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ि5678  ू9:$; ूIntroduction
This dictionary has been a long time in the making. I started
working on the Thami language, called Thangmi by thepeople who speak it, in 1996. When I started I knew nothing
about the language or the ethnic community of its speakers,
and was surprised to discover that few other scholars of
Nepal knew much either.
As I got to know Thangmi speakers in the Dolakha andSindhupalcok districts of central-eastern Nepal, anddiscovered that the population of this little-known ethnic
community was over 20,000, the lack of published work on
their language and culture seemed even more surprising.
While my research for my PhD dissertation was on thegrammar of Thangmi, the Thangmi speakers with whom I
was working were naturally more interested in a having me
publish a dictionary in the Nepali (Devanagari) script. My
PhD thesis, they rightly argued, would only be available in
English and would be written using complicated linguistic
terms and would therefore remain inaccessible to them. A
concise dictionary, or more accurately a ‘word list’, in ascript which they could read would be of far greater utility
to the community. With this request in mind, I havecompiled this Nepali-Thami-English Dictionary.
Let me take a moment to explain how this book cameabout and why it is structured in the way it is. First, thepresent book is not really a ‘dictionary’ according to thestrict definition of the term. The word listings are notcontextualised in any way, there is no analysis of thegrammar of Thangmi. Example sentences are also notprovided. This is not so much an academic book as apractical reference book. Many Thangmi friends andcolleagues have asked me if I would undertake to write
down, once and for all, the core of their vocabulary in theform of a concise book. Due to constraints of time and1

space, unfortunately I am not able to elaborate on thegrammatical structure of the Thangmi language here. For
those readers interested in Thangmi grammar, phonology
and morphology, I ask that they contact me and I will behappy to send them academic articles that I have publishedon these topics.
Second, you will notice that the first language in the list
is not Thangmi but Nepali. I have thought long and hardabout the order, and decided that Nepali should be first in
the list for a few simple reasons. Thangmi is an unwritten
language, even though it lends itself fairly easily to being
represented in the Devanagari script, as you will see.
However, putting the column of Thangmi words first would
be problematic since there is as yet no standard spelling forThangmi in Devanagari, and readers of this dictionary
would have a difficult time locating words. The mostimportant reason for putting Nepali first is for access andusability. In fact, many young Thangmi men and women
speak better Nepali than they speak Thangmi these days. It
is therefore far more likely that readers will want to look up
a Nepali word to find its Thangmi equivalent. This is only
possible if the Nepali column comes first in the list. There isanother final reason: I would like non-Thangmi Nepalis tobe able to make use of this book, and this is once again only
possible if Nepali is the language of ‘entry’. The dictionary
follows the order of the Nepali alphabet, and you will noticethat English has also been included. In many cases, theEnglish translation is not a perfect fit for the Nepali or theThangmi, but I have tried nevertheless to include roughtranslations where possible. Many Thangmi in Dolakha andSindhupalcok have explicitly asked for English to be
included in the dictionary since this word list may thenfunction as a concise Nepali-English dictionary with acolumn of Thangmi in the middle, which may be useful forchildren learning English in school.
2Third, I must emphasise that the present Nepali-ThamiEnglish Dictionary is a compilation of Thangmi words fromwhat I call the ‘Dolakha dialect’ of the language, and thenprimarily as it is spoken in the village of Suspa. While there
are as many variations and dialects of Thangmi as there are
speakers and villages, two main dialects may be identified:the ‘Dolakha dialect’ spoken in and around Suspa, Lapilang
and Alampu on the one hand, and the ‘Sindhupalcok
dialect’ which is spoken in Chokati, Latu and Piskar, on theother. I have concentrated my linguistic research on theeastern dialect of Thangmi - the one spoken in Dolakha - forvarious reasons. First, it is the region in which I first settled
and spent the most time; second, because there are many
more speakers of this dialect than of the western or
Sindhupalcok dialect; and third, because every scholar has
to start somewhere! I see this book as a preliminary attempt
to gather together Thangmi words and I hope that many
more will follow. The Sindhupalcok dialect of Thangmi as
spoken in Chokati, Latu and Piskar is very worthy of study
and more research must be conducted on this little-studied
variety of the language. It is very important to understandthat the present dictionary is in no way meant to beprescriptive: I am not suggesting that ‘this, and only this, isthe Thangmi language’ or that other words which somereaders may know are ‘not Thangmi’ because I have notincluded them. This list contains words from only one
dialect, variation or style of Thangmi - a dialect whichhappens to be fairly uniform and have the most speakers. I
am confident that while all Thangmi speakers will find thatthey recognise a majority of the words contained in the list,
every reader will also find words which they think areincorrect in spelling or meaning. Please keep a list of thesewords, or send them to me at the address below, since I
hope that one day soon it will be possible to compile alarger and more complete dictionary of the Thangmi
language. I hope that this word list, a first in the realm of3

published work on Thangmi, will encourage other scholars,
and particularly Thangmi themselves, to publish their
linguistic findings. It is my hope that future research on theThangmi language and culture may be conductedcollaboratively with other indigenous scholars and culturalactivists.
Fourth, I have been somewhat strict in deciding which
words of the Dolakha dialect of Thangmi should be
included and which not. Every day that I was resident in theThangmi-speaking areas of Dolakha, someone would
supply me with a new word. While many of these wereinteresting and important lexical items, others were clearlyloan words, such as ghumaisisa meaning ‘to walk around,wander, turn’, from Nepali ghumnu and ghumaunu. People
always ask me how many words I have collected and I
always reply that I have no idea and that this is also not theimportant issue. I have decided to exclude all obvious
Nepali loan words from this word list, and also to include
only the infinitive verbal form for each verb, in other words
only hoksa ‘to be, to sit’ and not hokdu, hokan, hokidu orother examples of the verbal conjugation. I am aware thatmany ethnic and linguistic activists in the community would
have liked me to make the word list as long as possible, but
I have been strict in including only what I believe to be thecore indigenous vocabulary of Thangmi from a linguistic
perspective.
Fifth, this a non-commercial book and I seek to makeno profit through its sale. It is important to me that everyone
who might want to buy a copy of the book should be able
to, and that price is no obstacle. The low retail price of this
dictionary reflects this decision. However, I have notcompromised in terms of the quality of printing or binding,
and was thus obliged to look for outside funding to makethe publication a possibility. Thanks to the extremely
generous support of the British Embassy in Kathmandu, theInternational Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
4

(ICIMOD) in Kathmandu, the Kathmandu branch of Eco
Himal - the Society for Ecological Cooperation AlpsHimalaya, and the Alice Cozzi Heritage Language
Foundation, this book has become a reality. Without all of
their generous support, this publication would simply nothave been possible.
Finally, I would like to extend my gratitude to a numberof friends and colleagues who have supported me in thisproject. It is impossible to name all those who have helped,
and equally difficult to select a few of those who have been
indispensable. In the Netherlands, my thanks to Professor
Dr. George van Driem, without whose guidance and goodcounsel I would never have embarked on the project of
documenting the Thangmi language. In the United
Kingdom, I would like to thank Professor Alan Macfarlane
for his ongoing support over the years and also my mother,
Hannah Turin, for designing the front cover of the book. In
Nepal, I am grateful to all those at Martin Chautari, inparticular Dr. Jagannath Adhikari and Dr. Pratyoush Onta,
for suggesting that I publish this book in their excellent
series, and then making good on their offer. Thanks also tostaff and friends at Himal Association, particularly Deepak
Thapa of Himal Books, for sound advice and truefriendship. Arthur Pazo, Janga Bahadur and Pratima Thami,
Man Bahadur Thami in Cokati, Mangal Bahadur and ‘Pairi’Thami, Suren Kumar Thami, Sundar Bahadur Thami, The
Thami Welfare Association of Darjeeling, Nirmal Man
Tuladhar, Purna ‘Shiva’ Thapa and Dr. Rhoderick Chalmers
have been invaluable throughout, and I owe a great debt toall of them. Without the interest, patience and enthusiasm of
Bir Bahadur ‘Lile’ Thami and wife Kamala, this bookwould never have seen the light of day. Lile was and is my
language teacher, and taught me most of the Thangmi I
know. Over the years, we have grown from being
professional colleagues to being close friends, and it is only
right that his complete involvement in this dictionary5

writing project is recorded in print by including him as thesecondary author of this text. This book is dedicated to thememory of his mother, Maili Thami, and also to thememory of the great guru Rana Bahadur Thami, both ofwhom passed away during my time in Dolakha. Finally,
thanks to Sara Shneiderman, my partner, collaborator anduma.
Needless to say, I take full and final responsibility forany errors which may have crept in and for any importantwords which have crept out. Sewa ban-pali.
Mark Turin
February, 2004
Mark Turin
Director
Digital Himalaya Project
Department of Social Anthropology
University of Cambridge
Free School Lane
Cambridge
CB2 3RFGreat Britain
email: thangmi@yahoo.co.uk
web: http://iris.lib.virginia.edu/tibet/reference/dictionary/thangmi/index.php

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cfof] eg]/ JofVof u/f}“ .
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phfu/ u/]/ k':ts n]Vg cfu|x u/]sf lyP . ;do / ;|ft] sf];Ldfn] ubf{ yfª\dL efiffsf] Jofs/0fsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ oxf“ JofVof7

ug{ g;Sg' b'ef{Uo g} eGg'k5{ . yfª\dL efiffsf] Jofs/0f, zAbsf]
pRrf/0f / zAbagf]6df ?lr ePsf kf7sx¿n] d;“u ;Dks{u/]df o; ljifodf d}n] k|sfzg u/]sf k|fl1s n]vx¿ v';Lsf;fy pknAw u/fpg] hfgsf/L klg lbg rxfG5' .
bf];f| ,] zAb;"rLdf klxnf] efiff yfª\dL geP/ g]kfnL /flvPsf]
5 . o;;DaGwdf w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd ;f]rk] l5 g]kfnL g} klxn]
cfpg'k5{ egL lg0f{o ug'{sf s]xL sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . yfª\dLnfO{;xh} b]jgfu/Ldf n]Vg ;lsP klg o;sf] lnlk 5}g . b]jgfu/Ldf
o;nfO{ s;/L n]Vg] eGg]af/] s'g} vf; k¢lt cyjf z}nLsf]
ljsf; klg ePsf] 5}g . oxL sf/0fn] ubf{ klxnf] kª\lQmdf
o;nfO{ /flvPsf] eP w]/} ;d:of x'g] lyof] / of] zAbsf]zsf
kf7snfO{ zAb vf]Hg emGem6 klg x'g] lyof] . o;/L kª\lQmdfg]kfnLnfO{ klxn] /fVg'sf] k|d'v sf/0f kx'“r / ;xhtf g} x'g\ .
cem sltko tGg]/L yfª\dL dlxnf / k'?ifx¿ cfhef]ln
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cj:yfdf cª\uh]| Lsf] g]kfnL jf yfª\dLsf] x'ax' cg'jfb ul/Psf]5}g, t/ d}n] hfg];Dd p:t} cg'jfb ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5' . bf]nvf/ l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf ;fyLx¿n]] klg cª\uh]| L zAb /fVgsf nfluljz]if cg'/f]w u/]sf lyP . o;/L aLrdf yfª\dL efiff /flvPsf]of] zAbsf]z ljBfnodf cª\uh]| L k9\g] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflug]kfnL–cª\uh]| L zAbsf]zsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg];DefjgfnfO{ klg pgLx¿n] cf}“NofPsf lyP .
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8

