Strengthening Linkages between
Policy Research and Policymaking
for African Development
Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops
7 - 11 November | Mombasa Continental Hotel | Mombasa, Kenya

A PUBLICATION OF THE AFRICAN TECHNOLOGY POLICY STUDIES NETWORK (ATPS)

Strengthening Linkages between
Policy Research and Policymaking
for African Development
Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops
7 - 11 November | Mombasa Continental Hotel, Mombasa, Kenya

Delegates at the ATPS 2011 Annual Conference

Edited by:
Urama, Kevin Chika, Executive Director, ATPS
Ozor, Nicholas, Senior Research Officer, ATPS
Acheampong, Ernest Nti, Research Officer, ATPSThis report should be cited as:
African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS, 2012). Strengthening linkages between
policy research and policymaking for African development. Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS
Annual Conference and Workshops held from 7-11 November at the Mombasa Continental
Hotel, Mombasa, Kenya. Kenya; African Technology Policy Studies Network.

Conference Organising Committee
Prof. Kevin Chika Urama, Executive Director, ATPS
Dr. Nicholas Ozor, Senior Research Officer, ATPS
Dr. Michèle Mbo'o, Post Doctoral Research Offcier, ATPS
Dr. Maurice Bolo, Post Doctoral Research Offcier, ATPS
Ms. Wairimu Mwangi, Research Officer, ATPS
Mr. Richard Muriuki, Finance and Adminsitration Manager, ATPS
Ms Carol Thuku, Senior Secretary/Programs Administrative Assistant, ATPS
Ms. Eunice Kariuki, Administrative Secretary, ATPS
Ms. Jacinta Kahi, Communications Assistant, ATPS
Mr. Stephen Otieno, Accounts Officer, ATPS
Mr. Nelson Akenga, Information Technology Assistant, ATPS
Ms. Edel Kwoba, Communications Assistant, ATPS
Ms. Barbara Ombasa, Receptionist, ATPS

The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is amulti-disciplinary network of researchers, private sector actors andpolicy makers promoting the generation, dissemination, use andmastery of science, technology and innovation (ST&I) for African
development, environmental sustainability and global inclusion.
ATPS intends to achieve its mandate through research, capacity
building and training, science communication/dissemination andsensitization, participatory multi-stakeholder dialogue,knowledge brokerage, and policy advocacy.
Published by the African Technology Policy Studies Network
P O Box 10081, 00100 GPO Nairobi Kenya
2012

Published by the African Technology Policy Studies Network

ISBN: 978-9966-030-47-4

Table of Contents
Acknowledgement

4

About ATPS

5

Acronyms

7

1.

About the Conference and Workshop

102.

Conference & Workshop Opening Session

15

3.

Conference Plenary Presentations

35

4.

Parallel Sessions

50

5.

International Roundtable on Effective Strategies for

113

Strengthening Linkages between Policy Research &Policymaking for African Development
6.

Progress Review of AYFST & AWFST Climate

120

Change Innovation Program
7.

Training for ATPS National Chapter Coordinators &143

Secretariat Staff on the Ethics of a Winning Institution
8.

Conclusion & Policy Recommendations

Appendices

148
151

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 3

Acknowledgement
The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) has for over a decade been engaged
in processes aimed at strengthening linkages between policy research and policymaking, witha view of prioritizing innovative ideas aimed at strategically addressing the science-policy
divide. This report provides a summary of these ongoing engagements through theproceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop on Strengthening Linkages
between Policy Research and Policymaking for African Development.
The conference was held from 07 – 11 November 2011 at the Mombasa Continental Resort in
Mombasa, Kenya and was a follow-up to on an earlier 3-day workshop held from 16-18
February 2011 in the same city. The conference engaged a dynamic mix of scientists, policymakers, science journalists and policy research advisors in stimulating debates addressing the
gap between policy research and policymaking with a view to designing a proactive way
forward for bridging this gap for African development.
On behalf of the ATPS, I wish to acknowledge the financial support received towards theorganization of this workshop from our various donors including the Ministerie van
Buitenlandse Zaken (DGIS) the Netherlands, the Rockefeller Foundation. I am also gratefulto the Government of the Republic of Kenya for hosting the ATPS Secretariat and especially
the National Council for Science and Technology (NCST) for continued support andcollaboration with the ATPS.
I wish to thank all the delegates from various global locations who participated in theconference. It is my hope that the interactions and debates that ensued during the discussions
will be carried on pro-actively steps and innovative solutions are implemented to achieve theultimate goal of ensuring Africa's sustainable development.
Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to the entire team at the ATPS Secretariat whose
collective and dedicated efforts contributed to the success of the conference. A particular
vote of thanks goes to the ATPS Senior Research Officer, Dr. Nicholas Ozor for chairing the
Executive Conference Organization Committee (ECOC) and for leading the ATPS
Secretariat team of rapporteurs who compiled the reports to inform the proceedings. Special
thanks also go to the the logistical and financial management teams for their excellent
conference administration.
Prof. Kevin C. Urama
Executive Director
The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)
4 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

About ATPS
ATPS is a trans-disciplinary network of researchers, private sector actors, policy makers andcivil society actors promoting Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) generation, use andmastery for development in Africa. Its vision is to become the leading international center of
excellence and reference in STI systems research, training and capacity building,communication and sensitization, knowledge brokerage, policy advocacy and outreach in
Africa. ATPS is a key institution in Africa with significant experience and mastery inknowledge generation (through Research and Training), knowledge brokerage (throughstakeholders dialogue), knowledge dissemination and outreach (through publication, STI
journalism and policy advocacy), and knowledge valorization (through innovation challenge
programs). ATPS collaborates with relevant institutions within and beyond Africa to achieveknowledge sharing, and use through research and capacity building, international
cooperation and partnership, and youth and gender empowerment.
It acts as a broker between knowledge and technology generators, the policy makers, theprivate sector, and the local communities on the one hand, and between regions and countries
on the other. The institution's reach-out mechanism and reach-out systems include Research
Capacity Building (RCB), Training and Sensitization (TS), Communication and Stakeholder
Dialogue (CSD), Outreach, Knowledge Brokerage and Policy Advocacy (OKBPA),International Cooperation and Partnership (ICP), Youth and Gender Empowerment (YGP),
and Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PME).
With a regional secretariat in Nairobi, ATPS operates through national chapters in 30
countries including Diaspora chapters in the United Kingdom, the United States of America(USA) and Australia (Figire 1).

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 5

ATPS has an expansion plan to cover the entire Africa. The ATPS has since been involved inmany funded Research, Capacity Building and Advocacy programs in Africa on issues of STI
including, but not limited to Climate Sense program, Agricultural Innovation program,
Health Innovation program, Water and Sanitation, Socialization of Science, Research Policy
and Practice Linkages, among others.

6 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

Acronyms
AAU
ACASWA
ACCE
ACET
ACPC
ADPs
AFSJ
AGM
APHRC
ARIPO
ATPS
AU
AUCC
AWFST
AYFST
CBD
CBOs
CEDR
CSOs
DFID
DPD
ECA
ECOC
ECOWASEMCAFANRPRAN
FAO
FES
FGDs
FSAC
FSAP
GCI
GDP
GSEEP
ICT
IDRC

Association of African Universities
Association of Christian Artists in Swaziland
African Carbon Credit Exchange
African Centre for Economic Transformation
African Climate Policy Centre
Agricultural development programmes
African Federation of Science Journalists
Annual General Meeting
African Population and Health Research Center
African Regional Intellectual Property Organization
African Technology Studies Network
African Union
Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada
African Women Forum for Science and Technology
African Youth Forum for Science and Technology
Convention on Biological Diversity
Community Based Organisations
Centre for Entrepreneurship and Development Research
Civil Society Organizations
Department for International Development
Directorate of Planning and Development
Economic Commission for Africa
Executive Conference Organizing Committee
Economic Community Of West African States
Environmental Management and Coordination Act
Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network
Food and Agriculture Organization
Fair and Equitable Sharing
Focus Group Discussions
Farming Skills Acquisition Centre
Farming Skills Acquisition Programme
Global Competitive Index
Gross domestic product
Grassroots Socio-Economic Empowerment ProgrammeInformation and communications technology
International Development Research Centre
Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 7

IFPRIIK
IPCC
IPR
KEPHIS
KIE
KIPI
LEDS
LGAs
MAT
MDG
MITC
MOU
MTA
NARIS
NASA
NEMA
NEPAD
NHIS
NIAS
NIS
NISER
NITC
NSC
ODI
PIC
Q&A
R&D
RD&I
REFILSRPPSITCSSA
STEPRI-CSIR
STI
SWAMA
SWASA

International Food Policy Research Institute
Indigenous Knowledge
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIntellectual Property Rights
Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service
Kenya Industrial Estates
Kenya Industrial Property InstituteKWSKenya Wildlife Service
Low emission development strategy
Local Governments Areas
Mutually Agreed Terms
Millennium Development Goals
Manzini Industrial Training Center
Memorandum of Understanding
Material Transfer Agreements
National Agricultural Research Institutes
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
National Environment Management Authority
New Partnership for African Development
National Health Insurance Scheme
Nigerian Institute of Animal Science
National Innovations Systems
Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research
National Information Technology Center
National Steering CommitteeNTANigerian Television Authority
Overseas Development InstitutePrior Informed Consent
Questions and Answer
Research and Development
Research, Development and Innovation
Research-Extension-Farmer-Input Linkage System
Research, Policy and PracticeS&TScience and Technology
Siteki Industrial Training Centre
Sub-Saharan Africa
Science and Technology Policy Research Institute - Council for Scientificand Industrial Research
Science, technology and innovation
Swaziland Arts and Music Association
Swaziland Standards Authority

8 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

TH
TKDL
TOT
TTO's
UNECA
UNESCO
WFSJ

Traditional Healer
Traditional Knowledge Digital Library
Training the Trainer
Technology Transfer Offices
United Nations Economic Commission of Africa
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
World Forum for Science Journalism

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 9

1. About the Conference & Workshop
1.0
Introduction
For research to have the impact of guaranteeing development gains in Africa, research resultsmust inform and shape policies and programmes, and be adopted into practice.
Developments at various levels are hinged on the generation and implementation of
appropriate policies, the building of requisite human capabilities, adequate technologicalinfrastructure, as well as enterprise capital base to bolster the various development initiatives.
While the linkage between policy and national development is often moderated by otherfactors, it cannot be denied that the absence of a strong and appropriate policy framework,that incorporates solid theoretical and empirical research and the points of view of multiple
stakeholders, may spell disaster for any national development agenda. Fortunately, African
leaders have seen the wisdom on the need to empower policy creators, even though this effort
is in its early stages, in virtually all the domains linked to national development, particularly inscience and technology, economic transformation, food security and health – key factors inany positive national growth agenda.
In spite of sporadic progress in some African countries such as South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya,
Lesotho, and Malawi, the use of policy heavily informed by research evidence in criticaldomains in policymaking still leaves much to be desired. Africa's policy agenda has not fully
exploited the expertise of African professionals, leaving the African policy landscape muchtoo influenced by the agendas of external development agencies, consultants, and bilateraldevelopment partners. This has raised the question of whether Africa's priorities are truly at
the heart of its development agenda. There exists a high propensity for African governments
to readily overlook local research capacity in favour of expatriate researchers and ad hoc
consultancies1.

1

Hoffman J. 1995, Linking Economic Research and Policy-Making: The Role of AERC

10 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

It has therefore become imperative to review the linkages between research, policy andpractice with a view to identifying strategies for strengthening the uptake of development
research into policy and practice in Africa. It is important to note that sustainable policy
research and implementation linkages in Africa will require the development of a strategic
vision and a proactive approach that contextualizes the research agenda and its consequent
activities. It requires a proper understanding of research communication and knowledgetranslation so as to facilitate the use of research evidence to influence policies and effectchange in practice. This can be achieved through sustained systematic interactions andcapacity building amongst key stakeholders including researchers, policymakers, and thepractitioners. This formed the focus of the conference.
The international conference aimed to strengthen the gains from an initial consultative
workshop on strengthening linkages between policy research and policymaking for African
development held in Mombasa, Kenya in February 2011 and organized by the African
Technology Studies Network (ATPS), in partnership with the African Population and HealthResearch Center (APHRC), Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis
Network (FANRPRAN) and African Centre for Economic Transformation (ACET). During
the consultative workshop, stakeholders recognized the importance of appropriate policies
derived from research evidence in fostering national priorities for African development.
Stakeholders were cognizant of the gap between policy research and policymaking in Africa
and its negative influence on national developments. They recalled the commitments ofAfrican leaders to the African Union (AU) and the New Partnership for African
Development (NEPAD) flagship programmes including; agriculture and food security;
climate change and natural resource management; regional integration and infrastructure;human development; economic and cooperate governance; gender and capacity building; andtheir pledge to allocate 10% of national budgets to agriculture, and 1% of GDP for researchand development (R&D) in support of the above programmes.
The outcomes from this workshop has further guided the consultative group on the way
forward for engaging a wider stakeholder group for making better impacts on strategies forstrengthening linkages between research, policy and practice for African development.
1.2 Conference Sub-themes
The conference offered opportunity for our range of stakeholders including researchers,
policy makers, private sectors, civil society organization, non-governmental organization,
farmers' organization, etc, to deliberate on the following interlinking subthemes with the aimof fostering better linkages between policy research and policy making for African
development:
Mid-Term Evaluation of African Technology Policy Studies Network Phase VI Strategic Plan | 11i.
Conceptualizing research, policy and practice for sustainable African development
Papers under this subtheme addressed the concepts of research, policy and practice; thetheory and practice of research engagement for policy and implementation; strategies andmethodologies for conducting policy relevant research; strategies for use of research evidence
in policymaking and policy analysis; pathways for translating research evidence through policy
to practice; and institutional arrangements for stakeholders' engagement in strengthening
linkages amongst researchers, policymakers and practitioners.
ii. Youth and Gender empowerment
Papers under this subtheme addressed youth and gender issues that would promote effective
linkages between research, policy and practice; youth and gender contributions in research,
policy and practice; challenges faced and how they can be overcome to enhance theircontribution to policy, research and practices linkages; lessons that could be drawn fromgender mainstreaming initiatives, where the relationships between researchers, policymakers
and practitioners have arguably been better institutionalised.
iii. Mechanisms and Approaches for effective linkages amongst researchers, policymakers and practitioners
Papers under this subtheme addressed various functional models, mechanisms, tools andapproaches for effectively linking research, policy and practice especially in the African
context. Case examples of successful models, mechanisms, tools and approaches that have led
to successful linkages of the stakeholders form top of the list of the papers under thissubtheme. Papers should examine factors that interact dynamically to determine the sort ofevidence likely to be adopted by policymakers and also discuss enabling tools to build abroader consensus on the role of empirical evidence in good policymaking andimplementation. Other issues covered under this subtheme included; investments in research,
policy and practice; international cooperation and partnerships; curriculum reforms; andintellectual property rights, access and benefit sharing.
iv. The role of capacity development
Papers under this subtheme focused on new knowledge, skills, and infrastructure required for
effective research, policy and practice for African development. It discussed how best thecapacity of the relevant actors can be strengthened in the short, medium and long terms inorder to achieve effective policy research that will lead to policymaking and implementation.
Papers emphasized the good practices that exist in capacity development to realize effective
linkages among the actors.
v. Research uptake, communication, advocacy and brokerage
Papers under this subtheme emphasized the innovative strategies and channels forcommunicating research outputs for policymaking and policy implementation. It emphasized
12 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

the role of the media in research uptake, communication, advocacy and brokerage. Others
include; the incentive structures and enabling environment for effective communication ofresearch outputs to policymakers for use by practitioners.
vi. Challenges and Opportunities for effective linkages between research, policy and practiceThis subtheme placed emphasis on the economic, social, political, environmental, culturaland other factors that constrain effective linkages between and amongst the actors. Papers
showed the prospects and opportunities of an effective linkage under prevailing African
conditions.
1.3 Conference objectives
The overall purpose of the conference was to engage relevant stakeholders to address the gap
between research, policy and practice with a view to designing a proactive way forward forbridging this gap for African development. The specific objectives were to:i) understand the context-specific reasons for the gaps between research, policy andpractice in Africa;ii) enhance knowledge brokerage and communication among researchers, policymakers
and practitioners for African development;iii) identify and prioritize strategies to improve linkages amongst researchers, policymakers
and practitioners in Africa;iv) improve the use of home-grown policy research evidence in policymaking and policy
implementation;v) draw lessons learnt from the successive cases of good partnerships amongst
researchers, policymakers and practitioners in Africa and elsewhere; andvi) establish a trans-disciplinary consortium/network of policy research institutions,policymakers and practitioners in Africa for African development.
1.4 Expected Outputsi) Proceedings of the international conference on strategies for strengthening linkages
between research, policy and practice for African development.
ii) Documented practical examples of successful partnerships between research, policy
and practice in Africa and elsewhere.
iii) A framework of planned actions for the operation of the trans-disciplinary
consortium/network of policy research institutions, policymakers and practitioners in
Africa.
iv) Book volume from the conference papersv) A communiqué

Mid-Term Evaluation of African Technology Policy Studies Network Phase VI Strategic Plan | 13

1.5
i)
ii)
iii)

Expected Outcomes
Improved linkages amongst researchers, policymakers and practitioners in Africa
Improved utilization of home-grown research evidence for policymaking and practice;
Establishment of a trans-disciplinary consortium/network of like-minded institutions
that will promote effective linkages amongst researchers, policymakers andpractitioners in Africa.

1.6 Conference Methodology
In order to unearth the context-specific lessons from the mix of researchers, policymakers
and practitioners; learn from the successful cases; as well as identify and strategize on how to
improve the linkages between research, policy and practice, the workshop adopted multiple
approaches to ensure active participation of each stakeholder grouping in the dialogue,
identification of gaps and prioritization of strategies for improvement. These included:> Plenary sessions: This involved keynote lectures by selected renowned researchers,
policymakers and practitioners in the different thematic areas. These keynote
presentations focused more on practical experiences and less on theoretical issues. They
provided details on the experiences of the presenters and their institutions (bothsuccesses as well as frustrations) and the contextual reasons for the successes andfailures.
> Facilitated questions and answer (Q&A) sessions: This session afforded the presenters
the opportunity to respond to specific issues raised by the participants using practicalexperiences.
> Country case studies: This aimed to highlight the experiences of different countries andregions in the linkages between research, policy and practice. These case studies
emphasized specific scenarios of linkages amongst research, policy and practice and theroles of each stakeholder in fostering the relationship for a specific development
initiative/agenda. It also buttressed on the lessons learnt from the process.
> Working group sessions: Participants were divided into groups representing a mix ofresearchers, policymakers and practitioners with the aim of identifying and prioritizing
strategies to improve linkages amongst researchers, policymakers and practitioners in
Africa for African development. The group sessions also included other ATPS thematic
areas in the Phase VI Strategic Plan.
1.7 Conference Venue and Date
The conference and workshops were held at the Mombasa Continental Hotel, Mombasa
Kenya from 7-11 November 2011.

14 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

2. Conference & Workshop
Opening Session
1.1

Welcoming remarks by the Chair, ATPS Executive Conference Organizing
Committee
Dr. Nicholas Ozor, Senior Research Officer, ATPS

On behalf of the Executive Conference Organizing
Committee (ECOC), Dr. Ozor welcomed all the delegates andparticipants to the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference andWorkshop in Mombasa. He expressed optimism that all thedelegates and participants had hitch-free travels from theirvarious global locations. Dr. Ozor familiarized the delegateswith the ATPS delineating it as a leading trans-disciplinary
network of researchers, private sector actors, policy makers andcivil society actors promoting the generation, dissemination, use
Dr. Nicholas Ozor
Senior Research Officer, ATPS
and mastery of science, technology and innovation (STI) for
African development, environmental sustainability and global inclusion in Africa. Its mission
is to improve the quality of STI research, policy, and practice for sustainable development in
Africa by Africans and for Africa.
In collaboration with likeminded institutions, the ATPS provides platforms for regional andinternational research, capacity building and knowledge sharing for the identification andprioritisation, development, use and mastery of STI for sustainable social, economic andenvironmental development in Africa. With a Secretariat Headquarter in Nairobi, Kenya, it
operates through national chapters in 29 countries (including Anglophone, Lusophone,Francophone and Diaspora countries) with an expansion plan in place to cover the entire
Africa by 2015.
The choice of the theme for the 2011ATPS Annual Conference was agreed following various
Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 15

consultations with key stakeholders including the policy makers, private sectors, researchers,
and the civil society leading to the theme “Strengthening Linkages between Policy Research andPolicymaking for African Development”. Dr. Ozor noted that the consensus on the theme wasreached after the stakeholders identified poor linkages amongst researchers, policymakers
and practitioners which have become the bane for development in Africa. They noted that thenations which have built bridges across these key stakeholders have prospered and progressed
tremendously especially in the area of science, technology and innovation. This is because
they not only understand each other but work harmoniously complementing each other in thejourney towards development. The challenge for Africa therefore is to learn from thesenations especially the emerging countries - China, Korea, India, Brazil and the developed
economies including Europe and America. If they did it we can do it better.
The delegates and participants were taken through the six subthemes of the conference
namely:i) Conceptualizing research, policy and practice for sustainable African developmentii) Youth and Gender empowermentiii) Mechanisms and Approaches for effective linkages amongst researchers, policymakers
and practitionersiv) The role of capacity developmentv) Research uptake, communication, advocacy and brokeragevi) Challenges and Opportunities for effective linkages between research, policy andpractice
As described in the conference methodology, Dr. Ozor noted that lead papers would bepresented on each of the subthemes to provide more insights to provide direction for otherpaper presentations on each of the subthemes. The conference aims and expected outputs
highlighted in Chapter 1 were also explained briefly to the audience.
In his summation, Dr. Ozor informed delegates and participants that the four-day conference
would adopt a dynamic participatory process to encourage networking, knowledge
circulation and collaborative strategic planning in the form of plenary sessions, facilitatedparallel breakout sessions and plenary participatory dialogue to frame common response
strategies. Dr. Ozor once again appreciated the delegates and participants wishing themfruitful deliberations and stay in Mombasa. On a lighter note, he urged delegates andparticipants to create time sample the beach and visit tourist places while at the same timeremain security conscious and any issues related tothe conference to the ATPS Secretariat or
the hotel management. Most importantly, delegates and participants were reminded to duly
register for the conference and pay their membership fees to enable them participate in all theevents including the ATPS Annual General Meeting (AGM).
16 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

1.2

Welcoming remarks by the ATPS Kenya National Chapter Coordinator
Mr. Kenneth Aduda, ATPS National Chapter Coordinator, Kenya /Projects and Resource
Mobilization Manager, KIRDI

On behalf of the ATPS-Kenya Chapter Members as well as thewhole Kenyan community, Mr. Aduda extended a cordial
welcome to all the delegates and participants of the 2011 ATPS
annual conference and workshop. He likened ATPS with atypical great African family with many homesteads and the
Kenyan homestead was the venue of the 2011 family gathering ,which also hosts the Regional Secretariat. He wasdelighted that the ATPS had continuously endeavoured to bring
Mr Kenneth Aduda
together renowned scholars, researchers and bureaucrats to
Coordinator, ATPS Kenya Chapter
exchange experiences in research, share expertise and profoundperspectives, which in turn lead to a deeper understanding of our commitment, as well as
more effective responses to the challenges of STI. He expressed his sincere appreciation to
the audience and the sponsoring organizations who made significant contributions to thesuccess of the conference and workshops. He also apologized for any inconveniences ordifficulties that delegates may have encountered enroute to Kenya and wished them asuccessful stay in the country.
1.3

Opening remarks by the ATPS Chair of the National Chapter Regional
CouncilDr. George O. Essegbey, ATPS Regional Council Member/Director, STEPRI-CSIR, Accra,
Ghana

Dr. Essegbey, who represented the National Chapter Regional
Council highlighted the importance of the theme of theconference and added that, strengthening linkages between
policy research and policymaking for African Development isperhaps a theme we should have had long ago. Dr Essegbey,
recounted an important lesson from the training session by
Prof. Osita Ogbu's which emphasized on having a plan inorder to win. He indicated that winning in Science
Technology and Innovation, in any of our countries, begins
Dr. George O. Essegbey,
ATPS Regional Council Member
with the plan, with the policies that we have put in place. He wasof the view that the theme should have been dealt with a long time ago because of how crucial
it is to the development of Africa. He raised the question about the extent to which Africancountries place emphasis (if at all) on policy research. Dwelling on an old African adage, he
Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 17

highlighted that a policy researcher is that person who performs the important role of telling
the policymaker that the path being cut is going crooked, or to encourage the policymaker thatthe path being cut is going very straight and hence to the destination. Using the example ofindustries and enterprises, which undertake market research with their business plans andfeasibility studies before they enter the marketplace, he threw the question of how often thisprocess is undertaken in policy research and policymaking. He then emphasized on theurgency and timeliness of the theme and looked forward to successful deliberations.
1.4

Opening remarks by the representative of the ATPS-AWFSTProf. Norah Olembo, Former Chair, ATPS Board/Patroness AWFSTIn her capacity as Patron for the African Women Forum for
Science and Technology (AWFST) and on behalf of all thewomen at the conference, Prof. Olembo welcomed thedelegates to the 2011 ATPS annual conference. She expressedhope that all delegates were well settled and geared to engage inthe conference activities including the innovation challenge
program. Prof. Olembo was pleased to note what she describedasas
women awakening to the challenge of moving forward
Prof. Norah Olemboin science and technology. She was gratified by the number ofFormer Chair, ATPS Board/
women present at the conference in spite of the numerous
Patroness AWFST
challenges that women encounter in the area of employment and education. She lamented
that, various customs and other issues have hindered the progress of women in development
often relegating them to the back, and this had disadvantaged women in so many ways. She
noted that many women were reluctant to pursue science and technology at university level orhigh school level due to fear and the difficult nature of science. However, Prof. Olembo wasvery encouraged by the fact that this fear of pursuing science and technology among womenin Africa is gradually dissipating.
She expressed her conviction of the rejuvenation of women's desire to go into all aspects ofchallenges of the nature for our development in Africa, and saluted all women who had cometo join ATPS in this very interesting and very useful conference. She further urged them to put
in their maximum participation and thoughts, and not to shy away from sharing new ideas that
could contribute towards the development agenda for Africa.

18 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

1.5

Opening remarks by the Chair ATPS African Youth Forum for Science andTechnology (AYFST)
Mr. Tennyson Magombo, Chair, AYFSTThe Chair of the African Youth Forum for Science andTechnology (AYFST, Mr. Tennyson Magombo, expressed his
profound humility and privilege to be called upon to welcome all
the delegates to the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference andworkshop. He emphasized the importance and relevance of theconference theme “Strengthening Linkages between Policy
Research and Policy Making for African D e v e l o p m e n t ” b ysharing a story of how Mr. Bata, founder of the Bata Shoe
Company identified a market potential for shoes in Africa. He
Tennyson Magombo
Chair, AYFST
noted that several unlocked market potentials exist in Africa andthe onus lies on Africans to unlock these potentials rather than waiting on external influencesfrom Europe, America and Asia to take up the initiative.
He also drew lessons from Prof. Osita Ogbu's wise saying that, “a pair of shoes is all we need”
to help us trample upon snakes and scorpions, thorns, and sharp stones as we move forward inbuilding Africa's capacity in science technology and innovation today for sustainable
development tomorrow. He added that a pair of shoes is all Africans need they we scale up themountain not of despair but of hope in the move to developing solutions to Africa's complex
problems through research, science, technology and innovation.
He recalled the launch of the Youth Innovation Challenge (Y I Can) under the umbrella of
AYFST in 2009 in Mombasa, thanks to the vision of ATPS and support from partners. He
remarked that the AYFST was elevating higher prioritised areas of activities in climate change
and the environment, agriculture and food security, water and sanitation, and health. In his
words, “Our vision is to see empowered communities that are able to enjoy sustainable livelihoods”. He
extended a special welcome to the grantees of the Climate Change Innovation Challenge
which falls under the Youth Innovative Challenge programme.
He seized the opportunity to announce the end of tenure of the current AYFST Steering
Committee, and with the powers vested upon him as the Chair by the AYFST constitution hedeclared the steering committee dissolved. He further announced that elections of the newsteering committee members would be conducted drawn from the pool of young andinnovative people present at the meeting..
In conclusion, he quoted Henry Ford who once said, “If you say and believe you can do it, you are
Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 19

right. If you say and believe you cannot, you are also right.” He encouraged fellow youths and Africans
at large to be confident and lift up Africa from the pit of despair and hardships to themountain of hope and prosperity.
1.6

Opening remarks by the representative of the ATPS Partners
Dr. Jeremy Webb, African Climate Policy Centre (ACPC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Dr. Webb, speaking on behalf of ATPS partners, extended
greetings from the ACPC. He said that the ACPCwas a forwardlooking policy think tank established by the Economic
Commission for Africa (ECA) in the framework of
ClimDev/Africa to address the impact of climate change byassisting member states to mainstream climate change into theirdevelopment strategies and programmes.

He underscored the commitment of ACPC to support ATPS in
their bid to strengthen the linkage among policy, practice andresearch communities. He highlighted the strong synergies between ACPC's areas ofengagement and that of ATPS and described ATPS as a very important partner especiallyfrom the research community that bridges key issues related to climate change anddevelopment already. Owing to that, he stated that ACPC is preparing, in collaboration withthe secretariat, an MOU to work with the ATPS in this particular area. In particular, Dr Webb
stressed that ACPC was very eager to go forward and look together at areas of renewableenergy, low carbon development and technology transfer, and as such, looking forward to thispartnership both with the secretariat and all researchers across Africa.
Dr. Jeremy Webb
African Climate Policy Centre (ACPC)

Dr. Webb remarked that, while ACPC was based in Addis Ababa, its reach is to all the 54
countries in Africa as per the program. In his concluding remarks, he expressed highexpectations through his participation at the conference and looked forward to networking
opportunities withall the delegates and hopefully forge closer working relationships invarious issues in the future.

20| Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

1.7

Welcoming/Opening remarks by the ATPS Executive Director
Prof. Kevin Chika Urama, Executive Director, ATPS

Prof. Kevin Urama, Executive Director of ATPS, was delighted
to welcome all delegates to the 2011 ATPS annual conference
and workshops and encouraged them to be forthcoming withideas and participate actively in the plenary and breakout
sessions. He noted that, delegates were allotted slots to present
their papers following the submission of abstracts in response to
the call for proposals circulated by the ATPS, and hence
had valuable information and knowledge to share on theconference theme. Noting that majority of the delegates
Prof. Kevin Chika Urama,
Executive Director, ATPS
gathered were experts in various fields, he urged them to joinhands in trying to establish a stronger linkage among researchers, policy makers andpractitioners in Africa.
Prof. Urama retraced the steps from Cairo, Egypt where a promise was made by ATPS
delegates to step out of self-flagellation (which Africa is known for), to take action andprovide solutions and not only to talk about the problems. Following this, the ATPS launched
The African Manifesto for Science Technology and Innovation after several years of dialogue with
Europe to learn how they did it, with India and Asian countries, the emerging tigers, to learn
how they are doing it and also with Africa to learn what we are doing and find solutions to
African problems. The African Manifesto for Science Technology and Innovation identified the issue oflinkage as a major gap. Prof. Urama expressed his appreciation to Hon. Obed Dlamini,
Former Prime Minister of Swaziland who has been proactively following up on this problem
and expressed trust in ATPS as the only Network in Africa that can address the gaps.
Prof. Urama pointed out that ATPS had collaborated with UNESCO in analyzing the state of
STI in Africa and why it was not working. This initiativeled to the publication of the 2010
UNESCO World Science Report in which ATPS took a lead rolein the development of the subSaharan African chapter. He urged country delegates present to read the report and make it
accessible to their respective Ministers and Presidents as science and technology is the engine
of development, rather than aid, for Africa. He stressed that the conclusion of the 2011 ATPS
conference would symbolize the beginning of a journey for all Africans interested in making
Africa develop, doing what others have done well in order to move forward and also learningfrom their broken pots to ensure that those in Africa do not break. He added that the ATPS
was actively trying to identify partners to work with to advance the interests of Africa.
Prof. Urama presented the map (Figure 1) showing the tracking investment in science andProceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 21

technology by the G20 countries, which places South Africa, the giant economy in Africa as adot on the map in terms of GDP growth and investment. In assessing global investment inscience and development both in absolute and relative terms, it is also apparent that Africa canonly find itself at the lower end which makes it extremely difficult to influence change inlivelihoods thereby depriving future generations of a better Africa.

Source: UNESCO Science Report, 2010
Figure 1: World share of GDP and GERD for the G20, 2002 and 2007 (%)

During the process of drafting The African Manifesto for Science and Technology, Prof. Urama
shared a lesson learnt on innovation. He discovered that Africa possessed a lot of scientificknowledge and experience and even brilliant scientists citing the example of a Ghanaian
working at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). In his view, the main
problem is the lack of an enabling policy environment to work in - the frameworks to makeinnovations thrive does not exist in Africa. On the other hand, the lack of a proper working
environment in Africa had drastically reduced the productivity of Africans.
Prof. Urama further presented an Innovation Systems Framework (Figure 2) which takes into
account two salient factors namely; the innovation dynamo and transfer factors. The
innovation dynamo is comprised of the factors that can make these innovations thrive. He
emphasized that the only a difference can be made is by being part of the solution, though theidentification of all the critical factors to ensure that dynamic innovations happen in Africa.
The second aspect noted was the transfer factors or issues related to bridging the gaps
between the innovations. Through his interaction with the AYFST and AWFST programs,
22 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

Prof. Urama discovered the existence of many innovations in Africa but due to lack ofsufficient capacity to nurture these ideas, they are never harnessed for the benefit of Africa.
He gave an example of initiatives like the M-PESA technology in Kenya, the M-pedgree
tevhnology in Ghana as an examples of brilliant ideas that should be harnessed for African
development. If left undeveloped, some other entrepreneurs elsewhere would pick them andthen repackage as different innovations. He also touched on the framework conditions, thegeneral conditions for innovation, then science and engineering as the base and challenged theaudience to think about how African could ensure the efficient functioning of the framework.

FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS
The general conditions and institutions
which set the range of opportunities for innovation

TRANSFER FACTORS
Human, social and cultural factors
influencing information transmission
to firms and learning by them

INNOVATION DYNAMO
Dynamic factors
shaping innovationin firms

SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING BASE
Science and technology institutions underpinning theinnovation dynamo
Source: Jamie Speirs, et al. 2008

Figure 2: Innovation Systems framework

Prof. Urama recounted the challenges and constraints encountered among the various sectors
including science, private sector, the community and NGOs and policy makers thereby
creating big walls that divided them such as disciplines, sectors, ministries, parastatals,
conceptual boundaries, preventing them from working together in order to progress. To
address this, he refered to his concept of the quadruple helix as the DNA, the fabric ofProceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 23

innovation (Figure 3). The fabric of success in every economy is collaboration amongst thequadruple helix, he said. There is need for collaboration in order to make this things work
better in Africa. The scientists are at the base as shown in the innovation dynamo, and then theprivate sector must be facilitating the scientists in order to transfer it through the civil society
actors and also the policy makers that provide the enabling environment for all otherstakeholder actors to thrive.

Urama 2009

Figure 3: Quadruple Helix2

In conclusion, Prof. Urama reiterated that, the ATPS goal for the conference was to ensure
the effective functionality of this DNA of innovation. If the strands do not operate intandem, African will simply be repeating what has already been done before. He encourageddelegates to be bold and practive in coming up with ideas on how Africa can do development
differently, rather than doing different development projects, often driven from outside thecontnent. He noted that uni-disciplinary and non-cooperation has hindered development in
Africa for too long. He cited Einstein's wise saying that “it is only a mad man who does thesame thing over and over and expects different results”.

2

Urama, K. C. (2009): The Quadruple Helix: A cooperative model for fostering innovations for development. A Presentation
at an ATPS Workshop on Science Ethics and Technological Responsibility in Developing and Emerging Countries, Hilton
Hotels, Nairobi Kenya.
24 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

1.8

Opening remarks by the Chair ATPS Board of Directors
Prof. Turner Isoun, Former Minister for Science & Technology, Fed. Republic of Nigeria / ATPS
Board member

Prof. Turner Isoun, speaking on behalf of the Chair of the
ATPS Board Prof. Sam Wangwe, expressed delight on theremarkable attendance marked by the large number of delegatesat the 2011 ATPS annual conference and workshop. He was also
impressed with the progress made by ATPS in increasing thenumber of chapters to 29 as well as the incorporation ofFrancophone, Anglophone and the Lusophone countries. He
congratulated all the key players of ATPS, both internationallyand nationally for building a very credible and formidable
Prof. Turner Isoun
ATPS Board Member
institution over the past decades. He noted that, having been in
the field for long, he could confirm the uniquelness of the ATPS in fostering STI policy inAfrica, noting that the network was a great resource for his Ministry during his two term
tenure in Nigeria. He added that the great strides of Nigeria in the space technology andsatellite communication technology was largely driven by experts draen from ATPS
stakeholders in Africa and elsewhere. He used the opportunity to call on Ministers for S&T,
higher eduction, trade and industry, ect and the Africa union Commission to make full use of
the richness and uniqueness of the African expertise that the ATPS represents. He noted that
the ATPS has, through sustained efforts and good leadership, proven that Africa can build
credible and sustainable institutions and more so, that Africans can work together accorss
policy, research, private sector and civil society to come up with sound technologies andpolicies for development of the continent. H erecalled his excitements in Egypt in November
2010 when the African Manifesto was launched and in reading the focus on building Africa's
confidnece in Afrucan technology policy researchers, policymakers, etc to make development
work in the continent. He added that “Africa chould learn to run before it works” by learning forsuccess stories in Africa and elsehere. The examples of China and the emerging countries
cleary suggests the countries could re-write their development story within a decade by learing
from other and taking advantage of science, technology and innnovation.
Prof. Isoun also re-emphasized the appropriateness of the conference theme by taking a step
backwards to remind the delegates about the research-policy process where researchers
provide data to feed into policy research which would later feed into policy making. In
addition to this process, he cited policy implementation as a critical component which
deserves much attention in order to produce desired results. He was of the view that even as
Africans learn from partners from abroad, there is need to breed home-grown alternatives asultimately, the responsibility of solving Africa's problems rested with the Africans in their own
Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 25

way. As attempts to establish a roadmap for development in Africa are structured, Africa
should not only learn from other countries but draw important lessons to create its own
development path. Africa must think about its capacity to deliver and the sustainability of allefforts invested.
Prof. Isoun shared the success story of the mobile phone revolution in Africa which he noted
did not happen by accident. He recounted that, up to 616 million people have subscribed tomobile telephone revolution in Africa which is bigger than Europe and North America, andsecond to Asia. This is happening because of the adequate planning and right policies thattapped into experiences from other places and adopted to fit the African system. He shared
his role in policy making which contributed to the mobile phone revolution in Nigeria
following which Nigeria has plans to launch a satellite in the near future to compete in the
bandwidth market.
Prof. Isoun welcomed all delegates and stressed that ATPS was at the heart of the revolutionthat will deliver the new rennaissance in the continent. He ended with his pet idea that Africa
should learn to be at the fore front of cutting edge technology. According to him, Africa
should not continue learning and depending on obsolete technologies. He was optimistic that
if Africans would take that bold step and also believe that they can do it, then Africa would be
able to produce enough food, produce the technology that is required to advance thecontinent.
1.9

Opening keynote speech on 'Understanding the Link between Research,
Policy and PracticeProf. Shaukat A. Abdulrazak, Chair-elect ATPS Board of Directors and Executive
Secretary/CEO National Council for Science and Technology, Kenya

Prof. Abdulrazak kicked off his presentation by echoing a strong
statement from The African Manifesto for Science, Technology andInnovation (STI) which stipulates that, for Africa to achieve selfrule and democratic governance in STI for African
development; African governments must adopt proactive
policies that fully embed African STI in African societies. He
defined policy research in three aspects namely: research thatanswers the why and how and relates issues with implementation
in society; applied research geared towards
Prof. Abdulrazak, Chair
ATPS Board of Directors
informing/influencing policy decisions; and research that ends
up with policy recommendations. He then presented the various processes in the policy cycle
necessary for the development of a good policy including: defination of the problem to be
26 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

addressed; policy formulation; and policy implementation which results in the final output asan established policy.
Prof. Abdulrazak tackled the issue of why a sustained linkage between and amongst
researchers, policymakers and practitioners was necessary . He noted that most of the Africancountries lie at the bottom of the Global Competitive Index (GCI) ranking due to Africa's
inability to harness science and latest technologies for productivity enhancements. The
inability of researchers to communicate technologies and innovations to policy makers andpractitioners to come out with innovative products has also diminished the competitive edgeof most countries on the global arena.
He identified some issues that have contributed to the existing gap between research andpolicy including:> Lack of collaboration between the key stakeholders in the research, policy and practiceprocess> Lack of skills in trans-disciplinary research to inform effective and efficient policymaking> Poor communication between and among the stakeholders> Lack of understanding of policymakers' language by policy researchers - attributes ofpolicymakers include among others: concise and focused presentation; lobbying,advocacy, dialogue and consensus-building.
He emphasized on the need for effective linkage among researchers, policy makers andpractitioners as it potentially leads to:> effective communication, understanding, and collaboration among these stakeholders forsustainable development> effectively addressing societal problems which are complex and can only be solved
through the interaction of key stakeholders including researchers, policymakers, private
sectors and the civil society> the development of a functional, acceptable and implementable policy> free flow of knowledge to policymakers, entrepreneurs and the society at large> improved information for evidence-based policies
For Africa to become successful in entrepreneurship and enterprise development, Prof.
Abdulrazak noted that it was crucial to build the necessary bridges that connect the various
stakeholders by implementing science and research that breeds innovation with incubations
and prototypes that have strong market potential for commercialization (Figure 4). This
process can thrive only when there is a favourable political environment.

