COMMISSION E: ELECTROMAGNETIC NOISE AND
INTERFERE
Edited by Osamu Fujiwara
Man Made EM Noise and EMC
E.1 2004 International Symposium on EMC, Sendai
EMC'04/Sendai was organized by Prof. A. Sugiura, Tohoku University, and was held with great
success at the Sendai International Center, Sendai, from June 1st to 4th, 2004. This is the fifth EMC
Symposium in Japan, because they have been held every five years since 1984. More than 500
people attended from 20 countries including Japan, and about 250 technical papers were presented at
the Symposium. The Risaburo Sato Award was newly established as the best paper award andgranted to Prof. Osamu Fujiwara's group.

E.2 EMC measurement technology
The studies of EMI antenna and electromagnetic field probe calibration method, electromagnetic
field probe using electro-optical crystal, EMI suppression effect by ferrite core, measurement
method of lightning surge, evaluation method of RF absorber reflectivity in millimeter wavelength,
etc, have been performed in this period. Detail descriptions are presented below.

E2-1 Antenna factor of EMI measuring antennas
Traditionally, radio disturbances emitted from electronic equipment have been measured with an
EMI antenna, where the disturbance level is expressed in terms of the electrical field strength. In
practical measurements, it is given by multiplying the received voltage by the antenna factor of ameasuring antenna used. However, the antenna factor may vary in magnitude with the antennaheight above a ground plane due to the ground reflection. Hence, to improve the measurement
uncertainty, the CISPR (International Special Committee on Radio Interference) has recently decided
to use the free-space value of the antenna factor for EMI measurements.
In this connection, three antenna calibration methods have newly been developed to provide thefree-space antenna factor accurately:(1) Antenna Impedance Method requires measurements of the input impedance of an antenna
under calibration in the frequency range from 30 MHz up to 10 GHz. It was found that this method
could yield the free-space antenna factor with an uncertainty of about 0.5 dB or less [Tsushima, et al.,2004].
(2) In addition, application of the non-linear least squares method has been investigated for the1

conventional EMI antenna calibration, such as Standard Antenna Method, in the frequency range
from 30 MHz to 300 MHz. This method was found to determine the free-space antenna factor withan uncertainty better thaan 0.3 dB [Fujii, et al., 2003].
(3) To produce a nearly free-space environment, the theoretical and experimental investigations
were made on the use of ferrite tiles placed on the metal ground plane. It was found that the ferrite
absorbers could considerably suppress the ground reflection and yield the free-space antenna factor
with an error less than 0.3 dB at frequencies from 30 to 300 MHz [Matsumoto, et al., 2003].

E2-2 Calibration of electromagnetic probe
In order to calibrate an electromagnetic probe up to 18 GHz, a method using open-ended
waveguides has been proposed as the standard radiators in the frequency range from 500 MHz to 18
GHz [Ishigami, et al., 2002, 2003a]. A calibration facility was established with an anechoic chamber.
The uncertainty of the facility was evaluated as ±0.96 dB (500 MHz-8.2 GHz) and ±1.14 dB (above
8.2 GHz) at the confidence coefficient of 95%, respectively. A TEM cell is also used for thecalibration below 500MHz. The uncertainty of the facility was evaluated as ±0.74 dB at a confidencecoefficient of 95%

E2-3 Electric field probe using optical electric crystal
A magnetic and electric field probe using LiNbO3 as the optical electric crystal was presented at
EMC’04 Sendai [Suzuki, et al., 2004]. The electric field probe with a 2.46 mm long dipole element
could operate up to 10GHz and it was effective to measure the electric field distribution on theprinted circuit board (PCB). The magnetic field probe with a square loop (4.5 mm × 4.5 mm
aperture) could operate up to 5 GHz and it was effective to measure the current distribution on the
PCB.

E2-4 Measurements of EMI suppression characteristics of ferrite cores
A major source of the electromagnetic interference in the frequency range below 1000 MHz is
disturbance currents flowing on the cables connected to an electronic device. Hence, in order toreduce the currents, ferrite cores are usually attached to encircle the cables. However, there is no
standard method for measuring the EMI suppression characteristics of the core. Hence, Prof.
Sugiura’s group has studied and developed a measurement method for the insertion loss and thereflection coefficients of a ferrite core [Fujii, et al., 2004].

E2-5 Compact lightning wave recorder
Malfunctions caused by lightning surges are serious problems for telecommunications equipmentused for developed information technology. Lightning surge waveform observation has been carried2

out to characterize the surges appearing at the telecommunication ports. However, large equipment
was needed to observe the waveform. Recent developed semiconductor technology succeeds theminiaturization of waveform recorder [Honma, et al., 2004]. The size of the developed recorder is 94
mm wide, 150 mm long, and 55 mm thick, and the weight is 530 g. The dynamic range is more than
60 dB, and the recording length is 32 ms. One can operate two or more recorders simultaneously
using the external trigger. It is expected to apply the study of the lightning surges inducing
mechanism at AC mains and telecommunication port of the equipment.

E2-6 Evaluation of reflectivity measurement methods for millimeter wave absorber
The methods of reflectivity measurement of millimeter wave absorbers are being evaluated byround robin test with various measurement settings, to clarify preferable conditions (distance,
absorber size, antenna type, etc.) and measurement procedures.

E. 3 Printed circuit board (PCB) and chip level EMC
The studies of simulation of undesired noise form PCB, EMI simulation, EMC design, EMC
modeling, Design tools, etc, have been performed in this period. Detail descriptions are presented
below.

E3-1 Simulation of undesired noise form PCB
In order to explain the undesired electromagnetic radiation from PCB, modeling of
three-dimensional FDTD simulation and experiment are being performed in Prof. Inoue’s laboratory[Kayano, et al., 2002, 2004a, 2004b, 2004c; Tanaka, et al., 2004]. It was reported that not only thecommon mode current dependence but also spatial radiation distribution near the tested sample
should be investigated precisely. Moreover, undesired electromagnetic radiation near PCB with
attached feed cable was also investigated by experiment and FDTD simulation. Structure differencesof the cross section of tested PCB were found to affect the electromagnetic radiation. Comparison
between 3-dimentional FDTD simulation and experiment showed good agreement. It was also
reported that the special structure with guard band enables one to reduce low common mode current
and EM radiation. In addition, undesired electromagnetic radiation from microstrip line on PCB with
attached feed cable was studied by the experiment and FDTD simulation. It was suggested that thedifferential mode current should be took into account for the undesired electromagnetic radiation at
higher frequencies.

