The State of Science, Technology& Innovation in Africa:
Implications for Achieving theMillennium Development Goals

Proceedings of the2010 ATPS ANNUAL
CONFERENCE & WORKSHOPS
25 - 30 November 2010 | Conrad Hilton | Cairo, Egypt

Edited byProf. Kevin Urama
Dr. Nicholas Ozor
Wairimu Mwangi

The State of Science, Technology& Innovation in Africa:
Implications for Achieving theMillennium Development Goals

Proceedings of the2010 ATPS ANNUAL
CONFERENCE & WORKSHOPS
Edited byProf. Kevin Urama,
Executive Director, ATPS
Dr. Nicholas Ozor
Senior Research Officer, ATPS
Wairimu Mwangi
Research Officer, ATPS

25 - 30 November 2010
Conrad Hilton
Cairo, Egypt

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The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is a multidisciplinary network of researchers, private sector actors andpolicy makers promoting the generation, dissemination, use andmastery of science, technology and innovation (ST&I) for African
development, environmental sustainability and global inclusion.
ATPS intends to achieve its mandate through research, capacity
building and training, science communication/dissemination andsensitization, participatory multi-stakeholder dialogue,knowledge brokerage, and policy advocacy.
Published by the African Technology Policy Studies Network
P O Box 10081, 00100 GPO Nairobi Kenya
2011

Published by the African Technology Policy Studies Network

ISBN: 978-9966-030-25-2

Table of Contents
Acknowledgement

4

About ATPS

5

Abbreviations & Acronyms

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1.

About the Conference & Workshops

92.

Conference & Workshop Opening Session

15

3.

Conference Plenary Presentations

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4.

Parallel Sessions

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5.

Proposal Tournaments

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6.

Final Grantees’ Report937.

Day 2 Plenary Presentations

103

8.

One-day Corporate Governance Report

108

Annexes

112

Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 3

Acknowledgement
We wish to acknowledge the financial support received for the 2010 ATPS Annual
Conference and Workshops from our numerous donors including the Ministerie van
Buitenlandse Zaken (DGIS) the Netherlands, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the OpenSociety Foundation (OSF), amongst others. We are particularly grateful to the Academy forInternational Development- Middle East (AID-me) for their collaboration and support forthe conference and workshops. We thank all the delegates from different parts of the globe
who participated in the event. The interactions and debates that ensued during the event haveimmensely contributed in charting the way forward for Africa's development through STI. We
look forward to their engagements in future debates on the subject.
The entire Secretariat team of the ATPS played a crucial role in the success of the event. We
thank them all for their various contributions and facilitations. We are particularly grateful to
Dr. Nicholas Ozor, ATPS Senior Research Officer who led the team that prepared thisproceeding including Ms. Carol Thuku, Mr. Nelson Akenga, Ms. Wairimu Mwangi, Mr. Ernest
Acheampong, Ms. Michele Mbòo Tchouawou, Ms. Edel Kwoba and Ms. Jacinta Kahi.
Prof. Kevin Urama
Executive Director
ATPS

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About ATPS
African Technology Policy Studies Network
ATPS is a multi-disciplinary network of researchers, private sector actors, policy makers andcivil society actors promoting Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) generation, use andmastery for development in Africa. Its vision is to become the leading international center of
excellence and reference in STI systems research, training and capacity building,communication and sensitization, knowledge brokerage, policy advocacy and outreach in
Africa. ATPS is a key institution in Africa with significant experience and mastery inknowledge generation (through Research and Training), knowledge brokerage (throughstakeholders dialogue), knowledge dissemination and outreach (through publication, STI
journalism and policy advocacy), and knowledge valorization (through innovation challenge
programs). ATPS collaborates with relevant institutions within and beyond Africa to achieveknowledge sharing, and use through research and capacity building, international cooperationand partnership, and youth and gender empowerment.
It acts as a broker between knowledge and technology generators, the policy makers, theprivate sector, and the local communities on the one hand, and between regions and countries
on the other. The institution's reach-out mechanism and reach-out systems include Research
Capacity Building (RCB), Training and Sensitization (TS), Communication and Stakeholder
Dialogue (CSD), Outreach, Knowledge Brokerage and Policy Advocacy (OKBPA),International Cooperation and Partnership (ICP), Youth and Gender Empowerment (YGP),
and Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PME).
With a regional secretariat in Nairobi, ATPS operates through national chapters in 29 Africancountries including Diaspora chapters in Europe and the United States of America (USA).
ATPS has an expansion plan to cover the entire Africa. The ATPS has since been involved inmany funded Research, Capacity Building and Advocacy programs in Africa on issues of STI
including, but not limited to Climate Sense program, Agricultural Innovation program,
Health Innovation program, Water and Sanitation, Socialization of Science, Research Policy
and Practice Linkages, among others.

Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 5

Abbreviations & Acronyms

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AFSJ

African Federation of Science Journalists

G

AID-ME

Academy for International Development – Middle EastG

AMCOST

African Ministerial Council for Science and Technology

H

ANDI

African Network for Drug Diagnostic Innovation

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ANPA

Association of Nigerian Physicians in the Americas

I

ARIPO

African Regional Intellectual Property Organization

I

ARU

Ardhi University

I

ATPS

African Technology Policy Studies Network

I

AU

African Union

L

AWFST

African Women Forum for Science and Technology

M

AYFST

African Youth Forum for Science and Technology

M

BRIC nations

Brazil, Russia, India and China

N

BTA

Biotechnology Trust Africa

CPA

Consolidated Plan of Action

N

CSD

Communication and Stakeholder Dialogue

N

CSIR

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

N

CTA

Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation

N

EJUST

Egyptian Japanese University for science and technology

N

EMA

Environment Management Agency

N

EUMETSAT

European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites

O

FDI

Foreign Direct Investments

O

FIRMS

Fire Information for Resource Management System

O

GDP

Gross domestic product

O

GERD

Gross Expenditure on Research and Development

P

6 | Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS

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GHG

Greenhouse Gases

GIV

Generic and Incremental ValueGLORIA

Global Research in International Affairs

GSM

General Skilled Migration

HCSTHigh Council for Science and Technology

HSMP

Highly Skilled Migrant Program

ICP

International Cooperation and Partnership

IHSS

Institute of Human Settlement Studies

IKC

Indigenous Knowledge Center

IPR

Intellectual Property Rights

LOC

Local Organizing Committee

MDGs

Millennium Development Goals

MSG

Meteosat Second Generation

NAPPSA

Nigerian Association of Pharmacists and Pharmaceutical Scientists in
AmericaNASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NCST

National Commission for Science & Technology

NEPAD

New Partnership for Africa's Development

NSC

National Steering Committee

NSI

National System of Innovation

NUS

Nigerian University Systems

OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OKBPA

Outreach, Knowledge Brokerage and Policy Advocacy

OSF

Open Society Foundation

OSI

Open Society Institute

PME

Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 7

R&D

Research and Development

RCB

Research Capacity Building

S&T

Science and Technology

SADC

Southern African Development Community

SET-DEV

Science, Ethics and Technological Responsibility in Developing andEmerging Countries

STDF

Science and Technology Development Fund

STEPRI-CSIR Science and Technology Policy Research Institute- Council for Scientificand Industrial Research
STI

Science, Technology and Innovation

STM

Science, Technology, and Mathematics

STR

Scientific and Technological Research

TK

Traditional knowledge

TS

Training and Sensitization

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

WIPO

World Intellectual Property Organization

WNCH

Women 'n' Children's Health

YGP

Youth and Gender Empowerment

YIAP

Young Innovators Awards Program

8 | Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPSABOUT THE
CONFERENCE& WORKSHOPS

1. 1

Introduction

The Millennium Declaration set 2015 as the target date for achieving most of the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs), which established quantitative benchmarks to halve extreme
poverty in all its forms. As the date approaches, the world finds itself mired in an economic,
social, and environmental crisis that is unprecedented in its severity and global dimensions.
Incidentally, Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) underpin every one of the MDGs
and hence become prerequisites for development. Abundant evidences show that ccountries
that deliberately invested in science and technology have gained much success in improving
the quality of life of their citizens. The deliberate investment in STI is, therefore seen as oneof the most crucial priorities for any country to realize its short term, medium term and longterm development objectives. This is because STI are now universally recognized as thedrivers of national economic development, and key contributors to poverty reduction,disease prevention, universal education, environmental conservation, and global partnerships
which are the key focus of the MDGs.
Africa, replete with abundant natural resources, intellectual capital, indigenous knowledge
and culture has a comparative disadvantage in overall development because of poor
10 | Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS

governance and political instability; conflicts; low human capacity and outputs; escalating
growth in population; food insecurity; poverty; malnutrition and disease; and mostimportantly, low science and technological investment. The continent has most often
adopted a short term view to human development and has continued to rely on externalfinancial support often targeting short-term activities and solutions. As a result, the continent
has failed to invest adequately in science, technology and innovation as sources and drivers of
economic growth and long term sustainable development. This is evident in Africa's low anddeclining public expenditure on Research and Development (R&D) which has made Africa
lag behind in key science, technology and innovation indicators. It becomes imperative
therefore to review the state of STI in the continent. Strengthening capacity in STI throughinvestments in research and development by African countries can lead to the much desired
sustainable development. This can be achieved through policies, programmes, institutions
and partnerships.
The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) and its partner, the Academy forInternational Development – Middle East (AID-ME) organized a 5 day international
conference and workshop from 25 – 30 November 2010 in Cairo, Egypt. The strategic
objective of the meeting was to discuss issues under the theme “The State of Science,
Technology and Innovation (STI) in Africa: Implications for achieving the MDGs” with aview to reviewing the status of STI in Africa, identifying existing gaps therein, and mostimportantly chart a proactive way forward for achieving sustainable development in Africa
through STI capacity building and utilisation, and strategic policy planning.
The conference and workshop brought together one hundred and seventy delegates
representing various stakeholder groups, institutions and professions, resource persons,development partners within and outside Africa, donors, and friends of the ATPS.
1.2
Conference Sub-Themes
The ATPS believes that strengthening Africa's capacity in STI is the necessary condition
required for the much desired development of African economies and global sustainability,
including meeting the MDG goals. The conference offered the opportunity for stakeholders
to deliberate on the following interlinking sub-themes and set the agenda for ATPS allied
institution's activities to leap frog STI development in Africa:
i. Governance of Science, Technology and Innovation in Africa: The sub-theme
addressed issues of policies and legal frameworks necessary for Africa's development
through STI. It covered the new policy directions required to respond to a changing
world; examine the national systems of innovation; research and innovation policy;
labour market and higher education policy; the governance of innovation andinternational policy advice that is reshaping the contours of STI governance in Africa.
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 11

ii.

Investments in Research and Development (R&D) in Africa: The sub-theme
addressed issues of R&D investments by both governments and private sectors. This
included policy and institutional mechanisms necessary for domestic R&D and Foreign
Direct Investments (FDI) as a carrier of new scientific knowledge and related
technological innovations; role of collaboration between universities, private sectors
and research in fostering innovation. It also included the challenges to R&D investmentsin Africa and the way forward.
iii. STI indicators: The sub-theme dwelt on the numerous indicators for measuring
science, technology and innovation and the status of countries in Africa. It covered thescientometric analysis based mainly on bibliometric (number of publications) and patentindicators. It provided comparisons of STI indicators between Africa, the rest of thedeveloping societies and the developed societies. It emphasized the roles of the African
STI Observatory, African STI Indicators Initiative in defining Africa's common STI
Indicators.
iv. STI and development in Africa: The sub-theme addressed the current status of STI
across African countries and developed scenarios for future developments in the sector.
It covered the innovative approaches in tackling STI challenges; current role of scientificcommunity in Africa - gaps/challenges in S&T development in the continent, major S&T
issues on the continent, way forward; ICT role for advancing S&T in Africa - roadmap,
opportunities, challenges; issues related to access to scientific knowledge - status ofaccess, limitations to access, areas concerned; requirements for sustainable STI in Africa
including research, publications, patents, resources, management, etc.
v. Gender issues in STI: The sub-theme addressed the roles of women and youths in STIdevelopment in Africa. It covered issues on STI enrolments in schools by gender; gender
equity efforts in science and technology education and future directions for research;features of educational innovation and teachers' work that affect attempts to achieve
such equity; challenges and opportunities for women and youth participation in STI in
Africa; and gender mainstreaming in STI for Africa's development.
vi. Knowledge management and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and STI
development: The sub-theme addressed issues on how to harness science andtechnology for sustainable development through the protection of intellectual capitaland the access to technology and innovations. It covered areas such as the traditional
knowledge system; the framework for ensuring that local people share in the benefits
arising from the appropriation and use of their knowledge and of the biologicalresources of their environment; the international agreements on IPR for STI
development; policy and institutional issues for STI development in Africa; andstandards, norms, guidelines and options, which African countries can rely on forprotecting their indigenous knowledge, technological know-how and biologicalresources for economic growth and sustainable development.
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1.3 Conference and Workshop Objectives
The overall purpose of the conference was to examine the state of science, technology andinnovation in Africa and derive implications for achieving the Millennium Development
Goals. Specifically, the conference was meant to:i. apprise African policymakers, science experts, private sector actors, and civil society on
the current state of STI in Africa;
ii. equip African policymakers, science experts, private sector actors, and civil society with
the necessary skills for the formulation and implementation of integrated STI policy
responses to the current global challenges, and better understanding of the implicationsof no action;iii. build a network of experts across Africa who can provide genuine leadership anddirection for enduring STI development in their respective countries and regions;iv. equip delegates with the necessary information for active participation in strategic global
dialogues on relevant STI policy issues such as climate change, global food crisis,biodiversity and ecosystems services, global financial crisis and other response strategies,etc.;
v. popularise the concepts of socialisation of Scientific and Technological Research (STR)
in Africa;
vi. popularise the need for building Responsible National Systems of Innovation as
bedrocks for STI development in African countries;vii. initiate process towards building framework for an innovation through enhancing
intellectual property rights and knowledge appropriation strategies in Africa;
viii. inform strategic inter-ministerial, trans-disciplinary, inter-sectoral, and international
collaboration and knowledge sharing in addressing the challenges of low investment in
STI in Africa and its implications for achieving the MDGs; andix. launch the following on-going STI response actions by the ATPS and its partners,
including:a. the Biennial Report on STI in Africa
b. The African Manifesto for Science Technology and Innovationc. The Climate Change Innovation Award
1.4 Expected Outcomes
The following outcomes were expected to emerge from the conference and workshop:
i. A clear understanding of the current state of STI in Africa, including the existing gaps
and the way forward towards realizing the MDGs by relevant stakeholders.
ii. A clear understanding of the roles of relevant stakeholders in ensuring that an enduring
development is achieved in Africa through STI.

Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 13

iii. The formation of key STI stakeholder network across Africa that could support
development initiatives in the sector from among the policy makers, science experts,
private sectors and the civil society.
iv. Launching of the initiative on Biennial Report on STI in Africa, The African Manifesto
for STI and the Climate Change Innovation Challenge.
v. A peer reviewed conference proceedings published as a book.
1.5 Conference and Workshop Methodology
The conference and workshop lasted for 5 days and adopted a dynamic participatory process
which encouraged networking activities, knowledge circulation and collaborative strategicplanning. It took the following formats:> Plenary Sessions: This involved keynote speeches by selected international experts inthe different thematic areas, followed by facilitated brainstorming sessions to fillknowledge gaps and address questions arising;> Facilitated Parallel Breakout Sessions: This involved presentations by invited
participants based on the conference sub-themes and ATPS strategic activity lines;> Plenary Participatory Dialogue: This involved participatory discussions aimed atframing common response strategies; research and policy priorities and way forward forrealizing Africa's development through STI.
1.6 Venue and Date of the Conference and Workshop
The ATPS 2010 Annual Conference and Workshop was held at the Conrad Hilton Hotel,
Cairo, Egypt from 25 – 30 November 2010.
1.7 Supports for the Conference and Workshop
The 2010 Annual Conference and Workshop was organized by the ATPS in collaboration
with the Academy for International Development – Middle East (AID- ME).

14 | Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS

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2.1 Opening remarks by Ms. Manal Samra, ATPS Focal Point Coordinator for the
Egypt Chapter
The opening session of the event had kicked off by 9:25 hours withwelcoming remarks by Ms. Manal Samra, ATPS Focal Point
Coordinator for the Egypt Chapter. Ms. Samra welcomed all thedelegates to the meeting on behalf of other ATPS national chapter
coordinators, AID- ME, and the local organizing committee
members in Egypt and from the Secretariat in Nairobi. She reflectedon her journey with the ATPS as that of a development initiative tobridge the gap between Egypt and the rest of Africa. She specificallythanked the ATPS for playing the leading role in Science,
Technology and Innovation (STI) for sustainable African
development through their networks in 29 African countries and in Diaspora and also inengaging relevant stakeholders including the policymakers, private sector actors, science
experts and the civil society groups towards the achievement of sustainable development in
Africa. She concluded by inviting all delegates to share with each other the vast experiences,knowledge and expertise that each had brought to the meeting so as to develop an appropriate
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way forward towards the attainment of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Africa
through STI development. The session was chaired by Prof. Maged El-Sherbiny, President
Academy of Scientific Research and Technology and Assistant Minister for Scientific
Research in Egypt who also represented the Egyptian Government during the occasion.
2.2 Remarks by Mr. Marsden Momanyi, Chair, Executive Conference Organizing
Committee (ECOC)
The Chair of the conference organizing committee, Mr. Marsden
Momanyi welcomed the delegates to the conference. He emphasized
the reason for the choice of Egypt as a venue for the conference andworkshop tracing the origin of STI development to Egypt. He
reminded delegates that ATPS is a multidisciplinary network ofscientists, researchers, civil society actors, private sector actors andpolicymakers, thereby conferring on each delegate present at theconference a stakeholder role at the ATPS. He thanked the membersof the conference organizing committee especially the localorganizing committee members in Egypt for their commitment andhard work in organizing the 2010 ATPS Annual conference and workshop. He also thanked
the ATPS management, the Board and Chair of the Board, Prof. Sam Wangwe for theircommitment and support for ATPS matters and events. He described his role in theconference as not only that of the Chair, ECOC, but also as the Coordinator of the African
Youth Forum for Science and Technology (AYFST) and an Acting Senior Communication
Officer at the ATPS. He encouraged delegates to register properly for the conference andobtain the conference package.
2.3 Remarks by Dr. George Essegbey, Director, STEPRI-CSIR, Accra, Ghana andrepresentative of the National Chapter Regional Council
Dr. George Essegbey, on behalf of the National Chapter Regional
Council members, welcomed the delegates to the conference andworkshop and expressed his satisfaction for the choice of Egypt as
the venue for the 2010 ATPS conference because civilization which ispart of STI started in Egypt citing the construction of the Egyptian
Pyramids as an example. He therefore traced the conference theme'STI development' as being in tune with the choice of Egypt as thevenue for the conference. He congratulated the ATPS Focal Point
Coordinator; Ms. Manal Samra and her team and the entire Egyptian
people for hosting the conference. He noted that the ATPS had
grown recently from strength to strength as is reflected in its increased membership, moreprograms and more chapters. He envisioned that the conference would come out with very
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 17

useful decisions and recommendations that will impact positively on ATPS' progress and the
network and also chart the way forward for the realization of MDGs in Africa through STI
development.
2.4 Remarks by Prof. Norah Olembo, Patron of the African Women Forum for
Science and Technology (AWFST)
Prof. Olembo, Patron of the African Women Forum for Science andTechnology (AWFST) welcomed the delegates and thanked the
Egyptian Chapter and the ATPS for providing such a comfortablevenue for the conference and especially for women delegates forattending the conference. She demanded applause for the women
present from the audience and this was given to them. Prof. Olembo
reiterated the decision to strengthen the role of women in STI which
had been emphasized during the Abuja conference in 2009 stressingthat women needed to rise up and hold hands with their malecounterparts and move STI development forward for the benefit of
the African people. She expressed satisfaction with the venue of the meeting noting that it ishistoric for the ATPS and its stakeholders and enjoined delegates to take advantage of their
participation to explore the beauty and historic places in Egypt. She further expressed delightwith the large turnout of delegates for the conference noting that this would create good
opportunity to discuss the state of STI in Africa and it's implication for achieving the MDGs.
She noted that STI development in Africa is growing, laying emphasis on the relaxation of
opposition to the genetically modified products in Africa. She said that this will create
enabling environment to fast track STI development in the area to be able to reduce hunger
and malnutrition in the continent. She gave an example of Kenya where GM cotton iscurrently being grown by farmers while maize and other crops are in the pipeline. She
remarked that the STI development in Africa is beginning to bear fruit though more efforts
are needed to realize a sustainable feat. She further noted that we needed appropriate laws andinfrastructure to effectively and efficiently develop STI in Africa.
2.5 Remarks by Prof. Agnes Mwangombe, Chair, African Women Forum for Scienceand Technology and ATPS Board member
Prof. Agnes Mwangombe, Chair, AWFST and an ATPS Board
member welcomed the delegates on behalf of AWFST and thanked
Ms. Manal Samra, ATPS Focal Point Coordinator in Egypt and her
LOC members for ensuring that the conference was held in Egypt.
She pointed out that AWFST was launched in July 2009 in Mombasa
and had successfully organized a conference in Ghana in 2010. She
noted that the conference afforded the Forum to map out strategies
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and initiatives to embark on under the ATPS umbrella. She cited the development of theForum's Fliers, development of WE CAN Program and upgrading of the Forum's website as
examples of their current efforts. She encouraged all women to register as members andemphasized that membership spread across countries where ATPS has its presence including
the Diaspora Chapters in USA and Europe. She emphasized the Forum's commitments tocontinue to contribute towards Africa's development in STI using both in-house andDiaspora expertise and skills.
2.6 Remarks by Mr. Tennyson Magombo, Chair, African Youth Forum for Scienceand Technology (AYFST)
Mr. Tennyson Magombo, Chair of the African Youth Forum for
Science and Technology (AYFST) welcomed delegates to theconference on behalf of the AYFST. He emphasized the potentials
of African youths for STI development. He maintained that youths
in Africa are passionate to free its people from hunger, poverty,
diseases and other problems bugging the continent. He especiallythanked his fellow youths and especially their mentors who attended
the conference for their steadfastness in African development
initiatives through youth programs. He likened the African youths
and their potentials to the story of a farmer who was rearing chicken,
and then one day found the egg of an eagle in the bush.
The farmer took the egg and mixed it with the chicken eggs that were being brood. When theeggs hatched, the chicks came out and the little eagle also came out. The little eagle grew up
among the chicks and could do everything the chicks did. This little eagle could eat grains,
could run up and down just as the chicks. Then one day the farmer felt so sorry for the little
eagle because he knew that this is an eagle and not a chick, so he picked the eagle and told theeagle 'you are an eagle you can fly'. The farmer then threw it up in the air but the eagle failed to
fly because it had not been trained on how to fly even though it could fly. The farmer felt sorry
and took the eagle again another day, threw it in the air, the eagle tried to flap its wings a bit but
fell on the ground again. The farmer nearly cried and he spoke so strongly to this little eagle
and said 'you are an eagle you can fly'. The third time he threw it in the air and the eagle tried toflap the wings and then the eagle realized that it could fly and then it flew away. It then realizedthat it was not a grain eagle but a fish eagle.
Mr. Magombo noted that the potential to fly was in the little eagle but it could only realize itafter several trials and mentorship by the farmer. He noted that this is the case of the African
youth today stating that there is a lot of potential in the youth.

Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 19

“There is need for the youths to realize the potential that is within them. But there is also need for ourmentors to build the capacity of the youths to realize their potential. African youths comprise a huge poolof talent and energy that is currently not being fully exploited. Given the opportunity, the African youth
can be an important driver of change. They have the potential to lift the continent out of poverty. I take
ATPS as a farmer in my story, who is telling the youths in Africa that there is potential in you. As Dr.
Kevin Urama, Executive Director ATPS usually puts it, 'youths are the powers of Africa' and the
AYFST strongly believes that we are the powers of Africa indeed”.
Mr. Magombo further emphasized that Africa cannot develop without the youths. In
recognition of that, he noted that the ATPS has done well in building the capacity of the youth
through various programs under STI policy research and policy implementation. He cited
example in 2005 when ATPS in collaboration with CTA, The Netherlands initiated theformation of African Youth Forum for Science and Technology (AYFST) which waslaunched in Ghana. Since then, AYFST has provided a youthful platform for young African
professionals to build capacity in science, technology and innovation policy research, policy
dialogue and policy safe practice. Also in July 2009, ATPS launched a youth innovation
challenge program dubbed WHY I CAN designed to build a culture of innovation amongpeople in Africa by promoting innovation through targeted collaboration partnerships withresearchers, private sector actors and policy makers. Other programs aimed at the youth are
the Youth internship and post-graduation fellowship program, integrated leadership andapprenticeship training, and the integrated peer to peer collaboration. Emphases are laid on
agriculture, health and environment, which include climate change and sustainable
management of eco-system services under the different youth programs.
Mr. Magombo concluded his remarks with a quote from Martin Luther King which states that
“we begin to die the moment we stop to do something about the things that matter.” As youthin Africa, we realize that the moment we stop doing anything, then that is the beginning of ourdying. So we will not stop, we will fight on. He also gave another quote from John F. Kennedy
which states that “If our free society cannot save many who are poor, then it cannot save a few
who are rich.'' In the same vein, if our science, technology and innovation cannot save many
who are poor in Africa, then it cannot save a few who are rich. There is need for Africa to comeup with appropriate technologies that can be translated into development projects and change
lives of many Africans. This is our challenge and as the youth, we will not sleep nor give up
until we see a new Africa free from hunger, poverty and diseases. Africa as a continent needs
action to build the capacity of the youth today for Africa's sustainable development tomorrow.
ATPS is committed to do that but needs government and donor supports at various levels.
This is our (youth) call to conscience and action.

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2.7 Remarks by Mr. Diran Onifade, Chair, African Federation of Science
Journalists (AFSJ)
Mr. Onifade, Chair of the African Federation of Science Journalists(AFSJ) welcomed delegates on behalf of the AFSJ. He appreciatedthe style of ATPS in recognizing the Journalists in the mainstream of
events and emphasized the need to continuously communicate STI
information to targeted audience using appropriate channels. He
noted that before then, journalists were not involved in themainstream of events but would be required to communicate
credible news to the public. This became difficult as many journalists
did not meet up to this because they were not involved ab initio in themainstream of events. He commended the ATPS for leading thischange of getting journalists involved in key issues like STI for African development.
According to him, “this is a whole lot of progress that ATPS has thought it fit that we(journalists) should be on the high table and will participate in every event during thisconference and workshop. I say this is a whole lot progress, because even we journalists areworried on how much of science gets to the end users, to the industry, to the man on the street
whose attitude needs to change as a result of science, technology and innovation
development. I would say very little of this because the media as the medium in between does
not get carried along. Now that this is happening, I think things will change towards themillennium”. He concluded by emphasizing that journalists also need a lot of mentoring andtraining to be able to appreciate and communicate STI effectively for overall African
development.
2.8 Remarks by Mr. Rhett Bowlin, Director, Higher Education Programs, OpenSociety Foundation (OSF)
Mr. Rhett Bowlin, Director of Higher Education Programs at theOpen Society Foundation (OSF) formerly Open Society Institute(OSI) welcomed the delegates and stressed the fact that ATPS is on
track in promoting STI today for Africa's sustainable development
tomorrow. He emphasized OSF's commitment in building climatechange adaptation capacity in Africa which the ATPS has keyed into
to take forward.
This point of convergence will enable OSF learn more about Africa
and what it can offer for climate change adaptation capacity. He
remarked that the Executive Director of ATPS, Dr. Kevin Urama is on the Advisory Board of
OSF thereby affording ATPS the opportunity to participate in many programs of theFoundation.
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 21

2.9 Remarks by Susan Schneegans, Editor, UNESCO Science Report, 2010
Susan Schneegans of UNESCO Paris and Editor UNESCO Science
Report 2010 welcomed the delegates and expressed her happinesstowards the invitation extended to her by ATPS to attend theconference. She noted that she would be presenting the UNESCO
Science Report 2010 which had been launched earlier in November
2010 in Paris during the conference. She pointed out that the
document is a status Report that comes out every five years with full
information on the state of STI during the five year period across theglobe. She was happy to inform the delegates that the first two
authors of the sub-Saharan African Chapter are from the ATPS
namely; Dr. Kevin Urama and Dr. Nicholas Ozor. The other co-authors are Ousmane Kaneand Mohammed Hassan. She concluded by stating that she would also be speaking about thehighlights on North Africa as contained in the Report later during the conference.
2.10

Remarks by Dr. Kevin Urama, Executive Director, ATPSThe Executive Director of ATPS, Dr. Kevin Urama welcomeddelegates to the unique conference and workshop in Egypt aimed at
discussing the future of science, technology and innovation in
Africa. He emphasized the need for regional integration especially inthe movement of Africans within the continent to be able to engage
in the business of developing the continent. He regretted thatcurrently some African countries pose enormous barriers to freemovements of Africans into their countries and decried this as abane for African development and charged delegates to come up
with solutions to this problem during the conference. He remarked
that in the workshop, not talk shop, we aim to chart the way forward for STI development by
Africans and for Africa, a kind of development that is home-grown taking into account thepeculiarities of the African continent.
He thanked ATPS partner in Egypt, the LOC and AID-ME in particular for hosting theconference and for their numerous support especially in aiding the entry visas of delegates to
Egypt for the conference and workshop. He extended his sincere appreciation to the
Egyptian Government led by Prof. Maged El-Sherbiny, the President of Academy of
Scientific Research and Technology and Assistant Minister for Scientific Research; Prof.
Samuel Wangwe, Chair of the ATPS Board; Prof. Peter Ongo Alogo representative of the
Nigerian Government; representatives of the ministries of science and technology fromdifferent countries present at the meeting; other Board members of the ATPS, distinguishedmembers of the press; and other categories of ATPS stakeholders present at the meeting.
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Dr. Urama reiterated ATPS' belief in Africa's sustainable development through STI.
According to him, we should be eager to be part of solution providers rather than continuing
to lament on our numerous problems and challenges. A case example is the ATPS efforts inthe development of the African Manifesto for STI which would be launched during theconference. He noted that Africa needs robust science, technology and innovation base inorder to move forward in development. By this, we need to better understand our strengths,
weaknesses and opportunities and synthesize them in order to make sure that we better define
our science and technology, better govern them, harness them, implement them, monitor andalso evaluate them. ATPS as you know is a multi-disciplinary network and we pride ourselveswith working with the quadruple helix including the policy makers also the private sector, thescience experts and the civil society in knowledge brokerage, capacity building, knowledge
generation and also utilization of science, technology and innovation for addressing the day to
day problems of the Africans. He felt pleased and confident that the full representation of
relevant stakeholders in the meeting will add tremendous value in charting a proactive way
forward in sustaining African development through STI. This would be achieved through aclear understanding of what each delegate needed to do at the end of the conference tocontribute to this mission. Dr. Urama particularly implored the African Union Commission
and the African Ministerial Council on Science and Technology (AMCOST), which is chairedby Egypt, and all the other regional bodies to come forward with clear milestones on how torealise Africa's development through STI. He requested the Chair of the session who is also
the President of the Egyptian Academy of Sciences and Assistant Minister for Scientific
Research, Prof. Maged El-Sherbiny to facilitate the institutionalization of the ATPS in the
Ministry of Science and Technology in Egypt.
Dr. Urama maintained that the 2010 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop will not just be
another conference stressing on the need for delegates to come out with practical solutions
that will help Africa to develop through STI. He gave an analogy of an editorial captioned“Give me a conference of achievement.” In this editorial, the author Mr. Vesin likened therepeated self-flagellation that we have in Africa's conferences to lecturing a poor person on
the state of his or her poverty and telling him or her that poverty is not a good state to be in.
The author wondered, “Do you really need to tell him or her? Do you feel what he feels?
Would it not have been better to show him a way out?” A few people, Dr. Urama noted, will
not point out the tremendous achievements that Africa has made in the most difficult
circumstances of its development struggle. They present charts and charts of poverty, tones
and millions and billions of people living under one dollar a day and leave to proffer solutions.
The author of the editorial further argues, “Do all these harsh critics of Africa have any
solutions to offer? 'Enough' he says, with meaningless conferences of despair. Give me
conferences where successful people can show me how to succeed and I will walk many miles
to attend.” Dr. Urama further expressed that he could not agree more with the author of theProceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 23

editorial pointing out that the ATPS believes that Africa can come out of poverty and it can
only do that through scientific, technological and innovation capacity building. ATPS believes
that Africa can achieve the Millennium Development Goals and it can only do that throughSTI. He emphasized that increasingly, the measure of a nation's wealth will depend on theknowledge it accrues and how it applies it, rather than the resources it controls. Otherwise
Africa would have been the America of the world today. The land mass we have can swallow
the whole of Europe and South America.
The natural resources we have are enormous and actually powered the Industrial revolutionsof the 18th century. But where are we? It is my firm belief that the reason is that we do nothave enough critical mass of home-grown scientific, technological and innovation capacity inthe continent to be able to harness, use and nurture these resources in order to ensure value
addition to what we have.
He lamented that what we do in Africa is to engage in primary exports where we sell our
primary resources for few dollars per tonne and buy the value added processed ones atthousands of dollars a tonne. We cannot continue that way. This is why we are now here tonegotiate and try to chart a way forward to come out of this quagmire that has withheld theresource cost in economics. The challenge is therefore, for us to engage individually and makesure that we provide solutions. Let us be part of the solutions in charting the way forward andforget the litany of problems that we all know too well or should I say, that is sometimes
orchestrated to inform the dependency syndrome that has ailed Africa for a long time. It is in
this direction that ATPS and its partners are launching the African Manifesto for Science,
Technology and Innovation.
The manifesto, which is a sister product to another manifesto for India and also a global
manifesto that was done by a Research Center launched at the Royal Society in London in July
2010, in all, are efforts to rethink in new directions and new pathways for innovation and forseeing the problems we have as challenges and opportunities for progress. He remarked that
if there were no problems, there would be no solutions and STI is knowledge used to solve
problems.
Ironically, the African Manifesto has been funded by the European Union not by African
governments. Only Nigeria has contributed funds to the activities for developing the
manifesto through different agencies that have worked on it. And then I ask myself thequestion. Can we really develop from outside? I don't have an answer. But I think after thismeeting, we may think of how to really engage in STI so that we can move forward in ourdevelopment struggle.

