PROJECT ON CONSTRUCTION OF
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIESIN THE THILAWA SEZ ZONE A

FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTREPORT

June 2015

GOLDEN DOWA ECO-SYSTEM MYANMAR CO., LTD.

Project Site

Project Location Map

Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry
Office No. (28), Ottrathiri Township
Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
Attention:

His Excellency Mr. Win Tun
Union Minister
Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry

Subject:

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report in respect of the“Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone
A” Project (the EIA report including Environmental Management Plan
(EMP))

Dear Sir,
We refer to the captioned EIA report, which was prepared and finalized by Nippon Koei Co.,
Ltd., which is an EIA consulting company as the third party, in accordance withEnvironmental Conservation Law, Rules and Procedures under the instruction of the Ministryof Environmental Conservation and Forestry and formally submitted to the Ministry ofEnvironmental Conservation and Forestry.
Intending to be legally bound hereby and financially liable to the Ministry of Environmental
Conservation and Forestry here under, we:a. Endorse and confirm to the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry theaccuracy and completeness of the EIA.
b. Confirm and undertake to the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry that
the EIA has been prepared in strict compliance with applicable laws, rules, regulations
and procedures including Environmental Conservation Law, Rules and Procedures.
c. Confirm and undertake to the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry thatthe project company established by Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. in respect of the“Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A” project
shall at all times comply fully with: (i) any and all commitments and obligations as set
forth in the EIA, and (ii) any and all plans and the various components thereof,
including without limitation, impact avoidance, mitigation, and remediation measures,and with respect to both (i) and (ii), including but not limited to such commitments,

obligations, plans and measures related to the development, construction,commissioning, operation and maintenance of the project, and any circumstance inwhich work done or to be done, or services performed or to be performed, in connection
with the project’s development, construction, commissioning, operation andmaintenance is carried out or intended or required to be carried out by any contractor,
subcontractor or other party.
The issuance of this confirmation has been duly authorized by granting singing authorization
to Mr. Jun YAMAMOTO, Managing Director of GOLDEN DOWA ECO-SYSTEM
MYANMAR CO., LTD..

Jun YAMAMOTO (Mr.)
Managing Director
GOLDEN DOWA ECO-SYSTEM MYANMAR CO., LTD.

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................ 1-1
1.1 Project Proponent/Owner..................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Type of Project and Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)/ Environment
Impact Assessment (EIA) Requirement ............................................................... 1-1
1.3 Implementing Organizations for Environmental Impact Assessment .................... 1-2
1.4 Overall Framework of Environmental Impact Assessment ................................... 1-2
CHAPTER 2: POLICYFOR
ENVIRONMENTAL AND
SOCIALCONSIDERATIONS............................................................................ 2-1
2.1 Project’s Policy for Environmental and Social Considerations ............................. 2-1
2.2 Quantitative Target Levels for Consideration of Surrounding Environment.......... 2-2
2.3 Institutional Arrangement .................................................................................... 2-9
CHAPTER 3: PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................. 3-1
3.1 Project Purpose.................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2 Alternatives for Achieving the Project Purposes .................................................. 3-1
3.3 Project Outline .................................................................................................... 3-2
3.4 Description of Project Facilities ........................................................................... 3-6
CHAPTER 4: OVERALL CONDITIONS IN THE SURROUNDING AREA ......... 4-1
4.1 Living Environment (Pollution Status)................................................................. 4-1
4.2 Natural Environment ........................................................................................... 4-8
4.3 Social Environment ............................................................................................. 4-15
CHAPTER 5: SCOPING AND TERMS OF REFERENCE FORINVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL, , SOCIAL, AND
HEALTHIMPACTSAND
EMERGENCYRISK
ASSESSMENTS ................................................................................... 5-1
5.1 Scoping for Environmental, Social, and Health Impacts and Emergency
Risk Assessments................................................................................................ 5-1
5.2 Terms of Reference for Investigation of Environmental and Social
Conditions .......................................................................................................... 5-5
CHAPTER 6: FIELD SURVEY .................................................................................. 6-1
6.1 Outline ................................................................................................................ 6-1
6.2 Air Quality and Meteorology ............................................................................... 6-3
6.3 Water Quality ...................................................................................................... 6-10
6.4 Soil Quality ......................................................................................................... 6-14iProject on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

6.5

Noise and Vibration Level ................................................................................... 6-15

CHAPTER 7: SUMMARY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, AND
HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENTS AND EMERGENCYRISK ASSESSMENT ........................................................................... 7-1
CHAPTER 8: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ................................. 8-1
8.1 Air Pollution........................................................................................................ 8-1
8.2 Water Pollution.................................................................................................... 8-14
8.3 Noise and Vibration ............................................................................................. 8-17
8.4 Offensive Odor .................................................................................................... 8-23
8.5 Global Warming .................................................................................................. 8-25
CHAPTER 9: SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ..................................................... 9-1
9.1 Landscape ........................................................................................................... 9-1
9.2 Water Use ............................................................................................................ 9-3
CHAPTER 10: HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT ................................................... 10-1
10.1 Occupational Health and Safety including Accidents and Infectious
Diseases .............................................................................................................. 10-1
10.2 Community Health and Safety including Accidents and Infectious Diseases ........ 10-4
CHAPTER 11: EMERGENCY RISK ASSESSMENT ................................................ 11-1
11.1 Initial Risk Assessment ........................................................................................ 11-1
11.2 Flood Risk ........................................................................................................... 11-2
11.3 Risk for Fire ........................................................................................................ 11-3
CHAPTER 12: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN .................................. 12-1
12.1 Environmental Management Plan ........................................................................ 12-1
12.2 Mitigation and Consideration Measures ............................................................... 12-1
12.3 Environmental Monitoring Plan........................................................................... 12-6
12.4 Institutional Arrangement .................................................................................... 12-8
CHAPTER 13: PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS .............................................................. 13-1
13.1 Outline of Public Consultations ........................................................................... 13-1
13.2 Summary of the Stakeholder Meeting at Scoping Stage ....................................... 13-1
13.3 Summary of the Stakeholder Meeting regarding Draft EIA Report....................... 13-2
13.4 Comments from the Public of the First Public Disclosure .................................... 13-3
13.5 Summary of the First Community Consultation Meeting ..................................... 13-4
13.6 Summary of the Second Community Consultation Meeting ................................. 13-5
13.7 Summary of the Third Community Consultation Meeting .................................... 13-6
13.8 Comments from the Public of the Second Public Disclosure ................................ 13-7

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

CHAPTER 14: COMMENTS FROM MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTALCONSERVATIONANDFORESTRYAND
ITS
CORRESPONDS ................................................................................. 14-1
CHAPTER 15: KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION ............................................ 15-1
15.1 Key Findings ....................................................................................................... 15-1
15.2 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 15-2
APPENDIX
Appendix 1: Expert CVs
Appendix 2: Laboratory Analysis Record
Appendix 3: Record of 1 st Stakholeder Meeting
Appendix 4: Record of 2nd Stakholeder Meeting
Appendix 5: Comments in the First Public Diclosureiii

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.2-1: Screening for IEE/EIA Requirement................................................................ 1-1
Table 1.3-1: Organizations in Charge of EIA Study............................................................. 1-2
Table 1.3-2: Members of the EIA Study Team..................................................................... 1-2
Table 1.4-1: Overall Schedule of Environmental Impact Assessment .................................. 1-3
Table 2.1-1: List of Environmental Laws and Regulations Relevant to Environmental
Conservation .................................................................................................. 2-1
Table 2.1-2: Ambient Air Quality Standards in Southeast Asian Countries and Japan,
and of IFC ...................................................................................................... 2-3
Table 2.1-3: Target Levels for Ambient Air Quality ............................................................ 2-4
Table 2.1-4: Target Levels for Gas Emission ....................................................................... 2-5
Table 2.1-5: Target Levels of Effluent Water Quality .......................................................... 2-5
Table 2.1-6: Noise Standard at the Construction Stage in Various Countries ........................ 2-6
Table 2.1-7: Target Noise Level at the Construction Phase .................................................. 2-6
Table 2.1-8: Ambient Noise Standards at the Operation Stage in South-East Countries ....... 2-7
Table 2.1- 9: Target Ambient Noise Levels at the Operation Phase ...................................... 2-8
Table 2.1-10: Vibration Standards in the Construction Stage in Various Countries............... 2-8
Table 2.1-11: Target Vibration Levels at the Construction Phase ......................................... 2-8
Table 2.1-12 Vibration Standard to Receptors near Factories in Japan ................................. 2-9
Table 2.1-13: Target Vibration Levels at the Operation Phase.............................................. 2-9
Table 3.2-1: Comparison of Alternatives for Project Development ...................................... 3-2
Table 3.3-1: Preliminary Project Schedule .......................................................................... 3-6
Table 3.4-1: General Specification of the Incineration Facility (Tentative) ........................ 3-10
Table 3.4-2: Planned Mitigation Measures on Air Pollution by Exhaust Gas ......................3-11
Table 3.4-3: General Specifications for the Wastewater Treatment Facilities (Tentative) ... 3-17
Table 3.4-4: Description of Other Facilities ...................................................................... 3-19
Table 4.1-1: Summary of Environmental Survey for Overall Conditions ............................. 4-1
Table 4.1-2: Outline of Air Quality Survey ......................................................................... 4-2
Table 4.1-3: Locations of Air Quality Survey ...................................................................... 4-2
Table 4.1-4: Results of Air Quality Survey in 2013 ............................................................. 4-3
Table 4.1-5: Outline of Water Quality Survey ..................................................................... 4-3
Table 4.1-6: Location of Water Quality Survey ................................................................... 4-3
Table 4.1-7: Reference Standards for Surface Water Quality ............................................... 4-4
Table 4.1-8: Results of Water Quality Survey at TW2 ......................................................... 4-5
Table 4.1-9: Outline of Soil Quality Survey ........................................................................ 4-6
Table 4.1-10: Location of Soil Quality Survey .................................................................... 4-6
Table 4.1-11: Reference Standards for Soil Quality ............................................................. 4-6
Table 4.1-12: Results of Soil Quality Analysis at ST2 ......................................................... 4-7
Table 4.1-13: Survey Parameters and Related Standard for Noise Level.............................. 4-7
Table 4.1-14: Sampling Duration for Noise Level Survey ................................................... 4-7
Table 4.1-15: Locations of Noise Survey ............................................................................ 4-8
Table 4.1-16: Results of Noise Levels in 2013 .................................................................... 4-8
Table 4.2-1: Monthly Maximum, Minimum, Mean Temperatures and Rainfall at
Kaba-Aye Station in Yangon City (1981-2010) ............................................. 4-10
Table 4.2-2: Geological Survey of the Region Locating in and around Project Site ........... 4-14

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Table 4.3-1: Total Population of Related Townships (2014) .............................................. 4-16
Table 4.3-2: Races in Related Townships (2014) ............................................................... 4-16
Table 4.3-3: Religion in Related Townships (2014) ........................................................... 4-16
Table 4.3-4: Existing Status of Local Livelihoods in Related Townships (2014)................ 4-17
Table 4.3-5: Cultural Heritage of Related Townships (2014) ............................................. 4-18
Table 4.3-6: Past Major Floods in Yangon Region (1997-2007) ........................................ 4-20
Table 5.1-1: Scoping Matrix for Impact Factor ................................................................... 5-1
Table 5.1-2: Results of Scoping for Environmental, Social, and Health Impacts andEmergency Risk Assessments......................................................................... 5-2
Table 5.1-3: Direct and Indirect Impacts for the Result of Scoping...................................... 5-4
Table 5.2-1: Terms of Reference for Investigation of Environmental and Social
Conditions ...................................................................................................... 5-5
Table 6.1-1: Summary of Environmental and Socioeconomic Survey ................................. 6-1
Table 6.1-2: Name of Point for Field Survey ....................................................................... 6-1
Table 6.2-1: Sampling Items for Meteorology and Air Quality Survey ................................ 6-3
Table 6.2-2: Sampling Point for Meteorology and Air Quality Survey................................. 6-3
Table 6.3-3: Sampling and Analysis Method for Air Quality ............................................... 6-4
Table 6.2-4: Results of the Ambient Air Quality Survey (Dry Season) ................................ 6-7
Table 6.2-5: Results of the Ambient Air Quality Survey (Rainy Season) ............................. 6-7
Table 6.3-1: Parameters for the Water Quality Survey ....................................................... 6-10
Table 6.3-2: Sampling Points for the Water Quality Survey................................................6-11
Table 6.3-3: Container and Preservation Method for the Water Samples ............................6-11
Table 6.3-4: Field Equipment for the Water Quality Survey ...............................................6-11
Table 6.3-5: Analysis Methods for Water Samples ............................................................ 6-12
Table 6.3-6: Results of the Water Quality Survey .............................................................. 6-13
Table 6.4-1: Parameters for Soil Quality Survey ............................................................... 6-14
Table 6.4-2: Sampling Point for Soil Quality Survey......................................................... 6-15
Table 6.4 3: Results of the Soil Quality Survey ................................................................. 6-15
Table 6.5-1: Survey Parameters for Noise Level ............................................................... 6-16
Table 6.5-2: Survey Point for Noise and Vibration Level Measurement............................. 6-16
Table 6.5-3: Methods for Noise and Vibration Measurement ............................................. 6-16
Table 6.5-4: Field Equipment for Noise Survey ................................................................ 6-16
Table 6.5-5: Results of the Noise Level Survey ................................................................. 6-17
Table 6.5-6: Results of the Vibration Level Survey ........................................................... 6-17
Table 7.1-1: Results of the Environmental, Social, and Health Impacts and Emergency
Risk Assessments ........................................................................................... 7-1
Table 8.1-1: Pollutant Emissions from Construction Machineries ....................................... 8-2
Table 8.1-2: Pollutant Emissions from Incinerator .............................................................. 8-2
Table 8.1-3: Exhaust Gas Emission Parameters for the Incinerator ...................................... 8-2
Table 8.1-4: Atmospheric Stability and Corresponding Stability Condition ......................... 8-3
Table 8.1-5: Classification of Atmospheric Stability............................................................ 8-4
Table 8.1-6: Background Concentration .............................................................................. 8-5
Table 8.1-7: Parameters for Diffusion Width (α, γ).............................................................. 8-6
Table 8.1-8: Power Index for Estimation ............................................................................. 8-8
Table 8.1-9: Predicted Concentration of Ambient Air Quality ............................................. 8-9
Table 8.1-10: Predicted Concentration of Ambient Air Quality ........................................... 8-9
Table 8.2-1: Target Levels of Effluent Water Quality Discharging to Water Body ............. 8-16
Table 8.3-1: Conditions for Construction and Closure Noise Prediction ............................ 8-18
Table 8.3-2: Conditions for Operation Noise Prediction .................................................... 8-18
Table 8.3-3: Conditions for Construction and Closure Vibration Prediction....................... 8-19v

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Table 8.3-4: Conditions for Operation Vibration Prediction............................................... 8-20
Table 8.3-5: Prediction Results of Noise in the Construction and Closure Stages .............. 8-21
Table 8.3-6: Prediction Results of Vibration in the Construction and Closure Stages ......... 8-21
Table 8.3-7: Prediction Results of Noise in the Operation Stage ........................................ 8-21
Table 8.3-8: Prediction Results of Vibration in the Operation Stage .................................. 8-22
Table 9.1-1: Outline of the Landfill..................................................................................... 9-1
Table 9.2-1: Description of Water Sources around the Project Site ...................................... 9-3
Table 10.1-1: Expected Mitigation Measures against Negative Impact on Occupational
Health and Safety (Construction and Closure Stages) ................................... 10-2
Table 10.1-2: Expected Mitigation Measures against Negative Impact on Occupational
Health and Safety (Operation Stage)............................................................. 10-3
Table 10.2-1: Expected Mitigation Measures against Negative Impact on Community
Health and Safety (Construction and Closure Stages) ................................... 10-5
Table 10.2-2: Expected Mitigation Measures against Negative Impact on Community
Health and Safety (Operation Stage)............................................................. 10-5
Table 12.2-1: Mitigation Measures in the Construction Stage............................................ 12-1
Table 12.2-2: Mitigation Measures in the Operation Stage ................................................ 12-3
Table 12.2-3: Mitigation and Consideration Measures in the Closure Stage ...................... 12-5
Table 12.3-1: Monitoring Plan (Construction Stage) ......................................................... 12-6
Table 12.3-2: Monitoring Plan (Operation Stage) .............................................................. 12-6
Table 12.3-3: Monitoring Plan (Closure Stage) ................................................................. 12-7
Table 12.3-4: Budget Plan for the Environmental Monitoring ........................................... 12-8
Table 13.1-1: Outline of Public Consultation Meetings ..................................................... 13-1
Table 13.2-1: Summary of Participants of the First Stakeholder Meeting .......................... 13-1
Table 13.3-1: Summary of Participants of the Second Stakeholder Meeting ...................... 13-2
Table 13.4-1: Public Comments and the Response the First Public Disclosure .................. 13-3
Table 13.5-1: Comments and the Response at the First Community Consultation
Meeting ...................................................................................................... 13-4
Table 13.6-1: Comments and the Response at the Second Community Consultation
Meeting ...................................................................................................... 13-5
Table 13.7-1: Comments and the Response at the Third Community Consultation
Meeting ...................................................................................................... 13-6
Table 14.1-1: Responses to Comments from MOECAF (Clause 18) ................................. 14-1
Table 14.1-2: Responses to Comments from MOECAF (Clause 19) ................................. 14-3

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.3-1: Proposed Organizational Structure for Environmental Management ofIndustrial Waste Treatment Facilities in the Pre-construction andConstruction Stages ..................................................................................... 2-9
Figure 2.3-2: Proposed Organizational Structure for Environmental Management ofIndustrial Waste Treatment Facilities in the Operation Stage........................ 2-9
Figure 2.3-3: Preliminary Organizational Structure of the Project Management Body
and Roles of the Environmental, Health, and Safety Section ...................... 2-10
Figure 3.3-1: Location of the Project Site............................................................................ 3-3
Figure 3.3-2: Draft Layout Plan of the Project Facilities ..................................................... 3-4
Figure 3.3-3: Perspective Images (Upper: Starting Operation, Lower: Completion of
Operation) ................................................................................................... 3-5
Figure 3.4-1: Process Flow of Solid Waste Management ..................................................... 3-7
Figure 3.4-2: Classification of Waste for Treatment ............................................................ 3-8
Figure 3.4-3: Classification Flow for Usage of Waste Treatment Facilities .......................... 3-8
Figure 3.4-4: Example of Sorting Process ........................................................................... 3-9
Figure 3.4-5: Example of Solidification Process ................................................................. 3-9
Figure 3.4-6: Example of Fuel Conversion Facility ........................................................... 3-10
Figure 3.4-7: Process Flow Diagram of Incineration Facility .............................................3-11
Figure 3.4-8: Environmental Countermeasure Equipment on Exhaust Gas ........................ 3-12
Figure 3.4-9: Image of Chemical Baghouse Filter ............................................................. 3-12
Figure 3.4-10: Structure of Landfill Facilities (Final Disposal Facilities) .......................... 3-13
Figure 3.4-11: Example of Odor Prevention System ......................................................... 3-14
Figure 3.4-12: Water Collection System and Structure of Baseliner .................................. 3-14
Figure 3.4-13: Example of Installation of Baseliner System .............................................. 3-15
Figure 3.4-14: Cross Section of Landfill and Structure of Final Cover .............................. 3-15
Figure 3.4-15: Examples of Eco-friendly Facilities after Completion of Closure ofLandfill ..................................................................................................... 3-16
Figure 3.4-16: Process Flow of Wastewater Treatment ...................................................... 3-16
Figure 3.4-17: Examples of Wastewater Treatment Facilities ............................................ 3-17
Figure 3.4-18: Designed Dike Surrounding the Project Site and Retention Pond ............... 3-18
Figure 3.4-19: Groundwater Collection Pipe (Typical Section of Landfill) ........................ 3-19
Figure 4.1-1: Location of Environmental Survey for Overall Conditions............................. 4-2
Figure 4.2-1: Location of Meteorology Station in the Yangon Area ................................... 4-10
Figure 4.2-2: Climograph of Kaba-aye Station in Yangon City (1981-2010) ......................4-11
Figure 4.2-3: Mean Monthly Relative Humidity at Kaba-Aye Station (1991-2000) ............4-11
Figure 4.2-4: Maximum Wind Speed and Mean Monthly Wind Speed at Kaba-Aye
Station (1991-2008)................................................................................... 4-12
Figure 4.2-5: Physiographic Features in Yangon Area ....................................................... 4-13
Figure 4.2-6: Geological Map in and around the Project Site ............................................ 4-14
Figure 4.3-1: Yangon Electricity Supply Map ................................................................... 4-18
Figure 4.3-2: Picture of Seated Buddha Statue in Mongyo-swan Monastery...................... 4-19
Figure 6.1-1: Location of Environmental Baseline Data Sampling Points ........................... 6-2
Figure 6.2-1: Location of Sampling Point ........................................................................... 6-3
Figure 6.2-2: Wind Rose in the Project Area ....................................................................... 6-4

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Figure 6.2-3: Wind Speed in the Project Area ..................................................................... 6-5
Figure 6.2-4: Solar Radiation and Radiation Balance in the Project Area ............................ 6-6
Figure 6.2-5: Results of the Ambient Air Quality Survey-1 ................................................. 6-8
Figure 6.2-6: Results of the Ambient Air Quality Survey-2 ................................................. 6-9
Figure 8.1-1: Wind Direction for Each Prediction Stage...................................................... 8-3
Figure 8.1-2: Average Wind Speed for Each Prediction Stage ............................................. 8-3
Figure 8.1-3: Appearance of Atmospheric Stability Condition for Each Prediction Stage .... 8-4
Figure 8.1-4: Diffusion Coefficient of Width ...................................................................... 8-6
Figure 8.1-5: Prediction Procedure Flow............................................................................. 8-8
Figure 8.1-6: Contour of Predicted NO2 Concentration .................................................... 8-10
Figure 8.1-7: Contour of Predicted PM10 Concentration ...................................................8-11
Figure 8.1-8: Contour of Predicted SO2 Concentration ..................................................... 8-12
Figure 8.1-9: Contour of Predicted CO Concentration....................................................... 8-13
Figure 8.2-1: Process Flow of Wastewater Treatment ........................................................ 8-15
Figure 8.3-1: Prediction Point for Noise and Vibration...................................................... 8-19
Figure 9.1-1: Cross Section of the Proposed Landfill .......................................................... 9-2
Figure 9.1-2: View Angle from the Contact Road................................................................ 9-2
Figure 9.1-3: Perspective Drawing of the Proposed Site...................................................... 9-2
Figure 9.2-1: Geographic Log around the Project Site ......................................................... 9-4
Figure 9.2-2: Water Collection System and Structure of Baseliner ...................................... 9-5
Figure 9.2-3: Cross Section of Landfill and Structure of Final Cover .................................. 9-5
Figure 10.2-1: Image of Expected Health Care Services (Left: Medical Check, Right:
Disinfection) ............................................................................................. 10-6
Figure 12.4-1: Proposed Organizational Structure for Environmental Management ofIndustrial Waste Treatment Facilities in the Pre-construction andConstruction Stages ................................................................................... 12-9
Figure 12.4-2: Proposed Organizational Structure for Environmental Management ofIndustrial Waste Treatment Facilities in the Operation Stage...................... 12-9
Figure 12.4-3: Proposed Organizational Structure for Environmental Management ofIndustrial Waste Treatment Facilities in the Closure Stage ....................... 12-10
Figure 13.2-1: Stakeholder Meeting at Scoping Stage ....................................................... 13-2
Figure 13.3-1: Stakeholder Meeting regarding draft EIA Report ....................................... 13-3
Figure 13.5-1: Pictures of the First Community Consultation Meeting .............................. 13-5
Figure 13.6-1: Pictures of the Second Community Consultation Meeting .......................... 13-6
Figure 13.7-1: Pictures of the Third Community Consultation Meeting............................. 13-7

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSAIDSAcquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

As

Arsenic

B

Boron

Ba

Barium

BOD

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

CCTV

Closed-Circuit Television

Cd

Cadmium

CHS

Community Health and Safety

CN

CyanideCO

Carbon Monoxide

COD

Chemical Oxygen DemandCr

ChromiumCu

CopperdB

DecibelDO

Dissolved Oxygen

DMH

Department of Meteorology and Hydrology

DXNs

Dioxins and Dioxin-like Compounds

EC

Electrical Conductivity

ECL

Environmental Conservation Law

ECRs

Environmental Conservation Rules

EHS

Environmental, Health, and Safety

EIA

Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP

Environmental Management Plan

EPAS

Environmental Perimeter Air Station

ERA

Emergency Risk Assessment

Fe

Iron

F/S

Feasibility Studyix

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

FDI

Foreign Direct Investment

HCL

Hydrochloric Acid

HCN

Hydrogen Cyanide

Hg

Mercury

HIA

Health Impact Assessment

HIV

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

H2S

Hydrogen Sulfide

IEE

Initial Environmental Examination

IFC

International Finance Cooperation

ISO

International Organization for Standardization

IUCN

International Union for Conservation of Natural Resource

JICA

Japan International Cooperation Agency

La

Vibration as Accretion

LAeq

A-weighted Equivalent Sound Level

Lv

Vibration as Velocity

Mn

Manganese

MOECAF

Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry

MOI

Ministry of Industry

MOT

Ministry of Transport

NH4

Ammonium

Ni

NickelNO2

NitriteNO3

NitrateNOx

Nitrogen Oxide

OHS

Occupational Health and Safety

ORP

Oxidoreduction Potential

Ox

Oxygen

Pb

Lead

PM10

Particle Matter 10

PM2.5

Particle Matter 2.5

PO4

PhosphatexProject on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

PPE

Personal Protective Equipment

ppm

parts per million

PR/CR

Public Relations/Company Relations

Se

Selenium

SEZ

Special Economic Zone

SIA

Social Impact Assessment

SO2

Sulfur Dioxide

SPM

Suspended Particulate Matter

SWM

Solid Waste Management

TOR

Terms of Reference

TSMC

Thilawa SEZ Management Committee

TSP

Total Suspended Particulates

US.EPA

United States Environmental Protection Agency

WHO

World Health Organization

YCDC

Yangon City Development Committee

Zn

Zinc

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

CHAPTER 1:

1.1

INTRODUCTION

Project Proponent/Owner

1.1.1 Project Proponent
GOLDEN DOWA ECO-SYSTEM MYANMAR CO., LTD.
Address: Lot No. E1, Thilawa SEZ Zone A, Myanmar
1.1.2 Project Owner
DOWA ECO-SYSTEM CO., LTD.
Address: 14-1, Sotokanda 4-Chome Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0021 Japan

1.2

Type of Project and Initial Environmental Examination(IEE)/Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Requirement

1) Type of Project: Construction of Solid Waste Treatment Facility2) IEE/EIA Requirement: EIA is required in accordance with the draft EIA procedures because theproposed Project includes disposal of hazardous solid waste, assummarized in Table 1.2-1.
Table 1.2-1: Screening for IEE/EIA Requirement
Type ofInvestment
Project
Disposalof
non-hazardous
waste

Size of Project which
Require IEE

Size of Project Which
Require EIA

Landfilling <10 t/day,
Waste < 25,000 t/day,Other waste substances <50 t/dayLandfilling ≥ 10 t/day,
Waste ≥ 25,000 t/day,Other waste substances ≥50 t/day

Incinerator
for
non-hazardous
waste
Recycling plantof non-hazardous
waste (house use
waste)< 3 t/hour≥ 3 t/hour< 50 t/day≥ 50 t/day

Disposalofhazardous solid
waste
Recycling plantofhazardouswaste-

All sizes< 10 t/day≥ 10 t/day

Size of the Proposed Project
10,000-30,000 t/year (30-80 t/day) of
non-hazardous and hazardous wastes will
be received. Some of the waste will bedisposed to landfill for non-hazardous
waste.
Capacity of incinerator will be 20 t/day(less than 1 t/hour)
10,000-30,000 t/year (30-80 t/day) of
non-hazardous and hazardous wastes will
be received. Some of the waste will bedisposed to landfill for non-hazardous
waste.
The proposed Project will receive
hazardous waste.
10,000-30,000 t/year (30-80 t/day) of
non-hazardous and hazardous wastes will
be received. Some of the waste will bedisposed to landfill for non-hazardous
waste.

Source: EIA Study Team

1-1

Screening
Results
EIA may berequired.

IEE
required.

is

EIA may berequired.

EIA
required.

is

EIA may berequired.

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

1.3

Implementing Organizations for Environmental Impact Assessment

The organizations in charge of implementation of EIA are presented in Table 1-3.1. Furthermore, themembers of the EIA Study Team are listed in Table 1.3-2, and the curriculum vitae (CVs) of theexperts for the EIA Study are attached in Appendix-1.
Table 1.3-1: Organizations in Charge of EIA Study
Organization
Leading organization

Name of Organization
Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. (NK)Supporting organization

Myanmar Koei International Co., Ltd.
(MKI)Resource and Environment Myanmar Ltd.
(REM)

Address
4, 5-chome, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo,
Japan
No.1A/28, Mya Thidar Housing
Ward II, South Okkalapa
Township, Yangon
702 Delta Plaza, Shwegondaing
Road, Bahan Township, Yangon

Responsibility
Overall management andtechnical aspect of EIA
Field survey and stakeholder
meeting
Field survey

Source: EIA Study Team

Table 1.3-2: Members of the EIA Study Team
Name of
Organization
NipponKoei
Co., Ltd.

Position

Background

Team Leader
Social Impact Assessment (SIA), Health Impact
Assessment(HIA),
Emergency
Risk
Assessments (ERA) and Solid Waste
Management Expert
Solid Waste Management Expert
EIA Expert (Air)EIA Expert (Noise and Vibration)
EIA Expert (Groundwater)
EIA Expert (Offensive Odor)

Myanmar Koei
International
Co., Ltd.

Technical Manager

Resource andEnvironment
Myanmar Ltd.

Team Leader of Water, Soil, Air Quality
Baseline Survey
Water Quality and Soil Quality Survey

Coordinator/ Noise and Vibration Survey

Air Quality Survey
Source: EIA Study Team

1.4

M. Eng. (Global Architecture)
B. Eng. (Naval Architecture and Ocean
Engineering)
M. Eng. (Environmental Management)
B. Eng. (Environmental Engineering)
B. Eng. (Civil Engineering)
B. Eng. (Civil Engineering)
M. Eng. (Urban and Environmental
Engineering)
B. Eng. (Civil Engineering)
M. Eng. (Chemical Engineering)
B. Eng. (Chemical Engineering)
M. Sc. (Frontier Science)
B. Agr. (Agriculture)
M. Sc. (Forest Science)
B.Sc. (Biology)
Ph.D. (Agricultural Science)
M.Sc. (Agricultural Science)
B.Sc. (Forestry)
M.Sc. (Geology)
B.Sc. (Geology)
M.Sc. (Geology)
B.Sc. (Geology)
B.Sc. (Geology)

Years of
Experience
15 years
12 years

15 years
20 years
12 years
8 years
2 years
19 years
3 years
19 years
11 years
5 years

Overall Framework of Environmental Impact Assessment

As of May 2015, there is no enacted legislation on detailed legal process of EIA in Myanmar. However,the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (MOECAF) has been developing EIA
regulations which define the detailed legal process regarding EIA procedures including preparation of
EIA/IEE report, environmental management plan (EMP), public involvement, approval of EIA/IEE
report by MOECAF, and monitoring process after approval of EIA/IEE report. In this regard, theProject proponent decided to prepare an independent EIA report including EMP.
At the beginning of the EIA Study, the Project proponent had meetings with MOECAF in June 2014
and confirmed the EIA requirements and process of submission of documents related to EIA in the
Thilawa Special Economic Zone (SEZ). Accordingly, the first stakeholder meeting was held on 29
August 2014 to introduce the draft project description, and general environmental and social
conditions in the surrounding area.

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The draft EIA report was prepared considering the scoping document, results of field surveys, detailed
project description, EIA reports on solid waste treatment facility projects in Japan, technical guidelines
such as the Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines of the International Finance Corporation(IFC), and guidance from MOECAF. The draft EIA report was introduced in the second stakeholder
meeting held on 1 October 2014, and disclosed to public for gathering comments for two weeks. The
Project proponent received four comments which were incorporated into the draft EIA report. Then,the draft EIA report was finalized based on the comments from the stakeholders and submitted to
MOECAF through Thilawa SEZ Management Committee (TSMC) on 14 October 2014.
On a parallel with reviewing the draft EIA Report by MOECAF, the Project proponent submitted
Environmental Conservation and Protection Plan (ECPP), which is similar document as EMP and arequirement of commencement of the construction, to TSMC on 25 November 2014. Then, TSMC
issued the approval letter of ECPP on 23 December 2014 (Reference No. TSEZ-EP-003) with acondition on submission of the Final EIA Report before the commencement of commercial operation
with necessary modification based on the comments from MOECAF.
The final EIA Report is prepared and submitted to MOECAF through TSMC with some modification
based on the MOECAF comments on 11 March 2015 (No. 2/220 (B) (6)/ (1800/2015)) and commentsfrom communities and public. The overall schedule of EIA is shown in Table 1.4-1.
Table 1.4-1: Overall Schedule of Environmental Impact Assessment
Item

May

June

1. Kick-off Meeting with MOECAF
2. Examination of EIA Framework
Review of project description
Analysis of latest legal documents
Setting environmental target levels
2. Scoping for EIA Investigation
Preparation of draft scoping document
Stakeholder meeting for scoping document
Wrap-up Meeting with MOECAF
3. EIA Investigation
Metrology
Air Quality
Water Quality
Soil Quality
Noise & Vibration
Documentary survey
4. EIA Report Preparation
Preparation of draft EIA report
Stakeholder meeting for draft EIA reportwith public disclosure
Submission of draft EIA report to
MOECAF
Review of draft EIA report by MOECAF
Item
Review of the draft EIA report by
MOECAF
Community consultations
Finalization of the EIA report
Public Disclosure
Submission of the final EIA report to
TSMC and MOECAF
Approval of the final EIA report by the
TSMC
Source: EIA Study Team

July

2014
AugustSeptember

OctoberNovember

▲

▲
▲
▲

▲

▲

▲

▲

▲

▲
▲

▲
▲

2014
December

2015
January

February

March

April

May

June

▲
▲

▲

▲

▲
▲

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
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CHAPTER 2:

2.1

POLICY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND
SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS

Project’s Policy for Environmental and Social Considerations

2.1.1 Related Laws and Regulations
The protection and conservation of the natural environment is originally declared by the Constitutionof the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008). The Environmental Conservation Law (ECL) as afundamental environmental law was enacted in 2012. The ECL lays down the basic principles andgives guidance for systematic integration of matters on environmental conservation. It specifies that
the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (MOECAF) is responsible for theenforcement of environmental conservation policies, development of environmental management
plans, implementation of environmental monitoring, setting of environmental standards, managementof hazardous waste, and the development and implementation of a system for environmental impact
assessment and social impact assessment, etc. In 2014, the Environmental Conservation Rules (ECRs)
was issued as a bylaw of the ECL, and provided detailed rules on the enforcement of the requirementsof the ECL.
Also, the conservation of each natural resource and the urban environment has been specified by eachsector’s laws and regulations, such as the Protection of Wildlife and Wild Plants and Conservation of
Natural Areas Law (1994), National Environment Policy (1994), and Conservation of Water Resources
and Rivers Law (2006). Table 2.1-1 summarizes the major environmental laws and regulations in
Myanmar.
Table 2.1-1: List of Environmental Laws and Regulations Relevant to Environmental
Conservation
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Name of Law
Criminal Law (1891),
The Land Acquisition Act (1894),
Underground Water Act (1930)
Factories Act (1951)
Leave and Holidays Act (1951).
Public Health Law (1972)
Territorial Sea and Maritime Zone Law (1977)
Irrigation Law and Regulations (1982)
Law on Aquaculture (1989)
Marine Fisheries Law (1990)
Freshwater Fisheries Law (1991)
Forest Law (1992)
Myanmar Insurance Law (1993),
Protection of Wildlife and Wild Plants and Conservation of Natural Areas Law (1994)
National Environment Policy (1994)
Mines Law (1994)
Prevention of Hazard from Chemicals and Related Substances Law (2003)
Conservation of Water Resources and Rivers Law (2006)
Myanmar Special Economic Zone Law (2011)
Environmental Conservation Law (2012)
Farmland Law (2012)
Farmland Rules (2012)
Foreign Investment Law (2012)
Social Security Law (2012)
Minimum Wage Law (2013)

2-1

Note
-

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report
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26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

Name of Law
Foreign Investment Rules (2013)
Business for Ozone Depleting Substances: Notification No. 37/2014
Myanmar Investment Commission: Notification No.1/2013 and No.50/2014
Environmental Conservation Rules (2014)
Thilawa Special Economic Zone Law (2014)
Social Security Rules (2014)
Law on Standardization (2014)
Draft EIA Procedures

Note
In process

Source: EIA Study TeamIn principle, the Project proponent shall comply with the current laws, regulations, notifications,
instructions and procedures enacted by Myanmar Government and relevant regional authorities as wellas those related to the environmental conservation specified by MOECAF and other relevant
authorities.
Specifically, Project proponent shall adhere to the following policies based on the ECL and ECRs
regarding the environmental requirements for an industrial business owner in a special economic zone
(SEZ):-

To carry out by contributing the stipulated cash or kind in the relevant combined scheme forthe environmental conservation including the management and treatment of waste (Article 16(a), ECL),-

To contribute the stipulated users charges or management fees for the environmental
conservation according to the relevant industrial estate, special economic zone and businessorganization (Article 16 (b), ECL),-

To comply with the directives issued for environmental conservation according to the relevant
industrial estate, special economic zone, or business (Article 16 (c), ECL),-

To prepare an environmental impact assessment system and submit to the MOECAF (Article
55, ECRs), and-To implement and carry out an environmental management plan within the time stipulated by
MOECAF and submit the performance situation to MOECAF (Article 55, ECRs).

2.2

Quantitative Target Levels for Consideration of Surrounding
Environment

2.2.1 Necessity of Quantitative Target Levels
MOECAF is supposed to set the following environmental quality standards with the approval of theUnion Government and the Environmental Conservation Committee, according to the ECL:(a) Suitable surface water quality standards for rivers, streams, canals, springs, marshes, swamps,
lakes, reservoirs, and other inland water sources of the public;(b) Water quality standards for coastal and estuarine areas;(c) Underground water quality standards;(d) Atmospheric quality standards;(e) Noise and vibration standards;(f) Emissions standards;(g) Effluent standards;(h) Solid waste standards; and(i) Other environmental quality standards stipulated by the Union Government.

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Since these environmental quality standards have not been set yet by MOECAF as of December 2014,
this EIA Study sets the quantitative target levels on the following parameters which might cause some
negative impact on the surrounding environment as indicated in the scoping matrix in Chapter 5:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Ambient air quality
Emission gas from incineration plant
Effluent water quality
Noise
Vibration

The quantitative target levels were proposed referring to related international guidelines, similar
standards of neighboring countries and Japan, and technical capacity such as availability of laboratory
for analysis in Myanmar. When the environmental quality standards which shall be applied to thisProject are specified by the relevant Ministry of Myanmar Government in the future, the target levels
shall be updated with those standards.
2.2.2 Ambient Air Quality
This Project utilizes the target level of ambient air quality, which was adopted for the EIA report for
the Thilawa Special Economic Zone (SEZ) (Zone A) Development Project. The current situation isthat there is no ambient air quality standard to receptors in Myanmar. Therefore, the EIA report for theThilawa SEZ Zone A project referred to the international standard, Environmental, Health, and Safety(EHS) Guidelines prepared by the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and other standards inSoutheast Asian countries as shown in Table 2.1-2. Based on the reference values in Japan, Thailand,
and Vietnam, and of IFC, as shown in Table 2.1-3, the target levels for ambient air quality, as shown in
Table 2.1-3, have been set with the following considerations:-Target parameters of ambient air quality level were decided based on available measurement
equipment in Myanmar (SO2, NO2, CO, and PM10).

-

The averaging period adopted to 24 hours, which could be measured by the available
equipment in Myanmar whereas currently it is impossible to implement continuous measurefor one month at project site due to battery/ electrical capacities.

-

Target ambient air quality levels are referred from the standards of Japan, basically because ahuge amount of air quality monitoring data are available on Japan’s website. The parameters of
PM10 and TSP, which are not covered by standards of Japan, were referred from the standardsof Thailand because the applied unit is the same as of Japan’s.
Table 2.1-2: Ambient Air Quality Standards in Southeast Asian Countries Japan, and of IFC
Item
SO2

NO2

NOx
CO

TSP

PM10

Averaging
Period10 min1 hourJapan*1
0.1 ppm

0.3 ppm

0.35 mg/m3

24 hours
1 year
1 hour
24 hours
1 year
1 hour
24 hours
1 hour8 hours
24 hours
1 hour
24 hours
1 year
24 hours

0.04 ppm
0.04-0.06 ppm-20 ppm
10 ppm-0.12 ppm

0.125 mg/m3
0.05 mg/m3
0.2 mg/m3
0.04 mg/m3
30 mg/m3
10 mg/m3
0.3 mg/m3
0.2 mg/m3
0.14 mg/m3
0.15 mg/m3-

Thailand*2

0.17 ppm
0.03 ppm
30 ppm9 ppm
0.33 mg/m3
0.10 mg/m3
0.12 mg/m3

2-3Vietnam*3

IFC*4
0.5 mg/m3
0.125 mg/m (Interim Target-1)
0.05 mg/m3(Interim Target-2)0.02 mg/m3(Guideline)
0.2 mg/m3
0.04 mg/m3
30.15 mg/m3(Interim Target-1)
0.10 mg/m3(Interim Target-2)

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Item

SPM
PM2.5

Averaging
PeriodJapan*1

1 year-Thailand*2

0.05 mg/m3

Vietnam*3

0.05 mg/m3

1 hour
24 hours
24 hours

0.2 mg/m3
0.1 mg/m3
0.035 mg/m3

0.05 mg/m3-

1 year

0.015 mg/m3

0.025 mg/m3

-

IFC*4
0.07 mg/m3(Interim Target-3)0.05 mg/m3(Guideline)
0.07 mg/m3(Interim Target-1)
0.05 mg/m3(Interim Target-2)0.03 mg/m3(Interim Target-3)0.02 mg/m3(Guideline)
0.075 mg/m3(Interim Target-1)
0.05 mg/m3(Interim Target-2)
0.0375 mg/m3(Interim Target-3)0.025 mg/m3(Guideline)
0.035 mg/m3(Interim Target-1)
0.025 mg/m3(Interim Target-2)
0.015 mg/m3(Interim Target-3)0.01 mg/m3(Guideline)
0.16 mg/m3(Interim Target-1)
0.1 mg/m3(Guideline)-

1 hour
0.10 ppm
0.3 mg/m3
8 hours daily
0.07 ppm
0.2 mg/m3
maximum
1 year
0.04 ppm
0.14 mg/m3
Ox
1 hour
0.06 ppm
Pb
24 hours
0.0015 mg/m3
1 month0.0015 mg/m3
1 year0.0005 mg/m3
Source: EIA Report for the Thilawa Special Economic Zone Development Project (Zone A), 2013
*1) National Air Quality Standards in Japan (Circular No. 25, 1973, originally), Ministry of Environment, Japan*2) Notifications of National Environmental Board No.10, 24, 28, 33, and 36, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment,
Thailand*3) National Ambient Air Quality Standard (TCVN5973:2005), Ministry of Science and Technology in Vietnam*4) Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines, General EHS Guidelines, IFC, 2007(originally cited from the Air Quality
Guidelines of the World Health Organization)
Ozone

Table 2.1-3: Target Levels for Ambient Air Quality
Parameters
Averaging Period
Value
SO2
24 hours
0.04 ppm
NO2
24 hours
0.06 ppm
CO
24 hours
10 ppmPM10
24 hours
0.12 mg/m3
Source: EIA Report for the Thilawa Special Economic Zone Development Project (Zone A), 2013

2.2.3 Emission Gas from the Incineration Plant
Since there is no official standard for emission gas in Myanmar and the EIA report for the Thilawa
SEZ Zone A project did not cover the quantitative target levels for emission gas in its scope, theenvironmental criteria for emission gas in Japan are referred to in this case in consideration of thefollowing matters:-

The incinerator to be installed for this Project will be made by a Japanese manufacturer thatusually complies with the Japanese government’s requirements.

