1 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceEmerging Paradigms, Technologies and Innovations for sustainable
Development: Global Imperatives and African Realities
Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop held on 19-22
November Addis Ababa Ethiopia.

Delegates at the ATPS 2012 Annual Conference

Edited by
Urama, Kevin Chika, Executive Director, ATPS
Ozor, Nicholas, Senior Research Officer

2 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceThis report should be cited as:
African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS, 2013). Emerging Paradigms,
Technologies and Innovations for sustainable Development: Global Imperatives and African
Realities. Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop held from 19-22
November at AU offices in Addis Ababa Ethiopia.

Conference Organising Committee
Prof. Kevin Uchika Urama, Executive Director, ATPS
Dr. Nicholas Ozor, Senior Research Officer, ATPS
Mr. Ernest Acheampong, Research Officer, ATPS
Mr. Richard Muriuki, Finance and Administration manager, ATPS
Ms. Carol Thuku, Senior Secretary/Programs Administrative Assistant, ATPS
Ms. Eunice Kariuki, Administrative Secretary, ATPS
Mr. Nelson Akenga, Information Technology Assistant, ATPS
Ms. Sarah Wakasa, Assistant Communications and Outreach, ATPS

3 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceContents
Acknowledgement .............................................................................................................................. 5
About ATPS ........................................................................................................................................ 6
Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................ 8
1. About the Conference & Workshop.............................................................................................. 11
2. Conference Opening & Workshop Opening Session .................................................................... 16
4. Conference Plenary Presentations ................................................................................................. 35
5. Parallel Sessions............................................................................................................................ 44
Appendix 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 97
Annex 1: Programme for Parallel Session 1 (Covering Sub-Theme I) - (D2-P1) .......................... 103
Annex 2: Programme for Parallel Session 2 (Covering Sub-Theme II) - (D2-P2) ......................... 106
Annex 3: Programme for Parallel Session 3 (Covering Sub-Theme III) - (D2-P3) ........................ 108
Appendix 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 111

4 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceAcknowledgement
The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) this year decided to pick on the
Theme “Emerging Paradigms, Technologies and Innovations for sustainable development” toaddress the global imperatives and African Realities. This report provides a summary of theseongoing engagements through the proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference andWorkshop which was held at AU offices in Addis Ababa Ethiopia.
The conference engaged a dynamic mix of scientists, policy makers, science journalists andpolicy research advisors in stimulating debates to address the issue of the emerging
paradigms, technologies and Innovations for sustainable development.
On behalf of the ATPS Community, I wish to acknowledge the financial support received
towards the organization from various donors including the Rockefeller Foundation, John
Templeton Foundation, European Academies Science Advisory Council and the Network of
African Science Academies. I am also grateful to the Government of the Republic of Kenya
for hosting the ATPS Secretariat and especially The National Council for Science andTechnology (NCST) for their continued support and collaboration with the ATPS.
I wish to thank all the delegates from various global locations who participated in theconference. It is my hope the interactions and debates that will come up during discussions
will be carried proactively and innovative solutions will be implemented to achieve theultimate goal of ensuring Africa’s sustainable development.
Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to the entire team at the ATPS secretariat whose
collective and dedicated efforts contributed to the success of the conference.

Prof. Kevin Urama
Executive Director
The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)

5 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceAbout ATPS
ATPS is a trans-disciplinary network of researchers, private sector actors, policy makers andcivil society actors promoting Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) generation, use andmastery for development in Africa. Its vision is to become the leading international centre of
excellence and reference in STI systems research, training and capacity building,communication and sensitization, knowledge brokerage, policy advocacy and outreach in
Africa. ATPS is a key institution in Africa with significant experience and mastery inknowledge generation (through research and training) knowledge brokerage (throughstakeholders’ dialogue), knowledge dissemination and outreach (through publication, STI
journalism and policy advocacy) and knowledge valorisation (through innovation challenge
programs).ATPS collaborates with relevant institutions within and beyond Africa to achieveknowledge sharing and use through research and capacity building, international cooperationand partnership, and youth and gender empowerment.
It acts as a broker between knowledge and technology generators, the policy makers, theprivate sector and the local communities on the other hand and between regions and countries
on the other. The institutional reach-out mechanism and reach-out systems include Research
Capacity Building (RCB), Training and Sensitization (TS), Communication and Stakeholder
Dialogue (CSD), Outreach, Knowledge Brokerage and Policy Advocacy (OKBPA),International Cooperation and Partnership (ICP), Youth and Gender Empowerment (YGP),
and Participatory Monitoring Evaluation (PME).
With a regional secretariat in Nairobi, ATPS operates through national chapters in 30
countries including Diaspora chapters in the United Kingdom, the United States of America(USA) and Australia.

6 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference

ATPS has an expansion plan to cover the entire Africa. The ATPS has since been involved inmany funded Research, Capacity Building and Advocacy programs in Africa in issues of STI
including, but not limited to Climate Sense program, Agricultural Innovation Program,
Health Innovation program, Water and Sanitization, Socialization of Science, Research
Policy and Practice Linkages, among others.

7 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceAcronyms
AAU

Association of African Universities

ACET

African Centre for Economic Transformation

ACPC

African Climate Policy Centre

ADEA

Association for the Development of Education in Africa

ADPs

Agricultural Developmental Programmes

AfDB

Africa Development Bank

AFSJ

African Federation of Science Journalists

AHER

African Higher Education & Research Area

AIRF

Agricultural Innovation Research Foundation

APHRC

African Population and Health Research Centre

ARIPO

African Regional Intellectual Property Organization

ATPS

African Technology Policy Studies Network

AU

African Union

AUC

African Union Commission

AWFST

African Women Forum for Science and Technology

AYFST

African Youth Forum for Science and Technology

AYICC

African Youth Initiative on Climate Change

CBD

Convention on Biological Diversity

CBOs

Community Based Organizations

CDM

Clean Development Mechanism

CEDR

Centre for Entrepreneurship and Development Research

CIC

Climate Innovation Centre

CPA

Consolidated Plan of Action

CSOs

Community Based Organizations

DPD

Directorate of Planning and Development

EASAC

European Academies Science Advisory Council

ECA

Economic Commission for Africa

ECOC

Executive Conference Organising Committee

8 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceECOWAS

Economic Community of West Africa Countries

EMCA

Environment Management and Coordination Act

FANRPRAN

Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization

FDI

Foreign Direct Investment

FES

Fair and Equitable Sharing

FGDs

Focus Group Discussions

FSAP

Farming Skills Acquisition Programme

GCI

Global Competitive Index

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

GHI

Global Hunger Index

GM

Genetic Modification

GSEEP

Grassroots Socio-Economic Empowerment Programme

GTP

Growth & Transformation Plan

IAEInternational Energy Agency

ICT

Information and Communications Technology

IDRC

International Development Research Centre

IFPRI

International Food Policy Research Institute

IK

Indigenous Knowledge

IPCC

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPRIntellectually Property Rights

IS

Information Systems

MDG

Millennium Development Goals

MLP

Multi Level Perspective

MOU

Memorandum of Understanding

NARIS

National Agricultural Research Institute

NEPAD

New Partnership for African Development

NIAS

Nigerian Institute of Animal Science

NISER

Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research

9 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceNITC

National Information Technology Centre

NRCRI

National Root Crops Research Institute

PESP

Polytechnic Educations Support Program

PPP

Public Private Partnership

Q&A

Questions and Answer

R&D

Research and Development

RD&I

Research Development and Innovation Research

RRP

Research, Policy and Practices S&T Science and Technology

SSA

Sub-Saharan Africa

STEPRI-CSIR

Science and Technology Policy Research Institute-Council for Scientific

STI

Science Technology and Innovation

TTO’s

Technology Transfer Offices

UNECA

United Nations Economic Commission of Africa

UNESCO

United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organizations

USDA

United States Department of Agriculture

WB

World BankWFSJWorld Forum for Science Journalism

10 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference1. About the Conference & Workshop
1.0 Introduction
The quadruple challenges of imploding economies, deepening and widening poverty, climatechange and disappearing environmental assets (natural resources and biodiversity) around theworld necessitate a careful rethinking of knowledge platforms and development pathways at
global, continental and national scales. With the recent global financial crisis and deepeningsocial and environmental crisis in the past decade, science experts and policy makers alikeare united in the search for alternative development paradigms. Major global policy support
institutions such as the World Bank (WB), the United Nations (UN), Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) amongst others, now sing the same song:“There is need for new paradigms and pathways for economic growth that is inclusive ofsocial and environmental sustainability.”
A recent report launched by the World Bank (2012) aptly concludes that, “inclusive green
growth is necessary, efficient and affordable….the search solutions needs to shift from thesearch for more financial resources to “getting smart”. In the same vein, the recent Global
Green Growth Summit held in South Korea, re-echoed the collective voice of global leadersthat “technological innovations will be central to the creation of a new and more sustainable
development paradigm”. Many global assessments and reports now converge in the
conclusion that having the right kind of science, technologies and innovations is at the heartof sustainable development (UNESCO 2010,UNEP 2011,UNDP 2012,UNCTAD2012,WorldBank 2012).Be it the first and second carbon intensive industrial revolutions which are now
foundering or the third industrial revolution which is now evolving under different
nomenclatures(Green economy, Green Growth, Inclusive Growth, Climate Resilient
Economy, Low Carbon Economy etc). STI has remained the constant driver of productivity
and efficiency gains in economic development history.
In June 2012, World Leaders, the Academia, the Private Sector Actors and the Civil Society
convened in Rio De Janeiro Brazil, under the auspices of the United Nations Conference on
Sustainable Development. Reconnaissance surveys in Africa suggested that 20 years after the
first Rio conference, stakeholders’ expected more proactive and practical actions inaddressing poverty, hunger, energy access, energy security, efficient and sustainable resource
use and ecosystem management, improved agricultural value chain management, etc. The
general feeling amongst policymakers and policy analysts consulted was that the global
governance architectures be it in the socio-political, economic or environmental realms stillleaves Africa disadvantaged in many ways. This is largely due to lack of political will to
implement negotiated agreements and international commitments; global mechanisms andinstitutions that favour binomial relationships between the global north and the global southwith knowledge, technologies and innovations predominantly flowing from the former to thelatter and general inequalities in the distribution of skills and capacities for innovation andwealth creation. The Ministers of African states have therefore aptly noted that the criticalfoundation for sustainable development must include more inclusive global governance;strong and responsive pro poor institutions for wealth creations, social equity and equality;
poverty eradication and environmental sustainability, as well as sustained progress in theachievement of internationally agreed commitments including the Millennium Development
Goals (MSGs). They called on Rio+20 to reinvigorate political will and international

11 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencecommitment to implementing the goals and ideals of sustainable development and urge
developed countries to proactively fulfil previous commitments and pledges to help Africa’s
efforts to achieve sustainable development.
The optimism that the Rio+20 Conference outcomes was expected to deliver greater global
commitment to sustainable development and encourage countries of the global north to step
up development assistance to African countries was well placed. However, a pragmatic
assessment of global development trends and resource potentials suggest Africa is on themove (UNDP 2012) and the technical resource and productivity potentials for green growth
are substantial. Huge opportunities therefore exist for home grown development on thecontinent, but the STI capacities of the African countries to effectively participate inharnessing these comparative advantages remain dismal (Urama et al.,2010).Though Africa’s
scientific capacities and Gross Domestic Products(GDP) growth have Improved during thepast decade, technological and innovation capacities remain low and the requisite institutionaland governance infrastructures are only just emerging (Urama et al., 2010;UNESCO
2010,UNDP 2012).Whereas there are pockets of success in application of STI including themobile telephony and telecommunications, among other factors which contributed tosustained economic growth in the continent during the past decade, the continent generally
lags behind in skills and competencies required to fully reap the benefits afforded by STI for
its development. This can be attributed to many factors, but key amongst these are lack ofskills and competencies required to fully reap the benefits afforded by STI to guide and foster
an American development agenda, inadequate implementation of STI policies andprogrammes and limited political commitment.
It is expected that as the world “gets smarter”, transitions away from hydro-carbonatedindustries and natural resource intensive economies will be imperative. Continued reliance on
cheap exports of primary resources will not only be environmental unsustainable andeconomically inefficient, but also socially unacceptable. Building STI capacities, knowledge
systems and structures, knowledge circulation and networks and effective valorization of STI
knowledge will therefore be the bedrock for sustainability of nations in the coming decades.
Africa cannot afford to remain recluse of the emerging global realities social, economic andenvironmental challenges of climate change, biodiversity loss, deepening water stress,
energy, price hikes etc; neither should she remain a global consumer of knowledge,
technologies and innovations in the new global economy, the architecture of which it isemerging today. The first Africa Forum on STI hosted by the Republic of Kenya from 1-3
April 2012 and co-organized by African Development Bank (AfDB),African Union
Commission (AUC),United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA),United
Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and Association for
the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA) called for African countries to among otherthings, design STI policies and programs to implement strategies to support inclusive growth,
employment opportunities and sustainable development in Africa.

12 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference1.1 Conference Sub-themes
The conference offered an opportunity for our range of stakeholders including researchers,
policy makers, private sectors, civil society organization, non-governmental organization,
farmers’ organization, etc to deliberate on the following interlinking subthemes with the aimof looking at the emerging paradigms, Technologies and Innovations for sustainable
development, global imperatives and African Realities.
1. Transitions to Low Carbon Development Pathways and implications for sustainable
development in Africa
Papers under this subtheme explored country experiences, policy questions and options for asustainable structural transformation in African economies that will protect Africa’s natural
capital while growing her economies. These included but not limited to, renewable energy
options for energy access and energy security, greening industries and green growth;
institutional arrangements to support such transitions including global financing mechanisms,
climate/green change technology transfer mechanism, trade rules, regionalization andinternationalization of STI, extension services, etc. It also sought information to establish
baselines, understand current and future barriers, potentials/opportunities and provide policy
actions and measures required to achieve more inclusive growth and sustainable developmentin Africa.
2. Governance of Science, Technologies and Innovation including Genetics for Farming,
Biotechnologies, Nanotechnologies and Indigenous Knowledge Systems
Papers under this subtheme addressed issues on governance of STI for food security andsustainable development with special focus on biotechnologies, genetics for farming, nanotechnologies and indigenous knowledge system for improved productivity and value additionin agriculture, health delivery, water management etc. This provided an opportunity toaddress many of Africa’s development challenges including food and energy insecurity, poor
access to quality drinking water and sanitation, and increasing disease burden. The aim of thissubtheme was to provide critical assessments of country case studies to establish baselineknowledge of the current potentials, barriers and opportunities in the development,
deployment and diffusion of these technologies in Africa as well as explore policy options for
optimizing the potentials and minimizing the risks associated with these technologies.
3. Institutional Structures and Social Innovations for Sustainable Development in Africa
Papers under this subtheme explored the institutional and social structures needed to deliveron sustainable structural transformations towards inclusive growth in Africa. This included
the new forms of public policies shaped by new models of innovation that enhanced resource
efficiency, resource productivity, greening economies, greening industries, and decoupling
economic growth from social and environmental impacts, among others. The subtheme also
explored the implications of emerging global changes, global recession and the shift in global
partnerships, etc., for African development and the role of STI. Other areas considered under
this subtheme included; privatization and commercialization of enterprises, innovation
incubation, entrepreneurship and public-private partnerships (PPP) in the new global
economy.

13 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference4. Youth and Gender Empowerment for Sustainable Development in Africa
Papers under this subtheme addressed regional and global experiences on youth development
and engagement in science, technology and innovations which served as a knowledge asset
for both practioners and policy makers to foster activities on youth development,
empowerment and leadership in Africa. The potentials and challenges of youth and gender
engagement/empowerment for African sustainable development through STI were also
covered in this sub theme.
5. Mainstreaming Trans-disciplinary in STI in Higher Education
Papers under this subtheme addressed the concept of trans-disciplinarity in higher education
with respect to its application in science, technology and innovation for African sustainable
development. This included new pedagogies, models, curricula, incentive structures, policies
and reforms on teaching, learning, research and community service required for a sustainablehigher education and development in Africa.
1.2 Conference Objectives
The overall purpose of the conference was to critically examine the current conditions,barriers and opportunities in the above thematic areas to provide policy options for transitions
to more inclusive sustainable development in Africa.
1.3 Expected Outputs
I.
II.
III.

Published conference proceedings.
A book volume with selected conference papers showcasing success stories, barriers
and opportunities for transitions to low carbon development pathways in Africa.
A communiqué’ summarizing key conference recommendations for African policymakers and development partners.

1.4 Expected OutcomesI.

II.

African policymakers, science experts, private sector actors and civil society
appraised of the pros and cons of alternative development pathways and policy
choices including actions and inactions.
Strengthening networks amongst STI actors in Africa

1.5 Conference Methodology
In order to unearth the context specific lessons from the mix of researchers, policymakers andpractioners; learn from the successful cases as well as identify and strategize on how the
emerging paradigms, technologies and developments contribute to sustainable development;
the workshop adopted multiple approaches to ensure active participation of each stakeholder
grouping in the dialogue, identification of gaps and prioritization of strategies for
improvement. These included: Plenary sessions: This involved keynote lectures by selected renowned researchers,
policy makers and practitioners in the different thematic areas. Keynote presentations
focused more on practical experiences and less on theoretical issues. They provided

14 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencedetails on the experiences of the presenters and their institution (both successes aswell as frustrations) and the contextual reasons for the successes and failures.
 Facilitated questions and answer (Q&A) sessions: This session afforded the presenters
the opportunity to respond to specific issues raised by the participants using practicalexperiences.
 Country case studies: This aimed to highlight the experiences of different countries
and regions in the linkages between research, policy and practice. These case studies
emphasized specific scenarios of linkages amongst research, policy and practice andthe role of each stakeholder in fostering the relationship for a specific agenda. It also
buttressed on the lessons learnt from the process.
 Working group sessions: Participants were divided into groups representing a mix ofresearchers, policy makers and practitioners with the aim of discussing the emerging
paradigms, technologies and Innovations for sustainable development
1.6 Conference Venue and Date
The conference and workshops were held at AU offices, Addis Ababa Ethiopia from 19-22
November 201215 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference2. Conference Opening & Workshop Opening Session
2.1 Welcoming remarks by Mr. Wondwossen Belete, ATPS National Coordinator
Ethiopia
Mr. Belete expressed joy at the cream of delegates that attended the 2012
ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops, including senior government
officials, representatives of international and regional organizations, seniorscientists, distinguished intellectuals and members of ATPS from the 30
National Chapters across Africa and in the Diaspora. He noted that the choiceof the African Union Commission in Ethiopia as the venue for the meeting isvery significant for socioeconomic developments in Ethiopia citing that thenational science and technology capacity development is high on the
Government’s agenda.
According to Mr. Belete, there is an increasing interest at the national level in science andtechnology issues. Much more attention is given to technological progress as a source ofeconomic growth in an effort to promote sustained economic growth and poverty reduction.
Governments have realized that ignoring a policy to promote technological progress as abasic source of economic growth means marginalization within the global economy. This
understanding led to the adoption of a new science, technology and innovation policy early in2012. The policy is mainly aimed at increasing interest at the national level in science andtechnological issues. Much more attention is given to technological progress as a source ofeconomic growth in an effort to promote sustained economic growth and poverty reduction.
This understanding led to the adoption of a new science, technology and innovation policy
early in 2012. The policy is mainly aimed at building innovation system and developing thecapacity for rapid learning, adaptation and utilization of foreign technologies. He further
noted that science, technology and innovation issues are incorporated in the Five Year
Growth and Transformation Plan of Ethiopia which covers the period 2011-2015 and is thefirst national plan to devote a separate section on science and technology. The STI policy and
the Growth and Transformation Plan emphasize among other things, the need for theestablishment of a strong STI governance framework, reforming of higher education
institutions to produce highly qualified STI manpower, strengthening university-industry
linkage and building of a green economy. The focus areas of the Ethiopian Government arealso part of ATPS mandates and therefore a clear indication that ATPS could play animportant role in the development and implementation of STI policies in Ethiopia.

16 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference2.2 Welcoming remarks by the Commissioner for Human Resources, Science andTechnology (HRST),AUC, Ethiopia H.E. Prof Jean-Pierre Ezin
Commissioner for Human Resources, Science and Technology (HRST), AUC, Ethiopia

In his welcoming remarks, His Excellency, Professor Jean Pierre Ezin,
Commissioner, Department for Human Resources, Science andTechnology (HRST) represented by Dr. Mahama Ouedraogo who is the
Head of Division, Science and Technology, AUC stressed on thetimeliness of the ATPS meeting and highlighted the major programs of
HRST Division for Science and Technology namely; The Kwame
Nkrumah Scientific Awards, The African Union Research Grants, The
African Science Technology, The Innovation Observatory hosted by
Equatorial Guinea and The Pan African University Project (PAU). He
congratulated ATPS for its excellent work and outstanding achievements in promoting STI
policy and looked forward to closer collaboration and joint activities.
In his concluding remarks Prof. Ezin reiterated the timeliness of the ATPS conference
pointing out that African countries are signatories to many international conventions whichhave many exigencies that are sometimes challenging. He noted that the ATPS conference
offers a good platform to understand how to deal with such exigencies in such conventions.
He maintained that STI development is the way for Africa to fulfil many of the obligations
from these conventions by ensuring proper training, capacity building and institutional
reforms. Finally, he noted that the AU consolidated plan of action remains Africa’s
framework for implementing STI development in the continent. He congratulated the ATPS
Network for their work and declared the 2012 conference and workshops open.

2.3 Welcoming/Opening remarks by the ATPS Executive Director Prof. Kevin Urama
In his welcoming remarks, Professor Kevin Chika Urama, Executive
Director of ATPS applauded the Africa Union Commission (AUC) for
hosting the conference noting that “The quadruple challenges of
imploding economies, deepening and widening poverty, climate change,and disappearing environmental assets (natural resources and biodiversity)
around the world necessitate a careful re-thinking of knowledge platforms
and development pathways at global, continental and national scales”.
He recalled that in the wake of the recent global financial crisis and deepening social andenvironmental crisis in the past decade, science experts and policymakers alike are
increasingly uniting in the search for alternative development paradigms.
He cited a recent World Bank report which aptly concludes that, “inclusive green growth isnecessary, efficient and affordable,…, the search for solutions needs to shift from the search
for more financial resources, to “getting smart”. In the same vein, the recent Global Green
Growth Summit held in South Korea, re-echoed the collective voice of global leaders that“technological innovations will be central to the creation of a new and more sustainable
development paradigm”.

17 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceMany global assessments and reports now converge in the conclusion that “having the rightkind of science, technologies and innovations (STI) is at the heart of sustainable
development". Be it the first and second carbon intensive industrial revolutions which are
now foundering, or the “third industrial revolution” which is now evolving under different
nomenclatures (Green Economy, Green Growth, Inclusive Green Growth, Climate Resilient
Economy, Low Carbon Economy, etc.), STI has remained the constant driver of productivity
and efficiency gains in economic development history. Every experience of successful
industrial transformations ranging from Germany and the United States of America (almost
two centuries ago), all the way to Korea, Taiwan, Brazil, China and India nowadays, haveentailed major processes of accumulation and use of endogenous knowledge and innovation
capabilities at the levels of the individual, organizations and countries.
He emphasized on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agreed by the United Nations
Conference on Sustainable Development dubbed the Rio+20 conference, which is only
possible if countries build endogenous STI capacities. “The optimism that the Rio+20
conference outcomes was expected to deliver greater global commitment to sustainable
development and encourage countries of the global north to step up development assistanceto African countries was well placed,” he said. However, a pragmatic assessment of global
development trends and resource potentials suggest that Africa is on the move and thetechnical resource and productivity potentials for green growth are substantial. Huge
opportunities therefore exist for home grown development on the continent. He recalled that
Africa remains the “resource basket” for the new development paradigm that is emerging as it
did during the previous industrial revolutions. Africa accounts for about 75% of the world’s
platinum supply, 50% of diamonds and chromium, one-fifth of gold and uranium supplies.
However, the STI capacities of the African countries to effectively participate in harnessingthese comparative advantages remain dismal. Though Africa’s scientific capacities and Gross
Domestic Products (GDP) growth have improved during the past decade, technological andinnovation capacities remain low and the requisite institutional and governanceinfrastructures are only just emerging. Whereas there are pockets of success in application of
STI including the mobile telephony and telecommunications, among other fields, whichsignificantly contributed to the sustained economic growth in the continent during the past
decade, the continent generally lags behind her peers in skills and competencies required to
fully reap the benefits afforded by STI for its development. This can be attributed to manyfactors, but key amongst these are the lack of skills and capacities in the area of STI to guideand foster an African development agenda, inadequate implementation of STI policies andprograms, and limited political commitment.
According to Prof. Urama, “It is expected that as the world “gets smarter”, transitions awayfrom hydro-carbonated industries and natural resource intensive economies will be
imperative. Continued reliance on cheap exports of primary resources will not only beenvironmentally unsustainable and economically inefficient, but also socially unacceptable”.
He maintained that one major conclusion of recent meta-analyses of global economic trends
over the millennia is that divergence and heterogeneity have been and continue to be thedominant tendencies of the world economy. Again, there appears to be a lot of hype about thebenefits of globalization of short term financial flows via the financial markets, but little, if
any in terms of technological capabilities. Building STI capacities, knowledge systems andstructures, knowledge circulation and networks, and effective valorisation of STI knowledge
will therefore be the bedrock for sustainability of nations in the coming decades. Africa

18 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencecannot afford to remain recluse of the emerging global realities and social, economic andenvironmental challenges of climate change, biodiversity loss, deepening water stress, energy
price hikes, etc.; neither should she remain a global consumer of knowledge, technologies
and innovations in the new global economy, the architecture of which is emerging today.
The 2012 international conference and workshops convened by the African Technology
Policy Studies (ATPS) and its partners reflected on post-Rio+20 futures for Africa. To makegood use of the global commitments for sustainable development in Africa, African countries
will need strategic transformative reforms in its: STI knowledge structures (from monodisciplinary “certificate education” to trans-disciplinary systems studies, entrepreneurshipand innovation capacity development); institutions and governance structures (from neocolonial knowledge dependence to governance structures that are fully embedded in Africa’s
socio-political, economic and cultural realities); Agricultural and resources systems researchand policy (from focus on rent seeking and incremental productivity enhancing measuresvalue chain approaches and technologies that may enhance quantum leaps in value addition;
intra-Africa cooperation, knowledge circulation and networks (to enhance intra-African
knowledge flows and networks), and develop pathways that enhance transitions towards
wealth creation for inclusive green growth and development on the continent. “Without
aggressive policies and commitment to build endogenous capacities on the continent, Africa
will remain a knowledge consumer NOT a knowledge producer in the third industrial
revolution,” he concluded.

2.4 Welcoming/Opening remarks from Prof. Shaukat Abdulrazak,
Executive Secretary, NCST and Chair ATPS Board
Prof. Abdulrazak on behalf of the Board of Directors of ATPS and theentire Network in Africa and in Diaspora welcomed delegates to the2012 ATPS annual conference and workshops holding from 19-22
November at the African Union Commission Headquarters, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia. He noted that the ATPS has carefully crafted this year’s
annual conference theme to coincide with the emerging issues,paradigms, technologies and innovations required to enable Africa
leapfrog development in a much sustainable way by drawing from global
imperatives and African realities. He continued by emphasizing that the
dialogue could not have come at a more opportune time than now when Africa is confronted
with imploding economies, deepening and widening poverty, health issues, climate change,and disappearing environmental assets in the form of natural resources and biodiversity. This
calls for urgent actions to rescue the continent through ‘Smart’ technologies, innovations andcapacity strengthening at individual and institutional levels.
He recalled that sustainable development, the practice of improving human life while
protecting the environment, is perhaps the most important and the most daunting long-term
challenge that the world faces today noting that technology and innovation have however
proven to be crucial components for this sustainable development to happen. Unfortunately,
about 1.3 billion people who currently live on less than a dollar a day do not enjoy thebenefits that many modern technologies and innovations have brought. Majority of these19 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencepeople live in Africa – a continent characterized by poverty and hunger; incidences of ill
health such as malaria and HIV AIDS, erosion of biodiversity and genetic resources, climatechange impacts, illiteracy, inequality and unemployment, conflicts and population explosion
to mention but a few. To worsen the situation, the technological and innovative capacities
needed to reverse these alarming trends are woefully deficient. In many cases it is the poor,
particularly women and children who are most vulnerable. They live in environmentallyfragile areas, depend on marginal lands, they are exposed to health hazards and natural
disasters, they have very little coping capacity, and hardly any assets to fall back upon intimes of crisis. As a consequence, Africa is the region most likely to miss the first
Millennium Development Goals that aims to reduce by half extreme hunger and poverty by
2015, he said.
According to Prof. Abdulrazak, harnessing new and emerging technologies and innovations
becomes imminent if Africa will have a stronger chance to address poverty, disease andenvironmental destruction. Already, one of the most ambitious strategies in recent years forstrengthening science, technology and innovation (STI) in Africa was the adoption of
Africa’s Science and Technology Consolidated Plan of Action (CPA) for 2008-2013. The
CPA was adopted in 2005 by the African Ministerial Council on Science and Technology(AMCOST) as a framework for STI to respond to the socio-economic and environmental
challenges facing the continent. It remained the framework for channelling investment into
STI in Africa and outlined flagship research and development (R&D) programs in four areas
including; biosciences, water; materials science and manufacturing; and information andcommunication technologies (ICTs). In a Declaration adopted by the African Union Summit
in Addis Ababa in 2007, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) agreed to work closely with the African Union and NEPAD
Secretariat in the implementation of the CPA. Nevertheless, seven years after the CPA’s
adoption, not many progresses have been recorded in harnessing the potentials of emerging
STI for sustainable Africa’s development. One key impediment that has been identified is thelack of dialogue, collaboration, coordination and harmonization among various initiatives
designed to promote science and technology across the continent.
Prof. Abdulrazak further noted that it is against this background that the ATPS drawing fromits mandate of improving the quality of STI systems research and policymaking in Africa
convened this year’s international conference and workshops with stakeholders to map a
proactive way forward through which Africa can leapfrog sustainable development by
harnessing emerging technologies and innovations. This comes against the backdrop of theUnited Nations Conference on Sustainable Development tagged Rio+20 in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil. Recalling the African Position for Rio+20, the Ministers of African States alreadynoted that the critical foundation for sustainable development lies in good governance, strong
and responsive institutions, wealth creation, social equity and equality, poverty eradicationand environmental sustainability, as well as sustained progress in the achievement ofinternationally agreed commitments including the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
They called on Rio+20 to reinvigorate political will and international commitment to thegoals and ideals of sustainable development; adopt concrete measures, supported by adequatemeans of implementation that would ensure accelerated implementation of sustainable
development commitments and urge developed countries to fulfil previous commitments andpledges to help Africa’s efforts in achieving sustainable development. Prof. Abdulrazak
maintained that African countries will need to take advantage of this global mood and engage

20 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencedevelopment partners in achieving sustainable development which has been elusive. The
ATPS conference serves as a post-Rio+20 African response activity/platform for African
member states, developed countries and other development agencies to make real theircommitments in realizing sustainable development for Africa. He expressed optimism on the
expected outcomes from the conference noting that delegates have been drawn from regional
bodies in Africa including the AU, regional economic commissions (SADC, ECOWAS,COMESA, etc); the United Nations organizations (UNECA, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNEP, etc);
African national governments; researchers; privates sector actors; civil society actors; andother partners from both developed and developing countries.
“It is my believe that at the end of this conference and workshops we would have charted abetter course towards ensuring Africa’s transition to low carbon development pathways,
improved governance of STI through genetics, biotechnology, nanotechnology andindigenous knowledge systems, improved institutional structures and social innovations forsustainable development; youth and gender empowerment, and reforms in higher educationthat embrace trans-disciplinarity and systems thinking” he remarked.
Once more, he welcomed delegates to the 2012 ATPS annual conference and workshops andencouraged them to utilize the opportunity of the multidisciplinary, multicultural andempirical experiences of delegates for this year’s conference to form new alliances in
research, policy and practice for overall Africa’s sustainable development. Prof. Abdulrazak
concluded by encouraging delegates to explore the cultural richness of Ethiopia by taking out
time to visit historic and monumental places. He also thanked the ATPS Secretariat fororganizing yet another wonderful conference and workshops and wished delegates a happy
and a fruitful stay.

21 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference2.5 Remarks by Representatives of the ATPS Consortium ofDevelopment Partners
2.5.1 Rockefeller Foundation
Mr. C. D. Glin, Associate Director, Rockefeller Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya
Mr. Glin thanked the ATPS for inviting the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) to its 2012 annual
conference and workshops. He noted that the Foundation has been committed towards
promoting the wellbeing of humanity throughout the world since its inception in 1913 andthis has remained unchanged. Next year 2013 the Foundation will be celebrating its featbeing the first global philanthropy of its kinds.
Mr. Glin further remarked that the mission of RF is applied to an era of rapid globalization.
According to him, “Our vision is that this century will be one in which globalization's
benefits are more widely shared and its challenges are more easily weathered”. To realize thisvision, the Foundation seeks to achieve two fundamental goals. First, we seek to build
resilience that enhances individual, community and institutional capacity to survive, adapt,and grow in the face of acute crises and chronic stresses. Second, we seek to promote growthwith equity in which the poor and vulnerable have more access to opportunities that improvetheir lives
In order to achieve these goals, Mr. Glin maintained that the Foundation constructs its work
into time-bound initiatives that have defined its objectives and strategies for impact. These
initiatives address challenges that lie either within or at the intersections of five issue areas
which include: basic survival safeguards, global health, environment and climate change,
food, security, market access, social and economic security, and sustainable development. He
noted that innovation has also been a key driver in the Foundation’s mission and vision.
He pointed out the several strategic principles that guide the Foundation's work which
include; the mobilization of systemic transformations by integrating policy, financial, social,
and technological solutions; testing pilot projects, spin them off, or join others to help
implement successful demonstrations on a wider scale; informing public policy throughsupport for research, advocacy and coalition-building; taking advantage of tipping points andbreak bottlenecks that are impeding progress and seeking to create an enabling environment
for our work by fostering innovation, convening partnerships and building networks. In
particular, he noted that RF approach focuses to help social sectors through research in theway organizations apply innovations, build skills for leaders who seek to increase innovative
capacity, encouraging collaborations and linkages amongst the leading sectors indevelopment and promoting innovation systems for social impacts and wider adoption.
Mr. Glin further remarked that RF is glad to have supported ATPS in particular for the 2012
annual conference and workshops and they look forward to the final outcomes emanatingfrom this exercise and hope that the emerging paradigms, technologies and innovations
discussions will contribute to Africa’s sustainable development. He wished the delegates a
fruitful deliberation during the conference

22 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference2.5.2 Woodrow Wilson Centre
Mr. Steve McDonald
Mr. McDonald, The Consulting Director, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
Africa Program, was represented by Ms. Alyson Lyons who thanked ATPS for inviting themto the 2012 annual conference and workshops. The Woodrow centre’s main goal is to bridge
the gap between policy, practice and academia. This is achieved through dialogue andscholarship. The African program and leadership project promotes this objective in several
ways in Africa including programs on peace building, economic growth, development,
climate change adaption and resilience, youth and emerging leadership in Africa, foodsecurity, environmental sustainability and more recently science, technology and innovation(STI).
As part of a joint initiative that started about a year and half ago, the Africa Program andLeadership Project at the Wilson Center held a 3-day meeting series that featured prominent
African scholars titled, "Southern Voices in the Northern Policy Debate: African
Perspectives." This conference series was the third activity aimed at providing theopportunity for African voices to present their policy research on an international policy issueof their choice to a U.S. policy audience. The Southern Voices Initiative will not only elevate
African perspectives on serious issues, but it will also serve to create a network of African
think tanks and research institutions both with each other and their US counterparts that will
help them keep their voices heard. Twelve (12) African institutions representing about 20
countries participated in the conference. ATPS as an organization and Prof. Kevin Urama andProf Turner Isoun representing the ATPS participated in the conference. Their participation
was important as they led the discussion on STI development in Africa. The conference
culminated in a presentation of six joint research policy papers in Washington DC whichshall be presented to a USA policy audience. According to him, “This initiative will continue
to expand in the coming years with a selection of one representative from each of theSouthern Voices Organizations who are members. The ATPS has been and continues to be avalued partner in this initiative and we look forward to working together in the future”.

2.5.3 H.E. Mukhtar Abdul Kareim Adam Bormah,
State Minister for Environment, Forestry and Physical Development, Sudan
In his opening remarks, H.E. Mukhtar Abdul Kareim Adam Bormah thanked ATPS
Secretariat, The Ethiopian National Chapter of ATPS, The African Union Commission andother ATPS partners for organizing and hosting the 2012 ATPS annual conference andworkshops. He recalled the occasion of the launching of the ATPS Sudan Chapter which heparticipated in early 2012 and which was very encouraging for Sudan. He reminded delegatesof the need for implementation of decisions reached in this type of conference and charged
them to implement such decisions accordingly in order to ensure sustainable development. As
the Minster of State for Environment, Forestry and Physical Development in Sudan heexpressed interest particularly in collaborating with the ATPS on environmental issues thatwill promote sustainable development in Sudan and in Africa. He wished delegates a
successful deliberation during the meeting.

23 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference2.5.4 Opening Keynote Address: The Fragility of the Recent Africa’s Growth and theOpportunity for Creating Jobs through a New Technology and Industrial Policy
Prof. Osita Ogbu
Prof. Ogbu thanked ATPS and the Executive Director Prof. Kevin
Urama for inviting him to give the keynote address to the 2012 ATPS
Annual Conference and Workshops. He noted that Prof. Urama hastaken ATPS to a new height since he (Prof. Ogbu) left the organization
as an Executive Director. He maintained that he is very proud to be
associated with the ATPS.
He went further to deliver his keynote paper and emphasized that there is currently acelebratory tone about Africa’s recent growth and continued prospects noting that Africa’s
growth if not driven by a diversified production structure, essentially by growth inmanufacturing, it would deliver lots of quality jobs and raise incomes; it would also remain
trepid, fragile and susceptible to negative shocks. He pointed out that there is an emerging
consensus on a new industrial and technology policy regime that, if well-crafted,
contextualized and implemented, could stimulate greater manufacturing in Africa and lead tostructural change. The RIO+20 agenda affirms this and calls for genuine partnerships in
Africa with respect to technology transfer; it underscores the need for growth with quality
employment and strategic strengthening of capacities and institutions in Africa.
According to Prof. Ogbu, historically, industrial policy in various shades has always beenused by every nation to climb the industrialization ladder. Unfortunately, Africa’s initialattempts were not very successful. Rather than re-strategize, Africa and those advising Africa
abandoned this strategy completely in spite of its being responsible for the basic industrial
structure that currently exist. There is now a greater opportunity for African governments andthe organized private sector to work together to address the problems that have hindered theemergence of a dynamic manufacturing sector in Africa. These opportunities include theemerging consensus in industrial policy, the rising cost of production in China, the “youth
bulge” in Africa and the existence of basic manufacturing hubs. Can Africa exploit thispolicy space and new opportunities? He asked.
Africa’s fragile growth and its discontent
Prof. Ogbu reported that in the December edition, the Economist ran a cover story, “Africa
rising”, detailing Africa’s growth performance. It reported that “at least a dozen Africancountries have expanded by more than 6% a year for six or more years”. Inflation is down
and average per capita income is also rising, telephone penetration is increasing and there isrelative political stability according to the report. These are all good news. The Economist
concludes that “Africa’s growth is underpinned by a permanent shift in expectation” andquotes an African Development Bank’s executive who characterized the “boom” asrepresenting a “structural change.” But there is danger in the untold half of the story, heretorted.
Africa’s growth is still very fragile. In spite of the impressive growth rates, Africa’s
economic transformation has not occurred, and any talk of structural shift is not backed byevidence. No doubt, Africa’s growth is driven by rising commodity prices. Low productivity
agriculture dominates the economy, with yields way below international standards. Increases

24 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference

in output are from intensification, bringing more land under cultivation (with serious
ecological consequences) rather than intensification that would require the application of
appropriate technologies. Sub-Sahara Africa fertilizer consumption per hectare is 11kg
compared to South Asia (148kg), World (119kg). Exports are still dominated by primarycommodities and minerals. Primary commodity export is 90% of all exports from sub-Sahara
Africa (excluding South Africa); and Africa’s share of global manufacturing export is 0.5%.
Nigeria is one of the countries that have been growing at an average of 6% in the last six
years. This growth is driven, in part, by rising oil prices that is fuelling retail trade andcommunication with limited opportunity for only skilled workers. Nigeria’s manufacturingsector’s contribution to her GDP is only 4%. Other similarly growing African countries
exhibit similar low manufacturing contribution to GDP: Kenya (11.5); Ghana ( 8.5);
Botswana ( 3.6); Tanzania ( 6.9); Senegal ( 13.9); Ethiopia ( 5.3); Rwanda ( 8.5) and
Cameroon ( 18.1) and Mauritius ( 19.1) (World Bank, 2008). Compare that to thesignificance of the manufacturing sector in emerging economies where structural change isoccurring: Brazil (20); China (34); Malaysia (30); Thailand (35); and Indonesia (28). Africa’s
commodity boom has also turned into import boom with Africa importing basic manufacturethat it should produce, rather than use the foreign exchange she earns to import technology
and acquire skills necessary for the structural change. Nigeria spends about US$8 million
daily importing food. That is the other side of the story and this is not an “economy build tolast” he remarked.
The new opportunity for industrial policy in Africa and historical antecedents
A new vista of opportunity now exists for Africa to re-engineer its industrial base. First, theemergence of a policy space arising from the writing and utterances of political leaders andscholars around the world who are now embracing the partnership between the state and themarket as necessary for re-engineering growth with jobs in what can be characterized as aforceful support for and return of open industrial policy. Second, the rising commodity andmineral prices which provide the foreign exchange and revenue that would be used to source
technology, capital goods and equipment as well as to offer “smart subsidies” that are market
friendly. Third, the seemingly declining Chinese competitiveness in the lower-end
manufacturing opens up additional opportunity for Africa to exploit. Fourth Manufacturing is
critical for sustained the possible renewal of AGOA with export opportunities into the USA
market if supply constraints can be overcome.
The use of industrial policy to engineer industrialization is not new. That the industrialized
economies of the West are returning to it more forcefully in order to create jobs at home, in a
dialogue that mixes patriotism with state support, may be new. Otherwise, almost all
countries have used industrial policies to engineer structural shift in their economy and toindustrialize, moving up the ladder from traditional low productivity agriculture to higher
productivity manufacturing and services (Chang, 2002).
The environment to some extent presents both a challenge and an opportunity; theopportunity of technological adaptation as a result of the “tipping point” of Chinese lowerend manufacturing as well as the challenge of putting in place the necessary building blocks
for a successful manufacturing sector. Both India and China present Africa with huge lessons
on what works and how to avoid the pitfalls of the past. Interestingly, whether it is in the useof smart subsidies, building domestic skills and technological capability, enforcing domestic

25 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencecontent requirements, work ethics, maintaining macroeconomic stability or the return or use
of Diaspora, Africa has a lot to learn from China and India. So how do we move from madein China to made in Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, Ghana or Tanzania? He retorted.
Why Manufacturing?
Inclusive growth, innovation and creation of quality jobs. Hence, Africa’s structural shift will
come from rapid growth in the manufacturing sector. Youth unemployment problem inAfrica is so severe: up to 30% in many countries. Understandably, the discourse in Africa
tends to focus on the unemployment of university graduates, underscoring the hopelessnessof the situation. Africa also needs growth that can address the growing inequality in the
African economies that lead to youth restiveness and insecurity. The manufacturing sector
that employs both skilled and unskilled labour can provide the platform for resolving theseissues. Writing on India’s new industrial policy, Niranjan Rajadhyaksha (2012) noted that“the Asian experience tells us that no country can banish mass poverty unless it createsmillions of new jobs a year in manufacturing and services”. After interviewing an Executiveof the respected Indian Planning Commission, he concludes that “the goal of the new India’s
industrial policy is jobs”.
Several empirical studies have shown manufacturing to be an important source of growth fordeveloping countries. Growth in the manufacturing sector occurs when entrepreneurs
increase their demand for innovation. Quite often, to increase this demand requires directgovernment actions. Prof Ogbu reflected on a recent article on manufacturing policy, in theTime Magazine, where Fareed Zakaria (2012) quoted an American CEO who is advocating
government support for industry as saying that “innovation doesn’t just happen inlaboratories by researchers, it happens on the factory floor.” According to Prof. Ogbu, what
happens in the laboratories are inventions, it is the factory and the market that confer the
innovation status to those inventions. How can the inventions be moved rapidly to the factory
floors in order to address Africa’s urgent need for job? He asked. The government canfacilitate this through a robust industrial policy, he concluded. The technologicalopportunities that now exist for low-end manufacturing means that Africa can leapfrog inorder to innovate. Growth is important, but the drivers, the sources, of this growth are equallyimportant.
It is in manufacturing that innovation and skills and knowledge transfer take place and from
where Africa can learn to compete. It is the sector most likely to witness diffusion ofknowledge through unrestricted labour.
Turnover in the absence of enforceable formal labour contracts; further increasing these
positive externalities that call for government actions. It is the sector with dynamic
economies of scale with forward and backward linkages. Manufacturing also lends itself toclustering, bringing entrepreneurs engaged in similar activities together with co-location
activities that reduce transaction costs and costs of government support. In Africa, theseclusters usually set up trade associations that become the institutions for collective promotion
and for engaging the governments.
The manufacturing clusters as entry points
The manufacturing clusters that have emerged almost informally represent an entry point for
active government intervention emphasizing that this intervention should take the form of

26 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferenceinnovative, creative support. He suggested that the first thing to do is to coordinate scarce
assets or investment in assets around existing manufacturing or “innovation” hubs or clusters.
Dealing with existing hubs bypasses the policy action of choosing winners that may befraught with imperfect information, politics and rent seeking. In Nigeria, for instance, thesehubs would be in motor spare parts, textile, leather and leather products, computer andcomputer accessories assembly and furniture. And for the future, in fruit and cassava
processing, rice milling etc. The spare parts hub emerged as a result of trading relationshipwith the East Asian countries and a technological relationship that allowed the initialentrepreneurs to acquire and adapt “old” technologies as the manufacturers in East Asia,
especially Taiwan, upgraded theirs (Oyelaran-Oyeyinka, 1997). All of these clusters areengaged in some limited exports to other African countries, through mostly informal trade,but their products are clearly import substitutes. In essence, Prof. Ogbu emphasized that thetype of enterprises he is describing are those whose owners have demonstrated willingness totake risks with “great social value” and have, therefore, already invested in what Hausman
and Rodrick call “self-discovery” ( Hausman and Rodrick, 2004
Prof Ogbu identified the following reasons as being responsible:
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Manufacturing-focused industrial policy makes sense
Potential for rapid job creation
To consolidate the transition from trading (original business) to manufacturing (thenew business) – without Industrial Policy support, trading is often more lucrative
To induce the transition from informal to formal manufacturing
Although they have overcome initial information difficulties and have “selfdiscovered”, the firms in the clusters are not able to reap the rent because of “imitative
entry” and many do go out of businessWithout rent, technological upgrading and related investments could become
unprofitable
Entry costs are also usually highProximity between economic actors with significant agglomeration externalities
Potential for technology diffusion and learning
The scale of production activities of each entrepreneur does not allow for optimal
investment in technology
Information asymmetries between firms
Risks and uncertainty are highPotential for latent competitive advantage and growth efficiency
Low acquisition of technological capability which is usually cluster (industry) specific
Dependence on informal learning
Need to codify knowledge
Poor standards and poor marketing information
To encourage domestic competition
To resolve coordination failure that are usually industry specific.

27 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceElements of the new technology and industrial policy
The new industrial policy is unlike the old. Key elements of this policy are fundamental:
training of skilled workers especially in science and engineering, supporting innovation andusing public resources to develop technologies that industries use. This requires a different
approach. This skills building and training should be directed at resolving problems that theprivate sector have identified. In other words, greater priority would be given to training andskills up-grading targeted at resolving manufacturing cluster specific problems. One
advantage of this approach is that it forces the training to be practical with high returns on its
investment- those trained are problem solvers engaged in improving the productivity andprofitability of specific manufacturing activity; and have the advantage of quickly improving
the capacity of these firms to absorb additional labour. In other words, firm-level activities
should dictate the curriculum of polytechnic and vocational education.
The advantage of this formal training is that it would very quickly replace the pervasive
informal apprenticeship system that exists in the many of the manufacturing clusters andcrafts production centres in Africa, where the “masters” skills are transferred to theapprentice in a loose contractual agreement. The apprentice pays for his informal schoolingwith his service over a number of years and hopes that the master would not only train him
but would also provide him with an initial grant to take-off on his own. This processaccording to Prof. Ogbu has been very useful, but the limits are now very obvious. In
particular, the informal learning allows for the conversion of tacit knowledge to tacitknowledge, denying the system the opportunity which codified knowledge represents– therelative ease of transfer, adaptability and improvement (Oyelaran-Oyeyinka, 2006). Formal
training is therefore required to augment tacit knowledge for “externalization of knowledge”,
formalization and enterprise growth. A second set of capacity building would be targeted at
unlocking the latent comparative advantage and would be, more or less, opportunistic.
The government can also supply skills and subsidize formal employment through theIndustrial Training Funds that already exist in many countries. Or in the case of Nigeria,
through a National Youth Service Scheme that has graduates of University or Polytechnics
doing one year national service in various public and private establishments. This scheme iscurrently searching for a strategic purpose. One key economic reason why the government
should provide some form of subsidy or support for these firms is to compensate them for thesocial gains arising from their entrepreneurship. This social gain arises, in part, from their
willingness to transfer their knowledge to others who are likely future competitors throughthe internship or apprenticeship process, culminating in what Rodrik (2007) characterized as“imitative entry”. And there is plenty of that in Africa. Most, if not all, are not able to patent
any of their innovations; in part because there is no policy appetite for recognizing suchinnovations and enforcing their patents in Africa.
Other forms of training and extension services can be used to extend the benefits of new
discovery to the entrepreneurs. Such new knowledge can come from publicly funded R&D or
through government negotiated technical transfer agreements with established businesses orowners of such technology or technological capability from outside the country. Some of themore modern, very expensive equipment’s can be bought by the government and madeavailable for use at a subsidized fee for the clusters. In any case, it is important that the
government is able to synchronize its intervention with the needs of the entrepreneurs,

28 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencebeyond that which they are, verifiably, unable to provide profitably by themselves. Thispartnership would not only improve the quality of the output of these firms, it provides theinfrastructure for learning how to compete, improves industry growth as employee graduates
to become entrepreneurs, and reduces entry costs. But there has to be performancerequirements. Administering performance requirements presents another challenge due to thepotential of bureaucratic capture. But adequate safeguards can be put in place and appropriate
incentives used to reward and punish participants, both the private sector operators and public
sector administrators.
The State as a Venture Capitalist
The other instrument available for governments is to act as a Venture Capitalist and toprovide investment guarantees. There are no venture capitalists in Africa, creating a vacuum
in one of the vital instruments for economic diversification, for opportunistic innovative
investments, for defining a new technological trajectory and basically for defying a nation’s
static comparative advantage. If we can create funds to bail-out banks, we can certainly create
funds to chart a new course in our manufacturing sector, a new course that allows Africa toclimb the industrial and technological ladder and to create decent jobs; Africa can operate atboth ends of the ladder just as Brazil and China are currently doing. According to Prof. Ogbu,
Venture capital is particularly important for capital intensive, technological firms withproduct innovation risks that would not initially attract support from commercial banks (Lin,2012). But governments acting with clear vision, in the best interest of the nation, can createa vehicle for equity participation in firms that advance the technological frontier of the nation
provided the right incentives and adequate safeguards are put in place. In the least, this fundcan fund research that directly reduces the cost and risks associated with first discovery andfirst entry.
In implementing this suggestion, only the best ideas or projects with high commercial
potential should benefit. This is where our high sense of nationalism would be tested because
this national fund would be to further Africa’s development at all level, including throughfacilitating the transfer of technology needed by African countries as mutually agreed.” 1
Africa’s transformation and strategic response to RIO+20 would depend on the lessons
learned from the emerging economies, in devoting significant assets in generating, adapting
and mastering certain key technologies that allows her to control the value chain of her
natural resources.

29 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference3. Keynote Address: Emerging Paradigms, Technologies and Innovationsfor Sustainable Development in East African Countries
Prof. Margaret Kamar, Hon. Minister for Higher Education, Science and Technology,
Republic of Kenya
In her keynote address, Prof. Margaret Kamar, represented by Prof.
Vasey Mwaja expressed delight in joining ATPS network to shareexperiences on the emerging paradigms, technologies and innovations
for sustainable development in East African countries. She thanked all
the organizers of the conference and workshop and expressed joy on
the honor given her to present a keynote speech. She congratulated all
the Africans and friends of Africa present in the conference stressingthat it is an indication of expectations on the important role that science, technology andinnovation (STI) can play in Africa’s development.
According to her, Africa has over the years been considered a victim of emerging paradigms
related to suffering such as uncontrolled population growth, disappearing environmental
assets due to climate change, emerging diseases, hunger and absolute poverty in somepockets of the continent. The African countries have also continued to face the protectionist
barriers placed by the industrialized countries on their goods. These barriers have continued
to undermine the potential benefits of international trade for developing countries and havealso raised major questions on the types of technologies and industrial adjustments that need
to be introduced in Africa in order to compete favourably on the international market. As aresult of this observation, the African leaders need to note that the critical foundation forsustainable development must address issues of global governance, emphasize on pro-poor
wealth creation strategies, poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability. The answer
lies with the application of science, technology and innovation for sustainable development.
All over the world, STI are recognized as highly essential for the economic transformation,
growth and competitiveness and meaningful employment. They are also considered as key
components of social integration, sustainable development and poverty reduction. Indeed it isrecognized that effective leverage of STI is essential for wealth creation in all nations of thisworld.
Under the current global social, economic and environmental challenges of population
growth, resource constraints, climate change and biodiversity loss, Africa cannot afford toremain a passive consumer of knowledge, technologies and innovation. There is need for
Africa to take active part in developing and applying STI to achieve sustainable development
and growth. The STI sector should seek to integrate knowledge into all production systems in
Africa as a whole and at the country levels. The focus should be laid on attainment ofsustainable growth and societal development, while realizing a safe, full and high-quality life
for citizens as the guiding principles. The involvement of STI should emphasize on strategies
that enable collective action not only within the communities but with special reference tospecific needs of a country.
The Hon. Minister pointed out that global bench marking is important for Africa because
technological developments taking place in world laboratories have a direct impact indetermining the fate of human existence within national economies worldwide. Therefore, as

30 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencethe developed countries push their STI frontiers further and further into areas such as spacescience, microchips, fiber-optics and other emerging technologies, Africa should not wait tobe surprised with the emerging developments at the expense of their citizens’ welfare andwellbeing.
The African continent should therefore take advantage of huge opportunities that exist forhome grown development even if it may mean tapping, adapting and application of scientificadvances made elsewhere. This may involve sourcing and transferring appropriatetechnologies from elsewhere in the short run especially in some of the hi-tech areas in which
the continent may not be able to develop capacity in the near future. According to Prof.
Kamar, some of the areas that may need a closer consideration in prioritization of STI
application for sustainable development include:
Transition to low carbon development pathways for sustainable development
The developing economies are increasingly becoming sources of global economic growththat is accompanied by fast population growth that demands more intensive use of natural
resources which leads to growing emissions. The potential economic and social impacts ofenvironmental degradation are particularly serious for developing countries given theirdependence on natural resources for economic growth and their vulnerability to energy, food,water security, climate change and extreme weather risks. The ST&I efforts for sustainability
should address issues that revolve around the land-water-energy axis, including such issues as
resource-efficient production, water access for productive uses, threats to food security, andbio-fuels as well as the move towards a global low-carbon world by promoting energy
efficiency and renewable energy production technologies.
Green growth technologies are where the challenges of natural resource exploitation andmanagement meet. Green growth offers an optimistic, realistic alternative to countries
looking for new sources of growth that make economic, environmental and social sense whenapplied with high levels of innovation. Research has shown that green growth offers moresustainable and inclusive growth that enhances productivity and reduces negative
unpredictable shocks to economic growth. Green growth plays a critical role by ensuring thatnatural assets continue to provide the resources and environmental services on which ourwell-being relies.
The easiest way of ensuring worldwide green growth is to develop a vibrant knowledge
sharing system that helps foster innovation and building of competencies by encouraging thefree flow of ideas, knowledge and innovations. The various modes of multi-disciplinary andmulti-sectoral cooperation enable various actors to attain valuable knowledge and skills
beyond their own boundaries and thus enlarge their capabilities and enhance their assets
through participation by multiple communities. The Global Knowledge Initiative's programs
should focus on locating critical resources, building the capacity of people and institutions tomake the most of opportunities to collaborate and The easiest way of ensuring worldwide
green growth is to develop a vibrant knowledge sharing system that helps foster innovation
and building of competencies by encouraging the free flow of ideas, knowledge andinnovations. The various modes of multi-disciplinary and multi-sectoral cooperation enablevarious actors to attain valuable knowledge and skills beyond their own boundaries and thus
enlarge their capabilities and enhance their assets through participation by multiple
communities. The Global Knowledge Initiative's programs should focus on locating critical

31 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferenceresources, building the capacity of people and institutions to make the most of opportunities
to collaborate and connect people, resources, and institutions together in partnerships thatwork to generate new knowledge or transfer it from where it is to where it is needed.
The Hon. Minister concluded that one area of concern for Africa is of the characteristicallyweak environmental laws at the countries and continent level. There is need to develop
effective and uniform environmental laws under the auspice of the African Union to support
environmental sustainability in the continent. Such laws should empower the communities sothey can play a more active role in ensuring sustainability and resilience. The laws should bemade to support the generation of creativity, tap on the potential of the human population andensure removal of barriers to equality between women and men. This will encourage and giveeveryone the full power to make their own decisions and realize their full potential towards
the realization of sustainability.
Governance Support for Utilization of Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation
Areas
The scope of science, technology and innovation is wide with enormous challenges. In viewof this, research and development priorities must be clearly set based on the expected impact
on sustainable economic development in terms of the range of application in relation to thecosts involved. The emerging ST&I areas such as biotechnologies, nanotechnologies and theapplication of indigenous knowledge have proved capable of providing the advantages
mentioned above if applied in a regulated manner through appropriate governance structures.
This is because technologies are known to be like a double edged sword that can make ordestroy. Emphasis should be put on regulations that ensure appropriate application of thesetechnologies, ensure protection of the intellectual properties and provide subsidy or someform of support to home grown basic research
However, in developing countries especially in Africa, there is inadequate ability to generate
new knowledge and very little basic research and development in the private sector becauseof small sized home grown companies which have little motivation for research anddevelopment (R&D). The situation is worsened by the fact that most of the technologies thatfirms in developing countries import and use are likely not to be the latest because of thecosts involved due to stringent patent laws in source countries which in most cases are thedeveloped countries.
This has made the developing countries to always remain behind in the global technology
updates. This calls for urgent regulatory and governance strategies both at the national andinstitutional levels to provide for interventions that are flexible enough in applications if thecontinent is to make use of home-made and more advanced imported technologies generated
from emerging areas. The policies should place emphasis on support for the development oftechnological knowledge and capabilities of individuals through education and training anddevelopment of firms through provision of support on trade protection, subsidies, effective
IPR protection and public procurement support strategies.
Additionally, special reference should be made to small and medium size enterprises (SMEs)
to support the commercialization of home grown innovations in the local and international
markets. This can be done by ensuring that the policies put in place support
commercialization of enterprises through development of relevant innovations that go

32 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencethrough the development process successfully the support for the incubation process throughPublic private partnerships is equally important and cannot be avoided
Youth and gender discrepancy in science technology and innovation especially in developing
countries has prevailed for quite a long time. As a resolution, emphasis on gender parity in
ST&I has been recommended in several national, regional and international forum and fromthese meetings, initiatives have been drawn to consolidate plans of action. Despite this, thegender mainstreaming is still far from the target stipulated in these plans of action.
One possible cause for this status could be the fact that when these initiatives are generally
put down in the plans of action at international level, they appear to be too wide and therefore
the need to have focused small groups to make implementation a reality. The fact that this has
been realized as a challenge requires partnership activities which support national
governments in implementing the recommendations to provide support and advice formainstreaming gender concerns in STI for development. It is my sincere hope that the wide
range of national and regional stakeholders will support the gender mainstreaming in STI
work towards national and regional policy formulation efforts.
Mainstreaming Trans disciplinarity in STI and Higher Education
Africa lags behind in skills and competencies required to fully benefit from global STI
paradigms for its development mainly because Africa lacks a home grown development
agenda that can inspire the developed world. Based on this observation, Africa needs todevelop its STI capacities as well as build knowledge institutions, knowledge systems andstructures that support capacity building and skills-based development.
The easiest approach for ensuring this is to build transcontinental knowledge circulation
networks supported through a vibrant knowledge sharing system that foster innovation andbuilding of competencies and encouragement of free flow of ideas, knowledge andinnovations. The various modes of multi-disciplinary and multi-sectoral cooperation people
and institutions to make the most of opportunities to collaborate and connect people,
resources, and institutions together in partnerships that work to generate new knowledge ortransfer it from where it is to where it is needed.
Lessons from Kenyan Experiences
Sharing the Kenyan experience, the Hon. Minister reported that the emerging technologies
are considered important for sustainable development and are considered in government
policies as an opportunity to develop new technologies, create jobs and promote growth in
the private sector. The Government of Kenya has initiated a number of policies, institutional
and infrastructural reforms in science, technology and innovation that recognize emerging
technologies as important drivers for sustainable development. The case in point is the Kenya
constitution 2010 and Kenya Vision 2030, the country’s long term governance anddevelopment blueprint, which, recognizes STI as a key foundation of economic, political andsocial growth pillars. STI support to these pillars will lead to the creation of new knowledge
for wealth creation, social welfare and global economic competitiveness. STI will play a
critical role in progressively making Kenya’s economy a knowledge-based one. Research
institutions will be critical drivers of innovation systems and the resultant developments in
STI and application of knowledge especially in biotechnology, value-addition, manufacturing
and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). This will lead to industrial and

33 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferenceentrepreneurial development perspective. STI will be applied to provide solutions that will
enhance poverty alleviation as well as resolving human animal conflicts and developing asustainable tourism industry.
Kenya, through the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology has also
developed the STI policy and strategy along the same line to guide the entrenchment of STI
into sustainable national development. Through the STI policy, capacity building,institutional and governance restructuring as well as emerging technologies are being
supported as important tools for development. Kenya is one of the few African countries thathave a biotechnology development policy and a functional National Biotechnology Authority
to spearhead the safe application of biotechnology for sustainable national development.
The Hon. Minister reported that the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology,
has been actively involved in initiatives and activities that support gender mainstreaming in
STI as stipulated in its policy documents and will continue to do so in order to achieve therequired parity. Several programmes and projects supported by the Ministry have been spelt
out for action. The Ministry is seeking collaboration with interested organizations such as
ATPS and UNECA to move the programmes to a higher level of actualization.
In conclusion, the Hon. Minister noted that in order to move Africa’s agenda for science,technology and innovation forward, African leaders should lay emphasis jointly and inindividual countries to support the following:Improvement of infrastructure in the continent;

Improvement of regional and continental cooperation;Creation of policies which facilitate sharing of resources and knowledge;

Promotion of technological innovation; andUplifting the continent’s Gross Domestic Product.

These will provide a more proactive and practical actions in addressing poverty, hunger,
energy access, energy security and safety, efficient and sustainable resource use andecosystem management through sound policies and action plans that are supported bypolitical will and effective collaborations with the developed world. The Hon. Finally wisheddelegates a fruitful engagement during the conference.

34 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference4. Conference Plenary Presentations
4.1 Institutional structures, policies & macro-economic environment in Africancountries: implications for social innovations and business competitivenessProf. Eric c. Eboh
Prof Eboh, started his presentation by noting how economic
competitiveness is critical to national and regional growth potential,
wealth creation and sustainable prosperity. In spite of theconsiderable improvements in macroeconomic and growth
performances in the past decade, Africa has remained structurally
weak, poorly competitive and among the world’s poorest and least
developed regions. The interplay of better macroeconomic policies,
FDI gains, debt relief and favourable commodity prices helped stem
the tide of the global economic and financial crisis of 2007-2009. But, growth continued to be
stifled by institutional weaknesses, misaligned sector policies coupled with infrastructural
shortages, regulatory failures and dysfunctional market mechanisms. He noted, while very
few African countries (like Mauritius & South Africa) were making steady progress in the
middle bracket of the global competitiveness march, most were lagging in distant bottom
positions. Tackling the productivity and competitiveness lags of the continent required
getting sector policies right (particularly for agriculture-industry linkages), reining indomestic resource mobilization and making regional and national institutions work to create
the critical investments in technological and social innovations. There is a large scope tostrike a deliberate balance between ‘state and the market’ based upon accountable democratic
governance, transparent and efficient public spending and human capacity building forprivate sector development. In addition, there is a compelling case for Africa’s paradigm shift
in tapping her comparative advantages in agriculture and agro-based industries by effectively
deploying regional cooperation/integration, domestic policies and technological, institutionaland social innovations. Africa’s current circumstances call for a new model of state-market
synergy that will have cross-cutting macroeconomic and microeconomic impacts. The
synergy would work to promote agriculture-industry linkages, market-oriented value chain
development, infrastructure financing, export competitiveness, environmental sustainability
and efficient public service delivery.
4.2 Achieving Food Security and Sustainability for 9 Billion
Professor Christopher J.Leaver CBE FRS, Emeritus Professor of Plant Science, University of
OxfordProf.Leaver in his presentation enlightened the delegates present thatduring the last 50 years the world population had more than doubled to 7
billion and until recently that the relative abundance of food has kept pacewith the poorest benefiting the most, yet more than 1 billion are
malnourished and live below the poverty line. This dramatic increase incrop yields was due to a number of innovations which included: genetics
and plant breeding (the so called ‘Green Revolution’), mechanisation,
irrigation, nitrogen fertilisers, and pesticides. Subsequently the developed world became
complacent.

35 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceThere has however been an environmental cost associated with modern high input agriculture
and the world has lost 20% of its topsoil due to erosion, desertification and salinity, 20% of
our agricultural land due to overgrazing and the generation of marginal land and 33% of ourforests. In addition, he noted that we now face the challenges of climate change as a result of
massive fossil fuel usage resulting in increased greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide levels,
decreased water availability, environmental pollution, loss of biodiversity, urbanization anddietary upgrading (the ‘nutritional transition’ in China and India), obesity in the developed
world and malnutrition and starvation in the developing world.
According to Prof. Lever, the major challenge for the future waste feed a predicted world
population of 9 billion by 2050, 80% of whom will live in developing and transition countries
with the majority living in an urban environment in mega-cities. Each hectare of land in 2050
will need to feed 5 people compared to just 2 people in 1960. To feed this number foodproduction we will have to increase by at least 70 percent on essentially the same area of landwith less available water. This required ‘sustainable intensification - growing more from less’by using land and resources more efficiently, with the aim of meeting the current needs while
improving the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In addition we must
conserve natural resources and preserve ecosystem function while minimizing adapting toand where possible, reversing the effects of climate changes.
Food security and the need for healthy staple food are no longer just the concerns ofdeveloping countries and they have become a global issue. Not even in Europe which is a net
food importer. However, in order to address these challenges, the scientific community andcolleagues in associated organizations need to be engaged increasingly in strengthening thecapacity for research and development and also transferring the results for the benefit ofsmallholder farmers and their communities in developing countries.
During the last 25 years there has been a revolution in plant science and the skills of the plant
breeders have been enhanced by two new technologies, marker assisted plant breeding andgenetic modification (GM). These developments have depended on our increasingly detailed
understanding of the information content of plant genomes and how cells and organisms
function at the molecular, biochemical and physiological level, linked to our ability to use
this information to select for, and modify, important agricultural and nutritional traits. He
went further ahead to give examples of how it was being applied in the world of agriculture
and what will be in the future. The application of these technologies must not only be applied
to improving food production in major crops of the developed world but also it should be
adapted to improving so called, orphan crops in the developing world in general and Africa inparticular by public good plant breeding.
As with many new technologies, people are keen to embrace the benefits but are concerned
about the potential risks. In Europe the manner of introduction of these new technologies
coupled to a lack of coherent political policy led to loss of community confidence which has
been exploited by global pressure groups and activists for their own political ends. This
resulted in developing countries by being denied access to the science where it has thepotential to contribute to the improvement of food security and help alleviate poverty. GM
crops are not a ‘silver bullet’ and alone cannot solve the global challenges outlined above.

36 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceWe must evaluate all available technologies and, subject to appropriate and realistic
evidence-based, bio-safety regulations and in combination with conventional approaches,
deploy those which are most effective and sustainable. This will include sustainable farming
practices and appropriate use of agrochemical inputs, wherever possible moving fromchemical to biological solutions.
In conclusion, he proposed that these technologies must not only be applied to improving
food production in major world crops but also be adapted to improve orphan crops which canaddress food security and nutrition as well as providing economic benefits to farmers in thedeveloping world. However we must invest now as time is not on our side. Science and its
application is not a quick fix and cannot be switched on and off like a tap. While science canprovide technological solutions, these have to be implemented in a responsible and fair way
for them to have impact. And this is not the job of scientists but of politicians, policy makers,
regulators and funding organizations. Now, and in the future, making sure everyone hasenough to eat is more than ever about politics, socio-economics, communications and science– it is not just about ‘technology-fixes’ (see www.b4fa.org)
4.3 Is genetic modification to answer to Africa’s food insecurity? Lessons from India
Professor Anupam Varma Emeritus, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi –110012, INDIA

Prof. Varma presentation was on Agriculture which has been practiced
in India for thousands of years. During the Indus Valley Civilization
period (around 3000 BC) Indian dwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum subspecies sphaerococcum) was grown. Since that period and the time ofindependence in 1947, India developed capacity to produce about six
million ton of wheat annually. It was not sufficient to meet the demand.
The country had to resort to large scale importation of wheat. For over a
decade the country had a ‘ship-to-mouth existence’. Thanks to the visionary political andscientific leadership, agricultural research who were given the top priority for developing
agricultural technologies supported by policies and investments in dams and irrigation,
human resource development, improving rural infrastructure and services to transform Indian
agriculture. The agricultural transformation in India can be best described in the words ofPrime Minister, Manmohan Singh: “The country has achieved a new plateau in food-grain
production, exceeding 250 million ton during 2011–2012, an all-time record for the country.
The production of grain-legumes, which is the main source of proteins in Indian diet, hastouched 18 million ton, crossing the barrier of 15 million ton. The country is producing today
more milk, more fruits, more vegetables, more sugarcane, more oilseeds and more cotton
than ever before.”
Prof. Varma further added that genetics played a key role in transforming the Indian
Agriculture. Initial gains in improving agricultural production came from increase in area
under cultivation and irrigation, but the introduction of High Yielding Varieties Programme(HYVP) in 1966 covering important crops like wheat, rice, maize, sorghum and pearl millet
ushered the ‘Green Revolution’. Major gains were obtained in the production of wheat andrice. HYVP resulted in increasing production of wheat to nearly 17 million ton in 1968, and

37 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencethere was no looking back, with wheat and rice production touching 86 and 104 million ton,
respectively, in 2011. This remarkable achievement could be achieved through judicious
integration of genetic improvement of crops by conventional breeding, improved agronomic
practices, natural resource management and plant protection practices. India has also
developed about 70 GM crops for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and for improved
nutritional value of crops. In 2011, India planted more cotton than any other country,
covering 10.6 million hectares. Bt cotton helped in increasing cotton production from 13.6
million bales in 2002 to 35.5 million bales in 20112. However, so far, no food GM crop has
been commercialized, as the country is actively debating the bio-safety issues.
While giving his closing remarks Prof. Varma emphasized that Africa’s development
challenges related to agriculture and food security are similar to those faced by India. Indian
experience of integrated multidisciplinary approach supported by proactive policies andpolitical will can help, not only in achieving sustained higher agricultural productivity but
also in transforming the region into the world’s bread basket.
4.4 Impact of Nanotechnology in Wealth Creation
Emmanuel O.Ezugwu M.sc, ph.D CEng FIET Fellow STYLE MNSE, Professor ofEngineering Systems
At the beginning of Mr. Ezugwu’s presentation, he gave a brief overview
about the last few decades, on how new technology applications havebecome very central to the process of socioeconomic development of
nations. Among them the recent scientific advances is nanotechnology
which is attracting the attention of many researchers, investors, andmarketers for its enormous potential. Basically, nanotechnology is thecreation of functional materials, devices and systems through control of matter on thenanometer length scale (1-100 nanometers), and exploitation of novel phenomena andproperties (physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, electrical) at that length scale toproduce new structures, materials and devices. This technology promises scientificadvancement for many sectors such as medicine, consumer products, energy, materials andmanufacturing.
He further added that, nanotechnology commercialization is expected to become a powerfuldriver of innovation, job and wealth creation in the global economy in the coming decade. He
estimated that in 2015, the market in nanotechnology will reach $1trillion. Nanotech
inventions can help fight tropical disease, produce an abundance of food, provide for cleaner
water, make the transport of goods easier and cheaper to people in remote areas, and provide
clean and cheap energy sources. Consequently, nanotechnology has the potential todramatically improve the health of citizens and create wealth. Wealth creation involves morethan just money: it encompass factors such as enhancement of knowledge, intellectual capital,
effective exploitation of resources, preservation of the natural environment, and other factorsthat may contribute to raising the standard of living and quality of life. His presentation
basically aimed at examining the impact of nanotechnology in wealth creation.

38 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference4.5 Building the critical mass in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) capacity inresponse to emerging needs of Africa: The role of UNESCO
Peggy Oti-Boateng (PhD), Senior Programme Specialist in Science and Technology,
UNESCO, Regional Office for Science in Africa, (ROSTA), Nairobi, Kenya
According to Peggy Oti-Boateng, the world's economies are undergoing afundamental transformation to knowledge-based industries and thecapacity of countries to compete in the global market depended more on
their ability to innovate, harness their human capital and apply the relevant
technology for socio-economic development. Africa has an enormous
advantage which include; abundant unexploited natural resources andyoung population to play an essential role in knowledge-based global economic insurgence,but has not taken advantage of these attributes. The continent is challenged with sprawlingurbanization, adverse climate change effects on water, food security, healthcare, limitedaccess to efficient and clean energy and increased youth population in which many girls are
denied access to basic education and unable to realize their full potential. These challenges,
however, offer opportunities for industrial and socio-economic development of the continent
if countries develop robust STI policies and strategies to take advantage of these problems.
She further alluded that the time is now for Africa to invest in her human capital the youth
and ensure gender equity if the continent must be competitive. There is an urgent need todevelop the critical mass in science, engineering, technology and innovation in response to
emerging industrial and socio-economic needs. These include solutions to basic needs,
environmental sustainability and harnessing the potential of the youth by empowering themthrough education and training, skills development and entrepreneurship. UNESCO in
partnership with other development partners will facilitate in repositioning Africa in the
global village by supporting capacity building in STI Policy in science and technology toenable Africa to innovatively exploit her natural and human capital for sustainable socioeconomic development. African Governments on the other hand must create the platform for
implementing appropriate policies to accelerate the process. In conclusion, African countries
need to respond with policies, programmes, institutions and partnerships which maximize theparticipation of young people and enhance gender equity.
4.6 A strategic approach to strengthening the African Higher Education and Research
Space (AHERS) through institutional national regional and continental collaboration
Alice Sena Lamptey ,Senior Program Specialist, PMU –PAU, AUC, Ethiopia
Alice Lamptey informed the delegates during her presentation that,strengthening and sustaining the African higher education and research
space is a primary goal of the African Union’s strategy for
harmonization of higher education, as envisaged in the AU’s Plan of
Action for the Second Decade of Education for Africa (2006-15) whichaims to strengthen the capacity of African higher education institutions,through innovative forms of collaboration and improve quality through academic mobility
across the continent. In preparation for the UNESCO 2009 World Conference on Higher

39 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference

Education (WCHE+10) a Task Force constituted by UNESCO and ADEA identified several
strategic orientations for higher education in Africa, one of which was the creation of an
African Higher Education and Research Area (AHERS). The WCHE+10 Communiqué in its
section on Higher Education in Africa affirmed the need for Africa to develop and strengthen
its higher education and research area through institutional, national, regional and continental
collaboration. The Steering Committee of the Working Group on Higher Education (WGHE)of the Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA) consequently
commissioned an analytical study to explore the concept in order to propose concrete actions
to African higher education stakeholders. The higher education and research space in Africa
at present suffers from several challenges including disparate systems inherited from Africa’s
colonial past (Anglophone, Francophone and Lusophone) with some Arab countries in North
Africa having their own specific systems. This situation severely handicaps academic
mobility of staff and students, particularly on the continent, notwithstanding the fact that
African Heads of State, as far back as 18981, had promulgated the Arusha Convention. It is
now more urgent than ever for Africa to take strategic steps to strengthen its higher education
and research space.
The presentation identified key strategies which include; accelerating the implementation of
the Arusha Convention and strategies for harmonization of degree structures to enhanceacademic mobility particularly within Africa, establishment of an African quality assurance
rating mechanism and quality framework, intensifying research and postgraduate training
through establishment of regional centre’s of excellence, more effective use and integrationof information and communication technologies, and promoting open and distance educationand life-long learning.
4.7 Role of Science academies in development in Africa
Abegaz, B. M.1 and B. A., Gyampo, African Academy of Sciences, Nairobi, Kenya
Benjamin Gyanpo in his presentation noted that science; technology andinnovation (STI) have played critical roles in development of the past andwill be even more so in the future. Evidence of Africa’s slack indeveloping its STI potential and strides made by other continents based oninvestments in STI clearly indicates that the future of development in
Africa lies in the effective harnessing, development and use of knowledge
in science, technology and innovation. African societies have always depended on their richindigenous knowledge to cope with challenges they face. However, Higher education andresearch has not fully embraced this rich indigenous knowledge and has consequently failed
to realize the benefits to society that would have accrued by doing so. It is often stated that
Science Academies must be close enough to government to work with it but far enough not tolose its ability to think professionally and independently. In the face of competing demands
for resources, it is important to recognize that only those investments in science andtechnology that are based on the best evidence yield the most optimum dividends. Academies
must therefore take this challenge in order to position themselves as the most competentbodies to provide such advice. They need to likewise adopt trans-disciplinary approaches toproblem solving. Current issues confronting Africa such as climate change and energy cuts
across disciplines and African science academies need to bring together the diverse
disciplines to bear on these issues. It is unlikely that most African nations will fully meet

40 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceMillennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. Continuing the ‘Business as usual’approach will only result in shifting the dates, resolute commitment with trans-disciplinary
platforms are likely to move the continent in the direction of achieving these goals.
In conclusion, he noted that the Academia have important roles to play to mobilize the mosttalented minds, dialogue with leaders for the right enabling policies and also strive fordevelopment of scientifically enlightened community. As Africa develops a science,technology and innovation strategy for the next ten years, Science Academies must provide
the needed support and guidance to make it successful
4.8 Youth and Women Empowerment for Sustainable Development In Africa
Prof. Obioma Nwaorgu, Global Health Awareness Research Foundation/ Dept ofParasitology /Entomology UNIZIK Awka
Prof. Nwaorgu narrated on what used to happen in the past forty years
where global consciousness of and concern for sustainable development
increased enormously in response to the environmental and social
problems that have arisen worldwide. The primary objective ofsustainable development is to reduce the absolute poverty of the world’s
poorest of the poor through provision of lasting and secure livelihoods
that minimize resource depletion, environmental degradation, cultural
discrimination and social instability. No effort to advance sustainability
will succeed if more than half of the world’s population comprising of youths and women are
not taken into account. The vital role they both play in the three pillars of sustainable
development- economic, social and environment must be acknowledged. There is therefore
need for action to unlock their full potential.
She further noted that women who are small holder farmers constitute 70% of Agriculturallabor force and provide 80% of food in sub-Saharan Africa, but they are not involve or
consulted in policy decisions. Also they earn only 10% income and own 1% of property.
Women on the average reinvest up to 90% of their income into their households compared toonly 30% to 40% by men. On the other hand, 35% of African people are between ages of 15
to 35 years. This is the age for foundation laying for the future, building corners and planningfor family. Many youths in Africa are faced with daunting challenges of achieving theirlegitimate life objectives. Empowerment of women and youths is therefore critical forsustainable development in Africa. Also to bring lasting peace and sustainable developmentin African continent, African youths must be empowered. Empowerment of youths andwomen is a core development objective fundamental for both human right realization and key
to effective and sustainable development outcomes.
Empowerment for sustainable development could be accomplished through appropriate credit
scheme, support for income generation activities, capacity building for women farmers
groups in value added chains, leadership and entrepreneurship trainings, vocational andbusiness services training, information technology and microfinance. Interventions topromote empowerment should also include imaginative and creative use of new technologies
and innovations that hold great promise for improving human health and wellbeing. This
includes science and technology tools such as internet and cell phones as well as low

41 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencetechnological innovations such as clean cook stoves. All are targeted at improving health,increasing productivity and reducing unpaid labour.
In conclusion, she emphasized that there is urgent need to elevate youth and women’s
leadership and participation in both economic, social and environmental policy processes andparticipation at all government levels. This is in view of the fact that these marginalizedgroups play vital role in the three pillars of sustainable development even though theirexperiences fail to reach decision makers tables for informed policy making. Investment inscience, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) including environmental scienceshould identify barriers and developing opportunities for women and youths throughmentoring would help in advancing sustainable development.

42 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceDiscussions
Comment: A delegate expressed worry that Africa is not a homogenous state and hence will
not have a one size fits all approach. He noted that the problem with STI development ismainly on poor governance and leadership. He observed that there are existing capacity inhouse though are not utilized effectively
Comment: A delegate called for the transformation of the National System of Innovation(NSI) into a global system of innovation because of the existence of numerous platforms andnetworks. But the challenge is on, who owns the intellectual property rights of innovations
brought about by nationals of different countries?
Comment: because of the challenge of the growing population of African youths in thecontinent, a delegate called for governments to ‘reset’ their policy agenda towards promoting
inclusive and sustainable growth strategies aimed at addressing the special needs of the
youths.
Question/comment: How can innovation happen in the manufacturing sector? How can
Africa encourage research led innovations?
Ans: Government must assist by creating enabling policies to enable manufacturing thrive.
There is need for polices to suppress the takeover of Africa by foreign businesses as it does
not encourage local innovation. There is also need for the integration of entrepreneurshipeducation into the curriculum at the different educational levels. R&D should also be
encouraged to take place in the manufacturing sector.
Ans: Improving governance of STI will lead to sustainable development in Africa. Suchgovernance will produce policies that will support local manufacturing, knowledge andinnovation.
Ans: Innovative companies that have thrived have close links with the local knowledge

43 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference5. Parallel Sessions
The parallel sessions comprised of presentations from delegates along the line of thesubthemes of the conference. Submissions were received from delegates in response to theCall for Conference papers circulated by the ATPS earlier. These papers were peer reviewed
and recommended for presentation at the conference thus forming the basis of the fourparallel sessions for papers presented that included:
Session One: Comprised of papers on transition to low carbon development Pathways andthe implications for sustainable development in Africa (subtheme 1)

Session Two: Comprised of papers on governance of Science, Technologies and Innovation
including Genetics for Farming, Biotechnologies, Nanotechnologies and Indigenous
Knowledge Systems (subtheme 2)
Session Three: Comprised of papers on Youth Gender and Empowerment for sustainable
development in Africa. (Subtheme 3)
Session Four: Comprised of papers under the sub themes-Mainstreaming Trans-disciplinary
in STI in Higher Education (subtheme 4) and Institutional structures and social Innovations
for sustainable development in Africa (subtheme 5)

5.1 Parallel Session One
The session was chaired by Prof. Lynn Mytelka, a Professorial Fellow, UNU-MERIT,
Maastricht and Distinguished Research Professor from Charlton University Ottawa, Canada.
The session focused on subtheme 1 which dealt with the transition to low Carbon
Development Pathways and the implications for sustainable development in Africa. The
papers presented under this subtheme were presented as follows:
5.1.1 Pro-poor, low carbon development: Improving low carbon energy access anddevelopment benefits in lDCS
Dr. Robert Byrne, Research fellow, SPRU (Science and Technology Policy Research) and
STEPS centre, University of Sussex
Dr Byrne underscored the importance of access to modern energy
services to human development as a priority and which can betransformative to the livelihoods of poor people. A tension issometimes perceived between increasing energy access and pursuing
low carbon development. High carbon, conventional energy options
are often viewed as cheaper and hence easier for poor countries topursue. However, multiple synergies potentially exist between human and economic
development priorities, and access to low carbon energy technologies. Renewable energy canfacilitate access in areas where grid based access is prohibitively expensive and unreliable,energy efficient technologies can improve availability of energy services, such as lighting andheat, and a combination of the two can increase local and national energy security andeconomic resilience by reducing exposure to the price fluctuations and political constraints offossil-based energy provision.

44 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceHowever, existing policy mechanisms that are intended to facilitate low carbon technology
deployment in developing countries – such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) –have had mixed results, and especially little impact in Africa. We argue that this low impact
is in part due to a tendency to frame low carbon energy access in developing countries aroundthe notion of low carbon technology transfer, where technology is understood in a narrow
sense as hardware. This narrow understanding steer’s policy towards financing theincremental costs of low carbon hardware, such as can be seen in the CDM. Whilst hardware
is clearly important, these financing mechanisms have led to an uneven distribution of
investment, both technologically and geographically, with the poorest nations benefiting
least, if at all. The majority of support is concentrated towards rapidly emerging economies,
where financing environments are already attractive. The technologies funded tend to be lowrisk or mature, and mostly relate to large project based initiatives that are less likely to attend
to the needs of poorer communities.
Building insights from innovation studies and socio-technical analytical approaches,suggested that sustainable deployment of low carbon technologies will depend on policies
and actions that foster both hardware and knowledge flows. Moreover, knowledge flows arecentral to building local innovation capabilities: the capabilities to adopt, adapt, develop,
deploy and operate low carbon technologies effectively within specific contexts. But theexisting innovation capabilities in any specific context also matter if technologies are to be
successfully absorbed in the first place. Given this interdependent relationship, it is critical to
the sustainable development of poorer countries that low carbon innovation systems are built
along with the deployment of low carbon technologies.
He noted during his closing marks that emerging policy initiatives such as Climate
Innovation Centers (CICs) offer the potential to implement such thinking, assuming they do
not fall prey to the hardware-and-finance framing evident in the CDM.

5.1.2 Financing Access to Sustainable Energy for the poor in Nigeria: The Public
Finance Option
Chidiebere Ibe, Institute for Public Policy Analysis and Management (IPPAM), Nigeria
According to The International Energy Agency (IAE), energy access is at three levels which
include; access to basic human needs, productive uses, and modern society needs (MainhardtGibbs et al, 2010). Electricity for lighting, health services, education, communication, andcommunity services that require about 50-100KWh of electricity per person per year are thebasic needs for the poor. In addition to the basic ones, the poor demands modern fueltechnologies for cooking and heating, and this requires about 50-100Kg of modern fuel oradvanced biomass stove. Arguably lack of access and inability of the poor to basic energy
needs coerced the poor to look for destructive and unhealthy use of biomass which directly
has an adverse impact on environment. Therefore, there should be options for the poor getaccess to basic and sustainable energy sources that include financing by government, private
sector and the international development partners.

45 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceHis presentation explored the public finance option for enhancing access of the poor tosustainable bio-mass energy technology in Nigeria in a manner that improved theirlivelihoods as well as reduce their carbon footprints. His presentation also attempted toanswer the five key questions which include; What constraints do the poor have in accessing
adequate energy? What roles can governments play in avoiding such barriers? What policies
and strategies are required for effective government intervention? What mechanisms shouldbe put in place to implement and manage government interventions and lastly, what measures
are required to monitor the progress?
5.1.3 Transition to Low Carbon Pathways for Sustainable Agricultural Production
Systems in Nigeria
Francis E. Bisong, Professor of Conservation Biogeography & Environmental Management
Department of Geography and Environmental Science University of Calabar,Prof. Bisong examined the profile of carbon (soil and biomass) and the management regimes
for major agricultural production systems across the broad ecological zones of Nigeria. Of
particular focus was the investigation of the extent of soil, plant and animal carbon emissions
resulting from land use change and management practices within a given agricultural
production systems.
The study placed due emphasis on the current agriculturaltransformation agenda of the federal government of Nigeria to determine their overall
implications for carbon emission regimes and related management responses for crop andlivestock production. This was in view to achieving a climate friendly agricultural system,without jeopardizing livelihoods sustainability, food security and efforts towards nationalsocio-economic transformation. Various options for transformation to low carbon pathways
in context of agricultural production and land management were also highlighted.
From his presentation, preliminary findings indicated that soil and biomass carbon profiles
and management regimes for the major agricultural production systems across the agroecological zones of Nigeria are complex. The rainforest agro-ecological zone exhibited mostvariation showing that different management systems impact on the ability of the soil tosequester carbon. While conservation tillage practices reduced the loss of soil carbon stocks
associated with land conversion.
In conclusion, he emphasized that the positive effect of conservation tillage is not comparable
to the negative effect of land conversion, and may not result in significant accumulation ofcarbon in the region. In the drier Sudano-Sahelian region of the country, improved crop andpasture management are required to improve soil and biomass carbon storage. Lastly, herecommended there should be strategies to attend major cereals and livestock production.

46 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference5.1.4 Transitions to Low Carbon Development Pathways: Implications for Sustainable
Development in Africa
Prof. Mark Swilling
Prof. Swilling presentation dealt on the emerging academic discussion
about transition to more sustainable modes of development (or a 'lowcarbon’ or ‘green economy') that has been dominated to date by
European writers largely concerned with a developed world context
such as stable states, strong bureaucracies, substantial investments ininnovation, mature financial systems, fairly well developed social
democratic structures, strong private sectors. Writers interested in transition from rapidly
growing developing country economies are few and far between. One reason for this may be
due to lack of an adequate conceptual linkage among transition, development and growth.
Indeed, for many who are interested in sustainability transitions, growth is regarded withsuspicion. This sets up a problematic foundation for an inclusive discussion that engages thedeveloping world.
He proposed that there should be a synthesis between the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP), thetheory of industrial transitions and the theory of long-term development cycles. The resulting
synthesis will make it possible to conceptualize the possible dynamics and modalities of thenext long-term development cycle. Following long-term development cycles, it will beargued that the year 2009 marked the end of the post-WWII development cycle. Whatfollowed is a, more than likely quite a long, interregnum plagued by the consequences ofwhat Edgar Morin called the "polycrisis" - a set of interlocked ecological and socio-economic
crises. What is needed is a clear conceptual fusion of the deployment phase of theinformation age, the unfolding logic of the "spring/summer" phase of the next Kondratief
cycle and the dynamics of niche-level innovations. This provides will provide a criticalframework for evaluating the key claims being made about the transition to a 'green economy'
as contained in UNEP's Green Economy Report and the 2011 UN World Social andEconomic Survey.
He further recommended that this framework of thinking should be applied to develop a
critical analysis of Africa's economic development policies and strategies. It will be argued
that unless policy-makers in Africa recognize the deeper logics of transition underway, they
will make decisions that will result in severe system failure in the relatively near future. Byclearly demonstrating the linkages between transition, development and growth, it will bepossible to conceptualize modes of African development that result in the decoupling of ratesof economic growth from rates of resource use and negative environmental impacts such ascarbon emissions.

47 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference5.1.5 Artisanal Rastrineobola Argenta light fishing on Lake Victoria, Kenya:
Traditional kerosene lamps and PV-Battery Modern Lighting Systems, Markets, andImproving Safety and Supply Security.
M P McHenry1, D Doepel2, B O Onyango3, U L Opara,1Murdoch University Post-doctoral
research fellow, Perth, Western Australia, Chair of the ATPS Chapter in Australia,
Community Resolve against Hunger, principal strategic advisor and project manager, Kenya
Professor in Post-harvest Technology at Stellenbosch University
The presentation by McHenry, Doepel and Onyango investigated the use of modern lighting
technology in the use of artisanal light fishing for omena/dagaa/mukene (Rastrineobola
argenta) on Lake Victoria in Kenya. Technical system simulations, analysis of field data,
economic modelling, and peer-research literatures indicated that there is a clear economic
rationale for small-scale stand-alone photovoltaic-based battery charging for new Light
Emitting Diode (LED) lighting technology to displace existing pressurized kerosene lamp
technology, and implementation of even an unsubsidized custom light fishing system design
can deliver a substantial reduction in fishing costs.
In addition, the research suggested that new lighting technology designs can efficiently attract
targeted fish species and potentially reduce catch of endangered cichlid species. The initialresearch findings elucidated numerous external benefits of the new system: new LED lighting
systems can be locally designed and assembled, creating a new local service industry; andcost-effective photovoltaic-battery-LED designs which may be used in the household during
the day/evening in contrast to existing technology.
The proposed technology in the presentation would help to reduce other major costs offishing such as traveling to obtain existing fuel/energy sources. The technology has zero
emissions at point of use; it is healthier and safer to operate; it can eliminate environmental
pollution due to kerosene use; increase local energy security, and enable fishers to own afishing asset with lasting value and potentially for use as collateral for fishers to utilize credit
services over time.
5.1.6 Climate Change Mitigation and Trade Competitiveness: An Assessment of the
Clean Development Mechanism in East Africa
Jill Juma, Programme Officer and Trade Policy Expert at SEATINI, Kenya, and CIDR,
Cameroon respectively,
Mr .Jill Juma in his presentation argued that while industrialized countries were progressively
inclining towards reducing their combined (GHG) emissions, developing countries on theother hand seemed to be adopting policies and regulations aimed at broadening opportunities
that promoted socio-economic growth and development. So that trade and environmental
policy agendas seemed to be running on separate tracks. Countries in the developing Southseem to be trapped in developing policy options that mitigation climate change impacts whilebalancing their stakes in terms of trade gains at global level. Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) is one such avenue that is currently being pursued because it does not only encouragesound environmental management but also industrialization through technology transfer, aprerequisite for greater market access and trade through trade competitiveness. In such setting
CDM may appear to be an answered prayer for most developing countries in terms of

48 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferenceachieving their socio-economic development visions but there seemed to be apparent gaps,
obstacles and limitations when we align the same trend to international trade, and inparticular trade competitiveness.
He alluded that the reason for this trend is because the World Trade Organization (WTO)
legal texts do not have clear cut guidelines between sustainable developments throughclimate change mitigation and free and fair trade through the gradual reduction of tradebarriers. Therefore, adopting CDM fully in East Africa may have two pertinent implications
within the purview of trade competitiveness: First, as a way of recovering certain costs
associated with implementing CDM, the region may opt to impose taxes on goods or
products penetrating into their market that do not comply with climate change mitigation
procedures, a move that is not only highly likely to happen, but also capable to induce trade
diversion. Second, the issue of having adequate structures and policies to buttress the region
against imminent shocks arising from changes to a business environment that fully embraces
sustainable development as envisaged in the Rio Declaration.
Mr. Juma assed the effectiveness of CDM in terms of trade competitiveness within the East
African region. He begun by giving a brief introduction on CDM, and then proceeded togiving an account of CDM in the East African Partner States, specifically Kenya, Uganda
and Tanzania, including the legal, policy and institutional barriers towards implementing thescheme.
In conclusion, he sought to answer whether the status quo; trade liberalization andcompetitiveness would still suffice. The subject matter of trade competitiveness in light of
CDM should be introduced including possible considerations and their impact on trade inthese countries.
5.1.7 Empowering the Health of Rural Farmers in Africa Through Telemedicine:
Challenges and Prospects
Zelalem W. Mengistu, MCSE, MCTS, CCA, CEH Strayer University Virginia, USA (Graduate
Student) Dept of Information Systems and Network Security
Zelalem Mengistu defined telemedicine and distance learning for health as related services
which were wrongly perceived, assumed as luxury, and financially considered as the mostexpensive systems that cannot best fit for people in developing countries. However, the truth
is rather contrary to what’s perceived and assumed; it is a matter of contextualizing theservices with respect to developing countries’ existing reality especially in rural Africa.
The presentation focused on bringing the attention of stakeholders on how to implement andoperationalize rural Telemedicine projects in the developing countries, emphasizing thatprojects should ensure rural people benefit. He cautioned stakeholders to examine firstwhether telemedicine projects are contextualized before fully entered into implementation
phase or not. With proper design and effective implementation of telemedicine technologies
served as a tool to improve the existing health and educational services allowing healthpractitioners to easily reach out rural people. Telemedicine also saves travel time andresource that would have been spent in search of such services.

49 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceHe went further to inform the telemedicine technology suppliers, services providers andservice beneficiaries to come together and figure out common challenge in order to maximize
the benefit or Telemedicine service in rural areas. Cognizant of the role telemedicine playedin rural areas he outlined the challenges and prospects of telemedicine in light of expanding
health service coverage Telemedicine and Distance Learning for Health related services
which were wrongly perceived, assumed as luxury, and financially considered as mostexpensive systems that cannot best fit for people in developing countries.
In his recommendation remarks, he emphasized for the implementation of a simple but
reliable and affordable telemedicine technology services.

5.1.8 Pathways to Low Carbon Development: Alternative Energy Sources For Africa
Babettie A. Juwayeyi, Postgraduate student of the University of Malawi, Bunda College ofAgriculture
Babettie Juwayegi during the presentation informed the delegates that the economic growthand development of African countries is threatened by deficit and limited access to and use ofenergy. This is due to the inability of the Africans to use STI to manage the natural resources
for their own benefit. This inability in the use of STI is evident in resource under-exploitation
or exportation of unprocessed raw materials. Energy supplies available for local populations
were largely insufficient. The rate of access to electricity in SSA is only 31% with 14%
access rate in the rural areas. Energy consumption, 80%, is essentially reliant on traditional
biomass. This over dependency on biomass has led to depletion of over 75% of forest cover
resulting in exacerbated climate change impact and threatened biodiversity and sustainabilityof the energy source. That is why Africa is one of the most vulnerable places to climatechange despite contributing only about 3.7% of total world energy-related carbon dioxide
emissions. This necessitates the implementation of policies that can stimulate development ofcleaner energy sources to enhance the adaptive capacity of households to climate change.
In addition, the move away from the use of traditional to the use of modern biomass energy
or alternative renewable energy sources like wind, solar, hydro, and nuclear can potentiallyresult to climate change mitigation outcomes which required the removal of barriers toenergy access and use to reduce inefficiencies in the use of energy. This called for policies
that provided incentives to clean energy production and use. These policies included, thereduction of energy use tariffs and production tax, time-differentiated electricity pricing.
In conclusion, Babettie recommended that there should be an integration of energy andclimate change adaptation and mitigation policies, public investment and private sector
involvement in STI and clean energy research and development, involvement of women inmodern energy technology projects in rural areas, improvement of energy infrastructures toreduce waste during production and transportation.

50 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference5.1.9 Microalgae Cultivation and its use in the Production of Biofuel and Agricultural
inputs in Lesotho
Mekbib S. B.1, Thame T National University of Lesotho
Thame began the presentation by enlightening the delegates who participated in theconference that more than 85% of the energy source in the world is derived from burning offossil fuels. In Lesotho, the residential energy demand coverage reached 88% in urban and
95% in rural areas from forest vegetation. Such practices of utilizing biomass by cutting
shrubs and woods for fuel consumption has two basic impacts: increasing greenhouse gases
effect and desertification, and endangered the diversity of indigenous and exotic tree species
all together.
While securing basic energy requirements of the community, establishment ofenvironmentally compatible technologies that supported and ensured future recycling
application to reduce environmental and health impacts of fossil fuels and desertification are
equally important. A variety of raw materials included agricultural wastes (plant residue andanimal faeces, municipal solid wastes, market garbage, and wastewater from food andfermentation industries) are used in the anaerobic digester to produce methane in a small
scale both at farm and village levels.
However, the scarce availability of these raw materials due to their use in agricultural farms
as a primary source of humus, the use for methane production was very minimal. In someinstances, where the production of methane from human faeces was practiced, it was found to
be inconvenient due to its offensive odour and sanitation.
In conclusion, he recommended the use of microalgae as a feedstock for the production of
bio-fuel is a viable biotechnological option to fossil fuels and forest vegetation. Bio-fuels
derived from microalgae decomposition, besides their economic implications as energy andagricultural fertilizer reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 85% over reformulated gasoline
and crops. The selection of suitable indigenous microalgae strains with less lignocellulotic
property and the search for efficient cellulose degrading, acidifying and methanogenic
microorganisms is an important task towards successful implementation of the technology for
its economic advantage and sustainability.
5.1.10 Chrome-Aluminide Protective Coatings for Thermal Power Generation
Applications
J.K.Kiplagat1 and K. Kibicho1Ministry of Industrialization
This presentation addressed the issue of Power plant systems and other utilities that use fossil
fuel which are susceptible to degradation due to corrosion and wear. The expanding gassteam or combustion gases through which energy is extracted from burning fuel create highly
corrosive environments at high temperatures. To achieve higher efficiencies higher processtemperatures are used, but this increases the rates of plant component degradation. Protective
coatings applied to these components exposed to such environments like the steel tubes andvanes lead to prolonged life spans, improved performance and reduction of
repair/replacement costs and downtime. In addition surface coatings enable the use of
simpler, cheaper and more easily available substrate materials with substantial reduction in

51 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencecosts, minimization of demands for strategic materials and improvement in fabricability andperformance.
The development of advanced surface engineering treatments for optimization of corrosion
and wear resistance in recent times have been of a more sophisticated nature compared to the
traditional surface treatment technologies such as galvanizing, carburizing and Nitriding.
These treatments essentially manipulate the properties of the material’s interface to achieve
superior properties.
Chromium and Aluminum, simultaneously deposited by diffusion into low alloy steel by the
pack-cementation process provide enhanced protection against cyclic oxidation and cyclic hot
corrosion. Diffusion takes place in a one-step halide activated thermo-chemical process toform a thin highly adhesive composite Cr-Al coating. The major controlling factor to achieve
the desired coatings is the composition of the master alloy. Cyclic oxidation and hot corrosion
tests carried out demonstrate the beneficial effects of the two element composite coating.
The presentation examined the unique beneficial properties of a chromium-rich aluminide
coating and its application as effective barriers to high temperature degradation in thermal
power generation plants.
5.1.11 An Emission Trading System as a Policy Tool for Low Carbon Development
Pathway
Mr. Billy Katontoka, Managing Consultant at Clean Energy Solutions Consultants,
According to Mr. Katontoka, there has been much debate over recent decades about the needfor a transition to a low carbon economy as well as the means to facilitate the transition andcarbon emissions trading and carbon taxes which are commonly conceived as the mostcommon policy instruments to facilitate this move since the main target of such policy
intervention is to reduce emissions
Agriculture, forestry and fishing, mining and quarrying, and oil and natural gas are crucial
contributors to the GDP of major African economies. These sectors are entirely dependent on
natural resources and activities related to industries operating in these sectors, likedeforestation in timber industries and large-scale drilling in mining which often lead toenvironmental degradation. Large portions of the African population, especially the rural
population, are directly dependent on the natural resources for their sustenance andlivelihoods. Thus the preservation of the continent’s natural resources is of paramountimportance to sustain the existence of these population segments. Africa’s transition to low
carbon development pathway thus has economic as well as social dimensions andimplications.
Africa’s transition to low carbon development demands involvement of unusual ways thatwould ensure achieving and sustaining the development processes through not only
conceptually favourable but also feasible for implementation. Deciding alternative
development pathways necessarily involves first appreciation of most African economies
dependency on natural resources. Although, nations in Africa could opt to choose different
approach on how to sustain their economic development adopting a low carbon development

52 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencemodel could be analysed based on three fronts which include; capitalizing on natural capital,
embarking on green industrialization, and creating enabling policies and institutions.
5.1.12 Trends and Potentials of Renewable Energy Development in Ethiopia
Shirega Minuye, Independent Researcher/Consultant
Ms Shirega in her presentation attempted to describe, analyse trends, lessons, challenges andpotentials of renewable energy development from the perspective of technical capacity,
financial capacity, private investment role, market base and development partnership locallyand through Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The study focused on scientific data collection,
validity and reliability testing methods to ensure robustness of the study results..
The case study was on Ethiopia as an agrarian economy where 85% of its population engaged
in small scale agriculture and used biomass as an energy source in an attempt which directly
affects agricultural land productivity due to nutrient depletion that would have been
replenished through decayed of agricultural residues. Taking into account climate change,
environmental vulnerability and depletion of natural resources, the Ethiopian government
launched a strategic direction towards nurturing renewable energy resources. The Growth andTransformation Plan (GTP) which was launched two years ago in July 2010 and to beextended up to July 2015 set energy target of additional 8000 MW energy to be generated
from renewable energy resources in order to meet both local demand and export market. The
transformation plan introduced different but pragmatic implementation modalities to harness
alternative energy technologies mainly to reduce deforestation and climate change induced
effects. Ethiopia launched Climate Resilient Green Economy that highlights different
adaptation and mitigation measures to help reduce emissions while ensuring sustainable
development. Ethiopia strongly aspires to build green economy through proper utilization ofalternative renewable energy sources such solar, wind, bio-fuels and geothermal among
others.
5.1.13 Contribution of Animal Agriculture to Green House Gases Production in
Swaziland: Implications for Mitigation Using Biotechnology
Dlamini A.M1. Dube M.A, 1University of Swaziland, Department of Animal Science,
University of Swaziland, Department of Agricultural Education and Extension,
The economy of Swaziland is heavily depended on agriculture. In 2006, it was reported that
agriculture, forestry, and manufacturing contributed 42% of Swaziland’s Gross Domestic
Product (GDP). Besides economic importance, animal agriculture is important for foodproduction and life sustenance. It is also viewed as a symbol of wealth and high social status
particularly for the rural folks. Despite the merits of agricultural activities, agricultural
production and particularly animal production have been incriminated for an accelerated
emission of greenhouse gases. These gases are responsible for global warming and climatechange.
The study by Dlamini and Dube was to determine the contribution of Animal agriculture togreenhouse gases production and to elicit adaptation strategies to climatic change and the roleof modern technologies as mitigating measures. The major and minor greenhouse gases
produced by farm animals were computed using the IPCC spread sheet for calculation of

53 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencegreenhouse gases emissions. The major greenhouse gases produced by farm animals were
CH4, N2O, and the minor gasses were NOx and CO2. The greenhouse gas that was emitted
the most by farm animals was CH4, 24 Gg or 600 CO2e per annum. Ruminants were themajor producers of methane. The producers of the least greenhouse gases emissions were nonruminants. Livestock produced 0.87 Gg of N2O per annum, a global warming potential of 259
CO2e.
The findings of the study revealed that feeding ammoniated straw and silage, inoculating withtransgenic rumen bacteria, animal breeding, manure storage techniques, use of biogas
digester with methane gas recovery and emphasizing non ruminant production are possible
strategies that can be employed to reduce the greenhouse gases production by livestock.
In conclusion, the researchers recommended that feed preservation technologies, selection
strategies, water harvesting, storage and recycling strategies and intensive livestock
production systems could be used as adaptation strategies to climate change in livestock
production.

5.2 Parallel Session Two
The session was chaired by Prof. Sir Brian Heap, Member, ATPS Board from theEuropean Academies Science Advisory Council. The session comprised of papers on
Governance of Science, Technology and Innovation including Genetics for Farming,
Biotechnologies, Nanotechnologies and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (subtheme2).The
papers presented were as follows:
5.2.1 Introduction to the Workshop
Volker ter Meulen, Chairman of EASAC-NASAC project “Planting the Future”
In his opening remarks, the Chair of the session Prof. Sir Brian Heap
welcomed delegates to the session which looked at the governance of
science, technology and innovation including genetics for farming,
biotechnologies, nanotechnologies and indigenous knowledge systems.
He noted that Africa has not embraced the opportunities inherent inemerging technologies such as the biotechnology and presented theoccasion as important in shaping the discussion towards ways of engagement of Africa toaction in this regards.
He welcomed the president of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina and Member ofthe European Academies Science Advisory Council (EASAC) Council, Prof. Volker ter
Meulen to introduce the EASAC project on ‘Genetics for Farming’.
In his introduction to the Genetics for Farming project, Prof. Volker ter Meulen enumerated
some global society challenges such as food insecurity and poverty that call for the need toembrace new technologies and innovation in agricultural technology and food production. He
noted that it is only through innovations in agriculture that such challenges could be
addressed to ensure adequate food security. He explained that one of EASAC’s roles is topromote the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in ensuring food security as wellas promote the numerous works/publications of members of the academies.

54 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference

The academy established a network called “Planting the future: Opportunities and Challenges
for Sustainable Crop Development”. He expressed joy on the opportunity given to them by
the ATPS to organise the workshop together. He raised a question on whether the European
Union has helped Africa on agricultural biotechnology. He went further to state that the main
objective of the workshop is to share and analyse African country perspectives on the subject.
He stated that the workshop will also try to explore this current situation as well as look into
the future. In conclusion, Prof. Volker ter Meulen informed delegates that the outputs fromthe workshop will be brought to the attention of the EU policymakers who will contribute to
the continuing debate and supporting action in Africa relating to genetics, biotechnology andnanotechnology

5.2.2 Current Situation in GM Research and Innovation in Ghana and The Sub-Region:
Opportunities and Challenges
Walter S. Alhassan, FARA HQ, ACCRA, GHANA
Prof. Alhassan in his presentation reported that West Africa is a foodinsecure region. According to him, FAO (2012) estimates that 1 in 4 of theworld’s 840 million malnourished live in West Africa. Rising populationand low agricultural productivity worsen the food situation. The 2012
Global Hunger Index (GHI) map shows that nearly all of West Africa is in
the “serious” hunger classification with Niger and Sierra Leone classified
as “alarming” while Ghana is the only country the sub-region classified as“Moderate”.
He however noted that the solution to Africa’s food insecurity situation lies on the applicationof known technology coupled with the introduction of modern biotechnology on a need basis.
According to him, modern biotech covers a range of tools such as:Tissue culture

DNA characterization of germ plasm,Marker assisted selection (use of DNA fragments as markers for the molecular
identification of desirable genes)

Genetic transformation (genetic engineering or genetic modification). Most potent of
the biotechnology tools. Its use is governed by the application of legislative
frameworks that guarantee acceptable levels of safety.

He enumerated the challenges confronting agriculture in the sub-region that could require
GM application to include: intractable pests and diseases; declining soil fertility; climatechange phenomena of drought and flooding; dwindling land areas; nutrient deficiencies; anddanger of agro-chemical residues in food or water resources. In order to effectively develop
and use the technology in addressing these challenges there is need for an enabling legislation
for GM crops, infrastructural support services, markets and a core of well-trained andmotivated scientists and informed farmers.

55 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceDescribing the current status of GM crops in West Africa, Prof. Alhassan noted that Burkina
Faso, Ghana, Senegal and Togo are the only countries in the sub-region that have bio safety
legislation in place that can allow the handling of GM crops up to commercial release. While
Nigeria has a cabinet approval for the handling of GM crops up to the confined field trial
level, Burkina Faso is handling a GM crop (Bt cotton) at the commercial level since 2008. In
Burkina Faso, cotton is the biggest export crop with production of up to 180,000 tons
(2006/2007-2010/2011). About 250,000 of the 350,000 producers are small scale farmers.
The area Under Bt cotton production is 250,000 ha. Bollgard II (Monsanto) is the variety
used mainly for production. Insect damage to cotton is 50-70%. In order to combat thisincidence, Pyrethroids have been used from 1998 though there seems to be a built up
resistance thereby increasing the number of sprays from 4-5 to 6-8.
Bt cowpea is also receiving confined field trials (CFT) status in Burkina Faso (third largest
producer in Africa). Maruca pod borer is the most devastating pest of the crop which genetic
modification has been applied control.
In Nigeria, the national institutions that are actively engaged in GM bio-technology researchat the CFT level are the Institute of Agricultural Research (IAR), Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria andthe National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, Imo State. The GM crops
under study at the field trial level are cassava, cowpea and sorghum. Biofortified Cassava(BC+) (GM cassava enriched in carotene and iron) has been selected for high resistance toAfrican Cassava Mosaic Virus. The material on study was developed by the Danforth Plant
Science Centre, St Louis, Mo, USA, while the original material tested is to be replaced by alocally developed cultivar preferred by farmers.
In Ghana, the state of legislation determines biotech products that can be handled and only
GM requires special legislation. Capacity exists to varying degrees for work in conventional
to GM biotechnology. Tissue culture tool is the most prevalent tool but considerable capacity
exists in the area of genomics and very few have had training in transformation. The enablinglaws available are the LI 1887 of 2007 and ACT 831 of 2011. The LI 1887 allowed handling
GM crops up to CFT level as substantive legislation was being developed. LI was based on
an existing legislation for research in the CSIR. On the other hand, Act 831 which is acomprehensive biosafety law covers the handling of GM products up to and includingcommercial release.
Prof. Alhassan concluded by stating that there is the need to accelerate bio-safety legislation
across the sub region. He noted however that such legislation should not be restrictive. Again,
there is need for an enabling environment for agriculture including input supplies,
infrastructure support services, market, etc. Finally, there is urgent need for scientific humanresource development in the critical areas such as plant breeding, animal breeding, crop
protection, veterinary medicine, fermentation, molecular biology and bio-safety.

5.2.3 Current Status of GM Research and Innovation in Uganda
Dr.Andrew Kiggundu, National Agricultural research Laboratories, Kawanda
In his presentation, Dr. Kiggundu observed that increasing crop and animal productivity,
improved human and animal health, industrialisation and a safe environment are importantfor improving food security, poverty eradication and national development in Uganda.

56 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceInvestment in modern biotechnology is one of the options that can significantly contribute tothis national development which is the new engine of economic transformation. Choicebiotechnologies such as agricultural biotechnology, medical biotechnology, environmental
biotechnology, industrial biotechnology, bio-safety and bio-policy can be developed andapplied to realize this goal.
According to Dr. Kiggundu, traditional breeding has failed in some aspects to sustain foodsecurity and leads to the release of new varieties that may have high yield but not desired by
farmers. GMOs of local crops will have resistance to disease, drought and also preferred by
farmers. He noted that farmers have cultural attachments to their specific crops which make it
difficult for them to accept new crops with different tastes. He narrated the need for
agricultural biotechnology including subsistence production, conventional cross breeding,and noted that biotechnology offers leverage over the breeding constraints. He identified
some challenges of adoption of GM tech in country including some production constraints
such as pests and diseases and plant architecture. He remarked that biotech has the capacity toaddress the production constraints which the normal breeding cannot achieve.
According to stakeholders’ analysis in Uganda, banana is the most important food crop andsecond most important cash crop. It is high yielding staple food (up to 60ton/ha/yr) and isleast disturbed by season imperfectability thereby providing food and income for households
all year round. Banana also has high industrial potential.
Efforts are being made in Uganda through the national agricultural research organizations(NARO) to support the regeneration of genetic materials and other progress on technology
testing such as bacteria wilt testing and production of vitamin A enhanced bananas. The goalof biotechnology in banana production will therefore be to address key problems for whichconventional breeding has not been successful. To do this, there is need to acquire capacity inbiotechnology in terms of infrastructure and trained personnel. At NARO, Uganda, the key
biotechnologies developed are; embryogenic cell suspensions and regeneration systems;
transformation system; genes for key constraints; transgenic plants (in progress); evaluationof GM plants, bio-safety and de-regulation; distribution of clean planting materials and genediscovery from within the crops. Progress on technology testing has also been made inbacterial wilt resistance, banana weevil and nematode resistance, and improved micronutrients in banana. Other crops receiving attention at the research organization on genetic
modification are; cassava, maize, cotton, rice, sweet potato, and groundnut.
He however enumerated some challenges to the biotechnology adoption in the country toinclude inadequate human capacity, poor utilities, inadequate laboratory supplies andprocurement, poor capacity for laboratory equipment maintenance, inadequate publicawareness, poor funding, inadequate policy and regulatory framework, amongst others. He
identified future plans for biotechnology to thrive in the country to include:•

Advocate for quick enactment of the enabling law on biotechnology•

Continued capacity building•

Investment in demand-driven and impact oriented
strategy highlighting specific projects underway)

57 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference

research (Nationwide R&D

•Strengthen public and private biotech linkages to fully exploit biotechnology publicprivate-partnerships (PPP)•

Integrate the use of biotech tools into research and training•

Promote and strengthen partnerships with the donor, research communities andregional networks e.g. USAID, NEPAD, ASARECA, BECA, COMESA•

Establish bio-safety competence for the safe commercial utilization of biotechnology•

Continued public awareness and education•

Networking amongst institutions involved in biotechnology

5.2.4 Preparedness of Tanzania to Utilize Genetically Modified Technology
Roshan Abdallah and G. Bamwenda, Agricultural Innovation Research Fondation (AIRF),
Arusha, Tanzania

In her presentation, Dr. (Mrs) Roshan Abdallah noted that the application of biotechnology in
Tanzania is considered in the context of the country’s need for more food and the survival of
its people. She recalled that worldwide, besides food, biotechnology has been applied in
medicine, public health, industry and environment. She identified some crops where
biotechnology has been applied in Tanzania to include maize, cassava, striga, and banana.
She also noted that tissue culture techniques to address constraints of disease free planting
materials and rapid improvement in crop production is now routinely applied in several
institutions in Tanzania to crops such as pineapple, cashew nut, sweet potatoes, vanilla, andcoconut. Some of the institutions that conduct tissue culture techniques are:

Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute (MARI) in Dar es Salaam,

ARI Mlingano in Tanga,

ARI Uyole, Mbeya

Horti-Tengeru (Arusha)



Kizimbani Agriculture Research Station (Zanzibar),

Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Arusha

Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)

Tanzania Coffee Research Institute (TACRI)

Some of the institutions also use DNA marker technology to identify genetic linkages for
qualitative and quantitative traits, which simplifies the genetic improvement and diseasediagnostics. SUA has established a state of the art Genome Science Centre, which supports
research and postgraduate training in the area of functional genomics and bioinformatics. The
Genome centre has facilities for; cDNA works, printing microarrays using a high throughput
GENETIX microarrayer, 4-colour scanning of arrays, and facilities for cold storage.

58 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceShe noted that the first GM research technology is conducted at ARI, Mikocheni and is on
cassava in a contained environment. She further noted that the next GM research is on Water
Efficient Maize (WEMA) and will be carried out in a confined field trial.
Some bio-safety legal framework that supports the development and use of GM technology inthe country are; Biotechnology policy (2010); Environment Management Act, 2004; Plant
Bio-safety Regulations (2009); Bio-safety Guidelines; and the Standard Operating
Procedures. On the other hand some institutional framework supporting the GM technology
in a value chain approach are; National Bio-safety Focal Point (NBFP); National Bio-safety
Committee (NBC); National Biotechnology Advisory Committee; Ministerial Competent
Authorities; Plant Bio-safety CoE; and the Institution Bio-safety Committees (IBC).
However, she reported that the Tanzanian public is not fully aware of the benefits, risks andrisk management options of the GM technology. This has resulted in uncertainty in decision
making processes by policy makers when it comes to adoption of GM technology. She
stressed the need for the public to understand about the technology itself, its benefits, risks
and what can be done to mitigate the risks. In order to achieve this, good political will,policies, functional legal and institutional framework must be in place. The public confusion
about risks and benefits of GM technologies should be addressed by the government whom
the people have trust in while farmers who are the backbone of food security must also beaware of the technology and create demand for it. The public must therefore be adequately
mobilized through dialogues to participate in the national policy making processes regarding
GM technology. Effective communication in local languages becomes imperative to therealization of public engagement.
The government is encouraged to continue providing effective leadership and allocate more
funds to R&D in GM technology. They should support and facilitate regional harmonizationand cooperation for the development of knowledge, skills and sharing of facilities and mustensure that the country is not left behind in the increasingly knowledge based global biotech
economy. It is important the bio-safety legal and institutional frameworks are functional andpractical if the ultimate goal of GM technology is to be realized. The partnership between the
public and private sectors in the GM technology also needs to be adequately harnessed inorder to ensure productivity and sustainability in the system. Dr. Abdallah concluded bystating that in order to ensure that Tanzania is in a position to harness the benefits of thispowerful technology, debate should be about which policies need to be formulated, which
regulations need to be in place, and what research should be performed for the growth of the
Tanzania economy.
.
5.2.5 The Virca Project and Issues Arising
Dr. Douglas W. Miano,University of Nairobi, Kenya
Dr. Miano in his presentation emphasized the strategic importance of cassava as a staple foodin Africa. He noted that the foliage, stem and roots are all useful in providing income andfood for humans as well as livestock. According to him, cassava is a strategic crop forincreasing food supply, reducing hunger and responding to food emergency crises.
Irrespective of its importance cassava production in Africa is threatened by concurrent
epidemics of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava brown streak disease (CBSD)
which are expanding rapidly in range, incidence and severity. In East Africa alone, CMD and

59 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceCBSD are estimated to be causing losses in excess of US$180 million annually. The major
challenge to the management of the two diseases which are transmitted by the Whitefly is thecontinuous presence of the viruses and the vector throughout the year; the attachment offarmers to particular cultivars which are susceptible to the diseases; and the limited sources ofresistance to viruses.
He stated that it was this situation that led to the current project on virus resistant cassava
whose mission and vision is to enhance the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in East Africa
by delivering farmer-preferred cassava varieties genetically enhanced to resist serious virus
diseases; and reduce incidence of cassava virus diseases affecting the food security of 30
million Ugandans and Kenyans respectively. He noted that approvals have already beenobtained from regulatory authorities in Kenya and Uganda to conducted confined field trials
reporting that so far, a total of 9 field experiments have been conducted (7 in Uganda and 2 in
Kenya). The parameters being assessed were disease severity, disease incidence, and virus
incidence.
The first VIRCA Product, called Virus-Resistant TME204, is natural, has a robust resistanceto CMD, popular for taste and yield, number one variety in farmer participatory trials, buthighly susceptible to CBSD. It has no unintended effects on agronomic characteristics, taste,quality and its transformation with RNAi is resistant to UCBSV and CBSV. He concluded bystating that more efforts are being put in place to finalize VIRCA product development
through event selection, assurance of appropriate regulatory measures and effective
communication with relevant stakeholders including governments, farmers and researchers.
He called for the supports of these stakeholders in ensuring that the mission and vision of
VIRCA is accomplished.

5.2.6 Nanotechnology: Key to Meeting the Millennium Development Goals
Mr. J.K. Kiplagat, Ministry of Industrialization, Nairobi, Kenya
Mr. Kiplagat described nanotechnology as the study, design, creation, synthesis,
manipulation, and application of functional materials, devices, and systems through control ofmatter at the nanometer scale. He enumerated the areas of application of nanotechnology toinclude in information technology, in energy, medicine and consumables. Under information
technology, smaller, faster, more energy efficient and powerful computing and other IT-based
systems have been developed. Under energy systems, more efficient and cost effective
technologies for energy production including solar cells, fuel cells, batteries and bio fuels
have also been developed. In medicine, nanotechnology have been used in cancer treatment,bone treatment, drug delivery, appetite control, drug development, medical tools, diagnostic
tests, and imaging.
He pointed out that nanotechnology can be applied in meeting the eight millennium
development goals of the United Nations. He particularly identified five MDGs where
nanotechnology has already been applied as shown in Table 1. These areas include eradicate
extreme poverty and hunger (MDG 1); reduce child mortality (MDG 4); improve maternal
health (MDG 5); combat HIV/AIDS and other diseases (MDG 6); and ensure environmental
sustainability (MDG 7).

60 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceTable 1: Nanotechnology applications that addresses five MDGs
S/N

Applicationsof Examples of Technologies
Nanotechnology

1

Energystorage,production
andconversion
Agricultural
productivity
enhancement

23

Water treatment andremediation

4

Disease diagnosis
and screening












5

Drug
systemsdelivery

6

Food processing andstorage

7

Air pollution andremediationConstruction

9Health monitoring




10

Vector anddetection
control

8

pest
and




Photovoltaic cells and organic light-emitting
devices
Carbon nanotubes
Nonporous zeolites for slow drug-release
Nanocapsules for herbicide delivery
Nanosensors for soil quality
Nanomembranes for water purification
Nonporous zeolites & atta clays for water
purification
Nanosensor arrays based on carbon
nanotubes
Quanum dots for disease diagnosis
Anti-body detrimers for diagnosis of HIV-1
and cancer
Nanocapsules, dentrimers, nanobiomagnets
and attapulgite clays for slow drug releasesystems
Nanocomposites for use in food packaging
Antimicrobial nanoemulsions for foodequipment
Nanoparticle photocatalytic for self-cleaningsystems
Nanocatalysts for more efficient catalytic
converters.
Nanomolecular structures for asphalt andconcrete.
Nanomaterials for durable housing surfaces.
Nano-tubes & -particles for glucose,CO2,&cholesterol sensors for insitu homeostasis
monitoring
Nanosensors for pest detection
Nanoparticles for pesticides & insecticides

Target
MDGs
VII

I,
IV,
V,VII
I,
IV,
V,VII
IV,
VII

V,

IV,
VII

V,

I, IV, V

IV,
VII

V,

VII

IV,
VI

V,

IV,
VI

V,

Mr. Kiplagat concluded his presentation by noting that the applications of bio-and nanotechnologies are potentially the key drivers for sustainable development but must overcome
many roadblocks in their development, deployment and diffusion. He stressed theopportunity provided by nanotechnology in meeting five key MDG goals especially in foodsecurity, energy provision and access to water but noted that the health and environmental

61 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferenceimpacts associated with exposure to many of the engineered nanomaterials are still uncertain
hence the need for occupational health regulations must be in place.

5.2.7 Studies on Nanobiotechnology Control of Agricultural Pests and Pathogens for
Food Security and Safety
Ms. Aruah Chinenye B. National Biotechnology Development Agency (NBDA), Southeast
Zonal Centre, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
In her presentation, Ms. Aruah noted that nanotechnology, the science of working withsmallest possible biological particles, raises hopes for future agriculture in Africa by breaking
the barriers that cannot be addressed by conventional breeding technology. She recalled thatmuch of the problems facing agricultural productivity and sustainability are both pre andpostharvest losses usually due to pests and pathogens. These cause serious damage to crop
thereby reducing their yield, quality, and their commercial values. According to her, pests
appear to be economically more important than disease in relation to food security and safety
because some pests are disease vectors while others create entrance for pathogens. Somepests are difficult to control with available technologies and large differences exist in theefficacy of pest control. The resistance of the causative agents of agricultural products
coupled with potential health hazard on the environment gave birth to search for alternative tosynthetic chemicals. The development of nanotechnology and biotechnology has significantly
expanded the application domain of nanomaterials in the field of agriculture and other areas.
Nanotechnology has therefore been useful in the production of safe pesticides, insecticides,
etc for the control of pests and pathogens. For example, it has been reported that
Photocatalytic and microbiocidal nanoparticles (NPs) are employed for pesticide degradation,
detection and in control food spoilage, respectively. Nanotechnology has the potential for
efficient delivery of chemical and biological pesticides using nanosized preparations or
nanomaterial based agrochemical formulations. The development of biopesticides stimulates
modernization of agriculture and will, without doubt, gradually replace chemical pesticides.
The benefits of nanomaterial based formulations are the improvement of efficacy due tohigher surface area, higher solubility, higher mobility and lower toxicity. Materials such as
nano-clays and layered double hydroxides possess good biocompatibility, low toxicity andpotential for controlled release. Agrochemicals such as fertilizers (nitrate), plant growthpromoters (α-naptheleneacetate), and pesticides (4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) butyrate) are
deployed using double layered hydroxides.
She also gave examples of nano formulations using plant extracts such as the essential oilfrom garlic loaded on polymer NPs (240 nm) and coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) toevaluate their insecticidal activity against adult Tribolium castaneum. Silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs) are synthesized using aqueous leave extracts of Euphorbia prostrata andsuccessfully used for controlling Sitophilus oryzae in rice. She also gave examples of nanoformulations using microbes. Microbes and microbial products such as bacteria, viruses andfungi can function as biological control agents against insect pests.
She however noted that the future of nanotechnology is uncertain due to many reasons suchas; lack of public awareness, negative reaction of the public towards nanoparticles, lack ofmany of the requisite skills in public agricultural research organizations, and ill-equipped and

62 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencesomewhat hesitant regulatory structures to deal with these new technologies. In conclusion,
she maintained that nanotechnology may have concrete solutions against many agriculturerelated problems such as insect pest management; adverse effects of chemical pesticides; anddevelopment of improved crop varieties. However, nanotechnology has the potential torevolutionize the existing technologies used in various sectors including agriculture in thenear future. Its products can be used in a number of ways to reduce disease levels and preventthe development and spread of pathogen, thus preserving yield and quality.

5.2.8 Practical Application of Modern Biotechnology Tools to Musa Breeding in
Nigeria: Potentials for Increased Production
Oselebe, H. O.1, Obi, I. U. 2, Uguru, M. I. Ebonyi State University, University of Nigeria,
NsukkaThe breeding of plantains (Musa species, AAB) in Nigeria had been approached through 4x –2x breeding scheme to generate triploid hybrids. In this process, several factors wereobserved to impede rapid progress, including variations in genome size and structure within
and across generations which reduces the accuracy of predicting progeny value from parental
performance. The objectives of the study were to: a) assess the potential of early screening of
4x (AAAB) - 2x (AA) Musa breeding populations for discriminating ploidy and genome
classes based on Flow Cytometry and genome-speciﬁc RAPD analysis, b) study the
relationship between parents and offspring from 4x-2x families using amplified fragment
length polymorphism (AFLP), c) evaluate the agronomic performance of progenies ofreciprocal (4x – 2x versus 2x – 4x) crosses in Musa to understand how gender or ploidy
affect the inheritance of quantitative traits, d) assess the potentials of use of biotechnology
tools to enhance plantain and banana production in Nigeria.
The study was carried out at the High Rainfall Station of the International Institute ofTropical Agriculture in Onne (4º 43’ N, 7º 01’E, 10 m above sea level). Results indicated thatprogenies of 4x-2x crosses produced predominantly 3x progenies (94.1%). RAPD analysis
identiﬁed seven genomic classes, dominated by AAA and AAB conﬁgurations segregating
1:1 (χ2 = 0.21, P = 0.05). Five AFLP +3 primer pairs produced 2158 polymorphic bands
among the hybrids and parental lines with segregation distortion occurring in the population.
The marker similarity index between hybrids in different families ranged from 33.0 to 90.0%,
while the genetic distance (GD) ranged from 10% to 67%. The mean contributions of the 4x
and 2x parents to their progenies were 0.9: 1.2, respectively. Diploid progenies
predominantly produced from 2x – 4x crosses were shorter plants, took shorter time to flower
and produced smaller bunches compared to 3x progenies from 4x - 2x crosses. The
differences in reciprocal breeding outcomes were attributed to complex microsporogenesis inparents of higher ploidy level. However, the use of biotechnology tools for increased plantainand banana production was highlighted.

63 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference5.2.9 Animal Genetic Resources, Intellectual Property Rights and Traditional
Knowledge: Quo Vadis?
Eliamani Laitaika Tanzania Intellectual Property Rights Network (TIP-NET), Tanzania
Ms. Laitaika described genetic resources (GR) as part of animal, plant or human bodycontaining functional units of heredity. She categorized genetic resources into three namely:
human genetic resources; GR for food and agriculture (encompassing animal genetic
resources and plant genetic resources; GR in the context of biodiversity narrowly defined to
exclude human GRs and GRs for food and agriculture. She however explained that her
discussion focused on the animal genetic resources.
One of the issues of concern in dealing with genetic resources is the intellectual property (IP).
This is the property emanating from creation of the human intellect or mind (WIPO, 1998).
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) is a legal instrument used by governmental authorities toprotect IP. This can be in the form of Copyright, Patent and Trademark. All IPRs are
territorial in nature. She went further to explain that IP differs from other forms of property as
they are non rivalrous (i.e. one use does not preclude another); non-excludable (i.e.
possession does not control access); and inexhaustible (i.e. ideas are in infinite supply) (deBeer 2005:14).
On the other hand, traditional Knowledge (TK) is a non conventional knowledge heldcollectively by communities and transmitted through oral tradition. She explained that TK
and Indigenous Knowledge (IK) differ in the sense that TK is broader and not confined to“indigenous people“ while IK is a traditional knowledge system. Studies on TK andnegotiations within the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) have led to
distinction between TK stricto sensu and traditional cultural expressions TCEs also referred
to as expressions of folklore EoF. While TK stricto sensu means the “technical” aspects of
TK such as traditional medicinal knowledge, animal husbandry, etc, the TCEs/EoF is the“artistic” part of traditional knowledge such as songs, clothing, riddles, etc.
Giving illustrations on how the conventional IP and TK works, Ms. Laitaika remarked that if
Mr. ‘A‘ goes to Village 'Z‘ and records a song and goes back to country B“ and makes analbum, “A“ is the copyright holder of the copyright. Similarly if Ms. “C“ goes to Village “D“
learns of the use of plant “E“ for treating ailment “F“ takes such genetic resources anddevelops drug “G“ and obtain a patent, “C“ holds the patent right. A patent is a legal right tocontrol exploitation of one‘s invention granted by governmental authorities in exchange fortechnical information which later becomes a part of public domain. The criteria for patenting
is that such an invention has to be novel, inventive, not anticipated by prior art, and not
expressely prohibited by law e.g. for morality. Nevertheless, the World Trade Organization’s
Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS Agreement) of 1995
allows member countries to exclude plants and animals from patentability. However, there isan obligation to create “sui generis” systems for plants but there is no such obligation foranimals. She identified some international legal instruments that may be relevant for theunderstanding and application of animal genetic resources. These include; Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD) 1992; The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, 2000; The WTO
Agreement on Agriculture, 1994; The WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary andPhytosanitary Measures.

64 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceShe recommended that a comprehensive intellectual property strategy is needed in order tobalance between “embracing technology” and protecting indigenous breeds which play a vitalrole for food security among local communities. She called for the Farmers’ Rights in Plant
Genetic Resources

Discussions
How do we ensure that the GM on confined field trials (CFT) is not accessed until theregulations approve of it?
Ans: All researches on CFT are conducted in a safe, well protected environment that will
prevent outsiders from accessing the plots.
How much will the small holder farmers gain from research and use of GM seed/product?
Ans: In Burkina Faso, 70% royalty are given to farmers while 30% goes to Monsanto.
Comment: There is need to adapt field tried crops in temperate region for tropical crops
Comment: If STI is taken to the next level, it could lead to social innovation and culturalchange. However, the question is “is Africa ready for the high technologies”?
Comment: There is a general consensus that African lacks the requisite capacity toeffectively carry out research and development on GM technology, hence the need forcapacity building and strengthening across various levels including scientists, policymakers,
private sector actors, etc.
Comment: Labeling is so important for GM technology and there is need to agree on whatshould be or not labeled. However, some critics believe that it will be unwise to talk aboutlabeling when the technology in Africa is yet not developed.
Comment: Increasing public private partnership in the agricultural sector could help to
support the development of the GM technology.
Comment: The role of extension service at public and private levels is important in making
new technologies such as GM to easily be accepted by farmers
Comment: There is need to strengthen linkages between researchers and policymakers.
Capacity in GM is required at all levels including development, regulatory, implementation,
bio-safety, etc. Capacity requires knowledge and information.
Comment: Crops from GM have added values when compared to the traditional crops.
Comment: There is need for the continuity of programmes and its implementation withgovernance structures strengthened to support new technology development and use
Comment: There is need to understand that Africa is heterogeneous and hence such
uniqueness need to be taken into consideration in technology transfers. Such heterogeneity
may play out in culture, religion, traditions, norms, etc.

65 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceKey Observation and Recommendations on Subtheme 2: Governance of STI including
Genetics for Farming, Biotechnologies, Nanotechnologies and Indigenous Knowledge
Systems
Observation:
Delegates on the subtheme 2 observed that the emerging technologies provide significant
potentials to improve agricultural productivity and food self-sufficiency.
Recommendations
Based on the forgoing observation, delegates recommended that there is need for:

Capacity building and strengthening including increased investment and financial
support to research and development in Agriculture and Emerging technologies.
Capacity at all levels and in critical sectors. The 1% investment in R&D and 10%
budgetary allocation to agriculture as agreed by the AU needs to be fully
implemented.

Regulatory frameworks and enabling biosafety policies. Where in existent, they need
to be revised to meet current needs. Harmonization of these regulations acrossregional blocs is necessaryPublic awareness, education, training and extension services. The academies ofsciences working with organisations such as ATPS have the role to create awarenessand clarify issues on emerging technologies based on evidence.

Network of stakeholders including policymakers, scientists, private sector actors, etc
working together (collaboration) to develop, disseminate and use new technologies
and innovations necessary for sustainable development. Strengthening the linkage
between and amongst these stakeholders is necessaryPartnership on the new/emerging technologies on equal basis with the developed
economies is key

Need for centres’ of excellence in the areas of new technology to encourage the stateof the art research and development including dissemination and use of the newtechnologiesUp scaling new technologies based on needHarnessing the skills and expertise of Africans in Diaspora. Demolishing ofboundaries that hinder exchange and adoption of new ideas across the continent.

Infrastructural development to enable emerging technologies is necessary

66 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference5.3 Parallel Session Three
The session was chaired by Prof. Indira Nath, ATPS Board Member from The Institute of
Pathology (ICMR) India. The session comprised of papers under Institutional Structures andSocial Innovations for Sustainable Development in Africa. Papers presented were as follows:
5.3.1 Fostering Social Innovation for Sustainable Development within an African
Context
Ernest N. Acheampong African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)
Mr. Acheampong introduced the Social Innovation (SI) project currently
executed by ATPS under the auspices of Rockefeller Foundation. Hispresentation focused on three key issues: understanding the current stateof knowledge on social innovation in Africa, its relationships with ongoing research and policy processes within the mainstream Science,technology and innovation policy research and policy developmentin Africa; identify the barriers to and opportunities for mainstreaming the concept ofsocial innovation in STI policy research and research and development funding in Africa; andidentifying the types of platforms and key stakeholders needed to facilitate cross-sector
collaborative social innovation in Africa.
The presentation was based on the premise that, society underlies almost all considered
economic and technological activity, making it imperative for innovations to respond
appropriately to social needs. The presentation raised a number of salient questions which
included how emerging ideas may respond to social needs, and how social needs may create
new ideas, and how these new ideas may provide solutions to societal problems at the sametime build interactions among society. He pointed out that, social innovation is increasingly
being recognized globally as an integral part of development- addressing some of the world’s
emerging issues for example, fair trade, distance learning, hospice and waste reduction to
restorative justice and zero-carbon housing. This development has come in the wake of the
global economic and financial market crisis in 2008, making creativity and innovation in
general and social innovation in particular essential factors for fostering sustainable growth,
securing jobs and increasing competitive abilities.
Mr. Acheampong explained social innovations as new ideas (products, services and models)that simultaneously meet social needs (more effectively than alternatives) and creates newsocial relationships. Social needs ranges from working conditions, education to community
development and health to strengthening civil society. He further explained that social
innovations are elements of social change that create new social facts, changing beliefs ofindividual people or groups, highlighting the desire for collaboration and enhancing society's
capacity to act. Social innovation transcends sectors, levels of analysis, and methods todiscover the processes – the strategies and tactics producing lasting impact. It may involve
finding and training more social entrepreneurs, supporting the organizations and enterprises it
creates, however, it will certainly require understanding and fostering the conditions that
produce solutions to social problems
He was of the view that’s although social innovation is happening all around us in Africa,very little was known about it. He indicated that, social innovations are becoming norms

67 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferenceamongst African youths particularly in the area of information, communication andtechnology. He presented several examples of current social innovation programs andactivities, eg. Ushahidi, M-PESA, M-Shamba, Farmerline, Tech in Education, AfroVumbua,
etc, which are driving social change and economic development from the grassroots, andadding an extra capital dimension to sustain the African social fabric which is viewed asengine for growth, and as fundamental source of value.
He advocated that whilst Africa’s emerging economies continue to invest in the public, large
industrial enterprise, it was equally important to also invest adequately in social innovations
such as social enterprises which are becoming an integral part of the economy, mimicking thetrue African society – a focus on communities, the people, and social structures as measuresof prosperity. Ignoring these elements that drive the social fabric of society in favour of only
new technologies poses significant challenges including low adoption and sustainability rates,
deepening economic woes, social unrest (e.g. the Arab spring) and unsustainability ofinvestments in new technologies.
In his concluding remarks, Mr. Acheampong observed that by encouraging social innovation,
policy-makers strive to pursue a triple triumph: a triumph for society and individuals by
providing services that are of high quality, beneficial and affordable to users and add value totheir daily lives; a triumph for governments by making the provision of those services moresustainable in the long term; and a triumph for industry by creating new business
opportunities
5.3.2 Social Innovations, Inclusive Green Growth and Sustainable Development: Global
Imperatives and African realities
Prof. Kevin Urama, Executive Director, ATPS
Prof. Urama presented excerpts from a policy paper on “social innovation
creates a prosperous society” submitted to the Stanford Social Innovation
Review as part of a special supplement to celebrate Rockefeller
Foundation’s 100th anniversary in 2013. He described a prosperous society
as the one with several elements that make up for a “flourishing conditionin human societies”, including such indicators as peace and happiness,
economic and financial well-being, individual freedoms and liberties, etc. In other words, aprosperous society consists of economic prosperity and social prosperity which require
coexistence and cooperation of peoples, nations and regions. Creating a prosperous society is
the goal which emerges from social interaction. He indicated that estimate that 50-80% of
economic growth emerges innovation and new knowledge according to economists. Financial
instability and economic crisis have reinforced the call for creative and innovative solutions
for fostering sustainable growth, securing jobs and increasing competitive abilities. There isneed for a fundamental transformation of social, economic and even cultural arrangements,
which the old paradigm of government aid is simply inadequate to tackle in the 21st century
Prof. Urama was of the view that African economies are highly informal, emerging fromsocial innovation, as are technological innovations. There is need to tap into the innovation
history of African countries and to make these explicit so that they can be distributed. He
reflected on the possibility of reverse engineering social innovation just as technologicalinnovation has been reverse engineered in India, using the case example of electronic tablets

68 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencesuch as iPad, and stressing that this was not simply reverse engineering but a great deal ofinnovation was required. This kind of action is both technological and social innovation. The‘good decade’ has emerged from improved governance, skills, and importantly restlessness
among youth who do not want to accept the old ways. Youth are innovating in ways that were
not seen in the past to address social problems particularly with technology. Questioning thecapacity of current generation to harness the restlessness among youth and women to drive
development, Prof. Urama highlighted that technological innovations may requires money
and this is always in short supply, however social innovation is disaggregated and responsiveat the local level, may not require advanced education, and may be a new model. Terms suchas inclusive green growth, green economy, and decoupling economic growth from social andenvironmental impacts have become regular parlance in mainstream economics and global
institutions such as the World Bank and United Nations Agencies, as emerging paradigms topush the sustainable development agenda. Moving this forward requires new forms of public
policy shaped by new models of innovation that address social needs, creating networks forformalizing the informal economy, and strengthening democracy.

5.3.3 The Land Potential Knowledge System (Landpks) Increasing Land Productivity
and Resilience
Dr. Jeffrey Herrick, United States Department of Agriculture, New Mexico, USA
Dr Herrick’s presentation focused on how land potential
knowledge generated from research could foster agricultural
productivity. He opined that for Africa to meet the needs of its
growing population there must be significant intensification andexpansion of current agricultural production. The success ofboth strategies requires understanding the land’s potential
productivity, and its resilience: its ability to resist or recoverfrom degradation. An understanding of land potential istherefore needed by governments for land use planning andclimate change adaptation, and for negotiating land contracts that will ensure that a nation’s
productive capacity is maintained. It is needed by national extension and international
development organizations to target their investments as well as need by individual farmers
to determine how to best feed their children today, while ensuring that future generations will
also be able to feed themselves.
Dr Herrick indicated that much of the necessary information and knowledge to understandland potential already exists in the scientific literature and as local knowledge, but is often notaccessible or easily integrated and shared. Where the information and knowledge areaccessible, the types of land to which they are relevant are often unclear. In some cases, themost similar soil and climate conditions (and therefore the best places to look for successful
management strategies) may exist within a country, while in others the closest analogy may
be on a different continent. He posed the question on how we can use social innovation todrive knowledge in land potential and resilience. Addressing this question, he revealed that
the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and African Technology Policy Studies
Network (ATPS)have established partnership between to develop a Land-Potential

69 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceKnowledge System (LandPKS) with initial support from USAID, following on an ongoing
ATPS social innovation project supported by the Rockefeller Foundation.
Through the application of mobile phone technologies and web-based knowledge engine, the
LandPKS will to allow policymakers and land managers to share and access the most current
information and knowledge for their specific type of land. A secondary function of thissystem will be to directly connect farmers, including women, with nearby farmers who havedeveloped innovative strategies that they have tested on the same type of land. It will also
increase the value and efficiency of existing agricultural extension workers by providingthem with the tools and information necessary to communicate more specific and timely
recommendations to particular groups of farmers (e.g., providing information on droughtmanagement specifically to those farmers with soils that are the most sensitive to drought).
The LandPKS will be piloted in Kenya and Namibia in 2014 following the development of
the knowledge engine and mobile phone applications in 2013. These countries were selected
because they include a broad range of biophysical conditions (soils and climate), large areasthat are currently undergoing different types of land use change, a diversity of land ownershipsystems (communal, private and public), and very different levels of local knowledge, andmanagement objectives, including both agricultural production and biodiversity conservation.
It is expected that LandPKS following successful pilot implementation will be made available
globally.
In his concluding remarks, Dr Herrick stated that like many other social innovations, thedevelopment and implementation process of the LandPKS will rely strongly on partnerships
as the benefits of participating in the system are expected to vastly exceed adoption costs forboth individuals and organizations.
5.3.4 Economic Growth’s Secret Weapon: Innovation & Entrepreneurship
Mr. Denis C. Fourie, The Trusted Advisor, South Africa
As a highly successful entrepreneur, Mr Fourie asserted that Africa is one of the world’s
most appealing continents and home to Innovation, Vision, Entrepreneurship, Passion, andDetermination, yet its potential and market remains untapped and underrated. The question
then raised is: with all these attributes, why is Africa dealing much poverty, unemployment
and so? He was of the view that African economies are not growing fast enough and African
governments do not invest enough into these skills, raising a further question of how Africa
can grow its economy to the point of alleviating poverty and unemployment and what
governments should be doing differently. He noted that whilst there may be several answers,
mostly theoretical, from experts across the globe, the answer is simple: “Start treating Africancountries as a business, utilizing and nourishing their strengths to eliminate their weaknesses
whilst exploring the existing opportunities thereby reducing threats”. This he believed can beachieved through promoting entrepreneurship and innovation in Africa!
Moving forward toward achieving, African countries need to not only provide our younger
generation with the skills needed to become entrepreneurs, but also to promote and invest in
existing entrepreneurs. He indicated that less than 1% of African entrepreneurs have access tofunding locally to start their ventures, with most African entrepreneurs source funding
abroad, which often results in those businesses moving abroad and as a result contributing

70 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencetowards the American, European or Asian economies. Whilst most governments will argue
they provide funding for entrepreneurs, their processes and requirements are often unrealistic
and unobtainable due to the fact that such investments in entrepreneurs are managed bypoliticians and not by business people. Furthermore, most governments are now focused on a
new buzz word, called social entrepreneurship which is not new, and existed for a long time
however its definition within Africa context has been hazy.
Social enterprise is not non-profit organizations unless such non-profit organizations are
generating income from its activities (provision of products and/or services. Social
entrepreneurs unlike NGOs, are not dependent on philanthropy, voluntarism or government
subsidies, but are self-sufficient and sustainable. It is for good reason that governments arefocusing on social entrepreneurship as it shares the responsibility of addressing the challenges
of society with the social entrepreneur. Government no longer needs to fund such throughtheir own social development funds, but rather relies on businesses to improve the lives of
their citizens and help grow the economy. The problem with this strategy is that it is notsustainable given the rate of increased poverty and unemployment in Africa. Governments
therefore need to focus on investing in entrepreneurs, social and business entrepreneurs inorder to grow their economies. Economic growth, employment and equality will only beachieved by promoting and investing in the innovative ideas African entrepreneurs have to
offer

5.3.5 Social Innovation and Economic Growth: Experiences of the Global Knowledge
Initiative
Mr. Andrew Gerard, Program Officer, The Global Knowledge Initiative, USA
Mr. Gerard defined innovation as a new way of doing things in a place or by people where
they have not been done before. He asserted that innovations have been driving to economic
and technological growth in many countries over the years. Drawing from some statistics
from the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) report, he explained that there
is a strong correlation between investment in technology and labor productivity and that there
is almost a universal correlation between investment in innovation and sales from innovation
products. He demonstrated that private and public returns to research and development(R&D) are between 10-30% and 20-50% respectively. Investment in information andcommunication technologies (ICTs) can spur economic growth, e.g. 10% increase in mobile
phone usage predicts 0.8% increase in economic growth (World Bank).
Scientists, technologists, and development practitioners operate in a time and context inwhich challenges are more complex which call for more interdisciplinary approaches thanever before. While challenges are increasingly thorny, a greater number of resources andpotential solutions now exist to solve them than at any time in history. Against this complex
backdrop, one salient question emerges: will existing resources-scientific, technological,
institutional, and knowledge-based be utilized, or will they languish in academic, geographic,or sectoral silos? Going beyond this general question, will available resources reach those
who need them to solve the scientific, social, and economic development challenges mostimportant to developing and Least Developed Countries?

71 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceMr. Gerard was of the view that the answer lies in the collaboration innovation to solve
challenges which has been established in numerous studies. Despite its importance, however,structures that optimize the collaborative effort and resources of participants do not often
spring forth organically. Rather, forging, optimizing and sustaining “purpose-driven
networks” requires intent, tools, commitment, and trust. Where these ingredients mix we see
the effects of collaborative innovation: knowledge creation, transfer of ideas from where they
are to where they need to be, and the potential to find sustainable solutions to toughchallenges.
Illustrating the power and promise of collaborative innovation, Mr Gerard shared theexperience of the Global Knowledge Initiative (GKI) as a case study in how collaborative
efforts in science, technology, and innovation can solve development challenges and produce
economic growth. Since its formation three years ago, the Global Knowledge Initiative has
confronted difficult questions about the nature of innovation and how best to produce
sustainable development solutions. Drawing on examples of best practice in forming,
optimizing, and sustaining international collaborative innovation partnerships using the
Learning and Innovation Network for Knowledge & Solutions model (LINK) in Rwanda, the
GKI built purpose-driven networks by partnering with National Universities to tackle STIpertinent development challenges coffee estates whilst increasing farmers income by 6 folds
and decreasing production coffee loss to Antestia by 30%. In his concluding remarks, hestated that the cost of failing to collaborate is rising; knowing how to structure collaboration,and the type of collaboration works best to increase the rate of innovation, is essential.
5.3.6 Constraints and Opportunities of Promoting Public-Private Partnerships in
Irrigated Agriculture Financing and Management in Nigeria
Ebele C. Amaechina, Eboh E. C., and Nwagbo E.C. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Dr. Amaechina’s presentation focused on the importance of boosting agriculture productivity
for improved economic growth- enhanced income for farmers, reduction of poverty andhunger, and reduction in the burden of food import by fostering public-private partnerships inirrigated agriculture financing and managementin Nigeria. With variability of rainfall due toclimate change, and rising food demand from increasing population, the need for irrigatedagriculture becomes more paramount. He emphasized that irrigated agriculture is potentially
key to national food security as well as individual and community livelihoods at the local
level. The application and management of water use is critical to raising productivity ofagriculture and ensuring predictability in outputs.
In Nigeria, the performance and productivity of many irrigation and drainage systems is
generally below potential due to a variety of shortcomings: Organizational issues such as
unsuitable legal frameworks, incompatible actor interests, or inadequate economic incentives
have all hampered the performance of the sector. At the irrigation project level, insufficient
cost recovery and lack of direct linkages between revenue and expenditure, and between theclient and the service agency are the root of the problems resulting to lower performance.
Dr. Amaechina indicated that the irrigation sector in Nigeria is highly monopolised and social
sensitivity nature of the sector has fostered extensive government intervention that has notalways been financially sustainable. While such arrangements are important, some questions

72 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencearise about these concepts: would it work in situations where the physical infrastructure isdilapidated; what should be the cost-sharing approaches in financing irrigated agriculture;what is the essential set of rights, responsibilities and powers to be included in irrigation
management transfer? How can new institutions or regulations be introduced while matching
past or traditional ones.
The presentation attempted to address these concerns by recommending that the improvementof the delivery of services, operation and management of the irrigation sector by tapping theexpertise and efficiency of the private sector. Private sector engagement and capital
mobilization is necessary for the delivery of infrastructure and services in the irrigation
sector. Whilst engaging the private sector, multi-stakeholders dialogues are very crucial todevelop a broader consensus on water valuation and self-ownership. At the farm level,
farmers should improve productivity to enable them pay for irrigation service supply At the
governmental level, supportive investment and policy environment is essential for investors
to reduce risks in the irrigation sector.

5.3.7 Mainstreaming M-health Innovations with Loosely Coupled Policy Interventionsin AfricaEng. Okuonzi John,Lecturer Kyambogo University, Uganda; ATPS National Coordinator,
Uganda Chapter
Eng. Okuonzi’s presentation assessed the capacity of mobile to technology backed bypolicies to contribute toward the efficient and effective delivery of health services in Africa.
Providing a background to this emerging paradigm, Eng. Okuonzi indicated that healthcare
continues to pose challenges of affordability, complexity and access in Africa. As a result,
24% of the global disease burden is born by Africa with only 3% access to healthcare service
providers. A new area of innovation to addressing the healthcare needs of Africa is theapplication Mobile health or m-Health which is the use of mobile communication and devices
for providing healthcare services or achieving health outcomes. Though the field of m-Healthis evolving in Africa, it is clear that there are few e-Government, e-Health, and Health
Information Systems (HIS) synced policies that take into account the increasing access tomobile telecom infrastructure and availability of m-Health panaceas. He was of the view that
innovations mostly thrive in enabling policy environment, funding and regulations at national
and institutional levels. Therefore, mobile health policies are necessary for leveraging
innovations and creating safe environment for health care service provision.
The presentation examined the current a set of policy issues related to m-Health and a set ofleveraging strategies to improve m-health in the healthcare sector. He noted several
challenges existing challenges which impeded the operationalization of the m-health inAfrica: these included the rather weak ties between policy making and practice on one handand implementation on the other hand. Secondly, the various actors (quadruple helix) in
healthcare provision in Africa are often organised in a segments but loosely coupled way
where separate and semi-autonomous work units specialize in different areas of care delivery.
Thirdly, while it can be assumed that all African countries have the same aspirations for
improved health care provision, the fact that each country is at different levels of

73 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencedevelopment means that not all policy issues are viewed in the same way. Hence there is aneed for loosely coupled policy frameworks.
In his concluding remarks, Engr. Okuonzi stated that, the massive utilization of mobile phone
technology present the health sector with a great opportunity to harness the benefits of mhealth which is emerging as suitable alternatives to effective health care delivery. He
encouraged the development of policies that promote user autonomy, which in turn drive mHealth adoption and hence innovations. He also advised that, responsible authorities should
initiated reimbursement schemes that reward positive health outcomes and support the
adoption of innovations such as the mobile health.
5.3.8 Determinants of Micro-Enterprises Growth and Revenue in the Niger Delta,
Nigeria: Microfinance The Way Forward
Dr. Anselm A. Enete and Miebi Theophilus Gbigbi, University of Nigeria and Ministry ofAgriculture and Natural Resources, Nigeria
Dr Enete’s presentation drawing from a study that was conducted in the Niger Delta in
Nigeria establishedmicro-enterprises as important agents of economic and socialtransformation that deeply affect the lives of people through employment generation,
contribution to GDP and reduction of poverty. The contribution of micro-enterprises often
seem small at the individual level individually but collectively monumental and verysignificant to the overall national economy. In the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, thedevelopment and promotion of micro-enterprises are crucial to job creation toward curbing
the high youth unemployment rate causing restlessness among the youth in the region. The
objective of the presentation was to outline socio-economic and institutional factors that
influence the growth and revenue generation by micro-entrepreneurs.
Over the years, the performance of micro-enterprises in Nigeria has been unsuccessful inmaking the desired impact due to some constraints confronting the sector. Micro enterprises
are faced with inadequate financing making these enterprises very prone to liquidity issues.
The study results revealed that, out of the 120 micro-entrepreneurs that were interviewed
majority of the entrepreneurs were ageing, dominated by female operators. Micro-enterprises
are relatively young in the area and majority of the businesses are small and cannot enjoy
reasonable economy of large scale. The study identified age of entrepreneur, number of
employees, length of experience in business, education, income level of entrepreneurs, asset
holdings, access to market, and access to electricity supply, access to cold-rooms, amount ofloan received and loan usage as key determinants to sustainability of micro-enterprises in the
study area. The study identified the cost of renting stores and loan disbursement hindering theoperation and sustainability of micro-enterprises. Other constraints are high cost of raw
material, access to credit, lack of infrastructural facilities, size of loan received, weakpurchasing power, working premise/location, lack of awareness, availability of raw material
and marketing problem.
In moving forward the study calls for policies aimed at encouraging agro-based microenterprises development by improving the revenue of the entrepreneurs through microfinancing by government and non-governmental organizations to expand market
infrastructures and boost agricultural intensification. It is recommended that government and

74 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencecorporate bodies should take this matter with almost importance to encourage rural and urban
industrialization to improve the standard of living of entrepreneurs.

5.3.9 Examining Institutional Linkages In Climate Change Adaptation And Mitigation:
Implications For Sustainable Food Security And Environmental Quality In Nigeria
Taofeeq Ade Amusa and Dr. Anselm A. Enete, Department of Agricultural Economics,
University of Nigeria
The focus of Dr Enete’s presentation was to examine the existing challenges in institutional
linkages for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation whilst assessing a framework for
effective institutional linkages (formal and informal institutions) and expected roles of the
major actors. He was of the view that effect of climate change is expected to be most severein Nigeria where current institutional framework for effective climate change resilience is noteffective, where funding to agricultural research has been comparatively low, the current
spread of agricultural information and training are poorest, technological changes have been
the slowest and where domestic economies depend heavily on rain-fed agriculture.
In Nigeria, although structural adjustment policies entailed substantial institutional change
and modifications, the attention to Climate Change issues was virtually non-existent for along time. Both government and the private sector who are in a better position to drive theagricultural sector through consistent policies, robust funding and infrastructure development
have failed to accord climate change resilience the priority it deserves most especially fromthe perspective of sustainable institutional framework
Dr. Enete pointed out that adequately addressing these challenges call for proactive
institutional framework that ensures effective forward and backward linkages between theactors in the formal and informal sectors toward sustainable climate change resilience inNigeria. Substantial investments in social and human capital, particularly regarding formal
and informal institutions are needed for institutions of sustainability to evolve. Institutional
co-operation between formal and informal institutions on climate change therefore becomes
the optimal approach to sustainable agricultural development in Nigeria.

5.3.10 Appropriate Innovation Structure For Sustainable Development
Ameha Mulugeta ,Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Ethiopia
Mr Mulugeta’s presentation analyzed current innovations and structures that promote orconstrain innovation in Ethiopia and recommend structure and policy directions that prepares
Ethiopia for the dynamic and innovative future. He pointed out that Science and Technology
policy green paper 2010 for Ethiopia over the past year has failed to promote development
through science, technology and innovations. The policy failed to influence a clearly defined
and weak national system of innovation that contributed to the low ranking (108th) of
Ethiopia in the innovation for Development Report, 2010.In a bid to address that the flaws in
the policy, Ethiopia currently reformulated its STI policy which was ratifies by the House ofRepresentatives in 2012. However, the policy is more focused on technology transfer andrepresents a clear and unbiased vision for innovation development is missing.

75 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceMr Mulugeta remarked that a nation’s innovation system performance is dependent on
spheres of expertiseand the effective interaction that exist among institutions that are engaged
in Science, technology and innovation. He there recommended the establishment ofinnovation centerswhich will provide the needed impetus to harness the innovative ability ofavailable professions, experts, researchers and also bridge the current gap that exist among
research institutions, universities and other institutions fostering innovation in Ethiopia.

5.3.11 Assessment Of Innovative Institutional Arrangements: The Case Of Integrated
Tamale Fruit Company (ITFC) In Ghana
Mr. Francis Kizito Yaw Amevenku, CSIR Water Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
Mr Kizito presented an assessment of opportunities, challenges and potential for further
investments in water management based contract farming systems dwelling on the experienceof the Integrated Tamale Fruit Company (ITFC), a limited liability entity which produces andprocesses certified organic mangoes for local and export markets, located in Northern Ghana.
He pointed out that contract farming (out grower scheme) though still in its infancy in the
country, offers a suitable model to enhance smallholders’ access to water and markets.
Mr Kizito indicated that there are currently no clear cut national policies in terms of contract
farming mechanisms over the years. At best the establishment of out grower schemes werementioned as components for achieving objectives of some projects. The ITFC model depicts
the only water management based contract farming experience currently in the country which
produces organic mango on a nucleus farm in conjunction with produce by its contracted
farmers through the provision of an interest free loan.
The out grower model offered opportunities to increase incomes and reduce risks. Each party
derives mutual benefits as producers earn long term sustainable incomes and the buyer getlarge volumes of organic mango for processing and export. The principal stakeholders
involved in the contract namely, company, leadership of the out growers association, andindividual farmers overwhelmingly expressed satisfaction about the terms guiding thecontract. However, when examined against a set of criteria for successful solutions, theoutcomes of the scheme were mixed: in contributing to smallholders’ livelihoods the model isunlikely to reach the poorest farmers unless special measures are taken to ensure their
participation; on Gender and equity consideration, the model shows that women farmers can
successfully participate, particularly when they have been targeted by donors or receive
support from NGOs; on out scalability, the model depends on largely on high value export
crops limited to areas with good connections to export markets but poorest farmers often
found in remotest areas; on the ease of implementation, with large agri-businesses showinginterest and donors supporting such out grower schemes water infrastructure will be sharedby smallholders, companies etc., but donor investments also. On resource sustainability, themodel addresses existing and potential environmental issues through reforestation and the useof natural fertilizers.
Mr. Kizito presented some major challenges confronting the implementation of themodel/scheme which included the difficulty in establishing mutual trust between

76 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference

stakeholders, information asymmetries and the high transaction costs. But with modifications,the ITFC model holds promise for out scaling in Northern Ghana and possibly in otherregions of the country. The model can offer additional livelihood options for subsistence
farmers in a region characterised by a high incidence of poverty and food insecurity but with
abundant land and water resources. More generally, the trust developed among ITFC thecontract farmers and its commitment to broader corporate social and environmental
responsibility initiatives are important features of this model and its success.
The potential roles for investors included the provision of legal and institutional frameworks
to enhance transparency and to clarify privileges and responsibilities, support farmerorganizations in out grower schemes to ensure farmers’ voices were heard and their interest
served in the long run, ensuring poor farmers participation by provision of affordable credit
and repayment terms that coincided with farming income cycles, safety nets etc., ensuring
women farmers participation by setting realistic conditions for financial support and theprovision of incentives for companies to invest in poor smallholder farmers.

5.3.12 Treatise and Praxis Linking Social Ingenuity And Institutional Innovations In
Sustainable Development: A Case Research In Afar And Boran
Costantinos BT Costantinos, Professor of Public Policy, School of Graduate Studies, Collegeof Management, Information and Economic Sciences,
Common sense would exact an urgent need to bring into equilibrium to scale the destructive
magnitude of industry, untenable demographic dynamics and frantic misuse of resources on
the one hand and development pastoral sustainable livelihoods on the other. Beyond
platitudes and empty pledges, global covenants for a sustainable world have borne little fruit.
The Rio+20 jamboree manifestly projected the mercerization of well-meaning global survival
concerns by financially dominant and compelling transnational companies and client states
which successfully coerced a dramatic barter of the human environment and life on the planetwith admirable succinctness and brazen verve.
The knowledge gap addressed in the research is the link on how local social innovations canbe transformed into institutional praxis in sustainable development at the national level.
Hence, the research questions underpin (1) what social innovations do exist in communities?
(2) What are the environmental challenges to these innovations posed by vectors ofvulnerability and (3) how would technology off set this and what measures are being taken to
institutionalize these innovations into production practices? These call for a requisite need tolook for innovations, which promote appropriate sustainable development administration.
Hence, the key objective of this inter-disciplinary research is to analyze critically thediscourse on people-driven institutional and social innovations in sustainable development
management and elevate this to a higher paradigm of linking the innovations at grassroots
level to national policies and praxis.
Methodologically, the research uses both quantitative and qualitative methods to collect,collate and analyse the praxis in the link between societal and institutional innovations,employing four major techniques of participatory action research user-friendly and peoplebased research, critical recovery of history, valuing and using popular culture, production and

77 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencediffusion of new knowledge. Two communities in the Afar and Boran areas in Ethiopia,
which possess many of the multiple innovation features, have been chosen to participate in
the study. The survival of the pastoral production system in both societies is a function of
their adaptability to the social and physical environment and strategies that are employed tomeet each new challenge maintain the resilience of the system and help minimise unforeseenrisks. The study concludes by proposing public polices strands informed by trans-disciplinary
systems studies that need to be set in motion in Africa so that those strategies can betransformed into becoming the basis for sustainable livelihoods based on social
entrepreneurship and that further innovation capacity development.

5.3.13 Institutional Challenges Of Current Structural Changes In West African
Agriculture: An Analysis From The Benin Case
Dr. Roch L. Mongbo, Abomey-Calavi University, BeninDr Mongbo presented an assessment of the major structural and institutional changes withthat have occurred in the agricultural sector using the case of Benin. He further examined theactual framework of actors, organizations and institutions in charge of agriculture and how
these organizations reproduce their functioning modes of the 1960s and 70s, despite themultiple reforms that took place over the past 20 years.
Describing the current state agricultural sector in most (francophone) West African countries
as “old palm wine in a new pot”, Dr Mongo indicated that staff capacity and the operationalmodes in non-public agricultural research, training and extension organizations, andprofessional associations lag more than a decade behind the structural changes underway inthe agricultural sector. He emphasized on four key structural changes that are taking place inthe agricultural sector. These include: (1) diversification of farm enterprises ranging fromsmallholder and medium size family farms of half literate male, female or young farmers
with differential time allocation schemes (occasional, part and full time farmers), to medium
and large agri-business of natives, or to very large agri-business with foreign financial shares;(2) Scattered mechanization (tractor-ploughing, water-pump and irrigation for horticulture
and rice cultivation) limited to a few farming operations along the value-chains and therefore
constrained by the pace of the non-mechanized operations; (3) Emergence of few industrial
agro-food processing enterprises that contract out to smallholder farmers part of their supply
in agricultural raw material; and (4) New structures of local and foreign markets for farm andagro-industrial products, following a rapid transformation of the food consumption patternsof increasing urban populations dumped with food imports, while new regulations make it
hard to African agriculture to hold any substantial share on western markets.
Working on value chains and innovation platforms at local, regional and national levels;
linking stakeholders at the various levels and lobbying for enabling environment fortechnology development and diffusion are necessary to effect changes in the structural andinstitutional set up of the agricultural sector.

78 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference5.3.14 Enabling Rural Innovations For Sustainable Development In Malawi
Mr. Tennyson Magombo, Executive Director, Arise and Shine International, Malawi
Mr Magombo presented an on-going program which was an outcome of a
research he undertook under the sponsorship of ATPS. The overarching
objective of the program is to build smallholder farmers' adaptive capacity
or resilience against climate change impacts for their improved andsustainable livelihoods, while ensuring economic
Prosperity, social inclusion and protection of the natural resource base in
the targeted communities.
The action research program is based on the hypothesis that utilization of farmers’ indigenous
knowledge and innovations and improved farmers access to markets of their produce would
encourage farmer’s investments into the natural resource base, conserve biodiversity, hence
enabling farmers to mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts for their livelihood security,and ensure sustainable development of their communities and the nation at large.
Mr Magombo emphasized that the program is very unique and complements the Malawi
government’s efforts of eradicating poverty and hunger since it emphasizes in putting farmers
first (i.e. taking farmers as partners) in development projects through use of private public
partnerships (PPPs) in the context of inclusive or pro poor value chain development approachand building up the capacity of farmers to use their indigenous knowledge for sustainabilityof their agro enterprises and hence sustainable development of the communities involved andMalawi at large.
5.3.15 The Impact of Regulation On The Adoption And Diffusion Of Point-Of-Sale
Technology In Nigeria
Ngozi, IhuomaIbeji, United Kingdom
Ms Ngozi’s presentation examined the potential impact of existing regulations on the
adoption and diffusion of Point-of-Sale (POS) technology in Nigeria. The cashless policy
initiated by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) resulted in the introduction of several
technology innovations in payments including the Point-of-Sale (POS) technology which are
aimed at reducing Nigeria’s heavy dependency on cash transactions, supported by. For
merchants and traders alike, the POS technology provides a more efficient and convenient
payment channel to facilitate business transactions.
Ms Ngozi indicated that the contribution of a new technology to economic growth can only
be realised if the technology is well adopted and widely used. However, current adoption rateof the POS technology in Nigeria is at 0.013% of the potential adopters (merchants) very low
compared to other African countries such as Uganda (0.45%) or South Africa with more than
one POS per merchant and far from the projected minimum of 3 POS per merchant by 2015.
This outcome can be attributed to the fact that current regulatory structure appears toundermine the learning and persuasion stages of the adoption and diffusion dynamic process,79 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencethereby limiting the ability of merchants to acquire and use POS terminals. Moreover, thefees structure for POS providers operates outside the standard two-sided market framework,
thereby creating imbalances and distortions in the current Nigerian model. Again there isevidence of duplication of processes and functions, which increase costs to end-users of POS
terminals, and ultimately adoption and usage.
Ms Ngozi was of the view that imposing an operational technology through regulatory
mandates is unlikely to be effective in an industry characterised by network externalities. It
was therefore important that the fee structure facing merchants balances the two sides of thepayment market, avoiding undesirable distortions to ensure smooth functioning of thepayment infrastructure in Nigeria (e.g. POS deployment, maintenance, training, and support).
This may increase costs on the adoption side of the market. Therefore, policies andprocedures promoting the POS technology in payment should grow naturally from incentives
provision associated with its adoption and usage.

5.4 Parallel Session FourThis session covered two sub-themes that delved into youth and gender for sustainable
development in Africa and mainstreaming trans-disciplinarity in STI in higher education. The
session was co-chaired by Ms. Alice Lamptey, a senior programme specialist with the Pan
African University, African Union Commission in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Prof. Malachy
Okwueze, Deputy Vice Chancellor, Administration, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The
papers submitted under these sub-themes were presented as follows:
5.4.1 Youth and Gender Empowerment For Sustainable Development In Africa: The
Role Of The African Youth Forum On Science And Technology (AYFST).
Mr. Victor Emeka Ngwoke, Chair, AYFST, Nigeria and Mr. Abdelaziz Lewani, Vice Chair,
AYFST, Benin
Mr. Emeka and Mr. Lewani’s presentation
focused on the situation of the youth in Africa
and the role of AYFST in empowering the youth
to take charge of their lives and contribute totheir countries’ development. They began byclarifying that for purposes of their presentation,
youth represented persons between 18-24 yearsof age. In other situations the term ‘youth’ could also represent state of mind, status orexperiences. The youth formed 18% of the global population, 87% of which lived indeveloping countries and comprised the majority in African countries. However, the youth
were faced with numerous problems such as unemployment, semi-literacy and illiteracy,
poverty and hopelessness. Most governments designed and implemented development
policies that isolated them, leading to their marginalization in spite of their high numbers.
Therefore, there was need for the youth to participate, engage and be integrated in thedevelopment agenda of Africa.

80 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference

The AYFST programme is the youth arm of the ATPS which seeks to elevate the status of the
youth in Africa by encouraging their participation in STI and empowering them to take boldsteps towards improving their lot. AYFST empowers the youth through capacity building,imparting of skills such as entrepreneurship, knowledge sharing, and mentoring. In 2009, theY I Can (Youth Innovation Challenge) was launched to promote and support innovations invarious fields (e.g. environment, agriculture, health and sanitation) through challenge awards
such as the climate change innovation challenge. In conclusion, the presenters stressed that
AYFST was the voice of the youth on STI and sustainable development in Africa and its
activities were geared towards making a difference on the continent.

5.4.2 Successful Youth Initiatives In Africa: Lessons And Way Forward For Attaining
Sustainable Development
Ms. Constancia Akola Amukhobe, TNS RMS, Nairobi, Kenya
Ms. Amukhobe began by quoting Ban Ki Moon the Secretary General of the United Nations,
who stated that “The world’s young people are a major human resource for development.
…… to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, including the overarching goal of
cutting poverty and hunger in half by 2015….” Ms. Amukhobe enumerated some youth
initiatives in Africa that were championing sustainable development. The main initiatives
were: the Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) initiative by UNESCO on technicaland vocational education and training (TIVET) Program in Eastern and Southern Africa,
Youth participation in development (YPD), African Youth Bio-Entrepreneurship fund
Program, Africa Youth Initiative on Climate Change (AYICC), and the DuPont and 4-H
Youth Development Initiative for Rural Africa.
She said that youth initiatives in Africa had achieved significant successes but had also faced
barriers. The key successes were increased awareness about sustainable development,
participation in platforms that enhanced training and capacity building, acquisition of teamwork skills, support for innovations by government and other stakeholders, and promotion of
the culture of self-help and discipline. She outlined the hindrances faced by youth initiatives
as lack of sustainability or continuity of initiatives once funds ran out, lack of cooperationand support at national level, lack of a clear understanding of the scope and context ofsustainable development, low quality output due to poor qualifications and inadequate
training, and marginalization in mainstream development.
In conclusion, Ms. Amukhobe recommended that there was need to reorient curricula taught
in schools to include sustainable development, to involve stakeholders in ensuring that skills
taught matched job market demands, to continuously strengthen institutions dealing withyouth to boost their capacities, to involve the youth in all spheres of national development,
and to sensitize the public to perceive the youth as change agents rather than trouble makers.

81 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference5.4.3 Empowering Women for Sustainable Development Through STI: The Key
Challenges
Ngozi Uche Onyejeli, Doctoral researcher based in Scotland, United Kingdom
Ms. Ngozi’s study examined the key challenges faced by women in Africa and how they lithe
effect on their participation in STI. She noted that the challenges facing women in Africa
were interlinked, mutually reinforcing and multi-dimensional capability deprivations, harmful
culture, little or no education, poverty and ill health. Cultural practices such as female genital
mutilation, boy child preference, and child marriage were said to contribute to low female
enrolment and retention in school. Ms. Ngozi noted that curricula taught in some countries
were gender biased and did not encourage women’s participation in STI. Further, somegovernments did not have adequate policies and programmes to bridge the gender divide.
Any meaningful attempt at engaging African women in STI capacity building for sustainable
development had to begin with a thorough understanding of the core enablers of constraints
to women’s engagement.
Ms. Ngozi concluded by stating that it was necessary for African governments to design
policies and legislation with a marriageable age limit to enable women attain basic educationof at least twelve years, to adopt and implement the UN convention on the right to childeducation as well as the African Union protocol on the rights of women, to reorient
curriculum to emphasize science and technology, and to provide efficient knowledge delivery
infrastructure in rural and urban areas.
5.4.4 Innovative and Entrepreneur Skills For Employment: A Challenge For The YouthIn Africa
Luckson Muganyi Kaino, College of Education, University of South Africa (UNISA)
Mr. Luckson’s presentation dwelt on the education system in South Africa and examined
three main forms of education, namely general education (prepares the learner for life in a
general sense and for higher education too) vocationally oriented (produces someone who is
not immediately ready for the job market but is well versed in the specific context andenvironment of an occupation), vocational education (produces someone who is equipped tojoin the job market immediately). Education was defined as a means of preparing foroccupational fields and for effective participation in the world of work and development. His
objective was to identify opportunities and challenges presented by these systems and theimpact on youth employment or entrepreneurship. He observed that in some cases, education
offered in schools and tertiary institutions was did not meet market demands, resulting in
unemployment. Unemployment among the youth led to social vices such as loitering, pickpocketing, robbery, and prostitution.
Many educational authorities in different countries had realized the need to prepare learners
for white collar jobs, manual jobs and self-employment. In Africa examples of institutions
where students were trained in different fields to obtain employable skills included: theSwaneng Hill in Botswana (established in 1962), the Village Polytechnic in Kenya(established in 1971), the Emalatini Development Centre in Swaziland (established in 1972),
Tanzanian’s Polytechnic Educations Support Programme (PESP) (established in 1977).
However, there still existed a gap between what was studied in these institutions and what
was needed by employers. The South African school system’s shortcomings had necessitated

82 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference

a new curriculum that provided a number of subjects which mixed theoretical knowledge andacquired or contextual knowledge. These subjects included agricultural management
practices, agricultural technology, dance studies, design, visual arts, accounting, civil
technology, electrical technology, mechanical technology, engineering graphics and design,
computer applications technology, consumer studies, hospitality studies, and tourism. Whilehailing the new curriculum for allowing learners to choose their career fields, Mr. Luckson
took exception with the fact those schools no longer provided guidance and counselling incareer choice, leaving this important role to peers and parents. In spite of the new
curriculum, unemployment was still rife especially among the youth. He drew lessons fromschool systems in Australia, Germany, Switzerland, and South Korea that South Africa could
emulate to limit unemployment and enhance entrepreneurship among its young people. In his
concluding remarks, he emphasized that South Africa needed to reorient its curricula tomatch market demands. Curriculum development needed to put into consideration students’needs and aspirations as well as remain diverse and relevant. Adequate funding anddeployment of competent teachers and staff to learning institutions was critical, as wascollaboration between government, industry and the community.
5.4.5 Bamboo Bicycle and Car: Green Solution To Nigeria’s Transport Problem
Ukoba, O. Kingsley, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
In his presentation, Mr. Ukoba noted that in recent years, the need for eco-friendly
transportation had become apparent thus stimulating an interest in green design approaches.
He interrogated the possibility of a green solution to Nigeria’s transport problems through thedevelopment of eco-friendly bicycles and cars made from bamboo. The objective of his
research was to make a bamboo fixed gear bicycle that was strong and durable, low cost andcomfortable to ride. The bicycle was made from eco-friendly material, thereby contributing toclimate change mitigation through reduction of carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Carbon
emissions contributed to ozone layer depletion leading to global warming and climatechange. Literature showed that bamboo was an environmentally friendly plant, producing
35% more oxygen than wood and with high capacity to sequester carbon. To justify his study,
he observed that bamboo was very fast growing, cheap, and was the closest to carbon fibre
reinforced plastic used to make bicycle frames. Demand for bicycles as a mode of transport
was high and bamboo bicycles provided a cheaper option in comparison with imported steel
bicycles. Bamboo was readily available and its production was labour intensive, thus had
potential to provide jobs to the youth and generate national income too.

Mr. Ukoba outlined the selling points of a bamboo bicycle as: its functionality, amazing ride
quality (i.e. it had four times the vibration dampening of carbon fibre), similar
stiffness/weight ratio of steel, and its uniqueness. In addition he felt that bamboo bicycles
would appeal to people supporting the “green revolution” through the use of natural andenvironmentally friendly materials. He informed the audience that he was in the process ofconceptualizing and designing a bamboo car and would communicate his findings soon. He
indicated that further research was necessary to design bamboo motor cycles, tractors,
airplanes and eventually have a bamboo transport system. Finally, he encouraged third world
countries to embrace locally available materials as green solutions to everyday problems andpotential job creators.

83 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference5.4.6 Youth Development And Engagement In Science, Technology And Innovations In
Tanzania
Basili S. A. Liheta1, Deogratias B. Aikaruwa1, Gerald Absanto1,1 Moshi University College of
Cooperative and Business Studies, Moshi, Tanzania
According to a report by World Bank, 2010 Nearly 50% of the developing world population
is youth and children and there are about 1.2 billion 15 to 24 year olds youth population in
the world and one billion live in the developing countries (UN, 2008). Mr. Gerald Absanto
noted that this youth bulge represents both a challenge and an opportunity for development.
In developing countries, Tanzania in specific, the youths face challenges derived from limitedaccess to resources, education, training, employment, and broader economic development
opportunities and therefore becoming the most vulnerable group in the country.
As part of the solution to the challenges, Tanzania needs a development approach that
ensures full participation of young for creative change especially in Science, Technology andInnovation (ST I). But reactive change requires resource commitment to get it on one hand
and tailored made skill training on the other. In return resource commitment and tailor madetraining would strength youth gain required skills to meet subsistence needs through properly
utilization of resources, promote youth awareness participation in STI, and involve the youth
in social development networks and foster inclusive approach to reduce adverse impacts thatmight be caused by the youth.
The Tanzania national development vision (2025) is a long term desire of the type of society
a nation wants to build over a given time frame. It has a number of objectives and strategies
in which all focus at developing the country to a middle-income country with much higher
levels of human development. A deeper analysis of the vision, poses critical challenges interms of contribution of youth in national development and STI. In scrutinizing the youth
involvement in the development process, STI are therefore imperative. Taking into accountyouth inclusion.
The presentation examined the intervention of strategies that considered the full and effective
participation of youth in the STI development process which included: encouraging andpromoting youth-led organizations and the important role they play in supporting youth incapacity-building and providing non-formal education through skills and entrepreneurshipdevelopment; financial and technical support and promotion of their activities, and providing
young people who are disconnected or socially and economically excluded with opportunities
to participate in science, technology and innovations. This will be achieved through creating
effective and efficient channels of cooperation and information exchange among young
people, their national Governments and other decision makers.
Such information will serve as a knowledge asset for both practitioners and policy makers tofoster activities on youth development through science, technology and innovations.

84 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference5.4.7 Networking And Empowering Youth In Science, Technology, And Innovation(STI): A New Model For Youth Engagement
Kiprono Caleb Metto, YADSTI, Kenya
In his presentation, Mr. Kiprono defined youth as the “transition from adolescence toadulthood, from dependence to independence, and from being recipients of society’s services
to becoming contributors to national, economic, political and cultural life.” The youth
comprised approximately 20% of Africa’s population and 60% of the unemployed. Majorityof the youth, unemployed or not lived on less than 2 dollars a day and Africa needed togenerate at least 10-15 million jobs annually to cater for its unemployed or underemployedyouth. Citing the case of Kenya, he observed that youth unemployment was at 21% and thejob market was unable to absorb all fresh graduates. Ensuring that the youth were integrated
into the economy and gainfully employed would enhance Kenya’s competitiveness in the
global arena as well as improve investment and growth. He stressed that all stakeholders(private sector, government, civil society, academia, and international partners) had to be
involved to draw up strategies and solutions to youth unemployment.
Mr. Kiprono drew experiences from YADSTI (Youth Agency for Development of Science,
Technology and Innovations), an agency whose objective is to empower the youth in STI
through capacity building, networking and entrepreneurship. YADSTI was intent on finding
solutions to development challenges through practical solutions such as employment creation
for the youth. He outlined various government led youth initiatives such as the youth
enterprise development fund and kazi kwa vijana (work for the youth) as programmes that hisorganization would add value to. YADSTI endeavoured to create a networked STI hub thatbuilt capacity and energy for entrepreneurial pursuits by youth in higher learning institutions,preferably universities. Although university graduates made up only 1.4% of Kenya’s
unemployed, they were more likely to grow the economy as “opportunity entrepreneurs” than“necessity entrepreneurs.” The network of STI hubs would initially focus on seven thematic
areas critical to Kenya’s development i.e. agriculture, information and communication
technology, health and life sciences, engineering, energy, environment and natural resource
management, statistics and applied sciences. The key activities of the network hub would becreating a dynamic network, training of trainers and students, providing professional
mentoring and seed funding.
In conclusion, Mr. Kiprono said that YADSTI had teamed up with the government under the
auspices of the ministry of science and technology to develop a purpose driven network toachieve this vision. The network was representative of national, continental and international
stakeholders cutting across different geographical zones, disciplines, and institutions. Several
partners had already agreed to support the new initiative and he invited those interested tojoin the network and contribute to change.
5.4.8 Science for Women: Supporting Women’s Development and Livelihood Activities
Through Science Technology and Innovation
Ezeibe, A.B.C., University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Centre for entrepreneurship and development
research
Ms. Ezeibe’s presentation looked into the importance of making STI policies gender
responsive by encouraging women’s participation. She observed that many national STI

85 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencepolicy making and implementation initiatives did not fully consider the centrality of gender
equity and women’s empowerment. She underscored the importance of gender equity in STI
programmes and stressed that these programmes would not be effective and sustainable ifconcerns and aspirations of both men and women were not taken into consideration. Womenin Africa were marginalized in the mainstream development agenda yet their contribution todevelopment was significant. In agriculture, women provided about 43% of the labour force
and were reported to be almost 20% more productive than men given similar access to land
and inputs. Women comprised two thirds of the world’s population that lacked access to safe
drinking water and were also exposed to unclean energy sources at the household level. They
also had less access and ownership of modes of transport such as wheel barrows, bicycles,
motorcycles, or cars. As well, there were few women in management and leadership positions
in medium and large enterprises. These inequalities played out in science, technology andinnovations (STI) related initiatives. STI could play several roles in supporting women’sdevelopment and livelihood activities in agriculture, energy, water and sanitation, energy andconservation of biodiversity. However, women’s participation in STI was limited by poor
access to resources such as land, credit, technology, information, training and education.
Ms. Ezeibe recommended that in order to achieve sustainable development and meetmillennium development goals, governments and stakeholders needed to find the right mix ofpolicies and programmes that addressed gender inequalities in development as well as in STI.
Enhancing women’s role in STI and developing and implementing STI approaches which
benefited women (science for women) was critical. This would be achieved throughconsultation and working with women in the choice, development and application oftechnologies, providing them access to resources, ensuring their contribution to and benefit
from STI, as well as recognizing and supporting their local knowledge and innovative
practices. At national level, STI policies needed to be gender responsive and linked to spheresof development such as agriculture, environment and energy.
5.4.9 Youth and ICT for Development: Digital Divide?
Irene Magara, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda
Ms. Magara’s paper focused on access to information and communication technology in
Uganda and explored ways in which the digital divide could be narrowed. She stated thataccess to ICT was influenced by numerous factors among them employment rates,
urbanization, poverty, literacy levels, and migration. The challenge of bridging the digital
divide did not necessarily lie in access to ICTs but in other factors such as the quality of theconnection, affordability, relevance of content, legal and regulatory frameworks, effectiveuse, and socio-cultural factors. She noted that efforts towards closing the gap requiredchanging the public’s mindsets about ICTs, robust education systems, gender mainstreaming,and promotion of local content.
Although the digital gap had not been closed, efforts had been made towards achieving thisgoal. They included programmes and activities such as infrastructure development, creationof business opportunities, consumer education and awareness programmes, and setting up
policies and strategies. With regard to telecommunication, five key players dominated themobile phone sector and accounted for 84% of the market. These players were MTN, Airtel,
UTL, Warid and Orange. The Uganda Communication Commission’s main objectives androles in closing the digital divide were promoting national coverage of communication

86 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferenceservices and products, developing and improving rural communication services, andencouraging the participation of the private sector in the development of thetelecommunications sector. By December 2011, mobile subscriptions had gone up by 14%
from the previous year. Other ICT related initiatives that bore fruits included the Kasiisi
project in partnership with One Laptop per Child (OLPC), ICT training programmes for the
youth, and the rural communications development fund (RCDF). In particular, the RCDF wasa government led initiative that leveraged communications access to the hard-to-reach areas
such as rural areas which were not covered by major communications players due to theirremoteness. Other government efforts were the draft national ICT policy framework,
addressing gender related inequalities through inbuilt mechanisms, and encouraging
liberalization and privatization of the telecommunications sector.
In conclusion, Ms. Magara identified some of the barriers to bridging the digital divide as themismatch between political leadership versus the benefits of an efficient telecommunications
sector, weak regional groupings such as the East African Community as well as thegovernment’s role versus privatization. She lauded the telecommunications sector for thesignificant progress it had made towards bridging the digital gap in Uganda and ended with aquote from Carly Fiorina, a renowned American business executive: “Many people see
technology as the problem behind the so-called digital divide. Others see it as the solution.
Technology is neither. It must operate in conjunction with business, economic, political andsocial systems.”
5.4.10 The Link Between Maternal Employment And Child Wellbeing: Evidence FromWest Africa
Ikenwilo Divine, United Kingdom
Mr. Ikenwilo’s study investigated the effect of maternal employment on child wellbeing. He
observed that a mother being in employment could mean one or two things which include; ahigher disposable income for the family which could be invested in the wellbeing of thechildren, or time spent away from the child, which could diminish its wellbeing.
Empirical studies had revealed that there were links between maternal employment and breast
feeding, obesity, dietary or physical activities, and cognitive development. He however notedthat there were other variables that affected child health such as socio-economic factors. The
Nigerian demographic and health survey of 2008 found that maternal employment had aneffect on the frequency of breast feeding and food choice. Only slight differences wereobserved in preference for breast feeding among working mothers (55.4%) and non-working
mothers (59.8%). The same trend was reported for frequency of breast feeding, with bothworking and non-working mother’s breast feeding their babies four times during the night.
Interestingly, during the day, both categories of mother’s breast fed breast fed approximatelynine times. The study however did not elaborate the circumstances under which working
mothers were able to attend work and breast feed at the same time. With regards to foodchoice, working mothers invested more into different food groups in comparison to nonworking mothers. Nevertheless, the study did not provide information about the nutritional
quality of these food groups or factors that led employed mothers to prefer them.
The author concluded by noting that the study was ongoing and more analysis was required
to develop concrete results that could inform policy and decision making. He promised toavail the final results once the study was completed.

87 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference5.4.11 Raphia Palm (Raphia Hookeri) Wine Production: A Goal Mine In Nigeria
Okorji, E.C. and Okon, U., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nigeria,
Nsukka, Nigeria
Mr. Okorji began his presentation by providing an overview of the agricultural sector in
Nigeria and went on to give a case study of Raphia palm wine production and its potential togenerate income and create jobs. He remarked that despite the interest Nigeria’s petroleum
industry had generated over the last forty years, agriculture remained the mainstay of its
economy and contributed 40% of the gross domestic product (GDP) compared with thepetroleum and gas sector which contributed 25% of the GDP. With an expanding populationof 165 million, there was need to create employment and generate national income to spurdevelopment. The Raphia palm was a genera of palm that was indigenous to Nigeria andwhose potential remained largely untapped. The research specifically assessed the socioeconomic characteristics of the Raphia palm wine tappers, estimated the profitability ofRaphia wine production, and identified major constraints to Raphia wine production in Akwa
Ibom state. The results showed that Raphia palm wine was a major economic activity for
older men in their mid and late forties. Profitability analysis revealed that the enterprise wasviable and profitable, with wine tappers making considerable amounts of money. However,there were constraints to production which included high labor costs and lack of credit.
He ended his presentation by recommending that Raphia palm should be included as a key
crop in the government’s list of value crops. Additionally, adoption of mechanization would
help reduce the high labour costs and increase output. Facilitating access to credit andimproved varieties of Raphia palm would also boost productivity and profits. Lastly, there
was need to encourage the youth to take up wine tapping as a source of livelihood.

5.4.12 Leveraging Talent for African Development
Velaphi Msimang, the Mapungubwe Institute for Strategic Reflection, South Africa
Dr. Msimang’s paper underscored the need to invest in the youth and to tap Africa’s talented
minds in science, technology and innovations (STI). He reported that South Africa had comea long way since the era of apartheid and posted economic growth over the last two decades.
The statistics showed that by 2011, more South Africans had access to electricity, safe
drinking water and disposable income. In spite of these improvements, unemployment rates
were still high especially among black South Africans. The average income per household
was lower for black South Africans in comparison with white South Africans. Inequality had
increased over the years and there was need for huge investments in the youth and in talented
citizens too. Investment in education among the youth, infrastructure, clean energy andpoverty alleviation would enable the country meet its development objectives. He cited thecase of three young girls whose plight was highlighted by a local newspaper as that of thedesperate poverty faced by some young South Africans especially in rural areas and in
informal settlements. The three girls sat outside in the night and used light from firewood toprepare for their matrix exams. The irony was that they were studying to attain a brighter
future but the pollutants from the firewood were ruining their eyes and health denying them
the bright future they were working so hard to achieve.

88 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceIn conclusion Dr. Msimang stressed that Africa’s hope for development did not lie in its
mineral resources but in its people. Africa could not compete with the rest of the world
without a critical mass of talented scientists, engineers, technologists, and technicians. It took
many years to develop human capital and the sooner Africa began doing so and retaining it,
the sooner it would reap benefits. He added that Africa’s youth could either be a risk or an
opportunity and governments that invested in the youth in form of science, technology andinnovations invested in development and in the future too.

5.4.13 Maternal Education And Child Health In Nigeria: Implication For Science,
Technology And Innovation
Azubike Achike, Department of Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Mr. Azubike’s study focused on the effect of maternal education on child health and thesubsequent impacts on STI. He noted that children’s health and their development provided
the foundation for adult health and achievement. Education was believed to have the potential
to facilitate care giving behavior in womenSpecifically, the study analyzed the effect of maternal education on height-for-age of child in
urban and rural areas; socio-economic, demographic and environmental factors that affectedchild health in rural and urban areas; and determinants of child mortality. The research
revealed that maternal education mitigated health risk factors in children through childspecific behaviour based on knowledge acquired in school. Additionally, safe drinking water,maternal education, the asset index, place of residence, age of child, sex of household head,and mother’s occupation all contributed to reduction in health risks in children, leading to anincrease in height-for-age of child. Moreover, mothers who were educated were more likely
to have their children vaccinated compared to uneducated mothers. Generally, educatedmothers took better care of their children through access and use of healthcare information.
Incomes earned through employment enabled mothers invest in technological appliances thatsaved time, thus enabling more attention to children.
In summary, Mr. Azubike’s research showed that there was a strong positive relationshipbetween maternal education and child health using height-for-age of child as the indicator for
health. Education also helped to facilitate treatment whenever the child was sick andenhanced good sanitation thereby reducing health risks. Besides, child health could be
improved by educating women and giving paid jobs to educated mothers. He recommended
that the government took measures to enforce female literacy programmes and correct theimbalance in access to education by females in comparison to men. He also encouraged
investment in science and technology as a way to boost child health since STI boosted therole of women as care givers or health workers.
5.4.14 Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Research in Africa’s Higher
Education: Challenges, Prospects and Opportunities
Chux Daniels, School of Business Management and Economics, the Freeman Centre,
University of Sussex, United Kingdom
Mr. Daniel’s presentation explored how science, technology and innovation research andpolicy could be integrated in Africa’s institutions of higher learning. He observed that someof the challenges and tensions of STI research and policy were related to: the interdisciplinary

89 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencenature of research and policy, definition of STI research and policy within the African
context, the STI research agenda for Africa, aspirations of STI versus capabilities for STI
research, collaboration and linkages, decision making and foresight activities, declining
funding, poor infrastructure and inappropriate methodologies. He gave an example of the
University of Edinburgh in the United Kingdom whose institute of STI was highly regardedin the UK and abroad due to its multi-disciplinary approach to STI research and policy. He
however stated that the case of the University of Edinburgh was a unique one and that many
institutions were not very successful in conducting multi-disciplinary STI research.
With regards to capabilities for STI research and policy, he distinguished between
organizational capabilities (processes, routines) and individual capabilities (skills) andstressed that both types were necessary for STI research and policy making. Short term
capacity building workshops focused on skills development had not worked since the 1970s
and there was a need to adequately address the organizational capabilities into which
individuals (experts and policy makers) returned and functioned in after the workshops. For
successful realization of STI research and policy goals, institutional and human capacities
had to be invested in. Opportunities for successful STI research and policy lay in a strong andproductive research base, commercialization, increased research collaboration, highly skilledworkforce, STI capabilities in higher education, government and industry, foreign direct
investments, competitiveness, economic growth and sustainable development.
In his concluding remarks, Mr. Daniels urged governments to set up STI policy research
institutes in selected higher learning institutions across Africa to increase the role andimportance of organisational capabilities, to have stronger university-industry-government
linkages and collaborations, to address gaps in national innovation systems, to enhancecooperation with developed countries, and to increase the role of STI research output ingovernment decision making. He emphasised that Africa could borrow aspects of western
STI policy and research models that worked well and try to implement them. In addition, heobserved that strong, highly robust and world-class universities (higher education) equippedwith STI policy and research capabilities were critical towards achieving Africa’s sustainable
development goals.
5.4.15 Education Implosion In Africa: Mainstreaming Appropriate Education
Technology And Trans-disciplinarity As A Way Out
O.C. Eneh, Enugu Campus, University of Nigeria
Mr. Eneh’s presentation delved into education systems in Africa and the need to reorient
them to current market demands and realities of development. He started by enumerating theimportance of education by quoting Georges Danton [1759-1794] who said that “education is
the second need of people, after bread.” He reported that over the last five decades, Nigeria
had undergone a significant expansion in the number of learning institutions, the number ofsubjects taught and enrolment rates. For instance, between 2001 and 2005, the number of
secondary schools rose by 173% and between 2001 and 2004, the number of university
students rose by 102.8%. Student population rose by 740% per annum for a period of 52
years in one of the universities. In spite of this progress, graduates remained largely
unemployed and lacked the necessary drive and skills required by the market. Outdated andirrelevant curricula, under funding, infrastructural decay, and brain drain were some of thereasons for the sorry state of affairs. Unemployment rates were said to be high because

90 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencelearners were half baked and did not have practical skills required by the job market or
entrepreneurial capacities. Due to unemployment, the school and university dropout rates had
increased, while teachers and lecturers reduced due to internal and external brain drain.
School drop outs became street traders, porters, barrow pushers, house girls/boys, and childmarriage or prostitution victims. The chase for certificates in most cases led to examination
malpractices, with Nigeria being ranked first globally in examination malpractices index. The
poor performance of government programmes in addressing unemployment was associatedwith their remedial rather than preventive approach to unemployment.
Mr. Eneh emphasized that education was not only about acquiring certificates but
functionality and utility. Viable education produced agents of change and development.
Appropriate education technology and trans-disciplinarity were promoted as possible
solutions to the current education implosion in Nigeria. Appropriate education technology isdefined as “a teaching tool that uses the rich environment as a source of teaching/learningmaterials to impart on learners the knowledge, skills and attitudes of the world around themthrough personal contact and experience. It does not place emphasis on the study of books
and charts and/or passing examinations, but on acquisition and application of scienceknowledge, skills and attitudes for the purpose of improving the environment and thelearners’ living conditions. It emphasizes on the ability to explain, show, grow, demonstrate,name, think, and describe among learners. It promotes activity-based teaching through learnerinvestigation, experimentation, exploration and demonstration. It aims at the brand ofteaching that changes student attitude and behavior – and not accumulation of ‘head
knowledge’.”
In conclusion, Mr. Eneh pointed out that African countries needed to shift from theireducation systems devoid of functionality and marketability and added that mainstreaming
appropriate education technology and trans-disciplinarity would empower learners, build
confidence and encourage entrepreneurial mind sets
5.4.16 Integrating Humanities Approaches To Shaping African Technological
Development: The Case For An Indigenous Futures Component In The Science,
Technology And Innovation Agenda In Africa
Oluwafunmilore Adebola, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo
University, Nigeria
Mr. Adebola began his presentation by calling for the need for synergy between STI andother facets of development such as knowledge systems, research and development,
millennium development goals, and sustainable development. He introduced futures
study/futurology/strategic foresight and said that there existed not only one future but many
probable and possible futures. He defined futures studies as “a way of examining the possible
futures of a human community. The goal of such studies is not to predict the future, but rather
to help to build a future that will meet the community’s aspirations, and to assist in making
better decisions that will have a greater chance of resulting in the desired future. This is adifficult undertaking, and the method chosen to guide this effort is crucial.” “In the broadest
sense, futurists hope to inform people’s expectations of the future and to help make theirefforts to shape the future to their worthy values and purposes more effective. In some sense,
futures studies help us to “prepare for the unpredictable.” (Bell 2003). Futures studies apply
methods from a wide range of already established fields such as philosophy, sociology,

91 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conferencehistory, psychology, engineering, mathematics, physics, biology, astronomy and tourism.
Popular techniques include back casting, causal layer analysis and scenario creation. Mr.
Adebola reported that futures studies was not new to Africa but very little research has been
done and the only post graduate course on the continent was offered in South Africa at the
University of Stellenbosch. The primary reasons why futures studies were not common in
Africa included: political tensions over resources, institutionalization of research systems,
lack of research capacity and poor funding, economic lure of other STI fields, and negative
bias towards futures studies.
In his concluding remarks, Mr. Adebola advanced the need for policy makers to introduce
futures studies as a policy issue, to sensitize the public in order to correct bias and encourageinterest, to train undergraduate and post graduate students in futures studies, organize futures
workshops and seminars, disseminate information using the print and electronic media as
well as consider investing in an African futures university that apes the African virtual
university model.
5.4.17 Information Systems Education In Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case Of Kenyan
University Business Students Specialization Choice Trends
Prof. Atieno Ndede-Amadi, Kenya Kountry Business Incubator (KEKOBI), Nairobi, Kenya
The primary objective of Prof. Amadi’s research was to investigate therelationship between Information Systems (IS) awareness among
Kenyan university business students and the choice of IS as a field ofspecialization. She hypothesized that the choice of a field ofspecialization was dependent upon a student’s awareness of its
existence, its utilization in the real world, its career opportunities, andits strategic importance to the country’s economic development. She
defined IS as a technology driven system that is a set of interrelated
components that collect, retrieve, process, store and distribute information to support decision
making in an organization. In addition to supporting decision-making, IS help managers andother workers analyse complex problems, develop new products, and integrate various
modules both within and across departments.
Prof. Amadi noted that although tertiary institutions in Kenya trained computer scientists,majority of them did not offer IS as a career choice and it was only taught in few private
universities or as a course within disciplines such as commerce. Due to the high demand forsystem analysts globally, the few who were locally trained quickly joined the international
market which remunerated highly. IS as an academic discipline remained largely unknown
and unavailable to high school students preparing to join the university and as such, the levelof IS education was low, resulting in a deficiency of skills. The study found that majority(71%) of the business students who had been exposed to IS concepts found it very interesting.
Most students (72%) who had been exposed to IS concepts reported that given a chance, theywould switch to IS specialization and 66% of this group said they would do so out of interest,
while 33% indicated they would switch due to perceived career opportunities. 88% of thestudents interviewed said they felt that the university ought to offer a bachelor’s degree in IS.
IS awareness levels were high among students who had taken IS concepts classes and low
among those who had not. IS awareness as a field of specialization among Kenyan businessstudents was both low and late, negatively impacting its choice as a field of specialization.

92 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference

The study concluded that awareness of IS was low since majority of the respondents did notknow of the existence of the specialization, its utilization in the real world, and its strategic
importance to the country’s economic development until they took the IS concepts course.
The fact that the IS Concepts course made such a major impression on the students revealed
the need to provide more and better career choice information to students during and before
they left high school. It also pointed to the importance of expanding both discipline andspecialization choices, that included IS. She ended her presentation by proposing futurecomparisons of IS awareness and education statuses between countries to identify differences
and similarities with a view to informing decision making and planning.

Questions, Answers and Comments
After all the presentations were made, the group addressed various questions andobservations emanating from each presentation as follows:
Questions
How can continuity of youth programmes beguaranteed?
Are the youth responsible enough to be
entrusted with leadership?

What is the economic advantage of abamboo bicycle over a steel one?
Should we be advocating for gender equality
or equity?

How can STI institutional capabilities beenhanced?

How is system analysis different fromcomputer science?

How long ago did futures studies begin?

How can we ensure that research is
responsive to current development realities?

Answers or Comments
 Through strong institutions and good
leadership to facilitate smoothtransitions
 The perception that the youth aretrouble makers is unfair since majorityof them are responsible. The youth
should be given a chance to provetheir worth.
 A bamboo bicycle is cheaper andenvironmental friendly Equity is what should be promoted toensure fairness in access to andutilization of resources by both men
and women
 Throughfunding,
partnerships,
knowledge
sharing,
propercoordination, capacity building, andchange of attitudes/mindsets
 Systems analysis answers research
problems in a focused manner by
analyzing all the constructs using
available tools
 There is documented researchshowing that they started around theearly 1960s
 By ensuring research is market driven
and solution oriented
 Identification of research problems

93 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceHow can we make our curricula robust andfocused on emerging issues?













How can we address the problem of brain
drain in Africa?

How can capacity building in STI be
achieved?

through cooperation with industry
stakeholders
Research recommendations should bepractical
By developing state of the art
curricula that is holistic
Through creation of centers of
excellence for specific capacities
Promotion of modern technology
Change of attitudes and mindsets
among learners and instructors
Through practical capacity building
Developing
marketresponsive
curricula
Collaboration and partnership withindustry, government, civil society,media and policy makers
Increased funding and infrastructuraldevelopment
Encouraging
andteaching
innovativeness and entrepreneurship
Gender responsiveness and inclusionof the youth Creating an enabling environment(e.g.
through
ICTs,
betterremuneration, change of attitudes andwork ethics) to attract Africans in the
Diaspora
 Internships for students
 Training Workshops and seminars
 Incubation centers
 Centers of excellence Mentorship

94 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference6. Conclusion & Policy Recommendations
The 2012 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop which was held from 19-21 November in
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia was designed to engage relevant stakeholders to deliberate on
emerging paradigms, technologies and innovations for sustainable development: global
imperatives and African realities in a post Rio+20 world. The conference engaged a dynamic
mix of researchers, policy-makers, science journalists, private-sector actors, the civil society,students and policy research advisors in stimulating debates to address the emerging
paradigms, technologies and innovations for sustainable development. Lessons fromsuccessful cases of good partnership and linkages amongst the stakeholders in Africa andbeyond were drawn so as to enhance experiential learning from a trans-disciplinary
perspective. The Delegates were drawn from Africa, Australia, Europe, United States ofAmerica and India.
The conference which was which was hosted by the Africa Union Commission at its
headquarters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia recognized that only the mastery and unremitting
application of science and technology can guarantee human welfare, human happiness andthe achievement of sustainable development goals on the continent. The conference alsoemphasized on the important role of science, technology and innovation, how it isrecognized by African Heads of States in their various declarations including the Lagos Planof Action and the AU/NEPAD Consolidated Plan of Action (CPA).The delegatescongratulated The African Union for their support to its development partners which hasenhanced steady progress mounting to programs and initiatives for the implementation of the
CPA; these commendable efforts need to be strengthened and sustained through targeted
investments in STI policy institutions and networks on the continent including the ATPS.
Whereas African economies have recorded improvements in Gross Development Product(GDP) growth and in the application of STI including the mobile telephony andtelecommunications, and space technology during the past decade, the continent has not fully
reaped the benefits afforded by science, technology and innovation for inclusive sustainable
development. STI led development requires strong leadership commitment and concerted
investments in endogenous capacities at all levels: education, institutions, governance,technology development and transfer, deployment, diffusion and regulation.
Delegates at the conference/workshop noted that Africa has a comparative advantage fortransitioning to a low carbon development pathway that is inclusive, sustainable and resource
efficient; if supported by endogenous research and capacity building, some emerging
technologies and existing sustainable development practices on the African continent canhelp to improve productivity and resource efficiency for inclusive development in Africa.
Social innovations provide opportunities for enhancing economic growth and social
prosperity through youth employment, entrepreneurship and value creation. In addition,
African Universities stand to benefit from the mainstreaming trans-disciplinary research andteaching to overcome the weak collaboration and coordination that exist between disciplines,
universities, industry, the public sector and civil society in Africa. In conclusion, Africancountries are not effectively harnessing the untapped potential of the continent’s bulging
youth and women population for development. Africa’s development must focus on
industrialization, wealth creation and diversification of energy sources to include renewableenergy options.

95 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceBased on the conclusions derived above, delegates proffered the following policy
recommendations: Africa needs to lead its own dialogue on low carbon development and green growth;and proactively invest in the required capacities to ensure African ownership of theinevitable transitioning processes that are unfolding globally.
 There is a need for a shift towards trans-disciplinary teaching and research approaches
to encourage collaboration and networking across disciplines and between
universities, the productive sectors and civil society, with special reference toinnovation-driven value addition, employment creation and inclusive development
strategies.
 In order to harness the resource potential for productivity improvements in Africa,
urgent and significant investments is required in STI education and research to build
endogenous capacities for appropriate technology development, diffusion,
deployment and regulation.
 Harnessing the opportunities for social innovations will require a favourable policy
environment, incentive structures, innovation incubation, training and mentorship
In entrepreneurship.
 Proactive measures to harness the potentials of the youth and women in STI
Policymaking and implementation are necessary pre-requisites for achieving the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Africa
Addressing these policy recommendations is critical to fostering self-ownership anddemocratic governance of STI which are the imperatives for sustainable development. This isurgently needed to ensure that Africa can effectively engage in the rapidly unfolding green
growth paradigm which is likely to constitute the ‘third industrial revolution’.
Lastly, the delegates expressed appreciation to the African Union Commission for its
assurances of continued support for ATPS as a continental think tank and resource to beharnessed for further development and implementation of STI policies. Delegates further
expressed appreciation to ATPS Development Partners for their continued support.

96 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceAppendix 1
Programme for the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop from 11-22 November in
Addis Ababa Ethiopia

DAY 1 – Monday, 19 November 2012
Time

Topic/Presentations

08:30 – 09:00 am

Facilitators:
1) Mr. Murimi Muriuki, ATPS
Registration & Accreditation
2) Ms. Sarah Wakasa, ATPS
3) Mr. Nelson Akenga, ATPS
PLENARY SESSION 1: OPENING SESSION
Rapporteur: Dr. Nicholas Ozor, Senior Research Officer, ATPSTime

Topic/Presentations

09:00 – 09:05 am

Welcoming Remarks by the
ATPS Ethiopia Chapter

09: 05 – 09:15 am

Welcoming Remarks by the AUC

09:15 – 09:25 am

Welcoming Remarks by the
ATPS Secretariat/Objectives ofConference

09:25 – 09:35 am

Welcoming Remarks by the
Chair of ATPS Board

09:35 – 09:40 am

Remarks by a Representative of
ATPS Consortium ofDevelopment Partners

09:40 – 10:00 am

Opening Remarks: Emerging
Paradigms, Technologies andInnovations for Sustainable
Development: Lessons from
Ethiopia’s Green Growth
Strategy

10:00 – 10:20 am

Opening Keynote Address:
Emerging Paradigms,
Technologies and Innovations for
Sustainable Development: Global
Imperatives and African Realities

10:20 – 10:40am

Emerging Paradigms,
Technologies and Innovations for
Sustainable Development in East
African Countries

Presenters

Session Chair

Mr. Wondwossen Belete
National Coordinator
ATPS-Ethiopia
H.E. Professor Jean-Pierre
Ezin
Commissioner for Human
Resources, Science &Technology, AUC, Ethiopia
Prof. Kevin C. Urama
Executive Director, ATPS
Prof. Shaukat A.
Abdulrazak
Executive Secretary, National
Council for S&T, Republic of
Kenya / Chair, ATPS Board
Dutch Ministry of Foreign
Affairs/Rockefeller
Foundation/
Open Society
Foundation/Nigerian Ministryof S&T, etc.,
His Excellency Mr. Dessie
Dalike, Honourable Minister
for Science and Technology
Ethiopia
Prof. Osita Ogbu
Former Economic Advisor to
the President of the Federal
Republic of Nigeria
Executive Director, African
Development Solutions
International (ADSI), Nigeria
Prof. Margaret Kamar
Hon. Minister for Higher
Education, Science &Technology, Republic of
Kenya

97 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference

Dr. Mohamed Khalil
TimamyHead, Environment
Division
Department of Rural
Economy and Agriculture,
AUC, Ethiopia

10:40 – 11:00 am

Emerging Paradigms,
Technologies and Innovations for
Sustainable Development: inWest African Countries

11:00 – 11:15 am

PHOTO SESSION & TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

Hon. Prof. Ita Okon Bassey
Ewa, Hon. Minsiter for S&T
Ministry of S&T
Federal Republic of Nigeria

PLENARY SESSION 2: KEYNOTE PAPERS
Rapporteur: Dr. Nicholas Ozor, Senior Research Officer, ATPS
Keynote Presentations

11:15- 11:35 am

11:35 - 11:55 am

11:55 – 12:15 pm

12:15 – 12:35 pm

Presenters

Mr. Angel Gurria
Secretary General, OECD,
Green Growth and Poverty
Represented by
Reduction: Framing the Issues for Mr. Serge Tomasi
Developing Countries
Deputy Director of theDevelopment Co-operation
Directorate, OECD, France
Professor Lynn K. Mytelka
Professorial Fellow
Energy Transitions, Innovations
UNU-MERIT (Maastricht)& Development: Global
Distinguished Research
Imperatives and African realities
Professor
Carleton University (Ottawa)
Social Innovations & Sustainable Prof. Caroline Wagner
Development in the Global
Milton & Roslyn Wolf ChairSouth: - implications forin International Affairs, Ohio
achieving sustainable
State University, USA
development goals in the global
south
Columbus Ohio
Institutional Structures, Policies
Professor Eric Eboh
& Macro Economic Environment Policy & Institutionsin African Countries:
Economist, University of
implications for Social
Nigeria, Nsukka / President,
Innovations and business
Agricultural Policy ResearchcompetitivenessNetwork (APRNet), Nigeria

12:35 – 01:00 pm

Q&A Facilitated Discussion Session

01:00 - 02:00 pm

LUNCH BREAK

Session Chair

Prof. Turner Isoun,
Former Minister for S&T,
Fed. Republic of Nigeria &Vice Chair, ATPS Board

PLENARY SESSION 3: KEYNOTE PAPERS
Rapporteur: Dr. Mark McHenry, Murdoch University, Western Australia
Keynote Paper Presentations
02:00 – 02:30 pm

Achieving Food Security
and Sustainability for 9 Billion

02:30 – 02:50 pm

Is Genetic Modification to
Answer to Africa’s foodinsecurity? Lessons from India

02:50 – 03:10 pm

Nanotechnologies and
Implications for Achieving
Sustainable Development Goals
in Africa

Proposed Presenters

Session Chair

Professor Chris Leaver
Emeritus professor of Plant
Science, fellow of St. John’sCollege, Oxford University,
UK
Dr. Anupam Varma,
Adjunct Professor, Indian
Agricultural ResearchInstitute, India
Prof. Emmanuel Ezugwu,
Provost, Air Force institute ofTechnology, AFIT, Kaduna,
Nigeria.

Sir, Brian Heap
(ATPS Board Member)President, European
Academies Science
Advisory Council

98 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference03:10 – 03:30 pm

Building the critical mass in STI
capacity in response to theemerging needs of Africa

03:30 – 03:45 pm

Facilitated Discussion Session

03:45 – 04:00 pm

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK
A Strategic Approach toStrengthening the African Higher
Education and Research Space(AHERS) Through Institutional
National Regional andContinental Collaboration

04:00 – 04:15 pm

04:15 – 04:30 pm

African Science and the Scienceof Sustainability in the 21st
century? Perspectives from theAfrican Academy of Sciences

04:30 – 04:45 pm

Gender equity and youth
empowerment in Africa:
implications for achieving
Sustainable Development Goals
in Africa.

04:45 – 05:50 pm

Facilitated Participatory Dialogue

05:50 – 06:10 pm

Dr. Peggy Oti-Boateng
Senior Program Specialist for
Science and Technology
UNESCO, Nairobi OfficeandCoordinator, African
Network of Scientific andTechnological Institutions(ANSTI), Nairobi, Kenya

Ms. Alice Lamptey
Senior Program Specialist,
PMU –PAU, AUC
Ethiopia
Dr. Benjamin Apraku
Gyampoh
Programme Officer Africa
Academy of Sciences (AAS),
Kenya
Prof. Agnes Mwang’ombe
Principal, College ofAgriculture and Vetrinary
Medicine, University of
Nairobi, Kenya & Prof.
Obioma Nwaorgu, Global
Health Awareness research
Foundation, USA

Prof. Mark Swilling
ATPS-South Africa
National Chapter
Coordinator
Sustainability Institute,
University of Stellenbosch,South Africa

Prof. David Doepel
Africa Research Group,
Murdoch University, Perth,Western Australia

Launch of ATPS-Australia Chapter
END OF DAY ONE

07:00 – 09:30 pm

High Level Strategic Planning Dinner hosted for ATPS Development Partners and Key
Stakeholders (By Invitation Only)

DAY 2 - Tuesday, 20 November 2012PARALLEL SESSIONS (D2:P1 – P4)
See Annex 1 – 4 for specific break-out rooms for the parallel sessions: P1 – P4
Session Chair/Lead
Topic/ Presentations
Proposed Presenters
DiscussantsTime

09:00 – 11:00 am

Parallel Session (D2-P1): SubTheme I
Transitions to Low Carbon
Development Pathways:
Implication Sustainable
Development in Africa

All delegates that submitted
papers under this subtheme(see Annex 1 for full programand venue)

Chair: Prof. Lynn
Mytelka,
Professorial Fellow
UNU-MERIT (Maastricht)
Distinguished Research
Professor, Carleton
University (Ottawa)
Rapporteur: Dr. Mark
McHenry, Murdoch

99 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceUniversity, Western
Australia

Parallel Session (D2-P2): SubTheme II
09:00 – 11:00 am

Governance of Science,
Technologies and Innovation
including Genetics for Farming,
Biotechnologies,
Nanotechnologies and Indigenous
Knowledge Systems

Parallel Session (D2-P3): SubTheme III
09:00 – 11:00 am

Institutional Structures and Social
Innovations for Sustainable
Development in Africa

All delegates that submitted
papers under this subtheme(see Annex 2 for full programand venue)

Prof. Sir Brian Heap
Member, ATPS Board;
EASAC; The Royal
Society of London &Honorary Fellow, St.
Edmunds College
Rapporteur: Dr. Nicholas
Ozor, Senior Research
Officer, ATPS

All delegates that submitted
papers under this subtheme(Annex 3 for full programand venue)

Chair: Prof. Indira Nath(ATPS Board Member)
Institute of Pathology(ICMR), India
Rapporteur: Mr. Ernest
Acheampong, Research
Officer, ATPS
Chairs:Parallel Session (D2-P4): Subthemes IV and V

09:00 – 11:00 am

Sub-Theme IV - Youth andGender Empowerment for
Sustainable Development in
AfricaAll delegates that submitted
papers under this subtheme(Annex 4 for full programand venue)

Sub-Theme V - Mainstreaming
Trans-disciplinarity in STI in
Higher Education
11:00 – 11:30 am

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

11:30 – 01:00 pm

PARALLEL SESSIONS (D2:P1 – P4) CONTINUE(cf : Annexes 1 – 4 for time allocations and respective venue)

01:00 – 02:00 pm
02:00 – 03:30 pm
03:30 – 04:00 pm
04:00 – 05:00 pm
06:00 – 09:00 pm

LUNCH
PARALLEL SESSIONS (D2:P1 – P4) CONTINUE(cf : Annexes 1 – 4 for time allocations and respective venue)
TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK
PARALLEL SESSIONS (D2:P1 – P4) CONTINUE(cf : Annexes 1 – 4 for time allocations and respective venue)
Conference Group Dinner hosted by ATPS (Details TBC)END OF DAY TWO

DAY 3 - Wednesday, 21 November 2012

100 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference

Mr. Tennyson Magombo,(Out-going Chair,
AYFST), Executive
Director, Arise and Shine
International, Malawi

Rapporteur:Dr. Edith Gathoni, PostDoctoral Research Officer,
ATPS

PLENARY SESSION – International Roundtable, Recommendations and Conclusions
Rapporteurs: TBC
Session Chair/Lead
Topic/ Presentations
Proposed Presenters
DiscussantsTime

Dr. Mark McHenry,
Murdoch University,
Western Australia (D2:P1) –Low Carbon Development
Pathways: Implications for
Sustainable Development in
AfricaDr. Nicholas Ozor, SeniorResearch Officer, ATPS
(D2: P2) – Governance of
STI- Genetics for Farming,
Biotechnologies,
Nanotechnologies andIndigenous Knowledge
Systems
08:30 – 09:30 am

Recap from the Parallel Sessions

Mr. Ernest Acheampong,
Research Officer, ATPS
(D2:P3) – Institutional
Structures and Social
Innovations for Sustainable
Development in Africa

Dr. Edith Gathoni, Post
Doc. Research Officer,
ATPS(D2:P4 - Sub-theme IV) Youth & Gender
Empowerment for
Sustainable Development in
Africa; and(D2:P4 - Sub-theme V) Trans-disciplinarity inHigher Education

101 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference

Dr. Peggy Oti-Boateng
Senior Program Specialist
for Science and Technology
UNESCO, Nairobi Officeand Coordinator, African
Network of Scientific andTechnological Institutions(ANSTI), Nairobi, Kenya

International Roundtable and Recommendations on Emerging
Paradigms, Technologies and Innovations for Sustainable
Development: Global Imperatives and African Realities(Panellists to make about 4-minute remarks on take home messages andstrategic actions for Africa)

09:30 – 10:45 am

10:45 – 11:00 am

Panellists:
1)H.E. Professor Jean-Pierre Ezin (AUC), Commissiner for
Human Resources, Science & Technology, AUC, Ethiopia2)Prof. Shaukat A. Abdulrazak, Executive Secretary, National
Council for S&T, Republic of Kenya / Chair, ATPS Board
3)Prof. Osita Ogbu, Former Economic Advisor to the President of
the Federal Republic of Nigeria/ Executive Director, African
Development Solutions International (ADSI), Nigeria
4)H. E. Mr. Dessie Dalike, Hon. Minister for Science andTechnology, Federal Republic of Ethiopia5)Hon. Prof. Margaret Kamar Hon. Minister for Higher
Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Kenya
6)Hon. Prof. Ita Okon Bassey Ewa, Hon. Minsiter for Science andTechnology, Federal Republic of Nigeria7)Professor Lynn K. Mytelka Professorial Fellow, UNU-MERIT,
Maastricht and Distinguished Research Professor, Carleton
University, Ottawa, Canada8)Prof. Caroline Wagner, Milton & Roslyn Wolf Chair inInternational Affairs, Ohio State University, USA9)Professor Chris Leaver Oxford University, UK
10) Dr. Peggy Oti-Boateng Senior Program Specialist for S&T,
UNESCO, Nairobi Office and Coordinator, ANSTI, Nairobi,
Kenya11) Dr. Benjamin Apraku Gyampoh Programme Officer, Africa
Academy of Sciences (AAS), Kenya
12) Dr. Mohamed Khalil Timamy, Head, Environment Division
Department of Rural Economy and Agriculture, AUC, Ethiopia
13) Professor Turner Isoun, Former Minsiter for S&T, Fed.
Republic of Nigeria / Deputy Chair ATPS Board
14) Dr Agnes Soucat Director, Human Development OSHD, AfDB
15) Dr. Boukary Savadogo, Higher Education Division, AfDB16) Mr. Ahlin Byll-Cataria, Executive Secretary, ADEA-AfDB17) Dr. A. I. Mayaki, Executive Secretary, NEPADTEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

Chair: Dr. Mahama
Ouedraogo, Head of
Division, Science andTechnology-AUC
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Recommendations and way forward - A Communique to be
produced recommendations from the parallel group discussions
and recommendations from the international roundtable

Facilitator: Dr. Nicholas
Ozor, Senior Research
Officer, ATPS

12:30 – 01:00 pm

Conclusion and closing remarks

Prof. Kevin Urama,
Executive Director, ATPS
Prof. Shaukat A.
Abdulrazak, Chair - ATPS
Board

01:00 – 02:00 pm

LUNCH

02:00 – 05:00 pm

Plenary Session:
ATPS Annual General Meeting(For registered members only)

11:00 – 12:30 pm

END OF DAY THREE
CONFERENCE DELEGATES DEPART

DAY 4 - Thursday, 22 November 2012

102 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceProf. Shaukat A.
Abdulrazak, Chair ATPS
Board

ATPS BUSINESS – ATPS MANAGEMENT AND BOARD MEETINGSVENUE: DREAMLINER HOTEL, ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
Topic/Presentations
ParticipantsSession Chair

Time

Chair: Prof. Shaukat A.
Abdulrazak

09:00 – 13:00 pm

ATPS National Chapter
Coordinator’s and Secretariat
Staff Meeting & Training on
Transformational Leadership

11:00 – 11: 30 a.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

01:00 – 02:00 p.m.

LUNCH

02:00 – 06:30 p.m.

22nd ATPS Board Meeting

03:30 – 04:00 a.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK ATPS Board Members
 ATPS Regional Council
Members
 ATPS National Chapter
Coordinators
 ATPS Secretariat
Management Committee
Members AWFST Executives
 AYFST Executives

ATPS Board Members only

Facilitators:
Prof. Vincent Anigbogu
DG, Institute for National
Transformation USA

Prof. Chris Garforth
Professor of Agric.
Extension and Rural
Development, School of
Agriculture, Policy andDevelopment, University ofReading, UK

Prof. Shaukat A.
Abdulrazak, Chair, ATPSBoard

END OF DAY FOUR

Annex 1: Programme for Parallel Session 1 (Covering Sub-Theme I) - (D2-P1)
Tuesday, 20TH November 2012
D2-P1: (SUB-THEME I) TRANSITIONS TO LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS: IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
Rapporteurs: Dr. Mark McHenry, Murdoch University, Western Australia
Time

Topic/Presentations

08:30 – 09:00am

Registration

09:00 – 09:25am

Pro-poor, low carbon
development: Improving low
carbon energy access anddevelopment benefits in LDCs

09:25 – 09:50 am

Low Carbon Growth Pathways
for Africa: The case ofgeothermal energy potential

09:50 – 10:15am

Inclusive Green Growth,
Renewable Energy Potentials andthe Mitigation of Climate Change
Impacts- Implications for SDGs
in Africa

Presenter
Dr. Robert Byrne
Research Fellow, SPRU
(Science & Technology
Policy Research) and STEPS
Centre, University of Sussex,
UK
Dr. Mohamed Khalil
TimamyHead, Environment Division
Department of Rural
Economy and Agriculture,
AUC, Ethiopia
Dr. Fatima Denton
Director, African Climate
Policy Centre (ACPC)-United
Nations Economic
Commission for Africa

103 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference

Session Chair

Professor Lynn Mytelka
Professorial Fellow, UNUMERIT, Maastricht andDistinguished Research
Professor, Charlton
University, Ottawa, Canada

(UNECA), Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia
10:15 – 10:50am

Facilitated Discussion

10:50 – 11:10am

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

11:10 – 11:25am

Financing Access to Sustainable
Energy for the Poor in Nigeria:
The Public Finance Option

11:25 – 11:40am

Transition to Low Carbon
Pathways for Sustainable
Agricultural Systems in Nigeria

11:40 – 11:55am

11:55 – 12:10pm

12:10 – 12:25pm

Transitions to Low Carbon
Development Pathways:
Implications for Sustainable
Development in Africa
Artisanal Rastrineobola argenta
light fishing on Lake Victoria,
Kenya: traditional kerosene lamps
and PV-battery modern lighting
systems, markets, and improving
safety and supply security
Climate Change Mitigation andTrade Competitiveness: An
Assessment of the Clean
Development Mechanism in East
Africa12:25 – 01:00pm

Facilitated Q & A Discussion

01:00 – 02:00pm

LUNCH

02:00 – 02:15pm
02:15 – 02:30pm
02:30 – 02:45pm
02:45 – 03:00pm
03:00 – 03:15pm

03:15 – 03:30pm

03:30 – 03:45pm

Pathways to Low Carbon
Development: Alternative Energy
Sources for Africa
Microalgae cultivation and its use
in the production of biofuel andagricultural inputs in Lesotho
Chrome-Aluminide Protective
Coatings for Thermal Power
Generations
Emission Trading System as apolicy tool for Low carbon
development pathway
Trends and Potentials ofRenewable Energy Developmentin Ethiopia
Contribution of animal
agriculture to greenhouse gases
production in Swaziland;
implications for mitigation using
biotechnology
Empowering the Health of Rural
Farmers in Africa throughTelemedicine: Challenges andProspects

Mr. Chidiebere Ibe
Institute for Public Policy
Analysis and Management,
Abuja, Nigeria
Prof. Francis E. Bisong
Professor, Department ofGeography & Environmental
Science, University ofCalabarNigeriaProf. Mark Swilling
Sustainability Institute,
Stellenbosch University
South Africa
Prof. David Doepel
Africa Research Group,
Murdoch University, Perth,Western Australia

Prof. Francis M. Mutua
University of Nairobi
Coordinator Stochastic
Modeling Component
FRIEND Nile Project,
University of Nairobi,
Kenya

Jill JumaSEATINI, Kenya and Trade
Policy Expert,Kenya

Babettie A. Juwayeyi
Bunda College ofAgriculture, Malawi
Sissay B.Mekbib
National University of
Lesotho, Roma, Lesotho
J.K.Kiplagat
Ministry of Industrialization
Kenya
Billy Katontoka
Africa Carbon Credit
Exchange, Zambia
Shirega Minuye
Ethiopia
Dlamini, A.M. & Dube, M.
A
University of Swaziland

Zelalem W. Mengistu
Ethiopia

104 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual ConferenceProf. Mark Swilling
ATPS-South Africa
National Chapter
Coordinator
Sustainability Institute,
University of Stellenbosch,South Africa

03:45 – 04:00pm

Facilitated Q & A Discussion

04:00 – 04:20pm

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK
Plenary Panel Discussion:
Do Renewable Energy Options provide a Sustainable
Development pathway for Africa? - Insights from the IPCC
Sustainable & Renewable Energy Report, 2011, and the Global
Energy Assessment, 201104:20 – 05:00pm

Panellists:
1) Prof. Lynn Mytelka, UNU-MERIT, Maastricht and Charlton
University, Ottawa, Canada
2) Prof. Mark Swilling, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
3) Dr. Billy Katontoka, Africa Carbon Credit Exchange, Zambia
4) Dr. Rob Byrne, University of Sussex, UK
5) Prof. Turner Isoun, Former Minister for S&T, Fed. Republicof Nigeria & Vice Chair, ATPS Board
6) Prof. Francis Mutua, University of Nairobi, Kenya
7) Dr. Fatima Denton, ACPC, Ethiopia

105 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference

Dr. Mohamed Khalil
TimamyHead, Environment
Division, Department of
Rural Economy andAgriculture, AUC, Ethiopia

Annex 2: Programme for Parallel Session 2 (Covering Sub-Theme II) - (D2-P2)
Tuesday, 20TH November 2012
D2-P2: (SUB-THEME II) GOVERNANCE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATION INCLUDING GENETICS FORFARMING, BIOTECHNOLOGIES, NANOTECHNOLOGIES AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS
Rapporteur: Dr. Nicholas Ozor, Senior Research Officer, ATPSTime

Topic/Presentations

08:30 – 09:00am

Registration

09:00 – 09:20am

Welcome and introduction toproject

09:20 – 09:40am

Genetics for Farming and Food
Security in Africa: Lessons from
Nigeria

09:40 – 10:00am

Current Situation on GM researchand innovation in Ghana and theregion (opportunities andchallenges)

10:00 – 10:20am

10:20 – 10:40am

Current Situation on GM researchand innovation in Uganda

Water Efficient Maize for Africa(WEMA) Project and focus on
implications for African scienceof the liability clause in biosafety

Presenter

Prof. Volker ter Meulen
President of the German
Academy of Sciences
Leopoldina, Member of the
EASAC Council. Email:
Volker.terMeulen@mail.uniwuerzburg.de
Prof. M. I. Uguru
Dept. of Crop Science
University of Nigeria Nsukka
Nigeria
Professor Walter Alhassan
Forum for Agricultural
Research in Africa (FARA),
Ghana
Dr. Andrew Kiggundu
Kawanda Agriculture
Research Institute (KARI)
UgandaSession Chair

Prof. Sir Brian Heap
Member, ATPS Board
European Academies
Science Advisory Council,
The Royal Society of
London SW1Y 5AG, andHonorary Fellow, St
Edmund's College

Dr Roshan Abdallah (Mrs)
Tanzania
Tropical Pesticides ResearchInstitute (TPRI) in Arusha,
Tanzania
Dr. Douglas W. Miano
VIRCA - Kenya Agricultural
Research Institute (KARI)
Biotechnology Centre
Kenya

10:40 – 11:00am

Virus Resistant Cassava (VICRA)
project and issues arising

11:00 – 11:30am

Facilitated Q&A discussion

11:30 – 11:50am

COFFEE/TEA BREAK

11:50 – 12:10am

Nanotechnology: Key to meeting
the Millennium Development
Goals

J.K.Kiplagat
Ministry of Industrialization
Kenya

12:10 – 12:30pm

Studies on Nano biotechnology
Control of Agricultural Pests andPathogens for Food Security and
SafetyB. Chinenye Aruah
National Biotechnology
Development Agency,
Nigeria

106 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference

Dr. David Bennett
Project Co-Leader
Biosciences for Farming in
Africa12:30 - 01:00pm

Facilitated Q&A discussion

01:00 – 02:00pm

LUNCH

02:00 – 02:15pm

02:15 – 02:30pm

Practical Application of Modern
Biotechnology Tools to Musa
Breeding in Nigeria: Potentials
for Increased Production
Animal Genetic Resources,
Intellectual Property Rights andTraditional Knowledge: Quo
Vadis?

Oselebe, H.O., Obi, I.U. andUguru, M.I.
Dr. Anupam Varma
University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Nigeria
Indian Agriculture
Eliamani Laltaika
Tanzania Intellectual Property Research Institute,India
Rights Network (TIP-Net)
Tanzania

02:30 -03:00pm

Facilitated Discussion

03:00 – 04:00pm

Two Break out groups to discuss questions circulated to allacademies and chapters beforehand:(i) The current situation in using biotechnology in agriculture(ii) Looking to the future04.00 – 04.15pm

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK
Report back (10 minutes each) from chairs of Break out groups(EASAC Working Group Members with assistance from Claudia
Canales and Robin Fears)
Panel and General Discussion and concluding remarks

04:15 – 05.15pm

05:15 – 06:00pm

Panelists:
 Prof. Volker ter Meulen, EASAC, Germany
 Prof. Emmanuel O. Ezugwu, AFIT, Nigeria
 Dr. Anupam Varma, India
 Prof. M. I. Uguru, Nigeria
 Prof. Norah Olembo, Kenya
 Prof. Sir Brian Heap, UK
Dr. Jan-Hendrik
Launch of booklet on Regulation Groenewaldof GM Technology
Executive Manager
Biosafety South Africa

107 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference

EASAC Working Group
Members

Professor Chris Leaver(UK)
Emeritus Professor of Plant
Sciences, University of
Oxford. Senior Scientific
Adviser Biosciences for
Farming in Africa, John
Templeton Foundation

Prof Roseanne DiabExecutive Officer
Academy of Science ofSouth Africa (ASSAf)

Annex 3: Programme for Parallel Session 3 (Covering Sub-Theme III) - (D2-P3)
Tuesday, 20TH November 2012
D2-P3: (SUB-THEME III) INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES AND SOCIAL INNOVATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN
AFRICA
Rapporteurs: Mr. Ernest Acheampong, Research Officer, ATPSTime

Topic/Presentations

08:30 – 09:00am

Registration

09:00 – 09:10am

09:10 – 09:30am

09:30 – 09:50am

Welcome and introduction toproject on Understanding andFostering Social Innovation in
AfricaBuilding National Systems of
Innovation for Sustainable
Development in Africa:
Experiences from the Fed.
Republic of Nigeria
Social Innovations, Inclusive
Green Growth and Sustainable
Development : Global
Imperatives and African realities

09:50 – 10:10am

The Land Potential Knowledge
System (LandPKS) Increasing
Land Productivity and Resilience

10:10 – 10:30am

Facilitated Q&A Discussion

10:30 – 10:50a.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

10:50 – 11:10am

Economic Growth's Secret
Weapon: Entrepreneurship &Innovation

11:10 – 11:30am

11:30 – 11:50am

11:50 – 12:05pm

Presenter

Session Chair

Ernest Acheampong
Research Officer, ATPS
Mrs R. S. Jimetta
Permanent Secretary,
Ministry of S&T, Fed. Rep.
Of Nigeria
Prof. Kevin Urama
Executive Director, ATPS/
Mr. Ernest Acheampong,
Research Officer, ATPS
Dr. Jeffrey Herrick
United States Department ofAgriculture, New Mexico,
USA

Prof. Indira Nath(ATPS Board Member)
Institute of Pathology(ICMR), India

Mr. Denis C. Fourie
Chairman, The Lobbyist
Group, South Africa

Mr. Bright B. Simons
Director of Development
Research and theSocial Innovations: Lessons from
Coordinator of the mPedigree
the mPedigree Technology
Network
IMANI Center for Policy
Education, Ghana
Social Innovations and Economic Mr. Andrew Gerard
Growth: Experiences of theProgram Officer
Global Knowledge Initiative
The Global Knowledge(GKI)
Initiative, USA
Constraints and Opportunities ofEbele C. Amaechina,
Promoting Public-Private
Eboh E. C., & Nwagbo E.C.
Partnerships in Irrigated
University of Nigeria
Agriculture Financing andNsukka, Nigeria
Management in Nigeria.

108 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop

Prof. S. Chidebelu
Department of Agricultural
Economics
University of Nigeria

12:05 – 12:20pm

Mainstreaming M-HealthInnovations With Loosely
Coupled Policy Interventions in
Africa12:20 – 01:00pm

Facilitated Q&A Discussion

01:00 – 02:00pm

LUNCH

02:00 – 02:15pm

Determinants of MicroEnterprises Growth and Revenue
in the Niger Delta, Nigeria:
Microfinance the Way Forward

02:15 – 02:30pm

Mapping Institutional Linkages in
Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation: Implications for
Sustainable Food Security andEnvironmental Quality in Nigeria

02:30 – 02:45pm

Appropriate Innovation Structure
for Sustainable Development

02:45 – 03:00pm

Assessment of Innovative
Institutional Arrangements: The
Case of Integrated Tamale Fruit
Company (ITFC) in Ghana

03:00 – 03:15pm

Treatise and Praxis Linking
Social Ingenuity and Institutional
Innovations in Sustainable
Development (SD):A caseresearch in Afar and Boran:

03:15 – 03:30pm

03:30 – 03:45pm

Institutional challenges of current
structural changes in West
African agriculture : an analysis
from the Benin case
Enabling Rural Innovations for
Sustainable Development in
Malawi03:45 – 04:00pm

The impact of regulation on the
adoption and diffusion of Pointof-Sale technology in Nigeria

04:30 – 04:15pm

Facilitated Q&A Discussion

04:15 – 04:30pm

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

Eng. John Okuonzi
Kyambogo University,
Faculty of Engineering,
UgandaMiebi Theophilus Gbigbi
Ministry of Agriculture andNatural Resources, Nigeria &Dr. Anselm A. Enete
University of Nigeria
Taofeeq Ade Amusa & Dr.
Anselm A. Enete
Department of Agricultural
Economics, University of
Nigeria
Ameha Mulugeta
Addis Ababa Institute ofTechnology, Ethiopia
Mr. Francis Kizito Yaw
Amevenku
CSIR Water ResearchInstitute, Accra, Ghana
Costantinos BT Costantinos
School of Graduate Studies,
College of Management,
Informatics and Economic
Sciences, Addis Ababa
University, Ethiopia
Dr. Roch L. Mongbo
Abomey-Calavi University
Benin
Mr. Tennyson Magombo,
Executive Director, Arise andShine International, Malawi
Malawi
Ngozi, Ihuoma Ibeji
United Kingdom

Panel Discussion, Summary and concluding remarks
04:30 – 05:30pm

Mrs. R. S. Jimeta
Permanent Secretary
Ministry of S&T, Nigeria

Panellists:
1) Dr. Caroline Wagner,Ohio State University, USA

109 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop

Mr. C. D. Glin
Associate Director
Rockefeller Foundation,
Nairobi, Kenya

2) Prof. Kevin Urama, ATPS , Kenya
3) Prof. Eric Eboh, APRNet, Nigeria
4) Prof. Sand Chidebelu, UNN, Nigeria5) Dr. Jeff Herrick, USDA, USA
6) Mr. Denic C. Fourie, The Lobbyist Group, South Africa
7) Mr. John Buchi Ekere, Nigeria
8) Mrs. R. S. Jimeta,FMST, Nigeria
9) Mr. Bright Simons, IMANI, Ghana

110 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop

Appendix 2
List of Delegates that attended the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops
Australia
Cote d’Ivoire
1. Prof. David Doepel
8. Dr. Arsène Konan Kouadio
Chair, Africa Research GroupATPS Côte d'Ivoire Chapter Coordinator,
Murdoch University
Email: arsenekk@yahoo.fr
Tel (+61)418912287
Email: d.doepel@murdoch.edu.au
Egypt
9. Ahmed Abdelwahed
ATPS Egypt Chapter Member
Benin
2. Dr. McHenry MarkTel :( +20)14-5192921
Murchoch University
Email:ahmed_alhamid@aidme.org
Email: mpmchenry@gmail.com
Ethiopia
3. Prof. Roch L.Mongbo
10. Mr Shirega Minuye
ATPS Chapter Coordinator
Independent Consultant and Researcher
LADYD, Abomey-Calavi University
P.O. Box 24369 code 1000
Tel: (+229)95966446
Email: mmshirega@gmail.com
Email: Rochl_mongbo@yahoo.fr
11. Mr Ameha Gewe Mulugeta
4. Mr. Lawani Abdelaziz.
Lecturer, Addis Ababa Institute ofVice Chair, African Youth Forum forTechnology
Science and Technology (AYFST)
Tel (+251) 911 948014
Email: abdelawani@gmail.com
Email:amehamulu@gmail.com
Burkina Faso
5. Dr. Kabore Benoit
ATPS Chapter Coordinator
Universite’ de Ouagadougou
Tel: (+226)70403013/78812008/75980731
Email: benkabor2003@yahoo.fr
Cameroon
6. Sylvester Ndeso Atanga
ATPS Chapter Coordinator
Faculty of health sciences,
University of Buea
Tel: (+237)99841433
Email: silawrence2011@gmail.com
7. Prof Vincent P. K Titanji
Editor in chief, journal of CAS
Cameroon Academy of Sciences
Tel: (+237) 77756389
Email: vpk.titanji@yahoo.com

12. Mr. Wondwossen Belete
ATPS Ethiopia Chapter Coordinator
Tel :( +251)911886709
Email: wondwossenbel@yahoo.com
13. Mr Berhanu Adelo
Director General, Ethiopian Intellectual
Property Office
Email: ba4552@gmail.com
14. Mr. Hailemariam Teklewold
Assistant to the State Minister of Scienceand Technology
Tel (+251) 911 162274
Email: hailem143@yahoo.com
15. Mr Eyasu Dessalegne
A/Director, STI Policy Research
Ministry of Science and Technology
Tel (+251) 913 624305

111 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop

Email: eyasu_dess@yahoo.com
16. Mr Tadesse Hailu
Intellectual Property Advisor,
Addis Ababa
Email: tadutigie@gmail.com
17. H.E Mr Dessie DalikeState Minister
Ministry of Science and Technology
18. Mr. Moges Bekele
Ministry of Science and Technology
Tel :( +251)912044405
Email: moges.bekele@yahoo.com
19. Dr. Fatima Denton
Director, African Climate Policy Center(ACPC)
20. Ms. Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu
Co-founder and Managing Director
Sole Rebels (Bostex PLC)
Email: Bethlehem@solerebelsfootwear.com
21. Prof. Endashaw Bekele
Professor and Director of the Centre for
Human Genetic Diversity
Addis Ababa University and Ethiopian
Academy of Sciences (EAS)
P. O. Box 3434
Tel: (+251) 911 842649
Email: endashawbw@gmail.com
22. Ms Seble Geberegsorges Baraki
Legal Researcher
Federal Justice and Legal Systems
Research Institution
Tel: (+251) 911612197
Email:sleventike@yahoo.com;
seblebaraki1@gmail.com
23. Ms Alice Sena. Lamptey
African Union Commission (AUC)
Email: LampteyA@africa-union.org

24. H.E Prof Jean-Pierre EZIN
Commissioner for Human Resources,
Science & Technology
African Union Commission
Email: EzinJP@africa-union.org
25. Dr. Elwaer Abdul-Hakim
Director Human Resources, Science andTechnology African Union Commission
26. Dr. Mahama Ouedraogo
Head of Science and Technology Division
African Union Commission
Tel: (+251) 920 159516
Email: OuedraogoM@africa-union.org
27. Ms Kediija Seid
Administrator African Union
Commission
Email: KedijaS@africa-union.org
28. Tesfaye Tegegne
Cameramen, papa film production
Email:Haileyesustion@gmail.com
29. Mesafint Haileyesus
Camera man
Email: papafilmproduction@gmail.com
30. Habtamu Addis
Light Man
Email: papafilmproduction@gmail.com
31. Tadesse Woldesenbet
Sound Man
Email: papafilmproduction@gmail.com
32. Eyob Mulungeta
Video camera man
Email: papafilmproduction@gmail.com
33. Eskindir AlamirewVideo cameramen
Email: papafilmproduction@gmail.com
34. Seifemichael Dagnachew

112 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop

Video cameramen
Email: papafilmproduction@gmail.com
35. Mulugeta Nurilign
Video Cameramen

Germany
44. Prof. Volker ter Meulen
Chairman, EASAC
Email: Volker.termeulen@mail.uniwuerzburg.de

Email: papafilmproduction@gmail.com
36. Almaz Tegegne
Coordinator
Email: tegalmaz@gmail.com
37. Wassie Engida
African Union Commission
Tel :( 251) 911629967
38. Mr Hambani Masheleni
Senior Policy Officer
African Union Commission
Tel :( + 251) 911 998430
Email: hambanim@africa-union.org
39. Mr Hailu Geletu
Environmental Specialist
Ministry of Water and Energy
Tel :( +251) 911 166621
40. Bekele Tefesa Wakie
IP Lawyer and Consultant
Tel: (+251) 911 154943
Email: beketw@gmail.com
41. Wlamanuel Yisfalique
Agricultural Projects Followsman Expert
Society for Technology Studies
Tel: (+251) 913 33 98 67
Email: w-yisfalique@yahoo.com
France42. Prof. Lynn Mytelka
Professorial Fellow,
UNU-MERIT (Maastricht)
Email: lmytelka@gmail.com
43. Prof Michel Delseny
Academia Europaea
Email: delseny@univ-perp.fr

45. Dr. Robin Fears
EASAC Biosciences Programme
EASAC Secretariat
46. Dr Christiane Diehl
Executive Director, EASAC Secretariat
Email: christiane.diehl@leopoldina.org
Ghana
47. Francis Kizito Yaw Amevenku,
Research Scientist
CSIR Water Research InstituteTel: (+233) 244 573418
Email: fykamevenku@yahoo.com
48. Dr. Frederick Kodwo Amu-Mensah
ATPS Ghana National Chapter
Coordinator
Senior Research Scientist
CSIR Water Research InstituteTel: (+233) 24 474 8197
Email: assabil@aim.com
obeyie@gmail.com
49. Prof Walter Sandow Alhassan
SABIMA Biotech Project
Coordinator, FARA
Tel :( +233) 20 8146668
Email: walhassan@fara-africa.org
50. Mr Selorm Branttie
mPedigree Network
Email: iselorm@gmail.com
India
51. Prof Indira NathATPS Board Member
National Institute of Pathology (ICMR),
Tel :( +91)9717104448
Email:indiranath@gmail.com

113 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop

52. Dr. Anupam Varma
Adjunct professor
Indian Agriculture Research Institute
Email: av.acpv@gmail.com
Italy
53. Guy van den Eede
European Commission
Joint Research Centre, Institute for
Health and Consumer Protection
Email:Guy.VAN-DEN-EDE@ec.europa.eu
Kenya
54. Prof. Kevin Chika Urama
African Technology Policy Studies
Network (ATPS)
Tel +254202714092
Email: executivedirector@atpsnet.org
55. Dr. Kelali Adhana Tekle
Post-Doctoral Research Officer
African Technology Policy Studies
Network (ATPS)
Tel: +254202714092
Email: ktekle@atpsnet.org
56. Dr Nicholas Ozor
Senior Research Officer
African Technology Policy Studies
Network (ATPS)
Tel: +254202714092
Email: nozor@atpsnet.org
57. Mr. Richard Murimi Muriuki
Finance & Administration Manager
African Technology Policy Studies
Network (ATPS)
Tel: +254202714092
Email: rmuriuki@atpsnet.org
58. Ms Caroline W. Thuku
Snr. Secretary/Program Administrative
Assistant
African Technology Policy Studies
Network (ATPS)
Tel: 254202714092

Email: cthuku@atpsnet.org
59. Mr.Nelson A. Akenga
IT Assistant, (ATPS)
Tel: +254202714092
Email: nakenga@atpsnet.org
60. Ms Sarah Wakasa
Communications & Outreach Officer
African Technology Policy Studies Network(ATPS)
Tel: +254202714092
Email: swakasa@atpsnet.com
61. Dr, Edith Gathoni Kirumba
Post Doctoral Research Officer, (ATPS)
Tel: +254202714092
Email: gathoni_edith@yahoo.com
62. Mr. Ernest Nti Acheampong
Research Officer (ATPS)
Tel: +254202714092
Email: eacheampong@atpsnet.org
63. Ms. Constancia Amukhobe Akola
Research Executive TNS RMS
Email: connieakola@yahoo.com
64. Prof. Atieno Ndede Amadi
Founder/Chief Executive Officer
Kenya Kountry Business Incubator(KEKOBI)
Email: anamadi@kekobi.or.ke
65. Ms Jill Atieno Juma
Programme Officer
SEATINI, Kenya and Trade Policy
Expert,Tel: (+254) 703 567470
Email: juma.jill2@gmail.com
66. Mr. Joseph Kipkemoi
Inspector, Ministry of Industrialization
Tel: (+254) 722 357318
Email:jkkiplagat@yahoo.co.uk

114 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop

67. Mr.Kiprono Caleb Metto
Executive Director (YADSTI)Email: calebkiprono@yadsti.org
68. Prof Shaukat Ali Abdulrazak
Chair, ATPS Board, CEO
National Council for Science andTechnology (NCST)
Tel :( +254)202242175;(+254)721107867
Email:sabdulrazak@yahoo.com;
secretary@ncst.go.ke
69. Mr. Kenneth W. O Aduda
ATPS Kenya National Chapter
Coordinator
Principal Research Scientist (KIRDI)
Tel :( +254)721466444
Email: adudakenwo@gmail.com
70. Dr. Benjamin Apraku Gyampoh
Programme Officer, The African
Academy of Sciences (AAS)
Tel: + 254 (20) 806 0674
Fax: +254 (20) 806 0675
Email: b.gyampoh@aasciences.org
71. Dr. Douglas Miano
Kenya National Academy of Sciences(KNAS)
Email:dwatuku@yahoo.com
72. Ms. Jacqueline Olang,
Network of African Science Academies(NASAC)
Email:J.olang@aasciences.org

Email:fmmutua@gmail.com
fmutua@uonbi.ac.ke
75. Dr. Peggy Efua Oti-Boateng
Senior Programme Specialist Scienceand Technology
Coordinator, (ANSTI)
Tel :( +254) 700 506595
Email: p.oti-boateng@unesco.org
76. Prof Norah Olembo
Patron, (AWFST)
77. Ms Brenda Mariah Sudi
Protocol Cadet, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs and International Cooperation
Tel (+254) 722 866 758
Email:brendasudi@yahoo.com
78. Mr. George Achia
Science Journalist, Science Africa
Email: georgeachia2011@yahoo.com
79. Prof Vassey Mwaja
Chairman National Council for Scienceand Technology (NCST)
Tel :( +254) 734 600870
Email: vsmwaja5@gmail.com
80. Prof James HP Kahindi
Council Member National Council for
Science and Technology (NCST)
Tel: +254) 722 705015 fax +254) 20
3606100
Email: jkahindi@gmail.com

73. Hon. Prof Margaret Kamar
Minister for Higher Education Scienceand Technology
Email: info@scienceandtechnology.go.ke

81. Dr. Stephen Kibiru Karimi
ATPS-Kenya Executive Committee Member
National Council for Science andTechnology (NCST)
Tel: (+254) 727 923357
Email: karimisteve@gmail.com

74. Prof Francis M. Mutua
Chair, Hydrology and Water Resources
University of Nairobi
Tel: (+254-20)-4441045

82. Mr. Willis Okoth
Science Secretary, National Council for
Science and Technology (NCST)
P. O. Box 30623 – 00100

115 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop

Tel (+254) 723 700669
Email: willokoth@gmail.com
Lesotho
83. Dr. Sissay Berele Mekbib
Lecturer Department of Biology,
National University of Leshoto
Tel :( +266) 63242329
Email:sbmekbib7@gmail.com;
sbmekbib@nul.ls
Liberia
84. Dr Wollor Emmanuel Topor
ATPS Liberia Chapter Coordinator
Dean, College of Science andTechnology
University of Liberia, Monrovia
Tel :( 231) 886 875 802
Malawi85. Ms Babettie Abigail Juwayeyi
Postgraduate Student, Bunda College ofAgriculture
P. O. Box 219, Lilongwe Malawi
Tel :( +265) 888 600 353
Email:babejuaei@yahoo.co.uk or
bjuwayeyi@gmail.com
86. Mr. Tennyson M Magombo
Executive Director Arise and Shine
International
P. O. Box 30351, Lilongwe 3 Malawi
Tel: (+265) 5111736355;+265 992 714625
Email: tennysonmagombo@yahoo.co.uk
87. Dr Henrie M. Njoloma
ATPS Malawi Chapter Member,
Irrigation Expert
Tel: 265(0)-1-771-660/
265(0)111-205-535
Email: hnjoloma@yahoo.com,
hnjoloma@gmail.com
Mali
88. Mrs. Assétou KanouteResearch Assistant IPR /IFRA de Katibogu
Tel: 00223 21 26 20 12 / 00 223 764 10 507
Email:kalilouka@yahoo.fr;
adafgalle@afribone.net.ml
Morocco89. Prof. Saïd Boujraf
ATPS Morocco National Coordinator,
Professor, Director
Tel :( +212) 667 780 442
Email:sboujraf@gmail.com
Nigeria
90. Ms. Anabela Zacarias
Academy of Science of Mozambique(ASM)
P.O. Box 3733, Calabar
91. Azubike Emmanuel Achike
Department of Economics, University of
Nigeria
Email: azubikachike@gmail.com
92. Ebele Chinelo Amaechina
Lecturer Department of Agricultural
Economics
University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Tel :( 234) 803 35010306
Email: ebelchina@yahoo.com
93. Dr. Anselm A. Enete
Lecturer Department of Agricultural
Economics
University of Nigeria
Tel:(+234)8064448030
Email: anselmenete@hotmail.com
94. Ms. Blessing Chinenye Aruah
Senior Scientific Officer
National
Biotechnology
Development
AgencyTel: +234 803 5993237
Email: ar_chinny@yahoo.co.uk
95. Mr. John Buchi Ekere

116 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop

Great John Bosco Ltd
Email:greatjohnbosco@ymail.com

Tel :( +234) 803 314 2395
Email: ttisoun@aol.com

96. Mr. Onyenekenwa Cyprian Eneh
Senior Research Fellow University of
Nigeria
Tel :( +234)803-338-7472
Email:esccha@yahoo.com

104. Prof Adefenmi Olatunde Femi
Olokesusi
ICT Nigerian Institute for Social andEconomic Research (NISER)
Tel: (+234)8023322052/8034115310
Email:femioloke@yahoo.com

97. Dr Adaku Bridget Chide Ezeibe
Research Fellow/ Lecturer
Tel (+234) 806 7321127
Email: adakuezeibe@yahoo.com
98. Dr. Chidiebere Udeh. Ibe
Public Finance and Policy Consultant
Tel: (+234)803-566-3820
Email:chidierei@yahoo.com;
cibe@ippam.org
99. Mr. Ubokudom Etim Okon
PhD Student, University of Nigeria
Tel: +234)8030757061/8028286019
Email: otobong2003@yahoo.com
100. Mr.
AdebolaSimeonOluwafunmilore
Student Obafemi Awolowo University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Tel: (234) 705 8656729
Email: Oluwafunmilore4g@yahoo.com
101. Prof Michael Ifeanyi Uguru
Head of Department, University of
Nigeria, Nsukka
Tel :( +234) 803 772 3307
Email: michael.uguru@unn.edu.ng
102. Mr Kingsley Ogheneovo Ukoba
Research Engineer Federal University ofTechnology Akure
Tel: (+234) 803 5431913
Email: ukobaking@yahoo.com
103. Prof Turner T. Isoun,
Vice Chair, ATPS Board

105. Prof Eric Chiedum Eboh
President Agricultural Policy Research
Network (APRNet)
Tel :( +234) 803 6660475
Email:eceboh@yahoo.com
106. Hon Prof Ita Okon Bassey Ewa
Honorable Minister of Science andTechnology
Email: adogbogm@yahoo.com
107. Mr. Victor Emeka Ngwoke
Chair (AYFST)
Email: emvictoruk@gmail.com
108. Prof Emmanuel Okechukwu Ezugwu
Provost Air Force Institute ofTechnology (AFIT-Nigeria)
Tel :( +234)702 930 6013/803 705 9313
Email: eoezugwu@gmail.com
109. Prof. Peter Azikiwe Onwualu
Director General, Raw Materials Researchand Development Council (RMRDC)
Tel :( +234) 803 7432497
Email:ponwualu@yahoo.com;
ceo@rmrdc.gov.ng
110. Mrs. Rachel Kai Kotso
Assistant Director, International
Collaboration Unit
Tel :( +234)8033020954
Email: rmrdcinfo@yahoo.com orrkotso@rmrdc.gov.ng
111.

Prof. Osita ogbu

117 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop

Former Chief Economic Advisor to the
President, Nigeria
Executive Director (ADSI)
Tel :( +234)8037002500
Email: ovoko@yahoo.com

South Africa
119. Mr Denis Carl Fourie
Chairman The Lobbyst Group Ltd
Tel. (+27)721269844
Email: denis.fourie@thelobbyist.org

112. Prof Charles Livinus Anija Asadu
Head of Department, Soil
Science, University of Nigeria
Tel: (+254) 7030617380
Email:charlesasadu@yahoo.com

120. Mr Luckson Muganyizi Kaino
College of Education, University ofSouth Africa
Tel: (+27) 766 000 182
Email: kainolm@unisa.ac.za

113. Prof Anthonia Ifeyinwa Achike
University of Nigeria, department ofAgricultural Economics
Tel :( +234) 803 4234147
Email: ifyachike@gmail.com

121. Velaphi Zakhele Msimang
The Mapungubwe Institute forStrategic Reflection
Tel: (+27) 11 518 0260
Email: velaphim@mistra.org.za

114. Prof Sonny Angus N. Chidebelu
University of Nigeria, Department ofAgricultural Economics
Tel :( +234) 803 7720684
Email: sandchidebelu@yahoo.com

122. Prof Mark Swilling
ATPS South Africa Chapter
Coordinator
Tel :( +27)83-459 7417
Email: swilling@sun.ac.za

115. Prof, Doc Mrs. Obioma C. Nwaorgu
Global Health Awareness, Research
Foundation (GHARF)
Tel: (+234) 803 7097410
Email:gharf_enugu@yahoo.com

123. Dr Takalani Simon Rambau
Liaison Manager, Academy of Science
Of South Africa
Switchboard: +27 12 349 6600
Tel: +27 12 349 6609
Fax: +27 (0) 86 576 9521
Email: takalani@assaf.org.za

116. Prof. Malachy Okwueze
Deputy Vice Chancellors Office,
University of Nigeria
Tel: (234) 803 7759549
Email:malachyokwueze@yahoo.com
117. Prof Vincent Anigbogu
Director General, Institute for National
Transformation
Email:vanigbogu@gmail.com
118. Mrs. Faith Chinwe Omeke
Research Fellow II/Lecturer II,
University of Nigeria
Tel :( +234) 7030585395
Email:f.omeke@yahoo.com

124. Ms Phakamile Truth Mngadi
Programme Officer, Academy of
Science of South Africa
Switchboard: +27 12 349 6600
Tel: +27 12 349 6609
Fax: +27 (0) 86 576 9521
Email:phakamile@assaf.org.za
125. Dr. Jan-Hendrik Groenewald
Executive Manager, Bio-safety
Email: hennie@biosafety.org.za
126. Dr Ibrahim Assane Mayaki,
Chief Executive Officer, NEPAD
Secretariat

118 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop

Email: info@nepad.org
127. Prof.Doc Reckson Thakhathi
Faculty of Management andCommerce, University of Fort Hare
Email: RThakhathi@ufh.ac.za
Sudan
128. Mr. Ibrahim Mohamed Ahmed
Managing Director, Industrial Research& Consultancy Centre
Tel: (+249)912115469
Email: i.mohmed@ircc.gov.sd
129. Ms Nadia Hassan Sidahmed
ATPS Sudan Chapter Coordinator
Industrial Research & Consultancy
Centre (IRCC
Tel: +249)911449106, (+249) 185 313
753
Email: nadiahsh@yahoo.co.uk
130. H.E. Mukhtar Adulkareim Adam
BormahState Minister of Environment,
Forestry & Physical Development
Tel :( +249)123913913
Email:daladongi@gmail.com
131. Dr. Ghazi Badawi Shamseldin
Hamid
Assistant Professor,
University of Khartoum
Faculty of Agriculture, Department ofAgronomyTel: +249) 121071754
Email:ghazibadawi@yahoo.com;
ghbadawi@uofk.edu
Swaziland132. Dr Musa A. Dube
ATPS Swaziland Chapter Coordinator
Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Agriculture
University of Swaziland, Luyengo Campus
Tel: (+268) 618 15 79
Email: madube@agric.uniswa.sz

Tanzania
133. Prof. Roshan Abdallah
Tanzania Academy of Sciences (TAS)
Email:raifa52@yahoo.com
Tunisia134. Dr Agnes Soucat
Director, Human Development OSHD
TEL: (216)711720 Cell (216)98709232
Email: a.soucat@afdb.org
135. Dr Boukary Savadogo
Head,
Education
Division,
AfricanDevelopment Bank (AfDB)
Tel: (216)71102984 F(216)71830586
Email: b.savadogo@afdb.org
136. Mr. Ahlin Byll-Cataria
Executive Secretary, ADEA, African
Development Bank (AfDB)
Tel: (216)71103202 F(216)71252669
Email: a.byll-cataria@afdb.org
Uganda137. Ms Irene Magara
Assistant Lecturer, Mbarara University of
Science and Technology
Tel: (+256)772558314
Email: imagara@gmail.com
138. Eng. John Okuonzi
ATPS Uganda Chapter Coordinator,
Tel: (+256)782 353034
Email: jokuonzi@kyu.ac.ug
139. Dr. Andrew Kigguddu
Uganda National Academy of Sciences(UNAS)
Email: akiggundu@gmail.com
United Kingdom
140. Prof Sir Brian heap
ATPS Board Member, Vice-President
Tel :( +44)1223 248509
Email:

119 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop

brianheap1@gmail.com/rbh22@com
141. Mrs. Martha Ada Ugwu
ATPS Focal Point Coordinator
Tel :( +44)01634310389/07985476289
Email: Martha.ugwu@yahoo.co.uk
Martha@ugwu.fsworld.co.uk
142. Dr Robert Patrick David Byrne
Research Fellow, STEPS Centre
Tel :( +44)1865794713
Email:chris.leaver@plants.ox.ac.uk
143. Prof Christopher John Leaver,Emeritus Professor of Plant Science
Fellow of St John’s College,
Oxford University
Tel: (+44)1865794713,
Email: chris.leaver@plants.ox.ac.uk

Aberdeen
Email: divine@ikenwilo.com
149. Mrs Ihuoma Ibeji Ngozi phd
University of Aberdeen
Accounting and Finance Department
Tel: (+44) 750 6903855
Email: r01nii11@abdn.ac.uk
150. Prof. Christopher Garforth
Professor of Agricultural Extension and
Rural Development
University of Reading
Email:c.j.garforth@reading.ac.uk
151. Prof, Ian David Hodge
University of Cambridge,
Department of Land Economy
Email: idh3@cam.ac.uk

144. Dr Holzeis Claudia Canales
EASAC Secretariat,
Research Associate at Biosciences
University of Oxford
Email:claudia.canales@plants.ox.ac.uk.

152. Prof Egil Robert Orskov
The Orskov Foundation,
The Hutton InstituteTel: (+44)1224 498200
Email: boborskov@hotmail.com

145. Ms. Bronwen Manby
Acting Director, Africa Climate
Change Adaptation Initiative (ACCAI)
Tel: (+44) 20 7031 1611
Email:bronwen.manby@opensocietyfoundations.org

USA
153. Dr Anthony C Ikeme
ATPS USA Chapter Coordinator
Tel : ( +1)215 380 9920
Email: aikeme@clintriad.com

146. Ms. Ngozi Uche Onyejeli
Email: ngoz@yahoo.com
147. Chux Uzoka Daniels
Doctoral Researcher and Associate
Tutor
University of Sussex
Tel :( +44)79 5046 5054
Email:c.u.daniels@sussex.ac.uk,
cd278@sussex.ac.uk.
148. Dr Divine Ikenwilo
Research Fellow, University of

154. Mr Andrew Gerard
Program Officer,
Global Knowledge Initiative
Tel: (+1) 617 755 3232
Email: andrew.gerard@gkinitiative.org
155. Dr Jeffery Herrick
Research
Scientist,
UnitesDepartment of Agriculture
Tel: (+1) 575 6465194
Email:jherrick@ad.nmsu.edu
156. Prof Caroline S. WagnerJohn Glenn School of Public Affairs

120 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop

StatesOhio State University
Tel: +1-614-292-7791
Email: wagner.911@osu.edu
157. Ms Alyson Lyons
Program AssistantWoodrow Wilson International Centre for
Scholars
Tel: (202) 691-4083; Fax: (202) 691-4001
Email:alyson.lyons@wilsoncenter.org
158. Mr. Derek Langford
Program Assistant Africa Program
Woodrow Wilson International Centre for
Scholars
Tel: 202-691-4355; Fax 202-691-4001
Email: derek.langford@wilsoncenter.org
Zambia159. Mr. Billy Katontoka
Director Operations & Projects
Africa Carbon Credit Exchange
Tel: (+260)975366274
Email: bkatontoka@africacce.com
160. Prof Francis Davison Yamba
ATPS Zambia Chapter Coordinator
Tel :( +260) 211 223118
Email:yambafd@yahoo.com
161. Dr Felix Mwangala
Zambia Academy of Sciences (ZaAS)
Email: fsmwangala@hotmail.com
Zimbabwe162. Mr Darlington Ndlovu
ATPS Zimbabwe Chapter
Tel: +263 772 915 161
Email:mthoniselwa@yahoo.com;
mthoniselwa@gmail.com

121 Proceedings of the 2012 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop