COMMISSION K: ELECTROMAGNETICS IN
BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
Edited by Tsukasa Shigemitsu
Introduction
The research activities on the biological effects of electromagnetic fields in Japan
from 2001-2004 are reviewed. In vitro, in vivo, dosimetrical studies on DC and ELF
electric fields, DC, ELF and IF magnetic fields, RF and microwaves are discussed.
Biomedical applications including magnetic stimulation, hyperthermia, thermal ablation,
MEG, MCG, current distribution MRI, MRI, and radiometry are also introduced.
K1 Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields
K1.1 DC and ELF Electric Fields
On dosimetry, Shimizu et al. developed user-friendly software to visualize the ELF
electric field exposed to a human body [Shimizu, 2003a]. It provides the distributions of
the surface field and the current induced in the human body within a practicalcomputation time using a regular personal computer. The GUI made the changes of body
proportion and environmental conditions practically simple. On instrumentation,
Yamashita et al. has developed a ring-type telemeter for the photoelectric pulse
measurement [Yamashita, 2000a]. The variation in the autonomic nervous system could
be measured and analyzed. They have also developed a telemetry technique to measure
EEG and ECG at the subject exposed to strong ELF electric field. Since it makes
unconstrained measurement possible, it is useful to evaluate the physiological change infield exposure [Yamashita, 2000b]
On cellular effects, Shimooka et al. has pursued the possibility of immuno-modulation
caused by the electric stimulation of the current induced in the body on field exposure[Shimooka, 2004]. They have reported the suppression effects of macrophage
phagocytosis [Fujii, 2002; Kagawa, 2004], histamine release [Morita, 2002] and thegeneration of the reactive oxygen species [Tatebe, 2004].
Biological effects were evaluated with plants. Nitta et al. has found that bean sprout
has the better growth in the higher electric field in the range of 10-25kV/m [Kiatgamjorn,
2003]. Nitta et al. has found the growth rate of ice plants in the electric field of
28.5kV/m than that of no field condition [Rotcharoen, 2003].
In the experiments with human subjects, Yamashita et al. exposed ELF electric fieldon the skin surface of the human forearm, and measured the physiological changes suchas the skin temperature, the surface blood flow and the blood volume in the arm. In thelocal field exposure, the increases in these parameters were observed. The results ofthese experiments suggested that this response was controlled by the central nervous
system [Yamashita, 2004]. Shimizu et al. analyzed the body hair movement caused by
ELF electric field exposure. Through theoretical and experimental study, the mechanismof field perception was explained in detail. In this study, the cause of the seasonalvariation of the perception threshold was clarified [Shimizu, 2003b, 2004]. Ohsaki et al.
has attempted to apply the strong field exposure to therapeutic use. Using the apparatus
approved by a government, they performed various fundamental studies and clinical tests.
In objective parameters, the alleviation of pain in various muscles was demonstrated[Ohsaki, 2004] (Shimizu).
K1.2 DC Magnetic Fields on genetic and cells
In several kinds of microbial species, example of reports of the positive effect of DC

magnetic field has been confirmed. SoxR on Escherichia coli in which there are too
many examples of reports until now. Variant sodAsodB [Zhang et al., 2003] which
reports rising, since the mutagenesis frequency has it by 5 or high magnetic field of 9 T
in the double mutant. Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the paper in which found the rise in
expression strength of several kinds genes of by the high magnetic field of 14 T [Ikehata,2003]. Rhodobacter sphaeroides [Utsunomiya, 2003], which the production of porphyrin
reports the increase at 5.3 times in the high magnetic field of 0.3 T. There are someinhibitions of multiplication by 0.1mT magnetic field, example of reports of the effect bymagnetic field to 0.51 mT conidium formation rate besides on 3 kinds of plant
pathogenic fungi (Ikahata and Miyakoshi).