-

The Japanese basic act regulating emission gas was established more than 40 years ago, and it
has been well studied and substantiated. The environmental criteria for emission gas were set
based on scientific knowledge about short-term and long-term effects on human health.

-

Referring to the Japanese criteria will offer some advantages since the same parameter and unitof the standard value can be used and it is easy to be compared with a lot of existing
monitoring data in Japan.

The target levels and their basis of selection are shown in Table 2.1-4.

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Table 2.1-4: Target Levels for Gas Emission
Parameters

Target Level(O2 12%)0.15 g/m3 N
250 ppm

TSP
NO2
SO2

Source/Reason
Air Pollution Control Law, JapanFor NOx, Air Pollution Control Law, JapanThe standard value for SOx in Japan is calculated
considering the total acceptable SOx amount in each area.
If the incineration facility with the same specification isconstructed in Japan and the strictest standard is used, thistarget level is applied.
Air Pollution Control Law, Japan
Law Concerning Special Measures against Dioxins, Japan
Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Law, Japan116 ppm *HCL
700 mg/m3 N
DXNs
5 ng-TEQ/m3
CO
100 ppm
Note: *) Calculated by the incineration plant manufacturer
Source: EIA Study Team2.2.4 Effluent Water Quality
The standard values for effluent water quality is established by the industrial wastewater effluent
guideline of the Ministry of Industry (MOI). On the other hand, the Thilawa SEZ Zone A industrial
zone plans to set internal regulations on receiving wastewater from tenants connected to thecentralized water treatment system.
As the Project will treat wastewater by itself and discharge treated wastewater to the retention channel
in the industrial zone and will not connect the wastewater to the central water treatment system, theproponent shall adopt the industrial wastewater effluent guideline of MOI, which is summarized inTable 2.1-5.
After the wastewater standards stipulated by the Government of Myanmar and/or internal standards
for the Thilawa SEZ Zone A project are revised, this Project shall follow such regulations and adopt
the new or revised standards for the target levels.
Table 2.1-5: Target Levels of Effluent Water Quality
No.
Parameter
Target Level (MOI Regulation)
Unit
1
BOD (5 days at 20 ºC)
max. 20-60
ppm
2
Suspended Solids
max. 30ppm
3
Total Dissolved Solids
max. 2,000ppm
4
pH Value5-95Permanganate Value
max. 60 *ppm
6Sulphide (as HS)
max. 1
ppm
7
Cyanide (as HCN)
max. 0.2
ppm
8
Oil and Grease
max. 5ppm
10
Tar
None *
11
Formaldehydemax. 1 *ppm
12
Phenols and Cresols
max. 1
ppm
13
Free Chlorine
max. 1 *
ppm
14
Zinc
max. 5ppm
15
Chromiummax. 0.5ppm
16
Arsenic
max. 0.25
ppm
17
Coppermax. 1.0
ppm
18
Mercurymax. 0.005
ppm
19
Cadmium
max. 0.03
ppm
20
Bariummax. 1.0 *ppm
21
Seleniummax. 0.02
ppm
22
Lead
max. 0.2
ppm
23
Nickelmax. 0.2
ppm
24
Insecticides
None *
25
Radioactive Materials
None *
26
Temperature
max. 40ºC
27
Color
Not objectionable when mixed in receiver water
Note: *) Regarding the parameters annotated by asterisk (*), the analysis method is not specified in theregulation or there is no laboratory which can analyze them in Myanmar. Thus, these parameters
are not examined in the EIA process. However, when their analysis become feasible in Myanmar in
the future, they will be monitored and evaluated.
Source: EIA Study Team

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2.2.5 Noise
Since any noise standard in Myanmar has not been established yet, the same target noise level as for
the EIA of the Thilawa SEZ Zone A project will be used. The level was decided in reference to thestandard in other foreign countries, and that of international organizations, as necessary.
(1)Construction Stage

Regarding the construction stage, only Singapore has a noise standard for construction activities toreceptors among Southeast Asian countries as shown in Table 2.1-6. The target noise levels are set asshown in Table 2.1-7 with the following concepts from the experience of the existing EIA Study for
the Thilawa SEZ Zone A project:-

Residential houses and monastery located less than 150 m from the construction site shallcomply with the middle range of Singapore’s standard (categorized as “Residential buildings
located less than 150 m”), or-

Buildings other than residential houses and monastery located less than 150 m from theconstruction site shall comply with the moderate range of Singapore’s standard (categorized as“Other buildings”).
Table 2.1-6: Noise Standard at the Construction Stage in Various Countries
Items
Japan *1
Singapore*2

Using heavy equipment with high noise level(piling, excavation, etc.) at boundary of land
Hospitals, schools, institutions of higher
learning, homes for the aged, sick, etc.
Residential buildings located less than 150 m
from the construction site where the noise isbeing emitted
Other buildings

Daytime (Leq)Nighttime (Leq)

85 dB (Maximum)-

60 dB (7 a.m.-7 p.m., 12 hr)
75 dB (7 a.m.-7 p.m., 12 hr)
75 dB (7 a.m.-7 p.m., 12 hr)

UK*3

50 dB (7:00 p.m.-7:00 a.m., 12hr)
60 dB (7:00 p.m.-10:00 p.m., 3
hr)
55 dB (10:00 p.m.-7:00 a.m., 9hr)
65 dB (7:00 p.m.-7:00 a.m., 12hr)

In rural, suburban and urban areas away from
70 dB (8:00-18:00)
main road traffic and industrial noise
Urban areas near main roads
72 dB (8:00-18:00)
USA*4
Residential
80 dB (8 hr)
70 dB (8 hr)
Commercial
85 dB (8 hr)
85 dB (8 hr)
Urban area with high ambient noise level
Ambient Noise Level +10dB(>65 dB)
Note: The noise level for the construction stage by EHS Guidelines, IFC has not been established.
Source: EIA Report for the Thilawa Special Economic Zone Development Project (Zone A), 2013
*1) Noise Regulation Act, Japan (Law No.98, 1968, Amended No.33, 2006)*2) Environmental Protection and Management Act in Singapore (Chapter 94A, Section 77, Revised in 2008)*3) British Standard 5228: 1997 “Noise and vibration control on open and construction sites”*4) Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment, U.S. Department of Transportation in USA, 1995

Table 2.1-7: Target Noise Level at the Construction Phase
Category

Daytime (Leq)(7:00 a.m.-7:00 p.m.)

Evening Time (Leq)(7:00 p.m.-10:00 p.m.)

Residential houses and monastery located less
75 dB
60 dB
than 150 m
Other buildings
75 dB
65 dB
Note) Evaluation point is at the boundary of a building
Source: EIA Report for the Thilawa Special Economic Zone Development Project (Zone A), 2013

(2)

Nighttime (Leq)(10:00 p.m.-7:00 a.m.)
55 dB
65 dB

Operation Stage

Regarding the operation stage, generally the ambient noise standard has been set in most of thecountries in Southeast Asia and it is categorized according to land use and/or environmental sensitivity
or condition. It has also been set in Japan and in the EHS Guidelines of IFC. Based on the above

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information and reference standards shown in Table 2.1-8, the target noise level is set, as given in
Table 2.1-9, according to the following concepts taken from the EIA report for the Thilawa SEZ Zone
A project:-

According to the existing EIA Study for the Thilawa SEZ Zone A project, the baseline data of
the ambient noise level in this area are 53-60 dB in the daytime (6:00-22:00), and 44-58 dB in
the nighttime (22:00-6:00), which were measured in the monastery in Thilawa SEZ (Zone A).

-

Ambient noise standard for sensitive areas in Japan and of international organizations are
relatively high especially during nighttime in comparison with the results of the baseline
survey.

-Thus, the target ambient noise level for sensitive and residential areas is set in accordance with
the noise standard in Singapore, which is similar to the ambient noise level of the baseline
survey for the Thilawa SEZ Zone A project.

Table 2.1-8: Ambient Noise Standards at the Operation Stage in Southeast Asian Countries
Items
Indonesia*1

Daytime (Leq)

Noise standard for sensitive areas such as
residences, hospitals, schools, and places ofreligious worship
Noise standard for office and commercial areas
Noise standard for commercial and service areas
Sensitive areas/ low density residential areas

Nighttime (Leq)
55 dB

65 dB
70 dB
Malaysia *2
55 dB (7:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.,
50 dB (10:00 p.m.-7:00 a.m.,
15 hr)
9 hr)
Suburban residential
60 dB (7:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.,
55 dB (10:00 p.m.-7:00 a.m,
15 hr)
9 hr)
Urban residential
65 dB (7:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.,
60 dB (10:00 p.m.-7:00 a.m,
15 hr)
9 hr)
Commercial and business
70 dB (7:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.,
60 dB (10:00 p.m.-7:00 a.m.,
15 hr)
9 hr)
Singapore*3
Sensitive areas
55 dB (7:00 p.m.-10:00 p.m.,
60 dB (7:00 a.m.-7:00 p.m.,
3 hr)
12 hr)
50 dB (10:00 p.m.-7:00 a.m.,
9 hr)
Residential areas
60 dB (7:00 p.m.-10:00 p.m.,
65 dB (7:00 a.m.-7:00 p.m.,
3 hr)
12 hr)
55 dB (10:00 p.m.-7:00 a.m.,
9 hr)
Commercial areas
65 dB (7:00 p.m.-10:00 p.m.,
70 dB (7:00 a.m.-7:00 p.m.,
3 hr)
12 hr)
60 dB (10:00 p.m.-7:00 a.m.,
9 hr)
Thailand*4
Noise standard
70 dB (24 hr)JapanSensitive area (Class AA)
50 dB (6:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.,
40 dB (10:00 p.m.-6:00 p.m.,
16 hr)
8 hr)
Residential area (Class A and Class B)
55 dB (6:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.,
45 dB (10:00 p.m.-6:00 p.m.,
16 hr)
8 hr)
Commercial and industrial area (Class C)
60 dB (6:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.,
50 dB (10:00 p.m.-6:00 p.m.,
16 hr)
8 hr)
IFC
Residential; institutional, educational
55 dB (7:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.,
45 dB (10:00 p.m.-7:00 a.m.,
15 hr)
9 hr)
Industrial; commercial
70 dB (7:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.,
70 dB (10:00 p.m.-7:00 a.m.,
15 hr)
9 hr)
Source: EIA Report for the Thilawa Special Economic Zone Development Project (Zone A), 2013
*1) Nose Standard in Indonesia (KEP-48/MENLH/11/1996)*2) Effect of Traffic Noise on Sleep: A Case Study in Serdang Raya, Selangor, Malaysia, Environment Asia, 2010*3) Environmental Protection and Management Act in Singapore (Chapter 94A, Section 77, Revised in 2008)*4) Notification of Environmental Board No. 15 B.E.2540 (1997) under the Conservation and Enhancement of National
Environmental Quality Act B.E.2535 (1992) dated March 12, B.E.2540 (1997) and Notification of Pollution Control Department ;Subject: Calculation of Noise Level dated August 11, B.E. 2540 (1997) in Thailand

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Table 2.1- 9: Target Ambient Noise Levels at the Operation Phase
Daytime (Leq)
Evening Time (Leq)(7:00 a.m.-7:00 p.m.)(7:00 p.m.-10:00 p.m.)
Sensitive area such as monastery
60 dB
55 dB
Residential houses
65 dB
60 dB
Commercial and industrial areas
70 dB
65 dB
Note) Evaluation point is at the boundary of a building
Source: EIA Report for the Thilawa Special Economic Zone Development Project (Zone A), 2013
Category

Nighttime (Leq)(10:00 p.m.-7:00 a.m.)
50 dB
55 dB
60 dB

2.2.6 Vibration
The target vibration levels are also referred from the EIA report for the Thilawa SEZ Zone A project
and based on the standards in other countries.
(1)

Construction Stage

There is no vibration standard for construction activity to receptors in Myanmar as well as inSoutheast Asian countries and of international organizations, such as the World Health Organization(WHO) and IFC. Thus, the following policies were adopted referring to Table 2.1-10:-

Monasteries and residential houses, which need to be kept quiet especially during sleeping
time, shall comply with the Japanese standard for residential areas.

-

Offices, commercial facilities, and factories shall comply with the Japanese standard for mixed
areas including residential and commercial and industrial areas.

-

The categories were divided into three types in a manner consistent with the target noise levelfor construction.

As a result, the target vibration levels are proposed as shown in Table 2.1-11.
Table 2.1-10: Vibration Standards in the Construction Stage in Various Countries
Items
Japan*1*2

USA

Category

Residential areas and sensitive areas that need
to be quiet at boundary of land
Mixed areas including residential andcommercial and industrial areas at boundaryof landUsing heavy equipment with high noise level(piling, excavation, etc.) at boundary of land
No cause to damage
Residential area

Near
equipment
Near
equipment

heavy

Daytime (La)Nighttime (La)

65 dB

60 dB

70 dB

65 dB

heavy

During construction
During construction
During construction

75 dB

75 dB (as Lv)

55-63 dB
(as Lv)

52-60 dB
(as Lv)

Note: La: Vibration as accretion, Lv: Vibration as velocity
Source: EIA Report for the Thilawa Special Economic Zone Development Project (Zone A), 2013
*1) Vibration Regulation Act, Japan (Law No.64, 1976, Amended 2004)*2) Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment, U.S. Department of Transportation in USA, 1995

Table 2.1-11: Target Vibration Levels at the Construction Phase
Category
Residential houses and monastery
Office, commercial facilities, and factories
Note: Evaluation point is at boundary of buildings
Source: EIA Study Team

Daytime (La)(7:00 a.m.-7:00 p.m.)
65 dB
70 dB

2-8

Evening Time (La)(7;00 p.m.-10:00 p.m.)
65 dB
70 dB

Nighttime (La)(10:00 p.m.-7:00 a.m.)
60 dB
65 dB

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report(2)

Operation StageAs for vibration levels in the operation stage, the Japanese standard to receptor near factories (Table
2.1-12) was referred to, and the target levels from the EIA report for the Thilawa SEZ Zone A project
were used, as shown in Table 2.1-13.
Table 2.1-12 Vibration Standard to Receptors near Factories in Japan
Daytime (La)(e.g. 6 a.m.-22 p.m.)Category

Nighttime (La)(e.g. 22 p.m.- 6 a.m.)

Residential areas and sensitive areas that need
60-65 dB
55-60 dB
to be quiet
Mixed areas including residential and
65-70 dB
60-65 dB
commercial and industrial areas
Note: Standard and time of category can be set by the governor of prefecture and in specific cities
Source: Vibration Regulation for prevention of vibration impact from specific factories (Announcementof the Ministry of Environment, No.90, 1976, Amended 2000)

Table 2.1-13: Target Vibration Levels at the Operation Phase
Category

Daytime (La)(7:00 a.m.-7:00 p.m.)
65 dB
70 dB

Evening Time (La)(7:00 p.m.-10:00 p.m.)
60 dB
65 dB

Residential houses and monastery
Office, commercial facilities, and factories
Note: Evaluation point is at boundary of buildings
Source: EIA Report for the Thilawa Special Economic Zone Development Project (Zone A), 2013

2.3

Nighttime (La)(10:00 p.m.-7:00 a.m.)
60 dB
65 dB

Institutional Arrangement

2.3.1 Institutional Arrangement at Pre-construction and Construction Stages
The key parties responsible for the implementation of environmental management plan (EMP) in the
pre-construction and construction stages are proposed as shown in Figure 2.3-1. GOLDEN DOWA
ECO-SYSTEM MYANMAR CO., LTD., as the Project proponent, is wholly responsible for the
implementation and supervision of the Project including its environmental aspect. The Project
proponent will implement environmental monitoring, and submit the monitoring report to MOECAF
through the Thilawa SEZ Management Committee (TSMC).
DOWA Eco-system Co., Ltd.
Thilawa SEZ

Design and Construction
Contractors

Golden Dowa Eco-system
Myanmar CO., LTD.
Send a carbon copyof monitoring report

Myanmar Japan Thilawa
Development Ltd.

Submission ofmonitoring
reportInspection
as needed

Thilawa SEZ Management
Committee
Submission ofmonitoring report

MOECAF
Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 2.3-1: Proposed Organizational Structure for Environmental Management of Industrial
Waste Treatment Facilities in the Pre-construction and Construction Stages

2-9Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

2.3.2 Institutional Arrangement in the Operation Stage
The institutional arrangement in the operation stage is shown in Figure 2.3-2. As for the operation
stage, GOLDEN DOWA ECO-SYSTEM MYANMAR CO., LTD., as management office for industrial
waste treatment facilities, shall take care of all substantive work at the site.
DOWA Eco-system Co., Ltd.
Thilawa SEZ

Golden Dowa Eco-system
Myanmar CO., LTD.

Send a carbon copyof monitoring report

Myanmar Japan Thilawa
Development Ltd. (MJTD)

Submission ofmonitoring
reportInspection asneededThilawa SEZ Management
Committee
Submission ofmonitoring
reportMOECAF
Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 2.3-2: Proposed Organizational Structure for Environmental Management of Industrial
Waste Treatment Facilities in the Operation Stage
Figure 2.3-3 shows the preliminary organizational structure of GOLDEN DOWA ECO-SYSTEM
MYANMAR CO., LTD. in the operation stage. Among the six sections in the company, theEnvironmental Health and Safety Section with three staff members will be the main section in chargeof environmental, social, and health considerations. Other sections such as the General Management
and PR/CR Section, Technical Management Section, and Industrial Section shall also implement theirrespective duties related to environmental, social, and health considerations.

Golden Dowa Eco-system Myanmar CO., LTD.
Main Roles related to Env., Social, & HealthGeneral Management &PR/CR Section

1) Communication with residence
2) Response to complains from local residence

Technical Management
Section1) Visiting to check odor and Reporting

Industrial Section

1) O&M of Wastewater Treatment Facility including monitoring
2) O&M of Incinerator including monitoring

Environmental Health &Safety Section

1) Conducting mitigation measures on overall EHS Activities
2) Monitoring of overall EHS Activities
3) Preparation of monitoring report

Engineering Section
1

Transportation Section

Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 2.3-3: Preliminary Organizational Structure of the Project Management Body and Rolesof the Environmental, Health and Safety Section

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

CHAPTER 3:

3.1

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Project Purpose

The Government of Myanmar places its priority on foreign direct investments (FDIs) in order toachieve economic development, especially in Thilawa as a special economic zone (SEZ). Under thesecircumstances, a Myanmar-Japan consortium has decided to develop the Thilawa SEZ Zone A andcarried out a feasibility study (F/S) for this Project since September 2012.
Thilawa SEZ is located beside Thanlyin and Kyauktan towns, and about 20 km southeast of Yangon
City. The Thilawa SEZ project will equip specific zones for the manufacturing industry, housing,commerce, and logistics. Many tenant companies from Japan, western countries, Myanmar, Asian
countries, etc., are interested in the Thilawa SEZ project because the SEZ has various advantages forthem, such as tax incentives, and moreover good access to Thilawa Port, and securing necessary
infrastructure to be installed such as electricity, water, wastewater treatment facilities, and flood
prevention system.
On the other hand, Yangon City, which is the largest city in Myanmar and has a population of about
six million (equivalent to about 10% of the total population of Myanmar), is concerned with the large
amount of waste generation from the municipal, industrial, medical, and construction sectors of thecity because of expected population inflow and industrial development led by the abovementioned
democratization and economic growth. At present, the Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC)
is the responsible body for collection, transportation, and disposal of municipal solid waste generated
in the city. YCDC is also responsible for handling industrial waste together with municipal waste as
the amount of industrial waste generated in the city is still quite small. The situation of industrial waste
management in the Yangon Region is the same as in Yangon City.
Under such situation, the Project aims to contribute for self-standing economic development and solid
waste management in Myanmar by introducing appropriate solid waste treatment and disposal system,
which is in accordance with the international standards, for industrial and business waste discharged
inside and outside of Thilawa SEZ. To realize this objective, construction and operation of the Project
shall be implemented so as to minimize environmental and social impacts and to guarantee the qualityof life of the people in the surrounding area.

3.2

Alternatives for Achieving the Project Purpose

Alternative options for Project development were prepared as follows in order to analyze theadvantages and disadvantages of each project scenario and to select the optimal project approach:
Option 1:

Development of solid waste treatment facility in Thilawa SEZ

Option 2:

Development of solid waste treatment facility outside Thilawa SEZ

Option 3:

No development of solid waste treatment facility (zero option)

The advantages and disadvantages identified for each option are summarized in Table 3.2-1.
Accordingly, Option 1 (development of solid waste treatment facility in Thilawa SEZ) was adopted as
the optimum option for the Project.

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Table 3.2-1: Comparison of Alternatives for Project Development
OptionIssue
Solid waste
management(SWM) in Thilawa
SEZ and Yangon
City

Option 1: Development in Thilawa
SEZ
Adequate and sufficient treatment
and disposal of industrial waste
generated from Thilawa SEZ will beachieved.

Option 2: Development outside
Thilawa SEZ
Same as Option 1.

Transportation ofindustrial waste

Transportation of industrial wastefrom tenants to the SWM facility
will be completed inside Thilawa
SEZ and will not cause significant
traffic jams due to the shorter
distance as compared with Option 2.
Infrastructure such as electricity,water supply, and sewerage are
already equipped in Thilawa SEZ
and the SWM facility will provide
SWM service for the tenants in
Thilawa SEZ.

It is concerned that transportation ofindustrial waste from Thilawa SEZ
to the SWM facility may cause
traffic jams due to the longer
distance as compared with Option 1.

Infrastructure for
SWM facility

Land use and urban
planning

The area is allocated as perindustrial area in the industrial zoneof the Thilawa SEZ Zone A area.

Schedule

Adequate and sufficient industrial
waste treatment and disposal
facilities will be set up by 2015
when Thilawa SEZ starts its
operation.

Evaluation
Source: EIA Study Team

3.3

The Project may need to install
infrastructure for operation of the
SWM facility if the Project site is
not equipped with suchinfrastructure at the moment. It will
be difficult to provide appropriate
SWM service if the facility will nothave sufficient infrastructure.
It is necessary to find an appropriate
location to install the SWM facility.

It is concerned that adequate andsufficient industrial waste treatment
and disposal facilities will not be set
up by 2015 when Thilawa SEZ
starts its operation.

○―

Option 3: Zero Option
Inadequate or insufficient treatment
and disposal of industrial waste
generated from Thilawa SEZ is anutmost concern as there is no SWM
facility satisfying international
standards for industrial waste
treatment.
--

Lack of appropriate industrial waste
treatment and disposal facility
would cause significant
environmental problems andrestriction of economic growth.
Inadequate or insufficient treatment
and disposal of industrial waste
generated from Thilawa SEZ is aconcern as there is no SWM facility
satisfying international standards forindustrial waste treatment.
―

Project Outline

3.3.1 Location
The Project site has an area of 40 ha and is located in the Thilawa Special Economic Zone (Zone A), at
the corner of Thilawa Development Road and Dagon-Thilawa Port Road, Thanlyin Township. The
location of the Project site is presented in Figure 3.3-1.

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 3.3-1: Location of the Project Site
3.3.2 Layout
Figure 3.3-2 shows the layout plan for the proposed Project, and Figure 3.3-3 shows the perspective
images of the proposed Project at the start and completion of the operation stage. Brief descriptions of
the main facilities are as follows:
1. Laboratory analysis (inspection) facility
This facility is for analyzing waste for acceptance inspection; and leachate, wastewater, andexhaust gas for environmental monitoring and so on.

3-3Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

2. Sorting facility
This facility receives and inspects waste from generators. After separating cleaning andsegregating waste, valuables will be sold to demanders and non-valuables will be transferred tothe other facilities for treatment and disposal considering characteristics of the waste.
3. Stabilization facility
This facility mixes waste with agents such as cement so as to prevent elution of hazardous
substances from waste. Besides, this facility has the function of moisture control for landfill
waste with high water content.
4. Fuel conversion facility
This facility mixes waste and adjusts the characteristics and concentration of hazardous
substances so as to produce fuel for cement factories, etc.
5. Incineration facility
This facility is for volume reduction, stabilization, and detoxification of waste. Exhaust gas
treatment equipment (chemical baghouse filter) will be installed so as to satisfy the target levelof emission gas.
6. Final disposal facility
The landfill shall equip a liner facility to strictly intercept waste and leachate from entering thesurrounding environment. Leachate discharged from the landfill shall be adequately treated by
the wastewater treatment facility. During waste disposal, only a limited area will be open to
activate disposal and another area will be covered by a sheet to prevent odor. After waste
disposal, soil covering and liner covering shall be applied and landfill gas shall be captured andcombusted to prevent air pollution and odor. At first, two landfill cells for non-hazardous andhazardous wastes will be constructed individually for the first ten years of operation. Each cell
will be expanded after they get filled up. In total, eight landfill cells (four for non-hazardous
waste and four for hazardous waste) will be constructed.
7. Wastewater treatment facility
This facility is for neutralization, solid-liquid separation, and biological treatment of wastewater
generated from the Project facilities. Effluent shall be discharged into the retention canal of theindustrial park by satisfying the target level of wastewater quality.
8. Other facilities
Other small-scale and supporting facilities such as office, security house, power receiving house,parking, car washing facility, and truck pool will be set up.

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 3.3-2: Draft Layout Plan of the Project Facilities

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Non‐hazardous Landfill

Sorting & Stabilization Facility
Office & Laboratory

Hazardous Landfill

Truck Pool

Wastewater
Treatment
Facility

Non‐hazardous Landfill

Waste
Incineration
Storage Yard
Plant

Sorting & Stabilization Facility
Office & Laboratory

Hazardous Landfill

Truck Pool

Wastewater
Treatment
Facility

Waste
Incineration
Storage Yard
Plant

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 3.3-3: Perspective Images (Upper: Starting Operation, Lower: Completion of Operation)

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
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3.3.3 Target Waste
The target waste of the Project is industrial and business waste which will be generated in Thilawa
SEZ as primary and outside of Thilawa SEZ as secondary. The expected volume of waste isapproximately 22,700 t/year, which is about 60% hazardous waste and 40% non-hazardous waste.
In terms of waste weight for each treatment process, approximately, 6,100 t/year for sorting, 6,600
t/year for incineration, 4,100 t/year for fuel conversion, 2,700 t/year for landfilling, 2,600 t/year forstabilization and tens of t/year for wastewater treatment are planned at this stage.
3.3.5 Project Schedule
The Project will be operated for 60 years based on the sublease contract between the proponent andMyanmar Japan Thilawa Development Ltd. (MJTD). The preliminary Project schedule is shown in
Table 3.3-1. After completion of the operation period, all facilities and infrastructure on the groundwill be removed. The landfill site shall be closed by completing necessary decommissioning measures
so as not to cause any environmental pollution in and around the Project site.
Table 3.3-1: Preliminary Project Schedule
Year
Activities
EIA Study and Designing
Landfill (Phase 1)
Non-Haz + Haz Waste
Landfill (Phase 2- )Non-Haz + Haz Waste

Incinerator

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2023 2028 2038 2053 2063 2073
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 10th 15th 25th 40th 50th 60thConstruction
Operation and Restoration
Aftercare (at least 10 years)
Construction
Operation and Restoration
Aftercare (at least 10 years)
Planning
Installation
Test Operation and Monitoring
Operation

Transportation,
Sorting,
Stabilization, Wastewater
Operation
Treatment, Fuel Blending
for Cement Plant
Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

3.4

Description of Project Facilities

3.4.1 Process Flow of Solid Waste Management
The process flow of solid waste management is shown in Figure 3.4-1. It is a very detailed process for
managing industrial waste properly from collection of recyclable materials, treatment and control ofhazardous and non-hazardous wastes, and minimization of pollution discharge to the surrounding
environment. Before reaching the process flow presented in Figure 3.4-1, hazardous andnon-hazardous wastes will be separated by inspection after transportation of industrial waste. Waste
from generators will be received from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. as a rule in principle, and the Project
facilities will be in operation from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. also. Only wastewater treatment andincineration facilities will be continuously operated for 24 hours.
3.4.2 Transportation
The Project proponent will collect industrial waste from industrial park(s) and other facilities in
Thilawa SEZ. The Project proponent will also receive industrial waste generated outside Thilawa SEZ
should the landfills have enough capacity. All wastes to be collected will be checked for its generalcharacteristics, including burnability, hazardous properties, and infectiveness in order to decide thetreatment method in advance.

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Non-Hazardous
Waste

Sorting

Recyclable
Waste

Material
OutputPaper, Plastics, Metals,
Glass, and so on

II AshIII Solid

Stabilization
Non-Recyclable
Waste

Landfillfor non-hazardous waste

Leachate
Wastewater
Treatment
Leachate

I
Hazardous Waste
Landfill(Reactive, Explosive, Infectious,
Toxic, Inflammable, Corrosive,
etc.)

I

Incinerator

II AshIII Solid
from sludge
treatment

for hazardous waste

Stabilization

Water
Discharge

III Solid

II AshAsh

I

Fuel Blending

Solid Fuelfor CementNote) I, II and III shows the on-page reference which indicates that next step with the same Roman Figure is somewhere else on the drawing.
Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 3.4-1: Process Flow of Solid Waste Management
3.4.3 Laboratory Analysis (Inspection) Facility
A laboratory with an approximate area of 150 m2 will be set up. The laboratory analysis facility has
three main functions: first is inspection of received waste, second is checking performance oftreatment, and third is environment monitoring.
As for inspection, at first each generator will provide a representative waste sample to be disposed,
and the Project proponent will then check the waste sample the generator wants to dispose of andconduct sample analysis to evaluate whether the waste can be received and managed properly. At thesame time, the Project proponent will also decide how to treat the waste. The first batch of waste fromthe generator will be checked carefully whether the waste characteristics are the same as in the sample
analysis. After that, waste will be checked, as a kind of manifest examination, through fingerprint
testing before its receipt and unloading. The treated waste and wastewater will also be analyzed tocheck whether or not the treatment processes are functioning properly. As for environmental
monitoring, treated wastewater discharged to the water body and gas emitted from the incinerator willgo through analyzing devices to check their conformity with the target environmental levels. Figure
3.4-2 shows a diagram on the classification of waste for treatment, and Figure 3.4-3 shows a diagramon the classification flow for usage of waste treatment facilities.
3.4.4 Storage Facility
The storage facility will be installed for storage of waste with functions that prevent spreading andleaking before treatment. The storage also has 6 m high concrete walls as a measure to restrain noiseand odor. The upper part of the wall (4 m height) is of messed type to receive fresh air and sunlightinto the facility and prevent fire and explosion.

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

REACTIVEEXPLOSIVE

INFECTIOUS

TOXIC

IN
FLAMMABLE

CORROSIVE

Check

Sampling

Etc.

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 3.4-2: Classification of Waste for Treatment
Paper, Plastic, Metal

Process/Facilities
Sorting

Stabilization
Landfill

Organic, Fabric

Fuel blending

Incineration

SludgeWater treatment

Waste water

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 3.4-3: Classification Flow for Usage of Waste Treatment Facilities
3.4.5 Sorting Facility
The sorting facility for receiving and inspecting waste from generators, and for separating, cleaning,and segregating waste will be set up. After segregation of waste, valuables such as metal, paper, glass,and plastic will be sold to demanders, and non-valuables will be transferred to the other Project
facilities for treatment and disposal considering the characteristics of the waste. Figure 3.4-4 shows adiagram on the sorting process.

3-8

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment ReportCollection

Sorting

Sorted waste

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 3.4-4: Example of Sorting Process
3.4.6 Stabilization Facility
The stabilization facility for mixing waste with agents such as cement so as to prevent elution of
hazardous substances from waste as well for controlling the moisture content of waste with high watercontent will be set up in accordance with the standards of the United States Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA). Stabilized waste will be disposed to hazardous or non-hazardous disposal landfill
cells in accordance with the waste characteristics after confirming that hazardous substances will notleak and slump test to check stability. Figure 3.4-5 shows pictures of the stabilization andsolidification process.

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 3.4-5: Example of Solidification Process

3-9Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

3.4.7 Fuel Conversion Facility
The fuel conversion facility for mixing waste and adjusting the characteristics and concentration of
hazardous substances so as to produce fuel for cement factories will be installed. The converted fuelwill be sold to cement factories in Myanmar. Figure 3.4-6 shows a picture of the fuel conversion
facility.

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 3.4-6: Example of Fuel Conversion Facility
3.4.8 Incineration Facility
The incineration facility consists of waste supply equipment, incineration equipment, and exhaust gas
treatment equipment.
A vertical stoker type combustor with capacity of 20 t/day and comprising primary and secondary
combustion chambers will be installed in the Project. Waste will be supplied from the upper part of the
primary combustion chamber and stacked in the lower part. Here the waste will be dried andcombusted by combustion air blown from the bottom of the furnace, and generated bottom ash will bepulled out from the furnace. The bottom ash will be disposed of to the landfill cells. Exhaust gas
including flammable gas generated by the primary combustion chamber will be combusted in theupper part of the chamber by blowing combustion air, and unburned gas will be combusted in thesecondary combustion chamber.
In the exhaust gas treatment equipment, exhaust gas will be cooled until 200 ˚C by water spraying in
the gas cooling chamber. Then, after removing acid components, dust and pollutants by putting
calcium hydroxide and passing through the filtration type dust collector with chemical baghouse filter,
appropriately treated exhaust gas will be ejected from the stack. Bottom ash discharged from the
combustion chambers and the gas cooling chamber as well as fly ash captured by the filtration type
dust collector will be disposed of in the landfill cells.
The general specifications and the process flow of the incineration facility are presented in Table 3.4-1
and Figure 3.4-7, respectively, and the mitigation measures on air pollution by exhaust gas in theplanning stage are summarized in Table 3.4-2. Figure 3.4-8 describes the equipment for environmental
mitigation measures on exhaust gas and Figure 3.4-9 shows an illustration of a chemical baghousefilter.
Table 3.4-1: General Specification of the Incineration Facility (Tentative)
Item
Type
Capacity
Height of stack
Volume of exhaust gas
Temperature of exhaust gas
Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Specification
Vertical stoker type combustor
20 t/day19.5 m11,378 Nm3/hr at maximum (Wet base)6,270 Nm3/hr at minimum (Dry base)About 180 ˚C

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Table 3.4-2: Planned Mitigation Measures on Air Pollution by Exhaust Gas
Air Pollutant
Dust
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Hydrogen chloride (HCl)Heavy metals
Dioxins

Planned Mitigation Measure
Dust will be collected and removed by the filtration type dust collection device.
Generation of nitrogen dioxide will be suppressed by controlling the supplied air ratio
properly.
Sulfur dioxide will be neutralized by calcium hydroxide, and neutralized product will becollected and removed by the filtration type dust collection device.
Hydrogen chloride will be neutralized by calcium hydroxide, and neutralized product will
be collected and removed by the filtration type dust collection device.
Heavy metals will be collected and removed by the dust collection device with functionof chemical baghouse filter.
Generation of dioxins will be suppressed by high-temperature combustion.
Combustion gas will be quickly cooled to prevent recomposition of dioxins.
Dioxins generated by the above treatments will be collected and removed by the filtration
type dust collection device with function of chemical baghouse filter.

Source: EIA Study Team

Source: A website of Japanese manufacturer whose incineration facility will be installed in the Project

Figure 3.4-7: Process Flow Diagram of Incineration Facility

3-11Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report(1)

Incinerator

(2)
(3)

Forced Draft Fan
Gas Cooling Chamber(4)

Bag Filter

(5)
(6)

Induced Draft Fan
Stack

Vertical stoker type combustor will be stable combustion by SLA combustion (Super Low Air
ratio combustion) method. Dioxins and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) will be suppressed by thismethodForced draft fan sends air into the furnace.
Cooling chamber cools high-temperature exhaust gas emitted from the incinerator to prevent
re-composition of Dioxins.
Bag filter removes dust from the exhaust gas and also removes dioxins, sulfur dioxide (SO2),hydrogen chlorides (HCl) and Heavy Metals by dry-type chemical reaction bag filter.
Induced draft fan sends the exhaust gas to the stack.
Exhaust gas is released from top of the stack and is diffused.

Source: EIA Study Team quoted a website of Japanese manufacturer whose incineration facility will be installed in the Project

Figure 3.4-8: Environmental Countermeasure Equipment on Exhaust Gas

Source: A website of Japanese manufacturer whose incineration facility will be installed in the Project

Figure 3.4-9: Image of Chemical Baghouse Filter

3-12Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

3.4.9 Final Disposal Facility
As final disposal facilities, the landfill cells for non-hazardous and hazardous wastes will be
constructed based on US-EPA’s standards for hazardous and non-hazardous waste disposal. In theinitial stage, approximately sanitary landfills of 100,000 m3 area will be set up individually for
non-hazardous disposal and hazardous disposal. The landfill, equipped with baseliner sheets, leachatecollection system and landfill gas treatment system, will be constructed in the Project. Figure 3.4-10
shows the structure of landfill cells as disposal facilities.

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 3.4-10: Structure of Landfill Facilities (Final Disposal Facilities)(1)

Operation of Landfill

Landfilling work will be operated from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. with various environmental
consideration such as odor prevention, bird damage prevention, and prevention of groundwater andsoil contamination.
Various mitigation measures for odor prevention and bird damage prevention, such as limitation ofactive area, covering sheet on the non-active area, collection of generated gas and its flaring, andcovering soil after disposal, will be implemented. The covering sheet on the non-active area alsofunctions to reduce leachate generation. Besides, daily monitoring to check odor and bird damage will
be implemented in the surrounding area. Figure 3.4-11 shows the pictures of odor prevention
measures.

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Covered by sheet

Gas collection pipe

Flare station

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 3.4-11: Example of Odor Prevention System
As for groundwater and soil contamination prevention, baseliner sheets and leachate collection system
will be installed to prevent leachate from infiltrating into the soil and groundwater. The baseliner
system consists of various layers, namely, protection layer, geomembrane layers, leak detection layer,
impermeable layer, geo grid, and sand layer to isolate waste and prevent waste and leachate fromleaking. To collect leachate, leachate collection pipes will be installed in the protection layer andcollected wastewater will be pumped up and connected to the wastewater treatment facility.
Groundwater collection system will be also installed within the sand layer under the impermeable
layer to collect rising groundwater. The collected groundwater will then be pumped up and conveyed
to retention ponds. Figure 3.4-12 shows the water collection system and structure of baseliner, andFigure 3.4-13 shows an example of installation of baseliner system.

Leachate and Groundwater Collection System

Baseliner

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 3.4-12: Water Collection System and Structure of Baseliner

3-14Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 3.4-13: Example of Installation of Baseliner System(2)

Closure of Landfill

After completion of waste disposal, final covering of the landfill by means of clay soil, impermeable
layer, drainage layer, cover soil, and vegetation will be installed on the top of landfill waste as shownin Figure 3.4-14.
After installation of final covering, the Project proponent will continuously conduct the post-closure
care such as the following:
Maintaining the integrity and effectiveness of the final covering, including maintenance against
anticipated settlement, subsidence, and erosion of landfill caused by decomposition and consolidationof waste and other damage;-

Maintaining and operating the leachate and gas collection systems; and-Monitoring the groundwater quality and odor.

Maintenance and monitoring will be conducted for ten years at least after installation of the final
covering, and then the Project proponent will close the landfill site if no environmental impact isobserved for two years.

Cross Section of Landfill

Structure of Final Cover

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 3.4-14: Cross Section of Landfill and Structure of Final Cover

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report(3)

After Completion of Closure of Landfill

After completion of closure of the landfill, various types of eco-friendly facilities will be developed
such as a park and/or a mega solar park. Figure 3.4-15 shows examples of eco-friendly facilities andits usage.

Park (Portland, USA)

Mega Solar Park (Akita, Japan)

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 3.4-15: Examples of Eco-friendly Facilities after Completion of Closure of Landfill
3.4.10 Wastewater Treatment Facilities
Wastewater treatment facilities will be installed for neutralization, solid-liquid separation, biologicaltreatment, and coagulation treatment of wastewater generated from the Project facilities as shown in
Figure 3.4-16. Effluent from the Project facilities shall be discharged outside of the Project area
complying with the target levels. Treated sludge will be disposed to the landfill cell after dehydration.
Table 3.4-3 shows the general specifications for the wastewater treatment facilities, and Figure 3.4-17
shows photos of examples of wastewater treatment facilities.