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He further noted that Africans must begin to build our scientific and technological training
capacity or we will remain an impoverished appendage to the global economy. Our time to act
is now. And the period for us to participate is now and on-going. The conference proceeding istherefore planned in a very participatory manner to make sure that your voices are heard. Your
dreams are articulated and the actions that you can do are documented and taken forward. We
would like to see that we unleash the power for STI entrepreneurship after this conference inyou, in me, in our countries, in the AU Commission, within our youths, within our women sothat we can think freely, think outside the box and become more trans-disciplinary in thinking,in order to be able to move Africa forward.
2.11

Remarks by Prof. Samuel Wangwe, Chair, ATPS Board
The Chair of ATPS Board of Directors, Prof. Samuel Wangwe
welcomed delegates to the conference and expressed his
appreciation of the cream of STI actors that attended theconference. He thanked the LOC and ATPS Secretariat for a wellorganized conference and workshop which had drawn expertisefrom a well-balanced stakeholder group, gender and discipline. He
noted that the diversity of delegates will enhance the discussions on
how to improve African development through STI.

He reflected on his 25 years' experience as a researcher, policymaker,
politician and private sector actor which has proved that science, technology and innovation
underpin development initiatives of any sector or in any country.
He cited an example of his role in ensuring that a party's manifesto in Tanzania contained
issues of science, technology and innovation as a basis for ensuring sustainable developmentin the country. He challenged delegates to ensure proper representation of STI issues in theirrespective institutions, organisations, countries and regions as the case may be.
Prof. Wangwe observed that Africa had been ahead during the early civilization period which
was led by Egypt as evidenced by so many writings, blacksmithing and constructions but
lamented that we had now been overtaken because our colleagues over there (referring to theNorth) have invested tremendously in STI development. However, he expressed optimismthat Africa will still meet up with STI development and be able to lead again because we havedone it before. This he said will however require commitments and actions by every Africanand especially our governments. He suggested that we should be good learners and listeners to
be able to acquire knowledge and communicate effectively especially by sharing the uniqueinformation that each and every one of us in Africa has to offer.

Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 25

2.12

Remarks by Prof. Maged El-Sherbiny, President Academy of Scientific
Research and Technology and Assistant Minister for Scientific Research
In his welcoming remarks, the Chair of the session who was also
representing the Government of Egypt for the conference Prof.
Maged El-Sherbiny expressed delight on all the good words said
about Egypt by other delegates and demonstrated great pleasure in
seeing the calibre of delegates at the conference and workshop. He
reminded delegates of the six core subthemes of the conference
which border on; Governance of science, technology andinnovation in Africa; Investments in Research and Development(R&D) in Africa; STI indicators; STI and development in Africa;
Gender issues in STI; and Knowledge management and Intellectual
Property Rights (IPR) and STI development; stressing that they have been carefully selected.
He further gave brief remarks on each of the sub-themes.
Talking about the first subtheme on the governance of science, technology and innovation in
Africa Prof. Maged informed delegates that the African Ministerial Council for Science andTechnology (AMCOST) which Egypt currently chairs has supported the development ofAfrica's Consolidated Plan of Action (CPA) to drive STI development in the continent. He
expressed desire that the outcomes from the conference and workshop will be useful to Egypt
and for the implementation of the CPA. He hoped that all stakeholders including NGOs,
researchers and governments have roles to play in the scientific and technologicaldevelopment of Africa.
On STI investment, Prof. Maged noted that the overall investment on research anddevelopment in Africa is very low stating that it had forced many nations to seek forcollaborations and partnerships with donors to be able to realize meaningful progress inresearch and development (R&D) initiatives in Africa. According to him, countries in Africa
are now putting more and more money every year, even though we still lie between 0.1% 1.5% of the GDP. He maintained that the African heads of states have pledged to move up to
2% of GDP in R&D investment but this has not been realized so far.
Talking about Science and Technology indicators, Prof. Maged noted that the New
Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) which is the technical arm of the African
Union (AU) has been working very hard in partnerships with UNESCO and other multilateralorganizations to produce the Science and Technology indicators for Africa. About 19 Africancountries have already signed in for this and this is a very important step forward.
On science and technology innovation development in Africa, Prof. Maged remarked that a
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current initiative called African Network for Drug Diagnostic Innovation (ANDI) which wasdeveloped in Nigeria is already flourishing across other African countries. ANDI is a networkfor drug innovation and diagnostics. Another initiative called GLORIA is on-going in Egypt.
GLORIA is a network with high broadband, high speed, 1 GB per second, and soon it will be
10 GB per second while efforts are in place to increase the broadband to 40 GB per second so
as to be able to penetrate all African countries. This network is for education and science.
On gender and STI, Prof Maged noted that youth and women for science are very important
issues. He assured delegates of the various levels of supports given to youth and womencurrently by African governments. He also felt pleased with the level of participation, desire
and commitments to science and technology by youth and women as shown during the ATPS
conference.
Lastly, Prof. Maged expressed the relative importance of knowledge management andIntellectual Property Rights (IPR) for STI development in Africa emphasizing that the media
for example has contributed in knowledge management on issues of STI by sharing
information with the public. The most important thing is not only for the leadership of thepolitical agenda to be supportive of science and technology innovation but as well as the
public. He remarked that the Intellectual Property and enormous knowledge of our people
need to be conserved through close working relationship with regional and internationalorganizations and patent office including, ARIPO, WIPO as well as PIPO - a new pan-Africanorganization being currently established.
Finally, Prof. Maged called on delegates to utilize the opportunity of their being in Egypt tovisit the historic and cultural places in Egypt and enjoy their stay not only for science andtechnology innovation but also for culture and society as well as experiencing the friendlinessof the people. He once again thanked the organizers of the conference and workshop for their
excellent planning of the event.
With those remarks, Prof. Maged formally declared the conference and workshop open andlaunched the Egypt Chapter of ATPS. He expressed his sincere happiness and the Egyptian
Government's willingness to collaborate with the ATPS in promoting STI today for African
development tomorrow and pledged their full support for ATPS Programs.

aProceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 27

2.13
Keynote Address:
Sustainable Development, Education, Research and Innovation: Vision forKnowledge Economy - The Case of Egypt by Prof. Maged El-Sherbiny, President
Academy of Scientific Research and Technology and Assistant Minister for Scientific
Research
With about 78 million people, more than 17 million students and about 100,000 researchers,
Egypt is located in the heart of the Middle East linking Africa with Asia and one of every four
Arabs is an Egyptian. Egypt is part of the Arab world, part of Africa, and also part of theMediterranean hence placing the country in an advantageous position over many others.
Egypt plays a very crucial role as a hub for science, technology and innovation around theregions that it belongs to and progresses towards the knowledge economy. It targets an annual
economic growth of at least 8-9% to sustain its development and considers Science &Technology as a vehicle to transform its economy.

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To achieve this, Egypt adopts the 4P concept of publications, patents, prototypes andproducts often referred to as the complete cycle of science and technology (fig 1).

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“4P’s” Concept
Indirect Experience Gained ThroughInternational Cooperation

Direct Impact ofInternational Cooperation

Knowledge Based
EconomyProducts
Prototypes

S&T Role in
Knowledege Based
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Publications
Scientific Research

Current Status of
Scientific Research

S&T Research Not Involving
International Cooperation

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Figure 1: The Egypt 4P Concept of Education, Research and Innovation

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The target is to reach at the top of the pyramid where knowledge economy will be achieved.
To achieve this, there is need for direct and indirect experience from international
cooperation. An investment plan of 3.5 billion Egyptian pounds is required to realize themovement to the top of the pyramid. More so, a major restructuring of STI governance andpolitical goodwill is required to strengthen the country's initiatives on STI development.

4

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Through political goodwill, the High Council for Science and Technology (HCST) wasestablished to champion STI issues in Egypt. The Council is presided over by the Prime
Minister and is made up of eight other ministers related to STI issues, six eminent scientistsone of whom is a Nobel Laureate, and civil society actors. The Science and Technology
Development Fund (STDF) of the Council coordinates 362 research institutes in Egypt who
host 98,000 researchers serving the whole 78 million Egyptian communities.
The Egyptian STI Plan of Action therefore dwells on 6 major platforms including:
1) Re-Structuring of Science and Technology Governance.
2) National Initiative for Human Resources Development.
3) Priority National Projects.
4) Funding of Science and Technology.
5) National Initiative for Informal Education.
6) National Initiative for Innovation.
While the human resource development initiatives aim to:1) Expand the Critical Mass of Young Scientists
2) Encourage International Interactions “Science Decade”
3) Provide Mobility Grants
4) Encourage Brain Circulation
5) Institute Chairs of Excellence6) Support Capacity Development Packages

Dr. Ozor giving his
welcome remarks

On the other hand, the country's priority national domains include:
1) New and Renewable Energy through; new technology for wind turbines; innovative
concentrated solar power; photo-voltaic thin films with nanotechnology. By the year
2020 Egypt hopes to achieve 20% of electricity supply from the renewable, cut down
emissions by 20% and also increase the efficiency of electricity by 20%. This needs hugeinvestments in renewable energy and will create a lot of job opportunities for the teeming
population of Egypt. We have about 720 megawatts being produced by wind and the planis that we reserve 700 square kilometres to be able to get at least 8 Gigawatts of energy.
2) Desalination and Water resources through; non-traditional water resources managementand desalination with renewable energy sources
3) Life Sciences through; combating hepatitis c virus disease and industrial biotechnology
and pharmaceutics
4) Food and Agriculture through; increasing yield of economic crops, e.g. rice andincreasing marine aqua-culture of fishes5) Space Technology, Remote Sensing and ICT through; earth observation and climatechange research and capacity building and super grid-computing and data mining
6) Social Sciences and Humanities.
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 29

In view of the above, Egypt's national objectives for green technology aims to:
1. Add some 8000 MW of electric capacity by 2020.
2. Maximize localization and creation of indigenous technologies compatible with local
conditions and needs.
3. Transform Egypt to be a hub not only for renewable energy industries and development,
but also as an exporter of electricity from renewables to the European grid.
4. Create a human resources pool of skilled personnel in manufacturing, constructing,operating and maintaining renewable energy facilities (job creation).
The funding of Egypt's STI is achieved through:1) Establishment of Science and Technology Development Fund (STDF).
2) International Cooperation Agreements.
3) Financial Programs and Venture Capital.
4) SBRI funding mechanism.
A survey of 3000 companies in Egypt working on innovation related businesses shows thatthe innovation rate in Egypt is about 18%. However, it is hoped that this will increase with thenumerous initiatives currently being put in place including; the center of excellence andindustry links; multi-disciplinary research efforts; Small and Medium Scale Enterprises andspin-off companies; industrial and technological parks; innovation funds (EU); and the 4P
initiative. In order to achieve innovation, consistent management of basic research to
production is important as can be seen in Fig. 2 below:
Basic
Research

AppliedResearch

Development

Production

Product
SamplePrototype
Product

Product

Mass
Production

SocialChange(Innovation)

Role of Industry
Role of University

SupportSupportSupportPromoting Technology transfer & Innovation

Creating Advance technology

Figure 2: Innovation Support Chain

Informal education is very important, because it helps the youth to understand science andapply it accordingly. In Egypt, the initiatives for informal education currently taking place are:1) Science and Math educational programs.
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2) Science and History Museum.
3) Marine and Oceanography Institutes.
4) Multi-Media Educational Programs.
5) Science Dissemination “ScienceBook”. The Sciencebook works in the same way like thepopular Facebook being used by over 95% of Egyptians.
Egypt launched the Science decade marking ten years of cooperation with different countries
in the area of science and technology development and this has facilitated the achievement of
set targets. For instance, in 2007, with Germany, Egypt established mechanisms of supporting
PhD students, funding the government projects and mobility among people. In 2008, westarted with Japan, and we ended up with what is called the EJUST. EJUST is Egyptian
Japanese University for Science and Technology and we are now receiving scholarships andthese scholarships are not only for Egyptians, but also for Arabs and other African countries.
This year (2010) we are working with France, and we are focusing on issues of spacetechnology, agriculture and archaeology. We hope that by next year it's going to be the USA,then China and the European Union. These partners will work with AMCOST to support theAfrican decade of science and technology.

dProceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 31

CONFERENCE
PLENARYPRESENTATIONS

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Session 1
Sub-themes on the State of STI in Africa

This session was chaired by Prof. Samuel Wangwe, the Chair ATPS Board of Directors.
Following is an overview of presentations made during the session.
3.1.1

Risk Governance of Science and Technology: Issues for the Developmentof Africa and Related Experiences in Europe by Prof. Wiebe E. Bijker,
Maastricht University, the Netherlands
If Africa takes the development of science and technology in its own
hands, as the African Manifesto for Science, Technology andInnovation argues for, how then can we avoid falling into the sametraps that Europe and the US frequently drop into? New
technologies such as biotechnology, genetic modification, medical
technologies, and nanotechnology pose difficult choices. How tochoose and balance the benefits and risks? This also poses dilemmas
to democracy: can we involve citizens and stakeholders, even if they
are no experts? Or should we hand over the governance of science
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 33

and technology to experts, and thus trade democracy for technocracy? These questions wereanswered in this paper.
It is basically argued that Africa should own its own science and technology, meaning that
Africa should develop a new form of science and technology. New doesn't mean that it will beanything less than what is done in the US or in Europe or in Asia, but it would be more. It
would be including indigenous knowledge, indigenous crafts and not in a traditional way, but
in a new and innovative and adaptive way. This boils down to arguing for science andtechnology that needs to be socialized, rooted, and embedded in Africa.
Science, technology and innovation underpin almost every aspect of human existence andtherefore optimizing the benefits of STI is an increasing priority for the governments and thepeople of Africa- the African Manifesto. To make this work, we need for science, technology
and innovation to be socialized into African society. The implication of that is that we need todevelop, you need to develop, and Africa needs to develop its own form of governance of
science, technology and innovation. Good governance in Africa will mean that leaders needto draw lessons from other countries that have developed good governance structures in STI.
It is important to realise that this is not just political correctness. Actually science andtechnology governance in Europe and US is also in crisis and unfortunately, there are no quick
fixes. It would therefore be rather pedantic, if not foolish for any European to come to Africa
and try to tell Africa how to govern science and technology. Actually I look forward to African
forms of governance of science and technology that Europe may learn from. The personal
point is that I think most if not all democracies in the world still are based on the 19th
Century-old and obscure constitutions. No wonder our constitutions do not have theinstruments to properly deal with 21st Century science and technology. This is the challenge.
Two questions are critical in the global discussions of STI governance. Firstly, how can we
relate scientific expertise to politics? And secondly, how can we deal with knowledge that is
not scientifically certain? The first point can be explained by reviewing the specific role thatscientist may play; but we are getting into an era where science does not have all the answers tohuman problems. Stakeholders including farmers, scientists, etc. have roles to play in ensuring
successful application and use of STI. In the Netherlands, a committee of 15 scientists
charged with the mandate of identifying bio-technology trends for the next 10 years andsocietal dialogue in the Netherlands on Nano-technologies were able to argue that a bio-based
economy was imminent pointing out the need for huge government investments on theinitiative and the usage of waste products as raw materials for industrial production. This
formed the core recommendation that the committee submitted to the Dutch Government.
However, the committee formulated dilemmas in such a way that the government would pushin the direction that they really wanted. This was a good strategy.
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Experience shows that the use of scientific advisory committees, when properly organized,
brings scientific expertise to politics, politicians and the policymakers. It is therefore crucial to
combine the potentials of different disciplines in a trans-disciplinary approach including
natural science, social science, humanities, arts, engineering, etc. in order to solve problems.
There is need to embrace current technologies such as Nano-technology and understand thepeculiarities and risks inherent with it and how to tap from its potentials for development
rather than ignore it completely. The risk of such technologies is uncertain and need to be
deciphered by trans-disciplinary teams of stakeholders with support from governments. We
need stakeholders who can help to balance the benefits and the costs and together with thosestakeholders, we must organize some form of debate that feeds into politics. But there are
crucial problems where it is not even clear where society wants to move. In case of toxicity,that is clear, we do not want toxic materials in our society.
In the case of proto and human enhancement, we do not even know where we want to go. A
memory implant in the brain might be good but there are lots of people who think thattinkering with the human identity, the human brain is a straight offence of the creation ofGod, so it is the last thing one should do. These are big issues and big risks that require STI
governance to provide direction to. It requires champions to also advice governments so thatthe interests of the people are met even as development targets are also realized.
In conclusion, it is important to note that if scientific expertise is to be brought to politics,
politicians and policymakers, there is need to assure the scientific quality of the product,
process or service so as to meet highest standards that will be respected by the society. There isneed to provide 'serviceable truth' which is referred to as scientific knowledge tuned to policy
making. Again, there is need for requisite institutions such as the US Academies of Science or
Health Council of the Netherlands to take forward the initiatives.
On the other hand, democracy can deal with uncertain science through the recognition of thespectrum of risk situations; participation of plurality of expertise, depending on risk
situation; experimentations with democracy involving stakeholders, citizens, etc., and benefit
from diversity of expertise. Finally, if Africa is to develop, own, own up to its African science,technology and innovation, then it also needs to develop new institutions and styles of
democratic governance of STI.

The Rt. Hon. Edward K.
Ssekandi giving his
opening address

Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 35

3.1.2

Investments in Research and Development in Africa by Dr. George
Owusu Essegbey, Director, CSIR-STEPRI, Ghana
During the beginning of the millennium, the United Nations
decided to commit themselves to setting goals and specific targets
for human developments. In about the middle of the decade they
constituted a task force to look at the specific role of science,technology and innovation. The report that came out was veryemphatic, that for the Millennium Development Goals to beattained, we cannot but have a framework of action that places
science, technology and innovation at the center of the development
process. This led to the establishment of the African Science &Technology Consolidated Plan of Action which all our people arecommitted to. In the document, it was stated clearly that knowledge production is really about
the product of science … the generation of scientific and technical knowledge about Africa's
problems and identification of specific ways to solve the problems. Technological innovation
ensures the generation of specific product processes and services. The paper provides ananalysis of the research and development investments that we are carrying out on the various
countries in the continent. The critical actors in the system include the institutions andinstitutional linkages, and the environment as constituted by internal and external systems(Figure 3). The supply and demand sides of the system also enable one to understand thebasic features in analysing the R&D investments. Investment here will include technology
innovation generation, extension, adoption and creating the conditions for R&D to besustained.

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Partners

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Figure 3: The Critical Actors in the Innovation System
36 | Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS

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It is critical that in all the eight millennium development goals, Africa lags behind in one way or
the other in virtually all of them. This does not mean that we are not making progress because
evidence shows that some countries in Africa are striving, for example, to halve extreme
poverty and hunger.
Only Tunisia and South Africa spend around 1% of GDP on R&D (Figure 2). The next bestof African countries include Uganda, Botswana and Algeria expending between 0.7% and0.35% of GDP on R&D. Indeed, most of the Sub-Saharan African countries including
Nigeria, Zambia, Senegal and Ethiopia have R&D expenditures which are less than 0.5% ofGDP. The real issue of percentage GDP is not only about the level but also in terms of thequantum. The GDP of Sub-Saharan African countries are rather small with an average real
GDP per capita of only $1423.21 compared to that of the East Asian and Pacific countries of$3508.3. The industrialized countries have an average of $8656.1 (Ndulu et al, 2007). If
already the GDP is relatively small, a smaller proportion of that GDP compares poorly withthe proportions of other relatively larger GDPs. The investment in R&D has a direct
correlation with outputs and indicators of R&D. For example, whereas Korea has about 4,627
researchers per million populations, Cote d'Ivoire has about 66 researchers per million
populations. That perhaps sets the stage for the next output indicators. In terms ofcontribution to scientific knowledge, the African countries performed quite poorly. Korea
spills out about 18,467 S&T journal papers per 10,000 population whereas Ethiopia, forexample, spills out 148 S&T journal papers. Another important output is high-technology
exports.

1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4

LesothoSenegalBurkina Faso

Madagascar

Ethiopia

Egypt

Algeria

Botswana

Mauritius

UgandaMozambique

Sudan

MoroccoSouth Africa

Tunisia

0

DRC

0.2

Figure 4: R&D Expenditures of Selected African Countries. Source: World Development Indicators, 2010.

1

This is in 1996 PPP dollars
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 37

High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace,computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, electrical and other kinds of machinery.
Again, whereas countries such as Brazil, Korea and China show high-technology exports inseveral billions, countries such as Zambia, Ethiopia and Mali only show a few millions inexports coming from the few industries operating in the countries. If we critically examine
China's model of R&D investment, Africa could learn a lot from it. From the year 2000
China's R&D investment has increased tremendously and the bulk of the investment camefrom the private sectors. In 2000 for instance, the R&D expenditure coming from the private
sector was 59.9%, while in 2005, it grew up to 68.3%. The lesson to learn here is clear and thatis that there is need for private sector involvement in investing in R&D efforts in Africa. For
Singapore, the private sector in 1990 invested about 4.1% in R&D, but in 2004, the total
investment from the private sector in R&D expenditure had increased to 63.8%. Therefore,
Africa needs to strengthen its private sector to create greater research & development
investments growth if we are to see what we want to see, that is, achieve the 1% of GDP
investment in R&D and even more.
Applying the innovation system framework to analyse research & development investmentsshows that the challenge we have is to strengthen the roles of the critical actors in order toenhance R&D investments and capacity. The policy makers and leaders in governments drive
the business and priorities of the nation hence it is important that they be convinced first on
the need to address the challenge of investment in R&D. In an address to the National
Academy of Sciences of the USA in 2009 President Obama stated that “We will devote morethan 3% of our GDP to R&D, invest in basic and applied research, create new incentives forprivate innovation, promote breakthroughs in energy and medicine and improve education inmaths and science.” If African Presidents, the leadership of our nations, can catch this vision,
this dream, and run with it, we would not be discussing R&D investments below 0.5%. Ourscientists and researchers, in applying themselves to the scientific endeavours in their various
institutions will be able to make headway. The private sector needs to link up in the innovation
system to take up outputs from R&D. For this to happen, there need to be a favourable
environment enabled by the policymakers. We need to strengthen the internal environments
and take advantage of opportunities in the external environments and especially look at thetechnological advancements that are also in practice.
In conclusion, Africa's R&D investment lags behind the industrialized economies and Africa
needs to catch up. To catch up, we need to strengthen the roles of the critical actors and weneed to articulate clear vision for us to be able to do this. Institutions are key and we need tostrengthen those institutions. We need to create a conducive environment for this to happen
and address the challenge of building competitiveness in our various countries. When we dothat STI can be applied to address Africa's development challenges.
38 | Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS

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The Role of Youth in STI Development in Africa by Mohamed
Zarkani, Director, Young Innovators Awards Program, Egypt
In 2004, the Young Innovators Awards Program (YIAP) started amodernization initiative aimed at stimulating the culture of researchand development in Egypt. We went to public universities anddiscussed with the Deans of relevant faculties on the need to engage
their students in a competition to get funds for their graduation
projects. Through the cooperation of relevant university
personalities, the program now covers all the 18 public universities,
67 faculties of agriculture, engineering and science and funds about
500 graduation projects every year. The level of success was also dueto the efforts by some students who took the program forward by
doing good projects which now inspired other students to participate in the program. The
lesson to learn here is that the youth need a platform to be able to manifest their potentials.
There has been a fresh wave of enthusiasm and today is just another example of this wave tomark the eagerness by African scientists and policy makers to excel in STI. It is believed that
STI is an essential ingredient that promises to alleviate Africa from much turmoil. R&D itself
is an important bridge factor between too much consumerism and valuable production. It
involves nurturing of on-going know-how or its acquisition, and subsequent value addition
through the supply chain. Nurturing young scientists is a process that should be diligent andmeticulous so as to provide effective results. According to the African Development Bank,
40% of the African population is below the age of 15 years. Africa by far has the largest global
youthful population. This shows the manpower size and the potentials available if we canmobilize these youth and align them in the right direction, how beneficial this could be. In
Egypt for instance, there are approximately 2 million students enrolled in higher education.
Higher education is the first step for a young scientist that enables his or her personal
development. It is very important to nurture him/her at this level to make sure that he/shedevelops and takes the right steps towards his/her career.
The civil society on the other hand has not had a noble impact in Egypt for some time now.
There are about 24,000 NGOs in Egypt and only 50 or 60 of them actually do tangible things.
A lot of them were unfortunately involved in embezzlements and other not-so-noble courses
and it took quite a while before a few of them started making impacts in the society. No one
can disagree that NGOs are very effective in mobilizing youth and supporting them innurturing their initiatives to fruition. In Egypt, research development program, science andtechnology and development fund and social corporate development has a provision to
include youth in their overall agenda. YIAP through these initiatives conduct capacity building
lecture series for students especially to inculcate in them the need for research andProceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 39

development in the relevant fields of agriculture, engineering, science and technology. Other
areas of training are in intellectual property rights, commercialization of enterprises andopportunities provided by venture capital. After 7 years, we have around 5,000 students
graduating from the YIAP program and hence we have created a scientific community, acommunity we know of bright young leaders, and bright young scientists that can make adifference in the future. Members of the community continually share experiences andopportunities amongst themselves in a regular open dialogue seminars and workshops. Somebeneficiaries of the program have already established their own companies. YIAP has
achieved success through the partnerships it has brokered between the governments (in thiscase public universities), the privates sectors (mainly funders) and the civil society groups toencourage young graduates to become entrepreneurs. This model can also be replicated inother parts of Africa to support youth to participate in development of African nations.
Building Centers of Excellence in STI in African Universities: Lessons
from World Bank STEP B Project in Nigeria by Prof. Michael Adikwu,
National Project Coordinator, Science and Technology Education PostBasic Project (STEP B) the World Bank Nigeria.
No nation can succeed economically without a strong and solid
scientific educational base particularly in this era of knowledge
economy. The convergence of local and global factors ofdevelopment has engendered discussions on re-definition of thebasis for the development of nations, especially in the developingworld. Among the social stressors addressed by specialized units ofvarious international agencies and development partners and theirstakeholders are; disease, poverty, hunger, land degradation, global
climate change, regional and international conflicts, humanmigration, illiteracy, digital divide, environmental pollution, water
scarcity, energy insecurity and social inequity. To effectively tackle some of these stressors,
Nigeria is setting up centers of excellence based on the Generic and Incremental Value (GIV)model. Due to paucity of resources Nigeria obtained a credit facility from the World Bank tohelp in financing this system to establish Centers of Excellence under the World Bank STEPB Project. A center of excellence in this respect is a research program managed by an
institution, an advanced research institute, a network of institutions or operating
independently, typically in one geographic location and deemed by merit review to be of thehighest international quality in personnel, infrastructure and research output (Inter Academy
Council, 2004). Each center received up to USD7million and was selected through a meritbased process that also ensured that selected disciplines match national development
priorities. A 20 man-working Committee was set-up by the Minister for Education of theFederal Government of Nigeria and membership included Vice chancellors of universities;

