HUMAN HEALTH INDEX; A
COMPARISON BETWEEN PRE
AND POST LIBERALIZATIONPERIODINTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF THEPROBLEM
The present study tries to analyze Human Health Index during1951 to 2011. Thisstudy is conducted as a comparison between pre and post liberalization period. The
history of Indian economic growth can be classified in two major eras, namely, i.e,
pre-liberalization era, i.e, before 1991 and post liberalization era, i.e, after 1991.
The pre-liberalization era broadly divided into three main categories namely, (a)pre-colonial period (up to 1757), (b) colonial period (1757-1947), (c) preliberalization period (1947-1991). The economic growth of the country started
after independence. From 1947 onwards India adopted mixed economic system,
where industrial development was mainly in the hands of the public sector. Boostto agriculture was given through a Green Food Revoluition (1960s). Banks werenationalized and social sector were give top priority. However, till 1991, Indian
economy was a pretty closed economy and this brought country to the brink ofdisaster in 1991. Prime Minister Narasimha Rao along with his finance minister
Dr.Manmohan Singh initiated the economic liberalization of 1991.by the turn ofthe century India had progressed towards a free market economy, with a substantial
reduction in the state control of the economy and increased financial liberalization.
This has been accompanied by increase in life expectancy, literacy rate and foodsecurity.

Throughout the study we are going to deal with human health index. Indicators
also termed as index or variable is only an indicator of a given situation. Human
health index or indicator is a variable, susceptible to direct measurement thatreflects the state of health of persons in a community. Human health indicators are
the vitatal statistical tools such as birth rate, mortality rate, fertility rate etc.
However to my knowledge no comprehensive study has not yet been conducted on
the topic Human Health Index; A Comparison Between Pre And Post
Liberalization Period, based on secondary data Ministry Of Health And Family
Welfare, Govt. Of India, the study will fill the gap of knowledge in this area ofresearch.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To compare the human health index of India, between pre and post
liberalization period.
2. To forecast human health index for the next10 years (2018-2028).

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKHUMAN HEALTH INDEX
Human Health Index or indicators are quantifiable characteristics of population
which researchers use as supporting evidence for describing the health ofpopulation. (www.whosis.int)
LIBERALISATION PERIODThe history of Indian economic growth can be classified into two major era,
namely; pre-liberalization era, i.e., before 1991 and post-liberalization era, i.e. after
1991.
VITAL STATISTICS“Vital statistics are conventionally numerical records of marriage, birth, sickness,and death by which the health and growth of community may bestudied.”(Statistics; Pearl and Burger)

HEALTH“Health is a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is apositive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physicalcapabilities.” (World Health Organization, 1986)
BIRTH RATE
The birth rate is the total number of live births per 1000 in a population in ayear or period. (www.social.niti.gov.in)
DEATH RATE
Death rate is the ratio of deaths to the population of a particular area or during
a particular period of time, usually calculated as the number of death per one
thousand people per year. (www.social.niti.gov.in)
SPCIFIC DEATH RATESpecific death rate is the ratio of number of death occurring in a specific class ofa given area and time to the number of persons in the specific class of thepopulation for the same area and time. (www.social.niti.gov.in)
INFANT MORTALITY RATE
Infant mortality rate is the number of deaths per thousand live births of children
under one year of age. (www.social.niti.gov.in)
PERINATAL MORTALITY RATE
The perinatal mortality rate combines death of fetuses of specified gestational
age with death of live born infants who die in their first week of life.
(www.social.niti.gov.in)
NEONATAL, EARLY NEONATAL, POST NEONATAL MORTALITYRATE
The neonatal mortality rate approximates the risk of dying in the first month oflife.
The early neonatal mortality rate is the risk of dying during the first week of life.

Post neonatal mortality rate is the risk of dying during one month of age and theirfirst birth day. (www.social.niti.gov.in)
METERANAL MORTALITY RATE
Maternal mortality rate is the number of registered maternal deaths due to birth-orpregnancy-related complications per 100,000 registered live births.
(www.social.niti.gov.in)
LIFE EXPECTANCY
Life expectancy is a statistical measure of the average time an organism is
expected to live, based on the year of its birth, its current age and otherdemographic factors including gender. (www.social.niti.gov.in)

RESEARCH QUESTION
1. How varied India’s HHI in post liberalization era from pre liberalizationera?
2. What will be the value of HHI in the future ten years (2018-2028)?

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

SL.NO AUTHOR
1Willie V.
CharlesARTICLE
A Research Note
On The Changing
Association
Between InfantMortality And
Socio-EconomicStatus.

YEAR STUDY FINDINGS
1959
Under the conditions of thisstudy, little association wasdemonstrated between infantmortality rates and the socioeconomic status level of
ecological areas in Syracuse,
New York. Family income
was significantly associatedwith both distributions of
neonatal and post-neonatal
mortality rates while thesocio-economic status index
consisting of occupation,
education, and housing

23

MatessiCarlo andMenozzi
Paolo

Environment,Population Size
And Vital
Statistics: AnAnalysis Of
Demographic
Data From18thCentury Villages
In The Province
Of Reggio Emilia(Italy)

Kunhikannan
T P andAravindan
KP

Family HealthExpenditure after
Liberalization;Kerala
Experience

1979

1996

variables was significantly
associated with post-neonatal
mortality rates only. These
associations were negative.
They investigated therelationship between thesevital statistics and population
size for evidence of
population regulation bydensity- dependent
mechanisms between 1960
and 1973. The statisticalresults indicate that: (1) birthrates do not depend on
population size but increasesignificantly from mountains
to hills and plains; (2) death
rates increase significantlywith population size, also
increasing by environmentalzone in the same order asbirth rates; (3) consequently,
growth rates depend
significantly on both
environment and population
size.
Their study states that, in amilieu of fast rising cost ofliving, the expenses in healthcare seem to be rising at aneven faster rate. This iscaused by weakening of thepublic health institutions.
This is compounded by thelack of political will on thepart of the government to set
things right. Simultaneously,
there is a proliferation ofprivate doling out expensive
medical care.

4Ghosh P
Prabhat

Structure of2005
Madhya Pradesh
Economy Pre- and
PostLiberalization

5Siri J.
Michael and
Cork L.
DanielKohn L.
Jennifer

Vital statistics

Chatterjee
Tonmoy and
Gupta
Kausik.

Trade
Liberalization,
Health Care andInternational
Fragmentation:
The Role ofHealth Capital
Mobility

672009What is Health? A 2012
Multiple
Correspondence
Health Index

2014

He demonstrated
Madyapradesh has relatively
better performance in the
educational sector. It has amajor impact on socialindicator, health.
This book explains details
about various vital statisticalmeasures.
This paper illustrates a healthindex that uses multiple
correspondence analyses toreduce multiple discrete
indicators to a continuous
variable using minimalmodeling assumption.
They examined the impact oftrade liberalization in theform of regime change onlevels of different sectors, inthe presence of a private
health care. In this partshown that a change in
regime from international
health capital immobility
international health capital
mobility, leads to anexpansion of health services.

SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
The study utilized secondary data. To collect secondary data, Ministry Of Health
And Family Welfare, Government of India, Human Development Reports, NSSO
data etc. are utilized.
By using the methods of correlation, regression and time series analysis estimate
HHI for the next 10 years.