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k|foM d …dnfO{ yfxf 5}g clg of] dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f xf]OgÚ egL
hjfkm lbg] uy]+{ . g]kfnLaf6 k}r“ f] lnOPsf ;a} zAbx¿nfO{ o;;"rLaf6 x6fpg] lg0f{o d}n] u/]“ . clg af]nLrfnLsf ljleGg¿kdWo] zAbsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ¿knfO{ dfq ;dfj]z ug]{ lg0f{o klgd}n] lnP“ . csf]{ zAbdf, s]jn xf]S;f …x'g', a:g'Ú nfO{ /flvof] /xf]Sb', xf]sfg, xf]lsb' / df}lvs lqmofkbsf o:tf cGo
pbfx/0fnfO{ /flvPg . :yfgLo ;d'bfodf yfª\dL hflt / efiffsfw]/} zf]wstf{x¿ of] zAbsf]zsf] ;"rL nfdf] eP v';L x'g] lyPeg]/ d ;r]t 5' . t/ efifflj1fgsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 d"n cflbjf;L
yfª\dL zAbx¿nfO{ dfq ;dfj]z ug{ d}n] sl7g lg0f{o lng'k/]sf]xf] .
kf“rf},“ of] u}/Jofj;flos k':ts xf] / o;af6 gfkmf sdfpg]p2]Zo 5}g . ;a}n] of] k':ts lsGg ;s"g\ / To;f] ug{ d"No
afws gagf];\ . o; zAbsf]zsf] d"No sd /flvPsf] s'/fn] o;lg0f{osf] k|ltlglwTj u5{ . t/ 5kfO / afOlG8ªsf] u'0f:t/dfs'g} ;Demf}tf ul/Psf] 5}g . oxL sf/0fn] ubf{ o;sf] k|sfzg;Dej agfpg cGoqaf6 ;xof]u vf]Hg'k¥of] .
o; k':tssf] k|sfzgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;a} ;+3;+:yfx¿-sf7df8f}“l:yt a]nfotL b"tfjf;, b OG6/g];gn ;]G6/ km/
OlG6u|6] 8] dfpG6]g 8]enkd]G6, Osf] lxdfnsf] sf7df8f}“ zfvf —;f];fO6L km/ Osf] sf]ck/];g PNK;\–lxdfno, / b Pln; sf]hLx]l/6]h n]ª\Uj]h kmfpG8];g_ k|lt d cfef/L 5' . logLx¿sf];b\efjgf / ;xof]ulagf of] k|sfzg ;Dej x'g] lyPg .
cGTodf, o; of]hgfdf dnfO{ pT;fx k|bfg ug]{ / ;3fpg]d]/f w]/} ;fyL / ;xsdL{x¿nfO{ d cfef/ k|s6 ug{ rfxG5' .
;xof]u ug]{ ;a}sf] gfd oxf“ pNn]v ug{ hlt ufx|f] 5, Tolt g}
sl7g pNn]vgLo ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]x¿sf]] gfd 5fGg'df klg x'g]5 .
g]b/NofG8\;sf k|fWofks 8f= hh{ jfg l8«dnfO{ wGojfb 5,
10

h;sf] /fd|f] ;Nnfx / /]vb]vlagf d yfª\dL efiff b:tfj]h tof/ug]{ kl/of]hgfdf nfUg] lyOg“ . a]n] fotdf w]/} jif{bl] vsf] lg/Gt/;xof]usf nflu k|f]km];/ Pn]g d]skmf/n]gk|lt d cfef/L 5' .
cfj/0f lrq tof/ ul/lbPsf]df d d]/L cfdfk|lt klg w]/} cfef/L
5' . g]kfndf d ljz]if u/L dfl6{g rf}tf/Lsf 8f= k|To"if jGt tyf
8f= huGgfy clwsf/L / c¿ ;a}k|lt s[t1 5', pxf“x¿n] of]k':tsnfO{ pTs[i6 rf}tf/L k':ts z[ªv
\ nfcGtu{t k|sfzg ug]{
;Nnfx tyf ;xof]u lbg'eof] . /fd|f] ;Nnfx lbPsf]df / ;fy}c;n ldq ePsf]df bLks yfkf / lxdfn P;f]l;P;gsf sd{rf/L
tyf ;fyLx¿nfO{ klg wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . zDe' cf]hf, cfy{/
kfhf], hª\uaxfb'/ tyf k|ltdf yfdL, rf]sf6Lsf dfgaxfb'/ yfdL,bf]nvfsf dª\unaxfb'/ tyf …k}/LÚ yfdL, ;'/g] s'df/ yfdL,/fdaxfb'/ yfdL, ;'Gb/axfb'/ yfdL, bfhL{lnªsf] yfdL
sNof0fsf/L ;ª\3, lgd{ndfg t'nfw/, k"0f{ …lzjÚ yfkf tyf 8f=/f]l8«s rfNd;{, cGTo;Dd lgs} u'0fu|fxL /xg'eof] / pxf“x¿k|ltd cf}wL cfef/L 5' . jL/axfb'/ …lnn]Ú yfdL -d]/f efO_ / p;sL
kTgL sdnfsf] ?lr, w}o{ / pT;fxa]u/ o; k':tsn] cfh of] ¿kkfpg] lyPg . lnn] d]/f efiffsf lzIfs lyP / x'g\ klg . d}n]hfg]sf clwsf+z yfª\dL efiff pg}n] l;sfPsf x'g\ . ljutsf w]/}jif{x¿df xfdL Jofj;flos ;xsdL{af6 glhssf ldqdf kl/0fteof}“ . clg ldlxg]tsf] kmn:j¿k of] zAbsf]z …n]vg
kl/of]hgfÚdf pgsf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ ;xof]uL n]vssf ¿kdf /fVg'g} 7Ls x'G5 . of] k':ts pgsL cfdf dfOnL yfdLsf] :d[lt /7"nf u'? /0faxfb'/ yfdLsf] :d[ltdf ;dlk{t 5 . oL b'j} hgfsf]:ju{jf; d bf]nvfdf ePsf] ;dodf g} ePsf] lyof] . cGTodfd]/L ;xofqL, ;xsdL{ / …pdfÚ, ;f/f :gfO8/DofgnfO{ w]/}
wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
k':tsdf s'g} q'l6 x'g uPsf 5g\ / dxŒjk"0f{ zAb ;dfj]z
x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ eg] To;sf] Psdfq / clGtd lhDdf d]/} xf]eg]/ d}n] :jLsfg}k{ 5{ . ;]jf afg–kfnL .
dfs{ 6'/Lgkm]ac'| /L @))$
11b'O{ zAbg]kfn ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax'hftLo tyf ax';f+:s[ltsljljwtfsf] b]z xf] . oxf“ a;f]af; ug]{ y'k}| hft hfltdWo] yfdL
klg Ps xf] . of] hfltsf] cFÎgF] 5'§} efiff / ;+:s[lt 5 .
cfw'lgs ;dfhsf] k|efj a9\b} hf“bf xfn …yfdL–;+:s[ltÚ cl:tTj/Iffsf] l:yltdf k'us
] f] 5 . g]kfnL efiff / c? efiffx?sf
bafasf sf/0fn] yfdL ;+:s[lt ;+s6df kb}{ uPsf] 5 . oxL
ultdf yfdL ;+:s[lt Pj+ efiffsf] nf]k x'b“ } uof] eg] cfufdL b'O{—
tLg k':tfkl5 xfd|f df}lns k/Dk/fx? …Psfb]zsf] syfÚ h:tf]
x'g klg s]lx a]/ nfUg] 5}g . oxL kl/k|]Iodf k|sflzt ug{
nfluPsf] yfdL efiffsf] zAbsf]zn] xfd|f] efiffnfO{ arfO{ /fVg /efiffljb\x?nfO{ klg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 eg]/ ljZjf; d}n]lnPsf] 5' .
yfdL efiffsf] cfÎg} lnlk 5}g . clxn];Dd of] efiffsf] af/]dfs'g} pNn]vgLo k':ts jf n]v tyf /rgfx? klg k|sflzt x'g;s]sf 5}gg\ . u'? -emf“qmL_x?n] k"hf ug]{ ljlw klg df}lvs ?kdf
Ps k':tfaf6 csf]{ k':tfdf ;b}{ cfPsf] dfq} xf] . of] efiff;+:s[ltsf] la:t[t vf]hfg';Gwfg x'g' h?/L 5 . t/ ;fwg ;|ft] sf]
cefj Pj+ r]tgfsf] sdLsf sf/0f xfd|f k/Dk/fx? k|To]s lbgsf];"o{ c:t;“u} x/fp“b} uO/x]sf 5g\ . @)%$ ;fndf a]nfotL
gful/s dfs{ 6'l/g;“u d]/f] e]6 eof] . pxf“ yfdL efiffsf]
cg';Gwfgsf nflu g]kfn cfOk'Ug'ePsF] lyoF] . To:t} @)%%
;fndf cd]l/sL gful/s ;f/f :gfO8/Dofg;“u klg ToxL dxfg\
sfo{sf] l;nl;nfdf e]6 eof], h'g e]6 cfd yfdL hfltsf nflusf]z9] Ë' fsf] ?kdf /xg]5 . of] zAbsf]z klg pxf“x?s} b]g xf] .
o;sf nflu d pxf“x? b'a}nfO{ x[bob]lv g} wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
7fp“ cg';f/ yfdL hfltsf] efiffsf] njhx? klg km/s—
km/s kfOG5g\ . h:t}, cfk;df ;Ldf hf]l8PsF] ePtfklg bf]nvf/ l;Gw'kfNrf]ss} yfdLx?df klg eflifs Ps?ktf kfO“bg} .
h]xf];, zAbsf]z bf]nvf lhNnfsf] ;':kf Ifdfjlt ufp“ ljsf;;ldltsf yfdLx?sf] efiffz}nLdf s]lGb|t 5 . To;}n] cGo 7fp“sfyfdLx?n] af]Ng] efiff;“u of] gldNbf] klg x'g ;Snf . o; afx]s12s'g} zAb Pj+ k/Dk/fut cy{x?df tyF 5kfO k|lqmofsf]l;nl;nfdf uNtL x'g uPsF] ePdf klg Ifdf rfxG5' . yfdL
hfltsf] efiff—;+:s[ltsf] af/]df tkfO{n] b]Vg' / a'em\g' ePsfs'/fx? Pj+ k|ltlqmofsf nflu kqfrf/ ug'x{ f]nf .
wGojfb .
jL/ axfb'/ …lnn]Ú yfdL;':kf Ifdfjlt uf=lj=;=
j8f g+= % kmf;]nË'bf]nvf lhNnf
hgsk'/ c~rn

13






English


 



 


 }

, 











!" 
$

#
#ः

$
(

&'
) ऽ

+


, +&
 -.

/
0

 .
# 1

2 3
2 - 2
42

1.-1.

uh-huh, yeah
to embrace, hug
Indian rhododendron,
Melastoma melabatricum;
Lyonia, Lyonia ovalifolia
dark
to become dark, get dark
uncooked husked rice for
ritual purposes, riceoffered in worshipincisor teeth
to be enough, feed to the
full
before, already, first, just
hook, hooked piece ofwood
surprise, shock
a block of wood onwhich food is chopped
again, now, yetfolding together of two
palms
completely full, stuffed 

to fit into a small space
15






5

6

7" 8#!
 
: , :)
:)
 .
+
 .
9
 .
:'

4;' < < .
 .
!  !
?

= >
@A '  . #&!&;

 .
B ?

! 
! 


B, 

!ॆ

& 

16

Englishto fall from above and gettrapped or held up in thefalltesticle, gonad
ginger, Zingiber officinale
then, wellface
eye sty
total darkness
blind person
a tightly-woven bamboo
basket for storing grain,
shaped rather like a hugeegg
to make a plate of foodfor the deceased atimportant rituals
again, now, yeta species of small annual
plant which grows as aweed among tea bushes,
Drymaria cordata
sour fruit
to be sour, have a sourtastebouquet grass, widely used
for making brooms andsweeps, hysanolaena
agrestis, 






DE

 .

