        

9:;<=>? :@A=BC<:=DA=E>? FE;GC
AF=>H>F>IC;=C
BA<FC
EJ







BKL
M
NN=KM
N

O:=EA=EF






 








 
  
 







!

"


#
"$"




%&'$ ()"*%*$ ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸



b







º »

º ¼

½

£








&#'()* ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸ !"#$%

!
!+ * , -
!

.
/
$


0




1




-







 &



1



  $  




2 



3

+$ $*%*,&*¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¹+,-./0123 456789 +,:8

;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKL MN#OP" "  .


-

 *







 


* 




 


 
!
 *

 - 






%
%** &-3#% )"*#,&* ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸ Q ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸ 

RSTUVWXYZ[\]4 ^_TUV`abcdeTUV`afFgJK
hij#kPlm ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸ 

 


 
 ,
   2



$


.
/

0




1
+,:8nop@qrs3 Ytuv "  



" 





$

*%*,&*3+$ ,


#
%#
"*%¸¸¸ wcxyz{|}
OP Q#LMN#~ ¸¸¸¸¸ h @3

.


,


!




,
  4
2


3







2






& 2
5

"#)##

 %


62 




¸¸ 

"



*"**'( %$(*,*%
&-3#
+*
"



($3#+*¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸ 


O¡¢£¤I%¥¦¤§¨©ª§«¬­®ª¯°±²³´ 7

 *
!

$


 
 ,8=>H>F>IC;=C
BA<FC
EJ=>H>F>ICP9>Q>=FAQEADRA< STTU  @>O;?EJ :@ A=BC<:=DA=E>? FE;GCAFµ¶ · ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸   & *** ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸





¹

b

1

¾

Á Â

¿

b

À











π೘⛋⡢፜ρumu ⠂⾱ŰƍƐ⴪෴ᶗųໆ⥧ऀŸឱ⥧ų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻⟶‫إ‬ׄ▭߶णȊОԶ‫ه‬Ȁ ⶰȊȊО⿵ඌⷦ՛ȊȊȊȀȀȀ

Evaluation of Genotoxicity by the umu-test of
Sediment and River Water in Nagasaki, JapanȀ
Takeshi ITO, Takashi KUBO and Yuji TAKAO
AbstractȀ Genotoxicities of sediment from three rivers in Nagasaki, Japan were evaluated by the umu-test. The
sediment of the Urakami river, which wastewater treatment plant (WTP) effluent flow in, indicatedgenotoxic activity. The river water of the same site also indicated genotoxicity. Comparing the values perunit weight, the genotoxicity of the sediment was 33 times higher than the river water. On the other
hand, the genotoxicity of sediment which WTP effluent flow in was 2.5 times higher than that ofsediment with relatively high polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from bay.
Key Words: genotoxicity, sediment, umu-test, WTP effluent

1. ŴŝƆŰ

⒚ᕎŬ⟶‫إ‬ŬŒƐЕhistidine ŰƍƐలഐƗईŖůŉȀ ࢆ೘᫿⥧őሁũ࿻⥧ųӹũŰ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻őŇƐЖůŮŭŉŨŤᬃླőŇƐЖᒍ⠂⾱Ŵ 1998 ຮŰઞⷁ᚜⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ŭŴЕࢆ೘᫿⥧ϑࢆ೘ᴥ❹ઐϒƉጪ൜Ⅳᤤ ࢆ ᛂ ᙩ (ISO:ϑ᫿᮷ᴥ❹ઐϒő⬾‫⥧཯׏‬ၬୈƗᇕŋ DNA Ɖᔖ⏣Standardization)ŰƍƏቊឱų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻⟶‫إ‬᠘ŭŜ‫ת‬Ű‫׳‬᰻ŜЕ⬾‫׏‬ೂųἱᩯ௅ᱸƉᔖ⏣‫ת‬ųᱸຓƗ⠪ū቙᰻ŚƑŤ 1ϒЖƃŤЕᎣᒍųԃឱ⠂⾱ᎃ᠘ŏƍŸᴛŚŠƐ⌉ࠡŬŇƐЖ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻Ɨሁũ᫿⥧ő᯼୷Ԅឱ⠂⾱ᎃ᠘ 2, 3ϒЕ.

ԞŰጪޯŚƑЕᰲ᫿ųᰲೊƉᰲᝥŰⵇƔƐ⬾‫׏‬ೂŰƃŬŰ᠀๐ឱƉቊឱůŮŰũŉūųᙲИůୈॠőů

%FПƗԇōƐŭЕᰲ᫿٨‫ת‬ፎƉ↭ᝥठ⌉٨‫ת‬ፎ

ŚƑŤ 4ϡ6ϒЖŭƏƔŖԄឱ‫ޛ‬᮷ୋቊឱŴ⿵ŉ⬾‫׏‬ೂųᣞ൩Ɨ༢Œ⦜ŘŜЕŷŉūŴᰲბ⃁Űᣃߥůཾ⺹ដ࿻ƗṶŞŭୈॠŚƑūŉƐ 7ϡ10ϒЖƗԇōƐठ⌉࿻őŇƐЖ

International

Organizationof)ቊឱ֪ŰƇ⟌⩈ŚƑЕŘƑƃŤЕឱԞŰैƃƑƐ⸀᤼࿻ųᑴᛂࢆळ᫿Ŵໆ⥧⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻Ɨ⟶‫إ‬ŞƐᆉ᠘ŭŜū umu DNA ኒ‫ۋ‬Ű┪ἕŚƑƐŘŭő௒ŉЖ؏ŭŜūЕ⬒ࣻŰ๘ᘤቊ࿻⠂⾱(umu ⠂⾱)őŇƐЖᒍ⠂⾱ŴЕ⠂⾱ᒆⴾő᷵ឱԞų௒᯼␀⽮᎕ᩅࢆឱ⃦⻵(PAHs)Ŵໆ⥧ԞŰ┪ŉЕ⠂⾱ዦ‫׳‬ő‱‫ح‬Еӹ໒Ű௒ፎų⠂፩Ɨ 1 Ỻ⻵ųἕŚƑƐŭŉŋୈॠőŇƐ 11ϡ13)Ж Զ‫ه‬ƎŴ 255 Ỻųࢆळ᫿ų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻Ɨ⟶‫إ‬ŜЕPAHs ƉैἹ⃦᯼Ȋ⴪෴௚೘௚೘ⶓᰲᰶỊ೘ḁἦỊࢽவ߰ᒆ⡄ứȀᬡࢆळ᫿ŰŴ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ƗṶŞƇųő௒ŉŭୈॠŜȊȊ⴪෴௚೘݀षḁἦճᡖX$ПȀūŉƐ 14)ЖŘƑƎųŘŭŐƎໆ⥧ų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻Ɨ⟶ȊȊȊ⴪෴௚೘௚೘ⶓᰲᰶỊ೘ḁἦỊȀ‫إ‬ŞƐŘŭŴ⹡ຓŰᑴႢ∵ŬŇƐЖŜŐŜЕໆ⥧Ŵई⻒ຮᑳᎣȀ ȒȐȐȘ ຮ ȕ ᑳ Ȓ ᎣȀ⃮⋳ដ࿻᫿⥧ᾴų݀ೊ᫿⥧ųలഐŰƍŨū⬾‫׏‬ೂដई᮷ຮᑳᎣȀ ȒȐȐȘ ຮ ș ᑳ Ȓ ᎣȀ࿻ų⟶‫إ‬ő⸀ŜŉŘŭő௒ŔୈॠŚƑūŉƐ 15ϡ18ϒЖŢŘŬᒍḁἦŬŴЕ⴪෴ᶗ‫ݔ‬ųԄឱ‫ޛ‬᮷ୋጪᡖឱ

2.3 ⠂▚

ųᡖܴŞƐ᠀๐ųໆ⥧ŭᡖܴŜůŉ᠀๐ųໆ⥧ų⬾⦡⺱ᠥᇑޯŰ᰻ŉƐ᤼ಈŰŴЕঈ‫▚⃚ܢ‬Ṻų‫׏‬ೂដ࿻Ɨឌ⩂ŞƐŘŭƗᵹᴥŭŜŤЖƃŤЕྤƎ

dichloromethane(DCM)ŏƍŸ ethanol(EtOH) Ɨ᰻ŉƑŤ,П$ŭឌ⩂ŞƐŤƆЕषેᩍų᠀๐⛜ඪឱŏŤ Ж⨸ ᤼ Ű ᰻ ŉƐ ᤼ ಈ Ű Ŵ / NƍŸ PAHs Ɨ௒Ŕैƅᡯଘųໆ⥧ŰũŉūƇ⬾‫׏‬ೂ

dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)Ɨ᰻ŉŤЖ⦡⺱ᠥᇑޯᢌųដ࿻ų⟶‫إ‬Ɨ⛈ŋŘŭŭŜŤЖ⌙ḔŰŴ/N+  Ṻ ų+Ṻų hydrochloric acid(HCl)Ŭ⮮‫ޛ‬᮷ŜŤ%ࢆ೘Ṻų copper Ɨ᰻ŉŤЖ⦡⺱

2. ഃ⾱
2.1 ⠂፩቙इ

ᠥᇑޯᢌų⌙ឱŰŴC(:PᨸŬ 700 ѵŬᩰᅗŜŤ/N⠂፩቙इેᩍƗ figure 1 ŰṶŞЖᡢԃ๐ų቙इે+Ṻų sodium sulfate Ɨ᰻ŉŤЖឱ⠂፩ ų pH ⡋ ፒ Ű Ŵ /  N+   Ṻ ų sulfuricᩍŴԄឱ‫ޛ‬᮷ୋጪᡖऔų⃊ 50 m ԄᡖŬŇƐЖᏦᡀ๐

acid(H2SO4) Ɨ ᰻ ŉ Ť Ж ឱ ⠂ ፩ ų છ ᶃ ᇑ ޯ Ű ŴŏƍŸ⴪ԇ๐ŰŴԄឱ‫ޛ‬᮷ୋጪᡖឱŴᡖܴŜūŉů

WATERS Ṻų Sep-Pak Plus PS-2 Ɨ᰻ŉŤЖŉЖᏦᡀ๐ų቙इેᩍŴ᠀औଘЕ⴪ԇ๐ų቙इેᩍȀ ଢે‫׳‬ᅗŰŴঈ‫▚⃚ܢ‬Ṻų ampicillinЕmagnesiumŴԄᡖଘŬŇƐЖƃŤ൧⒓ِ⏆ୋ⧀ųໆ⥧Ŵឌ⩂ᴥchloride hexahydrate Е 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-pipera-⿵᧌໒ų PAHs ƗैƅŘŭőḽ⠟ŚƑūŉƐЖzinyl]ethanesulfonic acid Е D(+)-glucose Е pottasium⛜ඪໆ⥧⠂፩Ŵ
10ϡ20 m ų

CX5П቙ᠨ੗Ɨ᰻ŉūЕઘ‫ݔ‬Ŭ 3 [ᆃ֫ԃųેᩍų⠂፩Ɨ቙इ

chlorideЕsodium chlorideЕDIFCO Ṻų tryptone Ɨ᰻ŉŤЖŜЕᣉळŜŤЖഃ⾱ഈƃŬŴЕ500 ml BOᰗŰܴƑЕȀ umu ⠂⾱ų⠂⾱⒚ŰŴᚨᡞઞ὚௚೘௚೘ⶓ᯼୷ၬ

5 ѵ֫ԄŬ‫ކ‬ᐡ⩤⫏ŜŤЖŢųྙЕ2 mm ų‘Ɨ⫤ୈḁἦⶓՏ඙ḁἦഈŐƎቹ‫؟‬ŜūŉŤťŉŤ salmo-ŜŤྙЕ.N:-‫ݔ‬ŬഈᣬŬӹᐅ⹜∌ŜŤЖ⛜ඪឱ

nella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 Ɨ᰻ŉŤЖ⠂፩Ŵ5)ŭRП<Ɨ᰻ŉū቙इŜŤྙЕ݀ᠷŉȀ umu ⠂ ⾱ Ű Ŵ ঈ ‫ ▚ ⃚ ܢ‬Ṻ ų o-nitrophenylŜŤ 3 L ❅⏣RXᰗŰỤŜЕ߰‫ޛ‬᮷ƃŬഈᣬŬ‫ه‬b-D-garactopyranoside(ONPG) Е magnesiumೊŜŤЖ

heptahydrateЕdisodium hydrogenphosphate 12-waterЕ

sulfatesodium dihydrogenphosphate dihydrate Е 2-mercapt-

2.2 S9 ŰũŉūethanolЕsodium dodecyl sulfateЕsodium carbonate Ɨ

S9 ŭŴЕ▚߻(Phenobarbital ŭ 5, 6-benzoflavone)᰻ŉŤЖ-S9 ⠂⾱ųⶮ࿻ൖ᪇᫿⥧ŭŜūঈ‫▚⃚ܢ‬ṺƗᆸԇŜū⮫⃦⠪൦ŜŤN(-ų⋋⍿Ɨ኶ޯŜЕŘ

ų 4-nitroquinoline=N-oxide(4-NQO)Ɨ᰻ŉŤЖƃŤЕƑƗṖḂŜū⬤྽޻ⷿŜŤԃᦱᢌųŘŭŬŇƐЖS9+S9 ⠂ ⾱ ų ⶮ ࿻ ൖ ᪇ ᫿ ⥧ ŭ Ŝ ū ঈ ‫ ▚ ⃚ ܢ‬Ṻ ųŰŴ cytochrome P-450 ůŮŰ֩⛜ŚƑƐ⋋⍿ų⮮ࢆ

2-aminoanthracen(2-AA)Ɨ᰻ŉŤЖ⮫⃦⃁őैƃƑūŏƏϓ⠂፩ŰࠦōƐŘŭŬᰲ‫ݔת‬+S9 ⠂⾱ųŤƆŰO

X$P⮫ច๘ᘤų S9ЕƃŬ֩⢥ŚƑūŐƎ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ƗṶŞ᫿⥧ƗᗳޯŬŒŤ:$ПŭŜūঈ‫▚⃚ܢ‬Ṻųb-nicotinamide-ƐЖS9 Ɨ‫؃‬᰻Ŝūŉůŉ⠂⾱Ɨ-S9 ⠂⾱ЕS9 Ɨ‫؃‬᰻adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidized form ŏƍŸŜŤ⠂⾱Ɨ+S9 ⠂⾱ŭॸŻЖᒍḁἦŬŴ ISO 13829

1)

D-glucose-6-phosphate disodium salt Ɨ᰻ŉŤЖŰŜŤőŨū-S9 ⠂⾱Е+S9 ⠂⾱Ɨ⛈ŨŤЖ

2.4 ߰‫ޛ‬᮷
2.4.1 ໆ⥧ų߰‫ޛ‬᮷ᤛᠨ 200 g Ű DCM/EtOH(4:1)200 ml ƗࠦōЕ20 ޻ⴾ⦡⺱ᠥᇑޯŜŤྙŬԃᦱƄƗŭŨŤЖᝡᣦŰ DCM
200 ml ƗࠦōЕ20 ޻ⴾ⦡⺱ᠥᇑޯŜŤЖԃᦱƄƗइƏЕᝡᣦŰ DCM 100 ml ƗࠦōЕ20 ޻ⴾ⦡⺱ᠥᇑޯŜЕ⬤྽޻ⷿŜŤЖŚƎŰЕŘųԃᦱƄƗŭƏЕԃᦱƄƗŞžūळƔŠū⦡⺱ᠥᇑޯᢌŭŜŤЖ⦡⺱ᠥᇑޯᢌŰ sodium sulfate Ɨࠦōū⌙ឱŜЕॎ༢ƒ⬒Ŝū sodium sulfate ƗⶕŉŤЖƒ⬒ྙЕ⮮‫ޛ‬᮷ŜŤ
copper Ŭ⌙ḔŜŤЖ⮮‫ޛ‬᮷Ŵ copper Ɨ 3.5 N ų HCl
Ű 30 ޻ⴾᡰŜū⛈ŨŤЖᜑŰ

