Multi-channel digital signal processor
APV8032
Instruction Manual

Version 1.0.0
December 2021

TechnoAP Co., Ltd.
Add: 2976-15 Mawatari, Hitachinaka-shi, Ibaraki, Postcode: 312-0012
TEL: +81-29-350-8011
FAX: +81-29-352-9013
URL: http://www.techno-ap.com
e-mail: info@techno-ap.com

APV8032 Instruction Manual

Safety Precautions / Disclaimer
Thank you very much for purchasing the digitizer APV8108-14 (hereinafter "This board") of TechnoAP Co.,
Ltd. (hereinafter "We"). Please read this "Safety Precautions / Disclaimer" before using this device, be sure toobserve the contents, and use it correctly.
We are not responsible for any damage caused by abnormality of device, detector, connected device,
application, damage to failure, other secondary damage, even if accident caused by using this device.

Prohibited matter⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫

This device cannot be used for applications requiring special quality and reliability
related to human life, accident.
This device cannot be used in places with high temperature, high humidity, and highvibration.
Do not apply a power supply that exceeds the rating.
Do not turn the power on while other metals are in contact with the board surface.

Note
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫

If there is smoking or abnormal heat generation in this device, turn off the power
immediately.
This board may not work properly in noisy environments.
Be careful with static electricity.
The specifications of this board and the contents of the related documents are subject
to change without notice.

Warranty policy
The warranty conditions of "our product" are as follows.
Warranty period
Guarantee contents

One year from date of purchase.
Repair or replacement will be carried out in case of breakdown even though you
have used correctly according to this instruction manual within the warranty period
We do not warranty if the cause of the failure falls under any of the following.
1. Failure or damage due to misuse or improper repair or modification ordisassembly.

Out of warranty

2. Failure and damage due to falling etc.
3. Breakdown / damage in harsh environments (high temperature / high humidity,
under zero, condensation etc.).
4. Causes other than the above, other than "our products".
5. Consumables.

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APV8032 Instruction Manual- Table of Contents Safety Precautions / Disclaimer...........................................................................................................................................................................................2
１．

Overview............................................................................................................................................................................................................5

１．１．

Overview............................................................................................................................................................................................................5

１．２．

Feature................................................................................................................................................................................................................6２．

Specifications.................................................................................................................................................................................................7３．

Appearance.....................................................................................................................................................................................................9４．

Setup ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12

４．１．

Application Installation ....................................................................................................................................................................... 12

４．２．

Connections............................................................................................................................................................................................... 12

４．３．

Setup of network .................................................................................................................................................................................... 13

５．

Application window .............................................................................................................................................................................. 14

５．１．

Startup window........................................................................................................................................................................................ 14

５．２．

CH tab............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16

５．３．

config tab ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22

５．４．

status tab ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23

５．５．

wave tab........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 24

５．６．

histogram tab ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 25

６．

Initialization.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 27

６．１．

Checking the preamplifier output signal.............................................................................................................................. 27

６．２．

Power supply and connection .................................................................................................................................................... 27

６．３．

Setting Execution................................................................................................................................................................................... 27

６．４．

Analog Course Gain and Analog Pole Zero Adjustment of Preamplifier Output Signal ............ 28

６．５．

FAST Filter Settings ............................................................................................................................................................................ 31

６．６．

SLOW Filter Settings.......................................................................................................................................................................... 32

６．７．

SLOW threshold setting................................................................................................................................................................... 32

７．

Measurement ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 33

７．１．

Setting............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 33

７．２．

Start measurement .............................................................................................................................................................................. 33

７．３．

Histogram mode..................................................................................................................................................................................... 33

７．４．

List mode...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34

７．５．

Stom measurement ............................................................................................................................................................................ 34

８．

Quit.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34

９．

File ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35

９．１．

Histogram data file................................................................................................................................................................................ 35

９．２．

List data file................................................................................................................................................................................................. 37

９．３．

Waveforme data file ............................................................................................................................................................................ 38

１０．

Troubleshooting...................................................................................................................................................................................... 39

１０．１．

Connection error occurs .................................................................................................................................................................. 39

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APV8032 Instruction Manual

１０．２．

Command error occurs .......................................................................................................................................................... 39

１０．３．

Histogram is not displayed................................................................................................................................................... 40

１０．４．

Change IP address ....................................................................................................................................................................... 40

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APV8032 Instruction Manual

１． Overview
１．１． Overview
TechnoAP's DSP (Digital Signal Processor) products are multi-channel analyzers (MCA) with real-time
digital signal processing capability.
In conventional radiation measurement, signals from a preamplifier are passed to a spectroscopy amplifier,amplified and waveform shaped by analog circuits, and then analyzed for spectra according to ameasurement device such as an MCA.
In the case of DSP, the signal from the preamplifier is directly converted to digital using an extremely fast 100
MHz, 14 Bit A/D converter. The digitally converted data is sent to a highly integrated FPGA (Field
Programmable Gate Array) for spectral analysis using numerical operations. The preamplifier signal istrapezoidally filtered (Trapezoidal Filter) in real-time by the pipelined architecture of the FPGA.
The DSP configuration integrates a spectroscopic peer amplifier and an MCA to perform pulse shaping
using the latest digital signal processing techniques instead of traditional analog methods.
In addition to the trapezoidal filter, the DSP has a timing filter amplifier, CFD, and waveform digitizer.
It provides excellent energy and time resolution and is extremely stable even at high counting rates. It alsooffers throughput (>100Kcps) higher than gate integrator amplifiers, which boast the highest throughput of
any analog system.
Multi-channel DSPs with up to 32 channels are available with all ADCs operating synchronously and canalso be synchronized between modules. It can be applied to multi-channel systems, coincidence and anticoincidence systems, and energy and time correlation analysis.
This manual describes this equipment.
* In the text, "CH" for signal input channels and "ch" for bin number channels are case-sensitive.
* In the text, "list" and "event" are synonymous.
* The model APV stands for the VME standard size board type. A separate VME power supply rack(such as our APV9007) is required to supply power to this board type. In addition, the type of model inwhich this board is housed in a unit (chassis) and AC power supply can be used directly is marked with
APU instead of APV. For example, the model in which the VME-type APV8032 is installed in a unit iscalled APU8032. This manual also includes a description of the APU8032.
* Additional functions can be added to this device as options. (In this document, the function part is
specified as (optional).