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40 | Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS

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Rectors of polytechnics; Provosts of colleges of education; Executive secretaries ofregulatory agencies; Representatives of the private sector; Representatives of learned
societies; and Members of the STEP-B Project team. The documents used in the process
were; Centers of Excellence under the STEP-B project; In Retrospect and Future
Perspectives, by the STEP-B National Project Coordinator; STEP-B Project Synthesis
Report; STEP-B Draft Project Implementation Manual; STEP-B Project Appraisal
Document; while the GIV model acted as the point for triangulation - that is, as the reference
point.
Examples of activities and items that were considered for funding under a center of
excellence were:> the purchase of new, modern laboratory equipment;> light rehabilitation of essential laboratories (the construction of new facilities are notsupported);> cooperative international scientific projects with research teams outside Nigeria;> the installation of ICT, library media and related equipment;> training of staff for capacity building and management (technical middle and higher
level staff and technicians);> workshops, conferences, study tours;> research stipends for outstanding research fellows;> stipends for post-doctoral scholars to conduct research at the centers and;> awards to attract visiting professors from outside Nigeria to teach and conduct researchat the centers
Locations of Centers of Excellence: Specific examples of emerging Centers of Excellence
that qualified for funding include:> University-based centers.
> Polytechnic-based centers.
> Research agencies
Areas of National Priority for the establishment of the centers of excellence> Science, Technology, and Mathematics (STM) Education> Infectious and Zoonotic Diseases> Food Security Studies> Renewable Energy> Environmental Protection and Preservation> Software Engineering> Chemical Technology Development> Multimedia Technology and Cinematography
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 41

>>>Solid Minerals Research
Advanced Materials Science and Manufacturing
Biotechnology

Other miscellaneous considerations for the selection of a center of excellence
include:> Merit based selection> Monitoring and Evaluation: at least twice a year
> Guidelines for Funds Utilization> Infrastructure> Equipment and Materials> Postgraduate Development> Transport and Travelling including conference attendance> ICT equipment and training> Supplementary personnel cost
> Maintenance and miscellaneous expenditure> Consultancy services

>

>

>
>

>
>
>

Funds were disbursed to the centers at the ration of 25 %, 50% installments depending onneed and type of purchases. In order to sustain the project, other national bodies such as the
Education Trust Fund, Petroleum Technology Development Fund, etc., are participating in
the programme. Also, the centers aim to self-sustain themselves through thecommercialization of research results. A Center of Excellence Management Committee
exists for each center and also the private sector involvement is a prerequisite for funding eachcenter.
Eligibility Criteria
The approved basic documents for consideration of the award were: a strategic plan,
procurement tender proceedings/manual and audited account for the past three years;
evidence of cooperation with other institutions; explicit linkage to the strategic objectives of
the institution and STEP-B; recognition and/or support by relevant professional and or
private sector organization.
Selection Criteria> The proposals selected had to address local, regional, and/or national needs as defined in
the STEP-B report, NEEDS document, Science and Technology Policy, National Policy
on Education, etc.;> Human and institutional capacity and management including enhanced links withpartner institutions
42 | Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS

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Sound project plan demonstrating feasibility, sustainability, risk analysis, result
framework and short start-up period;
Track record of performance in the area of the activity, including a record ofcooperation with other institutions;
Appropriate physical facilities and communication network;
Transparent and accountable procurement, financial management and auditing
procedures;
Demonstrable benefits outside the realm of the specific institutions;
Availability of funding and other support from other source;Sound project plan demonstrating feasibility, sustainability, risk failure analysis,
result framework and short start-up period
Government/Public Institutions:
The Premise for Growth
Vision/Mission for a
Better Economy
Programmes/Projects

Resources Allocations:

Logic & Architecture:

Human Skills

Blueprint for
Capacity-building

Technology
Equipment

Sustainable Economic
Growth & Development

Information

Infrastructure &Resource identification
Areas of comparativeadvantages

Channels
Costs/Velocity

Relationship Building
among Institutions:
Private & Public
International NGOs
Local NGO
Diaspora

Figure 5:
The Generic
Incremental
Model (GIV)

Alliances/Partnerships
Foreign & Private Enterprises

Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 43

This model proposes a GIV (Generic and Incremental Value) framework with four distinct
and related phases. It provides a holistic view of the society and its needs, appropriate
institutional relationships to guide and manage resources (all factors of production); and thus
allows African nations and the continent as a whole to focus on its areas of comparativeadvantages. For instance, India invested early in technical education; Institutes ofInformation Technology initiated several decades ago have spawn major technologicaloperations such as out –sourcing in Bangalore which was made possible because of large,
cheap labor and English speaking advantage; China used technology transfer from the Soviet
Union coupled with massive human capital development. From 1953-1967, Chinatransferred a total of three hundred (300) industrial plants, a spectrum of Soviet technology,
and administrative techniques and skills needed for managing the modern technology.
Currently, China produces 350,000 engineers per year, fueling massive economic growth andglobal competitiveness. The same can be said of Korea and other emerging giants in Asia.
There is therefore an urgent need for a systematic and a master plan in Africa with capacity
building in engineering, technology, human resource training, and infrastructuraldevelopment.

Step-B Institute forEnergy Research
Step-B Professor
Ph.D Students
Post Doctoral Students
Local Advance Researchers
Foreign Advance Researchers

Step-B Institute for Environmental
Protection & Preservation
Step-B Professor
Ph.D Students
Post Doctoral Students
Local Advance Researchers
Foreign Advance Researchers

Step-B Institute for
Biotechnology
Step-B Professor
Ph.D Students
Post Doctoral Students
Local Advance Researchers
Foreign Advance Researchers

STEP-BCENTRAL
INSTITUTE

Step-B Institute forSoftware Engineering
Step-B Professor
Ph.D Students
Post Doctoral Students
Local Advance Researchers
Foreign Advance Researchers

Step-B Institute for
Chemical Research
Step-B Professor
Ph.D Students
Post Doctoral Students
Local Advance Researchers
Foreign Advance Researchers

Step-B Institute for Zoonotic& Infectious Diseases
Step-B Professor
Ph.D Students
Post Doctoral Students
Local Advance Researchers
Foreign Advance Researchers

Figure 6: The Structure of STEP-B Centers of Excellence

44 | Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS

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The institutes were created to represent the organogram (Figure 6). The STEP-B has eleven
Centers of Excellence some of which are represented in Figure 6. Professorial Chairs werecreated with STEP-B funds. The STEP-B professor is given a budget for running the instituteand he can take up to 15 PhD students and an additional 15 postdoctoral students. Over 70 %of PhD students who finish their studies from Nigerian universities should be able toautomatically access the centers for postdoctoral research in advanced areas. The rest 30 %must be sent overseas for their postdoctoral training with money from the Central Institute.
The institute should also attract other highly and internationally acclaimed professors andresearchers to assist the Chair of the institute.
Those attracted should be purely by patents and publications. To maintain quality, if this classof people cannot produce up to 5-10 accepted/published papers a year, they should
automatically be replaced. No institute should have more than 5 additional local staff. Their
duty should be to help in doctoral and postdoctoral supervision. The institute should
rigorously invite postdoctoral researchers from overseas as a matter of paramountimportance. In this arrangement, both capacity and a library of knowledge are expected to bebuilt and strengthened. Foreign researchers may be sought but this should be kept to thebarest minimum. For very thorny national problems foreign researchers must be brought tohelp local researchers and can be a postdoctoral researcher(s) who can be given up to three
years in Nigeria. By the time they leave, that problem should have been solved or insight into
the problem is gotten.
The model will assist Nigerian educational system to:> Internationalize Nigerian educational system> Produce high level manpower for the system> Check falling standard of education> Solve difficult national problems through research> Help Nigeria to meet the Millennium and Other Development Goals> Carry out researches that can be commercialized.
> Increase the volume of research and research output.
Conclusion and Recommendations
For rapid technological development, Africa must pay attention to capacity building with thenecessary entrepreneurial skills; training of high level manpower through the establishmentof postdoctoral research systems in areas of comparative advantage in terms of resources;building Science and Technology curriculum on materials that are abundant in the African
environment; establishing centers for the study of the history of African ideas because there isAfrican science that is not “African magic”.

Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 45

3.1.5Contributions of Africans in Diaspora to STI Development in Africa by Dr.
Anthony C. Ikeme, CEO, Clintriad Pharma Services, Extron, USA
There is no way any nation can develop without building capacity inscience and technology. Doing this requires not just training highly
skilled experts here in Africa, but also retaining them to improve on
their skills. According to Nelson Mandela, “to this day we continue
to lose the best among ourselves because the lights in the developed
world shine brighter”.

This does not in any way suggest that the people that are left in Africa
are not among the best, but the truth is that a good number of them
have not left because they have not found opportunity. There arequite a few that want to stay back, even with the attractive opportunities and offers available.
So why do they leave? The push and pull factors as shown in Table 1 explains why Africans
emigrate.
Table 1: The Push and Pull Factors that drive emigration of African Experts
Push Factors

Pull Factors> Poverty> Unemployment> Lack of opportunity> Bad governance- Hostile regime> Political instability/Conflicts- Ethnic conflicts> Greater opportunities> Higher salaries- Purchase Parity Pay for nurses in Australia or
Canada is 14x that in Ghana and 25x that in
Botswana> Higher Education/Professional career development> Higher standard of living> Family/Marriage> Immigration policies in OECD countries Favors
highly skilled workers (Education, Experience andProfession)- Canada: Skilled Workers Immigration Scheme- UK: Highly Skilled Migrant Program (HSMP)- USA: Employment-based Immigration Visa Scheme- Australia: General Skilled Migration (GSM) Visa

Data in Figure 7 shows the number of immigrants from selected African countries that wereadmitted in the United States of America in 2009. The data only shows the number that was
officially documented and only from the USA.

46 | Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS

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Nigeria

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Kenya

9,880

Sudan

3,577

Ethiopia 15,462

Morocco5,235

Liberia

3,695

Ghana

8,401

Somalia

13,390

Sierra Leone 2,687

Egypt

8,844

South Africa 3,175

15,253

Togo

1,680

Figure7: African Immigrants admitted in the US in 2009This number has been on the increase and the most saddening aspect is that majority of thoseleaving are among the best brains in the continent. The whole pattern of migration has led towhat we call today the Diaspora. Various people define the term Diaspora in many ways.
Essentially, Diaspora is talking about a community of people living outside their country oforigin or their region of origin; in this case we are looking at Africa as a whole. According toProf. Bolade Eyinla, Diaspora Africans are “people of African descent who trace their roots
back to Africa and have such attachments to the region”. The African Union Commission
described Diaspora Africans as “people of African origin living outside the continent,
irrespective of their citizenship and nationality and who are willing to contribute to thedevelopment of the continent and the building of the African Union”.
The concern is not just about people leaving the shores of Africa, but it is more worrying to
see the quality of those that are leaving. Data in tables 2 and 3 show the percentage
distribution of those that are leaving Africa and their quality respectively.
Table 2: Estimates of Brain drain from Africa
Estimates of the Brain Drain from Africa: Diaspora Concentration of Tertiary Educated Africans 2000
Percentage of Nationals with University Education Living Abroad>50

Cape Verde, The Gambia, Seychelles, Somalia

25 - 50

Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar
Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sao Tome & Principe, Sierra leone

5 - 25

Algeria, Benin, Burundi, Cote d’Ivoire, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Congo, DRC (formerly
Zaire), Djibouti, Ethiopia, Gabon, Guinea, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Morocco,
Rwanda, South Africa, Senegal, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda,
Zambia, Zimbabwe<5

Botswana, Lesotho, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Egypt, Libya, Namibia

Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 47

T

Table 3: Quality of brain drain from Africa to the US

Total Foreign Born (%)

African Born (%)

High School or Higher Degree

6286Well Integrated into the Labour Force

61

71

Unemployed

6.8

4.5

Less Likely

More Likely

Management/Professional Positions

From this perspective of emigration, it can be said that Africa loses and the developed
countries gains. On the other hand, Africa has also gained a lot through brain gain and brain
circulation. The latter had enabled Africans in Diaspora to obtain quality education and skills
for useful economic developments in their respective African countries. The Diaspora also
serves as brain banks as they become a very important resource for their country of origin.
Through their networks and the social capital they build, they are able to facilitate the flow ofknowledge back to their homeland. By virtue of their living in these foreign countries, they
improve their national reputation because they show the kind of skill that they have and theyshow that they actually have something to offer. However, this national reputation can also be
negative depending on what they do in the countries where they live.
The other school of thought talks of brain circulation. By this, the emigrants move back andforth from their countries of origin to the foreign land. They may own businesses in theircountry of origin or work in global firms hence may have some form of intra-company
transfers. Some also have dual citizenship and maintain residences in both their country oforigin and their country of residence.
On the remittances that come from the Diaspora, it is estimated that in sub Saharan Africa,
over 20 billion dollars was remitted in 2009. If you include North Africa for the same period,
it will come up to 32 billion dollars. This figure is argued to represent only 15% of the actual
remittances that come to Africa as others are transferred through other means that cannot be
documented. They invest their earnings back in their home country and a lot of Diaspora
communities are involved in community projects where they contribute to their homecountry. These contribute to the economic development of Africa. The different framings ofthe brain drain phenomenon can be summarized as in Table 4.

48 | Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS

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1. Brain Drain

2. Brain Bank

3. Brain Gain

4. Brain Circulation

Permanent movementof highly skilled
manpower from home
to host country

Accumulated reserveof highly skilled experts
in diaspora

Returnee:- enhanced skills- networks & contacts

Back & forth movement
between home & hostcountry

Dependency on foreign
expertise & technology

Willingness to contributeto the development intheir home country

Permanent resettlement
in home country

Intra-company transfers
in globalised firms

Avoids brain waste
Low capacity to absorb& utilize new technology

Virtual return of talentand skills

Short & long term
involvement in homecountries

Capacity to mobilise
resources within the hostcountries for the benefitof Africa

Capacity to mobilise oldcontacts, colleagues &classmates for the
benefit of Africa

Dual citizenship
Multiple residences

As far as Africa is concerned, the brain bank is not being tapped optimally for Africa because
no structure has been adequately put in to truly tap the Diaspora. The Diaspora is there but
their input into development in Africa is minimal. Likewise, brain gain is not happening fast or
put in another way, the rate of return of migrants does not sufficiently offset the brain drainthat is going on in Africa currently. It is not very clear also that the remittances that come fromthe Diaspora actually go towards science and technology. What is certain is that theremittances help in poverty alleviation to improve the circumstance of the family members at
the country of origin. For brain circulation, it is observed through multinational agency
transfers, but this cannot yet be compared to the brain drain. It can therefore be concluded,
the dominant impact of migration dynamic in Africa currently is brain drain. Because of thefact that the dominant impact or dynamics of migration for Africa is brain drain, the impact isvery obvious. Data on the world distribution of researchers show that Africa contributes only
2.2 percent to the world's researchers in 2007 and only 2 percent in 2008 to the world's
scientific publications. It contributes only 0.1 percent to the world's total patents filed(UNESCO World Science Report, 2010).
Ironically, “52% of highly skilled workers in the United States (with Ph.D. degrees andworking in science and engineering) are foreign born” (Freeman, 2005). So the question is
how much do poor countries contribute to the development of rich countries?
Other impacts of brain drain are:> Weakened capacity to absorb new technology> Poor research agenda> Loss of skills for development
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 49

>- Reduction of job and wealth creation capacity- Reduced capacity to absorb imported technology- Slowdown of research and technological innovations- Reduced Capacity for achieving MDG
Dependency on foreign expertise and technology- African countries spend an estimated US$4 billion every year to employ about 100,000
non-African expatriates

Implications of Brain Drain for Economic Development> Weakens capacity for Achieving MDG- STI Underpins every one of the MDGs
- Africa is the only continent where not a single country will meet all 8 MDGs
> 40% of SSA's population continues to live in extreme poverty- Nearly 300 million people> 34 out of 50 least developed nations in the world are in Africa> Underdeveloped Education Institutions> Over 50% of Nigeria's academic personnel work abroad> Comatose Healthcare Sector> 75% of all doctors in Ghana and Zimbabwe leave within a few years of completing
medical school> More Ethiopian doctors are practicing in Chicago than in Ethiopia> Low pace of Scientific & Technological Development
Now what is the way forward? How do we move this forward? The question is not where weare today. And the reason why we are here today is because we believe that we can dosomething about it. Borrowing a leaf from the Taiwan example on the role of Diaspora,
Africans in Diaspora can support a lot of development initiatives of their countries of origin.
Stressing further on the Taiwanese example, when the policymakers realized that there were a
lot of Taiwanese in Diaspora, engaged with them, started working with them to look at
potential policies that would help move Taiwan from where they were at that point to where
they wanted to be. Through this engagement, they started creating policies that would help togalvanize development of technology in their country.

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They started creating the infrastructure, the necessary policies, and upgrading universities intheir education system. They created the enabling environment that attracted their citizens in
Diaspora. Not just the Diaspora, the enabling environment also favored investments fromnon-Taiwanese. This led to the creation of the Hsinchu Science and Industrial Park in Taipei.
This made a lot of the Taiwanese move back from different places including the Silicon Valley
back to Taiwan and started building or creating companies within their own country and
50 | Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS

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employing a lot of people. Over 370 companies in semiconductor, computer,telecommunication, optoelectronics, etc. were created. In Wireless LAN, they actuallyachieved up to 85 percent of the global market in that field.
Every Diaspora will tell you, when they live in foreign land over time, some miss home, somejust want their country to do well because there is a national pride in seeing one's country do
well. Once they get to that point, all they want to do is to come back and contribute to their
homeland. But the question is; do we have the infrastructure? Are we prepared as a continent,
as a government? Are we ready to absorb and to tap into this resource? This is what has helped
Taiwan to get to where they are today.
What can African Diaspora do?
As Diaspora, Networks:> Create and sustain forums for STI knowledge generation, dissemination and uptake tothe benefit of African governments, institutions and STI practitioners at home
> Create a viable platform that will enable African governments and institutions to leverage
and appropriate the knowledge, skills, and expertise of Africans in Diaspora for thedevelopment of Africa.
> Facilitate the development of effective networks among science and technology based
Diaspora organizations which will enable them to enter into strategic alliances and initiate
joint development projects across countries in Africa.
> Build networks and facilitate partnerships with home based STI practitioners for circularflow of knowledge
As Professional Networks:> Form professional associations, support integration and professional advancement inforeign lands, e.g. NAPPSA, ANPA
> Helping immigrants find jobs, promotions and advancement within their industry> A source of skill, relationships, and learning the model for success from moreexperienced professionals> Could serve as conduit for channeling cutting edge knowledge to counterparts in theirhome country> Contribute towards the identification of priority development issues for Africa in theirprofessional sphere of operation
As Investment Networks:> Raise/mobilize funds for investment in Africa> Market opportunities for investment in STI initiatives in Africa> Use connections and influence to attract business and investment to Africa
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 51

As individuals:> Invest in home countries> Provide human and technical resources> Lobby governments, institutions and foundations to adopt and support STI initiatives> Representation in governance structures> Policy and technical advice> Direct participation in implementation by individuals and institutions
Finally, African Diaspora should not project an aura of superiority over home-based partners
because the home-based professionals have current knowledge of the terrain. Also, thehome-based STI practitioners should see their Diaspora counterparts as partners, notadversaries. The challenge for African governments is to reduce the rate of brain drain, tap
into the African brain bank in Diaspora, facilitate brain circulation, and increase brain gain.
While brain drain cannot be prevented, it can be managed to the mutual benefit of individuals,
sectors, and countries concerned.
3.2

Facilitated Discussions from previous presentations (Questions, Comments and Answers)
Questions

Answers

Comments

What is the importance of STI in
governance? How do we build strong
STI institutions in Africa?

There is opportunity for African
institutions to build institutions to drive
governance issues. ATPS has a role toplay in networking with relevant
stakeholders to achieve STI development

Politicians can change their ways if they
get pressure from major social groups inthe society

We should not negotiate on poverty andkeep peer review very high on theagenda. We will need to set own priorities
that is driven by need
What are the impediments to STI
investment in Africa?

There are limited resources andcompeting needs for resource allocation.
In this scenario, politicians tend toconcentrate on low hanging fruits rather
than long term investments

How can the role of the scientists bemainstreamed in the realization of thescientific and technological developmentof Africa?

Through networks and relationshipbuilding, scientists in Africa can identify
priority areas in their respective countries
for effective R&D.

There is need to understand what
science, technology and innovation meanin Africa and the indicators for measuring
achievements in the continent.

Science indicators are easy to measure
and can translate into an upgrade ofcountry’s status on STI development
It will be difficult to convince the Diaspora
Africans to return to their countries when
they know that the infrastructure andpolitical environments in their countries
are still not adequate to support the typeof contributions they want to make totheir countries.

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Questions

Answers

What influence does the ATPS have on
African governments? For instance, whatpower does ATPS have on African
governments to utilize what has been
done in Rio de Janeiro for a sustainable
development and the implementation of
the Agenda 21 which is a huge index of
how to fight poverty in developing
countries?

ATPS working with African
governments can influence decisions
that will yield success stories. This canthen be out-scaled to other countries
or at least form basis for influencing
other country governments who did
not adopt the strategy.

How can ATPS facilitate the support ofAfrican governments in creating enabling
environment for the private sectors andthe Diaspora Africans to contribute to thescientific and technological developmentof Africa?

Through policy advocacy,
networking and knowledge
brokerage, ATPS can facilitate theinvolvement of private sectors andthe Diaspora Africans in R&D efforts
in the continent.

Comments

ATPS should share success stories of
performing Chapters in Africa to beable to motivate others lagging behind.

Diaspora Africans can succeed insupporting Africa’s STI development
if there are effective partnerships
between people in the Diaspora andthe stakeholders at home.
The little publications in Africa do not
get to the market. This underscores
the role for private sector
involvements.
What are the investment priorities ofAfrican governments for research anddevelopment?

Remarkable efforts in terms of investment
have been made on agriculture and foodproduction in Africa.

How do we make the conference ‘aconference of achievements’ with results
and impacts?

By putting to practice all we havediscussed and agreed on during theconference.

Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 53

3.3
Session 2
Case Examples of Global STI Developments: Lessons for Africa
This session was chaired by Prof. Samuel Wangwe, the Chair ATPS Board of Directors.
Following is an overview of presentations made during the session.

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3.3.1 The State of STI in the Caribbean Islands: Lessons for Africa by Prof.
Ishenkumba Kahwa, Dean Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, The
University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica
Background
University of the West Indies has 3 main campuses located in
Jamaica, Trinidad and Barbados. There are several islands of which
many of them are small; some with as few as 5000 people but
Jamaica is the biggest with two and a half million people. According
to UNESCO Report Science Technology and Innovation, many ofthe publications are coming from Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, andBarbados where the universities are located as shown in figure 8 as
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Figure 8: Cumulative number of scientific publications in the CARICOM countries, 2001-2007
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Since 2001, a few other islands are coming up with some decent postings in terms of researchand development papers which is quite encouraging. However the publications are biased
towards the medical sector which takes 56 per cent with basic sciences, agriculture andengineering following as shown in figure 9 as follows.

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Figure 9: Scientific publications in the CARICOM countries by broad discipline, 2001-2007 (%)

One would expect agriculture to be leading because of its contribution to the economies ofthese countries. The fact that medicine and health are doing quite well is no coincidence to thevery good primary healthcare and the life expectancy which is in the region of 70 years plus.
The University of West Indies is the main university in the Caribbean. It leads in terms ofresearch output as about 71 percent of publications come from it. However, there are otherinstitutions which are growing. In terms of patents, the university is not doing well as most of
the patents come from external researchers who seek protection in the Caribbean. In terms ofresearch and development, there are two main challenges, one relating to stagnancy inresearch output and the other being that research and development does not articulate very
well the industrial needs as well as the national development agendas. This makes theuniversities questionable on their relevance to serve the people and also how they can besupported. With regard to basic sciences, universities are going in the wrong direction. Ideally,
research and development should proceed from basic sciences to applied sciences and thendevelop some technologies that benefit the livelihood of the users. Most of the universities
perform well in basic science and research but the challenges are on transforming the results
to products. The government and industry expects tangible products and these are lacking
thus the importance of universities in the development discourse is not visible.
In order for science and technology to be useful, it requires a complex interplay of people andProceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 55

institutions. However, there is lack of good organization at institutional levels to takeadvantage of all the developments in science. This comes in the wake of the fact that forscience developed locally or outside to function as engine for development, the different
elements must come together. This has been the frustrating part as many institutions andresearchers do not work in collaboration with each other. For example, the researchers,
politicians and businessmen are extremely important but they do not appreciate what is
important for one and what is important for the other. The politicians are interested inwinning elections; businessmen like making profits and the researchers care less about moneyor politics as long as they are publishing and become professors. However, it can be pointed
out that these stakeholders do not have competing interests but they are complimentary.
Despite the complementarity in their interests, they rarely come together to produce a systemthat can translate science into technology and innovation. In many instances, thesestakeholders put the blame on government yet they are the ones not doing what they aresupposed to do. Under such situations, government has no choice except to go overseas forexpertise and business follow suit. Those in academics resort to publishing papers to become
professors. In this regard, everyone will be moving but not together, and the blame is shiftedfrom one party to another.
The government particularly the Ministry of Agriculture in Jamaica is not interested on how
many papers the university publishes on different subjects in agriculture. To the government,
no meaningful progress is made when the research does not translate into products for humanconsumption. It is indisputable that science, technology and innovation is the engine of the
future and it is embedded in the 2020 vision in Trinidad and Tobago and the 2030 vision in
Jamaica. All the key stakeholders agree to that but the strange thing is that businessmen, forexample in Jamaica are establishing research and development companies overseas. They
justify their actions on the basis of globalization and they put their money where returns frominvestments are promising. The question that remains pending is why the stakeholders andinstitutions fail to come together.
There are two main problems and these are applicable to other countries. First of all, it is poor
governance. There are no government structures or policies or mechanisms that are effective
for the science, technology and innovation sector. Secondly, there is the challenge of poor
funding which incapacitates researchers. There is limited funding for research anddevelopment. The budget allocation for the last 10 years has not improved despite the calls forgovernments to priorities research and development. The scenario where there is no adequate
funding and governance structures results in research being left to scientists to do as theywish, when they wish, if they wish and how they wish. The consequences are economic as thecountries do not have an agenda to articulate within the development goals. For example, thegovernment may want to develop agriculture but does figure out how science is going to help
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and what must be done in order for science to be exploited. So there is no institutional control
and management. The result is a situation which is not sustainable. What is needed here is an
institutional model. The model is needed to make sure that the institutional mechanisms andfunding get things to work. That has not been the case in the Caribbean. Instead, theCaribbean has only been able to create individuals who can do good research, and that has got
its problems as well as its own advantages.
The ICONIC research model can be used to make poor nations participate in research. The
model is based on every research effort having an ICON driving it. The model is so powerfulthat even initiatives which start as “institutional efforts” quickly turn into ICONIC
operations. However, there are limitations to the iconic model and there is need to put
institutional mechanisms where the agenda is set by the institute and the researchers are all
focused on particular problems. The limitations are in terms of sustainability, replicability,
continuity, scale and impact. The lack of an institutional arrangement for doing research andtranslating it into products remains a formidable challenge. Important lessons can be drawn
from Rwanda as it provides an ideal case study on the significance of good governance. The
total number of papers is very small in Rwanda but the trend is going in the right direction.
The same applies to Uganda which is also progressing and Ghana which fought off thechallenge as well. These examples make it apparent that there are certain things that need to bedone in Africa, the Caribbean and other places to actually begin to bring in institutionalarrangements to bear on the science and technology that can help people. There isencouragement emanating from some countries in Africa where the coffee business is beingtransformed reasonably well because of infusion of science and technology and institutionalarrangements. There is need to create institutions that focus on science and technology.
The Caribbean countries are looking for what they can learn in agriculture from Africa and if
it is relevant they will exploit it and there are areas they can work together. There is room forcollaboration to pull together the resources. The areas that need particular attention are thosepertaining to funding and governance. One of the options is to identify people who havedistinguished themselves in their own fields and link them up with the international funding
arrangements. Africa and the Caribbean have the brains to find solutions to global challenges
but what is lacking is the funding. There is need to exploit the strengths of the Africans and the
Caribbean using the strategic recovery model. However the model has attracted a number ofcriticisms that it focuses on solving other people's problems instead of Africa's and Caribbean
problems.
However, it can be argued that many of the problems are global challenges. If one looks atthese quantum dots, for example, they are marvelous stuff that can help in terms of lighting
problems, medical diagnostics and others. There is needed to look for better lighting sources
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 57

in the Caribbean and in Africa. Many Caribbean people and African countries neednanotechnologies because they have high potential to resolve some of the problems. It isquite possible to tap into the global issues of research and development. The financial issues
faced by the developing countries in doing science can be solved by having collaborative
projects. For example, the South African High Commission in Kingston is setting up an
arrangement where Calico countries would have stronger science links with South Africa andthe rest of Africa. In a nutshell, it can be pointed out that STI governance is a major, major
issue and if not addressed, serious problems will emerge.
3.3.2

State of STI in Europe and lessons for Africa by Mr. Alphonso Alphonsi,
Coordinator of SET-DEV Project and Consultant for LSC
SET-DEV is learning partnership on the governance of science thatinvolves European, Indian and African partners. It is founded on theneed for scientific and technology responsibility in developing andemerging countries. The SET-DEV project culminates in the
African manifesto which is a call for Africa sovereignty on STI. It
advocates for full socialization of science, technology andinnovation and for a democratic governance of STI. It emanatedfrom the fact that science and technology were either unfamiliar or
unrelated to African tradition and culture. In addition, African
problems were so dire and direct that science and technology apartfrom very simple transfer of technology was viewed as simply a luxury that was not necessary.
When discussing what European experience Africa can learn from, the thing that comes tomind is the Lisbon strategy of the European Union of 2000. It is a very big structure ofmember states in Europe of strengthening the science and technology to serve the European
community in the new context of knowledge society. One of the aims of the Lisbon strategy
was to make Europe became a knowledge economy.
Can Africa borrow these kinds of strategies? There is an African proverb that those who start
cooking first broke many pots. This can be reciprocated with a European proverb that when
you stop rowing against stream, you do not remain where you are, you go back. This is theperception. The first information or lesson is that Europe is the backbone of science andtechnology and innovation. The feeling is that there is a risk if it stops rowing as it will go back.
So the perception of science and technology in Europe today is not the perception of successbut is a sense of a perception of decline. The perception of decline is driven by insufficientpublic participation in priority-setting and in establishing science policy directions, growing
reservations with regard to certain scientific developments and feeling of lack of control,
perceived isolation of the world of science from the everyday realities of economic and social
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life, questioning of the objectivity of scientific evidence and insufficient quality of scientificinformation available to the public.
Think tanks in Europe, in terms of science and technology contemplate that there is a big
problem concerning the future of science and technology and innovation. The mobilizationof STI in Europe comes from some researchers who are involved. There are some signals of
scarce social mobilization of STI as evidenced by low appeal of scientific faculties anddifficult access for young researchers. There is decreasing social status of scientists; poor
attention to S&T by political leaderships; women discrimination in scientific careers andintense sense of fear, worry or disinterest among people about research. There is need forsocialization of science and technology because science and technology are major social areasthat are socially constructed. They are socially embedded and they have continuous
correlation with society. Socialization can be a flexible and responsive approach because itgoes in two directions. The area in which it is looked at how these multiple connections comein to effect is not fixed. They can be changed and adapted to the context because one can
explore in-depth the multiple connection between science and society in different areas.
However, there is a risk of disconnection between science and society and the increasing
dependence from the science and technology produced elsewhere, without there being thecapacity to handle, adapt, modify, develop and steer its use. There is also the risk of notconsidering the marginalization and the bias towards one element, for instance investment.
There is a lot of debate in Italy about investment for research, why there are too few investors,
why they do not work, why the area is so complex, and multi layered and multi-dimensional.
It is relevant for STI to promote stakeholders conceptualizing the research and also empower
women. The ATPS is doing a very important activity to mobilize women resources. This is not
only a matter of justice, of equality, as is perceived in Europe but an investment. Science canbe an unfriendly environment for women and there is an ingrained structure of
discrimination which is very interesting and very important. It is something that came out
from our research. There is a denial from the scientists both male and female that science canbe a field of discrimination against women. It goes against the popular idea of science as
objective and independent from given condition. Experiments in major research andtechnological institutions like the European Special Agency went through a long process torecognize that even within their structure there was discrimination against women. Womenare missing in scientific leadership. This is important because it is an area in which Europe,
Africa, India share common problems, a common situation and a common class of actors.
Women provide a knowledge system and this is an experience from the African and Indian
context. There is need to recognize and valorize different scientific tradition and systems ofknowledge. It can be argued that Europe is socializing to the global STI. For Europe, scientificproduction and scientific research is multi centered, geographically, culturally and socially
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 59

diverse. The gender bias that exists in current STI should be overcome. The indigenous
knowledge; fostering brokerage initiatives for innovation; strengthening the evaluation
programs areas of concern where responsibility needs to be exercised are shared awarenessabout the relevance of STR. There is also need for promoting the participation of
stakeholders to contextualize research; enhancing the role of women, linking modern scienceand capacities, enhancing the management of scientific research institutes and improving thegovernance of science, technology and STI. The challenges of SET-DEV dialogue relate to
the plurality of knowledge systems. These involve incorporating the current revision of theepistemological, philosophical and cultural foundations of science, of which a critical visionof western science can be part and recognizing and valorizing different scientific traditions
and systems of knowledge.
3.3.3 Status of STI in India: lessons for Africa by Dr. Ejanawala Haribabu,
University of Hyderabad, India
One cannot speak of science and technology without speaking ofsociety nor can one speak of society without talking of science andtechnology. A stage has been reached where there is science andtechnology on one hand, and society and culture on the other. In thecontemporary societies, science and technology are seen as means toachieve societal development which includes economic
development that is efficient in productivity, cultural development
which includes education and knowledge and social development
which includes equality and justice.
Science and technology have potential for uplifting the society. S&T innovations aresupposed to address problems of production, problems of services, whereas institutionalinnovations are essential to address the MDGs. There are institutional innovations to addressthese MDGs in India. India's population has passed the 1 billion mark, as it is a huge countryof continental proportions. There is a high proportion of the young population in the groupof between 14-35 years, and this is being shown as an important demographic division, in thesense that this group is going to occupy positions in the economy. Great emphasis is being put
on establishing new educational institutions, and improving higher education. The GDP of
India has been growing at a relatively high rate and this rate is attributed to the liberalizationof polices introduced in the early 90s .These policies also brought into existence certain kindsof disparities in the sense that wealth generation and accumulation was accrued by only asmall section of the population. There are disparities in the country in terms of access tohealthcare, education and drinking water.
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using science and technology for economic, cultural and social development. One-fourths ofIndian population in the late 50s was faced with an enormous shortage of food, and it is in thiscontext that the liberalization policies on chemical fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation andmechanization were introduced. It yielded desirable results in terms of productivity of foodgrains and volume of production of food grains. Pesticides were introduced into the soil andthere were problems of salinity of soil and water logging. Water logging created some otherconditions like malaria. Now India has achieved self-reliance in science and technology. The
technology was built in the context of state of the art technology by developed countries forlaunching vehicles and satellites. On the basis of satellites, the Indians, against all odds,
acquired self-reliance in building nuclear reactors for the production of energy .One of theimportant areas of innovation in Indian context is pharmaceuticals. India is the major
producer of generic drugs and this was facilitated by the IPR Act of 1970. According to the
National Intellectual Property Rights Act, one could produce the same drug using a different
process, and would not be infringing on the patent rights. This resulted in production of low
cost drugs. For example, the HIV/AIDS drug which is produced by Indian companies is very
low in cost compared to what the American companies would sell. There are only 2 cancer
drugs in the world, one is by American company and the other is Indian. The American drug ismaybe 20 times as expensive as the Indian drug. With regard to information technology andrelated services, India has registered enormous growth and basically India specializes inproviding IT services. Its contribution to GDP is about 5.4% and off-shore productdevelopment value is US$1.9 billion. The IT software and services employed 1.6 million in2007.
In the case of energy, India is producing solar energy basically to address the problem of nonrenewable energy sources and the consequences of use of non-renewable sources andmitigation of climate change consequences. Recently, the government of India launched its
Solar Energy Mission, according to which by 2020, India is targeting to produce about 20,000
megawatts of solar energy and recently a nanotechnology mission was also launched. There
are a couple of examples of Nano–particle based products on the market. One is the Nanosensor particle based heater which is already in the process of getting commercialized.
With regard to institutional innovations, India is eradicating poverty and hunger through the
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act of 2005 which ensures legally 100 days of workin a year with minimum wages. While issues of the provisions of the act can be challenged in acourt of law, what kinds of jobs are reserved for women? Several reported interventions, inthe area of science & technology and in the area of higher education indicate that some states
reserved one-third of all seats to professional education for women. This has a dramatic effectof increasing the number of women in all these professional posts. Another institutionalinnovation is the right to free compulsory education in 2009, in which every child, male andProceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 61

female, is supposed to go to school, and it is the responsibility of the government to establish
schools and if that is not done, the government can be challenged in a court of law. The rightto property by women was recognized about 14-15 years ago. Women are able to seek a sharein the family property. The government of India also has instituted a couple of legislations,
one is the National Biological Diversity Act aimed at conserving all natural resources. This
Act guides or regulates access to bio-diversity for research and development, bothcommercial and non-commercial. There is also an Act which protects farmers' interestsProtection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, according to which the varieties of the
farmers, are protected by law.
With regard to MDGs, India has adopted a rights based approach to address MDGs. One of
the important areas that India is contributing is bio-technology. It is using tissue culture andhorticulture extensively. There is export oriented horticulture industry which uses tissue
culture. However, there are problems with genetic engineering. Genetic engineering
technology was introduced in non-food crops like cotton. BT cotton was adopted by farmers
in cotton growing states extensively, and there have been environmental consequences ofgenetically modified cotton seeds. Recently, the government of India placed a moratorium on
the commercial introduction of a genetically modified egg-plant, Brinjal, and the Minister for
Environment held public hearings in 6 cities and gathered public opinion. On basis of theinformation, he indicated that India was not introducing BT Brinjal commercially because a
lot of bio-safety tests have to be done.
With regard to SET-DEV project, India developed a manifesto based on the criticalevaluation of the science and technology innovations in the country. The manifesto is called
Knowledge Swaraj. Swaraj means “freedom”. The manifesto is based on three values namely
plurality; sustainability and justice. India has been used to a system where sciences are viewed
as an improvement tool and society and culture are to adapt themselves to science. There is achange, in that, science should be socialized and it should be integrated to society knowledge
systems. This calls for democratization of STI and involvement of stakeholders in theinnovation process right from the beginning.
Africa can draw lessons from India's experience especially its proactive state policies, rightsbased approach to address MDGs and the emphasis on knowledge society and policy
interventions to realize these goals. These experiences are relevant to the African context as
there is need to adopt appropriate pathways for innovations. There are opportunities forcollaboration among countries in the south.

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Facilitated Discussions from the case studies (Questions, Comments andAnswers)
Discussions on the case studies by participants centered on how best African researchers,
policymakers, practitioners and especially governments can learn from the gains andchallenges of STI development from other countries in order to promote better STI
development in Africa. Participants resolved that there is need for North-South and SouthSouth collaborations in pursuing this agenda. They also noted that there is need to socialize
African scientists and technicians themselves rather than concentrating on socializing STI
only. This is because the relevant stakeholders in STI development still need to understandthemselves and work together in an innovation system to be able to realize an effective STIdevelopment in Africa. Key questions that guided discussions by participants included:> To what extent has Diaspora Indians contributed to STI development in India?
> How best can we foster university-industry linkage to ensure effective STI developmentin Africa?
> What are the expectations from individual delegates from the conference?
In conclusion, the chair of the session Prof. Sam Wangwe emphasized the need for a national
system of innovation embedded in sound policy frameworks and legislation as a vehicle for
effective and efficient STI development in Africa. He welcomed the opinion that bothscientists and science need to be socialized in order to realize the dreams of STI developmentin Africa.

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PARALLELSESSIONS

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Parallel Sessions comprised of presentations from delegates along the line of the subthemesof the conference. Delegates had earlier submitted papers for presentation at the conference.
These papers were initially peer reviewed and recommended for presentation at theconference. There were four parallel sessions for paper presentations. These include:
Session One: Comprised of papers under the subthemes: Governance of STI (subtheme 1);
Investment in STI (subtheme 2); and STI indicators (subtheme 3).
Session Two: Comprised of papers on STI and development in Africa (subtheme 4); andknowledge management and intellectual property rights (subtheme 6)
Session Three: Comprised of papers on gender issues in STI development in Africa(subtheme 5)
Session Four: Comprised of Regional and National Steering Committee workshop on
traditional knowledge systems and increasing access to benefit sharing of intellectual property
in Africa
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 65

4.1

Parallel Session 1

4.1.1

Sciences, Technology and Innovation in Côte D'ivoire: How things are doingby Lacina Coulibaly, Côte D'ivoire
Monsieur Coulibaly's presentation aimed at sharing the achievements of implementing
Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) activities in Côte d'Ivoire whilst making
recommendation for improvement through institutional organization. He pointed out that,
STI has featured prominently in Government's development agenda when the first president,
Félix Houphouët Boigny established bilateral cooperation between Côte d'Ivoire and France,
which created a favourable environment for agricultural research development. He revealed
that, the recent government has merged the Ministry of Higher Education with Scientific
Research in an effort aimed at ensuring effective implementation and improvement in
Science, Technology and Innovations. He recommended that, institutions particularly nongovernmental organizations concerning STI issues should be properly streamlined toenhance coordination and development of Science, Technology and Innovation activities.
4.1.2

Assessment of Failure Causes in Medical Research in Africa Case Study of
Morocco by Saïd Boujraf, Morocco
Monsieur Boujraf presented a typical experience of Morocco's willingness to enhance his
research potential in medicine and medical sciences amidst political, economic andsociological constraints. He pointed out government's effort to improve scientific research byintroducing a budget allocation of 0.2% of national income. However, this has not translated
to real and concrete strategy of medical research in the country based on effective vision of
the outcomes. In his findings, he enumerated some challenges that are hindering thedevelopment and effective implementation of quality medical research, which included; thelack of understanding the current importance of scientific research in terms of priority inmany of the activities and areas of national development; the lack of focus on the part of
medical faculty members and researchers, who are involved in overtime jobs in search ofadditional incomes; and the brain drain canker which has led to the loss of well-trained andqualified human resources, and greatly impacted on national development.
4.1.3

Tanzania Policy Environment and Legal Framework in Relation to STI use by
SMEs by Mafunda D, Tanzania
Mr Mafunda's presentation focused on the challenges hindering the development potentialof Science, Technology and Innovations in Tanzania. He highlighted the major constraints
which included ineffective and poorly coordinated policy and legal framework, poor businessdevelopment services and limited access of SMEs to finance. He emphasized that, theinability of SME to thrive well in national economy could be attributed to the use of poor andobsolete technologies making their products non-competitive, limited access to effective and
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efficient technology and existence of industrial support institutions which are weak andoperate in isolation without focusing on actual requirements of SME sector. He hinted that,government has begun a major review of legislations, policies and programs aimed ataddressing major SME constraints related to STI.
4.1.4

New Paradigms for Indigenous Health Biotechnology Innovation and
Entrepreneurship by Eddy C. Agbo, USA
Mr Agbo's presentation discussed three biotechnology-driven paradigms for addressing someof the locally-relevant healthcare challenges as a way to, and a model for, locally-driven
innovations and sustainability. First, the critical role of small indigenous biotechnology
companies for enhanced positive outcomes and sustainability of healthcare development in
sub-Saharan Africa. The second model discussed evolving public and private sector efforts
that are harnessing relevant biotechnologies to create open systems of knowledge sharing andessential new products from inside-out. Finally, operational models that look at a broader setof issues than purely financial metrics, with specific examples. He drew lessons from BRIC
nations (comprising Brazil, Russia, India and China) that have modelled small businesses as
the central core to their biotechnology development, strengthened through government andinvestor-backed small business grants and loan programs.
4.1.5

The Role of University Technical Staff in enhancing Science, Technology And
Innovation: Challenges and Opportunities, A Legal Perspective in Tanzania
by John M. Wambura, Tanzania
Mr. Wambura's presentation critically examined university technical staff as crucial humanresource base in contributing and enhancing science, technology and innovation in Tanzania.
He revealed that inadequate or lack of involvement of technical staff wholly or partly inteaching, researches, consultancies, freedom of associations and publications by high ranking
scientists/academicians particularly in some African countries including Tanzania had
adverse mental, physical, social and economic effects as well as infringement of human andintellectual property rights. Analysing relevant provisions of international, regional (African
Union) and Tanzanian laws, he recommended integrative and mutual approaches to planning,
implementation and administration of science, technology and innovation in Africa in order
to incentivize and maximize the use of technical staff without infringing their human andintellectual property rights.
4.1.6

Strengthening Research & Development In Nigerian Universities: A Pre
Requisite For The Attainment Of The Millennium Development Goals(MDGs) by N.B. Saliu and J.N.Bisong, Nigeria
Mr. Saliu's presentation highlighted on the challenges of meeting the millennium
development goals through the implementation of high quality research by the Nigerian
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 67

University Systems (NUS). He attributed this inefficiency from the system to the absence ofan enabling research environment which is brought about by inadequate staff, inadequate
staff training and welfare, rapidly growing student population, unstable academic calendar
caused by strikes from teaching and non-teaching staff, insufficient infrastructure, lack ofappropriate government policy and weak institutional supports. He was of the view that,
Government should put in place an appropriate science, research and development policy. He
also recommended that, universities should strengthened collaboration with industry,
maintaining productive research contacts with international research organizations andforeign universities. Office of Research Administration should be established and properly
funded in each university. There should be inter-university collaboration on research within
the NUS and that, universities as champions in research and development should properly key
into the National System of Innovation.

4.2

Parallel session 2

4.2.1

Poor Integration of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI): Implications
for Poor Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in Africa by
Onyenekenwa Cyprian Eneh, Nigeria
Mr. Onyenekenwa's presentation sought to review the poor integration of STI and associates
it with the under achievement of MDGs in Africa. He recommended that, in order tooverturn the poor performance, African countries should embark on aggressive and massive
creation of awareness for natural science and technology related careers from the basic tosenior secondary education system, in order to have feeder student population for naturalscience and technology courses in tertiary institutions, and confront head-on and urgently
some unfavourable African attitudes and environmental factors, including marginalizing
women from science and technology-based professions, immoral and corrupt uses of ICTs
and other factors, which impede the integration of STI.
4.2.2 Utilizing Modern Computer Technology to enhance safety and efficiency on
the Kenyan Roads by advancing the System of Monitoring and
Implementation of Traffic Rules and Regulation by Fredrick Mulama, Kenya
Mr Mulama presented an initiative that utilizes modern computer technology to enhancesafety and efficiency on the Kenyan roads. He was of the view that, the project could be used
to enhance discipline on the roads, improve work efficiency of the traffic police, and improve
implementation of traffic rules and regulation. He recommended that, collaboration between
Kenyan government and the telecommunication industries such as Safaricom will be
instrumental in driving the application of such technology in making substantial impact on
Kenyan roads.
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4.2.3 Regional Development and Revolution of Technopark by Ahmed
Elzatahryand Amr and Farouk Abdelkhalik, Egypt
Mr. Ahmed made a presentation which examined the establishment of technopark as aninnovation platform for promoting technology transfer from universities to companies. He
pointed out that the proposed environment should be a pole of molten alliance between the
Research centers, the university, the core facilities, the government, business enterprises or
incubators, and the Research & Development industry. He was of the view that, result will bea dynamic environment attracting the best intellectual minds, with their innovative ideas,
affording the latest technologies in a wide number of areas, under the care of govern-mental
sector to enhance the development of regional, national economy.
4.2.4 The Role of Science, Technology and Innovation on Sustainable Biofuel
Production and Use by Prof. Francis D. Yamba, Zambia
Prof. Yamba's presentation explored the role of science, technology and innovation in
analysing suitable feedstocks for sustainable biofuel production and use. He initially analysedeconomic advantages of use of sweet sorghum and Jatropha, on one hand, and other energy
crops, on the other hand, for bioethanol and biodiesel production, respectively. He was of theview that, research was required on the feedstock characterisation and optimisation offeedstock life cycle in order to improve on the availability and quality of suitable feedstock
suitable for local conditions.
4.2.5 The Greening of Innovation Systems for Eco-Innovation: Towards an
Enduring Climate Change Adaptation in Nigeria by Prof. Femi Olokesusi,
NigeriaProf. Olokesusi's presentation focused on identifying how the National System of Innovation(NSI) theory, may provide the framework for the development of climate change adaptation
policies and eco-innovation policies and initiatives in Nigeria. He argued that NSI offers
Nigeria a new platform for bringing together actors such as the knowledge centers, policy
makers, the private sector and development partners in a collaborative and task focusedmanner towards efficient and effective adaptation to climate change, but also engender aparadigm shift in environmental management.
He outlined how eco-innovation could be harnessed to build a strong Science, Technology
and Innovation (STI) capability towards the challenges of climate change and reducing thecost of acquiring foreign technologies. He lamented that, though there is a huge potential withregards to the policy implications of developing this synthesis and paradigm shift, until now,these opportunities have not been explored.

Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 69

4.2.6 Intellectual Property law for a Development Trade Agenda by Djims Milius,South Africa
Mr. Milius presented the current status of intellectual property (IP) law as a tool forsustainable development of Africa. He indicated that there were challenges confronting theimplementation of IP laws in South Africa. He pointed out that compulsory licensing is anunderused if not sufficient remedy to address various issues around patent failure andmonopoly and 30 years of high-technology patenting (e.g. biotech) suggest that we have
granted unwarranted and too-broad patents. As a way of moving forward, he noted that, it
was crucial to generate development driven law that would produce tools for development
policy; adopt a view for developmentalism and progressivism in technology learning andupgrade. He highlighted his organization's (Intellectual Property Law & Policy Research Unitof The University of Cape Town) agenda as a new force within South Africa which intend to
influence IP law and policy in Southern Africa and other parts of the continent.
4.2.7 Indigenous Knowledge; A Key to Unlocking Malawi's Potential in
Achieving Millennium Development Goal 4 by Dr Cecilia Maliwichi
Nyirenda, Malawi
Dr Nyirenda's presentation highlighted on the activities of Indigenous Knowledge Center(IKC), a non-governmental organization that compiles, preserves, manages and promotes
indigenous knowledge. She presented one of their activities which examined innovative
methods to harness IK in healthcare provision in Malawi where some people resort totraditional healthcare because modern hospitals are inaccessible; lack drugs, personnel andlaboratory equipment; and staff ill-treat patients. In their findings, it is evident that bothmodern and traditional health care systems have shortfalls which cannot be eliminated soon.
However, she pointed out that, the way forward should be formalizing traditional maternal
healthcare and integrating it with modern healthcare. She recommended that further studies
should be undertaken to ascertain the truth if medicinal plants application were responsible
for the high uterus ruptures in pregnant women. She was of the view that, unless evidencebased policies are implemented, people will not cooperate; making it difficult for Malawi toachieve MDGs.

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4.3

Parallel session 3

4.3.1

Enrolment and Performance of Girls on Science and Technology
Institutions: A Case of Bunda College of Agriculture, Malawi by
Babettie Abigail Juwayeyi, Malawi
Ms Juwayeyi presented the current status of low enrolment and poor performance of females
in science and technology in Malawi's higher education institutions. She pointed out that,several attempts have been made to improve females' participation and performance inscientific and technological literacy are being undertaken, including science subjects being
made compulsory in secondary schools and many publications emphasizing on empowering
women and girls to participate in STIs written by different women including University of
Malawi lecturers but the imbalance still exists. She indicated that, challenges still remain with
cultural and socio-economic backgrounds of the girls and poor quality of education
standards. She concluded that, unless education provisions are expanded, school inputs areprovided; communities are involved in STI policy making processes and the socio-economic
and cultural factors are addressed, number of women in decision making positions isincreased, incorporating girls in STI will remain in the dark.
4.3.2 Exploration of Factors Militating Against Active Participation Of African
Women In Science, Technology And Innovation Development by
Ezeibe, Adaku B. C. (Mrs.) & Nwaoga, Chinyere T. (Mrs.), Nigeria
Mrs Ezeibe's presentation focused on the behavioural tendencies of women and sociocultural, economic circumstances and legal barriers that constraints women's participation inscience, technology and innovation (STI) development in Africa. She pointed out that,women participation in STI development cannot be equated to that of their male counterpart
due to some obvious factors. However, in spite of these obstacles, she recommend that
improving women education standard, training women on entrepreneurial skills acquisitionand support services policy level intervention and enhancing women self-image willcontribute to active participation of women in STI development.
4.3.3 Developing the Active Participation of African Women In Science
Technology And Innovation: The Entrepreneurial Approach by
Ezeibe Adaku B. C. (Mrs), Nigeria
Mrs Ezeibe examined the way by which entrepreneurship act as a vehicle for African womenactive participation in STI Development. Her findings revealed that entrepreneurship
constitutes enormous potential in women participation in STI development in Africa, mainly
contributing in the areas of job creation/unemployment reduction, increased in productivity
and innovations, potentials for economic growth and improved social opportunities. She
therefore recommended a comprehensive entrepreneurship programme and strategies that
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 71

propel the engine of economic growth and development as well as the provision of economic
empowerment measures conducive and suitable for African women, such as supportive
education, infrastructural development in the rural areas among others.

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4.3.4 'Women got talent' "It is not ability that is unevenly distributed in ourSociety. It is opportunity" by Martha Ngozika Adaeze Ugwu, UK
Mrs Ugwu's presentation examined the inequalities in health outcomes in Africa which she
remarked was a reflection of the social and economic inequalities, across all the domains ofhealth and society. She pointed out that her organization; Women 'n' Children's Health(WNCH) seeks to explore policies, measures and mechanisms for promoting innovation andentrepreneurship to meet development challenges in Africa. She indicated that, it was
imperative to build the necessary human capital, STI infrastructure, financial instruments,
strategies targeting underrepresented groups (e.g. youth and women) and international
collaboration.

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4.3.5 Community Impacts and Government Response to the Findings cum
Socialization of Fresh Graduates-Led Innovative Environmental Projects
Linking Climate Change with Vehicular Emissions in Niger State, Nigeria
by Okelola Olumayokun Francis, Nigeria
Mr. Okelola's presentation emphasized on the success story of putting knowledge fromclassroom into practice which led to the investigation of vehicular emissions and theirenvironmental effects in major cities of Niger state, Nigeria by a group of university students.
Their work investigated the presence of fossil fuel combustions sources and emissions ofcarbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHG) that affect human health andenvironment particularly on the issue of Climate Change. He pointed out that, the outcomeof the project led to the formation of a youth-led advocacy initiative that makes use ofenvironmental research findings to foster advocacy for environmental sustainability as a
Millennium Development Goal (MDG) attainment in localities. He indicated that, results andrecommendations were communicated to stakeholders and authority for consideration inpolicy making decisions which influenced the passing of gaseous emissions permit by large
scale fossil fuel consumers in the state.
4.3.6 Gender And Desertification Case Study by Hala Ahmed Yousry, Egypt
Mr. Yousry's presentation examined the impact of Bedouin community's activities ondesertification which based on gender disposition. He pointed out that, Bedouin women were
responsible for harvesting, grazing, fetching water for household uses, as well as the collectionof wood to be used as fuel inside the house which is said to be one of the causes ofdesertification in the region. Men were also responsible for environmental degradation as
they engage in all activities outside their homes such as farming, livestock rearing and grazing.
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4.4

Presentations in the Parallel Session 4- IP

4.4.1

Introduction - About ATPS/BTA IP Program by Dr. Kevin Urama/Joseph
Wekundah
Mr. Joseph Wekundah provided an overview of the ATPS/BTA partnership on IP
Programme which aims at strengthening National IP policy and Legal Framework in Easternand Southern Africa. After summarizing the steps that have led to ATPS/BTA collaboration,
he presented the general scope and main features of the ATPS/BTA IP Programme
including its background, the rationale behind it, objectives and related project activities aswell as implementation timelines. He further outlined key achievements that have been madesince 2009 in terms of meeting the core objectives of enhancing knowledge sharing andcollaboration, generating and disseminating interactive knowledge on the IP Policy
environment and promoting awareness on effective IP systems through different project
activities. These achievements mainly include the establishment of a Regional Steering
Committee and an evolving Regional IP Network, 8 National Steering Committees
established (Uganda, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Lesotho andSwaziland), identification of stakeholders in Kenya to implement a National IP network, casestudies commissioned in December 2009 in 5 countries (Tanzania, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi
and Lesotho) and side events in ATPS conferences held in Abuja - Nigeria (2009) and Cairo Egypt (2010).
4.4.2 Seed Systems in Africa: What should policy address? by Dr. Joep van deBroek, Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Dr. Joep van de Broek presented a paper titled “Seed Systems in Africa: What should policy
address?” articulated on the five main issues of formal and farmers' Seed systems, integrationof seed systems, seed systems and seed policies, views in history and policies of integrated
seed systems. After discussing risks of farmers' seed systems (anti-cyclic seed production,
slow advances and adaptation, local ignorance), risks of formal systems (possible high costs
for seed, erratic supply, loss of genetic resources and seed-related knowledge, loss of farmers'
capacity to take control over their development, etc.) and ways to improve seed supply, hereviewed seed policies in the 1980's and 90's while stressing difficulties to turn to privatization
stemming particularly from differences in public/private objectives and in ways to organize
seed production. He further presented three sectors of integrated seed systems including fullycommercial seed sector which support commercial companies, semi-commercial sector
stimulating small seed businesses and food crop seeds for smallholder farmers. Based on
differentiated policies in terms of seed laws and regulations, he concluded withrecommendations regarding ways to improve horizontal and vertical integration (integrating
formal and farmers' knowledge and recognizing the importance of both systems respectively)
and to define in a careful balance, the public and private roles in seed systems.
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 73

4.4.3 Traditional Medicine: Mental Health and Behavioral Practices, Kenya by
Prof. David M. Ndetei, Kenya
Prof. David Ndetei introduced his article on “Traditional healers and their provision ofmental health services in cosmopolitan informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya” with themain objective of determining if there is any evidence for the validity of the mental healthillnesses from the perspective of traditional healers in Kenya. The underlying goals stemmingfrom the general objective included documenting the various types of mental illness treatedby traditional healers, documenting the treatment modalities of mental illness as well as
documenting the knowledge, attitudes and practices in regard to intellectual property by the
traditional healers in Kenya.
Prof. Ndetei provided a methodology articulated on the study design (cross sectional), thedescription of the targeted study sites in Nairobi (Kibera, Kawangware and Kangemi) and thesampling method to be used to identify the traditional healers. After describing data protocol
including ethical issues, data quality control and collection instruments, he presented somekey findings by study objectives. First, he indicated types of mental illness seen by the
traditional healers (madness/psychosis, depression, spirit possession and epilepsy). Second,
his results showed to a certain extent, evidence for the validity of mental health illness while
using internationally recognized instruments (MINI PLUS). Third, the results also showedthat traditional healers had little if any knowledge on intellectual property and preferred toprotect and retain their information on treatment within their families. While concluding on
key aspects regarding treatment modalities by traditional healers and major policy
recommendations, Prof. Ndetei also pointed out challenges faced during the study.
4.4.4 National Policies and Legal Frameworks Governing Traditional Knowledge
and Effective Intellectual Property Systems in Southern and Eastern Africa:
The Case of Traditional Healers in Tanzania by Shemdoe Georges,
Tanzania
The article presented by Mr. Shemdoe Georges was about “National Policies and Legal
Frameworks Governing Traditional Knowledge and Effective Intellectual Property Systems
in Southern and Eastern Africa: The Case of Traditional Healers in Tanzania”. After
conceptualizing the notion of Traditional knowledge (TK), he introduced the major issue of
how to protect the TK as a product of intellect. From the main purpose of building a body ofknowledge in the area of protection of TK in Tanzania, he derived five specific objectives
which are: (1) examining the existing legal and policy frameworks relevant to protection of
TK in Tanzania; (2) reviewing previous studies on protection of traditional knowledge andsynthesizing the recommendations thereof, for the purpose of suggestion possible modalities
for the protection of TK; (3) documenting existing protection mechanisms among thecommunities; (4) gathering the mechanisms in which the traditional healers transfer their
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knowledge to others; (5) synthesizing mechanisms of indigenous protection of TK andstrategy to adopt them in the system of protection of TK. Mr. Shemdoe further presented thestudy area (Tanzania) and specific districts within the country (Lushoto and Handeni) as well
as data gathering methods (documentary review and focus group discussion, questionnaire
survey). In addition to the sampling description and data analysis, he provided key results ofthe study according to the specific objectives defined.
These included the idea that protection mechanisms among the community is mainly secrecy
which cannot be recommended as a means of protecting the TK; there is no policy with
relevant issues to TK except the National Healthy Policy of 2007 and the current legal
framework do not provide for protection of TK. He finally stressed the need for establishing acomprehensive legal mechanism for the protection of TK in Tanzania and a TK and Genetic
Resources Policy, the need for more documentation on TK and outreach programmes to raiseawareness on IPR issues.
4.4.5 The Impact of Intellectual Property Rights and Multimedia on Acquiringand Managing Traditional Knowledge Systems by Lebese Lekholoane
LesothoMr. Lekholoane presented an article on “The impact of Intellectual Property Rights in
Acquiring Traditional Medicinal Knowledge in Lesotho”. He emphasized on the strategic
objective of promoting stakeholder participation in policy & legal framework development
for Traditional Medicinal knowledge with regard to effective IP Systems and defined specificobjectives focused on (1) conducting a critical appraisal of existing types of traditional
medicine knowledge; (2) carrying out in depth case studies on traditional medicine knowledge
in Lesotho; (3) making practical recommendations for protection of traditional knowledge
and Access & Benefit Sharing of Medicinal Plants; (4) determining ways to manage andintegrate traditional medicine into current education system; (5) incorporating traditional
Medicine System in the fight against HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases.
The presentation of the methodology (survey tools, areas covered by the study, codificationof the Pilot survey, etc.) was followed by a comprehensive literature review addressing
Intellectual Property Rights issues related to Protection of Traditional Medicinal Knowledge
Systems and Medicinal plants as well. After presenting progress to date (completed pilot
survey, full survey and literature review), he drew some lessons learnt in terms of ensuring
effective protection of Traditional Knowledge while considering IPR systems, international
as well as regional and local legal instruments. He concluded with the main recommendations
about protection of TM Knowledge & Access Benefit sharing of Medicinal Knowledge andmedicinal plants, management of TM and Incorporation into Educational System as well asways to use TM in the fight against HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases.
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 75

4.4.6 Assessment of Possible Intellectual Property Protection options of
Traditional Knowledge System in Ethiopia by Tibebu Solomon
Mr. Tibebebu presented a paper titled “Assessment of Possible Intellectual Property
Protection options of Traditional Knowledge System in Ethiopia” which focused on selectedcategories of knowledge and associated knowledge systems, with the reference to herbal
medicine for the livestock. The objectives of the paper were to locate and identify existing
traditional knowledge that may be subject for protection under IP rights regimes (identify
traditional knowledge claim), to identify who holds the knowledge and stakeholders withdirect interest and to identify relevant intellectual property option for the knowledge claim.
The paper focused on the pastoralist communities of Afar, Keryu, Shinile, Borana, Dollo,
Addo and Wollo in Ethiopia.
The paper revealed that traditional healers have the ethno-medicinal and ethno-veterinary
knowledge to treat human and animal health respectively with both male and female
traditionalist healers involved; the males being the majority at 93.6%. The majority of thehealers also depended on plant extracts. The knowledge on the healing methods is passed
down through family lines with a majority of the practitioners learning the practice from theirfathers or other relatives. Most of them however did not improve on the knowledge gained
but acknowledged that their practice is known by most individuals within the community, thetransfer being mainly oral, hence subjecting it to incompleteness, omission, misrepresentation
or distortion. The healers also specialize in their fields and this remains as secret within thefamily. Most of those who specialize do not share their knowledge easily.
The paper recommends for a Systematic cultivation of medicinal plants be introduced inorder to conserve biodiversity and protect threatened species, an urgent need to formulate anarray of incentive measures to ensure that members of the younger generations can learn,value, adapt and apply the traditional knowledge, the creation of an environment where thetraditional healers can communicate with researchers for knowledge sharing, approval of
Traditional medical policy, regulations and working guidelines and that Knowledge owners bemotivated and given incentive to work in collaboration with modern medicine experts for the
benefit of the society.

