The Pondaung mammal fauna:an analysis of a terrestrial

mammal fauna in the latest middle

Eocene of central Myanmar (Southeast Asia)

byTakehisa Tsubamoto

Doctoral dissertation in the Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Graduate School of
Science, Kyoto University, Japan
December 15th, 2000

Submitted December 15th, 2000; accepted January 17th, 2001.

Unpublished Doctoral dissertation.
Copyright ©2001 by Takehisa Tsubamoto.

All rights reserved.

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7 Y71

The Pondaung mammal fauna:an analysis of a terrestrial

mammal fauna in the latest middle

Eocene of central Myanmar (Southeast Asia)

byTakehisa Tsubamoto

Doctoral dissertation in the Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Graduate School of
Science, Kyoto University, Japan
December 15th, 2000

Abstract
The mammal fauna from the Eocene Pondaung Formation in central Myanmar (thePondaung mammal fauna) is reconstructed. The fission-track age of the Pondaung
Formation calibrated from zircon grains is 37.2 ± 1.3 Ma, corresponding to the latest
middle Eocene. The result is consistent with the geologic age, middle to late Eocene,suggested by previous studies.
The Pondaung fauna consists of six orders of mammals, including 16 families and 21
genera: Primates (four genera), Creodonta (two genera), Rodentia (one genus),
Artiodactyla (four genera), Perissodactyla (nine genera), and order indeterminated(Ungulata) (one genus). Among these 21 genera, there are only two carnivorous(hyaenodontid creodonts) and two small (phiomyid rodent and eosimiid primate)
mammals. All primates are considered to be primitive anthropoids. Both artiodactyls andperissodactyls are abundant in the Pondaung fauna, and the former is less diversified infamilial and generic levels but more dominant in collection size than the latter.
In particular, anthracotheriid artiodactyls are the highest in specimen number,indicating its prosperity in the Pondaung fauna. The anthracotheres of the Pondaung
fauna, which had been confusedly classified into many species among the three genera
was reviewed, referring to one genus (Anthracotherium) and four species (A. pangan, A.
rubricum, A. birmanicus, and A. tenuis). Compared with other Anthracotherium species
discovered from localities of Asia and Europe, the Pondaung species are oldest in age andprimitive in morphology, and show high degree of morphological variation, suggestingthat the genus might have originated in Southeast Asia as early as the middle Eocene.
The paleoenvironment of the Pondaung fauna is estimated as subtropical/tropicalforest with relatively large livers, located near the sea shore based on the following
evidences: (1) there are many herbivorous mammals with brachyodont molars (e.g.
brontotheres) but few species with hypsodont teeth, suggesting the existence of softleaves eaters rather than hard-grasses ones; (2) there are several primitive anthropoid
primates, which are considered to be arboreal and frugivorous animals, indicating forest
environment; (3) there are several species of anthracotheres and a metamynodontine
amynodont which are considered to have lived in the riverside; (4) the lower part of the
Pondaung Formation is dominated by marine deposits, and the formations below andabove the Pondaung Formation are marine deposits; and (5) the result of the cenogram
analysis suggested the similarity of the Pondaung fauna to Recent faunas in the tropicalforested setting.

The Paleogene terrestrial mammal biostratigraphy was analyzed quantitatively byusing the appearance event ordination (AEO) method. The results of the AEO analysis
support that the Pondaung fauna is comparable to the Sharamurunian East Asian Land
Mammal Age (EALMA), as was suggested by the previous researchers.
In the later Eocene, the faunas of the southern East Asia including the Pondaung fauna
are characterized by the dominance of artiodactyls compared with perissodactyls, while,in contrast, in the northern East Asian faunas perissodactyls are still more dominant thanartiodactyls both in the taxonomic and populational respects. Although the Pondaung
fauna is relatively endemic, it is similar to some contemporaneous southern East Asian
mammal faunas: particularly, it shares five genera and four species with the middle/late
Eocene Naduo fauna, Yunnan Province, southern China, suggesting a close
chronologica1/zoogeographical relationship between them. The Pondaung fauna also
shares a few genera, such as Deperetella(Perissodactyla), with the contemporaneous
faunas of northern East Asia, such as the Shara Murun fauna of Inner Mongolia, northern
China. However, these genera are so widely known from the East Asian middle/late
Eocene localities in East Asia that it may not be useful to determine any special
relationships between the faunas.
Although the Pondaung fauna has some mammal tax.a also known from thecontemporaneous faunas of other continents, it is not likely indicate any close
resemblances to these faunas. There is no clearly congeneric species between the
Pondaung fauna and the North American faunas, although it has been indicated by many
researchers that there were some faunal exchanges between East Asia and North America
during the Eocene age. On the other hand, the Pondaung fauna shares Anthracotheriumwith the late Eocene mammal faunas of Europe. It is noteworthy that the Pondaung faunashares primitive anthropoids and phiomyid rodent with the late Eocene/early Oligocene
Fayum fauna in Egypt. In particular, the discovery of a phiomyid rodent, which has everbeen reported only from Africa/Western Eurasia, assures that there used to be some faunal
exchanging between East Asia and Africa/West Eurasia across the Turgai Straight and/or
Tethys Sea during the middle to late Eocene.
Key words: biostratigraphy, East Asia, Eocene, mammal fauna, paleoenvironment
estimation, Pondaung Formation

Contents
Abstract
1. Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
2. Geological setting--------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
2.1. General geology----------------------------------------------------------------------------6
2 .2. Fossil localities----------------------------------------------------------------------------8

2. 3. Fission-track zircon age-------------------------------------------------------------------9
3. Systematic paleontolo gy-----------------------------------------------------------------------10
4. Discussion---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
4.1. Anthracotheres from the Pondaung fauna
and the other East Asian Eocene localities------------------------------------------17
4.2. The Pondaung fauna----------------------------------------------------------------------29
4.3. Mammal biostratigraphy and biochronology------------------------------------------33
4. 4. Faunal comparison------------------------------------------------------------------------39

5. Summary and Con cl usions--------------------------------------------------------------------4

7

Acknowledgments---------------------------------------------------------------------------------50
References-------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------51
Figures ( 1-19) and Tables ( l-9)-----------------------------------------------------------------65
Plates (1-20)
Appendices ( 1-4)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ap.

1

1. Introduction

The middle to late Eocene Pondaung mammal fauna located in central Myanmar,
Southeast Asia, has been catching many researchers' attention because it has long been
only one Eocene mammal fauna in Southeast Asia (except for southern China), yielding
possible earliest anthropoid primates(= higher primates), which are morphologicallymore primitive and probably older in age than the primitive anthropoid primates fossils
from the late Eocene/early Oligocene Fayum deposits in Egypt (e.g., Colbert, 1938; Ba
Maw et al., 1979; Ciochon et al., 1985; Jaeger et al., 1998, 1999).
There is no systematic review on the whole Pondaung mammal fauna since Colbert(1938), though many mammal fossils of the Pondaung fauna have been reported
separately (e.g., Ba Maw et al., 1979; Ciochon et al., 1985; Holroyd and Ciochon, 1995,
2000; Jaeger et al., 1998, 1999; Ducrocq et al., 2000; Metais et al., 2000).
The geologic age has been estimated by many researchers on the basis of the mammal
fossils (Pilgrim and Cotter, 1916; Colbert, 1938) and some microfossils (e.g. Holroyd
and Ciochon, 1995), but no radiometric dating has been tried yet because of the lack of
the volcanic deposits in the Pondaung Formation. Furthermore, the mammalbiostratigraphy of the East Asian Eocene has been based mainly on the northern East
Asian faunas of higher latitude (e.g. Meng and McKenna, 1998), in contrast, thePondaung fauna are located at southern East Asia of low latitude.
In this work, ( 1) the Pondaung mammal fauna is reviewed and reconstructed based on
the fossil material described by earlier workers and newly discovered fossil material fromthe Pondaung Formation in 1997 by Myanmar researchers and in 1998 and 1999 by
Myanmar-Japan joint team (Takai et al., 2000; Tsubamoto et al., 2000a; Egi andTsubamoto, 2000), and particularly, the anthracotheres of the fauna are reexamined; (2)the fission-track zircon age of the tuff bed of the Pondaung Formation is calculated; (3)the paleoenvironment of the Pondaung fauna is inferred by analysing the mammal fossil
assemblage and by the cenogram analysis of the estimated body weight of the fossil
mammals (Legendre, 1986, 1989, Legendre and Hartenberger, 1992); (4) the East Asian
Paleogene mammal faunas including the Pondaung fauna are analyzed using appearance
event ordination (AEO) (Alroy, 1994, 1996, 1998c, 2000 = in press) to correlate with thecontemporaneous other faunas; (5) the Pondaung fauna is compared with thecontemporaneous other faunas not only of the East Asia but also of some North Americaand Africa/West Eurasia.

1Abbreviations

and taxonomic system

All new fossil material used in this work are stored in the National Museum of theUnion of Myanmar, in Yangon, Myanmar. The new fossil material collected by Myanmar
researchers and by Myanmar-Japan Joint Fossil Expedition Team are serially catalogued
under NMMP-KU specimen numbers. "NMMP" means National Museum, Myanmar,
Paleontology, and "KU" means Kyoto University (Japan).
The fossil material in many other institutions were observed as well. These museums
store the fossil material collected from the Pondaung Formation in earlier days and the
mammalian fossils compared with the Pondaung forms in this study. The abbreviations
for these institution are: AMNH = American Museum of Natural History, in New York,
USA; BMNH = The Natural Museum (former British Museum of Natural History), in
London, United Kingdom; OSI = Geological Survey of India, in Calcutta, India; IVPP =Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, in Beijing, China; UCMP =Museum of Paleontology, University of California, in Berkeley, USA.
The mammal taxonomic system used in this paper is mainly based on Carroll ( 1988)
and McKenna and Bell (1997).

2

Research history of the Pondaung fauna
Fossil mammals from the Pondaung Formation were firstly described by Pilgrim andCotter (1916). They described three genera (Anthracohyus, Anthracotherium andAnthracokeryx) of the anthracotheriid artiodactyls, one genus (Metamynodon?) of theamynodontid perissodactyl, and one genus (Telmatherium?) of the brontotheriid(titanotheriid) perissodactyl. They decided the age of the Pondaung fauna as late Eocene
based mainly on the stratigraphical evidence with marine index fossils from theformations lying above and below the Pondaung Formation. They also figured out thefaunal age being late Eocene based on the comparisons of mammal evolutional stages
between the species from the Pondaung fauna and those from the European and North
American faunas. The anthracotheres were slightly less progressive than those of theEuropean Oligocene forms. The amynodonts and brontotheres from the Pondaung fauna
were less progressive than the North American Oligocene forms, and were similar inevolutional stage to the American late Eocene North forms.
However, the Eocerie to Oligocene biostratigraphy and biochronology in East Asia
were revised recently, correlating with the revised Land Mammal Zones (MP system) in
Europe and Land Mammal Ages in North America (Berggren et al., 1978; Berggren andProthero, 1992; Prothero and Swisher, 1992; Ducrocq, 1993; Prothero, 1994; Holroyd
and Ciochon, 1994): the Lutetian stage was referred to early middle Eocene, the Bartonian
stage to late middle Eocene; the previous middle Oligocene mammal faunas to early
Oligocene, the previous early Oligocene faunas to late Eocene, the previous late Eocene
faunas to late middle Eocene, and the previous late middle to late Eocene faunas to middle
middle Eocene.
The initial description of the Pondaung fauna in 1916 was followed by the subsequentstudies by Pilgrim (1925, 1927, 1928). Pilgrim (1925) described and reviewed the
Pondaung perissodactyls, recognizing five genera and eight species within three
perissodactyl families: two genera (Sivatitanops and ?Eotitanotherium) of theBrontotheriidae; one genus (Metamynodon) of the Amynodontidae; and two genera(Indolophus and ?Chasmotherium) of the Tapiridae. Pilgrim ( 1927) reported Pondaungia
cotteri, the first primate species from the Pondaung fauna. Pilgrim ( 1928) described andreviewed the Pondaung artiodactyls, recognizing four genera within two artiodactyl
families: three genera (Anthracohyus, Anthracothema and Anthracokeryx) of the
Anthracotheriidae; and one genus (lndomeryx) of the ?Tragulidae (Ruminantia). Based on
the mammal evolutional stages of the fauna compared with those of European, North
American, and northern East Asian faunas, he concluded that the age of the Pondaung3

fauna was equivalent to the European Bartonian stage, which is now considered to be late
middle Eocene (see above). In addition to the studies by Pilgrim, some Pondaungmammal fossil material were described by Matthew ( 1929) who revised the genus
Metamynodon from the Pondaung fauna into the new genus Paramynodon. Colbert(1937) describedAmphipithecus mogaungensis, the second primate species (which was
dubiously thought to belong to Simiidae at that time) from the Pondaung fauna.
In 1938, Colbert reviewed the Pondaung mammal fauna, which included two primate,four artiodactyl, and five perissodactyl genera. Two primates, Pondaungia cotteri andAmphipithecus mogaungensis, were both questionably referred to the Simiidae(Anthropoidea). Artiodactyls included seven to nine anthracotheriid species within three
genera (Anthracohyus, Anthracothema and Anthracokeryx) and one or two species ofIndomeryx which was questionably referred to the Hypertragulidae. Perissodactyls

consisted of five brontotheriid species within two genera(Sivatitanops
and ?Metatelmatherium), one or two species of Paramynodon (Amynodontidae),Indolophus guptai (lsectolophidae), and Deperetella? birmanica (Helaletidae). He

concluded that the Pondaung fauna might be the latest Eocene. This conclusion is basedon the similar mammal faunal comparisons as Pilgrim (1925, 1928). (As mentioned
above, this conclusion on the age of the Pondaung fauna can be now revised andinterpreted as the latest middle Eocene.)
Since Colbert's study in 1938, there have been many studies on the Pondaung
primates by von Koenigswald ( 1965), Szalay ( 1970, 1972), Simons ( 1971 ), Ba Maw etal. ( 1979), Ciochon et al. ( 1985), Ciochon and Holroyd ( 1994), and others. Ba Maw et al.

(1979) and Ciochon et al. (1985) described a new specimen of Pondaungia andAmphipithecus, respectively.

There are also work on the other fossil mammals of the Pondaung fauna: Holroyd andCiochon (1995, 2000) described new taxa, Pakkokuhyus lahirii (Artiodactyla;
Helohyidae) and Bunobrontops savagei and Bunobrontops sp. (Perissodactyla;
Brontotheriidae ), respectively.
A number of additional Pondaung fossils were discovered by Myanmar researchers in1997 (Pondaung Fossil Expedition Team, 1997), by Myanmar-America Joint Fossil
Expedition Team in 1997-1998, by Myanmar-France Joint Fossil Expedition Team in1998 and 1999 (Jaeger et al., 1998, 1999; Chaimanee et al., 2000; Ducrocq et al.; 2000,
and Metais et al., 2000), and by Myanmar-Japan Joint Fossil Expedition Team in 1998
and 1999 (Takai et al., 2000; Tsubamoto et al., 2000a, b; Egi and Tsubamoto, 2000).
Jaeger et al. (1998) described new material of Pondaungia and Amphipithecus,

4establishing a new species of Pondaungia, Pondaungia minuta which was considered to
be a female of P. cotteri by Chaimanee et al. (2000). A new small primate species,
Bahinia pondaungensis (Anthropoidea; Eosimiidae) from the Pondaung fauna wasdescribed by Jaeger et al. (1999). Ducrocq et al. (2000) described a new taxon,
Hsanotherium parvum (?Tethytheria; Anthracobunidae ). Metais et al. (2000) described a

new taxa Indomeryx ''pilgrimi" and Indomeryx "minus" (Artiodactyla; Pecora). Takai et al.
(2000) reviewed the Pondaung primates. Tsubamoto et al. (2000a) made a preliminary
report of the new mammal material from the Pondaung Formation. Egi and Tsubamoto(2000) made a preliminary description of the creodont material from the Pondaung
Formation. Tsubamoto et al. (2000b) described new material of Deperetella birmanica(Perissodactyla; Deperetellidae) and reviewed its systematics.

52. Geological setting
2.1. General geology
The mammal fossil material studied here were collected from the Pondaung Formation
in Myanmar. The geological structure of Myanmar can be divided into four main parts,
each of which extends from north to south (Ba Than Haq, 1981). From east to west inorder, those are: 1) the Shan-Tenasserim Massif, which consists of the Precambrian toCretaceous rocks; 2) the Central Irrawaddy Lowland, which is mainly composed of the
Cenozoic deposits; 3) the Naga-Arakan Mountain Belt (or Naga-Rakhine Mountain Belt),
which consists of the Cretaceous to Miocene rocks; and 4) the Coastal Arakan Lowland(or Coastal Rakhine Lowland), which includes the Cretaceous to Recent deposits (BaThan Haq, 1981). The Pondaung Formation locates in the central part of the Central
Irrawaddy Lowland (Figure 1).
Figure 2 and 3 give the Eocene geological section and generalized schematic diagramof the stratigraphy in the Pondaung area. The Pondaung Formation overlies the Tabyin
Formation and is overlain by the Yaw Formation. The Tabyin Formation(= Tabyin Clay)mainly consists of marine clay, yielding Nummulites acutus, an index fossil for the
middle Eocene age (Bender, 1983). It gradually changes upwardly into the Pondaung
Formation, and in part, these two formations interfinger with one another (Bender, 1983).
The Yaw Formation (= Yaw Shale) conformably overlies the Pondaung Formation with adistinct lithological break (Bender, 1983; Aye Ko Aung, 1999). The Yaw Formation
mainly consists of marine shale, containing the macroforaminifera (Nummulites yawensis,
Discocyclina sella, Operculina sp. cf. 0. canalifera) and rich molluscan faunas with
Velates perversus of the late Eocene age (Bender, 1983; Aye Ko Aung, 1999).
The Pondaung Formation(= Pondaung Sandstones) is about 2,000 m thick at the typesection (Aye Ko Aung, 1999), and the thickness decreases toward the south (Stamp,
1922). It consists of alternation of mudstone, sandstone and conglomerate, and is
subdivided to "Lower" and "Upper" members (Aye Ko Aung, 1999). The "Lower
Member" is about 1,500 m thick at the type section (Aye Ko Aung, 1999), and isdominated by greenish sandstone and conglomerate, containing marine molluscs
occasionally, indicating the brackish to marine deposits (Bender, 1983). On the other
hand, the "Upper Member" is about 500 m thick in the type section (Aye Ko Aung, 1999),
and is dominated by variegated clay. It contains many mammalian and other vertebrate
fossils, indicating freshwater lagoon environment (Colbert, 1938; Bender, 1983; Aye Ko

6Aung, 1999; Aung Naing Soe, 1999). Unlike the Tabyin and Yaw formations, no marine
index fossil has been found from the Pondaung Formation.
The fossil materials treated in this paper were discovered from the middle part of the"Upper Member" of the Pondaung Formation. The age of the Pondaung Formation has
been considered as middle to late Eocene on the basis of the ages of the underlying Tabyin
Formation and the overlying Yaw Formation, and the correlation of the terrestrial mammal
fossils (Colbert, 1938; Bender, 1983).

7

2.2. Fossil localities
The currently known fossil sites for the Pondaung mammal fauna distribute narrowly,
extending about 50 km from northwest to southeast. There are three main areas of thefossil localities: Bahin, Pangan, and Mogaung areas (Figures 1, 4-7; Table 1). Bahin area
(Figures 1, 4, 5; Table 1) and Pangan area (Figures 1, 4, 6) are located about 25 - 30 km
northwest and about 5-20 km north from Myaing town, respectively. Mogaung area
(Figures 1, 4, 7) is located about 35-40 km west from Pale town. These three main areas
bearing fossil localities roughly correlate to the middle part of the "Upper Member" of the
Pondaung Formation, although the exact stratigraphic relationships are unclear (Figures
4-7; Table 1). There are several fossil localities in each area (Figures 4-7). Localities
investigated in 1998 and 1999 are listed in Table 1. Localities were named based on the
nearby villages. Localities investigated in 1998 and 1999 are listed in Table 1. Among thefossil localities in Bahin area, Bhl locality (Plate 1-A) which is also called Yashe
Kyitchaung is one of the most fossiliferous locality.

82.3. Fission-trackzircon age

During the 1999 field season, a fine tuffaceous bed was found at Pkl locality, whereis also called "Humerus Site" (Figure 8; Table 1; Plate 1-B). This fine tuff bed
corresponds to the middle part of the "Upper Member" of the Pondaung Formation, andthe fission-track dating was attempted on the zircon grains sampled from the bed by the
Kyoto Fission-Track Co. Ltd., Kyoto (Danhara et al., 1999).
A sufficient amount of euhedral zircons suitable for fission-track analysis wereseparated from a sample of the fine tuff at Pk 1, using the conventional heavy liquid andmagnetic separation techniques. Fission-track age was determined by the external detector
method (ED1) (Danhara et al., 1991; lwano and Danhara, 1998). The sample was etchedwith KOH:NaOH eutectic etchant at 225°C for 30 hr, and packed for irradiation between
NBS-SRM612 glass+ mica dosimeters. Fission-track age was calibrated by the zeta
calibration method (Hurford and Green, 1983) factor of 370 ± 4.
Table 2 presents the analytical result: the fission-track zircon age was determined as
37 .2 ± 1.3 ( 1 sigma) Ma, suggesting latest middle Eocene for the middle part of the"Upper Member" of the Pondaung Formation (Woodbume and Swisher, 1995). The
result is consistent with the geologic age, middle to late Eocene, suggested by previous
studies (Pilgrim and Cotter, 1916; Pilgrim, 1925, 1928; Colbert, 1938; Holroyd andCiochon, 1994, 1995).

9

3. Systematic paleontology
The mammal tax.aincluded in the Pondaung fauna are briefly explained here. A new
Pondaung mammal faunal list revised in this paper is shown in Table 3 .
Class Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758
Order Primates Linnaeus, 1758
Plate 2
Comments.--Four species of primates, Pondaungia cotteri and Amphipithecus
mogaungensis (Amphipithecidae), Bahinia pondaungensis (Eosimiidae), and a new genus
and species (family indet.) (Takai et al., 2000), have been recognized from the Pondaung
fauna, indicating that primates flourished relatively well in the fauna compared with other
East Asian Eocene faunas. All these primate species are considered to be very primitive
anthropoids; they were morphologically more advanced than prosimians but did not reachthe condition expected for the clade defined by Recent catarrhines and platyrhines. They
are morphologically more primitive than the anthropoids from the late Eocene/early
Oligocene Fayum fauna, Egypt, and as primitive as those of the contemporaneous Krabi
fauna, Thailand. The Amphipithecidae are shared with the Krabi fauna, and the
Eosimiidae are shared with the contemporaneous Rencun and Zhaili faunas of the Heti
Formation, Shanxi and Henan, China, and Shanghuang fauna of Jiangsu, China. These
Pondaung primates having low-crowned teeth are considered to have lived in the forest,
to have eaten fruits, buds or insects, and to have been arboreal locomotion. Pondaungia
and Amphipithecus are larger in size than the new primate. Bahinia is much smaller.
Order Creodonta Cope, 1875
Family Hyaenodontidae Leidy, 1869
Plate 3
Comments.--Two hyaenodontid creodonts (Hyaenodontidae gen. et sp. nov. and"Pterodon" dahkoensis) are the only known carnivorous species from the fauna so far(Egi and Tsubamoto, 2000). These are relatively large carnivorous mammals. The new
hyaenodontid creodont is related to Paratritemnodon indicus from the early to middle

10Eocene Subathu and Kuldana faunas of Indo-Pakistan. "Pterodon" dahkoensis has been
known from the Eocene Upper Lumeiyi fauna, southern China (Chow, 1975; Russell andZhai, 1987). "Pterodon" sp. cf. "P." dahkoensis was recorded from the Rencun fauna,
middle part of China, which has been correlated to the Sharamurunian EALMA (Chow,
1975; Russell and Zhai, 1987; see "Mammal biostratigraphy and biochronology" section).
Order Rodentia Bowdich, 1821
Family Phiomyidae Wood, 1955
Phiomyidae gen. et sp. nov.
Plate4

Comments.--Only one species of a new phiomyid rodent which has brachyodont teeth
has been discovered so far (Tsubamoto et al., 2000a). Although the tooth anterior to M 1 is
not preserved in the all material, the preserved alveoli anterior to M 1 in NMMP-KU 0213
(a left mandibular fragment with M 1_3) occupies mesiodistally very long part as a whole(Tsubamoto et al., 2000a, p. 72, pl. 1, fig. 2), and shows that the elongated dP4 wasretained. This is a diagnosis of the Phiomyidae. The present lower molar morphology issimilar to that of phiomyid Phiomys. However, the dP 4 of the present material is muchlarger than that of Phiomys, judged from the preserved alveoli of the present material.
The size of the rodent collections in the Pondaung fauna is very small. The rarity ofsmall mammal specimens may be caused by the taphonomic and sampling biases.
The phiomyid rodent had ever been found only from the late Eocene to middle
Miocene fauna of Africa/West Eurasia (Europe and West Asia), such as the Fayum faunain Egypt (Wood, 1968; Stucky and McKenna, 1993; McKenna and Bell, 1997). This is
the first discovery of phiomyid rodent from East Asia.
Grandorder Ungulata Linnaeus, 1766
Order et family indet.
Genus Hsanotherium Ducrocq et al., 2000

Hsanotherium parvum Ducrocq et al., 2000
Plates 5, 6Comments.--Hsanotherium parvum is a small ungulate mammal. Its systematic

11

assignment at ordinal and familial level is not clear. This mammal have very low-crowned
teeth. The material was firstly reported by Tsubamoto et al. (2000a). The upper dental
material was described as Hsanotherium parvum and assigned in the Anthracobunidae(Tethytheria) which was recorded from the early to middle Eocene of South Asia (lndoPakistan) by Ducrocq et aL (2000). However, the reason that they referred the upper
dental material to the Anthracobunidae is not persuasive, and it is better to classify

Hsanotherium as a indeterminate ungulate. The lower dental material support this idea.
The P 4 of Hsanotherium is simple, and its hypoconulid on the molars is as high as the
hypoconid and entoconid, while the P 4 of the anthracobunids is more molariform andcomplex, and its hypoconulid on the molars is very low than the hypoconid andentoconid.
Order Artiodactyla Owen, 1848

Comments. --The following four families of the artiodactyls are recognized:
Anthracotheriidae , Helohyidae, an undetermined family of the Ruminantia (Indomeryx
and cf. lndomeryx), and the other undetermined family (Artiodactyla gen. et sp. nov. andcf. Artiodactyla gen. et sp. nov.).
Artiodactyla gen. et sp. nov. (Plate 7) and cf. Artiodactyla gen. et sp. nov. (Plate 8A,
A', B), which was described as ?Agriochoeridae indet. Eby Tsubamoto et al. (2000a),
have brachyodont and selenodont teeth, and relatively small artiodactyl. The upper molar
has paraconule.
Family Helohyidae Marsh, 1877
Genus Pakkokuhyus

Pakkokuhyus

Holroyd and Ciochon, 1995

lahirii (Pilgrim, 1928) Holroyd and Ciochon, 1995
Plate 8C, C', D, D'

Comments.--The Helohyidae belong to dichobunoid artiodactyls, of which fossil
records are known from the middle Eocene of North America and middle to late Eocene of
Asia (Mc Kenna and Bell, 1997; Ducrocq et al., 1997). They are relatively small
artiodactyl, having brachyodont teeth, and are estimated to have lived in the dense
undergrowth and thickets of paratropical and subtemperate woodlands (Stucky, 1998). In
the Pondaung fauna, one species of the family, Pakkokuhyus lahirii has been recorded,12and its dentition is more bunodont among the family has been recorded.
Family Anthracotheriidae Leidy, 1869
Genus Anthracotherium

Cuvier, 1822

Plate 9-13

Comments.--The Anthracotheriidae have low-crowned teeth, and have beenreconstructed as browsers living near rivers or lakes like modem hippopotamus (Kronand Manning, 1998). In the Pondaung fauna four species of one bunodont genus,

Anthracotherium are now recognized. The Anthracotheriidae make of a very large portionof the samples collected from the Pondaung fauna, and can be considered as the mostcommon mammal in the fauna. All four species of the Pondaung Anthracotherium aremorphologically very similar to one another, and have very high degree of morphologicalvariations, suggesting that the Pondaung Anthracotherium was temporally and spatiallyvery closely located to the origin of genus Anthracotherium. This genus has beenrecorded from several later Eocene faunas of southern East Asia, such as Naduo fauna,
Guangxi, southern China and Krabi fauna , Thailand.
See "Anthracotheres from the Pondaung fauna and the other East Asian Eocene
localities" section for the detail.
Suborder Ruminantia Scopoli, 1777
Family indet.
Genus Indomeryx

Pilgrim, 1928

Plate 14, 15

Comments.--Ruminants are advanced artiodactyls, having selenodont dentition, andconsist of living and extinct tragulids and pecorans (bovids, cervids, giraffids, andothers), and other extinct groups. Their first radiation occurred in the late middle Eoceneof Asia and North America (Carroll, 1988; Webb, 1998). Primitive ruminants are smalland have low-crowned teeth, and have been reconstructed as browsers or frugivores inforest understory and woodland settings (Webb, 1998). In the Pondaung fauna, one
genus of primitive ruminant, Indomeryx (and cf. Indomeryx) has been reported. It has
low-crowned and primitive selenodont teeth, and is small artiodactyl. lndomeryx are also

13

recorded from the later Eocene faunas such as Naduo fauna (Russell and Zhai, 1987).
Indomeryx from the Pondaung fauna consists of two (large and small) species:
Indomeryx cotteri (lndomeryx ''pilgrimi") (large species) and lndomeryx arenae(lndomeryx "minus") (small species) (Figure 9).
Order Perissodactyla Owen, 1848
Comments.--The following six families of the perissodactyls are recognized from the
Pondaung fauna: Brontotheriidae, Hyracodontidae, Amynodontidae, Deperetellidae
undetermined family of the Tapiroidea, and undetermined family of the Ceratomorpha arerecognized. All Pondaung perissodactyls are medium to large-sized perissodactyls.
Family Brontotheriidae Marsh, 1873
Plate 16
Comments.--The Brontotheriidae is an extinct family of the Perissodactyla, and they
are the most spectacular perissodactyls in the Eocene of North America and Asia (Carroll,1988). They appeared probably in the early Eocene of North America, then radiated toAsia, and became extinct at the end of Eocene (Mader, 1998; Meng and McKenna, 1998).
Their size ranged from small dog-size to medium-sized proboscideans (Mader, 1998).
The later derived species evolved frontonasal hornlike prominences (Mader, 1998). Their
teeth are brachyodont and have distinct bunoselenodont morphology; thus they have been
estimated as obligatory browsers occupying warm temperate to subtropical environmentswith habitats ranging from forest to relatively open woodland (Mader, 1998).
In the Pondaung fauna, three genera and four species (Sivatitanops cotteri,

Sivatitanops birmanicum, Metatelmatherium? lahirii (= Metatelmatherium? browni), andBunobrontops savagei (including Bunobrontops sp.) have been known. S. birmanicum
are the largest mammal in the Pondaung fauna (AMNH 20014 (a right and left mandibles)
which had been described as S. cotteri by Colbert (1938) was referred to S. birmanicum
in his paper based on its size). It lacks the frontonasal hornlike prominences unlike latter
derived brontotheres. The presence/absence of the prominences in the other Pondaung
brontotheres are not clear due to the fragmentary condition of the specimens, but theirdental characteristics suggest that they are rather primitive brontotheres, which usuallylack the prominences. The material of Sivatitanops? rugosidens Pilgrim, 1925 were too

14

fragmentary to make a new species (Colbert, 1938), and so this species are considered to
be invalid. The materials of S.? rugosidens are probably those of other species ofSivatitanops. Metatelmatherium? lahirii from the Pondaung fauna is not clearly referred to

the genus Metatelmatherium. This genus is recorded from the early middle to middle
middle Eocene Irdin Manha fauna (lrdinmanhan EALMA; see below) of north Asia andfrom the North American fauna (Colbert, 1938). Metatelmatherium? sp. cf. M? /ahirii (=M? browni) from the Naduo fauna, southern China seems related to the Pondaung species

and indicate the faunal similarity of the two fauna.
Suborder Ceratomorpha Haeckel, 1866
Family indet.
Plate 17A, A'
Comments.--This is represented by a fragmentary material which indicates thebilophodont structure in the preserved tooth, and familial assignment can not be decided
until other details become clear for this form.
Superfamily Rhinocerotoidea Gray, 1825
Family Hyracodontidae Cope, 1879
Cf. Ilianodon lunanensis Chow and Xu, 1961
Plate 17 B, B', C, C'
Comments.--The Hyracodontidae were flourished during the middle to late Eocene

and Oligocene of Eurasia and North America (Radinsky, 1967; Prothero, 1998).
Primitive hyracodontids are cursorial, and the tooth are slightly more hypsodont
compared to the contemporaneous mammals, suggesting the ability to browse on tougher
vegetation (Prothero, 1998). In the Pondaung fauna, the material of this form is very poor.
Ilianodon lunanensis (Plate 17D) has been reported in the Upper Lumeiyi fauna, Yunnan,

south China (Chow and Xu, 1961).
Family Amynodontidae Scott and Osborn, 1883
Plate 18, 19

15Comments.--Amynodonts

were Holarctic ~hinocerotoids known from the middle

Eocene to early Miocene (Wall, 1989), and they were one of the most dominant mammal
in North America and Asia. In the Pondaung fauna, two species of two genera,
Paramynodon birmanicus (including Paramynodon cotteri) and undetermined genera(Amynodontidae indet.) have been recorded (Tsubamoto et al., 2000a). Paramynodon is ametarnynodontine amynodont which is considered to have been semi-aquatic, a hippo-likemode oflife, and most likely a subcursorial to mediportal terrestrial browser (Wall, 1989,
1998). Paramynodon is closely related with Megalamynodon form the late Uintan andDuchesnean NALMAs (see below) of North America (Wall, 1989, 1998). Anotheramynodontid mammal (Amynodontidae indet.) from the Pondaung fauna is smaller thanParamynodon, but the details are unclear because the fossil material are so poor.

Superfamily Tapiroidea Gray, 1825
Plate 20
Comments.--The Tapiroidea includes the perissodactyls which have brachyodont teeth,

and upper and lower molars with complete cross lophs and short ectolophs and it has
been widely accepted that the superfarnily is a paraphyletic group (Radinsky, 1963). In
case of tapirids at least, they seem to have been lived in humid mesothermal areas, wherea large quantity of diverse foliage can be kept (Colbert and Schoch, 1998).
In the Pondaung fauna, two species, Indolophus guptai (family indet.) and

Deperetella birmanica (Deperetellidae) are recorded. Indolophus have low-crowned andprimitive dental morphology for the Tapiroidea. The family Deperetellidae, genus
Deperetella and species D. binnanica is one of the common mammal in all over the Asia

during the middle to late Eocene (e.g., Tsubarnoto et al., 2000b).

16

4. Discussion
4.1. Anthracotheres from the Pondaung fauna and the other East Asian
Eocene localities
The Anthracotheriidae is an extinct group of browsing suiform artiodactyl that
achieved wide distribution across Eurasia, parts of Africa and North America from
Eocene to Plio-Pleistocene (Black, 1978; Ducrocq, 1997; Kron and Manning, 1998).
Their body size ranged from small, terrier-sized animals to beasts approaching the
hippopotamus (Black, 1978). Typical early anthracotheres have complete dentition andbunodont or bunoselenodont molars of five cusped upper molars and four cusped lower
molars without paraconid (Ducrocq et al., 1996). Their low-crowned teeth and frequent
occurrence in paleochannel deposits suggest habits and habitat similar to those of modem
hippos (Kron and Manning, 1998).
The fossil record of anthracotheres is relatively abundant and diverse in the world.
They appeared in East Asia from the middle Eocene until Plio-Pleistocene (Colbert, 1938;
Ducrocq, 1997). They appeared in Europe during the late Eocene and became extinct in
the Miocene, and evolved in Africa from the late Eocene to the Plio-Pleistocene (Black,
1978; Ducrocq, 1994a, 1997). In North America, they are recorded from late middle
Eocene (Duchesnean) to early Miocene (early Hemingfordian), although the fossil recordof North American anthracotheres is neither so abundant nor very diverse (Kron andManning, 1998).
Because some types of anthracotheres are considered to have had a hippopotamid
mode of life (Black, 1978; see above) and a body structure similar to hippos, several
workers (e.g., Colbert, 1935; Gentry and Hooker, 1988) considered that anthracotheres
might have been the ancestors of extant hippos. Others (e.g., Pickford, 1983; but see
Ducrocq, 1994b for discussion), however, suggested that hippopotamids could haveoriginated from a peccary stock (Ducrocq, 1997).
So far, many workers have discussed about the phyletic origin of anthracotheres:
most researchers considered that the anthracotheres might be originated from a helohyid
stock (Matthew and Granger, 1925; Pilgrim, 1928, 1940, Coombs and Coombs, 1977;
Ducrocq et al., 1997), or from the diacodexoid forms (Ducrocq, 1994b).
Many workers considered that the anthracotheres may be originated in East Asia
during the Eocene (e.g., Pilgrim, 1928; Suteethorn et al., 1988; Ducrocq, 1994a, 1999),
because Eocene Asian anthracotheres are well abundant and diversified, and those from17

the Pondaung fauna, Krabi, and other faunas show a primitive bunodont condition(Ducrocq, 1999). Especially, the Pondaung anthracotheres are one of the oldest forms in
the East Asia, containing many species (Pilgrim and Cotter, 1916; Pilgrim, 1928; Colbert,
1938; see below), so many workers have paid attention to the Pondaung anthracotheres inrelation to the origin and early radiation of this group (e.g., Pilgrim and Cotter, 1916;
Pilgrim, 1928; Colbert, 1938; Ducrocq, 1999).
In the Pondaung fauna, anthracotheres are most dominantly collected from the field,
suggesting the dominant population size. Half of all identifiable mammal dental material
which were labeled under the NMMP-KU serial were referred to anthracotheres (Figure10). Also in the late Eocene Krabi fauna of Thailand, which is slightly later than the
Pondaung fauna, about 80% of the mammal dental specimens have been attributed toanthracotheres (Ducrocq et al., 1992).
Despite the richness of the fossil specimens, the classification of the Pondaunganthracotheres has been problematic (Figure 11). The Pondaung anthracotheres contains
three genus, which are not so clearly distinct on the dental morphology, including many
species (Pilgrim and Cotter, 1916; Pilgrim, 1928; Colbert, 1938), while anthracotheresfrom Krabi contains several genus, all of which are obviously distinct from each dental
morphology (Ducrocq et al., 1992, 1995; Ducrocq, 1999).
The taxonomic confusion on the Pondaung anthracotheres is likely to be due to thehigh degree of morphological, both in size and shape, variation among them. Because all
three genera (Anthracohyus, Anthracothema, and Anthracokeryx) of the Pondaunganthracotheres are types of the each genus and are ones of the oldest anthracotheres in
East Asia, their systematic revision will contribute to the systematics of anthracotheres ofother Eocene localities of East Asia and to their early evolution in East Asia.

18

Review of the previous study on the genera of the Pondaung anthracotheres
Pilgrim and Cotter ( 1916) first described seven species included in the three genus:
Anthracohyus, Anthracotherium and Anthracokeryx (Figure 11). Pilgrim (1928),

describing new material, revised the Pondaung anthracotheres into three genera(Anthracohyus, Anthracothema andAnthracokeryx) and 13 species (Figure 11). Colbert(1938), moreover, reviewed the Pondaung anthracotheres, recognizing three same genera
same as those of Pilgrim (1928) and seven to nine species (Figure 11). Thus three
anthracothere genera, Anthracohyus, Anthracothema and Anthracokeryx, have been
traditionally recognized by all researchers.
Among the three genera, Anthracohyus have unusual upper molar morphology, andconsists of only a few material. The other two genera, Anthracothema and Anthracokeryx,
have been commonly found.

Anthracohyus: Genus Anthracohyus erected on the material from the Pondaung
fauna by Pilgrim and Cotter ( 1916) was characterized particularly by the absence or very
feeble development of the styles on the upper molars. Although they admitted three
species in the genus, A. choeroides, A. rubricae and A. palustris, Pilgrim (1928) moved
A. rubricae and A. palustris to a new genus Anthracothema. and Colbert ( 1938) followed

this classification. The remaining species, Anthracohyus choeroides, was characterized by
the conical cusps on the molar, by the absence or very feeble development of the styles on
the upper molar and by the fact that the mesiodistal diameter of the upper molar is less on
the buccal than on the lingual side (Colbert, 1938).

Anthracothema (= Anthracotherium): Genus Anthracothema was erected by
Pilgrim ( 1928) based on the material from the Pondaung fauna. He referred four species,
Anthracohyus rubricae, Anthracohyus palustris, Anthracotherium pangan and
Anthracotherium crassum, which had been created by Pilgrim and Cotter (1916) to
Anthracothema: that is, Anthracothema pangan, Anthracothema crassum, Anthracothema
rubricae and Anthracothema palustre. However, Colbert ( 1938) recognized just two

species, A. rubricae and A. pangan, in the genus Anthracothema, synonymizing A.
palustre to A. pangan (Figure 11). Anthracothema was characterized by its larger size,

weak styles on the upper molars, and its more conical molar cusps than those of
Anthracokeryx, (Pilgrim, 1928; Colbert, 1938). Recently, Ducrocq (1999) synonymized
Anthracothema to Anthracotherium in his descriptive paper of Anthracotherium from the

Krabi fauna.

Anthracokeryx: Genus Anthracokeryx was established by Pilgrim and Cotter(1916) based on the material from the Pondaung fauna. They erected two species in

19Anthracokeryx, A. birmanicus and A. tenuis, but Pilgrim (1928) recognized eight species
in the Pondaung fauna: A. birmanicus, A. tenuis, A. hospes, A. bambusae, A.

myaingensis, A. ulnifer, A. moriturus, and A.? lahirii. Colbert (1938), moreover,synonymized A. hospes and (part of) A. bambusae to A. birmanicus, and did A.

myaingensis, (part of) A. bumbusae, and (questionably) A. ulnifer to A. tenuis. That is,
he recognized four species in Anthracokeryx: A. moriturus, A. birmanicus, A. tenuis, A.?

lahirii. The taxonomic validity of Anthracokeryx lahirii in the Anthracotheriidae have been
discussed by Pilgrim (1928) and Colbert (1938), and Holroyd and Ciochon (1995)
moved recently Anthracokeryx? lahirii to the Helohyidae, renaming as Pakkokuhyus

lahirii. Genus Anthracokeryx was characterized by its smaller size, better marked styles
on the upper molars, and its more crescentic (selenodont) molar cusps than

Anthracothema and Anthracohyus, (Pilgrim, 1928; Colbert, 1938).

20

Variations in dental size and morphology of the Pondaung anthracotheres
As mentioned above, after the review of Colbert (1938) the Pondaung anthracotheres
have been classified into three genus. Anthracohyus, Anthracothema (orAnthracotherium), andAnthracokeryx. Apart fromAnthracohyus which consists of a few
material, however, the two genera, Anthracothema and Anthracokeryx, are very similar toeach other in the dental morphology, and the diagnosis of each genus seems not sufficient.
Although Anthracokeryx, a smaller anthracothere, generally has rather selenodont molars
with better-developed styles on the upper molars, and Anthracothema, a larger one
generally has rather bunodont molars with less-developed styles, the variations in thefossils specimens of each genus are so high that the generic differentiation between themis not supported (Plate 9, 10).
Furthermore, the dental morphologies of both Anthracothema and Anthracokeryx arereferable to that of genus Anthracotherium, because the two genera have dentition as
bunodont as Anthracotherium, and have mesiodistally elongated simple P 4 , and also haveno distinct morphological characters distinguishing the two genera and Anthracotherium.
Therefore, both Anthracothema and Anthracokeryx are synonymized to Anthracotherium.
Compared with other species of Anthracotherium, such as Anthracotherium chaimanei
from the late Eocene Krabi fauna, Anthracotherium monsvialense from the late Eocene ofEurope, Anthracotherium magnum from the Oligocene of Europe, all Pondaung
Anthracotherium are quite similar to each other in the dental morphology. In any materialof the Pondaung Anthracotherium, P 3 has a mesiodistally elongated triangular outline in
occlusal view with pre- and postprotocrista extending mesiodistally, while in A.
chaimanei it has more mesiodistally compressed triangle outline with the pre- andpostprotocrista running more diagonally, and in A. monsvialense and A. magnum, it has
trapezoidal outline in occlusal view with pre- and postprotocrista running morediagonally; P4 is less selenodont and have much less weaker styles than in A.
monsvialense and A. magnum, and the it also has less weaker styles than in A. chaimanei.
These characters were discussed among the Pondaung "Anthracothema" andAnthracotherium from the Krabi fauna and the European faunas by Ducrocq ( 1999), but
the these characters of Pondaung "Anthracothema" are also applied to all material of
Pondaung "Anthracothema" and "Anthracokeryx". Furthermore, P4 of the Pondaung
Anthracotherium have a vestigial metaconid but do not have any trace of paraconid as in A.
chaimanei, while it has not only a vestigial metaconid but also a vestigial paraconid in A.
magnum (the presence/absence of a paraconid in the P4 of A. monsvialense is unknown).
Thus, Pondaung Anthracotherium are very similar to each other in the basic structure21

of upper and lower posterior premolars among the genus. The distribution of the dental
size also support this fact: the scatter plot of the mesiodistal length and buccolingual widthof the upper and lower P3-M3 are very well regressed on a straight line (Figures 12, 13),suggesting that these animals belong to the same taxonomic category.
On the other hand, the size distribution of each tooth class is highly variable.
However, that of M 1 can be well divided into four groups (Figure 13). First molars erupt
firstly in the adult dentition, and have less size variation among the adult dentition. A
number of extant herbivores, including both browsing and grazing forms and certain
species of hippos and suids, compensate for tooth wear by sequential or delayed tooth
eruption (Kron and Manning, 1998). As the anterior teeth (and/or teeth erupting earlier)
wear out, the emerging last molars (typically enlarged) take a progressively greater role infood comminution, resulting in the no net loss of feeding efficiency (Kron and Manning,1998). Therefore, the posterior molars and/or the teeth erupting later are considered tohave much more dental size variations than first molars do. Particularly, lower firstmolars have been considered to be very well correlated to the body size of the mammalcompared to other tooth class (Legendre, 1986, 1989; see below), suggesting rather lesssize variation than the upper ones.
Therefore, this distributional pattern suggests that Pondaung anthracotheres can bedivided into four subgroups within a single taxonomic group, that is four species within asingle genus, based on the M, size(= body size), and that there is very high degree ofsize variation particularly in the posterior molars. (One dental structure on M3 should be
mentioned here. Pilgrim (1928) distinguished "Anthracokeryx" ulnifer from

"Anthracokeryx" myaingensis on the basis of the morphology of the hypoconulid on M 3 :the former has single cusp at double cusp at hypoconulid region on M3 ; while the latterhas a double cusp. Although most of the Pondaung anthracotheres have a double cusps at
the hypoconulid region on M3 of which buccal one is always larger and more distinct thanthe lingual one, the development of the lingual one is highly variable. For example, thelingual cusp in the hypoconulid on M3 is almost as large as the buccal one in NMMP-KU
0330 (Plate I ID), while it is very small and faint in NMMP-KU 0419 (Plate l lH). Thisdifference is considered to be individual variations, and is not considered to be specificdistinction.)
The remaining genus, Anthracohyus, also have size variations, and falls in this size
distribution. NMMP-KU 0452 (a left M3 ), 0453 (a right M3 ), 0454 (a left M3 ), 0475 (aright M3 ) and 0500 (a left maxillary fragment with p 3-4) (these latter four specimens
probably belong to same individual) seem to belong to Anthracohyus because their upper22molars have rather conical cusps and no (or very vestigial) styles, and mesiodistallyshorter buccal margin than the lingual one. The holotype of Anthracohyus choeroides(GSI B603, a left M3 ) (length: 21.2 mm; width: 25.4 mm), NMMP-KU 0452 (a left M3 )(length: 27.9 mm; width: 33.0 mm), NMMP-KU 0453 (a right M3 ) (length: 19.6 mm;
width: 21.8 mm) are separately scattered in the same regressed size-distributional pattern
among the Pondaung anthracotheres (Figure 12). Although these material are not M 1 andconsidered to have high size variation, they may be referred to second large, largest andsecond smallest groups mentioned above. Therefore Anthracohyus also has same sizevariation pattern as in other Pondaung anthracotheres. Furthermore, GSI B605 (a rightmandibular fragment with complete dentition), which was described as Anthracohyus
choeroides by Pilgrim and Cotter (1916, pl. 2, fig. 3, 4), is obviously referable to"Anthracokeryx" birmanicus based on the dental size and morphology. Therefore, taking
very high morphological and size variations of the Pondaung anthracotheres into
consideration, it seems better to interpret Anthracohyus as one of the unusual individual
variation of the other Pondaung anthracotheres, that is, Anthracotherium. Otherwise, somany species of anthracotheres which are morphologically and phyletically very closewith one another can be recognized in one fauna, as suggested by previous workers(Pilgrim and Cotter, 1916; Pilgrim, 1928; Colbert, 1938), and it seems to be not actual.

23

Classifications

and comments of the Pondaung anthracotheres

As mentioned above, the dental morphology shows that the Pondaung anthracotheres
can be treated as a single genus (Anthracotherium) with four species in relation to M 1 size(= body size). The body weight of these species were estimated by using a formula ofLegendre (1989) that is, 240 kg, 130 kg, 60 kg, and 16 kg (see below). As implied byHolroyd and Ciochon (1991), there is a possibility that the larger two (estimated bodyweight: 240 kg and 130 kg) and smaller two (estimated body weight: 60 kg and 16 kg)
might reveal sexual dimorphic species, respectively. Actually, most anthracotheres showa moderate amount of sexual dimorphism, but it is expressed by the canines: theindividuals adjudged to have been male have larger canines than the females (Kron andManning, 1998). However, fossil material of the Pondaung anthracotheres is too poor to
make sure the canine size distribution, an there is no way to evaluate this hypothesis atpresent. Therefore, the Pondaung anthracotheres are treated as a single genus and four
species in this paper.
Although the specific nomenclature of the Pondaung anthracotheres has been so muchcomplicated as mentioned above (Pilgrim and Cotter, 1916; Pilgrim, 1928; Colbert, 1938;
Figure 11), the generic name is determined as Anthracotherium by the priority rule, andfour species can be named as follows:
largest species, Anthracotherium pangan;second largest species, Anthracotherium rubricum;
second smallest species, Anthracotherium binnanicus;
smallest species, Anthracotherium tenuis.
There is a possibility that some of these species might be combined as a sexuallydimorphic species in the future.
On the other hand, in the basic dental structure the Pondaung Anthracotherium arelikely to be more primitive than other species of Anthracotherium, discovered from
Europe and East Asia. Pondaung Anthracotherium is the oldest among the genus, and oneof the oldest fossil record of anthracotheres. Also, in the Pondaung fauna, many species(four species) of Anthracotherium having high dental size and morphological variations
are most dominantly corrected, suggesting the dominant population size. These facts
confirms that the hypothesis that Anthracotherium have differentiated in the Southeastern
Asia as early as the middle Eocene (temporally and spatially close to the Pondaung fauna).

24

Reappraisal and comments on some other East Asian Eocene anthracotheres
relating to the Pondaung anthracotheres"Anthracothema" and "Anthracokeryx" have been recorded also from other deposits inthe Eocene of Asia. Because the Pondaung "Anthracothema" and "Anthracokeryx" aretypes of the two genera and the two were referred to Anthracotherium, all species whichhave been referred to "Anthracothema" and "Anthracokeryx" from those other Asian
Eocene faunas should be referred to Anthracotherium, as mentioned above. However,some species will be suggested to be referred not to Anthracotherium, but to a new genus.
The other East Asian Eocene anthracotheres relating to the Pondaung anthracotheresare explained below.

"Anthracothema" minima, "Anthracokeryx" dowsoni and"Anthracokeryx" sinensis: Both ''Anthracothema" minima and ''Anthracokeryx"
dowsoni may be synonymized to "Anthracokeryx" sinensis. "Anthracothema" minima
described by Xu ( 1962) from the Rencun fauna consists of only one upper molar, andhave conical cusps like that of Pondaung "Anthracothema" or ''Anthracohyus", but overall
dental morphology and size is very similar to that of "Anthracokeryx" sinensis from thesame fauna. Taking the case of the Pondaung anthracotheres as mentioned above, it
seems better to consider that ''A." minima is not a distinct species but one of the individual
variation of "A." sinensis. Similarly, "Anthracokeryx" dowsoni described by Wang
( 1985) from the Zhaili fauna which also yields ''A." sinensis have also similar dental
morphology as those of "A." sinensis, except for a few minor differences. "A." dowsoni
is probably also one of the individual variation of ''A ." sinensis.

"A." sinensis may not be a bunodont anthracothere but a primitive bunoselenodont
anthracothere, and be referred not to Anthracotherium but to a new genus. P4 of "A."sinensis (Zdansky, 1930, plate 1, fig. 18) is much more molarized than that of
Anthracotherium magnum, which have relatively more molarized P 4 among the genus (seeabove). It compares that of bunoselenodont or selenodont anthracotheres. The upper
molars of "A." sinensis reveal much higher selenodonty than those of Anthracotherium

magnum.
"A." sinensis is recorded from the Zhaili and Rencun (the upper and lower part of theHeti Formation, respectively, Yuanqu basin, Shanxi and Henan, China), Xiangshan(Lijiang basin, Yunnan, China), and Huangzhuang (Qufu, Shandong, China) faunas of
the Eocene of China.

"Anthracokeryx"

gungkangensis"

and "Anthracokeryx"

kwangsiensis:

These two species, which are from the Gongkang fauna, Guangxi, southern China, are25referred to Anthracotherium. Ducrocq ( 1999) mentioned that these two species likely
correspond to only one form by their very similar morphology and dimensions. He did
not discuss more, because the material of these species are poor. If his suggestion is true,
the specific name "gungkangensis" has the priority, and these two species are referred to
Anthracotherium gungkangensis.

The Pondaung Anthracotherium differs from these two species in that the upper
molars are slightly more wider and shorter and its outline in occlusal view is slightly morerounded in the former than the latter.

"Anthracothema rubricae", "Anthracokeryx moriturus", "Anthracokeryx
birmanicus", and "Anthracokeryx s p ." ("Anthracokeryx cf. bumbusae")from the Naduo fauna,

Guangxi,

southern

China: Material of these species which

are conspecific with that of the Pondaung anthracotheres are recorded from the Naduo
fauna. These material are very poor, so that for the time being these material are referredto the Pondaung species. ''Anthracothema rubricae" and "Anthracokeryx moriturus" arereferred to Anthracotherium rubricum, ''Anthracokeryx birmanicus" to Anthracotherium
birmanicus. "Anthracokeryx sp." from this fauna is moved to Anthracotherium sp.

"Anthracokeryx"

thailandicus: This species was described from the Krabi fauna,

Thailand by Ducrocq (1999). This species is referred to genus Anthracotherium in thispaper.
A. tenuis of which mandibular morphology has been known among the Pondaung
Anthracotherium, differs from this species in that the mandibular symphysis of A. tenuis

is rather anteroposteriorly elongated and not salient ventrally, while that of A. thailandicus
is very high and ventrally salient under P I and in having longer diastema the anteriorpremolar region.

"Anthracokeryx"

sp. from the Lizhuang

fauna,

Henan,

China: This

material is described based on the astragalus and metacarpus, and not based on the dental
material (Wang and Zhou, 1982). Because "Anthracokeryx" andAnthracotherium isdiagnosed by the dentition, the reference of these material to ''Anthracokeryx" sp. is very
difficult to confirm.
"Cf. Anthracokeryx
fauna,

lndo-Pakistan:s p ." from the early to early middle Eocene Kuldana"Cf. Anthracokeryx sp." was cited in the mammal fauna of theKuldana fauna by Gingerich et al. ( 1979) and Russell and Zhai ( 1987). Its material fromthis fauna is BMNH 32168, a left M3 , which had been referred to Lammidhania wardi(Anthracobunidae) by Gingerich (1977). However, the dental morphology of BMNH
32168 is similar to that of M3 of bunoselenodont anthracotheres such as Bothriogenys,

26and is definitely not referred to "Anthracokeryx" (= Anthracotherium). Besides, BMNH
32168 may be from the overlying Murree Formation (Russell and Zhai, 1987). Therefore,
the existence of this anthracothere material in the Kuldana fauna is very doubtful.

"Cf. Anthracokeryx s p ." from the Shara Moron fauna, Inner Mongolia,
northern China: "Cf. Anthracokeryx sp." are also cited in the mammal fauna of the
Shara Murun fauna by Russell and Zhai (1987). This material, AMNH 22090 (a rightmandibular fragment with M3 ), is originally labeled and described as Gobiohyus robustus(Helohyidae) by Matthew and Granger (1925). The M3 of the specimen has three
relatively large and distinct cusps at the hypoconulid region, and also reveal a bilophodont
structure, which have never seen in that of anthracotheres. Therefore, the reference of
AMNH 22090 to "cf. Anthracokeryx" is also very doubtful.

Anthracotherium

chaimanei: This species was originally reported as

Anthracothema sp. cf. A. pangan from the Krabi fauna by Ducrocq et al. ( 1992). It was

described as Anthracotherium chaimanei by Ducrocq (1999). This species is very closely
related to Anthracotherium pangan of Pondaung fauna, and the former is a little derived
than the latter (Ducrocq, 1999; see above).

"Anthracothema"lijiangensis: This species, which is from the Eocene

Xiangshan fauna, Lijiang basin, Yunnan, southern China, differs from Anthracotheriumin having straight, not V-shaped hypolophid, rather mesiodistally oriented cristid obliqua
than mesiolingually oriented, and no buccal premetacristid directing mesiobuccally on thelower molars (Zong etal., 1996, p.279, pl. 35, fig. 2). Therefore, this species is also
referred to a new genus. This material was referred to the Anthracotheriidae by Zong et al.
( 1996) and Huang ( 1999), but the familial position is doubtful because the species havestraight hypolophid and no mesiobuccally-directed premetacristid on the lower molars,
not as in anthracotheres (Holroyd and Ciochon, 1995, p. 181).

"Anthracotherium?

spp." from the Upper Lushi fauna, Henan, China:

Anthracotherium? spp. was cited in the Upper Lushi fauna by Chow et al. (1973).

However, there was no illustration of the material in Chow et al. ( 1973), and the Upper
Lushi fauna, which was traditionally referred to Irdinmanhan EALMA, is much earlier
than the Pondaung fauna (see below). The presence of genus Anthracotherium in theUpper Lushi fauna is highly doubtful (Russell and Zhai, 1987).

H eothema and "Huananothema imparilica": Huananothema imparilica from the
Naduo fauna, which also yields Heothema, was described by Tang (1978). Genus
Huananothema consists of only one upper molariform tooth, IVPP V4964. This specimen

is characterized by the anterior buccolingual width narrower than the posterior one, while27the anterior buccolingual width wider than the posterior one in all other molars ofanthracotheres. This feature oflVPP V4964 is also seen in NMMP-KU 0327, a specimenof the Pondaung anthracothere. The feature is actually typical dP 4 morphology ofanthracotheres as seen in TF 2901, a right dP 4 of Anthracotherium chaimanei from Krabi
fauna (Ducrocq, 1999, pl. 5, fig. B). Therefore, NMMP-KU 0327 and IVPP V4964 arealso considered to be dP 4 • IVPP V4964 may be a dP 4 of Heothema chengbiensis
according to the size, and it is suggested that Huananothema imparilica is a juniorsynonym of Heothema chengbiensis.
Ducrocq (1999) synonymized Heothema to Anthracotherium, however, Heothemahas more selenodont dentitions than those of Anthracotherium (bunodont anthracothere)
and Bothriogenys (bunoselenodont anthracothere), and its degree of molarization of theP 4 of Heothema also looks between those of Anthracotherium and Bothriogenys. So, thegenus Heothema is tentatively treated as a valid genus here. Ducrocq (1999) reorganizedprevious six species of Heothema into two species: Heothema bellia (including Heothema
media and Heothema nanningensis) and Heothema chengbiensis (including Heothema
angusticalxia and Heothema youngi). I follow this specific synonymies suggested byhim.
Heothema is recorded from the late Eocene of southern China, such as the Naduo and

Gongkang faunas (Russell and Zhai, 1987).
Probrachyodus:

Material of this genus are very poor. Russell and Zhai (1987, p.

130) mentioned that this genus may be inseparable from "Anthracokeryx" (=Anthracotherium? or ''Anthracokeryx" sinensis?). However, the upper molars of thisgenus show bunoselenodonty. They also have somewhat lingually procumbent paracone
and metacone like that of selenodont anthracotheres than that of bunodont anthracotheres.
So, this genus may be primitive bunoselenodont anthracothere, and is considered to bevalid.
Probrachyodus panchiaoensis was described from the Upper Lumeiyi fauna, Yunnan,

Lunan basin, southern China by Xu (1962). Also, Probrachyodus? sp. nov. was cited in
the Dongjun fauna, Guangxi, southern China by Ding et al. (1977).

28

4.2. The Pondaung fauna
The Pondaung fauna includes six orders of mammals, consisting of 16 families, 21
genera, and 28 species (Table 3), but the typical "archaic mammals", such as pantodonts,
tillodonts or uintatheres, have never been discovered so far.
In the Pondaung fauna, there are only two carnivorous (hyaenodontid creodonts) andtwo small-sized (phiomyid rodent and eosimiid primate) mammals. All primates are
considered to be primitive anthropoids(= higher primates, which include living New and
Old World monkeys, apes, and humans). Both artiodactyls and perissodactyls areabundant and successful in the Pondaung fauna, judging from the great number of fossilmaterials of these taxa. Artiodactyls are more abundant in the number of the specimens
but less taxonomically diversified both on familial and generic levels than perissodactyls(Table 3). Especially, anthracothere artiodactyls (four species of Anthracotherium) are themost abundant mammal among the Pondaung fauna, suggesting its diversification (Figure
10).

Among 21 genera, 12 (= 57%) have been discovered only from the Pondaung fauna,that is, endemic to the fauna: Pondaungia, Amphipithecus, Bahinia, and an unnamed new
genus (primates), an unnamed new phiomyid rodent, an unnamed new hyaenodontid
creodont, Hsanotherium (order indet.), Pakkokuhyus and an unnamed new genus(artiodactyl), and three genus of perissodactyls (Sivatitanops, Bunobrontops andIndolophus).

29Estimation of the paleoenvironment
The paleoenvironment of the Pondaung fauna was estimated based on the following
evidences:( 1) Most of herbivorous mammals of the Pondaung fauna have brachyodont teeth,
which is generally believed to be an adaptation to the diet of soft plants, such as buds,
young leaves and fruits, suggesting that their habitats were not open lands (savanna) but aforest environment.
(2) There is no herbivorous species with complete hypsodonty, which is regarded tobe adapted to the diet of hard, abrasive plants, such as grasses at the open lands.
(3) All primates of the Pondaung fauna are considered as the primitive
insectivorous/frugivorous anthropoids (or "protoanthropoids"). Moreover, although thepostcranial materials of these monkeys have not yet discovered, the primitive locomotion
type of early anthropoids is considered as arboreal quadripedalism in the forest
environment.
(4) Some dominant animals of the Pondaung fauna, such anthracotheres andamynodonts, are considered to have the semi-aquatic habit near large rivers.
(5) The formations above and below the "Upper Member" of the Pondaung Formation
are all marine or mostly marine deposits. The "Lower Member" of the Pondaung
Formation is dominated by brackish to marine deposits, and the Tabyin and Yaw
Formations, which are stratigraphically below and above the Pondaung Formation, aremarine deposits (Bender, 1983).
Also considering relatively low latitude of the Pondaung area, it is concluded that the
Pondaung fauna were in subtropical to tropical environment with relatively humid, thickforests and large rivers, located not so far from the sea shore, presumably the eastern
Tethys Sea.

30

Cenogram analysis of the estimated body weight
Above, the paleoenvironment of the Pondaung fauna was estimated based on theinferred ecology of the mammal species and the geological evidences. Here, mammaliancommunity of the Pondaung fauna is analyzed using the cenogram method, also toestimate the paleoenvironment of the fauna.
The cenogram method was originally proposed by Valverde (1964, 1967), anddeveloped by Legendre (1986, 1989) and Legendre and Hartenberger (1992). It describes
a mammalian community using the body-size distribution of species within thecommunity, and the result is summarized into a cenogram graph, which is constructed byplotting the natural logarithm of the mean body weight of each mammal species except forbats and carnivorous species (carnivores, creodonts, and carnivorous condylarths). The
estimated body weights are plotted on the Y-axis, and the species are ranked indecreasing-size order on the X-axis (Legendre, 1986, 1989; Figure 14).
Among the extant faunas, the distributional pattern of body sizes is clearly related totheir environments (Legendre, 1986, 1989; Legendre and Hartenberger, 1992; Figure14): (1) In open environments, medium-sized species (body weight ranging from 500 g to8 kg) are so rare that there is a gap at the middle range of the cenogram, whereas in moreclosed or forest environments, medium-sized animals are normally present so that thegraph curve is smooth without a gap. (2) In arid environments, large-sized species(weighing over 8 kg) are so rare that the graph curve decreases steeply, whereas in humid
environments large-sized animals are so commonly present that the graph curve decreasesmoothly.
Recently, it is widely admitted that these schematic pattern of the cenogram, that is thetaxonomic composition, of the extant fauna, is well related to the vegetational and climatic
environment in any continent (Legendre, 1989, Legendre and Hartenberger, 1992).
Although the cenogram analysis has been applied to several Eocene to Oligocene faunasof East Asia (late Eocene K.rabi fauna, Thailand; late Eocene Ergilin Dzo fauna, Mongolia;
middle to late Eocene Naduo fauna, Guangxi Province, China; middle Eocene Heti fauna,
Shanxi and Henan Province, China; and Oligocene Hsand-Gol fauna, Mongolia) by
Ducrocq et al. ( 1995), it has never been applied to the Pondaung fauna.
In order to make a cenogram of the Pondaung fauna, the body weight of each animal
were estimated from M 1 area (i.e., mesiodistal length x buccolingual width) using
regression parameters taken from Legendre (1989, table 1). The M 1 areas of the species
whose M 1 was unknown (Sivatitanops cotteri, Bunobrontops savagei, Amynodontidae
indet., Indolophus guptai, and cf. Indomeryx cotteri) were inferred by comparing the31

sizes of the molar specimen with related mammal species. The mean body weights ofAmphipithecus mogaungensis, Pondaungia cotteri and Anthropoidea gen. et sp. nov.
were from Takai (pers. com.). The datum of the indeterminated ceratomorph was
excluded here, because the material is too poor to estimate the body weight. Mean bodyweights of species of the Pondaung fauna range from about 150 g for the smallest species(Phiomyidae gen. et sp. nov.) to about 2000 kg for the largest (Sivatitanops birmanicum)(Table 4).
Figure 15 shows the cenogram of the Pondaung fauna. The graph decreases smoothly
from the large-sized through the small-sized animals without any distinct gap, suggesting
the humid, forest environment for the Pondaung fauna. The absence of small-sized
species in the Pondaung fauna could be explained by the taphonornic and sampling biases.
Among the Recent faunas the cenogram of the tropical forest and that of the mosaic oftropical forest and savanna seem to be the best analogue for that of the Pondaung fauna(Legendre, 1989, figs. 20-30; Figures 14, 15).

32

4.3. Mammal biostratigraphy and biochronology
The Land Mammal Ages are the geochronologic units based on an association offossil mammals considered to represent a particular interval of geologic time, originallyinformal in that it was not based on a chronostratigraphic stage (Wood et al., 1941). They
were first presented in North America (Wood et al., 1941) and now defined in North
America, Europe, East Asia, and South America (McKenna and Bell, 1997, fig. 1; Figure16). Land Mammal Ages are used as a terrestrial geological age instead of using marine
standard stage (e.g., Woodburne and Swisher, 1995).
Particularly, the North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs) and European Land
Mammal Ages (ELMAs) have already been well established, being correlated to thestandard stages, which are established by the radiometric ages, magnetostratigraphy andthe marine index fossils (e.g., Legendre and Hartenberger, 1992; Woodburne andSwisher, 1995; Steininger et al., 1996; Figure 16). Both NALMAs and ELMAs havebeen widely used to determine the geological ages of the terrestrial deposits with mammal
fossils and to correlate these deposits and faunas.
However, the East Asian Land Mammal Ages (EALMAs) in the Paleogene (Figure16) had not so well correlated to the standard stages, because few data of the radiometricages, magnetostratigraphy and marine index fossils have been obtained from the
Paleogene mammal-bearing deposits of East Asia so far. The EALMA were proposed
based on the fauna! correlation between East Asia and Europe/North America (e.g.,
Russell and Zhai, 1987; Ting, 1998) and on the fauna! similarity indices (Meng and
McKenna, 1998; see also the next section).
Also, the East Asian Eocene to Oligocene mammal biostratigraphy and EALMAs havebeen mainly proposed on the northern East Asian faunas (e.g., Russell and Zhai, 1987;
Meng and McKenna, 1998). In the middle to late Eocene (relating the Pondaung fauna),
three (Arshantan, Irdinmanhan and Sharamurunian) EALMAs of the middle Eocene andtwo (Ulangochuian and Ergilian) EALMAs of the late Eocene have been proposed (Mengand McKenna, 1998).
The Pondaung fauna in the southern East Asia has been correlated to the Bartonian
stage in Europe, to the late Uintan and Duchesnean NALMAs, and Sharamurunian
EALMA (e.g., Colbert, 1938), all of which are now referred to the late middle Eocene(e.g., Holroyd and Ciochon, 1994; see "Introduction" section). This correlation was
based on the evolutional stages of the mammals, such as anthracotheres, brontotheres,
and amynodonts, between the Pondaung fauna and other faunas (e.g., Colbert, 1938).

33

The new faunal list of the Pondaung fauna also supports the previous estimation for
the relative age of the Pondaung fauna. The existence of a phiomyid rodent, and theevolutional stages of Anthracotherium (Artiodactyla), ?Metatelmatherium andParamynodon (Perissodactyla) of the Pondaung fauna are correlated to the mammals fromthe other middle to Eocene faunas of Europe, North America, and northern East Asia (see"Systematic paleontology" section).

Method and its basic concept
In order to analyze the EALMA quantitatively and to determine the relative position of
the Pondaung fauna in the EALMAs, appearance event ordination (AEO) method
proposed by (Alroy, 1994) and developed by Alroy (1996, 1998c, 2000) was applied inthis work. The AEO is a modified biochronologic method of "conjunction method" or
disjunct distribution ordination (DDO) method proposed by Alroy (1992).
The AEO algorithm infers age-ranges by analyzing locality-specific faunal lists
quantitatively (Alroy, 2000 =in press). The AEO analysis is related to correspondence
analysis (Digby and Kempton, 1987), but makes use of both faunal association("conjunction" (Alroy, 1992)) and stratigraphic data instead of raw presence-absence data
(faunal similarity indices) (Alroy, 1994; Wing etal., 1995). This is accomplished bytranslating the conjunction and stratigraphic data into statements about first and lastappearance events (Alroy, 1994; Wing et al., 1995). The use of conjunction data, which
are observations that pairs of taxa have been found at least once in the same sample (in asingle faunal list), is important because continued sampling leads to an improved
knowledge of conjunctional relationships, reducing taphonomic bias, small sample size
effects, and small-scale ecological factors (Wing et al., 1995, p. 125).
Thus, conjunction data sets have a property of convergence that presence-absence data
sets (faunal similarity indices) lack: generating more and more raw species lists doesnothing to free the lists themselves of these effects, but it does cause the conjunction data
set to converge on the real set of conjunctions (Wing et al., 1995, p. 125). The moredetailed concept and description of AEO is given by Alroy (1992, 1994, 1996, 1998c,
2000).
The method has been applied to the North American mammal faunas (Wing et al.,
1995; Alroy, 1996, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 2000), to the European ones (Alberdi et al.,
1997; Alroy et al., 1998), and to the African one (Alroy, 1994). However, it has neverbeen applied to the East Asian faunas.

34Basic steps
The basic steps of the AEO are summarized as follows (Alroy, 2000, p. 710- 711 ):"( 1). Singleton tax.a, which are found only in one fossil collection, are excluded fromthe data set.
(2). FIL statements are computed for all remaining pairs of tax.a (species or genera). If
two tax.a i andj are found in the same faunal list, they are "conjunct": the statement "Fi
comes before [<] Lj'' is true and vice versa. If an occurrence of i is found below one of j
in any stratigraphic section, Fi< Fj but the converse is not necessarily true. Li< Fj is
tentatively assumed if no list includes both tax.aand no section shows i occurring below j.
Fi< Lj statements are assumed to be known with certainly, but Li< Fj statements aretreated as hypothesis to be tested against candidate age ranges. Fi< Li statements are
generated automatically for all pairs of tax.afor which either (a) i =j, because a taxon's
first appearance must come before its own last appearance; or (b) j is a living tax on.
(3). The square, pairwise FIL matrix is augmented by adding "virtual" conjunctions
using the square graph algorithm (Alroy, 1998c ), which compensates for biographic
effects that keep coeval tax.a from ever being found in the same locality or section. The
virtual conjunctions are used in the next step and then discarded.
(4 ). As a starting point, a candidate linear sequence of FIL statements is computed by(a) using a variant of reciprocal averaging to derive scores for tax.a from the F/L matrix,(b) using these scores to compute mean scores for fauna! lists, (c) ordering the lists by
their scores, and (d) computing first and last appearances by scanning across the sequenceof lists. The event sequence is identical to an age range chart in which each taxon isrepresented by one F statement and one L statement occurring later on.
(5). The initial appearance event sequence is optimized by a swapping algorithm.
Earlier papers used a simple parsimony criterion to perform this optimization; a maximum
likelihood approach to the problem is discussed below.
(6). The appearance event sequence is numbered from oldest to youngest, and event
positions are computed for the fauna! lists. An event position is a minimal span of events
going across the sequence that includes all of the taxa in a list; so, if a list's position is222-224, then all first appearances of the tax.aoccur by event 222 and all last appearancesby event 224. In contrast to earlier studies, here the numbering is based on consecutive
runs of like events (e.g., first appearances) instead of simple counts of events. For
example, a stretch of seven events like F-F-F-L-F-L-L would count as just four runs. The
new practice of counting event runs instead of events makes only a tiny difference to the35calibration. However, by removing some small-scale distortions in the calibration the newnumbering scheme decreases apparent variation among sampling bins in counts of lists
and taxonomic occurrences.
(7). Geochronologic age estimates are matched to the event positions using a newlinear interpolation algorithm [detailed in Alroy, 2000 = in press]. The algorithm seeks tofined the largest set of "hinge" calibration points that implies a monotonic and reasonably
steady relationship between time and the event sequence. In contrast, earlier studies usedinterpolation methods that employed small sets of statistically significant hinge points(Alroy, 1996, 1998c).
(8). The interpolation is used to estimate the age of each event in Ma, and theseestimates in tum define numerical values for the age ranges of each taxon and the
maximum/minimum ages of each list."
In Alroy (2000), the optimization algorithm has been improved by employing an
explicitly formulated maximum likelihood criterion in deciding amongst alternative event
sequences. This new algorithm is called maximum likelihood appearance event ordination(ML-AEO) (Alroy, 2000). The basic idea is to compute the probability of obtaining theobserved FIL data given a candidate event sequence, a probabilistic model of sampling,and some set of nuisance parameters (Alroy, 2000). See Alroy (2000) for the details of
theML-AEO.

Data and analysis
In this work, 92 mammal faunal lists of the Paleogene of East Asia were obtained
mainly from Li and Ting (1983), Russell and Zhai (1987), Tong (1989), Ducrocq et al.
(1995), Meng and McKenna (1998), and Wang et al. (1998), and from other recent
publications (for the detailed data source, see Appendix 3). 34 mammal faunal lists of the
Neogene of East Asia (Qiu and Qiu, 1995; and on other recent publications, see Appendix3) were also prepared to "root" the event sequence (Alroy, 1998c) on the end of the
Oligocene sequence.
In this analysis: ML-AEO were used; both genus- and species-level FIL statement
were employed in the same data matrix; and the intermediate identifications in the list of
Appendix 3 were ignored, as taxonomic modifications such as "cf." or"?". Both the
Paleogene and Neogene faunas were analyzed in the same data matrix, then the Neogene
faunas were omitted from the resultant faunal sequence.
Three radiometric age are available in the Paleocene faunas of East Asia: 37 .2 Ma of36

the Pondaung fauna (see "Fission-track zircon age section); 32 Ma of the Lava between
Tatal and Shand members of the Hsanda Gol Formation, Mongolia (corresponds to theage between Ulaan Khongil (Tatal Member) fauna and Ulaan Khongil (Shand Member)fauna) (Evemden et al., 1964; Russell and Zhai, 1987; Meng and McKenna, 1998); 51
Ma of the basalt between Member II and III of Gashato Formation, Nei Mongol (Inner
Mongolia), north China (corresponds to the age between Gashato Mbr II fauna andGashato Mbr III fauna) (Meng and McKenna, 1998; Meng et al., 1998).
In this analysis, the age of event number zero was treated as 65 Ma (K-T boundary),
and the age of the maximum event number of the last Oligocene fauna (the topmost of the
Paleogene sequence) was treated as 23.8 Ma (Oligocene-Miocene boundary) (Woodbume
and Swisher, 1995), because the dating data are too poor to estimate the geological age ofthe faunas.

Result and discussion
The resultant faunal sequence of the Paleogene faunas of East Asia by ML-AEO isshown in Table 5. The sequence indicates good agreement with the traditional sequence of
the EALMAs (Russell and Zhai, 1987; Tong et al., 1995; Meng and McKenna, 1998;
Figure 16), with a few disagreements.
The results of this analysis lead the following suggestions:(1) The Pondaung fauna is referred to the Sharamurunian EALMA, as suggested by
the previous workers.
(2) The Arshantan EALMA, which was proposed by Qi ( 1987), is better to be
included in the Irdinmanhan EALMA rather than the forming an independent EALMA like
Russell and Zhai ( 1987), because the Arshanto fauna, which is a main element of the
Arshantan EALMA, is located between the Kholboldzhi-N ur. fauna, which is one of themain elements of the lrdinmanhan EALMA, and other lrdinmanhan faunas (Figure 16,
Table 5).
(3) The Ulangochuian EALMA, which was used by (Meng and McKenna, 1998),
being defined between the Sharamurunian and Ergilian EALMAs, is better to be includedin the Ergilian EALMA like Russell and Zhai ( 1987), because two main faunas of theUlangochuian EALMA (the Ulan Gochu and Urtyn Obo faunas) are positioned between
the Ergilin Member faunas and Sevkhul faunas, all of which are the main elements of the
Ergilian EALMA (Figure 16, Table 5).
(4) The "Naduan" Land Mammal Age of China, which was proposed by Tong (1989)
and followed by Tong et al. (1995), and was defined between the Sharamurunian and37

Ulangochuian Land Mammal Ages of China, because the "Naduan" mammal faunas, thatis the Naduo, Caijiachong, Zhaili, and Changxindian faunas (Tong et al., 1995), arescattered among the faunas of the Sharamurunian and Ergilian EALMAs without forming
any definite chronological range.
Finally, the Paleogene EALMAs can be identified as follows from early Paleocene tolate Oligocene in order: Shanghuan, Nongshanian, Gashatan, Bumbanian (Lingchan ofTong et al. ( 1995) ), Irdinmanhan (including Arshantan), Sharamurunian (including a partof Naduan), Ergilian (including Ulangochuian and a part of Naduan), Hsandagolian(Ulantatalian of Tong et al. ( 1995) ), and Tabenbulakian EALMAs (Figure 16; Table 5).
The faunal boundaries are based on those of Russell and Zhai ( 1987), Meng and
McKenna (1998), and Ting (1998).
The correlations among the Paleogene East Asian mammal faunas have not yet been
analyzed sufficiently, but the further studies of the paleontological, geological, andgeochronologic field on the East Asian Paleogene faunas would establish the EALMAs in
the near future.

38

4.4. Faunal comparison
In order to clarify the mammal faunal evolution in the later Eocene of southern East
Asia, the Pondaung fauna is compared with the 28 middle to late Eocene East Asianfaunas. The evolution of the Eocene mammals in the East Asia has been studied mainly
based on the fossil records of northern East Asian faunas. The latest middle Eocene
Pondaung fauna in Myanmar and the late Eocene Krabi fauna in Thailand will supply
important information on the study of evolution of East Asian faunas.

39General comparisons among the middle to late Eocene mammal faunas of
East Asia
The fauna! lists of the 28 middle to late Eocene East Asian mammal faunas used here
are shown in Table 6. Most of these faunas contain relatively large numbers of mammal
tax.acompared to other contemporaneous faunas, so they are useful for the studies ofmammal biostratigraphy in East Asia (e.g., Li and Ting, 1983; Russell and Zhai, 1987;
Meng and McKenna, 1998). These middle to late Eocene East Asian faunas were. classified into three areas for the sake of convenience: northern (13 faunas), middle(seven faunas), and southern (nine faunas) areas (Figure 17, Table 6). The Pondaung
fauna is included in the southern area.
Among the families of the Pondaung fauna, nine familie·s are shared with other East
Asian faunas: the Hyaenodontidae (Creodonta), Anthracotheriidae and Helohyidae(Artiodactyla), and Brontotheriidae, Hyracodontidae, Amynodontidae and Deperetellidae(Perissodactyla) are commonly recorded in the middle to late Eocene faunas of East Asia
(Table 7); The Amphipithecidae (Primates) is shared with the late Eocene Krabi fauna,and the Eosimiidae (Primates) is shared with the Eocene Rencun, Zhaili and Shanghuang
faunas (Table 7). It is notable that the sole rodent of the Pondaung fauna, Phiomyidae,
has never been discovered from the East Asian faunas (see below).
At the generic level, the Pondaung fauna resembles well with the southern East Asianfaunas, particularly with the Naduo fauna in southern China: five of 19 identified genera
are shared with the 24 identified genera of the Naduo fauna (see below). Although the
Pondaung fauna shares a few genera, such as Deperetellaand "Pterodon", with thecontemporaneous faunas of middle to northern East Asia, such as the Rencun and Shara
Murun faunas (Table 7), they are widely distributed in East Asia during the middle to late
Eocene, probably indicating no special resemblance among them.

40Comparison using faunal similarity index (Simpson's FRI) at generic level
These 29 middle to late Eocene mammal faunas of East Asia (including the Pondaung
fauna) were compared with one another, using faunal similarity index at generic level.
The generic level was chosen because it is more taxonomically robust than the familial andspecific level. The similarity index used here is Simpson's Faunal Resemblance Index(FRI), which is obtained by the following formula: FRI(%)=(Ne I N 1) x 100, where Ne

is the number of taxa shared by two faunas, and N 1 is the number of taxa in the smaller of
the two faunas (Simpson, 1960; Flynn, 1986; Holroyd and Maas, 1994).
When taxonomic lists differ markedly in size, Simpson's FRI is useful because iteliminates the effect of the size differences of the two faunas, compared to other indicessuch as Jaccard and Dice indices, and is most commonly applied to the vertebrate fossil
records (e.g., Simpson, 1960; Flynn, 1986; Holroyd and Ciochon, 1994; Holroyd andMaas, 1994).
Simpson's FRI has been applied to some East Asian faunas: Holroyd and Ciochon(1994) analyzed the resemblances among four East Asian mammal faunas (the Lushi(Upper and Lower Lushi), lrdin Manha, Heti (Zhaili and Rencun), and Shara Murun
faunas. On the other hand, Meng and McKenna ( 1998) analyzed the faunal comparisonson the late Paleocene to Oligocene northern East Asian faunas using a different indices,
the Jaccard and Dice indices.
The number of identified genera of each fauna and the number of shared genera
between the each two faunas, and the each FRI are shown in Table 8. The intermediate
identifications with such as "cf." or"?" in Table 3 and 6 were treated as the exact
identifications in calculating FRis.
Among middle and northern faunas, all faunas of the Irdinmanhan EALMA (theKholboldzhi-Nur, Arshanto, lrdin Manha at Camps Margetts, Irdin Manha at Irdin Manha,
Ulan Shireh, and Khaychin (II, III, V), Hetaoyuan, Upper Lushi, Shanghuang, and
Huangzhuang faunas) have relatively high FRis with one another more than with thefaunas of the Ergilian EALMA, while six faunas of the Ergilian EALMA (Chaganbulage,
Sevkhul at Khoer Dzan, Ulan Gochu, Urtyn Obo, Ergilian at Ergilin Dzo, and Ergilian at
Khoer Dzan faunas) (no faunas of the Ergilian EALMA in middle East Asia) show muchhigher FRis with one another than with the faunas of the lrdinmanhan EALMA (Table 8).
The faunas of the Sharamurunian EALMA (the Shara Murun, Zhaili, and Rencun faunas)
has relatively high FRis with the faunas of both the Irdinmanhan and Ergilian EALMA,
indicating the intermediate position between them. In sum, the result of the faunalcomparison of northern East Asian faunas is well consistent with the result of the EALMA

41

sequence (Figure, 16; Table 5).
The southern East Asian faunas, however, show the different pattern from other areas.
Three southern East Asian faunas (the Lower Lumeiyi, Xiangshan, and Dongjun faunas)of the lrdinmanhan EALMA and the one fauna (the Upper Lumeiyi fauna) of the
Sharamurunian EALMA show high FRis not only with one another but also with the
middle and northern East Asian faunas of the lrdinmanhan and Sharamurunian EALMAs(Figure, 16; Table 5, 8). In contrast, two southern East Asian faunas (the Pondaung andNaduo faunas) of the Sharamurunian EALMA and the two faunas (the Gongkang andKrabi faunas) of Ergilian EALMA show low FRis with any middle and northern faunasof the middle to late Eocene and , suggesting the occurrences of the fauna! endemism
during the later Eocene (Figure, 16; Table 5, 8). The Pondaung, Naduo and Gongkang
faunas show relatively high FRis with one another, and the Pondaung and Naduo faunas(of the Sharamurunian EALMA) have relatively high FRis with the southern East Asianfaunas of the lrdinmanhan and Sharamurunian EALMAs (Figure, 16; Table 5, 8). The
Caijiachong fauna of the Ergilian EALMA show the relatively high FRis with most of thesouthern East Asian faunas, and the northern faunas of the Sharamurunian and Ergilian
EALMAs.
In sum, the result of the fauna! similarity analysis on the middle to late Eocene East
Asian faunas suggest that the fauna! transition occurred as early as later Sharamurunian
EALMA, that is, around the latest middle Eocene, in the southern area of East Asia,
resulting in slight fauna! endemism.

42

Comparison among the middle to late Eocene mammal faunas of southern
East Asia, and the mammal evolution of these faunas
Among the southern East Asian faunas (Figure 17, Table 3, 6), the Pondaung faunamost resembles the Naduo fauna, Guangxi Province, southern China, sharing five genera(Anthracotherium, Indomeryx, Metatelmatherium, Paramynodon, and Deperetella) and

four species (Anthracotherium rubricum, Anthracotherium birmanicus, Indomeryx cotteri,and Metatelmatherium lahirii). The Naduo fauna including rather progressive types suchas the Tayassuidae, Suidae and Tragulidae indicates that this fauna is slightly later in age
than the Pondaung fauna. Of course, the Gongkang fauna which overlies the Naduo
fauna is considered to be later in age than the Pondaung and Naduo faunas.
Also, it shares four genera ("Pterodon", Ilianodon, Paramynodon and Deperetella)
and three species ("Pterodon" dahkoensis, Ilianodon lunanensis and Deperetellabirmanica) with the Upper Lumeiyi fauna, Lunan basin, Yunnan Province, southern

China. Since both the Naduo and Upper Lumeiyi faunas are of the Sharamurunian
EALMA (Table 5) and located at the Southern East Asia, the high similarity between the
Pondaung fauna and these faunas could be interpreted as indicating their chronologicaland paleozoogeographical closeness.
The Dongjun fauna includes Eudinoceras of which last appearance was lrdinmanhan
LMA (Meng and McKenna, 1998), indicating earlier age than the Pondaung fauna,
although the two shares several taxa such as Deperetella birmanica and Paramynodon.
The Lower Lumeiyi fauna includes the Lophialetidae which is an archaic family, andexistence of helohyid Gobiohyus which was found from Irdinmanhan EALMA,
indicating the much earlier age than the Pondaung fauna. The Xiangshan fauna of Lijiangbasin includes many lophialetid perissodactyls which was the most dominated in
Irdinmanhan EALMA and declined in Sharamurunian EALMA, also indicating the earlier
age than the Pondaung fauna.
The Krabi fauna of Thailand shares Anthracotherium and also primitive anthropoids(Amphipithecidae) with the Pondaung fauna. Anthracotherium of the Krabi fauna issomewhat more progressive than that of the Pondaung fauna (Ducrocq, 1999; see"Anthracotheres from the Pondaung fauna and the other East Asian Eocene localities"
section). The fauna including rather progressive types such as the Tayassuidae,
Suidae, ?Tragulidae, and indicating later age than the Pondaung fauna. The Krabi fauna isvery highly endemic, having 14 endemic genera of 26 identified genera. The Caijiachongfauna includes Karakoromys and Parasminthus (= Plesiosminthus?) (Rodentia) which
firstly appeared in Hsanda Gol Svita (Hsandagolian

43=Oligocene) of Mongolia

(Dashzeveg, 1993) in the northern East Asia, indicating much later in age than the
Pondaung fauna.
From another view, The faunal composition calculated at the generic level of the 29
middle to late Eocene East Asian faunas used above are shown in Figure 18, 19 and Table
9. The evolution of mammal faunas in the middle to late Eocene of southern East Asia.
would be characterized as follows: in earlier perissodactyls are highly dominant andflourishing, and artiodactyls are rare; and in later age, artiodactyls (particularly
anthracotheres and primitive ruminants) become much more dominant and flourishing,and perissodactyls become decline compared to the former. This can be well explained
particularly by comparing in the faunas from the same basin and by comparing faunas
united based on the EALMAs as explained below. In the Bose and Yongle basins,
Guangxi, southern China, there are three faunas regarded: from older to younger, theDongjun, Naduo, and Gongkang faunas (Li and Ting, 1983; Russell and Zhai, 1987).
The ratio of the artiodactyls to perissodactyls is very low (artiodactyls:perissodactyls in
number of genera = 1: 10) in the Dongjun fauna, be became much higher in the N aduo and
Gongkang faunas (12:7 and 6:4, respectively), suggesting the evolutional tendency of thedeclining of perissodactyls (Figure 18, 19; Table 9). Although it is not so different,
between the Upper and Lower Lumeiyi faunas, of which former is younger than the latter,
the ratio of artiodactyls and perissodactyls is consistent with the above example: in theLower Lumeiyi fauna the ratio= 16:2, and in the Upper Lumeiyi fauna the ratio= 15:3.
Compared with the faunas of the Irdinmanhan EALMA (Lower Lumeiyi Xiangshan, andDongjun faunas), the faunas of the Sharamurunian and Ergilian EALMAs contains fewer
perissodactyls. Although the ratio of perissodactyls in the Caijiachong fauna of Ergilian ismuch higher than that of other faunas (the Gongkang and Krabi faunas), the value ismuch lower than that of the faunas of the lrdinmanhan EALMA. The Pondaung fauna has
four genera (four families) of artiodactyls and does nine genera (six families) of
perissodactyls, suggesting the some flourishing of the artiodactyls and some decline ofthe perissodactyls compared with the other middle to late Eocene faunas of southern East
Asia, suggesting the beginning of the faunal turnover.