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APV8032 Instruction Manual

１．２． Feature
The main features are as follows
Digital signal processing for gamma-ray spectroscopy
Suitable for multi-channel, multi-functional systems such as multi-element detectors andanticompton spectrometers
Spectral analysis of scintillation (NaI(Tl), LaBr3(Ce)) detectors
Digital Pulse Shaping using highly integrated FPGA
Data recording via Ethernet (TCP/IP).

Figure 1

DSP Configuration

The output signal from the detector's preamplifier is directly input to the DSP and digitized by a high-speed
ADC (100 MSPS) in the DSP. The A/D converter, which is the heart of the digital pulse processing, employs
the latest 100 MHz, 14-bit high-speed, high-resolution pipelined ADC to directly digitize the signal from thepreamplifier.
Trapezoidal waveform processing is performed by hardware calculation in FPGA. The shaping time required
for trapezoidal waveform shaping is set by parameters from a PC, and peak values are digitally detected bypeaking time (peakingtime = rise time + flat top time) for both FAST and SLOW systems.
The FAST and SLOW systems are processed by two different filter blocks.
The FAST system acquires timing and performs pile-up rejection (Pile up Reject).
The SLOW system performs Pole zero Cancel and Baseline Restorer processing followed by energy analysis.
Preamplifier signals and trapezoidal waveform processing signals imported into FPGA are output via DAC(Digital Analog Converter), and operation can be checked on a digital oscilloscope.
Settings and data acquisition for the DSP are performed by the supplied DSP application (hereinafter referred
to as "this application"). This application runs on Windows. The DSP communicates only via TCP/IP or UDP
network communication, so no special libraries are required, and the DSP can be used in non-Windows
environments as well.
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APV8032 Instruction Manual

２． Specifications（１） Analog Input
・Number of channel

32・Input range±1V・Input impedance

1kΩ

・Coarse gain

×2, ×4

・Frequency band

DC to 16MHz*±12V with input protection circuit・First-stage differential circuit 6.8μs fix
・Attenuator*Can be changed upon request.

None（２） ADC・Sampling frequency

100MHz・Resolution

14bit

・Input range

±１V

・SNR

85dB@3MHz performance

・Energy Resolution

1.75keV@1.33MeV (typical value)

・Spectral brodenning

12% or less (1kcps to 100kcps)

・Throughput

100kcps and more・Integral non-linearity±0.025% (typical value)

・Peak shift

THD

・Drift characteristics

THD

・Pulse Pair Resolution

1.25× (Risetime + Flat top Time)*Guideline（３） MCA・ADC gain

8192, 4096, 2048, 1024, 512, 256 channel・Operation mode

Histogram, List, Wave

・Event transfer rate

Approx. 20Mbyte per sec.

*10Byte (80Bit) per event（４） Digital pulse shaping
・FAST, Rise time

0.05μs～1μs

・FAST, Flat top time

0.03μs～1μs

・SLOW, Rise time

0.16μs～8μs

・SLOW, Flat top time

0.16μs～2μs

・Digital course gain

×1, ×2, ×4, ×8, ×16, ×32, ×64, ×128

・Digital Fine gain

×0.333 to ×1.0

・Trigger timing

LET (Leading Edge Timing), CFD(Constant Fraction Disicriminator
Timing)・Digital CFD

Time resolution 10ns

・Digital Pole zero cancel, Digital Baseline Restorer, Digital Pile up Reject
・LLD (Low Level Discriminator)
・ULD (Upper Level Discriminator)（５） Communication interface

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APV8032 Instruction Manual

・LAN

TCP/IP

Gigabit Ethernet 1000Base-T, for data transfer

UDP

For command transparency（６） Current consumption+5V

4.0A (Max.)+12V

0.4A (Max.)-12V

0.4A (Max.)（７） Form
・VME type (VME6U)

APV8032

・Unit type

APU8032（８） Outer diameter dimensions
・VME type (VME6U)

20 (W) x 262 (H) x 187 (D) mm

・Unit type

300 (W) x 56 (H) x 335 (D) mm（９）Weight・VME type (VME6U)

Approx. 400g

・Unit type

Approx. 3100g（１０） PC environment
・OS

Windows 7 or later, 32bi or 64bit later

・Network interface
・Screen resolution

Full HD (1920×1080) and more recommended

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APV8032 Instruction Manual

３． Appearance

（１）

（2）

（3）

（4）
（5）

（6）

（7）
（9）
（10）

（8）
（11）

（12）

Picture 1 APV8032

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APV8032 Instruction Manual

（１）

LED

（２）

Signal A（３）

Signal B

（４）

MONI

（５）

CLK-I

（６）

CLK-O

（７）

GATE

（８）

VETO

（９）

RESET

（１０） CLR（１１） SYNC
（１２）

LAN

P (green) lights up when power is turned ON, V (orange) and E (red)are not used
CH1-16 analog input pins
Connector is HIF3BA-34PA-2.54DS; input range ±1V, x2 or x4
course gain selected from application, input impedance 1kΩ.
CH17-32 analog input pins
Connector is HIF3BA-34PA-2.54DS; input range ±1V, x2 or x4
course gain selected from application, input impedance 1kΩ.
LEMO 00.250 compatible connector for monitor output. DAC outputs
signals, etc. during DSP processing of the selected 1CH.
LEMO 00.250 compatible connector for external clock signal input.
An external clock can be used to synchronize with external devices.
(When using, input a 25MHz, Duty cycle 50% LVTTL or TTL signal
before turning on the power.
LEMO 00.250 compatible connector for external clock signal output.
Outputs 25MHz LVTTL signal with 50% duty cycle.
LEMO 00.250 compatible connector for external GATE signal input;
accepts LVTTL or TTL signals. Enables data acquisition while input
is High.
LEMO 00.250 compatible connector for external VETO signal input;
accepts LVTTL or TTL signals; disables data acquisition while high.
Reset button; press and hold for at least 3 seconds to reset thedevice.
LEMO 00.250 compatible connector for external clear signal input;
LVTTL or TTL logic signal input; clears counter data, which is time
information at the time of event detection, at the rising edge of High.
(Not used) LEMO 00.250 compatible connector for function
expansion; accepts LVTTL or TTL signals.
RJ45 connector for Ethernet cable. 1000Base-T.

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APV8032 Instruction Manual

Refer to the silk in the green frame in the photo below on the board of this device and make settings for each
CH input.

Picture 2

Board of APV8032 Input part of CH1
Analog pole zero circuit enabled.

（１） Green flamer
Analog pole zero circuit jumper
Jumper-equipped
Analog pole zero circuit enabled, for resistive feedback preamplifier
output signal input (default)
Without jumpers
Analog pole zero circuit disabled, for transistor reset preamplifier
output signal input.

Picture 3 CLK setting LEFT: Setting of internal CLK, RIGHT: Setting of external CLK（２） Orange flame
CLK setting. To operate using an external CLK, set the jumper as shown on
the right side of the figure above, and turn on the power supply with a 25 MHz, Duty 50%
LVTTL or TTL clock signal input to the CLK-I pin on the front panel.

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APV8032 Instruction Manual

４． Setup
４．１． Application Installation
This application runs on Windows. When using this application, it is necessary to install the EXE (executableformat) file of this application and the LabVIEW runtime engine from National Instruments on the PC to be
used.
Installation of this application is performed by the installer included on the accompanying CD. The installer
includes the EXE (executable format) file and the LabVIEW runtime engine, which can be installed at the sametime. The installation procedure is as follows.
（１） Log in to Windows with administrative privileges.
（２） Run Setup.exe in the Application folder on the accompanying CD-ROM. Proceed with the
installation in an interactive manner. The default installation directory is "C:¥TechnoAP". In thisfolder, the application's executable file dsp_mca.exe and the configuration file config.ini containing
the settings will be installed.
（３） Run Start button - TechnoAP - APP8032.
To uninstall, go to Add or Remove Programs and select APP8032 to remove it.

４．２． Connections
Connect this device and PC with an Ethernet cable; use a crossover cable depending on the PC. Whenusing a hub, use a switching hub.

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APV8032 Instruction Manual

４．３． Setup of network
Check the communication status of this device and this application by the following procedure.
（１） Turn on the PC and change the network information of the PC.
IP address： 192.168.10.2 * Addresses not assigned to this device： 255.255.255.0

Sub-net mask

Default gateway： 192.168.10.1（２） Turn on the VME Crate power supply and wait for about 10 seconds after turning on the power.
（３） Check the communication status between the PC and the device by executing the ping commandat the Windows command prompt to see if the device and the PC are connected.
The IP address of the device is located on the board or on the back of the unit. The factory default
network information for this device is as follows.
IP address： 192.168.10.128
Sub-net mask
： 255.255.255.0
Default gateway： 192.168.10.1> ping 192.168.10.128

Figure 2

Confirm communication connection, execute ping command（４） Launch this application. Search for APV8104 from the shortcut icon APV8104 on the desktop or the
Windows button and launch it.

If an error message is displayed when this application is launched, stating that the connection with thisdevice has failed, please refer to the troubleshooting described below.

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APV8032 Instruction Manual

５． Application window
５．１． Startup window
When this application is run, the following startup screen will appear.

Figure 3

Startup window (may differ from image due to options and updates)

・Menu
File - open config

Load configuration file

File - open histogram

Load histogram data file

File - open wave

Load waveform data file

File - save config

Save current settings to a file

File - save histogram

Save current histogram data to file

File - save wave

Save waveform data file

File - save image

Save this application screen as PNG format image

File – reconnect

Reconnect

File - quit

Quit application

Edit - copy setting of CH1

CH1 settings in the CH tab are reflected in all other CH settings

Edit - copy setting of CH1 to all modules

CH1 settings in the CH tab are reflected in the settings of all CHsof all other modules
Edit - IP configuration

Change the IP address of this device

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APV8032 Instruction Manual

ConfigSet all items to this device

Clear

Initialize histogram data in this device

Start

Start measurement to this device

Stop

Stop measurement to this device

・Upper tab
CH

Settings for each input CH.

configSettings other than input CH and settings related to storage and measurement.

status

Displays count rates for each CH and calculation results between each ROI.

・Bottom tab
wave

Display of Waveform Data.

histogram

Histogram display, Region Of Interest (ROI) setting.

moduleSelect equipment to be measured.

IP address

IP Address. Defined in the configuration file, IP address of the DSP selected inmodule.

memo

Optional text box. Please use for measurement data management.

mode

Mode of operation. Select from the following modes.
histogram

Histogram mode. Stores the wave height value of thepreamplifier output signal (wave height value of the SLOW
system filter) in up to 8192 channels and obtains ahistogram of horizontal axis energy and vertical axis count.

list

List Mode. Transfers data to the PC continuously as asingle event data with the timestamp, wave height value
and CH number of the preamplifier output signal.

wave

Check waveform data during signal processing like anoscilloscope.

measurement time

Measurement time. Setting range is from 00:00:00 to 48:00:00.

acq. LED

Flashing during measurement.

save LED

Flashes during data storage.

error LED

Error indication.

mode

Operation Mode. Displays the name of the operating mode being set.

measurement time

Set measurement time.

real time

Real time (actual measurement time) of the effective first CH. Equal to themeasurement time at the end of the measurement.

list file size(byte)

Displays the capacity (in Bytes) of the file in which event data is being saved.

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APV8032 Instruction Manual

５．２． CH tab

Figure 4 CH tab
ON

CH Availability

analog coarse gain

Analog coarse gain; select from 2x or 4x. Internal amplification of the captured
preamplifier output signal.

ADC gain

Gain of ADC (channels). 8192, 4096, 2048, 1024, 512, 256 channels (ch) to be
selected from. the number of divisions on the horizontal axis of the histogram graph.

fast diff

Select the constant of the FAST differential circuit from ext (excluded, no filter used),20, 50, 100, and 200. For detectors with fast rise time, select ext or 20; for Ge
semiconductor detectors, select 100 or 200.

fast integral

Select the constant of the FAST-based integrating circuit from ext (excluded, nofilter used), 20, 50, 100, and 200. For detectors with fast rise time, select ext or 20;
for Ge semiconductor detectors, select 100 or 200.

fast pole zero

FAST series pole zero cancel setting. Setting range is 0 to 8192. 0 is automatic
setting.

fast trigger threshold

Threshold for the timing of the start of waveform acquisition using a FAST-type filter.
The unit is digits, and the setting range is from 0 to 8191. The default setting is 50
digits. The FAST filter waveform is generated by differential and integral processingof the timing filter amplifier circuit based on the preamplifier output signal. When the
waveform exceeds this threshold value, the timing for acquiring time information atthat point and the timing for starting waveform generation in the spectroscopy
amplifier circuit are acquired. It is mainly related to time acquisition (time stamp). If
the threshold value is too small, noise is easily detected and the input total rate(cps) will increase, so while watching the input total rate (cps), set the value a few
digits higher than the borderline of the noise level where the value increases
extremely.

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APV8032 Instruction Manualslow risetime(ns)Rise time of a SLOW-type filter. This is the rise time to reach the upper bottom of
the SLOW-type (trapezoidal) filter in the figure below. Shorter values tend to havepoorer energy resolution but more throughput, while longer values tend to havebetter energy resolution but less throughput. Since the peaking time of linear
amplifiers is often 2.0 to 2.4 x time constant, a rise time of about twice the time
constant of the linear amplifier will give similar resolution. The default setting is 6000
ns. This corresponds to a shaping time of 3 µs for a linear amplifier.

slow flat top time(ns)Flat top time of a SLOW-type filter. This is the time at the top of the SLOW-type(trapezoidal) filter in the figure below. The length of the trapezoidal top part is used
to adjust the wave height error caused by variations in the rise (fall) of thepreamplifier output signal. The setting value is from 0 to 100% of the rise (fall) timeof the preamplifier output signal and should be twice the slowest time. The default
setting is 700 ns. (In this case, the slowest rise (fall) time is assumed to be 350 ns.

⚫

The throughput of the DSP is shown in the following equation(slow rise time + slow flattoptime) × 1.25

slow pole zero

SLOW-type pole zero cancellation; the falling undershoot, or overshoot of the
SLOW-type filter can be reduced by setting this value appropriately. The default
setting is 680. Since this value varies depending on the detector, connect the MONI
terminal on the front panel to the oscilloscope, select the SLOW filter in the DAC
monitor type, and adjust the SLOW filter so that the falling edge of the SLOW filter
is flattened.

rise time

flattop time

(Peaking time)pole zero
Figure 5⚫

SLOW type (trapezoidal) filter

The figure on the right shows an example where there is an undershoot in the SLOW filter and pole zero is
not set. In this case, lowering the value of the SLOW pole zero from the current setting will lift the undershootto the upper side.

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APV8032 Instruction Manualslow trigger threshold

Threshold value for the timing of the start of waveform acquisition for the Slowsystem filter. Unit is digits. The setting range is from 0 to 8191. The default setting
is 50 digits. Set this value up or down by about 10 digits above the noise level where
the throughout rate (cps) increases. Set this value below the LLD described below.
When the generated SLOW filter waveform exceeds this threshold value, the wave
height value at the preset time (slow rise time + slow flattop time) is secured.

LLD

Energy LLD (Lower Level Discriminator). The unit is ch. The ch below this threshold
is not counted. set to a value greater than the show trigger threshold but less thanthe ULD.

ULD

Energy ULD (Upper Level Discriminator). The unit is ch. Set to a value greater thanthe LLD and less than the ADC gain.

⚫

Figure 6 Setting example of LLD and ULD
The above figure shows an example where the LLD is set to 955 and the ULD to 1045; you can seethat the areas smaller than the LLD and larger than the ULD are not measured.

pile up rejector

Enables/disables pileup rejection: valid when ON. As shown in the figure below,
two pulses generated below the rise time of the waveform-shaped signal overlap,
resulting in a different value from the actual peak value. Under high counts, this canresult in significant background noise. Pile-up rejection is performed by digital signal
processing to exclude this event. The target time is (risetime + flattoptime) × 1.25.
If two events occur during this time, they are rejected. The higher the number ofpile-up rejections, the greater the difference between multiple input counts and zerothroughput counts.

Figure 7

LEFT: Pile-up event, RIGHT: No blue reject, red reject18

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APV8032 Instruction Manualpolarity

Polarity of the input preamplifier output signal. pos = positive polarity, neg =negative polarity

digital coarse gain

The gain is digitally selected from 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x, 16x, 32x, 64x, and 128x. In thecase of a trapezoidal filter, the integral circuit is calculated by sum-of-products
operations; the larger the slow rise time, the greater the number of sum-of-products
operations and the larger the value, and the smaller the value, the smaller. Thisvalue is used in conjunction with the slow rise time setting.

digital fine gain

Digitally sets the fine gain. The setting range is from 0.3333 to 1x and is used forcorrection in the same way as digital coarse gain. The resulting histogram can beused to adjust the peak position of the histogram.

timing selectSelect the timing acquisition method to determine the time when the event was
detected (time stamp) from LET (Leading Edge Timing) or CFD (Constant Fraction
Disicriminator Timing).
LET: Leading Edge Timing (Leading Edge Timing)
The timing at which a certain trigger level t is reached. (Trigger acquisition timing is
also different if the slope of the rising edge changes, as in the case of 'a' and 'b'.

a

b
ｔ

a’ b’
Figure 8

Concept of Leading Edge (Leading Edge Timing)

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APV8032 Instruction Manual

CFD: Constant Fraction Disicriminator Timing
For the different preamp waveforms, a and b in the figure below, the following
waveforms c, d and e, f and g, h are generated.
Waveforms c, d: Waveforms a and b multiplied by CFD function and inverted
Waveforms e, f: Waveforms a and b delayed by CFD delay
Waveforms g, h: Waveforms c and e plus waveforms d and f
CFD, the zero-crossing timing of waveforms g and h, is characterized by the factthat it is constant even if the wave height changes, if the start time of the rise of the
waveform is the same.
Input signal

a
V1
b
V2

Inverts input signal multiplied by CFD function
V2*CFD function
V1*CFD function

Input signal delayed by CFD Delay

d
c

e

f

CFD delay

Add reversals and delaysgh

CFDFigure 9 Concept of Constant Fraction Disicriminator Timing

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APV8032 Instruction Manual

CFD function

Magnification for reducing the original waveform for CFD calculation, selected from0.125, 0.25, 0.375, 0.625, 0.75, and 0.875. Default is 0.25 to 0.625 times.

CFD delay

Select the time to delay the original waveform for CFD calculation from 10, 20, 30,
40, 50, 60, 70, and 80ns. Default is 50 to 80ns.

inhibit width(μs)

Dead time width from the time of reset detection for transistor reset typepreamplifier. (The INHIBIT signal from the detector is processed internally without
input and no counting is performed during this period.

analog pole zero

Analog Pole Zero. Sets the internal differentiation of the input preamplifier output
signal to correct for overshoot or undershoot on the falling edge of that signal.
Setting range is 0 to 255.

DAC monitor CH

Select the CH number for DAC output. The waveform selected under DAC monitor
type for the selected CH is output from the MONI pin.

DAC monitor type

Waveform selection for DAC output; the selected type of waveform signal among
the waveforms processed inside the DSP is output from the MONI pin. By viewing
this signal on an oscilloscope, you can check the processing status inside the DSP.
preampDifferentiated signal from the preamplifier signal. Used to confirm thatthe energy range to be measured is within 1V when taken internally,and for analog pole zero adjustment.

fast

FAST filter signal

slow

SLOW filter signal. Used for pole zero adjustment after waveform
shaping processing.

CFD

CFD signal, which allows the user to check the CFD delay andfunction setting status when using CFD timing.

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５．３． config tab

Figure 10 config tab
・DSP part
list read size(byte)

Minimum read data length in list mode. Unit is Byte, usually set to 10000. At highcount rates, set to 20000 Bytes to allow the PC side to receive many events. At low
count rates, lower the setting so that fewer events can be received.

・file parthistogram save

Saves the histogram data displayed in the histogram tab to a file at the end of
measurement. The file is saved in the format described below.

histogram file path

Set the absolute path of the histogram data file. No extension is also possible.
*Note* The file will not be saved with this file name but will be formatted as follows basedon this file name.
Example: If the histogram file path is set to C:¥Data¥histogram.csv and the date andtime is 2010/09/01 12:00:00, the data saving will start with the file nameC:¥Data¥histogram_20100901_120000.csv

list save

Sets whether the list data is saved in a file or not. (Valid only when list mode isselected.

list file path

Set the absolute path of the listing data file. No extension is also possible.
*Note* The file will not be saved with this file name but will be formatted as follows
based on this file name.
Example: If the list file path is set to C:¥Data¥list_.bin and the list file number is 0
asdescribed

below,

datasaving

will

start

with

the

file

name

C:¥Data¥list_000000.bin
list file number

Sets the starting number of the number appended to the list data file, from 0 to
9999999, reset to 0 if the number exceeds 9999999.

file name

Displays the file name when the file is saved based on the list file path and list filenumber.

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５．４． status tab

Figure 11 status tab
・CH part
Displays the status of each CH
input total countNumber of events with input.

throughput countNumber of inputs processed.

input total rate(cps)Number of events with input per second.

throughput rate(cps)Number of inputs processed per second.

pileup rate(cps)Pileup counts per second.

dead time ratio(%)

Percentage of dead time. Instantaneous value per uptake.

・ROI part
Displays the calculated results between ROIs
peak(ch)Maximum count ch.

centroid(ch)Center value calculated from the sum of all counts (ch).

peak(count)

Maximum count.

gross(count)

Sum of counts between ROIs.

gross(cps)gross(count) / measurement elapsed time.

net(count)

Sum of counts minus background between ROIs.

net(cps)

net(count) / measurement elapsed time.

FWHM(ch)Half-width (ch).

FWHM(%)

Half-width (%). Half width / ROI defined energy x 100.

FWHM

Half-width.

FWTM

1/10 width.

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５．５． wave tab
The status of signal processing inside this device can be acquired as waveform data with this application.
When adjusting signal processing before measurement, the preamp and slow signals from the MONI terminal
are checked with an oscilloscope, and this function can do the same.

Figure 12 wave tab
Graph

Waveform graph. waveform data is displayed during measurement when wave isselected in mode in config tab.

・trigger partsourceSelect trigger source CH number.

level(digit)

Sets the trigger level. Setting range is from -8192 to 8192digit.

Checkbox

Selection of whether to display waveform data for each waveform CH in the graph.

position(ns)Sets the trigger position. Setting range is from 10 to 5000ns.

sampling rate

Set the sampling frequency. Select sampling interval time from 10ns, 20ns, 40ns,
80ns.

free runAcquire waveforms regardless of trigger level.

accumulation

Enables or disables waveform data superimposition.

continue

Select continuous waveform capture.

singlePerforms single-trigger capture.

CH type

Select CH and waveform type.
preampPreamplifier Signal

fast

FAST filter signal

slow

SLOW filter signal

CFD

CFD signal

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５．６． histogram tab

Figure 13 histogram tab
GraphHistogram graph, if histogram is selected in mode in config tab, energy histogramis displayed during measurement.

Checkbox

Selection of whether to display a histogram for each CH in the graph.

ROI CH

Select the CH number to which the ROI (Region Of Interest) is to be applied; up to
32 ROIs can be set for a single histogram.

ROI start

Start position of the ROI. The unit is the unit selected in the calibration described
below.

ROI end

End position of the ROI. The unit is the unit selected in the calibration described
below.

energyDefine the energy value of the peak position (ch). 1173 or 1332 (keV) is set for
60Co. When ch is selected in the calibration described below, the peak between
ROIs is detected and keV/ch is calculated from the peak position (ch) and the set
energy value and applied to the result of the calculation of the FWHM.

calibration

X-axis units. X-axis labels will change according to the settingchDisplay in units of ch (channel); units such as FWHM of FWTM of
ROI are optional.

eVThe slope a and the intercept b of the linear function y=ax+b are
calculated and set on the X-axis so that ch is eV by two-pointcalibration of the two types of peaks (center values) and energy
values in a histogram.

keV

The unit of keV is displayed. Example: If there are 1173.24 keV of
60Co at 5717.9ch and 1332.5 keV of 60Co at 6498.7ch, a is
automatically calculated as 0.20397 and b as 6.958297 from the twopoint calibration.

manual

Set the slope a, the intercept b, and the unit label of the linear function
y=ax+b arbitrarily and set them on the X axis. The units can be set
arbitrarily.
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Y mappingSelect the mapping for the Y axis of the graph. The Y-axis labels will change
according to the settings.
linearstraight line

log

logarithm

smoothing

Smoothing function to calculate half-widths when statistics are low.

X axis calibration

Select the unit of measure for the X axis.

Y axis calibration

Select the unit for the Y-axis.

X axis range

Right-click on the graph and check Auto Scale to make it auto scale. If unchecked,
it will no longer be auto scale and the minimum and maximum values on the X axis
will be fixed. To change the minimum or maximum value, place the mouse pointerover the value to be changed and click or double-click it.

Y axis range

Right-click on the graph and check Auto Scale to make it auto scale. If unchecked,
it will no longer be auto scale and the minimum and maximum values on the Yaxis will be fixed. To change the minimum or maximum value, place the mousepointer over the value to be changed and click or double-click it.
Cursor movement tool, which allows you to move the cursor on the graph bydragging it with the mouse when setting the ROI.
Zoom. Click to select and execute the following six types of zooming in and out.
（1）（2） （3）（4） （5） （6）Figure 14 Graph, Zoom in and out tool
（1）Quadrangle

Zoom Using this option, click on a point on the displaythat is a corner of the zoom area and drag the tool until
a rectangle occupies the zoom area.

（2）X-zoom

Zoom in on a region of the graph along the x-axis（3）Y-zoom

Zoom in on a region of the graph along the Y-axis（4）Fit zoom

Auto scale all X and Y scales on graph（5）Zoom out around the point Click on the center point to zoom out（6）Zoom in around the point Click the center point to zoom in
Pan tool Plots can be grabbed and moved around on the graph

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６． Initialization
６．１． Checking the preamplifier output signal（１） Connect the preamplifier output signal to an oscilloscope and check the wave height (mV) andpolarity.
In the case of a transistor-reset preamplifier, a right ascension indicates positive polarity, and a rightdescent indicates negative polarity.

Fiugre 15

LEFT: Resistive feedback type for negative polarity, RIGHT: Transistor reset type for positive
polarity

６．２． Power supply and connection(1) Turn off the power to all devices.
(2) Connect the LAN connector on the front panel to the PC with a LAN cable.
(3) If using a switching hub, turn it ON.
(4) Turn on the power to the device.
(5) Turn on the power of the PC.
(6) Connect the CH1 terminal on the front panel to the preamplifier output signal.
(7) Connect the MONI terminal on the front panel to the oscilloscope.

６．３． Setting Execution(1) Launch this application.
(2) Set the CH tab, config tab, option tab if any, etc. First, set the polarity correctly to the polarity in the redframe in the figure below, so that the input preamp output signal can be properly processed internally.

Figure 16

Example of polarity setting in CH tab（１） Click Config menu to make all settings.

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６．４． Analog Course Gain and Analog Pole Zero Adjustment of Preamplifier Output
SignalThe ultra-low noise high-speed programmable gain amplifier can amplify signals from the preamplifier that
require fast rise time and low noise with high accuracy. The analog course gain can be set by selecting 2x or
4x in the analog course gain in the CH tab.
⚫

This device does not have analog fine gain setting.

An anti-aliasing low-pass filter is placed at the front of the ADC to improve S/N and eliminate fold-back noise.
The cutoff frequency is set at 16 MHz.
The setting method varies depending on whether the output signal of the preamplifier of the detector input tothis device is a resistive feedback type or a reset type.

６．４．１． Resistive feedback preamplifier output signal
Preamplifier output signals usually have a decay of about 50μs to 100μs. The decay is too long for thisdevice to process, so it cannot handle high counts. Therefore, the signal is differentiated to a time constantthat is easy to process internally. The undershoot that occurs in such a case is shown in the following
equation, which, like the conventional analog method, causes poor overload characteristics in this device as
well
Undershoot (%) = different amplitude / preamp decay time(1) Check the oscilloscope for the preamp signal, which is a derivative of the preamplifier output signal from
the MONI terminal on the front panel.
(2) While switching the analog course gain, adjust the preamp signal so that the wave height including theenergy element to be measured stays within 1V.
For example, when measuring energy up to 2000 keV, if there is a 60Co checking source, adjust the portion
where the 1332keV@60Co overlap is darker than 0.666V (1V÷2000keV×1332keV).

Gain is small.

Figure 17 Before adjustment

Figure 18 After adjustment

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APV8032 Instruction Manual（１） Change the analog pole zero setting and adjust the pole zero so that the falling edge is flat whileswitching between the vertical and horizontal ranges of the oscilloscope

Pole zero unadjusted
OvershootPole zero unadjusted
undershootFigure 19 Before adjustment (overshoot)Figure 20

Before adjustment (undershoot)↓Figure 21 After adjuestment

Figure 22 After adjustment
When the horizontal axis is widened

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６．４．２． or transistor-reset preamplifier output signal（１） If power cannot be turned off, set analog pole zero to 0.
（２） If the power can be turned off, turn off all power and unplug this unit from the power rack. If it is a unit
type, unscrew the lid and open it slowly, taking care of the cables attached to the lid. Remove thejumper in the red frame in the photo below from the board while checking against the jumper settingnear the connector of the CH that inputs the preamplifier output signal in the photo below.
(Removing it will disable the analog pole zero adjustment.

Picture 4 Board of APV8032 Part of inuput CH1
To input transistor reset type preamplifier output signal(Remove the jumper in the red frame)（３） Check the oscilloscope for the preamp signal, which is a derivative of the preamplifier output signal

from the MONI terminal on the front panel.
（４） While switching analog course gain, adjust the wave height including the energy element of the preamp
signal to within ±1V.

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６．５． FAST Filter Settings
The instrument has FAST filters to obtain time information during radiation detection and SLOW filters to obtainenergy (wave height). First, the settings related to the FAST system filter must be configured.
The settings have the same characteristics as general timing filter amplifiers.
（１） Connect the MONI terminal to the oscilloscope, select the appropriate DAC monitor CH, and set the
DAC monitor type to fast. Prepare to see this signal on the oscilloscope.
（２） Set the constant of the FAST differential circuit with fast diff, selecting from ext (excluded, no filter
used), 20, 50, 100, and 200.
（３） Set the constant of the FAST system integral circuit with fast integral. select from ext (excluded, nofilter used), 20, 50, 100, and 200.
（４） Adjust pole zero with fast pole zero. The default setting is 0 (automatic setting). The setting must be
adjusted each time fast diff or fast integral is changed, but the setting is not as strict as the SLOW
type pole zero described below.