Landfill
Rain Water
Leachate
Wastewater

Wastewaterfrom carwashing

Final Equalization Pond

Biological Treatment
SludgeSeptic Tank
(Domestic
Wastewater)

Coagulating Treatment

Treated Water Monitoring

SludgeTreated Water Monitoring Pond

Landfill

Sludge Treatment

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 3.4-16: Process Flow of Wastewater Treatment

3-16

Discharge

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Table 3.4-3: General Specifications for the Wastewater Treatment Facilities (Tentative)
Item
Size
Capacity
Main Wastewater Treatment System

Specification
approximately 8,000 m2
35 m3/day at maximum
Neutralization and solid-liquid separation
Biological Treatment
Coagulation Treatment

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Example ofbiological treatment

Example of sludge
dehydrator
Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 3.4-17: Examples of Wastewater Treatment Facilities

3.4.11 Flood Prevention Facilities(1) Flood Prevention
The perimeter dike will be constructed to prevent flood from entering the Project site as shown in
Figure 3.14-18. Since the proposed elevation of the perimeter dike in the EIA report for the Thilawa
SEZ Zone A project was higher than EL +6.5 m based on the analysis of storm surge simulation in the
Yangon River, hearing survey of flood disaster, and flood analysis on a 100-year return period, theheight of the dike surrounding the Project site is designed to be more than EL +7.0 m. On the other
hand, storm water runoff from the Project site can be stored in the retention pond to be constructednear the downstream side of the Project site as infrastructure of the Thilawa SEZ Zone A. Its capacity
in the final phase is designed as 3,500 m3 considering probable rainfall of ten years. The retention
pond and its surrounding dike will be managed by MJTD, as these properties are planned to be locatedin the MJTD site.

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Retention Pond
To be managed by MJTD

Perimeter dike(yellow green line)(i) Initial Stage

Retention Pond
To be managed by MJTD

Perimeter dike(yellow green line)(ii) Final Phase
Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 3.4-18: Designed Dike Surrounding the Project Site and Retention Pond
(2) Prevention of Groundwater Inflow and Infiltration
The groundwater level at the Project site used for the design of landfill is set at EL +2.0 m based on
the monitoring data at the site and surrounding measurement results. Therefore, the landfill will be
constructed above EL +2.0 m. Also, the thickness of the protection layer at the bottom of the landfill
will be constructed with low permeability (k = 1 x 10-5cm/s) in order to prevent physical contact
between the waste or leachate and groundwater. In addition, the groundwater pipe will be installed
below the protection layer and leak detection layer. The drainage capacity of the groundwater pipe is18.1 m3/day in order to prepare for the maximum flow volume in case that the groundwater level rises
to the ground level. The collected drainage will flow into the drainage pit and pumped up to thestormwater drainage system as shown in Figure 3.14-19.

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 3.4-19: Groundwater Collection Pipe (Typical Section of Landfill)
3.4.8 Other Facilities
Other small-scale and/or supporting facilities, as listed in Table 3.4-4 below, will be set up.
Table 3.4-4: Description of Other Facilities
Name
Security house
Power receiving house
Blower house

Size
5mx5m
12 m x 10 m
5mx8m

Function
Check vehicle and guest to enter the site
Receiving power
Blower for wastewater treatment facility

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

CHAPTER 4:

OVERALL CONDITIONS IN THE
SURROUNDING AREA

4.1 Living Environment (Pollution Status)
4.1.1 Outline of Environmental Survey in 2013
The overall conditions of air quality, water quality, soil quality, noise levels are quoted from theEnvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report for the Thilawa Special Economic Zone (SEZ) Zone
A Development Project by Myanmar and Japan Thilawa Development Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as
the “Reference”) which was approved by the Thilawa SEZ Management Committee (TSMC) based on
the comments of the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (MOECAF). The summaryof the field survey for overall conditions is shown in Table 4.1-1. The location of the environmental
survey for overall conditions is shown in Figure 4.1-1.
Table 4.1-1: Summary of Environmental Survey for Overall Conditions
Category

Item

Description1) Sulfur dioxide (SO2), 2) Carbon monoxide (CO), 3) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2),
Parameter
4) PM10Air Quality
PeriodTwo points for dry and rainy seasons (two samples in total)
Location
Along the road
Thirty-one parameters for natural and living environment:
1) Temperature,2) Odor, 3) Color, 4) Electrical conductivity (EC), 5) Hardness,
6) pH, 7) Turbidity, 8) SS, 9) DO, 10) CODCr, 11) TOC, 12) BOD5, 13) Oil andParameter
Grease, 14) Total Coliforms, 15) NH4-N, 16) NO2-N, 17) NO3-N, 18) T-N, 19)
Environmental
T-P, 20) Cu, 21) Zn, 22) Cd, 23) Pb, 24) Hg, 25) Ni, 26) Mn, 27) Cr (VI), 28)
Water Quality
Conditions
Fe, 29) CN, 30) Sulfide, 31) Sulfate(quoted from theMonthly (some main parameters sampled from March to August 2013 and all
Frequency
existingdata
parameters sampled from June to August)from
EIA
Location
Surface waterstudies near the
Total of 11 parameters:
Project site)1) Cadmium (Cd) 2) Chromium (Cr VI) 3) pH 4) Mercury (Hg) 5) Lead
Parameter(Pb) 6) Arsenic (As) 7) Zinc (Zn) 8) Nickel (Ni) 9) Manganese (Mn) 10)
Soil Quality
Iron (Fe) 11) Copper (Cu)PeriodOne time sampling at one point
Location
Paddy field
LAeq (A-weighted loudness equivalent)Parameter
Noise Level
Period72 hour survey during weekday and weekend
Location
Two locations
Source: EIA Report for the Thilawa SEZ Zone A Development Project4-1

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report
LegendProposed Project Site
Air Quality
Water Quality
Soil
Noise

Source: Google Earth, EIA Report for Thilawa SEZ Zone A Development Project

Figure 4.1-1: Location of Environmental Survey for Overall Conditions
4.1.2 Air Quality(1) Survey Condition
According to the Reference, the results of two survey points are available near the Project site. Table
4.1-2 summarizes the survey conditions such as season, period, parameters, and method for air quality
survey. The on-site monitoring method was prepared referring to the recommendations of the UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).
Table 4.1-2: Outline of Air Quality Survey
Survey Point
SeasonPeriodParameter
AQM-1 Dry
Dry
3 Days(Living Environment)
Season(9–12 April 2013)
SO2, CO, NO2, PM10
AQM-1 Rainy
Rainy
7 Days( Along the road)
Season(22–29 June 2013)
Source: EIA Report for the Thilawa SEZ Zone A Development Project

MethodOn-site monitoring (byHaz-Scanner EPAS
Wireless Environmental
Perimeter Air Station)(2) Survey Location
The locations of survey points are shown in Table 4.1-3.
Table 4.1-3: Locations of Air Quality Survey
Sampling Point

Coordinates

Description of Survey Point

AQM-1 Dry
N 16°40'14.6", E 96°16'31.2" West side of the Moekyoswun Monastery compound.
AQM-1 Rainy
N 16°40'11.7", E 96°16'36.4" In front of Moekyoswun Monastery, about 11.2 m away from car road.
Source: EIA Report for Thilawa SEZ Zone A Development Project

4-2

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report(3) Survey Result
All of the results were below their respective target levels as shown in Table 4.1-4. Also all parametersin the rainy season were lower than in the dry season. It is assumed that the results of lower value were
due to rainfall, which might have caught air pollutants.
Table 4.1-4: Results of Air Quality Survey in 2013
Parameter(Unit)

Date:

Sampling Point

ResultAVG.
Minimum - Maximum
AVG.
22 to 29 June 2013 AQM-1 Rainy
Minimum - Maximum
AVG.
9 to 12 April 2013 AQM-1 Dry
Minimum - Maximum
CO
(ppm)
AVG.
22 to 29 June 2013 AQM-1 Rainy
Minimum - Maximum
AVG.
9 to 12 April 2013 AQM-1 Dry
Minimum - Maximum
NO2
(ppm)
AVG.
22 to 29 June 2013 AQM-1 Rainy
Minimum - Maximum
AVG.
9 to 12 April 2013 AQM-1 Dry
Minimum - Maximum
PM10(mg/m3)AVG.
22 to 29 June 2013 AQM-1 Rainy
Minimum - Maximum
Source: EIA Report for the Thilawa SEZ Zone A Development Project
SO2
(ppm)

9 to 12 April 2013

AQM-1 Dry

Target Level
0.01640.0147 - 0.0175
0.00380.0005 - 0.0088
0.44460.4320 - 0.4636
0.31440.2517 - 0.4219
0.04110.0375 - 0.0482
0.03470.0341 - 0.0349
0.08240.0571 - 0.0997
0.04820.0375 - 0.0600

0.04

10

0.06

0.12

4.1.3 Water Quality(1) Survey Condition
According to the Reference, one survey point relevant to the Project is available around the Projectsite. Table 4.1-5 summarizes the survey conditions such as season, month, parameters, and method forwater quality survey.
Table 4.1-5: Outline of Water Quality Survey
Survey Point

SeasonMonthParameters
Temperature, Odor, Color, EC, Hardness, pH,
March
Dry
Turbidity, SS, DO, CODCr, TOC, BOD5, Oil
April
SeasonMay
in 2013and Grease, Total Coliforms, NH4 -N, NO2-N,
TW2
NO3-N, T-N, T-P, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, Ni, Mn,
June
Rainy
Cr (VI), Fe, CN, Sulfide, Sulfate
July
SeasonAugustin 2013
Note: Parameters are different in each month.
Source: EIA Report for the Thilawa SEZ Zone A Development Project

MethodOn-site measurement
by water quality meterand analysis inlaboratories(2) Survey Location
The location of sampling points is shown in Table 4.1-6.
Table 4.1-6: Location of Water Quality Survey
Sampling
Coordinates
Point
Surface Water
TW-2
16°40'20.46"N, 96°17'18.72"E
Source: EIA Report for the Thilawa SEZ Zone A Development Project
Category

Description of Survey PointAt the creek which crosses the car road.

(3) Reference Standard
Since there is no official standard for surface water quality in Myanmar and the Reference did notcover quantitative target levels for surface water in its scope, the reference standards for surface water

4-3

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Reportquality related parameters, which the Project proponent surveyed, were taken from countries of the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries near Myanmar (such as Vietnam andThailand) and Japan, as shown in Table 4.1-7.
Table 4.1-7: Reference Standards for Surface Water Quality
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Parameter
Temperature
Water level
Flow rate
Odor
Color
Electrical conductivity
pH
BOD5

Unit
ºC
m
m/s
µS/cm
-

mg/L
mg/L
mg/L

Japan
6.0 - 8.5
8.0
5
as COD Mn
100
>=2
5,000
as MPN/100 mL
10(NO2-N+NO3-N)

9

CODCr

mg/L

10
11
12
13
14

SS
Turbidity
Hardness
TDS
DO

mg/L
NTU
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L

15

Total coliform

16
17
18

Total nitrogen (T- N)
Nitrite-nitrogen (NO2-N)
Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3 -N)

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

Ammonium nitrogen (NH4 -N)

mg/L

-

0.5

Total phosphorous (T-P)
Phosphorous phosphate (PO4-P)
Oil and grease
PhenolSulfideSulfateHydrogen sulfide (H2S)
FormaldehydeFree chlorine
Total organic carbon
Cyanide (CN)Mercury (Hg)
Lead (Pb)

mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L

ND
0.0005
0.01

0.1
0.01
0.02
0.001
0.05

33

Cadmium (Cd)

mg/L

0.003

0.01

cfu/100mL

Vietnam
5.5 – 915.0

Thailand
5–9
2.0

30

-

50
>4
7,500
as MPN/100 mL
0.04
10

>4
20,000as MPN/100 mL5
0.5
as NH3 -N
0.005
0.002
0.05
0.005
0.05*1
0.01
0.05
0.1
1.0
0.1
1.0
-

34
Arsenic (As)
mg/L
0.01
0.05
35
Trivalent chromium (Cr (III))
mg/L
0.5
36
Hexavalant chromium (Cr(VI))
mg/L
0.05
0.04
37
Total chromium (Cr)mg/L
38
Copper (Cu)
mg/L
0.5
39
Zinc (Zn)
mg/L
1.5
40
Selenium (Se)
mg/L
0.01
41
Nickel (Ni)
mg/L
0.1
42
Manganese (Mn)
mg/L
43
Iron (Fe)
mg/L
1.5
44
Barium (Ba)mg/L
45
Boron(B)mg/L
0.8*1) To be adopted to the water sample whose hardness is more than 100 mg/l as Ca CO3
Source: Environmental quality standard 1971, Japan for conservation of the living environment (Class D for rivers: Industrial Water
2, Agricultural Water and Uses Listed E) and the protection of the human health
Surface Water Quality Standard, QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT, Vietnam (B1: Standard for Irrigation Purpose)
Surface Water Standards 2009 Thailand (Class 3: Standard for Agricultural Purpose)
Source: EIA Study Team(4) Survey Results
Table 4.1-8 shows the results of the water quality survey at TW2. As for general parameters, theresults of suspended solids (SS) exceeded the water quality standard in Japan and Vietnam. There are
two possibilities for exceeding the environmental standards: 1) natural origin (e.g., soil condition), and
2) derived from human activity (e.g., construction, bare land, and unpaved road).

4-4Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

As for heavy metals, toxic, and other parameters, of all available water quality standards, only leadand cadmium in May and July, respectively, slightly exceeded their respective standard values. The
results in the other months were below the standards. As for oil and grease, cyanide was not able to beanalyzed to compare with its corresponding water quality standard due to capacity limitation of thelaboratory at that time. The other parameters were far lower than their corresponding standards. Thus,
the water quality of the survey point was not polluted and generally good.
Table 4.1-8: Results of Water Quality Survey at TW2
2013

Environmental Standard

Parameters (Unit)
Temperature (oC)
Odor
Color
Electrical Conductivity(µS/cm)pH
BOD5 (mg/L)
CODCr (mg/L)
SS (mg/L)
Turbidity (NTU)
Hardness (mg/L)
DO (mg/L)
Total Coliforms(MPN/100ml)
Total Nitrogen (mg/L)
Nitrite (NO2-N) (mg/L)
Nitrates (NO3 -N) (mg/L)
Ammonium Nitrogen(NH4-N) (mg/L)
Total Phosphorous (mg/L)

March

April

May

Japan

VietnamThailand

-

-

-

27.39
27.25
Not objectionable

26.5

-

-

-

-

-

Clear

Clear

Clear

-

-

-

-

-

-

48

53

62

-

-

-

-

-

-

7.2
3.0

7.3
2.5

7.4
2.5

5.5-9.015

5.0-9.0
2.0

-

-

-

2.36

0.736

1.10

6.0-8.5
8.0
5

30

-

-

-

-

91
236
120

73
98.5
100

270
651
20

50
-

-

-

-

-

4

-

-

-

1.7 x 103

-

-

-

8.2
13

8.1
13

Mercury (Hg ) (mg/L)
Lead (Pb) (mg/L)
Cadmium (Cd) (mg/L)
Hexavalent Chromium(Cr(VI)) (mg/L)
Copper (Cu) (mg/L)
Zinc (Zn) (mg/L)
Nickel (Ni) (mg/L)
Manganese (Mn) (mg/L)

July

August4.6-

as CODMn

100
-

4.5
>=2
>4
7.5 x 103x 103
4.0 x 102 as 5.0
MPN/100 mL as MPN/100 mL

as MPN/100 mL

7.6

ND

13

ND

ND

ND

4.2

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.25

ND

ND

ND

-

0.5

0.5

-

-

-

>4
2.0 x 104

8.1
15

-

10

0.04

-

10

5

<1
ND

2
ND

<1
ND

ND
<1
ND

ND
1
ND

ND
2
ND

-

0.1
-

-

100

100

100

ND

5

40

-

-

-

-

-

-

4.9

5.3

4.1

-

-

-

<0.05
ND

<0.0050.0002<0.05
0.0011<0.05
0.0001<0.05
0.0009<0.05
0.0021

ND
0.005

0.02
0.001

0.002

0.003

ND

0.062

0.009

0.05

0.010

0.01

0.05

0.00440.0007ND

0.00130.01520.0004

0.003

0.01

0.05
0.005
0.05*1

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.05

0.04

0.05

0.04
ND
<0.01

ND
ND
0.01

0.28
ND
0.01

0.18
ND
<0.01

ND
ND
0.01

ND
ND
<0.01

-

0.5
1.5
0.1

0.1
1.0
0.1

Oil and Grease (mg/L)
Sulfide (mg/L)
Sulfate (mg/L)
Total Organic Carbon(mg/L)
Cyanide (CN) (mg/L)

June

ND
0.1
0.1
ND
ND
ND
1.0
Iron (Fe) (mg/L)
0.001
5
0.094
0.05
0.05
4
1.5
*1) To be adopted to the water sample whose hardness is more than 100 mg/l as Ca CO3
Note: The results were rounded up or rounded off using a appropriate number of significant figures for each parameter.
Source: Environmental quality standard 1971, Japan. It concerns the conservation of living environment for agricultural use and protectionof human health.
Surface Water Quality Standard (QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT), Vietnam B1: Standard for Irrigation Purpose
Surface Water Standards 2009 Thailand Class 3: Standard for Agriculture Purpose
EIA Report for the Thilawa SEZ Zone A Development Project

4-5

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

4.1.4 Soil Quality(1) Survey Condition
According to the Reference, one survey point relevant to the Project is available around the Projectsite. Table 4.1-9 summarizes the survey conditions such as date, parameters, and method for soil
quality survey.
Table 4.1-9: Outline of Soil Quality Survey
Survey Point
ST-2

Survey Date
29 April 2013

Parameters

MethodpH, Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, As, Fe, Cr,Standard operating procedure of U.S. EPA

Hg, Ni
Source: EIA Report for the Thilawa SEZ Zone A Development Project(SOP-2012, SOP2016, and SOP 2003)(2) Survey Location
The location of the sampling points is shown in Table 4.1-10.
Table 4.1-10: Location of Soil Quality Survey
Sampling
Point Name

Coordinates

Description of the Survey Point

ST-2

N 16°40'32.79",E 96°17'13.57"

Site in the paddy field in Thilawa SEZ.
It is located about 20 m west of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Road.

Source: EIA Report for the Thilawa SEZ Zone A Development Project(3) Reference Standard
Since there is no official standard on soil quality in Myanmar and the Reference did not cover thequantitative target levels for soil in its scope, the reference standards for soil quality related to theparameters the Project proponent surveyed are quoted from ASEAN countries near Myanmar(Vietnam and Thailand) and Japan as shown in Table 4.1-11.
Table 4.1-11: Reference Standards for Soil Quality
No.

Parameter

Environmental Standard

Unit

1)

Japan

Thailand3)

Vietnam4)

1

pH

-

-

-

-

2

Cadmium (Cd)

mg/kg

150

37

2

3

Copper (Cu)

mg/kg

1252)

-

50

4

Zinc (Zn)

mg/kg

-

-

200

5

Manganese (Mn)

mg/kg

-

1,800

-

6

Lead (Pb)

mg/kg

150

400

70

7

Arsenic (As)

mg/kg

150

3.9

12

8

Iron (Fe)

mg/kg

-

-

-

9

Chromium (Cr)

mg/kg

250

300

-

10

Mercury (Hg)

mg/kg

15

23

-

11
Nickel (Ni)
mg/kg
1,600
Source: 1) Detailed Enforcement Regulations of Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act, 2002, Japan
2) Environmental Quality Standards for Soil Pollution, 1991, Japan
3) Soil Quality Standard for Other Purposes, 2004, Thailand4)Regulation for Implementing the Law on Soil Contamination Countermeasures”
QCVN 03: 2008/BTNMT, Vietnam. It is applied as “farm land”.

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report(4) Survey Results
The results of soil quality analysis are presented in Table 4.1-12. The results of copper and leadslightly exceeded the soil quality standards in Vietnam. However, these results were far below othercountries’ environmental standards. These results could be evaluated as no lead or copper
contamination that could lead to environmental and health impacts. For the other parameters, theresults shown in Table 4.1-12 were below their corresponding standards.
Table 4.1-12: Results of Soil Quality Analysis at ST2
No.

Parameter

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

pH
Cadmium (Cd)Copper (Cu)Zinc (Zn)
Manganese (Mn)
Lead (Pb)
Arsenic (As)Iron (Fe)
Chromium (VI)
Mercury (Hg)
Nickel (Ni)

Unit
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg

ResultST 2

Japan1)

6.2
0.004
80
105
15
80
ND
5,280
ND
0.002
10

150
125 2)
150
150
250
15
-

Environmental
StandardThailand3) Vietnam4)
37
1,800
400
3.9
300
23
1,600

2
50
200
70
12
-

Remarks: ND: Not detected
Source: 1) Standard of Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act, 2002, Japan
2) Environmental Quality Standards for Soil Pollution, 1994, Japan
3) Soil Quality Standard for Other Purposes, 2004, Thailand
4) Regulation for Implementing the Law on Soil Contamination Countermeasures
QCVN 03: 2008/BTNMT, Vietnam. It is applied as “farm land”

4.1.5 Noise Level(1) Survey Condition
The measurement of noise levels was conducted in reference to the recommendation of theInternational Organization for Standardization (ISO) in ISO 1996-1:2003 and ISO 1996-2:2007. Noiselevel surveys were conducted in April and June 2013. The results of such are shown in Table 4.1-13
and Table 4.1-14.
Table 4.1-13: Survey Parameters and Related Standard for Noise Level
No.

Parameter

Period1

Area adjacent to a road
(Along the road)2

Residential area
(Living environment)

Daytime (6:00-22:00)
Nighttime (22:00-6:00)
Daytime (6:00-22:00)
Nighttime (22:00-6:00)

A-Weighted Loudness
Equivalent (LAeq) dB
70
65
55
45

Source: Environmental Quality Standards for Noise, 1998, Japan

Table 4.1-14: Sampling Duration for Noise Level Survey
Sample Point

Duration

N-2

72 hr x 2 times

Date and Time
1st: 7 April 2013 (Sunday) to 10 April 2013(Wednesday)
2nd: 23June 2013 (Sunday) to 25 June 2013 (Tuesday)

Source: EIA Report for the Thilawa SEZ Zone A Development Project

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report(2) Survey Location
The locations of noise level survey point are shown in Table 4.1-15.
Table 4.1-15: Locations of Noise Survey
Sampling Point

Coordinates

N-2 (1st)(Living Environment)

N 16°40'15.54",
E 96°16'33.83"

N-2 (2nd)(Along the Road)

N 16° 40' 11.5",
E 96° 16'36.4"

Description of Sampling Point
Near the Moegyoswun Monastery Compound. The location is an open area
beside the monk houses and about 150 m from the road. The road is paved andhas low traffic.
In front of Moegyoswun Monastery. The location is an open area beside theroad and about 6 m from the road. The road is paved and has low traffic.

Source: EIA Report for the Thilawa SEZ Zone A Development Project(3) Survey Result
The results of noise levels in 2013 are shown in Table 4.1-16. In the living environment, only the
daytime results on weekends were below the environmental standard. The other results exceeded theenvironmental standard. On the other hand, all results from along the road were below theenvironmental standard.
Table 4.1-16: Results of Noise Levels in 2013
Unit: dB(A)Weekdays
Location
N-2 (1st)(Living Environment)
N-2 (2nd)(Along the Road)

Environmental Standard1)

Weekends

Daytime(6:00–22:00)

Nighttime(22:00–6:00)

Daytime(6:00–22:00)

Nighttime(22:00–6:00)

Daytime(6:00–22:00)

Nighttime(22:00–6:00)

57

53

53

54

55

45

67

55

68

51

70

65

Source: 1) Environmental Quality Standards for Noise, 1998, JapanEIA Report for the Thilawa SEZ Zone A Development Project

4.2 Natural Environment
4.2.1 Flora, Fauna, and Biodiversity
Until 1998 there has been no reserved forest in Thanlyin Township. Since then, an area of about 2.3
km2 (557 acres) have been demarcated as reserved forest. There is a low lateritic hill from north tosouth identified in Thanlyin Township. Small areas of mangroves are found in the south andsoutheastern parts of this township. The common species are Kanazo, Dhani, Tayaws, and some kindsof bamboo.
According to the Reference, there were 139 flora species in the dry season and 181 species in the rainyseason in the Thilawa SEZ Zone A area and downstream nearby the Yangon River. The listed andrecorded plant species were checked with the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)Red List of threatened species. However, none of those species were found in the IUCN Red List.
The fauna survey was also conducted in 2013 in and around the Thilawa SEZ Zone A. A total of 13
butterfly species were recorded in the study area during the survey period. All the recorded butterfly
species were common species. A total of 18 bird species, which belong to 13 families, were recordedin the survey area. A total of four mammal species categorized as Lc (Least Concern) by IUCN Red
List were recorded during the survey period. Some species such as the white-bellied rat, Niviventer
fulvscens, and Greater bandicoot rat, Bandicota indica, were found mainly in rice fields, whereas thegrey squirrel Callosciurus pygerythrus was found in both scattered trees and scrubland areas. Eighteen
reptilian species and seven amphibian species were recorded in the survey area during the survey
period and the total 18 species in dry season and 8 species in rainy season had the Lc status in the
IUCN Red List. The reptile species Calotes versicolor was observed in areas with mixed vegetation

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Reportand scattered trees. Among the recorded species, the paddy frog Fejervarya limnocharis was found asvery common species. The frog species Holobatrachus tigerinus was also common in the area anddistributed in many parts of the area in the wet season. A total of 15 fish species were recorded during
the survey period. The fishes are important for the ecosystem of the canal and rice field water body.
The fish species Mystus cavasius and Puntius chola were found as very common species in the
Thilawa SEZ Zone A. The fish species Mystus bleekeri and Labeo calbasu were also abundant in theaquatic habitat. As a result of survey, Endangered (EN) species, vulnerable (VU) species by IUCN Red
List and prohibited species, which need to conserve and no hunting, trading and no disturb to them byMyanmar Law, were not identified by the Reference survey.
4.2.2 Groundwater and Hydrological Situations
The main river around the proposed Project area is the Yangon River, which is a large tidal river in theregion. The Hmawwun River, Kondon Creek, and Kawdaun Creek flow into the Yangon River. The
water from these water bodies is unsuitable for agricultural and fishing industries.
The western part of Thanlyn Township has a lot of tidal rivers and creeks. The main river is the
Hmawwun River, which flows from east to west and reaches the Yangon River. Some creeks also flow
into the Yangon River, some into the Hmawwun River, and some directly into the Gulf of Mottama(e.g., Kanaung, Myagaing, and Tummyaung).
Hydrology is the second element in determining groundwater occurrence and movement. Since
groundwater is being studied here, hydrology is to be discussed only as it affects groundwater.
Precipitation and stream flow are to be considered only in relationship with groundwater.
In the alluvial deposits along the major streams, there is a seasonal interchange of surface water andgroundwater. During peak runoff or at high tide, water of the Yangon River percolates into thegroundwater reservoir in the adjacent area, and as the stream level declines below the adjacent watertable, groundwater percolates back into the channels.
4.2.3 Meteorology
Greater Yangon has a tropical monsoon climate characterized by three distinct seasons, namely,
summer (March to middle of May), rainy (middle of May to middle of October), and cool (middle of
October to February) seasons. The Kaba-aye Meteorological Station, which is managed by the
Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH) of the Ministry of Transport (MOT), has been
observing meteorological conditions of Greater Yangon since 1968. The location of the Kaba-aye
Station is shown in Figure 4.2-1.

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Note: Scale is not applicable
Source: Data of Township (Government Administration)

Figure 4.2-1: Location of Meteorology Station in the Yangon Area
4.2.4 Temperature and Rainfall
From 1981 to 2010 the mean annual temperature is 27.4 °C. The mean monthly temperature is highest
in April at 30.7 °C and lowest in January at 25.0°C. Except in December and January, the monthly
temperatures are above 25.0 °C. The annual range of temperature is fairly small at 5.7 °C. The
southwest monsoon wind is the main source of rain, and the Yangon area receives rain during theperiod from May to October. The average annual amount of rainfall is 2,787 mm. Rainfall sharply
decreases from November and continues to be less than 10 mm from December to February as shownin Table 4.2-1 and Figure 4.2-2. According to Koppen's climate classification, the type of climate is
Tropical Monsoon (am), which is characterized by alternating wet and dry seasons.
Table 4.2-1: Monthly Maximum, Minimum, Mean Temperatures and Rainfall
at Kaba-Aye Station in Yangon City (1981-2010)
No.

1

2

3

4

5

Month
Max. Temp. (°C)
Min. Temp. (°C)
Mean Temp. (°C)
Rainfall (mm)

Jan
33.2
16.7
25.0
1

Feb
35.2
18.3
26.8
4

Mar
36.8
21.1
29.0
12

Apr
37.5
23.8
30.7
38

May
34.1
24.3
29.2
325

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Jun Jul Aug Sep
30.8 30.3 30.0 31.0
23.6 23.2 23.3 23.2
27.2 26.8 26.7 27.1
566 608 571 393

Oct
32.2
23.1
27.7
201

Nov
33.1
21.3
27.2
61

Dec
32.5
17.7
25.1
7

Source: Data of the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, Kaba-aye Station, Yangon

4-10

Average/
Total
33.1
21.6
27.4
2787

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Source: Data of the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology Department, Kaba-aye Station, Yangon

Figure 4.2-2: Climograph of Kaba-aye Station in Yangon City (1981-2010)
4.2.5 Relative Humidity
Relative humidity have been recorded twice a day; at 9:30 and at 18:30. As shown in Figure 4.2-3
humidity difference between the morning and evening is quite small. The annual mean relative
humidity at 9:30 and at 18:30 were 72.3% and 72.8%, respectively. The maximum mean monthly
relative humidity is 90.6% in August, while the minimum mean monthly relative humidity is 51.4% in
February.

Source: The Strategic Urban Development Plan of the Greater Yangon, April 2013, JICA Study

Figure 4.2-3: Mean Monthly Relative Humidity at Kaba-Aye Station (1991-2000)
4.2.6 Wind Speed and Direction
The annual mean wind speed recorded at Kaba-aye Station was 1.1 m/s, while the maximum windspeed at 42.9 m/s was recorded in May 2008 at the time of Cyclone Nargis. Cyclones come to thecountry in April, May, and October, but as shown in Figure 4.2-4, Greater Yangon seldom experiencessuch cyclone winds. Winds are generally in the southwest direction during the summer (March to
middle of May) and rainy (middle of May to middle of October) seasons, and in the northeast directionin the cool season (middle of October to February).

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Source: The Strategic Urban Development Plan of the Greater Yangon, April 2013, JICA Study

Figure 4.2-4: Maximum Wind Speed and Mean Monthly Wind Speed at Kaba-Aye Station(1991-2008)
4.2.7 Topography
The Thilawa SEZ Zone A is part of the Ayeyarwaddy and Sittaung deltas. The ridges exist on both sideof Thanlyin-Kyauktan Bridge and Thilawa Road.
The distinct physiographic units are as follows:
1. Ridges
2. Alluvial plain
3. Costal lowland(1) Ridges
The dominant physical features of the region locating the project are three ridges with the Yangonridge in the northern part, the Thanlyin anticlinal ridge in the eastern part, and the Kawhmu ridge inthe western part of the region locating the project. Other parts are flat lowlands. These ridges are thesouthern continuation of the Pegu Yoma. The Yangon-Mingaladon ridge is an anticlinal ridge andmorphologically it looks like a homoclinal ridge. The highest elevation is about 68 m above sea levelwith 30 m base height, and the regional slope is towards the south. The Thanlyin ridge is also ananticlinal ridge and covered with thick lateritic soil. The highest elevation of the entire region is about
50 m mean sea level (msl) and base height is about 21 m above sea level. The Kawhmu ridge is dome
shaped and covered with thick lateritic soil. The highest point is about 60 m and the basement of thisridge is about 20 m. This ridge is wide at about 34 km from the north of Twentay Town to the south of
Kawhmu Town. Further at the western part along Thanlyin-Kyauktan Highway and the western part of
Nyaungwine Village Tract, Shwebyauk Village, Thanlyin Township and Kyauktan Township are
situated. The elevation of the ridges are above 17 m, and are located at the border of Thanlyin
Township and Kyauktan Township along the road between Ahle Village of Thanlyin Township andThilawa Village of Kyauktan Hmawwun by the side of Thilawa Road. The ridges are covered with
dense forest vegetation and boundaries, and are composed of laterite. These ridges are gently sloping
southward.
(2) Alluvial Plain
The alluvial plain is widespread, and a vast agricultural land found in the study area. This plain is built
up with alluvial deposits from the Hlaing and Bago rivers. The general elevation of the alluvial plain is
generally less than 6.6 m above mean sea level. In the rainy season the plain is usually flooded, thus itpermits old alluvial soil to be deposited in its banks. The plain is rather swampy in some places.
(3) Costal Lowland
The coastal zone exists in the southern and southeastern parts of Thanlyin Township and Kyauktan
Township. These coastal zone structures are from Mibya, Zwebagon, Shan Chaung, and Sinmakwe
Village to the southern part up to the Mottama Sea. Large swampy lowlands are found in the lower

4-12Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Reportpart of the coastal region where the Hmawwun River, Kondon Creek, and Kawdaun Creek flow into
the Yangon River. The drain empties very slowly. Thus, this part is unsuitable for agriculture andfishing industries. The western portion of these townships is drained by a lot of tidal rivers and creeks.
The main drainage is the Hmawwun River, which flows from east to west and drains into the Yangon
River. Some creeks flow into the Yangon River, some into the Hmawwun River and some directly into
the Gulf of Mottama (e.g., Kanaung, Myagaing, and Tummyaung).

Project Site

Note: Scale is not applicable
Source: Resource Environmental Myanmar Ltd.

Figure 4.2-5: Physiographic Features in Yangon Area
4.2.8 Geographical Features
Regional geomorphic features of the entire area includes ridges and deltaic lands lying south of thePegu Yoma between the Sittaung River in the east and the Irrawaddy River in the west. This area is ina north-south trending sedimentary basin containing thick sedimentary deposits from the Tertiary to
Quaternary periods. The Tertiary deposits are strongly folded into narrow en echelon anticlinal folds
such as the Yangon ridge, the Thanlyin-Kyauktan ridge, and the Twentay-Kawhmu ridge. All theseridges are trending south towards the Gulf or Martaban. Rocks of the Tertiary period contain wellconsolidated marine sandstone and shale of the Pegu Group and semi-consolidated, continental deltaic
and marginal marine deposits of the Irrawaddy Formation. The synclinal valley or trough west of the
Yangon anticlinal ridge is filled with unconsolidated deposits from the Quaternary period. There forms
a wedge-shaped alluvial accumulation, ranging in thickness from a few feet near the ridge up to 100 min the synclinal valley. The wedge-shaped form of these sediments extends both in the east-west and4-13

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Reportnorth-south directions and shows thickening toward the south and west. These sediments include clay,
silt, sand and very coarse-grained gravel.
Table 4.2-2: Geological Survey of the Region Locating in and around Project Site
Lithostratigraphic Units
Recent Alluvial
Valley-filled deposits

Geological Age
RecentPleistocene

Danyingon clay
Pliocene
Arzanigon sand-rock
Besapet alternation
MioceneThadugan sandstone
Hlawga shale
Oligocene
Source: Data from the Geology Department

Physical Parameter
Clay and silt with trace sand.
Clay, silt, sand and very coarse-grained gravel.
Reddish brown, grey to blue, laminated clays, with interbedded
sand-rocks.
Yellowish grey to bluish grey sand-rock, fine to coarse-grained,
sometimes very coarse-grained, sometimes very coarse to gritty withintercalated clay and mudstone/siltstone.
Alternation of shale and argillaceous sandstone.
Well consolidated, jointed argillaceous sandstone.
Generally indurated shale.

Project Site

Note: Scale is not applicable
Source: Data from the Geology Department

Figure 4.2-6: Geological Map in and around the Project Site
4.2.9 Soil Erosion
The main types of soil are Ferrosols, Gleysols, Solovechaks, and Arenesols. Ferrosols (plinthic) or
lateritic soils are found on low hills along Thanlyin-Kyauktan. The soil is good for growing rubber andvegetables, and for gardening. Gleysols (dystric) or meadow gley soils occupy much of the area in thistownship as shown in Figure 4.2-7. About 90% of these soils are composed of silt and clay, but humus
content varies from place to place. These soils are favorable for paddy cultivation. The main problem,
however, is poor drainage and water logged conditions. Meadow Solonchak are usually found inlowlands under impeded drainage. In the rainy season, they are covered with flood water. Because of
the high content of clay, these soils become very dry and crack in the dry season. Solonchaks (gleyic)or saline swampy gluey soils are found along the coastal area. These soils develop from sediments
transported and deposited at the estuaries of the Yangon River.

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Project Site

Note: Scale is not applicable
Source: Data from the Land Use Division, Myanmar

Figure 4.2-7: Soil Map of Yangon Division

4.3 Social Environment
4.3.1 Population
In 2011, the population in Myanmar was estimated at 48.3 million. Approximately 70% reside in rural
areas and 30% in urban areas. The densest area is in Yangon Division wherein about 390 people live
per km2.
In 2014 there were about 212,000 in Thanlyin Township and 124,000 people and Kyauktan Townshipas shown in Table 4.3-1.

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Table 4.3-1: Total Population of Related Townships (2014)
Under 18 years
Town ship

HousesOver 18 years

Total

Households
MaleFemale

Total

Male

Female

Total

Male

FemaleTotal

Thanlyin 47,582
47,76027,612 26,681 54,293 76,466
Kyauktan 26,420
30,42817,883 16,237 34,120 43,266
Source: Thanlyin and Kyauktan Township Administrative Offices

81,88247,536

158,348
90,802104,078
61,149108,563
63,773

212,641
124,9224.3.2 Ethnicity
The races residing in Thanlyin and Kyauktan townships are shown in Table 4.3-2. Most of the people
who live in the townships are Bamar, followed by Kayin, Rakhine, and Indian people. A small number
of Pakistani and Bangladeshi live in Thanlyin Township.
Table 4.3-2: Races in Related Townships (2014)
TownshipThanlyin
Kyauktan
1
Kachin
52
3
2
Kayar
2
2
3
Kayin
1,573
224
4
Chin
224
12
5
Mon
415
8
6
Bamar
198,494
120,110
7
Rakhine
1,183
90
8
Shan
133
3
9
China
371
330
10
Indian
7,090
4,140
11
Pakistan64
012Bangladeshi
425
013
Others
2,615
0
Total
212,641
124,922
Source: Thanlyin and Kyauktan Township Administrative Offices
No.

Race

4.3.3 Religion
The religions present in Thanlyin and Kyauktan townships are shown in Table 4.3-3. More than 90%of the people living in the two townships are Buddhists. There are more Hindus and Muslims living inKyauktan Township than in Thanlyin Township.
Table 4.3-3: Religion in Related Townships (2014)
TownshipThanlyin
Kyauktan

Religion
Number(%)
Number(%)

Buddhist
120,11096.2
202,076
93.7

Christian
1,220
0.9
1,853
0.9

Hindu
3,232
2.6
3,760
2.8

Muslim
360
0.3
3,200
2.4

Total
124,922
212,641-

Source: Thanlyin and Kyauktan Township Administrative Offices

4.3.4 Local Economy and Livelihood
The main sources of livelihood in the two townships are agriculture, fishing, and official employment
in the government. In Thanlyin Township, other sources of earning are livestock breeding, fish
farming, casual labor, and betel leaf and coconut plantations as well as small-to-medium-sizebusinesses. In Kyauktan Township, other livelihood activities include livestock breeding, fish farming,and betel leaf and coconut plantations. Most of the casual labor is employed in the agricultural sector.

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Table 4.3-4: Existing Status of Local Livelihoods in Related Townships (2014)
Type of Workers
TownshipThanlyin
Kyauktan

Government
Staff
7,436
4,305

Service
Staff
2,675
11,000Agriculture

Livestock

Trader

Factory

Odd Job

Others

6,650
4,307

175
8,706

21,003
6,637

6,230
5,378

41,972
6,569

21,62335,851

Source: Thanlyin and Kyauktan Township Administrative Offices

4.3.5 Social Infrastructure and Service
Public transportation modes in Thanlyin Township are bus, railway, and inland water transportation.
As for the port sector, Thanlyin is an important township for ocean transportation, with three ports
being operated thereat. In Thanlyin, total length of roads is 212.36 km and total length of railroads is22.12 km. Inland water length is 178.51 km in which three harbors and 110 bridges are in running
condition. The main sources of water are five streams and ten reservoirs. In this township, the sourcesof water for drinking and other uses of residents are river/stream and reservoir. As for thetelecommunications sector, the percentage of households in the township with landlines is about 5%,
and it represents a very low rate within the Yangon Region.
Public transportation modes in Kyauktan Township are bus and inland water transportation. There arethree bus lines of 115 cars in Kyauktan Township. The main sources of water for drinking and otheruses of residents are river and well/deep well and reservoir. As for the telecommunications sector, thepercentage of households in the township with landlines and mobile phones is about 50%.
4.3.6 Water Source
For the townships, the sources of water for drinking and other uses of residents are river/stream andreservoir. It is bounded by the Bago River in the east, Thongwa and Kayan townships in the west,
Kyauktan Township in the south, and the Bago River again in the north. Thanlyin Township is situatedin the southern part of the Yangon Region. Some small hills over 100 ft (30 m) can be seen along
Thanlyin-Kyauktan Road, but most of the township area is flat. The drainage system of the region
locating the project and surrounding area includes three main rivers, namely, the Yangon River, theBago River, and the Hlaing River, and their tributaries. These tributaries are mostly the alluvial stream
and show dendritic pattern whereas combination of dendritic pattern and braided stream system areobserved in some low-lying areas. Thus, tidal channels collectively form a special drainage pattern
known as tidal flat. The main river in the study area is the Yangon River, which is a large tidal river.
The Hmawwun River, Kondon Creek, and Kawdaun Creek flow into the Yangon River. The drainage
pattern is very poor. Thus, this part is unsuitable for agriculture and fishing industries.
4.3.7 Electric Power System in Yangon
By the end of 2011, there were a total of eight power plants connected to the Yangon Power Grid andthe total amount of installed capacity of their power supply, all of which are thermal power, is 471
MW. There are four gas turbine power plants with combined installed capacity of 318 MW, and foursteam turbine units with combined installed capacity of 153 MW. Moreover, there are seven 230 kV
substations in the Yangon Power Grid. The total capacity of the main transformers is 940 MVA, andthe length of the 230 kV lines is 959.87 km. Yangon’s power supply map is shown in Figure 4.3-1.

