IJERD – International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development (2013) 4-1

Research article
erd

Women’s  Roles  in  Fisheries  Governance  in  Ban  Laem,  Phetchaburi Province, Thailand
DARACHA THIAMMUEANG*
Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Chiang Mai,Thailand
Email: daracha@mju.ac.th

KUNGWAN JUNTARASHOTE
Coastal Development Center, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand

RATANA CHUENPAGDEE

Memorial  University  of  Newfoundland,  St.  John’s,  Canada
Received 16 December 2012

Accepted 30 January 2013(*Corresponding Author)

Abstract In the past, men have been played key role in the way of life of small-scalefishers. Because of their physical condition is more proper than women. Therefore, thewomen are mainly participating in fish processing and marketing. At present, participationof women in fisheries industry has increased day by day, particularly as a labor force infisheries production sector. In this study, women in Ban Panern, a fishing village in LaemPak Bia sub-district, Ban Laem district, Phetchaburi province was selected to examine thewomen roles that contributing to fisheries governance. Using key informant interviews andparticipant observation was carried out from August to September 2011. The results
showed that, the roles of women in this fishing village were more or less the same ofwomen’s   role   in   the   third   world.   These   roles   are   classified   into   3   categories,   i.e.,  motherhood role, labor in production role and community management role. Most of them
have been involved in all three categories particularly, contribution to the fishery
management in their community. They have participated in many activities that relating topublic utility development, they have established and conducted a fish central market in
the village in order to solve the unfair price of aquatic animal problem of the fishers. Thesedemonstrated that, women have a high potential in strengthen the capability of fishingcommunity in fisheries governance. The success of fisheries governance will lead to better
livelihood of fishing households and a sustainable of their fisheries.
Keywords woman’s role, fisheries governance, fisheries management, community fishmarket

INTRODUCTION
For small-scale fisheries, man is major labor in this industry because of suitability in their physicalcondition (Arunpark, 1999). So that women have contributed to the processes after fishing work at
the sea such as selling their products or fish processing. They had played important role in onshore
activities. They undertook the administrative work of the fishing enterprise. In the past, most ofpeople have had valued and expected in men should be more significant role such as leader,
governor in society because men are physically stronger.   Due to sex gender are defined throughtwo factors including biological factor and social environmental as a psychological perspective.  
Biological factor concerns about the physical differences between male and female while social
environmental is the factor to influent the appearances of sex (Jittayasothon, 2008).
As same as fisheries sector, men have been played important role in fishing at the sea for along time while women have involved in activities after fishing including processing and selling.
At the present day, women have played role in their community increasingly, especially theeconomical aspect. As the record of National Statistical Office, we found that 45% of Thai womenⒸ ISERD45IJERD – International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development (2013) 4-1

have been involved to contribute to the income of their households, communities and country(Piamsomboon, 2008). Studies on women in fisheries so far have been more or less focused onfish processing and preservation techniques and activities and socio-economic status of women.
This study aimed to examine the woman roles involving fisheries governance aspect besides theircontributions in fisheries economics section.
METHODOLOGY
Study area
In this study, Laem Pak Bia sub-district, Ban Laem District, Phetchaburi Province was chosen toinvestigate. Phetchaburi province is located in Western, Thailand at the northern end of the Malay
Peninsula, with the East of Gulf of Thailand. There are four of the eight districts located along thecoast that is why fisheries are economically important to the province. In 2010, fisheries provided
over 25,000 tons of products or approximately THB 1.5 billion (USD 50 million) in value (Officeof Phetchaburi Province). There are four villages in this sub-district including Ban Panern, BanDonnai, Ban Donklang and Ban Donkadee (Fig. 1). Marine fishing is a major occupation in all ofthese villages. Ban Panern is the center for fishers due to be the place where landing, fish market
and the crab bank project located.