5BQП-ЕN2 ॏŒ֞ŖŰƍƏ⦡⺱ᠥᇑޯᢌƗՍછŚŠЕDMSO 1.5

᱘֫ԃЕ೾⯙ⶋ᱘ᒋᤜŭŜЕGAғ0.5 ųŭŒŰ⬾‫׏‬ml Ű⨸᤼ŜŤЖ⨸᤼ྙЕ⠂⾱ᵿ߰ŰឱŬ 12 ҡDMSO

ೂដ࿻Ɨ೾⯙⟶‫إ‬ŜŤЖ⠂⾱ᏦŰŴ⒚ŰൖŞƐᰲ⋠⵼ഐЕᴛ⏣⵼ഐő৭⻧᤼ᢌŰ╾ƆЕumu ⠂⾱Ű‫؟‬ŜŤЖŭůƐЖᰲ⋠⵼ഐŭŴЕ⠂፩ő⠂⾱⒚ųᰲ⋠Ɨలŗ

2.4.2 ឱ⠂፩ų߰‫ޛ‬᮷Ɛ‫׳‬᰻ųŘŭŬŇƏЕŘų໒ळŉŴ Gf Ŭ⛜ŚƑƐЖ⛜ඪឱ 1.5 L Ɨ 5 N H2SO4 Ŭ pH2 Ű⡋ፒŜŤЖᜑGf ő 0.75 ֫ԃųୋळŴᰲ⋠⵼ഐ‫׳‬᰻őůŉŭƄů

Ű acetone 20 mlЕឱ 30 ml Ɨ⫤ឱŜūX,LŜЕŢų IR Ɨ⟶‫إ‬Ű‫؃‬᰻ŜŤЖℊᓨųN:ŰŴŘ

0XŜŤ Sep-Pak Plus PS-2 Ű⫤ឱŜŤ(20 ml/min)Ж

ų IR ƗᴞԩŬ⟌Ş(fig. 2, 3)Ж0.5ҒGfҦ0.75 ųୋळŢųྙЕ⫤ឱŭŴ⫔ᎃ़ŐƎ DMSO 1.5 ml Ŭ᤼ޯŚŴ༾ŉᰲ⋠⵼ഐ‫׳‬᰻őŇƐŭƄůŜЕŢų IR Ɨ⟶‫إ‬ŠŤ(0.15 ml/min)Ж᤼ޯྙЕ⠂⾱ᵿ߰ŰឱŬ 12 ҡŰ‫؃‬᰻ŞƐőЕ೾⯙ŰŏŖƐً⻣࿻ő‫ץ‬ŉƇųŭŜDMSO ᤼ᢌŰ╾ƆŤЖŤЖℊᓨųN:ŰŴŘų IR ƗᴞԂ➩Ŭ⟌ŜŤЖ
GfҦ0.5 ųୋळŴངŉᰲ⋠⵼ഐ‫׳‬᰻őŇƐŭ➃ůŜЕ

2.5 umu ⠂⾱
2.5.1 ⠂⾱ᎃ᠘Ţų IR Ŵ⟶‫إ‬Ű‫؃‬᰻ŜůŐŨŤЖ⟶‫إ‬ŜůŐŨŤ
IR ŴℊᓨųN:ŰṶŜūŉůŉųŬЕᰲ⋠⵼ഐőumu ⠂⾱Ŵឱ᯼୷4X.;(19)ŰᤤᇰŜŤЖƃ1)ŇŨŤୋळŴय᰻⯙Ŭ 3 ᩍşũŇƐB

X-ő 0ϡ2ᩍŰᣞƐЖ

Ť ISO13829 Ɨࣼ≯ŰŜŤЖ
R<QП-ԃŰ 4 ᝵ᴛ⏣⵼ഐŭŴ⠂፩ő⠂⾱Ꮶųᴛ⏣ƗలŗƐ‫׳‬᰻ųⶸų๻⯒ߌƗ‫׳‬ᅗŜЕ⒚ᕎŭ 2 Ꮶⴾቝ➱ŚŠЕŚƎŘŭŬŇƏЕŘƑő⦜ŒƐŭ᰻⯙ő୾ŞŭŭƇŰ IRŰ 37ѵŬ 2 Ꮶⴾųଢ⼯Ŭb-galactosidase ƗᰶᰲŚŠЕő‫ץ‬ԄŞƐЖᴛ⏣⵼ഐő⦜ŒŤୋळЕX<PԞŰŘƑŭः࿈Ŝūᴛ⏣ŞƐ ONPG ƗࠦōЕ28ѵŬ 0.5⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ƗᆴߠŞƐ᫿⥧őैƃƑūŉƐЕƇŜŔᗳᢌŴ 12 % DMSO ŬCᏦⴾųᴛ⏣ः࿈ųŇŭЕ420Ѱ20 nm ŰŏŖƐॎ‫ܢ‬໒Ŵ umuC’-’lacZ ♲ळ$X6⥧ŭ ONPG ųः࿈ƗᆴƗᣯ೾Ŝūb-galactosidase ᰶᰲ⯙Ɨ➃ŤЖōƐ᫿⥧őŇƐŭ≯ōƎƑƐЖ

2.5.2 ⟶‫إ‬ଣᤤ

3. ℊᓨŭ≯ഷ
3.1 ໆ⥧⠂፩ųᣯ೾ℊᓨᒍḁἦŬŴ⠂፩᧌໒(๻⯒᭼)ŏƍŸᣯ೾ŜūྤƎƑŤॎ‫ܢ‬໒ŐƎЕᜑųƍŋŰ➼ῢŜū⟶‫إ‬Ɨ⛈ŨŤЖȀ ⴪෴ᶗ‫ݔ‬ų 3 [ᆃų᠀๐ໆ⥧ų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻Ɨ⟶‫إ‬ŜŤℊᓨƗ figure 2 ŰṶŞЖŤťŜЕᡢԃ๐ųໆ⥧TϖᗳᢌЕSϖ᤼ಈൖ᪇ЕBϖ;NX⠂፩Ŵ߰‫ޛ‬᮷ų᝵ⶸŬRŜŤųŬЕ+S9 ⠂⾱ųƄA595ϖ⒚‫᧌ת‬໒ϑ595 nm ŰŏŖƐॎ‫ܢ‬໒ϒųℊᓨƗṶŞЖ

A415ϖᴛ⏣⯙ϑ415 nm ŰŏŖƐॎ‫ܢ‬໒ϒȀ Ꮶᡀ๐ųໆ⥧Ŵ-S9 ⠂⾱Е+S9 ⠂⾱ŭƇŰ᰻⯙ő 0
Ŭ IRҧ1 Ɨ⫤Ɛ᜽ų‫ی‬ŒųᵿⅣƗ༢ŔŘŭőŬŒşЕ

Growth factor(Gfϖ୾ᝥឌ)ϖ᤼ಈൖ᪇ŰൖŞƐ⒚‫᧌ת‬⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ƗṶŚůŐŨŤЖƃŤЕᰲ⋠⵼ഐƗṶŜ໒ųឌŤŤƆЕ<R(-ፎő൩ůŉЖŘųᰲ⋠⵼ഐųࣧઐ

Gf =ϑA595,T-A595,Bϒ/ϑA595,S-A595,BϒŴ humic acid ᾴő≯ōƎƑŤ 20)Ж⴪ԇ๐ųໆ⥧Ƈ-S9

Color factor(Cfϖᴛ⏣ឌ)ϖ᤼ಈൖ᪇ŰൖŞƐᴛ⏣⯙ų

⠂⾱Е+S9 ⠂⾱ŭƇŰ᰻⯙ő 0 Ŭ IRҧ1 Ɨ⫤Ɛ᜽ųឌ‫ی‬ŒųᵿⅣƗ༢ŔŘŭőŬŒşЕ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ƗṶŚCf =ϑA415,T-A415,Bϒ/ϑA415,S-A415,BϒůŐŨŤЖŚƎŰЕԖ᠀๐ųໆ⥧Ŵ IR ő 1 ƍƏ൧ŚInduction ratio(IRϖb- galactosidase ᰶޯ⠪൦᭼)ϖ᤼ಈŔЕŵƎũŉŤЖŘųࣧઐŴ݀ೊ᫿⥧ųཾ⺹Ŭ⠂⾱ൖ᪇ŰൖŞƐ⒚‫᧌ת‬໒ŇŤƏųᴛ⏣⯙ųឌᏦŰ⠂፩ő᧊ŨūŜƃŨŤŤƆŰ Gf ő୾ࠦŜŤŤIR = Cf / GfƆŭ≯ōŤЖ⬒ࣻŰŉŔũŐųୈॠőŇƐƍŋŰЕᒍḁἦŬŴЕࢻ‫פ‬᰻⯙ƗឱŴ LЕໆ⥧Ŵ g ŭŜŤЖໆ⥧Ŵដ࿻᫿⥧Ɖ݀ೊ᫿⥧ųཾ⺹ŰƍƏ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻Pşũ⠂ų⟶‫إ‬ő⸀Ŝŉ 15)ϡ18)ЖŢŘŬ݀ೊ᫿⥧ŰƍƐలഐ⾱ƗŜŤųŬЕIR Ŵ᰻⯙řŭŰ 3 ᩍşũŇƐЖ↖⨻ƗⶕŔŤƆŰᢌᢌᇑޯŰƍƐ݀ೊ᫿⥧ųⶕࣻƉ:Ű IRЕᚨ⨻Ű᰻⯙ƗŭƏЕ޼᫫Ɨ 1 ŭŜŤ⪫‫ם‬ᵿⅣ

P$ПŰƍƐ᧊ƏųⶕࣻƗ⠂ƄŤőЕ݀Ű᧊ƏŴⶕƗ༢ŔЖŘų⪫‫ם‬ᵿⅣų‫ی‬ŒƗ GA(⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ང໒)ࣻŬŒŤƇųųЕषᏦŰ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻Ɨ‫ץ‬ԄŚŠūŜŭॸŸЕ0.2ҒGAҦ0.5 ųŭŒŰ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻őᗳޯⶋƃŨŤЖŢųŤƆ᮳᝵ⶸŬŴŘųƍŋů⠂፩ų⬾‫׏‬๻⯒٪᭼Ɨ 4 ᝵ⶸŰ޻ŖЕय᰻⯙Ŭ 3ೂដ࿻Ŵ᜽ḽŰ⟶‫إ‬ŬŒůŉЖӹᎃЕᡢԃ๐ųໆ⥧-1࿻Ɨឌ⩂ŞƐŭЕ+S9 ⠂⾱Űŏŉūໆ⥧ų GA Ŵ⛜

Ŵ+S9 ⠂⾱Ŭ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ƗṶŜŤЖGA Ŵ 1.6 g ŬŇඪឱų⃊ 33 ٪ťŨŤЖŘųŘŭŐƎЕԄឱ‫ޛ‬᮷ୋቊŨŤЖŘƑŴⶮ࿻ൖ᪇᫿⥧(2-AA)ኄῢŬ 70 ng asឱő⛜ඪឱऀŸໆ⥧ų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻Űཾ⺹ƗԇōЕᾴ

2-AA/g-dry sediment ᶃའŬŇƐЖ⬒ࣻŰԄឱ‫ޛ‬᮷ୋ⥧⯙ŰŏŉūŴឱ⠂፩ƍƏƇໆ⥧⠂፩ųᎃő⬾‫׏‬ೂ

7, 9, 10)ដ࿻Ŵ⿵ŉŘŭőƔŐŨŤЖGisela ƎŴ๘ᘤቊឱųŉƐŘŭŐƎЕŘƑŴЕᡢԃ๐ųԄឱ‫ޛ‬᮷ୋቊឱųᡖܴŞƐેᩍų᠀๐⛜ඪឱų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻Ɨ⟶‫إ‬ŜЕཾ⺹ŭ≯ōŤЖŢųℊᓨŭषŝેᩍųໆ⥧ų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻Ɨ⟶‫إ‬ŜŤቊឱŴ⿵ŉ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ƗṶŜŤŭୈॠŚƑū

Roubicek ųୈॠ 21ϒŭųឌ⩂Ɨ⛈ŉЕໆ⥧ų⬾‫׏‬ೂ

3.2 ឱ⠂፩ųᣯ೾ℊᓨដ࿻ő⛜ඪឱų⃊ 23ϡ310 ٪ŭůƐፎ‫ځ‬ƗୈॠŜūȀ ໆ⥧ő⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ƗṶŜŤᡢԃ๐ŰŏŉūЕ᠀๐ŉƐ 22ϒЖᅘИųῢޯŜŤ 33 ٪ƇЕŘų⛜ඪឱƗ⟶‫إ‬ŜŤЖℊᓨƗ figure 3 ŰṶŞЖ⛜ඪឱƑŤЖGisela ƎƇŢŋŬŇƐƍŋŰЕໆ⥧ŭឱ⠂፩⠂፩Ŵ-S9 ⠂⾱Е+S9 ⠂⾱ŭƇŰ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ƗṶŜŤЖų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻Ɨឌ⩂ŞƐⷁŰŴ֜ųḁἦ≱ųୈॠŭ

-1

-1

ઘŰैƃ

GA ŴŢƑţƑ 93 L Е48 L ŬŇŨŤЖŘƑƗⶮ࿻ឌ⩂ŞƐŘŭŴŇƐőЕषӹųḁἦ≱őໆ⥧Еឱ⥧ൖ᪇᫿⥧ŰኄῢŞƐŭЕ-S9 ⠂⾱ŬŴ 770 ng asԖᎃų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ų⟶‫إ‬Ɨ⛈ŉЕឌ⩂ŜūŉƐୈॠ

4-NQO /LЕ+S9 ⠂⾱ŬŴ 2200 ng as 2-AA /L ŬŇƐЖŴ⹡ຓŰ൩ůŉЖŢųႢ९ŬƇЕ֔઎ų,П$Ŵ⤷ᡢԃ๐ųໆ⥧ŭ⛜ඪឱų⠂፩ 1 g འŤƏų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ⯗ŭ≯ōƐЖůŏЕŘų᠀๐ឱų⠂⾱ŬŴᰲ⋠⵼ഐŜŤЖGA Ŵ 0.64 L-1 ŬŇŨŤЖŘƑŴⶮ࿻ൖ᪇᫿⥧(2-AA)ኄῢŬ 28 ng/g-dry sediment ᶃའŬŇƐЖ൧⒓ِ⏆ୋ⧀ųໆ⥧ԞŰŴЕPAHs ųԞŬƇ+S9 ⠂⾱Ŭឌ⩂ᴥ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ųངŉ 14) Benzo(a)pyrene ő௒ŔैƃƑūŉŤ(713 ng/g-dry sediment) 23ϒЖ൧⒓ِ⏆ୋ⧀ųໆ⥧ŰŴԄឱ‫ޛ‬᮷ୋቊឱŴᡖܴŜūŏƎşЕPAHsőԬůࣧઐ᫿⥧ŭůŨū⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ƗṶŜŤठ⌉࿻őŇƐЖůŏЕBihari ƎŴ PAHs ųᗳޯŚƑŤࢇ.Oᡯųໆ⥧ų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻Ɨ⟶‫إ‬ŜЕ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻Ŵᗳޯⶋ᱘֫ԃЕ೾⯙ⶋ᱘ᒋᤜŭୈॠŜūŉƐ 25ϒЖ
Ȁ PAHs Ŵ๘ᘤቊឱųᡖƑ⪞ƅឱଘųໆ⥧Ű௒ŔैŴṶŚůŐŨŤЖƃƑƐ᫿⥧ŬŇƐőЕԄឱቊឱųᡖƑ⪞ƅᡢԃ๐ໆȀ ࠦ▭Ǝőẏ௭๐ᶗ‫ ݔ‬21 [ᆃųԄឱ‫ޛ‬᮷ୋቊឱų⥧ų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻Ŵ൧⒓ِ⏆ୋ⧀ųໆ⥧ų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻⟶‫إ‬Ɨ⛈ŨŤŭŘƒЕGA Ŵᗳޯⶋ᱘֫

ƍƏƇ⃊ 2.5 ٪⿵ŐŨŤЖŘųℊᓨŐƎЕŘƑƃŬ

Ԅ(220 L )֫Ԅϡ2800 L ứ໒ƃŬЕᙲИŬŇŨŤ ЖŰ⡋ᔹൖ⤈ŭŚƑūŉƐ๘ᘤቊឱᡖܴેᩍƍƏƇ 11ƃŤЕࠦ▭ƎŴ GA őፎᴟϡ2000 L-1 ứ໒ųԄឱ‫ޛ‬᮷ϡ13)ቊឱőᡖܴŞƐ᠀๐ŰŏŉūЕ᠀๐⛜ඪឱų GA ő⟶‫إ‬őƍƏ⯗❹ŭ≯ōƎƑƐЖ

