1ABOUT THE CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP

1.1 Introduction
The inescapable effects of climate change loom large in Africa. An Inter-governmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report (2007) has shown that even though Africa accounts
for less than 4 per cent of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions, the region’s diverse climatesand ecological systems have already been altered by global warming and will undergo
further damage. This reality calls for the need for African governments, partners andstakeholders to find innovative ways to cope with the effects of climate change and assist
vulnerable communities to adapt to these imminent changes. The role of building Africa’s
science and technology (S&T) policy research and responsive innovation capacity to deal
with the inevitable impacts of climate change on different sectors of Africa’s economy
cannot be gainsaid.
There is a significant role for S&T policy research in informing climate change adaptation
and relevant policymaking processes in Africa. However, little efforts have been made toconsolidate the existing information as well as generate S&T policy-relevant informationin this area. The information and knowledge gaps can be addressed by generating a bodyof well targeted research and innovation capacity building activities. Engaging key
stakeholders and relevant institutions in this process will ensure targeted research andpolicy interventions within the African continent and will also empower stakeholders toshape the policy research priorities, encourage ownership of the results and sustainable
implementation of policy recommendations.
The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) in conjunction with the Universityof the Western Cape (UWC) and the University of Cape Town (UCT) held a three-day
conference and workshop – from the 19 - 21 November 2007 in Johannesburg, South
Africa – to discuss these issues under the theme Science, Technology and Climate Change
Adaptation in Africa.
The conference and workshop brought together fifty eight delegates representing various
stakeholder groups, institutions and professions, resource persons and development
partners in various fields of expertise within and outside Africa. The delegates deliberated
on how African countries can tap and adapt the existing science and technology (S&T)
policies and innovation processes to respond to the effects of climate change in the1

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continent. The workshop was also expected to strengthen skills, learning capacities ofactors and institutions in dealing with the effects of climate change in selected sectors:
agriculture, health, biodiversity, water and environment.
The conference and workshop comprised of plenary presentation of papers. There werealso participatory stakeholder dialogues to distill new knowledge garnered from thepresentations and generate new ones. Moreover, the discussions raised research issues, needs
and priorities requiring attention for improved understanding and capacity of innovation
systems actors, science and technology (S&T) policy development, and impacts analyses.
The plenary session synthesized and prioritized emerging research and policy issues andways that ATPS (and other relevant organizations as well as development partners) can
assist African countries to cope with the effects of climate change and assist vulnerable
communities to adapt to these imminent climatic changes in Africa.
The diversity of stakeholders and professionals targeted was expected to bring different
experiences and approaches that would result in richer and more inclusive innovation
policy dialogue, more focused STI policy research programs and time-bound and achievableaction plans.
1.1.1
Objectives of the Conference and Workshop
The objectives of conference and workshop were:i To appraise policy makers and other stakeholders on the effects of climatechange in Africa and its impacts on agriculture, health, biodiversity, water andthe environment;
ii. To identify the institutional, knowledge and policy gaps that may constrain
effective response to climate change and how the use of science, technology andinnovation (STI) may be targeted to bridge these gaps in future;iii. To identify STI policy research, training, institutional capacity building needs
that can inform how African countries adapt and respond to the effects of climatechange;iv. To provide the opportunity for dialogue and knowledge sharing amongst Africanand non-African stakeholders and development partners, andv. Inform program priorities of the ATPS Phase VI Strategic Plan, 2008 – 2011
under the climate change theme.
1.1.2
Conference Themes
The conference and workshop focused on the following sub-themes:
Climate change, food security and African agricultureb.
Africa’s agricultural sector accounts for more than 70% of its employment, an average ofthe 30% to the gross domestic product (GDP) in most countries and is often the engineof national economies. Agriculture further contributes to export earnings, industrial raw
materials as well as serving as a source of livelihoods. Already, the African agricultural

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sector suffers due to over–reliance on rain-fed irrigation, poor soils and obsolete technology and farming methods. The agricultural sector is likely to be worst hit as droughts andflooding increase, temperatures fluctuate and growing seasons change.
Climate change, biodiversity loss and fragile ecosystemsc.
Forests are key in sequestration – trapping and absorbing carbon dioxide gas - a principal
contributor to global warming (accounting for up to three-quarters of the greenhousegases). Africa is home to 17% of the world’s remaining forestland. The forests also support
an estimated 1.5 million different species that in turn sustain the lives of millions ofpeople. However, a recent New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) reportshows that the continent’s forests are depleting at an alarming rate of 5 million hectares
per year. The diverse African population of plants and animals are under immense threat
due to habitat loss.
Climate change, water scarcity and environmental sustainabilityd.
One third of Africa’s population already live in drought prone regions and climate change
could put the lives and livelihoods of an additional 75 – 250 million people at risk by theend of the next decade. Flood prone areas, such as southern Africa are likely to becomewetter and also suffer from more frequent and severe floods leading to diversion of resourcesfrom development to emergency relief. Moreover, Africa’s coastal fisheries and the fragile
ecosystems that support them could also be damaged if higher sea levels push salt water
inland and destroy fresh water estuaries and coastal farmland.
Climate change and human healthe.
Africa is expected to be at risk primarily from increased incidences of vector-borne diseases
and reduced nutritional status. A warmer environment could open up new areas for malaria.
Altered temperatures and rainfall patterns could also increase the incidence of yellow fever,dengue fever, onchocerciasis and trypanosomiasis. Higher morbidity and mortality rates
in sub-regions where vector-borne diseases increase following climatic changes would havefar-reaching economic consequences. In view of the poor economic status of most African
nations, global efforts will be necessary to tackle the potential health effects.
1.1.3
The Conference Procedure
The conference adopted a two-phased dynamic participatory process to encourage delegatesto actively engage in the process. These were:• Plenary sessions for presentations on climate change effects and implications for
African development, existing strategies for adaptation and mitigation in theselected sectors, and measure for financing climate change adaptation in Africa.
Each plenary session was followed by a short brainstorming session to fill existingknowledge gaps and address questions arising from the presentations, and• A series of facilitated participatory sessions to engage delegates in synthesising the

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lessons learned from the presentations, and identifying and prioritising thematicand non-thematic (facilitative) program priorities that would enable the ATPS
to make a difference in building Africa’s response to climate change by 2020. The
facilitated sessions included plenary brainstorming exercises, use of post-it notes,
and group discussions.

All outputs were typed word-for-word and analysed through emergent analyses.
1.2: Expected Outcomes
The conference was expected to create a better understanding of the effects of climatechange in Africa and the potential contribution of S&T to adaptation. It was also expected
to lead to strategies to build Africa’s response capacity to climate change. Specific outputs
from the workshop included:• Improved awareness and understanding of climate change and its effects on African
agriculture, biodiversity, health systems, water and the environment;• Better understanding of STI knowledge and information gaps in Africa’s response
and adaptation to climate change;• Identification and prioritization of research, training and capacity building needs
for tailoring Africa’s science, technology and innovation (STI) policies to climatechange adaptation;• Increased inter-regional and international partnerships in support of appropriate
STI policy development for effective response to climate change in Africa,• Strengthened networking amongst the Research organisations, the Private sector
and the Public Sector actors working on climate change adaptation in Africa,and• A set of implementation program priorities for the ATPS Phase VI StrategicPlan, 2008 – 2011.
It was expected that the conference would deliver outputs that would feed into thefinalisation of the ATPS Phase VI Strategic Plan, 2008 – 2011 as well as prioritise STI
relevant research, policy and practice that may be required to boost Africa’s capacity toadapt to climate change effects in selected sectors including Agriculture and Food security,
biodiversity conservation, water and environmental sustainability, and human health.
1.3: Venue, Date of Conference and Workshop
The 2007 Annual Conference and Workshop of the African Technology Policy Studies
Network (ATPS) was held at the Birchwood Executive Hotel & Conference Centre,
Johannesburg, South Africa, from 19 - 21 November 2007.
1.4: Support for the Conference and Workshop
The 2007 Conference and Workshop was organized by ATPS in collaboration with the
University of the Western Cape (UWC) and the University of Cape Town (UCT).

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CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP OPENING SESSION

Dr Rubin Pillay, the National Coordinatorof ATPS South Africa, chaired the opening
session of the conference and workshop.
He welcomed the delegates to the meetingon Climate Change Adoption emphasizingthat the importance of this subject has beenreiterated in a conference of G20 Ministers
that had just concluded in Cape Town. He
welcomed them to Johannesburg and theSouth African hospitality by extension.

2.1: Remarks from Dr Kevin Urama, Director, ATPSThe Executive Director of ATPS Dr Urama notedthat scientists say that a combination of human andnatural factors have led to a systematic increase in theearth’s temperature and subsequent climatic variations.
Although there is debate on the causative factors andadaptive strategies to climate change, there is no doubtthat the global climate is changing.
In his remarks he was concerned that the African
continent, which is home to approximately 748 million
people, has been described as the biggest victim ofclimate change. This is evidenced by the increased
natural disasters, floods and droughts that havebeen linked to global warming. Experts propose thatclimate change will have a dramatic impact in Africa despite the fact that the continentcomparatively emits minimal amounts of greenhouse gases.

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Currently, there is already increased desertification in Northern Africa; more frequent andlonger dry periods threatening crop failure in West Africa and a higher risk of vector borne
diseases due to warmer climates. It is even more disturbing that the challenge of climatechange is likely to hamper the continent’s efforts to meet the Millennium Development
Goals especially those related to poverty eradication, food security and environmental
sustainability. This is because erratic rainfall patterns and decreasing crop yields are also
likely to contribute to increased hunger and diminished labor productivity that may leadto reduced economic growth, therefore exacerbating poverty.
He confirmed that there is an emerging consensus amongst climate scientists, development economists and politicians that poor countries are more vulnerable to the effects ofclimate change and are also the least able to adapt. He indicated that climate change was
likely to have a dramatic impact on Africa despite the continent emitting comparatively
minimal amounts of greenhouse gases. Africa is a continent that is highly vulnerable
to the negative effects of climate change and there is need to do more than sit back andwring hands in despair. It is important to adapt.
With reference to the ‘Climate Proofing Africa’ report for G8 Environment and Development
Ministers , he said there was a dearth of knowledge on the impact of climate change on
poverty alleviation in Africa, and also a lack of scientific and technical capacity within
the continent to cope with climate change effects. In addition, at Gleneagles (2005), theG8 Summit mapped out a Plan of Actions that prioritised the need to support developing
countries to improve their capacity for adaptation and also called for more access to
information on climate change effects and potential adaptation strategies.
He emphasized that ATPS believes that science-based technologies can play an importantrole in developing effective adaptation strategies and therefore decided to organize theconference and workshop to deliberate on how African countries can tap and adapt theexisting S&T policies to respond to climate change. The purpose of the workshop was not
to reinvent climate science but instead utilize the gathering of experts and stakeholders tosynthesis evidence-based practical strategies for building Africa’s capacity to respond andadapt to climate change effects, through science, technology and innovation (STI) systems
research, policies and practice. He stressed the importance of moving beyond climate
modeling exercises to formulating evidence-based policies and intervention schemes toencourage innovation in the use of both indigenous and orthodox technologies to address
the challenges and opportunities provided by the changing climate. Africa, he said, “havean opportunity to take the lead in mainstreaming climate change adaptation strategies
in its development agenda, given that many of its economies are still developing. The
developed nations provide viable test cases and lessons learned could inform sustainablechoices for the developing nations. He advised that African countries should choose a“green” development trajectory which will be environmentally, socially and economicallysustainable and equitable. The rich natural resource base of Africa provides a unique

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comparative advantage in this area and with the right STI policies and right technologies,
Africa can champion a green development agenda that is both environmentally sustainable
and economically viable. He stressed that in making these choices, the wealth of knowledge
on coping strategies held by the multiple knowledge communities in Africa including
indigenous knowledge, religious knowledge, culture, customs and unwritten norms andpractices as well as orthodox scientific knowledge must not be discounted. The African
farmers, he said, have coped with draughts and flood events for decades and it will begrossly erroneous for orthodox scientists and/or western innovators to presume that thesolution to Africa’s problems are held in one knowledge community.
Dr. Urama concluded his opening remarks by thanking the delegates for accepting theinvitation to participate in the conference. He hoped that the conference will provide an
opportunity for participatory dialogue on the very important and urgent subject of how
Africa might adapt to climate change to help the ATPS prioritize its research and policy
advocacy in the coming decade. He encouraged the delegates to write down any ideas on
how ATPS might achieve these objectives in “post-it-notes” provided, as the ideas occur,noting that the process will be facilitated by Ms Diana Pound of Dialogue matters, UK.
He stressed that the conference focuses on identifying and prioritizing the specific roles
that the ATPS might play is mapping the way forward for Africa as member states grapple
with climate change effects.
2.2: Remarks from Dr Osita Ogbu, former Executive Director,
ATPS
Dr Ogbu, the former Executive Director congratulated
the Secretariat for holding another annual conference
and workshop that he hoped would be as successful as
the previous ones.
He noted that ATPS is a unique institution where allmembers are like family and are proud to be associated with the network. ATPS is proud to develop thecapacity of Africans to think and be original. Despite
ATPS’s reliance on donor funding, the Network also
ensures that STI policy needs of the continent are addressed through this type of engagement with the key
stakeholders in setting the policy research agenda for the ATPS. He stressed that while
Donor priorities are important, these should not drive the research, policy and development
agenda for Africa. “Ensuring that our research advocacy and policy agenda are demand
driven is a pre-requisite for African development”, he said.

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He pointed out the national chapters as another unique feature of ATPS terming themas “the backbone of the Network”. The activities of the chapter gives the ATPS Network
its character and they should continue to be innovative, supportive to its members and inconstant communication with the Secretariat and the Board. He further encouraged the
Network members to interact with the national coordinators during the meeting.
He reflected on the difficulties of creating and sustaining the ATPS as an independent
institution. The ATPS, he said, is an African institution that prides itself in developing not
only the capacity of Africans to think and reflect on Africa’s STI challenges, but also to
remain original in mapping the way forward. He noted that the ATPS Network is presently
evolving and receiving greater recognition, increasing its association and partnership withother institutions both in Africa and elsewhere. Dr Ogbu expressed his delight to havebeen associated with the ATPS network and asked the members to be proud of ATPS.
He enjoined members to make sure that the institution continues to grow from strength
to strength by according the leadership necessary support and rededicating themselvesto the work of the Network.
He reminded the conference that the ATPS is a multi-disciplinary Network and is wellplaced to respond to any development challenge that Africa might face, be it climatechange, health innovations, water and environment management, etc. He referred to theNovember issue of the Economist to underscore the centrality of STI to development. He
noted that through STI, China and India are now catching up with Europe, and the worldis now looking up to Africa to do the same. He noted that the World Bank, UNESCO,and other international development organizations are now paying increasing attention
to STI policy research as the viable option for development. He expressed delight that the
ATPS is rising up to the challenge, to ensure that Africa can generate its own knowledge
and use that knowledge to solve its development problems. This, he said, is the essence ofthe conference: to help Africa understand the challenges associated with climate change,
think through these challenges, and generate answers to those challenges through STI.

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2.3: Remarks from Prof Turner Isoun, ATPS Board Member andformer Minister of Science and Technology, Federal Republic of
Nigeria
Prof Isoun reiterated the importance of looking
at climate change from the perspective of how it
affects Africa and how the ATPS can help Africa toadapt to its effects. He noted that the territory ofAfrica quantitatively is larger than China, USA andEurope put together; a reflection of the scope and thedimension of the challenge. It is important therefore,
for the continent to be proactive, both in policy andresearch; and have a strategy to handle problems ofadaptation to climate change in Africa. He stressedthat Africa must chart its own trajectory to solvethese problems. New technologies must be used whereapplicable, such as, satellite imaging, remote sensing
technology, GIS and global positioning systems. He
stressed that Africa must not be intimidated to thinkthat it cannot be at the cutting edge of science and technology due to the rhetoric ofpoverty and the investment costs required. Cutting edge technologies, he said, would
help us solve the problems quickly. By way of example, Prof Isoun gave the example of
Lake Chad which was drying up and Africa lacked the technology to detect the emerging
catastrophe. The Nigeria SAT 1, he said, is now able to provide detailed pictures of theLake. This evidence, he said, convinced policymakers to invest in the regeneration of
Lake Chad through a number of cost-effective measures, for example, diverting watersfrom River Congo.
Prof. Isoun also noted that STI could play major roles in adapting to climate change in
the agricultural sector to enhance food security. He commended the decision of the ATPS
to devote a whole section of the planned dialogue on Agriculture and food security. It
is evident that Africa must invest in water resources and develop capacity because it isdangerous to rely on rain-fed agriculture. He gave an example of the Nigerian government
which has over the last eight years invested on irrigation technology and ground water
harvesting. These investments have yielded great dividends, he said. He encouraged
members not to be intimidated by those who may think that Africa is too poor to invest
in water resources management, noting that this is central to poverty alleviation andlivelihoods improvement in Africa. He noted that reliance on rain-fed agriculture may
result in perpetual poverty and food insecurity in the continent.
Prof. Isoun warned that African scientists and policy makers must leave the state of “No
Action Talk Only”, a syndrome which dubbed the “NATO Club” and begin to do things

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ATPS Conference Proceedingsthat will make a difference. He drew attention to the overarching question guiding thepolicy dialogue planned during the conference; “It is 2020 and ATPS has made a difference
to Africa’s ability to adapt to climate change. What do we need to do to achieve this?’ We must
continually ask ourselves, what can we do to make the difference as individuals, as corporate
organizations, policy makers, etc to achieve this vision. He also noted that some sectorsof focus have been identified and enjoined delegates to remain focused and proactive in
addressing the questions posed.
He concluded his remarks by briefing delegates on an interview he had with BBC on S&T
in Africa. The first question they asked was: “Is Africa ready for Science and Technology?”
When he responded affirmatively, they enquired: Are African Leaders ready to Fund Scienceand Technology? His response was that African countries have basic resources to fundR&D but they still need help by way of collaboration, however, Africa must find its own
indigenous trajectory. “Just like China and India have created their own trajectory for S&T,
Africa must develop its own trajectory. We cannot wait for outsiders, they are our friends, weneed them, we will collaborate with them, but we must develop our own indigenous trajectory”.
Drawing on the example of Nigeria’s space technology developed under his leadership in
the Ministry of Science and technology in Nigeria, he assured delegates that Africa can
do it. “We developed our own trajectory for ICT and biotechnology and they are working”, hesaid. It is not perfect but the controls are there and the same could be done for climatechange adaptation technology in Africa. He appreciated the presence of all the delegatesand enjoined them to participate in building the ATPS, going forward. He summarized
his remarks in three key words, “we need to be proactive, strategic, and courageous”.
2.4: Remarks from Jean Woo, Program Officer, Innovation, Policy
and Science, IDRC
Ms Woo thanked ATPS for inviting her to attend theconference and workshop in, Johannesburg, South
Africa.
She explained that she would be wearing two hatsduring the meeting, firstly as an observer, given
the significance of the climate change topic to theInternational Development Research Center (IDRC)
and the Department for International Development,
UK (DFID). The two organizations formed apartnership to work together on climate change
adaptation in Africa and she would be representing
the IDRC/DFID Climate Change Program Manager atthe event, as an observer. She noted that her second
hat was tied to the joint strategic external evaluation

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which the ATPS and IDRC was carrying out which, would feed into the 2008 – 2011
strategic planning of ATPS.
Ms Woo said that the 2007 ATPS Annual Conference and Workshop in South Africa
was her first one and she was looking forward to observing and interacting with thedelegates.
2.5: Remarks from Jeroen Rijniers, Senior Policy Officer, Cultural
Co-operation, Education and Research Department, the RoyalDutch Government
Dr Rijniers said that his participation at the conference
and workshop was mainly to meet members of the
ATPS network, interact with the national coordinatorsand observe the meeting. He noted that the Dutch
Ministry is already supporting the ATPS for several
years. Our interest in ATPS, he said, is because of theresearch policy which puts an emphasis on innovation
systems.
The Royal Dutch Government had, in the past,
supported research institutions as a way ofstrengthening capacity, but with the new insights
such as innovation, the government was laying strategies on strengthening capacity froman innovation system perspective. Mr Rijniers expressed the hope that the ATPS can beof help and a strategic partner in that endeavour.
2.6: Remarks from Prof Norah Olembo, Chair, ATPS Board
Prof Olembo warmly welcomed delegates to theworkshop, stating that climate change was a global
phenomenon that directly affected diverse sectors oflife including agriculture, water, health, infrastructure,industry and commerce. Climate change impacts in
Africa is manifest in agriculture and food security,
loss of biodiversity, weather-related disasters, disease
endemics and water resource stress. Moreover, she told
delegates that the African continent, unfortunately,
had a track record of being reactive rather thanproactive to new challenges. Africa, she stressed,
therefore has often been caught flat-footed andunprepared to cope with emerging challenges.

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Prof Olembo warmly welcomed delegates to the workshop, stating that climate change
was a global phenomenon that directly affected diverse sectors of life including agriculture,
water, health, infrastructure, industry and commerce. Climate change impacts in Africa
is manifest in agriculture and food security, loss of biodiversity, weather-related disasters,disease endemics and water resource stress. Moreover, she told delegates that the African
continent, unfortunately, had a track record of being reactive rather than proactive to newchallenges. Africa, she stressed, therefore has often been caught flat-footed and unprepared
to cope with emerging challenges.
The biggest challenge of climate change adaptation is the lack of climatic data forvulnerability and risk assessment for decision making and actions. Researchers, scientists
and policy makers, have an important responsibility to ensure that the African continent
survives the negative impacts of this phenomenon. In light of such gloomy forecasts, shecalled on delegates to carry out sound and solid research to evidence-based advice forpractical interventions and adaptive policies in Africa. Delegates were also encouraged
to take lead in conducting African scientific research to better understand climate risks
and the most appropriate adaptation options for the continent. It is also important tolobby policy makers to create legislation and develop appropriate policies and coping
strategies.
Prof Olembo expressed hope that the workshop would result in improved awarenessand understanding of climate change and its effects on Africa’s agriculture, biodiversity,
health systems and the environment. The deliberations would also be used to identify theknowledge and information gaps in Africa’s response and adaptation to climate change
and, more importantly, prioritize STI policy research and capacity building needs for the
ATPS Phase VI Strategic Plan, 2008 - 2011.