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
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Project Site

Note: Scale is not applicable
Source: Yangon Electric Supply Board

Figure 4.3-1: Yangon Electricity Supply Map
4.3.8 Cultural Heritage
Cultural heritage in Thanlyin and Kyauktan townships is summarized in Table 4.3-5. Many religious
heritage sites related to Buddhism, i.e., 146 pagodas and 192 Buddhist temples, are located in
Thanlyin Township.
Table 4.3-5: Cultural Heritage of Related Townships (2014)
TownshipThanlyin
Kyauktan

Pagoda146
57

Buddhist Temple
192
153

Type of Cultural Heritage
Church Mosque Hindu Temple
6
10
31
2
2
3

Source: Thanlyin and Kyauktan Township Administrative Office

4-18

Chinese Temple
3
1

Total
388
218

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

There are two typical monasteries near the Project site. The Mogyo-swan Seated Buddha Monastery is
located in the west side of the study area. There is one seated Buddha statute of unknown time period
called “Mogyo-swan yoke-shin-taw Myat”, as shown in Figure 4.3-2. In addition, Kyaikkhauk Pagoda
is located in the northern area of Thilawa Lake. This pagoda is believed to be built in 397 B.C.

Source: EIA Report for Thilawa SEZ Zone A Development Project

Figure 4.3-2: Picture of Seated Buddha Statue in Mongyo-swan Monastery
4.3.9 LandscapeNo specific landscape was identified during the field visit in the region locating the project. The
project site and its surrounding area is composed of flat plains and typical rural landscapes of urbanneighborhood.
4.3.10 Emergency Risk
(1) Natural Hazard
The “Hazard Profile of Myanmar” prepared by five government ministries and departments ofMyanmar and four non-governmental agencies in July 2009 describes nine types of disasters in
Myanmar: 1) Cyclone, 2) Drought/Dry zone, 3) Earthquake, 4) Fire, 5) Flood, 6) Forest Fire, 7)
Landslide, 8) Storm, and 9) Tsunami. Among these, some notable natural hazards are described asfollows:(2) Flood
Floods in Greater Yangon can be classified into three types: i) river flood; ii) localized floodinundation in urban areas due to a combination of factors such as cloudburst, poor infiltration rate,
poor drainage infrastructure (possibly due to climate change, heat island phenomenon); and in rural
areas due to decrepit dams, dikes and levees, and iii) floods due to cyclone and storm surge.

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Past major flood events from 1997 to 2007 are described in the “Hazard Profile of Myanmar”, butthere are only a few flood events in and around Greater Yangon as shown in Table 4.3-6.
Table 4.3-6: Past Major Floods in Yangon Region (1997-2007)
Date

No. of affectedhouseholds

Affected
population

DeathsRemarkKayan Township

7 June 1997

1,189

5,878

0

Hta/16 Ward, Shwe
Pyi Thar Township

8 September
2002

886

4,541

0

North part of the region
Along the left bank of the
Hlaing River in Greater
YangonLocation

Source: Hazard Profile of Myanmar, July 2009

(3) Cyclone
Cyclones that originate from the Bay of Bengal generally move westward to India and then turntoward Bangladesh and Myanmar. Severe cyclones tend to occur either during the pre-monsoon seasonfrom April to May or the post-monsoon season from October to November.
Cyclones have three destructive forces, namely: i) storm surge, ii) heavy rainfall, and iii) strong winds.
According to the “Hazard Profile of Myanmar”, 1,248 tropical storms formed in the Bay of Bengal
during the period from 1887 to 2005, of which 80 storms (6.4% of the total) hit Myanmar’s coast. In
total, 12 cyclones caused severe damage in Myanmar mainly due to the accompanying storm surge,
and the highest death or missing toll was at 138,373 caused by Cyclone Nargis in May 2008.
Cyclone Nargis also hit Greater Yangon and floodwater spread on a number of townships around
Yangon City. Most of the inundated area during Cyclone Nargis were the Dala, Twantay, Htantabinand Hlegu areas.
(4) Earthquake
In the Bay of Bengal west of Myanmar, there is the Andaman Trench, where the Indian Plate ismoving northward and subducting underneath the Burma Plate from west to east. In east Myanmar,
there is the Sagaing Fault, which is the boundary between the Burma Plate and Sunda Plate. Hence, amagnitude 7.0+ earthquake has occurred more than 16 times, and six earthquakes of around magnitude
7.0 hit the main cities along the Sagaing Fault such as Yangon, Bago and Mandalay from 1930 to 1956.
Significantly, Yangon experienced six huge earthquakes around the 1930s.
4.3.11 Climate Change
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar is relatively underdeveloped. Large parts of the country haveirregular use of electricity. Myanmar has a very low rate of carbon dioxide emissions per capita, at 0.1
metric tons per person in 1990, and rising gradually to 0.21 metric tons per person in 2004. This is in
spite of the tropical climate, and the heavy use of air conditioners in the cities. Myanmar has its own
oil industry, with petrol and gas used to generate electricity. Approximately 83% of the country’s
electricity comes from fossil fuels, with the remainder from hydropower. As a result, liquid fuels makeup 57% of carbon dioxide emissions, and gaseous fuels make up another 39%. The remainder comesfrom solid fuels and from the manufacture of cement. About 36% of the carbon dioxide emissions in
the country come from transportation, 30% from the generation of electricity, and 15% frommanufacturing and construction. The main effect of global warming and climate change in Myanmar
has been the increased risk of flooding, especially at the mouth of the Irrawaddy River. The Boxing
Day Tsunami in 2004 led to serious flooding of this region. The Myanmar government took part in the
United Nations (UN) Framework Convention on Climate Change signed in Rio de Janeiro in May
1992. They adopted the Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change on 13
August 2003, and it was ratified on 16 February 2005.

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CHAPTER 5:
SCOPING AND TERMS OF REFERENCEFOR INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, AND
HEALTH IMPACTS AND EMERGENCY RISK ASSESSMENTS

5.1

Scoping for Environmental, Social, and Health Impacts andEmergency Risk Assessments

In order to assess the likely significant environmental, social, and health impacts, and emergency risks,
the conceivable adverse impacts and risks of the Project were initially indentified based on the Projectdescription and overall environmental and social conditions in the surrounding area. As a result of theidentification, the scoping matrix for each impact factor in the construction, operation, and closure
stages were prepared as shown in Table 5.1-1. The impact items were classified based on the “Japan
International Cooperation Agency Guidelines (JICA) for Environmental and Social Considerations(hereafter referred to as JICA guideline)” and International Finance Corporation (IFC) Environmental,
Health, and Safety Guidelines for Waste Management Facilities (IFC guidelines), draft environmental
impact assessment (EIA) procedures, and past EIA/initial environmental examination (IEE) reports in
Myanmar.
The reasons behind the selection of the impact items with its corresponding rating are summarized inTable 5.1-2. The ratings of the impacts on pollution, natural environment, social environment, healthand safety, and the emergency risks were classified as A to D in accordance with JICA guidelines. In
addition, each item of scoping matrix is categorized as direct impact or indirect impact as shown in
Table 5.1-3.
Table 5.1-1: Scoping Matrix for Impact Factor
Construction Stage
(CS)

Items

Pollution
Naturalenvironment

Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Solid Waste
Soil Contamination
Noise and Vibration
Ground Subsidence
Offensive Odor
Bottom SedimentProtected Area
Flora and Fauna
Ecosystem
Hydrology
Topography andGeography
Climate Change

Socialenvironment

Involuntary
Resettlement
Poor People
Indigenous and Ethnic
PeopleLocal Economy suchas Employment andLivelihood

Land
preparation
andoperation of
construction
machineries

Operation Stage (OS)Closing Stage (ClS)

VehicleExistence of Existence of Existence Existence Vehicle
traffic
final
incineration of wasteof other trafficarounddisposal site plant and its water
facilities aroundconstruction and its
operation
facility and and its
Project
sites
operationits
operation sites
operation

-

+

+/-

(-) *1+-+-

Existenceof final
disposalsite andland useafter
closure oflandfill-+(-) *1--

Demolition Vehicle
activities trafficaroundclosing
sites

-

-

-

*1

+

-

+

+

+

+

*2

+

5-1

+

+

+

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Construction Stage
(CS)
Land
preparation
andoperation of
construction
machineries

Items

Operation Stage (OS)Closing Stage (ClS)

VehicleExistence of Existence of Existence Existence Vehicle
traffic
final
incineration of wasteof other trafficarounddisposal site plant and its water
facilities aroundconstruction and its
operation
facility and and its
Project
sites
operationits
operation sites
operation

Land Use and Local
Resources
Water Usage
Existing Social
Infrastructures andServices
Social Institutions such
as Regional Severance
Misdistribution ofBenefits and Damages
Conflict of Interest
Within the Region

Demolition Vehicle
activities trafficaroundclosingsites

Existenceof final
disposalsite andland useafter
closure oflandfill--*1

Cultural Heritage
LandscapeGender-

Health and
SafetyChildren's Rights
Occupational Healthand Safety
Community Healthand Safety Including
Accidents
Infectious Diseases
such as HIV/AIDS

-

-

-

-

Emergency
Risk

Flood Risk-

Risk for Fire--

*1: Already evaluated in EIA for the Thilawa Zone A Development prepared by the Myanmar Japan Thilawa Development Company(MJTD)*2: Already evaluated in Resettlement Work Plan Thilawa Zone A Development prepared by the Yangon Region Government
Note: CS: Construction Stage, OS: Operation Stage, ClS: Closure Stage+: Positive impact-: Negative impact(+/-): Impact is not clear: No impact

Source: EIA Study Team

Table 5.1-2: Results of Scoping for Environmental, Social, and Health Impacts andEmergency Risk Assessments
RatingCategory
Pollution

Impact Item
Air Pollution

Construction
Stage (CS)B-

Operation Closure
Stage
Stage
(OS)
(ClS)
BB-

Reasons
CS/ClS: Deterioration of ambient air quality caused by construction
machineries would temporarily occur during construction andclosure phases. Impact on air quality by vehicle traffic caused by the
Project in the construction and closure stages will be negligible as
the number of vehicles required for the works is quite limited.
OS: Deterioration of ambient air quality due to operation of theincineration plant and landfill works would occur in the operation
phase. Impact on air quality due to vehicle traffic caused by the
Project in the operation phase is already assessed by the EIA Reportfor the Thilawa Special Economic Zone Development Project (ZoneA) (2013). Thus, this impact is not addressed because the Project
proponent will implement the mitigation measures based on the
results of the EIA.

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RatingCategory

NaturalEnvironment

SocialEnvironment

Operation Closure
Stage
Stage
(OS)
(ClS)
BB-

Impact Item

Construction
Stage (CS)

Reasons

Water Pollution

B-

Solid Waste

D

B+

D

Soil
Contamination

C

D

D

Noise andVibration

B-

B-

B-

GroundSubsidence
Offensive Odor

D

D

D

D

B-

B-

BottomSediment

D

D

D

Protected Area
Flora and Fauna,
Ecosystem

D
D

D
D

D
D

Hydrology

D

D

D

Topography andGeography
Climate Change

D

D

D

D

B+/ B-

D

Involuntary
Resettlement

D

D

D

Poor People

D

D

D

Indigenous andEthnic People
Local Economy

D

D

D

CS/ClS: Muddy water inflows to the river from the bare land of theconstruction site and drainage from the lodging of construction may
deteriorate the water quality.
OS/CIS: Inadequate treatment and disposal of leachate from thelandfill in the operation stage would cause water pollution in thesurrounding surfaces and underground water.
CS/ClS: The impact of solid waste in the construction and closure
stages will be negligible as no hazardous waste will be discharged
and little volume of solid waste will be discharged due to the works.
OS: The Project itself aims to improve solid waste management in
Thilawa SEZ and Greater Yangon Region.
CS: Soil contamination might be diffused if the soil in the Projectsite is originally contaminated and not treated adequately.
OS/ClS: Soil contamination in the operation and closure stages is
not assumed as landfill waste and leachate is adequately interceptedby liner system equipped in the landfill as described in Chapter 3.
CS/ClS: Increase of noise and vibration levels due to construction
machineries would temporarily occur during the construction andclosure stages. Impact on noise and vibration by vehicle trafficcaused by the Project in the construction and closure stages will be
negligible as the number of vehicles required for the works is quite
limited.
OS: Increase of noise and vibration levels due to the operation of theincineration plant and landfill works would occur in the operation
phase. Impact on noise and vibration by vehicle traffic caused by the
Project in the operation phase is already assessed by the EIA Reportfor the Thilawa Special Economic Zone Development Project (ZoneA) (2013). Thus, this impact is not addressed because the Project
proponent will implement the mitigation measures based on the
results of the EIA.
Impact on ground subsidence will be negligible because the intake ofgroundwater is not planned.
CS: Construction work causing offensive odor is not anticipated.
OS/CIS: Inadequate operation and closure of landfill would cause
offensive odor.
CS: Impact on bottom sediment contamination is not assumed as
there is no work to change the bottom of the river.
OS/CIS: Bottom sediment contamination in the operation andclosure stages is not assumed as landfill waste and leachate will beadequately intercepted by the liner system equipped in the landfill as
described in Chapter 3.
No protected area exists in and around the Project site.
Impact on flora, fauna, and the ecosystem is already assessed by the
EIA Report for the Thilawa Special Economic Zone Development
Project (Zone A) (2013). Thus, this impact is not addressed because
the Project proponent will implement mitigation measures based on
the results of the EIA.
No impact on hydrology is anticipated as the Project does not makeany changes to the water current or riverbed.
No impact on topography and geography are anticipated as large
scale excavation work is not planned.
CS/ClS: Impact of global warming due to the operation of
construction machineries and vehicle traffic caused by the Project in
the construction stage will be negligible as the number ofmachineries and vehicles required for construction work is quite
limited.
OS: Both the positive impact by avoiding open dumping and thenegative impact by incineration are assumed.
Impact on involuntary resettlement was already completed inaccordance with the resettlement work plan developed by the
Yangon Regional Government and was already approved in theDecision Clause 112 made at meeting No.51/2013 of the Yangon
Region Government. At this moment, there is no residence in the
Project site.
The Project will not cause negative impacts related to the poor
because job opportunities for local people will be provided by the
Project.
No indigenous and minority people are around the Project site.

B+

B+

B+/D

CS/ClS: Job opportunity for local people will be provided and the

5-3Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report
RatingCategory

Impact Item

Construction
Stage (CS)Operation Closure
Stage
Stage
(OS)
(ClS)

such asEmployment
and Livelihood

Health and
SafetyEmergency
Risk

Reasonsregional economy will be boosted to some extent through theconstruction and closure works of the Project. After the closure
stage, the local economy will be the same as before construction.
OS: The local economy and employment will be boosted by the
Project.
No impact on land use and local resources are anticipated as the
Project will be placed in the Thilawa Special Economic Zone ZoneA.
OS/ClS: Impact on the daily life water use of local people aroundthe Project site is expected due to the operation of solid waste
management facilities including closing works.
No impact on social infrastructures and services are anticipated as
the Project will be placed in the Thilawa Special Economic Zone
Zone A.
No impact on social institutions is anticipated as the Project will beplaced in the Thilawa Special Economic Zone Zone A.

Land Use andLocal Resources

D

D

D

Water Usage

D

B-

B-

Existing Social
Infrastructures
and Services
SocialInstitutions such
as Regional
Severance
Misdistributionof Benefit andDamageConflict ofInterests within
the Region
Cultural
Heritage

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

No impact on misdistribution of benefits and damages as the Projectwill be placed in the Thilawa Special Economic Zone Zone A.

D

D

D

No impact on conflict of interest within the region as the Project will
be placed in the Thilawa Special Economic Zone Zone A.

D

D

D

Landscape

D

B-

B-

GenderChildren’s
RightsOccupational
Health and
Safety

D
D

D
D

D
D

B-

B-

B-

It was confirmed that there is no cultural heritage in and around the
Project site according to the EIA Report for the Thilawa Special
Economic Zone Development Project (Zone A) (2013).
CS/OS/CIS: It was confirmed that there are no important landscaperesources and scenic spots in and around the Project site according
to the EIA Report for the Thilawa Special Economic Zone
Development Project (Zone A) (2013).
OS/CIS: On the other hand, the view from the road along the
Project site might cause impact on the feeling of pressure due to theexistence of a landfill site if the appropriate measures for thelandscape will not be taken.
The Project will not cause negative impacts related to gender.
The Project will not cause negative impacts related to children’s
rights.
CS/ClS/OS: Impact on the working conditions of the workers is
assumed if the appropriate measures to ensure working conditions
and occupational safety will not be taken.

Community
Health and
SafetyB-

B-

B-

Infectious
Diseases such as
HIV/AIDS

B-

D

B-

Flood Risk

B-

B-

CS/ClS/OS: Impact on community health and safety is assumed if
the appropriate measures to ensure community health and safety will
not be taken.

CS/ClS: Influx of labors who have infectious disease may cause thespread of disease.
OS: No impact on infectious diseases in the operational stage isassumed because an intensive influx of laborers is not anticipated.
BFlood risks brought by heavy rains, cyclones, and tsunamis are
expected with a fixed probability.
BRisks for fire are expected with a fixed probability.
A+: Significant positive impact
B+: Some positive impact

Risk for Fire
BBA-: Significant negative impact
B-: Some negative impact
C: Impact is not clear, need more investigation
D: No impact is negligible, no further study required
Source: EIA Study Team

Rating:Table 5.1-3: Direct and Indirect Impacts for the Result of Scoping
Category
Direct Impacts

Impact Item
Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Solid Waste, Soil Contamination, Noise and Vibration, Offensive Odor,
Flora and Fauna, Ecosystem, Landscape,Indirect Impacts
Direct andIndirect Impacts

Climate Change, Water Usage, Infectious Diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Flood Risk
Local Economy such as Employment and Livelihood, Occupational Health and Safety, Community
Health and Safety including Accidents

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Category
N/A

Impact Item
Ground Subsidence, Bottom Sediment, Protected Area, Hydrology, Topography and Geography,
Involuntary Resettlement, Poor People, Indigenous and Ethnic People, Land Use and Local Resources,
Existing Social Infrastructures and Services, Social Institutions such as Regional Severance,
Misdistribution of Benefit and Damage, Conflict of Interests within the Region, Cultural Heritage,
Gender, Children’s Rights, Risk for Fire
N/A: No impact is expected in the scoping matrix.
Source: EIA Study Team

5.2

Terms of Reference for Investigation of Environmental and Social
Conditions

The survey items and their methods for investigation of environmental and social conditions, of which
impact items were rated as A, B, or C in the scoping described in Section 5.1, are shown in Table
5.2-1.
Among these impact items, baseline of air quality, water quality, soil quality, noise and vibration, shallbe investigated by field measurements and laboratory analysis.
Table 5.2-1: Terms of Reference for Investigation of Environmental and Social Conditions
No.
1

Impact Item
Air Pollution

Survey Item
Wind Direction, Wind Speed, Solar
Radiation, Radiation Balance
NO2, NO, SO2, TSP, CO, PM10

2

Water Pollution

Parameters stipulated in the MOI
Regulation, IFC EHS Guideline and
MJTD internal rules(only parameters can be analyzed in
Myanmar and Thailand)

3

Soil Contamination

4

Noise

Cadmium (Cd), hexavalent chromium(Cr(VI)), mercury (Hg), selenium (Se),lead (Pb), arsenic (As)LAeq (dB)5

Vibration

Lv (dB)

6
7

Offensive Odor
Climate Change

8Water UseMonitoring results of similar facilities
Measures to mitigate greenhouse gas
emissions by the Project
Hearing survey

9

Occupational Healthand Safety
10
Community Healthand Safety
11
Flood Risk
12
Risk for Fire
Source: EIA Study Team

Measures to ensure occupational healthand safety in the ProjectMeasures to ensure community healthand safety in the Project
Confirmation of flood record
Measures to prevent fire by the Project

5-5

Frequency
Twice
(one
week each indry and rainyseasons)
Twice (one timeeach in dry andrainy season)

Point
One point in the
Project site

Note
Field
measurements andlaboratory analysis

Two points (Projectsite and stream,
which Zone A willdischarge
treatedwastewater and rainwater)
One point in the
Project site

Field
measurements andlaboratory analysis

One point in the
Project site

Field
measurements

One point in the
Project site

Field
measurements-

Document analysis
Document analysis
Document analysis-

Around the Project
site
-

-

-

Document analysis--

Document analysis
Document analysis

Once

Two
days
(weekday andweekend)Twodays(weekday andweekend)Once

Laboratory
analysisDocument analysis

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

CHAPTER 6:

6.1

FIELD SURVEY

Outline

The summary of the environmental survey is shown in Table 6.1-1, and the sampling points for theenvironmental survey are shown in Figure 6.1-1.
Table 6.1-1: Summary of Environmental Survey
Item
Air Quality
andMeteorology

Contents
Parameter
PeriodWater Quality

Location
Parameter

Soil

PeriodLocation
Parameter

Noise
and
Vibration

PeriodLocation
Parameter
PeriodLocation

Detailed Measurement Items
Wind Speed, Wind Direction, Solar Radiation, Radiation BalanceFirst Period (16-23 May 2014 )Second Period (16-23 June 2014 )AM 1 (Project Site in Thilawa SEZ Zone A)
Temperature , Water Level (Flow Rate), Odor, Color, Electrical Conductivity, pH,
BOD5, CODCr, SS, Turbidity, Hardness, Total Dissolved Solids, DO, Total Coliform,
Total Nitrogen, Nitrite-nitrogen (N-NO2), Nitrate-nitrogen (N-NO3), Ammonium
Nitrogen (NH4-N), Total Phosphorus, Phosphorous Phosphate (P-PO4), Oil and Grease,
Phenol, Sulfide, Sulfate, Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), Formaldehyde, Free Chlorine, Total
Organic Carbon, Cyanide (CN), Mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Arsenic(As), Trivalent Chromium (Cr(III)), Hexavalant Chromium (Cr(VI)), Total Chromium(Cr), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Selenium (Se), Nickel (Ni), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe),Barium (Ba), Boron (B)23 May 2014 (Dry Season), 18 June 2014 (Rainy Season)
W 1,W 2
pH, Arsenic (As), Mercury (Hg), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr),
Nickel (Ni), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Selenium (Se), Calcium (Ca)18 June 2014
S1
Noise level (LAeq), Vibration level (LV10)
Two 24 hr Duration (weekday: 23 July 2014, weekend: 10 August 2014)
NV 1 (Boundary of Project Site in Thilawa SEZ Zone A)

Source: EIA Study Team

Table 6.1-2: Name of Point for Field Survey
Name of Point
AM 1
W 1, W 2
NV 1
S1

Point for Sampling
Meteorology and air quality
Water quality
Noise and vibration
Soil

Source: EIA Study Team

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NV 1
S1

W1
AM 1

W2

Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 6.1-1: Location of Environmental Baseline Data Sampling Points

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

6.2

Air Quality and Meteorology

6.2.1 Survey Items
The survey items of meteorology and air quality monitoring are shown in Table 6.2-1.
Table 6.2-1: Sampling Items for Meteorology and Air Quality Survey
Items

Field Equipment

1

Meteorology

Wind Direction, Wind Speed, Solar
Radiation, Radiation Balance2

Air Quality

CO, NO2, NO, SO2, TSP , PM10

Environmental Perimeter Air
Monitoring System (EPAS)

Source: EIA Study Team6.2.2 Survey Location
The survey location for meteorology and air quality monitoring is located in the Thilawa SEZ Zone A
area that is about 15 km south of Yangon City.
(1)

Summary of sampling point

The summary of sampling point is shown in Table 6.2-2. The details of one sampling point aredescribed below.
Table 6.2-2: Sampling Point for Meteorology and Air Quality Survey
Sampling Point
AM 1

Coordinates

Description of Sampling Point

16°40'40"N, 96°15'32"E

Project Site in Thilawa SEZ Zone A

Source: EIA Study TeamAM 1 is in the Project site in Thilawa SEZ. The Project site is located in the west end of the Thilawa
SEZ Zone A and the site is a flat field. The monitoring station is surrounded by a vacant grass field.
The residential area (village) is located about 200 m to the north. There are no high buildings adjacentto the site. The location of AM 1 is shown in Figure 6.2-1.

Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 6.2-1: Location of Sampling Point

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

6.2.3 Survey Period
The first survey was conducted in the dry season from 16-23 May 2014.
The second survey was conducted in the rainy season from 16-23 June 2014.
6.2.4 Survey Method
The sampling and analysis of ambient air pollutants were conducted by referring to therecommendations of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). The
Haz-Scanner Wireless Environmental Perimeter Air Station (EPAS) was used to collect ambient air
monitoring data. The characteristics of the instrument are as follows:-

Portable direct reading,Configure up to 14 simultaneous air measurements including U.S. EPA criteria air pollutants, andStandard configuration measures particle matter 10 (PM10) or total suspended particulates (TSP),
NO2, NO, CO, temperature, and relative humidity.
Table 6.2-3: Sampling and Analysis Method for Air Quality
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Parameter
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Nitrogen dioxides (NO2)
Nitrogen monoxide (NO)
Carbon monoxide (CO)Total suspended particulates (TSP)
Particle matter 10 (PM10)

Analysis Method

On-site reading

Source: EIA Study Team6.2.5 Survey Results(1)Wind direction

The wind direction trend, which was monitored in the dry and rainy seasons, is shown in Figure 6.2-2
below. According to the survey results in the dry season, the prevailing wind directions are from north(N) and southwest (SW). On the other hand, the prevailing wind directions in the rainy season arefrom east-northeast (ENE) and north (N).
N
NNW

25.00%

N
NNE

NNW

20.00%
NW

NE

NW

NE
15.00%

10.00%ENE

WNW

10.00%

5.00%
W

NNE

20.00%

15.00%
WNW

25.00%

ENE

5.00%
W

E

0.00%

WSW

WSW

ESE

SW

ESE

SW

SE

SSW

E

0.00%

SE

SSW

SSE

SSE
S

S

Dry Season (May)Rainy Season (June)

Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 6.2-2: Wind Rose in the Project Area

6-4

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report(2)Wind speed

The average hourly wind speed, which was monitored in the dry and rainy seasons, is shown in Figure
6.2-3. The wind speed during the day is faster than at night for both seasons. Also, there is a tendency
for the wind speed during the day in the dry season to be faster than the one in the rainy season.
6.0

6.0

5.0

5.0

4.0

4.0

wind speed
3.0
(m/s)

wind speed
3.0
(m/s)

2.0

2.0
1.0

1.0

0.0

0.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

time

time

Rainy Season (June)

Dry Season (May)
Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 6.2-3: Wind Speed in the Project Area
(3)

Solar radiation and radiation balance

The hourly solar radiation and radiation balance, which was monitored in the dry and rainy seasons,are shown in Figure 6.2-4. The solar radiation in the dry season is a little higher than the one in therainy season. Regarding the thermal radiation from the ground at night, there was not much difference
between the dry and rainy seasons (radiation balance is an instantaneous value in this figure).
(4)

Air quality

The results of the ambient air quality monitoring in the dry and rainy seasons are presented in Table
6.2-4 and Table 6.2-5 as well as in Figure 6.2-5 and Figure 6.2-6. The ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2)concentration exceeded the target value in the dry season in only one day. Substantially, theconcentration of gas materials in the dry season such as CO, NO2, NO, and SO2 was higher than theconcentrations in the rainy season.

6-5

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

MJ/m2

kW/m2

Solar Radiation

5.0

0.500

Radiation balance

8:00

4:00

12:00

0:00

20:00

16:00

8:00

12:00

4:00

0:00

20:00

8:00

16:00

4:00

12:00

0:00

20:00

16:00

8:00

12:00

4:00

0:00

20:00

8:00

16:00

12:00

4:00

0:00

20:00

16:00

8:00

‐0.100

12:00

‐1.0

4:00

0.000

0:00

0.0

20:00

0.100

16:00

1.0

8:00

0.200

12:00

2.0

4:00

0.300

0:00

3.0

20:00

0.400

16:00

4.0

Dry Season (May)

MJ/m2

kW/m2

Solar Radiation

5.0

0.500

Radiation balance

12:02

8:02

4:02

0:02

20:02

16:02

12:02

8:02

4:02

0:02

20:02

16:02

12:02

8:02

4:02

0:02

20:02

16:02

12:02

8:02

4:02

0:02

20:02

16:02

12:02

8:02

4:02

0:02

20:02

16:02

8:02

12:02

‐0.100

4:02

‐1.0

0:02

0.000

20:02

0.0

16:02

0.100

12:02

1.0

8:02

0.200

4:02

2.0

0:02

0.300

20:02

3.0

16:02

0.400

12:02

4.0

Rainy Season (June)
Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 6.2-4: Solar Radiation and Radiation Balance in the Project Area

6-6

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Table 6.2-4: Results of the Ambient Air Quality Survey (Dry Season)
CO
Date

NO2

ppm

NO

ppm

TSP
3

ppm

mg/m

PM10

SO2

3

ppm

mg/m

1st

0.47000.04030.08570.03950.03170.0247nd

0.99000.03580.03860.02870.01850.00483rd

0.61000.09300.05560.02990.02150.0072th

0.55000.02340.04700.01920.01140.00065th

0.22000.02010.03900.02530.02120.0001th

0.58000.01770.04160.03020.02270.00007th

2.80000.01250.01650.04080.01140.0001

Maximum

2.80000.09300.08570.04080.03170.0247

Average

0.8886

0.03470.04630.03050.01980.0054

Minimum

0.22000.01250.01650.01920.01140.0000

0.06

-

0.33

0.12

0.04

2

4

6

Target Value
Source: EIA Study Team

10

Table 6.2-5: Results of the Ambient Air Quality Survey (Rainy Season)
CO

NO2

NO

TSP

PM10

SO2

1st

ppm
0.4500ppm
0.0350ppm
0.0000mg/m3
0.0469mg/m3
0.0342ppm
0.00042nd0.50000.03490.00000.04930.02930.0017rd

0.31000.03490.00030.05520.04250.00254th

0.48000.03470.01520.0882

0.06190.00125

th

0.28000.03490.02400.07020.05500.0014

6

th0.27000.03490.02790.06110.04960.00127th

0.38000.03500.00000.11100.05900.0015

Maximum

0.50000.03500.02790.11100.06190.0025

Average

0.38140.03490.0096

0.06880.04740.0014

Minimum

0.27000.03470.00000.04690.02930.0004

0.06

-

0.33

0.12

0.04

Date

3

Target Value
Source: EIA Study Team

10

6-7

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Carbon monoxideppm

Carbon monoxideppm

3.00003.00002.50002.50002.00002.00001.50001.50001.00001.00000.50000.50000.00000.0000
1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

1st

7th

2nd

4th

5th

6th

7th

Rainy Season (June)

Dry Season (May)

Nitrogen dioxide

ppm

3rd

Nitrogen dioxideppm

0.10000.09000.08000.07000.06000.05000.04000.03000.02000.01000.00000.10000.09000.08000.07000.06000.05000.04000.03000.02000.01000.0000
1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

1st

Dry Season (May)

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

Rainy Season (June)

Nitrogen monoxide

ppm

2nd

Nitrogen monoxideppm

0.09000.09000.08000.08000.07000.07000.06000.06000.05000.05000.04000.04000.03000.03000.02000.02000.01000.01000.00000.0000
1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

1st

Dry Season (May)

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

Rainy Season (June)

Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 6.2-5: Results of the Ambient Air Quality Survey-1

6-8

6th

7th

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

mg/m3

Total suspended particulate matter

mg/m3

0.12000.12000.10000.10000.08000.08000.06000.06000.04000.04000.02000.02000.0000Total suspended particulate matter

0.0000
1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

1st

2nd

Dry Season (May)

4th

5th

6th

7th

Rainy Season (June)

PM10

mg/m3

3rd

PM10

mg/m3

0.07000.07000.06000.06000.05000.05000.04000.04000.03000.03000.02000.02000.01000.01000.00000.0000
1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

1st

7th

2nd

4th

5th

6th

7th

Rainy Season (June)

Dry Season (May)

Sulfur dioxide

ppm

3rd

Sulfur dioxideppm

0.03000.03000.02500.02500.02000.02000.01500.01500.01000.01000.00500.00500.00000.0000
1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

1st

Dry Season (May)

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

Rainy Season (June)

Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 6.2-6: Results of the Ambient Air Quality Survey-2

6-9

7th

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

6.3

Water Quality

6.3.1 Survey Items
The analyzed parameters shown in Table 6.3-1 were selected based on the stipulation by the Ministryof Information (MOI) regulation, International Finance Corporation (IFC) environment, health, andsafety (EHS) guidelines, and the Myanmar Japan Thilawa Development Ltd. (MJTD) internal
regulations. The parameters can be analyzed in Myanmar and Thailand.
Table 6.3-1: Parameters for the Water Quality Survey
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

Parameter
Temperature
Water Level
Flow Rate
Odor
Color
Electrical Conductivity
pH
BOD5
COD
SS
Turbidity
Hardness
Total Dissolved Solids
DO
Total Coliform
Total Nitrogen
Nitrite-nitrogen (N-NO2)
Nitrate-nitrogen (N-NO3)
Ammonium Nitrogen (NH4-N)
Total Phosphorous
Phosphorous Phosphate (P-PO4)
Oil and Grease
PhenolSulfideSulfateHydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
FormaldehydeFree Chlorine
Total Organic Carbon
Cyanide (CN)Mercury (Hg)
Lead (Pb)
Cadmium (Cd)Arsenic (As)Trivalent Chromium (Cr(III))
Hexavalant Chromium (Cr(VI))
Total Chromium (Cr)
Copper (Cu)Zinc (Zn)
Selenium (Se)
Nickel (Ni)Manganese (Mn)
Iron (Fe)Barium (Ba)
Boron(B)

Source: EIA Study Team

6-10

Note
For tube well
For surface water-Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

6.3.2 Survey Location
The samples of the surface water were taken from the upstream of the drainage discharging river andthe samples of the tube well water were taken from the monitoring well in the proposed Project site.
Table 6.3-2: Sampling Points for the Water Quality Survey
Sampling Point

Category
Surface water

SEZW-1(Shallow Tube well )Surface water

SEZW-2(Stream)Coordinates

Description of Sampling Point

16°40'40"N, 96°15'32"E
16°40'20"N, 96°17'19"E

Monitoring well in the proposed Projectsite
Upstream of discharge point fromThilawa Zone A

Source: EIA Study Team6.3.3 Survey Period
The survey was implemented in 23 May 2014 for the dry season and 18 June 2014 for the rainyseason.
6.3.4

Survey Method(1)

Sampling Method

Water samples were taken using the alpha horizontal water sampler or the tube well sampler andcollected in sterilized sample containers in accordance with recognized standard procedures as shownin Table 6.3-3. The parameters of pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and electrical conductivity(EC) were measured at each site concurrently with sample collection using the field equipment shownin Table 6.3-4. All samples were kept in iced boxes and were transported to the laboratory to store in
2-4 °C refrigerators.
Table 6.3-3: Container and Preservation Method for the Water Samples
No
Parameter1
Oil and Grease
2
COD
3
BOD5
4
Heavy Metals
5
Bacteria
6
Others
Source: EIA Study Team

Container
1000 ml glass bottle
500 ml plastic bottle
1,800 ml plastic bottle
500 ml plastic bottle
200 ml glass bottle (sterilize)
1,800 ml polyethylene bottle

Preservation
Sulfuric acid, Refrigerate
Sulfuric acid, Refrigerate
Refrigerate
HNO3 Refrigerate
Refrigerate
Refrigerate

Table 6.3-4: Field Equipment for the Water Quality Survey
No.

Equipment

1
pH meter2
EC meter3
DO meter4
Digital Water Velocity Meter
Source: EIA Study Team

(2)

Manufacturer
HANNA
HANNA
HANNA
Global Water Flow Probe

OriginCountry
USA
USA
USA
USA

Analysis Method

The water samples were analyzed using the methods shown in Table 6.3-5.

6-11

Model
HI7609829-1 pH Sensor
HI7609829 EC Sensor
HI7609829-2
FP 211

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Table 6.3-5: Analysis Methods for Water Samples
No.
1

Temperature

2
3
4

Water level
Flow rate
Odor

5
6

Color
Electrical conductivity

7
8
9

pH
BOD5
COD

10
11
12

SS
Turbidity
Hardness

13
14

Total dissolved solids
DO

15
16
17

Total coliform
Total nitrogen
Nitrite-nitrogen (N-NO2)

18
19
20

Nitrate-nitrogen (N-NO3)
Ammonium nitrogen (NH4 -N)
Total phosphorous

21

Phosphorous phosphate (P-PO4)

22

Oil and grease

23

Phenol24
25

SulfideSulfate26

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

27

Formaldehyde

28Free chlorine

29

Total organic carbon

30

Cyanide (CN)31
32

Mercury (Hg)
Lead (Pb)33
34

Cadmium (Cd)Arsenic (As)35

Trivalent chromium (Cr(III))36

Hexavalant chromium (Cr(VI))

37

Total chromium (Cr)38
39

Copper (Cu)Zinc (Zn)40

Selenium (Se)41
42

Nickel (Ni)Manganese (Mn)

43

Iron (Fe)44

Barium (Ba)45

Boron (B)

Methods

Parameter

HI 7609829 temperature sensor, 0.01 °C
Digital water velocity meter and depth sensor
FP 211
Olfactory
Visual method
HI 7609829 EC sensor
HI 7609829-1 pH sensor
Direct inoculation method
Dichromate method
Gravimetric method
HI 7609829-2 turbidity sensor
AAS
APHA 2540D
HI 7609829-2
AOAC petrifilm method
Kjeldahl distillation method
Hanna HI 83200 multiparameter bench photometer
Hanna HI 83200 multiparameter bench photometer
The Nash reagent photometric method
Molybdenum antimony anti-spectrophotometric method
Hanna HI 83200 multiparameter bench photometerStandard method for the examination of water andwastewater, APHA, etc.
Standard method for the examination of water andwastewater, APHA, etc.
Potentiometric determination of sulfide
Hanna HI 83200 multiparameter bench photometerStandard method for the examination of water andwastewater, APHA etc.
Standard method for the examination of water andwastewater, APHA etc.
Standard method for the examination of water andwastewater, APHA etc.
Standard method for the examination of water andwastewater, APHA etc.
Hanna HI 83200 multiparameter bench photometer
AAS–Graphite hydride method
AAS–Graphite furnace method
AAS–Graphite furnace method
Hanna HI 83200 multiparameter bench photometerStandard method for the examination of water andwastewater, APHA etc.
Standard method for the examination of water andwastewater, APHA etc.
Standard method for the examination of water andwastewater, APHA etc.
Hanna HI 83200 multiparameter bench photometer
Hanna HI 83200 multiparameter bench photometerStandard method for the examination of water andwastewater, APHA etc.
Hanna HI 83200 multiparameter bench photometer
AAS
AAS
Standard method for the examination of water andwastewater, APHA etc.
Standard method for the examination of water andwastewater, APHA etc.

Source: EIA Study Team

6-12

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

6.3.5 Survey Result
The analysis results are shown in Table 6.3-6 below and compared with the environmental quality
standards in Japan, Vietnam, and Thailand since the environmental standards in Myanmar have notbeen set yet. The surface water quality indicated the high COD, BOD, SS, turbidity, and nickel. Thus,
these parameters will be investigated continuously before/during the construction stage. The otherparameters dissolved in the water were lower than the applied environmental quality standards.
Table 6.3-6: Results of the Water Quality Survey
No.

Parameter

Unit

W1(River Water)
May
June
2014
2014
27
23

W2
(Tube Well Water)
May
June
2014
2014
25
25

StandardJapan

Vietnam Thailand

1

Water temperature

ºC

-

-

-

2

Water level

m

-

-

0.4

0.5

-

-

-

3

Flow rate

m/s

-

-

0.3

0.2

-

-

-

4

Odor

-

Muddy

Muddy

-

-

Color

-

Grey

Grey

Normal
Light
Brown

-

5

Normal
Light
Brown

-

-

-

µS/cm

3728

83

111

1344

-

-

-

-

8.9

7.9

6.1

8.8

6.0 - 8.5

5.5 – 9

5–9

15.0

2.0
-

7

Electricalconductivity
pH

8

BOD5

mg/l

24.9

19.8

9.3

3.4

8.0

9

COD

mg/l

62.3

49.5

23.2

8.6

5
as COD Mn

30

10

SS

mg/l

4574

9541

257

231

100

50

-

11

Turbidity

mg/l

234

1000

1000

154

-

-

-

12

Hardness
Total dissolved
solids
DO

mg/l

40

60

392

180

-

-

-

mg/l

1864

42

61

671

-

-

-

mg/l

6.5

5.2

4.7

5.4

>=2

>4

>4

0

5,000 as
MPN/100mL

7,500 as
MPN/100
mL

20,000 as
MPN/100
mL

-

-

-

10
(NO2-N+N
O3-N)

0.04

-

10

5

6

13
14
15

Total coliform

cfu/100mL

0

1.9 x 103

16

Total nitrogen

mg/l

1.68

ND
ND
ND
(<0.6 mg/l) (<0.6 mg/l) (<0.6 mg/l)

17

Nitrite-nitrogen(N-NO2)

mg/l

ND**

ND**

ND**

0.01

mg/l

0.2

0.02

0.2

0.03

mg/l

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

-

0.5

0.5
as NH3 -N

mg/l

0.66

0.17

0.99

0.03

-

-

-

mg/l

0.65

0.17

0.98

0.03

-

-

-

*

0

22

Nitrate-nitrogen(N-NO3)Ammonium
nitrogen (NH4-N)
Total phosphorous
Phosphorous
phosphate (P-PO4)
Oil and grease

mg/l

<2

10.8

<2

0.7

-

0.1

-

23

Phenol

mg/l

0.008

<0.001<0.001<0.001

-

0.01

0.005

**

**

**

**

18
19
20
21

24

Sulfide

mg/l

ND

ND

ND

ND

-

-

-

25

SulfateHydrogen sulfide(H2S)
Formaldehyde

mg/l

1.2

0.2

1.5

0.5

-

-

-

mg/l

0.16

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

-

-

-

mg/l

0.13

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

-

-

-

mg/l

0.10

<0.01

<0.01

0.07

-

-

-

mg/l

6.5

20.5

6.2

4.3

-

-

-

mg/l

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

ND

0.02

-

26
27
28
29
30

Free chlorine
Total organiccarbonCyanide (CN)6-13

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment ReportNo.

Parameter

W1(River Water)
May
June
2014
2014

Unit

W2
(Tube Well Water)
May
June
2014
2014
0.000013
ND**
***

31

Mercury (Hg)

mg/l

ND**

ND**

32

Lead (Pb)

mg/l

ND**

ND**

ND**

ND**

mg/l

**

**

**

**
**

33
34
35
36
37
38

Cadmium (Cd)Arsenic (As)Trivalent
chromium (Cr(III))
Hexavalantchromium (Cr(VI))
Total chromium(Cr)
Copper (Cu)

ND

**

ND

ND

**

**

ND

StandardJapan

Vietnam Thailand

0.0005

0.001

0.002

0.01

0.05

0.05

0.003

0.01

0.005
0.05*1

mg/l

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.01

0.05

0.01

mg/l

<0.02

0.05

<0.02

0.02

-

0.5

-

mg/l

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

0.05

0.04

0.05

mg/l

<0.02

0.05

<0.02

0.05

-

-

-

mg/l

0.02

0.03

ND**

ND**

**

-

0.5

0.1

39

Zinc (Zn)

mg/l

0.05

0.02

ND

ND**

-

1.5

1.0

40

Selenium (Se)

mg/l

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.01

-

-

41

Nickel (Ni)

mg/l

0.254

0.103

0.001

0.003

-

0.1

0.1

42

Manganese (Mn)

mg/l

0.001

0.001

0.271

0.015

-

-

1.0

43

Iron (Fe)

mg/l

1.50

3.20

0.05

0.05

-

1.5

-

44

Barium (Ba)

mg/l

<0.1

0.2

<0.1

0.2

-

-

-

45

Boron(B)

mg/l

<0.5

<0.5

<0.5

<0.5

0.8

-

-

*) While the original result is 0.7 mg/l, it is considered to be lower than the quantitation limit (2 mg/l).
**) While the original laboratory results showed 0.00 or 0.000 mg/l, it is considered as “ND” though their quantitation limits could not be
confirmed.
***) While the original result is 0.00013 mg/L, it is considered to be lower than the quantitation limit (0.001 mg/L or lower).
Note: Environmental quality standard concerning the conservation of the living environment for agricultural use and protection of humanhealthSource: Environmental Quality Standard 1971, Japan. It concerns the conservation of the living environment for agricultural use andprotection of the human health.
Surface Water Quality Standard (QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT), Vietnam B1: Standard of irrigation purpose
Surface Water Standards 2009 Thailand Class 3: Standard of Agriculture purpose

6.4

Soil Quality

6.4.1 Survey Items
The soil quality was investigated for the parameters shown in Table 6.4-1 to check if the site isnaturally contaminated by heavy metals.
Table 6.4-1: Parameters for Soil Quality Survey
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

ParameterpH
Arsenic (As)
Mercury (Hg)
Copper (Cu)Lead (Pb)
Zinc (Zn)
Chromium (Cr)
Nickel (Ni)Manganese (Mn)
Iron (Fe)Selenium (Se)12
Calcium (Ca)
Source: EIA Study Team

6-14

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

6.4.2 Survey Location
The survey location of the soil quality survey is shown in Table 6.4-2.
Table 6.4-2: Sampling Point for Soil Quality Survey
Sampling
Point
S1

Category

Coordinates

Surface soil

16°40'40"N, 96°15'32"E

Description of Sampling Point
In the proposed Project site

Source: EIA Study Team6.4.3 Survey Period
The soil sample was taken on 18 June 2014 and analyzed immediately in the laboratory.
6.4.4 Survey Method(1)

Sampling Method

The soil sample was taken at 1.5 m depth from the ground surface.
(2)

Analysis Method

The heavy metals in the soil sample were measured by the acid dissolution method.
6.4.5 Survey Results
The results were compared with environmental standard in Japan as a reference as shown in Table
6.4-3. It was confirmed that the soil in the proposed Project site was not originally contaminated ascompared with the environmental standard in Japan.
Table6.4-3 Results of the Soil Quality Survey
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

ParameterpH
Arsenic (As)
Mercury (Hg)
Copper (Cu)Lead (Pb)
Zinc (Zn)

Chromium (Cr)8
Nickel (Ni)9Manganese (Mn)10
Iron (Fe)11
Selenium (Se)12
Calcium (Ca)
N.D.: Not Detected

Unit

Result

mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg

6.7
0.009
N.D.
110
125
70

mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg

17
15
18
5250
7
35

Environmental Standards
Japan1
Vietnam2
Thailand3
150
12
27
15
610
1252)
100
150
300
750
300
250 (as640 (as
Cr(VI))
Cr(VI))
41,00032,000150
10,000-Source: 1) Detailed enforcement regulations of the Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act, 2002, Japan
2) Environmental Quality Standards for Soil Pollution, 1991, Japan
3) Regulation for implementing the Law on Soil Contamination Countermeasures
QVVN 03: 2008/BTNMT, Vietnam. It is applied as “industrial area”
4) Soil Quality Standard Soil Quality Standard for Other Purposes, 2004, Thailand

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

6.5

Noise and Vibration Level

6.5.1 Survey Items
Survey items of noise and vibration level are shown in Table 6.5-1.
Table 6.5-1: Survey Parameters for Noise Level
No.
1
2

Parameter
A-weighted loudness equivalent (LAeq)
Vibration level, vertical, percentile (LV10)

Note-

Source: EIA Study Team6.5.2 Survey Location
The noise and vibration level were measured at the Project site as shown in Table 6.5-2. The Projectsite is a flat field and there is a road near the survey point, though traffic on the road was very little.
There were no significant noise and vibration sources near the survey point. The location of NV 1 isshown in Figure 6.1-1.
Table 6.5-2: Survey Point for Noise and Vibration Level Measurement
Survey Point

Coordinates

NV 1

Description of Survey Point

16°40'46.54"N, 96°15'30.61"E

Project site in Thilawa SEZ

Source: EIA Study Team6.5.3 Survey Period
Noise and vibration measurements were conducted for 24 hours each in weekday (Survey 1) andweekend (Survey 2). Measurements were conducted on 22-23 July 2014 and 9-10 August 2014,
respectively.
6.5.4 Survey Method
Measurements of noise and vibration level were conducted by referring to the recommendation of theJapanese Industrial Standard (JIS) as shown in Table 6.5-3.
Table 6.5-3: Methods for Noise and Vibration Measurement
No.

Parameter

Manufacture

1

Noise level (LAeq)

JIS Z 8731:1999

2

Vibration level (Lv10)

JIS Z 8735:1981

Source: EIA Study TeamThe instruments used for noise and vibration level are shown in Table 6.5-4.
Table 6.5-4: Field Equipment for Noise Survey
No.

Equipment

Manufacture

Originated Country

Model

1

Sound level meter

Rion Co., Ltd.

Japan

NL-42

2

Vibration level meter

Rion Co., Ltd.

Japan

VM-53A

Source: EIA Study Team

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

6.5.5 Survey Results
The results of the noise and vibration level measurement for Survey 1 (weekday) and Survey 2(weekend) are summarized in Table 6.5-5 and Table 6.5-6, respectively.
The noise level was lower than the target level except for the noise level in nighttime in the weekend.
All the vibration levels were found lower than the target levels.
Table 6.5-5: Results of the Noise Level Survey
Noise Level (LAeq)
No

1
2
3

Hour

7:00-19:00
19:00-22:00
22:00-7:00

Survey 1

Survey 2(Weekday)(Weekend)

49
51
49

48
49
52

Day/Evening/
Night

Day
Evening
Night

Target Level(LAeq)
Construction Stage(Residential houses
Operation Stageand monastery(Sensitive area
located less thansuch as Monastery)
150 m)
75
60
60
55
55
50

Note: Evaluation point of the target level is at the receptor’s building
Source: Myanmar and Japan Consortium for the Thilawa Special Economic Zone Development Project (Zone A), EIA Report for theThilawa Special Economic Zone Development Project (Zone A), 2013

Table 6.5-6: Results of the Vibration Level Survey
No

Hour

1
2
3

7:00-19:00
19:00-22:00
22:00-7:00

Vibration Level (LV10)
Survey 1
Survey 2(Weekday)28
36
26(Weekend)
28
30
25

Day/Evening/
Night
Day
Evening
Night

Target Level(LV10)
Construction Stage
Operation Stage(Residential houses (Residential houses
and monastery )and monastery)
65
65
65
60
60
60

Note: Evaluation point of the target level is at the receptor’s building
Source: Myanmar and Japan Consortium for the Thilawa Special Economic Zone Development Project (Zone A), EIA Report for theThilawa Special Economic Zone Development Project (Zone A), 2013

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

CHAPTER 7:
SUMMARY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL,
SOCIAL, AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENTS AND
EMERGENCY RISK ASSESSMENT

The environmental impact assessment (EIA), social impact assessment (SIA), health impact
assessment (HIA), and emergency risk assessment (ERA) of the Project are predicted and evaluatedbased on the Project description, results of baseline survey, and set target level. Table 7.1-1 shows thesummary of assessments on the Project during construction and operation, until the closure stage.
Table 7.1-1: Results of the Environmental, Social, and Health Impacts and Emergency Risk
Assessments
Scoping
Category

Impact Item

EIA
(Pollution,
NaturalEnvironment)

Air Pollution

B-

Water
Pollution

CS

OS

Evaluation
ClS

CS

OS

ClS

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

Soil
Contamination

C

D

D

D

D

D

Noise andVibration

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

Offensive
Odor

D

B-

B-

D

B-

B-

7-1

Reasons
CS/ClS: Impact on air quality is expected to be
little because dust and representative emission
gases are predicted to comply with the target level.
OS: Impact on air pollution is expected to be little
because ambient air quality level in the surroundingarea in case that incinerator is under operation ispredicted to comply with the target level based on
the results of prediction by simulation model.
CS: Impact on water quality is expected to belimited because discharging muddy water from bareland of the construction site will be temporary
events and wastewater from a construction camp
will be treated by septic tanks.
OS: Impact on water quality from landfill is
expected to be limited because effluent water
quality from landfill and other solid waste
management facilities will be treated by treatment
plant to comply with the industrial wastewater
effluent guideline values stipulated by MOI and theinternal regulation of Thilawa SEZ Zone A .
ClS: Impact of demolition work is expected to belimited same as in the construction stage. Impact onwater quality from landfill is expected to be limited
because leachate from the capped landfill sites will
be monitored and treated until water quality ofleachate will be confirmed not polluted (at least ten
years after closing operation).
CS: Based on the baseline survey results, soil
contamination including nature-derived inside theProject area was not confirmed. Thus, soil
contamination by construction work will not arise.
CS/ClS: Impacts of noise and vibration by
construction machineries are expected to be little
because noise/vibration by the construction work
might affect the surrounding area, which is site
specific on a temporary basis, and noise/vibrationlevel generated by the construction work shall becontrolled and managed in order not to exceed thetarget level.
OS: Impacts of noise and vibration from operation
works are expected to be little because ambient
noise and vibration level in the surrounding area ispredicted to comply with the target level based on
the results of prediction.
OS/ClS: Impact of offensive odor is expected to be
little because the generation of offensive odor fromlandfilling work will be controlled and managed byvarious mitigation measures such as limitation ofProject on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Scoping
Category

SIA

HIA

ERA

Impact Item

CS

OS

Evaluation
ClS

CS

OS

ClS

ClimateChange

D

B+/
B-

D

D

B+/
B-

D

Water Usage

D

B-

B-

D

B-

B-

Landscape

D

B-

B-

D

B-

B-

Occupational
Health and
SafetyincludingAccidents andInfection
DiseaseCommunity
Health and
SafetyincludingAccidents andInfection
DiseaseFlood Risk

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

B-

Reasons
active area, covering sheet, collection of generated
gas and its flaring, covering soil after disposal, anddaily monitoring.
OS: Both positive impact by avoiding open
dumping and negative impact by incineration are
assumed. However, impact of global warming
caused by exhaust gas from the incinerator is
expected to be minimized because various energy
saving measures such as installation of good
combustion system and using waste as fuel will be
implemented.
OS/ClS: Impact on daily life water use of local
people is expected to be little because the solid
waste management facilities will not take water
source from the surrounding area but from Zone A
water supply system. The controlled landfill forindustrial waste will be installed in order not tocause groundwatercontamination in thesurrounding water source.
OS/ClS: Impact on landscape is expected to belimited because the view angle of the landfill fromthe road is only 2.5 degree maximum at completionof landfilling. Besides, green area including trees
shall be installed around the boundary as blindfold.
CS/OS/ClS: Minor negative impacts on
occupational health and safety (OHS) are inevitable
to some extent. To minimize the negative impacts,
the contractor/proponent shall take mitigation
measures stipulated in the Environment, Health,and Safety (EHS) Guidelines by the International
Finance Corporation (IFC).
CS/OS/ClS: Minor negative impacts on community
health and safety (CHS) are inevitable to someextent. To minimize the negative impacts, thecontractor/proponent shall take mitigation measures
stipulated in the EHS Guidelines by the IFC.

CS/OS/ClS: Flood risk such as heavy rain, cyclone,and high tide are expected to be limited because
proper elevation level; EL +7.0 m which is 0.5 m
above the most severe case will be set among 1)
Storm surge simulation in the Yangon River(Cyclone Nargis case): EL +6.5 m, 2) Hearing
survey of flood disaster: EL +5.5 m, and 3) Floodanalysis of 100-year return rainfall: EL +4.9 m.
Risk for FireBBBBBBCS/OS/ClS: Risks for fire is expected to be little
because the storage of flammable liquid on site will
be minimized and fire protection facilities such as
fire hydrants and closed-circuit television (CCTV)
security system will be installed.
Evaluation: A-: Significant negative impact
A+: Significant positive impact
B-: Some negative impact
B+: Some positive impact
C: Impacts are not clear, need more investigation
D: No impacts or impacts are negligible, no further study required
Note: CS: Construction Stage, OS: Operation Stage, ClS: Closure Stage including termination and after termination
Source: EIA Study Team

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

CHAPTER 8:

8.1

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Air Pollution

8.1.1 Prediction Item
The items to be predicted are shown below:-

Impacts on air quality caused by construction work of the proposed Project.

-

Impacts on air quality caused by operation of incinerator.

-

Impacts on air quality caused by closing work of the proposed Project.

8.1.2 Prediction Area
The area where the impacts are to be predicted is set in and around the proposed Project site.
8.1.3 Prediction Period
The prediction period in the construction stage was set as the duration of construction work
conduction.
The prediction period in the operation stage was set as the duration of operating incinerator.
The prediction period in the closure stage was set as the duration of closing work conduction.
8.1.4 Prediction Method
The impacts on air quality were predicted using the following methods:-

To estimate the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM) 1 discharged fromconstruction machines by using a simulation model;-

To examine the dust effect from the construction work qualitatively based on general
construction activities and proposed mitigation measures;-

To estimate the pollutant concentration emitted by operation of incinerator by using asimulation model, and to assess its impacts in and around the proposed Project site.

The methodology of the impact prediction in the operation stage is described below:

1

Generally, it is more difficult to reduce the emission of nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) than other air
pollutants/substances for an internal combustion of engine. Moreover, according to the field survey, it was confirmed thatthe concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) were relatively lower than NO2 and PM10 in theratio of the measured value with respect to the target value. Therefore, NO 2and PM10 were selected as representative
parameters to assess the environmental impact of the Project due to usage of construction machineries.

8-1

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report(1)

Prediction conditions

1)

Discharge conditionsa)

Air pollutant discharged from construction machineries
Air pollutant emissions from construction machineries are shown in Table 8.1-1. Thiscondition is the maximum annual discharge during construction stage and closure stage.
Table 8.1-1: Pollutant Emissions from Construction Machineries
Construction
Equipment
Bulldozer
Compaction roller
Crane
Excavator
LoaderPile press equipment
TOTAL

Annual Emission of NOx(kg/year)
5,822.2
7,667.9
1,660.6
16,613.4
295.6
332.7
32,392.5

Annual Emission of PM(kg/year)
188.5
224.6
48.6
486.5
9.6
9.7
967.5

Source: EIA Study Teamb)

Air pollutant discharged from incinerator
Air pollutant emissions from the incinerator are described in Table 8.1-2. These conditions
were calculated based on the specifications of incinerator designated in the Projectdescription.
Table 8.1-2: Pollutant Emissions from Incinerator
Item
Volume of exhaust gas
Temperature of exhaust gas
Amount of moisture
SO2
NOx
Emissionconcentration
CO
Dust

Unit
Nm3/h
ºC
%
ppm
ppm
ppm
g/Nm3

Value
10,344
180
45
116
250
100
0.15

Source: EIA Study Teamc)

Exhaust gas emission parameters
Exhaust gas emission parameters for the incinerator are shown in Table 8.1-3.
Table 8.1-3: Exhaust Gas Emission Parameters for the Incinerator
Item
Diameter of the internal cylinder
Speed of exhaust gas
Height of the stack (GL+)

Unit
M
m/s
M

Value
0.5
24.4
19.5

Source: EIA Study Team

2)

Meteorological conditions
Meteorological conditions are basic information for the prediction of air quality. In this study,
meteorological conditions are set based on the results of the field survey data in each season.
Wind direction and wind speed

8-2Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Construction works will be conducted only during the dry season. That is the reason why windconditions in the construction stage from the field survey data was set in the dry season. On
the other hand, the incinerator will be operated 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The windconditions for prediction in the operation stage from all time data was set in the dry and rainyseasons. Figure 8.1-1 and Figure 8.1-2 show the wind direction and wind speed for eachprediction stage.
N

N
NNW 20.0%
NW

NNW 20.0%

NNE

15.0%
10.0%

WNW

NW

NE

15.0%

ENE

5.0%

5.0%
W

NE

10.0%

WNW

ENE

NNE

E

W

ESE

WSW

0.0%

WSW
SW

ESE
SW

SE
SSW

E

0.0%

SE
SSW

SSE

SSE

S

S

Wind direction in the construction stage(dry season)

Wind direction in the operation stage(dry season + rainy season)

Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 8.1-1: Wind Direction for Each Prediction StageNN
NNW 5.0

E
ESE

WSW

NNE

4.0

NW

NNW 6.0
5.0
NW
4.0
3.0
WNW
2.0
1.0
W
0.0

NE

3.0
WNW

ENE

2.0
1.0

W

0.0

WSW
SW

NE
ENE
E
ESE

SW

SE
SSW

NNE

SE
SSW

SSE

SSE

S

S

Wind speed (m/s) in the construction stage(dry season)

Wind speed (m/s) in the operation stage(dry season + rainy season)

Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 8.1-2: Average Wind Speed for Each Prediction Stage
Atmospheric stability
Atmospheric stability is an indicator used to describe the convective properties of an air mass.
Table 8.1-4 and Table 8.1-5 show the classification of atmospheric stability.
Table 8.1-4: Atmospheric Stability and Corresponding Stability Condition
Atmospheric Stability
A
B

Stability Condition
Extremely unstable
Unstable

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Atmospheric Stability
C
D
E
F
G

Stability Condition
Slightly unstable
NeutralSlightly stable
StableExtremely stable

Source: EIA Study Team

Table 8.1-5: Classification of Atmospheric Stability
Wind Speedu (m/s)Solar Radiation
T (kW/m2)
0.60>T0.30>T
≧0.30
≧0.15
A-B
B
B
C
B-C
C
C-D
D
D
D

T≧0.60

u＜2
A
2≦u＜3
A-B
B
3≦u＜4
4≦u＜6
C
6≦u
C
Source: EIA Study Team

Radiation Balance
Q (kW/m2)
0.15>TQ≧-0.020-0.020>Q≧-0.040-0.040≧Q

D
D
D
D
D

D
D
D
D
D

G
E
D
D
D

G
F
E
D
D

In this study, atmospheric stability was classified by each prediction condition same as what
was done for wind conditions. Atmospheric stability for each prediction stage is shown in
Figure 8.1-3.
35.0%

32.8%

30.0%

24.2%

25.0%

20.0%
20.0%

15.0%

10.0%

8.6%
5.7%

5.7%

5.0%

2.9%
0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

E

F

G

0.0%
A

A-B

B

B-C

C

C-D

D

Atmospheric stability in the construction stage (daytime, dry season)
60.0%

50.5%
50.0%

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%
12.6%

12.2%

11.0%

10.0%
4.6%

4.6%
1.7%

1.7%

1.2%

0.0%

0.0%
A

A-B

B

B-C

C

C-D

D

E

F

G

Atmospheric stability in the operation stage (all time, dry season + rainy season)
Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 8.1-3: Appearance of Atmospheric Stability Condition for Each Prediction Stage

8-4

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

3)

Background concentrations
Background concentration is used to forecast future concentration of air quality. In thissimulation study, the additional concentration from this Project was calculated. To forecast
future ambient air quality, it is necessary to add ordinal background concentration to analytic
solution. Background concentration was set from the results of the field survey. Backgroundconcentrations were set from the rainy season survey because the survey result in the dry
season may have been affected from the power generator exhaust gas caused by electricity
supply to the Environmental Perimeter Air Station(EPAS). Background concentrations areshown in Table 8.1-6.
Table 8.1-6: Background Concentration
Item

Background
Concentration

Unit

NO2

ppm

0.035

PM10

mg/m3

0.0490SO2

ppm

0.00148

CO

ppm

0.361

Source: EIA Study Team

4)

Mitigation measures
Construction Stage and Closure Stage Sprinkle water around the preservation area.
Operating Stage Appropriate design of incinerator, which realizes controlled and stable combustion, shall beapplied to minimize the emission of air pollutants such as dioxins.
 Chemical baghouse filter (dry type using slaked lime) will be installed to reduce the amountof air pollution emission by complying with the Japanese emission standard.

(2)

Prediction model

The prediction model applied in this study is the Gaussian Plume Model, which is an analysis solutionof diffusion equation and it is commonly used for air pollution forecasting.
The formula for concentration of air pollutant is based on the Gaussian Plume Equation and Puff
Model as follows:
1) Gaussian Plume Model (In the case of wind velocity more than 1 m/s)

C  ( x, y , z , T )


2
2 
 （z  H）
Q
y 2   （z  H）

 exp  exp
exp

22 
2 
2πUσｙσｚ
2σｙ   2σｚ  2σｚ Where
C (x, y, z)
Q
UH: Predicted concentration at coordinates of (x, y, z): Discharge per unit time (ml/s or mg/s): Wind velocity (m/s): Height of discharge (m)8-5Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Reportσy, σzxyz:Diffusion coefficient of horizontal/vertical width (m) (See Figure 8.1-4): Coordinate of downwind axis (m): Coordinate of horizontal axis(m): Coordinate of vertical axis (m)Leeward distance: x (m)Leeward distance: x (m)Horizontal Width (σy)

Vertical Width (σz)

Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 8.1-4: Diffusion Coefficient of Width2) Weak Wind Puff Model (In the case of wind velocity more than 0.5 m/s and less than 0.9 m/s)
C  ( x, y , z , T )


2
2
2
Q
 （ x  ut ） （z  H）

 （ z  H）
ｙ2   exp  
exp   exp －

dt
2
2 
2 
2
2  
（2）  ｙ (t)  z (t)2 ｙ (t)   2 ｘ (t) 2  ｚ (t)  2 ｚ (t)  

Ｔ

ｔo

3/2

Where
C(x, y, z, T)Qσy(t): Predicted concentration at coordinates of (x, y, z) T: time
: Emission per unit time (ml/s or mg/s)): Diffusion coefficient of horizontal width at t-time later from discharge(σx(t)＝σy(t)＝α • t)
: Diffusion coefficient of vertical width at t-time later from discharge(σz(t)＝γ • t)
: Height of discharge (m): Time of reach to initial diffusion width from discharge: Wind velocity (m/s): Parameters for diffusion width (See Table 8.1-7)

σz(t)
H
t0
u
α, γ

Table 8.1-7: Parameters for Diffusion Width (α, γ)Atmospheric
Stability

Wind Velocity ≤ 0.4 m/s
αγ

0.5 < Wind Velocity < 0.9 m/s
α
γ

A

0.948

1.569

0.748

1.569

A-B

0.859

0.862

0.659

0.862

B

0.781

0.474

0.581

0.474

B－C

0.702

0.314

0.502

0.314

C

0.635

0.208

0.435

0.208

C－D

0.542

0.153

0.342

0.153

D

0.470

0.113

0.270

0.113

8-6

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment ReportWind Velocity ≤ 0.4 m/sαγ

Atmospheric
Stability

0.5 < Wind Velocity < 0.9 m/s
α
γ

E

0.439

0.067

0.239

0.067

F

0.439

0.048

0.239

0.048

G

0.439

0.029

0.239

0.029

Source: EIA Study Team3) Puff Model (In the case of wind velocity under 0.5 m/s)
22 
 x 2＋y 2    （z  H）
Q
 （ z  H）


exp
exp


dt


exp
－






2
2
2 
2
ｔ
o 2） （(t)
(t) 2 y (t)    2ｚ(t) ｙz
 2ｚ(t) C(x,y,z,T)  

Ｔ

3/2

Where
C (x, y, z, T)Qσy (t)σz(t)Ht0: Predicted concentration at coordinates of (x, y, z) T: time
: discharge per unit time (ml/s or mg/s)): Diffusion coefficient of horizontal width at t-time later from discharge(σx(t)＝σy(t)＝α･t): Diffusion coefficient of vertical width at t-time later from discharge(σz(t)＝γ･t): Height of discharge (m): Time of reach to initial diffusion width from discharge (s)4) Polymerized concentration of air pollutant
The calculation for annual mean concentration of pollutant is conducted by using the following
formula:[Polymerization Formula]
C＝Σk Σj Σi C1(Di,Vj,ak)･f1(Di,Vj,ak)+Σk Σj Σi C2(Di,Vj,ak)･f2(Di,Vj,ak)+ Σ kC3(ak)･f3(ak)WhereC
C1(Di,Vj,ak)
f1 (Di,Vj,ak)
C2 (Di,Vj,ak)
f2 (Di,Vj,ak)
C3 (ak)f3 (ak)(4): Polymerized concentration: One hour concentration in the case of wind velocity more than 1 m/s: Incidence of wind blowing (more than 1 m/s)
: One hour concentration in the case of weak wind blowing: Incidence of wind blowing (more than 0.5 m/s and less than 0.9 m/s)
: One hour concentration in the case of wind velocity under 0.5 m/s: Incidence of wind blowing (under 0.5 m/s)

Estimation of wind velocity at the discharging heightWind velocity for prediction is estimated from the low height wind data of the site survey. The
following formula is used for estimation of wind velocity.
U=U0 x (Z/Z0)α
Where
U
U0
α

: Estimated wind velocity at the height of Z (m): Surveyed wind velocity at the height of Z0 (near ground level): Power index

8-7Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Generally, the power index “α” is a variable corresponding to atmospheric stability as shown in Table
8.1-8.
Table 8.1-8: Power Index for Estimation
Atmospheric StabilityαSource: EIA Study Team

(5)

A
0.1

B
0.15

C
0.20

D
0.25

E
0.25

F, G
0.30

Calculation of effective stack height

Under a windy condition, CONCAWE Stack Height Formulation is used for calculation of theeffective rising height. Briggs Formulation is used under the weak wind condition and calm condition.
1) CONCAWE Stack Height Formulation (In the case of wind velocity more than 1 m/s)

He=H0+ΔH
ΔH=0.175×QH1/2×u-3/4

Where
He
H0
ΔH
QH
u

: Effective stack height: Height of chimney: Rising height of exhaust gas: Calorific value of exhaust gas: Wind velocity

2) Briggs Formula (In the case of wind velocity under 1 m/s)

He=H0+ΔH
ΔH=1.4×QH1/4×(dθ/dz)u-3/8
Where
dθ/dz

(6)

: Gradient of atmospheric temperature
day 0.003 ºC/m, night 0.01 ºC/m

Prediction flow

The prediction flow is shown in Figure 8.1-5.
Discharge conditions
Emission equipment
Meteorological conditions
Typify from meteorologicalsurvey data on the candidate
site

Calculate diffusion equation(Gaussian Plume Model)

Concentration of future air
quality
Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 8.1-5: Prediction Procedure Flow

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

8.1.5 Prediction Results(1)

Prediction results in the construction and closure stages

The results of prediction in the construction stage and closure stage are shown in Table 8.1-9 below.
Table 8.1-9 represents the prediction results at the nearest residence location in the north side of the
proposed site. The dust occurring from the construction and demolition works shall be controlled andminimized by the Project proponent. Therefore, the impact on air quality is expected to be limited inthese stages.

Table 8.1-9: Predicted Concentration of Ambient Air Quality
Target Value

Item

Concentration
added from thisProject

Background
Concentration

FutureConcentration

Target Value

Judgment

Contribution Rate for
Future Air Quality (%)

NO2

0.01563 ppm

0.035 ppm

0.051ppm

0.06 ppm

OK

30.9%

OK

3.4%

3

PM10
0.00171 mg/m
Source: EIA Study Team(2)

30.049 mg/m

30.051 mg/m

30.12 mg/m

Prediction results in the operation stage

Maximum ground concentration point is 500 m in the south from emission point (stack of theincinerator). Concentration of air pollutants at the maximum point is shown in Table 8.1-10. It is
predicted that the concentrations of NO2, PM10, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) inthis maximum point are less than the target ambient air quality level. The contours of concentration
around the proposed Project site are also shown in Figure 8.1-6 to Figure 8.1-9.
Table 8.1-10: Predicted Concentration of Ambient Air Quality
Item

Concentration
added from thisProject

Background
Concentration

FutureConcentration

Target Value
Target Value

Judgment

Contribution Rate for
Future Air Quality (%)

NO2

0.00047 ppm

0.035 ppm

0.0355 ppm

0.06 ppm

OK

1.3%

PM10

0.00028 mg/m3

0.0490 mg/m3

0.0493 mg/m3

0.12 mg/m3

OK

0.6%

SO2

0.00023 ppm

0.00148 ppm

0.0017 ppm

0.04 ppm

OK

13.5%

CO
0.0002 ppm
Source: EIA Study Team

0.361 ppm

0.3612 ppm

10 ppmOK

0.1%

The emission of hydrogen chloride (HCl), dioxins (DXNs), and heavy metals should be minimized by
the Project proponent. In this Project, chemical baghouse filter (dry type using slaked lime) will be
installed to reduce the amount of air pollutant emission by complying with the Japanese emission
standard.
8.1.6 Evaluation

As a conclusion, it is evaluated that the air pollution caused by the proposed Project would be wellcontrolled and managed, and would not cause any significant impacts on air quality in and around the
proposed Project site.

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 8.1-6: Contour of Predicted NO2 Concentration

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 8.1-7: Contour of Predicted PM10 Concentration

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 8.1-8: Contour of Predicted SO2 Concentration

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 8.1-9: Contour of Predicted CO Concentration

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

8.2

Water Pollution

8.2.1 Prediction Items

The following items were examined to predict the impacts:-

Water pollutants generated by the construction and closing works of the proposed Project and-Water pollutants discharged by the proposed Project site in the operation of the water treatment
facilities.

8.2.2 Prediction Area

To forecast the impact, the examined area was set in and around the proposed Project area.
8.2.3 Prediction Period

The prediction periods in the construction and closure stages were set throughout the construction andclosing works of the proposed Project.
The prediction period in the operation stage was set throughout the operation stage of the proposed
Project.
8.2.4 Prediction Method

The impact forecast on water quality was conducted as follows:-

To examine the impact on the downstream area by the discharged muddy water in theconstruction and closing works of the proposed Project.

-

To estimate the quality of wastewater discharged from the proposed Project in the operationand closure stages, by proposed wastewater treatment system for the Project.

8.2.5 Prediction Results(1)

Prediction results in the construction stage and closure stage related to demolition works

Muddy water would be temporarily discharged from the site for construction and demolition to thechannel along the proposed Project site by the soil excavation work. However, the earthwork of the
proposed Project will be mainly scheduled in the dry season so that the impact of muddy water is
temporary and can be minimized by mitigation measures such as a settling basin.
(2)

Prediction results in the operation stage and closure stage related to leachate treatment

1)

Wastewater Treatment System of the Project

The leachate discharged from the landfill may contain organic substances (high levels of BOD, COD,etc.), nitrates, phosphorous, and other contaminants. However, the leachate shall be collected throughleachate drainage system and will not leak into the groundwater and surface water system since thelandfill has a liner system that has a secure barrier between the landfilled waste and natural
subsoil/groundwater.
All the wastewater discharged from Project activities such as wastewater from car washing facilities
and domestic wastewater (e.g., used water from the restrooms, showers, kitchen sinks), as well as thelandfill leachate will be treated in the water treatment facility to be installed in the proposed Project,

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Reportwhich is mainly composed of biological treatment system and coagulating treatment system (seeFigure 8.2-1). In the biological treatment, the biodegradable organic compounds and nitrogen can bedegraded efficiently by anoxic tank and oxic tank with aeration by activated sludge, nitrification
bacteria, and denitrifying bacteria. The primary treated wastewater is flowed to the coagulating
treatment system so that the suspended solid matter can be eliminated in the flocculation andsedimentation tank by the addition of flocculants. The treated water, after its neutralization, is stored in
the storage pond and discharged to the channel outside of the Project site after its water quality ismonitored.
The design capacity of waste water treatment facility is 35 m3/day and it secures that the treated water
meets the target level at the drainage point to the public water body. The final equalization pond has afunction of dilution to treat overload wastewater with enough capacity (900 m3, almost equal to thetreated wastewater volume for 25 days). The pond has also a function to buffer the emergency
situation such as overflow of wastewater so as to serve as a safety net.
The sludge generated from the treatment facilities is disposed in the landfill after it is thickened anddehydrated.

Landfill

Rain Water
Leachate
Waste
water

Wastewaterfrom carwashing

Final Equalization pond

Biological Treatment
SludgeCoagulating Treatment

Treated Water Monitoring

Discharge

SludgeTreated Water Monitoring Pond

Septic tank
(Domestic
waste water)

Sludge Treatment

Landfill

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 8.2-1: Process Flow of Wastewater Treatment2)

Impact on Water Quality during Operation of Landfill

The wastewater discharged from the Project site will flow into the wastewater treatment facility as
mentioned above. Only the treated water whose water quality is satisfied with the required criteria
shall be allowed to discharge to the public water body. The target level of effluent water quality is set
based on the industrial wastewater effluent guideline values stipulated by the Ministry of Industry(MOI) as shown in Table 8.2-1. Therefore, the impact on water quality is limited within the allowablelevels stipulated by the Government of Myanmar and related regulations.
This target levels shown in Table 8.2-1 can be updated or revised in accordance with the revision of
Myanmar’s regulations related to landfill or effluent water in the future.

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Table 8.2-1: Target Levels of Effluent Water Quality Discharging to Water Body
No.
Parameter
Target Level (MOI Regulation)
Unit
1
BOD (5 days at 20 ºC)
max. 20-60
ppm
2
Suspended Solids
max. 30ppm
3
Total Dissolved Solids
max. 2,000ppm
4
pH Value5-95Permanganate Value
max. 60 *ppm
6Sulphide (as HS)
max. 1
ppm
7
Cyanide (as HCN)
max. 0.2
ppm
8
Oil and Grease
max. 5ppm
10
Tar
None *
11
Formaldehydemax. 1 *ppm
12
Phenols and Cresols
max. 1
ppm
13
Free chlorine
max. 1 *
ppm
14
Zinc
max. 5ppm
15
Chromiummax. 0.5ppm
16
Arsenic
max. 0.25
ppm
17
Coppermax. 1.0
ppm
18
Mercurymax. 0.005
ppm
19
Cadmium
max. 0.03
ppm
20
Bariummax. 1.0 *ppm
21
Seleniummax. 0.02
ppm
22
Lead
max. 0.2
ppm
23
Nickelmax. 0.2
ppm
24
Insecticides
None *
25
Radioactive Materials
None *
26
Temperature
max. 40ºC
27
Color
Not objectionable when mixed in receiver water*) Regarding these parameters annotated by an asterisk(*), the analysis method is not specified in theregulation or there is no laboratory which can analyze them in Myanmar. Thus, these parameters are
not examined in the EIA process. However, when the analysis become feasible in Myanmar, these will
be monitored and evaluated in the future.
Source: EIA Study Team

3)

Wastewater Control until Stabilization of Landfill in the Closure Stage

The landfill requires long-term treatment of leachate and monitoring of water quality. The water
quality shall be monitored for at least ten years after its closure. When it is confirmed that leachatewater quality meets with the target level of effluent water quality and the landfill is stabilized, theoperation of wastewater treatment facilities will be terminated.
The discharged water whose quality exceeds the required criteria will not be allowed to flow into the
public water body even after the landfill’s closure. Therefore, the impact on the surrounding water
quality is limited within the allowable levels stipulated by the Myanmar regulation. This target level
shown in Table8.2.1 can be updated or revised in accordance with the revision of Myanmar’s
regulation related to the landfill or effluent water in the future.
8.2.6 Evaluation(1)

Evaluation in the construction and closure stages related to demolition works

It is expected that impact on water quality is limited since the muddy water would be discharged on atemporary and controlled basis.
(2)

Evaluation in the operation stage and closure stage related to leachate treatment

Impacts on water quality are expected to be limited since the effluent water from the landfill andoperation facilities will be treated by the treatment plant so as to satisfy the target level equivalent to
the industrial wastewater effluent guideline values stipulated by MOI. Thus, it is assessed that thewater pollution caused by the operation activities of the Project would not cause significant impact onsurrounding water bodies.

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

8.3

Noise and Vibration

8.3.1 Prediction Item

The items to be predicted are as follows:-

Noise and vibration caused by the construction and closure works of the proposed Project.

-

Noise and vibration caused by the operation work of the proposed Project.

8.3.2 Prediction Area

The area, where the impacts are to be predicted, was set in and around the proposed Project site. The
prediction point is the nearest residence from the proposed Project site.
8.3.3 Prediction Period

In the construction and closure stages, the prediction period was set when the maximum noise level isassumed from the construction machineries.
In the operation stage, the prediction period was set after starting the operation of the proposed
Project.
8.3.4 Prediction Method

The impacts of noise and vibration were predicted by the following methods:-

To estimate the noise level from the proposed Project, sound propagation model was applied.

-To estimate the vibration level from proposed Project, vibration propagation model wasapplied.

The methodology of the impact prediction was described below:(1)

Method for noise prediction

1)

Prediction formula

In order to predict the noise level caused by the proposed Project, the following formula is applied:r
LA  LA, reference  8  20 log10   r0 
LA
LA,referencer0r:Noise level at evaluation point [dB]:Noise level at reference point [dB]:Distance from source to reference point [m]:Distance from source to evaluation point [m]2)Prediction conditiona)Source of noise
Construction and closure stages

Table 8.3-1 shows the conditions for construction and closure noise prediction. In order to predictthe maximum impact of construction noise, prediction period was set at the maximum number of

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Reportconstruction machineries used (first month of the construction stage), and construction machineries
were set at the nearest point from residence based on the existing construction plan.
Table 8.3-1: Conditions for Construction and Closure Noise Prediction
Kind ofConstruction

Equipment

Earth Work (stripping)

Bulldozer
Excavator
Bulldozer
Excavator
Compaction Roller
Bulldozer
Excavator
Excavator
Excavator
Pile press Equipment

Earth Work (landfilling)

Excavation (waste lot)
Excavation (pond)
Pile Works

Noise Level
at Reference Point
[dB]
80
74
80
74
79
80
74
74
74
76

Distance from
Source toReference Point [m]
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

Number of
Equipment [Unit]
2
2
5
5
5
2
2
2
1
1

Source: Construction Noise Prediction Model ‘ASJ CN-Model 2007’, The Acoustical Society of Japan, 2008

Operation stage
Table 8.3-2 shows the conditions for operation noise prediction. Sources of noise are set based on
the proposed Project plan.
Table 8.3-2: Conditions for Operation Noise Prediction
Kind of Operation

Equipment

Noise Level at
Reference Point [dB]
74
74
79
82
70

Distance from Source toReference Point [m]
10
10
10
1
1

Loader (less than1.1m3)
Excavator
Loader (2.2m3)
Waste Water Treatment
Blower for aeration
Incinerator
Fan for fuel gas circulation
Blowerforchemical81
feeding
Source: Construction Noise Prediction Model ‘ASJ CN-Model 2007’, The Acoustical Society of Japan, 2008
Rated value of the equipments which are assumed to be installed
Stabilization
Land fillb)

1

Number of
Equipment [Unit]
1
2
2
1
1
1

Prediction point

Prediction point of noise and vibration is at the boundary of house which is nearest to the Projectsite as shown in Figure 8.3-1. The minimum distance between the house and the Project boundary isapproximately 70 m.

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Prediction Point(70 m from boundary)

Proposed
Project Site

Source: Google Earth

Figure 8.3-1: Prediction Point for Noise and Vibration(2)

Method for vibration prediction

1)

Prediction formula

In order to predict the vibration level caused by the proposed Project, the following formula isapplied:r
LV  LV , reference  15 log10    8.68 r  r0 
 r0 
Lv:
LV,reference:
r0 :
r:
α:

Vibration Level at evaluation point [dB]
Vibration Level at reference point [dB]Distance from source to reference point [m]Distance from source to evaluation point [m]Internal reduction coefficient in ground (Normal: 0.01, Hard Rock: 0.001)

2)

Prediction conditiona)Source of vibration
Construction and Closure Stages

Table 8.3-3 shows the conditions for construction vibration prediction. In order to predict the
maximum impact of construction vibration, construction machineries are set at the nearest pointfrom residence based on the existing construction plan.
Table 8.3-3: Conditions for Construction and Closure Vibration Prediction
Kind ofConstruction
Earthwork (stripping)
Earthwork (landfilling)

Excavation (waste lot)

63
58

Distance from
Source toReference Point [m]
7
7

63

5

63

7

Vibration Level
at Reference Point [dB]

Equipment
Bulldozer
Excavator
Bulldozer
Excavator
Compaction roller
Bulldozer

8-19Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment ReportDistance from
Source toReference Point [m]Excavator
58
7
Excavation (pond)
Excavator
58
7
Pile Works
Excavator
58
7
Pile press equipment
54
7
Source: Data Book on Noise and Vibration of Construction Machinery, Public Works Research Institute of Japan, 1980
Environment Impact Assessment Technique for Road Project, National Institute for Land and InfrastructureManagement and Public Works Research Institute, Japan, FY2012
Kind ofConstruction

Vibration Level
at Reference Point [dB]

Equipment

Operation Stage
Table 8.3-4 shows the conditions for operation vibration prediction. Sources of vibration are set
based on the proposed Project plan. The stabilization work and landfilling works will be
implemented only at daytime (9:00-17:00)
Table 8.3-4: Conditions for Operation Vibration Prediction
Kind ofConstruction

Vibration Level
at Reference Point [dB]

Equipment

Distance from
Source toReference Point [mStabilization
Landfill

Loader49
7
Excavator
58
7
Loader49
7
Incinerator
Fan
for
fuel
gas
37
1
circulation
Blower for chemical
39
1
feeding
Source: Data Book on Noise and Vibration of Construction Machinery, Public Works Research Institute of Japan, 1980
Rated value of the equipments which are assumed to be installedc)

Mitigation measures

Trial and error exercises with mitigation measures were implemented to comply with the target
level of noise and vibration. As a result of the exercises, the following mitigation measures for noise
will be required in the first month in the construction stage:-

Installation of sound proofing sheet in the evening and nighttime;
In evening time, construction work is not implemented in the area where its distance is lessthan 50 m from the Project site boundary facing the residential side; andAt nighttime, construction work is not implemented in the area where its distance is less than
250 m from the Project site boundary facing the residential side.

From the second month, the distance, which the Project can implement construction work from theboundary, might be shortened as long as it complies with the target noise level in the construction
stage.
As for the vibration during the construction stage, noise and vibration during the operation stage,
mitigation measures are not required.
8.3.5 Prediction Results(1)

Prediction results in the construction and closure stages

1)

Noise

Table 8.3-5 shows the results of noise level prediction in the construction and closure stages. It is
predicted that the noise level would be less than the target noise level in the construction and closure

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Reportstages. Hence, it is evaluated that the noise caused by construction and closure works of the proposed
Project would be well controlled and managed, and would not cause any significant impacts.
Table 8.3-5: Prediction Results of Noise in the Construction and Closure Stages
Parameter

LAeq

Predicted
Point

Predicted
Noise
Level

Target Level

Compliance withTarget Level

61 dB

75 dB (7:00
a.m.-7:00 p.m.)

OK

60 dB

60 dB (7:00
p.m.-10:00 p.m.)

OK

55 dB

55 dB (10:00
p.m.-7:00 a.m.)OK

Residence

Mitigation Measures- Installation of sound proof sheet (as necessary)- Installation of sound proof sheet- Construction work is not implemented in the area
where its distance is less than 50 m from the Projectsite boundary facing the residential side
- Installation of sound proof sheet- Construction work is not implemented in the area
where its distance is less than 250 m from theProject site boundary facing the residential side

Source: EIA Study Team2)

Vibration

Table 8.3-6 shows the prediction results of vibration level in the construction and closure stages. It is
predicted that the vibration level would be less than the target vibration level in the construction andclosure stages. Hence, it is evaluated that the vibration caused by construction and closure works ofthe proposed Project would not cause any significant impacts.
Table 8.3-6: Prediction Results of Vibration in the Construction and Closure Stages
Parameter

Predicted
Point

Predicted
Vibration
Level
40 dB

LV10

Residence

32 dB
Less than 25 dB

Target Level
65 dB (7:00 a.m.-7:00
p.m.)
65 dB (7:00 p.m.-10:00
p.m.)
60 dB (10:00 p.m.-7:00
a.m.)Compliance withTarget Level

Mitigation Measures

OK

Not requiredOK

Not requiredOK

Not required

Source: EIA Study Team

(2)

Prediction results in the operation stage

1)

Noise

Table 8.3-7 shows the results of noise level prediction in the operation stage. It is predicted that thenoise level would be less than the target noise level in the operation stage. Hence, it is evaluated thatthe noise caused by operation work of the proposed Project would not cause any significant impacts.
Table 8.3-7: Prediction Results of Noise in the Operation Stage
Parameter

Predicted
Point

Predicted Noise
Level
52 dB

LAeq

Residence

27 dB
27 dB

Target Level
60 dB (7:00 a.m.-7:00
p.m.)
55 dB (7:00 p.m.-10:00
p.m.)
50 dB (10:00 p.m.-7:00
a.m.)

Source: EIA Study Team

8-21

Compliance withTarget Level

Mitigation Measures

OK

Not requiredOK

Not requiredOK

Not requiredProject on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report2)

Vibration

Table 8.3-8 shows the results of vibration level prediction in the operation stage. It is predicted that thevibration level would be less than the target vibration level in the operation stage. Hence, it isevaluated that the vibration caused by operation work of the proposed Project would not cause any
significant impacts.
Table 8.3-8: Prediction Results of Vibration in the Operation Stage
Parameter

Predicted
Point

Predicted
Vibration Level
Less than 25 dB

LV10ResidenceLess than 25 dB

Target Level
65dB (7:00 a.m.-7:00
p.m.)
60dB (7:00 p.m.-7:00
a.m.)Compliance withTarget Level

Mitigation Measures

OK

Not requiredOK

Not required

Source: EIA Study Team8.3.6 Evaluation

As a conclusion, it is evaluated that the noise and vibration caused by these activities related to the
proposed Project would be well controlled and managed, and would not cause any significant
environmental impacts in the surrounding area.

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Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

8.4

Offensive Odor

8.4.1 Prediction Item

The item to be predicted is as follows:-

The impact of offensive odor generated from the final disposal facility of the proposed
Project in the operation stage.

8.4.2 Prediction Area

The area, where the impacts are to be predicted, was set in and around the proposed Project site.
8.4.3 Prediction Period

The prediction period was set throughout the operation stage of the proposed Project.
8.4.4 Prediction Method(1)

Prediction method

The impacts of offensive odor were predicted by the following methods:-

To examine the source of offensive odor from the proposed waste treatment system.
To examine the management methods and mitigation measures to prevent diffusion of
offensive odor substances.

(2)

Prediction conditions

1)

Source of offensive odor to be predicted

The source of offensive odor to be predicted is shown below:-

2)

Landfill site (Landfilling work）
Mitigation measures

The mitigation measures to be taken against offensive odor are as follows:








The landfill structure will be equipped with dual liner sheets on the base and leachate collection
system as well as landfill gas treatment system.
The gas collection pipes will be installed in the landfill and the collected gas shall be treated by
the flare station.
The landfill shall be covered with sheets to prevent leakage of landfill gas, as follows:- The active area of landfilling work shall be limited within the area less than 10-20 m x 10-20
m and it shall be covered with tarpaulin temporarily when landfilling work will not be
conducted.
- Non-active area of the landfill shall be covered with sheet.
After completion of waste disposal, final covering of the landfill will be installed.
Odor monitoring around the Project site will be conducted every day.
Wind condition around the Project site will be monitored every day.

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

If some complaints regarding the offensive odor would be received, the source of offensive odor
shall be investigated and the mitigation measure shall be considered and implemented.

8.4.5 Prediction Results

As mentioned in the prediction conditions, the proper management method and mitigation measureswould be conducted for each source of offensive odor in the proposed Project site. Therefore,
offensive odor caused by the Project activities shall be suppressed at the minimum level.
Besides, according to an example shown in the reference below, it is anticipated that the offensive
odor from the landfill might not be significantly recognizable in and around the household area near
the proposed Project site because the nearest house is located 70 m far from the site boundary.
Reference
Investigation results of offensive odor conditions in the Haibara final disposal site in Tokushima
Pref., Japan (2011, Mima Association for Environmental Management)In the landfill of the Haibara final disposal site, wherein industrial waste as well asorganic residual have been disposed, the trial digging survey was conducted on several
points to measure the odor intensity.
The odor intensities* at the trial digging points were Level 2.5 to 3, but the odor
intensity at a point 30 m far from the trial digging points was Level 1.
* Verbal description of an odor sensation using 6 odor intensity scales are shown below.
[0: no odor, 1: very weak (odor threshold), 2: weak, 3: distinct, 4: strong, 5: very strong, 6: intolerable]
Source: Jiang, J et al., Improvement of odor intensity measurement using dynamic olfactometry (1995)

8.4.6 Evaluation

As a conclusion, it is evaluated that offensive odor to occur due to the Project would be well controlled
and managed, and would not cause any significant impacts in and around the proposed Project site.

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8.5

Global Warming

8.5.1 Prediction Item

The item to be predicted is as follows:-

Greenhouse gas emission by the operation work of the proposed Project.

8.5.2 Prediction Area

The area, where the impacts are to be predicted, was set in the proposed Project site.
8.5.3 Prediction Period

The prediction period was set throughout the operation stage of the Project.
8.5.4 Prediction Method

The impact of global warming was predicted by the following method:-

To examine the greenhouse gas emission caused by the operation of the Project qualitatively,
the description and characteristics of the proposed Project were referred to.

8.5.5 Prediction Results

As for the landfill, the Project will introduce semi-aerobic landfill system that drains out the leachateas quickly as possible, prevents leachate from stagnating in the waste material and makes it easier for
fresh air to penetrate, thereby promoting aerobic condition in the waste layers. By promoting aerobic
conditions, microbial activity is enhanced and the decomposition of waste is accelerated. The organic
matter in the Project’s landfill will be decomposed in more aerobic condition compared with thecurrent open dumping landfill and it will be mainly converted to carbon dioxide (CO2) by aerobic
fermentation of the microorganism. On the other hand, the existing landfills in Yangon Region are thelandfills with open dumping system and organic matter shall be converted mainly to methane (CH4) byanaerobic fermentation. Therefore, it can be evaluated that the Project will contribute in reducing
greenhouse gas emission from the landfill by converting landfill gas from methane to carbon dioxide.
As for the incinerator, it is inevitable that greenhouse gas will be discharged by combustion ofnon-biomass solid waste. However, the Project will install an incinerator supplied by a Japanesemanufacturer which realizes efficient combustion of solid waste and minimize consumption of
auxiliary fuel.
Besides, the fuel conversion facility will convert the waste into fuel and material to be utilized in the
cement factories. The fuel and material produced in the fuel conversion facility will be able tosubstitute fossil fuel and raw material consumed in the cement factories, which contribute to the
reduction of greenhouse gas emission.
8.5.6 Evaluation

As a conclusion, it is evaluated that the proposed Project would not cause any significant impacts on
global warming in and around the proposed Project site.

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CHAPTER 9:9.1

SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Landscape9.1.1 Prediction Item

The item to be predicted is as follows:-

The impacts on landscape caused by the existence of the landfill.

9.1.2 Prediction Area

The area, where the impacts are to be predicted, was set in and around the proposed Project site.
9.1.3 Prediction Period

The prediction period was set throughout the operational stage and after closure stage of the Project.
9.1.4 Prediction Method(1)

Prediction method

The impacts on landscape were predicted by the following method:-

To examine the oppressive factors in the proposed Project site caused by the existence oflandfill in consideration of the landscaping and greening plan of the proposed Project.

(2)

Prediction conditions

1)

Outline of the landfill
The proposed landfill was designed in consideration of the views from the surrounding area.
The position of the landfill was set approximately 200 m away from the road boundary. The
outline of the landfill is shown in Table 9.1-1, and its cross section is shown in Figure 9.1-1.
Table 9.1-1: Outline of the Landfill
Item
Height from site preparation
Size
Slope gradient

Value
10 m
83 m×83 m; 83 m×127 m (approximate)
1 to 3.0

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 9.1-1: Cross Section of the Proposed Landfill

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Mitigation measures Greening around the property boundary of the proposed site.

9.1.5 Prediction Results

The main factor that has potential to affect the landscape is landfilling of the waste. The landfill would
be located approximately 200 m far from the contact road. The view angle of the landfill from thecontact road is only 2.5 degree (see Figure 9.1-2). Moreover, 5-10 m greenbelt with trees withfunctions of landscape and blindfold will be installed around the boundary of the Project site as shownin Figure 9.1-2 and Figure 9.1-3. Therefore, the impact on landscape by the Project activities andexistence of the Project facilities will be limited.

200 m
5-10 m green belt
for landscape(Planting Tree)Road

Landfill

2.5°

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 9.1-2: View Angle from the Contact Road

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 9.1-3: Perspective Drawing of the Proposed Site
9.1.6 Evaluation

As a conclusion, the impacts on landscape by the existence of the landfill constructed by the proposed
Project is evaluated to be well controlled and managed, and it is expected that its existence would notcause any significant environmental impacts in and around the proposed Project site.

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9.2

Water Use9.2.1 Prediction Item

The item to be predicted is as follows:-

The impacts on water use caused by the existence of the landfill.

9.2.2 Prediction Area

The area, where the impacts are to be predicted, was set around the proposed Project site.
9.2.3 Prediction Period

The prediction period was set throughout the operational stage and after closure stage of the Project.
9.2.4 Prediction Method(1)

Prediction method

The impacts on landscape were predicted by the following method:-

To examine the impact on water usage of surrounding areas by the existence of landfill in
consideration of mitigation measures on groundwater contaminations.

(2)

Prediction Conditions

1)

Description of water sources
There are three main water sources around the Project site, i.e.: Zamami Reservoir, the largest
water source that supplies irrigation water to the agricultural area and industrial water toThilawa SEZ Zone A area; Thilawa Dam, the second largest water source that supplies theindustrial area where the factories are located in the north of the Project site, and lastly are thewells for domestic water use, which are located in the residential area in the north west of the
Project site. According to an expert knowledgeable of the water use situation in and around theThilawa SEZ area, villagers in the residential area near the Project site normally use domestic
water from the well(s) and Thilawa Dam. Table 9.2-1 shows the description of water sources
around the Project site.
Table 9.2-1: Description of Water Sources around the Project Site
Water Sources

Purpose of Water Use

Zamami Reservoir

Irrigation waterIndustrial water (for Thilawa Zone A)

Thilawa Dam

Industrial water

Well(s) in theresidential area1)

Domestic water

Minimum Distancefrom the Project Site
Approx. 2,700 m(North East)

Approx. 1,000 m(North East)
Approx. 100 m (North
to North West)

Note

Distribution by canal toirrigation and by pipe toindustrial zone (planned)
Distribution by pipe tofactories
Intake water by hand andhand pump, etc.

Note: 1) Information on wells in the residential area are based on the interview with the expert who is familiar with thegroundwater situation in and around the Thilawa SEZ area
Source: EIA Study Team

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2)

Geological conditions
According to the Final Report of the Preparatory Study on Thilawa Special Economic Zone
Infrastructure Development (2014) funded by the Japan International Cooperation Agency(JICA), geographic log information at the center of Thilawa SEZ is available as shown in
Figure 8.2-1. The clay layers are distributed around 50 feet (15 m) depth as first and 235 feet
(70 m) depth as second. Thus it is assumed that the unconfined aquifer is on the first clay layer(15 m depth) and first confined aquifer is on the second clay layer (70 m depth).

Source: Final Report of the Preparatory Study on Thilawa Special
Economic Zone Infrastructure Development (2014), JICA

Figure 9.2-1: Geographic Log around the Project Site

3)

Water use for the Project
Water for the Project will be supplied by the Myanmar and Japan Thilawa Development Ltd.
in accordance with a contract agreement.

4)

Mitigation measures
As described in Section 3.4.9, baseliner sheets and leachate collection system will be installed
to prevent leachate from infiltrating the soil and groundwater during the operation stage.
Baseliner system consists of various layers, i.e.; protection layer, geomembrane layers, leakdetection layer impermeable layer, geo grid, and sand layer to isolate waste and prevent waste
and leachate from leaking. To collect leachate, leachate collection pipes will be installed in theprotection layer and collected wastewater will be pumped to the wastewater treatment system.

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Groundwater collection system will also be installed in the sand layer under the impermeable
layer to collect rising groundwater and the collected groundwater will be pumped up andconnected to the retention ponds. Figure 9.2-2 shows the water collection system and structureof baseliner.
After completion of waste disposal, final covering of the landfill by means of clay soil,
impermeable layer, drainage layer, cover soil, and vegetation will be installed on the top oflandfill waste as shown in Figure 9.2-3. After installation of final covering, the proponent willcontinuously conduct leachate leakage and groundwater monitoring until abolishment oflandfill, as well as landfill gas monitoring and treatment, ambient air quality monitoring,ground subsidence and slide monitoring. These monitoring will be conducted for ten years atleast after installation of final covering, and the landfill will be abolished if no environmental
impact is observed for two years.

Leachate and Groundwater Collection System

Baseliner

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 9.2-2: Water Collection System and Structure of Baseliner

Structure of Final Cover
Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 9.2-3: Cross Section of Landfill and Structure of Final Cover9.2.5 Prediction Results

Among the water sources, two main big water sources, namely, Zamami Reservoir and Thilawa Dam,
are not affected by the existence of the landfill because more than enough distance was secured and9-5Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Reportconsidered. With respect to the well(s) in the residential area located around 100 m from the Projectsite at a minimum, it is relatively close compared with other water sources. However, the Project
proponent will install controlled landfill system to prevent leachate from infiltrating the soil as well as
groundwater with leak detection system and periodical monitoring will be done as mentioned above.
Thus, impact on water use from well(s) in the residential area will not be assumed. Furthermore, theProject will implement monthly water quality monitoring at the well(s).This activity will be
implemented with the combination of mitigation measures on community health and safety.
9.2.6 Evaluation

As a conclusion, the impacts on water use of the local people for their daily lives are expected to beminimal because the solid waste management facilities will not take water source from thesurrounding area but from the Zone A area water supply system. The controlled landfill for industrial
waste will be installed in order not to cause groundwater contamination in the surrounding water
source.

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Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

CHAPTER 10:

10.1

HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Occupational Health and Safety including Accidents and Infectious
Diseases

10.1.1 Prediction Item

The items to be predicted are as follows:-

The impacts on occupational health and safety caused by construction work of the proposed
Project.

-

The impacts on occupational health and safety caused by operation work of the proposed
Project.

-

The impacts on occupational health and safety caused by closing work of the proposed Project.

10.1.2 Prediction Area

The area, where the impacts are to be predicted, was set in the proposed Project site.
10.1.3 Prediction Period

The periods to be predicted are as follows:-

The prediction period in the construction stage was set throughout the construction stage of the
Project.

-

The prediction period in the operation stage was set throughout the operation stage of the
proposed Project.

-

The prediction period in the closure stage was set throughout the closure stage of the proposed
Project.

10.1.4 Prediction Method

The impacts on occupational health and safety are predicted by the following methods:-

To examine the impact on occupational health and safety caused during the construction andclosure stages by considering the construction and closure work plans for the proposed Project.

-

To examine the impact on occupational health and safety caused during the operation stage by
considering the operation work plan for the proposed Project.

10.1.5 Prediction Results(1)

Prediction results in the construction and closure stages

Minor negative impacts on occupational health and safety (OHS) including accidents are inevitable tosome extent during construction and closure works. To minimize the negative impacts, working
condition during construction should be managed by the contractor based on OHS training stipulated
in international guidelines such as the EHS Guidelines by the IFC. Expected mitigation measures for

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occupational health and safety related to construction of the proposed Project facilities are shown in
Table 10.1-1.
Table 10.1-1: Expected Mitigation Measures against Negative Impact on Occupational Healthand Safety (Construction and Closure Stages)
Negative Factors

Mitigation Measures

Over-exertion

Training of workers in lifting and materials handling techniques in construction and decommissioning
projects, including the placement of weight limits above which mechanical assists or two-person lifts arenecessary
Implement administrative controls into work processes, such as job rotations and rest or stretch breaks

Slips and Falls

Implement good housekeeping practices, such as sorting and placing loose construction materials or
demolition of debris in established areas away from foot paths
Clean up excessive waste debris and liquid spills regularly
Locate electrical cords and ropes in common areas and marked corridors
Use of slip retardant footwear

Work in Heights

Use of control zones and safety monitoring systems to warn workers of their proximity to fall hazard zones, aswell as securing, marking, and labeling covers for openings in floors, roofs, or walking surfaces

Struck By Objects

Use a designated and restricted waste drop or discharge zones, and/or a chute for safe movement of wastes
from upper to lower levels
Conduct sawing, cutting, grinding, sanding, chipping or chiseling with proper guards and anchoring as
applicable
Maintain clear traffic ways to avoid driving of heavy equipment over loose scrap
Use of temporary fall protection measures in scaffolds and out edges of elevated work surfaces, such as handrails and toe boards to prevent materials from being dislodged
Wearing appropriate PPE, such as safety glasses with side shields, face shields, hard hats, and safety shoes

Moving Machinery

Plan and segregate the location of vehicle traffic, machine operation, and walking areas, and control vehicle
traffic through the use of one-way traffic routes, establish speed limits, and on-site trained flag-people wearing
high-visibility vests or outer clothing covering to direct traffic
Ensure the visibility of personnel through their use of high visibility vests when working in or walking throughheavy equipment operating areas, and train workers to verify eye contact with equipment operators before
approaching the operating vehicle
Ensure moving equipment is outfitted with audible back-up alarms
Use inspected and well-maintained lifting devices that are appropriate for the load, such as cranes, and secureloads when lifting them to higher job-site elevations.

Dust

Dust suppression techniques should be implemented, such as applying water or non-toxic chemicals tominimize dust from vehicle movements
PPE, such as dusk masks, should be used where dust levels are excessive

Confined

SpacesandExcavations

Control site-specific factors which may contribute to excavation slope instability including, for example, theuse of excavation dewatering, side wall support, and slope gradient adjustments that eliminate or minimize therisks of collapse, entrapment, or drowning
Provide safety means of access and egress from excavations, such as graded slopes, graded access route, or
stairs and ladders
Avoid the operation of combustion equipment for prolonged periods inside the excavations areas where otherworkers are required to enter unless the area is actively ventilated

Other Site Hazards

Use of specially trained personnel to identify and remove waste materials from tanks, vessels, processing
equipment or contaminated land as a first step in decommissioning activities to allow for safe excavation,
construction, dismantling, or demolition
Use of specially trained personnel to identify and selectively remove potentially hazardous materials inbuilding elements prior to dismantling or demolition including, for example, insulation or structural elements
containing asbestos and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), electrical components containing mercury
Use of waste-specific personal protective equipment (PPE) based on the results of occupational health andsafety assessment, including respirators, clothing/protective suits, gloves and eye protection

Source: EIA Study Team

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Prediction results in the operation stage

Minor negative impacts on OHS including accidents are inevitable to some extent during operation
work. To minimize the negative impacts, working condition during operation shall be managed by the
Project proponent based on OHS training stipulated in international guidelines such as the EHS
Guidelines by the IFC. Expected mitigation measures for occupational health and safety related tooperation of the proposed Project facilities are shown in Table 10.1-2.
Table 10.1-2: Expected Mitigation Measures against Negative Impact on Occupational Healthand Safety (Operation Stage)
Negative Factors

Mitigation Measures

Accidents and Injuries

In landfill, conduct compaction of wastes in thin layers using heavy equipment and place regular covermaterial over each compacted layer of waste, so that any underground fires within a waste cell are not able tospread throughout the landfill and lead to significant cave-ins;
Provide workers with appropriate protective clothing, gloves, respiratory face masks, and slip-resistant shoes
for waste transport workers and hard-soled safety shoes for all workers to avoid puncture wounds to the feet.
For workers near loud equipment, include noise protection. For workers near heavy mobile equipment,
buckets, cranes, and at the discharge location for collection trucks, include provision of hard hats;
Design collection routes to minimize, or possibly eliminate, crossing traffic that is going in the opposite
direction;
Restrict access to disposal sites such that only safety-trained personnel with protective gear are permitted tohigh-risk areas;
Segregate people from operating trucks in storage facility

Chemical Exposure

Control and characterize incoming waste (see waste receipt, unloading, processing, and storage);
Provide adequate personnel facilities, including washing areas and areas to change clothes before and afterwork;
Prohibit eating, smoking, and drinking except in designated areas;

Pathogens and Vectors

Provide and require use of suitable personal protective clothing and equipment;
Provide worker immunization and health monitoring (e.g., Hepatitis B and tetanus);
Maintain good housekeeping in waste processing and storage areas;
Clean and wash with disinfectant the cabins of heavy mobile equipment used at regular intervals;
Grade the area properly to prevent ponding (to minimize insect breeding areas);
Provide and require use of dust masks or respirators under dry and dusty conditions. Charcoal-filled respirators
also reduce odor perception;
Provide prompt medical attention for cuts and bruises. Cover open wounds to prevent contact with theincoming loads or feedstock;

Source: EIA Study Team

10.1.6 Evaluation

As a conclusion, it is evaluated that the proposed Project would not cause any significant impacts on
OHS in the proposed Project site in consideration of mitigation measures taken by the proponent.

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Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

10.2

Community Health and Safety including Accidents and Infectious
Disease10.2.1 Prediction Item

The items to be predicted are as follows:-

The impacts on community health and safety caused by construction work of the proposed
Project.

-

The impacts on community health and safety caused by operation work of the proposed
Project.

-

The impacts on community health and safety caused by closing work of the proposed Project.

10.2.2 Prediction Area

The area, where the impacts are to be predicted, was set in the proposed Project site.
10.2.3 Prediction Period

The periods to be predicted are as follows:-

The prediction period in the construction stage was set throughout the construction stage of the
proposed Project.

-

The prediction period in the operation stage was set throughout the operation stage of the
proposed Project.

-

The prediction period in the closure stage was set throughout the closing stage of the proposed
Project.

10.2.4 Prediction Method

The impact on community health and safety are predicted by the following methods:-

To examine the impact on community health and safety caused during the construction andclosure stages by considering the construction and closure work plans for the proposed Project.

-

To examine the impact on community health and safety caused during the operation stage by
considering the operation work plan for the proposed Project.

10.2.5 Prediction Results(1)

Prediction results in the construction and closure stages

Minor negative impacts on community health and safety (CHS) including accidents are inevitable tosome extent during the construction and closure works. To minimize the negative impacts, health andsafety conditions of the neighborhood during construction should be managed by the contractor basedon CHS training stipulated in international guidelines such as the EHS Guidelines by the IFC.
Expected mitigation measures for community health and safety related to construction of the proposed
Project facilities are shown in Table 10.2-1.

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Table 10.2-1: Expected Mitigation Measures against Negative Impact on Community Health and
Safety (Construction and Closure Stages)
Negative Factors
CommonMitigation Measures
Establish the plan of site security measures to communities and its implementation
Educate the Project personnel and area residents on risks, prevention, and available treatment

General Site Hazards

Restrict access to the site, through a combination of institutional and administrative controls, with a focus onhigh risk structures or areas depending on site-specific situations, including fencing, signage, andcommunication of risks to the local community
Remove hazardous conditions in the construction sites that cannot be controlled effectively with site access
restrictions, such as covering openings to small confined spaces, ensuring means of escape for larger openings
such as trenches or excavations, or locked the storage of hazardous materials
Prevention of snake bite

Disease Prevention

Provide surveillance for worker’s healthPrevent illness among workers in local communities by conducting immunization programs for workers inlocal communities to improve health and guard against infection
Provide treatment through standard case management in on-site or community health care facilities asnecessary.
Prevention of larval and adult propagation through sanitary improvements and elimination of breeding habitats
close to human settlements
Elimination of unusable impounded water
Promote the use of repellents, clothing, netting, and other barriers to prevent insect bites

Traffic Safety

Adoption of best transport safety practices across all aspects of the Project operations with the goal of
preventing traffic accidents and minimizing injuries suffered by the Project personnel and the public. Measures
should include:o Emphasizing safety aspects among drivers
o Improving driving skills and requiring licensing of drivers
o Adopting limits for trip duration and arranging driver rosters to avoid overtiredness
o Avoiding dangerous routes and times of day to reduce the risk of accidents

Source: EIA Study Team

(2)

Prediction results in the operation stage

Minor negative impacts on CHS including accidents are inevitable to some extent during operation
work. To minimize the negative impacts, health and safety conditions of the neighborhood during
operation should be managed by the Project proponent based on CHS training stipulated ininternational guidelines such as the EHS Guidelines by the IFC. Expected mitigation measures forcommunity health and safety related to operation of the proposed Project facilities are shown in Table
10.2-2. Especially, healthcare services, as one of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities, suchas medical check services and disinfection around the proposed Project site to prevent vector-borne
diseases will be provided in accordance with the comments from the Department Health of Thanlyin
Township in the first stakeholder meeting and public comments the from the General Administration
Department of Thanlyin Township. Figure 10.2-3 shows photos of the expected healthcare services.
Table 10.2-2: Expected Mitigation Measures against Negative Impact on Community Health and
Safety (Operation Stage)
Negative Factors
CommonMitigation Measures
Establish the plan of site security measures to communities and its implementation.
Educate the Project personnel and area residents on risks, prevention, and available treatment.

Physical, Chemical, andLockable site access gate and buildings.

Biological Hazards

Security cameras at key access points linked to recording equipment and remote access Closed Circuit
Television (CCTV), where required.
Review of site security measures annually or whenever a security breach is reported.
Use of a site visitor registration.
Immediate repair of fencing/access points if damaged.

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Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Negative Factors

Mitigation Measures
Lighting of site during nighttime where necessary. As this may cause light nuisance to neighbors, the lighting
installations should be selected to minimize ambient light pollution.

Disease Prevention

Provide health care services, as one of CSR activities, such as medical check services and disinfection aroundthe proposed Project site to prevent vector-borne diseases.
Provide surveillance and active screening and treatment of workers
Prevent illness among workers in local communities by conducting immunization programs for workers inlocal communities to improve health and guard against infection
Provide treatment through standard case management in on-site or community health care facilities asnecessary.
Promote collaboration with local authorities to enhance access of workers families and the community to
public health services and promote immunization
Prevention of larval and adult propagation through sanitary improvements and elimination of breeding habitats
close to human settlements
Elimination of unusable impounded water
Promote the use of repellents, clothing, netting, and other barriers to prevent insect bites

Source: EIA Study Team

Source: DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd.

Figure 10.2-1: Image of Expected Health Care Services(Left: Medical Check, Right: Disinfection)
10.2.6 Evaluation

As a conclusion, it is evaluated that the proposed Project would not cause any significant impacts on
CHS in the proposed Project site in consideration of mitigation measures taken by the proponent.

10-6Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

CHAPTER 11:11.1

EMERGENCY RISK ASSESSMENT

Initial Risk Assessment

There are various risks on solid waste management as well as other large-scale infrastructure. With
respect to the environmental impact risk, social impact risk, and health impact risk, there are certain
impacts that might affect people living around the Project site and the habitat and natural conditions
due to the construction, operation, closure, termination, and after termination of the proposed Project.
But the order of magnitude of impacts might be small rather than of emergency incidents and could bemanaged with various mitigation measures. These impacts are already assessed in the previous
chapters.
In this connection, this EIA study focuses on emergency risks such as flooding, fire, earthquake, andgeological hazard effect, which have low probability of occurrence but have big impacts.
As for the initial emergency risk assessment, taking into consideration of the Project description, thefollowing three main emergency risks are chosen and shall be considered:-

Risk for flooding
Risk for fire
Risk for earthquake and geological hazard effectAmong the above three risks, risk for earthquake and geological hazard effect has already beenassessed in the stage of site selection. The plant site is located in a stable region, far away from thefault belt (especially active earthquake and geological hazard effect ones). As for the earthquake
resistant of solid waste management facilities, the landfill site is accordingly based on the UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standards. Incinerator and other facilities arebasically based on the Japanese Building Code. In response to this, risk for flooding and risk for fire
are assessed in the following sections.

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11.2

Flood Risk

11.2.1 Prediction Item

The items to be predicted are as follows:-

Flood risk, triggered by heavy rains, cyclone, or high tide water, which might be increased byconstruction/operation works of the proposed Project.

11.2.2 Prediction Area

The area, where the impacts are to be predicted, was set in and around the proposed Project site.
11.2.3 Prediction Period

The periods to be predicted are as follows:-

The prediction period in the construction stage was set throughout the construction stage of the
proposed Project.

-

The prediction period in the operation stage was set throughout the operation stage of the
proposed Project.

-

The prediction period in the closure stage was set throughout the closure stage of the proposed
Project.

11.2.4 Prediction Method

The flood risk was predicted by the following method:-

To analyze the potential flood risk triggered by heavy rains, cyclone, or high tide water in andaround the proposed Project site and confirm appropriate mitigation measures as precondition
to the proposed Project planning.

11.2.5 Prediction Results

The proposed Project site is to be located in a flat and broad land adjacent to the east bank of the
Yangon River. The natural terrain elevation (mean sea level or MSL) is about 5.0 m. Therefore, thearea close to the river mouth has potential flood risk due to the topographical condition. So, theproponent referred to the flood prevention standards and analyzed flood conditions in the neighboringarea in order to determine the reasonable elevations for the proposed Project facilities. As a result, theProject site shall be embanked up to 7.0 m so as to satisfy the requirement for flood prevention byreferring the highest recorded flood level of 6.5 m MSL which is the highest case among 1) Storm
surge simulation in the Yangon River (Cyclone Nargis case): 6.5 m, 2) Hearing survey of flood
disaster: 5.5 m, and 3) Flood analysis of a 100-year return rainfall: 4.9 m.
Besides, Thilawa SEZ Zone A site shall equip the retention canals and ponds which correspond to aten-year probability rainfall and it will be maintained until the closure of the Project facilities.
11.2.6 Evaluation

As a conclusion, flood risk is predicted to be minimal because the proponent shall control andminimize flood risk in the proposed Project site.

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11.3

Risk for Fire11.3.1 Prediction Item

The item to be predicted is as follows:-

11.3.2

Risk for potential fire accidents by the construction, operation, closing works of the proposed
Project.
Prediction Area

The area, where the impacts are to be predicted, was set in and around the proposed Project site.
11.3.3 Prediction Period

The periods to be predicted are as follows:-

The prediction period in the construction stage was set throughout the construction stage of the
proposed Project.

-

The prediction period in the operation stage was set throughout the operation stage of the
proposed Project.

-

The prediction period in the closure stage was set throughout the closure stage of the proposed
Project.

11.3.4 Prediction Method

The risk for potential fire accidents are predicted by the following methods:-

To examine risk for potential fire accidents during the construction and closure stages byconsidering the construction and closure work plans of the proposed Project.

-

To examine risk for potential fire accidents in the operation stage by considering the operation
plan of the proposed Project.

11.3.5 Prediction Results(1)

Prediction results in the construction and closure stages

Risk for fire accidents in the construction and closure stages is considered to be very little because
construction and closure works for the proposed Project will not contain large-scale works using
firearms. However, the risks are inevitable because some activities taken by the workers such as
smoking and cooking could lead to fire accidents in the proposed Project site. To eliminate the risks
for fire accidents, workers’ behaviors shall be managed by the contractor through provision of safety
education and training for workers by referring to Section 10.1 based on the OHS training stipulated ininternational guidelines such as the EHS Guidelines by the IFC.
(2)

Prediction results in the operation stage

In the operation stage, there will be a risk for potential fire accidents in the facilities such as
incinerator, landfill, stabilization and fuel conversion facility, and storage house. Therefore, adequate
mitigation measures for fire accidents were examined as precondition to the proposed Project asshown below:

11-3Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report-

Regular training and exercises for site staff regarding firefighting and other emergency responses;-

Manufacturing workshops, work places, auxiliary buildings, subsidiary buildings, hazardous areas,
and fire compartment, fire prevention spaces, safe evacuation and fire passages of undergroundbuildings of the proposed Project are designed in compliance with relevant rules and regulations;-

Buildings and structures are rationally arranged, with safe spacing retained as required;-Fire prevention work of the incinerator plant adheres to the rule of "putting prevention first andcombining prevention with elimination". Firefighting systems (mainly by water, aided bynecessary foam fire extinguishers and portable fire extinguishers) are installed within the plant
area;

-

Suitable fire fighting measures are adopted based on the nature and features of fire that could
possibly occur in different workshops and areas;-

Fire protection facilities such as fire hydrants will be installed at each building; and-Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) security system will be installed. The CCTV system provides
high performance monitoring and can be securely accessed locally on site and remotely anywherein the world.

11.3.6 Evaluation

As a conclusion, the risk for fire accidents was predicted to be low because the proponent shall takenecessary measures to control and minimize the risk for fire accidents in and around the proposed
Project site.

11-4

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

CHAPTER 12:12.1

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Outline of Environmental Management Plan

The environmental management plan consists of two components: 1) mitigation and consideration
measures taken in the course of project implementation examined based on project description andresults of the environmental impact assessment (EIA), social impact assessment (SIA), health impact
assessment (HIA), and emergency risk assessment (ERA); and 2) monitoring plan to confirm if
mitigation and consideration measures as well as the environmental levels were properly taken in theconstruction, operation, and closing stages through environmental measurement.

12.2

Mitigation and Consideration Measures

Table 12.2-1, Table 12.2-2, and Table 12.2-3 show the mitigation and consideration measures in theconstruction stage, operation stage, and closing stage, respectively. Mitigation measures in theconstruction and closing works will be implemented by the contractors except for works related toafter care of landfill. Mitigation measures in the operation stage will be implemented by the Project
proponent. All mitigation measures in all stages will be the responsibility of the Project proponent.
The implementation of the environmental rehabilitation activities including the capping of landfill will
be secured by the Golden DOWA Eco-System Myanmar Co., Ltd. which is the subsidiary of the
Project proponent under the Project owner; Dowa Eco-system Co., Ltd. The budget of 112,500 USD/
year on average is estimated for the capping works for as soil, sheeting and vegetative cap for thelandfill period.
Table 12.2-1: Mitigation Measures in the Construction Stage
CategoryEIA

Item
Air Pollution

Water Pollution

Mitigation and Consideration Measures in the Construction Stage- Sprinkle water around preservation area will be implemented as necessary- Prohibition of idling will be implemented.
- Intensive operation of the construction machinery will be avoided.
- Settling ponds or simple turbid water treatment will be installed as necessary.
- Simple wastewater treatment facility from cement producing activity will be

Implemented byContractor

Contractor

set up in the construction site as necessary.
Solid Waste

Noise and Vibration

SIA
HIA

Local Economy suchas Employment andLivelihood
Occupational Healthand Safety including
Accidents andInfectious Diseases- Septic tanks will be set up in the construction site.
- Construction waste will be utilized to embankment work as much as possible.
- Scrap materials from the removal of the structure will be utilized asrecyclable materials as much as possible.
- Non-utilized waste will be disposed to the existing dumping sites.
- Sound-proofing sheet near the residential area will be installed for preventionof noise by construction work in the evening and nighttime as necessary.
- Advanced notice for construction work time near the residential area will bedisseminated in cases that the contractor implements the construction work in
the evening or nighttime.
- Intensive operation of construction machinery will be avoided.
- Speed limit will be observed by the driver.
- Job opportunity for local residents concerning construction works shall beContractor

Contractor

Contractor

provided within the limitation of the contractors’ capability.
- Occupational health and safety including accidents and infectious diseases
during construction will be managed by the contractor based on OHS training
stipulated in the international guidelines such as Environmental, Health and
Safety (EHS) Guidelines by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) as

12-1

Contractor

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Category

Item

Community Healthand Safety including
Accidents andInfectious Diseases

Mitigation and Consideration Measures in the Construction Stage
follows:[Common] Provision of adequate health care facilities and first aid withinconstruction sites; Training of all construction workers in basic sanitation and health careissues, general health and safety matters, and on the specific hazards oftheir work;[Safety measures including prevention of accident] Personal protection equipment for workers such as safety boots, helmets,
gloves, protective clothing, spectacles, and ear protection;
 Adequate protection to the general public including safety barriers andmarking of hazardous areas; Safe access across the construction site; Adequate preventive measures from negative factors such as
over-exertion, slips and falls, work in heights, struck by objects, moving
machinery, dust, confined spaces and excavations, and other site hazards;[Health measures including prevention of infectious diseases] Provision of toilets and septic tanks in the construction site.
 Provision of clean drinking water facilities for all workers; Adequate drainage throughout the camp to ensure that disease vectors
such as stagnant water bodies and puddles do not form; Septic tank and garbage bins will be set up in the construction site, which
will be regularly cleared by the contractors to prevent the outbreak of
diseases; Where feasible the contractor will arrange the temporary integration ofwaste collection from work sites into existing waste collection systems
and disposal facilities of nearby communities; and Lectures on infectious diseases such as AIDS/HIV to the construction
workers.
- Community health and safety will be managed by the contractor based on theinternational guidelines such as the EHS Guidelines by the IFC as follows:[Common] Establish a plan of site security measures to communities and its
implementation.
 Educate project personnel and area residents on risks, prevention, andavailable treatment.
[Safety measures including prevention of accident]
 Protection of community from physical, chemical, or other hazards
associated with the sites.
 Avoid contact with hazardous materials, contaminated soils, and otherenvironmental media, buildings that are vacant or under construction, or
excavations and structures which may pose falling and entrapment
hazards.
 The incidence of road accidents involving project vehicles during
construction should be minimized through a combination of educational
and awareness-raising activities.
 Emphasize safety aspects among drivers.
 Improve driving skills and require licensing of drivers.
 Adopt limits for trip duration and arrange driver rosters to avoid
overtiredness.
 Avoid dangerous routes and times of day to reduce the risk of accidents.
 Employ safe traffic control measures including road signs and flag
persons to warn incoming vehicles of dangerous conditions.
[Health measures including prevention of infectious diseases] Secure access to water sources in the communities (to conduct water
quality monitoring at the well in the community).
 Provide surveillance for worker’s health.
 Prevent outbreak of illness among workers in the local communities.
 Lectures on infectious diseases such as AIDS/HIV to the construction
workers in the communities.
 Prevention of larval and adult propagation through sanitary improvements
and elimination of breeding habitats close to human settlements.

12-2

Implemented byContractor

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Category

Item

Mitigation and Consideration Measures in the Construction Stage

Implemented by Elimination of unusable impounded water.
 Promote the use of repellents, clothing, netting, and other barriers toprevent insect bites.
 Provide treatment through standard case management in on-site orcommunity health care facilities as necessary.
Emergency

Flood Risk

- All construction activities will be stopped and area of evacuation for workers
will be secured when weather forecast issued alerts of flooding.
- Proper elevation level will be set to avoid flood risks (EL +7.0 m).
- Regular training and exercises for site staff regarding firefighting and otheremergency responses.

Risk
Risk for Fire

Contractor

Contractor

Source: EIA Study Team

Table 12.2-2: Mitigation Measures in the Operation Stage
Category
EIA

Item

Mitigation and Consideration Measures in the Operation Stage- Chemical Baghouse Filter (dry type using slaked lime) will be installed toreduce the amount of air pollution emission complying with the target level.
- Continuous exhaust gas monitoring system shall be equipped in theincinerator.
- Liner system for the landfill which satisfies the guidelines of the UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) shall be installed and it
will intercept disposed waste and leachate from the environment.
- Installation of wastewater treatment plant complying with the target level.
- Periodical monitoring of leachate discharged from the landfill and wells
around landfill.
- Regular maintenance such as removal of sludge and checking.
- Prevent and prohibit the infiltration of liquid waste into the ground.

Air Pollution

Water Pollution

Soil Contamination
Noise and Vibration
Offensive Odor

Flora,

Fauna

andBiodiversity
Climate Change

Local Economy suchas Livelihood

SIA

Water Use

LandscapeHealthSafetyandOccupational Healthand Safety (OHS)- Installation of high wall in storage yard, sorting and stabilization facilities toreduce noise in the surrounding area.
- Wastes will be kept in such containers to prevent exposure to outside air.
- Active area will be minimized in the landfill.
- Non-active area will be covered with sheets in the landfill.
- Landfill will be covered with soil after operation of wastes disposal.
- Gas gathering pipes and flare station will be installed.
- If some complaints will be received, the source of offensive odor will be
investigated and mitigation measures will be considered and implemented.
- Planting trees, vegetation, sodding to public spaces such as road, retention
pond, and other open space in accordance with the internal regulations of theThilawa SEZ Zone A.
- Methane gas generated from the landfill shall be captured and flamed.
- Appropriate design for incinerator which realizes efficient combustion shallbe applied to minimize greenhouse gas emissions.
- Job opportunity for local residents concerning operation works shall be
provided as much as possible.
- Installation of controlled landfill with base liner system in order not to cause
groundwater contamination in the surrounding water source based on the
USEPA regulations.
- Regular monitoring of water quality at the well in the communities will be
implemented.
- Reduce the height of landfill site so as not to create an eyesore on thelandscape from the road side.
- Installation of greening area including trees around the boundary as cover.
- Occupational health and safety including accidents and infectious diseases
during operation will be managed by the Project proponent based on OHS
training stipulated in the international guidelines such as the EHS Guidelines
by the IFC as follows:[Common] Provide and require use of suitable personal protective clothing andequipment; Regular training of workers;

12-3

Implemented by
Project
Proponent

Project
Proponent

Project
Proponent
Project
Proponent
Project
Proponent

Project
Proponent
Project
Proponent
Project
Proponent
Project
Proponent

Project
Proponent
Project
ProponentProject on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Category

Item

Community
Healthand Safety including
accidents

Mitigation and Consideration Measures in the Operation Stage[Accidents and injuries] In landfills, conduct compaction of wastes in thin layers using heavyequipment and place regular cover material over each compacted layer ofwaste, so that any underground fires within a waste cell are not able tospread throughout the landfill and lead to significant cave-ins;
 Design collection routes to minimize, or possibly eliminate, crossing
traffic that is going in the opposite direction;
 Restrict access to disposal sites such that only safety-trained personnel
with protective gear are permitted to high-risk areas; Separate the people from operating trucks in storage facility[Chemical exposure] Control and characterize incoming waste (see waste receipt, unloading,
processing and storage); Provide adequate personnel facilities including washing areas and areas tochange clothes before and after work; Prohibit eating, smoking, and drinking except in designated areas;[Pathogens and vectors]
 Provide worker immunization and health monitoring (e.g., for Hepatitis B
and tetanus);
 Maintain good housekeeping in waste processing and storage areas; Clean and wash with disinfectant the cabins of heavy mobile equipmentused at regular intervals;
 Grade the area properly to prevent ponding (to minimize insect breedingareas);
 Provide and require use of dust masks or respirators under dry and dusty
conditions. Charcoal-filled respirators also reduce odor perception; and Provide prompt medical attention for cuts and bruises. Cover open
wounds to prevent contact with the incoming loads or feedstock.
- Community health and safety will be managed by the Project proponent basedon the international guidelines such as the EHS Guidelines by the IFC asfollows:[Common] Establish a plan of site security measures to communities and its
implementation.
 Educate project personnel and area residents on risks, prevention, andavailable treatment.
[Physical, Chemical, and Biological Hazards]
 Lockable site access gate and buildings.
 Security cameras at key access points linked to recording equipment andremote access Closed Circuit Television (CCTV), where required.
 Review of site security measures annually or whenever a security breach isreported.
 Use of a site visitor registration.
 Immediate repair of fencing/access points if damaged.
 Lighting of site during nighttime where necessary. As this may cause lightnuisance to neighbors, the lighting installations should be selected tominimize ambient light pollution.
[Disease Prevention]
 Provide health care services, as one of CSR activities, such as medical checkservices and disinfection around the proposed Project site to prevent
vector-borne diseases.
 Provide surveillance and active screening and treatment of workers
 Prevent illness among workers in local communities by conducting
immunization programs for workers in local communities to improve healthand guard against infection
 Provide treatment through standard case management in on-site orcommunity health care facilities as necessary.
 Promote collaboration with local authorities to enhance access of workers
families and the community to public health services and promote
immunization
 Prevention of larval and adult propagation through sanitary improvements
and elimination of breeding habitats close to human settlements

12-4

Implemented by

Project
ProponentProject on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Category

Emergency

Item

Flood Risk

Risk
Risk for Fire

Mitigation and Consideration Measures in the Operation Stage Elimination of unusable impounded water Promote the use of repellents, clothing, netting, and other barriers to prevent
insect bites- Regular training and exercises for site staff regarding emergency response forflooding.
- Proper elevation level will be set to avoid flood risks (EL +7.0 m).
- Regular training and exercises for site staff regarding firefighting and otheremergency response.
- Fire protection facilities such as fire hydrants will be installed. Closed-Circuit
Television (CCTV) security system will be installed.

Implemented by

Project
Proponent
Project
Proponent

Source: EIA Study Team

Table 12.2-3: Mitigation and Consideration Measures in the Closure Stage
Category
EIA

SIA

Item

Mitigation and Consideration Measures in the Closing Stage

Implemented by

Air Pollution- Same as construction stage

Contractor

Water Pollution[Demolition work]- Settling ponds or simple turbid water treatment will be installed as necessary.
- Simple wastewater treatment facility from cement producing activity will beContractor

Solid Waste

set up in the construction site as necessary.
- Septic tanks will be set up in the construction site.
[After care]- Liner system for the landfill which satisfies USEPA’s guidelines shall be
installed and it will intercept disposed waste and leachate from theenvironment.
- Operation of wastewater treatment plant complying with the target level until
the water quality of leachate will be confirmed not polluted (at least ten years
after closing operation).
- Monitoring of leachate discharged from the landfill and wells around landfill(at least ten years after closing operation).
- Regular maintenance such as removal of sludge and checking- Same as construction stage

Noise and Vibration- Same as construction stage

Offensive Odor

- Same as operation stage

Contractor
Project
Proponent

Local Economy suchas Livelihood
Water Use

- Same as construction stage

Contractor- Installation of controlled landfill with base liner system in order not to cause
groundwater contamination in the surrounding water source based on USEPA
regulations.
- Regular monitoring of water quality at the well in the communities will be
implemented until the water quality of leachate will be confirmed notpolluted (at least ten years after closing operation).
- Reduce the height of landfill site so as not to causing eyesore on thelandscape from the road side.
- Installation of capping system with multilayers based on USEPA regulations.

Project
Proponent

LandscapeProject
Proponent

Contractor

Project
Proponent- Development of various types of eco-friendly facilities such as park and solar
HIA

ERA

power stations.
- Same as construction stage

Occupational Healthand Safety including
Accidents andInfectious Diseases
Community Healthand Safety including
Accidents andInfectious Diseases
Flood Risk

- Same as construction stage.

Project
Proponent- Same as construction stage.

Risk for Fire- Same as construction stage.

Project
Proponent
Project
Proponent

Source: EIA Study Team

12-5

Project
ProponentProject on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

12.3

Environmental Monitoring Plan

The environmental monitoring plan including monitoring items and locations in the construction,
operation, and closing stages are shown in Table 12.3-1, Table 12.3-2, and Table 12.3-3, respectively.
Monitoring for the construction and closing works will be implemented by the contractors except forworks related to after care of landfill. Monitoring for operation will be implemented by the Project
proponent. The Project proponent will be responsible for the implementation of monitoring andsummarization of its results and submission of the monitoring report to the Ministry of Environmental
Conservation and Forestry (MOECAF) periodically through the Thilawa SEZ Management
Committee (TSMC). The costs for monitoring are estimated as shown in Table 12.3-4.
Table 12.3-1: Monitoring Plan (Construction Stage)
Survey Item

Item

MethodLocation

Frequency

Implemented by

CommonMonitoring of mitigation measures

Visualandrecordcheck
Visualcheck-

Once/month

Project proponent/
Contractor

Air Quality

Dust situation

Project site
(1 point)

Monthly

Contractor

Water Quality

Status of maintenance of septic tank

Visualcheck
Check ofrecordProject site
(1 point)
Project site

Monthly

Contractor

Solid Waste(1) Amount of solid waste (hazardous andnon-hazardous)(2) Status of recycling

Monthly

Contractor

Noise and Vibration

Noise and vibration situation

On-sitemeasurement
On-sitemeasurement

Residential area
(1 point)

Water Use

pH, EC, DO, ORP

Occupational Healthand Safety including
Accidents andInfectious Diseases
Community Healthand Safety including
Accidents andInfectious Diseases
Flood Risk

Record of accidents and infectious
diseases

Check ofrecordRecord of accidents and infectious
diseases related to the community

Check ofrecordProject site

Monthly

Project proponent/
Contractor

Record of flood and its response

Project site

OccasionallyContractor

Risk for Fire

Record of fire and its response

Check ofrecordCheck ofrecordProject site

OccasionallyContractor

Once (24 hr on
weekday at peak
period)Wellinthe Monthly
residential area
near the Projectsite(1 point)
Project site
Monthly

Project proponent/
Contractor
Project proponent/
Contractor

Contractor

Source: EIA Study Team

Table 12.3-2: Monitoring Plan (Operation Stage)
Survey Item

Item

CommonMonitoring of mitigation measures

Air
Quality[Emission gas from the incinerator](1) NO2, SO2, HCL(2) Dust(3) Heavy metals, dioxin** Monitoring of heavy metals in dust
and dioxin will be started when thelaboratory in Myanmar is ready toanalyze the parameters[Ambient Air]
NO2, SO2, CO, PM10

MethodLocation

Frequency

Visual andrecord check
Measurement-

Once a month

Residential area
(1 point)(1) Bimonthly(2) Biannually(3) Annually

Measurement

Residential area
(1 point)

One week in dry andrainy seasons (First
three
years
after

12-6

Responsible
Organizations
Project proponent/
Contractor
Project proponent

Project proponent

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Survey Item

Item

MethodLocation

Responsible
Organizations

Frequency
operationofincinerator)(1) Everyday(2) Biannuallythe[Treated wastewater](1) pH, EC, DO, ORP(2) All parameters stipulated in thetarget level*Monitoring of heavy metals in dust
and dioxin will be started when thelaboratory in Myanmar is ready toanalyze the parameters[Groundwater](1) Pit for leak water checking
pH, EC, water level(2) Well to monitor leaches collection
pH, EC, color, odor
(3) Well to monitor groundwater
pH, EC, water level, color, odor
Solid Waste(1) Amount of solid waste (hazardousand non-hazardous)(2) Recording of management of final
disposal site(3) Recoding of hazardous andchemical substance management
Noiseand Noise and vibration situation
Vibration

On-sitemeasurement
andchemicalanalysisDischarge point(1 point)

On-sitemeasurement

Discharge point(1 point)(1) Everyday(2) Monthly(3) Quarterly

Project proponent

Check of record

Project site

Monthly

Project proponent

On-sitemeasurement

Residential area
(1 point)

Project proponent

Offensive
Odor
ClimateChangeWater Use

(1) Odor monitoring(2) Wind condition
Energy and fuel consumption

On-sitemeasurement
Check of record

AroundProject site
Project site

Project proponent

pH, EC, DO, ORP

On-sitemeasurement

Project proponent

Occupational
Health and
SafetyCommunity
Health and
SafetyincludingAccidents
Flood Risk
Risk for Fire

Record of accidents and infectious
diseases

Check of record

Wellin
the Monthly
residential area
near the Projectsite(1 point)
Project site
YearlyRecord of accidents and infectious
diseases related to the community

Check of record

Project site

YearlyProject proponent

Record of flood and its response
Record of fire and its response

Check of record
Check of record

Project site
Project site

OccasionallyOccasionally

Project proponent
Project proponent

Water
QualityOnce a year (24 hrs on
weekday for the first three
years
after
starting
operation)
the Everyday
YearlyProject proponent

Project proponent

Project proponent

Source: EIA Study Team

Table 12.3-3: Monitoring Plan (Closure Stage)
Survey Item

Item

CommonMonitoring of mitigation measures

Air Quality

Dust situation

Water
Quality[Treated wastewater](1) pH, EC, DO, ORP(2)All parameters stipulated in thetarget level*Monitoring of heavy metals in dust
and dioxin will start when thelaboratory in Myanmar is ready toanalyze the parameters[Groundwater](1) Pit for leak water checking
pH, EC, water level(2) Well to monitor leachate collection
pH, EC, color, odor

MethodLocation

Frequency

Responsible
Organizations
Project proponent/
Contractor
Contractor

Visual andrecord check
Visual check-

Once/month

Project site
(1 point)

Monthly

On-sitemeasurement

Discharge point(1 point)(1)Everyday(2) Biannually

Contractor

On-sitemeasurement

Discharge point(1 point)(1) Everyday(2) Monthly(3) Quarterly

Project proponent

12-7

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Survey Item

Item

MethodLocation

Noise
and Noise and vibration situation
Vibration
Offensive(1) Odor monitoring
Odor(2) Wind condition
Water Use
pH, EC, DO, ORP

On-sitemeasurement
On-sitemeasurement
On-sitemeasurement

Residential area
(1 point)
Around Project site

Land Use

Visual check

Responsible
Organizations

Frequency(3) Well to monitor groundwater
pH, EC, water level, color, odor

Status of land use after capping

Occupational Record of accidents and infectious
Healthand diseases
SafetyRecord of accidents and infectious
Community
Healthand diseases related to the community
SafetyincludingAccidents
Flood Risk
Record of flood and its response
Risk for Fire
Record of fire and its response
Source: EIA Study Team

Once (peak period)

Contractor

Everyday

Project proponent
Project proponent

Check of record

Wellin
the Monthly
residential
area
near the Projectsite(1 point)
Entire Project site
Once at the time of
Closing
Project site
Monthly

Check of record

Project site

Monthly

Project proponent/
Contractor

Check of record
Check of record

Project site
Project site

OccasionallyOccasionallyContractor
Contractor

Project proponent/
Contractor
Project proponent/
Contractor

Table 12.3-4: Budget Plan for the Environmental Monitoring
Phase

Monitoring Items

Construction
Stage

Monitoring of mitigation measures, Air
Quality, Water Quality, Solid Waste,
Noise and Vibration, Water Use,
Occupational Health and Safetyincluding Accidents and Infectious
Diseases, Community Health and Safetyincluding Accidents and Infectious
Diseases, Flood Risk, Risk for Fire
Operation
Monitoring of mitigation measures, AirStage
Quality, Water Quality, Solid Waste,
Noise and Vibration, Offensive Odor ,Climate Change, Water Use,
Occupational Health and Safetyincluding Accidents and Infectious
Diseases, Community Health and Safetyincluding Accidents and Infectious
Diseases, Flood Risk, Risk for Fire
ClosureAir Quality, Water Quality, Noise andStage
Vibration, Offensive Odor , Water Use,
Land Use, Occupational Health and
Safety including Accidents and Infectious
Diseases, Community Health and Safetyincluding Accidents and Infectious
Diseases, Flood Risk, Risk for Fire
Source: EIA Study Team

12.4

Burden of
ExpenseContractor

Expected Cost
(Tentative)
USD 10,000-/
During Construction

Remarks
Only
measurement
included.

field
is

GOLDEN DOWA USD 30,000-/year
ECO-SYSTEM
MYANMARCO., LTD.

Only
measurement
included.

field
is

USD 15,000/year

Only
measurement
included.

field
is

GOLDEN
DOWA
ECO-SYSTEM
MYANMARCO., LTD.

Institutional Arrangement

The organizational structure in the construction stage, operation stage and closure stage of the Projectis proposed as shown in Figure 12.4-1, Figure 12.4-2 and Figure 12.4-3, respectively. A detailed
description of institutional arrangement for environmental and social considerations is provided in
Section 2.3.

12-8

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report
DOWA Eco-system Co., Ltd.
Thilawa SEZ

Design and Construction
Contractors

Golden Dowa Eco-system
Myanmar CO., LTD.
Send a carbon copyof monitoring report

Myanmar Japan Thilawa
Development Ltd.

Submission ofmonitoring
reportInspection
as needed

Thilawa SEZ Management
Committee
Submission ofmonitoring report

MOECAF
Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 12.4-1: Proposed Organizational Structure for Environmental Management of Industrial Waste
Treatment Facilities in the Pre-construction and Construction Stages

DOWA Eco-system Co., Ltd.
Thilawa SEZ

Golden Dowa Eco-system
Myanmar CO., LTD.

Send a carbon copyof monitoring report

Myanmar Japan Thilawa
Development Ltd. (MJTD)

Submission ofmonitoring
reportInspection asneededThilawa SEZ Management
Committee
Submission ofmonitoring
reportMOECAF
Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 12.4-2: Proposed Organizational Structure for Environmental Management of Industrial Waste
Treatment Facilities in the Operation Stage

12-9

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Demolition
Work

DOWA Eco-system Co., Ltd.
Thilawa SEZ

Design and Construction
Contractors

Golden Dowa Eco-system
Myanmar CO., LTD.
Send a carbon copyof monitoring report

Myanmar Japan Thilawa
Development Ltd.

Submission ofmonitoring
reportInspection
as needed

Thilawa SEZ Management
Committee
Submission ofmonitoring report

MOECAF
After care

DOWA Eco-system Co., Ltd.
Thilawa SEZ

Golden Dowa Eco-system
Myanmar CO., LTD.

Send a carbon copyof monitoring report

Myanmar Japan Thilawa
Development Ltd. (MJTD)

Submission ofmonitoring
reportInspection asneededThilawa SEZ Management
Committee
Submission ofmonitoring
reportMOECAF
Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 12.4-3: Proposed Organizational Structure for Environmental Management of Industrial Waste
Treatment Facilities in the Closure Stage

12-10

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

CHAPTER 13:

13.1

PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS

Outline of Public Consultations

As the actions of public disclosure, two stakeholder meetings, three community consultation meetings,
and two public disclosures were organized/ implemented from August 2014 to June 2015. The outlineof the public consultations is shown in Table 13.1-1.
Table 13.1-1: Outline of Public Consultation Meetings
Public Consultation
Meeting
Stakeholder Meetingat Scoping Stage

Stakeholder Meeting
regarding draft EIA
Report

1st Public Disclosure

1st Community
Consultation Meeting
2nd Community
Consultation Meeting
3rd Community
Consultation Meeting

2nd Public Disclosure

OutlineDate/ Period- Introduction and presentation about the project description on theconstruction of solid waste management facilities in the Thilawa SEZ
Zone A- Current status of EIA study including scoping results- Introduction and presentation about the project description on theconstruction of solid waste management facilities in the Thilawa SEZ
Zone A- Presentation about the results of the environmental impact assessment(EIA) study- Explanation of the environmental management plan (EMP)- Gathering comments from public by displaying notice board in General
Administration Office of Thanlyin Township, General Administration
Office of Kyauktan Township, Thilawa Management Committee Officenear Thilawa SEZ- Organizing consultation with villagers in the community near the Projectsite to introduce the Project outline and mitigation measures inconstruction stage for the communities- Organizing consultation with villagers in the community near the Projectsite to explain actual activities on mitigation measures in construction
stage and report results of environmental monitoring during January to
March 2015
- Organizing consultation with villagers in the community near the Projectsite to explain results of EIA study and gather comments from villagers.
- Gathering comments from public by displaying notice board in the
Project site office, MJTD office, General Administration Office ofThanlyin Township, General Administration Office of Kyauktan
Township, Village Tracts in Thanlyin and Kyauktan Townships, andThilawa Management Committee Office near Thilawa SEZ

29 August 2014

1 October 2014

1 to 10 October 201425 December 2015

25 April 2015

30 May 2015

1 to 12 June 2015

Source: EIA Study Team

13.2

Summary of the Stakeholder Meeting at Scoping Stage

The stakeholder meeting at scoping stage was organized on 29 August 2014 at the Thilawa SEZ
Management Committee Office in Thanlyin Township. The representatives from concerned quarters
and villages, related personnel of Thanlyin Township and Kyauktan Township, project proponents, andthe EIA Survey Team attended the meeting. The number of people present was 46 in total. The
summary of participants who attended the meeting is as shown in Table 13.2-1.
Table 13.2-1: Summary of Participants of the First Stakeholder Meeting
No.
1.
2.
3.

Organization
Thilawa SEZ Management Committee
Environmental Conservation Department of MOECAF
General Administration Department of Related Townships

13-1

Number of Attendees
423

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report
No.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Organization
Ward Administration Office and Village Administration Office
Development Committee of Related Townships
Department of Human Settlement and Housing Development of Related
Townships
Department of Rural Development of Related Townships
Department of Health of Related Townships
Myanmar and Japan Thilawa Development Ltd
Project Proponents and the EIA Study Team

Number of Attendees
14
1
1
2
2
9
8
46

Total
Source: EIA Study Team

After explaining the project description and current status of the EIA study, including the scoping
results, some issues were discussed. The following items were major responses and questions/answers.
Appendix 3 shows the record of the first stakeholder meeting, and Figure 13.2-1 shows photos of thefirst stakeholder meeting.
-

Detailed project description (e.g. size of project site, position of the site, and period of starting
the operation)
The land use for the landfill site after the closing-

Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 13.2-1: Stakeholder Meeting at Scoping Stage

13.3

Summary of the Stakeholder Meeting regarding Draft EIA Report

The stakeholder meeting regarding draft EIA Report was organized on 1 October 2014 at the Thilawa
SEZ Management Committee Office in Thanlyin Township. The number of people present was 22 intotal. The summary of participants in the meeting is as shown in Table 13.3-1.
Table 13.3-1: Summary of Participants of the Second Stakeholder Meeting
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Organization
Thilawa SEZ Management Committee
General Administration Department of Related Townships
Development Committee of Related Townships
Department of Human Settlement and Housing Development of Related
Townships
Department of Rural Development of Related Townships
Department of Health of Related Townships
Myanmar and Japan Thilawa Development Ltd
Project Proponent and the EIA Study Team

Number of Attendance
3
2
1
3

Total
Source: EIA Study Team

13-2

1
3
1
8
22

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

After explaining the results of the EIA study and EMP, some issues were discussed. The following
items are major responses and questions/answers. Appendix 4 shows the record of the first stakeholder
meeting, and Figure 13.3-1 shows photos of the second stakeholder meeting.
-

Maintenance method of landfill (e.g. flare combustion for the production of gas at the landfillsite)
The results of the water quality survey
Detailed information on the landfill site (e.g. area and volume of a cell and drainage system)
Region to perform the collection of solid waste-

Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 13.3-1: Stakeholder Meeting regarding draft EIA Report

13.4

Comments from the Public of the First Public Disclosure

Ten days after organizing the second stakeholder meeting, the Project proponent had received
comments from the public about the draft EIA report. The results consist of four comments received
from Thanlyin Township (three comments), and Kyauktan Township (one comment). Table 13.4-1
shows the Project proponent’s responses to the comments. All of the comments from the public are
attached in Appendix 5.
Table 13.4-1: Public Comments and the Response the First Public DisclosureNo.
1

Comments

Category

Corresponds

About the impact of vibration to fauna

Occupational/

The Project proponent will provide personal protection equipment forsuch as reptiles

CommunitytheSome dangerous animals for example

Healthanimal-related risks. Besides, the Project proponent will also provide

snakes might come out due to vibration

Safetyandconstruction

workers toprevent

snake

bites andotherchemical detergents to prevent snakes from entering the houses aroundcaused by the construction works. It might

the Project site and the construction camp.

be harmful to construction workers andlocal villagers nearby. I would like to
know

the

mitigation

measuresfor

occupational and community health andsafety.
2

About

the reaction ofmaterials or

Occupational/

The Project proponent will install stabilization facilities to prevent theCommunity

elution of hazardous waste as described in Section 3.4.6. The

mentioned

Healthstabilization facility will mix the waste with agents such as cement sohazardous and nonhazardous wastes will

Safetychemicals in the landfill siteIn

thepresentation,

you

and

as to prevent the elution of hazardous substances from the waste andbe classified prior to its disposal in thewill control moisture content of those with high water content. This will

landfill cell. I am just wondering if somebe set up in accordance with the standards of the United States

waste materials cause chemical reactions

Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Stabilized waste will be

and if it might be harmful to workers anddisposed to hazardous or non-hazardous disposal landfill cells

13-3Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment ReportNo.

Comments

Category

Corresponds

local villagers nearby. My question is how

depending on the waste characteristics after confirmation that the waste

will you manage or prevent such chemical

is without leaking hazardous substances and a slump test to check its

reaction problems?

stability.
In addition, the following measures on occupational health and safety
will be implemented to prevent the elution of hazardous substances:• Control and characterize incoming waste (see waste receipt,
unloading, processing, and storage); and• Provide adequate personnel facilities, including washing areas andareas to change clothes before and after work.

3

About leakage of wastewater during

Project

In order to prevent groundwater and soil contamination, baseliner

treatment/dehydration process

Description

sheets and leachate collection systems will be installed to prevent

andleachate from infiltrating into the soil and groundwater. Baseliner

industrial wastewater will be treated in a

Environmental

systems consist of various layers; protection layer, geomembranewastewater treatment plant. I would like to

Monitoringlayers, leak detection layer, impermeable layer, geo grid, and sand layer

know if some wastewater might leak andPlan

to isolate waste and prevent waste and leachate from leaking as

In

the

presentation,youmentioned

contaminate the underground water. My

described in Section 3.4.9. To collect leachate, leachate collection pipes

question is how will you manage or

will be installed in the protection layer and collected wastewater will bemonitor this in order to prevent suchpumped up and to the connected wastewater treatment plant.

leakageGroundwater collection systems will be also installed in the sand layer

problems

duringthetreatment/dehydration process.

under the impermeable layer to collect rising groundwater that will bepumped up and transferred to the retention ponds. The water quality
monitoring at the following: 1) pit for leak water checking; 2) well tomonitor leachate collection; 3) well to monitor groundwater; and 4)
well(s) in the residential area, will be implemented periodically.
The maintenance and monitoring will be conducted during theoperation and for at least ten years after the installation of the final
covering, and then the Project proponent will close the landfill site if noenvironmental impact is observed for two years.

4

I agree with the proposed project.
Source: EIA Study Team

13.5

-

-

Summary of the First Community Consultation Meeting

The first community consultation meeting was organized on 25 December 2014 at the 100 Household
head house in A-Lum-Sut Village, Thanlyin Township. The Project proponent invited villagers wholives around 500m from the boundary of the Project site and other persons who may interest the
Project. The number of attendance from the village was 29 in total.
After explaining the project description, mitigation measures in construction stage for the communities,
schedule of construction, some issues were discussed. Table 13.5-1 shows comments and answers.
Figure 13.5-1 shows picture of the first community consultation.
Table 13.5-1: Comments and the Response at the First Community Consultation Meeting
No.

Comments

1

If it doesn’t affect our social, economic,

Category

2Your mitigation measures are good.

General3

We want to establish communication

GeneralGeneraland health conditions, we are fine.

between villagers and the Contractor
Source: EIA Study Team

Corresponds
The contractor and Project proponent will implement appropriate
mitigation measures in accordance with EMP as well as commentsfrom villagers.
The contractor provided information on person in charge ofenvironmental and social issues with his mobile phone.

13-4Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 13.5-1: Pictures of the First Community Consultation Meeting

13.6

Summary of the Second Community Consultation Meeting

The second community consultation meeting was organized on 24 April 2015 at the 100 Household
head house in A-Lum-Sut Village, Thanlyin Township. The Project proponent invited villagers wholives around 500m from the boundary of the Project site and other persons who may interest the
Project. Fourteen (14) from the villages and one person from a community organization were attended
in the meeting.
After explaining actual activities on mitigation measures in construction stage, reporting results ofenvironmental monitoring during January to March 2015 and schedule of construction, some issues
were discussed. Table 13.6-1 shows comments and answers. Figure 13.6-1 shows picture of the second
community consultation.
Table 13.6-1: Comments and the Response at the Second Community Consultation MeetingNo.
1

Comments
What is the objective of

Category
Generalorganizing the workshop?

Corresponds
There are two main objectives as follows;- To explain the community what the mitigation measures were done during the last threemonths- To show the results of environmental monitoring during the last three months

2

Does the project have EIA?

GeneralThe project prepared the draft EIA report that was summated to MOECAF through TSMC

If yes, do you have a plan toafter public disclosure to receive comments from villagers. After getting comments fromdisclose the EIA report?

MOECAF, the final EIA report is going to finalize and then anyone can see the final EIA
report at the Project site.

3

What kind of mitigation

Pollution

There are four (4) key mitigation measures of the Project. 1) For air pollution frommeasures will be taken forControl

incinerator, chemical bugfilter will be installed to comply with Japanese emission

pollution control?

standard, 2) For odor from landfill site, basically only industrial waste will be disposed,
active area will be minimized in the landfill, non-active area will be covered with sheetsin the landfill cell, 3) For wastewater from leachate, industrial wastewater treatment
system will be installed, 4) For groundwater and soil contamination, prevent and prohibit
the infiltration of liquid waste into the ground by installation of baseliner system. And allof the pollution control activities will be monitored in accordance with EMP.

4

How can the project solve

GeneralIn the construction stage, the contractor has already established good communication

the problem as if there aresystem with 100 HH and villagers, In operation stage, the Project proponent will set asome environmental

section to communicate with villagers and also establish good communication system

impacts?

with 100 HH and villagers. The contractor and the Project proponent will take immediate
actions by themselves and in accordance with guidance of government authorities.

Source: EIA Study Team

13-5

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 13.6-1: Pictures of the Second Community Consultation Meeting

13.7

Summary of the Third Community Consultation Meeting

The third community consultation meeting was organized on 30 May 2015 at the 100 Household headhouse in A-Lum-Sut Village, Thanlyin Township. The Project proponent invited villagers who lives
around 500m from the boundary of the Project site and other persons who may interest the Project.
nineteen (19) from the villages, two village tract administrator from A Lwan Sut Village and Shwe Pyi
Thar Yar Village, two person from a community based organization, and three private companies wereattended in the meeting.
After explaining results of EIA study and actual activities on mitigation measures in construction stage
some issues were discussed. Table 13.7-1 shows comments and answers. Figure 13.7-1 shows pictureof the third community consultation.
Table 13.7-1: Comments and the Response at the Third Community Consultation MeetingNo.
1

Comments
We are worried about air

Category

Corresponds

Air Pollution

Air quality monitoring will be carried out near the Project site for continuous sevenpollution during project

days in each of dry and rainy season by using Environmental Perimeter Air

operation. How will the Project

Monitoring System (EPAS) in accordance with Environmental Monitoring Plan

measures air pollution?
2(EMoP)after starting operation of the incinerator.

What kind of mitigation

Pollution

As for pollution control, there are four (4) key mitigation measures of the Project.

measures will be taken forControl

1) For air pollution from incinerator, chemical bugfilter will be installed to comply

pollution control?

with Japanese emission standard, 2) For odor from landfill site, basically only
industrial waste will be disposed, active area will be minimized in the landfill,
non-active area will be covered with sheets in the landfill cell, 3) For wastewaterfrom leachate, industrial wastewater treatment system will be installed, 4) For
groundwater and soil contamination, prevent and prohibit the infiltration of liquid
waste into the ground by installation of baseliner system.

3

What actions will be taken if

Pollution

In the EIA report, the target levels of air quality, waster quality, noise, and vibration

air quality, waster quality,

Control

were set based on the MJTD internal regulations, the standards of ASEAN

noise, and vibration willcountries, developed countries, and international organizations because theexceed standards?

environmental standards in Myanmar are under preparation.
If air quality, waster quality, noise, and vibration will exceed standards, the Project
proponent will take action immediately and report to stakeholders.

4

A community based

Environmental

The Project proponent will organize community consultation meetings periodicallyorganizations will monitor the

Monitoringat the operation stage to report monitoring results by the Project proponent, actual

13-6

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment ReportNo.

Comments

Category

projects in Thilawa about

Corresponds
activities on mitigation measures, and to change opinions among stakeholders.

environmental and social
situations. Does the Project
share updated information withthe stakeholders?
5

A community based

PublicThe Project proponent will organize community consultation meetings periodicallyorganization would like toconsultation

at the operation stage to report monitoring results by the Project proponent, actual

request the Project proponent

activities on mitigation measures, and to change opinions among stakeholders.

to organize a meeting like
today during the operating of
the Project.
6

Is EIA report disclosed to any

PublicThe Project proponent submitted EIA report to MOECAF through TSMC inother environmental

disclosure

October 2014 and MOECAF gave comments to disclose to local communities inorganization except MOECAF

March 2015. So the Project proponent organized PCM meetings, this time was theand TSMC?

third meeting. In addition, the Project proponent had monthly meetings at 100 HH
head’s house and listens and reflects the local residents’ voices about the project.
Anyone who is interested our project can read the reports disclosed at 9 locations
from 30 May to 12 June 2015 for 10 working days during office hours. Anyone canleave any comments or suggestions after browsing the documents. The Project
proponent collects the comments, reflects the comments, and submits the final EIA
report to TSMC.

7

School children could notAccessibility

The Project proponent was informed by 100 HH and had already visited site toaccess the road near projectcheck accessibility. The Project proponent will construct temporary bridge(s) andboundary during rainy season.

pavement(s) to secure accessibility from community to the road during rainy

How will the Project

season. The Project proponent has planned to construct a pavement near the

proponent manage it?

boundary of the project for securing the accessibility during operation stage.

Source: EIA Study Team

Source: EIA Study Team

Figure 13.7-1: Pictures of the Third Community Consultation Meeting

13.8

Comments from the Public of the Second Public Disclosure

The Project proponent disclosed the final EIA report for ten working days from 1 to 10 June 2015 afterorganizing the third community consultation meeting on 30 May 2015. The final EIA report wasdisclosed at the following places.
1. Project Office in the Project site
2. MJTD Office
3. Thilawa Management Committee Office in Thilawa

13-7

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

4. Thanlyin Township General Administration Office
5. Kyauktan Township General Administration Office
6. A Lwan Sut Village Tract General Administration Office in Thanlyin Township7. 100 Household Head’s House in A Lwan Sut Village near the Project site
8. Aye Mya Thida Village Tract General Administration Office in Kyauktan Township
9. Shwe Pyi Tharyar Village Tract General Administration Office in Kyauktan TownshipAs the results of public disclosure, there was no comments from the public about the final EIA report.
The final EIA report is disclosed continuously at the Project office in the Project Site.

13-8

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

CHAPTER 14:
COMMENTS FROM MINISTRY OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AND FORESTRYAND ITS CORRESPONDSMOECAF issued a notification (“Notification No. 2/220 (B)(6)/(1800/2015)” dated 11th March 2015)
to the Thilawa SEZ Management Committee regarding the comments for the draft EIA Report. The
Project Proponent finalized EIA report with corresponds to the comments as shown in Table 14.1-1
and Table 14.2-2.
Table 14.1-1: Responses to Comments from MOECAF (Clause 18)
No.

Comments from MOECAFa)

The draft EIA report did not mention Executive

Categoryb)

The draft EIA report mentioned 20 laws andLaws

regulations

regulations

Corresponds

General1) Executive Summary including key findings is added to theSummary of key findings
related

tofinal EIA Report.
theenvironmentaland2) In accordance with the comments, the said laws and rules
are added in Section 2.2.1.

conservation but it did not mention about

relatedPrevention of Hazard from Chemicals and Related

environmental

Substances Law (2003), Foreign Investment Law

conservation

to(2012) and Foreign Investment Rules (2013).
c)

The draft EIA report mentioned about mitigation

Implementation

measuresstructureandmonitoring

reportsforEnvironmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) but it

of

EMP

3) The detailed tasks for implementation of EHS and numberof staff are described in Section 2.3-2. The amount ofbudget of implementation of EHS will be described in the

did not mention about EHS responsibility, detailmonitoring report for implementation of EMP to betasks and amount of budget to be used for EHS

submitted

operations and number of staff/employee for EHS

Management Committee.

to

MOECAFthrough

Thilawa

SEZ

operations.
Moreover, Figure (3.4.7) mentioned process flowAirdiagram of incinerator but it did not mention about

management

specification(size,

type,

capacity)ofqualitythe4) The specification of incinerator was described in Table
3.4-1 of the draft EIA Report. The process flow diagram is
attached in Section 3.4.8.

incinerator.
d)Chapter 3.4.8 mentioned about incineration facility

Air

and

management,

measures on emission gas from the incinerator are added

EMP

in Table 12.2-2. With respect to monitoring plan for

table

3.4-2

mentionedabout

plannedmitigation measures on air pollution by exhaust

qualitygas but it did not mention detail of mitigation

emission gas from the incinerator was described in Table

measures and monitoring reports in chapter 1212.3-2 of the draft EIA Report as well as the Final EIA

under EMP.
e)5) In accordance with the comment, detailed mitigation

Chapter 3.4.10 mentioned about waste water

Report.
Odor6) The wastewater treatment is located at far from the nearest

treatment facility but it did not mention about

local residence (more than 350m distance) and nearest

mitigation measures and plans for offensive odor

wells and ponds (more than 500 m distance). Thus odor

by those effluent and sludge to the nearest local

impact to the local residence is not expected. With respect

residence (70 m distance) and nearest wells andodor from sludge, the sludge will be disposed toponds (100 m distance) from the project boundary.

hazardous land fill site and the hazardous land fill site will
be covered sheet and will install gas collection pipe andflare station for odor prevention as described in Section
3.4.9.

f)

It is mentioned to install baseliner system which

Project

includes protection layer, leak detection layer anddescription/

impermeable layer as for groundwater and soil

groundwater

Figure 3.4-11 in the draft EIA Report as well as the finalcontamination prevention, but it did not mention

and

EIA Report.

detail about size and type of layers to be installed

contamination

for those protection layer, leak detection layer andcontrol7) The size of landfill is approximately 100 m x 100m ofeach cell. The detailed baseliner system was mentioned in
soil

14-1

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment ReportNo.

Comments from MOECAF

Category

Corresponds

impermeable layer.
g)

It did not mention about flood analysis based on

Emergency

100 years rainfall data of project surrounding area.

risks

It did not mention about simulation or calculationrisk)8) According to the EIA Report for Thilawa SEZ Zone A(FloodDevelopment Project, elevation of the basement of Zone A
was set as E.L. +6.5m based on storm surge simulation inmethod for the height of the perimeter dyke (E.L.

Yangon River (Cyclone Nargis case) higher than E.L.

+7.0 m) that will be constructed in the project area

4.9m based on flood analysis for 100 years return period.

to prove that the perimeter dyke is safe from flood

The storm water drainage systems (retention pond,risk for long term.

retention canal, and pumping) were designed taking into
consideration of the flood of 100 years return period. The
perimeter dyke of the Project (E.L. + 7.0m) is 0.5m higher
than the basement of other areas in the Zone A (E.L.
+6.5m). Thus it is enough height to prevent flood risk forlong term.

h)Chapter 4.3.10 mentioned about emergency risk

Emergency

and past major flood events during 1997-2007 arerisks

described in “Hazard Profile of Myanmar” andrisk)9) The nearest weather station around the Project site which(Floodthe Zone A used for designing of storm water drainage
system is the station in Yangon City (Kaba-Aye). In

flood events in and around Yangon, but it did not

addition, according to the JICA Preparatory Study on

mention about past flood record around proposed

Thilawa SEZ Infrastructure Development in the Republicproject area from metrological stations near theof the Union of Myanmar, the rainfall intensity formula

project area.

from 5 years return period (63 mm/hr) up to 100 years
return period (109 mm/hr) was proposed by Yangon City
Development Committee (YCDC) based on the Study on
Drainage System of Mingalar Taung Nyunt Area. The
reliability of the rainfall intensity formula was confirmed
by comparing with Gambel formula and records of rainfall
intensity in Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam, Ayutthaya in
Thailand, and Dhaka in Bangladesh.

i)

Chapter 5 mentioned about ‘Scoping and TOR for

DirectEnvironmental, Social, and Health Impacts andindirect

Emergency Risk Assessments’ but it not mention

impactsand10) In accordance with the comment, direct and indirect
impacts of the Project are categorized in the Table 5.1-3.

about direct and indirect impacts of the project.
j)

It did not mention about cumulative impact

Cumulative

assessment by the other projects nearby since theimpactdevelopment of the second phase (2,000ha) in Thilawa

location of the proposed project is boundary

assessment

SEZ. The scope of the study includes Strategic11) A JICA study is under preparation of land use plan for

between first phase (400 ha) and second phase

Environmental Assessment for development of 2,000ha.

(2000 ha).

The project proponent will take actions in accordance withthe results of cumulative impact assessment as necessary.

k)12) In addition to the stakeholder meetings on 29th August

It did not include local villagers (PAP) in public

Publicconsultation meetings held in 29th August 2014 in

consultation2014 and on 1st October 2014, the Project proponent

Thilawa Management Committee Office.

meeting

organized

community

consultations

meetings

inA-Lum-Sut Village for local villagers near the Project site
on 25 December 2014 and 25 April 2015 to explain about
project

description,

mitigation

measures,andenvironmental management plan. 29 villagers in the firstmeeting, and 14 villages and 1 person from a community
organization in the second meeting attended. The resultsof the meetings are described in the Chapter 13.
l)

Although draft EIA and EMP report is in both

General13) In accordance with the comment, the conclusion of the

English and Myanmar languages, it did not include

EIA study is described in Chapter 15.

conclusions and recommendations.
m)n)Chapter

12

mentioned about Environmental

EMP

and

14) The procedures and cost estimation for the Environmental

Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring

EMOP

in

Monitoring Plan (EMOP) is attached in Section 12.5 ofPlan and the contractor will implement air quality,

construction

noise and vibration but it did not mention andandthe final EIA Report.

operation

procedure and estimated cost for monitoring.

stagesMoreover, it did not mention what organization

EMOP

14-2

in

15) The procedures and cost estimation for the Environmental

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment ReportNo.

