The NASA Space Radiation Laboratory atBrookhaven National Laboratory
K.A. Brown
Collider Accelerator Department, BNLOutline
The NASA/BNL Space Radiation Program
Sampling of experiments
The NSRL FacilityOperations
Beam Characteristics
Uniform Beams
Dosimetry
Large Dynamic Range Camera Imaging System
Solar Particle Simulator
Summary

The NASA/BNL Space Radiation Program“Because astronauts are spending more time in space, theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is
working with Brookhaven National Laboratory and others
here on Earth to learn about the possible risks to humanbeings exposed to space radiation. To study theradiobiological effects using beams that simulate the cosmic
rays found in space, a new, $34-million NASA Space
Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) has been established atBrookhaven Lab.”
http://www.bnl.gov/medical/NASA/NSRL_description.asp

Human Environments in Space
PresentFuture

30 day mission,
2015-2020

1 year mission,
2005

30 month mission,
2025-2030

Radiation Doses on Earth and in Space
1y in Houston
1y in Denver
1y in Kerala, India
Apollo 14
Skylab 4
Shuttle mission 41-C
Mission to Marsat solar minimum

100 mrem
200 mrem
1,300 mrem
1,100 mrem (9-day to the Moon)
18,000 mrem (87-day in orbit)
5,600 mrem (18-day in orbit)
130,000 mrem (30 month)
30,000 mrem in 1.5 y on Mars
80,000 mrem in 1 y in space,+20,000 mrem from a solar flare

Chest X-ray
50 mrem
PET scan
1,000 mremTreatment of brain cancer 500,000,000 mrem (to normal brain)

The NASA/BNL Space Radiation Program
NSRL became operational during summer 2003
> 100 experimenters from 24 institutions (U.S. and abroad)
Brookhaven researchers and other NASA-sponsored scientists
irradiate a variety of biological specimens, tissues, and cells, aswell as DNA in solution. Other experimenters use industrial
materials as samples, studying their suitability for space suits andspacecraft shielding.

Sampling of experimentsz Effect of Deep Space radiation on Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells
z Risk Assessment and chemoprevintion of HZE-induced CNS damagez Heavy Ion Induced Chromosome Damage and Biomedical Countermeasuresz DNA damage clusters in low level radiation responses of human cells.
z Complex Space Radiation-induced DNA damage Clusters in Human Cell

Transformation: Mechanisms, relationships and Mitigation.
z Induction of Bystander Effects by High LET Radiation in Cells
z Gene Expression in the Nematode C. elegans following Irradiation withCharged Particles
z Heavy Ion Particle Impact on Simulated Martian Regolithz MSL/RAD Technology Demonstration Model Characterizationz Spacecraft shielding and components experimentsz Ion fragmentation experiments

1 GeV Fe tracks in cells.

10 µLocal Polyethylene Shielding StudyPolyethylene
radiation
shieldDose Pt. 1

Dose Pt. 2

Outline
The NASA/BNL Space Radiation Program
Sampling of experiments
The NSRL FacilityOperations
Beam Characteristics
Uniform Beams
Dosimetry
Large Dynamic Range Camera Imaging System
Solar Particle Simulator
Summary

Charged
Ionizing Radiation
Outer-Space is full of them

HeCFeRHIC

AGS

Heavy Ions

HBooster Parameters
Parameter

Value

Circumference

201.78 (1/4 AGS) m

Ave. Radius

32.114 m

Magnetic Bend R

13.8656 m

Lattice Type

Separated Function,
FODO

No. Superperiods

6

No. of Cells

24

Betatron Tunes,X,Y

4.82, 4.83

Vacuum Chamber

70 x 152 mm Dipoles
152 mm (circular)
Quads

Max. Rigidity

17 Tm

Injection Rigidity

2.2 Tm(200 MeV protons)

Acceleration Rate

8.9 T/s (7.5 Hz)NSRLR-Line: From Booster to NSRL

12” beam pipe8” beam pipeInstrumentation Layout

NSRL Target RoomOutline
The NASA/BNL Space Radiation Program
Sampling of experiments
The NSRL FacilityOperations
Beam Characteristics
Uniform Beams
Dosimetry
Large Dynamic Range Camera Imaging System
Solar Particle Simulator
Summary