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2.7: Keynote Address: Climate Change and Land use Change:
Implications for African Development
By
Dr Robin Matthews
Leader, Climate Change Unit, The Macaulay Institute

Africa is probably the most vulnerable continent
to climate change and climate variability, not only
because of the dependence of many of its economies
on agriculture, strongly affected by climate, but also
because of the presence of other stresses, such as rapid
population growth, land degradation and prevalenceof human diseases.
Climate change is likely to impact adversely on
agricultural production in many areas by shortening
growing seasons and reducing rainfall that will in turnaffect the region’s food security. Climate change isalso expected to exacerbate water shortages already
faced by some countries, or to increase the risk ofwater stress in countries not currently affected. The
phenomenon is also likely to affect major ecosystems and changes are already being detectedeven faster than anticipated in some southern ecosystems. Sea-level rise is predicted
to inundate low-lying lands in some countries, with potentially disastrous impacts oncoastal settlements. Human health, for example, malaria in southern Africa and the East
African highlands, already compromised by a range of factors, could be further negatively
impacted by climate change and climate variability. The continent also faces widespreadpoverty and other factors that have resulted in Africa’s low adaptive capacity comparedto other continents.
The paper showed that based on the findings of the IPCC 2007 Fourth Assessment
Report, Africa’s climates, economies and ecosystems have already been affected by global
warming and are likely to experience further change. There is an urgent need for African
governments, their partners and other stakeholders to plan on how to cope with the impactsof climate change and to help the people of Africa to adapt to these changes. Adaptation
is not an option for Africa, but a necessity (Thornton et al., 2006). The challenge lies in
the fact that Africa’s adaptive capacity is low due to the extreme poverty of many of its
people, compounded by frequent natural disasters such as droughts and floods, and poor
institutional and infrastructural support.

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Delegates pay attention to the keynote presentation
While a certain amount of reactive adaptation will of necessity occur, the design and useof proactive strategies can enhance adaptation. Such strategies should aim at increasing
adaptive capacity to climate variability and climate change over the longer term. Ad hoc
responses will always be necessary to alleviate immediate problems of food security, but it
is important that adaptation to climate change is also factored into longer-term national
development plans aimed at reducing disaster risk, poverty and other issues. The important
choices to ensure long-term sustainability lie in land use, agricultural practises, institutions,and science and technology capacity.
On land use, there has to be a balance between providing the basic necessities of life suchas food, fibre, fuel, water and income, without affecting other ecosystem services such as
water quality, food and erosion control, biodiversity and carbon storage, or less tangible
services such as aesthetic and spiritual uses. Agricultural practices can be enhanced byextending the range of technological options available to farmers, for them to choose how
they adapt to climate change. These include technologies to enhance resilience to drought, including dam building, water harvesting systems to supplement irrigation practises, water
conservation practises, drip irrigation, and use of drouhgt-resistant and early maturing cropvarieties.
For these optiopns to be effective, one very important choice that governments must makeis to provide an appropriate institutional framework to enable people to adapt. Examples
of some options that governments may choose include provision of national grain reserves,
grain future markets, weather insurance, large scale insurance schemes, food price subsidies,
cashtransfers, and school feeding schemes (Devereux, 2003) . Micro-financing and social
welfare grants are other institutional support options that can help if they are supported by
local institutional arrangements on a long-term sustainable basis (Chigwada,2005).

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212007 Annual Conference and Workshop

Questions and Comments

Responses

The presentations have been very excellent and  For any development to take place there isdetailed. If we have these many scientists anda critical mass of trained capacity that ascholars conducting research and presenting
country must have. It takes many engineers
such information then how is it that there is ato get just one product out, so taking this final
problem of human and institutional capacity?.
perspective we can rightfully say that currently
What does it mean?
the required critical mass does not exist in
Africa.
In
the beginning the original objective of theApart from managing negative impacts ofDrought
Monitoring Center (DMC) was toextreme climate change does ICPAC also lookmonitorthenegative impacts of climate andat the positive climate change aspects?
make use of the good years. The focus is used inplanning so that in the event of drought, there
is a plan. In case of good rains the farmers arethen advised accordingly and in this way ICPAC
is taking care of the good aspects also.
 There are many examples of positive impactsof climate change, for example, the increasein the greenhouse gases has had an impact on

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the photosynthesis. These effects are notpermanent because the hotter it is, the morestressed the trees get. We have to study theeffect on the productivity because the treesthat used to produce fruits twice in a year
are now producing fruits once. There is achange and we should know if it will last.

Several important suggestions have been made on  ATPS has been developing capacity andintensifying advocacy in many aspects
how Africa might fund climate change adaptaof STI for African development. Thistion strategies and disaster management. What
has yielded results in some countries. For
steps are needed to make sure that governments
example, in Nigeria, under Prof Isoun andadopt some of the suggested ways of increasing
Dr Osita, the Nigerian Chapter got mostfunding for disaster management?
Parastatals in the Ministry of Science andTechnology to develop policies and strategic
implementation plans. The Nigerian
Federal Ministry of Science and Technology
continues to collaborate with the ATPSin many aspects, including advocacy forpolicy change, training of government
officials, etc. One suggestion on how toensure buy-in by national governments
is to package information on climatechange, risk management and others
outputs from this conference and then findways of communicating this to national
governments, through the Internet, emails,
dissemination workshops, and policy briefs.
One hopes that that these messages will fallwithin the ear of a minister or a technocrat
to bring about change.
Are there any studies on the energy uses and it’seffect on the climatic changes in the region? For
example, over 70% of energy used in West Africa
is fuel wood. The implications on climate change
through deforestation, GHG emissions, etc areunclear.

A study on the negative effects of using wood
as a source of energy should be carried out.
Fuel wood pollutes the atmosphere and it also
destroys other areas. If 80% of families southof the Sahara use wood to cook, the effect may
be significant. We can come up with a strategy
that will help the people to find another sourceof energy, such as photo-thermo energy. We
should help African countries to look for waysof saving and using energy sources that will
not pollute the environment.

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Are there studies on the nexus between eco- This is an ongoing debate. On one hand, growthnomic growth and ability of countries to adapt enhances ability to adapt, but on the other handto climate change? One expects that growth it comes with climate change and associatedinforms ability to finance these adaptation and consequences which limit growth. We have seen
mitigation strategies, and too much talk about for example, increased floods and draught events
climate change may disadvantage the poor in the recent decade and the multiplier effects ofthese on national incomes could be enormous.
countries which needs growth.
Climate change adaptation and economic growth
could be mutually beneficial depending on thegrowth paths which countries take. Africa should
also seek to receive compensatory payments fromthe major polluting countries and use this tofinance sustainable growth. We should seek tohelp Africa come up with sustainable development paths (i.e. green economies) which can leadto savings and growth. Solar energy, alternative
cropping systems, etc are ready options thatcome to mind. ATPS should liaise with regional
bodies such as NEPAD, AU, UNEP, etc to push
this forward.

Dr. Urama concluded the session by informing the meeting that the ATPS is alreadydeveloping linkages with like minded institutions including the UK parliamentary Officefor Science and Technology (UK-POST) and SCIDEVnet on how to bridge the policy linkthrough training of Parliamentary staff in the communication of STI to Parliamentarians;
and with CTA on capacity building for African Youths and Women in STI. He noted that
the ATPS is increasingly engaging likeminded institutions such as Macaulay Institute,WWF, IGAD Climate Prediction and Application Centre (ICPAC), and many others toaddress these challenges. He noted the need for a policy brief to communicate the outcomesof the conference and promised to take this forward with a panel of experts which will
be constituted after the meeting.

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3.2: Facilitated Session 1

The plenary presentations were followed by participatory sessions facilitated by Ms Pound,
Dialogue Matters, UK. These sessions were designed to engage delegates in different
types of participatory processes in order to address pertinent issues arising form thepresentations. The facilitated sessions were guided by a number of questions which wereaddressed through different participatory techniques, including brainstorming exercises,
use of post-it-notes, group discussions, etc.
Session I ended with a brainstorming exercise to provide a vision on what the ATPS
could do to make a difference in building Africa’s capacity to adapt to climate change by
2020.

Delegates engage in a brainstorming session 1: visioning what the ATPS could do to make adifference in building Africa’s capacity to adapt to climate change

Ms. Pound explained that the delegates are requested to put their thoughts on the postit-notes and stick them on the wall under specific themes and questions. The purpose wasto build on the presentations and get the groups thinking more about STI policy response
to climate change in order to identify what the ATPS should and can do to build Africa’s
response capacity. She encouraged delegates to put all ideas on the post-it-notes as these
may trigger other ideas for other delegates.
The visioning exercises were framed around four working themes already identified by
the conference team:
1. Climate Change, Food Security and African Agriculture
2. Climate Change, Biodiversity Loss and Fragile Ecosystems

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3. Climate Change, Water Scarcity and Environmental Sustainability, and
4. Climate Change and Human Health.
Under each of these themes, there were a series of questions written on flip charts to guidethe visioning exercise and to help delegates organise their thoughts and ideas based on
areas of comparative advantage and expertise. The guiding questions include:
1. It’s 2020 and ATPS has made a difference to Africa’s ability to adapt to climatechange, what do we need to do to achieve this?
2. What are the key issues for this subject in Africa?
3. What are the first steps in turning the idea into a thematic policy research project
and/or interventions?
4. Who in that discussion group could do what and when to move this forward?
Question 2 was tailored to suit each of the thematic areas identified. For example, forthe climate change, food security and agriculture theme, the question read: “What are
the key issues in agriculture and food security in Africa that needs to be addressed to make thedifference?”.
Questions 1 and 2 above were designed to help the delegates visualise the likely impacts ofclimate change in Africa by 2020, what the key challenges are now and what ATPS could
do to make a difference in building Africa’s capacity to adapt to these climate effects.
Delegates were encouraged to think laterally and put down all ideas that may cross theirmind during the presentations and/or group discussions to ensure that all aspects are
considered. On the other hand, questions 3 is designed to assist experts in specific themes
to identify and prioritize key Programs and/or activities that the ATPS can take forward
to achieve the vision of making the difference by 2020, concretise the first steps for turningthese ideas into concept notes for practical programs. Question 4 is designed to ensure that
actual responsibilities for taking forward the identified first steps are assigned to specific
ATPS members and or partners to ensure effective follow-up.
Finally, Ms Pound reminded the delegates of the six strategic priorities of the ATPS PhaseVI, 2008 – 2011 and encouraged them to frame their thoughts around what the ATPS cando within its vision, mission and the strategic priorities. The strategic priorities are:
• Research and research capacity building• International cooperation and partnership• Youth and gender empowerment• Training and sensitization• Science communication and stakeholder dialogue• Outreach, knowledge brokerage and policy advocacy
The first phase of the brainstorming exercise required each participant to write two ideas
addressing questions 1 and 2 above, on different post-it papers based on lessons learned

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from the plenary presentations. The second phase of the brainstorming exercise required
each participant to visualize ATPS in 2020 having made a difference to climate change
adaptation in Africa, and write down two policy research, capacity building or policy
advocacy programs that are key to achieve this mission. These were collated and grouped
for further discussion in break out groups with a specific focus to the six strategic prioritiesof the ATPS Phase VI, 2008 - 2011.
The brainstorming exercises produced significant materials which helped shape thegroup discussions the following day.

Outputs of Brainstorming session 1

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These outputs are summarised below:
3.2.1

It’s 2020 and ATPS has made a difference to Africa’s ability to adapt to climatechange, what we need to do to achieve this?

The conference came up with a number of strategies for the ATPS to make a differencein Africa’s ability to adapt to climate change by 2020. Some of the suggested strategies
include:1. Institutional Collaborations and Partnerships: Majority of the delegates suggested
that a lot of research has been carried out in the area of climate change science andmuch is already known about its potential impacts globally. However, these efforts
are not consolidated as different institutions implement their own research agenda
and also pay little attention to results dissemination and policy advocacy. Climate
related STI policy research capacity in Africa is still at its nascent phase, and many
institutions do not provide the vital policy links which is required to translate
research outputs to the necessary adaptation technologies and innovations that
could make a difference. ATPS should therefore facilitate collaboration with theexisting institutions and networks in Africa and elsewhere to:• Build the STI policy research knowledge and capacity of African
institutions and the ability of rural communities to respond to climatechange through collaborative efforts, focusing on the STI dimensions. A
number of institutions were identified including, UNEP, WWF, IGAD
Climate Prediction and Application Centre (ICPAC), IPCC, WHO, Local
NGOs, and many others.
• Provide knowledge brokerage services for international organizations andother NGOs by communicating vital climate change science information
emerging from their work to policy makers, the private sector and the
local communities to foster behavioural change at all levels. There wasan emphasis that ATPS must ensure that the research results from these
institutions trickle down to the grassroots through its Knowledge forDevelopment/Science Communication Programs.
2. Training and Research Capacity Building: it was noted that the ATPS should
provide training and research capacity building in the following areas:• Primary methodologies for carrying out STI policy related research andclimate modeling for policy advocacy, e.g. the use of remote sensing, geographic
information systems techniques (GIS), and satellite imagery to design
adaptation options and policy interventions; the role of indigenous knowledge
and alternative technologies in climate proofing Africa, and national innovation
systems for climate change adaptation focusing of integrated approaches that
achieve economic growth for poverty alleviation as well.

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Provide platforms for regional participatory action research Programs on
several issues identified under the thematic subjects by the break out group of
experts. There was a general consensus that these research Programs should
not seek to re-invent the wheel but rather focus on innovation systems studies
to strengthen the National Innovation Systems and capacity of African states
to cope with climate change. Suggested broad themes for regional Programs
includes:o Understanding and using indigenous knowledge systems for climatechange adaptation in selected sectors, including agriculture,
biodiversity conservation, water and environmental management,
and health.
o Understanding and using national innovation systems for change
adaptation in the sectors named above.
o Development of sustainable adaptation technologies and early
warning systems for disaster management.
o Development of appropriate policies for climate change adaptation
including provisions for appropriation strategies and intellectual
property rights for indigenous African technologies and genetic
resources, knowledge and technology transfers, etc.
o Appropriate mechanisms for financing climate change adaptationin Africa, including the polluter pays principles and appropriatecompensation systems.

Measures to take these forward are described briefly in the following sections
discussing the outputs of the expert break out group discussions.
3. Science Communication and Policy Advocacy: Majority of the delegates recommendthat ATPS should intensify its science communication, policy advocacy andoutreach Programs to:• Engage schools in awareness creation Programs on various issues relating
to climate change and viable adaptation strategies,• Assist rural communities to develop and use appropriate mitigation andadaptation technologies, e.g. the use of treated nets to prevent malaria in
affected regions, use of drought resistant crops in semi-arid areas, targeted
mixed cropping and use of emerging technologies to mitigate the impactsof climate change, the use of ICT for early warning systems in agriculture,
flood risk aversion, etc. Generally, the conference delegates felt that the
ATPS could make a difference through intensified advocacy to assist policy
makers, the private sector and rural communities to embrace the need todevelop alternative technologies for climate change adaptation in Africa,• Engage national governments to ensure that they take necessary actions to
mitigate climate change effects and promulgate adaptation strategies.

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Devise communication methods that would get most of the research outputs
to the user communities, i.e., communication methods that work down at
the grassroots levels.

4. Curriculum Change in STI Institutions and University Departments: Somedelegates suggested that the ATPS could make a difference by advocating for the
re-orientation of the curriculum of STI institutions to include climate change
adaptation technologies and innovation studies.
5. Knowledge Brokerage: It was suggested that the ATPS should identify anddocument successful stories in using STI for climate change adaptation elsewhereand share these with key actors to advocate behavioural change
6. Strengthening the Policy Link: The ATPS should actively engage policy makers andrelevant government ministries to advocate for and assist in drafting climate change
adaptation policies and implementation strategies at the national levels. It wassuggested that the ATPS should allocate both financial and human resources tothis activity to ensure success. ATPS also needs to work with regional bodies such
as NEPAD, COMESA, AU, WATERNET, WAFSA, NBI, etc to build institutional
capacity in linking science and policy, STI networking, etc.
It is noteworthy that the synthesis analyses presented above have focused on elementsof the dominant contributions relevant to the strategic priorities of the ATPS Phase
VI Strategic Plan, 2008 – 2011, only. The six core areas therefore reflect the author’sinterpretation of the majority of the post-it notes.
Based on this analyses, the outputs of the first brainstorming session suggest that the
ATPS can make a difference to Africa’s ability to adapt to climate change by providing:(i) the vital policy link which is missing in existing Programs by other institutions; (ii)capacity building and training in STI policy research for climate change adaptation, (iii)knowledge brokerage services, (iv) science communications and policy advocacy, and (v)strengthening the linkage between climate research and policy in Africa. International
collaboration and partnerships, including south-south and North-South collaboration
was also recommended.
The results of the analyses of the specific actions that the ATPS should take under thefor thematic areas noted above are discussed under the Expert break out groups. This isnecessary as the ideas generated through the brainstorming exercise were further probed
by the teams of experts in the respective subject areas in order to synthesis prioritise thekey issues in the subject area in the light of existing knowledge, identify the first steps
in turning them into thematic policy research Programs, projects or interventions, andallocate responsibilities for taking them forward in the implementation of the ATPS Phase

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VI Strategy. The later exercise included identification of potential institutional partners
and Resource Persons.
3.3: Plenary Session II: Experiences and Evidence from the Field
This session was chaired by Prof. M. Madukwe of University of Nigeria. There were threepresenters: Dr. Manyatsi of University of Swaziland, Dr Maiga of Universite de Bamako,
Dr Musonda of WWF and Prof. Chimbari of University Lake Kariba Research Station.
The following is an overview of their presentations.
3.3.1: Climate Change Impact on African Agriculture and Implications
for Food Security in the Continent
By
Dr A.M. Manyatsi
Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Agriclture, University of Swaziland

Climate change is one of the main challenges facing
human kind, and is a major threat to world foodsecurity. Developing countries that highly dependon agriculture are at risk, yet these countries havecontributed the least to the problem of climate change.
The impact of climate change to agriculture andfood security in Africa includes reduced agriculture
production, loss of area for agriculture, destructionof agriculture products, loss of human resources forthe agricultural sector and loss of income.
Studies confirm that Africa is one of the mostvulnerable to climate change variability because ofmultiple stresses and low adaptative capacity. Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries areespecially vulnerable economically, socially and environmentally to climate change sincemost of their population rely on agriculture. In addition, most people in Africa spend alarge proportion of their disposable income on food, with those in southern Africa andthe Indian Ocean spending as much as 57%. A large percentage of Africa’s population
depends on food aid, for example, about 40% in some southern Africa countries.
Climate change models show that countries, such as, South Africa and Mozambique will
substantially lose some of their agricultural potential due to climate change. On the other
hand, countries such as Kenya and Uganda are winners in the sense that they will be able
to benefit from increased production potential (AllAfrica.com, 2003). Some adaptation
to current climate variability is taking place; however, this may be insufficient for futurechanges in climate.

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Adaptation measures should include making the best use of climate as a resource byenhancing capacity of agriculturists, agribusiness and organizations to respond to climate
variation and change. Adaptation and coping with climate change involves a range ofsocial and economic factors, and technological solutions. The success of climate change
adaptation strategies will depend on several factors, including community awarenessof climate change and its impacts, institutional set-up and capacity for implementing
adaptation strategies and availability of funds to implement adaptation strategies.
A study undertaken by Manyatsi (2007) on community perspectives and policy responseon climate change in Swaziland found that there was lack of awareness, among policy
makers and the community, on the risks posed by climate change and how these risks relate
to development priorities. The communities in the study regarded climate change as a
global problem, and failed to connect it with their own interests and activities. Moreover,the commercial media did not consider climate change stories as saleable unless the issues
were accompanied with disasters, such as floods and famine where lives were lost.
Manyatsi (2007) also observed that there was no policy that addressed the issue ofclimate change in Swaziland. Policy makers should formulate policies that address
current vulnerabilities and development needs, as well as potential climate risks. A
multi-stakeholders coordinating committee, chaired by a senior ministry official, shouldbe established in each country to manage adaptation strategies. Non-governmentalorganizations (NGOs) and the media should play a dominant role in building awarenessand capacity at the local level. Donors should provide incentives for developing countries
governments to take particular adaptation actions, appropriate to local contexts.
The study recommended the following steps to increase the awareness on the impact ofclimate change on agriculture and food security, and to facilitate successful implementationof climate change adaptation strategies:• Funds should be made available to support review of current policies aimed atmanaging and coping with disasters, including hydrological and environmental
disasters. The review should aim at updating policies to include climate change andclimate change adaptation issues. In some cases specific policies addressing climatechange and climate change adaptation may need to be formulated.
• Financial and technical support should be provided for capacity building indeveloping policies to address climate change and climate change adaptation. The
capacity building could be in the form of training workshops for the different
sectors, including policy makers, civil society, researchers and the media. It should
be facilitated by experts in policy making and climate change issues.
Funds should be made available for promoting awareness of the impact of climate change.
The awareness promotion could be done through partnership with the media and the
NGOs.

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3.3.2: Perte de Biodiversité et Ecosystèmes Fragiles: Cas du Mali
(Biodiversity Loss and Fragile Ecosystems: The Case of Mali)
By
Dr A. Bayoko and Dr. M. H. Maïga
Ecologue, Enseignant-Chercheur à l’ISFRA, Université de Bamako, Mali

Mali’s ecosystem is gradually deteriorating withserious effects on the country’s biodiversity. For
example, 58% of Mali’s surface area is covered by
the desert; and 30% of its territory threatened by
the advancement of the Sahel which is attributed toclimate change.
The word “biodiversity” is the combination of the twowords “biological diversity”. Biodiversity is importantin all ecosystems, including “natural” ecosystems suchas national parks or the natural reserves, and man
made ecosystems such as farms, plantations or urban
parks. Biodiversity is furthermore the basis of many
benefits provided to human beings by the ecosystem. The extinction of an important
species can disrupt services and change the interactions between species. This can also
have negative effects on the processes linked to ecosystems.
Biodiversity, especially the diversity of plants and landscapes, influences the local,
regional and global climate. Consequently, changes in land use and plant cover can havean impact on both biodiversity and climate. In sub-Saharan Africa the interaction
between the beneficial role of plant cover in the Sahelian pluviometry and theoperations of carbon sequestration through the protection of forests and reforestation
is important and worthy of mention.
The presenter analyzed the deterioration of the Malian ecosystems and biodiversity inthree parts:i) Description of Mali’s climatic conditions and the state of its biodiversity;ii) the effects of drought on ecosystems and biodiversity; andiii) a literature review of the impact of biodiversity on climate.
Climate change in Mali is manifested by rising temperatures and decreased precipitation.
This contributes to loss of biodiversity in the long run. In fact, studies in Mali indicatethat climatic changes have modified the physical systems, such as, water courses; andhad an impact on numerous species as well as entire ecosystems. Climatic changes
furthermore manifest themselves through global modifications of functional processesof the biodiversity that subsequently disrupt the carbon cycle as well as the productivityof ecosystems.

