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Geology, geologic structure, and hot springs in southern
Kyushu, Japan
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 23*ῌ**0/  ! +ῌ,+ῌ-/,"#$% 23*ῌ2/00 &'() +*ῌ+Tetsuo KOBAYASHI+ and Toru YANO,
Earth and environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kagoshima University+ῌ,+ῌ-/, korimoto, Kagoshima 23*ῌ**0/, Japan,
Kagoshima Prefectural Police +*ῌ+, Kamoike-shinmachi, Kagoshima 23*ῌ2/00, Japan+

Abstract
The geology, geologic structure, and hot springs in southern Kyushu are discussed inthis paper. The basement rocks of this area are composed mainly of the sedimentarycomplexes of the Shimanto Terrane which is divided into two groups : Cretaceous Northern Shimanto Terrane and Tertiary Southern Shimanto Terrane. The graben structuresin southern Kyushu have been formed in relation to the opening of the Okinawa Troughsince ca. +* Ma, and followed by contemporaneous volcanism. Volcanism was most active
in between . Ma and , Ma which formed the fundamental graben structure such as Hokusatsu Triangular Graben, Hitoyoshi basin, and Kagoshima Graben. Since , Ma, the volcanism within the Kagoshima Graben became most active involving at least three calderas :Ata, Aira, and Kakuto calderas from south to north. Active volcanoes also exist in thisgraben, indicating an active volcano-tectonic depression.
Most hot springs in southern Kyushu are distributed in these grabens, suggesting an
intimate genetic relation between volcanism and hot springs. The heat supply of the hotsprings from the basement rocks is sourced not only from the present magma, but also
from Tertiary granites.
Key words : Shimanto Terrane, Kagoshima Graben, Hokusatsu Triangular Graben,
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from Kimura, +32/). Legend + : central graben, , : basin occupied by Pleistocene igneous intrusions,- : major fault and fault scarp, . : buried major fault and fault scarp, / : eastern boundary of the Ryukyu Ridge, 0 : trench, 1 : active volcanoes, 2 : submarine intrusions or volcanoes since Late Pleistocene time, TG : Tokara Gap, KG : Kerama Gap.

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Fig. , Geologic sketch map of southern Kyushu indicating the distribution of Kagoshima Graben(modiﬁed from Tsuyuki, +303). B : Basement sedimentary complexes of the Shimanto Terraneand the Chichibu Terrane of Triassic to Tertiary ages, G : Tertiary granitic rocks, V : volcanic
rocks, Kr : Kirishima volcano, S : Sakurajima volcano, Km : Kaimondake volcano,

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Fig. - Distribution of crustal extension of Okinawa Trough and associatedpaleomagnetism (after Kamata and Kodama, +33-). Open arrow with PHS
shows the present subduction direction of the Philippine Sea plate.

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Fig. . Contour line map of the basement rocks in southern Kyushu based on drilling data for
hot springs. Figures in parentheses from Kubota (+320) and Agency for Natural Resources
and Energy (+322). H : Hokusatu Triangular Graben, K : Kagoshima Graben.

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Fig. / Distribution of the Kagoshima graben, caldera structure, and Curie point
depths in southern Kyushu (modiﬁed from Kubota, ,**0). + : active volcano,, : graben, - : fault, . : caldera and estimated caldera, / : Cretaceous to Tertiary basement rocks, 0 : Curie point depth (contour interval is + km).

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Fig. 0 Distribution of graben in southern Kyushu (A) and the E-W cross section of the Kagoshima
Graben (B : Hayasaka, +32,). HT : Hokusatsu Triangular Graben, KG : Kagoshima Graben, Kt :Kakuto caldera, Ar : Aira caldera, At : Ata caldera..

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Summary of the geology of southern Kyushu.
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Fig. 2 Generalized geologic map of the Shimanto Terrane in southern Kyushu (modiﬁed
from Teraoka, ,**.). F is an estimated left-lateral fault.

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26

ῌ῏῍῎

Fig. +- Conﬁguration map of basement rocks underneath Kagoshima city (A : modiﬁed from
Hayasaka and Oki, +31+) and the E-W cross section of this area showing the horizon of
hot water in the deposits (B : Tsuyuki, +33,)

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YJ .0 +-,/ῌ+-.-.
Arita, T. (+3/.) : The geological structure of Kagoshima Prefecture, Kyushu district, Japan.
Sci. Rep. Kanazawa Univ., no. ,, +,ῌ+-+.

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Kamata, H. and Kodama, K. (+333) : Volcanic history and tectonics of the Southwest Japan
Arc. The Island Arc, 2, -3-ῌ.*-.
Kaneoka, I. and Suzuki, M. (+31*) : K-Ar and ﬁssion-track ages of some obsidians from Japan.

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28

J. Geol. Soc. Japan, 10, -*3῎-+-.
Kaneoka, I., Aramaki, S., Kobayashi, T. and Oki, K. (+32.) : Pliocene and Pleistocene volcanism
in southern Kyushu : K-Ar ages of Fumoto and Isaku pyroclastic ﬂows and related rocks.
Bull. Volcanol. Soc. Japan, ,3, /3῎0,.

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Kimura, M. (+32/) : Back-arc rifting in the Okinawa Trough. Marine and Petroleum Geology,,, ,,,῎,.*.
Kodama, K., Tashiro, H. and Takeuchi, T. (+33/) : Quaternary counterclockwise rotation of south
Kyushu, southwest Japan. Geology, ,-, 2,-῎2,0.

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Koto, B. (+3+0) : The great eruption of Sakura-jima in +3+.. J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, -2,+῎,-1.

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Shibata, K. and Nozawa, T. (+300) : K-Ar ages of granites from Amami-oshima, Ryukyu islands,
Japan. Bull. Geol. Surv. Japan, +1, .-*ῌ.-/.
Shibata, K. and Nozawa, T. (+302) : K-Ar ages of acid rocks of Noma-misaki and Hioki mountains, Kyushu, Japan. Bull. Geol. Surv. Japan, +3, ,--ῌ,-0.

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Ueno, M., Takeda, T., Otsuka, H. and Shimada, N. (+333) : Paleomagnetic evidence for the timingof the gold mineralization in Kagoshima, Japan. Mineral Deposits : Process to Processing(Stankey C. J. et al., eds), +,.+ῌ+,..

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Yagi, K., Ishikawa, H. and Kojima, M. (+31/) : Petrology of a lamprophyre sheet in Tane-gashima island, Kagoshima prefecture, Japan. J. Japan. Assoc. Mineral. Petrol. And Economic Geologists, 1*, ,+-ῌ,,..
Yamamoto, M., Kawano, Y., Imai, A. and Nishimura, K. (,**-) : Miocene granites and the Hishikari gold deposits in Kyushu. Hutton Symposium V, Field Guidebook, Geol. Surv. Japan,
Interim Report, no. ,2, 0+ῌ2*.

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