III．プロジェクトの個別課題における成果

1

骨格筋への血流分配と筋からの血液還流
加賀谷淳子 1）

Distribution of blood flow to and outflow from skeletal muscles
Atsuko Kagaya■本課題の共同研究者
大森芙美子 1, 5），奥山（清水）静代 2），村岡 慈歩 3），吉澤 睦子 4），熊谷 真奈 4），森
鈴木早紀子 6），水村真由美 7），佐藤 耕平 2），浜岡 隆文 8），小田 俊明 9）

曜生 6），

日本女子体育大学基礎体力研究所，2）慶應義塾大学体育研究所，3）明星大学人文学部，4）日本女子体育大学大学
院スポーツ科学研究科，5）鹿屋体育大学大学院体育学研究科，6）お茶の水女子大学大学院人間文化研究科，7）お茶の水女子大学文教育学部，8）鹿屋体育大学体育学部，9）理化学研究所
1）

1.1

研究の背景と目的

1.2

Venous and arterial blood flow velocity during static handgrip exercise at varying intensities
with the forearm below heart level.
Atsuko Kagaya, Shizuyo Okuyama, Fumiko Ohmori, Yoshiho Muraoka, and Mutsuko Yoshizawa

1.3

前腕の律動的運動中の動静脈血流バランス
加賀谷淳子，清水 靜代，大森芙美子，熊谷 真奈，吉澤 睦子

1.4

受動的ストレッチングが循環・筋酸素動態に与える影響
1.4.1 受動的ストレッチングによる末梢動脈と静脈の血流変化
加賀谷淳子，奥山（清水）靜代，大森芙美子，村岡慈歩，水村真由美，森曜生，鈴木早紀子

1.4.2 受動的下腿ストレッチングによる膝窩動脈血流速度の変化−血流の順行成分と逆行成分からの検討−
大森芙美子，村岡慈歩，奥山（清水）靜代，森曜生，鈴木早紀子，水村真由美，加賀谷淳子

1.4.3 受動的ストレッチング中の拮抗筋および協働筋における筋血液量と筋形状の関係
村岡 慈歩，鈴木早紀子，森曜生，大森芙美子，奥山（清水）靜代，水村真由美，加賀谷淳子

1.4.4 受動的ストレッチング時における下腿協働筋間への血流分配の相違
森

曜生，村岡

慈歩，奥山（清水）靜代，大森芙美子，鈴木早紀子，水村真由美，加賀谷淳子

1.4.5 最大位までの多段階ストレッチングが筋の循環に与える影響
大森芙美子，奥山（清水）靜代，村岡慈歩，森曜生，鈴木早紀子，水村真由美，加賀谷淳子

1.4.6 ストレッチングが筋血管容量に及ぼす影響（preliminary report）
小田 俊明，大森芙美子，森曜生，村岡 慈歩，奥山（清水）靜代，水村真由美，加賀谷淳子

1.5． Transient increase in femoral arterial blood flow to the contralateral non-exercising limb during one-legged exercise
Mutsuko Yoshizawa, Shizuyo Shimizu-Okuyama and Atsuko Kagaya
1.6． Influence of combination of contraction intensity and frequency on attaining peak blood flow
during exhaustive dynamic plantar flexion
Fumiko Ohmori, Takafumi Hamaoka, Shizuyo Okuyama, and Atsuko Kagaya
1.7． 静的掌握運動時の主観的筋疲労感覚と血圧急上昇負荷との関係
大森芙美子，清水 靜代，村岡 慈歩，佐藤 耕平，加賀谷淳子
1.8． Blood flow and arterial vessel diameter change during graded handgrip exercise in dominant
and non-dominant forearms of tennis players
Atsuko Kagaya, Fumiko Ohmori, Shizuyo Okuyama, Yoshiho Muraoka, and Kohei Sato
1.9． 運動時の末梢循環に対する重力の影響
加賀谷淳子，奥山 靜代，大森芙美子，佐藤 耕平，村岡 慈歩，森曜生

1.9.1 上肢垂下状態における掌握運動時の動静脈血流変化と酸素動態
1.9.2 足底屈運動時の血液供給と酸素動態に対する血液プーリングの影響
1.10 まとめ
1.10.1 時間経過に伴う骨格筋への血流調節
1.10.2 運動強度と血流再分配
1.10.3 活動筋血流量に効果的なトレーニング条件

1.1 研究の背景と目的

筋活動による静脈内の血液減少が，運動時の血流

during one-legged exercise

量増加に関与する要因となるとの報告はいくつかな

5． Influence of combination of contraction inten-

されている．Magder（1995）は動物で，また，

sity and frequency on attaining peak blood

Leyk et al.（1994）や Tschakovsky et al.（1995），

flow during exhaustive dynamic plantar flexion

Tschakovsky and Hughson（2000）は，ヒトにおい6． 静的掌握運動時の主観的筋疲労感覚と血圧急上昇て活動筋の位置変化や静脈閉塞等を行って静脈側に血負荷との関係液が貯留する時には動脈側からの血液の流入は制限さ

7． Blood flow and arterial vessel diameter change

れるとし，血液循環の促進に対して，静脈内血液を空during graded handgrip exercise in dominantにして動静脈の圧勾配を高くすることの重要性を指摘

and non-dominant forearms of tennis players

した．そして，Shiotani et al.（2002）は，筋活動に

8． 運動時の末梢循環に対する重力の影響

伴う静脈圧の低下は座位での下肢血流量を少なくとも8.1 上肢垂下状態における掌握運動時の動静脈血3 倍に増加させるとしている．しかし，筋ポンプ作用

流変化と酸素動態は動脈側の血管拡張作用には貢献しないとする報告も

8.2 足底屈運動時の血液供給と酸素動態に対する見られる（Hamann et al. 2003; Valic et al. 2005）．

血液プーリングの影響

Hamann et al.（2003）は，アデノシン注入により最● 文

大血管拡張を生じさせて筋活動を行っても血流はさら献Hamann JJ, Valic J, Buckwalter JB : Muscle pumpdoes not enhance blood flow in exercising skeletal. muscle. J Appl Physiol, 94: 6-10, 2003.
Kagaya A, Shimizu S, Ohmori F, Kumagai M, Muraoka
Y, Yoshizawa M : Blood flow balance between
arterial inflow to and venous outflow from theexercising muscles. The 55th Annual Meeting ofJapan Society of Physical Education, Health andSports Sciences. Nagano, 2004 (in Japanese).
Leyk D, EBfeld D, Hoffmann U, Wunderlich HG,
Baum K, Stegemann J : Postural effect on cardiac
output, oxygen uptake and lactate during cycle
exercise of varying intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol,
68: 30-35, 1994.
Magder S : Venous mechanics of contracting gastrocnemius muscle and the muscle pump theory. J
Appl Physiol, 79: 1930-1935, 1995.
Shiotani I, Sato H, Sato H, Yokoyama H, Ohnishi Y,
Hishida E, Kinjo K, Nakatani D, Kuzuya T, Hori M: Muscle pump-dependent self-perfusion mechanism in legs in normal subjects and patients withheart failure. J Appl Physiol, 92: 1647-1654,
2002.
Tschakovsky ME, Shoemaker JK, Hughson RL : Beatby-beat forearm blood flow with Doppler ultrasound and strain-gauge plethysmography. J Appl
Physiol, 79: 713-719, 1995.
Tschakovsky ME, Hughson RL : Venous emptying
mediates a transient vasodilation in the humanforearm. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 279:
H1007-H1014, 2000.

に増加しなかったことを根拠にあげている．しかし，ヒトを対象としたこれまでの研究では，静脈血流量を直接測定して検討しておらず，動脈血流量や筋内の血液量の変化（Kagaya et al. 1999; 市之瀬ら 1999）から推定されていることが多かった．
本研究では，筋が張力を発揮する筋活動や筋が主として形状を変える運動を取り上げて，運動時の動静脈
血流バランスを中心に，骨格筋血流調節を運動特性との関係で明らかにすることを目的としている．そして，動静脈血流バランス，活動筋への最高血流量や骨格筋血流に対するトレーニング効果を運動条件と関連させて明らかにしようとした．
本課題に関連して行った研究は以下の通りである．
1． Venous and arterial blood flow velocity during
static handgrip exercise at varying intensities
with the forearm below heart level.
2． 前腕の律動的運動中の動静脈血流バランス
3． 受動的ストレッチングが循環・筋酸素動態に与える影響
4． Transient increase in femoral arterial bloodflow to the contralateral non-exercising limb
23

1.2 Venous and arterial blood flow velocity during static
handgrip exercise at varying intensities with the forearm below heart level
Atsuko Kagaya, Shizuyo Shimizu-Okuyama, Fumiko Ohmori,
Yoshiho Muraoka, and Mutsuko Yoshizawa

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of contraction intensity on venous blood flow during short-term static muscle contraction and to test the hypothesis that the increase in venous flow
accelerates arterial inflow in human subjects. Eight females performed 5-s handgrip contraction at
10%, 30%, 50% and 70% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), with the forearm below heart level.
Brachial venous blood flow velocity (Doppler ultrasound method) was accelerated at the onset of
handgrip, and thereafter decreased to baseline during static phase of exercise. Further decrease invenous flow velocity was observed after cessation of handgrip contraction. The initial acceleration ofvenous flow was intensity-dependent (P<0.01). In contrast, the brachial arterial blood flow velocity wassignificantly reduced during exercise compared to baseline values, followed by intensity-dependentenhancement of post-exercise blood flow. Oxy-Hb concentration in forearm flexor muscles (NIR) was
greatly decreased at higher intensities of 50% and 70% MVC. A significant relationship (P<0.01) was
obtained between brachial venous velocity at the onset of exercise and post-exercise arterial velocity.
In conclusion, muscle pump is effective at the onset of muscle contraction to induce intensity-dependent acceleration of venous outflow in humans and contributes to increase in arterial blood flow immediately after contraction of short duration intensity, whereas other circulatory parameters increased
linearly.

tary contraction (MVC). Five trials were per-● Purpose

The purpose of this study was to clarify theformed for identical intensity, with the order ofeffect of contraction intensity on venous bloodthe intensity at random. All the experiments were

flow during short term static muscle contraction

conducted in a room where the temperature andwith the forearm below heart level and to test therelative humidity were regulated at 26 ℃ andhypothesis that an increase in venous flow accel-

60%, respectively.
Blood flow velocity was measured using

erates arterial inflow in human subjects.

Doppler ultrasound method (HP 8500, USA) in
brachial artery and brachial vein at approximately● Methods

Eight females participated in this study as sub-

3 cm proximal from the level of elbow joint, andjects (25.5 ± 2.2 years old), after providing theirat a place where the clear vessel image waswritten informed consents. Five-second static

obtained. The pulsed wave transducer with anhandgrip exercise was performed by dominantoperating frequency of 7.5 MHz and sound beamhands in upright sitting position with the forearm

angle relative to the flow direction was 60 °.

below heart level. Four exercise intensities were

Blood pressure was measured (Finapres, Ohmeda,

used; 10%, 30%, 50% and 70% of maximal volun-USA), muscle oxygenation was measured using24

near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) (Niro 300,
Hamamatsu Photo, Japan) on the flexor andextensor muscles of the right forearm. The distance between two optodes was 3cm.
Two-way ANOVA (intensity × phase) was usedfollowed by Turkey’s post hoc comparison whensignificant difference was obtained. A p value ofless than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

● Results and Discussion

During baseline, venous blood flow velocity wasFig. III.1.2-1 Comparison of venous flow velocity
among exercise phases and exercise intensities. **; P <significantly (P < 0.01) slower below heart level
than that at heart level, whereas arterial blood flow

0.01 among exercise phases, $$; P< 0.01 among exercise intensities at the onset, #: P < 0.05 vs 10% MVC.

velocity tended to be higher but not significant.
During handgrip contraction, the arterial flow
velocity was significantly lower (P < 0.01) com-

became significantly lower with exercise intensity.

pared to baseline value. However, no significant

The results obtained in this study suggested thatdifference was obtained among blood flow veloci-the blood was expelled when the muscle tension

ties of 4 different intensities. In contrast, post-

was developing, concomitant with the deforma-

exercise arterial blood flow increased significantly

tion of muscle fibers (shortening) and showed that

(P < 0.01) with increasing exercise intensities. It

the increasing contraction force made the outflow

increased from 37.7 (± 2.8) cm/s at 10%MVC tovelocity higher on venous side and impede the57.9 (± 2.9) cm/s at 50%MVC, and 59.5 (± 3.9)

blood flow inflow on arterial side. When muscle

cm/s at 70%MVC.

was relaxing, arterial blood flow velocity

Venous blood flow velocity increased markedly

increased dramatically provably due to increased

just before or upon initiation of tension develop-

arterial-venous pressure gradient (Shiotani et al.

ment. Durations of the venous acceleration did

1996) and metabolic vasodilation (Tschakovsky et

not differ among 4 intensities, which indicatedal. 1996). Thus muscle pump contributes to thethat venous blood flow was accelerated only dur-increase in venous outflow at the onset of muscle

ing concentric phase of the muscle action, despite

contraction to empty blood vessel within the mus-of contraction force. However, the magnitude ofcle and enhances arterial inflow during relxation

acceleration increased with increasing exercise

phase of the exercise．

intensity (Fig. III.1.2-1) and was negatively corre● References

lated with average arterial blood flow velocity

Shiotani I, Sato H, Sato H, Yokoyama H, Ohnishi Y,
Hishida E, Kinjo K, Nakatani D, Kuzuya T, Hori M: Muscle pump-dependent self-perfusion mechanism in legs in normal subjects and patients withheart failure. J Appl Physiol, 92: 1647-1654,
1996.
Tschakovsky ME, Shoemaker JK, Hughson RL :Vasodilation and muscle pump contribution to
immediate exercise hyperemia. Am J Physiol
Heart Circ Physiol, 271: H1697-H1701, 1996.

during handgrip exercise (r= − 0.478, P < 0.01),
whereas positively correlated with that immediately after exercise (r=0.589, P < 0.01).
Systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure(SBP, DBP, MBP) were significantly elevated at
the end of exercise at 50% and 70% MVC. The
oxy-Hb and total Hb at the end of handgrip

25

1.3

前腕の律動的運動中の動静脈血流バランス

加賀谷淳子，奥山（清水）靜代，大森芙美子，熊谷

真奈，吉澤

睦子

An increase in venous outflow from exercising limb enhances arterial
inflow during rhythmic exercise
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that an increase in venous outflow due to muscle
contraction enhances arterial inflow during exercise. Seven female subjects (aged 25.5 ± 2.4yrs) performed 60-s rhythmic handgrip in a sitting position with the forearm below heart level, following 2minute rest with the forearm at heart level and 2-minute below heart level. The exercise consisted of
2-second handgrip (C) at 50%MVC, performed at 2-second interval (R). Arterial and venous blood flow
velocities and minute flow volume were measured by Doppler and M-mode ultrasound method(HP8500). Muscle oxygenation was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy in radial and ulnar flexor muscles. Blood pressure was recorded on a finger by Finapres. Upon initiation of handgrip, thevenous blood velocity was immediately and significantly accelerated from 6.48 ± 0.71 at baseline to
18.98 ± 3.21 cm・sec-1, with no further increase through the entire period of exercise. Blood volume,
during the first 16-20 seconds, decreased significantly in radial muscles. Thereafter, it gradually
increased analogous to vascular conductance. When exercise was continued further, arterial inflow,
venous outflow, and blood volume during C- and R-phases significantly increased. Significant relationships were observed between venous outflow during C- or R-phases and arterial inflow during successive R- and C-phases during the later period of exercise but not at the beginning of exercise. In conclusion, the augmented venous outflow due to muscle pump will increase arterial inflow when exerciseinduced vasodilatation increases muscle blood volume. Key words: muscle pump, muscle blood volume, exercise duration● 目と筋酸素動態（近赤外線分光法； NIRO300）の測定的を行った．筋酸素動態は，前腕屈筋群の撓側と尺側筋活動による静脈内の血液量減少が，運動時の動の 2 カ所とした．

脈血流量増加の要因となるか否かについて，いくつか報告がなされているが，結果は一貫していない．

● 結果および考察

本研究は，これまでヒトの運動時に実測されることの少なかった筋からの静脈血流量を実測し，静脈血

上腕動静脈血流速度は，筋活動期には静脈側が加流量の増加が，動脈血流増加を促進するか否かを明速し，活動休止期には動脈側が加速し，筋活動期とらかにすることを目的とした．

休止期の血流速度の間には，動静脈とも，また，活動回数にかかわらず，有意差がみられた．

● 方

運動の時間経過に伴う活動期の静脈血流速度（Fig.

法

成人女性 7 名を被験者として，律動的掌握運動（活III.1.3-1）には有意な変化が見られず，筋活動による動 2 秒，活動中止 2 秒）を 1 分間行わせた．姿勢は，血流は一定の高値を維持した．それに対して，筋活座位とし，活動体肢の前腕を心臓レベルより下位に

動間の静脈血流速度には，時間経過に伴う有意な変位置させた．実験中，上腕静脈と上腕動脈の血流速化（P ＜ 0.05）が見られた．最初の１回の筋活動に度を超音波 Doppler 法（HP8500）で，血流量を超音より静脈血流速度は安静時より有意に低下した後，

波 M モード法で測定した．さらに，血圧（Finapres）

徐々に増加し，24 秒で１回めより有意に高くなった．

26

Fig. III.1.3-1 Venous blood flow velocity changes during rhythmic hand grip.

上腕動脈と静脈の血流速度を比較すると，運動開るので，動脈側からの血流量が増えないと，筋ポン始と共に静脈血流速度は一気に加速され，中止期のプ作用は有効にならないために，この時期にはむし

動脈血流速度は徐々に加速されるが，活動中の動脈

ろ，動脈血の流入量が静脈血流量を規定すると考えと活動中止期の静脈血流速度は一旦低下した後，安られる．それに対して，筋活動の持続に伴って血管静時以上に増加するのに 12 〜 24 秒を要しているこ

拡張が起こり，筋血液量が増加するようになると筋とがわかった．また，時間経過に伴う血流速度の変ポンプ作用による静脈血流量の増加が動脈血流入を化は動静脈とも，活動期よりも，活動中止期に顕著促進すると考えられる．
これまで，筋ポンプ作用は動脈側の血管拡張作用であることが示された．
近赤外線分光法で得た筋血液量は開始初期に低下に貢献するか否かの観点で議論がすすめられてきたした後に増加した（掌握運動 2 回まで）．運動時全体

が（Hamann et al. 2003; Valic et al. 2005），本研究における動脈と静脈の血流量の間には有意な相関関の結果は，少なくとも血管拡張が起こって，筋血管係が得られたが，開始初期約 20 秒までと，それ以後床が拡大する時期には，筋からの静脈血流出増加が，では循環応答が異なるので両時期に分けて両者の関動脈血流入を促進することが明らかになった．

係を調べた．
● 文

その結果，運動開始時には運動中止期の動脈血流

献Hamann JJ, Valic J, Buckwalter JB : Muscle pumpdoes not enhance blood flow in exercising skeletal
muscle. J Appl Physiol, 94: 6-10, 2003.
Valic Z, Buckwalter JB, Clifford PS : Muscle bloodflow response to contraction: influence of venous
pressure. J Appl Physiol, 98: 72-76, 2005.

量と次の活動期の静脈血流量の間，運動後半には，筋活動による静脈血流量の増加とそれに続く筋活動
中止期の動脈血流量の間に有意な相関関係が得られた．したがって，運動開始による筋内血流の静脈への流出は，筋内血液量を減少させ（筋血液量の減少）

27

1.4

受動的ストレッチングが循環・筋酸素動態に与える影響

加賀谷淳子，村岡 慈歩，奥山（清水）靜代，大森芙美子，森鈴木早紀子，水村真由美，小田 俊明

曜生，

Effects of passive streching on circulation and muscle oxygenationの血流変化

筋が張力を発揮しないで，筋線維が伸長・短縮するというように筋の形状を変えた場合，それに付随

1.4.2 受動的下腿ストレッチングによる膝窩動脈血

して筋内血管床の位置変化や血管の伸長・短縮を起流速度の変化−血流の順行成分と逆行成分かこす．本プロジェクトでは，下腿筋のストレッチン

らの検討−
1.4.3 受動的ストレッチング中の拮抗筋および協働

グをモデルとして，以下の課題について知見を得た．

筋における筋血液量と筋形状の関係

ストレッチングを取り上げた理由は，1）筋循環に影

1.4.4 受動的ストレッチング時における下腿協働筋

響する因子の一つである筋の形状変化から循環変化

間への血流分配の相違を明らかにすることと，2）ストレッチングは運動現

1.4.5 最大位までの多段階ストレッチングが筋の循場で実際によく行われている運動であり，その循環環に与える影響

への影響を明らかにするためであった．

1.4.6 ストレッチングが筋血管容量に及ぼす影響
1.4.1 受動的ストレッチングによる末梢動脈と静脈

1.4.1

受動的ストレッチングによる末梢動脈と静脈の血流変化

加賀谷淳子，奥山（清水）靜代，大森芙美子，村岡
森曜生，鈴木早紀子

慈歩，水村真由美，Regional blood flow changes in artery and vein during passive streching
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that stretching stimulates muscle circulation andalso causes mechano-receptor mediated vasoconstriction. Blood flow in popliteal artery and vein were
measured (ultrasound method) during passive stretching of the calf muscles with the angle of ankle
joint kept at the maximally stretched position without pain. When calf muscle was stretched, bloodflow velocity in the popliteal artery tended to decrease, whereas it deceased in brachial artery. Whenstretched muscle was restored to baseline position, the popliteal arterial velocity significantly
increased, followed by an increase in venous blood velocity in 10-15 s. The results suggested that themuscle fiber stretching reduced blood flow to the muscles due to mechano-receptor mediated vasoconstriction and mechanically narrowing vessel diameter. However, immediately after stretching, theblood flow in the artery was accelerated and it pushed out blood in the venous side, resulting inincrease in venous blood flow velocity.
28

● 目

脈血流速度（超音波 Doppler 法，Vivid7pro,

的HP8500）であった．

ストレッチングによる筋線維の伸長（Kagaya andMuroka 2005; 横澤ら 2002）は，血管径の短縮や筋● 結果および考察

機械受容器反射を起こし，動静脈血流を修飾すると考えられる（Fisher et al. 2005; Poole et al. 1997;

ST 中の膝窩動脈血流速度は減少傾向を，静脈血流Supinski et al. 1986）．しかし，ストレッチングによ速度は開始初期に増加傾向を示したがいずれも統計る当該筋への動脈血流量や当該筋からの静脈血流量的に有意ではなかった（Fig. III.1.4.1-1）．ST 終了の変化は明らかにされていない．本研究は受動的下

10 秒から動脈血流速度は有意に増加し，それに遅れ腿ストレッチング（ST）によって，膝窩動脈血流速て回復 10 〜 15 秒で静脈血流速度の有意な増加がみ

度が減少し，膝窩静脈からの血液流出が促進されるられた．上腕動脈では，開始直後に有意な速度減少

か否か，ストレッチング中止後に血流加速が起こるが起こり，上腕静脈血流速度も低下傾向を示したか否かを明らかにすることを目的とした．さらに，（Fig. III.1.4.1-2)．しかし，ストレッチング中，血圧

筋機械受容器反射による血管収縮作用を上腕血管にには有意な変化は見られなかった．
ST 中，当該筋より近位で測定された動脈血流速度

おける動静脈血流速度変化から検討することとした．

は，ストレッチング中低下傾向を示し，ストレッチ● 方

ング終了により有意な増加を示した．静脈血流速度法

被験者は健康な成人女性 10 名（年齢 21.6 ± 0.8 歳）の変化が遅れて起こることは，動脈血依存の変化でとし，仰臥位で，膝関節角度を 180 °に伸展した状態あると考えられる．このような変化が見られた第 1 ので，痛みを伴わない最大角度まで足関節を背屈させ要因は，ストレッチングによる筋形状変化に伴う血てストレッチングを行わせた．実験では，4 分間の安管径の短縮と終了による拡大と考えられる．第２の静状態を保った後，15 秒で他動的に規定角度（痛み

要因は，上腕血管でストレッチング開始初期に血流を伴わない最大角度）まで背屈して，1 分間保持し，速度減少が観察されたことから，開始初期には機械

その後，15 秒間で安静角度に復帰させた．回復期の受容器反射も作用していたと考えられる（Welsh

測定は 2 分とした．循環系，特に静脈血流への呼吸運

and Segal 1996)．それにもかかわらず，ストレッチ

動の影響をコントロールするため，安静 2 分め経過後ング中の当該筋で，有意な血流速度低下が見られなから，回復期まで，吸息 1 秒・呼息 4 秒の呼吸を行わかったのは，ストレッチングに関与する下腿の各筋せた．測定項目は，膝窩動静脈血流速度と上腕動静群の循環応答が一様ではなかったことによると考え

Fig. III.1.4.1-1 Arterial and venous blood flow velocity in popleteal vessels. ○: artery, ■: vein.

29

Fig. III.1.4.1-2 Blood flow velocity in brachial artery (upper) and vein (lower). **;P<0.01 vs baseline

Health Sci, 3: 171-180, 2005.
Poole DC, Musch TI, Kindig, CA : In vivo microvascular structural and functional consequences ofmuscle length changes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ
Physiol, 272: H2107-H2114, 1997.
Supinski GS, Bark H, Guanciale A, Kelsen SG : Effectof alterarions in muscle fiber length on diaphram
blood flow. J Appl Physiol, 60: 1789-1796, 1986.
Welsh DG, Segal S : Muscle length directs sympathetic
nerve activity and vasomotor tone in resistancevessels of hamster rectactor. Circ Res, 79: 551559, 1996.
横澤仁美, 村岡慈歩, 清水靜代, 加賀谷淳子 : 静的ストレッチング中の筋束長の変化と筋酸素動態. 脈管学, 42
Suppl: 25-28, 2002.

られ，この点に関しては，血液量の変化から確認している．結論として，ストレッチングにより当該筋への血流，当該筋からの血流は動静脈とも修飾されるが，それは血管形状の物理的変化と筋機械受容器
反射によると考えられる．

● 文

献Fisher JP, Bell MPD, White MJ : Cardiovascularresponses to human calf muscle stretch during
varying levels of muscle metaboreflex activation.
Exp Physiol, 90: 773-7781, 2005.
Kagaya A, Muraoka Y : Muscle architecture and its
relationship to muscle circulation. Int J Sport30

1.4.2受動的下腿ストレッチングによる膝窩動脈血流速度の変化−血流の順行成分と逆行成分からの検討−

大森芙美子，村岡慈歩，奥山（清水）靜代，森
水村真由美，加賀谷淳子

曜生，鈴木早紀子，

Blood flow velocity changes in popliteal artery due to passive strechingof calf muscle
Abstract
The flow pattern of antegrade and retrograde (Doppler ultrasound method) was studied in popliteal
artery during calf muscle passive stretching in 10 female subjects. During stretching at anatomical
position of the ankle joint, no significant changes were observed in mean blood flow velocity, antegrade and retrograde velocity. At maximal confortably streched position (CP), the retrograde diastolic
flow was significantly accelerated, whereas the antegrade systolic flow and mean blood velocity did
not change. Vascular resistance index increased during diastole at CP position (P < 0.05). The results
suggest that the reduced diameter of the vessels in the stretched muscles increased vascular resistanceduring diastole and increased the retrograde diastolic flow.

● 目

的

● 方

法

動脈血流には中枢から末梢へ流れる順行（ante-

成人女性 10 名を被験者とし，仰臥位での受動的ス

grade）成分とその逆に末梢から中枢に戻る逆行

トレッチングを行わせた．ストレッチング角度には，（retrograde）成分がある（Green et al. 2005）．これ

足関節角度 120 °から解剖学的正位（AP）まで 30 °までの報告では，antegrade と retrograde 速度は，

背屈させる AP と足関節角度 120 °から快適最大角度

血管壁への刺激や血管拡張物質の放出などによって（痛みを感じる角度から 3 °減じた）まで背屈させる

影響を受けること，また retrograde 速度は，pulse-

CP の 2 種類を用いた．安静 4 分の後，15 秒で各角度

wave 反射または筋収縮における血管圧迫などの抵抗

まで背屈させ，1 分間角度保持し，その後，15 秒でのどちらかに起因し（Hoelting et al. 2001)，血管抵

底屈し，ベースラインに復帰させた．測定項目は，抗の増加に反して動脈流入が増加したときに加速す

膝窩動脈血流速度と血圧であった．膝窩動脈速度は，ることが報告されている．一方，筋線維の伸長は筋

平均血流速度，antegrade 速度および retrograde 速内血管の地理的位置を変化させ，筋のサルコメアの度を計測した．

伸長は血管径を縮小させる（Poole et al. 1997）こと● 結果および考察が知られている．したがって，ストレッチングのように筋線維長が伸長すると，当該筋内の血管が引き伸長度の異なる 2 種の角度のストレッチングにおけ伸ばされ，循環に影響を与えると考えられる．すなる動脈血流速度（Fig. III.1.4.2-1）の中で，平均血流

わち，血管径の短縮は血管抵抗を増加させ，当該筋速度は一定角度保持中，CP で低い値を示したが，有へ流入する血流の速度成分を変えると考えられる．

意な変化ではなかった．また，antegrade 速度も一定

そこで本研究は，ストレッチングを行わせて，筋束

角度保持中に有意な変化はみられなかった，しかし，長の伸長に伴い当該筋へ血液を供給している血管のretrograde 速度は，CP 角度において，安静時より有速度成分に retrograde 成分が増えるか否かを明らか

意に速くなった．また，平均血流速度と antegradeにすることを目的とした．

速度では，角度間の血流速度に差が見られないが，
31

Fig. III.1.4.2-1 Antegrade systolic (upper panel) and retrograde diastolic (lower panel) blood flow during passive
stretching. Passive stretching ｓ at two positions were performed.
○; anatomical position, ●; maximal comfortable position.

retrograde 速度では，AP 角度より，CP 角度で有意● 文献Green DJ, Bilsborough W, Naylor LH, Reed C, Wright
J, O’Driscoll G, Walsh JH : Comparison of forearm blood flow responses to incremental handgrip
and cycle ergometer exercise: relative contribution of nitric oxide. J Physiol, 562: 617-628, 2005.
Hoelting BD, Scheuermann BW, Barstow TJ : Effect ofcontraction frequency on leg blood flow during
knee extension exercise in humans. J Appl
Physiol, 91: 671-679, 2001.
Poole DC, Musch TI, Kindig CA : In vivo microvascular structural and functional consequences ofmuscle length changes. Am J Physiol, 272:
H2107-H2114, 1997.