332007 Annual Conference and Workshop

In Mali, about 10% of territory has been declared protected zones to safeguard thebiodiversity. There are also soil conservation initiatives, for example, to reclaim the soil
and reduce erosion of the biodiversity. A huge tree planting program was initiated but
curtailed largely by lack of sufficient water. There are programs to exploit undergroundwater sources but they are still inadequate, for example, in the Ulemedan basin. Somehave initiated research on how to manage the drought issue but again these are largely
inadequate
In conclusion, the presenter noted that the impacts of climate change on biodiversity
could be multifarious and stressed that urgent measures are required to mitigate andadapt to these effects today for sustainable ecosystems tomorrow.
3.3.2.1 Issues Arising from the Presentation
Comments

Questions

Responses

H ow d o e s m a n a ge m e n t o f We should be aware that inpollution become more difficult most cases we use water toand costly under changed climate dilute the pollutants. If there
is no water, for example, in rivconditions?
ers where the pollutants tend
to be dumped, it will be moredifficult to dispose them.
Are there any advantages we can Some sub-tropical areas are goget from climate change? Are ing to see a situation whereby
there sectors, regions, or places they will be able to grow somethat take advantage of climate horticultural crops that couldchange because of temperature not be grown under other conditions because they required lesschange?
frost. Regional mapping of the
impacts of climate change may
be necessary.
Mali is a Sahelian country in We have heard so much about Concerning the measures thatthe heart of this problem of climate effects, are there any have been taken against depleclimate change. Last week there measures any measures to com- tion of biodiversity, we have
was a regional workshop on bat the effects of climate change worked for the last 30 years
climate change and Dr Maiga in Mali (and/or in other African to achieve results. There isis going to give us information countries)?
research on adapting new cropon the various questions thatvarieties to climate change butwere asked concerning climate
these are not enough. In Malichange in Mali.
we are trying to increase theareas that are under protection. There is currently up to

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10% of territory under biodiversity protection. There are also soil
conservation activities where soil isreclaimed and erosion of our biodiversity reduced. The ATPS needs tosupport these initiatives to ensure
positive impacts.

The results from Mali are
the same as those presented
earlier but more serious.
Are there any efforts to
exploit the undergroundwater resources to try andmitigate the effects ofclimate change and the lossof species because of lack ofwater? Is it possible for Mali
to try to resolve this problem
and divert this catastrophe?

Mali has a big program on tree planting but one limiting factor is water.
We have tried to have a reforestation program. There is also anothersystem that explores undergroundwater systems. These programs arestill inadequate and there are otherresearch programs that are being
carried out so that we can take careof the drought.

Are there any activities goingon to try and conserve thetotal disappearance of faunaand flora, either in botanicalgardens or zoos?

The flora and fauna are disappearing
in one ecosystem and then they reappear in another eco-system. There
are plants that have disappeared in
the Sahelian ecosystem that can now
be found in the Sudanese ecosystem.
There are also some that have disappeared from Mali; we do not havegiraffes. They disappeared from theMalian ecosystem and territory.

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2007 Annual Conference and Workshop
3.3.3: Adaptation of Local Communities to Climate Change within
Water Scarce Regions: The Case of the Lake Bogoria Catchment inKenya
By
Dr Musonda Mumba
Fresh Water Programme Coordinator, WWF-EARO

Climate change is already threatening ecosystems in
Africa with severe consequences. Poor people that
depend on these ecosystems need help to strengthen
their capability to adapt to this change. This
presentation was based on a case study in the middle
Lake Bogoria catchment where the World Wide
Fund for Nature (WWF) has been engaged in a water
resources management project.
Lake Bogoria is one of several Rift Valley lakes locatedwithin the East African Rift Valley. The lake and its wider catchment are rich in natural
resources that include the lake itself, forests, wildlife and pastures. Both the upper andmiddle catchments have experienced an increase in population and changes in land-use over
the years. Rainfall variability over the years has compounded the problem even further.
However, like many agricultural zones of Kenya, the problems are further exacerbated byuncontrolled, illegal over-abstraction of water resources. These factors have had enormouspressure and effect on the environment and particularly water resources.
The Lake Bogoria case study aims to show how local farming communities in the middle
catchment are adapting to climate change following highly variable rainfall patterns andreduced flows in the Waseges River as a result of over-abstraction. WWF recognizes theimportance of adaptive strategies by local communities and believes that partnering withvarious stakeholders is environmentally sustainable especially for water resources thatare climate sensitive.
Working with various partners and stakeholders, such as the Department of Irrigation,
local community based organizations (CBOs) and the Water Resources Users Associations(WRUA), WWF engaged with the communities within the middle catchment to find asolution for better water resources management. The WRUA is a representative groupconsisting of members of various common interest groups and the community at large
whose main interest is to discuss water related issues. This forum is an effective medium
for participatory management of water resources.
Communities in and around the scheme area through their engagement with WWF anddepartment of irrigation decided to dig pan dams for water storage and use during thedry period so as to let the river flow. Irrigation department in partnership with WWF and36

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Fisheries department provided training and sensitization for the communities within the
Lari-Wendani to develop water pan dams on their individual farms then stocking themwith Tilapia and cat fish (See picture below). As an incentive to the farmer the Fisheries
department integrated fish farming into the activity hence providing additional income
to the farmers. During the rainy season between April and September the farmers would
then harvest storm flow and stock fish. At the end of the period farmers harvest would
fish and use the stored nutrient rich water for irrigation during the dry season (October
to March) without interfering with the river.

Rain filled pan dam (left) and releasing fish into a pan dam (right). Photo credit: WWF-EARPO/
Musonda Mumba

This adaptive strategy by the local communities has had positive consequences for thecommunity and the environment. One key lesson is that community-based approach iseffective in developing appropriate adaptive strategies especially for vulnerable communities. WWF is, therefore, working closely with the local communities within the Lake
Bogoria catchment on issues related to irrigated agriculture and the new National Water
Resources Management Strategy (2007-2009) that clearly indicates the need for reserve
water within river courses.
This case study takes cognizance of the fact that adaptation is necessary particularly
within water scarce areas where communities are likely to be most vulnerable. Moreover,
it is clear that the local communities need the right and appropriate information on adaptation models. WWF and the different stakeholders have served as change agents within
this catchment, which is an essential element to adaptation.
WWF’s approach to environmental sustainability has been to advocate for integrated
water resources management (IWRM) mechanism within this catchment. The water andagricultural sectors are climate sensitive and this case study illustrates the need to mainstream climate change adaptation policies into these sectors; similar cases are lacking or
unknown. It is particularly important for the environmental and developmental NGOs

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and civil society groups to share lessons about community-based adaptation. Once such
lessons and experiences are shared and known, it would be easier to influence governments
about the necessary policy changes on
climate change adaptation.
Dr Mumba gave a figurative illustration of the importance of linkages
between policy, science and local communities. National and international
policy structures are important insupporting community adaptation toclimate. These can be supported by thebest available science and knowledge
structures however local communities
also need to be linked to such structures(Yamin, et al., 2005).
Making linkages between Policy, Science and Local
community engagement in climate change adaptation(Mumba, 2007)

Prof. Isoun expressed delight at the participatory approaches taken by the WWF in
combating climate change effects, noting that it is crucial that scientists begin to thinkof how their research impacts on livelihoods at the local levels. He expressed his wish to
see the ATPS actively taking results from STI policy research to the rural communities toensure positive impacts. Finally, he stressed that the interface research institutions, theirresults, and communicating these to rural communities is a huge area where the ATPS could
make a difference through its Knowledge for Development and Science Communication
Programs. Dr. Dube seconded the comments by Prof. Isoun, noting that the ATPS need
to focus more on utilizing local expertise in their programs to ensure effective community
engagement. Prof. Chimbari also added that working with local champions is crucial tosuccessful integration of local communities in ATPS research and training activities.

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3.3.4: Coping with Impacts of Climate Change on Health
By
Prof M. Chimbari
Director, Research and Innovation, National University of Science and Technology, Lake
Kariba Research Station, Zimbabwe University

It is important to distinguish the influence of weather,climate variability and climate change to understandthe impacts of climate change on health and the subsequent adaptation strategies. Weather is the shortterm changing condition of the atmosphere; climate
is the long term average state of the lower atmosphereand the associated characteristics of the underlying
water or land in a particular region; and climate variability is the spatial and temporal variation around theaverage climate (WHO, 2000). The impacts of thesethree parameters on health cascade from the effects
on weather to the effects of climate variability andfinally to the sum total effects of climate change. The
presenter described some of the impacts of climate change on human health. He argued
that developing countries and African countries, in particular, will be affected most by
climate change.
Temperature, humidity, rainfall, soil moisture and the rising sea level are changes inclimate that have implications on disease transmission. Change in precipitation, run-off
and variability will lead to greater water stress resulting in increased incidence of water
borne diseases associated with flooding and forced movements. Increases in temperatureand humidity will increase rates of reproduction and survival of bacterial, protozoan andviral pathogens, for example, salmonella and shigella. Scarcity of water may also be a
motivation for intensifying irrigation thereby increasing the risk to farmers of contracting
schistosomiasis. On the other hand, flooding may result in acute health impacts for vulnerable groups through increases in infectious diseases as a result of crowding of survivors,
often with limited shelter and access to potable water. Climate change will further modify
the transmission of vector-borne diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever by influencing
the dispersal, reproduction, maturation and survival rate of vector species.
Other indirect climate change related impacts on health include increased risk of HIV and
AIDS and compromised access to health services because of extreme climatic conditions.
Loss of livelihoods that may arise from loss of agricultural land or displacement becauseof extreme conditions may increase exposure to contracting HIV because of the natureof the new survival livelihoods. Extreme events like floods may disrupt social services,such as, road networks and health facilities; and hence compromise the access of certain
group of people to health services.

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Coping strategies to minimize impacts of climate change are largely entrenched in
adaptations made in response to climate induced changes. Actions necessary to meet theobjectives of anticipatory adaptation may be categorized into three classes: primary,secondary and tertiary measures (McMichael and Kovats, 2000b). Primary measures are
aimed at preventing the onset of a disease arising from an environmental change in an
unaffected population. This may involve distribution of insecticide treated nets to all
populations at risk or early warning systems. Secondary measures are preventive activities
in response to early evidence of disease impact. Such activities include strengthening of
disease surveillance or responding adequately to disease outbreaks. Tertiary measures areactions taken to reduce mortality and morbidity caused by the disease. This may be in
the form of timely diagnosis and treatment of malaria cases.
There are, however, some opportunities that African countries must exploit. Some impactsof climate change on health are likely to affect developed countries more than the developing countries. Encroachment of malaria into new zones, for example, is likely to havemore impact in populations with no previous exposure to the parasite. Thus developed
countries are motivated to ensure that the impacts are minimized. Moreover, there are hugeamounts of data in the continent, although not systemically collected, that may be used
to make future predictions to institute preventive measures. There are also many funding
opportunities for the subject of climate change, such as Global Environmental Facility(GEF) Trust Fund, Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), Least Developed Countries
Fund (LDCF), Kyoto Protocol Climate Adaptation Fund, IDRC funded Climate Change
Adaptation in Africa (CCAA) and WaterNet .
The presenter concluded that:• the impacts of climate change on human health are complex and require a transdisciplinary approach in dealing with them.
• Vector borne diseases particularly those transmitted by mosquitoes are likely to
be influenced much more by climate change.
• Sound strategies for adapting to the impacts of climate change are well-documented with little action on the ground.
• While there are serious challenges that may frustrate the efforts to minimize
impacts of climate, there are also many opportunities that should be exploited.
There has to be more than political will among governments if adaptation activities areto be sustained.

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3.3.5: Issues Arising from the Presentations in Session II
Comments

Questions
Do you [Dr Musonda] try
to influence the change ofpolicy? This is where we havea major role to play especiallycoming from the local communities? This will bring thepressure that is needed forpolicy change.

Responses
We need examples to influence
policy. Policies are good and somethat have been drawn in Easternand Southern Africa are brilliant
but there are no examples of how
they can be properly enforced.
The presentation is an example
of work that WWF is doingwith other partners within theregion. WWF has approached
the Kenyan Government to create awareness of the on-goingwater reform project so thatthey can use it as an example of
how information can be collectedfrom the ground.
The 2002 Water Act of Kenyasays that Water Use Associations
need to be formed, but the Act
does not specify who is going todo that. So WWF had to go to
the grassroots and engage communities on the need to havewater use associations and also
understand how water is managed. Someone had to start fromsomewhere so WWF is acting asa change agent. There is need formore change agents not just ininternational NGOs like WWF
but even local community-basedorganizations and civil society
groups from the region.

Lake Bogoria is a very sensitive lake and the key features,such as the flamingoes were notmentioned in the presentation.
How are your activities aroundthe lake affecting the bird lifeor the fishing activities andwhat will be the impact on the412007 Annual Conference and Workshop

Comments

Questions

Responses

water level in the lake? Does the The presentation was only
study take a comprehensive and a fraction of what WWF is
combining look at what happens doing in Lake Bogoria having
been there for almost 11 years.
around the lake?
Initially WWF focused on its
core work that is conserving
biological biodiversity for the
benefit of mankind. When the
project was developed the focus
was on the flamingoes, andthe area that is protected asa Ramsar Site. Later it was
realized that working in isolationof the communities upstream
was unwise because they have a
big influence on how much water
finally arrives [downstream].
So we had to actually include
the livelihood component. It isonly in the last few years thatthe livelihood issue has beenstrengthened within WWF.
The pollution levels in Lake
Bogoria are not as much in
Nakuru or in Naivasha for
instance. There have also beenchanges from engaging withthe communities to explain thatflamingoes are important andare also part of their traditional
system and understanding.
WWF has also explained thatthe water is not just for them
but also for the other species aswell because we share this earth
with other species and they
understand these dynamics.
So the intervention of actually
having the water dams has
increased the amount of waterflowing into River Waseges andto the lake. Overall, we haverealized that engaging with
communities is very critical.

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Comments

Questions

In scaling out where one Is it possible for the initiative
African country can learn (WWF Lake Bogoria initiative)
from another there is always to be scaled out?
mistrust. If the innovation
is from the developed world,
African countries often adopt
it without even analyzing
it. Experiences have to bescaled out to consider what
the community wants, forexample, to increase theirincome base through fishing,recycling water used forwashing for irrigation.

Responses
Scaling up is a completely different ball game. Solutions have tocome from the communities. The
community members have to say
what they want and what works
for them and then we act as achange agent. WWF has realizedthat what works for one region
may not work in another. However, in the water section reform
processing in Eastern Africa,
similar issues are now arising.
Unfortunately in Uganda forexample, they do not have water
use associations so this poses a
problem. In addition there isalso a lack of a framework on
how to work with communities,
which are quite scattered. The
situation is easier in Kenya andTanzania where WWF works
with the community through thewater use associations. We try to
introduce the same ideas across,for example, we think that theapproach that we have in Kenya
will work in the Ruaha Region of
Tanzania. We try and introduce
the idea slowly but we also allow the communities to suggest
the solutions. I agree that there
should be some sort of scaling up
but the recommendations should
include lesson-sharing because of
the need to know what is happening elsewhere.

Currently, there is a big gap
between knowledge and policy
implementation. Unless we engage
in knowledge [information]
Who should champion the translation and make sure thatwhat is documented either as
implementation of policies?
policies or research findings/
recommendations are actually
Why is there less action on the
ground even though strategies
have been identified?

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Comments

Questions

Responses

Who should champion the action implemented then we have aand facilitate the implementa- problem. Most organizations
tion of the strategies that have have strategic plans that reflect
these key issues but their
been identified?
operations and implementationof research results is wanting
because there is no money
allocated for such actions. We
need pro-active networks like
ATPS to take up such issues.
We do not want to reinvent thewheel.

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Dr. Mumba concluded the session by calling on the ATPS to scale up its work on innovation
systems to regional programmes to facilitate country-to country learning. One would wantanother country to learn form Kenya, for instance, but in Africa, it is often preferred toborrow innovations from the West. This, she said, is very annoying and counter productive.
African communities would like to build capacity in STI and improve their livelihoods
and incomes through indigenous STI.
3.4: Round Table Discussion: Experiences and Evidence from theField in Africa
The final part in this session was a roundtable discussion, facilitated by Prof. Mytelka.
Amongst the key discussants were the ATPS Board members, National Chapter
Coordinators, and development partners present, e.g. IDRC represented by Ms. Jean Woo,
institutional collaborators, such as the Macaulay Institute, WWF, ICPAC, etc, as well as
Members of Parliament present. The session was aimed at scoping potential activities/
initiatives for ATPS on climate change, especially to fit into the ATPS Phase VI Strategic
Plan (2008-2011). Dr. Urama explained that the ATPS adapted PQRP framework forresearch planning in the drafting of its Phase VI strategic plan. “We have heard all thepresentations and the good advice of what the ATPS should do,” he said, “it is now time for the
ATPS Board, national chapter coordinators, development partners and other experts to engage
in a round table discussion to identify priority themes for research and policy advocacy andpractical interventions under the subject of climate change which ATPS should take forwardin the next Strategic Plan, 2008 – 2011”. “This, he said, is in fact an important part of the
ATPS Phase VI Strategic, 2008 - 2011 planning process”.
He requested delegates to kindly participate in the round table to draw out two to threethematic or non-thematic interventions the ATPS needs to embark upon under the themeof climate change in its new strategy. For every idea that is raised, the delegates wererequired to consider a number of practical questions which would serve as a reality checkon the feasibility and relevance of the suggested theme: (i) Is it practical and feasible toembark on such a program? (ii) Is it within the ATPS mandate to take this forward? (iii)
If so, is it a priority for the ATPS to take this forward in the Phase VI Strategy? (iv)
Who are the partners that the ATPS should work with on the program, and finally how
would this be taken forward into a new ATPS program? In other words, all suggestions
must be discussed critically by the round table to establish how relevant it would be to
ATPS making a difference by 2020; why is it a priority now, and with whom can ATPS
should take this forward. Where ATPS lacks the capacity, it would collaborate with otherinstitutions. Where the issues are important but not within the ATPS mandate, delegateswere required to suggest other research organizations and/or private sector actors who
could that that forward. In such cases, the ATPS will, through its knowledge brokerage
activities, recommend those agendas to the identified institutions and/or private sector
actors.

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A cross-section of delegates during the Roundtable Discussions

The facilitator, Prof. Lynn Mytelka, applauded the process and encouraged thedelegates to participate proactively, as this was a chance for them to influence thefuture of the ATPS and its Programs, going forward.
Prof Turner Isoun congratulated ATPS for its achievements during the last decade inscience and technology policy making. He emphasized that there are major positive changes
going on in Africa and those who ignore them, are doing so at their own peril. He notedthat Africa have seen tremendous advances in STI in the past decade due to the usefulwork of STI institutions, of which the ATPS has remained at the forefront. Six years ago
the international community had ignored the potential market in the African continent,
but currently Nigeria boasts about 40 million mobile phone subscribers today. In fact themobile phone companies worldwide have accepted that the greatest potential for growth ofwireless technologies is in Africa. He also pointed out the great achievements of the internet
technology in Africa, noting that all these could be mobilized for the development of thecontinent. He encouraged delegates to be unlimited in their thinking and to focus on key
interventions that would make the difference. Referring to the quality of the presentations
at the meeting, Prof. Isoun acknowledged the improvement in the quality of STI policy
research in the continent and commended the ATPS for the good work done so far.
He noted that Africa has produced a critical mass of very brilliant scholars working in
Cambridge, NASA, Oxford and many other premier knowledge institutions, and hence cancreate its own critical mass to mobilize STI for African development. He noted that many
people who do not see these changes are constrained by their own mind-sets. “Africa, hesaid, must not be constrained by the same mind-set, …, ATPS should no longer remain in
its old form.” He encouraged delegates to focus on the contemporary challenges facing thecontinent and be aware of the evolving global challenges, and hence remain dynamic in its
strategic plan. “I think it is very important to note that I feel very optimistic today. What

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I heard and saw gladdens my heart because I can see and feel progress. I can see quality.
This morning, when I talked about Africa evolving its own scientific trajectory, I was notjust being poetic. I believe in it and I believe it can be done and we can see the science ofachieving it is there. … I am quit pleased with the present and past leaderships of the
ATPS Secretariat and strongly believe that we are set to make the difference in Africa.
Prof. Eric Eboh, Executive Director of the African Institute for Applied Economics(AIAE), stressed the fact that Africa must remain optimistic rather than continue tobemoan poverty and espouse the thinking that Africa in disarray and unable to make it.
Most presentations in other African conferences are often full of scientific results with very
few policy actions. There is need for immediate action to reverse this trend. “I think that the
ATPS is in a position to be the arrow head for this action to start influencing the managementof resources in Africa. Now, we can do that from the vantage point of research and policy
advocacy. I would advice this meeting to strategically select research themes that would makemeaning to policy makers and end users. As scientists, we can use our scientific principles andmodels to come up with results, but in the end, what matters is how far we influence policy. So
we must select thematic activities that have direct policy relevance.
The recommendations by the round table on what the ATPS should do to make adifference in Africa’s ability to adapt to climate change are summarized below:• Commission a study to document and disseminate evidence on the impacts ofclimate change on the rural livelihoods and national incomes. Carrying out thisstudy at country levels and engaging all actors such as policy makers, farmer
associations, private sector actors, civil societies, etc would bring to the fore,
the likely effects on having no adaptation and mitigation policies. ATPS is in a
strategic position to carry out such as study through its national chapters andthis will certainly influence behavioural change at individual, community, andnational scales.
• Engage in collaborative regional Programs in a consortia model to ensure that
impacts are up scaled from the country to the pan-African levels. It was notedthat many institutions work in isolation and ATPS is in the position to provide
the glue factors (a role model) to ensure active networking and collaborations
between STI research institutions and universities in Africa. This will help avoid
competition for resources and create synergies and complementarities between
relevant STI organizations in the continent.
• Embark on a program for building on indigenous technologies, indigenous
knowledge, for climate change adaptation in Africa. Lessons could be learned
from indigenous technologies elsewhere, such as Asia and South America, but
the focus should be on building and enhancing indigenous capacities to adapt.
It was recommended that the ATPS should champion knowledge exchange andtechnology sharing between the North and south under the auspices of new EU
Framework programs on STI.

2007 Annual Conference and Workshop
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•
•
•

•

47

Embark on a program of building partnerships with local actors at the grassroots:
Partnership with local actors in rural communities in the generation and use ofknowledge was emphasized. “The language of a single scientist may not be understood
but policy makers, but the language of a community which is important in the electoralvoting system, cannot be ignored.”Develop close linkages with key actors and decision makers in Africa, governments,
private sector operators, universities, NGOs, to advocate for relevant policy changes
and legal structures to enhance climate change adaptation in the continent.
Develop appropriation strategies and intellectual property rights laws to protect
indigenous technologies and genetic resources was identified as a key issue which
the ATPS needs to pursue.
Develop science communication and knowledge management systems to ensurethat research results can be communicated to all end-users. It was noted that a
lot of scientific publications are held in media that are not user friendly for the
majority of Africans: international journal articles, research reports, and webbased communications fora. The ATPS should provide the linkage between research
results and innovations for climate adaptation by developing effective mechanisms
to take results to the grassroots.
Embark on a program of foresight exercises in liaison with African countries
to produce strategic STI trajectories for climate change adaptation in selected
sectors.

