Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Table of Contents
1.

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1

Waste issues and our society .............................................................................................................. 1

1.1.1

History of material-cycle society in Japan.................................................................................... 3(1) Material-cycle society prior to 1900 ............................................................................................... 3(2) Destruction, collapse and restoration of material-cycle society during the 1900s (20th Century) .. 3
1.1.2

The future of material-cycle society in Japan ............................................................................... 4(1) Material-cycle society targeted in the 21st Century ........................................................................ 4(2) Re-arranging the sensitivity of Edo Period to suit today’s society.................................................. 5
1.2

Current situations of wastes and waste issues of developing countries ............................................. 6

1.3

Improvement in waste management and raw garbage recycling ....................................................... 9

1.3.1

Adverse effects of reliance on landfill disposal of wastes ............................................................ 9

1.3.2

Composting of raw garbage and waste reduction ....................................................................... 101.3.3

Example of waste management improvement in Surabaya City ................................................ 11

1.4
1.4.1

Raw garbage composting and the SDGs .......................................................................................... 13
What are the SDGs? ................................................................................................................... 13References................................................................................................................................................ 16

Chapter 2 Table of Contents
2.

Toward the improvement of waste management ..................................................................................... 1

2.1

Five points to note for having waste management sustained in regional communities ..................... 1

2.2

Attempts for improving waste management in Surabaya City .......................................................... 2

2.2.1

The City government declared to “aim at urban development considerate for the green
environment and hygiene,” as an administrative measure ............................................................ 22.2.2

Filling the technical insufficiency for implementing Green Clean Campaign ............................. 5

2.2.3

Improvement and expansion of compost centers.......................................................................... 92.2.4

Development and operation of recyclable waste sorting and collection center and large-scale
compost center ............................................................................................................................ 102.3

Purpose of composting of raw garbage ............................................................................................ 122.3.1

Using compost ............................................................................................................................ 122.3.2

Cost burden for composting ....................................................................................................... 122.3.3

Method for inducing appropriate technologies ........................................................................... 13Reference ................................................................................................................................................. 16

1

Chapter 3 Table of Contents
Composting technology – Basic concept ................................................................................................ 1

3.
3.1

History of composting ....................................................................................................................... 1

3.2

Basic concept of composting ............................................................................................................. 1

3.2.1
3.3

Composting process involves “fermentation” .............................................................................. 2
Basic process flow of composting ..................................................................................................... 33.3.1

Pre-treatment process ................................................................................................................... 3(1) Removing foreign matters ............................................................................................................... 3(2) Limitation of mechanical foreign matters removal ......................................................................... 43.3.2

Fermentation process .................................................................................................................... 8(1) Concept of returned compost .......................................................................................................... 93.3.3

Product preparation process ....................................................................................................... 10References................................................................................................................................................ 112

Chapter 4 Table of Contents
Basic theories of composting technology – Important items .................................................................. 1

4.
4.1

Microorganisms ................................................................................................................................. 1

4.1.1

The composting process is broadly divided into three stages ....................................................... 1(1) First stage ........................................................................................................................................ 2(2) Second stage.................................................................................................................................... 3(3) Third stage....................................................................................................................................... 4
4.1.2

Diverse microorganisms are involved in composting................................................................... 54.1.3

Indigenous bacteria are excellent for composting ........................................................................ 54.1.4

When fermented food is not available .......................................................................................... 5(1) Humus in a forest ............................................................................................................................ 5(2) Lactic acid bacteria and yeast bacteria floating in the air ............................................................... 6
4.1.5
4.2

Making seed compost by cultivating microorganisms ................................................................. 6
Oxygen ............................................................................................................................................... 7

4.2.1

Risk of odor generation may be reduced ...................................................................................... 74.2.2

The composting period may be curtailed ..................................................................................... 84.2.3

Hygienic compost may be produced ............................................................................................ 94.2.4

Composting period may be curtailed further as temperature rises ............................................. 114.2.5

Higher temperatures could eliminate drainage ........................................................................... 12(1) Large amount of water is contained in cells and water is generated when microorganisms
consume organic substances.......................................................................................................... 13(2) It is better not to dehydrate raw garbage ....................................................................................... 144.3

Points of caution in aerobic fermentation ........................................................................................ 144.3.1

Appropriate amount of air should be supplied ........................................................................... 144.3.2

Moisture content ......................................................................................................................... 154.3.3

Checking the moisture content for smooth composting ............................................................. 17(1) Method of moisture content checking ........................................................................................... 17(2) Points of caution in moisture content checking............................................................................. 18References ........................................................................................................................................ 193

Chapter 5 Table of Contents
Basic theories of composting technology – Matters requiring caution ................................................... 1

5
5.1

pH ...................................................................................................................................................... 1

5.1.1

Utilizing returned compost ........................................................................................................... 2

5.1.2

Adding alkali agent....................................................................................................................... 2

5.1.3

Sludge composting ....................................................................................................................... 2

5.2

Carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N) .............................................................................................................. 2

5.2.1

C/N during composting ................................................................................................................ 2

5.2.2

C/N of compost product ............................................................................................................... 4

5.3

Aeration ............................................................................................................................................. 55.3.1

Aeration using a blower (forced aeration) .................................................................................... 5

5.3.2

Cutback (agitation) ....................................................................................................................... 7

5.4

Form of raw materials ........................................................................................................................ 7

5.5

Void ratio and bulk density (specific gravity) .................................................................................... 85.6

Impacts of salt content ....................................................................................................................... 8

5.7

Impacts of oil content ...................................................................................................................... 10

5.8

Fermentation processes during composting ..................................................................................... 105.8.1“Primary fermentation and secondary fermentation” ................................................................. 11(1) Primary fermentation, (2) Secondary fermentation ....................................................................... 115.8.2“First stage, second stage and third stage” ................................................................................. 11(1) First stage, (2) Second stage, (3) Third stage ............................................................................... 11
5.8.3“Premature compost, half-matured compost and fully matured compost” ................................. 12(1) Premature compost, (2) Half-matured compost, (3) Fully matured compost .............................. 12
5.8.4

Judgment on the completion of composting ............................................................................... 13References................................................................................................................................................ 144Chapter 6 Table of Contents
6From the Basic Theories to Practical Application of Composting Technology ...................................... 1
6.1

Preparing seed compost by culturing microorganisms ...................................................................... 1

6.1.1

Preparing a fermentation liquid .................................................................................................... 1(1) Cultivation using a sugar solution ................................................................................................... 1(2) Cultivation using a saline solution .................................................................................................. 2
6.1.2

Preparing seed compost ................................................................................................................ 3(1) Preparing base material ................................................................................................................... 3(2) Mixing the fermentation liquid ....................................................................................................... 5(3) Mixing base material with fermentation liquid ............................................................................... 6(4) Completion of seed compost ........................................................................................................... 66.1.3

Small-scale cultivation using household composting container ................................................... 7(1) Cultivation using a sugar solution ................................................................................................... 7(2) Cultivation using a saline solution .................................................................................................. 7(3) Preparing seed compost................................................................................................................... 8(4) A method in which cultivation using a sugar solution or a saline solution is omitted .................... 96.1.4

Large-scale cultivation at a large-scale compost center ............................................................. 10(1) Cultivation using a sugar solution ................................................................................................. 10(2) Cultivation using a saline solution ................................................................................................ 10(3) Preparing seed compost................................................................................................................. 10Attempts at home – Household composting .................................................................................... 13

6.2
6.2.1

Step 1: preparation...................................................................................................................... 13(1) Have an air-permeable container ready ......................................................................................... 13(2) Size of the container ...................................................................................................................... 13(3) Lining the container ...................................................................................................................... 14(4) Examples of container lining ........................................................................................................ 15(5) Measures against soldier flies and other insects............................................................................ 18(6) Place to store composting containers ............................................................................................ 19
6.2.2

Step 2: Putting raw garbage in the container .............................................................................. 19

6.2.3

Step 3: Completing the compost................................................................................................. 20

6.3

Attempts at compost centers ............................................................................................................ 21

6.3.1

Merits and demerits of composting at compost centers.............................................................. 21

6.3.2

Basic conditions of compost centers .......................................................................................... 23

5

(1) Points to be considered when constructing a compost center ....................................................... 23(2) Tools and machines ....................................................................................................................... 24
6.4

Small-scale compost center.............................................................................................................. 25

6.4.1

Step 1: Preparation ..................................................................................................................... 25

6.4.2

Composting procedures .............................................................................................................. 25

6.4.3

Examples of small-scale compost centers .................................................................................. 27

6.4.4

Attempts at small-scale compost center (in Bhutan) .................................................................. 27

6.4.5

Attempts at small-scale compost center (in the Philippines) ...................................................... 30

6.5

Medium-scale compost center ......................................................................................................... 32

6.5.1

Step 1: Preparation (in the Philippines as an example) .............................................................. 32

6.5.2

Composting procedures (in the Philippines as an example) ....................................................... 33

6.5.3

Attempts at medium-scale compost center (in Bolivia as an example) ...................................... 36

6.5.4

Attempts at medium-scale compost center (in Ecuador as an example) .................................... 39

6.6

Large-scale compost center.............................................................................................................. 44

6.6.1

Step 1: Preparation ..................................................................................................................... 44

6.6.2

Attempts at large-scale compost center (in Vietnam as an example) ......................................... 45

References................................................................................................................................................ 54

6目次

Chapter7 Table of Contents
7 Effective ways to u se compost ································································································· 17.1 Effects of compost ··············································································································· 17.1.1 Relationship between the amount of application of fertilizing components
and the yield··················································································································· 17.1.2 [1] Conventional cultivation ··························································································· 27.1.3 [2] Fertilizer a pplication improvement··········································································· 37.1.4 [3] Soil improvement and fertilizer application improvement ·········································· 37.1.5 [4] Comprehensive improvement ··················································································· 37.1.6 Excessive fertilizer application leads to decline in yields ·················································· 47.1.7 Characteristics of chemical fertilizers and compost·························································· 5(1) Chemical fertilizers ········································································································ 5(2) Compost ························································································································ 5
7.1.8 Purposes when attempting composting ··········································································· 67.2 Soil improvement ················································································································ 67.2.1 Improvement of physical properties ················································································ 7(1) Constituent elements of soil ··························································································· 7(2) Aggregation of soil particles ··························································································· 8(3) Soil in which macroaggregates have formed·································································· 11(4) Relationship between air permeability and water permeability ······································ 12(5) Promoting soil aggregation ·························································································· 14
7.2.2 Improvement of chemical properties ············································································· 15(1) Improvement of fertilizing components ········································································ 15[1] Fertilizing components necessary for plant growth ····················································· 15[2] F ertilizing components that require attention when applied to the soilfor crop cultivation ···································································································· 16[3] Supplying fertilizing components by using compost ···················································· 17

(2) Fertilizer holding property/cation exchange capacity (CEC) ········································ 17[1] Holding the fertilizing components ············································································ 17[2] Mitigation of fluctuation of pH of the soil ································································· 18[3] pH of soil and absorption of fertilizing components ···················································· 19
7.2.3 Improvement of biological properties ·········································································· 20(1) Soil animals ················································································································· 20(2) Soil microorganisms ····································································································· 22References ···························································································································· 241