JAITS<修士論文要旨>

論文題目：刑事裁判における法廷通訳の判例研究–日本の法廷が直面する課題
英文題目: Legal Case Analysis on Court Interpreting in Criminal Trials: Challenges
Faced by Japanese Courtrooms Post-World War
提出者: 金 知賢 (KIM Jihyeon)
授与機関: 早稲田大学
取得学位の名称: 修士（国際コミュニケーション学）
学位取得の方法: 課程
取得年月日: 2018 年 3 月 15 日
英文要旨With the changes in Japan’s demographics, the long-entrenched belief that Japan is ahomogeneous society has gradually become challenged. Japan’s growing cultural and linguistic
diversity has made its way into Japanese courtrooms through the role of court interpreters. The
objective of this study was to identify the current state and issues arising in Japan’s court interpretingsystem, examine the legal, ethical, and practical rationales for bolstering the quality of interpreting
services through an analysis of preceding interpreter-mediated trials, and propose policy
recommendations to rectify current issues.
Historically, Japan has implemented language assistance for non-Japanese speakers byproviding court interpreters in compliance with Japanese legal provisions after the Second World War.
However, due to the limited number of interpreter-mediated trials until the late 1980s, there was little
spotlight and awareness towards the role of interpreting services in Japan and the necessity ofdeveloping practical mechanisms to improve court interpreting in a more systemic way. On the other
hand, an increasing prevalence of interpreter-mediated trials in Japanese courts over the last two
decades has highlighted the role of court interpreters in both academia and amongst legal professionals.
Nonetheless, the limitations and challenges of current practices in Japan’s court interpreting system hashindered equal language access to courts for foreign defendants and witnesses, resulting in error-strewn
trials and additional motions to appellate courts claiming unsatisfactory interpreting systems.
This thesis aimed to answer the following three research questions:
1) What is the historical significance of the International Military Tribunals’ towards thedevelopment of modern court interpreting in Japan?
2) What are the legal, ethical, and practical rationales for implementing court interpreting
services in criminal proceedings?
3) Why has court interpreting implemented in Japanese criminal trials struggled to ensure
equal language access to courts in Japan?

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To answer the research questions, the first chapter of this study examined the historical origins
of court interpreting in criminal trials such as the International Military Tribunals (IMTs) that wereconvened in Nuremberg (1945-46) and in Tokyo (1946-48). A close examination of the IMTs
illustrates how these two trials significantly contributed to the development of modern courtinterpreting. In chapter two, the study investigated the legal, ethical, and practical rationales ofproviding court interpreting through a literature review of legal instruments (e.g. Article 37 of theJapanese Constitution, Articles 175 and 177 of the Japanese Code of Criminal Procedure) and theopinions of judicial participants regarding the role of interpreting services in criminal proceedings(excerpted from the Japanese scholarly books and academic articles). Chapter three analyzed four
modern interpreter-mediated legal cases in Japanese courts: 1989 Hyogo Case; Lindsay Hawker Case(2011); Somali Pirates Case (2013); and the Jakarta Case of 1986 (2016), based on official Japanese
trial records and verbatim records of witnesses from journal and news articles.
The necessity to improve court interpreting practices was observed from a range ofinterpreter-mediated cases throughout this study. These trials encountered common challenges such as
maintaining impartiality and ensuring procedural fairness as a result of frequent inaccurate interpreting
performance. More importantly, the case analyses showed that interpreting errors in criminal trials
create additional issues such as procedural inefficiencies and the necessity to allocate additional
resources to correct the aforementioned errors, harming the overall integrity of the Japanese criminal
justice system. Although legal and ethical rationales have become increasingly emphasized due togrowing use of non-Japanese languages in courtrooms, the study illustrated that court interpreting also
serves a practical rationale of allowing smooth and efficient procedures, demonstrating the need toreform Japan’s current court interpreting system to reduce procedural inefficiencies.
While this thesis focused on language services in Japanese courtrooms, it should be noted thatthe courtroom is not the only place where comprehensive linguistic support should be provided.
Language diversity needs to be better understood and respected not only in the Japanese legal context,
but also in other social, educational and healthcare sectors.
*Key Words: Japanese Court Interpreting System, Language Access to Courts, Foreign Defendants,Foreign Witnesses, Interpreting Services in Japanese Criminal Trials【主な参考文献】(本稿の引用文献を含む)[洋書]
Berk-Seligson, S. (2002). The Bilingual Courtroom: Court Interpreters in the Judicial Process. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Gaiba, F. (1998). The Origins of Simultaneous Interpretation: The Nuremberg Trial. Ottawa: University ofOttawa Press.
Gonzalez et al. (2012). Fundamentals of Court Interpretation: Theory, Policy, and Practice (2nd ed.).

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Durham: Carolina Academic Press.
Gottlieb, N. (2011). Language Policy in Japan: The Challenge of Change. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Hiroshi, S. (2008). “Is Japan a Multilingual Society?” Translational Migration in East Asia: Japan in a
Comparative Focus, 77: 103-111.
Kida, P. (2013). “Attitudes towards Intra-lingual Translation in Courtrooms in Japan: Implications forCourt Interpreters.” Ritsumeikan Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 32 (6): 62-74.
Mikkelson, H. (2016). Introduction to Court Interpreting (2nd ed.). London/New York: Routledge.
Oda, H. (2009). “Criminal Law and Procedure.” In Japanese Law (3rd ed.), 426-442. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Pochhacker, F. (2004). Introducing Interpreting Studies. London: Routledge.
Takeda, K. (2010). Interpreting at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal. In M. Shlesinger & F. Pöchhacker(Eds.), Doing Justice to Court Interpreting (pp.9-27). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins
Publishing Co.
Torikai, Kumiko (2009). A Brief History of Interpreting/Translation in Japan. In K. Torikai, Voices of theInvisible Presence: Diplomatic Interpreters in Post-World War II Japan (pp.27-48).
Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
[和書]
岩本明美 (2009) 『法廷の異文化と司法通訳–中国籍被告人を裁く時』 風響社
大阪高裁半平 3.11.19 判時 1436 号 143 項
最高裁判所事務総局刑事局 (2017) 「ご存知ですか法廷通訳を」、裁判所公式ウェブサイト.
http://www.courts.go.jp/vcms_lf/h30.1ban-gozonji.pdf (閲覧日: 2017年2月2日).
武田珂代子 (2017) 『東京裁判における通訳』 みすず書房
千葉地裁半平 23.7.21 LEX/DB (文献番号: 25443733)
東京高裁平 24.12.18 LEX/DB (文献番号: 25502785)
東京地裁平 28.11.24 LEX/DB (文献番号: 25545085)
日本弁護士連合会 (2013) 「法廷通訳についての立法提案に関する意見書」、日本弁護士連合会公式
ウェブサイト. https://www.nichibenren.or.jp/library/ja/opinion/report/data/2013/opinion_130718_3.pdf (閲覧日: 2016 年 8 月 11 日).
早川幸延 (2008) 「捜査と公判における通訳翻訳」津田守『法務通訳翻訳という仕事』 (pp.19-39) 大阪大学出版会
藤原大吾 (2013) 「刑弁でGO! 裁判員裁判事例報告:ソマリア海賊事件」 『LIBRA』 第13巻 第10号:44-46. 東京弁護士会
松村弘・梶谷百合子 (2003) 『法廷通訳–司法に関する通訳の展望』 国際通訳合資会社
水野かほる (2012) 「近年の司法通訳をめぐる状況と課題」 『国際関係・比較文化研究』 第 11 巻第 1号: 21-36. 静岡県立大学出版会

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水野かほる・津田守 (2016) 『裁判員裁判時代の法廷通訳人』 大阪大学出版会.................................................................................
【著者紹介】
金 知賢（KIM Jihyeon） 2015 年日本大使館推薦国費研究留学生として韓国から渡日し、現在早稲田大学国際コミュニケーション研究科（GSICCS）国際リーガルスタディーズプログラム博士後期課程に在学中。
主な研究分野は日本の刑事裁判における法廷通訳制度。2012 年より 4 年間フリーランス通訳者として建設業、医療機関での通訳・翻訳業務に従事（日–韓・韓–日）。現在文部科学省国費留学生協会（MEXTScholars Association ） の 渉 外 ・ 広 報 係 に て 翻 訳 プ ロ ジ ェ ク ト を 担 当 （ 英 − 日 ・ 日 − 英 ） 。 連 絡 先 :blairjh@akane.waseda.jp/ jihyeon.kim@mextsa.org................................................................................

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