Hon. Katende Gordon Sematiko a Member of Parliament from Uganda explained why
parliamentarians generally treat research funded by non-government organizations
with skepticism. Some, he said, believe the research is driven more by donor interest
rather than national interest; a view that has be dispelled by researchers. The Uganda
parliament’s S&T Committee are trying to find out why many scientific policies do not
go through parliament by learning from other parliaments like the UK. The latter gives
balanced information unbiased to parliamentarians to enable them to decide objectively.
It is important to emphasize more on multidisciplinary research if one wants to reachpolicymakers. For example, ‘hard core’ scientists must ensure they have a social scientist
in their team early enough in the research cycle to ensure results are ‘digestible’ to thepolicymakers and other end-users in general. He commended the efforts by the ATPS to
involve MPs, the private sector and researchers in framing the agenda for the ATPS Phase
VI Strategic Plan, noting that this makes the research and policy advocacy of the Network
African and relevant to the development agendas of the countries of the continent. He
stressed the following pints which he advised the ATPS to consider in the implementationof its Phase Vi strategy:• Civil society pressure has a bigger advantage in pushing the policy makers/
parliamentarians to pass policies because of their engagement with the public
opinion. ATPS must engage the civil society appropriately and at the right time
during the research process to add pressure to policymakers.

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•

•

•

•

•

Policymakers/parliamentarians prefer to pass policies that will bear fruits while
they are still in office to claim the success of such initiatives, so ATPS should
capitalize on short-term coping strategies that would yield results in the shortterm rather than long term theorizing and blue sky science.
ATPS should develop a comprehensive communication strategy to target thedifferent players. He referred to the example of how simple cartoons were able torelay more on the importance of family planning than detailed research papers.
ATPS should measure its success from evidence on use of policies at the community
level.
ATPS could also engage with policymaking at global level through collaboration
with relevant institutions such as UNEP, UNFCCC, WHO, etc. There are a lot of
discussions at the moment on compensated reduction for avoiding deforestation,and efforts to update the Kyoto protocol which finishes in 2012. Even though
Africa is not responsible for a lot of the climate change problems, ATPS can bepart of the solution in helping to find alternative technologies to store carbon thatwould otherwise be released into the atmosphere.
ATPS could also get involved in various global projects within the science
community, for example, the Global M project which though the focus has been
mainly on the science, there may be a role in weaving how to involve policymakers.
There are a number of other projects, such as, the GCAFS project which is looking
at global food security and there is also the global carbon project; all trying toengage policy makers at the global level and to link science.
Policy making varies from country to country and there are several decision
making centers that exist in countries that are unknown to people unless they
are investigated. ATPS should map the existing policies and institutions that
influence policy. It is important to ensure buy-in for any research idea that may
influence policy in the long-run and this will expedite the dissemination anddiffusion process.

Dr. Urama, Director of ATPS concluded this session and noted that the Secretariat would
follow-up with some delegates to develop some of the ideas generated at the meeting into
programs for the implementation of the ATPS Phase VI Strategic Plan. He thanked
the delegates for the successful round table and the wealth of knowledge that has beengathered through the process to inform the ATPS Phase VI Strategic Plan. He stressedthat each ATPS program, be it under the auspices of the “thematic program” or “nonthematic (facilitative) programs”, aim at development of STI-capacity (knowledge basis/
infrastructure, knowledge circulation/networks, knowledge conditions/policies); and not
on pure STI research as such. This will be taken into consideration in the selection ofprograms to be taken forward.
He introduced the next sessions which would involve expert group discussions to synthesis
the information gathered so far and prioritize these in the light of the felt needs for STI

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research, policy and practice in the countries of the ATPS chapters that could be taken
forward under the auspices of the ATPS Phase VI strategic plan. He noted that theseexpert groups would be facilitated by Ms. Pound. Each group would have a member ofthe ATPS Board and a resource person selected from the ATPS National Coordinators
who would guide the discussions to ensure that the recommendations are consistent with
the ATPS mandates. Delegates are free to select which group to attend and/or to choose
to contribute to more than one group depending on levels of experience and expertise.

4

WORKING GROUP DISCUSSIONS

Session III was devoted to working group discussions. The delegates were divided into
four groups based on the 4 questions/themes that were discussed in Session II. Eachgroup had a presentation relevant to their session and a discussion thereafter. Delegateswere then expected to share research and initiatives already underway on the particulartheme and the gaps that ATPS can address. They were also encouraged to come up with
two or three thematic or non-thematic activities that the ATPS Phase VI strategic plan
could address.
The four working groups were;Working Group 1: Climate change, Agriculture and food security
Working Group 2: Climate change, biodiversity loss and fragile ecosystems
Working Group 3: Climate change, water scarcity and environmental sustainability
Working Group 4: Climate change and human health
4.1: Group One - Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
The group’s discussions were preceded with a presentation by Dr. M. Tibbo on their paper
titled ‘Livestock-Environment Interactions and Some Technology Options in Crop-Livestock
Production System, Ethiopia’ by Nigatu Alemayehu, Markos Tibbo, Mary, M. Masafu,Azage
Tegegne & Abule Ebro.
The paper assessed options to intensify livestock production in order to meet the growing
human demand for livestock products. Ethiopia has the largest livestock population in
Africa. There are two livestock production systems in the country’s mid-highland:
1. Mixed crop-livestock production which is the major source of income. Farmers sell partor all of the grain and straw produced on-farm to cover other living expenses. The research
topics identified in this production system are: (a) to study the level of land degradationand land use changes and their root causes; (b) assess the current crop-livestock production50

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systems as it differs from the traditional systems; and (c) evaluate technology options that
intensify livestock production in environmentally friendly way.
2. Intensive livestock production that is characterized by animal feeding operation. They
import large amounts of animal feed like concentrate, straw, forage and bedding materials.
Intensive livestock operations often have inadequate land, so and increased risk of watercontamination. The research agenda identified in this sub-production system include
manure production and health related problems due to manure disposal, utilization andmanagement.
The climatic and socio-economic changes that occur in many areas have put increased
pressure on the natural resources to produce more food and animal feed. The dynamic
social and economic changes in urban and rural areas contributed to gradual change of the
traditional livestock practices into mixed crop-livestock production system. Technology
should be designed to enhance the productivity of mixed crop-livestock systems andmarkets, and with different cropping patterns and production practices. Improved
technologies will involve upgraded varieties of food and feed crops, forages, legumes andtree crops as well as improved genetic stocks of cattle, sheep and goats. This includes better
strategies for transferring these technologies and more effective extension services.
It is important to intensify livestock production to meet the growing human demand forlivestock products. Farmers should also be encouraged to decrease dependency on grazing
and zero graze. Zero grazing enables farmers to manage their animals, ensures efficient useof feed, reduces energy loss of animals due to grazing and improves pasture productivity.
The presenter suggested the following issues for implementation:i.
Mitigate land degradation with potential positive implications for livestock;ii.
Intensification of livestock development with potential implications for local
and national sustainability;iii. Change land use in line with socio-economic and climate changes; andiv.
Recommend practical adaptation technology options and/or policies.
In conclusion, research and development activities should involve farmers, researchers,
extension workers, micro-finance organizations, and policy makers. Farmer’s adaptation
or resistance to technologies should be documented to draw lessons for future planningand action. The knowledge and experience obtained in research will help to provide
information to improve decision making in sustainable livestock-environment development
equilibrium.

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4.1.1

Issues Arising from Group 1 Discussions

The group discussed and identified a number of issues but prioritized the following:• Disaster management or drought: this includes drought and food management
under which they categorized early warning systems, such as weather forecasting,breeding for drought resistance or adapted variety or breeds, mitigation and coping
mechanisms and technology for agriculture;• Assessment of institutions and policies;• Innovation and awareness which involves knowledge diffusion;• Human resources capacity strengthening;• Diversification of livelihoods;• Value added activities, such as, agric-processing/food processing for local needs,
food preservation or processing technologies;• Land also categorized into use: this involves land tenure or ownership and land
management;• Marketing of supply chains access distribution; and• Local or international war and conflict for common resources like water;
infrastructure, such as, transportation. It also includes energy issues, farm inputs,
credits, seeds, agrochemicals, new gender roles in climate change adaptation andfinally pests, weed and disease management control measures.
To describe projects or initiatives dealing with the impact of climate change on agriculture
and livelihoods derived from a culture in Africa, it is necessary to strengthen the resilienceof African agricultural systems to respond to the phenomenon. These changes also requirepolicies on diversification of livelihoods, ability to anticipate crisis, the development ofpossible options and the mechanisms for discussing these solutions and achieve results.
The first project would require research on the possible impacts of drought and floods inarid areas and wetlands; and develop policies and programs to mitigate the impacts.
The delegates stressed that ATPS is well placed to link the identified institutions andparliamentary committees dealing with agriculture and crisis. They also identified theInstitute for Climate Prediction and Analysis (ICPAC), the International LivestockResearch Institute (ILRI) and the Ministries of Agriculture as the relevant institutions
to undertake such initiatives.
The second project would involve a review existing policies and their effectiveness inweather forecasting. The group singled out meteorological authorities, universities,
ministries of agriculture and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) as relevant institutions to take up the task. The first step would
be to identify the relevant policies and develop criteria for reviewing them. The ATPS
Secretariat and the national chapters were designated to take up this responsibility.

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The third project recommended was to identify STI capacity gaps and build the humancapacity to deal with climate change. This project could be divided into two with thesecond part involving research on community access and utilization of information on
climate early warning system.
The final project suggested by group 1 was research on indigenous knowledge applications
to climate change.
After further deliberations, the group decided that the ATPS should build a programaround a broad theme: The Strengthening of Resilience in African Agricultural Systems
through STI Capacity Building and Knowledge Brokerage.
4.2: Group Two - Climate Change, Biodiversity Loss and Fragile
Ecosystems
The introductory presentation in this group was by H. Gideon on her paper ‘Impacts of
Climate Change on Biodiversity Loss and Fragile Ecosystems in Tanzania’. She introduced
biodiversity as the variety in living forms including all plants, animals, microorganisms
and the ecosystems. The ecosystem was described as a community of plants, animals, andmicro-organisms that are linked by energy and nutrient flows. Such communities interact
with each other and with the physical environment.
Biodiversity is important because it offers:• supporting services including soil formulation, nutrient cycling and primary
productivity;• regulating services that include regulating air quality, climate, floods, soil erosion,water purification, waste treatment and biological control;• providing services, such as food, fuel wood, fibre and bio-chemicals; and• providing cultural services, such as heritage, spiritual and religious and aesthetic
values.
Climate change is the variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its variability,
persisting for an extended period, typically decades or longer. It encompasses temperature
increases (“global warming”), sea-level rises, changes in precipitation patterns, andincreased frequencies of extreme weather events.
The past decade has been marked by dramatic changes in Tanzania including changes inprecipitation (drought (2005-2006), floods (floods of 15 May 2006 in Kilimanjaro) and adrop in water levels of Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Manyara and Lake Jipe.
Moreover, there has been the intrusion of sea water into fresh water wells along the coastand the inundation of Maziwe Island in Pangani There has also been the dramatic recessionof Lake Rukwa over time and the disappearing glacier on Mount Kilimanjaro.

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Other incidences of climate change on biodiversity happened during the 1997-98 El Niño
rains when Lake Manyara was flooded with fresh water. Millions of flamingos were forced
to fly away having lost the blue-green algae that can grow only in water with a highconcentration of mineral salts. Wildebeests and other animal species died of hunger andthirst during the severe droughts of 2005-2006. Some of the 380 bird species for which
Lake Manyara National Park is renowned are seasonal. It is predicted that changes inclimate and Lake Manyara’s hydrological conditions may alter both migration pattern
and breeding of birds and other wildlife that depend on the lake.
Mangroves and coral reefs, the main coastal ecosystems in Africa, are also likely tobe affected by climate change. Endangered species associated with these ecosystems,
including manatees and marine turtles, could also be at risk, along with migratory
birds. Many species that are already vulnerable are likely to become extinct especiallythose with limited climatic range, geographical opportunities, habitat requirements andsmall population. Many ecosystems will be dominated by opportunistic species, such as
weeds due to changes in the frequency, intensity, extent, and locations of climaticallyand non-climatically induced disturbances. The livelihoods of many indigenous andlocal communities will be affected. Conservation of biodiversity and maintenance of
ecosystem structure and function are important climate change adaptation strategies
because genetically-diverse populations and species-rich ecosystems have greater potential
to adapt to climate change.
The presenter suggested some mitigation and adaptive measures which include a reductionof other pressures on biodiversity arising from habitat conversion, over-harvesting,pollution, and alien species invasions. Other measures are re-vegetation activities that
increase plant cover on eroded, severely degraded, or otherwise disturbed lands. This has
a high potential to increase carbon sequestration and enhance biodiversity. In addition,
bio-energy plantations can potentially substitute fossil fuel energy with biomass fuels.
However, this may have adverse impact on biodiversity if they replace ecosystems withhigher biodiversity.
Currently, baseline data to measure the impacts of climate change on biodiversity are
inadequate. For example:
Amphibians (frogs, toads and salamanders): - the first taxonomic group to havei)been completely assessed. The results of the Global Amphibian Assessment(GAA), released in 2004 to widespread media coverage were alarming. One inthree amphibians face extinction.
ii)
Mammals: Although a great deal is known about mammalian biology, systematics,
distribution patterns, and conservation status, this knowledge is neither uniform
nor complete. Moreover, of the more than 5,000 known mammal species, thethreat status is inadequately documented. The GMA’s aim is to consolidate
available information for each species on systematics, distribution, habitat

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iv)

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requirements, ecology, life history, conservation status, past and existing threats,
conservation actions, and population trends.
Marine Species: The Global Marine Species Assessment which began in 2005 willbe the first global review of the conservation status of every marine vertebrate
species and of selected invertebrates and plants.
Plants: Less than 3% of the world’s known plant species have been assessed sofar.

This calls for more research to identify and map biodiversity at national, regional andglobal scale. Environmental impact assessments and strategic environmental assessments
can be integrated into the design of climate change mitigation and adaptation projects
and policies. The assessments will assist planners, decision-makers and all stakeholders to
identify and mitigate potentially harmful environmental and social impacts and enhance
the likelihood of positive benefits, such as carbon storage, biodiversity conservation andimproved livelihoods.
Issues Arising from Group Two Discussions
The group compiled the ideas that were generated during the plenary session and merged
the common ones, making additions where necessary.
The group agreed on three potential projects for ATPS to consider, these are:• Building Africa’s STI capacity to cope with the impact of drought on ecosystems
and livelihoods.
• Developing Strategic National Innovation Systems Framework for sustainable
natural resource exploitation to ensure equitable resource access, benefit sharing
and use of indigenous knowledge systems.
• Explorative study on the impact of climate change on land use and land cover.
Drought is as an important issue with regard to climate change and the project on the
Impact of Drought on Ecosystems would be timely if well executed. ATPS should liaise
with African institutions, e.g. Universities, international NGOs, inter-governmentalorganizations and expert groups such as the African Society for Ecological Economics(ASEE), NEPADS, the Inter Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), ILRI,
IWMI, etc. The first stage would be to conduct a baseline survey to map the STI capacity(knowledge base knowledge circulation, infrastructure, institutions, etc). A pan-African
stakeholder forum should be held to discuss and brainstorm on the topic before delving
into detailed research. In general, the ATPS Secretariat and national chapters are be bestplaced to implement the task with potential partners drawn from national government,
local universities and the Private Sector Actors. The structure of the stakeholder policy
forum could be disaggregated to different levels: local, national, regional, and pan-African
following the ATPS networking structure.

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Under this theme of ‘Climate Change, Biodiversity Loss and Fragile Ecosystems’, access,benefit sharing and indigenous knowledge systems are important. Therefore, the second
project on Developing Strategic National Innovation Systems Framework for sustainable
natural resource exploitation to ensure equitable resource access, benefit sharing and use ofindigenous knowledge systems would be useful. While the ATPS should lead this initiative,
it is important to engage all the actors in the triple helix to ensure a holistic approach tothe study.
Finally, Explorative study on the impact of climate change on land use and land cover
should be exploratory to provide a policy tool for mapping the potential impacts ofclimate change on land use and land cover in Africa. Such a tool will be very useful inpolicy simulations and scenario analyses of potential impacts on agriculture which is
the mainstay of the African economy. The ATPS Secretariat could liaise with relevantinternational organizations to take this forward.
4.3: Group Three - Climate Change, Water Scarcity andEnvironmental Sustainability
This group meeting began with presentation from Prof. E. Eboh on ‘Resource Degradation,
Poverty and Growth in Nigeria: Implications for Climate-Change Adaptation’. He said that
sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries are likely to suffer most from the negative impactsof climate change, due to substantial economic role of climate-dependent sectors suchas agriculture, forestry and fisheries, and also due to limited financial, institutional andhuman capacity to anticipate and respond adequately to the direct and indirect effects
of climate change (IPCC, 2001b).
Dr Eboh reviewed the state of renewable resources that the agricultural sector in Nigeria
relies. It is evident that lack of coordinated action to promote sustainable management of
renewable natural resources will aggravate risks of the country to the impact of climatechange. Estimates show that close to 80 million Nigerians live below the poverty line. Mostof the poor are in agriculture and renewable natural resources sectors. These depend on
climate for productivity improvements, etc. Climate change, therefore, is an additional
threat to existing risks and places increased strains on livelihoods.
Across the world, climate change is eliciting two dimensions of policy responses, mitigation
and adaptation. Adaptation can be anticipatory (that is, ex ante) or reactive (that is, expost)1. The key challenge for SSA countries is to enhance adaptive capacity and thereby
minimize the risks from climate change impacts.

1

Poverty and Climate Change: Reducing the Vulnerability of the Poor through Adaptation. African Development
Bank and other international agencies, 2003.

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Countries are increasingly dependent upon knowledge systems, rather than on natural
resource based static comparative advantage. Generating and using knowledge for
economic growth requires strong Science and Technology capabilities and linkages. The
presenter argued that unless SSA countries adopt policies to accelerate technologicallearning and innovation systems approaches in agriculture, they will face worsening
prospects from incapacity to adapt to climate-change impacts. Agricultural productivity
in SSA is highly dependent on local soil, climatic and ecological conditions. A more
effective strategy is to build endogenous agricultural research and development capacity
to undertake inventive adaptation. Building strong and dynamic STI base does not stop at
establishing scientific centers, research institutes and universities. It requires making S&T
an integral component of the development strategy in relation to country-level priorities
for technological change. The Presenter noted that the ATPS is the only established panAfrican knowledge network that can fully boast of championing STI capacity building
as part of the integrated development agenda. Addressing the climate change impacts inagriculture requires significant improvements in the agricultural research and extension
system through STI knowledge systems. The ATPS therefore has the responsibility tomainstream STI in both agricultural research and extension for adaptation to impactsof climate change in future.
Using the example of Nigeria, the presenter proposed to improve its capacity to adapt toclimate-change impacts, the government of Nigeria must promote technological learningand entrepreneurial experimentation in agriculture, towards market oriented, technology
based and resource efficient farming. Improving agricultural research and agricultural
education requires substantial leaps in public and private investments. Incidentally,
many countries in SSA already have limited resources in relation to the huge investment
requirements for developing infrastructure, health and education and other social systems.
More innovative approaches to resource mobilization from within and outside the countries
are therefore called for.
There is also need to conduct national climate impacts, adaptation and vulnerability
assessments to improve understanding of the potential implications of climate change forpoverty reduction and sustainable development. Adaptation to impacts of climate change
can only be sustainable if addressed within the framework of economic growth, poverty
reduction and sustainable development polices of the country. In Nigeria, the NEEDS-2
provides the framework by which climate change issues can be mainstreamed, in order topromote both anticipatory and reactive adaptation. Therefore, climate change adaptation
policies and strategies need to be considered as integral component of economic growthstrategy under the NEEDS-2 and 7-point agenda of the federal government.

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4.3.1

Issues Arising from GroupThree Discussions

The group divided the topic on Climate Change, Water Scarcity and Environmental
Sustainability into four themes: water resources management; waste water and pollution;
stakeholder capacity building; and innovation.
i) Water resources management: The first initiative under this theme would be to generate
STI indicators for community vulnerability and adaptability. ATPS could collaborate
with the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and climate change institutions
on this. Drafting a concept note would be the first step and then a workshop with therelevant institutions. The second step would entail a policy analysis on water resourcesmanagement to identify if there are any conflicts within policies in the country or if there
is a shared water cause. Possible partner institutions are the Water research Institute(WRI), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), WATERNET, the Kenya
Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA), the International Water
Management Institute (IWMI), global water partnerships, National Water Commissions
and relevant government institutions.
ii) Waste water and pollution: The project under this theme would be grassroots level
adaptation through recycling, re-use and water harvesting technologies to address water
scarcity arising from climate change. ATPS could work with WATERAID, Water andSanitation Development (IWSD), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and local
authorities in this initiative. The first step would be to conduct on-desk research on current
technologies and best practice. The study would also identify lessons from countries thatare implementing these technologies. This would be followed by stakeholder workshops
but the final step would ideally take the form of case studies.
iii) Stakeholder Capacity Building: This would simply involve how to build the capacities
of relevant communities and institutions. Communities have adaptation measures towater scarcity and climate change, these needs to be documented and shared. This
indigenous knowledge may have helped these communities to adapt. ATPS could work with
Community Based Organizations (CBOs) and NGOs on this. The second stage in capacity
building could involve ATPS training government institutions on the new technologies foradapting to climate change, for example, using remote sensing. UNEP and government
institutions were identified as key institutions that can work with ATPS.
iv) Innovation: This will involve assessing innovation technologies on climate change,
research and dissemination to address water catchment degradation. Water catchments
will degrade as a result of climate change. Key institutions that can work with ATPS inthis area are UNEP, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and IWMI.
The first step would be to prepare a concept note, hold workshops and then conduct casestudies.

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4.4: Group Four - Climate Change and its Effect on Health
Emile Guei gave the introductory presentation in group four on ‘Impacts of Climate Change
on Human Health and Adaptation in the Waste Disposal Sector in Côte d’Ivoire: Example ofMethane Channeling at the Akouédo (Abidjan) Public Dump’. The presenter focused on thegeneralities in climate change and the mechanism for clean development and the impactsof climate change on human health. The case study was on the adaptation in the waste
disposal sector in Côte d’Ivoire using the example of methane channeling at the Akouédo(Abidjan) public dump. The EOULEE Group in Cote d’Ivoire conducted this study.
The EOULEE Group was established in 1992 to conduct applied research in the waste
management sector in Côte d’Ivoire. In 1997, the EOULEE Group was appointed theagent of the Ivorian State for the rehabilitation and collection of biogas from the Akouédo(Abidjan) dump to produce electricity. Since 2005, the group has developed a training
program on optimal collection and the evaluation of municipality waste in Abidjan. They
use the approach of the Mechanism for Clean Development, from the Kyoto protocol in
the framework of the United Nations convention on Climate Change.
The EOULEE Group were first to initiate the Mechanism for Clean Development projects
in Côte d’Ivoire. Cote d’Iviore compares poorly in this area to emerging countries like
Brazil, India and China. The initiatives must aid the following:• sustainable development in Africa;• fight against climate change; and• support to policy makers to take into consideration measures of adaptation toclimate change in the elaboration of development programs in Côte d’Ivoire.
4.4.1

Issues Arising from Group 4 Discussions

The group suggested four initiatives to deal with the theme on ‘Climate Change and its
Effects on Health’, these are:
• A Baseline study on climate change impacts on health in Africa.
• STI capacity building initiatives for monitoring climate change and its effects on
health.
• Support innovations and technological interventions that mitigate the effects ofclimate change on health.
Therefore, the first suggestion was to commission a baseline study on climate change andhealth in Africa for the Network to scope what is happening on the ground and where the
STI gaps are. The institutions that could take lead in this are ATPS national chaptersand the Secretariat.