E3-2 EMI Simulation and EMC design of PCB
Problems to control irelectromagnetic noise radiated from digital electronic devices have been
pursued in Prof. Koga’s group. A concise electromagnetic model of the power-bus in a multi-layer

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PCB has been developed utilizing a cavity-mode model together with the segmentation method.
Practical speed was enhanced by 400 times than traditional methods, which is useful as a powerfultool in designing PCBs in terms of turn-around time and scale of computation. Models of electricand magnetic coupling on gaped power bus structures and effects of via inductance on split
power/ground planes were also investigated. A method to evaluate common-mode excitation on
PCBs was demonstrated with practical PCBs having guard traces. The evaluation model is called“imbalance difference model”. Accuracy of the models has been experimentally examined.

E3-3 Modeling of EMC characteristics of digital IC/LSIThe objectives of the EMC modeling of digital circuits are extended to LSIs as noise driving
sources, and linear macro-models of LSIs, called LECCS models, have been developed in Prof.
Koga’s group. Simulation performance of a model for core logic circuits, LECCS-core, and a modelfor drivers, LECCS-I/O, were presented at “EMC Compo 2004” and “EMC’04/Sendai”. The
LECCS-core model is quite similar to the model ICEM which was proposed by French researchgroup, and collaboration to establish an unified standard model for EMC simulation has been started.

E3-4 New design tool for PCBs
Problems to control irradiative electromagnetic noise from digital electronic devices have been
pursued [Kasuga, et al., 2002, 2003a, 2003b]. A concise equivalent circuit models have beendeveloped, which is useful as a powerful tool in designing printed circuit boards in terms ofturn-around time and scale of computation. Practical speed was enhanced by 400 times than
traditional methods. Accuracy of the models has been experimentally examined and objectives of themodels are extended to LSI levels as well as PCB. Results will help designers of electronic devices
who are always expedited in developing their products.

E. 4 EMC problem related telecommunication system
The studies of telecommunication system using UTP cables, evaluation method of
telecommunication system using APD (Amplitude Probability Density), interference caused by
microwave oven, EMC evaluation method of UWB system, EMC problems caused by PLC,
interference from PCs having dithered clock systems, disturbance for the radio system in LF band,etc, have been performed in this period. Detail descriptions are presented below.

E4-1 APD analysis
Two different methods, called RMS-AVG (Root Mean Square-Average) and APD, currently
discussed in CISPR as a disturbance measurement method to evaluate the degradation of the digital
wireless communication systems, were compared by numerical simulations [Gotoh, et al., 2005].

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Repetition pulse and Gaussian noise were added as disturbances to the DQPSK (Differential
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) coded signal at the transmission path. The disturbance effects on
BER (Bit Error Rate) and on each reading by the two methods were obtained quantitatively. The
comparison shows that both methods account for the disturbance effect on a digital wirelesscommunication system.

E4-2 Interference caused by microwave oven noises
Leakage of EM waves from microwave ovens may cause unwanted interference to wireless LAN
systems using the 2.4-GHz band. Hence, investigations have been carried out to develop a numericalmodel of the oven noise in Prof. Sugiura’s group. An FM-AM model was produced for the noise, andit has been employed to evaluate degradation in the transmission quality of the LAN systems
interfered with the oven noises [Matsumoto, 2003]. Moreover, to investigate the impact of ovennoises on the wireless systems, a useful numerical model of the oven noise was developed.
Performance degradation of wireless systems (DS-SS WLAN and Bluetooth) caused by the ovennoises was evaluated theoretically and experimentally. The use of adaptive filters was proposed for
reducing the microwave oven interference in DS-SS WLAN systems [Nakatsuka, 2004].

E4-3 UWB (Ultra wide-Band) system
A waveform reconstruction method of the electric field emitted by UWB (ultra wideband) device
by using the complex antenna factor and observed waveform with an oscilloscope was developed[Ishigami, et al., 2004a, 2005]. The waveform radiated by a transmitting antenna and an impulse
generator was measured with an oscilloscope and was reconstructed by the method. The results
showed that the reconstructed waveform using this method agreed well with the waveform evaluatedfrom the output of the impulse generator. The peak power measurement using a resolution
bandwidth of 50MHz specified in the document of Federal Communications Commission (FCC) part
15 was examined. If the impulse bandwidth of a spectrum analyzer has been measured, the peak
power can be obtained using the conversion method described in FCC Part 15.

E4-4 Interference from PCs having dithered clock systems
Operating frequencies of the clock signals of personal computers (PCs) currently reach several
GHz. Such devices radiate electromagnetic noise over a wide frequency range, which may causeinterference to wireless systems. Measurements were carried out to investigate the characteristics ofradiated PC noises in WLAN frequency bands (2.4 GHz and 5GHz). It was found that the harmonics
of the base clock signal dominate the radiated noises from PCs, and that the harmonics were
frequency modulated due to the intentional sweep (dithering) of the fundamental clock frequency.
The impact of PC noises on an OFDM-based WLAN system was evaluated with numerical5

simulations [Ogata, 2004].

E4-5 EMC problem related PLC system
The increase speed of power line communications may affect existing communication system. The
studies were performed about the influences to the communication system and the characteristics of
the indoor power line system. The EMC problems of the high-speed telecommunication systemusing unshielded twisted pare (UTP) cables were also studied for the emission from UTP cables andthe countermeasure method. The problem related to power line communications was presented in
EMC’04 Sendai in June 2004 [Shimoduma, et al., 2004]. The studies were performed about the
influence to the VDSL system of the induction and the relations between the longitudinal conversion
loss (LCL) of the cable and the radiated electromagnetic field.

E4-6 Transmission characteristics on AC mains line
High speed power line communication (PLC) system has been developed to use for indoor
communication system. The transmission characteristics and the influences to the electromagnetic
environment should be studied because PLC system uses the AC mains line system, which has notbeen designed to use for a high speed signal transmission. AC mains line with a ground plane waspresented using four-port networks to calculate both differential and common mode impedances[Miyoshi, et al., 2005]. The radiated magnetic field was calculated from the common-mode current
distribution. The results indicate that the deviation between calculated and measured value was
improved to calculate the capacitances between conductors and between conductor and ground using
a numerical method.

E4-7 Investigation of disturbance for LF band
40kHz and 60 kHz are used to transmit the Japan Standard Time signal. The electric field strengthof the 60 kHz transmitted signal and the disturbances in the frequency range from 40kHz to 60 kHz
were investigated [Nakai, et al., 2005]. The results indicated that the field strength of the transmitted
signal decreases in proportion with the increase of the distance, and there are many disturbancesources in this frequency range.

E. 5 EMC test facilities
The studies of test methods using rotating electromagnetic fields, correlation between GTEM cells
and anechoic chambers, evaluation methods of reverberation chamber, etc, have been performed inthis period. Detail descriptions are presented below.

