African Technology Policy Studies Network

Science and Technology and
Health Innovation Systems in
AfricaReport of the 2005 ATPS Annual Conference andWorkshop held on November 28 - December 04, 2005

MOMBASAKENYA

A report of the 2005 Annual Conference and Workshop of the African Technology Policy Studies
Network held at Sun n Sand, Mombasa, Kenya, from November 28 to December 4, 2005.

© 2006 African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)

PUBLISHED BY ATPS COMMUNICATIONS DEPARTMENT

Printed by Zealot Printers

ISBN: 9966-916-47-4

ABOUT THE AFRICAN TECHNOLOGY POLICY STUDIES NETWORKThe African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is a multi-disciplinary network of researchers,
policy makers, actors in the private sector and other end users interested in generating, promoting
and strengthening innovative science and technology policies in Africa. With a regional secretariat in
Nairobi, the network operates through national chapters in 23 countries, with an expansion plan tocover the entire sub-Saharan Africa.
One of the objectives of the network is to disseminate research results to policy makers, legislators,
the organized private sector, civil society, mass media and farmers’ groups through publications,dialogue and advocacy. Among its range of publications are the Working Paper Series (WPS), Research
Paper Series (RPS), Special Paper Series (SPS), Technopolicy Briefs and Workshop Reports.
ATPS is supported by a growing number of donors including the International Development ResearchCentre (IDRC), the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Rockefeller Foundation, the World
Bank, the OPEC Fund, Ford Foundation, Coca-Cola Eastern Africa, the African Development Bank,
infoDev and the Royal Dutch Government.

Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
1.0

Organization of the Conference and Workshop

1

2.0

Background to the Conference and Workshop

3

3.0

Conference and Workshop Opening Ceremony

4

4.0

Conference Plenary Presentations

7

5.0

Health Systems in Africa: Country Reports

16

6.0

Closure of Conference and Workshop

17

Appendices
Appendix 1: The Keynote Address
Appendix 2: The ATPS/NEPAD Conference and Workshop ProgrammeAppendix 3: List of Participants

19
23
28

List of a
bbr
evia
tions
ab
bre
viations
AIKS
ARIPO
ATPS
AU
CIPIH
COSTECH
HIV/AIDS
ICT
IPRs
ITK
MDGs
NEPAD
NGO
NIS
SEAPRI
SSA
TB
TRIPS
UN
UNU/INTECH
WHO
WTO

African Indigenous Knowledge Systems
African Regional Intellectual Property Organization
African Technology Policy Studies Network
African Union
Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public HealthCommission for Science and Technology
Human Immuno-deficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome
Information and Communication Technology
Intellectual Property Rights
Indigenous Technological Knowledge
Millenium Development Goals
New Partnership for Africa’s Development
Non-Governmental Organization
National Systems of Innovation
Southern Environmental and Agricultural Policy Research InstituteSub-Saharan Africa
Tuberculosis
Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
United Nations
United Nations University Institute for New Technology
World Health Organization
World Trade Organization

For more information on ATPS Contact: The Executive Director, The African Technology Policy
Studies Network, 3rd Floor, The Chancery, Valley Road, P.O. Box 10081- 00100 General Post
Office, Nairobi, Kenya.
Tel: +254-20-2714092/168/498
Fax: +254-20-2714028
Email: info@atpsnet.org
Website: http://www.atpsnet.org

ATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORT

1.0 ORGANIZATION OF CONFERENCE
ORGANIZAGANIZATION
AND WORKSHOPVENUE, DATE OF CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPThe 2005 Annual Conference and Workshop of an autonomous African Technology Policy Studies
Network (ATPS) was held at the Sun n Sand Beach Hotel, Mombasa, Kenya from 28 November - 4
December, 2005.

SUPPORT FOR THE CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPThe 2005 Conference and Workshop was organized by ATPS in collaboration with the New Partnershipfor Africa’s Development (NEPAD).

THEME OF CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPThe theme of 2005 ATPS Conference and Workshop was “Science & Technology, and Health Innovation
Systems in Africa.”

OBJECTIVES OF THE CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPThe conference and workshop had the following key objectives:
1. To demonstrate to policy makers the relevance of National Systems of Innovation (NIS) approachto health systems in Africa and how the approach can be employed to attain both the national andinternational health goals.
2. To provide a forum for African health professionals, practitioners, policymakers, government
officials and other stakeholders to interact and share knowledge on the situation, approaches,challenges and opportunities facing the health sector in Africa.
3. To identify the knowledge gaps in the health systems and how the research capability building
strategies proposed in both the NEPAD health strategy and the ATPS health technology programmes
can be better aligned to address those gaps.
4. To provide the opportunity for all the actors and stakeholders to deliberate on the numerous regional
and international initiatives and negotiate and prioritize their activities and action plans so as toeffectively and efficiently use the expertise and available resources for maximum impact.
5. To examine how knowledge institutions can be better linked to the health providers and ensure thatthe relevant science and technology knowledge generated from these institutions is harnessed andused by the health care systems.
6. To examine how information and communication technologies (ICTs) and other technologies canbe used to improve health care delivery in Africa.

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MOMBASAKENYAATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORT

Conference Themes
In an attempt to successfully achieve the above objectives, the conference focused on the following
themes:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

National Systems of Innovation and its Applications to Health Systems in Africa.
Health Science, Innovation and Technology Policy Research Priorities for Africa.
Brain Drain, Training and Institutional Capacity Building Needs.
National, Regional and International Programmes and Initiatives: Harmonization, Linkages andCollaboration.
Cultural Norms, Empowerment and Behavioural Change in the Fight against HIV/AIDS andother Communicable Diseases.

EXPECTED OUTCOMES
The conference attempted to generate African perspectives on the use of health innovation systems toattain both national and international health goals. In particular, it was expected that:

MOMBASAKENYA• Participants would become familiar with the concepts of national systems of innovation andtheir application to healthcare systems in Africa.
• Knowledge gaps, training and capacity building and research needs would be identified andprioritized.
• Modalities and strategies for complementing other national, regional and international initiatives
and programmes would be identified.
• Empowerment and behavioural change strategies would be considered and agreed upon within
the African context.
• Both ATPS and NEPAD programmes on health would be better harmonized and targeted to theneeds of healthcare systems in Africa.
• Conference proceedings detailing the presentations and the recommendations made would be
produced.
• A communiqué and a negotiated plan of action targeting attainment of the MDGs and othernational, regional and international goals would be signed and dispatched.

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ATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORT

2.0 BACKGROUND TO THE CONFERENCE ANDCKGRGROUND
WORKSHOP
The five-day 2005 Annual Conference and Workshop was held to deliberate on how African countries
can tap the existing science and technology potential as well as build the necessary skills, competence
and expertise to address the ever-increasing disease burden and other related health challenges on thecontinent.
The conference and workshop on the theme Science and Technology and Health Innovation Systems in
Africa brought together about 80 professionals representing various stakeholders from some 23
countries in Africa. The conference was organized around the key themes identified in the NEPAD
health strategy, the ATPS programme on ‘Strengthening Health Technology Policies in Africa’, thethemes of the WHO Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health (CIPIH)
as well as other regional and international initiatives meant to benefit Africa. It benefited from key
presentations commissioned from African professionals as well as resource persons from various fields
of expertise from outside Africa. The diversity of stakeholders brought to bear the different experiences
and approaches that should result in richer and more inclusive policy choices, stronger and more
focused programmes and a negotiated plan of action.
The conference and workshop was a timely response to reviews that show that most African countries
are unlikely to meet the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and other international
development targets. They generally lag behind and the health inequality gap between the developing
countries and the developed world are likely to continue widening. The inequality gap in public healthbetween the developed and developing world has been associated, to a large extent, with the scientificand technological capacities (Wagstaff, 2002). Mugabe (2005) has emphasized that the extent to whichthese countries minimize the inequality gap and achieve the health-related MDGs namely, halt and reverse
the spread of HIV/AIDS, reduce maternal mortality ratio by three quarters and reduce under-five
mortality by two thirds by 2015 will depend largely on whether and how they invest in science andtechnological innovation. This emphasis has been supported by the major international policy documents
such as the report of Task Force 10 (Science, Technology and Innovation) of the UN Millennium
Project and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation adopted during the World Summit on Sustainable
Development in 2003. Most of the studies have pointed out the weak health systems in Africa as thechief impediment to the attainment of the health targets. There have also been recommendations to build
critical masses of the necessary skills and expertise, improve health technology policies, strengthen
research institutions and create agencies that generate product innovations in Africa. These should bedone within a broad framework of the National Systems of Innovation (NIS) that recognizes the role of
all the actors in the system and involves such actors in defining and implementing prioritized programmes
in the health sector.

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MOMBASAKENYAATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORT

3.0 CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP OPENING
CEREMONY
3.1
MOMBASAKENYAWELCOME REMARKS BY NATIONAL COORDINATOR, ATPS KENYA

Mr. Alex Gacuhi, National Co-ordinator, ATPS-Kenyan Chapter, welcomed participants to the country.
He called for an African perspective to the deliberations at the conference and workshop, arguing thatwould be the sure way to attaining health goals in an innovation system framework. The conference
and workshop sought to deliberate on how African countries can tap the existing science and technology
potential and build skills, competencies and expertise to address the increasing burdens relating to healthon the continent. Mr. Gacuhi expressed optimism that the conference and workshop would be a major
success.

3.2

WELCOME REMARKS BY THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, ATPSAt the opening of the conference and workshop, Dr. Osita Ogbu, Executive Director, ATPS, observedthat the gathering was timely because it would focus the continent’s energies towards achieving theMillennium Development Goals. He pointed out that research had shown that the problems embedded
in inequality in Africa would continue to relegate the continent to underdevelopment. The inequality gap
in public health between the development and the developing world, he said, was a reflection of thetechnological gap between the North and the South. How well developing countries put in placemechanisms that stem the mortality rate, reduce the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and deal with other healthproblems would depend on the degree to which they invest in science and technological innovation. He
called for the creation of masses of expertise and centres of excellence to improve technology policies,
strengthen health institutions and thus support innovations on the continent.
Dr. Ogbu said the conference and workshop had brought together some 80 professionals from 23
African countries to discuss the theme “Science and Technology and Health Innovation Systems in
Africa”. ATPS had gone into collaboration with NEPAD in order to strengthen health technology
policies in Africa.