F
FG
!@;

! ,  I !!
!!  ,

+&
H 

!
!<:
J1 :  ,;&'  !ःJ1   ,

;&'

! 
ः

&

! A

ः
4 

9


4  @- :  , :

Englishhornet with a black
body and a red headother, other person
to cause someone to makesomebody or somethingelse wetover there (far and down)
a little (uncountable)
lesssmall bag made of nettle
fibre
small bag made of nettle
fibre
Himalayan nettle,
Girardinia diversifolia
small bag made of nettle
fibre
hail
to set (of the sun, moon orstars)
the day before yesterday
just, just now, presently,
at this time
just now


 .






 


 '9

 H2


K

429
E
 


1B
1B

4H
9
 
9


1 G



 1
L ,  


M

  

B, B , A   O2
 29

$P ,
 
<:'!  =
;
;






  

eye
17

18

Englishto look angrily at somethingor someone
to damage an eye, go blind
courtyard, yard
to be about to do something,
be on the point or vergeof doing something
tear (from the eye)to arrive
to arrive (across ahorizontal plane)
woman, female, girlto cometo come (especially fromthe same level)sky, heaven
fire
the whole area aroundthe fireplace
to warm oneself by the fireto strike a light, make afire, cause a firenext year
to stretch the bodytoday
nowadays, these days  






;@ !?
)
:िHR , ! 
& 2 .
$ !

HR <
HR )
HR 

,S '
;

!'

HR !
HR H

2 '
H9'


HR H2 )(
HR &

429'

HR !&HR!@;' BHR !@VHR !
/

U!
H !

HR W

+'

T!

H !
1
1!

HR     '

English   ,






Englishnowadays, these days
eight
half
intestine
to dig or scratch oneself
with one’s nails
to masturbate oneself
to clean or wash oneself
to wash oneself, bathe
oneself
to rinse oneself
to untie (rope), loosen,take one’s clothes off
to damage one’s own eyesX  
X 
)X 
&K
X  !"!

to comb one’s own hair !'

to wash one’s own hair

 
:"


S
ः


&
Y+

to tie oneself up, wrap
something around oneself
to rest oneself
to want or ask to be madewet
to become wet of oneself
to remove or wipeaway mucus or snot fromone’s own nose
to smell oneself, sniff
oneself
to pour water on oneself#1, # 1

19

'

2 1'

to braid or plait one’s
own hairto undress oneself, remove
one’s own clothes
mother, older woman
a clay pot for cooking
nettlestrough, tray
peach, Prunus persica
to be exhausted by sittingin the sun
potato, Solanum tuberosum)

&', &'

@

 &'



 &'

 ,
Z

:

20

downhill, downwards(from speaker)
uphill, upward from the
speaker
uphill, upward from the
speaker
to cause to raise, cause to
climb

 








;[


$
$
$ 
य

V
V
/7"
?
]
"

:
2
)E
open, uncovered, exposed2
to open, uncover2
to be opened
to lift, lift up, remove
,
light (not dark)
,
to become light
handle
to cause someone to arise
to arise, get up, wake up  , ॐ
to cause to fly, lift up,


5




&',  &'!
&2! &


_
_

)1
 &4 &
 
2 .
र

,E,,J

Englishsugar cane, Saccharum
officinarum
to pull up, uproot
to scoop out with a spoon

chase upto flythither, over there (on thesame plane as the speaker)
over there (greater distance)from that sidethen, at that timethat place
hasty, fidgety, rash, naughtylying on one’s back,supine21   






_ a_,E !  to sleep lying on one’s back,E to lie on one’s back not

_

& '

9_ 

) 
!)=

 

(S @8 )

 
H
 

,



  ZE '4
A
A


'
    

!@

,


  
 
!ॆ
+ , +2

& 

& 

!&

22


 -Englishsleeping
alder, Nepal black cedar,
Alnus nepalensis
to emerge, originate, takebirth
to shine of the sun or moon
to rip (a thread or seam),
open up a bean or pea pod
to turn over, dig deep
with fingers
to sharpen
whet stonehe, she, it, that one
flea, Pulex irritans
to break open, uproot
to be broken open (of afloor of a house), be
uprooted
to stand up, stand erect,
become erectto cause to growto cause to boil
to grow (of crops), sprout
to boil (of water)
wrong way, back to front, ,  ू    ( !" )






2
 2 2
 2
!=4O':!& !,b
-'


4 

  

Englishto be upside downa special kind of breadused in the death ritual
to boil by submerging inwater
a long time ago, many
years ago


c
c, 9


), 

he, she, it, that one
he, she, it, that (far away)YY ; 
Y , 

U
U
O Y U
Y ू
"Y ू
"Y ू
(1 4)U  '
O2eoneone person
a species of bird whosemeat is used in the deathritualone daya species of thorny bush/! .

a species of thorny tree( !<9<f.

dragonfly (from Nepali)

23

$ % , &, '






Y ,1
B. -!.
,

Y

UEnglishto be completely
exhausted and thus not
be in control of one’s body
alone


I 
i;S
i
I

/ .
1a kind of blemish or spota type of edible berry,
Rubus lasiocarpus


j
j
j6
jT



!
A

j?
j"
j"

!' .
 .


j5

&!

j, U  '

j) 

"k1

24

walnut, Juglans regia
troughmortarto spread, spread out,coverlip(s)
cave
to stir food, serve food,ladle food out
to wear, cover up one’s
self
to cause to hatch, to putchickens in a quiet place
to let the eggs hatch
walking with one’s legs
splayed(, , ) *






j)   "k

j
&', &'j , !@ ! + 

Englishto sit with one’s leg’s
pulled apartdownhill, downwards
downhill


I
l

<+'

-

4ब

  21



2 

'
S

2



2

&

K 
nम

& .
2.   2 .
 '
 ' 

!
! ; fingerwho (ergative case andplural)to become stiff from thecold, be numbed
sickle, small knife
jackfruit, Artocarpus
heterophyllus; pineapple,
Ananas comosus
the Nepal or Indian
chestnut tree, Castanopsis
hystrix, Castanopsis indica
platform of boards, shed,stallhalf-cooked, half-raw
frozen solid, totally numb

) +






! < ' 1

! 
!#2
#
ऽ

 p
:"
"
     q )
 H 
  )
 ;
! 
 
J


 '
 '   
 ' +(4!ऽ&.
Z 4.
! , +
"'



how much, how many
how many (human)
25

26

!"
  2 !
j 
ः+HSु .
42+ .
&+ूWq,Bq
Englishwhat does it cost (fromNepali)for how much
how many (non-human)
hand spindle
how big
in four daysanusmaterial, clothto get someone to comb
someone’s hairto comb someone’s hairto shave the headto wash someone’s hair
to become white (of hair)
red or black thread wornby women in their hairweak, feeble
black ant
white clay
rib, chest, breast
to call, shout, rumble,
make noise
to mutter, hum

 ब






-Hs

 



& p
;
J

 " () 42.

Englisha species of flower, looks
similar to the human ear,
Stellaria vestita
shaman’s assistantliver
the whistling thrush,
Myiophoneus caeruleus
whose
in what manner




!E
!


:,  '
who (ergative case)&M''dirt, ashes, dust, refuse
42+1
hardy, wiry, well-built,

! , ॆ42+1ः ,  B@'

: ! 
< < 
#.

4 
4 
 I
4 
 I


: :ः

)G
cucumber, Cucumis sativus

ब

tough (of meat), hard (ofmuscle)hardy, wiry, well-built,
tough (of meat), hard (ofmuscle)howwhere, whither
an extremely high andsteep cliff which causes
vertigowhensometimes
sometimes, on occasion27 )-






! 
!  F


4H '
(-'
:2

 , p &;" $ O
" 2 
22+

"

2


'


H .
O
, A , :< O&&  -'t, :<f O 
 

k
'
&
 .

K
28

.


Englishcomb
silky oak, Grevillea robusta
young (of wood), fresh,
unripelocally-grown tobacco,
Nicotiana tabacum
to get a splinterprickly apple, Catesbaea
spinosaspine of a plant, thorn,
scale, splintercowardly, timid, irresolute
ticklisha species of tree, Persea
odoratissima
father’s younger brothera species of bird that eatssnakesfather’s younger brother’swife
lap
flank of the chest, where
one carries a babycrow
to cut thin things such aspaddy

 .+ 






K
K

 2

 

?
? ,

-

? & 2 2 
? & 2 HS
a

 HK
 9  , :,
 
H 
  2.

 ;'
:< ;#1  2O " :< !@ ;O ;H:< O <:<f sO ;':< 

O <Englishto cut small things
to chop (such as wood),
cut big things, prune
timber, firewood, woodtraditional plate madefrom wood or clay
a kind of small wooden
bowl or pot
small wooden bowl withhandleto spin threadear
to damage an ear, go deafa particular kind of verythin centipede which is
known to reproduce in theear and cause discomfort
earwaxyounger sister’s husband’s
younger brotherelder sister’s husband’s
younger brotherhusband’s father’s younger
brotherhusband’s father’s younger
brother’s wife
husband’s mother’s
younger sister’s husband
29

 






H

H1

ॅ

   '+
+
ॆ

!;
?
/

a species of plant witha strawberry-like fruit,
Fragaria vescaD'
the tree, Ficus lacor;.
work, study, occupation;.  to work, do something
blacksmith
:", :" ' ritual assistant in weddings
and festivals#1
to shiver:2.
a chip of bamboo or splintof wood used to makecarrying baskets and cradles;  (S @8) the spirit of death .
 M4;' ?
4;'
 DE :qI i 
30

English-,.
4;' 1
4;'
:;'!.

pheasanta species of tree,
Cephalanthus naucleoides
crofton weed, Eupatorium
adenophorumblack
a type of reproductive bee
which doesn’t make honeythe black raspberry,
Rubus foliolosus
a species of plant, also
known as ‘beggar tick’ inEnglish, Bidens pilosa   / 






  O 

4;'  .

 @42.

 ! 4;'  .

 :<

4
4O

4;' !
4;' ,
-
  

4=
4+&
4 5

1
42 Att ! ः

!"

  p4;'  .


 
-
n 

 #
 ',
 

#
  T 2.

Englishblack edible mushroom,
Armillariella mellea
the black rhododendron,
Rhododendron grande
black drongo bird,
Dicrurus macrocercus
small mountain bamboo,
Arundinaria intermedia
Terai dweller, Indian
to become black, stainedor, ifto press, flatten, squeeze,squashto buy, purchasemulberry, Morus laevigata
to stab in the ground, buryin ground (but not people)
bug, worm, insect
to be infested with lice
to blunt, make bluntdog
canine tooth
bitch (female dog)chicken, hen, rooster
parson’s nose, protruding
behind of a chicken31   0 !






 @,  ,'  ,&Z O ,
O
O
;


 #
, 
A
?


2

-A

  2 .
2.
-

22  
K ;K

4-'

-

-


K
99

1
O 
::  ,    '  =, 
4ू
32Englishrooster, cockrel
hen, female chickenbroom
to sweep with a broom,
wipe, clean
to crush, bruise, be
crushed, be bruised
to crush, bruise by falling
lame, unable to walkto cause to be severely
beaten, make someone
thrash something or
someoneto fight with someone
to go and beatto hit, strike, pound,crush, beat, tearto thresh, beat in a mortar
to tickle
howwith whom
who knows, whatever
to be bent over, be old, becrumpled!1  2$ 3$! 






ू

S -S   .
#भ



:;!.

 

4 
!,!ऽ
!
w
S)+&w, w

 
 
4 
4 


 4  !,
4
-


2
 :<
2
 B
U    1  
e'2 Englishold, bent, crumpled
story, words, chatchewy, particularly forsomething which sticks inthe teetha species of sharp-pointed
spear-grass, Triumfetta
pilosato await, wait for someone
to trample on, tread on
to cause to tread on
to cause to ferment
elbow
mist, fog
to rot, become rotten,
suppuratewhat
which onewhat for, for what reason
what (plural)
what kind ofmen, menfolk, malea discrete part of theThangmi ritual of asking
for a bride
33

! 









