 J. Hot Spring Sci. /2 ,/ῌ-3 ,**2

῏῍ῐῌ,**1  +3  f g h+ ,*,

  ,*

,,

/

1



Noto Peninsula Earthquake in ,**1
and Wakura Hot Spring
Masao OHYAMA+

Abstract
On Mar. ,/, ,**1, an earthquake with a magnitude of 0.3 and an epicenter depth of ++km occurred o# the west coast of the Noto peninsula. It was reported that the seismic
intensity observed at the towns of Wajima, Anamizu and Nanao was 0 or larger. One
person was killed, ,31 persons were wounded, and /2* houses were intensively damaged.
In and around the Noto peninsula, many active faults were developed. The Noto
Peninsula Earthquake in ,**1 came from one of them.
Hot spring waters discharged in Wakura are high temperature waters dissolved considerable amounts of sodium-calcium chloride (Na-Ca-Cl) type which is extremely rich in
calcium, but poor in magnesium compared with sea water. The properties of Wakura hot
spring water suggest that the sea water percolated through fractures in rocks generated
by fault movements turns out to be the geothermal water characterized by Na-Ca-Cl typethrough hydrothermal reactions with high temperature rocks in depth.
When the Noto Peninsula Earthquake occurred, the discharge of Wakura hot springwater increased suddenly. The deep thermal water may reﬂect the change of the stressin the crust. We may be able to predict earthquakes by the observation of hot springwater.
Key words : Noto peninsula, Noto Peninsula Earthquake in ,**1, Active fault, Wakura
hot spring

ῑ

῎

,**1
,/  !"#$%&' 0.3 () ++ km *+,-./0+123456789:;<= >5 ?@ AB9+C 0 D1EF)G HI + J KLLI ,31 J MNOP /2* Q
RST1UVWGXYZ
2345[\R]^*_`aRbcd1:e<XYZ ,**1 23450+Rbcd_\R+ +/.ῌ2/--  +ῌ1 + Showa Women’s University, +ῌ1 Taishido,
Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, +/.ῌ2/--, Japan.

25






  Na-Ca-Cl     Ca 
Mg   ! "#$%&'()*&+,-.'/01(23,- Na-Ca-Cl 4,'5+67-8/9:'; <=>?- 1@ A!"B+#CDEFG& H$8%&/I':
JKLKM :  ,***1 (8 N + 
,**1 )$ +3 ( - O ,/ * 3 ; .+ +PQR,S1%- ++ km +8TDUVWXYKM M 0.3 8/.Z' 588TS/[\]0^81 0 _/H$%& 23`G4aῌba5c6&+de' 8T`G78- -* km f9D
8Rg:[h81 0 _/H$%& Sh;i/<' ]jk/
4h``lGm<=S+< \.n8op->q%&- \58;irs-tuv+w lx-$y-EF- '
, 



,ῌ+  # z + ?{4|*?@AD)}~2++ `[25BC,S+-*?725D- ,* km, E%- +** km EF:<-*?@

GH5 \7+?5 5%G I +J+ 7@+ 2@++%&7K LBC 0-1 m `G2K) //0 m `-7Q 28
BC/M,- :+N-7Q 28O -**.** m P!+hQ/+R- Q L 5D  /01 m BS   .03 m 4/\F-
2RQR*?@ 8R T@  
UVG&RW/.C- 5&X-  YZ l&¡¢¡ h Tg:T4[&\]!R/^- #£-QR  8R `,-_4 2Q@`9 8@]¤"/¥ ab¦§-¨©/$E-EFG&- bc ,**0  2K )ª`9d
1 + mῌ+*** ( bcῌ)} +313 #§3\7Q 28QL _E«/¬)w- BCQ­7QK®¯[`G28Kg:[`-++D3D/ km E%- ,/ km e&° §±/' _f/M  )g+#$-²h +32/ ,ῌ,  

4|e&°_f³´_ \i@+jJH4=%&- \2KSµ¶ab¦·%/  3* m ¸¹hC- bcῌ)} +313  e&°_fi@=º3h 2@k» e¼½  7@)
26