E5-1 Immunity/susceptibility test method6In order to clarify immunity/susceptibility characteristics against radio-frequency electromagnetic
fields, a new test method of using electromagnetic fields two-dimensionally rotating at a very low
rate was proposed by Prof. Kami’s group, which demonstrated the characteristics depicted invisualized three-dimensional map [Murano, 2004a, 2004b, 2004c; Kami, 2004]. They also applied
the method to a four-septum TEM cell [Suganuma, et al., 2004].

E5-2 GTEM CellA GTEM (gigahertz transverse electromagnetic) cell is used for immunity and emission tests. The
correlation between the immunity-test result in a GTEM cell and that in an anechoic chamber was
examined theoretically [Ishigami, et al., 2001, 2003b]. The average electric fields of the EUT
surfaces in a GTEM cell and an anechoic chamber were calculated using the FD-TD method in orderto evaluate a suitable installation and size of EUT in the GTEM cell. When the size of EUT was 10%,
20%, or 30% of the septum height, the difference in both the test result of the GTEM cell and theanechoic chamber was expected to be about 1dB, 2dB, or 2-3dB, respectively. Moreover, when the
EUT surface approached the septum and floor conductor, the difference increased.

E5-3 Reverberation chamber
In using a reverberation chamber for radiated immunity testing, it is important to determine thenumber of discrete steps through which the stirrer rotates and the number of probe locations for agiven test volume in the chamber. This is because they affect the uniformity and calibration of the
field in the test volume. An experimental evaluation was made for the effect of the numbers ofstirrers and their steps on the field uniformity, and the effect of the number of probe locations onfield calibration. It was confirmed that (1) it was possible to obtain sufficient uniformity in the field
by using two stirrers; (2) uniformity was not improved greatly by using more than 100 stirrer steps;and (3) the use of a small number of probe locations increased the uncertainty in the evaluation of
uniformity [Harima and Yamanaka, 2001; Harima, 2004].

E.6 ESD and system level EMC
The studies of evaluation method of system level EMC, geospace environment simulator, meta
-material type RF absorber, etc, have been performed in this period. Detail descriptions are presented
below.

E6-1 Equivalent circuit model for human ESD
A circuit approach for calculating the discharge current through a hand-held metal
piece from a charged human body has been proposed by Prof. Fujiwara’s group. It has
been demonstrated that the current waveforms can be predicted from the time variant

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spark resistance and measured frequency characteristics of the human body impedance[Fujiwara, et al., 2001a, 2003a].

E6-2 ESD contact ad air discharge measurement
Measurement was made by Prof. Fujiwara’s group for the discharge currents injected onto thePellegrini target for the contact air discharge of a commercially available ESD-gun with respect to its
approaching speed to the target. It was found that the fast approach of the ESD gun provides a sharp
current with a steeper rise-time and a higher peak, while the slow approach gives a gentle current
with the shorter rise-time but lower peak compared to the case for the contact discharge. It was also
found that there exists a specific relationship between the rise-time and the peak current normalized
to the charge voltage regardless of the approaching speed of the ESD gun [Fujiwara, et al., 2001b,
Fujiwara, et al., 2004].

E6-3 FDTD simulation of contact discharge by an ESD-Gun
The electromagnetic noise caused by an electrostatic discharge (ESD) is a major source ofmalfunction to high-tech equipment. The ESD testing, therefore, is being specified in the
IEC61000-4-2, which prescribes the current waveform from an ESD gun through a IEC
recommended current detector (Pellegrini calibration target). This IEC current waveform, however,does not always correspond to the one injected onto an actual device for ESD testing. Prof.
Fujiwara’s group simulated a contact discharge to ground plates using our previously developed
FDTD model of an ESD gun. The induced voltages through a magnetic field probe were simulated
when the discharge current was injected directly to the ground plate in contact with an ESD gun,
whose results were confirmed with respect to the ground plate sizes experimentally [Fujiwara, et al.,2002, 2003b].

E6-4 Safety evaluation for stochastically varying electromagnetic fields
The cumulative amplitude probability distributions (APD) of leaked electric fields in fusion
experimental facilities were measured and an approach to derive their time-average from themeasured APD was proposed [Wang, et.al., 2004]. The statistically averaged electric field showed
fair agreement with the time-averaged electric field during 6 minutes being specified in the safety
guidelines. This finding suggested the usefulness of the APD measurement in lieu of the fieldmeasurement during a 6-minute period because the APD can be obtained for a time period much lessthan 6 minutes.

E6-5 Geospace environment simulator
In order to make quantitative evaluation of electromagnetic environment around spacecraft, three8

dimensional electromagnetic particle simulations are being performed using 125 nodes (2 TB
Memory) of the Earth Simulator System, reporting various physical processes induced by emissionof heavy ions in electric propulsion.

E6-6 Application of meta-material to EM wave absorber and shielding material
Meta-material is the material which can control the dielectric constant and the magnetic
permeability. At the special condition, the real part of the dielectric constant and the magnetic
permeability are negative. This phenomenon makes the flexibility of a design for EM-absorber andshielding material [Hatakeyama, et al., 2004].

Natural EM Noise
E.7 Lightning
Study in Prof. Kawasaki’s group
Thunderstorms observed by TRMM/PR and LIS have been investigated, and Lightning ResearchGroup of Osaka University (LRGOU) has unveiled several interesting features.
Correlation between lightning activities and the snow depth of convective clouds may follow thepower-five law. The power five law means that the flash density is a function of the snow-depth topower five. The definition of snow depth is the height of detectable cloud tops by TRMM/PR fromthe climatological freezing level, and it may be equivalent to the length of the portion where thesolid phase precipitation particles exist. This is given by examining more than one million
convective clouds, and we conclude that the power five law should be universal from the aspect of
the statistic.
Three thunderstorm active areas are well known as “Three World Chimneys”, and those are theCentral Africa, Amazon of the South America, and South East Asia. Thunderstorm activities in theseareas are expected to contribute to the distribution of thermal energy around the equator to middle
latitude regions. Moreover thunderstorm activity in the tropical region is believed to be related withthe average temperature of our planet earth. That is why long term monitoring of lightning activity isrequired. After launching TRMM we have accumulated seven-year LIS observations, and statistics
for three world chimneys are obtained. We have recognized the additional lightning active area, andthat is around the Maracaibo lake in Venezuera. We conclude that this is because of geographicalfeatures of the Maracaibo lake and the continuous easterly trade wind.
Lightning Activity during El Nino period is another interesting subject. LRGOU studies
thunderstorm occurrences over west Indonesia and south China, and investigates the influence of El
Nino on lightning . We compare the statistics between El Nino and non El Nino periods. We learn
that the lightning activity during El Nino period is higher than non El Nino period instead of lessprecipitation on the ground during El Nino period. Since we expect the strong correlation between