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Reports from Regional and National Steering
Committees

4.5.1

Presentation of Report and Plans from IP- Implementing Chapters –Ethiopia by NSC Chair Ethiopia
The Activity report of the IP program in Ethiopia provided a list of the members of the
National Steering Committee (NSC) and their institutions (Ethiopian Intellectual Property
Office, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Science and Technology andAgri-service Ethiopia). Activities performed by the NSC were also reported including thedifferent meeting discussions held by the NSC on major points regarding the potential
networking with institutions, communication of the IP case studies outputs commissioned by
ATPS and BTA, awareness creation among selected target groups (IP departments of scienceand technology, industry bureaus of the regional governments in Ethiopia, professionalsocieties, Network for Innovation and Development, Addis Ababa university). The report
also described plans from IP program which include a brief on the activities under the IP
program, the organization of a workshop for Traditional healers, researchers and government
representatives, the deliberation on the use and impact of the model knowledge transfer
agreement prepared by the Ethiopian Intellectual Property Office as well as joint project with
Ethiopian Intellectual Property Office and other relevant institutions for the promotion ofawareness on IP protection and traditional knowledge.
4.5.2 Presentation of Report and Plans from IP- Implementing Chapters Lesotho by NSC Chair Lesotho
Lesotho Chapter's report presented a summary of activities. These included a workshop heldon the implementation of science and technology and setting up structures for the
implementation agency in late 2009, the establishment of the national IP committee on
indigenous knowledge system. Other activities reported by the Lesotho Chapter included
several committee meetings held, submission of research proposals for funding and training
activities attended by members. The main challenges summarized by the Chapter were aboutmechanisms to popularize ATPS, holding AGM to appoint effective and dedicated National
Committee members and more involvement in climate change adaptation initiatives.
4.5.3 Presentation of Report and Plans from IP- Implementing Chapters Malawi by NSC Chair Malawi
The IP Program report in Malawi presented by the ATPS Chapter described the National
Steering Committee constituted using protocols defined by BTA/ATPS, the collaboration
with IP Focal Point in Malawi and the National Commission for Science & Technology(NCST). The main outcomes reported by the Chapter are an MOU between ATPS & inter alia
ATPS Malawi Chapter & NCST signed on September 15, 2010 and a joint meeting on IP
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 77

between BTA/ATPS Program & NCST-led IP Program in Malawi which was slated for
December 2-3, 2010. Concerning achievements listed, there were essentially based on achecklist of IPR in Malawi – NSC (IP regimes, categories and related institutions), status oflegal documents related to IP in Malawi and issues regarding seed and variety protection. The
report also identified areas requiring sharing of data and other relevant information from
BTA/ATPS/IP GRANTEE.
4.5.4 Presentation of Report and Plans from IP- Implementing Chapters Swaziland by NSC Chair Swaziland
Dr. P. S. Dlamini and colleagues presented a paper titled “The Intellectual Property Rights
baseline study: the case of Swaziland” which aims at documenting the legal framework andpolicies on IP in Swaziland, and assessing the implementation of existing policies with theview to engender the national IP programme. Following the general background of IPR
regimes and the scope of the study described, five key objectives were set out. These were theidentification of existing IP and TK legal frameworks, conventions and policies in the country
and their custodians, IP related policy operationalization in the country, assessment of thecooperation and coordination of IP policies across relevant stakeholders, identification of
the operations of IP related international bodies in the country and their impact on
government programmes and finally, recommendations towards the establishment of thenational IP programme. The methodology of the study consisted of qualitative study, desk
research design, interviews conducted with key informants in government ministries, NGOs
and parastatal organizations and a framework for data capturing. The main conclusions of thestudy are that IPR not widely conceived in Swaziland, IPR laws currently being revised to steer
the country to the right path, there is lack of capacity which prevent law enforcement. Mostof the recommendations reported to address IPR issues included the need for education toraise public awareness about IPR, strengthening and harmonization of the coordination
among stakeholders, IP laws enforcement, policies and bills to support IPR regimes andstrengthening the country's commitment on IPR through membership associations.

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PROPOSALTOURNAMENTS

5.1

African Youth Forum for Science and Technology (AYFST)

Near real-time application and validation of a multi-temporal thresholdalgorithm in active forest fire detection and monitoring in Zimbabwe using
MSG satellite by Tawanda Manyangadze, Department of Sustainable
Environment and Development, Saveteck Solutions, Office no. 18, Guni
House, P. O. Box 308, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
Mr Manyagadze, managing director of Saveteck Solutions presented his proposal on the useof Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite in near real-time application and validationof multi-temporal threshold algorithm in active forest fire detection and monitoring in
Zimbabwe. The project aims at developing a prototype operational system and the main
requirement is the Geonetcast station to receive MSG data for early forest fire detection inthis era of climate change. He elaborated on the complex relationship between fire andclimate change saying, the consequences of climate change may lead to increased outbreak offorest fires due to excessive drought conditions especially in tropical Africa. On the other
hand, forest fires have the potential to increase the greenhouse gas emissions in theatmosphere which are responsible for global warming. He emphasized the need for improved
methods for detection, monitoring and management of forest fires which are becoming very
rampant particularly in the dry season, so as to protect the fragile ecosystems in Africa. He
pointed out that the project is unique in the sense that it is based on the multi-temporal
algorithm developed by him and has not been tested in other areas besides Portugal where
actual fire data is used for validation. Mr Manyagadze was of the view that, a multi-sectorial
approach to curbing the incidence of widespread ecological disturbances is crucial andtherefore the project will create a platform for collaborations or partnerships with localorganizations such as Environment Management Agency (EMA), Forestry Commission, andRural District Councils in forest fire monitoring and management to facilitate the validation
process as well response to fire alarms. It will support the community-based natural resource
management programs, by creating early warning detection systems to enable effective
combat of active fires. He reiterated that, this project supplements the efforts by otherorganization in Southern Africa such as Council for Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR), Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), Southern African
Development Community (SADC), and international organizations such as The European
Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), and National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in forest fire management in Africa andglobal level.

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5.1.2

Analysis of the role of ICTs in climate change awareness; adaptation andmitigation in rural South Africa and Zimbabwe by Shakespear Mudombi
Institute of Economic Research on Innovation (Tshwane University ofTechnology), 159 Skinner Street, Pretoria, 001, South Africa
Mr. Mudombi's presentation sought to examine the importance and impact of ICTs on rural
people's awareness; adaptation to; and mitigation of climate change in two southern Africancountries namely South Africa and Zimbabwe. He pointed that, climate change presents amajor challenge for sustainable development globally and Southern Africa in particular, withadverse impacts expected on the environment; human health; food security; economic
activity; and natural resources. He was of the view that Eastern and Southern Africa had
perhaps the greatest concentration of poverty in the world, and poverty was predominantly arural phenomenon. He expounded on the characteristics of rural households in study regions
considered to be predominantly subsistence smallholder farmers living in isolated location
with small farm size, informal land tenure, low levels of technology and narrow employment
options. He hinted that, the negative effects of climate change have further compounded
their problems; however, the impacts are dependent on the climate in the respective regions
and the resource endowments of the rural households, which determine their adaptive
capacity. He highlighted that because of rural households' vulnerability to climate change,
there was the need to devise strategies and coping mechanisms to enhance their capacity toadapt and mitigate the impact of climate change. Technologies both old and new can help in
reducing the effects of climate change in various ways. He opined that ICTs can play animportant role as a medium of information and communication in climate change awareness;
adaptation and mitigation strategies. For that reason, the main objective of the study was toanalyse the role of ICTs in climate change awareness; adaptation and mitigation in rural South
Africa and Zimbabwe. The study would specifically analyse the availability of and access to
ICTs by rural people; determine the level of awareness of rural people to climate change andto determine the role of ICTs in informing people about climate change; determine how rural
people adapt to climate change and participate in climate change mitigation; determine thelinkage between ICTs and sustainable development; and analyse the institutional framework
governing ICTs in South Africa and Zimbabwe.
5.1.3

Utilization of the Potential Rain Water Harvesting Technology for Improving
Food Security in Dry Areas, The case of Bahi district, Dodoma by
Deusdedit Kibassa, Assistant Research Fellow, Ardhi University (ARU),
Institute of Human Settlement Studies (IHSS), Survey Area, University
Road, P. O. Box 35124, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Mr Kibassa's presentation emphasized on identifying potential technology for harvesting rainwater in Bahi district in Dodoma region which is among the driest areas in Tanzania both interms of rainfall received (total annual rainfall of 400mm to 600mm), and available water
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 81

resources. He was of the opinion that climate change has exacerbated the water situation
threatening water availability for both domestic and agricultural use. Adopting rain water
harvesting technology can be among the alternative ways to curb food security and increase
both house hold water availability and agricultural production. This study therefore sought
identifies the potential technology for harvesting rain water in Bahi district considering theirroofing system and other available materials in the areas to enhance food security anddomestic water availability. Traditional houses with flat roof tops dominate large part of Bahi
district, which reduce the chances of harvesting rainwater for storage. The above situation
prompts the need to identify alternative ways of enhancing food security, raising income to its
citizens and fight poverty. He highlighted that the proposed study will examine the available
materials and their potentials into suiting to a new technology. Secondly, the study will assess
community's willingness to accept and adapt a new technology of rainwater harvesting.
Finally, the identified technologies for rain water harvesting will be taken back to the villagers
for future implementation.
5.1.4

Developing the Capacity and Improving Access of Small-scale Farmers to
Low Cost Artificial Substrate Mushroom Cultivation in South-Eastern
Nigeria by Mr. Mkpado, Mmaduabuchukwu, Agricultural Economist
Center for Rural Development and Cooperatives (CRDC), University of
Nigeria, Nsukka
In his presentation, Mr. Mkpado reiterated the impact of climate change and deforestationon the non-timber forest products such as mushrooms. His proposal aimed at developing
the capacity and improving access of Small-scale farmers to low cost artificial substrate
mushroom cultivation and marketing in Nigeria. He was of the view that low cost artificial
substrate mushroom production and marketing hold some potential to create wealth andreduce poverty as well as improve nutritional status of small-scale farmers. It offers a way
to cope with effects of deforestation and climate change in respect to sustainable
mushroom supply. He also touched on the methodological approach to be used which will
involve the acquisition of sound techniques of low cost artificial substrate mushroom
cultivation at South East National Biotechnology Center. Secondly, there will be extensionof the incubated innovation for Up-scaling which will involve introduction of theinnovation to university of Nigeria, Nsukka farms and Center for Entrepreneurship andDevelopment Research (CEDR) at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka by running a pilot
farm, inclusion into curricula and thirdly conduct pilot farm at a Local Government in
Imo State. He hinted that, the project will produce an instruction manual to enhance thecommunication of the technology to trainees.

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Detailed Measurements of Vehicular Carbon Footprints Emissions
Concentration Level in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria and the Environmental
Pollution cum Climate Change Effect by Mr. Olumayokun Francis Okelola
Geography Department, Environmental Pollution Management
Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.
In his presentation, Mr Olumayokun highlighted the growing evidence of global warming andclimate change. He referred to the rise in sea temperatures by an average 0.5 degrees C (0.9
degree F) over the last 40 years [based on study by Tim Barnett, Scripps Institution of
Oceanography in La Jolla, California]. He also pointed out that considerable evidence existsthat most of this warming has been caused by human activities... that's to say we have altered
the chemical composition of the atmosphere through a build-up of greenhouse gases –primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. This research is intended to investigate
this phenomenon by covering all the regions constituting the major areas of Minna, the capitalof Niger state Nigeria. The results gotten will be computed against the international accepted
standard safe limits to reveal to what extent the Minna environment is compliant. The
research outcome will present the climate change implications of energy consumption andemissions in Minna. He was of the opinion that the outcome of the project will meetlegislation needs necessary for proper legislations and enforcements needed for Climatechange mitigation in, Minna, Niger state.
5.1.6

Optimization of a Continuous Biodiesel Plant by Mr J.N. Nwakaire (Ph.D.
Student) (Power & Machinery System Engineering) Department ofAgricultural & Bio-resources Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Mr. Nwakaire presented a proposal which focused on establishing an optimized andintegrated system of biodiesel production which will in-cooperate the feedstock and fuelproduction. He pointed out that, the aim of the project was to reduce some of the technicaland economic bottlenecks hampering the desired diffusion of biodiesel technology in
Nigeria. It was also meant to test the resilience of the rural dweller's adaptation to climatechange. He asserted that the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due tohuman activities from the burning of fossil fuels is contributing to climate change, which is
the most important challenge of the 21st Century. He was on the view that there should becooperation between States and governments to develop mechanisms to adapt and mitigate
impacts of climate change since climate system is a shared resource under the international
regime. In an effort to mitigate the effects of climate change, he emphasized the need todevelop fuel systems that are environmentally friendly. To this effect, he presented biodiesel asa green fuel which does not contribute to the increase of greenhouse gases. He said that, theproject intended to develop an automated continuous biodiesel production plant that will
focus on bringing together various components that makes biodiesel production sustainable.
The system will be used to convert the vegetable oil produced to biodiesel. Fuel produced will
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 83

be characterized to determine the fuel properties and compare it with international standard.
He hinted that, upon successful development of the system, farmers will receive training on
the use of the system on small scale basis. At the end, Mr Nwakaire highlighted that various
communication strategies will be utilized to create awareness to the government and otherinvestors the need to utilize the optimized plant for biodiesel production. This will be a homegrown technology with local content.
5.1.7

Harnessing Indigenous Knowledge on Small-Scale Soil and Water
Conservation Innovations to Enhance Farmer Adaptation to Climate
Change in Central Malawi by Ms Loma Nyangulu, Research Fellow(Agricultural Economist) Kirk Development Research, Training &Consultancy (KIDERTCO), Plot No. 47/2/264, P.O Box 2716, Lilongwe,
Malawi.
Ms Nyangulu presented a proposed project which intended to harness indigenous knowledge
on small-scale soil and water conservation. She highlighted that, the proposed project sought
to assess smallholder farmers' vulnerability to climatic change and make recommendation on
alternative indigenous innovations that can reduce yield risk. This project also sought tounderstand the potential role that integrated small scale community-based soil and water
management innovations can play in strengthening and enhancing household and community
resilience to climate change and its impacts. She emphasized the continuous reliance ofMalawi on Agriculture as bedrock for economic development, and the impact of climatechange which has considerable effect on agricultural production. She pointed out that, lack ofresources and access to technology coupled with the high dependence of the majority of thecommunities on climate sensitive sectors makes them very vulnerable to climate change
impacts. She also hinted that little is however known, about how resource-poor, rural
Malawian populations understand climate change as well as the associated risks andconsequences for their livelihoods. She was of the view that since over 80% of thecommunities depend on farming as a livelihood strategy, adoption of water conservation
innovations may improve their adaptive capacity. She revealed that, the project will document
and share best practices of proven indigenous small scale innovations with vulnerable
communities to efficiently manage drought environments.
The Integration of Conservation Agriculture to Agro-forestry system as an
adaptation strategy to climate change by Mr. Sekaleli Ts'epo Stephen
Roma, Maseru, Lesotho
Mr. Sekaleli presented a proposal which involved the integration of two agricultural systems
which are Conservation Agriculture and Agro-forestry system to address climate change. He
defined conservation Agriculture as a farming technology that promotes minimum
disturbance to the soil, keeps the soil covered as much as possible and; mixes and rotates

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crops, while agro-forestry is a farming system that integrates crops and/or livestock with trees
and shrubs. He was of the view that to adapt to the existing climatic conditions, it isparamount that technologies or practices such as Conservation Agriculture and Agroforestry system be integrated into a single system. This he believes is because the benefits thatcan be derived from this interaction are many in terms of yield, reduced land degradation andcarbon dioxide reduction in the atmosphere when compared to using the systems separately.
As an example, he demonstrated how the system will provide all year round vegetation coverwhich is important for carbon dioxide minimization in the atmosphere, lower carbon dioxide
emission as a result of low decomposition of organic matter, minimum soil disturbance,
reduced soil erosion, fodder for livestock (from trees and planted grasses), yield from both
crops and fruits.
5.1.9

Evaluation of the CMIP3 Models on the Simulation of the South Atlantic
Ocean Dipole by Hyacinth C. Nnamchi (Climate Dynamics) Departmentof Geography, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
Mr. Nnamchi presented a proposal which sought to evaluate the ability of the coupled oceanatmosphere general circulation models participating in CMIP (Coupled Model
Intercomparison Project) to simulate various aspects of the South Atlantic Ocean Dipole. He
explained that, the CMIP3 models are state-of-the-art models that much of the materials
underlie the future climate projections of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC-AR4). He pointed out that as the concern for climatechange grows, a critical challenge to the climate science community is how to improve thefuture projections of the climates of the different parts of the world to aid planning of theclimate dependent activities. This has led to the establishment of the Coupled Model
Intercomparison Project (CMIP). He added that recent work shows that a dipole mode exists
in the South Atlantic Ocean (SAO), termed this mode the SAO Dipole (SAOD) anddemonstrated that it is a dominant mechanism that determines which year receives unusuallyhigh or low rainfall in about 15countries in Africa and the Americas. He indicated that, thefinal outcome will ultimately lead to improved projections of rainfall especially over thesouthern parts of West and Central Equatorial Africa. These improved projections will
ultimately reduce the adverse effects of climate change while at the same time providing thebasis for the opportunities that may be presented for certain climatic events.
5.1.10 Design and Analysis of a 1MW Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic System
in Kumasi-Ghana by Mr. Ebenezer Nyarko Kumi The Energy Center
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi
Ghana
Mr Kumi presented a proposal to design and analyze a 1MW grid-connected solar
photovoltaic system in the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
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(KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana. He pointed out that, the provision of reliable and continuous
energy supply in Ghana is a major challenge over the past decade. He stated that, lessons fromover-reliance on hydro-electric power generation have led the country to explore alternative
forms of energy generation to meet the aspirations for full electrification. He was of the viewthat solar power, one of the many renewable energy options, provides attractive benefits likeenvironmental protection, job creation, and potential for technology transfer and innovationin Ghana. To this effect, he pointed that the proposed project will develop a standard
methodology for the development of large scale grid-connected solar PV systems for
institutional use. It will also test the methodology in the development of a 1MW gridconnected solar photovoltaic system in KNUST. He hinted that the design and analysis of a
1MW grid-connected solar PV system for Kumasi-Ghana, will seek to reduce the amount ofwork involved in designing such grid-connected solar PV systems, thereby making it for
institutions to adopt. In the long run, he emphasized that the proposed project will help
promote the use of these renewable energy systems and eventually contribute to themitigation of the climate change and its effects.

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5.1.11 Climate Change Analysis: Improve Farmers' Resilience to Climate Related
Hazards in the Upper Catchment of Blue Nile, Ethiopia by Mr. Bewket
Amdu Environment and Development Wondogenet College, Ethiopia
Mr Amdu presented a research project proposal which aimed to support policy makers anddevelopment actors to manage climate change risks and strengthen evidence based
recommendations, and enhance Ethiopia's capacity to adapt to and mitigate climate change.
He was of the opinion that developing countries in general and least developed countries like
Ethiopia in particular are more vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate variability andchange particularly poor subsistent farmers whose livelihood depends on rain fed agriculture.
He stated that, the proposed research sought to analyze drivers, agricultural adaptation
strategies, and knowledge, attitude and practice of climate change and variability at local level.
This will help in finding ways to help farmers adapt and to inform policy for future successful
adaptation of the agricultural sector.

55.1.12 Assessing Indigenous Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation, andImproving Resilience and Decision Making Capacity of Smallholder
farmers in response to climate risks in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia by
Dr Kiros Meles Hadgu, Production Ecology and Resource Conservation,
Mekelle University, P. O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Dr Kiros made a presentation on a proposal to develop climate adaptation strategies withsubsistence farmers to mitigate current and future impacts of climate change, in particular,

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drought (famine and loss of livelihoods and degradation of natural resources). He pointed
out that majority of the population of Tigray depends on subsistence agriculture, which isconstrained by small farm size aggravated by low technology farming methods, declining soil
fertility and increasing soil moisture deficit, crop failure due to recurrent drought, increasingly
unpredictable rainfall, extreme climate events such as drought and storms, and difficulty ofaccess to both food processing/storage and marketing opportunities. Therefore, theproposed research sought to provide better understanding of farmers' perceptions of climatechange, farming system, on-going adaptation measures, and the decision–making process isimportant to inform policies aimed at promoting successful adaptation strategies for the
agricultural sector. He further stated that the proposed research will bring together poor
communities in drought-hit regions of northern Ethiopia with technical and scientificcommunities in the spheres of land management, agricultural research, agronomy andclimatology to assess vulnerability and to enable and support effective adaptation decisions to
reduce vulnerability to climate change to address climate change, local agriculture, foodsecurity, and community resilience in Tigray, Ethiopia.
5.1.13 Assessment of the vulnerability and adaptation strategies to climate
variability and change of the Bos-taurus dairy genotypes under diverse
production environments in Kenya by Mr Kiplangat Ngeno, International
Livestock Research Institute, Biotechnology theme - ILRI, P. O Box 30709,
Nairobi, Kenya.
Mr Ngeno's presentation sought to identify adaptive dairy breed genotypes (DBG) andstrengthen their adaptive capacity by exploring, testing and adopting new ways of coping withclimate variability in dairy production in Kenya. He stated that, the outcome of successful
implementation of the research will enable a profitable and sustainable dairy industry that isable to make decisions in an environment of increased uncertainty and build the confidence
to invest for a future.

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5.2

African Women Forum for Science and Technology(AWFST)

5.2.1

The Effect of Human Activities on the Role of Forests as a Carbon Sink –The Case of Mau Forest, Kenya by Aliet Ondicho, Dr. Mwangi Kinyanjui
and Dr. Ben Mwasi
Ms Aliet Ondicho reported that due to the vital role that forests play in carbon sequestration,
their research activity will purpose to document the extent of human influence on the Mau
forest located in Kenya. To achieve this goal the study will investigate the carbon stock inundisturbed forests as a basis for estimating carbon lost due to deforestation and forest
degradation and to determine the community's conservation involvement in tree planting andhow this refers to replacement of carbon losses.
She hoped that the findings of this study will justify initiation of carbon projects in the areaand define the beneficiaries particularly women who largely control rural livelihood initiatives.
It is hoped that this study will provide useful information for influencing policies on climatechange mitigation and will promote better management and conservation of forest resourcesin Kenya.
5.2.2 Farm-Level Responses to Climate Change and Sustainable Agro-Ecosystem
Management in Marginal Lands of Ebonyi State, Nigeria by Ann Ezeh
NnennaMs Ann Nnenna presented the research activity to be undertaken in marginal lands of Ebonyistate in Nigeria. The study will focus on farm-level responses to climate change andsustainable agro-ecosystem management in those areas. She pointed out that the study will
specifically assess the nature of relationships between climate change and ecosystem services
in the study area. It will also analyze farmers' adaptation strategies to climate change, theirdeterminants and constraints towards effective adaptation and sustainable management ofagro-ecosystem. The expectation is to make contribution towards enhanced management of
the agro-ecosystem for improved human well-being under the influences of climate change.
5.2.3 Strategies for Promoting Sustainable Indigenous Practices in Adaptation,
Resilience Capacity Building and Mitigation of Deforestation, Desertification
and Drought in Rural African Communities by Barrister Onyeke Kingsley andOkpe Valentine Chijioke
This research activity as reported by Mr. Barrister Onyeke will be focused on exploring theopportunities for promoting green cooking using a sun oven. He stressed that this will act as
an example for adopting indigenous practices and technologies in adapting, mitigating and
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encouraging innovations and resilience capacity building in addressing the challenges ofclimate change in Africa.
The sun oven will utilize locally fabricated materials from agricultural waste products such as
rice husk, palm kernel shell, coconut shell, palm oil extraction residue, furniture saw dust,
polythene materials, cow dung and other 'waste materials' as fuel. It is hoped that eventually
this strategy will address specific challenges of climate change like reducing the rate of
deforestation, and improving the health of women and children by reducing the risks ofcontracting respiratory diseases. It will also contribute towards the reduction of the rate ofemission of CO2 into the atmosphere.
5.2.4 Climate Change Awareness and Indigenous Innovative Adaptation
Measures Applied by the Maasai Society in Tanzania by Elionorata Mbuya
Making reference to the pastoral community practices and their relationship with climatechange, Ms Elionarata Mbuya pointed out that there is scanty research done to document how
the pastoral communities' activities impacts on the biodiversity resources which may also havean influence on climate change effects.
To contribute to this research, she indicated that the research study will be focused on
assessing the climate change awareness and indigenous innovative adaptation measuresapplied by the Maasai society who are a pastoral community in Tanzania. Specifically this study
will assess gender based consciousness on the role nomadic pastoralism practices have in
influencing climate change. Lastly, the research findings will be documented focusing on
gender based indigenous adaptation strategies/technologies that have potential to be
incubated as adaptation strategies towards the management of climate change within the
Maasai society.
5.2.5 Smallholder Rice Farmers in South Eastern Nigeria: Constraints, impact,
Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change by Dr. Happiness Oselebe,
Ms Kate Nnamani V, Dr Andrew Efisue and Prof Donatus Onu
Dr. Happiness Oselebe explained that drought is one of the major constraints of riceproduction in the rain-fed ecology in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). She further highlighted that amajor challenge for research and development activities in south eastern Nigeria and indeed
SSA region is to develop drought-tolerant varieties with wide adaptability across rice-growing
ecologies. To contribute towards enhancing rice production, this research study will focus on
increasing the level of awareness of climate change and its impact on rice production amongsmallholder farmers within the study area. This will increase their capacity to deal with issues
arising therein. The project will also investigate and disseminate the high yielding, disease
resistant and drought tolerant rice varieties that will ensure increased food production underProceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 89

stressed environments. It is hoped that this will contribute towards the improvement ofagricultural productivity, provide employment, reduce hunger and enhance income ofsmallholder farmers.
5.2.6 Identifying Indigenous Knowledge and Effective Communication Systems
for Adaptation to Climate Change by Smallholder Farmers of Kilifi District,
Kenya by Grace A. Achiando and Dr. Rhoda Birech
Ms Grace Achiando explained that it is a well-known fact how farmers have lived with climate
variations for many years and have consequently developed their own coping strategies,
referred to as indigenous technical knowledge (ITK). She claimed that this local knowledge
related to adaptation to climate variability has largely not been recognized or documented and
it is now deemed to be critical in formulating policies to mitigate the harsh effects of therapidly changing climate.
In addition, communication systems devoted to these strategies lack feedback frominformation users, and have therefore missed out on the benefits of ITK. To address this gap,
she reported that this research study will investigate the influence of incorporating ITK in
climate change adaptation, and in agricultural communication systems for increased foodproduction in Kilifi district of Kenya. The outputs of the study would be used in thedevelopment of an information flow framework to be used by policy makers in climatechange management, and development of a database of indigenous knowledge that isrelevant to climate change management in Kilifi district. This will contribute towards thedevelopment of ITK mainstreaming frameworks in agricultural information andcommunication systems.
5.2.7 Moving Forward in a Changing Climate: Poverty Reduction ThroughSustainable Environmental Management (PRESEM) by Joy Samantha
Bongyereire and Mr. Natwijuka Seth Kayombo
Ms Joy Bongyereire indicated that the study seeks to contribute towards the restoration of
degraded hills of Gihimbi in Buhozi Parish, Busanza Sub-county and Gishori in Rutaka
Parish, Kirundo Sub-county for healthy ecosystems and improved livelihoods of the local
smallholder farmers. She stated that the project will empower men and women to grow trees
and essential oil herbs and grasses on the bare hills as well as grow fruit and agro forestry trees
on their farms as a means of combating climate change and other direct and indirect benefits.
The study will specifically evaluate the degraded ecosystems in Kisoro and their impact on theeconomy and the environment. This is expected to raise awareness to men and women on thevalue of environmental restoration and conservation for development and promote therestoration of the degraded hills using income generating projects namely growing highly
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valued essential oil grasses and herbs like lemon grass, citronella, geranium, patchouli, andagro forestry trees for soil fertility management, soil and water conservation. Thereafter the
project successes will be documented for sharing with stakeholders and replication of thetechnology.
5.2.8 Effective Dissemination Pathways for Delivering Climate Information andServices to Vulnerable Groups for Adaptation in Semi-Arid Kenya by
Viola Kirui and Bockline Omedo Bebe
Ms Viola Kirui declared that access and use of climate information and services are essential
for building adaptation to impacts of climate change. These include early warning systems,
weather forecasts and research outputs relating to climate change adaptation in relation tofood, health and conservation of natural resources. She further stressed that climate
information and services would help vulnerable groups (e.g. women, children and the elderly)
to increase awareness and build capacity for disaster preparedness and community resilience
to a changing climate.
She was concerned that despite concerted efforts by research institutions and climate
scientists to generate and disseminate climate-related information and services, millions ofvulnerable groups in arid lands continue to experience food, income and health insecurities.
Media sources (e.g. mass, print and electronic) and communication via community channels
have been used to disseminate vital climate information and services, but their efficiency inreaching vulnerable groups is not well-established. In addressing some of these challenges,
she mentioned that the study would seek to characterize dissemination pathways for climate
information and services to which vulnerable groups in Semi-arid region in Kenya can accessclimate information. The major goal will be to determine the preferences and user-friendly
attributes to the flow of climate-related information and services to these groups.
5.2.9 Waste Minimisation Programme by Martha Ugwu
Ms Martha Ugwu reported that waste policy has important climate change implications
derived from emissions savings from waste prevention through recycling to management ofmethane emissions from landfills. She pointed out that though a full functioning waste
disposal system in developed countries may not cause a lot of anxiety, they introduce
legislations that affect everyone to ensure an effective system that prevents high levels ofwaste generation which emit noxious odour. She sympathized with the waste management
situation in Africa which she termed as low and it is characterized by uncollected waste often
dumped into the streets, vacant lots, and water bodies etc.
There may be vast open spaces in developing countries but open dumps pollute the air, waterand land. Since wastes pose significant risks to human health and the environment, she
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 91

declared that the study will seek to contribute towards waste management by building thecapacity of African healthcare staff. This would be done through training, information
sharing, networking and dialogue in relevant topical and developmental issues.
It is expected that the study will build capacity by educating all health staff to manage waste
more effectively, by raising awareness on waste management, and compliance with legislation.
In addition, the study will sensitize the health workers on correct identification, andsegregation of clinical waste to avoid risks to staff, patients and the environment. This will be
important in contributing towards the general minimization of the amount of waste going tolandfill and in maximizing the benefits of recycling.

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Climate Sense Program (CSP)

6.1.1

Technological and Farming Systems Adaptation to Climate Change inFarming Communities of Enugu State, Nigeria by Emeka Celestine Nzeh
and Rita Ogugua
As presented by Mr Emeka Nzeh, this study purposed to examine the level of awareness andunderstanding of farmers and local communities about the manifestation and impacts ofclimate change. This involved the identification of the relationships between climate change
and adjustments in farming systems and management technologies; and establishing thepatterns and manner of livelihood adjustments that have been implemented by local
communities and farmers in response to the climate change phenomenon. He was optimistic
about the positive impact arising from the research findings in enlightening the stakeholders
on ways to manage and adapt to climate change.

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Wind Resource Assessmen for Sustainable Development in Rural Ghana: A
Science, Technology and Innovation Research Capacity Building Initiative by
Mahu Seth Agbeve, Atsu Titiati and Wilhemina Quaye
In his presentation of their concluded study, Mr Mahu Seth explained that the main
adaptation strategy that this project sought to explore was the use of wind resource energy topush the drive for climate change adaptation in vulnerable rural communities especially thosealong the coast of Ghana. This was attained by wind resource assessment at a location in theDanghe East District of Ghana using instrumentation and methodologies based on bestindustrial practices to obtain data of good quality to stimulate and boost further explorationof wind energy potential in the area. Thereafter, the study sought to raise awareness throughsensitization workshops for investment in the environmentally sustainable wind energy
generation as an alternative livelihood opportunity for Ghana and entire West Africa region.
6.1.3

Enhancing Crop Yield by Smallholder Farmers through Integrated Climate
Change Adaptation Program in Sierra Leone by Teddy Morlai, Dr. Kelleh G.
Mansaray and Gibril Vandi
Mr Teddy Morlai presented their study that focused on investigating the state of climatechange and climate variability across agro-climatic regions in Sierra Leone. It sought toestablish and understand the socio-economic status of indigenous people, theirknowledge, perceptions and behaviour towards climate change. Mr Morlai explained that amodel would be established on how climate links health, natural disaster, to food security
and the local economic growth with an overall aim of building capacity in the area ofclimate change.
6.1.4

Climate Change Awareness and Indigenous Adaptive Technologies in the
Niger Delta Region of Nigeria by Chidi Nzeadibe, Chukwudumebi L.
Egbule , Dr. Nnaemeka Chukwuone and Dr Victoria Chinwe Agu
Mr Chidi Nzeadibe group's study sought to determine the level of awareness of local
community on impacts of climate change and to identify specific practices contributing
negatively to climate change in the area. In addition, the study investigated the available
extension services relating to climate change and adaptation strategies and determined the
problems associated with adapting to effects of climate change. Mr Nzeadibe further
explained that there were further efforts in establishing the government's efforts inpromoting sustainable environment and climate change mitigation and adaptation.
According to him, one of the major constraints is the gaps in knowledge and informationtransfers from the government and researchers to the communities. This study would
therefore shed light on the information gaps that policy makers and researchers can exploit toensure that climate change is well addressed in the area.

Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 95

6.1.5

Assessment of Adaptive Capacity of the Machobane Farming System to
Climate Change in Lesotho by Dr S. B. Mekbib, Dr A.O Olaleye, Dr M.N.
Mokhothu, Masia Johane and Spirit M. Tlali
Dr Mekbib informed the participants that the study focused on assessing the Machobane andNon-Machobane farming systems to compare their capacity in adapting to climate change
impacts in Lesotho. He stated that a thorough analysis had been conducted including
dialogue with policy makers with the view to incorporate the Machobane Farming System as a
viable farming system for the rural poor in Lesotho.
6.1.6

Tracking Effective Indigenous Adaptation Strategies on Impacts of
Climate Variability of Food Security and Health of Subsistence Farmers in
Tanzania by Dr. Riziki Silas Shemdoe
According to Dr. Riziki Shemdoe, the study examined the variability of climate variables inselected areas of Tanzania. Further it assessed the impacts of climate variability on foodproduction; and on health of farmers and food security. Out of these findings it determined
the short and long term adaptation strategies developed by different rural communities with aview to develop robust framework to support policy decisions in crop/livestock production
and human health systems in Tanzania. This will be a useful contribution to behaviouralchanges and influencing policies on building climate resilience in Tanzania.
6.1.7

Assessment of Indigenous Climate Change Adaptation Practices in
Smallholder Agriculture of Southeast Nigeria by Dr. Anselm Enete, Dr.
Ignatius A. Madu, Dr. Elizabeth A. Onwubuya, Anthony N. Onyekuru,
Mojekwu Josephat Chukwudi, and Fidelis Eze
Dr. Anselm Enete stated that main objective of the study was to examine the level ofawareness of climate change and its link with agriculture among farmers in the area.
Specifically, the study identified the activities of farmers that contribute to climate change in
the area; examined the patterns of climate change impact on agriculture in the area; identified
the indigenous adaptation practices used by farmers in the area and thereafter estimated thecosts and returns of these adaptation practices. In addition, it identified the factors that are
influencing the adoption of these adaptation strategies in the area including the problems
encountered by farmers in adapting to the effects of climate change. He was confident thatthe study would be useful in contributing to the on-going debate on climate change
management and particularly in informing robust climate change policies.

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Assessment of Incidence of Climate Change, Innovative Adaptation
Practices and Livelihood Security in Malawi by Tennyson M. Magombo,
Mutisungirire Kachulu, George Kanthiti, Hilda Kabuli and Grace Chawezi
Phiri
Mr. Tennyson Magombo stated that the study's main goal was to assess the incidence ofclimate change and understanding the links between climate change innovative adaptation
strategies, farming systems and livelihood security. The study sought to specificallyunderstand the level of awareness of climate change in the area, the nature of the impacts andestablish the different practices that exacerbate the impacts as well as the indigenous
adaptation practices used by farmers in the area. The major outcomes from the study are
expected to be; enhancement of behavioural changes towards climate change adaptation
measures at individual and institutional levels, to build capacity of farmers in the area andmost importantly to influence policy on climate change resilience at the national level in
Malawi.
6.1.9

Sensitizing and Building the Capacity of Women towards Climate Change
Consequences in Northern Lakes of Egypt by Manal Moustafa Samra andAhmed Abdel Hamid
Ms Manal Samra reported that the study aimed to strengthen the capacity of poor local
women to adapt to climate change impacts through up-to-date ideas and means of processingof fish products to assist them to adapt to the inevitable impacts of climate change in theircommunity. She was highly encouraged that there were great achievements in supporting
communities and institutions in the focus area in identifying appropriate and sustainable
adaptation mechanisms. This included support to residents and institutions in selected
communities in identifying the methods of minimizing the consequences of climate changesuch as poverty, unemployment and overpopulation. They also established concretemechanisms of knowledge transfer in the area of climate change; and also encouraged
women to take leadership in climate change and adaptation issues.

6.2

Regional Agricultural Innovations Programme

6.2.1

Agricultural Innovations for Climate Change Adaptation and Food Security
in Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Liberia: Empirical Evidence by Agwu Ekwe
Agwu, Egbule Chukwudumebi Leticia, Amadu Festus Onesimus, Morlai
Teddy Amara, Wollor Emmanuel Topor, and Cegbe Leroy W.
The major aim of the research was to identify and document effective agricultural innovations
for climate change adaptation and food security in three West African countries, namely:
Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Liberia. The specific objectives of the study were to: promote some
agricultural innovations through targeted training and field demonstrations with selected
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Agriculture Extension Officers and farmers in Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Liberia; identify anddocument indigenous innovations and good practices by climate change vulnerable
communities for improved food security in Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Liberia; identify anddocument emerging innovations suitable for climate change adaptation in Nigeria, Sierra
Leone and Liberia; establish collaborative network involving researchers, ministry of foodand agriculture or its equivalent and farmers to enhance agricultural innovations for increased
productivity in the face of climate change in Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Liberia; build capacityof farmers and extension officers from the ministry of food and agriculture or its equivalent
in order to enhance behavioral change towards sustainable farming and agri-business
innovations in Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Liberia; build capacity of the research team on
agricultural innovation systems through participating in an integrated capacity building
programme, including hands on case studies and country tours to showcase and learn fromgood practices; radio jingles, drama, plays, TV shows, etc. all aimed at disseminating evidence
based climate change adaptations and resilience methods and food security to vulnerable
communities and people in the three countries; and to support the implementation of the
NEPAD CAADP programme in the West Africa region through popularization and policy
advocacy.
The study adopted the Agricultural Science Technology and Innovation (ASTI) Systemframework and drew on both primary and secondary data sources using both qualitative andquantitative methodologies. Multistage (random) sampling techniques were used in selecting
1,424 farming households (made up of 624 from Nigeria; 400 from Sierra Leone and 400
from Liberia) for the study. Also, 164 key stakeholders from various organizations involved inclimate change and food security issues participated in the study. Percentages, mean scores,
standard deviations, trend analysis and exploratory factor analysis procedure using theprincipal factor model with iteration and varimax rotation were the major analytical tools usedin realizing the research objectives.
Key findings from the study showed that respondents across the three countries possessed no
special training on climate change adaptation and food security issues. The level ofinvestment in farms from self-generated income sources in Sierra Leone and Liberia showed
an increasing trend over the past five years, with an unstable source of government funding
over the past five years in Sierra Leone and Nigeria. Farmers from the three countries notedthat they experienced delayed shift in onset of farming seasons due to delayed and erratic
onset of rains. Though farmers in Liberia experienced the highest level of increase in thetrend of extreme weather events and more farming problems than those in Nigeria and Sierra
Leone, the farmers perceived a downward trend in extreme weather conditions between 2008
and 2009. Farmers from the three countries noted that human activities are largely the maincauses of climate change. These human activities include tree felling, bush burning, gas
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flaring from oil companies (in Nigeria), cooking with firewood and burning of fossil fuels,among others. Adaptive measures used in the three countries include: increased weeding,increased use of fertilizers, changes in planting dates and prayers for God's interventions.
Similar problems were being encountered by stakeholders in the different countries in theirvarious efforts to adapt to the changing climate. These problems include poor access torelevant information, poor/low extension services, lack of financial resources etc. Again,
respondents perceived food situations in their various countries not to have changed
considerably. This is evident in the number of times they fed daily, which was mainly twice inSierra Leone and Liberia. There was perceived non-existence of overseas linkages /collaborations across the three countries in the area of food security and climate change
issues. However, there was an increase in linkage between farmers and the R&D institutions in
Nigeria, while in Sierra Leone and Liberia, the linkages remained unchanged over the years.
The major sources of information on climate change for Nigeria and Sierra Leone farmers
were radio, television, other farmers and Ministries of Agriculture. Lastly, respondents'
abilities to adapt to the changing climate and domestic environment's support for climatechange adaptation and food security issues were poor in the three countries. Hence, given thecomplexity of the existing socio-political situations as well as the tremendous lack of financial
and human resources for development in these countries, it will be imperative for the different
governments to work collaboratively with other stakeholders so as to secure the future of
their citizens---there lies the importance of the Agricultural Innovation System Framework.
6.2.2 Agricultural Innovations for Climate Change Adaptation and Food Security
in Africa: The Cases of Ghana and the Gambia by Gordon Akon-Yamga,
Paul Boadu, Beatrice Darko Obiri, Joyce Amoako, Fatou Janha Mboob
The main objective of the study was to support the ATPS Agricultural Innovations
Programme on Agricultural Innovations for Climate Change Adaptation and Food Security in
Africa by achieving the following specific objectives: Identify and document indigenous
innovations and good practices by climate change vulnerable communities for improved foodsecurity in Ghana and The Gambia; provide information on agricultural practices andactivities of farmers towards food security and climate change adaptation in Ghana andGambia; identify and document emerging innovations suitable for climate change adaptationin Ghana and The Gambia; promote some selected agricultural innovations through targetedtraining and field demonstrations with selected agriculture extension officers and farmers in
Ghana and The Gambia; establish collaborative network involving researchers, ministry offood and agriculture or its equivalent and farmers to enhance agricultural innovations forincreased productivity in the face of climate change; and to provide baseline information to
support agricultural innovation programmes and the implementation of the NEPAD
CAADP programme in the West Africa region through popularization and policy advocacy.
The study was carried out in Ghana and The Gambia. Two methods were employed for thisProceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 99

study. These were field survey and desk research. These methods yielded both primary andsecondary data. To allocate the number of household heads for the field survey between
Ghana and the Gambia the ratio of the populations of the two countries was used. Therefore
relying on the ratio of the population of Ghana (23,350,9272) to the Gambia (1,660,2003) as
the basis for allocating the number of households to be selected from each country, 747
households were allocated to Ghana and 53 households were allocated to the Gambia tocomplete the proposed overall sample size of 800. However it was realized 53 households was
too low a sample and therefore during the survey 100 households were selected from theGambia and 746 from Ghana.
Key findings showed that male farmers dominated (77.5%) the households in Ghana. In theGambia, the respondents were also dominated by male farmers represented by 91.9%. The
survey results from Ghana showed that majority of the respondents (64.7%) had some levelof formal education. The results from the Gambia showed that all the respondents had somelevel of formal education. Majority of the farmers interviewed were mainly engaged in crop
cultivation. The survey results showed that majority of famers in Ghana finance theiragricultural activities from their own pockets. All the finances that go into farming in theGambia were self-generated. The results from Ghana showed that 54% of respondents had
never benefitted from the services of agricultural extension agents whereas in the Gambia
95% of the respondents reported that they had received visits from Agricultural Extension
Agents.
Further results from Ghana showed that many of the farmers interviewed (60%) knew andwere able to describe climate change, albeit many times they were describing the changing
rainfall season. In the Gambia, the knowledge of climate change issues was very encouraging.
About 91% of the farmers interviewed said they were aware of climate change. Farmers
perceived the loss of forest resources as the major impact of climate change in their localities.
The results further indicated that the trend of forest loss has consistently increased between
2005 and 2009. Additionally the results showed that flooding, long period of dry season, soil
infertility, drying of rivers, long period of rains, decrease in farm yields and delays in the onsetof rainfall during the rainy season were some perceived impacts of climate change. As an
indicator of household food security in the study area in Ghana, famers were asked about thefrequency with which they had problems meeting their household feeding. The results from
Ghana show that majority of the respondents (45.3%) said they sometimes experienced
problems with feeding in their households. Furthermore, 6.3% said they often faced problem
with household feeding, 5.4% said they always faced problems, while 14.6% said they seldom
encountered problems. Therefore overall 72.6% of the respondents have in some form
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experienced problems with meeting household feeding. In the Gambia, majority of the
farmers (75%) sometimes find it difficult meeting the food needs of their families.
Farmers' adaptive responses to erratic rainfall patterns showed that in Ghana, 29.8% of
farmers did nothing in seasons where they had little rainfall. Other farmers said they regularly
weeded their farms (22.7%); applied fertilizer (10.2%); irrigated their farms (8.7%); cultivatedearly (2.1%); sprayed with agro-chemicals (2.1%); and the application of manure (1.8%).The
situation was no different in the Gambia as majority of the respondents there (33%) also did
nothing. About 17% of them said they provide water for their livestock whereas 7% consult
with the agricultural extension officers and 4% pray to God for relief. When it comes tofarmers' response to excessive rainfall, the results show a similar trend in both countries.
The results from Ghana showed that not many farmers had introduced innovations on theirfarms. Indeed about 79% of the respondents said they have not introduced any innovations.
Similarly, in the Gambia, 72% of the respondents said they have not introduced any
innovations. With respect to institutions, about 109 technologies and innovations wereidentified among 13 research institutions in Ghana. Most of the technologies were crop
production related technologies/innovations. In the Gambia, five institutions were covered.
The institutions were mostly engaged in extension or information dissemination activities,
production, and research and development of agricultural innovations and technologies.
Other activities undertaken by the institutions include teaching, policy advocacy and quality
assurance of technologies
6.2.3 Agricultural Innovations and Adaptations to Climate Change Effects andFood Security in Central Africa: Case of Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea andCentral African Republic by Musongong née Siri Bella Ngoh, Mafany
George Teke, Ndeso Sylvester Atanga
The main thrust of the research was to identify, evaluate and document innovative adaptation
strategies and their effectiveness in coping with climate change effects in some selected
Central African countries. The area of study covered the three Central African countries of
Cameroon (CAM), Equatorial Guinea (EQG) and the Central African Republic (CAR). The
study area was purposively divided as per the ecological and climatic peculiarities of each zone
into ten main zones distributed for each country as follows: Cameroon had five zones, CAR
three and Equatorial Guinea two. In Cameroon, a total of 600 questionnaires wereadministered and 572 questionnaires were retrieved for analysis. The 200 questionnaires
distributed in the CAR were all retrieved while only 115 of the 200 questionnaires
administered in Equatorial Guinea were recovered for analysis. Purposive, stratified, random
sampling methods and some selected Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools were used forthe collection of data. Semi-structured interviews and focused group discussions were used tosource information from respondents that were unable to read and fill the questionnaires
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 101themselves. Respondents to the questionnaires were randomly selected from the following
target-groups: crop farmers, (market gardeners, cereal farmers, cash crop/permanent crop
growers) animal husbandry (piggery, poetry, etc.) and non-conventional farmers (like bee
keepers, Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) collectors, snail farmers). The collected data
were analysed using STATA statistical package.
Key results showed that over 90% of the farms were family or privately owned and operated
as small groups in the three countries and that more than 90% of the agricultural funds in all
three countries are self-generated capital. More than half of the farmers demonstrated
appreciable awareness on climate change issues. On the perceived causes of climate change,
more than 55% of the farmers in Central Africa purported that deforestation or cutting oftrees, bushfires and pollution were the principal culprits. Some of the main innovative
strategies that farmers have devised to cope with climate change impacts were; multiple
cropping and planting with different maturity period, late planting, blocking of drainage inrice fields, grazing on leftover straw, harvesting of animal droppings, wood ash application
and urban cropping. Other strategies employed were shade tree planting, and river bankfarming. Several problems were observed to undermine the efforts of farmers in adapting to
the effects of climate change. These include: poor access to information source relevant toadaptation, lack of financial resources, limited access to and high cost of improved cropvarieties, non-availability of storage, processing and credit facilities, non-availability and highcost of fertilizers and other inputs and high cost of irrigation facilities. It was recommended
that governments should establish financial policies and make available incentives, subsidies
and bonuses to farming communities that identify and bring into light new strategies that caneffectively combat the perils of climate change and improve food security.

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The African Manifesto for Science, Technology
and Innovation by Dr. Kevin Chika Urama, ATPSDr Kevin Urama introduced the African Manifesto for Science Technology & Innovation
with core aspects regarding its origins and the African Manifesto's overall relevance andimpact. He argued that STI is an essential engine of development in Africa just as in othercountries where technology transfer solutions and other home-grown initiatives to deploy,harness and utilize science and technology have led to sustainable economic development.
The rationale for the African Manifesto for ST&I is that it may help to stimulate a strong
political will leading to more opportunities to address poverty, diseases, environmental
destruction and other sensitive issues in Africa. Dr. Urama also pointed out that the Manifesto
is another opportunity to start thinking of a New Africa where self-rule and democratic
governance are fully recognized as pathways to Africa's development. After presenting his
new vision on STI for Africa's Development and depicting the socio-economic and politicalcontexts, he concluded on potential opportunities for improvement, coordinated response
actions (stimulating new forms of STI, coordination and collaboration, full socialization, etc.)
and recommendations (capacity building and utilization, institutional reforms, funding andaccountability, investments in STI infrastructure) to be considered.
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Innovation, Sustainability, Development: A New Manifesto by Dr. Adrian Ely
Dr. Adrian Ely outlined a collaborative project on a new manifesto
process on Innovation, Sustainability and Development. He statedthat the project was not merely about putting forward views andideas, but it was also concerned with the ways to explore how ideas
have changed over the decades and then, to highlight divergent
perspectives from other parts of the world. He further argued on theimperative of poverty reduction, social justice and environmentally
sustainability that can only be achieved through a radical shift to
Science, Technology and Innovation. He also explained that the needfor more STI should be accompanied by a new agenda that involves
new politics of innovation and related pathways, possible alternatives as well as politicalchoices and trade-offs. After stating how important the African manifesto is to the new global
debate on ST&I, he came up with the argument that there is need to move beyond a view that
'more' and 'faster' innovation will do and to embrace forms of STI socialization (value ofindigenous STI systems). Finally, he suggested some ideas for moving forward including
duplication of manifestos to celebrate a plurality of ideas, documenting examples ofinnovation approaches and engagement with main stakeholders and social movements at
various levels.
7.3

UNESCO Science Report 2010 by Susan Schneegans
Susan Schneegans provided an overview of the UNESCO Science
Report 2010 on the current status of Science around the world. Afterreporting key figures (shares of researchers, GERD/GDP ratio,world shares of publications, etc.) for the years 2002 and 2007 andfor the period 2000–2009 for some data (patents awarded to South
Africa inventors), Ms Schneeg ans sug g ested somerecommendations for Africa which basically include the crucial needfor systematic data collection and analysis, national science policies
integrated into nations development plans, extensive collaboration
between African States and donor organizations for the purpose of
establishing more research centers in key areas of ST&I, active role of African governments
to raise GERD to at least 1% of GDP and more involvement of researchers in Africa toincrease research publications, implement research programs and participate in the cuttingedge of global technological progress. She also put emphasis on other key issues such as theglobal level of S&T education and ways to improve it especially for some marginalized
populations and the brain drain of African scientists. She ended the presentation with theefforts being made in Africa in terms of developing centers of excellence and their
networking as well as an overview of policies to promote research and innovation in Africa
and some emerging countries like China.
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7.4

The Biennial Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) in Africa Report by
Dr Nicholas Ozor African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)In his presentation, Dr Ozor provided the rationale for the proposedbiennial report for science, technology and innovation in Africa
which includes keeping up-to-date information on the state ofscience, technology and innovation in Africa. He noted that his
experience as a co-author for the sub Saharan Africa Chapter of the
UNESCO Science Report 2010 shows that there is dearth of reliabledata on STI in Africa. It also showed that we have problem of
documentation of data and research evidence in Africa. He further
noted that the Biennial Africa Report will be designed in such a way
as to feed into the global UNESCO report that is published every
five years. The report will also enable ATPS to:> Develop an interactive web-hosted database resource of STI experts in and on Africa(Who is, Who in STI in Africa);> Institute an annual award to celebrate performing STI actors in Africa;> Develop a donor watch program (DWP) aimed at providing support to Donor
Consortia interested in supporting STI issues in Africa; and> Feed into the Global UNESCO Science Report published every 5 years. The web
link for the UNESCO Science Report 2010 is:
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001899/189958e.pdf
Dr Ozor further provided examples of what will form the content of the Biennial Science
Report for Africa as follows:
1. Background of STI in Africa (country cases): This will include; brief historicalanalysis of STI developments; STI policies and legal frameworks; barriers to STI
development; and the place of STI in the overall agenda and priorities of country
Governments.
2. Inventory of STI capabilities in Africa: This will include data on various STI
indicators such as; number of scientists in the country, number of research institutions,
number of universities, STI publications and reports, budgets to S&T and R&D,
training opportunities, enrolments into S&T programmes (BSC, MSc & PhD) in
universities, and job satisfaction and security in S&T, etc.
3. Evidence-based STI responses to global changes in Africa: This will include
specific evidence-based STI initiatives developed in response to the current global
challenges such as climate change, food insecurity, economic & financial crisis, andpoverty, etc.
4. Perspectives and strategies for strengthening STI capabilities in Africa: This will
include the necessary prerequisites enabling the attainment of sustainable STI
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development, the strategies for tackling the global challenges through STI, and themodels and mechanisms for advancing STI development, etc.
Emerging organizations driving STI in Africa: This will include the inventory ofactors - public and private institutions, ministries, organizations, etc., providing
leadership in STI development and their respective mandates, the level of partnerships
and collaboration between public and private sectors involved in STI development,
national and international collaborations in STI development, and individuals andgroups championing STI development (with contacts)

Dr Ozor also described the proposed process for developing the Biennial Report for Africa.
He noted that each participating country will nominate at least two representatives who haveresearch capacity to contribute to the process of development of the report. An inauguralworkshop of these experts will then be convened to discuss modalities for the report andshare responsibilities. Overall, the ATPS Secretariat will handle the editorial issues andlogistics. He further noted that detailed arrangements for the nomination and workshop will
be communicated to the members in due course.

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ONE-DAYCORPORATEGOVERNANCE REPORT

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Report on the One-day Corporate Governance Training Course
for the African Technology Policy Studies (ATPS) Network Key
Stakeholders by Dr Joshua Okumbe and Ms Judith A Oluoch,
The Center for Corporate Governance, Kenya
Introduction
The Center for Corporate Governance conducted a One-Day Corporate Governance training
course for ATPS Network key stakeholders at Conrad Hilton Hotel, Cairo, Egypt on
November 29, 2010.
Objectives of the Training Course
The main objectives of the Training course were to enable the key Stakeholders of ATPS
Network to:> Broaden their knowledge and understanding of corporate governance.
> Understand and interpret the principles and best practice in corporate governance.
> Be exposed to the challenges of good corporate leadership.
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 109

>>Discuss their duties, roles and responsibilities as direction setters.
Appreciate the need for effective and timely financial reporting and need for full
disclosure and compliance.
A total of 35 key Stakeholders attended this training course. The detailed list of participants isprovided as an Appendix at the end of the report.
PROGRAMME AND METHODOLOGY
Monday, November 29, 2010
Participants started arriving at the venue from 0800 hours. Activities of the day began withregistration at 0830 hours.
The first session of the day begun at 0900 hours with a welcome address by the Executive
Director, ATPS, Dr. Kevin Urama, and opening address by Chairman, ATPS Board, Dr.
Samuel M. Wangwe. All Participants formally introduced themselves.
This session was followed by an Introduction to the concept and development of corporate
governance and principles of corporate governance which lasted from 0915 to 1045 hours.
Participants had tea break between 1045 and 1115 hours.
From 1115 hours, the Mandate and Governance organs of ATPS were highlighted.
Thereafter the Roles and Functions of the Members, Board, Chairman, Executive Director
and Management of ATPS Network were covered.

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Lunch was served from 1330hours.
The afternoon session began at 1430 hours and covered on the making of the Board of ATPS
more effective. The session explored aspects such as composition of the Board, Board
Instruments, Board Dynamics, Board Committees, Conflict of Interest and Board
Evaluation. The session ended at 1600 hours. Thereafter, tea break was held between 1600
and 1630 hours.
The next session, after the tea break, begun at 1630 hours and the session covered various
elements of corporate accountability, disclosure and compliance. A review on Controls,
Compliance, Reporting and Disclosure at ATPS was covered during the session.
In the last session of the day, which lasted from 1730 to 1800 hours, the participants reviewed
the lessons learnt during the day. Likewise, it was noted from the Recommendations (Seebelow) made by the participants that the training captured varied issues in corporate
Governance. Thereafter, the participants were given course evaluation forms which they
completed and returned. The results of the evaluation are detailed on the next page.
110 | Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS

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The training course was formally closed with closing remarks from the Chairman, Dr. SamuelM. Wangwe. Thereafter, certificates were awarded to the participants.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Major recommendations made by the participants during the One-Day Corporate
Governance training course include the following:
1. Ensure that the Board actions are motivated by the interest of ATPS Network.
2. Put in place a Board manual/charter to guide the operations of the board and address
issues of conflict of interest
3. Need to put in place mechanisms for annual board evaluation/self-assessment
4. Need to blend skills on the board (look at the different skills that each member brings tothe board)
5. Appreciate the role of the Board in Strategic Planning and link the annual work plans tothe strategic plan.
6. Board papers to be availed to members in good time to facilitate preparation.
EVALUATION OF THE INDUCTION COURSE
The table below presents the mean scores of the participants' responses to the evaluation
instrument on the topics and the presentations during the training course.
Question

Average

1. The training administration (handouts)

4.0

Very Good

2. Were the topics clearly presented?

4.2

Very Good

3. Were the topics covered extensively?

3.9

Very Good

4. Do you think the presentations were well organised?

4.0

Very Good

5. Were the presentations informative?

4.3

Very Good

6. What is your rating of the knowledge gained during this training? 4.0

Very Good

Overall rating

Very Good

4.10

Key:
5 Excellent (4.51 - 5.00);
4 Very Good (3.51 - 4.50);
3 Good (2.51 - 3.50);
2 Fair (1.51 - 2.50);
1 Poor (0.51 - 1.50)

RatingThe overall rating of the
training course had a meanscore of 4.10, which is VeryGood. This shows that theparticipants had an impressive
rating of the training course.

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A

ANNEXESAnnex 1: Workshop Programme
DAY 2 - Friday, 26 November 2010
PLENARY SESSION 3: RECAP OF DAY 1
Venue: Conrad Ball Room, Cairo, Egypt
Time

Topic/ Presentations

Proposed Presenters

Session Chair/Lead Discussants

08:45 –
09.00 a.m.

Recap of Day 1

Dr Nicholas Ozor, SeniorResearch Officer, ATPS

Prof. Oyebanji Oyeyinka, Director,
Monitoring & Research Division, UNHABITAT & ATPS Board Member

Day 2: PARALLEL SESSION (D2-P1 – P4)

09:00 –
11:00 a.m.

Topic/Presentations

Proposed Presenters

Session Chair/Lead DiscussantsParallel Session P. 1:(Morning)· Governance of science,technology and innovation in
Africa (Subtheme 1);· Investments in STI(subtheme 2)· STI indicators (Subtheme 3)
Parallel Session P.2:
· STI and development in
Africa· Knowledge Management &Intellectual Property Rights
Parallel Session P.3:
· Gender Issues in STI
Development in Africa

All delegates that submitted
papers under this subtheme (seeAnnex 2 for time allocations andvenue)

1. Prof. Wiebe E. Bijker, Maastricht
University, The Netherlands
2. Dr. George Essegbey, Director,
STEPRI-CSIR, Ghana and Regional
Council Member, ATPS.

All delegates that submitted
papers under this subtheme (seeAnnex 3 for time allocations andvenue)

Prof. Michael Madukwe,
National Chapter Coordinator, ATPS
Nigeria
2. Dr Musa Dube, National Coordinator,
ATPS Swaziland
1. Prof. Agnes Mwang’ombe, Chair,
AWFST, and member ATPS Board.
2. Mr Tennyson Magombo, Agroenterprise Development Specialist,
African Institute of Corporate
Citizenship & Chair, AYFSTParallel Session P. 4:· IP Program Regional &National Steering Committee
Workshop· Traditional Knowledge
Systems & Increasing
Access to benefit Sharing ofIntellectual property in Africa(ATPS-CP0209)

All delegates that submitted
papers under this subtheme(Annex 4 for time allocationsand venue)

All delegates that submitted
papers under this subtheme(Annex 5 for time allocationsand venue)

11:00 –
11:30 a.m.

HEALTH BREAK

11:30 –
13:00 p.m.

Day 2: PARALLEL SESSION (D2-P1 – P4) CONTINUES(cf : Annexes 1 – 4 for time allocations and venue, respective)

13:00 –
14:00 p.m.

LUNCH

1.

1. Mr. Joseph Wekundah,
ATPS IP Program Coordinator
2. Mr. Richard Muriuki, ATPS Finance &Admin Manager

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PLENARY SESSION 4: ONGOING RESPONSES TO STI DEVELOPMENT – GLOBAL AND AFRICAN SCALES
Venue: Conrad Ball Room, Cairo, Egypt
Time

Topic/Presentations

Proposed
Presenters/Discussants

14:00 –
14:15 p.m.

The UNESCO Global Science
Report 2010: Lessons for Africa
and Presentation of the UNESCO
Report 2010

14:15 –
14:35 p.m.

Launching The African
Manifesto for STI

Ms Susan Schneegans,
UNESCO Paris and Editor
UNESCO Science Report 2010

Session ChairsProf. Shaukat Abdul Razak, National
Council on Science and Technology(NCST), Kenya, Member, ATPS Board

Dr. Kevin Urama, ED ATPS &SET-DEV Partners
Panelists:· Dr Adrian Ely, STEP Centre,
UK

14:35 –
15:15 p.m.

Expert Panel Responses to The
African Manifesto (5 - 10
minutes each)· Prof. Turner Isoun, Former
S&T Minister, Fed. Rep. of
Nigeria, ATPS Board
Member· Prof. Abdul Razak, Executive
Secretary, NCST, Kenya,
ATPS Board Member.
· Prof Agnes Mwangombe,
Chair, AWFST, Kenya
Facilitators:

15:15 –
15:30 p.m.
15:30 –
16:00 p.m.

Facilitated Q&A by Stakeholders
in Responses to The Africa
Manifesto· Twalib Ebrahim, ATPS Kenya· Deepa Pullanikkatil, ATPS
MalawiHEALTH BREAK

PLENARY SESSION 5: ONGOING RESPONSES TO STI DEVELOPMENT – GLOBAL AND AFRICAN SCALES CONTINUES
Venue: Conrad Ball Room, Cairo, Egypt
16:00 –
16:15 p.m.

Announcing the Process for
Biennial Publication on the Stateof STI in Africa report

16:15 –
16:30 p.m.

ATPS Innovation Incubation
Programs: The UniBRAIN
project, the Climate innovation
Awards, AYFST, and AWFST

16:30 –
17:30 p.m.

Facilitated International Roundtable Discussion: Stakeholders
Responses to The Africa
Manifesto and way forward

Dr Nicholas Ozor,
Senior Research Officer, ATPS

Prof. Indira Nath,Institute of Pathology (ICMR), New Dehli,
India, Member ATPS Board

Dr Kevin Urama, Executive
Director, ATPS
Facilitators:·

Twalib Ebrahim, ATPS
Kenya

·

Deepa Pullanikkatil, ATPS
Malawi114 | Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS

,

17:30 –
18:00p.m.

Networking time

19:00 –
21:00p.m.

Management meeting of the
National Chapter Coordinators,
Regional Council and Secretariat
Management

Dr Kevin Urama, Executive Director, ATPS

Facilitators:·

Mr. Richard Muriuki,
ATPS Finance &Admin Manager·

Mr. Marsden
Momanyi, Ag.
SeniorCommunications
Officer, ATPS

DAY 3 - Saturday 27 November 2010
PLENARY SESSION, Venue: Conrad Ball Room, Cairo, Egypt
Time

Topic/Presentations

Proposed Presenters

08:00 – 08:30
a.m.

Recap on Day 2

Mr Marsden Momanyi,
Ag. SeniorCommunication Officer,
ATPS

08:30 – 13:00
p.m.

Day 3 Parallel Session 1:
ATPS Proposal Tournaments(See Annex 5 for timing andvenue)· African Youth Climate Change
Innovation Award 2010
ATPS-CP/0400/10· African Women Climate
Change Innovation Award 2010
– ATPS-CP/0500/10

25 Shortlisted
Candidates(see Annex 6 for Details
on timing and venue)

Session Chairs
1. Dr Warigia Bowman
Assistant Professor, University of Mississippi,
U.S.A.
2. Prof. Atieno Ndede-Amadi Founder / Chief
Executive Officer
Kenya Kountry Business Incubator
3. Dr Abdulkarim A. Obaje, Monitoring &Evaluation Officer &Head, Partnership & Collaboration Unite
Science & Technology Education Post -Basic
Project (STEP-B)
4. Prof. Femi Olokesusi
Nigerian Institute for Social and Economic
Research (NISER), Associate National Chapter
Coordinator, ATPS Nigeria
5. Mr Kenneth W. Aduda, Projects & Resource
Mobilization Manager, Kenya Industrial
Research Development Institute (KIRDI),
National Chapter Coordinator, ATPS Kenya.
6. Tennyson M. Magombo, Chair, AYFSTSteering Committee, Agro enterprise,
Development Specialist, African Institute ofCorporate Citizenship, ATPS Malawi

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09:00 – 13:00
p.m.

· Day 3 Parallel Session 2: Final
Program Review Workshop for
ATPS 2009 Grants on:
1.

Emerging and Indigenous
Technologies for Climate
Change Adaptation in
Africa (ATPS -CP0109);
and2.

Agricultural Innovations for
Climate Change
Adaptation and Food
Security in Africa (ATPS CP0309)

Shortlisted Candidates(Annex 7 for time
allocations and Venue)

PROGRAM COORDINATORS:
1. Prof. Michael C. Madukwe, University of
Nigeria, National Coordinator, ATPS Nigeria
2. Prof. Eric Eboh
Executive Director
AIAE, Nigeria, ATPS Nigeria
3. Prof. Francis Mutua
University of Nairobi, ATPS Kenya
4. Dr George O. Essegbey, Director, STEPRI C.S.I.R., Ghana, ATPS Regional Council Member,
Ghana.
5. Prof. Bob Orskov
The Orskov Foundation
c/o The Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen, UK

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6. Dr Musa DUBE,
University of Swaziland,
National Chapter Coordinator, ATPS Swaziland

09:00 – 13:00
p.m.

IP Program ToT Workshop

All IP program
researchers, national
steering committee
members and ToT
delegates(see Annex 8 fordetails)

11:00 –
11:30a.m.

HEALTH BREAK

13:30 – 14:30
p.m.

LUNCH

15:00 – 18:00
p.m.

Annual General Meeting (AGM) of ATPS members ONLY
(See Agenda in Annex 9)

18:00 – 18:30
p.m.

CONFERENCE CLOSING REMARKS BY THE ATPS BOARD
MEMBERS

19:00 – 21:30
p.m.

Conference closing dinner hosted by ATPS (TBC)

Dr Niels Louwaars
Centre for Genetic Resources, Wageningen
University, The Netherlands & ATPS/BTA IP
Regional Committee member.

T

Mr Joseph Wekundah
ATPS IP Program Coordinator

0
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Prof. Samuel Wangwe, Chair, ATPS Board

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116 | Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPSDAY 4 - Sunday, 28 November 2010
ATPS BUSINESS – NATIONAL CHAPTER COORDINATORS’, REGIONAL COUNCIL & RESPONSIBLE STI ACTIVITIES,EXCURSIONS, DEPARTURES
Time
Topic/Presentations
ParticipantsSession Chair

08:00 –
13:00

14:00 –
18:00
(Lunch break
between
13:00 –
14:00 p.m.)

Field Visits to historical Sites in
Egypt

By privatearrangements
Contacts forrecommeded Tour
Guides (TBC)

National Chapter Coordinators,
Regional Council, Secretariat Staff,
AWFST, and AYFST Executives
annual meeting

ATPS National
Coordinators;
ATPS Regional
Council Members;
ATPS Secretariat
Staff Members;
AYFST Executives
AWFST Executives

Notes: ATPS insurance for conference delegatesdoes not cover any injuries or loss of property
occurring during privately organized tours, fieldvisits, etc. Delegates are advised to use approved
Tour Guides and make private arrangements for
insurance etc.

TBC

DAY 5 - Monday, 29 November 2010
ATPS BUSINESS: TRAINING ON COPORATE GOVERNANCE FOR ATPS NETWORK EXECUTIVES, NATIONAL CHAPTER
COORDINATORS AND REGIONAL COUNCIL MEMBERSTime
Topic/Presentations
ParticipantsSession Chair/

09:00 –
11:00

11:00 –
11:30

11:30 –
13:00

13:00 –
14:00

14:00 –
16:00

§Principles and Practice ofCorporate Governance§The Effective Board§Corporate Control§Financial Reporting§Corporate Accountability andDisclosure

ATPS National
Coordinators;
ATPS Regional
Council Members;
ATPS Secretariat
Staff Members;
AYFST Executives
AWFST Executives

Center for Corporate Governance, Kenya

HEALTH BREAK§Principles and Practice ofCorporate Governance§The Effective Board§Corporate Control§Financial Reporting· Corporate Accountability andDisclosure

ATPS National
Coordinators;
ATPS Regional
Council Members;
ATPS Secretariat
Staff Members;
AYFST Executives
AWFST Executives

Center for Corporate Governance, Kenya

LUNCH BREAK§Principles and Practice ofCorporate Governance§The Effective Board§Corporate Control§Financial Reporting· Corporate Accountability andDisclosure

ATPS National
Coordinators;
ATPS Regional
Council Members;
ATPS Secretariat
Staff Members;
AYFST Executives
AWFST Executives

Center for Corporate Governance, Kenya

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15:30 – 16:00

HEALTH BREAK

16:00 – 17:30§Principles and Practice of Corporate
Governance§The Effective Board§Corporate Control§Financial Reporting
Corporate Accountability and Disclosure

17:30 – 18:00

Closing Remarks and Prioritization of Training
Needs for 2011

ATPS National
Coordinators;
ATPS Regional Council
Members;
ATPS Secretariat Staff
Members;
AYFST Executives
AWFST Executives

A
Center for Corporate
Governance, Kenya

TBC

DAY 6 - Tuesday, 30 November 2010
ATPS BUSINESSTime

Topic/Presentations

ParticipantsSession Chair/

10:00 – 12:00
noon

18th ATPS Board Meeting

ATPS Board Members
onlyProf. Samuel Wangwe, Chair,
ATPS Board

118 | Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS

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Annex 6

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Annex 7

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Annex 8

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Annex 10: List of Delegates
BENIN
Dr. Roch L. MONGBO
Senior Lecturer & Researcher
FIDESPRA/Univ. of Abomey Calava and CEBEDES –XU dodo02 BP 778
Cotonou, Benin
Tel: +229-97374797
Cell: +229 95 96 64 46
Email: Rochl_mongbo@yahoo.fr
Vodjo Nicodeme FASSINOU HOTEGNI
01 BP 105 S/C Fassinou Janvier
Cotonou, Benin
Tel: +229 97-58-23-61
Email: nicodemef@gmail.com
BURKINA FASO
Dr. Benoit KABORE
Université de Ouagadougou
01 BP 4487
OUAGADOUGOU 01
BURKINA FASO
Cell : +226- 70403013 / 78812008 /75980731
Fax: +226 50300097
Email: benkabor2003@yahoo.fr
CAMEROONDr Sylvester NDESO ATANGA
Lecturer, Epidemiology & Public HealthFaculty of Health Sciences
University of Buea
P.O. Box 63
South West Province
Republic of Cameroon
Tel: + 237-75816047
Cell: +237-99841433
Email: ndesoatpscamnet@rocketmail.com orndiande@yahoo.com
Mrs Nee Siri Bella Ngoh MUSONGONG
Agricultural Researcher
IRAD Ekona PMB 25 Buea
South West Region
Cameroon
Tel: +237 77 68 08 96
Email: musibelle2000@yahoo.comCÔTE D'IVOIRE
Prof. Lacina COULIBALYUFR Sciences et Gestion de l'Environnement
02 BP 801 Abidjan 02
Université d'Abobo-Adjamé
Tel : +22507497153
Email: coulacina2003@yahoo.fr
EGYPT
Ms Manal Moustafa SAMRA
45 Noubar Street, Bab El-Louk
8th Floor, Apt 29, Cairo
Academy for International Development - Middle East
(AID-ME)
Egypt
Tel: +20105005284
Email: mmsamra@gmail.com
Prof. Mageb El SHERBINY
Assistant Minister
Ministry of Scientific Research, Policy Making andGovernment and President of Scientific Research andTechnology (ASRT)
Cairo, Egypt
Dr Ithar KHALIL
Freelance Consultant on Environmental Engineering
1 Sherif Building Aswan Streen
Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt
Tel: +20106063056
Email: itharga@yahoo.com
Mrs Nairy AVEDISSIAN
Freelance Consultant, Arts & Disability
3 Hhadrwai St., off Mahmoud Badssiouni St
Downtown, Cairo, Egypt
Tel: +20225755903
Email: nairy56@gmail.com
Dr Ahmed Abd-Elfattah ELZATAHRY
Assistant Professor
Institute of Advanced Technology and New Materials
Mubarak City for Scientific Research and Technology
Application (MuSCAT)
New Bag 11 Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt
Tel: +20116188632
Fax: +2034593414
Email: Elzatahry@gmail.com

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Dr Hala YOUSRY
Research Officer
Desert Research Center
2 Policy officers Buildings
Gesr El Suez St. 11321
Cairo, Egypt
Tel: +20105105688
Fax: +20222411211
Email: halayousryy@hotmail.com
Mr Ahmed Abd El-ghany OMAN
Employment Facilitator
32 Abd El Merica El Tarteny
El Musama, Egypt
Tel: +20144745849
Ms Soha Samir ALI
Executive Secretary
Academy for International Development - Middle East
(AID-ME)
14 Elzohor Street, Cairo, Egypt
Tel: +20141159196
Fax: +2023803132
Email: sohasamirl@hotmail.com
Mr Refaat Hassan Khalifa HUSSEIN
Accounting Manager
Academy for International Development - Middle East
(AID-ME)
55 Tauta Street, Agouza, Giza
Cairo, Egypt
Tel: +20106172295
Fax: +20223803132
Email: refaat_hassan25@yahoo.com
Mr Ibrahim Ahmed IBRAHIM
Accountant
Academy for International Development - Middle East
(AIDME)
19 Elgazar Street, Hawamdia, Giza
Cairo, Egypt
Tel: +20163801682
Fax: +20223803132
Email: hema_boss14@yahoo.com
Mr Ahmed Ayman Saied EL-ASSAF
Projects Coordinator
Academy for International Development - Middle East
(AID-ME)
Tel: +20233464380
Fax: +20223803132
Email: asaf-bis@hotmail.com

Mr Karim Ashraf Sayed Hussien EL-ASSAL
Undergraduate Engineer
Academy for International Development - Middle East
(AIDME)
Tel: +20108458803
Email: karim.El-Assal@student.guc.edu.eg

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Ms Dallia Hesham SHERIF
Hosting Programs Coordinator
AFS Intercultural Programs
15 Gaffar St., Haram, Giza
Egypt
Tel: +20106513167
Email: dalia.sherif@afs.org

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Dr Atef SWELAM
National Professional Officer of ICRADA
College of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering
Department,
Zagazig, Egypt
15 G Rwadwan Ibn El-tabib sf,
Giza
Tel: +20187881199
Email: atef_swelam@yahoo.com
Dr Mahdy Mohamed EL-KASSAS
Tel: +20121097756
Fax: +20502241464
Email: mahdym@mans.edu.eg
Mr Ahmed Abd El-Hamid A.EL-WAHED
ChairmanAcademy for International Development - Middle East
(AID-ME)
23 Masr Helwan Agriculture Road
Al-Gazzar Tower, 11 Floor Suite 111
Maadi, Cairo, Egypt
Tel: +20145192921/ +20105433655
Fax: +20223803132
Email: ahmed_alhamid@yahoo.com
Ms Lamees Abdullah Ismail MOHAMMED
Undergraduate Student
Faculty of Science, Cairo University
Tel: +20103696962
Email: lames_ismail@yahoo.com
Ms Hala Mohie ELDIN
Corporate Social Responsibility Specialist
Wadi Holdings
531 Saudi Buildings, Al Sawah
Cairo, Egypt
Tel: +20100376661
Email: halamohie@wodigroup.com.eg

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Ms Haidy Wagdi TERUFICK
Grants & Research Projects Coordinator
Faculty of Agriculture, ElShatby
Dairy Department, 2nd Floor, Alexandria
Tel: 20102776105
Email: haidy_agri@yahoo.com

Mr Belachew WASSIHUN
Institute of Biodiversity Conservation, IBC
P.O. Box 30726, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel: +251-911637530 (Mobile)+251-11-6512023 (Office)
Email: bellwassihun@yahoo.com

ETHIOPIA
Mr Wondwossen BELETE
Ag. National Coordinator
Director of Intellectual Property Protection andTechnology Transfer,
Ethiopian Industrial Property Organization (EIPO)
MOST Building, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel: +251 911 886709
Email: wondwossenbel@yahoo.com

Mr Terefe Deyessa GEMECHU
MEKAMBA P L C
Seed technologist
P.O. Box 121250
Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA
Tel: +251 911 86 62 57
Fax: +251 11 467 43 80
Email: deyessag@yahoo.com

Dr Joep van den BROEK
Delegated Advisor Agriculture
Embassy of the Kingdom of theNetherlands (EKN)
P.O. Box 1241, Old Airport
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel: +251 91 321 6735
Email: joep.vandenbroek@gmail.com
Dr Woldeyesus SINEBO
Head, Agricultural Technology Intellectual Property
Management Office
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research
P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel: +251 911 481 204
Fax: +251 116 465412
Email: wsinebo@hotmail.com
Mr Tibebu SOLOMON
Senior Technology Transfer Expert
Ministry of Science & Technology
P.O. Box 2490, Addis Ababa
Ethiopia
Cell: +251 911481003
Email:tibebusolomon@gmail.com orindus@estc.gov.et
Mr Tesfahun Fenta JIMBERIEPROLINNOVA - Ethiopia Coordinator
Agri-Service Ethiopia
P.O. Box 2460
Addis Ababa
Tel: +251 911 649912
Email: tfenta@yahoo.com

Dr. Kiros Meles HADGU
Director
Institute of Geo-Information & Earth Observation
Mekelle University
P.O. Box 231
Mekelle, Ethiopia
Tel : +251 914 700467
Fax : +251 344409304
E-mail: kirhadgu@gmail.com; kirhadgu@yahoo.com
Mr Bewket AMDU
Lecturer
Haramaya University
P.O. Box 138, Hararare
Ethiopia
Tel: +251 911 333356
E-mail: bewketam@yahoo.com
FRANCE
Ms. Susan SCHNEEGANS
Editor, UNESCO
Division for Science Policy and Sustaiable
Development
1 rue Miollis, 75015, Paris
Cedex 15, France
Tel: +33-1 45.684 1.43
E-mail: S.Schneegans@unesco.org
GHANA
Dr Frederick Kodwo AMU-MENSAH
Senior Research Scientist
CSIR Water Research Institute
P.O. Box M.32
Accra, Ghana
Tel: +233-24-4748197
Fax: +233 21 77 7170
Email: assabil@aim.com or obeyie@gmail.com

Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 139

Dr George O. ESSEGBEY
Director,
Science & Technology Policy Research Institute(STEPRI)
P.O. Box CT 519
Accra, Ghana
Tel: +233-302-773856
Fax: 233 302 773068
Email: goessegbey@stepri.csir.org.gh or
george_essegbey@yahoo.co.uk

INDIA
Prof. Indira NATH
Member, ATPS Board
Institute of Pathology (ICMR)
Safdarjung Hospital Campus
New Delhi 110029
India
Tel: +91 11 26100754
Home: +91 11 26517707
E-mail: indiranath@gmail.com

Mr Mahu Seth AGBEVETechnical Director
TMT Energy Consult Ltd
Olusegun Obasanjo Street
House No. C1200/12, Ebony Junction, Dzorwulu
P. O. Box OS 1699, Osu-Accra, Ghana
Tel: +233 244 209 710
Email: smagbeve@yahoo.com or
seth@tntenergy.com

Dr. Ejnavarzala HARIBABU
Professor of Sociology
University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad- 500 046, India
Tel: + 91-40-23133250
Telefax: +91-40-23011088
Mobile: ++91-94-40-937306
E-mail: ehbss@uohyd.ernet.in
or hari_ejna@yahoo.com

Mr Gordon AKON-YAMGA
Research Scientist
Science and Technology Policy Research InstituteCouncil for Scientific and Industrial Research
P. O. Box CT 519
Cantonment, Accra, Ghana
Tel: +233-21-779401
Fax: +233-21-773068
Cell: +233 24 381 3550
Email: yamga16@yahoo.com; gayamga@stepri.csir.org.gh
Mr Ebenezer Nyarko KUMI
MSc. Candidate/Research Assistant
The Energy Center
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science andTechnology
Kumasi, Ghana
Tel: +233 243608824/266174581
Email: nyarkokumi@hotmail.com
HUNGARY
Mr Rhett BOWLIN
Program Director
Africa Climate Change Adaptation Initiative
Open Society Initiative (OSI)Open Society Foundations
Oktober 6.U.12
1051 Budapest, Hungary
Tel: +36 1 8823852
Email: thettbow@osi.hu

ITALY
Dr Alfonso ALFONSI
Consultant for LSC
Via Bu Meliana, 700195 Rome, Italy
Tel: +390639729256
Email : alf.alfonsi@gmail.com
JAMAICA
Prof. Ishenkumba KAHWA
Dean, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences
Mona Campus, the University of the West Indies
Kingston 7, Jamaica
Tel: +1 876 462 7569
Fax: +1 876 977 7556
E-mail: ishenkumba.kahwa@gmail.com
KENYA
Prof. Banji Oyeleran-OYEYINKA
Member, ATPS Board & Director, Monitoring &Research Division
UN-HABITAT, UN, Gigiri
P.O. Box 30030-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: + 254-020-7623041
Fax: +254-020-7624736
Cell: +254 736 495009
Email: oyebanji.oyeyinka@unhabitat.org

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Professor Shaukat Ali ABDULRAZAKMember, ATPS Board & Executive Secretary
National Council for Science and Technology (NCST)
P.O. Box 30623-0010
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 2242175
Cell: +254 721 107867
E-mail: secretary@ncst.go.ke orsabdulrazak@yahoo.com
Prof. Agnes W. MWANG'OMBE
Chair, AWFST & Member, ATPS Board
Principal, College of Agriculture & Veterinary
Sciences
P.O. Box 30197-00100
NairobiTel : +254 20 2055126
Cell: +254 722 788995
Email: mwangombe@kenyaweb.com
Mr Kenneth W. ADUDA
Projects & Resource Mobilization Manager
Kenya Industrial Research Development Institute(KIRDI)
P.O. Box 54139-00200
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 609498
Fax: +254 20 556362
Cell: + 254 721 466444
Email: adudakenwo@gmail.com
Prof. Norah OLEMBOPatron, AWFST
Executive Director
Africa Biotechnology Stakeholders Forum
P.O. Box 66069-00800
Nairobi
Tel: +254 733 854575
Email: noraholembo@yahoo.com ornolembo@absfafrica.org
Prof. Francis M. MUTUA
National Project Coordinator
Applied Training Project
Nile Basin Initiative
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 208 0371
E-mail: fmmutua@gmail.com or
fmutua@uonbi.ac.ke

Mr Joseph M. WEKUNDAH
ATPS-IP Programme Coordinator & Executive Director
Biotechnology Trust Africa (BTA)
Family Health Plaza Building
P.O. Box 1285-00100, 1st Floor
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 6000040/6003983
Fax: +254 20 6003358
Cell: +254 722 205391
Email: biotechafrica@gmail.com
Ms Phina Victoria MAGARA
Secretary, AYFST Steering Committee
Researcher, T&P
P.O. Box 54139 – 00200
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 724 664 752 / 735343511
Email: phinamagara@yahoo.co.uk
Mr. Joseph Mutuku MBEVA
Assistant Director of Industries
Ministry of Industrialization
P.O. Box 30418 -00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 721 467887
Email: jmmbeva@yahoo.com
Dr. Evans SIKINYICEO
Seed Trade Association of Kenya (STAK)
Utumishi Co-operative House
P. O. Box 2581-00202
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 722 767026
Fax: +254 230 2713671
Email esikinyi@stak.or.ke orsikinyi_evans@yahoo.co.uk
Prof. Francis B. MWAURA
Associate Professor & Head Microbiology & Biotech
programSchool of Biological Sciences
University of Nairobi
P.O. Box 30197 00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel : +254 722 393237
Email: fbmwaura@mail.uonbi.ac.ke

Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 141

Mr Stanley S. ATSALI
Patent Examiner
Head: Traditional Knowledge and Genetic Resources
Unit
Kenya Industrial Property Institute (KIPI)
P. O. Box 51648 00-200
Nairobi
Tel: +254-0717269813
Cell: +254 20 6002210/11
Email: satsali@kipi.go.ke; atsalistanley@yahoo.coms;
stanleyatsali@gmail.com
Prof. David Musyimi NDETEI
Professor & Director
Africa Mental Health Foundation
Ralph Bunche RoadAIC Flats, Suite 4
P. O. Box 48423
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 722 518365
Email: dmndetei@amhf.or.ke
Mr Francis Makhapila FURAHA
Officer-In-Charge-Kisumu Regional Office
Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS)
P. O. Box 7094-40100
Kisumu, Kenya
Cell: +254-728 600 093
Fax: +254 57- 2025727
Email: ffuraha@kephis.org
Ms Aliet K. ONDICHO
Student, Moi University
P.O Box 72244 Nairobi
Tel: +254 722 147370
E-mail: alietonkwabo@yahoo.com
Mr Daniel Aghan ODONGOSecretary and Coordinator, MESHA
Family Health Plaza, 1st Floor
Maai Mahiu Road off Langata Road
P.O. Box 1285 00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 728 279966
Email: meshakenya@gmail.com
Mr Paul M. CHEGE
Senior Patent Examiner
Kenya Industrial Property Institute (KIPI)
P.O. Box 57648-00200
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 724 750010
Email: pachege@yahoo.com or pchege@kipi.go.ke

Mr Twalib Ebrahim HAZARA
Consultant and Facilitator
ODCL
P. O. Box 100526-00101
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 722 523154
Email: twalib@odcl.co.ke

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Ms Grace A. ACHIANDO
Student
Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soil Sciences
Egerton University
P. O. Box 403, Mtwapa, Kenya
Tel: +254 727-394 887
Email: graceolilo@yahoo.com

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Ms Viola KIRUIStudent
Crops, Horticulture and Soil Sciences Department
Egerton University, Kenya
P. 0. Box 536, Egerton, Kenya
Mobile No: +254721841228
Email : cherokiruiv@yahoo.com orviolakr4@gmail.com
Mr Kiplangat NGENO
Department of Animal Sciences
Egerton University
P. O. Box 536 -20115
Egerton, Kenya
Tel: +254 728 785187
Email: aarapngeno@gmail.com
Ms Majala MWANG'OMBE
Student
University of Nairobi
Medical School
P. O. Box 74004-00200
Nairobi, Kenya
Cell: +254 736207137
Email: majala_zawadi@hotmail.com
Mr Evans Otieno OKEYO
Freelance Photographer
Nairobi
Mr. Michael Kwambo ALUBALE
Freelance Photo Journalist
P. O. Box 45943-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel : +254 722 757299
Email : michaelkwambo@gmail.com

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Mr Paul Kamulichi LUTTA
Journalist
Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC)
P.O. Box 27583-11506
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 723 977081
Email: luttaenlutta@yahoo.com
Mr Kenneth Ooko MIJUNGUNews Anchor/ReporterMedia Max Network Ltd
P.O. Box 3473-00200
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 738 298514
Fax: +254 20 2249761
Email: kenmijungu@gmail.com
Ms Edel ANABWANINews Producer
Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC)
Tel: +254 713 463380
Email: kwodel@yahoo.com
Mr Fredrick Mulama OPONYOIT Assistant Manager
Radio Salaam FM Ltd
P.O. Box 86462-80100
Mombasa, Kenya
Tel: +254 736 879 302
Email: mulama2000@yahoo.co.uk
Judith A.OLUOCH
Training & Education Manager
Center For Corporate Governance
Prosperity House, 5th Floor, Westlands Road
P.O. Box 13936-00800 Nairobi Kenya
Tel: +254 20 3745915 / 3745918
Fax: +254 20 3745935
Cell: +254 722 700 180/733 573276
Email: joluoch@ccg.or.ke
Dr. Joshua OKUMBE
Center for Corporate Governance
Prosperity House, 5th Floor
Westlands Road
P.O. Box 13936-00800 Nairobi Kenya
Tel: +254 20 3745915 / 3745918
Fax: +254 20 3745935
Email: training@ccg.or.ke

LESOTHOMrs. Mamolise Martha FALATSA
Journalist, Lesotho Television &Student, Gavin Relly Posgraduate Village
Rhodes University
Grahamstown 6139
Maseru 100, Lesotho
Tel: + 266 58074031/+266 791299441
Fax: +266 22326331
Email: mamolisemarthafalatsa@yahoo.com
Mr. Denis Sekoja PHAKISIManufacturing Manager
Loti Brick
P.O. Box 8008
Maseru 100, Lesotho
Tel: +266 5885 3389
Fax: +266 22310071
Email: ds.phakisi@lycos.com
Mr Lengeta MABEA
Senior Renewable Energy Engineer
Appropriate Technology Services
P.O. Box 39, Leribe 300, Lesotho
Cell: +266 63024889
Tel: +266 22334539
E-mail:Mabeald@Yahoo.Com
Mr Lekholoane Ignatius LEKHOLOANE
Development Facilitator
Seremula Development Association
P.O. Box 708, Maseru 100
LesothoTel: +266 58774746/22317875
Fax: +266 22317875
E-mail: ignatius2l@serumula.org.ls or
lekholoanei@yahoo.co.uk
Dr. Eric MALIEHE
Consultant
Serumula Dev.Association
P.O. BOX 15913 Maseru-100
LesothoTel: +266 27000638
Tel : +266 58772051
E-Mail: ebmaliehe@yahoo.com
Mr. Lebese Seeiso LEKHOLOANE
Managing Director
Serumula Development Association
Maseru West, Lesotho
Tel: +266 2231 7875
Cell: +266 5885 0762
Email: lekhol@serumula.org.ls

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Dr Sissay Bekele MEKBIB
Lecturer
Department of Biology
National University of Lesotho
Roma 180, Lesotho
Tel: +266 63242329
Fax: +266 52340000
Email: sbmekbib@nul.ls or sisbekele@yahoo.com
Mr Sekaleli Ts'epo Stephen TIISETSO
Teacher
St. Mary's High School
P.O. Box 87
Masenod 160, Lesotho
Tel: +26658855932
E-mail: skaledy@yahoo.com
LIBERIADr Wollor Emmanuel TOPOR
Acting Dean
College of Science and Technology
University of Liberia
Capitol Hill, Liberia
Tel: + 231-6875802
Email: wollortopor@yahoo.com
MALAWI
Prof. Henry MLOZA-BANDA
Professor of Agricultural Ecology
University of Malawi
Faculty of Agriculture
Lilongwe, Malawi
Cell: +265 888 854 123
Email: mlozab@yahoo.co.uk or mlozab@gmail.com
Mr Tennyson M MAGOMBO
Chair, AYFST Steering Committee
Agro enterprise Development Specialist, African
Institute of Corporate Citizenship1st Floor, Casa de Chez Building, off Independence
Drive, Private Bag 382, Lilongwe 3, Malawi.
Cell: +265 888 978 655 or +265 999 378 655
Tel: +265 1 775 787/691
Fax: +265 1 775 766
Email: tennysonmagombo@yahoo.co.uk
Dr Rowland Morgan CHIRWA
Southern Africa-Bean Research Network CoordinatorInternational Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)
Chitedze Research Station
P.O. Box 158
Lilongwe, Malawi
Tel: +265 9962851; Fax: +265 1707278
Email: rchirwa@malawi.net or R.Chirwa@cgiar.org

Dr Henderson CHIMOYO
Director General
National Commission for Science and Technology,
Private Bag B303
Lilongwe, Malawi
Cell: + 265 888 271 471
E-mail: hchimoyo989@gmail.com
Mrs Deepa PULLANIKKATIL
LEAD Southern and Eastern Africa
Chancellor College, University of Malawi
P.O. Box 280
Zomba, Malawi
Mobile: +265 (0)99385 8798
Tel (O): +265 (0)1524251
Fax (O): +265 (0)1524251
Email: d_pullani@yahoo.com
Ms Loma NYANGULU
Assistant Researcher
Kirk Development Research, Training &Consultancy(KIDERTCO)
Plot No. 47/2/264, P.O Box 2716, Lilongwe, Malawi
Tel: +265 888553512
Fax: +265 1 775766
E-mail: loma_nyangulu@yahoo.com;
kirkbcenter@gmail.com
Dr James M. BOKOSI
Associate Professor
Bunda College of Agriculture
University of Malawi
P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi
Tel: +265 884595277
Email: jmbokosi@yahoo.com
Ms Babettie Abigail JUWAYEYI
MSc Student, Bunda College of Agriculture
C/O Box 30351, Lilongwe 3
MalawiTel: + 265 (0) 888 600 353
Email: babejuaei@yahoo.co.uk; abigcba@gmail.com
Dr Cecilia MALIWICHI-NYIRENDA
Founder and Managing Director
Indigenous Knowledge Center
P.O. Box 3168
Blantyre, Malawi
Tel: +265995212477
E-Mail: nyirendaceclilia@yahoo.co.uk

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Prof. Filifing DEMBELE
Lecturer/Researcher
Institut Polytechnique Rural, IPR/IFRA
BP. 06 KoulikoroMali
Tel:+223 76456682
Email: filifingdem@yahoo.fr
MOROCCOProf. Dr. Saïd BOUJRAF
Director of the Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory
Department of Biophysics and Clinical MRI Methods
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Fez
BP. 1893; Km 2.200, Sidi Hrazem Road, Fez 30000,
MoroccoTel: +212 667 780 442
Fax: +212 535 619 321
E-mail: sboujraf@gmail.com
MOZAMBIQUE
Eng. Lourino Alberto CHEMANE
ICT and Planning Advisor
Executive Secretariat, ICT Policy Commission
Bairro da Coop
Rua Particular Dr. Antonio de Almeida
61 R/C Direito, Maputo
Moçambique
Tel:+258 21 309398
Fax:+258 21 302289
Cell: +258 82 3110700
Email: chemane@infopol.gov.mz
THE NETHERLANDS
Prof. Wiebe E. BIJKERProfessor
Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Maastricht
University
P. O. Box 616, NL-6200 MD Maastricht
The Netherlands
Tel: +31-43-388 3321
E-mail: W.Bijker@maastrichtuniversity.nl
Dr Niels LOUWAARS
Senior Scientist
Center for Genetic Resources
Wageningen University
P.O. Box 16
6700 AA Wageningen
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 317 480854
Email: niels.louwaars@wur.nl

NIGERIA
Prof. Turner T. ISOUN
Member, ATPS Board
Former Honourable Minister, FMST
1 Ministers Hill
off 40 Colorado Close
Maitama, Abuja Nigeria
Tel: +234-9-523 3397
Fax: +234-9-523 4390
E-mail: ttisoun@aol.com
Prof. Michael C. MADUKWEProfessor, Department of Agricultural Extension
University of Nigeria
Nsukka, Enugu State
Nigeria
Tel:+234 42 771019
Fax:+234 42 771500
Cell: +234 803 700 6968
Email: madukwe@hotmail.com or
madukwemichael@yahoo.com
Prof. Femi OLOKESUSI
Nigerian Institute for Social and Economic Research(NISER)
P.M.B 5 UI Post Office
Oyo Road, Ojoo, Ibadan, Nigeria
Tel: +234 2 8103345/8102904
Fax: +234 2 2413121
Cell: +234 8023322052
Email: femioloke@yahoo.com
Prof. (Mrs) Obioma NWAORGU
Vice-Chairperson, AWFST &President/Executive Director
Global Health AwarenessResearch Foundation (GHARF)
43 Umuoji Street, Independence Lay Out
Tel: +234 803 7097410
Email: gharf_enugu@yahoo.com or
obinwaorgu@yahoo.com
Mr Diran ONIFADE
President of the African Federation for Science
Journalists (AFSJ)
Nigerian Television Authority (NTA)
Area 11, Garki
Abuja, Nigeria
Cell: +234 803 371 0654
Email: diranx@msn.com

Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 145

Prof. Peter ONWUALU
Director General
Raw Materials Research and Development Council(RMRDC)
17 Aguiyi Ironsi St, Abuja, Nigeria
Tel: +234 9 413 7420
Fax: +234 9 413 6034
Cell: +234 8052002465
Email: ponwualu@yahoo.com or ceo@rmrdc.gov.ng
Eng. (Dr) Umar B. BINDIR
DG/CEO
National Office for Technology Acquisition andPromotion (NOTAP)
No 4. Blantyre Street, Wuse II
PMB 5074, Abuja, FCT
Federal Republic of Nigeria
Cell: +234 803 315 6117
Email: ubindir@yahoo.com
Prof. Michael U. ADIKWUNational Project Coordinator
Science & Technology Education Post-Basic Project(STEP-B)
No. 829 Ralph Shodeinde Street
Opp. Akwa Ibom House, Cadastral Zone A01 Abuja,
FCT, Nigeria
Tel: +234 803 4378988
Fax: +234 42 770644
Email: npc_stepb@yahoo.co.uk or
adikwum@yahoo.com
Mr Celestine Nzeh EMEKA
Research Fellow
African Institute of Applied Economics (AIAE)
128 Park Avenue, GRA,
P.O. Box 2147
Enugu State, Nigeria
Cell: +234 8038739788
Email: nzecelestine@yahoo.com
Dr Anselm A. ENETE
Lecturer
Department of Agricultural Economics,
University of Nigeria,
Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
Cell: +2348064448030
Email: anselmenete@hotmail.com

Dr Agwu Ekwe AGWU
Senior Lecturer
Agricultural Extension Specialist
Department of Agricultural Extension
University of Nigeria, Nsukka,
Enugu State, Nigeria
Tel: +234-8034024251
E-mail: agwuekwe@hotmail.com

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Ms Chukwudumebi Leticia EGBULE
Post Graduate Student
Department of Agricultural Extension
University of Nigeria
Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
Tel: +234 8038844428
Email: dumexbi@yahoo.com

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Mr Barrister Kingsley ONYEKE
Legislative Aide
National Assembly
Suite 302, Senate Wing
Abuja, Nigeria
Tel: +234 8033413790
Email: kcmumsy@yahoo.com
Mrs Ann Nnenna EZEH
Lecturer II
Department of Agricultural Economics
Management & Extension, Ebonyi State University
Abakaliki
Nigeria
Tel: +234 8035410610
Email: annezeh2007@yahoo.com
Dr Happiness OSELEBE
Director
Biotech R&D Center
Department of Crop Production & landscapeManagement
Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
Tel: +234 8030899897
Email: happinessoselebe@yahoo.com
Mr Mmaduabuchukwu MKPADO
Research Fellow
Center for Rural Development and Cooperatives(CRDC)
University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Nigeria
Tel: 234 8035813278
E-mail: manotejah341@yahoo.com

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Mr Hyacinth C. NNAMCHI
Lecturer II
Department of Geography
University of Nigeria
Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
Tel: +234 8163033422
E-mail: hyacinth.nnamchi@unn.edu.ng;
nnamchy@yahoo.co.uk
Mr Joel N. NWAKAIRE
Lecturer II
Dept. of Agricultural Engineering
Nsukka, University of Nigeria
Tel: +234 7035020691
E-mail: joel.nwakaire@unn.edu.ng
Mr. Francis Okelola OLUMAYOKUN
M. Tech. Research Student
Geography Department
Federal University of Technology
Minna, Niger state, Nigeria
Tel: +234 7031864807/ 8052277724
E-mail: Okelolamayokun@yahoo.co.uk
Dr (Miss) Bernadette TOSAN FREGENE
Senior Lecturer, Fisheries Extension
Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Management,
University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Tel: +234 803 33476184
Email: tosanfregene@yahoo.co.uk

SIERRA LEONEMr Chris SQUIRE
Dean
Fourah Bay College
University of Sierra Leone
Mount Auroel
K-23 Kortright, FBCPMB Freetown Sierra Leone
Cell: +232 76 610600
Email: squirechris15@yahoo.com orchrissquire15@yahoo.com
Mr Teddy A. MORLAI
Communications, Campaigns & Fundraising Manager,
Leonard Cheshire Disability, West Africa
15ABC Old Railway Line, Brookfields,
P. O. Box 1299
Freetown, Sierra Leone
Cell: +232 77 956841 or +232 76 299645
E-mail: tmorlai@yahoo.com
SOUTH AFRICA
Mr John van BREDA
Programme Manager: TsamaHUB
Stellenbosch University, South Africa
Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602,
South Africa
Tel: +27 21 8082152
Email: jrvb@sun.ac.za

Mr Cyprian Eneh ONYENEKENWA
Senior Research Fellow/Lecturer
Institute for Development Studies
University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nsukka, Nigeria
Tel : +234 803 338 7472
Email: esccha@yahoo.com

Mr Djims MILIUS
Senior Research Fellow
Intellectual Property Law & Policy Research Unit,
Faculty of Law
University of Cape Town, South Africa
Tel: +27 21 6505686
Email: dmilius@gmail.com

Mrs Adaku Bridget C. EZEIBE
Research Fellow/Lecturer
University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Center for Entrepreneurship and Development
Research (CEDR)
Tel : +234 806 7321127
Nigeria
Email: adakuezeibe@yahoo.com

SUDAN
Ms Nadia Hassan SIDAHMED
Economic Studies Department
Industrial Research & Consultancy Center (IRCC)
P.O. Box 268, Khartoum, Sudan
Tel: +249 911449106
Fax: +249 85313753
Email: nadiahsh@yahoo.co.uk

Mr Joseph Nte BISONG
Senior Research and Innovation Officer
National Universities Commission (NUC)
Senior Research and Innovation Officer
Plot 430 Aguiyi-Ironsi Way, PMB 237
Tel: +234-703-853-9954
Email: Bisong.joseph@yahoo.com
Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 147

SWAZILAND
Dr Musa A. DUBE
Senior Lecturer
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Swaziland,
Luyengo Campus
P. O. Luyengo, Swaziland
Tel:+268 527 40 21
Fax:+268 527 40 21
Cell:+268 7618 15 79
Email: madube@agric.uniswa.sz
Dr Priscilla S. DLAMINI
Director/Lecturer
Swaziland Institute of Research on Traditional
Medicines and Indigenous Food Plans
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Swaziland
P.O. Box 369, Mbabane, Swaziland
Tel: +268 4043769
Fax: +268 4046241
Cell: +268 768 75601
E-mail: pdlamini@uniswa.sz
Prof. Nonhlanhla Alucia SUKATI
Associate Professor
Faculty of Health Sciences
P.O. Box 369
Mbabane. Swaziland
Tel: +268 40-40171/2
Fax: +268 4046241
Email: nasukati@uniswa.sz
Dr Abednego M. DLAMINI
Associate Professor
University Of Swaziland
Private Bag Luyengo
Cell: +268 527 4021/+268 76034608
Email: adlamini@agric.unswa.sz
Dr Rosemary Lencane VILAKATI
Lecturer, University of Swaziland, Department of
Animal Production and Health
Tel: +268 5274021
Email: rvilakat@agric.uniswa.sz or
rvilakat@yahoo.com
Dr Pinkie E. ZWANE
Head, Department of Consumer Sciences
Senior Lecturer: Textiles, Apparel Design andManagement
University of Swaziland
P.O. Luyengo, Swaziland
Tel: +268 5274021
Fax: +268 5274441
E-mail: pezwane@agric.uniswa.sz

Ms Queen MATSEBULA
Assistant Registrar
Ministry of Industry and Trade, Intellectual Property
OfficeP.O. Box 451 Mbabane H-100, Swaziland
Tel: +268 4042400
Fax: +268 4042506
E-Mail: queenmats@yahoo.com
TANZANIA
Prof. Sam M. WANGWE
Chair, ATPS Board
Chairman, Daima Associates Limited
Daima House, Makumbusho Street, Kijitonyama
P.O. Box 75027 Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania
Tel: +255-22-277 1954
Fax: +255-22-277 1949
Cell: +255-754-325 487
Email: swangwe@daima.co.tz orswangwe@yahoo.com
Dr Dugushilu J. MAFUNDA
Principal Research Officer
Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology
P.O. Box 4302
Dar es salaam, TANZANIA
Tel: +255-22-2700745/6, 2775311/2
Fax: +255-22-2775313
Mobile: +255-22-784-364-068
Email: djmafunda@yahoo.co.in or
dmafunda@costech.or.tz
Dr George Silas SHEMDOE
Senior Research Officer Responsible for IP Issues
Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology(COSTECH)
P.O. Box 4302, Dar es Salaam Tanzania
Cell: +255 754 879 877; +255 783 879 877
E-Mail: shemdoe@costech.or.tz or
shemdoeg@yahoo.com
Mr Saudin Jacob MWAKAJEIntellectual Property Manager
Directorate of Research
University of Dar Es Salaam
P.O. Box 35091, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Cell: +255-754-300132
Fax: +255-22-2410743
Email: saudinj@udsm.ac.tz

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Dr Paulo Peter MHAME
Registrar
Traditional and Alternative Health Practice Council
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare;Samora Avenue/ Shaban Robert Road,
P.O. Box 9083, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Tel: +255 22 2120261-7
Cell: +255 755 882078
Fax: +255 222139951 & 2138060
e-mail: pmhame@yahoo.com
Mr Patrick S.N.NGWEDIAGIRegistrar of Plant Breeders' Rights
Ministry of Agriculture Food Security andCooperatives
P.O. Box 9192 Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
Tel: +255 22 2861404(Off.)Fax: +255 22 2861403
Cell: +255 75 4322206
Email: ngwedi@yahoo.com or
patrick.ngwediagi@kilimo.go.tz
Ms Hulda Gideon MAPUNJO
Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology(COSTECH)
P. O. Box 4302, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tel: +255 754 310879
Fax: +255 22 277533
E-mail: hgideon@costech.or.tz or
hgideon@hotmail.com
Ms. Judith Francis KADEGE
Research Officer/Legal Advisor (IP Law/IPR)
Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology(COSTECH)
Research Officer (IPR)
P.O. Box 4302,
Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road, Kijitonyama (Sayansi),
COSTECH Building,
Dar –es- Salaam, Tanzania
Cell: +255-753-450-400
Tel: +255-22-2700745/ 46 /51
Fax: + 255-22-2775313/4
Email: jkadege@costech.or.tz; bibishe@yahoo.com
Prof. Susan NCHIMBI-MSOLLA
Department of Crop Science
Sokoine University of Agriculture
P.O. Box 3005, Chuo Kikuu
Morogoro, Tanzania
Tel: +255754849971
Fax: +255232604573
Email: smsolla@yahoo.com; nchimbi@suanet.ac.tz

Dr Riziki Silas SHEMDOE
Research Fellow
Institute of Human Settlements Studies
Ardhi University
P.O. Box 35124 Dar es Salaam,Tanzania
Cell: +255784295385
E mail: rizikis@yahoo.com or riziki@aru.ac.tz
Ms Elinorata MBUYA
Assistant Research Fellow
Institute of Human Settlement Studies,
Ardhi University,
P.O. Box 35124,
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tel: +255 78 4406000
Fax: +255 22 2775479
E mail: mbuyatz@yahoo.com
Mr Deusdedit KIBASSA
Assistant Research Fellow,
Ardhi University (ARU),
Institute of Human Settlement Studies (IHSS),
Survey Area, University Road,
P.O.B ox 35124
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Tel: +255 22 2775481
Cell: +255 713770434
E-mail: dkibassa2000@yahoo.com;
kibassa@aru.ac.tz
John M. WAMBURA
Senior Technologist
Sokoine University of Agriculture
Department of Wildlife Management
P.O. Box 3073, Chuo Kikuu
Morogoro, Tanzania
Tel: +255 784 316 057
Fax: 255 23 2604846
Email: wamburaj@yahoo.com
UNITED KINGDOM
Prof. Sir Brian HEAP
Member, ATPS Board
Vice-President
European Academies Science Advisory Council
The Royal Society of London SW1Y 5AG
And Honorary Fellow
St Edmund's College
Cambridge CB3 0BN, UK
Tel: +44 1223 248509
Email: rbh22@cam.ac.uk

Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS | 149

Prof. Egil Robert ORSKOVThe Orskov Foundation
c/o The Macaulay Institute
Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen
AB15 8QH
Scotland, UK
Tel: +44 1224 498200
E-mail: b.orskov@macaulay.ac.uk orboborskov@hotmail.com

UGANDAMr John OKUONZINational Coordinator, ATPS Uganda Chapter
Kyambogo University, Faculty of Engineering,
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
P.O Box 1, Kyambogo, Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256 782 353034
Email: jokuonzi@kyu.ac.ug or
okuonzijohnie@yahoo.com

Prof. Ian David HODGE
Head of Department
University of Cambridge
Department of Land Economy, University ofCambridge
19 Silver Street, Cambridge CB3 9EP
Tel: +44 1223 337134
Fax: +44 1223 337132
E-mail: idh3@cam.ac.uk

Dr Charles MUGOYA,
Programme Manager
Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in
Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA)
Plot 5 Mpigi Road
P. O. Box 765 Entebbe, Uganda
Tel: 256 414 322126
Fax: 256 414 322593
Email: secretariat@asareca.org, or
c.mgoya@asareca.org

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Dr Dick M. KAMUGASHA
Director, Technonology Development Center (TDC)
Plot 42A Mukabya Road, Nakawa Industrial Area
P. O. Box 7086, Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256 712077229
Fax: +256 414286695
Email: dkamugasha@uiri.org

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Dr Sean BUTLER
Fellow and Director of Studies in Law, St Edmund's
College
University of Cambridge
Cambridge CB3 0BN
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 0795-153-0-153
Tel: +44 1223-336250
Fax: +44 01223-762822
Email: scb46@cam.ac.uk
Dr Adrian Vincent ELY
Research Fellow, SPRU - Science and Technology
Policy Research University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton
BN1 9QE
United Kingdom
Email: a.v.ely@sussex.ac.uk
Mrs Martha Ada UGWU
Lead Nurse, Infection Prevention/Control
Eastern & Coastal Kent Community Health NHS Trust
59 Highgrove Road
Walderslade, Chatham
Kent, ME5 7SF, UK
Tel: +4401634310389/07985476289
Email: Martha.ugwu@yahoo.co.uk orMartha@ugwu.fsworld.co.uk

Mr John Stephen OKUTA
Programme Assistant
Plot 18 Shimoni Road
Maisonette Building, Suite A2
P. O. Box 7184
Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256-772-515 776
Fax : +256-414-344 801
Email : john.okuta@undp.org
Dr Phinehas TUKAMUHABWA
Senior Lecturer
Makerere University
Crop Science Department
P.O. Box 7062
Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256-772-498691
Email : p.tuka@agric.mak.ac.ug

Tawanda MANYANGADZEManaging Director/Researcher
Saveteck Solutions/Environmental & Sustainable
Environment, 82 Romsey Road Southampton, UK
Tel: +44 7717821850
Email: manyangadze.tawanda@gmail.com
150 | Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS

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Mr Ronald JJAGWE
Science Officer (IP Liason Officer)
Uganda National Council for Science and Technology(UNCST)
Plot 6 Kimera Road, P.O Box 6884 Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256 414 705 500
Cell: +256 782 504661
Fax: +256 414 234 579
Email: r.jaggwe@uncst.go.ug;
jagweron@yahoo.com

Dr Eddy C. AGBO
Chairman & CEO
Fyodor Biotechnologies, Inc.
The UMB BioInnovation Center
801 W. Baltimore Street, Suite 502-N
Baltimore, MD 21201
Tel: 1-443-552-0437 (office)1-410-302-7887 (cell)
Fax: 1-952-487-9142
Email: eddy.agbo@fyodorbio.com

Ms Joy Samantha BONGYEREIRE
Biodiversity Conservation for Rural DevelopmentUganda
P.O. Box 122
Kisoro-Uganda
Tel: +256 772919109
Email: bcrd.uganda@gmail.com,
bonjoys98@yahoo.com

Dr Victoria HENSON-APOLLONIO
Senior Scientist, Project Manager
The Central Advisory Service on Intellectual Property(CAS-IP)A CGIAR System Office Unit
hosted by Bioversity International
Via dei Tre Denari, 472/a
00057 Maccarese, Rome, Italy
Tel: +39 066 118300
Fax: +39 0661979661
Email: v.henson-apollonio@cgiar.org

USA
Dr Warigia BOWMAN
Assistant Professor
P.O. Box 107 Odom Hall
Department of Public Policy University
MD 38677, USA
Tel: +1 505 690 4033
Email: mwbowman@olemiss.edu or
warigia@gmail.com
Dr Anthony C IKEME
President & CEO
Clintriad Pharma Services
102 Pickering Way, Suite 200
Exton, PA 19341
Tel: 484.753.3405
Cell: 215.380.9920
Fax: 610.384.5455
Email: aikeme@clintriad.com
Prof. Atieno NDEDE-AMADIFounder / Chief Executive Officer
Kenya Kountry Business Incubator
2720 Cheshire Way
Grand Prairie, Texas 75052
USA
Tel: +1 469 2748628
Email: anamadi@kekobi.or.ke

ZAMBIA
Prof. Francis D. YAMBA
Director
Center for Energy Environment and Engineering (Z) Ltd
176 Parirenyatwa Road
Suite B. Fairview
P/B E721
Lusaka, Zambia
Tel/Fax: +260 211 223118
Email: yambafd@yahoo.com
ZIMBABWEMr Benson ZWIZWAI
Deputy Director
Institute of Development Studies
P. O. Box 880
Harare, Zimbabwe
Tel:+263 4 333341/3
Fax:+263 4 333345
Cell: +263 912245614
Email: bmzwizwai@science.uz.ac.zw
Dr Donald Peter CHIMANIKIRE
University of Zimbabwe, Institute of Development
Studies,
P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
Tel: +263 4 303211 ext: 12101
Cell: +26311 808 002/ +263 913 020 486
Email: dpchimanikire@science.uz.ac.zw or
donchim2000@yahoo.co.uk

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Mrs Grace MUSASA
Industrial Property Examiner
Ministry of Justice& Legal Affairs
Zimbabwe Intellectual Property Office (ZIPO)
PLOT 92 Tynwald Drive
Tynwald, Harare, Zimbabwe
Tel: +263 913 414 348
Email: gracemusasa@yahoo.com
ATPS SECRETARIAT
African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)
3rd Floor, The Chancery, Valley Road
P.O. Box 10081-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254-20-271 4098/168/498
Fax: +254-20-271 4028
Email: info@atpsnet.org
Website: www.atpsnet.org
Dr Kevin C. URAMA
Executive Director
Email: kurama@atpsnet.org
Mr Richard Murimi MURIUKI
Finance & Administration Manager
Email: rmuriuki@atpsnet.org
Dr Nicholas OZOR
Post Doctoral Research Officer
Email: nozor@atpsnet.org
Mr Marsden MOMANYIAg. Snr. Communications & Outreach Officer
Email: mmomanyi@atpsnet.org
Ms Wairimu MWANGI
Research Officer
Email: wmwangi@atpsnet.org
Mr Nelson A. AKENGAIT Assistant
Email: nakenga@atpsnet.org
Ms Carol THUKU
Senior Secretary/Programmes Admin. Assistant
Email: cthuku@atpsnet.org

152 | Proceedings of THE 2010 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPSThe African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is a multidisciplinary network of researchers, private sector actors andpolicy makers promoting the generation, dissemination, use andmastery of science, technology and innovation (ST&I) for African
development, environmental sustainability and global inclusion.
ATPS intends to achieve its mandate through research, capacity
building and training, science communication/dissemination andsensitization, participatory multi-stakeholder dialogue,knowledge brokerage, and policy advocacy.

African Technology Policy Studies Network
Contact the Executive Director at The Chancery, 3rd Floor, Valley Rd.
P O Box 10081, 00100-Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: (254 020) 2714092, 2714168,
2714498, 2723800
Fax: (254 020) 2714028
http://www.atpsnet.org

ISBN: 978-9966-030-25-2