www.atpsnet.org
Issue No 0008

March 2017

ISBN 9978-9966-030-91-7

AFRICAThis is the official newsletter of the African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)

21st Century
CensusAfrica’s Innovation Gap and the Imperative of Intelligent
Science, Technology and Innovation Policy for Africa
ATPS Ranked Best Think Tank For the Third Year in a Row
According to a Global Report
ATPS Renews Cooperation with IDRC, Receives a Grant

African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)

www.atpsnet.org

ATPS Vision:
To become the leading international centre of excellence and reference in science, technology andinnovation systems research, training and capacity building, communication and sensitization, knowledge brokerage, policy advocacy and outreach in Africa.
ATPS Mission:
To improve the quality of science, technology and innovation systems research and policy making in
Africa by strengthening capacity for science and technology knowledge generation, communicationand dissemination, use and mastery for sustainable development in Africa.
Overall Objective:
To develop Africa’s STI capacity (knowledge basis & infrastructure, knowledge circulation & networks,
knowledge conditions & policies) today for sustainable African development tomorrow.
ATPS Motto:
Building Africa’s capabilities in science, technology and innovation policy research, policymaking andpolicy implementation for sustainable development.

INSIDE• Africa’s Innovation Gap and the Imperative of Intelligent
Science, Technology and Innovation Policy for Africa• ATPS Ranked Best Think Tank for the Third Year in a Row

EDITORIAL TEAM

According to a Global Report• ATPS Participates in AGRIFOSE 2030 Workshop

Editor in Chief:• How India Transformed its Economy through Science andTechnology: A lesson for Africa

Dr. Nicholas Ozor
Editor:• ATPS Renews Cooperation with IDRC, Receives a Grant• Revolutionizing Africa’s Economy through Agripreneurship• Is Population Census Losing Relevance in the 21st Century?
• Policy and Development- Pathways to Impact• The Fate of African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)• ATPS Staff Participates at the Wilson Centre Fellowship
Program• ATPS Mourns the Death of some Network Members• Grants Received by the ATPS during the Quarter

Sharon Anyango
Contributors:
Prof. Osita Ogbu
Yusuff Utieyineshola
Chibuzo Okpokiri
Chuma Ikenze
Hillary Ragen
Sharon Anyango
Deborah Carey
Patrick Muraya
Design and Layout:• New Appointments

Sharon Anyango• Scholarships/Opportunities2www.atpsnet.org

Chairman’s Message

CHAIRMAN’S MESSAGE

W

elcome to the first edition of the ATPS
Technopolicy Newsletter in 2017. The year
2016 was a significant year for the ATPS, mostremarkably, was the Stakeholders’ Forumwhich was held on 29th July with an aim to review the current
ATPS Phase VII Strategic Plan. A lot of things have changed
since its first launch in 2013 and as management, we felt that
there was need to review and align our new Strategic Plan
with the current continental and global agenda in Science,
Technology and Innovation (STI). Key among these agenda
are the Science, Technology and Innovation Strategy for Africa(STISA-2024) and the UN Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) . Our aim is to serve our numerous stakeholders betterand meet their overall goals and aspirations. We have been
receiving inputs from various stakeholders and experts and I
am glad to report that this year we will launch the new ATPS
Phase VIII Strategic Plan (2017-2022). The new plan will offera clear roadmap towards Africa’s sustainable development
through STI research, policy and practice.

Prof. Shaukat Abdulrazak

The ATPS Phase VIII Strategic Plan will have both thematic/
sectoral and programmatic priorities to enable ATPS achieve
its mandate of building Africa’s capabilities through STI. The
thematic/sectoral priorities include: agriculture, food andnutrition; environment and climate change; energy; andhealth innovations while the programmatic priorities include:
STI policy research, policymaking and advocacy; Training,sensitization and capacity building; Youth and gender
empowerment; Knowledge brokerage, management andcommercialization; and Intra-Africa and global collaborationand partnerships.

The private sector needs to come on board to identify local
needs and jointly support innovative ventures that offer
solutions to people through a public-private partnership.
There is also need for more collaboration between thegovernment and academia on research activities so as toensure a more robust, available and adequately funded
research and development (R&D) system that will be able toget goods and services from innovative R&D activities.

There is no doubt that STI has transformed the world today,
industrial revolution witnessed in the late 1700s was mainly
through science and technology that led to positive changes in
the field of agriculture, medicine, communications, medicine
and in industries. There is need for governments to increase
funding in R&D in science, technology and innovation, andensure that research corresponds to national needs. Countries
that have invested more in R&D like USA, China and Japan aredeveloped and more self-reliant unlike other countries who
have invested less in R&D.

Thank you!

On behalf of the board, I take this opportunity to thank all
those who supported us last year through development
grants, linkages and partnerships. We welcome new partners
to join us in our work as we develop Africa’s STI capacity forsustainable development.

Prof. Shaukat Abdulrazak, PhD, FKIM, FAAS FASI,FTWAS,MBS
Director, Division for Africa, Department of Technical Coop.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Vienna, Austria
Chair, ATPS Board of Directors

The goal of attaining progressive development in Africancountries is only possible if scientists, innovators, researchers,
policy makers and other experts in the field come together
towards building Africa’s STI capacity to address Africa’s
endemic and emerging problems such as poverty, hunger,
disease, climate change, and illiteracy among many others.

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ED’s Message

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR’S MESSAGE

W

elcome to this first edition of the ATPS
Technopolicy Newsletter in 2017. An overview
of the ATPS in 2016 shows a remarkeable
progress against the previous year as we
continue to embark on our rebranding and repositioning
journey to better serve the science, technology and innovation(STI) community in Africa and beyond. There were notable key
features (achievements and challenges) of ATPS in 2016. On
the achievement side, ATPS carried out numerous activities
under the thematic priority areas of the Phase VII StrategicPlan.
Specifically, ATPS received grants to implement the following
projects among others:
1. Documentation of the impacts of ACCFP Fellows on
climate change adaptation and mitigation in Africa since
inception. This project was funded by the African Climate
Change Fellowship Program (ACCFP) hosted at the Institutefor Resource Assessment (IRA), University of Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania.
2. Drafting of the 2017 Africa Capacity Report (ACR 2017) on
Building Capacity in STI for Africa’s Transformation fundedby the African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF), Zimbabwe.
3. Development of the ATPS Phase VIII Strategic Plan (20172022) supported by the Ford Foundation East Africa,
Commercial Bank of Africa, and the African Economic
Research Consortium (AERC).
4. Capacity Building for Extension Agents and Contact Farmers
on the use of LandInfo mobile app to improve agricultural
productivity, climate change resilience and land-use
planning funded by the African Forum for Agricultural
Advisory Service (AFAAS).
5. A policy scoping study on harmonization of registration
requirements for veterinary products for mutual recognition
among East African community partner states funded by
the Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines(GALVmed).

supporting crop and pasture production through the climaticand soil information it gives instantaneously. ATPS was also
rated the best Think Tank in Africa in 2016 for the second
time in a row by the Global Go To Think Tank Index Reportconducted by the University of Pennsylvania, USA.
On the other hand, ATPS experienced funding challenges
that made it difficult to implement most of its proposed
activities to meet the growing demand and aspirations ofour target beneficiaries in STI research, policy and practice.
One of the strategies adopted to raise more funds for ATPS’s
programs is the development of a new ATPS Phase VIII
Strategic Plan 2017-2022 that repositions the ATPS with clear
focus on thematic/sectoral and programmatic priorities andaction plans based on client and donor priorities. In 2017
therefore, ATPS shall focus on launching this new strategy
and implement programs and projects already identified
through consultative processes with ATPS stakeholders atnational, regional, continental and diaspora levels. We shallwork together with like-minded institutions to implement
our programs and projects in order to achieve our missionof building Africa’s STI capacity for sustainable development
through research, policy and practice. We shall continue tosolicit for funding supports from donors in form of core funds,
program/project funds, and consultancy funds to enable us
achieve our mission in 2017 and beyond. Already, the African
Development Bank (AfDB), International Development andResearch Centre (IDRC), British Department for International
Development (DFID), and the National Research Foundation(NRF), South Africa have committed to support the ATPS in the
coming years. We pledge to deliver desired results and value
for money at all times.

ATPS signed many Memoranda of Understanding (MOU)
with like-minded institutions among which include: theAfrican Economic Research Consortium (AERC); the African
Agribusiness Incubator Network (AAIN); and the African Forum
for Agricultural Advisory Services (AFAAS). Staff of the ATPS
attended many international conferences within Africa andglobally. We also strengthened many ATPS National Chapters
through visits, appointment of new Coordinators, or throughjoint implementation of projects.
ATPS received the coveted Climate Information Prize for theout scaling of the LandInfo mobile app technology used
to determine the potential of any given piece of land in

Dr. Nicholas Ozor,
Executive Director, ATPS4

www.atpsnet.org

Innovation

AFRICA’S INNOVATION GAP AND THE IMPERATIVE OFINTELLIGENT SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY ANDINNOVATION POLICY FOR AFRICA

Prof. Osita Ogbu making his presentation during the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

By Osita Ogbu
Professor of Economics and Director, Institute forDevelopment Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
have argued elsewhere, in several forums and throughseveral media, the centrality of activist science, technology and innovation policy, the type propagated by the
ATPS in advancing Africa’s quest for agricultural revolution, industrialization and the spread of shared prosperity.
Indeed, I have canvassed that any definition of economictransformation must include a clear indication that the country has mastery, a command, if you like, of the production
architecture of a few goods and services or a set of goods andservices. By this, I explained, that the science and technology of production of these few goods and services must be
under the complete control of that country- she can produce
it, adapt it, modify it and redirect it to produce profitable
goods and services. I was inexplicably defining an Innovation
Economy- an economy that creates things. Any other definition of economic transformation would be partial at best. In
essence while I appreciated the necessity made in Africa, thedestination must be made by African, using Africa’s knowledge and technological capital. And any transforming African
nation should have the benchmarks for moving towards thisdestination.

economies in Africa through its many activities from its headquarters in Nairobi and through her national Chapters across
Africa. In spite of ATPS’s many strides as a recognized global
think-tank in science and technology policy, African countries are still not establishing benchmarks for true economictransformation and for creating innovation economies. In
2014, the Global innovation ranking of the following Africancountries and comparator nations out of 143 is instructive:
Zimbabwe (130), Ethiopia (126), Zambia (121), Mali (119),
Cote D’Ivoire (116), Cameroon (114), Malawi (113), Nigeria(110), Rwanda (102), Egypt (99), Senegal (98) Ghana (96),
Uganda (91), Indonesia (87), Morocco (84) Kenya (85), Tunisia(78), India (76), Brazil (61), Costa Rica (57), South Africa (53),Turkey (54), Panama (52), Chile (46), United Arab Emirates(36), Barbados (41), Mauritius (40), Malaysia (33), China (29),South Korea (16), Israel (15), and Finland (4). This index, while
not perfect, clearly underscores our innovation gap andpoints to the sets of issues that African leadership should address in the drive to transform their economies and provide
prosperity for all. It provides greater impetus for supporting
the brokerage and advocacy roles of ATPS, as an effective
platform for constantly reminding African leadership andcitizens of the importance of science, technology and innovation for Africa’s sustainable development.

ATPS has been championing for the creation of innovation

To transform is to turn the corner permanently in your scienc-

I5www.atpsnet.org

Innovatione and technological trajectory, championed by an intelligent
government, owned and promoted by a business class, anentrepreneurial and innovative class. Entrepreneurship cannot be discussed or promoted in isolation. It must be promoted concomitantly with innovation. The new growth andprosperity promoting entrepreneurship must be creating andinventing things: a new drug, a new computer panel, a newwater purification machine, a longer lasting solar panel, a
new way of gathering intelligence, production of goods thatmake goods, or even a new business model. Otherwise, you
may just be trading in goods, deriving temporary cash value
from sub-soil assets and claiming to create wealth as financial
experts using other people’s knowledge capital with heavy
user charges and heavy fees paid as royalties for patents. Thisis the kind of wealth creation that does not spread longlasting prosperity for the majority of the citizens; the kindthat reflects in growing macro-aggregates, without a strong
microeconomic foundation which an innovation economy
exemplifies.

Photo: The Conversation
purposeful research and development spending, creation of
incentives for invention and patenting, nurturing and encouraging venture capitalists that can support a start-up culture
and, sometimes, acting as the venture capitalist through an
Innovation Fund, creation and support of dynamic businessclusters, bolstering firm-level competitive behavior thatencourages learning and innovation, investing in specialized
infrastructure and institutions, acting as a broker between
knowledge generating institutions such as Universities andother research institutions and business and entrepreneurial
entities that have the capacity to translate ideas and promising research results into goods and services.

To transform is to diversify the economy. But diversification
is not a natural phenomenon as many of our leaders’ pronouncements tend to suggest. It must be caused to happen
through organized public actions that direct and incentivize
the private sector. Development and inclusive prosperity is,therefore, about diversification and structural change, thecreation of new things on a competitive basis from both thetraditional and non-traditional sectors, involving value-addition. It is technology-led development which is a leadership endeavor. Leaders and their governments must provide
the vision, the strategy and the infrastructure, both humanand physical that underpins any industrial or technologicaladvantage. The government must, therefore, do more to support private initiatives other than providing an enabling environment in the traditional sense as understood by most macroeconomists. By providing the strong pillars of innovation,
the assets required for creating and manipulating technicalknowledge etc., it can signal where the entrepreneurial classcan compete and where the nation’s competitive advantage
would lie in the future. These public actions underscore that
initial conditions are not “manifest destiny” and comparativeadvantage is dynamic.

There is more. The leadership must be entrepreneurial andvisionary with a strong sense of purpose. It must have thecapacity and the moral authority to change the citizens’ andother layers of governments’ “mental model” including selfdoubt, reward for production rather than consumption, resolution of coordination failure between the national government, states and local governments and their understandingof their role in innovation and job creation, tap into diaspora
knowledge, access and network, and to address cultural traits
that inhibit innovation such as risk-averseness, fear of failure,
paternalism and hierarchy, gender inequity, poor attitude
and work ethics.
The leadership must imbue citizens with the right innovation
orientation: to grow their insights, to build interpersonal trustand cooperation, to continually learn in order to improve
productivity and competitiveness and incentivize and challenge them to dare. When President John F. Kennedy on May
25, 1961, stated that America would land a man on the moon,
he did not have all the facts. He knew that it was going to bea challenging technological achievement. His goal was todemonstrate technological superiority over the Soviet Unionand that leaders set goals. That mission statement from a respected leader galvanized NASA and the American scientificcommunity and mission was accomplished by 1969. Israel
has been described as “start-up” centric, with more business

The more underdeveloped a nation is, the more the government is expected to do something more positive about it.
And let me emphasize that no nation has ever diversified
without active government brokerage and intervention,
often couched in terms of industrial and technology policy
or what may be termed as industrial policy by other means –the sort that industrialized countries engage in and the sort
ATPS researches and promotes. The pillars of government’s
intervention include industrial training, training of criticalmass of high quality scientists and engineers, significant and6www.atpsnet.org

Innovation

start-ups per capita than any other nation, with half of her exports in the high tech sector. They have turned their desert toforest. But the government of Israel including her early leaders such as Ben-Gurion and Shimon Peres worked tirelessly
to build the foundation for their technological revolution.
Finland, the home of Nokia, was a natural resource based
economy, exporting forestry based products such as paper a
few years ago. Thanks to the foresight of her government andleaders in the 1990s, they created institutions and used active technology policies to transform their economy, movingfrom investment driven to innovation driven economy. Today,
Finland is one of the most competitive in the world and her
major exports are in high tech. The story of Nokia, a large
technology company, a former rain boot manufacturer is astory of effective partnership between an intelligent government and an innovative private sector.
In his 2012 State of the Union Address, President Barack
Obama spoke about how to motivate what he called “aneconomy built to last”, an economy with a strong manufacturing base and an economy that generates quality jobs but
more importantly, Obama outlined strong and intelligent
policies that would underpin this economy, and the robust
relationship between the government and the private sector
that gives birth to this economy. Such government interventions, according to him, include training skilled workers,
strengthening education especially in science and engineering, supporting innovation and “using public resources todevelop technologies that industries use.” He went further toillustrate this when he said that “it is public research dollars,
over the course of 30 years, that helped develop technologies
to extract all this natural gas out of Shale rock…government
support is critical in helping businesses get new energy ideas
off the ground”. It is therefore, clear that both in developed
and developing countries where structural transformation
has taken place or is taking place, it is government’s businessto support business innovation and competitive edge. But it
must be done in an intelligent and strategic manner. And it
requires leadership at the highest level and credible institutions that can tie the hands of the leaders.

Solar panels have contributed to an industrialised innovation
economy.
Yes, Africa can still industrialize after China if innovation
imagination meets common purpose, in a manner that
exploits Africa’s cheap labor, youth bulge, technological andknowledge spillovers to create tradable goods. Any talk of
by-passing the manufacturing sector to services is largely
uninformed because services are a byproduct of the manufacturing sector even the post-industrial States are now
providing incentives for domestic manufacturing in a more
rigorous way.
The regional institutions identified above must work strategically and collaboratively to promote innovation in Africa.
Consequently, I would like to suggest that they create an African Innovation Fund. This fund would be critical in supporting critical research and development, reverse engineering,
specialize industrial training, invention and innovative ideasthat create goods and address other Africa’s peculiar developmental challenges in health, education, and agriculture.

So what is Africa’s model for an innovation economy? Whatkinds of assets and benchmarks are we building? Whichinstitutions can be used to create an innovation economy,
one that would create wealth and spread prosperity? Is lateindustrialization possible after China? Can Africa develop
without a robust manufacturing sector that has historically
been the engine of growth and development for the industrialized and industrializing countries? What is the role for the
African Union, Regional Economic Commissions, Think-tanks,
the African Development Bank and the African Export-ImportBank?

In all of these, ATPS, a globally recognized think-tank must be
supported and encouraged to intensify its authentic knowledge and brokerage roles, acting as a catalyst for bringing
knowledge generators and knowledge users together. It
should use its national chapters to coordinate and disseminate innovation activities within nations and among Africancountries, serving as a platform for bridging public andregional initiatives that support innovation and the entrepreneurial class that use knowledge capital in the private sector
in a manner that creates shared prosperity.

7

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Best Think Tank

ATPS RANKED BEST THINK TANK FOR THE THIRDYEAR IN A ROW ACCORDING TO A GLOBAL REPORTA

By Sharon Anyango
TPS emerged tops again for three consecutive
years as the best Think Tank in Africa and 14th
globally according to the 2016 Global To Go Index
report released by the University of Pennyslvania
under the Think Tank and Civil Societies Program in 2017.
ATPS was ranked as the Best Transdiscplinery Research Think
Tanks, Best Advocacy Program, and Think Tank with the BestUse of Internet in Africa.
Globally, ATPS ranked 6th as the top Think Tank with an annual operating budget of less than $5 million USD and secondin Africa; this category was created in 2010 to help recognize
the work of small Think Tanks that produce great researchwhich may go unnoticed because of financial capacity andadequate manpower in big Think Tanks. In addition, ATPS

emerged second as the Best Managed Think Tank, Best Institutional Collaboration involving two or more Think Tanks, Top
Science and Technology Think Tank, and Top Global Health
Policy in Africa.

ATPS ranking at a glance
2016 Ranking
Relevant Criteria

ATPS Ranking
Worldwide

ATPS Ranking in
Africa1

Best Think Tank Network

14

1

2

Best Use of Internet

22

1

3

Best Advocacy Campaign

19

1

4

Best Transdisciplenary Research Think Tanks

11

1

5

Best Managed Think Tank

22

2

6

Best Institutional Collaboration involving two or more
Think Tanks

22

2

7

Top Science and Technology Think Tank

13

2

8

Top Global Health Policy Think Tank

26

2

9

Think Tank with the most Significant Impact on Public
Policy30

2

10

Top Think Tank with Annual Operating Budget of lessthan $5 million USD

6

2

11

Best Regional Studies Centre

14

2

12

Best Independent Think Tanks

80

3

13

Think Tank with the most Innovative Policy Ideas/
Proposals

30

3

14

Top Domestic Health Policy Think Tank

32

3

15

Top International Development Think Tank

45

4

16

Top Domestic Economic Policy Think Tank

81

4

17

Top Think Tank (US and non-US)

103

6

18

Top Think Tank in Sub-Saharan Africa

N/A

31

Number of Think Tanks ranked in the World 2016

6,846

Number of Think Tanks in Sub-Saharan Africa

615

Number of Think Tanks ranked in Kenya

53

8

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Best Think Tank

Overally, ATPS ranked 103 amongst top Think Tanks worldwide (US and Non-US) and 6th in Africa. The total number ofThink Tanks worldwide who presented their work were 6,846
and 615 from Sub-Saharan Africa. South Africa has 86 Think
Tanks which is the largest number in Africa. Kenya, Nigeria,
Ghana and Uganda have 53,48,37,28 Think Tanks respectively.
Guinea Bissau and Sierra Leon have only one Think Tank intheir countries which is the lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa.

to highlight the crucial roles Think Tanks play to governments, civil societies and the public in an effort to improvetheir capacity and performance around the world.
The ATPS Board extends its gratitude to the entire 1500 network members and stakeholders’ spread across 51 countries
in 5 continents for their great support and strategic guidance
received in 2016 notably, during the Stakeholders’ Forum. We
look forward to your continued cooperation in 2017 as we
continue to champion for STI for Africa’s sustainable development.

The report marked the 10th anniversary since the inceptionof Global To Go rankings by the University of Pennyslavania

ATPS PARTICIPATES IN AGRIFOSE WORKSHOPBy Hillary Ragen

T

technology and innovation.

he African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)
participated in the Agriculture for Food Security– AgriFose 2030 workshop which was held from27th-28th January at Westwood Hotel, Nairobi. The
conference was organized by Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) and drew participants from various sector actors inscience, policy and practice in the Continent.

Dr. Nicholas Ozor, ATPS Executive Director made a presentation on strengthening linkages amongst research, policy
and practice in sub-Saharan Africa for sustainable development. He shared lessons from ATPS’s past experiences andits significant contributions to STI policy sphere in Africa. The
presentation enlightened participants and enriched discussion on policy and policy research nexus.

The theme of the workshop was translating science into
policy and practice. It is against this backdrop that the workshop aimed at bridging policy and science through fosteringstakeholder dialogue between science, practice and policy.

The workshop included notable presentations by experienced researchers from university and research institutions
in various fields of research, policy actors, practitioners, andother experts.

The theme is aligned to ATPS strategic priority area of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition which aims to enhance Africa’s
capacity for Agricultural sustainability through science,9www.atpsnet.org

Medical Tourism

HOW INDIA TRANSFORMED ITS ECONOMY THROUGHSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: A LESSON FOR AFRICA

A doctor explaining X-Ray results to the relative of a patient who is admitted at the hospital.
Photo: BBC

By Yusuff Utieyineshola,
Senior Research Officer,
NACETEM, Abuja, Nigeria

Africa Region

Foreign Tourist
Arrivals(Numbers)

Medical Treatment (per cent)edical tourism to India has witnessed a massive
boost in recent times due to high level of patronage from Africa. Why are Africans seeking
medical tourism in India? India is known tocater for the average African “customer” who cannot afford topurchase high-end products/services from developed countries like Germany, United States and United Kingdom.

Nigeria

34522

42.4

Tanzania

23345

18.5

Kenya

40484

9.2

Sudan

8778

9.1

Mauritius

27418

5.1

Egypt

15062

1.1

South Africa

58023

0.9

In a report titled, “India-Africa partnership in healthcare:
Accomplishments and prospects.” Nigeria tops the chart ofAfrican countries who seek medical care in the fast developing South Eastern nation. The report also indicates that there
was a significant growth on India’s pharmaceutical exports inform of bulk drugs and formulation from USD 247.64 million
in 2000 to USD 3.5 billion between 2000- 2014. India’s exportof formulation to Africa is almost five times higher than thatof the bulk drugs.

Others

67639

13.9

Total

275271

14.2

M

Source: RIS Report (2015)
India’s Government Support Towards
Science and Technology
Dr. Manmohan Singh, India’s Prime Minister pledged substantial support for Africa, including the pronouncement ofAfrica-India Science & Technology Initiative during the 2008
India-Africa Forum Summit in New Delhi.

African Tourist Arrival in India for Medical
Treatment in the year 2013

The Department of Science & Technology in partnership with
the Ministry of External Affairs and the Federation of Indian10

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Medical Tourism

Doctors at Narayana Hospital, India attend to a patient.

Photo: KUOW

Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) have broadly
outlined the contours of their collaborative engagements in
consultation with the African Union. These include organising
India-Africa Ministerial S&T Conference, strengthening of the
S&T institutions in Africa, technology transfer of appropriatetechnologies, training and provision of CV Raman Fellowships
to promote human capacity building through scientific andtechnological cooperation between Africa and India.
India initiated various signature program within the S&T
enclave in Africa; the Pan Africa e-network Project (PAENP)
which was launched in 26 February 2009 aims to connect
India’s institutions with 53 countries in Africa through satellite and fibre optics links and provides tele-education andtelemedicine services to them. India will be responsible formaintaining facilities created in each country for a periodof 5 years after commissioning 48 African countries which
signed the agreement with Telecommunication Consultants
India Limited (TCIL). Why is healthcare in Africa still underdeveloped?

System (NIS) and good coordination of its S&T institutions,policies and organisations. The link between industrial policy and, science and technology policies resulted into threestrategic phases namely; the Initial Growth Phase (1947-68),
the Restrictive Phase (1969-1980) and the Liberalized Phase(1980-1990 and 1991 to date).

Lessons for Africa
Africa leaders must realize that if the intentions of AU Agenda
2063 which seek to make Africa a knowledge-based economy; and the determination of the Science Technology andInnovation Strategy for Africa (STISA 2024) aimed at driving
Africa’s development using Science Technology and Innovation as a weapon are to be achieved, adequate measures
as adopted by the Indian government should be taken into
consideration. Adopting the Indian approach will entail redefining and localising it to suit the peculiarity of our system
in Africa. Furthermore, African leaders must show genuine
determination and commitment to S&T development andinvolvement in realising its socio-economic objectives for thepeople.

India’s Health Sector Competitiveness
The Indian Government under Jawaharlal Nehru after independence in August 1947 set up the task of transforming thecountry through a process of central planning. Science wasgiven considerable importance in the development “plans”,
as its significance in national development was recognized.
India is leveraged on a well-positioned National Innovation11

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ATPS RENEWS COOPERATION WITH IDRC, RECEIVESA GRANT

IDRC

Photo: NRF
Dr. Julia kemp (DFID), Dr. Lisa Phillips (DFID), Dr. Stephen McGurk (IDRC), Dr. Beverley Damonse (NRF), Dr. Simon Carter (IDRC),
Dr. Ann Weston (IDRC), and Dr. Aldo Stroebel (NRF) during the first forum of SGCI in Sub-Saharan Africa which was held in 2015
Nairobi, Kenya.

By Dr. Nicholas Ozor

T

he African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)
has renewed its cooperation and working relationship with the International Development ResearchCentre (IDRC). This falls in line with the ATPS new
Management’s two-pronged agenda aimed at rebuilding andstrengthening relationships between ATPS and its stakeholders including the National Chapters, Donors, partners, staff
and ex-staff, and the entire members of the ATPS networkand the general public that ATPS is meant to serve on thecontinent and beyond; and raising funds to implement ATPS
activities. The implementation of these activities is designed
to be all inclusive, participatory, goal oriented, and buildingon the achievements of the previous administrations.
The renewed cooperation between ATPS and IDRC wasachieved through series of dialogues between the Executive
Director of ATPS and Senior Personnel of IDRC at the Regional
Office in Africa and from the IDRC Headquarters in Ottawa,
Canada. It is important to recall that in 1994, the ATPS wasestablished as a Secretariat within the East and Southern
Africa Regional Office of the IDRC and became an autonomous international organization in 2001 as a premier institution working on transdisciplinary science, technology andinnovation (STI) for sustainable development in Africa. On
this occasion, the ATPS and its partner, The Scinnovent Centre
has received a grant from the IDRC totaling CAD 928,800.00
under the Science Granting Council Initiative (SGCI). The
project aims to build partnerships and networks among
Science Granting Councils (SGCs) and other science system
actors in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in order to achieve increasingly coordinated and networked Councils.

The specific objectives of the project are to:i) Support and consolidate the voices and views of Councils
to effectively contribute to key STI policy debates at theregional and continental levels;ii)Provide an intra and inter regional platforms for interation,
information sharing, experiential learning, and collaboration among Councils and other science system actors tocontribute to the implementation of the African Union
Commision’s (AUC’s) Science, Technology and Innovation
Strategy for Africa (STISA) 2024;
iii)Commission state-of-the-art and publication quality research papers/ reviews on key STI themes in order to shareinnovative lessons and good practices , and disseminate
knowledge as a global public good; andiv)Promote and disseminate the scientific work, innovations
and technologies produced by Councils to key stakehold
ers such as policymakers, private sector actors, academia,
practitioners, and other key stakeholders during Annual
Regional Meetings (ARMs) and Annual Forums (AFs).
In order to achieve the above objectives, the following activities have been planned:i)Organize in consultations with the Councils, SGCI, regional
economic communities, AUC/ New Partnership for Africa’s
Development (NEPAD) Annual Forums and Annual Regional
Meetings for the Councils and other science system actors;ii)Commission state-of-the-art and publication quality papers
and reviews on selected STI themes in consultation with the
SGCI to be shared and discussed at each AF;

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IDRC

ATPS’s Senior Researcher, Dr. Ernest Acheampong (fifth from right) participates as a resource person during the Regional Science
Granting Councils meeting held from 1-4 November 2016 in Zimbabwe.
iii)Organize results, reviews and reflection (R3) workshops aspart of each ARM and AF in consultation with a Monitoring,
Evaluation and Learning (MEL) Expert; andiv)Organize results, reviews and reflection (R3) workshops aspart of each ARM and AF in consultation with a Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (MEL) Expert; andv) Liaise with the host country Councils to effectively engage
government, academia, private sector and other key stakeholders during the ARMs and AFs.
Expectations from the project are that through the ARM and
AF platforms there will be increased interchange of knowledge and ideas between and amongst the Councils, as wellas other key STI stakeholders. The project will create opportunities for on-site peer learning and subsequently lead tothe establishment of Community of Practice (CoP), which canfurther strengthen the Councils’ partners-hips and collaborations beyond the project’s lifetime. Again, the ATPS’s institutional structure, with its national chapters embedded within
the STI community in all the 15 SGCI participating countries(See box 1), provides a unique opportunity to sustain the
project outcomes beyond the life of the project. Other significant outputs from the project include: three commissioned
state-of-the-art papers on relevant STI themes, three journal
publications in internationally peer-reviewed journals, andthree policy briefs among others.

Box 1: SGCI Member Countries
Botswana, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda,
Tanzania, Ethiopia, Cote d’ Ivoire,
Burkina Faso, Senegal, Ghana, Zambia,
Mozambique, Malawi, Namibia,
Zimbabwe.

Besides, thematic discussions during the annual meetings
will lead to common positions, priorities and approaches on
STI issues in the region/continent, leading to enhanced crosscountry collaboration among Councils and other sciencesystem actors. The project will lead to enhanced profiles of
the Councils within the political system and a better understanding of their roles in policymaking and science systemstrenghening. The project will also support the goals of
the African Union’s STI Strategy for Africa (STISA-2024) andcontribute to shaping regional STI plans as well as national
development goals.
Networking Africa’s Science Granting Councils is one of thefour thematic objectives of the SGCI. The SGCI is a 5-year
Initiative which aims to strengthen the capacities of Science
Granting Councils (SGCs) in sub-Saharan Africa to support
research and evidence-based policies that will contributeto economic and social development. The thematic objectives of this Initiative are to strengthen the ability of Councils to (i) manage research; (ii) design and monitor research
programmes based on the use of robust STI indicators; (iii)
support knowledge exchange with the private sector; and (iv)establish partnerships between Councils and other sciencesystem actors. The Initiative is jointly funded by the United
Kingdom’s Department for International Development(DFID), Canada’s International Development Research Centre(IDRC), and South Africa’s National Research Foundation(NRF). The SGCI theme on Networking Africa’s SGCs is being
implemented by the African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) in partnership with The Scinnovent Centre. We
request all ATPS network members and stakeholders in theparticipating countries to support and participate actively in
the implementation of this project to ensure that the desired
objectives are realized.

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Agripreneurship

REVOLUTIONIZING AFRICA’S ECONOMY THROUGHAGRIPRENEURSHIP

Cote d’Ivoire is the highest producer of cocoa in the world
yet they have no local chocolate company that can compete
globally and capitalize on the availability of raw materials;
Ethiopia which is the major producer of oilseeds, grains andspices, now accounts for nearly $750 – $800 million in export
revenue. Lack of local processing and packaging ensurethat food products exit the country as cheap raw products
and enter local western markets as more valuable processed
goods after being processed in a local environment or inanother western country.

Photo: vc4a.com
By Chibuzo Okpokiri,
Lecturer, Agribusiness and Management - Michael
Okpara University, NigeriaM

any African countries have been hit hard by thepresent economic lacuna. Economic recession is the headlines in Nigeria, Zimbabwe
is plunged in debt exacerbated by lack of adiversified export base and declining terms of trade thatmake it difficult for the country to adjust to changing world
demand for tradable goods. In a bid to match its present economic and financial situation, Egypt devalued her currency.
In 2015, Ethiopia faced one of the worst droughts in 30 years
caused by El Niño which led to poor harvests and shortage of
livestock forage. The fall of oil price has left Angola struggling
with the reins of its economy. This begs the question which
way Africa?
Agripreneurship is the solution. Agripreneurship is a union
between agriculture and entrepreneurship; an agripreneur is
a risk-taker, opportunist, initiator who deals with uncertainty
in the agricultural business environment. The managerial,
technical and innovative skills of entrepreneurship appliedin the field of agriculture may yield positive results and welltrained agripreneurs may become role models to all disheartened farmers. Upcoming agricultural entrepreneurs aim to reduce agricultural burden, generate employment opportunities for rural youth, control rural to urban migration, increase
national income, support industrial development in rural
areas and reduce pressure in urban cities. Most African countries have comparative advantages of producing agricultural
produce more than other countries yet they have nothing toshow for it. Nigeria is the highest producer of cassava in theworld but exports little to nothing.

There is a need for African countries to step up to their fullpotential which is a carved out niche in the global market forthemselves. Agribusiness report 2013 opined that Africancountries have big opportunities to export into international
markets. Almost all successful cases of African agricultural
exports involve commodities like; cocoa, coﬀee, cotton, tobacco, tea, groundnuts, cashews, rubber, and more recently
horticultural crops that tend to be grown in restricted areas
with specialized agro-climatic characteristics which limits
global supplies. Many of these commodities also requirelarge amounts of labor/land for production or processing,which gives a clear advantage to African producers withplentiful low-cost labor and/or land. In the long run, given
the more favorable outlook for world markets, African countries with relatively good land and water resources and low
population density should be able to tap booming markets
in rice, maize, soybeans, sugar, palm oil, biofuel, and feedstocks and emerge as major exporters of these commodities on world markets, following recent successes in Latin
America and Southeast Asia.
The time for Africa is now as Asian countries are crowded,
their is high competition and it is very expensive for mostagribusiness firms to thrive; Agripreneurship is the catalyst
that will help Africa achieve this great fete. African governments should encourage and create an enabling environment for Agripreneurship to foster by encouraging financial
institutions and banks which provide finances to agripreneurs to create special cells for providing easy finance toagripreneurs at concessional rates of interest and on easy
repayment basis. Rural entrepreneurs should be ensured ofproper supply of scarce raw materials on priority basis. Subsidy may also be offered to make the products manufactured
by agripreneurs cost competitive and reasonable; training
which is essential for the development of entrepreneurial
skills. This enables the rural agripreneurs to undertake theventure successfully as it imparts required skills to run theenterprise.

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CensusIS POPULATION CENSUS LOSING RELEVANCE IN THE
21ST CENTURY?

Photo: Pinterest

By Sharon AnyangoP

ns have not been updated. Many African countries too aregrappling with the same situation.

opulation census is really critical especially when it
comes to making and implementing policies that
affect the society. Census is the process by which
the government(s) acquire and record information
about members of a given population. Information is usually
collected from people about their date of birth, geographicalposition, family composition, living standards amongst others. Most African countries conduct their census after every
ten years.

There has also been doubts raised about data collected during census. In 2006, census results conducted by National
Population Commission in Nigeria indicated that Kano is themost populous state with 9.4 million residents, followed by
Lagos with 9.0 million. Overally, Nigeria’s total population atthat time was 140 million. The pan-Igbo sociocultural organization Ohanaeze Ndigbo argued that the census artificiallyreduced Ndigbo to a minority while Mr. Bola Tinubu, former
governor of Lagos State called for a recount on account offalse figures. Nigeria has previously had such incidencesin 1962, where results of the first post-independence werewithdrawn. In 1963 there were allegations about the credibility of the process and in 1973 the results were refuted andwere not even published.

The history of census in Africa dates back to the pre-colonialism era. Africans conducted their own census mainly throughhead counts and different items like colours were used to
distinguish variables. Counts were mainly for military andtaxation purposes and also when chiefs deemed it necessary.
Modern census gained momentum in the 21st century. Data
collected during census is essential as it helps government(s)improve services to its people in terms of healthcare, education, standards of living, agricultural production amongst
other roles. Researchers can use the data in their researchstudies while private and public companies can use the datacollected for audience segmentation so that they can know
the correct strategy to reach their current and target clients.

In Africa, data is usually collected through the manualsystem by census workers however, not all information theyreceive is usually true as some households give false information hence inaccuracies may result.
In Kenya, National Bureau of Statistics does the compilationof data collected in the field and releases its finding to the
public. A big challenge that needs to be addressed is updating real time information on the population database. A lotof changes are usually witnessed during the ten year window
period hence the need for regular updates.

Census provides information about a country and its people
however, data storage and updating real time information
has been an issue. If today, one wants the accurate population of Kenyans in real time, he/she may not get the correct
number of figures but an estimation because the last census
was conducted in 2010 and since then changes in populatio-

Mr. Patrick Muraya, has developed the Birth, Marriage and15

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Census
BMD system will ensure human information regarding theirdate of birth, marriage and death is stored electronically.
“BMD System is the solution to poor planning by African governments. The system can be replicated and be used by any
country to collect information required by any state government thus making it universal and very promising,” says Mr.
Muraya.

Death Integration Management System (BMD), which aims toaddress problems of data collection and storage. According
to him, Africa’s population is changing daily in terms of thenumber of births, marriages and deaths. It is difficult to update census information in the National Bureau of Statistics
main database because information is kept separately; most
government administrative bodies store information manually separate from other different government offices in chargeof registration of BMD.
BMD system strives to ensure that all human information is
kept electronically for governments to be able to plan well for
their countries in terms of food, education and shelter.

Mr. Muraya is optimistic that if the BMD system is adopted by
African governments, it will help reduce costs and time spent
during census. The system will create job opportunities thus
meeting the global goal of job creation.

BMD (Birth, Marriage and Death Management System
Mr. Patrick Muraya is the innovator of the Birth, Marriage and Death Management System (BMD), an electronic system
which can capture essential human information such as births, marriages and deaths so as to assist government(s) interms of planning and implementing good policies which will be beneficial to its citizens. The BMD System was selectedby the Hill Justice Accelerator for the justice innovation which aims to find and support innovations that help to improve
efficiency and transparency in the existing legal system. Mr. Muraya is currently an IT Consultant.

Birth, Marriage and Death Management System (BMD).

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Interview
officers who issue out death certificates. The System works
through algorithms and match technique through the
database so as to avoid any double entries of the same unique
Birth ID given. The government also does not need to give
national identity cards as the unique number will be given
during birth.
5. How does the BMD system bring harmonization of datafrom different organs of government which are related?
The presence of a unique ID prevents double entry thus
making it is secure and when the data is being tallied to one
central database it causes the information to be added up on
real time basis and incase of death, the subtraction arithmetic
takes place in the system.

Interview with Mr. Patrick Muraya
1. What is BMD Integration Management System?
BMD is an electronic system which is able to store data on
birth, marriage and death statistics of a given population withan aim to help governments have real time information about
its population and plan effectively for its people.
2. What is the niche behind the BMD System?
African countries take approximately ten years before they
conduct another census. The BMD System is able to provide
real time information about the total number births, deaths
and marriages within the shortest time possible. The humanrace is increasing daily and the vicious circle continues tomake the BMD system to be in a position to provide real time
data for government(s).
3. What inspired you to come up with the BMD system?
There is poor planning by government(s) for its people due
to inaccurate statistical data available. This inspired me tocome up with a system that will help analysts think and plan
far beyond. BMD System will help government(s) know what
they require to prioritize in as much as public resources areconcerned. Corruption scandals have been reported in most
government(s) because of failure to prioritize citizens’ needs
in retrospect to the taxes they pay.
4. How does the BMD works?
BMD System simply collects data of people electronically after
birth. Maternal health services will be given a gadget that iscustomized to key in the data as per the normal manual way
as done before. Each child will be given a unique code that he/
she will use throughout their life. After data is put in the system
for instance birth of a child, the system will automaticallysynchronize the information into one central database. The
same applies to the marriage through the Attorney General’s
office who issues out certificates and as well as to the morgue

6. Is there a backup system in case there is failure from one
organ of the government and does it affect other organs?
Yes, there are back up systems set in place which are very
secure and operate 24/7, in case of system failure the backup
picks up and restores in seconds
7. If a country implements the BMD system, is there areason for conducting census since with the use of BMD
system data is fed in real time continually? Please explain
further
The country will no longer need to do census again with thiskind of system put in place because the same goal objectiveis already achieved on a continuous basis of providing thegovernment with information in an advanced way.
8. What aspects about population does the BMD collect?
The BMD system has several data fields namely, gender, age,tribe, religion, education level, basic income estimates andrange, home owner or rental and other fields that can be
modified depending on the needs of the government.
9. What are the uses of data collected by the BMD system?
The data is mainly used to improve services to the people,
one is able to know the pressing issues affecting citizens likeeducation, healthcare hence the government may consider it
as a priority and start planning for its people, this will be easier
as they know the exact number of people whom they are
budgeting for.
10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the
BMD?
The process for conducting census is very expensive, theBMD System will help reduce cost. The disadvantage is that
it is electronic and it may not be 100% sure but atleast it will
be 80% due to the emergence of new fields of data that areadded up daily and yearly.

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Interview

11. What is the benefit of the BMD to the government,
citizens, researchers, students and policy makers?
The system will easen up their work since the information they
are getting from the BMD System is in real time hence easy toplan for the population. Researchers in the agricultural field
whose focus is on production can get to know what to do so as
to feed the whole population the country, in case of shortage
the government is able to device a way to supplement what isunavailable to the remaining population.
12. Last year, you were shortlisted for the Innovative
Justice Award which aims to promote the rule of law andto find the best innovations across the world. How was thejourney and what are the major lessons learnt?
The journey and experience was good and challenging, I havelearnt a lot and I am improving day by day.

14. Have you patented your innovation?
Yes, I have done it both locally and internationally.
15. What are some of the challenges you faced while
coming up with the BMD System?
Resources is a big challenge, as one has to buy expensive
softwares and computers for the System.
16. What are you currently working on?
My focus right now is to improve the BMD System and see
how the implementation stage will work. I am also seeking forpartnerships from various organisations to help me achieve
this dream.
17. Your advice to upcoming innovators?
Never give up do it again and again with focus till you achieve.

13. How far have you gone with your innovation?
I am currently in the implementation stages, next will be thepilot project to test out the system.

POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT-PATHWAYS TO IMPACT

A cross-section of some ATPS Board members and National Chapter Coordinators.
By Chuma Ikenze,
Financial Management & Business Intelligence
Solutions Expert and ATPS Board Member

credence to the conclusions in the World Bank report titled,“2015 Africa Country Policy and Institution Assessment (CPIA)
Factsheet,” published in June 2016.

efore I started writing this article, I did a quick
google search on “African Government Development Policies.” To my surprise, all information thatpopped out on the first two pages of the search
result concerned South Africa. Of course this google search
result cannot be used as a basis for declaring that developmental policies are not formulated by governments in theother other African countries. It does however, gives some

The CPIA is an objective attempt to quantify the progress
Sub-Saharan African countries are making in strengthening
the quality of their policies and institutions. The CPIA evaluates countries on a scale of 1–6 (with 6 as the highest and 1
as the lowest) using 16 indicators in four areas to determine acountry’s final score. These areas include economic management, structural policies, policies for social inclusion andB18

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Policy & Development

equity, and public sector management and institutions. The
World Bank uses the CPIA scores to measure the institutional
context in which development programs are implemented aswell as to determine the allocation of zero-interest financing
for countries eligible for support from the International Development Association (IDA), the World Bank Group’s concessional fund for the world’s poorest countries. Amongst otherfindings, the World Bank study reported that:
An analysis of development policies and institutions in 38 SubSaharan African countries shows that while some countries haveincreased support for growth and poverty reduction, most saw
no change or a decline in their Country Policy and Institutional
Assessment (CPIA) scores. The average 2015 CPIA score for SubSaharan Africa was 3.2 out of 6, which is the same as 2014.
Classical development theorists recognized that long-run
economic growth is a non-linear process that covers many
stages, one of which is a low income level trap. Countries
caught in the low income level trap show low levels ofphysical capital, productivity, infrastructural development
and explosive population growth. Theorists also argue that
centralized, rapid industrialization programs as practiced bymany countries in Africa often results in technological andfinancial failures, soon after their immediate launch with highexpectations. Closer studies of these failures show a highdegree of policy coordination failures that manifest in investments based on individual goals, rather than coordinated,
simultaneous investment programs. For instance, investingin rice milling plants, without a simultaneous, or preceding
investment in increasing domestic paddy rice production,and storage systems.
There is no gain saying that the nature and direction of government’s investment in the economy and society depends
on whose interests the government represents, even in thedeveloped economies of Europe, it was only when control
over economic policies by the landed feudal elites was
weakened that land institutions were changed to provide
adequate incentives for small farmers, and that the government’s actions led to a wider diffusion of the benefits fromgrowth. History thus shows that governments controlled
by an oligarchic few can only achieve narrow-based growth
without development.
Another report published by the OECD titled “Better Policies
for Development 2014” stresses on how policy coherence
for development provides a tool to better understand thechallenges involved, their inter-linkages, and how it can help
steer a transformational shift towards inclusive and sustainable development.

Studies have also shown that institutional and policy flexibility are key to sustained economic development in the longrun. Institutions and policies that were good for initiating
economic growth are generally not appropriate for its continuation. In pre-independence African countries, foreign
dominated political institutions were a powerful force formarket-oriented institutional change that initiated strong
primary export expansion but the institutions
that were good for export-growth brought about neither
systematic agricultural improvements norconsistently rising standards of living. For ultimate success, the domestic
economic institutions have to be transformed so that widely
shared growth could ensue and a domestic market for manufactured good could emerge. Unless political institutions
and polices are adapted to provide support for the economic
needs of a rising domestic commercial and industrial class,
the translation of the initial impetus from exports into longterm economic development will remain stymied in mostpost-independence African countries.
Government policy and policy goals are important to economic development. Most African countries have adopted
a self-serving, or simply misconceived economic policies
and/or institutions which can generate economic disaster.
Non-activist government would be preferred to a strong
government promoting bad policies. Without belaboring thepoint, the foregoing has perhaps made a case for the needfor cultivating and strengthening effective and coordinatedpolicy formulation skills in all African countries. This is theprimary mission of ATPS.

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AGOA

THE FATE OF AFRICAN GROWTH AND OPPORTUNITY
ACT (AGOA)

Members of AGOA during a past event.

By Deborah Carey,
International Relations- American University

O

n May 18th, the US and 39 Sub-Saharan Africancountries will celebrate the 17th anniversary of
the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA),
the “cornerstone of the trade and investment
relationship between the United States and Sub-SaharanAfrica”. This act has been subject to debate over the years.
Is it effective? Should the requirements for African nations
be more stringent? Does it invite too much investment inoil exports? This year, a new question has surfaced: Will it befavorable to the Trump administration? President Trump’s
recent rejection of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) andbroader platform favoring bilateral agreements have createduncertainty for existing partnerships, including AGOA.

Overview of AGOAAGOA was signed by President Clinton in 2000, with the objective of bolstering trade between the U.S. and Sub-SaharanAfrica. Since then it has been considered the “cornerstone oftrade policy” between the U.S. and Africa. There are currently
38 beneficiaries of AGOA, which are able to import 6,500 different products into the U.S. duty-free. Each country benefits
differently. Nigeria alone accounted for 32% of AGOA tradein 2013, but other smaller nations and industries are scaling
up to tap into U.S. markets. Throughout its implementation,
there have been multiple reviews of the program. A performance overview was completed by the US Trade Representative in 2014, before President Obama led the U.S.-Africa
Business Summit. Overall, they report that both the U.S. andAfrica (as an aggregation of all beneficiaries

Photo: Umaizi
have benefitted from the partnership. The highest years
for trade were 2008 and 2009, before the global slowdown
resulting from the 2008 recession. Over time, a trade deficit(for the U.S.) has resulted, as more African industries tap into
the benefits of duty-free exports. This report, and subsequent
statements by African leaders, also highlight the existing
challenges in the agreement. Most prominent among these
are the rules of origin and product list.

Existing Challenges of AGOA
The existing Rules of Origin for AGOA state that a country
must add 35 percent value to a good in the benefitting
country for that good to enter U.S markets tariff-free. This is avery high standard for smaller countries that may be producing one item in a large, global supply chain. As a result,one of the major criticisms of AGOA is the indirect mannerthat it incentivizes petroleum exports. Petroleum products,
unlike manufactures, easily qualify under the Rules of Origin.
Policymakers in the U.S. and Africa have been developing
methods to mitigate this issue. The African Union’s “AGOA Forum” began in 2002 for nations to share ideas and strategies
to bolster their industries and benefit from more duty-free
products. Some countries have developed individual-country
strategies, and favor industries like textiles that could qualify
for AGOA with the construction of factories. The U.S. has been
partnering on diversification projects to diminish the rulesof origin barrier. USAID’s “Trade and Investment Hubs” werecreated to assist countries in Africa to organize themselves
around AGOA. In certain countries, such as Kenya, AGOA has
inspired the development of “Export Processing Zones” (EPZ)
that build-up infant industries. Richard Kamajugo of Trade20

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AGOA
istration. However The New York Times recently obtained alist of “Africa-related questions” that were sent to experts at
the State Department. One of the many inquiries included
AGOA. The Administration asked: “Most of AGOA imports
are petroleum products, with the benefits going to nationaloil companies, why do we support that massive benefit tocorrupt regimes?” Analysts, such as Witney Schneidman of
Brookings Institute, are now apprehensive about AGOA’s
future. Schneidman contends “AGOA could easily be the first[trade] casualty under Trump.” Analysts, investors, policy-makers, and trade ministers alike are conspiring—what would the
U.S.-Africa trade partnership look like without AGOA?

Workers at EPZ Kenya.

Photo: Business Daily

Impact if AGOA is EndedMark East Africa underlines the importance of these endeavors: “Repealing the Act would wipe out the EPZ sub-sector
that employs about 40,000 Kenyans, and greatly reduce tradeas textile and apparel products account for about 80 per centof Kenya’s total exports to the US.” When renewal was being
discussed, scholars suggested the rules of origin be adapted
to encourage regional integration. For example, by statingthat products could benefit from duty-free entry if a region,
East Africa contributed 35 percent value to a good collectively, private companies and governments in the region would
direct supply chains to include regional counterparts. Thissuggestion was never operationalized, but remains a leadingidea for the 2025 renewal.

The impact of AGOA has exceeded the statistics of tradebalances. Many government programs, private initiatives,and factories have been constructed around AGOA’s existence, since it creates demand for African imports in the U.S.
One of the largest socio-economic contributions has been
the inclusion of women. Women have been employed inregions where they had minimal involvement in the formalized economy. The existence of AGOA also increased investor
confidence in Africa, which has led to both public-private
partnerships with government enterprises and greater
amounts of foreign-direct investment (FDI).
If tariffs toward AGOA-qualifying products are re-instated,these smaller-scale industries like clothing factories will not
be able to compete with large corporations. Some analysts
believe that investors, who have observed the market potential in Africa through AGOA programming, will fill in the gap.
Others contend that China or the European Union will offer
trade promotion programs in the absence of AGOA. Regardless of this speculation, the objective evaluations of AGOA
have demonstrated the positive effects of its implementation.
Economies in Africa would survive in the absence of AGOA
but trust between the benefitting nations and the U.S. would
undoubtedly deteriorate.

The product list has also been a point of contention, andalternative strategies are not as flexible. While AGOA offers
6,500 products, many agricultural products that are essential to countries such as Tanzania whose agricultural sector
accounts for 80 percent of GDP do not qualify. Sugar andgroundnuts are at the top of this list, and remained excluded
even after the renewal of the act. U.S. agricultural subsidies
are rumored to be the underlying cause for exclusion of“import sensitive products,” defined as U.S. products that are“susceptible to competition.

Politics of AGOA
U.S.-African economic policy has been uncharacteristicallybipartisan. President Bush quadrupled aid to Africa during his
administration, and Obama has introduced specific initiatives
such as PEPFAR, Power Africa, and Trade Africa throughout his
two terms. When the AGOA renewal act passed Congress, it
was attached to a larger act– the Trade Preferences Extension
Act of 2015–which included Trade Adjustment Assistance(TAA) to mitigate the costs to workers affected by trade policies. Democrats had initially disputed the TAA on a standalone act, but with AGOA included, the Trade Preferences
Extension Act of 2015 passed in the House of Representatives, 387-32 and Senate, 97-1.
With its highly bipartisan nature and remaining 8-year
lifespan before renewal, policy analysts had minimal apprehension that AGOA would be questioned by the new Admin-

Policy-makers and representatives on both sides of the political aisle should vocalize their support for AGOA preemptively, before the fears of AGOA revocation materialize. Those
benefiting from AGOA in Africa and supporting its implementation in the US should specify the unique qualities of thisU.S-African partnership, so it will be evaluated alone. Lumping AGOA together with other seemingly ineffective trade
policies would be a mistake. While AGOA may not be thelong-term policy prescription that underlines all U.S.-African
trade policy, its benefits have incited the creation of manyindustries across the continent. The U.S. has undoubtedly
benefitted from this multilateral partnership, especially interms of economic growth and strengthened relationships
with African governments. As we look forward to a more fairer, growing global economy, Africa must be included; AGOA
has facilitated the beginning of what could be a mutuallyprosperous future for the U.S. and Sub-Saharan Africa alike.

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Fellowship

ATPS STAFF PARTICIPATES AT THE WILSON CENTREFELLOWSHIP PROGRAM

ATPS Communications and Outreach Officer Ms. Sharon Anyango (right), Mr. John Tomaszewski (IRI), Ms. Alison DeSchryver (NDI)
and Ms. Elizabeth Ramey (Wilson Center) engage with the audience on the Role of Media in Promoting Peace during Elections:Lessons from Kenya.

By Sharon AnyangoA

TPS Communications and Outreach Officer Ms.
Sharon Anyango has been undertaking her Southern Voices Network for Peace Building (SVNP) fellowship program at the Woodrow Wilson Centre in
Washington DC. The award is for three months (February to
April). Ms. Anyango’s research topic is on the Role of Media in
Promoting Peace during Elections: Lessons from Kenya.
Election related violence is a common phenomenon. Coted’Ivoire, DRC, Zimbabwe, Cameroon, Gambia, Guinea and Sierra Leon are some of the countries which have had electionrelated violence. In all these instances despite being in different countries the media has its own of share of blame. The
media was largely blamed for the 1994 Rwandan genocide
and Kenya’s 2007 post-election violence in which 1,113 people were killed, 2500 people sexual assaulted and 300,000
people displaced from their homes. Kenya’s economy also
dropped from 7.1% in 2007 to 2.5% in 2008.
Kenya has previously had post-election violence in 1992
and 1997, the Kiliku Parliamentary Committee and Akiwimu
Commission were formed respectively to investigate theroot cause of violence inorder to avoid future incidences. The
Kiliku report was rejected by Parliament due to insufficientevidence while Akiwimu report was released in 2002 after acourt battle. Both recommendations were neither adopted
nor implemented. In 2008, after the end of post-election
violence, the government formed the Krieglar and Waki Commission to find out what went wrong in 2007; it is from theimplementation of the Commission’s findings and recommendations that led to Kenya’s peaceful elections in 2013.

Ms. Anyango’s research paper aims to look at the strides Kenya has made and what led to its peaceful elections in 2013
and the challenges various stakeholders’ are facing as Kenya
prepares for its general election in August. The findings will
be useful to other countries as they can borrow a leaf on efforts by the Kenyan government and various stakeholders toensure there is a peaceful election.
A current upcoming trend that is still debatable is the closureof internet during elections. Uganda, Ghana, Ethiopia, Congoand Chad are some of the countries who have taken thismove. The reason is majorly fear by governments that citizens
can easily organize protests to remove the government of
the day in power moreso, after the rise of Arab Spring when
Egyptians ousted out their former President Hosni Mubarak.
However, On July 1, 2016, the United Nations passed a resolution by consensus that condemned intentional internet shutdown as a violation of Article 19 of the Universal Declarationof Human Rights, arguing that freedom of expression offline
should also be applicable online.
The Southern Voices Network for Peacebuilding Programis a consortium of research and policy organizations across
Africa. It’s focus is on inclusive governance and leadership,
conflict prevention, peace building and security, trade investment and sustainable development and Africa’s evolving rolein the global arena. Since 2011 SVNP has sought to address
deficit areas in the US policy formation towards Africa. ATPS is
one of the institutions which is affiliated to the SVNP Program. Other scholars who have benefited from the program
include, ATPS research officers Dr. Ernest Acheampong and
Dr. Ayodutum Oluwafemi Bobadoye.

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ATPS MOURNS THE DEATH OF DLAMINI

TributeIn 2011, Mr. Dlamini attended ATPS meeting which was heldin Mombasa where he made remarks based on his political experience regarding the state of science and researchin Africa. He raised key pertinent questions; How can Africa
harness science, technology and innovations in order to add
value to products, process and services? How much money isallocated to research in order to attract scientists to conduct
responsive research? Who really sets the agenda for researchers, academic institutions or industry? In his concluding
remarks, he noted that scientists are likely to conduct
research that does not respond to the current needs of thepeople.

ATPS is saddened by the loss of Mr. Obed Mfayana Dlamini,
Swaziland’s fifth Prime Minister. Mr. Dlamini passed away on
18th January 2017 while undergoing treatment at Milpark
Hospital in South Africa. He served as Prime Minister in 19891993 and at the time of his death he was a Swazi National
Council (SNC) member now Liqoqo which is the King’s Advisory Council.

Mr. Dlamini was an active member of the ATPS Swaziland
Chapter. He attended Chapter meetings despite his busy
schedule and often challenged scientists especially those in
the agricultural sector. He did so out of his heart as a farmer.
Dlamini was viewed as a great preson who could help harness science, technology and innovation.
May his soul rest in peace.

MRS. KONAN ADJOUA THERESA PASSES ON

ATPS is saddened by the loss of Mrs. Konan Adjoua Theresa,
wife to Prof. Arsene Kouadio who is the ATPS National Chapter Coordinator, Cote d’Ivoire. Mrs. Theresa passed on 11th
March 2017 in Paris.
May her soul rest in peace.

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GrantsGRANTS RECEIVED BY THE ATPS DURING THE QUARTER
S/N

Title of the Project

Donor

Project Description

Grant Amount
Received

1

Networking Africa’s
Science Granting
Councils

International
Development ResearchCentre (IDRC),
National Research
Foundation, &Department For
International
Development (DFDI)

To strenghen the capacities of Science
Granting Councils (SGCs) in Sub-SaharanAfrica in order to support researchand evidence-based policies that willcontribute to economic and social
development by building partnerships
and networks among SGCs and otherscience system actors in Sub-SaharanAfrica.

US $ 696,180.00

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Appointments

NEW APPOINTMENTS
Rachel Maluki Joined ATPS as a Finance and Administration Assistant on
1st February 2017. She holds a Bachelor of Commerce Degree (Financeoption) from the Catholic University of Eastern Africa (CUEA) and CPA K. She
is responsible for entering financial information and maintaining all financial
records for projects and for the Organisation, timely preparation of budgets
and budgetary controls, ensuring that all financial reporting is completed
on time and submitted to the donors. She also provides financial inputs for
proposal development, project management, human resource management
policies, logistics, travel and other areas of administration. She brings a wealthof experience from Export Promotion Council (EPC) and National Bank of Kenya,
where she served as a Finance and Admin Intern.

25www.atpsnet.org

Scholarships

SCHOLARSHIPS
Sussex SPRU 50th Anniversary Scholarship
The University of Sussex, United Kingdom is currently receiving scholarship applications, as it prepares to celebrate its fifty
years of shaping science, technology and innovation research, teaching and policy.
ELIGIBILITY
In order to be considered for the SPRU 50th Anniversary Scholarship you must meet all of the following criteria:• Achieved or expect to achieve a 1st class honours degree (or equivalent if from an overseas institution).
However 2:1s or equivalent international classification with excellent supporting statements are also
eligible.
• Have applied for and been offered a place to study full time on one of SPRU’s five MSc programmes:
Energy Policy Msc, Project Management Msc, Science and Technology Policy Msc, Strategic Innovation
Management Msc, Sustainable Development Msc.
• You must apply for an eligible Masters course and receive and accept an offer• You must meet all the University’s general entrance requirements• Scholarship value is £10k which is used to offset the cost of fees or to support maintenance. Anyremaining funds after the offset of fees are paid as a stipend to support maintenance.
DEADLINE: 1st July 2017
For more information please visit: http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/about/50years/scholarships/asapply

Pan African (African Union) University 2017/2018 Scholarships
The Pan African University is looking for young, talented and enterprising applicants to enroll for masters or PhD programs
at its four institutes namely:- Jomo Kenyatta University-Kenya, University of Ibadan-Nigeria, University of BUEA-Cameroon,and University of Tlemcen, Algeria. Candidates with the desire to play transformative leadership roles such as academics,
professionals, industrialists, innovators and entrepreneurs are encouraged to apply. The maximum age for male applicantsis 35 years while for female applicants is 40 years.
DEADLINE: 31st May 2017
For more information about the scholarship please visit: http://www.opportunitiesforafricans.com/call-for-applicationspan-african-african-union-university-20172018-masters-phd-scholarships-for-africans/26

www.atpsnet.org

Opportunities

OPPORTUNITIESInnovation Africa 2017
The 7th Innovation Africa Ministerial Summit will take place from 23rd-25th 2017 in Maputo, Mozambique under the official
patronage of the Ministry of Science & Technology, Higher & Technical Education and the Ministry of Education & Human
Development.
Innovation Africa is a high level forum which hosts Africa’s top leading decision makers, audience and industry partners who
enjoy pre-scheduled meetings and committed engagement with ministers, and senior government officials from African
Countries. Companies are able to participate in exhibitions and present their innovative work so as raise their company
profile and target potential partners from over 40 African countries.
For more information about the event please visit: innovation-africa.com/2017

Ghana to Host Africa Innovation Prize
The 6th Africa Innovation Prize will be held at Ghana in July (date to be confirmed). The theme for this year is, “African
Innovation: Investing in Prosperity”, the aim is to provide a good platform for African innovators and innovation enablers to
network, share knowledge, explore business opportunities and boost collaboration. Applications for the call were received
from 27th September 2016 - 3rd January 2017 in the following categories: Agriculture and Agribusiness, Environment,
Energy and Water; Health and well-being, ICTs; and Manufacturing and Service Industries.
For more information please visit: http://innovationprizeforafrica.org/

Science Forum South Africa
The Science Forum 2017 will be held from 7 – 8 December at the CSIR International Convention Centre in Pretoria, South
Africa. The objectives of the Forum are to create a platform for a vibrant debate on the role of science, technology andinnovation in the society; to promote international science, technology and innovation partnerships; and to create aplatform for key science, technology and innovation actors, including senior government leaders, academics, scientists,industry, civil society, and for students to interact amongst each other.
For more information please visit: http://www.sfsa.co.za/

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ATPS National Chapter Coordinators

ATPS NATIONAL CHAPTER COORDINATORS

Australia
Mr. David Doepel
Chair, Africa Research Group, Murdoch
University
90 South Street
MurdochWestern Australia 6150
Tel: +61418912287
Email: d.doepel@murdoch.edu.au
Benin
Dr. Roch L. Mongbo
Senior Lecturer & Researcher
Director of LADyD (Lab for Social
Dynamics and Development Studies)
Universite’ d’Abomey-Calavi,Benin
02 BP 778 Gbe’gamey
Cotonou, Benin
Tel: +229-21360126
Cell : +229-95966446 / 97374797
Email: rmongbo@intnet.bj or
Rochl_mongbo@yahoo.com
Botswana
Dr. John Mothibi
Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering &Technology
University of Botswana
P/Bag 0061
Gaborone, Botswana
Tel: +267 3554348
Fax: +267 3952309
E-mail: mothibij@mopipi.ub.bw
Burkina Faso
Dr. Benoit Kabore
Université de Ouagadougou
01 BP 4487
Ouagadougou 01
Burkina Faso
Tel: 226 812008/380715
Email: benkabor2003@yahoo.fr

Cameroon
Prof. Sylvester Ndeso Atanga
Senior Visiting Lecturer, Epidemology &Public HealthFaculty of Health Sciences
University of Buea
P.O. Box 63
South West Province
Republic of Cameroon
Tel: + 237-653774599/ 243094176
Cell: +237-99841433
Email: silawrence2011@gmail.com
or ndesoatpscamnet@
rocketmail.com

Cote d’Ivore
Prof. Arsène Kouadio,
Associate Professor, University of
Abidjan-Cocody ; Researcher, CIRES
Director, Laboratoire de croissance
Economique
Executive Director, Institut pour leDéveloppement (IPD),
Coordinator, ATPS Côe d’Ivoire,
Coordinator, RIA Côte d’Ivoire,
Fellow Researcher, AERC, Poverty
Economic Policy (PEP),
Cocody, Boulelevard Latrille
08 B.P. 1295 Abidjan 08, Côte d’Ivoire
Tel : +225 22 44 60 99
Fax: +225 22 48 82 84
Mobile : +225 07 98 46 80 /05 95 97 91
E-mail: arsene.k@ipd-ci.org
arsenekk@yahoo.fr
arsenekouadio@hotmail.com
Egypt
Ms. Manal Moustafa Samra
Focal Point Coordinator
45 Noubar Street, Bab El-Louk
8th Floor, Apt 29,Cairo
Egypt
Tel: +20105005284
Email: mmsamra@gmail.com

Ethiopia
Mr. Wondwossen Belete,
Ag. National Coordinator
Director of Intellectual Property
Protection and Technology Transfer,
Ethiopian Industrial Property
Organization (EIPO)
Email: wondwossenbel@yahoo.com
GambiaVacantGhana
Dr. Fred Amu-Mensah
Senior Research Scientist
CSIR Water Research Institute
P.O. Box M.32
Accra, Ghana
Tel: +233-24-4748197
Fax: +233 21 77 7170
Email: assabil@aim.com orobeyie@gmail.com

28

Kenya
Mr. Kenneth Williams Aduda
Senior Research Fellow
Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University
P.O. Box 201 - 40601
Bondo, Kenya
Tel: +254 057 - 2501804
Fax: +254 057 - 2523851
Email: adudakenwo@gmail.com
Lesotho
Mr. Denis Sekoja Phakisi
Acting National Coordinator
Manufacturing Manager
Loti Brick
P.O. Box 8008, Maseru 100, Lesotho
Tel: +266 5885 3389
Fax: +266 22310071
Email: ds.phakisi@lycos.com
Liberia
Dr. Wollor Emmanuel Topor
National Coordinator
Acting Dean
College of Science and Technology
University of Liberia
Tel: + 231-6875802
Email: wollortopor@yahoo.com
Malawi
Kingdom M. Kwapata
Bunda College, P.O. Box 219,
Lilongwe, Malawi
Tel: +265 999195477
E-mail: kwapata@yahoo.com
Mali
Dr. Sidiki Gabriel Dembele
Agrochimie/Agroforesterie et Fertilitédes sols
Bureau Ouest-Africain d’Appui
Organisational et de Technologies
Appropiées
B.P. E 3730, Bamako, Mali
Tél. : (223) 226 2012
Fax : (223) 226 2504
Cell : (223) 71 3806
Email: sidikigabriel@hotmail.com orousmanenia2000@yahoo.fr

www.atpsnet.org

ATPS National Chapter Coordinators

ATPS NATIONAL CHAPTER COORDINATORS

MoroccoProf. Saïd Boujraf
National Coordinator
Director of the Clinical Neuroscience
Laboratory
Department of Biophysics and Clinical
MRI Methods
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
University of Fez
BP. 1893; Km 2.200, Sidi Hrazem Road,Fez 30000, MoroccoTel: +212 667 780 442
Fax: +212 535 619 321
E-mail: sboujraf@gmail.com
MozambiqueEng. Lourino Alberto Chemane
ICT and Planning Advisor
Executive Secretariat, ICT Policy
Commission
Bairro da Coop
Rua Particular Dr. Antonio de Almeida
61 R/C Direito, Maputo
MozambiqueTel: +258 21 309398
Fax: +258 21 302289
Cell : +258 82 3110700
Email: chemane@infopol.gov.mz
NigeriaProf. Michael C. Madukwe
Professor, Department of Agricultural
Extension
University of Nigeria
Nsukka, Enugu State
Nigeria
Tel: +234 42 771019
Fax: +234 42 771500
Cell: +234 803 700 6968
Email: madukwe@hotmail.com or
madukwemichael@yahoo.com
Prof. Femi Olokesusi
Nigerian Institute for Social andEconomic Research (NISER)
P.M.B 5 UI Post Office
Oyo Road, Ojoo, Ibadan, Nigeria
Tel: 234-8023322052/ 8073132917
Fax: +234 2 2413121
Email: femioloke@yahoo.com

RwandaDr. Marie-Christine Gasingirwa,
Director General, Science, Technology
and Research,
Ministry of Education, Rwanda.
Email: cgasingirwa@mineduc.gov.rw

Sierra Leone
Mr. Chris Squire
Head, Dept of Mechanical Engineering
Fourah Bay College
University of Sierra Leone
Mount Auroel
PMB Freetown Sierra Leone
Tel: +232 22 227831
Fax: +232 22 227453
Cell: +232 76 610600
Email: squirechris15@yahoo.com

SenegalDr. Papa Alioune Sarr Ndiaye
ESP BP 15475 DAKAR Fann
SénégalTél : Bureau (221) 864 54 18
Fax : (221) 864 21 43
Domicile (221) 820 23 88
Cellulaire (221) 634 58 88
Email : papaas.ndiaye@ucad.edu.sn or
papealiounen@yahoo.fr
South Africa
Professor Mark Swilling
Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1,
Matieland, 7602, South Africa
Cell: +27(0)83-459 7417
Tel: +27(0)21-881 3196
Fax: +27(0)21 - 881 3294
Email: swilling@sun.ac.za
Sudan
Mrs. Nadia Hassan Sidahmed
Economic Studies Department
Industrial Research & Consultancy
Centre (IRCC) Sudan
Tel: +249 911449106
Email: nadiahsh@yahoo.co.uk
SwazilandProf. Musa Dube
Senior Lecturer
Faculty of Agriculture
University of Swaziland
Luyengo Campus
P. O. Luyengo, Swaziland
Email: madube@uniswa.sz
Tanzania
Dr. Hassan Mshinda
Director General
Tanzania Commission for Scienceand Technology
P.O. Box 4302,
Dar-es-Salaam Tanzania.
Email: hmshinda@costech.or.tz

29

United Kingdom
Mrs. Martha Ada Ugwu
National Coordinator
59 Highgrove Road
Walderslade, Chatham
Kent, ME5 7SF, UK
Tel: +4401634310389/07985476289
Email: Martha.ugwu@yahoo.co.uk
or Martha@ugwu.fsworld.co.uk
UgandaMr. John Okuonzi
National Coordinator
Kyambogo University
Faculty of Engineering, Department ofElectrical and Electronic Engineering,
P.O. Box 1, Kyambogo, kampala, uganda
Tel: +256 782 353034
Email: jokuonzi@kyu.ac.ug or
okuonzijohnie@yahoo.com
United States of America.
Dr. Anthony C Ikeme
National Coordinator
President & CEO
Clintriad Pharma Services
102 Pickering Way, Suite 200
Exton, PA 19341
Tel: 484.753.3405
Cell: 215.380.9920
Fax: 610.384.5455
Email: aikeme@clintriad.com
ZambiaMs Lilian ZULU
Coordinator, Centre for Energy
Environment and Engineering Zambia(CEEEZ) Ltd, 176 Parirenyatwa Road
Suite B. Fairview, P/B E721
Lusaka, Zambia
Tel/Fax: +260 211 223118
Email: ceeez@zamnet.zm or
lmunyeka@yahoo.com
Zimbabwe
Mr. Benson Zwizwai
Economics Department, Universityof Zimbabwe
P. O. Box 880
Harare, Zimbabwe
Tel: +263 772494902
Fax: +263 4 333345
Cell: +263 912245614
Email: bmutzwizwai@yahoo.com

African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)
8th Floor, Chancery Building, Valley Road
P.O. Box 10081-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20271 4092; Fax: +254 20 2714028
Email: info@atpsnet.org
Url: http://www.atpsnet.org
Skype: ATPS Network

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