ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

1.0 ORGANIZATION OF CONFERENCE
AND WORKSHOPVENUE, DATE OF CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPThe 2003 Annual Conference and Workshop of an autonomous African Technology Policy Studies
Network (ATPS) was held at the Sun Hotel in Maseru, Lesotho, from November 10 to 15, 2003.

SUPPORT FOR THE CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPThe 2003 Conference and Workshop was organized by ATPS and hosted by Lesotho’s Ministry ofCommunication, Science and Technology.

THEME OF CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPThe theme of 2003 ATPS Conference and Workshop was “Science and Technology and Food
Security in Africa.”

OBJECTIVES OF THE CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPThe objectives of the conference and workshop were:
1. To bring African perspectives to bear on the perennial problems of food insecurity in Africa.
2. To discuss ways in which science and technology policy could contribute to enhance foodsecurity in Africa.
3. To share knowledge, experiences and expertise on science and technology policy initiatives
in Africa and beyond, with a view to improving food security in Africa.
4. To appraise African scientists of the scientific, technological and biotechnology initiatives inother countries with a view to drawing useful lessons in reducing food insecurity in the
African continent.
5. To review proposals for research by scientists on science and technology policy.
6. To bring ATPS chapter co-ordinators together to discuss and review their activities of theyear, the progress made and the plans for the year, and to brief the Secretariat on the
problems encountered.
7. To hold the ATPS Annual General Meeting.
8. To conduct a writing skills and research methodology workshop for participants.
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MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORTWorkshop and Conference Process and Methodology
The first two days of the meeting were devoted to plenary presentations by experts in various fields
of science and technology and food security. The next two days were devoted to presentation andreview of research proposals in the areas of agricultural policy; information and communication
policy; technology transfer; trade and industry; intellectual property rights; gender ; small and medium
enterprises; and technology policy issues. A research methodology training and writing workshop
was held on the fourth day. The ATPS Annual General Meeting was held on the fifth day of theworkshop and the National Co-ordinators Meeting held on the sixth day. In addition to the plenary
presentations and review of proposals, an exhibition was mounted on various biotechnology initiatives
in Lesotho and other countries. The exhibitions included traditional medicine and publications on
science and technology policy.
There was also an exhibition by chapters on their activities, won by Ethiopia.

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ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

2.0 Conference and Workshop: An Executive
Summary
African scientists, experts, policymakers, civil society organizations and representatives of internationalorganizations from over 24 African countries met in Maseru, Lesotho, between October 10 and 15,
2003 to deliberate on the perennial and persistent food insecurity problem in sub-Saharan Africa andto provide African perspectives towards a holistic approach to finding solutions to the problem,
including the use of relevant tools of science and technology.
The following points summarize the deliberations and agreements at the conference:
1.
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3.

4.

6.

7.

Participants noted with satisfaction that this conference was not only timely but more importantly
the only one among many on this critical issue with a deliberate, strong African perspectives;
The conference acknowledged that sub-Saharan Africa is the only continent experiencing
chronic food insecurity, largely because of the dependence on rain-fed agriculture, in spite of
the great advances in the agricultural science and technology;
The conference noted that food insecurity in Africa is as a result of several failures: the failureof the international and national agricultural research systems; domestic policy failure, especiallyregarding science and technology; institutional weakness and market failures as well as thefailure to locate the food security problem within an economy-wide innovation system;
The conference argued for the exploration of a new way of measuring the performance ofboth the international and national agricultural research systems. The new way would incorporate
incentives that require scientists to look beyond the laboratories and experimental systems,
place less emphasis on published papers, encourage a move to a multi-disciplinary framework
5. requiring more interaction with social scientists, ultimately to better appreciate policy
imperatives and the requirements for moving from science to innovation;
Participants expressed concern that there are weak links or virtually none between theinternational agricultural research systems and the national systems and urged for stronger
partnership and collaboration between the two in a manner that minimizes the differences instatus and the condescending attitude of the international systems as generators of knowledge
and the national systems as mere extension agents;
Participants compared the experience of Asia with that of Africa and noted that one significant
difference in the success of Asia’s green revolution was the critical investment in water prior
to the green revolution policies. Such investment is lacking in Africa where access to water
resources and irrigation technology is still limited. This is an issue that is compounded bysignificant differences in ecological, environmental and socio-cultural endowments within andacross African countries that make application of research results across countries very costly.
In this respect, the conference noted that scientists exaggerate the universality of agriculturalscience, often minimizing the costs of transferring or adapting research knowledge from one
ecological zone to another, and thus leading to frequent adoption failures;
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MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

8.

9.

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11.

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The conference discussed the importance of new technology, and in particular, how biosciences
can be used to improve food security in Africa. It was noted that, in general, bioscience
research relating to livestock is expensive and under-funded. Participants lauded the idea of
establishing centers of excellence where facilities and resources can be shared by many
countries. These centers would in turn serve as hubs for the much needed public–private
sector partnership both in the extension services and in the investment for technology uptake.
Again, the conference emphasized that African researchers and institutions should have key
roles in the design and implementation of programs associated with these centers of excellence;
The conference noted with dismay that although Africa is largely agrarian, the poverty reduction
strategy papers (PRSP) already prepared in several African countries have assigned no roleto agricultural science and technology and the policy imperatives associated with this;Participants reiterated that technology-led development is a leader-driven endeavor and that
African leaders must show greater interest and take charge of the process that deploys scienceand technology to solve food insecurity in Africa, and ensure that agricultural technologicalcapabilities are built and that African scientists are significantly utilized in this process;Participants observed that food insecurity in Africa is concern to African governments and theinternational community but that donor dependence cannot lead to a sustainable solution;
In their concluding remarks, the conference participants noted that Africans and African
institutions should be strengthened to find a lasting solution to food insecurity because they
better understand the African farmer, her cultural and environmental setting and the institutional
requirements for the transfer knowledge to the farmer; andThe discussions of the conference were further guided by several commissioned thematic
papers on some of the key issues that affect agricultural performance in sub-Saharan Africa:
1) WTO and the future of Africa’s agriculture; 2)From Science to Production: Transferring
Knowledge to the Rural Farmer- What works and What Doesn’t; 3) Integrating Indigenous
and Scientific Knowledge for Improved Food Security in Africa; 4) The Biotechnology
Revolution and Its implications for Food Security in Africa; 5) Agricultural Biotechnology andits implications for Food Security: Lessons from Asia and Latin America; 6) Harnessing
Information and Communication Technologies for Improved Agricultural Performance in Africa;
7) Gender Dimensions of the Current Agricultural Performance in Africa; 8) Why has Africa
Fallen Short of Building Dynamic Agro-processing Capabilities: Constraints, Options andProspects?; and 9) Markets, Institutions and Agricultural Performance in Africa.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Future of Africa’s Agriculture
14.

15.

The conference noted that generally trade liberalization potentially could benefit Africa’s
agricultural performance by opening markets. Yet, WTO as an institution lacks complete
transparency in its process and embodies in its structure, a great deal of power asymmetry in
representation between members. The conference, therefore, noted that the key to effective
participation in WTO lies in capacity building of negotiators, and in Africa using its best people
in the negotiating process. Africa must be fully engaged in the negotiations on the removal of
agricultural subsidies by industrialized countries as well as in shaping the WTO’s development
agenda;
It was agreed that while this regime is important, there are other key factors that affect theperformance of agricultural commodities in the external market such as investment in waterand rural infrastructure, production techniques, standards and access to technology;

From Science to Production: Transferring Knowledge to the Rural African Farmers
16.

The conference noted that the key to the transfer of knowledge to farmers lies in understanding
the African farmer, her environment, economic and socio-cultural circumstances. The participants
noted that some of the bottlenecks to successful transfer of technology include inappropriate
packaging of technology and information, lack of participation by recipients in the knowledge
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ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

17.

generation process; abrupt or lack of funding continuity; inefficient or inappropriate markets
and institutions;
Participants also discussed successful transfer experiences in Eritrea involving the National
Agricultural Research and Extension Systems (NARES) and the International Crops ResearchInstitute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the sorghum project in Nigeria and the East
African Uji Mix. It was agreed that lessons from successful transfers will be documented inorder to fully appreciate the players and institutions involved and how these experiences caninform a national systems of innovation approach to food security;

Integrating Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge for Improved Food Security
18.

19.

The conference noted that scientific knowledge is validated based on experiments while
indigenous knowledge could be tacit and is validated based on experience. The participants
agreed that knowledge partnership is important, integrating both, and leading to innovation that
capitalizes on the strength of both. Indigenous technological knowledge (ITK) is affordable,
adaptable, and sustainable for the most part, and provides for non-formal agricultural education.
It therefore strengthens farmers’ confidence and capacity to solve problems;
The participants noted that an experiment carried out in Kenya showed that some ITK methods
were as effective as scientific methods. The integration of both saw farmers making informed
decisions on crop management and production options while enabling researchers to forge
stronger links with the farmers, cultivate their confidence and established a stronger basis forfurther experimentation and integration of both methods. The participants further noted thatincentives must be put in place to encourage scientists to work with farmers and to link theirwork to ITK in an institutional framework that recognizes the strengths of both knowledge
generating processes;

The Biotechnology Revolution and its Implication for Food Security in Africa
20.

21.

The conference acknowledged the potential benefits of biotechnology in attaining food security
but noted that the danger lies in the absence of capacity in Africa to make sophisticatedchoices, analyze and localize the benefits as well as the capacity to manage the attendantrisks; hence the need for investment in research and training. In most of Africa, the policy
framework for evaluating and domesticating biotechnology is lacking. The conference notedthat this should be the first order of priority;
Participants noted that biotechnology is misunderstood in Africa leading to misinformation,
confusion, generalization and simplistic assumptions. The conference noted that Africa should
examine the whole spectrum from tissue culture to Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs).
They also noted that strong incentives should be provided to encourage the formation of strategic
alliances and the participation of the various key players in this field. These alliances would be
useful in influencing, for the benefit of Africa, the global governance regimes that are emerging,requiring flexible enforcement of intellectual property rights and responsive regulatory policies
that address the needs of Africa;

Harnessing Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) for Improved
Agricultural Performance in Africa
22.

The conference noted that ICTs could be used as strong tools to improve the performance ofagriculture in Africa through improved training, speedy access to marketing information, extension
services, and meteorological information. Participants noted examples of agricultural skills
formation among rural women using telecentres and the use of ICT to educate, successfully,rural women on sustainable use of natural resources in food production;
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The participants also noted that the benefits of ICTs to the rural farmer need to be further
interrogated to avoid “oversell”. Locating telecenters in rural areas does not translate into
access and benefits. Of critical importance is the information content, its relevance to theneeds of the farmers and the integration of their socio-cultural relevance in the packaging anddelivery of the information;

Gender Dimensions of Current Agricultural Performance in Africa
24.

25.

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The conference noted that women play significant roles in Africa’s agriculture. The participants
observed that in order to understand the gender dimension of Africa’s agriculture, one must
examine it in the context of the role of women in Africa’s development, and the factors thatmilitate against their leadership role in the economy in all its facets. Women are the producers
and laborers on the farm but the institutions that support agriculture are led by men. This stateof affairs is compounded by having extension services that are not sensitive to women’s learning
behavior and to other constraints that confront women in an African society;
The participants recognized that the HIV/AIDS scourge with higher incidence among women
would affect adversely the performance of the agricultural sector, the nutritional status of
women and children, and increase overall gender inequity. This suggests a strong need to
examine the issues more holistically rather than sectorally;
The conference noted that the challenge in attaining gender equity was to deepen democracyin Africa, including democratization of access to technology, integrate women’s concerns in
the political discourse, and ensure greater participation by women with men and women working
in partnership to address developmental goals such as food security;

Why has Africa Fallen Short of Building Dynamic Agro-Processing Capabilities:
Constraints, Options and Prospects?
27.

28.

29.

The participants noted that a dynamic agro-processing capability was essential in improving
the performance of agriculture in Africa and for overall improvement in food security. Agroprocessing introduces dynamism in agriculture through technological linkages, improved learningand organization in the supply chain and the inevitable increase in the income of farmers. The
conference noted that robust economic and technology policies that engender this structuralshift, from the production of raw materials to its processing, and a strong implementation
culture could be the key to Africa’s growth and development;
The conference noted that, unfortunately, past and present economic policies of governmentsin the region failed to recognize that technology arising from new knowledge was the engine of
growth. The participants noted that some of the economic polices were anti-technology andanti-innovation. Thus, the structural shift that could have boosted the agro-processing industry
failed to materialize as a result;Participants noted that to build a strong agro-processing capability, economic and technology
policy must be integrated; trade and production have to be linked; technological capability
building, technology transfer and domestic content must be emphasized for all firms particularly
multinationals. A country with a national system of innovation approach would be better able toovercome the constraints and stimulate better economic performance;

Markets, Institutions and Agricultural Performance in Africa
30.

31.

The conference noted that African farmers face problems of transaction costs, missing markets,poor infrastructure, and other institutional constraints that limit the benefits from engaging in
agricultural production;
The participants further noted that these issues were not adequately recognized in the design
and implementation of the structural adjustment or current liberalization programs. There were6

ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

renewed debates around the wisdom of abolishing marketing boards in Africa and how it could
have denied farmers a source of new knowledge, credit guarantee, quality control, price stability
and rural infrastructure. The conference agreed that the previous assumptions that the private
sector would fill any necessary vacuum created by the demise of the marketing boards havefailed to materialize. As well, the huge supply response from higher farm-gate prices nevermaterialized; andThe conference noted that indigenous approach to developing market and market information are
essential for enhanced agricultural sector performance. Such collective and concerted efforts among
farmers, agro-processors, and governments must target the re-establishment of grades and standards,
provision of market information, access to credit, reconfiguration of agricultural support institutions
and rural infrastructural development.

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ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

3.0 CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP OPENING
CEREMONYMASERULESOTHOThe official opening of the conference and workshop was conducted by Lesotho’s Minister forCommunications, Science and Technology, Dr. ‘Mamphono Khaketla, who set the right mood forthe meeting by demonstrating the government’s support for the conference and the recommendations
expected from it. The minister challenged the conference to address food insecurity, arguing thatfood security does not refer only to production, but also to ways of preserving food for local andregional use. She further challenged the scientists to research into indigenous and current systems
of food production, storage and preservation and meet the challenges of today.
Dr. Khaketla underscored the central role of science and technology in driving modern economies
and thus called for a change of attitude towards science subjects in schools with a view to strengthening
their teaching. She further called for support for research and development to turn knowledge into
goods and services. “We need to re-tap our indigenous technology capabilities of food production forfood storage and preservation practice.” She praised a paper presented by ATPS’ Khalil-Timamy
and Osita Ogbu at a Nepad meeting in Johannesburg in which, she said, the writers decried theromanticising of science and technology by African governments who also pay lip service to thediscipline.
Dr. Khaketla also warned that the challenges raised by ATPS should also be addressed at theregional and global level involving such organisations as the African Union, NEPAD, theCommonwealth, UNCTAD and the UN Commission for Science and Technology. The conference,
she said, should come up with a solution on how science and technology can be utilized to satisfy theurgent economic needs of the region.
The Minister welcomed participants to Lesotho, saying her ministry was greatly honoured to cohost the meeting. Lesotho would use the outputs of the conference to improve the country’s foodsecurity, she said, expressing hope that ATPS member countries would immensely benefit from theMaseru meeting.

Statement by Principal Secretary, Ministry of Communications, Science andTechnology
The Principal Secretary in the Ministry of Communications, Science and Technology, Mr. T. ‘Mokela,
said Lesotho was greatly honoured to host ATPS’ Third Annual Conference and Workshop. Lesotho,
he said, was pleased to share the experiences gained from the meeting in building sound science andtechnology policies for the country. The theme for the conference was most appropriate, he observed,
as the event had come at a time when most of sub-Saharan Africa was reeling from the effects ofprolonged periods of drought.
Mr. ‘Mokela said science and technology policies were needed to manage disasters in Africa.
Efforts towards improving the lot in Africa should be collaborative, he said, emphasizing the need forpartnerships on the continent.
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ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORTStatement by the ATPS Chairman
Professor Norah Olembo, the ATPS chairperson, rang an optimistic note by urging African countries
to embrace science and technology to launch a green revolution. China and India could now feed
their vast populations after exploiting the benefits of science and technology, she said, calling on
Africa to do the same.
Prof. Olembo said an estimated 14.5 million people required emergency food aid in southern
Africa. In the Horn of Africa, an estimated 12-14 million people risked food insecurity. The chairman
said the solution to Africa’s food insecurity lay in science and technology policy research and called
on African countries to develop capacities leading to improved food security.
The agricultural sector, on which 70 percent of Africans depend, should be strengthened throughscience and technology research, she said, if the continent is to advance. She noted that ATPS hadlaunched a capacity building programme for parliamentarians to enable them formulate policies andenact legislation that integrate science and technology policies into national development programmes.
She paid special tribute to the ATPS Lesotho National Chapter and the Ministry of Communications,
Science and Technology for organizing the conference and workshop.

Opening Remarks by ATPS Executive Director
Dr. Osita Ogbu, the ATPS Executive Director, reiterated his network’s commitment to appraising
African leaders of the centrality of science and technology policy in the development agenda. He
said the network had examined most development strategies and poverty reduction papers in Africa
and explained their futility in the absence of sound science and technology policies.
On a more positive note, he said, African leaders had begun to pay attention to scientists andspecifically to African scientists, thus giving hope to Africa’s renaissance. Still, Africa was besetwith poverty, epitomized in food insecurity and disease. Dr. Ogbu said it was extremely disheartening
to see Africans dying of hunger and curable diseases at a time when others were exploring newplanets and inventing new technologies.
Dr. Ogbu said ATPS, whose mandate was to guide African countries on science and technology
policy issues, had recognized that science has a context. Science and technology must be integrated
in culture for meaningful development to be achieved. He said ATPS’ role was to raise theconsciousness of African scientists, leaders and development partners and to push the African
perspective into discourse on the international scene in order to find sound solutions to food insecurity.
He called on participants to pay special attention to the presentations from experts and to critiquethem with a view to forging a scientific and technological ethos for the continent. Dr. Ogbu was
optimistic that the mounting of the meeting was a clear signal of a break with the past where thecontinent solely depended on foreigners for knowledge and ideas.
Africa could solve its problems in the spirit of NEPAD, by encouraging the development ofpartnerships that recognize the abundance of African intellectuals and capacity.
The Executive Director lauded the Government of Lesotho for co-hosting the conference andworkshop. He noted the network had conducted a workshop for legislators in the kingdom. He
acknowledged the representation of regional and international organizations and thanked theorganizations and national governments that had paid their way to the conference. Some of theorganizations included the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), the International
Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), the United Nations Economic Commission of Africa (UNECA),
the Federal Ministry of Science and Technology of Nigeria and the United Nations University
Institute for New Technology (UNU/INTECH).

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Vote of Thanks
Dr. Osita Ogbu passed a vote of thanks after the statement from Dr. Khaketla. He said the minister’s
speech demonstrated ATPS was succeeding in efforts to have decision makers view science andtechnology as the engine of development in any country. A clear testimony to the minister’s seriousness
on the issues was the fact that she had read closely ATPS’ contribution to the NEPAD meeting in
Johannesburg in November, which she had referred to in her address.
Further positive indication of the government’s commitment to embracing science and technology
policy was Lesotho’s hosting of a workshop for parliamentarians conducted by ATPS. The Executive
Director also noted the minister’s emphasis on the need to strengthen science and mathematics
teaching at all levels of education, saying ATPS had also taken the challenge and was poised to help
African governments improve teaching of the subjects by providing the necessary policy guidance.
Dr. Ogbu observed the Johannesburg NEPAD meeting had stressed the importance of researchand development and expressed satisfaction that new ways of financing the initiative were beingsought. He emphasized that use of new technologies would contribute to eradication of poverty on
the continent.

