東海大学環境サスティナビリティ研究所

2024〉Top Message

東海大学
環境サステイナビリティ研究所（TRIES）

ごあいさつ

森本 英香（研究所長）

東海大学「環境サステイナビリティ研究所(TRIES）」
は、
さまざまな分野の枠組みを超えた学際的な視点を持って、人と社会と自然が共存できる社会システムの構築、
サステイナブルな社会の構築に寄与することを目的として、2022
年4月1日に発足しました。

以来、
「環境」
と
「サステナビリティ」の分野で、様々な活動を進めてきました。

本研究所は３つの柱で活動しています。
「サステイナビリティ・環境研究と教育の結集と発信」「日本のこれまでの経験の対外的発信」「産学官の人材交流プラットフォームの構築」の３本です。

第１の柱については、「エネルギー・金融に関する研究」、「循環経済に関する研究」、「地域CN（カーボンニュートラ

ル）と環境・経済・社会の統合的向上に関する研究」
をテーマとして設定し、多くの論文の発表、セミナーの開催などを行い、研究を進展させました。

また、国際連携も進め、韓国ソウルの延世大学と覚書を締結しました。

第２の柱については、我が国の多くの社会課題、
とりわけ、環境問題の解決に取り組んできた経験、技術、文化を発信することを狙いとして、
ウェブサイトにより政策分析の情報発信を高頻度に行うとともに、「環境政策５０年の軌跡」と題する環境行政のオーラルヒストリーを、環境省に協力して出版しました。

また、産官学連携の下、環境省、経済産業省における循環経済系の複数の審議会に委員として参画して、研究成果の社会還元を行いました。

第３の柱については、渋谷キャンパスを拠点とし、オンラインも活用して、主として循環経済をテーマとして、産官学の幅広い参加を得て多くのセミナー・招待講演会を開催しました。

今日は、VUCAの時代と言われています。本研究所発足以来、コロナの蔓延に加え、ウクライナへのロシアの侵攻、イ

スラエルとパレスチナの紛争をはじめ、予想外想定外の事態が次々と起きています。
とりわけ、気候変動については「沸騰する地球」と表現されるなど、危機的状況がより高いレベルに達しています。

その一方で、パリ協定を踏まえ、希望を捨てず、2050年カーボンニュートラルにチャレンジする動きが世界中の国々、企業、研究者、そして市民に広がっています。

気候変動をはじめとしたグローバルなリスクを乗り越える、
また、社会の持続性（サステイナビリティ）を確保することが大きなテーマになっている今日、
この両者を不可分のテーマとして掲げる本研究所の役割はますます高まっており、より一層の活動が求められていると痛感しています。

東海大学建学の精神に基づき、
「希望」
を持ち、
「サステイナビリティ」「環境」の分野における研究を結集し、相互に連携を深めていきます。個々の研究のさらなる発展と外部に積極的に発信することを通じて、「協働」
による社会的課題の解決に向けて社会に貢献していくことを目指します。

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

01

〉目

次

目

次
ごあいさつ

１

１

チャートで見る環境政策 (Environmental Policy in Charts)

３２

研究課題 (Research Themes)

42（1）エネルギーと金融 (Energy and Finance)（2）循環経済 (Circular Economy)（3）地域カーボンニュートラルと環境・経済・社会の統合的向上(Local Carbon Neutrality and Integrated Improvement ofEnvironment-Economy-Society)3

成果一覧(Lists of Research Activities)

54( 参考資料 )02

１

TRIES の理念と目的 (Principle and Objectives of TRIES)

62

２

TRIES 所員・研究員 (TRIES Members)

64

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability〉Environmental Policy in Charts

１．チャートで見る環境政策
Environmental Policy in Charts

TRIESでは、日本の特徴を表すチャートについて解説するレポートや、国際的な問題を日本の視点から解釈した論考を、概ね隔週で公表している。環境問題のみならず、所得格差、都市問題、ジェンダー格差など、SDGsの目標に含まれるトピックを取り上げている。

Once every two weeks, we will provide commentary on a single chart that represents acharacteristic of Japan. Alternatively, a discussion that interprets an international issue froma Japanese perspective will be posted along with the chart. The chart will not be limited tothe environment, but will cover topics included in the SDG goals, such as income inequality,
urban issues, and gender inequality

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

03〉Environmental Policy in Charts

Why geothermal energy is stagnating in Japan, despite the availability of resources and technologies?
2023/2/3

Farhad Taghizadeh-HesaryThis policy brief extracted from
Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Mortha A., Farabi-Asl H., Sarker T., Chapman A., Shigetomi Y. & Fraser T. (2020) Role of energy finance in geothermal power
development in Japan, International Review of Economics & Finance, 70: 398-412 ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2020.06.011)

1. Introduction and Background2.1.1. Technical Barriers

After the Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear power disaster in March

Geothermal energy for power generation has a relatively low

2011, Japan found itself facing an energy supply crisis. Despite

electrical efficiency of around 10% (ENERMED, 2018). This isstrong government support for renewable energy (RE), it

because geothermal energy for electricity production requires

appears that geothermal deployment is lagging, although

high-temperature sources (usually between 100°C and 180°C

Japan has the world’s third-largest reserves of geothermal

for binary power plants and higher for flash and dry steam

resources. To reach the objectives set by the Ministry of

power plants), as lower temperature sources are not fit for

Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) within 15 years, theelectricity production. Further, geothermal energy requires acurrently installed capacity would need to be tripled, anhigh degree of specialization for engineers responsible for

ambitious plan. Given the low level of energy self-sufficiency

the deployment, which has decreased following budget cutsin Japan and its dependence on imported fossil fuels, thefor the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development

development of geothermal-based generation could alleviate

Organization (NEDO), 2014. NEDO has been responsible

the energy dependency issue. In doing so, vulnerability tofor new energy development since 1980, concentrating on

external energy price volatilities, disruptive to economic growth,

providing subsidies and funding for R&D. However, their budget

can be avoided, and energy security improved ( Taghizadeh-

was cut due to social backlashes due to perceived high costs

Hesary et al. 2016).

(JOGMEC, 2019). As a result, Japan has a very low successrate for survey drilling, approximately 30%, which is thought

Fig. 1 shows the geothermal power generation in Japan

to contribute to relatively high exploration costs (JOGMEC,

from 1966 to 2017. Over the past 20 years, energy derived

2018b). Besides, despite the well-spread belief that geothermalfrom geothermal resources has been reduced. Taghizadeh-

energy benefits from a high capacity factor, Kawakami

Hesary et al. (2020) examined the reasons behind the lack(2015) concluded that maintaining an 80% capacity factor

of development and a recent decrease in geothermal power

throughout the plant lifespan could lead to a rapid depletion ofgeneration in Japan. They analyzed the various barriers

resources. For sustainable use of geothermal resources, thehindering development and a summary of the government’s

desired capacity factor should be approximately 60% rather

strategy to promote geothermal energy in the future. The

than the maximum technically feasible rate. In Japan, themajor contribution of this study is a quantitative analysis of

capacity factor of geothermal generation facilities was reduced

underpinning factors, quantifying the impact of barriers andvoluntarily following concerns over the sustainability of sources

supportive policies to increase the share of geothermal energy

in 1997 (Kawakami (2015) ).

within Japan’s future electricity generation mix. This policy briefsummarizes their findings.

2.1.2. Legal Barriers
One of the most critical barriers to developing geothermal

2. Challenges and opportunities

energy is that around 80% of geothermal sources are located in

2.1. Challenges and barriers

national park areas (JOGMEC, 2018a). In September 1974, theTaghizadeh-Hesary et al. (2020) recognized four main

Environmental Agency limited geothermal development withinbarriers to geothermal energy deployment in Japan: technical,

national parks to only six sites (JOGMEC, 2018a). Anotherlegal, social, economic, and financial. These will be detailed

factor that reduced the pace of geothermal development inindividually in the following section.

Japan was the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), whichcame into force in 1999 (JOGMEC, 2018c). The EIA law states

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TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

that an environmental impact assessment is mandatory forPlan” promoted R&D to tackle energy generation issues andgeothermal projects with installed capacity above 10,000 kW,

was in force from 1974 to 2000 (New Energy and Industrial

including publishing and discussing the results of the EIA withTechnology Development Organization (NEDO), 2014). Over

local communities (JOGMEC, 2018c).

the years, the government-supported 23 national research
projects, with 220 billion allocated toward geothermal energy

2.1.3. Social Barriers

R&D (Kimura et al., 2007). In 1980, NEDO was created

One of the major barriers to geothermal development isand responsible for administrating most governmental R&D

social opposition.Kubota (2015) also led a similar survey

subsidies.

among stakeholders and local governments. About 70% of
local government respondents supported the development of

The stabilization of oil prices, coupled with growing discontent

small-scale geothermal power plants. However, support fell

due to the expensive nature of the Sunshine Plan stopped

to 25% when it comes to medium to large-scale geothermal

these R&D subsidies in 2002. In the case of geothermal

power plants located within national parks. Kubota et al.

energy, the late 1990s was also a period where stakeholders(2013) showed through interviews that the main concern

expressed concerns regarding environmental sustainability.

of stakeholders, including hot spring operators, is theDuring this period, the Renewable portfolio standards (RPS),

irreversibility of resource depletion, as well as the lack of

a command-and-control type policy, forced electricity providers

level of preparedness of developers in the event of accidents

to have a certain percentage of their electricity produced fromoccurring. There is, for example, no compensation insurance

RE sources and was in force from April 2003 to June 2012.

scheme established between geothermal developers andAccording to Chen et al. (2014), the RPS was ineffective, as

the government. As Kubota (2015) writes, “the key decision-

the target was set relatively low.

makers for issuing drilling permits for geothermal wells indevelopment areas are prefectural governors”, their level of

In 2012, the Feed-In Tariff (FIT) scheme succeeded the RPS,

opposition is a very important barrier. This system extends theand Japan started to implement several types of supportive

lead time and financial risks for developers if they fail to reachpolicies based on energy finance. The FIT scheme incentivizes

a consensus with stakeholders.

electricity providers to purchase RE at a set price over a given
procurement period (JOGMEC, 2018a). Japan also attempted

2.1.4. Economic and Financial Barriers

to tackle the issue of geothermal sources being located in

According to a study conducted by Deloitte (2014), total

national parks by relaxing the National Park Law in March

installation costs in Japan are more than double those in2012, allowing developers to access 59% of geothermal

Iceland. Higher prices in Japan arise due to long lead times

resources. The Japanese government also put the Japanese

resulting from the consensus-seeking process. As the results

Oil and Gas and Metal National Corporation (JOGMEC) inof EIA are made public, geothermal developers usuallycharge of geothermal resource development in 2012. The

undergo additional survey drillings. Unlike other RE projects,

agency provides financial and technological support (JOGMEC,

the need to monitor sources and potentially drill new wells

2018a). JOGMEC provides subsidies for geothermal

after project completion also strongly impacts overall costs.

developers by covering all costs for local developers for

Furthermore, geothermal developers in Japan must undergo

surface and well-drilling surveys (excluding steam discharging

additional procedures surrounding exploration and deployment,

tests). The agency covers 75% of these costs for ordinary

which are not always present in other nations (including an

developers. JOGMEC also covers all costs for environmental

environmental impact assessment, surface survey, or fumarole

pre-survey and monitoring surveys. The agency offers up

examination) (Deloitte, 2014). Finally, an additional barrier

to 50% of equity capital, provided that JOGMEC is not theunique to Japanese geothermal developers arises because

largest shareholder (JOGMEC, 2018a). The agency provides

most geothermal sources are located in regions with limited

liability guarantee before receiving loans from private financial

connectivity to the national power grid (Deloitte, 2014).

institutions for up to 80% of total liability, at a base rate of 0.4%
per year (JOGMEC, 2018a), as a form of credit guarantee

2.2. Opportunities and supportive policies

scheme. As of 2017, more than 70 projects have beenThis section reviews the various measures put in place tosupported by JOGMEC, predominantly through subsidies.

promote geothermal energy in Japan. After the first oil shock

Finally, the agency creates educational events and pamphlets

of 1973, the government decided to promote long-term R&D

aiming at promoting the understanding of geothermal energy

programs to increase energy self-sufficiency. The “Sunshine

taking place in schools, private firms and local governments

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

05〉Environmental Policy in Chartsand even on-site events for the general public, presenting thebarriers combined in the long run. Furthermore, this researchstate of geothermal energy in Japan, as well as the supportshows that subsidies are not an efficient policy for geothermal

they provide for potential investors (JOGMEC, 2018d). Theseelectricity generation, both in the long and short-run.

educational programs are a way to reduce social barriers, as
they promote mutual understanding between investors and the

The results of this study implied that the Japanese government

general public, including hot spring owners.

should strengthen R&D expenditures and continue the FIT
scheme. At the same time, subsidies should be reduced or

The evolution of the budget for each policy instrument related

targeted towards investment as they have mixed effects in theirto geothermal energy is summarized in Fig. 2. Overall,current form. To increase the share of geothermal energy inJapanese government expenditures increased markedly post

Japan’s energy basket, the issue of social opposition needs to2011. This level of support is not expected to be maintained in

be addressed through programs promoting understanding on

the long term.

both sides for sustainable development of geothermal energythat benefits all the parties concerned.

3. Conclusion and policy implications
In this policy brief, barriers hindering the development ofgeothermal energy in Japan and policies that the Japanese
government has implemented since 1966 were analyzed.
Barriers hindering geothermal energy development can bedivided into four types: technical, legal, social, and economic.
The Japanese government introduced plans to support
geothermal energy development twice following the energy
crises. The Sunshine Plan introduced in 1974 supported RE
through extensive R&D and subsidies. However, due to thePlan’s expense, support decreased in 1997 and discontinued
in 2002. The post-Fukushima energy crisis brought aboutanother opportunity for RE, and government expenditures forthe promotion of RE reached unprecedented levels. This levelof support will likely be discontinued for the same reasons
as the Sunshine Plan, and this study aimed to identify which
policies have affected geothermal power generation. To identify
influential green finance policies, Taghizadeh-Hesary et al.
(2020) conducted an empirical study using policy instruments,
macroeconomic indicators and other factors affecting
geothermal energy. In the long run, this study identifies
that while the FIT and R&D expenditures seem to increase
geothermal power production, non-investment subsidies havethe opposite effect due to poor sectorial targeting. This study
confirms the positive impact of green finance instruments suchas R&D and FIT, while the empirical results discourage the useof subsidies. The short-run results show a different outcome,whereby only the FIT, Subsidies, and R&D expenditures are
deemed to have a significant impact on the dependent variable,
conserving the same signs as found in the long-run analysis.
However, the size and the impact of FIT are smaller in the
short run. The empirical results, therefore, demonstrate thatthe most efficient policy instruments in promoting geothermalenergy for power production are R&D expenditures and the FIT
scheme, whose impact is shown to be greater than those of

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TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

Fig. 1: Geothermal power generation in Japan (1966-2017)
Source: JOGMEC, 2018aFig. 2: Public expenditure for geothermal energy in Japan (1966–2018)
Source: Kimura et al., 2007; JOGMEC, 2018d.

Note:

Missing data for geothermal resource development survey and private investment from years 1974-2010

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

07〉Environmental Policy in Charts

Japan’s Approach to Achieving theSDGs
2023/1/20

Since the adoption of the SDGs in 2015, the JapaneseMari Kosaka(2) From raising awareness to transformation

government has established various systems and issued
policies to promote them in Japan. In this context, thegovernment launched the “Japan SDGs Award” system in

Based on advice from the SDGs Promotion Roundtable, there
is a procedure by which the SDGs Promotion Headquarters,

2017, with the aim of recognizing organizations that can serve

headed by the Prime Minister, selects the winning organization.

as models for SDG implementation and thereby encourage

What is most interesting is the evaluation criteria for theothers to follow suit. A total of 64 organizations have received

selection. From 2018 to 2021, the criteria were universality,

the award over the past 5 years, and a look at who they areinclusiveness, participation, transparency, and integration,and how they were selected by the government reveals thewhich are concepts underlying the 2030 Agenda. From 2022,

characteristics of Japan’s approach to achieving them.

however, two additional criteria were added to these five:transformation and solidarity/behavior change. In the earlystages when this award system was launched, there were

(1) Strengthening implementation of the SDGs by small

some organizations selected that (only) contributed to raisingand medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

awareness of the SDGs, but in the last few years awardedorganizations focused on actually putting them into action and

About 13 organizations are selected each year – one awardmaking the results public. The addition of these new criteria

is given by the Prime Minister, two each by the Chief Cabinet

at this stage is a clear indication by the government that it is

Secretary and the Minister of Foreign Affairs, in addition toalready not enough to simply implement actions consistent witheight special awards – and all types of actors have been

the SDGs, but that organizations’ activities should be creating

selected, including companies, NGOs, municipalities,

transformative impact.

educational institutions, and the media, among others. Of the
64 selections made over the past 5 years, 27 were companies,(3) Activities not necessarily triggered by the adoption ofand about 60% of these were SMEs. In general, it is difficult to

the Global Goals in 2015

say that SMEs in Japan are making progress in their efforts toimplement the Goals. For instance, a survey of 2,000 selected

Looking at the content of the activities among the selected

SMEs in Japan showed that only 11% of them are currently

organizations reveals that they were not necessarily started

implementing the SDGs (Organization for Small & Medium

in response to the adoption of the SDGs; in some cases,

Enterprises and Regional Innovation JAPAN 2022) (see Fig.

overseas activities that have been conducted continuously1). With such limited efforts by these organizations, one of thesince the 1980s were evaluated. In other words, thegovernment’s intentions for the award system is to spotlightgovernment is not emphasizing the promotion of the Global

numerous SMEs and set them up as role models, so that

Goals themselves, which were adopted in 2015, but rather

other SMEs will recognize that they too are subject to SDG

attempting to promote the areas set forth within them.

implementation and follow suit.