に高かった（P ＜ 0.05）．一定角度保持中の血圧には有意な変化がなく，血管抵抗指数も心臓の収縮期には有意な変化が見られなかった。しかし，拡張期には増大し，それは CP 角度で有意に高かった（P ＜0.05）．したがって，筋束長の伸長度が高い CP 角度
では，ストレッチによって当該筋内の血管の伸長と血管径の短縮が顕著になり，血管抵抗が増加したことにより，血流の逆行成分が多くなったと考えられ
る．

32

1.4.3村岡

受動的ストレッチング中の拮抗筋および協働筋における筋血液量と筋形状の関係

慈歩，鈴木早紀子，森曜生，大森芙美子，奥山（清水）靜代，
水村真由美，加賀谷淳子

Relationship between blood volume and muscle structure in calf synergist and antagonist muscles during passive streching
Abstract
Changes in muscle structure in calf synergist and antagonist muscles were studied during passive
stretching in 10 female subjects. Fascicle lengths of gastrocnemius medialis (MG) and soleus (SOL)muscles were lengthened, whereas shortened in tibialis anterior (TA) muscles. Percent increase in fascicle length was greater in MG than in SOL. These changes in fascicle length were closely related tomuscle blood volume (total Hb) changes estimated by near-infrared spectroscopy, irrespective of synergist or antagonist muscles● 目

ST 中の筋血液量は，MG では減少し，SOL と TA では

的ストレッチング（ST）中には筋線維と筋内血管の位増加した．MG と TA において，筋束長の伸長に伴い筋置関係が変化し，それにより筋内循環の変化が生じる

血液量が減少する傾向が見られ，SOL においては，こことが報告されている．また，関節角度変化による筋れらと相反する傾向が見られた．

線維長変化は筋によって異なるため，ST による筋線維

足関節底屈筋群について，一定関節角度の ST を行っ

長変化がもたらす筋内循環への影響は，協働筋間におた結果，MG と SOL は協働筋であるにもかかわらず異いても異なると考えられる．また ST の当該筋に拮抗す

なる筋血液動態を示した．SOL の筋血液量が ST 中に減る筋は受動的に短縮されるが，それによる筋内循環へ少した理由については，MG と SOL の筋内血管の配置の影響については明らかにされていない．そこで本研に差異が見られる可能性が考えられる．また，膝関節

究は，受動的 ST 中の筋形状と筋血液量変化との関係を屈曲位で足関節背屈を行うとより SOL を ST すること

協働筋（腓腹筋内側頭： MG，ヒラメ筋： SOL）と拮抗ができるが，本プロトコルでは膝関節完全伸展位で行筋（前脛骨筋： TA）で明らかにすることを目的とした．

ったため，MG に比較して SOL の ST は十分ではなかった可能性もある．一方，拮抗筋である TA は，足背屈● 方方向の ST 中は MG と逆に筋束が短縮し，筋血液量が増法

10 名の成人女性に仰臥位・膝関節完全伸展位にて足加した．つまり，筋束長の変化と筋血液量変化の関係

背屈による ST を行わせた．足関節角度 120 °で 4 分間

については，MG と TA は同様の傾向を示した．従って，の安静時測定を行い，引き続き 15 秒で関節角度を 2 種

受動的 ST 中は，拮抗筋においても，筋束長と筋血液量類の一定値（解剖学的正位，快適最大角度；痛みを感の関係は類似し，筋束長の短縮・伸長により血流量はじる最初の角度から 3 °底屈した角度）まで変化させ，増加・減少することが明らかになった．

60 秒間保持した後，15 秒で 120 °に戻した．安静時から連続的に各筋の血液量（総 Hb 濃度；近赤外線分光法）を計測した．同様のプロトコルを用いて，筋形状（筋束長と羽状角；超音波 B モード法）を計測した．
● 結果および考察

ST 中の SOL と MG の筋束長は伸長し，TA は短縮しFig. III.1.4.3-1 Fascicle length (left) and angle (right) ofMG (○), SOL (■), and TA (△) during passive stretching.
AP; anatomical position, CP; Maximal comfortable
stretching without pain. *P < 0.001 vs rest.

た（Fig. III.1.4.3-1）．筋束変化率は MG が有意に大きく（73 ％），続いて SOL（30 ％），TA（19 ％）の順であった．MG と SOL の羽状角減少率は同程度であった．

33

1.4.4 受動的ストレッチング時における下腿協働筋間への血流分配の相違
森

曜生，村岡

慈歩，奥山（清水）靜代，大森芙美子，鈴木早紀子，
水村真由美，加賀谷淳子

Heterogeneity of blood flow re-distribution during passive streching incalf muscles
Abstract
Purpose of this study was to clarify the heterogeneity of blood flow re-distribution during passive
stretching in calf muscles. Ten female subjects were studied for muscle oxygenation in gastrocnemius
medialis (MG) and solues (SOL) muscles using near-infrared spectroscopy. Angle of ankle joint was
passively changed from resting position (120 °) to anatomical position (AP; 90 °) or maximal comfortable position without pain (CP). In MG, blood volume, oxygenated Hb and deoxygenated Hbdecreased during stretching. In contrast, they increased in SOL muscles. The possible reasons to
explain this different response include the difference in the ratio of fascicle lengthening and anatomical heterogeneity in vessel distribution among muscle fibers.

● 目

依存して起こったと考えられる．1.4.1 で報告されたよ

的ストレッチング（ST）中に筋血管床血流量は減少す

うに膝窩動脈血流速度は ST 中に変化しなかったが，そるとされている．その要因には主に筋線維と平行に走れは SOL のように血液量が増加した筋もあったためと行する血管が伸長し，血管径が縮小することが考えら考えられる．MG と SOL で血液量の変化が異なった要れるが，筋線維の走行と血管網との関係がストレッチ

因の 1 つに筋束長の伸長率があげられる（1.4.3）．

ングに関与する協働筋群において同じかどうかは明ら

SOL の伸長率が MG よりも低かったことは，当該筋のかでない．それらの関係が異なるとすると，ストレッ

血管の伸長・血管径の縮小・血管抵抗変化が MG より

チングによる筋血液量の変化も異なると考えられる．

も SOL で相対的に小さかった可能性を示唆しており，

本研究は，ST による血液量の変化が下腿協働筋群間でその結果 SOL への血液流入量が増加したとも考えられ異なるかどうかを明らかにすることを目的とした．

る．また，筋線維と血管の走行方向との関係のような構造的な違いも，もう一つの可能性としてあげられる．

● 方

結論として，ST 中の下腿協働筋群間では筋血液量の応法

被験者およびストレッチングの方法は 1.4.1 と同様答に相違があり，減少するだけでなく増加する筋も見である．安静 2 分後からは血液循環への影響をコントられたことは下腿上位動脈の血流速度を必ずしも減少

ロールするため，吸息 1 秒・呼息 4 秒の呼吸を ST 終

させない要因になると考えられる．

了まで行わせた．ST には解剖学的正位（AP）と快適最大角度（CP）の 2 種類を用い，腓腹筋内側頭（MG）とヒラメ筋（SOL）の筋束長（超音波 B モード法），
酸素化（OxyHb）・脱酸素化（DeoxyHb）・総ヘモグ
ロビン（TotalHb）濃度（近赤外分光法），電気的筋活動（表面筋電図法）を測定した．
● 結果および考察

筋の平均活動電位は ST 中に有意な変化をしなかった．TotalHb は，MG では CP で減少し，SOL では両角度で増加した（Fig. III.1.4.4-1）．OxyHb ・ DeoxyHbの増減は TotalHb の増減と一致した．筋束長の伸長率
は AP よりも CP で，また両角度において SOL よりもFig. III.1.4.4-1 Blood volume (total Hb) changes ingastrocnemius medialis (MG) and soleus (SOL) muscles
during passive stretching.

MG で高かった．ST 中に筋の電気的な活動は変化しな
かったので，OxyHb と DeoxyHb の変化は TotalHb に34

1.4.5

最大位までの多段階ストレッチングが筋の循環に与える影響

大森芙美子，奥山（清水）靜代，村岡 慈歩，森水村真由美，加賀谷淳子

曜生，鈴木早紀子，

Effect of maximal passive streching on muscle circulation

Abstract
Muscle blood volume and popliteal artery blood flow were determined during progressively increasing stretching calf muscles to find the extent of stretching to induce changes in muscle oxygenationand circulation in ten female subjects. Muscle blood volume (total Hb measured by NIRS) began toincrease at 40% maximal stretched position in soleus muscles and to decrease at 80% max in medial
gastrocnemius muscle. The latter corresponded to the ankle position of maximal comfortable stretching. However, no significant changes were obtained in popliteal arterial blood flow. These results suggest that submaximal muscle stretching larger than 40% could stimulate circulation within the muscles.

● 目的● 結果および考察

ストレッチング（ST）によって筋内血液量は減少

THb は，MG において 80 ％ max（52 °底屈）からする（横澤ら 2002）が，一定角度を保持した場合に角度増加と共に減少した（p ＜ 0.05）（Fig. III.1.4.5-は上位血管の血流量低下はみられない（1.4.1）．そこ

1）．この角度は，痛みを伴わない最大角度（71.1 ±で，本研究では段階的に最大位まで伸長させる ST に

1.5）に近似していた．しかし，SOL では 40 ％ max

おいて，1）下腿の血液量変化を生ずるストレッチン（26 °底屈）から角度増加ともに増加し（p ＜ 0.05），

グ角度，2）上位血管の血流動態と下位筋群での血液協働筋であっても筋群間で応答は異なることが明ら

量との関係を明らかにすることを目的とした．

かになった．上位血管である膝窩動脈血流速度は，角度増加と共に減少傾向を示したが最大位まで有意● 方法

な変化はみられなかった．以上のことから，1）下腿健康な成人女性 10 名に仰臥位で最大角度（max）

協働筋群間では 40 ％ max 以降で筋血液量応答に相違の 10，30，40，60，80，100 ％のストレッチングがみられる，2）下腿協働筋群間で血液量が増加するを漸増的に行わせ，各角度 30 秒間維持させた．測定筋と減少する筋があることから，上位血管である膝項目は，腓腹筋内側頭（MG）とヒラメ筋（SOL）の窩動脈血流速度では有意な変化がみられないことが酸素化（O2Hb）・脱酸素化（HHb）・総ヘモグロビン

明らかとなった．

（THb）濃度（近赤外分光法）と膝窩動脈血流速度（超音波法）とした．

Fig. III.1.4.5-1 Blood volume changes (Total Hb, NIRS) during incremental passive stretching of calf muscles inmedial gastrocnemius (MG) and solues (SOL) muscles. *, **; P < 0.05, P < 0.01 vs. baseline (0).
35

1.4.6 ストレッチングが筋血管容量に及ぼす影響（preliminary report）
小田俊明，大森芙美子，森曜生，村岡 慈歩，奥山（清水）靜代，
水村真由美，加賀谷淳子

The effect of muscle streching on vessel capacity in muscle
Abstract
The effect of muscle fiber stretching on blood vessel shape was preliminary investigated using MR
fresh blood imaging sequence. The image acquisitions with ECG gating were performed during resting,stretching to maximal comfort level without pain, and recovering phases. By modifying inversion timeof imaging, each image of artery and vein was separately measured. The index of vein volume wasdecreased up to 0.75 by stretching. Then, the decreased index was gradually returned to the baseline
after stretching. Additional analyses in detail are currently developing.

● 目

対側のコントロール肢も同時に撮像した．心電図同的ストレッチングによる筋線維の形状的変化が筋内期を用い，下腿横断面画像を echo time 80 ms, rep-

循環に与える影響に関して，これまでいくつかの知

etition time 2220 ms, スライス厚 5 mm で計測した．

見が報告されているが，筋線維の形状的変化が筋内

撮影パラメータである Inversion time を動脈撮像用の血管形状をどのように変えるかについて明確に示と静脈撮像用に調整することで，心電図 R 波からのした研究は人では見あたらない．これまでの我々の画像取得までの時間を制御し動脈と静脈の画像を分研究では，筋線維長が伸長する協働筋群間において，離して計測することとした．

筋血液量が相反する方向に変化するという結果も得● 結果および考察られているが，ストレッチングによる筋線維の形状変化の相違が各筋の血管形状を異なる方向に変えて

Fig. III.1.4.6-1 に Flesh Blood Image 法による末いるか否かは明らかではない．そこで本研究では，

梢血管の撮像写真を示す．これは，安静時と（左）MR を用いて，Flesh Blood Imaging 法（FBI 法）にとストレッチング中（中）と回復時（右）の画像変より，ストレッチング中の末梢血管像を取得し，筋化の例を示したものである．どの図においても右が血管容量の変化を明らかにすることを目的とした．

コントロール肢である．ストレッチングによって血管形状が変化し，ストレッチング終了によって安静● 方時に戻ることが観察される．右側の静脈血 index 変化法

被験者は健康な女性 5 名であった．東芝メディカルをみると，ストレッチング中に減少することが示さ

システムズ株式会社製 EXELARTE を使用し，Flesh

れた．ストレッチングによる筋線維の形状的変化がBlood Imaging 法を用いて下腿の血管画像を取得し下腿のストレッチングに関与する協働筋の各筋におた．被験者は MRI のガントリー内で仰臥位をとり，

いて血管形状をどのように変化させるはまだ明らか安静状態で撮像を行った後，最大快適ストレッチンにされていないので，今後はこの方法を用い，各筋

グ角度で足関節底屈によるストレッチングを行った．

別に検討していく必要がある．

At restDuring Stretching

RecoveryFig. III.1.4.6-1 The left figures demonstrate the examples of blood vein images over threshold, which wereacquired by flesh blood imaging sequence and were conducted by maximal intensity projection. As shown in rightgraph, the vein area was decreased up to 0.75 by stretching with maximal comfort level without pain. Then, thedecreased area was gradually returned to the baseline after stretching.

36

1.5 Transient increase in femoral arterial blood flow to thecontralateral non-exercising limb during one-legged
exercise
Mutsuko Yoshizawa, Shizuyo Shimizu-Okuyama, and Atsuko Kagaya
Abstract
We studied the effect of exercise intensity and duration on blood flow to the non-exercising leg during one-legged dynamic knee extension. Femoral arterial blood flow (FBF) to the non-exercising leg,blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) were monitored during one-legged dynamic knee extension
exercise at 15, 30, and 45% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in seven healthy females. There wasan interaction between exercise intensity and duration for FBF and FVC (P < 0.01). During the initial
phase of contralateral leg exercise at all intensities, FBF and femoral vascular conductance (FVC) of
nonexercising leg increased, and the increase was larger at higher intensities (P < 0.01). After initial
vasodilatation, FBF and FVC decreased to baseline, which suggests the vasoconstriction. However,FBF and FVC gradually increased during exercise at 15% MVC. We conclude that transient vasodilatation at the onset of exercise is followed by gradual change to vasoconstriction in non-exercising limb
during dynamic one-legged exercise and these changes are exercise intensity- and duration-dependent.

females. The right leg maximal voluntary contrac-● Purpose

Recent findings regarding blood flow to nonwork-

tion (MVC) of knee extension was assessed by an

ing limbs are controversial. Several studies indicate“Action meter device” (VINE, Tokyo, Japan). On

that blood flow to the inactive forearm increases dur-

separate days, the subjects performed one-legged

ing leg cycling exercise (Ahlborg et al. 1975; Kagaya

dynamic knee-extension exercise of the right leg

and Homma 1997; Tanaka et al. 2006; Taylor etin the upright position with the knee joint angle

al.1989). In contrast, Green et al. (2002a, b, c) foundextended from 90 °to 120 °(180 °= full exten-

that leg cycling exercise at least at a low intensitysion). The exercise comprised contraction anddecreases blood flow in the inactive forearm.

relaxation for 1 s each, as indicated by a metro-

The purpose of this study, therefore, was tonome. The exercise intensities corresponded todetermine the effect of exercise intensity, duration

15, 30, and 45% of the MVC. Following a 10-minof leg exercise, and the interaction between theserest period, the subjects performed the knee

two variables on the blood flow in the contralateralextension exercise at a given load until exhaus-leg during dynamic knee extension exercises. The

tion. However, the activity was stopped after 15

time course of changes in the blood flow to themin if the subjects could continue to exercise. B-

femoral artery of the non-exercising contralateralmode ultrasound sonography was used to meas-

leg was studied during one-legged knee extension

ure the diameter of the artery and Doppler-mode

exercise conducted at various intensities and con-

was used to measure blood flow velocity (HPtinued to exhaustion.

8500-GP, Hewlett-Packard, USA). A 7.5 mHz linear array transducer was placed on the skin overthe femoral artery. Blood flow was obtained every● Methods

15 s for 90 s during exercise and at exhaustion.

The subjects in this study were seven healthy37

Fig. III.1.5-1 Femoral arterial blood flow to non-exercising leg during contralateral knee extension exercise at 15%,30% and 45% MVC.

thereafter decreased with time.

Heart rate (ECG) and blood pressure (BP)(Finapres model 2300, Ohmeda, USA) were meas-

These results suggested that the vasodilatory

ured on beat-by-beat basis throughout the experi-

response occurred in the non-exercising leg dur-ment.

ing the initial phase of exercise, and the magnitude of increase in blood flow was exercise-inten-● Results and discussion

sity dependent. Interestingly, it took 30-45 s to

At 15 s, FBF increased at all the intensities, andinduce vasoconstriction in non-exercising regions.

the changes in blood flow reached a maximum at

The mechanism to induce this biphasic response

45% MVC. FBF remained elevated until 45 s (30%of blood flow should be studied further.

MVC) and 60 s (45% MVC), and thereafter it● References

decreased toward the baseline, whereas at 15%

Ahlborg G, Hagenfeldt L, Wahren J : Substrate utilization by the inactive leg during one-leg or arm exercise. J Appl Physiol, 39: 718-723, 1975.
Green D, Cheetham C, Mavaddat L, Watts K, Best M,
Taylor R, O’Driscoll G : Effect of lower limb exercise on forearm vascular function: contribution of
nitric oxide. Am J Physiol, 283: H899-H907,
2002a.
Green D, Cheetham C, Reed C, Dembo L, O’Driscoll G: Assessment of brachial artery blood flow acrossthe cardiac cycle: retrograde flows during cycle
ergometry. J Appl Physiol, 93: 361-368, 2002b.
Green D, Cheetham C, Henderson C, Weerasooriya R,
O’Driscoll G : Effect of cardiac pacing on forearm
vascular responses and nitric oxide function. Am J
Physiol, 283: H1354-H1360, 2002c.
Kagaya A, Homma S : Dynamic leg exercise accelerates
blood flow in the inactive forearm. Adv Exerc
Sports Physiol, 3: 29-34, 1997.
Taylor JA, Joyner MJ, Chase PB, Seals DR : Differential
control of forearm and calf vascular resistance during one-leg exercise. J Appl Physiol, 67: 17911800, 1989.
Tanaka H, Shimizu S, Ohmori F, Muraoka Y, Kumagai
M, Yoshizawa M, Kagaya A : Increases in bloodflow and shear stress to nonworking limbs during
incremental exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 38: 8185, 2006.

MVC, the FBF returned to the resting level after
initial increase and increased again at the end of
exercise (Fig. III.1.5-1). Interaction was observed
between the exercise intensity and duration (P <0.01). An increase in the MBP was observed after
30 s of exercise at 15% (P < 0.01) and 30% MVC(P < 0.01), whereas it was observed after 45 s of
exercise at 45% MVC (P < 0.01) The HR increased
immediately at the onset of exercise and continued to increase throughout exercise. Femoral vascular conductance (FVC) increased at the onset ofthe exercise at all intensities (P < 0.01). Thechange in FVC was the highest at 45% MVC. At
15% MVC, the FVC increased again after having
being reduced to the resting level, and high FVC
values were observed at the end of exercise. At
30 and 45% MVC, FVC remained elevated until
30 s (30% MVC) and 60 s (45% MVC), and it38

1.6 Influence of combination of contraction intensity andfrequency on attaining peak blood flow during exhaustive dynamic plantar flexion
Fumiko Ohmori, Takafumi Hamaoka, Shizuyo Shimizu-Okuyama,
and Atsuko Kagaya
Abstract
We aimed to elucidate the effects of the contraction intensity and frequency on peak blood flow
(BFpeak) during exhaustive dynamic plantar flexion exercise (EDPFEx) and to identify the conditions
required for attaining BFpeak during EDPFEx. Seven women performed EDPFEx at intensities of 15%,30%, 50%, and 70% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) with 1-s contractions. EDPFEx was performed at 4 different intervals (10%, 30%, 50%, and 70% of the time required to attain BFpeak after asingle contraction). The mean blood velocity and the vessel diameter of the popliteal artery were measured using Doppler and B-mode ultrasound. Beat-by-beat popliteal artery blood flow was calculated asfollows: the flow integral × heart rate × area of the vessel. BFpeak immediately before and after the endof EDPFEx significantly changed with altering intervals and intensities. The BFpeak was obtained neither
at the highest total work amount (30% MVC with 10% interval) nor at the highest work rate (70% MVC
with 10% interval) but at 50% MVC with 10% interval (p < 0.05) both immediately before (618 ± 83
ml/min) and after (1246 ± 108 ml/min) the end of EDPFEx. This indicated that the combination of exercise intensity and frequency used in this study exerted a greater influence on the BFpeak during and after
EDPFEx than those exerted individually by the total work amount and work rate per se.

during dynamic exercise (Ohmori et al. 2007).

● Purpose

The blood flow to an active muscle changes

Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate thedepending on the exercise intensity, interval

effects of exercise intensity and interval, as deter-

between contractions, contraction-to-relaxation

mined by the blood flow response after a single

duty cycle, etc. Blood flow markedly increases

contraction, on the peak blood flow during

during the relaxation phase of dynamic exercise,exhaustive dynamic plantar flexion exercise.

whereas it remains at a lower level during the

Further, it aimed to determine the conditions

contraction period. Corcondilas et al. (1964)

required for attaining peak blood flow during

reported that the increase in the blood flow dif-

dynamic plantar flexion exercise.

fered when the second contraction was performed● Methods

4 seconds and 10 seconds after a single contraction. An earlier study on contraction-to-relaxation

A total of 7 physically active women (age: 21.9

duty cycle indicated that the blood flow to an± 0.7 years old) participated in the study after

active muscle during dynamic exercise reflected

providing informed consent. In a supine position,

the influence of the alteration in the duration ofeach subject placed her respective right foot for

the relaxation phase, rather than the effect of

0.5 s on the pedal of the ergometer with the ankle

altering the duration of contraction phaseand knee joints at 90 °and 180 °, respectively. The(Hoelting et al. 2001). Therefore, the relaxationloads applied were adjusted to 15%, 30%, 50%,

interval between successive contractions may be

and 70% of the maximal voluntary contraction

a causal factor that determines the blood flow(MVC). The subjects continued plantar flexions
until exhaustion or for a maximum of 10 min.
39

blood flow both immediately before and after theend of exercise. The highest blood flow values
was obtained at the 50% MVC with 10% interval(p < 0.05) both immediately before (618 ± 83
ml/min) and after (1246 ± 108 ml/min) the end of
exercise. A significant major effect on the mean
blood pressure immediately after the end of exercise was observed among the 4 different frequencies and intensities.
In general, the increase in blood flow is influenced
by the work rate and the total amount of work load,
specifically after the end of exercise achieved(Gonzales et al. 2007; Osada and Rådegran 2002;
Saltin et al. 1998). However, our results indicatedthat the peak blood flow was not always obtained
during exercise at higher work load and work rate
andthat the combination of exercise intensityand frequency has a greater influence on the peakFig. III.1.6-1 Peak blood flow immediately before (A)and after (B) the end of exhaustive exercise at 4 frequencies and intensities. * P < 0.05 (significant difference among intervals).

blood flow than that of either the total work
amount or the work rate individually. The highest
blood flow in this study was obtained at the intensity of 50% MVC and repeated at such a shortinterval as 10% of the time required to attain peak

In the first experiment, we measured theblood flow.

popliteal artery blood flow after a single contraction during plantar flexion exercise to determine● References

when peak blood flow was achieved. In the sec-

Corcondilas A, Koroxenidis GT, Shepherd JT : Effect ofa brief contraction of forearm muscle on forearm
blood flow. J Appl Physiol, 19: 142-146, 1964.
Gonzales JU, Thompson BC, Thistlethwaite JR, Harper
AJ, Scheuermann BW : Forearm blood flow follows
work rate during submaximal dynamic forearm
exercise independent of sex. J Appl Physiol, 103:
1950-1957, 2007.
Hoelting BD, Scheuermann BW, Barstow T : Effect ofcontraction frequency on leg blood flow during
knee extension exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol,
91: 671-679, 2001.
Ohmori F, Shimizu S, Kagaya A : Exercise-induced
blood flow in relation to muscle relaxation period.
Dyn Med, 6: 5, 2007.
Osada T, Råegran G : Femoral artery inflow in relation
to external and total work rate at different knee
extensor contraction rates. J Appl Physiol, 92:
1325-1330, 2002.
Rådegran G, Saltin B : Muscle blood flow at onset ofdynamic exercise in humans. Am J Physiol, 274:H314-H322, 1998.
Saltin B, R å egran G, Koskoulou MD, Roach RC :Skeletal muscle blood flow in humans and its regulation during exercise. Acta Physiol Scand, 162:
421-436, 1998.

ond experiment, dynamic plantar flexion until
exhaustion was performed at 4 different intervals;
these intervals were determined based on the
results of the first experiment. They corresponded
to 10% (10%I), 30% (30%I), 50% (50%I), and 70%(70%I) of the time required to attain peak blood
flow. The blood velocity and the vessel diameterof the popliteal artery (Doppler and B-mode ultrasound method, HP8500GP, Hewlett-Packard
Company, USA) and the blood pressure (Finapres,Ohmeda, USA) were measured.
● Results and Discussion

The peak blood flow values immediately before
and after the end of exercise until exhaustion are
shown in Fig. III.1.6-1A and III.1.6-1B, respectively. Significant interaction was detected among 4
different frequencies and intensities for peak

40

1.7

静的掌握運動時の主観的筋疲労感覚と血圧急上昇負荷との関係

大森芙美子，奥山（清水）靜代， 村岡慈歩，佐藤耕平，加賀谷淳子

Muscle fatigue sensation and critical blood pressure elevation during
graded static handgrip exercise
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify the changes in circulatory responses to graded handgrip
exercise and its relationship to muscle oxygenation and muscle fatigue sensation in tennis players.
Dominant hands of 10 tennis players were studied. Muscle oxygenation (NIRS), subjective muscle
fatigue sensation, blood pressure (Finapres), brachial arterial blood flow velocity (Doppler ultrasoundmethod) and vessel diameter (2-D ultrasonography) were determined during the muscle contraction
and the relaxation phases of 30-s graded handgrip exercise. During this exercise, muscle oxygenation(NIRS), subjective muscle fatigue sensation, and blood pressure and blood flow increased linearly
related to exercise load at lower intensities, and the former 3 parameters deviated from the initial linear relationship at higher intensities, whereas the blood flow continued to increase linearly. Criticalload for blood pressure was significantly higher than that for muscle fatigue sensation, and did not differ from that for muscle oxygenation deviation.

● 目

器用超音波診断装置 VIVID7 pro），前腕屈筋群の組

的

局所的運動時の血圧応答は，低い負荷では負荷増

織酸素飽和度（浜松ホトニクス：酸素モニター加に対して直線的に上昇し，ある負荷以上の高い負NIRO200）であった．また，Saito et al.（1989）に荷になると急上昇する（Kagaya et al. 2001）．そのよる主観的筋疲労感覚を各負荷終了後に報告させた．

ような変化は筋酸素動態についても確認されている

この感覚は「0 ：疲れがない」から「9 ：疲れの限界（Grassi et al. 1999）．本研究では，静的掌握運動のである」まで 10 段階になっている．

負荷増加に対して，1）主観的筋疲労感覚が急上昇す● 結果および考察

る負荷が存在するか否か，2）筋疲労感覚が急上昇するとすれば，その負荷と血圧急上昇の発現や筋酸素血圧および主観的筋疲労感覚は運動負荷の増加に動態が顕著に変化する負荷との順序性を明らかにす

対して非直線的上昇を示した．それに対して，前腕ることを目的としている．

屈筋群（RAD, ＵＬ）の酸素化指標は非直線的な低下を示した．3 種のパラメータが負荷に対して非直線的● 方に急増あるいは急減する変移点負荷を Fig. III.1.7-1

法

被験者は大学のテニス部に所属して活動しているに示した．前腕屈筋群の尺側および橈側の筋酸素動

女子テニス選手 10 名（平均年齢 20.1 ± 1.0 歳）であ

態変移点負荷は，主観的筋疲労感覚とは有意差が見った．運動は，仰臥位の静的掌握運動であり仰臥位られなかったが，血圧急上昇負荷（右： 14 ± 1kgw，でハンドエルゴメータを用いて 30 秒間の静的掌握運

左： 13 ± 1kgw)は筋疲労感覚急上昇負荷（右： 11 ±動を，負荷を漸増して疲労するまで繰り返した．第1kgw，左:9 ± 1kgw）よりも高い値（右： p ＜ 0.05，

一負荷は 2kg とし，30 秒の休息を挟んで 2kg ずつ負

左： p ＝ 0.051）を示した．血圧変移点負荷に相当す

荷を漸増した．測定項目は，仰臥安静および運動時

る筋疲労感覚は 4.0 ± 0.6 であった．これらのパラメの血圧（オメダ： Finapres），上腕動脈血流量（循環ータに対して，上腕動脈血流量は，左右共に筋活動41

Homma 1997）．需要に対して供給がどの程度満たされるかの指標として筋活動時中止後の血流に対する
筋活動時血流の割合を求めると，それは負荷強度に対して指数関数的に低下した．すなわち，負荷増加に対する血流需要が低下し，それが筋酸素飽和度の低下，筋疲労感覚の急上昇を起こし，それに続いて血圧の上昇が起こったと考えられる．以上の結果は，負荷強度の選定に血圧変移点負荷を用いる生理的意
義を示唆するものである．

● 文

献Grassi B, Quaresima V, Marconi C, Ferrari M,
Cerretelli P : Blood lactate accumulation and muscle deoxygenation during incremental exercise. J
Appl Physiol, 87: 348-55. 1999.
Kagaya A, Homma S : Brachial arterial blood flow
during static handgrip exercise of short duration
at varying intensities studied by a Doppler ultrasound method. Acta Physiol Scand, 160: 257-265,
1997.
Kagaya A, Muraoka Y, Matsuda M, Kuno S, Shimizu S,
Yamamoto Y, Kera N, Kimura Y : Forearm work
capacity in association with age and daily physical activity in elderly women. The 4th symposiumof “Inactivity (prolonged bed-rest), Health andAging”. Seigakuin University Press, pp. 61-66,
2001.
Ohmori F, Shimizu S, Muraoka Y, Kuno S, Matsuda
M, Kagaya A : Blood flow during graded, submaximal static handgrip exercise at different intensities in elderly and young women. Int J Sports
Health Sci, 4: 480-488, 2006.
Saito M, Mano T, Iwase S : Sympathetic nerve activity
related to local fatigue sensation during static
contraction. J Appl Physiol, 67: 980-984, 1989.

Fig. III.1.7-1 Critical loads for muscle oxygenation,muscle fatigue sensation and blood pressure.

時・活動中止期ともに，負荷増加に対して直線的増加を示している．しかし，筋活動中止期（筋内圧の除去）時の血流量に対する筋活動中の血流量の割合
は，左右共に非直線的に低下した．
負荷増加に対する各パラメータ応答の関係には左右の相違は認められなかった．すなわち，主観的筋
疲労感覚，筋酸素動態および血圧は非直線的変化を示すのに対して，活動肢への血流量は直線関係を保って増加した．しかし，運動中の血流量は，筋活動による機械的血管圧迫による血流制限が起こり，組織の血流需要を満たすものではない（Kagaya and42

1.8 Blood flow and arterial vessel diameter change during
graded handgrip exercise in dominant and non-dominant forearms of tennis players
Atsuko Kagaya, Fumiko Ohmori, Shizuyo Shimizu-Okuyama,
Yoshiho Muraoka, and Kohei Sato
Abstract
The training effect on exercise-induced maximal blood flow is still unclear. The purpose of this study
was to clarify the difference of exercise-induced blood flow, blood flow velocity and vessel diameter ofbrachial artery in dominant and non-dominant forearms of tennis players during graded handgrip exercise. Ten female tennis players aged 20.1 ± 0.1 yrs. (mean ± SD) performed 30-s static handgrip exercise
in a supine position with either the dominant or non-dominant hand by increasing load at 30-s intervals
until exhaustion. Brachial arterial blood flow velocity (Doppler ultrasound method) did not differ between
both limbs, whereas the vessel diameter (2-D method) was significantly larger in the dominant limb during
diastole both at baseline (P < 0.01) and after exercise (P < 0.05), but no difference was found during systole. As a result, the blood flow was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the dominant limb during post-exercise condition. Muscle thickness of the forearm muscles and maximal handgrip strength were significantly
higher in the dominant limb. Thus, the effect of training on exercise-induced blood flow specific to thedominant limb was confirmed during post-exercise due to the enlarged vessel diameter during diastole ofcardiac cycle. The dimensional change in the vasculature specific to the dominant side will be included in
the training effects associated with the dimensional muscular changes in the dominant forearm.
either the dominant (right side) or non-dominant● Purpose

Despite that structural adaptation of vasculature

hand on different days. The static handgrip exercise

has been reported at baseline, a training effect on

was repeated at 30-s intervals with increasing loadvascular dimension during exercise remains to be

by 2 kgw until exhaustion. Brachial arterial bloodstudied. The purpose of this study was to clarify

flow velocity (V) and diameter (D) were obtained

the effects of training on blood flow and structure

continuously using ultrasound Doppler and 2-Dof the conduit artery during static exercise (muscle

methods (GE, Vivid7 Pro), each at diastole (Dd) andaction). For this purpose, the blood flow velocity

systole (Ds). Brachial arterial blood flow was calcu-

and vessel diameter of the brachial artery werelated as V* π(D/2)2 (D = 2Dd/3 + Ds/3). Blood pres-determined in dominant and non-dominant fore-

sure (BP; Ohmeda, Finapres 2300) and maximal vol-arms of tennis players during and after each load

untary contraction (MVC) of forearm muscles, andof graded handgrip exercise.

radial and ulnar forearm flexor muscle thickness
were measured (Aloka, SSD1000).

● Methods● Results and Discussion

Subjects; Ten female tennis players aged 20.1 ±
0.1 (mean ± SD) years old participated in the study.

Muscle thickness of Rad and UL, MVC, highest

They were recruited from the collegiate tennis team,load attained by each subject and total work index

which won 4th place in the national inter-collegiate

performed until exhaustion were significantly high-tennis tournament that year. Following 3-minuteer in the dominant limb.

baseline measurements, the subject performed 30-s

The blood flow velocity during exercise andstatic handgrip exercise in a supine position withimmediately after exercise increased significantly
43

icantly between limbs, whereas the diameter during diastole was larger in the dominant limb. The
latter finding is consistent with the study of
Huonker et al. (2003), who studied thoracic,
abdominal, subclavian and common femoral arteries in trained athletes including professional tennis
players, but not with the study of SchmidtTrucksäss et al. (2000). The discrepancy might bedue to the difference of subjects compared in therespective studies. The possible mechanism to
explain an increased blood flow with training
involves structural remodeling of the vasculature(Miyachi et al. 1998). Other underlying mechanisms
for the increased blood flow with training will
Fig. III.1.8-1 Diastolic (a), systolic (b) vessel diameterand brachial arterial blood flow (c) at baseline, dur-

include a change in vasoactivity because of aning, and after exercise at the highest loads in dominant（■) and non-dominant（□）limbs. *, ** P <0.05, P < 0.001 between limbs.

(Allen et al. 2003; Clarkson et al. 1999). The contri-

increased flow-mediated dilation after training

bution of NO to the effect of exercise training on
vascular responses in human subjects remains(P < 0.01) with loads both in dominant and non-undecided (Green et al. 1996).

dominant limbs, though no significant difference invelocity was found between both limbs. The dias-● References

tolic and systolic vessel diameters, during exercise

Allen JD, Geaghan JP, Greenway F, Welsche A : Timecourse of improved flow-mediated dilation after
short-term exercise training. Med Sci Sports
Exerc, 35: 847-853, 2003.
Clarkson P, Montgomery HE, Mullen MJ, Donald AE,
Powe AJ, Bull T, Jubb M, World M, Deanfield JE :Exercise training enhances endothelial function inyoung men. J Am Coll Cardiol, 33: 1379-1385,
1999.
Green DJ, Fowler DT, O’Driscoll JG, Blanksby BA,
Taylor RR : Endothelium-derived nitric oxide
activity in forearm vessels of tennis players. J
Appl Physiol, 81: 943-948, 1996.
Huonker M, Schmid A, Schmidt-Trucksäss A,
Grathwohl D, Keul J : Size and blood flow of central and peripheral arteries in highly trained ablebodied and disabled athletes. J Appl Physiol, 95:
685-691, 2003.
Miyachi M, Iemitsu M, Okutsu M, Onodera S : Effects
of endurance training on the size and blood flowof the arterial conductance vessels in humans.
Acta Physiol Scand, 163: 13-16, 1998.
Schmidt-Trucksäss A, Schmid A, Brunner C, Scherer
N, Zäch G, Keul J, Huonker M : Arterial properties of the carotid and femoral artery inendurance-trained and paraplegic subjects. J Appl
Physiol, 89: 1956-1963, 2000.
Sinoway LI, Musch TI, Minotti JR, Zelis R : Enhanced
maximal metabolic vasodilatation in the dominantforearms of tennis players. J Appl Physiol, 61:
673-678, 1986.

and immediate post-exercise, gradually increased
with time and increasing loads. The diastolic diameters were significantly larger in the dominant limb
at baseline (dominant; 3.4 ± 0.1, non-dominant;
3.0 ± 0.1 mm) and after exercise at the highest
load (dominant; 3.5 ± 0.1, non-dominant; 3.2 ± 0.1mm) (Fig. III.1.8-1). In contrast, systolic diameter
did not differ either during exercise or post-exercise between both limbs. The brachial arterial
blood flow in both limbs increased linearly related
to exercise load both during (P < 0.01) exercise andpost-exercise (P < 0.01). Interaction was significant(P < 0.05) and higher post-exercise blood flow was
obtained in the dominant limb after exercise at thehighest load (P < 0.05).
The first finding of this study was that the trained
forearm showed higher exercise-induced bloodflow increase during post-exercise phase, (or relaxation phase of dynamic exercise). Our second finding was that the luminal vessel diameter of thebrachial artery during systole did not change signif44

1.9

運動時の末梢循環に対する重力の影響

加賀谷淳子，奥山（清水）靜代，大森芙美子，佐藤村岡 慈歩，森曜生

耕平，

Effects of gravity on peripheral circulation during exercise
地球上では，重力の影響を受けて血液循環が変化する．

ングは動静脈バランスにも依存するので，静脈血流量にその結果，活動体肢と心臓との相対的位置関係が，骨格変化があると，筋の酸素ダイナミクスにも影響を及ぼす

筋への酸素供給を行う動脈側血流を修飾して，筋の酸素可能性がある．しかし，運動時の静脈血流量の変化と血供給−消費バランスを変えると考えられる．実際，上肢を液プーリングおよびその動脈側への影響については，こ挙上・垂下して，心臓との相対的位置関係を変えたとき，れまで明らかにされていない．

挙上時には，垂下時に比較して上腕動脈血流量が減少し，本研究は，活動体肢位置を心臓より下に位置させて，酸素化ヘモグロビン濃度の低下，脱酸素化ヘモグロビン

血液プーリングが起こるような状態で動的運動を行わせ，濃度の上昇度は大きくなった（加賀谷ら 2001）．体肢がそれが活動筋の血流変化と酸素ダイナミクスに与える影

心臓より下に位置する場合は，重力の影響により筋血管響を明らかにすることを目的としている．特に静脈血流

床での血液プーリング（貯留）が起こる（加賀谷ら 2001）．

量の変化に着目して活動体肢を心臓レベルにおいて運動

それは，動脈血流入にも影響を及ぼす（Tschakovsky

した時の変化と比較検討した．

and Hughson, 2000）と考えられる．一方，血液プーリ

1.9.1

上肢垂下状態における掌握運動時の動静脈血流変化と酸素動態
加賀谷淳子，奥山（清水）靜代，大森芙美子，吉澤
熊谷 真奈

睦子，

Venous and arterial blood flow, and muscle oxygenation during handgrip exercise with the arm below heart level
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that venous return from exercising muscles wasenhanced under the condition that it was placed below heart level. Thirteen young females performed
rhythmic handgrip exercise with the forearm at heart level or below heart level. Brachial venous bloodflow was significantly larger with the forearm at heart level than that below heart level at the beginning of exercise. In contrast, the brachial arterial blood flow was higher with the forearm below heartlevel. The blood volume (THb) estimated by NIRS increased gradually with exercise duration and theincrease was significant during exercise below heart level. These results suggested that the venous outflow and arterial inflow during the rhythmic handgrip became out of balance toward the arterial
inflow, due to an increase in vascular bed and blood pooling in the muscle.
● 目

心臓レベルに置くよりも，心臓より下においた場合

的の方が運動による変化が大きく，それが動脈血流に本研究は，活動筋からの静脈還流は，活動体肢を45

Fig. III.1.9.1-1 Venous (upper) and arterial (lower) blood flow changes during the contraction (left) and relaxation(right) phases of handgrip exercise. Handgrip exercises were performed with the forearm at heart level (at H) or
below heart level (below H).

も影響するとの仮説を検証しようとした．その目的

ベル運動時では時間経過に伴って静脈血流量は徐々のため，上肢を下垂した状態で行う律動的掌握運動に増加するが，心臓レベル以下での運動時には増加

時の循環・酸素代謝変化を，心臓レベルでの運動時しなかった．また，NIRS によって得られた O 2Hb，と比較した．

HHb，THb はいずれも開始初期に一旦減少し，その後，O 2Hb は漸減，HHb と THb は漸増した．次に，● 方法

心臓レベルでのベースライン値を基準として，血流若年女性 13 名を被験者として，心臓レベル（6 名）

量の変化分を筋活動期と活動中止期に分けて体肢のと心臓より下位（7 名）に体肢をおいて，椅座位で，位置間で比較すると，Fig. III.1.9.1-1 のようになっ

律動的掌握運動（50 ％ MVC 強度，1 分間，活動・休た．静脈血流量は，心臓レベル以下の運動の方が有止各 2 秒）を行わせた．測定項目は，上腕動静脈の血意に低く，それは，筋活動開始初期の筋活動中止期

流速度（超音波 Doppler 法），血流量（M-mode 法），

において認められた．それに対して動脈血流量は，

血圧（Finapres）および近赤外線分光法（NIRO300）

筋活動中止期に心臓レベル以下の運動時の方が有意による前腕屈筋群の酸素化ヘモグロビン（O 2 Hb），に高くなった．このような，動静脈血流量のバラン

脱 酸 素 化 ヘ モ グ ロ ビ ン （ H H b ）， 総 ヘ モ グ ロ ビ ン

スの変化は，心臓レベル以下で行われている活動体（THb）濃度であった．

肢への血液プーリングを促進する結果になった．このことは，血液量（THb）の増加にも反映されてお● 結果および考察

り，運動に伴う血管拡張により，筋内血管床が増大したこと，筋からの流出血液量の減少が血液プーリ

律動的掌握運動を，心臓レベルと心臓以下のレベングをより大きくしたことを示唆している．

ルで実施した時の血流量（M-mode 法）は，心臓レ

46

1.9.2 足底屈運動時の血液供給と酸素動態に対する血液プーリングの影響
加賀谷淳子，奥山（清水）靜代，大森芙美子，佐藤村岡 慈歩，森曜生

耕平，

Effect of blood pooling on blood supply and oxygenation during plantar
flexion exercise
Abstract
Arterial and venous blood flow responses to rhythmic plantar flexion exercise were compared before
and after 30-min upright sitting rest to determine the effect of pooling. Eight female subjects participated in this study. During 30-min upright rest, the blood volume (total Hb) in the calf muscles estimatedby near-infrared spectroscopy increased significantly, suggesting blood pooling in the calf muscles.
Either venous or arterial blood flow change did not differ significantly before and after pooling.
Further study should be conducted to clarify the effect of pooling on venous and arterial blood flowchanges during exercise.

● 目

その点からも前腕の運動は静脈貯留・筋ポンプ作用

的運動時の動脈血流入に対して，活動筋からの血液の影響の可能性が小さい．そこで，本実験では，活流出（静脈血流）が規定因子になるか否かに関して，

動体肢をさらに低い位置に置くことができ，筋量も上肢を下垂した実験モデルで検討したが，上肢では多い下腿の運動を対象として検討した．本実験では，心臓と活動体肢との高低差が小さい．また，筋ポン

血液貯留の影響が顕著になるよう下肢下垂状態を 30

プ作用は血液貯留量と関連しているとされており，分保持した．このような血液プーリングが起こるよ

Fig. III.1.9.2-1 The muscle oxygenation changes during upright sitting rest and during dynamic plantar flexion
exercise before and after 30-min upright rest. ◇ : O2Hb.

47

°)
(1
50
B
as
el
in
e
Fig. III.1.9.2-2 Venous (□) and arterial (■) blood flow in popliteal vessels during upright sitting rest and duringrhythmic plantar flexion exercise. Significant difference was found between arterial blood flow and venous blood
flow, whereas no significant difference was found those parameters between 1st and 2nd bout of exercise.

うな実験条件を設定し，運動時の動静脈血流バラン

O2Hb，HHb，THb の変化を高強度運動の例で示しスがプーリング前後で異なるか否かを明らかにするたものである．30 分間の椅座位姿勢保持によって，ことを目的とした．

MG の THb が増加し，血液プーリングが確認された．
律動的足底屈運動時の膝窩動静脈血流量は，高強● 方法

度・低強度運動共に，プーリング前に比べてプーリ

若年女性 8 名を対象に，椅座位で安静状態を保った

ング後はやや低い値を示したが，統計的に有意な変後，60 秒間の律動的（活動 2 秒，休止 2 秒）な足底化ではなかった（III.1.9.2-2）．逆に筋酸素動態の変屈運動を行わせた．引き続き，30 分間の椅座位安静

化は，プーリング後やや大きかったが統計的に有意を保持して血液プーリングを行った後，最初と同様ではなかった．

の足底屈運動を実施した．運動の強度は，あらかじ● 文

め漸増負荷運動によって得られた負荷−血圧関係式か献加賀谷淳子, 清水静代, 東香寿美 : 上肢位置変化に伴う掌握運動中の血流量と筋酸素動態の変化. 第 9 回日本運動生理学会, 2001.
Tschakovsky ME, Hughson RL : Venous emptying
mediates a transient vasodilation in the humanforearm. Am J Physiol, 279: H1007-H1014, 2000.

ら，血圧が急上昇する負荷を求め，その＋ 20%（高負荷）と− 20%（低負荷）に相当する負荷を用いた．
測定項目は，腓腹筋内側頭（MG）の筋酸素動態（近赤外線分光法，NIRO200），膝窩動脈血流速度（超音波ドップラー法，Vivid7pro）であった．

● 結果および考察

Fig. III.1.9.2-2 は安静状態から実験終了までの48

1.10 まとめ本研究で明らかになった結果を，運動特性（特に，により動脈血流量の増加が起こり，筋血液量が増加

運動持続時間，運動強度）と関連させてまとめるとする．そうなると，筋活動による静脈側の血液流出

以下のようになる．

は，続いて起こる動脈血流入量と密接な関係を保つ
ようになることがわかったが，運動が終了すると，1.10.1

時間経過に伴う骨格筋への血流調節

急激な動脈血流増加が起こり，運動後の血流は約 3 拍

本研究の結果から筋活動の開始時には筋ポンプ作

目の心周期で最高値に達する（Ohmori et al. 2006）．

用により静脈血の流出が起こり，動脈血流入は開始

この時期には静脈血流は安静時以下に減速し，静脈初期に一旦抑制されるものの，続いて起こる活動筋

血流が安静レベルに復帰したのは，動脈血流量が最の血管拡張によって血流量が増加した（Fig. III.1.10-

高値に達し，筋の血管床への血液再充満が起こって

1）．一方，運動開始初期の非活動肢の血流量変化をからであった．

みると，強度依存で一過性の血流量の増加が見られ，

このように運動開始時や運動終了直後のように身それに続いて強度依存の血流減少が起こった

体が劇的に変化する状況においては，局所的運動の（Yoshizawa et al. 2008）．すなわち，筋収縮開始と開始や中止に対する局所的対応と循環システム維持

同時に起こる動静脈血流勾配の増加等の作用によっのための調節が急速に起こるが，両者の対応は必ずて，運動開始初期から活動筋での血流増加が素早く

しも同時ではなく，運動実施上留意すべき循環応答

起こるものの，全身性の血管収縮作用は高まらずに，も見られる．

この時期には血流再分配は適切になされていないこ

また，動静脈血流には重力の影響が強く，心臓ととが示唆される．非活動肢での血流量増加や，総末

活動体肢の位置関係が循環調節に影響を与えている梢血管抵抗の減少による血圧の低下はそれを支持すことが示唆された．運動条件との関係についてはさる結果であると考えられる．

らに検討を進める必要があろう．

律動的な運動が持続すると，活動筋での血管拡張

Fig. III.1.10-1 Regional and central circulatory adjustment to exercise.

49

同研究における成果 p. 139）
．また，強度が高くなると，運動持続に伴う筋の電気活動漸増の割合が高くなり，筋疲労耐性の低い筋が動員されるようになる
ことが示唆されたが，その強度は血圧変移点と類似であった（IV．プロジェクトの共同研究における成果 p. 139）．筋の酸素代謝をみると，運動中の活動肢
筋酸素化動態が負荷強度に対して低負荷とは異なる対応をするようになるのは，血圧変移点負荷よりやや低い負荷からであった．そして，これらの負荷は主観的筋疲労感覚の急上昇より高い負荷であり，筋疲労感覚では 10 段階中の 4 に相当することがわかった．
血流量が最高値に達する運動負荷強度について，最終的な結論を得るには至っていないが，現段階でFig. III.1.10-2 Deflection loads of circulatory and metabolic responses to exercise in relation to exercise intensity, exercise duration and blood pressure. Muscle fatigue

は，負荷強度が 50 ％ MVC で比較的テンポの速い運

sensation is also indicated.

くの負荷強度・運動頻度・持続時間を組み合わせた動においてであった．この点については，さらに多実験によりデータを蓄積する必要がある．

1.10.2

1.10.3

運動強度と血流再分配

活動筋血流量に効果的なトレーニン

グ条件

運動プログラムを考える上で，運動強度は極めて重要な運動条件である．本プロジェクトでは運動強本研究では，先行研究と同様に，長年トレーニン度を筋収縮強度と収縮頻度から検討した．筋収縮強グを行っているテニス選手の利き腕の血流量が非利度がある強度を超えると筋交感神経の亢進が起こる

き腕に比べて高い値に増加することを確認した．そ（Saito et al. 1986）ことが知られているが，その結果，して，それが，心臓の拡張期に当たる時期の血管径強度変化に対する血圧上昇が顕著になる（Kagaya etの拡大によるという新しい知見を報告した．しかし，al. 2001）．そこで，血圧上昇が高くなる負荷（血圧

これまでの研究でも，また，本研究でも，最も効果

変移点負荷）を基準として強度をとらえ，本研究の的なトレーニング条件を明らかにするには至らなか

骨格筋への血流再分配の知見をまとめた（Fig.

った．本研究者らは，上記 1.10.2 で示した生理的なIII.1.10-2）．

運動強度を用いて，血圧変転負荷以下とそれ以上の活動筋への血流量が運動負荷強度の増加に伴って負荷によるトレーニングが末梢循環系と骨格筋に対増加し，頭打ちになるかどうかは議論のあるところする効果が異なるかどうかを明らかにする研究を本である．本プロジェクトでは動的膝伸展運動・足底

プロジェクトで開始した．このトレーニングによっ

屈運動や間欠的な静的掌握運動において検討し，前て，これまで別々に行われてきた筋肥大を起こすト

者では頭打ちが観察され，後者では筋弛緩期血流がレーニング条件と循環系に効果を及ぼすトレーニン

負荷の増加と共に増加するという結果を得た．動

グ条件を総合的に検討して，両者の関係を明らかに

的・静的運動共に，運動後血流量に対する運動中血したいと考えている．本学術フロンティア事業を契

流量の比は，血圧変移点負荷とほぼ類似の負荷強度機に多くの研究者が参画する共同研究に発展して，で急激に低下し，運動中の血流需要を満たす割合がトレーニングに関する指針の得られることが望まれ低くなることが確認された（IV．プロジェクトの共

る．

50

2

運動時の内臓器官および脳の血流動態とその調節機構
定本

朋子 1）

Control of renal and splanchnic circulations during exercise
Tomoko Sadamoto■本課題の共同研究者
佐藤1）耕平 1），平澤

愛 1），島田奈央子 1），森山真由美 1），大森芙美子 1），岩館雅子 1, 3），石田良恵 2）

日本女子体育大学基礎体力研究所，2）女子美術大学，3）日本大学

2.1

運動時の内臓器官血流動態とその調節
定本 朋子，佐藤 耕平，平澤愛，島田奈央子

2.1.1 静的運動時における腎動脈および上腸間膜動脈の血流応答
2.1.2 多段階の動的運動時における腎動脈および上腸間膜の血流応答
2.2

運動時の脳血流動態とその調節
定本 朋子，佐藤 耕平，森山真由美，平澤愛

2.2.1 静的運動および運動後筋虚血に対する脳血流動態2.2.2 Comparison of the blood flow responses between internal carotid and vertebral arteryduring dynamic graded exercise
2.3

発育期の子どもにおける循環機能の発達
定本 朋子，佐藤 耕平，大森芙美子，森山真由美，岩館 雅子，石田 良恵

2.1

運動時の内臓器官血流動態とその調節

定本

朋子，佐藤

耕平，平澤

愛，島田奈央子

Control of renal and splanchnic circulations during exercise

2.1.1

静的運動時における腎動脈および上腸間膜動脈の血流応答

Renal and splanchnic vascular responses during static exercise andpostexercise muscle ischemia
Abstract
Since visceral regions are consisted of functionally different organs such as kidneys and gastrointestinal tracts, it was hypothesized that blood flow regulation induced by the autonomic activation during exercise is different among arteries supplying to specific organs. To verify the hypothesis. We studied blood flow responses in renal artery (RA) and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) during static
handgrip exercise and the postexercise muscle ischemia (PEMI). Ten healthy female volunteers performed a sustained static handgrip exercise at 30 ％ of maximum voluntary contraction for 2 min followed by a 6-min recovery period (control condition). Subjects also underwent the occlusion condition, in which arterial blood flow in the upper arm was arrested immediately after the handgrip exercise. Mean arterial blood pressure (Finapres), heart rate (ECG), and blood flow in RA (RABF) and SMA(SMABF) were measured by Doppler ultrasound technique. Vascular resistance in RA and SMA (RAVR
and SMAVR) were calculated. During handgrip exercise, RAVR significantly increased and sustained at
the higher level during PEMI in occlusion condition, whereas RAVR in control condition returned to
the resting level. On the contrary, SMAVR in both conditions slightly increased during exercise andreturned to the resting level during PEMI. These results supported the hypothesis that blood flow regulation among different visceral organs is differential during exercise and PEMI. RA appeared to be
more sensitive to exercise stimulus and the reflex signals arising from muscle metaboreceptors than
SMA. The artery supplying to the digesting gastrointestinal tract such as SMA might be to some degree
exempt from flow-reducing participation during exercise.

る SMA と RA における血流動態を比較検討すること● 研究目的にした．

安静時には心拍出量の 20 ％もの血流配分がある内臓器官であるが，運動時には骨格筋血流への配分を● 研究方法増大させるために，血流減少の対象となるといわれる（Osada et al. 1999）．しかし，運動に対して個々

腎動脈（RA）および上腸間膜動脈（SMA）の 2 つの内臓器官の血流が画一的に血流減少を示すのかどの実験に 10 名の健康な成人女性〔年齢： 22 ± 1 歳，

うかについては明らかではない．本研究では，内臓

体重： 54 ± 5kg，身長： 158 ± 7cm，随意最大筋力器官の中でも消化器官（主に小腸）への血液を送る（MVC）： 32 ± 5kp〕が参加した．各実験では随意最上腸間膜動脈（superior mesenteric artery : SMA）

大筋力（MVC）の 30 ％の負荷で 2 分間握力発揮運動と腎臓へ血液を送る腎動脈（renal artery : RA）の 2を維持する対照条件（Control）と，同一の運動の後つを取り上げ，静的運動および運動後筋虚血に対すに，上腕部血流を 3 分間阻止し運動後筋虚血（PEMI）

53

Fig. III.2.1.1-1 Renal artery (RA) vascular resistance and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) vascular resistance during rest, static handgrip (HG) exercise and postexercise muscle ischemia (PEMI) in control and occlusion conditions.

を実施する虚血条件（Occlusion）の 2 条件が実施さる MAP と HR の反応は RA 実験と同様の結果を示しれた．RA 実験は食後 4 時間以上，SMA 実験は 8 時間た．しかし上腸間膜動脈血流（SMBF）は RABF とは以上を経過した後に行った．RA および SMA の動脈異なり，静的運動時には両条件の値が安静時値に等血流（BF）は平均血流速度および血管径（MCA は平

しく，有意な変化を示さなかった．また PEMI 時には，

均血流速度のみ）を超音波ドップラー法（Logic 3,

Control 条件が安静時値に戻るのに対し，Occlusion

Logiq5 GE Medical systems）により計測し，各動条件は著しく上昇した．そのため PEMI 時の SMA 血脈の血流量（BF）を算出した．平均動脈血圧（MAP，管抵抗は条件間の相違はなく，両条件ともに安静時

Finapress の指動脈圧波形計測）および心拍数（HR，に近い値を示した．本研究の SMA 実験における結果

ECG 法）により測定した．また RA および SMA 血管

は，大筋群による動的運動を用いた研究（Perko et

抵抗を MAP ／ RABF または MAP ／ SMABF の式から

al. 1998; Puvi Rajasingham et al. 1997; Qamar MI算出した．

and Read AE 1988）の成果とは異なっていた．これらの先行研究では，運動時の SMBF の低下あるいは● 結果と考察SMA 血管抵抗の上昇が報告されていた．しかし，本（1）RA 実験：静的運動時には MAP および HR が実験と同様の掌握運動による静的運動を用いた有意に上昇し，それらの上昇量は Control とWaaler et al.（1999）の研究では，本研究と同様に

Occlusion の条件間で等しかった．PEMI 時には，

SMA 血管抵抗の有意な上昇は見られないことを報告

Occlusion 条件の MAP だけが高値を示し HR は安静していた．

時値に戻った．腎動脈血流（RABF）は両条件ともに

これらの結果から，腹部内臓器官の血流は運動に運動時に有意に低下し，PEMI 時に安静時値に戻った．

対して画一的な反応を示すのではなく，腎動脈のよこのため RA 血管抵抗（Fig. III.2.1.1-1）が運動時にうに運動刺激および筋代謝受容器からの反射性入力

顕著に増大し，PEMI 時には Occlusion 条件がに顕著に反応する組織（器官）と上腸間膜動脈のよControl 条件よりも有意に高い値を示した．このよううに反応の低い組織（器官）があり，そのために運な静的運動時および PEMI に対する RA 血管抵抗の応動時の血流調節に関わる機構も異なることが示唆さ

答は先行研究に一致していた（Momen et al. 2003）．

れた．

また PET を用いて腎皮質の組織血流量を測定した● 文

Middlekauff et al.（1997）における成果ともほぼ一

献Middlekauff HR, Nitzsche EU, Nguyen AH, Hoh CK,
Gibbs GG: Modulation of renal cortical blood flow
during static exercise in humans. Circ Res, 80: 62-

致していた．
（2）SMA 実験：静的運動時および PEMI 時におけ54

J Physiol, 513: 907-913, 1998.
Puvi Rajasingham S, Smith GD, Akinola A, Mathias
CJ: Abdominal regional blood flow responses during and after exercise in human sympathetic denervation. J Physiol, 505: 841-849, 1997.
Qamar MI, Read AE: Effects of ingestion of carbohydrate, fat, protein, and water on the mesentericblood flow in man. Scand J Gastroenterol, 23: 2630, 1988.
Waaler BA, Toska K, Eriksen M: Involvement of thehuman splanchnic circulation in pressor response
induced by handgrip contraction. Acta Physiol
Scand, 166: 131-136, 1999.

68, 1997.
Momen A, Leuenberger UA, Ray CA, Cha S, Sinoway
LI: Renal vascular responses to static handgrip:
role of the muscle mechanoreflex. Am J Physiol,
285: H1247-H1253, 2003.
Osada T, Katsumura T, Hamaoka T, Inoue S, Esaki K,
Sakamoto A, Murase N, Kajiyama J, Shimomitsu
T, Iwane H: Reduced blood flow in abdominal viscera measured by Doppler ultrasound during onelegged knee extension. J Appl Physiol, 86: 709719, 1999.
Perko MJ, Nielsen HB, Skak C, Clemmensen JO,
Schoreder TV, Secher NH: Mesenteric, celiac andsplanchnic blood flow in humans during exercise.

2.1.2 多段階の動的運動時における腎動脈および上腸間膜動脈の血流応答
Renal and splanchnic vascular responses during dynamic exercise withgraded worklord
Abstract
From our previous report observed during static exercise it was hypothesized that the blood flow inthe renal artery (RA) decreased more than the blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) during dynamic exercise. To verify this hypothesis, we studied the blood flow responses in RA and SMA
during dynamic exercise with graded workloads. Nine healthy female volunteers participated in thepresent study. After 10-min resting, the subject performed a 15-min bicycling exercise including threeworkloads of 30%, 50%, and 70 % of peak oxygen uptake for 5 min for each workload. During dynamic exercise, the responses in oxygen uptake, minute ventilation, mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac
output, and heart rate, respectively, increased linearly with three workloads from rest to 30%, 50%, to
70% of the peak oxygen uptake. The conductance in RA, however, demonstrated a significant reduction during three workloads, by 19 ± 11 (SD) %, 29 ± 13 %, 45 ± 13 % of the value at rest for 30%,
50%, and 70% of the peak oxygen uptake, respectively. In contrast, the conductance in SMA showedno significant change from the resting level. The percent reduction of the conductance in SMA during
exercise was 5 ± 15 %, 11 ± 16 %, and 19 ± 16 % for the three workloads, respectively. Thus, thepresent data supported the hypothesis that the renal blood flow decreased more than that in SMA during dynamic exercise with graded loads.

行った．その結果，腹部内臓器官の血流は運動に対● 研究目的

安静時の腹部内臓器官には，心拍出量の約 20 ％のして画一的な反応を示すのではなく，腎動脈は運動

血流が配分されるが，運動時には血流量が減少する

による血流減少が顕著であるが，上腸間膜動脈ではといわれている．しかし，その減少量が，個々の腹運動刺激に対する有意な変化が見られないことが示部内臓器官により異なるのかどうかについては十分された．しかし動的運動時におけるこれらの腹部内な検討がなされていない．著者らは，一定負荷（随臓血流動態に関する研究は数少ないといえる．Endo

意最大筋力の 30 ％）の静的運動時における腎動脈血

et al.（2008）は，若年女性が一定負荷強度（40 W）

流と消化器官へ連絡する上腸間膜動脈血流の検討をの自転車運動をした際における上腸間膜動脈および55

Fig. III.2.1.2-1 Heart rate, cardiac output, mean arterial blood pressure, oxygen uptake, mean flow velocity andperipheral conductance in renal artery (RA) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) at rest and during exercise withintensity of 30%, 50% and 70% of peak oxygen uptake.

腎動脈の血流応答が異なることを報告している．彼

1000，Arco System）は，3 段階の各負荷の最後の 1

らは種々の強度における動的運動時について比較検分間のデータを平均した．SMA および RA の血管コ

討してはいなかった．このようなことを踏まえ，本ンダクタンスを，平均血流速度／平均血圧の式から算研究では，多段階負荷による自転車運動時における出し，SMA と RA の血管コンダクタンス（CSMA，

上腸間膜動脈（SMA）および腎動脈（RA）の血流応CRA）とした．また安静時値を 100 ％とした時の変答を比較検討し，静的運動時で得られた同様の結果

化率（％）で表示した．

が示されるのかどうかについて検討することにした．
● 結果と考察● 研究方法

Fig. III.2.1.2-1 にみられるように，SMA 平均血流

健康な女子大学生 9 名（年齢： 23 ± 3 歳，身長：速度は運動により有意な変化が見られないが，RA で162 ± 5 cm，体重： 58 ± 5 kg，最高酸素摂取量・
VO2peak ： 36 ± 6 ml ／ kg・min-1）が実験に参加した．
・
5 分間の安静後，30 ％，50 ％および 70 ％ V O 2peak のは運動強度とともに大きく減少した．また血管コン

負荷で各 5 分間，計 15 分間の自転車運動を行った．

時でみられた RA および SMA の血流応答の相違と等

SMA および RA の平均血流速度を，超音波ドップラ

しい結果となった．また先行研究の報告とも一致し

ー法により（Vivid7pro，GE Medical systems）にていた（Endo et al. 2008; Flamm et al. 1990）．しより測定した．測定には 3.0 MHz のコンベックス型

かし，動的運動時の SMA 血流応答についてみると，プローブを用いた．SMA は腹部大動脈分岐部より遠中高齢者を被験者とした Puvi-Rajasingham et al.

位 1 〜 2 cm，RA は右腎への流入部から近位 1 〜 3（1997）の結果よりも本研究の低下率がやや少なかっ

cm の部位で測定した．心拍数（HR，心電図法），動た．これは被験者の年齢の相違によると考えられた．

脈平均血圧（MAP，Finometer，Finapres Medical

このような SMA と RA にみられる同一運動に対するsystems），心拍出量（CO，圧波形から Model flow・法により算出）および酸素摂取量（V O 2 ，ARCO-応答の相違をもたらす要因として，アンギオテンシ

ダクタンスでみると，RA の低下率が SMA に比較す
ると著しく大きかった．これらの結果は，静的運動

ン II（ Tidgren et al. 1991）， エ ン ド セ リ ン -1

56

and organ blood volume and effect on cardiac
function in relation to upright exercise intensity inhealthy human subjects. Circulation, 81: 15501559, 1991.
Maeda S, Miyauchi T, Iemitsu M, Tanabe T,
Irukayam-Tomobe Y, Goto K, Yamaguchi I,
Matsuda M : Involvement of endogenous endothelin-1 in exercise-induced redistribution of tissue
blood flow: an endothelin receptor antagonist
reduced the redistribution. Circulation, 106 :2188-2193, 2002.
Momen A, Leuenberger UA, Ray CA, Cha S, Sinoway
LI : Renal vascular responses to static handgrip:
role of the muscle mechanoreflex. Am J Physiol,
285 : H1247-H1253, 2003.
Puvi Rajasingham S, Smith GD, Akinola A, Mathias CJ: Abdominal regional blood flow responses during
and after exercise in human sympathetic denervation. J Physiol, 505 : 841-849, 1997.
Tidgren B, Hjemdahl P, Theodorsson E, Nussberger J:
Renal neurohormonal and vascular responses todynamic exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol, 70 :
2279-2286, 1991.

（Maeda et al. 2002），交感神経活動の地域差等が考えられる．また交感神経活動の地域差をもたらす要因として圧受容器（Collins et al. 2001），筋代謝受容器や筋機械受容器（Momen et al. 2003）からの反射性制御が腎と消化器官では異なるということも考えられる．今後の詳細な検討が必要である．
● 文

献Collins HL, Augustyniak RA, Ansorge EJ, O’Leary DS :Carotid baroreflex pressor responses at rest andduring exercise: cardiac output vs. regional vasoconstriction. Am J Physiol, 280: H642-H648,
2001.
Endo MY, Suzuki R, Nagahata N, Hayashi N, Miura A,
Koga S, Fukuba S : Differential arterial blood flow
response of splanchnic and renal organs during
low-intensity cycling exercise in women. Am J
Physiol, 294: H2322-H2326, 2008.
Flamm SD, Taki J, Moore R, Lewis SF, Keech F,
Maltais F, Ahmad M, Callahan R, Dragotakes S,
Alpert N, Strauss HW : Redistribution of regional

57

2.2
定本

運動時の脳血流動態とその調節

朋子，佐藤耕平，森山真由美，平澤愛

Cerebral blood flow regulation during exercise

2.2.1

静的運動および運動後筋虚血に対する脳血流動態

Cerebral blood flow responses to static exercise and postexercise muscle ischemia
Abstract
To elucidate the cerebral blood flow responses to static exercise, we measured arterial blood flow
responses in three sites of “the carotid artery root” and one site of “the vertebral artery root”. Ten
healthy female volunteers performed a 3-min sustained static handgrip exercise with ramp loadincreasing from 10% to 30% of maximum voluntary contraction followed by a 3-min postexercise muscle ischemia (PEMI). The blood flow (BF) in left common carotid artery (CCABF), the left internal
carotid artery (ICABF), and the left vertebral artery (VABF) was measured by ultrasonography. Meanflow velocity in the left middle cerebral artery (MCAV) was also recorded. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP; Finapres) and heart rate (HR; ECG). The vascular resistance (VR) was calculated from theratio of MAP to the CCABF, ICABF, VABF, or MCAV. During static exercise (Fig. 1) the vascular resistance in all arteries increased from the resting level in parallel with the increase in MAP, but the magnitude of increase was greater in the “carotid artery root” than the “vertebral artery root”. During
PEMI, CCABF-VR, ICABF-VR, and MCA-VR were significantly higher than the resting level, whereas
VABF-VR returned to the resting level. These data suggested that the static exercise produced greater
vasoconstriction in the “carotid artery root” than the “vertebral artery root” and that the muscle metaboreflex played an important role in vasoconstriction in the “the carotid artery root” but not in the“vertebral artery root”.

かどうかについては不明である（Hellestrom et al.

● 研究目的

脳への血流は左右の内頸動脈経路（主に大脳皮質

1996; Pott et al. 1997）．このような点を踏まえ，本側頭葉，前頭葉，頭頂葉，島皮質へ潅流）と椎骨動

研究では静的運動時および運動後筋虚血時における脈経路（主に延髄，小脳，後頭葉へ潅流）の 2 経路に頸動脈経路と椎骨動脈経路の血流動態を検討するこより供給される．しかし頸動脈経路における中大脳ととした．

動脈の血流動態をみた研究は多いが（Jørgensen et● 研究方法

al. 1999），椎骨動脈経路の血流動態に関する報告は数少ない．内頸動脈経路は大脳への血液供給が主体

被験者は 10 名の健康な成人女性〔年齢： 21 ± 1 歳，

であるが，椎骨動脈経路の血流は，延髄，小脳，脳身長： 158 ± 7cm，体重： 57 ± 9kg，随意最大筋力幹といった運動遂行に重要な部位への血液供給を担（MVC）： 30 ± 5kp〕が，2 分間の安静後，最大筋力っている．この両経路が潅流する部位の違いを反映の 10 ％から 30 ％まで上昇するランプ負荷を維持する

するような血流動態の相違が運動時にもみられるの

静的握力発揮を 3 分間行った．その後，3 分間の運動58

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0&$95

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Fig. III.2.2.1-1 Percent changes in vascular resistance in common carotid artery (CCABF-VR), internal carotid
artery (ICABF-VR), middle cerebral artery (MCA-VR) and vertebral artery (VABF-VR) during rest, static handgrip
exercise, and postexercise muscles ischemia (PEMI). For the calculation of MCA-VR, mean flow velocity was usedinstead of volume blood flow. Resting vascular resistance was defined as 100%, and shadow area indicates exercise
period in the figure.

後筋虚血（PEMI）を行った．平均動脈血圧（MAP，脈経路と椎骨動脈経路の血流動態が異なることを示

Finapress 指動脈圧波形計測）および心拍数（HR，していた．頸動脈経路では，血圧上昇に対して血管ECG 法）により測定した．総頸動脈（CCA），内頸動収縮作用により血流を制限するが，椎骨動脈では血脈（ICA）および椎骨動脈（VA）における血流量

管収縮作用が少なく血流の流入を許す経路という特（BF）を，また中大脳動脈（MCA）では平均血流速度徴がみられた．このような経路の相違をもたらす仕を超音波ドップラー法（Logic 3，Vivid 7）により計

組みは，運動時に活性化する脳細胞代謝に起因する測した．各動脈の血管抵抗を平均血圧と BF（MCA はのか，両経路の脳血管の自動調節能の相違なのか，

平均血流速度）の比として算出した．

あるいは圧反射などの神経調節活動の関与の相違なのかは明らかではない（Querido and Sheel 2007）．

● 結果および考察● 文

HR および MAP は，運動後半にかけて著しく上昇

献Helleström G, Fischer-Colbrie W, Wahlgren NG,
Jogestrand T : Carotid artery blood flow and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity duringphysical exercise. J Appl Physiol, 81: 413-418,
1996.
Jørgensen LG, Nowak M, Ide K, Secher NH : Cerebral
blood flow and metabolism. In : Eercise andCirculation in Health and Disease. Edited by
Saltin B, Bouchel R, Secher NH, Mitchell JH, pp.
113-123, 1999.
Pott F, Ray CA, Olesen HL, Ide K, Secher NH : Middle
cerebral artery blood velocity,arterial diameterand muscle sympathetic nerve activity during
post-exercise muscle ischeamia. Acta Physiol
Scand, 160: 43-47, 1997.
Querido JS, Sheel AW : Regulation of cerebral bloodflow during exercise. Sports Med, 37: 765-782,
2007.

した．そして，PEMI 時には HR は安静値に戻るが，MAP は安静値より高い値を示した．頸動脈経路における BF は，運動開始早期に増加するが，その後は一定値で維持された．そして PEMI 時には安静値まで戻った．一方，椎骨動脈経路における BF は，静的運動
開始から終了まで漸増した．また PEMI 時においても安静値よりも高い値を維持した．このため血管抵抗が（Fig. III.2.2.1-1），頸動脈経路では静的運動時の値が安静値から約 50 ％も上昇したが，椎骨動脈経路
では約 10 ％程度の上昇にすぎなかった．PEMI 時では，頸動脈経路の値は安静値に比べ有意に高いが，
椎骨動脈経路ではほぼ安静値またはそれ以下の値を示した．このような結果は，運動負荷に対する頸動59

2.2.2 Comparison of the blood flow responses between internal carotid andvertebral artery during dynamic exercise

Abstract
The development of the Doppler ultrasonography technique enabled the measurement of the change
in the blood flow in the extra- and intracranial arteries at rest and during exercise. The purpose of thepresent study was to clarify the effect of exercise intensity on the cerebrovascular response in the ICA
and VA during semi-recumbent bicycle exercise by using the Doppler ultrasound technique. A total of
10 healthy young adults (1 man, 9 women) [age: 22.5 ± 2.5 years (mean ± SD)] participated in thisstudy. The exercise consisted of a 5-min baseline followed by levels of exercise load at 30%, 50%, and・
70% of the power of the VO2peak with 5-min duration of each stage. We continuously monitored
cardiovascular (Model flow method with finometer), ventilatory (breathe-by-breathe method), internal・・・
carotid artery blood flow (QICA), and vertebral artery blood flow (QVA) at rest and during exercise. QICA
・and QVA was measured by a Doppler ultrasound system and cerebrovascular resistance index (CVRICA
and CVRVA) were also calculated as MAP divided by CBF. In this study, mean arterial pressure (MAP)and end-tidal partial pressure of CO 2 (PET CO2) increased significantly with increase of exercise
・・
intensity. QICA increased by 12 ± 2% during 30% VO2peak and reached a maximum 8 ± 3% during 50%・・・VO2peak. However, during 70% VO2peak, increase in QICA had a level off, in contrast to a continued
・
increase in CVRICA throughout exercise. On the other hand, QVA increase in proportion to the increase・of exercise intensity (17 ± 3, 33 ± 4, and 40 ± 4% at 30, 50, and 70% VO2peak, respectively). In addition,
CVRVA did not change from the resting level throughout exercise. These data suggested that during
dynamic exercise the blood flow responses in VA and ICA are different. The difference might be mainly explained by CVR responses.

intensity on CBF during dynamic exercise is less

● Purpose

The development of the Doppler ultrasonogra-

clear. Therefore, the purpose of the present study

phy technique enabled the measurement of thewas to clarify the effect of exercise intensity onchange in the blood flow in the extra- andthe cerebrovascular response in the ICA and VA

intracranial arteries at rest and during exercise,during dynamic exercise by using the Doppler

i.e., the common carotid artery (CCA), internal

ultrasound technique.

carotid artery (ICA), vertebral artery (VA), and● Methods

middle cerebral artery (MCA). Hellstrom et al.
(1996) demonstrated using the Doppler ultrasoundA total of 10 healthy young adults (1 man, 9that the blood flow in the CCA, ICA, and MCA

women) [age: 22.5 ± 2.5 years (mean ± SD),

increases during graded dynamic exercise, indicating an increase in the blood flow in the carotid

height: 163.0 ± 5.9 cm, body mass: 57.6 ± 5.1 kg,
・
and peak oxygen uptake (V O 2peak ): 37.3 ± 5.4

artery and a large part of the brain. Interestingly,

ml/kg・in-1] participated in this study. The proce-they reported that compared with moderate exer・
cise (60% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), heavy
・
exercise (80% VO2max) tended to reduce blood flow

dure consisted of a 5-min baseline period (Rest),in the ICA and MCA. However, the blood flow

upright position, with each stage lasting for 5 min.
・The mean blood flow in the ICA (QICA) and the VA
・(Q VA ) were measured with a high-resolution

followed by exercise with loads of 30%, 50%, and・
70% of the power at with VO2peak occurred in the

response in the VA during dynamic exercise has
not been evaluated and the effect of exercise
60

ϱϬultrasound system (VIVID7 PRO and LOGIQ5, GE%ORRG )ORZ 

Medical Systems, Japan) equipped with a 10 MHz
linear transducer. The mean MAP was measured
non-invasively by photoelectric plethysmography
with a Finometer (Finapres Medical Systems BV,
Netherlands). Furthermore, the heart rate (HR),stroke volume (SV), and thus cardiac output (CO),



ϰϬ

/
s

ΎΎ

ϯϬ

ΎΎ

ϮϬ

ϭϬ

ηη

were determined from the blood pressure wave

Ώ

ΎΎ
Ώ
ΎΎ

ηη

ηη

Ώ

ϱϬй

ϳϬй

ZĞĐ

Ϭ

form with the aid of the Modelflow software pro-ZĞƐƚ ϯϬй

gram, which incorporates gender, age, height, andϰϬ

&HUHEURYDVFXODU
5HVLVWDQFH 

weight (Beat Scope 1.1, Finapres Medical Systems
BV, Netherlands). The CO was calculated as SV ×
HR. Ventilatory parameters were determined withan online system for the breath-by-breath method.

● Results and Discussion

Carotid blood flow studies using Doppler ultrasound measurements have been used to evaluate

ϮϬ

/
s

ϭϬ

ηη
η

Ώ

Ώ

Ϭ
ͲϭϬ
ͲϮϬ

changes in the gCBF. Such measurements might



ϯϬ

ZĞƐƚ

ϯϬй

ϱϬй

ϳϬй

ZĞĐ

Fig. III.2.2.2-1 (A) Change (%) in blood flow in the
ICA and VA during dynamic exercise and recovery.
(B) Change (%) in the cerebrovascular resistance in
ICA and VA during dynamic exercise and recovery.
・
Values are means ± SE. 30%, 30% VO2peak; 50%, 50%・・VO2peak; and 70%, 70% VO2peak; Rec, Recovery. *, ##:significantly different from the Rest (P < 0.05). †: significant (P < 0.01) difference between ICA and VA.

be of value when estimating changes in the blood・
flow in the ICA. We observed that QICA increased
・by 〜 12% during exercise with 30% VO2peak andwith a maximum increase of 〜 18% during exer・
cise with 50% VO2peak. However, exercise with 70%・・VO2peak did not further increase QICA compared with・・
the value at 50% V O 2peak . In contrast to Q ICA
・response that leveled off at 70% VO2peak, graded・
exercise significantly increased Q VA withtion, given that there is no evidence to suggest

increasing exercise intensity. Thus, we consideredregional differences in sympathetic and autoregu-

that the blood flow responses during dynamic

latory control in humans brain study. The otherexercise should differ in responses between ICA

mechanism could contribute the difference in theand VA.

CVR in the ICA and VA. First, the difference in

The differential responses of the ICA and VA

the areas of the brain supplied by the ICA and VA

blood flow during dynamic exercise should be

may be a contributory factor. In a previous ani-

mainly explained by the difference in the CVR

mal study, submaximal and maximal exercise

responses. It is possible that there is little sympa-

induced small increases in the vascular resistancethetic and autoregulatory control of the bloodin the regions of the brain that were related toflow and cerebrovascular in the peripheral

motor control and locomotion (spinal cord andbranches of the VA as compared with the periph・
eral branches of the ICA. In this case, Q VA

cerebellum), maintenance equilibrium (cerebellum

passively increased with the MAP and CO during(medulla and pons), which are mainly supplied bydynamic exercise. Nevertheless, this is specula-

the peripheral arteries of the vertebrobasilar sys-and vestibule), and cardiorespiratory control

61tem, as compared with the cortical regions associ-in the CVR in the ICA and VA. However, theated with motor and somatosensory functions

detailed mechanism underlying the differential(frontal cortex), which are mainly supplied by the

CVR responses of ICA and VA are unclear.

peripheral branches of the ICA (Delp et al. 2001).

Further investigation is required to clarify this.

A second, possibility is that two or more opposing

are present in peripheral branches of vertebral-

In conclusion, during dynamic exercise, the・・increase in the QICA had leveled off at 70% VO2peak,・in contrast to a continued increase in the Q VA

basilar system. There may be a sympathetic vaso-

increased with increasing exercise load. This dif-constriction in response to the increase in perfu-

ference might be induced by the difference in thesion pressure, and simultaneously an equivalent

CVR response to graded dynamic exercise.

and offsetting vasodilatory stimuli and substancevasodilatory stimulus resulting from increase neu● References

ronal metabolic release. In this case, the net

Delp MD, Armstrong RB, Godfrey DA, Laughlin MH,
Ross CD, Wilkerson MK : Exercise increases bloodflow to locomotor, vestibular, cardiorespiratory
and visual regions of the brain in miniature swine.
J Physiol, 533: 849-859, 2001.
Hellstrom G, Fischer-Colbrie W, Wahlgren NG,
Jogestrand T : Carotid artery blood flow and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity duringphysical exercise. J Appl Physiol, 81: 413-418,
1996.

effect is that vascular resistance remains
unchanged as in our result of CVRVA. Third, morphological differences in the two arteries might bedirectly connected with this phenomenon. Within
the cranium, the two VA fuse into the basilar
artery. In contrast, the two ICA independently run
up to the brain. Accordingly, it is considered thatseveral factors may contribute on the difference

62

2.3

発育期の子どもにおける循環機能の発達

定本

朋子，佐藤 耕平，大森芙美子，森山真由美，
岩館 雅子，石田 良恵

Development of cardiovascular function in children
Abstract
To understand the development of cardiovascular functions, we studied age-related changes in cardiac
output, total peripheral resistance, cerebral blood flow and the index of cerebral flow distribution in 207
healthy female children between 10 and 18 years of age. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was measured non-invasively by photoelectric plethysmography with a Finometer. Heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) were determined from the blood pressure waveform by using Model
flow software program. The blood flow in left common carotid artery (BFCCA) was measured during sitting rest by ultrasonography. The index of cerebral blood flow distribution (%) was calculated as
BFCCA/CO × 100. The total peripheral resistance, an index for changes in vascular growth, was calculated
as MAP/CO. CO began to increase from 11 years and was nearly complete by 15 years. The increase in
CO was due to a significant increase in SV since HR tended to decrease from 10 to 15 years. TPR
decreased also from 10 to 15 years indicating a significant growth in the vascular beds of whole body.
BFCCA gradually decreased from 10 to 15 years and the index of cerebral flow distribution (18 %) was
highest at 10 years and followed by a gradual decline to 15 % at 15 years of age. Over the age of 15
years, the values in CO, TPR, BFCCA and the index of cerebral blood flow distribution were almost stable
and identical to those in adult females. The present data suggested that the development in cardiovascular functions and cerebral flow distribution are accomplished by the age of 15 years in females.

● 研究目的● 研究方法循環機能の発達について知ることは，発育期の子

健康な小学生 5 年生（10 〜 11 歳），6 年生 （11 〜どもの運動を考えるために不可欠である．しかし循

12 歳），中高生（12 〜 18 歳）の合計 207 名の被験者

環機能の発育に関する研究は数少ない（加賀谷,とした．本研究では，座位安静時の循環変数として動2006）．本研究では，心臓および血管機能の発達とい脈血圧（MAP），心拍数（HR），1 回拍出量（SV），心う観点から，心臓のポンプ能力の指標となる心拍出

拍出量（CO）を測定した．また脳血流量の指標とし量と血管床の成長指標として総末梢血管抵抗の変化て，左総頸動脈の血流量（BFCCA）を計測することにしを検討することにした．また中心循環と末梢循環のた．MAP はフィノメーター（Finapres Medical

発達という観点から，心拍出量に対する脳血流量のSystems BV）により測定し，またその指動脈波形か比（脳血流配分）について検討することにした．末ら SV を Model Flow 法を用いて推定し，同じく圧波梢組織のなかから脳を取り上げる理由は，脳血流量形の間隔から HR を算出した．そして SV と HR の積かの発育に関する研究が特に少ないからである

ら CO を算出した．BFCCA の測定には超音波画像診断装（Schöing and Hartig,1996; 1998）．

置（Logiq5，GE Medical Systems）を用いた．総末

本研究の目的は，10 歳から 18 歳における発育期に梢血管抵抗（TPR）は MAP ／ CO の式から，脳血流量

おける心拍出量，総末梢血管抵抗，脳血流量，脳血配分指標（%）は BFCCA ／ CO × 100 の式から算出した．

流配分の変化を検討し，子どもの循環機能の発育過● 結果および考察

程を明らかにすることである．なお本報告では女子の結果について報告する．

HR は小 5（10 歳）から高 1（16 歳）にかけて徐々に減少したが，SV が小 6（11 歳）から高 1（16 歳）
63

Fig. III.2.3-1 Developmental changes in cardiac output (CO), total peripheral resistance (TPR) and cerebral blood flow
(CCA) and index of cerebral flow distribution (CCA/CO*100) from 10 to 18 years of age in female. The horizontal axis
indicates the grade of elementary school (E), junior high school (J), and high school (H). *; p < 0.05, **; p < 0.01.

にかけて急激な上昇を示した．その結果，CO が小 6

末梢血管抵抗），脳血流配分が小学高学年から中学生

から高 1 間において著しく増大した．その後の CO ににかけて発達することが示された．このような結果は有意な変化はみられなかった（Fig. III.2.3-1）．同から，最も発育するこの時期に循環機能を高めるた様に，全身の血管床の発達を示す指標である TPR のめ適切な運動や働きかけが必要であると考えられる．

低下は，小 5（10 歳）から始まり中 3（15 歳）にか

本研究は女子に関する知見であり，今後男子のデー

けてみられた．このような SV および CO の変化に関タを含めた検討が必要である．

する結果は，心エコー法により 8 歳〜 18 歳までの男
女の左心室の拡張期内径と収縮期内径を計測した清● 文水ら（1999）の結果とほぼ一致していた．また HR

加賀谷淳子 : 循環器からみた思春期. 子どもと発育発達,
3: 209-214, 2006．
Malina RM, Roche AF : Manual of physical status andperformance in childhood. Vol. 2. Physical performance, New York, Plenum, 1983.
Schöing M, Hartig B : Age dependence of total cerebral blood flow volume from childhood to adulthood. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 16: 827-833,
1996.
Schöing M, Hartig B : The development of hemodynamic in the extracranial carotid and vertebral
arteries. Ultrasound Med Biol, 24: 655-662, 1998.
清水静代, 村岡慈歩, 西田ますみ, 東香寿美, 浅井利夫, 加
賀谷淳子 : 発育に伴う心形態と有酸素能力の変化. 日本体育学会第 50 回記念大会, 体育・スポーツ関連学会連合大会日本運動生理学会第 7 回大会, 1999．

の低下についても先行研究（Malina and Roche
1983）と一致した．BFCCA は小 5 から中 2，3 にかけて減少した．そして中 3 〜高 1 間において有意な増加がみられ，高 1 以降には変化がみられなかった．このような BFCCA の変化は，ドイツ人の脳血流を検討した
先行研究と類似していた（Schöing and Hartig,
1996; 1998）．上述したように，BFCCA は小 5 から中2，3 にかけて減少し，同時に CO が小 6 から高 1 間において著しく増大するため，脳血流配分指標は，小 5で最も高く，中 2 にかけて低下し、中 3（15 歳）ではほぼ成人に近い値を示すことになった．
このように心機能（推定心拍出量），血管機能（総
64

献

3

運動時の筋交感神経活動からみた中枢指令および反射性制御の調節機構
斉藤

満 1）

Analysis of central command and reflex regulation of cardiovascularsystem during exercise with respect to muscle sympathetic nerve activity
Mitsuru Saito■本課題の共同研究者
相澤1）清香 1），神谷厚範 2），蜂矢鉄心 1），岩瀬敏 3）

豊田工業大学，2）国立循環器病センター，3）愛知医科大学

3.1

利き腕，非利き腕運動時の交感神経反応
斉藤

3.2

満，相澤 清香，神谷 厚範

運動時の筋交感神経活動に及ぼすレジスタンストレーニングの効果
斉藤満，蜂矢 鉄心，岩瀬

敏

3.1

利き腕，非利き腕運動時の交感神経反応
斉藤

満，相澤

清香，神谷

厚範

Comparison of sympathetic nerve activity responses between dominant
and nondominant arm
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) during
handgrip exercise performed with the dominant (D) and nondominant arm (ND) was different.
Intermittent static handgrip with maximal effort and rhythmic handgrip under the forearm circulationarrest with maximal effort followed by two 2-min post exercise arterial occlusion (PEAO) were used fortest exercises. MSNA was recorded from the tibial nerve by microneurography. MSNA increased during intermittent static exercise while the response was not different between D and ND. During rhythmic handgrip and PEAO, MSNA increased 197% and 369% of resting value for D and 140% and 197%
for ND respectively, and those differences between D and ND was significant. The different MSNA
responses in D and ND may be due to the difference in size of muscle metaboreflex than that exercise
effort.

● 目

た．MSNA はバースト総面積として定量化した．HG

的張力曲線より運動時の作業量を計測した．

左右の手の使い方には差があり，使用頻度は一般

主効果および左右の比較は繰り返しのある分散分に利き腕で高く，大きな力発揮や調節が必要なとき析で検定した．

に用いられることが多い．このような手の使い方の違いは大脳皮質レベルでの差や前腕筋機能，運動時● 結果および考察の交感神経活動反応の差としてみることができる．
本研究では，神経性循環調節の中心的な役割を果た

利き腕，非利き腕の最大 HG 張力はそれぞれ 48 ±す筋交感神経活動（MSNA）を左右のハンドグリッ

2kg，44 ± 2 kg（SD ± SEM）（P ＝ 0.056）であり，

プ運動において比較検討することにより，循環調節

利き腕が高い傾向にあったが差は認められなかった．

に対する中枢性および末梢性の効果を明らかにする
1）運動 1 ：間欠運動ことを目的とした．

間欠 HG 運動のピーク張力，作業量は運動回数とと● 方もに低下したが，MSNA は運動の 1 回から有意に増法

健康な右利き成人男子 16 名を対象とし，2 種類の加し 10 回まで高値を維持した．心拍数は運動開始と運動を行わせた．運動 1 として，中枢指令の左右差をともに増加したが MSNA 反応と同様に 1 回から 10 回確認するため，15 秒間最大努力静的ハンドグリップ

までほぼ一定値を示した（Fig. III.3.1-1）．HG 張力，（HG）運動を 15 秒の休止を挟んで左右交互に 20 回

MSNA，心拍反応ともに左右差は認めなかった．

繰り返す間欠運動．運動 2 として，代謝受容器反射の運動時の MSNA 増加には中枢指令と活動筋反射が比較として動脈阻血下において律動的 HG を 1 分間に関係するが（Mitchell 1990），運動開始直後の活動

40 回，最大努力で実施し，運動後阻血（PEAO）の筋反射の効果は小さい（Hashimoto et al. 1998）．従MSNA を比較した．

って，本研究で用いた 15 秒間の間欠的 HG 運動において，運動回数の増加とともに HG 張力が低下し，筋測定項目は MSNA，HG 張力，心拍数，血圧であっ67

Fig. III.3.1-1 Comparison of muscle sympathetic nerve activity between dominant and nondominant arm during
intermittent static handgrip exercise (left panel) and ischemic rhythmic handgrip exercise and post exercise arterial
occlusion (right panel). ▲: dominant arm, ●: nondominat arm, * p < 0.05 compare to the resting control, # p < 0.05
dominant vs nondominantarm.

応はともに左右差は認められなかった．

機械受容器の刺激が弱まったにもかかわらず MSNA
が最後まで高値を持続した原因として中枢指令の効HG 作業量は左右で差がなかったことから，運動時果が考えられる．他方，代謝受容器反射については，の代謝量に違いがあったとは考えられない．したが間欠運動休止期の MSNA 活動が安静値に戻ったことって，利き腕の代謝受容器反射が高くなった原因にから，代謝受容器刺激の効果は小さい．したがって，は，代謝以外の要因が考えられる．運動時の MSNA

MSNA 増加に対する中枢指令の効果は考えられるが，反応は速筋線維分布の高い筋の収縮時に高くなるこ

左右差はないといえる．また，心拍反応に関してもとから 3），利き腕と非利き腕の筋線維組成が異なるの

左右差はないと考えられる．これらの結果から，交かもしれない．あるいは，利き腕調査の結果，「重い感神経活動に対する中枢指令の効果は随意運動に共ものを持つには利き腕を使う」という回答が多いこ

通する効果を持ち，活動肢の違いによる影響はないとから（Saito 1995），速筋線維の動員が非利き腕運と考えられる．

動より促進された可能性が考えられる．
左右運動時の代謝受容器反射の差には利き腕と非2）運動 2 ：動脈阻血下運動

利き腕の日常的な手の使い方が反映され，この差は動脈阻血下運動のピーク張力は利き腕，非利き腕

中枢より末梢レベルで生じる可能性の高いことが示がそれぞれ 40 ± 2 kg，35 ± 1 kg，仕事量が 880 ± 8

唆される．

kg ／分，760 ± 45 kg ／分で，左右差は認められなか
● 文

った．

献

Hashimoto I, Miyamura M, Saito M : Initiation ofincrease in muscle sympathetic nerve activity
delay during maximal voluntary contraction. Acta
Physiol Scand, 164: 293-297, 1998.
Mitchell JH : Neural control of the circulation during
exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 22: 141-154, 1990.
Saito M : Differences in muscle sympathetic nerve
response to isometric exercise in different muscle
groups. Eur J Appl Physiol, 70: 26-35, 1995.

運動の後半 30 秒間の TSNA は利き腕運動が安静値
より 344 ％，非利き腕運動が 192 ％増加した．PEAO
2 分間の MSNA は利き腕，非利き腕がそれぞれ安静
値より 369 ％，197 ％増加した．運動および PEAOの MSNA 増加率は非利き腕より利き腕運動が高かった（Fig. III.3.1-1）．運動時の心拍数は高まったが，
PEAO では安静値まで低下した．心拍および血圧反

68

3.2

運動時の筋交感神経活動に及ぼすレジスタンストレーニングの効果
斉藤

満，蜂矢

鉄心，岩瀬

敏

Effect of resistance training on the muscle sympathetic nerve activity
during handgrip exercise
Abstract
To reveal the effect of resistance training on central and muscle reflex control of muscle sympathetic
nerve activity (MSNA) during exercise, MSNA was investigated pre- (PRE), post-training (POST) and4 weeks detraining after resistance training using fatigue-inducing handgrip exercise and post-exercise forearm occlusion (PEFO). Eighteen volunteers underwent forearm training, which contained 30
maximal effort, 10-s-duration static handgrips 4 days per week for 4 weeks. MSNA was recorded
from the tibial nerve by microneurography. Maximal handgrip force increased at POST. The MSNA
response during fatigued handgrip also increased at POST, as compared to PRE (52 ± 5 vs. 40 ± 4
bursts/min (mean ± SEM) respectively. However, at detraining, MSNA activity returned to PRE level(44 ± 5 bursts/min; p < 0.0001). The MSNA response during PEFO was constant throughout the experiment. The results indicate that an increased MSNA response after resistance training is likely to be
the result of central command rather than the muscle metaboreflex.

● 目

確かめる目的で最大 HG 張力（MVC）の 33 ％張力が的

身体トレーニングは心拍出量の増大や筋血流量の維持できなくなるまで持続する静的 HG とこれに続く増加，運動時の心拍数や血圧の低下を伴う．これら

2 分間の運動後阻血を用いた．運動テストはトレーニの適応変化には交感神経活動の変化が関係すると考ング前，トレーニング後，およびトレーニング停止 4

えられる．これまで，持久トレーニングに対する運週後に実施した．

動時の筋交感神経活動の反応は低下することが報告

測定項目は MSNA，心拍数，血圧，HG 張力であっされているが，レジスタンストレーニング（RT）にた．MSNA は脛骨神経より記録，1 分間のバースト発

関しては一定の見解は得られていない（斉藤 2004）．

射数（BF）で表した．心電図は胸部双極誘導により，

本研究では，RT は末梢活動筋だけでなく上位中枢か

血圧はフィナプレスにより測定した．

らの中枢指令にも影響するとの仮説に基づいて，トトレーニング前後の最大握力，仕事量，運動およ

レーニング前後の運動時の筋交感神経活動（MSNA）

び運動後阻血下の MSNA，心拍数，血圧反応は繰り反応からレジスタンストレーニングの効果について返しのある分散分析で検定し，下位検定には検討した．

Wilcoxon test を適用した．

● 方● 結果および考察

法1）ハンドグリップ張力

健康な成人男子 18 名を対象とし，9 名は非利き腕を用いた RT を実施，残り 9 名は対照群とした．トレ

トレーニング群の最大 HG 張力はトレーニング後

ーニングは 10 秒間の最大努力静的ハンドグリップ

17.6 ％（P ＜ 0.05）増加し，トレーニング停止 4 週（HG）運動を 10 秒間の休憩を挟んで 10 回繰り返す後も有意に高い HG 張力が維持された．これに対し，手順を，1 日 3 セット，週 5 回，4 週間実施した．

対照群の最大 HG 張力はトレーニング前，後，トレーニング停止 4 週後の期間に有意な変化は認められなか

テスト運動：中枢指令と代謝受容器反射の効果を
69

Fig. III.3.2-1 Comparison of the changes in burst frequency (dBF) during fatiguing handgrip exercise (HG) and post
exercise forearm occlusion (PEFO) at pre-training (B), 1 week post-training (A) and 4 weeks post-training (D) in the
trained (left panel) and control group (right panel). * p < 0.05 compared to the pre-training or 4 weeks post-training
values.

変化は認められなかった．

った．
6 週以下の短期間の RT に伴う筋力向上は筋収縮に筋反射が反映される運動後阻血時の MSNA 反応が動員される運動単位数の増加が主要因とされる

トレーニング期間を通して一定であったことから，（Sale 1988）．今回は 4 週間の最大努力 HG 運動を用運動時の MSNA 反応の増大には中枢指令の効果が大いたことから，中枢指令を含めた運動神経機能の向きく関与した可能性が推察される．本結果は，上が筋力増加の主要因と考えられる．トレーニング

MSNA 反応は RT の影響を受けないか低下するとされ停止後も高い張力が持続した背景には，高い運動神

るこれまでの結果（斉藤 2004）とは異なった．おそ

経機能が維持されたためと考えられる．

らくこの背景にはトレーニングに用いた運動強度の違いが影響したと考えられる．これまでの RT 研究では 30 ％ MVC 程度の負荷を用いているが，本研究で

2）運動時の生理反応
Fig. III.3.2-1 に 33 ％ MVC 張力が維持できなくな

はより高強度の最大努力筋収縮を用いた．このことるまで持続する HG 運動とそれに続く動脈阻血時のが，中枢指令に対する効果を有意にしたと推察されMSNA 反応の結果を示す．運動時の MSNA 反応はトる．

レーニング後有意に増加し，トレーニング停止 4 週後

本結果から，高強度レジスタンス運動は運動時のにはトレーニング前値に戻った．しかし，代謝受容中枢指令に影響を及ぼすが，代謝受容器反射への効器反射が反映される運動後阻血時の MSNA 反応は研

果は小さいことが明らかとなった．

究期間を通して一定であり，トレーニング効果は認● 文

められなかった．対照群の MSNA 反応は運動時およ献斉藤 満 : 運動および安静時の交感神経活動に対する身体トレーニングの効果− Microneurography による研究−. 東海保健体育科学, 26: 1-8, 2004.
Sale DG : Neural adaptation to resistance training.
Med Sci Sports Exerc, 20: S135-S145, 1988.

び運動後阻血時ともに研究期間を通してほぼ一定であった．トレーニング群，対照群ともに運動時，運動後阻血時の心拍数，血圧反応は研究期間を通して70

4 Effects of Different Exercise Modalities on
Skeletal Muscle and Prefrontal Cortex
Oxygenation Monitored by Near Infrared
Spectroscopy
Valentina Quaresima1）■ Co-worker（本課題の共同研究者）
Marco Ferrari 1）

1）

Department of Health Sciences, University of L’Aquila

4.1

Metabolic pattern of the leg skeletal muscle groups during very short and intense isometric
exercise

4.2

Acute effects of whole body vibration exercise (an alternative exercise intervention) on gastrocnemius medialis and vastus lateralis oxygenation

4.3

Biceps brachii myoelectric and oxygenation changes during static and sinusoidal isometric exercises

4.4

Auxiliary muscles oxygenation during a rowing exercise

4.5

Effects of handgrip exercise on frontal cortex oxygenationEffects of Different Exercise Modalities on Skeletal Muscle
and Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation Monitored by Near
Infrared Spectroscopy
Valentina Quaresima
Abstract
The research activity has mainly been focused on the study of the vascular and metabolic mechanism regulating the cerebral and muscular oxygenation and metabolism by using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and functional NIRS with a multidisciplinary approach. In particular, the results want
to give a contribution for: 1) understanding the mechanism of the muscle fatigue during exercise andthe kinetics of the transition rest-exercise, and 2) supporting the hypothesis that prefrontal/frontal lobe
plays a role in maintaining strength of the forearm muscles and ensuring a correct execution of motor
tasks which require a fine motor control and coordination.

4.1 Metabolic pattern of the leg skeletal muscle groups during very short and intense isometric exercise
The purpose of the study was to assess ondrop immediately after the exercise end. Fig.

heavy-resistance strength trained and untrained

III.4.1-1 right panel shows the typical TOI patternsubjects the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle O2 satura-of a sedentary subject. TOI was stable only overtion (TOI) time course in response to a brief maxi-

the first 1.5-2.0 s of the exercise; thereafter, TOI

mal voluntary isometric contraction.

started to decline. The time to the onset of TOI
decrease was consistently shorter in the untrained● Methods

than in the trained subjects. In all the trained sub-Trained (n = 10) and untrained (n = 10) sub-jects, TOI started to decrease 0.5-1.0 s after thejects performed a trial consisting of: 1) a 1-min

end of the contraction. After the end of the exer-

rest period, 2) a leg press exercise of about 3 s,

cise, TOI transiently decreased reaching its mini-and 3) a 2-min recovery period. The leg press

mum value in about 15 and 10 s in the trained

exercise consisted of a static maximal voluntary

and untrained subjects, respectively.

contraction using only the dominant leg. The leg

In conclusion, the results of this in vivo studypress strength was recorded using a load cell. The

demonstrated that the aerobic oxidative metabolic

TOI was measured by NIRS (NIRO-300; 0.17 s

system occurs earlier in untrained than insampling time).

strength power trained subjects upon a very shortisometric high-intensity exercise. From this point● Resultsof view, NIRS could be employed to: 1) profile inFig. III.4.1-1 left panel shows the VL oxygena-each muscle group the aerobic and, indirectly,

tion pattern observed in a athlete. TOI wasanaerobic energy system contribution during evenunchanged over the 3-s exercise and started tosingle brief maximal exercise, and 2) follow the73

Fig. III.4.1-1 Left: Time course of leg force output (upper panel), and vastus lateralis TOI and tHb (lower panel)
before, during, and after static leg press exercise. Right: Time course of leg force output (upper panel), and vastus
lateralis TOI and tHb (lower panel) before, during, and after static leg press exercise.

alteration of the profile as function of specific aer-

The details of this study are reported in the pre-obic or anaerobic training or rehabilitation pro-vious study (Cettolo et al. 2007).

grams.

4.2 Acute effects of whole body vibration exercise (analternative exercise intervention) on gastrocnemius
medialis and vastus lateralis oxygenation
Whole body vibration (WBV) has been promoted

In most of the vibrating plates currently available

as an alternative exercise intervention able toon the market, vibration frequency is the only

affect neuromuscular performance in young andparameter that can be changed, and notwithstand-old individuals. This new neuromuscular training

ing manufacturers’ instructions, there is no real

method consists of squatting on specially designed

evidence to suggest the optimal training frequency

plates producing sinusoidal oscillations of different

to be adopted. Therefore, the determination of thefrequencies and amplitudes. It has been suggested

effects of different WBV frequencies on muscle

that the sinusoidal vibration generated by the plate

oxidative metabolism represents an important

oscillations elicits reflex muscle activity in the

aspect to be analysed in order to provide guide-lower limbs mainly via monosynaptic pathways.

lines for WBV training programs. Considering the

Muscle activation during squat exercise on vibrat-lack of information regarding muscle oxygenation

ing surfaces is still a controversial topic. Vibration

during WBV exercise, we aimed at investigating

exercise intensity can be determined by manipu-

the effects of different WBV frequencies on oxy-lating two parameters: amplitude and frequency.

genation of VL and gastrocnemius medialis (GM)74

muscles during static squatting in sedentary andment by time interactions in both TOI and Δ total

physically active healthy males. We hypothesized

hemoglobin volume (tHb) in VL and GM muscles.

that vibration would determine a decrease in mus-A significant main effect of time in TOI of both VL

cle oxygenation in GM and VL greater than control

and GM muscles was identified (P < 0.001). TOI

condition, due to an increase in muscle activation.

significantly decreased from baseline in VL in

Furthermore, we hypothesized that the oxygena-

control conditions after 90 s and 110 s (P < 0.05

tion of GM muscle, due to its proximity to theand P < 0.05, respectively), in 30 Hz condition

vibration source, would be more affected than theafter 110 s (P < 0.01), in 40 Hz condition after 30

oxygenation of VL during WBV.

s (P < 0.05), and significantly increased after 30 s
in 50 Hz condition. GM TOI was found to be sig-

● Methods

nificantly lower than baseline at 60 s (P < 0.05),

Ten subjects were sedentary individuals and ten

90 s (P < 0.01) and 110 s (P < 0.01) in control con-were athletes practicing different sports. All sub-dition, and at 110 s (P < 0.05) in 30 Hz condition.

jects completed 4 trials (Control, 30 Hz, 40 Hz

In conclusion, this study showed that WBV

and 50 Hz WBV) in a randomised-controlled

exercise with frequencies of 30, 40 and 50 Hz andcross-over design. The trials consisted of static

small amplitudes does not affect muscle oxygena-

squatting on a vibrating platform for a total dura-tion of VL and GM muscles to a higher degreetion of 110 s. Muscle oxygenation status wasthan a non-vibration condition.
The details of this study are reported in the pre-recorded with NIRS (NIRO-300).

vious study (Cardinale et al. 2007).
● Results

The data analysis revealed no significant treat-

4.3 Biceps brachii myoelectric and oxygenation changes
during static and sinusoidal isometric exercises
MVC and sinusoidal (SIN) at 40 ± 20 and 60 ±Surface myoelectric signal changes occurring

20% MVC.

during sustained isometric contractions have been
extensively studied with quantitative surface elec-● Results

tromyography (sEMG) and are described bymeans of some sEMG global variables in time andResults clearly indicate the presence of an ini-frequency domain (such as the median powertial fast phase of muscle O2 desaturation followed

spectral frequency).

by a slow phase, regardless of the contraction

The purpose of this work was to combine NIRS

modality. Moreover, the initial rate of muscle O2

and sEMG techniques to analyze the relationshipdesaturation was related to the level of force out-

between modifications of sEMG parameters andput (R = 0.92), but it was independent on the con-the underlying metabolic status of the exercising

traction modality (P < 0.05). Similarly, changes inbiceps brachii muscle. This relationship was test-sEMG parameters were related to force level

ed under different isometric contraction modali-(Conduction Velocity - CV vs. Force: R = 0.87;

ties, namely static (ST) at 20, 40, 60 and 80%

sEMG Median Frequency - MDF vs. Force: R =75

0.86). The high correlation found between CV-high force levels is influenced by the type of

MDF and Tissue Oxygenation Index (TOI) slope (Ractive motor units and not from the type of iso-

= 0.73 and 0.72, respectively) suggests a strong

metric exercise modality.

relationship between NIRS and sEMG data.

The details of this study are reported in the pre-Finally, this study indicates that muscle O 2

vious study (Felici et al. 2007).

demand during isometric contractions from low to

4.4 Auxiliary muscles oxygenation during a rowing exercise
The aim of this study was to investigate the● Results

contribution of the auxiliary muscles, utilized to

The slow component amplitude, in absolute val-sustain the subject’s position on the ergometer, toues resulted statistically lower for rowing (343.9 ±the oxygen uptake slow component phenomenon.

232.2 ml ・ min -1) than for arms (795.6 ± 405.6
ml ・ min-1) and legs (695.8 ± 292.8 ml ・ min-1) exer-● Methods

cise modes. The same result was found when theThree tests were performed at the same severe

slow component amplitude was calculated as per-relative intensity on a rowing ergometer: a stan-centage of VO2 peak (7.1 ± 5.0 % for Rowing; 17.2 ±dard rowing exercise test, a rowing exercise per-6.6 % for Arms; 17.3 ± 6.4 % for Legs). The lower

formed with the arms and one performed with theslow component amplitude measured for the rowing

legs only. During the three exercise modalities

exercise mode with respect to both arms and legs

oxygen uptake, local oxyhemoglobin saturation

modes, demonstrates that the auxiliary muscles

and surface electromyography signals of theinvolved in the exercise contribute to the increasing

trapezius and vastus lateralis muscles were meas-

energetic cost due to the slow component.

ured.

The details of this study are reported in the previous study (Demarie et al. 2008).

4.5 Effects of handgrip exercise on frontal cortex oxygenation
Neuroimaging studies have reported a propor-

The purpose of the study was to investigate thetional relationship between cortical signals andtime course of the oxygenation of the frontal cor-exerted joint force in humans, indicating thattex (FC) during a handgrip task performed sepa-

brain signals are positively correlated to voluntary

rately with right and left hand.

efforts, as a high level of effort is required for● Methods

exerting greater muscle force. The effect ofdiverse skeletal muscle exercises on brain cortex

Mean (± SD) age, height, and body mass of theoxygenation, and in particular on ipsi- and con-

12 right-handed subjects were 27 ± 4 y, 177 ± 5

tralateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) has not been

cm and 76 ± 12 kg, respectively. Participants

fully clarified yet.

completed two separate experimental sessions

76performed at the same time of day and separated

lecting ones were assembled into a specificallyby a minimum period of 24 hours. In the first ses-designed flexible probe holder (Elastomer

sion each subject performed 5 maximal voluntary

LCG20R, Chiorino S.p.A, Italy) ensuring that thecontractions (MVC) for each hand. The partici-

position of the 10 optodes, relative to each other,pant was instructed to squeeze a handgrip device

was fixed. The probe holder consisted of two mir-with each hand to his maximum ability while stay-ror-like units (10 × 8 cm each) held together by aing in a supine position. Each MVC lasted approx-

flexible junction. The 8 fNIRS measurement points

imately 2-s with a 120-s rest period between tri-(channels) were defined as the midpoint of theals. In the second session, two identical rhythmiccorresponding detector-illuminator pairs (distancehandgrip exercises at MVC were executed, one

set to 3 cm). The optodes were inserted into theexercise for each hand. The exercise consisted of:elastomer probe holder through fiber optical bun-a 5-min rest condition, a 5-min rhythmic exercise

dle socket connectors, and then placed over the(100 MVCs; 2-s contraction and 1-s relaxation)

forehead of both hemispheres. The probe holder

and a 5-min recovery. Fifteen min later, the same

was fixed to the head by a velcro brand fastener,

exercise was repeated with the other hand.

adapting them to the individual size and shape ofHandgrip force was measured by a system con-the different heads. This flexible probe holder andsisting of a handgrip device and a digital handgrip

its position on the head allowed the creation ofanalyzer (MIE, Medical Research, UK). Subjects

stable optical contact with the forehead’s scalp

exerted handgrip contractions looking at a traffic

for all optodes. The channels 8, 5, 4, and 1 corre-

light generated by the handgrip analyzer software.

sponded to Fp1, AF3, Fp2, and AF4 respectively,

The visual stimulus was projected towards theaccording to the extended international 10/20 sys-ceiling over the subject by a video-projector.

tem of electrode placement. The quantification of

When the traffic light was green the subject hadconcentration changes, expressed in ΔμM, wasto exert his maximum force upon the transducer

obtained by including an age-dependent constantand maintain the force at his peak until the traffic

differential pathlength factor (DPF) (5.13 ＋ 0.07 ×light changed to red. Upon a red traffic light sig-

age0.81). Data were acquired at 1 Hz and trans-

nal, the subject had to relax so that did not exert

ferred online from the NIRO-200 monitor to aany force upon the transducer. The subject

computer.

repeated this process for each cycle following theStatistical analyses were performed using thetraffic light prompts. The sampling rate for force

SigmaStat 3.5 package (Systat Software Inc.,

data was 33 Hz. Heart rate (HR) was measured by

Richmond, CA). The average values werea pulse oximeter equipped with a ear lobe probe

expressed as mean ± SD. The criterion for signifi-(Nellcor N600, USA).

cance was P < 0.05.

In order to determine theA 8-channel fNIRS system (NIRO-200 withsignificance of [O2Hb], [HHb] heart rate and force

multi-fiber adapter, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.,

changes one way repeated measures analysis ofJapan) was used to measure frontal changes invariance (one way RMANOVA) and post-hoc[O2Hb] and [HHb]. Two optical fiber bundles (2.5

Tukey test were performed. For [O 2Hb], [HHb]m length; 3 mm diameter) carried the light to theand HR the control condition was the mean value

left and the right frontal cortex; whereas eightof the 30-s rest condition.

optical fiber bundles of the same size (4 for eachTo examine the effect of the handgrip exerciselobe) collected the light emerging from the frontal

on [O2Hb] and [HHb] changes, areas under theareas. The two illuminating bundles and the col-curve (AUCs) were computed using the curves

77Fig. III.4.5-1 Force tracings; heart rate tracing and FC oxygenation changes during right and left handgrip exercise(left and right panels, respectively). Although the force was decreasing and the HR was constantly high during theexercise period, FC was found activated (increase in O2Hb and a concomitant decrease in HHb) throughout theinvestigated frontal region. A higher activation was found ipsilateral to the exercising hand. The horizontal lines
indicate the significance interval. Means ± SD.

over the time associated with the exercise. This

The AUC of the rest period was subtracted toanalytic approach is well established in the quan-

the AUC of the exercise period and resulting datatification of concentration change over time and it

were analyzed by using a three-way analysis ofwould be maximally sensitive to task-related

variance model using post hoc Tukey test tochanges on [O2Hb] and [HHb] regardless of thedetermine the significance of individual changes

shape of the response profile.

between three experimental factors[hemisphere78Fig. III.4.5-2 Laterality index for the [O2Hb] and [HHb] changes of the 12 subjects for the right (filled circle) andleft (empty circle) hand exercises. The two dashed lines indicate the significant thresholds for the two exercises.

HR and O2Hb changes suggest that the observed(2)× channels (4)× task execution(2)].
In order to determine left/right asymmetry ofFC oxygenation changes were task related. The

FC activity during the handgrip task, a laterality

laterality index for [O2Hb] changes (the most sen-index (LI) for the [O2Hb] concentration changes

sitive parameter to cortical blood flow changes) is

was calculated using the formula (R-L)/(R+L),

reported in Fig. III.4.5-2. The amplitude of [O2Hb]

where R and L indicated the sum of the AUC val-changes was found greater in the FC ipsilateral toues of the right side (channels 1, 2, 3, 4) and thethe exercising hand with respect to the contralat-

left side (channels 5, 6, 7, 8). LI > 0 indicateseral one.

greater activity of the right FC, while LI < 0 indi-

These results confirm the previous ones

cates greater activity of the left FC. When the acti-

obtained by others using fMRI and provide fur-vation of one side was 1.4 times greater than thatther evidence that FC plays a role in maintaining

one found on the other side, the absolute value ofstrength of the forearm muscles and ensuring a

LI became greater than 0.15. One side predomi-

correct execution of motor tasks which require anance was arbitrarily defined as the absolute LI

fine motor control and coordination.

greater than 0.15.
● References

The summary of the study is reported in Fig.

Calvisi V, Angelozzi M, Franco A, Mottola L,
Crisostomi S, Corsica C, Ferrari M, Quaresima V :Influence of whole-body vibration static exercise
on quadriceps oxygenation. Adv Exp Med Biol,
578: 137-141, 2006.
Cardinale M, Ferrari M, Quaresima V : Gastro-cnemius medialis and vastus lateralis oxygenation
during whole body vibration exercise. Med Sci
Sports Exerc, 39: 694-700, 2007.

III.4.5-1. A significant progressive decline (up to
about 60%) of force was observed over the exercise duration. The so-called cortical activation ofboth frontal areas (ipsi and contralateral) was
observed in all subjects during rhythmic maximal
handgrip exercise. The mismatched patterns of79

e1-11, 2009.
Mottola L, Crisostomi S, Ferrari M, Quaresima V :Relationship between handgrip sustained submaximal exercise and prefrontal cortex oxygenation.
Adv Exp Med Biol, 578: 305-309, 2006.
Quaresima V, Crisostomi S, Mottola L, Angelozzi M,
Franco A, Corsica C, Calvisi V, Ferrari M : Vastus
lateralis metabolic response to explosive maximal
isometric leg press exercise oxygenation. Adv Exp
Med Biol, 578: 167-172, 2006.