MASERULESOTHOThe Keynote by the Director-General, ILRI
The keynote address was delivered by Dr. Tom Randolf on behalf of the Director-General of theInternational Livestock Research Institute, Dr. Carlos Seré. He said ILRI was keen to shareexperiences and support experiments that would contribute to new ways of fighting food insecurity
on the continent. Africa, he said, had made considerable achievements in science and technology for
agriculture and cited the NERICA rice case as an example. However, food security on the continent
was threatened by the emergence and spread of HIV/Aids.
The paper, titled “Innovation in Research to Improve Food Security in Africa: ILRI’s
Perspective” observed Africa had made impressive achievements in science and technology,
particularly in agriculture. However, there had been a continuing deterioration of food security thatwas precipitated by emerging threats, including HIV/Aids and climatic change. ILRI’s mandate, it
was pointed out, is to reduce poverty and make sustainable development possible through livestockrelated research.
The institute has already adopted a strategy aimed at making its research activities contribute topoverty reduction.
The speaker said ILRI was poised to meet the new challenges through a new institutional strategy,
institutional experiments, emerging principles and the institute’s ILRI had moved from its traditional
approach that was, generally, successful in generating research solutions for defined problems but
failed in-offering solutions with impact and embraced an outcome-oriented research approach that
aimed at innovation outcomes. The new approach viewed research as one input into an innovation
system, with the researchers’ responsibility extended to encompass outcome. The new approachalso appreciates the role of end-users and others in the innovation system. It starts at the end-point,
leading to a demand-driven agenda.
The new strategy has implications on how research is organized. It deals with identifying research
priorities, defining the research agenda, organizing research terms, and forming new partnershiparrangements.
Participants learnt that the new strategy – Experimenting with Institutions Innovations – must
rethink the role of research with the outcome in mind. Using a livelihoods approach, ILRI had
identified three principal livestock-supported “pathways out of poverty.” Participants were told thethree opportunities the institute had taken to improve livelihood outcomes were:• Securing the assets of the poor – thus reducing their vulnerability and permitting
accumulation of investment• Sustainably improving the productivity of production systems of the poor – driven mainly
by choice of technology.
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Improving market opportunities for the poor – driven by combination of institutional andtechnological improvements.

The institute is also innovating on themes and teams to enhance internal structure and agenda toensure disciplinary programmes replaced by research themes are defined by targeted outcomes,
and to facilitate dynamic team composition dependent on needs.
The institute is also innovating on collective priority setting at national, regional and international
levels besides involvement in internalising an innovation systems approach that promotes partnerships,
emphasizes knowledge management and allows stakeholder partnership analysis.
Another innovation is on joint programmes, for instance between ILRI and IFPRI that allows
sharing of resources, synergies focused on a common outcome. An example is how livestockbiotechnology may best be used for development. The institute has also been innovating on public
private partnerships to enhance vaccine development and diagnostics. ILRI also has a biosciences
initiative, an innovation aimed at researching into ways in which livestock livelihoods make a larger
contribution to human and environmental well-being.
The revised research agenda innovation assesses the human-health impacts that were previously
not considered part of the research mandate.
Participants learnt that making research outcome-oriented and transforming the research system
into an innovation system requires fundamental change of culture in a research institute and a
research system. It also requires the spirit of experimentation. It also became clear that it is inevitable
for science and technology to be used by African researchers to solve African problems. But the
speaker noted the new paradigm was threatened by:• Africa’s continued brain drain.
• Funding instability.

Issues Arising from Dr. Sere’s Presentation
The National Co-ordinator for Ethiopia observed that in the past, agricultural initiatives in Africa had
tended to be linear, arguing it was important to put indigenous knowledge on board. He argued thatthe contribution of indigenous knowledge to eradication of hunger on the continent was missing fromthe presentation. The co-ordinator submitted that there was a change of attitude among experts anddecision makers that now focused on the importance of indigenous knowledge in the fight against
the problems bedevilling Africa. He also sought to know how ILRI proposed to deal with the problemof the brain drain on the continent.
A delegate from Lesotho cautioned the presenter to be more careful with the definition of“innovation”, observing that the paper had made many references to “innovation” without being
clear on the meaning.
A participant from Ethiopia argued that the focus of science and technology tended to be looking
for local solutions rather than outcomes. From Swaziland, a participant sought clarity on the type of
instruments to facilitate sustained collaboration among institutions in Africa fighting hunger. He
further submitted that extension is responsible for service delivery once scientists have finished theirwork but had tended to be ignored.
A Kenyan delegate said farmers had well-established systems in that country’s rural areas.
However, he expressed fear that failure to integrate such systems in the overall development process
would condemn them to failure. He also wanted clarification on how the biosciences would address
the problem of the brain drain but noted that NEPAD had an elaborate programme where governments
had failed. In NEPAD, he said, one could see a structure but back at home a system of supporting
scientists was lacking.
Another participant observed that livestock population on the continent had been dwindling and
ILRI’s budget had drastically fallen to US$ 26 million at a time when 70 percent of the continent’s
population kept livestock. He submitted that the budget was too small to adequately respond to the
mandate of ILRI. Still, he sought to know how the institute planned to share its facilities withprospective collaborators and who would drive the collaborative agenda.
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MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORTThe speaker further said farmers are first and foremost entrepreneurs and sought to be educatedon the innovative farming approaches that would make their work successful.
The ATPS Chairman, Prof. Norah Olembo, faulted the presentation for failing to show how ILRI
planned to tackle livestock diseases, which, she said, continued to hamper livestock production on
the continent.

Responses to Issues Emerging from the Presentation
1.
2.
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5.

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12.

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Dr. Randolf said ILRI did not only focus on farmers but also on indigenous knowledge.
ILRI also was keen to have a lot of work done locally rather than outside, particularly in thefield of biotechnology. A lot of initiatives could be addressed communally, he said.
On the definition of “innovation”, Dr. Randolf submitted he was unclear of the “subtle
differences.”
On the differences between “solutions” and output-oriented research, Dr. Randolf said
ILRI had previously not laid emphasis on outcomes. Their work, however, was now peopleoriented.
Dr. Randolf said there was need to adopt participation approaches to monitoring and evaluationand to link up with other partners for tangible progress to be achieved.
On the centrality of extension work in the eradication of hunger, he pointed out that theservice had largely “evaporated” in most of Africa except southern Africa where it was still
government supported. But he stressed the need to involve other stakeholders in finding
sustainable solutions to food security.
On biosciences and how they could be used to improve farming, Dr. Randolf said thediscipline requires huge investments, which poor countries could ill afford. The idea oflaunching “centres of excellence”, he said, was laudable and a certain step in ameliorating
hunger and poverty. Such centres would allow the sharing of resources and facilities andcreate a meeting point for the private and public sectors.
On the ILRI budget vis-à-vis its mandate, Dr. Randolf conceded that livestock research
was under-funded and donors were aware of the fact. He submitted, however, that thematter was “less threatening” and that ILRI was coming up with “new innovations” toaddress the matter.
On the submission that CGIAR had had little impact in Africa and whether it had not donethings the wrong way, Dr. Randolf said most players in the field had indeed done things thewrong way, probably as a consequence of reduced budgets. What was required, he said,
was that organisations innovate.
Dr. Randolf said ILRI had not abandoned the tackling of diseases but said long-term plansfor vaccines against various diseases were lacking. “The challenge is enormous,” Dr. Randolf
declared. “We are looking for support, private partnership to harness resources to carry out
the work.”
Dr. Ogbu said on the collaborative front, it is important to understand the consultative processthat links scientists to ILRI.
Dr. Ogbu said failure of three ILRI projects was a major lesson for the institute. The
organization had taken up the challenges ahead, he said, and ATPS should find ways ofworking with the institute.
Prof. Oliver Saasa, an ATPS Board member, said one must go beyond food security when
discussing science and technology and examine the impacts – the extent to which outcomesaffect the poor.

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4.0 CONFERENCE PLENARY PRESENTATIONS
1.

DR. ABLASSÉ OUEDRAOGOTHE FUTURE OF AFRICAN AGRICULTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF WTO AGRICULTURALNEGOTIATIONS.
This presentation was delivered by Dr. Ablassé Ouedraogo, a former Deputy Director-General of
the World Trade Organization (WTO). The presenter discussed the possible impact of WTO
negotiations on food security in African countries and the possible effects on the competitiveness of
African agricultural products on foreign markets.
He noted that food security is a major pre-occupation for African countries and that it is vital for
Africa to be able to maintain a certain level of agricultural production to reduce the worsening foodsituation.
Farmers’ access to adequate income would help to protect large populations against malnutrition,
he said, and called for a tariff protection to stem massive importation of subsidy products.
He noted that 25 African LDCs are members of WTO. If they secure the WTO tariff facility, hesaid, they would make an important step towards guaranteeing their food security.
African countries, which naturally will not enjoy tariff reduction exemption, he said, are battling
for recognition of the notion of “strategic products” or “specific products” which would enable them
to apply for very low tariff reductions to their sensitive imports. With regard to non-tariff measures,
he said, African countries should grant farmers assistance to improve yields.
On competitiveness, the presenter said the issue could not be confined to the dismantling oftariffs, to quantitative restrictions or to subsidies in foreign markets. Such measures could have both
positive and negative effects.
Competitiveness of African agricultural products should be analysed from the perspective ofgreater opening of markets, particularly in developed countries, which would result in tariff reductions
that the latter would apply. The important issue, however, is whether the tariff reductions by developed
countries benefit African countries.
The speaker contended that food security and competitiveness of African countries’ agriculturalcommodities on the external market do not depend exclusively on relations with the developed worldor international organizations. Many other factors, which are considered peripheral, matter a greatdeal. These include issues that affect investment, production techniques and access to technology,
among others.
Dr. Ouedraogo also said the long-term fluctuation and downswing of African commodity prices
have had negative effects in Africa’s agricultural development. However, he stressed that the
future of African agriculture would depend on the results of the on-going WTO negotiations. Hestrongly proposed that African countries get involved in the negotiations to create a framework thatwould reflect their own concerns.
13

MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORTDISCUSSION OF DR. OUEDRAOGO’S PRESENTATION
Dr. Mohamed Khalil-Timamy was the discussant of the presentation. He noted the paper clearly
showed Africa faced enormous problems relating to food security. The presentation , he said, hadreminded him of Karl Marx’s statement “Men had first to eat before they could build civilization”.
Dr. Khalil noted the paper had succinctly addressed issues of food production and export markets
and the need to revamp local production. He recalled Dr. Julius Nyerere’s call in Rome for an
initiative to maintain stocks during high production seasons to be used as security during low seasons.
The problem of infrastructure had been well addressed, he noted, saying without sound infrastructure,
distribution and marketing of Africa’s products would be difficult to achieve.
ISSUES ARISING FROM DR. OUEDRAOGO’S PRESENTATIONMASERULESOTHOA Nigerian participant observed that WTO issues were extremely complex and thus required topnotch professionals to represent Africa. He called on ATPS to seriously consider taking up capacity
building for negotiators in WTO meetings to ensure African interests were adequately taken careof. At present, he lamented, the quality of negotiators for Africa was greatly wanting.
A Zambian delegate wondered if there were programmes for capacity building to address thequality of negotiations at WTO fora. He also stressed the need to step up food production andexports on the continent and decried Africa’s over-reliance on non-traditional food crops. The
delegate strongly disagreed that Africa is poor, arguing that the true position is that the continent had
not exploited its potential.
A Kenyan delegate wondered what countries would do in the absence of support while a Nigerian
wondered what role WTO should play in governance and what role regional institutions could playin changing institutional attitudes and beliefs.
Dr. Ogbu said there had been a gap between expectation and reality in WTO negotiations andoutcomes. The true position, however, was that WTO treaties are binding to all. Despite thisreality, arm-twisting in WTO issues was a reality, he said, and wondered whether countries outside
the WTO ambit like Ethiopia, suffered in any way.
Dr. Victor Konde raised issue with the transparency of WTO fora, seeking to find out who isinvited to the organization’s meetings and who is not. He also sought to find out why the Cancum
WTO meeting flopped and why tariffs on Africa’s exports kept going up.
DR. OUEDRAOGO’S RESPONSE TO ISSUES RAISED
1.

2.

3.

4.

Dr. Ouedraogo explained that WTO is an international organization dealing with the rules oftrade. To become a member, a country had to meet certain conditions. He further explainedthat it was not a UN organization. Responding to resentments expressed against theorganization, the presenter said those authorised to make decisions were members. To
belong to an organization one had to abide by its rules. If an organization was bad, the buckshould rest with member countries. He said experts were encouraging Ethiopia into joining
WTO.
On WTO’s transparency, the speaker said before Seattle, WTO tended to call the developed
countries to meetings and use the less developed to rubber-stamp the organization’s decisions.
The reason, he posited, was that developed countries knew their rights.
On the quality of negotiations at WTO meetings, Dr. Ouedraogo said Africa is extremely
weak on that score. “We took ministers to Gabon to learn about WTO… We tried to bring
WTO to Africa,” the speaker said. “At the time, there were 19 Africans out of a staff of
500 working at WTO. When I left, there were only 50 Africans.”
On capacity building, the speaker said WTO had begun to address development issues. He
cautioned against wholesale condemnation of the organization, saying what it needed was
improvement. “Because of the increasing number of members, getting a consensus on
issues is difficult.”
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ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

5.

6.

7.

2.

He conceded Cancum was a failure. But he added the flop occurred when Africa hadregistered the highest number of members. However, Africa had no negotiations strategists,
not because it lacked such personnel, but because it always failed in identifying and using
the right calibre. He said the only positive thing for Africa was that the continent had arepresentation. Africa wanted agricultural issues discussed at Cancum but developed countries
wanted other issues discussed.
The speaker conceded that Africa needed to seriously give thought to the calibre of its
negotiators. He added that out of 50 independent countries, 16 countries have noambassadorial representation.
The discussant for the paper, Dr. Khalil said WTO and related organisations are instruments
of international disenfranchisement.
PROF. A. BABATUNDE OBILANAFROM SCIENCE TO PRODUCTION – TRANSFERRING KNOWLEDGE TO THE
RURAL AFRICAN FARMERS: WHAT WORKS AND WHAT DOESN’T
This presentation was delivered by Professor A. Babatunde Obilana, Principal Scientist (Breeding)at the International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). The presenter
discussed food security issues in sub-Saharan Africa and gave the FAO definition of food security
as existing “when all people at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe andnutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life”. Hegave the components of food security as physical access to food at all levels including household
and community levels; economic access to food at all levels; food sufficiency; physiological accessto food for biological growth, development and a healthy environment; risk of loss of access to food;human rights in terms of food delivery, policies and politics.
The speaker also discussed the methodologies of measuring food security and the appropriatetechnologies to alleviate food insecurity. Such technologies include agro biodiversity, production andharvesting, post-harvest and processing, adding value, utilization and commercialisation, markets,
information and communications, and policy initiative.
Prof. Obilana also discussed Africa’s popular but under-utilized crops before addressing theissue of partnerships and knowledge transfer. Major partners include collaborators in science andtechnology, development, private and public sectors, and stakeholders and beneficiaries. He further
discussed transfer of technology, showing the role of markets, institutions, policy and an enabling
environment in adoption and sustenance of technology exchange before listing appropriatetechnological practices.
The speaker also gave several case studies of biotechnology success including Eritrea’s crop
improvement project between the country’s NARES and ICRISAT, Nigeria’s Sorghum project andeastern Africa’s Uji Mix Project. He said bottlenecks in technology transfer practices arose fromdissemination of inappropriate technology and information, poor technology transfer management,
forced technology transfer, policy changes by multinational food industries and delays in decisionmaking by principal investigators. Bottlenecks, he pointed out, also arose from abrupt cutting offunding, lack of commitment to projects, application of inappropriate technologies and lack of realizationof the benefits of technology transfer.
Discussing partnerships and realms of knowledge transfer, Prof Obilana identified the levels ofparticipation in research and development activities and the sharing of experiences. The four majorgroups that must be involved in partnerships and knowledge transfer are science and technology
partners, development partners, public and private sector partners, stakeholders, and beneficiaries.

15

MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORTMASERULESOTHOThe presenter said for success and impact in technology transfer specific practical processes
must be adhered to.
These are:
• Preliminary discussions, exchange of visits and follow-up correspondence on intentions
for collaboration.
• Preliminary meetings of core team members should follow.
• Follow-up planning meetings to confirm collaboration, identify project, available
technologies for exchange, team members, agreed objectives and expected outputs.
• Joint workplanning to agree on team members, responsibilities, methodologies, timing,
location of collaborative projects, research (and development) activities, sources offunds and budget, and inputs from each team or stakeholder.
• Joint
implementationofagreedworkplans
including reporting, documentation and publication, benefits allocation and sharing.
• Assistance with project proposal writing, brokering between NARS and the private
sector.
• Training, education, and provision of books, pamphlets, handouts, flyers, papers, academic
documents, and practical handbooks.
• Networking and preparation of network documentation, putting in place network
implementation process and coordination.
• Respect for team members’ opinions and perceived or real needs.
• Identification, upfront, of team members or each stakeholder’s benefits for agreed
outputs resulting from the technology transfer and exchange activities.
• Trust, from all collaborators, which must be developed and built into the process.
He used case studies to show what in technology transfer terms works and what does not andwhy. In the case of Eritrea’s sorghum and pearl millet improvement project, NARES and ICRISAT
released four improved varieties to the farmers. These were rapidly adopted and adequate quantitiesof good quality seeds were produced, through technology transfer processes with research, extension
and seed farmers. The project was a success because:• Sorghum and millet crops account for a significant 58 percent of Eritrea’s total agricultural
crop production.
• Appropriate varieties of the crops were developed by ICRISAT breeders, collaboratively
tested and verified in the country with the national scientists and farmers, through asystematic technology transfer approach.
• Financial and institutional policy support were available from donors and the government.
• Technical and catalytic support were provided in the country and outside by ICRISAT,
through its regional and international influence.
• There was dire need to replenish seed and food sources of thousands of farmers lost
during the war.
In a second case that worked well sorghum replaced barley in malting, beverage and brewing
industries in Nigeria following that country’s release of sorghum variety SK 5912 that had been
improved by the Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR.) Samaru, Nigeria. IAR’s Dr A.B. Obilana(presently with ICRISAT), spearheaded the efforts to screen and evaluate SK 5912 along withsome 500 other accessions, for grain quality traits. By 1982, the collaborative efforts to evaluate
suitable varieties of Nigerian sorghum had expanded to include other partners in industry.
The shift to sorghum was successful for the reasons given in the first case. It also succeeded
because of:• The availability of technology (tested and verified R&D for using sorghum malt tobrew lager beer).
• Very strong government policy for change in export and import policies and raw material
substitution.
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ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

•
•
•
•
•

The presence of a large demand (in the large Nigerian population) and industrial
manufacturing supply base (in the form of more than 10 very large brewing and foodprocessing companies)
Commitment of R&D scientists and researchers with their technology transfer skills
Effective networking among research scientists (breeders, food technologists), brewers,
brewery outlets, marketing agents, farmers and seed producers, and government
The expected benefits envisaged by farmers and producers for increased production,and other stakeholders in the malt brewery industry chain are materializing.
The potential of spillover of the technology for use in the food industry is being achieved.

He also discussed the case of Uji Mix whose technology transfer, he contended, was going towork. Uji Mixes, sorghum and finger millet-based porridge products, are most widespread in East
and Central Africa, around the Lake Zone (especially Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Northern
Tanzania). The products, thin porridges mainly for breakfast, sometimes fortified with soya andsoured with lemon or lime juice, are available and accessible in supermarkets and communal markets
across the supply chain from village to peri-urban and urban areas. The technologies for processing,packaging and marketing were effectively transferred by both research and industry, with farmer
knowledge. He said the technology transfer would work because:• Appropriate technology is available and the products are on the market shelves.
• Better types of machines to improve quality of product are being sourced.
• Information on improved sorghum and finger millet varieties to improve quality andconsistency of products are now being provided from research.
• Discussions are on-going on how to expand the farmers milling industry and on how tosustain it for quality, quantity and consistency.
Prof Obilana also identified the bottlenecks in technology transfer and the problems that hinder
realization of expected outputs. These include:• Dissemination of inappropriate technology information.
• Lack of technology transfer management.
• Imposed technology transfer.
• Policy change and policy bypass by multinational manufacturing food and feed industries,
including private seed companies and related stakeholders.
• Delays in decision making by principal investigators or donors.
• Abrupt cut off of funds, and funding shortages.
• Lack of commitment to the technology transfer and exchange.
• Unavailability of appropriate technologies.
• Lack of clarity on the benefits to stakeholders.
The presenter proposed policy actions that would enable the resource- poor farmer participate intechnology transfer successfully:• Removal of institutional mandates which militate against the achievement of fullparticipatory and partnership approaches. Such modifications should include staff
recognition and remuneration for time and skill in partnership development, in addition
to normal responsibilities.
• Creation of enabling environment in form of strategies to bring together farmers,
researchers, developers, government functionaries and parliamentarians, for planningand implementation of technology and knowledge transfer.
• Putting in place strong policy research, training and development in the area oftechnology transfer for food security agendas.
• Putting in place a policy strategy to highlight and promote identified success stories onwhat has worked through effective and appropriate technology transfer. In the samevein, the strategy should note and document what technology transfer approaches have
not worked, so that they can be improved or changed.
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MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

•

•

•

3.