-1

-1

-1

8ϒ

ЕԄឱ‫ޛ‬᮷ୋቊឱųᡖƑ⪞ƅેᩍų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ų

7ϒ

160ϡ380 L ŭůƐℊᓨƗୈॠŜūŉƐ ЖŘƑŴᒍḁἦŬ⟶‫إ‬ŜŤ᠀๐⛜ඪឱ(GA=93 L-1)ƍƏƇ 2ϡ4

4. ƃŭƆ

٪⿵ŉ‫ځ‬ŬŇƐЖŘƑŴЕᡢԃ๐ŰᡖܴŜūŉƐԄȀ ᒍḁἦŬŴЕŘƑƃŬŰୈॠų൩ůŉ᠀๐Ɖ᠈෎ឱ‫ޛ‬᮷ୋቊឱų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻őឌ⩂ᴥ༾ŉŘŭƉЕŘ⭷ųໆ⥧ų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻Ɨ⟶‫إ‬ŞƐŘŭőŬŒŤЖŚųેᩍőៗឱଘŬŇƏЕᦛួŰƍƐ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻᫿⥧ƎŰЕߍƆū⴪෴ᶗų᠀๐ᾴų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ƗᏀƎŐųᇱፆųཾ⺹ᾴő≯ōƎƑƐЖŘųᩍƗᏀƎŐŰŞŰŜŤЖᡢԃ๐ŬŴໆ⥧Е⛜ඪឱŭƇŰ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ƐŤƆŰŴЕ֔ྙЕԄឱ‫ޛ‬᮷ୋቊឱų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ųƗṶŜŤőЕᾴ⥧⯙ŬŴໆ⥧ųƀŋő⃊ 33 ٪⿵ŉ⬾⟶‫إ‬Ɨ⛈ŋ྿❹őŇƐЖ‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ƗṶŜŤЖ൧⒓ِ⏆ୋ⧀ŭᡢԃ๐ųໆ⥧ų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻Ɨឌ⩂ŞƐŭᡢԃ๐ųໆ⥧ő⃊ 2.5 ٪⿵ŉ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ƗṶŜŤŘŭŐƎЕᒍḁἦŬŴԄឱ‫ޛ‬

3.3 ᠈෎⭷ໆ⥧ųᣯ೾ℊᓨȀ ⬒ࣻųŉŔũŐųୈॠŰƍƐŭЕPAHs ŰŴ+S9⠂⾱Ŭ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ƗṶŞƇųő௒ŉ11, 14, 23ϒЖ᮷ୋጪᡖឱŰैƃƑƐ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻᫿⥧őឌ⩂ᴥངŔ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ŰജԇŜūŉƐŭ≯ōƎƑŤЖƃŤЕȀ ⬒ࣻŰᅘИőᣯ೾ŜŤԞŬឌ⩂ᴥ⿵᧌໒(̍PAHs

PAHs ųໆ⥧Ԟ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ŽųജԇŴŢƑƀŮངŔ

ҧ8572 ng/g-dry sediment)ų PAHs ƗैƅŘŭƗḽ⠟ůŉŘŭőበഷŚƑŤőЕ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ŰԬ❹Űജԇ

ŜūŉƐ

24)

൧⒓ِ⏆ୋ⧀ųໆ⥧ų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻Ɨ+S9ŞƐࢆ೘᫿⥧ų។೾ŰŴ⎒ƎůŐŨŤЖ֔ྙųᑣů⠂⾱Ŭ⟶‫إ‬ŜŤЖℊᓨƗ figure 4 ŰṶŜŤЖƐḁἦŬЕԄឱቊឱԞų⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻᫿⥧ƗᏀƎŐŰȀ ŢųℊᓨЕ൧⒓ِ⏆ୋ⧀ųໆ⥧Ŵ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ƗṶŞƐ྿❹őŇƐŭ≯ōƎƑƐЖ⢥⪈

genotoxicity in soil after long-term wastewaterȀ ᒍḁἦųӹ⭷ŴЕϑ⤨ϒO$ឱО᯼୷Ị೘ሔ⎢⤨

irrigation, Chemosphere, 65, pp.1859-1868 (2006).

ઓų࠯ᅗƗईŖū⛈ƔƑŤЖŘŘŰ⟌Ŝū⢥ႢƗ⛜12) Gisela de A. Umbuzeiro, Fabio Kummrow, DeborahŞЖ

A. Roubicek, Maria Y. Tominaga, Evaluation of thewater genotoxicity from Santos Estuary (Brazil) inࣼ≯፜᭜

relationto the sediment contamination and effluent

1) International Organization for Standardization (ISO),

discharges,

Water quality-Determination of the genotoxicity ofwater and waste water using the umu-test, ISO13829,

Environment

32,

International,

pp.359-364 (2006).
13) V.S. Houk, The genotoxicity of industrial
wastes and effluents, Mutation Research, 277,

ISO/TC147/SC5 (2000).
2) Ꭳᒍឱ⬗ࢷ‫׌‬, ԃឱ⠂⾱ᎃ᠘ (2001).

pp.91-138 (1992).

3) Ꭳ ᒍ Ԅ ឱ ⬗ ࢷ ‫ ׌‬, Ԅ ឱ ⠂ ⾱ ᎃ ᠘ 1997 ຮ ᫬14) Takashi Kubo, Kohei Urano, Hideo Utsumi,
Mutagenicity Characteristics of 255 Environmental(1997).
4) ௚ៈ ᝀ, ᾃ‫ً ݔ‬ៈ, O-ᰲᕎƗ᰻ŉŤ

&P⨸Ụ⮫⃦⿵ᰶE+-ŏƍŸ Ames ⠂⾱ŰƍƐ᠀๐ឱų⬾‫׏‬ដ࿻G0$OX, ឱ᯼୷೘‫׌‬⠞, 20, pp.722-731 (2007).

Chemicals,

Journalof

Health48,

Science,pp.545-554 (2002).
15) Black, J. J., Holmes, M., Dymerski, P. P. andZapisek, W. F., Fish tumor pathology and aromatic5) នߓ ⃩Դ, ೻ഋ ࠥ, ൧⯘ ␀ᑾ, ⭼๵ឱ᯼୷Ԟhydrocarbon pollution in a Great Lakes Estuary,ŰೊૃŞƐ7-⼕ᰲᡐ᱄ᒾų⬾‫׏‬ដ࿻᫿⥧ųO

Environmental Science Reserch, 16, pp.559-565

  ⟶ ‫ إ‬, ឱ ᯼ ୷ ೘ ‫ ׌‬⠞ , 19, pp.847-854(1980).
16) ೲ⭷Ꮐ∤ϓᒦන␣‫ش‬ϓդऔᦋϓԶᓓ᱄ᓊϓ❷ᒪ

(1996).
6) Զ‫ⶰه‬, ᮀㅤ⑱, ⋶ᡅਜ, Տ඙ⶰ࿃, ᡢ⯘⃞ອ,৆᠄ϓᓓԄễㄥ, ᠀๐ໆ⥧ƗG0$OXŞƐumu ⠂⾱ŰƍƐឱ⬗ឱų DNA ኒ‫ۋ‬࿻ང໒ų⟶ŤƆųଣṥᴥᗳ⟂(1)ҵ⎓ᝑ‫׳‬᰻ųᗳ⟂Űũŉū‫إ‬, ᾨ 40 ઎Ꭳᒍឱ᯼୷೘‫׌‬ຮ‫׌‬⢣᥸ⷨ, p.550

ҵϓឱ⥧ៃ᧊ḁἦϓ10ϓpp.123-129 (1987).
17) Fabacher, D. L., Schmitt, C. J. and Besser, J. M.,(2006).
7) ࠦ▭᱄⃆ೂ, Տ඙ⶰ࿃, ൧ᓣ߶, Զ‫ⶰه‬, Ԅឱጪ

Chemical characterization and mutagenic proper-ᡖឱऀŸ᠀๐ឱŰŏŖƐ⬾‫׏‬ೂដ࿻ųഃბᆳኅties of polycyclic aromatic compounds in sedimentᾨ 42 ઎ Ꭳᒍ ឱ ᯼ ୷ ೘ ‫ ׌‬ຮ ‫ ׌‬⢣᥸ ⷨ, p.464

from tributaries of the Great Lakes, Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry, 7, pp.529-543 (1988).

(2008).
8) ࠦ▭᱄⃆ೂ, Տ඙ⶰ࿃, ൧ᓣ߶, ऴ⯘ễऴ, ᡢ⯘18) Grifoll, M., Solanas, A. M., Pares, R., Centellas, V.,⃞ອ, umu ⠂⾱Ɨ᰻ŉŤ DNA ኒ‫ۋ‬ᰲང໒ų⟶‫إ‬,

Bayona, J. M. and Albaiges, J. Assessment ofᾨ 41 ઎Ꭳᒍឱ᯼୷೘‫׌‬ຮ‫ ׌‬⢣᥸ⷨ, pp.204

mutagenic(2007).

Barcelona, Toxicity Assessment, An International9) ᒉ␎ᵿễ, ᰲᡐ᯼୷Ԟų௅ᱸࣧ᫿⥧ų޻ⷿष೾

activityofcoastalsediments

Off

Journal, 3, pp.315-329 (1988).

ŭŢƑƎų⌭᳠ᴛᰲŭųⵇ⫭ŰⵇŞƐḁἦ, ᯼19) Ꭳᒍឱ᯼୷೘‫׌‬, ឱ᯼୷4X.;(, (2006)

୷௅ᱸࣧḁἦ, 25, pp.93-100 (2003).

20) Akemi Abe and Kohei Ueno, Interactions of10) R. Crebelli, L. Conti, S. Monarca, D. Feretti, I.

Sediment

Contaminations

in

the

TestingofZerbini, C. Zani, E. Veschetti, D. Cutilli, M.

Mutagenicity, Water Schience and Technology, 30,

Ottaviani,pp.139-144 (1994).

Genotoxicity

of

the

disinfection

by-products resulting from peracetic acid or hypo-21) Roubicek DA, Estrategias para avaliacao dachlorite disinfected sewage wastewater, Water

genotoxicidade de sedimentos, Departamento de

Research, 39, pp.1105]1113 (2005).

Toxicologia e Analises Toxicologicas, Sao Paulo

11) Y.F. Song, B.-M. Wilke, X.Y. Song, P. Gong, Q.X.

Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, 125 (2003).

Zhou, G.F. Yang, Polycyclic aromatic hydro-

22) Gisela de A. Umbuzeiro, Fabio Kummrow, Deborah

carbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

A. Roubicek, Maria Y. Tominaga, Evaluation of theand heavywater genotoxicity from Santos Estuary (Brazil) in

metals (HMs) as well as theirrelation to the sediment contamination and effluent
discharges, Environment International, 32, pp.359364 (2006).
23) Gary C. Barbee, John Barich, Bruce Duncan, John
W. Bickham, Cole W. Matson, Christopher J. Hintze,
Robin L. Autenrieth, Guo-Dong Zhou, Thomas J.
McDonald, Leslie Cizmas, Dale Norton and Kirby C.
Donnelly,

In

situ

biomonitoring

of

PAH-Ȁ

contaminated sediments using juvenile coho salmon(Oncorhynchus

kisutch),Ecotoxicology

andEnvironmental Safety (2008).
24) ௚ળᏀള, Մ๑᠈෎ໆ⥧Ԟųᑴഐᑴᛂࢆळ᫿ៃ
ᔖQ>Pŭᴛᰲᤣųበ೾, ⴪෴௚೘᯼୷Ị೘⭷ࢵᘤ⡢፜ (2007).
25) Nevenka Bihari, Maja Fafandel, Bojan Hamer,
Blanka Kreji-Bilen, PAH content, toxicity andgenotoxicity of coastal marine sediments from the
Rovinj area, Northern Adriatic, Croatia, Science of
the Total Environment, 366, pp.602-611 (2006).

π೘⛋⡢፜ρᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿ųྭ᯼ߓ᰻Ű़ŖŤଯ⋓ŏƍŸᑴᛂᢌ⋓ŰƍƐ⸑℗5NXG,Pųᙩ;⴪෴ᶗƗ՚؏ŭŜū;⬤▭ŴƐ௭ңОԞᒪȀ ِңң

Supply and Demand Analysis Model of Compost and Liquid Organic Fertilizer
for Circulative Utilization of Organic Waste in Nagasaki Prefecture
Haruna ENDO and Osamu NAKAMURA

AbstractȀ As the result of fertilizer and feed importation the region has lead to material imbalance. A possible
measure to alleviate this situation is to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and promote theintra-regional circulation of substances by returning livestock excreta, raw garbage, and human waste
to agricultural fields. In this study we presumed the use of liquid fertilizer as nitrogenous fertilizer,
based on the scenario that we use the compost from organic wastes as priority and aim thetrial-calculated demand-and-supply balance in Nagasaki prefecture. The result was as follows.

Wheneach compost and liquid fertilizer is used individually, the supply leeds to excessive in many areas, whilein the scenario of standardized of compost volume and liquid fertilizer is used as nitrogenous fertilizer,
the entire volume organic waste generation can be returned to agricultural fields, except for some areas.
This indicates that it is important to design a system to use multiple recycled substances combined, inorder to promote the intra-regional circulation of organic waste.
Key Words : organic waste, compost, liquid fertilizer, nitrogenous fertilizer, demand-and-supply balanceɠϔŴŝƆŰȀ

ᣉळŜЕ⮫⃦߻ųᣍࠦŭఖឪᴥᴛ⮫ŰƍŨūᑴᛂᢌŰ़ŖūЕᙲИůᎃ῁Ŭ໠ᖶ᫿⋓Ɨ✲⫪ŞƐᎇ⟝ƇἄࡗŜūŉƐЖƃŤЕ✼ፎųFųᑴ࠿ᡐ᰻őŏŘůƔƑūŉƐЖᬃŰЕᅘőઞų໠

$Xᴛ⮫ᎇ⟝ŬŴЕᴛ⮫ᝡᣦŭŜūųᡵࢆᢌƗᑴᛂᖶ᫿ᴛᰲ⯙ųࢭ޻֫ԃƗࣃƆƐᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿ų⬭᜽ᢌ⋓ŭŜūߓ᰻ŜūŉƐЖྭ᯼૭Ṻ‫׌‬ųᙩůߓᡐ᰻Ŵ⯗❹ů⡄⻧ŬŇƐЖഓᱤ₯ඍƉ࣬⏶⻵ųᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿Ɨ⪘ેŰ⭈‫ܜ‬ŞƐŘŭŬྭ᯼ߓ᰻Ɨଯ⋓ࢆŴकŔŐƎᐆऀŜūŉƐᆉ᝵ŬŇƐЖŘųƀઙƒŋŭŞƐŘƑƎų⠂ƄőŇƐӹᎃŬЕӹ⭷ųેŐЕŜඍƉᡙࢆᚉៃᠨЕഓᱤ₯ඍᾴƗࢻᬾŇƐŉŴଘŬŴഓᱤ₯ඍƉࢆ೘⋓፩ůŮų⬒ࠃᎇ᰻ŰƍŨūીணőៃᔖŚƑƐŭŉŋ৭⻧őᰲŝūŉƐЖ⩤ܴ⼥Ȋ⴪෴௚೘௚೘ⶓᰲᰶỊ೘ḁἦỊࢽவྙᒆ⡄ứȀ፩Ɖࢆ೘⋓፩ų‫؃‬᰻ŰƍƏЕ᫿⥧ő┪ἕŞƐŘŭő

ȊȊ⴪෴௚೘௚೘ⶓᰲᰶỊ೘ḁἦỊȀŷŭũųࣧઐŭŜūሃ኶ŬŒƐЖેଘ‫ݔ‬ų᫿⥧ऄጟई⻒ຮᑳᎣȀ ȒȐȐȘ ຮ ȕ ᑳ ȑ ᎣȀƗ઎ྫྷŞƐԃŬƇЕᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿Ɨ᱄ᒾŭŞƐଯ⋓ई᮷ຮᑳᎣȀ ȒȐȐȘ ຮ ș ᑳ Ȓ ᎣȀƉᑴᛂᢌ⋓ų⸑℗5NXƗᆳኅŞƐŘŭŴ⯗❹ŬŜЕᑴᛂᢌ⋓Ɨࢆ೘Ἱ⃦⋓፩ų֩ᑮŭŜū᰻ŉƐŘŇƐЖᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿Ɨ⪘ેŰ⭈‫ܜ‬ŞƐⷁų⸑℗5NXŭƗႊ೾ŞƐЖຽŔᐆऀŜūŉƐଯ⋓Ɨ܎‫ܡ‬Ŝū᰻ŰⵇŞƐḁἦŭŜūŴЕŘƑƃŬἹ⃦⯙ƗଣᤤŰŜŉЕŚƎŰᑴᛂᢌ⋓ųߓ᰻Ɨ⫋ࠦŜŤⷁų⸑❹‫℗؟‬ū⸑❹⯙ŭ‫⯙℗؟‬Ɨ➼ῢŞƐG,Pųᙩő⠂ƄƎ