Figure 23 fast pole zero (LEFT: before adjustment with undershoot, RIGHT: after adjustment)
The fast diff and fast integral settings depend on the detector and signal conditions. Examples of settings
are shown below.
Table 1

fast diff and fast integral configuration examples

Detector

Featuresfast difffast integral

LaBr3 (Ce) scintillator

Fast risetime20

ext or 20

Ge semiconductor

High energy resolution

100

100

（５） Set the threshold for FAST filter signal detection at the fast trigger threshold. (2) Set the threshold for
FAST filter signal detection at the fast trigger threshold and timestamp the leading edge timing (LET)
when the threshold is exceeded. It is also used as the threshold for the baseline restorer and pileup
rejector. This value should be set to the lowest possible value that can be discriminated from noise
when connected to a detector. The default setting is 25.
First, input a somewhat high value (around 100) and observe the input total rate (cps), thengradually decrease the fast trigger threshold, and find a value at which the input total rate (cps)increases. This value is the boundary between signal and noise, so set the value to about +3 to +10
above that value.

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６．６． SLOW Filter Settings
The SLOW trapezoidal filter performs SLOW trapezoidal shaping on the preamplifier output signal. As analgorithm for the trapezoidal filter (Trapezoidal Filter), the filter block, which consists of a pipelined
architecture, calculates the delay, add/subtract, and integral values required for the trapezoidal filter insynchronization with the 100 MHz clock of the ADC.
nl

FIL (n) =   DIFF r , w ( j ) + DIFF r , w (i )P
i =0 j =0

DIFF

r ,w

= v( j ) − v( j − r ) − v{ j − (r + f )} − v{ j − (2r + f )}P = (exp(CLK /τ) − 1) −1
r = risetimef = flattoptim e
w = 2r + f = pulsewidth
Formula 1 Trapezoidal Filter（１） Connect the MONI terminal to the oscilloscope, set the DAC monitor CH to the appropriate CH, andset the DAC monitor type to slow. Prepare to see the signal on the oscilloscope.
（２） To achieve the same conditions as when the linear amplifier shaping time is set to 3 μs, set the slow
rise time to 6000 ns. This value affects the energy resolution. A shorter setting allows higher counts,
but the energy resolution is reduced. Conversely, setting it too long may result in a low counting rate.
The default setting is 6000 ns.
（３） Set the slow flattop time. For resistive feedback preamplifier output signals, set a value between 0
and 100% of the rise time, twice the slowest rise. The recommended value is 700ns. (In the case oftransistor reset type, adjust in ±100ns increments from 700ns while checking the energy resolution(half value width).
（４） Set SLOW POOL ZERO. This setting can be used to reduce overshoot and undershoot at thefalling edge of SLOW filters. The default setting is 680. (This setting varies depending on thedetector, so use an oscilloscope to set the optimum value.

Figure 24 slow pole zero (LEFT: before adjustment with undershoot, RIGHT: after adjustment)

６．７． SLOW threshold settingFirst, input a somewhat large value (around 100) and observe the throughput rate (cps), then gradually
decrease the slow trigger threshold, and find a value at which the throughput rate (cps) becomes large. Thisvalue is the boundary between signal and noise, so set the throughput rate (cps) to +3 to +10 above thisvalue. The default setting is 30.

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７． Measurement
７．１． Setting（１） Click on Menu Config to send all settings to this device. After execution, the histogram data in the
DSP will be initialized.
（２） To initialize the last measured histogram or measurement results, click on Menu Clear. To continue
with the histogram data without initialization, start the next measurement without clicking on "Clear"in the menu.

７．２． Start measurement
Click on the menu Start. The measurement will start, and the following will be performed.
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫

The measurement status of each CH is displayed in the CH section.
The acq LED blinks.
The measurement time displays the set measurement time.
The elapsed time acquired from the device is displayed in "real time".
live time" displays the live time acquired from the device.
dead time" displays the dead time acquired from this device.
The ratio of dead time / real time (%) is displayed in the dead time ratio.

７．３． Histogram mode
When histogram is selected in mode in the config tab and measurement is started, the following is executed.
⚫
⚫
⚫

Histogram" is displayed in mode.
The calculation results for each ROI are displayed in the ROI section.
The histogram is displayed in the histogram tab.

Figure 25 histogram mode measurement

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７．４． List mode
When the measurement is started by selecting "list" in the mode in the config tab, the following is executed.
⚫
⚫

The mode is displayed as "list".
The save LED blinks and list file size (bytes) displays the size of the file currently being saved.

７．５． Stom measurement
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫

When the measurement mode is "real time", the measurement is terminated when the real time reaches themeasurement time.
If the measurement mode is "livel time," measurement will end when "live time" reaches "measurement time.
To stop measurement during measurement, click "Stop" in the menu. Measurement is stopped after
execution.
The save LED turns off.
The update of real time stops.
update of live time stops.
update of deadl time is stopped.
Update of list file size (byte) is stopped.
update of dead time ratio is stopped.

８． Quit
Click on the menu File - quit. After a confirmation dialog appears, click the quit button to exit this applicationand the screen will disappear. The next time the application is launched, the settings at the time of quit will beapplied.

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９． File９．１． Histogram data file（１） File format
Comma-separated CSV text format（２） File nameSet arbitrarily（３） Component
It consists of Header, Calculation, Status and Data parts.
[Header]
Memo Memo
Measurement mode

Real Time or Live Time

Measurement time

Unit is seconds.

Real time

Real time

Live time

Live time

Dead time

Dead time

Start Time

Measurement start time

End Time

End time of measurement*Saved for each CH below
ACG

Course gain

ADG

ADC gain

FFR

Rise time of FAST system

FFP

FAST system flat top time

SFR(ns)SLOW system rise time

SFP(ns)SLOW system flat top time

FPZ

Pole zero cancellation for FAST system

SPZ

SLOW-type Pole Zero Cancel

FTH

FAST system threshold

LLD

Energy LLD

ULD

Energy ULDSTHSLOW system threshold

PUR

Pile up reject

POL

Polarity

DCG

Digital Course Gain

TMS

Timing Selection

CFF

CFD Function

CFD

CFD Delay

IHW

Inhibit Width

PZD

Analog pole zero

FGD

Baseline count manual

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DIF(Not used)

BRS

Baseline Restorer Selection

BTS(not used)

IHT(not used)

End of each CH
MOD

Operation Mode

MMD

Measurement mode

MTM

Measurement time

CLS

Clock selection

SCS

WAVE sampling selection[Calculation]
Save for each ROI below
ROI_chInput channel number of the ROI

ROI_start

ROI start position (ch)ROI_end

ROI end position (ch)EnergyEnergy value of the peak between ROIs

peak(ch)Peak position between ROIs (ch)centroid(ch)Center position between ROIs (ch)peak(count)

Peak count value between ROIs

gross(count)

Sum of counts between ROIs

gross(cps)gross(count)/measurement elapsed timenet(count)

Sum of counts subtracting background between ROIs

net(cps)

net(count)/Measurement elapsed time

FWHM(ch)Half width between ROIs (ch)FWHM(%)

Half width between ROIs

FWHM

FWHM width at half maximum between ROIs

FWTM

1/10 width between ROIs

[Status]*Saved for each CH below
input total countTotal countthroughput countThroughput count

input total rate

Total count rate

throughput rate

Throughput count rate

pileup rate

pileup rate

dead time ratio

dead time ratio[Data]
Histogram data for each channel. Maximum 8192 points.

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９．２． List data file（１） File format
Binary, network byte order (big-endian, MSB First) format（２） File name
The file number is the file path set in the "list file path" in the "config" tab, with 0's and 6 digits appended toit. For example, if list file path is set to D:¥data¥123456.bin and file number is set to 1, the file size isD:¥data¥123456_000001.bin.
When list file size is reached, the file being saved is closed. After that, it automatically moves up the list filenumber by one, opens a new file, and continues to save the data in the file.

（３） Component
80bit per 1 event (10Byte、5WORD)
Bit79

64
real time[47..32]

63

48
real time[31..16]

47

32
real time[15..0]31

23
Vacant

15

13

22

21
unit[1..0]20

16
CH[4..0]120VacantPHA[12..0]
Figure 26 list data format

・

Bit79 to Bit32

・
・
・
・
・

Bit31 to Bit23
Bit22 to Bit21
Bit20 to Bit16
Bit15 to Bit13
Bit12 to Bit0

real time。48Bit。10ns per 1Bit.
Maximum measurement time is about 32 hours (32 days ≈ 248 * 10ns)
Vacantunit. Unit number. 2Bit. 0 for unit 1, 3 for unit 4.
CH. channel number. 5Bit. 0 for CH1, 31 for CH32.
VacantPHA (wave height value); 13Bit for ADC gain up to 8192

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９．３．

Waveforme data file（1）File format
Comma-separated CSV text format（2）File nameSet arbitrary（3）Component
It consists of a "Header" part, a "Calculation" part, a "Status" part and a "Data" part.
・Header part
Measurement mode
Measurement time: Measurement setting time. Unit is seconds.
Real time:

Real time

Start Time:

Measurement start time.

End Time:

Measurement end time

Saved for each CH under*.
POL:

Polarity

TGE:

Waveform display trigger CH

TGC:

Waveform acquisition polarity

RJT:

Waveform acquisition threshold

CCF:

CFD function

CDL:

CFD delay

CWK:

CFD walk

CTH:

CFD threshold

FLK:

Baseline time constant

PTS:

QDC pre-trigger

LIG:

QDC filter time constant

LIT:

QDC sum or peak

AFS:

QDC integral reduction

CLD:

QDC LLDCUD:

QDC ULDTTY:

Timing typeThis is the end of each CH.
MOD:

Mode

MTM:

Measurement time

MEMO:

Memo

・Status section
Stored for each CH below *.
outtput count:Output countouttput rate:

Output count rate

dead time:

Dead time ratio

・Data part: Waveform data of the device being displayed

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１０． Troubleshooting
１０．１．Connection error occurs
If you get a connection error at startup or in menu config, your network may not be connected properly. In
this case, check the following.
（１） Confirm that the IP in the configuration file config.ini is set to 192.168.10.128, that each port numberin the [System] section is defined as follows, and that the IP address is the same when you start thisapplication[System]
PCConfigPort = 55000
PCStatusPort = 55001
PCDataPort = 55002
DevConfigPort = 4660
DevStatusPort = 5001
DevDataPort = 24
SubnetMask = "255.255.255.0"
Gateway = "192.168.10.1"（２） Check if the PC's network information is configured to connect to this device. The default values forthis device are as follows.
IP address
192.168.10.128
Sub-net mask

255.255.255.0

Default gateway
192.168.10.1（３） There is a conflict with an arbitrary port number on the PC side for the UDP connection. In this case,define another number for Port in the configuration file config.ini before startup.
（４） Turn on the power with the Ethernet cable connected.
（５） Execute the ping command at the command prompt to check if the device and PC cancommunicate.
（６） Turn the power of the device back on and execute the ping command again.
（７） Turn off virus detection software and firewall software.
（８） Always turn on power-saving functions such as PC sleep mode.
（９） Disable the wireless LAN function for laptops, etc.

１０．２．Command error occurs
The combination of firmware and application for this device may not match due to the presence or absenceof options, etc. Please contact us for further information.

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１０．３． Histogram is not displayed
If nothing appears in the histogram tab graph after executing Menu Start, check the following points
（１）
（２）
（３）
（４）
（５）
（６）

（７）

Set CH1 to ON at plot ON in the histogram tab.
Check if input total rate (cps) and throughput rate (cps) are counting.
Set DAC monitor CH to CH1 and DAC monitor type to pre-amp, and check that the pre-amp wave
height is not too small or too large, and that it is within 1V.
Set DAC monitor type to fast and check if the FAST filter signal is output.
Set the DAC monitor type to slow and check if the SLOW filter signal is output.
Make sure that the fast trigger threshold and slow trigger threshold values are not too small or too large,
and while watching the input total rate (cps) and throughput rate (cps) counts, change the settings from100 to 30 or so.
Right-click on the X and Y axes of the graph to set auto scale.

１０．４． Change IP address
Refer to the attached "Instruction Manual: How to Change the IP Address of the APG5107-Equipped
Product". (If you do not have the attached document, please contact us.

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TechnoAP Co., Ltd.
Add: 2976-15 Mawatari, Hitachinaka-shi, Ibaraki, Postcode: 312-0012
TEL: +81-29-350-8011 FAX: +81-29-352-9013
URL: http://www.techno-ap.com
e-mail: info@techno-ap.com

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