MASERULESOTHO

Facilitating and encouraging the development and use of new technology transfer
approaches. The facilitation and establishment of national technology policy studies
institutions and departments with the assistance of the African Technology Policy Studies
Network, is in the right direction. It is a most desirable intervention in the national andregional efforts to improve technology and knowledge transfer approaches with farmers
and stakeholders, for achieving food security in sub-Saharan Africa.
Putting in place policy initiatives that encourage the broker- catalyst bridge-promoter
paradigm in nation and regional training and research-for-development programmes.
Such initiatives should strengthen and also support, strongly, the growing informationand communication technology (ICT) in SSA, especially at the community and farmer
levels, where capacities are low, and still in their infancy.
Encouraging strong policy support and recognition of technology transfer skills andcommitment.

MARTIN KIMANIINTEGRATING INDIGENOUS AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE FOR IMPROVED FOOD
SECURITY
The presentation was delivered by Mr. Martin Kimani of the Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences(CABI). The speaker said scientific knowledge is validated and based on experiments, while
indigenous knowledge is validated but based on experience. Both types of knowledge, he proposed,should be appreciated through knowledge partnerships, with innovation capitalizing on both. He
gave a rationale for use of indigenous technological knowledge arguing it provides a firm opportunity
for positive change, is environmentally sound, conserves natural resources and is socially desirable.
ITK is also economically affordable, is adaptable, sustainable and provides for non-formal agricultural
education. It is also dynamic and creative and it strengthens farmers’ confidence and capacity tosolve problems.
The speaker said ITK could be applied in organic farming, integrated production of pest
management and in participatory technology development. It is also applicable to conservation andsustainable use of agro biodiversity, water conservation, storage and agro forestry.
The presenter cited experiments carried out in Kenya showing some ITK methods were aseffective as scientific methods. From the experiments, he said, farmers were able to make informed
decisions on crop management and production options while the researchers gained direct links withthe farmers and had established a firm ground for expansion of their work.
ISSUES EMERGING FROM MR. KIMANI’S PRESENTATION
A delegate complained that the presenter tended to place scientific knowledge above indigenous
knowledge, arguing the hegemony of scientific knowledge was today questionable. He lamented
the paper’s tendency to show farmers’ knowledge had been tested in a scientific paradigm.
Another delegate wondered what future ITK had while yet another argued what was termed asindigenous knowledge may have been adopted from other places.
Further questions arose as to why farmers were discouraged from use of fertilizers during colonial
times owing to their harmful effects on sustainable farming but were today being encouraged, andhow people with indigenous knowledge would be identified. It also was argued that the reasons why
certain things would work in the realm of indigenous knowledge and others did not work should beinterrogated. Transfer of indigenous knowledge was also found to be tricky because it is culture andlocation–specific while reliance on ITK for food security was questioned.

18

ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORTRESPONSE TO MR. KIMANI’S PRESENTATION
1.
2.

4.

The speaker emphasized the importance of understanding that not everything ITK works,
as much as not everything that is scientific works.
He further proposed that incentives be given to encourage scientists to work with farmers.
He proposed the setting up of institutional framework to link scientists with farmers.
PROF. MAFA SEJANAMANELESOTHO’S INITIATIVES TOWARDS FOOD SECURITY: A SITUATION ANALYSIS
Prof. Mafa Sejanamane of the Department of Political and Administrative Studies at the National
University of Lesotho delivered the presentation decrying the country’s worsening food security
situation. The paper painted a gloomy picture of Lesotho’s efforts to end hunger in the country,
blaming government’s indecisiveness in working out an efficient food management and production
programme, the dependence of donors in virtually every national initiative, and the spread of the
HIV/Aids scourge. The paper demonstrated that donors were largely responsible for the shaping ofgovernment policy in Lesotho, thus complicating any real and homegrown efforts at solving theworsening food situation in the country. Still, for almost 30 years the speaker said, no elaborate
policies addressing agricultural policy had been formulated and even when a move towards selfsufficiency in food security came in the 1980s, the strategy was soon to fail, following a blockage bySouth Africa. The strategy was abandoned soon afterwards.
The presenter acknowledged, however, that the government had in 2003 begun to address foodinsecurity much more seriously, as shown by its policy documents, Subsidies in Agriculture Sector:
Policy Statement and Implementation Framework, Agricultural Sector Strategy and Market
Liberalization.
COMMENTS FROM THE PRESENTATION’S DISCUSSANT
Prof. Babatunde Obilana was the discussant for the paper. He lamented that Lesotho’s food insecurity
situation had remained that way for many years but acknowledged the fact that some of its problems
emanated from the fact that it was both land and country-locked. The country had extended gullies
and hills, making exploitation of the land difficult. “Lesotho is in Limbo,” he said. The discussant
said he had visited Lesotho many times in the past but the story seemed to be the same - gloom owing to a state of looming hunger and starvation. The country has a population of 2.5 million
people, with only one-third of it being habitable.
ISSUES EMERGING FROM THE PRESENTATION
A delegate submitted that Lesotho had in the past fed its own people and South Africa and wondered
what could have gone wrong.
The Chairman of the ATPS, Prof. Norah Olembo, proposed the use of subsidies to farmers to
improve agriculture and production, and application of organic farming whenever the possibility
arose.
A delegate from Lesotho said the country’s definition of development was wanting. In addition,
he said, there was a tendency to “romanticise” what the government should do, advising that theprivate sector, which he said had often been “rebuffed” from the development agenda, be put onboard. Corruption must also be ended if progress is to be realized.
Dr. Ogbu observed that there was a link between food production and the incidence of HIV/Aids
in Lesotho.
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MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

Prof. Oliver Saasa brought out the irony in food security. In Zambia, for example, people living
in urban areas had greater food security than those living and producing food in the rural areas. He
called for intensification of farming where smaller pieces of land would produce greater yields.
“This calls for innovation,” he said.
PROF. SEJANAMANE’S RESPONSE
1.
2.

5.

MASERULESOTHOThe Government of Lesotho has been considering use of water, a primary resource in the
country, to help address food insecurity.
There have been many efforts by the government to improve water and food situation but
all in vain. He said the problem arose from a lack of focus.
DR. VICTOR KONDE

THE BIOTECHNOLOGY REVOLUTION AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR FOOD SECURITY
IN AFRICA
Dr. Victor Konde of the United Nations Centre for Trade and Development (UNCTAD) gave an
African perspective to the problem of biotechnology evolution and food security on the continent.
He said biotechnology presents opportunities and challenges to Africa: it promises to meet foodsecurity needs, improve production and incomes for farmers on the continent, but limited international
markets, a weak scientific base, poor development strategies and investment are a threat to its
impact.
The presenter said all technologies have benefits and opportunities that have to be harnessed,
and risks to be managed. GMOs present farmers with the ability to overcome weeds, pests anddiseases that cause huge losses annually in ways never imagined before. However, few Africancountries, he said, have enthusiastically embraced the technology to build industries, health services
and agricultural sector. There are even fewer that have developed clear strategies to ensure they
become global participants.
In addition, he said, budgets to universities and research institutions have continued to decline inmost of Africa and donor support for basic and applied research have declined as the focus has
shifted to experimental development. This has affected manpower training, research activities andconditions of service that have been the mainstay of biotechnology industry development.
But he emphasized that biotechnology holds many opportunities for developing countries andAfrica in particular. However, Africa will need to develop its manpower base, stimulate industrial
participation and donors to develop a biotechnology sector. It should provide incentives that encourageformation of strategic alliances and participation of various players.
The wider adoption of biotechnology will be influenced by the global governance regimes thatare emerging. Flexible enforcement of intellectual property rights and responsive regulatory policies
may be needed to help Africa benefit from biotechnology. Similarly, partnerships and alliances will
have to be formed between those with resources and those with the technologies if the poor have tobenefit.
Dr. Konde regretted that at a time when some countries are suffering from “global obesity”,
Africa is suffering from malnutrition. Those in developed countries and large cities in poor countries
may afford to be sentimental about food but the majority of Africans just need food, he stressed.
Padmashree Gehl Sampath:20

ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORTAGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR FOOD SECURITY
This paper was delivered by Prof. Banji Oyeyinka on behalf of the author, Dr. Padmashree Gehl
Sampath of the United Nations University Institute of Technology. The author analysed the conditions
under which agricultural biotechnology can help increase food security in Africa, focusing on thepotential impacts of GM technology and transgenic crops. He said biotechnology has advantages
and disadvantages and has complex linkages with bio safety, food safety, intellectual property
protection, farmers’ rights, access to genetic resources and benefit sharing.
He said the advantages of biotechnology included increased yields owing to use of herbicide
tolerant and insect resistant varieties. It also led to a reduction in the use of fertilizers and pesticides
while promoting conservation of natural resources. However, biotechnology can also lead toenvironmental damage. Its adoption and use may also be costly to farmers, he said, as users may be
led to buy specific types of pesticides and farm equipment. It may also lead to promotion of
monocultures that lead to a neglect of traditional varieties, the creation of invasive weeds and areduction of biological diversity.
The author pointed out that research into GM technologies is largely governed by the TRIPS
Agreement that makes intellectual property protection of such varieties obligatory. He noted, however,that countries could rely on the provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Cartagena
Protocol to enact restrictions that take into account environmental and development dimensions.
There are positive and negative costs and benefits of agricultural biotechnology. The fundamental
question, he said, is how Africa can use biotechnology to increase food security and agriculturalcompetitiveness and how such technology can be used to gear up research and the capacity for it on
the continent.
The author stressed that Africa’s real chance of attaining food security lies in the ability toincrease GM varieties that cater to local needs. The GM varieties should focus on nutritional value,
resistance to biotic stresses, resistance to insects and tolerance to herbicides. He spoke of the needto invest in “varieties of importance” to Africa, the need to develop local research and capacity andplanning for bio safety laws.
COMMENTS FROM THE PAPER’S DISCUSSANT
Dr. Musa Dube was the discussant for the presentation. He said the paper raised two main points
that had already emerged in the conference: The need for governments to support science andtechnology projects and the impact of HIV/Aids on efforts to promote food security on the continent.
He was, however, emphatic that biotechnology could contribute to solving the problems. The crucial
question, he submitted, was whether Africa could join the biotechnology competition. The question
could be answered in the affirmative or negative, he argued, saying each country needed to weighits options as some were in deep economic trouble.
Dr. Dube suggested the paper needed to make a clear distinction between biotechnology and
GMOs. The bottom-line, he argued, was to ensure the products of research reached the common
man.
ISSUES EMERGING FROM THE PRESENTATION
Prof. Obilana of ICRISAT remarked that most of the examples of food crops cited in the presentationsuch as rice were non-indigenous. This was despite the fact that the continent had a rich variety ofindigenous crops including sorghum and millet. He said Africa needed to exploit its comparativeadvantage to compete with other nations. He added that there had been important food research
networks working in Africa that remained unknown in spite of the commendable work they had
carried out. A millet and sorghum project had come up with exemplary results, and trained 98 PhD
fellows between 1988 and 2003.
He noted Lesotho had accepted GMOs as a policy, adding that biotechnology would be the next
development engine after ICTs.
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MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORTMASERULESOTHO

Prof. Melvin Ayogu argued scientists should not be shy about wanting complex and detailed
papers e said the onus is on ATPS to simplify them by packaging them in policy briefs that should beeasy for anyone to read.
A delegate from Ethiopia asked why participants were being given the impression GMOs weregood for Africa while they were rejected in other countries. A Kenyan stressed the need to put the
dignity of Africans to the fore even as people were urged to adopt GMOs. She said Africancountries were flooded with GMOs and eat the product of various biotechnologies not because theywanted to but because they are poor.
Dr. Wellington Otieno of Foodlink Resources (Kenya) advised participants to ensure they always
understood the rules of the game in the campaign for GMOs, saying certain pest controllers wereecology-specific.
Dr. Margaret Karembu of Kenya cautioned delegates to clearly delineate biotechnology from
GMOs, saying the latter was a speck in the wider spectrum of biotechnology. There are otherprobably more important areas, including tissue culture, that need to be given consideration, particularly
because of their extraordinary benefits. She called for the empowerment of communities to reap
the benefits of biotechnology.
A delegate from Swaziland assured participants that there were adequate controls to ensure
GMOs were brought as close as possible to other conventional foods, but called for a recognition of
local resources, observing some of the foods imported into Africa could be grown locally. Therealso was need to dispel the wrong attitudes people had on certain foods. Yellow maize, for example,
is rich in nutrients but majority of the people in southern Africa, he said, have a strong distaste for it.
Prof. Banji Oyeyinka conceded that a lot more research needed to be carried out on GMOs.
6.

Z. M. NYIIRAHARNESSING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR
IMPROVED AGRICULTURAL PERFORMANCE IN AFRICA
The presenter, Dr Zerubabel M. Nyiira of the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology,
traced the development of the ICT sector in Africa and focused on its ability to improve agriculture.
ICTs, he said, could improve agriculture by improving training and education, integrating informationand communication technologies in extension programmes, addressing food security problems andsupporting marketing of agricultural commodities. They could also be used to address agriculturalmeteorology, and to engender networking of agricultural communities.
The presenter also discussed the impact of ICTs in agriculture and cited a number of successful
experiences in their application. These include the opening of telecentres, CD Rom for developmentof agricultural production and skills among rural women, electronic delivery of agricultural information
for rural communities and economic empowerment of women farmers. Other successful experienceswere a special programme seeking agricultural markets and sustainable use of natural resources infood production.
DISCUSSION OF THE PRESENTATION
The paper’s discussant was Prof. Melvin Ayogu who commended the presenter for creatingawareness that would enable participants to interrogate the benefits of ICTs. He also praised thepresentation for demonstrating the need to go further and research into the subject. But he warned
there always was a tendency to “oversell” ICTs, thus making it appear as if ICTs were panacea tothe problems that beleaguer Africa. There also was the tendency to view ICTs as the absolute
cynosure for development on the continent. Anyone interested in productivity and development in
Africa, he contended, would want to know how agricultural yield was measured and, therefore, how
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ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

ICTs would be useful in the computation and analysis of that output. He stressed that it is important
to, in the long run, see the trade-off, precipitated by adoption of ICTs.
Prof Ayogu also called for a proper delineation of IT and ICT, observing that the former in therealm of information and the latter in communication. Such delineation would clarify issues anddispel the thinking that IT and ICTs were one and the same thing.
The discussant also cautioned on sourcing, packaging and dissemination of information, saying
the commodity had a “brittleness” that made it extremely perishable, thus quickly losing its importance.
That quality of information had impacts on intellectual property rights, he argued. He wondered
what incentives there were for “created” information and linked this to Africa’s worry about lackof rain when such countries as Israel that experienced more severe weather conditions were notworried.
Prof Ayogu said the methods of transfer of technology should be given serious consideration andgave the example of information cafes that have been opened in many parts of Africa whose value
to the farmer he doubted. “What value are such cafes to the farmer? Could the farmer, in fact, belosing? “He further raised the need to authenticate information obtained from the Internet, arguing suchinformation was not really free.
ISSUES EMERGING FROM THE PRESENTATION
A delegate proposed that the impact of the projects cited in the presentation be assessed regularly.
It was suggested that ATPS facilitates documentation on the projects. A Nigerian delegate wondered
how rural communities would benefit from ICTs considering the high rate of illiteracy. A delegate
from Mozambique cautioned against a top-bottom approach while dealing with farmers. And adelegate from Lesotho stressed the importance of focus and specialization in particular commodities.
Denmark, Ireland and Finland, he said, had specialized on unique commodities and were doing
extremely well. He also spoke of the need to enforce controls in production work in order to minimize
pest risks, among others. Another delegate from Lesotho complained that those who create ICTs
are in the US from where they form companies to replicate their products in Africa.
Dr. Ogbu cautioned delegates to view ICTs and biotechnology as a means to an end. Of paramountimportance is identifying information relevant to solving Africa’s problems. He stressed the need to
exploit the African experience and build on what others do not know. Africa needed to make atransition but it is critical to understand the background for it, he stressed.
7.

ROSE KINGAMKONO AND J. STEPHEN

GENDER DIMENSIONS OF THE CURRENT AGRICULTURAL PERFORMANCE IN
AFRICAThe paper by Dr. Rose R. Kingamkono and Dr. J. Stephen was delivered by Ms. Bitrina Diyamettof the Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology.
The authors said the productive and reproductive role of women makes them vulnerable tomalnutrition, putting them in persistently poor health. Female illiteracy and political, psychologicaland socio-economic dis-empowerment and denial of fundamental human rights are barriers to quality
life with a negative socio-economic development not only of the women themselves but also theirfamilies.
Considering the enormous cost of gender inequalities to the whole family and nation at large,
they argued, it is imperative that deliberate efforts should be taken to reduce them if not eliminate
them completely. Such a move in Africa will go a long way in increasing agricultural productivity.
Integration of gender in policies and making development resources available to women promises
great returns to families and entire economies.
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MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORTMASERULESOTHO

Gaps in involvement of all segments of African societies in agricultural production need to beaddressed holistically if the agricultural sector is to grow and solve problems of food insecurity. Men
and women have to work in partnership in political, socio-economic developmental projects at alllevels. Functional nutrition and other information systems at all levels have to be established orstrengthened. Partnership between the public sector, NGOs, private sector and UN agencies has tobe strengthened.
If the vision for the 21st century is to succeed, it needs to draw on the massive insights, experiences,
understandings and commitments of those committed to improved nutrition, gender equity and poverty
alleviation. Challenges have to be clearly identified and opportunities fully exploited. A new enthusiasm
is needed, the authors stressed.
Accelerated public investments are needed to facilitate the attainment of food self-sufficiency
and an increase in the levels of food security must be featured in the national and regional priorities.
The investments need to be supported by an enabling policy environment. This includes trade, macroand micro sectoral policies that do not discriminate against agriculture but provides incentives for
productivity increases in food and agricultural production. These policies should also provide
appropriate incentives for sustainable management of natural resources.
Policies should be designed as a function of particular conditions prevailing in Africa and taking
into account its particular scientific and technological capabilities. Purposive measure could also be
considered like initially elevating one segment of society thought to be disadvantageous to where theother segment is and then taking them both wholly.
DISCUSSION OF THE PRESENTATION
Ms. Charlotte Wonani, a lecturer at the Department of Development Studies of the University ofZambia and ATPS Zambia National Co-ordinator, was the discussant. She said small-scale farmers
were generally marginalized in areas where there was large-scale farming. Institutional failure also
affected agricultural output, she said, arguing there were institutions in support of male farmers but
were greatly wanting. The challenge, Ms. Wonani said, was to reposition women in the agricultural
sector and view them as decision and policy makers not as labourers and mere farm workers.
Further, she said women in agriculture were either infected or affected by HIV/Aids and thatloss through the disease was affecting development in Africa. Technology needed to be looked atholistically with a view to developing labour-saving technologies that support women. Women should
also be enlightened on their rights and support service provided to facilitate their work.
ISSUES EMERGING FROM THE PRESENTATION
A delegate contended that women are different from men and they also communicate differently.
Unless this is appreciated, he said, problems in solving food security would linger on. In addition, hesaid, women are workers, labourers and men are the decision makers, he stressed, arguing thatrunning away from the fact would complicate matters.
Another delegate argued the comments being made on gender and women’s role in agriculture
are “static” and that they had been discussed exhaustively in the 1980s.
Dr. Ogbu clarified how gender issues had evolved since the 1970s. At the beginning, attempts
were made to address “women in development”, later “women and development”, and more recently,“gender and development”. Each had an accompanying methodological dimension.
It was also pointed out that steps had been taken in some countries to enable women to make amark in agriculture. In Nigeria, for example, some programmes enabled women to obtain credit.
The challenge, it was pointed out, was to deepen democracy in Africa, integrating women’s concern.
Africa, it was pointed out, must re-examine itself to find out why it is poor in spite of its enormous
resources.
A speaker insisted delegates must distinguish between the elite woman and “the woman who
suffers”.
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ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT8.

WELLINGTON A. OTIENO AND ADA MWANGOLA

WHY AFRICA HAS FALLEN SHORT OF BUILDING DYNAMIC AGRO-PROCESSINGCAPABILITIES: CONSTRAINTS, OPTIONS AND PROSPECTS
The paper was prepared by Dr. Wellington A. Otieno of Foodlink Resources Institute and Ms. Ada
Mwangola of Oxfam (Kenya). The paper examined the objectives of food processing in agricultureled development strategy, the performance of the agro-processing sub sector and the factors
constraining agro-processing industries in Africa. Such factors include inadequate agricultural,industrial and economic policy; weak integration of agriculture, manufacturing and trade; mistakes
in the setting up of enterprises; technological inadequacies and poor demand stimulation.
They also include inability to adapt to sophistication of international market; lack of integration oflarge and small enterprise; poor infrastructure; debt service burden and import dependency of industry.
The presenter also highlighted the strategic policy directions for the future, arguing that to meet thechallenges of agro-processing, clear mechanisms should be set up focusing on supply of raw materials,
technology, product diversification and markets.
He said the bulk of processed food in domestic market is produced by micro enterprises in theinformal sector in sub-Saharan Africa but lamented the neglect of the sector by governments.
DISCUSSION OF THE PRESENTATION
Prof. Banji Oyeyinka led the discussion of the presentation. He said the traditional sector is innovation
driven, knowledge and technology based. The sector is the fastest growing, he said, adding it
carried the wrong tag as it was often revolutionized, especially in the developed world. Institutional
support in Africa is weak, he said, giving the example of a general lack of legislation on biotechnology
in most countries.
Some institutions have also become inappropriate with changing times, he said, while others
have been destroyed by certain forces, particularly the structural adjustment programmes.
ISSUES EMERGING FROM THE PRESENTATION
Governance must be given greater consideration as it hampers development on the continent, it wasargued. Corruption must be expunged from all sectors if constraints to development are to beended. It was pointed out that as a consequence of globalization, uprooted industries weremushrooming in Africa to exploit the liberalized environment without supporting local development
efforts and products.
Majority of them import raw materials from outside even when such products are available
locally. It was recommended that agro-processing policy in Africa be community based. A delegate
took issue with African intellectuals and experts, saying they tended to relish making recommendations
and sit back expecting change to automatically occur. Another said Africans tended to live on hopethat all would be well without taking the necessary measures to correct the situation. There were noplans to deal with possible droughts or poor harvests, for example.
It was also argued that Africa had many options but needed to consider its comparative advantages.
University education in Africa was faulted for being promotion based. There was little, if any,
demand driven research at African universities and there was apparently no one responsible for the
research outputs of those institutions. It was proposed that networks encourage governments tostrengthen links between industries and universities. Delegates agreed agro-processing is key toAfrica’s food security but stressed that governance is fundamental. Many industries in Africa hadcollapsed because of corruption. A delegate said subsidies make it difficult for agro-industries tothrive.

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MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT9.

JULIUS H. MANGISONIMARKETS, INSTITUTIONS AND AGRICULTURAL PERFORMANCE IN AFRICA

MASERULESOTHO

This paper was delivered by Dr. Julius Mangisoni of the Rural Development Department at the
University of Malawi. The paper attempted to show the linkage among markets, institutions andagricultural performance in Africa. It demonstrated that African farmers face problems of transaction
costs, missing markets, agricultural risk, and institutional constraints that limit the benefits theyrealize from agricultural production.
Further, due to the limited success of the structural adjustment programmes, the paper
recommended that Africans should be in charge of their own development programmes. In suchprogrammes, much emphasis should be placed on market development to address the problem oflimited market access.
The presenter observed that poverty is a serious problem in Africa leading to food insecurity andpoor nutrition. At the same time, smallholder farmers have limited access to markets for their various
agricultural products due to transaction costs, poor infrastructure, agricultural risk, missing markets
and institutional constraints. Some of the problems such as missing markets have been aggravatedby the withdrawal of marketing boards from remote areas, a move necessitated by market
liberalization. Since the structural adjustment programmes have not succeeded in Africa, the presenter
recommended that the direction taken by NEPAD to let Africans take the lead in designing theirown programmes be supported. He further recommended that regional initiatives such as SADC,
COMESA and ECOWAS should launch a campaign to persuade Africans to substitute African
products for foreign products.
For market development, he said, collective action among farmers, agro-processing to add value,development of grades and standards, infrastructure development, and market information should
be top priority in every African county.
DISCUSSION OF THE PRESENTATION
The discussion was led by Prof. C. Madukwe who called for serious consideration of cultural risks,saying they had tremendous impact on policy. He said the main challenge was to examine institutions
whose weakness was attributable to poverty on the continent.
The discussant said the subsystems in agriculture were not well understood, adding that researchmust be based on farmers’ problems if any meaningful progress was to be achieved.
ISSUES EMERGING FROM THE PRESENTATION
It was noted there is need to differentiate between food poverty and income poverty. A delegate
underscored the importance of collective action, saying cooperatives could serve a critical role inaddressing farmers’ problems were it not for the governance problems that beleaguer them.
Another delegate proposed the involvement of the private sector in addressing issues of agricultural
performance. It also was suggested that the pricing of commodities be stabilized and that governments
identify crops that should be marketed by boards and those that should be marketed by the private
sector.

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ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT10.

SHELLEMIA O. KEYARESEARCH PRIORITY AREAS FOR AFRICA TO ATTAIN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SECURITY
Prof. S. O. Keya, formerly Executive Secretary TAC/iSC of the CGIAR, FAO, Rome, delivered
the presentation. He examined the challenges of sustainable agriculture production that translate
into lack of technological change, lack of produce incentives, poor infrastructure and neglect ofsmall-scale farmers by agriculture research. He said priority areas for research are driven by foodsecurity, export earnings, cash income, raw materials for industry, rural employment, sustainability
concerns and poverty reduction.
The presenter said research priorities for the continent are often donor-driven. The research isalso generally short-term, resulting in priority distortion. In addition, such priorities have no reference
to each other. He cited national priorities such as tea and coffee research in Kenya but argued thedevelopment of agricultural sector in Africa was severely hampered by the slow rate of appropriatetechnology generation, transfer and adoption by farmers.
At the sub-regional level, he said ASARECA had identified five high priority areas – improving
the genetic material to increasing productivity, increasing productivity of livestock production systems,
adding value to agricultural produce through post-harvest management, resource management,enhancing efficiency of support institutions, and strengthening of ICT. Other examples of the subregional level include tobacco and sugar research in Zimbabwe, while at the regional level FARA
had developed a vision of African Agricultural Research and Development.
He said policy research is needed to guide decision makers on the necessary incentives topromote technology adoption and productivity. There is also need to improve cash crop production
and competitiveness, to strengthen peri-urban agricultural systems, to improve grain legumes
programme, and develop sustainable irrigated agriculture in the Sahel. There is also need to improve
banana and plantain production for food and income, root and tuber crops for food and for poverty
alleviation and integrated cereal production systems for increased food security.
The speaker also emphasized the need to improve management of natural resources andproduction systems, conservation and sustainable utilisation of plant and animal genetic resources,
improvement of livestock research for food and income, and the strengthening of ICT.
At the international level, the speaker said CGIAR priorities are guided by the Vision andStrategy adopted in 2000 setting out seven broad guidelines for strategic planning – three of which
are poverty and hunger reduction, a regional approach to research planning and implementation, andthe forging of partnerships with the private sector and universities.
At the level of the African Union, he said, governments should strengthen agricultural researchthrough technology transfer, promotion of centres of excellence, appropriate institutional reforms,
and adoption of new approaches including impact assessment. Prof. Keya also discussed recent
developments influencing African research priorities. These include Nepad’s efforts in promotion of
ICT and agriculture to meet the Millennium Development Goals by 2015 and FAO’s Study on
Products.
RESEARCH PRIORITIES
Prof. Keya identified various research priorities for the continent as follows:
Priorities at Sub-Regional Level by ASARECA• Improving genetic material.
• Increasing the productivity of livestock production systems.
• Adding value to agricultural produce through post-harvest processing, storage, and quality
control.
• Promoting soil fertility, water management and conservation• Enhancing efficiency of institutions supporting agricultural production systems.
• Strengthening ICT.
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MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

Priorities at Sub-Regional Level CORAF/WECARD• Promoting agricultural policy.
• Improving cash crop production and competitiveness.
• Strengthening peri-urban agricultural systems.
• Grain legume improvement programme.
• Development of sustainable irrigated agriculture in the Sahel.
• Banana and plantain production for food and income.
• Root and Tuber crops for food security and poverty alleviation.
• Integrated cereal production systems for increased food security.
• Management of natural resources and production systems.
• Conservation and sustainable utilization of plant and animal genetic resources.
• Livestock research for improved food security and income generation.
• Strengthening ICTMASERULESOTHOSACCAR’S for Strategic Areas• Improved coordination and integration of regional research and training.
• Partnership in agricultural research and training.
• Improved information and communication system in support of research.
• Review of institutional framework.
CGISR Priority Formulation 2003
Findings of the Africa Panel
Germplasm Collection, Conservation, and Characterization
1. Ex-situ Conservation• Storage protocols for neglected and endangered species.
• Conservation of crop wild relatives.
• Identification of important “orphan” food crops.
• Forage grasses and forage legumes.
• Annual and perennial crops for marginal environment.
• Pharmaceutical crops.
2 In-situ Conservation• Conservation of wild relatives.
• Crops systems for marginal environment• Valuation of in situ and on-farm conservation.
3 Livestock• Investigation of the genetics of resistance to diseases.
4 Forestry• Community forest management in the semi-arid areas.
6 Microbes and insects• Characterization of, and enhanced access to, genetic resources.
8
Other• Study of gene flows.
Germplasm Improvement
Cereals• Screening of traditional O. glaberrima.
• Comparative genetics of host plant.
Roots and tubers• Improve resistance to aflatoxin.
• Develop clean and efficient germplasm.
28

ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORTHigh value and cash crops• Improve resistance to aflatoxin.
Livestock• The genetics of indigenous livestock breeds.
Other• Use of wild species and other exotic genetics resources.ress• Use of insect and insect pathogens as sources of biopesticides.
• Investigation of soil and root health diseases.
A biotic stress• Drought: comparative genetics of drought tolerance.
Sustainable Production Systems and Natural Resources Management• Crop production systems• Livestock production systems• Agroforestry systems• Urban and peri-urban systems
Policy and Socio-Economic Research• Markets.
• Institutions in support.
• Post-harvest.
• Policy and institutions.
• Rural livelihood.
• Determinants of poverty.
• Research impact assessment.
• Outreach to policymakers.

MASERULESOTHOStrengthening NARS and Other Rural Institutions• Training and capacity for NARS
• Empowerment of farmers, their organizations, and communities• Public-private partnerships• South-south collaboration• Rural and AKIS
• Other, for example financial sustainability in NARS.
Cross-Cutting Themes• Information platforms• Impact assessment
DISCUSSION OF THE PRESENTATION
The discussant was Dr. Alex Tindimubona who said the paper had listed far too many priorities, thus
making it difficult to see what was the priority. “When everything is a priority, then nothing is apriority,” he said. Dr. Tindimubona said Africa must set its own priorities. He recalled a meeting in
Africa at which the extermination of “weeds” which happened to be traditional food for Africans
was discussed by foreigners. “Our food was targeted for chemical and biological warfare,” he said,calling on Africa to have donors from their own countries and governments to set agenda for thecontinent. The discussant proposed a positive, forward-looking approach that does not heckle Africa
on how it has failed, but that which seeks opportunities and options for the continent to be better.
He said ATPS should take up the challenge and lead the way. Africa’s agenda, he added, must be
based on “strategic thrusts” such as the African Green Revolution, Nepad and its CAADP and theMillennium Development Goals. He said ATPS had the comparative advantage to add value, arguingthe network had gone “the farthest” in engaging policy-makers through parliamentary fora.
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ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORTISSUES EMERGING FROM THE PRESENTATION
A delegate contended that for Africa to launch into biotechnology, it must start with gnome contiguity
maps. It also was suggested that governments in Africa must emerge as new donors for effective
progress. A delegate said Africa hardly understood itself, the farmer and its poverty. It also wasclaimed the conference was discussing science and technology in “very abstract” terms. “We are
not showing the framework in which things should happen,” a speaker lamented.

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ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

5.0 Review of Conference
Dr. Osita Ogbu invited Mr. Paul Dufour of IDRC to give his impressions of the first two days of theconference. Mr. Dufour said three things had caught his attention at the conference:•••

ATPS’ initiative in promotion of science and technology policy and the network’s commitment
to ensuring decision-makers and researchers in Africa understand each other.
ATPS’ thrust in influencing the development agenda on the continent particularly throughdissemination of ideas.
The need for continued support of science and technology policy initiatives spearheaded by
ATPS because of their centrality to the development process.

Mr. Dufour recalled the science and technology policy dialogue forum organized in June forParliamentarians in Lesotho, saying that was a major step forward in the network’s efforts toaugment development in Africa. He said his work in Ottawa involved the development of newtechnologies, adding IDRC had already supported gnomics research in various countries.
Giving her impressions on the conference, Prof. Olembo regretted that despite numerous
discussions and studies, Africa was growing more hungry. “Where’s the missing link?” she asked,
observing that other continents had food security and were developing. She proposed a more effective
system of information dissemination to alleviate the problems the continent faced.
“We have all along been prioritising. It is now time to implement,” she said. Dr. Alex Tindimubonadelivered a goodwill message from UNECA, saying his organization placed great value to what
ATPS was doing. He said UNECA was expert and process driven and that it was keen to learn
from ATPS. “Our organisation deals in sustainable development, and food security is key to what
we do. So we share experiences,” he declared. UNECA was in the process of developing the ideaof the African Green Revolution, he said, and called on ATPS to be a partner. He said ATPS’ leadingrole in articulating the African perspective was demonstrated by the number of publications on
continental issues to its credit. Dr. Tindimubona said UNECA would sponsor five people attending
the Lesotho conference to the Kampala Green Revolution meeting.
THE WORKSHOPThe third and fourth days were devoted to a review of research proposals submitted to ATPS for
possible funding. The proposals fell into one of three groups. Group A - Agricultural Technology
Policy; Group B – Information and Communication Technology Policy; and Group C – Technology
Transfer, Trade and Industry, IPRS, Gender and SME Technology Policy Issues. The following
research proposals were submitted for review.

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MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORTGROUP A: AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY POLICYMASERULESOTHO1. “The policy of reducing the importation of rice: enhancing national capacity for rice selfsufficiency in Ghana” by Paul Kofi, A. Dartey and D. Awunyo
2. “The influence of modern technologies on indigenous knowledge in farming systems of
Morogoro District, Tanzania” by Adolf F. Makauki and Josephat Itika
3. “Assessing the status of food biotechnology in Swaziland and Nigeria” by F .M Badejo
and L.O. Sanni
4. “Biotechnology systems of innovation: A study of institutions and policies in Cameroon” by
Violet Bumah and Alfred Ngwa
5. “Socio-economic effects of improved post-harvest technologies in maize production in
Kaprochwa District of Uganda” by Paul Mwebaze and Edward Kato
6. “Selecting appropriate value adding technologies for diversifying utilization of tissue-culture
derived bananas in East Africa” by Margaret Karembu, S. Wakhusana and J. Namaganda
7. “The impact of biogas technology in Lesotho: Facts and challenges” by Elliot Lefa Thamae,
Muso Raliselo and TS’ehlo Moshe
8. “Small-scale irrigation schemes in Swaziland and their role in poverty alleviation: Implications
for policy formulation” by Absalom Manyatsi and Patrick Khumalo
9. “Effects of institutional and policy reforms in Uganda’s forest sector on the saw milling
technology and opportunities for improvement” by Joseph Obura and Paul Mugambi
10. Biotechnological innovations in soil fertility management for women farmers: the key toimproving small-holder agriculture in Ghana” by S. Agyenim Boateng, S. Boadi and J.
Haleegoah11. “Towards a national strategy for enhancing the adoption of improved varieties of maize forfood security in Ghana” by Christopher Kwame Ayim
12. “Technology and marketing problems of small scale dairy enterprises in Kenya” by Gidraph
Nduati and Winifred Karugu
13. “A study of the effectiveness of farm technologies delivery systems on small scale farmingin South-West Nigeria” by Abel Babalola Ogunwale
GROUP B: INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY POLICY
1. “The Information and Communication (ICT) sector in Nigeria: A case study of the computer
hardware industry sub-sector” by O. A. Bamiro, B. A. Durojaiye, and A. I. Onueme
2. “A study of the effect of computerization on the performance of government institutions in
Sierra Leone” by Abu Kamara
3. “Social dimensions of information technology (IT) in Kenya: With reference to policy
implications on the social structure” by Mumbi Machera
4. “Investigation of Lesotho’s ICT readiness and formulation of ICT policy framework” byTeferi Kebede and Ntsibane Ntlatlapa
5. “What kind of technology is needed for effective teaching and learning in the primaryschools of Lesotho” by Sophia Majara
6. “A study of the effects of electronic anking on the performance of selected commercial
banks in Sierra Leone” by Sarah F. Bendu
7. “Information and communication technologies (ICTs) in Cameroon: Changes and prospects
for the future” by John Suh Che
8. “The technological capabilities of the banking industry in Nigeria: Implications for learningand training” by Nnenna J. Enwere
9. “Has the new and emerging information technology improved efficiency in the banking
sector in Ethiopia?” by Tassew Belachew and Abdurahman Ame
10. “Determination of the support required to promote, adopt and apply ICTs in Swaziland:
Implications for policy formulation” by M. D. Dlamini and Musa A. Dube
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ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

11.
12.
13.

“Effects of telecenters on agricultural technology transfer in Uganda” by James Kakooza
and Dave Khayangayanga“A study on ICT for Rural development in Ethiopia” by Berhanu Denu
“E-Government in Mozambique: A study of policy, procedures, regulations and norms for its
successful implementation” by Augusto F. Nunes and Zauria Saifodine

GROUP C: TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, TRADE & INDUSTRY, IPRS, GENDER AND SME
TECHNOLOGY POLICY ISSUES
1. “Assessment of technological capabilities in the industrial small and medium scale enterprises
sector in Zambia” by William Mbuta and William Musonda
2. “Trade liberalization and production in Uganda: A case of manufacturing sector” by
Nichodemus Rudaheranwa and Ashie Mukungu
3. “Technology accumulation and development in small and medium enterprises (SMEs): A
case study of agro-allied sub-sector of Nigeria’s economy by D. A. Okongwu
4. “Local retirements for effective technology transer and diffusion in Zambia: Options,constraints and prospects” by Lipalile Mufana and Mutombo Namuunda
5. “The leather industry of Ethiopia: An investigation of supply constraints and firms technologicalcapabilities” by Abreham Gebeyenu and Dejene Aredo
6. “Are there significant technology and productivity spill-overs from multi-national corporations
in sub-Saharan Africa? A cross-country study of Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia andZimbabwe” by Samuel Bwalya and Peter Sampa
7. “The technology factor in solid waste management in Nigeria” by A. J. Kamuyi
8. “Utilization of the patent system by R&D institutions in Tanzania” by Georges Shemdoe
9. “Promoting female participation in Science and Technology for development and poverty
alleviation in Cameroon” by John W. Forje
10. “Evaluation of technology and policy framework for the promotion of small and medium scale
Kenyan leather goods manufacturing” by B. O. F. Odongo
11. “A study of licensing and foreign technology implications for technology transfer in industries
in Nigeria” by E. O. Essien and K. Hassan
12. “Foreign direct investment (FDI), technology transfer and poverty reduction in Botswana”
by Donatilla Kaino
13. “Technology requirements of metal working micro-and small enterprises in Zimbabwe” byCharles Halimana

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MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

6.0 Research Methodology and Training
INTRODUCTION TO TECHNOLOGY POLICYMASERULESOTHO

This session was conducted by Dr. Mohamed Khalil. He stressed the centrality of technology invirtually everything people did, showing that science belonged to the realm of “why?” while technology
belonged to that of “how”. Failure by African governments to see science and technology as theengine of development had led to economic stagnation, he said. Developed countries placed engineers
at the pedestal of development programmes while African governments were still stuck with classicaleconomists in ministries that made key decisions affecting development.
The absence of a focused and independent science and technology policy had led to hilarious
failure in most national projects across the continent, Dr. Khalil said, and cited Chinese and Kenyan
science and technology project experiences to elaborate his point. In 1986, China entered a contract
with GEC Alsthorn of France to have the company:••••

Manufacture four 300 mw turbine generator units
Transfer the design technology to local Chinese corporations
Deliver documentation and drawings of the project to the Chinese
Gradually increase domestic content in the co-production of heavy power
generating equipment

China, he said, had set up the necessary institutional structures for the work. The Ministry of Energy
was charged with formulation of policy, planning and implementation of the project while the China
National Technical Import Corporation (CNTIC) was charged with the regulation and screening of
capital equipment flows. The China International Water and Electric Corporation (CWE) was charged
with planning, construction and management of the power sector and the Beijing Heavy Electrical
Machinery Works (BZD) with the manufacture of turbo generators. China ensured the local content
ratio was increased as the project progressed and monitored the development closely, ensuring
Chinese interests were always at the fore. The country also placed a high premium on training, thus
making sure local personnel gained knowledge on how to manufacture the 300-mw turbo generators.
In contrast, Dr Khalil said, Kenya in 1979 signed an agreement with a Canadian counterpart for
installation of a 220KV transmission line between Kamburu in Central Province and Mombasa in
Coast Province. In the case of Kenya, Canada would provide consulting and technical engineers
besides providing other services for the project. The Canadian content, not Kenyan, was to be
maximized during implementation of the project, and the Canadian executing agency ACRES would
ensure maximum opportunity went to Canadian firms when bids were called.
Virtually all decision making and implementation relating to the project was to be done by ACRES
including evaluation, procurement, co-ordination and tendering. The Kenya Power and Lighting
Company’s involvement was peripheral and KPLC’s capacity was hardly used. The lesson to be
drawn from the Kenyan case is that the country had no technological agenda and that the country
had ceded overwhelming control of a parastatal to foreigners.
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ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORTRESEARCH METHODOLOGY ISSUES
The session was conducted by Prof. Banji Oyeyinka who clearly outlined the steps in putting together
a research proposal. He underscored the importance of formulating the research question saying
such a question should address pertinent problems in Africa. The research question should also
capture the major problem of the study. Some of the questions to ask when formulating the researchquestion include: What problems am I supposed to find solutions to? How is this important for policy
development? The Speaker also emphasized the need to formulate a clear hypothesis and to haveclarity on the broad and specific objectives. Literature review is also critical and must examine what
has to be done in the area of study, look at what arguments have been advanced and seek tocontribute new knowledge into the debate. The methods of research and the instruments to be usedshould also be carefully worked out. A budget and complementary activities should also be clearlyspelt out.
THE CHALLENGES OF PUBLISHING RESEARCH: TOWARD BETTER PRESENTATION OF PAPERS
The improved writing and packaging skills session was conducted by Mr. Magayu K. Magayu, alecturer in journalism at the University of Nairobi. The paper was aimed at pointing out the morecommon mistakes made by researchers when writing research outputs for publication. It also discussed
the problems relating to presentation of such papers. The problems discussed ranged from spellingto punctuation, from figures to heads, from tables to expressions and grammar.
The presenter emphasized that the role of an editor is to make the copy digestible to the readers.
He said it was the responsibility of the writer to ensure work intended for publication was as complete,
as clean and as thorough as possible. The editor may help improve on the work but there is a limit as
to how far he can go. “The onus is on the writer to ensure copy for publication is clean,” he said.

UNESCO PRESENTATION ON TECHNOLOGY AND POVERTY ERADICATIONThe Unesco presentation titled “Technology and Poverty Eradication” (TAPE) was prepared by Dr
Adalgot Komba of the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mr Mohamed Jalloh of the Ministryof Education, Science and Technology, Sierra Leone; and the presenter, Dr Peggy Oti-Boateng, theDirector of the Technology Consultancy Centre, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science andTechnology Kumasi, Ghana. The paper detailed the outcomes of two regional workshops organized
by Unesco with the aim of identifying policies, strategies and actions that enable promotion oftechnology for poverty reduction. The regional meeting held in Kumasi, Ghana, on February 21-22
sought to benefit from the experiences of technology policy researchers by:• Sharing their experiences in the use of science and technology for poverty reduction.
• Identifying science and technology related gaps in poverty reduction strategies developedby various African countries.
• Collating ideas on the use of science and technology for poverty reduction in Africa.
• Discussing with development partners the financing of science and technology activities
for poverty reduction.
THE THEMATIC AREAS GUIDING THE KUMASI WORKSHOP WERE:• Knowledge networks for poverty reduction.
• Technology systems for poverty reduction.
• Technological dimensions of poverty reduction strategies in Africa.
• Increasing contribution of science and technology in poverty reduction strategies inAfrica.
The objectives of the Arusha workshop, held on September 9-11, 2003 were to:• Tease out the lessons learnt, development challenges and good practices from Africa
and around the world where technologies have been successfully promoted for enterprisedevelopment.
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MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT•

Identify policy issues and strategies for technology diffusion to determine how microfinance institutions could support acquisition by clients and promote partnerships between
the developers and the users of technology.

The thematic areas for the workshop were:• Global and regional experiences in small-scale technology development for poverty
reduction.
• Case studies of technologies that work for the poor.
• Policy issues in technology development and diffusion.
• Financing and policy issues.

MASERULESOTHOThe workshops were organized in the backdrop of the recognition that appropriate technology is themain instrument in poverty reduction among the poor as it empowers them by expanding choices intheir lives. It also has become increasingly clear that technology can increase production and income
and allow growth of an enterprise while introduction of improved technologies into micro-financeschemes can transform them from subsistence to micro-enterprises. There is also the recognition
that the role of technology has not been fully appreciated and technologies that have been developed
have not been successfully transferred. It is also recognized there are problems of technology
transfer, diffusion and adoption. In addition most poverty reduction strategic plans have technology
as a cross-cutting issue.
The Lesotho workshop was informed that technologies for poverty reduction must add value, be
gender friendly and have capacity to improve people’s lives. They must involve all stakeholders, bedemand-driven and build upon traditional and indigenous knowledge. Technology transfer mechanisms
and centres should be in place for effective adoption and provision of credit facilities to promote
such transfer. The need to create linkages for technology transfer and innovation was also brought
out clearly as was the need for awareness creation, advocacy and training Governments wereviewed as key in addressing the missing links but the private sector was singled out as critical to thedevelopment of technologies beneficial to the poor. The paper recommended strengthening ofinstitutions that carry out research, particularly universities, and the promotion of networking withsuch development partners as Unesco, ATPS and the World Bank.
ISSUES EMERGING FROM THE PRESENTATION
Prof. Norah Olembo, the Chairman of ATPS, said formation of communication linkages would help
solve Africa’s problems relating to science and technology. Time to act is now, she said, and African
governments must be lobbied to understand the importance of science and technology. She called on
the “top cream” of scientists on the continent to lead in agitating African governments to embracescience and technology. ATPS was requested to strategize on how this would be carried out. It was
proposed that a strategy paper be prepared detailing the course of action.
Prof. Matsela of Lesotho welcomed the formulation of a strategy paper but cautioned on the
difficulty of scientific language. He said it was important to reach people at the grassroots andcalled for a translation of the strategy document to ensure it was understood by everyone.
A delegate said there was a tendency to approach things the wrong way. The first step, he said,should be transfer of already existing technologies and an assessment of Africa’s approach toscience and technology. There’s need to press governments on the continent to create enabling
environments for science and technology development, he said.
Mr. Benson Zwizwai of Zimbabwe faulted Africa’s placement of too much premium to finance.
He observed that even projects that were well funded had problems. Drawing from the experienceof a Zimbabwean project, he said, its philosophy was to bring all involved together, to ensure they
networked and supported each other particularly in areas such as marketing and training.

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ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

Another delegate called for the involvement of herbal practitioners, saying traditional healers had
an important contribution to make in the field of science and technology as well as in biotechnology.
It also was suggested that Africa would begin to develop only after it had started exporting technology.
Prof. Banji faulted the presentation, saying it was fraught with contradictions.
Mr. Squire of Sierra Leone described technology as something one uses to do one’s work better,saying what Africa needed was technology it could use. Prof. Bamiro of Nigeria while acknowledging
strategic plans are difficult to formulate said such plans would be useful because they would enable
Africa to re-examine its own environment and therefore allow those involved to see the“interconnectedness” of the science and technology issues.
Nnenna J. Enwere of Nigeria was more positive. Africa needed no excuse to remain poor, thedelegate said, and challenged ATPS to send scientists to the grassroots where training would startand put the continent on the development rail.
Another speaker called for the “well-formulated” document that must be sent to all heads ofstate, to Nepad, UNESCO and UN detailing Africa’s path to science and technology development.
However, another delegate said their greatest encumbrance to science and technology adoption in
Africa is infrastructure. “Either there are no roads, water or electricity,” he said. “So how can we
do what we want to do?” he posed. “We need to be practical in approach.”Part of the problem in Africa, one delegate said, was that African governments relied heavily ontechnocrats who advise wrongly. A way should be found to ensure governments are given correct
advice.
A speaker proposed that academics go into areas that did not require government permission,arguing that working with the authorities might take 10 – 15 years before certain recommendations
are implemented.
On transfer and access to credit, a delegate proposed the strengthening of ministries of information
to cover rural areas with personnel knowledgeable in issues of science and technology. Further, hecalled for granting of affordable loans as commercial banks charged high interest rates.
Dr. Osita Ogbu called for an African perspective in the presentations. Prof. Olembo supported
the putting together of a strategy document to be sent to relevant organizations, including Nepad andthe African Union, showing the way forward for science and technology in Africa.

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MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

7.0 Presentation of the ATPS Strategic Plan

MASERULESOTHO

Prof. Melvin Ayogu presented the ATPS strategic plan, the fifth phase of the network’s programme.
He said people had begun to see the linkages between use of knowledge and ICTs in the economy.
Dr. Ogbu, ATPS Executive Director, said the network had already launched into phase five but
observed that the organization had not developed a strategic plan before. Those in the network, hesaid, were already converted and their duty was to advocate for science and technology. A reviewof the network had been conducted, he said, and noted the proposed project was fairly ambitious. It
would raise the organization’s budget from $1.5 million to $2.5 million in a year. As a result, hepointed out, money would have to be raised from all possible sources, particularly at the local level.
He called on national chapters to rededicate their efforts to raise money to support the network’s
activities from their own countries.
ISSUES EMERGING FROM THE PRESENTATION
The following suggestions were made by members following presentation of the ATPS strategicplan.
1. That efforts be made to raise money at the national level to support the network.
2. That ATPS embark on zero-budgeting.
3. That friendly governments be approached to support the network’s activities. Nigeria wascited as one country that had offered support to the organization in the past.
4. That solvency is key to the network’s success and must, therefore, be guaranteed.
5. That industry be brought on board to help ameliorate some of the financial problems the
network was experiencing.
6. That ATPS considers running consultancies for governments using its rich repertoire ofscientists and use a percentage of the proceeds to support its work.
7. That the nurturing of entrepreneurial skills be brought out clearly as a task ATPS would
effectively undertake under the curriculum review aspect to enhance the linkage between
research and industry.
8. That legislators and other decision-makers be integrated into ATPS as members in order togive it the necessary support.
9. That ATPS be open to corporate membership in order to enjoy support of public and privateorganizations.

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ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

8.0 Presentation of ATPS Achievement Awards
Dr. Osita Ogbu, the ATPS Executive Director, said the network had launched the ATPS Achievement
Awards that would each year go to the national chapters that emerged as the best in promoting theobjectives of the organization. The winners of the 2003 Awards were as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Best Exhibition Award – ATPS Tanzania Chapter
Outstanding Effort Award – ATPS Ethiopia Chapter
Outstanding Advocacy for Africa Science Day – ATPS Ghana Chapter
Best Overall Chapter – ATPS Lesotho Chapter.

9.0 The National Co-ordinators Meeting
The National Co-ordinators Meeting was chaired by Dr. Osita Ogbu, the Executive Director of
ATPS. He introduced co-ordinators of newly opened chapters – Mozambique, Burkina Faso, Benin,
Mali and Senegal. Namibia and South Africa, who attended the meeting as observers were also
introduced. The co-ordinators from the new chapters gave brief profiles of themselves. The Executive
Director advised them to take the science and technology policy component seriously to ensure
there were links between researchers and policy makers.
The meeting went through the minutes of the previous co-ordinators’ meeting held in Abuja,
Nigeria, on November 15, 2003.
Members expressed the view that there was need for chapters to communicate more amongst
themselves. Dr. Ogbu proposed that national chapters employ e-mail more, arguing it was the easiest
means of communication.
It was pointed out that grants offered by the networks for research should be used within the
stipulated period. Some beneficiaries took too long to complete their research or to account for the
grants, leading to cancellation of subsequent payments.
Co-ordinators sought to be told who had won research awards at the conclusion of the ATPS
review workshops so that they could inform researchers back at home immediately. The Executive
Director cautioned that the issue should be handled carefully as it could lead to serious disappointments
if grants were not eventually paid out for one reason or the other. He reasoned that the safest way
was to ensure a contract had been signed by ATPS and the researcher.

39

MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORTREPORTS FROM THE CHAPTERS
The chapters represented gave an account of their achievements and challenges.

MASERULESOTHOLESOTHO1. The Parliamentarians Round Table was held in June 2003. The meeting should have been
held in January but was postponed owing to the commitments of parliamentarians. The
Round Table was a great success.
2. Peer review of research proposals were carried out. However, there had been delays insubmission of proposals.
3. The chapter intended to mount awareness creation workshops but funding was a stumbling
block.
4. Involvement of government into ATPS activities was a challenge. There also were problems
involving NGOs and the private sector.
5. The chapter expressed appreciation for support given by ATPS to a senior journalist totravel to Uganda for a training workshop. The journalist had been sensitised on science andtechnology issues and was now covering them more effectively in the country’s media.
6. Lesotho had formulated a science and technology policy document and the national chapter
wanted to enlist support of ATPS in reviewing and implementing it.
UGANDA
1. Registration of the national chapter was in progress.
2. Priority was being given to establishment of partnerships with, for example, the Curriculum
Development Centre and the Uganda Academy of Sciences.
3. The chapter had had meetings with the network on ICTs.
4. The chapter had organized a successful Science Revival Day but it was suggested greater
involvement by the government was required.
5. The chapter was receiving requests for popularisation of science and technology issues.
6. The chapter had held research seminars.
7. The chapter had not managed to hold any round tables on policy dialogue.
8. The chapter had had no impact on the constitutional review commission as it had notestablished an entry point.
9. The chapter plans to run essay competitions to promote science and technology.
CAMEROON
1. The national chapter is now officially registered.
2. The chapter had participated in its country’s University Technology Week.
3. Membership had been extended and the register was now complete.
4. The chapter was optimistic it would receive funding for its activities.
5. Office space had been identified and the chapter would be paying approximately $ 75 permonth in rent.
NIGERIA
1. Registration of the chapter had been slow and a lawyer had been contacted to help.
2. A Round Table planned for last year had not been held and plans were under way to mount
one by the end of December 2003.
3. Africa Science Day had been celebrated and government officials had graced the occasion
thereby making cooperation with them in the realm of science and technology possible.
4. Training policy makers and legislators had been conducted and the initiative had received
good media coverage.
5. The chapter had recorded good progress on proposal writing and research.
6. Four major activities had been held including a workshop in Lagos to promote science andtechnology for development and a methodology workshop.
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ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

7. The chapter was now stable with the division of labour and delegation of responsibilities.
8. A Round Table on globalization had been held.
9. The chapter plans to have a meeting to discuss the setting up of centres of excellence.
10. The chapter also plans to mount a parliamentary round table and an initiative to work at thestate’s level.
TANZANIA
1. The Africa Science Day was commemorated successfully. It included an exhibition and aconference.
2. A methodology workshop was successfully held.
3. A Parliamentarians’ conference had been planned to take place in October but did not takeplace.
4. More lobbying of government is required.
5. The co-ordinator works for a government ministry while majority of members are from theuniversity. She tends to run into problems pushing agenda that others might consider to be in
their own docket.
SIERRA LEONE
1. The country had a mixed year - coordinator was active both at the chapter and science andtechnology levels.
2. A strong committee on science and technology had been set up by the government.
3. The chapter was trying to link up with NGOs working in development.
GHANA
1. A national workshop had been held in June for registration of members beyond universities
and like institutions and to enlist the support of the government.
2. The national chapter constitution had been ratified and 15 members had paid $20 membershipfees.
3. Africa Science Day was commemorated in collaboration with the relevant ministries at avillage in Kumasi.
4. Peer review had been conducted and scientists encouraged to write proposals for research.
5. Operations of the chapter had been streamlined and bank accounts put in order.
6. The chapter was working on strengthening networking with other organizations.
ETHIOPIA
1. The chapter had been registered as an association.
2. Africa Science Day was commemorated, with policy-makers and other stakeholders attending
the celebrations.
3. Research projects were reported to be going on.
4. Progress had been achieved linking the chapter with stakeholders. The Science Commission,for example, had requested the chapter to run a seminar for media practitioners.
5. A member had been involved in a science research project by the Ministry of Capacity
Building and the results would be used to inform the policy formulation process.
6. A member had received a promotion in government.
7. The co-ordinator had used various fora to promote the activities of ATPS.
8. The Chapter was working on an internet-based strategy to reverse the brain drain and thus
promote capacity building.
9. The co-ordinator was encouraging his students at the university to do research on scienceand technology. Four students had done research in the area.
10. An office for the national chapter had been established.
11. An accounting and banking system had also been set up.
12. The chapter was considering revising its strategic plan.
13. There are plans to launch a news bulletin for the chapter.
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MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

14. A Science communication for journalists programme is also under way.
15. There were attempts to involve the Christian Relief and Development (CRD) organisation
with a view to obtaining funding.
16. The Chapter had tended to concentrate its activities in Addis Ababa and efforts were being
made to move further into the country.
17. Cooperation with the government was still wanting as was recognition of ATPS by authorities.
During the Africa Science Day celebrations, for example, no mention was made of ATPSby the media covering government functionaries who attended the event.
ZAMBIA
1. Lack of funding during the previous year had affected the chapter’s activities.
2. Networking had continued.
3. The chapter had sent some members to a methodology workshop in Zimbabwe.
4. The co-ordinator had attended a workshop on poverty eradication in Tanzania. The chapter
had generated a policy brief and streamlined its working relations with the Tanzanian chapter.
Two of its members had been incorporated into the biotechnology taskforce.

MASERULESOTHOCOMMENTS FROM THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR ON THE REPORTS
1.
2.
3.
4.

Some chapters have been inactive. When that happens the country suffers.
Reporting is important and must be comprehensive.
Africa Revival Day had, in general, been well commemorated.
National chapters were gradually being registered and a system that allows delegation of
authority should, therefore, be established. Such delegation would allow continuity of chapter
activities in the absence of the co-ordinator.
5. There is a strong need to conduct fund-raising at the national level.
6. Fund-raising should be handled with care in order not to demonstrate value for money.

COMMENTS FROM COORDINATORS ON THE REPORTS
1. Policy-makers should be invited to ATPS conferences and workshops.
2. Individual chapters that are yet to be registered should explore ways and means of doing so
in their own countries as registration laws vary from country to country.

Educational Tour to Mohale Dam
Delegates took time off from the workshop to make an educational tour of Mohale Dam, part of the
Lesotho Highlands Development Authority’s initiative to harness water for sale to South Africa andfor generation of electricity locally. The journey through Lesotho’s mountains caused great anxiety
among the visitors with their nerves on edge as they negotiated their way over high cliffs, narrowcanyons and rocky terrain to succour the scenery of the reputed mountain kingdom.

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ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

10.0

ATPS Annual General Meeting

The ATPS Annual General Meeting was held on Friday November 14, 2003 in the Cinema Hall of
the Lesotho Sun International Hotel and Casino in Maseru, Lesotho.
The outgoing chairman Prof. Norah Olembo gave apologies of Board members who had been
unable to attend. Dr. Osita Ogbu, an ex-official member of the Board, gave profiles of the membersof the out-going Board. He also recommended inclusion of new chapters into ATPS. Dr. Osita put
forward a recommendation that the outgoing Board be retained for a further two-year period. The
ATPS Annual General Meeting agreed as follows:
1. That the entire ATPS Board be retained to run the affairs of ATPS for a new two-year
term.
2. That new chapters join the network.
(The proposal to re-elect the Board for a new two-year period was made by Prof. Matsela ofLesotho and seconded by Mr. Chris Squire of Sierra Leone and Prof. Bamiro of Nigeria.)
3. That the new Board makes a decision on the venue for the next ATPS Conference andWorkshop.

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MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

11.0
Closure of ATPS Conference andWorkshop
MASERULESOTHOThe Third ATPS Conference and Workshop was officially closed by Dr. D.R. Phororo, Lesotho’s
Minister for Agriculture and Food Security who termed the meeting an important investment thatwould lead to embracing science and technology as critical tools for development. The ministerbrought out the various lessons that had emerged from the conference and workshop, concludingthat a pro-people approach by scientists was needed to stem the onslaught of poverty and hunger inAfrica.
Dr. Phororo said appropriate and innovative systems of technology must be designed and applied
but should reach the people. He said it was ironic that Lesotho should experience food insecurity
given its abundant water resources and wondered whether Africa was indeed incapable of converting
scientific knowledge into products. Indigenous knowledge, he added, could help solve the continents
food problems, saying over reliance on technological miracles such as GMOs may not provide
adequate solutions.
The minister called for the uplifting of the status of women and recognition of their role in foodproduction. His government, he said, placed employment creation and food security as their primarypriorities, followed by infrastructure, quality basic education, quality health care and social welfare.
Science and technology had a fundamental role to play in the realization of the government’s priority
goals.
The minister paid tribute to Lesotho Minister for Communications, Science, Technology, and
ATPS for hosting the conference and workshop. He singled out the Lesotho chapter for its role inorganizing the meeting.

44

ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORTAPPENDIX 1: OPENING SPEECH
Opening Remarks by Dr. ‘Mamphono Khaketla, Honourable Minister for Communication, Science andTechnology at the African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)/Ministry of Communication, Scienceand Technology (Lesotho) Conference/Workshop on “Science and Technology and Food Security in Africa”

His Majesty King Letsie III
The Right Honourable Prime Minister
Honourable Ministers
Your Excellencies Members of the Diplomatic Corps
The Principal Secretary, Ministry of Communications, Science and Technology
Vice Chancellor of the University of Lesotho
Senior Government Officials
Chairman of the African Technology Policies Studies
The Local Coordinators of ATPS
Distinguished Participants
Members of the Press
Ladies and Gentlemen:
On behalf of the Government of the Kingdom of Lesotho, and on my own behalf, I wish to extend awarm Lesotho welcome to you all and greet you with our traditional greeting, khotso (peace bewith you). In particular I would like to heartily welcome and thank the Chairman and members of
the ATPS Board for having kindly honoured us to host this unique gathering which indeed is one ofits kind in Lesotho. This is not the first time that we find ATPS in our midst. Earlier this year wewere privileged to host another ATPS activity which we would believe, was time well spent.
I wish to welcome with pleasure all esteemed members of the science and technology policy fraternity,
researchers, academia, government representatives, our development agencies and international
partners of varied levels of expertise and experience from all over sub-Saharan Africa: west, eastand south. I am informed that we also have specialists from as far a field as India, Canada, Uruguay
and USA. I am encouraged to note that our own Lesotho citizens are participating in large numbers
and some are actually presenting papers at this conference. It is a learning opportunity of rare value.
Master of Ceremonies,
Ladies and Gentlemen:
I am greatly honoured that the Government of Lesotho, through the Ministry of Communications,
Science and Technology, is hosting this very important and educating experience, which we hope
our people will use to their greatest advantage especially given the relevance of the theme for thisthird annual conference and workshop, which is Science And Technology And Food Security In
Africa. The objectives of this conference are:
• To address issues related to S&T for food security in Africa;• To provide another skills-development opportunity on S&T policy- related researchmethodology;• To review new research proposals for possible funding;• To capacitate Lesotho on S&T policy implementation and research management
This theme is not only timely but also relevant, considering the current economic predicament that
Africa faces. The theme hits very close to the bone for us in Lesotho given the severe drought andsubsequent poor harvests over the last two ploughing seasons. The time has come for us to think ofmore innovative and technology driven ways of ensuring better food security.

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MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT

Those of you who arrived by air must have noticed the devastation on the ground in terms of thedongas and dryness. Thus for us this seminar is not just an academic exercise but also somethingwhich should be taken seriously. We are reminded of the basic necessity of food and the fact thatmillions of Africans are starving everyday and several thousands continue to die due to starvation
and related diseases including the great pandemic, HIV/AIDS. We all need to ask ourselves how
prepared we are to protect our peoples from utter starvation in spite of plentiful human, and otherresources. We need to accept the responsibility to work together to prevent and eradicate theprevailing evils of poverty, starvation a s d pandemics. If the most regular onslaught of drought
should cause so much misery (in southern Africa especially), what do we do to make food security
and community health our foremost priority concerns and challenges? I wish this conference could
challenge us to think critically and creatively of alternative ways to address the issue of food security
among our peoples. Food security does not merely refer to effective production of crop and animal
products, but also to various ways of storing and preserving these foods for both local and regionaluse. Africa should be challenged to undertake critical studies into indigenous and current systems offood production, food storage, food preservation and dissemination and develop these systems tomeet the challenges of today.

MASERULESOTHOThe pervasive role of science and technology in driving the economy of modern nations is no longer
in doubt. I am sure you will agree with me that science includes all careful and objective reflectionof research and practice and their fruits, which constitute technology. Furthermore, varied stock ofknowledge instruments and tools and infrastructure constitute observable aspects of our technologies.
Technological advancement is also used today as a measure of progress and civilization. This,
therefore, depicts the need for critical assessment of our position in it. If we in Lesotho and in mostof Black Africa remain mere consumers of other people’s scientific and technological products, canwe ever hope to advance in these important areas of development? Perhaps the primary clarion callshould address our attitudes towards sciences, mathematics and technology. Unless and until our
individual and group attitudes and practices towards these subjects change we cannot hope todevelop. This further calls for a strong support for research and development in order to turn our
knowledge into goods and services. We need to re-tap our indigenous technology capabilities offood production (like seasonal planting and harvesting, traditions and practices such as weather
forecasts, “ho upa linonyana” and others), for food storage and preservation practices. In this era of
the information age, one cannot overlook the practical role played by new emerging technologies
such as information and communication technologies (ICTs) as well as biotechnologies towards
sustainable development. This inevitably includes poverty alleviation and food security, which are to
be addressed in accordance with the declared United Nations Millennium Development Goals.
It was only last Thursday and Friday that I joined several other African Ministers of Science andTechnology in the context of NEPAD. What an eye-opener it was. Amongst the papers prepared
for that conference was one prepared by our very own Executive Director, Dr. Ogbu, in collaboration
with Dr. Khalil Timamy who hit a very raw nerve when they said most African countries “romanticize
science and technology” and that most policymakers although they emphasize the seriousness ofscience and technology most governments merely pay lip service and technology. I hope the outcomeof this conference will produce more tangible results.
In conclusion, Master of Ceremonies: Allow me to highlight that, the challenges indicated above are
not only our individual national priority areas for human development but are the regional andinternational concerns of such bodies like the African Union and the New Partnership for Africa’s
Development (NEPAD), the Commonwealth, UNCTAD as well as the United Nations Commission
for Science and Technology to mention but a few. We of the Science and technology constituency
should, therefore, recognize the broad opportunities that emanate from the support and initiatives ofthese bodies.

46

ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORTThe challenge to the people assembled in this hall today, is to come up with solutions of how scienceand technology can be utilized to satisfy the urgent economic and social needs of the region.
I wish you successful deliberations so that you can achieve the set objectives. Allow me, Master ofCeremonies, once more to reiterate my welcome to you all. I am aware that you will take off yourbusy schedule to visit Mohale Dam, one of the two Lesotho Highlands Water Project dams. Enjoy
the scenic view and enjoy the refreshing mountain air. My I also thank the ATPS Board, management
and the organizing committee for making this conference a success.
Ladies and gentlemen, it is now my singular honour to declare the Third ATPS Annual Conference
and Workshop officially opened.
KHOTSO!

PULA!

NALA!

MASERULESOTHO47

ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORTAPPENDIX 2: WORKSHOP PROGRAMMEPLENARY SESSION
ATPS/MCST CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AND FOOD SECURITY IN A FRICA

Monday, 10 November 2003
Opening Session
Chair: Principal, Ministry of Communications, Science and Technology, Lesotho
9:00a - 11:00aBrief remarks from Dr. Osita Ogbu, Executive Director, ATPS
Brief remarks from Prof. Norah Olembo, Chair, ATPS Board
Keynote Speakers: “Science & Technology for Food Security in Africa”
Prof. Bede Okigbo, former Director, United Nations University/Institute for
Natural Resource in Africa (Ghana)
Dr. Carlos Seré, Director General, International Livestock Research Institute,(Kenya)Official Opening: Hon. Dr. ‘Mamphono Khaketla, Minister for Communications,
Science and Technology (Lesotho)

11:00a - 11:30a

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

MASERULESOTHO

Session I
Chair: Permanent Secretary, Communications, Science and Technology, Lesotho

11:30a - 12:00p“The WTO and the Future of African Agriculture” by Dr. Ablassé
Ouedraogo, former Deputy Director General, WTO
Discussant: Dr. Mohamed Khalil-Timamy, Senior Lecturer, Environmental andTechnology Policy, University of Nairobi and Senior Policy Research Associate,
ATPS

12:00p - 12:30p

Open discussion

12:30p - 2:00p

LUNCHEON
Venue: Pool Area/Terrace“From Science to Products –Transmitting Knowledge to African Rural
Farmers: What Works and What Does Not Work” by Prof. Babatunde
Obilana, ICRISAT

Session II
Chair: Prof. Oliver Saasa, Research Professor, Institute of Economic and Social Research, Lusaka and
ATPS Board Member
14:00p – 14:30p“How Viable are Indigenous Technologies Towards Realising Africa’s Food
Security?” by Martin Kimani, Africa Regional Centre, Centre for Agriculture andBiosciences (CABI), Nairobi
Discussant: Ms. Bitrina Diyamett, Senior Scientific Officer, Tanzania Commission for
Science and Technology (COSTECH) and National Coordinator, ATPS Tanzania
Chapter

14:30p – 15:00p

Open discussion
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ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT
15:00p – 15:30p“HIV/AIDS and Its Impact on Africa’s Agricultural Performance” by Dr. AchollaPala Okeyo, Huairou Commission, (New York)
Discussant: Dr. Sylvester Ndeso Atanga, Lecturer, Epidemology & Public Health,
University of Buea, Cameroon and National Coordinator, ATPS Cameroon Chapter

15:30p – 16:00p

Open discussion

16:00p – 17:30p

TEA/COFFEE BREAK AND MARKETPLACE/EXHIBITION ANDNETWORKING

18:00p – 20:30p

Cocktail Reception hosted by the Ministry of Communications, Science andTechnology

Tuesday, 11 November 2003
Session III
Chair: Prof. Norah Olembo, Professor of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, and ATPS Board Chair
8:30a - 09:30a“Biotechnology and the Implications of the GMO Revolution for Africa’s Food
Security: The African Perspective” by Dr. Victor Konde, UNCTAD“Biotechnology and the Implications of the GMO Revolution for Africa’s Food
Security: Lessons from Asia and Latin America” by Dr. Padmashree Gehl Sampath,
United Nations University/Institute for New Technologies
Discussant: Dr. Musa Dube, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Swaziland andNational Coordinator, ATPS Swaziland Chapter

09:30a - 10:00a

Open discussion

10:00a - 10:30a

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

Session IV
Chair: Mr. Chris B. Squire, Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sierra Leone, and
ATPS National Coordinator, Sierra Leone Chapter
10:30 a - 11:00a“Harnessing ICTs for Improved Agricultural Performance in Africa” by Dr. ZM
Nyiira, Executive Secretary, Uganda National Council for Science & Technology
and former National Coordinator, ATPS Uganda Chapter
Discussant: Prof. Melvin Ayogu, Professor of Economics, University of Cape Town,
South Africa and Coordinator, ATPS Regional Project on “Strengthening ICT
Policy in Africa: Governance, Equity and Institutional Issues”

11:00a - 11:30a

Open discussion

11:30a - 12:00p“Why has Africa Fallen Short of Building Dynamic Agro-Processing Capabilities?
Options, Constraints and Prospects?” by Dr. Wellington Otieno, Foodlink
Resources (Kenya) and Ms. Ada Mwangola, OXFAM (Kenya)
Discussant: Prof. Banji Oyeyinka, Senior Research Fellow, United Nations
University, Institute for New Technologies, The Netherlands and former National
Coordinator, ATPS Nigeria Chapter

12:00p - 12:30p

Open discussion

12:30p - 2:00p

LUNCHEON
49

MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT
Venue: Pool Area/Terrace“Lesotho Initiatives Toward Food Security: A Situation Analysis” by Prof. Mafa
Sejanamane, National University of Lesotho
Session V
Chair: Ms. Yolonda Richardson, President and CEO, CEDPA, Washington DC, and ATPS Board Member
2:00p – 2:30p“Gender Dimensions of the Current Agricultural Performance in Africa” by Dr.
Rose Rita Kingamkono, Tanzania Commission on Science and Technology
Discussant: Ms. Charlotte Wonani, Lecturer, Development Studies Department,
University of Zambia and National Coordinator, ATPS Zambia Chapter

2:30p – 3:00p

Open discussion

Tuesday, 11 November 2003

MASERULESOTHO

3:00p – 3:30p“Markets, Institutions and Agricultural Performance in Africa” by Dr. Julius
Mangsioni, Bunda College of Agriculture, Malawi
Discussant: Prof. Michael C. Madukwe, Professor of Agricultural Extension,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka and ATPS National Coordinator, Nigeria Chapter

3:30p – 4:00p

Open discussion

4:00p – 4:30p

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

4:30p – 5:00p“Research Priority Areas for Africa’s Food Security” Prof. Shellemia Keya, TAC
Executive Secretariat, Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations,
Italy
Discussant: Dr. John Mugabe, Executive Secretary, African Commission on Scienceand Technology, NePAD, South Africa

5:00p - 5:30p

Open discussion

GROUP A: AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY POLICY
Wednesday, 12 November 2003
Morning Session:
Chair: Prof. Norah Olembo
9:00a - 9:50a

A1: “The policy of reducing the importation of rice: enhancing national capacity forrice self-sufficiency in Ghana” by Paul Kofi A. Dartey and D. Awunyo

9:50a - 10:40a

A2: “The influence of modern technologies on indigenous knowledge in farming
systems of Morogoro district, Tanzania” by Adolf F. Makauki and Josephat Itika

10:40a - 11:10a

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

11:10a - 12:00p

A3: “Assessing the status of food biotechnology in Swaziland and Nigeria” by F.M.
Badejo and L.O. Sanni

12:00p - 12:50p

A4: “Biotechnology systems of innovation: A study of institutions and policies in
Cameroon” by Violet Bumah and Alfred Ngwa
LUNCH BREAK

12:50p - 2:00p

50

ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT
Afternoon Session:
Chair: Prof. Babatunde Obilana
2:00p - 2:50p

A5: “Socio-economic effects of improved post-harvest technologies in maize
production in Kaprochwa district of Uganda” by Paul Mwebaze and Edward Kato

2:50p - 3:40p

A6: “Selecting appropriate value adding technologies for diversifying utilization oftissue-culture derived bananas in East Africa” by Margaret Karembu, S. Wakhusana
and J. Namaganda

3:40p - 4:10p

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

4:10p - 5:00p

A7: “The impact of biogas technology in Lesotho: Facts and challenges” by Elliot
Lefa Thamae, Muso Raliselo and TS’ehlo Moshe

5:00p - 5:50p

A8: “Small-scale irrigation schemes in Swaziland and their role in poverty alleviation:
Implications for policy formulation” by Absalom Manyatsi and Patrick Khumalo

Thursday, 13 November 2003
Chair: Dr. Wellington Otieno
8:30a - 9:20a

A9: “Effects of institutional and policy reforms in Uganda’s forestry sector on thesawmilling technology and opportunities for improvement” by Joseph Obua and Paul
Mugambi

9:20a - 10:10a

A10: “A study of the effectiveness of farm technologies delivery systems on smallscale farming in South-West, Nigeria” by Abel Babalola Ogunwale

10:10a - 11:00p

A11: “Biotechnological innovations in Soil fertility management for women farmers:
the key to improving small-holder agriculture in Ghana” by S. Agyenim Boateng, S.
Boadi and J. Haleegoah

11:00a - 11:20a

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

11:20a - 12:10p

A12: “Towards a national strategy for enhancing the adoption of improved varietiesof maize for food security in Ghana” by Christopher Kwame Ayim

12:10p - 1:00p

A13: “Technology and marketing problems of small-scale dairy enterprises in Kenya”
by Gidraph Nduati and Winifred Karugu

GROUP B: INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY POLICY
Wednesday, 12 November 2003
Morning Session:
Chair: Prof. Oliver Saasa
9:00a - 9:50a

B1: “The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector in Nigeria: A casestudy of the computer hardware industry sub-sector” by O.A. Bamiro, B.A, Durojaiye,
and A. I. Onueme

9:50a - 10:40a

B2: “A study of the effect of computerization on the performance of government
institutions in Sierra Leone” by Abu Kamara

10:40a - 11:10a

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

51

MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT
11:10a - 12:00p
12:00p - 12:50p

12:50p - 2:00p

B3: “Social dimensions of information technology (IT) in Kenya: With reference topolicy implications on the social structure” by Mumbi Machera
B4: “Investigation of Lesotho’s ICT readiness and formulation of ICT policy
framework” by Teferi Kebede and Ntsibane Ntlatlapa
LUNCH BREAK

Afternoon Session:
Chair: Ms. Yolonda Richardson

MASERULESOTHO

2:00p - 2:50p

B5: “What kind of technology is needed for effective teaching and learning in the
primary schools of Lesotho” by Sophia Majara

2:50p - 3:40p

B6: “A study of the effects of electronic Banking on the performance of selected
commercial banks in Sierra Leone” by Sarah F. Bendu

3:40p - 4:10p

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

4:10p - 5:00p

B7: “Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Cameroon: Changes
and prospects for the future” by John Suh Che

5:00p - 5:50p

B8: “The technological capabilities of the Baking industry in Nigeria: Implications forlearning and training” by Nnenna J. Enwere

Thursday, 13 November 2003
Chair: Prof. Melvin Ayogu
8:30a - 9:20a

B9: “Has the new and emerging information technology improved efficiency in thebanking sector in Ethiopia?” by Tassew Belachew and Abdurahman Ame

9:20a - 10:10a

B10: “Determination of the support required to promote, adopt and apply ICTs in
Swaziland: implications for policy formulation” by MD Dlamini and Musa A. Dube

10:10a - 11:00p

B11: “Effects of telecenters on agricultural technology transfer in Uganda” by James
Kakooza and Dave Khayangayanga

11:00a - 11:20a

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

11:20a - 12:10p

B12: “A study on ICT for Rural development in Ethiopia” by Berhanu Denu

12:10p - 1:00p

B13: “Mozambique to come”

GROUP C: TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, TRADE & INDUSTRY, IPRS , GENDER AND
SME TECHNOLOGY POLICY ISSUES
Wednesday, 12 November 2003
Morning Session:
Chair: Prof. Banji Oyeyinka
9:00a - 9:50a

C1: “Assessment of technological capabilities in the industrial small and medium
scale enterprises sector in Zambia” by William Mbuta and William Musonda

9:50a - 10:40a

C2: “Trade liberalization and production in Uganda: A case of manufacturing sector”
by Nichodemus Rudaheranwa and Ashie Mukungu

10:40a - 11:10a

TEA/COFFEE BREAK52

ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT
11:10a - 12:00p

12:00p - 12:50p

12:50p - 2:00p

C3: “Technology accumulation and development in Small and Medium Enterprises(SMEs): A case study of Agro-allied sub-sector of Nigeria’s economy” by D. A.
Okongwu
C4: “Local requirements for effective technology transfer and diffusion in Zambia:
Options, constraints and prospects” by Lipalile Mufana and Mutombo Namuunda
LUNCH BREAK

Afternoon Session:
Chair: Dr. Mohamed Khalil-Timamy
2:00p - 2:50p

C5: “The leather industry of Ethiopia: An investigation of supply constraints andfirms technological capabilities” by Abreham Gebeyenu and Dejene Aredo

2:50p - 3:40p

C6: “Are there significant technology and productivity spill-overs from multinational corporations in sub-Saharan Africa? A cross-country study of Ghana, Kenya,
Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe” by Samwel Bwalya and Peter Sampa

3:40p - 4:10p

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

4:10p - 5:00p

C7: “The Technology factor in Solid Waste Management in Nigeria” by A.J. Kumuyi

5:00p - 5:50p

C8: “”Utilization of the patent system by R&D institutions in Tanzania” by Georges
ShemdoeThursday, 13 November 2003
Chair: Dr. Osita Ogbu
8:30a - 9:20a

C9: “Promoting female participation in Science and Technology for development andpoverty alleviation in Cameroon” by John W. Forje

9:20a - 10:10a

C10: “Evaluation of technology and policy framework for the promotion of small andmedium scale Kenyan Leather and leather goods manufacturing” by B.O. F. Odongo

10:10a - 11:00p

C11: “A study of licensing and foreign technology implications for technology
transfer in industries in Nigeria” by E. O. Essien and K. Hassan

11:00a - 11:20a

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

11:20a - 12:10p

C12: “Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Technology Transfer and Poverty
Reduction in Botswana” by Donatilla Kaino

12:10p - 1:00p

C13: “Technology Requirements of Metal Working Micro- and Small Enterprises in
Zimbabwe” by Charles Halimana

13 – 15 November 2003
Thursday, 13 November 2003 (Afternoon Session)
1:00p - 2:00p

LUNCH BREAKRESEARCH METHODOLOGY TRAINING WORKSHOP
2:00p - 3:00p“Introduction to Technology Policy” by Dr. Mohamed Khalil

3:00p - 4:00p“Research Methodology Issues” by Prof. Banji Oyeyinka
53

MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT
4:00p - 4:30p

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

4:30p - 5:30p“Writing Skills” by Magayu K. Magayu

Note: The Board will meet concurrently in the Suite 1/BR1.

Friday, 14 November 2003
Morning Session:
Chair: Prof. Norah Olembo

ATPS ANNUAL GENERAL MEETINGMASERULESOTHO

9:00a – 10:30a

UNESCO funded presentation on Technology and Poverty Eradication (TAPE) by Dr.
Peggy Oti-Boateng, Dr. A. Komba and Mr. M.A. Jalloh

10:30a – 11:00a

Presentation of the Strategic Plan by Prof. Melvin Ayogu

11:00a – 11:30a[WORKING] TEA/COFFEE BREAK

11:30a – 12:30p

Annual General Meeting

Afternoon:
12:30p – 5:00p

Educational tour to Mohale Dam (including lunch)

7:00p onwards

Closing dinner Venue: Salon A&B

Saturday, 15 November 2003
Chair: Dr. Osita Ogbu

NATIONAL COORDINATOR’S MEETING
9:00a – 11:00aNational Coordinator’s Meeting

11:00a – 11:30a

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

11:30a – 1:00p

National Coordinator’s Meeting
LUNCH BREAK54

ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORTAPPENDIX 3: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
BENIN
1.
Dr. Rock Lambert Mongbo(ATPS National Co-ordinator)
Senior Lecturer/Researcher
DESAC/FSA – Université d’Abomey – Calavi,
CEBEDES – Xudodo
02 B.P. 778 Gbégamey
Cotonou, Bénin
Tel. Office: +229 304139
Mobile: +229 966446
Email: rmongbo@intnet.bj

BOTSWANA
2.
Dr. Donatilla Kaino
Lecturer,
University of Botswana
P.O Box 70025
Gaborone, Botswana
Tel: +267 624 2412
Email: kainodk@mopipi.ub.bw

Yaounde, Cameroon
Tel: +237-755-8334
Email: chejsuh@yahoo.com
7.
Dr. John W. Forje
Senior Research Officer/Lecturer
University of Yaounde II - SOA
Dept. of Political Science
B.P. 13429
Yaounde, Cameroon Republic
Tel: +237 2231825
Fax: +237 2231825
Email: jowifor@yahoo.com orjohnforje@hotmail.com
8.
Dr. Sylvester Ndeso Atanga(ATPS National Co-ordinator)
Senior Lecturer/Epidemiologist
Faculty of Health Sciences
University of Buea
P.O. Box 63 SWP
Republic of Cameroon
Tel: +237 7615755/984143
Fax: +237 332 2270/71
Email: ndemasa2001@yahoo.com

3.
Dr. John Mothibi(ATPS National Co-ordinator)
Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering & Technology
University of Botswana
P/Bag 0061
Gaborone, Botswana
Tel: +267 3554348
Fax: +267 3952309
E-mail: mothibij@mopipi.ub.bw

9.
Dr. Violet Vakunseh Bumah
Lecturer/Researcher
Biotechnology Unit, Dept. of Life Sciences, Facultyof Science,
University of Buea
B.P. 63
Buea, Cameroon
Tel: +237 7786751
Fax: +237 7786751
Email: bumah_violet@yahoo.com

BURKINA FASO
4.
Dr. Ablassé Ouedraogo
Special Advisor to the DG, ILO
01 P.O. Box 2427
Ouagadougou 01
Burkina Faso
Tel: 00 226 374080
Fax: 00226 374050
Email: aouedraogo@bluewin.ch

COTE D’IVOIRE
10.
Dr. Arsene Kouadio Konan(ATPS National Co-ordinator)
Associate Professor/Chief of Division, Research in
Economics
University of Abidjan/CIRES
08 B.P. 1295
Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire
Tel: +225 22 447742
Fax: +225 22 440829
Email: arsenekk@yahoo.fr

5.
Dr. Benoît Kaboré(ATPS National Co-ordinator)
Enseignant Permanent
LIFR/SH Université Ouagadougou
01 BP 4487 Ouagadougou 01
Burkina Faso
Tel: 00 226 380715; cell: 812008
Fax: 00 226 308365
Email: kaboben@hotmail.com

E THIOPIA
11.
Dr. Dejene Aredo(ATPS National Coordinator)
Associate Professor of Economics
Addis Ababa University
P.O. Box 150008
Addis Ababa

CAMEROON
6.
Dr. John Suh Che
Retiring, Assistant Research Officer
Ministry of Scientific and Technical Research
P.O. Box 6963
55

MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT
Tel: +251 1 185185/553900
Fax: +251 1 551399
Email: aredodejene@yahoo.com

Kwadaso - Kumasi
Ghana
Tel: +233 51 50353/4
Email: sagyenimboateng@yahoo.com

12.
Mr. Berhanu Denu Genjo
Lecturer, Addis Ababa College of Commerce
P.O. Box 41510
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel: +251-1-52120/251-1-483631
Email: berhanud@telecom.net.et19.
Dr. George Owusu Essegbey(ATPS National Coordinator)
Senior Research Scientist
Science and Technology Policy Research Institute(STEPRI), CSIR
P.O. Box CT519
Accra, Ghana
Tel: +233 21 773856
Fax: +233 21 773068
Email: goessegbey@hotmail.com

13.
Mr. Tassew Bekele Belachew
Freelance consultant/Researcher
P.O. Box 32629
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel: +251-1-450166
Fax: +251-1-568102
Email: tassew@telecom.net.et

MASERULESOTHO

KENYA
20.
Mr. Geoffrey G. Koech
Senior Research Officer
Kenya Industrial Research & Development Institute
P.O. Box 30650 GPONairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 609440
Fax: +254 20 607023
Email: kirdi@onlinkenya.com

14.
Mr. Abreham Gebeyehu
Senior Loan Officer
Development Bank of Ethiopia
P.O. Box 18954
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel: +254-1-61511188
Email: abrehg@yahoo.com

21.
Dr. Margaret Gathoni Karembu
Senior Research Scientist
ISAAA Africentre, ILRI Campus
P.O. Box 25171-00603
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 630743
Fax: +254 20 631955
Email: m.karembu@cgiar.org

GHANA
15.
Mr. Ayim Kwame Lily Christopher
Food Security, Storage and Infestation Control Officer
Ghana Food Distribution Corp.
P.O. Box 4225
Accra, Ghana
Tel: +233 21 773856/779401
Fax: +233 21 773068
Email: goessegbey@hotmail.com

22.
Prof. Norah Olembo(ATPS Board Chair)
Professor of Biotechnology
University of Nairobi
P.O. Box 30197
Nairobi, Kenya

16.
Dr. Paul K. A. Dartey
Scientific Officer
Crops Research Institute (CSIR)
P.O. Box 3785
Kumasi, Ghana
Tel: +020 812 412
Email: pkadartey@yahoo.co.uk

23.
Prof. Shellemiah Keya
Former, TAC Secretariat
Food and Agricultural Organisation
P.O. Box 35171-00200
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254-721-852526

17.
Dr. Peggy Oti-Boateng
Director
Technology Consultancy Centre
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology
Kumasi, Ghana
Tel: +233 51 60296/7
Fax: +233 51 0137
Email: potiboat@yahoo.com

24.
Mr. Martin Kimani
Scientist
CAB International, Africa Regional Centre
P.O. Box 633-00621
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 524462
Fax: +254 20 522150
Email: m.kimani@cabi.org

18.
Dr. Samuel Agyenim Boateng
Research Scientist
Soil Research InstituteAcademy Post Office,56

ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT25.
Ms. Mumbi Machera
Lecturer, Department of Sociology
University of Nairobi
P.O. Box 30197
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254-721 442552
Fax: + 254 20 212342
Email: macheram@yahoo.com

LesothoTel: +266 587 31915
Email: jmohammed@lesotho.co
32.
Mr. Joseph N. Thabana
Lecturer
School of Education
National University of Lesotho
P.O. Box 180
LesothoTel: +266 587 31915
Email: jn.thabana@nul.ls

26.
Dr. Wellington A. Otieno
Director, Foodlink Resources
P.O. Box 74506
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 609589
Email: foodlink@nbi.ispkenya.com
27.
Mrs. Winifred Nyambura Karugu
Lecturer
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture andTechnology
P.O. Box 60893 00200
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 722 891696
Email: wnkarugu@yahoo.com
28.
Dr. Thomas Fitz Randolf
Project Leader, Human Health Impacts
International Livestock Research Institute
P.O. Box 30709
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 630743 ext. 4953
Fax: +254 20 631499
Email: t.randolph@cgiar.org

33.
Ms. Julia Chere-Masopha
Lecturer
Academic Development Centre
National University of Lesotho
P.O. Roma 180
LesothoTel: +266 22 213628
Fax: +266 22 340000
Email: julia_chere@yahoo.com
34.
Ms. Lebala Miriam Kolobe
Lecturer
Lesotho College of Education
P.O. Box 7565
Maseru 100
LesothoTel: +266 58734738
Email: lebalak@yahoo.com
35.
Ms. Limakatso Ranko
Documentalist, Library & Information Studies
National University of Lesotho
P.O. Roma 180
LesothoTel: +266 22213885
Fax: +266 22340000
Email: l.ranko@nul.ls

LESOTHO29.
Mrs. Celina K. M. Qobo
Archivist
National University of Lesotho
P.O. Roma 180
MaseruLesothoTel: +266 22 213429
Fax: +266 22 340000
Email: c.qobo@nul.ls

36.
Litsepiso Matlosa
LecturerNational University of Lesotho
P.O. Box 178
Roma 180
LesothoTel: +266 22 213654
Email: l.matlosa@nul.ls

30.
Dr. Francis Rakotsoane
Interim Head of the School
School of Arts & Humanities
National University of Lesotho
P.O. Roma 180
LesothoTel: 266 22213616
Email: fcl_rakotsoane@hotmail.com

37.
Mrs. Malijane C. Kaloko
Research Officer
Dept. of Police Directorate
Ministry of Home Affairs
P.O. Box 174
Maseru 100
LesothoTel: +266 22 320297

31.
Dr. J. Mohammed
LecturerNational University of Lesotho
P.O. Roma 180
57

MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT
Fax: +266 22 310587

ATPS Lesotho Chapter
Abia High School
Ministry of Education
P.O. Box 2047
Maseru 102
LesothoTel: +266 22317208

38.
Mrs. Malineo A. Matsela
Interim Chair of EDF Programme
School of Education
P.O. Box 180
Roma, Lesotho
Tel: +266 22 340601
Fax: +266 22 340000
Email: ammatsela@nul.ls

MASERULESOTHO45.
Mrs. Maseqobela B. Williams
Director, Dept. of Science & Technology
P/Bag A23
Maseru 100
LesothoTel: +266 22 313632
Fax: +266 22 310084
Email: williams.stech@lesoff.co.za

39.
Mrs. Mamota Ntsekhe
Research Officer
Dept. of Policy Directorate
Ministry of Home Affairs
P.O. Box 174
Maseru 100
LesothoTel: +266 22 320297
Fax: +266 310587

46.
Mr. Molebatsi M. Nga
Director, Building & Infrastructure
National University of Lesotho
P.O. Box 180
Roma, Lesotho
Tel: +266 22 340216
Fax: +266 22 340216
Email: mm.nga@nul.ls

40.
Mrs. Mapaseka Kolotsane
Deputy Director (Academic)
Lerotholi Polytechnic
P.O. Box 16
Maseru 0100
LesothoTel: +266 22322851
Fax: +266 22310265

47.
Mrs. Monica Makara
Assistant Registrar
National University of Lesotho
P.O. Box Roma 180
LesothoTel: +266 22340247/22213865
Fax: +266 22340000
Email: m.makara@nul.ls

41.
Mrs. Masechaba M.L. Mokhathi-Mbhehe
LecturerNational University of Lesotho
P.O. Roma 180
LesothoTel: +266 2234060/22213763
Fax: +266 340000
Email: ml.mokhlathi-mbhele@nul.ls

48.
Mr. Nkhethoa Machela S.
Director of Studies
Lerotholi Polytechnic
Box 16
Maseru 100
LesothoTel: +09266 58863455
Email: machelanchettoo@hotmail.com

42.
Mrs. Matselane B. Khaahloe
Lecturer
Lesotho College of Education
Box 1393
Maseru 100
LesothoTel: +266 22312721

49.
Mr. Petrose Thaha Lesala
ATPS Lesotho chapter
Tsenola, P.O. Box 4518
Sebaboleng 104
Maseru, Lesotho
Tel: +266 27003143

43.
Mrs. Matseliso A.M. Kabeli
Librarian
Lerotholi Polytechnic
P.O. Box 16
Maseru 100
LesothoTel: +266 58855263
Fax: +266 22310265
Email: tselikabeli@yahoo.com
44.

50.
Mrs. Pullanikkatil Deepa
Lecturer, Civil Engineering
Lerotholi Polytechnic
P.O. Box 1112
Maseru 100
LesothoMrs. Maryann Mamohapi Rakhoba
58

ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT
Tel: +266 22 323873
Fax: +266 22 310265
Email: deepa_pullani@rediffmail.com

Tel: +266 22316074
Fax: +266 22310892
Email: artsacademy@leo.co.ls

51.
Mrs. Rethabile Maluke
Senior Research Officer
Department of Science & Technology
P/Bag A23, Lesotho Bank Tower
Maseru 100
LesothoTel: +266 22 313632
Fax: +266 22 310054
Email: maluke@stech@lesoff.co.za

57.
Mr. Tsolo Lebitsa
Chairperson
Khathang Tema Baitsukuu
P.O. Box 8449
Maseru 106
LesothoTel: +266 22317205
Fax: + 266 22310412
Email: lecongo@lecongo.org.ls

52.
Mrs. Semakaleng H. Phaeoli
Nurse Educator
ATPS Lesotho Chapter
Maseru 100
LesothoTel: +266 22332392/58868111
Email: semakiphafoni@hotmail.com

58.
Prof. Zakaria Aunyane Matsela(ATPS National Coordinator)
Retired Professor/Consultant
Sesotho Academy
P.O. Box 35
Roma 180
LesothoTel: +266 22 340258
Fax: +266 22 340000
Email: zamatsela@ilesotho.com

53.
Ms. Sophia M. Majara
Lecturer
Lesotho College of Education
Maseru Ha Abia
Private Bag A223
Maseru 100
LesothoTel. Work: +266 312721
Tel. Office: +266 3202422
Fax: +266 310342
Email: majarasm@webmail.co.za

MALAWI
59.
Dr. Julius H. Mangisoni
Senior Lecturer, Agricultural Economics/ Natural
Resource and Environmental Econ.
University of Malawi
Bunda College of Agriculture
Rural Development Department
P.O. Box 219,
Lilongwe, Malawi
Tel: +265 01277434/419/222
Fax: +265 01 277364
Email: mang@liccom.net
jmangisoni@yahoo.co.uk

54.
Mrs. Tjoetso Lehana
Senior Nurse Educator
Ministry of Health (NHTC)
P.O. Box 1670
Maseru 100
LesothoTel: +266 22314608

MALI
60.
Dr. Sidiki Gabriel Dembélé(ATPS National Coordinator)
Professeur – Chercheur
IPR-IFRA - Katidougou
Bureau Ouest-Africain d’Appui Organisationel et deTechnologie Approprieés
NP E 3730
Bamako, Mali
Tel: +223-226-2559/226-2012
Fax: +223-226-2504
Email: sidikigabriel@hotmail.com

55.
Ms. Thato BolilaAss. Research Officer
Department of Science & Technology
Private Bag A23
Maseru 100
LesothoTel: +266 22313632
Fax: +266 22310054
Email: missbolila@yahoo.com

MOZAMBIQUE

56.
Mr. Tsokolo Muso
Executive Director
Lesotho Academy of Arts
P.O. Box 1773
Maseru 100
Lesotho61.
Mr. Augusto Francisco Nunes JuniorHead, Infrastructure & Applications
ICT Policy Implementation Technical Unit
Av. Josina Machel, No. 955, 7 Andar,
Flat 13, B. Alto-Mae
59

MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT
Maputo, MozambiqueTel: +258 88 311 339
Fax: +258 1 302289
Email: nunes@infopol.gov.mz

67.
Prof. Ajibola J. Kumuyi
Director, Business and Technology Development
Dept.
Nigerian Institute of Social & Economic Research
P.M.B. 5.U.I. Post Office
Ibadan, Nigeria
Tel: +234 28102904-5
Fax: +234 28101194
Email: ajkumuyi@niser.org.ng

62.
Mr. Lourino Alberto Chemane(ATPS Acting National Co-ordinator)
ICTs Chief Technical Advisor
ICT Policy Implementation Technical Unity (UTICT)
Bairro DA Cool, R.P. : Antonio
Dalmeida No. 61 RKD
Maputo, MozambiqueTel: +258 1 309398
Fax: +258 1 302289
Email: chemane@infopol.gov.mz