Comments from MOECAF

Category

will implement monitoring plan for closure stage,

closure stage

Corresponds
Monitoring Plan (EMOP) is attached in Section 12.5 ofdetail procedure and estimated cost for monitoring.
o)

It did not mention detail of annual budget plan,

the final EIA Report.
CSR activities

16) CSR

activity

willbe

implemented

byGeneralresponsible organization and procedures for CSR

Management and PR/CR Section. The annual budget plan

activities under chapter 10.2.

will

be

described

inthemonitoring

reportfor

implementation of EMP to be submitted to MOECAF
through Thilawa SEZ Management Committee.
p)

It did not mention detail of annual budget plan,

Cappingand17) The approximate total budget for capping and vegetation

responsible

vegetationofof the land fill site is described in Section 12.5 of the final

organization andproceduresforenvironmental rehabilitation activities including

the landfill site

EIA Report.

capping, vegetation the landfill site.
Source: EIA Study Team

Table 14.1-2: Responses to Comments from MOECAF (Clause 19)
No.

Comments from MOECAFa)

To mention all the points of the above comment

Category

Corresponds

General1) The(18) in final EIA report in order to mitigate

Project

proponent

will

implement

additional

mitigation measures in accordance the correspondents.

environmental impacts by the project.
b)

To mention the following laws and regulations

Laws

relatedregulations

to

the

environmental

conservation;and2) In accordance with the comments, the said laws and rules
are added in Section 2.2.1.

Criminal Law (1891), Thilawa Special Economic

relatedZone

Law (2014), Foreign Investment Law

environmental(2012) and Foreign Investment Rules (2013)

conservation

toMyanmar Insurance Law (1993), Underground
Water Act (1930) ,The Land Acquisition Act(1894), Factories Act (1951), The Minimum Wage
Law (Draft) (2012), Prevention of Hazard from
Chemicals and Related Substances Law (2003),
Business

for

Ozone

Depleting

Substances:

Notification No. (37/2014), Myanmar Investment
Commission:

Notification

No.

1/2013and(50/2014), Social Security Law (2012) and Social
Security Rules (2014), Minimum Wage Law(2013), Law on Standardization (2014) and Leaveand Holidays Act (1951)c)

To mention that the project will follow in

Laws

accordance with the current laws, regulations,

regulations

andnotifications, instructions and procedures byrelatedrelevant Regional Government Authorities.

environmental

3) TheProject

proponent

willfollow

current

laws,

regulations, notifications, instructions and procedures bytorelevant Regional Government Authorities.

conservationd)

It will be more reliable if 100 years rainfall data

Emergencyfrom relevant Department is mentioned. It isrisks

necessary to mention simulation or calculation ofrisk)(Flood4) According to the EIA Report for Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Development Project, elevation of the basement of Zone A
was set as E.L. +6.5m based on storm surge simulation in

the capacity of retention pond that can store storm

Yangon River (Cyclone Nargis case) higher than E.L. 4.9m

water and the amount of annual waste water to be

based on flood analysis for 100 years return period. The

treated based on 50 years rainfall data (at least) andstorm water drainage systems (retention pond, retention

flood history from relevant Department.

canal,

andpumping)

were

designedtaking

into

consideration of the flood of 100 years return period. The
perimeter dyke of the Project (E.L. + 7.0m) is 0.5m higher
than the basement of other areas in the Zone A (E.L.
+6.5m). Thus it is enough height to prevent flood risk forlong term.
e)Table 5.1.2 mentioned scoping rating for climate

General

5) Scoping rating of climate change in Table 7.1-1 is changed
from “C” to “B+/B-”. Target values for SO2 and CO inchange at operation stage was ( B+/ B- ), and page

14-3

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment ReportNo.

Comments from MOECAF

Category

Corresponds

7-2 mentioned scoping rating for climate change atTable 8-1-10 are changed to the values in Table 2.1-3.

operation stage page was ( C ); and there isdiscrepancy between target value for SO2 and CO
in Table (8-1-10) concentration of ambient air
quality and Table (2-1-3) target levels for ambient
air quality.
f)

To participate and get comments from local

Publicvillagers (PAP) in future public consultation

consultation2014 and on 1st October 2014, the Project proponent

meetings since they were not included in the public

meeting

organized

6) In addition to the stakeholder meetings on 29th Augustcommunity

consultations

meetings

inconsultation meetings held in 9th August 2014 andA-Lum-Sut Village for local villagers near the Project site

1st October 2014.

on 25 December 2014 and 25 April 2015 to explain about
project

description,

mitigation

measures,andenvironmental management plan. 29 villagers in the firstmeeting, and 14 villages and 1 person from community
organization in the second meeting attended. The results ofthe meetings are described in the Chapter 13.
g)

h)

i)

To mention commitment of project proponent toCommitment

7) The commitment of Project Proponent basing on the facts

follow the facts mentioned in the report that isof the Project

founded by the third party is described in the final EIA

prepared by third party/ organization.

proponent

To follow environmental quality standards forEnvironmental

Myanmar when the relevant Ministry issued

qualityenvironmental quality standards for Myanmar.

standard

To mention that the project will follow the laws,

Laws

rules, regulations, and guidelines related to theregulations

environmental conservation imposed by Ministry

relatedof Environmental Conservation and Forestry

environmental(MOECAF) and other related Departments.
Source: EIA Study Team

Report.

andconservation

14-4

to

8) The Project Proponent will follow the comments.

9) The Project Proponent will follow the comments.

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

CHAPTER 15:

15.1

KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONKey Findings

As the results of the EIA Study, the following items were founded as key findings.
1) The project is the first controlled solid waste management facilities including hazardous
waste in Myanmar to meet with international standards.
2) As sensitive receptors around the Project site, there are a village, a reservoir, and individual
wells. The village name is A-Lum-Sut village and the nearest house is located at 70m fromthe nearest boundary of the Project site. The reservoir name is Thilawa dam located at 1,000m
from the nearest boundary of the Project site. Thilawa dam belongs to Ministry of Industry(MOI) and supplies water to factories and villagers in the northern part of the Project site.
There are two individual wells in the A-Lun-Sut Village. One is a tube well with compressor
for domestic water use mainly located at 600m from the boundary. The other one is a handpump well for supplemental domestic water use located at 100m from the boundary of the
Project site. Normally the villager uses domestic water from the public pond in the monastery
located at 750m from the boundary.
3) In the construction phase, most of the impacts are temporary and limited within the Projectsite. As the results of the impact assessment from Chapter 7 to 12, the key impacts areoccupational health and safety, safety for community, and air quality (dust). In order tomanage and mitigate these impacts, it is confirmed that the contractor entrusted by the Project
proponent will carry out guidance to worker and tool box meeting for occupational health andsafety, not using the route across villages (north-west side) for safety control, and spraying
water to bare areas for duct prevention in accordance with mitigation measures on stipulated
in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP).
4) In the operation phase, most of the impacts are controlled and limited within the Project site.
As the results of the impact assessment from Chapter 7 to 12, the key impacts are air quality
from incinerator, odor, and leachate leaking to affect local water use. In order to manage andmitigate these impacts, the Project proponent will install chemical bughouse filter to comply
with the target level of emission gas, installation of sheets to cover solid waste, gas collection
pipe, and flare station to prevent odor dispersion, and install baseliner with leak detection
layer to prevention leachate leaking in accordance with mitigation measures on stipulated in
the EMP. The Project proponent will also implement monitoring in accordance with the plan
stipulated in Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP).
5) In the closing phase, impacts related to demolish work are almost same as construction phase.
The contractor to be entrusted by the Project proponent will carry out necessary mitigation
measures in accordance with the EMP. Besides, mitigation measures on closure of landfill
such as final covering and development of eco-friendly facilities are also key mitigation andmanagement factors as well as confirmation of no environmental impact from closed landfill.
The Project proponent will maintain and monitor for 10 years at least after installation of final
covering and then will close land fill site if no environmental impact is observed for two
years.

15-1

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A Area
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

15.2

Conclusion

As the results of the conclusion of EIA Study, it was confirmed that the environmental impact
assessment (EIA), social impact assessment (SIA), health impact assessment (HIA), and emergency
risk assessment (ERA) of the Project are assessed properly as well as establishment of theEnvironmental Management Plan. It was also that the public involvement, comments from public and
MOECAF were reflected into the final EIA Report. Thus, the EIA study was completed in accordancewith requirement of the draft EIA Procedures in Myanmar properly in case that the Project proponent
will follow EMP accordingly.

15-2

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

APPENDIX-1

CURRICULUM VITAE OF
THE EXPERTS FOR EIA STUDY(NOT DISCLOSED DUE TO PERSONALINFORMATION PROTECTION)

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

APPENDIX-2

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Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

APPENDIX-3

RECORD OF 1ST STAKEHOLDERMEETING

Official Meeting at Scoping Stage of EIA Study for Project on Construction of Solid
Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Class A Area
Meeting Record

Date and Time

29th August 2014
9:30-11:30

Venue

Thilawa SEZ Management Committee
Office in Thanlyin Township, Yangon

Meeting
organized by

DOWA ECO-SYSTEM Co., Ltd (Japan) and Nippon Koei Co., Ltd (Japan)

Agenda :See Attachment-1 for details

Participants:

Totally 46 persons (see Attachment-2 for details)
Thilawa SEZ Management Committee (TSMC) : 4, Environmental Conservation
Department (ECD) : 2, General Administration Department (GAD) : 3, Ward

Administration Office (WAO) and Village Administration Office (VAO): 14,
Township Development Committee (TDC) :1, Department of Human Settlement andHousing Development (DHSHD) : 1, Department of Rural Development (DRD) : 2,
Department of Health (DOH) : 2, Companies: 17

Presenters:
Mr. Jun Yamamoto (Senior Manager, DOWA ECO-System Co., Ltd)Mr. Shunsuke Hieda (EIA Team Leader, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd)
Opening Speech: Mr. Set Aung (Chairman, TSMC) gave an opening speech as follows.


From environmental point of view, existing industrial zones in Yangon Region except
Mingalardon industrial zone do not fulfill international standard. For example,
wastewater from factories directly discharges to the drains without any treatment. So,
current waste management conditions in industrial zones are very poor.

Industrial zones with international standard in other countries (e.g. Thailand) possess
systematic disposal methods, proper treatment techniques and monitoring process forboth solid waste and wastewater.

Heretofore, there is no systematic industrial waste management in Myanmar not only
by government organizations but also by private companies. Now, DOWA Eco-System
Co., Ltd having much experiences of solid waste management in worldwide proposes
this project. Thus, TSMC recommends for the plan of construction of solid waste
management facilities in Thilawa SEZ Area by DOWA Eco System Co., Ltd.

1

Official Meeting at Scoping Stage of EIA Study for Project on Construction of Solid
Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Class A Area
Meeting Record

Presentation Topics: Introduction of DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd and project description on construction of Solid
Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Class A Area were presented by Mr. Jun
Yamamoto. The following topics are included.
What’s DOWA ECO-SYSTEM doing?



Necessity of global standard waste treatment facilities



Location of Solid Waste Management Facilities (Tentative)Type of waste in Thilawa SEZ (Estimation) and Our Plan in Thilawa



Waste treatment flow: Sorting, Stabilization and Solidification, Landfill structure andliner system, Effective usage of capped landfill, Fuel blending, Incinerator flow
diagram

Expected environmental incident and measure
Classification of wastes for treatments, For deodorization, Water treatment, Exhaustgas management from Incinerator, Waste storage house and CCTV security system

Contribution for the community and neighbors (in case of Indonesia)

 Current status of EIA Study including scoping results for Solid Waste Management Facilities
Construction in Thilawa SEZ Class A Area was explained by Mr. Shunsuke Hieda. The
following topics are included.


Screening: EIA/IEE Requirement (5th draft of EIA procedure dated January 2014)



Target levels: Concept to set the target levels, Target levels for ambient air quality,
emission gas, effluent water quality, noise level and vibration level

Alternative analysis

Scoping: Items subject to EIA (pollution and social environment), Items not subject to
EIA (pollution, natural environment, and social environment)

Investigation of environmental & social conditions

Prediction method of environmental & social impacts

Institutional arrangements: Pre-construction and construction stages, Operation stage



EIA study teamExpected schedule2

Official Meeting at Scoping Stage of EIA Study for Project on Construction of Solid
Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Class A Area
Meeting Record

Questions and Answers : Mr. Moe Myint (Administrator, General Administration Department (GAD), Thanlyin
Township)
Question-1 According to presentation, 55 Hectare will be used for solid waste management(SWM) in 2400 Hectare of Thilawa SEZ area , hence, whether it means that approximately (1/50)
of total area will be used only for solid waste management or not.
Answer-1

The indicated area (55 Hectare) is not the current project and it was one of the

projects in Indonesia. In Thilawa SEZ area, firstly, only 20 Hectare will be planned for solid waste
management facilities. Then, it will be extended as necessary. (Mr. Jun Yamamoto)
Question-2 What are the benefits of construction of SWM facilities inside of Thilawa SEZ Area
and outside of Thilawa SEZ Area? Then, DOWA Co., Ltd will conduct SWM business whether
inside or outside of Thilawa SEZ Area.
Answer-2

The tentative location of the project was shown again by the presentation. (Not fully

answer the questions) (Mr. Jun Yamamoto)
Question-3 The crops and edible plants can be cultivated on landfill site or not. The reason why
asking the above questions is that it is required to know how long it will take to start cultivation on
landfill and after how many years later, the edible plants on landfill can be consumed.
Answer-3

Any type of the plants can grow in landfill due to the coverage of blue liner. It canstart cultivation 12 or 13 years after operation of landfill. (Mr. Jun Yamamoto)
Question-4 The fuel produced at DOWA facilities will be used only by cement factory. So, can it
be utilized in other factories or not?
Answer-4

In Thailand and Indonesia, it has been used by cement factories in which hugeamount of fuel are used. (Mr. Jun Yamamoto)
Question-5 When does DOWA project start operation?
Answer-5

It will start in October 2015. (Mr. Jun Yamamoto) Dr. Cho Cho Lwin (Medical Superintendent, Department of Health (DOH), Thanlyin
Township)
Question-1 What kind of infectious diseases will be caused by solid waste management
processes?
Answer-1

During construction phase, a lot of construction workers will be worked in projectsites and there are possibilities of the occurrence of diseases such as Dengue fever but it will be
evaluated in EIA report. However, there are no specific diseases caused by solid waste
management processes. For example, in Japan, medical waste from Hospitals and clinics are
3

Official Meeting at Scoping Stage of EIA Study for Project on Construction of Solid
Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Class A Area
Meeting Record

controlled by automatic machine and there is no direct contact by humans/ workers. Here, thesimilar system will be applied. (Mr. Shunsuke Hieda)
 Mr. Zaw Min Tun (Administrator, General Administration Department (GAD), Kyauktan
Township)
Question-1

In previous EIA and SIA discussion, it has been discussed that there may not haveany factory which utilizes a lot of fuel in Thilawa SEZ Area like cement factory. If cement factory
is constructed in Thilawa SEZ zone, raw materials for cement factory are not easily available inthis area. So, should cement factory be targeted/selected in this project?
Answer-1

Currently construction of cement factory in Thilawa SEZ zone is not permitted. For

example, SINMRDEV is only one factory which will conduct only packaging of cement into bag,it will not perform production of cement. TSMC will not consider to allow such factory which willcause large environmental impact in Thilawa SEZ area in future as well. Therefore, DOWA
project should target to cement factory outside of Thilawa SEZ area. (Dr. Than Than Twe)

Closing Speech: Mr. Myo Lwin (Director, ECD) gave a closing speech. Updates in relation to Environmental
Management in Myanmar were mainly provided as follows.


In 2012, Environmental Conservation Department was organized under Ministry ofEnvironmental Conservation and Forestry that renamed from Ministry of Forestry in
2011. As of August 2014, ten local ECD offices were located in ten Regions andStates. Activities in relating to environmental conservation such as environmental
education program to local residents will be carried out by local ECD.



Recently, in Myanmar, Environmental Conservation Laws and Environmental
Conservation Rules were enforced in 2012 and 2014, respectively.



For infrastructure development and investment projects, Myanmar Investment
Committee (MIC) proposed the project proponent to submit Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) report.



ECD is currently preparing EIA procedures and it is under 5th Draft stage. Dependingon type of projects, EIA or IEE report is necessary to submit to ECD.

In Yangon Region, there are 29 industrial zones and among them, only Mingalardon
industrial zone is under proper management system due to the cooperation between
Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC) and Japanese Organization.

Other existing industrial zones are encountering pollution issues (e.g. odor, emission
4Official Meeting at Scoping Stage of EIA Study for Project on Construction of Solid
Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Class A Area
Meeting Recordgas, and wastewater) because long term impacts on environment were not consideredin advance at the beginning stage of industrial zones. Therefore, according to thecomplaints from local residents, ECD in Yangon is proposing treatment methods (e.g.,
Biological Method) to industries.


Therefore, after the enforcement of EIA procedure, existing industries need to prepare
at least Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Environmental Monitoring Plan
(EMoP).



Regional Environmental Conservation/Monitoring Committee will also be organizedsoon in Regions and States.



Existing open dumping sites in Yangon Region will also be improved by cooperation
between YCDC and Korean/Japanese Companies.



In conclusion, systematic solid waste management facilities such as DOWA EcoSystem Co., Ltd are definitely required for Industrial Zones. Therefore, the investment
in solid waste management facilities in Thilawa Special Economic Zone should be
welcome. Thilawa Special Economic Zone will be a first industrial zone withinternational environmental standard in Myanmar.

5Official Meeting at Scoping Stage of EIA Study for Project on Construction of Solid
Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Class A Area
Meeting Record

Attachment-1
AgendaTime

Contents

09:00 ~ 09:30

Registration

09:30 ~ 09:45

Opening Remark

09:45 ~ 10:45

Organization in Charge
Thilawa SEZ
Management
Committee

Introduction of Project Outlines and Draft Scoping
Results

DOWA Eco-system/
Nippon Koei

10:45 ~ 11:00

Tea Break

11:00 ~ 11:30

Questions and Answers

Participants

11:30 ~ 11:35

Closing Remarks

MOECAF/ECD

6

Official Meeting at Scoping Stage of EIA Study for Project on Construction of Solid
Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Class A Area
Meeting Record

Attachment-2
No.
1
2
3
4

Name
Mr. Set Aung
Dr. Than Than Twe
Ms. Mya Myat Chal
Mr. Myo Naing

Position
Chairman
Joint Secretary
MemberMember5

Mr. Myo Lwin

Director

6

Mr. Nyan Lin Aung7

Mr. Kyaw Zaya

8

Mr. Moe Myint

DeputyCommissioner
Administrator

9

Mr. Zaw Min Tun

Administrator

10

Ms. Thida Myint

Sub-AssistantEngineer

11

Mr. Chit Nyein

12

Ms. Chaw Su Zan

13

Mr. Tin Aung Than

14

Dr. Cho Cho Lwin

15

Ms. Mya Win Mon

16

Mr. Toshiaki Oi

17

Ms. Ushio

Assistant
Director
Assistant
Director
MedicalSuperintendent
HealthAssistant
Instructor
GeneralManagerManager18

Mr. Hironeka

S&M Officer

19

Mr. Tsuj

20

Ms. Thwe Thwe21

Ms. Nang Kham Hkoung

22

Ms. Aye Aye Aung

23

Department/ Organization
Thilawa SEZ Management Committee (TSMC)
Thilawa SEZ Management Committee (TSMC)
Thilawa SEZ Management Committee (TSMC)
Thilawa SEZ Management Committee (TSMC)/
Department of Labor
Environmental Conservation Department(ECD), Yangon
Environmental Conservation Department(ECD), Yangon
General Administration Department (GAD),
Yangon South District
General Administration Department (GAD),
Thanlyin Township
General Administration Department (GAD),
Kyauktan TownshipTownship Development Committee (TDC),
Kyauktan Township
Department of Human Settlement and Housing
Development (DHSHD), Ministry ofConstruction, Thanlyin Township
Department of Rural Development (DRD),
Thanlyin Township
Department of Rural Development (DRD),
Kyauktan Township
Department of Health (DOH), Thanlyin
TownshipDepartment of Health (DOH), Thanlyin
TownshipAssistantManager
AssistantManager

Myanmar and Japan Thilawa Development Ltd(MJTD)
Myanmar and Japan Thilawa Development Ltd(MJTD)
Myanmar and Japan Thilawa Development Ltd(MJTD)
Myanmar and Japan Thilawa Development Ltd(MJTD)
Myanmar and Japan Thilawa Development Ltd(MJTD)
Myanmar and Japan Thilawa Development Ltd(MJTD)

Mr. Katsumata

Manager

Myanmar and Japan Thilawa Development Ltd(MJTD)
Mizuho Bank

24

Ms. Tin Nwe Win

Manager

SINMRDEV

25

Mr. Tin Aung Tun

Administrator

26

Mr. San Tint

Resident

Aung Chan Thar Ward, Ward Administration
Office (WAO), Thanlyin Township
Aung Chan Thar Ward, Ward Administration
Office (WAO), Thanlyin Township7

Official Meeting at Scoping Stage of EIA Study for Project on Construction of Solid
Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Class A Area
Meeting Record

No.
Name
27
Mr. Myint Hlaing

Position
Administrator

Department/ Organization
Kyaung Kone Seik Gyi ,Village Administration
Office (VAO), Thanlyin Township
Kyaung Kone Seik Gyi ,Village Administration
Office (VAO), Thanlyin Township
Hpa Yar Kone Village, Village Administration
Office (VAO), Thanlyin Township
Hpa Yar Kone Village, Village Administration
Office (VAO), Thanlyin Township
Ah Lun Soke Village, Village Administration
Office (VAO), Thanlyin Township
Let Yet San Village, Village Administration
Office (VAO), Thanlyin Township
Let Yet San Village, Village Administration
Office (VAO), Thanlyin TownshipThi Tar Myaing Ward, Ward Administration
Office (WAO), Kyauktan TownshipThi Tar Myaing Ward, Ward Administration
Office (WAO), Kyauktan Township
Shwe Pyi Thar Yar Ward, Ward Administration
Office (WAO), Kyauktan Township28

Mr. Aye Cho

29

Mr. Win Htay

Administrator

30

Mr. Tun Tun Lwin

Staff-1

31

Mr. Htein Lin

Administrator

32

Mr. Aye Kyu

Administrator

33

Mr. Tin Win

Staff

34

Mr. Myint Lwin

Administrator

35

Mr. Myint Thu

36

Mr. Aye Lwin

Administrator

37

Mr. Tin Latt Yee

Administrator

Shwe Pyauk Village, Village Administration
Office (VAO), Kyauktan Township38

Mr. Min Zaw

Administrator

39

Mr. Jun Yamamoto

40

Mr. Kei Nagata

SeniorManager
Deputy Chief

Nyaung Waing Village, Village Administration
Office (VAO), Kyauktan Township
DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd

41

Mr. Shunsuke Hieda

EIA Team
Leader

Nippon Koei Co., Ltd

42

Ms. Maki Ikuse

Env. Expert

Nippon Koei Co., Ltd

43

Mr. Tomohiro Shibayama

EIA Manager

Myanmar Koei International Ltd.

44

Ms. Ya Min Thant

EIA
Coordinator

Myanmar Koei International Ltd.

45

Ms. Ei Ei Mon

Env. Expert

Myanmar Koei International Ltd.

46

Ms. Thandar

OfficeCoordinator

Myanmar Koei International Ltd.

DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd

End of Document

8

Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

APPENDIX-4

RECORD OF 1ST STAKEHOLDERMEETINGStakeholder Meeting for Introduction of Draft Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) report of Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in
Thilawa Special Economic Zone Class A Area

Meeting Record
Date and Time

1st October 2014
10:00-12:00

Meeting organizedby

DOWA ECO-SYSTEM Co., Ltd (Japan) and Nippon Koei Co., Ltd (Japan)

Agenda :See Attachment-1 for details

Participants:

Total 22 persons (see Attachment-2 for details)

Venue

Thilawa SEZ Management Committee
Office in Thanlyin Township, Yangon

Thilawa SEZ Management Committee (TSMC) : 3,
General Administration Department (GAD) : 2,
Township Development Committee (TDC) :1,
Department of Human Settlement and Housing Development (DHSHD) : 3,
Department of Rural Development (DRD) : 1,
Department of Health (DOH) : 3,
Companies and others: 9
Mr. Jun Yamamoto (Senior Manager, DOWA ECO-System Co., Ltd)Mr. Shunsuke Hieda (EIA Team Leader, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd)

Presenters:

Opening Remark: Dr. Than Than Thwe (Joint Secretary, TSMC) gave an opening speech as follows.


The main objective of stakeholder meeting such as introduction of EIA report for
construction of solid waste management (SWM) facilities in Thilawa SEZ was
explained.



The absence of such SWM facilities in Myanmar was pointed out. The necessity ofEnvironmental Impact Assessment Study for any project was described and the scopeof EIA study (e.g. air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise and vibration,etc.) was briefly defined.



The content of SHM presentation was briefly introduced as follows,(i)

Environmental Impact Assessment, Social Impact Assessment, HealthImpact Assessment, and Emergency Impact Assessment for construction,
operation and closing/termination stages would be explained.

(ii)

Integrated Waste Management system in DOWA SWM facilities such aswaste categorization, land fill, incineration, recycling, and reuse would be
illustrated.

(iii)

Mitigation measures for impacts would be described. This type of study for
SWM facilities was a very first challenge in their country, Myanmar.

(iv)

Just TSMC concerns about the management of kitchen garbage which may
1Stakeholder Meeting for Introduction of Draft Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) report of Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in
Thilawa Special Economic Zone Class A Area

Meeting Record
have offensive odor impact on nearby environment. We have brief
negotiation about this matter. As a result, kitchen garbage having highoffensive odor will be taken outside with other way and only kitchen garbage
having low offensive odor will be treated in Thilawa SEZ.
(v)

Public notice, regarding this stakeholder meeting and disclosure of draft EIA
report was also announced at Yangon South District Administration Office,Thanlyin Township General Administration Office, Kyauktan Township
General Administration Office, and Thilawa SEZ Committee Office. In
addition, feedbacks/comments from public regarding this project will be
accepted until 10th October (during 10 days). Then, this team will reply
answers for those comments.

Presentation Topics: Introduction of DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd and project description on construction of Solid
Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Class A Area were presented by Mr. Jun
Yamamoto. The following topics are included.
What’s DOWA ECO-SYSTEM doing?



Necessity of global standard waste treatment facilities



Location of Solid Waste Management Facilities (Tentative)

Perspective Images (Start of Operation and Completion of Operation)

Type of waste in Thilawa SEZ (Estimation) and Our Plan in Thilawa



Waste treatment flow
Sorting, Stabilization and Solidification, Landfill structure and liner system,
Example of construction photo for Base liner system, Effective

usage of capped

landfill, Fuel blending, Incinerator flow diagram Draft EIA report for Solid Waste Management Facilities Construction in Thilawa SEZ ClassA Area was explained by Mr. Shunsuke Hieda. The following topics are included.


Scoping matrix for selection of EIA items

Composition of EIA study team

Target levels of Environmental Quality Standards
Concept to set the target levels, Target levels for ambient air quality, emission gas,
effluent water quality, noise level and vibration levelContents of EIA Investigations
2

Stakeholder Meeting for Introduction of Draft Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) report of Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in
Thilawa Special Economic Zone Class A Area

Meeting Record
 EIA investigations for Thilawa Class A Development,
 EIA investigation for this project : Results of air quality survey, Results of noiseand vibration survey, Results of water quality survey (surface water and groundwater), Results of soil quality survey
Impact Assessments with EMP

Based on the results of EIA Investigations following Impacts were assessed andexplained during the presentation.
 Environmental Impact Assessment with EMP
1) Air Quality (Impact assessment for construction and closing stages, Impact
assessment for operation stage)2) Water Quality (Impact assessment for construction stage, Impact assessment for
operation and closing stages / termination stage)3) Noise (Impact assessment for construction and closing stages, Impact assessment
for operation stage)4) Vibration (Impact assessment for construction and closing stages, Impact
assessment for operation stage)5) Offensive

Odor(Impact

assessmentfor

operation/closing

stage,

fordeodorization)
 Social Impact Assessment with EMP
1) Water use (Impact assessment for operation, closing, termination stages)
2) Land use (Impact assessment for termination)
 Health and Safety Impact Assessment with EMP
1) Occupational health & safety (Impact assessment for construction, operation, andclosing stages)
2) Community Health & Safety (Impact assessment for construction, operation,
closing stages)
3) Risk for infection diseases such as AIDS/HIV (Impact assessment for
construction, operation, and closing stages)
 Emergency risk assessment and mitigation measures
1) Flood risk (Impact assessment for construction, operation and closing stages)2) Risk for fire (Impact assessment for construction, operation and closing stages,
Waste storage house & CCTV security system) Climate change (Impact assessment for operation stage)

Other Arrangements and Plans in relation to EIA
3

Stakeholder Meeting for Introduction of Draft Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) report of Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in
Thilawa Special Economic Zone Class A Area

Meeting Record
Following topics were covered during the presentation.
 Institutional arrangements (pre-construction stages, operation stage, preliminaryorganization and structure at operation stage) Schedule (Expected Schedule of EIA)
 Contact address (Public disclosure, contact address about EIA)
Questions and Answers : Mr. Kyaw Zin Wai (Executive Officer/ Executive Engineer, TDC of Kyauktan Township )Question-1 In the survey results of ground water, the value of pH was so high. For example, pH
around 7.9 is acceptable but 8.9 is so high for ground water. Hence, he would like to know theexact analysis conditions (where, how depth, number of places and how many samples).
Answer-1

Samples were taken from 6m depth observation well because the depth of land fill

will be about 6m. (Mr. Shunsuke Hieda)
Question-2 So, it means that it is kind of surface water. It cannot be said as ground water.
Turbidity measurement for ground water is also very high.
Answer-2

Yes. (Remark: It may be able to regard as surface water). But, this well is just an

observation well to check water level. Water analysis was done for creek water and water fromobservation well. Turbidity measurement for ground water was conducted at same observation
well. Due to inconsistency of the results of measurements, the measurements will be repeatedagain for those suspected parameters (turbidity and pH). (Mr. Shunsuke Hieda)
Comment-1

Mr. Kyaw Zin Wai understand the situation. He informed that normally, in

Kyauktan and Thanlyin regions, the tube wells are dug to depth between 40 ft and 400 ft inorder to get drinking water. So, about 6m (18 ft) depth of the observation well may not represent
as ground water conditions.
Comment-2

In order to dispose waste from industrial zone, large area of land is required.

Currently, garbage is a major problem for YCDC. He really appreciates the effort of this study
and construction of DOWA SWM facilities. As the presenter mentioned in the slide no. 12, theestimated amount of waste is 10,000 tons per year. It means that around 80 tons of garbage will
be disposed every month. According to his understanding, incineration will be done by mobile
method.
(Remark: After listening audio record, it was noticed that Mr. Kyaw Zin Wai misunderstood aflare station, which burns emission gas from land fill with a mobile incinerator, which can
incinerate various waste)4

Stakeholder Meeting for Introduction of Draft Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) report of Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in
Thilawa Special Economic Zone Class A Area

Meeting Record
Question-3

He would like to know whether a mobile incinerator shown in this presentation

will be used or not be used in the proposed project (Remark: He thought that a flare station
shown in the presentation is a mobile incinerator). He also would like to know the burning
capacity of the mobile incinerator. In addition, he asked how much gas is required to burn the
garbage in a mobile incinerator. (Remark: He thought that a mobile incinerator needs gas to burnthe garbage)
Answer-3

There are two types of flare station such as mobile type and immobile type. The

mobile flare station shown in the presentation will be used in the proposed project. One mobile
flare station is capable of burning emission gas from one land fill cell (100m length x 60m width
x 6m depth). Various flare stations are available because there are many land fill cells in
Thailand. At this moment, we have not confirmed the amount of emission gas burned by one
mobile flare station. So, the amount of emission gas burned by the flare station will be
evaluated. (Mr. Jun Yamamoto)(Note: The presenter answered mainly about flare station because it was not noticed that Mr.
Kyaw Zin Wai asked about a mobile incinerator. Complete answer could not be given to Mr.
Kyaw Zin Wai at the meeting, but EIA study team contacted him by phone and explained about
differences between the performance of a flare station and the performance of an incinerator
after the meeting) Dr. Than Than Thwe (Joint Secretary, TSMC)
Comment-1 Rainfall in Myanmar is much greater as compared to other countries. So, proper
drain area near land fill is necessary. The infiltration of rain water into land fill site is one of
TSMC’s concerns.
Comment-2 The water resource for Thilawa SEZ area is Zarmani Dam. The estimated amountof water usage is approximately about 6,000m3/day. However, due to an increase in the numbersof factories in Thilawa SEZ area, there may have water supply problem. Hence, TSMC isconsidering to utilize ground water as one of water resources, approximately, about 1,000m3/day
before getting water supply from Lagone Eain Dam. Therefore, the impact to ground water isalso one of TSMC’s concerns.
Question-1 She would like to know the size of initial land fill cell (area or volume). Based onthat information, the time for complete filling of one land fill cell can be estimated.
Answer-1

The size of two initial land fill cells, one for hazardous waste and one for non-hazardous waste, is 100m length x 60m width x 6m depth. So that the estimated time for filling5

Stakeholder Meeting for Introduction of Draft Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) report of Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in
Thilawa Special Economic Zone Class A Area

Meeting Record
land fill with waste materials will be around 12 to 13 years. Then, DOWA will expand next land
fill cell. (Mr. Jun Yamamoto)
Question-2

She would like to get information whether DOWA has a plan to collect wastefrom outside of Thilawa SEZ area.
Answer-2

DOWA plans to collect waste from outside of Thilawa SEZ area.
(Mr. Jun Yamamoto)

Question-3

There are mainly three standards to be referred (International Finance Corporation(IFC) standards, Japanese standards, and World Health Organization standards (WHO)). Amongthem, Environmental Conservation Department recommends IFC standards. For information,
She would like to get suggestion which standard is recommended by Expert team for preparationof EIA report for 2000 Hectares Project. Nippon Koei Co., Ltd has prepared EIA report for 400
Hectares project using IFC standard.
Answer-3

Sometimes, IFC standards are used. It is better to explain history of Japanesestandards or Vietnam standards or Malaysia standards. In Vietnam, Malaysia, firstly they set up
strict rules and standards, but nobody can comply with the standards. Then, they changed andeased the standards. In Japan, like other developed countries, when national government set up
strict rules and standards, all companies surely follow those rules and standards even strict.
Thus, Japanese standards remain as strict rules and standards among Asian countries. Actually,
moderate standards are better because it is difficult to comply with strict rules and standards for
Asian developing countries. In case of Japan, health impacts such as cancers were evaluated andconsidered when it sets up standards. Based on health impact assessment, Japan set up standards
and then standards were gradually getting strict. He suggested that performing of health impact
assessment before setting up a standard is one of the better approaches.
(Mr. Shunsuke Hieda)
sing Remark: Dr. Than Than Thwe (Joint Secretary, TSMC) gave a closing remark as follows.
Appreciation to DOWA Co., Ltd and Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. Nippon Koei Co., Ltd isvery well known for EIA studies for projects in Thilawa SEZ.



Selection of standards for EIA study is very important and IFC standard isrecommended by MOECAF. Standard for industry wastewater enforced by Ministryof Industry (MOI) is also applicable for this study.



For information, there will be a group of environmental experts for Thilawa SEZ
Development Project in the near future. The cooperation with that group will be

6

Stakeholder Meeting for Introduction of Draft Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) report of Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in
Thilawa Special Economic Zone Class A Area

Meeting Record
appreciated.


The final EIA report will be finalized in the middle of October. The six copies of
EIA report is required. Because TSMC will submit EIA report to President Office,
MOECAF’s Minister and Director General, and will distribute it to other relevant
departments.

Comment forms are already distributed to relevant Administration Offices.
Comments and feedbacks from participants and public for this project are invited
starting from 1st October, 2014 (10:00) to 10th October, 2014 (16:30).

Photos of Public Disclosure atGeneral Administration Offices:

See Attachment-3 for details

Photos of Stakeholder Meeting :See Attachment-4 for details

7

Stakeholder Meeting for Introduction of Draft Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) report of Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in
Thilawa Special Economic Zone Class A Area

Meeting Record
Attachment-1
Meeting AgendaTime
09:30-10:00

Contents

Organization in Charge

Registration

Dr. Than Than Thwe

10:00-10:10

Opening Remark

10:10-11:10

Introduction of Project Outlines and Draft EIA
report

DOWA Ecosystem/ Nippon Koei

11:10-11:30

Questions and Answers

Participants(Joint Secretary, Thilawa SEZ Management
Committee)

Dr. Than Than Thwe
11:30-11:35

Closing Remark

11:35-12:00

Tea Break(Joint Secretary, Thilawa SEZ Management
Committee)

8

Stakeholder Meeting for Introduction of Draft Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) report of Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in
Thilawa Special Economic Zone Class A Area

Meeting Record
Attachment-2
No.

Name

Position

Department/ Organization

1

Dr. Than Aung

Secretary

2

Dr. Than Than Twe

Joint Secretary3

Ms. Khaing Cho Win

Member4

Ms. Ei Ei Khaing

Staff Officer

5

Mr. Aung Thu

6

Mr. Kyaw Zin Wai

7

Mr. Hla Myo Aung

Deputy Staff
Officer
Executive
EngineerStaff Officer

8

Mr. Myo Lwin

Staff

9

Mr. Win San

Staff

10

Ms. Chaw Su Zan

11

Dr. Cho Cho Lwin

12

Ms. Mya Win Mon

13

Mr. Win Oo

14

Ms. Thwe Thwe Myint
Aung
Mr. Hiroshi Ueda
Mr. Jun Yamamoto
Mr. Kei Nagata
Mr. Shunsuke Hieda

Assistant
Director
MedicalSuperintendent
Health AssistantInstructor
Township
Officer
AssistantManager
Technician
Senior Manager
Deputy Chief
EIA Team
LeaderEnvironmental
ExpertEIA Coordinator
Environmental
Expert

15
16
17
18
19
20
21

Ms. Wah Wah Han Su
Yin
Ms. Ya Min Thant
Ms. Ei Ei Mon

22

Ms. Thandar

Environmental
ExpertThilawa SEZ Management Committee(TSMC)
Thilawa SEZ Management Committee(TSMC)
Thilawa SEZ Management Committee(TSMC)
General Administration Department (GAD),
Thanlyin Township
General Administration Department (GAD),
Kyauktan TownshipTownship Development Committee (TDC),
Kyauktan Township
Department of Human Settlement andHousing Development (DHSHD), Ministry ofConstruction, Thanlyin Township
Department of Human Settlement andHousing Development (DHSHD), Ministry ofConstruction, Thanlyin Township
Department of Human Settlement andHousing Development (DHSHD), Ministry ofConstruction, Thanlyin Township
Department of Rural Development (DRD),
Thanlyin Township
Department of Health (DOH), Thanlyin
TownshipDepartment of Health (DOH), Thanlyin
TownshipDepartment of Health (DOH), Kyauktan
Township
Myanmar and Japan Thilawa Development
Ltd (MJTD)
Osumi Co., Ltd
DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd
DOWA Eco-System Co., Ltd
Nippon Koei Co., Ltd
Myanmar Koei International Ltd.
Myanmar Koei International Ltd.
Myanmar Koei International Ltd.
Myanmar Koei International Ltd.

9

Stakeholder Meeting for Introduction of Draft Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) report of Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in
Thilawa Special Economic Zone Class A Area

Meeting Record
Attachment-3
Thanlyin Township General Administration OfficeKyauktan Township General Administration Office10

Stakeholder Meeting for Introduction of Draft Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) report of Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in
Thilawa Special Economic Zone Class A Area

Meeting Record

Attachment-4
Opening Remark

Presented by Mr. Jun Yamamoto

Presented by Mr. Shunsuke Hieda

11

Stakeholder Meeting for Introduction of Draft Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) report of Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in
Thilawa Special Economic Zone Class A Area

Meeting Record

Question and Answer Section

Closing Remark

12Project on Construction of Solid Waste Management Facilities in Thilawa SEZ Zone A
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

APPENDIX-5

COMMENTS IN THE FIRST PUBLICDICLOSURE

Comment Form
1

Browsing Place

1. Yangon South District General Administration Office(Circle)2 . Thanlyin Township General Administration Office○
3. Kyauktan Township General Administration Office
4. Thilawa SEZ Management Committee Office near Thilawa SEZ

2

Date

10.10.2014

3

Name

Mr. Hein Bo Bo

4

Contact Information

Officer, Thanlyin Township General Administration Department(Optional)

Mobile: 09 4200-36991

5

Commenton

About impact of vibration to fauna such as reptiles

Presentation material

Some dangerous animals for example snakes might come out due to(in Myanmar) of thevibration of construction works. It might be harmful to construction

Stakeholder Meeting

workers and local villagers nearby. I would like to know the mitigation
measures for occupational and community health and safety.

Comment Form
1

Browsing Place

1. Yangon South District General Administration Office(Circle)2 . Thanlyin Township General Administration Office○
3. Kyauktan Township General Administration Office
4. Thilawa SEZ Management Committee Office near Thilawa SEZ

2

Date

10.10.2014

3

Name

Mr. Soe Yan Lin

4

Contact Information

Officer, Thanlyin Township General Administration Department(Optional)
5

Commenton

About reaction of materials or chemicals in landfill site

Presentation material

In the presentation, you mentioned hazardous and nonhazardous(in Myanmar) of thewastes will be classified prior to dispose in landfill cell. I am just

Stakeholder Meeting

wondering if some waste materials cause chemical reaction and it
might be harmful to workers and local villagers nearby. My question is
how will you manage or make treatment not to happen such reaction
problems.

Comment Form
1

Browsing Place

1. Yangon South District General Administration Office(Circle)2 . Thanlyin Township General Administration Office○
3. Kyauktan Township General Administration Office
4. Thilawa SEZ Management Committee Office near Thilawa SEZ

2

Date

10.10.2014

3

Name

Mr. Aung Min Ko Ko

4

Contact Information

Officer, Thanlyin Township General Administration Department(Optional)
5

Commenton

About leakage of wastewater during treatment/dehydration process

Presentation material

In the presentation, you mentioned industrial wastewater will be(in Myanmar) of thetreated in wastewater treatment plant. I would like to know if some

Stakeholder Meeting

wastewater might leak and contaminate the underground water. My
question is how will you manage or monitor not to happen suchleakage problems during treatment/dehydration process.

Comment Form
1

Browsing Place

1. Yangon South District General Administration Office(Circle)2. Thanlyin Township General Administration Office
3 . Kyauktan Township General Administration Office○
4. Thilawa SEZ Management Committee Office near Thilawa SEZ

2

Date

10.10.2014

3

Name

4

Contact Information(Optional)

5

CommentonPresentation material(in Myanmar) of the
Stakeholder Meeting

I agree with the proposed project.