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 27

POLITICALENVIRONMENT

Science &Basic Research
Success ofan EnterpriseInnovationIncupro bation
toty
pin &
g

&
ting nrke
Ma motioproCommercialisation
Based on CEMEX advert

Figure 4: Building bridges for strong linkages in research, policy and practiceProf. Abdulrazak revealed some critical elements often overlooked in policy research andpolicy making dialogue, which are very necessary in the implementation of a successful
dialogue between the various stakeholders. Out of politics, policies emerge and therefore,
researchers should engage policy makers in policy analysis and research in the bid to know thedemands of policy makers whilst they obtain insights from the research agenda. Researchers
ought to engage the media to establish a network for advocacy that could potentiallystrengthen the campaign and lobbying process with politicians and policy makers (Figure 5).

28 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

CAMPAIGNING& LOBBYINGPOLITICS &POLICY MAKING

MEDIA
ADVOCACY
NETWORKINGPOLICY ANALYSIS& RESEARCHRESEARCH
LEARNING &THINKINGSCIENTIFICINFORMATIONEXCHANGE &VALIDATION
Figure 5: Elements in policy research and policymaking process

Prof. Abdulrazak's presentation critically examined the strategic role of researchers inknowing every detail about the policy makers, their demands, their strengths and weakness,the policy making process, the opportunities and timing for input into the processes. Using
table 1 below, he elaborated on how the interaction between researchers and policy makers
work and provided full details of the strategies required by researchers to break the barriersand establish a strong linkage with policy makers, thereby influencing the policy making
process and policy at large with evidence based research.

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 29

30 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops•••

Links:• Who are the key stakeholders?
• What links and networks exist between them?
• Who are the intermediaries, and do they haveinfluence?
• Whose side are they on?

Get to know the other stakeholders.
Establish presence in existing networks.
Build coalitions with like-minded stakeholders.
Build new policy networks.

Establish credibility over the long term.
Provide practical solutions to problems.
Establish legitimacy.
Build a convincing case and present clear policy
options.
• Package new ideas in familiar theory or narratives.
• Communicate effectively.

•
•
•
•

• Get to know the policymakers, their agendas andtheir constraints.
• Identify potential supporters and opponents.
• Keep an eye on the horizon and prepare foropportunities in regular policy processes.
• Look out for – and react to – unexpected policy
windows.

What researchers need to do

Evidence:•
What is the current theory?
•
What are the prevailing narratives?
•
How divergent is the new evidence?
•
What sort of evidence will convince
policymakers?

Political Context:• Who are the policymakers?
• Is there policymakers’ demand for new ideas?
• What are the sources / strengths of resistance?
• What is the policymaking process?
• What are the opportunities and timings for
input into formal processes?

What researchers need to know

Table 1: What Researchers need to know and do and how to do it• Partnerships between researchers, policymakers
and policy end-users.
• Identify key networkers and salesmen.
• Use informal contacts.

• Build up programmes of high-quality work.
• Action-research and Pilot projects to demonstrate
benefits of new approaches.
• Use participatory approaches to help withlegitimacy and implementation.
• Clear strategy for communication from the start.
• Face-to-face communication.

• Work with the policymakers.
• Seek commissions.
• Line up research programmes with high-profile
policy events.
• Reserve resources to be able to move quickly torespond to policy windows.
• Allow sufficient time and resources.

How to do itProceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 31

What researchers need to do• Get to know the donors, their priorities andconstraints.
• Identify potential supporters, key individuals andnetworks.
• Establish credibility.
• Keep an eye on donor policy and look out for policy
windows.

What researchers need to know

External Inﬂuences:• Who are the main international actors in thepolicy process?
• What influence do they have?
• What are their aid priorities?
• What are their research priorities andmechanisms?
• What are the policies of the donors funding the
research?
• Develop extensive background on donor policies.
• Orient communications to suit donor priorities andlanguage.
• Cooperate with donors and seek commissions.
• Contact (regularly) key individuals.

How to do itProf. Abdulrazak used Figure 6 below to illustrate the linkages that exist among the various
stakeholders and the favorable condition under which such linkages may thrive. He stressed
the need for effective collaboration among the relevant stakeholders with innovation at theheart of the interaction.
Stability
Policy Development
Resources Allocation
Implement Policy

POLITICAL CLASS
Co

n

llab

Co

llab

tio
ora

UNIVERSITY/RESEARCHINNOVATIONtion

PRIVATESECTOR

Collaboration

Conduct research, teaching& learning
Do community service

ora

Develop enterprises
Promote products
Effect industrialisation

Figure 6: Roles of Stakeholders in Innovation development

He emphasized that, facilitating the linkage amongst research, policy and practice requires
mutual interest as the driving force. According to him, what constitutes the mutual interest
that will facilitate research policy and practice linkage includes:> When the research agenda is aligned to national priorities> When research generates a tangible solution rather than just criticism> When there is common development problems, challenges and common agenda> Mutual interest in delivery and implementation of the policy that must have beenformulated through collaboration and consultation> When both researchers and policy makers have the interest in getting policies right andthey are implemented effectively> When both researchers and policy makers “work for the people” and the “wellbeing ofsociety”> When both researchers and policy makers want “high impact, workable, affordable andimplementable solutions to problems”> When researchers and policy makers define clear indicators for evidence-based research

32 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

and framework to measure progress/success towards realizing the desired goals between
research and policy> When both parties want to have an impact on society and bring about positive change.
Having identified the conditions for mutual interest to occur, Prof. Abdulrazak outlined themechanisms for improving networking amongst policymakers and policy researchers. These
included:> Setting up regular forums for interaction/multi-stakeholder dialogue on research andnational priorities to ensure researchers & policy makers are on the same page
> Underscoring their mutual benefit, relevance and complementarities in development> Investing time in building networks and understanding the key drivers and motivation ofeach other> Creating a harmonized agenda which addresses each other's goals. This can be achieved
through participatory/ collective process> Improving networking with policymakers, providing them with simple, clear language andconcise reports on the status of the current research evidence> Facilitating the media i.e. print, electronic etc. to influence the policymakers to ensure
implementation> Investing in communication expertiseCommunication amongst relevant stakeholders was further identified as a crucial tool in
facilitating policymaking process for development. He suggested that for effective policy to
be made, research results and policy needs need to be communicated via a professional
knowledge brokering unit, staffed with knowledge transfer skills and feeding back to bothsides. Other important mode of communication include; disseminating copies of reports;
policy briefs/summaries; seminars; lobbying through media – electronic, print, radio; content
packaging and targeting a feedback loop; writing policy memos; publications; organizing
workshops/seminars; policy dialogues and strategic planning processes involving
policymakers to determine research priorities.
In designing a proactive way forward towards strengthening the linkages amongst research,
policy and practice, Prof. Abdulrazak admitted that it was necessary that research must be
known and trusted to influence policy and translate to action. He noted that researchers needto grasp and adapt to the dynamics of the political debate and bring to the fore relevant
evidence at the right time as well as engage closely with policymakers throughout thepolicymaking process; from identifying the problem, undertaking the research itself anddrawing out recommendations for policy and practice from the results. He suggested that
Think-tank institutions could use a single regional or national Knowledge Transfer/
Knowledge Brokerage platform to foster the linkages.
Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 33

Citing the case of science and technology administration in Japan as responsible for the hightech development in the country (Figure 7), Prof. Abdulrazak noted that the application ofscience and technology had tremendously transformed Japan as is evident in their current
status. He opined that Africa must emulate Japan in placing science and technology high on
government's agenda if we are to meet our development goals.
Prime Minister

Minister of Statefor S&T Policy

Cabinet OfficeCouncil for
S&T Policy

Ministry of Education,
Culture, Sports, S&T

Ministry of Economy
Trade & Industry

Ministry of Internal
Affairs & Communications

Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure & Transport

Ministry of Health,Labour & Welfare

Ministry ofEnvironment

Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry & Fisheries
Figure 7: Administrative structure Science and Technology of the governmentof Japan

In conclusion, Prof. Abdulrazak remarked that innovation does not happen in the disciplinary
silos but in the interactions amongst the key actors in an innovation system, including
policymakers, private sector actors, science experts and the civil society. These interactions
must be profound and mutually re-enforcing – competiveness and productivity.

34 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

3. Conference Plenary Presentations

3.1 Conceptualizing research, policy and practice for sustainable African
Development
Mr. Alex Alusa, Office of the Prime Minister, Federal Republic of Kenya/Member, ATPS Kenya
Chapter
In his presentation, Mr. Alusa pointed out that the lack ofattention given to research is the bane for Africa's development.
He indicated that there have been numerous challenges anduneasy alliances between policymakers and researchers.
Practitioners have considered research as an ivory tower
theorizing that it is irrelevant to challenges on the ground. To
this effect, research outputs have failed to make the necessary
impact on the development agenda of many African countries.
Mr. Alex Alusa, Member,
ATPS Kenya Chapter
Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 35

He approached the subject by first examining the gaps that exist among researchers,
policymakers and practitioners, and their origin. He further suggested ways of removing
these gaps and then elaborated on the need for research policies as a development imperativein Africa.
He stressed that communication gaps have resulted in different perceptions from the various
stakeholders that do not augur well for the linkages. The “ivory tower” attitude of someresearchers makes it extremely difficult to establish links which creates a misconception about
the value of research by policymakers and practitioners. The presenter also pointed out that,complicated research findings, without appropriate applications for policy and practice often
led to limited understanding of substance and appreciation of each other's comparativeadvantage.
In addressing the identified gaps, Mr Alusa indicated that there was need for researchorganizations to develop and implement communication strategies, in addition to fully
engaging the media, at large, in effectively communicating research findings. Governments
should involve researchers in policy positions so that researchers would understand theirdemands and also take on board the practitioners' viewpoints in research prioritization.
Researchers should prepare summaries of research findings for policy makers in a more
simple and understandable manner (e.g. IPCC summaries). He also argued that it was very
essential for researchers to receive training in effective communication skills to enhance theirdeliberation during dialogue between researchers, policymakers and practitioners.
Mr Alusa further pointed out that in pursuing research policy agenda for sustainable
development; there is need for comprehensive national research policies which must takeadvantage of research in various sectors whilst ensuring that all sectoral policies arecoordinated. Policy research must respect the three pillars of sustainable development –economic, social and environmental and it must specifically address the linkage between
theory and practice and provide for modalities for its implementation. He also emphasizedthat policy research must be informed by national development priorities and challenges
whilst providing a strategic approach for implementation of findings.
For research to aid development in Africa, Mr Alusa alluded to the fact that the research policy
process must be participatory and relevant to the real needs and inclusive in its applications.
He opined that research must lead to a net gain in the livelihoods of ordinary people (e.g.
Katumani maize) whilst engendering the potential uptake by the private sector.
Using examples from weather and climate science, Mr. Alusa presented IPCC as a good
example of research findings availed for policy decisions. He explained that the IPCC
36 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

provides multi-faceted outputs to meet the needs of various stakeholders. For example, the
IPCC gives the hard technical science and summaries for the scientific community andscientists outside climate science. The IPCC also provides summaries for policy makers,
contextualizing their application and offering options for action (e.g. the use of renewableenergy as mitigation and/or adaptation to climate change, low emission development strategy(LEDS) and green economic growth: a new development paradigm).
In conclusion, Mr Alusa agreed that research was useful for policy and practice but research
results must be customized for policy and practice if they are to be useful. In his view, properly
utilized research will help inform policy and practice and ultimately national sustainable
development and therefore research policies in various disciplines should be properly
harmonized for sustainable development. He concluded his presentation by noting that the
ATPS is the only institution he is aware of that has tirelessly worked on this interface to makeresearch useful for policymaking and vice versa. He therefore encouraged African
governments and development partners to proacrtively support the ATPS programs andactivities. He noted that, “if he were in a position to make decisions where funding should be committed for
African development, he would put a 100% in ATPS”.
3.2 Mechanisms and approaches for effective linkages among researchers, policy
makers and practitioners
Dr. George Essegbey, Director, STEPRI-CSIR, Ghana/Member ATPS Regional Council

Dr. George O. Essegbey,
ATPS Regional Council Member

Dr. George Essegbey presented the case of Ghana on theprocesses of establishing a National Science, Technology andInnovation policy as a strategy for effectively linking
researchers, policymakers and practitioners. Quoting from the
speech of the first president of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah,
during the 4th anniversary dinner of the Ghana Academy of
Sciences in 1963, Dr. Essegbey emphasized that, only themastery and unrelenting application of science and technology
can guarantee human welfare and human happiness.

Dr. Essegbey shared thatthe vision of Ghana was to become a middle-income status of anadvanced human society with a better quality of life reflected in all aspects of socio-economicand environmental conditions. To this effect, an immediate goal of the policy is to create theconditions for accelerated scientific and technological infrastructure for R&D and innovationwhilst the long term goal seeks to create an endogenous science and technology capacity
appropriate to national needs, priorities and resources; and create a science and technology
culture.
Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 37

Through a series of consultations with the various stakeholders, roundtable meetings, publicfora, workshops and retreats, the Ghana National Science, Technology and Innovation
policy was formulated. At the core of the entire process, Dr. Essegbey pointed out theimportant role of the media in communicating the process to the various stakeholders(Figure 8).
Electronic
Media

Print
Media

STI
POLICY

Stakeholder
WorkshopGroup
OutreachInternet

ExpertConsultative
Workshop

PublicForum

Figure 8: Communication Strategies for the Policy Process

While maintaining that communicating science was essential to influencing policy decisions,Dr. Essegbeystressed on the urgent need to cultivate interests in science communication
noting that STI policy was not an end in itself but rather a medium to facilitate programs. He
was emphatic on the need for institutional collaboration particularly between research
institutions and the media in communicating science to policy makers and practitioners.
To sum up his presentation, Dr. Essegbey examined the characteristics of scientists-mediapublic relationship, which has become essential in strengthening the linkage among
researchers, policy makers and practitioners. He defined scientists as proactive with values;
the media people as out-of-the-box thinkers and the public as open to receive whatever
information that comes. In effect, scientists should effectively communicate their findings to
the media who would decode the messages for public consumption.

38 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

3.3 Research uptake, communication and brokerage - the role of science writers andthe media
Mr. Diran Onifade, Nigerian Television Authority (NTA), President African Federation of Science
Journalists (AFSJ) and Editor in Chief AfricaSTI and Mr. Otulah Owuor, Editor, ScienceAfrica,
Nairobi
While commencing his presentaiton, Mr. Onifade relayed to theaudience the apologies of his co-presenter Mr. Otulah, who
was unable to attend the conference due to a conflicting inschedule. He the proceeded to tease out some salient questions
which formed the premise of his presentation. These include;
what the scientistswant to say and if Africa has enoughinformation on science to report.
Making information more accessible to enhance research
uptake for Africa's development is linked to effective andrelevant communication and brokerage directed at various stakeholders especiallypolicymakers, end users and researchers. Science journalists must challenge the myth that
Africa has minimal or no research for uptake. Following this, he elaborated on the challenges
and gaps that exist using the case of science outreach in Nigeria. The lack of capacity tounderstand how science work and the lack of appreciation of science on the part ofjournalists were identified as constituents of the stumbling block to the propagation ofscientific and technological innovations in Africa. Against this backdrop, the World Forum for
Science Journalism (WFSJ) and the African Technology Policy Studies Network have invested
in mentorship and training programs as a way of capacity building of journalists in thereporting of science in Africa.
Mr. Diran Onifade
Member ATPS Nigeria Chapter

The presenter indicated that, these programs are beginning to yield positive outcomesthrough the establishment of media platforms such as ScienceAfrica based in Nairobi, Kenya
and the newly established weekly online science and development news and features,
AfricaSTI, based in Abuja, Nigeria and South Africa's Science in Africa. He revealed the positive
impact of these media platforms in placing STI information from Africa on the global arena.
This he said had generated interest across the globe with many organizations such as theAfrican Union, ECOWAS, UNECA, and UNESCO engaged in collaboration with AfricaSTI
to establish regional networks that would promote STI use in Africa. He lauded the ATPS for
this focus on building bridges between the Science Communicators, Research andPolicymaking in Africa.
In situations where government officials do not feel accountable to the people, the presenter
Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 39noted that information sharing and access to these policymakers and government officials
becomes a huge challenge. He added that the main role for journalists is to fish out for stories
that can sell easily. He opined that journalism can be said to be at a threshold of shifting to
advocacy, and that makes science journalism very crucial in the communication of science topolicymakers and practitioners.
In Nigeria, the presenter revealed that over 100 comercilaisable research and development
products sit in the shelves awaiting commercialization. Quoting the Minister of science andtechnology, Mohammed Ka'oje Abubakar, the presenter noted that “the failure tocommercialize existing research is holding back Nigeria's economic development” stating
further that “the lack of demand-driven research, and poor links between research institutes
and the private sector are the main culprits”.
The scientists, researchers, and policymakers in the audience were reminded of their
responsibility to the public with the presenter noting that the basic human needs should be at
the core of research uptake, science communication and brokerage in Africa. He remarked
that relevant and easily understood information can empower individuals, families andcommunities with new knowledge and applicable skills including those from “do-ityourself ” information packages.
To wind up, Mr. Onifade noted that journalists in Africa must clearly separate reality frommyths, superstition, exaggerations and lack of technology for culture adding however that
communication and brokerage for research uptake should be sensitive to indigenous
knowledge, customs, beliefs, language, religion, proximity, gender, youth, levels of education,socio-economic and political status, and other related issues which can halt, slow or facilitate
research uptake. He pointed out that technical jargons or scientific terminologies do notconstitute science communicationand recommended that scientific concepts/activities canbe packaged into locally appropriate key messages including use of native/local languages.
Finally, he further underscored the need for appropriate training workshops specially andregularly organized for African science journalists and scientists.

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3.4 Challenges and opportunities for effective linkages between research, policy andpractice
Prof. John Gowland Mwangi, Egerton University, Kenya/Member,ATPS Kenya
ChapterProf. John Gowland Mwangi
Member, ATPS Kenya Chapter

In his presentation, Professor Gowland Mwangi noted that acountry's pace of development was dependent on how well its
leaders harnessed research findings for development. He notedthat research can be used to challenge old thinking, to provide
better ways of doing things or to guide allocation of scarcepublic resources for development. It can also help a nation to set
correct development agenda and priorities and to deal with
development challenges e.g. providing water forhumans, crops and livestock.

Prof. Mwangi noted that effective linkages between research, policy and practice had great
potential to increase policy-makers' use of research in decision-making and improving
government performance and accountability in service delivery, enhance stakeholders'convergence of needs; passion, interest and motivation to participate; and understanding of
mutual benefits and to enhance team work; integrate research into leaders' day-to-day
decision-making; help them to harness local talent; and to create ideas for problem-solving,policy formulation, and for improving research impact on policy action.
Professor Gowland-Mwangi identified three important factors that enhance the prospects for
effective linkages. First, he observed that there are more innovative ways to communicate
research findings through: media, ICT, annual and biennial scientific conferences, seminars,
sensitization and reflective workshops (if the target audience are educated and enlightenedpeople). Secondly, stakeholders have a lot to share and learn from one another; one's strengths
complement another's weaknesses if the capacity exists for developing linkages, and finally,
an important ingredient was the goodwill for establishing effective linkages such as in joint
research, training and development endeavours. The importance of assessing the existing
linkages between research, policy and practice in order to identify the areas of strengths andweaknesses was once again underscored. To this effect, Prof. Mwangi recommended thedevelopment of a system of evaluating linkages which entailed increased intensity andformality of contact whether one-way or two-way contact, flexibility of participatingorganizations, knowledge of stakeholders' functions, accessibility, relevance, urgency andtimeliness of services, resources and people required to initiate and maintain linkages, qualityof communication, progress being made and the mandate and legitimacy of representatives.

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 41

3.5 Linking science, policy and practice: The role of ethics and belief systems
Rev. Fr. Uchechukwu Obodoechina, Director, Justice, Peace and Development, CARITAS
Commission, Nsukka, Nigeria/Member ATPS Nigeria Chapter
Rev. Fr. Uche Dr. Obodoechina's presentation underscored theplace of ethics and religion in the critical scientific enterprise of
independent inquiry. In his view, religion has always been apowerful force in the world that has inspired people to theirhighest and noblest best, and has often provided the excuse or
justification for some of the worst things human beings
have done to one another through the centuries. He
gave a brief historical background of how ethics andRev. Fr. Obodoechina,
belief systems are considered as inhibiting to science andMember ATPS Nigeria Chapter
development. He also gave an example of the superstition of ariver deity who was said to have prevented the construction of a bridge on a river to facilitate
the transportation of goods and services.
From his research findings, the presenter identified some key human characteristics that
determine the missing link among ethics and religion, science and policy in the context of thecommon good. These included the dignity of the human person, solidarity in humanpromotion, vide the ethical principle of subsidiary, and the common values of life, freedom,
peace, and security.
He outlined key ways to strengthen the research-policy-practice linkage including:> Reforms and commitment of all parties engaged in the linkage> Establishment of a viable work ethic> Recognition and reward of excellence> Enhancement of civic and moral education> Implementation of the relevant laws and sanctions> Institution of campaign for moral re-armament> Encouragement of tolerance and peaceful co-existence> Upholding of the rule of law in the secular states> Encouragement of sincerity in constructive dialogues> Establishment of ethics of responsibility
In conclusion, he emphasized that ethics and religion are essential for the authentic
development of a nation whereby 'true religion' offers to redeem the people from lonelinessby teaching the people how to see their neighbors as themselves, to be aware of their
humanity, their fears and feelings. Such true religion teaches not how to win friends but how
42 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

to be friends; how to be concerned with alleviating the loneliness of others, and learning tohear their cry instead of wondering why no one hears us.
3.6 Linking policy research and policymaking for African sustainable development:
The role of the private sectors
Mr. Billy Katontoka and Prof. Lloyd Chingambo, African Carbon Credit Exchange (ACCE),
Lusaka, Zambia/Member ATPS Zambia Chapter
Speaking on behalf of the private sector actors, Mr. Katontoka
called for more creative use of knowledge products thanpreviously done so as to promote sustainable economictransformation and growth as well as reduce poverty in Africa.
He noted that baseline data and information should be on what
we already know in order to promote sustainable development
rather than a new deeper understanding of thedevelopment challenges facing Africa. He underscored
Mr. Billy Katontoka
the need for evidence-based policy research to serve as inputs toMember ATPS Zambia Chapter
national development through its contributions to policymaking
and emphasized the need for all stakeholders to cooperate and work closely together in setting
research agenda and priority, disseminating outcomes widely and putting to practice policy
recommendations. He reiterated the fact that the impact of development research on policy
action cannot be assumed but has to be consciously and concertedly developed. African
policymakers like other policymakers across the world need to base their decisions on
information from reliable sources and they need to know what kinds of research can help
them make the right decisions.
He stated that researchers should try to disseminate information about current research
projects as widely as possible by inviting concerned government officials to conferences andmake presentations on their research, organize specific events that bring together
policymakers and researchers, develop and distribute policy briefs to relevant ministries, andbe ready to discuss work in progress with policymakers after initial contacts have been
established. Researchers should attempt to get in direct contact with, for example negotiators,
by providing them with short notes/abstracts of relevant research findings, establish contact
and build a long-term cooperation with relevant ministries.
In his message to the policymakers, Mr. Katontoka advocated for the involvement ofresearchers in policy consultations and the policymaking processes to make them aware of
specific country needs and priorities. He was also of the view that policymakers ought toestablish partnerships, multi-sectoral committees or policy fora where policymakers, private
Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 43

sector actors and the academia can interact and discuss national development strategies andpriorities. He recommended that policymakers should consider making researchers membersof official delegations and inviting senior researchers to participate in trade policy reviews to
expose them to relevant questions. He stressed that policymakers should facilitate the accessof researchers to relevant data, for instance, by creating a "trade data desk" or data banks
within the relevant ministries in order to facilitate research or other dissemination activities.
In his conclusion, he emphasized that there is no linear trajectory from research to policy
outcome, and no single actor in that trajectory can determine a particular policy outcome.
Each of the actors and institutions has a role to play and their relationships with each other are
paramount in ensuring a successful outcome.
3.7 Intellectual property issues for effective policy research and policymaking
Dr. Mohamed Khalil Timamy, Head, Environmental Division, Department of Rural Economy andAgriculture, African Union Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Dr. Mohamed Khalil Timamy

Recalling an intense debate in the mid-60s regarding the role ofthe scientist and the connections to policymakers, Dr. Khalildescribed the difficulties in linking up science and policy as anextremely disturbing feature of Africa's economic revolution.
He explained that development planners who were profoundlyinterested in drawing information from the domain of science,
so as to try and improve the welfare of the people bycommercializing the information coming from science,
were faced with numerous challenges.

In his view, research and innovation are expected to influence policy making, however, thishas not been the case. He gave an example of fibre glass technology in Kenya, where in the
1980's, as was typical, the lack of linkage between policy and research led to the neglect ofinnovative outputs. He went on to share how the emergence of fibre-glass technology as
durable replacement for collapsed grid imported from Japan for the water towers system forthe geo-thermal industry. However, the failure to promote this innovation within the policy
framework, with respect to a reduction or ban in importation of grids, resulted in the demiseof the fibre-glass technology as local innovation that ought to have been protected.
He presented two key traits that characterized human behaviour, as contributing factors toshaping research, innovation and policy. First, he portrayed man as a creative animal driven by
curiosity to try and understand the world around him, but also driven by the desire to generate
solutions to deal with the challenges around him. The idea is to try and save time, to save
44 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

energy; to save the use of resources, but many of these people driven by this mission oriented
instincts are expecting rewards. In most cases, government would grant protection for a
specified period of time in order to enable them derive rewards and also encourage andpromote creativity for the benefit of society. Secondly, he portrayed man as not only a creativeand inventive animal, but a covetous one; one who admires what belongs to others and very
calculatedly seeks to personalize what others have sweated for.
He indicated that issues of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR's) fall within scientificgovernance. He defined scientific governance as ability of institutions to exercise authority inorder to influence, directly and indirectly, scientific change in an economy with particularemphasis on Biotechnology and Agricultural systems. He reflected on the challenges in the
1990's when imported technologies undermined agricultural systems and tended todisempower local systems. Some of these technologies had very damaging effects on African
agriculture. In that regard, he stressed the importance of policy research in those areas withspecific emphasis on intellectual property rights.
Dr Khalil discussed other topical development areas in Africa where strong emphasis inrelation to intellectual property rights should be given. He emphasized on the lack ofcompensation for community knowledge on medicine resources that have offered important
pharmaceutical leads to major multinational companies, ending up patented and Intellectual
property rights granted at the expense of communities. He stressed that policy researchshould concentrate on conditions that do not allow for benefit sharing when access to genetic
resources have been given.
In the area of trade related IP rights, he pointed out that major technologies were emerging in
the field of solar, wind, etc, and these products need to be patented. Therefore, the IPR's thatare granted to these technologies should be an area of focus for policy research. In the field ofenvironmental friendly innovations, he was of the view that, a lot of pseudo-solutions would
emerge. He enumerated two major ones that have come up recently, all associated with climatechange: Spraying aerosols in the atmosphere in order to prevent the rays of the sun andtherefore cooling the earth; and spraying iron fillings on the ocean floor which has a potential
to absorb huge quantities of carbon dioxide, again cooling the earth. All these he said, hadbeen found to be pseudo solutions but they had been challenged very seriously, because theireffects had not been fully known.
In his conclusion, he stressed that it is important that any new innovations facing theprospects of protection should be clearly looked at from their advantage points of view to thecontinent. This, he said is the work of policy research.

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 45

3.8 Linking policy research and policymaking: Lessons from the IPCC on climatechange policy and implementation in Africa
Dr. Jeremy Webb and Dr. Youba Sokona, African Climate Change Policy Centre, UNECA, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia
Dr Webb's presentation drew from the lessons learnt from theAfrican Climate Policy Center (ACPC) as well as otherinternational processes. He emphasized the importance of
research in policymaking and practice. He noted that Africa
needs an improved climate, and will need information and data
to make informed decisions. He decried that these data andpieces of information most times are inadequate for decision
making. He stressed that even with good information,
Dr. Jeremy Webbin some cases, decisions can be wrong. He suggested that policy
African Climate Policy Centre (ACPC)
decisions, necessarily, should be able to address complex andinterrelated options. He went further to state that when policy research feeds into policy
making, there is a change of ownership from the research community to the policy
community, and there is a change in process from peer review to a process that takes into
account wider political dimensions. He stressed that international organizations are part of awider process in decision making for policy research and policy making including
governments, civil society, private sectors and researchers.
3.9 Linking university research to policy and practice: Strategies and implications
Prof. Bartho Okolo, Vice Chancellor, University of Nigeria, Nsukka/Member ATPS Nigeria
Chapter
Professor Okolo began his presentation by placing Africa's
development within the context of globalization. For Africa to
become a strong competitor at the global level, in addition toresearch and policy, he noted that it is necessary to install
adequate infrastructure, high standard facilities and well-trained
human resources as is the case in the developed world.
He reminisced about one of his greatest encounters
during his role as the Chief Executive Officer of one ofProf. Bartho Okolo
Member ATPS Nigeria Chapter
the largest institutions of higher education in Africa, where heexperienced resistance and conflict while pushing for internal policies that encourage
innovative research relevant in this modern era and a driver for local, national and regional
economic development and policy dialogue. He asserted that the lack of confidence and trust
46 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

in the quality of higher education research output on current and emerging needs of thecontinent may have contributed to the minimal engagement of researchers in policy
development across Africa. If current trends of executing research at the universities
continue, the presenter warned that a new generation of scholars will accept universities' lackof engagement and relevance in the policy discourse as normal and acceptable.
In his view, Professor Okolo noted that restoring the confidence in university research output
would require adequate capacity for change in the policy process. Institutions must encouragesystems processes that are built on an adoptive and culturally responsible model, andproblems of the society have to be examined within, to derive solutions from there. He
reiterated that creating internal policy structures that encourage a nexus between theinstitutions, government and industry is critical. He further noted that functional internal
processes lie at the heart of several successful experiences, both institutional andgovernmental, and within innovative cases of private sector organizations. He stressed theneed to advocate for tertiary education institutions that reflect a new mindset towards thehistorical focus to research practices and outputs, as a critical success factor. Most importantly,
African universities should be in the forefront of innovative practices that lead to economic
development in Africa.
Professor Okolo encouraged higher education and research institutions to establish strategic
alliance (north-south, south-south) and build collaborations with industries as a way to move
forward in this era of internationalization/globalization. He stressed that any academic
institution that does not embrace diversity and global outreach cannot advance. He proposedthat the establishment of good ICT infrastructure with good base is what is required in thiscentury for good research, and in the creation of a team of change managers. Youngacademicians should thus be empowered and exposed to international best practices so thatthey can be ready and poised for this global and competitive era.
In conclusion, Professor Okolo challenged the belief that tertiary education has little role inpromoting economic growth and policy development in Africa. He was of the view that,
research relevance and the quality of universities in Africa may improve technologicalinnovations and, in doing so, maximize Africa's potential to achieve its greatest possible
economic growth given current constraints. He emphasized the importance of engaging in
dialogue with policy makers and other stakeholders as it affords Africa the opportunity to
examine the current situations and explore ways to engage available resources in reengineering our universities' structural processes.

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 47

3.10 Linking policy research to policymaking: What researchers, policymakers andpractitioners need to know and do
Hon. Obed Dlamini, Former Prime Minister, Kingdom of Swaziland/Member ATPS Swaziland
Honorable Dlamini's presentation addressed the mechanisms
and responsibilities of all stakeholders in the research, policy
and practice linkage. He identified three key elements thatfacilitate the use of evidence: trusted relationships among
researchers, users, and/or intermediaries; the quality andformat of the research evidence; and organizational structuresthat promote active involvement of research evidence users.
He noted that there is a high likelihood for policymakers to use
research evidence in policymaking if:> research reports are brief (no more than one to two pages), in a larger font, and written in
non-technical language> when research is locally relevant and credible, and offers analysis across multiple studies,and> when research evidence links to local contexts and considers how interventions impact anentire system and whether such interventions are sustainable over the long term, as well as
evidence that takes into account the local political environment.
Hon. Obed Dlamini
Member ATPS Swaziland

To improve the use of research in policymaking, Hon. Dlamini noted that research should be
conducted in a way that it: develops and sustains a closer relation between researchers andpolicymakers; provides researchers with access to information on the priorities of policymakers; includes a strategy to disseminate research results to policymakers and stakeholder
groups; and is cognisant of timing, to take advantages of opportunities when policymakers'
interests coincide with the implications of research.
For researchers or research institutions, he emphasized the importance of involving
policymakers in the research process. Regular interaction during the research project can help
adjusting the questions researched and the tools used to the needs of policymakers. Research
institutions should develop a dissemination or marketing strategy, which could involve
holding conferences at the university, sending regular policy briefs to relevant ministries andNGOs, and establishing personal contacts with policymakers.
He also recommended the use of intermediaries institutions such as the ATPS as brokers forlinking research evidence with policymaking. He lauded the ATPS in the role it is playing in
the front for Africa, noting that as a Prime Minister in Swazliand, he found the ATPS a
48 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

credible sourse of scientific and technological knowledge for policymaking. He specificallyrefered to the equal partnership ethic which has been the basis of ATPS repationships with
policymakers noting that this has endeared the ATPS within the policy curridors as a friednly
institution which not only brings credible science and technology knowledge but acts as anindependent broker and friend who shows due respect for policy contexts and addresseses
policy needs of the continent. He recommended that other research institutions, professionalorganizations, development partners, coalitions, networks, peers, and constituents, who are ina prime position to help users aggregate, translate, and apply research evidence directly to
specific, local issues should seek to adopt the ATPS model. They must learn to act asintermediaries - unbiased organizations and individuals who can help locate, sort, andprioritize the available research for policymaking.
Prof. Dlamini noted that African leaders are aware of the wisdom on the need to empower
policy creators in virtually all the domains linked to national development, economictransformation, food security and health which are key factors in any positive national growth
agenda. Better use of research-based evidence in development policy and practice can help
save lives, reduce poverty and improve the quality of life. However, the current research ethics
and practices in African instititions needs to change to make this happen effectively. He
stressed the need to take the African Manifesto for Science and Technology launched by the
ATPS and its partners in Cairo Egypt seriously. He also stressed the need for the Africa union
Commision to recognize, adopt and support institutions such as the ATPS to help bridge thegaps between policy research, policymaking and implementation. He referred to thecommunique developed by the expert consultation workshop of policymakers, private sector
actors, science experts who were conevened by the ATPS, and its partners Food, Agriculture
and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN), African Center for Economic
Transformation (ACET), African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC) as apreambe to thie 2011 annual conference and workshops. He re-iterated the call for the African
Union to invest in these institutions to leaverage the new thinking that they champoin forsustainable development in Africa.

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 49

4. Parallel Sessions

The parallel sessions comprised of presentations from delegates along the line of thesubthemes of the conference. Submissions were received from delegates in response to theCall for Conference papers circulated by the ATPS earlier. These papers were peer reviewed
and recommended for presentation at the conference thus forming the basis of the threeparallel sessions for paper presentations that included:
Session One: Comprised of papers under the subthemes - Conceptualizing research, policy
and practice for sustainable African development (subtheme 1); and Mechanisms andapproaches for effective linkages amongst researchers, policymakers and practitioners(subtheme 3).
Session Two: Comprised of papers on Youth and Gender empowerment (subtheme 2); andThe role of capacity development (subtheme 4).
Session Three: Comprised of papers on Research uptake, communication, advocacy andbrokerage (subtheme 5); and Challenges and Opportunities for effective linkages between
research, policy and practice (subtheme 6).
50 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

Session Four: Comprised of the Intellectual Property Program progress review and trainingof trainers workshops.
4.1 Parallel Session One
The session was chaired by Prof. Michael Madukwe, the National Coordinator of ATPS
Nigeria Chapter. The session combined two subthemes that dealt with conceptualization ofresearch, policy and practice (sub-theme 1) and the mechanisms and approaches for effective
linkages among researchers, policymakers and practitioners (sub-theme 3). The papers
presented under these subthemes were presented as follows:
4.1.1 Legislative and Institutional Pathways interfacing the Research, Policy andPractice Nexus
B. T. Costantinos, PhD, Professor of Public Policy, School of Graduate Studies, Association of
African Universities (AAU)
Dr. Constantinos's presentation examined the challenges andopportunities in interfacing pathways for translating research
evidence through policy to practice for sustainable African
development. He posed a key question on what the research
protocols and models of public management that can be
deployed to reform the research, policy and practice interface.
He hypothesized that Policy formulation pluralism andpractice is most likely to happen when initiatives
emanated from society rather than the state or international
B. T. Costantinos
actors. The effectiveness of state and non state organisations at
promoting policy pluralism depends on their autonomy, capacity, complexity, and coherence.
Dr. Constantinos was of the view that, a determinate order of institutions, interests, powers
and activities, operates through complexes of ideas and values, filling out, specifying,anchoring and often short-cutting their formal content or meaning. This raises the questions
whether all ideas and values allowed contestation or there are laws or unwritten codes which
prevent or hinder intellectual and cultural freedom; and whether the views and perspectivesof society have a significant and legitimate place in policy projects and processes.
On mainstreaming the nexus, he enumerated several approaches which include:> Participatory Situation analysis: Policy, strategy, processes and structures for Public Sector
Management - Think tanks, Legislature, Executive> Political economy strategic analysis of institutions, stakeholders and rules collected andcollated
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> Develop political economy tools and institutional arrangements for implementation> Blend RPP to national Strategic Governance Frameworks> Mainstreaming and integration RPP operational plans> RPP Decentralised Management at District and Community levels> Sustained implementation of RPP and active feedback on accomplishments> Managing strategic Information
He further provided some guiding rules and tools that are crucial in order to understand thenexus. With reference to policy pluralism and governance, the rules are policy contest (i.e.
unrestricted expression of social interests); policy participation (i.e. channels for citizen
involvement); and administrative accountability, transparency, and predictability. The
research should focus on four key generic characteristics namely; Organisational Autonomy:
which looks at the independence of the organisation set to pursue its own goals;
Organisational Capacity: which looks at the effectiveness of the organisation at achieving its
stated objectives; Organisational Complexity: which entails the bureaucratisation of internal
structure; and Organisational Cohesion: which means sharing of common values, goals andorganisational culture among leaders and members;
In his concluding remarks, Dr Costantinos recommended an open inclusive policy making
which takes into consideration> Careful planning: preparation and learning, transparency> Inclusion: Governments benefit from active citizens and dynamic civil society> Shared vision , purpose, trust, impact, participatory culture, action and sustained
engagement> Leadership and strong commitment to information and consultation; active participationin policy-making is needed.
> Public consultation and active participation should be undertaken as early, in the policy
process, as possible

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4.1.2

The research-policy nexus: Mapping the terrain of the literatureTracy Bailey, Centre for Higher Education Transformation, South Africa/Member ATPS South
AfricaDr. Bailey's presentation examined the connection between
research and policy by reviewing existing literature around thesubject matter. Drawing from the 'utilisation studies' of the
1970s, it was concluded that there was little evidence of direct or
immediate use of research in policy-making. One of the
explanations for non-use was the misunderstanding on the partof researchers and policy-makers about processes
involved. She further enumerated two key models
Dr. Tracy Bailey
essential for the policymaking process and research use namely;
Member ATPS South African Chapter
the rational model which conceive policymaking process as
rational and knowledge as neutral or apolitical and political model which conceive thepolicymaking process as a political bargaining process characterized by conflicting interest,and limits on rationality. Other models exist under the political models which include theGarbage-can model, Policy paradigm, policy networks models and policy narratives andpolicy discourses.
Addressing the research-policy nexus in the African context, Dr Bailey stated that relatively
little research is done on the research-policy nexus in developing country / African contexts,
although more focus was by international agencies (e.g. IFPRI, ODI, IDRC, DFID) in the last
decade. She indicated that empirical work has shown limited use of research in policy-making,especially research produced by Africans for Africans. On the political and policy contexts in
Africa, she observed that developing countries face four key challenges at the macro politicalcontext in relation to utilisation namely; democratization, markets, Civil society, andInformation and communication technologies.
Examining knowledge production and research capacity in Africa, she noted that there areunder-developed, resource-poor higher education research and science systems. Negative
perceptions on the part of international agencies and African governments about skills andquality of local researchers have resulted in a trend towards buying in foreign consultants andresearchers. The control over research and policy-making by international financial
institutions via financial aid, 'ideas aid' and capacity-building for African civil servants andpolicy-makers raise the issue of colonial overflow but positive is financial contribution
towards building research capacity within Africa.
In her concluding remarks, Dr. Bailey noted that a number of authors note positive
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developments in relation to research capacity over the past decade. The supply and demandfor policy research in Africa has become more competitive with the growth in establishmentof policy research organisations on the supply side and the democratization of many Africancountries has seen strengthening of national legislatures and increase in influence of othergroups on the policy-making process on the demand side.
4.1.3

Triangulation of Research, Policy and Practice: Pathway for African
Development
Nnamani, C. V., PhD and Oselebe, H. O., PhD, Department of Applied Biology, andDepartment of Crop Production & Landscape Management, Ebonyi State University,
Abakaliki, Nigeria/Member ATPS Nigeria Chapter

Dr. Nnamani's presentation underscored the importance ofstrengthening the links between research, policy and practice.
She reiterated that in both local and international communities,
economic, social and professional advancement anddevelopment are increasingly driven by the advancement andapplication of knowledge from evidence-based research. She
was of the view that Universities, Research institutes,
NGOs, CBOs are dependent upon evidencebase pure
Dr. Catherine Nnamani
research findings to secure a robust foundation of knowledge
Member ATPS Nigeria Chapter
for solving societal problems to enhance development and to
improve livelihood. However, in reality the translation of these evidence base researchfindings into implementation strategies for proper intervention is the sole responsible of
Policy makers, administrators, bureaucrats, government of executives and Politicians. She
opined that most of these policy makers are often in conflict, bias, rebuff, unable to interpret,
completely not attuned to the values of evidence base pure research findings.
She explained that the scenario in most African countries at the level is that, the various
stakeholders of development: researchers, policymakers and practitioners who are the main
actors of development often live in separate worlds without synergy of goals, aspirations ororientations. Researchers often baffle on why much resistance is found within, in the use of
research findings; good, clear and strong evidence base is not forthcoming. Policy makers on
their own bemoan the inability of proactive researchers to communicate effectively and to
make their research findings accessible, digestible and timely policy implementation, while
practitioners go on with life as they trade on the threshold of events. In a bid to remedy thesituation, she called for proper linkages and integration of all the actors of research, policy
and practice by understanding that we are one and working for one another based on thepremise that synergy in purpose, goals and aspiration will lead to growth and development.
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She further illustrated the effective linkages among research, policy and practice through thetriangulation pathway from which lessons were drawn from the Association of African
Universities (AAU) and Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC)
collaboration. The project aimed at strengthening higher education-stakeholder relation in
Africa. Effective linkages could be enhanced through interactive forum such as workshops,
colloquiums, training, conferences where each the stakeholders could present, discuss, airtheir views, ask questions and bridge communications gaps.
In her concluding remarks, she stressed that effective linkages between research, policy andpractice is a must for African countries, for without that, social and economic development
cannot thrive. Triangulation pathway is an innovative model of how research, policy andpractice can be integrated, with the aim of enhancing development in African countries.
4.1.4

Bridging the Gap between Research, Policy and Practice: A Model for RealTime Strategic Response to Change
Abel Niyibizi, Petro Systems Limited, Kampala, Uganda/ATPS Member, Uganda Chapter

Abel Niyibizi
Member ATPS Uganda Chapter

Mr. Niyibizi's presentation dwelt on some basic models for
management of strategic change. He enumerated four key
behavioral responses that are crucial to the managing strategicchange namely: Reactive Management, Decisive Management,
Planned Management and Reactive Organization. He
emphasized that these responses play a crucial role in
the linkage of researchers, policy makers and practitioners. He
pointed the circumstances under which behavioral resistance tochange may occur.