5NXŰũŉūЕ⴪෴ᶗƗൖ⤈ŭŜū⠂ῢŜŤЖƑūŉƐЖ⑘๮Ǝ(2001)őቹṶŜŤG,PŴЕᑴᛂᒍḁἦŰŏŖƐ⸑℗5NX⠂ῢųᓬ⃾ƄƗઙ 3 Ű࿻໠ᖶ᫿ŐƎଯ⋓Ɨ✲⫪ŜЕἹ⃦⋓፩ŭŜūᱝЕᓨṶŞЖᚳળЕ᫽⑓ેŰᎇ᰻ŞƐŘŭƗႊ೾ŜūŉƐϑઙ 1ϒЖᒍἇųᙩᅗŴᜑų⫤ƏŬŇƐЖƃşᾨ 2 ὯŬŴЕྙ▭Ǝ(2004)ŰƍƐG,PŬƇषŝŔଯ⋓ࢆőႊ೾ᒍḁἦų⋨ᐇŭůƐેଘ‫ݔ‬᫿⥧ऄጟų৭⻧ᩍŭЕଯŚƑūŏƏЕଯ⋓ŭŜūųᎇ᰻ŭἹ⃦⋓፩ŭŜūų⋓Оᑴᛂᢌ⋓ųᬃ࿻Űũŉūፒ᮷ŞƐЖᜑŰᾨ 3 Ὧᎇ᰻Ɨ⃾ƄळƔŠŤ✼ፎų/Oőᗳ⟂ŚƑūŉŬŴЕଯ⋓ŏƍŸᑴᛂᢌ⋓ų‫⯙℗؟‬Űũŉū⠂ῢŞƐЖƃŤྙ▭ƎŴЕμᦓૃᴥůν⸑❹⯙ƗῢޯŞƐŘƐЖᾨ 4 ὯŬŴଯ⋓ŏƍŸἹ⃦⋓፩ŭŜūųᑴᛂᢌŭƗᵹᴥŭŜūឱ᱃Ŭųଯ⋓ߓ᰻Ƈ⋓ų⸑❹⯙Űũŉū⠂ῢŞƐЖᾨ 5 ὯŬŴ‫⯙℗؟‬О

X-ŜūŉƐЖϑઙ 2ϒЖ⸑❹⯙ų⠂ῢℊᓨƗƇŭŰЕଯ⋓ŭᑴᛂᢌ⋓ƗŢƑ
ᑴ
ᛂ
࿻
໠
ᖶ
᫿

ţƑࢻᬾŬߓ᰻ŞƐୋळŭ⃾ƄळƔŠūߓ᰻ŞƐୋᱝଯŅŅʝʥἹ⃦⋓ŅŅʝʝ⋓፩ʦळų‫ݜ‬ᰲߓ᰻᭼ų௅ࢆƗƄƐЖᑯྙŰᾨ 6 ὯŬŴЕᓨᚳળበ➼ℊᓨƗፒ᮷ŜЕᎀŤůG,PųᬃླƗƃŭƆƐЖ᫽⑓ેἹ⃦⋓፩Ǌƹǈᎇ᰻ឱ᱃Ȁઙ ȑȀ ⑘๮ƎŰƍƐG,PȀ
ᑴ
ᛂ
࿻
໠
ᖶ
᫿

ᱝ
ଯŅŅЁଯ⋓Ђ⋓ʝʝʝʝʝʝʝʝʝЁἹ⃦⋓፩Ђ

࣬⏶⻵

ƹඍ

ᡙࢆᚉៃᠨ

᫵₯

⤇₯

ㄗ₯

ેଘƶǊǐᴛᰲ⯙በ➼ᓨᚳળેଘƶǊǐ‫׳‬᫿ߏ‫⹥֞׳‬ἕેଘƶǊǐ⸑❹⯙በ➼⴪෴ᶗᎇ⋓ଣᤤ

ğłĳńĢĩࢆ᭼

ᢌ⋓ࢆ᭼ѱ
Ἱ⃦ैᑴ⯙

ଯ⋓ᎇ᰻⯙

Ἱ⃦⋓፩
ᎇ᰻⯙

ଯ⋓
‫⯙℗؟‬

Ἱ⃦⋓፩
‫⯙℗؟‬

ଯ⋓
⸑❹⯙

Ἱ⃦⋓፩
⸑❹⯙

᫽⑓ે

ଯ⋓ƬǪǕἹ⃦⋓፩Ǌƹǈᎇ᰻ឱ᱃Ȁઙ ȒȀ ྙ▭ƎŰƍƐG,PȀŘƑƎų‫⛈ܡ‬ḁἦŬŴᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿Ɨ᱄ᒾŭŞƐଯ⋓ųƄő‫ڬ℗؟‬ų❹⃦ŭŜūइƏԃŗƎƑЕᑴᛂ⃾ǡळǱƽǍǪǭ
ଯ⋓ѕᢌ⋓⸑❹⯙ઙ ȓȀ ⸑℗5NX⠂ῢųᓬ⃾ƄȀᢌ⋓ŰũŉūŴႊ೾ŚƑūŉůŉЖƃŤЕଯ⋓ƗμἹƐŘŭŴЕ⪘ᘤų᮳ୋŰŏŉūŴ≯ōŰŔŉŭŉŋɡϔḁἦų⋨ᐇȀɡϔɠȀ ેଘŰŏŖƐ᫿⥧ऄጟų৭⻧ᩍŰŏŉūЕ᮳ഃ࿻ƗᜐŉŤG,PŬŇƐŭሃ኶ŬȀ ⪫ຮЕḒ⮮࿻Ἱ⃦ŏƍŸիḒ⮮࿻Ἱ⃦ŰƍƐેԄŒƐЖឱៃᔖőܷઞᴥů৭⻧ŭůŨūŉƐЖ⴪෴ᶗŬŴЕ⃦⋓፩νŭŜū᰻ŉƐŘŭƉЕឱ᱃Ŭଯ⋓Ɨߓ᰻Şଯ⋓Ƈᑴᛂᢌ⋓Ƈᑴᛂ⥧⋓፩Ű޻⻵ŚƑƐőЕ߰෥ࣧࢭ෥ેଘŰŏŉūેԄឱԞŐƎ᯼୷ଣᤤƗ⦡⬒≱őⅲ࠿࿻ŬŇƐųŰൖŜЕྙ≱Ŵ⫩࠿࿻Őũឌ⩂ŜŤḒ⮮࿻Ἱ⃦ŏƍŸիḒ⮮࿻Ἱ⃦őᗳޯŚƑūŉᴥ⿵ŉ⋓࠿ƗṶŞϑ⪘නᥪᒪ፜ࢆࢷ‫׌‬,2007ϒЖഃⷁƐЖອᅗ 18 ຮ 10 ᑳŰ῁೾ŚƑŤμ෥ࣧࢭ෥Ἱ⃦⤧ų⪘ᘤߓ᰻ŰŏŉūŴЕŘųᬃ࿻ų๡ᱸƗߓ᰻ŜūЕ⑟߭ᣞ➼ᱎνŰƍƐŭЕḒ⮮࿻Ἱ⃦ųԬ❹ůࣧઐ᫿ଯ⋓ŭᑴᛂᢌ⋓Ɨ྿❹Ű࿈ŝ⃾ƄळƔŠūߓ᰻ŞƐ⥧Ŵഓᱤ₯ඍŭ⋓፩ŏƍŸᰲᡐቊឱԞųἹ⃦ᅗ޻ŭŘŭŬЕᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿Ɨ᱄ᒾŭŞƐ⋓፩ųߓ᰻ᇱ௚ŚƑūŉƐЖࣧઐ᫿⥧ųᴛᰲ⯙Ŵഓᱤ₯ඍőᑯƇ௒ƗઙƐŘŭőŬŒƐŭ≯ōƎƑƐЖŔЕŘƑŰℱŔᎇ⋓ŭळƔŠƐŭܷ‫ת‬ų 9 ࠅƗࣃƆŢŘŬᒍḁἦŬŴЕƍƏ⪘ᘤߓ᰻ų᮳ഃŰ࣍ŜŤЕūŉƐЖ෥ࣧࢭ෥ેଘŰŴᱤᰶ⪘ഓőⷨԞŜūŏƏЕᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿ųྭ᯼ߓ᰻⯙Ɨᇱ௚ŞƐŘŭőŬŒƐ

ഓᱤ₯ඍųᴛᰲ⯙őᶗ‫ݔ‬ŬƇἱޯŜūŉƐЖેଘ‫ݔ‬⸑℗5NXG,PųᙩƗ⠂ƄŤЖŘųG,PŬų⪘ેő྿❹ŭŞƐ֫ԃų₯ඍƉ⋓፩őીணŰԇōŴЕᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿ŐƎଯ⋓ŭᑴᛂᢌ⋓ųԖᎃƗ✲⫪ƎƑƐŘŭŬЕḒ⮮࿻Ἱ⃦ŰƍƐៃᔖőᰲŝūŉƐŭ≯ōƎƑƐЖȀ ŜŐŜЕŘŘŬᶰᵹŞžŒŘŭŴЕଯ⋓ŭἹ⃦⋓Ȁ ऴ᱃(2004)ŴЕŘƑƗ᫿⥧ྭ᯼ų৭⻧ŭŜūማōЕ፩ŬŴ⋓፩ŭŜūų࿻⥧Ƈፆ๶ųႢ∵ƇᱸůƐŭŉ⩤ܴ᧌ࣦ⼥፩ůŮ⃁௎ŐƎᆸܴŚƑŤ⼯޻ő₯ඍŭŋᩍŬŇƐЖ⴪෴ᶗŬŴἹ⃦ଣᤤᎇ⋓⯙ųƀŐŰଯŜū⮥⪘ୋŰ┪ἕŜЕ⼥⼯⻚ፎő୾ࠦŞƐŭ⮥⪘ୋ⋓ଣᤤᎇ᰻⯙ő೾ƆƎƑūŏƏЕᱝ‫׳‬ŬŴŘƑŰྠŐƎ⼯޻őᤰƑޯŜū᯼୷ៃᔖőᰲŝƐŭ⠾ᏀŜūŨūଯ⋓ŭἹ⃦⋓፩ųԖᎃő᰻ŉƎƑūŉƐЖŉƐЖȀ ଯ⋓Ŵ⋓࠿ų᮳ƑᎃőⅲƉŐŬϑⅲ࠿࿻ϒЕીணųࢆ೘⋓፩ŰⵇŜūƇषᙲųŘŭőሃ኶ŬŒƐЖഓઓ⁬ࢆƗ‫ر‬ŞůŮųᬃླőŇƐЖଯ⋓ųᎇ᰻ŴЕ⋓

ᱤ⼥፩Ɖࢆ೘⋓፩ŴŢųࣧ፩ų௚⭷޻Ɨᡯ௎ŐƎų፩࠿ᓨƗᒆྒŞƐƍƏƅŜƒೲ೾ŜŤીணƗ‫׳‬Ɛᵹ⩤ܴŰ⻣ŨūŉƐЖଘ௎ŐƎᆸܴŚƑŤ⼯޻ŴഓᱤᴥŬ⛈ƔƑƐŘŭő௒ŉЖӹᎃųᑴᛂᢌ⋓ŴЕ⋓࠿٨‫ת‬Ɖ⪘‫׳‬᫿ŽỤ⛈ŞƐƀŐЕ₯ඍŭŜūŇƐŉŴ

őឌ⩂ᴥ⿵ŔЕƃŤ᮳ƑᎃőᎧŉϑ⫩࠿࿻ϒЖŘų࿻⬒ࠃᎇ⋓ŰƍƏ᯼୷ԞŰ┪ἕŞƐЖഓᱤƉ⪘‫׳‬᫿Ž⥧ŐƎЕἹ⃦ƗԬ‫ת‬ŭŞƐᑴᛂᢌ⋓Ŵࢆ೘Ἱ⃦⋓፩Ụ⛈ŜŤ⼯޻Ŵ։ⴾų⼕፩ŭŜūᡵ⤾ŚƑЕƉőūų֩ᑮŭŜūߓ᰻ŞƐŘŭőŬŒƐЖŜඍŭŜūቊޯŚƑƐЖŜŐŜЕŘƑƎųഓᱤ₯ඍȀ ƃŤЕԞᒪƎ(2005)Ŵଯ⋓ŭᑴᛂᢌ⋓ųፆ๶ŰŐƉŜඍőଘ௎ŽЕƃŜūᡯ௎Ž⬏ŸޯŚƑƐŘŭŴ

ŐƐᆉⴾƉ⤾᰻ŰƇᶰᵹŜЕŢųᬃ࿻Ɨፒ᮷ŜūŉůŔЕᡯ௎ŐƎᡖܴŞƐ᫿⥧ő┪ἕŞƐŵŐƏŬŇ

ƐЖԞᒪƎŴЕଯ⋓ųߓ᰻ŰⵇŞƐᑯ௚ų৭⻧őЕƐЖԂ⩞Ǝ(1989)Ŵ⼕፩ųᰲᰶƉ⩤ܴŰŭƇůŋἹŢųፆ๶ŰŐŐƐ࠺ࠡŏƍŸ⤾᰻ŬŇƏЕŘųŤƆ⃦ųࡗბƗበ೾Ŝϑઙ 4ϒЕ⩤ܴųᇱ௚ŰƍŨūઞીŰឱ᱃Ŭųଯ⋓ߓ᰻ő⫶ƘŬŉůŉŘŭƗሃ኶ŜūųOŉƐЖŢųԃŬЕᑴᛂᢌ⋓Ɨឱ᱃Ŭߓ᰻ŞƐୋळŴ

Pഖ⯙Ɨ⦡ōŤἹ⃦őᡖܴŜŤŭሃ኶ŜūŉƐЖፆ๶ųᆉⴾƉ⤾᰻őŐŐƎůŉŘŭŐƎЕᑴᛂᢌ⋓Ȁ ેଘ‫ݔ‬ų᫿⥧ऄጟƗ઎ྫྷŞƐŤƆŰŴЕ⩤ܴ⼥፩ųឱ᱃ߓ᰻ųठ⌉࿻Ɨ⿵Ŕ⟶‫إ‬ŜūŉƐϑઙ 5ϒЖƉࢆ೘⋓፩ų‫؃‬᰻ƗᣞƎŜЕଘ௎ŐƎų᫿⥧ųᡖܴƗᆴōƐŘŭő྿❹ŬŇƐЖેଘ‫ݔ‬ųᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿
Ɨ᱄ᒾŭŞƐ⋓፩ų⸑❹ŭ‫℗؟‬ų5NXƗᆳኅŞƐŘŭőŢųᾨӹᝃŭůƐЖ

ᑴ
ᛂ
࿻
໠
ᖶ
᫿

ଯ⋓

ᱝ
ᓨᚳળ

ᑴᛂᢌ⋓

᫽⑓ે
ឱ᱃

ʯʳʶ
Ņ ʰʵʳ

ʳʯ
ʯʴʳ

ʴ

ʮʱʰ

⩤Ņޯ
ƿǐ֜
ʳʲ

ʮʯ
ᱤᰶᘤ
ʶʰ
ʴʯʱ

ࢆ೘⋓፩
ʳʵʰ

ʮʲʶ

ʮʲʴ
⼕ᰲᡐ
ʮʲʱ
ʳʱʲ

ઙ ȕȀ ԞᒪƎŰƍƐG,PȀ

ʮʲʯ

ࠦ๘ᘤ
ʱʭ

ʰʭʶ

⩤ ʳʶ
ܴ
⼕
⼥ ʳʶ
፩
ʴʶʴ

Ἀ⻵‫ه‬Ῥ
ʵʲ

ʮʭ

ʴʭ
ʮʯʮ

ʯʱʯ

ઞ
‫ݔ‬
ᰲ
ᰶ
⼕
⼥
፩
ʴʮʵ

ʮʯʮ

᯼୷Ё⪘ેǴैǢЂʮʱʲʲ⪘‫׳‬᫿ᝡᣦʮʲʭȀ ֫ԃŰ⪾žƐƍŋŰЕଯ⋓ŭᑴᛂᢌ⋓ųᬃ࿻Ŵ⋓࠿⹥ŬƇዦ‫⹥׳‬ŬƇ௚Œů๡ᱸőŇƏЕ⬭ŞƐ‫؃‬᰻ᎃ᠘ƇᱸůŨūŉƐЖयИųᬃ࿻Ɨ✠೵ŞƐƍŋŰ
ଯ⋓ŭᑴᛂᢌ⋓Ɨ⃾ƄळƔŠƐŘŭŬЕᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ
᫿ųྭ᯼ߓ᰻ƗƍƏ‫⫶ر‬ŬŒƐŭ≯ōƎƑƐЖƍŨūᒍḁἦŬŴЕᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿ŐƎଯ⋓ŭᑴᛂᢌ⋓ųԖᎃƗ✲⫪ŜЕᑴᛂᢌ⋓ŰũŉūŴἹ⃦⋓፩Ɨ֩ᑮࢻ‫פ‬Ѕ㈣ࢦËöઙ ȔȀ ⼕፩‫℗؟‬ŰŏŖƐἹ⃦ųࡗბȀ Ꮥঈ ȕȗ ຮȀȀ ŞƐƇųŭŜūߓ᰻ŞƐПƗႊ೾Ŝū⠂ῢƗ⛈ŋŘŭŭŞƐЖȀȈԂ⩞ƎϓȑșȘșȉȀ