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The second project would involve developing STI capacity for monitoring climate change
and its effects on health. This would include collating up to date information on early
warning on climatic change in relation to health. The first step in this project would be toassess existing STI capacity and relevant monitoring indicators. ATPS, national chaptersand the private sector are relevant institutions for this initiative.
The third project would address supporting innovations and technological interventions
that mitigate the effect of climate change on health. The first step in this would be to
map the health innovation systems and appropriate technological interventions at thecountry levels. These innovations systems actors, institutions and technologies should
be relevant to climate change and its impact on health. To undertake this project would
require a research proposal development workshop for the delegates to develop projects
that could be supported by ATPS and other organizations.
After the four working group sessions, the group chairs were asked to nominate panel
discussants to prioritize the themes/projects that came out of the group discussions. The
selection was to be based on the delegates knowledge of the subject, the mission and visionof ATPS; and the capacity to deliver. The table below summarizes the deliberations.

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Suggestions of Initiatives
Discussions/
Agreed Project Title
to be Pursued
Recommendations
Group One			• Regarding the impact of • W h a t w e s t r o n g l y • The broad theme selected isclimate change, agriculture
recommending here is that
The Strengthening of Resilienceand food security in Africa,
each country should havein African Agricultural Systems
there is need to strengthena stakeholder roundtablethrough STI Capacity Building.
the resilience in African
dialogue to look at the issue
This large program shouldag ricultural systems toof STI capacity to respondcontain the six themes of the
respond to these changes
to climate change effects
ATPS Phase VI Plan.
through STI. There should beon agriculture. Then theya mechanism to discuss thiscan identify the policy gaps
with potential stakeholders.
that ATPS might pick on as• The STI content ofissues for policy advocacy
current policies on weather
and future roundtables.
forecasting in each country
should be reviewed. The issue
to be addressed here is how
effective are these policies
in meeting the challenges ofclimate change as relates toagriculture. The outcomesof those gaps can be used forpolicy changes or sensitizing
policy makers.
• The third issue is to identify
gaps in human, institutional
capacity and mount programs
to build STI capacity torespond to climate change.
• The significance ofIndigenous Knowledge (IK)
cannot be understated. It is
important to analyze accessof information on climate
and early warning systems
among the user communities.
There should also be researchin articulating the IK and its
application to climate change
in Africa.

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Suggestions of Initiatives
Discussions/
Agreed Project Title
to be Pursued
Recommendations
			Group Two
• The issue of drought can Possible title for the program• The first project focused on
be addressed under this area is “Innovation Systems forbuilding capacity to adapt
including looking at the Mitigating Impact of Climate
to Impacts of climate change
innovation systems or Change on Ecosystems.
(Flooding and Drought) on
technologies for addressing
ecosystems and livelihoods.
drought in areas where• The second project area is on
ecosystems and species areaccess benefit sharing and IK
threatened.
systems broadly.
• Another approach would• The third project focused on
be to look at issues related
Impact of Climate Change on
to eco-agriculture as one
Land Use and Land Cover.
of the innovative ways of
ensuring that the effectof climate change andagricultural production
is taking place within
agricultural landscapes.
The research componentof this prog ram canbe designed to address
what innovation systems
are needed to ensuresustainable production
in farms while conserving
biodiversity.
Group Three• There is a need to assess theclimate vulnerability of river
basins to design adaptation
technologies. Identification of
the hot spots will be a usefuladvocacy tool as well.
• It is important to generateindicators for sustainable
adaptation options.
• The STI content of existing
polices needs to be reviewed
to see those that can be
improved.
• Specific issues that requires
urgent attention includes,

This should build on the ATPS T h e r e s h o u l d b e o n e b i g
Water and Environment Program under water resources
Program findings across the m a n a g e m e n t t h a t c o u l dcontinent. The ATPS Water incorporate all the others. A
and Environment Team suggested topic is: “Innovation
should take the discussion s y s t e m s a n d i n t e g r a t e dmanagement of water resources
forward.
in Africa”.

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Suggestions of Initiatives
to be Pursued

Discussions/
Recommendations

innovative techniques for
waste water management inurban slums, industrial waste
treatment technologies, andwater harvesting techniques..
Group Four
• The first project was tocommission a literature review
on climate change and its
effect on health.
• The second project was todevelop the capacity formonitoring climate change
and its effect on health.
• The third is to support healthinnovation and technologicalinterventions that mitigate
the effect of climate change
on health.
• This was not a project per se
but whether ATPS can train
delegates to develop good
research to solicit for funding
not only from ATPS but also
from other donors.

This should build on the ATPS
health technology program
which is ongoing. It is possible
to constitute a smaller teamfrom the group or even an
e-group and continue thediscussions. From this aconcept note can be developed
based on the ongoing healthinnovations systems mappingcase studies that are ongoingin five countries.

Agreed Project Title

5: CLOSURE OF CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPThe 2007 ATPS conference and workshop was officially closed with remarks from the
ATPS Board members and the ATPS Director.
Dr Urama thanked everyone for a productive two days of deliberations. He confirmedthat the issues on programs and ideas that had been discussed would be analysed and thedraft results from the emergent analysis disseminated to all delegates. He was pleased withthe four broad themes of program areas that ATPS may develop into concept notes andhopefully into full programs with the help of the group members and relevant experts.
Members of the individual teams were asked to register with the chairpersons of theirgroups so that they could form e-groups to discuss these issues further. He emphasized that
ATPS was not looking for research projects per ser but for programs that would generate
STI knowledge where none exists, in addition to the task of advocacy, communicationof science and linkage with policy makers to ensure that the knowledge generated istranslated into policy. Referring to the mission and mission of the ATPS, he drew a clear
distinction between basic R&D and the building of Africa’s STI capacity to cope withclimate change. He emphasized that the ATPS was not wishing to replicate the goodscience that is already ongoing in relevant research institutions, but rather seeks to findgaps in Africa’s STI capacity to cope with climate change. The development of STIcapacity (knowledge basis/infrastructure, knowledge circulation/networks, and knowledge
conditions/policies) must therefore remain the focus of all ATPS Phase VI programs; andnot on pure STI research as such.
He stressed that the problem facing the continent today is no longer the death of goodscience, but the fact that most of the science produced today are locked up in text books,
journal articles, etc without adequate translation of the knowledge to practical andsustainable adaptation policies and/or practices. Bridging the gaps between the available
knowledge in the different knowledge communities (i.e. orthodox science, and indigenous
knowledge), and between these and evidence based policies and innovations for development
remains at the centre of the ATPS strategic objectives for the Phase VI plan. The ATPS is
therefore interested in programs that will help it achieve this goal: “building Africa’s STI
capacity to cope with climate change”. Science projects under the program must therefore
be designed to support the facilitative roles of the ATPS in this area.

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5.1: Remarks from the Board Members
Prof Turner Isoun“The new strategic plan is no longer just a program from the secretariat but one owned by thewhole Network and will become an ATPS agenda” said Prof Isoun, former Minister of Scienceand Technology, Nigeria. He added that it was refreshingly different from previous ones
because the whole Network had participated in evolving the new strategic plan througha year long iterative dialogue at all levels. He noted that while this approach has been
arduous and different, a program plan that all ATPS members could own have evolved.
The plan, he noted, has also provided a unique vehicle for member states to input theirown STI policy and research needs for the plan period, hence making its programs verymuch demand driven and policy relevant. He asked ATPS to resist from responding todonors priorities without due consultations and proper analyses of Africa’s needs andcontexts. This he noted would lead to failure. On this note, Prof. Isoun applauded thepainstaking participatory approach of developing the ATPS Strategic Plan and expressed
great optimism that it would make a difference in building Africa’s STI capacity in the
coming decade. Regarding the specific conference on climate change, he noted that its isvery timely, well planned and well administered. He expressed optimism and confidence inthe suggested themes on climate change adaptation and the matrix and the programs thatemerged from the participatory sessions. This will no doubt be successful as they respondto Africa’s needs as identified by Policy makers, Private Sector and the Academia. He
encouraged delegates to continue with the process in the development of other programs
under the remaining thematic areas to be addressed by the plan.
Prof Lynn Mytelka
Prof Mytelka said that it was nice and different to have many political personalities andpolicy makers from the various countries among the delegates. They were importantbecause they contributed to the diverse discussions on new and different technologies
and innovations. Therefore, they would act as ‘translators’ during the policy making
process.
To make sure that ideas work locally, it is important to strengthen STI policy research
capacities in Africa. There is need to use local research and researchers to address local
factors and conditions and build evidence-based ideas for innovation instead of simply
importing ideas from elsewhere. She further noted that building on indigenous knowledge(IK) is very important and should feature more prominently in the future implementation
programs. The ATPS must avoid borrowing ideas and technologies from the Northand these are not necessarily the best models for development. She said that Africa hascontinued to pursue the modes of production that have already proven to be rather
disastrous in the North, such as large scale farming with high energy costs and massive
uses of fertilizers. She stressed that the ATPS Phase VI Plan should address this illusory
followership which is found in other research networks in Africa. She also noted developing

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intellectual property regimes for appropriating the rents from Africa’s natural resources
and indigenous knowledge is an important aspect that should be pursued. The process ofdeveloping the plan, she said, has been very refreshing and encouraging.
Prof Sam Wangwe
Prof Wangwe noted that the workshop had presented an opportunity to have in-depth
discussion over the various aspects of a topic that was contemporary and under discussion
in the global circles, i.e. climate change.
He congratulated ATPS on the quality of resource persons from within and without the
Network for bringing out real issues from the grassroots. He said that the participatory
exercise had dealt with the theme in depth while making contributions to influence thefuture work of the Network. ATPS should continue demonstrating its multi-disciplinary
nature by ensuring that the knowledge gathered from various disciplines was given a
realistic approach. This approach should be broader and demonstrate the power of interdisciplinary approach to science and technology policy.
In conclusion, he noted that the discussion of theme had shown researchers the importanceof considering beneficiaries as they conduct their research. It was not all about publishing
the work in scholarly journals but researchers should also aim at impacting policy makers
and understanding the policy process.
Finally after the remarks from the three Board members, Prof Olembo appreciated theSouth African Chapter National Coordinator, Dr Rubin Pillay, and the South African
Chapter for hosting the conference and workshop, despite being the newest chapter in the
Network. She thanked the Network members and stakeholders for the fruitful meeting andexpressed delight for the new phase of the ATPS. She was delighted at the participatory
sessions, re-echoing the words of Prof. Isoun that this was refreshingly different. She
noted that ATPS can now move forward into the final stages of the development of thePhase VI Strategic Plan, confident that all stakeholders have been involved in shaping
the plan. This, she noted, would ease the implementation of the plan and also ensure thatit remains relevant to the STI policy needs of the continent.
5.2: Vote of Thanks
Dr Kevin Urama thanked all the delegates and the development partners from Macaulay,
IDRC and the Royal Dutch Government for taking the time to participate in the conference
and workshop. He also thanked the ATPS South Africa Chapter, University of Western
Cape and the University of Cape Town for supporting the conference and workshop in
Johannesburg, South Africa. He also thanked the ATPS secretariat for their commitment
towards a successful meeting. The resource persons were also recognized. The Membersof Parliament for Uganda and Malawi received special thanks. Finally, special mention
was given to Dr Osita Ogbu, the former Director of ATPS, for honoring the invitation and2007 Annual Conference and Workshop

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contributing to the future planning of ATPS. Dr. Urama noted that the ATPS is a productof the hard work of Dr. Osita Ogbu, his staff, the National Chapters and the ATPS Board,and the support received from development partners. He called for renewed commitment
by all parties to build on the gains already achieved by the Network.
Regarding the participation and outcomes of the conference, he noted that he was very
pleased. Africa, he said, has a great potential to make its fortune and grow its economies
through responsible STI for climate change adaptation. The carbon markets, demandfor bio-fuels, and alternative energy sources are growing phenomenally and the trend
is predicted to continue. Africa holds the comparative advantage in natural resource
endowments with potentials to become a global leader in the field of climate change
adaptation technologies. If we do not act now, we run the risk of loosing out completely.
He hoped that this will not be the case and encouraged delegates to continue the dialogue
to raise awareness on the need to act now.
He noted that the participatory process would continue as the national chapter
coordinators and the Board of ATPS retires to consider the emerging outputs of the process
and implications for the Phase VI Strategic Plan. He noted that draft Strategic Plan
will be updated based on the outputs from the deliberations which were being processed
concurrently, the outputs form the ATPS national chapter coordinators meeting /SWOT
analyses and the final comments from the ATPS Board and presented to the ATPS AGM
for final review and adoption.

6: ATPS ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, 2007

The AGM was chaired by Prof Norah Olembo, the Chair of the ATPS Board. She thanked
the membership for the active participation in the conference and workshop activities
and stressed that as is the tradition of the ATPS, the annual conference and workshop is
concluded by an annual general meeting. She noted that the AGM is the formal meetingof the membership of the ATPS where issues regarding the Network and its chapters,
any problems encountered during the year, and plans for the future are discussed. She also
noted that the meeting presents a platform for the membership to receive informationfrom ATPS partners and chapters, and discuss any other matters of interest to the ATPS
to agree a way forward. She summarized AGM as a platform where “we seat together andreview what we have done and plan a way forward”. She therefore called on the membershipto bring forward any ideas on how to strengthen the Network and suggestions on changes
that many be necessary to improve the work of the ATPS.
She declared the meeting formally open and called for adoption of the draft agenda. The
agenda included update from the 13th Board meeting, presentation of the outputs andcapacity building/policy outcomes ATPS ICT program by the coordinator, Prof Melvin
Ayogu; and Presentation of the draft ATPS Phase VI Strategic Plan, 2008 – 2011 by Dr.
Urama, Director of ATPS, review of the year 2007, chapter performance award ceremony,and matters arising from the floor, and selection of the host for the 2008 annual conference
and workshops.
Prof. Olembo gave opening remarks at the general meeting, commending the Network for
its performance in 2007. “I just want to mention that for me, this has been one of those very
successful annual conference and workshop, from the point of view of strategy and variety of
topics the were discussed, the quality of key note speeches, and the facilitation of the meetings”,
she said.
Dr. Urama called for additions and/or comments on the agenda and there being nocomments or an addition, the agenda was unanimously adopted by the AGM.

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6.1: Final Technical Report on ATPS ICT Governance Project:“Strengthening ICT Policy in Africa: Governance, Equity and Institutional issues” by
Prof Melvin Ayogu, Dean, Faculty of Commerce, University of Cape Town, South Africa

Prof Melvin Ayogu, the Program Coordinator of the ATPS ICT Governance Program
presented the final technical report to the AGM. He noted that he was invited to present
the capacity building impacts of the project by the ATPS Director as it was important
to members to review and appreciate project outcomes even after the scientific outputs
have been delivered.
He noted that the project was initiated by a concept paper prepared at the ATPS Annual
Conference in 2001. The paper provided the framework for a research agenda on thegovernance and equity issues around Information and Communication Technology (ICT)in Africa. This led to a pre-study workshop to brainstorm on country specific topics,
overarching themes, and methodological issues.
He noted that the Program had two main goals: (i) to strengthen the capacity for ICT
policymaking and implementation, and (ii). To enahance widespread and affordable accessto ICTS, growth in local access infrastructure.
To achieve effective trans-disciplinarily and regional networking, the project teams
included a mixture of scientists from the academia from both the physical and social
science backgrounds, and private and public sector operators. The regional representationof the project teams were informed by a number of criteria:• regional representation (East, West, North and Southern Africa);• countries at various stages of ICT policy formulation;• countries with various per capita income levels; and• Internet density, public access ISP, and stages in public sector reform process.
Dr. Ayogu noted that the study covered 12 countries and the three main linguistic regionsof Africa: Francophone, Anglophone and Lusophone.: Collaborators for the Program were
therefore selected from Morocco, Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Kenya,
Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Mozambique. He noted thatcoordinating the Program which was funded by Ford Foundation, IDRC, World Bank
infoDev, the Royal Dutch Government, and the OPEC fund, changed the way he conducts
his research and evaluates research outputs.
He noted that he was trained in Economics but the multi-disciplinary partnershipoccasioned by the ATPS ICT project soon made him realize that he needed to integrate
STI policy issues in his research and policy advocacy. The project was implemented
by seven Resource Persons and 31 Researchers/Practitioners with diverse professional
training and backgrounds. He noted the in addition to the scientific reports/outputs, theATPS Conference Proceedings

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delegates of the project have also gained much in terms of capacity building as many of
the researchers have subsequently taken up leadership roles in ICT related ministries andin the private sectors of their countries. He noted that some of the program participants
are now Chief Executives of leading ICT outfits in their home countries, adding that suchan outcome outweighs scientific publications. Prof. Ayogu noted that the outputs fromthe project are in final stages of editing for publication in a special issue of the refereed
journal Telecommunications Policy2.
Issues Arising from Prof Ayogu’s Presentation
Comments
Dr. Aredo (Ethiopia), applauded
the outcome of the project,noting that he was one of
the Program delegates. He
wondered when the journal
article would be ready in print
so that the good work of theteam can be disseminated.

Questions

Prof. Chimbari wondered if Dr. Urama called for further
there was any examples of comments or updates on
actual policy impacts of the the policy impacts of the
project in addition to effects Programme.
building ICT capacity of the
project teamResponses
Prof: Ayogu noted that thetechnical report for the projectis already available at the
ATPS Secretariat. However,the completing of the editorial
duty for the special issue journal
article is taking more time dueto the associated challenges ofediting a journal publication.
Mr. Aduda (Kenya) responded
that basically, this was the only
report of its kind that dealt
with governance issues of ICT.
It was actually used by the
Kenya Information Society
to influence the changes thathave taken place within theCommunication Commission of
Kenya (CCK).
Prof. Isoun, (former Minister
for S&T in Nigeria), said that
one of the project beneficiaries
acted as the Director Generalof the Nigerian Information
Technology Development
Agency. Prof. Isssun noted there
has been a lot of development interms of capacity, connectivity,etc.

A leading journal in Telecommunications infrastructure policy published by Elsevier Science
Publications.

2

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6.2: ATPS Strategic Plan Presentation
Dr Urama presented the draft strategic plan. He explained that the Phase VI Strategic
Plan provides a framework for guiding the activities of the African Technology Policy
Studies Network (ATPS) over the period 2008-2011.
He explained that the zero draft plan was developed based on horizon scanning of thedevelopment challenges and the STI policy research arena in Africa, concept notes
submitted by the national coordinators which identified key country level STI policy
gaps in member states, outcomes of the SWOT analyses carried out at the regional
Secretariat level in June 2007, and comments from the Network’s resource persons, theBoard members and other stakeholders who represents ATP’s milieu. He noted that thezero draft of the plan was presented to ATPS Board in June 2007 and in November 2007,
and that he has already received some review comments from ATPS partners. He addedthat the preliminary outcomes of the 2007 annual conference and the SWOT analyses
carried out by the ATPS national chapter coordinators, and comments received from the13th ATPS Board meeting have also been taken into account in the current zero draft Plan.
The Plan, he said, “has evolved a great deal and will continue to evolve on the basis of
more detailed analyses of inputs from the conference and the AGM.”
The presentation, he said, provides an “opportunity to look at the key issues that may
still be missing in the emergent analyses carried out to synthesis the contributions fromthe membership and stakeholders so far. He therefore encouraged members to make theircomments, adding that the ATPS expects to conclude the participatory process at the AGM
as the ATPS Phase V Plan is scheduled to end on 31 December 2007. He acknowledged
all the national chapter coordinators who had taken time off their busy schedules to holdconsultative meetings at the national level and submit key issues, research questions and thepolicy areas for ATPS to focus on in the future. He also thanked all those that continued
to provide reviews of the document as it evolved.
ATPS, he said, strongly believes in effective demand driven STI policy research andpractice, knowledge circulation and knowledge brokerage in Africa. In setting the strategic
objectives and priorities for Phase VI, ATPS has therefore taken a participatory approach
recognizing the importance of the “strategic planning process” for ownership, buy-in andeffective program implementation for achieving the desired policy impacts. He stressedthat the zero draft plan builds on the achievements and strengths of the network andcritical analyses of the experiences and gaps identified in Phase V, 2004 – 2007. It seeks toaddress Africa’s unique development challenges especially within the context of achieving
specific social, economic and environmental development targets by 2015. As in previous
plans, ATPS will continue to close the loop through outreach, knowledge brokerage andpolicy advocacy.

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Subsequently, the new motto, revised vision and mission of the ATPS were presented
for adoption by members:
Motto: “Science and Technology Policy Research Today for Sustainable Development Tomorrow”
Vision: “To become the leading international centre of excellence and reference inscience, technology and innovation systems research, training and capacity building, communication and sensitization, knowledge brokerage, policy advocacy andoutreach in Africa”.
Mission: “To improve the quality of science, technology and innovation (STI)systems research and policy making in sub-Saharan Africa by strengthening capacity for science and technology (S&T) knowledge generation, communication anddissemination, use and mastery for sustainable development in Africa”.
He further explained that the Phase VI Strategic Plan aims to improve the understanding and functioning of science, technology and innovation (STI) processes and systems tostrengthen the learning capacity, social responses, and governance of S&T for addressing
Africa’s development challenges, with a specific focus on the MDGs. Taking into consideration the achievements of the ATPS Phase V and ongoing activities in 2008, ATPS Phase
VI will pay specific attention to a set of specific strategic goals identified in liaison with
the ATPS national chapters and policy stakeholders. These include to:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Strengthen institutional and individual capacity to carry out and use cuttingedge research in inter-related STI processes and systems and their implications
for achieving the millennium development goals (MDGs) in Africa;
Facilitate and strengthen regional and international cooperation and partnerships
on related STI research and policy issues to assist access to research environments
and knowledge communities in other continents;
Support and strengthen the innovative capacity of youth and women to apply
STI to relevant development policy issues in Africa;
Strengthen endogenous technical capacities to produce, use and govern sustainable
technologies for achieving the MDGs in Africa;
Facilitate and support knowledge sharing on STI amongst key stakeholders forsustainable development in Africa; andPromote the integration of S&T research and policy in African development planning and policy making processes.

These strategic goals generate three thematic and three cross-cutting strategic priorities
and programs for the ATPS Phase VI. The thematic programs include:
1.
Research and research capacity building,2.
International cooperation and partnership, and3.
Youth and gender empowerment.

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On the other hand, the crosscutting programs include:
4.
Training and sensitization,
5.
Science communication and stakeholder dialogue, and6.
Outreach, knowledge brokerage and policy advocacy, respectively.

Theses programs are inter-twined and together with monitoring and evaluation, form
the strategic framework for the Phase VI Strategic Plan. These programme priorities
are elaborated in section four of this plan .

Training &sensitization

Sciencecommunication& Stakeholder
dialogue

Outreach,knowledge
brokerage &policyadvocacy

Research capacity building

International cooperation& partnership

g&

n
tio
ua
l
a
ev

in
or

it

on

M
Youth and gender empowerment

Figure 1: Strategic Framework for ATPS Phase VI showing the Strategic Priorities
Dr. Urama went further to describe each of the specific goals and objectives of the thematic and cross-cutting programmes.
6.2.1: Research and Research Capacity Building
The overall strategic objective of the research program is to support cutting-edge multidisciplinary research and research capacity building projects to enhance individual andinstitutional capacity to generate and use new STI policy-related knowledge for addressing
the MDGs in Africa. Specific attention will be paid to research that examines the impacts
and relevance of indigenous and emerging science, technologies and innovations (STI)systems on achieving the MDGs in Africa.

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The specific priorities of the research capacity building program includes to:
1)
Identify and pursue thematic research into contemporary and inter-related STI
policy issues of importance to achieving the MDGs in Africa;2)
Commission and facilitate targeted small grants research to respond to STI
systems-related issues of relevance to national interests within the context of
the MDGs;
3)
Identify and award thesis grants for research capacity building in STI-related
subjects targeting the MDGs in African universities and polytechnics;
4)
Award thesis supervision grants to promote the development of quality STI
education in Africa; and5)
Organize and implement research methodology training workshops on STI systems
related subjects to enhance capacity to deliver high quality research outputs by
Network members.
Under this program, ATPS continues to pursue selective research into contemporary STI
policy issues that address cross-cutting questions of importance to development in theregion. The essence of this type of thematic research is to seek results that can be applied
widely to solve problems in the region, share country experiences, foster networking among
researchers, and provide quality advice based on robust results. ATPS will continue toengage with relevant stakeholders in identifying and prioritizing specific research and policyquestions to be addressed in each member country. Specific attention will be paid to all
the stages of the research project cycle, including the scoping, planning, implementationand continuous evaluation to ensure adequate risk minimization and timely delivery oftarget outputs and policy outcomes. Each of the thematic research programs will include
the three cross-cutting strategic priorities: targeted training and sensitization activities,
public participation and evidence-based stakeholder dialogue, knowledge brokerage andpolicy advocacy. All ethical issues in contemporary STI policy research including youth andgender empowerment issues will also be taken into account. To ensure effective research
capacity building, the ATPS small research grants scheme and research methodology
training workshops will be an integral part of each thematic research program. Thisapproach will ensure a targeted and effective response to specific STI policy researchissues at local grassroots levels, continued capacity building for young researchers andnetwork members3, enhanced cohesion and social responsibility in the ATPS national
chapters and cost-effectiveness in research implementation and delivery. The focus andscale of each thematic research program will be informed by its strategic objectives andtargeted policy outcomes.

3
The composition of the research teams for the small grants projects will be designed to encourage young
researchers to learn from senior colleagues and international experts throughout the research and peer review
process.

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Expected outcomes
By 2011, ATPS expects to have:
1)
Provided opportunities for African researchers to engage in high-quality peer
reviewed research on STI related subjects relevant to achieving the MDGs in
Africa;2)
Built individual and institutional capacity to generate and use STI for addressing
the MDGs in Africa; and3)
Enhanced better understanding of STI research and policy processes in Africa.
6.2.2: International Cooperation and Partnership
The strategic goal of this program is to enable African universities, research institutions,
STI associated ministries, firms and individual experts to establish contact with theircounterparts in other countries, thereby facilitating access to other knowledge communities
internationally. ATPS believes that this will promote scientific excellence and developmentof necessary innovative skills for the production of knowledge, technologies and innovations
for development in Africa. It is now widely accepted that the international competitivenessof modern economies is linked increasingly to their ability to generate, adapt and use newknowledge. Science, technology and innovation systems (STI) are considered to be key factors contributing to achieving sustainable development, prosperity and economic growth.
International cooperation in STI sharing has also proved instrumental in enhancing andenriching many other policy areas with an impact on external relations: trade, development, environment, energy, telecommunications, etc in many developing economies.
The ATPS Phase VI program on international cooperation and knowledge sharing will
be a vital instrument for establishing and reinforcing platforms for co-operation amongst
existing knowledge communities on bilateral, inter-regional, and international scales.
Specific program initiatives will include developing, adapting and using new knowledge
to address the MDGs in Africa while promoting Africa’s indigenous knowledge and technologies for use elsewhere.
Ongoing STI dialogues and networks will be further enhanced locally and regionally toidentify and establish priority areas of research and policy for specific development challenges to the continent, for example, sustainable energy options, sustainable managementof water, biodiversity, forest ecosystems and livelihoods, and the role ICTs, biotechnology
and bio-ethics, nanotechnology and non-ethics, intellectual property rights and other appropriation strategies, etc in meeting the MDGs in Africa based on lessons elsewhere. These
partnership forums will promote regional integration and strengthen the coordination of
STI cooperation and complementarities with activities carried out by other knowledge
communities and policy instruments. Coherence between national activities on STI will
also be enhanced by supporting the coordination of national programs and through multilateral coordination of national STI research and policy activities.

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Priorities for STI cooperation with other countries and regions will be based on participatory dialogue in recognition of their specific socio-cultural and ecological conditions,research capacities and lessons from previous programs. Specific attention will be given
to helping less experienced countries to rapidly acquire the necessary knowledge andtechnologies accumulated in Africa and in other countries of the developing world.
Specific priority will be given to strengthening dialogue between African regions to encourage public and private sector partnerships taking into account the larger frameworkof external relations and cooperation programs and policies.
The specific priorities of the international cooperation and partnership program include
to:• Promote thematic international cooperation actions in STI policy decision making
for addressing the MDGs, based on mutual interests and benefits;• Facilitate and support participatory dialogue amongst relevant policy makers,
scientific community, civil society, private sector stakeholders and developments
partners (donors, relevant ministries, etc), to identify and prioritize STI cooperation
policies of mutual interest;• Promote and strengthen the participation of targeted African countries, especiallyin the Francophone and Lusophone regions, in shaping STI policy research andpolicy agenda for Africa;• Promote Africa’s competitiveness through strategic public-private sector
partnerships on selected STI issues by engaging international experts in ATPS’
research programs and through strategic collaborative partnerships with likeminded institutions and private sector enterprises in Europe, Asia and America;and• ATPS annual conferences: Thematic annual conferences will be employed to takeforward emerging issues and/or review ongoing work.
It is expected that these platforms for dialogue will be designed to promote regional
integration and the identification and prioritization of common research areas of mutualinterest to African countries, facilitate the uptake and use of common identified researchoutcomes, technologies and innovations for addressing the MDGs in Africa, inform futurethematic research by ATPS and like-minded organization in Africa4. This will also create
effective bi-lateral partnerships amongst African STI institutions, government ministries,
and civil society and with like-minded organizations globally.

4
Helping Africa to set the research and policy agenda for achieving the MDGs in the next decade on the
one hand, and helping international agencies and Donors prioritize funding support to targeted needs of thecontinent.

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6.2.3: Youth and Gender Empowerment
This program will have two strands of activities designed to mobilize youths and women
to build their capacities in STI research and policy decision-making thereby empowering
them to contribute positively to efforts to achieve the MDGs in sub-Saharan Africa. Two
program priorities have been identified:
6.2.3.1 African Youth Forum in Science & Technology (AYFST)
Since 2005, ATPS has embarked on an African Youth Forum in Science and Technology(AYFST) program with the key objectives of creating awareness and sensitizing African
youths; capacity building; peer education and mentoring; information sharing and inclusion, and empowerment of the African youth in the area of STI research and policy
decision making processes.
Over 230 African youths from 21 African countries have benefited from three regional
youth congresses held in Kenya, Ghana and Uganda in 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively.
The congresses focused on youth employment and youth leadership in HIV/AIDS prevention; addressing food insecurity and health for sustainable development in Africa, andmore recently, the role of youths in achieving the MDGs in Africa. These programs havebeen very successful in creating awareness and sustaining interest amongst African youths
in STI research and policy related issues in Africa, empowering the youth to participate
actively in STI research, local interventions and social entrepreneurship programs. The
continued engagement and dialogue among the youths is enhanced through the AYFST
Website http://www.ayfst.org.
The specific strategic priorities of the Phase VI youth program are to:• Mobilize the youth and empower them to harness STI for development in
Africa;• Support and facilitate regional knowledge sharing and cooperation among African
youth;• Facilitate and promote youth engagement in agriculture, science and technology,
and social entrepreneurship programs in their countries,• Facilitate STI career mentoring for African youths by their senior colleagues inAfrica and in Diaspora;• Provide targeted research training and capacity building especially in agriculture,
STI research and practice to address the declining expertise and growing disinterestin the sector; and• Promote youth involvement in ATPS research and other MDG related STI projects
elsewhere.

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Expected Outcomes:
The AYSFT program is expected to achieve the following outcomes by 2011.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Enhanced skills/capacities in agriculture, STI research and policy advocacy;
Improved skills in STI research and project management and implementation
practices among African youths;
Increased youth participation in STI research projects and other innovative andproductive interventions at local, regional and national levels;
Increased internships at various STI related research institutions and nongovernmental organizations in Africa and elsewhere;
A functioning networking platform; forum [online and offline] in which the youth
can exchange views and opinions; andIncreased awareness among the youth on inter-related policy issues in agriculture,science and technology and the need for multi-disciplinary approaches in STI
research and policy making.

6.2.3.2 African Women in Science and Technology Forum (AWSTF)
The aim of the AWSTF is to provide a vehicle through which African women can express
their ideas, contribute their expertise and participate in policy and decision-making
processes in Africa. The program objectives and expected outcomes of the AWSTF mirror
those of the AYFST.
6.2.4: Training and Sensitization
The broad objective of this strategic priority is to strengthen local STI capacity in Africa.
In order for developing countries to progress in scientific and technological development
there is need to build local capacity that can help solve the many science and technologyrelated problems they currently face. Training and sensitization is a cross-cutting priority
within the Phase VI Strategic Plan. It forms an integral part of each of the strategic
priority described above.
Universities in Africa are potentially a powerful vehicle for development. However, they
are also often underutilized for this purpose. The university curriculum is often not
relevant to practical development issues in their host countries because of the pressure
to compete and publish internationally. ATPS will continue to encourage universities towork with industry and government to accelerate local and national technical capacity
development.
The specific priorities include:
1)
Reviewing engineering curriculum to mitigate the mismatch between what istaught in polytechnics and skills requirements in the labor market;
2)
Identifying and awarding small grants to STI institutions including universities
to promote the integration of STI policy into their curriculum;2007 Annual Conference and Workshop
3)
4)
5)
6)

79

Organizing stakeholder and parliamentary round-tables and participatory dialogue
to enhance evidence based policy making in the region;
Organizing STI training for policymakers, parliamentarians and entrepreneurs
to bridge the knowledge gap and build constituencies for STI policy making,particularly in relevant government ministries and with other agents of change;
Organizing training of journalists, researchers, policymakers and artists to create
a pool of resource persons for evidence-based popularization of STI research andpolicy in Africa; andContinuing to support science and innovation parks.

6.2.5: Science Communication and Stakeholder Dialogue
The importance of science and technology (S&T) to modern societies, and the role of atechnologically informed population in promoting social and economic development havebeen recognized over decades.
There are several reasons why a focus on S&T to benefit the poor in Africa with ATPS
Phase VI Strategy is appropriate and timely. Despite recent positive and rising per capita
growth in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the absolute number of poor people is still risingand is projected to rise to 336 million by 2015 (World Bank, 2006). By 2015, over 90%of the poor are expected to live in either South Asia or Africa. Secondly, S&T is the mostimportant and readily available means to empower the poor. However, S&T culture is
yet to be mainstreamed at the community level in SSA, thus limiting the awareness andability of the region’s growing poor populations to recognize and apply basic scientifictechniques to their daily chores, and therefore restricting their chances for innovation,
growth and prosperity.
S&T policy studies in ATPS have been a vital source of knowledge and information for
new strategies that can achieve visible improvement in SSA. Local and external scholars
have carried out several S&T policy studies, but the extent to which policy makers and thegeneral public have adopted the study findings and recommendations to aid development
is not certain. Practical ways of communicating science through multi-media in order
to transform knowledge to actual innovations for development is, therefore, becoming
increasingly important.
The ATPS Phase VI strategy will, therefore, build the Network’s experience in this area
to close the science-policy gaps through innovative science communication strategies. This
strategy will prioritize the following:
1)
Building partnership with the mass media to promote evidence-based science
reporting;2)
Providing and facilitating networking opportunities for S&T journalists, researchersand policy makers through joint workshops and policy forums;
3)
Producing multi-media publications and disseminating ATPS research outputs

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in user friendly formats, newspaper articles, news features, and other artistic
impressions such as cartoons, etc; andFacilitating continued publication of high quality scientific research in international
journals and other ATPS publication series;

Expected Outputs:
1)
Designing and producing a media kit;
2)
Organizing capacity building workshops for journalists and editors;
3)
Organizing media award schemes to promote individual journalists and media
houses that promote the reporting of STI activities;
4)
Organizing write shops for journalists, researchers and artists to reduce relevantpublication on STI policy;
5)
Organizing regional policy forums for all stakeholders;6)
Convening round-table discussions for policy makers and researchers
7)
Organizing STI week to show the public the relevance of STI in their dailychores;8)
STI policy prize for professional scientists and communication professionals who
have conducted excellent innovative projects to present STI to the public; and9)Building regional and national networks/associations for STI journalists.
Expected Outcomes1)
Better appreciation of STI policy research by science Journalists, Policy Makers
and artists;
2)
Newspaper articles (news/feature stories) for publishing;3)
Science story books and cartoons for primary schools; and4)
ATPS Technopolicy briefs derived from the research findings.
6.2.6: Outreach, Knowledge Brokerage and Policy Advocacy
The strategic goal under this program is to promote integration of STI research and policyin African development planning and policymaking processes. The following activities
will be prioritized:
1)
Expansion of national chapters to all SSA countries by 2015;
2)
Continued support to parliamentary round-tables and other forms of stakeholder
and policy dialogue, including policy fora, e-forum on STI and participatorycommunity dialogue on relevant policy issues;
3)
Continued support for regional research programs, regional training and researchmethodology workshops;
4)
Continued support to national chapters to organize science revival days tomainstream STI research and policy issues in public debates;
5)
Mainstreaming STI research and policy making in Africa by building linkages withgovernment ministries, parliamentarians, etc., and encouraging involvement of
network members in STI policy debates in Africa.

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Expected Outcomes1)
Strengthened partnerships between researchers and policy makers in the STI
policy process;2)
Opportunities for different policy stakeholders to brainstorm on the options foraccelerating the achievements of a country’s STI objectives;
3)
Sensitized leaders/policy makers on their leadership roles in promoting STI-leddevelopment;
4)
Stronger existing ATPS chapter through training, establishment of offices, etc;
5)
Establishment of a minimum of five new ATPS chapters focusing on Francophone
and/or Lusophone African countries; and6)
Minimum of eight policy briefs addressing MDG-related STI policy issues
published.
Dr. Urama went ahead to present a draft strategy for the implementation of the ATPS
Pahse VI Straregic Plan for comments by the AGM. The strategy which involved detailedplans for thematic and non-thematic (facilitative) program activities is summarised in
Figure 2

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Figure 2: ATPS Phase VI strategic priorities

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832007 Annual Conference and Workshop

Dr. Urama concluded his presentation of the ATPS Phase VI Strategic Plan, 2008 – 2011by presenting the organizational frameworks for the ATPS and the Secretariat, both ofwhich he said, have been approved by the ATPS board. The new structure responds tothe implementation needs of the ATPS Phase VI Strategic Plan and aims to enhancea more participatory, less hierarchical Network management structure. He reminded
the AGM that the presentation of the plan at the meeting marks the final stage of theparticipatory process of developing the plan. He therefore called on the membership tomake final comments on the strategic plan and reminded them that the plan would be
updated and circulated to the national chapter coordinators for final comments before it
will be returned to the Board for final approval. He noted that the plan is scheduled tobe concluded by mid-December 2007 so that it can be made available to potential donors
as the ATPS Phase V plan, ends on 31 December 2007. It was therefore necessary tocommence the Phase VI Plan in January 2008.
Issues Arising from Dr. Urama’s Presentation of the Zero Draft Phase VI Strategic
Comments			
Pa r t i c i p a n t : I h ave o n esmall clarification request.
It regards the International
Collaboration Program where
yo u m e n t i o n e d e x t e r n a linstitutional collaborations.
From experience, a number ofAfrican government officials tend
to look at outside interventions(e.g. the biotechnology Programin Kenya), as an American
agenda and they do not seem tolike that. This is an area you may
want to review carefully to avoid
such feelings.

Questions			

Responses
Dr. Urama noted the commentand promised that it will betaken into considerationin the revision process. He
noted that in the globalizing
knowledge community, it was
not advisable to completely
ignore existing wealth ofknowledge held in relevant
institutions in the North
and/or in other regions such
as Asia, Australia, etc. The
program is designed to foster
collaboration rather thancompetition amongst STI
institutions in Africa in
the first instance, and thenliaise with other knowledge
communities outside Africa
to resopond to development
challenges both at the local,
national, regional and global
levels. Some challenges
such as climate change isglobal in nature and a global
perspective is important.

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Comments			

Questions			
Prof. Thali (Lesotho) andBenson (Zimbabwe) wondered how the outcomes of
the ATPS national coordinator’s SWOT analyses would
be integrated in the plansince it is already drafted tothis stage?

Responses
Referring to the slide where
he described the participatory
process of developing the plan,
Dr. Urama reminded the meetingthat the presentation is basedon a zero draft produced on thebasis of concept notes submitted
by the national chapters andsubsequent iterations with
the Board, SWOT analyses
at the Secretarial level, andcomments from the national
chapters and other Resource
Persons who responded tocalls for concept notes andcomments by the Secretariat.
He noted that he was updating
the zero draft strategic planon the basis of the outcomesof the 2007 conference. He
also assured the AGM thatthe outcomes of the national
chapter’s SWOT analyses andall comments received fromthe membership will be taken
into account in the final plan.
It was however necessary topresent the zero draft plan
to the general assembly forfinal review comments as thiswas the last opportunity forthe general assembly to meet
before the commencement of
the Phase VI Plan in January
2008. He assured the meetingthat the outputs the national
coordinator’s SWOT analyses
and the updated Strategic
Plan will also be circulated to
all the national chapters for
final comments and adoption
before the plan is finalized. He
encouraged members to liaise
with their national chapters toensure that their comments are

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Comments			

Questions			

Responses
transmitted to the Secretariat intime for these to be addressed in
the final plan. He stressed the needto respond in time as time was ofessence.

Ms. Pound expounded on Dr.
Dube’s question, noting thatduring the SWOT analyses,
the national Coordinators had
identified the strengths of the
Network that needs building
on, and also weaknesses thatneeds urgent attention. The
two that came out as toppriority were issues aroundstrengthening the chaptersand funding for chapters.

Dr. Dube (Swaziland) –clarified that the questions
by Dr. Thali and Benson
Zwizwai regards some urgent
actions which were identified
in the national chapter SWOT
analyses which needs to be
implemented. He wondered
if these actions will still be
included in the final strategicplan.

Dr Urama explained that theseissues had already been identified
by the Secretariat SWOT analyses
carried out in June 2007, the report or which has been circulated
to chapter coordinators. He referred again to the strategic priorities of the Plan which specifically
discussed the issue of strengthening and expansion of the national
chapters. He noted again thatthe presentation is only a zerodraft plan based on contributions
received so far. He reminded theassembly that all chapters wereinvited to submit concept notes
in March/April 2008 and the issues
presented in the zero draft plan
are based on submission received
from the chapters as well as fromother stakeholders. All chapterswill receive the updated plan for
final review. He called for members
to review this section and forward
comments on how best this strategic goal can be best achieved in
the new plan.

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There being no further questions, Prof. Olembo recorded her delight in the stage thestrategic planning process had reached, noting that it has been a long and drawn out
participatory process. She enjoined members to continue to engage in the process as thezero draft plan is being finalized in the coming weeks.
Dr. Urama thanked members for their comments and confirmed that the ATPS Secretariat
will liaise with the national chapters to finalize the plan in the coming weeks. He
requested the national chapter coordinators to kindly respond in time as the plan needs
to be completed by mid-December to avoid keeping development partners waiting and/or delayed implementation. “We need to make sure that in January 2008, we have a
Srategic Plan and funding to be able to continue with activities…” He encouraged national
chapters to remain active in making contributions and using the knowledge networking
resources provided by the ATPS such as the national coordinator’s e-fora, mailing lists,and discussion boards on the ATPS website, etc. He commended the national chapters
who have been actively participating in these activities, especially those who carried out
their national scale consultations to provide concept notes and inputs into the strategicplanning process when the call for concept notes was issued by the Secretariat in March/
April 2007. He noted that the participatory process of developing the plan has been drawn
out, involving all national chapters, the AYFST, the ATPS Board and also international
resource persons, policymakers and ATPS development partners. He stressed that what
remained was to build in the outputs from the annual conference, the SWOT analyses by
the Chapters and all the comments that were received during the AGM. He stressed thatthe final Strategic Plan will have to be reviewed and adopted by all the chapters and the
ATPS Board before it can be made available to development partners.
He also encouraged members who have been identified to take forward the development ofconcept notes on the thematic Programs on climate change identified during the meeting,to liaise with the Secretariat to ensure effective follow up activities.
6.3
ATPS Membership database
Dr. Urama reminded the national chapters of the need to update the central databaseof ATPS membership. He called on national coordinators to kindly submit an update of
ATPS members at their respective chapters to the Secretariat as per the request sent to
the national chapters before the meeting.
6.4
The ATPS 2007 Conference and Workshop
It was agreed that Senegal would host the 2008 ATPS conference and workshop. The
Secretariat would liaise with the Senegal National Chapter Coordinator to make final
recommendations to the 14th ATPS Board.