3.3

WELCOME REMARKS BY THE CHAIR OF THE ATPS BOARD

In her opening and welcoming remarks, the chairperson of ATPS Board, Prof Norah Olembo, thanked
the conference and workshop organizers, saying the forum had brought together a diversity of
stakeholders, skills and expertise.
She lamented that the enormous cost of health care, lack of effective drugs, lack of access to affordable
drugs, drug resistance and the slow pace of behavioral change still confined the majority Africans to the“sad reality” of early and preventable deaths. Even though the range of diseases afflicting African

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ATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORT

citizens is very wide, Malaria, HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and other communicable diseases top the list of
killer diseases on the continent, weighing down Africa’s economic recovery efforts.
Given the current status of health on the continent, Prof Olembo said, many countries in Africa areunlikely to attain the targets set under the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. The healthrelated MDG targets require all nations to attain a 75 percent reduction in maternal mortality ratios, 66
percent reduction in infant mortality rates, halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS andprovide universal access to reproductive health by 2015. Most African countries are far off target andare unlikely to work out miracles within the remaining 10 years. She said many reasons had been
advanced to explain the predicament, among them weak and disjointed health care systems as well aslack of proper coordination between the numerous efforts and initiatives in Africa.
She challenged ATPS and NEPAD, which enjoy a regional mandate to address the problem. She expressedsatisfaction with the ATPS-NEPAD partnership, saying the collaboration would be continued beyond
the conference.
Prof Olembo observed that the key pillars of innovation are networking, learning and collaboration
between the different actors and affirmed that the ATPS health programme would follow an innovation
systems approach. “This is quite befitting since weak linkages and disjointed efforts have been identified
as key impediments to effective health care delivery in Africa,” she noted.
She said the conference would come up with well researched needs for the continent. It would show
areas requiring priority in capacity building and thus lead to a common approach in addressing problems.
She noted also that there was disharmony between African values, customs, knowledge systems andthe Intellectual Property Regimes (IPRs) on the one hand, and recent technological advances, especiallyin biotechnology, on the other hand that had created both opportunities and threats to African biodiversity
and more particularly medicinal and therapeutic plants. These, among other issues, would be dealt withat the conference and workshop, she said, and expressed optimism that a position paper would emerge
for presentation to the World Health Organization.
The conference would present an African perspective to the issues, Prof Olembo declared.

3.4

KEYNOTE ADDRESS BY PROF GOTLIEB LOBE MONEKOSSO

Gottlieb Lobe Monekosso: Africa’s Persisting Health Crisis: What Can We Do?
The keynote address was delivered by Professor Gottlieb Lobe Monekosso the founding President ofNGOs Global Health Dialogue and a former Minister of Public Health in Cameroon. Professor Monekosso
acknowledged that Africa faced a formidable health crisis and called on the conference participants,
stakeholders and well wishers to join efforts and act decisively in ending the crisis.
The first step, he proposed, would be “thinking together”, which means defining health, health care andhealth development, unpacking the concept of the goal of health, selecting inputs for health, identifying
the obstacles to better health before taking action.
Determinants of the health crisis in Africa should also be identified. These include, among others,
human behavior, environmental hazards, a rapid population growth, sick health services and poverty.
They also include illiteracy, HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, health emergencies and socio-political disturbances.
Obstacles to improved health care would be removed by creating structures for dialogue, mobilizing
local response to health problems, improving the welfare of health care providers and using national
experts on health problems. The obstacles would also be removed, Prof Monekosso said, by instituting
health insurance against income deficiencies, ensuring food security and overcoming dietary deficiencies,
overcoming HIV/AIDS, combating ignorance, and mitigating emergencies.
5

MOMBASAKENYAATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORTProf Monekosso said the strategy to a strong health system would entail identifying key actors, achieving
consensus on policies, defining a country’s priorities, building health development networks and mobilizing
local partners for health. It also would entail strengthening districts, involving tertiary institutions oflearning, establishing effective health information systems and building capacity through joint healthand development initiatives.
Success, the key speaker said, would depend on joint effort at all levels of health administration in eachcountry in Africa. It would also depend on co-operation with other at the global level. Those to contributeto the effort would be individuals, groups, associations, business enterprises, local authorities andcommunity-based organizations among others.

MOMBASAKENYA

6ATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORT

4.0 CONFERENCE PLENAR
Y PRESENTATIONSPLENARARY
PRESENTA

4.1 INSTITUTIONS AND HEALTH INNOVATION SYSTEMS
4.1.1 BANJI OYELARAN-OYEYINKA

MOMBASA
KENYA

Systems of Innovation and Development: Institutions for Competence Building
In this paper, Professor Banji Oyelaran-Oyeyinka of the United Nations University-Institute of Technology(UNU/INTECH) in Maastricht, the Netherlands, examined systems of innovation and discussed ways inwhich institutions shape systems of innovation. He defined innovation as knowledge that is acquired
through learning, research or experience when it is applied to the production of goods or services. A
system of innovation, on the other hand, consists of a network of economic agents working withinstitutions and policies to influence innovative behaviour and experience.
Prof Oyeyinka said a system of innovation framework places innovation and learning processes at thecentre of focus and adopts a holistic and interdisciplinary perspective. It also takes a historical andevolutionary perspective and emphasizes independence. He brought out the importance of institutionsin the development of a system of innovation framework, paying attention to their management, accessto and use of information, resolution of conflicts and systems of promotion.
The presenter said institutions shape systems of innovation by engaging in research and development,by building competence among staff, through information exchange and through regulation.
He identified four features of biotechnology that demand institutional change, saying the discipline isrooted in science, and is characterized by a strong interdisciplinary content. Sources of biotech knowledge,
he pointed out, are industries, laboratories, universities and public research institutions. He also notedthat institutions that are expected to deal with uncertainties, resolve conflicts and provide incentives
could also be barriers to innovation. Such institutions could constitute systemic barriers to the processof innovation, particularly through laws, habits and practices that may have lingered on for historicalreasons.
Professor Oyeyinka also showed institutions could hinder innovation by failing to create an infrastructurethat could meaningfully lead to establishment of partnerships and also by failing to put regulatory
mechanisms in place to test for, say, efficacy of rigidities that undermine collaboration among institutions,lack of interest in drug development and lack of support from the government. He pointed out thatcollaboration in innovation had been limited by the inability among scientists to move their work beyond
individual organizations, the absence of formal institutions to foster collaboration and poor incentives
for scientists.

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ATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORT

4.1.2 LYNN K. MYTELKA
Health Innovation Systems: A Comparative Perspective
Professor Lynn K. Mytelka, a former director of the United Nations University/Institute of Technology
at Maastricht, the Netherlands, delivered the paper. She pointed out that the need for developing
countries to participate fully in the global economy was critical to peace and progress in the world.
This, she said, called for people in these countries to gain access to knowledge and the capabilities forinnovation, especially biotechnology because of its impacts on health care. The new wave oftechnologies, she pointed out, is anchored in the sciences, involve a combination of distinct scientificroots, is patent-intensive and systems embedded-characteristics that have put barriers to developing
countries in acquisition of their gains.
She discussed the risks of further exclusion of developing countries, particularly in the health sector,
noting the high cost of drugs and medical services as well as market-driven products and services. She
therefore called for new thinking, for a system that allows innovation rather than mere production. She
defined innovation as application of knowledge in the creation of new or modified goods and services,
processes and ways of organizing production.

MOMBASAKENYAProf Mytelka called for an innovation system approach to health issues, arguing that it is interactive andits processes are embedded in an institutional context.

4.2 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND HEALTH SYSTEMS
4.2.1 AGGREY AMBALI
Africa’s Science and Technology Consolidated Plan of Action
A plan of action by the African Union (AU) and NEPAD titled “Africa’s Science and Technology
Consolidated Plan of Action” was presented by Professor Aggrey Ambali the Nepad Biosciences Initiative
Coordinator detailing its background, the process, principles and overall objectives. It also examined
the research and development programs, governance and implementation mechanisms as well as thebudget and resource mobilization strategy.
The plan recognizes that the continent’s economic growth and human development fortunes lie in
production and use of science and technology. There is also the search for Africa’s economictransformation as new technological opportunities arise. The plan also recognizes that barriers to
Africa’s scientific and technological development include lack of commitment, policies and priorities.
The plan demonstrates a desire for the continent to harness science and technology for purposes oftransformation. Further it demonstrates a desire to contribute to the global pool of science andinnovations.
The principles governing implementation of the plan include having Africa set its own development
agenda, going into partnership with various stakeholders on the continent and building on previous
progress. The pillars of the plan are knowledge, skills, mobilization and sound polices.
The pillars also include institutions and regional diversity.
The plan’s overall objectives include improving infrastructure for research and development, building
and using Africa’s scientists and engineers, turning ideas and knowledge into products and services andimproving quality of policies for science and innovation. They also include increasing African demand
for science and technology.
8

ATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORTThe plan’s research and development flagship programs include biodiversity, biotechnology and indigenous
knowledge in the first plan cluster.
The second cluster has energy, water and desertification while the third has material sciences,manufacturing, laser technologies and post-harvest technologies. The fourth cluster has ICTs andspace science and the fifth mathematical sciences.
The programs for policies include African science, technology and innovation (ASTI) indicators , Regional
science and technology cooperation, public understanding of science and technology, common
biotechnology strategy and policy, science and technology policy capacity and establishing technology
parks.
The budget for the plan for the period 2006 to 2010 is US$ 158 – 200 million to be sourced from African
governments, the private sector and international partners.

4.2.2 LINDA OPATIIntellectual Property Rights and Health Innovation Systems in Africa
The paper was delivered by Ms Linda Opati, Legal and Policy Officer with the Southern Environmental
and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (SEAPRI). She identified industrial property in the intellectual
property rights regime as patents, trade marks, industrial designs and geographical indications andartistic and literary property rights as comprising copyright and neighbouring rights. Intellectual property
rights matter because they provide incentives to creative endeavour and afford official recognition to
the innovator. They also create repositories of vital information and facilitate the growth of domestic
and international trade.
On the emergence of a global IPR regime and health developments in Africa she discussed thereconstitution of World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) as a UN agency in 1974. It had
become a forum for negotiation of international treaties and also helped in offering training to developing
countries on intellectual property rights. Among the WIPO administered treaties, she said, are on IP
protection. These define internationally agreed standards of protection in each country. There also areglobal protection systems that ensure one international registration is effective in all states that are
signatory to a particular treaty.
In addition, there are classification treaties that create systems that organize information on an invention
for easy retrieval.
In 1995 the World Trade Organization (WTO) was established by the Uruguay Round Negotiations. Its
functions are to administer WTO trade agreements, to act as a forum for trade negotiations, to handle
disputes, monitor trade policies and give technical assistance and training to developing countries.
Trade Related Aspects of Intellecutal Property Rights (TRIPS) had become an annex to the WTO
agreement, and had become effective for most developing countries in January 2005. The least developed
countries are exempted from the agreement until 2016. It also sets the global minimum intellectual
property standards for all WTO members. The speaker pointed out that TRIPS is aimed at promoting
public policy objectives by fostering innovation through transfer and dissemination of knowledge andby allowing members to adopt measures that protect human health and nutrition.
She further discussed the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO) and its functions.
Its mandate includes receiving and processing patent applications on behalf of members, promoting
and evolving a common view and approach and assisting in acquisition and development of technology
relating to industrial property matters.
The presenter also examined how IPRs were hindering health innovation systems through pricing,
scope of intellectual property rights, adverse effects on future innovations, technology transfer, patents
9

MOMBASAKENYAATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORTand copyright. However IPRs also contributed to innovation by conferring rights and giving details of
invention.
The presenter, in conclusion, recommended that national patent legislation should limit the scope of
patentable subject matter, give strict standards for patentability, facilitate competition and offer adequate
safeguards to ensure patent rights are not exploited inappropriately.