ɡϔɡȀ ଯ⋓ŭᑴᛂᢌ⋓ųᬃ࿻Ȁɢϔଯ⋓ŏƍŸᢌ⋓ų‫℗؟‬ठ⌉⯙በ➼ᎃ᠘ȀɢϔɠȀ ࣬⏶⻵᱄ᒾų‫℗؟‬ठ⌉⯙ȀȀ ᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿ųྭ᯼ߓ᰻ᎃ᠘ŭŜūЕଯ⋓ࢆŴຽȀ ࣬⏶⻵Ɨ᱄ᒾŭŞƐଯ⋓ŏƍŸᢌ⋓‫℗؟‬ठ⌉⯙ŴЕŔ᰻ŉƎƑūŉƐᆉ᝵ŬŇƐЖᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿ų⸑℗֫ԄųŭŏƏῢޯŜŤЖ

5NXŰⵇŞƐ‫⛈ܡ‬ḁἦŬŴЕ໠ᖶ᫿ųଯ⋓ࢆƗȀ ଯ⋓‫℗؟‬ठ⌉⯙ m ŴЕय๵ᱍųອᅗ 16 ຮ໒ӹ⎽ႊ೾ŜЕଯ⋓ԞųἹ⃦ैᑴ⯙ŭЕἹ⃦ଣᤤᎇ⋓⯙Ő໠ᖶ᫿Ԟųठ᪫řƄऄⷨ⯙ aϑ᯼୷ᶌ,2007ϒŰЕठƎឺƆŤ⪘ેŰŏŖƐἹ⃦ųईܴठ⌉⯙ƗƇŭŰ⠂᪫řƄԞų࣬⏶⻵ųࠅळ bϑ⟫ 1ϒŭXB-ࢆῢő⛈ƔƑūŉƐЖ᭼ cϑ⑘๮Ǝ,߰ብᑧϒƗԾŝŤ(1)༜ŐƎῢޯŜŤЖȀᢌ⋓‫℗؟‬ठ⌉⯙ n ŴЕᢌ⋓ࢆ‫ޛ‬᮷Ɨᤛ༜F$Xᴛ

Ȁ m=aѱbѱcȀ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ (1)⮫ᎃ༜ŰƍŨū֫ԄųŭŏƏŰበ➼ŜŤϗ

b=0.377, c=0.11

ે࢝řŭųഓᱤ₯ᴛᰲ⯙ i Űࢻ‫פ‬ŇŤƏ(1t)ᢌ⋓ᴛᢌ⋓‫℗؟‬ठ⌉⯙ n ŴЕᢌ⋓ࢆ‫ޛ‬᮷Ɨᤛ༜F$Xᴛ

ᰲ᭼ d ŭἹ⃦ैᑴ᭼ eϑ⪘ᰶᥪᒪ፜ࢆḁἦ‫׌‬,߰ብᑧϒ⮫ᎃ༜ŰƍŨū֫ԄųŭŏƏŰበ➼ŜŤϗठ᪫řƄƗԾŝŤ(6)༜ŐƎῢޯŜŤЖa Ԟų࣬⏶⻵ųࠅळ b ŰЕᤛ༜F$Xᴛ⮫ᎃ༜Ŭųࢻ‫פ‬ŇŤƏ(1t)ᢌ⋓ᴛᰲ᭼ d ŏƍŸἹ⃦ैᑴ᭼ eϑ൧Ȁ n=hѱiѱdѱeȀ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ (6)๐ᱍ,2006ϒƗԾŝŤ(2)༜ŐƎῢޯŜŤЖ

d=0.9, e=0.005

n=aѱbѱdѱeȀ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ (2)Ȁ Ȁ b=0.377, d=0.11, c=0.002

Ȁ ֫ԃųƍŋŰῢޯŜŤ‫℗؟‬ठ⌉⯙ŐƎЕଯ⋓‫℗؟‬ठ⌉⅘⯙ M Ŵ(8)༜ŰƍƏЕᢌ⋓‫℗؟‬ठ⌉⅘⯙ N Ŵ(9)༜Ű⛜ŚƑƐЖɢϔɡȀ ŜඍŏƍŸᡙࢆᚉៃᠨ᱄ᒾų‫⯙℗؟‬ȀȀ ŜඍŏƍŸᡙࢆᚉៃᠨƗ᱄ᒾŭŞƐଯ⋓ŏƍŸᢌMҧѾm⋓‫℗؟‬ठ⌉⯙ŴЕ֫ԄųŭŏƏῢޯŜŤЖNҧѾnȀ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ(7)Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ(8)Ȁ ଯ⋓‫℗؟‬ठ⌉⯙ m ŴЕय๵ᱍųອᅗ 16 ຮ໒ŜඍОᡙࢆᚉៃᠨऄⷨ⯙ fϑ᯼୷ᶌ,߰ብᑧϒŰЕછ཯޻⯗⯙ g ŭXB-ࢆ᭼ c ƗԾŝŤ(3)༜ŐƎῢޯે࢝řŭųଯ⋓‫℗؟‬ठ⌉⯙Ɨઙ 6 ŰЕᢌ⋓‫℗؟‬ठ⌉⯙Ɨઙ 7 ŰṶŞЖŜŤЖʭ

m=fѱgѱcȀ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ (3)ʲʭʩʭʭʭ ʮʭʭʩʭʭʭ ʮʲʭʩʭʭʭ ʯʭʭʩʭʭʭ ʯʲʭʩʭʭʭ ʰʭʭʩʭʭʭ
˱ʬ˶ˢ˞˯

⴪෴❷ྉᓎ

g=0.02, c=0.75ᶗ௡෥ࣧȀ ᢌ⋓‫℗؟‬ठ⌉⯙ n ŴЕᢌ⋓ࢆ‫ޛ‬᮷Ɨఖឪ࿻ᡵࢆᎃ

‫ק‬ԏ‫ه‬༜ŰƍŨū֫ԄųŭŏƏŰበ➼ŜŤϗ

࣬⏶⻵

ᶗࢇ

ƹඍѕᡙࢆᚉៃᠨգ෥᫵₯ࢻ‫פ‬ŇŤƏϑ1tϒᢌ⋓ᴛᰲ᭼ d ŭἹ⃦ैᑴ᭼ eϑᗫ஻ය⤇₯᱃ᱍ,2005ϒƗԾŝŤ(4)༜ŐƎῢޯŜŤЖൖ⽷ㄗ₯ŜඍОᡙࢆᚉៃᠨऄⷨ⯙ f ŰŏŖƐછ཯޻⯗⯙ g Ű

ઙ ȖȀ ଯ⋓‫⯙℗؟‬ȀȀ nҧfѱgѱdѱeȀ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ (4)Ȁ

g=0.02, d=1.0, e=0.002

ʭ

Ȁ

ʲʭʭ

ʮʩʭʭʭ

ʮʩʲʭʭ

ʯʩʭʭʭ

ʯʩʲʭʭ
˱ʬ˶ˢ˞˯

⴪෴ɢϔɢȀ ഓᱤ₯᱄ᒾų‫⯙℗؟‬Ȁ❷ྉᓎᶗ௡ഓᱤ₯Ɨ᱄ᒾŭŞƐଯ⋓ŏƍŸᢌ⋓‫℗؟‬ठ⌉⯙ŴЕ෥ࣧેଘřŭϑ⟫ 2ϒųഓᱤ⼥⼯ፎ hϑՌ᫵Е⊽᰻᫵Е⤇Е቙࣏ㄗЕ;R‫ק‬ԏ‫ه‬NПϒϑ⴪෴ᶗ,2006bϒŰᱤỺ

࣬⏶⻵

ᶗࢇ

ƹඍѕᡙࢆᚉៃᠨ

ߏຮⴾ₯ቊޯ⯙ iϑ⟫ 3ϒƗԾŝūഓᱤ₯ųᴛᰲ⯙ŭգ෥ŜЕ֫ԄųŭŏƏῢޯŜŤЖ

஻ය

⤇₯

ൖ⽷

ㄗ₯

Ȁ ଯ⋓‫℗؟‬ठ⌉⯙ m Ŵે࢝řŭųഓᱤ₯ᴛᰲ⯙ i Ű
XB-ࢆ᭼ cϑ⴪෴ᶗ,2006bϒƗԾŝŤ(5)༜ŐƎῢޯŜŤЖ᫵₯Ȁઙ ȗȀ ᑴᛂᢌ⋓‫⯙℗؟‬ϑἹ⃦ኄῢϒȀȀɣϔଯ⋓ŏƍŸἹ⃦⋓፩⸑❹⯙በ➼ᎃ᠘ȀȀ ଯ⋓ŏƍŸἹ⃦⋓፩⸑❹⯙ŴЕ֫ԄųŭŏƏῢޯȀ mҧhѱiѱcc=0.6

Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ

(5)

ŜŤЖ
ଯ⋓⸑❹⯙ q ŴЕय๵ᱍŰŏŖƐ‫׳‬᫿řŭų‫֞׳‬⹥ἕ jϑ⪘ᓣឱᰶᶌ;-ϒŰЕ⴪෴ᶗőƃŭƆūŉƐᎇ⋓ଣᤤϑ⴪෴ᶗ,2004ϒŰଣŪŔ 10aʭŇŤƏųଯ⋓ᎇ⋓⯙ k ƗԾŝŤ(9)༜ŰƍƏῢޯŜʯʭʭʩʭʭʭ

ʱʭʭʩʭʭʭ

ʳʭʭʩʭʭʭ

ʵʭʭʩʭʭʭ

ʮʩʭʭʭʩʭʭʭ
˨ˤʬ˶ˢ˞˯

⴪෴

ŤЖ

❷ྉᓎ
ᶗ௡

qҧjѱk

෥ࣧ

(9)

‫ק‬ԏ‫ه‬ᶗࢇȀ Ἱ⃦⋓፩⸑❹⯙ r ŴЕ‫׳‬᫿řŭų‫⹥֞׳‬ἕ j ŰЕ

ឱ᱃
ᱝ
ᓨᚳળ
᫽⑓ે

գ෥

⴪෴ᶗᎇ⋓ଣᤤŰଣŪŔ 10a ŇŤƏųἹ⃦ᎇ᰻⯙ l஻යƗԾŝŤ(10)༜ŰƍƏῢޯŜŤЖൖ⽷ઙ șȀ ᑴᛂᢌ⋓⸑❹⯙ϑἹ⃦ኄῢϒȀ

rҧjѱl

Ȁ

(10)

य‫׳‬᫿ųଯ⋓ŏƍŸἹ⃦⋓፩ųᎇ⋓ଣᤤŴ⛜ 1 ŰṶŞŭŏƏŬŇƐЖҰμឱ᱃νŴỾ‫׳‬ЕμᱝνŴㅩ⻵]⣻⻵]ŐƘŜƌ]Ţŵ]Ԭ❹⯘⒦ȑȔ ফᵹ]⑊ЕμᓨᚳળνŴԬ❹ᓨᚳ Ș ফᵹЕμ᫽⑓ેνŴ⼥፩‫׳‬᫿ų⸑❹⯙ƗṶŞȀ

‫⹥֞׳‬ἕƗⷨ➼ŜŤųŴឱỾЕㅩ⻵Е⣻⻵ЕŐƘ⛜ ȑȀ ‫׳‬᫿řŭųᎇ⋓ଣᤤȀŜƌЕŢŵЕԬ❹⯘⒦ 14 ফᵹϑŵƑŉŜƌЕťŉŘƘЕŰƘŝƘЕŚŭŉƇЕŴŔŚŉЕH>)Е
ƀŋƑƘŢŋЕQ$ЕŲœЕŤƃŲœЕŒƊŋƏЕůŞЕ-C-Е9ПCXϒЕԬ❹ᓨᚳ 8 ফᵹϑᣬ๑ƄŐƘЕŢų֜ᔔᛀ⻵ЕŸƔЕ;.
ЕůŜЕƇƇЕ:PП)ЕŢų֜ᓨᚳϒЕ⑊Е⼥፩‫׳‬᫿ŬŇƐЖᎇ⋓ଣᤤŰũŉūŴЕμŢų֜ᓨᚳνųᎇ᰻⯙ŰũŉūŴԬ❹ᓨᚳųອૐ‫ځ‬ƗЕ⼥፩‫׳‬᫿ŰũŉūŴय‫׳‬᫿ųອૐ‫ځ‬Ɨଣᤤᎇ᰻⯙ŭŜŤЖůŏЕឱ᱃Žųଯ⋓ߓ᰻Ŵ᮳ഃᴥŰŴ≯ōŰŔŉŘŭŐƎЕŘŘŬŴឱ᱃ųଯ⋓⸑❹⯙Ŵ➼ԃŜūŉůŉЖ֫ԃųᎃ᠘ŰƍƏῢޯŜŤે࢝řŭųଯ⋓⸑❹⯙Ɨઙ 8 ŰЕἹ⃦⋓፩⸑❹⯙Ɨઙ 9 ŰṶŞЖʭʲʭʩʭʭʭ

ʮʭʭʩʭʭʭ

ʮʲʭʩʭʭʭ

ʯʭʭʩʭʭʭ
˱ʬ˶ˢ˞˯

⴪෴
❷ྉᓎ
ᶗ௡

‫׳‬᫿स
ឱỾ
ㅩ⻵
⣻⻵
ƭǵƹǩ
ƿǒ
ǒǮƦƹǩ
ǂƦƵǵ
Ǎǵƺǵ
ƷǊƦǤ
ǑƱƷƦ
°æÜÇ
ǝƨǮǵƿƨ
ïÂ¼
Ǐư
ǁǠǏư
ƯǧƨǬ
ǌƻ
ËáË
×іáö
ᣬ๑ǡƭǵ
ƿǐ֜ᔔᛀ⻵

ǕǱ
ÙÌ©
ǌƹ
ǤǤ
°©§ØîіÇ෥ࣧ‫ק‬ԏ‫ه‬

ƿǐ֜ᓨᚳ
⑊

ᶗࢇ

⼥፩‫׳‬᫿

գ෥

ᱝ
ᓨᚳળ
᫽⑓ે

஻ය
ൖ⽷

ઙ ȘȀ ଯ⋓⸑❹⯙

Ȁ

ᎇ⋓ଣᤤ
‫≯ۂ‬
ଯ⋓
Ἱ⃦
˱ʬ˥˞
˨ˤʬ˥˞
ʭ
ʵʭ ỳ␎Ụᗪѕᐆ⫤ᒆᕛଢयỺǐອૐ‫ځ‬ʮʭʴʲʮʯʰʭ ௚⣻ǐ‫ځ‬
ʮʲ
ʲʭ
ʲ
ʯʭ
ʮʲ
ʮʰʭ
ʯʭ
ʯʭʭ
ʯʭ
ʯʭʭ
ʯʭ
ʯʭʭ
ʯʭ
ʰʭʭ
ʯʭ
ʰʭʭ
ʯʭ
ʯʭʭ
ʯʭ
ʯʰʭ
ʯʭ
ʯʲʭ
ʯʭ
ʯʲʭ
ʯʭ
ʯʲʭ
ʰʭ
ʰʭʭ
ʯʭ
ʮʯʭ
ʯʭ
ʰʲʭ
ʰʭ
ʮʵʭ ⸹ેᕛଢѕयᚳㆹǐອૐ‫ځ‬ʰʭʯʴʭ ׄ՗®ö⻵яàö®ö⻵яÒ©¼áі¶ÆËǐອૐ‫ځ‬ʯʭʮʴʭ यᚳㆹǐອૐ‫ځ‬ʯʭʳʭ यᚳㆹǐອૐ‫ځ‬ʯʭʮʳʭ यᚳㆹǐອૐ‫ځ‬ʯʭʲʭ यᵹ᚜ऄ⯙ǐອૐ‫ځ‬ʯʭʮʴʭ यᚳㆹǐອૐ‫ځ‬ʯʰʮʲʮ ԃ⟌Ԭ❹ᓨᚳǐອૐ‫ځ‬ʯʭʯʵʭ यᚳㆹǐອૐ‫ځ‬ʯʭǊƨǤǯƵƹяÀî¯ãя±Î¥³ì¼яðі½³ì