Cettolo V, Ferrari M, Biasini V, Quaresima V : Vastus
lateralis O2 desaturation in response to fast andshort maximal contraction. Med Sci Sports Exerc,
39: 1949-1959, 2007.
Demarie S, Quaresima V, Ferrari M, Billat V, Sbriccoli
P, Faina M : Auxiliary muscles and slow component. Int J Sports Med, 29: 823-832, 2008.
Felici F, Quaresima V, Fattorini L, Sbriccoli P, Filligoi
GC, Ferrari M : Biceps brachii myoelectric andoxygenation changes during static and sinusoidal
isometric exercises. J Electromyogra Kinesiol, 19:80

5 Technical Developments of Multi-channel Nearinfrared Devices for Studying Oxygenation and
Hemodynamics in Brain Cortex and Skeletal
MuscleMarco Ferrari1）■ Co-worker（本課題の共同研究者）
Valentina Quaresima 1）

1）

Department of Health Sciences, University of L’Aquila

5.1

Test a 31-channel near infrared spectroscopy-continuous wave imager

5.2

Test a 8-channel near infrared spectroscopy-continuous wave imager

5.3

Test a 8-channel time-resolved imager

5.4

Prepare two review articles on NIRS technical developments and applications

5.5

Contribute to the refinement of NIRS muscle and brain measurements

Technical Developments of Multi-channel Near-infrared
Devices for Studying Oxygenation and Hemodynamics in
Brain Cortex and Skeletal Muscle
Marco Ferrari
Abstract
The research activity has mainly been focused on the development and application of near infrared
spectroscopy (NIRS) or imaging (NIRI) in different fields of medicine including sports medicine, cognitive neuroscience and psychiatry. In particular, 1) specific probe holders were designed and realized
for measuring oxygenation changes at cortical frontal lobe level of both hemispheres, 2) a software fordata handling and statistical analysis was developed/tested, and 3) research efforts were made on therefinement of NIRS muscle/brain measurements and data analysis.

5.1 Test of a near infrared spectroscopy-continuous wave
imager (NIRStation 16, Shimadzu)
Thanks to relatively low cost, simplicity and

the NIRS-CW imager (NIRStation 16, Shimadzu)

overall robustness, near infrared spectroscopy-(http://www.med.shimadzu.co.jp/products/om/01.

continuous wave (NIRS-CW) systems have beenhtml) was utilized for investigating the effect of an

widely used not only in basic research, but also in

exhaustive handgrip exercise on the oxygenation

clinical applications including tissue oximetry andof the frontal cortex. The subject (with eyes

functional brain/muscle imaging. Recently, sever-closed) was sitting and, when requested, exerted

al groups began to use multi-channel NIRS-CW

his maximum effort grasping a builder grip withimaging systems that allow, with high temporal

the right hand.

resolution (up to 10 Hz), the generation of images● Results

of a large area of the subject’s head and muscle
and, thereby, the production of maps of cortical

A cortical activation (decrease in deoxy-hemo-

and muscle oxygenation changes. Unfortunately

globin (HHb) accompanied by an increase in oxy-

few imagers are commercially available and they

hemoglobin (O 2Hb)) was observed over the 31

are quite expensive.

measurement points in the right and left frontal
cortex (source-detector distance: 3 cm). The high-● Methods

est increase in O2Hb was found in the measure-In the framework of the project, two imagers

ment point #3 of the left frontal cortex. The

produced by Japanese companies (Shimadzu and

NIRStation 16 is not commercially available out-

Hamamatsu), were tested. During a visit in Tokyo,

side Japan.

83

5.2 Test of a 8-channel near infrared spectroscopy-continuous wave imager (Hamamatsu)
A 8-channel-NIRS-CW imager (NIRO-200 with ato the 8 channels) are defined as the midpoint ofmulti-fiber adapter, Hamamatsu; http://jp.hama-

the corresponding detector-illuminator pairs (dis-matsu.com/resources/products/sys/pdf/eng/e̲niro

tance set to 3 cm) (Fig. III.5.2-2). The optodes are

200.pdf) was installed in our laboratory in 2006.

inserted into the elastomer probe holder throughThis is the only system operating in Europe.

fiber optical bundle socket connectors, and thenProbe holders, dedicated for carrying out corti-

placed over the forehead of both hemispheres.

cal oxygenation measurements over the frontal

The probe holder can be fixed to the head by alobe of both hemispheres, were custom made.

velcro brand fastener, adapting them to the indi-

Two optical fiber bundles (2.5 m length; 3 mm

vidual size and shape of the different heads.

diameter) carry the light to the left and the rightA software was developed and tested for thefrontal cortex; whereas eight optical fiber bundles

data handling and statistical analysis. The possi-of the same size (4 for each lobe) collect the lightbility to adapt the software “Functional Opticalemerging from the frontal areas. The two illumi-

Signal Analysis (fOSA)” developed by thenating bundles and the collecting ones were

“Department of Medical Physics and Bioengine

assembled into a specifically designed flexible

ering of the University College” of London wasprobe holder (Elastomer LCG20R, Chiorino S.p.A,

also investigated.

Italy) ensuring that the position of the 10 optodes,

This instrumental set up has been utilized inrelative to each other, was fixed (Fig. III.5.2-1).

two cognitive neuroscience studies (Curcio et al.

The probe holder consists of two mirror-like units

2005; Quaresima et al. 2009) and in other ones as(10 × 8 cm each) held together by a flexible junc-

stated in the report by Quaresima.

tion. The 8 fNIRS measurement points (associatedFig. III.5.2-1 Schematic drawing of the flexible probe holder.

84

Fig. III.5.2-2 Eight measurement points (channels, Ch) over the frontal lobe. S: source; D: detector.

5.3 Test of a 8-channel time-resolved imager (Politecnico,Milan, Italy)
The key limitation of NIRS-CW is the coupling

resolution (200 ms) and a fast image reconstruc-between the absorption and the scattering coeffi-tion/data analysis. The instrument was used forcient causing the lack of quantitative assessment.

monitoring spatial changes in calf oxygen satura-

The simultaneous estimation of both absorption

tion (SO2) during dynamic plantar flexion exercise

and scattering can be achieved by NIRS-time(Torricelli et al. 2004). The same system was uti-

resolved (NIRS-TR) systems, which deliver ultra-

lized to investigate the bilateral PFC oxygenation

short laser pulses into tissue and record the time

responses to a letter-fluency task (Quaresima et al.

distribution of diffusive photons. In the past, for2005). The cross-subject mean values of PFC SO2

both technological and financial constraints,

were 68.8 ± 3.2% (right) and 71.0 ± 3.6% (left),

NIRS-TR systems have grown on a complex labo-

and of tHb were 69.6 ± 9.6 μ M (right) and 69.5 ±ratory scale, yet, in recent times, they have

9.9 μ M (left). The typical cortical activation

evolved towards compact and portable instru-

response to the cognitive task was observed atments. Up to now, such systems have not beeneach measurement point. O2Hb is the most sensi-

commercially available either on the market or attive indicator of increases in cerebral blood flow

the research and laboratory stage.

(neurovascular coupling) and the direction of the

In collaboration with Politecnico of Milanchanges in HHb is determined by the oxygenation(Italy), a compact eight-channel NIRS-TR system

and volume of the venous blood.

was developed for the non-invasive measurement

The same system was used to monitor the opticalof tissue oxygen saturation and total hemoglobin

response following a motor task (finger opposition,

volume (tHb). The system has a high temporal

3 Hz) (Contini et al. 2006). The Fig. III.5.3-1 (left85

Fig. III.5.3-1 Panel A) Time course of changes in O2Hb (open symbols) and HHb (filled symbols) of the left motor
area during the exercise performed with the right hand (triangle) and with the left hand (square). The vertical lines
represent the task interval.
Panel B) Grey level maps representing changes in O2Hb (top row) and HHb (bottom row) over the left motor area
cortex during the baseline period (left column), the finger opposition task performed with the right hand (middle
column), and the recovery period (right column).

panel) shows the time course of the changes inand their application in functional imaging studies

O2Hb and HHb for a single detection channel. The

will serve not only to definitely set its potentiality,

grey level maps of O 2 Hb and HHb changes

but also as a feedback to the development of(obtained by interpolating the results from the eight

improved NIRS-CW set-ups for next-generationcollection points) is shown in the right panel. As it

optical imaging devices. In the future we want towould be expected, during the task, the activatedcontinue in giving a contribution to the develop-area is revealed by an increase in O2Hb (black area

ment of multi-channel NIRS systems for betterin the central image of the upper line) and by astudying oxygenation and hemodynamic changes

concomitant decrease in HHb (white area in thein brain cortex and skeletal muscle during differ-central image of the lower line).

ent challenges.

The development of improved NIRS-TR systems

5.4 Preparation of two review articles on NIRS technicaldevelopments and applications
Two review articles (Hamaokaet al. 2007; Wolfcle clinical applications. The article summarizes

et al. 2007) were written to give a contribution to

the main characteristics of the present commer-

the Special Section of the Journal of Biomedical

cially available NIRS and NIRI instrumentation.

Optics entitled: “Pioneers in Biomedical Optics forMoreover, it discusses strengths and limitations.
The second one (Wolf et al. 2007) highlights thehonoring Professor Frans F. Jobsis of Duke

progress that has been made in developing andUniversity” (Delpy et al. 2007).
The first one (Hamaoka et al. 2007) reports theadapting NIRS and NIRI technologies for evaluat-

progress of the in vivo NIRS and near infrareding skeletal muscle oxygen dynamics and oxida-

imaging (NIRI) instrumentation for brain and mus-tive energy metabolism. NIRS measurements have86

been extended to resting, ischemic, localized

health conditions, including patients with chronic

exercise, and whole body exercise conditions. In

heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, chronic

addition, the review article describes the applica-

obstructive pulmonary disease, varying muscle

tion of NIRS to the study of a number of chronic

diseases, spinal cord injury, and renal failure.

5.5 Contribution to the refinement of NIRS muscle measurements
Delpy DT, Ferrari M, Piantadosi CA, Tamura M :Pioneers in biomedical optics: special section
honoring professor Frans F. Jobsis of Duke
University. J Biomed Opt, 12: 062101, 2007.
Ferrari M, Cettolo V, Quaresima V : Light sourcedetector spacing of near-infrared-based tissue
oximeters and the influence of skin blood flow. J
Appl Physiol, 100: 1426-1427, 2006.
Hamaoka T, McCully KK, Quaresima V, Yamamoto K,
Chance B : Near-infrared spectroscopy/imaging
for monitoring muscle oxygenation and oxidative
metabolism in healthy and diseased humans. J
Biomed Opt, 12: 062105, 2007.
Quaresima V, Ferrari M : Evaluation of skin bloodflow contribution to the non-invasive measurement of muscle oxygenation by near infrared
spectroscopy. J Physiol Sci, 56: 267-268, 2006.
Quaresima V, Ferrari M : Quantification of calf oxygenation in paraplegic patients during passive leg
movement. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 38: 189, 2006.
Quaresima V, Ferrari M : Quantification of quadriceps
O 2 desaturation in response to short sprint
cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 39: 1205, 2007.
Quaresima V, Ferrari M : Clinical significance of cerebral oxygenation during exercise in patients withcoronary artery disease. Circ J, 73: 388, 2009.
Quaresima V, Ferrari M, Torricelli A, Spinelli L, Pifferi
A, Cubeddu R : Bilateral prefrontal cortex oxygenation responses to a verbal fluency task: amultichannel time-resolved near-infrared topography study. J Biomed Opt, 10: 11012, 2005.
Quaresima V, Giosuè P, Roncone R, Casacchia M,
Ferrari M : Improved presentation of prefrontal
cortex dysfunction evidenced by functional nearinfrared spectroscopy: individual responses ofcortical oxygenation to cognitive tests. Psychi-atr
Res : Neuroimaging, 2009 (in press).
Torricelli A, Quaresima V, Pifferi A, Biscotti G,
Spinelli L, Taroni P, Ferrari M, Cubeddu R :Mapping of calf muscle oxygenation and haemoglobin content during dynamic plantar flexion
exercise by multi-channel time-resolved nearinfrared spectroscopy. Phys Med Biol, 49: 685699, 2004.
Wolf M, Quaresima V, Ferrari M : Progress of nearinfrared spectroscopy and topography for brain
and muscle clinical applications. J Biomed Opt,
12: 062104, 2007.

Unfortunately in several recent publications thepresentation of the CW NIRS muscle or brain datais still confusing and inadequate. In order to givea contribution to the correct use of the NIRS
instrumentation in skeletal muscle and brain studies, five letters were submitted to the Editor-inChief of different International Journals. All theletters, related to one of the following topics:
・ the light source-detector spacing of nearinfrared-based tissue oximeters and the influence of skin blood flow (Ferrari et al. 2006)
・ the evaluation of skin blood flow contribution
to the muscle oxygenation measurement(Quaresima and Ferrari 2006a)・ the quantification of quadriceps oxygen
desaturation at the onset of exercise(Quaresima and Ferrari 2007)
・ the quantification of calf oxygenation in paraplegic patients (Quaresima and Ferrari 2006b)
・ the clinical significance of cerebral oxygenation during exercise in patients with coronary
artery disease (Quaresima and Ferrari, 2009)
have been accepted for publication.

● References

Contini D, Torricelli A, Pifferi A, Spinelli L, Taroni P,
Quaresima V, Ferrari M, Cubeddu R : Multi-channel time-resolved tissue oximeter for functional
imaging of the brain. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas,
55: 85-90, 2006.
Curcio G, Ferrara M, Limongi T, Tempesta D, Di
Sante G, De Gennaro L, Quaresima V, Ferrari M :Acute mobile phones exposure affects frontal cortex hemodynamics as evidenced by functional
near-infrared spectroscopy. J Cereb Blood Flow
Metab, 2009 (in press).
87

6

運動様式，運動強度，運動時間および筋代謝からみたモーターユニットの動員特性
加茂

美冬 1）

Discharge properties of motor unit with respect to the mode, intensity,
duration of the exercise and muscle metabolism
Mifuyu Kamo

■本課題の共同研究者
森本1）茂 2），板倉尚子 3）

日本女子体育大学，2）横浜国立大学，3）日本女子体育大学健康管理センターリハビリテーション室

6.1

反復電気刺激に対するヒト筋線維群の張力応答
加茂 美冬，森本

6.2

茂

最大下一定筋力発揮におけるモーターユニット活動を規定する要因
加茂 美冬

6.3

等尺性筋力発揮におけるモーターユニット活動と循環系機能の関係
加茂 美冬

6.4

膝関節前十字靱帯損傷再建術後の筋力回復に関する研究
板倉 尚子，加茂 美冬

6.1

反復電気刺激に対するヒト筋線維群の張力応答
加茂

美冬，森本

茂

Force output of human muscle fibers during repetitive electrical stimulation using physiological rates
Abstract
This study examined changes in an evoked force of human muscle fibers by electrical stimulation
using inter-stimulus interval within physiological range occur during submaximal contraction. Muscle
fibers in vastus medialis muscle were percutaneously stimulated for 3min using constant inter-stimulusinterval at 100 and 50ms. The evoked tetanic forces of muscle fibers initially appeared significant
increment during the electrical stimulation. The initial increment force had two peaks; initial transientand following gradual slow increase during 100 ms and had one peak during 50 ms simulation. The
results confirmed that increase in tetanic force of muscle fibers like potentiation is evident during
repetitive activation within physiological rate in human. Therefore, spike interval elongation would benecessary to achieve a constant force during isometric contraction at low level.

● 目

ms とした．収縮時間（contraction time : CT）が一的筋力を決定するモーターユニット（MU）活動は，定となる最低の強度を刺激強度として用いた．この

神経筋機能はもとより循環系機能との間にも相互に強度は被験者の痛み閾値以下であった．刺激間隔に密接な関係をもつと考えられる．したがって，運動は 5 s，100 ms および 50 ms を用いた．各間隔での時の循環調節を統合的に理解するためには，MU 活動

刺激期間は 3 分であった．電気刺激中，誘発張力と誘およびその発現メカニズムを知ることが重要となる．

発電位を記録した．

等尺性一定筋力発揮において筋力発揮初期より活動● 結果および考察する MU 放電間隔は漸次延長する．この現象は，出現期が数秒から数分と強度に依存しているものの全

100 ms および 50 ms 間隔刺激により誘発された張ての筋力レベルで共通して観察されている（DeLura

力は不完全強縮であり，3 分間一定あるいは単調な変et al. 1996; Kamo 2002; Kamo and Morimoto化を示さなかった．100 ms 刺激においては非常に複2001）．しかし，放電間隔延長の合目的性およびメカ

雑な変化を示した（Fig. III.6.1-1）．まず，最初に一

ニズムについては未だ十分に明らかにされていない．

過性に増大，低下を示した．その後，約 15 秒目まで

本実験では，その合目的性を知るために，一定筋力

緩徐に増大し，低下に転じた．一方，50 ms 刺激で発揮中に単一 MU が発揮している張力の推定を行おは 100 ms で観られた一過性のピークは出現せず，うとした．すなわち，随意一定筋力発揮時の MU 放

200

電間隔の範囲内にある刺激間隔を用いて筋線維群に緩徐に増大した後低下に転じた．誘発張力が，増減

電気刺激を加え，その誘発張力変化を観察した．

する複雑なパターンを示したことは，MU が一定間隔

ms まで急峻に張力が融合し，その後約 10 秒間で放電する条件では，一定筋力を保持することは困● 方難であることを示唆している．変化パターンのなか法

被験筋は内側広筋とし，被験者は股関節および膝でも，特に，初期に増大するフェーズをもつことが関節角度 90 度で椅座位姿勢をとった．電気刺激は，特徴的であった．一般的に，MU の放電間隔延長は，

motor point へ経皮的に加えた．刺激持続時間は 1

張力融合の程度を低下させ発揮張力を低下させる．

91

誘発張力の増大率（最高張力／初期張力）は，100
ms 刺激に比較して 50 ms 刺激で必ずしも大きい値を示さなかった．このことから，MU 活動レベルが高い
場合のみならず，放電間隔 100 ms という低活動レベ
ルにおいても放電間隔延長が一定筋力保持に貢献していることが示唆された．

● 文

献

DeLuca CJ, Foley RJ, Erim Z : Motor unit control
properties in constant-force isometric contractions. J Neurophysiol, 76: 1503-1516, 1996.
Kamo M, Morimoto S : Discharge properties of humanmotor units during low level contraction. J
Electromyogr Kinesiol, 11: 255-261, 2001.
Kamo M : Discharge behavior of motor units in knee
extensors during the initial stage of constant-force
isometric contraction at low force level. Eur J
Appl Physiol, 86: 375-381, 2002.

Fig. III.6.1-1 Representative changes pattern of
evoked force during constant inter-stimulus interval
stimulation at 100ms. Vertical line shows magnitude ofpeak force of twitch.

したがって，随意一定筋力発揮時の放電間隔延長は
MU 発揮張力の初期の増大を防ぎ，一定筋力保持に貢献している可能性が考えられた．また，刺激初期の6.2

最大下一定筋力発揮におけるモーターユニット活動を規定する要因
加茂美冬

Mechanisms responsible for spike interval elongation of motor unit
during submaximal contractions
Abstract
Discharge of motor units (MU) is well known to show elongating trends in the spike interval during
voluntary constant-force isometric contraction, but neural mechanisms underlying those trends remain
unclear. This study examined effects of peripheral afferent stimulation on MU activity during voluntary
contraction. Some MUs were discharged at the longer interval without an elongating trend during
involuntary constant-force contraction via tonic vibration reflex. Furthermore, irrespective of peripheral afferent manipulation, the spike interval’s elongating trend did not disappear during the contraction
after prolonged vibration and during the contraction with intermittent vibration. Results suggest thatchanges in neural input information to single MUs with peripheral afferent stimulation do not eliminate the spike interval's trend of elongation in the presence of voluntary drive.

● 目る（DeLura et al. 1996; Kamo 2002; Kamo and的

運動時の循環調節を統合的に理解するためには，

Morimoto 2001）．先に，筋の収縮特性の変化と放電

酸素需要の源となるモーターユニット（MU）活動お間隔延長の関係を調べ，放電間隔延長は反復収縮によびその発現メカニズムを理解することも必要であ伴い生じる筋張力増大（potentiation）を補償する効る．最大下一定筋力発揮初期に観られる特徴的な MU

果をもつことを確かめた．続いて，本実験では MU

活動に数秒から数分にわたる

放電間隔延長発現のメカニズムを探るために，一定放電間隔延長があ92

筋力保持に必要とされる感覚情報のフィードバックに注目し，それらの情報と放電間隔延長の関係を調
べようとした．

● 方法

膝関節角度 90 度条件における内側広筋単一 MU を観察対象とした．単一 MU 活動電位は直径 5 mm の銀・塩化銀表面電極にて双極導出した．また，内側広筋，外側広筋，大腿直筋および大腿二頭筋から表面筋電位を導出した．感覚情報の操作は，腱へ振動刺激を与えることにより行った．振動刺激は膝蓋腱

Fig. III.6.2-1 A typical change in the mean spike interval of a single motor unit during contractions. Filledに経皮的に加え，条件は頻度 75 および 100 Hz，振and open points respectively represent the means (±SD) of results in vibration-induced response (Vib) andvoluntary reproduction (Vo). Asterisks and daggers indicate statistically significant differences from value at
0min, and between Vo and Vib, respectively.

幅 0.5 〜 0.8 mm とした．弛緩筋に振動刺激を加える
条件（緊張性振動反射），観察する MU の活動参加閾
値張力直上の随意筋力をコントロール収縮とし，その前に持続的に振動刺激（10 分以上）を加える条件
およびコントロール収縮に間欠的に振動刺激を加える条件（10 秒間隔で 5 秒間）において，単一 MU の力の低下とあわせて，central drive による興奮入力

放電間隔変化を観察した．

の低下あるいは抑制の制御が重要な役割を果たしていると考えられた．

● 結果および考察● 文

随意収縮においては全ての単一 MU が放電間隔延献

DeLuca CJ, Foley RJ, Erim Z : Motor unit control
properties in constant-force isometric contractions. J Neurophysiol, 76: 1503-1516, 1996.
Kamo M, Morimoto S : Discharge properties of humanmotor units during low level contraction. J
Electromyogr Kinesiol, 11: 255-261, 2001.
Kamo M : Discharge behavior of motor units in knee
extensors during the initial stage of constant-force
isometric contraction at low force level. Eur J
Appl Physiol, 86: 375-381, 2002.

長を示すにも関わらず，弛緩筋に振動刺激を加え一定筋力を発揮した条件では放電間隔が延長する MUと延長を示さない MU が観察された（Fig. III.6.2-1）．
随意筋力発揮前に持続的に振動刺激を加えた条件では，放電間隔の延長量は低下したが延長は消失しな
かった．また，収縮中に振動刺激を加えた条件においても延長は観察された．これらの結果から，一定筋力発揮時の MU 放電間隔延長発現には末梢興奮入

93

6.3

等尺性筋力発揮におけるモーターユニット活動と循環系機能の関係
加茂美冬

Effects of motor unit activity on circulatory responses and muscle oxygenation
Abstract
Motor unit activities and cardiovascular responses during voluntary ascending ramp contraction(30s, - 10% maximal voluntary contraction) were compared with those during involuntary via tonic
vibration reflex. Heart rate and blood pressure changed immediately before and after the onset of theascending ramp contraction, but no change occurred during vibratory contraction. Integrated value ofelectromyography and decreased oxygenated hemoglobin in the muscle during the voluntary contraction were larger than those during the reflex contraction. More efficient muscle oxygen consumption
during voluntary contraction will result not only from cardiovascular regulation by central cardiovascular command, but also from motor unit activities by central motor command.

数の増大と参加した MU の放電頻度の上昇により実● 目 的運動は，時間的，空間的に様々な組み合わせで起現される．先に，緊張性振動反射による誘発収縮とこるモーターユニット（MU）活動を基礎として成り

随意収縮では同一筋力発揮時の MU 活動が異なるこ立っている．すなわち，筋力は，筋を構成する MUとを報告した．そこで，反射性収縮と随意収縮の比の発揮張力の総和であり，筋力増大は，活動する MU

較を行うことにより，随意筋力発揮時の循環調節に

Fig. III.6.3-1 Motor unit activities and oxygenated hemoglobin during a representative experiment.
A: force, B: force impulse/integrated value of electromyogram, C: decrease in oxygenated hemoglobin. Black andgray lines represent value during voluntary contraction and during reflex contraction, respectively in A.

94

ついて検討を加えた．

は大きい傾向にあった．VC において心拍数と血圧は
これまでに報告されている随意筋力発揮における● 方

法

central cardiovascular command の制御による変筋力発揮様式および振動刺激の頻度・振幅は先の化（Matsukawa et al. 2007）と同様な傾向を示した

報告（2．最大下一定筋力発揮におけるモーターユニ

が，RC では観られなかった．筋酸素化へモグロビン

ット活動を規定する要因）と同様であった．先ず，の筋力発揮開始時からの低下量は VC に比較し RC で弛緩筋に 30 s 間刺激を加え誘発された張力（RC）を大きかった（Fig. III.6.3-1）．これらのことは，随意

記録し，その後，十分な休息をとり，誘発張力と同収縮では，central cardiovascular command による様な張力を随意的に発揮させた（VC）．両条件にお循環系機能制御とともに central motor command にける MU 活動と循環系機能および代謝変化を比較しよる筋力発揮効率のよい MU 活動が効率のよい酸素

た．MU 活動は筋電位積分値（IEMG）により評価し利用に貢献していることを示唆している．

た．循環系機能および代謝変化の指標には心拍数，血圧および筋酸素化ヘモグロビンを用いた．

● 文● 結果および考察

Matsukawa K, Nakamoto T, Inomoto A : Gadolini- um
does blunt the cardiovascular responses at theonset of voluntary static exercise in cat: a predominant role of central command. Am J Physiol
Heart Circ Physiol, 292: H212-H219, 2007.

IEMG は VC より RC において有意に大きいあるい

6.4

献

膝関節前十字靱帯損傷再建術後の筋力回復に関する研究
板倉

尚子，加茂

美冬

Effect of exercise proguram on the recovery of mucsle strength after anterior
cruciate ligament reconstruction
Abstract
To investigate how muscle strength is recovered after the reconstructing operation of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), we examined the effects of two exercise programs, distal and proximal resistance
exercise (DPRE) and proximal resistance with traction exercise (PRTE), in 7 female subjects. The peakforce exerted during dynamic knee extension in low (60 deg/s) and high (180 deg/s) speeds was measured in the operated leg and the contralateral control leg before and 3 months after the operation.
Both programs of DPRE and PRTE recovered the muscle force in the operated leg by 76-79 % from thepre operation level and by 98-100 % from the control leg in both speeds. These data suggested thatboth exercise programs of PRTE and DPRE are effective for recovering muscle force after ACL reconstructing operation.

● 目

リテーションを施行する．しかし，これにより膝関

的

膝前十字靱帯（以下，ACL）再建術後 3 ヵ月間は再節 30 °屈曲位から伸展域での大腿四頭筋の収縮が制建靱帯の力学的強度が脆弱であるため，大腿四頭筋

限されるため，この可動域で作用しやすい内側広筋

収縮による生じる前方剪断力を制限し，また膝関節が萎縮し改善しにくい症例が多い．当センターでは可動域を制動して ACL へのストレスを回避しリハビ

大腿四頭筋の筋力回復運動を実施する際に，抵抗を95

1）近位抵抗（DPRE）
椅子座位にて近位の脛骨粗面上にゴムチューブを強く二重に巻き，下腿遠位に軽く 1 本つけ膝関節を屈曲 90 〜 45 °の範囲で伸展する．

2）PRTE
椅子座位にて下腿近位部に徒手抵抗をかけ膝関節
屈曲 90 〜 45 °の範囲で伸展する．その際，下腿内旋位をとらせ，遠位方向へ牽引力をかけることで内側広筋の収縮を促しやすい．
Fig. III.6.4-1 Experimental setup● 方

加える位置を脛骨粗面部とし大腿四頭筋収縮による法

膝関節前十字靱帯再建術施行前および術後 3 ヵ月に

脛骨前方変位を制動する方法（以下，DPRE）と，膝筋力測定を下記の通り実施した．

関節 90 °から 60 °でも内側広筋の筋収縮を誘発させ

1）測定機器られるとされる proximal resistance with traction

品名：バイオデックスシステム３（納品／平成 16

exercise（以下，PRTE）を導入し，リハビリテーシ

年 10 月 20 日）ョンプログラムを実施している．今回，手術前と手

型式： BDX-3C（製品番号： S61FX010）

術後 3 ヵ月に筋力測定を行い当センターでのリハビリ

2）対象者

テーションプログラムを評価した．なお本研究は本・膝前十字靱帯再建術を施行（半腱様筋を採取）

人の同意を得て，本学「人を対象とする実験・調査した本学女子体育大生 7 名

に関する倫理指針」に基づき配慮し，また個人情報

・平均年齢 19.7 歳

管理については責任者の管理のもと適正に実施した．

・右膝 3 件，左膝 4 件（受傷から手術施行までの平均期間 3 ヵ月 10 日）●

膝関節前十字靱帯損傷術後の膝関節伸展運

3）プロトコール動に対するプログラム（術後 3 ヵ月まで）

・膝関節伸展運動を 60 deg/sec を 5 回，180 deg/

Fig. III.6.4-2 Peak force during dynamic knee extension at the speed of 60 deg/sec before operation and 3 month
to 6 month after operation.
Pre-ope; before operation, 3M; 3 month after operation, 4M; 4 month after operation, 5M; 5 month after operation,
6M; 6 month after operation.

96

Fig. III.6.4-3 Peak force during dynamic knee extension at the speed of 180 deg/sec before operation and 3 month
to 6 month after operation.
Pre-ope; before operation, 3M; 3 month after operation, 4M; 4 month after operation, 5M; 5 month after operation,
6M; 6 month after operation.

sec を 10 回施行し測定（Fig. III.6.4-1）．

じて術後のリハビリテーションも徐々に加速化が図られている．再建術後 3 ヵ月までのリハビリテーショ● 結果ン期間は，再建靱帯が治癒，再構築するまでの期間

1） 手術後 3 ヵ月の膝関節伸展筋力ピークトルク健患比であり，再建靱帯への伸張ストレスを回避したリハ

角 速 度 60 deg/sec ： 76.2 ％ ± 10.4 ％ （ Fig.

ビリテーションプログラムが行われている．本センIII.6.4-2），角速度 180 deg/sec ： 78.6 ％± 11.3 ％ターにおいても，膝前十字靱帯損傷術後のリハビリ（Fig. III.6.4-3）．

テーションプログラムとして DPRE と PRTE を導入

2） 患側の手術前および手術後 3 ヵ月の膝関節伸展筋

し，内側広筋の筋力回復を図っている．DPRE とPRTE の効果を検討した本研究において，手術後 3 ヵ

力ピークトルク比
角 速 度 60 deg/sec ： 98.3 ％ ± 11.6 ％ （ Fig.

月における膝伸展筋力のピークトルク値の健患比がIII.6.4-2），角速度 180 deg/sec ： 99.8 ％± 16.6 ％60 deg/sec で 76.2 ％± 10.4 ％であり，180 deg/sec（Fig. III.6.4-3）．

では 78.6 ％± 11.3 ％であり，患側の手術前と手術後3 ヵ月の術前後比は 60 deg/sec で 98.3 ％± 11.6 ％，● 考

察

180 deg/sec では 99.8 ％± 16.6 ％となり，健側比率

近年，前十字靱帯再建術は複数の骨孔を移植腱の80 ％にまで回復することが示された．この結果は，断面形状に応じて作製することにより，移植腱と骨ジョギングなどの運動を許可する条件を満たすもの

孔の接触断面が拡大され，再建靱帯の治癒，再構築であり，リハビリテーションプログラムとして DPREが期待されるものに進化されてきている．これに応と PRTE が有効であることを示すものと考えられた．

97

7

運動時の心拍出量の変化と各種血管への血流配分
奥山（清水）靜代 1）

Cardiac output during exercise and distribution of blood flow into thevarious vessels
Shizuyo Shimizu-Okuyama■本課題の共同研究者
大森芙美子 2, 3），佐藤1）

耕平 3），村岡

慈歩 4），岩館雅子 3, 5），加賀谷淳子 3）慶應義塾大学，2）鹿屋体育大学大学院，3）日本女子体育大学，4）明星大学，5）日本大学

7.1

多段階静的足底屈運動時における心拍出量と膝窩動脈血流量の関係
奥山（清水）靜代，大森芙美子，佐藤 耕平，加賀谷淳子

7.2

筋活動期および活動休止期における大動脈血流速度と活動体肢血流速度の対応
奥山（清水）靜代，大森芙美子，岩館 雅子，佐藤 耕平，加賀谷淳子

7.3

高齢者における左室重量と骨格筋量との関係
奥山（清水）靜代，村岡 慈歩，大森芙美子，加賀谷淳子

7.1

多段階静的足底屈運動時における心拍出量と膝窩動脈血流量の関係
奥山（清水）靜代，大森芙美子，佐藤耕平，加賀谷淳子

Cardiac output and leg blood flow during incremental plantar flexion
exercise prolonged to exhaustion
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine central and peripheral hemodynamic responses to incremental exercise. Seven physically active women performed static plantar flexions until exhaustion.
Exercise comprised of incremental 30-s static plantar exercise separated by 30-s recovery. The initialload was 5% MVC, and then the load was increased by 5%MVC until exhaustion. During exercise wemeasured stroke volume using a Doppler ultrasound method and the heart rate using an electrocardiogram (ECG). Cardiac output was calculated as products of SV and HR. The mean blood velocity andthe vessel diameter of the popliteal artery were measured by using a Doppler and B-mode ultrasoundmethod. Cardiac output began to increase from 50%MVC (3.8 ± 0.1 l/min). In contrast to popliteal
arterial blood flow began to increase slightly from 25%MVC. These results suggest that popliteal arterial blood flow began to increase earlier than cardiac output at low intensity exercise during incremental
exercise to exhaustion on the planter flexion. In addition, the percentage of cardiac output the
popliteal arterial blood flow was increased with exercise intensity. In conclusion, peripheral blood flow
was differentially regulated from central circulation, and the increase in peripheral blood flow demand
did not always require the increase in cardiac output. Relationships between central and peripheral
circulatory changes were intensity-depending.

● 目椅座位姿勢で足関節伸展力を発揮させた．測定項目

的は心拍出量および膝窩動脈血流量で，超音波ドップ

循環の中枢である心臓の拍出量と末梢の血流量はラー法により測定した．

互いに影響しあい，末梢循環のみで調節できる場合と，中心循環を促進させて調節する場合がある（清● 結果および考察

水ら 2001）が，活動する筋量が変わった場合，負荷増加に伴う活動筋の血流需要増加に心拍出量がどの

心拍出量は負荷増加が増加しても，50 ％ MVC

ように対応するかは明らかではない．そこで，本研（3.8 ± 0.1 l ／ min）まで変化しなかったが，55 ％究の目的は多段階静的足底屈運動時の心拍出量と膝MVC（4.5 ± 0.3 l ／ min）では安静時に対して有意窩動脈血流量関係を明らかにすることにより，負荷（p ＜ 0.05）に増加した．一方，膝窩動脈血流量は負増加に伴う活動筋の血流需要増加に心拍出量がどの荷増加に伴い徐々に増加する傾向を示し，40 ％ MVC

ように対応するかを明らかにすることである．

（0.6 〜 0.8 l ／ min）以上では，安静時（0.1 ± 0.01
l ／ min）に対して有意差（p ＜ 0.05）が認められた．

● 方

心拍出量を規定する要因である心拍数は，負荷増加法

健康な成人女性 7 名を対象とした（年齢 22 ± 1 歳）．

にともなう有意な変化はみられなかったので，一回被験者には椅座位姿勢にて 30 秒間の静的足底屈運動

拍出量の負荷増加にともなう変化が，心拍出量を増を 30 秒の休息を挟んで繰り返す運動を行わせた．負大させたと考えられる．また，心拍出量に対する膝荷強度は初期負荷を 5 ％ MVC とし，以後 5 ％ MVC

窩動脈血流量の割合をみると（Fig. III.7.1-1），そのずつ増加して，疲労困憊まで運動を続けた．運動は

割合は安静時に対して 40 ％ MVC 以上で有意（p ＜101

Fig. III.7.1-1 Popliteal arterial blood flow of cardiac output during incremental plantar flexion exercise to exhaustion.
At 40, 45, 50 and 55 %MVC increased significantly from baseline value.
*, **: p < 0.05, p < 0.01 compared to baseline value.

0.05）に高値（16.6 〜 17.7 ％）を示した．これらの上の強度においては心拍出量が上昇することにより，

結果をまとめると，多段階静的足底屈運動時の活動

活動体肢の血流需要に対応していることが明らかに筋への血流量と心拍出量は，負荷増加に対して必ずなった．

しも一致した変化を示さなかった．すなわち，低強● 文

度では心拍出量の増加なしに活動肢への血流増加が

献Calbet JA, Gonzalez-Alonso J, Helge JW, Sondergaard
H, Munch-Andersen T, Boushel R, Saltin B :Cardiac output and leg and arm blood flow during
incremental exercise to exhaustion on the cycle
ergometer. J Appl Physiol, 103: 969-978, 2007.
Seals DR : Influence of muscle mass on sympathetic
nural activation during isometric exercise. J Appl
Physiol, 67: 1801-1806, 1989.
清水靜代, 本間幸子, 加賀谷淳子 : 片側および両側掌握運動に対する心拍出量と活動体肢血流量の応答. 体力科学, 50: 633-641, 2001．

起こり，強度が高くなると両パラメータが増加を示した．そして，心拍出量が増加するにもかかわらず，
高い負荷では心拍出量に占める活動体肢への血流の割合が高くなり，活動体肢への血流分配が高くなっていることが示された．すなわち，負荷増加に伴う活動筋における血流需要増加に対して，50 ％ MVC
までは心拍出量の増加なしに運動が行われ，それ以102

7.2 筋活動期および活動休止期における大動脈血流速度と活動体肢血流速度の対応
奥山（清水）靜代，大森芙美子，岩館雅子，佐藤耕平，加賀谷淳子

The influence of aorta and femoral arterial blood flow valocity duringcontraction and relaxation phases
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to observe the changes in the blood velocity in aorta and femoral
artery during muscle contraction and relaxation phases of knee extension exercise. Seven female subjects (aged 22.4 ± 1.9 years) participated in this study. They performed one-legged knee extension
exercise (KE) in upright position at 10% and 50% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) until
exhaustion. Blood velocity was measured using the Doppler ultrasound method for aorta artery andfemoral artery. Blood pressure was monitored from the finger of the left hand at the heart level.
During the muscle contraction phase of KE, the blood velocity in femoral artery was significantly (p <0.01) lower than in aorta artery. In contrast, the blood velocity in femoral artery higher than the aorta
during the relaxation phase. The femoral/aorta rations were -67.4 ± 9.2% (10%MVC), and -80.6 ± 4.9%
(50%MVC) during the contraction phase. However, during the relaxation phase, they were 30.0 ±11.6% (10%MVC), 50.7 ± 22.3% (50%MVC). Mean blood pressure was not different significantly
between the contraction and relaxation phase. These results suggest that the effect of muscle contraction and relaxation on blood velocity differs between aorta artery and femoral artery. The femoral
artery blood flow velocity was more accelerated compared to aorta during the relaxation phases.

● 目

的● 結果および考察

本研究は，筋の活動期および活動休止期の大腿動

大腿動脈血流速度において筋活動期では，10，脈血流速度が，心臓から拍出される血流速度とどの

50 ％ MVC ともに時間経過にともなう変化がみられような関係にあるかを明らかにすること，さらに異なかったのに対して，活動休止期では安静値と比較なる強度で両者の関係に相違があるか否かを明らか

し有意に増加し，10 ％ MVC では 8.8 倍，50 ％ MVCにすることを目的とした．

では 13.7 倍増加した．大動脈血流速度は 50 ％ MVC
のみ有意に増加したが，その増加は 1.3 倍であった．

● 方法

大動脈および大腿動脈血流速度を筋の活動期と休止

健康な成人女性 7 名（年齢 22.4 ± 1.9 歳）を被験期で比較した場合，低強度および高強度どちらにお者とし，股関節角度 110 °とした椅座位姿勢で右脚にいても，筋活動期では大腿動脈血流速度は大動脈血よる動的膝伸展運動（30 °伸展，1 秒収縮 1 秒弛緩）

流速度より低く，筋活動休止期では大動脈血流速度を行わせた．負荷は最大筋力の 10 および 50 ％に相より高値を示した．また，大動脈速度に対する大腿当する負荷とし，10 ％ MVC は 3 分間，50 ％ MVC は動脈速度の相対的な割合は，筋活動時には抑制され，疲労困憊に至るまで行わせた．安静時および運動中

筋活動休止期には亢進された．さらに，低強度よりの大動脈血流速度，活動肢大腿動脈血流速度（超音も高強度の方が両血管における血流速度の差が大き

波ドップラー法）を測定した．

かった（Fig. III.7.2-1）．筋活動期および活動休止期の平均血圧には差はみられず，どちらの時相においても 50 ％ MVC の方が 10 ％ MVC よりも高い値を示
103

Fig. III.7.2-1 The femoral/aorta rations during the contraction and relaxation phases at 10, 50%MVC.
The femoral/aorta rations were -67.4 ± 9.2% (10% MVC), and -80.6 ± 4.9% (50% MVC) during the contraction
phase. However, during the relaxation phase, they were 30.0 ± 11.6% (10% MVC), 50.7 ± 22.3% (50% MVC).

したが，有意には至らなかった．以上のことをまとその結果，中心動脈および末梢動脈の血流速度の関

めると，活動筋近位の末梢動脈における血流速度は

係は筋の活動期と休止期で異なり，活動期では中心筋の活動期に低く休止期には高いというように，筋動脈血流速度が活動筋へ血液を供給する末梢動脈血

活動による大きな変動が起きるが，中心動脈の血流流速度を上回り，休止期では逆に末梢動脈血流速度

速度は筋の活動期と休止期により大きな影響を受けが中心動脈速度より早くなるという関係にあることないことが示された．すなわち，筋活動は，中心循が示された．

環ではなく末梢循環の変動を起こすことが示された．

104

7.3

高齢者における左室重量と骨格筋量との関係

奥山（清水）靜代，村岡

慈歩，大森芙美子，加賀谷淳子

The relationship between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle mass inelderly women
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between left ventricular muscle mass
[LVmass] and skeletal muscle volume in elderly women. We measured the thigh muscle thickness(Vastus intermedius and Rectus femoris) using B-mode ultrasound method. Posterior wall thickness,interventricular septal thickness and left ventricular end-diastolic internal diameter were measured by
B-mode echocardiography. A significant correlation coefficients were obtained between vastus intermedius and interventricular septal thickness (r = 0.221, p < 0.05), rectus femoris and posterior wall
thickness (r = 0.240, p < 0.05). In addition, significant correlation coefficients were also obtained
between the estimated skeletal muscle volume and left ventricular mass in elderly women (r = 0.561, p< 0.05). These results indicate that the left ventricular muscle is closely related to the skeletal muscle
volume in ordinary elderly women.

● 目

左縁 3 − 5 肋間に 2.5 MHz の探触子をあて，仰臥位安的

心臓は活動筋の酸素需要に応えるために，心拍出静時の左室長軸画像を記録した．後日，得られた記量を増加あるいは血流配分を増減させ，運動に必要録から大動脈径（AO），左室後壁厚（LVPWT），心な酸素の需要を満たそうとする．一方，骨格筋では

室中隔厚（IVST），左室拡張（LVIDd）および収縮末筋収縮時に筋ポンプ作用が静脈還流量を高め，心臓期内径（LVIDs）の計測を行った．また Devereux らの前負荷を増加させる（Froelicher et al. 2000）．す（1977）の式を用いて左室重量を算出した．

なわち，加齢による骨格筋量の低下（Kanehisa et al.
2004）は心筋や血管動態に対する刺激を低下させると考えられる．そこで，本研究は高齢者における心形態と骨格筋量の関連を明らかにし，その関連から
高齢者における運動の重要性を明らかにすることを目的とした．

● 方法

測定の対象者は女性 61 名（年齢： 75.6 ± 5.2 歳）であった．被験者には事前に目的と内容，測定にともなう危険性と実験参加の任意性を説明した上で，実験参加への同意を書面によって得た．

Fig. III.7.3-1 Relationship between estimated skeletal
muscle volume and left ventricular muscle mass
[LVmass] in elderly women.
Significant correlation coefficients were obtained
between the estimated skeletal muscle volume andLVmass in elderly (r = 0.543, p < 0.01).

1．心形態の測定
心形態の測定には循環器用超音波診断装置（SYSTEM V, GE）を用い，B モード法で測定した．胸骨105

筋体積が高値を示すほうが，左室重量も高い値を示

2．筋形態の測定
大腿部筋厚の測定は超音波 B モード法（ALOKA

し，両者の間には有意（r ＝ 0.561, p ＜ 0.05）な正SSD1000, 7.5 MHz）を用いて行った．測定部位は大の相関関係がみられ，左室重量は大腿部筋体積と密腿長の 50 ％部位とし，後日，得られた記録より大腿接に相関することが示された．以上のことから，心直筋（VI）の浅部腱膜から，中間広筋（RF）を含み

形態から求めた高齢者の心臓の重量は大腿部筋体積

大腿骨までを大腿前部の筋厚として計測した．また，と密接に相関し，心臓の形態を大きく保つためには，

大腿前面筋厚を二乗しその値に大腿長を乗じること

高齢者も身体運動による筋量の維持が必要と示唆さにより，大腿部筋体積を算出した．

れた．

● 結果および考察● 文

献Devereux RB, Reichek N : Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man - Anatomic
validation of the method. Circuration, 55: 613618, 1977.
Froelicher VF, Myers JN : Exercise and Heart.
Philadelphia, PA, WB Saunders, 2000.
Shimizu S, Muraoka Y, Ohmori F, Kagaya A : The
relationship between cardiac muscle, skeletal
muscle mass and vessel structure in elderly
women. Jpn J Phys Fitness Sports Med, 55 Suppl :S213-S216, 2006.

大腿直筋と心室中隔厚（r ＝ 0.221, p ＜ 0.05）および中間広筋と左室後壁厚（r ＝ 0.240, p ＜ 0.05）との間に有意な関係がみられた．また，心筋および大腿部筋厚を体表面積で正規化した値においても，
大腿直筋と心室中隔厚との間には有意（r ＝ 0.610,
p ＜ 0.05）な関係がみられた．Fig. III.7.3-1 に大腿部筋厚から推定した大腿部筋体積と心形態より算出した左室重量との関係を示した．その結果，大腿部

106

8

有疾患者における運動および筋虚血に対する血流調節プロファイル−下肢閉塞性動脈硬化保有者における運動下肢血行動態の検討−
長田

卓也 1）

Blood flow profile in relation to exercise-induced muscle ischemia in
the patients with peripheral arterial disease
Takuya Osada■本課題の共同研究者
勝村1）俊仁 1），村瀬

訓生 1），木目良太郎 1），下村浩祐 1）および東京医科大学病院血管外科学スタッフ

東京医科大学健康増進スポーツ医学

8.1

有疾患者における運動および筋虚血に対する血流調節プロファイル−下肢閉塞性動脈硬化保有者における運動下肢血行動態の検討−
長田 卓也，勝村 俊仁，村瀬 訓生，木目良太郎，下村 浩祐

8.1

有疾患者における運動および筋虚血に対する血流調節プロファイル−下肢閉塞性動脈硬化保有者における運動下肢血行動態の検討−
長田

卓也，勝村

俊仁，村瀬

訓生，木目良太郎，下村浩祐

Blood flow profile in relation to exercise-induced muscle ischemia in
the patients with peripheral arterial disease
Abstract
The present study examined the femoral arterial blood flow response in each leg during intermittent
isometric knee extension at incremental exercise intensities in patients with peripheral arterial disease.
Changes in blood flow during exercise tend to be higher in the more-affected leg (PAD side) than thecontrol healthy leg. Hyperemic response in the working skeletal muscle may be different in both legs.
It is speculated that peripheral vascular disease may influence the blood flow response in muscle contractions during a state of exercise. The peripheral blood flow regulation may be altered due to theseverity in the vascular disease during limb exercise as well as resting state.

● 目

的

● 方

法

末梢循環障害（Fontaine 分類第 II 度）をきたす下末梢循環障害（血管造影にて確認されている）を

肢閉塞性動脈硬化症保有者を対象に，運動時におけきたす 5 名の男性閉塞性動脈硬化症保有者（平均年齢

る血行動態について検討を行うこととした．

71 ± 2 歳）を対象に，座位姿勢での多段階負荷等尺性片側膝伸展運動を行った．運動開始前の安静時にFig. III.8.1-1 Limb blood flow response during incremental intermittent isometric knee extensor exercise. Changes
in blood flow during exercise tend to be higher in the more-affected leg (PVD side) than the control healthy leg.

109

足関節上腕血圧比（ankle-brachial index : ABI）を● 考

察

測定し，運動は一足ごとに両側について行った．両動脈硬化が強い下肢動脈血管（ABI 値が低い下肢側）

下肢で ABI が低い下肢を患側とし，反対側の下肢をにおける，運動時の血流増加反応が高い事が明かと健側（対照肢）とした．運動強度は，最大随意収縮なった．この事は，より運動強度の上昇に伴う骨格力の 5 ％，10 ％，30 ％そして 50 ％とそれぞれの強筋酸素消費量を代償するための血流増加調節，虚血度で 3 分間とし，多段階的漸増負荷とした．下肢運動に伴う血管拡張代謝産物なの影響が強い事が示唆さの頻度は，5 秒間の等尺性膝伸展運動にひき続き，5れる（Green 2002; Stewart et al. 2002）．本研究で秒間の休止期を 1 サイクルとした．下肢血流の評価は，は，運動に伴う患側下肢血流反応は，健側と比べて超音波ドプラー法にて大腿動脈部位において行い，異なることが明らかとなり，今後は末梢循環障害が血管径と血流速度により算出した．血流速度は，5 秒

安静時のみならず運動中の骨格筋循環に与える影響

間の等尺性膝伸展運動及び 5 秒間の休止期のそれぞれを検討する必要があると思われる．特に，基本的身に得られた 3 〜 4 拍動の波形を計測し，血流量評価に体活動である下肢運動・歩行と骨格筋循環動態の検使用した．運動中の血流反応は，筋弛緩期である休討は，疾病保有者の運動耐容能向上やトレーニング

止期血流量から筋収縮期のそれを差し引いた血流増効果等，将来的に運動処方や QOL 向上への糸口とし加量を指標とした．

ての参考データになりうる事が考えられる．

● 結

● 文

果

献

Green S : Haemodynamic limitations and exercise performance in peripheral arterial disease. Clin
Physiol Funct Imaging, 22: 81-91, 2002.
Stewart KJ, Hiatt WR, Regensteiner JG, Hirsch AT :Exercising trianing for claudication. N Engl J
Med, 347: 1941-1951, 2002.

安静時において患側下肢の ABI 値は，健側に比べ低い値を示した．安静時下肢血流量は，患側が健側より低い傾向を示したが，運動中の下肢血流増加量は，患側において大きい傾向を示した．

110

9

運動時の呼吸循環系変化に対する中枢性・末梢性の
神経調節
佐藤

耕平 1）

Central and peripheral neural control of respiration and circulation
during exercise
Kohei Sato

■本課題の共同研究者
森山真由美 2），平澤

1）

愛 2），定本朋子 1）

日本女子体育大学，2）日本女子体育大学基礎体力研究所

9.1

Cerebral blood flow response at the beginning of voluntary exercise and passive movement
Kohei Sato, Mayumi Moriyama, Tomoko Sadamoto

9.2

Effect of mode of ventilation on cerebral blood flow response during static arm exercise
Kohei Sato, Ai Hirasawa, Tomoko Sadamoto9.1 Cerebral blood flow response at the beginning ofvoluntary exercise and passive movement
Kohei Sato，Mayumi Moriyama，Tomoko Sadamoto
Abstract
In this study, we try to reinvestigate the role of central command in regulating the cerebral bloodflow at the onset of exercise under a non-invasive condition. Eleven young women performed voluntary elbow flexion-extension exercise with no-load (VOL), activating both the central command andthe muscle mechanoreflex, and passive elbow flexion-extension (PAS), selectively activating the muscle mechanoreflex. We continuously monitored the cardiorespiratory and cerebrovascular responses at・rest and during VOL and PAS over a 2-min duration. The VMCA and QCCA began to increase before theonset of VOL and peaked immediately after the onset of exercise. VOL simultaneously produced a significant increase in the heart rate (HR) and cardiac output (CO) and a decrease in the mean arterial
blood pressure (MAP), thereby inducing a significant decrease in the cerebrovascular resistance at theonset of VOL. There were no significant changes in these parameters at the onset of PAS. These
results suggested that the increases in cerebral blood flow at the beginning of no-load voluntary exercise were most likely mediated by feedforward control of central command. To the contrary, the muscle mechanoreflex appeared to have little effect on the adjustments in cerebral blood flow responses atthe onset of no-load voluntary exercise.

instructed to move their forearm between elbow● Purpose

We aimed to investigate the role of central com-angles of 50 °and 90 °(0 °equaling full extension)

mand in regulating the cerebral blood flow at theat an angular velocity of 90 deg・sec-1 in time to a

onset of exercise. The comparison of the cere-rhythmic sound from a cassette being played in a

brovascular adjustments between voluntary exer-

tape-recorder. Voluntary exercise was continued

cise and passive movement would provide thefor 2-min. Passive movement was achieved by acontribution of central command (Nóbrega et al.

motor-driven lever arm that rotated around an

1994; Williamson et al. 1997). In the present

axis at a constant velocity. All the subjects werestudy, we studied the time course of the responses

requested to relax and not to resist the arm move-in cerebral blood flow at the onset of voluntaryment. Passive movement was performed with theexercise with no-load and passive movement

same range of movement, angular velocity, andaccomplished by dynamic elbow flexion andfrequency as the voluntary exercise. Common
・carotid artery blood flow (QCCA) and mean middle

extension of a single arm.

cerebral blood flow velocity (VMCA) examination
was performed using a high-resolution ultrasound● Methods

Eleven young women (age, 23.5 ± 0.7 years)

system (LOGIQ5; GE Medical Systems, Japan).

participated in this study. In this study, the single

The cardiovascular responses were measured

arm elbow flexor-extensor exercise and passive

noninvasively by photoelectric plethysmography

movement were performed using a computer-using a Finometer (Finapres Medical Systems BV,

based multifunctional dynamometer device. For

Arnhem, Netherlands) and the respiratory param-

the voluntary dynamic exercise, the subjects were

eters were determined using an online system for113

Fig. III.9.1-1 Changes in the cardiorespiratory and cerebral blood flow responses at the onset of voluntary exercise
and passive movement. Relative changes were obtained by normalizing to the resting values. The time courses ofthe variables are shown from 30 s before to 60 s after the onset of exercise and movement. (A) VMCA, middle cere・
bral artery mean blood velocity; (B) QCCA, common carotid artery mean blood flow; (C) HR, heart rate; (D) CO,
cardiac output; (E) MAP, mean arterial blood pressure; (F) PETCO2, end-tidal CO2; (G) MAP/VMCA, index of the cere・
brovascular resistance; (H) MAP/QCCA, common carotid artery resistance. Values are expressed as the mean (SE).
* Different from the resting value (P < 0.05). †Difference between the voluntary exercise and passive movement at
each time point (P < 0.05).

were no significant changes in these parameters

the breath-by-breath method.

during passive movement, and thus, significant● Results and Discussion

differences were observed in these parameters

The major findings of this study were as fol・
lows. VMCA, QCCA, HR, and CO began to increase

between voluntary exercise and passive move-significantly immediately before and at the onset

indicate that the rapid adjustment in the cere-of voluntary exercise in parallel with a transient

brovascular responses at the beginning of volun-

decrease in the cerebrovascular resistance. There

tary exercise with no-load was probably attributa-

ment immediately after their onset. These results114

ble to the feedforward control of central com-mand-mediated brain activity in several regions

mand descending from the higher brain centers.

and/or the increase in circulatory variables, par-The mechanism concerning the central com-

ticularly the CO response, may significantly con-mand-related increase in the cerebral blood flow

tribute to the rapid adjustment of the cerebral

may be mainly explained by based on the follow-

blood flow responses at the beginning of exercise.

ing two possibilities. Studies investigating the● References

functional anatomy of the central command-

Ide K, Pott F, Van Lieshout JJ, Secher NH : Middle
cerebral artery blood velocity depends on cardiac
output during exercise with a large muscle mass.
Acta Physiol Scand, 162: 13-20, 1998.
Nóbrega AC, Williamson JW, Friedman DB, Araujo
CG, Mitchell JH : Cardiovascular responses toactive and passive cycling movements. Med Sci
Sports Exerc, 26: 709-714, 1994.
Ogoh S, Brothers RM, Barnes Q, Eubank WL, Hawkins
MN, Purkayastha S, O-Yurvati A, Raven PB : The
effect of changes in cardiac output on middle
cerebral artery mean blood velocity at rest andduring exercise. J Physiol (Lond), 569: 697-704,
2005.
Williamson JW, Nóbrega AC, McColl R, Mathews D,
Winchester P, Friberg L, Mitchell JH : Activationof the insular cortex during dynamic exercise in
humans. J Physiol (Lond), 503: 277-283, 1997.
Williamson JW, McColl R, Mathews D, Mitchell JH,
Raven PB, Morgan WP : Brain activation by central command during actual and imagined handgrip under hypnosis. J Appl Physiol, 92: 13171324, 2002.
Williamson JW, Fadel PJ, Mitchell JH : New insights
into central cardiovascular control during exercise
in humans: a central command update. Exp
Physiol, 91: 51-58, 2006.

induced changes in the regional cerebral bloodflow have shown a network of cortical structures
involved (Williamson et al. 2006). Therefore, thefirst possibility is neural activation in theseregions, which may serve as a central command
network, is responsible for observed increases inbrain blood flow (Williamson et al. 2002;
Williamson et al. 2006). Second, the central command is generally thought to have a greater effecton HR and, thus on CO, than blood pressure.
Thus, it is possible that an abrupt increase in HR
and CO at the onset of exercise may contribute to・
the rapid change in VMCA and QCCA because in this・
study, VMCA and QCCA changed during voluntary
exercise in parallel with the HR and CO responses. Recent studies have suggested that CO is an
important factor involved in the change in VMCA
during exercise (Ide et al. 1998; Ogoh et al. 2005).
Accordingly, it is suggested that the central com-

115

9.2

Effect of mode of ventilation on cerebral blood flow
response during static arm exercise
Kohei Sato，Ai Hirasawa，Tomoko Sadamoto
Abstract

Heavy resistance exercise may be associated with a small risk of cerebral aneurysm rupture, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and symptoms of dizziness or outright weight-lifters' blackout, which may be
induced by a rapid change in the cerebral blood flow. We hypothesized that these changes during
heavy exercise could be associated with the mode of ventilation. The purpose of the present study was
to elucidate the effect of the mode of ventilation on cerebral blood flow response during heavy upper
body exercise. Subjects performed 15-s static exercises at 80% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)
under different modes of ventilation. In this study, we observed that heavy exercise with breath holding induced marked and rapid changes in the cerebral blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral
artery during and after exercise as compared with that with continued normal ventilation. We also
observed that hyperventilation before exercise could largely contribute to a lower cerebral blood flow
velocity during exercise and extending to the recovery phase. Our data suggested that even during
heavy upper body exercise, the mode of ventilation is very important for maintaining cerebral circulation.

tion on the cerebral blood flow response during● Purpose

Change in the cerebral blood flow during heavy

upper body heavy exercise involving a small mus-exercise could be associated with the mode ofcle mass. Therefore, the purpose of the present

ventilation, including the forced expiration against

study was to elucidate the effect of the mode ofa closed glottis (breath holding induced aventilation on cerebral blood flow response dur-

Valsalva-like maneuver) and hypocapnia induced

ing heavy upper body exercise.

by hyperventilation before and during exercise. A● Methods

previous study reported marked change in themean cerebral blood flow velocity in the middle

A total of 10 male field athletes (7 shot putters

cerebral artery (MCA V mean) during heavy two

and 3 hammer throwers; mean age ± SD: 21.2 ±legged extension with concomitant Valsalva-like

1.2 years) volunteered to participate in this study

maneuver (Pott et al. 2002). Romero and Cookeafter providing informed consent to the protocol,(2006) demonstrated that hyperventilation before

as approved by the ethics committee of Japan

exercise exacerbates the reduction in MCA Vmean

Women’s College of Physical Education. In thisduring leg-press resistance exercise. These studies

study, single arm elbow flexion exercise was per-suggested that during heavy exercise the associat-

formed with the use of a multifunctional

ed mode of ventilation may be of deterministic

dynamometer device. The exercise load selected

importance for cerebral circulation. However,was 80% of the maximal voluntary contraction

these investigations focus on cerebral blood flow(MVC) force. After a 3-min resting period, theregulation during lower-body exercise involving a

subjects performed 15-s static exercises at 80%

large muscle mass. To date, there is no informa-

MVC with the following 3 different modes of ven-tion regarding the effect of the mode of ventila-

tilation (in random order): 1) continued normal

116

Fig. III.9.2-1 Cerebrovascular responses at rest, during, and after heavy exercise. (A) MCA Vmean, Mean middle
cerebral artery mean blood velocity and (B) CVR, Cerebrovascular resistance index.

ventilation (EX), 2) exercise with concomitant(SV), and cardiac output (CO), from the blood

breath holding (EX+BH), and 3) pre-exercisepressure wave form by using the Modelflow

hyperventilation till an end tidal partial pressure

method. Respiratory parameters were determinedof CO2 (PET CO2) of 3.5% was achieved (HV). In

with an online system for the breath-by-breath

HV, after a 2-min rest, the subjects were instruct-

method. The ratio of MAP/ MCA Vmean was calcu-

ed to perform voluntary hyperventilation for 1-

lated as an index of cerebrovascular resistance

min in order to achieve a PET CO2 of 〜 3.5%. After(CVR).

the 1-min hyperventilation, the subjects per● Results and Discussion

formed 15-s static exercises with continued normal ventilation. MCA Vmean measurement was per-

The expiratory strain during a Valsalva-likeformed with an ultrasound system (Vivid 7pro; GE

maneuver might reduce blood flow to the brain.

Yokogawa Medical Systems) equipped with a 2.0

Forced expiration against a closed glottis increas-

MHz sector transducer. The MCA V mean was

es intrathoracic pressure and central venous pres-defined as the time-averaged mean velocity

sures and marked reduces in SV and thus CO.

obtained in automatic calculation mode. Mean

Previous studies indicated that CO is an important

arterial pressure (MAP) was measured non-inva-

determinant of cerebral blood flow during exer-

sively by photoelectric plethysmography withcise (Ogoh et al. 2005). However, our data suggest-

Finometer (Finapres Medical Systems BV).

ed relationship between CO and MCA Vmean was

Furthermore, we determined the stroke volume

not simply under this situation. Furthermore, the117rapid increase in the CVR at the onset of exercise

tion of hyperventilation before heavy exercise andmay also contribute to the change in MCA Vmean

breath holding during exercise is the worst sce-and the increase in the CVR may be induced bynario from the perspective of cerebral circulation.

sympathoexcitation due to heavy exercise and/or

It may be that continued normal ventilation dur-

the reduction in CO and Pa CO2. The increase ining heavy upper body exercise may be safer, in

the CVR during EX+BH suggested vasoconstric-

that it helps to avoid rapid changes in the cere-tion of the peripheral branches of the MCA. On

bral blood flow and CVR that may in turn cause

the other hand, over shooting of the MCA Vmean

symptoms of dizziness or outright weight lifter’s

immediately after the end of exercise may be”black out” and intracranial hemorrhage.

induced by rapid decrease in CVR, with rapid● References

recovery of CO and Pa CO2.

Ogoh S, Brothers RM, Barnes Q, Eubank WL, Hawkins
MN, Purkayastha S, O-Yurvati A, Raven PB : The
effect of changes in cardiac output on middle
cerebral artery mean blood velocity at rest andduring exercise. J Physiol (Lond), 569: 697-704,
2005.
Pott F, Van Lieshout JJ, Ide K, Madsen P, Secher NH :Middle cerebral artery blood velocity during
intense static exercise is dominated by a Valsalva
maneuver. J Appl Physiol, 94: 1335-1344, 2003.
Romero SA, Cooke WH : Hyperventilation before
resistance exercise: cerebral hemodynamics andorthostasis. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 39: 1302-1307,
2007.

In the HV trials, reduced MCA Vmean occurred inconjunction with increased CVR. This reductionin MCA Vmean before, during, and after exercise
was attributable to the reduction in Pa CO2. These
results indicate that the increase in CVR was
probably associated with vasoconstriction of thecerebral blood vessels. In summary, our data suggested that even during upper body heavy exercise involving small muscle mass, the mode ofventilation was very important for maintaining
cerebral circulation. We think that the combina-

118

10

運動準備期のセントラルコマンドの働き
岩館

雅子 1, 2）Central command during the preparatory period before voluntary exercise
Masako Iwadate■本課題の共同研究者
定本1）

朋子 2），澁谷

顕一 2）

日本大学，2）日本女子体育大学基礎体力研究所

10.1 運動準備期の大脳皮質運動野酸素動態と循環応答の対応
岩館 雅子，定本 朋子
10.2 運動準備期と運動時の大脳皮質運動野酸素動態
岩館 雅子，澁谷 顕一，定本 朋子

10.1

運動準備期の大脳皮質運動野酸素動態と循環応答の対応
岩館

雅子，定本

朋子

Relationship between cortical oxygenation in the motor area and cardiovascular responses during the resting preparatory period before voluntary exercise
Abstract
We studied the cortical oxygenation in motor area (MA) and the concomitant cardiovascularresponses during resting preparatory period either with sustaining handgrip exercise (Ex) or without
handgrip exercise (Con) in 13 healthy subjects. The oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb), deoxygenatedhemoglobin (deoxyHb) and total hemoglobin (totalHb) in the left motor cortex were measured by nearinfrared spectroscopy. Heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), mean arterial blood pressure, and the oxygenation in the right forearm flexors muscles were simultaneously recorded in both Ex and Con experiments. During the resting preparatory period in Ex, the oxyHb and totalHb in motor cortex were significantly higher than those in Con while deoxyHb was similar to that in Con. These changes in Ex
indicated the increase in regional cerebral blood flow resulting from the increases in the regional cerebral oxygen metabolic rate in MA. In accord with these changes, HR, CO, and the muscle oxyHb were
elevated significantly in Ex but not in Con. However, the muscle totalHb was not higher significantly
in Ex than that in Con. These results suggested that the increases in HR and muscle flow rate in Ex
were coupled with the increase in cortical activation resulting from a preparation for exercise.

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本研究の目的は，運動準備・想起により発現する
セントラルコマンドが，大脳皮質運動野周辺領野の活動へ及ぼす影響を明らかにすることである．

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被験者は 13 名の健康な女子大学生とした．被験者
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右腕による掌握運動（運動負荷： 30 ％ MVC）を 10秒間実施した．対照条件では，音の計数の後の掌握
ԥ0XVFOH R[\O+E P0 FP



運動は行わず，音の計数のみを続けて行った．
脳活動の指標として，左右運動野手領域脳酸素動
態を近赤外分光法により記録した．循環応答の指標



Ფ

Ფ

Ფ
Ფ

Ფ
Ფ



















としては，心拍数，平均動脈血圧，心拍出量，前腕Ფ+*

WLPH VHF

屈筋の筋酸素動態を記録した．本研究では被験者がFig. III.10.1-1 Changes in oxygenated hemoglobin
obtained left motor cortex (MCx oxyHb), Heart Rate(HR), oxygenated hemoglobin obtained right forearm
flexors muscles (muscle oxyHb) during preparatory
period before handgrip exercise (HG). Values aremeans ± SD in 13 subjects. ○, control condition; ●,exercise condition; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.

音の回数を数え始めてから運動開始直前までの 50 秒
間を運動準備期とし，解析対象とした．

121

心拍出量増加および活動肢の筋血流速度上昇が生じ● 結果および考察

るとき，大脳運動野周辺の脳活動も同時に亢進する

運動準備や想起に伴い，循環応答としては，心拍ことが示された．

上昇および心拍出量増加および筋血流速度上昇という応答がみられた．これに対し，大脳皮質運動野酸● 文

素動態においても，oxyHb および totalHb の上昇，

献

Williamson JW, McColl R, Mathews D, Mitchell JH,
Raven PB, Morgan WP : Brain activation by central command during actual and imagined handgrip under hypnosis. J Appl Physiol, 92: 13171324, 2002.

deoxyHb の低下傾向という，神経活動賦活に伴う血流増加を反映する脳酸素動態変化がみられた．
このことから，運動開始前において運動準備や想起により（Williamson et al. 2002），心拍数の上昇，

10.2

運動準備期と運動時の大脳皮質運動野酸素動態の関係
岩館

雅子，澁谷

顕一，定本

朋子

Cortical oxygenation in the motor area during the resting preparatory
period and the following voluntary exercise
Abstract
We have compared the oxygenation changes in the motor cortex (MCx) during the maximal heart
rate (HR) change session and minimum HR change session during the resting preparatory period withthe sustaining handgrip exercise in 6 healthy subjects. During the resting preparatory period with theexercise, the oxygenation changes were larger during maximal HR change session than that of minimum HR change sessions. On the other hand, no significant differences in the oxygenation change
during the sustaining handgrip exercise were observed between the maximal and minimum HR change
sessions. These results indicate that the oxygenation changes in the MCx during the exercise are independent from that of the resting preparatory period with the exercise.

● 目

態 を 近 赤 外 分 光 法 に よ り 記 録 し た （ Hoshi and的

前課題において，運動準備・想起により心拍上昇

Tamura 1993）．循環応答の指標としては，心拍数をと運動野酸素化動態上昇が同時にみられるという対記録した．本研究では，心拍数と脳酸素動態の対応応が示された（岩館と定本 2008）．本研究では，運を確認するため，準備期の心拍変化が最大の試行と動準備期と運動時の運動野酸素化動態の関係を明ら

最小の試行を選び，両試行における運動野酸素化動

かにすることとした．

態を比較した．

● 方● 結果および考察法

被験者は 6 名の健康な女子大学生とした．被験者は運動準備期の運動野酸素化動態は，酸素化 Hb およ

15 秒間の運動準備期（検者の合図 5 秒＋カウントダ

び総 Hb において試行間に差がみられ，心拍最大変化

ウン 10 秒）の後，掌握運動（60 ％ MVC）を 10 秒間

試行においては，ベースラインからの酸素化 Hb の上行う課題を 10 セット行った．

昇および脱酸素化 Hb の減少が有意であった．このことから，心拍最大変化試行では，運動野血流速度の脳活動の指標として，左右運動野手領域脳酸素動122

H[HUFLVH

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FXH

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Ⴠ PD[+5 FKDQJHVHVVLRQႼ PLQ+5 FKDQJHVHVVLRQ

Ო





ຒGHR[\+E P0
0 FP







ຒWRWDO+E P0 FPᲤ  VLJQLILFDQW FKDQJH IURP WKH EDVHOLQH
PD[+5 FKDQJH VHVVLRQ S V

  VLJQLILFDQW FKDQJH IURP WKH EDVHOLQH
PLQ+5 FKDQJH VHVVLRQ S

V

V

RIIVHW

RQVHW

Fig. III.10.2-1 The oxygenation in the contralateral motor cortex during the resting preparatory period and the sustaining right hand grip exercise. Filled circles show that of maximal HR change session during the resting preparatory period and open circles show that of minimum HR change session during resting preparatory period.

上昇が生じていたことが確認された．一方，運動時● 文

献

岩館雅子, 定本朋子 : 運動準備期の大脳皮質運動野周辺における酸素動態と循環応答の対応. 脈管学, 48: 389396, 2008.
Hoshi Y, Tamura M : Dynamic multichannel nearinfrared optical imaging of human brain activity. J
Appl Physiol, 75: 1842-1846, 1993.

については，準備期でみられたような，両試行間の差がみられなかった．このことから，運動準備期における運動野の活性化は，運動時に生じる活性化には関連しないことが示唆された．

123

11

筋の酸素代謝特性と運動時循環応答との連関
笹原（上田）千穂子 1, 2）

Associated changes in muscle oxygenation with circulatory responses
during exercise
Chihoko Ueda-Sasahara■本課題の共同研究者
加賀谷淳子 2）1）

東海学園大学，2）日本女子体育大学基礎体力研究所

11.1

異なる強度での静的膝伸展運動後における筋の浅部と深部の再酸素化
笹原（上田）千穂子，加賀谷淳子

11.1 異なる強度での静的膝伸展運動後における筋の浅部と深部の再酸素化
笹原（上田）千穂子，加賀谷淳子
Reoxygenation of muscles at the superficial and in the deep regions
during static knee extension exercise at varying intensities
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate a hypothesis that circulatory responses to various exercise intensities closely relate to muscle fiber type dominantly recruited during the exercise. We examined that muscle oxygenation in the vastus lateralis (VL) and circulatory responses to static knee extension exercise at various intensities. Method: Ten healthy female subjects performed static knee extension exercise at 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for 1min at each level in sitting position. Muscle oxygenation in the VL was monitored using multi channel
near-infrared spectroscopy and arterial mean blood pressure (MBP) was measured by photoelectric
plethysmography. Result: Half time reoxygenation, the time taken to reach a value of half-maximal
recovery after exercise, for all channels was significantly delayed in exercise at 70% MVC comparedwith the other intensities. However there were no significant differences between the channels. MBP
also increased with respect to exercise intensity. Conclusion: This study shows that reoxygenation timein the VL after static knee extension was prolonged in accordance with increasing circulatory responses
to ascending exercise intensities. However, reoxygenation was more delayed at higher exercise intensity
than those expected from lower intensities, whereas circulatory parameters increased linearly.

● 目

Medical Systems BV）で測定した．筋酸素動態は近的

本研究は，運動強度の増加に伴う循環指標の変化

赤外分光法装置（OMM-3000，Shimadzu）により，は動員される運動単位の代謝特性に密接に関与して骨格筋の酸素化ヘモグロビン，脱酸素化ヘモグロビ

いるのではないかという仮説を検証することを目的

ン，総ヘモグロビンを測定し，T1 ／ 2 reoxy time は先とした．具体的には，①運動後の筋再酸素化時間行研究（Hamaoka et al. 1992; Ichimura et al. 2006）（T1 ／ 2 reoxy time，筋の有酸素性代謝貢献度が低いとと同じ方法で酸素化ヘモグロビンより算出した．測延長する）が運動強度の上昇に伴い顕著に延長し始定プローブの送受光間距離を 2 cm，3 cm，4 cm，5

める負荷強度が存在するか否か，②筋の浅い部位とcm として，同一筋内の深さの異なる部位での T1 ／ 2

深い部位で筋線維組成が異なることが知られている

reoxy time を求めた．

が，これが T1 ／ 2 reoxy time と運動強度の関係に影響● 結果および考察を与えるが否かについて検討した．

MBP は負荷強度の増加に伴い上昇し，10 ％ MVC● 方に対して 30 ％ MVC 以上の強度で有意に高かった．

法

被験者は健康な成人女性 10 名であり，座位姿勢で一方，T1 ／ 2 reoxy time は負荷強度に対して指数関数

静的膝伸展運動を行った．運動強度は最大随意筋力的な上昇を示し，10 ％ MVC に対して 70 ％ MVC に（MVC）の 10，20，30，40，50，60，70 ％とし，おいて有意に高い値を示した．T1 ／ 2 reoxy time の筋

各強度の運動負荷後十分な休憩時間をとった後，次の浅い部位と深い部位とにおける比較では，どの強の強度の測定を行った．運動時の平均血圧（MBP）

度においても有意差はなかった．以上の結果から，を連続指血圧測定装置（Finometer，Finapres

筋再酸素化時間が顕著に延長する運動強度が存在す

127

Fig. III.11.1-1 Half time reoxygenation (T1/2 reoxy time) after knee extension exercise. (A) The effects of exercise
intensities. Light source and detector distance of NIRS prove was 4 cm. (B) The effects of light source and detector
distance at the intensities of 30% and 60% MVC. Values are expressed as mean ± SE, n=10. *** Different from
10%MVC (P < 0.001).

method for the evaluation of muscle aerobic
capacity in relation to physical activity measured
by near-infrared spectroscopy. Med Sport Sci, 37:
421-429, 1992.
Ichimura S, Murase N, Osada T, Kime R, Homma T,
Ueda C, Nagasawa T, Motobe M, Hamaoka T,
Katsumura T: Age and activity status affect muscle reoxygenation time after maximal cycling
exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 38: 1277-1281,
2006.

ることが明らかになったが，筋の深さによる相異はみられなかった．筋再酸素化時間も血圧も，運動強度により変化しているが，筋再酸素化時間はより高強度の運動負荷で有意に延長することが明らかにな
った．

● 文

献

Hamaoka T, Albani C, Chance B, Iwane H: A new

128

12

運動時における一次運動野の酸素化動態
澁谷

顕一 1）

Oxygenation kinetics in the primary motor cortex area during exercise
Kenichi Shibuya■本課題の共同研究者
定本1）

朋子 1），佐藤耕平 1），森山真由美 1），岩館雅子 1, 2）

日本女子体育大学基礎体力研究所，2）日本大学

12.1 Quantification of delayed oxygenation in ipsilateral primary motor cortex compared with contralateral side during a unimanual dominant-hand motor task using near-infrared spectroscopy
Kenichi Shibuya, Tomoko Sadamoto, Kohei Sato, Mayumi Moriyama, Masako Iwadate
12.2 Reduced activity of the ipsilateral primary motor cortex during repetitive handgrip exercise
Kenichi Shibuya, Masako Iwadate, Tomoko Sadamoto
12.3 A comparison between sedentary subjects and athletes of oxygenation kinetics in the contralateral primary motor cortex area during exercise leading to voluntary exhaustion
Kenichi Shibuya

12.1．Quantification of delayed oxygenation in ipsilateral primary motor cortex compared with contralateral side
during a unimanual dominant-hand motor task usingnear-infrared spectroscopy
Kenichi Shibuya, Tomoko Sadamoto, Kohei Sato,
Mayumi Moriyama, Masako Iwadate
Abstract
Using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) techniques, it is possible to examine bilateral motor cortex
oxygenation during a static motor task. Cortical activation was assumed to be reflected by increased
oxygenation. The purpose of the present study was to examine the time course of oxygenation in thebilateral motor cortex during a low-intensity handgrip task. Six healthy, right-handed subjects participated in the study. The near-infrared spectroscopy probes positioned over the bilateral motor cortex wereused to measure the cortical activation throughout a handgrip task carried out. The subjects performed
a 3-min handgrip task with increasing intensity in a ramp-like manner [10-30% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) at 6.67% MVC.min-1]. Contralateral motor cortex oxygenation increased significantly from 100 to 180 s after the start of the motor task compared with the baseline value (p < 0.05).
Ipsilateral motor cortex oxygenation also increased significantly from 130 to 180 s after the start of the
motor task (p < 0.05). The onset of increase in oxyhemoglobin ([HbO2]) and decrease in deoxyhemoglobin ([Hb]) in contralateral motor cortex area (M1) were significantly earlier than in ipsilateral M1(respectively, p < 0.05). These results show that there is a delayed oxygenation in ipsilateral primary
motor cortex area compared with contralateral side during a unimanual dominant-hand motor task.

tus (780, 805, and 830 nm; NIRStation,● Purpose

Muscle fatigue is characterized by an exercise-

OMM3000, Shimadzu Co., Kyoto, Japan) for

induced loss of power- and force-generating abili-

measuring motor cortex oxygenation. The opticalty of the muscle during the course of or afterprobe consisted of one emitter and one detector

exercise (Bigland-Ritchie and Woods, 1984; Booth(comprising three separate sensors). These probes

and Thomason, 1991; Nybo and Nielsen, 2001;

were guided on the subjects' heads using glass

Gandevia, 2001). The purpose of the present

fiber bundles and positioned over the bilateral

study was to examine bilateral M1 oxygenation

motor cortex areas. The distance between theduring a low-intensity unimanual handgrip task.

transmitting and the receiving probes was 3.0 cm.
The probes were positioned over bilateral motor
cortex areas for hand enclosing C3 and C4,● Methods

Six right-handed, healthy volunteers (age:according to the modified international EEG 10-20

21.4 ± 0.2 y, height: 159.1 ± 1.3 cm, weight:

system (American Electroencephalo graphic

56.3 ± 1.9 kg, MVC: 315.6 ± 11.8 N) participatedSociety, 1994).
Before the start of the study, the subjects werein the present study.
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) techniquesfamiliarized with the protocol. They performed ahave been described elsewhere (Elwell et al.

static 3-min right-handgrip task with a ramp-like1994). We used a three-wavelength NIRS appara-

increase in intensity from 10% MVC to 30% MVC

131

Table III.12.1-1

The time for oxygenation after theM1 oxygenation during the course of a low-inten-

start of motor task. Astarisks shows significant differences between the response on hemispheres (p < 0.05).

sity static motor task. The increase in ipsilateral

HbO2
Hb
tHb

Contralateral

Ipsilateral50.8 ± 35.4
32.5 ± 15.7
45.0 ± 17.3

60.0 ± 31.3 *94.2 ± 38.1 *64.2 ± 9.2 *M1 oxygenation was delayed compared with theincrease in contralateral M1 oxygenation. To thebest of our knowledge, this is the first reportshowing that ipsilateral M1 oxygenation isdelayed compared with contralateral M1 oxygena-(6.67%・min ). The subjects were seated and were-1tion during the course of a motor task.

given a handgrip meter.

In conclusion, the results of the present study
show a delayed oxygenation in the ipsilateral pri-

● Results and Discussion

mary motor cortex during the course of a uniman-

Changes in cerebral oxygenation reflect cere-

ual low-intensity motor task. The increasing oxy-bral functional activation (Colier et al. 1997, 1999;

genation in the ipsilateral motor cortex suggests a

Kleinschmidt et al. 1996; Obrig et al. 1996). In thereal-time interaction between bilateral hemi-

present study, we observed a bilateral increase inspheres during a motor task.

12.2 Reduced activity of the ipsilateral primary motor cortex during repetitive handgrip exercise
Kenichi Shibuya, Masako Iwadate, Tomoko Sadamoto
Abstract
The brain function controlling muscle force modulation during exercise has remained unclear. The
purpose of the present study was to examine the bilateral primary motor cortex (M1) oxygenation during static and repetitive handgrip exercise performed with the right hand (60% maximal voluntary contraction; 10 s exercise/75 s rest; 5 sets). Seven healthy, right-handed subjects participated in the present study. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) probes were positioned over the bilateral M1 area tomeasure cortical oxygenation during handgrip exercises. The oxygenation levels of the bilateral M1
significantly changed compared with their resting values in all trials (p < 0.0001). The oxygenation levels of the contralateral M1 did not change significantly across the trials (oxyhemoglobin (HbO2): p =0.8050; deoxyhemoglobin (Hb): p = 0.8036), while those of the ipsilateral M1 significantly decreased
across the trials (HbO2: p = 0.0371; Hb: p = 0.0317). The present results suggest an intracortical inhibition from the contralateral M1 to the ipsilateral M1 during the repetitive exercise.
M1 with the increase in repetition.

● Purpose

The purpose of the present study was to investi● Methods

gate the effect of exercise task repetition on theipsilateral M1 activity. The most noteworthy

Seven healthy, right-handed volunteers partici-

results of the present study were the constancy ofpated in the present study. Informed consent was

oxygenation in the contralateral M1 and the sig-

obtained from each subject after the subject

nificant decrease of oxygenation in the ipsilateral

received a complete explanation of the nature of132

Fig. III.12.2-1 The peak value changes in oxygenation from resting levels. Upper panels represent the results ofoxyhemoglobin (HbO2) changes. Lower panels represent the results of deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) changes. Right panels
represent the results of ipsilateral primary motor cortex oxygenation changes, and left panels represent the resultsof contralateral primary motor cortex oxygenation changes. The asterisks show significant differences from the firsttrial (p < 0.05). Error bars indicate s.e.m.

min after the detection of an optimal position forthe study procedure and its noninvasiveness.
The Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) tech-

the probe. The subjects performed a static right-

nique has been described elsewhere (Elwell et al.

handgrip task [exercise: 10 s, rest: 75 s; the tasks

1994). We used a three-wavelength NIRS appara-

were performed five times at 60% of MVC, taking

tus (780, 805, and 830 nm; NIRStation,a rest between sessions].

OMM3000, Shimadzu Co., Kyoto, Japan) to meas● Results and Discussion

ure motor cortex oxygenation. The distance
between the transmitting and the receiving probes

In the present study, we found the early signifi-

was 3.0 cm. The probes were positioned over thecant changes in HbO2 and Hb after the start ofbilateral C3 and C4 hand motor areas according

exercises. The previous studies found the gradualto the modified international EEG 10-20 systemchanges in HbO2 and Hb after the start of tasks(American Electroencephalographic Society,with the exception of exercise (ef: Taga et al.

1994).

2003). We excluded the data just before the start

Subjects performed five to 10-s duration hand-of exercise to calculate the baseline values ingrip exercises. The subjects took a rest over 30

HbO2 and Hb for avoiding the inclusion of the133effects of the preparation and/or attention for thethe first trail might be affected by the inhibition

exercise on the oxygenation changes in the analy-

from the contralateral M1 to the ipsilateral M1

ses. The early changes in HbO2 and Hb after thedue to the voluntary fatigue as reported by thestart of exercises might be influenced by the way

previous studies (Shibuya et al. 2006; Shibuya eetof analysis we used. Another possible explanation

al. 2007). On the other hand, the results of thefor the early changes in HbO2 and Hb in the pres-present study might reflect that the ipsilateral M1

ent study was the effect of blood flow changes

partially contributes to the force modulation.

after the start of exercise. It is generally believed

Muscle power output during exercise is funda-that the cerebral blood flow does not change dur-mentally controlled by the contralateral M1.

ing static exercise (Rogers et al. 1990). The possi-

The present results suggest an intracortical inhi-

bility of the influence of cerebral blood flow

bition from the contralateral M1 to the ipsilateralchanges on the oxygenation in the bilateral M1

M1 during the repetitive exercise and the possibil-

must be low. The early changes during exercise in

ity a collateral contribution of the ipsilateral M1

the present study might be the effects of attention

to force production, and that this contribution

and/or preparation for the start of exercise.

declines with the habituation for exercise. Further
studies should focus on elucidating the contribu-

The lack of oxygenation in the ipsilateral M1tion of the ipsilateral M1 to force production.

during exercise at the fifth trial compared with

12.3 A comparison between sedentary subjects and athletesof oxygenation kinetics in the contralateral primary
motor cortex area during exercise leading to voluntaryexhaustion
Kenichi Shibuya
Abstract
Motor signals are commanded fundamentally from the primary motor cortex contralateral to theexercising limb (M1contralateral). The signals from the M1contralateral reach the contracting muscle through thecorticospinal and spinal motoneurons. When muscle fibers are repeatedly contracted, energy supplies
are depleted, and the muscles become fatigued. Physiological fatigue is characterized by exerciseinduced loss of the power- and force-generating ability of the muscle during the course of or after
exercise. It remains unclear whether the activation kinetics in the motor cortex area could be different
between athletes and sedentary subjects during exercise leading to voluntary exhaustion. We examined this in 7 athletes and 7 sedentary subjects. We performed near-infrared spectroscopy over the
positioned motor cortex area to measure oxygenation throughout a handgrip exercise leading to voluntary exhaustion. The subjects performed a sustained 50%-60% maximal voluntary contraction handgrip
exercise until voluntary exhaustion. In athletes, oxygenation in the M1contralateral decreased significantly atvoluntary exhaustion compared with the resting values (p < 0.05). On the other hand, in sedentary
subjects, oxygenation in the M1contralateral increased throughout the exercise (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the motor signals from the motor cortex area may be different between athletes and sedentary subjects, especially in a fatiguing exercise.

134

Fig. III.12.3-1 The values of changes in the sedentary subjects in the contralateral motor cortex from resting values in (a) oxyhemoglobin concentration (HbO2), (b) deoxyhemoglobin concentration (Hb), and (c) total-hemoglobin
concentration (tHb) during the handgrip exercise in left panels, and in the athletes in the right panels. Values are
represented as means ± SD. Asterisks show significant differences, p < 0.05.

with little experience who did not exercise habitu-● Purpose

ally.

Using near-infrared spectroscopy to determine
whether adaptation for exercise changes cortical

Four wavelengths (775, 810, 850, and 905 nm)

activation dynamics during exhaustive exercise, inof near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) were used

the present study, we compared the M1 contralateral(NIRO-300L, Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan) for

oxygenation kinetics between athletes and seden-

motor cortex oxygenation. The optical probe con-tary subjects during exercise reaching to volun-

sisted of an emitter and a detector (comprising 3tary exhaustion.

separate sensors). The system was guided on thesubjects' heads through glass fiber bundles. The
probes were positioned over the M1contralateral areas● Methods

Male, right-handed sedentary subjects and ath-

enclosing C3 according to the modified interna-

letes (n = 7 each) participated in the present

tional EEG 10-20 system (American Electroen-

study. The sedentary subjects were individuals

cephalographic Society, 1994).

135

They performed a static right-hand handgrip● Results and Discussion

task at 50%-60% MVC until they could sustain

The notable findings in the present study were

50% MVC. While resting in an inclining position,

the different oxygenation kinetics between thethey were asked to pinch the hydraulic handgrip

sedentary subjects and athletes during exercise

meter, a nylon tube connecting the handgrip

reaching to exhaustion. In the sedentary subjects,

device and transducer that was held at heart

the oxygenation in the M1 contralateral continued tolevel. The exercise trials were repeated 3 times

increase even at voluntary exhaustion. By con-for each subject. A static right-hand handgrip task

trast, in the athletes, the oxygenation in the M1con-

at 50%-60% MVC until they could sustain 50%

tralateral

MVC. While resting in an inclining position, they

the resting values. In conclusion, the noteworthy

were asked to pinch the hydraulic handgrip

findings in the present study were that the oxy-meter, a nylon tube connecting the handgrip

genation kinetics in the M1contralateral were dif-

device and transducer that was held at heart

ferent between elite athletes and sedentary sub-level. The exercise trials were repeated 3 times

jects during the handgrip exercise leading to vol-for each subject.

untary exhaustion.

136

decreased at exhaustion as compared with