Operations
Beams delivered, NSRL-5 to NSRL-7Ion

Energy (MeV/n)

Intensity

p1000

3.4x1010

C

290

1.2x1010

O

1000, 600

4.0x109Si

600, 300

3.0x109Cl500

2.0x109

Ti11008.0x108Fe

1000, 600, 300

2.0x109

AGS Main Magnet
Booster Main MagnetNSRL EventExtraction Point300 MeV/n Carbon
2 GeV Protons
400 msBeam Spills DeliveredUniform Beams
Octupole:x’=x’+O(x3+3xy2)

Outline
The NASA/BNL Space Radiation Program
Sampling of experiments
The NSRL FacilityOperations
Beam Characteristics
Uniform Beams
Dosimetry
Large Dynamic Range Camera Imaging System
Solar Particle Simulator
Summary256-Element
Ion-Chamber(Beam Imaging)Beam Image on the 256-element IC
During E.Blakely’s experiment (NSRL-2).

32-Element
Ion-Chamber(Dosimetry)0.025 + 0.1 + 0.4 + 3.2 + 6.4 = 10.125 cm

Binary Filter
Range: 0 – 25.575 cm

C.
Si.

Fe.

Fe.

Ti.

KE=580.6 MeV/n, LETwater=53.8 KeV/µm

KE=577 MeV/n, LETwater=176.1 KeV/µm

KE=968.4 MeV/n, LETwater=151.4 KeV/µm

KE=1019 MeV/n, LETwater=107.3 KeV/µm

KE=294.1 MeV/n, LETwater=13.6 KeV/µm

Flag

M

BeamCenterline

Charlie Pearson
Engineering designirr
or

I-Hung Chiang
Nothing happens
Without this man’s
Approval.

Kevin Brown
Photographic
consultant

Instrument Table
Railirror

ShieldingCamera

M

Adam Rusek

Beam Profile Camera System
Side Elevation ViewirrorFlagM

Beam
Centerline

Lens control (zoom, iris, focus)

CameraMirrorShielding~200 ft of FireWirecamera controller (PS, FW junction)

NSRL beam event
PC (Windows XP) withMicroscopy software (Compix C-Imaging)Outline
The NASA/BNL Space Radiation Program
Sampling of experiments
The NSRL FacilityOperations
Beam Characteristics
Uniform Beams
Dosimetry
Large Dynamic Range Camera Imaging System
Solar Particle Simulator
Summary

Solar Particle Simulator
The main motivation is to be able to reproduce energy spectra of theenvironment in space, particularly solar events.
NSRL Ground rulesz Need to be able to irradiate a single sample over entire energy
spectrum within as little as a 1 hour period.
z Need a clean beam, as clean as any current NSRL experiment
now receives.
z Need to know the energy of the beam as well as any current
NSRL experiment.
z Need to know the dose as well as any current NSRL experiment.

Solar Proton Events

Actively Changing Energy at NSRL
A high levelinterface has
been designed
and constructed.
Is now beingcommissioned.
Theses parts
are working
well and arecommissioned.

High Level
User InterfaceDosimetry
SystemConnection toDosimetry has been
done. Now beingcommissioned.

Sequencer(Tape)

Permit Link

Booster Orbit&Extraction Septa

NSRL BeamLine

Booster
Main Magnet

Booster Optics
ControlOutline
The NASA/BNL Space Radiation Program
Sampling of experiments
The NSRL FacilityOperations
Beam Characteristics
Uniform Beams
Dosimetry
Large Dynamic Range Camera Imaging System
Solar Particle Simulator
SummaryCurrent Capabilities
1. Beam energies from 0.05 to 1 GeV/n with any ion that can beproduced by a Tandem Van de Graff
2. Lowest intensities operated ~102 ions/cm2/cycle
3. Smallest beams around 1 cm, smaller possible (not uniform,Gaussian). Largest beams around 20x20 cm2 uniform
4. Mixed field of protons and ions on a single target
5. 1 – 3 msec pulsed beams
6. Fast Extracted Beams ( 1 to 3 200 nsec pulses in 5 usec, or one
4 usec pulse)
7. Solar particle simulator
1. Large range of ion energies over single irradiation
2. Fast energy change