 /2  ,**2

,**1  +3 

Fig. +



Topographical map of Noto Peninsula (after Kaseno, +311) +



ῌ

+311



  ,  ! "#$%&' /.0 ()* +$%&' -*** *,- ./,**0 012%&23! B 4 567 89:;<=>?@AB;<CDE

F +330 +$%&!GHIJ2KKLῌMMNOPQRPSTUVA%&2OPQWX67
 - 

2%&!YYZ[KLῌMNQR\%&,- ./ ,**0-  +1** 

j2]2^_Q`aSbcd! -+1,3 2! eQfg2h7,- +1** )i2 M 0 )`a!k + Qld!mn +133 Q!

on2GH,pqr +133 2!st2GHu,v2+wxyz{|y} .,** ~ ^_ g, ,*** ~ `a'q 2GH
T67 02!VA%&, r 167 89:;<=>?@AB
27





Fig. , Cross section across Ouchigata lowlands (after Ota, ,**0) , 
  ,**0 Fig. - Active faults of the Noto peninsula and earthquakes of M 0 or greater
after +1** (after Active Fault Society, +33+ and Usami, +330)
 -  +1** !"# M 0 "$% &'(+33+ ; )*+ +330 ,-./ +330

+23,  !" +, # 3 $% M 0.. & , $'

++ $% M 0.- ()"*+,-. +3-- /0)12345 6 7%+89:(;<= >.

?%@A"?%BCDEF , G HIJ%KL.MN9:O( -.ῌ %P5= MN9:OQRS" +2.1ῌ "T.( UV 2ῌ "TW=XYZ% +33- %[\] !" M 0.0 (^;5 _`ab8C"cde ,0 cm fd(ghij= k [\! 4lmj,-.

28

? /2 @ ,**2

,**1 34 +3 562789:;

Table + Earthquakes of M 0 or greater after +1** in and around Noto peninsula (after Usami, +330 andFire and Disaster Management Agency, ,**1) +

+1**





M0

  +330 ;  ,**1 M 

++1,3  2  + # +. 04014*,+133  0  ,3 )* ++ 04*

 ,+  $%&' ,0   .+03  (+ 30.   +**- -+23,  +,  3ῌ++ 
. ,/ 

3 
++ 

 +  ,- /   , .

+3--  3  ,+ / 2 

04*+/ km

 -  ,- //   ,   +.- /+33-  ,  1 
34 / 

040,/ km

0- +  1- ,3   +  2 ,* 0,**1  -  ,/ 
34 +3 043++ km

 +  ,- -/0   02.  2 +1-- 

04.
04-


 /  ῌ 3*/ .!

,**1 "# +3

 -+ !"



,**1 34 +3  -  ,/  3  .+ AB 562

7CDEFGHI 2.0 km JKLMNOPQ M 0.3 RST U -< VI
WX YZ[\]^_`ab 7^ cbῌ
db efbJghi 0 j klb C5mb
5mbJi 0 nopqS

-0* kmrTs

tuhvJwi ,  roxT< yT YZ[Iz{|R 3  .- AI}r ++  -* A
I~rT< z{gh^J ,,cm, $%^J +2 cm oST<

 +2 

IW .

 +  ,- --0 2 +0.- 8 <  + 
7^'IW< Vo =34 +3  ,**1  5627 : The Noto Hanto Earthquake in ,**1>
8ST<
VryJr JS S
Fig. . Ratio of house damage due to the +3-Earthquake (after Usami, +330)
 . +3--   
+330

w5627(J +0** ¡¢gh£J¤T<
V cR¥¦r§ῌ¨J¤<©ª88wI«¬S U /<gh -  ,/  +2  ++ A8 -  ,0  1  +0

AIST M /.- J¤< ­8®¯o°®J±Eῌs²I±s²I/* km, Eῌ

,* km ³´IS U 0< ghµr¶r+s·8±E·

IA¸S< ­¹±Eῌs²Iº ±s²I»¼½A¸oS<
29





Fig. / Daily numbers of aftershocks of the seismic intensity + or larger for the Noto
Peninsula Earthquake in ,**1 (after Japan Meteorological Agency, ,**1)
 / ,**1 
+
  ,**1

Fig. 0

Hypocentral distribution of the Noto Peninsula Earthquake in ,**1 (after Sakai and Kato, ,**1)
 0 ,**1   !ῌ"# ,**1

GPS 

 ! ,+ cm "# ! 1 cm $%&'()*+,! +, cm -# ! , cm ./0123 45678 ,**1

9:;

6<= >?@ABCD@AE(,FG$%H! .* cm, G.IH!
30

,**2

/2

 1,**1  +3  

Fig. 1 Schematic source region of the Noto Peninsula Earthquake in,**1 (after Geographical Survey Institute, ,**1),**1   ,**1  !