There are several studies to determine the mutagenicity by exposure to strong static
magnetic fields. Takashima et al. reported dose response relationship between magnetic
field density and its mutagenicity using DNA repair-proficient and -deficient strains offruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.[Takashima et al., 2003]. It was found that exposure to2, 5 or 14 T fields for 24 h caused a statistically significant enhancement in somatic
recombination frequency in the post-replication repair deficient flies, whereas thefrequency remained unchanged in the nucleotide excision repair deficient flies and in the
DNA repair-proficient flies after exposure. An increase linearly dependent on the flux
density was observed between 0.5 T and 2 T, while it was saturated at exposure levels
over 2 T. These findings suggest that exposure to high density magnetic fields induce
somatic recombination in Drosophila, and that the dose-response relationship is not
linear.
Zhang et al. used an Escherichia coli mutation assay to assess the mutagenic effects ofstrong magnetic filed. The mutation frequency was significantly increased by the static
magnetic field exposure in soxR and sodAsodB mutants, which are defective in defense
mechanisms against oxidative stress. In addition, the expression of superoxide-inducible
socS:: lacZ fusion gene was stimulated 1.4- and 1.8-fold in E.coli when exposed to 5 and
9 T, respectively. These results indicate that strong static magnetic field induces
mutations through elevated production of intracellular superoxide radical in E.col.
(Ikehata and Miyakoshi).
K1.3 Magnetic orientation- Microorganisms and agarose
Bull sperm and paramecium cilium are oriented in a strong static magnetic field. An
anisotropic diamagnetic susceptibility of microtubules, which are one of theircomponents contributes it (Higashi and Iwasaka).
Magnetic fields of 5-10 T were applied to agarose molecules to obtain the random, theplanar and the axial gels. As a result, the electrophoretic velocity depended on the gel
structure as well as the size and structure of DNAs. The magnetically ordered agarosegels can be used for a new separation method of DNAs at a high resolution (Yamaguchi
and Iwasaka).
K1.4 DC and ELF Magnetic Field
K1.4.1 In vivo studies
It has been found that moderate-intensity DC magnetic field ranging 1 mT-0.35 T havesignificant circulatory system effects most notably on cutaneous microcirculation andarterial blood pressure. Ohkubo et al. studied the influence of 0.25T DC magnetic fieldand geomagnetic field activity, estimated b y K and Ak -indexes, on mean arterial bloodpressure (MAP), heart rate, hemodynamic index, and cardiovascular variability inpentobarbital-anesthetized rabbits. DC magnetic field with application to baroreceptor
region for 65-80 min decreased BP. There was positive correlation of geomagnetic field
activity with MAP, and this result implied that magnetic storms could increase theincidence of severe cardiovascular events. They continued their research in three papers(Okano et al, 2003a, b, 2005). They investigated the effects of DC magnetic field,
3.0-10.0 mT and 8.0-25.0 mT, on development of hypertension in young male, rats
(SHR). DC magnetic field suppressed and retarded the development of hypertension inboth exposed groups in a non-dose dependent manner.
For ELF magnetic field effects, Kezuka et al. presented their experiments about theeffects of 50Hz magnetic field on the pteridine levels in mice. Their results suggested
that only circularly polarized magnetic field exposure may affect the pteridine level
which provide an indirect estimate of the degree of stress emerging during immune
response. There was no evidence for effects on cellular immune systems of exposure tolinearly polarized magnetic fields (Kezuka et al 2004, 2005).
K1.4.2 In Vitro studies
No or very little effects of ELF electromagnetic field were found on basic cellularbehaviors (proliferation, survival and cell cycle). Exposure to a high-density ELF
electromagnetic field increased mutation and chromosomal aberration dose-dependently.
Such a result was more significant under a combined exposure with external factors.
Results of molecular biological analysis for its mechanism revealed that a response to an
ELF electromagnetic field had an effect on the signal transduction system that wasinvolved with intracellular calcium and protein kinase (Miyakoshi).