4.3 BRAIN DRAIN IN THE HEALTH SECTOR
4.3.1 DIVINE IKENWILLO
Brain Drain: Painting a Picture for Africa

MOMBASAKENYA

The paper was delivered by Divine Ikenwillo,a research fellow at the Health of Economics Research
Unit, University of Aberdeen. He traced the origin of term “brain drain” to the 1960s when many British
scientists and intellectuals immigrated to the United States for better working conditions and said migration
is a process that responds to various stimuli, with people tending to move from areas of low wages andhigh unemployment to low unemployment and high wages. Migration is caused by labour-market
conditions as well as non-economic conditions such as political instability and religious strife. It will
also result from globalization, communication and visa requirements. The paper showed that the brain
drain results in poor economic growth for the affected country, loss of human resources loss of returns
to investment in different sectors, loss of taxes, and in increasing dependence on foreigners and expatriates.
It leads to under-provision in health services, among others, and to the widening of the gap in scienceand technology between Africa and the West. It will also lead to higher earnings and to skills acquisition
for those who emigrate.
To address the problem of the brain drain, the speaker said African countries must improve theireconomies, governance and social conditions. They must also institute multilateral agreements to manage
migration and establish better links with those in the Diaspora. They should also give adequate incentives
to scientists and professionals.

4.4 NATIONAL AND REGIONAL INITIATIVES
4.4.1 PADMASHREE GEHL SAMPATH
Health Innovation Systems and IPR Issues for Africa
This paper was delivered by Prof Banji Oyeyinka on behalf of Dr Padmashree Gehl Sampath. Dr
Sampath is a biotechnology researcher with the United Nations University-Institute of Technology(UNU/INTECH) at Maastricht, Nertherlands. The paper was based on her research project at theinstitute focusing on alternative incentives that can be used to bolster research and development in HIV/AIDS and malaria. The project compares health innovation systems in three African and two Asian
countries. In her paper, Dr Sampath argued that the major concerns for health innovation in Africa
included building local systems that focus on local health priorities and enhancing access to the drugs
required to improve public health. The IPR dimensions in the building of local health innovation systems,
he said, are the impact of incentives and the benefits that are likely to accrue.
Giving the example of India where IPRs had triggered off innovations, the presenter said a combinationof factors had led to a thriving local pharmaceutical sector. IPRs had also boosted pharmaceuticalbiotechnology. Trends, however, showed that IPRs alone are not sufficient incentives to foster innovationin health and they do not necessarily lead to faster introduction of medicinal products in developing
countries. The paper also discussed the aligning of IPRs with local health needs and argued that the
impact of intellectual property rights on developing countries will differ from one country to anotherdepending on its level of development.

10

ATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORTIn addition several negative effects can be overcome if policy makers are more aware of how IPRs canbe used as an innovation incentive. IP is only one aspect of innovation policy. For it is to result increation and diffusion of new technologies, other aspects of innovation policies must be present, suchas competition policy, industrial policy, etc. These must act in tandem. Most African countries, he said,
have an extension under the Doha Declaration until 2016 to implement the pharmaceutical patentprovisions. They should utilize this to build local health innovation systems like several other successful
developing countries have. To enable this, IP regimes must be created only after assessing needs andpriorities at the local level.
Dr Sampath in her paper also said access to medicine is affected by several factors other than IPRs.
Inefficient drug procurement and distribution can affect the availability of drugs much more thank IPRs
( experience in HIV/AIDS drugs points to this).Countries should therefore focus on enhancing drugdelivery services, she proposed.

4.4.2 AMIR M. KARIM
Biosciences and the Future of Health in Africa: The Nepad North African Initiative
This paper was presented by Amir M. Karim of the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science,
Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. Giving a rationale for the NEPAD project, the speaker saidbiotechnology was radically changing the field of medicine with the changes presenting opportunities
for improving health care delivery. There are challenges too in bridging health inequity gaps. Biotechnology
tends to be inclusive by its nature, and Africa could be missing a major opportunity if it were left behind.
The speaker demonstrated the inter-relationships in the information age between biotechnology, ICTs,
genomics, informatics, life sciences and other areas of study. He further demonstrated the impacts ofbiotechnology on agriculture, medicine, industry and environment management.
The benefits of biotechnology, he pointed out, correlate with the development of capabilities to develop
it further. He said in medical biotechnology molecular biology would shift healthcare from empiricalinterventions towards rational procedures that addressed specific molecular pathologies. Amir Karimargued that inclusion of biotechnology in a country’s development strategy requires a mature technology
base. This can only be achieved through investment in research.
For the project to succeed he said, extensive work was going on at universities and research institutions
and many scientists were already in health-related areas. Egypt had developed a pharmaceutical industry
that exports drugs and vaccines, he said. A number of modern genetic engineering and biotechnology
research institutions had also been set up besides formulation of a national strategy for genetic engineeringand biotechnology. There has also been emphasis to involve industry and the private sector in supporting
innovating research that leads to product development.

4.4.3 DAWN SURRAT
National and Regional Initiatives: Do they Reach the Grassroots?
This paper was delivered by Dawn Surrat, a Capacity Building Officer, HIV/AIDS, VSO Kenya-Kauwi,
Kauma and Madeki Health Partnership. The presenter examined the grassroots, who they are, and theirrole as well as what ought to be done to sustain their progress. The ATPS audience, she noted, includes
legislatures, policy makers, the private sector, the mass media and civil society, science and technology
institutions, and farmers.
The critical issues of technology in healthcare, she said, are transportation, referral systems, infrastructure,
water and sanitation, infection control, environmental health, distance learning and basic diagnostic
equipment. She identified the major disease burdens for the continent as malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/

11

MOMBASAKENYAATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORTAIDS. Those most vulnerable are refugees, the disabled, the elderly, women, children and the youth.
She interrogated NEPAD’s health strategy foci and examined the key regional initiatives for thepartnership’s strategic coordination and regulation.
Drawing from her research in Kitui, Kenya, the presenter said Malaria had become a bigger burden to
the local people and more deaths resulting in previous years. However, various initiatives had been
undertaken to stem the increase of Malaria.
On Tuberculosis (TB), she said, the status of infection was unknown but trends indicated an increasein prevalence while on HIV/AIDS efforts were focused on reducing spread and improving quality of lifeof those infected. The Kitui lessons showed that collaboration is key to achieving the desired impact in
the fight against the killer diseases.

4.5 INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND HEALTH SYSTEMS
4.5.1 H.O. KAYA
Promotion of Public Healthcare Using African Indigenous Knowledge Systems and
Implications for APR: Experiences from Southern and Eastern Africa
MOMBASAKENYA

The paper was presented by Dr H.O. Kaya, the Coordinator of the indigenous knowledge systems(IKS) Programme at the North West University, South Africa. He defined indigenous knowledge as
innovations and practices of local communities, developed from experience, gained over time andadapted to local culture and environment. Literature is replete with examples of the use of African
indigenous knowledge (AIKS) to mitigate diseases and lead to food security. Discussing the status of
African indigenous knowledge, Dr Kaya said the system had been marginalized and neglected in policy
formulation for many years due to the periphery position of Africa in the global economy. In spite of themarginalization, many Africans rely on AIKS for health services. In recent years however, there has
been a dramatic increase in interest in the role of AIKS in sustainable development and public health.
Globalization has made it imperative that AIKS cannot be ignored as part of global body knowledge.
Africans are now increasingly being seen as knowledge producers and NEPAD Southern African
Biosciences Network has recognized AIKS as one of the flagships of science and technology because
it is holistic and interfaces with all other science and technology flagships.
Africa indigenous knowledge had also been invaluable in efforts towards food security in southern andeastern Africa, especially in areas experiencing problems of malnutrition and in areas experiencing arid
and semi-arid conditions. Local communities have, over the years, developed different food security
strategies and mechanisms for surviving in these conditions. The strategies include technologies offood production, processing, preservation and storage, which have not received much attention frompolicy makers or extension workers. The potential of these technologies had tended to be underrated.
Rural people in various parts of the two regions also use numerous ethno veterinary plants for treatment
of diseases in livestock and in humans. For example, treatment with plants is used for the removal of
the pork tapeworm (Taenia Solium).The presentation also discussed the interface between AIKS andwestern or modern knowledge systems. Owing to their commercial value and contribution to sustainable
development, African indigenous knowledge systems are increasingly becoming an integral part of the
global body of knowledge. This interactive flow has already resulted in mutually beneficial exchangesof knowledge that have enhanced the capacity of the formal research system to solve priority problems
identified in local communities.
Thus multilateral and bilateral donor agencies are now recognizing the role of indigenous knowledge insustainable development, including the promotion of public health care. Both knowledge systems will
be found in agriculture, public health, political organizations, conflict transformation, culture, education,technology and lifestyle.
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ATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORTAs a result of its affordability and easy access in most local communities, indigenous knowledge continues
to provide the building blocks for the development and public health in most African countries, while
seeking cooperation with modern Western knowledge for the mutual benefit of the two systems.

4.5.2 JACK GITHAE
Renaissance of Indigenous Knowledge and Technology: The Case of African
Traditional Medicine.
This paper was delivered by Dr. Jack Githae of the School of Alternative Medicine and Technology(Samtech). He observed that Africa is the cradle of mankind and that the Africoid race is estimated tobe more than 150,000 years old while the Europoid and Mongoloid races are estimated to be 40,000 and
6,000 years old, respectively. Man’s survival, he pointed out, had depended on how effectively andhow sustainably he had maintained health delivery systems. African traditional medicine, he said, is an
aspect of African indigenous knowledge that embraces a variety of effective culture diagnostic andtreatment systems that have enhanced the health of African people since time immemorial.
The presenter identified the major categories of traditional medicine as herbalism, traditional bone setting,traditional midwifery, traditional surgery, traditional psychiatry, traditional divination, faith healing andtraditional psychic healing. African traditional medicine combines nutritional, catalytic and germicidal
properties.
He pointed out the advantages of traditional medicine over modern medicine, among them being theholistic approach to treating an illness that addresses the psychological, physical and social needs of thepatient. Traditional medicines are also generally affordable and easily accessible.
Dr Githae further gave a strategy for conservation of medicinal plants that entails mapping the resourcebase and location, streamlining land tenure and herbal resource ownership status. It also entails educating
stakeholders on the value of the herbal resource and promoting sustainable herbal resource procurement
and utilization processes. Ethical markets should also be established and commercial farming andproduction of medicinal plants be encouraged to ease the strain on “wildlife medicinals”.