+* cm     ,**1    ῌ!"#$%&'($%&)*+,-.* /01 23ῌ !

4 ,+ km +.

km ,  5674 789 0-  : ; 1 .*< +., km

 +-.0 km ,/01 +.1 m ,-=>? >@1ABC*D EFG6 !"E23HIJ KL#-1 L#$/6MMN%&EOJM'P(JQ)7 - RSET7!$*U/EF
G6
+56,-VWXYZ[\]^LVWXY'._`a,
bXcdeVWXY-1 MG( !"f ="f*/_*0gh$ECB.* 4   :ij k12VWXY3.*. lmn456noMNp5h q6r 7sJEt&5
6CuI8 T$v9JM:w;x<=,-=$RSyJ
/" #$%&  '(,**1 O56 + z{ . z ,- + ,. +> ?M
/ῌ+

>|}

>~@v56,!5:M  ABCD$JM  CDE'h8F N Gv,HNC:ABCD$Ik1
CDJ:M>Kwu/,HCE:C5:M  +  > 
L >M AJ G ¡¢>£G¤¥ ¡,N¦h§¨C©F JMªªC:M  , ¤¥ ¡O«PB> QR
-1  ¬­-ª1 P 5:MB, S r:M ®

 /3.*¯

+2.2  T¯UV .-.1 msῌcm , °±WJ²³´ ,-:M>356 +0 km  X/4CKµ$¶·MYvG¸Z¹º»%¼½
31





    !"  #$%&'()*+,

-. /0 -)

% 123 #&'4.56 /0 .
(789: % ;<

3  =>?

@ABC($%B D=E
FGHI JKL(MNOPQ
2CR" % DSTU
TUC($ V$W: X6%Photo + Site after clearing the damaged houses by
the Noto Peninsula Earthquake in ,**1, Wajima.
 +   ,**1 .  ,- ($Y"%DBZ[\](^_ `a(b<cdef?  Dghij  <c(Vk$l  Y[\]  mnoj Y"  %? &ep
qrs(tYE u%Y&XvwxY y?zB  e {%|}~U  U P {!eR$%  !
"wD#P$E
. %&:
$$

#$%

#$ ! 6pq

e$ %( = !v' (. !(()$ %= #r  *)Photo , Damage to Juzo sinto shrine by the ,**1
Earthquake, Wajima.
 ,  ,**1  .  ,- +! % !,{Sg Z[\]
3"g^9rYR"%  - *Zu 3 !
/ῌ, -¡¢£,**1 *./ - ¡  /0
/ e¤m¥¦§0% 0 ¨e©ª$  -¡{>TAUBC
«¬(" V$­Y"%B ®12¯3° 4`5 +* m ±678# /0 0

9:;²Y³(X´ <r+=-¡µ¶Photo - Crashed houses of Monzen Town, Wajima.
 -   ,**1  .  ,- 32·¸¢]3>¹wº /0 1?@w»AB¼(X´ % C½w

 /2  ,**2

,**1  +3    !"#$"% & '()*+,-./0 1
 23* 456*789
: ; 2

 

<=

@ABCDE &FGH0 >?

IJKL&MN89& ? OPQ
R&STU8"%9  +* VWL , X*89 YZ[$"%  \3]9^_& , `Ja+b6 c= de  Rf  L  ^_  89 N

9 . gh= 1 h +/ `569 ,**1 iPhoto . Clearing away the damaged house.
 . 
,**1  .  ,- 0 k[*l$= Fm]"7j#n6*$&ob6 &p2qr%&TR . sJa+U89 \ 0t 
- h

0 u:&?28" . vw0xy'z{]9q]9|} 2 \$#~" +/ +22, 056"%  
~*GM #*789&u:~. `.]"% 

!  n6*

4*789& : '
CB *+,- GM
2*+0&]
# 89 \9 
Photo / Wakura spa and Maruyama hill /  ,**1  .  ,. B0 ¡¢£¤n6*¥¦*89 § 0¨n© ª«( ,.* ¬ 0:, '­¬®!0 + ¯h *q
°±²0³Fm´77q ª§" +`¡Oy±²0 .*** "µ-4*¶§#$"%

#`·$ ,**1  - h,0 ` ' ,2 ¸0t &=¹O]"%  , `=&~º-  +  3 ¸0 / `=F ,. `= .

h +1 `*8"23'~"&»p^_ \ &069 % -Photo 0 Damage to Seirinji temple, fallen stone lanternetc. Wakura.
 0  !"# ,**1  .  ,. ¡¢£¤= ,/ `,0 `0¼ /,1+, & - h0 +2,.+/ &0t  . h+, `^½2¢£¤ . h&,3,+0, & / h& +*,.3- & 0 h& 2,-.- &
33





 
 !"#$%&'()
*+,- ./0'(!"&12 34)56&4,7. 489%:
0  !"# $%&'(;<=>0ῌ+; 

 2*0ῌ2+*  ?6@

34A BC< D8E 
Photo 1 Crack of stone pavements and traces of sandblow phenomenon (left).
 1  ,**1  .  ,. F 03.- m <<G F ,* m H2
3 IJ  +*.0ῌ/- : I
 +/*.ῌ,+ <%KDLM
34J6@ N +33,   1P4
 +32/

%O

Q9@  ῌ ;<HRS24<J T<H0!UVU<
WX.),<%:
;<  <C?
 T@Z 1*

Y7 +0 +0++%:[<\ +- +/..

] 1&A9  4^@3_:
DL<K `a b.?c3ZA%: PA23P4 ;<<4\ K.de%fg%h%i
Photo 2 Broken pipe of thermal water caused by the,**1 Earthquake.
 2   ,**1  .  ,- jkcilm<no234)9@ &p V q)3rstuvde.w!"9@3 ! 5x%"9$@y93z +- +2+0

{|}  /. m 6@3 ~ 3

! #o +, +213

1@3$%Z&-43 T<,D <$%  ' iZ!<(\!<%1@3<BC<  +* +3,+

23)Z* ,*   -0 m <% -   *.3 m +-34)9@ % +, +3,  -* m < + ,¡¢23  ,  £. 23* +1

. 1   , m +-H23
,3

+3/.

4<H

2 * .*.3 m <¤9 3.., ,/* lῌ-.

H23 T<,¥1@3 ¦§<B<K

<¨©1@3ª +* +332

< +. %:./ « 4K%&p2 T<.¬g%<0%:3 Z,<­Z®¯°±9²³´%<11@ZA3 ¦§ µ22</  2  +*  +- < . K% ¶·¸¹º»%32 . K<¼4H,+,0**lῌ-%: T<0<5-< 123 lῌ-./6@ ,1 ½16@34

/2 D ,**2,**1 ; +3
Table ,

Chemical compositions of Wakura thermal water and the sea water ,



+* 

+- 

 

3+4.

2243

234+



pH

14.

141

141

24+



mgῌkg

mgῌkg

mgῌkg

mval῍

mgῌkg

mval῍



+,,+*

++32*

++0/*

.34/

+232*

./4+

,

.-/2

-+3/

.,--

,141

+*//0

-241

,

-*+.

--,0

,2+1

,+4,

.**

+41

,

+134*

,+14.

+2/4+

*40

,0.3

.40



+-+4*

+,14*

+..42

*4/

-2*

*42



.-4.

.243

*4+

2

*4*

Cl

Na
Ca

SO.
K
Sr

,


HCO-

 / 2 +* +- 

+*40

+242

+/40

*4*

+.*

*4,



34-

+,40

24/

*4,

*4+1

*4*

,

.4,

,.4*

14/

*4+

+,1,

242



+/40

*4.

.240

*4+

0/

*4+



-4+

+4+

.43

*4*

+

*4*



+.,41

+024+

+,/4.



+04/

.4,

041

*4*

,0

*4*



,**3.

+3++2

+3,30

+**4*

-..11

+**4*



+33+ῌ*1+33,ῌ+++333ῌ++

Li

Mg
Br
F

!

"#

Table -<=>?@AB$%

$%"&' ,**1()ῌ*+ +312

Numbers of the working hotel and the loging cancellation after the ,**1 Earthquake, Wakura spa.
 -





ῌ



- ! ,0 ,

,1 ,

,2 ,

,3 ,

-* ,

-+ ,

.!/,

1,

+. ,

+1 ,

-./0
20 ,2 1

31

+* 1

+, 1

+. 1

+/ 1

,* 1

,, 1

,- 1

,. 1

,2 1

34567
89:0

/1+,

+-/2.

+2.+/

0ῌ,C $%

$%EFG +- +22*

HIJKLMNOPQR+STU&HVWX - YZ[\]^_`abcQC debf^B  2-./ gh +2, 2i ,+.0 gῌkg, jklm ,, gῌkg no +32/ B]p qrHstuvwxyz{|WX}tQC ~?
LX}tQdE

LH bX}tQC$%)PLE -** m, u|Wy 3/.2 L]^C  3*uycP^E~ ~?d bBXQ> +** m L]^C ~
35





 +** m     
  !"#$%
&'( )* +,(-(#&./,(#0

12 2 2  */./ m!345 6) 7859:;5!*,* m <=+&

 0



,(*

++* m < 3* >,(#

0  ? ! )*@, *3/ m++* m <8

59:;5ABC0 ,(Photo 3 This area has since been ﬁlled in, however,this illustration depicts the late Edo period when
Benten island was located outside of Yushimaisland which has a bridge.
 3  
 !"#$%&#DE  345!
FG, ῌ +311  +,** HIJ,K !L" A)

 # MN $ O& % P?QRSTUSV&W5 'B&,(#XYHZ,K . [\]^ ( _ )* !

,/.*1 gῌkg, `+a,! +3.,3 gῌkg bM-.? / ,0e1 Na-Ca-Cl e

9! Na, Ca,, Cl &cd?

!bM2f3,G Ca, 7gG Mg,  SO., h#bi jC +31/ kK45&.,(# dl0ῌ-!mnop6mqrd5IJ*7st&ud,(# ῌ +311

 dlv#(!wXY7-
789!:xpynopz{|}|;<=> ;~ 'K mnop6mq ,,** Hz|}|;<=> ;~B7K B'(
78b7udE 789;7= ?,K 78b! +/** H@,KDE(# A +32/ ; B ,**.

78bud! CbDEr7K

78bi ? F:;5 FG9,Kr5HgG!bDE@,K
78bD #,! ,.,* calῌcm,ῌsec I +31+ K-#BJ +./ calῌcm,ῌsec  +./

)+,(G#,#[!78bnop6mqzB

,KL59DE
/A  B )M!*
 #,g#!-G+** m - -.- )M!r #,h# JANr !¡E# ,**.a78bD  )M! BJ¢-#DE £¤¥!*++ km <A¦? *! --* >,(#DE !=i §O, PQR¨A© <yª «-¬ C­A® ¯S ,**0  <G¡CA®7,(# {K 6°T!g±²A7(>,(# bM³ /M7 )* &´µ,³?#µ¶XY bM! +/* &·Y¸L5H¹,(# 5ºM»¼½U'(bM636 /2  ,**2

,**1  +3 Fig. 2 Columnar section of the drill hole and the temperature proﬁle.
 2    

 Mg,   ! Ca, "#$%&'( )* +330 +,-. /012$%3 Ca, 45 Mg, 6789:;<(  ,**+ =>1?@%3 Ca,  Mg, AB
CDEF& Ca, G%'H< Na-Ca-Cl I>,(?JK &<( Hirano, +320
LM1NOPQRSOPQ,< T