Future Capabilities
EBIS (electron beam ion source) will provide•
All ions up to U, including noble gases•
Higher intensities for current ion set•Multiple mixed field ions (more than 2 ions species/irradiation)
Pulsed synchronized beams (with experimenter signals)
1.
Synchronize beam with breathing, heart rate, EKG, ….
2.
For low energy beams, allow for time of flight analysis

Supplemental

Slow Extraction Dynamics
define the normalized sextupole strength as

Transverse fields in a normal sextupole are :2
1 3 2 L ⎛⎜ d B y ⎞⎟B x ( x , y ) = −6 Bs xy
S= βBρ ⎜⎝ dx 2 ⎟⎠ 0222B y ( x , y ) = −3 Bs ( x − y )The Kobayashi Hamiltonian

where ,
1 ⎛⎜ d B y ⎞⎟Bs = −6 ⎜⎝ dx 2 ⎟⎠ 02H=εS(X + X ' ) + (3 XX ' − X )242223wherex

αA particle with a magnetic rigidity Bρ
X≡
and X ' ≡ x x + β x x'βx
βx
receives (thin lens) kicks by a sextupole ofare the normalized phase space coordinates,
length L,
21 L ⎛⎜ d B y ⎞⎟ 22−(xy)∆x' =2 ⎟⎜2 Bρ ⎝ dx ⎠ 0and ,2L ⎛⎜ d B y ⎞⎟∆y ' = −( xy )Bρ ⎜⎝ dx 2 ⎟⎠ 0and,ε = 6πδQ = 6π (Q particle − Qresonance )The first term in H describes particle motionin the linear unperturbed lattice (S = 0). The
trajectories are circles with radius 2 H / ε innormalized phase space.
The second term (perturbative term) distorts
the circle.

Slow Extraction Dynamics[]

when H has the value (2ε / 3) / S 2 it factors
3

into 3 terms,

2 ε 4πδQ=3SS
The area of the stable region ish=4ε ⎞⎛4ε ⎞ε ⎞⎛⎛S⎜ X + ⎟⎜ 3 X '+ X − ⎟⎜ 3 X '− X + ⎟ = 048 3π
δQ 2 )π(A = 3 3h2 =6 ⎠⎝3S ⎠⎝3S ⎠⎝42S
The 3 lines define the boundries between stable The area within a particular particles linearand unstable regions of phase space. The size of unperturbed motion is called the single particle
the stable region is determined by the ratio ε / S . emittance.
E = a 2π , where a 2 = X 02 + X '02

X’

12ε
3X '+ X =23S
22εX =−3SParticle motion remains stable as long as theparticle motion lies within the stable triangle.
48 3π
δQ 2 π2SThis criteria for stability can be rewritten in terms
X of absolute betatron tune, with
δQ = Q particle − QresonanceE stable ≤hstable

unstable−312εX '+ X =223S

Qresonance −( )1SE

< Q particle < Qresonance +1π
48 3π
48 3π
This can be shown graphically by plotting the action
variable, E , as a function of betatron tune.

SEπSlow Extraction Dynamics
EUnstable region

Stable region

Distrib. Of particles

Qresonance

QExtraction Methods:
1.

Widen stopband by increasing S

2.

Move particles into resonance by changing betatron tune (AGS).

3.

Increase particle amplitudes until it encounters the unstable region(rf knockout method).

Booster Resonant/Slow Extraction

Injection, Acceleration, and Tune Space Manipulations

Energy Measurement in an Accelerator
EnergySymbols:β= (2 π Rbooster frf )/ (h c)h = harmonic #γ= 1/(1−β2)1/2

c = 2.99792458x108 m/s

K.E. = (γ −1)mc2

Rbooster= R = 32.113 m

Uncertainty

frf = accelerating frequency

dβ2 = (2πfrf / hc)2 dR2 + (2πR/hc)2dfrf2

Values used in figure:d(K.E.) = mc2 β (1−β2)−3/2 dβdR = 5 mm dfrf = 10 Hz h = 3

Fractional Uncertainty in K.E. vs γ
0.0014d(K.E.)/(K.E.)

0.00120.001
0.00080.00060.00040.0002
01

1.52γ

2.5

Spill and Ripple

Spill and Ripple

Spill and Ripple

Spill and Ripple