4.5.3 DANIEL NONI LANTUM
The Place of Policy in Applied Healthcare and Technology with Special Reference toAfrican Traditional Medicine
This paper was delivered by Professor Daniel Noni Lantum who examined the genesis of the modern
health system, the role of policy in public health, the dumb-bell and the paradox of policies. Policy isalways intended as a guide to good governance, to allow a search into human possibilities. He further
examined the role of the international community in restoration of traditional medicine and the recent
advances made on the continent.
However, key challenges are posed by prevalence of Malaria, Tuberculosis and HIV/Aids, he pointed
out, and called for an integrated approach to the problems. This would entail bringing new approaches
on board and developing new disease management strategies.
Despite the obstacles and challenges, the presenter urged Africa to keep developing and to revive older
civilizations. He further called for the development and exploitation of the African genius as well as thevast resumes that the continent is endowed with. African traditional medicine would only be improved
through science and technology, he affirmed.

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4.6 ICTS AND THE ECONOMICS OF HEALTH
4.6.1 NYAMBURA NDUNG’U
ICTs and Health Technology at the Grassroots Level
This paper was presented by Ms Nyambura Ndung’u, a researcher and ICT specialist with the African
Network for Health Knowledge Management and Communication-AfriAfya Kenya.The paper sought todemonstrate that ICTs can be applied to programs at the grassroots. It traced the role of ICTs in ehealth at the grassroots, showing its success in telemedicine and in distance education. ICTs had also
been successfully applied in the management of information systems at the community and districtlevels in such places as Kwale in Kenya’s Coast Province. Among the ICTs used are audio programsand video shows, computers, diskettes, printed materials, mobile phones the internet and traditional
communication technologies using drama, plays and songs. ICTs have also been used in agriculture, in
community mobilization and in water management.

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The presenter observed that among the impacts of the use of ICTs at the grassroots were increased
community discussion of sensitive issues such as HIV/AIDS, increased community participation in
health activities and management, improved performance in management of health facilities and emergenceof requests for more heath information. There are major challenges coming in use of ICTs at thegrassroots, among them a poor infrastructure, maintaining a; “two-way”communication, getting theright content from those at the grassroots, poverty, inequity gender and power imbalances.
Some of the key lessons in use of ICTs at the grassroots are making the technologies address practicalproblems, making them improve livelihoods, building strong partnerships, maintaining project sustainability
and sharing the lessons with the beneficiaries. The presenter strongly argued that for ICTs to succeed
at the grassroots, those introducing them must engage the locals, make them the driving force of thetechnologies and endure their socio-culture sensitivities. ICTs, she affirmed, must not only address
practical problems; they must have clear and tangible benefits-because they are a means to an end.

4.6.2 AMIT THAKKER
The Private Sector and Health Innovation Systems in Africa
The paper was presented by Dr Amit Thakker, the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Avenue
Healthcare and Chairman of the Kenya Hospital Owners Association who examined the private sector
concerns and government and private sector roles in healthcare. He contended that the challenges facedby the private sector are a legal and regulatory framework, healthcare financing, escalating costs ofhealthcare, service quality, the structure of the industry, consumer expectations and human resource
problems.
On the legal and regulation framework, he said, the government works as provider, trainer and regulatorof healthcare and that the multiple roles of government render it inefficient. In addition, unstable policies
lead to investment risks while inappropriate regulation leads to unfair competition, unethical practices,poor industry reputation, high costs of drugs and service, and confusion in the industry.Healthcare
financing faces the challenges of inefficient use of resources, high out-of-pocket spending, poorly
managed services and a lack of insurance for healthcare providers due to a large population of poor andinformal sector workers. The speaker said the health service delivery system is characterized by thedomination of government and charitable organizations. It had an untenable pricing system and a low
capacity for change. Corruption is rife and adoption of ICTs is low.
Dr Thakker discussed consumer and societal expectations in the healthcare industry, and called on achange of government philolosophy to allow healthcare services to be controlled by the market. The
key concerns in healthcare, he said, include access, equity, cost efficiency and quality. The way forward,

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ATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORT

therefore, would be to institute health sector reforms, reorganize healthcare financing, and promotecompetition and choice.

4.6.3 PIUS OWINO
Health Systems and Their Perfomance: The Case of Scaling up ART Treatment in Resource Limited
Settings
The paper was delivered by Dr Pius Owino of the Policy Project who noted that research work was stillin progress. The presenter also noted that for health systems to perform well there must be adequate
governance capacity as well as the requisite skills, competencies and services to the system. Good
health system performance also requires resources and incentives, a technical and organizational capacity
and a degree of accountability to clients.
He pointed out that health performance is measured by efficiency, quality and sustainability. He
demonstrated that a framework for diagnosing performance of health systems would have to take into
cognizance the health reform agenda, reform levers, health systems and program outcomes and amonitoring and evaluation mechanism.
Dr Owino said in scaling up HIV/AIDS interventions in sub-Saharan Africa global efforts must be
appreciated. It also must be realized that the ultimate objective is to enhance treatment, prevention andcare and support for those infected and affected. He posed the question whether there was a preparedness
on the continent for increased health funding and for free ARTs and whether health institutions could
cope with the easing evolvement.
The presenter concluded that strong systems are required to facilitate effective health service delivery
and that in negotiating for increased health funding, the systems component should be accorded highpriority.

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5.0 HEALTH SYSTEMS IN AFRICA: COUNTRYHEALTHSYSTEMS
COUNTRYREPORTS

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Detailed presentations on the status of health systems in African countries where ATPS has chapterswere made at the conference and workshop. The presentations showed, among other things, thebackground to the health system in the individual country, the health policy environment, the actors in
sector, the health sector linkages, the strengths and weaknesses of the systems, and the research action
and priority areas.
The first group of presentations comprised Uganda, Benin, Nigeria, Mali and Cote’Ivoire and the session
was chaired by Mr Chris Squire, the head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Universityof Sierra Leone. The second group comprised Tanzania, Cameroon, Zambia, Senegal and Mozambique.
This group was chaired by Prof Dejene Aredo, an Associate Professor of Economics at Addis Ababa
University and National Co-oridnator of ATPS in Ethiopia. The third group of presentations included
Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Burkina Faso and Lesotho. The chair for the group was Prof Joseph Obua of
the Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation of Makerere University and National Co-ordinator of
ATPS in Uganda. The fourth group was made up of Zimbabwe, Ghana, Swaziland and Sierra Leone
and was chaired by Dr Julius Mangisoni of the University of Malawi and National Co-ordinator of ATPSin Malawi.

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6.0 CLOSURE OF CONFERENCE AND
WORKSHOP
6.1 PANEL DISCUSSION
The conference and workshop hosts organized a panel discussion to bring into sharper focus the issues
discussed. The panel discussed the strengthening of health systems in Africa, the measures that would
be put in place to stem Africa’s brain drain and the institutional capacity building needs for health careon the continent. Other issues included finding ways and means of making intellectual property rights
more responsive to Africa’s health needs, how the continent’s traditional knowledge can be protected
and how links can be forged between modern and traditional medicine. The team also discussed ways
and means of harmonizing national and regional initiatives and making them more rooted. Also examined
was the way African culture can be tapped to foster behavioral change in the fight against HIV/AIDS,
and how policy developments could be speeded up to improve Africa’s health systems. The panel also
looked at the need for enhanced research in support of health systems and the role ATPS should play inspearheading improvement of the systems.
The moderator of the discussion was Prof Lynn Mytelka, an ATPS Board member. Others on the panel
were Prof Gottlieb Monekosso, Founding President, NGOs Global Health Dialogue; Prof Rubin Pillayof the University of Western Cape, South Africa; Dr Clifford Mutero, SIMA Coordinator; Dr Benjamin
Anyene, Medical Practitioner in Nigeria; and Ms Bitrina Diyamett, Senior Scientific Officer, COSTECH

6.2 CLOSURE OF CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPThe official closing of the Conference and Workshop was performed by Mr Peter Ayonga, the Deputy
Provincial Commissioner (PC) for the Coast region on behalf of the Provincial Commissioner, Mr.
Cyrus Maina. In his prepared speech the PC said the theme of the conference fitted the government’s
objectives in the economic recovery strategy for wealth and employment creation for the period 2003
– 2007. In the strategy the Kenya government identifies affordability and accessibility of quality healthcare as key to attaining rapid socio-economic recovery and sustainable development. He also observedthat the conference had addressed regional concerns and efforts by African countries to attain the
United Nations Millennium Development Goals. He noted the efforts were welcome as they were
geared towards achieving improved health for the people.
The Provincial Commissioner also observed that well-researched papers had been presented at theconference and that the level of debate was high indeed. The outcomes of the conference would be
used in informing policy interventions on the continent. He further called on the conference organizers
to ensure Africa reaped maximum profits from the resources invested in research in the health sector,
noting that individualized research had failed in meeting Africa’s problems. He also called for sectorwide consultations, saying they often led to well-targeted and to policy-relevant research. Mr. Maina

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called on African governments not only to work out ways of training professionals but to also retain
them. He called on ATPS and NEPAD to take a more central role in guiding the continent’s development
but warned that for success the two organizations must spread and anchor themselves firmly in thegrassroot communities in Africa.