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TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

Fig. 1: SDGs Implementation Status of SMEs (n=2,000)
Source: Organization for Small & Medium Enterprises and Regional Innovation JAPAN (2022) Survey on SDGs
Promotion by Small and Medium Enterprises: Questionnaire Survey Report.

Reference:● Organization for Small & Medium Enterprises and Regional Innovation JAPAN (2022) Survey on SDGs Promotion by Smalland Medium Enterprises: Questionnaire Survey Report. (in Japanese, Accessed: 11 January 2023).

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

09〉Environmental Policy in Charts

Connecting Mineral and Metal Imports toAuthoritarianism
2023/1/6

David D. Sussaman

The invasion of Ukraine by Russia, and the now 10-month longdemocratic. Freedom House provides a global score to rank

war, serves as a reminder of the importance of global supply

countries, in the year 2021, according to the political rights

chains. Socio-environmental impacts range from increased

and civil liberties guaranteed to their citizens. Of 18 countries

food insecurity due to disruptions in wheat supplies, to athat export crude to Japan, the organization categorizes Saudi

shift towards greater efficiency and the search for alternative

Arabia (39.3% of the petroleum), the United Arab Emirates

sources of energy due to sanctions of Russian oil and natural(31.5%), Qatar (8.42%), Russia (5.37%), Kazakhstan (0.99%),gas.

Oman (0.75%), Bahrain (0.37%), Iraq (0.35%), Vietnam(0.33%), Algeria (0.3%), Brunei (0.1%), Azerbaijan (0.095%),

These examples, as well as those of other materials, show

and China (0.076%) as “not free”, and Kuwait (8.89%) andhow trade in resources from one country to another can affect

Malaysia (1.26%) as “partly free”. Only the United States

the environment, while also being tied to authoritarian regimes.

(1.08%), Ecuador (0.4%), and Australia (0.18%) are classified

This briefing utilizes the Observatory of Economic Complexity

as “free”, accounting for merely 1.66% of Japan’s crude(OEC)[1] to suggest that Japan (as is the case with otherpetroleum imports.

industrialized countries) needs to remain vigilant in terms of
its sourcing of energy and minerals. A New York Times report

Another essential material, aluminum, is not mined withinin October of this year noted that Japan’s volume of trade withJapan, and yet is key for green technologies. Among metals,

Russia actually increased 13% after the invasion of Ukraine,Japan’s largest import by value is raw aluminum, at 3.37 billion

with exports down 42% but imports up 40% (Gamio and

USD, or .58% of all its imports in 2020.

Swanson 2022). It may be easier to find alternative markets inwhich to sell products, though the raw materials that Russia

What additional observations can be drawn from Figure 2

exports are more challenging to replace.

above, showing the origins of raw aluminum imported into
Japan? In 2020 there was a great reliance on Russia, as the

Oil is often associated with less than democratic governments,

largest exporter (16.8%) of the material. Even if this source isand Japanese imports of petroleum are no exception. In 2020

reduced, the remaining countries are, according to Freedom

crude petroleum represented 6.6% of the value of all imports

House, a mixture of “free”, such as Australia (16.5%) andinto Japan, the largest single category among the WorldNew Zealand (9.6%), and “not free”, such as the United Arab

Customs Organization’s 4-digit harmonized systems codes for

Emirates (14.5%), China (7.24%) and Saudi Arabia (5.4%).

products.

The more diverse supply chain for aluminum imports shows

As Figure 1 shows, the petroleum sourced from Russia is

America, and another 4.5% from Africa. It also gives hope that

not insignificant, making up more than 5% of Japan’s imports

the sourcing from more democratic countries can be increased.

that Japan’s reliance is truly global – nearly 10% from Southof that energy source. By June of this year, S&P Global
Commodity Insights reported that Japan stopped importing

Our trade and use of natural resources clearly has

Russian crude altogether (Kumagai 2022). This is an importantenvironmental implications. Fossil fuels are no longer viable

step in cutting off financial flows to the authoritarian regime inin a world where climate change is a reality. At the same time,

Moscow, but a further story here has to do with the origin of

there is no such thing as “sustainable mining”, despite how

energy from other countries – what we see is a huge reliancethe industry may wish to promote itself. One solution includes

on the Middle East and Asia, in countries which are not very

the rapid expansion of renewable energy in place of crude[1] The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC), originating out of the MIT Media Lab, graphically represents the 4-digit Harmonized System codes assigned by the World Customs
Organization for imported and exported products.

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TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

petroleum, and when it comes to aluminum, we need efficiency

also imports petroleum from similar countries, with a significant

and the creation of as circular an economy as possible.

percentage drawn from those that are “not free”. However, a

All of this is not written as a critique of Japan, but rather, a

at 16.44% total. As of 2020 the United States still received

recognition of the complications of materials and where they

1.3% of its crude from Russia, with the vast majority, 60.4%

are sourced from. Beyond the environmental implications,from Canada (democratic, though known for its highly polluting

we find social and political concerns in terms of the types oftar sands). Consideration of the way energy and mineral

governments supported by this trade. Imports from (not toresources are connected to authoritarian regimes should not

mention exports to) authoritarian rulers help to prop them up.

be overlooked.

relatively larger amount of it is sourced from “free” countries,

Japan is not alone in its material bind. Korea, for example,

Fig. 1: Origin of Crude Petroleum Imported into Japan (2020)
Source: The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC)Fig. 2 Origin of Raw Aluminum Imported into Japan (2020)
Source: The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC)Reference:● Freedom House. 2022. “Global Freedom Scores”.

● Gamio, Lazaro and Ana Swanson. 2022. ʻ’ How Russia Pays for War”, New York Times, 30 October.

● Kumagai, Takeo. 2022. “ Japan’s Russian crude oil imports fall to zero in June”, S&P Global Commodity Insights. 22 July.
● Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC). 2022.

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

11〉Environmental Policy in Charts

Current Status and Future of Renewable
Energy in Japan
2022/12/16

Kazuhiro Okuma

The global shift to renewable energy is underway, with IRENA

Looking at the policy until 2030 compared to the previous

statistics showing that global renewable energy generationtransition, the speed of expansion is about 7% per year incapacity nearly doubled between 2012 and 2020, from aboutterms of growth rate and about 7 GW per year in terms of

1,400 GW to 2,800 GW.

increase, which is the same rapid expansion policy. On theother hand, looking at the type of renewable energy, a different

Japan was the world leader in the development andpolicy can be clearly seen. While solar power has been the

introduction of solar power in the 1970s and 1980s.

main source of expansion to date, wind power is expected to

Subsequently, the driving force behind the introduction of

expand most significantly toward 2030.

renewable energies shifted to Europe, and then China, andJapan’s presence in this field declined. In recent years,

Japan has large potential for offshore wind and geothermal

however, the introduction of renewable energy has accelerated

power, but it takes time for these to be introduced. For thisagain in Japan, with the aim of further significant introduction inreason, solar PV has progressed first since the introduction

the future. We take a look at the situation.

of the FIT in 2012. However, in order to make renewableenergy the main source of power, we cannot rely solely on

Figure 1 shows the trend of renewable energy generation

solar power. A goal has been set for a significant introduction

capacity from 2012 to the present and the target for 2030,

of wind power, equivalent to an expansion of about 18% peralong with a breakdown by type of renewable energy. The

year. Policies are being implemented to achieve this goal. For

experience of the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011

example, based on the Offshore Wind Power Generation Act,

triggered the introduction of a feed-in tariff (FIT) in 2012,

areas with high potential are being zoned sequentially, andand the introduction of renewable energy has accelerated

offshore wind power generation is being located in stages.

dramatically. The growth rate from 2012 to 2020 is about 17%

Figure 2 shows the status of zoning based on this law.

per year and the increase is about 7 GW per year, indicating
rapid expansion.

As a result of these goals and policies, the introduction ofrenewable energy in Japan is expected to further accelerate.

Following the decision in 2020 to aim for carbon neutrality inSolar power will continue to grow, but offshore wind power in

2050, the Basic Energy Plan, which aims to make renewableparticular is expected to expand markedly. This is not only aenergy the main source of power, was decided and the energy

climate change measure, but also a major business opportunity

mix policy was set to provide 36-38% of electricity fromfor related industries. The renewable energy industry isrenewable energy in 2030. The power generation capacity andglobalizing, and the expansion of Japan’s renewable energy

breakdown in this policy are shown on the right side of Figure 1.

market is attracting attention from businesses around theworld.

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Fig. 1: Renewable energy generation capacity in Japan
Source: processed from METI data.

Note:

The value of FIT introduction until 2020, the value of energy mix in the 6th Energy Strategic
Plan in 2030. Large-scale hydroelectric are excluded.

Fig. 2 Status of zoning under the Offshore Wind Promotion Act
Source: processed from METI data.

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

13〉Environmental Policy in Charts

CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel
Consumption
2022/12/2

Although global warming is becoming a growing concern, CO2
emissions associated with the annual consumption of fossil
energy resources in human activities continue to increase.
(Around 36 billion tons of CO2 per year). The following is areview of each of these figures around last two decades.
CO 2 emitted from fossil energy resources consumed byhuman activities is released into the atmosphere, while CO2
in the atmosphere is assumed to be absorbed by the natureaccording to its partial pressure, by plants, by the ocean, andso on.

substances and decomposition of organic matter, and thedifference between the amount released into the atmosphereand the amount absorbed is observed as the atmosphericconcentration. (i.e. in Steady State)
Figure 1-A shows past and recent atmospheric CO2
concentrations and temperature changes relative to theyear 2000 (NASA). Figure 1-B shows the amount of CO2 in
atmosphere calculated from the CO2 concentration, assumingthat the total amount of the earth’s atmosphere is about 5200
trillion tons, CO2 is uniformly distributed in the atmosphere,
and the average atmospheric pressure is constant. The lower
line shows the amount of CO2 excluding the emission from theconsumption of fossil energy resources, which is also shown in
Figure 1-C.
If we look at the 14-year period from 2000 to 2014, we cansee that the atmospheric concentration increased by about 28
ppm and the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere increased byabout 140 billion tons, while the amount of CO2 resulting fromthe consumption of fossil energy resources increased by about
11.4 billion tons.
The amount of CO2 generated from fossil energy resources
due to human activities is equivalent to about 8% of the14amount estimated to be increased in the atmosphere. It can beseen that the increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere,i.e., its concentration, is not due directly to the emissions
associated with the consumption of fossil energy resources,
but rather to an increase in the amount released in the balance
between absorption and release to the natural world. The
release of CO2 from natural environment due to rising averagetemperatures or a decrease in the absorption capacity of thenatural world can be considered, but if we look at the past 10
to 20 years, we can also consider that the amount released
due to human activities has been amplified by a factor of 10 ormore in the natural world.

In nature, CO 2 is released through respiration of bio-TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

Haru-Hisa UchidaFig. 1: Changes in Global Carbon Emissions
Source: CDIAC “Global Fossil-Fuel Carbon Emissions”, and WMO, “World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases”

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

15〉Environmental Policy in Charts

Factors of Food Price Instability From
the Experience of the Ukrainian War
2 0 2 2 / 11 / 1 8

It is generally accepted that stable food prices require a stable
quantity of food supply and demand that matches its supply
volume. However, the recent Russian invasion of Ukraine has
had a more significant impact on food prices, especially cereal
price fluctuations, than the quantity of its supply. It is people’s
uncertainty and feeling of insecurity about the food supply inthe future. Let us look at the fluctuations in food prices since
the beginning of the war in Ukraine and find out what affects

Naoto Yoshikawa

international food price since it is the amount of cereal imported
by countries whose domestic production cannot meet domestic

demand. It is necessary to look at the trade volume of “cereal,”
which, in addition to wheat, includes rice, corn, rye, barley,
and other minor cereals. Corn for feed is also included in thiscereal supply, which accounts for 14% of the international
market in Ukraine alone (FAO COUNCIL 2022). However, an
extremely significant concern in this Ukrainian war is wheat,food prices more than the actual supply.

which accounts for 30% of the international market in Russia

World food prices rose steeply when Russia invaded Ukraine

this wheat on the international market was most problematicon February 24, 2022. Particularly prices for cereal andvegetable oil, which Ukraine and Russia have been exporting,skyrocketed from February, rising 33.6% compared to prices
during the same period the previous year, and in March 2022,
they reached their highest historical prices (FAO COUNCIL
2022). High prices then continued through June. In July, cereal
exports from Ukraine were expected to resume due to anagreement between Ukraine and Russia (the Black Sea Grain
Initiative), and prices began to fall rapidly in July; although therate of price decline slowed in August, they continued to fall in
September and October (FAO/a 2022). Cereal prices continued
to fall until August, parallel to food prices, but since September
and October, they have continued to rise gradually, as shownin Figure 1 (FAO/a 2022). According to FAO analysis, thisrise is due to concerns about continuing the Black Sea Grainand Ukraine alone; as of March/April 2022, the purchase offor countries in the Middle East and North Africa (Khorsandi2022; WFP 2022). The trade volume of wheat does not differ
much from the one for 2022/2023 and the one for 2021/2022.
The trade volume is 195.7 million tons in FY 2021/2022 versus
193.7 million tons in FY 2022/2023, a difference of only 2.0
million tons, a decrease of only 1%, as shown in Figure 2 (FAO
2022/b).
Today’s changes in international market prices for food,especially cereal, are not due to changes in actual foodsupplies (availability) but rather to “uncertainty” about thenear future. When food exports from Ukrainian ports exceed
120 days, if, for some reason, exports are delayed, if derail
fields are attacked, or if storage facilities are attacked, theinternational market will react immediately, and food prices will

Initiative (FAO/a 2022).

rise sharply. In response to this international market reaction,

The quantities of the global production, supply, use, and trade

domestic demand. Furthermore, with no end in sight to the(the amount of cereal bought and sold on the international
market) of cereal in FY2022/2023 are not significantly different
from those in FY2021/2022 (FAO/b 2022). Given this cereal
production, supply volume, and trade volume, cereal prices are
not likely to increase much compared to the previous year. The
trade volume of cereal is 469.5 million tons in FY2022/2023
compared to 468.9 million tons in FY2021/2022, a differenceof only 0.6 million tons, or a decrease of 0.13% (FAO 2022/b). Trade volume is one of the essential indicators in terms of

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food exporting countries will restrict their exports to meet
war in Ukraine, Ukraine’s next production and harvest exports
will become uncertain, and cereal-exporting countries otherthan Ukraine may stop cereal exports altogether to ensure
their own food security. Even now, 13 countries have placed
restrictions on wheat exports, and in corn, ten countries haverestricted exports (Nishino 2022). As long as the war in Ukraine
continues, the international market could panic at any moment,
causing food prices to skyrocket as they did in February
2022 or even higher, resulting in the lack of protection offood security in cereal-importing countries. Cereal-importing

However, in the case of the war in Ukraine, the fact thatdeveloping countries will undoubtedly see a collapse in their

Ukraine and Russia are the world’s important cereal-producing

food security, as food prices will surely skyrocket, significantly

and exporting countries increases the possibility that aaffecting the most vulnerable and poor.

prolonged war will result in a decrease in harvest, storage,
and exports. This possibility, this insecurity, is likely to raiseThis situation is different from crop failures due to bad weather,

the international price of food and collapse the food security ofsuch as drought or extreme cold in some countries, which

cereal-importing developing countries.

may cause psychological anxiety and fear as the world tries
to secure its own food supply as quickly as possible and inlarge quantities. In today’s global society, countries with foodsurpluses do not hesitate to sell when bad weather causes
terrible harvests, and some neighboring countries haveorganized networks of mutual conservation. Furthermore,international aid agencies call on the world to assist when
bad weather causes crop failures. This way, a cooperative
relationship is built to maintain food security through various
means.

Fig. 2: World Cereal Market

Fig. 3: World Wheat Market

Fig. 1:Food Price Index
Source: FAO Food Price Index

Source for Fig2 and 3: FAO Cereal Supply and Demand Data (World Food Situation)
Note: 1/ Production data refer to the calendar year of the first year shown.
2/ Production plus opening stocks.
3/ Trade data refer to exports based on a July/June marketing season for wheat andcoarse grains and on a January/December marketing season for rice (second year shown).

Reference:● FAO/a (2022) ʻFAO Food Price Index: FAO Food Price Index virtually unchanged in October, with higher world cereal prices
almost offsetting lower prices of other food commodities,’ (November 4 2022) (accessed 11/8/2022).

● FAO/b (2022) ʻFAO Cereal Supply and Demand Brief: World cereal production, utilization, and stocks forecasts lowered from last month,’ (November 4, 2022) (accessed 11/9/2022)● FAO and WFP (2022) “ Hunger Hotspots: FAO-WFP early warnings on acute food insecurity: October 2022 to January 2023 Outlook.” (accessed 11/3/2022).
● FAO COUNCIL (2022) “170 Session, 13-17 June 2022: Impact of the Ukraine-Rosia conflict on global food security and related mattersunder the mandate of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)” CL 170/6, (May 2022).

● FAOSTAT (2022) “Suite of Food Security Indicators,” (accessed 11/8/2022).

● Khorsandi, Peyvand (2022) ʻ Yemen: Millions at risk as Ukraine war effect rocks region: World Food Programme, FAO and UNICEF issuejoin forces to sound alarm - as WFP calls for US$1.97 billWorld Food Programme, FAO and UNICEF issue join forces to sound alarm as WFP calls for US$1.97 billion to save lives.ion to save lives. ,’ (WFP) (March 14, 2022) (n (accessed 9/23/2022).