ʮʶʭ ¼я«öÓ²я௚ㅩя§Âí¥ö³ì¼ǐອૐ‫ځ‬Ȁɤϔ⸑℗5NXųበ➼ℊᓨȀɤϔɠȀ ࢻᬾߓ᰻ųୋळȀȀ ᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿ųܷ⯙Ɨଯ⋓ࢆƃŤŴᢌ⋓ࢆŜŤୋळų⸑℗5NXƗઙ 10О11 ŰṶŞЖ⴪෴ᶗܷ‫ת‬Ŭųଯ⋓‫⯙℗؟‬ő 646,168t/ຮ(7)Еᢌ⋓‫⯙℗؟‬őἹ⃦⯙ኄῢŬ 6,426t/ຮ(8)ŬŇƐųŰൖŜЕଯ⋓⸑❹⯙Ŵ 506,261t/ຮ(9)ЕἹ⃦⋓፩⸑❹⯙Ŵ 5,535t/ຮ(10)ŬŇƏЕŉşƑƇ‫⯙℗؟‬ő⸑❹⯙Ɨԃ઎ŨūŉƐЖ‫℗؟‬ų‫⟣ݔ‬ŴЕଯ⋓Ŵ᫵₯ŭㄗ₯Ű᱄ᒾŞƐƇųő௒ŔЕᑴᛂᢌ⋓ŴŜඍŏƍŸᡙࢆᚉៃᠨŭ᫵₯Ű᱄ᒾŞƐƇųő௒ŉЖેଘřŭų‫⯙℗؟‬ŬŴЕଯ⋓Оᑴᛂᢌ⋓ŭƇŰ෥ࣧેଘŬų‫⯙℗؟‬őἱޯŜūŉƐЖ

஻ය

ᶗࢇ

ൖ⽷

ϡʭʫʲ
ʭʫʲϡ
ʮʫʭϡ
ʮʫʲϡ
ʯʫʭϡ

‫ק‬ԏ‫ه‬⸑❹⯙ő௒ŉેଘŴ෥ࣧЕᶗ௡ેଘŬŇƐЖᬃŰᑴ❷ྉᓎᛂᢌ⋓ų⸑❹⯙Ŵឱ᱃ŭ᫽⑓ે⹥ἕųຽŉેଘŬ௒ŔůŨūŏƏЕᢌ⋓ų⸑❹⯙ŭឱ᱃О᫽⑓ે⹥ἕų

ᶗ௡

գ෥
⴪෴

ᶃⵇƗ՗ႊŚŠƐЖ෥ࣧȀʭʯʭʭʩʭʭʭ

ʱʭʭʩʭʭʭ

ʳʭʭʩʭʭʭઙ ȑȒȀ ܷ⯙ଯ⋓ࢆųୋळų⸑℗ឌȀʵʭʭʩʭʭʭ
˱ʬ˶ˢ˞˯Ȁ࣬⏶⻵ƹඍᡙࢆᚉៃᠨ

⸑❹⯙

᫵₯
஻ය

⤇₯
ㄗ₯

ᶗࢇ

ϡʭʫʲ
ʭʫʲϡ
ʮʫʭϡ
ʮʫʲϡ
ʯʫʭϡ

‫ק‬ԏ‫ه‬

ൖ⽷

‫⯙℗؟‬

ᶗ௡
❷ྉᓎ

Ȁ

գ෥

⴪෴

ઙ ȑȐȀ ଯ⋓ų⸑℗5NXϑᶗܷ‫ת‬ϒȀ

෥ࣧ

Ȁ
ʭ

ʯʩʭʭʭ

ʱʩʭʭʭ

⸑❹⯙

ʳʩʭʭʭ

Ȁ

ʵʩʭʭʭ
˱ʬ˶ˢ˞˯ઙ ȑȓȀ ܷ⯙ᢌ⋓ࢆųୋळų⸑℗ឌȀ࣬⏶⻵ƹඍᡙࢆᚉៃᠨ

ɤϔɡȀ ⃾ƄळƔŠߓ᰻ųୋळȀ᫵₯⤇₯Ȁ ߰⺿Ŭų⠂ῢℊᓨŐƎЕᶗ‫ݔ‬ųેଘƗ 4 ũŰ޻⻵ㄗ₯ŞƐŘŭőŬŒƐЖŞůƔŦЕ໠ᖶ᫿ųܷ⯙Ɨଯ⋓ࢆƃŤŴᢌ⋓ࢆŜŤⷁŰЕଯ⋓Ƈᢌ⋓Ƈ‫ࠃ⬒℗؟‬ų‫⯙℗؟‬ેଘϑ❷ྉᓎЕ෥ࣧЕᶗࢇϒŬŇƐ Type1Еଯ⋓őȀઙ ȑȑȀ Ἱ⃦⋓፩ų⸑℗5NXϑᶗܷ‫ת‬ϒȀ‫ࠃ⬒℗؟‬ŬŇƐőᢌ⋓őԆ⦦ŞƐેଘϑ஻යϒŬŇƐ Type2Еଯ⋓őԆ⦦Ŝᢌ⋓ő‫ࠃ⬒℗؟‬ųેଘϑ⴪෴Е‫ק‬ԏ‫ه‬Еൖ⽷ϒŬŇƐ Type3Еଯ⋓Ƈᢌ⋓ƇԆ⦦ŞƐેଘϑᶗ௡Еգ෥ϒŬŇƐ Type4 Ű޻ŖƎƑᜑŰЕ‫℗؟‬ŰൖŞƐ⸑❹ųឌϑ֫ԄЕ⸑℗ឌϒƗƄūŉŔЖयેଘŰŏŖƐଯ⋓ų⸑℗ឌƗઙ 12 ŰЕƐЖय⻵૭ŰඤŞƐેଘŴЕ⛜ 2 Űፒ᮷ŞƐŭŏƏŬŇƐЖᢌ⋓ų⸑℗ឌƗઙ 13 ŰṶŞЖ⛜ ȒȀ ⸑℗5NXŰƍƐેଘ⻵૭Ȁ⸑℗ឌő 1.0 Ɨ⦡ōūŉƐŭŒЕܷ⯙Ɨ⪘ેŬई

ᢌ⋓⬒ࠃʝ

ᢌ⋓Ԇ⦦ʝ

(10)ϕ(8)Ҧ1.0(10)ϕ(8)Ҩ1.0ʝଯ⋓⬒ࠃʝ

ˑ˶˭ˢ㈍ʝ

ˑ˶˭ˢ㈎ʝ

ેଘřŭų⸑℗ᙩ⫪ƗƄƐŭЕଯ⋓ࢆųୋळŴ❷(9)ϕ(7)Ҧ1.0❷ྉᓎѕ෥ࣧѕᶗࢇʝ஻යʝྉᓎЕ෥ࣧЕᶗࢇЕ஻යųयેଘŬ‫ࠃ⬒℗؟‬ŭůŨଯ⋓Ԇ⦦ʝ

ˑ˶˭ˢ㈏ʝ

ˑ˶˭ˢ㈐ʝ

ūŏƏЕᬃŰ෥ࣧЕᶗࢇųԖેଘŬŴ⸑℗ឌő 0.5(9)ϕ(7)Ҩ1.0

⴪෴ѕ‫ק‬ԏ‫ه‬ѕൖ⽷ʝᶗ௡ѕգ෥ʝ

ŖܴƑƐŘŭőŬŒƐőЕᶗܷ‫ת‬ųଯ⋓ų⸑℗ឌŴ
0.78ϑ(9)ϕ(7)ϒЕᑴᛂᢌ⋓ų⸑℗ឌŴ 0.86ϑ(10)ϕ(8)ϒŬŇƐЖʝ߰ྙŭ‫ץ‬ŔůŨūŉƐЖᢌ⋓ࢆųୋळŴᶗ௡Еգ෥Е஻යƗⶕŔેଘŬ⸑℗ឌő 1.0 ƗԄ઎ƏЕ‫ࠃ⬒℗؟‬Ȁ ᮳ᬡŬŴЕᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿ų‫ݜ‬ᰲߓ᰻᰻⫞ŭŜūŴᬡბƗṶŜūŉƐЖଯ⋓őຽŔᡰ⫙ŜūŉƐŘŭŐƎЕଯ⋓ࢆƗ܎‫ܡ‬ŞƐƀŋőƍƏḽഃŰ‫ݜ‬ᰲߓ᰻᭼ų़ԃőᒆྒŬŒƐ፩ų֩ᑮŭŜū᰻ŉƐŘŭƗႊ೾ŜŤᎀŤůG,Pŭ≯ōƎƑƐЖƍŨūŘŘŬŴЕଯ⋓ų‫℗؟‬ő⬒ࠃŰũŉūᗳ⟂ŜŤЖ⸑❹⯙በ➼ŰŇŤŨūŴЕឱ᱃ŭůƐ Type1 ŏƍŸ Type2 ųેଘŰŏŉūЕଯ⋓ŽŴଯ⋓Ɨᎇ᰻ŜůŉƇųŭŜūŏƏЕ⪘ᘤߓ᰻ųŭŜūईഖŚƑůŉƇųƗᢌ⋓ࢆŜЕἹ⃦⋓፩ŭŜ᮳ഃŰůƐžŔ࣍ŜŤᒺֵƗ⟝೾ŜŤЖᒍḁἦŰŏŉūᙩū‫℗؟‬ŞƐПƗႊ೾ŜŤЖůŏଯ⋓ࢆų܎‫⻀ܡ‬‫פ‬ŴЕ⥊ᒩųᆢŉƉŞŚŭӹ⎽ᴥůᐆऀᬡ᠊ŐƎ 1)

ŜŤG,PųᬃླŴᜑųŭŏƏŬŇƐЖ᫵₯Е2)ㄗ₯Е3)⤇₯Е4)࣬⏶⻵Е5)ŜඍŏƍŸᡙΟᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿ŐƎଯ⋓ŭᑴᛂᢌ⋓Ɨ✲⫪ŜЕयИࢆᚉៃᠨŭŜЕᢌ⋓ࢆų܎‫פ⻀ܡ‬ŴŘų⫔⻀ŭŜŤЖų‫℗؟‬ठ⌉⯙Ɨ⠂ῢŞƐЖȀ Řų/OŰଣŪŉū⠂ῢŜŤℊᓨЕ❷ྉᓎેΠᑴᛂᢌ⋓Ŵࢆ೘ळᅗἹ⃦⋓፩ų֩ᑮŭŜūߓ᰻ŞଘŬŴ᫵₯ŭㄗ₯ųܷ⯙ŭ⤇₯ųӹ⭷őЕŢų֜ųƐƇųŭŜū⸑❹⯙Ɨ⠂ῢŞƐЖેଘŬŴ᫵₯ųӹ⭷őଯ⋓ŭŜūईഖŚƑƐŘŭő

Ρឱ᱃Ŭųଯ⋓ᎇ᰻ŴṶŚƑŤЖᝡƏų໠ᖶ᫿Ɨᢌ⋓ࢆŜἹ⃦⋓፩ŭŜū

X-ŠşŰ⸑❹⯙Ɨ⠂ῢŞƐЖ‫℗؟‬ŞƐୋळЕᑴᛂᢌ⋓ų⸑℗ឌŴŞžūųેଘŬ΢ଯ⋓ų⸑❹⯙ƗᤜŤŜЕ‫޻ࠃװ‬Ɨᢌ⋓ࢆŞƐƇų

1.0 Ɨԃ઎ŨŤЖଯ⋓ࢆƗ܎‫ܡ‬ŜЕᑴᛂᢌ⋓ŭ⃾ƄŭŜūЕଯ⋓ŭᢌ⋓Ɨ⃾ƄळƔŠūߓ᰻ŞƐⷁųळƔŠūߓ᰻ŞƐୋळŴЕଯ⋓ų‫ࠃװ‬őᴛᰲŞƐ⸑℗5NXƗᆳኅŞƐЖ

Type1 ŭ Type2 ųેଘƇैƆᶗ‫ݔ‬ŞžūųેଘŰŏŘųG,PƗ᰻ŉū⴪෴ᶗƗൖ⤈Ű⸑℗5NX

ŉūЕᴛᰲŞƐᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿ųܷ⯙Ɨଘ‫ݔ‬ų⪘ેŬų⠂ῢƗ⛈ŨŤℊᓨЕଯ⋓ƗࢻᬾŬߓ᰻ŞƐୋळųईഖŬŒƐŘŭő޻ŐŨŤЖᶗܷ‫ת‬Ŭų⸑℗ឌŴ 0.78Еᑴᛂᢌ⋓ųୋळŴ 0.86

ŘųŭŒųयેଘŰŏŖƐ⸑℗ឌƗઙ 14 ŰṶŞЖŬŇƏЕŉşƑƇ⪘ે⭈‫ܜ‬ŬŒƐ໠ᖶ᫿ųࠅळŴᶗůŏЕેଘřŭųଯ⋓ŏƍŸᢌ⋓ų‫℗؟‬ठ⌉⯙ŭ⸑ܷ‫ת‬Ŭ 9 ࠅứ໒ŬŇŨŤЖ⸑℗ឌŴેଘřŭųŵƎ

❹⯙Еࢻᬾߓ᰻Ꮶų⸑℗ឌЕ⃾ƄळƔŠߓ᰻Ꮶų⸑ũŒő௚ŒŔЕࢻᬾߓ᰻ųୋळŴ⪘ે⭈‫ܜ‬ŬŒƐ໠℗ឌŰũŉūŴ๮ᒌ⥊፩Ɨࣼ᪇ŚƑŤŉЖᖶ᫿ųࠅळőࢭ޻ŰᤜŤůŉેଘƇŇƐЖӹᎃЕଯ⋓ųଣᤤᎇ⋓⯙ƗᤜŤŜЕŐũἹ⃦⋓፩ŭŜūᑴᛂᢌ⋓Ɨ᰻ŉƐ⃾ƄळƔŠߓ᰻ųୋळŴЕŞžūųે

஻ය

ᶗࢇ

ൖ⽷

ଘŬ໠ᖶ᫿ųܷ⯙Ɨ⪘ે⭈‫ܜ‬ŬŒƐŘŭőṶŚƑŤЖ

ϡʭʫʲ
ʭʫʲϡ
ʮʫʭϡ
ʮʫʲϡ
ʯʫʭϡ

‫ק‬ԏ‫ه‬Ȁ ⴪෴ᶗƗ؏ŰŜŤበ➼ųℊᓨŐƎЕᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿
ų⪘ે⭈‫ܜ‬ŰŇŤŨūŴЕଯ⋓ŭᢌ⋓Ɨ⃾ƄळƔŠūߓ᰻ŞƐŘŭŬŢųߓ᰻᭼Ɨ़ԃŚŠƐŘŭőŬ

ᶗ௡ŒƐŘŭőṶ৏ŚƑŤЖેଘ‫ݔ‬ŬᴛᰲŞƐ໠ᖶ᫿Ɨ❷ྉᓎ⬭᜽Ű⪘ેŰ⭈‫ܜ‬ŜЕࢆ೘⋓፩ų‫؃‬᰻⯙Ɨ߭ᣞŞƐգ෥ŘŭŬЕଘ௎ŐƎų᫿⥧ᡖܴƗᆴߠŞƐŘŭőŬŒ

⴪෴෥ࣧƐЖŘųŘŭőЕેଘ‫ݔ‬ų᫿⥧ऄጟƗ઎ྫྷŜЕ᯼୷ȀŽų⤧⑟Ɨ߭ᣞŞƐŘŭŰ↷őƐЖ᪖ᒍᶗනㅖ๵ŴЕອᅗ 16 ຮŰμනㅖ๵5ઙ ȑȔȀ ଯ⋓ȍᢌ⋓⃾ƄळƔŠߓ᰻ŰŏŖƐ⸑℗ឌȀҰ❷ྉᓎО෥ࣧОᶗࢇО஻යŴἹ⃦⋓፩ų⸑℗ឌЕŢƑ֫௎ųેଘŴଯ⋓ų⸑℗ឌƗṶŜūŉƐȀ

Ȁ

X$ПνƗ་⟝ŜŤЖŘųᎇ⟝ŬŴЕ๵‫ݔ‬ŬᴛᰲŞƐഓᱤ₯ඍЕ࣬⏶⻵Е⪘ᘤⷨⓠቊឱៃᠨƗऄⷨŜЕଯ⋓ࢆŭF$Xᴛ⮫ŰƍƐᢌ⋓ࢆƗ⛈ŨūŉƐЖɥϔᒍḁἦųƃŭƆȀȀ ᒍḁἦŬŴЕᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿Ɨ᱄ᒾŭŞƐଯ⋓ŏƍŸᑴᛂᢌ⋓ŰũŉūЕŢųߓ᰻Ɨᇱ௚ŞƐŤƆųᎀŤů⸑℗5NXG,Pųᙩ



C

Ɨ⠂ƄŤЖ

ŘƑƃŬᗳ⟂ŚƑūŒŤG,PŬŴЕμᢌ⋓ࢆνŭ
ŉŋᆉ᝵őႊ೾ŚƑūŏƎşЕƃŤЕଯ⋓ųߓ᰻ᎃ᠘Űũŉūഃⷁų⪘ᘤߓ᰻ŬŴ≯ōŰŔŉᒺֵųԄŬ⠂ῢŚƑūŉŤЖŢŘŬᒍḁἦŬŴЕᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ
᫿ŐƎଯ⋓ŭᑴᛂᢌ⋓Ɨ✲⫪ŜЕᑴᛂᢌ⋓ƗἹ⃦⋓⪘ഓų྿❹Ű࿈ŝūଯ⋓ŭᢌ⋓Ɨ‫℗؟‬ŞƐŘŭŬЕ᯼୷‫ܷه‬૭⪘ᘤųበ⫶ŰइƏ⃾ƘŬŉƐЖŘƑŴЕ໠ᖶ᫿‫ޛ‬᮷ŭેଘ‫ݔ‬᫿⥧ऄጟų઎ྫྷƗԖ὚ŞƐŘŭőŬŒƐߠ໒⟝➼ųఖ؏ŭŉōƐťƒŋϑනㅖ๵ųइ⃾ƄŰũŉūŴ߰ୈ(⬤▭Ǝ,2008)Ɨࣼ᪇ŚƑŤŉϒЖᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿ųྭ᯼ߓ᰻Ɨ‫⫶ر‬ŞƐŤƆŰŴЕ‫ݜ‬ᰲߓ᰻᰻⫞ų⃾ƄळƔŠŭŉŋᴛႊŭЕ⪘ᘤߓ᰻ųഃⷁƗ⧘ƃōŤߠ໒⟝➼ő྿❹ŬŇƐЖᒍḁἦŬᙩŜŤG,PőЕྭ᯼૭Ṻ‫׌‬ųᙩƗᵹሃŞેଘŰŭŨūŷŭũųᗳ⟂ᒩ፩ŭůƐŘŭƗᒆྒŜŤŉЖ޻ųࡗბϓીų‫ڣ‬ໜŭ᫿⥧ྭ᯼ϓpp117-140ϓᎣᒍીண⋓፩Ị೘‫׌‬ⅱᑴᛂ⃁໠ᖶ᫿⥊ᤣྭ᯼+Eḁἦ‫׌‬ⅱⓦ(2006)5ųᆭ⛋ŭ+Eϓpp129ᠫ⯒Ȁᑴᛂ⥧⥊ᤣࢆበ⫶‫׌‬⣔(1997)ᑴᛂ໠ᖶ᫿⥊ᤣࢆ௚՚݇

1ϒ፜᭜ብ⩈‫(ځ‬դԃϓ2000)ųອૐ‫ځ‬Ɨ቙᰻ŜŤЖऴ᱃፜ঈ(2004)ྭ᯼૭Ṻ‫׌‬ϓ

2ϒŘŘŬųેଘ࢝޻Ŵμ⴪෴ᶗ5

CC$П<N⪘ᓣឱᰶᶌ;?ПϓƔőC&]ƔőENҥ๵ᱍᒪųXνϑ⴪෴ᶗ,2006bϒŰྠŨūЕ⴪෴ϑ⴪෴๵ϒ
Е❷ྉᓎ

ౙҥ

ϑ❷ᡯ๵Е⴪ԇᱍЕᏦᡀᱍϒЕᶗ௡ϑ⡷Ꭷ๵Е௚ᒪ๵Е(http://www.toukei.maff.go.jp/shityoson/index.html)

ᓊྉᓎᱍЕ๐ᗌᱍЕᠥ‫➃ק‬ᱍϒЕ෥ࣧϑ෥ࣧ๵Е⸇֟๵Еࢺ෥ࣧ๵ϒЕ‫ק‬ԏ‫ه‬ϑ‫ק‬ԏ‫ه‬๵ϒЕᶗࢇϑອᅻ๵Еᓓᡢ๵Еៈ⪨ᱍЕㅖᱍᱍЕ‫ק‬ИᱍЕ൧‫⥃ځ‬ᱍϒЕգ෥ϑգ෥๵Еᎀԃգ෥ᱍϒЕ஻යϑ஻ය๵ϒЕൖ⽷ϑൖ⽷๵ϒų 9 ેଘŭŜŤЖ3ϒՌ᰻᫵ŴኰՌ᫵ЕՍՌ᫵Е⋠ᅗ᫵ųອૐƗŭƏ 12.7t/⻚Е⊽᰻᫵Ŵ⊽᰻ỺЕೂइƏ᰻ЕՌ᰻ỺųອૐƗŭƏ
6.8t/⻚Е⤇Ŵ⋓⋠⤇Е↭ᝥ⤇ųອૐƗŭƏ 0.9t/⻚Е቙࣏ㄗŴⷽЕᅗㄗųອૐƗŭƏ 35.5t/ࢦ≅ŭŜŤϑ⴪෴ᶗϓ
2006bϒЖȀࣼ≯፜᭜Ȁ⑘๮‫ش‬Ն]Ⰻᒉ␣ऩ]⏾ᒉৱẁ(2001)ᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿ųᑴ࠿ߓ᰻Ű़ŖŤXB-✲ফų⸑❹‫℗؟‬5NXų➮ᓠϡႪᷭᶗƗൖ⤈ŭŜūϡϓ᯼୷Ị೘‫׌‬⠞ 14(4)ϓ
pp367-371
դԃⷦԂ(2000)ᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿ųXB-ų᮳ᬡŭ⡄⻧ϓ᯼୷ᆭ⛋ 29(3)ϓpp182⬤▭ŴƐ௭]Ԟᒪِ]ࠡᝀᶜ᮷ೂ(2008)⛈ጫԬ൦ŰƍƐF$Xᴛ⮫ᎇ⟝ų՚؏⡋ᔹϓ⴪෴௚೘⅘ळ᯼୷ḁἦ 10(2)ϓ
pp25-35൧๐ᱍ(2006)5 C:ПNE in ൧๐ 2006 ⮑๶⥊፩᯼୷ᶌ(2007)ӹ⎽໠ᖶ᫿‫ޛ‬᮷ഃბ⡋ᔹℊᓨྙ▭࿁]᷻᱃ⓤᑳ(2004)ᑴᛂ࿻໠ᖶ᫿ųᑴ࠿ߓ᰻ŰŏŖƐᦓૃᴥů⸑❹‫℗؟‬5NXų޻ᓠŭŢų᯼୷⤧⑟߭ᣞ࠿ᓨϡẫ෥ᶗƗ՚؏ŭŜūϡϓ᯼୷݀ᰲ 9ϓpp61-69
ᗫ᱃ᱍ(2005)ᾨ 1 ઎ᗫ᱃ᱍᢌ⋓:ПNE⮑๶⥊፩Ԟᒪِ]‫߶▭ק‬ण]᱃Ԟ೻ᡥ(2005)ྭ᯼૭Ṻ‫཯׌‬ᅗŰ़ŖŤᑴᛂᢌ⋓ųឱ᱃ߓ᰻ųठ⌉࿻;ଯ⋓๵ୋŭᑴᛂᢌ⋓๵ୋŭųឌ⩂ḁἦ;ϓ⴪෴௚೘⅘ळ᯼୷ḁἦ 7(1)ϓ
pp13-24
⴪෴ᶗ(2004)⴪෴ᶗ⪘ᓣᘤଣᤤᆭ⛋⴪෴ᶗ(2006a)෥ࣧࢭ෥Ἱ⃦⤧⑟߭ᣞ➼ᱎ⴪෴ᶗ(2006b)⴪෴ᶗ5 CC$П<NX⪘නᥪᒪ፜ࢆࢷ‫(׌‬2007)⋓፩ОીũŔƏ⥊ᒩ௚՚݇ϓpp323
Ԃ⩞᷂௝⭩]ස‫ܜ‬ᏀԶ(1989)Ɣőઞų⼕⼥፩‫℗؟‬Ű‫ו‬ŋ⼯๮ᒌ⥊፩Ȁ
ӟ‫⯙℗؟‬በ➼ℊᓨଯ⋓‫⯙℗؟‬Ņʥ˱ʬຮЂЁ‫⟣ݔ‬Ђ ࣬⏶⻵⴪෴ʯʯʩʴʵʰ❷ྉᓎʳʳʩʯʮʵ

ᶗ௡ʵʰʩʳʯʭ

෥ࣧʯʴʶʩʴʲʳ‫ק‬ԏ‫ه‬ʯʵʩʵʲʳᶗࢇʴʱʩʶʵʶ

գ෥ʰʲʩʵʭʭ

஻යʲʭʩʲʶʭ

Ұᢌ⋓ǑἹ⃦⯙ኄῢ
ൖ⽷
ᶗܷ‫ת‬
ʰʩʲʲʳ
ʳʱʳʩʮʳʵ

ʲʩʰʵʵ

ʴʯʴ

ʯʩʰʵʱ

ʮʩʴʵʵ

ʮʩʲʰʮ

ʴʵʱ

ʴʯʮ

ʮʴʶ

ʰʮʳ

ƹඍᡙࢆᚉៃᠨ

ʮʩʱʲʵ

ʱʴʱ

ʮʩʵʴʲ

ʮʩʶʱʯ

ʮʩʶʲʵ

ʮʩʯʭʱ

ʵʶʭ

ʱʭʱ

ʲʴʳ

ʮʭʩʴʵʭ

᫵₯ʮʲʩʮʵʯ

ʰʲʩʵʴʴ

ʲʴʩʲʰʮ

ʮʵʯʩʮʱʵ

ʯʲʩʮʯʳʳʵʩʳʰʶ

ʯʶʩʴʮʯ

ʲʭʩʭʭʴ

ʯʩʳʳʱ

ʱʳʳʩʵʵʳ⤇₯ʴʲʳ

ʯʲʩʳʶʰʮʳʩʳʲʱ

ʰʶʩʴʵʯ

ʯʱʮ

ʱʩʰʳʰ

ʱʩʱʴʴ

ʭ

ʭ

ʶʮʩʶʳʳ

ㄗ₯

ʭ

ʰʩʱʱʵ

ʲʩʮʴʳ

ʲʱʩʭʶʴ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʳʯʩʴʯʭ

ᢌ⋓‫⯙℗؟‬Ņʥ˱ʬຮʦ

ʱʱʮ

ʲʳʵ

ʶʭʯ

ʯʩʰʴʮ

ʱʵʵ

ʴʯʴ

ʰʶʯ

ʱʰʰ

ʮʭʱ

ʳʩʱʯʳ

Ё‫⟣ݔ‬Ђ ࣬⏶⻵

ʮʯʴ

ʮʴ

ʲʳ

ʱʯ

ʰʳ

ʮʶ

ʮʴ

ʱ

ʴ

ʰʯʴ

ƹඍᡙࢆᚉៃᠨ

ʮʶʱ

ʳʰ

ʯʲʭ

ʯʲʶ

ʯʳʮ

ʮʳʭ

ʮʮʶ

ʲʱ

ʴʴ

ʮʩʱʰʴ

᫵₯

ʮʮʱ

ʯʳʶ

ʱʰʮ

ʮʩʰʳʳ

ʮʵʵ

ʲʮʲ

ʯʯʰ

ʰʴʲ

ʯʭ

ʰʩʲʭʯ

⤇₯

ʳ

ʮʶʰ

ʮʯʲ

ʯʶʵ

ʯ

ʰʰ

ʰʱ

ʭ

ʭ

ʳʶʭ

ㄗ₯

ʭ

ʯʳ

ʰʶ

ʱʭʳ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʱʴʭ

⴪෴
ʰʭʩʰʵʯ

❷ྉᓎʱʲʩʱʯʯ

ᶗ௡ʮʭʮʩʰʭʰ෥ࣧʮʱʵʩʲʵʭ

‫ק‬ԏ‫ه‬ʰʳʩʶʶʴ

ᶗࢇʰʳʩʲʲʵ

գ෥ʲʯʩʰʳʰ஻යʱʳʩʲʭʰ

ൖ⽷
ʵʩʮʲʰ

ᶗܷ‫ת‬
ʲʭʳʩʯʳʮӟ⸑❹⯙በ➼ℊᓨଯ⋓⸑❹⯙Ņʥ˱ʬຮЂЁ‫⟣ݔ‬Ђ ឱ᱃ʮʰʩʵʮʳ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ᱝ

ʰʩʯʴʳ

ʲʩʯʯʳ

ʲʮʩʵʴʴ

ʵʭʩʰʴʱ

ʶʩʯʶʲ

ʴʩʶʭʰ

ʮʵʩʯʶʭ

ʲʩʴʮʰ

ʰʩʶʰʴ

ʮʵʲʩʵʶʮ

ᓨᚳળʯʳʩʴʳʳʰʶʩʰʴʳʰʵʩʮʭʳʮʵʩʰʱʳʮʰʩʳʳʯ

ʰʩʴʮʲ

ʮʩʰʲʰ

ʮʩʰʰʭ

ʯʩʭʲʳ

ʮʱʱʩʴʮʭ

᫽⑓ે

ʰʱʭ

ʵʯʭ

ʮʮʩʰʯʭ

ʱʶʩʵʳʭ

ʮʱʩʭʱʭ

ʯʱʩʶʱʭ

ʰʯʩʴʯʭ

ʰʶʩʱʳʭ

ʯʩʮʳʭ

ʮʴʲʩʳʳʭἹ⃦⸑❹⯙Ņʥ˱ʬຮЂ

ʯʰʵ

ʰʱʭ

ʮʩʮʱʲ

ʮʩʳʰʵ

ʱʱʯ

ʲʳʶ

ʲʱʴ

ʲʯʱ

ʶʯ

ʲʩʲʰʲ

ʮʴ

ʱʱ

ʰʮʮ

ʯʰʯ

ʮʮʴ

ʯʯʶ

ʴʴ

ʮʭʯ

ʯʵ

ʮʩʮʲʴ

ᱝ

ʯʴ

ʱʴ

ʱʶʯ

ʵʮʶ

ʮʭʶ

ʵʭ

ʮʱʶ

ʰʵ

ʰʮ

ʮʩʴʶʯ

ᓨᚳળ

ʮʶʮ

ʯʱʯ

ʯʰʱ

ʮʮʱ

ʵʯ

ʯʰ

ʮʭ

ʶ

ʮʰ

ʶʮʵ

᫽⑓ે

ʰ

ʵ

ʮʭʵ

ʱʴʱ

ʮʰʰ

ʯʰʴ

ʰʮʮ

ʰʴʲ

ʯʮ

ʮʩʳʳʶ

ӟ⸑℗ឌ⠂ῢℊᓨЁܷ⯙ଯ⋓ࢆЂ⴪෴ଯ⋓‫⯙℗؟‬Ņʥ˱ʬຮЂʯʯʩʴʵʰଯ⋓⸑❹⯙Ņʥ˱ʬຮЂʰʭʩʰʵʯ
⸑℗ឌ
ʮʫʰʰ

❷ྉᓎ
ʳʳʩʯʮʵ
ʱʲʩʱʯʯ
ʭʫʳʶᶗ௡ʵʰʩʳʯʭ
ʮʭʮʩʰʭʰʮʫʯʮ෥ࣧʯʴʶʩʴʲʳ
ʮʱʵʩʲʵʭʭʫʲʰ‫ק‬ԏ‫ه‬ʯʵʩʵʲʳʰʳʩʶʶʴ
ʮʫʯʵᶗࢇʴʱʩʶʵʶ
ʰʳʩʲʲʵ
ʭʫʱʶգ෥ʰʲʩʵʭʭ
ʲʯʩʰʳʰʮʫʱʳ஻යʲʭʩʲʶʭ
ʱʳʩʲʭʰ
ʭʫʶʯ