MOMBASA
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ATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORTAPPENDIX 1: THE KEYNOTE ADDRESSKEYNOTE SPEECH BY PROFESSOR GOTTLIEB MONEKOSSO- FOUNDINGPRESIDNET- GLOBAL DIALOGUE, FORMER MINISTER OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN
CAMEROON
It is my pleasure to be with you this morning. I realize many of you do not know me but people of thegeneration before yours knew me.
I am not here because I was Minister of Public Health in Cameroon. I have spent 20 years of mylife teaching medicine in Eastern and Western Africa including two years in Uganda and two years
in Tanzania. I was privileged to teach at the University of East Africa when it was the only university
being shared by the three East African countries.
As Regional Director for Africa, between 1985-1995, I have traveled to every African country inthe continent. I was also privileged to serve in the military in the Americas where I was responsible
for the Commonwealth and Caribbean countries.
It is over 10 years since I moved back home because I needed to find what was really going on backhome after moving around the world for so long.
Having seen the objectives of ATPS, it is clear that ATPS has a lot to do with overcoming Africa’s
persistent health crisis. I remember a talk “overcoming Africa’s persisting health crisis: What have
our health systems left undone”. We think we have tried everything but obviously there are things
that have been left undone. What is the role of science and technology and innovation and what is
the relationship between traditional and modern practices in the health innovation system? The topic
is divided into five short paragraphs that are linked together.
Let us identify the determinants of the health crisis. What has been done? What can be done toremove the obstacles with a view to overcoming the crisis? And in doing so, can we accelerate
certain actions to avert the crisis rather than just nibbling at it. Since we are pursuing the goal ofachieving health for all our communities, this can be sub-divided into components that can becomprehended and resolved together. In this aspect, as in any business, our choices are determinedor limited by the availability of resources, by the level of technology at our disposal and finally by ourcapacity to manage.
We may not have control over our resources because of our state of development or even our
technologies but we should be aggressive here in managing what we have and to better run ourhealthcare systems. In other words, using available resources to portray technology to ensure qualitycare. If we are to improve ourselves, we must develop new ideas because the ideas we have beenused to so far have not succeeded. Africa has a huge disease burden and we need to come to therescue of our dilapidated health services.
We (the health sector) often classify our work into curative care, disease prevention and control&
health promotion but we often do not see how those activities can be related to have broad healthgoals on one hand and to the health care institutions on the other hand. For example the message I
would give at this point is if we could look at local hospitals based curative care which doctors andnurses do very well and relief or cure of disease what they are trying to do is to postpone the deathof cells tissues and organ systems and in some case the need to replace the whole organ. There arethen the public health centers that emphasize or look at what we do which is what matters morethan the treatment.

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We now look at deterministic factors that are pro-fundamental behaviors. These are:• Human behavior• Environmental Hazards• Rapid cooperation• Health Behavior• Seek Health services
We tend to focus on diseases and this is why many of our ministries can better be described as
ministries of disease. Indeed, the health crisis is multiple. The money spent on behavior change isvery important as it contributes significantly to resolving some of the health problems. Our healthservices suffer from non-satisfaction of patients and clients and migration of qualified health care
professionals. Apart from these immediate direct determinants, there are other indirect determinants
that are equally important like poverty which is under income deficiency. Illiteracy is also responsible
fro knowledge deficiency. Others include:• Malnutrition, dietary deficiencies and HIV related syndromes• Emergencies• Natural Emergencies and sickness• Socio-political disturbances

MOMBASAKENYAWe should take all of these issues in a holistic manner in line with ATPS strategy. We can haveconsensual Health policies if we take this into account with full community participation. These arebasic determinants but on a day to day basis there are administrative bottle necks and bureaucratic
constraints and so much that the procedures that were put in place in the colonial past to safeguard
their resources have now become impediments. Again there is often an absence of explicit
management sciences.
The operational management cycle is based on annual projects that ensure that partnership ismaintained. There is a development cycle that lasts for three to six years and is expected to resultin growth and it is extraordinary how many countries have stopped organizing such development
programmes.
I was interested to hear earlier on how decision making is done, implementers are doing their own
thing and there is no connection with the planners and in the circumstances, there is also no
management science in the cycle such that those who did the planning, programming, budgeting are
not connected with those who are doing the implementation especially with those who are expected
to benefit.
When you are in a ministry as a manager or minister, most of the funds are committed to day to day
casualty cases. Sometimes, more than 70% of the funds are for primary health care so that even if
you wanted to use 30% for primary and secondary care since more than 70% of the demand is forprimary care. The funds are also mainly in favor of the urban populations who have more access totertiary health care.
The overall thought is that little or no money is available for Health promotion polices control andthe consequence is that there is an increase in the number and severity of sick and injured persons
resulting in high expenditure in health care costs especially in tertiary care.
The vicious cycle can only be reversed by well financed and better organized health promotion
strategies systems and also by systems of health insurance which is a viable alternative because it
makes it possible to sideline the expenditure of primary health care costs so that eventually healthprojects can be spent on health

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ATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORTOBSTACLES AND RESOLVING CRISIS
Identifying determinants and obstacles to their removal will help remove the crisis but this is easier
said than done. Many strategy papers did not achieve their objectives and some were abandoned. It
was in 1978, that the role of the community participation in health was recognized and people
started by creating functional dialogue structures and health committees, management committees
and development committees.
Unfortunately this was not taken seriously by governments and health professionals and many ofthem were funded by external donors that led to discouraging failures. It has been underscoredhowever that it is through community participation that we can mobilize response to health problems.
We can start on the difficult task of taking care of health care providers so that the majority healthcare providers can be retained in Africa’s hospitals and health centers. This is the subject of urgent
redress and is part of the agenda of this meeting as this contributes to brain drain. There is atendency to utilize foreign consultants and experts to the detriment of national consultants andexperts who can provide the necessary link to the intended beneficiaries.
It is nice to know that many UN Agencies, WHO and other bilateral agencies can now employ local
experts in their own countries, Good as it may be, suspicious minds would see this as using them toachieve the objectives of their own agencies which ought to be the same as national objectives thiswould be the first step to stemming brain drain.
It is disappointing that many health programmes are launched for political reasons and therefore
lack managerial competencies to see them through. There are many countries particularly francophonecountries where the political life of the Health minister is the shortest in cabinet. When I was
responsible for health in Africa, I had to beg the presidents to let the health ministers stay a bit
longer in order to have some sort of continuity in order not to disrupt health programmes.
Failure to implement health programmes is like a patient in the village who needs insulin but decides
to take it at their convenience. Health is priceless but health care has a cost. Poverty associatedwith income deficiency is a major need. . There is opportunity to cash in to build a contraction
moving from the informal sector management of traditional/institutions moving to a more formal
sector of health insurance.
My second successor has declared that his priority in his mandate will be HIV/AIDS and we shallall be glad if he manages to make a dent on this problem.
I am privileged to say HIV entered this continent in 1980/81 when we were practicing medicine ina number of teaching hospitals across the continent. Syphilis was rampant then in the 1980,s and1990,s and younger people started testing positive for HIVAIDS. There have been many laudable
efforts in the continent especially by the international community but we regret to be reporting a lostfight in some of our countries for almost a decade.
I was almost pushed out of the 1990 World AIDS Summit in Abuja when I was told that thepresident would not hear our speech. We had prepared a declaration that was not read however I
insist that non-involvement of communities from the beginning has been a major weakness. We
have done everything that can be done and a lot of money has been spent but everyone agrees HIV
is scoring goals against us.
I now believe that quality innovation, prevention, treatment vaccines, care is where the fight has tobe fought and won.

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MOMBASAKENYAATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORTThe incidence of food security and deficiencies remains with us despite the fact that our countries
have sufficient land for sustainable agriculture and here again there is room for science and technology.
Modern life stresses also contribute to health problems. We should not forget the existence of
illiteracy. It is almost intractable and illiteracy is the mother of ignorance. We need to combat thisproblem through health literacy programmes and spend a lot of time and money on health education
programmes.
Messages and information can only be embedded on people’s minds when they are literate. WhenI was in the Caribbean, I compared the market system there which is not much different from theAfrican one except that they are more literate in the Caribbean and they made accounts of sales ofyams etc whereas in Africa, people carry the information in their heads. The difference is thatthose who were literate were able to move on to other businesses while the rest remained where
they were literally. Literacy is very important possibly as important as health itself.
Let us remember national emergencies and as we see more of our politicians getting into politicaldilemmas we hope they are realizing that when you create a crisis, confusion arises and therefore
diseases like HIV becomes the winner.

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We need the private sector to understand what the community is. We often see people speak of thecommunity level as the lowest in the national hierarchy. The community is important because they
are the alpha and omega, the principle stakeholder in health programs. I strongly believe that involving
communities and have community cooperatives will help in the response against the HIV/AIDS
problem.
We should take every opportunity to strengthen and build community capabilities and research thatis done in that aspect. The Community would be in a position to collaborate with external donors andpartners to come up with practical programmes that succeed. The community could collaborate
with them.
ACCELARATING DECISIVE ACTION
This implies identifying key actors and elements, achieving a consensus in policies, defining strategies
and pre-requisites and building health development networks. We must overcome the tendencies
for policies to be developed by top public hierarchy and dictated to the people in the community
instead there should be systems that allow for time to dialogue with communities.
If all key actors are involved and committed, decisive action will be accelerated and networking ofactors which will be able to bring all partners in a developmental aircraft that will help the aircraftto accelerate to take off. It is in this respect that recognition of districts as the operational units forhealth care is factored and decisive action can be initiated and extended to other provinces andeventually to the rest of the continent.
There should be efforts to involve universities and research institutions as reservoirs of national
expertise and more important, youthful energy. Health information systems are important; there isinsufficient or poor documentation in Africa which is an area of weakness in the continent in addition
to sluggish monitoring if any and an almost pathological fear of evaluation. These constraints haveto be overcome because to move forward we need indicators on performance.
Decisive action also recognizes the value of capacity building through joint health and development
initiatives at the local level. It is fruitless, to work in a health institute in itself if you are not working
for development. Good health will result in development because healthy people are more productive
and this will be felt in development where the equation is.
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ATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORT

We want to be healthy to be developed. We want to be developed to have decisive action that willbring various actors together.
Finally, let us pull together, The destination of this journey is health for all communities, the vehicle
is community oriented programs, the road map is the national health plan, the fuel is the financial
resources derived from the health project or the health sector or the communities. The lubricants
are educational management and research institutions. The drivers are the politicians at local
international/regional level assisted by the national engineers and actors in primary secondary andtertiary services, the travelers are the community who are at the local, intermediate and centrallevel.
The major community Health care challenges/Issues are:• HIV/AIDS prevention• Health Care financing• Change of lifestyle on an individual• Reproductive practices of families• Environmental management of communities
Setting out on a long journey requires careful preparation and support of international systems. Thisis our challenge at this conference and we can begin with health care providers, who decided tocontribute to work with correct levels, and actors who work with social-cultural, socio-economicand enterprise and with other information and knowledge.
Certainly in my short life time, I have seen there is a wealth of resolutions, details and information
lying out there waiting to be put together and utilized so that we can move forward. Contributions ofsuch people focus on communities that can hopefully accelerate resolution of the health crisis.
We can postpone and prevent illness to preserve our health heritage. Thank you.

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MOMBASAKENYAATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORTAPPENDIX 2: WORKSHOP PROGRAMMEPLENARY SESSION
ATPS/NEPAD CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AND HEALTH INNOVATION SYSTEMS IN AFRICA

Monday, 28 November 2005
Opening Session
Chair: Prof. Oliver Saasa, Managing Consultant, Premier Consult and ATPS Board Member

MOMBASA
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09:00 - 09:30

Brief welcome remarks from Mr. Alex Gacuhi, National Coordinator, ATPS-Kenya
Brief remarks from Dr. Osita Ogbu, Executive Director, ATPS
Brief remarks from Prof. Norah Olembo, Chair, ATPS Board

09:30 - 10:30

Keynote Address – “Africa’s Persisting Health Crisis: What can we do?” by Prof. Gottlieb
Lobe Monekosso, Founding President of the NGO’s Global Health Dialogue and former
MInister for Public Health, Cameroon.

Official Opening:Honourable Charity K. Ngilu, Minister for Health, Kenya
10:30 - 11:00

TEA/COFFEE BREAK AND PHOTO SESSION

Session I – Institutions & Health Innovation Systems
Chair: Dr. Khalil Timamy, African Union (AU)11:00 - 11:30“Innovation Systems and Development: Institutions and Policies for Competence Buildingin the Health Systems in Africa” by Prof. Banji Oyeyinka Professor/ Senior Researcher,
UNU/INTECH, Maastricht, The Netherlands

11:30 - 12:00“Health Innovation Systems: A comparative perspective” by Prof. Lynn Mytelka, Former
Director, UNU/INTECH, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Discussant: Dr. George Essegbey, Senior Scientific Secretary, STEPRI/C.S.I.R. and National
CoordinatorATPS-Ghana Chapter

12:00 - 13:00

Open Discussions

13:00 - 14:00

LUNCH

Session II: - IPRs & Health Systems
Chair: Prof. Norah Olembo, Chair, ATPS Board
14:00 - 14:30“The Premise of Health Innovation on Africa’s S & T Consolidated Plan of Action” by
Prof Aggrey Ambali, Coordinator, NEPAD Biosciences Initiative, SouthAfrica

14:30 - 15:00“IPRs and Health Innovation Systems in Africa” by Ms Linda Opati, Legal and policy
Officer, Southern Environmental and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (SEAPRI),
ICIPE
Discussant: Dr. Sylvester Ndeso Atanga, Senior Lecturer/Epidemiologist, Faculty of Health
Sciences,University of Buea, Republic of Cameroon and National Coordinator ATPS
Cameroon
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ATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORT
15:00 - 15:30

Open Discussion

Session III: - Brain Drain in the Health Sector
Chair: Prof. Femi Olekesusi, Nigerian Institute for Social and Economic Research (NISER) and Associate
Coordinator, ATPS Nigeria Chapter.
15:30 - 16:00“Brain Drain – Painting a picture for Africa” by Mr. Divine Ikenwilo, Research Fellow,
Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen Medical School, UK

16:00 – 16:30“A Framework for the Strategic Analysis and Management of the Impact of the Brain Drainof African Health Care Professionals” by Prof. Rubin Pillay, Senior Lecturer, Departmentof Management, Faculty of Economic & Management Services, University of Western CapeSouth Africa
Discussant: Prof. Melvin Ayogu, Professor of Economics, University of Cape Town, South
Africa16:30 - 17:00

Open Discussion

17:00 - 18:00

TEA/COFFEE BREAK
Marketplace/Exhibition and Networking

18:30 - 20:30

COCKTAILRECEPTION

Tuesday, 29 November 2005
Session IV: - National and Regional Initiatives
Chair: Prof. OLiver Saasa, Managing Consultant, Premier Consult ant, Premier Consult and ATPS Board
Member
08:30 - 09:00“The Premise of Health Innovation on Africa’s S&T Consolidated Plan of Action” Prof.
Aggrey Ambali, NEPAD Office of Science and Technology, South Africa

09:00 - 09:30“Biosciences and the Future of Health in Africa: The NEPAD North African Initiative by
Prof. Amr Karim, Uni Shams University, Egypt

09:30 - 09:55“System wide Initiative on Malaria and Agriculture (SIMA)” by Dr. Cliff Mutero,
International Water Management Institute (IWMI)

09:55 - 10:15
10:15 - 10:45

TEA/COFFEE BREAK“National and Regional Initiatives: Do they reach the grassroots” by Dawn Surratt, Capacity
Building Officer – HIV/AIDS, Kauwi, Kauma & Maseki Health Partnership
Discussant: Dr. Roch Mongbo, National Coordinator, ATPS Benin Chapter

10:45 – 11:30

Open discussion

Session V – IK & Health Systems
Chair: Prof Femi Olokesusi, Nigerian Institute for Social and Economic Research (NISER) and Associate
Coordinator, ATPS Nigeria Chapter.
11:30 - 12:00“Promotion of Public Health Care using African Indigenous Knowledge Systems and
Implications for Intellectual Property Rights: Experiences from Southern and Eastern
Africa” by Prof. Hassan Kaya, North West University, South Africa
25

MOMBASAKENYAATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORT
12:00 - 12:30“Traditional Medicine” by Dr. Jack K. Githae, Medical Herbalist, and Director of the
School of Alternative Medicine and Technology (SAMTECH) in Kenya, and a WHO expert
advisor on traditional herbal medicine
Discussant: Ms. Charlotte Wonani, Lecturer, Development Studies Dept., University ofZambia12:30 - 13:00

Open discussion

13:00 - 14:00

LUNCH

Session VI – Economics, ICT & Health
Chair: Eng. Lourino Chemane, ICT and Planning Advisor, Mozambique ICT Policy Commission and National
Coordinator, ATPS Mozambique Chapter.

MOMBASA
KENYA

14:00 - 14:30“ICTs and Health Technology at Grassroots Level” by Ms. Margaret Nyambura, AFRI/
AFYA, Kenya

14:30 - 15:00“The Private Sector and Health Innovation Systems in Africa” by Amit Thakkar, MD/CEO
Avenue Healthcare and Chairman of Kenya Hospital Owners Association

Discussant:Ms. Bitrina D. Diyamett, Senior Scientific Officer, COSTECH and National Coordinator,
ATPS Tanzania

15:00 - 15:30

Open discussion

15:30 - 16:00

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

16:00 - 17:30

Panel Discussion

17:30 - 18:00

Summary and the Way Forward

18:00 - 18:30

Closing Session

Country Reports

Wednesday, 30 November 2005
Resource persons:Session I
Chair: Mr. Chris Squire, Head, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sierra Leona and National
Coordinator ATPS Sierra Leone Chapter.
08:30 - 10:30 Country presentations: Uganda, Benin, Nigeria, Mali, Cote d’Ivoire
10:30 - 11:00

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

Session II
Chair: Prof. Dejene Aredo, Assoc. Professor of Economics, Addis Ababa University and National Coordinator,
ATPS Ethiopia Chapter
11:00 - 13:00

Country presentations: Tanzania, Cameroon, Zambia, Senegal, Mozambique26

ATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORT
13:00 - 14:00

LUNCH

Session III
Chair: Prof. Joseph Obua, Professor, Faculty of Forestry & Nature Conservation, Makerere University andNational Coordinator, ATPS Uganda Chapter.
14:00 - 16:00

Country presentations: Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Burkina Faso, Lesotho

16:00 - 16:30

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

Session IV
16:30 - 17:30

Country presentations: Zimbabwe, Ghana, Swaziland

17:30 - 18:30

Summary and the way forward
Prof. Banji Oyeyinka
Dr. Padmashree Gehl Sampath
Prof. Michael C. Madukwe

Other Sessions

MOMBASA
KENYA

Thursday, 1 December 2005
Research Methodologies in S&T, Health, Water and Environment
Resource persons: Prof. Banji Oyeyinka, Dr. Mohamed Khalil, Dr. Padmashree Gehl Sampath, Dr. Kevin Urama,
Dr. Francis Mutua, Dr. Osita Ogbu
09:00 – 10:00
10:00 – 11:00
11:00 – 11:30
11:30 – 13:00
13:00 – 14:00
14:00 – 15:00

An Introduction to Science and Technology Policy Issues by Dr. Mohamed Khalil
An Overview of Research Methodologies in Science and Technology by Prof. Banji Oyeyinka
TEA/COFFEE BREAK
Research Methodologies in Health Systems Policy by Mr. Divine Ikenwilo
LUNCH BREAK
Research Methodologies Policy Brief in Water and Environment by Dr. Kevin Urama and Dr.
Francis Mutua

15:00 – 16:30

Workshop on writing skills by Mr. Magayu Magayu

16:30 – 17:00

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

The ATPS Board Meeting will be held concurrently in the Habari 1 room

Friday, 2 December 2005
Annual General Meeting and Award Ceremony
Chair: Prof. Norah Olembo
09:00 - 11:00
11:00 - 11:30
11:30 - 12:30
13:00 – 14:00

ATPS Annual General Meeting and Award Ceremony
TEA/COFFEE BREAKATPS Annual General Meeting and Award Ceremony
LUNCH BREAK

Afternoon Free

27

ATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORT

3 - 4 December 2005
National Coordinator’s Training Workshop

MOMBASA
KENYA

28

ATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORTAPPENDIX 3: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
7.
Dr Alain Dominique Zoubga
Service Recherche en Sante
Ministere de la Sante
BL 7009
Ouagadougou
Burkina Faso
Tel:+ 226-7023-1232
Cell:+ 226-343321
Email: alenzou@hotmail.com

BENIN
1.
Prof Kuassi M. Amoussou-Guenou
Lecturer of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, HealthFaculty
University of Abomey - Calavi
02 BP 2828
CotonouBenin
Tel:+ 229-97894110
Fax:+ 229-21304096
Email: agkuassimarcellin@yahoo.fr

CAMEROON
8.
Dr Sylvester Ndeso Atanga
Senior Lecturer
Head of Nursing Science Dept.
Faculty of Health Sciences
University of Buea
YaoundeCameroon
Tel:+ 237-7615755
Cell:+237-3322272
Email: lawrenkum@yahoo.co.uk
ndemasa2001@yahoo.com

2.
Mrs Julienne Brahi Dossouvi
Ministère Santé Publique
06 BP 997 Cotonou
Benin
Tel: +229 90922620
Fax: +229 21302068
Email: juliennebrahi@yahoo.fr
3.
Dr Flore Gangbo
Lecturer of Human Biology
Health Faculty
University of Abomey - calavi
01 BP 188
Ministère Santé Publique
Cotonou
Benin
Tel: +229-21333485
Cell:+229-95844929
Email: armandegangbo@yahoo.fr

9.
Wilfred John Fru-Asanji
Executive President
Communities for the years 2000 & Beyond
P.O. Box 6485
YaoundeCameroon
Tel:+ 237-760-2485
Email: com2000plus@yahoo.com
10. Prof Lobe Monekosso
Founding President
Global Health Dialogue
180 rue Batibois, Bonapriso,
DoualaTel:+ 237-343-7684
Fax:+237-343-7684
Email: globalhealth 2202@!yahoo.fr

4.
Dr Roch L. Mongbo
Senior Lecturer & Researcher
FIDESPRA/Univ. of Abomey Calava and CEBEDES – XU
dodo
02 BP 778
Cotonou
Benin
Tel: +229-21304139/95966446
Email: rmongbo@intnet.bj/Rochl_mongbo@yahoo.fr

COTE D’IVOIREBURKINA FASO

11. Dr Stephane J. Claon
Lecturer
University of Cocody-Abidjan
01 BP 476
AbidjanCôte d’Ivoire
Tel:+ 225-22-484747
Email: claonj@hotmail.org

5.
Dr Benoit Kabore
Universite de Ouagadougou
01 BP 4487
Ouagadougou 01
Burkina Faso
Tel:+ 226-78812008
Email: benkabor2003@yahoo.fr

12. Dr Arsène KouadioKonan
Chief of Division, Research in Economics
CIRES
08 BP 1295
Abidjan 08
Côte d’Ivoire
Tel: +225-07-984680
Fax: +225-22440829
Email: arsenekk@yahoo.fr

6.
Dr Theordore Larba Kangoye
Inspecteur General des Services de Sante
Ministere de la Sante05 BP 6186
Ouagadougou 05
Burkina Faso
Tel:+ 226-50384155
Email: kangoyetl@yahoo.fr

29

MOMBASAKENYAATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORT
Ethiopia
Tel: +251-6463215
Fax: +251-116461252
Email: m.tibbo@cgiar.org

13. Dr Lacina CoulibalyMaître Assistant, Enseignement
UFR – Sciences et Gestion aux l’environment
Université d’abobo - Adjoné
02 BP 801
Abidjan 02
Cote d’Ivoire
Tel:+ 225-07497153
Email: coulacina2003@yahoo.fr

FRANCE
20. Prof Lynn K. Mytelka
Snr. Researcher Fellow, UNU-INTECH, Visiting Research
Professor, Open University, UK
35, Rue LHomond
75005 Paris
FranceTel/Fax: +331-47073790
Email : lmytelka@cs.com

14. Mr Benoît Kouame Yao
Sous-Directeur, Informatique
INP-HB Yamoussoukro
10 BP 892
Abidjan 10
Côte d’Ivoire
Tel: +225-07-81 4011
Email: kwayny2000@yahoo.fr

GHANA
21. Dr RoseEmma M. Entsua-Mensah
Senior Research Scientist
Water Research Institute
CSIR P.O. 38
AchimotaGhana
Tel: +233-244-670410
Fax: +233-21-777170
Email: mamaae@yahoo.com

EGYPT

MOMBASA
KENYA

15. Prof Amr Mahmoud Karim
Professor,
Ain Shams University
9 Road 150 Maadi
Box 539 Cairo
Egypt
Tel:+ 2-012-2268309
Fax:+202-6853561
Email: amrkarim3@yahoo.com

22. Dr George Owusu Essegbey
Senior Research Scientist
STEPRI-C.S.I.R.
P.O. Box CT 519, Accra
Ghana
Tel: +233-21-779401/773856
Fax: +233-21-773068
Email: george_essegbey@yahoo.co.uk

ETHIOPIA
16. Dr Dejene Aredo
Associate Professor
Department of Economics
Addis Ababa University
Addis Ababa
Ethiopia
Tel: +251-6181505
Email: aredodejene@yahoo.com

23. Mr Aggey Mawuena
Research Scientist
CSIR – Institute of Industrial Research
P.O. Box M32 Accra
Ghana
Tel: +233-021-775202
Cell: +233-0242311516
Email: aggeym@yahoo.com

17. Mr Denu Berhanu
College of Commerce
P.O. Box 41510
Addis Ababa
Ethiopia
Tel: +251-1134-83631
Email: berhanud@ethiopnet.et24. Mr Samuel Quarshie
Ministry of Health
P.O. Box GP 4876 Accra
Ghana
Tel: +233-021-661372
Cell: +233-21-684220
Email: sam.quarshie@ghsmail.org

18. Mrs Sewmohon Demissie Tegegne
Assistant Researcher & Centre Manager
ANRS Agri Research Institution
Bahir Dar Fishery Research Center
Bahir Dar
Ethiopia
Tel: +251-58-2200899
Fax: +251-58-2207249
Email: sewmehon@yahoo.co.uk

KENYA
25. Ms Sylvia Amisi
Consultant Interpreter/Translator
P.O. Box 20728
Nairobi 00202
Kenya
Tel: +254-733-324412
Email: sylviaamisi@yahoo.com

19. Dr Markos Tibbo
Research Technologist
ILRI
Biotechnology Theme, Animal Genetic Resources
P.O. Box 5689
Addis Ababa

26. Mr Alex Gacuhi
National Coordinator
ATPS Kenya Chapter

30

ATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORT
P.O. Box 10081
Nairobi 00100
Kenya
Tel: +254-722-294786
Email: alexgacuhi@yahoo.com

33. Mrs Patricia M. Njeru-MugambiInterpreter/Translator
P.O. Box 61052
Nairobi 00200
Kenya
Tel: +254-720-808715/733-298834
Email: patricianjeru@yahoo.com

27. Dr Jack K. Githae
Chairman
The School of Alternative Medicine and Technology(SAMTECH)
P.O. Box 1690
Nyeri
Kenya
Tel: +254-61-2030514
Cell: +254-722-442501
Email: kaguugithae@yahoo.com

34. Dr Owuor Olungah
Research Fellow/Lecturer
Institute of African Studies
University of Nairobi
P.O. Box 30197
Nairobi 00100
Kenya
Tel: +254-20-318262 ext 28157
Fax: +254-20-3744123
Email: owuorolungah@uonbi.ac.ke

28. Dr Willie A. Githui
Principal Research Officer
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)
P.O. Box 47855
Nairobi 00100
Kenya
Tel: +254-20-2724264
Cell: +254-20-2729308
Email: wgithui@hotmail.com

35. Ms Linda Makutsa OPATI
Research Officer - Legal
ICIPE (SEAPRI)ICIPE Duduville Complex
P.O. Box 30772
Nairobi 00100
Kenya
Tel: +254-20-8632000
Fax: +254-20-8632001
Email: lopati@icipe.org

29. Mr Magayu K. Magayu
School of Journalism
University of Nairobi
P.O. Box 30197
NairobiKenya
Tel: +254-20-318267 ext. 28062
Email: magayu@uonbi.ac.ke

36. Ms Dawn A. Surratt
Capacity Building Officer – Kauwi, Kauma, Maseki
VSO Kenya (Voluntary Service Overseas)
P.O. Box 1363
Kitui
Kenya 90200
Tel: +254-735-417414
Email: dawn.surratt@gmail.com

30. Dr Rex G. Mpazanje
Country Team Leaders, HIV/AIDS
WHO
P.O. Box 45335
Nairobi 00100
Kenya
Tel: +254-20-2717902
Email: mpazanje@ke.afro.who.int

37. Dr Amit Niranjan Thakker
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Avenue Group
P.O. Box 45280-00100
NairobiKenya
Tel: +254 20 374 3858
Fax: +254 20 375 0154
Email:
thakker@avenuehealthcare.com

31. Prof Francis B. Mwaura
Chairman & ATPS Kenya Chapter Member
Department of Botany
Faculty of Science
NairobiKenya
Tel: +254-20-44449004 ext. 2470
Email: fbmwaura@uonbi.ac.ke

LESOTHO
38. Mrs Masebota Gladys Khuele
Chief Economic Planner
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare
P.O. Box 514
MaseruLesothoTel: +266 22313358
Fax: +266 22311014
Email: khuelem@health.gov.ls

32. Ms Margaret Nyambura Ndung’u
Research & ICT Specialist
African Health Network for Knowledge Management &Communication
P.O. Box 11453
Nairobi 00100
Kenya
Tel: +254-722-701497
Email: nyamse@yahoo.com

39. Prof Zacharia Aunyane Matsela
Consultant in Education & Culture
Private and Sesotho Academy

31

MOMBASAKENYAATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORTP.O Box 35
Roma 180
LesothoTel: +266-22-340258
Fax: +266-22-340000
Email: zamatsela@yahoo.co.uk

46. Mrs Assétou KanouteLecturer
IPR/IFRA Katibougou
BP. 06 KoulikoroMali
Tel:+223-220033
Email:adafgalle@afribone.net.ml

40. Mr Motlatsi Nick Mokhothu
Senior Lecturer
Naitional University of Lesotho
P.O Roma 180
LesothoTel: +266-22340601
Fax: +266-22340000
Email: mn.mokhokhu@nul.ls

MOZAMBIQUE
47. Eng Lourino Alberto Chemane
ICT Chief Technical Adviser
ICT Policy Implementation Technical Unit (UTICT)
Bairro da Coop, Rua P. Dr. Antonio d’Almeida No. 61 R/C
D
MaputoMozambiqueTel: +258-21-309398
Fax: +258-21-302289
Email: chemane@infopol.gov.mz

41. Ms. Deepa Pullanikkiti
c/o Lerotholi Polytechnic
P.O Roma 1519
Maseru 100
LesothoTel: +266-63072665

MOMBASAKENYA

48. Dr João M. Carvalho Fumane
Physician Internist
Director of National Institute of Health
Av. Eduardo Mondlane/Salvador AllendeP.O. Box 264
MaputoMozambiqueTel: +258-1-3271331/4
Fax: +258-1-431103
Email: j.fumaue@tvcabo.co.mz

MALAWI
42. Dr Julius H. Mangisoni
Associate Professor
Bunda College of Agriculture
University of Malawi
P.O. Box 219
Lilongwe
MalawiTel: +265-1277434/8349452
Fax: +265-1277250/251/403
Email: jmangisoni@yahoo.co.uk

49. Dr Jeremias Mateus Ramucesse
AssistantEduoardo Mondlane University
Medicine Faculty
Salvador Allend Avenue, 739
MaputoMozambiqueTel: +258-21-428076
Fax: +258-21-325255
Email: jramucesse@yahoo.com.br

43. Mr Felix Mviha
Clinician/Researcher
Queen Elizabeth Central hosp/College of Medicine
P.O. Box 32346,
Chichiri, Blantyre 3
MalawiTel: +265-687151/8311681
Fax: +265-689144
Email: fmviha@yahoo.com