QUU-KVWXY"Z[6Q\

Na-Ca-Cl I 3* 6]+W^$%&<(?1 =>_`abcd6eF&fg%

hij6kl%&<(mnK (

37





1ῌ ῏῍῎ , 0    !"#$%&' %()*(+,- .,-/.0(/1 23456-(789:.;<1 =>!" #-.7?@12. $%&'-(,

 ,**. ()ABC - * + +D72. ,E--.F/ GH(IJ@0
1K12.()-LM1 N2 ,**1 ? ,O:P(3QR3<1ST UVQRO-
34W1 .<,-/3.56XY78.Z1

!"[\]^_9

J7:<>`;/1 a<=->3?b G_9J7cd@-%&1 2a<=?b-AB%

 Na-Ca-Cl efCDZ18g(71.;<1- Eh-ij1
k lmJ1. %&F-3nW71.;<1 GH +33/ ;6IJ ,**,  K<o L/ +* km F(Mp <=_9q2ZN -** MPa rO
78.Z1- st2 +ῌ+* uv<=_9-q1 22.<=F-wW1
2.J7<=PZx@Z1QyvM1j.z{/1 R| ,*** ..n}~1.7>.7J3pD/1- +3,-  +,(nSTqUBVWXYDD1  ,**.b  2X Wu Z" [\&%]^ _`-q1 +33/(aBbcdlm F-%&8(e12.f?
1 g ,**- `O-wW@ %&h- PoCDi4-&12.-;<1 [\]^j<=a9k<12.lD1-  CDm ()no@pqZ1(ors-dt1 u +3,/ ῌf +31. vwῌxy ,**+ nop% GPS ()J1pzxo1?{D1 nop|.}~0(> ,EhP?D1
W@ d4 ABpRQn}  ¡. RQ
Q6>w¢¡(£¤¥.>33()4¦(@= AB
z"Q§¨6©ª¡d«O:= >3(¬:= u (­n}Vn¦M=ZῒῑΐῐGH®¯ +33/ : i._`  Vol. 0/ ,-,ῌ,.*.
vw1ῌxy1 ,**+ : j°¦P1 .  M 1./ uT±vF²4
  Vol. /- +3-ῌ,*..
³´µ1 +330 : ) y,¢w£·ῌ¤J¸¥ +313 : .3- S¶D¡R S¶!" ¦§¹.G4© ¨©ª Vol. /, +03ῌ+23.

¢w£· ,**0 : ´« . !"  y© / c  -+/ῌ-,+ S¶D¡R S¶ῌ¤2 +32/ : ]vF.G~  ,3 ¬JBº&c ¬J ,**.a : L°»%4 k­  03ῌ3-.
 ,**.b : . ¼R½ Vol. ,3 ++-ῌ+-,.
a<=lmR +33+ : ) ya<=  S¶D¡R S¶38 /2  ,**2

,**1  +3   +330 :  !"#$% &.2/῍.3+.

Vol. 00'() ,*** : *+,-. /&  012 3 4 01
567 ,**1 : 8 + 9:;<=>?#ῌ E  +311 : FGH#%IJ@A B.CD.-

+,2 FGH KLM N ,**1 : O#PQRS2TU  1,῍1/ VWX KL
VYZ ,**1 : PQ[\]#^_ B.CD.-
`abc +32/ :  X2&de ++ 2+0῍2+1 X 01
fg h +31/ : 2ij;k &Vol. ./

No. -+./῍+/-.

fgl)ῌmano ,**1 :  +3  ,**1 # p<=q 4rs.t*u. Vol. +3 No. + ,*῍,/.
vwx +31+ : /#y -/3 z{| 01}~y ~4 +330 :  #

-3/

!X 01
"7 ,**1 :  +3  ,**1  #U  .2

 $ ,**+ : /#t ,30 z{| 01 $ ,**. : Q#% ..+ z{| 01G) +33, : #S> ,2*  KL

&G' +32/ : #( ,-2 V3 X KL) 2* ,**- : +,###- .  ,0-῍,2* 012 3 4 01
/ῌ0 1ῌa) +32/ : 2 #@#¡ &

Vol. // .1῍/,.

i¢£¤3o +3,/ : 02T~!¥ T4"~4!¥¦§ 01῍+.*.
¨©Gª ,**, : 0 #«;¬ &+3.῍,*-.

Vol. 1,­gE®ῌ)V5 +312 : ¯t°)6/  .*, z{| 01±²0³ῌ´µ) +31. : +31. ¶·¸~!¥012 ¹º!

+. ¦ ,.+῍,//.

p»4X ,**1 : ¼~½ ῌ  

Hirano, T. (+320) : Hydrothermal Alteration of Volcanic Rocks in the Hakone and Northern Izu
Geothermal Areas, Bulletin of the Hot Springs Research Institute Kanagawa Prefecture,
Vol. +1 No. -, +῍3..

39