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6.5
ATPS Award Ceremony
At the 2007 ATPS annual general meeting, it was unanimously agreed that the ATPS
Chapter Performance Awards be postponed to 2008 as the “Market Place Display” ofchapter activities and STI policy impacts during the year was replaced by the national
Chapters’ SWOT analyses.
6.6
Update on the ATPS 13th Board meeting
Prof. Olembo, Chair of the ATPS Board, provided an update on the highlights of the
13th ATPS Board meeting held on 21 November 2007. She announced that, after due
deliberations and evaluation of the performce of the ATPS Director, Dr. Kevin Urama,
the 13th ATPS Board unanimously decided to confirm his appointment as the Executive
Director of ATPS effective from 21 November 2007. She noted that the board wasunanimous in recognizing Dr. Urama’s hard work and the renewed efforts to take the
Network forward since he assumed office in September 2007. She specifically applauded
the efforts to strengthen ATPS presence through north-south and south-south institutional
collaborations. She reckoned that this was crucial to ensuring that ATPS will continue
to play its role as a knowledge broker, effectively in the globalizing world. She requested
all network members to support Dr. Urama, the Secretariat and the national chapter
coordinators as they seek to take ATPS forward in its new strategic Phase, 2008 – 2011.
She also encouraged delegates to continue to make their contributions to the building of
the Network.
She also announced that the Board had appointed two new Board members: Prof. BrianHeap and Mr. Akossi Bendjo and noted that details will be provided by the Secretariat.
6.7
Closing Remarks
Prof. Olembo, the Chair of the ATPS Board, gave the closing remarks. She acknowledged
the presence and support of ATPS development partners, IDRC, the Royal Dutch
Government for actively participating in the conference, workshops and the AGM. She
specifically paid tributes to Mr. Jeroen Rijniers, the Senior Policy Officer of the RoyalDutch Government’s Cultural Co-operation, Education and Research Department,
for staying through all the activities at the conference and workshops. She noted that the
ATPS relationship with the Royal Dutch Government has been very fruitful and hopedthat this will continue. She also acknowledged Ms. Jean Woo, who participated in thefirst few days of the conference. Next to receive applauds from Prof. Olembo were theinternational collaborators including Dr. Robin Matthews of the Macaulay Institute,and other keynote speakers who had given excellent presentations at the conference,and the distinguished members of Parliament in attendance. She thanked all the ATPS
membership and stakeholders for accepting the invitation to the AGM and participating
actively in the meeting. She concluded by noting that she has spoken on the behalf of
the ATPS Board members present as there was need to spare time for the closing dinner.
She summed up her gratitude to all in the following words: “we have been very impressed

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with the presentations and I think we have really seen a way forward in our work fromthe deliberations during the last three days…With that I say thank you and Goodbye”.
There being no further matters for discussion, Dr. Urama invited Prof. Obua to give a
final vote of thanks on the behalf of the AGM. He invited the meeting to the conference
closing dinner organized in honour of the services of the former ATPS Executive Director,
Dr. Osita Ogbu, and other longstanding/outgoing national chapter coordinators: Prof.
Matsella, Prof. Aredo, and Dr. George Essegby.
6.7.1 Vote of Thanks
The vote of thanks was given by Prof. Obua, ATPS Uganda national chapter coordinator.
He aligned himself with the vote of thanks already given at the conference closing session
by the ATPS Board members and Director of ATPS. “What I am going to do is simply
re-echo those individuals and institutions in their various capacities that have been
acknowledged for their contributions that led to the success of the 2007 annual conference
and workshop”. He thanked the ATPS Board, Secretariat staff and the development
partners for supporting the conference, and the various Resource persons who carried out
various tasks during the conference and workshops. He also thanked Dr. Rubin Pillay,
ATPS South Africa national coordinator and the South African Government for welcoming
the ATPS to South Africa, noting that the South African chapter has done a good job in
hosting the conference.

Annex 1:
			

NATIONAL COORDINATORS MEETING AND SWOTANALYSIS

The ATPS National Coordinators’ meeting took place on 21 November 2007 in King Shaka,
Birchwood Hotel and Conference Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Dr Kevin Urama, the ATPS Executive Director, chaired the meeting. Ms Lily Aduke, theCommunications and Outreach Manager, ATPS, also attended the meeting and acted as
the rapporteur. In addition, national coordinators from 14 national chapters were alsopresent. The minutes of the meeting is held in the national coordinator’s files.
The highlights of the meeting include the national coordinators SWOT analyses facilitatedby Ms. Diana Pound of Dialogue Matters, UK.
Dr. Urama, who convened the SWOT analyses, described the goals and objectives ofthe exercise to the national chapter coordinators. He noted that it was organized as afollow-up to the SWOT analyses of the operations of the ATPS Secretariat, carried out
as part of the participatory process for developing the ATPS Phase VI Strategic Plan.
He encouraged the national chapter coordinators to be frank and objective in identifying
the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats/challenges to the Network fromtheir perspective as national chapter heads. He noted that the national chapters form the
hub of the ATPS. Even though the development challenges and policy priorities of thenational chapters who responded to the ATPS request for concept notes had been taken
into account in the draft ATPS Phase VI strategic plan, there may be operational issues
regarding the performance of the national chapters which should be taken into accountin the final Phase VI Strategic Plan, 2008 – 2011. He therefore encouraged the chapter
heads to be objective in the exercise, noting that he will not be present during the exercise.
The Facilitator is a Professional in the field and would therefore treat all contributions in
confidence. Dr. Urama noted that the contributions will be analyzed through emergent
analyses and the results will be built into the ATPS Phase VI Strategic Plan. After thisintroduction, and attending to some other matters arising from the floor, Dr. Urama handed
over the facilitation of the SWOT analyses exercise to Ms. Pound.
The report of the national coordinator’s SWOT analyses submitted to the ATPS by
Dialogue Matters, UK be made available on request.

89

Annex 2:
			

ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP:A PHOTO STORY

Participants select groups of expertise for the privatization exercise

Outcomes from Group 1: Climate change, food security and African
agriculture; Group 2: Climate change, biodiversity loss and fragile ecosystems; Group 3: Climate change, water scarcity and environmental
sustainability; and Group 4: Climate change and human healthParticipants engage in a brainstorming session for visioning what
the ATPS could do to make a difference in building Africa’s capacity
to adapt to climate change

Ms Diana Pound, Facilitator, Dialogue Matters, UK outlines procedurals for expert group meetings

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2007 Annual Conference and Workshop

Expert group on Climate change and human health prioritise
programmes for ATPS Phase VI
Expert group on Climate change, biodiversity loss and fragile ecosystems (from second
left, Dr Mumba Musonda, WWF; Prof Turner Isoun, Nigeria; and extreme left Ms Jean
Woo, IDRC) prioritise programmes for ATPS Phase VI

Expert group on Climate change, water scarcity andenvironmental sustainability, prioritise programmes for ATPS
Phase VI
Expert group on Climate change, food security and African agriculture prioritise
programmes for ATPS Phase VI

A development partner, Ms Jean Woo, Programme Officer,
Innovation Policy and Science, IDRC examines thematic
priority outcomes

Ms Pound, Facilitator, sorts outcomes of the deliberative process

Annex 3:

CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP PROGRAMME

Monday, 19 November 2007
Venue: KINGSHAKA
Opening Session
Chair: Prof. Chris Tapscott, Dean, Faculty of Economic Management Sciences, University of Western
Cape, South Africa
08:30 - 09:30

Welcome remarks from Dr. Rubin Pillay, National Coordinator, ATPS South
AfricaBrief remarks from:Dr. Kevin Urama, Director, ATPSDr Osita Ogbu, former Executive Director, ATPS and Former Economic Adviser
to The President and Chief Executive, National Planning Commission, Federal
Republic of Nigeria.
Dr. Jeroen Rijniers, The Royal Dutch Government Representative
Ms. Jean Woo, IDRC Representative
Prof. Turner Isoun, Former Minister for Science and Technology, Federal
Republic 		
of Nigeria and Member, ATPS Board
Prof. Norah Olembo, Chair, ATPS Board and Former IDRC Governor.
		
09:30 - 10:00
Opening Key Note Address: - Climate Change and Land Use Change: Implications
for African Development, by Dr. Robin Matthews, The Macaulay Institute,UK
10:00 - 10:30

TEA/COFFEE BREAK and PHOTO SESSION

Session I – Role of Science and Technology in Climate Adaptation in Africa
Chair: Prof Lynn Mytelka, Member, ATPS Board / Eng Lourino Chemane, National Coordinator,
ATPS Mozambique
10:30 - 11:00

Presentation 1 – Impacts of a Changing Climate in Africa and Strategies for
Adaptation and Mitigation by Dr. Gilbert Ouma, IGAD Climate Prediction andApplication Centre (ICPAC), Nairobi, Kenya

11:00 - 11:30

Presentation 2 - Changement Climatique - Impacts Sur Les Ressources en
Eau et la Production Agricole en Afrique De L’ouest et du Centre : Le cas du92

2007 Annual Conference and Workshop

93

Cameroun et de la Cote d’Ivoire par Prof. Gabriel Tchatat, African Network for
Climate Community, Cameroon
11:30 - 12:00

Presentation 3 - How to Use Innovative Financing Mechanisms to Mitigate
Climate Change Induced Natural Disasters in Africa by Prof Femi Olokesusi,
ATPS Associate National Coordinator, Nigeria

12:00 - 13:00

Open Discussion
Facilitator: Diana Pound, Dialogue Matters, UK

13:00 - 14:30

LUNCH

Session II: Experiences and Evidence from the Field
Chair: Prof Oliver Saasa, Member, ATPS Board / Dr Roch Mongbo, National Coordinator, ATPS
Benin
14:30 - 15:00

Climate Change Impact on African Agriculture and Implications for Food
Security in the Continent by Dr. A. M. Manyatsi, University of Swaziland

15:00 - 15:30

Perte de Biodiversité et Ecosystèmes Fragiles: Cas du Mali par Dr. Abdoulaye
Bayoko, Spécialiste de la physique de l’atmosphère et Dr. Mahamane HalidouMaïga, Spécialiste de la biodiversité, Université de Bamako, Mali

15:30 - 16:00

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

16:00 - 16:30

Adaptation of local communities to climate change within a water scarceregion: The case of Lake Bogoria catchment in Kenya by Dr Mumba Musonda,
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Kenya

16: 30 – 17:00

Coping with Impacts of Climate Change on Health by Prof Moses Chimbari,
University Lake Kariba Research Station, Zimbabwe

17:00 - 18:00

Round Table Discussion
Chair: Prof Lynn Mytelka and Prof Eric Eboh, African Institute of Applied
Economics, Nsukka-Enugu, Nigeria

Cocktail Reception
Venue: KINGSHAKA
19:00 - 21:00

Cocktail Reception hosted by ATPS South Africa Chapter
Brief remarks by Rector, University of Western Cape, South Africa.

ATPS Conference Proceedings

94
Tuesday, 20 November 2007

Session III: Working Group Sessions
Chair: Dr Julius Mangisoni National Coordinator, ATPS Cote d’Ivoire/ Dr Arsene Kouadio, National
Coordinator, ATPS Cote d’Ivoire
09:00 – 11:00

Working Group Sessions
Overall Facilitators: Diana Pound Dialogue Matters, UK and Lily Aduke,
Communications & Outreach Manager, ATPS
WG1: Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
Venue: VIRGINIA
Chair: Prof Michael Madukwe, National Coordinator, ATPS Nigeria
Facilitator: Dr. Musa Dube and Dr. Absolom Manyatsi, University ofSwaziland
The Impact of Climate Change on the Water Resources and Agricultural
production
Rapporteur: Dr Spirit Tlali, National Coordinator, ATPS Lesotho
WG2: Climate Change, Biodiversity Loss and Fragile Ecosystems
Venue: RAND
Chair: Prof Joseph Obua, National Coordinator, ATPS Uganda
Facilitator:
Ms. Hulda Gideon, COSTECH, Tanzania
Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity Loss and Fragile Ecosystems
in Tanzania
Rapporteur: Dr Markos Tibbo, National Coordinator, ATPS Ethiopia
WG3: Climate Change, Water Scarcity and En vironmental
Sustainability
Venue: KINGSHAKA
Chair: Dr George Essegbey, National Coordinator, ATPS Ghana
Facilitator:
Prof Eric Eboh, Institute of Applied Economics,
Nigeria
Resource Degradation, Poverty and Growth: Implications for climate change
adaptation
Rapporteur: Ms Bitrina Diyamett, National Coordinator, ATPS
Tanzania
WG4: Climate Change and its Effects on Health
Venue: KINGSHAKA
Chair: Prof Ndeso Atanga, National Coordinator, ATPS Cameroon
Facilitator: Mr Guei Emile, Cote d’Ivoire
Le Captage du Methane a la de charge d’Abidjan –Akouedo
Rapporteur: Dr Papa Ndiaye, National Coordinator, ATPS Senegal

11:00 - 11:30

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

11:30 - 13:00

Working Group Sessions continued

13:00 - 14:00

LUNCH

2007 Annual Conference and Workshop

95

Session IV: Working Group Reports
Chair: Dr Julius Mangisoni National Coordinator, ATPS Cote d’Ivoire/ Dr Arsène Kouadio, National
Coordinator, ATPS Cote d’Ivoire
Facilitator: Mr. Maurice Bolo, Senior Research Officer, ATPS
14:00 - 14:20

Report from Working Group 1

14:20 - 14:40

Report from Working Group 2

14:40 - 15:00

Report from Working Group 3

15:00 - 15:20

Report from Working Group 4

15:20 - 15:50

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

Chair: Prof. Sam Wangwe, ATPS Board Member / Prof. Melvin Ayogu, Dean, Faculty of Commerce,
University of Cape Town
15:50 - 16:50

Panel Discussions on WG reports and prioritization of research, capacity
building and policy needs identified. (Panel members to be nominated by theworking groups)

Session V – Way Forward
Chair: Dr Musa Dube, National Coordinator, ATPS Swaziland/ Ms Charlotte Wonani, National
Coordinator, ATPS Zambia
16:50 - 17:30
17:30 - 18:00

				

Presentation of Conference Conclusions and Recommendations
Closing Ceremony
Closing Remarks by ATPS Board Members
Hon. Prof. Turner Isoun
Prof. Lynn Mytelka
Prof. Oliver Saasa
Prof. Sam Wangwe
Closing Remarks from Dr. Kevin Urama, Director, ATPS
Closing Remarks from Prof. Norah Olembo, Chair, ATPS Board

Wednesday 21 November 2007
Venue: KINGSHAKA
Chair: Dr. Kevin Urama: National Coordinator’s meeting /SWOT Analysis
08:30 - 10:30
		
10:00 - 10:30

ATPS National Coordinators’ meeting(A separate agenda to be circulated to the concerned delegates)
TEA/COFFEE BREAKATPS Conference Proceedings

96

Overall Facilitators: Diana Pound Dialogue Matters, UK and Lily Aduke, Communications &Outreach Manager, ATPS
10:30 - 13:00
				
13:00 - 14:00

ATPS National Coordinators’ SWOT analyses(Concurrent with Board Meeting – A separate agenda to be circulated to 		the concerned delegates)
LUNCH

14:00 - 16:00

ATPS National Coordinators’ SWOT analyses (continued)

16:00 - 16:30

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

Other Sessions
ATPS Business Session - Board Meeting
Wednesday, 21 November 2007
Venue: RAND
Chair: Prof. Norah Olembo, Chair, ATPS Board
10:30 - 13:00
Analysis)

ATPS Board Meeting (Concurrent with National Coordinators’ SWOT

13:00 - 14:00

LUNCH

14:00 - 16:00

ATPS Board Meeting (continued)

16:00 - 16:30

TEA/COFFEE BREAK

2007 Annual Conference and Workshop

97

Other Sessions
ATPS Business Session - Annual General Meeting
Wednesday, 21 November 2007
Venue: KINGSHAKA
Chair: Prof. Norah Olembo, Chair, ATPS Board
16:30 - 18:00
		

ATPS Annual General Meeting (A separate agenda to be circulated at the 		
venue)END OF DAY THREE
Closing Dinner
Venue: TBA
Thursday 22 November 2007
ATPS Water and Environment/ATPS Health Innovation Systems Sessions (Separate agenda to be
circulated to concerned delegates)
A.

ATPS Water and Environment

Chair: Dr. Kevin Urama, Director, ATPS
Resource Persons/Lead Discussants: Prof Francis Mutua, University of Nairobi/Dr Musa Dube,National Coordinator, ATPS Swaziland
This session will involve:		a) Presentation of Survey Reports by Water and Environment baseline studies team, and		b) Presentation of Final Reports by the Regional Review study teams: SADC, Great Lakes
		and Horn of Africa
		and ECOWAS regions
		c) Presentations of Selected Small Grants Case Studies: Benin, Lesotho, Uganda and 				
MalawiB.

ATPS Health Innovation Systems

Chair: Dr George Essegbey, National Coordinator, ATPS Ghana
Resource Person/Lead Discussant: Dr Rubin Pillay, National Coordinator, ATPS South Africa
Presentation of progress reports by the country teams working on HIS case studies
Cote d’Ivoire, Kenya, Lesotho, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania and Uganda

ANNEX 4: LIST OF DELEGATES

Cameroon
1. Dr. Sylvester Ndeso ATANGANational Coordinator, ATPS Cameroon
Senior Lecturer
Head of Nursing Science Department
Faculty of Health Sciences
University of Buea
P.O. Box 63, Buea, SWP, Cameroon
Tel: + 237-75816047
Cell: +237-99841433
Email: lawrenkum@yahoo.co.uk
2. Prof. Gabriel Ndjessi TCHATATTeam Leader
Climate Change Adaptation ad Agriculture
African Network for Climate Community(ANCC)

Cameroon
Cell: +237 77977575
Email: gntchatat@yahoo.fr
3. Prof. Enoh TANJONG
Vice Dean, Programs and Academic Affairs
Faculty of Social and Management Sciences
University of Buea
P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
Tel: +237 332 21 34 Ext. 3106
Fax: +237 332 22 72
Cell: +237 7769 1522
Email: enoh_tanjong@yahoo.com
Canada4. Ms. Jean Woo
Programme Officer

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2007 Annual Conference and Workshop
Innovation, Policy and Science Programand Partnership Brand, IDRC
250 Albert Street/rue Albert
P.O. Box 8500
Ottawa, Canada K1G 3H9
Tel: +613 236 6163 #2564
Fax: +613 567 7749
Email: jwoo@idrc.ca
Cote d’Ivoire
5. Dr. Arsène Kouadio KONAN
National Coordinator, ATPS Cote d’Ivoire
Executive Director
Institut pour le Développement (IPD)
08 BP 1295 Abidjan 08,
Côte d’Ivoire
Tel: +225-224 46099
Fax: +225-224 42829
Email: arsenekk@yahoo.fr
6. Mr. Guei EMILE
Directeur General
GROUPE EOULEERue Pierre & Marie Curie
Immeuble Francisco, 1er Etage
20 BP 347 ABIDJAN 20
Côte d’Ivoire
Phone: +225 21 254 144
Email: groupeeoulee@yahoo.fr
7. YAO Kouamé BENOÎT
Researcher
Institut pour le Développement (IPD)
10 BP 892 Abidjan
Cote d’Ivoire
Tel: +221 21 360995
Email: kwagny2000@yahoo.fr

Fax: +251 11 6461252
Cell: +251 911 869030
Email: m.tibbo@cgiar.org
9. Mr. Nigatu ALEMAYEHU
Research and Development Officer
ILRI-IPMS Ethiopian Farmers Project
Debrezeit, Ethiopia
P.O. Box 5689
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel: +251 11 4336119
Fax: +251 11 6462833
Cell: +251 911 897791
Email: n.alemayehu@cgiar.org
10. Dr. Dejene AREDO
Associate Professor of Economics
Department of Economics
Addis Ababa University
P.O. Box 150008
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel: +251 1 185185/553900
Fax: +251 11 6476550
Email: aredodejene@yahoo.com
France
11. Prof. Lynn K. MYTELKAATPS Board Member
Professorial Fellow, UNU-INTECH
35, Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
Tel/Fax: +331-47073790
Email : Lmytelka@gmail.com

Ghana
12. Dr. George Owusu ESSEGBEY
Senior Research Scientist
STEPRI-C.S.I.R.
P.O. Box CT 519
Ethiopia
Accra, Ghana
8. Dr. Markos TIBBO
Tel: +233-21-779401/773856
National Coordinator, ATPS Ethiopia
Fax: +233-21-773068
Research Officer & ATPS National Coordinator Email: george_essegbey@yahoo.co.uk
International Livestock Research Institute(ILRI)
13. Dr. Fred AMU-MENSAH
Animal Genetic Resources
National Coordinator, ATPS Ghana
PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Senior Research Scientist
Tel: +251 11 6172336
CSIR Water Research Institute

100

ATPS Conference Proceedings

P.O. Box M.32
Fax: +254 20 272 6130
Accra, Ghana
Cell: +254 722 401 302
Tel: +233-24-4748197
Email: odekw@yahoo.co.uk
Fax: +233 21 77 7170
Email: assabil@aim.com or obeyie@gmail.com 18. Dr. Gilbert O. OUMA
Lecturer, Department of Meteorology
Kenya
University of Nairobi
14. Prof. Norah OLEMBO
P.O.Box 30197-00100
Chair, ATPS Board & Executive Director
Nairobi, Kenya
African Biotechnology Stakeholders Forum
Tel: +254 20 3878340(ABSF)
Fax: +254 20 3878343
P.O. Box 66069-00800
Cell: +254 726 818001
Nairobi, Kenya
Email: gouma@uonbi.ac.ke
Tel: +254 20 4444558
Fax: +254 20 4448762
19. Dr. Musonda MUMBA
Cell: +254 733 854575
Fresh Water Programme Coordinator
Email: absf@absfafrica.org or info@atpsnet.
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)org
P.O. Box 62440-00200
Nairobi, Kenya
15. Prof. Francis M. MUTUA
Tel: +254 20 387 7355
Professor of Hydrology
Fax: +254 20 387 7389
Department of Meteorology
Cell: +254 723 786183
University of Nairobi
Email: mmumba@wwfearpo.org
P.O. Box 30197-00100
Nairobi, Kenya.
20. Mr. Joseph M. WEKUNDAH
Tel: +254 20 444 1045
Executive Director
Cell: +254 722 835867
Biotechnology Trust Africa
Email: fmutua@uonbi.ac.ke
1st Floor, Family Health Plaza
P.O. Box 1285-00100
16. Mr. Kenneth W. ADUDA
Nairobi, Kenya
National Coordinator, ATPS Kenya
Tel: +254 20 600040
Projects & Resource Mobilization Manager
Fax: +254 20 603358
Kenya Industrial Research Development Insti- Email: bta@clubinternetk.com
tute (KIRDI)
P.O. Box 54139-00200
21. Mr. Duncan O. GUMBA
Nairobi, Kenya
Interpreter
Tel: +254 20 609498
c/o Conference Interpreting Solutions
Fax: +254 20 556362
P.O. Box 50453-00200
Cell: + 254 721 466444
Nairobi
Email: adudakwo@yahoo.com
Cell: +254 721 381 454
Email: deogumba@yahoo.com
17. Dr. Willis Omondi ODEKSocial Science Research Associate
22. Mr. Vincent O. WERE
Family Health International (FHI)Interpreter
P.O. Box 1086-00200
c/o Conference Interpreting Solutions
Nairobi, Kenya
P.O. Box 43844-00100
Tel: +254 20 282 4000
Nairobi1012007 Annual Conference and Workshop
Cell: +254 733 716106
Email: werevo@yahoo.com
Lesotho
23. Dr. Spirit M. TLALINational Coordinator, ATPS Lesotho
Deputy Dean
Faculty of Science and Technology
National University of Lesotho
P. O. Roma 180
Lesotho, Southern Africa
Tel: +266 22 213495
Fax: +266 22 340000
Email: sb.tlali@nul.ls
24. Ms. Deepa PULLANIKKATIL
Lecturer, Civil Engineering
Lerotholi Polytechnic
P.O Box 1519
Maseru 100, Lesotho
Tel: +266-22313376, +266 63072665
Fax: +266 22310265
Email: d_pullani@yahoo.com
Malawi25. Dr. Julius H. MANGISONINational Coordinator, ATPS Malawi
Associate Professor
Bunda College of Agriculture
University of Malawi
P.O. Box 219
Lilongwe, Malawi
Tel: +265 1 277434
Fax: +265 1 277251
Cell: +265 8349452
Email: jmangisoni@yahoo.co.uk
26. Hon. Vitus Gomamtunda DZOOLEMember of Parliament and Chairperson, Agriculture and Natural Resources Committee
Malawi National AssemblyPrivate Bag 362, Capital City, Lilongwe 3
MalawiTel: +265 1 716577
Fax: +265 1 773196
Cell: +265 8 322196
Email: dzoolegomamtunda@yahoo.co.uk

27. Mr. Mpeta K. M. MWANYONGOAssistant Director
Environmental Affairs Department
Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources
Private Bag 394, Lilongwe 3
MalawiTel: +265 1 771111
Fax: +265 1 773379
Email: minongwa@yahoo.com
Mali
28. Dr. Filifing DEMBELE
Lecturer/Researcher
Institut Polytechnique Rural, IPR/IFRA
BP. 06 KoulikoroMali
Tel:+223 226 2740
Email: filifingdem@yahoo.fr
29. Dr. Mahamane Halidou MAIGA
Ecologue, Enseignant-Chercheur à l’ISFRA
Université de Bamako, Mali
Tel/Fax : +223 21 04 66
Cell : +223 647 2628
Email: mahamane_alido@yahoo.fr
The Netherlands
30. Dr. Jeroen RIJNIERS
Senior Policy Officer
Cultural Co-operation, Education and Research
Department
Bezuidenhoutseweg 67, P.O. Box 20061
2500 EB The Hague, The Netherlands
Tel: +31 70 348 6649
Fax: +31 70 348 6436
Email: jeroen.rijniers@minbuza.nl
Nigeria
31. Prof. Michael C. MADUKWEProfessor, Department of Agricultural Extension
University of Nigeria
Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
Tel: +234 42 771019
Fax: +234 42 771500
Cell: +234 808 313 7137
Email: madukwemichael@yahoo.com

102
32. Prof. Turner T. ISOUNATPS Board Member
Director
Niger Delta Wetlands Centre
1 Ministers Hill, 40 Colorado Close
Maitama, Abuja, Nigeria
Cell: +234 803 314 2395
E-mail: isoun@aol.com
33. Dr. Osita OGBU
Former Executive Director, ATPS andFormer Chief Economic Adviser to the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
15 Vaal Street, Off Rhine Street
Maitama, Abuja
Tel: +234 9 413 6608/9
Email: ovoko@yahoo.com
34. Prof. Eric EBOH
Executive Director
African Institute of Applied Economics(AIAE)
Enugu, Nigeria
Tel: +234 42 256644/300096
Fax: +234 42 256035
Email: eceboh@yahoo.com
35. Dr. Nicholas OZOR
Lecturer
Department of Agricultural Extension
Faculty of Agriculture
University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Enugu State, Nigeria.
Cell: +2348035781264
E-mail: sunny_ozor@yahoo.com
36. Dr. (Mrs) Nnenna Joyce ENWERE
Associate Professor (Reader) and HoD
Department of Food Science and Technology
University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Nigeria
Tel: +234 42 308 654
Cell: +234 803 695 3155/ 805 913 7045
Email: njenwere@yahoo.com

ATPS Conference Proceedings
Senegal
37. Dr. Papa Alioune NDIAYE
Associate Professor
University of Dakar (E.S.P.)
P.O. Box Dakar 5085 FANN
SenegalTel: +221-33 864 5418
Fax: +221-33 864 2143
Email: pndiaye@ucad.sn
South Africa
38. Dr. Rubin PILLAY
National Coordinator, ATPS South Africa
Senior Lecturer
Department of Management
University of Western Cape
Bellville, Capetown, South Africa
Tel: +27- 21-959-3214
Fax: +27-21-391-3026
Email: rpillay@uwc.ac.za
39. Prof. Chris TAPSCOTT
Dean
Faculty of Economic Management Sciences
University of Western CapeSouth Africa
Email: ctapscott@uwc.ac.za
40. Prof. Melvin AYOGU
Dean
Faculty of Commerce
University of Cape Town
Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701
South Africa
Tel: +27 21 650 2256
Fax: +27 21 650 4347
Email: melvin.ayogu@uct.ac.za
41. Dr. Olufunke A. ALABA
Post-doctoral Fellow
Department of Economics
University of Pretoria
South Africa
Tel: +27 72 438 7458
Email: funkeal@yahoo.com

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2007 Annual Conference and Workshop
42. Prof. Nico W. VISSER
Agricultural Counsellor
Nature and Food Quality
for South Africa and Zambia
Embassy of the Kingdom of The Netherlands
Pretoria, South Africa
Tel.: +27 12 425 4570
Fax: +27 12 425 4571
Email: nico.visser@minbuza.nl
43. Mr. Wesley SMANT
Assistant Agricultural Counsellor
Nature and Food Quality
for South Africa and Zambia
Embassy of the Kingdom of The Netherlands
Pretoria, South Africa
Tel.: +27 12 425 4570
Fax: +27 12 425 4571
Email: Wesley.smant@minbuza.nl
Swaziland
44. Dr. Musa M.A. DUBE
National Coordinator, ATPS Swaziland
Senior Lecturer & ATPS National Coordinator
University of Swaziland
Faculty of Agriculture
P.O. Luyengo M 201, Swaziland
Telefax: +268-527 4021 ext 1128
Email: madube@agric.uniswa.sz
45. Dr. Absolom MANYATSISenior Lecturer
Faculty of Agriculture
University of Swaziland
P.O. Luyengo M 205
Swaziland
Tel: +268 527 4021
Fax: +268 52 74441
Email: manyatsi@agric.uniswa.sz
46. Dr. Beauty H. MAKHUBELA
Deputy Principal
Nazarene College of Nursing

P.O. Box 14 Manzini
Swazilant
Tel : +268 505 5205
Fax : +268 505 3008 or 505 4636
Email : bikile@webmail.co.za or NCN@swaz.net
Tanzania
47. Ms. Bitrina D. DIYAMETTNational Coordinator, ATPS Tanzania
Principal Scientific Officer
Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology(COSTECH)
P.O. Box 4302
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tel: +007 222 700745/752
Fax: +007 222 775313
Cell: +007 784 420850
Email: bdiyamett@costech.or.tz
48. Ms. Hulda GIDEON
Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology(COSTECH)
P.O Box 4302
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Fax: 255 22 2775313
Tel: 255 22 2700754/5
E-mail: hgideon@costech.or.tz
49. Prof. Samuel WANGWEATPS Board Member
Chairman
Daima Associates Limited
Makumbusho Street
P.O. Box 75027
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tel: +255-22-2771954
Fax: +255-22-2771949
Email: swangwe@daima.co.tz
Uganda
50. Prof. Joseph OBUA
National Coordinator, ATPS Uganda
Head of Department & ATPS National Coordinator
Department of Forest, Biology and Ecosystems
Makerere University

104
P.O. Box 7062
Kampala, Uganda
Tel : +256 414 543647
Fax : +256 414 533574
Cell: +256 772 444492
Email : obua@forest.mak.ac.ug
51. Mr. James KAKOOZA
Research Associate
Makerere Institute for Social Research
P.O. Box 937
Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256-782-528722
Fax: +256-41-530412
Email: kakooza@math.mak.ac.ug
jakakooza@yahoo.com; jkakooza@akesu.org
52. Dr. Ramadhan HIZAAMU
Programme Coordinator
THETA
P.O. Box 21175
Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256 414 532930
Fax: +256 414 530619
Cell: +256 77 408 816/75 408 816
Email: hizaamu@thetaug.org
53. Hon. Katende Gordon SEMATIKO
Member of Parliament and Vice Chairman
Science and Technology Committee
Parliament of Uganda
Cell: +256 772 404302
Email: gsematiko@yahoo.co.uk
United Kingdom
54. Ms. Diana POUND
Dialogue Matters
55 Scotton Street, Wye, Ashford, Kent
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1233 813875
Email: diana.pound@dialoguematters.co.uk
55. Dr. Robin MATTHEWSThe Macaulay Institute
Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen
AB15 8QH
Aberdeen, Scotland, UK

ATPS Conference Proceedings
Tel: +44 1224 498200
Fax: +44 1224 311556
Email: R.Matthews@macaulay.ac.uk
Zambia
56. Prof. Oliver SAASAATPS Board Member
Managing Consultant
Premier Consult
P.O. Box 38163
Lusaka, Zambia
Tel: +260-1-290056
Fax: +260-1-290581
Email: oliver-saasa@coppernet.zm
Zimbabwe
57. Mr. Benson M. ZWIZWAINational Coordinator, ATPS Zimbabwe
Deputy Director
Institute of Development Studies
University of Zimbabwe
Box M.P. 167, Mt. PleasantHarare, Zimbabwe
Tel: +263-333341/3
Fax: +263-4-333345
Cell: +263-912-494902
Email: bmzwizwai@science.uz.ac.zw
58. Prof. Moses J. CHIMBARI
Director, Research and Innovation
National University of Science and Technology
Cnr Gwanda Rd/Cecil Avenue, Box AC 939
Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
Tel: +263 9 284404
Cell: +263 912 252754
Email: mjchimbari@gmail.com
Secretariat
African Technology Policy Studies Network(ATPS)
3rd Floor, The Chancery, Valley Road
P.O. Box 10081-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254-20-271 4098/168/498
Fax: +254-20-271 4028
Email: info@atpsnet.org
Website: www.atpsnet.org

2007 Annual Conference and Workshop

59. Dr. Kevin C. URAMA
Executive Director
Email: kurama@atpsnet.org
60. Ms. Lily ADUKE
Communications and Outreach Manager
Email: laduke@atpsnet.org
61. Mr. Maurice Ochieng BOLO
Senior Research Officer
Email: mbolo@atpsnet.org
62. Ms. Lucy MWANGI
Publications and Programmes Administrator
Email: lmwangi@atpsnet.org
63. Mr. Richard Murimi MURIUKI
Finance Officer
Email: rmuriuki@atpsnet.org
64. Ms. Carol MBUGUASenior Secretary
Email: cthuku@atpsnet.org

105BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hansen, J.W., A. Hodges, and J.W. Jones. 1983. ENSO influences on agriculture in thesoutheastern U. S. Journal of Climate, 1: 51 –62.
Hudson, D.A. and R.G. Jones (2002): Regional climate model simulations of present day
and future climates of Southern Africa. Technical Note 39, Hadley Centre, Bracknell,
42 pp
Jenkins, G.S., G. Adamou and S. Fongang. 2002. The challenges of modelling climate
variability and change in West Africa. Climatic Change, 52: 263-286.
Manyatsi, A.M. 2007. Media coverage, community perspectives and policy response on
climate change in Swaziland. Research report for PANOS Southern Africa, Lusaka.
McMichael, A.J. and R.S. Kovats. 2000b. Climate change and climate variability.
Adaptations to reduce adverse health impacts. Environmental Monitoring andAssessment, 61: 49-64.
Swart, R., J. Mitchell, T. Morita and S. Raper (2002): Stabilization scenarios for climate
impacts assessment. Global Environment Change, 12: 155-165.
Thornton, P.K., P.G. Jones, T.M. Owiyo, R.L. Kruska, M. Herero, P. Kristjanson, A.
Notenbaert, and N. Bekele. 2006. Mapping Climate Vulnerability and Poverty in
Africa. (Report to the Department for International Development). International
Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi.
WHO. 2000. Climate Change and human health: impact and adaptation. Geneva: WHO
and Rome: WHO-European Centre for Environment and Health.
Yamin, F., A. Rahman and S. Huq. 2005. Vulnerability, adaptation and climate disasters:
A conceptual overview, pp 1 -14. In: Yamin, F. and Huq, S. (eds). Vulnerability,
Adaptation and Climate Disasters. IDS Bulletin, 36:4, Brighton, UK.

106

For more information on this series and ATPS Contact:

The Executive Director
The African Technology Policy Studies Network
3rd Floor, The Chancery, Valley Road
P.O. Box 10081 00100 General Post Office
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254-020-2714092/168/498
Fax: +254-020-2714028
Email: info@atpsnet.org
Website: http://www.atpsnet.org

Science, Technology andClimate Change Adaptation in
AfricaProceedings of the ATPS Annual Conference andWorskhop, 19-21 November, 2007

Johannesburg
South Africa

African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)
University of the Western Cape (UWC)
University of Cape Town (UCT)Published by the African Technology Policy Studies Network, P.O. Box 10081, 00100
General Post Office, Nairobi, Kenya.

© 2008 African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS)

PUBLISHED BY MAJESTIC PRINTING WORKS LTD
P.O. Box 42466,GPO
00100 Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: 2222662, Fax: 2211784
majestic@net2000ke.com

ISBN: 9966-916-88-1

Editors:
Dr Kevin Urama, Executive Director, ATPSDr Catherine Adeya-Weya, Research and Training Manager, ATPS
Ms Lucy W. Mwangi, Communication Officer, ATPS.

ABOUT THE AFRICAN TECHNOLOGY POLICY STUDIES NETWORKThe African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is a multi-disciplinary networkof researchers, policy makers, actors in the private sector and other end users generating,promoting and strengthening science, technology and innovation (STI) policies for African
development. With a regional secretariat in Nairobi, the network operates through national
chapters in 23 countries, with an expansion plan to cover the entire sub-Saharan Africa(SSA).
The strategic objective of the network is to build Africa’s STI capacity through a six pronged
approach: STI Research and Research Capacity Building; International Cooperation andPartnerships; Youth and Gender Empowerment; Training and Sensitization; Science
Communications and Stakeholder Dialogue, and Outreach, Knowledge Brokerage andPolicy Advocacy. ATPS is committed to translation of research results to sustainable
technologies and innovations for development through a number of proactive measures
to disseminate research results to policy makers, legislators, the organized private sector,
civil society, mass media and stakeholder groups. These include publications, dialogue andadvocacy. Among its range of publications are the Working Paper Series (WPS), Research
Paper Series (RPS), Special Paper Series (SPS), Technopolicy Briefs, Workshop Reports,
and Newsletters. ATPS is also engaging journalists to disseminate science through national
newspapers and other media.
ATPS has been supported by a growing number of donors including the Royal Dutch
Government, the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), the Carnegie
Corporation of New York, the Rockefeller Foundation, the World Bank, the OPEC Fund,
Ford Foundation, Coca-Cola Eastern Africa, the African Development Bank, InfoDev,
the Nigerian Government, etc. In collaboration with like minded institutions, ATPS also
participate in consortia based joint projects under the auspices of the EU Framework 6
and Framework 7 programs as well as other sources.

Table of Contents

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms						List of Tables and Figures							

iv
vii

1

ABOUT THE CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP				
1.1 Introduction										 1.1.1
Objectives of the Conference and Workshop					 1.1.2
Conference Sub-Themes								 1.1.3
The Conference Procedure					1.2 Expected Outcomes							1.3 Venue, Date of Conference and Workshop				
1.4 Support for the Conference and Workshop				

1
1
2
2
3
4
4
4

2

5
5

CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP OPENING SESSION			
2.1 Remarks from Dr Kevin Urama, Director, ATPS			
2.2 Remarks from Dr Osita Ogbu, former Executive
			 Director, ATPS 							2.3 Remarks from Prof Turner Isoun, ATPS Board Member			 and former Minister of Science and Technology, Nigeria		
2.4 Remarks from Jean Woo, Program Officer, Innovation,
			 Policy and Science, IDRC						2.5 Remarks from Jeroen Rijniers, Senior Policy Officer, Cultural
			 Cooperation, Education and Research Department, the Royal
			 Dutch Government							2.6 Remarks from Prof Norah Olembo, Chair, ATPS Board			
2.7 Keynote Address: Climate Change and Land use Change:
			 Implications for African Development by Dr Robin Matthews		
3

7
9
10
11
11
13

CONFERENCE PLENARY PRESENTATIONS				
15
3.1 Session 1: Role of Science and Technology in Climate Adaptation
		 in Africa									15		 3.1.1
Impacts of a Changing Climate in Africa and Strategies for				
Mitigation and Adaptation by Dr Gilbert Ouma, Kenya.		
15
		 3.1.2
Changement Climatique - Impacts Sur Les Ressources en Eau et				la Production Agricole en Afrique De L’ouest et du Centre :i				Le cas du Cameroun et de la Cote d’Ivoire by Prof				
Gabriel Tchatat, Cameroon 					17		 3.1.3
How to Use Innovative Financing Mechanisms to Mitigate Climate
				Change-induced Natural Disastors in Africa by				Prof Femi Olokesusi, Nigeria					193.2 Facilitated Session 1							24		 3.2.1
It’s 2020 and ATPS has made a difference to Africa’s ability				
to adapt to climate change, what we need to do to achieve this?
27
3.3 Plenary Session II: Experiences and Evidence from the Field		
30
		 3.3.1
Climate Change Impact on African Agriculture and Implications
				for Food Security in the Continent by Dr A.M. Manyatsi,
				Swaziland 							30		 3.3.2
Perte de Biodiversité et Ecosystèmes Fragiles: Cas du Mali				
(Biodiversity Loss and Fragile Ecosystems: The Case of Mali)				par Dr A. Bayoko and Dr. M. H. Maïga, Mali			
32		 3.3.3
Adaptation of Local Communities to Climate Change within				
Water Scarce Regions: The Case of the Lake Bogoria Catchment
				in Kenya by Dr Mumba Musonda, Kenya			35
		 3.3.4
Coping with Impacts of Climate Change on Health by				Prof M. Chimbari, Zimbabwe					383.4 Round Table Discussion: Experiences and Evidence from the Field
			 in Africa								444WORKING GROUP DISCUSSIONS					4.1 Group 1: Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security				 4.1.1 Issues Arising from Group 1 Discussions			
4.2 Group 2: Climate Change, Biodiversity Loss and Fragile Ecosystems
		 4.2.1 Issues Arising from Group 2 Discussions			
4.3 Group 3: Climate Change, Water Scarcity and			 Environmental Sustainability								 4.3.1 Issues Arising from Group 3 Discussions			
4.4 Group 4: Climate Change and its Effects on Health					 4.4.1 Issues Arising from Group 4 Discussions			

50
50
52
53
55

5

CLOSURE OF CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP			
5.1 Remarks from the Board Members					5.2 Vote of Thanks 							

64
65
66

ATPS ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, 2007				
6.1 Final Technical Report on ATPS ICT Governance Project:			 “Strengthening ICT Policy in Africa: Governance, Equity and			 Institutional issues” by Prof Melvin Ayogu, South Africa		

68

6

ii

56
58
59
59

69

6.2 ATPS Strategic Plan Presentation							 6.2.1 Research and Research Capacity Building					 6.2.2 International Cooperation and Partnership					 6.2.3 Youth and Gender Empowerment						 6.2.4 Training and Sensitization							 6.2.5 Science Communication and Stakeholder Dialogue				 6.2.6 Outreach, Knowledge Brokerage and Policy Advocacy		
6.3 ATPS Membership Database						6.4 The ATPS 2007 Conference and Workshop				
6.5 ATPS Award Ceremony							6.6 Update on the ATPS 13th Board Meeting				
6.7 Closing Remarks									 6.7.1 Final Vote of Thanks												
Annex 1: NATIONAL COORDINATORS MEETING AND SWOT ANALYSIS
Annex 2: 2007 ATPS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP:
		 A PHOTO STORY							Annex 3: CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP PROGRAMME			
Annex 4: LIST OF DELEGATES						

71
73
75
77
78
79
80
86
86
87
87
87
88

BIBLIOGRAPHY								

106

iii

89
90
92
98

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

AGM			AIAE			AIDS			ASEE			ATPS 			AU			AYFST			AWSTF		BBC 			BOD			BTA			
CBOs			CCAA			CCK			
CDM			
COMESA		CTA			DFID			DMC			DRR			ESRI			EU			GAA			
GCM			
GDP			
GEF			
GHA			
GHG			
GIS			
HIV			ICPAC			ICT			IDNDR		

Annual General Meeting
African Institute for Applied Economics
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
African Society for Ecological Economics
African Technology Policy Studies Network
African Union
African Youth Forum in Science and Technology
African Women in Science & Technology Forum
British Broadcasting Corporation
Bio-oxygen Demand
Biotechnology Trust Africa
Community Based Organizations
Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
Communication Commission of Kenya
Clean Development Mechanism
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation
Department for International Development
Drought Monitoring Center
Disaster Risk Reduction
Economic and Social Research InstituteEuropean Union
Global Amphibian Assessment
General Circulation Models
Gross Domestic Product
Global Environmental Facility
Great Lakes and Horn of Africa
Green House Gas		
Geographic Information Systems
Human Immuno-deficiency Virus
IGAD Climate Prediction and Application Centre
Information and Communication Technology
International Decade for National Disaster Reduction
iv

IDRC			IFMs			IFPRI			IGAD			IK			ILRI			IPCC 			IWMI			IWSD			KIPPRA		LDCF			MDGs			MIT			
NASA			NATO			NBI			NEMA			NEPAD		NGOs			OPEC			PAR			PPP			
R&D			SADC			SCCF			SSA			
S&T			STI			SWOT			UCT			
UK			
UK-POST		
UN			
UNEP			UNESCO					
UNFCCCCs-CDM
UWC			
W&E			
WatBal			International Development Research Center
Innovative Financing Mechanisms
International Food Policy Research InstituteInter Governmental Authority on Development
Indigenous Knowledge
International Livestock Research InstituteInter-governmental Panel on Climate ChangeInternational Water Management Institute
Water and Sanitation Development
Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis
Least Developed Countries Fund
Millennium Development Goals
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
Nile Basin Initiative
National Environmental Management Authority
New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD)
Non-Governmental Organizations
Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
Participatory Action Research
Public Private Partnerships
Research and Development
Southern African Development Community
Special Climate Change Fund
Sub-Saharan Africa
Science and Technology
Science, Technology and Innovation
Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
University of Cape Town
United Kingdom
UK Parliamentary Office for Science and Technology
United Nations
United Nations Environment Program
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural 			Organization
United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change’s
Clean Development Mechanism
University of Western Cape
Water and Environment
Water Balance Modelv

WATERNET		
WHO			WRI			WRUA			WWF-EARO		

Water Network
World Health Organization
Water Research Institute
Water Resources Users Associations
World Wide Fund - East African Regional Officevi

List of Tables and Figures
Figure 1:		Figure 2:Strategic framework for ATPS Phase VI showing thestrategic priorities						ATPS Phase VI strategic priorities				vii

7382