NETHERLANDS
50. Prof Banji Oyeleran-Oyeyinka
Professor/Senior Researcher
United Nations University/INTECH
Keizer Karelplein 19
Maastrict
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 43 350 6342
Fax: +31 43 350 6399
Email: oyeyinka@intech.unu.edu

44. Mr Peter Katsonga Phiri
Operations Director/Consultant
Pull Enterprises & Consultancy
P.O. Box 31431
Chirchiri, Blantyre 3
MalawiTel: +265-09394263
Email: peterkphiri@yahoo.com
peterkphiri@africa-onoline.net

51. Ms Johanna Spreeuwenberg
Senior Research Advisor
Ministry Foreign Affairs
Ijsdelderlaan 153941 HS Doorn
Netherlands
Tel: +31-70-3486649
Email: jwm.spreeuweberg@minbuza.nl

MALI
45. Dr Dembele Filifing
Teaching/ResearchInstitut Polytechnique Rural
IPR/IFRA Katibougou
BP. 06 KoulikoroMali
Tel:+223-2262740
Email:filifingdem@yahoo.fr

32

ATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORTNIGERIASENEGAL

52. Dr Abubakar Abdullah
Former DG/CEORaw Materials Research & Development Council(RMRDC)
No. 40, Yakubu Gowon Crescent, Asokoko
P.O. Box 6313 Abuja
Nigeria
Tel: +234-803-5002010
Fax: +234-4136034
Email: habuabdallah@makboub.com
abuabdallah@rmrdc.org

59. Dr Papa Alimne Ndiaye
Associate Professor
University of Dakar (E.S.P.)
P.O. Box
Dakar 5085FANN
SenegalTel: +221-8645418/8345888/6345888
Fax: +221-8642143
Email: pndiaye@ucad.sn
60. Dr Samba Cor Sarr
Chief of Health Research Division
National Health Office, Ministry of Health and Medical
Prevention
Street Aime CesaireBox 4024
Dakar, Senegal
Tel: +221-8694313
Fax: +221-8694206
Email: bathie65@yahoo.fr

53. Dr Henry E.M. Akpan
Consultant Special Grade 1 (Level 17), Deputy Director
Federal Ministry of Health
Yobe House, First Avenue, Maitama
Abuja, Nigeria
Tel: +234-8037626718
Fax: +234-96712135
Email: akpanhem@yahoo.com

61. Dr Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane
Associate Professor
University of Dakar (E.S.P.)
Laboratory Bacteriology-Virology
UTH A. le Dantec 30, Av. Pasteur
P.O. Box 7325
Dakar
SenegalTel: +221-8216420
Fax: +221-8216442
Email: ctourekane@yahoo.co.uk

54. Dr Benjamin Chukwudum Anyene
Zonal Co-ordinator/Exco Member
12B Forcados Rd, Apapa GRA
P.O. Box 4263, Apapa,
Lagos, Nigeria
Tel: +234-1-5451493
Fax: +234-1-5451493
Email: banyene@yahoo.com
55. Prof Adeniyi Sulaiman Gbadegesin
Dean, Faculty of the Social Sciences
Department of Geography
University of Ibadan
Ibadan, Nigeria
Tel: +234-8033661346
Email: adeniyig@yahoo.com

SIERRA LEONE
62. Mr Chris Squire
Head of Department
Mechanical & Maintenance Engineering Department
Fourah Bay College
University of Sierra Leone
P.M.B. Freetown,
Sierra Leone
Tel: 232-22-221410
Email: chris@sierratel.sl

56. Prof Michael C. Madukwe
Department of Agricultural Extension
University of Nigeria
Nsukka, Enugu State
Nigeria
Tel: +234-08037006968
Email: madukwe@hyperia.com/madukwe@hotmail.com/
madukwemichael@yahoo.com

SOUTH AFRICA

57. Dr Ogrondare Dada Oladipo
Programme Manager
Network on Ethics, Law HIV/AIDS
Prevention, Support and Care (NELA)No. 17, behind old SDP Secretariat,
Ibadan, Nigeria
Tel: +234-08037227303
Email: dipoogundare@yahoo.co.uk

63. Prof Aggrey Ambali
Coordinator
NEPAD S&T
Box 395
Pretoria
South Africa, 0001
Tel: +27-12-841-4980
Fax: +27-12-841-4414
Email: aambali@nrf.ac.za

58. Prof Femi Olokesusi
Director
Nigerian Institute of Social & Economic Research (NISER)
U.I. P.M.B, Ibadan
Nigeria
Tel: +234 802 3322052/8034115310
Fax: +234 2-8101194
Email: femioloke@yahoo.com

64. Prof Melvin Damian ayogu
Director, School of Economics
University of Cape Town
Private Bag x3, Rondebosch 7701
South Africa
Tel: +27-21-650-2763
Fax: +27-21-650-2854
Email: Melvin@ayogu.com/mayogu@commerce.uct.ac.za

33

MOMBASAKENYAATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORT
Dar es Salaam
Tanzania
Tel : +255-222121374
Fax : +255-222121360
Email : lmboera@nimr.or.tz

65. Prof Hassan Omari Kaya
Professor
North-west University
P/Bag 2046, Mmabatho 2735
South Africa
Tel: +27-18-3892453
Fax: +27-18-3815817
Email: kayah@uniwest.ac.za

72. Prof Samuel Wangwe
Policy Adviser Coordinator
President’s Office – Public Service Management (PO-PSM)
P.O. Box 2483
Dar es Salaam
Tanzania
Tel : +255-22-2120247
Fax : +255-22-2760062
Email : swangwe@yahoo.com

66. Dr Clifford Mutero
Coordinator-Systemwide Initiative on Malaria andAgriculture (SIMA)International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Private Bag x813
Silverton 0127
Pretoria
South Africa
Tel: +27-012-8459100
Fax : +27-012-8459110
Email: c.mutero@cgiar.org

MOMBASAKENYAUGANDA
73. Mr James Kakooza
Research Associate
Makerere Institute for Social Research
P.O. Box 937
KampalaUgandaTel : +256-78-528722
Fax : +256-41-530412
Email : kakooza@math.mak.ac.ug/jakakooza@yahoo.com

67. Dr Rubin Pillay
Senior Lecturer
Department of Management
University of Western Cape
Bellville, Capetown
Tel: +21-959-3214
Fax: +21-391-3026
Email: rpillay@uwc.ac.za

74. Prof Joseph ObuaHead of Department
Faculty of Forestry & Nature Conservation
Makerere University
P.O. Box 7062
KampalaUgandaTel : +256-41-543647
Fax : +256-41-533574
Email : obua@forest.mak.ac.ug

SWAZILAND
68.
Mr Obed Nfanyana Dlamini
Member of Parliament
Ngwane National Liberatory Congress
P.O. Box 960
Manzini M200
Swaziland
Tel: +268-5283021
Email: madube@agric.uniswa.sz

UNITED KINGDOM
75. Dr Divine Ikenwilo
Research Fellow
Health Economics Unit
University of Aberdeen
13 Brimmond Court, Westhill AB32 6XU
United Kindgom.
Tel: +44 1224 551913
Email: ikdivine@aol.com

69. Dr Musa M.A. Dube
Lecturer & ATPS National Coordinator
UNISWA Faculty of Agriculture
P.O. Luyengo
Swaziland
Tel: +268-5055154

TANZANIA

76. Dr Kevin Urama
Researcher
Macaulay Institute
Bethlin Mews, Kingswells,
Aberdeen,
United Kindgom AB15 8GA.
Tel: +44 1224 498200
Email: k.urama@macaulay.ac.uk

70. Ms Bitrina D. Diyamett
Principal Scientist Officer
Tanzania Commission for S&T (COSTECH)
P.O. Box 4302
Dar es Salaam
Tanzania
Tel : +255-22-2700752
Fax : +255-22-2775313
Cell : +255-748420850
Email : bdiyamett@costech.or.tz/bitrind@yahoo.com

ZAMBIA
77. Prof K. Sridutt Baboo
Acting Head
Dept. of Community Medicine
University of Zambia
P.O. Box 50110
Lusaka71. Dr Leonard E.G. Mboera
Director, Information, Technology & Communication
National Institute for Medical Research
P.O. Box 9653

34

ATPS 2005 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP REPORT
ZambiaTel: + 260-293856/095832672
Email: sridutt2001@yahoo.com

HarareZimbabwe
Tel: +263-333341/3
Fax: +263-4-333345
Email: bmzwizwai@science.uz.ac.zw

78. Prof Oliver Saasa
Managing Consultant
Premier Consult
P.O. Box 38163
LusakaZambiaTel: +260-1-290056
Fax: +260-1-290581
Email: oliver-saasa@premier-consult.com

SECRETARIAT
African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)
3rd Floor, The Chancery, Valley Road
P.O. Box 10081-00100, Nairobi
Kenya
Tel: +254-20-271 4098/168/498
Fax: +254-20-271 4028
Email: info@atpsnet.org
Website: www.atpsnet.org

79. Dr Olusegun Yerokun
Senior Lecturer
Soil Science Department
University of Zambia
P.O. Box 32379
LusakaZambiaTel: +260-1-295421
Fax: +260-1-295655
Email: oyerokun@agric.unza.zm

84. Dr Osita Ogbu
Executive Director
Email: oogbu@atpsnet.org
85. Sheila Maina
Research and Training Manager
Email: smaina@atpsnet.org
86. Lily Aduke
Communications and Outreach Officer
Email: laduke@atpsnet.org

80. Ms Charlotte WONANI
National Coordinator, ATPS
Development Studies Department
University of Zambia
P.O. Box 32379
LusakaZambiaTel: + 260-96752645
Fax: + 260-1-254297
Email: cmwonani@yahoo.com

87. Maurice Bolo
Research Officer
Email: mbolo@atpsnet.org
88. Lucy Mwangi
Publications and Programme Adminstrator
Email: lmwangi@atpsnet.org

ZIMBABWE

89. Neema Nzimbi
Administrative Assistant
Email: nnzimbi@atpsnet.org

81. Mr Fredy Chinyavanhu
Deputy Director
Food Safety Control
Ministry of Health, AVT Analyst Lab
P.O. Box CY231, Cause Way
HarareZimbabwe
Tel: +263-4-792026
Fax: +263-4-705261
Email: fchinyayanhu@healthnet.org.zw
82. Mrs Zibusiso Jokomo
Research Fellow
Institute of Development Studies
University of Zimbabwe
Box M.P. 167, Mt. PleasantHarareZimbabwe
Tel: +263-333341/3
Fax: +263-4-333345
Email: bjokomo@science.uz.ac.zw
83. Mr Benson Zwizwai
Deputy Director
Institute of Development Studies
University of Zimbabwe
Box M.P. 167, Mt. Pleasant

35

MOMBASAKENYA