44Comparison of faunal composition between the northern and southern partsof East Asia in the middle to late Eocene
The artiodactyls became more dominant and perissodactyls did more declined from the
middle Eocene to late Eocene in the southern East Asia, as mentioned above. It is clearly
indicated that the mammal faunas of southern East Asia evolved somewhat uniquely in thelater Eocene time compared to the contemporaneous northern East Asian ones (see below).
This different faunal transition may be caused by the climatic and/or vegetational
differentiation between the relatively warmer southern region and relatively cooler
northern region at that time (e.g., Prothero, 1994).
The northern middle to late Eocene East Asian faunas are generally dominated byperissodactyls (Figure 18, 19; Table 9). Although artiodactyls became slightly more
dominant in the later faunas (Sharamurunian and Ergilian faunas), perissodactyls was still
flourished in the northern East Asian faunas, in contrast to the southern ones (Figure 18,
19; Table 9).
The perissodactyls clearly declined and artiodactyls became comparatively more
dominant in the Oligocene faunas of northern East Asia (Meng and McKenna, 1998). But,
the most remarkable faunal turnover in the Oligocene faunas of northern East Asia is thatthe hypsodont rodents and lagomorphs became clearly much more dominant than theother mammals (Meng and McKenna, 1998). Unfortunately, there is no useful Oligocene
mammal faunas in the southern East Asia, so that it cannot be mentioned directly on the
mammal faunal differentiation between the southern and northern East Asia.
It is noteworthy that the most of the faunas of the later Eocene of southern East Asia

(i.e., Pondaung, Krabi, Naduo, and Gongkang faunas) are characterized by the existenceof many bunodont anthracotheres such as Anthracotherium, Heothema, and/or

Siamotherium, which are most dominant in the fossil materials (suggesting dominant
population size?) at least in the Pondaung and Krabi faunas. These bunodont
anthracotheres have not been found from the Paleogene of northern East Asia.

45

Comparisons with the contemporaneous mammal faunas of other continents
Although the Pondaung fauna shares some mammal taxa (at ordinal, familial andgeneric levels) with the contemporaneous faunas of other continents, such as Europe,
Africa, India, and North America, there is no more special resemblances among them thanwith southern East Asian faunas. There is no clearly congeneric species between the
Pondaung fauna and the contemporaneous mammal faunas of North America, although
there were some mammal faunal exchange between Asia and North America though theBeringian region (e.g., Bread 1998a). However, for example the Krabi fauna shares
Miacis (Miacidae; Carnivora), and Nimravus and Hoplophoneus (Nimravidae; Carnivora)with the contemporaneous North American and East Asian faunas (Ducrocq et al., 1995;
McKenna and Bell, 1997; Peigne et al., 2000), indicating faunal exchange between
southern East Asia and North America via Beringian region and northern East Asia at thattime.
The new genus and species of the hyaenodontid creodont from the Pondaung fauna
have close affinity with the Paratritemnodon indicus from the early to middle Eocene
Subathu and Kuldana fauna of lndo-Pakistan (Egi and Tsubamoto, 2000), suggesting thefaunal exchange between the Southeast Asia and Indo-Pakistan region at that time via
Tethys Sea.
The Pondaung fauna shares Anthracotherium with the late Eocene and Oligocene
mammal faunas of Europe, such as the late Eocene fauna of Dincu Beds in Rumania andthat of Detan Dverce (late Eocene) in old Czechoslovakia (Ducrocq, 1994). The European
Anthracotherium is more progressive than that of the Pondaung and Krabi ones (Ducrocq,
1994, 1999; see "Anthracotheres from the Pondaung fauna and the other East Asian
Eocene localities" section). The Krabi fauna shares Bothriogenys (bunoselenodont
anthracothere) with the late Eocene/early Oligocene Fayum fauna in Egypt. Furthermore,both Pondaung and Krabi fauna shares primitive anthropoids with the Fayum fauna. Also,
the discovery of a phiomyid rodent, which had ever been found only from the fauna ofWestern Part (Europe, Africa and West Asia) such as the Fayum fauna and early
Oligocene Dhofar fauna in Oman, Arabian Peninsula (Wood, 1968; Stucky and McKenna,
1993; McKenna and Bell, 1997; Thomas et al., 1999), from the Pondaung fauna(Southeast Asia) makes it sure that mammals could migrate between Southeast Asia andAfrica/West Eurasia in the middle to late Eocene time through the Turgai Straight and the
Tethys Sea which had already been relatively shallow (Holroyd and Maas, 1994; Ducrocq,
1994, 1997, 1999;Ducrocqetal.,

1995).

46

5. Summary and Conclusions
The purposes of this paper are; ( 1) to determine the radiometric age of the Pondaung
fauna; (2) to reconstruct the Pondaung mammal fauna; and (3) to clarify the mammal
faunal evolution in the middle to late Eocene of southern East Asia including Myanmar.
1) The radiometric age, 37.2 ± 1.3 (1 sigma) Ma, for the Pondaung fauna wascalculated by the fission-track analysis for the zircon grains obtained from the "Upper
Member" of the Pondaung Formation. This value corresponds to the latest middle Eocene
age (Woodbume and Swisher, 1995), which is consistent with the geologic age, middle
to late Eocene, suggested by previous studies based on the paleontological evidences(Pilgrim and Cotter, 1916; Pilgrim, 1925, 1928; Colbert, 1938; Holroyd and Ciochon,
1994, 1995).
2) The Pondaung fauna includes mammals of six orders, 16 families and 21 genera:
Order Primates
Pondaungia
Amphipithecus
Bahinia
Anthropoidea gen. nov.
Creodonta
Hyaenodontidae gen. nov.
"Pterodon"
Rodentia
Phiomyidae gen. nov.
Artiodactyla
Anthracotherium
Pakkokuhyus
lndomeryx
Artiodactyla gen. nov.
Perissodacty la
Sivatitanops?Metatelmatherium
Bunobrontops
Ceratomorpha family et genus indet.

47

Cf. Ilianodon
Paramynodon
Amynodontidae genus indet.
Indolophus
Deperetella
Order indeterminated (Ungulata)
Hsanotherium3) The classification of the Pondaung anthracotheres, which was the most dominantmammal in the Pondaung fauna, was reviewed, referring to one genus (Anthracotherium)and four species (A. pangan, A. rubricum, A. birmanicus, and A. tenuis). Comparedwith other Anthracotherium species discovered from localities of Asia and Europe, thePondaung species are oldest in age and primitive in morphology, and show high degreeof morphological variation, suggesting that the genus might have originated in Southeast
Asia as early as the middle Eocene.
4) The paleoenvironment of the Pondaung fauna is estimated as subtropical/tropicalforest with large rivers, located near the sea shore (probably of the Tethys Sea) based on
the following evidences: ( 1) there are many herbivorous mammals with brachyodontmolars (e.g. brontotheres) but few species with hypsodont teeth, suggesting the existenceof soft-leaves eaters rather than hard-grasses ones; (2) there are several primitive
anthropoid primates, which are considered to be arboreal and frugivorous animals,
indicating forest environment; (3) there are several species of anthracotheres and ametamynodontine amynodont, which are considered to have lived in the riverside; (4) thelower part of the Pondaung Formation is dominated by marine deposits, and theformations below and above the Pondaung Formation are marine deposits; and (5) the
result of a cenogram analysis suggested the similarity of the Pondaung fauna to Recent
faunas in the tropical forests.
5) The Pondaung fauna was referred to the Sharamurunian EALMA by using the AEO
method. In the result of AEO analysis, the Paleogene EALMAs can be identified asfollows from early Paleocene to late Oligocene in order: Shanghuan, Nongshanian,Gashatan, Bumbanian (Lingchan of Tong et al. (1995)), Irdinmanhan (including
Arshantan), Sharamurunian (including a part of Naduan), Ergilian (including
Ulangochuian and a part of Naduan), Hsandagolian (Ulantatalian of Tong et al. (1995) ),48

and Tabenbulakian EALMAs (Figure 16; Table 5). The combination of the absolute age of
the Pondaung Formation and more detailed correlation among East Asian Paleogene
mammal faunas would establish the EALMAs in the future.
6) The Pondaung fauna correlates well to some Southern East Asian faunas,
especially to the middle/late Eocene Naduo fauna (the Guangxi Province, southern China),
which shares five genera and four species with the Pondaung fauna. However, there is no
special resemblances between the Pondaung fauna and the contemporaneous northern
East Asian faunas. In the later Eocene, the faunas of the southern East Asia arecharacterized by the dominance of artiodactyls compared with perissodactyls, while, incontrast, in the northern East Asian faunas perissodactyls are still more dominant thanartiodactyls both in the taxonomic and populational respects. This contrast is consistent
with the inference of this study that the anthracothere artiodactyls might have originated inSoutheast Asia as early as the middle Eocene.
7) Although there is no clearly congeneric taxa between the Pondaung fauna and thecontemporaneous mammal faunas of North America, the Krabi fauna shares somecarnivorous mammals, such as Miacis (Miacidae; Carnivora) and Nimravus andHoplophoneus (Nimravidae; Carnivora), with the contemporaneous North American
faunas (Ducrocq et al., 1995; McKenna and Bell, 1997; Peigne et al., 2000), suggestingfaunal exchanges between East (or Southeast) Asia and North America at that time. On theother hand, diverse primitive anthropoids, phiomyid rodent, or Anthracotherium sharedby the Pondaung fauna and the late Eocene to early Oligocene faunas of Africa/West
Eurasia (Europe and West Asia) suggest mammal migrations between Southeast/East Asia
and Africa/West Eurasia, which was accomplished probably across the shallowed Turgai
Straight and Tethys Sea, at that time.

49

Acknowledgments
Throughout the course of this study I have received assistance, comments, andencouragement from many people. I would like to express my thanks to the Myanmar
Government for granting my study of the fossil specimens. I would like to express mysincere gratitude to Colonel Than Tun, Major Bo Bo and other personnel of the Office ofStrategic Studies, Ministry of Defence, Union of Myanmar for their guidance and help in
the field. Thanks are also due to the curators of the National Museum of the Union of
Myanmar who helped us in working at that institution, and to Messrs. Soe Thura Tun(Dagon University), Aung Naing Soe (University of Yangon) and Maung Maung(Mandalay University), and Drs. Aye Ko Aung (Dagon University) and Tin Thein(University of Pathein) who also helped me in the field and at the museum.
I am grateful to Profs. Takeshi Setoguchi, Fujio Masuda and Masao Kitamura, andDrs. Hidetoshi Kamiya, Hiroshige Matsuoka, Atsushi Yamaji, Haruyoshi Maeda,
Tetsuya Sakai, and Akira Miyake (Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Kyoto
University) for their critical discussion and guidance of this study, and for their help inmaking this paper. I am also grateful to my colleagues, especially Messrs. Nao
Kusuhashi, Tadashi Araya, Bunji Tojo, Toshifumi Komatsu Takefumi Shibuya andHajime Naruse and Ms. Yukiko Tachibana, of the Department of Geology andMineralogy (Kyoto University) for their critical discussion and help in making this paper.
I am indebted to Prof. Nobuo Shigehara and Dr. Masanaru Takai (Kyoto University
Primate Research Institute), and Dr. Naoko Egi (National Science Museum of Japan) for
their help in the field, critical reading of the manuscript and critical discussion. Dr.
Patricia A. Holroyd (UCMP) and Dr. John Alexander (AMNH) helped me in working at
UCMP and AMNH, respectively, and gave me critical discussions. Dr. Yukimitsu
Tomida (National Science Museum of Japan) also helped me in collecting literatures. Dr.
John Alroy (National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University ofCalifornia) kindly carried out his original CONJUNCT program for the AEO analysis,gave me critical discussions, and sent me his papers and a manuscript in press.
This research was supported by the Overseas Scientific Research Funds (No.
09041161 to Nobuo Shigehara) and Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows (No. 9714 to
Takehisa Tsubamoto) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture ofJapan (Monbusho ).

50

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(in Chinese with English abstract)64

95° E

96° E

Mogaung area

22° NI'I r. ..-DD
Bahm area
4.
Pangan area
0-....

• ..._'<J'\

o.~
~\.
~

rr,.~

\_'\,c,.'b-Myingyanc.r,21° N---____.

Andaman Sea

Map ofMyanmar
050km

Map of Pondaung area
500
km

A

B

Figure 1. A, map of Myanmar showing the location of the Pondaung area. B, map of the Pondaung area showing thelocation of the three main regions of fossil local ities . Black circle, cities.

.......
......

s
19° N

N
20° N

21° N

22° N

....

--

23° N

[m]
2000
0--...

er--.

0

Figure 2. Eocene geological section of the stratigraphy of the Eocene deposits in central Myanmar (after Stamp, 1922;
Holroyd and Ciochon, 1994).

Stratigraphy

Fossils
Nummulites yawensis, Discocyclina sella,
Operculina sp. cf.
canalifera,
IJII,upper Eocene
Ve/ates perversus

Yaw Formation
I . . -• (Yaw Shale)
C ,n''°"";rr:)';,·,'}.'l,!_,,,,::,, ""',.ii;

0~
.:; 0
ca -,nE... "C
0C

u. en
ca

g,c,

o.

,l ~,,,,,,;'_;;,,~

11

Lower Member"'*-MOO'i;;<N!@@IW@!./'?
d£QiJ , ,,;;;1.;'s,:;>;_,,c,I'!,;,.,,;.,-4<·,>',c .:k·,~.;;

Occasional marine molluscs::, C

ca ::ss ~a. r

"C ca
O",

-::J

a. 0

I

I

,:::::;

Tabyin Formation(Tabyin Clay)

Nummulites acutus

Tilin Formation(Tilin Sandstone)

Fossils rare

Laungshe Formation(Laungshe Shale)------ilJII,•

Uthothamnia, Globorotalia, ___.
Nummulites atacicus

Indian Khirthar stage= Lutetian-equivalent=middle Eocene

lower to middle Eocene

Figure 3. Generalized schematic diagram swu ary of the stratigraphy of the Eocene deposits in central Myanmar. The data are
based on Stamp (1922), Eames (1951), Bender (1983), Holroyd and Ciochon (1994), and Aye Ko Aung (1999).

22° N94° 45' E
Mindaingbin

Padaukkon••

Thamingyauk

21 •
45'N

I

,...'

I

10 km

Village or town

\

Road

e Fossil locality

f

River

•

Figure 4. Local topographic map of Pondaung area in Myaing and Pale
Township, central Myanmar, showing some fossil localities (after Aye Ko Aung,1999). The words with underline indicate the name of the fossil localities.

94° 40' E,

Sinzwe,,,,-.... i-hadut
;

;

I

21 °
45'N

'

'

'
I

,
I

2km
•

Village or town

\

Road

e Fossil locality
Figure 5. Detailed local topographic map of Babin area in Myaing Township,
central Myanmar (after Pondaung Fossil Expedition Team, 1997). The words
with underline indicate the name of the fossil localities.

•

Village or town

e Fossil locality

94° 50'E\

Road

Thamingyauk'

Tmk~
, ,]
.,,.,,,

I

\

I

,

I

I

I
I

I

I

I

Okpo

-..-~

I
I

PGN2,

'

Pangan,_._Than-u-daw

2 km

Figure 6. Detailed local topographic map of Pangan area in Myaing Township,
central Myanmar, showing fossil localities (after Pondaung Fossil Expedition
Team, 1997). The words with underline indicate the name of the fossil localities.

'!o

21 •
50'N

2 km
Yillage or town

\

Road

e Fossil locality

f

River

•

Figure 7. Detailed local topographic map of Mogaung area in Pale Township,
central Myanmar, showing fossil localities (after Pondaung Fossil Expedition
Team, 1997). The words with underline indicate the name of the fossil localities.

'! I

cm
450

Approx. location - lat. 21° 45 .291' N
long. 94° 38.208' E

400

=

=
=

Legend350~ Cross bedding=

Planar laminations
Silty unit

300

250

0

Concretions

D

Sand

D

Mud

200

Tuff bed ___. 37.2 + 1.3 Ma
150

100

50 ,......,........_....,

Coarse-grained Sand
Medium-grained Sand
Fine-grained Sand
Very fine-grained Sand
Silt
Clay

Figure 8. Columnar section around the tuff bed of the "Upper Member" of the

Pondaung Formation at Pkl locality (Figure 4).

6 .--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-,

5 ~

<> .
<> <>

A

~

M.

,.-...

~

Uv

S 4 -

s

.._.
..c
.....

A

'"O

••

·~ 3

+

2 ~

A

A

0

0

X

•••

<><>
<>

<>
I
I

'
i

0

i

x pl 4 of I. cotteri 1o ml 1 of I. cotteri ifl. ml2 of I. cotteri<>ml3 of I. cotteri+ pl 4 of I. arenae• ml 1 of I. arenae• ml2 of I. arenaeX+~_ml3 ofL arenae

I

1
4

5

6

7

8
9
Length (mm)

10

11

12

13

Figure 9. Size distribution of P4 and lower molars of Indomeryx from the Pondaung fauna.

Creodonta
Primates2%

Rodentia
1%
Ungutata indet.
2%

NMMP-KU dental specimens
N = 419

Anthracotheriidae(Artiodactyla)
46%

Preissodactyla
37%

Other Artiodactyla
9%Figure 10. The ratios of the numbers of the identified NMMP-KU dental
material of the Pondaung fauna . Total =419 material.

14

Pilgrim andCotter (1916)
Anthracohyus choeroides~ Anthracohyus

Holroyd andCiochon (1995)

Colbert (1938)

Pilgrim (1928)~

choeroides

Anthracohyus choeroides

Anthracohyus rubricae ~Anthracohyus palustris -----

Anthracothema rubricae~ Anthracothema rubricae~ Anthracothema palustre~ Anthracothema pangan.

Anthracotherium pangan~ Anthracothema pangan _J

Anthracotherium crassum~ Anthracothema crassumt?

~ (Anthracothema crassum)~

V,

Anthracokeryx birmanicus ~ Anthracokeryx moriturus~

Anthracokeryx moriturus

Anthracokeryx tenuis ~ Anthracokeryx birmanicus ~ Anthracokeryx birmanicus
Anthracokeryx hospes ~Anthracokeryx bambusae
Anthracokeryx tenuis]... Anthracokeryx tenuist?

Anthracokeryx myaingensis~

Anthracokeryx ulnifer
Anthracokeryx? /ahirii(Anthracokeryx ulnifer)------.
Anthracokeryx? lahirii----~•

Pakkokuhyus /ahirii (Helohyidae)

Figure 11. The classifications used in several previous studies for the Pondaung anthracotheres.

25

25

~

20

•

'?
E

~

~

20

•

'?

•••t•
• ••

E

15

~15

.
~.
•••

.....

~

10
5
5

10

15

...

.....

"O

••••

"O

••• •
• •••

~

10

•

5
25

20

5

10

15

~

so

35

°'25

0

E
E

•••

~15
.....

"O

~

@]

30

,__20

••

••
•••

1120
~

15

5
5

10

15
Length (mm)

20

25

40
E
.....
~ 25

•

10
10

•

~ 30

•

•

•

·~#

20

•

•••••
••
••

.• ....
.. .
•

E 3s

i•

._,
.c

0

45

•

• • ••~.
•'?E 2s1020

Length (mm )Length (mm)

••

15
10

15

20

25

30

10

15

20

Length (mm)Figure 12. Size distribution of p3-4 and upper molars of the anthracotheres from the Pondaung fauna .

25

Length (mm)

30

35

40

1S
15

E 10
5
~

t

••

s

•

~

E
E

~

·~

..<::

....
"O

.
•

~

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....

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10

1S

20

25

s

10

Length (mm )

20

~

s

~

.

•

0

s

15

20

25

Length (mm)

30

\+

[M,l,
\.

___

1S

-::J

...

._.•

..<::

0

-·

~

10

• •
.t*•

E
:;; 10

..

....

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--···-~--·~. +:i(1.···)

•

E' 20
5

--

--

..<::

....

~ 15

,

s

~

25

'. + I

-

E'

'

10

0

s

10

1S
Length (mm)

20

25

s
10

•'

,.
•

\:.. •
• ••

30

•
•

25

•

lM3 !

E'
20
E

•
..
•
~·

....

.. '

....

•*

..<::

:2 1S

s:

10 ~

s
1S

20

25

30

35

1S

20

25

Length (mm)Figure 13. Size distribution of P3_4 and lower molars of the anthracotheres from the Pondaung fauna.

30

35

40

Length (mm)

45

so

55

_

15
14
13
12

Cenogram of Lamto, Ivory Coast, Africa (mosaic of forest and savana)

Cenogram of Mont Kivu, Zaire, Africa (tropical forest)

16

19
18

t•

17

••
•••

..............
:---

~11

j: 10

.

---_

Cl

"iii
~

0

8 kg

~··!•t.

.!:- -•500 g

16
15
14
13
12

11
10
9
8

I•

•

·...

--

-~..:..:::···•·•••••••·•••···••·•••·••·
..

-

-

-

-

-

________.....

-....._._____.......

I

80

85

•

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

10

Species arranged by size

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

-:J
O<:)

Cenogram of Gabrio, Ruwanda, Africa (savanna)
16
15
14
13
12
11

10

I•

··.......

..

_··_··_··__.·-.- - - - - - - - - - - -

--

10
9

..
················ •••
10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Cenogram of McKittrick, California , USA (semi-arid -

•

...•

50

desert)...,________ _
--

...
45

16
15
14
13
12
11

.......

1015.........
20

Figure 14. Cenograms of the Recent faunas (after Legendre, 1989).

25

30

15
14
13
12

--

a,11
+- 10
..c
.Ql 9
Q)

~
~

-0

8

£7

••

•••

••••

-------------

•• •

-----

.-••-•-.......

--------------- -----------

8 kg_g6 ' - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ... - - - - - - - - -,soog

-

•

O 5
C 4

3
2
1
0 '--~~~~~~~~--'~~~~--"~~~~----~~~~-----~~~~--'
10
15
20
0
5
25
30

Species arranged by size

Figure 15. Cenogram of the Pondaung fauna .

EALMAs (a)Standard
StagesMa

25,_

NALMAsQ)

Q)

C

rnChattianQ)

Arikareean

ELMAs

0

0

ct!

Q)

Whitneyan

EALMAs (b)(This paper)

Tabenbulakian

1 abenbulakian

Hsandagolian

Hsandagolian

Arvernian(.)

30,_ .Ql >,,_ Rupelian(forgetal ., 1995;
IVeng&McKema,1998;
lirg , 1998)

SuevianOrellan

35 -Q)

rnPriabonian Chadronian

Headonian

Ergilian
Ulangochuian

Ergilian(Naduan)Bartonian

40 Q)

Q)

C "O
Q)
(.)

··· ······· ···· ·-· ·Sharamurunian Sharamurunian

Duchesnean
Uintan

"O

.E
0

45-w

Rhenanian

Lutetianlrdinmanhan
Arshantan

Bridgerian

50 -

>,

-;::
ct!

Ypresian

Q)

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Neustrian

55 Q)
Q)

C

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-cri

(.)

60 - 0Q)Th anti an
Selandianct! >,

a.. ,_
ct!
Q)

65

lrdinmanhan

Dani an

Tiffani an
Torrejonian

Cernaysian"DanoMontian"Bumbanian

BumbanianGashatan

GashatanNongshanianNongshanian

Shanghuan

Shanghuan

P11.orrc-om

Figure 16. Paleogene standard stages and Paleogene Land Mammal Ages of North
America (NALMAs) , Europe (ELMAs) and East Asia .(EALMA s). The data ofstandard stage and NALMAs are taken from Woodburne and Swisher (1995), thoseof ELMAs are from McKenna and Bell (1997). EALMAs (a) are those compiled
from Tong et al. (1995), Meng and McKenna (1998) and Ting (1998) , andEALMAs (b) are those preliminary suggested in this paper.

140° E
100° E\\\

Figure 17. Location map of the 29 middle to late Eocene mammal faunas of

East Asia used for "Fauna! comparison" (Tables 3, 6). Southern faunas: 1,
Pondaung fauna; 2, Krabi fauna; 3, Xiangshan fauna (Lijiang fauna); 4, Lower
and Upper Lumeiyi faunas; 5, Caijiachong fauna; and 6, Dongjun, Naduo and
Gongkang faunas. Middle faunas: 7, Huangzhuang fauna (Qufu fauna); 8,
Shanghuang fauna; 9, Rencun and Zhaili faunas (lower and upper Heti faunas);
10, Lower and Upper Lushi faunas; and 11, Hetaoyuan fauna. Northernfaunas: 12, Kholboldzhi-Nur fauna; 13, Arshanto fauna and lrdin Manha fauna

at lrdin Manha; 14, lrdin Manha fauna at Camps Margetts and Urtyn Obo fauna;
15, Ulan Shireh, Shara Murun and Ulan Gochu faunas; 16, Khaychin (II, III, V)

fauna; 17, Chaganbulage fauna; 18, Sevkhul and Ergilin faunas at Khoer Dzan;
19, Ergilin fauna at Ergilin Dzo.

&I

Southern East Asia

Middle East Asia

Northern East Asia

100%

..
...
80 %

I

--

..
~

..

I'•

I'•

""

-

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60 %

40%

20 %

0%
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E en
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en
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C:

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D "Archaic mammals"
II Acreodi
Primates• creodonta• carnivora

D Rodentia + Lagomorpha• Artiodactyla• Perissodactyla

Figure 18. Fauna! composition of the 29 mammal faunas of the middle to late
Eocene of East Asia (Figure 17; Table 3, 6, 9). The compositions are calculated
based on the genus numbers. The faunas are basically ordered from the left(earlier age) to right (later age) in each regions (southern, middle, and northernfaunas) based mainly on the previous studies (e.g., Russell and Zhai, 1987) and
AEO results in this paper .

C:

0

"O

.0

0
.0

N

0

Northern East Asia

Middle East Asia

Southern East Asia

100%

80%

60%

40%

':::x>Uv• Artiodactyla• Perissodactyla

20%

0%
·;;.

C

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Figure 19. The ratios of the generic numbers of the Perissodactyla vs. Artiodactyla, among the 29 mammal faunas (Figure 17; Table
3, 6, 9). The compositions are calculated by the genus numbers. The faunas are basically ordered from the left (earlier age) to right(later age) in each regions (southern, middle, and northern faunas) based mainly on the previous studies (e.g., Russell and Zhai,
1987) and AEO results in this paper.

Table 1. Fossil localities in the Pondaung Formation visited in 1998 and 1999.

CQ~

Locality

GPS data

Research dateBahin area (Figs. 1, 4, 5)
Bhl (Yashe Kyitchaung) (Fig. 5)
Bh2 (Fig. 5)
Bh3 (Fig. 5)
Bh4 (Fig. 5)
Bh5 (Fig. 5)
Pkl ("Humerus Site") (Tuff bed) (Fig. 5)
Pk2 (Fig. 5)
Pk3 (Fig. 5)
Pk4 (Fig. 5)
Pk5 (Fig. 5)
Pk6 (Fig. 5)
Pk7 (Fig. 5)

N 21 ° 44' 13.3", E 94° 38' 13.1"
N 21 ° 44' 23.8", E 94° 38' 00.4"
N 21° 44' 19.6", E 94° 38' 10.4"
N 21 ° 43' 38.9", E 94° 38' 30.3"
not available
N 21° 45' 08.4", E 94° 38' 11.2"
N 21° 45' 15.8", E 94° 39' 13.5"
N 21° 45' 15.8", E 94° 39' 21.0"
N 21 ° 45' 10.3", E 94° 38' 50.2"
N 21 ° 45' 23.6", E 94° 38' 22.2"
not available
not available

6, 7 and 11/Nov./1998; 13/Nov./1999
7 /Nov./1998; 13/Nov./1999
7 /Nov./1998
7 and 11/Nov./1998; 13/Nov./1999
13/Nov./1999
8/Nov./ 1998; 14/Nov./ 1999
9/Nov./1998; 15, 16 and 17 /Nov./1999
9/Nov./1998; 16/Nov./1999
10/Nov./1998
10/Nov./1998
14/Nov./1999
14/Nov./1999

Pangan area (Figs. 1, 4, 6)
PGNl (Fig. 6)
PGN2 (Taungni Kyitchaung) (Fig. 6)
Tmk (Fig. 6)
MGGN (near Magyigon Village) (Fig. 4)
Mta (near Minthagya Village) (Fig. 4)

N 21° 42' 47.6", E 94° 49' 16.3"
N 21 ° 42' 31.6", E 94° 48' 45.6"
N 21 ° 45' 28. 7", E 94° 50' 18.3"
N 21° 45' 28.7", E 94° 50' 18.3"
not available

12, 13 and 15/Nov./1998; 19/Nov./1999
14 and 15/Nov./1998; 20/Nov./1999
13/Nov./1998
14/Nov./1998
19 and 21/Nov./1999

Mogaung area (Figs. 1, 4, 7)
Lma (Lema Kyitchaung) (Fig. 7)
Thdn (Thandaung Kyitchaung) (Fig. 7)

N21° 57'06.7",E94°
32'14.4"
N 21° 57' 49.6", E 94° 32' 37.2"

17 and 19/Nov./1998; 6 and 8/Nov./1999
18/Nov./1998; 7 and 9/Nov./1999

Table 2. Analytical results of fission-trackdating on zircon samples from the "UpperMember"of the Pondaung

Formationat Pkl locality.
Sample name~0,-

Pkl tuffn75

Spontaneous

Inducedp s (NS)pi (N;)(X 106 cm-2)(X 10" cm-2)

3.40 (4221)

1.44 (1783)

P( x 2)uPct (Nct)Age(± 1 a)(%)(X 10-1cm-2)

(Ma)

38

8.524 (2619)

Dosimeter

r

0.749

140

37.2 ± 1.3

MethodEDln = number of crystals counted.
p and N = the density and the total number of fission tracks counted, respectively.
Analysis was made by the external method using geometry factors of 0.5 for 2n /4n (EDl).
Age was calculated using a dosimeter glass SRM612 and a calibration factor i;: (EDl) = 370 ± 4.
P( x 2) = the probability of obtaining the observed x 2-value for u degrees of freedom (where u = number of crystals - 1).
r = correlation coefficient between p s and p ;.
U = uranium content.
Sample was irradiated using TRIGA MARK II reactor of the St. Paul's University (Rikkyo Daigaku) in Japan.
The sample were analyzed byT. Danhara of Kyoto Fission-Track Co., Ltd.

Table 3. Mammalian list of the Pondaung fauna.

C()

Primates
Anthropoidea
Eosimiidae
Bahinia pondaungensis
Amphipithecidae
Amphipithecus mogaungensis
Pondaungia cotteri
Family indet.
Anthropoidea gen. et sp. nov.

0-....

Creodonta
Hyaenodontidae
Hyaenodontidae gen. et sp. nov.
11Pterodon II dahkoensis
Roden tia
Phiomyidae
Phiomyidae gen. et sp. nov.
Ungulata
Order et family indet.
Hsanotherium parvum

Artiodactyla
Family indet.
Artiodactyla gen. et sp. nov.
cf. Artiodactyla gen. et sp. nov.
Sui form es
Anthracotheriidae
Anthracotherium pangan
Anthracotherium rubricum
Anthracotherium birmanicus
Anthracotherium tenuis
Helohyidae
Pakkokuhyus lahirii
Ruminantia
Family indet.
Indomeryx cotteri
Indomeryx arenae
cf. Indomeryx cotteri

Perissodactyla
Brontotheriidae
Sivatitanops cotteri
Sivatitanops birmanicum
Metatelmatherium? lahirii
Bunobrontops savagei
Ceratomorpha
Fam. indet.
Ceratomorpha indet.
Rhinocerotoidea
Hyracodontidae
cf. llianodon lunanensis
Amynodontidae
Paramynodon birmanicus
Amynodontidae indet.
Tapiroidea
Fam. indet.
Indolophus guptai
Deperetellidae
Deperetella birmanica

Table 4. Estimated body weights of the mammals of the Pondaung fauna used forthe cenogram analysis. Most of the mean body weight of the each Pondaung species
was estimated from the M 1 area (i.e., length X width) using regression parameters
taken from Legendre (1989, table 1). The mean body weights of Amphipithecus
mogaungensis, Pondaungia cotteri and Anthropoidea gen. et sp. nov. are from

Takai (pers. com.).
Mammal species

Estimated body weight (kg)Sivatitanops birmanicum
Sivatitanops cotteri
Metatelmatherium ? lahirii
Bunobrontops savagei
Paramynodon birmanicus
Anthracotherium pangan
Amynodontidae indet.
cf. Ilianodon lunanensis
Anthracotherium rubricum
Anthracotherium birmanicus
Deperetella birmanica
Indolophus guptai
Anthracotherium tenuis
Pakkokuhyus lahirii
Amphipithecus mogaungensis
Pondaungia cotteri
Artiodactyla gen. et sp. nov.
cf. Artiodactyla gen. et sp. nov.
cf. lndomeryx cotteri
Indomeryx cotteri
Indomeryx arenae
Hsanotherium parvum
Anthropoidea gen. et sp. nov.
Bahinia pondaungensis
Phiomyidae gen. et sp. nov.

2240
1430
810
650
460
237
190
131
130
59.4
46.1
29.2
16.1
8.82
8.60
8.00
6.33
6.05
4.34
3.93
2.32
1.58
1.50
0.452
0.143

8'7

Table 5. Resultant sequence of the East Asian Paleogene mammal faunas by appearance event ordination (AEO).

.;

en
00

Estimated
age
in Ma

Mean
event
number

23.9
24.7
26.2
28.5
31.1
31.5
32.1
32.1
32.1
32.2
32.2
32.5
32.7
32.8
32.9
33.4
33.9
34.0
34.1
34.2
34.6
34.8
34.8
34.9
35.0

724.5
716.5
701.5
679.5
654.5
650.5
641.5
639.5 ·
638
637.5
637.5
617
610.5
605
596.5
568.5
546.5
539.5
534.5
525.5
507.5
498.5
496
491.5
484.5

Minimum Maximum Number ofStratigraphy
event
event
genera+place
order
numbernumbers_1:>_ecies
724
716
701
679
654
650
641
637
596
637
637
596
610
568
596
568
546
539
534
525
507
498
484
491
484

725
717
702
680
655
651
642
642
680
638
638
638
611
642
597
569
547
540
535
526
508
499
508
492
485

21
24
24
37
57
19
25
27
4
80
16
8
50
7
57
26
14
12
7
22
41
18
6
17
22

Taben
NeiM1
Taben
Hsand
Hsand

3
3
2
5
5

---

-

---

----Hsand----Ulant
Taben--NeiM1
NeiM1
Ulant

----HsandHsand----NeiM2

Fauna

EALMA

Lower_Taben_Bulak_(Yindirte)_fauna
Yikebulage_fauna
T abenbulakian
Upper Shargaltein (Shihchiangtzuku) fauna
Zavlia_{Shand_Mbr)_fauna
Ulaan_Khongil_(Shand_Mbr)_fauna
Hsanda_Gol_f auna_at_Tsagan-Obo- Khatan-Khayrkhan_fauna
Hsanda_Gol_fauna_at_Shunkht
Shuidonggou_fauna
Ulaan_Khongil_{Tatal_Mbr)_fauna
4
Tsakhir _fauna
Hsandagolian
Qingshuiying_fauna
Ulantatal_fauna
2
Lower_Shargaltein_(Wutaoyayu)_fauna
1- Saint-Jacques_fauna
Wulanbulage_{upper)_fauna
2
Wulanbulage_{lower)_fauna
1
1 . Kekeamu fauna
Houldjin_fauna- Caijiachong_fauna
Ergilin_member_fauna_at_Ergilin_Dzo
22
Ergilin_member_fauna_at_Khoer _Dzan- Baron_Sog_fauna
Urtyn_(Erden)_Obo_fauna
Ulan_Gochu_fauna
5Ergilian

-

-

-

-

(Continued )Table 5.

co
(.0

35.2
35.5
35.7
35.7
35.8
35.9
35.9
36.6
36.6
36.8
36.9
37.0
37.2
37.2
38.0
38.4
39.2
39.9
40.3
40.4
41.0
41.7
42.3
42.5
43.1
43.8
44.4
45.2
46.1
46.7
47.3

473.5
457.5
446.5
446.5
442.5
439.5
434.5
397.5
397.5
391.5
385.5
379.5
367.5
367.5
353.5
346.5
333.5
321.5
314.5
312.5
302.5
289.5
280.5
276.5
265.5
254.5
244.5
230.5
214.5
204.5
194.5

473
457
446
446
442
439
434
397
397
385
385
379
367
367
353
346
333
321
314
312
302
289
214
276
265
254
244
230
214
204
194

474
458
447
447
443
440
435
398
398
398
386
380
368
368
354
347
334
322
315
313
303
290
347
277
266
255
245
231
215
205
195

36
12
27
21
4
6 .
9
41
67
7
13
42
34
36
7
50
17
37
22

Hsand

1

-----

-

Bose
Lunan

3
3

---

-

Wulid
Heti
Heti

2
2
1

---

-

Wulid
Lunan
Bose

1
2
2

---

-

Lushi

3

---

-

Bose

1

-----

-

-

10

Turp2

2

35
46
3
32
10
53
51
74
31
7
29

---

-

Lushi

2

---

-

Lunan

1

-----

-

NeiM2

4

-----

-

Lushi
NeiM2

1
4

Sevkhul_fauna_at_Khoer_Dzan
Chaganbulage_fauna
Krabi_fauna
Gongkang_fauna
Xiaotun_fauna
Changxindian_fauna
Wulidui fauna
Zhaili_fauna
Rencun_fauna
Jiyuan_fauna
Lishigou_fauna
Upper_Lumeiyi_fauna
Naduo_fauna
Pondaung_fauna
Chugouyu_fauna
Shara Murun fauna
Dongjun_fauna
Shanghuang_fauna
Huangzhuang_fauna
Liankan_fauna
Xiangshan_fauna
Upper_Lushi_fauna
Jeminay_fauna
Lower_Lumeiyi_fauna
Lizhuang_fauna
Ulan_Shireh_faunalrdin_Manha_fauna_at_lrdin_Manha
Hetaoyuan_fauna
Khaychin_(ll,_111,_V)_fauna
Lower_Lushi_faunalrdin_Manha_fauna_at_Camps_Margetts(Continued )Sharamurunian

lrdinmanhan

Table 5.

'°
0

47.6
49.0
49.3
50.2
50.4
50.4
51.0
51.0
51.0
51.0
51.0
52.0
52.4
54.2
54.5
55.1
55.5
55.7
56.0
57.0
57.0
59.0
59.7
59.7
60.2
60.2
60.8
61.3
61.3
61.9
62.4

188.5
165.5
159.5
144.5
140.5
· 140.5
130.5
130.5
130.5
130.5
130.5
121.5
117.5
100.5
97.5
92
88.5
86.5
83.5
74.5
74.5
55.5
49.5
49.5
44.5
44.5
39.5
34.5
34.5
28.5
24.5

188
165
159
144
140
140
130
130
130
130
130
121
117
100
97
83
88
55
83
74
74
55
49
49
44
44
39
34
34
28
24

189
166
160
145
141
141
131
131
131
131
131
122
118
101
98
101
89
118
84
75
75
56
50
50
45
45
40
35
35
29
25

63
22
30
9
16
7
2
2
1
36
8
30
7
27
4
7
33
2
22
25
20
13
8
12
10
6
17
23
2
8
30

NeiM2

---

3

-

---------

-

Khash
Khash
Naran
Naran
Turp1

3
2
4
3
2

---

---

-

Naran
Turp1

2
1

-

-

---

-

NeiM2
Chiji
NeiM2
Khash
Naran
Turp2
Chiji
Oians

2
4
1
1
1
1
3
5

-----

-

Chiji
Nanxi
Nanx)
Qians
Qi ans232
43

Arshanto_fauna
Kholboldzhi-Nur _fauna
Guanzhuang fauna
Yuhuangding_fauna
Limuping_(Lingcha)_fauna
Akasaki_fauna
Gashato_Mbr_lll_fauna
Gashato_Mbr_ll_fauna
Aguyt_fauna
Bumban_(Tsagan_Khushu)_fauna
Shisanjianfang_fauna
Wutu_fauna
Xinyu fauna
Naran_fauna
Dabu_fauna
Khaychin-Ula_l_fauna
Bayan_Ulan_fauna
Pinghu_fauna
Nomogen_fauna
Gashato_Mbr_l_fauna
Zhigden fauna
Taizicun_fauna
Wangwu_fauna
Upper_Doumu_fauna
ShuangtasUauna_at_Xuancheng
Shuangtasi_fauna_at_ Tongling
Lannikeng_fauna
Datang_fauna
Zhunguikeng_fauna
Lower Doumu fauna
Upper_Wanghudun_fauna(Continued )BumbanianGash at an

NongshanianTable 5.
63.3
63.7
63.8
64.1
64.1

~
I-',

15.5
12
11.5
8.5
8.5

15
8
11
8
8.

16
16

12
9
9

19
2
11
34
9

Qians
Chiji

1
1

Nanxi

1

Lower_Wanghudun_fauna
Shizikou_fauna
Zaoshi_fauna
Shanghu_fauna
Fangou_fauna

I Shanghuan

Table 6 . Lists of 28 mammal faunas of the middle to late Eocene East Asia used for"Faunal comparison" section. The data are based mainly on Li and Tong ( 1983 ), Russell
and Zhai ( 1987), Tong ( 1989), Ducrocq et al. ( 1995), and Meng and McKenna ( 1998).
The number in the parenthesis posterior to each faunal names indicate the regional number
shown in Figure 17. For the additional data source, see in the square brackets of eachfaunal list ([references; formation and region]).

Table 6. (6-1)
Southern East Asian faunas:
Krabi fauna (2)[Ducrocqet al. (1995, 1996, 1997, 1998), Chaimanee
et al. (1997), Ducrocq (1999) Peigne et al. (2000),
Tsubamoto (2000 = this paper); Krabi basin, southern
Thailand]
Dermoptera
Cynocephalidae
Dermotherium major
Insectivora
Fam. indet.
Chiroptera
Megachiroptera
Pteropodidae
gen. et sp. indet.
Primates
Anthropoidea
Propliopithecidae
Wailekia orientale
Wailekia sp.
Amphipithecidae
Siamopithecus eocaenus
Carnivora
Miacidae
Miacis thailandicus?Mustelidae indet.
?Procyonidae indet.
Nimravidae
Nimravus sp. cf. N. mongoliensis
Nimravus sp. cf. N. intermedius
Hoplophoneus sp.
Caniformia indet.
Rodentia
Ctenodactyloidea indet.
Fam. indet. 1
Fam. indet. 2
Artiodactyla
Tayassuidae
Egatochoerus jaegeri
SuidaeSiamochoerus banmarkensis
Entelodontidae
gen. et sp. indet.
Anthracotheriidae
Siamotherium krabiense
Anthracotherium chaimanei

Anthracotherium thailandicus
Bothriogenys orientalis
Bothriogenys sp. cf. B. orientalis
Atopotherium bangmarkensis
Anthracotheriinae
gen. et sp. nov.
Helohyidae
Progenitohyus thailandicus
Ruminantia
Lophiomerycidae
gen. et sp. nov.
?Tragulidae
gen. etsp. nov.
Perissodactyla
Helaletidae
gen. etsp. nov.
?Hyracodontidae
gen. etsp. nov.

Dongjun fauna (6)[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983), Tong
(1989), Tsubamoto et al. (2000b); Dongjun Fm, Bose
Basin, southern China]
Pantodonta
Coryphodontidae
Eudinoceras crassum
Carnivora
Nimravidae
Eusmilus? s p.
AcreodiTriisodontidae
Andrewsarchus crassum
Artiodactyla
Anthracotheriidae
Probrachyodus? sp. nov.
Perissodactyla
Brontotheriidae
Metatelmatherium sp.
cf. Protitan sp.
Deperetellidae
Deperetella birmanica
Teleolophus sp.
Hyracodontidae
Forstercooperia sp.
llianodon?sp.
Prohyracodon s p.
Amynodontidae( Continued)

Table 6. (6-2)
cf. Gigantamynodon s p.
Amynodon sp.
cf. Paramynodon sp.

Naduo fauna (6)[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983), Tong
(1989), Ducrocq (1999), Tsubamoto (2000 = thispaper); Naduo Fm, Bose and Yongle Basins, southern
China]
Placentalia
Order et fam. indet.
Eodesmatodon spanios
Carnivora
Hemicionidae
Cephalogale sp. nov.
cf. Cephalogale sp.
Amphicyonidae
Guangxicynodon sinocalif o rniae
Phocoidea
Fam. indet.
Pachycynodon?sp. nov.
Creodonta
Hyaenodontidae
Propterodon? sp.
AcreodiMesonychidae
Guilestes acares
Guilestes sp. cf. G. acarescf. Harpagolestes sp.
Artiodactyla
Entelodontidae
indet.
Tayassuidae
gen. nov.
Suidaegen. nov. A
gen. nov. B?Choeropotamidae (?Helohyidae)
gen. nov.
Anthracotheriidae
Anthracotherium rubricum
Anthracotherium birmanicus
Anthracotherium s p.
"Bothriodon" chyelingensis
Heothema bellia
Heothema media
Ruminantia
Family indet.

Notomeryx besensis
Notomeryx major
lndomeryx cotteri
Gobiomeryx sp.
Tragulidae
indet.
Perissodactyla
Brontotheriidae
cf. Metatelmatherium? browni
Deperetellidae
Deperetella sp.
Eomoropidae
Eomoropus sp. cf. E. quadridentatus?Rhinocerotidae
Huananodon hui
Guixia simplex
Amynodontidae
Caenolophus sp.
Paramynodon s p.

Gongkang fauna (6)[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983), Tong
(1989), Tong and Zhao (1986), Qi and Beard (1998),
Ducrocq ( 1994b, 1999), Tsubamoto (2000 = thispaper); Gongkang Fm, Bose and Yongle basins,
southern China]
Carnivora
Felidae
Machairodontinae
gen. nov.
Nimravidae
Hoplophoneus? sp.
Primates
Sivaladapidae
Guangxilemur tongi
Artiodactyla
Tayassuidae"Eopecarihyus sp. nov."
SuidaeOdoichoerus uniconus
Anthracotheriidae
Anthracotherium gungkangensis
Anthracotherium sp.
"Bothriodon" tientongensis
Heothema media
Heothema chengbiensis
Ruminantia
Family indet.
cf. Indomeryx sp.

(Continued)

Table 6. (6-3)
Perissodactyla
Chalicotheriidae
Schizotherium nabanensis
Schizotherium sp.
?Rhinocerotidae
Huananodon hypsodonta
Guixia youjiangensis
Hyracodontidae
Forstercooperia sp. nov.

Lower Lumeiyi fauna (4)[Russell andZhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983), Tong
(1989); lower part ofLumeiyi Fm, Lunan Basin,
Yunnan, southern China]
Creodonta
indet.
Carnivora
Nimravidae
indet.
Tillodontia
indet.
AcreodiHapalodectidae
Honanodon s p.
Artiodactyla
Helohyidae
Gobiohyus s p.
Anthracotheriidae
indet.
Perissodactyla
Brontotheriidae
Protitan sp. cf. P. robustus
Rhino titan s p.
indet.
Lophialetidae
Breviodon lumeiyiensis
Lophialetes expeditus
Lophialetes sp. cf. L expeditus
Lophialetes yunnanensis
Rhodopagus pygmaeus
Rhodopagus minimus
Deperetellidae
Deperetella s p.
Teleolophus sp.
Helaletidae
Helaletes mongoliensis

Hyrachyus lunanensis
Hyrachyus minor
Eomoropidae
Lunania youngi
Hyracodontidae
Forstercooperia sp.
Prohyracodon s p.
Amynodontidae
Teilhardiapretiosa
Teilhardia?sp.
Caenolophus medius
Caenolophus s p.
Lushiamynodon menchiapuensis
Amynodon lunanensis
Amynodon spp.

Upper Lumeiyi fauna (4)[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983), Tong
(1989), Ducrocq (1999); upper part of Lumeiyi Fm,
Lunan Basin, Yunnan, southern China]
Creodonta
Hyaenodontidae"Pterodon" dahkoensis
Carnivora
MiacidaeChailicyon crassidens?Canidae (?Miacidae)
indet.
Artiodactyla
Entelodontidae
Eoentelodon yunnanense
Anthracotheriidae
Probrachyodus panchiaoensis
Bothriogenys hui
indet.
Perissodacty la
Brontotheriidae
Rhinotitan quadridens
Rhinotitan sp.
Dianotitan lunanensis
indet.
Lophialetidae
Breviodon sahoensis
Deperetellidae
Deperetella dienensis
Deperetella birmanica
Teleolophus medius
Teleolophus sp. cf. T. magnus
Teleolophus? rectus( Continued)

Table 6. (6-4)
Eomoropidae
Litolophus? ulterior
Eomoropus sp. cf. E. quadridentatus
Hyracodontidae
Forstercooperia shiwopuensis
Forstercooperia sp.
Juxiasp.
lndricotherium parvum
lndricotherium sp. cf. I. parvum
lndricotherium? sp.
Prohyracodon progressa
Prohyracodon meridionale
Prohyracodon sp. cf. P. orientate
llianodon lunanensis
indet.
Amynodontidae
Amynodon altidens
Amynodon sp.
cf. Metamynodon sp.
cf. Paramynodon s p.

Breviodon lumeiyiensis
Schlosseria sp.
Rhodopagus yunnanensis
Lijiangia zhangi
Lophiodontidae
Lophiodon? spp.
Deperetellidae
Deperetella birmanica
Teleolophus xiangshanensis
Eomoropidae
Lunania youngi
Eomoropus minimus
Grangeriacanina
Hyracodontidae
Prohyracodon major
Prohyracodon meridionale
Amynodontidae
Amynodon sp.
Caenolophus sp.

Xiangshan fauna (3)[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983), Tong
(1989), Huang (1999), Tsubamoto et al. (2000);
Xiangshan Fm, Lijiang Basin, Yunnan, southern
China]
Creodonta
indet.
Hyaenodontidae"Pterodon"? sp.
AcreodiHapalodectidae
Honanodon hebetis
Honanodon sp.
Lohoodon lushiensis
Artiodactyla
Entelodontidae
Eoentelodon likiangensis
Anthracotheriidae"Anthracokeryx" sinensis"Anthracothema" lijiangensis?Leptomerycidae
indet.
Perissodacty la
Brontotheriidae
Metatelmatheriinae
indet.
Lophialetidae
Lophialetes? sp.

Caijiachong fauna (5)[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983), Tong
(1989), Ducrocq (1999); Caijiachong Fm, Yuezhow
Basin, Yunnan, southern China]
Insectivora
Dormaaliidae
indet.
Erinaceoidea
indet.
Chiroptera
Vespertilionoidea
indet.
?Primatesindet.
Lagomorphaindet.
Roden ti a
Cricetidae
Eucricetodon sp.
Ctenodactylidae
Karakoromys sp.
Dianomys obscuratus
Dianomys qujingensis
Dipodidae
Parasminthus (= Plesiosminthus?) sp.
Artiodactyla
Entelodontidae( Continued)

Table 6. (6-5)
Entelodon sp.
Anthracotheriidae
Bothriodon chowi
Ruminantia
Family indet.
cf. Indomeryx sp.
Leptomerycidae
Miomeryx sp.
Lophiomerycidae
Lophiomeryx sp.

indet.
Scan den ti a
Tupaiidae
Eodendrogaleparvum
Lagomorpha
Leporidae
Strenulagus shipigouensis
Lushilagus? danjiangensis
Lushilagus lohoensis
Shamolagus sp.
?Leporidae
Dituberolagus venustus

Perissodacty Ia
Brontotheriidae
indet.
Amynodontidae
Gigantamynodon giganteus
Gigantamynodon sp. cf. G. giganteus
Gigantamynodon sp.
Cadurcodonardynensis
Cadurcodonsp.
Caenolophus sp.
cf. Metamynodon sp.
Hyracodontidae
Indricotherium intermedium
Indricotherium qujingensis
Indricotherium sp.
Prohyracodon sp.
indet.

Middle East Asian faunas:
Hetaoyuan fauna ( l l)[Tong (1989, 1997); Hetaoyuan Fm, Henan, middle
China]
Tillodontia?
Fam. indet.
Chungchienia sichuanica
Insectivora
Aptemodontidae/conapterodus qii
Palaeoryctidae
Neoryctes qinlingensis
Leptictida
Didymoconidae
Jiajianictis muricatus
Ardynictis zhaii
indet.
Chiroptera
Archaeonycterididae?

Roden ti a?Ischyromyidae
indet.
Cylindrodontidae
Orientocylindrodon liguanqiaoensis
cf. Pareumys s p.
cf. Mysops spp.
Tamquammyidae
Tamquammys dispinorum
Viriosomys jingweni
Tsinlingomys youngi
Chuankueimys xichuanensis
Yuomyidae
Saykanomys cf. bohlini
Stelmomys parvus
Boromys obtusus
Boromys brachyblastus
Zoyphiomys sinensis
Zoyphiomys grandis?Gemyoidea
Hydentomys crybelophus
Hydentomys major
Cricetidae
Primisminthus yuenus
Camivora
Miacidae
Miacis lushiensis
Creodonta
Oxyaenidae
Sarkastodon? henanensis
Hyaenodontidae
Sinopa?sp.
Prolaenaparva
Propterodon s p.
Propterodon? shipigouensis
Acreodi(Continued)

Table 6. (6-6)
Triisodontidae
Andrewsarchus? sp.

Upper Lushi fauna (10)[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983), Tong
(1989); upper part of Lushi Fm, Henao, middle
China]

Perissodactyla
Amynodontidae
Sianodon s p.
Lophialetidae
Lophialetes expeditus
Schlosseria hetaoyuanensis
Breviodon minutus
Breviodon sp. cf. B. minutus
Rhodopagus minimus
Brontotheriidae
Protitan? sp.
Deperetellidae
Deperetella sichuanensis
Teleolophus danjiangensis
Pachylophus xui
Hyracodontidae
Prohyracodon s p.

Tillodontia
Esthonychidae
Trogosinae
indet.
Primates
Fam. indet.
Lushius qinlinensis
Pantodonta
Coryphodontidae
Eudinoceras s p.
Lagomorpha
Leporidae
Lushilagus lohoensis

Lower_Lushi_fauna (10)[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983), Tong
(1989) and Chow et al. (1996); lower part of Lushi Fm,
Henao, middle China]
Pantodonta
Coryphodontidae
Eudinoceras sp.
Tillodontia
Esthonychidae
Chungchienia lushia
Dinocerata
indet.
Uintatheriidae
Uintatherium sp.
AcreodiMesonychidae
indet.
Artiodactyla
Helohyidae
Gobiohyus sp.
Perissodacty la
Lophialetidae
Breviodon s p.
Lophialetes s p.

Rodentia
Ctenodactylidae
Tsinlingomys youngi
Carnivora
Miacidae
Miacis lushiensis
Amphicyonidae
Cynodictis sp.
Nimravidae
cf. Eusmilus sp.
Creodonta
Hyaenodontidae
Hyaenodon s p.
Propterodon morrisi
AcreodiTriisodontidae
Andrewsarchus henanensis
Andrewsarchus mongoliensis
Mesonychidae
Honanodon hebetis
Honanodon macrodontus
Lohoodon lushiensis
Artiodactyla
Dichobunidae
Dichobune sp.
Helohyidae
Gobiohyus orientalis
Gobiohyus robustus( Continued)

Table 6. (6-7)
Eosimiidae
Eosimias centennicus

Perissodactyla
Amynodontidae
Sianodon honanensis
Lushiamynodon menchiapuensis
Caenolophus sp.
Lophialetidae
Breviodon minutus
Rhodopagus minimus
Brontotheriidae
Protitan grangeri
Microtitan? sp.
Deperetellidae
Deperetella sp.
Hyracodontidae
Forstercooperia spp.
Prohyracodon sp.
Helaletidae
Colodonsp.
Eomoropidae
Lunania youngi
Eomoropus sp.

Rodentia
Cricetidae
Pappocricetodon schaubi
ZapoidaePrimisminthus jinus
Banyuesminthus diconjugatus
Tataromyidae
Protataromys yuanquensis
Yuomyidae
Anadianomys cf. declivis
indet.
Carnivora
MiacidaeChailicyon crassidens
Miacis? boqinghensis
Creodonta
Hyaenodontidae
Hyaenodon yuanchuensis

Mammalia indet.
indet. [Anthracotherium? spp.]

Zhaili_fauna (9)[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983), Qi andZhou (1989), Tong (1989, 1997), Beard (1998),
Huang et al. (1998, 1999); Zhaili Mbr, upper part ofHeti Fm, Yuanqu basin, Henan and Shanxi, middle
China]
Insectivora
Changlelestidae
Ictopidium lechei
Nyctitheriidae
Yuanqulestes qiui
Apternodontidae?
cf. Iconapterodus sp. II
Chiroptera
Palaeochiropterygidae
Lapichiropteryx xiei
Lapichiropteryx sp.
Archaeonycterididae
Icaronycteris? s p.
Primates
Sivaladapidae
Hoanghonius stehlini
Tarsiidae
Xanthorhysis tabrumi

Artiodactyla
Fam. indet.
"Hoanghonius stehlini"
Anthracotheriidae"Anthracokeryx" sinensis"Anthracokeryx" sp. cf. "A." sinensis
Perissodactyla
Brontotheriidae
Rhinotitan mongoliensis
Amynodontidae
Sharamynodon mongoliensis?
Sianodon sinensis
Amynodon sp.
Hyracodontidae
Juxia borissiaki

Rencun fauna (9)[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983), Tong
(1989, 1997), Tsubamoto et al. (2000); Rencun Mbr,
lower part of Heti Fm, Yuanqu basin, Henan andShanxi, middle China]
Insectivora
Changlelestidae
lctopidium sp. cf. I. lechei
Apternodontidae
cf. Apternodus s p.
Apternodontidae?

( Continued)

Table 6. (6-8)
cf. Iconapterodus sp. I
Chiroptera
Microchiroptera
indet.
Lagomorpha
Leporidae
Strenulagus? s p.
Shamolagus sp. cf. S. medius
Gobiolagus s p.
Roden ti a?Ischyromyidae
Hulgana? eoertnia
Hulgana? sp.
Cricetidae
Pappocricetodon rencunensis
Raricricetodon minor
Raricricetodon zhongtiaensis
ZapoidaePrimisminthus shanghenus
Primisminthus sp. cf. P. jinus
Banyuesminthus uniconjugatus
cf. Sinosminthus sp.
Tataromyidae
Protataromys mianchiensis
Yuomyidae
Yuomys cavioides
Anadianomys declivis
Xueshimys dissectus
Zodiomys longmensis
Primates
Sivaladapidae
Hoanghonius stehlini
Rencunius wui
Rencunius zhoui
Adapidae
indet.
Eosimiidae
Eosimias sp. cf. E. centennicus
Tillodontia
Esthonychidae
Trogosinae
indet.
Tillotheriidae
Adapidium huanghoensis
Creodonta
Hyaenodontidae"Pterodon" sp. cf. "P." dahkoensis

AcreodiHapalodectidae
Honanodon hebetis
Artiodactyla
Dichobunidae?
Dichobune s p.
Anthracotheriidae"Anthracokeryx" sinensis
Anthracosenex ambiguus
Raoellidae
Indohyus? yuanchuensis
Perissodacty la
Eomoropidae
Eomoropus quadridentatus
Litolophus major?Isectolophidae
indet.
Deperetellidae
Deperetella depereti
Deperetella birmanica?Lophialetidae
Rhodopagus? sp.
Hyracodontidae
Prohyracodon sp. cf. P. meridionale
Amynodontidae
Sharamynodon mongoliensis
Sianodon sinensis
Sianodon mienchiensis
Amynodon? sp.
Caenolophus sp. cf. C. promissus

Huangzhuang_fauna (7)[Shi (1989), Wang (1994), Wang and Wang (1997),
Tsubamoto et al. (2000), Tsubamoto (2000 = thispaper); Huangzhuang Fm, Qufu, Shandong, middle
China]
Mammalia
indet. [cf. "Pterodon" dahkoensis]
Rodentia.
Yuomyidae
Yuomys huangzhuangensis
Creodonta
Hyaenodontidae
cf. Propterodon s p.
Pantodonta
Coryphodontidae
Eudinoceras sishuiensis( Continued)/ooTable 6. (6-9)
Vulpavus s p.
CanidaeProcynodictis s p.

Artiodactyla
Anthracotheriidae"Anthracokeryx" sinensis

Creodonta
Hyaenodontidae
Limnocyon sp.
"Pterodon" sp.
Hyaenodon sp.
indet.

Perissodacty la
Brontotheriidae
Metatelmatheriinae
Qufutitan zhoui
Eomoropidae
Eomoropus minimus
Eomoropus quadridentatus
Lophialetidae
Breviodon minutus
Deperetellidae
Deperetella birmanica
Deperetella s p.
Amynodontidae
Caenolophus suprametalophus
Caenolophus magnus
Caenolophus proficiens
Caenolophus minimus
Caenolophus sp.
Hyracodontidae
Forstercooperia sp.
indet.

Primates
Adapidae
Adapoides troglodytes
Omomyidae
Macrotarsius macrorhysis
Tarsiidae
Tarsius eocaenus
Eosimiidae
Eosimias sinensis

Shanghuang fauna (8)[Qi et al. (1991, 1996), Beard et al. (1994), Qi andBeard (1996); Jiangsu, middle China]
Marsupialia
Didelphidae
indet.
Leptictida
Didymoconidae
Ardynictis sp.
Insectivora
Erinaceidae
indet.
Lagomorphaindet.
Leporidae
Palaeoginae
Lushilagus lohoensis
Carnivora
Miacidae
Miacis lushiensis
Miacis gracilis

Roden ti a
Cricetidae
Pappocricetodon antiquus
Pappocricetodon rencunensis
Pappocricetodon schaubi
Eucricetodon sp.
Ischyromyidae
gen. et sp. nov.
indet.
Yuomyidae
indet.
Ctenodactylidae
indet.
Fam. nov.
gen. et sp. nov.
Chiroptera
Microchiroptera
indet. 1
indet. 2
Tillodontia
indet. 1
indet. 2
Condylarthra
Hyopsodontidae
indet.
Artiodactyla
Homacodontidae
gen. et sp. nov.
Entelodontidae( Continued)

Io I

Table 6. (6-10)?Eoentelodon sp.
Anthracotheriidae
indet.
?Leptomerycidae
gen. et sp. nov.

cf. Uintatherium sp.
Leptictida
Didymoconidae
Archaeoryctes borealis

Perissodacty la
Eomoropidae
Eomoropus sp.
Brontotheriidae
Nanotitan shanghuangensis
Microtitan sp. cf. M. mongoliensis
Helaletidae
Heptodon sp.
Helaletes mongoliensis
Helaletes sp.
Hyrachyus s p.
Lophialetidae
Rhodopagussp.
Hyracodontidae
Forstercooperia sp.
Amynodontidae
Caenolophus sp.
Palaeotheriidae
gen. et sp. nov.

Roden ti a
Ischyromyidae
Asiomys dawsoni
Paramyssp.
Chapattimyidae
Tamquammys wilsoni
Advenimus burkei
Soricomorpha
Microptemodontidae
Sinosinopa sinensis
Perissodactyla
Hyracodontidae
Hyrachyus crista
Hyrachyus neimongoliensis
Hyrachyus sp.
cf. Hyrachyus eximius
Forstercooperia confluens
Forstercooperia huhebulakensis
Forstercooperia? grandis
Forstercooperia sp.
Isectolophidae
Homogalax reliquius
Lophialetidae
Schlosseria magister
Schlosseria cf. magister
Lophialetes expeditus
Breviodon minutus
Brontotheriidae
Protitan minor
Metatelmatherium cristatum
Microtitan? elongatus
Microtitan sp.
Desmatotitan sp
Amynodontidae
Teilhardia pretiosa
Deperetellidae
Teleolophus cf. medius
Teleolophus? rectus
Teleolophus primarius
Helaletidae
Helaletes fissus
Helaletes fissus?
Helaletes medius
Heptodon minimus

Northern East Asian faunas:
Arshanto_fauna (13)[Meng and McKenna (1998), Dashzeveg and Hooker(1997); Arshanto Fm, Nei Mongol, north China]
AcreodiHapalodectidae
Hapalodectes? serus
Mesonychidae
Mongolonyx dolichognathus
Mesonyxcf. obtusidens
Pantodonta
Coryphodontidae
Metacoryphodon? minor
Metacoryphodon sp.
Metacoryphodon luminis
Pantolambdodontidae
Pantolambdodon fortis
Pantolambdodon? minor
Dinocerata
Uintatheriidae
Gobiatherium mirificum
Gobiatherium? major
Gobiatherium? monolobotum( Continued)/02

Table 6. (6-11)
Rhodopagus pygmaeus
Breviodon minutus
Simplaletes sujiensis
Lophialetes sp.
Lophialetes expeditus
Brontotheriidae
Metatelmatherium parvum
Microtitan mongoliensis
Gnathotitan berkeyi
Epimanteoceras robustus
Protitan grangeri
Protitan obliquidens
Eomoropidae
Litolophus gobiensis
Deperetellidae
Teleolophus medius
lrdinolophus mongoliensis

Irdin Manha fauna at Irdin Manha ( 13)[Meng and McKenna (1998); Irdin Manha Fm, Nei
Mongol, north China]
Carnivora
Miacidae
Miacis invictus
AcreodiMesonychidae
Pachyaena sp.
Mesonyxsp.
indet.
Hapalodectidae
Hapalodectes serus
Triisodontidae
Andrewsarchus mongoliensis
Cimolesta
Fam. indet.
Wyolestinae
Mongoleryctes acutus

Irdin Manha fauna at Camps Margetts ( 14)[Li and Ting (1983), Russell and Zhai (1987); Irdin
Manha Fm, Nei Mongol, north China]

Pantodonta
Pantolestidae?Pantolestes s p.
indet.
Coryphodontidae
Eudinoceras mongoliensis

Pantodonta
indet.

Rodentia
Ischyromyidae
indet.

Rodentia
Paramyidae
indet.
Chapattimyidae
Advenimus burkei

Creodonta
Oxyaenidae
Sarkastodon mongoliensis
Hyaenodontidae
Propterodon morrisi
Artiodactyla
Leptomerycidae
Archaeomerycinae
cf. Archaeomeryx sp.
Helohyidae
Gobiohyus pressidens
Gobiohyus robustus
Gobiohyus orientalis
Perissodactyla
Hyracodontidae
Forstercooperia totadentata
Triplopus? proficiens
Lophialetidae

Dinocerata
Uintatheriidae
Gobiatherium mirificum

AcreodiMesonychidae
Mongolonyx dolichognathus
Triisodontidae
Andrewsarchus mongoliensis
Perissodactyla
Brontotheriidae
Metatelmatherium cristatumProtitan minor
Protitan? cingulatus
Eomoropidae
Litolophus gobiensis
Deperetellidae
cf. Teleolophus medius
Helaletidae
Helaletes fissus
Helaletes fissus?

( Continued)/03

Table 6. (6-12)
Helaletes sp.
cf. Hyrachyus s p.
Lophialetidae
Lophialetes expeditus
Breviodon? sp.
cf. Schlosseria magister
Amynodontidae
Rostriamynodon grangeri
Hyracodontidae
Forstercooperia grandis

cf. Advenimus s p.
YomyidaeYuomys weijingensis
Artiodactyla
Helohyidae
Gobiohyus orientalis

Ulan Shireh fauna (15)[Meng and McKenna (1998); Nei Mongol, north
China]
Carnivora
Miacidae
indet.
AcreodiHapalodectidae
Hapalodectes? serus
Mesonychidae
indet.
Harpagolestes? orientalis
cf. Mesonyxsp.
Pantodonta
Coryphodontidae
Eudinoceras mongoliensis
Pantolambdodontidae
Pantolambdodon fortis
Pantolambdodon inermis
Creodonta
Hyaenodontidae
Propterodon sp. cf. P. morrisi
Oxyaenidae
Sarkastodon mongoliensis
Lagomorpha
Palaeolaginae
indet.
Leporidae
Shamolagus grangeri
Leptictida
Didymoconidae
Kennatherium shirensis
Rodentia
Chapattimyidae
Advenimus bohlini

Perissodactyla
Lophialetidae
Simplates ulanshirehensis
Lophialetes sp.
Lophialetes? expeditus
Zhongjianoletes chowi
Zhongjianoletes sp.
Breviodon minutus
Breviodon? sp.
Rhodopagus pygmaeus
Amynodontidae
Lushiamynodon sharamurenensis
Brontotheriidae
Epimanteoceras formosus
Acrotitan ulanshirehensis
Microtitan mongoliensis
Dolichorhinoides angustidens
Desmatotitan tukhumensis
Protitan bellus
Deperetellidae
Teleolophus medius
Hyracodontidae
Forstercooperia sp. cf. F. grandis
Forstercooperia sp.
Triplopus? proficiens

Khaychin (II, III, V) fauna ( 16)[Meng and McKenna (1998); Mongolia]
AcreodiMesonychidae
Mongolonyx robustus
Hapalodectidae
Metahapalodectes makhchinus
Cimolesta
Coryphodontidae
cf. Eudinoceras s p.
Creodonta
Hyaenodontidae"Pterodon" rechetovi
Erinaceomorphaindet.

( Continued)/OlfTable 6. (6-13)
Pantolestidae
Bodgia orientalis

Lagomorphaindet.
Rodentia
Chapattimyidae
Euboromys grandis
Petrokozlovia notos
Saykanomys bohlini
Soricomorpha
Aptemodontidae
indet.
Artiodactyla"Hypertragulidae"
indet.
Helohyidae
Gobiohyus sp. nov.
Perissodacty la
Lophialetidae
Lophialetes expeditus
Breviodon minutus
Amynodontidae
indet
Hyracodontidae
Triplopus? proficiens
Forstercooperia totadentata
Brontotheriidae
Protitan reshetovi
Protitan khaitshinus
Microtitan mongoliensis
Deperetellidae
Teleolophus medius
Teleolophus sp.
Deperetella khaitchinulensis
Kholboldzhi-Nur fauna (12)[Meng and McKenna (1998); Mongolia]
AcreodiHapalodectidae
ind etPantodonta
Pantolambdodontidae
Pantolambdodon bodgensis
Archaeolambda prima
Coryphodontidae
Eudinoceras kholoboi:hiensis
cf. Hypercoryphodon sp.
Pantolesta

Lagomorphaindet.
Perissodactyla
indet.
Isectolophidae
ind et.
Hyracodontidae
Pataecops parvus
indet.
Brontotheriidae
indet.
Amynodontidae
Teilhardia s p.
Lophialetidae
Breviodon sp.
Lophialetes expeditus?
Schlosseria magister
Rhodopagussp.
Palaeotheriidae
Gobihippus menneri
Deperetellidae
lrdinolophus tuiensis?

Shara Murun fauna (15)[Meng and McKenna (1998), Tsubamoto (2000 =thispaper); Shara Murun Fm, Nei Mongol, north China]
Creodonta
Hyaenodontidae"Pterodon" hyaenoides
Propterodon cf. morrisi
Lagomorpha
Ochotonidae
Desmatolagus sp.
Leporidae
Shamolagus medius
Gobiolagus tolmachovi
Roden ti a
Yuomyidae
Yuomys cavioides
Artiodactyla
Leptomerycidae
Archaeomerycinae
Archaeomeryx optatus
Anthracotheriidae
Ulausuodonparvus( Continued)

I OS-

Table 6. (6-14) ·Amynodon alxaensis
Chalicotheriidae
Schiwtherium cf. avitum
Hyracodontidae
Ardynia praecox
Uninotherium incisivum
Brontotheriidae
Parabrontops gobiensis

indet. [cf. Anthracokeryx sp.]
Perissodactyla
Amynodontidae
Lushiamynodon sharamurenensis
Sianodon ulausuensis
Sianodon s p.
Sharamynodon mongoliensis
cf. Cadurcodons p.
Caenolophus promissus
Caenolophus obliquus
Gigantamynodon promissus
Lophialetidae
Lophialetes s p.
Rhodopagus minimus
Hyracodontidae
Triplopus? progressus
Juxia borissiaki
Brontotheriidae
Titanodectes ingens
Titanodectes minor
Rhinotitan andrewsi
Rhinotitan kaiseni
Rhinotitan mongoliensis
Pachytitan ajax
Metatelmatherium? (= Manteoceras) sp.
Deperetellidae
Deperetella cristata
Teleolophus ?medius
Chalicotheriidae
Schiwtherium sp.

Urtyn (Erden) Obo fauna (14)[Meng and McKenna (1998); Urtyn Obo Fm, Nei
Mongol, north China]
AcreodiMesonychidae
ind etLagomorpha
Leporidae
Gobiolagus? major
Artiodactyla
Entelodontidae
Entelodon s p.
Perissodacty la
Amynodontidae
Cadurcodonardynensis
Cadurcodons p.
Amynodontopsis parvidens

Ulan Gochu fauna (15)[Meng and McKenna (1998), Lucas et al. (1996); Ulan
Gochu Fm, Nei Mongol, north China]
Anagalida
Anagalidae
Anagale gobiensis
AcreodiMesonychidae
Mongolestes hadrodens
Lagomorpha
Leporidae
Gobiolagus andrewsi
Lagomorpha
Ochotonidae
Desmatolagus vetustus
Roden ti a
Ischyromyidae
Hulgana ertinia
indet.
Cy lindrodontidae
Ardynomyssp.
Leptictida
Didymoconidae
indet.
Perissodacty la
Brontotheriidae
Metatitan primus
Metatitan progressus
Embolotherium grangeri
Embolotherium loucksii
Embolotherium andrewsi
Amynodontidae
Amynodontopsis sp.
Cadurcodons p.
Zaisanamynodon borisovi
indet( Continued)

Io 6

Table 6. (6-15)
Chaganbulage fauna ( 17)[Meng and McKenna (1998); Chaganbulage Fm, Nei
Mongol, north China]
AcreodiMesonychidae
Harpagolestes alxaensi s
Lagomorphaindet.
Rodentia
indet.
Artiodactyla
Bovidaeindet.
Cervidae
indet.
Entelodontidae
indet.
Perissodacty la
Amynodontidae
Amynodon alxaensis
Cadurcodonsuhaituensis
Sianodon sp.
indet.
Deperetellidae
Teleolophus magnus
Teleolophus cf. medius
Brontotheriidae
Embolotherium grangeri

Artiodactyla
Anthracotheriidae
Bothriodon sp.
Lophiomerycidae
Lophiomeryx gobiae
Miomeryx altaicus
Entelodontidae
Entelodon gobiensis
Perissodactyla
Hyracodontidae
Forstercooperia sp.
Forstercooperia ergiliiensis
Ardynia mongoliensis
Ardynia praecox
Rhinocerotidae
Ronzotherium brevirostris
Ronzotherium orientale
Amynodontidae
Cadurcodonardynensis
Gigantamynodon cessator
Annania asiana
Cadurcotheriumprogressus
Brontotheriidae
Embolotherium ergiliense
Embolotherium andrewsi
Chalicotheriidae
Schizotherium avitum
Helaletidae
Colodon inceptus

Ergilin member fauna at Khoer Ozan (18)[Meng and McKenna (1998); Mongolia]
Ergilin member fauna at Ergilin Dzo ( 19)[Meng and McKenna (1998); Mongolia]
Carnivora
Viverridae
Stenoplesictis simplex
Nimravidae
Nimravus mongoliensis
Creodonta
Hyaenodontidae
Hyaenodon sp.
"Pterodon" mongoliensis
Rodentia
Cy lindrodontidae
Ardynomys silentii
Ardynomys olseni
Ardynomys chihi

Carnivora
Nimravidae
Nimravus mongoliensis
Creodonta
Hyaenodontidae
Hyaenodon incertus
Artiodactyla
Anthracotheriidae
Bothriodon sp.
Entelodontidae
Entelodon orientalis
Perissodacty la
Amynodontidae
Gigantamynodon cessator
Brontotheriidae( Continued)

I 07

Table 6. (6-16)
Embolotherium sp.
Chalicotheriidae
Schizotherium avitum
Eomoropidae
Eomoropus s p.
Deperetellidae
Teleolophus magnus
Hyracodontidae
Indricotherium sp.
Rhinocerotidae
Ronzotherium orientale

Embolotherium grangeri
Deperetellidae
Teleolophus magnus
Deperetella cf. D. birmanica
Chalicotheriidae
Schizotherium avitum
Helaletidae
Colodon inceptus

Sevkhul fauna at Khoer Dzan ( 18)[Meng and McKenna (1998); Mongolia]
AcreodiMesonychidae
Mongolestes hadrodens
Metahapalodectes sp.
Creodonta
Hyaenodontidae"Pterodon" exploratus"Pterodon" sp.
Hyaenodon incertus
Hyaenodon eminus
Lagomorpha
Ochotonidae
Desmatolagus vetustus
Rodentia
Cylindrodontidae
Ardynomys sp.
Leptictida
Didymoconidae
Ardynictis furunculus
Artiodactyla
Entelodontidae
Eoentelodon trofimovi
Perissodacty la
Amynodontidae
Amynodon lunanensis
Gigantamynodon cessator
Annania asiana
Hyracodontidae
Ardynia mongoliensis
Ardynia praecox
Prohyracodon meridionalis
Brontotheriidae/08Table 7. Families, genera and species of the Pondaung fauna shared by other East Asian mammal faunas
(/)

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RegionFamilyAmphipithecidae
Eosimiidae
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Helohyidae
Brontotheriidae
Hyracodontidae
Amynodontidae
Deperetellidae
Genus"Pterodon"
Anthracotherium
lndomeryx
Metatelmatherium
llianodon
Paramynodon
Deperetel/aSpecies"Pterodon" dahkoensis
Anthracotherium rubricum
Anthracotherium birmanicus
lndomeryx cotteri
Metatelmatherium ? lahirii
Deoeretella birmanica

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Table 8 . Numbers of the identified genera of each 29 mammal faunas of the middle tolate Eocene of East Asia (Figure 17; Table 3, 6), and the shared genera and Simpson's
FRI on the genera among those faunas. Left and upper nine faunas are southern East
Asian faunas, middle seven faunas are middle East Asian faunas, and right and lower 13
faunas are northern East Asian faunas. The faunas are basically ordered from the left andupper (earlier age) to right and lower (later age) in each region (southern, middle, andnorthern faunas) based on the EALMA sequence (Figure 16).

I Io

Table 8.

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identified _g_enera----....

Upper right:
Number ofshared genera

Lower left:
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L. Lumeiyi
Xiangshan
DongjunU. Lumeiyi
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Naduo
Gongkang
Krabi
Caijiachong
L. LushiHetaoyuan
U. LushiShanghuang
Huangzhuang
Rencun, Heti
Zhaili, Heti
Kholboldzhi-Nur
Arshanto
lrdin Manha at Camps Margetts
lrdinManhaatlrdinManha
Ulan Shireh
Khaychin II, 111,
V
Shara Murun
Chaganbulage
Sevkhul atKhoerDzan
Ulan Gochu
Urtyn Obo
Ergilin at Ergilin Dzo
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at Khoer Ozan

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1
1
1
4
5
3

O
1

O

O
2
3
1
1
1
O
1
1
1
1
2
4
2
8
3
4

1
1
1
1

8
4
3
3
1
1
1

7
4
5
4
1
1
1

6
5
5
2

6
4
4
2
1

7
4
6
4
1
2
1
1

O
O
O

o o o
o
o 1 o o oo o o o o o o
1 o o o o o o o 2 1 2
1 2
o o 3 3 2 4 4 4 1 o o o o o o
8
8
6
5

4
3
4
1
13

57
O

4
3
1
2

o
o

o
o o 31
7 o 23

4
4
13
36
33
22
o o 180 0 2216 10 59 10 O

4
O
O
17
33
11

38
23
23
15

o

O
0

11
5
9

o
o
o
O

o

o
O
2
2
O
1
1
1
2
1
3

3
7
6
9
9
19
17 50
25 28 50o 27 33
0 22 33
13 21 33
9 27 33

o
O
2

o
O
O
2
1

o
o o
o o
o O
o
O
O
3
2
4

o
O
O
2
2
2
3

36
22 33
44 27 4445 9 22 73

o
1
o
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
5
1
2
8

Table 9. Table of faunal composition of the 29 mammal faunas of the middle to late Eocene of East Asia (Figure 17).
The compositions are calculated by the genus numbers.

ie> cu
cu

.r::.

[

~

~

----

C

CU

C

~

E E

'-

~

~

~

C
CU
CD.r::.

·-

c

a

~

Cl

C])E

~

·-

C

Cl
C
cu

Cl

C
O
.r::.:c5•u~:C.r::.
O w

Cl ·Z
~ ~ ~
~
CU
~ I
~ ~
~
.r:;
CD "O
N c-ICl Cl ~
B

cO

cu -o
0

>

-

=

CU

cu

CU

cu

-

-

.r::.

.r::.

C

C

cu

CD

.!::::

cu.r::.:c~

~

C

~

C

Cl)

c

.r::.

C

o
._
~

Cl)

0

Cl

.r::.

~

~

~
.C

~

c3
cu

0

'Cl)

~
.r::.

0

Oo .C
O

"c, 0
...
.r::.
W ~
cu cu
c
c

cu o ~~w
cu ~ ~ w o
cu
.r::.
~
~ _3 ~ ~ C D := _3 .£9 _3 ~ ~ g "iij Q .r:; .£ .£ C in' ro g> "5 C ~ := ·0
•
0
CU
O
~
CU
CD
.
.r::.
~
CD .r::. .r::. ~ "O "O ~ .r::. .r::. .r::. CD ~ t
2J 2J~
X O ~ ~ Z ~ ~ 0 ~ I
~
W I
~
N ~ ~
~
~
W O W ~ ~ W W
Total numbers of the genera 22 22 14 21 21 25 13 26 21 7 41 28 39 10 39 23 17 27 17 27 29 21 26 11 18 12 10 19 11E_3

Perissodactyla
Artiodactyla
Rodentia + Lagomorpha
Carnivora
Creodonta
Primates
Acreodi"Archaic mammals"
Other mammals

~

C
-~

16 15 1O 15
2 4 1 3O O O O1 O 1 21 1 O 1O O O O1 2 1 01 O 1 OO O O O

==

9 7
4 12
1 O
O 3
2 1
4 O
0 2
O O
1 O

4 2 7
6 11 5
O 2 5
2 6 O
O O O
1 2 1
0 0 0
O O O
O 3 3

2 1O 13 1O
1 0 2 4
O 18 2 7
O 1 3 3O 4 2 3
O O 1 41 1 3 03 1 2 3O 6 O 5

6 1O
1 4
1 13
O O
1 1
O 4
0 1
1 2
O 4

5 1O 14 11 14 15
2 0 0 0 2 1
5 1 4 2 1 4
2 O O O 1 1
1 O O O 2 2
3 O O O O O
0 1 3 2 4 3
O 5 4 2 3 2
5 O 2 O O 1

9 17
2 3
4 4
O O
1 2
O O
2 0
1 O
2 0

5 1O
3 1
2 2
O O
O 2
O O
1 2
O O
0 1

5
O
4
O
O
O
1
O
2

7 1O
1 4
1 1
O 2
O 2
O O
1 0
O O
O O

7
2
O
1
1
0
0
0
0

Appendices

Appendix 1 . Collection list of the National Museum of the Union of Myanmar (List of
NMMP-KU).

Appendix 2 . Dental measurements (in mm) of the Pondaung mammals.
Abbreviations: L, anteroposterior length; W, buccolingually width; AW, anterior width ofupper dentition; PW, posterior width of upper dentition; TROW, trigonid with of lower
dentition; TALDW, talonid width of lower dentition.

*, Estimated value.
[] (square bracket), the data are from the literatures (Pilgrim and cotter, 1916; Pilgrim,
1925, 1928; Colbert, 1938).

Appendix 3 . Fauna! list of 92 Paleogene and 34 Neogene mammal faunas of East Asia
prepared for the AEO analysis. For the data source and place of the fauna, see in thesquare bracket ([]) of each faunal list.

Appendix 4. Data of the stratigraphic relationships of the East Asian mammal faunas
used for AEO analysis (data from Russell and Zhai, 1987; Dashzeveg, 1993; Meng et al.,1998).

I

Appendix. 1. (1-1)
NMMP-KUNo.

Anthropoidea gen. et sp. nov.

max. and mand. with teeth

NMMP-KU 0002

Antbropoidea gen. et sp. nov.

NMMP-KU 0003
NMMP-KU 0004

mand. with m/3
upper teeth

NMMP-KU 0022

Pondaungiacotteri?Pondaw1giacotteri
Deperetellabinnanica
Deperetellabimumica
Jndomeryxarenae
lndomeryx cotteri
Jndomeryxcotteri
lndomeryx cotteri
Jndomeryxarenae
lndomeryx arenae
Jndomeryxarenae
Jndomeryxarenae
Jndomeryxcotteri
Indomeryx cotteri
Jndomeryxcotteri
Jndomeryxcotteri
Jndomeryxcotteri
Jndomeryxcotteri
Jndomeryxcotteri
Jndomeryxcotteri

NMMP-KU 0023
NMMP-KU 0024

NMMP-KU 0007
NMMP-KU 0008
NMMP-KU 0009
NMMP-KUOOlO
NMMP-KU 0011
NMMP-KU 0012
NMMP-KU0013
NMMP-KU 0014
NMMP-KU 0015
NMMP-KU 0016
N!vflvlP-KU0017
NMMP-KU 0018
NMMP-KU 0019

Locality

Field number

Material

NMMP-KU 0001

NMMP-KU 0005
NMMP-KU 0006

~

ID

Bhl
Bhl

Collection
ear
1998

Collection
team
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

PGN2

1998
1998

PGN2

1998

Myanmar-Japan

1997
1997

Myanmar

Myanmar-Japan

canineL max. with LP\1-3

Bhn-1041

R max. with RP\1-3

Kdw-139Babin area
Kdw

R max. with RM\1-3 (or dP\4M\l-2?)

Bhn 1115 (Bhn-915)

Babin area

1997

MyanmarLmax. withLM\1-3

mgg-2

Mogaung area

1997

L max. with LM\2-3
L max. with LdP\4M\l-2 (or dP\3-4:M\1?)

mgg-14· LemaKC(-1@)

Mogaung area

1997

Myanmar
Myanmar

L mand. with Lp/4-mi3

Bhn-3

Lma
Bahiu area

1998
1997

R mand. with ~m/3

Bhn-4

Babin area

1997

Myanmar
Myanmar

R mand. with Rp/4-mi3
L mand. with Lm/3
· L mand. with Lm/ 1-3

Bhn-5
Bhn-6
Bhn 9.11 (Bbn-913+1114)
Bhn-915? or 1115? + mgg-11· mgg-5Bahinarea
Babin area

1997
1997
1997

:Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar

1997
1997
1997

Myanmar

L mand. with Lmil-3
R mand. with Rm/3
L mand. with Lm/2-3 ·R mand. with Rp/3-m/3

mgg-7

Babin area
Babin or Mogaung area
Mogaung area
Mogaung area
Mogaung area

Myanmarlvlyanmar-Japan

Myanmarl'vfyanmar
lv[yanmar

Mogaung area

1997
1997

Mogaung area

1997

Myanmar

R mand. with Rp/4

mgg-10mgg-12Bh-4(-1@)

Bh4

1998

?Artiodactyla gen. et sp. nov.

Rm/x

PGN-1 (-5@)

PGNl

1998

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japanlndomeryx cotteri
cf. Jndomeryxcotteri

R mand. with Rm/1 or 2
· RM\1 or2

Lema KC-3@ (1998.11)

Lma

1998

NMMP-KU 0025

Mogaung area

1997

NMMP-KU 0026
1\11-lMP-KU0027

Artiodactyla .gen. et sp. nov.
Artiodactyla gen. et sp. nov.

Rlvf\3?
R mand. with Rm12-3
R mand. 'with Rm/3

iµgg-6? or 9?
Bh-1-8@ (1998.11)
Bhn-9

Bhl
Babin area

1997

Myanmar-Japan
l'vlyanmar

NMMP-KU 0020
NMMP-KU 0021

NMMP-KU 0028
NMMP-KU 0029
NMMP-KU 0030
NMMP-KU 0031

Artiodacty\a gen. et sp. nov.
Artiodactyla gen. et sp. nov.
cf. Artiodactyla gen. et sp. nov.

Hsanotheriumparvum type. l

Lmandible
R mand. with Rp/4

mgg-8 + 9 + 241

1998

lvlyanmar

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar

mgg-3

Mogaung area

1997

Myanmar·R mand. with Rm/1-2

mgg-4

Mogaung area

1997

Myanmar

R mand: with Rm/ l or 2
R max. with RM\2-3

mgg-6
Bhn-11

Mogaung area

1997

Babin area

1997

Myanmarl\Iyanmar· (Continued)

Appendix. 1. (1-2)
Bhn-7
Bh-1-2@ {1998.11)

NMMP-KU 0056
NMMP-KU 0057

Hsanotheriumparvum type. 3
L mand. with Lm/3
R mand. with Rm/2
Hsanotheriumparvum type. 1
Hsa11otherium
parvum type. 3 or 1 Lm/3' talonid
Hsanotheriwnparvum type. 2
R max. with RM\l-3
L mand. with Lp/4-m/3
Hsanotheriu111
parvum type. 2
Hsanotheriwttparvum type. l
R mand. with Rdp/4m/l-2
Pakkokuhyuslahirii
R mand. with Rm/2-3
Pakkokuhyuslahirii
R max. with RM\2-3
Jndolophusguptai
L mand. with Lm/2?
/ndolophus guptai
R mand. with Rp/4
Hyaenodontidae gen. et sp. nov.
skull and others
Lm/3
Hyaenodontidae gen. et sp. nov.
Hyaenodontidae gen. et sp. nov.
Ll\2-3Hyaenodontidae gen. et sp. nov.
R mand. with Rm/1
Hyaenodontidae gen. et sp. nov.
Rm/2?
Phiomyidae gen. et sp. nov.
Lm/2
R max. with RP\3-4?
Phiomyidae gen. et sp. nov.
Phiomyidae gen. et sp. nov.
? L mand. with Lm/2-3/ndomeryx cotteri
L mand. with Lm/2-3?
M\x' Crag.
Pondmmgiacotteri
R mand. with Rpllp/4-m/3
Anthracotheriwttte11uis· R max. with RP\3-Jv.!\3
Anthracotlieriumbirmanicus
A11thracotheriwtt
panganRm/3
Anthracotheriwttpangan
L mand. with Lm/3
max. with RM\2-3
Anthracotheriwttpangan? cf. llia11odonlU11a11ensis
Upper molariform tooth

NMMP-KU 0058

Ceratomorpha indet.

NMMP-KU 0059
NMMP-KU 0060

Brontothere

NMMP-KU 0032
NMMP-KU 0033
NMMP-KU 0034
NMMP-KU 0035
NMMP-KU 0036
NMMP-KU 0037
NMMP-KU 0038
NMMP-KU 0039
NMMP-KU 0040
NMMP-KU 0041
NMMP-KU 0042
NMMP-KU 0043
NMMP-KU 0044
NMMP-KU 0045\.v

NMMP-KU 0046
NMMP-KU 0047
NMMP-KU 0048
NMMP-KU 0049
NMMP-KU 0050
NMMP-KU 0051
NMMP-KU 0052
Nht.!MP-KU0053
NMMP-KU 0054
NMMP-KU 0055

Babin area

Myanmar

Bbl

1997
1998

Myanmar-Japan

Bh-1-6@ (1998.11)

Bbl

1998

Myanmar-Japan

Bhn~IO

Babin area

1997

Myanmar

Bhn-8
Bh-1-(4)@ (1998.11)

Babin area

1997

Myanmar

1998

Myanmar-Japan

Bhn-906

Bbl
Babin area

1997

Myanmar

Kdw-6

Kdw

1997

Bhn-40Pk-2-(1)@ (1998.11)

Babin area

1997

Myanmar
Myanmar

Kdw-1
Kdw-2
Kdw-4
Bhn-31
Bh-1-(3)@ (1998.11)

Pk2

1998

Myanmar-Japan

Kdw
Kdw

1997
1997

Myanmar

Kdw
Babin area

1997
1997
1998
1997

Bbl
WkaorKdw
WkaorKdw
WkaorKdw

Bh-1-(5)@ (1998.11)
Bh-1-(l)Pk-1-(1)

Bbl
Lma
Bbl

Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar-Japan

1997
1997
1998

Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar-Japan

1998

Myanmar-Japan

1998
1998

Myanmar-Japan!vlyanmar-Japan

1998
1998

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

Pk Peop. Loe. unknown
Pk Peop. Loe. unknown

Pk!
Babin area
Babin area

Sinzwe U Mye Aye
Pk Peop. Loe. unknown

Sze
Babin area

1998
1998

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

max. with upper molariform toothPk-2-1

Myanmar-JapanMGGN
MGGN 11/14

Pk2
MGGN

1998

LM\x
Rm/x

1998

Myanmar-Japan

MGGN
Pk2
,Babin area

1998
1998

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

1998

Myanmar-Japan

Pk2

1998

Myanmar-Japan

RNf1!

2km NE from Pakkaung
Pk-2-2@

NMMP-KU 0064

Paramynodo11
birmanicus
Paran1ynodo11
birmanicus
A11thracotherium
panga11
A111hracotlierium
te11Uis?/ndomeryx ?

p/4?

Bh-1-7@

Bbl

1998

Myanmar-Japan

NMMP-KU 0065

?Rodentia

incisor?

Pk-4-1@

Pk4

1998

Myanmar-Japan

NMMP-KU 0061
NMMP-KU 0062
NMMP-KU 0063

L max. with LM\lR mand. with Rm/2?

Pk-2-2(Continued)

Appendix. 1. (1~3)~

NMMP-KU0066
NMMP-KU 0067
NMMP-KU0068
NMMP-KU0069
NMMP-KU0070
NMMP-KU 0071
NMMP-KU0072
NMMP-KU0073
NMMP-KU0074
NMMP-KU0075
NMMP-KU 0076
NMMP-KU 0077
NMMP-KU0078
NMMP-KU 0079
NMMP-KU 0080
NMMP-KU 0081
NMMP-KU 0082
NMMP-KU 0083
NMMP-KU0084
NMMP-KU 0085
NMMP-KU 0086
NMMP-KU 0087
NMMP-KU0088
NMMP-KU 0089
NMMP-KU0090
N!vfMP-KU0091
N}.fMP-KU0092
NMMP-KU 0093
NMMP-KU 0094
NMMP-KU 0095
NMMP-KU 0096
NMMP-KU 0097
NMMP-KU 0098
NMMP-KU 0099

Anthracotheriwntenuis
Anthracotheriwnrubricae
Artiodactyla gen. etsp. nov.

RM\1
LP\4
R mand. with Rm/3
teeth frags.

Anthracotheriwnbinnanicus ?
Anthracotheriwn

RM\3

AnthracothemapanganmammalAnthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwnbinnanicus
Anthracotheriwnbinnanicus
Anthracotheriwnbirmanicus ?
Anthracotheriumbirmanicus ?
Anthracotheriwnbirmanicus ?
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwnrubricae
Anthracotheriumrubricae
Anthracotheriwn ?

fish
Anthracotheriumtenuis

Brontothere?
Brontothere?
Brontothere?
Brontothere

RP\4M\1teeth frags.
teeth frags.
LP\4tooth root
astragals, digit, etc., 3 materials

Bhc4-2
Bh-1-2
Bh-1-2
Bh-1-2
Bh-1-4Bh-1-4Bh-1-3, ( 11/6)
Bh-1-4, (11/7)
Bh-1-6, (11/11)
Bh-1-6, (11/11)
Bh-1, (1117)

M\2?, Rm/3

(1117)

Lm/1
Lp/3?
teeth Crags.
RM\3
LM\3
LM\3
teeth frags.
Lm/1?
Lp/4?
Rm/3
canine?
teeth frags.
teeth Crags.
Humerus and ulnabone
L mand with Lm/3
mand. condyleteeth Crags.
incisor?
incisor?
incisor?
Upper molariform teeth frag,Bh-4-2, (1117)
Bh-4-2, (11/7)
Bh-4-2, (1117)
PGN-1-1, (11112)
PGN-1-1, (11/12)
PGN-l-1, (11112)
PGN-1-4, (11/15)
PGN-1-4, (11115)
PGN-2-1, (11115)
PGN-2-1, (l lil5)(lli14)
PGNI-2, (11113)
Lema KC-3, (l l/16)
Lema KC-4, (11117)
Lema KC-2, (11119)
Lema KC-I, (11117)
Lema KC-I, (11117)
Lema KC-I, (11/17)(Continued)

Bh4
Bhl
Bhl
Bhl
Bhl
Bhl
Bhl
Bhl
Bhl
Bhl
Bhl
Bh3
Bh4
Bh4
Bh4
PGNI
PGNI
PGNl
PGNl
PGNI
PGNl
PGN2
PGN2
PGN2
MGGN
PGNI
PGNI
Lma
Lma
Lma
Lma
Lma
Lma
Lma

1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
ll.Iyanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

Appendix. 1. (1-4)

err·

NMMP-KUOlCJO Paramynodon binnanicus
NMMP-KU0101
NMMP-KU0102 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0103 Anthracotheriwn pangan
NMMP-KU0104
NMMP-KU0105 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0106 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0107 Anthracotherium tenuis
NMMP-KU0108 ?Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0109 Brontothere
NMMP-KU0110 ?
NMMP-KUOlll?
NMMP-KU0112
NMMP-KU0113 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0114
NMMP-KU0115 ?Artiodactyla(?Primates)
NMMP-KU0116 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0117 Anthracotheriwn tenuis
NMMP-KU0118 ?
NMMP-KU0119 ?
NMMP-KU0120
NMMP-KU0121
NMMP-KU0122 Anthracotherium
NMMP-KU0123 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0124
NMMP-KU0125 Anthracotherium
NMMP-KU0126
NMMP-KU0127 Anthracotherium
NMMP-KU0128 Anthracotherium
NMMP-KU0129 Bahinia po11daw1gensis
NMMP-KU0130 ?Anthracotherium
NMMP-KU0131 small mammal
NMMP-KU0132
NMMP-KU0133

Lm/x'trigonid
teeth frag..
LM\l or2
RP\4teeth & bone frags.
RP\4
LP\3
Lp/3 .
canine?
incisor?
Metatarsal?
Metacarpal
bones
Lp/4
teeth frags..
right femur
mand with teeth
R mand with Rm/3'talonid
incisorincisorteeth & bone frags.
teeth frags
RP\3,4,M\lLM\xteeth& bonefrags.
L mand. with Lp/3-4m/2-3
teeth & bone frags.
RM\"
LM\x.
L mand. with i,c,p,m/l 'trigonid?incisorRm,3' hyld
large bones. large bones

Thandaung,(11118)
Bh-4-1, (11/11)(ll/14)(ll/14)
11/13,TMK
11/13,TMK
ll/13, TMK
11/13,TMK
11/13,TMK
11/13,TMK
Pk-2, (1119)
Pk-2, (11/9)
Pk-2, (11/9)
11/10,2 km from paukkaung
ll/10, 2 km from paukkaung
Pk-1-3, (11/8)
Pk-1-2, (11/8)
Pk-1-2",(11/8)
Pk-1-3, (11/8)
Pk-1-3, (1118)
Pk-1-3, (11/8)
Pk-2, (lll9)
Pk-2-2, (11/9)
Pk-2, (11/9)
Pk-4, (11110)
Pk-5, (11/10)
Pk-5, (11/10)
Pk-5, (11/10)
Pk-5, (11/10)
Bh-1(11/15)(11/15)(Continued)

Thdn
Bh4
MGGN
MGGN
Tmk
Tmk
Tmk
Tmk
Tmk
Tmk
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Bahin area
Bahin area
Pkl
Pkl
Pkl
Pkt
Pkl
Pkl
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Pk4
Pk5
Pk5
Pk5
Pk5
Bhl
PGN2
PGN2
Pk2
Bahin area

1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
1'.-lyanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Jvlyanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Jvlyanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

Appendix. 1. (1-5)
NMMP-KU 0134

Rhinocerotoidea indet.

bones

NMMP-KU 0136
NMMP-KU 0137

two bones
bones and teeth frags

NMMP-KU 0138

bones

NMMP-KU 0139

two bones

Magyigan people ·Pangan area
Pk2

1998
1998

Myanmar-Japan(ll/15PM)

PGNl

1998

Myanmar-Japan(11/12)

PGNl

1998

Myanmar-Japan(ll/11 AM)

Bh4(11/14)

MGGN

1998
1998

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

Myanmar-Japan

NMMP-KU 0140

bones

(11/7)

Bh4

1998

Myanmar-Japan

NMMP-KU 0141

large and small bones
two large bones(ll/9)(ll/lOAM)

1998

Myanmar-Japanbones(11/7)

Pk2
Pk4
Bbl

1998
1998

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

NMMP-KU 0144
NMMP-KU 0145

bones
small teeth and bones(ll/6AM)(ll/11 AM)

Bbl
Bh4

1998
1998

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

NMMP-KU 0146

bones

(ll/6AM)

Bbl

1998

Myanmar-Japan

NMMP-KU 0147
NMMP-KU 0148

bones and teeth frags.
vertebrae and bones(ll/14PM)(ll/12)

PGN2
PGNl

1998
1998

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

bones
bones
three bones(ll/15 PM)(ll/11)

PGNl

1998

Myanmar-Japan

Bh4
Pk2

1998
1998

Tmk
Lma

1998
1998

Thdn
Lma

1998

NMMP-KU 0142
NMMP-KU 0143°'

maxilla with teeth roots

NMMP-KU 0135

snake? lizard?

N.MMP-KU 0149
NMMP-KU 0150
Nl\-lMP-KU 0151
NM.MP-KU 0152
NMMP-KU 0153
NMMP-KU 0154
NMMP-KU 0155
NM.MP-KU 0156
NMMP-KU 0157
NM.MP-KU 0158
NMMP-KU 0159

?Anthracotheriwn

bones
bones

(ll/19AM)

bones and teeth frags.

(ll/18AM)

bones and teeth frags.
bones( 11/17 Plv[)(llil3 PM)(1119)(ll/6)

large bones?caninebones and teeth frags.

(11/13)

PGNl

1998
1998

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan.tv[yanmar-Japan1998(11/6)

Pk2
Bhl
Bbl

1998
1998

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan.Myanmar-Japan

PGN2

NMMP-KU 0160
NMMP-KU 0161

bones and teeth frags.
bones(11/15AM). (11/7 AM)

Bh4

1998
1998

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

N.MMP-KU 0162

bones and teeth frags.

(11/lOAM)

Pk4

1998

Myanmar-Japan

NMMP-KU 0163

three bones and a tooth(11/9)

Pk3

1998

Myanmar-Japan

NMMP-KU 0164

bones

Bbl

1998

Myanmar-Japan

NMMP-KU 0165

four bones and a tooth(ll/11 PM)

Bh3

1998

Myanmar-Japan

NMMP-KU 0166

bones and teeth frags.

(11/7 AM)

Bh3

1998

Myanmar-Japan

NMMP-KU 0167

bones and teeth frags.

(ll/8AM)

Pk!

1998

Myanmar-Japan(Continued)

Appendix. 1. (1-6) ·NMMP-KU0168

a large bo!}e .

NMMP-KU 0169

bones

NMMP-KU 0201

Indomeryx cotteri

NMMP-KU 0202

NMMP-KU 0206

1998
1998

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan(11/6)

Lma

1999

Myanmar-Japan(11/6)

Lma

1999

Myanmar-Japan

bonefrags(11/6)

Lma

1999

Myanmar-Japanbones & teeth(1117)

1999

Myanmar-Japanmammalmammal & reptile

mand with teeth· roots(1117)

Thdn
Thdn

1999

Myanmar-Japanbones(lli7)(11/7)

Tbdn

1999

Myanmar-JapanThdn(11/8)

Lma

1999
1999

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan(11/8)(ll/9)

Lma
Thdn(11/9)(11/9)(11/13)

NMMP-KU 0208

mammalbones & teeth fragsbone & teeth frags

NMMP-KU 0209
NMMP-KU 0210

?Anthracotherium

astragals

NMMP-KU 0211
NMMP-KU 0212
NMMP-KU 0213
NMMP-KU 0214

mammalPhiomyidae gen. et sp. nov.
Hyaenodontidae gen. et sp. nov.

teeth Crags
bones & teeth Crags
Lmand. with Lm/1-3
lower teeh Crags

NM:MP-KU 0215
NMMP-KU 0216

Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium

RP\3
R,\,1\2-3

NMMP-KU 0217
NMMP-KU 0218
NMMP-KU 0219

bones & teeth Crags(11/13)(11/13)

Bhl

1999

Myanmar-Japan?? Metatelmatherium ? lahirii

Lp/1?
bonefrags(11/13)(11113)

Bb5
Bh5

1999
1999

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japanbone Crags(large)(11/13)(11/13)

Bb4
Bb2.

1999

bonefrags
R mand. ·with Rm/2-3

1999

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan(11/14)

Pkl

1999

Myanmar-Japan

NMMP-KU 0223

bonefrags(11/14)

Pkl

1999

Myanmar-Japan

NM11P-KU 0224

teeth frags(11/14)Pkl

1999

upper teeth
teeth and bone frags(11114)

Pk6

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan(11/14)

Pk6

1999
1999

teeth and bone fr;igs(11/14)

Pk7

1999

RP\4M\l-3(11/15)

Pk2

1999

NMMP-KU 0229

Amphipithecusmogaungensis
Amphipithecusmogaungensis

part of skull(llil5)

Pk2

1999

Myanmar-Japan

NMMP-KU 0230

small mammal

incisor? canine?

(11/15)

Pk2

1999

Myanmar-Japan

NMMP-KU 0231

Phiomyidae gen. et sp. nov

R mand with Rm/1-3(11/15)

Pk2

1999

Myanmar-Japan

NMMP-KU 0207--.::i

Lma
Bahinareafish

NMMP-KU 0203
NMMP-KU 0204
NMMP-KU 0205

L mand. with Lm/1-3 (broken)· teeth frags. (11/17PM)

bone & teth Crags

NMMP-KU 0220·.NMMP-KU 0221
NMMP-KU 0222

NMMP-KU 0225

Indomeryx are11ae?Paramy11odo11
birma11icus

NMMP-KU 0226
NWilP-KU 0227
NMMP-KU 0228

(11/13) .
(11/13)(Continued)

1999

Myanmar-Japan

Tbdn

1999
1999

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

Thdn
Bbl
Bbl

1999
1999
1999

Bbl
Bbl

1999
1999

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

Appendix. 1. (1-7)

00

NMMP-KU0232
NMMP-KU0233
NMMP-KU0234
NMMP-KU0235
NMMP-KU0236
NMMP-KU0237
NMMP-KU0238
NMMP-KU0239
NMMP-KU0240
NMMP-KU0241
NMMP-KU0242
NMMP-KU0243
NMMP-KU0244
NMMP-KU0245
NMMP-KU0246
NMMPsKU0247
NMMP-KU0248
NMMP-KU0249
NMMP-KU0250
NMMP-KU0251
NMMP-KU0252
NMMP-KU0253
NMMP-KU0254
NMMP-KU0255
NMMP-KU0256
NMMP-KU0257
NMMP-KU0258
NMMP-KU0259
NMMP-KU0260
NMMP-KU0261
NMMP-KU0262
NMMP-KU0263
NMMP-KU0264
NMMP-KU0265?brontothereor amynodontid?Paramynodonbinnanicus
Anthracotherium?Praramynodonconerimammalmammalfish & crocodile
mammal?Indolophusguptai
mammalmammallarge mammal
Anthracotheriwn
mammalAnthracotheriwn?smalleramynodont

mammalCreodonta"Pterodon "dahkoensis"Pterodon " dahkoensis
Anthracotherium
Artiodactyla gen. et sp. nov.
Indolophusguptai

incisorP\x.
caninecanine?
tooth
teeth
teeth
R mand. frag.
lower teeth frags
mand fragbones
bones from same pointbones
bones from U shige point
useful bones from U shige pointmand. frag
L mand. with Lm/1
incisorbones & teeth frags
Rm/1
LP\2?
bones & teeth frags
large bones
teeth frags.
metatarsal
bone frags
large.bones
bone frags·
bones & teeth frags
R mand with Rpl2-4m/l' talonid
trigonids of Rm/1 and 2
L mand. with Lm/3
L mand. with Lm/2-3
LM\3(11/15)(11/15)(11115)(11/15)(ll/15)(11/15)(11/15)(11/15)(11115)(11115)(11/15)(11/15)(11/15)(11/15)(11/15)(11/16)(11116)(11116)(lll'i6)(11/16)(11116)(ll/16)(11116)(11116)(11117)(11117)(11/17)(llil7)(ll/17)(11117)(11!17)(Uil7)(11/19)(11/19)(Continued)

Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Pk3
Pk3
Pk3
Pk3
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
Pk2
near Thadut, Babin area
.nearThadut, Babin area
near Thadut, Babin area
Mta
· Mta

1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

Appendix. 1. (1,8)
NMMP-KU 0266
NMMP-KU 0267
NMMP-KU 0268
NMMP-KU 0269
NMMP-KU 0270
NMMP-KU 0271
NMMP-KU 0272
NMMP-KU 0273
NMMP-KU 0274

Indomeryx cotteri
Anthracotheriumtemtis
Indomeryx coterri
Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium
Paramynodonbirmanicus?ltulomeryxcotteri
Anthracotherium(ll/19)Mta

L mand. with Lm/1-2(11/19)(11/19)Mta
Mta

Rm/1 or2
LM\x.(broken)(11/19)Mta(11/19)

Mta

1999
1999

LM\x

(11/19)

Mta

1999

Myanmar-Japan

LM'3
astragali.
· R mand. with Rp/3,4, mil(11/19)

Mta

1999
1999

Myanmar-Japan

1999

Myanmar-Japan

L mand. with Lm13'talonid(11/19)Mta(11/19)

Mta
Mta

1999
1999

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

1999

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

Myanmar-Japan

NMMP-KU 0275

Anthracotheriumpangan

IUvl\3(l li19)

1999

Myanmar-Japan

NMMP-KU 0276

mammalPerissodactyla

teeth Crags(11/19)(11/19)

Mta

1999

Myanmar-Japan

Mta(11119)

Mta

1999
1999

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan(11/19)

Mta

1999

Myanmar-Japan(11/19)(11/19)

Mta
PGNl
PGNl
PGNl

1999

Myanmar-Japan

1999
1999
1999
1999

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

1999
1999

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

1999

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

NMMP-KU 0277
NMMP-KU 0278
NMMP-KU 0279
NMMP-KU 0280--0

R mand. with Rm/1-2

astragalsbone & teeth Crags
large bones

gastropods

NMMP-KU 0281
NMMP-KU 0282
NMMP-KU 0283

Amynodontidae indet.
? Metatelmatherium ? lahirii

NMMP-KU 0284
NMMP-KU 0285
NMMP-KU 0286

Anthracotheriwn

NMMP-KU 0287

Anthracotherium
cf. Ilianodon lunanensis
Indomeryx cotteri
Jndomeryxcotteri

LM\xlarge mammal

NMMP-KU 0292
NMMP-KU 0293

NMMP-KU 0288
NMMP-KU 0289
NMMP-KU 0290
NMMP-KU 0291

amynodontbones & teeth frags

NMMP-KU 0296

(11/19)(11/19)(U720)(11/20)(11/20)

PGN2
PGN2
PGN2
Mta

ID,,[\3(11/21)(11/21)R mand. with Rm/3

(11121)

Mta

1999
1999

L mand. with Lm/x,x+ 1(11/21)

Mta

1999

incisor(11/21)

Mta

1999

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

Paramynodonbirmanicus

Lp/3(11/21)

Mta

1999

Myanmar-Japanmammalteeth frags(11/21)

Mta

1999

bones & teeth frags
large bones & teeth(11121)

Mta
Mta

1999

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

1999

Myanmar-Japan

1999

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

NMMP-KU 0294
NMMP-KU 0295

RM'3
Rp/2?
tooth & bone
RM'3
incisor?Paraniy11odo11(large mammal)
Bunobrolllopssavagei

half ofM\xbones(11/21)(11/8)

Mta(11117-21)

Lma
Pk2

NMMP-KU 0298

mammalincisor(11119or21)

Mta

1999

NMMP-KU 0299

mammalteeth Crags(ll/19or21)

Mta

1999

NMMP-KU0297(Continued)

1999

Myanmar-Japan
Myanmar-Japan

Appendix. 1. (1-9)

NMMP-KU 0301

Hyaenodontidae gen. et sp. nov.

Lc/1

Kdw-3

Kdw

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0302

Hyaenodontidae gen. et sp. nov.

Reil

Kdw-5

Kdw

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0303

carnivorous mammalpart of L mand.

Tudw-1

Tudw

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0304

"Pterodon "dahkoensis

L max. with M\l

mgg-1

Mogaunarea

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0305

L max. with dP\4M\l (or dP\3-4?)

Bhn-165

Bahin area

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU0306

Paramynodon birmanicus
Anthracotherium

Rp/3 or2?

?

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0307

Anthracotherium

Lp/4

?

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0308

?Anthracotherium

incisor? canine?

?

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0309

?Sivatitanops

RM\xfrag.

?

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU0310?Paramynodon birmanicus

Rm/x' trigonid

?

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0311

Metatelmatherium ? lahirii
Bunobrontops savagei

Lmand. with Lm/1-3

Bhn-1120

Bahin area

1997

MyanmarLM\3

Bhn-67Bahin area

1997

MyanmarRM\l?

Bhn-1080

Bahin area

1997

Myanmar

RM\3
R mand. with_Rp/3m/l-3

Bhn-142

Bahin area

1997

MyanmarBhn-158

Bahinarea

1997

Myanmar

RM\2
R max. with Rl\,1\2-3

Bhn-1091

1997
1997

Myanmarmgg-24Bahin area
Mogaung area

L mand. with Lm/3

mgg-202

Mogaung area

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0319

Bunobrontops savagei
Paramynodon birmanicus
Paramynodon birmanicus
Paramynodon birmanicus
Paramynodon birmanicus
Paramynodon birmanicus
Bunobrontops savagei

LM\2?or 1?

Kdn-1

Kdn

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0320

BrontothereLP\4?

Bhn-140

Bahinarea

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0312
NMMP-KU0313
NMMP-KU 0314.........

0

NMMP-KU 0315
NMMP-KU 0316
NMMP-KU0317
NMMP-KU 0318

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0321

? Metatelmatherium ? lahirii

Rp/3?

Bhn-72Bahin area

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0322

? Metatelmatherium ? lahirii

Rp/4?

Bhn-108

Bahin area

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0323

? Metatelmatherium ? lahirii

Lp/4?

Bhn-136

Bahin area

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0324

?Svatitanops

Rp/4?

Czn-1

near Chaungzongyi

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0325

Anthracotherium tenuis

R max. with RdP\3-4M\l-2

Bhn-19Bahin area

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0326

R max. with RM\3 or 2

Bhn-24Bahin area

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0327

Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium

R max. with RdP\4

Bhn-53Babin area

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0328

Anthracotheriummgg-23

Mogaung area

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0329

Tmk-18Tmk

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0330

Anthracotherium
Anthracotheriwn

RM\3
L max. with LM\1-3
L mand. with Lm/2-3

Bbn-56Bahin area

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0331

Anthracotheriwn

R mand. with Rm/2

mgg-20

Mogaung area

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0332 · Anthracotherium

R mand. with Rm/3

Tudw-30

Tudw

1997

MyanmarLm/1 or2 frag.

Kdw-136

Kdw

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0333

Bunobrontops savagei(Continued)

Appendix. 1. (1-10)--..

NMMP-KU 0334

?Svatitanops

Rm/3 frag.

Bhn-1114

Babin area

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0335

? Metatelmatheriwn? lahirii

L mand. with mix' talonid

Bhn-1087

NMMP-KU 0336

Brontothere

Rmand. withe/I, rootsofp/1-3?

mgg-19Babin area
Mogaung area

1997
1997

Myanmar
Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0337
NMMP-KU 0338

BrontothereM\xfarg.
M\xfarg.

mta-1
Tmk-32

Mta

1997
1997

MyanmarTmk

NMMP-KU 0339

RP\4 or 3 frag.

Sze-5

Sze

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0340

?Svatitanops? Metatelmatherium? lahirii

Bhn-1061
Bhn-1068

1997
1997

Myanmar

BrontothereRP\3?
Rm/x (1 ?)' trigonid

Babin area

NMMP-KU 0341
NMMP-KU 0342
NMMP-KU 0343

? Metatelmatheriwn? lahirii
Brontothere

mix' trigonid or talonid

Bhn-1070

1997

Bhn-170

Myanmar
Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0344

B rontothere

RP\4? frag.
canineBabin area
Babin area

NMMP-KU 0345

?Paramynodonbirmanicus

Lower canine

Bhn-1089
Bhn-1078

Babin area

Brontothere

Babin area

Babin area

1997
1997

Myanmar

Myanmar

Myanmar
Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0346

?brontothere ?amynodont

incisorBhn-1076

Babin area

1997
1997

NMMP-KU 0347
NMMP-KU 0348

?brontothere ?amynodont

incisormgg-46

Mogaung area

1997

NMMP-KU 0349
NMMP-KU 0350
NlvlMP-KU 0351
NMMP-KU 0352

amynodont
amynodont
amynodont
amynodont
amynodont

incisorincisorBhn-89Bhn-1086
Bhn-1077
Tudw-·i76

1997
1997
1997
1997

NMMP-KU 0353
NMMP-KU 0354

amynodont
amynodont

1997
1997

Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmarincisor

Tmk-28mgg-36
Bhn-1058

Babin area
Babin area
Babin area
Tudw
Tmk
Mogaung area
. Babin area

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0355

amynodont

incisor

Wka-2

1997

NMMP-KU 0356

?brontothere ?amynodont

incisorBhn-1059

Wka
Bahinarea

1997

l\Iyanmar
Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0357

amynodont

incisor

Wka-3

Wka

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0358
NMMP-KU 0359

?brontothere

incisor??

mgg-35

1997

incisorcanineBhn-1066
Kdw-189

Myanmar
Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0360

?brontothere ?amynodont
amynodont

Mogaung area
Babin area

NMMP-KU 0361
NMMP-KU 0362
NMMP-KU 0363

amynodont?brontothere ?amynodont?brontothere ?amynodont

caninecaninetooth root

Bhn-1079
Bhn-1090
Bhn-1083

Babin area
Bahinarea
Bahinarea

1997
1997
1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0364

?brontothere ?amynodont

tooth root

mgg-239.Jvfogaungarea

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0365

Paramynodonbirmanicus
Paramynodonbirmanicus

RM\x ( 1?) frag.

Wka-5

Wka

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0366

?LM\2' protocone

Tmk-1

Tmk

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0367

?Rbinocerotoidea!vl\xfrag.

Tudw-55

Tudw

1997

Myanmarincisorincisorincisorincisor(Continued)

Kdw

1997
1997

Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar

Myanmar
Myanmar
MyanmarAppendix. 1. (1-11)

"'-..

~

NMMP-KU0368
NMMP-KU0369
NMMP-KU0370
NMMP-KU0371
NMMP-KU0372
NMMP-KU0373
NMMP-KU0374
NMMP-KU0375
NMMP-KU0376
NMMP-KU0377
NMMP-KU0378
NMMP-KU0379
NMMP-KU0380
NMMP-KU0381
NMMP-KU0382
NMMP-KU0383
NMMP-KU0384
NMMP-KU0385
NMMP-KU0386
NMMP-KU0387
NMMP-KU0388
NMlvlP-KU0389
NMMP-KU0390
NMMP-KU0391
NMMP-KU0392
NMMP-KU0393
NlvlMP-KU0394
NMMP-KU0395
NMMP-KU03%
NMMP-KU0397
NMMP-KU0398
NMMP-KU0399
NMMP-KU0400
NMMP-KU0401?Paramynodonbinnanicus
Paramynodonbirmanicus
brontothere
mammalParamynodonbinnanicus
Paramynodonbinnanicus
Paramynodonbinna,1icus?
Paramynodonbirmanicus
Paramynodonbirmanicus
Paramynodonbirn1anicus
Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium
Anthracotheriwn
Antliracotherium
Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium?Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium

M\1?
mil
Rl\3
?RM\x' hypocone
Lm/2.
L mand. with Lm/1-2
R mand. with Rdpl3-4m/l?
R mand. with Rdp/3-4
RM\3
R mand. with Rm/2
LM~?
L ma){.with LM\I (or LdP\4?)?canine
L max. with LM\2-3 (or 1~2?)
R mand. with Rm/1 (or2?)
RM\l or2
R max. with RM\l (or RdP\4?)R mand. with Rm/3 (lackinghyld)
RdP\4? or RM\1?
L max. with LdP\4? or LM\1?
L max. with RdPWM\l, uneruptedl\,l\2
L mand. with Lm/1 (or m/2?)
L mand. with Lm/1 frag.
LMlx frag. (buccal part)R mand. with Rm/I or 2 farg.
Rm/2 (or 1)
Lm/2 (or l)
LM\l or2
Rm/2or l
Rm/I or2
R mand. with Rlni3
?RP\3
RM\3?

Bhn-1082
Bhn-1085
Bhn-lll8
Kdw-17
Bhn-ll19
Bhn-1093
Bhn-1117
Bhn-155
Tudw-56
Bhn-1092
Bhn-1088
Bhn-22
Bhn-26
Bhn-897
Bhn-28Bhn-15
Kdw-12
Bhn-21
Bhn~I8Kdw-10
Kdw-9
Bhn-17
Bhn-12
Bhn-37
Kdw-11
mgg-15mgg-16
Bhn-30
Bhn-76
Bhn-29Bhn-57
Kdw-8(no number)
mgg-240(Continued)

Babin area
Babin area
Babin area
Kdw
Babin area
Babin area
Babin area
Babin area
Tudw
. Babin area
Babin area
Babin area
,Babin area
Babin area
Babin area
Babin area
Kdw
Babin area
Babin area
Kdw
Kdw
Babin area
Babin area
Babin area
Kdw
Mogaung area
Mogaungarea
Babin area
Babin area
Babin area
Bahi!larea
Kdw?
Mogaung area

1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997

Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar'tv!yanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
MyanmarAppendix. l. (1-12)...........

0-J

NMMP-KUOW2 Anthracotherium
NMMP-KU0403 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0404 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0405 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0406 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0407 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0408 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0409 Anthracotheriwn
NJ\,IMP-KU0410 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0411 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0412 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0413 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0414 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0415 Anthracotheriwn
N.MMP-KU0416 Anthracotheriwn
N.MMP-KU0417 Anthracotheriwn
N.MMP-KU0418 Anthracotherium
NMMP-KU0419 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0420 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0421 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0422 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0423 Anthracotherium
NMMP-KU0424 Anthracotherium
NMMP-KU0425 Anthracotherilun
NMMP-KU0426 Anthracotherium
NMMP-KU0427 Anthracotherium
NMMP-KU0428 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0429 Anthracotherium
NMMP-KU0430 . Anthracotherium
NMMP-KU0431 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0432 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0433 Anthracotheri1m1
NMMP-KU0434 Anthracotheriwn
NMMP-KU0435 Anthracotheriwn

L max. with LM\1 or 2
RM\3
RM\3
LM\1 or2
RM\3?
RM\3
LM\1 or2
RM\3
L max. with LM\2-3
L max. with LM\3
R max. with RM\2-3
R max. with RP'4M\l-2
L max. with LdPWM\1-2and uneruptedP'A?
Rm/3
L mand. with Lm/2-3
Rm/3
Lm/2
L mand. with talonid of Lm/3
Rm/1 or2
R mand. with Rm/1
R mand. with Rm/2-3
R mand. with Rm/2' talonid and m/3
R mand. with Rm/3
L mand. with Lm/3 lackinghyld
R mand. with Rm/2-3
R mand. with Rm/3
L mand. with Rm/2-3
R mand. with Rm/2-3
R mand. with Rpi3-4
Rm/1 or2
R mand. with Rpi4
Lp/4(or3?)
Lp/4
R mand. with Rp/4

Tudw-179
Bhn-70mgg-22
Tudw-47
Pgn-6
Tudw-46
Pgn-153
Bhn-68
Bhn-.895
Pgn-7
Tudw-45
Bhn-62
Tudw-42
Pgn-4
Bhn-51
Tudw-28
Tmk-10Wka-1
Tudw-31
Bhn-39Bhn-42
Bhn-35+36
Bhn-64Tudw-16+35
Tmk-24mgg-204
Tudw-44
Bhn-1057
Bhn-54+58
Sze-I
Bhn-59
Tmk-8
Bhn-96
Tudw-12(Continued)

Tudw
Babin area
. Mogaungarea
Tudw
Pangan area
Tudw
Pangan area
Babin area
Babin area
Pangan area
Tudw
Babin area
Tudw
Pangan area
Babin area
Tudw
Tmk
Wka
Tudw
Babin area
Babin area
Babin area
Babin area
Tudw
Tmk
Mogaung area
Tudw
Babin area
'Babin area
Sze
Babin area
Tmk
Babin area
Tudw

1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997

Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar.Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmarlvfyanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmarl\Iyanmar
MyanmarAppendix. 1. (1-13).............

~

NMMP-KU0436
NMMP-KU0437
NMMP-KU0438
NMMP-KU0439
NMMP-KU0440
NMMP-KU0441
NMMP-KU0442
NMMP-KU0443
NMMP-KU0444
NMMP-KU0445
NMMP-KU0446
NMMP-KU0447
NMMP-KU0448
NMMP-KU0449
NMMP-KU0450
NMMP-KU0451
NMMP-KU0452
NMMP-KU0453
NMMP-KU0454
NMMP-KU0455
NMMP-KU0456
NMMP-KU0457
NMMP-KU0458
NMMP-KU0459
NMMP-KU0460
NMMP-KU0461
NMMP-KU0462
NMMP-KU0463
NMMP-KU0464
NMMP-KU0465
NMMP-KU0466
NMMP-KU0467
NMMP-KU0468
NMMP-KU0469

Anthracotheriwn
Anlhracotherlum
Anthracotherium?brontothere
Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium?anthracothere?brontothere
Anthracotherium
Anthracotheriwn

amynodont?brontothere?amynodont
Sivatitanops cotteri ?
amynodont
Anthracotherium
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotherlum
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotlierium
Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium
Anthracotherlum
Anthracothefium

Lp/2 or3
Rp/2or3
Rp/2or3
L mand with root of Le/ 1
caninecaninecanine?canine ?incisor
incisor?canineincisor?incisor(Ri/2??)
LM\x'trigonid
incisor
L mand. with Lp/ l
R mand. with Rp/l
Ll'vI\3?
RM\3LM\3R max. with RP\3-4
Lm/3' talonid
Lmi3
Lmand. with Lm/1-3
L max. with LM\3?
RM\l or2
L mand. with Lm/3' talonid
R mand. with Rm/3' talonid
L max. with LM\3R mand. with Rmi3' talonid
L mand. with Lmi3
R mand. with Rm/1-2
L mand. with Lm/1 or 2
L mand. with Lp/4m'l
Lm/1 or2

Bhn-1046
Bhn-1049
Tudw-23
Kdw-135
Tmk-4
Pgn-24
Tmk-58Kdw-131
Kdw-127
Pgn-150
Kdw-22
mgg-39Bhn-117
Bhn-87
Bhn-13
Bhn-14Tmk-15.
Tmk-9
Tmk-6
Bhn-23
Tmk-19
Tudw-37
mgg-17
Kdw-15
Bhn-69Bhn-66
Bhn-79(A)Bhn-63
Bhn-1055
Tudw-26
Kdw-7
Bhn-34Bhn-1053
Pgn-3(Continued).

Babin area
Babin area
Tudw
I
Kdw
Tmk
Pangan area
Tmk
Kdw
Kdw
Pangan area
Kdw
Mogaung area
Babin area
Babin area
Babin area
Babin area
Tmk
Tmk
Tmk
Babin area
Tmk
Tudw
Mogaungarea
Kdw
Babin area
Babin area
Babin area
Babin area
Babin area
Tudw
Kdw
Bahin area
Babin area
Pangan area

1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997

Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar)l.fyanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
MyanmarAppendix. l. (1-14)~

NMMP-KU0470
NMMP-KU0471
NMMP-KU0472
NMMP-KU0473
NMMP-KU0474
NMMP-KU0475
NMMP~KU0476
NMMP-KU0477
NMMP-KU0478
NMMP-KU0479
NMMP-KU0480
NMMP-KU0481
NMMP-KU0482
NMMP-KU0483
NMMP-KU0484
NMMP-KU0485
NMMP-KU0486
NMMP-KU0487
NMMP-KU0488
NMMP-KU0489
NMMP-KU0490
NMMP-KU0491
NMMP-KU0492
NMMP-KU0493
NMMP-KU0494
NMMP-KU0495.
NMMP-KU0496
NMMP-KU0497
NMMP-KU0498
NMMP-KU0499
NMMP-KU0500
NMMP-KU0501
NMMP-KU0502
Nl\,llvlP-KU0503

Anthracotherium
Alllhracotherium
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotherium
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotherium
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotherium
Anthracotherium
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn?Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotherium
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotherium
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotherium
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotlieriwn
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn?Anthracotherium?Anthracotherium
Anthracotheriwn

R mand. with Rm/2-3
R mand. with Rm/1 or 2
Rm/1 or2
Rm/1 or2
Rm/1 or2
Rm/3
RP\4

L mand. with Lm/2' talonid, m/3
R mand. with Rm/1-2
R mand. with Rp/4m/l (or p/3dp/4?)
RP\4
RM\3

LM\l or2
RM\x?canineLm/1 or2
LM\l or 2 (or dP\4?)
Lm/x' trigonid
Lm/x' trig<:>nidRP\4Lm/3' talonid
L mand. with Lm/1 or 2
LM\1 or2
R mand. with Rm/1 or 2
RM\l or2
LM\3
Rm/1 or2
Lm/x' trigonid
talonid of Rm/1 or.2
Rm! 1 or2
L max. with LP\3-4?canine?canineLM\x

Bhn-1056
Bhn-44
Bhn-77
Bhn-25
Tmk-5
Tmk-11
Bhn-74
Bhn-52
mgg-13
Bhn-45
Tudw-20
Bhn-1052
Bhn-79(B)Bhn-905
Bhn-84Tmksl3Tudw-25
Tudw-9Bhn-899
Tudw-34
Bhn-71
Bhn-167
Tudw-48
Bhn-79(C)Pgn-5
Bhn-79(D)Tmk-14Tudw-8Tudw-18
Tmk-23
Tmk-12
Bhn-86
Tudw-41
Bhn-901(Continued)

Bahin area
Bahin area
Bahin area
Bahin area:rmk
Tmk
Bahin area
Bahin area
Mogaungarea:Bahin area
Tudw
Bahin area
Bahin area
Bahin area
Babin area
Tmk
Tudw
Tudw
Babin area
Tudw
Babin area
Babin area
Tudw
Babin area
Panganarea
Babin area
Tmk
Tudw
Tudw
Tmk
Tmk
Babin area
Tudw
Babin area

1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997

Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar:Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
MyanmarAppendix. 1. (1-15)
NMMP-KU 0504
NMMP-KU 0505
NMMP-KU 0506
NMMP-KU 0507
NMMP-KU 0508
NMMP-KU 0509

Rm/3
Lp/4

Bhn-706
Bhn-8%

L mand. with Lm/3' talonid
LP\3
Lp/1?

Bhn-65
Bhn-134(C)Babin area
Babin area
,Babin area

Bhn-97:Bahinarea

Amynodontidae indet.

R mand. with Rin/3

Pgn-13Babin area

Myanmar

1~7
1997
1997

Myanmar
Myanmar

1997

MyanmarPangan area

1997
1997

Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0510

SivatitanopscoUeri?

Lm/3

Bhn-171

Babin area

1997

NMMP-KU 0511

Amynodontidae indet.

LM\lPgn-16

Pangan area

1997

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0512
NMMP-KU 0513

?Paramynodonbirmanicus?Paramynodonbirmanicus?Paramynodonbirmanicus

Lm/2? (or l ?)mgg-33

Mogaung area

1997

Myanmar

R mand. with Rm/3

Bhn-148

Babin area

1997

MyanmarRP\4Kdw-19Kdw

Myanmar

NMMP-KU 0516

Amynodontidae indet.
Sivatitanopscotteri ?

LM\2-3
Lm/2

Pgn-15+19
Bhn-129

Pangan area
Babin area

1997
1997

NMMP-KU 0517
NMMP-KU 0518
NW,,IP-KU 0519

?Paramynodoncotteri?Paramynodoncotteri?Paramynodoncotteri

Rp/4
Rp/4
Lm/l?(or2?)

Bhn-107
Bhn-157
Bhn-121

1997
1997
1997
1997

NMMP-KU 0520
NMMP-KU 0521
NMMP-KU 0522
NMMP-KU 0523

brontothere
Amynodontidae indet.

Rmlx' trigonid
R max. with RM\2 (and frag. of I)
R mand. with Rimi? ( or 2?)
RP\3? or 2,?
Rm/2? (or 1?)

mgg-32
Pgn-14Tudw-49

Mogaung area
Pangan area
Tudw

Bhn-75
Bhn-149

Babin area
Babin area

1997
1997
1997
1997
1997

Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar

Rm/3
Lm/2?' talonid

Bhn-150Babin area

1997

Myanmar
MyanmarBhn-151

Babin area

1997

MyanmarLm/2?' trigonid

Bhn-152

Babin area

1997

MyanmarUm3?' ti:igonid

Bhn-153

Babin area

1997

MyanmarLlm3?' talonid

Bhn-154

Babin area

1997

Myanmar

RM\3?
Lm/x' trigonid

mgg-25
Bbn-111

Mogaung area

LP'4
?RP 14?Rm/3' talonid

Bhn-93Babin area
Babin area

1997
1997

Myanmarlvlyanmarl\,lyanmar

Bbn-146
Bbn-119Babin area
,Babin area

Tudw-55(A)Tmk-30(A)Bbn-170(A)NMMP-KU 0514
NMMP-KU 0515..............
~

Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn

NMMP-KU 0524
NW.IP-KU 0525
NMMP-KU 0526
NMMP-KU 0527
NMMP-KU 0528
NMMP-KU 0529
NMMP-KU 0530
NMMP-KU 0531

?Paramynodonbirmanicus?Paramynodonbirmanicus
Paramynodonbirmanicus
Paramynodonbimtanicus
Paramynodonbirmanicus
Paramynodonbirmanicus
Paramynodonbirmanicus
Paramynodonbirmanicus?Paramynodonbinnanicus

NMMP-KU 0532

brontotberebrontotbere

NMMP-KU 0533

brontothere

NMMP-KU 0534
NMMP-KU 0535

brontotbere
Rbinocerotoidea

NMMP-KU 0536

?Paramynodonbirmanicus

NMMP-KU 0537

brontotbere

RM\xRm/1 or 2 (or dpi4?)
Lmlx' trigonid(Continued)

Babin area
Babin area
· Babin area
I

1997

Myanmar

Myanmar

1997

Myanmar

Tudw

1997
1997

Myanmar
MyanmarTmk
Babin area

1997
1997

Myanmar!).,fyanmar

Appendix. 1. (1-16)

-...

-::i-

NMMP-KU0538
NMMP-KU0539
NMMP-KU0540
NMMP-KU0541
NMMP-KU0542
NMMP-KU0543
NMMP-KU0544
NMMP-Ku 0545
NMMP-KU0546
NMMP-KU0547
NMMP-KU0548
NMMP-KU0549
NMMP-KU0550
NMMP-KU0551
NMMP-KU0552
NMMP-KU0553
NMMP-KU0554
NMMP-KU0555
NMMP-KU0556
NMMP-KU0557
NMMP-KU0558
NMMP-KU0559
NMMP-KU0560
NMMP-KU0561
NMMP-KU0562
NMMP-KU0563
NMMP-KU0564
NMMP-KU0565
NMMP-KU0566
NMMP-KU0567
NMMP-KU0568
NMMP-KU0569
NMMP-KU0570
NMMP-KU0571

brontothere
brontothere?Param.ynodon
birmanicus
brontothere?Param.ynodo11
birmanicus?Param.ynodo11
birma11icus?brontothere?amynodont
Amynodontidaeindet.F?Param.ynodo11
birmanicus
Rhinocerotoidea?Param.y11odon
birmanicus?Param.ynodo11
birma11icus?Param.ynodon
birma11icus?brontothere?brontothere?amynodont?brontothere?amynodont?brontothere?arnynodont?brontothere?arnynodont?brontothere?amynodont?brontothere?arnynodont?brontothere?amynodont?brontothere?amynodont?brontothere?arnynodont?brontothere?arnynodont?brontothere?arnynodont?brontothere?amynodont?brontothere?amynodont?Paramy11odon
birmanicus?brontothere?amynodont?brontothere?arnynodont?brontothere?arnynodont?brontothere?amynodont?brontothere?amynodont
amynodonttalonid of Lm/1 or 2
RP\4
Rp/4?
M\xfrag.
Lm/x' trigonid
Lm/x?incisor ?canine
Lm/3
RP\4
?RP\3
Lp/3
Rm/x
talonid of Rm/1 or 2
?Lp/x' trigonid?incisor?incisor?incisor?incisor?incisor?incisor?incisor?incisor?incisor?incisor?incisor?incisor?incisor
P\x?incisor?incisor?incisor?incisor?incisor?incisor

Bhn-118
Bhn-134{A)
Bhn-134{8)Bhn-134{0)Bhn-134{F)mgg-29Bhn-147
Bhn-132+Pgn-ll
Bhn-122
Tudw-55(B)mgg-44
Kdw-24
Kdw-25
Bhn-170(C)Bhn-123
Bhn-80
Bhn-92(A)Bhn-92(8)Bhn~85
Bhn-94
Bhn-90
Tbk-2
Bhn-98
Bhn-95
Bhn-82
mgg-34
Bhn-77mgg-50
Bhn-92(C)Bhn-92(0)mgg-42
mgg-38mgg-43mgg-40(Continued)

Babin area
Bahin area
Bahin area
Bahin area
Bahin area
Mogaungarea
Bahin area
Babin or Pangan area
Bahin area
Tudw
Mogaungarea
Kdw
Kdw
Bahin area
Bahin area
Bahin area
Bahin area
Bahin area
Bahin area
Bahin area
Bahin area
'Tbk
Bahin area
Bahin area
Bahin area
Mogaungarea
Bahin area
I
i Mogaungarea
Bahin area
Bahin area,.Mogaungarea
I Mogaungarea
Mogaungarea
Mogaungarea
1

1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997

Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar.lvlyanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
MyanmarAppendix. 1. (1-17)
NMMP-KU0572
NMMP-KU0573
NMMP-KU0574
NMMP-KU0575
NMMP-KU0576
NMMP-KU05n
NMMP-KU0578..........
~

small mammal
small mammal
Anthracotheriwntenuis?Sivatitanops
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn
Anthracotheriwn

mandiblemandible
Rmandible
ID,1\2??frag.
mandiblemandiblemandible

Bhn-1
Bhn-2
Bhn-27
Bhn-137+ 145
Kdw-13
Bhn-33
Bhn-16·Bahinarea.Bahinarea·Bahinarea
Bahinarea
Kdw
Bahinarea
Bahinarea

1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997

Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
MyanmarAppendix. 2. (2-1)

Taxa

Specimen

Toothclass:

P3I

P3/

P4I

Correct?ornot?