Relating this to the policy maker, individuals will resist strategic change when it makes theminsecure under the following conditions:> When a manager is uncertain about the implications of the change> When a manager is called upon to take risks which are uncongenial to him/her> When a person feels incompetent to perform in the new role defined by the change> When a person feels he/she will lose face with his/her peers> When a person is incapable and/or unwilling to learn new skills and behaviors (thedifficulty of teaching new tricks to an old guard
He outlined a four step model for strategic response to effectively manage behavioral
resistance to change:> Step one: Build a launching platform in order to minimize start-up resistance, marshal a
Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 55

power base adequate to give momentum and continuity to the change
Step two: Diagnosing the nature of the change by deciding whether the change is singularand won't recur in the future or whether it is one in a series which will recur and represent
an environmental shift to a new turbulence level.
Step three: Diagnose behaviors to determine the extent of political/cultural disturbancelikely to occur in the affected units, the key individuals expected to support/resist thechangeStep four: Build a supportive climate by eliminating misconceptions and exaggeration
through clarification of the need for the change

>

>

>

4.1.5

Linking business incubation research, policy, and practice – for creation andgrowth of new technology-based firms – the case study of Brazil
Prof. Atieno Ndede-Amadi, Head of Business School Kenya Polytechnic University College,
Kenya/Technical Coordinator, Africa Youth Forum for Science and Technology (AYFST)

Prof. Atieno Ndede-Amadi
Technical Coordinator, AYFST

Prof. Amadi defined incubation as the process of nurturing andnourishing a new, fragile, and dependent'creation' (chicken,
person, idea, and business). She provided some statistics ofbusiness incubation research which indicated that independent(non-incubated) new and start-up businesses have a survival
rate of less than 50% five years on; incubated new andstart-up businesses have a survival rate of greater than
87% five years on, and therefore, business incubation
enhances the success rate of new and start-up businesses.

She pointed out that, the role of new businesses in Africa's sustainable economic
development is major, and include: employment creation, poverty eradication and a larger tax
base for the government. Although business incubation is a relatively new phenomenon in
Africa, it could be argued that its apparent newness is due, partly, to governments' failure toadequately embrace it in earnest. Using Kenya as a case point, she revealed that, the Kenya
Industrial Estates (KIE) was a business incubation initiative by the Government of Kenya inor around 1967, that has been diluted to become a real-estate management agency. In her view,
there are no real success stories of business incubation in Kenya (and Africa) in spite of its
pivotal role in sustainable economic development. She indicated that the single mostsignificant reason for failure of business incubation programmes in Kenya (and Africa) can be
attributed to absence of policy directions. She was of the view that there has been no research
to inform policy – and therefore there is no policy to inform practice – and so practice has
failed – for more than 45 years on.

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She hypothesised that, there is a strong positive association between a strong businessincubation programme and sustainable economic development in a country (however
measured); and the large failure rate of incubation programmes in Kenya (and Africa) has astrong and negative association with research in the subject matter. She therefore set out toestablish that (using case studies from other countries – including Brazil): strong businessincubation programmes (especially for new technology-based firms) lead to speediersustainable economic development; and that research in business incubation leads to greater
success in business incubation programmes.
Citing the example of Brazil, she argued that it is safe to assume that business incubation andrelated laws in Brazil have been informed by research – as it is incomprehensible thatlawmakers would formulate and pass laws without pertinent information from its
stakeholders. In addition to research, universities generally provided space (real-estate) for
business incubation. In 2005, Brazil launched a regulatory framework for businessdevelopment and innovation (innovation policy) that included the 160% tax exemption on
Research, Development, and Innovation (RD&I) expenditures; legalizing the act of a
researcher at a federal university setting up a company in his/her name; using money from thegovernment to support (private) companies; and the mandatory provision of federal grant tocompanies for specific research by government agency. Buttressing the earlier point, sheemphasized that, the Brazilian government made business incubation a priority area when it
launched the National Programme for Incubators and Technology Parks (PNI) in 2007 –under which several laws were passed.
In her concluding remarks, she pointed out that business incubation is a very expensive
proposition and no one individual or organization can do it alone successfully – necessitatingstrong partnerships between several stakeholders. Its success rests on the ability of several
stakeholders coming together to pull resources for the support of new and start-up
companies – as Brazil had done with much success. She re-emphasized that, the survival rateof new technology-based firms in Brazil is well above 90% over a five-year period (This is alsosignificant in terms of savings from the cost of failed businesses). By 2009, Brazil was able toattribute its GDP growth to the higher survival rate of small businesses – especially in thetechnology sector.

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4.1.6

Innovative Ways of Integrating Traditional Medicine into Agricultural
Extensions and Advisory Services for Production of Complementary
Medicines in Lesotho
Eric B. Maliehe, Consultant, Ethno Herbal Products, Lesotho/Member ATPS Lesotho
ChapterMr. Maliehe provided a historical overview of the developmentof traditional medicine in Lesotho. He indicated that, in the late1970s, the international community started taking steps aimed
at developing traditional medicine for the 'benefit' of local andigenous communities around the world. He pointed out that,from the 1990s to the present, this interest in developing
traditional medicine intensified. At the centre of it, this isbecause traditional medicine is both effective and affordable. It
Mr. Eric B. Maliehe
is within local communities' reach and its efficacy has been
Member ATPS Lesotho Chapter
tested across generations. To that end, resources and efforts
have been channelled to achieve 'best' ways of reaping the benefits of traditional medicine
for the impoverished and disease stroke local communities. He lamented that, despite suchinitiatives, these 'promises' of the contemporary renewed interest in traditional medicine
seems not to filter to local communities and custodians of traditional medicine in Lesotho.
He proposed the inclusion of traditional medicine in agricultural extensions and advisory
services for production of complementary medicines that local communities and custodiansof traditional medicine benefit from their heritage. We suggest that already existing
infrastructure for agricultural extension and advisory services should be used to integrate
traditional medicine. Thus, the paper is geared towards suggesting innovative ways ofintegrating traditional medicine in Lesotho into existing extension and advisory services'
policy and programmes
He recommended that detailed research should be backed by intellectual property right aswell as holistic policy framework that would integrate traditional medicine into government
health policy.

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4.1.7 Critical Actors and their Roles in Science, Technology and Innovation:
Matching Expectations with Reality in Ghana
Adelaide A. Asante, Research Officer, Science Technology and Innovation Directorate, Ministry ofEnvironment, Science and Technology, Ghana, and Dr. George Owusu Essegbey Director, CSIRSTEPRI, Ghana/ATPS Regional council
Ms Asante's presentation specifically analyzed the linkages
between the scientists/ researchers and policymakers on one
hand and practitioners on the other hand, taking into accountthe peculiar functions of these critical actors and the implicationof effectiveness for national development. This paper further
discussed the roles of the critical actors in Ghana's nationalinnovation system assessing the relevance of roles in
the country's current development context, the nature
Ms. Adelaide A. Asante,and strength of linkages among the critical actors and theMember ATPS Ghana Chapter
options for enhancement. She pointed out that, Ghana has a
National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy document which also elaborates
extensively on the connection between the broad national development aspirations, thesectoral goals and objectives and STI applications. All these define for the nation the
expectations for STI development and applications.
She presented the trajectory of Ghana in the formulation and implementation of Science,
Technology and Innovation policy which stresses on revitalizing the country by linking all
critical actors as the primary productive force, thereby bringing their roles into full play toenhance productivity, increase competitiveness and develop the economy of the country. She
indicated that, the quest for economic development is a true vision of the nation as is clearlyspelt out in several national development plans since independence in 1957. The vision which
fuelled the passion for science-led development considerably waned after the fall of the firstnationalist government of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah in 1966.
From the National Innovations Systems (NIS) perspective, she further elaborated on criticalactors in the development and application of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI),
whose roles and functions are very crucial in achieving goals and objectives outlined innational development plans. From this, she hypothesized that, the effective performance ofthe roles determines the state of the national STI.
She noted that, there was need for stronger linkages amongst critical actors of STI in Ghana toaddress the economic developmental challenges facing the country. Having establishedpartnerships with critical actors within the country, there was also a need for well established
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linkages with the international partners to promote STI development. The political stability
existing now gives Ghanaian institutions and organizations the opportunity to attract
international partners to increase STI activities there by fostering learning exchanges andtechnology transfer.
She emphasized that, the National Innovation System in Ghana was neither too strong nor
discouraging. Adequate institutions exist to perform the necessary R & D activities ad
national policies, plans and regulations to bring about the desired economic development. She
pointed out that, commitment of the critical actors in performing their roles effectively will
provide a framework within which to consider research collaboration, teaming for capacity
building, joint research, technology transfer, funding and investment priorities among R & D
institutions as well as in partnerships with industry. It is important to note that through strong
linkages and partnerships even between two or more R & D institutions, limited resources
available will be utilized effectively and productivity will be maximized.
4.1.8

Commercialization of Research Findings: A Tool towards More Effective
Pharmaceutical Research in Africa
Uduma Eke Osonwa, PhD, MPSN, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe
University, Awka, Nigeria

Dr Osonwa indicated that, a major gap exists between the input and output for research in
Africa due to a poor reward system. He was of the opinion that most researches were
splintered and at the rudimentary level often lacking continuity. The impact of research is not
being adequately felt by the vast populace. He claimed that, politicians were seeking toundertake visible projects with quick returns rather than embarking on long term research.
He defined the commercialization of research findings as taking the research from thelaboratory table to the end-users with a financial benefit to the researcher. This he said is astrong reward system which would motivate researches, policymakers and practitioners. He
lamented that, the commercialization of research has not been well exploited in Africa.
Using the pharmaceutical industry as a case in Africa, Dr Osonwa enumerated several
impediments to Commercialization of Research Findings. These include: lack of adequate
funding; fulfilling the research agenda of donors and development partners at the expense of
research growth in Africa; Lack of exposure of African researchers to the Business World.
He suggested seven different mechanisms that would promote the commercialization ofresearch in Africa. This included: the establishment of Technology Transfer Offices (TTO's)in the Universities and Research Centers; entrepreneurial development of the researchers;
researching with a view to getting the product of the research to the vast populace in as short a
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time as possible and as cheaply as possible thereby aiding commercialization; employee
participation; public-private partnership; Proper project management and Government
participation.
In his concluding remarks, Dr. Osonwa was optimistic that the commercialization ofpharmaceutical research findings will provide a drive for further innovation while providing
for the needs of the researchers. It is expected that the implementation of the profferedsuggestions will strengthen the financial reward system which will give a boost to research
activities in Africa.
4.1.9

Swaziland's Experiences with Developing a National STI Policy:
Implications for Linking Policy Research with Policy Making
Mgidi D. Dlamini and Musa M. A. Dube, University of Swaziland

Dr. Dlamini's presentation provided insights gained from the development of the National
Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Policy in Swaziland. Dr. Dlamini re-echoed the callfor African countries to develop their own Science and Technology (S&T) Policies for selfsufficient economies and sustainable development of Africa. He pointed out that there is a
general recognition of the shift from S & T to STI policies. He was of the view that, Africancountries must: accept the role of STI in addressing endemic diseases, hunger, illiteracy,
environmental degradation etc.; endorse the need for the promotion of competitive S & T
policies that focus on innovation systems as well as transfer, application and diffusion oftechnologies; and acknowledge the new approach and recommendation that to develop (evenrevise) a national policy, it must be based on empirical evidence (research).
He enumerated the Initiatives that had led to the development of STI in Swaziland. In 1996, it
was recommended that a National Research, Science and Technology Council be established;
the 2006 consultancy recommended the establishment of a S&T ministry; The 2006
consultancy further recommended that in order to sensitize policy makers, a forum forexchange between Government, Parliament and Scientists be established by National
Research Council as part of its committees or institutes. The 2008 survey revealed that 85.7%of the institutions used S & T in their daily operations. Major constraints affecting S&T
application were shortage of competent S&T personnel and absence of a national policy on
S&T with no institutions to coordinate Science and Technology.

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4.1.10Linking research to policy and development: the case of agriculturaldevelopment programme (ADPS) I n Nigeria (1986-2011)
Nnadozie, A. K. O.and Mkpado M., Agricultural Economics department, University of
Nigeria, Nsukka

Mr. Nnadozie presented a practice model called Research-Extension-Farmer-Input Linkage
System (REFILS) which is the umbrella organ that co-ordinate the research and extension
activities of the Agricultural Development Programmes (ADPs) in Nigeria. It is a
representation of institutional dynamics of linkage between National Agricultural ResearchInstitutes (NARIS), Agricultural Development Programmes (ADPs), farmers and inputs
agencies. The study determines the strategies that worked for their effectiveness such as theresearch component, the NGO input linkage and technology transfer of REFILS, among
others. According to Mr. Nnadozie, the REFILS strategy has linked the ADPs staff with the
Universities and research institutes. It has also created easy access to farmers acquiring farm
inputs. On the other hand, farmers productivity in the zone have increased while sales by
NGO marketing inputs have also doubled with a higher rate.
Based on the success and effectiveness of REFILS in technology transfer in the agriculture
sector; it is recommended as a moral for other sectors of the economy for the improvementof the Nigeria economy in particular and Africa in general.
Mr. Nnadozie concluded that ADPs' REFILS approach is effective in research, policy andtechnology transfer in Agricultural Development in Nigeria.
4..1.11

Linking Livestock Research to Policy in Nigeria: The Intervention of the
Nigerian Institute of Animal Science; Anselm Ego Onyimonyi, Department of
Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka/ATPS Nigeria Chapter

Mr. Onyimonyi began his presentation by re-emphasizing the
successful contribution of Animal Scientists to theimprovement of nutrition, physiology, genetics andenvironment of livestock breeds in Nigeria. He however
indicated that there is a disconnection between the researchers
and the end–users of research findings. He was of the view
that, research findings have failed to address the needsof the end-users, they have not been packaged in a way
Anselm Ego Onyimonyi
that the farmer can easily understand, and thus farmers are thus
Member, ATPS Nigeria Chapter
left with the option to continue production in their old ways. He
enumerated some major gaps that exist between research and policy which included the grossunder-utilization of research findings in policy making in Nigeria. He also pointed out thatexisting innovations and products are not properly and adequately communicated and
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disseminated to end-users in forms and manners that elicited desired buy-ins. There is poorcorrespondence between expectations/needs of the private sector and the research priorities
in the universities. To this effect, the Nigerian Institute of Animal Science took the bold stepto bridge the research policy divide as concerns livestock research in Nigeria.
Mr. Onyimonyi presented lessons and experience drawn from the Nigerian Institute ofAnimal Science (NIAS) which can be replicated in other sectors and other parts of Africa.
Established by Act No. 26 of 2007, NIAS is run by a governing council which membership
include the Ministers of Agriculture, Education, Water Resources, Science and Technology
and Environment, with representatives from The Nigerian chamber of Commerce, Industry,
Mines and Agriculture, Agro-Allied Industries, State Directors of livestock services andUniversities that offer courses in Animal Sciences. He pointed out that the import of thecomposition of NIAS Council was to create an enabling interface for all livestock
stakeholders in the country to meet and to ensure an effective link between institutional
partners and practitioners.
In his concluding remarks, Mr. Onyimonyi indicated that, NIAS has played key roles innurturing the links between research and industry by creating an enabling platform for all
stakeholders in the livestock sector and universities to meet.
QUESTIONS, COMMENTS AND REMARKSAt the end of the presentations, the group deliberated and came up with recommendations
that sought to address the following questions raised.
1. What are the principles of engagement for Research, Policy and Practice (RPP)?
> Researchers are well placed to be the bridge/ link for knowledge production anddevelopment> Researchers should also take the lead to initiate linkage and tailor the communication tosuite the policy makers> There should be increased internal funding for research by Government> Stability of Africa's political institutions and good governance are required to enhancecollaboration> Research should be demand-driven> More stakeholder participation and joint ownership should be encouraged> There should be a well-established research agenda at various levels> There is need for communication specialists to foster the linkages across various
stakeholder groups> National agenda rather than political agenda should be followed> Multidisciplinary forum for interaction should be encouraged

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2. What are the institutional best practices for strengthening RPP?
> Agreement and commitment to evidence based policy making> Mainstreaming policy research in existing research institutions> Strong innovation infrastructure
3. What are the mechanisms and approaches for effective linkage among RPP?
> Institutionalization of multi-actor negotiation framework.
> Establishment of Common Assessment Framework that enable inter/ intra agency
working> Establishment of intermediary organizations that facilitate interaction between
researchers and policy makers> Policy makers should fund research> Enactment of legislation to create an enabling interface between research and policy
4. What are the strategies for building consensus amongst stakeholders?
> Legitimating the supports from banks and financial institutions for research andinnovation development> Frequent review and harmonization of existing policies> Developing capabilities in research and policies> Effective use of ICT for smooth flow of information among actors

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4.2 Parallel Session Two
The session was chaired by Dr Mrs. Anthonia Achike, from the University of Nigeria and Ms.
Manal Samra, the Egypt Focal Point Coordinator. The session comprised of papers on Youthand Gender empowerment (subtheme 2); and the role of capacity development (subtheme 4).
These papers were presented as follows:
4.2.1

Youth Mobilization under the Agricultural Development Programme:
Lessons for Effective Linkages between Research, Extension Organization
and Farmers for Agricultural Transformation Policy in South East Nigeria
Ezeh, Ann N. and Dr. S.O. Ezeh, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria

Mrs. Ann Ezeh's presentation identified strategies for youth
participation in agricultural development programmes andextension service as a transformational option for development
in South East Nigeria. She pointed out that some of thestrategies to build their capacity were throughexcursions, youth competitions and youth clubs. She
noted that the use of mass media is necessary togalvanize their supports. However, she decried thatAnn Ezehthese strategies are not yet effectively put in place to adequately
Member, ATPS Nigeria Chapter
mobilize the youth to action, hence leading to poor or lack ofparticipation of the youth in agriculture. She identified lack of basic infrastructure, poorsocio-economic conditions and inadequate leadership as the bane for youth participation inagricultural development programmes.
Mrs. Ezeh enumerated some lessons which can be learnt from the study for research,extension and farmer linkages for agricultural transformation Policy in South-East Nigeria.
She noted that the youth possess desirable potentials (regenerative energy, potential
intelligence and skills) which can propel them for necessary linkages and participation indevelopment initiatives. The study showed that rural youth in South Eastern Nigeria haveremarkable differences in their personal characteristics and socio-economic conditions.
In conclusion, Mrs. Ezeh pointed out that improved extension services, harmonization ofyouth group efforts and improved financial supports for youth programmes could facilitate
their participation in agricultural development and linkages between research, policy andpractice.

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4.2.2

Effective Linkage between Research and Policy Making in the Area of Soil
Sustainability: The Role of Youth and Gender Empowerment via
Collaborative Mentorship/Training
Umeugochukwu, O. P., Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Ms. Patience Umeugochukwu
Member, ATPS Nigeria Chapter

Ms. Umeugochukwu defined soil as the loose part of the earth's
surface. Soil resources and the environment heavily depend oneach other; however, poor capacity limits the involvement of the
youth in research and policy for sustainable soil andenvironmental management. She noted that soil is a very
complex concept and the need for soil management researchcannot be over emphasized. She expressed someconcerns on how the youth and the women who use thesoil most frequently are so uninformed scientifically about theirenvironment as a result of lack of knowledge and proper

policies.
She pointed out that women's involvement at all levels provides an answer to sustainable
development. Furthermore, she noted that lack of basic infrastructure prevents youth andwomen from participating adequately in development programmes and therefore
recommended capacity building of the youth and women as a panacea for sustainable
development.
She cited the workshop training programme on principles and applications of soil physics todevelopment challenges in West Africa organized by the collaborative efforts of the Abdus
Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy; the Nigerian Special
Program on Agriculture and Food Security of FAO; the Soil Science Society of Nigeria; andAhmadu Bello University as a case example of capacity building for youth and women. The
capacity building focused on research methodologies and the need for effective use of natural
resources and its conservation. She pointed out the need for collaboration among key
stakeholders for effective soil management and recommended the establishment of youthparks in many regions of Africa and called for government's support for youth and women
initiatives.

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4.2.3

Strengthening Linkages between Policy Research and Policy Making for
African Development: Youth and Gender Empowerment
Ms. Akola Constancia,TNS RMS Centre, East Africa

Ms. Akola's presentation was on the need for youth and gender
empowerment in strengthening linkages between policy
research and policy making for Africa's sustainable
development. She introduced her work as a case of Kenya andexpressed that the term “gender” in her presentation had beenused in favour of the women. For Kenya to fulfil its vision
2030 and be relevant globally, it must have to address thisimportant issue on gender. It was her opinion that one way of
Ms. Akola Constancia
addressing this issue is by looking at the aspect of population
Member, ATPS Kenya Chapter
which tilts towards the women and the youth, thus making
them the majority of the current population. She also examined the issue of empowerment asa multi-level construct consisting of practical approaches and applications, social action
processes, and individual and collective outcomes in order to improve equity and quality oflife. These constructs have been grouped under these categorizations: gender and poverty,
gender and employability, gender and health, gender and agriculture and gendermainstreaming. The other aspects include; youth and governance, youth and education, youth
and employability, and youth and health.
Ms. Akola was of the view that majority of the Kenyan labour force comes from both womenand youth, and Kenya's agriculture depends largely on them. However, concern arises in thatboth categories are not duly considered in the determination of policies, even before they are
implemented. Invariably, Kenya cannot fully develop when more than half of its humanresources do not fully participate in the spheres of the economy. The presenter made thisconcern clear by the posing a question on the number of youth engaged in leadership.? The
answer revealed that most youth are only in the informal sector. To prove this point further,
she logically expressed that 75% of the youth are unemployed, and this alone brings down the
productivity of the economy at large. In both policy and practice therefore, youth and gender
empowerment are highly encouraged, although with their seemingly many challenges
including:> Lack of coordination between government agencies charged with the role of
implementing youth and gender policies and programs> Exclusion of the issues of demographics as a policy priority> Low awareness levels of youth and gender related government policies and programs> Programs categorized under broad topics which are assumed to have youth as core
participants
Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 67>And lastly, corruption and fraudulence in the polity and economy.

In conclusion, she provided some guidelines in attaining the well desired empowerment anddevelopment. According to her, critical youth and gender empowerment must be adopted,
and to achieve that, there is urgent need for provision of a safe and welcoming environment;
meaningful participation and engagement of all stakeholders; equitable power sharing
between the youth and adults, men and women; engagement in critical reflection oninterpersonal and socio-political processes; participation in socio-political processes toinfluence change; and integrated individual-and community-level empowerments.
4.2.4

An Empirical Analysis of the Influence of Country Quality of Institutions on
Gender Empowerment in Sub-Saharan Africa
Damilola Olajide and Divine Ikenwilo,University of Aberdeen, Scotland

Mr. Damilola's presentation examined the influence of thequality of institutions on gender empowerment in sub-SaharanAfrica. He remarked that available evidence shows that Africa is
not devoid of gender related issues as entrenched in MDG 3(2000), AU charters and mission statements (2004) and African
heads of state pledges (2005). However, the gains ofthese efforts are yet to be realized because of the
obstacles facing gender equality including institutional
Dr. Damilola Olajide, Member,factors such as strong cultural and traditional practices. His
ATPS UK Diaspora Chapter
literature summarized the role of institutions in terms of the setof formal rules, informal rules and norms that shape behaviour in society, and their role inempowering people, in economic and social development, and as an incentive. The overall
objective focused on gender empowerment in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) by modelling therelationships between availability of quality institutions and women political representation at
national legislatures. Using various free sources of data (e.g. UN, World Bank, Frazer Institute,
Heritage Foundation) to gather information about the current situation in sub-Saharan Africa
and a repeated specific country experiment over time, between 2000 to 2009. The study
measured the share of women in national parliaments, gender parity indices (primary,secondary, and tertiary), per capita GDP growth, legal structure and security of property
rights, business freedom and regulation, and freedom from corruption.
The authors found out that generally there has been increased gender empowerment overtime, even though there were considerable regional differences e.g. differences between
policymaking and practice. This was further expressed from the graph showing that Eastern
Africa had gained the most capacity in terms of gender empowerment because as shown,
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from 2000 to 2009, women representation had progressively risen from about 11% to about
29% while Central Africa had gained the least of only about 3% increase in those years. The
results further showed that there was a clear link between institutions and gender
empowerment i.e. the differences between formal and informal institutions, and the qualityof those institutions necessary for the linkage between policy research and policy making,which altogether brings about the need for institutional reforms. The study further
highlighted the importance of understanding context-specific issues for effective linkages
between evidence-based research, policy and practice.
Examining the regional differences in sub-Saharan Africa, the authors revealed that there wasa clear gap between the pre and post 2005 MDG. This gap as shown by the experiment
represented the failure of the African government to support appropriate policies, and theextent to which these gaps can be bridged cannot be the same across the countries. Finally, thepresenter clarified that he did not generalize regions as institutions, but instead his team had
decided to look critically at the post MDG era which results point out emphatically the factthat any policy making process should be accompanied by institutional reforms.
4.2.5 Entrepreneurship as a Cutting Edge for Rural Development
Adaku. B. C. Ezeibe, Centre for Entrepreneurship and Development Research (CEDR),
University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Mrs. Ezeibe's presentation underscored the fact that poverty
still persists in Africa and Nigeria in particular despite thenumerous efforts made by development agencies andorganizations. She restated the achievements of politicalindependence in Nigeria, in 1960, for which institutions andindividuals seem to agree that it brought with it some high levelof expectations for social and economic development.
Moreover, rural development was adopted as a new
Ms. Adaku Ezeibe
strategy “bottom up” which was supposed to make Nigeria one
Member, ATPS Nigeria Chapterof the greatest economies of the world, but it failed in thatmandate for several reasons. Therefore, entrepreneurship is increasingly gaining relevance inthe pursuit for rural development, as a vehicle to improve the quality of life for individuals,
families and communities and to sustain a healthy economy and environment.
She explained that the concept of entrepreneurship addresses “a force that mobilizes otherresources to meet the unmet market demands”, “the ability to create and build somethingfrom practically nothing” and “the process of creating value by pulling together a uniquepackage of resources to exploit an opportunity”. On the other hand, rural entrepreneurship
Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 69

as defined by Bayero, is the process whereby concerted efforts are made in order to facilitate
significant increase in rural resources productivity with the overall objectives of enhancing
rural income.
She further recounted some of Nigeria's experience on rural development which included:> Since political independence, successive Nigerian governments have been grappling withhow to develop rural areas and various policies and programmes have been formulated totransform the rural areas> The objectives of these programmes which have been laudable were made to develop therural areas through boosting agricultural production, provision of roads, water, electricity,and to operate and administer land among others, but unfortunately, these institution's
performances have not been significantly positive, partly for lack of entrepreneurial skills
and women empowerment
Further looking at entrepreneurship as a force for economic change, she illustrated thatwomen are behind in entrepreneurship development and also too often, their names are notspecifically mentioned even when evidence shows that there are many activities in rural areas
pursued by female entrepreneurs such as trade, food processing, catering, etc.
Her study also revealed that besides individual or group entrepreneurial activities, theenabling environment supporting these initiatives is of utmost importance. National
agricultural policies such as price subsidies to guarantee minimum farm incomes and the
keeping of land in production when over population already exist are definitely
counterproductive to entrepreneurship.
In her concluding remarks, Mrs Ezeibe stressed that rural development is increasingly
concerned with improving the living standards of over 70% of the population of the country
who are living in rural areas. She added that women entrepreneurship is necessary forsustainable rural development because despite the fact that women make up more than 50%
of Nigeria's population, they encounter many constraints when trying to take part in thetransformational process.
She therefore urged the government and NGOs to more progressively organize
entrepreneurship trainings in the rural areas in order to facilitate the adoption of new
innovation in the rural areas. She ended her presentation with a remark that entrepreneurshipand women empowerment must be achieved if the process of rural development must be
sustainable.

70 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

QUESTIONS, COMMENTS AND REMARKSAt the end of all the presentations, the group deliberated and came up with the following
recommendations on how to mainstream youth and gender in African development throughresearch, policy and practice:
1. The role of youth and women in RPP linkage will include:> Dissemination of information, facilitating information transmission in and outside thesystems e.g. farmers> Networking with individuals, institutions and organizations> Pro-active participation in all socio-economic and political events> Exercising of women rights> Greater access to resources> Initiation of policy dialogue> Advocacy> Operationalizing gender-related development policy> Implementation of research outputs
2. Strategies for enhancing participation of youth and women in RPP> Participation in key leadership positions> Institutional reform to accompany policy making and practice (e.g. education, property
rights, attain quality, etc.)> Appropriate training of youth and women especially the girl child> Team work - accessible forums for brainstorming and resource sharing> Reward and motivation systems review - youth and women efforts in research should berecognized and appropriately rewarded> Adoption of training the trainer (TOT) strategy
3. Knowledge, skills and infrastructure required for effective linkage amongst RPP> Appropriate entrepreneurial knowledge and skills should be built in youth and women
programs> Multi/Trans-disciplinary knowledge systems> Building effective networks and fora e.g. public and private partnerships> Role model and mentorship> Exposure and exchange visits> Appropriate infrastructure development e.g. Roads, ICT, Health
4. Small and long term measures required for effective RPP> Short-Term Measures> Empowerment through training, mentorship, capacity building, apprenticeship> Long –Term Measures> Mind-set/attitude change, breakdown of cultural barriers- reorientation of cultural mind
edifices

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 71

4.3
Parallel Session Three
The session was chaired by Mr. Diran Onifade, from the Nigerian Television Authority(NTA). The session comprised of papers under; research uptake, communication, advocacy
and brokerage (subtheme 5); and the challenges and opportunities for effective linkages
between research, policy and practice (subtheme 6). These papers were presented as follows:
4.3.1

Providing the right incentives to promote evidence-based policy
Ms. Christelle Chapoy, International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie)

Ms. Chapoy's presentation focused on how best evidence from
impact evaluation can be used to improve the effectiveness ofgovernments' social programmes. She argued that development
resources in Africa are limited and because of that, there is a
growing pressure for government and development agencies tobe able to show that the money spent has an impact on
improving people's lives. Her general observation was that thecontext is not in favor of such initiatives/processes
Ms. Christelle Chapoy
because of the conflicting interests between researchers andpolicymakers. This has led to a situation where a number ofprogrammes were terminated despite their positive impacts but others with no impact, being
expanded. One reason for this she maintained is that policies are equally influenced by good
and/or bad evidence and not necessarily based on scientific evidence. The need to improvethe demand for evidence and create a cultural change to use evaluation for improvement wasalso stressed. An overview of the different approaches and mechanisms developed by 3ie inorder to effectively link its funded research to policy and practice was provided. The approachdeveloped by 3ie involves a combination of incentives from both sides – researchers andpolicymakers.
The author further explained that on the supply side (researchers), there is need to support
research activities and provide incentives to engage in the policy sphere. To achieve this, a setof requirements was defined (modalities of funding) by 3ie for its grantees that need funds to
conduct their research activities. In addition, 3ie as an organization provides capacity
development support in the area of communications for policy influence. 3ie also requests its
grantees to report on their policy influence activities and to provide evidence in accessible
formats. On the other hand, from the demand side (policymakers), the idea is to provide
policymakers with incentives to learn from evaluations and engage them in promoting
evidence based policies. The proposed mechanisms included a letter of endorsement of
implementing agency, policy dialogue and conferences, thematic window providing a specificentry-point to engage with key policymakers and practitioners in specific sectors. She also
72 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

mentioned alternative incentives to generate demand-led research through the policy window.
At the level of governments, the author indicated that 3ie was planning for a more systematic
approach with its 'Commitment to Evaluation Index' to be launched in 2012. The objectives of thisindex will include a scoring of donor agencies' and governments' efforts to base policy on
evidence, the selection of donors who are using evidence to design their programme, andprovide an incentive to others to do the same. A full ranking would initially not be published,
but good performers will be publicized and will receive awards. The author finally presented
the major results achieved so far in terms of generating more policy relevant research andturning it into effective policies around the world.
4.3.2 Towards Effective Research Uptake and Innovative Communication of
Development Research Projects in Nigeria
Foluso Adeyinka M. and Ajala A. O., Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research(NISER), Oyo State Nigeria
The paper focused on how best innovative communication
strategies can stimulate effective uptake of development
research. The authors addressed the need to engage in the
research process. She argued that since scientists have to work in
conjunction with other stakeholders, research is
expected to demonstrate a problem-solving attributebut also research results need to be appropriately
c o m mu n i c a t e d t o t a r g e t e d a u d i e n c e s. A f t e r
Foluso Adeyinka
conceptualizing and presenting research uptake activities andMember, ATPS Nigeria Chapter
components, that is, the collaboration between researchers andusers, dissemination of research findings, capacity development and social influence, theauthors described the pattern of research uptake in Nigeria using the National Health
Insurance Scheme (NHIS) as a case study.
The authors stressed that like many interventionist development programmes in Nigeria, the
NHIS programme is an outcome of a broad framework for reform of health policies andinstitutions but the uptake of the programme by those for whom it is intended remains a
crucial problem. The presenter analyzed this situation using the major steps of the innovation
process to simulate the activities of the development research. The process covers all
inductive and experimental stages of research and development. Following this innovation
process, the presenter observed that in Nigeria, many projects never get to the dissemination
stage and even when a few of them reach this stage, those projects are rarely sustainable. The
authors mentioned that this seemed to be the case for the NHIS which had been able toProceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 73

survive the first major steps in the innovation process. The current challenge of the NHIS
programme is how to ensure that it is effectively taken up by the intended beneficiaries. To
achieve this, research uptake as a process should start, following a broad dissemination of theresearch results, highlighting the recommendations and action plans for each of the
stakeholder and/or beneficiary of the potential outcomes. Effective communication ofresearch should involve the construction of shared meaning and dialogue between different
stakeholders. The presenter also identified a variety of tools (technical reports, policy briefs,
web-based information services, online social media tools, etc.) which are necessary forcommunicating development research to targeted audiences.
The authors concluded with a discussion on key issues to be considered in order to ensure
effective research uptake in Nigeria. The presenter talked about the explicitness of goals fromthe outset of research, the identification of stakeholders of the research process, theimprovement of capacity and skills in using evidence through training and development
programmes for policy-makers and other policy agents, the involvement of mass media using
different languages. The presenter also addressed the issue of proper funding for research
uptake and the need for regulations and appropriate infrastructure that will support theoutcome of the research process.
4.3.3

Overview of the Farming Skills Acquisition Programme (FSAP)
Implemented by the Adamawa State Government in Nigeria
Dr. Hasuruna Amos1 and Dr. Ibrahim Abdullahi2, 1Department of Vocational Education,Federal University of Technology, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. 2Adamawa Agricultural
Development and Investment Ltd, Nigeria,

Dr. Hasuruna Amos
Member, ATPS Nigeria Chapter

After providing an insight into the Adamawa region, Dr Amos
indicated that there are many issues related to agriculturaldevelopment in Adamawa State. Several bottlenecks militatedagainst agricultural productivity in the State, these included;
Pests and diseases of plants and animals widely distributed in
Adamawa State; lack of finance and access to credit facilities;
postharvest losses of crops and animals; inadequate
agricultural education; low level of technology; poor rural road
network and lack of energy development schemes.

In order to adequately address the issues enumerated above and empower a large number offamilies in the region, the FSAP was developed under the Grassroots Socio-Economic
Empowerment Programme (GSEEP) introduced by His Excellency, Murtala Hammanyero
Nyako, the Executive Governor of Adamawa State. He described the FSAP as the platform
74 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

on which the farming community in Adamawa State is made to experience accelerated andsustainable development. The main objectives of the FSAP program were to:> Train farmers on modern crop and livestock production practices, so that they increase
their yields in a sustainable manner and become sufficiently skilled to provide the same kindof training to other target groups such as community leaders and individual producers;> Form cooperative groups for trained farmers; and> Facilitate linkages between financial institutions, input suppliers, research institutions andfarmers for the provision of support and advisory services.
These objectives were envisioned, based on the premise that agriculture remains the single
biggest employer of labor all over Nigeria. Dr. Amos further noted that the FSAP programme
in its efforts to promote a set of innovative strategies to empowering farmers, has alsoestablished a Farming Skills Acquisition Centre (FSAC) in each of the 21 Local Governments
Areas (LGAs) with the aim of providing different levels of training (train- the- trainer,
intensive farmers' training and extensive farmers' training) and competences to the farmers.
He highlighted some of the activities carried out within the FSAC including; agricultural
inputs and outputs distribution and service delivery point, fairs and farmers' field days,
training in corporative management, partnership with NGOs to conduct trainings forfarmers (technical assistance) and the coordinated use of media (mass media, folk media andaudio-visual aids).
Dr Amos summarized the main achievements of the FSAP in terms of transforming the
agricultural sector of the Adamawa state. From the testimonies made by the beneficiaries ofthe programme, it appeared that their per capita income has increased from less than
US$1$/day to about US$2.5 to US$3/day. Crop yields have tremendously increased from
1.1t/ha to 3.7t/ha and from 2.5t/ha to 3.7t/ha for maize and rice crops, respectively. He also
reported similar increases in livestock, poultry, beekeeping and fish production within theregion.

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 75

4.3.4

From Economic Growth to Sustainable Development: Challenges andOpportunities for Realistic Policy Responses
Chidi Magnus Onuoha and Chucks Enronobi, Green Economics, Abuja, Nigeria

After providing an overview of the trends in development
theory and a discussion around green economics models, thepresenter Mr. Enronobi addressed some opportunities forsustainable development policies. 'Green GDP Initiative' waspresented as one of those opportunities in Africa
because of the incorporation of ecosystem services andbiodiversity challenges in the measurement of theeconomy. The authors also pointed to the importance
Chucks Enronobi
of small groups Tree Planting Initiatives (TPI) in areas affected
Member, ATPS Nigeria Chapter
by drought and desertification. Mr. Enronobi presented the'Briquettes-Alternative to firewood Initiatives' as environmentally friendly energy sources
and suggested that governments should ensure the enhancement of such initiatives. He
talked about the 'Green Wall Sahara Vulnerability Initiatives' which aims at checking theadvancement of Sahara Desert into the hinterland through massive forestation andreforestation and industrialization initiatives.
He further introduced two projects initiated by Green Economics. He explained that the aimof the first project called 'Green Oil and Gas Mandate' (GOGAM) was to promote
development and dissemination of clean fossil fuel technologies. The second project'Campus Project Greening Initiatives' (CPGI) on the other hand, was initiated for the
purpose of prompting the awareness about the importance of living in harmony with ourenvironment in a sustainable way as well as adopting the attitude of saving culture in our
tertiary institutions.
He concluded with the idea that realistic sustainable development policies and practices callfor greater responsibility on the part of governments, trade regimes and multinational
corporations in order to strengthening partnerships, promoting technological innovations
and facilitating cooperation in global programs on environment, employment, human healthand freedom.