MASERULESOTHO68.
Chief (Eng.) Effiong Okom Essien
Deputy Director, National Office for Technology
Acquisition & Promotion
Plot 168 Cotonou Cresent,
Wuse Zone 6,
P.M.B. 5074
Abuja, Nigeria
Tel: +234-9-523 9823/523 6954
Email: okon_essien@yahoo.com
Okon_essien@yahoo.com

63.
Ms. Zauria Saifodine
Head of Training and Certification
ICT Policy Commission - ICT Policy Implementation
Technical Unit
Av. Guerra Popular No. 20
Maputo, MozambiqueTel: +258 1 309398
Fax: +258 1 302289
Email: saifodine@infopol.gov.org

69.
Prof. Femi Olokesusi(Associate National Co-ordinator)
Nigerian Institute of Social & Economic Research(NISER)
U.I.P.M. B.5
Ibadan, Nigeria
Tel: +234 2 8103345
Fax: +234 2 8101194
Email: olokesus@niser.org.ng

NAMIBIA64.
Mr. John Sifani
Ministry of Higher Education
Training and Employment Creation
Private Bag 13391
Windhoek, Namibia
Tel. Work: +264 61 2706146
Tel. Home: +264 61 210732
Fax: +264 61 2706143
Email: jsifani@mheutst.gov.na

70.
Mr. Ihenacho Raymond Nneji
Director, Research Coordination Dept.
Raw Materials Research and Development Council
427 Aguiyi-Ironsi Street, Maitama
Abuja, PMB 232 Garki FCT
Abuja, Nigeria
Tel: +234 9 4137423
Fax: +234 9 413634
Email: raynekky@yahoo.com
Ihenacho@rmrdc.org

65.
Dr. Adedayo Akinade Ogunmokun
Senior Lecturer/Head of Dept.
University of Namibia
Dept. of Crop Science
University of Namibia
P/Bag 13301
Windhoek, Namibia
Tel: + 264 65 2235000
Fax: +264 65 2235294
Email: aogunmokun@unam.na

71.
Dr. Joyce Nnenna Enwere
Senior Lecturer
Department of Food Science Technology
University of Nigeria
Nsukka, Enugu state,
Nigeria
Tel: +234 042 770448
Email: njenwere@yahoo.com

NIGERIA66.
Dr. Abel Babalola Ogunwase
Associate Professor and Researcher
Dept. of Agricultural Economics & Extension
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
Ladoke Akintola, University of Technology,
P.M. B. 4000, Ogbomoso
Oyo-State, Nigeria
Tel: +234 038 720285
Email: abelogun@yahoo.com

72.
Prof. Michael Chukwuneke Madukwe(ATPS National Co-ordinator)
Dept. of Agricultural Extension
University of Nigeria
Nsukka, Nigeria
Tel: +234042 770815
Fax: +234 042 770844
60

ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORTSOUTH AFRICA

Email: Madukwe@hotmail.com
Madukwe@hyperia.com

79.
Mr. Madimeja Mamashela
Executive Director
Urban Sector Network
Post Net Suite 481
Private Bag X4
Menlopark 0102
South Africa
Tel: +27 12 347 0405
Email: madimetja@usn.org.za

73.
Prof. Olufemi Bamiro
Professor of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Technology
University of Ibadan
Ibadan, Nigeria
Tel: +234 2 2318796
Mobile: +080 23151513
Email: femi.bamiro@skannet.com

80.
Prof. Melvin Ayogu
Professor of Economics
School of Economics
University of Cape Town
UCT, Rondebosch 7701
South Africa
Tel: +27 21 6502763
Fax: +27 21 650 2854
Email: mayogu@commerce.uct.ac.za

SENEGAL74.
Dr. Medou Diakhate
Consultant
BP 12160
Dakar, Senegal
Tel: +221 559 9589
Email: m_diakhate@hotmail.com

SIERRA LEONESWAZILAND

75.
Mr. Chris Squire(ATPS National Coordinator)
Head, Mechanical & Maintenance Eng. Dept.
Fourah Bay College
University of Sierra Leone
Freetown, Sierra Leone
Tel: +232 76 610600
Email: chris@sierratel.sl

81.
Dr. Absolom Manyatsi
Senior Lecturer
Faculty of Agriculture
University of Swaziland
P.O. Luyengo
Swaziland
Tel: +268 528 3021 ext. 1129
Fax: +268 528 3441
Email: manyatsi@agric.uniswa.sz

76.
Mr. Abu Kamara
Lecturer
Fourah Bay College-University of Sierra Leone
A4 Wilberforce Loop
Freetown, Sierra Leone
Tel: +232 7611866/620344
Email: abukamara@yahoo.com

82.
Mrs. Badejo Folashade
Lecturer
Faculty of Agriculture
University of Swaziland
P.O. Luyengo
Swaziland
Tel: +268 404 6347
Fax: +268 5283021
Email: fmbadejo@hotmail.com

77.
Mrs. Sarah Finda Bendu
Head of FinanceAction Aid Sierra Leone Programme
Housing Unit No. 1
Fourah Bay College
University of Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone
Tel: +232 220292
Email: sarahbendu@yahoo.com
78.
Mr. Mohamed Allieu Jalloh
Director
National Council for Technical, Vocational and otherAcademic Awards (NCTOA)
Ministry of Education, Science & Technology
P.O. Box 135, Tower Hill
Freetown, Sierra Leone
Tel/Fax: +232 22 221695
Email: nctuasl@yahoo.co.uk
Kortorma@yahoo.fr
61

83.
Dr. Musa M. A. Dube
Head, Department of Agriculture Extension
University of Swaziland
P.O. Luyengo
Swaziland
Tel: +268 528-3021
Fax: +268 528-3441
Email: madube@agric.uniswa.sz

TANZANIA
84.
Dr. Adalgot A. Komba
Senior Lecturer
Institute of Development Studies
University of Dar es Salaam
P.O Box 35169
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT
Tel: 022-2410075/0741-414586
Email: akomba@hotmail.com

Kampala, Uganda
91.
Prof. Zerubabel M. Nyiira
Executive Secretary
Uganda National Council for Science and Technology(UNCST)
P.O. Box 6884
Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256-41-250499
Fax: +256-41-234579
Email: uncst@starcom.co.ug

85.
Mr. Adolf F. Makauki
Head, Centre for Environment, Poverty & Sust.
Development
Institute of Development Studies
Mzumbe University
P.O. Box 83
Mzumbe, Tanzania
Tel: +255 23 260 4381/3-4
Fax: +255 23 2604382
Email: makauki@yahoo.com

MASERULESOTHOZAMBIA92.
Ms. Charlotte Wonani(ATPS National Co-ordinator)
Lecturer, Development Studies Department
P.O. Box 32379
Lusaka, Zambia
Tel: 01-264632
Fax: 01-254297
Email: cmwonani@yahoo.com

86.
Ms. Bitrina Daniel Diyamett(ATPS National Coordinator)
Principal Scientific Officer
Tanzania Commission for S&T (COSTECH)
P.O. Box 4302
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tel: +255 22 2700752
Email: bitrind@yahoo.com

93.
Mr. Namuunda Mutomba
Lecturer
Social Development Studies Dept.
University of Zambia
P.O. Box 32379
Lusaka, Zambia
Tel: +260 96 743169
Fax: +260 1 290320
Email: nam530@yahoo.co.uk

87.
Mr. Georges Silas Shemdoe
Principal Scientific Officer
Tanzania Commission for Science & Technology
P.O. Box 4302
Dar es Salaam
Tanzania
Tel: +255 0744 879877
Email: shemdoe@hotmail.com

UGANDA

94.
Prof. Oliver S. Saasa(ATPS Board Member)
Professor of International Economic Relations
P.O. Box 30900
Lusaka, Zambia
Tel: +260 1 250626
Fax: +260 1 250626
Email: osaasa@zamnet.zm

88.
Dr. Joseph Obua
(ATPS National Coordinator)
Makerere Univeristy
Uganda National Council for Science & Technology
P.O. Box 6884
Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256 41 543647
Fax: +256 41 533574
Email: obua@forest.mak.oc.ug

95.
Mr. Peter Chilufya Sampa
Economist
Zambia Competition Commission
Box 34919
Lusaka, Zambia

89.
Dr. Nichodemus Rudaheranwa
Senior Research Fellow
Economic Policy Research Centre
Plot 51 Pool Road
P.O. Box 7841
Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256 41 540159
Fax: +256 41 541022
Email: rudaheranwa@eprc.ug

96.
Mr. William Sinkamba Mbuta
Science and Technology Officer
National Science and Technology Council
P.O. Box 51309
Lusaka, Danzania

ZIMBABWE90.
Mr. Paul Mwebaze
Post Harvest Handling/Marketing Specialist
Agricultural Coperative Development International
Plot 704 Mawanda Rd.
P.O. Box 11345

97.
Mr. Charles Mangosuthu
Research Fellow
Institute of Development
University of Zimbabwe
62

ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT
P.O. Box 880
Harare, Zimbabwe
Tel: +263 4 333341 3
Fax: +263 4 333345
Email: mchalimana@yahoo.com

8-11 Avenue de la Paix, Palais des Nations, 1211
Geneva 10 Switzerland
Email: victor.konde@unctad.org
104.
Prof. Banji Oyelaran-Oyeyinka
Professor/Senior Researcher
United Nations University/INTECH,
Keizer Korelplein 19, Maastricht,
The Netherlands 6211 TC
Tel: +31 43 3506342
Fax: +31 43 3506395
Email: oyeyinka@intech.unu.edu

98.
Mr. Benson Zwizwai(ATPS National Co-ordinator)
Deputy Director
Institute of Development Studies
University of Zimbabwe
Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant,Harare, Zimbabwe
Tel: +263 4 333341/3
Fax: +263 4 333345
Email: bmzwizwai@science.uz.ac.zw

ATPS SECRETARIAT105.
Dr. Osita Ogbu
Executive Director
ATPS
P.O. Box 10081 00101
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 2714092/168
Fax: +254 20 2714028
Email: oogbu@atpsnet.org

Regional & International Organizations
99.
Dr. Alex Tindimubona
Senior Scientific Affairs Officer
UNECA
P.O. 3005
Addis Ababa
Ethiopia
Tel: +251-1-517200
Fax: +251-1-514416
Email: atindimubona@uneca.org

106.
Sheila Maina
Research Manager
ATPS
P.O. Box 10081 00101
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 2714092/168
Fax: +254 20 2714028
Email: smaina@atpsnet.org

100.
Prof. A. Babatunde Obilana
Principal Scientist (Breeding)
ICRISAT
P.O. Box 39063
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 524562
Fax: +254 20 524001
Email: a.obilana@cgiar.org

107.
Carol Thuku
Senior Secretary
ATPS
P.O. Box 10081 00101
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 2714092/168
Fax: +254 20 2714028
Email: cthuku@atpsnet.org

101.
Dr. Fitz Randolf
ILRI
P.O. Box 25171-00603
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 630743
Fax: +254 20 631955

108.
Lucy Mwangi
Programme & Publications Administrator
ATPS
P.O. Box 10081 00101
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 2714092/168
Fax: +254 20 2714028
Email: lmwangi@atpsnet.org

102.
Mr. Paul Dufour
Special Advisor
IDRC
250 Albert St.
Ottawa, KIA 045
CanadaTel: +613 236 6163
Fax: +613 567 7748
Email: pdufour@idrc.ca

109.
Magayu K. Magayu
ATPS Editorial Consultant
P. O. Box 10081 00101
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: 254 20 721 233 245
Email: magayu@unobi.org.ke

103.
Dr. Victor Konde
Economic Affairs Officer
UNCTAD, DITE, E-9077
63

MASERULESOTHOATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORTNATIONAL CO-ORDINATORS

P.O. Box 1176
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel: +251 1 551163
Fax: +251 1 551399
Email: aredodejene@yahoo.com

BÉNIN
Dr. Roch L. Mongbo
Agronome, Socio Anthropologue
DESA/FSA
Université d’Abomey-Calavi
Cotonou, Bénin
Tél: (229) 30 4139/50 0158/ 96 6446
Email: rochl_mongbo@hotmail.com

THE GAMBIA
Mr. Ernest R. Aubee
Fase Programme
UNDP
Kofi Annan Street, Cape Point
Bakau, The Gambia
Tel: +220 495071/74/89
Fax: +220 494758
Email: ilo@qanet.gm

BOTSWANAMASERULESOTHODr. John Mothibi
Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering & Technology
University of Botswana
P/Bag 0061
Gaborone, Botswana
Tel: +267 3554348
Fax: +267 3952309
E-mail: mothibij@mopipi.ub.bw

GHANA
Mr. George Owusu Essegbey
Senior Scientific Secretary
STEPRI/C.S.I.R.
P.O. Box CT 519,
Accra, Ghana
Tel: +233 21 773856
Fax: +233 21 773068
Email: goessegbey@hotmail.com

BURKINA FASO
Dr. Benoit Kabore
Université de Ouagadougou
01 BP 4487
Ouagadougou 01
Tel: 226 812008/380715
Email: kaboben@hotmail.com

KENYA
Mr. Alex R. Gacuhi
P. O. Box 30568
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 216947
Fax: +254 20 215349
Email: agacuhi1@yahoo.com

CAMEROON
Mr. Sylvester Ndeso Atanga
Lecturer, Epidemology & Public HealthFaculty of Health Sciences
University of Buea
P.O. Box 63
South West Province
Republic of Cameroon
Telefax: +237 32 2595
Email: ndemasa2001@yahoo.com

LESOTHO
Prof. Zacharia A. Matsela
Retired Professor of Education
National University of Lesotho
P.O. Roma 180
LesothoTel: +266 340601
Fax: +266 340000
Email: care of Limakatso Rankol.ranko@nul.lsCÔTE D’IVOIREDr Arsène Konan Kouadio
Chief of Division
Research in Economics
Centre Ivoirien de Recherches
Economiques et Sociales (CIRES)
Cocody, Boulevard Latrille08 BP. 1295 ABIDJAN 08
Côte d’ivoire
Tel.: (225) 22 444 363 / 22448942
Fax.: (225) 22 440829
Email: arsenekk@yahoo.fr
arsenekouadio@hotmail.com

MALAWI(Acting)
Dr. Julius Mangisoni
Senior Lecturer
University of Malawi
Bunda College of Agriculture
Rural Development Department
P.O. Box 219,
Lilongwe, Malawi
Tel: +265 01277434/419/222
Fax: +265 01 277364
Email: mang@sdnp.org.mw
jmangisoni@yahoo.co.uk

E THIOPIA
Dr. Dejene Aredo
Associate Professor of Economics
Addis Ababa University
64

ATPS 2003 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND W ORKSHOP REPORT
P.O. Box 603
Freetown, Sierra Leone
Tel: +232 22 227831
Fax: +232 22 227453
Email: chris@sierratel.sl

MALI
Dr. Sidiki Gabriel Dembélé
Agrochimie/Agroforesterie et Fertilité des sols
Bureau Ouest-Africain d’Appui Organisational et deTechnologies Appropiées
B.P. E 3730, Bamako, Mali
Tél. : (223) 26 2559
Fax : (223) 23 1086
Cell : (223) 71 3806
Email : sidikigabriel@hotmail.com

SWAZILAND
Dr. Musa Dube
Faculty of Agriculture
University of Swaziland
Luyengo Campus
P. O. Luyengo, Swaziland
Tel: +268 5283021-3
Fax: +268 83021/83441
Email: madube@agric.uniswa.sz

MOZAMBIQUE
Eng. Lourino Alberto Chemane
ICT and Planning Advisor
Executive Secretariat, ICT Policy Commission
Bairro da Coop
Rua Particular Dr. Antonio de Almeida
61 R/C Direito, Maputo
MoçambiqueTel: +258 1 309398
Fax: +258 1 302289
Email: chemane@zebra.uem.mz

TANZANIA
Mrs. Bitrina D. Diyamett
Senior Scientific Officer
Tanzania Council for Science and Technology(COSTECH)
P.O. Box 32183
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tel: +007 222 700745
Fax: +007 222 775313
Email: bitrind@yahoo.com

NIGERIA
Prof. Michael C. Madukwe
Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension
University of Nigeria
Nsukka, Enugu State
Nigeria
Tel: +234 42 771019
Fax: +234 42 771500
Email: natps@hyperia.com or
madukwe@hyperia.com

UGANDADr. Joseph Obua
Faculty of Forestry & Nature Conservation
Makerere University
P.O. Box 7062
Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256 41 543 647
Fax: +256 41 533 574
Email: obua@foresmuk.mak.ac.ug

Prof. Femi Olokesusi
Nigerian Institute for Socialand Economic Research (NISER)
P.M.B 5 UI Post Office
Oyo Road, Ojoo
Ibadan, Nigeria
Tel: +234 2 8103345/8102904
Fax: +234 2 2413121
Email: olokesus@niser.org.ng

ZAMBIA
Ms. Charlotte M. Wonani
LecturerDevelopment Studies Dept.
University of Zambia
P.O. Box 32379
Lusaka, Zambia
Tel: +260 1 252514/292884
Fax: +260 1 253952
Email:cmwonani@yahoo.com

SENEGAL
Dr. Medou Diakhaté
Consultant – SISERA &External Lecturer - IDEPBP 12160 Dakar – Senegal
Phone: (221) 559-9589
E-mail: m_diakhate@hotmail.com

ZIMBABWE
Mr. Benson Zwizwai
Deputy Director
Institute of Development Studies
P. O. Box 880
Harare, Zimbabwe
Tel: +263 4 333341/3
Fax: +263 4 333345
Email: bmzwizwai@science.uz.ac.zw

SIERRA LEONE
Mr. Chris Squire
Head, Dept of Mechanical Engineering
University of Sierra Leone
c/o Computech, 22 Pultney St.
65

MASERULESOTHOTABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Abbreviations
Organization of Conference and Workshop
Conference and Workshop Opening Ceremonies
Conference Plenary Presentations
Methodology Workshop
Closure of Conference and Workshop
Comments and Review by Participants
Report from ATPS Secretariat
Report from the National Co-ordinators Meeting
Appendices(i) Opening Speech(ii) Workshop Programme(iii) List of ParticipantsAfrican Technology Policy Studies Network

Science and Technology andFood Security in Africa

Report of the 2003 ATPS Annual Workshop andConference held on November 10 - 15, 2003

MASERULESOTHOLIST OF ABBREVIATIONSA report of the 2002 Annual Workshop of the African Technology Policy Studies Network held at
Nicon Hilton, Abuja, Nigeria, from November 11 to 15, 2002.

© 2004 African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)

PUBLISHED BY ATPS COMMUNICATIONS DEPARTMENT

Printed by Newtec Concepts
P.O. Box 14180 00800 Westlands
Nairobi,Kenya
Tel: 4449849, Fax: 4450399

ISBN: 9966-916-33-4

ABOUT THE AFRICAN TECHNOLOGY POLICY STUDIES NETWORKThe African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is a multi-disciplinary network of
researchers, policy makers, actors in the private sector and other end users interested in generating,promoting and strengthening innovative science and technology policies in Africa. With a regionalsecretariat in Nairobi, the network operates through national chapters in 17 countries, with an
expansion plan to cover the entire sub-Saharan Africa.
One of the objectives of the network is to disseminate research results to policy makers, legislators,
the organized private sector, civil society, mass media and farmers’ groups through publications,dialogue and advocacy. Among its range of publications are the Working Paper Series (WPS),
Research Paper Series (RPS), Special Paper Series (SPS), Technopolicy Briefs and Workshop
Reports.
ATPS is supported by a growing number of donors including the International Development ResearchCentre (IDRC), the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Rockefeller Foundation, the World
Bank, the OPEC Fund, Ford Foundation, Coca-Cola Eastern Africa, the African Development Bank,
infoDev and the Royal Dutch Government.

For more information on ATPS Contact: The Executive Director, The African Technology Policy
Studies Network, 3rd Floor, The Chancery, Valley Road, P.O. Box 10081 00100 General Post Office,Nairobi, Kenya.
Email: info@atpsnet.org
Tel: +254-020-2714092/168/498 Fax: +254-020-2714028
Website: http://www.atpsnet.org