L

w

L

Phiomxidae
gen et SJ!:
nov.

number
NMMP-KU0048

Comet

0.9

I.I

2.4

Taxa

Specimen

ToOlhclass:

mi2

mi2

m/3

m/3

Comet? ornot?

mil
L

mil

number

w

L

w

L

w

NMMP-KU0047

Correct

2.8

2.8

2.8

Phiomyidaegen.et sp. ~ov.

Phlomyidae
gen.et sp. nov:

NMMP-KU0049?CometPbiomyidaegen. el sp. DOV.

NMMP-KU0213

Comet

Phiomfidac,gen.ti se: nov.

NMMP-KU0231

Correct

Taxa

Specimen

Toothclass:
Comet? or not?

Hsanothuiumparvum
Hsanotheiuml?!!!!um

number
NMMP-KU0031
NMMP-KUQ035

Taxa

Specimen

Toothclass:number
NMMP-KU0032

Comet? or not?

NMMP-KU0033

Come I

NMMP-KU0034
NMMP-KU0036

Correct

NMMP-KU0037

Comet

73*

2.7*

2.5'

2.2

2.7

2.5
2.5

3.1

2.2

3.2

2.6

2.1

23

2.2

2.5

2.2

MIi

M2I

M2I

M3/

M3/

w

L

w

L

w

6.5
6.7

7.4

5.7

6.3
63

6.9

7.8
7.9

dp/4 dp/4 dp/4
p/4
L
TRDWTALDW L

p/4

mil

w

L

2.6

MIi
L

Com:ctCorrect

P4I
-W

5.4

..........
~

Hsanolherium
parvumHsanotherium
parvumHsanotherium
parvumHsanolherium
parvumHsanolhtrium.
paryummil
mil
TRDW TALDW

mi2
L

m/2
m/2
TRDW TALDW

Comet

5.9

Correct

Taxa

Specimen

Toothclass:

M3?/

M3?/

M3?1

Artiodactyla
gen.d sp.nov.

number
NMMP-KU0026

Correct?or not?
?

L
7.8

AW
9.5

PW
7.5

Taxa

Specimen

Toothclass:milnumberCorrect?or not?

L

mil
m/2
mil
TRDW.TALDW L

1Artiodactyla
gen.el sp. nov.

NMMP-KU0023

n

Artiodactylagen. el sp. nov.

Comet

Aniodactyla~n. et sp. nov.

NMMP-KU0027
NMMP-KU0028·correct

Artiodactyla
gen.er sp. nov.

NMMP-KU0029

CornetArtiodactyla
gen.et sp. nov.

NMMP-KU0068

Comet

Artiodac1yla
gen.eJ sp.nov.

NMMP-KU0264

Comet

7.7

2.9

5.4

2.8

53'

3.0

m/3
m/2
mi2
TRDWTALDW L
5.5
5.2

5.2

5.4
10.7

7.0

4.0

4.3

7.4

4.9

3.1

m3

•"6.8

3.6

3.6

6.0

3.7

3.6

7.0

4.0

4.2*

m/3

TROW TALDW
6.0

5.6

5.0

5.0

S.8

5.5
5.5

4.9
5.7

6.0

( Continued)

OL'3

L

m/3
m/3
TRDW TALDW

93

4.8

4.5

7.8

, 4.5

4.1
4.2

Appendix.2. (2-2)
cf.Artiodac~lagen.ctSJ!:
nov.

NMMP-KU0030

Taxa

mlorm2

6.8

4.2

Specimen

Tooth clan:

M21

M3/

M3/

M3/

Correct?ornot?

PW

PW

NMMP-KU0039

Correct

10.2

8.9

L
8.9

AW

Pakkokuh)!Ulahirii

L
83

M21
AW

M2I

number

11.2

8.6

Taxa

Specimen

Tooth class:

mil

mi2

m/2

Correct?ornot?

L

PakJ:cl:uhyu,
lahirii
Pgilokuh)!Ulahirii

number
NMMP-KU0038
GS1B766

Comet

7.4

5.0

5.1

Taxa

Specimen

Tooth class:
Comet?or not?

d"41

MU
L
5.4
6.0

MIi
AW
5.6

5.4

mil
mi2
mil
TROWTALDW L

Correct

TROWTALDW
6.2
7.2

m/3

L
11.8

8.4
8.6

6
6.6

MIi

M2I

L

6.2

PW
5.7
6.2

4.8

5.0

7.8

m/3
m/3
TROW TALDW
6.6
6.0*

125

7.6

M2I

M21

M3/

M3/

M3/

PW

L
6.4
7.5
7.7

AW
13
8.5
8.5

PW
6.1
7.7
7.7

6.1

AW
6.6
7.6
7.6
6.2

6.6

7.9

mi2

m/2

13

lndamoyx conert

dp4Mll-2or dP\3-4M\1

cf. lndomUfl coperi

NMMP-KU0025

M\I or2

Taxa

Spccilllcn
numberToothclass:

p/3

p/3

p/4

p/4

mil

Comet? or not?

L

w

L

w

L

lndamoyx arenae

NMMP-KUOOII

Comet

5.0

22

53

28

3.1

5.6*

33

3.6

lndamoyx arenae

NMMP-KUOOl2

Comet

lndamoyx arenae

NMMP-KUOOl3

Correct

5.4

2.7

5.1

2.6

2.9

5.9

3.5

3.9

[ndomeryxarenae

NMMP-KUOOl4
NMMP-KUOOl5

Cornet

6.0

3.4

3.6

7.6

4.3

47

33

7.0

4.0

4.4
43

lndamoyx conert

C)

43

nmnbcr
NMMP-KU0007
NMMP-KU0008
NMMP-KU0009
NMMP-KU0010

lndamoyx arenae~-lndamoyx conert

Indomerpcotteri

lndomeryxcolluiPW

M\1-3?ordPl4M\1-2
CornetCorrect

4.1

5.8
6.6
6.7

63
13
7.5
5.9

mil
mil
TROW TALDWTROW TALDW

Comet
Correct

lndomeryxcoaeri

NMMP-KU0016
NMMP-KU0017

lndamoyx conui

NMMP-KUOOl8

Comet

Indomeryxconert

Cometlndomery.rconerl

NMMP-KU0019
NMMP-KU0021
NMMP-KU0022

lndamoyx colttrl

N!vlMP-KU
0024

ml orm2

6.4*

3.2

3.3

lndomuyx coitut

NMMP-KU0201

Comet

6.3

3.0

3.5

lndamoyx arenae

NMMP-KU0222

Comet

lndomeryxcotteri

Tndomery.r
coneri

NMMP-KU0266
NMMP-KU0268?
Cornetlndomeryxconeri

NMMP-KU0289

Cornetlndomeryxc,otteri

mi2
L

Correct

Comet
Correct

6.4

2.2

6.9

2.7

6.0
6.0

2.7
27

33

6.8

4.1

4.2

6.9

3.9
3.8

3.8

6.4
6.3

3.5

4.0

m/3

m/3

m/3

L

TRDW TALDW
' 3.9
3.6

8.9

4.0

3.9

8.9

3.9
3.7

3.9

11.7

5.0

5.1

10.8
120

4.5
4.8

I 4.6

10.8
II.I

4.6
4.7

9.1

4.0

3.8

10.5

4.8

4.9

4.5

4.8
4.6
4.6

4.5

4.2
4.6

(Continued)

Appendix. 2. (2-3)
lndomeryxcollerl

NMMP-KU0290

m/2-3?

lndomuyx colleri

AMNH20023
AMNH32521

m/2-3or 1-2

lndomeryxcolleri
Ind-....,..,,,colleri

lndomuvxarenae

Taxa
Anthracotherium
Anlhracolhuiunl
Anlhracolherium
Anlhracotherium

Anlhrocothuwm
Anlhracotherblm

~

Comet

SpecimennumberNMMPcKUOOS3

Toothcla'ss:
Com:ct?or not?

NMMP-KUOOol
NMMP-KU0070
NMMP-KU0071

NMMP-KU0081
NMMP-KU0082

Correct

Anlhracolh<rium

NMMP-KU0122
NMMP-KU0123

[4.1]

dP3/

dP4I

d1'4/

d1'4/

1'31

P31

P41

P41

Mil

Ml/

Ml/

. M2I

.W

L

AW

PW

L

w

L

w

L

M2I
AW

10.1

10.4

125

13.8

PW
14.3

L

14.1

AW
15.0

17.7
23.0

10.8

11.4

Jo.4

15.1

16.4

15.9*

121

M2I

M3/

M3/

M3/

L

19.8

PW
17.5

19.2

AW
21.6

PW
18.7

26.6

24.4

28.1

31.2

27.6

20.2

23.2

19.0

19.2
19.4
19.1

23.4
226
23.3

19.5
19.3
19.3

21.9

227*

20.9

24.1

28.0

25.1

38.3
23.3

45.0
25.3

40.1
23.9

13.5

14.5

127

16.1
15..4*

13.9

18.3
23.9

26.0

24.9

Correct

Correct

25.7

29.9

29.3

M'xordl'l4

16.7

16.7

16.4*

Mix

18.1*

M\2or I
Correct

Correct
Correct

13.7

9.9

Correct

17.l*

122

A.nthracotlJl!rfuni

NMMP-KU0127
NMMP-KU0128

Correct

Anthracothertum

NMMP-KUD215

Correct

Anthracolheriu.m

NMMP-KU0216

Correct

Anlhracolherlum

NMMP-KU0270

M\xAnlhrocotherlum

NMMP-KU0271

Mil or2

Anlhrocolh<riumCorrect

Anlhrocolhuiunl

NMMP-KU0275
NMMP-KU0284

Anthracotherium

NMMP-KU0287

Mix(! or 2?)

Anlhracotherium

Correct

Anlhrocolhuiunl
Anlhracolhuiunl

NMMP-KU0325
NMMP-KU0326
NMMP-KU0327

M\3 or2

Anlhracotherium

NMMP-KU0328

Correct

Anlhracotherlum

NMMP-KU0329

Coriecl

Anthracotherium.

NMMP-KU0379

M\3?

Anlliracotherium

NMMP-KU0380

Mil ordl'l4Anlhrocolh<rium

[43)

L

Correct

Anlhracolh<riumNllhracotherlum.

[9.7)[9.2*]

Correct

Correct

Anlhracolh<rium

5.2
4.4.

dP31

Correct

M\2 (or I?)

Anlhracolh<riumAnlhracotherium

[3.4)

4.2
[4.2)

Correct

NMMP-KU0074 .

NMMP-KU0083
NMMP-KU0102
NMMP-KU0103
NMMP-KUOI05
NMMP-KU0106[6.6)

Mll?orxordl"-;I?

NMMP-KU0077

Anlhrocolhuiunl

3.9(ll.5*}

Correct

Anlhracolh<rium

Anthracotherlum

6.6
[6.9)

4.3

Correct

Anlhrocozhuium

Anlhracotherium

3.5

Correct

GSIB768
GSIB769

NMMP-KU0056
NMMP-KU0066

6.5

14.9

21.2..

15.9
11.0

JS:O

125

16.6

15.2

16.5

15.7
18.1

11.6

19.6

247
. 28.4

220

21.8

21.7

M\3?

Correct

25.6
6.1

8.5

8.6

8.1

15.8

14.7

!li6

10.5

Io.7

20.5*
8.5

(Continued)

27.7
9.7

28.8

27.0

Io.2

8.7

31.6

29.7

35.6

37.0

33.5

36.2

41.8

36.9

13.7

15.3

13.5

Appendix. 2. (2-4)
Anlhracotherium

NMMP-KU0382

Mll-2or2.J

Anlluacotherium
Anlhracothulum

NMMP-KU0384
NMMP-KU038S

Ml2orlMil ordl'l4

8.4

9.8

8.7

AnlhracoJMrlum

NMMP-KU0387

Mil ordM

9.S

10.0

9.6

Anlhracothuium

Mil ordM

10.0

10.0

9.4

Alllhracolherium

NMMP-KU0388
NMMP-KU0389

10.5

10.7

10.2

Anlhracotlurtum

NMMP-KU0392

Anlhracoth£rlum

NMMP-KU0396

Mix
Mil or2

AnJhracotlurfu,nNMMP-KU0400

1Pa

Anlhracothulum

NMMP-KU0401
NMMP-KU0402

Corrcct
Mil or2

NMMP-KU0403
NMMP-KU0404
NMMP-KU0405

M\2orl

NMMP-KU0406
NMMP-KU0407

M\3(or2"1)
Correct

NMMP-KU0408
NMMP-KU0409

Correct

Correct

Anlhracolherfum.

NMMP-KU0410
NMMP-KU0411
NMMP-KU0412

Anlluacothuium

NMMP-KU0413

Correct

Anlhracothuium

NMMP-KU0414

Comet

Anlluacothulum

NMMP-KU0452
NMMP-KU0453

Anlhracothulum
Anlhracoth£rlum

Anlhracotherium

Anlhracotherium
Anlhracotherium.
Anlhracother'ium
Anlhracotherium
Anlhracotherium)'-..J~

Alllluacotherium
Anlhracothulum

Anlbracothuium

Anlhracotherium

Anlhracotlurium·
Anthracothertum
Anlhracotlurfum.

Anthracothuium

NMMP-KU0454
NMMP-KU0455
NMMP-KU0459
NMMP-KU0460

Gorrcct

8.5

8.s•

8.1

12.5*

11.2'

13.7•

14.3

12.5

11.9

13.0

ll.8

16.0

18.2

17.0

20.9

23.1

21.8

15.1
11.9
22.8

25.8

22.1

Correct

29.1

Corrcct

34.2

30.9
36.4

35.2

24.8

26.8

28.1

25.3
28.2
34.1

31.6

28.9

36.5

33.1

28.1

30.0

29.5

2s.1•

21.9

27.4
24.0

32.9
29.6

27.3

20.2

29.8
35.3

31.7
38.9

29.2

M\31

27.9

33.0

Correct

19.2
19.6

22.l
21.8

25.6

29.9

22.3

24.5'

Correct
Concct

29.9

26.8

17.l

21.0

23.6

22.4

18.8

25.7

28.0

25.3

Correct

126
14.4

14.9

IS.7

IS.O*

16.8
17.4

17.7
19.I

Correct
Correct

93

7.0

6.7

Correct

Comet

Anlluacolherium

Anthracotherium

NMMP-KU0481

Correct

Anlhracoth£rlum

NMMP-KU048l

Mllor2, 26.7
15.4
17.3

Correct

Comol

Anlhracotherium

NMMP-KU0483

M.x

Anlhracothoium

NMMP-KU0486

Mil or 2 or dl'l4

A.nlhracotheriuml'.'MMP-KU0489

Correct

Anlhracothulum

NMMP-KU0492

Mil or2

Anlhracolherium

NMMP-KU0494

Mil or2

Anlhracotherium

Correct

Anthracotherium

NMMP-KU0495
NMMP-KUOSOO

Anlhracothuium.

NMMP-KU0503

Mix

Anlhracothertum

NMMP-KU0507

Correct

Correcl

24.8
34.2

28.1
20.8
20.6

8.5

M\2(or 11)

NMMP-KU0463
NMMP-KU0476
NMMP-KU0480

Anlhracotherium

11.6

28.6

27.I
226

18.4
21'
28.0
I

:2s.o•
!

25.5'
29.4

16.2

16.9

25.0'
,,224

25.0

17.0

14.4
27.0

122

9.7

10.1

13.1

!
13.0

(Continued)

23.9
30.2

I

29.4

Appendix. 2. (2-5)
AMNH20011
AMNH2001S

Correct'Anthracokeryxulniftr'

AMNH20017(right)

Correct'Antlu-aco/ceryx
ulnijer'
1"Anthracothana'Anlhracothema
rubricae•

AMNH20017(left)

Correct

AMNH20024

Com:ctAMNH20027

Correct'Anlhracothema
rubrlcae'

AMNH32525
AMNH32526

Correct"Antlu-acokeryx
mortturw11'Anlhracothema
pangan•'Anlhracohyus
chotrofdes•.
•AnJhracoh:yus
chouoldes''Ant/u-acolh.emapaiuslre''Antlu-acoth.ema
paiustre'

10.8

11:3

7.6

11.3

8.2*
125*
13.0

14.5

9.6

17.6
16.2

16.0

17.3

16.9

20.0

8.4

10.0

9.6

120

13.5

8.8

10.2

9.6

.11.9
2Q.O*

16.0
17.3*

18.9

18.7

18.9

17.7

20.3
13.7

16.l

13.9

25.5

19.9

24.9

228

24.0'
26.3

28.4

25.6

[29)

323

36.5
25.4

323
23.5

328

34.8

31.3

i

OSI B606

Corrcct

OSI 8608

Comet

20.4

23.7

23.3
16.3

21.7

, (241

24.6

24.8

13.5
225*

Comet

ll.2

23.7
20.0
14.7
14.9

?Comet

15.6

225
121
11.7

OSIB603
OSIB604

Correct

23.3

21.2
39.3

OSI8609

Correct•AnJhracOlhema,ubricae'

OS18610OS18611

Mil or2

OSI 8615
OS18616
GS18618

Comet

GSI 8619
OSIB621
OSI8622

Correct

GS18624
OSIB625
K.181847
GSIB747
GS18748

Correct

GS187SO
OS18?52
OSI B756(right)

Correct

OSI B756(left)
GS187Cu

Correct

OSIB7M?

'Anthracokt!J:!
morfllmu'

OS18765

Mil or2

Taxa

Specimen

Toothclass:Correct'?
ornot?

p/1

pl(

p/2

pl2

pJ3

p/3

p/4

p/4

number

L

w

L

w

L

w

L

w

Anthracotherium

NMMP-KU0052

Correct

6.5

3.8

10.6

5.1

9.1

Anthracotherium

NMMP-KU0054

Correct

26.2

26.5

Anthracotherium

NMMP-KU0055

Correct

222

23.7

Anlluacotherium

NMMP-KU0062

Coi'Rct

Anlhracotherium

NMMP-KUOO!uNMMP-KU0077

Correct

227

23.5'Anlhracolhema
aa.ssum•

"LA_;

16.5'

'Anthracolhema
rubrlcae''AnJhracothema
rubrtcae••AnJhracothonaeras.sum•~

Correct'Anthraco.teryx
birmanicus''Anlhracothema
pangan''Anlhracoth.ema
pangan•'Anthracokuyxbinnanlcus''Anlhraco.teryx
bambwae•'Anthracokuyxbinnanicw''AnlhracOUl')':itenuts•'AnlhracotMmiJ
palustre•'Anlhracothe.(napangan•'AnlhracorhDna
pangan•'Anlhracoth.ema
pangan•'Anlhracothima
paJustre•'Anthraco/ceryx
ulnifer''Anthraco/ceryx
ulnijer''Anthracokeryx""'ri!Urus''Anlhracoktryx
nwrf:t11rw•

Anthracolherium

Comet

14.4

18.8

15.9

19.9

9.3*

11.8

26.3

30.2

28.9

21.7

25.1

228

27.6

31.2

26.1

' 27.1

30.0'
16.8
129

28.3 .
15.9
11.4

34.0
16.7
14.6

36.4
19.0
15.6

328

15.0
12.1

[33.8)[40.9)(28.1)(30.8)
13.5
13.5

11.6

36.4
33.4
15.6

38.4
39.8
17.0

33.5
34.8
14.6

27.6'

30.0*

27.l

• I
1

Comet

Correct
Comet

24.2

19.3

14.6

9.6

13.0'

14.0*

9.7

9.5

Corm:t[13.9][8.8]

Correct(11.6) (11.9)
7.4
7.7

7.5

93

?
Comet

21.S*

Correct

21.2*

16.2

21.9
223

Comet

11.6

Concct

7.2

8.9

10.4

8.5

10.7

9.6

11.9

9.2

10.4

8.9

10.7

9.5

12.3

11.6

1

17.0

19.3

18.7

m/1

mil

m/1

m/2

L

TRDW TALDW
5.1

5.8

L
120

27.1
9.1

Com:ct

5.6

23.8

25.5

m/2
m/2
TRDW TALDW

m/3

7.1

· 18.7

7.3

L
19.0

m/3
m/3
TRDW TALDIV
8.6
83

19.8

5.9
43.1

(Continued)

16.5
13.5

Appendix,2. (2-6)/lnlhracoth,rtum

NMMP-KU0078

mil (or2?)

Anlhracoth,rtum

NMMP-KU0079
NMMP-KU0085

p/3?

~cothulum

9.3
19.9

mil or2
15.5

1

12.6

14.2

8.2

Correct

AnlhracotJurtum

Comet

38.8•

Anlhracotlurium

NMMP-KU0093

Comet

18.2

Anlhracoth,rtum

NMMP-KU0107

p/3?

Anlhracoth,rtum

NMMP-KU0113

Correct

10.5

5.3

Anlhracoth,rium

NMMP-KU0116

Correct

14.8

7.8

18.2*

12.0•

12.9

Anlhracoth,rtum

CometAnlhracoth,rlum

NMMP-KU0117
NMMP-KUOl25

13.5

7.4

17.9.

.11.5•

12.6

A,,thracothtrtum

NMMP-KU0248

Anlhracoth,rium

NMMP-KU0251
NMMP-KU0263
NMMP-KU02fi7

mil or2
m/2?

12.0 ·

7.8

7.7

11.2
24.5

5.9

7.3

15.8

18.1

I 16.518.2
17.3

Anlhracotherium
Anihracothlrtum/lnlhracoth,rtum

Anlhracotlurlum
Anlhracoth,rtum

~

8.1

7.0

NMMP-KU0086· NMMP-KU0087

Anlhracoth,rtum

~

14.8
16.2

A.nlluacothuium
An!hracoth£rium
Anlhracoth,rtum
Anlhracoth,rtum

Anlhracothuium
An1hracothu1Um

Comet

19.9

9.7

NMMP-KUCB06
NMMP-KUCB07
NMMP-KUCB30
NMMP-KUCB31
NMMP-KUCB32
NMMP-KUCB83
NMMP-KUCB86?p/3 or2

22.8

9.6

6.4

14.5

20.1

10.2

ID.I

39.2

20.5

21.5

28.2

14.7

14.5

7.4

7.9

19.3
42.4

8.4
22.6

8.2
23.8

14.8
40•

21.7

14.6
21.7

6.7

18.5

11.5

18.3

11.3

5.7

17.7*

5.9
12.5•

24.3
24.4

Comet
Coriect

15.0

Comet

mil (or2?)

9.6·

5.2

5.5

10.3

5.9

6.5
5.8

Correct

NMMP-KUCB93

mil or2!lnlhracothLrlum

NMMP-KUCB94
NMMP-KUCB95

m/2or I

Com::ct

12.5
12.6

ml2or Imil or2

llnlhracoth,rium

NMMP-KUCB97.
NMMP-KUCB98

llnlhracotJurtum

NMMP-KUCB99

Correcf/lnlhracothLrlum

NMMP-KU0415

CorreclAnlhracoth,rtum

NMMP-KU04!6
NMMP-KU0417

Correct

NMMP-KU0418
NMMP-KU0419

Comet

Anlhracoth,rlum
Anlhracoth,rium

NMMP-KU0420

ml2 (or I)

AnlhracolMrlum

NMMP-KU0421

Correctllnlhracoth,rium

NMMP-KU0422

Correct

Alllhracothertum

NMMP-KU0423

Comet/lnlhracoth,rlum

NMMP-KU0424

Comet

lln/hracoth,rlum

NMMP-KU0425

ConcctAnlhracotherfum

9.2

Correct

Anthracotherium.

AnlhracothLrlum

9.8

mil or2

AnlhracotJurium

AnlhracothLrlum

5.7

NMMP-KU0269
NMMP-KU0274

mil or2

Anlhracoth,r/um

13.8*

9.2
15.5

Correct

Concct

8.7

5.0

Comet

NMMP-KUCB90
NMMP-KUCB91

AnlhraCotherfmn.

11.5

22.3
8.4

13.4

9.0

7.5*
7.1

75

7.6

8.2

13.1

14.0

9.0
20.4

ml2orl12.2

13.3

Correct

31.2

23.6

26.3

25.8

17.2

19.9

11.7

7.5

8.2
13

23.3

Correct

17.3

10.6

11.9
20.0•

8.8

18.3

8.9

38.5

(Continued)

10.4
9.0

18.9

19.9

24.1

24.7

Appendix. 2. (2-7)

t..J
CJ-;

Anlhracotherlum

NMMP-KU0426

Come I

Anlhracotherlum

NMMP-KU0427

Correct

AnJhracotMrlum

NMMP-KU0428

Correct

lanlhracolherium.

NMMP-KU0429

Comet

Al1Jhracotherlum

NMMP-KU0430

Con=t

AnlhracotherlMm

NMMP-KU0431

mil or2

Anlhracotherlum

NMMP-KU0432

Anlhracollu!rium

Andtracotherfum

AnlhracotherlMm

23.3*

16.0*

18.2*

39.5*

20.5'

21.0*

41.6

21.8

22.4

23.1

24.4

37.7

20.6

20.0

38.4

17.2

20.0
24.3

15.6

16.3

19.3

11.3

12.0

14.3

7.8

Coffect

15.7

8.2

NMMP-KU0433

p/4(or3?)

19.9

11.3

NMMP-KU0434

Correct

17.7

12.6

NMMP-KU0435

Comet

16.8

9.1

Anlhracotherlum

NMMP-KU0436

p/2 or3

Anlhracotherlum

NMMP-KU0437

pl2or323.1

9.9

Anlhracolhrium

NMMP-KU0438

p/2 or3

20.0

8.4

Anlhracotherlum

NMMP-KU0450

Come I

6.0

2.8

Anlhracotherlum

NMMP-KU0451

Correct

6.2

2.9

Alllhracotherlwn

NMMP-KU0456

Correct

Anlhracotlu!rfum

NMMP-KU0457

Correct

Anlhracolherlum.

NMMP-KU0458

CoircetAnlhracolherDlm.

NMMP-KU0461

Correct

17*

Anlhracotherlum

NMMP-KU0462

Com:ct19.1

Anlhracotherlum

NMMP-KU0464

Correct

Anlhracotherlunl

Correcl

Anthracothertum

NMMP-KU0465
NMMP-KU0466

Anthracoth£rlum

NMMP-KU0467

m/2 or I

Anlhracolherfum

Andtracotherium

NMMP-KU0468
NMMP-KU0469

Anlhracotherium

16.5

6.6

9.4

31.0
6.3

9.9*

13.4

8.7

8.7

9.6
7.4

7.7

15.7

9.3

10.5

mil or2

19.7

12.7

14.l

NMMP-KU0470

Correct

11.3

7.5

73

Anlhracolherium.

NMMP-KU0471

mil or 2

AnlhracolMriun

NMMP-KU0472

mil or2

18.4

12.3

13.9

Anlhracotherlum

NMMP-KU0473

mil or2

Anlhracothertum

NMMP-KU0474

mil or2

20.8

13.8

14.8

Anlhracotherlum

NMMP-KU0475

Comet

Anlhracotherlum

NMMP-KU0477

Correct

Anlhracotheraun.

NMMP-KU0478

Correct

Anlhracotherlwn

NMMP-KU0479

p14mll(ordp/3-4?)

AnlhracolhErtum

NMMP-KU0485

mil or2

AnlhracothRrfum.

NMMP-KU04lr7

mix

24.3

Anlhracotherium

NMMP-KU0488

mix

14.1

Anlhracolhertum

NMMP-KU.0490
NMMP-KU0491

Come I

6.1

Correct

9.8

Correct

18.4

11.0

12.5

19.0

11.9

12.9

145

93

10.2

NMMP-KU049"3

mil or2

Anlhracotherlum

NMMP-KU0496

m/2 (or I?)

Anlhrac~IMr/um.

NMMP-KU04!17

m/3?

20.5

9.4

9.4

15.8
29.0
10.3
13.6

7.5

5.9

6.4

12.9

7.9

83

11.7

12.7

6.4

15.4

24.1
16.8

mil or2

Anlhracotherlum

11.2

22.6
12.2

Anlhracotherlwn

19.0

22.6

22.5*

16.9
24.0
27.2

(Continued)

Appendix. 2. (2-8)
Anlhracolherlum

NMMP-KU 0498

m/2 (or I?)

Anlhraco~rium

NMMP-KU0499

m/1 or2

Anlhracotheriwn

NMMP-KU 0505

Correct

Anlhracolherilmt

NMMP-KU0506

Correct

Anlhracolherlum

NMMP-KU 0508

pll?

Anthracothmla
pangan•AMNH20006

Correct'Anthracoteryxmoriturw•

AMNH20011 (right)

Com:ct'Anlhracokeryz
martturus•

AMNH20011 (left)'Anlhracol:eryxb/nrumla,,'Anthracoteryx
birmaniau•

13.2

8.6
19.5

9.4

5.5
27.0

26.2

31.9

16.0

17.3

Correct

324

16.0

17.3

AMNH 20015 (right)

Correct

29.0*

14.5

14.9

AMNH 20015 Ocll)

Correct

28.4

14.6

15.0

'Anlhracouryx ulnifer'

AMNH20017 (right)

Comet

9.6

4.4

10.5*

4.9

1n2•

5.5

8.4

5.5

6.1

11.4*

7.3

7.7

2no

8.8

9.0

'Anlhracol:eryxulnifer''Anlhracothema'

AMNH 20017 O•ft)

9.5

43

10.6

4.8

1no

5.5

8.6

53

6.0

11.4

7.2

7.6

19.7

8.9

93

AMNH20028

Comet
Correct

18.6

8.2

17.2

9.8

'Anthracothema
rubrtcae•

AMNH20029

Com:ct

37.9

18.5

19.9

'AnthraCOlhema'

AMNH32522

Comet

18.7

127

13.2

23.5*

IS.I

15.S*

14.0

9.1

9.5

18.0

120

13.4

1

°"

15.8

122

49.5*

1

~

18.5
18.2

'Anlhracokeryxlwspes'

OSI B605

Correct'Anlhracothemapa/wire''Anlhracotlu!marubrlcae'

OSIB6ITT

Correct

OSI B612

C~rrccl'Anthracothema
rubricae•

OSI B613

Correct-An:hracothema.
rubriau'
1Anthracolhl!lna
aw.nan I

OSIB614?Correct

OSI B617

Comet'Anlhracothemapangan'

OSI B620

Correct'Anlhracol:eryxtenui.s'

OSIB626

m/1-2 ordp/4m/l'Anthracok.eryx
myaingensis'

OSIB627

Correct'Anlhracothemapangan'

OSI B74S

Correct'Anlhracothemapangan''Anlhracolhema
rubrtcae''Anthracothemapalustre'

OSI B749?Correct

OSI B751

Correct

OSI B754

Come I'Anlhracokeryxulntjer'

16.7

(8.2)

(4.0)

(12.81[4.S][14.91

21'

21.26

14.3

9.2

7.7

16.8*

[16.7]

124

53

16.4

7.8

225

ll.l

tn4

6.7

127

21.7

14.1

21.5•

19.8

9.9

19.7

11.3

16.8

(11.7)

[4.31

11.3

5.6

93

Correct

OSI B759

m2orl'Anlhracohryxmyaingemis'

OSI 8760?Correct•Anthracokeryx
myaingensis'

OSI B761?Correct

16.5*

5.4

'Anlhracoteryxbirmanicus'

OSI B767

Correct

Taxa

Specimen

Toothclass:

P2I

P2I

P4I

P4I

Ml/

numberCorrcct?ornol?

L

w

L

w

w

Bunobrontops
savagei

NMMP-KU 0059

Mix

Bunabrontops
sava,etBunobronlops
savagei

NMMP-KU 0296

Mix

NMMP-KU0312

Correct

Bunobronlops
savagei
8U11DIJ,ontops
sawigel

NMMP-KU<Bl3

M\I?

NMMP-KU<Bl9

M\2or I

NMMP-KU<B20

1'14?

11.6

13.0*

[23.7)

15.4

29.7

15.3

16.0

527

29.1

29.7

38.2

18.9

2n5

[17.4]

26.1

20.3

21.9

36.7

24.3

222

47.7

24.4

24.5

18.0

8.4

8.7

6.0

11.7

7.1

7.4

15.0*

30.8

18.3

21.9

129

23.9

15.8

18.8

39.2

19.6

21.8

21.0

9.5

9.4

6.4

(9.1)
11.9

ll.6

7.8

8.1

11.5

6.8

7.1

15.5

9.9

11.8

[5.21

3.9
129

7.0

129

M2/

M2/

M3/

M3/

L

w

L

w

43.2

53*

43.0

47.2

40.7*

43.3
37.7
25.8

20.5

[24.0'][24.0']
8.8

122[11.8]

19.S*

9.2

24.1

9.9

9.8
19.3

OSI B755

lahlrii

(5.81

16.5

[10.8]

1'Anthracokuyx m:yaingensis?Mdolelmal/irilm?

7.2

33.4

(Continued)

8.3

9.9

Appendix. 2. (2-9)?Sivatitanopssp.

NMMP-KU0339

l',4?Metatdmathutum? /ahlrli

NMMP-KU0340

Nor3?

brontothcrc

NMMP-KU0532

l',4brontothcrc

NMMP-KUOS33l',4brontothcrc

NMMP-KU0539

l',4

Taxa

Specimen

Toothclass:
Com:c17
or not?

number

t-.J

-.::r

31.6*
18.8

22.0
26.7
37.0
25.5

p/1

p/1

p/2

L
106

w

L

32*

p/2

p/2

p/3

TROWTALDW L

p/3

p/3

TROW TALDW

p/4

L

p/4

p/4

TROW TALDW

mil

mil

mi2

m/2

L

TROW TALDWL

TROW TALDW

36.9

21.7

47.1

25.7

?Metatdmathuium? lahlrli

NMMP-KU0218?

?Metaldmathuium ? lahlrli

NMMP-KU0282

p/2?

Metate/matho'ium? lahlrli

NMMP-KU0311

Com:ct?Metatdmathutum ? lahlrli

NMMP-KU0321

p/2 or3?

?Metatdmathutum ? lahirii

NMMP-KU0322

p/3 or4?

27.6

17.1

19.3

?Metatdmathutum ? lahlrli

NMMP-KU0323

p/3 or4?

27.4

16.9

19.5

Sivotitanopscoltul

NMMP-KU0324

p/4?

?Sivatitonopsblnnanicum

NMMP-KU0334

mix?Melaldmathutum ? lahlrli

NMMP-KU0335

mix

brontothcrc?Stvatitanopscorterl

NMMP-KU0341

mix

NMMP-KU0448

mix?Sivalitanopscotteri

NMMP-KU0510

Correct?Slvalilanopscolteri

NMMP-KU0516

Correct(?)

brontothcrc

NMMP-KU0520

mix

28.5

brontotherc

NMMP-KU0531

mix

29.0

brontotbcrc

NMMP-KU0537

mix

28.0

brontothere

NMMP-KU0538

mil or2

Taxa

Specimen

Toothclass:

?

dN/

dN/

P2I

P2I

Pl/

P3/

P41

P41

MIi

MIi

M2I

M21

M3/

M3/

Correct?or not?

L

L

w

L

w

L

w

L

w

L

w

L

w

cf. llianodonIUN11101Jis

number
NMMP-KU 0288

L
23.7•

27.0

?cf.llianDdonlunanensis

NMMP-KUOOS7

?

22.0

Ceratomo1pha
indctNMMP-KU0058

?

20.6*

Param.ynodonbinnanlau

NMMP-KU0061

Correct

Pantmynodonbinnaniau?Paran,ynodonbinnan/a,s

NMMP-KU0272

Correct

41.7

40.2*<

NMMP-KU0305

?

19.2

11.8

10.7

204

14.S

15.6

31.9

19.7

49.3

30.8

29.4

31*

36.7*

36.5

37.5*
47•

NMMP-KU0523

Norl

NMMP-KU0530

M\3?

29.4

31.2

31.2

54.0

?Param.ynodon
binnaniais

63.4

27.6

27.9

32.7

Correct?Param.ynodlmbinnaniau

26.7

120•

Com:ctCorrect

24.3

21.6

NMMP-KU0316

Correct

m/3

37.4

NMMP-KlJ0317
NMMP-KU0514

TROW TALDW

27.2

Param.ynodonbinnanlau

NMMP-KU0377

m/3

L

20.3

Paran,ynodonblnnaniau
Pantmynodonblnnaniais

m/3

6.8

Correct?Param.ynodonbinnanlau

mi2

mil

w

54.8
45.8

21.2
13.7

18.I
36*

( Continued)

44•

32.4

320*

Appendix. 2. (2-10)~
CX)?Paramynodonbirmanicu.s

NMMP-KU0546

Correct?Paramynodonblnnanlcus

NMMP-KU0547

N?or2?

Amynodontidaeindct

NMMP-KU0281

Correct

Amynodootidaeindct

NMMP-KUOSIICorrect

Amynodontidaeindct

NMMP-KUOS15

Com:cl34•

AmI!!odontidaeindct

NMMP-KUom

Correct

35.2'

Taxa

Specimen

Tooth class:

dp/3

dp/3

numberComet? or nor?

L

TRDWTALDW

Paran,y,wdonbinnania<r

NMMP-KU0060

mix (3?)

Paramy,wdonbirmanials

NMMP-KUOIOO

mix?Paramynodonbinnoniau

NMMP-KU0292

Corrccl?Paramynodonbinnaniau

NMMP-KUQ310?

Param:ynodonbinnoniau

NMMP-KUQ369

Comet

Param:ynodonbinnoniau

NMMP-KUQ31S

Correct

Param:ynodonbinnoniau

NMMP-KUQ318

CcirrectParam:ynodonbinnoniau

NMMP-KUQ372

Correct

19.4
15.8

19.8
29.9
29.9

dp/3

dp/4

dp/4

dp/4

p/3

pl3

p/4

L

TRDWTAWW

L

w

L

p/4

p/4

TRDW TAWW

126

14.0*

10.2

Correct
Comet

21.3

9.8

10.7

Paramynodonbinnaniau

NMMP-KUQ376

Comet

24.0

10.7

126

Paramynodonbinnoniau

NMMP-KUQ378

Correct?Paramy,wdonb'irmanicus

NMMP-KU0512

m/2? or I?

?Paramynodonbinnaniaa

NMMP-KU0513

Correct?Paramynodonbinnanit:us

NMMP-KU0517?Comet

225

14.2

IS.I

?Paramynodonbir1rranials

NMMP-KU0518?Com:ct

222

13.9

15.8

?Param.ynodon
birmanicus

NMMP-KUOSl9

ml2 o<I?ParamynodonbirmanialS

NMMP-KU0522

mil or2

Param:ynodonbinnoniau

NMMP-KU0524

ml2 or I

Paramynodonbinnoniau

NMMP-KUOS2S

Correct

Param:ynodonbinnania<r

NMMP-KU0526

m/2?

Paramym,donbirmanialS

NMMP-KU0527

ml2?

Paramynodonbinnanla<r

NMMP-KUOS28?CorrectParam:ynodonbinnankus

NMMP-KUOS29?Correct?Paramynodon
birmanialS

NMMP-KUOS36

ml I or 2 or dp/3 or dp/4?
?

?Paramynodonbirmaniau

NMMP-KU0543?

?Paranrynodon
binnanicus

NMMP-KU0548?Correct?Param:ynodon
bUTIU11Jials

NMMP-KU0549?

?Paramynodonbinnanicus

NMMP-KUOSSO

mil or2

mil

m/2

L

m/2

m/3

TROW TAWW

L

m/2

m/3

m/3

TROW TALDW

14.4

NMMP-KUQ373

NMMP-KU0542

mil

TROW TALDW

9.2*<

NMMP-KUQ374

NMMP-KU0540

L

45.9

Paramynodonbirmanicus?7Paramynodon

mil

31.S
35.0*

19.5

Param:ynodonbinnoniau?Paramynodonbirmankus

30.8

324

255

121

13.2

29.3

14.0

16.6

29.7

128

15.8

29.3.

128

15.6

316

13.3

15.6

39.0

15.4

18.2

39.7

19.1

20.6

37.6

16.5

18.5

45.5

23.9

43.3

222

20.6

40.8*

19.1

18.6

49.4

19.8

20.0

129
24.9

33.8

13.8

34.6

16.0

18.0

41.7

20.3

20.4

IS.S

23.3
44*

21.2
21.1
49*

33.2
15.8

10.0

15.5

18.0

11.4
13.7
IS.8

14.0

18.0

11.9
34.4
25.8

(Continued)

20.9

Appendix. 2. (2-11)
Amynodontidacindet

NMMP-KU0509

Correct

344

14.1

14.3

Amynodontidacjndcl

NMMP-KUOS45

Correcl

33_7

140

13.8

Taxa

Specimen

Tooth class:

1"11

1"11

P31

P3I

P4I

P4I

MIi

MIi

M2I

Conect'lor not?

L

w

L

w

L

w

L

w

L

lndolophus guplai

number
NMMP-KU 00265

lndolophusguptal

OSI C347

Com:ct

[8.7]

Taxa

Specimen

Toothclass:p/4

manberCorrect?or not?

L

lndolophus guplai

NMMP-KU 0040

?Correct

lndolo~tai

NMMP-KU0041?Correct

10.6

7.1

7.8

Specimen

Tooth class:

Pl/

-Pl/

numberCorrect?or not?

Lw

NMMP-KU 0005

Comet

7.2**

NMMP-KU 0006

Comet

7.4**

6.9**
7.1**

9.4*

Specimen

Tooth class:

p/4

p/4

numberComet? or not?

Lw

OSIC348

Comet

11.7

9.7*

Taxa

~
-0

Deperetdlablmumica

Col'l'Cct

[8.1)

[9.1)

[10.6)

p/4

p/4

m/2

TRDWTALDW L[103)[11.9)

m/2

m/2[10.8)[11.8)m/3

TRDWTALDW

13.6

1.g

7.7

1"11

1"11

P3/

P3/

L

w

L

w

9.8

12.2

9.9

14.1

mil

mil

m/2

m/2

m/3

L

w

L

w

L

w

12.3

9.7

13.8

10.6

15.2

11-8

**, The measurementsaR of lbc roots,not thecro\VO.

TaxaDeperetella b_U7flDllica

M2I
AW

M2I

M31

M31

PW

L

AW

M31

PW

12.8

14.5

II.I

Appendix3. (3-1)
Paleogene faunas:
Pondaung_fauna[Tsubamoto (2000 = this paper) 37 .2 Ma Pondaung
Fm Myanmar]
Bahinia pondaungensis
Amphipithecus mogaungensis
Pondaungia cotteri
Anthropoidea indet. [gen. et sp. nov.]
Hyaenodontidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov.]
Pterodon dahkoensis
Phiomyidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov.]
Hsanotherium parvum
Artiodactyla indet. [gen. et sp. nov.]
cf. Artiodactyla indet. [gen. et sp. nov.]
Anthracotherium pangan
Anthracotherium rubricum
Anthracotherium birmanicus
Anthracotherium tenuis
Pakkokuhyus lahirii
Indomeryx cotteri
cf. Indomeryx cotteri
Sivatitanops cotteri
Sivatitanops birmanicum
Metatelmatherium lahirii
Bunobrontops savagei
cf. Ilianodon lunanensis
Paramynodon birmanicus
Amynodontidae indet.
Indolophus guptai
Deperetella birmanica
Ceratomorpha indet.
Krabi_fauna[Ducrocqet al. (1995, 1996, 1997, 1998) Chaimanee
et al. (1997) Ducrocq (1999) Peigne et al. (2000)
Tsubamoto (2000 = this paper) southern Thailand]
Dermotherium major
Insectivora indet.
Pteropodidae indet.
Wailekia orientale
Wailekia sp.
Siamopithecus eocaenus
Miacis thailandicus?Mustelidae indet.
?Procyonidae indet.
Nimravus cf. mongoliensis
Nimravus cf. intermedius
Hoplophoneus sp.
Caniformia indet.
Ctenodactyloidea indet. [1]Ctenodactyloidea indet. [2]Egatochoerus jaegeri
Siamochoerus banmarkensis

Entelodontidae indet.
Siamotherium krabiense
Anthracotherium chaimanei
Anthracotherium thailandicus
Bothriogenys orientalis
Bothriogenys cf. orientalis
Atopotherium bangmarkensis
Anthracotheriinae indet. [gen. et sp. nov .]Progenitohyus thailandicus
Lophiomerycidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov .]?Tragulidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov .]Helaletidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov.]?Hyracodontidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov.]
Dongjun_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983) and Tong
(1989) Dongjun Fm Bose Basin southern China]
Eudinoceras crassum
Eusmilus? sp.
Andrewsarchus crassum
Probrachyodus? sp. [sp. nov.]
Metatelmatherium s p.
cf. Protitan sp.
Deperetella birmanica
Teleolophus sp.
Forstercooperia s p.
Ilianodon? sp.
Prohyracodon s p.
cf. Gigantamynodon s p.
Amynodon s p.
cf. Paramynodon s p.
Naduo_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983), Tong
(1989), Ducrocq (1999) and Tsubamoto (2000 =thispaper) Naduo Fm Bose and Yongle Basin, southern
China]
Eodesmatodon spanios
Cephalogale sp. [sp. nov.]
cf. Cephalogale s p.
Guangxicynodon sinocaliforniae
Pachycynodon? sp. [sp. nov.]
Propterodon? sp.
Guilestes acares
Guilestes cf. acarescf. Harpagolestes s p.
Entelodontidae indet.
Tayassuidae indet. [gen. nov.]
Suidae indet. [gen. nov. A]
Suidae indet. [gen. nov. B]?Choeropotamidae (?Helohyidae) indet. [gen. nov.]
Anthracotherium rubricurn
Anthracotherium birmanicus
Anthracotherium sp.

( Continued)

3oAppendix3. (3-2)"Bothriodon" chyelingensis
Heothema bellia
Notomeryx besensis
Notomeryx major
lndomeryx cotteri
Gobiomeryx s p.
Tragulidae indet.
Metatelmatherium cf. lahirii
Deperetella s p.
Eomoropus cf. quadridentatus
Huananodon hui
Guixia simplex
Caenolophus s p.
Paramynodon s p.
Gongkang_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983), Tong
(1989), Tong and Zhao (1986), Qi and Beard (1998),
Ducrocq (1999) and Tsubamoto (2000 =this paper)
Gongkang Fm Bose and Yongle Basin, southern
China]
Guangxilemur tongi
Machairodontinae indet. [gen. nov.]
Hoplophoneus? sp.
Eopecarihyus sp. [sp. nov .]Anthracotherium kwangsiensis
Anthracotherium s p.
"Bothriodon" tientongensis
Heothema bellia
Heothema chengbiensis
Schizotherium nabanensis
Schizotherium s p.
Huananodon hypsodonta
Guixia youjiangensis
Forstercooperia sp. [sp. nov.]
Odoichoerus uniconus
cf. Indomeryx s p.
Lower_Lumeiyi_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983) and Tong
(1989) lower part of Lumeiyi Fm Lunan Basin,southern China]
Creodonta indet.
Nimravidae indet.
Tillodontia indet.
Honanodon sp.
Gobiohyus sp.
Anthracotheriidae indet.
Brontotheriidae indet.
Protitan cf. robustus
Rhinotitan sp.
Breviodon lumeiyiensis
Lophialetes expeditus
Lophialetes cf. expeditus

Lophialetes yunnanensis
Rhodopagus pygmaeus
Rhodopagus minimus
Deperetella s p.
Teleolophus sp.
Helaletes mongoliensis
Hyrachyus lunanensis
Hyrachyus minor
Lunania youngi
Forstercooperia s p.
Prohyracodon s p.
Teilhardia pretiosa
Teilhardia? sp.
Caenolophus medius
Caenolophus sp.
Lushiamynodon menchiapuensis
Amynodon lunanensis
Amynodon sp. [spp.]
Upper_Lumeiyi_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983), Tong
(1989) and Ducrocq (1999) upper part of Lumeiyi Fm
Lunan Basin, southern China]
Pterodon dahkoensis
Chailicyon crassidens?Canidae (?Miacidae) indet.
Eoentelodon yunnanense
Anthracotheriidae indet.
Probrachyodus panchiaoensis
Bothriogenys hui
Brontotheriidae indet.
Rhinotitan quadridens
Rhinotitan sp.
Dianotitan lunanensis
Breviodon sahoensis
Deperetella dienensis
Deperetella birmanica
Teleolophus medius
Teleolophus cf. magnus
Teleolophus? rectus
Litolophus? ulterior
Eomoropus cf. quadridentatus
Forstercooperia shiwopuensis
Forstercooperia s p.
Juxia sp.
Indricotherium parvum
Indricotherium cf. parvum
Indricotherium? sp.
Rhinocerotidae indet.
Prohyracodon progressa
Prohyracodon meridionale
Prohyracodon cf. orientale
Ilianodon lunanensis
Amynodon altidens(Continued)

3I

Appendix3. (3-3)
Amynodon sp.
cf. Metamynodon s p.
cf. Paramynodon s p.
Xiangshan_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983), Tong
(1989) and Huang (1999) Xiangshan Fm Lijiang Basin,southern China]
Creodonta indet.
Pterodon? sp.
Honanodon hebetis
Honanodon s p.
Lohoodon lushiensis
Eoentelodon likiangensis
Anthracokeryx sinensis"Anthracothema" lijiangensis?Leptomerycidae indet.
Metatelmatheriinae indet.
Lophialetes? sp.
Breviodon lumeiyiensis
Schlosseria sp.
Rhodopagus yunnanensis
Lijiangia zhangi
Lophiodon? sp. [spp.]
Deperetella birmanica
Teleolophus xiangshanensis
Lunania youngi
Eomoropus minimus
Grangeria canina
Prohyracodon major
Prohyracodon meridionale
Amynodon s p.
Caenolophus s p.
Caijiachong_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983), Tong
(1989) and Ducrocq (1999) Caijiachong Fm Yuezhow
Basin, southern China]
Dormaaliidae indet.
Erinaceoidea indet.
Vespertilionoidea indet.
?Primates indet.
Lagomorpha indet.
Eucricetodon s p.
Karakoromys s p.
Dianomys obscuratus
Dianomys qujingensis
Parasminthus s p.
Entelodon s p.
Bothriodon chowi
cf. Indomeryx s p.
Miomeryx sp.
Lophiomeryx s p.
Brontotheriidae indet.

Rhinocerotidae indet.
Prohyracodon s p.
Gigantamynodon giganteus
Gigantamynodon cf. giganteus
Gigantamynodon s p.
Cadurcodon ardynensis
Cadurcodon s p.
Caenolophus s p.
cf. Metamynodon sp.
Indricotherium intermedium
Indricotherium qujingensis
lndricotherium s p.
Limuping_(Lingcha)_fauna[Russell and Zhai ( 1987) and Ting (1993) Limuping(Lingcha) Fm Hengyang Basin Hengdong County
Hunan southern China]?Palaeoryctidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov.]
Hsiangolestes youngi
Matutinia nitidulus
Hapalodectes hetangensis
Archaeolambda s p.
Asiocoryphodon s p.
Cocomyidae indet.
Cocomys lingchaensis
Propachynolophus hengyangensis
Orientolophus hengdongensis
Hunanictis inexpectatus
Xinyu_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987) Xinyu Fm Yuanshui Basin
Jiangxi southern China]"Coryphodon" ninchiashanensis
Coryphodon s p.
Prodinoceras sinyuensis
Miacis tenuis
Heptodon? sp.
Hetaoyuan_fauna[Tong (1989, 1997) Hetaoyuan Fm Henan middle
China]
Chungchienia sichuanica
Iconapterodus qii
Neoryctes qinlingensis
Didymoconidae indet.
Jiajianictis muricatus
Ardynictis zhaii
Archaeonycterididae? indet.
Eodendrogale parvum
Strenulagus shipigouensis
Lushilagus? danjiangensis
Lushilagus lohoensis
Shamolagus sp.
Dituberolagus venustus(Continued)

Appendix3. (3-4)
Teleolophus sp.
Hyrachyus modestus?
Hyrachyus metalophus
Hyrachyus sp.
Helaletes sp.
Lophialetes s p.
Schlosseria sp.
Breviodon minutus
Rhodopagus zdanskyi
Rhodopagus laiwuensis?Ischyromyidae indet.
Orientocylindrodon liguanqiaoensis
cf. Pareumys s p.
cf. Mysops spp.
Tamquammys dispinorum
Viriosomys jingweni
Tsinlingomys youngi
Chuankueimys xichuanensis
Saykanomys cf. bohlini
Stelmomys parvus
Boromys obtusus
Boromys brachyblastus
Zoyphiomys sinensis
Zoyphiomys grandis
Hydentomys crybelophus
Hydentomys major
Primisminthus yuenus
Miacis lushiensis
Sarkastodon? henanensis
Sinopa? sp.
Prolaena parva
Propterodon s p.
Propterodon? shi pigouensis
Andrewsarchus? s p.
Sianodon s p.
Lophialetes expeditus
Schlosseria hetaoyuanensis
Breviodon minutus
Breviodon cf. minutus
Rhodopagus minimus
Protitan? sp.
Deperetella sichuanensis
Teleolophus danjiangensis
Pachylophus xui
Prohyracodon s p.

Lower_Lushi_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983), Tong
(1989) and Chow et al. (1996) lower part of Lushi Fm
Henan middle China]
Eudinoceras s p.
Chungchienia lushia
Dinocerata indet.
Uintatherium s p.
Mesonychidae indet.
Gobiohyus sp.
Breviodon s p.
Lophialetes s p.

Guanzhuang_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983), Tong
(1989) and Dashzeveg and Hooker (1997) Guanzhuang
Fm Shandong middle China]
Coryphodontidae indet.
Coryphodon? flerowi
Eudinoceras xintaiensis
Kuanchuanius shantunensis
Uintatheriidae indet.
Rodentia indet.
Thinocyon? sichowensis
Haplomylus? sp.
Heptaconodon dubium
Palaeosyops s p.
Propalaeotherium sinense
Propalaeotherium s p.
Grangeria canina?lrdinolophus? shandongensis

Upper_Lushi_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983) and Tong
(1989) upper part of Lushi Fm Henan middle China]
Trogosinae indet.
Lushius qinlinensis
Eudinoceras s p.
Lushilagus lohoensis
Tsinlingomys youngi
Miacis lushiensis
Cynodictis s p.
cf. Eusmilus s p.
Hyaenodon sp.
Propterodon morrisi
Andrewsarchus henanensis
Andrewsarchus mongoliensis
Honanodon hebetis
Honanodon macrodontus
Lohoodon lushiensis
Dichobune s p.
Mammalia indet. [Anthracotherium? spp.]
Gobiohyus orientalis
Gobiohyus robustus
Sianodon honanensis
Lushiamynodon menchiapuensis
Caenolophus sp.
Breviodon minutus
Rhodopagus minimus
Protitan grangeri
Microtitan? sp.
Deperetella s p.

( Continued)

33

Appendix3. (3-5)
Prohyracodon s p.
Forstercooperia sp. [spp.]
Colodon sp.
Lunania youngi
Eomoropus s p.
Zhaili_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983), Qi andZhou (1989) Tong (1989, 1997), Beard (1998) and
Huang et al. (1998, 1999) Zhaili Mbr upper part ofHeti Fm Yuanqu basin Henan and Shanxi middle
China]
Ictopidium lechei
Yuanqulestes qiui
cf. Iconapterodus sp.
Lapichiropteryx xiei
Lapichiropteryx s p.
Icaronycteris? sp.
Hoanghonius stehlini
Xanthorhysis tabrumi
Eosimias centennicus
Pappocricetodon schaubi
Primisminthus jinus
Banyuesminthus diconjugatus
Protataromys yuanquensis
Yuomyidae indet.
Anadianomys cf. declivis
Chailicyon crassidens
Hyaenodon yuanchuensis
Artiodactyla indet. ["Hoanghonius stehlini "]Anthracokeryx sinensis
Anthracokeryx cf. sinensis
Rhinotitan mongoliensis
Sharamynodon mongoliensis?
Sianodon sinensis
Amynodon s p.
Juxia borissiaki
Miacis? boqinghensis

cm

Rencun_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987), Li and Ting (1983), Tong
(1989, 1997) and Tsubamoto et al. (2000) Rencun
Mbr lower part of Heti Fm Yuanqu basin Henan andShanxi middle China]
Ictopidium cf. lechei
cf. Aptemodus s p.
cf. Iconapterodus sp. [I]Microchiroptera indet.
Strenulagus? sp.
Gobiolagus s p.
Hulgana? eoertnia
Hulgana? sp.
Pappocricetodon rencunensis
Raricricetodon minor

Raricricetodon zhongtiaensis
Primisminthus shanghenus
Primisminthus cf. jinus
Banyuesminthus uniconjugatus
cf. Sinosminthus sp.
Protataromys mianchiensis
Yuomys cavioides
Anadianomys declivis
Xueshimys dissectus
Zodiomys longmensis
Hoanghonius stehlini
Rencunius wui
Rencunius zhoui
Adapidae indet.
Eosimias cf. centennicus
Trogosinae indet.
Adapidium huanghoensis
Pterodon cf. dahkoensis
Honanodon hebetis
Dichobune sp.
Anthracokeryx sinensis
Anthracosenex ambiguus
Indohyus? yuanchuensis
Eomoropus quadridentatus
Litolophus major?Isectolophidae indet.
Deperetella depereti
Deperetella birmanica
Rhodopagus? sp.
Prohyracodon cf. meridionale
Sharamynodon mongoliensis
Sianodon sinensis
Sianodon mienchiensis
Amynodon? sp.
Caenolophus cf. promissus
Huangzhuang_fauna[Shi (1989), Wang (1994), Wang and Wang (1997)
and Tsubamoto et al. (2000) Huangzhuang Fm Qufu
Shandong middle China]
Yuomys huangshuangensis
Mammalia indet. ["cf. Pterodon dahkoensis"]
cf. Propterodon s p.
Eudinoceras sishuiensis
Anthracokeryx sinensis
Qufutitan zhoui
Eomoropus minimus
Eomoropus quadridentatus
Breviodon minutus
Deperetella birmanica
Deperetella s p.
Caenolophus suprametalophus
Caenolophus magnus
Caenolophus proficiens( Continued)

Appendix3. (3-6)
Caenolophus minimus
Caenolophus s p.
Hyracodontidae indet.
Fostercoopera s p.
Yuhuangding_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987) Yuhuangding Fm Xichuan
Basin Henan middle China]
Asiocoryphodon conicus
Asiocoryphodon lophodontus<<Coryphodon>> flerowi
Dinocerata indet.
Advenimus hupeiensis
Rhombomylus sp.
cf. Heptodon s p.
Shanghuang_fauna[Qi et al. (1991, 1996), Beard et al. (1994) and Qi andBeard (1996), Jiangsu, middle China]
Didelphidae indet.
Ardynictis s p.
Erinaceidae indet.
Lagomorpha indet.
Lushilagus lohoensis
Miacis lushiensis
Miacis gracilis
Vulpavus sp.
Procynodictis s p.
Hyaenodontidae indet.
Limnocyon s p.
Pterodon s p.
Hyaenodon sp.
Adapoides troglodytes
Macrotarsius macrorhysis
Tarsius eocaenus
Eosimias sinensis
Pappocricetodon antiquus
Pappocricetodon rencunensis
Pappocricetodon schaubi
Eucricetodon s p.
Ischyromyidae indet.
Ischyromyidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov.]
Yuomyidae indet.
Ctenodactylidae indet.
Rodentia indet. [fam., gen. et sp. nov .]Microchiroptera indet. [ 1]Microchiroptera indet. [2]Tillodontia indet. [ 1]Tillodontia indet. [2]Hyopsodontidae indet.
Homacodontidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov .]?Eoentelodon s p.
Anthracotheriidae indet.
?Leptomerycidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov.]

Eomoropus s p.
Nanotitan shanghuangensis
Microtitan sp. cf. mongoliensis
Heptodon s p.
Helaletes mongoliensis
Helaletes sp.
Hyrachyus sp.
Rhodopagus sp.
Forstercooperia s p.
Caenolophus s p.
Palaeotheriidae indet. [gen. et sp. n ov.]
Wutu_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987) and Tong and Wang (1998)
Wutu Fm Wutu Basin Shandong middle China]
Mesodmops dawsonae
Auroratherium sinense?Palaeoryctidae indet.
Changlelestidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov.]
Changlelestes dissetiformis
Erinaceidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov.]?Nyctitheriidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov.]
Pseudictopidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov.]
Chronolestes simul
Carpocristes oriens
cf. Ignacius sp. [sp. nov .]?Micromomyidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov.]
Rodentia indet.
Bandaomys zhonghuaensis
Alagomys oriensis
Acritoparamys? wutui
Taishanomys changlensis
Oxyaena? sp. [sp. nov .]cf. Protictis sp. [sp. nov.]
Esthonychidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov .]Dissacus s p.
Hapalodectes sp. [sp. nov .]Hyopsodontidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov .]Lophocion asiaticus
Pastoralodon sp. [sp. nov.]
Arctostylopidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov .]Isectolophidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov .]Homogalax wutuensis
Ampholophus luensis
Eomoropidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov.]?Entelodontidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov .]Nomogen_fauna[Meng and McKenna ( 1998) Nomogen Fm Nei
Mongol north China]
Pseudictops lophiodon
Palaeostylops iturusGashatostylops macrodon
Dissacus serratus( Continued)

3sAppendix3. (3-7)
Pastoralodon haliutensis
Pastoralodon convexus
Pastoralodon lacustris
Eomylus borealis
Sphenopsalis s p.
Prionessus lucifer
Sphenopsalis nobilis
Lambdopsalis bulla
Rodentia indet.
Sarcodon pygmaeus
Gashato_Mbr_III_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987) and Meng et al. (1998) Mbr
m Khashat Fm Mongolia]
Gomphos elkema
Gashato_Mbr_II_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987) and Meng et al. (1998) Mbr II
Khashat Fm Mongolia]
Gomphos elkema

Lipotyphla indet.
Gomphos elkema
Rhombomylus turpanensis
Zagmys insolitus?Orientolophus namadicus?Orientolophus gabuniai
Altanius orlovi
Kharomys gracilis
Tribosphenomys sp. [n. sp.]
Sharomys parvus
Kharomys mirandus
Alagomys inopinatus
Sharomys singularis
Tsagamys subitus
Ulanomys mirificus
cf. Hyracolestes sp.
Oedolius perexiguus
Bumbanius rarus
Nyctitheriidae indet.
Naran_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Naran Mbr Naran-Bulak
Fm Mongolia]
Pseudictops lophiodon
Gashatostylops macrodon
Palaeostylops iturus
Dissacus indigenus
Pachyaena nemegetica
Archaeolambda planicanina
Coryphodon tsaganensis
Ernanodon s p.
Oxyaena sp.
cf. Sinopa s p.
Prodinoceras martyr
Eurymylus laticeps
Eomylus zhigdenensis
Amar aleator
Prionessus lucifer
Prionessus s p.

Gashato_Mbr_I_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Mbr I Khashat Fm
Mongolia]
Pseudictops Iophiodon
Gashatostylops macrodon
Palaeostylops iturus
Dissacus s p.
Prodinoceras martyr
Praolestes nanus
Eurymylus laticeps
Prionessus lucifer
Sphenopsalis nobilis
Khashanagale? sp.
Khashanagale zofiae
Sarcodon pygmaeus
Hyracolestes ermineus
Phenacolophus fallax
Aguyt_fauna[Meng et al. (1998) Aguyt Mbr Naran-Bulak Fm
Mongolia]
Gomphos sp.

Zhigden_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987) Zhigden Mbr Mongolia]
Prionessus lucifer
cf. Prionessus lucifer
Sarcodon s p.
cf. Praolestes nanus
Archaeolambda planicanina
Prodinoceras martyr
Pseudictops lophiodon
Eurymylus laticeps
cf. Eurymylus sp.
Eurymylidae indet.
Dissacus indigenus
Ernanodon s p.

Bumban_(Tsagan_Khushu)_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Bumban Mbr NaranBulak Fm (Tsagan Khushu) Mongolia]
Artiodactyla indet.
Hapalodectes s p.
Tsaganius ambiguus
Naranius infrequens
Pantolestidae indet.
Hyopsodus orientalis
Hyaenodontidae indet.

( Continued)

36

Appendix3. (3-8)
Palaeostylops iturusGashatostylops macrodon
Didymoconidae indet.

Schlosseria cf. magister
Schlosseria magister
Lophialetes expeditus
Breviodon minutus
Forstercooperia confluens
Hyrachyus sp.
Helaletes medius
Protitan minor
Metatelmatherium cristatum
Microtitan? elongatus
Microtitan s p.
Desmatotitan s p.
Teilhardia pretiosa
Teleolophus cf. medius?Irdinolophus? primarius
Helaletes fissus?
Heptodon minimus
Helaletes fissus
Teleolophus? rectus
Asiomys dawsoni
Tamquammys wilsoni
Paramys sp.
Advenimus burkei
Sinosinopa sinensis

Bayan_Ulan_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Bayan Ulan Fm Nei
Mongol north China]?? Palaeoryctoidea indet.
Pseudictops lophiodon
Palaeostylops iturusGashatostylops macrodon
cf. Viverravus sp.
Dissacus serratus
Pachyaena s p.
Pastoralodon lacustris
Prolimnocyon chowi
Prodinoceras xinjiangensis
Leptictidae indet. [n. gen. and sp.]
?Khaichina elongata
Eomylus borealis
Prionessus lucifer
Prionessus cf. lucifer
Lambdopsalis bulla
Perissodactyla indet.
Tribosphenomys minutus
Hyracolestes ermineus
Sarcodon minor
Bayanulanius tenuis?Sarcodon pygmaeus

Irdin_Manha_fauna_at_Irdin_Manha[Meng and McKenna (1998) Irdin Manha Fm Nei
Mongol north China]
cf. Archaeomeryx s p.
Gobiohyus pressidens
Gobiohyus robustus
Gobiohyus orientalis
Miacis invictus
Mesonychidae indet.
Hapalodectes serus
Andrewsarchus mongoliensis
Pachyaena sp.
Mesonyx sp.
?Pantolestes s p.
Pantolestidae indet.
Eudinoceras mongoliensis
Mongoleryctes acutus
Sarkastodon mongoliensis
Propterodon morrisi
Triplopus? proficiens
Breviodon minutus
Rhodopagus pygmaeus
Forstercooperia totadentata
Simplaletes sujiensis
Lophialetes s p.
Lophialetes expeditus
Metatelmatherium parvum
Microtitan mongoliensis
Gnathotitan berkeyi

Arshanto_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) and Dashzeveg andHooker (1997) Arshanto Fm Nei Mongol north
China]
Hapalodectes? serus
Mongolonyx dolichognathus
Mesonyx cf. obtusidens
Metacoryphodon? minor
Metacoryphodon sp.
Metacoryphodon luminis
Pantolambdodon fortis
Pantolambdodon? minor
Gobiatherium mirificum
Gobiatherium? major
Gobiatherium? monolobotum
cf. Uintatherium s p.
Archaeoryctes borealis
Hyrachyus crista
Forstercooperia? grandis
Hyrachyus neimongoliensis
Forstercooperia huhebulakensis
cf. Hyrachyus eximius
Forstercooperia sp.
Homogalax reliquius( Continued)

37

Appendix3. (3-9)
Epimanteoceras robustus
Protitan grangeri
Litolophus gobiensis
Teleolophus medius
lrdinolophus mongoliensis
Protitan obliquidens
Ischyromyidae indet.
Irdin_Manha_fauna_at_ Camps_Margetts[Li and Ting (1983) and Russell and Zhai (1987) Irdin
Manha Fm Nei Mongol north China]
Pantodonta indet.
Gobiatherium mirificum
Paramyidae indet.
Advenimus burkei
Mongolonyx dolichognathus
Andrewsarchus mongoliensis
Metatelmatherium cristatumProtitan minor
Protitan? cingulatus
Litolophus gobiensis
cf. Teleolophus medius
Helaletes fissus
Helaletes fissus?
Helaletes s p.
cf. Hyrachyus sp.
Lophialetes expeditus
Breviodon? sp.
cf. Schlosseria magister
Rostriamynodon grangeri
Forstercooperia grandis
Ulan_Shireh_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Nei Mongol north
China]
Gobiohyus orientalis
Miacidae indet.
Harpagolestes? serus
cf. Mesonyx sp.
Mesonychidae indet.
Harpagolestes? orientalis
Eudinoceras mongoliensis
Pantolambdodon fortis
Pantolambdodon inermis
Propterodon cf. morrisi
Sarkastodon mongoliensis
Palaeolaginae indet.
Shamolagus grangeri
Kennatherium shirensis
Simplates ulanshirehensis
Lophialetes s p.
Lushiamynodon sharamurenensis
Epimanteoceras formosus
Zhongjianoletes chowi

Acrotitan ulanshirehensis
Zhongjianoletes s p.
Breviodon minutus
Lophialetes? expeditus
Breviodon? sp.
Microtitan mongoliensis
Dolichorhinoides angustidens
Desmatotitan tukhumensis
Teleolophus medius
Protitan bellus
Rhodopagus pygmaeus
Forstercooperia cf. grandis
Forstercooperia s p.
Triplopus? proficiens
Advenimus bohlini
cf. Adveniinus s p.
Yuomys weijingensis
Shara_Murun_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Shara Murun Fm Nei
Mongol north China]
Archaeomeryx optatus
Ulausuodon parvus
Artiodactyla indet. [cf. Anthracokeryx sp.]
Propterodon cf. morrisi
Pterodon hyaenoides
Desmatolagus sp.
Shamolagus medius
Gobiolagus tolmachovi
Lushiamynodon sharamurenensis
Lophialetes s p.
Caenolophus obliquus
Rhodopagus minimus
Triplopus? progressus
Sianodon s p.
Sianodon ulausuensis
Juxia borissiaki
Sharamynodon mongoliensis
cf. Cadurcodon s p.
Caenolophus promissus
Titanodectes ingens
Rhinotitan andrewsi
Pachytitan ajax
Gigantamynodon promissus
Rhinotitan kaiseni
Rhinotitan mongoliensis
Deperetella cristata
Schizotherium sp.
Titanodectes minor
Teleolophus ?medius
Telmatherium? (= Manteoceras) sp.
Yuomys cavioides
Khaychin_(Il,_III,_ V)_fauna(Continued)

38

Appendix3. (3-10)[Meng and McKenna (1998) Mongolia]"Hypertragulidae" indet.
Gobiohyus sp. [n. sp.]Mongolonyx robustus
Metahapalodectes makhchinus
cf. Eudinoceras s p.
Pterodon rechetovi
Erinaceomorpha indet.
Lagomorpha indet.
Breviodon minutus
Amynodontidae indet.
Triplopus? proficiens
Lophialetes expeditus
Forstercooperia totadentata
Protitan reshetovi
Protitan khaitshinus
Teleolophus sp.
Deperetella khaitchinulensis
Microtitan mongoliensis
Teleolophus medius
Euboromys grandis
Petrokozlovia notos
Saykanomys bohlini.
Aptemodontidae indet.
Kholboldzhi-Nur_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Mongolia]
Hapalodectidae indet.
Pantolambdodon bodgensis
Archaeolambda prima
Eudinoceras kholobochiensis
Bodgia orientalis
cf. Hypercoryphodon s p.
Lagomorpha indet.
Isectolophidae indet.
Hyracodontidae indet.
Perissodactyla indet.
Pataecops parvus
Brontotheriidae indet.
Teilhardia s p.
Breviodon s p.
Lophialetes expeditus?
Schlosseria magister
Gobihippus menneri
Rhodopagus s p.
lrdinolophus ?tuiensis
Ergilin_member_fauna_at_Ergilin_Dzo[Meng and McKenna (1998) Mongolia]
Bothriodon sp.
Lophiomeryx gobiae
Miomeryx altaicus
Entelodon gobiensis
Stenoplesictis simplex

Nimravus mongoliensis
Hyaenodon sp.
Pterodon mongoliensis
Forstercooperia s p.
Forstercooperia ergiliiensis
Ardynia mongoliensis
Ronzotherium brevirostris
Ronzotherium orientale
Cadurcodon ardynensis
Cadurcotherium progressus
Embolotherium ergiliense
Ardynia praecox
Gigantamynodon cessator
Embolotherium andrewsi
Armania asiana
Schizotherium avitum
Colodon inceptus
Ardynomys silentii
Ardynomys olseni
Ardynomys chihi
Ergilin_member_fauna_at_Khoer_Dzan[Meng and McKenna (1998) Mongolia]
Bothriodon s p.
Entelodon orientalis
Nimravus mongoliensis
Hyaenodon incertus
Gigantamynodon cessator
Embolotherium sp.
Schizotherium avitum
Eomoropus s p.
Teleolophus magnus
Indricotherium s p.
Ronzotherium orientale
Sevkhul_fauna_at_Khoer_Dzan[Meng and McKenna (1998) Mongolia]
Eoentelodon trofimovi
Mongolestes hadrodens
Metahapalodectes s p.
Pterodon s p.
Hyaenodon incertus
Pterodon exploratus
Hyaenodon eminus
Desmatolagus vetustus
Ardynictis furunculus
Prohyracodon meridionalis
Amynodon lunanensis
Gigantamynodon cessator
Ardynia mongoliensis
Ardynia praecox
Embolotherium grangeri
Armania asiana
Teleolophus magnus( Continued)

Appendix3. (3-11)
Embolotherium grangeri
Teleolophus magnus
Rodentia indet.

Deperetella cf. birmanica
Schizotherium avitum
Colodon inceptus
Ardynomys s p.

Hsanda_ Gol_fauna_at_ Tsagan-Obo[Meng and McKenna (1998) Mongolia]
Eumeryx sp.
Eumeryx culminus
Palaeogale cf. ulysses
cf. Palaeoscaptor acridens
Sinolagomys tatalgolicus
Tachyoryctoides tatalgolicus
Tachyoryctoides obrutschewi
Tsaganomys altaicus
Yindirtemys deflexus
Cricetops dormitor
Selenomys mimicus

Urtyn_(Erden)_Obo_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Urtyn Oho Fm Nei
Mongol north China]
Entelodon s p.
Mesonychidae indet.
Gobiolagus? major
Cadurcodon ardynensis
Amynodontopsis parvidens
Cadurcodon s p.
Amynodon alxaensis
Schizotherium cf. avitum
Ardynia praecox
Urtinotherium incisivum
Parabrontops gobiensis
Ulan_ Gochu_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) and Lucas et al. (1996)
Ulan Gochu Fm Nei Mongol north China]
Anagale gobiensis
Mongolestes hadrodens
Gobiolagus andrewsi
Desmatolagus vetustus
Didymoconidae indet.
Metatitan primus
Embolotherium grangeri
Embolotherium loucksii
Amynodontidae indet.
Metatitan progressus
Embolotherium andrewsi
Amynodontopsis sp.
Cadurcodon s p.
Zaisanamynodon borisovi
Ischyromyidae indet.
Hulgana ertinia
Ardynomys sp.
Chaganbulage_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Chaganbulage Fm Nei
Mongol north China]
Bovidae indet.
Cervidae indet.
Entelodontidae indet.
Harpagolestes alxaensis
Lagomorpha indet.
Amynodon alxaensis
Teleolophus cf. medius
Cadurcodon suhaituensis
Sianodon s p.
· Amynodontidae indet.

Hsanda_ Gol_fauna_at_Shunkht[Meng and McKenna (1998) Mongolia]
Palaeogale parvula
Stenogale sp. [n. sp.]
Palaeoprionodon gracilis
Amphicynodon teilhardi
Stenoplesictis elegans [see Dash 1996]
Hyaenodon sp.
Hyaenodon chunkhtensis
Palaeoscaptor acridens
Amphechinus rectus
Sinolagomys argyropuloi
Didymoconus colgatei
Indricotherium s p.
Tsaganomys altaicus
Selenomys mimicus
Karakoromys sp.
Cricetops dormitor
Ulaan_Khongil_(Tatal_Mbr)_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Mongolia]"Entelodon" sp.
Eumeryx culminus
Miomeryx cf. altaicus
Pseudomeryx hypertalonidus
Pseudomeryx gobiensis
cf. Plesictis sp. [A]
cf. Plesictis sp. [B]Amphicynodon teilhardi
Nimravus s p.
Palaeoprionodon gracilis
cf. Proailurus s p.
Palaeogale ulysses
Palaeogale parvulus
Mustelidae indet. [new taxon]
Stenoplesictis elegans( Continued)

40

Appendix3. (3-12)
Hyaenodon aymardi
Hyaenodon compressus
Tupaiodon morrisi
Amphechinus rectus
Exallerix hsandagolensis
Exallerix s p.
Tupaiodon? minutus
Palaeoscaptor acridens
Talpidae indet.
Proscalopidae indet.
Procaprolagus vetustus
Procaprolagus maximus
Ordolagus teilhardi
Desmatolagus simplex [= Agispelagus]
Desmatolagus robustus
Sinolagomys argyropuloi
Sinolagomys tatalgolicus
Desmatolagus gobiensis
Didymoconus colgatei
Didymoconus berkeyi
Ongghonia dashzevegi
Eggysodon minor
Indricotherium transouralicum
Forstercooperia s p.
Eucricetodon asiaticus [=Leidymys ??]Selenomys mimicus
Cricetops aeneus
Cricetops dormitor
Muridae new taxon
Tsaganomys altaicus
Karakoromys decessus
Anomomys lohiculus
Tataromys minor
Tataromys plicidens
Pseudocylindrodon mongolicus
Ardynomys s p.
Haplomys arboraptus
Tataromys sigmodon
Plesiosminthus tangingoli
Gobisorex kingae

Stenoplesictis elegans
Hyaenodon aymardi
Hyaenodon compressus?Palaeoscaptor sp. [new sp.]
Talpidae indet.
Ordolagus teilhardi
Desmatolagus robustus
Sinolagomys argyropuloi
Sinolagomys tatalgolicus
Desmatolagus gobiensis
Didymoconus colgatei
Didymoconus berkeyi
Eggysodon minor
Indricotherium transouralicum
Forstercooperia s p.
Eucricetodon asiaticus [=Leidymys ??]Cricetops dormitor
Cricetops elephantus
Tsaganomys altaicus
Anomomys lohiculus
Pseudocylindrodon mongolicus
Ardynomys s p.
Haplomys arboraptus
Castoridae indet. [new taxon]
Tataromys sigmodon
Plesiosminthus tangingoli?Tachyoryctoides obrutschewi
Zavlia_(Shand_Mbr)_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Mongolia]
Palaeohypsodontus asiaticus
Eumeryx imbellis
Miomeryx cf. altaicus
Pseudomeryx hypertalonidus
Pseudomeryx gobiensis
cf. Proailurus s p.
Mustelidae indet. [new taxon]
Hyaenodon aymardi
Hyaenodon compressus
Exallerix s p.
Metexallerix gaolanshanensis
Talpidae indet.
Desmatolagus robustus?Desmatolagus gobiensis
Didymoconus colgatei
Didymoconus berkeyi
Didymoconus s p.
Eggysodon minor
Indricotherium transouralicum
Rhinocerotidae indet. [undescribed taxon]?Cricetops dormitor
Tachyoryctoides obrutschewi
Tsaganomys altaicus?Yindirtemys deflexus

Ulaan_Khongil_(Shand_Mbr)_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Mongolia]
Archaeomerycinae indet. [new taxon]
Eumeryx imbellis
Miomeryx cf. altaicus
Pseudomeryx hypertalonidus
Pseudomeryx gobiensis
Palaeoprionodon gracilis
cf. Proailurus s p.
Palaeogale ulysses
Palaeogale parvulus
Amphicticeps sp. [new sp.]
Amphicticeps shackelfordi( Continued)

LJ..I

Appendix3. (3-13)?Yindirtemys suni
?Plesiosminthus tangingoli
Tsakhir_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Mongolia]
Entelodon s p.
Pseudomeryx gobiensis
Miomeryx s p.
Desmatolagus gobiensis
Amphechinus rectus
Karakoromys decessus
Cricetops dormitor
Selenomys mimicus
Tsaganomys sp.
Tsaganomys altaicus
Khatan-Khayrkhan_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Mongolia]
Amphicticeps shackelfordi
Amphicynodon teilhardi
Tupaiodon minutus
Didymoconus berkeyi
Eucricetodon asiaticus
Cricetops dormitor
Tsaganomys altaicus
Selenomys mimicus
Tataromys minor
Karakoromys decessus
Tataromys plicidens
Yindirtemys gobiensis
Anomomys lohiculus
Kekeamu_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Nei Mongol north
China]
Tupaiodon s p.
Desmatolagus sp.
Ardynia cf. mongoliensis
Schizotherium turgaieum
Eucricetodon s p.
Plesiosminthus sp. [=Heosminthus]
Prosciurus s p.
Karakoromys decessus
Ardynomys s p.
Ulantatal_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Nei Mongol north
China]
Hanhaicerus qii
Palaeohypsodontus cf. asiaticus
Eumeryx culminus
Palaeogale ulysses
Cynodictis? sp.
Palaeogale parvulus

Hyaenodon? sp.
Amphechinus rectus
Amphechinus cf. rectus
Palaeoscaptor acridens
Desmatolagus pusillus
Sinolagomys kansuensis
Desmatolagus cf. gobiensis
Ordolagus teilhardi
Sinolagomys major
Didymoconus colgatei
Aceratherium s p.
Cadurcodon s p.
Selenomys mimicus
Bounomys bohlini
Plesiosminthus tangingoli
Plesiosminthus asiaecentralis
Plesiosminthus parvulus
Plesiosminthus qiui
Plesiosminthus tongi
Euryodontomys exiguus
Cricetidae indet.
Tsaganomys cf. altaicus
Tsaganomys altaicus
Tataromys plicidens
Tataromys minor
Karakoromys decessus
Tataromys sigmodon
Bounomys ulantatalensis
Ardynomys sp.
Euryodontomys ampliatus
Wulanbulage_(lower)_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Nei Mongol north
China]
Cervidae indet.
Eumeryxsp.
Tragulidae indet.
Lophiomeryx s p.
Lophiomeryx gobiae
Miacidae indet.
Carnivora indet.
Hyaenodon? sp.
Desmatolagus gobiensis
Leporidae indet.
Hyracodontidae indet.
Cadurcodon ardynensis
Karakoromys decessus
Plesiosminthus tangingoli
Tsaganomys s p.
. Tsaganomys altaicus
Wulanbulage_(upper)_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Nei Mongol north
China]( Continued)

Appendix3. (3-14)
Lophiomeryx s p.
Palaeohypsodontus asiaticus
Eumeryxsp.
Amphicyon sp.
Carnivora indet.
Hyaenodon s p.
Erinaceomorpha indet.
Leporidae indet.
Desmatolagus gobiensis
Schizotherium sp.
Paraceratherium s p.
Aprotodon sp. [sp. n.]
Tsaganomys sp.
Tataromys sigmodon
Tataromys parvus
Tataromys minor
Tsaganomys altaicus
Cricetops dormitor
Plesiosminthus asiaecentralis
Plesiosminthus s p.
Eomys orientalis
Eomyodon sp.
Karakoromys decessus
Yikebulage_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Nei Mongol north
China]
Desmatolagus s p.
Sinolagomys gracilis
Sinolagomys kansuensis
Sinolagomys major
Sinolagomys sp.
Amphechinus cf. rectus
Amphechinus minimus
Amphechinus s p.
Distylomys qianlishanensis
Tataromys parvus
Yindirtemys ambiguus
Yindirtemys deflexus
Yindirtemys grangeri
Yindirtemys sp.
Yindirtemys suni
. Plesiosminthus parvulus
Plesiosminthus tangingoli
Tachyoryctoides kokonorensis
Tachyoryctoides obrutschewi
Tsaganomys s p.
Castoridae indet.
Saint-Jacques_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Nei Mongol north
China]
Eumeryx cf. culminus
Cervidae indet.

Amphicyon? sp.
Hyaenodon sp.
Amphechinus rectus
Desmatolagus pusillus
Sinolagomys cf. major
Ordolagus teilhardi
Desmatolagus gobiensis
Desmatolagus robustus
Hyrachyus sp.
Aceratherium? sp.
Schizotherium cf. avitum
Paraceratherium s p.
Indricotherium transouralicum
Gomphotherium? sp.
?Pseudotheridomys s p.
Pseudotheridomys asiaticus
Anomoemys lohiculus
Cricetops dormitor
Eomys orientalis
Cricetops minor
Tsaganomys altaicus
Selenomys mimicus
Eucricetodon caducus
Euryodontomys ampliatus
Bounomys bohlini
Karakoromys s p.
Karakoromys decessus
Promeniscomys sinensis
Prosciurus ordosicus
Tataromys minor
Tataromys plicidens
Bounomys ulantatalensis
Yindirtemys deflexus
Yindirtemys ambiguus
Tataromys sigmodon
Haplomys arboraptus
Lower_Taben_Bulak_(Yindirte )_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Gansu north China]
Eumeryx sp.
Carnivora indet.
Amphechinus rectus
Talpidae? indet .
Amphechinus minimus
Erinaceidae? indet.
Amphechinus cf. rectus
Sinolagomys major
Sinolagomys kansuensis
Didymoconus? sp.
Aceratherium s p.
Schizotherium? sp.
Rhinocerotidae indet.
?Kansupithecus sp.
"Sciurus" sp.

( Continued)

Appendix3. (3-15)
Tachyoryctoides s p.
Sicistinae indet.
Yindirtemys grangeri
Yindirtemys cf. ambiguus
Eucricetodon s p.
Plesiosminthus asiaecentralis
Yindirtemys ambiguus
Plesiosminthus tangingoli
Plesiosminthus parvulus
Soricidae indet.

Aprotodon sp. [n. sp.]
Paraceratherium sp. [n. sp.]
Cadurcodon s p.
Ctenodactyloidea indet. [gen. & sp. n.]
Zaisanamynodon borisovi

Upper_Shargaltein_(Shihchiangtzuku)_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) Gansu north China]
Cervulinae indet.
Eumeryx? s p.
Bovidae indet.
Carnivora indet.
Amphechinus s p.
Erinaceidae indet.
Palaeoscaptor cf. acridens
Desmatolagus robustus
Sinolagomys gracilis
Desmatolagus pusillus
Sinolagomys major
Sinolagomys kansuensis
Didymoconus s p.
lndricotherium s p.
Sciuridae indet.
Sicistinae indet.
Tataromys sigmodon
Yindirtemys ambiguus
Tataromys parvus
Tachyoryctoides intermedius
Tachyoryctoides obrutschewi
Tachyoryctoides pachygnathus
Tsaganomys altaicus
Lower_Shargaltein_(Wutaoyayu)_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987) Gansu north China]
Eumeryx? s p.
Indricotherium s p.
Desmatolagus s p.
cf. Tataromys sp.
cf. Karakoromys s p.
Tsaganomys altaicus
Carnivora indet.
Houldjin_fauna[Meng and McKenna (1998) and Lucas et al. ( 1996)
Houldjin Fm Nei Mongol north China]
Entelodon dirus
Caenopinae indet.
Rhinocerotidae indet.
Brontotheriidae indet.

Baron_Sog_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987) and Lucas et al. (1996) Baron
Sog Fm Nei Mongol north China]
Embolotherium ultimum
Schizotherium avitum
Schizotherium s p.
Zaisanamynodon borisovi

Akasaki fauna[Miyata and Tomida (1998) Akasaki Fm Japan]
Higotherium hypsodon
cf. Trogosus sp. [A]
cf. Trogosus sp. [B]Coryphodontidae indet.
Asiocoryphodon cf. conicus
cf. Orientolophus hengdongensis
Rodentia indet.
Khaychin-Ula_I_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987) Naran-Bulak Fm Mongolia]
Archaeolambda planicanina
Pastoralodon trofimovi
Barylambda sp.
Prodinoceras sp.
Prodinoceras martyr
Mixodontia indet.
Datang_fauna[Wang et al. (1998) and Russell and Zhai (1987)
Datang Mbr Nongshan Fm Nanxiong basin,
Guangdong, south China]cf. Huaiyangale leura
Haltictops mirabilis
Haltictops meilingensis
Interogale datangensis
Yantanglestes datangensis
Altilambda pactus
Altilambda s p.
Nanlingilambda s p.
"Altilambda" minor [new family]
Ernanodon antelios
Petrolemur brevirostre
Minchenella grandis
Yuelophus validus
Radinskya yupingae
Zhunguikeng_fauna( Continued)

Appendix3. (3-16)[Wang et al. (1998) and Russell and Zhai (1987)
Zhunguikeng Mbr Nongshan Fm Nanxiong basin,
Guangdong, south China]
Archaeolambda speciosa

Hyopsodontidae indet.
Pseudanisonchus antelios
Nanlingilambda chijiangensis
Harpyodus decorus
Asiostylops spanios
Ganolophus lannikenensis

Shanghu_fauna[Wang et al. (1998) and Huang and Zheng (1999)
Shanghu Fm Nanxiong basin, Guangdong, south
China]
Carnilestes palaeoasiaticus
Carnilestes major
Linnania lofoensis
Astigale nanxiongensis
Zhujegale lirenensis
Zhujegale jintangensis
Lofochaius brachyodus
Dysnoetodon minuta
Yantanglestes feiganensis
Dissacusium shanghoensi s
Hukoutherium ambigum
Yuodon protoselenoides
Palasiodon siurenensis?Ectoconus s p.
?Phenacodontidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov.]
Bemalambda nanhsiungensis
Bemalambda pachyoesteus
Bemalambda crassa
Pappictidops acies
Pappictidops obtusus
Huananius youngi

Shizikou_fauna[Wang et al. (1998) Shizikou Fm Chijiang basin,
Jiangxi, south China]
Bemalambda shizikouensis
Bemalambda s p.
Zaoshi_fauna[Wang et al. (1998) Zaoshi Fm Chaling basin, Hunan,
south China]
Stenanagale xiangensis
Dissacus rotundus
Meiostylodon zaoshiensis
Bemalambda nanhsiungensis
Hypsilolambda chalingensis
Hypsilolambda impensa
Upper_Doumu_fauna[Wang et al. (1998) and Russell and Zhai (1987) Upper
Mbr Doumu Fm Qianshan basin, Anhui, middle
China]
Hyracolestes ermineus
Hsiuannania sp.
Heomys orientalis
Mimotona wana
Altilambda sp. [sp. nov.]
Archaeolambda tabiensis
Sinostylops promissus

Pinghu_fauna[Wang et al. (1998) Pinghu Fm Chijiang basin,
Jiangxi, south China]
Prodinoceras lacustris
Wangwu_fauna[Wang et al. (1998) and Russell and Zhai (1987)
Wangwu Mbr Chijiang Fm Chijiang basin, Jiangxi,
south China]
Jiangxia chaotoensis
Archaeolambda tabiensis
Allostylops periconotus
Bothriostylops notios
Bothriostylops s p.
Lannikeng_fauna[Wang et al. (1998) and Russell and Zhai (1987)
Lannikeng Mbr Chijiang Fm Chijiang basin, Jiangxi,
south China]
Archaeoryctes notialis
Hsiuannania minor
cf. Pseudictops tenuis?Dissacus s p.

Lower_Doumu_fauna[Wang et al. (1998) and Russell and Zhai (1987) Lower
Mbr DoumuFm Qianshan basin, Anhui, middle
China]
Hsiuannania tabiensis
Allictops inserrata
Mimotona robusta
Obtususdon hanhuaensis
Upper_Wanghudun_fauna[Wang et al. (1998) and Russell and Zhai (1987) Upper
Mbr Wanghudun Fm Qianshan basin, Anhui, middle
China]
Zeuctherium niteles
Eosigale gujingensis
Huaiyangale chianshanensis
Qipania yui
Diacronus wanghuensis
Anictops tabiepedis( Continued)

4-sAppendix3. (3-17)[Russell and Zhai (1987) Liankan Fm Turfan basin,
Xinjiang, northwest China]?Rhinotitan sp.
Teleolophus liankanensis
Lophialetes expeditus
Lophialetidae indet. [3 spp.]
Sharamynodon mongoliensis
Amynodon s p.
Xinjiangmeryx parvus?Anthracotheriidae indet. [?Bothriodon sp.]Paranictops majuscula?Paranictops s p.
Mimotona Iii
Pappictidops orientalis
Harpyodus euros
Altilambda pactus
Altilambda yujingensis
Altilambda tenuis
Decoredon anhuiensis
Obtususdon hanhuaensis
Waniachowi
Lower_Wanghudun_fauna[Wang et al. (1998) and Russell and Zhai (1987) Lower
Mbr Wanghudun Fm Qianshan basin, Anhui, middle
China (oldest fauna in this analysis)]
Anaptogale wanghoensis
Anictops tabiepedis
Cartictops canina
Astigale wanensis
Chianshania gianghuaiensis
Wanogale hodungensis
Yantanglestes conexus
Bemalambda s p.
Bemalambdidae indet.
Plethorodon chienshanensis
Anchilestes impolitus
Shuangtasi_fauna_at_Xuancheng[Wang et al. (1998) Shuangtasi Fm Xuancheng basin,
Anhui, middle China]
Hsiuannania maguensis
Dissacus magushanensis
Bothriostylops progressus
Archaeolambda yangtzeensis
Wanotherium xuanchengensis
Shuangtasi_fauna_at_ Tongling[Wang et al. (1998) Shuangtasi Fm Tongling basin,
Anhui, middle China]
Bothriostylops progressus
Archaeolambda cf. yangtzeensis
Guichilambda zhaii
Fangou_fauna[Wang et al. (1998) Fangou Fm Shimen basin,
Shaanxi, middle China]
Prosarcodon luonanensis
Linnania qinlingensis
Bemalambda zhoui
Bemalambda cf. pachyoesteus
Hukoutherium shimenensis
Liankan_fauna

Taizicun_fauna[Wang et al. (1998) Taizicun Fm Turfan basin,
Xinjiang, northwest China]
Multituberculata indet.
Eurymylidae indet.
Pseudictops chaii
Archaeolambda speciosa
Archaeolambda sp. [2]Prodinoceras turfanensis
Prodinoceras diconicus
Prodinoceras primigenum
Prodinoceras simplum
Tienshanilophus subashiensis
Tienshanilophus lianmuqinensis
Tienshanilophus shengjinkouensis
Shisanjianfang_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987) Shisanjianfang Fm Turpan
basin Xinjiang northwest China]
Coryphodon s p.
Rhombomylus turpanensis
Hyopsodus s p.
Heptodon tienshanensis
Anatolostylops dubius
Dabu_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987) and Wang et al. (1998) Dabu
Fm Turpan basin Xinjiang northwest China]
Coryphodon dabuensis
Prodinoceras xinjiangensis
Lizhuang_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987) Lizhuang Fm Pingchangguanbasin Henan middle China]
Yuomys minggangensis
Carnivora indet.
Breviodon cf. minutus
Triplopus? cf. proficiens
Hyracodontidae indet.
Anthracokeryx s p.
Anthracotheriidae indet.
Gobiohyus orientalis
Gobiohyus? minor( Continued)

Appendix3. (3-18)
Artiodactyla indet.
Wulidui_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987) Wulidui Fm Wucheng basin
Henan middle China]
Imequincisoria mazhuangensis
Imequincisoria micracis
Imequincisoria? s p.
Juxia borissiaki
Sianodon sinensis
Gigantamynodon s p.
cf. Lushiamynodon s p.

Ctenodactylidae indet.
Litolophus major
Breviodon sp. [sp. nov .]Forstercooperia s p.
Archaeomeryx optatus
Xiaotun_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987) Xiaotun Fm Lunan basin
Henan south China]
Hyracodontidae indet.
cf. Gigantamynodon giganteus
Bothriogenys hui

Lishigou_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987) Lishigou Fm Wucheng basin
Henan middle China]
Yuomys eleganes
Carnivora indet.
Hyaenodon s p.
Hyaenodontidae indet.
Eomoropus s p.
Deperetella s p.
Breviodon s p.
Lophialetidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov .]Pappaceras s p.
Lushiamynodon wuchengensis
Sharamynodon mongoliensis
Sianodon sinensis
Sianodon s p.

Shuidonggou_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987) Lingwu District Ningxia
north China]
Tsaganomys s p.
Indricotherium transouralicum
Hyracodontidae indet.
Eumeryx sp.

Changxindian_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987) Changxindian Fm Beijing
City north China]
Tupaiodon? sp.
Eudinoceras? sp.
Hypsimylus beijingensis
Miacis sp.
Canidae indet.
Imequincisoria s p.
Amynodontidae? indet.

Jeminay _fauna[Jin (2000) Jeminay Xinjiang northwest China]
Triplopus sp.
Triplopus? jeminaiensis
Lophialetes s p.
Hyaenodontidae indet.

Jiyuan_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987) Jiyuan Fm Henan middle
China]
Yuomys cavioides
Lushiamynodon obesus
Sianodon chiyuanensis
Sianodon sinensis
Chugouyu_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987) Chugouyu Fm Lushi basin
Henan middle China]
Palaeolaginae indet.
Yuomys sp. [sp. nov.]

Qingshuiying_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987) Qingshuiying Fm Lingwu
District Ningxia north China]
Cyclomylus lohensis
Schizotherium s p.
Indricotherium transouralicum
Entelodon ordosius"Eumeryx" s p.

Neogene faunas:
Upper_ Taben_Buluk_(Tiehchiangku_and_Hsishui)_fauna[Russell and Zhai (1987) Gansu north China]
Sayimys obliquidens
Bunolophodon? connexus ["Trilophodon"]Schizotherium s p.
Proboscidea indet.
Cervulinae indet.
Bovidae indet.
Rhinocerotidae indet. [small]Rhinocerotidae indet. [large]?Kansupithecus sp.
Lanzhou_fauna(Continued)

4-7

Appendix3. (3-19)
Dzungariotherium orgosense
Paraentelodon macrognathus
Rhinocerotidae indet.
Proboscidea indet.

[Qiu and Qiu (1995) Yehucheng Fm middle China]
Metexallerix gaolanshanensis
Tataromys grangeri
Tataromys suni
Tataromys s p.
Leptotararomys cf. gracilidens
Tsagannomys altaicus

Wuertu_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) north China]
Amphechinus minimus
Amphechinus sp.
Sinolagomys cf. ulungurensis
Sinolagomys s p.
Distylomys qianlishanensis
Prodistylomys xinj iangensis
Tachyoryctoides s p.
Megacricetodon s p.
Protalactaga s p.
Gomphotherium s p.

Suosuoquan_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) Suosuoquan Fm Xinjiang
northwest China]
Prodistylomys xinjiangensis
Sinolagomys ulungurensis
Palaeoerinaceus s p.
Tachyoryctoides sp.
Parasminthus sp.
Palaeogale sp.
Exallerix sp. [nov.]
Shawa_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) Shawa Fm Xinjiang north China]
Dzungariotherium orgosense"Lophiomeryx" s p.
Xiejia_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) middle China]
Atlantoxerus s p.
Eucricetodon youngi
Plesiosminthus xiningensis
Plesiosminthus huangshuiensis
Plesiosminthus lajeensis
Tataromys suni
Tataromys s p.
Tachyoryctoides kokonorensis
Leporidae indet.
Sinolagomys pachygnathus
Sinolagomys cf. pachygnathus
Mustelidae indet.
?Diaceratherium s p.
Sinopalaeoceros xiejiaensis
Zhangjiaping_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) Xianshuihe Fm middle China]
Tataromys sp.
Sinolagomys sp.
Tachyoryctoides s p.
Hyaenodon sp.
Schizotherium sp.
Aprotodon s p.
Indricotheriidae indet.
?Proboscidea indet.
Jiaozigou_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) middle China]

Sihong_(Xiacaowan)_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) middle China]
Lanthanotherium sp.
Crocidosorex s p.
Myotis sp.
Vespertilionidae indet.
Ansomys orientalis
Parapetaurista tenurugosa
Shuanggouia lui
Eutamias sihongensis
Plesiosciurus sinensis
Sciurinae indet.
Youngofiber sinensis
Microdyromys orientalis
Sayimys sp.
Rhizomyidae indet.
Diatomys cf. shantungensis
cf. Cricetodon s p.
Megacricetodon s p.
Democricetodon s p.
Primus sp.
Neocometes s p.
Cricetidae indet.
Alloptox s p.
?Amphicyon sp.
Ursidae indet.
Proputorius s p.
Semigenetta huaiheensis
Pseudaelurus cf. lorteti
Mustela sp.
?Protictitherium s p.
Rulengchia huaiheensis?Anchiterium sp.
Plesiaceratherium shanwangensis
Suidae indet.
Pecarichoerus s p.

( Continued)

If 8

Appendix3. (3-20)
Dorcatherium orientale
Micromeryx s p.
Dicrocerus s p.
Amphimoschus s p.
Stephanocemas sp.
Lagomeryx s p.
Palaeomeryx s p.
Delphinus sp.
Dionysopithecus shuangouensis
Platodontopithecus jianghuaiensis
Hominoidea indet.
Shanwang_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) middle China]
Shanwangia unexpectula
Ansomys shanwangensis
Plesiosciurus aff. sinensis
Meinia asiatica
Diatomys shantungensis
Amphicyon confucianus
Hemicyon youngi
Ursavus orientalis
Thaumastocyoninae indet.
Gomphotherium s p.
Palaeotapirus xiejiaheensis
Chalicotherium sp.
Plesiaceratherium gracile
Plesiaceratherium shanwangensis
Diaceratherium s p.
Hyotherium penisulus
Palaeomeryx tricornis
Lagomeryx colberti
Dingj iaergou_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) middle China]
Erinaceidae indet.
Talpidae indet.
Soricidae indet.
Chiroptera indet.
Sayimys sp.
Tachyoryctoides s p.
Atlantoxerus s p.
Steneofiber sp.
?Leptodontomys s p.
Prodryomys s p.
Heterosminthus orientalis
Protalactaga grabaui
Paralactaga s p.
Megacricetodon s p.
Democricetodon s p.
Alloptox gobiensis
Tongxinictis primordialis
Gobicyon s p.
Hemicyon s p.

Sansanosmilus sp.
Platybelodon tongxinensis
Caementodon tongxinensis
Chalicotherium s p.
Kubanochoerus lantienensis
Stephanocemas s p.
Eotragus s p.
Turcoceros s p.
Pliopithecus zhanxiangi
Koujiacun_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) Koujiacun Fm middle China]
Kubanochoerus lantienensis
Kubanochoerus gigas
Bunolistriodon intermedius
Platybelodon grangeri
Lagomeryx complicidens
Antelopinae indet.
Jiulongkou_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) and Chen and Wu (1976) Cixian
middle China]
Macrotherium cf. brevirostris
Percrocuta hebeiensis
Sansanosmilus palmidens
Dicerorhinus cixianensis
Dicerorhinus sp.
Plesiaceratherium gracile
Chilotherium sp.
Palaeomeryx s p.
Turcocerus jiulongkouensis
Turcocerus robustus
Turcocerus stenocephalus
Aceratheriinae indet.
Rhinocerotidae indet.
?Dicrocerus sp.
?Stephanocemas sp.
Cervidae indet.
Lengshuigou_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) and McKenna and Bell (1997)
middle China]
Alloptox minor
Tsaganolagus wangi
Gomphotherium shensiensis
Platybelodon spectabilis
Hispanotherium lingtungensis
Listriodon lishanensis
Palaeotragus s p.
Stephanocemas s p.
Palaeomeryx s p.
?Micromeryx s p.
Turcocerus lishanensis( Continued)

Appendix3. (3-21)
Tunggur_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) north China]
Mioechinus? gobiensis
Mioechinus? sp.
Erinaceinae indet.
Proscapanus s p.
Yanshuella s p.
Quyaniasp.
Desmanella s p.
Talpidae indet.
Mongolosorex qiui
Soricinae indet.
Soricidae indet.
Chiroptera indet.
Anomys? sp.
Eutamias aff. ertemtensis
Sinotamias primitivus
Atlantoxerus s p.
Anchitheriomys tungurensis
Monosaulax tunggurensis
Hystricops? sp.
Leptodontomys Iii
Leptodontomys aff. gansus
Keramidomys fahlbuschi
Microdyromys wuae
Miodyromys sp.
Heterosminthus orientalis
Protalactaga grabaui
Protalactaga major
Gobicricetodon flynni
Gobicricetodon robustus
Gobicricetodon s p.
Plesiodipus leei
Plesiodipus progressus
Megacricetodon sinensis
Megacricetodon pusillus
Democricetodon lindsayi
Democricetodon tongi
Desmatolagus? moergenensis
Alloptox gobiensis
Bellatona forsythmajori
Gobicyon macrognathus
Pseudarctos s p.
Hemicyon teilhardi
Amphicyon tairumensis
Leptarctus neimonguensis
Melodon sp.
Mionictis sp.
Martes sp.
Tungurictis spocki
Percrocuta tungurensis
Metailurus mongoliensis
Machairodus s p.
Platybelodon grangeri

Serridentinus gobiensis
Zygolophodon sp.
Anchitherium gobiensis
Chalicotherium brevirostre
Chalicotheriidae indet.
Rhinocerotidae indet. [spp.]
Listriodon mongoliensis
Kubanochoerus s p.
Stephanocemas thomsoni
Dicerocerus grangeri
Dicerocerus s p.
Micromeryx s p.
Lagomeryx triacuminatus
Euprox sp.
Palaeotragus tungurensis
Turcocerus grangeri
Turcocerus noverca
Shaping_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) Shaping Fm Fangxian north
China]
Tesselodon fangxianensis
Anchitherium aurelianense
Turcocerus noverca
Listriodon robustus
Karamagay_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) Karamagay Fm Xinjiang
northwest China]
Sinomylagaulus halamagaiensis
Atlantoxerus junggarensis
Atlantoxerus giganteus
Amblycastor tunggurensis
Gomphotherium cf. shensiense
Platybelodon sp.
Zygolophodon junggarensis
Amphicyon ulungurensis
lctitherium cf. gaudryi
Anchitherium cf. aurelianense
Brachypotherium sp.
Chilotherium sp.
Kubanochoerus s p.
Stephanocemas aff. thomsoni
Dicrocerus grangeri
Lagomeryx s p.
Palaeomeryx s p.
Eotragus halamagaiensis
Turcocerus noverca
Gobicyon sp.
Miohyaena sp.
Xianshuihe_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) Yongdeng Gansu middle China]
Protalactaga grabaui( Continued)soAppendix3. (3-22)
Heterosmithus orientalis
Plesiodipus leei
Paracricetulus schaubi
Kubanochoerus gigas
Gomphotherium s p.

Hipposideridae indet.
Myotis sp.
Epthsicus s p.
Pipistrellus s p.
Plecotus sp.
Tamiops sp.
Sciurotamias sp.
Callosciurus sp.
Dremomys s p.
cf. Albanensia sp.
Hylopetes sp.
Castoridae indet.
Platacannthomys dianensis
Typhlomys primitivus
Typhlomys hipparionum
Leptodontomys s p.
Eomyidae indet.
Brachyrhizomys nagrii
Brachyrhizomys cf. pilgrimi
Brachyrhizomys tetracharax
Kowalskia hanae
Progonomys yunnanensis
Yunomys wui
Hystrix sp.
Alilepus longisinuosus
Ursavus sylvestris
Ursavus sp.
lndarctos sinensis
Indarctos sp.
Ailurarctos lufengensis
Martes cf. palaeosinensis
Martes sp.
Mustelinae indet.
Eomellivora wimani
Melinae indet.
Proputorius lufengensis
Proputorius s p.
Sivaonyx bathygnathus
Lutra sp.
Lutrinae indet.
Mustelidae indet.
Viverra sp.
Viverrinae indet.
Paradoxurinae indet.
Viverridae indet.
Ictitherium gaudryi
Ictitherium s p.
Epimachairodus fires
Pseudaelurus s p.
Pelis sp.
Gomphotherium s p.
Serridentinus s p.
Zygolophodon lufengensis
Hipparion sp. [spp.]

Lingyanshan_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) 12.17 Ma middle China]
Tetralophodon s p.
Acerorhinus s p.
Hyotherium cf. palaeochoerus
Xiaolongtan_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) and Dong (1987) south China]
Dryopithecus keiyuanensis
Tapirus cf. yunnanensis
Propotamochoerus parvulus
Dicoryphochoerus s p.
Listriodon sp.
Tetralophodon xiaolongtanensis
Gomphotherium cf. macrognathus
Zygolophodon chinjiensis
Mustelidae indet.
Cervidae indet.
Castoridae indet.
Tsaidam_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) middle China]?Ictitherium sp.
?Tetralophodon s p.
Acerorhinus tsaidamensis
Hipparion sp.
?Stephanocemas s p.
Lagomeryx tsaidamensis?Dicrocerus s p.
Eostylocerus sp.
Qurliqnoria cheni
Tossunnonia pseudibex
Tsaidamotherium hedini
Olonbulukia s p.
Lufeng_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) south China]
Prodendrogale yunnanica
Lanthanotherium sanmigueli
Hylomys aff. suillus
Heterosorex wangi
Anourosorex oblongus
Blarinella sp.
Sorex sp.
Soricinae indet.
Yunoscaptor scalprum
Talpinae indet.
Pteropidae indet.

( Continued)

SIAppendix3. (3-23)
Chalicotherium salinum
Chalicotherium sp.
Tapirus sp.
Chilotherium s p.
Aceratherium s p.
Hyotherium sp.
Hyotherium cf. palaeochoerus
Lophochoerus lufengensis
Potamochoerus sp. [spp.]
Suidae indet.
Dorcabune progressus
Yunnanotherium simplex
Moschus sp.
Dicrocerus s p.
Metacervulus cf. simplex
Metacervulus sp. [spp.]
Muntiacus cf. nanus
Muntiacus sp. [spp.]
Cervidae indet.
Selenoportax s p.
Bovidae indet.
Sinoadapis carnosus
Sinoadapis shihuibaensis
Laccopithecus robustus
Lufengpithecus lufengensis
Baode_fauna_(Loc._30)[Qiu and Qiu (1995) north China]
Sinocastor zdanskyi
Simocyon aff. primigenius
Indarctos lagrelii
Indarctos sinensis
Sinictis dolicognathus
Mustela palaeosinensis
Proputorius minimus
Plesiogulo brachygnathus
Lutra aonychoides
Parataxidea sinensis
Parataxidea crassa
Melodon majori?Melodon incertum
Promephitis cf. maeotica
Eomellivora wimani
lctitherium sinense
lctitherium gaudryi
Thalassictis wongii
Hyaenictitherium hyaenoides
Aderocuta variabilis?Lycyaena dubia
Machairodus palanderi
Machairodus tingii
Metailurus major
Metailurus minor
Tetralophodon exoletus

Dicerorhinus orientalis
Chilotherium habereri
Chilotherium planifrons
Chilotherium anderssoni
Acerorhinus palaeosinensis
Sinotherium lagrelii
Hipparion hippidiodus [subgenus (Hipparion)]
Hipparion dermatorhinum [subgenus (Hipparion)]
Hipparion fossatum [subgenus (Hipparion)]
Hipparion plocodus [subgenus (Hipparion)]
Hipparion forstenae [subgenus (Cremohipparion)]
Chleuastochoerus stehlini
Microstonyx major
Propotamochoerus hyothericides
Cervocerus novorossiae
Procapreolus latifrons
Palaeotragus microdon
Palaeotragus cf. coelophrys
Samotherium s p.
Honanotherium schlosseri
Urmiatherium intermedium
Plesiaddax depereti
Tragocerus spectabilis
Gazella paotehensis
Gazella dorcadoides
Gazella altidens?Tragoreas lagrelii?Tragoreas anderssoni?Tragoreas palaeosinensis
Sinotragus wimani
Paraprotoryx minor
Palaeoryx sinensis
Ertemte_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) north China]
Erinaceus mongolicus
Erinaceidae indet.
Quyania chowi
Yanshuella primaeva
Talpinae indet.
?Anourosorex sp.
Neomyini indet.
Crocidura kormosi
Blarinella sp. [sp. nov .]Alluvisorex sp.
Sorex sp. [spp.]
Soricinae indet.
Chiroptera indet.
Pseudaplodon asiaticus
Eutamias ertemtensis
Sciurus sp.
Sinotamias gravis
Spermophilus orientalis
Pliopetaurista rugosa( Continued)

Appendix3. (3-24)
Petinomys auctor
Sinocastor anderssoni
Dipoides cf. majori
Myomimus sinensis
Leptodontomys gansus
Sicista sp.
Eozapus similis
Lophocricetus grabaui
Lophocricetus pusillus
Paralactaga anderssoni
Brachyscirtetes wimani
Sminthoides fraudator
Sinocricetus zdanskyi
Nannocricetus mongolicus
Kowalskia neimengensis
Kowalskia similis
Microtodon atavus
Anatolomys teilhardi
Pseudomeriones abbreviatus
Prosiphneus eriksoni
Microtoscoptes praetermissus
Apodemus orientalis
Orientalomys cf. similis
Karnimata hipparionum
Occitanomys pusillus
Micromys chalceus
Alilepus annectens
Ochotona Iagreli
Ochotona minor
Meles suillus
Promephitis alexejevi
Martes anderssoni
Martes sp.
lctitherium aff. hipparionum
Viverridae indet.
Hyaena sp.
Machairodus s p.
Felis sp.
Mastodon s p.
Hipparion richthofeni
Hipparion s p.
Sinohippus zitteli
Chilotherium habereri
Propotamochoerus hyotherioides
Honanotherium s p.
Palaeotragus microdon
Axis speciosus
Procapreolus rutimeyeri
Procapreolus Iatifrons
Paracervulus brevis
Moschus grandaevus
Gazella sp.
Gaozhuang_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) about 4.3 Ma middle China]
Soriculus praecursus
Blarinini indet.
Yanshuella primaeva
Desmana kowalskae
Scaptochirus sp.
Eutamias cf. ertemtensis
Tamiasciurus sp.
Sinotamias s p.
Pliopetaurista rugosus
Sinocastor anderssoniaff. Dipoides majori
Hystrix sp.
Myomimus sp.
Sminthoides fraudator
Kowalskia sp. [spp.]
Nannocricetus mongolicus
Allocricetus s p.
Prosiphneus truncatus
Prosiphneus eriksoni
Prosiphneus praetingi
Germanomys s p.
Mimomys sp.
Apodemus qiui
Micromys chalceus
Micromys tedfordi
aff. Karnimata hipparionum
Chardinomys yusheensis
Huaxiamys primitivus
Huaxiamys downsi
Ochotona lagreli
Alilepus sp.
Trischizolagus s p.
Hypolagus sp.
Agriotherium sp.
Ursus sp.
Plesiogulo brachygnathus
Martes sp.
Thalassictis s p.
Chasmaporthetes kani
Pliohyaena pyrenaica [subspecies orientalis]
Metai!urus s p.
Nyctereutes tingi
Nyctereutes sinensis
Canis sp.
Mammut borsoni
Anancus sinensis
Sinomastodon intermedius
Hipparion platyodus [subgenus (Hipparion)]
Hipparion houfenense [subgenus (Plesiohipparion)]
Hipparion pater [subgenus (Proboscidipparion)]
Hipparion insperatum [subgenus (Baryhipparion)]
Hipparion licenti [subgenus (Cremohipparion)]
Dicerorhinus orientalis(Continued)

Appendix3. (3-25)
Acerorhinus s p.
Sus erymanthius
Paracamelus s p.
Moschus sp.
Cervocerus novorossiae
Paracervulus cf. killgusi
Procapreolus s p.
Axis speciosus
Cervavitus demissus
Metacervulus s p.
Muntiacus cf. lacustris
Gazella blacki
cf. Protoryx yushensis
cf. Tragoceras laticornis
Stegodon zdanskii
Mazegou_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) about 2.95 Ma middle China]
cf. Erinaceus s p.
cf. Blarinoides sp. [sp. nov .]Peisorex pliocaenicus
Yanshuella primaeva
Scaptochirus s p.
Sciurus sp.
Tamiasciurus s p.
Pliopetaurista rugosus
Sinocastor sp.
Dipoides s p.
Hystrix sp.
Myomimus sp.
Sminthoides fraudator
Rhizomys shansius
Allocricetus s p.
?Cricetulus s p.
Prosiphneus praetingi
Germanomys sp.
Mimomys cf. orientalis
Apodemus zhangwagouensis
Micromys tedfordi
Chardinomys nihewanicus
Ochotonoides complicidens
Ochotona s p.
Alilepus annectens
Hypolagus schreueri
Agriotherium s p.
Ursus sp.
Meles sp.
Chasmaporthetes s p.
Pliohyaena s p.
Crocuta sp.
Metailurus s p.
Machairodus sp.
Homotherium sp.
Lynx sp.

Civettictis s p.
Nyctereutes sinensis
Canis sp.
Vulpes baihaiensis
Stegodon s p.
Anancus sp.
Sinomastodon intermedius
Archidiskodon s p.
Postschizotherium s p.
Hipparion platyodus [subgenus (Hipparion)]
Hipparion pater [subgenus (Proboscidipparion)]
Hipparion insperatum [subgenus (Baryhipparion)]
Dicerorhinus s p.
Sus sp.
Paracamelus s p.
Palaeotragus s p.
Axis sp.
Muntiacus s p.
Damasp.
Rusasp.
Gazella blacki
Antilospira licenti
Sinoryx cornucopia
Caprini indet. [gen. nov .]Megalovis s p.
Lyrocerus sata
Xiashagou_fauna[Qiu and Qiu ( 1995) the base of the fauna =about 2. 7 5
Ma middle China (youngest fauna in this analysis)]
Erinaceus cf. dealbatus
Alactaga cf. annulata
Youngia tingi
Borsodia chinensis
Hystrix sp.
Ochotonoides complicidens
Vulpes chikushanensis
Nyctereutes sinensis
Canis chiliensis
Ursus etruscus
Pliohyaena licenti
Chasmaporthetes cf. ossifagus
Crocuta honanensis
Lutra licenti
Mustela pachygnatha
Meles chiai
Lynx sp.
Acinonyx pleistoceneus
Megantereon nihowanensis
Homotherium cf. crenatiders
Dicerorhinus yunchuensis
Coelodonta s p.
Elasmotherium s p.
Nestoritherium s p.

( Continued)

Appendix3. (3-26)
Postschizotherium s p.
Hipparion sinensis [subgenus (Proboscidipparion)]
F.quussanmeniensis
F.quusteilhardi
Sus cf. lydekkeri
Paracamelus gigas
Cervulus bohlini
Elaphurus bifurcatus
Eucladoceros boulei
Cervus elegans
Gazella sinensis
Gazella subgutturosa
Spirocerus wongi
Spirocerus peii
Antilospira robusta
Ovis shantungensis?Budorcas sp.
Bison paleosinensis
Amuwusu_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) Qiu (1988) north China]
Anchitherium s p.
Hipparion sp.
Erinaceidae indet.
Talpidae indet.
Heterosoricinae indet.
Ansomyinae indet. [gen. et sp. nov.]
Rodentia indet. [Sciurus-group and Tamias-group]
Miopetaurista sp.
Monosaulax sp.
Sinocastor sp.
Keramidomys s p.
Protalactaga tunggurensis
Plesiosminthus s p.
Cricetodon s p.
Democricetodon s p.
Plesiodipus cf. leei
Prosiphneus sp. [sp. nov .]Ochotona s p.
Ochotonidae indet. [gen. et sp. nov.]
Wuzhong_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) middle China]
Hipparion weihoense
Tetralophodon cf. exoletus
Acerorhinus tsaidamensis
Qurliqnoria cheni
Bulong_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) northern Tibet middle China]
Hipparion xizangense
Chilotherium tanggulaense
Dinocrocuta s p.

Har_Obo_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) north China]
Rhagapodemus s p.
Hypolagus sp.
Ochotona sp.
Anatolomys sp.
Microtodon s p.
Lophocricetus s p.
Microtoscoptes s p.
Bilike_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) Qiu (1988) north China]
Beremendia s p.
Drepanosorex s p.
Desmana sp.
Quyania aff. chowi
Yanshuella aff. primaeva
Talpidae indet.
Crocidura kormosi
Blarinella sp. [sp. nov.]
Sorex sp. [1]Sorex sp. [2]Sorex sp. [3]Soricinae indet.
Chiroptera indet.
Spermophilina indet. [Spermophilinus-group]
Sinocastor cf. anderssoni
Myominus cf. sinensis
Sicista sp. [sp. nov .]Sicista sp.
Paralactaga sp.
Sminthoides aff. fraudator
Sinocricetus s p.
Kowalskia s p.
Pseudomeriones s p.
Prosiphneus sp. [sp. nov .]Mimomys sp. [sp. nov.]
Apodemus sp. [l]Apodemus sp. [2]Micromys s p.
Muridae indet. [ 1]
Muridae indet. [2]Hypolagus sp.
Ochotona s p.
Youhe_River_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) middle China]
Elephas youheensis
Hipparion pater [subgenus (Proboscidipparion)]Sus subtriqueta
Cervavitus sp.
Nyctereutes sinensis
Ochotonoides cf. complicidens
Mimomys youhenicus( Continued)

Appendix3. (3-27)
Mimomys orientalis
Daodi_fauna[Qiu and Qiu (1995) Qiu ( 1988) north China]
Talpidae indet. [1]Talpidae indet. [2]Sorex sp.
cf. Sorex. s p.
Paenelimnoecus s p.
?Beremendia s p.
Soricidae indet. [l]Soricidae indet. [2]Soricidae indet. [3]Eucastor s p.
Prosiphneus sp.
cf. Nannocricetus sp.
Cricetidae indet.
Mimomys orientalis
Germanomys sp. [sp. nov.]
Orientalomys sp. [sp. nov.]
Apodemus s p.
Mus sp.
Rattus sp.
Chardinomys sp.
Paralactaga s p.
Sminthoides sp. [sp. nov .]Pliopentalagus nihewanensis
Hypolagus schreuderi
Ochotona cf. lagrelii
Ochotona erythrotis

56

Appendix 4. (4-1)
Bose and Yong le basin(southern

China):

Mongolia(2) (Nemegt

Basin):

Gongkang Fm (Gongkang fauna)

Aguyt Mbr (Naran-Bulak Fm)

Naduo Fm (Naduo fauna)

Bumban Mbr (Naran-Bulak Fm)

Dongjun Fm (Dongjun fauna)

Naran Mbr (Naran-Bulak Fm)
Zhigden Mbr (Naran-Bulak Fm)

Lunan basin(southern

China):

XiaotunFm

Mongolia

upper part of Lumeiyi Fm (Upper Lumeiyi fauna)

Mbr III (Khashat Fm, Gashato)

lower part of Lumeiyi Fm (Lower Lumeiyi fauna)

Mbr II (Khashat Fm, Gashato)(Ulan-Nor

Basin)(3):

Mbr I (Khashat Fm, Gashato)
Lushi

basin

(middleChina):

ChugouyuFm

Nei Mongol

upper part of Lushi Fm (Upper Lushi fauna)

Yikebulage Fmlower part of Lushi Fm (Lower Lushi fauna)

Wulanbulage Fm (upper)(northern

China)(1):

China)(2):

China)(3):

Wulanbulage Fm (lower)
Heti Fm (middle

China):

Zhaili Mbr (Zhaili fauna)

Nei Mongol(northernRencun Mbr (Rencun fauna)?(Ulan Gochu Fm)
Irdin Manha Fm

Mongolia(1):

Arshanto Fm
Shand Mbr of Hsand Go! Fm
Bayan Ulan Fm
Tata! Mbr of Hsand Go! Fm
Nomogen Fm
Khetsu Mbr of Ergilin Dzo Fm
Ergilin Mbr of Ergilin Dzo Fm

Nei Mongol

Sevkhul Mbr of Ergilin Dzo Fm

Ulantatal Fm (Ulantatal fauna)(northernbase of Ulantatal Fm (Kekeamu local fauna)(Continued)

S7

Appendix 4. (4-2)
North

China

(TabenBuluk area):

Upper Taben Buluk (Tiehchiangku and Hsishui)

Turpanbasin(Xinjiang,

northwest(2):

Lower Taben B uluk (Yindirte)
LiankanFm
Upper Shargatein Go! (Shihchiangtzuku)
TaizicunFm
Lower Shargatein Go! (Wutzoyayu)
Wucheng
Qianshanbasin(middlebasin

China):
WuliduiFm

Upper Mbr of Dournu Fm
Lishigou Fm
Lower Mbr of Dournu Fm
Upper Mbr of Wanghudun Fm
Middle Mbr of Wanghudun Fm
Lower Mbr of Wanghudun Fm

Nanxiongbasin(southern

China):

Datang Mbr of Nongshan Fm
Zhuguikeng Mbr of Nongshan Fm
Shanghu Fm

Chijiangbasin(southern

China):

Pinghu Fm
Wangwu Mbr of Chijiang Fm
Lannikeng Mbr of Chijiang Fm
ShizikouFm

Turpanbasin(Xinjiang,( 1):

Shisanjianfang Fm
DabuFmnorthwest

China)(middleChina):

China)

Plate 1. A, Landscape of the Ehl locality (Yashe Kyitchaung), Bahin area, Pondaungarea, central Myanmar. B, the tuff bed (the arrow) of the "Upper Member" of the
Ponduang Formation at Pk! locality ("Humerus Site"), Bahin area, Pondaung area,
central Myanmar.

Plate 1

Plate 2. Primates. A, Pondaungia cotteri, NMMP-KU 0003, left maxilla with 11 , C, P 3 ,(I>4-M1), M2and (M3 ), in occlusal view. B, Amphipithecus mogaungensis, NMMP 7,
right and left mandibles with right P4 -~and left P 3 -M3 , in occlusal view. C, Bahinia

pondaungensis, NMMP-KU 0129, a left mandible with C-M 1 and right 12 -C, in buccal

view. D, Anthropoidea gen. et sp. nov., NMMP-KU 0001, a right maxilla with I>4-M3,
in occlusal view. Scale bars= 1 cm.

Plate 2

Plate 3 . Hyaenodontid creodonts. A, A', Hyaenodontidae gen. et sp. nov., NMMPKU 0042, right upper dentition, in occlusal view (stereo pair). B, B ', Hyaenodontidae
gen. et sp. nov., NMMP-KU 0042, left upper dentition, in occlusal view (stereo pair). C,
C', "Pterodon" dahkoensis, NMMP-KU 0304, a left maxillary fragment with M 1 , inocclusal view (stereo pair). D, D', "Pterodon" dahkoensis, NMMP-KU 0261, a rightmandibular fragment with P 2 -M 1, in occlusal view (stereo pair). Scale bars= 5 cm (upper
scale corresponds to A, A', B, B '; lower scale corresponds to C, C ', D, D').

Plate 3

~

A

B

A'

B'

C

D

C'

D'

Plate 4. Phiomyidae gen. et sp. nov. A, A', NMMP-KU 0213, leftM 1_3 , in occlusal
view (stereo pair). B, B', NMMP-KU 0231, right M1_3 , in occlusal view (stereo pair). C,
C', NMMP-KU 0048, a right maxillary fragment with p3-4 , in occlusal view (stereo pair).

D, D', NMMP-KU 0049, left Mi_
3 ?, in occlusal view (stereo pair). E, E', NMMP-KU
0047, a left Mi,in occlusal view (stereo pair). Scale bars= 2 mm (left scale corresponds
to A-D and A' -D', right scale corresponds to E, E').

Plate 4

A

A'

D
E

D'
E'

Plate 5. Hsanotherium parvum. A, A', NMMP-KU 0031 (Bhn 11), a right maxillaryfragment with M2-3,in occlusal view (stereo pair). B, B ', NMMP-KU 0035 (Bhn 10;
Holotype), a left maxillary fragment with M1-3,in occlusal view (stereo pair). C, C',
NMMP-KU 0036, a left mandibular fragment with P4 -M3 , in occlusal view (stereo pair).

D, D', NMMP-KU 0032, a left mandibular fragment with~'in occlusal view (stereopair). E, NMMP-KU 0036, in buccal view. F, NMMP-KU 0032, in buccal view. Scalebars= 2 cm (upper scale corresponds to A-D and A'-D', lower scale corresponds to E,
F).

Plate 5D

D'Plate 6 . Hsanotheriumparvum. A, A', NMMP-KU 0033, a right mandibular fragmentwith Mz,in occlusal view (stereo pair). B, B ', NMMP-KU 0034, a talonid part of left~'

in occlusal view (stereo pair). C, C', NMMP-KU 0037, a right mandibular fragmentwith dP 4 M1_2 , in occlusal view (stereo pair). D, NMMP-KU 0037, in buccal view. Scalebar= 1 cm.

Plate 6

A'

A

C

C'

Plate 7. Artiodactyla gen. et sp. nov. A, A', NMMP-KU 0026, a right M3 1,in occlusal
view (stereo pair). B, B', NMMP-KU 0029, a right mandibular fragment with M1_2 , inocclusal view (stereo pair). C, NMMP-KU 0029, in buccal view. D, NMMP-KU 0029,
in lingual view. E, E', NMMP-KU 0028, a right mandibular fragment with~'inocclusal view (stereo pair). Scale bars= 2 cm (upper scale corresponds to A-E, A', B',
E', lower scale corresponds to F).

Plate 7

B
-

B'

-

-~' J -

f

l'

D

C

E

E'

F

Plate 8. A, A', B, cf. Artiodactyla gen. et sp. nov. A, A', NMMP-KU 0030, a rightmandibular fragment with M11, in occlusal view (stereo pair). B, NMMP-KU 0030, aright mandibular fragment with M11, in buccal view. C, C', D, D', Pakkokuhyus lahirii.
3 , in occlusal view (stereo
C, C', NMMP-KU 0039, a right maxillary fragment with M2-pair). D, D', NMMP-KU 0038, a right mandibular fragment with Mz_
3 , in occlusal view(stereo pair). Scale bars= 1 cm (upper scale corresponds to A, A', middle scalecorresponds to B, lower scale corresponds to C, C ', D, D').

Plate 8

I

A'

A

B

D

D'

Plate 9. Upper dentitions of Anthracotherium. A, A', NMMP-KU 0053, an right upper
jaw with p3-M3, in occlusal view (stereo pair). B, B ', NMMP-KU 0327, a rightmandibular fragment with dP4, in occlusal view (stereo pair). C, C', NMMP-KU 0455,
a right maxillary fragment with p 3 -4 , in occlusal view (stereo pair). D, NMMP-KU 0056,
3 , in occlusal view. E, NMMP-KU 0413 a righta right maxillary fragment with M2-

maxillary fragment with p4M1-2 , in occlusal view. Scale bars= 2 cm (upper scalecorresponds to A, A', lower left scale corresponds to B, B ', C, C', lower right scalecorresponds to D, E).

Plate 9

B
A

B'
A'

C

C'

Plate 10. Upper dentitions of Anthracotherium.A, NMMP-KU 0404, a right M9.B,
NMMP-KU 0411, a left maxillary fragment with M. C, NMMP-KU 0070, a right M.
D, NMMP-KU 0382, a left maxillary fragment with M2·3 or M 1- 2 . E, NMMP-KU 0326, aright maxillary fragment with M3 0 r 2 • F, NMMP-KU 0379, a left M31 • G, NMMP-KU
0384, a right M1 or 2 • In occlusal view. Scale bar= 2 cm.

Plate 10

Plate 11. Lower dentitions of Anthracotherium.A-C, A', NMMP-KU 0052, a rightmandibular fragment with P 1P 4 -~.

A, A', occlusal view (stereo pair). B, lingual view. C,

buccal view. D, NMMP-KU 0330, a left mandibular fragment with M2-3, in occlusal
view. E-G, G', NMMP-KU 0086, a left P 4 • E, lingual view. F, buccal view. G, G',
occlusal view (stereo pair). H, NMMP-KU 0419, a talonid part of left Ms,occlusal view.
I, NMMP-KU 0332, a right mandibular fragment with Ms,occlusal view. Scale bars= 2
cm.

Plate 11
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Plate 12. Mandibles of Anthracotherium, showing the depth. A, AMNH, 20011, a rightmandibular fragment with P 3 -Mg. B, NMMP-KU 0331, a right mandibular fragment with~.

C, NMMP-KU 0574, a right mandibular fragment. Buccal view. Scale bars= 5 cm.

Plate 12

Plate 13. Anthracotherium of "Anthracohyus"-type. A, NMMP-KU 0452, a left M. B,
NMMP-KU 0454, aleftM 3 . C, NMMP-KU 0453, arightM 3 • D, NMMP-KU 0500, a
left maxillary fragment with p3-4 • E, NMMP-KU 0475, a right Ms,F, F', GSI B603
(holotype of "Anthracohyus choeroides"), a left M3 (stereo pair). Occlusal view. Scalebars= 2 cm.

~
I

Plate 13FF'Plate 14. A, A', B, B', E, F, lndomeryxcotteri. A, A', NMMP-KU 0015, a left
mandibular fragment with M1_3 , in occlusal view (stereo pair). B, B ', NMMP-KU 0019,
a right mandibular fragment with P 3 -M3 , in occlusal view (stereo pair). E, NMMP-KU
0015, in buccal view. F, NMMP-KU 0289, arightmandibularfragmentwith~,inbuccal view. C, C', D, D', G, H, lndomeryx arenae. C, C', NMMP-KU 0011, a left
mandibular fragment with P4 -M3 , in occlusal view (stereo pair). D, D', NMMP-KU 0013,
a right mandibular fragment with P4 -M3 , in occlusal view (stereo pair). G, NMMP-KU
0011, in buccal view. H, NMMP-KU 0013, in lingual view. Scale bar= 2 cm (upper
scale corresponds to A-D, A'-D', lower scale corresponds to E-H).

Plate 14

G
E

F

H

Plate 15.A-D,

A'-D',

lndomeryxcotteri. A,A', NMMP-KU0021,arightmandibular fragment with P4 , in occlusal view (stereo pair). B, B', NMMP-KU 0289, aright mandibular fragment with~,in occlusal view (stereo pair). C, C', NMMP-KU

0010, a left maxillary fragment with ?dl'3-4 M1 (?or dp4M1- 2), in occlusal view (stereo pair).
3 , in occlusal view (stereo
D, D', NMMP-KU 0010, a left maxillary fragment with M2-pair). E, cf. Indomeryx cotteri, NMMP-KU 0025, a right M2<or l?)' in occlusal view(stereo pair). Scale bar= 1 cm.

Plate 15

A

A'

E

E'

D'

Plate 16. Brontotheres. A, Sivatitanops cotteri?, NMMP-KU 0510, a left Ms,inocclusal view. B, Sivatitanops cotteri?, NMMP-KU 0516, a left Mz,in occlusal view. C,
D, Metatelmatherium? lahirii, NMMP-KU 0311, a left mandibular fragment with M1 _3 • C,

occlusal view. D, buccal view. E-G, Bunobrontops savagei. E, NMMP-KU 0313, aright M1 0 ' 2 , in occlusal view. F, NMMP-KU 0319, a left M1 0 ' 2 , in occlusal view. G,
NMMP-KU 0312, a left M3 , in occlusal view. Scale bars =5 cm (upper scalecorresponds to A, B, middle scale corresponds to C, D, lower scale corresponds to E-G).

Plate 16E

F

GPlate 1 7. A, A', Ceratomorpha indet., NMMP-KU 0058, a left maxillary fragmentwith a tooth, in occlusal view (stereo pair). B, B ', cf. llianodon lunanensis, NMMP-KU
0288, a right M3, in occlusal view (stereo pair). C, C', cf. Ilianodon lunanensis,
NMMP-KU 0057, a right molariform tooth, in occlusal view (stereo pair). D, a right M3of Ilianodon lunanensis, IVPP V.2609.2, from the Upper Lumeiyi fauna (upper part of
the Lumeiyi Formation), southern China (after Chow and Xu, 1961), in occlusal view.
Scale bars= 2 cm (upper scale corresponds to A, A', lower scale corresponds to B-D, B ',C').

Plate 17

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Plate 18. Paramynodonbirmanicus.A, NMMP-KU 0316, a right M2,in occlusal view.
B, NMMP-KU 0305, a left maxillary fragment with dI'4M1 , in occlusal view. C-E,

NMMP-KU 0315, a right mandibular fragment with P3 M 1_3 • C, occlusal view. D, lingual
view. E, buccal view. Scale bars = 5 cm.

Plate 18

Plate 19 . Amynodontidae indet. A, NMMP-KU 0511, a left M1 , in occlusal view. B,
NMMP-KU 0515, a leftM2 and M3,in occlusal view. C-D, NMMP-KU 0509, a rightmandibular fragment with~-C, occlusal view. D, lingual view. E, NMMP-KU 0281, aright M3 , in occlusal view. Scale bars = 2 cm.

Plate 19

Plate 20. A-C, A'-C',lndolophus guptai. A, A', NMMP-KU 0265, aleftM3, in

occlusal view (stereo pair). B, B', NMMP-KU 0041, a right mandibular fragment with
P41 , in occlusal view (stereo pair). C, C', NMMP-KU 0040, a left mandibular fragmentwith ~ 1, in occlusal view (stereo pair). D, E, Deperetellabirmanica. D, NMMP-KU
0005, a left maxillary fragment with P 1·3,in occlusal view. E, NMMP-KU 0006, a rightmaxillary fragment with p 1· 3 , in occlusal view. Scale bars= 2 cm (upper scalecorresponds to A-C, A' -C', lower scale corresponds to D, E).

Plate 20

CC'