Fig. 1 Study area: Laem Pak Bia sub-district, Ban Laem district, Phetchaburi
Data collection
This study was conducted using a mixed method of literature review, key informant interviews(Table 1) and participant observation. A series of open-ended question was used in the key
informant interviews. They consisted of questions related to the role of women to fisheries
governance in the study area.

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Table 1 List of key informants interviewed in this study
Category

Number of key informants
MaleFemale
221121221389Fishers
Villagers who are not fishers
Housewives of fishers
Fish traders
Fisheries group leaders
Other group leaders
Governing officers
Total

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The natural system characteristic
Laem Pak Bia is one of the ten sub-district located in the southeast of Ban Laem district. This area
consists largely of mud flats and sandy beaches, with some mangrove forests (Pollution ControlDepartment, 2004) that serve as important habitats for juvenile fish and crabs and especiallydwelling animals like clams (Aksornkoae, 2007). Numerous aquatic species were found, such as
threadfin, longtail sard, sand whiting, mackerel, large-scale tongue sole, hard shell, blood cockle,
razor clam, banana shrimp, blue swimming crab, mud crab and squid according to the Office of theRoyal  Development  Project  Board  (1997).  Dolphins  and  Bryde’s  whale  could  be  found  in  the area
as well. In addition, artificial reefs had been installed in this area to help increase fisheries
productivity. There is also the waste water treatment system, which enhances the abundance ofcoastal fisheries resources, especially those in the benthic zone such as blood cockle and hard shell.
These natural characteristics have contributed to fishing for a long time even though some situation
happened such as mangrove forests were decreased during the aquaculture boom.
The socio-economic system characteristic
From the interviews and field observation, the study found that small-scale fishing was majoroccupation. The other occupations consist of salt-farmer, labor and merchant. Small-scale fishers inthis area used multiple types of gear, targeting multispecies. The main type of gear were crab gillnets, fish gill nets, shrimp gill nets, octopus traps and collapsible crab traps. Large-scale fisheriesalso existed, to a lesser extent, using mackerel purse seine and squid nets. Most of this kind offisheries hired foreign labor. Some women gather hard clam and blood cockle using small handdredges and some go fishing with their husbands, in the case of small-scale fishers businesses. Themajority of small-scale fishers are members of three fisheries groups; the crab bank project, thecommunity  fish  marketing  group  and  the  community  boat  repair  service.  There  was  also  a  women’s  enterprise, which produced ceremonial flowers for funerals.
Women roles in fisheries governance
The study found that women in Laem Pak Bia sub-district, Ban Laem district, Phetchaburi province
had  collaborated  to  establish  the  group  named  “Woman  development  volunteer  group”  following  the  government’s  policy  that  desired  to  increase  woman participation in their community. However,this group had not been in any action which relate to community development. Until the women inthis sub-district, especially who were live in Ban Panern, had re-organized the group in order toencourage the alternative occupation for women through producing the local products or others forsell that mentioned earlier. Involving to fisheries, the some women in this community also hadjoined to community fish marketing community group under the leading from the mainstay
fishermen.
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As to consider following the woman role in the third world which were classified into 3
categories, i.e., motherhood role, labor in production role and community management role
(Wangpittaya, 2008 cited  Kittasanka,  2002), we found that the roles of women in this fishing area
were more or less the same. Most of them had been involved in all three categories particularly,
contribution to the fisheries governance in their community, namely:
1) Motherhood role: this role was considered as the biological aspect that women had pregnant,taking care for well-being of their children and family members.
2) Labor in production role: this role was concerned working in the way to earn their remuneration
either as a monetary compensation or non-monetary compensation. For example, gathering blood
cockle and hard shell using small hand dredges at the coastal area near their houses after
housework finished which had been doing for a long time until the present day. Some women were
hired from the large-scale fishers to sew the crab net, fish net and shrimp net. They would buy thenets, then sewn those together to the larger pieces and bounded the piece of lead at the lower net.
Many women were pleased to do this work since they could do it at home that also could take careof their children as well. Moreover, these women had collaborated as a group to produce theflowers for funeral ceremony under the Laem Pak Bia Sub-district Administration Organization