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4.3.5

Rationale for Local Entrepreneurship Development Policies andProgrammes in Post-Colonial Lesotho: lessons from the Past
Sean Maliehe, National University of Lesotho

Mr Mahiele noted that the post-colonial governments ofLesotho, in their attempts to develop a vibrant private sector led
by local entrepreneurs, had demonstrated a lack ofunderstanding by propagating the view that Basotho traders'poor performance in local trade is due to lack of adequate spiritof entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial skills. The
presenter identified and examined some of Lesotho's
Local Entrepreneurship Development Initiatives. They
Sean Maliehe
included Business Extension Services, Basotho Enterprises
Member, ATPS Lesotho Chapter
Development Corporation, Business Training Centre andInternational Labour Organization's “Know Your Business” programme. Based on these
entrepreneurial initiatives, the presenter further noted that the basis for local
entrepreneurship policies in Lesotho is not founded on the results of research conducted to
inform local entrepreneurship programmes. He recommended more focus on policy
research, the need to deal with influences of profiteering groups and long-term policies andprogrammes to create a fair starting point and inclusive business opportunities for all thoseparticipating in local business.
QUESTIONS, COMMENTS AND REMARKSAt the end of all the presentations, the group deliberated based on the innovative strategies
for communicating research results for policy making and implementation; the role of themedia in effective communication of research outputs for policymaking and implementation;and the enabling environments required for effective communication of research outputs topolicymakers for use by practitioners. The following recommendations were proposed:> Innovative strategies for communicating research results should consider the use of
impact evaluations which can be designed either ex post or ex ante depending of thecommunication objectives; the methodologies for communication planning andtrainings for communication specialists; the formats used to disseminate research results
as well as the nature of evidence provided. Effective communication strategy would also
involve professional teams and/or pressure groups (lobbies) forcing things to move
forward through the preparation of forums and participation in the follow-up research.
> Media should play an important part in effective communication of research outputs.
They should be engaged at every stage of the communication process so that visible
practical impacts from research activities can be seen. Successful initiatives like the FSAP
programme are commendable but there is also a need to duplicate these experiences at
Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 77>different levels for the purpose of sustainability (regional, sub-regional, national, etc.).
Media can help to showcase the benefits of such initiatives.
Incentive structures and enabling environment for effective communication of research
outputs should include capacity building (proper communication skills) for
stakeholders, a system of dynamic institutions that can efficiently ensure that scientists
engage key stakeholders. There is need for substantial funding in order to put up the
programmes properly.

4.4 Parallel Session Four
The session was co-chaired by Dr. Maurice Bolo from the ATPS and Mr. Joseph Wekundahfrom the Biotechnology Trust Africa (BTA). Issues that were examined under this session
included; legal frameworks on intellectual property rights (IPRs); IPRs policy andinstitutional frameworks; traditional knowledge/traditional medicine and expressions offolklore; and principles of access and benefit sharing, with special focus on Nagoya andSwakopmund Protocols. The sessions were facilitated by Prof Dr. Dr. Moni Wekesa and Miss
Millicent Ligare both from Mount Kenya University, Kenya.
The IPR training session began with a welcome address by the chair, Dr. Maurice Bolo whothen introduced the facilitators and the IP National Steering Committee members from thedifferent national chapters of the ATPS. The chair noted that the training was aimed atstrengthening IP policies in the participating countries as well as their accompanying legal
frameworks and the traditional knowledge (TK) systems. According to him, it also aimed at
establishing networks of IP regionally and internationally to be able to strengthen linkages
with policymakers.
The chair mentioned that some of the studies from the program were complete inEthiopia,
Lesotho, Malawi, Swaziland and there was an ongoing one in Uganda as well as a pending
study in Zimbabwe. The participants then raised the issue of getting the case studies toinfluence policymakers to help protect TK, and getting a link with policymakers and people
on the ground – the owners of the resources. A participant noted in agreement that IP exists
but questioned; “How much does it benefit Africa which has many resources?” he further
urged participants to ensure that the training being received will assist them in protecting thevast resources in Africa.

78 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

4.4.1 Training of Trainers on Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Traditional
Knowledge (TK), Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS)Prof. Moni Wekesa, Dean, School of Law, Mount Kenya University, Nairobi Campus
Prof. Wekesa outlined the specific objectives of the training oftrainers' workshop on IPR, TK, ABS, which were to:> identify the various forms of Intellectual Property
Rights (IPRs);> provide an overview of intellectual property rights
and linkages to access and benefit sharing;> understand patents and the patent application
process and linkages to ABS;
Prof. Moni Wekesa> To introduce key concepts concerning disclosure andMember, ATPS Kenya Chapter
certificates of origin/source/compliance;> provide an overview of patent registration offices in Africa, their roles and linkages withinternational and other offices (e.g. the Patent Cooperation Treaty, the European Patent
Office, the United States Patent and Trademark Office);> understand how a patent registration office examines and grants patents, patent
opposition, and patent filing and maintenance costs; and> understand the international legal framework related to IPRs.
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and Types
Intellectual property is the legal rights which result from intellectual activity in the industrial,
scientific, literary and artistic field (WIPO Publication No. 489 (E), p. 3). IPRs are privaterights recognized and enforced by the state. An intellectual property right is a right generally
granting the right holder the exclusive right to use the respective intellectual property (e.g. an
invention) and the right to exclude others from certain activities, such as using a product orprocess for a defined period of time (e.g. in the case of patents which is 20 years as from theapplication date). Prof. Wekesa gave examples of different types of IPRs as follows:
Copyrights
Copyrightable works must be original, in fixed form and is protectable for up to 50 years after
life of author. The subject matter of the IPR in copyright includes; literary, musical and artistic
works; sound recordings; films and broadcasts; etc. Copyright arises automatically and an
example was given of Kenya, where they are protected under the Copyright Act, 2001, forexample, rights of a novelist to sell copies of his or her own novel.
Trademarks (TM)
Trademarks are distinctive signs capable of being represented graphically, granted in order toProceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 79

distinguish the goods and services of a TM proprietor from those of their competitors. It
must be registered to be protected, can exist indeterminately, but has to be renewed after acertain period (10 years in Kenya; at least 7 years under TRIPS), e.g. Microsoft.
Geographical indications
Geographical indications are used to protect goods from a given geographical region withcharacteristics unique to that region and the quality, reputation or other characteristic of thegoods attributed to the geographical origin of the goods, e.g. Champagne as a region forsparkling wine.
Industrial designs
Industrial designs are features of shape, configuration and pattern or ornamentation
applicable to an article or designs that deal only with what the eyes can see. This form ofprotection is limited, e.g. the Wagenfeld lamp.
Patents
Patentability requires novelty. This means that the invention must be new, inventive step
(non-obviousness) taken and must be commercially viable. It is obtained via an application to
the Kenya Industrial Property Institute (in Kenya). Patents can be granted for products orprocesses or both and grants exclusive rights for a limited period of time in respect of an
invention (20 years), e.g. Thomas Edison's light bulb.
Trade secrets
Trade secrets consist of confidential information with commercial value, protected in orderto guard technological know-how. They last until the information is released into the publicdomain, for example the Coca Cola's secret recipe.
Plant variety protection
Plant breeders rights are also known as plant variety protection (PVP) and are granted by thestate to persons who have developed new varieties of plants, for a limited period of time. The
protection is marked by a grant of special title of protection. The conditions for protection
include; distinct from any other existing variety; uniform in its relevant characteristics andstable, that is; unchanged even after repeated propagation.

80 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 81

EXPECTATIONS· To know the importance of IP and how it can contribute toAfrica’ s development· Get enriched in IP knowledge and get to the practitioner onground and stimulate the rest to get on board to protect IP· Get information to support the chapter and put it at par withother countries, own knowledge and know how to protect the
future generations and have influence on women to do thesame· I would like to make people know the value of IPR and give thetraditional healers knowledge and help them take advantage ofexisting IP system to benefit from their resources.
· Solve the IP paradox, opening up to ensure knowledge isshared to all; a transient intermediate cross to cut across· Have better capacity to pose many questions on IP· I thought it was for lawyers but I will be liberalized to gain moreawareness so as to pass it to the people in the ruralcommunities· I interact with the youth and would like to protect the intellect inthem; to pass over more with confidence to help link them up
with institutions; know what is to be protected or not· Learn the legal procedures involved in obtaining,commercializing and protecting an invention/patented
product/patent· Stimulate trained colleagues to take up IP activities, protect
indigenous knowledge especially as concerns discovery of
medicinal plants and their therapeutic potential· Know whether copyrights are territorial as IPRs
· Liberia to be included in ATPS IP programme to enable her havecontrol over its resources· Learn experiences of IP project and how to use IP experience toinitiate action on Cote d’Ivoire or other francophone countries

FEARS/ CONCERNS ON
IP· IP is not propagated by
the local communities
that are custodians ofindigenous knowledge· IP is mostly used tocurtail people fromgetting knowledge· We lose ownership ofour inventions toforeigners· The domain where IP
lies is separated fromsociety· How do we demystify
local knowledge
systems – there is toomuch secrecy
surrounding
traditional/indigenous
knowledge especially
medicine, Indigenous
knowledge system vs.
technology· There is too much
Bureaucracy in IP
management· IP exploitation ofindigenous knowledge
i.e. Biopiracy· IP exploitation ofnatural resources i.e.
Biopiracy

QUESTIONS, COMMENTS: AND REMARKS· How do we harvest andprotect knowledge in
traditional
medicine/folklore?
· Why don’t we refer totraditional knowledge as
traditional scientificknowledge?
· How do we broaden andstrengthen our campfire
programmes in accessbenefit sharing?
· What are the gaps that leadto Africa’s exploitation in
IPs?
· How do you harvest
knowledge from reluctant
or superstitious elders?
· What role does ARIPO play
vis a vis WIPO?
· Does Africa invent
anything? If so, what aresome of these inventions?
Are they protected, if not,why not?
· How do we protect thatwhich belongs to thecommunity?
· What does the ‘NAGOYAPROTOCOL’ have on IP andwhat is IP in International
Trade?

QUESTIONS RAISED· Protect what
people have andmake it accessible
to those who needit the most
· I am a member of a
research
committee
interested in IP· The Zimbabwe
Chapter intends toreactivate its
working groups
across the country.
It intends to make a
dedicated strategy
to involve womenand youth in its
approach to STI.
Universities will be
key partners in thenext strategic plan.
The same applies
to relevant
government
agencies andNGOs, Higher
degree students
will be encouraged
to undertakeprojects under
ATPS (HOODIAGORDONI CASE)

COMMENTS

82 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops· Conflict between therole of a scientist vs.
the role of an IP
generator· The lack of IP
awareness at the grassroot level.
· Ignorance of the IPRlaws and theirapplication· The process ofapplying for IPR is longand expensive.
· Inadequate
inventors/innovators
who really need IPRmight not have easy
access to it· Loss of IPR toforeigners· To learn new challenges in order to raise awareness among
traditional healers, young scientist; to protect indigenous or
local scientific knowledge· Understanding collaboration and partnerships in relation to IP
ownership/sharing and the implications of open sources for IP· Learn more on how benefit sharing can be equitably organizedespecially in areas of drug discovery· We shall be able to ensure 100% ratification of Swakopmund
Protocol and NAGOYA Protocol, Develop a database on
traditional knowledge and associated genetic resources foroffence and defense.
· To use the experience/knowledge/information to increase theeffectiveness of any organization in service delivery to ruralcommunities· To establish networks with others with whomknowledge/information could be shared now and the future on
IP issues· Research on philosophies of hypnoses/ethnographic research,
review purport system for innovations on TM, Monopoly teamreview for African healers, Secrecy regime to be addressed later
after innovations, adaptation of protection systems in TM forpresent soil genesis· The training will show us how to overcome the fears· Know how to bridge the gap that exists between those who arepro-IPR and against IPR during promotion of IP at national level· How can I expand myconsciousness on issuesof IPR when one or four
people are involved in acure?
· How can we tap on theenergy(spiritual) that
accompany or influence thecuring properties of plants– in the case of traditional
healers and indigenous
system?
· What is community
property rights?
· How can grassroots
innovators and artists
benefit from this exercise
e.g. artists like musicians
who have so muchplagiarism? Next week wehave Belgians coming toour community to produce
a film. How can ourcommunity produce a film?
How can our community be
assisted to have IPR
legally? I need to go backand discuss with ourcommunities how next
week we can handle thesituation.
· Who is going to ensure that
the IP legal & policy
framework is
implemented?
· How can we practically
carry out bio prospecting in
Africa?

· IP is an incentive
for promoting STI
at personal level it
protects material
right and raises
self-actualization.
At national level, it
helps define stateof STI as it serves
as indicator for
innovation.

4.4.2

Examples of International Agreements and Organizations for the Protection
and Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights
Ms. Millicent Ligare, Mount Kenya University, Nairobi Campus
Ms. Ligare started by giving examples international agreements
and organizations for the protection and enforcement ofintellectual property rights. She discussed two international
agreements/organizations as follows:

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
According to Ms. Ligare, WIPO was established by the
WIPO Convention in 1967 with a mandate from its
Ms. Millicent Ligare
member states to promote the protection of intellectual
Member, ATPS Kenya Chapter
property throughout the world through cooperation amongstates and in collaboration with other international organizations. It is dedicated to thepromotion of innovation and creativity for the economic, social and cultural development of
all countries through a balanced and effective international intellectual property (IP) system.
Its diverse activities include:> Administering multilateral treaties and working with Member States to support theevolution of the international legal framework for IP> Providing global IP services that make it easier and more cost-effective to obtainprotection internationally for new inventions, brands and designs; and providing
arbitration, mediation and other alternative dispute resolution services> Assisting governments and organizations in establishing national IP and innovation
strategies, developing appropriate regulatory frameworks and building the infrastructureand human capacity needed to harness the potential of IP for economic development> Developing technical platforms to facilitate work sharing among IP offices; anddeveloping free databases of registered trademarks, designs and the technologicalinformation contained in patents to facilitate access to knowledge> Building awareness, understanding and respect for IP> Working in partnership with the UN and other organizations to identify IP-based
solutions to climate change, food security, public health and other global challenges
The World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization came into being in 1995. WTO therefore:> Looks at IPR's as instruments of trade> Administers the trade-related IPR agreements> Has a mechanism of dispute resolution which falls under the Dispute Settlement
Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 83

ANSWERS
We move to what we do not know from the one weknow. IPR is what is known.

The government is often involved as the foreigners will
always come and go straight to the ministries involved.
Africans let out a lot of information leading to biopiracy
making communities lose out on TK.

IPR are territorial, once you register in a country it
remains local t o that country, one should register in as
many countries as possible.
Most of TK was passed orally, it was never documented

An invention benefits the world, the research will
depend on the country of origin then the outcome
should benefit the country.

The fact that it is not available doesn’t means that it is
not in the community. It should be taken up. You may
not be able to access the information but are able todevelop the animal protection on breeding. One looks at
the genetic resources done under FAO. It is available
but a bit quiet unlike plant breeding. There are no IPRs
for plants and animals. People are secretive on it.
Animals may be protected by trade secret, design andtrademark.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

QUESTIONS· Why is it that we call this Intellectual Property
Rights (IPR) instead of Intellectual Community
Property Rights (ICPR)?

· Is there lack of government involvement?

· Why is it that the trade is replicated?

· We protect work among the English and French
speaking countries, can one marry the two?

· Were we (Africans) not able to write in the manner
it was wanted to be written?

· People reason that using money from government
for research means that the product should not beon sale as they already paid for it earlier. How do
we go about this?

· Is there a legal framework on animal breeds?

QUESTIONS, COMMENTS AND REMARKS:ØØ

We should restrict what belongs to the
public into private hands

We ought to talk to people so as theyknow what can be released and to whatlevel.

COMMENTS>>
Understanding and Dispute Settlement Board
Has a system of sanctions

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Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 85

· IP is territorial does it hold the same for copyright?

· Which type of IP applies beyond borders of trade
secrets?

· We did not look at TK in the traditional way; they
can be used to cure but it is not in the Westernized
way, there is energy coming from a traditional
healer. How do you patent the spirit/energy? Why
can’t Africa come up with something new to beable to patent the resources?

· WTO’s applies sanctions; why can’t Aripo do it
too?

-

-

-

Many scientists publish a lot of pap ers which are later
used by others to enrich themselves. Make it a trade
secret.

With trade secrets, one is globally protected but for theothers one has to register in as many countries as
possible.

WIPO is for a country/individual to choose whereas
WTO is more compulsory.

ØMany Africans do not use IPR as theideas are there but not put into practice.
Be inventive for a purpose to makeprogress and have monetary value.

Scientists never want to find out what isregistered and one should either improveon it or come up with a new one.
Wish to see and discus s the componentsØ
gotten from IP, use existing IP not torepeat what is there, Africa should not shy
away for example start agitating foranimal breeding protectionØ4.4.3

TraditionalKnowledge (TK)Prof. Moni Wekesa, Dean, School of Law, Mount Kenya University, Nairobi Campus

Prof. Moni Wekesa
Member, ATPS Kenya Chapter

Traditional Knowledge is generally communally owned andpassed on from generation to generation orally or throughapprenticeship developed by communities or individuals incertain communities e.g. Traditional cultural expressions,
Traditional medicine, Spiritual forces, Organic causes. The
knowledge is mostly not in fixed form, and no individual canclaim ownership to It and it includes intangible elements andindigenous materials, handicrafts and services. The said
knowledge is 'in the public domain', is not new, and belongs to
the community from which it came and relates to methods andprocesses used in many areas.
Objectives of the training on TK
Prof Wekesa stated that the objectives of the training on Traditional Knowledge were to:> distinguish between Western and traditional conceptions of property> analyze the limitations of modern (Western) forms of intellectual property regimes in theprotection of traditional knowledge> understand the various forms of 'alternative' approaches to protection of traditional
knowledge> discuss the importance of traditional knowledge> examine the relevance of traditional knowledge in the context of ABS> discuss community experiences with protecting traditional knowledge
Classifications of TK
TK is classified as follows:> Traditional cultural expressions (TCE)/Expressions of Folklore (EoF)> Traditional medicine (TM)> Spiritual/metaphysical causes - Soothsaying, witchcraft, prophecies, etc.
> Organic causes - Herbal medicine
Western Philosophy of Property Ownership
The following characteristics were given as Western philosophy:> Deontological/natural school> Each person has property in his/her person and labor> To reward an individual for his/her efforts at “creating” a new product> Consequentialist/utilitarian school
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> Presumes that the invention is useful to society> Protection is therefore granted to ensure availability of new products to society
NB: IPRs are granted to individuals
Traditional Philosophy
He further noted that in TK:> Knowledge and property is communally owned> Knowledge about music, dance, medicine, arts and crafts is passed on orally> Knowledge is passed on from generation to generation> No one can claim “ownership”
Property belongs to:> Entire community> Several people spread across a community> Individual (e.g. powers of spiritualism)
Consequences of the different philosophies
The following are the consequences that were given, of the different philosophies of property
ownership:> Current IPR regime is based on Western philosophy of property ownership> Under such philosophy, traditional knowledge becomes un-protectable and subject toabuse by others> Local communities cannot benefit from their TK> There is need for a new approach to protect TK
Modern IPRs versus TK
The modern IPRs were compared to TK as follows:
Patents
Patentability requires novelty - invention must be new, inventive steps followed (nonobviousness), have commercial viability, whereas TK collapses at the first requirement.
“Owners” of TK do not qualify as joint “inventors”. It is possible to revoke/cancel a patentbased on TK. E.g. European Patent Office revoked Azadirachta indica, USPTO revokedturmeric powder.
Copyright
Copyrightable works must be original and in fixed form. It is protectable for up to 50 years
after life of author whereas most TK is not original, TK is passed on orally hence not in a fixed
form. TK has existed for generations – difficult to ascertain period of protection. TK can be
copyrightable through CDs, DVDs, photography, etc.

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Trademarks
Trademarks are used to distinguish goods or services dealt with. Collective marks are a signused by members of an association. Trademarks and collective marks are used by indigenous
communities in some countries. An individual can register a trade mark and hold it in trust for
a community. Indigenous communities should be allowed to register words and symbols as
trademarks.
Geographical regions
They are used to protect goods from a given geographical region with characteristics uniqueto that region. Different regions have similar handicrafts (i.e. carvings). Medicinal plants
bestride wide regions with similar climatic conditions, e.g. Prunus africana is found in
Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Cameroon and may be in other countries, the resources are moreor less the same as in other countries wide spread.
Industrial design
They are features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornamentation applicable to an article.
Traditional culture is full of designs, motifs, emblems, patterns and other cultural objects.
These cultural products have a significance attached to their use. Designs deal only with what
the eye sees – not function. This form of protection is thus limited. It does not deal with thefunction of the resource.
Why protect TK?
TK is protected in order to:> enable indigenous communities share in the benefits of their resources> prevent biopiracy> prevent abuse of cultural artifacts> prevent desecration of shrines
Forms of protection
TK can be protected in the following forms:> Defensive (negative) protection - Prohibits abuse of TK> Offensive (positive) protection - Facilitates communities to benefit from TK
Positive protection
Positive protection includes:> Use of existing IP laws where appropriate> Contracts (including MTA)
> Bio-cultural protocols> Sui generis legislation
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Defensive protection
Defensive protection includes:> Secrecy> Enforcing disclosure requirements e.g. Certificates of origin, Prior Informed Consent> Use of Databases e.g. Traditional Chinese Medical Database, Tulalip tribes of
Washington, TKDL of Ayurveda.
International legal frameworks
The following are examples of International legal frameworks that protect TK:> CBD – art 8(j) – traditional knowledge> TRIPS art. 27(3) (b) – sui generis system> Nagoya Protocol – genetic resources> Swakopmund Protocol
Sui generis protection
Examples of countries with Sui generis protection systems are as follows:> The Philippines Indigenous People's Rights Act 1997 recognizes community rights ofindigenous people and sets to allocate benefits to communities> South Africa's Intellectual Property Amendment Bill, 2007: Seeks to integrate TK in
conventional IP regimes, seeks to amend - the Performers' Protection Act, 1967; the
Copyright Act, 1978; the Trade Marks Act, 1993; and the Designs Act, 1993, create anational framework to administer the protection system; a National Council for
Traditional Intellectual Property, a National Database for Traditional Intellectual
Property, a National Trust Fund for Traditional Intellectual Property, to administer
income derived from the exploitation of TK.
> Kenya - Constitution of Kenya, 2010 Act. 11(2)(c) & 40(5): The State shall promote theintellectual property rights of the people of Kenya for moveable and immoveable
property. EMCA 1999 makes provisions on ABS.
> Land Mawe project in Baringo Kenya for the Aloe Vera plant was a contract between
community, investor, and Government. The investor was to put up a factory to process
products from Aloe vera, pay farmers for their raw material, build/improve social
facilities (schools, hospitals, churches) in the area, and avail products of Aloe vera. On theother hand, the Community was to grow, nurture and sell the crop to the Investor. The
project is sustainable as government would have created jobs and a better environment
around the people and ABS is guaranteed.

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GROUP WORK AND REPORTS

QUESTIONSANSWERS

1. In which ways aremodern IPRs unsuitablefor protecting traditional
knowledge?

> They mostly protect individuals rather than the communities> They are foreign based hence not suitable in African context> It is difficult to explain the nature of TK> TK is inherited, hence becomes difficult to be captured in incremental
novelty> In TK there is no: Absolute ownership, Commercial philosophy,
Application of scientific principles and thus cannot pass some of theessential requirements of IPRs
> TK is passed from generation to generation: Continuous: Modern IPRs
are time-bound2. Identify various forms
of TK from yourcountries/communities> Orthopedic therapy, dental care, rainmaking, food preservation
Traditional farming methods, plant materials, fire making, beautification,
dances, songs, land management and conservation, facing challenges
to make resilient fertilizers.
> Language – music drama dance, herbal medicine, rituals, norms,
communication science specific to different areas e.g. how to stop ataxi, form of dressing, religions or spiritual, hierarchies in various
communities, empirical, dreams and interpretations, food and drink.
> Curative: Herbal medicines, Orthopedic therapy, Spiritual healing, Dental
care, Food processing, Traditional farming, Fire making, Beautification,
Folklore.

3. Should the
Swakopmund Protocol be
the Prototype for National
legislations?

> Yes, it covers wide knowledge on IP, biopiracy, cross borders but has tobe modified to be across borders for Aripo to put into legislation.
> There is need to domesticate the protocol to suit indigenous national
TKs

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4. How does the
Swakopmund Protocol
navigate the challenges
associated withprotection of TK using
current forms of IPR?

> The framework can be used but they have to make the legislature for
their own country.
> It can accommodate most of the issues we are concerned with; develop
Africa, setting of our tradition; Arusha was given as an example of aplace where people are going for Traditional Medicine but some quacks
may be damaging the lives of people, so restrictions and sanctions
should be settled to sue for damages.
> Recognizes the diversity of TKs and provides a good framework foranalysis and further deliberation.

4.4.4 Concepts and Principles of Benefit Sharing: The Nagoya Protocol andSwakopmund Protocol
Prof. Moni Wekesa, Dean, School of Law, Mount Kenya University, Nairobi Campus
Introduction to Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS)
Originating from the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity,
the terms access and benefit sharing stem from the unequal
distribution of biodiversity throughout the world, the desire bybiodiversity-poor but technology-rich industrialized countries
to have continued access to these resources, and the concern of
biodiversity-rich but technolog y-poor developing
countries to benefit from exploitation of theirProf. Moni Wekesa
resources. Sectors involved in natural resource management
Member, ATPS Kenya Chapter
such as water, mining, forests, wildlife and fisheries are now
embracing the concepts of access and benefit sharing as a way of spreading the costs andbenefits of using and conserving ecosystems and their resources across actors.
Learning Objectives
Prof Wekesa described the learning objectives of Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS). These
included to:> clarify some of the terminologies regularly used within the context of ABS> introduce the concepts and principles which underpin the concept of ABS> provide a brief overview of the actual status of international negotiations regarding ABS> explain the relationship between the Nagoya Protocol and other international frameworks
such as the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants;
Antarctic Treaty System; the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; Trade
Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights; and the World Intellectual Property
Organization> ensure participants understand that alternative access and benefit sharing mechanisms
exist within other international frameworks

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The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) provides for Access and Benefit Sharing ofgenetic resources. This is premised on the need to conserve biodiversity. The Convention
therefore recognizes three main principles of ABS. These include:> Prior Informed Consent (PIC)> Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT)> Fair and Equitable Sharing (FES)
These principles are echoed in the Nagoya Protocol. The SWAKOPMUND protocol alsomentions these but with reference to traditional knowledge.
Principles of ABS
ABS runs on 3 key principles. These include:> Prior Informed Consent (PIC): This entails acquiring the explicit permission of aprovider country's government before access takes place, upon truthful declaration andfull disclosure of the intended use of a resource. Each member state may formulateconditions under which prior informed consent is to be granted. Prior informed consent at
a local level, for example from indigenous communities, is not a CBD requirement, but it is
implied.
> Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT): These are terms which commonly stipulate the legal
requirements for acquisition, permitting arrangements, supply restrictions and theconditions for benefit sharing.
> Fair and Equitable Benefit Sharing: This requires user countries to negotiate agreementswith provider countries where access to genetic resources is rewarded through monetaryand non-monetary means. Monetary rewards may be in the form of upfront or milestone
payments, royalties on net sales or licensing agreements, these terms will vary according tocountry.
Tools of ABS
Prof Wekesa stated that the objectives of learning the Tools of ABS were to:> provide a basic understanding of the concept of the particular situation and needs of the
agricultural sector> provide a basic understanding of the background to the International Treaty on Plant
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture> instil a working knowledge of the standard material transfer agreement and associatedprocesses> review the evolving ABS policy framework in specific African countries pursuant to the
CBD> outline the general legal process for ABS> provide an overview of African countries that have signed the Nagoya Protocol
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International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources in Agriculture
The International treaty in Agriculture has a framework for sustainable use of plant genetic
resources for food and agriculture. Access and benefit sharing is for limited crops. There is anagreement on standard material transfer; the terms are standardized, there is no need forindividual negotiation, there is no fear of being taken advantage of and the enforcement is bya neutral body. The agreement facilitates production of a new variety and more materials canbe produced then the new one can be commercialized and the money goes back to the treaty
to provide support to; where the materials came from.
Country case studies on ABS
Kenya
The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (EMCA) created the National
Environment Management Authority (NEMA) in 1999. The rules on ABS exist based on
CBD and Bonn Guidelines. The Ministry of Gender, Culture and Social Services licenses
traditional healers. But there is no co-ordination between the ministry and NEMA inconservation of genetic resources.
Seychelles
Seychelles has an Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing Bill aimed at taking care of
their marine environment and to encourage and develop research in genetic resources.
Tanzania
ABS in wildlife conservation: The Tanzanian wildlife policy was approved in 1998. It
advocates for the participation of local communities in the conservation of wildlife resources
and in the sharing of accruing benefits. The vision of the wildlife sector in Tanzania is to;promote fair and equitable sharing of benefits and promote sustainable utilization of wildlife
resources.
South Africa
The 2004 Biodiversity Act promulgated for fair and equitable sharing. In April 2008, the ABS
rules involved Stakeholders including landowners and indigenous communities. Benefitsharing was to involve both stakeholders as the Act stipulates what forms the contents ofBenefit-sharing agreements. The Minister is empowered to approve agreements including
MTAs and Bio-prospectors.

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·

·

·

·

·

·

·

·

What is considered a national competent authority?

Do governments involve the communities before giving authority toinvestors?

What is the knowledge basis of; for example, traditional healers to share
information; who may register it?

How does the protocol relate to the AU?

IPR protects in countries where it is registered or has cooperating
channels, if one came and took TK and replicated it, what would happen
to them?

If my country is not under Aripo - How will an African country who wants
to join it go about the issue?

How do you ensure that the other party coming to the community will not
exploit the community?

How will the investors take serious the IP issue?

In Kenya; Nema, Kenya Forest services, KWS are going head to head,
what is the way forward?

What is the role of national government in the protocol, what is expectedof the member of state to do?

·

·

·

·

·

·

·

·

·

·

·

·

Concept ownership, in Africa, means one thing whereas in the modern
society another. There is no absolute ownership in Africa, how do weharmonize the concepts?

r and not much on

If a nation commits itself to the swakopmund protocol then they have todeliver on it.
They ratify and domesticate the protocol

There have been walls with the different organizations and the policies
need to be harmonized and have them working toward the same goal.

The protocol is between the nations, the understanding that they have.

The country has to register to be under Aripo.

One will solve the case at WTO

AU is broader in scope and swakopmund is newe
biopiracy.

The TH should register. Being territorial, the country will have control in
the particular country it is registered. We should accept that it is bound tobe shared.

It is usually handled by different offices in the government. The
government should come up with the authority to know how they all
benefit from TK.

Owning the property on behalf of others. The benefits approved from it go
to members of the community.

ANSWERS·QUESTIONSQUESTIONS, COMMENTS AND REMARKSGROUP WORK
The participants broke into groups to discuss the following questions:
1. Discuss the principle of ABS in relation to the SAN HOORDIA PLANT. The SAN
PEOPLE (BOTSWANA, NAMIBIA, SOUTH AFRICA)> Own knowledge on the hoordia plant> Have used this knowledge for centuries> Appetite suppressant> Medicine for obesity> CSIR registered patents> Commercialized internationally
2. Is traditional medicine “witchcraft”
REPORTS FROM GROUP WORKQUESTION 1: Discuss the principle of ABS in relation to
the SAN HOORDIA PLANT
GROUP 1Key Observations from the Case study> CSIR included Hoordia gordonii in project without
knowledge or prior informed consent of the San people
contravening the principles of sui generis> The patenting process is subject to abuse by CSIR. The
plant presents a lot of opportunities for the benefit of
the San people but with limited access to benefit
sharing due to exclusive IPR claimed by CSIR in thepatentInternal strengths of the San to increase access andbenefit sharing> Recognition as custodians of the body of TK associatedwith Hoordia by agreement> Presence of SASC as negotiating agency mandated torepresent the San in Botswana and Namibia> Indigenous knowledge on use of Hoordia as
suppressant for hunger
Internal weaknesses of the San> Inadequate negotiating capacity that gave CSIR an
upper hand: exclusivity clause, low percentage ofroyalties (6%)> Inability for collaboration with other potential investors
due to exclusive rights transferred to CSIR
> Low capacity for active engagement in bio-prospecting
in collaboration with CSIR without engaging otherparties> Vulnerability to bio-piracy since prior informed consent
is not sought by CSIR
Opportunities> Portfolio balance of the patents claims good for risk
management and increasing benefits to the San peopleat fixed percentage> Access and benefit sharing agreement with royalties of
6 % and milestone income of 8 % a good start for theSan

QUESTION 2: Is traditional medicine “witchcraft”> Witchcraft has been defined as 'abuse of
traditional medicine' and hence has negative
connotations; the term witchcraft is regarded asabusive itself
Affirmative nomenclature uses 'spiritual healing' as analternative positive connotation of the term 'witchcraft' andthe two are no longer considered as synonymous. Thus
witchcraft is applied necessarily to inflict harm or evenhomicide on intended victims, while spiritual powers areapplied for example in rain making, fighting enemies,
treatment of fractures, foretelling the future or arresting
imminent future bad omens.

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> Application of best practice procedures in plantcollection good for sustainability> Collaboration in future prospecting> High market growth due to increasing global concern
for obesity: opportunities for international trade> Opportunities for additional benefits for the San fromadditional trade in raw harvested materials not coveredby the CSIR patents> Opportunities for packaging of non-patented products inform of bars, herbal pills and beverages
Threats> Exclusivity clause in the agreements tantamount tomonopoly, limits future negotiation opportunities> Withdrawal of hoordia licensees from the businessstalling hoordia development> Limited opportunities for further partnerships due toappropriation of exclusive rights to CSIR
CSIR's attempt to do research on the Hoordia gordonii
without prior consent or knowledge of the San is precedentfor possible future exploitation and bio-piracy
How can access and benefit sharing opportunities to the
San be increased?
> Engage independent IPR expert and/or international
advocacy agency in further negotiations on theappropriation ratios for the San (6 % still low: others in
the Southern countries are using 51 % for the TK
owners/custodians)> Increase capacity building for the San for increased
awareness creation, and skills in bio-prospecting> Benefits should be shared in proportion to the stocklevels among the three countries where the San live
> Examine the possibility for rescinding the CSIR
agreement/patent or at least the exclusive rights clauseso that the San gain higher negotiating leverage byengaging other institutions to compete with CSIRGROUP 2
> Revoke the patent> Draft a contractual agreement with all parties.
> Engender legislative framework in the 3 countries basedon the Swakopmund Protocol> Commercialization.
GROUP 3
> Joint ownership and negotiations for compensationaccording to Nagoya> Once they have made Nagoya and Swakopmund into
country legislatives, then they can take them into task
according to law to make sure that the San people
benefit (Trans-boundary challenge - harmonize amongst
the countries, SADC).

GROUP 4> It is under tradition knowledge> There are good practices and bad practices> No: But the traditional medicine can be used topractice witchcraft!
> Witchcraft is the use of magic or herbs to do badupon others or just benefit self through unclear
means!!
> Traditional medicine is the use of herbs orpractices to heal or bring about good to otherpeople!
> Alleged use of supernatural power to do bad
deeds> Witchcraft exists all over the world.
> It was used to teach children to grow up morally
upright with the fear that if they do something
wrong, something will happen to them

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GROUP 5
Principles> SAN People were entitled to benefit sharing from
Hoordia plant> At the time when plant products were commercialized,
there were protocols compelling benefit sharing like CBD
conventions, Nagoya, Swakopmund.
> SAN people ended not benefiting from profit-sharing> Once they have domesticated Nagoya and Swakopmund
can negotiate for benefit sharing of profits from thecommercialization of the plant products.
> If negotiations fail, the patents can be challenged andcancelled.

4.4.5> No: traditional medicine has positive connotation, while
witchcraft has negative connotations.
> Witchcraft is abuse of traditional knowledge,
herbs and spirits to cause harm.
> Traditional medicine is the use of herbs andtraditional practices to heal or cure diseases.

Nagoya and Swakopmund Protocols
Ms. Millicent Ligare, Mount Kenya University, Nairobi Campus, Moi Avenue

The Nagoya Protocol
According to Ms. Ligare, the Nagoya protocol was adopted at
the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties on 29th
October 2010, in Nagoya, Japan. It advances the Convention on
Biological Diversity's (CBD) third objective by providing astrong basis for greater legal certainty and transparency for bothproviders and users of genetic resources. Nagoya has
been premised on the basis of it being a legally binding
Ms. Millicent Ligare
instrument, linked to the idea of promoting a more genuine
Member, ATPS Kenya Chapter
consensus. Nagoya Protocol does not provide significantly
more detail than the original CBD text. Protocol creates a dedicated forum for addressing andresolving the myriad challenges around access to genetic resources. It creates some form ofobligation for countries to consider policing the use of genetic resources in terms ofcompliance with commitments to providers. It does not add so much on the CBD but gives
the legal authority to the countries.
The Swakopmund Protocol
The Protocol defines traditional knowledge as any knowledge originating from a local or
traditional community. That is the result of intellectual activity and insight in a traditional
context, including know-how, skills, innovations, practices and learning, where the knowledge
is embodied in the traditional lifestyle of a community, or contained in the codified
knowledge systems passed on from one generation to another. The term shall not be limited
to a specific technical field, and may include agricultural, environmental or medical
knowledge, and knowledge associated with genetic resources on the protection of Traditional
Knowledge and Expressions of Folklore within the Framework of the African Regional
Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO). It was adopted on 9 August 2010 (Harare). It
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was signed by nine ARIPO member states, namely, Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho,
Liberia, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Any state that is a member of theAfrican Union or the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa may also sign up to
the Protocol. It affirms the principle that traditional or local communities are the custodiansof their TK, its associated GRs and TCEs, and empowers them to exercise rights over theirknowledge and resources. It provides the necessary tools to prevent the ongoingmisappropriation of traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions in Africa. It
recognizes the need to respect, recognize and protect Africa's abundant multi-ethnic
character, as well as its rich cultural heritage and TK. It articulates and amplifies the shared
position of African countries relating to collective or community rights and the sharing of
benefits accruing from the commercial exploitation of their biological resources, TK and
TCEs.
4.4.6

Bioprospecting and BiotradeProf. Moni Wekesa, Dean, School of Law, Mount Kenya University, Nairobi Campus
Prof. Wekesa noted that the objectives of the training on
bioprospecting and biotrade were to:> expose participants to the concept and characteristics ofbioprospecting and biotrade> explore approaches adopted towards benefit sharing within
the biotrade context> highlight recent developments with the Nagoya Protocol
and their relevance to biotradeProf. Moni Wekesa
Member, ATPS Kenya Chapter

Bioprospecting
Biodiversity Act recognizes land owners and communities as stakeholders. Bioprospecting
entails exploration of biodiversity for commercially valuable genetic and biochemical
resources. World Conservation Union puts it as research, collection and utilization of
biological and genetic resources for purposes of applying the knowledge derived therefrom
for scientific or commercial purposes. The 2004 Biodiversity Act recognizes land owners andcommunities as stakeholders. Bioprospectors must therefore seek permission fromstakeholders and guarantee that benefits are shared with them.
Biotrade
There is commercial collection, processing and sale of products from biodiversity, e.g.
> Devils claw tubers for pharmaceuticals> Gum arabic for food industry
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> Argan oil for cosmetics industry
Biotrade is poorly developed in Africa and stakeholders rarely benefit from it, for example theLandmawe case in Kenya. The plant Prunas africanas fetches about 200m USD annually forpharmaceutical companies outside Africa. In Kenya's Shimba hills, a plant having an agent forcuring cancer was picked to make products for curing cancer.
Prof Wekesa encouraged the participants to learn more on the knowledge we have in Africa
as we have untapped source of information in biotrade and bioprospecting yet it is not
exploited.

COMMENTS/QUESTIONRESPONSE

Lesotho had a culture where the women belonged toeveryone after their husband died and they would be given
some liquid to take to fatten them, which was later used tomake medicine that helped patients with AIDs to add
weight. The community is not benefiting from it. How can
one deal with cross borders biopiracy?

The government has powers to make contracts andagreements and it is upon them to do just that.

Bioprospecting is as it is because trading, marketing andconservation take long procedures yet people want to takeshortcuts hence the nation loses out. Research should be
encouraged not referred to as biopiracy. With the treatiesthat are in place we know that we have rights. The Nigeria
case where the researcher wrote a paper and someone
used knowledge from it was not biopiracy. The conflict lies
between trade control, marketing and application of thelegislature.

The products from research should benefit the society that
IP looks out for the community, to get something for theirinformation and not to have one millionaire.

COMMENTSIn Swazi, old women who stay alone and have no one to help them are killed stating that they killed their children. There arerituals performed that the knowledge is not shared with others, and said that Africa should write books on their rich culture
but it is kept secret as it should not be given to all.
On research ethics for TH and which has benefits operant to the TH, the Botswana look down on a particular sub tribe anduse the people to run errands and aren't paid anything for their services.
Bioprospecting and Biotrading is like when the MPs in Zimbabwe resisted circumcision as they claimed that the fore skin istaken to the laboratories and is amplified and creams and skin generating products are manufactured from them.
My organization stopped getting funds and exploitation carried the order of the day. It then took the CSR, National level,
policy level and the organization to change the policy of the institution.
In Kenya, the western culture is aped more and there is a tendency to forget the African culture. No one wants to be seen
taking traditional medicine hence we lose the knowledge on it and the next generation does not have an opportunity to learn
from the older generation. There is a need to find means to conserve the knowledge lest it be exploited.
Witch hunting is not coined from Africa but Europe; it has not been developed to be a big picture. He urged the otherparticipants to combine different tools and look into the area to enhance development in Africa. Indigenous knowledge entails
a lot and should be integrated in the curriculum. He said that before we take up the westernized version, we should take up
the African one too.
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4.4.7 Zimbabwe Camp Fire: A Case Study
Darlington Ndlovu, IDS/UZ, Research Assistant, Harare, Zimbabwe
Mr. Ndlovu presented the case of Zimbabwe Camp fire notingthat the project is based on conservation of resources inparticular game reserves so that they can be tamed and be usedas valuable resources. The communities get 80% of theproceeds derived from the project. He stated that the challenge
they have is that its sustainability depends on other bodies.

Darlington Ndlovu
Member, ATPS Zimbabwe Chapter

4.4.8 Patent Registration
Mr. Stanley Atsali, Patent Examiner and Head, Traditional Knowledge and Genetic Resources
Unit, Kenya Industrial Property Institute (KIPI), Nairobi
According to Mr. Atsali, patents are documents that offer
exclusive rights to a patent holder on his/her product orprocess. He informed the audience that most patents comefrom universities, and gave an example of the Michigan State
University which has patents that are more than those of theentire Africa. He said that all patent agreements should have aclosure agreement with interest to the community. He said that
Africa was awakening, and urged everyone to be like theMr. Stanley Atsali
Maasai morans who take the prey from the lion. He also cited
Member, ATPS Kenya Chapter
an example with the snake bite remedy, which he urged
researchers to identify the resources then carry out tests on it and then make a patent out of it.
Patent requirements
Describing the requirements for a patent, Mr. Atsali noted that a good patent must have; agood title, abstract, disclosure, area, background - what is there, what is not and then thesolution. Then one should link the claim to the title and add characteristics of the patent. He
stated that patent protection is given for 20 years; afterwards, it becomes available for use byanyone. He asked the participants a question that should linger in their minds: “How many
patents are available?” He said that the patent comes with conditions that if an application is
given, it should be able to work after four years.

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QUESTIONANSWER

Does Kenyan law patent TK and how does it apply?

Under Kenyan law we can protect Traditional Healers(TH) as long as one shows how they do it; using
utility model which looks at the knowledge andwhether there is industrial use for it.

What are the financial implications for thecommunities in relation to ABS?

The community benefits; patents being expensive,
there is a maintenance fee, if one knows there is nocommercial value, think twice about handing it in.
Technology transfer offices are in place inuniversities, they should assess if they havecommercial value. One can start contractual gains
with different bodies and gain from their inventions.

The patenting of plant – active ingredients comingfrom plants; can one patent an organism?

One can have several protections for several things,
a trademark, patent, etc. depending on one's needs.

Factoring the community rights in the community,
having a disclosure, what can be done if theprocedure legally requires the community?

Outsiders come in to exploit our resources, somepatents are pathetically written with no considerationon the Traditional Healers; the processes need to berethought as it is the link point to repackage TK to themodern environment. The institutions are key to theissue of the mechanisms put in place to integrate TK
with classical knowledge. The cost of patenting canbe high and tiring.

When applying for patent is the model part of theapplication?

Other than patents, there are utility patents and there
are models used to determine whether it is a patentor not.

4.4.9

Work plans for National Chapter IP Programmes on Public Awareness on
Traditional Knowledge and Access and Benefit Sharing for 2012

UGANDA
Prof. Joseph Obua, Regional Coordinator, Lake Victoria Research Initiative (VicRes), The Inter University Council for East Africa
Preamble
Uganda is one of the ATPS Chapters implementing the IP
programme under the ATPS Phase VI Strategic Plan (2008 –2012). The 2012 Work Plan is anchored on the need to recognize
traditional knowledge systems and to increase access to benefit
sharing (ABS) as part of the wider effort to protect intellectual
property.
Prof. Joseph Obua
Member, ATPSUganda Chapter

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Goal
To build on the achievements made during the year 2011 with a view to increasing ATPS'
contribution in strengthening IP Policy and Legal Framework in Uganda.
Objectives of the planned activities including sharing of information on the importance andrelevance of TK and IP in Uganda. Throught the IP programme, the chapter will also seek todemonstrate linkages between IPR and ABS and also provide evidence-based policy
guidance.
The strategies/methodologies proposed by the chapter to ensure that the success of theactivities include:i. Breakfast meeting and consultative dialogue: to sensitize and increase awareness on IK and
IPR in Uganda (target group include Members of Parliament sitting on the Science andTechnology Committees)ii. Dialogue with and Training of civil society organizations
iii. Sensitization and Training of IK and IPR Practitioners and Users
iv. Sensitization, collaboration with and involvement of the MediaSWAZILAND
Prof. P.S. Dlamini, Prof. N.A. Sukati, Prof. P.E. Zwane, Prof. A.M. Dlamini, Dr. R.L. Vilakati, Dr.
M. A. Dube, Ms. Queen Matsebula
Background
Swaziland is party to many IPRs agreements, such as TRIPs andConvention of Biological Diversity (CBD). The challenge is inoperationalizing these agreements for national concerns such as
food security, poverty alleviation, economic development,
biodiversity and health.
However, more challenging is balancing the national
Prof. P. E. Zwane
aspirations with community and private rights. In Swaziland,Member, ATPS Swaziland Chapter
there are no laws on Traditional Knowledge (TK), despite
having participated in the development of the TK protocol. On legislation, the national IPR
has legislation on trademarks and industrial designs which include copyright and related
rights. One of the major challenges faced by the public in Swaziland is the lack of awarenesson the importance of TK and ABS issues in economic development.
Purpose and Objectives
The overall aim of the project is to create public awareness on TK and ABS issues in order tofacilitate the establishment of laws on TK and ABS, based on the Swakopmund Protocol.
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Specifically, the project is meant to:> Sensitize the public on TK and ABS.
> Improve access to information on TK and ABS.
> Develop a broad understanding on the need to integrate ABS in innovation strategies andbusiness planning> Enhance the protection of TK and ABS achievements through increased registration ofrights> Facilitate the drafting of laws for the protection of TK from infringements and biopiracy.
> Enhance intellectual property management and licensing
Methodology
Public awareness on TK and ABS would be created using print, audio and electronic media.
> Phone-in programmes through radio and television will be established. Articles on TK
will be written in newspapers.
> Brochures on TK will be developed and distributed around the country.
> Open lectures will be conducted to educate the public on TK and ABS.
> Awareness workshops, seminars, focus groups and round table discussions for different
stakeholders.
> Individual consultative meetings with policy makers.
List of Stakeholders> Association of Swaziland Theatre Groups> Association of Christian Artists in Swaziland (ACASWA), Swaziland Arts and Music
Association (SWAMA), Media Association> Umdlandla writers, Author's Association of Swaziland> Traditional Healers Association> Royal Swaziland Police> Swaziland Revenue Authority (Customs) Officials> Swaziland Standards Authority (SWASA)> Swaziland Enterprise Development Company> Vocational Institutions (MITC, SITC, NITC etc.),> Researchers, Tertiary Education Institutions or academia, home-industry businesses.
> Government ministries (Environment, Health, Agriculture, Natural Resources, Sports
Youth and Culture, Information Technology and Communication, Justice),> Royal Science and Technology Park, National Trust Commission, NGO's, Farmer's
Union, Association of Plant Breeders and Gene Pool.

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Conclusion
Public awareness will aid the stakeholder's involvement in giving input towards thedevelopment of a policy framework on TK and ABS.
ETHIOPIA
Mr. Wondwossen Belete, Ag. National Coordinator, Director of Intellectual Property Protection andTechnology Transfer, Ethiopian Industrial Property Organization (EIPO)

Mr. Wondwossen Belete
Coordinator, ATPS Ethiopian Chapter

Legal framework
The law for the protection of Plant Breeders' rights (2006) gives
farmers the right to:> save, use, exchange and sell farm saved seed or propagating
material of farmers' varieties> use protected varieties including materials obtained fromgene banks to develop farmers' varieties> save, use, multiply and process farm saved seeds ofprotected varieties

The law on Access to Genetic Resources and Community Knowledge (2006) gives local
communities the rights to:> regulate access to their community knowledge> use and exchange their genetic resources and knowledge> share the benefits arising out of the utilization of their genetic resources and community
knowledge
The Administrative framework> Institute of Biodiversity conservation responsible for the administration of the law onaccess to genetic resources and community knowledge> Ethiopian Intellectual Property Office responsible for IP policies including those which
relate to the protection of TK> Ministry of Agriculture responsible for plant breeder's rights and farmers' rights related
issuesMembership in International Treaties> Convention on Biodiversity> International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture> Agreed to the African Model Law on Community Farmers' and Plant Breeders' Right andAccess to Biological resources.
> Negotiating to join the World Trade Organization (TRIPS Agreement)
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Challenges
Despite the laws, existence of administrative agencies and membership to international
treaties, the problems of TK holders persist in Ethiopia. Key challenges include:> Misappropriation of the knowledge by outsiders> TK holders do not get fair benefit from the exploitation of their knowledge> Erosion of traditional practices due to increasing dominance of modern knowledge in
different sectors> Lack of interest by the young people to acquire the knowledge and carry on with thetraditional practices> Low level of awareness about the nature of traditional knowledge and its significant rolein the socioeconomic life of the people
In order to address these challenges, the following suggestions have been made for the key
stakeholders in the country:> Policy makers - should commit to integrating traditional knowledge in the relevant
government policies.
> Researchers - should commit to creating a mutually beneficial relationship with theholders of traditional knowledge.
> Local communities - should commit to the protection of TK for the purposes of
economic, environmental, social and other values.
> The media - should commit to the dissemination of proven information on TK and its
role in the development of the economy.
Objectives of the plan
1. Contribute to evidence-based policy making for the protection of traditional knowledge
and the establishment of an effective access and benefit sharing regime in Ethiopia byproviding the necessary information for consideration of policy makers.
2. Equip traditional knowledge holders and traditional communities with the necessary
information and encourage their active participation in the formulation of national
policies
3. Create a network of policy analysts, researchers, representatives of civil society
organizations, the private sector and policy makers for sustained policy dialogue on the
key issues of intellectual property rights, traditional knowledge and access and benefit
sharing
Expected outputs/impacts
1. Integration of intellectual property and traditional knowledge-related considerations ingovernment policies, laws and plans
2. Improved participation of stakeholders in the policy and law making process on IP andProceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 105

traditional knowledge
3. Increased numbers of public and private sector institutions and local communities withenhanced awareness about the protection of traditional knowledge and the key issues ofaccess and benefit sharing
4. A networked community of scholars, policy makers, civil society organizations andprivate sector actors who collaborate to promote the rights of traditional knowledge
holders in Ethiopia
Major activities> Identification of relevant target groups for the awareness creation activities> Preparation of awareness creation materials> Dissemination of information through electronic and print media> Deliberate on the changes required at the policy and institutional levels to strengthen
traditional knowledge systems> Draw up strategies and methods to influence policies> Discuss on findings of studies made on the situation of traditional knowledge andintellectual property rights in Ethiopia> Identify the support to be extended to TK holders to acquire, exercise, manage and enforce
their rights> Initiate the development of strategies for wider popularization activities on traditional
knowledge, genetic resources and intellectual property protection.
LESOTHO
Prof. Ramoshebi I. M. Moletsane, Mentor/Consultant, Training Skills Centre, Lesotho
In his opening remarks, Prof Moletsane informed participantsthat the election processes in Lesotho had affected theimplementation of the case study in the country. However, he
noted that the chapter had put in place the following plan ofactions:
1. A meeting in December to update members on theoutcomes of the 2011 ATPS workshop and AGM.
2. A special meeting with stakeholders on Intellectual
Prof. Ramoshebi Moletsane,
Community Property Rights (ICPR). Such meetings w i l l
Member, ATPS Lesotho Chapter
be held regularly after the elections to train others in ICPR
and involve institutions and communities in raising awareness regarding protection of
TK.

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3. Evaluate activities to find out the current position in the country and seek on how topartner with other international organizations such as the United Nations Programmes in
specific activities of interest.
4. Invite delegates to Lesotho during the next ATPS Annual Conference and workshops.
ZIMBABWE
Dr. Donald Peter Chimanikire, University of Zimbabwe, Institute of Development Studies

Dr. Donald Chimanikire
Member, ATPS Zimbabwe Chapter

Introduction
In his opening remarks, Dr. Chimanikire noted that Zimbabwe
had made commitments to ToT, TK and IP and observed thatthey have plans to revitalize the groups by including universities
as key stakeholders. He informed the audience that IP was very
active in Zimbabwe which is also the host country for the
African Regional Industrial Property Organization (ARIPO),
thus making the government very supportive to IP
issues in the country.

He proceeded to discuss the Zimbabwe IP Work Plan 2012 comprised of two components.
The first is the research in traditional knowledge and dissemination of the findings and thesecond component is the general awareness on the Intellectual Property with regard to
Traditional Knowledge.
Research Activities
The overall objective of the research project which will be carried out in 4 districts in
Zimbabwe is to contribute towards better understanding and strengthening of national
policies and the legal framework which governs TK, Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) andeffective Intellectual Property (IP) systems in Zimbabwe.
A research proposal has already been submitted to ATPS, comments were made on the
proposal and it was resubmitted. The research work is expected to comclude by March 2012.
Dissemination of findings and Awareness campaign on IP on Traditional Knowledge
For greater effect, the dissemination of findings and awareness campaign targeted thefollowing groups and institutions:
Traditional herbalists' communities – The participatory methods will entail capacity building interms of sharing information with traditional healers on national policies and legal framework
for traditional medicine (TM) practice and intellectual property rights. Dissemination
seminars of the report will have a training component.
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The wider public - The project will sensitize the public on the importance of protecting TK andtraditional medicine through the media, dissemination through posters and other appropriate
promotional materials and training of media personnel.
Key institutions - These will be involved in the research process where appropriate while
ensuring that the sharing of information and other key resources is fair and acceptable to all.
The sharing of information will also involve training in IP on traditional knowledge.
Government - A ministerial committee was set up to look into issues of IP in Zimbabwe. This
project is intended to compliment the national efforts in IP policy formulation, dissemination
and awareness. In a way this is also in response to the approaches made by the IP Office to
ATPS for technical and financial support in their efforts to come up with an IP national
strategy and Policy, which they are yet to put in writing.
MALAWI
R. Chirwa, PhD; J. Bokosi, PhD; Mloza-Banda, PhD
Dr Chirwa identified institutions and personnel ear-marked toparticipate in the intellectual property rights (IPR) program in
the Malaaawi to include all STI stakeholders such as universities,
research institutions (private, government), NGOs, District
Officers, Enviromental Officers, Agricultural Officers, andNatural Resource Manager at the district and national
levels. He noted that with the support of the National
Steering Committee members, the ATPS/BTA, thecountry will be able to review existing legislations on IPR, ABS,Dr Chirwa
Member, ATPS Malawi Chapter
and TK, and move ahead to awareness creation on the need tohave a robust policy on IPR with achievable strategies for implementation.

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KENYA
Mr. Kenneth W. Aduda and Prof. Francis B. Mwaura
Introduction
Kenya is endowed with a wealth of traditional knowledge (TK)
and traditional cultural expressions (TCE) which currently arebeing exploited at a very low level. This is even as theadministrative and legal frameworks for management ofIntellectual Property (IP) rights are already in place in the
country. Such frameworks are embedded in institutions charged
with the mandates of managing IP issues in the country such
Prof. Francis B. Mwaura
as the Kenya Industrial Property Institute (KIPI), the Kenya
Member, ATPS Kenya Chapter
Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS) and the Copyright
Board. There are existing Laws on IP and more are still being considered as a Bill in theparliament. Nevertheless, there are no laws in place currently for protection of TK and TCE.
Whereas the existing laws may be used in the meantime to protect certain aspects of TK,
however, for effective protection, TK may require development of sui-generis kind of law toprotect it given its diverse nature which comprises physical, cultural and even spiritualcomponents.
The administration of TK and TCE are being handled by NEMA, KEPHIS, andKWS.
Enactment of laws for protection of TK and TCE has been difficult given the divergent
interests of the stakeholders. Presently there is no information regarding benefit sharing ofaccessed TK and TCE.
It is therefore recommended that further research to identify the intellectual property (IP)needs and expectations of traditional knowledge (TK) holders as well as the mechanisms ofidentifying the benefits and beneficiaries of TK Protection should be carried out. There
should be proper documentation of TK and cultural expressions (TCE) and the mechanisms
on benefit sharing for accessed and commercialized TK and TCE that are known by morethan one community should be developed. A Sui-generis law for the protection of TK and
TCE should as well be developed. Again, capacity building and sensitization programs on thesubject should be intesified especially among policymakers and practitioners. Similarly,
research on the role of cultural industries for economic development in Kenya should be
carried out.
Some of the activities already ear-marked in the Chapter include:> Establishment of the regional steering committees and network in IPR (R)Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 109

> Establishment of the national steering committee and network in IP (N)> Establishment of current status of existing IP, gaps that are existing, incoherencies with
the international treaties (R)> Inventorisation of key stakeholders in IP (TK, ABS and effective IP) (N).
> Development of case studies in areas of TK and ABS (N).
> Communication strategy for the program detailing the necessary publications websites andother strategies for the dissemination of the information (R & N) (This includes policy
briefs, Newsletter booklets etc).
> Creation of awareness through capacity building at various Institutions identified as
stakeholders and training of TOTs (R & N).
> Creation of awareness at the grassroots' levels by TOTs from the Institutions that weretrained (N)(Key: R= regional, N= national)
Other activities will include regional conference, regional round tables for policy makers,
national round tables for policy makers, network activities with connectivity to programme
website.
Concluding Remarks on Session Four
The concluding remarks for Session Four were provided by the session's co-chair, Mr. Joseph
Wekundah and a representative of the IP-Regional Steering Committee, Prof Norah
Olembo.
In his part, Mr. Wekunda appreciated all the participating delegates for their active
contributions and interest in the training programme. He was optimistic that the participants
gained tremendous new knowledge on the subject matter and implored all to put to practicethe things learnt. He urged the National Coordinators to work towards the realization of their
set objectives for the year 2012 given that the IP project life would culminate in the same year.
On her part, Prof. Olembo also appreciated all participating delegates for participating. For
maximum impact, she advised that the people on ground (community members, traditional
healers, etc) should always be involved and invited for these kind of trainings so that thedeliberations are not always tilted towards scholars only.

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4.4.10Evaluation Report of the IP TOT Training Programme

Jacinta Kahi, Communications Assistant, African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)The following is an evaluation report of the IP TOT
programme. Delegates responded to specific questions andtheir perceptions about the training. Below are the collated
responses:
1. Comments on specific aspects of the traininga) Time/time management
A number of participants felt that it was good despite
Jacinta Kahi
the fact that the time was short, a lot was covered and
ATPS
they hoped that there was more time. A participant felt thatthe sessions took long to resume after the health breaks.
b) Content of the training
Most of the participants thought that the content was good, comprehensive and to the point,
there were lots of new content for some, another thought that more time was needed for its
conceptualization.
c) Trainers/facilitators
All the participants were impressed by the trainers/facilitators; they said that they did a greatjob, had mastered the subject content, and were good communicators, articulate, congenial,
lively and beautiful.
d) Training methods
The participants felt that the training methods used were quite good and most of themthought that more time should have been allocated to the group discussions. Most of themcomplained of there being not enough training manuals but explanations were given to themthat the manuals are in making.
2. What would you like us to do more?
The issue of more time for group discussions was bought up again, many of the participants
said that the training manuals were not enough, others also said that there should be more casestudy reports provided, another thought that time should have been spared for site seeing,
another felt that the reading materials be provided in advance to the training, others asked forthe materials to be sent electronically.

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 111

3. What should we do differently?
The participants asked for: more materials, more case studies on how IP regimes have been set
up in the countries that are doing better, information to be circulate in advance of theworkshops, inclusion of illustrations e.g. example of a trademark
4. Any other general comments
The participants showed their appreciation for the training, a participant requested for acertificate of attendance, another thought that government officials should be invited to suchfora, another asked for a follow up on the trainees, another asked for creation of grants andresearch into promoting understanding of indigenous knowledge systems and IP protection
and there was one who was eager to attend the next training.
Quantitative Rating of the TOT Programme
1. On a scale of 1-5; where 1=Poor and 5=Excellent, how would you rate the ToT training?
The average score on this question was 4.15 depicting that the participants rated the training
to be Very good.
2. On a scale of 1-5; where 1=not addressed and 5=fully addressed, to what extent have your fears (if any)
been addressed.
The average score was at 3.76, showing that the participants had their fears addressed
Satisfactorily
3. On a scale of 1-5; where 1=not met and 5-fully met, to what extent has your expectations been met?
The average score for this question was at 3.85 showing that the participants' expectations
were met Satisfactorily
4. What would you like us to include in the training manuals?
Most of the participants asked for more case studies, real drafts of patents, copyrights andtrademarks, to be included in the manual. Another asked for learning tours to model IP sites,
another on how government can be stimulated to take the lead in IP issues especially
identifying and ensuring patents for national inventions and discoveries
5. Suggestion for improvements?
The participants suggested as follows- More time to be given in the future; Key speakers fromsuccessful and unsuccessful IP/ABS projects be invited; IP training be organized at regional
levels especially for Francophone countries; Start an e-mailing newsletter for the trainers;
Circulate mailing addresses for all participants; Include more countries in the IP Program;
The proper steps to follow when developing a policy should be documented.

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5. International Roundtable on Effective
Strategies for Strengthening Linkages
between Policy Research andPolicymaking for African
Development
The international roundtable was chaired by Prof. Bob Orskov of the Orskov Foundations,
United Kingdom. It comprised of five panelists who made lead presentations onto which
discussions were made. The presentations are as below:
5.1

Prof. Herman Musahara, Associate Professor and Director, Directorate of Planning andDevelopment (DPD), National University of Rwanda

Professor Musahara commended the ATPS and its partners fororganizing the conference on the topical issue of linking policy
research to policymaking. He specially appreciated the caliberof papers that had been presented on the selected themes.
Narrating his experience during his University's visit to the
University of Western Ontario to investigate how they link withindustry and the rest of the community, Prof. Musahara
informed the audience that while making his remarks
Prof, Herman Musaharaon the relevance of research to policy, a lady asked him whether
Member, ATPS Rwanda Chapter
he regarded himself as a sun or a moon. Analyzing this opinion,
he noted that in linkage, we should be able to get the right mix of people in order to generate
useful knowledge. He argued that it is more important to address the gap in research, policy
linkage with respect to ability to conduct quality evidence-based policy research, ability tomake right policies, and ability to effectively implement the policies. He suggested that Africa
needed to learn from experience citing examples of developments from 1950s including
Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 113

capitalization, economic growth, technological change, human development, and more
recently the structural adjustments programmes. He maintained that as Africans, there was a
lot we could learn from the 1950 development revolutions and that we need to look at the pastand see where we have gone wrong with the aim of taking corrections and moving forward indevelopment. This we can achieve also by thinking outside the box and doing business in adifferent way, not as usual. He stated that Africa needs strong political will in order to foster
effective linkage between policy research and policymaking for African development. He
cited Rwanda as a case example where the government is now becoming supportive in issuesof STI policy research and policymaking despite all the challenges they have faced in the past.
He noted that currently in Rwanda, there has been a political environment that supports theinteraction between the policy maker, the academics and the people. This has led to thedevelopment of a clear vision, tagged vision 2030 which the entire nation believes in.
He concluded by stating that there are several challenges in the proposed linkages but
maintained that the use of homegrown solutions must be acknowledged even in the face ofthe current globalization. He cited an example where traditional methods had been used totry genocide suspects in Rwanda which looked very naive at the beginning but finally was
successful.
5.2

Dr. Chidiebere Udeh Ibe, Public Finance and Policy Consultant and Executive Director Institute for
Public Policy Analysis and Management, Abuja, Nigeria

Dr. Ibe commended the ATPS for a well chosen theme for thisyear's conference stating that it was very timely. In his opinion,
the conference highlighted re some salient points that need tobe considered in the efforts to strengthen linkages between
policy research and policymaking for African development. To
start with, he noted that policymaking was not a linear process
but a complex undertaking involving a mix of stakeholders
and different situations. He went ahead to explain that
Dr. Chidiebere Ibe
policies are not usually evidence-based as researchers would
Member, ATPS Nigeria Chapter
expect but can be based on other circumstances including
coercion. Researchers should therefore look out for opportunities that will help maximize
their research approach to link into policymaking process especially where there is a demand
for their research outputs. Researchers need to as much as possible make their researches
demand driven in order for it to make any policy impact.
Secondly, he suggested that it will be important for the research community to be able to“read” the minds of the policymakers and direct their research activities towards outputs that114 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

will aid the policymakers in making informed decisions using their research outputs. He
further stressed the need to evaluate previous research activities and outputs to be able tounderstand their contribution to effective policymaking. The evaluation will be able to direct
the line of actions and priorities of researchers and ensure that research outputs are used for
informed policy decisions. It will also show the amount of contributions by research towards
policymaking process. Dr. Ibe stressed on the need to strengthen political unity and networks
among relevant stakeholders including collaboration and knowledge sharing with other policy
and research networks within Africa and across the world so that knowledge sharing could beenhanced.
He argued that networking and collaboration among stakeholders could occur anywhere andat anytime including the type of forum provided by the ATPS in the 2011 conference andworkshops. He encouraged more interactions among key stakeholders in the linkages
especially policymakers and urged them to come forward with proactive measures to sustain
policy research and policymaking linkage.
Finally, Dr. Ibe pointed out that to ensure effective policy research for policymaking, efforts
must be made to have wide stakeholder consultations and discussions on the impacts of suchpolicies on the target audience. This is necessary in order to ensure that there are milestones
set out for any policy to achieve. He lamented that most times, policies are not effectively
implemented due to inadequate consultations with relevant stakeholders and ineffectiveplanning of the expected milestones.
5.3

Prof. Kevin Urama, Executive Director, African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS),
Nairobi, Kenya

Prof. Urama highlighted some of the strategies that could be
adopted to effectively bridge the gap between policy researchand policy making for African development. One of suchstrategies, is by strengthening boundary institutions. By this hemeant people and institutions such as the media, NGOs likethe ATPS with specialized skills, who can actually taker e s e a r ch o u t p u t s t o t h e p o l i c y m a ke r s t h r o u g hs y s t e m a t i c a d vo c a c y p r o g r a m m e s a n d c a p a c i t yProf. Kevin Chika Urama,building strategies. He noted that, researchers, most often from
Executive Director, ATPS
the universities lack the requisite skills to communicate
effectively to the policymakers and be able to win their confidence to use research outputs forpolicymaking. He again noted that there is need to use transdisciplinary knowledge in both
policy research and policymaking adding that the ATPS in liaison with other like-minded
Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 115

institutions including the African Union Commission is currently championing this course in
Africa. He supported a conference presenter who called for STI based on no-nonsense
research and policymaking - no-nonsense in the sense of clear integrity of the research that
we do and then to make sure that the policy maker is never disappointed because there is a lot
at stake. The policymakers will only pay attention to researchers that produce sensible
research.
On the issue of on social ethics, norm and our attitudes regarding the way researchers andpolicymakers relate, Prof. Urama noted that there was need for all stakeholders to learn how
to transfer their own core values, and things they deem as important as this knowledge might
be able to bridge the gap to each another (effective communication). If an audit on who-iswho in the various African research endeavors is conducted, policymakers will be able reachout to them especially when such researchers are authenticated through a formal process.
This will also reduce over reliance on external resource persons by African policymakers for
key decision making. In order to achieve this, Prof Urama informed the audience that the
ATPS had initiated and launched a biennial STI report project in Cairo in 2010 aimed atdocumenting the state of STI in Africa and identifying who is who in specific areas of STI.
This will serve as a good reference material for African governments and policymakers when
key professionals are sought for decision making.
Prof. Urama went further to state that there is need to encourage strategic alliances between
and among relevant stakeholders in the STI arena. Forging alliances with policy makers, themedia group and the civil society actors will enhance the acceptability of research results anddirect such results more to the needs of the people that it is meant to serve. While presenting
output from an ATPS research on water and environment sometime before, Prof. Urama
noted that the policymakers were not satisfied. They complained that they were not in any
way involved in the project initiation, development and implementation and hence found it
difficult to accept some of the recommendations from the work. The lesson taken from thisexperience is that researchers need to engage the policymakers as much as possible in theirresearch activities so as to win their confidence if the research findings are to make policy
impacts. Building alliances therefore remains a key strategy to achieve this linkage.
Prof. Urama concluded his presentation by calling on stakeholders to move away fromcompetition to competitiveness. This will help to strengthen their collective efforts because
collaboration builds innovation. He further stressed on the need to identify policy
champions who will most times facilitate research policy and policymaking processes. He
noted that the ATPS has been able to foster policy processes in different countries not only
because of the capacity at the Secretariat but because of the champions we have in thosecountries. In his view, through these champions and networks, effective linkage between
116 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

policy research and policymaking for Africa's sustainable development can be achieved.
5.4

Prof. Atieno Ndede-Amadi, Founder/Chief Executive Officer, Kenya Kountry B usiness Incubator

Prof. Ndede-Amadi highlighted three points in her
presentation. The first was the issue of research culture which
she argued could pose as a hindrance to the linkage being
addressed since most of the time researchers focus on efforts
that could fetch them money rather than policy relevant
research that could be used for policymaking. She stressed that
researchers should embrace time management, proper research
agenda setting, quality assurance, demand-driven andProf. Atieno Ndede-Amadi
impact oriented research. The change in the culture of businessTechnical Coordinator, AYFST
as usual in research management will enable researcherscompete favourably in the global arena.
Secondly, Prof Ndede-Amadi noted that there is great need to change the reward system forresearchers; as currently, the system does not encourage as expected: innovativeness,entrepreneurship and policy impact. The culture is to “publish or perish” hence mostresearchers strive only to publish without paying attention to other issues as mentioned above.
Finally, she explained that the ultimate user of the research results is the practitioner. She
recalled that in her time at the university, most researchers perceived research as very
expensive. In this regard, it will be necessary for other stakeholders including private sectors,
governments, policymakers and donors to work closely with the researchers and rendernecessary support to enable them conduct research at minimal costs to them. If this happens,
it will be easier to conduct demand-driven research that will solve the needs of the people andalso feed into policymaking. Researchers on the other hand will be satisfied that they arecontributing effectively to the growth and development of their economies. However, herview was that research is very cheap as sometimes it can only involves something as simple as
one standing at a junction and counting the number of cars that pass by and then basing theincrease in production on the number of cars.

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5.5

Prof. Turner T. Isoun, Member, ATPS Board of Directors and Former Honourable Minister,
Science and Technology, Federal Republic of Nigeria

Prof. Turner Isoun
ATPS Board Member

Prof. Isoun hinged on the points raised by the Vice Chancellorof the University of Nigeria, Prof. Bartho Okolo on access andquality of university education in Africa. Prof. Isoun argued
that more important to these points is the issue of relevance.
He emphasized that university education and research must be
relevant to the specific needs of the people, the community, thenation and Africa in general. He maintained that any
research that does not solve the problems of thepeople, community, nation and continent as a whole is not
relevant. This should drive the research agenda in African

universities.
Prof Isoun asserted that there was need to build on what Africa already has, citing the ICT
revolution as an example. He urged all ICT stakeholders to embrace the numerous gains fromthe technology. He called for an ICT revolution in the entire education sector in Africa thatwill enable some reforms such as long distance learning, e-learning and data management tobe easily realized. According to him, there is need to also link university research witheconomic productivity and also craft a new definition of a “professor” in Africa. This will
happen only when the university authorities revise the criteria for the promotion of aprofessor especially based on the individual's contributions to the local community. He
challenged university stakeholders to come up with reforms for an African university
professor whose work will lead to economic productivity and whose work will impact on thecommunity. This will also encourage community ownership of research that could impact onpolicy for development.
In conclusion, Prof. Isoun stressed on the need for continued capacity building ofstakeholder actors in the STI industry. He advocated capacity building and strengthening at
every level in the research, policy and practice arena. He however noted that he had observed
a steady improvement in the quality of STI being promoted in Africa but called for morevigorous efforts to sustain Africa's development through STI research, investment, supportand so on.
General Comments, Remarks and Contributions by Delegates
Overall, the general comments, remarks and contributions by delegates during theinternational roundtable emphasized the need to:> Strengthen capacities of African Researchers to address African policy needs and
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>
>
>
>

Policymakers to use research evidence in policymaking;Encourage multi-stakeholder involvement in Science, Technology and Innovation policy
research, policy making, and policy implementation processes;
Foster high moral and ethical standards in research and policymaking, learning fromexisting norms in African society;Support appropriate capacity building and Mentorship programs for African Youth and
Women to participate in STI policy research, policymaking and policy implementation.
Link research to economic productivity in Africa

Based on these needs the delegates recommended that the African Union and its member
States and other development agencies should:> Adopt and proactively support leading African institutions engaged in policy researchsuch as ATPS, FARNPAN, ACET, APHRC and facilitate their inputs into policy
processes. This is in recognition that these institutions are already leading in the various
key areas of need including STI capacity building for African Development, agricultural
policy research for attaining the food security, in the economics of transformations, andpopulation and health research for African development respectively;> Create a consolidated fund for African Policy Research and Development at continental
and national levels, recognising that “he who pays the Piper dictates the tune”;> Honour their commitment to increase their budgetary support to research anddevelopment to the recommended one percent (1%) of the GDP;
> Create favourable policy environment to promote private sector engagement in science,technology and innovation for African development;> Support existing initiatives that encourage Mentorship for active engagement of youth
and women in STI policy research, policy research and policy implementation;> Encourage the promotion and propagation of STI in the mass media; and> Encourage the appointment of STI policy advisors for national governments.

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6. Progress Review of AYFST &AWFST Climate Change Innovation
Program
As part of the ATPS research, training and communication programme, all research grantees
under the ATPS programmes are expected to provide updates of their research activities attwice during their project life span. This activity is meant to enable the researchers adjust andconform early to the expectations from their research. It provides a form of monitoring andevaluation for the grantees' research. During the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference andWorkshops in Mombasa, these grantees were convened to give the updates in two categoriesof the ATPS Climate Sense Program including the African Youth Forum for Science andTechnology (AYFST) and the African Women Forum for Science and Technology (AWFST).
The reports are given below.
6.1 Review of Grantees Progress under the African Youth Forum for Science andTechnology (AYFST)
Introduction
The Programme Coordinator Professor Atieno-Amadi in her opening speech welcomed all
the grantees and participants to the AYFST Grantees review workshop. She emphasized on
the agenda of reviewing the progress work of the grantees whilst giving feedbacks andconstructive critiques that would enhance the research work of the grantees. Overall fourteenout of the fifteen AYFST grantees were present, and presented their progress report.

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6.1.1The Integration of Conservation Agriculture to Agro-forestry as an
Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change
Sekaleli Ts'epo, Lesotho

Mr. Sekaleli enumerated the challenges confronting
agricultural production in the Mafeteng District ofLesotho. This included drought, high pest and disease
infestation, increasing rates of soil erosion and consequent soil
fertility decline, short growing season due to late rainfall which
has contributed to low agricultural production coupled with
reduced household income subjecting communities to highlevels of poverty and very limited livelihood option.
Sekaleli Ts'epo
He was of the view that there was dearth of information about
AYFST Grantee
the potential of agro-forestry and conservation agriculture
systems as adaptation strategy to climate change in Mafeteng district of Lesotho.
Against this background, his study assessed the overall response of farmers in the following
age categories: (15-25), (26-35), (36-45), (46-55) and (>50) to climate change and its impact on
their livelihoods. Farmers in these age categories actively participate in agricultural production
hence their response to climate change formed the basis of this study.
The study also assessed the potential of three agricultural systems namely; agro-forestry,
conservation agriculture and conventional agriculture to climate change adaptation coupledwith their soil fertility statuses in order to get a clear picture of the productivity potential of
the three agriculture systems.
Using structured questionnaire and soil property lab analysis, the result revealed that about
93% of farmers were aware of climate change and its impacts. Observable Consequences ofclimate change as reported by farmers included reduction in crop yield, shortened growing
season, prolonged drought and heavy rains, soil erosion and low quality of crops. The results
also revealed that conservation agriculture had the highest soil fertility, followed by agroforestry and conventional agriculture.
He concluded that climate change does have a significant impact on the livelihoods offarmers. Though farmers have developed own local strategies to adapt though such have nothelped enough in reducing the impact of climate change. He recommended the integration ofconservation agriculture to agro-forestry as an adaptation strategy to climate change.

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6.1.2

Design and Analysis of a 1MW Grid-Connected Solar PV System in Ghana
Ebenezer Nyarko Kumi, The Energy Center, KNUST, Kumasi-Ghana

Mr. Kumi presented a progress report of his research project
aimed at designing a 1MW grid-connected solar photovoltaic
system for Kwame Nkrumah University of Science andTechnology (KNUST), Ghana using the roofs of buildings
and car parks as platforms. The project also aimed at analyzing
the technical and financial performances of the technology
based on the results of simulation software packages. To
develop a standard procedure for the development of
Mr. Ebenezer Kumi
institutional large scale grid-connected solar PV systems, he
AYFST Grantee
conducted a pre-feasibility analysis which looked at the area
required, suitability of roofs of buildings and car parks for orientation, pitch, shading effects,
etc. He also tested developed procedure in the design of a 1MW grid-connected solar PV
system in KNUST-Ghana. Following this, the performance of the 1MW grid-connected solar
PV system was simulated using suitable software packages, and conducting technical as well as
financial analysis based on the software simulation results.
His preliminary results revealed that 73% of the roofs assessed were Gable roof, whilst 24%
were flat roof with 3% being hipped roof contributing to a total surface area of 48,000 m2.
The result also revealed a low financial viability of the project looking at the current cost ofelectricity and initial investment cost. From the technical analysis, the performance ratio ofthe design was estimated to be 73% making the design an efficient one.
He concluded that lessons learnt from the design of the 1MW grid connected system will be
used to update the draft procedure developed at the beginning of the project and the updated
procedure can then be used to replicate projects of this nature in other institutions.

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6.1.3

Detailed Measurements of Vehicular Carbon Footprints Emissions
Concentration Level in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria

Francis Okelola Olumayokun, Center for Climate Change and Fresh Water Resources (CCCFR), Federal
University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

Francis Okelola Olumayokun
AYFST Grantee

Mr. Olumayoku's presentation revealed preliminary findings of
his research on the measurements of vehicular carbon
footprints emission concentration levels in selected flashpoints
spread across the road network in the city of Minna in Niger
State, Nigeria. The measurements were carried out at the peakand off peak traffic times within the city due to temporalvariations. The average emission values for the peak andoff- peak times were calculated and also represented
with the Arc-GIS software. A gasman meter was used for eachtype of gas investigated.

The results revealed the high concentration of emissions level of carbon dioxide fromvehicular emission, found to be more than the internationally accepted safe limits of its
concentration in the atmosphere. The emission levels particularly for the major greenhousegas, carbon dioxide, measured was found to deviate from the internationally accepted safe
limits of 350 parts per million in the road ambient environment.
He pointed out that, through the preliminary outcome of this research, necessary measuresfor climate change mitigation via emissions reduction were being documented even in relation
to urban and regional planning mitigation tools upon the completion of the research.

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Near Real-Time Application and Validation of a Multi-Temporal Threshold
Algorithm in Active Forest Fire Detection & Monitoring in Zimbabwe using
MSG Satellite
Tawanda Manyangadze, Saveteck Solutions, Zimbabwe

Mr. Manyangadze's presentation was based on the premisethat the application of remote sensing technique was efficientand an effective method in forest fire detection for near realtime monitoring which may contribute to the reduction of
impacts of fire. He noted that fire was a highly changing(temporal and spatial) environmental phenomenon that
required a careful validation plan. Against this background, heexamined the accuracy of the multi-temporal threshold
Tawanda Manyangadze
algorithm, in forest fire detection and monitoring, compared
AYFST Grantee
to MSG FIR-G product in Zimbabwe. The multi-temporalthreshold algorithm was developed in 2009 by Mr. Manyangadze as a student at ITC, The
Netherlands as a way of augmenting the efforts in forest fire detection and monitoring.
Using MSG 2007 and 2009 data from FIR-G and CLM and MODIS fire products, SPOT
burned area products and Multi-temporal Threshold Algorithm, the preliminary results ofthis study have shown that the multi-temporal threshold algorithm has a higher forest fire
detection rate (50.5%) as compared to MSG FIR-G product (24.1%) which uses thecontextual algorithm.
This finding is expected to give more reliable results that may give more confidence to thepotential users and any interested stakeholders in forest fire management in Zimbabwe andaround the globe.

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6.1.5Youths as the driving force behind community adaptation to climate change
in Karimama and Malanville (Benin)
Abdelaziz Lawani, Benin

Mr. Lawani presented an early stage action research project
which emphasized on the engagement of youths as a driving
force for community adaptation to climate change in Karimama
and Malanville in Benin. The research posed three key questions
which when addressed would motivate young people in thesecommunities to lead the debate on climate change andadaptation strategies in order to prevent, act and reducethe vulnerability of their communities as well as inform
Abdelaziz Lawani
researchers, policy-makers, and development actors on the
AYFST Grantee
capacity of local communities to adapt to climate change and thenature of their needs. These questions include; what is the place of young people in climatechange adaptation strategies, how do and/or will these strategies affect them and can young
people play a critical role in resilient communities?
Using participatory assessment, training and essay competition among the youth, the research
project has provided a platform for the youth to implement the priority actions. The
preliminary results demonstrated an increased level of awareness about climate change and its
impact. The youths have been placed at the center of the communities to spearhead climatechange adaptation for resilient communities. The project is working towards informing
policy-makers, researchers and NGOs about the capacity of the youths to lead local
population to adapt to climate change.
There have been some difficulties encountered by the project team but with motivation andwillingness to bring about constructive and positive impact in people's life, the project issoldiering on to contribute to building local climate change adaptation capacity.

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6.1.6

Assessing indigenous knowledge practices in relation to climate change
adaptation, food security and environmental resilience in Tigray, Northern
Ethiopia
Kiros Meles Hadgu, Institute of Climate and Society, Mekelle University, Ethiopia

Dr. Hadgu presented the empirical case of Tigray, which
demonstrated indigenous knowledge practices turning thedegraded lands into viable ecosystems capable of improving
food security as well as improving environmental resilience.
The research work identified and documented farmers'
perception on climate change and its impacts, analyzed
indigenous knowledge practices (land management andassociated practices) in response to the extreme climate
Kiros Meles Hadgu
change and variability and finally documented indigenous
AYFST Grantee
knowledge case examples of best practices for climate change
adaptation, food security improvement and environmental resilience that could be scaledup.
Through the analysis of desk information, field survey data and remote sensing data, thestudy revealed the impact of climate change and variability to include; low agricultural
productivity, food shortage and water scarcity. These impacts have contributed to reduced
livelihood of the farming communities.
However, through local adaptation practices such as small water reservoirs, destocking,mulching, crop rotation, crop diversification, soil and water conservation practices, farmers
have enhanced their coping strategies to adverse climate change impacts. There were visible
improvements in the vegetation over the years due to improved land rehabilitation andmanagement measures.

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6.1.7Developing the Capacity and Improving Access of Small-scale Farmers to
Low Cost Artificial Substrate Mushroom Cultivation in South-Eastern Nigeria
Mkpado Mmaduabuchukwu, Centre for Rural Development and Cooperatives (CRDC),
University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Mr. Mmaduabuchukwu's presentation gave an overview ofcapacity building and mentorship that sought to empower the
youth and farmers on low cost artificial substrate mushroom
cultivation in South Eastern Nigeria. He noted that the impact
of climate change and deforestation limit the quantity andquality of natural mushroom, a delicacy collected from theforest. Again, efforts to scale up the cultivation of mushroomiinnNigeria have been limited due to poor innovation
Mkpado Mmaduabuchukwu
transfer and poor capacity development. To this effect, theAYFST Grantee
study provided knowledge and skills in the cultivation of low
cost mushroom substrate to selected group of youths and farmers.
The innovation acquired included major steps of low cost mushroom production such as:
mushroom house construction, arts of making a composted substrate, pasteurization, spawn
maintenance, spawn production procedure, spawning, substrate supplementation, casing totrigger reproductive stage, watering or irrigation, monitoring the pinning processes toharvesting, harvesting and sorting and marketing. In the process of scaling, selected andtrained personnel would transfer the innovations to other farmers and interest groups.

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6.1.8

Identification and scaling-up of the Indigenous Rain Water Harvesting
Technology for Climate Adaptation and Food Security in Dry Areas; The Caseof Bahi District
Deusdedit Kibassa, Assistant Research Fellow, Ardhi University (ARU), Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania

Mr. Kibassa presented findings from his study which identified
the best indigenous technology for water harvesting in the Bahiwith the intention of scaling up of such technology. He pointed
out that the Bahi district in Dodoma region of Tanzania isamong the driest districts in the country receiving less than
400mm of rainfall coupled with the impact of climate change.
Opportunity to improve agricultural production lies inrain water harvesting potential. The study therefore
Deusdedit Kibassa
identified the indigenous rain water harvesting technologies for
AYFST Grantee
climate adaptation and food security in dry areas of Bahi
district, in Dodoma region. The study also documented sustainable indigenous knowledge
practice on climate adaptation, impact mitigation and resilience capacity building in Bahi
district based on rain water harvesting.
Using research tools such as questionnaire instruments, focus group discussion, checklist,
observation, soil samples and literature review, this study established that 15 percent of thehouseholds practice traditional rainwater harvesting. The technology involves hanging piecesof clothes on the roof end to collect and filter dust and mud particles from water drops
before they are collected in the bucket placed on the floor. This is because water collected
through flat roofs is usually muddy and dusty.
He pointed out that, water collected through rooftops made up of logs, grasses and soil canbe increased to a significant amount by using thin plastic sheet or animal skins to prevent
water from mixing with mud while in the roof tops. The study also revealed that, households
get half of their water demand per day during wet season and less than quarter of theirdemand during dry season due to lack of water as a result of little rainfall and lack of watercollection and storage infrastructures.As a coping strategy, communities in the two villages
have increased the use of cow dung which they mix with soil in order to increase its water
holding capacity and nutrient content. Communities in Bahi have adapted to climate change
by planting drought resistant crops such as millet, sunflower and sesame instead of relying inmaize and beans whose water demand is high. Mr. Kibassa further noted that with some
improvement, indigenous rain water harvesting technologies have potentials to improvewater availability and food security in the area.
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6.1.9Harnessing Indigenous Knowledge on Soil and Water Conservation
Innovations to Enhance Farmer Adaptation in Central Malawi
Loma Nyangulu, Research Fellow, Kirk Development Research and Training Centre(KIDERTCO), Lilongwe, Malawi

Ms. Nyangulu's presentation assessed the vulnerable smallholder farming communities in dry
land environments in order to understand the threat posed by climatic change. The study also
investigated how farmers are adapting to climatic change through the adoption of indigenous
small-scale soil and water conservation innovations. The result indicated a high level ofawareness of climate change by the farming community mainly through radio with about 87%
understanding climate change as erratic rainfall. The farming community was of the view thattree planting was a very important adaptation strategy to climate change. Based on theoutcome of the study, it was recommended that intensification of afforestation activities
whilst promoting farmer to farmer dissemination of climate change information be
encouraged.
6.1.10

Climate Change Analysis: Improving Farmers' Resilience to Climate Related
Hazards in the Upper Catchment of Blue Nile, Ethiopia.
Bewket Amdu, Haramaya University, Ethiopia

Bewket Amdu,
AYFST Grantee

Mr. Amdu's research work analyzed farmers' adaptation inthree dominant agro-ecological zones in Ethiopia including;Dega, W/dega, and Kolla of the upper catchment of Blue Nilein Ethiopia, based on farm-level data collected from 384
households for 2010/2011 cropping season. The study
described farmers' perceptions to changes in long-term
temperature and precipitation, various farm-level
adaptation measures, barriers to adaptation, and determinantsof adaptation options.

Using descriptive statistics to investigate farmers' perceptions, baseline adaptations, andmultinomial logit model to examine the determinants of adaptation to climate change andvariability, it was revealed that most of the interviewed farmers experienced the changes intemperature and rainfall; the majority believed that temperature has increased and the rainfall
pattern has become unpredictable. As evidence to perceived changes, the majority of the
respondents took remedial actions to counteract the impacts of climate change. The mostcommon adaptation options include: implementing soil conservation practices, changing
cropping calendar, planting trees, changing crop types, diversification of crop types, andadjustment to crop and livestock management. However, he noted that the lack of knowledge
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and information, lack of inputs, inappropriate policy, land scarcity, shortage of labor, lack ofmarket, water scarcity, poverty and lack of extension services were identified as barriers toadaptation.
6.1.11

Evaluation of the CMIP3 Models on the Simulation of the South Atlantic
Ocean Dipole
Hyacinth C. Nnamchi and Jianping Li, State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modelling for
Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of AtmosphericPhysics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China

Mr. Nnamchi presented his research work which sought toevaluate the ability of the coupled ocean-atmosphere generalcirculation models participating in CMIP3 (Coupled Model
Intercomparison Project 3) of the IPCC to simulate the SAOD.
The CMIP3 models are start-of-the-art models that provided
much of the materials underlying the assessment reports andfuture climate projections of the IPCC Fourth Assessment
Report (IPCC-AR4). Using outputs from all theHyacinth C. Nnamchi,
available twenty four (24) coupled General Circulation models
AYFST Grantee(CGCMs), he diagnosed the SAOD from the CMIP3 model
simulations, compared the CMIP3 simulations with observational dataset and intercompared the simulations of the SAOD by the various CMIP-3 models.
The results revealed that, Multi-model CMIP3 ensemble shows agreement with observationin two periods: 1950 to the early 1960s and then mid-1980s to 1999. However, the variations
from one model to another were quite marked and characteristic of the CMIP3 models. He
reported that, one tentative point that can be drawn from the analysis was that thedisagreement of these models on the future of African precipitation in the IPCC report(Solomon et al 2007) may possibly relate to their disagreement on the simulation of the
SAOD.
He concluded that, the ability of climate models to realistically simulate the climate isdependent on the ability of the models to capture those mechanisms that give rise to theclimate. Recent studies highlight the existence of a dipole mode in the SAO and its impacts on climate variations in the sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas. As such, the success of the
future climate projections in these regions will be affected by the ability of the models used tosimulate this dipole mode.

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6.1.12

Assessment of the rationale and competence of pastoral community
innovative adaptation to the incidence of climate change in Ethiopia
Tibebu Solomon, Technology Transfer Team Leader, Ministry of Science and Technology,
Ethiopia

Tibebu Solomon,
AYFST Grantee

Mr. Solomon's research sought to understand the perceptionsof climate change and adaptation processes among pastoralists
in Ethiopia. Using multi-segment methodology which included
a series of brainstorming sessions, in-depth interview, focus
group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews, thestudy assessed the rationale and competence of pastoral
community innovative adaptation to the incidence of climatechange. The study also sought to identify, describe anddocument effective indigenous and emerging technologies andinnovations for climate change adaptation used by Pastoralists.

The study revealed that since the past few years the rainfall pattern has changed and decreased
the rainfall duration into two months rather than the four months period. He indicated that
100% of the respondent have experienced in their life time periods characterized by more orless favorable rainfall and temperature, with 97% of the respondents faced with extreme heatfrom 2006-2010.
He further pointed out that pastoralists are adapting to these changes in a local innovative way.
The typical pastoralist innovations include change in house construction materials, traditional
early warning system through sharing of information (Dagu), maximization of female
animals in their herds, behavior of goat used as indicator for seasonal forecasting and also
traditional air conditions (cooling system) of potable water.

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6.1.13

Optimization of a Continuous Biodiesel Plant
Joel Nwakaire, Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, University of
Nigeria, Nsukka

Mr. Nwakaire's research examined the potential of biodiesel
production as an alternative fuel as well as a contributor to low
carbon emission in Nigeria. His research project entailed thedevelopment of automated biodiesel plant control,development of software/program for scaling up a biodiesel
plant, and the construction and testing of the efficiency of 100
liters per hour plant. His findings revealed that
automated biodiesel plant control is able to adapt toJoel Nwakaire,varying plant capacity parameters. The Scalability Software was
AYFST Grantee
able to scale the plant from 30 liters per hour to 10,000 liters perhour even though the present design is 100 liters per hour. He recommended theestablishment of an independent biofuel development agency geared toward fully taping theoutputs from researchers and ensuring that there is proper linkage between the renewable
technology needs and the researchers focus.
6.1.14

Analysis of the Role of Information and Communication Technologies(ICTs) in Climate Change Awareness in Seke and Murewa Districts ofZimbabwe
Shakespear Mudombi, Institute for Economic Research on Innovation, Tshwane University ofTechnology, Pretoria, South Africa

Mr. Mudombi's presentation analysed the important role ofinformation and communication technology (ICTs) in creating
public awareness in climate change. He opined that formeaningful adaptation to and mitigation of climate change, it
was essential to have access to information and knowledge. He
hypothesised that, rural community's access to information on
climate change would enhance their awareness, adaptation andmitigation capacity for climate change. Against thisbackdrop, the study analysed the level of climate change
Shakespear Mudombi
AYFST Grantee
awareness amongst rural people in Seke and Murewa districts ofZimbabwe, and analysed the significance of information and communication technologies(ICTs) in contributing to climate change awareness in the two districts. Using a multi-stage
sampling approach, the result indicated high level of awareness of farming communities toclimate change, with very high access to radio and television. However, a deeper probing
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revealed that some of them were not sure of the causes of climate change. This necessitates
the need to provide accurate and reliable information on climate change.
Session Conclusions
Following all the presentations Prof. Atieno-Amadi congratulated the grantees for the level ofprogress made. She presented some general observations about the reports and papers thathave been submitted for review. These included:
The literature review - the researchers were reminded to take note that the literature review
should feed into the objective of the research work being undertaken. She emphasized on theneed for the the grantees to pay attention to the review of literature which would also help
them in the discussion session of their report.
Reducing the number of objectives and staying focused - The grantees were encouraged to reduce thenumber of objectives which created a lot of work and made their work cumbersome. They
were reminded of the fact that research objectives should always be SMART.
Avoid Personalized Knowledge - Grantees were asked to be wary about to throwing in the own
knowledge but were instead asked to stick to the facts on the ground. In research, opinions do
not matter but the facts and evidence are crucial to effective research outputs.
In conclusion, Dr. Nicholas Ozor, ATPS Senior Research Officer took the grantees throughthe ATPS guidelines for writing working paper, research paper, policy brief and technicalreport. He urged grantees to strictly adhere to the guidelines to make the work of theSecretariat Program Officers and the External Reviewers more effective. In all, the grantees
were applauded for the progress made so far in their research works.
6.2

Review of Grantees Progress under the African Women Forum for Science andTechnology (AWFST)

Introduction
The Programme Coordinator Dr. Mrs Anthonia Achike welcomed all the grantees andparticipants to the AWFST Grantees review workshop. She took the participants through theagenda focussing on reviewing the progress work of the grantees whilst giving feedbacks andconstructive critiques that would enhance the research work of the grantees.
The session attractedt participation of nine AWFST grantees who proceeded to present theirprogress report.

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6.2.1Moving Forward in a Changing Climate: Poverty Reduction throughSustainable Environmental Management (PRESEM)
Joy Samantha Bongyereire, Bongyereire Biodiversity Conservation for Rural Development(BCRD), Uganda

Ms. Bongyereire presented a mid-stage action research project
which emphasized on the poverty reduction strategies forcoping with climate change through managing theenvironment sustainably. She defined her project goals withseven objectives which included analyzing the trends indegraded ecosystems in Kisoro, restoring the degraded hills
using income generating projects, documenting all the
project's innovative outputs for use by others and for possible
Joy Samantha Bongyereire
incubation and up scaling, identifying the barriers to effective
AWFST Grantee
application, strengthening the capacity of women and otherstakeholders in Kisoro and other affected areas in Uganda to adopt the sustainable
environmental management practices, developing an effective communication strategy fordisseminating research results, and engaging relevant stakeholders.
Against this background, her study aimed at restoring the degraded hills of some strategically
identified areas and improving the livelihoods of the smallholder farmers by empowering themen and women to grow trees such as essential oil herbs and grasses on the bare hills, fruits
and agro forestry trees on their farms, as a means of combating climate change. The findings
revealed that the major causes of ecosystem degradation in Kisoro district were overcultivation, uncontrolled grazing, bush burning, heavy rainfall, poor farming methods,
charcoal making and other observed causes including the use of synthetic fertilizers by irish
potato farmers, and chemical sprays not only on irish potatoes but also on other crops(Arabic coffee, beans, onions, tomatoes).
Additionally, brick makers in Busanza and Kirundo Sub-counties who use a lot of firewood
to burn and harden bricks, poor solid waste disposal and such farming practices as growingof climbing bean that require stakes all contribute to the ecosystem degradation.

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6.2.2

Climate Change Awareness and Indigenous Innovative Adaptation
Measures applied by the Maasai Society in Tanzania
Elinorata Mbuya, Institute of Human Settlement Studies, Ardhi University, Tanzania

Ms. Mbuya presented a progress report of her research project
whose broad objective was to assess the climatechange awareness and indigenous innovative adaptive
measures applied by the Maasai society in Tanzania.
She identified several potential indigenous adaptation
strategies which include:> Small scale rangelands of planting grass-planting somegrasses around home gardens which is a rare and almost
Elinorata Mbuya,nonexistent practice, considering their nomadic nature
AWFST Grantee> Destocking in dry seasons and restocking during rainyseasons - this actually appears more appealing to the pastoralists than full scale
destocking, which is a challenge and a likely barrier.
> Rainwater harvesting and water conservation which offsets water stress and scarcity
Some of the emerging issues and barriers to effective adaptation strategies identified were;traditional beliefs, financial obstacles, further climate variability and change in weather
conditions, and land ownership by females (though outlawed but land ownership by women is
traditionally banned).
According to her, for effective adaptation, there should be involvement of multi stakeholders
particularly in development of strategic framework and incubation. These stakeholders
included: agricultural extension (cum livestock officer) and forest officers, policy and decision
makers, community and traditional leaders, and women and small scale farmers.

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6.2.3

Farm Level Responses to Climate Change and Sustainable Agro-Ecosystem
Management in Marginal Lands of Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Ann Nnenna Ezeh, Department of Agricultural Economics, Management and Extension
Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria

Ms. Ezeh presented her research activity which is being
undertaken in marginal lands of Ebonyi state, Nigeria.
The study focused on farm-level responses to climatechange and sustainable agro-ecosystem managementin those areas. One of her key objectives was to assess
the nature of relationships and linkages between
climate change elements and ecosystem services (foodsecurity, health, economic, socio-cultural, recreational
Ann Nnenna Ezehand educational). Using purposive sampling, she
AWFST Grantee
discovered that mainstreaming gender into development
research is a crucial factor in achieving equitable distribution of resources as well as
eliminating possible obstacles to the meaningful contributions of the male and female folks
to community development. Part of her long run expectation is that the results will go a longway in filling some existing gaps in knowledge towards the formulation of evidence-based
policy options in sustainable agro-ecosystem management for human well being. She further
noted that farmers were aware of the concept of climate change, though the extent of theirknowledge has not been empirically determined.
6.2.4 Smallholder Rice Farmers in South Eastern Nigeria: Constraints, Impact,
Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change
Dr. Happiness Oselebe, Department of Crop Production and Landscape Management Ebonyi
State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria

Happiness Oselebe
AWFST Grantee

Dr. Oselebe's research was based on the premise that rice is afood security crop in Nigeria and its production is not
growing fast enough in relation to the available potentials. She
explained that drought is one of the major constraints of riceproduction in the rain-fed ecological zones in sub-SaharanAfrica (SSA). She remarked that currently, rice production was
facing serious challenges like aging farming population, poor
production systems and unimproved seed varieties. Against
this background, she examined the various environmental
factors causing climate change such as flooding and wildfire.

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She further highlighted that a major challenge for research and development activities insouth-eastern Nigeria and indeed SSA region is to develop drought-tolerant varieties withwide adaptability across rice-growing ecologies. To contribute towards enhancing riceproduction, the research study focused on increasing the level of awareness of climate change
and its impact on rice production among smallholder farmers within the study area. This toincrease their capacity to deal with issues arising therein, the project also investigated anddisseminated the high yielding, disease resistant and drought tolerant rice varieties which
ensures increased food production under stressed environments.
6.2.5

Effective Dissemination Pathways for Delivering Climate Information andServices to Vulnerable Groups for Adaptation in Semi-Arid Kenya
Viola Kirui, Crops, Horticulture & Soil Sciences Department, Egerton University, Kenya

Ms. Viola Kirui presented results of her investigation into theeffective dissemination pathways for delivering climate
information and services to the vulnerable groups for climatechange adaptation in semi-arid region of Kenya. She explainedthat women, children, and the elderly are vulnerable to climatechange impacts which expose them to food, nutrition,
income and health insecurities. She bemoaned thatthose generating climate information and packaging
Viola Kirui,supportive services use dissemination pathways that could not
AWFST
appropriately be useful to the vulnerable people who are mostin need of adaptation. She declared that access and use of climate information and services
are essential for building adaptation to impacts of climate change. These climate information
include early warning systems, weather forecasts, research outputs, health services, food aid
and financial support. She further stressed that climate information and services would help
these vulnerable groups to increase awareness and build capacity for disaster preparedness
and community resilience to a changing climate.
Using random sampling of vulnerable people in five location where climate change impact
has been severest at Marigat area of Baringo, she was deeply concerned that despite concerted
efforts by research institutions and climate scientists to generate and disseminate climaterelated information and services, millions of vulnerable groups in arid lands continue toexperience food, income and health insecurities due to climate change. Media sources (mass,print and electronic) and communication via community channels have been used todisseminate vital climate information and services, but their efficiency in reaching vulnerable
groups is not well-established. In addressing some of these challenges, she characterized
dissemination pathways for climate information and services to which vulnerable groups ofProceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 137

Marigat area in Baringo, Kenya semi-arid environment can access climate information. The
overall objective was to contribute to improved dissemination pathways of climate change
information and services to vulnerable people in hotspots of climate change in semi-arid
environments. Preliminary findings show that although the locals have cell phones, they use it
in reaching their friends and families and not necessarily for gathering climate change
information.
6.2.6 Identifying Indigenous Knowledge and Effective Communication Systems
for Adaptation to Climate Change by Smallholder Farmers of Kilifi District,
Kenya
Grace A. Achiando, Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soil Sciences, Egerton University,
Kenya
Ms. Grace Achiando in her presentation noted that low
production by Kenya's smallholder farmers (SHF) is
aggravated by their limited access to farm inputs, lackof appropriate technical skills, lack of access toappropriate Agricultural Information Communication
Systems (AICS), lack of IT package and insufficientuse of yield-enhancing technology, and unreliable
rainfall patterns. Already, it is a well-known fact that
Grace A. Achiando
farmers have lived with climate variations for many
AWFST Grantee
years and have consequently developed their own coping
strategies, referred to as Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK). However, she reported
that food production in Kilifi district has been declining over the years (food sufficiency has
reduced from 30%-50%) and farmers' ITK have largely not been recognized or documented,
thus AICS has lacked feedback and has therefore missed out on ITK.
The study was carried out using a purposive, multi-stage random sampling technique. In
Kilifi district, Kikambala and Ganze divisions were purposively selected based on theirdiverse agricultural practices, and random sampling technique was used in selecting four
locations (Palakumi, Ganze, Mtwapa and Junju) where questionnaire instruments andinterviews were administered to randomly selected SHF and opinion leaders. Observably,
she claimed that this local knowledge related to adaptation to climate variability has largely
not been recognized or documented, and it is now deemed to be critical in formulating
policies used to mitigate the harsh effects of the rapidly changing climate. In addition,communication systems devoted to these strategies lack feedback from information users,
and have therefore missed out on the benefits of ITK. To address this gap, she study
investigated the influence of incorporating ITK in climate change adaptation, and in
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agricultural communication systems for increased food production in Kilifi district of Kenya.
She therefore concluded that the outputs of the study would be used in the development of an
information flow framework to be used by policy makers in climate change management, anddevelopment of a database of indigenous knowledge that is relevant to climate change
adaptation in Kilifi district. This she hopes will contribute towards the development of ITK
mainstreaming frameworks in agricultural information and communication systems.
6.2.7

Strategies for Promoting Sustainable Indigenous Practices in Adaptation,
Resilience Capacity Building and Mitigation of Deforestation,
Desertification and Drought in Rural African Communities
Onyeke Kingsley, Nigeria

Barrister Onyeke presented a progress report of his research
project addressing the strategies for promoting sustainable
indigenous practices in adaptation, resilience capacity building
and mitigation of deforestation, and desertification anddrought in rural African communities. The research activity
focused on exploring the opportunities for promoting green
cooking, using a sun oven in Nsukka region comprising
seven Local Government Areas namely; Igbo-Eze
Onyeke Kingsley
North, Igbo-Eze South, Igbo-Etiti, Isi-Uzor, Nsukka, Udenu
AWFST Granteeand Uzo-Uwani. To develop a standard strategy aimed atcombating climate change in the area, his team conducted Focal Group Discussions (FGDs)
to ascertain the acceptability of the sun oven, creating awareness on the use of the oven as a
mitigation strategy to climate change and improving the involvement of youths in the
campaign of identifying locally available materials for the fabrication of the oven.
Following this, the prototype of the sun oven will be tested to further prove its workability,
devise ways of installing a thermostat to the existing prototype to regulate the oven, devise
ways of installing solar batteries to the existing prototype and identify materials that are readily
available to the local population for the manufacture of the traditional oven.
Preliminary results revealed that the traditional solar oven can only achieve about 200 -300
degrees Fahrenheit, and even then, only under direct sunlight. The oven produces slow
cooking at low to moderate temperatures, and the heat loss is quick because of poor
insulation. The sun oven, as demonstrated, will utilize locally fabricated materials fromagricultural waste products such as rice husk, palm kernel shell, coconut shell, palm oil
extraction residue, furniture saw dust, polythene materials, cow dung and other wastematerials as fuel. It is hoped that eventually this strategy will address specific challenges ofProceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 139

climate change like reducing the rate of deforestation, and improving the health of womenand children by reducing the risks of contracting respiratory diseases. It will also contributetowards the reduction of the rate of emission of CO2 into the atmosphere.
He concluded that the inhabitants are quite willing to adopt new innovations that may better
their condition in the area of domestic cooking, water supply, farming techniques and healthmatters because the existing strategies which are also aimed at combating climate change in
the area are carried out mostly by women and youths, and yet the attempts are not properly
coordinated, thus leading to failure of projects and loss of income.
6.2.8

The Effect of Human Activities on the Role of Forests as a Carbon Sink –The Case of Mau Forest, Kenya
Aliet Ondicho, Eldoret, Kenya
Ms. Aliet Ondicho's presented on the effect of human activities
on the role of forests as a carbon sink – the case of Mau forest,
Kenya. The study obtained a sample of 200 out of a populationof 315,758 in western Mau proportionately drawn from eachof the six divisions (Elburgon, Mau summit, Kuresoi,
Keringet, Molo and Chepsion), but a sample of 30 was
purposively selected from an NGO group that carries
out tree planting activity (FOMWA).
Aliet Ondicho
AWFST Grantee

The results revealed that out of 200 interviewed respondents,
42% were females while 58% were males, and their level of literacy in reference to formal
education was within suitable bracket of reading and writing, hence high likelihood ofaccessing information on climate change and other forestry related issues. She reported that
due to the vital role that forests play in carbon sequestration, the research aimed to document
the extent of human influence on the Mau forest located in Kenya. To achieve this goal the
study investigated the carbon stock in undisturbed forests as a basis for estimating carbon lost
due to deforestation and forest degradation, and to determine the community's conservation
involvement in tree planting.
She hoped that the findings from the study will justify initiation of carbon projects in the areaand define the beneficiaries particularly women who largely control rural livelihood
initiatives. It is also hoped that the study will provide useful information for influencing
policies on climate change mitigation and will promote better management and conservationof forest resources in Kenya.

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6.2.9Waste Minimisation Programme
Martha Ada Ugwu, UK

Ms. Martha Ugwu's presentation was based on the premise thateveryone either produces or handles waste in their work
environment and that wastes which have not been treatedappropriately can cause damage to the environment and to thehuman health. Against this background, she examined thedifferent types of wastes categorized under hazardous and non
hazardous wastes, and mentioned that the statutory duty of careapplies to everyone in the waste management chain
Martha Ada Ugwu
through packing wastes securely, describing wastes accurately,
AWFST Grantee
storing wastes safely on site, completing and signing a transfer
note, and transferring wastes to registered carrier and facility.
The study adopted the use of questionnaire instruments, focal group discussions, participant
observation and literature review in obtaining data for the study. Results show that the major
constraints to climate change adaptation by health care professionals in Bishop Shanahan
Hospital, Nsukka which was the institution examined were due to general lack of knowledge,lack of directives from management, lack of information, low awareness level, lack ofgovernment enforcement of rules, poor government attention to climate issues, difficulty andinability to access available information, low staffing capacity, and absence of government
policy on climate change. However, for most of the focus group discussion, the participants
kept posing the question, “why do we have to segregate when there is only one bin where
everything goes?”
She pointed out that the reason why a full functioning waste disposal system in developed
countries may not cause a lot of anxiety is because they have introduced legislations that affecteveryone, so as to ensure an effective system which prevents high levels of waste generationthat emit noxious odour. Having conducted her pilot study at Bishop Shanahan Hospital,
Nsukka-Nigeria, she sympathized with the waste management situation in Africa which shetermed as low and characterized by uncollected waste often dumped into the streets, vacantplots, water bodies, etc. She remarked that there may be vast open spaces in developing
countries but open dumps pollute the air, water and land. Since wastes pose significant risks tohuman health and the environment, she declared that the study would contribute towards
waste management by building the capacity of African healthcare staff. This will be done
through training, information sharing, networking and dialogue in relevant topical anddevelopmental issues to managing waste more effectively, raising awareness on waste
management, and compliance with legislation. In addition, the project will sensitize health
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workers on correct identification, and segregation of clinical wastes to avoid risks to staff,
patients and the environment. These she believes will be important in contributing towards
the general minimization of the amount of waste going to landfill and in maximizing thebenefits of recycling.

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7. Training for ATPS National Chapter
Coordinators & Secretariat Staff on
the Ethics of a Winning Institution

Introduction
The ATPS held an intensive training workshop on the Ethics of Winning Institutions for its
National Chapter Coordinators and the Secretariat staff during its 2011 Annual Conference in
Mombasa, Kenya. The training workshop was carried out by Prof. Osita Ogbu of the African
Development Solutions International (ADSI), Abuja, Nigeria. The main objective of thistraining was to raise the participants' awareness on the importance of ethics in our African
institutions. Prof. Ogbu said that training ws expected to consistently contribute tostrengthening organizations like ATPS and help them expand all over the continent. ATPS
Secretariat staff, National Chapter Coordinators and other delegates attended the training
workshop and exchanged their views on work ethics.
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The training was divided into two sessions. The first session focused on the ethics of awinning institution while the second session was articulated around the relevance of theconcepts of character, values and work ethics in a workplace.
7.1

Ethics of a Winning Institution – Lessons from Selected World Cup Winning
Coaches and Other Matters
The trainees were informed of the importance of improving access to learning as well as
enriching the quality of the learning process in African Institutions. Prof. Ogbu noted thatthe essence of learning is not the competencies and skills acquired but rather anexperiencewhich should effect a personal transformation. The winning approaches of three
world cup coaches from Brazil, France and Argentina were used to illustrate this personaltransformation as highlighted below:> The Brazilian coach described a winning team as one which has a definite plan and does
not concentrate only on the best players but also on their character and personality.
> The French coach on his part, emphasized on different aspects of a winning
management. According to him, this management should be based on key elements
which are a good human rapport, professionalism and good communication with teamplayers.
> The coach from Argentina had another vision of a winning team based on the nature of
the goals. The objective was not just to win but to use appropriate strategies or tools toachieve intended purposes.
Various lessons that can be drawn from the above different soccer experiences for the
management of winning institutions in Africa were summarized as below:> First, a Scenario planning is vital for any winning institution. Good managers are
visionary leaders. They should always have a plan and consider the effective role of theirteam players in this scenario planning;> Second, effective human resource management is an ongoing challenge. Indeed, people aredifferent in terms of character, personality and culture. Therefore, managers must be
extremely professional but they should also have good relationship with their employees.
A good manager is one who gives a clear message and orientations to his team. He
encourages them, pays special attention to the concerns expressed by his team members
and values them;> Third, a set of actions needs to be taken by the managers to improve their work
environment. Among others, managers should review the performance of their workers
regularly. They should constantly raise their standards and stay focused on the task inhand. It is also important for them to avoid premature celebrations.
Prof. Ogbu also explored other winning instincts that winning organizations can adopt.
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He pointed out that even if determination to win is the better part of the winning process,failing should also be considered as a part of this process. He noted that individuals can learn
from their failures, and this effectively makes them stronger. The need for inclusive leadership
was also emphasized as an important essential component to inspire transformation. In manyorganizations, Prof. Ogbu explained that people often feel alienated from the goals of an
institution this affects their capacity to delivery more . Leaders and managers have an
important part to play in creating an inclusive environment that will allow their team members
to work together toward a common vision. In such an environment, workers will feelaccountable due to the respect, the values and the relationships in the workplace. For this to beachieved, Prof. Ogbu recommended that leaders should keep in mind different aspects of risktaking such as encouraging and accommodating individuals from different backgrounds andculture and using the diversity in realizing diverse goals.
The role that emotional connectivity and factors can play in strengthening relationships in theworkplace was also discussed. An approach based on emotional factors could be helpful in theprocess of winning the hearts of the workers. Prof. Ogbu therefore noted that there is need towork on how to effectively incorporate these elements into the institution's culture andrelationships.
Prof. Ogbu further stressed on the importance of positive reinforcement and the need to recognize
staff performance. According to him, leaders should not just evaluate the performance of theirworkers but they should as much as possible share the evaluation with them. Moreover, muchattention should be paid to the best and hardworking members of a winning team.
Prof. Ogbu also highlighted on the issue of handling and differentiating stories and facts inrelationships. He argued that while facts and ideas help to develop a winning team objectively,
stories created (imagination) to make sense of the facts can often destroy relationships within
the workplace. The trainees were therefore urged to always 'stay with the facts' since theycannot be changed. However, he also emphasized on the need to accept responsibility inorder to dissipate the stories that can be told around the facts. Other crucial points were alsomentioned in the winning process of institutions which included candor and trust,celebrations, humility and winning leadership. Prof. Ogbu shared the following points toelucidate on these aspects:> Winning teams should be built upon candor and transparency. Trust is the major factor
that makes it possible for organizations to work. It is built on honesty, fairness andintegrity. But it can also mean helping colleagues and other team members to succeed;> Celebrating small or big events will teach people how to win;
> Leaders with humility should direct their attention away from themselves for the greater
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goal of fostering a positive and sustainable work environment;> Winning leaders are those who can avoid a culture of discipline with excessive control sothat they can get the best from their employees.
At the session, the trainees were reminded that winning institution should counter destructive
forces such as “suspicion, jealousy and fear” by replacing them with constructive forces such as“faith, love and courage”. Prof. Ogbu underscored this by remarking that stimulating
constructive forces requires personal work within oneself to change before one can change
others.
7.2
Character, Values and Work Ethics
This session focussed on the importance of the concepts of character, values and work
ethics. Prof. Ogbu presented the results of a staff survey in Nigeria where workers were asked
to describe themselves in the workplace. Key findings from the study showed that most of theworkers possessed a negative opinion of themselves at work. Prof. Ogbu further explainedthat this was a result of the current practices influenced by the wrong values and signals
channeled by society nowadays. He mentioned a list of social thoughts that included phrases
such as:> The end justifies the means;> The more pleasure we have, the better off we are;
> Hard working is no longer the way to succeed;> No commitment to relationship – be kind to only those that matter;> Discipline does not matter;> We alone cannot make the difference;Prof. Ogbu stressed on the need for individuals to understand ethical values as they form thefoundation of any civilized society. He noted that managing ethics in the workplace is
probably challenging but it also holds tremendous benefits for both managers and workers.
At a personal level, he argued that this has more to do with character as it is one of theattributes or features that make up and distinguish an individual. However, he clarified thatcharacter is not reputation: while someone's reputation is based on a public project, thecharacter is revealed by our actions and focuses on how we deal with issues.
He also described the six ethical values that are critical to improving the ethical quality of any
decision, and thus the character. These are; Trustworthiness (honesty, integrity, loyalty andreliability), Respect (decency, tolerance and acceptance), Responsibility (accountability,
perseverance), Fairness (impartiality and equity), Caring (good relationship, altruism) andCitizenship (civic virtues and duties).

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Prof. Ogbu further observed that more often people respond to incentives. As such, they are
driven to act because of a reward or fear of punishment. However, he argued that a truly
moral person does the right thing without any threat because his good character involves
striking an appropriate balance among competing interests. He therefore advised the trainees
that having ethical values is always advantageous no matter the religion or rules. Prof. Ogbu
also encouraged the trainees to be a positive force in the workplace. This positive force
requires hard work, pro-active attitude, integrity, team spirit and excellence all achievable withdiscipline and sacrifice.
Finally, he recommended that institutions should develop their work ethics policy based on
fundamental principles such as purpose (vision and values), pride (dignity and self-respect),patience (focus on long-term results) and persistence (commitment to the ethics). As hequoted Rabbi Hillel: “If I am not for myself, who will be for me but if I am for myself alone, what am I?”
Prof. Ogbu urged the participants to work closely together in order to effectively implement
ethical practices in their institutions and therefore to create hope for change in their actions
and deeds.

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8. Conclusion & Policy
Recommendations
The 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop which was held from 7-11 November in
Mombasa, Kenya was designed to engage relevant stakeholders in addressing the gaps
between research, policy and practice in Africa. This is based on the rational that for research
to have the impact of guaranteeing development gains in Africa, research results must informand shape policies and programmes, and be adopted into practice. The conference engaged adynamic mix of scientists, policy-makers, science journalists, private sector actors, the civilsociety, students and policy research advisors in stimulating debates addressing the gap
between policy research and policymaking with a view to designing a proactive way forward
for bridging this gap for African development. Deliberations during theconference/workshop focused on understanding the context-specific reasons for the gaps
between research, policy and practice in Africa and hence identify and prioritize strategies for
improving the linkages for a better use of home-grown policy research evidence inpolicymaking and policy implementation. Lessons from successful cases of good
partnerships and linkages amongst the stakeholders in Africa and beyond were drawn so as toenhance experiential learning from a transdisciplinary perspective.
Delegates at the conference/workshops concluded that there is still lack of collaboration andlinkages between and amongst researchers, policymakers and practitioners in Africa for
African development. They strongly emphasized the lack of effective communication andsupports for knowledge brokerage platforms as responsible for the gap. They also blamed
the lack of understanding of each other's 'language' as fuelling the gap between and amongst
the stakeholders. They further noted that policy research efforts are yet to fully operate intransdisciplinary manner which ideally should give the opportunity for all stakeholder
engagements in problem solving for a sustainable development. They also blamed
inadequate capacity to conduct policy research that could translate into an effective policy as
the bane for the much desired linkage. Stakeholders were encouraged to learn from the few
successful case examples of good practices in research, policy, and practice linkages in Africa
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which were highlighted during the conference/workshop. It was noted that sporadic progressin linking policy research to policymaking have been recorded in some African countries suchas South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Lesotho, and Malawi, nevertheless, the use of policy heavily
informed by research evidence in critical domains in policymaking still leaves much to be
desired. Africa's policy agenda has not fully exploited the expertise of African professionals,
leaving the African policy landscape much too influenced by the agendas of external
development agencies, consultants, and bilateral development partners.
Based on the conclusions derived above, delegates proffered the following policy
recommendations:
1. There is need for a “Knowledge Broker” that will facilitate the linkage between andamongst research, policy and practice. The knowledge broker should be able to link thepeople who create and use knowledge, assist the research community in identifying
research problems that are relevant to policymakers and facilitate the uptake of researchknowledge by policymakers. The ATPS as a transdisciplinary policy research institution
has been championing this knowledge brokerage role in the area of science, technology
and innovation for African development for over a decade and will need governmental
and intergovernmental as well as non-governmental supports in Africa and beyond inorder to fully realize this competitive role. This they should accomplish through theirunique networks across Africa and in Diaspora.
2. There is need to strengthen capacities of African researchers to be able to address African
policy needs and for policymakers to use research evidence in the formulation of policies.
3. There is need for policy research institutions such as universities to set up their curricula
across transdisciplinary themes so as to be able to address the multi-faceted challenges ofthe society. Because policy research institutions are suppliers of knowledge, they should
focus on training, advocacy and outreach to policymakers.
4. The communication of policy research results and policy needs should be symmetricflowing both ways between policy research and policymaking and in simple
understandable language.
5. The influence of development partners on policy research agenda in Africa should only
be marginal and subject to critical review by local experts to be able to determine areas ofdevelopment priorities, problems and needs in specific localities. Sometimes, their motive
to impose their own external development agenda and market oriented perspectives
limits the implementation of internally developed priorities.
6. There is need for regular networking and interactions between and amongst the
researchers, policymakers and practitioners so that they can understand each other'sinterests, challenges and forge common ground. Through such fora, a harmonized
agenda which addresses each stakeholder's interests can be created.

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Finally, the delegates through a communiqué (See Appendix 1) called on the African Unionand its member States to adopt and proactively support leading African institutions engaged
in policy research such as the African Technology Studies Network (ATPS), the African
Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources
Policy Analysis Network (FANRPRAN) and African Centre for Economic Transformation(ACET), and facilitate their inputs into policy processes. Recognizing that these institutions
are already leading in the various key areas of need including STI capacity building for African
Development, agricultural policy research for attaining the food security, in the economics oftransformations, and population and health research for African development respectively
should;> Create a consolidated fund for African Policy Research and Development at continental
and national levels, recognising that “he who pays the Piper dictates the tune”;> Honour their commitment to increase their budgetary support to research anddevelopment to the recommended one percent (1%) of the GDP;
> Create favourable policy environment to promote private sector engagement in science,technology and innovation for African development;> Support existing initiatives that encourage mentorship for active engagement of youth
and women in STI policy research, and policy implementation.
> Encourage the promotion and propagation of STI in the mass media; and> Encourage the appointment of STI policy advisors for national governments.

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APPENDICES

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 151

Appendix 1
COMMUNIQUÉ ON STRENGTHENING LINKAGES BETWEEN POLICY RESEARCH AND
POLICYMAKING FOR AFRICAN DEVELOPMENTBy
The Delegates of the 2011 African Technology Policy Studies (ATPS)International Conference and Workshops, 8TH – 9TH November 2011, MOMBASA, KENYA
Preamble:We, the delegates comprising policy researchers, policymakers, private sector actors (business andindustry), civil society, and the media drawn from 29 countries in Africa, Europe, North America, theCaribbean, and Asia, met in Mombasa, Kenya 8 – 9 November 2011; for an International conference on“Strengthening Linkages between Policy Research and Policymaking for African Development”
The conference was organised by the African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) as animplementation activity in response to the recommendations of the African Manifesto for Science,
Technology and Innovation launched in Cairo, Egypt in 2010, and the UNESCO Science Report, 2010.
Both publications demonstrated the role of STI as the engine of development globally and the fact that
Africa still lags behind in the various indicators of progress in STI development. The need forstrengthening linkages between Policy Research, Policymaking and Policy Implementation wereidentified as a key challenge to the growth of STI in Africa by both reports.
This international conference organized by the African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) and its
partners including the African Population and Health Research Consortium (APHRC); the African Centre
for Economic Transformation (ACET) and the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis
Network (FARNPAN) sought to address the weak linkages between policy research and policymaking for
African development, recognising that:“Only the mastery and unremitting application of science and technology can guarantee human welfare
and human happiness” (President Kwame Nkrumah, 1993).
This important role for science, technology and innovation in fostering socio-economic development
has been recognized by African Heads of States in their various declarations including the Lagos Plan of
Action, the AU/NEPAD Consolidated Plan of Action and other regional economic communities;
Whereas there are pockets of success in application of science, technology and innovation including themobile telephony and telecommunications, the continent generally lags behind and has not fully reaped
the benefits afforded by science, technology and innovation for its development endeavours;

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While this failure to harness science, technology and innovation can be attributed to many factors, key
amongst these is the lack of appropriate policies to guide and foster an African science, technology andinnovation agenda.
In our deliberations, we have further noted the need to:> Strengthen capacities of African Researchers to address African policy needs and Policymakers to
use research evidence in policymaking;> Encourage multi-stakeholder involvement in Science, Technology and Innovation policy research,
policy making, and policy implementation processes;> Foster high moral and ethical standards in research and policymaking, learning from existing norms in
African society;> Support appropriate capacity building and Mentorship programs for African Youths and Women toparticipate in STI policy research, policymaking and policy implementation.
> Link research to economic productivity in Africa
We recommend that the African Union and its member States should:> Adopt and proactively support leading African institutions engaged in policy research such as ATPS,FARNPAN, ACET, APHRC and facilitate their inputs into policy processes.
Recognizing that these institutions are already leading in the various key areas of need including STI
capacity building for African Development, agricultural policy research for attaining the food security, inthe economics of transformations, and population and health research for African development
respectively;> Create a consolidated fund for African Policy Research and Development at continental and national
levels, recognising that “he who pays the Piper dictates the tune”;> Honour their commitment to increase their budgetary support to research and development to therecommended one percent (1%) of the GDP;
> Create favourable policy environment to promote private sector engagement in science, technology
and innovation for African development; and> Support existing initiatives that encourage Mentorship for active engagement of youth and women in
STI policy research, policy research and policy implementation.
> Encourage the promotion and propagation of STI in the mass media> Encourage the appointment of STI policy advisors for national governments
On behalf of all the delegates and other partners, we mandate the African Technology Policy Studies
Network to send a delegation to the African Union Commission for further discussions and considerationof these recommendations.
Signed on this 9th day of November 2011

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 153

Appendix 2
Programme for the 2011 ATPS annual conference and workshop from 7-11 November in Mombasa, Kenya
DAY 1 – Monday, 07 November 2011
Venue: Mombasa Continental Resort, Mombasa, Kenya
ATPS BUSINESS – NATIONAL CHAPTER COORDINATORS ’ & REGIONAL COUNCIL ACTIVITIES
Rapporteur: Ms. Ada Osisioma, ATPS Administrative Intern
Time

Topic/Presentations

08:30 – 09:00 a.m.

Registration
Parallel Session:
National Chapter Coordinators & Regional Council
annual meeting

Participants

ATPS National Coordinators
ATPS Regional Council Members
ATPS Secretariat Staff Members

Dr. George Essegbey
Director, STEPRI, Ghana

AYFST & AYFST Officials

Mr. Ernest Acheampong,
ATPS Research Officer
Post Doctoral&
Dr. Michéle Mbo’o
ATPS Research Officer
Post Doctoral

09:00 – 11:30 a.m.
Parallel Session:
Meeting of AYFST and AWFST Officials

11:30 – 11:45 a.m.

Session Chair

PHOTO SESSION & HEALTH BREAKATPS BUSINESS – TRAINING SESSION FOR ATPS NATIONAL CHAPTER COORDINATORS & ATPS SECRETARIAT STAFF
Rapporteur: Michele Mbo’o-Tchouawou ATPS Research Officer – Post Doctoral
11:45 – 01:00 p.m.

Training Workshop on The Ethics of Winning
Institutions

01:00 - 02:00 p.m.

LUNCH BREAK

02:00 – 03:30 p.m.

Training Workshop on The Ethics of Winning
Institutions cont’d…

03:30 – 04:00 p.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

04:00 – 05:30 p.m.

Training Workshop on The Ethics of Winning
Institutions …conclusion

CLOSE OF BUSINESS FOR DAY ONE
DAY 2 – Tuesday, 08 November 2011
Venue: Mombasa Continental Resort, Mombasa, Kenya
Time

Topic/Presentations

8:30 – 9:00 a.m.

Registration

154 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

ATPS National Coordinators
ATPS Regional Council Members
ATPS Secretariat Staff Members

ATPS National Coordinators
ATPS Regional Council Members
ATPS Secretariat Staff Members

ATPS National Coordinators
ATPS Regional Council Members
ATPS Secretariat Staff Members

Prof. Osita Ogbu, Executive
Director, ADSI, Nigeria

PLENARY SESSION 1: OPENING SESSION
Rapporteur: Dr. Maurice O. Bolo, Post-Doctoral Research Officer, ATPSTime

Topic/Presentations

Proposed Presenters

Session Chair
Prof. Samuel Wangwe, Chair, ATPS
Board &
Executive Director, REPOA
Tanzania

09:00 – 09:05 a.m.

Welcoming Remarks by Chair, ATPS Executive
Conference Organizing Committee

Dr. Nicholas Ozor
Senior Research Officer, ATPS

09:05 – 09:10 a.m.

Welcoming Remarks by The ATPS Kenya
National Chapter Coordinator

Mr. Kenneth Aduda
National Coordinator, ATPS -Kenya
Projects & Resource Mobilization Manager,
Kenya Industrial Research Development
Institute (KIRDI)

09:10 – 09:15 a.m.

Welcoming Remarks by a representative of the
National Chapter Regional Council

Dr George O. Essegbey, Director, STEPRI CSIR,
Accra, Ghana

Welcoming Remarks by the Chair of African
Women’s Forum for Science and Technology(AWFST)

Prof. Agnes Mwang’ombe,
Nairobi and
ATPS Board Member

University of

09:15 – 09:20 a.m.

09:20 – 09:25 a.m.

Welcoming Remarks by the Chair of the African
Youth Forum for Science and Technology

Mr. Tennyson Magombo,
ATPS Malawi

Chair, AYFST,

09:25 – 09:35 a.m.

Welcoming Remarks by ATPS Key Stakeholders& Key Partners

ATPS Stakeholders and Key Partners
present

09:35 – 09:45 a.m.

Welcoming Remarks by ATPS Secretariat

Prof. Kevin C. Urama, Executive Director,
ATPS

09:45 – 09:50 a.m.

Welcoming Remarks by the Chair of ATPS Board

09:50 – 10:10 a.m.

Opening Keynote Speech on Understanding the
Link between Research, Policy and Practice

10:10 – 10:30 a.m.

PHOTO SESSION & TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

Prof. Samuel Wangwe
Chair, ATPS Board
Executive Director, REPOA
Tanzania
Prof. Shaukat A. Abdulrazak
Chair Elect, ATPS Board &Executive Secretary, Kenya National
Council for Science and Technology(NCST)PLENARY SESSION 2: KEYNOTE PAPERS
Keynote Paper Presentations

Proposed Presenters

Conceptualizing research, policy and practice forsustainable African development

Mr. Alex Alusa
Office of the Prime Minister, Federal
Republic of Kenya

10:30 - 10:50 a.m.

10:50 - 11:10 a.m.

The Role of Youth and Gender in policy researchand policymaking

11:10 – 11:30 a.m.

Mechanisms and approaches for effective
linkages amongst researchers, policymakers andpractitioners

Dr. Peggy Oti-Boateng
Senior Programme Specialist in Scienceand Technology
Coordinator, African Network of Scientificand Technological Institutions (ANSTI)UNESCO Nairobi office, Kenya
Dr Abdulai Baba Salifu
Director-General, CSIR
P.O. Box M 32,
Accra, Ghana

Session Chair

Prof. Shaukat A. Abdulrazak
Chair Elect, ATPS Board &Executive Secretary, Kenya National
Council for Science and Technology(NCST)

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 155

11:30 – 11:50 a.m.

The Role of Capacity development in policy
research and policy making

11:50 – 01:00 p.m.

Q&A Facilitated Discussion Session

01:00 - 02:00 p.m.

LUNCH BREAK

Prof. Julius Okojie
Executive Secretary, Nat ional Universities
Commission, Abuja, Nigeria

PLENARY SESSION 3: KEYNOTE PAPERS
Rapporteur: Mr. Ernest Acheampong, ATPS Research Officer
Keynote Paper Presentations
02:00 – 02:20 p.m.
Research uptake, communication and brokerage– the role of science writers and the media

02:20 – 02:40 p.m.

Challenges and opportunities for effective
linkages between research, policy and practice

02:40 - 03:00 p.m.

Linking Science, Policy and Practice: The role ofethics and belief systems

03:00 - 03:20 p.m.

Linking Policy Research and Policymaking for
African Sustainable Development: The Role of thePrivate Sectors

03:20 - 04:00 p.m.

Q&A Facilitated Discussion Session

04:00 - 04:20 p.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

Proposed Presenters

Session Chair

Mr. Diran Onifade
Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) &Otulah Owuor, Editor, Science Africa,
Nairobi, Kenya
Prof. John Gowland Mwangi, Council
Member and Former Dean, Faculty of
Education and Community Studies, Egerton
University, Kenya
Fr. Uchechukwu Obodoechina
Director, Justice, Peace and Development /Caritas Commission
Nsukka, Nigeria

Prof. Turner Isoun, ATPS Board
Member & former Minister for
Science and Technology, Federal
Republic of Nigeria

Prof. Lloyd Chingambo
Chairman, African Carbon Credit Exchange,
Lusaka, Zambia

04:20 - 04:40 p.m.

Intellectual Property Issues for effective policy
research and policymaking

Dr. Mohamed Khalil Timamy
Head, Environment Division,
Department of Rural Economy andAgriculture,
African Union Commission
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

04:40 - 05:00 p.m.

Linking Policy Research and Policymaking:Lessons from the IPCC on Climate Change Policy
and Implementation in Africa

Dr. Youba Sokona, Coordinator African
Climate Policy Centre (ACPC) – UNECA,
Addis Ababa

05:00 – 05:20 p.m.

Linking University Research to Policy andPractice: Strategies and Implications

Prof. Bato Okolo
Vice Chancellor, University of Nigeria,
Nsukka05:20 – 05:40 p.m.

Linking Policy research to Policymaking: what
researchers, policymakers and practitioners needto know and do

Hon. Obed Dlamini,
Member ATPS Swaziland/Former Prime
Minister, Kingdom of
Swaziland

05:40 – 06:10 p.m.

Q&A Facilitated Discussion Session

CLOSE OF BUSINESS FOR DAY 2

156 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

Prof. Oyebanji Oyeyinka, Director,
Monitoring & Research Division, UNHABITAT & ATPS Board MemberDAY 3 - Wednesday, 09 November 2011
PLENARY SESSION 3
Venue: Mombasa Continental Resort, Mombasa, Kenya
Time

Topic/ Presentations

Proposed Presenters

Session Chair/Lead Discussants

08:40 – 09: 00 a.m.

Recap of Day 2

Dr. Maurice Bolo, Post-Doctoral Research
Officer, ATPS

Prof. Oyebanji Oyeyinka, Director,
Monitoring & Research Division, UNHABITAT & ATPS Board Member

Day 3: PARALLEL SESSION (D3:P1 – P3)
See Annex 1 – 3 for specific break-out rooms for the parallel sessions: P1 – P3
Rapporteurs: Mr. Ernest Acheampong, ATPS Research Officer (D3-P1)
Ms. Ada Osisioma, ATPS Administrative Intern (D3-P2)
Dr. Michele Mbo’o-Tchouawou, ATPS Post-Doctoral Research Officer (D3-P3)

09:00 – 11:00 a.m.

09:00 – 11:00 a.m.

Parallel Session (D3-P1): (Morning)· Conceptualising research, policy and practicefor sustainable development (Subtheme 1);· Mechanisms and approaches for effective
linkages amongst researchers, policymakers
and practitioners (subtheme 3)

All delegates that submitted papers under
this subtheme (see Annex 1 for time
allocations and venue)
Guideline for preparing group
recommendations:
Subtheme 1:
a. What are the principles of engagement
for research, policy and practice(RPP)?
b. What are the institutional best practices
for strengthening RPP linkages?
Subtheme 3:
a. What are the mechanisms andapproaches for effective linkages
amongst RPP?
b. What are the strategies for building
consensus amongst relevant
stakeholders in RPP processes?

Parallel Session (D3-P2):· Youth and Gender empowerment (subtheme
2)· The Role of capacity development (subtheme4)

All delegates that submitted papers under
this subtheme (see Annex 2 for time
allocations and venue)
Subtheme 2:
a. What are the roles of youths andwomen in RPP linkage?
b. What are the strategies for enhancing
the participation of youths and womenin RPP?
Subtheme 4:
a. What are the knowledge, skills andinfrastructure required for effective
linkage amongst RPP?
b. What are the small, medium and longterm capacity measures required for
effective RPP?

Chair:
Prof. Michael Madukwe
University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Rapporteur:
Mr. Ernest Acheampong, ATPS
Research Officer

Chair:
Ms. Manal M. Samra
Development Advisor
AIDme, Egypt
Rapporteur:
Ms. Ada Osisioma
ATPS Administrative Intern

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 157

09:00 – 11:00 a.m.

Parallel Session (D3-P3):· Research uptake, communication, advocacy
and brokerage (subtheme 5)· Challenges and opportunities for effective
linkages between research, policy andpractice (subtheme 6)

All delegates that submitted papers under
this subtheme (Annex 3 for time allocationsand venue)
Subtheme 5:
a. What are the innovative strategies forcommunicating research results forpolicymaking and implementation?
b. What are the roles of the media in
effective communication of research
outputs for policymaking andimplementation?
c. What are the enabling environments
required for effective communication ofresearch outputs to policymakers foruse by practitioners?

Chair:
Mr. Diran Onifade
Nigerian Television Authority (NTA)
Rapporteur:Michele Mbo’o -Tchouawou, ATPS
Research Officer – Post Doctoral

Subtheme 6:
a. What are the challenges andopportunities for effective linkages
amongst RPP?
11:00 – 11: 30 a.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

11:30 – 01:00 p.m.

Day 3: PARALLEL SESSION (D3:P1 – P3) CONTINUES(cf : Annexes 1 – 3 for time allocations and respective venue)

01:00 – 02:00 p.m.

LUNCH

02:00 – 03:30 p.m.

Day 3: PARALLEL SESSION (D3:P1 – P3) CONTINUES
Discussions and development of group recommendations

03:30 – 04:00 p.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

PLENARY SESSION 4 – International Roundtable
Venue: Mombasa Continental Resort, Mombasa, Kenya
Rapporteur: Dr. Maurice O. Bolo, ATPS Post -Doctoral Research Officer
Time

Topic/ Presentations

Proposed Presenters

04:00 – 04:30 p.m.

Recap from the Parallel Sessions

Mr. Ernest Acheampong
ATPS Research Officer (P1)

Session Chair/Lead DiscussantsMs. Ada Osisioma
ATPS Administrative Intern (P2)Dr. Michele Mbo’o-Tchouawou, ATPS Post Doctoral Research Officer (P3)
04:30 – 06:00 p.m.

International Roundtable and Recommendations
on Effective Strategies for Strenghtening Linkages
between Policy research and Policymaking for
African Development.
A Communique to be produced from therecommendations of the parallel group
discussions and recommendations from theinternational roundtable

06:00 – 06:30 p.m.

PANELISTS (to make 5 minutes presentation eachon the subject)
1. Prof. Kevin Urama, ATPS Executive Director,
Kenya
2. Prof. Turner Isoun, ATPS Board, Nigeria
3. Prof. Peter Onwualu, RMRDC, Nigeria
4. Prof. Joseph G. Massaquoi, UNESCO, Kenya
5. Prof. Francis Bisong, University of Calabar,
Nigeria
6. Dr. Chidiebere Ibe, Institute of Public Policy
Analysis and Management, Nigeria
7. Alfonso Alfonsi, CNR, Italy
8. Dr Christine Gasingirwa, Director General of
S&T, Rw anda
9. Dr. Dennis M. Wanchinga, Executive
Secretary, NSTC, Zambia

CONFERENCE CLOSING REMARKS BY THE CHAIR, ATPS BOARD

158 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

Chair:
Prof. Agnes Mwang’ombe
Member, ATPS Board &Principal, College of Agriculture
and Veterinary Sciences(CAVS), University of Nairobi,
Kenya
Facilitator:
Ms. Deepa Pullanikkatil
LEAD Southern and Eastern
AfricaChancellor College, University of
MalawiP. O. Box 280
Zomba, Malawi

19:00 – 21:30 p.m.

Conference group dinner hosted by ATPS (TBC)

CLOSE OF BUSINESS FOR DAY 3
DAY 4 - Thursday, 10 November 2011
Day 4: PARALLEL SESSION (D4:P1 – P4)
See Annex 1 – 4 for specific break- out rooms for the parallel sessions: P1 – P4
Time

Topic/Presentations

Proposed Presenters/ParticipantsSession Chairs

Program Coordinators
Dr. Maurice O. Bolo, ATPS and
Mr. Joseph Wekundah, BTA
Day 4 - Parallel Session (D4-P1):
IP Program Progress Review Workshop andTraining of Trainers Workshop

All IP program researchers, national steeringcommittee members and ToT delegates
Separate programme (Annex 4 for time allocationsand venue)

TrainerProf. Moni Wekesa, Mount
Kenya University (MKU)
Rapporteur:Ms. Jacinta Kahi
Communications Assistant,
ATPS

09:00 – 11:00a.m.

Day 4 Parallel Session (D4-P2):
Program Review Workshop for ATPS 2010
Grants on AYFST Climate Change Innovation
Program

Day 4 - Parallel Session (D4-P3):
Program Review Workshop for ATPS 2010
Grants on AWFST Climate Change Innovation
Program

Separate programme (Annex 5 for time allocationsand venue)

Program Coordinator:
Prof. Atieno Ndede-Amadi,
Chairperson
Business Incubation Associationof Kenya (BIAK)
Rapporteur:
Mr. Ernest Acheampong
ATPS Research Officer

Separate programme (Annex 6 for time allocationsand venue)

11:00 – 11: 30 a.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

11:30 – 01:00pm

Day 4: PARALLEL SESSION (D4:P1 – P3) CONTINUES(cf : Annexes 4-6 for time allocations and respective venue)

01:00 – 02:00 p.m.

LUNCH

02:00 – 03:30 p.m.

Day 4: PARALLEL SESSION (D4:P1 – P3) CONTINUES(cf : Annexes 4-6 for time allocations and respective venue)

Program Coordinator:
Dr. Anthonia Achike Universityof Nigeria
Rapporteur:
Ms. Ada Osisioma
ATPS Administrative Intern

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 159

03:30 – 04:00 p.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

04:00 – 05:30 p.m.

Day 4: PARALLEL SESSION (D4:P1 – P3) ENDS
(cf : Annexes 4-6 for time allocations and respective venue)

Day 4: PARALLEL SESSION P4 – ATPS BOARD COMMITTEES MEETINGS
02:00 – 05:30 p.m.

Respective Board Committee
ChairsATPS Board Committee Meetings

Respective Board Committee members only

Time

Topic/Presentations

Participants

09:00 – 12:30 p.m

Day 5 - Parallel Session (D5 -P1): 20th ATPS
Board Meeting and Briefing from External
Evaluators

ATPS Board Members only

Chair ATPS Board

All IP program researchers, national steeringcommittee members and ToT delegates

Program Coordinators
Dr. Maurice O. Bolo,
ATPS Post- Doctoral Research
Officer&Mr. Joseph Wekundah
Executive Director, BTA, Kenya

CLOSE OF BUSINESS FOR DAY 4
DAY 5 - Friday, 11 November 2011
ATPS BUSINESS – ATPS BOARD MEETING

09:00 – 1:00 p.m

Day 5 - Parallel Session (D5-P2):
IP Program Training of Trainers Workshop

Separate programme (Annex 5 for time allocationsand venue)

Session Chair/

TrainerProf. Moni Wekesa, Mount
Kenya University (MKU)
Rapporteur:Ms. Jacinta Kahi
Communications Assistant,
ATPS

11:00 – 11: 30 a.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

01:00 – 02:00 p.m.

LUNCH

02:00 – 06:30 p.m.

Plenary Session:
ATPS Annual General Meeting and Briefing from
External Evaluators

03:30 – 04:00 a.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

For registered members only

CLOSE OF BUSINESS FOR DAY 5

160 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

Chair ATPS Board

Appendix 3
Parallel Session Day 3 (D3-P1) Wednesday, 09th November 2011
SUB-THEME 1: CONCEPTUALIZING RESEARCH, POLICY AND PRACTICE FOR SUSTAINABLE AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT
Session Chair(s): Prof. Eric C. Eboh, Executive Director, African Institute for Applied Economics (AIAE), Nigeria
Rapporteurs: Dr Maurice O. Bolo, ATPS Research Officer, Post-Doctoral
Presenter

Time

Topic/Presentations

09:00 – 09:15a.m.

(D3-P1.1): Indigenous Knowledge in research, policy and practice forDevelopment: Institute of Indigenous Knowledge (IIK)

09:15 – 09:30a.m.

(D3-P1.2): Legislative and Institutional Pathways interfacing the
Research, Policy and Practice Nexus

09:30 – 09:45a.m.
09:45 – 10:00 a.m.

(D3-P1.3): The Research - Policy Nexus: Mapping the Terrain of the
Literature(D3-P1.4): Triangulation of Research, Policy and Practice: Pathway for
African Development

10:00 – 10:30a.m.

Facilitated Q&A and Discussion Session

10:30 – 10:45a.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

Anke Weisheit, PhD Fellow,
Mbarara University of Science and Technology
BT Costantinos, PhD
Professor of Comparative Public Policy, School of Graduate
Studies, AAU
Tracy Bailey
Nnamani, C. V. and Oselebe, H. O.
Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria

SUB-THEME 3: MECHANISMS AND APPROACHES FOR EFFECTIVE LINKAGES AMONGST RESEARCHERS, POLICYMAKERS AND PRACTITIONERS
Session Chair(s): Prof. Eric C. Eboh, Executive Director, African Institute for Applied Economics (AIAE), Nigeria
Rapporteurs: Dr Maurice O. Bolo, ATPS Research Officer, Post-Doctoral
10:45 – 11:00a.m.

(D3-P1.5): Bridging the Gap between Research, Policy and Practice: A
Model for Real-Time Strategic Response to Change

Abel Niyibizi,
Petro Systems Limited

11:00 – 11:15a.m.

(D3-P1.6): Strategies for enhancing linkage in the innovation transfer
sub-system in south-eastern Nigeria

Dimelu, M. U
Department of Agricultural Extension&
Emodi, A.I

11:15-11:30p.m.

(D3-P1.7): Linking business incubation research, policy, and practicefor creation and growth of new technology-based firms – the Case
Study of Brazil

Prof. Atieno Ndede-Amadi
Head of Business School; Kenya Polytechnic University College(D3-P1.8): Innovative Ways of Integrating Traditional Medicine into
Agricultural Extensions and Advisory Services for Production ofComplementary Medicines in Lesotho

Eric B. Maliehe
Lesotho

11:45 – 12:00noon(D3-P1.9): Critical Actors and Roles in Science, Technology andInnovation: Matching Expectations with Reality in Ghana

Adelaide A. Asante and Dr. George Owusu Essegbey, Ministry ofEnvironment, Science and Technology, Ghana

12:00 – 01:00p.m.

Facilitated Q&A and Discussion Session

01:00 – 02:00p.m.

LUNCH BREAK

02:00 - 02:15p.m.

(D3-P1.10): Commercialization of Research Findings: A Tool Towards
More Effective Pharmaceutical Research in Africa

Uduma Eke Osonwa, PhD, MPSN
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University,
Awka, Nigeria

02:15 - 02:30p.m.

(D3-P1.11): L’intelligence Collective Pour Une Approche Globale de laRecherche en Reseau

Robert Mba, PhD, Certificat de Santé Communautaire, Universitéde Yaoundé 1, Centre
de Développement Pour les Bonnes Pratiques en Santé.
Yaoundé, Cameroun(D3-P1.12): Swaziland’s Experiences with Developing a National Policy
for Science, Technology and Innovation: Implications for linking policy
research with policy making

Mgidi D. Dlamini and Musa M. A. Dube, Swaziland(D3-P1.13): Linking Research To Policy and Development: The Case of
Agricultural Development Programme (ADPS) Nigeria

Nnadozie,A.K.O. and Mkpado M
Agricultural Economics Department, University of Nigeria,
Nsukka03:00 – 03:15 p.m.

(D3-P1.14): Linking Livestock Research to Policy in Nigeria: The
Intervention of the Nigeria Institute of Animal Science

Onyimonyi, Anselm Ego
Department of Animal Science
University of Nigeria, Nsukka

03:15 – 03:50p.m.

Facilitated Q&A and Discussion Session

03:50 – 04:00p.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

04:00 – 06:00p.m.

PLENARY SESSION 4 – International Roundtable (see main programme for details)

11:30 – 11:45a.m.

02:30 - 02:45p.m.

02:45 – 03:00p.m.

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 161

Appendix 4
Parallel Session Day 3 (D3-P2) Wednesday, 09th November 2011
SUB-THEME 2: YOUTH AND GENDER EMPOWERNMENT
Session Chair(s): Dr. Lindiwe M. Sibanda, CEO, FANPARN, Pretoria, South Africa
Rapporteurs: Mr. Ernest Acheampong, ATPS Research Officer
Time

Topic/Presentations

Presenter

09:00 – 09:20a.m.

(D3-P2.1): Youths Mobilization under the Agricultural Development
Programme: Lessons for Effective Linkages between Research,
Extension Organization and Farmers for Agricultural Transformation
Policy in South- east Nigeria

09:20 – 09:40a.m.

(D3-P2.2): Effective Linkage between Research and Policy Making In
the Area of Soil Sustainability: The Role of Youth and Gender
Empowerment via Collaborative Mentorship/Training.

Umeugochukwu, O.P
Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria Nsukka

09:40 – 10:00a.m.

(D3-P2.3): Strengthening Linkages Between Policy Research and Policy
Making for African Development: Youth and Gender Empowerment

Akola Constancia
TNSRMS Centre, East Africa

10:00 – 10:20 a.m.

(D3-P2.4): An empirical analysis of the influence of country quality of
institutions on gender empowerment in Sub-Saharan Africa

Damilola Olajide & Divine Ikenwilo
University of Aberdeen, Scotland

10:20 – 11:00a.m.

Facilitated Q&A and Discussion Session

11:00 – 11:30a.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

Ezeh, Ann N. and Dr S.O Ezeh.
Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki

SUB-THEME 4: THE ROLE OF CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
Session Chair(s): Dr. Lindiwe M. Sibanda, CEO, FANPARN, Pretoria, South Africa
Rapporteurs: Mr. Ernest Acheampong, ATPS Research Officer
11:30 – 11:50a.m.

(D3-P2.5): The role of capacity development

Angela Aluko
Mbeya Institute of Science and Technology

11:50 – 12:10p.m.

(D3-P2.6): An Analysis of Market Infrastructure Improvement: Has It
Really Developed Informal Sector Agro -Based Micro-Enterprises In
Bayelsa State, Nigeria?

Idani, Corinthian Potoki
Bayelsa State Senior Secondary Schools Board, Yenagoa

12:10-12:30p.m.

(D3-P2.7): Entrepreneurship as a Cutting Edge for Rural Development

A.B. C. Ezeibe
Centre for Entrepreneurship and Development Research (CEDR)
University of Nigeria, Nsukka

12:30 – 02:00p.m.

LUNCH BREAK

02:00 – 03:30p.m.

Facilitated Q&A and Discussion Session

03:30 – 04:00p.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

04:00 – 06:00p.m.

PLENARY SESSION 4 – International Roundtable (see main programme for details)

162 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

Appendix 5
Parallel Session Day 3 (D3-P2) Wednesday, 09th November 2011
SUB-THEME 5: RESEARCH UPTAKE, COMMUNICATION, ADVOCACY AND BROKERAGE
Session Chair(s): Mr. Diran Onifade, Nigerian Television Authority (NTA)
Rapporteurs: Dr Michéle Mbo’o-Tchouawou, ATPS Research Officer, Post -Doctoral
Time

Topic/Presentations

09:00 – 09:15a.m.

(D3-P3.1): Providing the right incentives to promote evidence
policy09:15 – 09:45a.m.
09:45 – 10:00a.m.

10:00 – 10:15 a.m.
10:15 – 11:00a.m.
11:00 – 11:30a.m.
11:30 – 11:45a.m.
11:45 – 12:00p.m.

Presenter-based

(D3-P3.2): Towards Effective Research Uptake and Innovative
Communication of Development Research Projects in Nigeria(D3-P3.3): An omitted research infrastructure/Arena: assessing therelevance of engaging small rural grassroots NGOs and CBOs on the
research agenda(D3-P3.4): Research Uptake, Communication, Advocacy and Brokerage:
A Look into the Farming Skills Acquisition Programme, Adamawa State,
Nigeria.

Ms Christelle Chapoy
International Initiative for Impact Evaluation
Adeyinka, F. M and Ajala, A.O
Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research
Bende, Andrew Julius
Monitoring & Evaluation inspirator, YWCA – Zambia
Hasuruna Amos, Department of Vocational Education, Federal
University of Technology

Facilitated Q&A and Discussion Session
TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK(D3-P3.5): Research-based evidence in African Policy Debates –Chieftaincy Reform in Sierra Leone(D3-P3.6): From Economic Growth to Sustainable Development:
Challenges and Opportunities for Realistic Policy Responses

12:00-12:15p.m.

(D3-P3.7):Linking Research to Policy: The African Development Bank as
Knowledge Broker

12:15 – 01:00p.m.

Facilitated Q&A and Discussion Session

01:00 – 02:00p.m.

LUNCH BREAK

Emma Justine Broadbent, Sierra Leone
Chidi Magnus Onuoha
Executive Director, Green Economics Nigeria
Basil Jones, PhD
Principal Institutional and Capacity Development Expert, ADB,
Tunisia

SUB-THEME 6: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR EFFECTIVE LINKAGES BETWEEN RESEARCH, POLICY AND PRACTICE
Session Chair(s): Mr. Diran Onifade, Nigerian Television Authority (NTA)
Rapporteurs: Dr Michéle Mbo’o-Tchouawou, ATPS Research Officer, Post -Doctoral
Time

Topic/Presentations

Presenter

02:00 – 02:15p.m.

(D3-P3.8): Rationale for Local Entrepreneurship Development Policies
and Programmes in Post-colonial Lesotho: Lessons from the Past

02:15 – 02:30p.m.

(D3-P3.9): Policy analysis, niche management and civil society in theenergy market

02:30 – 02:45p.m.

(D3-P3.10): From Indicators to Policy: Issues from the Nigerian
Research and Development Survey

Sean M. Maliehe
LesothoDavid Ndegwah
Lecturer in the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies
at Kenyatta University
Sanni M. Oluwatope
National Centre for Technology management,
Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria

02:45 – 03:00p.m.

(D3-P3.11): The emerging issues in Intellectual Property:
Pharmaceuticals and Traditional Medicines

03:00 – 03:45p.m.

Facilitated Q&A and Discussion Session

03:45 – 04:00p.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

04:00 – 06:00p.m.

PLENARY SESSION 4 – International Roundtable (see main programme for details)

Raban Wilfred Masuka, Zimbabwe

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 163

Appendix 6
Parallel Session Day 4 (D4-P1) Thursday, 10th & Friday 11th November 2011
THURSDAY, 10 TH NOVEMBER 2011
PROGRAMME FOR IP TRAINING OF TRAINERS (TOT) WORKSHOP
Programme Coordinator(s): Dr Maurice Ochieng Bolo, ATPS Research Officer and Mr. Joseph Wekundah, Executive Director, BTA
Rapporteurs: Ms. Jacinta Kahi, Communications Assistant, ATPS
Facilitators: Prof. Moni Wekesa and Ms Millicent Ligare, Mount Kenya University (MKU)
Time
08:00 – 11:00

Topic/Presentations

Presenter

SESSION 1: LEGAL FRAMEWORKS ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

08:00 – 08:30a.m.

Overview, Structure and Objectives of the ToT/Case studies progress review

Dr. Maurice O. Bolo, and Mr. Joseph
Wekundah

08:30 – 09:00a.m.

Self-introductions by participants including their expectations and fears

Dr. Maurice Bolo (Chair)

09:00 – 09:30a.m.

Setting the stage: Introduction to the different types of IPRs and their legal frameworks

Prof. Moni Wekesa

2

09:30 – 10:30a.m.

Group Discussions – Questions/guidelines to be provided·
Overview of IPRs in Ethiopia – Solomon Tibebu·
Overview of IPRs in Kenya – Anne Mbwayo·
Overview of IPRs in Lesotho – Pitso Masupha·
Overview of IPRs in Uganda – Job Wanakwakwa
NB. Each presentations has been allocated 5 minutes

Chairpersons, PIs and Rapporteurs

10:30 – 11:00a.m.

Feedback/group reports and wrap-up of session 1

Group Rapporteurs and Facilitators

11:00 – 11:30a.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

THURSDAY , 10TH NOVEMBER 2011
PROGRAMME FOR IP TRAINING OF TRAINERS (TOT) WORKSHOPSESSION 2: IPRS POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS
11:30 – 12:00noon

Policy and Institutional frameworks for IPRs – International, regional and national perspectives

Prof. Moni Wekesa and Millicent Ligare

12:00 – 12:45a.m.

Group discussions: questions and guidelines to be provided·
Policy and institutional frameworks in Ethiopia – Solomon Tibebu·
Policy and institutional frameworks in Kenya – Anne Mbwayo·
Policy and institutional frameworks in Lesotho – Pitso Masupha·
Policy and Institutional frameworks in Uganda – Job Wanakwakwa

Chairpersons, PIs and Rapporteurs

12:45 – 01:00p.m.

Feedback/group reports and wrap-up of session 2

Rapporteurs and facilitators

01:00 – 02:00p.m.

LUNCH BREAK

2:00 – 3:30 pm

SESSION 3: TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE/TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND EXPRESSIONS OF FOLKLORE

02:00 – 02:30p.m.

Introducing traditional knowledge/traditional medicine and expressions of folklore

Prof. Moni Wekesa and Millicent Ligare

Group discussions – questions and guidelines to be provided·
Status of traditional knowledge/traditional medicine and folklore in Ethiopia – Solomon Tibebu·
Status of traditional knowledge/traditional medicine and folklore in Kenya – Anne Mbwayo·
Status of traditional knowledge/traditional medicine and folklore in Lesotho – Pitso Masupha·
Status of traditional knowledge/traditional medicine and folklore in Uganda – Job Wanakwakwa

Chairpersons, PIs and Rapporteurs

02:30 – 03:15p.m.

2

For all the group discussions, participants will be provided with questions and guidelines to focus their deliberations. There will be four (4)working groups and each group will select their chairperson and rapporteurs. The rapporteurs will be responsible for reporting back to plenary
the key highlights of their discussions/conclusions. The principal investigators (PIs) of the country case studies will be distributed amongst
these groups (each group will have one (1) PI) and they will be allocated time to give brief presentations to the groups to enrich their
discussions and receive comments on their findings

164 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

03:15 – 03:30p.m.

Feedback/group reports and wrap – up of session 3

Rapporteurs and facilitators

03:30 – 04:00p.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

4:00 – 5:30 pm

SESSION 4: PRINCIPLES OF ACCESS AND BENEFIT SHARING (WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON NAGOYA AND SWAKOPMUND PROTOCOLS)

04:00 – 04:30p.m.

Principles of access and benefit sharing (ABS)Prof. Moni Wekesa and Millicent Ligare

Group works – questions and guidelines to be provided·
Status of ABS in Ethiopia – Solomon Tibebu·
Status of ABS in Kenya – Anne Mbwayo·
Status of ABS in Lesotho – Pitso Masupha·
Status of ABS in Uganda – Job Wanakwakwa

Chairpersons, PIs and Rapporteurs

Feedback/group reports and wrap – up of session 4

Rapporteurs and facilitators

04:30 – 05:15p.m.

05:15 – 05:30p.m.

END OF SESSIONFRIDAY, 11TH NOVEMBER 2011
PROGRAMME FOR IP TRAINING OF TRAINERS (TOT) WORKSHOP
Programme Coordinator(s): Dr Maurice Ochieng Bolo, ATPS Research Officer, and Mr. Joseph Wekundah, Executive Director, BTA
Rapporteurs: Ms. Jacinta Kahi, Communications Assistant, ATPS
Facilitators: Prof. Moni Wekesa and Ms Millicent Ligare, Mount Kenya University (MKU)
8:00 – 11:00

SESSION 5: TOOLS FOR ACCESS AND BENEFIT SHARING (ABS)Time

Topic/Presentations

8:00 – 8:30a.m

Tools for ABS

8:30 – 9:30a.m

Group discussions – questions and guidelines to be provided·
Tools for ABS in Ethiopia – Solomon Tibebu·
Tools for ABS in Kenya – Anne Mbwayo·
Tools for ABS in Lesotho – Pitso Masupha·
Tools of ABS in Uganda – Job Wanakwakwa

Chairpersons, PIs and Rapporteurs

9:30 – 10:00a.m

Feedback/group reports and wrap – up of session 5

Rapporteurs and facilitators

10:00 – 11:00a.m

Presenter
Prof. Moni Wekesa and Millicent Ligare

SESSION 6: BIOPROSPECTING AND BIOTRADE

10:00 – 10:30

Bioprospecting and BiotradeProf. Moni Wekesa and Millicent Ligare

10:30 – 11:00

Plenary discussions and wrap- up of session 6

All participants

11:00 – 11:30a.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

11:00 – 01:00p.m

FORWARD PLANNING FOR 2012: PRESENTATIONS OF CHAPTER WORKPLANS1

11:00 - 11:15a.m

Work-plan for IP activities in Ethiopia in 2012

Wondwossen
Belete, National
Coordinator, Ethiopia

11:15 – 11:30a.m

Work-plan for IP activities in Kenya in 2012

Kenneth Aduda, National Coordinator,
Kenya

11:30 – 11:45a.m

Work-plan for IP activities in Lesotho in 2012

Sekoja Phakisi, Ag. National
Coordinator, lesotho

11:45 – 12:00p.m

Work-plan for IP activities in Tanzania in 2012

Chair, NSC, Tanzania

12:00 – 12:15p.m

Work-plan for IP activities in Uganda in 2012

John Okuonzi, National Coordinator,
Uganda12:15 – 12:30p.m

Work-plan for IP activities in Malawi in 2012

H. Z. Mloza-Banda, National
Coordinator, Malawi

12:30 – 12:45p.m

Work-plan for IP activities in Zimbabwe in 2012

Chair NSC, Zimbabwe

12:45 – 01:00p.m

Work-plan for IP activities in Swaziland in 2012

M.A. Dube, National Coordinator,
Swaziland

01:00 – 02:00p.m.

LUNCH BREAK

02:00 – 06:00p.m.

PLENARY SESSION – ATPS ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING (For Registered Members ONLY)

3

In this session National Chapters Coordinators and/or National Steering Committee Chairpersons will present activity plans and budget for
2012

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 165

Appendix 7
Parallel Session Day 4 (D4-P2) Thursday, 10th November 2011
Programme for AWFST Progress Review Workshop
Programme Coordinator(s): Dr. Anthonia Achike, University of Nigeria
Rapporteurs: Ms. Ada Osisioma, ATPS Administrative Intern
Time

Topic/Presentations

Presenter

09:30 – 10:00a.m.

(D4-P2.1): Moving Forward in a Changing Climate: Poverty Reduction
through Sustainable Environmental Management (PRESEM)
CSP/0504/10-05

Joy Samantha Bongyereire
Biodiversity Conservation for Rural Development
Kisoro-Uganda

10:00 – 10:30a.m.

(D4-P2.2: Waste Minimisation Programme (WIP) CSP/0502/10-01

Martha Ada Ugwu
59 Highgrove Road, Walderslade, Chatham
Kent, ME5 7SF, UK

10:30 – 11:00a.m.

(D4-P2.3: Climate Change Awareness and Indigenous Innovative
Adaptation Measures applied by the Maasai Society in Tanzania
CSP/0504/10-01

Elinorata Mbuya
Institute of Human Settlement Studies,
Ardhi University, Tanzania

11:00 – 11:30a.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

11:30 – 12:00noon(D4-P2.4): CSP/0504/10-02 arm Level Responses to Climate Change
and Sustainable Agro -Ecosystem Management in Marginal Lands ofEbonyi State, Nigeria

Ann Nnenna Ezeh
Department of Agricultural Economics, Management &Extension, Ebonyi State University Abakaliki- Nigeria

12:00 – 12:30a.m.

(D4-P2.5): Smallholder rice farmers in South Eastern Nigeria:
Constraints. Impact, mitigation and adaptation to climate change
CSP/0501/10-01

Dr. Happiness Oselebe
Department of Crop Production & landscape Management,
Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria

12:30 – 01:00p.m.

(D4-P2.6): Effective Dissemination pathways for delivering Climate
information and services to vulnerable groups for adaptation in semi-arid
Kenya CSP/0504/10-07

Viola Kirui
Crops, Horticulture and Soil Sciences Department, Egerton
University, Kenya

01:00 – 02:00p.m.

LUNCH BREAK

02:00 – 02:30p.m.