Exposure to a time-varying magnetic field (maximum flux density of 1.7T) inhibits K+
influx via Ca2+-dependent K+ channel and an increase in intracellular Ca 2+ concentration([Ca 2+]i ) of HeLa cells incubated in high K+ medium [Ikehara, 2002]. Addition of Ca 2+
ionophore (ionomycin) to the high K+ medium increase [Ca2+]i to the level of control
cells, regardless of exposure to the magnetic field. But the inhibition of K+ uptake byexposure to the magnetic field is not restored by addition of the ionophore. This strong
time-varying magnetic field (maximum of 1.51T) also inhibits a transient increase in[Ca 2+]i in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells induced by bradykinin (BK) in a Ca2+-free
medium [Ikehara, 2002]. The exposure does not affect BK induced production of inositol
1,4,5 trisphosphate (IP3). Inhibition of the BK-induced increase in [Ca2+]i by exposurefor 30 min is mostly recovered 1 hr after exposure ended. Our results reveal that themagnetic field exposure inhibits Ca2+ release from intracellular Ca 2+ stores. Moreover,effects of exposure to a 50Hz magnetic field (maximum of 41.7 to 43.6mT) on themembrane structures of living HeLa cells were studied using attenuated total reflection
infrared spectroscopy [Ikehara, 2003]. Exposure to the ELF magnetic field has reversible
effects on the N-H inplane bending and C-N stretching vibrations of peptide linkages thesecondary structure of α-helix and βsheet in cell membrane proteins.
On the other hand, in cultured osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-E1), exposure to ELF
magnetic field (60Hz, 3.0,T) for 3 days, both collagen and non-collagen protein content
by multispectral imaging method, increased in the cells at peripheral; regions of culture
dish than that at central regions of same dish. The treatment of IGF increased in collagencontent at the peripheral cells for 17 days culture. But the additive effects of the
exposure and IGF treatment were not observed [Yamaguchi, 2004].
ALP activity was increased significantly by the exposure alone or by combined with
NGF treatment. These results indicate that the mechanisms of differentiation related to
IGF and NGF in the osteoblasts were altered by the magnetic fields of extremely low
frequency [Hosokawa, 2004]
K1.4.3 other studies
Takashima et al. reported that the effect of ELF magnetic fields on the DNA damage
repair process, the gene conversion frequency and cell cycle kinetics in a DNA
repair-proficient and nucleotide excision repair (NER)-deficient strain of diploid yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. DNA repair- or NER-deficient cells were irradiated with
sub-lethal doses of ultraviolet light (UV) radiation followed by exposure to 50 Hz
magnetic fields up to 30mT for 48 h. After exposure, gene conversion rate was increasedby the combined exposure in DNA repair-proficient cells, whereas it remained
unchanged between UV alone and the combined exposure in NER-deficient cells. The
UV-induced G1 arrest was inhibited by exposure to 30mT ELF magnetic fields in both
repair-proficient and -deficient cells. The results suggest that exposure to high-density(30 mT) ELF magnetic field decreases the efficiency of NER by suppressing G1 arrest,
which in turn led to enhancement of the UV-induced gene conversion [Ikehata].
Moreover, there are several fundamental research activities to clarify ELF or combined
fields with static and ELFs (Ikahata).
K1.5 Intermediate frequency Magnetic field
WHO defines the intermediate frequency (IF) region of the EMF spectrum as being
between 300Hz to 10MHz. Compared to ELF and RF fields, little research has been doneof the effects of IF fields. There are two reports on the biological effects of IF magnetic
fields. Haga et al. used a highly sensitive mutagenesis assay method (umu system) toevaluate the direct impact of exposure to 20kHz, 60μT for DNA destruction genemutation [Haga, 2004]. This exposure experiment induced bacterial umu DNA repair
response in one experimental case. Tachi et al. also investigated whether IF magnetic
field (20kHz, 0.5mT, 1mT) induce the DNA damage and physiological abnormality inbacterial cells containing bacteriophage λ[Tachi, 2005]. After about 4 and 8 hour’s
exposure, this result suggests IF magnetic fields induce physiological damage inbacterial cells. Further studies are needed (Yamazaki and Suzuki).
K1.6 RF and Microwaves
K1.6.1 In vivo studies
Effects of exposure to electromagnetic waves (EMW) used in cellular phones onlearning and memory processes were examined in Sprague-Dawley rats using a carousel
type exposure system [Tsurita, 2000] and T-maze [Yamaguchi, 2003]. This study
suggests that the exposure to a TDMA field at levels about four times stronger thanemitted by cellular phones does not affect the learning and memory processes when there
are no thermal effects. Ocular effects of MW have also been investigated using rabbit
with/without system anethesia [Kojima 2004].