1




T  1




 
  ';$  @!  & 

 1

 L
ब

 

 J - J

 



 

 -'

 

   .



J, #   @

 

 

  

34


E
 .
&
M
<

Englishbanana, plantain, Musaparadisiaca
to sift, cull, remove
impurities
to sort out (rice)with whatswirling, spinning,rotating
who
coals from the fireplace
who (plural and human)
to taste pungent
wicker or bamboo basket
in which babies are carried
the side of the bodyup to the armpit, flanka short-handled mattock
or hoe with a narrow blade
long-handled mattock
with a narrow blade
finger millet, Eleusine
coracana
the feathery inflorescenceof the millet plantwith whom,  







;
=
=
:

2 
S!.
H9
 
 

2

:"

Ax

D;

!t ,. !t .


ः
ॐ

 9, ः ः,  9& ॐॐ ?

:  .
& ,y&,.

;
 
",  " jE-,
jE-
 ;
O 
1Englishto rinse or wash one’s mouth
centipede
to dig deep
to dig, scratch
to drain, pour out, spill,
overflow
pieces of broken shell or
clay pot, potsherd
to pile up, head up
roof thatcha species of large leech
which lives on trees
to cause to fall from aheight, cause to fall down
to fall from some heightbrown oak of the Himalaya,
Quercus semecarpifolia
coarse, roughrough or course (of physicalmaterials such as wood)snack, bite to eat
hole in the ground, pit
to go and eat
food35  4 






  & 
 '



1 

 :
-
O
HE, HJ
H:&  

1 







G
$  $  ,
 
 
 :2
बt, OबtS+

3
I
3 l
+

+

S+

+t


-(-G
#'  'z-z

36Englishto cook, prepare cookmine, quarry
to eatempty, gaping, open
to be empty
to remove the feathers,
pluck, shave off
to peel bark off a tree
trunk, pull back the foreskinlong curved knife
loose fitting, wide, baggy

foot, legtoe
to cause to bend, cause
to wrinkle
to be bent, become
wrinkled, shrink
worm-like insect foundaround cow dung, maggot
open, spacious, wide
to feed, give food to
to cause to become happy
to be happy, smile 






{

|

 
&
 

, &




&
 
 +



V
 
A


  '

+
? 1? 1#ः  .
.
#.
p

 
 !
 ! (4 , ः 
2
 1

)

 /A  . ?   29
.

Englishbe quiet, silent
irrigated or wet field
to chase, chase away,
drive off, run downtime, whento cause to amuse, cause
to play
to play
to coughto look for, search, seek
beehiveto pierce, make a hole incage
henhouse
red pepper, Capsicum
frutscensriver, creek
to be opened
to miscarry a child, havea miscarriage
a species of plant which
grows in and around amarsh, bog or morass,
Lecanthus peduncularis
to open, uncoverto cause to snatch away
spoils, booty, loot37ः, 






English

ः
ॐ

9
H H 

to steal, plunder, pilfer
to scratch up


2

}q
1B
;

( .
 .
9 ( 

;" 

=
: 

!+
+

: 
: 
:   4

+

;;
  .

:   /

+ ?

H

 
 
  ;

# 
to cause to do 
to do, make, build, cook,   to do, make, prepare 
to go and do

38

crab
earthworm
to arrive
beater for striking theshaman’s drum
beater for striking theshaman’s drum
to count
to smell (good or bad),to stink
to smell, stink
to smell, be off (of food)a species of green flying
insect which stinks whentouchedgoat weed, Ageratum
conyzoides
story, words, chat ,  )6






@)
!@-'
@[ -' p

! 

?
"
"
", 
 "
G
s
G!  Hः1
--'  .
?.
ः
@ k2


 


म'
5

M
 
M
  '
  .
(S @8 )?+

5 , !"A!  ,B#--
. .
jj
jL .
;<

 








   222

!;
!~

4J.
.

!
!ि
!
!  :, w'+H   .,, , .
,+,+
 

'
"
5


 ः  .
 villagerto sing
golden water pot: 
Z 4.    .

to bury (a dead person),hide something throughburialto stab in the ground, buryin ground (but not people)


!
!

 , H5
 .
22
/:x.

Englishto make pregnant,impregnate, make conceive
to be pregnant
pregnant female
hot, sticky (of weather)
inside of throat
wheat, Triticum sativum,
Triticum aestivum
knot
goitregizzard of a bird
tadpolecow, female bovine
a species of plant used for
foddervillage (from Nepali)

39

40Englishwall
cheek
to insult, be rude to, offend,scold
gum(s)
air potato, Dioscorea
bulbifera
brain
soft pith of bamboo
watery, moist, molten,
soggy
to make soft by handling,
to cause to go soft
song
nest
to fall rolling, roll like aball
rectum, anal passage
to mutter, hum
the Nepalese rhododendron, Rhododendronarboreum
testicle, gonad
sweet, tasty, sugary
to be sweet, taste nicecatapult, trap

7, 7/!






 
 , U 
4-', 4,
1

 t
 t


4-' & & ,
4 & & 
 .
 .

5

 

5
 &
S


,
ः
ः
 E  -



DDJ

P,

!.

$5

;:

Englishto call, cry for help
shit, excrement, faeces
a species of insect which
lives on rotting meat orfeacesa species of flying insect
which multiplies in dung
valley, deep placea species of tree, Saurauia
napauleto weed with a hoe in amaize field
to pull up weeds by hand
cow dungbull
the rounded diameter ofsomething bent in a circle
round, rounded, circular,
spherical
snaked, articulated inmany places
a species of bird whichcomes when it rains

to chase, pursue, push,
shove
41

78!       (ः )






$3
 
 
(ः)$72,


$72 

$$< .
!@_
(.
 . #G$S$  &ः 

$2
$
$
$2   =$   ?$$ ः$ / $ A42 :  ,+ 
72
U?

 H9 ' ' ! A '   'O2' 

EnglishThangmi name for theriver by Phaselung
bell, gong (worn bydomesticated animals)
necklace made of bells
trung together, worn byshamans
house, settlment
a species of gecko that lives
inside houses
white yam, Dioscorea
alata
a species of large blackhouse-dwelling rodent
throatfodder, weeds
wound, cut
to dig with a back-to- front
hoe during the Thangmi
death ritual
sun
to set of the sun
to rise of the sun
to warm oneself in thesun7) 97)






$

$ 

)ू

$O

-A

$
$ B&:  V$ B$ B
$ 
$P

;.
j

$!ॐ ,$!ॐ$"$"<!"  9'

$

;

$
$   :
!
$! 

;
H!

;
;. H:!<<f B  
 .
 E 


&H





Englishthe bier used for carrying
a corpse during the deathritualCuraçao aloe, Aloevera (Aloe barbadenis)
to gobble, stuff one’s
face, eat like an animal
hate, disgust,to be disgusted andcontempt try to vomit,
to retchto hate, be disgusted byunpleasant, disgusting
to hate, find disgusting
serpent or snake gourd,
Trichosanthes cucumerina
to creep along, crawl,
slitherkneehollow of the knee, fossa
poplitea
rainshield made out ofwoven bamboo
umbrella
to go for a short stroll
or wander about
a species of tree
43



s
$!   H
!.
$ 

< 

$!ॐ

 

$#
 [
2

+ू&

$#
 , W#$#Y @

+ू , +ू!t2.

$#
142. 1 Z  @ (F @8)$#
 (S @8) 
4  ;"$#2  @

Z   &   
$#
 
 
!&   $R2
! .
$ O , $ 44Englishthe flower of a species oftree
to insert a limb into
something (like clothing)
to enter (of a splinter),squeeze in by force
a wooden hut used for thedeath ritual and built in afield far from the house
the Thangmi death ritual
ritual term for the small
pieces of human flesh left
behind after cremation
rice used during the deathritualhome-made beer drunk
during the death ritual
platform made of bamboo
strips on which offerings
are made to the deceased
meat offering for the deathrituala small earthenware water
vesselto pierce, prick, stab

/, /






$ A2

 k .

$ A2  $ A2 4 5  
 k !



 
2
xJ  
Z  )s



र

O .
4

-



 ॑
 [, ः';ः "4! 

 
+

:
?-? 1  .
! !
"J-,"E-/ 

English






crouching or sitting withall four limbs on the groundto lie face down
to walk on four limbs
like an animal




 ! ;; pto cause to taste
hasty, fidgety, rash, naughty
striking pad for flint stone
to cause to lickto thundercow or buffalo milk used
as an offering during
death ritual
to climb, ride (a horse)
hard, crunchy

to chewbat
to cause to shine, cause toglitterbird
45

 ? 

;!
4-' -,4 -





2



 (&)
 !

1
#
 s H



#
#2+D ,! DS+, !+

>




46

;', Englishto graze, cause to graze
to get someone else to graze
an animal
Indian sorrel, creeping sorel,
Oxalis corniculata
to grazetoiletto cause to move, shake,stir up, arouse
to move aroundto cause to move, shake,stir up, arouse
clever, knowing, able
to blow (of wind)
to move oneself slightly,
stir
chick
a species of plant
silverthe magnolia tree,
Magnolia campbelli
to be bent, become
wrinkled, shrink
buttocks, arse, behind,backside
to taste/:!;






K
 

1 ; 
'? <
& Y $ 
ॆ
ॆ



  O
_ >
ऽ
, 
 
=
At

Englishto lick
uncooked rice, rice ingeneral, Oryza sativa
 2
rice-pudding, porridge,
made for shamans before
going into trance
21-21chewy, hard to chew
ू+ू
chewy, hard to chew  .
j, #  four triangular straw basket inwhich fermented maize isstored during the prepartionof beer
<f9
to have sexual intercourse4!<9
to have sexual intercoursewith one another!<9
to copulate, fuck42
to cry, screech or scream  1, 9 to be unhappy@bamboo mat .
$ ,to dig, scratch with nailsय  

1,
J 1

to introduce people to one
another
to know a fact or person,
recognise
snail
47

/<






 K

42



"

 


;
M

 
F


L
;.


'

1;.


 , 5
!"

U?

 

O!, .

ऽO ा .

 . -  


 
4 . 4.
 
? 

 

4 '

48

Englishto pinch, break into little
piecesto peek, peep, spy,observe secretly
to chop, split in two
to itch after being bitten
or stung
needle wood tree,
Schima wallichii
cold, cool (of water or
climate)cold, wetkite, crested serpent
eagle, Spilornis cheela
to break, break off, breakapart, be torn
a mouth shaped like amonkey’sa species of barberry bush,common barbery, Berberis
asiatica, Berberis
nepalensis
be quiet, silent
to pulsate, squeeze,
tighten and releaselarge bracelet, usually
silver, worn by women
tapeworm/ =






ऽ


@+&
,

  ZE

,

ः
 

9
; 1

4 "A2  <A2
&2 ; 1
!,
?.
  4H:Ht .,
2
  .
 1 # 12 ः

 

 

T 

 2

2


 

A
  .
,+ 

2 , 2 9

Englisha species of tree
fireplace, hearth, cooking
place, stovea certain type of stone
used to construct a fireplace
to suckle
to make a leak, cause todrip
to leak, drip, penetrate
to drip
tadpolea species of edible fishsmooth, flat, even
womenfolk, female
relativesto enter (of a splinter),squeeze in by force
to caste off ritualpollution after a deathritualupper floor of a house,roofgum, tree resin
to cause to dip, cause tosoak
to clean, cleanse, immerse,
rinse
49

/:






A
 

,+
 . ,!

  5  & .


 

B#', 11,B#'
B#', 1
U
 .
H2
 

 
q
O
O!
O! , Oa
Oa,
O!
OAOOAOA(&O)50  , ू2;  
42+
2A


Englishto dip, soak, drowna species of bamboo,
red Himalayan bamboo,
Thamnocalamus
spathiflorus; small mountainbamboo, Arundinaria
intermedia; tufted bamboo,
Dendrocalamus hamiltonii
to strip bamboo
tufted bamboo,
Dendrocalamus hamiltonii
thief, robber
to cause to steal
to steal, robstone resting place
mushroom
to be rent, be torn, be
lacerated
to be torn
to tear, rend, lacerate,
be tornsticky, gluey, gummy
to be caught, stuck
to carry a child on one’s
flank, squeeze under thearm+, )+1






English<<{<{  

.
, +&
, +& ,

<5
< 
<
<"

.
!


H

<
<
<'
<=
<= (;")

.
;
 :"


,

<+

A

<
<
<ः


&'

 

!<! 

 .

!<2

< :

six
surprise, shock
to be surprised, shocked,
dumbfounded, confused
splinter of woodto scatter, broadcast
to thatch a roof, cover
wanton, desolate, forsaken,
weird
vomit, sick, puke
umbrella
chest, breast
to select, choose
to filter, strain beer,squeeze through a net
to grope, feel one’s way
around, grab for support
shade, shadow
skin, hide, leather
to chop (such as wood),
cut big things, prune
the flying male of the whiteant, very tasty when friedquick, quickly
51)+1)+1 >= 






!<2 !<2

!< 

!<A

!,-. !,.
 
U?

!<!<<3

O-O
H


<
<#
<

!,
!, }< (4##  
&2 )
<5
<ऽ'

<

<S#
 /


ँ
(.
1 

<2
< "
<5

<f
Sः
 

<A

&

52

Englishagitating a dying fireto make it catch light again
to cause someone to breaksomething
to mature, become ripe,
become fermented
shredded, sliced
to tear something apartwhich was previously in
one piece
to touch
to cause to touch
to enclose, surround,hedge, fence, hinder
to circumambulate inrituals, surround on allsides
to pierce, make a hole in
Chettribrown-green lizard
a species of fodder,
Lindenbergia indicia
short
to hull maize, open out
to leave, stop doing
something, give up, let go
to cover, cover up, put
a lid on a pot

*, *ः 






English< < -& < <  ;#1
< ,
ः ,
TAT TA #
 1
 1 " ,S son, brother’s son
son’s wife
daughterdaughter’s husband
to masturbate someone else

2 A
9






;?
;"

 ?


;" <=;" < ब;H-A
ः'
:

to wash clothes by beatingthem on rocks
to libate, make wet, splash,sprinkle with water;B

dry or unirrigated field,
land
to cut big pieces of meat,slaughter an animal
to give birth toto be bornto collect, gather together
all, each, every, totally

;J
;"
;"
;
; -; ';;: 
;=
;=
;ॄ
;+&

,
  , k 4242

1-1 # 1
 :
1
1
1

;

;ः

2


;B



; # K

 

;: 
;:
;+ 
;+ 

! 
! 
; +
,,1

 
! 

;
;#
;ः

*?

root
strong, young
in this manner, in thisway, like
53

54

Englishpubic hairbeer made of millet or
rice
to filter, strain beer
beer mash
circular hand-driven
millstone, grindstone,
quern
to recover (from illness),get better, survive, live
crotch, groin
cold
to be cold
knowledge
wittingly, knowingly
to go, leave, walkI don’t know
to understand, know
clever, knowing, able
tongueNepal aromatic leaf
garlic, Allium hypsistum,Allium wallichii
to tease, deride, harrass,joke

@, @"






;
;
;?
;ॆ
;
;


.
4 '
;
  .
!.
; (S @8 ):OS.

;#1" 

;s , :ि;s t
; !
;?f

;?
;a
; p
;q
V!&
V#1 '

 '

 #
;  1
;
 
#
?
 .
.
"  pEnglishland leech
tapeworm
ritually polluted, impure
louse
to be fated to be
red-vented Bulbul,
Phycnonotus jocosus
son-in-law, younger
sister’s husband
moon
firefly
whatsoever
first-born daughter
first-born son
to ploughjoint(s) of the bodybarley, Hordeum vulgare
mouse trap
daughter’s husband’ssister, younger sister’shusband’s sister



/4

;!9

to doze off sitting up
55

@






/

र

/"  
/K
/:"

4-



 .

/+2

/ः

xA,
2A

?'
ः,
 ः,  9t:

/ः
/बt
/
/ '

4:
S
?
ॐ1


/
/
/
/_ ,
/+
/:"



1
1
(S @8 )!D/:}

!ऽ

/ 
/ 

56

Englishbamboo basket inverted
to make a cage for chickens
to fight, quarrel, get angry
to twitch, jerk, flap
red and white flag usedin shamanic rituals
to spring upon,
pounce uponwaterfall
to fall from a height
to give someone a frightwhen they are sleeping
to be startled, be scaredshaman, elder
weeds, tufts of grassa species of small tree,
Eurya japonica
fly
to cause to be taken out
to remove, pull out
to come and eat
to hang, hang up, stringup, suspend
to cause to hang up, cause
to suspend

1, 1






/ू
O   .
//  () 42nKn&.

Englishhut
peid bushchat, Saxicola
capratacorn spurrey, Spergula
arvensis22L
2:2($ B )
2y
2!
2
2 <!"
2Z
42
42A
(@G&2)42A(F&2)
42 
42'
2

2   -

&B


O:"-'+,
+
 :+  
;:<,;:.
to shake (out)glaring, scorching
astringent, pungent
to mark, stain, stickheadback of the headfar, distantto cause to be plucked
to pluck, pick (from theground)to cut, harvest, pick, pluck,
trim, prune
Nepal pepper, prickly
ash, Zanthoxlum armatum
clitoris
spot, particularly the Hindu
mark on the forehead
57

1"ब, ?






24ब
2ब{
2ब

 
 2 .
.

22 

H H :"

2A
2
2

O

22

2
2{ &ः? ; k 

2 2   4


2
2 2



&  2 2; .
(S @8 )
2
 

2 '
2 

Englishto breakon one’s haunchesa piece or part ofsomething, splinterbump, blow, swelling on
the head
top of a tree, mountain peakshoot of a plant
head of a sprouting
mushroom or shoot of aplant
plant shoots
to crouch down with one’s
legs apart and groin showing
to quarrel with one another,bickerto bite, stinga species of tree,
Oroxylum indicuma species of tree,
Oroxylum indicum
hat, cap
to feel abandoned, lost,
indecisive


?}
58

?

to lift up, pick up(particularly of clothes)

?9 4






?
 
?

?1
;' 

?!"

,


?"

U?B

?"

,


U?2
U?  
?

 
O &
 

s
?

s
?
s "
?

;
 
;

Z 

s ZE
?
s 
?

2
H- .

s 
?
s
?
s 1
?
s &
?

#
;
 ,
;
 &&
;


Englishplace, location, area, region
Thangmi place name foran original habitation,marked by a bent standingstone
to stand up, stand erect,
become erect
upright, standing, standingstraight (from Nepali)
to stand up, stand erect,
become erectstrong, young
hybrid, cross-bred
to peck, sting, bite (bya snake or chicken)
mother’s elder sister
big, large, fata very large bamboo
container or basket used
for carrying leaves or
manurea large rockinflated, swollen, squashyof someone’s nose
large leaf
to become big, grow up
eldest brotherfather’s elder brother59?9   , 6






s  
?
?t


 .
 .

?t


U?.

?
 B

,

?ः

? U{

,;:
n 

? ब

 ? . , ?  Englishmother’s elder brothersmall wooden vase or
vessel in the form of a jar
wooden vase or vessel,
filled with beer during aThangmi wedding
to stumble, fall, stub
one’s toe
to stumble, fall down
to bump up against, bumpinto
shell, eggshell, fruit skin



""
"
" 
"Z

ः
$-
$-




"

Y

"
"<S#
  .

"
"


 7?

60

backbone, spine
burp
to burpto cause to burn, cause to
be spoiled
to spoil (of food), beburnedfear
someone who is quickly
afraidto scare, be afraid
round, spherical

A, A 6B 8 ,  > 6






"    7?


"
Hxम
"ः 

H2

""
"

"7"'
?, ; "ब$ $ 

"
" 

Z


Englishto stuff together, lump
together, make a ball ofsomethingwingless grasshopper& , ,   traditional matress orundersheet made from oldtorn clothes, a kind of quilt
peak, hill
small tightly-woven
bamboo basket for storinggrain
to grunt (of a pig), roar(of a tiger), snore
large-eyed bamboo basket
rope, stringZ422

4Zt
4Zः

! .
, .

Zम

!)

 3,Z"' "

to fall (from the samelevel), fall over, keep overmortara bank of earth, hillock,knoll
vessel for holding milkor waterbone in the lower leg,beneath the knee (fibula
or tibia)
61

A C ,






ZE

, !,-  

Zम( H )Z'Z'  Z 
Z  
ZBॄॄ  
- , -q
,+&

#


म

2

Englishrock, stone
cyclindrical tube to blow
the fire
mildew
to become mildewy
door
doorframe, doorway
to salute, greet, bow
down before someone
one-sided drum played bycertain Thangmi shamans



म


;

म
म

  , 
,

< 

$D9

: 

+   J 162

you (personal pronoun)
to get better, recover,surviveto recover (from illness),get better, survive
to be healthy, get better
after being ill
to scratch, peel off, tearoff
to stretch out, expand
you (personal pronoun)
you and me

D

D






English






 F,! ' F++! 

you (plural)



?

+



S '



 



:
=

 .
  .-.
  9

ुु!&2 4:, : 
#

ु
  , ु
  ,
ु
ु
   O2

&2


  ;

#:  U3,9  I 1, #
+&.

!<9

<. .
9: & :to have a sour or coppery
taste
cooked vegetable currystrong, young
to frighten, cause to
become afraid
to be startled, be scareddown
to come from below,
come upto bring from below,
bring uplower
lower part of a circular
hand-driven millstone orquernover there (close and down)
the stone on which flat
breads are roasted or baked
to be peeled, off, scrapedoff, stripped off, peeled
scrapings
to peel, scrape off, strip
off, skin, peel63A(  $ )
 J
+ '
  &, ! 
!ऽ! ' F
! '
!
! 
!
'
64

<f
OO+
:   .,
:ऽ
  .
 &

G, 
4

OO .

Englishto scrape off, peel off,
plane, strip, split off
hot (of food or drink)pulled, stretched, extended
to suck, draw on, pull on
somethingdangling loose, floppy
and about to fall off
to warm oneself by the fireor in the sun
a Tamang person
long bamboo, featheryor tufted bamboo, Bambusa
tulda, Bambusa vulgaris,
the shoots of which are
eaten
star
to sharpen to a point
partridgetheyyou (personal pronoun)
towards
to paycooked vegetable curry
sharp, pointed

E- *ः 






''~

#.
1''
'
'
' #2 ;s ू
 

#
 .
+ . (S @8 )'  S

9!9!<

 1
 4 !&'

9
9
9
9
9 

!:
 ! 
:,  '
:
 

9  9  9 &29
9 ;ः

)&-J
)
 4

 ! %, %.F Englishbitter aim yam,Dioscorea bulbifera
mugwort, Artemisia
vulgaris
bitterthree
constellation of threestars, Orion’s belt
frost
a species of edible fishmustard seed, Indian rape
seed, Brassica rapa
towards that place, thither
then, hereafter, after that,afterwards
in this manner, in that way
that way, in that mannerthat way, in that mannerin that manner
there, in there (close),over there
over there
over there (far and level)from there, from that place
he, she, it, that one
like this, like that65English


,:L



,A
, '
 

, '  4 sH, ' #HD' , '4## 
Y 
, '
4## 
Y 
, '
4## 
Y O : !:"ः: , 

, ' 4##  ' ू   ,  <66

1

to put, place, position,
store
to hold out, be given, add tothe local Thangmi namefor the hamlet of Phaselunga species of shrub ofwhich the flower is used inThangmi wedding rituals
spirit, possessing ghost,spirit of dead person
a certain part of theThangmi wedding rituala ritual conducted duringa Thangmi wedding
the ritual of the groom’s
family giving goat meat tothe bride’s mother during
a weddingchicken meat distributed
to all attendees of a
wedding ceremony
I don’t know

$, $ 






English!, ,!,O 
!,O
!,O
,
,
,
,=
,:, ,: 

to cause to press down

-A

 
ः .
ः 
2 ? .
42


, 

SA

,+,+
,A
,+,+ -'
  

,A


-
   .