(D4-P2.7): Identifying Indigenous knowledge and effective
communication systems for adaptation to climate change bysmallholder farmers of Kilifi District, Kenya CSP/0504/10-08

02:30 – 03:00p.m.

(D4-P2.8): Strategies for Promoting Sustainable Indigenous Practises in
Adaptation, Resilience Capacity Building and Mitigation ofDeforestation, Desertification and Drought in Rural African Communities
CSP-0504/10-09

03:00 – 03:30p.m.

(D4-P2.9): The Effect of Human Activities on the Role of Forests as a
Carbon Sink - The Case of Mau Forest, Kenya CSP/0501/10

03:30 – 04:00p.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAKEND OF SESSION

166 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops-Uganda,Grace A. Achiando
Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soil Sciences, Egerton
University, Kenya

Barrister Onyeke Kingsley
Nigeria

Aliet Ondicho
Eldoret, Kenya

Appendix 8
Parallel Session Day 4 (D4-P3) THURSDAY, 10th November 2011
Programme for AYFST Progress Review Workshop
Programme Coordinator(s): Prof. Atieno Amadi, BIAK
Rapporteurs: Mr. Ernest Acheampong, ATPS Research Officer
Time

Topic/Presentations

Presenter

09:00 – 09:25a.m.

(D4-P3.1): Assessment of the vulnerability and adaptation strategies toclimate variability and change of the Bos-taurus dairy dairy genotypes
under diverse production environments in Kenya CP/0404/10-06

Kiplangat Ngeno
International livestock research institute,
Biotechnology theme (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya

09:25 – 09:50a.m.

(D4-P3.2: The Integration of Conservation Agriculture to Agro-forestry
system as an adaptation strategy to climate change CP/0401/10-05

Mr. Sekaleli Ts’epo Stephen
Roma, Maseru, Lesotho

09:50 – 10:10a.m.

(D4-P3.3): Design and Analysis of a 1MW Grid-Connected Solar
Photovoltaic System In Kumasi-Ghana CP/0401/10-06

Ebenezer Nyarko Kumi
The Energy Center
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology,
Kumasi, Ghana

10:10 – 10:35a.m.

(D4-P3.4): Detailed measurements of vehicular carbon footprints
emissions concentration level in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria and theEnvironmental Pollution cum Climate Change Effect CP/0401/10-08

Francis Okelola Olumayokun
Geography Department
Federal University of Technology
Minna, Niger state, Nigeria

10:35 – 11:00a.m.

(D4-P3.5): Near real-time applicatin and validation of a multi-temporalthreshold algorithm in active forest fire detection and monitoring in
Zimbabwe using MSG satellite CP/0402/10-04

Tawanda Manyangadze
Department of Sustainable Environment and Development
Saveteck Solutions, Office no. 18, Guni House, Masvingo,
Zimbabwe

11:00 – 11:30a.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

11:30 – 11:55a.m.

(D4-P3.6): Les Jeunes moteurs des Communautés résilientes face auchangement climatique dans les villes de Karimama et de Malanville
CP/0405/10-03

Abdelaziz Lawani
Ingénieur Agronome spécialiste en Economie Rurale, Cotonou
Bénin

11:55 – 12:20p.m.

(D4-P3.7): Assessing Indigenous Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation and Improving Resilience and Decision Making Capacity of
Smallholder farmers in response to climate risks in Tigray, Northern
Ethiopia CP/0404/10-05

Kiros Meles Hadgu
Mekelle University, Ethiopia

12:20 – 12:45p.m.

(D4-P3.8): Developing the Capacity and Improving Access of Smallscale Farmers to Low Cost Artificial Substrate Mushroom Cultivation inSouth-Eastern Nigeria CP/0403/10-02

Mr. Mmaduabuchukwu Mkpado
Centre for Rural Development and Cooperatives (CRDC)
University of Nigeria

12:45 – 01:10p.m.

(D4-P3.9): Utilization of the Potential Rain Water Harvesting Technology
for Improving Food Security in Dry Areas, The Case of Bahi District,
Dodoma CP/0404/10-01

Deusdedit Kibassa
Ardhi University (ARU)
Institute of Human Settlement Studies (IHSS), Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania

01:10 – 02:10p.m.

LUNCH BREAK

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 167

02:10 – 02:35p.m.

(D4-P3.10): Harnessing Indigenous Knowledge on Small-Scale Soil andWater Conservation Innovations to Enhance Farmer Adaptation to
Climate Change in Central Malawi CP/0404/10-02

Ms Loma Nyangulu
Kirk Development Research, Training &Consultancy (KIDERTCO)
Lilongwe, Malawi

02:35 – 03:00p.m.

(D4-P3.11): Climate Change Analysis: Improve Farmers’ Resilience to
Climate Related Hazards in the Upper Catchment of Blue Nile, Ethiopia
CP/0404/10-04

Mr. Bewket Amdu
Wondogenet College
MA in Env’t and Dev’t

03:00 – 03:25p.m.

(D4-P3.12): Evaluation of the CMIP3 Model on the Simulation of theSouth Atlantic ocean Dipole CP/0403/10-01

Hyacinth C. Nnamchi
Department of Geography
University of Nigeria

03:25 – 03:45p.m.

TEA/COFFEE & HEALTH BREAK

03:45 – 04:10p.m.

04:10 – 04:35p.m.

04:35 – 05:00p.m.

(D4-P3.13): Assess the rationale and competence of pastoral
community innovative adaptation to the incidence of climate change in
Ethiopia CP/0401/10-02

Tibebu Solomon, Tibebu Solomon
Senior Technology Transfer Expert
Ministry of Science & Technology
Ethiopia(D4-P3.14): Optimization of a continuous biodiesel plant CP/0402/1005

Mr. Joel N. Nwakaire
Dept. Of Agricultural & Bioresources Engineering, University of
Nigeria Nsukka(D4-P3.15): Analysis of the role of ICTs in Climate Change Awareness;
Adaptation and Mitigation in Rural South Africa and Zimbabwe
CP/0405/10-07

Shakespear Mudombi
Institute of Economic Research on Innovation(Tshwane University of Technology)

END OF SESSION

168 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

Appendix 9
List of Delegates that attended the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops
Benin
1.
Dr. Gaudence DJEGOATPS Chapter Coordinator, BENIN
Faculty of Agronomic Sciences (FSA)
University of Abomey-Calavi
Tel: +229-95-165719
Email: gdjego@yahoo.fr
Cameroon
2.
Dr. Sylvester NDESO ATANGA
Lecturer, Epidemiology & Public HealthFaculty of Health Sciences
University of Buea
P.O. Box 63
South West Province
Republic of Cameroon
Tel: + 237-75816047
Cell: +237-99841433
Email: ndesoatpscamnet@rocketmail.com orndiande@yahoo.com
China
3.
Mr. Hyacinth C. NNAMCHILASG/IAP
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Tel: +234 8163033422
E-mail: hyacinth.nnamchi@unn.edu.ng;
nnamchy@yahoo.co.uk
Côte d'Ivoire
4.
Dr. Arsène K. KOUADIO
National Coordinator, ATPS Cote D'Ivoire
Executive Director, Institut pour leDéveloppement (IPD),
Cocody, Boulelevard LatrilleE-mail: arsene.k@ipd-ci.org;
arsenekk@yahoo.fr;
arsenekouadio@hotmail.com
Egypt
5.
Ms. Manal Moustafa SAMRA
45 Noubar Street, Bab El-Louk
8th Floor, Apt 29, Cairo
Academy for International Development Middle East (AIDME)
Egypt
Tel: +20105005284
Email: mmsamra@gmail.com

Ethiopia
6.
Mr. Wondwossen BELETE
Ag. National Coordinator
Director of Intellectual Property Protection andTechnology Transfer,
Ethiopian Industrial Property Organization(EIPO)MOST Building, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel: +251 911 886709
Email: wondwossenbel@yahoo.com
7.

Dr. Mohammed KHALIL TIMAMY
Head, Environment Division,
Department of Rural Economy and Agriculture,
African Union Commission
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Email: mhktimamy@yahoo.co.uk

8.

Mr. Jeremy WEBB
Statistician
African Climate Policy Centre (ACPC)
United Nations Economic Commission for
AfricaT: +251 115 44 3236
Email: jwebb@uneca.org

9.

Dr. Woldeyesus SINEBO
Head, Agricultural Technology Intellectual
Property Management Office
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research
P. O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel: +251 911 481 204
Fax: +251 116 465412
Email: wsinebo@hotmail.com

10.

Mr. Tibebu SOLOMON
Senior Technology Transfer Expert
Ministry of Science & Technology
P.O. Box 2490, Addis Ababa
Ethiopia
Cell: +251 911481003
Email:tibebusolomon@gmail.com orindus@estc.gov.et

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 169

11.

12.

Dr. Kiros Meles HADGU
Director
Institute of Geo-Information & Earth
Observation
Mekelle University
P. O. Box 231
Mekelle, Ethiopia
Tel : +251 914 700467
Fax : +251 344409304
E-mail: kirhadgu@gmail.com;
kirhadgu@yahoo.com
Mr. Bewket AMDU
Lecturer
Haramaya University
P. O. Box 138, Hararare
Ethiopia
Tel: +251 911 333356
E-mail: bewketam@yahoo.com

Ghana
13. Dr. Frederick Kodwo AMU-MENSAH
Senior Research Scientist
CSIR Water Research Institute
P. O. Box M.32
Accra, Ghana
Tel: +233-24-4748197
Fax: +233 21 77 7170
Email: assabil@aim.com orobeyie@gmail.com
14.

Dr. George O. ESSEGBEY
Director,
Science & Technology Policy ResearchInstitute (STEPRI)
P. O. Box CT 519
Accra, Ghana
Tel: +233-302-773856
Fax : 233 302 773068
Email : goessegbey@stepri.csir.org.gh or
george_essegbey@yahoo.co.uk

15.

Mr. Ebenezer Nyarko KUMI
MSc. Candidate/Research Assistant
The Energy Center
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science andTechnology
Kumasi, Ghana
Tel: +233 243608824/266174581
Email: nyarkokumi@hotmail.com

16.

Adelaide A. ASANTE
Ministry of Environment, Science andTechnology
P. O Box M232, Accra, Ghana
E-Mail: adelaidegh@yahoo.co.uk
Tel : +233-244-567666

India
17. Ms. Christelle CHAPOY
Senior Advocacy and Policy Officer
International Initiative for impact Evaluation(3ie)
GDN, 2nd Floor, West Wing, ISID Complex Plot
No. 4,
Vasant Kunj Institutional Area, New Delhi
110070, India
Tel: +91 98 10444993
Email: cchapoy@3ieimpact.org
Jamaica
18. Prof. Ishenkumba KAHWA
Dean, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences
Mona Campus, The University of the West
IndiesKingston 7, Jamaica
Tel: +1 876 462 7569
Fax: +1 876 977 7556
E-mail:ishenkumba.kahwa@gmail.com
Kenya
19. Professor Shaukat Ali ABDULRAZAKMember, ATPS Board & Executive Secretary
National Council for Science and Technology(NCST)P. O. Box 30623-0010
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 2242175
Cell: +254 721 107867
E-mail: secretary@ncst.go.ke orsabdulrazak@yahoo.com
20.

170 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

Mr. Kenneth W. ADUDA
Projects & Resource Mobilization Manager
Kenya Industrial Research Development
Institute (KIRDI)
P. O. Box 54139-00200
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 609498
Fax: +254 20 556362
Cell: + 254 721 466444
Email: adudakenwo@gmail.com

21.

Prof. Norah OLEMBOPatron, AWFST
Executive Director
Africa Biotechnology Stakeholders Forum
P. O. Box 66069-00800, Nairobi
Tel: +254 733 854575
Email: noraholembo@yahoo.com ornolembo@absfafrica.org

22.

Prof. Francis M. MUTUA
National Project Coordinator
Applied Training Project Nile Basin Initiative
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 208 0371
E-mail: fmmutua@gmail.com or
fmutua@uonbi.ac.ke

23.

24.

25.

Mr. Joseph M. WEKUNDAH
ATPS-IP Programme Coordinator &Executive Director
Biotechnology Trust Africa (BTA)
Family Health Plaza Building
P. O. Box 1285-00100, 1st Floor
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 6000040/6003983
Fax: +254 20 6003358
Cell: +254 722 205391
Email: biotechafrica@gmail.com
Ms. Phina Victoria MAGARA
Secretary, AYFST Steering Committee
Researcher, T&P
P. O. Box 54139 – 00200
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 724 664 752 / 735343511
Email: phinamagara@yahoo.co.uk
Dr. Evans SIKINYICEO
Seed Trade Association of Kenya (STAK)
Utumishi Co-operative House
P. O. Box 2581-00202
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 722 767026
Fax: +254 230 2713671
Email esikinyi@stak.or.ke orsikinyi_evans@yahoo.co.uk

26.

Prof. Francis B. MWAURA
Associate Professor & Head Microbiology &Biotech program
School of Biological Sciences
University of Nairobi
P. O. Box 30197 00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel : +254 722 393237
Email: fbmwaura@mail.uonbi.ac.ke

27.

Mr. Stanley S. ATSALI
Patent Examiner
Head: Traditional Knowledge and Genetic
Resources Unit
Kenya Industrial Property Institute (KIPI)P. O Box 51648 00-200
Nairobi
Tel: +254-0717269813
Cell: +254 20 6002210/11
Email: satsali@kipi.go.ke;
atsalistanley@yahoo.coms;
stanleyatsali@gmail.com

28.

Prof. John Gowland MWANGICouncil Member and Former Dean, Faculty of
Education and Community Studies
Egerton University
P. O. Box 536-20115
EGERTON, Kenya
Tel. +254(0) - 723 466 733 or 722 958 069
or 732 241 089
Email: mwangijg5@yahoo.com ormwangijg5@gmail.com

29.

Mrs. Anne MBWAYO
Clinical Psychologist & PhD Student at Africa
Mental Health Foundation (AMHF)
P. O. Box 48423-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 2716315
Fax: +254 20 2717168
Email: annembwayo@gmail.com

30.

Ms. Aliet K. ONDICHO
Student, Moi University
P. O Box 72244 Nairobi
Tel: +254 722 147370
E-mail: alietonkwabo@yahoo.com

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 171

31.

32.

33.

Ms. Grace A. ACHIANDO
Student
Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soil
Sciences
Egerton University
P. O Box 403, Mtwapa, Kenya
Tel: +254 727-394 887
Email: graceolilo@yahoo.com
Ms. Viola KIRUIStudent
Crops, Horticulture and Soil Sciences
Department, Egerton University,
P. O Box 536, Egerton, Kenya
Mobile No: +254721841228
Email : cherokiruiv@yahoo.com
violakr4@gmail.com
Mr. Alex ALUSA
Climate Change Policy Advisor
Environment and Climate Change Unit
Office of the Prime Minister
P. O. Box 74434-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
Email: alexalusa@gmail.com

34.

Ms. Millicent LIGARE
Mount Kenya University
Nairobi Campus, Moi Avenue
P. O. Box 4701-00100, Nairobi
Email: millicent@legalthinking.net

35.

Prof. Dr. Dr. Moni WEKESA
Dean, School of Law
Mount Kenya University
Nairobi Campus, Moi Avenue
P. O. Box 4701-00100
Nairobi
Email: moniwekesa08@gmail.com

36.

Prof. Atieno Ndede-AMADIFounder / Chief Executive Officer
Kenya Kountry Business Incubator
Email: anamadi@kekobi.or.ke

37.

Constancia AKOLATNSRMS Centre
East Africa
Email:conniekola@yahoo.com

38.

39.

Dr. Stephen KARIMI
National Council of Science and Technology(NCST)
Utalii House, Nairobi, Kenya
E-mail: karimisteve@gmail.com

40.

Mr. Paul M. CHEGE
Senior Patent Examiner
Kenya Industrial Property Institute (KIPI)
P. O. Box 57648-00200
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 724 750010
Email: pachege@yahoo.com or
pchege@kipi.go.ke

41.

Mr. Edwin Oduor OCHOLA
College of Agriculture & Veterinary Science
University of Nairobi
P. O Box 29053 00625
Nairobi
Email: educhols@yahoo.com

42.

Ms. Vivianne A. OYUGIKabete Campus University Students
Organisation
University of Nairobi
P. O Box 5346 30100
Nairobi
Email: vivyanittah@gmail.com

43.

Mr. Stephen Inzofu OSANYA
Kabete Campus University Students
Organisation
University of Nairobi
P. O Box 75891 00100
Nairobi
Email: steevstell@yahoo.com

44.

Luke Kamau NYAMU
Kabete Campus University Students
Organisation – University of Nairobi
Vice chairman
P. O. Box 75891-00200
Tel: +254 727 405083
Email: Lukesnyamsy09@gmail.com

45.

Philip SIMINYU
University of Nairobi
P. O. Box 14685 00100
Nairobi
Tel: +254-726-562110
Email: philipsimiyu95@yahoo.com

David NDEGWAH
Lecturer, Department of Philosopy & Religious
Studies
Kenyatta University
E-Mail: ndegwahdavid@gmail.com

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46.

George ACHIA
Science Writer, ScienceAfrica
P. O Box 57458 00200
Nairobi, KENYA
Tel: +254-724-604630
Email: georegeachia2011@yahoo.com

47.

Ms. Beatrice OUMA
Communications Coordinator
Future Agricultures Consortium
P. O Box 56445 – 00200
Nairobi, KENYA
Tel: +254-721-463952
Email: beautyouma@yahoo.com

Lesotho
48. Prof. Ramoshebi I. M. MOLETSANE
Mentor/Consultant
Training Skills Centre
LesothoTel: +266 5859 9934
Email: ds.phakisi@lycos.com
49.

Mr. Lekholoane Ignatius LEKHOLOANE
Development Facilitator
Seremula Development Association
P. O. Box 708, Maseru 100
LesothoTel: +266 58774746/22317875
Fax: +266 22317875
E-mail: ignatius2l@serumula.org.ls or
lekholoanei@yahoo.co.uk

50.

Mr. Pitso Victor MASUPHA
Lecturer and Researcher
The National University of Lesotho, Faculty ofAgriculture building or Piting Ha Tumo
P. O. Box 7346
Maseru 100, Lesotho
Email: pvmasupha@yahoo.com

51.

Mr. Sekaleli Ts'epo Stephen TIISETSO
Teacher
St. Mary's High School
P. O. Box 87, Masenod 160, Lesotho
Tel: +26658855932
E-mail: skaledy@yahoo.com

52.

Dr. Eric Bataung MALIEHE
Consultant
Ethno Herbal Products
P. O. BOX 15913 Maseru-100
LesothoTel: +266 27000638/ 58772051
E-Mail: ebmaliehe@yahoo.com

53.

Sean Morenakemang MALIEHE
Lesotho
E-Mail: seanmaliehe@gmail.com
Liberia54.

Dr. Wollor Emmanuel TOPOR
Acting Dean
College of Science and Technology
University of Liberia
Capitol Hill, Liberia
Tel: + 231-6875802
Email: wollortopor@yahoo.com

Malawi55. Prof. Henry MLOZA-BANDA
Professor of Agricultural Ecology
University of Malawi
Faculty of Agriculture
Lilongwe, Malawi
Cell: +265 888 854 123
Email: mlozab@yahoo.co.uk or
mlozab@gmail.com
56.

Mr. Tennyson M MAGOMBO
Chair, AYFST Steering Committee
Agro enterprise Development Specialist,
African Institute of Corporate Citizenship1st Floor, Casa de Chez Building, off
Independence Drive, Private Bag 382, Lilongwe
3, Malawi.
Cell: +265 888 978 655 or +265 999 378
655
Tel: +265 1 775 787/691
Fax: +265 1 775 766
Email: tennysonmagombo@yahoo.co.uk

57.

Dr. Henderson CHIMOYO
Director General
National Commission for Science andTechnology, Private Bag B303
Lilongwe, Malawi
Cell: + 265 888 271 471
E-mail: hchimoyo989@gmail.com

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 173

58.

Ms. Loma NYANGULU
Assistant Researcher
Kirk Development Research, Training& Consultancy (KIDERTCO)
Plot No. 47/2/264, P.O Box 2716, Lilongwe,
MalawiTel: +265 888553512
Fax: +265 1 775766
E-mail: loma_nyangulu@yahoo.com;
kirkbcenter@gmail.com

59.

Dr. Rowland Morgan CHIRWA
Southern Africa-Bean Research Network
CoordinatorInternational Centre for Tropical Agriculture(CIAT)
Chitedze Research Station
P. O. Box 158Lilongwe, Malawi
Tel: +265 9962851
Fax: +265 1707278
Email: rchirwa@malawi.net or
R.Chirwa@cgiar.org

60.

61.

Dr. James M. BOKOSI
Associate Professor
Bunda College of Agriculture
University of Malawi
P. O. Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi
Tel: +265 884595277
Email: jmbokosi@yahoo.com

63.

Prof. Michael C. MADUKWEProfessor, Department of Agricultural
Extension
University of Nigeria
Nsukka, Enugu State
Nigeria
Tel: +234 42 771019
Fax: +234 42 771500
Cell: +234 803 700 6968
Email: madukwe@hotmail.com or
madukwemichael@yahoo.com

64.

Prof. Osita OGBU
Executive Director
African Development Solutions International(ADSI)
Abuja, Nigeria
Email: ovoko@yahoo.com

65.

Mr. Diran ONIFADE
President of the African Federation for Science
Journalists (AFSJ)
Nigerian Television Authority (NTA)
Area 11, Garki
Abuja, Nigeria
Cell: +234 803 371 0654
Email: diranx@msn.com

66.

Mr. Barrister Kingsley ONYEKE
Legislative Aide
National Assembly
Suite 302, Senate Wing
Abuja, Nigeria
Tel: +234 8033413790
Email: kcmumsy@yahoo.com

67.

Mrs. Ann Nnenna EZEH
Lecturer II
Department of Agricultural Economics
Management & Extension, Ebonyi State
University Abakaliki
Nigeria
Tel: +234 8035410610
Email: annezeh2007@yahoo.com

68.

Dr. Happiness OSELEBE
Director
Biotech R&D Centre
Department of Crop Production & landscapeManagement
Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
Tel: +234 8030899897
Email: happinessoselebe@yahoo.com

Ms. Mary WASWA
Tel: +265-99-9809560
Email: waswamuls@gmail.com
MALAWI

Nigeria
62. Prof. Turner T. ISOUN
Member, ATPS Board
Former Honourable Minister, FMST
1 Ministers Hill off 40 Colorado Close
Maitama, Abuja Nigeria
Tel: +234-9-523 3397
Fax: +234-9-523 4390
E-mail: ttisoun@aol.com

174 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

69.

70.

71.

72.

73.

74.

75.

Mr. Mmaduabuchukwu MKPADO
Research Fellow
Centre for Rural Development andCooperatives (CRDC)
University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Tel: 234 8035813278
E-mail: manotejah341@yahoo.com

76.

Prof. Bato OKOLO
Vice Chancellor
University of Nigeria
Nsukka, Nigeria
Email: bato_okolo@yahoo.com

77.

Mr. Joel N. NWAKAIRE
Lecturer II
Dept. Of AgriculturalEngineering
Nsukka, University of Nigeria
Tel: +234 7035020691
E-mail: joel.nwakaire@unn.edu.ng

Prof. Vincent Anigbogu
External Evaluator for ATPS
Director General
Institute for National Transformation
USA
Email: vanigbogu@gmail.com

78.

Mrs. Peggy Anigbogu
USA
Email: vanigbogu@gmail.com

79.

Dr. Ibrahim Abdullahi
Coordinator Farming skills acquisition
programme
Adamawa Agricultural Development andInvestment Ltd, Adamawa State
3 Masalachi Close, Off Ahmadu Bello Way,JIMETA – YOLA
Admawa State NIGERIA
Email: jauwicecall@yahoo.com
Tel: +234-703-6060860

80.

Fr. Uchechukwu OBODOECHINA
Director
Justice, Peace and Development / Caritas
Commission, Nsukka, Nigeria
Email: uchechukwuo@hotmail.com

Mr. Hasaruna Amos
Department of Vocational Education
Federal University of Technology
P. O Box 2076, Yola
NIGERIA
Email: hasaruna.amos@gmail.com
Tel: +234-803-6161007

81.

Dr. Anthonia ACHIKE
Department of Agricultural Economics
University of Nigeria
Nsukka, Nigeria
Email: ifeyinwaachike@yahoo.com

Patience Obiageli UMEUGOCHUKWUDepartment of Soil Science
University of Nigeria
Nigeria
Email: obyumeh@yahoo.com

82.

Catherine V. NNAMANI
Ebonyi State University
Abakalili
Nigeria
Email: nnamanikate2007@yahoo.com

Mr. Francis Okelola OLUMAYOKUN
M.Tech. Research Student
Geography Department
Federal University of Technology
Minna, Niger state, Nigeria
Tel: +234 7031864807/ 8052277724
E-mail: Okelolamayokun@yahoo.co.uk
Dr. Chidiebere Udeh IBE
Public Finance and Policy Consultant
Executive Director
Institute for Public Policy Analysis andManagement
14 Ajayi Growther Street, Asokoro,
Abuja, Nigeria
Tel: +234-0803-566-3820
Email: chidierei@yahoo.com;
cibe@ippam.org

Prof. Francis E. BISONG
Dean, Post Graduate School
Professor, Department of Geography &Environmental Science
University of Calabar, P.O.Box 3733, Calabar,
NigeriaE-mail: febisong@yahoo.com

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 175

83.

Anselm Ego ONYIMONYI
Department of Animal Science
University of Nigeria
Nsukka, Nigeria
E-Mail: onyimonyi@yahoo.com

84.

Adaku B. C. EZEIBE
Centre for Entrepreneurship and Development
Research (CEDR)
University of Nigeria,
NsukkaEmail: adakuezeibe@yahoo.com

85.

Chukwubuike Ogoma ERONOBI
Director, Planning and Administration
Green Economics, Nigeria
Email: chukseronobi@yahoo.com

86.

Dr. Foluso Adeyinka
Research Fellow
Nigerian Institute for Social and Economic
Research (NISER)
P.M.B 5 UI Post Office
Oyo Road, Ojoo, Ibadan, Nigeria
Tel: +234 2 8103345/8102904
Fax:+234 2 2413121
Email: folu_adeyinka@yahoo.com

87.

Dr. Mariam Forbes Isoun
Executive Director
Niger Delta Wetlands Centre
Ministers Hill Off 40 Colorado Close
Maitama, Abuja, NIGERIA
Tel : +234-803-3142393
Email : isoun@aol.com

Rwanda
88. Prof Herman MUSAHARA
Associate Professor and Director
Directorate of Planning and Development(DPD)
National University of Rwanda
B.P.117 Butare, Huye, Rwanda
Email: hmusahara@nur.ac.rw

Sierra Leone
89. Mr. Teddy A. MORLAI
Communications, Campaigns & Fundraising
Manager,
Leonard Cheshire Disability, West Africa
15ABC Old Railway Line, Brookfields,
P. O Box 1299
Freetown, Sierra Leone
Cell: +232 77 956841 or +232 76 299645
E-mail: tmorlai@yahoo.com
South Africa
90. Dr. Camaren PETER
Extraordinary Senior Lecturer, School of
Leadership
Stellenbosch University,
Research Associate of the TSAMA Hub and theSustainability InstituteSouth Africa
Email: camarenpeter@hotmail.com
91.

Mr. Shakespear MUDOMBI
Institute for Economic Research on Innovation/
Tshwane University of Technology
Pretoria, South Africa
Cell: +27767604568
Email: mudombi.shakespear@gmail.com

92.

Ms. Tracy Gillian BAILEY
Centre for Higher Education Transformation
Email: tgbailey@iafrica.com

Sudan
93. Ms. Nadia Hassan SIDAHMED
Economic Studies Department
Industrial Research & Consultancy Centre(IRCC)P. O. Box 268, Khartoum, Sudan
Tel: +249 911449106
Fax: +249 85313753
Email: nadiahsh@yahoo.co.uk
Swaziland
94. Dr. Musa A. DUBE
Senior Lecturer
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Swaziland,
Luyengo Campus
P. O. Luyengo, Swaziland
Tel: +268 527 40 21
Fax: +268 527 40 21
Cell:+268 7618 15 79
Email: madube@agric.uniswa.sz

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95.

Hon. Obed Dlamini
Former Prime Minister
Kingdom of Swaziland
P. O. Box 960, Manzini
M200 Swaziland
Tel: +268 760 21267
Email: madube@agric.uniswa.sz

96.

Prof. Priscilla S. DLAMINI
Director/Lecturer
Swaziland Institute of Research on Traditional
Medicines and Indigenous Food Plans
Faculty of Health Sciences, University ofSwaziland
P. O. Box 369, Mbabane, Swaziland
Tel: +268 4043769
Fax: +268 4046241
Cell: +268 768 75601
E-mail: pdlamini@uniswa.sz

97.

Prof. Nonhlanhla Alucia SUKATI
Associate Professor
Faculty of Health Sciences
P. O. Box 369
Mbabane. Swaziland
Tel: +268 40-40171/2
Fax: +268 4046241
Email: nasukati@uniswa.sz

98.

Dr. Abednego M. DLAMINI
Associate Professor
University Of Swaziland
Private Bag Luyengo
Cell: +268 527 4021/+268 76034608
Email: adlamini@agric.unswa.sz

99.

Dr. Rosemary Lencane VILAKATI
Lecturer, University of Swaziland, Departmentof Animal Production and Health
Tel: +268 5274021
Email: rvilakat@agric.uniswa.sz or
rvilakat@yahoo.com

100. Dr. Pinkie E. ZWANE
Head, Department of Consumer Sciences
Senior Lecturer: Textiles, Apparel Design andManagement
University of Swaziland
P. O. Luyengo, Swaziland
Tel: +268 5274021
Fax: +268 5274441
E-mail: pezwane@agric.uniswa.sz

101. Ms. Queen MATSEBULA
Assistant Registrar
Ministry of Industry and Trade, Intellectual
Property Office
P. O. Box 451 Mbabane H-100, Swaziland
Tel: +268 4042400
Fax: +268 4042506
E-Mail: queenmats@yahoo.com
102. Dr. Themb'alilahlwa A. M. MAHLABA
Lecturer, University of Swaziland
Email: tmahlaba@uniswa.sz
Tanzania
103. Prof. Sam M. WANGWE
Chair, ATPS Board
Chairman, Daima Associates Limited
Daima House, Makumbusho Street,
Kijitonyama
P. O. Box 75027 Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania
Tel: +255-22-277 1954
Fax: +255-22-277 1949
Cell: +255-754-325 487
Email: swangwe@daima.co.tz orswangwe@yahoo.com
104. Ms. Elinorata MBUYA
Assistant Research Fellow
Institute of Human Settlement Studies,
Ardhi University,
P. O. Box 35124,
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tel: +255 78 4406000
Fax: +255 22 2775479
E mail: mbuyatz@yahoo.com
105. Mr. Deusdedit KIBASSA
Assistant Research Fellow,
Ardhi University (ARU),
Institute of Human Settlement Studies (IHSS),
Survey Area, University Road,
P. O.B ox 35124
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Tel: +255 22 2775481
Cell: +255 713770434
E-mail: dkibassa2000@yahoo.com;
kibassa@aru.ac.tz

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 177

United Kingdom
106. Prof. Egil Robert ORSKOV
Professor
The Orskov Foundation
c/o The Macaulay Institute
Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen
AB15 8QH
Scotland, UK
Tel: +44 1224 498200
E-mail: b.orskov@macaulay.ac.uk orboborskov@hotmail.com
107. Mrs. Martha Ada UGWU
Lead Nurse, Infection Prevention/Control
Eastern & Coastal Kent Community Health
NHS Trust
59 Highgrove Road
Walderslade, Chatham
Kent, ME5 7SF, UK
Tel: +4401634310389/07985476289
Email: Martha.ugwu@yahoo.co.uk
Martha@ugwu.fsworld.co.uk
108. Damilola Olajide, MA.,Ph.D.
Health Economics Research Unit
University of Aberdeen
Polwarth Building Foresterhill
Aberdeen AB25 2ZD Scotland UK
Email: d.olajide@abdn.ac.uk
109. Prof. Christopher Garforth
Professor of Agricultural Extension and Rural
Development
Professor of Agricultural Extension and Rural
Development
University of Reading
United Kingdom
Email: c.j.garforth@reading.ac.uk
110. Sir Brian Heap
ATPS Board Member
Vice-President
European Academies Science Advisory
Council
The Royal Society of London SW1Y 5AG
And Honorary Fellow
St Edmund's College
Cambridge CB3 0BN, UK
Tel: +44 1223 248509
Email: brianheap1@gmail.com

Uganda111. Mr. John OKUONZINational Coordinator, ATPS Uganda Chapter
Kyambogo University, Faculty of Engineering,
Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering
P. O Box 1, Kyambogo, Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256 782 353034
Email: jokuonzi@kyu.ac.ug or
okuonzijohnie@yahoo.com
112. Prof. Joseph OBUA
Regional Coordinator
Lake Victoria Research Initiative (VicRes)
The Inter - University Council for East Africa
P. O. Box 7110 Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256 414 256251/2
Email: j.obua@vicres.net
113. Dr. Dick M. KAMUGASHA
Director, Technology Development Center(TDC)
Plot 42A Mukabya Road, Nakawa Industrial
Area
P. O. Box 7086, Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256 712077229
Fax: +256 414286695
Email: dkamugasha@uiri.org
114. Mr. John Stephen OKUTA
Programme Assistant
Plot 18 Shimoni Road
Maisonette Building, Suite A2
P. O. Box 7184
Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256-772-515 776
Fax : +256-414-344 801
Email : john.okuta@undp.org
115. Ms. Catherine MUNABITUKACUNGURWA
Uganda National Council for Science andTechnology
Email: cmunabi@yahoo.com
116. Dr. Phinehas TUKAMUHABWA
Senior Lecturer
Makerere University
Crop Science Department
P. O. Box 7062
Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256-772-498691
Email: p.tuka@agric.mak.ac.ug

178 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

117. Mr. Ronald JJAGWE
Science Officer (IP Liason Officer)
Uganda National Council for Science andTechnology (UNCST)
Plot 6 Kimera Road, P.O Box 6884 Kampala,
UgandaTel: +256 414 705 500
Cell: +256 782 504661
Fax: +256 414 234 579
Email: r.jaggwe@uncst.go.ug;
jagweron@yahoo.com
118. Ms. Joy Samantha BONGYEREIRE
Biodiversity Conservation for Rural
Development-Uganda
P. O. Box 122
Kisoro-Uganda
Tel: +256 772919109
Email: bcrd.uganda@gmail.com,
bonjoys98@yahoo.com
119. Mr. Job WANAKWAKWA
Research and Innovations Counselor/Lead
Investigator
LOG`EL Project, P.O. Box 71700, Kampala Uganda,
Tel: +256 773 691515
Email: wanakwakwajob@gmail.com/
wjob@logelproject.org
120. Prof. Hannington Oryem-Origa
College of Natural Sciences
Makerere University
P. O Box 7062, Kampala
UGANDA
Tel: +256-772-624932
Email: horyem@botany.mak.ac.ug
121. Mr. Abel NIYIBIZIPetro Services Limited, Block 9, Factory
Close,
Ntinda Industrial Area, Nakawa
P. O. Box 657, Kampala, Uganda
Email: abenibizi@yahoo.com
USA
122. Dr. Victoria HENSON-APOLLONIO
1820 Fairmount Ave, S.
Salem, Oregon
97302, USA
Tel: +1 503 877 8065
Email: v.hensonapollonio@gmail.com

123. Mr. Abdelaziz Lawani
Jeunesse et developpement ONG
Executive Director
Mail: 081 BP: 7073 Cotonou Benin,
Physical address: Porto-Novo Quartier
Ouenlinda, USA, Raleigh (N.C)
Email: abdelawani@gmail.com
Zambia124. Ms Lilian Munyeka ZULU
National Coordinator, ATPS-Zambia
Coordinator, Centre for Energy Environment
and Engineering Zambia (CEEEZ) Ltd
176 Parirenyatwa Road
Suite B. Fairview, P/B E721
Lusaka, Zambia
Tel/Fax: +260 211 223118
Email: lmunyeka@yahoo.com
125. Billy KATONTOKA
Africa Carbon Credit Exchange
Director Operations & Projects
4th Floor Godfrey House, Kabelenga Road
P. O. Box 390035, Lusaka, Zambia
Tel: +260975366274
Fax: +260-211-238472
Email: bkatontoka@africacce.com
Zimbabwe126. Dr Donald Peter CHIMANIKIRE
University of Zimbabwe, Institute ofDevelopment Studies,
P. O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare,
Zimbabwe
Tel: +263 4 303211 ext: 12101
Cell: +26311 808 002/ +263 913 020 486
Email: dpchimanikire@science.uz.ac.zw or
donchim2000@yahoo.co.uk
127. Mrs. Grace MUSASA
Industrial Property Examiner
Ministry of Justice& Legal Affairs
Zimbabwe Intellectual Property Office (ZIPO)
PLOT 92 Tynwald Drive
Tynwald, Harare, Zimbabwe
Tel: +263 913 414 348
Email: gracemusasa@yahoo.com

Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 179

128. Tawanda MANYANGADZEManaging Director/Researcher
Saveteck Solutions/Environmental &Sustainable Environment
Office No. 4, No. 54 Hofmeyer Street
Masvingo, Zimbabwe
Tel: +263772982526
Email: manyangadze.tawanda@gmail.com
129. Dr. Dahlia GARWE
Assistant General Manager
Tobacco Research Board
Kutsaga Station, Box 1909
Harare, Zimbabwe
Tel: +263 4 575412
Email: dgarwe@kutsaga.co.zw;
dgarwe@gmx.net
130. Mrs. Susan MUZITEExecutive Director
Research Council of Zimbabwe
Block A Delken Complex, Mt PleasantBusiness Park, Pobox Cy294 Causeway,
Harare, Zimbabwe
Tel: +263 4 712 874 726; +263 4 369410
Email:susan@rcz.ac.zw;
secretary@rcz.ac.zw
131. Mr. Louis MASUKO
Zimbabwe
Email: Louis.masuko@gmail.com
132. Mr. Darlington NDLOVU
IDS/UZ
Research Assistant
10 Ashmanhaugh Avenue
The Grange, Chisipite
Harare, Zimbabwe
Tel: +263 772 915 161
Email: mthoniselwa@yahoo.com
133. Mr. Sibusiso Donatus KHUMALO
Harare, Zimbabwe
Email: khumalosd@yahoo.com

ATPS Secretariat
African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)
3rd Floor, The Chancery, Valley Road
P.O. Box 10081-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254-20-271 4098/168/498
Fax: +254-20-271 4028
Email: info@atpsnet.org
Website: www.atpsnet.org
134. Dr. Kevin C. URAMA
Executive Director
Email: kurama@atpsnet.org
135. Richard Murimi MURIUKI
Finance & Administration Manager
Email: rmuriuki@atpsnet.org
136.

Dr. Nicholas OZOR
Senior Research Officer
Email: nozor@atpsnet.org

137. Dr. Maurice Ochieng BOLO
Post-Doctoral Research Officer
Email: mbolo@atpsnet.org
138. Dr. Michèle Mbo'o-Tchouawou
Post-Doctoral Research Officer
Email: mmboo@atpsnet.org
139. Ernest ACHEAMPONG
Research Officer
Email: eacheampong@atpsnet.org
140. Nelson A. AKENGAIT Assistant
Email: nakenga@atpsnet.org
141. Jacinta KAHI
Communications Assistant
Email: jkahi@atpsnet.org
142. Barbara OMBASA
Multi-Lingual Receptionist
Email: bombasa@atpsnet.org
143. Eunice KARIUKI
Administrative and Programs Assistant
Email: Ekariuki@atpsnet.org
144. Richard MUCHESIA
Driver/Messenger
Email: rmuchesia@atpsnet.org

180 | Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops

145. Edel KWOBAMedia Liaison Officer
Email: ekwoba@atpsnet.org
146. Stephen OTIENO
Accounts Officer
Email: sotieno@atpsnet.org
147. Philip OSANOEmail: posano@atpsnet.org
148. Ada OSISIOMA
Administrative Intern
Email: aosisioma@atpsnet.org
149. Caroline THUKU
Senior Secretary/Programs Admin. Assistant
Email: cthuku@atpsnet.org
Simultaneous Interpretation Crew
150. Dickens Omondi AWITITechnician
Project Solutions
Nairobi151. Kamanzi EPHREM
Interpreter
Project Solutions
Nairobi152. Sisko Mulamba TSHIKALAInterpreter
Project Solutions
NairobiMedia, video & photography crew
153. Judy AKOLONews Reporter Kenya Broadcasting
Corporation (KBC)
Nairobi, Kenya154. Zadock KADAGI
Camera Person
Project Solutions
Nairobi155. John OMIDO
Camera Person
Nairobi, Kenya
156. Jedida NJUE
Photographer
Nairobi, Kenya
Proceedings of the 2011 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshops | 181

The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is a multidisciplinary network of researchers, private sector actors andpolicy makers promoting the generation, dissemination, use andmastery of science, technology and innovation (ST&I) for African
development, environmental sustainability and global inclusion.
ATPS intends to achieve its mandate through research, capacity
building and training, science communication/dissemination andsensitization, participatory multi-stakeholder dialogue,knowledge brokerage, and policy advocacy.

African Technology Policy Studies Network
Contact the Executive Director at The Chancery, 3rd Floor, Valley Rd.
P O Box 10081, 00100-Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: (254 020) 2714092, 2714168, 2714498, 2723800
Fax: (254 020) 2714028
Email: info@atpsnet.org
Skype address: atpsnet
http://www.atpsnet.org

ISBN: 978-9966-030-47-4