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precipitation and lightning activity, the results seem to be against the conventional common sense.
However analyzed results for these two areas show no contradictions, or we can say that the results
are exactly same from the aspect of statistics. The meteorological comprehension is still remained.
Lightning Research Group of Osaka University (LRGOU) has been working for a novel techniqueof VHF Broadband Digital Interferometer (BDITF) to monitor thunderstorm activity and to image
lightning channels for these ten years. The VHF BDITF has been improved to be a quasi operating
system, and LRGOU has equipped the BDITF in Korea, in Australia and at four sites near central
Japan. LRGOU controls these BDITFs through internet, and conducts remote and continuous
monitoring of lightning activity.
The BDITF antenna is capacitive, which bandwidth is from 25 to 100 MHz including amplifier,and its shape is circular with about 30 cm diameter. The BDITF consists of three antennas, and theseantennas are deployed at three apexes of an isosceles right triangle. The length of two sides aroundthe right angle is between 5 to 10 meters, because the antenna spacing is not necessary to be fixed tosome required length. These two sides are normally set up to direct to north-to-south andeast-to-west. Once we have a lightning flash, a few thousands of VHF impulses are emitted, and the
BDITF can detect VHF impulses within about 50 km. The scheme to estimate source location of
VHF impulses is based on the Fourier analysis. Received VHF impulses are decomposed into
Fourier components by FFT (Fast Fourier Transform). Phase differences for all Fourier components
between two antennas output are calculated to estimate the incident angles against the base line of
two antennas. Since one unit of BDITF consists of three antennas, two dimensional source locations,azimuth and elevation, can be observed. If we install two sets of BDITF with proper spacing, we areable to have 3-D image of lightning channels.
BDITF observations during winter thunderstorm seasons have been carried out around Mikuni and
Kanazawa. Three dimensional images of lightning progressions are observed around Mikuni. The
propagation velocity of the negative breakdown is estimated, and it is in the order of ten to power
five meters per second. This value is nearly the same of the velocity formally observed by the opticalstreak camera. The lightning channels with branching are captured, and we learn the excellent
capability of BDITF. Possible positively charged region is visualized by detecting negative
breakdown during continuing current. The observations around Kanazawa for winter thunderstorms
are still ongoing.
An electric filed change and VHF/UHF radiation associated with positive cloud-to-ground (CG)flashes during winter in Japan has been observed, and it can be noticed that the intensity of
VHF/UHF radiation increases immediately after a return stroke occurrence. It is well known that
VHF/UHF radiation intensity by a negative CG decreases during and after a return stroke, and thestrong VHF/UHF emission after the return stroke is believed be peculiar to the positive CG.
VHF/UHF radiation due to negative CG flashes is emitted from a tip of leader progression, and a10

lightning channel imaging is available by VHF/UHF interferometer observations. In case of apositive CG, channel imaging of a VHF/UHF interferometer is not available. To interpret thediscrepancy of VHF/UHF source mapping between negative and positive CGs, a theory of“Bi-directional Leader Concept” is introduced. That means VHF/UHF radiation associated with anegative breakdown can be observed for both positive and negative CG, and for a negative CG that is
the leader progression tip, and for positive CG that is possible positive charge regions. From this
aspect, the location of VHF/UHF radiation source for positive CG mapped by interferometers may
be equivalent to the location of positive charge distribution inside thunderclouds. In other words weare able to see the charge distribution by the interferometer. The 3D mapping for positive CG
obtained during winter thunderstorm in Japan by means of VHF/UHF interferometer frequently
gives a very large volume of source distribution, and its horizontal extension occasionally exceeds
ten kilometers. The most possible altitude of the distribution of VHF/UHF source location isequivalent to or slightly lower than the altitude of -10 degree Celsius. The sources are superimposedon the radar cross section, and it is noticed that sources are rather located in a stratified region
instead of a convective region. Though it has been believed that the thundercloud during winter inJapan might be small size because of weak convection, our observations by VHF/UHF
interferometer are against the conventional understanding. We have occasionally experienced the
MCS like thunderclouds even in winter. The total amount of charge is estimated to be a few hundred
Coulombs, and it is supposed that thunderclouds, which cause positive CG during winter in Japan,
should be a possible parent thundercloud.
Study in Prof. Hayakawa’s group:
The fractal dynamics of intracloud microdischarges responsible for the formation of a so-called
drainage system of electric charge transport inside a cloud volume has been discussed. Mesospheric
optical emissions (sprites) for the winter lightning were successfully observed in the Hokuriku area,
and the associated phenomena (ionospheric perturbations (Trimpis), ELF sferics) were also
discussed. The Schumann resonance observation was started again in 1996 at Moshiri, Hokkaido inorder to monitor the global warning. The Schumann resonance data there have been used in order tostudy the correlation of Schumann resonance intensity and ground temperature.

E.8 Seismo electromagnetics(1) The presence of ULF electromagnetic emissions before large earthquakes has been noticed bymeans of different signal analysis methods (including polarization, fractal methods, and principal
component analysis etc.). Another important method for short-term earthquake prediction is the useof subionospheric VLF/LF propagation. A case study for the Tokachi-oki earthquake and statistical
study on the correlation of the VLF anomaly with different geophysical parameters (geomagnetic
activity, particle precipitation) and seismic effect have been performed. The full-wave computation11

has been made for explaining the shift in the terminator time due to the presence ofseismo-ionospheric perturbations .
(2)The French micro satellite for seismo-electromagnetics "DEMETER" has been launched on June29, 2004. DEMETER is a project of low altitude microsatellite that mainly aim the study ofelectromagnetic signals generated by seismic or volcanic events. The data around Japan are
registered in the special mode, therefore new findings for physical mechanisms on
seismo-electromagnetics are expected in simultaneous measurements on the ground and onboard.
(3) The prediction of earthquake with ELF electromagnetic waves has been developed. New methodfor detect of precursory phenomena using Schumann resonance on “Kii” peninsula earthquakes andon “Chuetsu” earthquakes in Niigata is being analyzed.
(4) The study on the earthquake prediction using the VAN method and ULF geomagnetic, andgeopotential measurement at Izu, Iwate, Matsusiro, and Taiwan have been conducted. The main
attention was paid to new signal analysis.
(5) Broadband spectral observations have been conducted in the VHF band regularly in Chiba, Japan
to investigate any natural radiation and/or anomaly of propagation of broadcasting waves. It has
been found that distant oversea TV broadcasting waves can sometimes propagate to the observatory.
The propagation of these TV waves has been classified and those mechanisms have been
investigated. A possibility of natural radiations associated with earthquakes by receiving broadband
white noise has been presented.
(6) A network of seismogenic ULF emissions in the Kanto area, and a nation-wide network of
VLF/LF subionospheric wave have been established in order to find the seismic effect onto theionosphere for short-term earthquake prediction.
(7) The precursors of the earthquake related to ELF electromagnetic wave below 50Hz has been
investigated. Schumann resonance was observed at Nakatsugawa, and VLF transmitters (NWC,
19.8kHz and JG2AS, 40kHz) wave observed at Kasugai.

References
Man Made EM Noise and EMC

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Fujii, K., Y. Dowaki, Y. Jito, Y. Matsumoto, and A. Sugiura [2004], "Insertion Loss Measure-ment of
EMI Suppression Ferrite Cores," International Symposium on EMC, Jun. 1-4, Sendai, Japan, 3C3-2,
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Fujiwara, O., and T. Ikawa [2001a], “Numerical calculation of human-body capacitance by surface
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Ishigami, S., K. Harima, and Y. Yamanaka [2001], “TEM-mode E-field uniformity in a GTEM cell”,
IEICE Transactions on Communications, Vol.E84-B, No.9, pp. 2610-2617.

Ishigami., S., H. Masuzawa, I. Nishiyama, T. Shinozuka, and Y. Yamanaka [2002], “EM probe
calibration by using open-ended waveguides, Part.1”, Technical Report of IEICE, EMCJ2002-50,
pp.49-54 (In Japanese).

Ishigami, S., H. Masuzawa, I. Nishiyama, T. Shinozuka, and Y. Yamanaka [2003a], “EM probe
calibration by using open-ended waveguides, Part.2”, 2003 General Conference of IEICE, SB-2-7(In Japanese)

Ishigami, S., K. Harima, and Y. Yamanaka [2003b], “Theoretical evaluation of condition of EUT
installation on a GTEM cell on immunity testing”, IEICE Transactions on Communications,
Vol.J86-B, No.7, pp. 1183-1190 (In Japanese).

Ishigami, S., and Y. Yamanaka [2004a], “Reconstruction of electric-field waveform radiated fromUWB device by using the complex antenna factor”, 2004 International Symposium on
Electromagnetic Compatibility, Sendai (EMC'04 SENDAI), 2C4-5, pp.41-44.

Ishigami, S., and Y. Yamanaka [2004b], “Time-domain measurement of electric field emitted fromUWB device within an arbitrary bandwidth by using the complex antenna factor”, EUROEM 2004
(Euro Electromagnetics), UWB11-3, pp.166-167.

Ishigami, S., K. Gotoh, Y. Matsumoto, and Y. Yamanaka [2004c], “Time-domain measurement of
UWB radiation power by using the complex antenna factor”, Technical Report of IEICE,EMCJ2004-68, pp.75-80 (In Japanese).

Ishigami, S., K. Gotoh, and Y. Matsumoto [2005], “Influence of pulse-repetition frequency in peak
power measurement of UWB signals”, 2005 General Conference of IEICE, A-5-22, p.138 (InJapanese).

14Kami, Y., F. Xiao, K. Murano, and M. Tayarani [2004], “Radiated immunity/susceptibility test
method using slowly rotating electromagnetic wave,” Proc. International Symposium on EMC,
Sendai.

Kasuga, T., M. Tanaka and H. Inoue [2002], “Estimation on magnetic near field noise from PCB by
FDTD implemented non-linear switching transistor”, Proc. of IEEE 2002 EMC Sympo.，
Minneapolis, pp.727-732.

Kasuga, T., and H. Inoue [2003a],“Estimation for wideband electromagnetic field distribution fromprinted circuit board with switching transistor”，IEICE Trans. Electron., Vol.E86-C, No.6,
pp.995-1001.

Kasuga, T., M. Tanaka, and H. Inoue [2003b],“Estimation of spatial distribution of wideband
electromagnetic noise around printed circuit board”，IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol.E86-B, No.7,
pp.2154-2161.

Kayano, Y., M. Tanaka, J.L. Drewniak and H. Inoue [2002], ”Common-mode current due to a trace
on a PCB with a guard-band –experiment and FDTD modeling-”, International Conference on
Electronics Packaging (ICEP).

Kayano, Y., M. Tanaka, J.L.Drewniak and H. Inoue [2004a], “Common-mode current due to a tracenear a PCB edge and its suppression by a guard band”, IEEE Trans. on Electromagnetic
Compatibility, Vol.46, No.1, pp.46-53.

Kayano, Y., M. Tanaka and H. Inoue [2004b], “A study on common-mode current on a feed cableattached to a PCB with different cross sectional structures”, Proc. International Symposium on
Electromagnetic Compatibility, EMC2004/Sendai, Vol.1, pp.1-4.

Kayano, Y., M. Tanaka and H. Inoue [2004c], “Identifying the frequency response of common-mode
current on a cable attached to a PCB”, IEICE Trans. Electronics, Vol.E87-C, No.8, pp.1268-1276.

Matsumoto, Y., T. Umeda, A. Nishikata, K. Fujii, Y Yamanaka, and A. Sugiura [2003], "EMI
Antenna Calibration on an Absorber-Lined Ground Plane to Determine Free-Space An-tenna
Factor," IEEE Trans. on EMC, vol.45, no,4, pp656-660, 2003.

Matsumoto, Y., M. Takeuchi, K. Fujii, A. Sugiura, and Y. Yamanaka [2004], "A Time-Domain

15Microwave Oven Noise Model for the 2.4 GHz Band," IEEE Trans. on EMC, vol.45, no.3,
pp561-566, 2003.

Miyoshi, K., N. Kuwabara, Y. Akiyama, and H. Yamane [2005], “Calculation of radiated magnetic
field from indoor AC mains cable using four-port network,” IEICE technical report, EMCJ2004-123,
pp.37-42, (In Japanese).

Murano, K., T. Sanpei, F. Xiao, C.Wang, Y. Kami, and J. L. Drewniak [2004a], “Susceptibility
characteristics of a cavity with an aperture by using slowly rotating EM fields: FDTD analysis andmeasurement,” IEEE Trans. Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 46, no. 2, pp.169-177.

Murano, K., F. Xiao, Y. Kami [2004b], “An immunity/susceptibility test method using
electromagnetic wave of rotating polarization,” IEEE Trans. Instrumentation and Measurement, vol.
53, no. 4, pp.1184-1191.

Murano, K., F. Xiao, M. Tayarani and Y. Kami [2004c], “3D-susceptibility evaluation of actual
housings of electronic equipment using rotating EM fields,” Proc. 2004 IEEE International
Symposium on EMC, Santa Clara.