supporting through allocated the experts for demonstrating and training. On the other hand, some
women had work without returns in cash due to they had been as a labor in fishing with theirhusbands.
Most of the women in Laem Pak Bia sub-district had been played both motherhood role andlabor in production role because these roles were main role of general women in fishery families asNasae et al. (2002) examined the role of women in fishing community and found that women had
play important in motherhood role and labor in production role such as going out to fish at the sea
and selling their catches. In the past, fishing has long been considered a male occupation andwomen were thought to be involved only in post-harvest activities. However, there is growingrecognition  of  women’s  contribution  in  capture  fisheries  in  all  activities  (Kusakabe,  2003).    
3) Community   management   role:   it   involved   to   women’s   participation   in   planning   and   decision  making to improve the public utilities such as canal dredging, health and education development
activities etc. Some of women in this sub-district also had played this role in term of collaboratingin those activities i.e., cleaning public areas, participation in planning and decision-making onmonthly meeting through proposed their opinions in order to find the approach to solve theproblem in the villages. The obviously community management role of these women wereorganizing community fish marketing group. Actually, this group was originated by a group offishermen who wanted to solve the unfair price of fish. Cost in fishing, especially fuel, was high.
Their income was not covering their cost which induced them to take a loan from the middleman orfish market owner with the condition to sell the catches to creditor only. These fishermen realizedthat creating of the community fish marketing group could solve unfair price problem.
The community fish marketing group had administrated as cooperative with all of womenproceeding. The group was initiated through informal meeting of some fishermen to discussion
about unfair price problem with staff from the Thai Sea Watch Associate, a non-governmentalorganization (NGO) based in southern Thailand. The Thai Sea Watch Associate organized a visit
for a small group of women to observe an ongoing fish marketing group in Pattalung province.
Upon their return, the chair-person and the committee for this group were appointed. The
community fish marketing group started to proceed with private funding of the group members in
2009. Fishers who want to sell their catches must be a member to the group. Besides the fair priceof fish, they would receive dividend as well. Until now, this community fish marketing group has
been carried out continuously and smoothly. It demonstrated that women have potential togoverning the fisheries. As Limanon (1999) examined the women have an incentive to manage thatshowed their high enough potential to develop of the community.
For resource conservation concerns, from the study of The Environmental Fund of United
Nation in 2008   (Wangpittaya, 2008) found that women had more awareness in the problem andtend to do actions to protect the degradation of the environment and natural resource than men.
Also women often had better vision to how environment decaying. As though women in this study
area always had participated with community in resource conservation through attended a monthlyⒸ ISERD

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meeting in the their villages and encouraged her husband to donate gravid female crab to crab bankproject, including to join with the government campaign involving mangrove planting.
CONCLUSION
The results in this study showed that women in Laem Pak Bia sub-district had played importantroles in terms of taking care well-being of their households and economics aspect as wererecognized  that  women’s  economic  contribution  in  fisheries  is  divided  into  two  categories  namely;;  the recognized work in fishing or processing through formal employment and the unrecognized
work   by   fishers’   wives,   mothers   who   are   in   charge   of   different   tasks   within   the   family   business  (Frangoudes, 2011). Moreover, women in this community had played important role to community
management in term of participation and collaboration in community development activities andalso  organized  the  group  “Community  Fish  Marketing”  that  contributed  to  solve  the  unfair  price  of  fish   problem.   Growing   in   woman’s   role   on   management aspect is important part to drive tofisheries governing achieved.

Fig. 2 The community fish marketing group operation area
(The Thai Sea Watch Associate, 2011)

Fig. 3 The community fish marketing group members were classifying the fish
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Laem Pak Bia Sub-district Administrative
Organization officers, the chairman of each villages, including the fishers and women in Laem Pak
Bia sub-district for the interviews.
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