WG3: The GEO Carbon and GHG Initiative
4. Initiative Task 4 – Budget Calculations and Breakdown AcrossScales to Support Policy Implementation

Comparison of GHG Concentrations and Fluxes
Derived from GOSAT, Inventories, andTerrestrial Biosphere Models

GOSAT-2 (2018 - )Tsuneo Matsunaga
Director, Satellite Observation Center
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
T. Matsunaga, NIES
The 9th GEOSS Asia-Pacific Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, January 12, 2017 1

GOSAT Launch

GOSAT (Greenhouse gases
Observing Satellite) is theworld’s ﬁrst satellite dedicatedto greenhouse gas monitoringfrom space.
GOSAT was successfullylaunched in 2009, and has beenmonitoring the Earth’s
atmosphere and distribuFng
data for almost eight years.
The successor, GOSAT-2, will belaunched in FY2018 with more
earth observaFon capabiliFes
than GOSAT.

Launch of GOSAT by H-IIA Rocket
from JAXA’s Tanegashima Space
Center in January 2009

The discussion on GOSAT-3 hasbeen
already started.
International Meeting on Land Use and Emissions in South/Southeast Asia,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, October 17-19, 20162

Satellites for Greenhouse Gases Observation
MissionCountryPeriod

GHGs

Comments

SCIAMACHY(ESA)

2002 -2012

CO2, CH4

ENVISATGOSAT

Japan

2009 - 

CO2, CH4

OCO-2

US 2014 - CO2

TanSatChina

2016 - 

CO2

TROPOMI(EC)

2017 - CH4

GF-5

China

2017 -

CO2, CH4

FY-3D

China

2017 -

CO2, CH4GOSAT-2

Japan

2018 - 

CO2, CH4

OCO-3

US

2018 - CO2

MicroCarb

France2020 - 

CO2

MERLINFrance/ Germany

2021 - CH4

Laser

geoCARB

US2022-

CO2, CH4

Geostationary

GOSAT-3

Japan

2022 - ??

ENVISAT (2002-2012)

GOSAT (2009-)

OCO-2 (2014-)

TanSat (2016-)

Sentinel 5p

ISS

GOSAT-2 (2018-)

MicroCarb (2020-)

T. Matsunaga, NIES
The 9th GEOSS Asia-Pacific Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, January 12, 2017 3

Atmospheric Observation byGOSAT and GOSAT-2
GOSAT and GOSAT-2

One-path observation of GOSAT-2 FTS-2

Fourier Transform Spectrometer

FTS and FTS-2
Trace gases
CO2

CH4

H2OCO

Cloud and Aerosol Imager

CAI and CAI-2

One-day observation of GOSAT CAICloudsAerosols
AOT
PM2.5Black carbon
T. Matsunaga, NIES
The 9th GEOSS Asia-Pacific Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, January 12, 2017 4

Quick Overview of GOSAT and GOSAT-2
GOSAT SpecificationsGOSAT-2 Requirements

Launch year and life timeJan. 2009, 5 years

FY2018, 5 years

Satellite(Dimension, mass, power)

3.7 x 1.8 x 2.0 m, 1750kg, 3.8KW(EOL)

5.3 x 2.0 x 2.8 m, <2000kg, 5.0KW

Orbit (Type, altitude, repeat
cycle, equator crossing time)

Sun synchronous,666 km, 3 days, 13:00

Sun synchronous,613 km, 6 days, 13:00±15 min

Target gases

CO2, CH4, O2, O3, H2OCO2, CH4, O2, O3, H2O, COBand 1 : 0.76 – 0.78 µm
Band 2 : 1.56 – 1.72 µm
Band 3 : 1.92 – 2.08 µm
Band 4 : 5.6 – 14.3 µm

Band 1 : 0.75 – 0.77 µm
Band 2 : 1.56 – 1.69 µm
Band 3 : 1.92 – 2.33 µm
Band 4 : 5.5 – 8.4 µm
Band 5 : 8.4 – 14.3 µm
Spectral resolution = 0.2 cm-1
IFOV = 9.7 kmφ
Pointing = ±40° (AT), ±35° (CT)Polarimetry = Band 1, 2, 3