,AO 

-
  

,

:

, 
, 

<f:
<f: ,to crush, bruise by fallingto press, push, squeeze
spit, spittle, sputum, saliva
to spit, hawk up
beak
to close, shuta large tightly-woven
bamboo basket
to collect, gather together,heap upto lull, calm down
to be pressed, be flat beflattened or be squashedlowered, depressed,
flattened, flatto press, flatten, squeeze,squasha small traditional bag
woven out of nettle cloth
a little, very little
to decrease, become less




  to cause to run, makegallop67$, 0 2






 , @B
:
b&
 

  
S S
 .


;

U?&.



L. L.

 J ZEः -,ःU'.
#
&&

  
-H .
l ,
O2 
 
:
 

4  U .
! 



1

 K

!&

68

Englishto run, flee
to burn with fury, blaze
garuga, Garuga pinnata
tailor caste (so named
because they play
instruments at weddings)
trap, snare for catchingdeer, tiger and jackals
soft, marshy, muddy,
water-logged
white flint stone
ten
tooth
elder brotherfirewood, woodto chop wood
pimplehand-crafted wooden
spoon to stir millet paste
beard, facial hairbeans, pulses, Hyacinth
bean, Lablab purpureus
right handdaytime, morning,
afternoon

$!






U{ B , <f B
U
U
U
U
U  
G

!<A-

 '
4
4-', 4 ! .
1>1

!)
b

?f
:;'

+'
+' 

'
' #

+'  [))s (j ))s ( :<
 )



 ?

 J
9O -O
#

?

? 

Englishto be bored, have a badexperienceelder sister$!

, G







  

#
  sG
;
x( s
 [ H

day
to give, pay
shit
to defecatetwo
to cause to hurt, cause
pain
to be in a great deal ofpain
the tree, Ficus neriifolia
lean, thin, meagre,
without fat
porcupinea species of wild chickenwith erect feathersa trap for catchingporcupines
to milk (a cow or buffalo)milk, breast
female breastgod (from Nepali)
to bring out a god fromhiding69sG;
: s
 [ H
9






>
 , 
ॄ 

4
1! ः!   

 &   Englishto worship or makeofferings (from Nepali)a species of shrub ofwhich the flower is usedin Thangmi wedding
ritualsa species of shrub ofwhich the flower is usedin Thangmi wedding
rituals
to show, point out, cause
to show
from, since
to be seen
to seeleft hand, used for cleaning
self after ablutions
to bend something over,
fold


)
)

!
 

)

)! 

 

70 

bow (and arrow)to chase, chase away,
drive off, run down
to cause to scare away,
cause to drive out
termiteG!H  






)

U?&.

)
)

&

O

)  &  . )  & .
)D , B  1,) 


;

)

;


)
)q

 
 2

s
)#

ः

) ( )) (;)) ~  O

) &O;: ) 

B B '
O

, I




Englishtrap, snare for catchingdeer, tiger and jackals
threadpaddy, rice in the field,
harvested but unhusked
rice, Oryza sativa
a kind of red field mousewhich eats rice paddy
maize or rice blossom
to be sharp (of the mind
as well as a blade)
to make as if to slap
or strike someone in anargument
to clean (pots and pans),
wash
to wash clothes
a vessel to carry burning
coals from house to housesmoke from a fire orcigarettevery, much, a lot, many
very, extremely (quality)
to eat greedily, stuff
one’s facefecund, highly fertile(negative connotation)very small
71

English


J
<

4 .
!, ;

;ः  

[
#


ः ,
ः



#




 ,. 

12

 A#WEx+H,x+,4ः1w,  , J
w   
+Hx-x
+&
 



ः



72


,

finger or toe nailto menstruate (therefore
not touch)near, close
to salute, greet, bow
down before someone
hello, hommage,salutations
newto be unable to dosomethingtendon (not attached
to bone), tendonous,
stringy, ligament
navel, umbilical cord

nose
nostrilto cross over, step overnaked, with no clothes
flat winnowing tray
made of bamboo
dance)






O
"'

ः


!
! '
! ' ;#1

<
<f
<f " 

! '-& ,< #Dः (S @8 )
A
 
ू 

A

+
!
! 
(  ';)! (  )! 

 , 
9!  !,! !! ! 

4 &.

1
,

 ः .

Englishto dancevein (in the body),
tendon, ligament
grandson
granddaughter
granddaughter’shusband
grandson’s wife
central seed foundinside the maize kernal
to measure, fill
namehead strap for carrying
loads
emphatic word
to remove, cause toappear, take out of
to remove, pull out,take something out
to be healthy, get better
after being illin three days

)/






!  
!  
! 
! )
! :ि B

9
!A
 '+

! ि "


! H=
! &#

ऽA
! 

! @

9

! @
! ]
!
! !

"+
 


E',9< < .

! ः
! ः3



juice of fermented rice
the fern, Gleichenia
linearis; the edible shootfern, Dryopteris cochleata73

T, <
!

#

,
  [

1 ';.  
!

74

Englishto squeeze
to wring, squeeze
to fall asleep
foreheadto have enough sleep(from Nepali)
to winnow
lemon, Otaheite orange,
Citrus limon
to extinguish, blow out,
put out
common fig, Ficus carica
to twist, wrench, wring off
to swallow
to suffocate
to appear, go out
complete darkness,dead of nightsalt
to wash, bath, bathsomeonea Newar person
worker, slave, employee,
domestic help, <1! J-






q
: ,

4.
++


Englishnine
lukewarm, tepid(  )(  )(&  )
 B B




2 , 2 92
 , !य< :?
ः1

!<
T

!&'
!&'

K2 O42.

?   






?

?
!


? ? # 1, #1) :

to boil something to eat

M'


 !

 ':

to cook&,   to do, make, prepare

$PZम1!

2  2  

!V,
!V ः

4 

!

)1, )

 
!
2
 ः
 2

1
&.
k1!
!&

21ः  U3)&
U 

to have diarrhoea
to ask someone to rinse off
to cause someone torinse something
to clean, cleanse, immerse,
rinse
leg or wing of a bird
to throw somethingviolently, smash, beatafter, then, later
to follow, pursue,
come after
a species of edible
mushroom, Flammulina
velutipes
75

76

Englishto send someone todo something
to send, send awayalso
over there (medium
distance)
new person, foreigner,
visitor, outsider
inflorescence at the top of
the maize or rice blossom
the year after next
two years ago, the year
before lastto await, wait forsomeoneover there (implying
movement)
to must, to have tothe day after tomorrow
to sit down cross-legged
to reverse, overturn,
turn upside downchange, day, turn, period,
timeon the other side
holding out one hand B*







ः

&'
!&

4 

 ,  M
# J



 , 4&

+
! :
?ू

?$



 '
|,  ' '$ Ax
 ' Hj  .
;
4H:Ht .
H  , H 
1
1 ( 

 '  ? ';!.

( Englishto cause to enter
to enter, go inside, passthroughlandslidefive
lower leg, from the kneeto the foot, shin
to meet, receive, getto cook, ripen, be ripea semi-useless field
located in or near aprecipitous hillside
womb
leaf
smooth, flat, evenweak alcohol
fart
to fart, break wind
water, sometimes alcohol
to drain, pour out, spill,
overflow
to splash water, throwwater out
to displace water, pourwater from one place toanotherwater leech77 B ! > $  ! K *






 '     
#;
 ' 2O( -1

 ' 2($# ), Y(S @8 ) ' 

 

4"


HE-,HJ-


4"
4

.
(S @8 )
:

4K

-


4ns
4=, 4
4
4
4&
4& H 

4?f


 

'
' 

78

Englishto submerge in waterproducing a gurgling
sound
wheat or millet pancake
cooked in boiling waterball made of groundand roasted wheat,
used during death ritual
the red-fruited bramble,
Rubus moluccanus
large edible frog
giant taro, Alocasia
indicum; co-co yam
Colocasia esculenta
giant taro, Alocasia
indicum
to drink, such, draw
through a straw
to hit, strike, pound,crush, beat, tearupper back (from Nepali)
to grind, pound and grind
spicyboil, pimple
urine, piss
to urinate, piss-  (! > /B*)






4& :) 
4ः , 4

 ,
भ

'?
'
B

H , HM
G
, A

O<


!  .
, 

 , &Z 

A

<

, -. , .

!,  !



 
 

+  .
 A.
, 
OAVs
A
?+



)'


(  ';) 

-  (  )




Englishfoul-smellingto grind down to a pulp,
pulverize, make into
powderflour
pus
to be enough of something
when shared out
tailk (of an animal)
to wipe off, clean, wipe
down
to sweep with a broom,
wipe, clean
wiping the hands, wiping
something off
butterfly
vaginathe act of filling holes up
oldancestor, elder
to fill up, bury, coverto bury (a dead person),hide something throughburialthe temple (of the head),side of the headto deliver
79




A( )s;! :& Y  " 
2
2




&(.
E
(S @8 )&(.
&
&
ॄ!


     .
 


 
>
 a  ,!A 9.

1

1

,' 

2 & 

 ,'
 !
80

!,.-,.
 ; ,V Englishto bring, escort, leadsmall rice flour effigies
made to keep the spirits
and ghosts out of a newly
constructed housestomach, tummy, womb
stomach, belly,
abdomento be pregnant (literally‘carry the stomach’)sole of foot, planta pedis
the wild cherry tree,
Prunus puddumblamoney, coins
to tie up, pack up, coverin order to protect
to pour, spill
to be poured, be spilled out
to cause to whitewash
the act of smearing withearth and cowdung
female of the species
to be burned,  "







 

V ,V ,V 
V /1 
   
ू!#!
A#  ः  - Englishto burn

the act of burning,
singeing
last year
three years ago
to echohole, opening


Hब

H4ब

H

H2म

( )
Hxम

2!  .

Hxम ,

H5
H4

H
 ,! 
4H:x.
Z  -Z  

to cause to blossom,
make a flower open
to blossom, bloom,
flower, ripena species of small
grasshopper
grasshopper, locust " (  )






H4(  ), HD

2'

H[
H!

H:
 
H2

H
H KH  "  .
  . -

 ॆ

H
H



2A

H  

H'

HH

9  .

H
H

4H;

4H;


#
HAH.
 (4Zt )a species of grasshopper
without wings
a trap to catch small
animals
wide in circumferenceor diameter
81

82

Englishpoorly-proportioned,
fat on top and thin at thebottoma cloth worn by women asa skirtheart-burnpumpkin, summer orwinter squash, marrow,
Cucurbita maxima,
Cucurbita pepo
iron
to forge irona species of tree with big
spines, Homaliumnapaulense
to bear fruit, ripen
to husk rice or millet ina mortar, cleanse
to eat by throwing amouthful at a time into
the mouth
the act of exorcisingevil spirits
to throw, throw away
to throw, throw away
foam
to spread, spread out,
lay out - 







4H;Y

,
 

4H
4H
4Hः2 ()

Y

ःA2

H
(; #)
H



H
H

HH.
9

H  9'

H

&,F

H2

HK
H;
H;-

?+?+ ! ' <

H
H-! '! ' ;'H9
Englishpoorly-proportioned, fat
at the bottom and thin at
the topspleenthigha species of small bird
which resembles a wren
to untie, unfasten, undo
to slip off, take off, undo,
unbuttondry flour
to blow, fan the fire, blow
the fire, play a tune on awind instrument
to come loose, break awayfrommuzzle for cows,
buffaloes or goats
to order or ask someone
to break something
to break, be broken crack
father’s sister’s husband
husband’s father’s sister’shusbandfather’s sisterhusband’s father’s sister,
wife’s father’s sister
83

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HS

2 

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, p

H
H
H 
( )H  + .
  s )(H,(= )Hः ,<,
ॆ
H9


Hॐ

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s
H

s
H
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 , [( 
 .

s
H
& ब
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
H  ] ? . , ?    .
& +?fः

H

H +H  .

H
H

84

Englisha kind of small wooden
bowl or pot
small iron spoon, small
cutting instrument
to have leisure, free timeegg
to roll and rotate the egg(by a hen or other bird)
to lay an egg
to blossom, flower
to swell, swell up,
enlarge in sickness
to be slipped off, untied,
unrolledrough or course (offoodstuffs)
flowersepal of a flower (fromNepali)shell, eggshell, fruit skinfoot, base, root, trunk, tree
again, now, yetto swell up into a blister
after a burnthe little bubble of air
which escape from theearth after a big rainstorm

4, 4 






English






English 

to do, make, build, cookmolar, jaw
to bendto cause to survive& ( )& &:&:  
&:
&

A

42
L -'
&  

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&!
&
&4 '
&4 '-;#1
&4 
&

' !'' "   1
L.

&O&/ & U

&5& ?

& .

&E
&B
&
&O
&O
&:  &O F,22

&;

&;
&V

ॆ
 ( -   

&2&2

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&2

SA

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A

&
&_'
& 

9
1 .
+
A
Aः

4  (  )child, baby, offspring, kid
to not swallow one’s
mother’s milk, regurgitate
kids, children
to cause to play,cause to striketo beat, play (the drum)
to ring, strike, sound,chime
scraping together,collecting carefully,
hoarding
to collect, gather together,heap upsweepings
to sweep with a broom,
wipe, clean
to explain
wick, lamp
to make, build, construct85& (Z")86

boar, wild pig
axe
to close, shutgun, rifle
to boil and then dry
vegetables for preserving
to set fire, cause to lightstrong, young
to burnyounger sister
younger sister’s husband
deaf
the bulb of the arum lily,
Arum campanulatum
to live, survive, revive,
come to life
to flatten earth after
ploughing
to serve food, ladle rice,
deal out, distributerhesus monkey, Macaca
mulatablack-mouthed, whitebodied and long-tailed
monkey

4 ?






&

T

&



& 2" " 

&भ&$2-', 2
&E&E 42E (  ( -

&<
&;

ः
: .

&
&2
&2
&2 <
(!&  )4"'
4 .
H,+H

&K

D+,
भ+
1

&?

Englishto tie, pull, harness, lock
togetherfeathery bamboo, Bambusa
vulgarethe lower leaves or outer
covering of a bamboo plant
which fan out at the basegoat
forest leopard or panther,
Panthera pardus,
popularly thought of as
being a tiger
bent, twisted
bent like a shaman’s
beating stick which curls
back on itself
calf
white-eyed buzzard,
Butastur teesa
to quarrel, argue
from, sinceroad, path, way, throughfare
to walk around or
circumambulate the brideand groom during awedding procession
to twist, braid, entwine,
plait
clever, knowing, able87

4 6  2

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

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&" B

4 

&" B
&
&:
&:  &H&

4  
.
ः
 


&S
& 

;
 

& 4 5

,q

&'


  .

&'  
! 

 

&ः  !

+

&ः

1

&4 
&

4ू, 4&+-',  

88Englishto choke, get stuck in thethroatto hiccup
cloud
vomit, sick, puke
to vomit, throw up
steam
dry or unirrigated field,
land
red wasp
to enclose, surround,hedge, fence, hinder
to go for a walk with alightleft over food, stale
food, something which
was cooked earlier
to add the leftover anddried out millet paste froma previous meal to a new
pot of hot water to reuseitto smell (good or bad), tostink
to crow (of a roosteror pheasant)outsideBrahman

)4LK






!&"

!&/

T
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


!&/

!&/

1!
1

!&
& H
!&
ः:"
($#
!)

!&;
! !
+!&2 ("  ) '!&2  ' 9!&! 

)4 B ( ू  7 )




English!& ' (Y &ू $)
!&
U

rim of a knife
to wake up, open
one’s eyes
to wake up
to cause to know, cause
to wake up from sleep
poor, pitiable, ‘how sad’omen, portent for a deadperson’s spirit
to flash (of lightning)hem
to hem (from Nepali)
the large wild lime, citron,
Citrus medica
partially husked rice
to be ill, be unwell!&!& '!& t ,
j:O  .

!& t?:?   .

!& t
( D )
!&
!&S#

:'.

a small, black hopping
insecta species of cricket whichmakes an uninterrupted
sound with its hind legs
small green cricket

&2


cat
seed
89

!&
  

;!& !& , 4##&'&'  &!:2
& 

4ू.

&'!&;
&E
(
 )
&
&=
&&
& 


.

s&Z
s I&Zl
s -s&Z? -' j+,&-?
? -' ;'

&Zs

? -

90

1

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#

Englisha species of tree, Maesa
chisiato set down a load, takerest, take a breather
to heal, to cause someone
to get bettermorning
wedding, marriage
seedcommon hawk cuckoo,
brainfever bird
seeds and grainscone or pod of the plaintainflowerto understand, know
to weave (at a loom)
fatheryounger brother’s wife,
son’s wife
old woman, wifethumbhusband’s mother’smother, husband’s
father’s motherold man, husband

0, 0! 

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

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&Zs !   '&Zs -

? - <&B , 
&

&

&  ,<A& & t B
&
&2

&
 
: -'
+H
  .
;A

& 2
& 

 
<


& 

Wq,Bq 
VTq, T 

& 
&
&

&
&9
&
 

Englisha large, red winged
bug which does not fly
but bites with its mouthhusband’s mother’s
father, husband’s father’s
fatheranother, other (from Nepali)
evening
tumeric, Curcuma longa
to faint, have an epileptic
fit
to cause to carry
to ask to be carried
to carryfoot, base, root, trunk,treesmall metal bowl
traditional blanket madeof Himalayan nettle used
to keep warm at nightto call, shout, rumble,
make noise
to call, cry for help
to speak, to talkgrease, fat



 
@

O .

06 

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@"
@Y !
@t ! "(2, # 1
S1,
B

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@K 
 
@9
@9

2
V(S @8 )  @ ' B@ ' B@=

1!
J!
J

@D
@
@ !
@ ($) ,
:< , ::< 2
@ (4  )



@



@

ः .

sparrow
91

92

Englishstorehouse for grain
although, albeit
Chinese sumac, Rhus
javanica, used as
medicinesoya bean, Glycine max
ritual language forsoya beans and rice
to cause to fall away
to fall away (like a houseor wall after a landslide)to inquire, ask
to be said, be named
to say, tell, order, inquire,ask
to become full, be filled
later
tonight
just, previous, earlier,already
just, just now, presently,
at this timeladder, notched log or
bamboo trunk
marking nut, Semecarpus
nacardium, cashew nut)0 ,  2!  .+!






@

 !

@'-'@O ;
@O
@"
@1
@1-& 
@;
@म

 -.  .
 
 
&-'
#
,  1
HE


@
@! ;
@:;'
@:;-;#1@:;-& 

&
&1 
&1 '
!& ' " &1 #@@ 

+




@ ! 

" n

@
@8
!@,B  :< 9O !

Englishto bend oneself backwards,
contort oneself
breaking and spoilingto go and break something
to breakpotyounger brotheryounger brother’s wife
elder brother’s wifesack-cloth like cloak madeof wild hemp or nettle
fibre
cooked ricenephew, sister’s sonniece, sister’s daughter
sister’s daughter’s husband
nephew’s wife, sister’s
son’s wife
load
to load, thrust into, force
into
a species of thorny bamboo,
Bambusa arundinacea
male of a species
languagebeggar93)0* 




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!@;
!@V

H 
H 

!@ऽ
!@ऽ ः!@ ;!@ ;t
U
!@ 


-J !&;H
;H '@'  '

6',
69'!:'@'  ' 

@'

@1

@1
  
@1
@
@/
@K
@K (  )#.
S!)!) ,
W 

-

 

@_ ()@9 

1,+

94

Englishto make set, drench
to get wet, become wet,
be immersed
insideto enter (inside)elder sister’s husband
elder sister’s husband’ssisterto strap on, attach, wear
butterfly bush, Buddleja(Buddleia) asiatica
leaves or flowers offeredin worship
precipice, steep slope
earthquake
thunderto thunderto bark (of a dog)
knowledge
to fry, roast
to roast millet prior togrinding
blunt, not sharp
to pull someone’s hairin anger, +!






@
(   ;q)@R'@  B

6.

@ !



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

English

ब.


!@ऽ
9 



 e  

tomorrowcush-cush, yam,Dioscorea deltoidea,
Dioscorea trifida
inedible toad or frogwith webbed feet

B ,
 
:

:

!

I
to cause to rot!<&_' &


+&' (S @8)




 ;

ू

-1 ः
!
!,#ऽ

 '



?f !
ी.
 '






1
 
 
 @O,  
 2 

 @O

2


<



<

2
   .



E

the inflorescence of thewheat and barley plants
buffalo, ः
1 1, to be hungry 
&?




to rot, rot away, wasteaway
to ripen of maize
to break a cob of corn
off the stalkto remove maize cobsfrom the stalkwhite heather, Gaultheria
fragrantissima
white heather, Gaultheria
fragrantissima
95

'
'

!
96

Englishemotion, feeling, love,heart
to like, appreciate, enjoy
the guardian angel
mother which looks
after newborn children
to like, want, appreciate
to cause to ward off
evil spirits
to ward off evil spirits,
exorcisetorch light used in thedeath ritual
to be sprained, twisted,brittleyeast, leaven
to go and die
to diethe yellow-cheeked
martin, pine-marten,
Martes flavigula
mourners at a funerala species of plant
ghost, evil spirit, cremation
spot, burning groundhoney )%$! J+ =- 






1;s

! '

1;s-

 . ;'

1;s-

 . ;',  ,' 
1:O. S.


B
<
< >
SE

2
!,
!,
!,
!, 
!, 
!, 
!,
!, ;
 9
J J

!,

1O< 

, .


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 #
 #: #: ,
:4 19, )%4 1  




Englishmother’s brother’s wife
(younger and elder)
wife’s mother’s younger
brother’s wife
husband’s mother’s
elder brother’s wife
female of the species
a species of small gecko
which lives on walls
spiderto begfish
a small basket forcarrying fish
earth, mudabove, up there
above, up there, upwards
above, up
to come up
to bring up
to bring up from below
to be above
upper part of circular
hand-driven millstone,
quern
to bring down from above97!,&2


!, 

!,  ? 

Englishto come down, come fromabove
above, upper
over there (close andslightly up)
a two-sided drum playedon the lap
person, human, man
the fire in which thecorpse is burnt

! , :< !
:<   ; (S @8):< 
! ,  tiger bone horn used&;  Mk
by shamans in various(&$ ")rituals:ि -  large bamboo mat used in  -

 .
 . < -

 . <+ॆ'  .

D9'

 


9
J

98

death rituals into which
the corpse is rolled
mother’s younger brotherwife’s mother’s younger
brotherhusband’s mother’s elder
brotherbark, crust of the millet
paste, scab
to be killed, kill oneself,commit suicide
to killnecklace? 






'

 K2+'.
''  2


 

!"A! n

<+

! ! '& !  , q
-M
 
! 

'?
 ! ' 
& . <'

म


 +

म

 +


2

:
 
 .

? 

 ? Englishmarrowmeat
to cut or slice meat into
piecesto tear pieces of toughmeat off the bone
to make a sticking or
slurping sound with thelips when eating
ritual bond friend(female)kidneyto mix in, stir up
to taste goodto make a ritual bondwith someone from adifferent caste or ethnic
group
mouth
to be shaped like a flatpiece of wood or malletmallet, flat piece ofwood for beating clothes
when washingto kneadheart, feeling, opinion,mind
to smooth, trim
99

?

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



?
#

 ? .
B


!
:2


  .
! ! ,  4

 

-
w.-w.

, ः 
 ! ः

!  ,
6 
-

 

2
, 2

+

;



q
q $#8., #.
#ः  .

100

Englishsmooth, trim
an adult who wets his or
her bedunder, below
nipplecorpse, deceased, deadpersona brown praying mantis
which cannot fly
radish, Raphanus sativus
soft, tender (of meat,
clothes, sheets, wool)
pestle and mortar
mouse, rat
deer
to cry (of a deer)
to appear of a pattern (inthe grain of wood or cloth)
farmyard, plain
I (ergative case)big, large, fat
to cover, patch, overlay
with bamboo
beebeehive-, , MB






Englishq+#1 

}
A

to thrive, flourish
to kiss  ) ! , 1

U3!

&



2 .
S.
! 

ः
 
  
4 ' F !

 !  4
&

S.
 

here and there, in oneof these two places
hither (horizontal level,
towards the speaker)
on this side, this way
just, just now, presently,
at this timethat place
this year, this timein this manner, in thisway, like
like thisherefrom here
they (near)this, he, she, it
this year
vagina'J, J
1, (andspirit, distilled liquor
101



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
 


 1,  .

 &>   2!
 

2
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 

ॆ  

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 

D_
D
D ]HE, HJ 9D
Sि$72

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S

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 

102

Englishblood
to be happy, smile
flaming torch made ofwood chippings
to light a flaming torch
to put, place, position,
store
night
to become dark, getdarknight, at night
red, orange, purple
a large red rodent thatlives in trees
good, clean, well, niceleafy greens, particularlyof the Indian mustandplant, Brassica juncea,
from Hindi palak
empty, gaping, open
anger
to become angry, getangry
to be angry
Adam’s apple, part of
the throat which one uses
to swallow
to cry, weep

, :B






F
 2
A

 +&
-1
-
 

P

.

Englishtree
bread, flat pancake
to plant (paddy, millet
or vegetables)
body hair

 

E

~'

  ,

K42

?#
4   

5

($)

 

5

( :< )422

42

!ा

1

A'

 J





4Y
 ु .
2!

B
,+
B
,(  '; ) ऽ
B ( ) 
B (H ) ,+
;
J.
; B
J 

!
K ,$ (Z )
3 

"

to chase, chase away,
drive off, run down
to close, shut
pigweed, Amaranthus
viridis, Amaranthus albus
walking stick with handle

to roll about, wallow
on the ground in mud
to fall away (like a houseor wall after a landslide)to fall (from the samelevel), fall over, keep overto become flaccid(especially of a penis)
Nepalese hog plum,
Choerospondias axillaris
103

Englishdragging along the grounda species of tree, Fraxinus
floribunda
to mark, stain, stickto feel itself, to be present

_ B

- ,!Y ; 3 ,< 2
 , B
+
+
Hxम
  () :

to tasteto mark, stain, stickembarrassment, shame
to be embarrassed,
ashamedto accidently brushsomeone with one’s footto take42! 'mosquito!Y 
!E
104

+
 1!
 4E2 2 .
"E-long, tall, highlong (for horizontal things)
a green or brown praying
mantis which also flies
woodpecker
to bring
sexual organs

=- 



!E (" )!A!A.

& !, !,.-,.

!ः1



 

 : .
  '! , +
2 1

  
K!  !  
!"A
9 

ः . -ः .

 [
B 
 @, D L 
#  
(S @8)
 .

q



  
L ,  


K, K1

Englishpenis
to paint, plaster, smear
the act of smearing withearth and cowdung
sticky, muddy, slippery
to hide something, conceal
to hide oneself
clothesto undress someone,take off their clothes
to dry clothes
to dry (of clothes)
to tear with one’s teeth
to steal, plunder, pilfer
bark of a species oftree used to make paper,
Daphne bholuasquirrelhusband, boyfriend
anger, envy, jealousy
the upper part of a grindingstone, hand pestle
walking stick with handle
to bring
to bring
105

English

"
#2

 

#
: ,  
# 
# Hs#    ' {# S& #G# !&

.

# :< .

# !

!< '. , 

# !ः

q

4## 
Y 

:2 #

4## 
 #
Y 
4##  ! 22+&&    ?

106

non-human numeralclassifier
forest, wood, jungle
a species of plantwild cush-cush, yam,Dioscorea deltoidea
potato yam, Dioscorea
bulbifera
short-tailed Himalayan
jungle cat, Felis chaus
wild person, forest spirit,
yeti
perilla, edible seed,
Perilla frutescens
Himalayan nettle,
Girardinia diversifolia
a greeting or salutation
to the family of thebride, done by the groom
at a wedding
a discrete part of theThangmi wedding rituala wooden construction
built in the courtyard of
the groom’s house underwhich the ritual occurs
once the bride has beenbroughtN, , 4, 4H



English

#
M
M8


'.

M &
ौ' '

ः
 

body
the parrot tree, East Indian
walnut, Albizia lebbek
to speak clearly
wife, girlfriend, 

4 ,
!4

 ( )  , A
A

to be together, meet
with, together
to cause to finish
to be finished




; ः22

  ,=    >&, &:2.

$

,
+

 
 
, 1

to be able
to be able, to finish workor some task, complete
finished, exhausted, all out
to tease, deride, harrass,joke
pincers
dream
to dream
all, each, every, totally107

,      , a  a
+@   +

+


+
D
(S @8), 
Oू'JO

 (?)! , SA'

D 

?:'


 

S.
 +







<

108

Englishto cause to be captured
or held
to seize, hold, grab, catchto ejaculate
until, up toa bamboo drying racksuspended above the fire
the whole area above
the fireplace in which the
cyapring is locatedthe whole area above thefireplace in the cyapringis situateda species of bird with ayellow beak and legs, a
black head, brown feathers
and a black tail ending inwhite
to move oneself, betransferred, advancesnake, serpent
to set fire to, light, kindle
a firethe chir pine, Himalayan
long leaved pine, Pinus
roxburghii
father-in-law 



$

.

$

 Oू ,
Oू


O


Sq, S

,'
& .
  2 F ' ' 2' ' 
O ' -sO ;' 
O
T1 

 :<;ः 4 "1

4O.

 &&

O

 && O <?:

Englishsmall wooden or bamboo
foot bridge
narrow (for a house or
cave)
to ration, use sparingly,
make something last, beeconomical
cockroachsevenfriend, ritual bond friend
small girls
small girlmother’s younger sister
wife’s mother’s younger
sistersmall
a small black rodent
which lives in holes
and rocks
walking in the way thatchildren do, taking small
and frequent steps
mother’s younger sister’shusbandwife’s mother’s younger
sister’s husband
to move, transfer, change109  O

 Fs! !  /!' .
;'
1
1 1! "'!;'

!
!
!

S
;
! 

!
!
!J
! '

42 :,422 :
42 :'S :

!
!


!"'

!  ! !q2 e!ः:-

110

EnglishSal tree, Shorea robusta
mother-in-law
mucus, snot
to remove or wipe away
mucus or snot from thenose
prickly pear, Opuntia
monocantha
to sew, stitch
comb of a cockrel
to thread something,pass through a hole
to teach, explain, impart
information
to learnhorn, antler
beans, pulses, Hyacinth
bean, Lablab purpureus
needletraditional quilt or blanket
made of old clothes
to thread something, passthrough a hole
the lower part of a grindingstone or hand mortar
stinging nettle, Urtica
dioica ,    

 ?
$"  AA  +
,+ )
 


a

 

H H   .    .

 
:

++  (S @8),ॆ1S(S @8)
A

,
 # , :2

=
=



 ' ' 1

Englishpig
pigletto cause to smell
to pull a face by pursing
the lips and sticking themout
dry earth, dry mud
the edible dried leavesof any green plant
to dryto put to bed, cause to sleep
to sleepgold
to cause to be heard,
cause to hear
epiphytic orchidorange, Citrus sinensis
to swell, swell up,
enlarge in sickness
to hearbetel nut, areca nut,
Areca catechu
to rub, stroke, calm
down
chicken shit
111

=1





2!A

,
MM
+



+




&
1;

/

!+
,
!+/,1   _ . ,w  .



J

 , )/  1   H,  2112

O.

Englisharight, right side up,
right way up
to whistle (from Nepali)
to dry someone orsomething by the fireto dry or warm
something or someone by
the firewhite
to become cold (offood or drink)
to be honest, straight,
simplehonest, straight, simple
male shield fern, Dryopterisfilix-mas; edible fern shoot,Dryopteris cochleata
to say, tell, order, inquire,ask
the rice stalks once thepaddy has been removed

sacrificial offering madeof flour>, >6, >=66



()





  )

ः
ः
ः#
ः#
ः#ः '

 9
4 '
 -


 

English

to remove all the grainsof wheat or rice fromthe stalk in one momenta cut branchjackal, Canis aureus
voice, soundtaste
wife, girlfriend





( )
 (Y
4! 
$)

4H:
2!:?f!,

, 
@Y
"
ः
G
G  
" :q2

%
!


'


B
;,
'
:& 

4-'  M!+&. ,
!+&
+
! 
 
& 9
-



D /
 2

" , ""

>

sickle, small knife
to cause to defecate, makeshit
to defecate, shityeah, uh-huhboneold cloth with which tohold hot pots
to loose, be lost, disappear
large green fly which
lives on excrementa species of foddera species of tree
the strap which connects
the yoke of the pole to theplough, made of leather
113

Y , 

H! :1ः .
ः+
w  .
( . )"!&" (F)  ॆ.
 &
. 2 A'   ,  : & !
< D=(; #)114

Englishlight (in weight)
ploughto wave aroundto wave a smoking stickaround to make it burncurly dock, common fieldsorrel, Rumex crispus,
Rumex
nepalenis
branched, having branches
lymph node or gland
to laughyawn
to yawnmale shield fern, Dryopterisfilix-max
the tree, Ilex dipyrena
hand, arm
to bend or fold one’s arms
to carry by hand, takedestruction, damage, loss
to strike, headbut, ram

"> )+



English=(ZE)= (&:) ' ' G ; 
+H

A

to hit, strike, throw, kick!
! ! ः


,+(;")(& !@ऽ) (@"U )

A



,+

to aim, fire, shootwethe two of us
to come to a complete
stop and then fall whenrunning
to pour beer into a
storage container
to insert, put into, add toto insert, pour into

#
4 "

HM
#9

4 5
4 
4 
4;
4 
(q)
4
4 
!<

# (S @8)! .
! -.
-  9>,  >:< wind, storm, galeto walk somebody orsomething, drive cattle
to walk, wander, roam
snow
snow
yesterday
to hit, strike, pound,crush, beat, tear
dust
to be covered in mud
or drenched by water,
particularly after working
in the fields during themonsoon
115

116



;
,
! 
;
HM
 
,

Englishto be
to be, to become
to be (archaic form used
only to describe taste)yes, okay
wind, storm, galeto look at, look around
yes, is, be