K1.6.2 In vitro studies
Genotoxic effect of high frequency electromagnetic field (HF FMF) at 2.45GHz with awide range of specific absorption rates (SARs) was examined in cultured cells. The
micronucelus (MN) frequency of cells exposed to a HF EME at SAR of up to 50 W/kg
was not different to that in sham-exposed cells, while those at SARs of 100 and 200
W/kg were significantly higher than in the sham-exposed controls. An increase in SAR
causes a rise in temperature and this may be connected to the increase in MN formation
generated by exposure to HF EMF. Effect of HF EMF on DNA damage was also
examined using alkaline comet assay method. There was no significant difference in the
tail moments between HF EMF- and sham-exposed groups. This finding suggests that
exposure to HF EMF does not cause DNA strand breaks even at a SAR of 100 W/kg. For
the gene expression, effect of HF EMF on the synthesis of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70)
was examined. Exposure to a HF EMF induced hsp70 expression at a high SAR of morethan 20 W/kg but not at 5 W/kg in human glioma cells. In addition, there were no
significant differences in Hsp27 and Hsp70 expressions between RF (1950
MHz)-exposed and sham-exposed cells at a SAR of lower than 10 W/kg. However,exposure to the RF field at 10 W/kg decreased the protein level of phosphorylated Hsp27(78 Ser) significantly (Miyakoshi).
K2 Tissue Properties, Materials, and Phantoms
K2.1 Design Methods of the Electromagnetic Environment
In order to use the EM power effectively in dairy life without losing the safety inevery respect, only the EM waves that are actually needed inside the living space shouldbe transmitted into the space. A stratified construction material that is consisted of two
low loss materials has been developed for satisfying such a demand. The new functional
material can absorb more than 70 percent of the incident EM power at specificfrequencies that are pre-designed according to the demand (Miyakawa).
K2.2 Tissue Properties- Bioelectromagnetics parameters
The radio frequency safety guideline compliance for mobile phones has been evaluatedby measuring the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the phantom material. The
electromagnetic properties of bio-tissues and phantom material need to be specified inorder to achieve precise and accurate SAR measurements. Recently, there are many
research activities focused on Liquid phantoms (Watanabe and Kamimura).
K2.3 Phantoms
Various phantoms for the SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) estimation have beenstudied. A real-shaped torso bust phantom is developed to achieve an accurate evaluationof the SAR in the head as well as the characteristics of an antenna for a mobile terminal
placed close to the human body [Ito, 2004]. The shape and size of the torso bust phantom
are based on the average Japanese youths in their twenties. Moreover, an abdomen
phantom of pregnant women including the amniotic fluid and the fetus is developed toestimate the SAR in the fetus [Kawai, 2003, Ito, 2005]. The targeted frequency range ofthis phantom is the VHF band. The dielectric constants of the amniotic fluid and thefetus of rabbits were measured to determine the dielectric constants of the phantom. In
addition, solid phantoms, whose targeted frequency range is up 3 to 6 GHz, areinvestigated [Ishido, 2004]. The phantoms can reproduce the electrical properties ofhuman biological tissues in the range of 3 to 6 GHz without changing their compositions.
In IEICE Transactions, the special issue on phantom has been published, and a review
concerning the tissue equivalent phantoms has been reported [Ito, 2002]. High-moleculargel phantom with high transparency and viscosity has been proposed to realize theevaluation of the three dimensional EM waves’exposure using a micro-capsulated
thermo-chromic liquid crystal [Sunaga, 2003; Baba, 2004a, 2004b; Suzuki, 2004].
Moreover, the phantom test phantom for implantable medical device to estimate theimpact from RF EMF has been presented [Ohshita, 2004].
Various liquids for compliance tests of cellular phones with safety guidelines havebeen also proposed in international standards, i.e., IEC and IEEE, and theircharacteristics have been investigated [Fukunaga, 2002a, 2002b, 2003a, 2004 and 2004a].
(Ito).
K3 Field Measurement, Dosimetry and exposure assessment
K3.1 DC and ELF fields
Several analyses have been conducted focusing on induced currents inside the humanbody. Chiba et al. conducted calculations of induced currents for grounded andungrounded simple homogeneous human model when exposed to vertical uniform
electric field, using finite element method (FEM) [Chiba, 2004]. Matsumoto et al.
developed a method for the analysis of the induced current using two-step processachieved by combination of the surface charge method and the FEM [Matsumoto, 2004].
In the analysis of magnetically induced currents, non-uniformity of the fields has been
an key issue especially when assessing compliance with existing guidelines. Kamimura
et al. calculated the induced currents in human head using both analytical formulae andnumerical computations when exposed to magnetic fields produced by AC driven electric
shaver, that represents localized magnetic dipole sources [Kamimura, 2002, 2004].
Nishizawa et al. introduced equivalent magnetic source model which consists of multiple
magnetic dipoles assumed to be distributed on a cylindrical surface to simulate magnetic
fields around electric appliances, and calculated induced current in a simple
homogeneous human model [Nishizawa, 2003, 2004a, 2004b]. Related to hecharacterization of the magnetic field sources, Yagitani et al. studied a method ofMUSIC algorithm and applied it to identification of localized field sources [Yagitani,2004]. Tarao et al. calculated the induced current due to usage of a hair dryer for a
realistic human head model [Tarao, 2003]. Yamazaki et al. characterized the effects of

the field uniformity on maximum induced current from homogeneous spherical humanmodel for easy assessment of compliance with the guidelines [Yamazaki, 2005].
Yoshitomi et al. measured environmental ELF magnetic filed in an apartment I Japanand proposed reduction method for the fields [Yoshitomi, 2002; Moriyama, 2005a]. They
also measured ELF magnetic fields originating from equipments used for medical
diagnoses and treatments. Sakurazawa et al. measured personal exposure to ELF
magnetic fields in working environments such as electric power substations, VDToperator, electric furnace operators, and arc welders [Sakurazawa, 2003].
Sasada reported a simple three-square-coil system to produce a uniform magnetic field
in a fairly large volume inside the coil system, which is advantageous over the proposedsystems [Sasada, 2003]. Nagai et al. reported exposure setups fro in vitro experiment forcomplex magnetic fields with static and time-varying components [Nagai, 2004](Yamazaki).
K3.2 Intermediate frequency magnetic fieldIn recent years, electric appliances that utilize magnetic fields with frequency higher
than the power frequency, defined as IF (intermediate frequency), for heating, detecting
and switching, has raised new interest in health effects. An IH (induction heater) cooker
is one of those appliances that utilize the IF magnetic field for heating ferromagnetic
pans. The typical frequency of the IH cooker ranges from 20kHz to 100kHz. A similarfrequency range is utilized in a metal detector usually installed at the security gates of
airports, and electric article surveillance (EAS) system. Since higher frequency induces
induced current inside the human body in proportion to the frequency, stricter magnetic
field levels are set for the higher frequency range in some existing exposure guidelines.
Kamata et al. characterized the magnetic fields generated by induction cooking by aseries of measurement [Kamata, 2004]. Yamazaki et al. proposed a simple method tocharacterize the magnetic field distribution around appliances in the IF range byidentifying equivalent magnetic dipole moments [Yamazaki, 2004a, 2004b]. Suzuki et al.
conducted numerical calculation of induced currents inside an anatomically correct
human model when exposed to IF magnetic field [Suzuki, 2004a, 2004b, 2005] (Suzuki
and Yamazaki).
K3.3 RF and MW
There has been increasing concern about adverse health effect in RF and microwave
frequency range due to proliferation of mobile phones. In order to investigate thisproblem, computational and experimental works haven been conducted. Recent trends inJapan are summarized as follows:
1) Measurement techniques for electric constants of lossy dielectric
For reliable dosimetry, it is essential to measure electrical constants of human tissue
and then to develop material for phantom [Fukunaga, 2004]. Additionally, uncertainties
of an electric probe have been evaluated [Watanabe,2004b].