Fourier Transform Spectrometer(FTS and FTS-2)

Spectral resolution = 0.2 cm-1
IFOV = 10.5 kmφ
Pointing = ±20° (AT), ±35° (CT)Polarimetry = Band 1, 2, 3Nadir

Cloud and Aerosol Imager(CAI and CAI-2)

B1 = 380 nm
B2 = 674 nm
B3 = 870 nm
B4 = 1600 nm
B1-B3 = 500 m / 1000 km,
B4 = 1500 m / 750 km

Other new features of GOSAT-2
FTS-2

B1-5: Forward (+20°),
B6-10: Backward(-20°)
B1 = 343 nm B6 = 380 nm
B2 = 443 nm B7 = 550 nm
B3 = 674 nm B8 = 674 nm
B4 = 869 nm B9 = 869 nm
B5 = 1630 nm B10= 1630 nm
B1-B4, B6-B9= 460 m / 920 km
B5, B10 = 920 m / 920 km

Intelligent pointing using FTS-2 FOV camera, fully programmable (target mode)
observation, and improved SNR.
T. Matsunaga, NIES
The 9th GEOSS Asia-Pacific Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, January 12, 2017 5

How to Measure Atmosheric Gas Concentrationfrom Space hMp://oco.jpl.nasa.gov/images/oco/OCO_column.jpg
T. Matsunaga, NIES
The 9th GEOSS Asia-Pacific Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, January 12, 2017 6

Latest Global Maps of GOSAT MonthlyConcentration of CO2 and Methane (August 2016)

CO2, August 2016
CH4, August 2016

T. Matsunaga, NIES
The 9th GEOSS Asia-Pacific Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, January 12, 2017 7

GOSAT Whole-atmosphere Mean CO2Concentration
May, 2016
Monthly mean CO2
402.3 ppm

August, 2016
CO2 trend
401.7 ppm

http://www.gosat.nies.go.jp/en/recent-global-co2.html
T. Matsunaga, NIES
The 9th GEOSS Asia-Pacific Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, January 12, 2017 8

Two Methods forSatellite / Inventory-Model ComparisonFlux-based Method• Regional net flux can be obtained by inverse analysisusing satellite data and atmospheric transport model(Backward) .
• This flux can be compared with the sum of anthropogenicemission (inventories) and natural source/sink flux data.
Concentration-based Method• GHG concentration increase from background can beobtained from satellite data.
• This increase can be compared with GHG concentration
which is calculated from emission inventories orbiospheric models using atmospheric transport model(Forward).
T. Matsunaga, NIES
The 9th GEOSS Asia-Pacific Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, January 12, 2017 9

Annual Surface Flux Excluding
Fossil Fuel and Fire (GtC/y) 

Flux-based method :European Biospheric Carbon Flux (Sink)

SCIAMACHY

Gray : Carbon Tracker

GOSAT

Five different GOSAT XCO2 retrievals andfive different inversion setups

l Method : Regional inversion using short-range particle dispersion modelling
l Satellite-derived European terrestrial carbon sink (1.02 ±0.30 GtC/y in 2010) is much larger
than assimilation results with surface CO2 data (Carbon Tracker, 0.38 ±0.35 GtC/y in 2010)
and bottom-up inventories.
(Reuter et al., 2014)
T. Matsunaga, NIES
The 9th GEOSS Asia-Pacific Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, January 12, 2017 10

Flux-based method :CONUS Methane Emission Comparison GOSAT (EPA +93%) NOAASCIAMACHY (EPA + 36%)

EPA InventoryGOSAT(2009-2011)
NOAA ground station and aircraft (2007-2008)
SCIAMACHY (2004)

Turner et al. (2016)
T. Matsunaga, NIES
The 9th GEOSS Asia-Pacific Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, January 12, 2017 11

Concentration-based Method :GHG Concentration Increase from Background ABackground CO2

∆CO2 =CO2@B – CO2@A

wind

B

wind

Background CO2Emission (Flux)

Biospheric CO2
Anthropogenic CO2

T. Matsunaga, NIES
The 9th GEOSS Asia-Pacific Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, January 12, 2017 12

Concentration-based method
GOSAT Ovservation of Megacity CO2▲Desert 200 km
north of LABasinGOSAT CO2 at Basin andDesert

XCO2 in LABasin was 3.2± 1.5 ppm
higher thanDesert.

●LA Basin

∆XCO2 between Basin andDesert

GOSAT Data from June 2009
to August 2010

∆XCO2
suggestedfrom GHG
inventory isabout
3.8 ppml ∆XCO2 differences between Los Angeles Basin and the desert 200 km north
were investigated using GOSAT data.
l ∆XCO2 from GOSAT was about 3.2 ± 1.5 ppm and it was consistent to that fromGHG emission inventory.
l This result suggests the possibility of verification of urban emission inventories bysatellites.
Kort et al., 2012
T. Matsunaga, NIES
The 9th GEOSS Asia-Pacific Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, January 12, 2017 13

GOSAT

Concentration-based Method :CO2 Emission Global / Country-scale Comparison

INVENTORY

N = 13616
Regression Slope
1.08 ± 0.13

N = 4684
Regression Slope
0.99 ± 0.28

N = 5589
Regression Slope0.99 ± 0.17

N = 396
Regression Slope
0.95± 0.79

Data = GOSAT (2009 – 2014). Method = Janardanan et al. (2016).
T. Matsunaga, NIES
The 9th GEOSS Asia-Pacific Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, January 12, 2017 14

References (Recent peer-reviewed papers)
Flux-based Method[Europe][SCIAMACHY and GOSAT]
Reuter et al, Satellite-inferred European carbon sink larger than expected, Atmosperic
Chemistry and Physics, 2014
[Global and contiguous US][GOSAT]
Turner et al., Estimating global and North American methane emissions with high spatial
resolution using GOSAT satellite, Atmosperic Chemistry and Physics, 2015
Turner et al., A large increase in U.S. methane emissions over the past
decade inferred from satellite data and surface observations, Geophysical Research Letters,
2016
Concentration-based Method[Los Angeles and Mumbai][GOSAT]
Kort et al., Space-based observations of megacity carbon dioxide, Geophysical Research
Letters, 2012
[Global, Asia, and North America][GOSAT]
Janardanan et al., Comparing GOSAT observations of localized CO2 enhancements by large
emitters with inventory-based estimates, Geophysical Research Letters, 2016.
[North America, Europe, and Asia][OCO-2]
Hakkarainen et al., Direct space-based observations of anthropogenic
CO2 emission areas from OCO-2, Geophysical Research Letters, 2016
T. Matsunaga, NIES
The 9th GEOSS Asia-Pacific Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, January 12, 2017 15

Way Forward(A. Takemoto, MOE, Japan)
l GOSAT2 will be launched in 2018
ü Data acquisition with higher resolution
l Will develop methodology to estimate anthropogenic GHG emissions andremovals with satellites
l Will input to IPCC GHG Inventory Guidelines to enable all countries utilize
GOSAT data for validating national reports on GHG emissions
ü Work for refinement of IPCC GHG inventory guidelines will be completed in2019.
l Will promote training practitioners engaged in GHG inventories and accounting
in developing countries with the guidebook.
l Will collaborate with other countries for monitoring GHG emissions
http://www.oecc.or.jp/cop22-jp/common/pdf/event/14/02_presentation2.pdf
T. Matsunaga, NIES
The 9th GEOSS Asia-Pacific Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, January 12, 2017 16

Side Event at Japan Pavilion, UNFCCC COP22
Efforts to Use Satellite Data in IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories

T. Matsunaga, NIESThe 9th GEOSS Asia-Pacific Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, January 12, 2017 17

Thank you for your attention

T. Matsunaga, NIES
The 9th GEOSS Asia-Pacific Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, January 12, 2017 18