Nakai, R., Y. Shimoshio, H. Abe, K. Someya, A. Mikami, M. Higashi, and Y. Yamashita [2005],“Characteristics of low frequency signals, which are emitted from home electric appliance measured
by a small loop antenna for radio wave clocks,” IEICE technical report, EMCJ2004-121, pp.25-30,(In Japanese).

Nakatsuka, M., Y. Matsumoto, K. Fujii, and A. Sugiura [2004], "Reduction Microwave Oven
Interference in DS-SS WLAN Systems Using Adaptive Filters," International Sympo-sium on EMC,
D02, vol. 1, pp. 229-233, Sep. 6-10, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.

Ogata, A., Y. Matsumoto, K. Fujii, and A. Sugiura [2004], "Measurement of Disturbances Radiatedfrom Personal Computers in the WLAN Frequency Band," 2004 Asia-Pacific Radio Science
Conference(AP-RASC'04), S2-07, pp. 508-509, Aug. 24-27, Qingdao.

Shimoduma, Y., A. K. M. Mahbub Ar Rashid, N. Kuwabara, Y. Akiyama, and H. Yamane [2004], “A
study of PLC signal influence on VDSL system by induction between indoor power line andtelecommunication line,”, IEMC’04 Sendai, 4C3-1, pp. 837-840, Sendai.

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Suganuma, Y., F. Xiao, K. Murano, M. Tayarani, and Y. Kami [2004], “Four-septum TEM cell for
immunity/susceptibility test rotating EM field,” Proc. International Symposium on EMC, Sendai.

Suzuki, E., S. Arakawa, H. Ota, K. Arai, and R. Sato [2004], “Double-loaded EO magnetic fieldprobe working above 10 GHz,”, Proc. EMC’04 Sendai, IC4-3, pp. 153-156, Sendai.

Tanaka, M., Y. Kayano, J.L. Drewniak and H. Inoue [2004],“Common-mode current due to trace andslit in ground plane and effect of guard band”，Proc. International Symposium on Electromagnetic
Compatibility, EMC2004/Sendai, Vol.1, pp.221-224.

Tsushima, S., K. Fujii, A. Sugiura, Y. Matsumoto, and Y. Yamanaka [2004], "Determination of the
Antenna Factor of Microwave Antennas Using the Antenna Impedance Measure-ment," 2004
Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference(AP-RASC'04), S2-06, pp. 506-507, Aug. 24-27, Qingdao.

Wang, J., O. Fujiwara and T. Uda [2004], “Statistical measurement of radio-frequency
electromagnetic fields in a fusion experimental facility,” Prof. Int. Symp. on Electrom. Compat.,Sendai, pp. 593-596.

Natural EM Noise

Dakkak, M., A. Hirata, R. Muhida, and Z-I. Kawasaki [2003], “Operation strategy of residential
centralized photovoltaic system in remote areas”, Renewable Energy, Vol.28, pp.997-1012.

Hamid, E.Y., and Z-I. Kawasaki [2001a], “Wavelet packet transform for RMS values and power
measurements”, IEEE Power Engineering Review. Vol.21, pp.49-52.

Hamid, E.Y., Z-I. Kawasaki, H. Yoshida, and H. Doi [2001b], “Wavelet and wavelet packet datacompression of power system disturbances”, IEE J. Trans-.B, Vol.121-B, pp.1221-1227.

Hamid, E.Y., Z-I. Kawasaki, H. Yoshida, and H. Doi [2002a], “Wavelet analysis of voltage
disturbances for power quality applications”, IEE J. Trans-.B, pp.323-330.

Hamid, E.Y., R. Mardiana, and Z-I. Kawasaki [2002b], “Method for RMS and power measurements
based on the wavelet packet transform”, IEE Proceedings-Science, Measurement & Technology,
Vol.149, pp.60-66.

17Hamid, E.Y., Z-I. Kawasaki [2002c], “Instrument for the quality analysis of power systems based on
the wavelet packet transform”, IEEE Power Engineering Review, Vol.22, pp.52-54.

Hamid E.Y., and Z-I. Kawasaki [2002d], “Wavelet-based data compression of power system
disturbances using the minimum description length criterion”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,
Vol.17, pp.460-466.

Hamid, E.Y., N. Yokoyama, and Z-I. Kawasaki [2002e], “RMS and power measurements: a wavelet
packet transform approach”, IEE J. Trans-.B, Vol.122-B, pp.599-606.

Hirata, A., T. Morimoto, and Z-I. Kawasaki [2003], “DOA estimation of ultra-wideband EM waves
with MUSIC and interferometry”, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol.2,
pp.190-193.

Kawasaki, Z.-I., S. Yoshihashi, and L.-J. Ho [2002], “Verification of bi-directional leader concept byinterferometer observations”, Journal of Atmospheric Electricity, Vol.22, pp.55-79.

Mardiana, R., T. Morimoto, and Z-I. Kawasaki [2001], “Imaging lightning progression using VHF
broadband radio interferometery”, IEICE Transactions on Electronics, Vol.E84-C, pp.1892-1899.

Mardiana, R., T. Morimoto and Z-I. Kawasaki [2002], “Three-dimensional lightning observations ofcloud-to-ground flashes using broadband interferometers”, Journal of Atmospheric andSolar-Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 64, pp.91-103.

Morimoto, T., A. Hirata, Z-I. Kawasaki, and T Shiozawa [2003], “Direction-of-arrival estimation for
ultra-wideband EM pulses with an interferometer”, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters,
Vol.37, pp.17-18.

Morimoto, T., A. Hirata, Z-I. Kawasaki, T. Ushio, A. Matsumoto, and J.-H. Lee [2004], “Anoperational VHF broadband interferometer for lightning monitoring”, IEEJ Transactions on
Fundamentals and Materials, Vol. 124, pp. 1232-1238.

Torii, T., T. Nishijima, Z-I. Kawasaki, and T. Sugita [2004], “Downward emission of runnaway
electrons and bremsstrahlung photons in thunderstorm electric fields”, Geophysical Research Letters,Vol. 31, L05113, L19067.

18

Tungakanawanich A., and Z-I. Kawasaki [2001], “Analysis of VHF-wideband impulsive
electromagnetic noises from power distribution lines” Transactions of IEE Japan, Vol.120-B,
pp.1538-1544.

Ushio, T., S. J. Heckman, D. J. Boccippio, H. Christian, and Z-I. Kawasaki [2001], “A survey ofthunderstorm flash rates compared to cloud op height using TRMM satellite data”, Journal ofGeophysical Research, Vol.106, pp.24089-24095.