2) Development of experimental setups for small animals and in-vitro study
Some new techniques using ferrite material or high permittivity materials to realize ahighly localized exposure in small animals has been developed [Wang, 2003b, 2004c],and detailed analysis for various uncertainties in exposure setups has been conducted[Wang, 2002b, 2004b]. A new antenna for localized exposure to rats has also beendeveloped [Watanabe H., 2004].
3) Dosimetry for child
Based on the report by the NRPB, it is concerned that children might be more
vulnerable to any adverse effects of RF radiation than adults. In order to give someinsight on this problem, dosimetry has been conducted using a realistic child head model[Fujiwara, 2003, 2004]. A scaling technique for producing a realistic child model has
been developed and adopted widely in the world [Wang, 2003a]. A parallel FDTD
technique based on PCs has also been developed for large-scale dosimetry of mobile
phones [Wang, 2004a].

4) Temperature rise due to RF exposures
Peak-spatial averaged SAR is used as a measure in the ICNIRP guideline to evaluate
the safety of humans for RF electromagnetic field exposure, while temperature increase
would be a direct cause of physical burning and physiological effect. In order to bridge
this gap, a correlation between peak SAR and temperature increase has been investigated[Fujimoto, 2003a, 2003b, 2004a, 2004c; Hirata, 2002, 2003a, 2003b, 2004a, 2004b]5) Improvement of numerical simulation techniques
In order to overcome limitations of FDTD method, which is the most powerful
numerical method to evaluate SAR in the biological bodies, surface impedance andhybrid methods have been proposed [Watanabe 2002 and 2004c; Mochizuki 2004a,
2004b, and 2004c] (Fujiwara and Watanabe).
K4 Biomedical Applications
K4.1 Thermal Therapy
In recent years, various types of medical applications of microwaves have been
investigated. Among them, minimally invasive microwave thermal therapies are of greatinterest. They are interstitial hyperthermia and microwave coagulation therapy forthermal treatment of cancer, cardiac catheter ablation for ventricular arrhythmia
treatment, etc. Previously, a coaxial-slot antenna, which is one of the thin antennas forinterstitial heating, has been studied. In this research, the heating characteristics of theantenna are investigated by numerical simulation based on FDTD calculations [Saito,
2003] and phantom experiments. Moreover, the results of hyperthermic treatments forneck tumor by use of the coaxial-slot antenna and the array applicator composed ofseveral coaxial-slot antennas are reported [Saito, 2004a]. In addition, the improvement of
the characteristics of the coaxial-slot antenna especially the input impedance of theantenna is considered [Saito, 2004b] and the feeding technique of the array applicator
composed of several antennas is investigated [Saito, 2004c] (Ito).
K4.2 Microwave Imaging of the Human Body
Chirp Pulse Microwave Computed Tomography is a noninvasive imaging modality,
which enables microwave imaging of a human body using a chirp pulse microwave
signal and signal processing techniques. The prototype model using a microwave from 1
to 2 GHz showed that the spatial resolution is better than 10 mm and temperature
variation less than 0.3 degree Celsius can be measurable. The higher resolution model,
which works at 2 to 3 GHz has also been developed for diagnostic imaging of an earlystage breast tumor. Feasibility of the practical application of CP-MCT has been
investigated through a series of computational studies and basic studies using those twomodels. A new CP-MCT with fan beam geometry, which is able to collect projection data
very quickly is now being developed for a high speed imaging of experimental animals(Miyakawa).
K4.3 Thermal therapy- Inductive heating
A novel implant with the function of a high efficient temperature raise is proposed toachieve a local high temperature hyperthermia or ablation therapy. The idea of the new
implant with a heating function is based on not material component but on resonant
circuit theory viewpoint .The new implant proposed here consists of a small coil and a
microchip condenser to make a resonant circuit. By applying an RF magnetic field to theimplant, large current flows in the coil based on the resonance and elevate the coiltemperature efficiently. As a coil, a silver wire or a stainless is used. The temperaturerise of more than 70 from the initial value is obtained at 15 cm depth of agar phantom
in a case of implant with the diameter of 3 mm and the length of 4 mm, using a ferrite
core applicator with output power of 500 W at the resonant frequency of 4 MHz. Thisidea of the implant can be applied to a stent with a heating function (Kotsuka).
K4.4 Radiometry

Multi-frequency microwave radiometer system for noninvasive temperature
measurement of biological tissues has been at the final stage of its development as wellas the temperature retrieval method from measured brightness temperatures of biologicaltissues. Chirp radar-type microwave computed tomography which can provide a crosssectional image of temperature change has been also under development (Sugiura).
K4.5 Soft heating
In hyperthermia, the soft-heating method has been proposed. This is an inductive
heating method that uses as a hear element a thermosensitive magnetic material. The
feature of this method is automatic temperature control using Curie-point of the magnetic
material. When the element is implanted into the tumor tissue, however, authors have toadjust the size of element to that of each tumor tissue. Therefore, the purpose of thisstudy is to clarify heat characteristics of heat elements with various volumes.
The heat element is composed of a thermosensitive magnetic material and a metal ring.
The thermosensitive magnetic material used to experiment is Ni-Cu-Zn ferrite andCurie-point is 90℃. Moreover, the copper ring is wrapped around the ferrite. The aim ofwrapping copper ring is increase of the heat quantity generated compared with that using
only the magnetic material. When temperature of the thrmosensitive magnetic material islower than the Curie-point, the magnetic flux is concentrated by the effect of highpermeability of the magnetic material. Then, short-circuit current induced in the copper
ring, raises the temperature of heat element. In experiments, this element is put in theheat insulator, then excited by solenoidal coil. The specification of this coil is 8mT at
100 kHz.
The results provided evidence that the temperature characteristics show a saturation
tendency with an increase of the element volume. Based on this tendency, it seems
reasonable to suggest that sufficient heating can be obtained, even on smaller element
volumes. Therefore, when considering heating per unit volume, it is expected that a
volume with the most effective heating temperature can be obtained. For further research,
we will continue to analyze the temperature characteristics, aiming to achieve the highhyperthermia (Matsuki).
K4.6 current distribution MRIMagnetic resonance imaging of electrical phenomena in living bodies is potentially
useful for quantitative evaluations of biological effects of electromagnetic fields, and for
direct detection of neuronal electrical activities in the brain. Magnetic field in an object
causes a shift in the resonant frequency [Sekino, 2004a]. Stationary electric current
causes an increase in the apparent diffusion coefficient [Yamaguchi, 2003]. Spatial
distributions of externally applied magnetic field and electrical current can be estimatedfrom these changes in magnetic resonance signals. These methods have potential medical
applications such as imaging of current distributions in electrical defibrillation.
Detection of electrical currents associated with neuronal or muscular electrical activities
requires extremely high sensitivity. The sensitivity for detecting weak magnetic fields
was estimated using numerical simulations [Hatada, 2005a, 2005b] and experiments[Hatada, 2005c]. The theoretical limit of sensitivity was approximately 10 -8 T. Thesestudies potentially lead to a new method for visualizing brain function with a spatial
resolution of millimeters and a temporal resolution of milliseconds. The ADC reflects
electrical conductivity of a tissue, which enables an estimation of anisotropic
conductivity of the tissue [Sekino, 2003a, 2004b, 2004c]. This method was applied toimaging of electrical conductivity in the human brain. Several regions in the whitematter such as the corpus callosum and the internal capsule exhibited high anisotropy inconductivity. Magnitude and phase of magnetic resonance signals are affected bypermittivity [Sekino, 2005; Mihara, 2005]. A distinctive signal inhomogeneity arises inimages of objects whose dimension is comparable to the wavelength of electromagnetic
fields at the resonant frequency. This phenomenon, dielectric resonance, particularly
appears in scanners with high static fields. Electric current in electrolyte solution giverise to fluid motion. Magnetic resonance imaging was applied to visualization of the flow
velocity [Sekino, 2003b, 2003c, 2004d]. In strong static magnetic field, biologicalmacromolecules such as fibrin and collagen are oriented in the direction parallel orperpendicular to the magnetic field. The magnetic orientation causes a change in the
spin-spin relaxation time of gels, which contain these macromolecules [Takeuchi, 2003,
2004a, 2004b, 2005](Sekino and Ueno).
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the members of Commission K Japan for their tremendous efforts.
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