ൖ⽷
ʰʩʲʲʳ
ʵʩʮʲʰ
ʯʫʯʶ

ᶗܷ‫ת‬
ʳʱʳʩʮʳʵʲʭʳʩʯʳʮʭʫʴʵӟ⸑℗ឌ⠂ῢℊᓨЁܷ⯙ᢌ⋓ࢆЂ⴪෴Ἱ⃦‫⯙℗؟‬Ņʥ˱ʬຮЂʱʱʮἹ⃦⸑❹⯙Ņʥ˱ʬຮЂ
ʯʰʵ
⸑℗ឌ
ʭʫʲʱ

❷ྉᓎ
ʲʳʵ
ʰʱʭ
ʭʫʳʭ

ᶗ௡
ʶʭʯ
ʮʩʮʱʲ
ʮʫʯʴ

෥ࣧ
ʯʩʰʴʮ
ʮʩʳʰʵ
ʭʫʳʶ

‫ק‬ԏ‫ه‬
ʱʵʵ
ʱʱʯ
ʭʫʶʮ

ᶗࢇ
ʴʯʴ
ʲʳʶ
ʭʫʴʵ

գ෥
ʰʶʯ
ʲʱʴ
ʮʫʱʭ

஻ය
ʱʰʰ
ʲʯʱ
ʮʫʯʮ

ൖ⽷
ʮʭʱ
ʶʯ
ʭʫʵʶ

ᶗܷ‫ת‬
ʳʩʱʯʳ
ʲʩʲʰʲ
ʭʫʵʳ

ӟ⸑℗ឌ⠂ῢℊᓨЁଯ⋓ࢆҳᢌ⋓ࢆЂ⴪෴❷ྉᓎଯ⋓⸑❹⯙Ņʥ˱ʬຮЂʰʭʩʰʵʯ
ʱʲʩʱʯʯ
ଯ⋓‫⯙℗؟‬Ņʥ˱ʬຮЂʯʯʩʴʵʰʱʲʩʱʯʯ

ᶗ௡ʮʭʮʩʰʭʰʵʰʩʳʯʭ

෥ࣧʮʱʵʩʲʵʭ
ʮʱʵʩʲʵʭ

‫ק‬ԏ‫ه‬ʰʳʩʶʶʴ
ʯʵʩʵʲʳᶗࢇ
ʰʳʩʲʲʵ
ʰʳʩʲʲʵ

գ෥ʲʯʩʰʳʰʰʲʩʵʭʭ

஻යʱʳʩʲʭʰʱʳʩʲʭʰ

ൖ⽷
ʵʩʮʲʰ
ʰʩʲʲʳ

ᶗܷ‫ת‬
ʲʭʳʩʯʳʮʱʲʮʩʳʴʴ
ʮʭʩʰʰʵ

Ё‫⟣ݔ‬Ђ ឱ᱃Ё‫⟣ݔ‬Ђ ࣬⏶⻵

ʲʩʰʵʵ

ʭ

ʯʩʰʵʱ

ʭ

ʮʩʲʰʮ

ʭ

ʴʯʮ

ʭ

ʰʮʳ

ƹඍᡙࢆᚉៃᠨ

ʮʩʱʲʵ

ʭ

ʮʩʵʴʲ

ʭ

ʮʩʶʲʵ

ʭ

ʵʶʭ

ʭ

ʲʴʳ

ʳʩʴʲʴ

᫵₯

ʮʲʩʮʵʯ

ʰʲʩʵʴʴ

ʲʴʩʲʰʮ

ʮʱʵʩʲʵʭ

ʯʲʩʮʯʳʰʳʩʲʲʵ

ʯʶʩʴʮʯ

ʱʳʩʲʭʰʯʩʳʳʱʰʶʴʩʴʰʱ

⤇₯

ʴʲʳ

ʳʩʭʶʴ

ʮʳʩʳʲʱ

ʭ

ʯʱʮ

ʭ

ʱʩʱʴʴ

ʭ

ʭ

ʯʵʩʯʯʲ

ㄗ₯

ʭ

ʰʩʱʱʵ

ʲʩʮʴʳ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʵʩʳʯʱ

ʮʫʰʰ
ʯʰʵ
ʭ

ʮʫʭʭ
ʰʱʭ
ʯʯʴ

ʮʫʯʮ
ʮʩʮʱʲ
ʭ

ʮʫʭʭ
ʮʩʳʰʵ
ʮʩʯʲʴ

ʮʫʯʵ
ʱʱʯ
ʭ

ʮʫʭʭ
ʲʳʶ
ʱʲʯ

ʮʫʱʳ
ʲʱʴ
ʭ

ʮʫʭʭ
ʲʯʱ
ʵʱ

ʯʫʯʶ
ʶʯ
ʭ

ʮʫʮʯ
ʲʩʲʰʲ
ʯʩʭʯʮ

ଯ⋓⸑℗ឌ
Ἱ⃦⸑❹⯙Ņʥ˱ʬຮЂἹ⃦‫⯙℗؟‬Ņʥ˱ʬຮЂЁ‫⟣ݔ‬Ђ ࣬⏶⻵

ʭ

ʮʴ

ʭ

ʱʯ

ʭ

ʮʶ

ʭ

ʱ

ʭ

ʰʯʴ

ƹඍᡙࢆᚉៃᠨ

ʭ

ʳʰ

ʭ

ʯʲʶ

ʭ

ʮʳʭ

ʭ

ʲʱ

ʭ

ʮʩʱʰʴ

᫵₯

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʯʲʯ

ʭ

ʯʱʮ

ʭ

ʯʳ

ʭ

ʮʩʱʶʲ

⤇₯

ʭ

ʮʱʴ

ʭ

ʯʶʵ

ʭ

ʰʰ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʳʱʱ

ㄗ₯

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʱʭʳ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʭ

ʱʱʲ

;

ʮʫʲʭ

;

ʮʫʰʭ

;

ʮʫʯʳ

;

ʳʫʯʮ

;

ʯʫʴʱ Ȁଯ⋓⸑℗ឌπ೘⛋⡢፜ρȀȀȀેᎃᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫⵇ⫭ḁἦųࡗ़Ȁ;Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬⠞ξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οƗ⫤Ŝū;ȀȀȀ๐औၾೂңО⣴ᒪ⥟᠄ңңȀȀȀThe Trend of Local Consumer Administration Studies
;An analysis of Journal of Japan Academy of Consumer Education;
Keiko KAWAGUCHI and Kenji TANIMURA
Abstract
In order to obtain a fundamental data, we analyzed the theses on Journal of Japan Academy ofConsumer Education. Our classification revealed that there were a few theses which dealt with aconsumer administration. These were 23 out of all 452 theses, and that accounted for 5.1 percent. In
these 23 theses, there were a few researches on consumer problems and consumer reality, while most ofthem discussed about principles, theories, and present state of consumer administration. Furthermore,
there was little research about the cooperation between administration and school education. There
have appeared various researches since 2000, and some of them focused on a consumer administrationin specific regions. These new researches were classifiable into four categories; education, policy, caseanalysis, and consumer activities. In the future research, there remains a need to investigate theproblem on local consumer administration.
Key Wordsϖlocal consumer administration, consumer policy, consumer education, Journal of Japan
Academy of Consumer EducationȑȎḁἦᵹᴥȀŰⵇŜūޯ᫬ŚƑŤ൚⴫ᑧŴᴧᩭŰᾴŜŉЖᾱ≱ƎŴЕŘƑƃŬᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ḁἦ⻒ଘŰŏŉūЕᒍḁἦųᵹᴥŴЕᎣᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬⠞ξᡵ⤾≱ඓ‫ેצ‬ଘŬŇƐՄ๑ųᡵ⤾≱৭⻧ųഃბᆳኅŭŢƑጼ⋠οϑ֫Ԅξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οŭŉŋϒŰŏŖƐᡵ⤾≱Űൖ࿈ŜŤᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠Űũŉū⡋ᔹḁἦƗ⛈ŨūŒ⛈ጫⵇ⫭ų‫⛈ܡ‬ḁἦųࡗ़ŭ‫ݔ‬ഖƗᏀƎŐŰŜЕ⡄Ť 1)ЖŢųℊᓨЕᡵ⤾≱ጟኊ⛈ጫųԞ྽ᴥů྆ࠅƗ⻧Űũŉūᗳ⟂ŞƐŘŭŬŇƐЖᇕŨūŒŤેᎃᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫųӹඪųᛂ⌉ངࢆų྿❹࿻őṶ৏ŚƑŤЖ֔ྙЕેᎃᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫų⯗❹໒ŴЕ⿵ƃƐƇųŭ≯ōƎƑƐőЕ᮳ૃųŭŘƒЕઞQ>
Pųᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫų൚⴫ᑧŰឌžƐŭેᎃᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫȊ⴪෴௚೘௚೘ⶓᰲᰶỊ೘ḁἦỊࢽவྙᒆ⡄ứȀȊȊ⴪෴௚೘᯼୷Ị೘⭷Ȁई⻒ຮᑳᎣȀ ȒȐȐȘ ຮ ȕ ᑳ Ȑȑ ᎣȀई᮷ຮᑳᎣȀ ȒȐȐȘ ຮ ȗ ᑳ Ȓȓ ᎣȀȒȎḁἦų⋨ᐇȀȒȎȑȀŘƑƃŬųḁἦų℆ⅸȀ
1995 ຮ֫ⶈℰℱŜūᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ų➎ᩍŐƎЕԬŰՄ๑ેଘŰŏŖƐᡵ⤾≱ŭᡵ⤾≱৭⻧ŰⵇŞƐഃბ⡋ᔹḁἦƗ⛈ŨūŒŤЖ݆‫ת‬ᴥů‫ݔ‬ഖŰŴЕ٨։ḍᰶ௒ᴛેଘՄ๑ų௒⯗‫࡛ۉ‬৭⻧ŰⵇŞƐӹ⎽ᡵ⤾≱Е௒⯗‫≱࡛ۉ‬Еᡵ⤾≱⯛♲ᘤųḁἦ 2)Е ৩່⛏ 3)Е

᯼୷‫ܷه‬৩ফŭᡵ⤾≱⛈ࡗųḁἦ 4)Еྙᒆ⿵ㆹ≱ų

ϑ2004ϒŬŴЕᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁ŴЕ‫ه‬⣛ጫ῁ŐƎ⎎὚ጟ℆ᣒᰲᡐḁἦ 5)Еᡵ⤾≱ᶃ⡓ų᮳ᬡŭ⡄⻧ŰⵇŞƐኊጫ῁Žŭ⨸ኄŚƑŤЖᎀŜŉᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁ŴЕᡵ⤾ḁἦ 6)ЕůŮőŇƐЖŢųℊᓨŐƎЕᡵ⤾≱৭⻧ų≱ų⎎὚ጟኊųŤƆųጫ῁ų⯗❹ůᔴŭŜūᡵ⤾≱➮។ŭ✃ഐų‫ݜ‬ᴛОᒋᩯ⵻᜼ŰŴЕयຮㆹඪŰ࿈ŝጼ⋠ųበ⫶ƗብŗЕŢųŤƆų᯼୷ፒ‫ۂ‬Ɨ⫶ƆƐŭŤᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ų྿❹࿻ŭЕᡵ⤾≱৭⻧ų᮳ୋŬൖ࿈ŜūŉƐЖྠŨūЕᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ŴЕᎀŜŉᡵ⤾≱⛈ŞƐેᎃᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫų‫ܞ‬ഃࢆő⡄⻧ŭŜū➃ޯŚƑጫųᘤ࡛⻒ଘųůŐŬƇ௚ŒůŤЖŔƇųŭ≯ōƎƑƐЖḁἦᵹᴥŬ⪾žŤƍŋŰેᎃᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫŰⵇŞƐ-ƗࣃƆūŉȀ൚⴫ᑧŴЕᑯ⪫Е⥊፩ⷨ 7)őޯ᫬ŚƑūŉƐőЕેȒȎȒȎȒȀᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫŭᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ųⵇ‫ذ‬࿻Ȁᎃᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫųᴛඣ⬒ứЕ᮳ᬡЕŢŜūŘƑŐƎųȀ Ꭳᒍųᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠Ŵ‫׀‬ᘤŐƎృƃŨŤŭŞƐųő

⡄⻧ůŮ⅘ळᴥůᆳኅƗ⠂ƄƐ⠏⃮ůḁἦő྿❹Ŭ⫤⠾ŭŚƑƐőЕŘƑŰũŉūय़ϑ1976ϒŴЕμᎣŇƐŭ≯ōūŉƐЖᒍḁἦŴŢųଣṥḁἦŭ‫∌פ‬Ūᒍųᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ŴŢų൦ܴᒆŰŏŉū‫׀‬ᘤ‫ܡ‬൦૭ŬŖƎƑƐЖŇŨŤőЕ‫ݔ‬ഖŴξ‫⹡ם‬ᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οŬŇŨŤνŭሃ኶ŜūŉƐ 10)ЖƃŤЕ⿵ᚿ(1986)ŴЕ‫׀‬ᘤųᡵ⤾ȒȎȒȀξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οƗ➡ഷൖ⤈ŭŞƐ᮷᱄ȀȒȎȒȎȑȀᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁ŭŜūųᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ų‫∌פ‬ŪŖȀ⻧ŰइƏ⃾ƅƍŋŰůŨŤųŴЕ1968(Ꮥঈ 43)ຮų

1960 ຮ֩Еᡵ⤾≱৭⻧ų➮។Ɨጫ῁᮷࿗ŭŜūᡵᡵ⤾≱‫ه‬⣛ଣᒍ᠘ߠ೾֫ⶈŐƎ 1973(Ꮥঈ 48)ຮų≱ጼ⋠Űũŉūμ‫׀‬ᘤőŴŝƆū⃾↼ᴥŰᡵ⤾≱৭⤾≱⛈ጫųበ⫶őృƃŨūŐƎ 45 ຮ֫ԃő℆⬒ŜPL(⺽ųᏦᒆŬŇƐνŭŜūŉƐ 11)ЖŚŤЖŘųⴾЕᡵ⤾≱‫ه‬⣛ଣᒍ᠘ϑ1968ϒųߠ೾ŰƍƎŰ❷ᒪ(1995)ŴЕᎣᒍᰲᰶ࿻ᒍ⭷ᅗ὚ᒆųᡵ⤾≱Əᡵ⤾≱‫ه‬⣛ጫ῁ųଣᒍᴥůᎃ़࿻őቹṶŚƑŤЖጼ⋠ᡐࡗ⥊፩ŏƍŸ7IOX⡋ᔹŰƍƏЕμ⫤⠾ŴŢųůŐŬЕ⛈ጫЕ՚ᘤ≱ų⤯࡛ŭԗƘŬᡵ⤾≱ų⛜ඪᴥ᮷➮ŬŴůŉŐνŭ≯ഷŜūŉƐ 12)Ж྆ࠅƗጟኊŞƐƇųŭŜūᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ő‫∌פ‬ŪŖƎᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫŰũŉūųማōᎃŴЕμƔőઞŬƇŨŭ

ƑŤЖ݆‫ת‬ᴥŰŴЕṺ‫׌‬ጼ⋠Еᡵ⤾≱ઓ‫ऀת‬ŸឤⴾƇᡐᴛŰ⛈ƔƑūŉƐᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠Ŵᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫųԞޯ᫬ᡐࡗЕ‫׀‬ᘤऀŸ‫׀‬ᘤઓ‫ת‬Е೘ᕋųय޻⯘ŰŏŖŬ⫶ƆƎƑūŉƐᡵ⤾≱ৱᴛνϑ⁚๐Е1986ϒ13)Е
μ೘Ɛᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠Ű޻ŖƎƑƐЖ֫ྙЕᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ŴЕᕋᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ŴЕƔőઞŬŴᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫųOП.Ŭ

ӹ⤮Ŝūᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁ų⯗❹⡄⻧ŭƄůŚƑūŒŤЖȀበ⫶ŚƑūŒŤνϑ❷ᒪ 1999ϒ14)ЕůŮŰऄፗŚƑᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ŴЕμᡵ⤾≱ő৩ফОП8ų⥴ܴůƍŋЖऀ๐(2003)ŴЕ⫤⠾ƗźƃōŤԃŬμᎣᒍŰŮƗ⫤Ŝūