論文の英文要旨
The Practices of Former-Street-Children’s
T i t l e

Rehabilitation and Social Education: A Case Study ofan International NGO in Nicaragua

N a m eYANAGI Denka

The aim of this thesis is, Using NGO activities in Nicaragua as an example, to explain thevarious forms of participation of former-street-children in their rehabilitation and social
education practice process, and to explore the features of children who are facing difficulties
to achieve family reunification and social reintegration while participating in support
activities by the NGO.
The existence of street children in developing countries (especially urban areas) wasaddressed as a social problem from the second half of the 20th century. On the point of themodern view of children, which has become a social norm in developed countries, the stateof children living and working on the streets is seen as problematic, and intervention andrelief for them is necessary. Since the late 1980s, the debate over the treatment of children indeveloping countries has become more active due to the rise of human-rights theory. This
increase in momentum also served as a driving force for international education development.
Today, under the background of this trend, protection activities and support activities forstreet children by international aid organizations and NGOs are being carried out in various
forms. However, despite the growing awareness of the problems of children living andworking on the streets and the widespread support activities, many children in developing
countries still facing difficulties in their family reunification or socialization. In other words,
in today's context, there is a need to revisit not only the environment surrounding street
children but also the rehabilitation and social education itself provided by NGOs.
This study refers to the children who are interrupting their life and activities on street andparticipating in NGOs’ activities as former-street-children, and identifies the protections andsupport activities as social education. When considering the former-street-children’s socialeducation, the scope of analysis is not sufficient only within NGOs, and it is important to1

keep an eye on other facilities as social context. Keeping this perspective in mind, this study
analyses the proposition of why there are many children who end up with different outcomeswhile participating the same social education programme throughout two years of participant
observation.
Chapter 1 is a literature review about the creation of the problem of street children. Here,it focuses on the factors behind the creation of the second-class citizen identification of street
children, the theory of heling street children, and the logic of the street children side that leads
to the dropout from rescue operations, and examines the important lens of rethinking theformer-street-children’s social education. Chapter 2 is an overview of the socio-economicsituation of Nicaragua from a macro perspective, and describes the reality of the living worldof the poor and the socialization of children from a micro perspective. In addition, it explains
the current status of child protection and support and education in Nicaragua. Chapter 3
describes the case object in more detail as features of the target NGO, the actual status ofsupport programs, and introduces the results of rehabilitation and social education activities.
Chapter 4 classifies the pattern of participation process of former-street-children in social
education, and then using specific cases and data, analyses each pattern’s characteristics andthe defining factors of each pattern. The results of ethnographic analysis highlight the formerstreet-children’s opportunity to leave from social education activities. The final chapter
discusses the significance of considering former-street-children’ social education practiceprocesses in Nicaragua and concludes with a discussion of the challenges and issues facedby NGO social education, the limitations of this research, and future prospects.
This study presents an original pattern model that is not mentioned in previous studies andis not used in the practice field. It can divide the participation forms of former-street-children
with various backgrounds into four patterns and analyses the characteristics of each one. The
attitude and acceptance of former—street—children towards the NGOs is measured on the yaxis, and their view towards their future is measured on the x-axis of a graph, allowing theformer street children to be divided into 4 distinct behaviour and attitude patterns. The firstpattern provides some prospects for one's own future (the participants’ life after
rehabilitation). They have a good understanding about their helpers’ objectives and the norms
required by the intervention programme, and they show a cooperative, obedient attitude.
Children who can shift to this pattern are likely to achieve reintegration and family
reunification. The second pattern is that of participants who do not have a concrete image of
their personal changes or their future, and tend to use NGO facilities to suspend their living
and activities on the street. In addition, children in this pattern have an insufficientunderstanding of the contents required for rehabilitation, and they are also uncertain aboutthemselves. Participants in this pattern do not immediately drop out of rehabilitation,
reintegrate into society or undergo family reunification. In the third pattern, it is difficult forthe participants to accept rehabilitation itself, so they tend to be more likely to be dropped
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out or be expelled. They show an anti-rehabilitation attitude. They cannot think about
themselves and their surroundings because of anxiety or unsettledness in their lives inside oroutside the NGO’s facility. Therefore, they face self-denial, lack of self-control, and selfconflict. As far as the fourth pattern is concerned, the participants gain insight into the realitiesof the local society and realistic strategies for their situation, which may not always
correspond to the image that the helper conveyed to them. The participants in this patternoften make good efforts to secure their own time and space within NGO facilities, and tend
to seek independence, including living in the street or activities in the informal sector.
The focus of this research is the former-street-children in the second and fourth patterns,
because they have the potential to reach socialization, but they cannot easily move forward.
Two approaches are important in order to prevent these children from dropout, or to make itpossible for family reunification and social reintegration in a positive condition. One is areview of responses in group activities, and the other is more emphasis on individualresponses. Regarding the former, considering the differences in the diversity and forms ofparticipation of the patterns, it is important to review the grouping criteria for social education
activities in order to make effective use of collectiveness. The latter is a matter that has
emerged from the voices of the former-street-children, and this is already well known intheories of support (supportology) and pedagogy. Regarding NGOs’ activities, the matter is
how far they should go in a situation where there is always a shortage of funds and manpower.
Furthermore, overcoming these problems will require a more scaled up response, but cannot
be achieved by only delegating everything to NGOs which play a part in civil society.
The limitations of this study are: it does not fully understand the situation before formerstreet-children participated in social education and after leaving NGOs. Regarding the patternmodel, the explanation of the factors of each pattern is not enough. Therefore, it is necessary
to verify the effectiveness of the model from individual data collection and more detailed
analysis will be required in future research.

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