Ushio, T., S. Heckman, K. Driscoll, D. Boccippio, H. Christian, and Z-I. Kawasaki [2002],“Cross-sensor comparison of the lightning imaging sensor (LIS)”, International Journal of Remote
Sensing, Vol.23, pp.2703-2712.

Ushio, T., S. J. Hackman, H. J. Christian, and Z-I. Kawasaki [2003], “Vertical development oflightning activity observed by the LDAR system: Lightning Bubble”, Journal of Applied
Meteorology, Vol.42, pp.165-174.

Yamamoto, K., Z-I. Kawasaki, T. Ushio, and S. Sekioka [2003], “On the direct lightning strike to
distribution power line–shielding effect of reinforced concrete building”, Journal of AtmosphericElectricity, Vol.23, No.1, pp.1-8.

Alperovich, L. S., V. Zheludev, and M. Hayakawa [2002], “Wavelet study of long - period
geomagnetic variations associated with the 1989 M = 7 Loma Prieta and two 1997 M = 6 Japanese
earthquakes”, in “Seismo Electromagnetics (Lithosphere - Atmosphere - Ionosphere Coupling)”, Ed.
by M. Hayakawa and O. A. Molchanov, TERRAPUB, pp.55-60, Tokyo.

Alperovich, L., V. Zheludev and M. Hayakawa [2003], “Use of wavelet analysis for detection ofseismogenic ULF emissions”, Radio Sci., Vol.38, No. 6, pp.1093, doi:10.1029/2002RS002687.

Ando, Y., M. Hayakawa, and O. A. Molchanov [2002], “Theoretical analysis on the penteration of
power line harmonic radiation into the ionosphere”, Radio Sci., vol.37, No. 6, pp.1093, doi:
10.1029/2001RS002486.

Ando, A. and M. Hayakawa [2004], “2-D finite difference analyses of Schumann resonance andidentification of lightning distribution”, IEEJ Trans. Fundamentals and Materials, vol. 124, No. 12,

19

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Biagi, P. F. and M. Hayakawa [2002], “Possible premonitory behaviour of LF radiowaves on theoccasion of the Slovenia earthquakes (M = 5.2-6.0-5.1) occurred on March - May 1998”, in “SeismoElectromagnetics (Lithosphere - Atmosphere - Ionosphere Coupling)”, Ed. by M. Hayakawa and O.
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Biagi, P. F., R. Piccolo, L. Castellana, A. Ermini, S. Martellucci, C. Bellecci, V. Capozzi, G. Perna, O.
Molchanov and M. Hayakawa [2004a], “Variations in a LF radio signal on the occasion of the recent
seismic and volcanic activity in Southern Italy”, Phys. Chem. Earth, Vol.29, pp.551-557.

Biagi, P.F., R. Piccolo, L. Castellana, T. Maggipinto, A. Ermini, S. Martellucci, C. Bellecci, G. Perna,
V. Capozzi, O. A. Molchanov, M. Hayakawa, and Ohta [2004b], “VLF-LF radio signals collected at
Bari (South Italy): a preliminary analysis on signal anomalies associated with earthquakes”, Natural
Hazards and Earth System Sci., 4, pp.685-689.

Fukumoto, Y., M. Hayakawa, and H. Yasuda [2002], “Reception of over-horizon FM signals
associated with earthquakes”, in “Seismo Electromagnetics (Lithosphere - Atmosphere - Ionosphere
Coupling)”, Ed. by M. Hayakawa and O. A. Molchanov, TERRAPUB, pp.263-266, Tokyo.

Gladychev, V., L. Baransky, A. Schekotov, E. Fedorov, O. Pokhotelov, S. Andreevsky, A. Rozhnoi, Y.
Khabazin, G. Belyaev, A. Gorbatikov, E. Gordeev, V. Chebrov, V. Sinitsin, A. Lutikov, S. Yunga, G.
Kosarev, V. Surkov, O. Molchanov, M. Hayakawa, S. Uyeda, T. Nagao, K. Hattori, and Y. Noda
[2002], “Some preliminary results of seismo-electromagnetc research at Complex Geophysicalobservatory, Kamchatka”, in ‘Seismo Electromagnetics (Lithosphere - Atmosphere - Ionosphere
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Gorbatikov, A. V., O. A. Molchanov, M. Hayakawa, S. Uyeda, K. Hattori, T. Nagao, H. Tanaka, A. V.
Nikolaev, and P. Maltsev [2002], “Acoustic emission possibly related to earthquakes, abserved at
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Gotoh, K., Y. Akinaga, M. Hayakawa, and K. Hattori [2002], “Principal component analysis of ULF
geomagnetic data for Izu islands earthquakes in July 2000”, J. Atmos. Electr., Vol. 22, No. 1.,
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Gotoh, K. M. Hayakawa and N. Smirnova [2003], “Fractal analysis of the gromagnetic data obtainedat Izu Peninsula, Japan in relation to the nearby earthquake swarm of June-August 2000”, Natural
Hazards Earth System Sci., Vol.3, pp.229-236.

Gotoh, K., M. Hayakawa, N. A. Smirnova, and K. Hattori [2004], “Fractal analysis of seismogenic
ULF emissions”, Phys. Chem. Earth, Vol.29, pp.419-242.

Grimalsky, V. V., M. Hayakawa, S. V. Koshevaya, G. N. Burlak, and J. Sanchez-Mondragon [2002],“Mexico City as seismic resonator”, in “Seismo Electromagnetics (Lithosphere - Atomosphere Ionosphere Coupling)”, Ed. by M. Hayakawa and O. A. Molchanov, TERRAPUB, pp.87-89, Tokyo.

Hattori, K., Y. Akinaga, M. Hayakawa, K. Yumoto, T. Nagao, and S. Uyeda [2002], “ULF magnetic
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Hattori, K., A. Serita, K. Gotoh, C. Yoshino, M. Harada, N. Isezaki and M. Hayakawa [2004a],“ULF geomagnetic anomaly associated with 2000 Izu Islands earthquake swarm, Japan”, Phys.
Chem. Earth, Vol.29, pp.425-435.

Hattori, K., I. Takahashi, C. Yoshino, N. Isezaki, H. Iwasaki, M. Harada, K. Kawabata, E.
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Nagao, and S. Uyeda [2004b], “ULF geomagnetic field measurements in Japan and some recent
results associated with Iwateken Nairiku Hokubu earthquake in 1998”, Phys. Chem. Earth, Vol.29,
pp.481-494.

Hayakawa, M. and A. P. Nickolaenko [2001], “Lightning effects in mesosphere and associated ELF
radio signals”, Proc. Indian Nat'l Science Academy, Vol.67, A, No.4 & 5, pp.509-529.

Hayakawa, M., O. A. Molchanov, N. Shima, A. V. Shvets, and N. Yamamoto [2002a], “Wavelet
analysis of disturbances in subionospheric VLF propagation correlated with earthquakes”, in“Seismo Electromagnetics (Lithosphere - Atmosphere - Ionosphere Coupling)”, Ed. by M. Hayakwa
and O. A. Molchanov, TERRAPUB, pp.223-228, Tokyo.

Hayakawa, M., O. A. Molchanov, and A. P. Nickolaenko [2002b], “Model variation in atmosphericradio noise caused by pre-seismic modifications of tropospheric conductivity profile”, in “Seismo

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A. Molchanov, TERRAPUB, pp.349-352.

Hayakawa, M. and T. Otsuyama [2002c], “FDTD analysis of ELF wave propagation in
inhomogencous subionospheric waveguide models”, Appl. Computational Electromagnetics Soc. J.,
Vol.17, No.3, pp.239-244.

Hayakawa, M. and K. Ohta [2003], “The importance of direction finding technique in general VLF
studies, in “Very Low Frequency (VLF) Phenomena”, Ed. by A.R.W. Hughes, C. Ferencz and A.K.
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Hayakawa, M., O. A. Molchanov [2004a], “NASDA/UEC team, Summary report of NASDA’s
earthquake remote sensing frontier project”, Phys. Chem. Earth, Vol.29, pp.617-625.

Hayakawa, M., T. Nakamura, Y. Hobara and E. Williams [2004b], “Observation of sprites over the
Sea ofJapan and conditions for lightning-induced sprites in winter”, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.

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Hayakawa, M., O. A. Molchanov, A. Y. Schekotov, and E. Fedorov [2004c], “Observation ofionospheric Alfven resonance at a middle latitude station”, Adv. Polar Upp. Atmos. Res., No. 18,
pp.65-76.

Hobara, Y., N. Iwasaki, T. Hayashida, M. Hayakawa, K. Ohta, and H. Fukunishi [2001],“Interrelation

between ELF transients and ionospheric disturbances in association with sprites andelves”, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.28, No. 5, pp.935-938.

Hobara, Y., H. C. Koons, J. L. Roeder, H. Yamaguchi, and M. Hayakawa [2002], “New ULF/ELF
observation in Seikoshi, Izu, Japan and the precursory signal in relation with large seismic events at
Izu Islands in 2000”, in “Seismo Electromagnetics (Lithosphere - Atmosphere - Ionosphere
Coupling)”, Ed. by M. Hayakawa and O. A. Molchanov, TERRAPUB, pp.41-44.

Hobara, Y., M. Hayakawa, K. Ohta and H. Fukunishi [2003], “Lightning discharges in association
with mesospheric optical phenomena in Japan and their effect on the lower ionosphere”, Adv. Polar
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Ismaguilov, V. S., Yu. Kopytenko, K. Hattori, and M. Hayakawa [2003], “Variations of phase22

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earthquakes”, Natural Hazard Earth System Sci., Vol.3, pp.211-215.

Iudin, D. I., N. V. Korovkin, O. A. Molchanov, V. V. Surkov, and M. Hayakawa [2002], “Model ofearthquake triggering due to gas-fluid “bubble” upward migration I. Physical rationale”, in “SeismoElectromagnetics (Lithosphere - Atmosphere - Ionosphere Coupling)”, Ed. by M. Hayakawa and O.
A. Molchanov, TERRAPUB, pp.177-185, Tokyo.

Koons, H. C., J. L. Roeder, Y. Hobara, M. Hayakawa, and A. C. Fraser-Smith [2002], “Statisticalanalysis of the data from the ULF sensors at Seikoshi Station”, in “Seismo Electromagnetics( Lithosphere - Atmosphere - Ionosphere Coupling)”, Ed. by M. Hayakawa and O. A. Molchanov,
TERRAPUB, pp.29-39, Tokyo.

Korovkin, N. V., D. I. Iudin, O. A. Molchanov, M. Hayakawa, and V. V. Surkov [2002], “Model ofearthquake triggering due to gas-fluid “bubble” upward migration II.

Finite-automaton model”, in“Seismo Electromagnetics (Lithosphere - Atmosphere - Ionosphere Coupling)”, Ed. by M.
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Korepanov, V., O. Molchanov, M. Hayakawa, and G. Lizunov [2002], “Coordinated registration ofseismogenic effects in the ionosphere by means of remote ground-based and local satellite
measurements”, in “Seismo Electromagnetics (Lithosphere - Atmosphere - Ionosphere Coupling)”,
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Kopytenko, Yu. A., V. S. Ismaguilov, K. Hattori, P. M. Voronov, M. Hayakawa, O. A. Molchanov, E.
A. Kopytenko, and D. B. Zaitev [2002a], “Monitoring of the ULF electromagnetic disturbances atthe station network before EQ in seismic zones of Izu and Chiba peninsulas(Japan)”, in “SeismoElectromagnetics (Lithosphere - Atmosphere - Ionosphere Coupling)”, Ed. by M. Hayakawa and O.
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Kopytenko, Y. A., V. S. Ismaguilov, O. A. Molchanov, E. A. Kopytenko, P. M. Voronov, K. Hattori,
M. Hayakawa, and D. B. Zaitzev [2002b], “Investigation of ULF magnetic disturbances in Japan
during seismic active period”, J. Atmos. Electr., Vol.22, pp.207-215.

Kulchitsky, A. V., Y. Ando and M. Hayakawa [2004], “Numerical analysis on the propagation of
ULF/ELF signals in the lithosphere with highly conductive layers”, Phys. Chem. Earth, Vol.29,
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Miyaki, K., M. Hayakawa, and O. A. Molchanov [2002], “The role of gravity waves in thelithosphere - ionosphere coupling, as revealed from the subionospheric LF propagation data”, in“Seismo Electromagnetics (Lithosphere - Atmosphere - Ionosphere Coupling)”, TERRAPUB,
pp.229-232, Tokyo.

Molchanov, O. A., M. Hayakawa, and K. Miyaki [2001], “VLF/LF sounding of the lower ionosphereto study the role of atmospheric oscillations in the lithosphere-ionosphere coupling”, Adv. Polar
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Molchanov, O., A. Kulchitsky, and M. Hayakawa [2002a], “ULF emission due to inductive
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Molchanov, O. A., M. Hayakawa, V. V. Afonin, O. A. Akentieva, and E. A. Mareev [2002b],“Possible influence of seismicity by gravity waves on ionospheric equatrial anomaly from data of
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Molchanov, O. A., M. Hayakawa, V. V. Afonin, O. A. Akentieva, E. A. Mareev, and V. Yu.
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