface canhave multiple drivers and receivers to account for handshake control signals to control the data flow between thesender and the receiver.
The RS-232 standard uses inverse logic in which a high-level digital signal from the microcontroller (MCU) is
translated to negative analog signal (less than or equal to -5V). Conversely, a low-level digital signal is translated
to positive analog signal (greater than or equal to +5V). Receiver thresholds are defined as ±3V so there issome margin between lowest RS-232 driver output and receiver thresholds. From data rate perspective, RS-232
standard asks for up to 20kbps signaling rate with a max limit on slew rate of transmitted signal to control
emissions. Modern day devices can support up to 1Mbps data rate while keeping slew rate in check. Maximum
data rate is subjected to maximum capacitive loading that arises from the cable capacitance between the senderand the receiver.
LOGIC
LEVEL

Logic 0
15 V

15 V

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

RS-232 5V
TRANSMITTER
INPUT

5V

+12V
3V

Driver side

0V

0V

-3 V
-5 V

Receiver side

RS-232
TRANSMITTEROUTPUT-12V-15 V

Logic 1

-15V

Figure 1-1. RS-232 Signaling and Range of Amplitudes for Driver and Receiver
RS-485 has been the most used wired communications interface in industrial applications for more than
two decades now. Balanced differential signaling of RS-485 allows for reduced emissions and rejection ofcommon mode noise increases immunity. Communications over long distances in noisy industrial environments
is feasible. RS-485 allows multipoint network where multiple communicating nodes can talk through same bus,
reducing cable cost. RS-485 networks can be implemented in either half duplex (2 wire) or full duplex (4 wire)fashion. Both networks are terminated at farthest ends- termination matching to cable characteristic impedance
reduces reflections and improves signal quality.

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Introduction

R

R

R

RE

R
RE

120 Ω

120 Ω

DE
D

DE
Stub

D

D

D

Node (n)Node 1

R

R

Node 2

D

R

RE

DE

Node (n-1)

D

D

R

RE

DE

D

Figure 1-2. RS-485 Half Duplex Network
Commander
D

Responder

D

R

R

DE

RE

RE
R

DE
R

D

D

R
D

R RE DE D
Responder

Figure 1-3. RS-485 Full Duplex Network
RS-422 is similar to RS-485, except that RS-422 allows multidrop network with only one driver and multiple
receivers. RS-485 compliant transceivers are designed in a manner to be compliant to RS-422 as well.
Multiprotocol transceivers, as the name suggests, can support multiple wired protocols or interfaces. MP
transceivers combine RS-232 and RS-422/RS-485 interface into one package. Thus, a communication port
in an end application can be configured in any of the below fashions:•••

Point-to-point RS-232 interface
As a multidrop single driver-multiple receivers RS-422 interface
As a multipoint multiple drivers-multiple receivers RS-485 network
Connector
UART1

MCU

Multiprotocol
TransceiverDB9
RS-232OR
RS-422OR
RS-485 Interface

Figure 1-4. Multiprotocol Transceiver in RS-232, RS-422 or RS-485 Application

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Application Use-Case of Multiprotocol Transceivers

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2 Application Use-Case of Multiprotocol Transceivers
One of the main applications that utilizes multiprotocol transceivers are Industrial PCs (IPC, also known as single
board computers). Modern industrial manufacturing and automation have proliferated IPC into multiple fields
including factories, medical, automotive, and retail. Main requirements for IPC design are:•••

Robustness against transients to support harsh industrial environment
Communication versatility- IPC needs to support large number of communication interfaces such as USB,
Ethernet, display port, RS-232 and RS-485
Small form factor. High power dissipation on board necessitates support for higher ambient temperature forsemiconductors used

There are pre-dominantly two ways a multiprotocol transceiver is used by system designers:••

Single communication port needing one interface at a time via shared bus/logic lines. So, the port is either a
RS-232 or a RS-422/RS-485 interface at one time. Main benefit for the application is there is no need for two
physical connectors- same connector can be used as RS-232 or RS-485, so overall space needed on PCB isdrastically reduced.
Two port requiring both interfaces at the same time, but with each port configurable for either RS-232 or
RS-422/RS-485.
Multiprotocol
transceiver

UART1

RS232/RS-485

DB9
Connector-1

MCU
UART2

RS-232/RS-485

RJ45
Connector-2

Multiprotocol
transceiver

Shared connector

RS232
DB9

UART1

RS485/422

MCU

RS232
OR
RS485 interface

Figure 2-1. Single Port vs Two Port MP Use-Case Method

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Key Design Goals of a Versatile Multiprotocol Transceiver

These usage methods are aimed towards mainly three application scenarios detailed below•••

Shared port with on-the-fly configurability: Certain applications need configurable communication
port. For example, an industrial equipment’s port is configured as RS-485 for long distance multipoint
communications. But during downtime, that port needs to be converted to RS-232 for diagnostics orfirmware upgrade. Multiprotocol transceivers benefit such applications by requiring just one device insteadof having separate RS-232 and RS-485 transceivers. Additional discrete circuitry to implement seamlessswitching between both interfaces and enabling/disabling termination for either interface is eliminated as thatfunctionality is now integrated into the Multiprotocol transceiver, shrinking solution size considerably.
Single port fixed interface: Multiprotocol transceivers comprising of RS-232 and RS-422/RS-485 benefit theapplications which just need one interface. Customers can select, test and qualify multiprotocol transceiver,and configure it for either interface. Main benefit is reduced development time and effort, and lower
inventory cost of management since now the customers do not have to select different devices for different
applications.
Protocol translation: Multiprotocol transceivers that enable both RS-232 and RS-485 interfaces
simultaneously can be used as protocol translator. Certain application scenarios need an equipment’s legacy
RS-232 port to be converted as RS-485 for long distance communications. RS-485 inputs and outputs can beconnected to RS-232 outputs and inputs to enable RS-232 communication distance extension.
Equipment-1
with RS-232
interface

RS-232 OUT

Equipment-2
with RS-232
interfaceLong distancecommunication

DOUT

TX

DIN

ReceiverenableB

RX

A RS-485 IN

Z
RS-232 IN

RIN

RX

ROUT

5k


TX

Y
Driverenable

RS-485 OUT

VCC

Figure 2-2. Protocol Translation

3 Key Design Goals of a Versatile Multiprotocol Transceiver
An versatile multiprotocol transceiver can have below features:
•
•
•
•
•
•

Support of both RS-485 and RS-232 interface, with MODE configuration pins. If logic and bus pins areshared between both interfaces, no interference/loading from unused interface to the active interface must be
supported.
Support switching between half duplex and full duplex RS-485 configurations.
Support integrated 120Ω switchable termination for bus pins in RS-485 configuration.
Support integrated 5kΩ resistor for RS-232 receivers.
Support integrated charge pump for RS-232 signaling that can operate from either 3.3V or 5V supply. This
enables overall small solution size without the need for additional voltage rails and the device can just run off
a single low voltage bus supply.
Additional features such as slew rate control for both RS-232 and RS-485 drivers, shutdown pin to achieveultra-low (µA) current consumption, and diagnostic loopback modes can benefit the applications.

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Discrete Multiprotocol Transceiver Implementation

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4 Discrete Multiprotocol Transceiver Implementation
With the above design goals in mind, discrete multiprotocol implementation can be realized as shown in Figure
4-1.
232
TX
Y

Q1, Q2 for switchable termination
Q3, Q4 for duplex switching

Q1

TX

120



485

Q3
Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 are optoMOS
Example implementation as shown

Z

TX
232

120 Ω
TERM

RX

Q4
OptoMOS

5k

RX

Q2

A
120

GND

485
B

RX

5k

GND

Figure 4-1. Discrete Multiprotocol Solution Implementation
The OptoMOS that connects driver and receiver non-inverting terminals together (Q3) and inverting terminals
together (Q4) are used to make the solution switch between half and full duplex. Q1 and Q2 OptoMOS areused to switch ON or OFF the 120Ω termination resistor to make the node either a terminal node or a middle
node. The solution can look functionally OK, but there is one issue that degrades the performance of the RS-485
system. Integrated RS-232 devices in the market have 5kΩ resistor on RS-232 receiver pins to ground which
are still present even if the solution is configured as RS-485. This loads the RS-485 receiver and reduces thenumber of nodes supported by RS-485. Clearly, a discrete solution is tricky to design, requires considerable
external components and occupies a lot of board space, making the overall solution expensive and bulky.