● Nishino, Ann (2022) ʻ Food nationalism: Export curbs hit nearly a fifth of global market,’ “Nikkei Asia” (July 7, 2022) (accessed 11/8/2022).

● World Food Program (WFP) (2022) ʻ War in Ukraine pushes Middle East and North Africa deeper into hunger as food prices reach alarming highs,’ (31 March 2022) (accessed 9/23/2022).

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

17〉Environmental Policy in Charts

Is decoupling successful for municipal
solid waste in Japan?
2022/10/14

Eiji B. Hosoda

According to the principle of the waste hierarchy, priority issuch a relationship cannot be seen after 2001; we may

given to the avoidance of waste generation. Waste reduction

say that a negative relationship between them is observed.

comes first, followed by reuse, recycling, incineration andApparently, Japan has succeeded in realizing the decoupling

landfill. This principle is widely shared among advancedof the generation of MSW from real GDP.

countries, being coupled with the concept of extended
producer responsibility. However, it is easier said than done.

As is shown in the figure, there seem to be two stages for thedecoupling; one from 2001 to 2008 and the other from 2009

The principle is a core element of a circular economy, in whichto 2020. What happened to MSW generation around 2008?

input of natural resources and generation of waste is minimized

It must be remembered that 2008 was the year of the serious

while value added is maximized, subject to certain economic

financial crisis, which possibly affected people’s economic

and social constraints. Then, the fundamental question is

behavior. Although it is not so easy to answer why and howwhether we can successfully reduce the amount of waste, on

the two-stage decoupling happened in Japan around 2008,

the one hand, keeping economic growth on the other. In other

we may guess that the independent recycling laws enacted inwords, it must be asked whether and how the decoupling of

the early 2000s were gradually effective and were enforced

waste generation from economic growth can be made.

by the behavioral change which was triggered by the financial
crisis. Yet, the question remains to be answered in a scientific

The following figure shows the relationship between theamount of municipal solid waste (MSW) and real GDP in
Japan. Although there is a positive relationship between theamount of MSW and real GDP from 1980 through to 2001,

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manner.

Fig. 1: Relationship between GDP and MSW
Source: Ministry of Environment and IMF

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

19〉Environmental Policy in Charts

Economic impacts of carbon tax inJapan2022/9/30

Farhad Taghizadeh-HesaryThis policy brief extracted from: Yoshino N., Rasoulinezhad E., and Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2021). Economic Impacts of Carbon Tax in a General Equilibrium
Framework: Empirical Study of Japan, Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management. 23 (01n02), 2250014.

1. Introduction and Background
Over the last decades, environmental pollution caused byfossil fuel consumption has become a controversial issue
among scholars and policymakers. The issue accepted by allscholars is that environmental pollution threatens all people of
the world. Therefore, global consensus and unity are essential
to solving this problem (Vohra et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2022).
Despite various global and regional agreements (such as theParis Agreement on climate change, The Kyoto Protocol, andthe 2030 Climate Target Plan of the European Commission)and long-term plans to reduce fossil fuel consumption incountries around the world, this challenge is at the forefront ofpolicymakers. This challenge is a threat to the environment andeven to human survival. Zou et al. (2016) and Koengkan et al.
(2022) argue that this challenge cannot be solved quickly, andthey forecast that oil and gas production peaks will be around2040 and 2060, respectively. Asselt (2021) and TaghizadehHesary et al. (2021) believe that fossil fuels are the mostcritical factor in climate disruption, potentially threatening future
human life. Table 1 reports the changes in carbon dioxide (CO2)emissions and fossil fuel consumption from 1970 to 2019.

Despite some earlier plans and roadmaps for carbon neutrality

in Japan, such as the “Law concerning Promotion of Measures
to Cope with Global Warming” established in 1998 andJapan’s Voluntary Emissions Trading Scheme (JVETS) in
2010, the country has tried to employ more efficient tools
in the last decade. In October 2012, as the first country in
Asia, Japan implemented the carbon tax of 2.65$ with theclear goal of an 80% reduction in Japan’s Greenhouse Gas(GHG) emissions by 2050 (Nakano and Yamagishi 2021).
Generally, to internalize the adverse externality of CO2 andto motivate enterprises to develop greener productions, theJapanese government has used the carbon tax policy. Yoshino,
Rasoulinezhad, and Taghizadeh-Hesary (2021) answered how
can carbon tax affect the Japanese economy?” Their empirical
study results is summarized in this policy brief (Section 3).
Appelbaum (2021) believes that carbon tax policy can makea wide range of environmental-friendly results for the global
society. According to OECD’s Effective Carbon Rates statistics,
in 2018, the best scores are for Switzerland, and Luxembourg(69%), Norway (68%), and Japan’s score is 24%, among thelowest efficient carbon rates among OECD members.

The challenge of climate disruption caused by CO2 emissions
from fossil fuel consumption is more profound for developed
economies like Japan. The rapid industrialization growth ofJapan in 1960 and 1970, linked the country’s economic growth
to fossil fuels consumption. Although Japan has tried to reduce
its dependence on fossil fuel imports, increase energy security,and create sustainable development in recent years, it has
not achieved significant success in the energy transition. Even
after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear crisis, the country’s domestic
industry became increasingly dependent on fossil fuels(Taghizadeh-Hesary et al., 2017). Cong et al. (2022), Ishiguro
and Yano (2015), and Kazama and Noda (2012) express thatthe 2011-The Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) has shifted
Japan from nuclear energy to fossil fuel consumption. Figure 1
shows the changes in coal consumption in Japan from 1970 to2019:

2. Theoretical BackgroundYoshino, Rasoulinezhad, and Taghizadeh-Hesary (2021)
explored the impacts of the carbon tax on macroeconomic
variables in Japan in a general equilibrium framework. Earlier
studies mainly assessed the impact of the carbon tax policy onenergy prices and not on all economic sectors.
Figure 2 shows the general framework of the impact ofcarbon tax on the economy, which was developed by
Yoshino, Rasoulinezhad, and Taghizadeh-Hesary (2021). A
summarization of the relationships mentioned above clarifies
that an increase in energy prices due to carbon tax will change
the households’ consumption and saving behavior. Changes insavings will change the banking behavior, the capital markets
behavior, and the flow of funds that would change the interest

Note: yd, ys, y, P, Pe, w,i,e, Eh,Ef,capital,EXP,IMP denote: household’s demand, firms supply, total demand/income (GDP), general price level, price of energy, wage rate, interest rate,exchange rate, energy demand of households, energy demand of firms, capital flow, export, import respectively

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rate. On the other hand, due to carbon tax, the final price of
products would change, affecting the import and export thatalter the current account balance. Changes in financial flowcaused by the carbon tax will change the capital inflow andoutflow from overseas, which will change the exchange rate.
Changes in the exchange rate will change the firm production
behavior.
3. Empirical Results
Yoshino, Rasoulinezhad, and Taghizadeh-Hesary (2021)
developed a Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) modelusing quarterly data of Japan covering the period of 2005-2020

Table 1: Fossil fuels consumption and CO2 emissions in the world,1970-2019s
Source: Yoshino, Rasoulinezhad, and Taghizadeh-Hesary (2021)

to assess the impacts of the carbon tax on the macroeconomic
variables of Japan. The main findings from the empirical results
are:
An increase in energy price (+ carbon tax) will increase theinterest rate (lending rate). The main reason is that an increasein energy prices due to carbon tax will change the households’
consumption and saving behavior. Changes in savings willchange the banking behavior, the capital markets behavior,and the flow of funds that would change the interest rate.
By increasing energy prices, Japan needs to pay more
foreign currencies (dollars) to import fossil fuels leading to a

Fig. 1: coal consumptions in Japan, 1970-2019, exajoules
Source: Yoshino, Rasoulinezhad, and Taghizadeh-Hesary (2021)

devaluation of the national currency (Yen) and an increase in
the foreign exchange rate in the country.
Any increase in energy price due to carbon tax leads to therise of Japan’s commodities’ general price level. The main
reason is that if the price of energy as a major production
input for the industrial sector, power plants, and transportation
sectors in Japan increases, the cost of production jumps andconsequently leads to an increase in the consumer price index
and inflation rate.
An increase in energy prices due to carbon tax leads to a
reduction in the real GDP of Japan. Due to the primary roleof industrial production in the GDP of Japan, any increase infossil fuel prices by carbon tax, will lead to a more expensive

Fig. 2: Economic impacts of carbon tax in a general equilibrium
framework
Source: Yoshino, Rasoulinezhad, and Taghizadeh-Hesary (2021)

production cost for industries which may decrease production
volumes leading to slower economic growth for Japan.
Reference:● Appelbaum, E. 2021. Improving the Efficacy of Carbon Tax Policies. Journal of Government and Economics, 100027, In Press.
● Asselt, H. 2021. Governing fossil fuel production in the age of climate disruption: Towards an international law of ʻleaving it in the ground’. Earth System Governance. 9, 100118.
● Chen, Z., Tan, Y., and Xu, J. 2022. Economic and environmental impacts of the coal-to-gas policy on households: Evidence from China. Journal of Cleaner Production. 341, 1360608.
● Cong, R., Gomi, K., Togawa, T., Hirano, Y., and Oba, M. 2022. How and why did fossil fuel use change in Fukushima
Prefecture before and after the Great East Japan Earthquake? Energy Reports. 8: 1159- 1173.
● Ishiguro, A., and Yano, E. 2015. Tsunami inundation after the Great East Japan Earthquake and mortality of affected communities. Public Health, 129 (10): 1390-1397.
● Kazama, M., and Noda, T. 2012. Damage statistics (Summary of the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake damage). Soils and Foundations, 52 (5): 780-792.
● Koengkan, M., Fuinhas, J., Kazemzadeh, E., Alavijeh, N., and Araujo, S. 2022. The impact of renewable energy policies on deaths fromoutdoor and indoor air pollution: Empirical evidence from Latin American and Caribbean countries. Energy, 245, 123209.
● Nakano, K., and Yamagishi, K. 2021. Impact of Carbon Tax Increase on Product Prices in Japan. Energies, 14 (7), 1986, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071986● Sadayuki, T., and Arimura, T. 2021. Do regional emission trading schemes lead to carbon leakage within firms? Evidence from Japan. Energy Economics. 104, 105664● Vohra, K., Vodonos, A., Schwartz, J., Marais, E., Sulprizio, M., Mickley, L. 2021. Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution
generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem. Environmental Research. 195, 110754.
● Taghizadeh-Hesary F., N. Yoshino and E. Rasoulinezhad (2017). Impact of Fukushima Nuclear Disaster on OilConsuming Sectors of Japan. Journal of Comparative Asian Development. 16:2, 113-134.
● Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., E. Rasoulinezhad, N. Yoshino, Y. Chang, F. Taghizadeh-Hesary, and P. J. Morgan. (2021). The Energy–Pollution–Health Nexus:
A Panel Data Analysis of Low- and Middle-income Asian Countries. The Singapore Economic Review. Vol. 66, No. 02, pp. 435-455.
● Yoshino N., Rasoulinezhad E., and Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2021). Economic Impacts of Carbon Tax in a General Equilibrium Framework:
Empirical Study of Japan. Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management. 23 (01n02), 2250014.
● Zou, C., Zhao, Q., Zhang, G., and Xiong, B. 2016. Energy revolution: From a fossil energy era to a new energy era. Natural Gas Industry B. 3 (1): 1- 11.

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

21〉Environmental Policy in Charts

Is it possible to commercialize solarcars?
2022/9/16

Fossil fuels such as oil and LNG are becoming more
expensive. From the perspective of the SDGs, the use ofrenewable energy with low CO2 emissions and energy-efficient
vehicles will be necessary in the future. The solar car is theultimate vehicle that can run using the PV energy, contributing
to the realization of a sustainable society.
Do you think solar cars are still a long way off? Indeed, it wasonce thought to be impossible. However, with the developmentof various technologies, including solar cells, batteries, motors,
inverters, tires, materials, and aerodynamics, commercial solar
car is almost there. A comparison of the power consumption vs.
speed of a solar car and commercial electric vehicle running on
flat ground is shown in the following chart. Here, the solar car
is a 2019 model of the Tokai Challenger, and the commercial

Hideki Kimurareach a cruising speed of over 80 km/h. For example, in thecentral area of the Australian continent, it can generate about 7
hours of solar power per day. That is, it can travel at a speed of
85 km/h x 7 hours = 600 km.
If a commercial EV is driven, it needs 10 times more power
than our solar car. In other words, 0.7h = 42min, whichis equivalent to 1/10 of 7 hours, is enough time to run acommercial EV. Roughly, a commercial EV can be poweredby solar energy for a range of 60 km per day. In November
2022, an automotive venture in EU will launch a new electricvehicle with 5m2 solar panels called “Lightyear 0” to theworld. Lightweight materials of aluminum and carbon fiber,
and improved aerodynamics, the car can travel 70 km using

EV are an estimated Nissan Leaf and Tesla Model 3.

solar energy generated in a day. Although the price is very

This figure shows that the Tokai Challenger can run on about

has just been made practical by the latest technology.

expensive, about 300,000 euros = 36 million yen, the solar car

one-tenth of the power consumption of commercial electricvehicles. Tokai Challenger can run at about 0.8 kW at 80 km/h, which is equivalent to about 1 PS or 1 HP. Considering theenvironmental impact, this power is an appropriate value tocarry one person. In other words, modern cars are too and too
heavy.
Next, let us focus on the consumed power of the Tokai
Challenger. The rated output of PV panels is 940W, which can

Fig. 1: Consumed Power of Solar Car and Commercial Electric Vehicle

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Fig. 2: Solar Car “2019 Tokai Challenger” with 4m2 PV panels

Fig. 3: Commercial Electric Vehicle “Nissan Leaf” 1)

Fig. 4: Consumed Power of Solar Car

Fig. 5: New Electric Vehicle with Large Solar Panel “Lightyear 02)

Reference● Press Release of Nissan Leaf.
https://global.nissannews.com/en/releases/release-5f454556692dea59782a3ffa3e0bf3b0-170906-01-e● WEB site of Lightyear. https://lightyear.one/

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

23〉Environmental Policy in Charts

Suicide cases and COVID-19 pandemic
2022/8/5

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought severe economic

Ayako Wakano

Female suicide of the unemployed increases 11.9% from 2019consequences in Japan. In April 2020, the number of employed

to 2021 and that for employed workers in 2021 increases

leave” was increased by nearly 4 million in Japan. Not only

same employment category of male was low, compared topeople reduced by 1 million, and the number of “works on
economic indices, but its’ impact was observed in various
dimensions. For example, the number of suicide cases wasincreased first time after 2009.

The economic crisis greatly affects the number of suicide
cases in Japan. Figure 1 below shows the drastic increase
from 1997 to 1998. The left y axis shows the number for maleand the right shows that of female. Since the burst of the
bubble economy in 1991, Japan had experienced the severerecession for long time. In 1997, it is the year that Yamaichi
Securities Co., Ltd. collapsed and in 1998 the Long-Term
Credit Bank of Japan failed. The difference of suicide cases in
one year from 1997 to 1998 became approximately 8,200. The
increase ratio in 1998 is 35 percent, compared to the numberof cases in 1997. This is the tremendous increases in number.
After 2009, the number of suicide cases gradually reduces until
2019. It is from 30,707 to 19,425. This is 36 percent reduction,compared to the number in 2009. However, this trend suddenly
stopped by the economic shock, again in 2020, during the timeof COVID-19 pandemic.
Since the COVID-19 pandemic, female suicide case has been
typically raised. From 2019 to 2021, it increases from 6,052
to 7,034 cases, which is 16.2% increase compared to thatin 2019, while male suicide cases decrease 1.0%. It is much
more obvious when we look at the breakdown of this figure into
the employment category.

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35.3% compared to that in 2019. The increase ratio for thethat of female. It is -1.6% for the unemployed and 1.7% for theemployed.
Immediately after the state of emergency declaration in April
2020, Japanese labor market experienced the devastating
shock. Further analysis for this impact is necessary for thesuicidal prevention policy.

Fig. 1: Annual suicide cases from year 1990 to 2021 (Source: theMinistry of Health, Labor and Welfare)Fig. 2: Annual suicide cases from year 2015 to 2021 (Source: theMinistry of Health, Labor and Welfare)Blue line shows the male cases and orange line shows the female
casesBlue line shows cases for male unemployed and orange line is cases
for female unemployed

Note:

Note:

Fig. 3: Annual suicide cases from year 2015 to 2021 (Source: theMinistry of Health, Labor and Welfare)

Note:

Blue line shows cases for male employed and orange line is cases forfemale employed

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

25〉Environmental Policy in Charts

The Return of Tourists - and Their
Unsustainable Air Travel - to Japan
2022/7/15

One question in response to COVID-19’s impact these past
years has been whether it is possible to use the rebuild after
the pandemic as an opportunity to simultaneously improvesustainability. Broadly referred to as a “green recovery”, one
area which deserves consideration is tourism, and specificallytravel by plane. Research published in 2018 showed that 8% of
global carbon emissions come from the tourist industry (Lenzen
et al.). Air travel, which accounted for 3% of global emissions
in 2021, could increase to 33% by 2050 (Vigeveno 2021). This
staggering rise comes despite pledges by governments andDavid Sussman

36% of the government’s 2020 target of 40 million annual
visitors (2022).
The point is that while there was a temporary decline in tourists
and flights, the longer-term estimates portend a major increasein air travel-related carbon emissions. We all, including
Japan, need to keep our eye on the ball when it comes to CO2
from this mode of transportation. In other industries such as
electricity generation or ground transport there can shifts togreater sustainability. With airlines, however, there is not yet aairlines to make the industry carbon neutral.

widely available alternative to using the energy-packed fossil

Only two years ago, tourism and airlines were two of therecent sense that there are declines in travel emissions areindustries hardest hit by customer’s behavioral changes in
response to the COVID-19 pandemic, with passenger numbers
for leisure and vacation-related flights dropping almost to zero.
Business travel was not hit as hard, and experienced a halvingof customers (Scott 2022). The sharp decline in flying played apart in a global decrease of carbon emissions in 2021, though

fuels necessary for blasting people into the stratosphere. Anylargely illusory.
The chart below shows that even the lowest growth scenario
from the International Council on Clean Transportation, basedon a projection of 2.4% annual growth, revenue passenger
kilometers in mid-century will be about double their number inthat was only a temporary reprieve. Recently, the International

2019.

to their highest level in history in 2021” (IEA 2022).

Broadly speaking, there appears to be boundless enthusiasm

In 2020, countries rapidly closed their borders to visitors, and2020 and 2021 looks to be (as long as no new virus variants

Energy Agency reported that “global CO2 emissions reboundedJapan similarly imposed tight restrictions. Two years later,as the world reconnects and travels again, the country has
proceeded much more cautiously in accepting tourists, andonly this spring expanded visa access to a select number ofbusiness travelers, family members, and students. The mostrecent statistics show a slight increase in tourists entering

for travel. The COVID-related drop-off in tourist flights inappear) just a blip in the longer-term rise of emissions from

air transport. There is also the concept of “revenge” travel,by which people fly even more to make up for lost trips andconnections with family and friends. Admittedly, business travel
will be impacted, based on fewer face-to-face meetings, andan approximate decline of 20-25% in travel (Scott, 2022). This

Japan in early 2022.

is not insignificant, as in Europe it makes up nearly a third

Other regions reveal what will happen when Japan reallysubsumed by greater demand for travel by other passengers.

opens up its borders. Tourism is rebounding steadily, with asurvey finding that 58% of experts say that tourism will reachpre-pandemic levels by 2023 in the Americas, 64% in Europe,
but only 31% in Asia. TradingEconomics predicts that monthly
travelers to Japan will reach 1.2 million in 2024, which is only

26

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainabilityof emissions due to flights. However, this will inevitably be
The world, for example, is adding 215,000 people to its
population each day, and will cross the 8-billion threshold in
September. That represents a lot of fledgling frequent flyers.
In the end, what does this mean? Japan, while receiving a

limited of visitors now, will someday fully open for tourists again

flights appears markedly lower in Japan as compared to other– and when that happens millions more will be flying long-countries. For example, while 60% of Spaniards would pay

distance to get here. Perhaps there is more that the country

higher prices for “carbon-neutral flights” (if such a thing cancan do in the meantime, to make travel more sustainable after

really exist), the figure was 2% in Japan (Ahmad et al. 2022).

passengers land. Or maybe there can be efforts to increase

There appears to be an opportunity to increase awarenessrecognition among the Japanese population that the tourists

among Japanese about the unsustainability of modern air

arriving to its islands are, from the very outset, engaging intravel. Only then can they understand that the typical foreigner,

lifestyle choice (overseas flights) that is deeply unsustainable

soon to be seen in increasing numbers at temples and shrines,

in its current form. At the same time, present-day awarenessor walking down the street, is fundamentally a representation– or at least willingness to act – on carbon emissions fromof unsustainability.

Fig. 1: Tourist Arrivals in Japan (Source: Trading Economics, 2022)

Fig. 2: Projections for Revenue Passenger Kilometers (2022-2050)(Source: Graver, 2022)

Reference:● Ahmad, Mishal and Frederik Franz, Tomas Nauclér, & Daniel Riefer. 2022. “Opportunities for industry leaders as new travelers take to the skies”, McKinsey.
● Graver, Brandon. 2022. “Polishing My Crystal Ball: Airline Traffic in 2050”, International Council on Clean Transportation.

● IEA – International Energy Agency. 2022. “Global CO2 emissions rebounded to their highest level in history in 2021”, Press Release. 8 March:● Lenzen, Manfred and Ya-Yen Sun, Futu Faturay, Yuan-Peng Ting, Arne Geschke & Arunima Malik 2018. “Thecarbon footprint of global tourism”, Nature Climate Change, Volume 8, pp. 522–528.

● Scott, Mike. 2022. “Can business travel get into a more sustainable flight-path post-Covid?” 15 July, Reuters:● Trading Economics. 2022. “Japan Tourist Arrivals”, Accessed 7 July.

● Vigeveno, Huibert. 2021. “Aviation’s flight path to a net-zero future”, World Economic Forum. 20 September.

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

27〉Environmental Policy in Charts

2022 Upper House Election started:
female candidates exceeded 30% finally2022/7/1

The official campaigning period for the 2022 House ofCouncillors election in Japan began on June 22. The ratio of
women among total candidates running for a national election
has exceeded 30%, for the first time since 1946. Should we

Yuki Tsuji

It is noteworthy that female candidates of the LDP were more
likely to be elected than male candidates of the same party,
and the same applied to the KOMEITO candidates. In contrast,
the winning rates of female candidates of opposition parties

expect to see more female MPs in the Diet after July 10?

were lower than those of male candidates. Since the election

Trends in the percentages of female candidates and winners

only competition among political parties but also competition

are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. The share of female candidates
as well as that of elected women have been always higher inthe House of Councillors (upper house) than in the House ofRepresentatives (lower house). While women occupy 23.1% of
the total seats in the upper house (before election), women’sshare falls to 9.7% in the lower house.
The largest reason for the small number of female MPs is thesmall number of female candidates. In particular, the Liberal
Democratic Party (LDP), which is a center-right ruling party,
as well as its coalition partner KOMEITO, have shown poor
performances in political recruitment of female candidates. As
Table 1 demonstrates, in the previous upper house election
in 2019, the percentages of female candidates affiliated withthese two parties were extremely low. While the situation has
improved in 2022, perhaps thanks to the enhanced monitoringby media and concerned citizens, the LDP and KOMEITO havenot caught up with opposition parties in their attempts to recruit
more women.
On the other hand, we must pay attention to the women’s
chances of being elected. Table 2 compares winning rates
between male and female candidates running from the same
party in the 2019 upper house election.

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rule of the House of Councillors has an effect of promoting notamong candidates running from the same party, it is likely thatcandidates’ genders have some influence in both negative andpositive ways, in the candidate selection processes by parties,
resource mobilization in campaigns, and voters’ choices. In
any case, how many more women will take the seats in theupper house is left in the hands of voters.

Fig. 1:Percentages of women who ran for and won in the generalelections for the House of Representatives (Source: Gender Equality
Bureau, Cabinet Office)Fig. 2:Percentages of women who ran for and won in the regularelections for the House of Councillors (Source: Gender Equality
Bureau, Cabinet Office)Note:

The term of the House of Councillors is fixed. All members shall serve
six years, with half of them up for election every three years.

Table 1:Targeted and actual percentages of female candidates for theupper house elections by major parties
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications 2019, Asahi
shimbun online May 25, 2022, and June 22, 2022.

Table 2: Number of candidates, winners, winning rates by gender andparty affiliation in the 2019 upper house election
Source: Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications 2019,calculation by the author.

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

29〉Environmental Policy in Charts

Japan’s Gasoline Subsidy Policies
Contrary to Decarbonization
2022/6/17

On February 24, 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine. It had a wideranging impact on the world, including the surge in oil prices

Satoshi Honma

Higher gasoline prices, in the absence of subsidies, could havepartially replaced people’s modes of transportation from cars to

due to geopolitical risks.

bicycles and public transportation like trains and buses. It may

Fig. 1 depicts the trend in crude oil prices (West Texas

cars and electric vehicles to replace gasoline vehicles.

Intermediate) from January 2020 to present. Because of the
sharp drop in global demand for crude oil due to COVID19, oilprices decrease; the monthly price fell to $16.52 per barrel in
April 2020. However, crude oil prices have been rising sincehave pushed consumers to seek out hybrid and plug-in hybrid

As illustrated in Fig. 3, Japan’s gasoline prices were the lowest
among major industrialized countries.

May 2020 due to the effects of vaccination.

Government funds should be spent on preventing temperature

The world is facing rising energy and resource prices as a

price control measures.

result of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February of this year.
In particular, crude oil reached a recent high of $108.49 per
barrel in March 2022 and reached a new high in May with aincreases over the next 100 years rather than on immediate

The Ukraine crisis has slowed global decarbonization efforts,
forcing a temporary return to coal-fired power. Meanwhile, as

monthly price of $109.60 per barrel.

an additional sanction in response to the invasion of Ukraine,

To combat the rise in oil prices, the Japanese government

the end of May. Although energy supply and price trends will

implemented a subsidy program for gasoline and otherpetroleum products in January 2022.
When the national average price of gasoline exceeds 170 yen
per liter, the program provides fuel oil wholesalers with up to
5 yen per liter in subsidies. The subsidy cap was then raised
twice, from 5 to 25 yen per liter and then from 25 to 35 yen perliter.
Fig. 2 depicts the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade, andIndustry’s position on policy effects (English translation by theauthor). Without the subsidy, the price of gasoline would havereached 206.5 yen per liter, but the subsidy has kept the pricedown to 169.8 yen per liter.
However, was this subsidy necessary? In the long run, themore important policy issue should have been to promote
the energy transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy toachieve the Paris Agreement’s goals.

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the European Union agreed to a ban on Russian oil imports atremain volatile, governments must not relax their commitment
to achieving a decarbonized society.

Fig. 1: Crude oil price (Source: World Bank)

Fig. 2: Effects of gasoline subsidies (Source: Minister of Economy,
Trade and Industry, Japan. English translation by the author)

Note 1:

The following formula was used to calculate the forecasted price forthe period from January 31 to March 7: (Price survey results fromJanuary 24) + (Accumulated crude oil price fluctuation).

Note 2:The method for calculating the forecast price after March 14 is basedon the following formula, by increasing the subsidy: (Weekly pricesurvey result) + (Amount paid the previous week) + (Amount of crude
oil price fluctuation).

Fig. 3: Gasoline Prices in Major Developed Countries on June 6, 2022
(Source: Compiled from GlobalPetrolPrices.com.)TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

31〉Environmental Policy in Charts

Japan’s Environmental Sector Growing
towards Decarbonization
2022/6/6

In step with the world’s accelerating efforts to decarbonize,
Japan has declared its goal of becoming carbon neutral by
2050 and announced a 46% reduction in greenhouse gases
by 2030, with a lofty goal of a further 50% reduction by
2030. These policies have emphasized the need to promotedecarbonization as a growth strategy. The focus is on how

Kazuhiro Okuma

has shown different trends in Japan and the EU. In the EU, therenewable energy sector has consistently increased from 2000
to around 2012. In contrast, Japan’s renewable energy sector
was at a low level until 2011, but has been increasing rapidly
since 2012. This reflects the introduction of a feed-in tariff in2012 and the strengthening of policies to promote renewableenvironmental industries can grow.

energy. While this can be seen as a sign that the scale of the

The Environmental Goods and Services Sector Accounts in theEU, there is also the view that the policy delays up to that point

EU is a well-known statistic for measuring the environmental
industries, and the Ministry of the Environment in Japan has
also been conducting the Survey of the Market Size of therenewable energy sector has largely caught up with that of thehave led to a delay in the competitiveness of related industries.
In Japan, a law to promote offshore wind power generation

Environmental Industry.

has been enacted, and demand for renewable energy-

Based on these statistical data, let us look at the trends in the

The question will be whether this growth in demand can be

renewable energy and energy saving related sectors for Japanand the EU, which are directly related to decarbonization.
Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the share of these sectors in GDP
for Japan and the EU, respectively, since 2000. Since thedefinitions and estimation methods differ between Japan andthe EU, we have adjusted the Japanese data by narrowing
down the sectors related to energy conservation to be closer tothe EU statistics. Comparisons of the magnitude of the values
need to be made with caution, but comparisons of trends are
possible.
Renewable energy and Energy saving sactors in Japanand EUThe increase in the renewable energy and energy conservation
sectors is evident in both Japan and the EU. They havereached 0.4 to 0.5% of GDP in both Japan and the EU, a levelthat does not seem to be significantly different.
Energy conservation has been increasing almost consistently inboth Japan and the EU. In Japan, a peak can be seen around2013, but this is mainly due to an increase in housing, etc., andmay reflect reconstruction demand after the Great East Japan
Earthquake. On the other hand, the renewable energy sector

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TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

related industries is expected to expand even more rapidly.
translated into growth in Japan’s related industries.

Fig.1 &2 Renewable energy and Energy saving sactors in Japan and EU

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

33〉Environmental Policy in Charts

Leave No Child Behind - SDG4: Quality Education for All Children in an Aging Society
2022/5/20

On this year’s May 5, “Children’s Day” in the Japanesecalendar, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
reported that the percentage of children aged 14 years
or younger in Japan’s population declined for the 48th

Sachi Ninomiya-Lim

Sustainable Development Report 2021 (Figure 3, Sachs etal. 2021), Japan has already achieved Goal 4 with indicatorssuch as the net primary education enrollment rate and lower
secondary completion rate fulfilled by 100%. However, there isconsecutive year to 11.7% (Figure 1).

another reality behind the scenes.

This figure is the lowest among the 35 countries with a

In Japan, “futoko,” which can be translated into different terms

population of more than 40 million people, followed by South
Korea’s 11.9% and Italy’s 12.9% (UN Demographic Yearbook).
While the total population in Japan decreased from its peak at
128 million people in 2008 to 125 million in 2022, the numberof children aged under 15 years is now only 14.65 million, lessthan half that at its peak at 29.89 million in 1954 (Figure 2).

in English including school absenteeism, school avoidance,
school phobia, and school refusal, has become a serious social
issue. In 2020, the percentage of pupils absent for 30 days ormore in a year increased to a record high of 1% for elementaryand 4% for junior high schools (Figure 4).
Although many such children are left behind without proper
support to access any type of appropriate education, they areThis rapid decrease of young generations is one of the mosturgent and serious issues threatening the sustainability ofJapanese society. Thus, how can we in Japan overcome thishistorical demographic shift and sustain our society leaving nooften counted as “enrolled” and “completed” students when ofa certain age, and as such, the actual situation is not reflectedin the SDG indicators. While the reasons for and situations offutoko vary among individual cases, this significant increase

one behind?

in number highlights the need for the Japanese school andFirst, Japan needs to transform its public systems in all areasof students per class and per teacher, relatively smaller

including social welfare schemes such as pensions, medical
and nursing-care programs, the economy and employment
structure, immigration policies, city planning, and so on toquickly and appropriately operate society considering the

education system to change. The relatively large number
percentage of governmental expenditure on education, rigid
rules forced upon students in schools, lack of alternativeeducational opportunities out of formal schools, and lack ofsupport for children’s mental health issues are some of thechanging composition of the population.

existing problems.

However, the transformation of such systems and schemes

The happiness of children is the basic requisite for thedoes not address the root cause of a declining birth rate. More
importantly, we need to transform society and culture as awhole to create an environment that enables more people tohave children without fear for the future, and for more children
to live happily with confidence to lead the future.
Among the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs), Goal 4 “Quality Education” likely contributes muchto children’s happiness and confidence. According to the34

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

sustainability of society and humanity. We in Japan and theworld need to critically understand the real picture and work
to create an empowering environment for children to realize afuture that leaves no one behind.

Fig. 2: Number and Percentage of Children in Japan (Source:
Statistics Bureau of Japan (English translation by the author))

Fig. 1: Transition of Demographic Composition in Japan (Source:
Statistics Bureau of Japan (English translation by the author))

Fig. 4: Number of Futoko Children per 1,000 (Source: the Ministry of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan「令和 2 年度児童生徒の問題行動・不登校等生徒指導上の諸課題に関する調査結果の概要」(English translation by the author))
Fig. 3: Country Profile of Japan, Sustainable Development Report 2021
(Source: Sachs, J. D., Kroll, C, Lafortune, G., Fuller, G., and Woelm,
F. 2021, Sustainable Development Report 2021: The Decade of Action
for the Sustainable Development Goals: Includes the SDG Index and
Dashboards, Cambridge University Press.)

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

35〉Environmental Policy in Charts

Looking Back on 2015
2022/5/6

The year 2015 was a special year. When we look back, we
may realize that it was a turning point, the first year in which

Hideka Morimoto

The EU is trying to “institutionalize” this trend further by making
ESG measures mandatory for public disclosure and unifying

the nature of our society changed dramatically.

evaluation criteria, based on a “taxonomy” as the axis, in

The United Nations General Assembly adopted the Sustainablecorporate behavior through corporate evaluation. In addition, it

Development Goals (SDGs) in September, and the Paris
Agreement was adopted at COP21 in December. In the samemonth, the TCFD (Task Force on Climate-related Financial
Disclosures) was established under the Financial Stability
Board (FSB) at the request of the G20 Finance Ministers andCentral Bank Governors.

order to control the flow of private capital and strongly guideplans to introduce the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism(CBAM) and aims to spread EU rules globally as a de facto
standard to become a winner in the market. Another interesting
move is the collaboration between China and the EU to form acommon taxonomy, the Common Ground Taxonomy.
Japan, despite its many outstanding technologies andThese three events are connected in the bottom line.

industries, seems to be lagging behind in these developments.

The SDGs are aimed at overcoming the limitations of “balancing

Transition,” which was raised in the Green Innovation Strategy

the environment and the economy. Based on the reflection that“balancing the environment and the economy” alone will never
benefit everyone and will not achieve sustainable development,
the concept of “simultaneous solutions to environmental,
economic, and social problems” was formulated with astrong determination to “leave no one behind. It also strongly
emphasized that poverty, hunger, and other issues that had
previously been the responsibility of international organizations
and countries were now the responsibility of corporations.
The Paris Agreement and the IPCC’s “Global Warming of 1.5°C“ provided the impetus for countries and companies to movetoward 2050 CN (carbon neutral). After a year and a half ofdiscussions, the TCFD released its “Recommendations” inJune 2017, which will guide the realization of the SDGs, ESG
investment, and the flow of funds toward 2050 CN. In Japan,
the Corporate Governance Code (CGC) has been revised,and compliance with the TCFD has become a requirement forparticipation in the Prime Market, which has the most stringent
listing criteria and is positioned as the top market in the Tokyo
Stock Exchange.

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TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

I have been paying attention to the concept of “Taxonomy for
Promotion Council, of which I am a member. The concept is todraw up a steady and strategic transition scenario toward 2050
CN in broad cooperation with Southeast Asia, Australia, India
and other countries. If the EU taxonomy is “two-dimensional”
and “static,” this concept is “three-dimensional” and “dynamic.
This is the path that Japan should take. I believe that this is thepath that Japan should pursue.

Fig: Transition on iron and steel industry (Source: METI website)

Note:

This only illustrates the assumption of overall Japanese iron and steel industry’s decarbonization pathway. In reality, decarbonization will beachieved based on each company’s long-term strategy and hence, will not necessary be the reflection of this assumption.

Reference:● Working Group for Comprehensive Assessment of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Ministry of the Environment, Japan, March 2021.
https://www.biodic.go.jp/biodiversity/activity/policy/jbo3/generaloutline/files/JBO3_pamph_en.pdf

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

37〉Environmental Policy in Charts

COVID19 reveals hidden inbound consumption?
2022/4/15

Coronaviruses have had a variety of effects not only in Japanbut also around the world. In this article, I would like to reporton the unexpected effects on consumption observed in theMasashi Yamamoto

I interviewed several people in the industry, and I have cometo the conclusion that this is due to the impact of inboundtourism. For inbound travelers, it is popular to enter Japan fromdata on households’ expenditure trends in Japan.

airports near Tokyo and then visit Mt. Fuji, Kyoto, and Osaka

The figure below is a plot of the “ METI POS Retail Sales

coming to Japan is to purchase health care products made inIndex” published by the Ministry of Economy, Trade andIndustry. The horizontal axis is the week and the vertical axis
is the sales index of heathcare products at drugstores where
the level of 2015 set equal to 100. The shading indicates theperiod of the first emergency declaration in Japan. The thickblue and red lines show the indexes for 2020 and 2021, andthe other colorful lines show the trend from 2015 to 2019.
It can be seen that sales dropped significantly after thedeclaration in both plots. Then sales in the Kanto region
recovered at least in 2020, while sales in the Kansai region
remained sluggish. Why do only drugstores in Kansai continue
to decline?

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TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

respectively. One of the purposes of the trip for Asian travellers
Japanese. Before COVID, the purchase tended to be done at
Kansai, the last stop along the route, but now it has all gone.
It seems that inbound tourism is affecting more to theJapanese economy than I thought.
© 2021-2022 Tokai Research Institute for Environment andSustainability

Fig: COVID19 and hidden inbound consumption

Reference:● Working Group for Comprehensive Assessment of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Ministry of the Environment, Japan, March 2021.
https://www.biodic.go.jp/biodiversity/activity/policy/jbo3/generaloutline/files/JBO3_pamph_en.pdf

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

39〉Environmental Policy in Charts

Waste Plastic Problem: there are manythings we can do now
2022/4/1

The issue of plastic waste has been the subject of muchdebate recently. The problem of waste plastic in the ocean
is particularly serious. Many of you may have been shocked
to see a video of a sea turtle with a plastic straw stuck in its
nose. The amount of plastic produced in the world every year
is about 500 million tons, 40% of which is for single use. If
discarded plastic products are not collected, they leak into thenatural environment. Some estimates suggest that by 2050,
the weight of waste plastic in the ocean will exceed the total
weight of fish.
Even more serious is waste plastic called microplastics, whichis less than five millimeters in diameter. Microplastics, which
absorb harmful substances, are being ingested by many fishand shellfish. Nano plastics, which are smaller than 1/10,000
of a millimeter in diameter, can even pass through cell
membranes. The effects of these micro- and nano-plastics on
the human body are still unknown, but many researchers warnthat we need to be vigilant about their likely harms on human

Eiji Hosoda

However, we need to think about this more calmly. No matter
how much people in developed countries reduce their use of
one-way plastics, they may not be able to do much to reduce
ocean plastic waste.
According to some estimates, half of all ocean waste plastic
comes from China and five other developing Asian countries.
When it comes to addressing the problem of marine waste
plastic, the fastest way to do so would be to establish a propercollection and transportation system for waste plastic indeveloping countries such as Asia.
However, this does not mean that developed countries should
do nothing. The first priority should be to reduce the generationof waste plastic. We can do this immediately, for example, by
charging for plastic bags and reducing the use of one-way
plastics.
Then, we must collect waste plastic so that it does not leak into

health.

the natural environment. The informal export of waste plastic

So what can we do about this problem?

things we can do right now.

overseas should also be banned immediately. There are many

Some countries in Europe and Africa are banning plastic oneway bags, containers and cutlery (knives and forks). There
are also strong calls to reduce the use of plastic products ingeneral.
Of course, it is important to use resources carefully for the sakeof future generations, and it is necessary to reduce the use of
products that are difficult to dispose of. Plastic products areconvenient when they are in use, but it is difficult to dispose ofthem afterwards. Successful recycling is possible only whenwaste plastics are collected and transported in a proper way.
This is why it is necessary to take measures to reduce the useof one-way plastic products.

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Fig: Global plastic production by industrial sector, 2015 (Source: UNEP (2018) Single-use plastics: A roadmap for sustainability)

Note:

This article was originally published in Sustainable Business Magazine “alterna” in Japanese.

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

41

2．研究課題
Research Themes

TRIESでは、2023年度より、「エネルギーと金融」、「循環経済」、「地域カーボンニュートラルと

環境・経済・社会の統合的向上」の３つの重点研究課題を設定し、研究活動を進めている。以下、研究課題毎に、研究活動の状況及び概要を紹介していく。

（1）エネルギーと金融 (Energy and Finance)（2）循環経済 (Circular Economy)（3）地域カーボンニュートラルと環境・経済・社会の統合的向上 (Local Carbon
Neutrality and Integrated Improvement of Environment-Economy-Society)〉2. Research Themes（1）エネルギーと金融
Energy and Finance

本間聡・Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary
気候変動問題の解決のためには、温室効果ガスの削減や再生可シュ）准教授のSakib Bin Amin氏による「Role of Banks andこれらを実現するために資金を供給するグリーンファイナンスも不Investments: Perspectives from ASEAN」、江蘇大学准教授

Non-Banking Financial Institutions in Accelerating ESG

能エネルギーの普及、エネルギー効率の向上が必要である。
さらに、可欠である。
このような問題意識からTRIES所員の本間聡とタギザのMuhammad Mohsin氏による「ESG scores, green wash-

は本課題に関する2023年度の活動を時系列順に紹介する。

による「Study on the impact of market competition and1. ESG Investments in East and Southeast Asiaカンファレ

firm」、早稲田大学教授の根本直子氏による「ESG Investment

ing, and green bonds yield」、延世大学教授のSuk Hyun氏

ーデ・ファルハードは課題「エネルギーと金融」
を研究した。本稿でenvironmental risks on ESG activities and value of a

ンス
（2023年5月12日、北九州国際会議場）

and Revitalization of the regional economy」、本間による「Japan’s Green Transformation Policy Challenges and
ESG Investments」などの発表が行われた。最後に、
タギザーデ

持続可能な社会を構築するために、ESGすなわちEnvironment

が当日の議論を総括した。内容が多岐にわたるためにまとめること（環境）・Social（社会）・Governance（企業統治）の３つの観点が重要である。従来の投資家は収益率と事業リスクを重視して投資判は困難であるが、ESG投資について実証分析やケーススタディなど（SDGs）を導入したことや機関投資家の間でESG目標が採用され加し、参加者数は会場とオンラインを合わせて40名程度であった。

種々の観点から議論がなされた。
当日は10か国以上の研究者が参断を行ってきたのに対して、近年は国際連合が持続可能な開発目標たことで、先進国を中心に収益率、リスク、ESG目標の3つの要素を考慮して投資配分が決定されている。
しかしながら、ESGの定義や評価が欠如していることが投資を歪め、ESG投資の収益率が低いことが民間部門の関心を限定的にしているという課題も残されている。
ESG投資を加速させるためには、政府や金融機関の役割、ESG投資のリスク軽減、ESG投資の評価、グリーンウォッシング（見せかけの環境配慮）の阻止など多岐にわたる課題が論じられなければならない。

このような問題意識から、我々は5月12日に北九州市立大学、

オックスフォード大学、World Scientific Publishingと共同で「ESG Investments in East and Southeast Asia」というテーマでカンファレンスを北九州国際会議場で開催した （写真1，2）。同カンファレンスは、科学研究費基盤研究B「アジアの脱炭素化シナリオのためのエネルギー需要・供給両サイドからの研究」（研究代表者：本間、研究分担者：北九州市立大学経済学部牛房

義明、タギザーデ）の研究活動の一環でもある。代表的な発表のタイトル、報告者をいくつかあげると、オックスフォード大学主任研究員で本学環境サステナビリティ研究所訪問研究員でもある
Troy Sternberg氏による「ESG and the mining industry:a Mongolian case study」、
シンガポール社会科学大学准教授のYoungho Chang氏による「Environmental, Social andGovernance (ESG) Performance and Firm Value: Per-

spectives and Evidence」、
ノース・サウス大学（バングラディ

写真1 ESG Investments in East and Southeast Asiaカンファレンス（2023年5月12日、北九州国際会議場）＊ 当日の内容は Youtube の以下のリンクで公開されている。
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZjnpdpHmXc&t=97s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5y5amAgTnMU
TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

43〉2. Research Themes

写真2 カンファレンス後の懇親会（2023年5月12日、小倉駅付近）

2．
延世大環境金融大学院との覚書締結とセミナー（10月4日、渋谷キャンパス）

写真4 セミナー後の覚書署名式（10月4日、渋谷キャンパス）セミナーの後、延世大環境金融大学院のスン・ヒュク専攻長とTRIES所長の森本が連携強化に向けて覚書に署名した（写真4）。

10月4日、TRIESは韓国の延世大学環境金融大学院とSustain-

ability Advancements: Forging a Greener Futureというタイトルでセミナーを実施するとともに、連携強化に向けた覚書を締結した。TRIESからは森本英香、大熊一寛、本間、
タギザーデが参加した。
セミナーでは、延世大学からはSeong-Hoon Kim氏から「Economic impacts of climate change and the implica-

tions for financial markets」、Claire Young氏とJi Hong氏から「Determinants of private participation in renewableenergy PPP projects」が報告された。TRIESからは、本間から「How do energy efficiency and renewable energy im-

pact carbon emissions in Asia?」、
タギザーデから「Towards
a green energy system: How does CCUS technology

innovation promote green total factor productivity?」が報告された。
その後、討論者の大熊を中心に上記4つの発表に対して有益な議論がなされた（写真3）。

写真5 ISETS企画セッションの会場となったの国際連合アジア太平洋経済社会委員会（10月17日、
バンコク）

3. 国際学会での企画セッション（10月17日、バンコク）
10月17日には、
バンコク（タイ）の国際連合アジア太平洋経済社会委員会で開催された国際学会Inaugural International Society for Energy Transition Studies (ISETS) International

Conferenceの中で、タギザーデがモデレータ、本間が討論者となってGreen Finance, Energy Transition, and Sustainability

Sessionというセッションを企画した（写真5）。
セッションには、慶応義塾大学名誉教授の吉野直行氏、
シドニー工科大学准教授のChristina Nikitopoulos氏、Asian Climate Finance主任研究員のCedric Rimaud氏の3名が登壇した（写真6）。
写真3 韓国・延世大学環境金融大学院とセミナー（2023年10月4日、渋谷キャンパス）44

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

ISETSでは本間とタギザーデはそれぞれ個別にも発表や講演を行った（写真7，8）。ISETSにおけるイベントやディスカッションは、
持続可能性の課題に取り組み、
グリーンファイナンスとエネルギー転換を促進するために、学界と教育機関が協力して取り組んでいる

ことを示している。

4. 中国・清華大学エネルギー・環境・経済研究所との共同セミナー（11月24日、渋谷キャンパス）

温室効果ガスの削減は、持続可能な社会を実現するための最重要の課題の１つである。経済学の観点からは、温室効果ガスの削減、再生可能エネルギーの普及、エネルギー効率の向上、脱炭素技術の
写真6

ISETS企画セッション（10月17日、
バンコク）

開発などを政策的に導くことが求められる。
このような問題意識の下で、我々は11月24日に中国の清華大学エネルギー・環境・経済研

究所（3E）と共同セミナー「Sustainable Solutions for Meeting
the Carbon Neutrality Goals」
を渋谷キャンパスで開催した（写真9A）。排出量取引制度や炭素税などのカーボンプライシングを用いた温室効果ガスの削減策や「気候変動ファイナンス」
による低炭

素プロジェクトへの資金供給が議論された。
当日は、清華大3E所長のZhang Xiliang（张希良）氏から「Overview of China’s Na-

tional Emissions Trading System」、慶應義塾大学名誉教授の吉野直行氏から「ESG investment and net taxation on GHG

emissions」が報告された。TRIESからはタギザーデが「Role ofgreen credit guarantee scheme in unlocking private

investments in sustainable projects」、本間が「How do
写真7

ISETS（10月17日、
バンコク）

吉野氏は、
日本はESG格付け、純炭素税、グリーンボンド発行基

準に焦点を当てるべきとし、途上国と先進国で税率を異にする世界

統一の純炭素税を提唱した。Nikitopoulos氏からはオーストラリ

アは、経済の脱炭素化におけるエネルギー転換の重要性が主張された。Rimaud氏はグリーンボンド市場を取り上げ、持続可能な開発に関連する市場の成長を促進するハイブリッド・ファイナンスの重energy efficiency and renewable energy impact carbon
emissions in Asia?」
をそれぞれ報告した。
謝辞

この場を借りて、以上の学会・研究会等にご参加ご協力いただいた方々に感謝申し上げます。有り難うございました。

要性を強調した。

写真8

ISETSに登壇するタギザーデ（10月17日、
バンコク）

写真9 「Sustainable Solutions for Meeting the Carbon Neutrality
Goals」
セミナー（2023年11月24日、本学渋谷キャンパス）TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

45〉2. Research Themes（2）循環経済
Circular economy field

細田衛士・山本雅資
1. 背景
循環経済(Circular Economy)という言葉がメディア等で大きく取り上げられるようになったのは、EUが循環経済に関する文書を2015年に発表したことが大きく影響している。
これまでのわが国の政策においては、資源循環型社会という言葉が広く使われていた。

公衆衛生の維持を主たる目的としていたわが国の廃棄物処理は徐々に姿を変えていき、廃棄物の処理及び清掃に関する法律の制定(1971年)を経て、2000年の資源循環型社会元年を迎えるに至った。
その後、我が国は世界でも屈指の効率的なリサイクルの仕組みを作り上げていった。

本項では、TRIESメンバーとの関わりを織り交ぜながら、
そうした

46

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

政策立案の過程を簡単に振り返るとともに、循環経済の新しい動きについて述べてみたい。

2. TRIESメンバーの政策貢献
1990年代に、最終処分場の残余年数が少なくなるとともに、不法投棄が大きな社会問題となったことから、
環境省及び経済産業省

を中心に資源循環に関わる法律が制定されることになった。2001

年には資源循環分野の基本的枠組み法にあたる「循環型社会形成推進基本法」
が施行された。
この枠組み法の下に各種個別リサイク

ル法が制定されることになったが、TRIESのメンバーは環境省職員

として、また、各種審議会の委員として、
これらのほぼ全てに制定直後から深く関与してきた。循環型社会元年から20数年が経過したが、その間、
ファインチューニングを続けてきたことにより、極めて効(J4CE)や経済産業省によるサーキュラーパートナーズ(CPs)といった取り組みには大きな期待が寄せられているところである。TRIES

率的なリサイクルシステムが完成した。
そして、その成果は、最終処

メンバーがJ4CEやCPsに有識者として参加しているだけでなく、その後の世界的な循環経済(Circular Economy)への移行とい国の循環経済の取り組みをさらに進化させるべく今後も活動を行っ

分場の残余年数の増加として着実に現れている。

う流れをうけて、我が国でも、「循環経済ビジョン2020」が策定された。
あまり知られていないが、1999年に通商産業省（当時）が「循環

TRIES自身もCPsに加盟している。企業とは違った立場から、我がていく所存である。

経済ビジョン」
を発表していることは特筆に値する。
また、
これらのい

ずれのビジョンにおいても、TRIESメンバーが検討会の委員として、名を連ねている。
このビジョン策定を受けて、2022年から「成長志

向型の資源自立経済デザイン研究会」が開催され、多くのステイクホルダーを巻き込んだ議論が行われ、2023年3月には、「成長志向型の資源自立経済戦略」が取りまとめられた。
この研究会にもおいてもTRIESメンバーが参画し、戦略の取りまとめの中心的役割を果たした。

循環経済は国際標準化の動きも進んだ。2018年9月にフランスの提案により、国際標準化機構（ISO: International Organiza-tion for Standardization）に循環経済（Circular economy）

に関する専門委員会（TC: Technical Committee）
が設置された(TC323)。
その目的は、「持続可能な開発への貢献を最大化するため、関連するあらゆる組織の活動の実施に対する枠組み、指針、支援ツール及び要求事項を開発するための循環型経済の分野の標準化」を行うこととされ、このTC323にもTRIESメンバーが国際エキ

スパートして、議論に参画していた。
3. 循環経済の今後について

循環経済の構築は、バリューチェーン全体の変化を求めるものである。例えば、
マイボトルやマイバックといった製品は、数回しか使わないと使い捨て容器よりも環境負荷が大きくなってしまう。仮に企業側が長期使用に適した製品(通常は使い捨てタイプよりも資源投入量が多い)を市場に投入したとしても、消費者がその意図をきちんと理解して使わなければ、結果として資源の無駄遣いになってしまう可能性もある。

その意味で、一つの企業だけでなく業界さえもまたぐ連携、
そして何よりも消費者の行動変容も伴う必要がある。
こうした連携、パートナーシップは循環経済の議論の中ではなくてはならないものであるが、その点で経団連や環境省等による循環経済パートナーシップ

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

47〉2. Research Themes（3）地域カーボンニュートラルと環境・経済・社会の統合的向上
Research on regional carbon neutrality and integrated improvement of environment, economy,
and societyand society

大熊一寛、本間聡、二ノ宮リムさち、小坂真理、森本英香
1. はじめに2050年カーボンニュートラルの実現を目指し、国の重要課題と及び市民や企業というアクターの主体的な参画を強化する方法を検討していくことは、特に重要な研究課題であると言える。

こうした考え方に立って、本研究は、環境対策と経済の関係及びして政策の強化が進められている。
その中心的な柱の一つが、地域関係主体の参画に焦点を当てて、研究を進めて行く。
その際、
これら

政策である。

けでなく、より広い環境的・社会的取組から捉える方法も用いていく。

からカーボンニュートラルの実現を進めて行こうとする地域脱炭素
国は、2021年に、「地域脱炭素ロードマップ」
を決定し、
そこで示

された方針に沿って、「脱炭素先行地域」の選定及び重点的な支援措置など、これまでにない強力な政策を進めつつある。
この政策の特徴は、地球温暖化防止という単独の政策目的を追求するのではなく、経済問題及び社会問題の同時解決を目指そうとしている点にある。
また、政策を進める主体として、行政のみならず企業と市民とが重視されている点も重要である。
そのことは、国が地域脱炭素の趣旨を、「地域の成長戦略であり、自治体・地域企業・市民など地域課題に効果的に接近するために、狭義の温暖化対策に限定するだ
研究開始初年度に当たる2023年度においては、環境対策と経済の両立、環境効率性、人材育成、及び企業行動の４つの側面から研究を進めた。以下、それぞれについて、研究内容及びこれまでの成果の概要を紹介する。

２. 環境対策と経済の両立に関する研究
地域CN（カーボンニュートラル）の取組が地域の発展につながるの関係者が主役になって、今ある技術を使って、再エネ等の地域資ためには、気候変動対策及び関連する環境対策が地域経済にポジしの質の向上等の地域の課題をあわせて解決し、地方創生に貢献ることは、費用を上昇させ、経済成長を低下させる可能性があるが、実現会議，2021）。
いわば、気候危機というピンチを、地域及び国が性もある。
これまで経済学研究においては、前者のマイナスの効果を源を最大限活用することで実現でき、経済を循環させ、防災や暮らでき」ると説明していることにも、端的に表れている（国・地方脱炭素

直面している課題を解決するチャンスに変えて行こうという戦略でティブな効果を持つことが重要である。一般に、環境対策を強化す
同時に、対策のための需要を増加させ、経済成長を上昇させる可能

評価するものは多いが、後者のプラスの効果を説明する研究は少なあると言える。

い。特に理論的にこれを説明する研究は極めて少なく、「グリーン成り様々な課題があるが、上記のような趣旨を重視すると、特に、脱炭う課題が生じている。実証的分析においては、産業連関分析によりこうした地域脱炭素の取組を成果につなげていく上では、
もとよ

素政策と経済的・社会的課題との関係をより明らかにしていくこと、長」等の現実の政策的議論を理論的に説明することができないとい
個別的な対策の波及効果を評価する研究が行われているが、経済

図１ モデルによるシミュレーション結果
注：ベースラインと２種類の政策ケース（第５期に政策強化）について、成長率と自然資本蓄積率の推移をシミュレーションしたもの。

48

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

全体の動態や長期的な変化を視野に入れた分析は課題として残さ【参考文献】
国・地方脱炭素実現会議（2021）『地域脱炭素ロードマップ』
日本政府．
https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/datsutanso/pdf/20210609_chiiki_
roadmap.pdf（2024年２月28日閲覧）．
Nishi H., Okuma K. (2023) Fiscal policy and social infrastructure
provision under alternative growth and distribution regimes. Evol. Inst.
Econ. Rev. 20(2): 259 – 286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40844-02300262-y.

れており、これを支える理論的な研究も求められている。本研究では、環境対策と経済の関係を需要面を含め理解するための理論的研究として、
ポストケインズ派理論を基礎とし、自然資本ないし社会的共通資本への投資と経済成長の関係を分析する研究を進めている。
まず、社会的共通資本、特に社会インフラの供給に焦点を当て、

3. 地域の環境効率性に関する研究

経済成長への効果を分析する理論モデルを構築した（Nishi andOkuma 2023）。財政支出の需要効果と社会的共通資本の生産性

1節で述べられたように、2050年までにカーボンニュートラルを上昇効果を組み込むとともに、成長と分配の異なるレジームを考慮実現するために、国は2021年に「地域脱炭素ロードマップ」
を決定することで、安定的な成長のための条件を分析した。
このモデルではした。
そこでは脱炭素を成長の機会と捉えて、温室効果ガスを削減

長期的には財政支出ではなく供給サイドの条件が成長を規定する

するとともに地域の課題を解決することが方針とされている。
このが、安定性とレジリエンスを確保する上で政府は重要な役割を果た方針を実現するためには、温室効果ガス削減において、一定の経しうることを示している。

済効率性が求められていると言える。本節では、本間が2023年度

次に、特に自然資本に焦点を当てて、自然資本への投資の短期的にTRIESで行った「地域の環境効率性に関する研究」
として、Hu,及び長期的な経済効果を分析する理論モデルの構築を進めている

Honma and Chang (2023)の内容の一部を紹介したい。

（国際学会（EAEPE）
で発表後、ジャーナル投稿中）。
自然資本への投資の需要増加の効果を考慮するとともに、
自然資本の蓄積と人工資本投資及び環境生産性の変化の長期的な動学を組み込むことで、対策強化が短期的に成長を加速するとともに、長期的にも、対策がなければ起こったであろう経済成長の低下を抑制し、安定的な成長経路の実現につながりうることを、理論的に示している。
モデルの動学をシミュレーションにより示した結果の一部を図１に示す。成長率を見ると、政策ケースにおいて、対策強化の時点（第５期）
で成長率が上昇し、
その後もベースラインと比べ高い水準で成長率が維持されている。
自然資本蓄積率を見ると、ベースラインにおいて成長率がマイナスの領域でさらに低下し続けるが、政策ケース２ではプラスに引き上げ維持している。
これらは、短期及び長期において、政策強化により成長にも資する「グリーン成長」
を実現する可能性を示している。

このほか、本研究では、実社会のニーズに対応する実証的研究として、地域CNの経済効果シミュレーションのための研究を進めることとしている。地域において長期的にCNを実現することが、地域経済構造をどのように変え、GRP（域内総生産）にどのような影響を与えるかをシミュレーションするものであり、その成果を地域における政策検討や合意形成に活用することを想定している。今年度においては、産業連関分析の応用により長期的総合的シミュレーションを行うための方法論を研究し、推計のプロトタイプの作成を進めた。
来年度において、具体的地域を対象として、推計の試行を行う方針としている。

図2 都道府県別の再生可能エネルギー発電効率（2016-2019年度の平均）（出典）Hu et al. (2023), Fig.1。

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability49〉2. Research Themes

一般に、生産プロセスにおいては、GDPや売上などの産出を一定

な人口密度の高い地域でも、その設備容量と潜在能力を十分に活方が効率的であると言える。筆者（本間）が研究してきた包絡分析法

ァイナンスが低所得地域における再生可能エネルギー開発を促進用いてこのような効率性を評価する研究が多数行われてきた。

ータの制約から都道府県レベルであったが、今後は市町村レベルのとすれば、労働や資本、エネルギーなどの投入はできるだけ少ない（data envelopment analysis、以下DEA）
では、線形計画法を
地域脱炭素では、再エネポテンシャルを最大限活用するとともに、地域経済を活性化することが求められる。Hu et al. (2023)では、データ面の制約から都道府県単位ではあるが、2016年度から用することで、効率性を高めることができる。
このことは、
グリーンフ

するために重要であることを示唆する。以上の分析は利用可能なデ分析も手掛けていきたい。

した。投入に再エネ設備容量、森林面積、
自然公園面積、降水量、日

参考文献
Hu, J. L., Honma, S., and Chang, S. Y. (2023) Renewable energy
generation efficiency of Japan’s administrative regions: An applicationof the dynamic slacks-based measure. Next Energy, 1(3), 100029.

をとった。効率性評価には、動的な効率性を考慮できるdynamic

4．
気候変動教育・CN人材育成に関する研究

2019年度までの期間で、このような観点から地域の効率性を評価
照時間、風速、産出に再エネ発電量、人口密度、1人当たり実質所得

slacks-based measure DEA モデルを適用した。
ここでの効率性は、自然的条件のみならず社会的・経済的条件も加味したことを本研究は、地域CNを社会経済システム全体の変革を通じて実現

考慮して論文内では再エネ発電効率（renewable energy gen-

するために、学習者・組織・社会の変容・変革を支える教育・人材育

ネルギー発電効率（2016-2019年度の平均）を示したものである。

きるかを問うものである。特に大学と地域に焦点を当て、環境教育・

eration efficiency）と名付けた。図2は都道府県別の再生可能エ
DEAによる効率性評価では、効率値は0と1の間をとり、効率的な成とはどのようなものか、
それはどのように構築し推進することがで持続可能な開発のための教育（ESD）研究が蓄積してきた議論と実主体は１となる。効率的な地域は、北海道、東京都、新潟県、富山県、 践を踏まえつつ、大学や地域が組織・社会で取り組むCN・気候変動
静岡県、高知県の6都県であった。

ランダム効果Tobitモデルによる推定結果によれば、効率性は人口密度と負の相関があり、地域所得とともに上昇する。東京のよう対策と連動しながら、変容・変革を実現する教育プログラムを開発するとともに、評価枠組を構築することを目指している。

「我々の世界を変革する：持続可能な開発のための2030アジェ

ンダ（2030アジェンダ）」は、持続可能な開発を、多様な市民の「参図 3：地域の気候変動教育（二ノ宮リムさち（2023）「普及啓発をどうやってすすめるか・アクションプラン〜
市民の行動変容へ：環境教育学の視点から」あつぎ気候市民会議シンポジウム発表資料より )50

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

画」
による社会全体の「変革」
として実現する必要性を強調する。既存の社会経済システムを前提とした技術・制度開発や個人の善行

今期の研究・実践活動は以下のとおりである。

第一に、TRIES所員が「カーボンニュートラルに貢献する大学等

促進では持続可能な開発は実現できず、社会全体の「変革」が必

コアリション」の人材育成ワーキンググループ（WG）に幹事大学代「教育」の役割が重要となることが、教育分野全体で強調されるよその発展・促進に向けた議論・研究を展開した。
WGの活動の一環と要だという認識が広がるなか、そのためには市民の
「参画」
を支える

うになっている（UNESCO 2021 Reimagining Our Futures Together: A New Social Contract for Education）。

CNを含む気候変動対策にも、市民の参画による社会経済システ

ム全体の変革が必要であり、そのために不可欠なのが気候変動教

育・CN人材育成である。
「国連気候変動枠組条約」
には、
「気候エン

表として参加し、大学のCN人材育成のあり方を整理・理解しつつ、して、他大学と連携し、大学教員を対象に、関連する教材・プログラ
ムに関するアンケート等を実施しており、今後、分析や教材の共有を進める予定である。

第二に、気候変動教育・CN人材育成のあり方を、環境教育分野

等の先行研究論文や国際政策文書等のレビューをもとに整理した

パワメント行動（Action for Climate Empowerment: ACE）」（図３、４参照）。環境教育・ESD研究においては、以前から、認知の重要性が明示されている。気候変動に関わる教育の拡大・質向上

習を、教育の内容・成果・方法・環境を連動させながら、組織全体のEvaluation of Climate Change Education and Commu-

して検討・実践・評価する試みが広がってきた（UNESCO 2020,

A Progress Update on the Monitoring and Evaluating Climate

育・ESDの４アプローチ「①環境・持続可能性『についての』教育（知育は各国の法律・政策に明記され教育現場での取組が始まりつつ

環境・持続可能性『のための』教育（コンピテンシー・行動）」「 ④環として、対策を支える教育、訓練、啓発、市民参画、情報へのアクセスを目指す大型国際共同研究プロジェクト「The Monitoring andnication (MECCE)」の2021年報告書 (Key Activities in 2021:
Communication and Education Project )は、気候変動に関する教あるが、多くの場合最低限・表面的にすぎず、知識偏重で、心理的・行動重視型学習への取組が不十分であり、高い教育効果を生むには学習者が集団的アクションを経験する実践が必要だと指摘している。
なお、
このMECCEにはTRIES所員1名も参画している。

面にくわえ社会・情緒・行動の側面を含むエンパワメントとしての学取組として支え、学習者・組織・社会の変容・変革につなげる過程とEducation for Sustainable Development: A Roadmap）。環境教識・認知）」「②環境・持続可能性『を通じた』教育（体験・情緒）」「③

境・持続可能性『としての』教育（教育そのものの変容・組織としての取組）」をもとに、気候変動・気候アクション・気候正義・持続可能性と教育の関係をまとめたのが図４である。

図4：気候変動教育の4アプローチ（二ノ宮リムさち（2023）「普及啓発をどうやってすすめるか・アクションプラン〜
市民の行動変容へ：環境教育学の視点から」あつぎ気候市民会議シンポジウム発表資料より）

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

51〉2. Research Themes
第三に、教育・人材育成の実践として、気候変動・CNをテーマにした講座（ワークショップ）や講演をおこなった（2023.11全国地域
婦人団体研究大会、2023.10あつぎ気候市民会議、2023.6昭島
市公民館・昭島市民大学等）。

削減する（エコドライブに取り組む、
カーシェアリングを用いる、
電気

自動車を用いる）、SBTに参加するといった活動が確認された。

また、創業年数が長い企業のほうが政治過程に直接的あるいは間接的に働きかける傾向があり、公共団体への委員任用や官僚との接触を通じて、食品、健康、廃棄物の政策や制度に影響を与えた

5. 企業行動に関する研究

り、業界内のインフォーマルなルール設定を行ったりする行動が確

5.1 中小企業の政策への関与に関する研究

研究で明らかになっている欧米の中小企業の動きとも一致する。

気候変動に関する国際交渉にみられるように、環境政策への大企業の関与はそれほど目新しいことではなく、それゆえ大企業は政治や行政との関係で分析の対象となってきた。他方で、地域に根ざした活動を行う中小企業がサステイナビリティ課題の政策にどのように関与しているかについてはあまり明らかにされていないが、政治的CSRのアプローチを用いたWickert (2016)、政治参加アプ

ローチを用いたWestman et al. (2020)など、欧米を中心に示唆認できた。
ルール設定のような行動は、Westman et al.など既存すべての中小企業が政策へ関与すべきとは言えないが、
サステイ

ナビリティ課題解決に向けて中小企業がもつ能力と可能性を評価すること、
このような企業が政策への関与をしやすい環境づくりを支援することは必要だろう。

5.2 企業のSDGs取組みに関する認証制度の構築
SDGsの認知度は高まったが、中小企業のSDGsへの取組みは芳に富む研究がいくつか展開されている。

しくないと言われている。
そのため中小企業の取組みを促進するたする経営的な視点の研究が主流である。
さらに自治体研究では、企導入して、地域企業を登録してきた。一方でSDGs認証制度につい日本における中小企業のCSRに関する既存研究は、利益を追求

めに、これまでに80以上の自治体がSDGsの宣言や登録の制度を

業は自治体政策を推進する一アクターとして扱われてきた。
そのたては、6つの自治体が制度を設けており、今後さらにいくつかの自治

ビリティ課題への政治や政策の形成に関与する可能性のあるアク現状である。
自治体の資源には限りがあるため、自治体が独自の認めいずれも、
中小企業は本業とは関係ないかもしれないサステイナ

ターとしては論じられてこなかった。

本研究では、
日本の中小企業がサステイナビリティ課題の政策にどのように関与しているかを明らかにすること、具体的には、先駆的なSDGsの取組を行っている中小企業の政策への関与の形態について、政治参加のアプローチを用いて現状を把握することを目的とした。事例として、国内あるいは海外で事業活動を行いながら先駆的なSDGs活動に取り組む14件の国内中小企業を選定し、聞き取り調査を行った。
また、欧米の中小企業の政治参加の形態を分析したWestman et al.（2020）
による表１に示すカテゴリーと指標を用いて分析を行った。

結果として、分析対象となったすべての企業が本業また公共のことがらに関する分野において、3つのカテゴリーに該当する活動をしていた。特に気候変動については、政治的行動のカテゴリーで市の対策推進協議会の委員として参加すること、事業活動ではCO2を排出しない機材を用いるというバイコットがあげられた。市民的関与のカテゴリーについては再エネ100にする、
自動車による排出を

表１：企業の政治参加の形態と指標 (Westman et al. 2020を修正)

52

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

体が制度運用を予定しているものの、その数は限られていることが証基準を作成し、その基準に従って企業を審査することは容易ではないことがひとつの要因としてあげられる。
このことは、認証制度を確立していない自治体で事業を展開する企業にとって、SDGs認証を取得したくてもできないという別の課題を生む。

そのため今年度は、中小企業を対象としたSDGs活動の認証制度の構築を目指した共同研究（慶應義塾大学SFC研究所xSDGラボが実施）に参加することにより、認証基準の作成を行った。今後は、これらの基準を用いて認証制度が運用される予定である。

以上

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

53〉3. List of Research Activities（FY2023）

3．研究成果一覧（2023年度）
List of Research Activities （FY2023）■学術論文 (Publication)

Musibau, H.O., Zakari, A. & Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2024) Exploring the Fiscal policy—income inequality
relationship with Bayesian model averaging analysis. Economic Change and Restructuring 57, 21.

Liu Y., Dong K., Wang K., and Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2024) Moving towards sustainable city: Can
China’s green finance policy lead to sustainable development of cities? Sustainable Cities andSociety, 105242.

Yang S., Wang J., Dong K. and Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2024) How Justice is Our Energy Future?
Assessing the Impact of Green Finance on Energy Justice in China. Annals of Financial Economics.

Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Vandercamme L. and Phoumin H. (2024) Enhancing the Economic Feasibilityof Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS) Projects. Journal of Environmental Assessment
Policy and Management. 26(1).

Liu Y., Dong K., Dong X., and Taghizadeh-Hesary F., (2024) Towards a sustainable electricity industry in
China: An appraisal of the efficacy of environmental policies, Utilities Policy, 86, 101700.

Amin S.B., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Khan F., and Rahman F.M. (2024) Does technology have a lead orlag role in economic growth? The case of selected resource-rich and resource-scarce countries,
Resources Policy, 89, 104558.

Yuichi Ishimura, Takayoshi Shinkuma, Kenji Takeuchi, Eiji Hosoda, (2024) The effects of regional goal
setting on household waste, Ecological Economics, Volume 215,108015.

Liu Y., Wu A., Wang J., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., and Dong X. (2024). Green growth in the global south:
How does metallic minerals affect GTFP enhancement? Resources Policy, 88, 104505.

Honma, S., & Hu, J. L. (2023). How Does Environmental Policy Stringency Affect Inefficiency of Firms?
New Evidence from International Firm-Level Data. Circular Economy and Sustainability, 1-20.

Dong K, Zeng S, Wang J, Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2023). Assessing the role of green investment inenergy efficiency: Does digital economy matter? Energy Exploration & Exploitation.

Shang Y., Yang Q., Pu Y. and Taghizadeh-Hesary F., (2023). Employing artificial intelligence andenhancing resource efficiency to achieve carbon neutrality, Resources Policy, 88, 104510.

Wang, B., Dong, K. and Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2023), Can green finance promote high-quality energy
development? The case of China” Journal of Risk Finance.

Wei, P., Zhou, J., Ren, X. and Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2023). The heterogeneous role of economic andfinancial uncertainty in green bond market efficiency, Review of Accounting and Finance.

Ding, Y., Chin, L., Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. et al. (2023). How does government efficiency affect carbon
emission intensity? A comprehensive empirical study. Environ Sci Pollut Res.

Wang J., Dong K., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., and Dong X., (2023). Does industrial convergence mitigate

CO2 emissions in China? A quasi-natural experiment on “Triple Play” Reform. Energy Economics,
128, 107107.

Fang, G., Yang, K., Chen, G., Ren X., and Taghizadeh-Hesary F.(2023) Exploring the effectiveness offiscal decentralization in environmental expenditure based on the CO2 ecological footprint in urban
China. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 10, 783.

Yoshino N., Yuyama T., and Taghizadeh-Hesary F.,(2023). Diversified ESG Evaluation by Rating Agencies
and Net Carbon Tax to Regain Optimal Portfolio Allocation. Asian Economic Papers.

54

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Yadav, M.P., Ashok, S., Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., Dhingra, D., Mishra, N. and Malhotra, N. (2023)

Uncovering time and frequency co-movement among green bonds, energy commodities and stock
market, Studies in Economics and Finance.

Chang L., Mohsin M., Hasnaoui A., and Taghizadeh-Hesary F., (2023) Exploring carbon dioxide

emissions forecasting in China: A policy-oriented perspective using projection pursuit regression
and machine learning models, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 197, 122872.

Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2023) Fiscal Policy Instruments and Green Recovery in the Post-Covid-19 era.
Economic Change and Restructuring.

Tang Y., Zhang X., Lu S., and Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2023) Digital finance and air pollution in China:

Evolution characteristics, impact mechanism and regional differences, Resources Policy, 86, Part A,
104073.

Dong K., Ni G., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., and Zhao C., (2023) Does smart transportation matter ininhibiting carbon inequality? Energy Economics, 106952.

Zhang D., Guo Y., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., (2023) Green finance and energy transition to achieve net-zeroemission target, Energy Economics, 106936.

Cheng H. and Taghizadeh-Hesary F., (2023) How green finance can bridge the energy poverty gap:
Policies to mitigate socioeconomic and environmental consequences, Energy Policy, 182, 113758.

Uddin G.S. Hasan M.B. Phoumin H., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Ahmed A., and Troster V. (2023) Exploring
the critical demand drivers of electricity consumption in Thailand, Energy Economics, 106875.

Zhao C., Dong K., Wang K., Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2023) How can Chinese cities escape from carbon
lock-in? The role of low-carbon city policy, Urban Climate, 51, 101629.

Deng Y., Dong K., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., and Xue J. (2023) How does environmental regulation affectthe double dividend for energy firms? Evidence from China’s EPT policy, Economic Analysis andPolicy.

Li Y., Ren X., and Taghizadeh-Hesary F (2023) Vulnerability of sustainable markets to fossil energy
shocks, Resources Policy, 85, Part B, 103879.

Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2023) Poverty Alleviation Policies for Achieving Inclusive Growth, Singapore
Economic Review, 68 (4): 1-4.

Dong K., Liu Y., and Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2023) How does energy aid mitigate the recipient countries’
carbon emissions?, Economic Analysis and Policy, 79: 359-375.

Zhao J., Dong K., and Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2023) Moving Towards Sustainable Development:
Can Narrowing Income Inequality Facilitate Green Growth in China?, Journal of Environmental
Assessment Policy and Management.

Amin S.B. and Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2023) Tourism, sustainability, and the economy in Bangladesh:
The innovation connection amidst Covid-19, Economic Analysis and Policy, 79: 153-167.

Pourrostami, N., Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. & Zarezadeh Mehrizi, F. (2023) Population aging and working

hour impacts on occupational accidents: evidence from Japan. Economic Change and Restructuring.

Liu Y., Dong K., Wang J., and Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2023) Towards sustainable development goals:
Does common prosperity contradict carbon reduction? Economic Analysis and Policy, 79: 70-88.

Wang X., Wang J., Guan W., and Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2023) Role of ESG investments in achieving
COP-26 targets, Energy Economics, 123, 106757.

Chang L., Mohsin M., Gao Z., and Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2023) Asymmetric impact of oil price on
current account balance: Evidence from oil importing countries, Energy Economics, 123, 106749.

Dong, K., Zhao, J. & Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2023) Toward China’s green growth through boostingenergy transition: the role of energy efficiency, Energy Efficiency, 16, 43.

Shang Y., Bi C., Wei X. Jiang D., Taghizadeh-Hesary F. & Rasoulinezhad E. (2023) Eco-tourism, climatechange, and environmental policies: empirical evidence from developing economies, Humanit Soc Sci
Commun, 10, 275.

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55〉3. List of Research Activities（FY2023）
Yadav M.P., Pandey A., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Arya V. and Mishra N. (2023) Volatility spillover of green
bond with renewable energy and crypto market, Renewable Energy, 212: 928-939.

Tan X., Wang B., Wei J., and Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2023) The role of carbon pricing in achieving energy
transition in the Post-COP26 era: Evidence from China’s industrial energy conservation, Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 182, 113349.

Wang Y. and Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2023) Green bonds markets and renewable energy development:
Policy integration for achieving carbon neutrality, Energy Economics, 106725.

Chang L., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., and Mohsin M. (2023) Role of mineral resources trade in renewableenergy development, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 181, 113321.

Thaker M.H.T., Dharmendra A.M., Wong S.W., Hosen M., and Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2023) When healthand environment are entwined: An analysis of green, conventional and government bonds during the
COVID-19 variants of concern (VOC) , Journal of Climate Finance, 3, 100011.

Rao A., Talan A., Abbas S., Dev D., Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2023) The role of natural resources in the

management of environmental sustainability: Machine learning approach, Resources Policy, 82,103548.

Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Dong K., Zhao C., Phoumin H. (2023) Can financial and economic means
accelerate renewable energy growth in the climate change era? The case of China, Economic
Analysis and Policy, 78: 730-743.

Zhao C., Dong K., & Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2023) Environmental assessment of hydrogen: doeshydrogen matter for environmental efficiency improvement? Energy Sources, Part B: Economics,
Planning, and Policy, 18:1.

Ren X., Xia X., Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2023) Uncertainty of uncertainty and corporate green
innovation–Evidence from China, Economic Analysis and Policy, 78: 634-647.

Honma S., Ushifusa Y., Okamura S., and Vandercamme L. (2023). Measuring carbon emissions

performance of Japan’s metal industry: Energy inputs, agglomeration, and the potential for green
recovery reduction, Resources Policy, 82, 103519.

Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary, Naoyuki Yoshino, Nisit Panthamit, Han Phoumin (Editors) (2023) PostPandemic Green Recovery in ASEAN, Routledge, London.

Duan X., Xiao Y., Ren X., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., and Duan K. (2023) Dynamic spillover between

traditional energy markets and emerging green markets: Implications for sustainable development,
Resources Policy, 82, 103483.

Yoshino N., Rasoulinezhad E., Phoumin H., and & Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2023) SMEs and carbon
neutrality in ASEAN: the need to revisit sustainability policies, Economic Research-Ekonomska
Istraživanja, 36:2, 2177180.

Chang L., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., and Mohsin M. (2023) Role of artificial intelligence on green economic

development: Joint determinates of natural resources and green total factor productivity, Resources
Policy, 82, 103508.

Wu W., Bai X., Qi H., Lu L., Yang M., and Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2023) The impact of climate change onbanking systemic risk, Economic Analysis and Policy.

Kinnaman, T. and M. Yamamoto (2023) Has Incineration Replaced Recycling? Evidence from OECDCountries, Sustainability, 15(4), 3234.

Hu, J. L., Honma, S., & Chang, S. Y. (2023) Renewable energy generation efficiency of Japan’s

administrative regions: An application of the dynamic slacks-based measure. Next Energy, 1(3),100029.

Hu, J. L., Honma, S., & Chang, T. M. (2023) Recycling Efficiencies in Japan’s Administrative Regions:Findings from Network Data Envelopment Analysis. Circular Economy and Sustainability, 1-21.

Nishi, H., Okuma, K. (2023) Fiscal policy and social infrastructure provision under alternative growthand distribution regimes. Evolut Inst Econ Rev, 20, 259–286.

56

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二ノ宮リムさち（2023）「対立に向き合う『対話』の場づくり―”誰ひとり取り残さない”社会を拓く社会教育―」
日本社会教
育学会
（編）
『SDGsと社会教育・生涯学習 日本の社会教育 第67集』
101-113, 東洋館出版社．

■書籍その他 (Book and others)

・書籍 (Book)

Han Phoumin, Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary, Fukunari Kimura (2024) Green Finance and Renewable
Energy in ASEAN and East Asia. London: Routledge

Han Phoumin, Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary, Fukunari Kimura and Rabindra Nepal (2023) Electricity
Market Reforms in the ASEAN, China, India, and Japan. Singapore: The World ScientificFarhad Taghizadeh-Hesary and Dayong Zhang (eds.) (2023) The Handbook of Energy Policy. Tokyo:
Springer

Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary, Naoyuki Yoshino, Nisit Panthamit, Han Phoumin (eds.) (2023) PostPandemic Green Recovery in ASEAN. London: Routledge

Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary, Roohallah Aboojafari, Naoyuki Yoshino (eds.) (2023) Innovative Finance forTechnological Progress: Roles of Fintech, Financial Instruments, and Institutions. London: Routledge

二ノ宮リムさち・高梨宏子（編著）（2024）『地域から学ぶ・世界を創る―パブリック・アチーブメントと持続可能な未来』
学
文社．
（印刷中）

池谷美衣子・田島祥・二ノ宮リムさち（編著）（2024）『人生を拓く・社会を創る―シティズンシップの学び』学文社．
（印刷
中）

・書籍章
（Book chapter）

Sharma S.V., Phoumin H., Sharma V.K. and Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2024). India’s green financing

renewable energy initiatives. In: Phoumin H., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., and Kimura F. (eds.) Green

Finance and Renewable Energy in ASEAN and East Asia. London: Routledge https://doi.
org/10.4324/9781003397670-13

Mohsin M., Taghizadeh-Hesary F. and Phoumin H. (2024). Role of green technology financing in
renewable energy development in ASEAN. In: Phoumin H., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., and Kimura F. (eds.)

Green Finance and Renewable Energy in ASEAN and East Asia. London: Routledge https://doi.
org/10.4324/9781003397670-12

Iqbal N., Taghizadeh-Hesary F. and Phoumin H. (2024). The role of green finance in renewable energy
deployment in the Republic of Korea. In: Phoumin H., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., and Kimura F. (eds.)

Green Finance and Renewable Energy in ASEAN and East Asia. London: Routledge https://doi.
org/10.4324/9781003397670-10

Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Phoumin H., and Rasoulinezhad E. (2024). The role of green bonds in funding
renewable energy projects in Japan. In: Phoumin H., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., and Kimura F. (eds.)

Green Finance and Renewable Energy in ASEAN and East Asia. London: Routledge https://doi.
org/10.4324/9781003397670-9

Dong K., Zhao C., Wang J., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., and Phoumi H. (2024). The role of fintech on
renewable energy growth in the digital era: The case of China. In: Phoumin H., Taghizadeh-HesaryF., and Kimura F. (eds.) Green Finance and Renewable Energy in ASEAN and East Asia. London:
Routledge https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003397670-8

Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Rasoulinezhad E., and Venkatachalam A., (2023). Energy Connectivity
and Cooperation Between Gulf Cooperation Council. In: Anbumozhi V., and Singh B.K. (eds.)

Cross-Border Integration of Renewable Energy Systems. India: Routledge https://doi.
org/10.4324/9781003433163-6

Farabi-Asl H., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Phoumin H., Mohammadzade Bina S., (2023).

Chapter 10: A Review of Electricity Market Reform in Japan. In: Phoumin H., Taghizadeh-Hesary F.,

Kimura F., and Nepal R. (eds.) Electricity Market Reforms in the ASEAN, China, India, and Japan.

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57〉3. List of Research Activities（FY2023）
Singapore: The World Scientific.

https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811270581_0010

Mohsin M., Phoumin H., and Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2023). Chapter 7: Ways to Enhance Efficiency andReduce Emissions in the Electricity Markets in Singapore and China. In: Phoumin H., Taghizadeh-

Hesary F., Kimura F., and Nepal R. (eds.) Electricity Market Reforms in the ASEAN, China, India, andJapan. Singapore: The World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811270581_0007

Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Rasoulinezhad E. and Phoumin H. (2023). Chapter 1: Ways to Achieve a

Sustainable Electricity Market in Southeast Asia. In: Phoumin H., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Kimura F.,
and Nepal R. (eds.) Electricity Market Reforms in the ASEAN, China, India, and Japan. Singapore: The
World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811270581_0001

Phoumin H., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Kimura F., and Nepal R., (2023). Front Matters. In: Phoumin H.,

Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Kimura F., and Nepal R. (eds.) Electricity Market Reforms in the ASEAN,
China, India, and Japan. Singapore: The World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811270581_
fmatter

Singh, V., Mishra, N., Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2022). Policies to Alleviate Energy Poverty in the Cooking

Sector in India. In: Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., Zhang, D. (eds) The Handbook of Energy Policy. Springer,
Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9680-0_6-1

Li, Y., Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2023). Hydrogen as Energy Storage for Renewables in East Asia:
Economic Competitiveness and Policy Implications. In: Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., Zhang, D. (eds) The

Handbook of Energy Policy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9680-0_39-2

Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2023). Energy-Pollution-Health-Economy Nexus Study inSoutheast Asia. In: Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., Zhang, D. (eds) The Handbook of Energy Policy. Springer,
Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9680-0_31-2

Mohsin, M., Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., Rasoulinezhad, E. (2023). Energy Efficiency and Electricity Reforms:

A Way Forward for Clean Power Development. In: Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., Zhang, D. (eds) The
Handbook of Energy Policy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9680-0_29-2

Rasoulinezhad, E., Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., Vandercamme, L. (2022). Energy Convergence and Regional
Energy Security: Policy Implications. In: Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., Zhang, D. (eds) The Handbook ofEnergy Policy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9680-0_3-1

Rasoulinezhad, E., Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., Abdoli, G., Jabalameli, F., Dorbash, S.B. (2023). Determinantsof Energy Transition in Asia. In: Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., Zhang, D. (eds) The Handbook of Energy
Policy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9680-0_23-2

Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., Rasoulinezhad E. and Phoumin H. (2023). Financing Small and Medium
Enterprises for the Green Recovery in ASEAN. In: Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Yoshino N., Panthamit N.,
and Phoumin H. (eds.) Post-Pandemic Green Recovery in ASEAN. Routledge: London https://doi.
org/10.4324/9781003324386

Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., Yoshino N., Panthamit N., and Phoumin H. (2023). Introduction. In: TaghizadehHesary F., Yoshino N., Panthamit N., and Phoumin H. (eds.) Post-Pandemic Green Recovery in ASEAN.
Routledge: London https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003324386

Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., Yoshino N., Rasoulinezhad E., and Rimaud C. (2023). Green recovery of thepower sector with innovative power purchase agreements. In: Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Yoshino N.,
Panthamit N., and Phoumin H. (eds.) Post-Pandemic Green Recovery in ASEAN. Routledge: London
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003324386

Amin S.B., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Khandaker M.K., Jannat J. and Khan F., (2023). Green finance policies

to accelerate the economic recovery in ASEAN countries. In: Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Yoshino N.,
Panthamit N., and Phoumin H. (eds.) Post-Pandemic Green Recovery in ASEAN. Routledge: London
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003324386

Taghizadeh-Hesary F., and Rasoulinezhad E. (2023). An empirical assessment of ways to achieve a58

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

green economic recovery in the post-pandemic era in ASEAN. In: Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Yoshino N.,

Panthamit N., and Phoumin H. (eds.) Post-Pandemic Green Recovery in ASEAN. Routledge: London
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003324386

Vidya C.T. and Taghizadeh-Hesary F. (2023). Role of green infrastructure in facilitating trade recovery

in ASEAN. In: Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Yoshino N., Panthamit N., and Phoumin H. (eds.) Post-Pandemic
Green Recovery in ASEAN. Routledge: London https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003324386

Fatemi Khorasgani S.A., Tabatabaeian S.H., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., and Ghorbanizadeh V. (2023). Roleof credit guarantee schemes in funding technology-based firms in Iran. In: Taghizadeh-HesaryF., Aboojafari R. and Yoshino N. (eds.) Innovative Finance for Technological Progress. Routledge:
London https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003220220

Amin S.B., Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Jannat J., Khandaker M.K. and Khan F. (2023). Institutional andregulatory requirements for innovative Fintech market in Bangladesh: Why do they matter?. In:
Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Aboojafari R. and Yoshino N. (eds.) Innovative Finance for Technological
Progress. Routledge: London https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003220220

Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Aboojafari R. and Yoshino N. (2023). Introduction. In: Taghizadeh-Hesary F.,
Aboojafari R. and Yoshino N. (eds.) Innovative Finance for Technological Progress. Routledge:
London https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003220220

二ノ宮リムさち（2023）「誰一人取り残さない持続可能な地域を拓く
『対話』
」
岩本泰
（編著）
『これからの地方創生・関係人
口―関係人口から持続可能な地域の創り手へ』
13-22, 人言洞．

■口頭発表 (Presentation)

Honma,S., Ushifusa, T., Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., and Vandercamme, L. (2023) “Japan’s Green

Transformation Policy Challenges and ESG Investments ESG Investments in East and Southeast
Asia”. Kitakyushu, May 12, 2023.

Honma,S., Ushifusa, T., Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., and Vandercamme, L. (2023) “How does energy

efficiency affect renewable energy in Asian economies?” The 12th Congress of the Asian
Association of Environmental and Resource Economics,Waseda University. Aug 29, 2023.

Honma,S., Ushifusa, T., Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., and Vandercamme, L. (2023) “How do energy efficiency

and renewable energy impact carbon emissions in Asia?” 環境経済・政策学会2023年大会. 東海大学.
2023年10月1日.

Honma,S., Ushifusa, T., Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., and Vandercamme, L. (2023) “How do energy efficiency

and renewable energy impact carbon emissions in Asia?” Sustainability Advancements: Forging a
Greener Future. Tokai University, Shibuya Campus, Oct 4, 2023.

Honma,S., Ushifusa, T., Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., and Vandercamme, L. (2023) “How do energy efficiency

and renewable energy impact carbon emissions in Asia?” InauguralInternational Society for Energy
Transition Studies International Conference. Bangnkok, Thailand. Oct 18, 2023.

Honma,S., Ushifusa, T., Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., and Vandercamme, L. (2023) “How do energy efficiency
and renewable energy impact carbon emissions in Asia?” Sustainable Solutions for Meeting theCarbon Neutrality Goals seminar, Tokai University, Shibuya Campus, November 24, 2023.

Taghizadeh-Hesary F. “Ways to Finance Energy Supply Security in Laos PDR and Implications for
ASEAN”. 1st stakeholder consultation on Energy Security White Paper for Lao PDR and the
Implications for ASEAN during Lao PDR’s ASEAN Chairmanship, Feb 21, 2024. (Invited Speaker).

Taghizadeh-Hesary F. “Role of Green Credit Guarantee Scheme in Unlocking Private Investments in

Sustainable Projects”. Sustainable Solutions for Meeting the Carbon Neutrality Goals seminar, Tokai
University, Shibuya Campus, November 24, 2023.

Taghizadeh-Hesary F. “Carbon Taxation, Energy Transition and Sustainability in Japan”. ERIA Working

Group Meeting: Navigating the complexities of energy transitions in ASEAN and East Asia Region.

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

59〉3. List of Research Activities（FY2023）
Bangkok, Thailand, October 18-19, 2023. (Invited Speaker).

Taghizadeh-Hesary F. “Towards a green energy system: How does CCUS technology innovation
promote green total factor productivity?” Asian Economic Panel. Keio University, Tokyo, Japan,
September 6-7, 2023.

Taghizadeh-Hesary F. “Analyzing the factors influencing the demand and supply of solar modules inJapan”. The Asia Solar Energy for Climate Change Conference (ASECCC 2023), 24 August 2023
(online), (Invited Speaker).

Taghizadeh-Hesary F. “Clean Technologies’ Innovative Financing: Role of Green Credit Guarantee”. A
Just Energy Transition Towards Green and Sustainable Development in Southeast Asia Conference;

International Convention Centre, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, 10, 11 July 2023
(online), (Invited Speaker).

Taghizadeh-Hesary F. “Green Finance and the Economic Feasibility of Hydrogen Projects” The 5thInternational Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology, Equipment and Application Conference, Shanghai,
China, May 25, 2023 (online), (Invited Speaker).

Taghizadeh-Hesary F. “Post-Pandemic Green Recovery in ASEAN Role of Small and Medium-Sized

Enterprises”. The APEC Workshop on Impacts of COVID-19 on Renewable Energy Development& Green Energy Transition in Post-pandemic in APEC Countries, APEC Sustainable Energy Center,
Tianjin, China, April 27, 2023 (online), (Invited Speaker).

Taghizadeh-Hesary F. “SMEs and Carbon Neutrality in ASEAN: The Need to Revisit Sustainability

Policies in the Post-COVID-19”. European Journal of Development Research (EJDR) Panel discussion
on the special issue launch event, Bradford University, UK (online), Feb 21, 2023, (Invited Speaker).

Hosoda, E. Circular Economy Japan’s Experiences. The 12th Congress of the Asian Association ofEnvironmental and Resource Economics. 2013.８.29, Tokyo (Invited Speech (Keynote)).

その他、
循環経済に関する招待講演多数（経団連 3R推進活動フォーラム、循環経済協会、霞山会、産総研オープンフォーラム, METIサーキュラーパートナーズ、
JARC自動車リサイクル会議）

Sachi Ninomiya-Lim. “Nurturing Citizenship for Transforming the World to Sustainability – Publicachievement-style Education of Tokai University”, 12th World Environmental Education Congress,2024.1.31, Abu Dahibi.

二ノ宮リムさち「持続可能な社会をつくる～気候変動時代の暮らしと地域」全国地域婦人団体研究大会，2023.11.21,
横浜市．
（招待講演）

二ノ宮リムさち・谷部憲一「市民のニーズを活かす・つなげるあきしま会議―対話から始めよう！みんなのまちづくり」
第65回全国社会教育研究大会，
2023.11.10, 宮﨑市．

二ノ宮リムさち「大学初年次教育としてのパブリック・アチーブメント～東海大学の取り組み事例から」大学思想史学会コロキウム：大学初年次教育を問い直す―ポスト・コロナにおけるアセンブリとエージェンシーの可能性，
2023.9.17, 京
都市．

Sachi Ninomiya-Lim, Hiroyuki Itakura, Masaki Yahagi, Naohiro Masuda, Michiko Inoue, Kengo Oka, Nami
Sasaki, Hiroyuki Takahashi, Sumiyuki Tanaka, Tin Seisei, Satoru Yamamoto, Lau Lin Sea. “Exploring

the “Japanese model” of Environmental education – based on the virtual workshops for Malaysian
Early Childhood Educators”, Japanese Society for Environmental Education Annual Conference,
2023.8.27, Tottori.

二ノ宮リムさち「『SDGsと対話』の視点から」，原発事故後の福島を考える研究会・SDGs の教育研究会，
日本環境教育学会第34回大会, 2023.8.27, 鳥取市.

二ノ宮リムさち「大学の教養教育としてのシティズンシップ教育―パブリック・アチーブメントの理念にもとづく東海大学の取組」
日本シティズンシップ教育学会第4回研究集会：ボランティアとシティズンシップ教育～社会貢献活動がもたらす
個人と社会の変容. 2023.5.13, 東京.
（招待発表）

Okuma, K., Nishi, H. “Is Green Growth Possible in the Long Run?: Kaleckian Model with Natural Capitaland Eco-Efficiency Growth”. The 35th Conference of the European Association of Evolutionary

60

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

Political Economics. September 15th, 2023.9.15, Leeds, U.K.

大熊一寛・西洋「グリーン成長は長期において可能なのか？ －自然資本と環境効率性上昇を組み込んだカレツキアンモ
デル－」経済理論学会第71回大会，
2023.11.5, 仙台市．

大熊一寛・西洋 「グリーン成長は長期において可能なのか？―自然資本と環境効率性上昇を組み込んだカレツキアンモ
デル―」
第13回ケインズ学会大会，
2024.12.3, 東京．

大熊一寛 「政策による技術変化－２部門カレツキアンモデルによる分析－」
進化経済学会全国大会，
2024.３.16, 福井市．

■研究会・セミナー (Research seminar)

・主催・共催（Host）

Sustainable Solutions for Meeting the Carbon Neutrality Goals seminar, Tokai University, Shibuya
Campus, November 24, 2023,

Energy, Climate Finance, and Policy Analysis seminar & The Handbook of Energy Policy launch. Tokai
University, July 06, 2023

ESG Investments in East and Southeast Asia. Jointly organized by Tokai University, Kitakyushu

University, and Oxford University. Kitakyushu International Conference Center & Zoom platform,
May 12, 2023

資源循環政策と競争政策の両立について（TRIES第４回オープンカフェ／サーキュラーエコノミーパートナーシップ企画）．
2024.1.26, 東海大学渋谷キャンパス.

Religion and Sustainable Development - Emerging Challenges and Opportunities Ahead of the 2024
G20 Summit in Brazil. January 20, 2024. Tokai University Shinagawa Campus.

・議長等（Chair etc.）

2023 Inaugural ISETS International Conference, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for
Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand, Oct 15-19, 2023. (Co-chair: Taghizadeh-Hesary F)

2023 Youth Dialogue For Energy Transition. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asiaand the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand, Oct 17, 2023. (Co-organizer: Taghizadeh-Hesary F)

Role of Green & Transition Finance in Achieving Carbon Neutrality Conference, Yonsei University,
Seoul Korea, Sep 22, 2023. (Co-Chair: Taghizadeh-Hesary F)

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

61〉Reference materials1【参考資料１】東海大学 環境サステナビリティ研究所の理念と目的

Principles and Objectives of the Tokai University Institute of Environment & Sustainability(TRIES)

本研究所は、本学の建学の精神に則り、社会科学を基礎として、様々な分野の枠組みを越えた学際的な視点から、
人と社会と自然が共存できる社会システムの構築に関わるあらゆる事象を総合的に研究・検証し、また、サステナブルな社会の達成を推進することにより、
グローバル社会の恒久的な安定と恒常的な発展を目指すことに寄与することを目的とする。

この目的を達成するために、（１）
東海大学における環境およびサステナビリティ分野における研究を結集し、相互に連携を深めることで個々の研究の質的向上が可能になる。
また、この研究所の活動の推進により、全ての学生がグローバルシチズンとしてサステナブルな社会実現のための学修の活性化に役立つことができる。
この研究所は研究・教育に留まるものではなく、（２）
日本の優れた環境政策を国際的に包括的かつ高頻度で英語により発信していくことで、世界の研究者・為政者の環境問題解決の一助と成りえることも目指している。
更に、この研究所の目的達成のために、（３）
産官学の人材交流プラットフォームを構築し、持続可能性フォーラムなど企業・自治体等へのアウトリーチ活動を積極的に行い、これまでに蓄積されてきた環境人材の知見を着実に次世代に繋いでいくことも重要な活動のひとつである。

現在、世界では経済発展促進のために温室効果ガスが増加し、気候変動が避けられない状況になってきている。
グローバル化された経済システムの中では、この現象に拍車がかかっている。
しかし、
同時に、
世界で多くの研究者がこの社会・環境問題に取り組み、また、各国では地球温暖化・気候変動に対応するために、様々な政策が立てられ、実行されてきている。
日本の研究・
環境政策をこの研究所を国際的に話し合えるフォーラムとして活用できる場所とすることにより、早急に方向性を求めてられている社会・環境問題への解決につながることが期待できる。

本研究所は、
グローバル社会のサステナビリティ構築のための環境問題解決に資する研究活動・情報発信を本務とし、その中には、政策提言の練成、人的ネットワークを生かした社会への働きかけ、学部・大学院教育への貢献、国内・海外からの研究
者との共同研究、留学生の受け入れなどを含むものである。

以上

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TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

Reference materials1

Principles and Objectives of the Tokai University
Institute of Environment & Sustainability(TRIES)

Following the founding spirit of Tokai University, the Institute’s purpose is to comprehensively research and substantiate all
aspects related to the creation of a social system in which people, society, and nature can coexist harmoniously. Basedon social science and an interdisciplinary perspective that transcends various fields, it will contribute to ongoing global
development and economic stability by promoting the attainment of a sustainable society.
In order to achieve these objectives, the Institute will focus on three main areas. It will (1) bring together researchers in thefield of environment and sustainability at Tokai University, and deepen cooperation, thereby enabling the enhanced qualityof their individual research. Through various educational activities, it will contribute to and promote the development ofa sustainable society. For example, all students will be able to enhance their studies to realize a sustainable society as
global citizens. In addition, the Institute will (2) disseminate Japan’s excellent environmental policies to the international
community in English consistently, thereby helping researchers and politicians around the world with information to better
solve environmental problems. Furthermore, to achieve its objectives, the Institute will also (3) build a platform for humanresource exchange between academia, government, and industry, including outreach activities to local governments
and companies. This will be accomplished in part through sustainability forums in order to constantly pass accumulated
knowledge of environmental human resources to the next generation.
At present, the world is facing the critical situation of climate change due to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions
resulting from human economic development. In a globalized economic system, this phenomenon is accelerating. At thesame time, however, many researchers worldwide are working on social and environmental issues in various countries;
distinct policies have been formulated and implemented to deal with climate change. By making the Institute a forum forinternational discussion of Japan’s research and environmental policies, it is hoped that this will lead to further, urgently
needed solutions to social and environmental problems.
The Institute’s primary mission is to conduct research and disseminate information that will solve environmental problems
and build a sustainable global society. This includes the formulation of policy proposals, outreach through social networks,
contribution to undergraduate and graduate education, including the embrace of international students, and joint researchwith domestic and foreign researchers.

TRIES-Tokai University Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability

63〉Reference materials2【参考資料2】

環境サステナビリティ研究所（TRIES）メンバー
Research Institute for Environmental Sustainability (TRIES) members

2023年 10月 1日現在

所長

森本英香（政治経済学部・政治学科）
所長代行

大熊一寛（政治経済学部・経済学科）
事務局

中澤康治（グローバルシチズン・カレッジ所属）
森永晴子（グローバルシチズン・カレッジ所属）
研究所員 *Alphabetical Order

本間 聡（政治経済学部・経済学科）
細田衛士（政治経済学部・経済学科）

木村英樹（工学部・機械システム工学科）
小坂真理（教養学部・人間環境学科）

二ノ宮リムさち（スチューデントアチーブメントセンター）

タギザーデ, ファルハード：Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad（国際学部・国際学科）
辻 由希（政治経済学部・政治学科）
内田晴久（教養学部・人間環境学科）
若野綾子（政治経済学部・経済学科）
山田清志（教養学部・人間環境学科）
山本雅資（政治経済学部・経済学科）
吉川直人（国際学部・国際学科）研究員

鷺坂長美 公益財団法人埼玉県国際交流協会理事長

スターンバーグ，トロイ: Sternberg, Troy (School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford)
浜島直子 環境省自然環境局生物多様性主流化室長**

ヒュン，スク：Hyun, Suk (Graduate School of Environmental Finance, Yonsei University)

チャン，ヨンホ：Chang, Youngho (School of Business, Singapore University of Social Sciences)

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Issued 2024