2018/1/25 第8回JWRC水道講座

Role of Japanese Water Experts inDeveloping Asian Countries

C. Visvanathan
Environmental Engineering and Management
Asian Institute of TechnologyThailand
Email: visu@ait.asia
Webpage: http://www.faculty.ait.ac.th/visu/

Water ! Water ! Everywhere “ But Only Drops toDrink ”• Earths total water vol. ~1.4 billion
km3.
0.3% Lakes & River Storage
30.8% Groundwater, including soil
moisture, swamp water and permafrost
68.9% Glaciers & permanent snow
coverSaltwater
97.5%
1365*106 km3

Freshwater
2.5%
35*106 km3• Freshwater resources ~ 2.5% of thetotal volume• Total usable freshwater supply forecosystems and humanso ~ < 1% of all freshwater
resources, ando only 0.01% of all the water onearth• Erratic distribution and availability offreshwater resources in different
geographical and geo-politicalregions

C .Visvanathan

2Freshwater Resources: Volume by Continent
Wetlands, Large lakes, reservoirs and rivers (Km2)
North America
27 003

Is it enough ?

Europe2 529
Asia
30 622Asia
Water reserve : 30 622 Km2Africa31 776Australia
221

South America?

Glaciers and permanent ice caps (km3)

Hosting 60% of world's
current humanpopulation

Ground Water (Km3)
North America
43×105

C .Visvanathan

Europe18216

Greenland
26*105South America
900

Africa
0.2

Asia
60984

Australia
180

Antarctica
30 109 800

70% Freshwater
Europe
16×105

Asia
78×105Africa55 × 105South America
3×106

North America
9*104

Australia
12×105Groundwater represents over
90% of the world’s readily
available freshwater resource
3

Freshwater Use by Sector

Domestic Use

Industry

2800

2800

2800

2400

2400

2400

2000
1600
1200

Water Usage (km3)

3200

3200

Water Usage (km3)

Water Usage (km3)

Agriculture
3200

2000
1600
1200

2000
1600
1200

800

800800400400400001900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025
Extraction

Consumption• Second largest
consumer sector isIndustry (19%)

01900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025
Extraction

Consumption• Agricultural sector isby far the biggest
user of freshwater,(70%)

1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025
Extraction

Consumption• Municipal
withdrawals is 11%
UNEP/GRID-ARENDAL. http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/article43.html
C .Visvanathan

4Water Withdrawal and Consumption: The Big Gap

North America

South America

Annual global freshwater withdrawal
grown from 3,790 km3 to in 1995, to4,430 km3 in 2000

•Of which consumption accounted for
2,304 km3 or 52% only•

Not all quantity of water withdrawal isconsumed. There is significant loss ofwater during distribution andapplication•

Annual global water withdrawal isexpected to grow by about 10-12%
every 10 years, reachingapproximately 5,240 km3

EuropeAsia

AfricaAustralia & Oceania

Withdrawal is more consumption is 1/2
C .Visvanathan•5Water Accessibility and Availability in Asia

1992

2000

100

•

2015
9392

92

90

% of rural population

80
70
50

4765

•50

•

45

42
3840

33

32

30252322•25

1710•0Source: (UN-ESCAP, 2015)
C .Visvanathan

7561595020686560

•

7875

Progress in access to clean drinking
water in Asia and Pacific region
Access to safe drinking water(1990-2015):
Urban Asia: 94% to 97%
Rural Asia: 63% to 91%

213 million rural residents of Asia
still lack access to water
Poor access in countries like Papua
New Guinea, Afghanistan andKiribati

Countries
6

Ground Water (GW) Extraction by Sector
GW breakdown by sector (%)
100%

90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

GW for irrigation
C .VisvanathanGW for domestic use

GW for industry
7

Water Use by Industries• The industrial sector uses freshwater stored in reservoirs anddams for hydropower generation and various industrial
processes• Approximately 15–18 billion m3 of freshwater resources arecontaminated by fossil fuel production every year

C .Visvanathan

8

Water Use by Domestic Sector• Domestic water use is related to the quantity ofwater available to populations in cities and towns –for sanitation and drinking water uses

• Groundwater reportedly
provides drinking water to atleast 50% of the globalpopulation

C .Visvanathan

9Challenges of Water Security in Asia & PacificThreats to Water Security• Asia & Pacific is facing the double sword ofincreased water demand but decreased
freshwater resources due to wastewaterpollution• Prime causes of region’s poor water security
state are:
• Heavy population,• Accelerated urbanization rate
• Intensified industrial development• Extensive agricultural development• Prone to climate induced disasters

C .Visvanathan

11Threat: Urbanization and Lack of Access to Water, Sanitation,and Drainage System• Asia and the Pacific is one of the most rapidly urbanizing (2.4% annual growth of theurban population regions) region in the world.
• Currently there are seven of the world’s mega cities (cities with populations of 10 millionor more) in Asia-Pacific, which by 2025 is expected to have 21 such mega cities.
• Asia and the Pacific has the highest annual water withdrawal of all the world’s regions.
• Such unprecedented urban population growth is placing considerable stress on thewater resource, with insufficient water supply (%), wastewater treatment (%), anddrainage management in cities.

C .Visvanathan

12

Where the Japanese Water Sector will/ should
Focus on the Future
Surface Water Pollution

Pollution of Drinking Water Sources

Natural Disaster effect on water treatment systems

Asia under climate change risks

Surface Water Scarcity and Pollution
Scarcity

Only 0.007% of the water on earth isaccessible for human use
C .Visvanathan

Pollution

Agricultural, Industrial, Domestic sewage

14

Surface Water Scarcity and Pollution••

Every day, 2 million tons of sewage and other effluentsdrain into the world's waters.
Every year, more people die from unsafe water than from all
forms of violence, including war.
Big challenge in water treatment sector• With the existing climate change scenario, almost half theworld's population will be living in areas of high water stressby 2030, including 75 - 250 million people in Africa.

C .Visvanathan

15Surface Water Pollution
Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard of China (GB3838-2002)

Grade VI
9.2%
Grade V
6.8%

Grade IV
20.9%

Grade I 3.4%

Grade II
30.4%

China

Grade III29.3%

Surface Water Monitoring Section
High 10.8%

Very Poor
16.1%

ParameterspHDO ≥COD Mn ≤NH3-N ≤

Fair 1.8%

Ground Water Monitoring Site
C .Visvanathan

II7.5
20.15

640.5

III
6~9561.0

IVV

3101.52152.0ThailandParameters

Tha chinriver

Chao phyya
river

Application

Agriculture76%

Drinkingwater;
Irrigation;

Well 25.9%

Poor 45.4%

Grade IDOBODFCB(MPN/100ml)

< 1,-

1~7
1~7
1,000 ~
1,000,000

Bangpakong
river
Drinking water
Agriculture
Aquaculture
Industry

Maeklong
river
Water
supply3~6
1~5

4~7~2100~100,000< 4,00016Surface Water Issue

2025More than 40% high to extreme stress
40% to 20% medium to high stress
20% to 10% low to medium stress
Less than 10% low stress

With global water consumption
estimated, To 2025, up to 60% ofworld’s population will be leave inhigh water stress.

Water Pollution
C .Visvanathan

Water Scarcity
17

Non-point Source Pollution
Source ControlRegulations toreduce pollution

In-situ remediation

Ecologicalrestoration

Terminal Control
Turbidity, carbon source, nitrogen source etc.
To develop a technology to treat this polluted surface water
C .Visvanathan

18

Typical Water Treatment Process for Surface Water
Sludge

PaCl + Cl2

Conventional Process
Pumping
stationCoarseScreenRapidmixing

Main Target :Inorganic Removal

InletSplitter

Sedimentation
Tank

Flocculation
Tank

Pumping
StationCl2

Surface Water Pollution
Organic Pollution
Distribution
Tank

Conventional Process is unable
to remove organic pollutants
C .Visvanathan

Clear Water
Tank

Cl2

Filtration
Tank

19

Main Issue in Drinking Water Sector in the World
Organic Pollution≤20 %removalConvention
Process≤40%
removal>90 %removal~ 70 %
removalEnhancedCoagulation

Ozone/BAC

MembraneTechnology（Advanced process）
C .Visvanathan

20

Membrane Technology for Surface Water Treatment:
From Microfiltration to Membrane Bioreactor“ Microfiltration ”

1987“Coagulation + Microfiltration ”
1990“ PAC+ Ultrafiltration ”

Particles; Turbidity,
Cryptosporidium, Giardia
COD:~ 2mg/L

COD: ~ 5 mg/L

“ Membrane Bioreactor ”
For polluted surface water
CODMn 5~10mg/L

C .Visvanathan

2003

3/28

21

Experienced/ Expert in Membrane Technology

Japan Membrane Manufactures

Many moreleaders inmembraneindustrySourse: http://www.membrane-guide.com/membrane-directory/asia/japan-membrane.htm
C .Visvanathan

22

Water Supply in Asia Under Climate ChangeRisks

Climate Change and Water Security•Key impacts:
Air temperature• Precipitation• Sea level rise and storm surges• Surface-water impacts• Regional-scale changes: snow melt,
groundwater storage• Water demand• Water availability and accessibility• Water quality and health•

Source: (Major, D et al., 2011)
C .Visvanathan

24

Climate Change and Water Security• Extreme climatic events like floods,
drought threatens sustainable waterresources• In coastal regions, sea level riseincreases the risks of:• salinization of coastal aquifers,• reduced access to freshwater• food insecurity,• loss of livelihood security, andother instabilities

C .Visvanathan

25

Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources of Asia
Pacific• Seasonal precipitation
changes increasing in EastAsia,• Temperatures, droughts, andflooding projected to increase
in Southeast Asia,• Socio-economically andgeographically vulnerable lowlying, flood-prone areas
including countries like
Bangladesh will be further
impacted by underlying waterand food insecurity
C .Visvanathan

26

Case: Climate Change Impacts on Water Availabilityin Delhi• Delhi water supply sources: Yamuna, Ganga,
and the Beas
• 1.4 billion liters of water from the Western
Yamuna Canal every day• Amounting to 48 % of Delhi’s total water supply• Impacts of climate change: Increase in water availability until 2041
 Post 2041, projected water deficit of 1 billion
litres of water per day Deficit is projected to increase to 2.3 billion
litres of water per day by 2100

C .Visvanathan

27

Observed Climate Change Impacts on Water Systems••••••Restrictions on water supply due to lowrainfall
Reductions in the amount of water in dams
Water quality: blue-green algae
Increase in water-related disasters
Effects in aquatic ecosystem
Increase in groundwater consumption

C .Visvanathan

28

Water Oriented Climate Change Adaptation
•••
••
•

Effective utilization of infrastructures
Synergy with urban area development
schemes
Emphasis on crisis management
Water saving society through demandside management
Integrated water resources management
Promoting integration and efficiency

Not only the treatment
process
C .Visvanathan

29

Public Private Partnership (PPP) in Water
Management Sector
Where/ How the Japanese private companies that can involve

PPP in Water Management Sector• Application of advanced technologies for water treatment• Design, operation and maintenance of water treatment systems• Improved water distribution• Emergency response in disaster stricken areas• Infrastructure development of water treatment systems

C .Visvanathan

Area that need tobe looked at in
Asia Pacificregion countries

31Different Models of PPP in Practice• Design Build (DB): Private Operator (PO) designs and builds theasset for a fixed priceDifferent PPP models• Operation & Maintenance (O & M) Contract: PO operates asset
for a specified term under contract• Design-Build-Finance-Operate (DBFO): PO designs, builds andoperates, and transfers the asset under a long term contract• Build-Own-Operate (BOO): PO is in fully ownership and control,
subject to regulatory oversight• Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT): PO builds and charges foruse and then transfers ownership after agreed period

DBBBO

O&M

PPP
BOOT

DBFO
BOO

• Buy-Build-Operate (BBO): Asset is transferred to PO, improvedand operated for an agreed term
• Operation license: PO is licensed to operate a public service foran agreed term

C .Visvanathan

32

Advantages of PPP (1/2)•••

It’s a Win Win Situation

Potential to increase and provide greater
infrastructure solutions
Faster project completion and reduced
delays on infrastructure projects
Opportunities for innovation in design,service delivery and financing approaches

C .Visvanathan

33

Advantages of PPP (2/2)
••
•

•
•

It’s a Win Win Situation

Integrated whole life management
Asset utilization
Predictability, accountability and transparency of costs and funding
Potentially greater return of investment (ROI)
Reduces government budget and budget deficits

C .Visvanathan

34

Case of PPP: Water Supply Improvement Plan in Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam• Plan to propose the development of new water sources andan efficient water distribution system• Application of advanced technologies• Utilization of experience of Japanese private companies andwater operators under local government• Mobilization of local private-sector funds in addition topartnerships with Japanese private companies
Japan has experience in steadily developing water supply andsewerage systems to build a highly sanitary society, whileovercoming floods and droughts during postwar economic growth.
Japan has pioneered the building of water cycle models
based on combined satellite and terrestrial observation data
Source:http://gwweb.jica.go.jp/km/FSubject0301.nsf/ff4eb182720efa0f49256bc20018fd25/3958a0a725aba98549257a79
00124f29/$FILE/Water_&_Sanitation_Assistance_Strategy.pdf
C .Visvanathan

35

Case of PPP: Mysore, India••••

PPP between the City of Mysore
and JUSCO, a private operator
Plan: rehabilitate the distribution
assets and improve operational
performance to achieve continuous
24/7 water supply
The contract is a combination of
fixed construction payments forrehabilitation and a management
fee for operations.
Source: https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/RunningWater-in-India-Public-Private-Partnership-Initiatives.pdf

C .Visvanathan

36

Disaster Risk Resilient Water Supply Systems
Where the Japanese are Expert in….

Lessons from Japanese Water Systems
•

•

•

•
•
•

Providing adequate post-disasterwater supply in the service area
Reducing disaster damage tofacilities
Ensuring minimum level system
functionality and rapid system
recovery
Rapid emergency responsePublic safety
Continuous development andimprovement in prevention
capabilities

C .Visvanathan

38

Providing Adequate Post-disaster Water Supply In
The Service Area•••

Normal source• System redundancy• Emergency equipment• Extra storage• Household treatment
Local alternate source
Neighbouring utility (including bulk water)

C .Visvanathan

39

Reducing Disaster Damage to Facilities•

Existing facilities upgradation andstrengthening (retrofitting) toprovide the resistance necessary tomeet the disaster resilience
program goals••

Disaster resilient designs for newbuildings
Installation of corrosion protection
systemsC .Visvanathan40

Rapid System Recovery•••••

Provide disaster resistant power supply(normal and backup).
Implement block distribution system
Provide system redundancy to expected
damage areas.
•Water storage (as much as possible)•

Supply and distribution pipelines•

Utilize multiple water supply sources/points

Provide isolation capabilities within thesystem, consider installing remote valve
operations.

Ensure continued and uninterrupted
system operation in lightly damaged andundamaged regions.

C .Visvanathan

41

Rapid Emergency Response•

Coordinate emergency support with other cities and water utilities•

Incorporate community emergency planning•

Establish a mutual aid scheme (formal and informal relations with other organizations)•

Coordinate post-disaster response with municipal department and emergency service agencies(e.g., fire, police, city, county, state agencies)•

Develop damage assessment teams (with pre-assigned reporting location)•

Prepare plans for communicating damage assessment and dispatching crews to damaged facilities•

Prepare plans for communicating water system problems to the community in a disaster

C .Visvanathan42

Continuous Development and Improvement inPrevention Capabilities•••••

Learning from past earthquake
experiences,
Learning from other waterorganization experiences,
Networking with others who areworking on water system seismic
aspects,
Training managers, engineers,operators, and field personnel on
seismic issues,
Providing staff development.

C .Visvanathan

43Thank You!

C .Visvanathan

44