5 TI's THVD44xx Multiprotocol Transceiver Family
Texas Instruments has released a family of Multiprotocol transceivers THVD44xx. All three devices in this family
are for single communication port needing one interface (RS-232 or RS-422/RS-485) at a time via shared bus/
logic lines.
THVD4431: three transmitters and five receivers for RS-232, one transmitter and one receiver for RS-485 in
40-QFN (6mm*6mm).
THVD4421: two transmitters and two receivers for RS-232, one transmitter and one receiver for RS-485 in
32-QFN (5mm*5mm).
THVD4411: one transmitter and one receiver for RS-232, one transmitter and one receiver for RS-485 in
24-QFN (4mm*4mm).

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TI's THVD44xx Multiprotocol Transceiver Family

Figure 5-1 through Figure 5-3 show the block diagrams for each of the device. For more details into the pinout,functionality and application schematic, see the device-specific data sheets.

DIN

VCC
L1:L8

GND

Power
Supply______
Charge
Pump

3

3

TX

DOUT

RS232
5

ROUT

RX

5

RIN
R1:R8

VIO
Y
D

120

TX

Z

Control
Logic

RS485

DIR

A

R

120

SHDN
MODE0
MODE1
MODE2
TERM_RXTERM_TX
SLR
DIR

RX



B

Figure 5-1. THVD4431 Block Diagram

Power
Supply______
Charge
Pump

VCC
GND

L1:L4

2

DIN

2

TX

DOUT
RS232

2

ROUT

RX

2

RIN
R1:R4

VIO
Y

SHDN

TX

D

MODE0
MODE1
TERM_RX120
Z

Control
Logic

TERM_TX
SLR
DIR

DIR

RS485

A

R

RX

120

B

Figure 5-2. THVD4421 Block Diagram

VCC
GND
L1:L2

Power
Supply______
Charge
Pump

DIN

DOUT

TX

RS232
ROUT

RIN

RX

R1:R4

VIO
D

TX

Z
DIR
R

RS485
A

RX

120

Control
Logic

120

SHDN
MODE0
MODE1
TERM_TXSLR
DIR
TERM_RXY

B

Figure 5-3. THVD4411 Block Diagram
Below features are common to all three devices:••

Integrated Level-4 (8kV contact discharge, 15kV air-gap discharge) IEC-ESD protection (per IEC 61000-4-2)
on all bus pins.
Integrated 120-Ω switchable termination on both RS-485 driver and RS-485 receiver bus pins. These can be
engaged ON/OFF from TERM_TX/TERM_RX pins providing complete flexibility to the system designer to use
the device on any node (middle or end) in any type of network (half duplex or full duplex).

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MODE Configurations for THVD4431

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

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Integrated high-efficiency low-noise charge pump for driving RS-232 voltage levels. This charge pumpproduces regulated ±5.5V (nominal) output from 3.3VCC, or ±9V (nominal) from 5VCC.
Ultra-low power shutdown mode where all blocks are switched off and device consumes less than 20uA ofleakage current.
Slew rate control for RS-232 and RS-485 that enables same device to be used in two max signaling ratescenarios.
Logic supply (1.65V to 5.5V) support to enable different MCU interface supply and bus supply voltages.
Ample configuration options such as RS-485 half duplex mode, RS-485 full-duplex mode, RS-422 mode,
RS-232, and some devices have diagnostic loopback modes as well.
Extended ambient temperature range supported: -40°C to 125°C
Integrated protection features such as RS-485 and RS-232 driver short-circuit, RS-485 receiver failsafe
operation, under-voltage and thermal shutdown to enable robust operation.
Space-saving thermally efficient QFN package.

6 MODE Configurations for THVD4431
THVD4431 can be configured into various modes through the MODE pins. Below are the diagrams that explain
those modes. THVD4431 greatly benefits the application by reducing test and qualification time and re-use ofschematics and layout, as the device can be used for any mode via pin control. Notice that same bus and logic
pins are used whether the device is operating in any RS-232 or in any RS-485 modes.

L1

V+

C2+

VCC

C1+

NC

C1–

C2–

V–

VCC

R1

MODE2, MODE1,MODE0: 001 (RS232 Mode)

40

39

38

37

36

35

34

33

32

31

1

RX

30

R2

29

GND

5 kΩ
L2

2

RX
5 kΩ

3

TX

28

R3

4

TX

27

R4

L5

5

RX

26

GND

L6

6

25

R5

TX

L3

L4

L7

5 kΩ
24

7

RX

R6

5 kΩ
23

GND

9

22

R7

10

21

R8

L8

8

VIO

GND

RX

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

SLR

DIR

MODE2

MODE0

MODE1

NC

TERM_TX

TERM_RX

SHDN

VCC

5 kΩ

Figure 6-1. THVD4431 in RS-232 3T5R Mode8

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MODE Configurations for THVD4431

L1

1

L2

2

L3

3

C2+

VCC

C1+

NC

C1–

C2–

V–

VCC

R1

V+

C2+

VCC

C1+

NC

C1–

C2–

V–

VCC

R1

MODE2, MODE1,MODE0: 011 (RS485 Mode, FD)V+

MODE2, MODE1,MODE0: 010 (RS485 Mode, HD)

40

39

38

37

36

35

34

33

32

31

40

39

38

37

36

35

34

33

32

31

T1

120 

R1

30

R2

L1

1

29

GND

L2

2

28

R3

L3

3

120 

T1

R1

30

R2

29

GND

28

R3

120

25

R5

L6

6

25

R5

L7

7

24

R6

L7

7

24

R6

L8

8

23

GND

L8

8

23

GND

VIO

9

22

R7

VIO

9

22

R7

GND

10

21

R8

GND

10

21

R8

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

MODE2

12

VCC

11

VCC

6

SHDN

L6

TERM_RXGND

TERM_TX

26

NC

5

MODE1

L5

MODE0

GND

DIR

26

SLR

5

SHDN

L5

TERM_RXR4

TERM_TX

27

NC

4

MODE1

L4

MODE0

R4

MODE2

27

DIR

4

SLR

L4

Figure 6-2. THVD4431 in RS-485 Half-Duplex and Full-Duplex Mode

L1

V+

C2+

VCC

C1+

NC

C1–

C2–

V–

VCC

R1

MODE2, MODE1,MODE0: X00 (RS232 Loopback Mode)

40

39

38

37

36

35

34

33

32

31

1

RX

30

R2

29

GND

5 kΩ
L2

2

RX
5 kΩ

L3

L4

L5

3

TX

28

R3

4

TX

27

R4

5

RX

26

GND

25

R5

5 kΩ
L6

6

TX

L7

7

RX

24

R6

5 kΩ
23

GND

9

22

R7

10

21

R8

L8

8

VIO

GND

RX

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

MODE2

MODE0

MODE1

NC

TERM_TX

TERM_RX

SHDN

VCC

SLR

11

DIR

5 kΩ

RS232 Loopback Mode
L4 reflects on R4 and R1 and L1 (red)L3 reflects on R3 and R2 and L2 (blue)
L6 reflects on R5, R6,R7, R8, L5, L7, L8 (green)

Figure 6-3. THVD4431 in RS-232 Loopback Mode

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Application Diagrams for THVD4431

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L1

V+

C2+

VCC

C1+

NC

C1–

C2–

V–

VCC

R1

MODE2, MODE1,MODE0: 111 (RS485 Loopback Mode)

40

39

38

37

36

35

34

33

32

31

1

30

R2

29

GND

28

R3

T1
L2

2

L3

3

L4

4

27

R4

L5

5

26

GND

L6

6

25

R5

L7

7

24

R6

L8

8

23

GND

VIO

9

22

R7

GND

10

21

R8

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

SLR

DIR

MODE2

MODE0

MODE1

NC

TERM_TX

TERM_RX

SHDN

VCC

R1

Figure 6-4. THVD4431 in RS-485 Loopback Mode

7 Application Diagrams for THVD4431
As described earlier, THVD4431 can be configured for RS-485 half duplex network, RS-485 full duplex network
or RS-232 3T5R point-to-point communication. Notice how each node in the RS-485 network uses THVD4431,
end nodes with on-chip termination engaged and middle nodes with on-chip termination switched off.
VIO
MODE0

MODE1

DIR



R2

R2

R

L2

R1

R1

DIR

D

R1
TERM_TX

120 

R2

R1
MODE1
VIO

VIO
MODE1
VIO

R

MODE0
L2

TERM_TX

THVD4431

D

120 

D

R2
TERM_TX

R

120

THVD4431

L3

MODE0

R
120

L2

MODE1

THVD4431

VIO

L3

TERM_TX
VIO

THVD4431

D

MODE0
DIR L3

L2

DIR L3Figure 7-1. THVD4431 in RS-485 Half Duplex Network

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Application Diagrams for THVD4431
VIO

VIO

MODE1 = MODE0

R1

MODE1 = MODE0
R3
120 
R
R4

R4

R1

R2
L3

D

120 

DIR
THVD4431

L2

R

THVD4431

120 

120 

R3
R3
MODE1 =MODE0
VIO

TERM_TX TERM_RX
VIO
VIO
Commander

R4 R1
120 

120

THVD4431

R
D
L2

D

L2

DIR
L3

R2
TERM_RXTERM_TX
R2V
VIO
IO
TERM_RX
Responder
GND
TERM_TXGND

DIR L3
Responder

Figure 7-2. THVD4431 in RS-485 Full-Duplex Network
THVD4431 as
RS-232 Port
R3

L3

TX

L4

TX

L6

TX

R4

R6

MODE2

MODE0

GND

VIO

MODE1
L1

RX

R1

5 k
L2

RX

R2

5k

L5

RX

R5

5 k
L7

RX

R7

5 k
L8

RX

R8

5 k

Figure 7-3. THVD4431 in RS-232 Point-to-Point Communication

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Waveforms for THVD4431

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8 Waveforms for THVD4431
This section displays some waveforms captured on THVD4431 configured in RS-232 and in RS-485 modes,
while also showing mode switch waveform:

VCC = 5V, Bus load = 5 kΩ || 2.5 nF
Figure 8-1. RS-232 Waveform in 250kbps Mode

VCC = 5V, Bus load = 54 Ω || 50 pF
Figure 8-3. RS-485 Waveform in 500kbps Mode

VCC = 5V, Bus load = 5 kΩ || 1 nF
Figure 8-2. RS-232 Waveform in 1Mbps Mode

VCC = 5V, Bus load = 54 Ω || 50 pF
Figure 8-4. RS-485 Waveform in 20Mbps Mode

VCC = 5V, L3 = 1 Mbps square wave, SLR = GND, MODE1 toggled at 10 khz
Figure 8-5. RS-232 to RS-485 Mode Switch Waveform

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Benefits of THVD4431 Over Competition Devices

9 Benefits of THVD4431 Over Competition Devices
Table 9-1. Benefits of THVD4431 Over Competition Devices
Parameter

THVD4431

Competition A

Competition B

Competition C

System Implication

Logic level support

1.65V -5.5V

1.7V-5.5V

Not supported

Not supported

TI is future proof with logic level support
to interface to 1.8V MCU

Typical RS-232
output voltage level
@5Vcc

±9V
(regulated)±5.5V

Diagnostic loopback
mode

Full pathloopback forboth RS-232
and RS-485

Logic loopback
only

Logic loopback
only

Not supported

TI supports chip health monitoring andcable/connector short detection

Integrated 120Ω
switchable
termination for
RS-485

Yes for both
TX and RX
pins

Yes for both TX
and RX pins

Only RX pins

Only RX pins

TI device has more flexibility
for RS-485 network placement astermination on individual bus pins canbe turned on/off

Operating ambient
temperature-40°C to
125°C

-40°C to 125°C-40°C to 85°C

-40°C to 85°C

TI supports higher ambient temperatureenabling smaller PCB's/end systems

Flow through layout

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

±9V (unregulated) ±9V (unregulated) TI's RS232 output will be regulated
across data rate and varying cap load.
Higher amplitude = better SNR in noisy
industrial environment

All left side pins in THVD4431 are
MCU logic pins, right side are bus(connector) side pins enabling clean
PCB layout

10 Conclusion
Texas Instruments THVD44xx Multiprotocol transceivers offer compelling differentiation compared to incumbent
solutions in the market. These devices only need four charge pump capacitors and two bypass capacitors tooperate. Different customers and applications can select from any of the three devices available in this family
based on the number of transmitters and receivers needed. Advance level of integration in these devices help
enable new applications which were not possible with discrete or currently available competing multiprotocol
solutions. Evaluation boards are available for all 3 devices in this family for quick evaluation and head-start into
the design.

SLLA635 – MAY 2024
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THVD44xx: Multiprotocol Transceivers With Advanced Integration andFlexibility Enable Diverse Applications
Copyright © 2024 Texas Instruments Incorporated

13

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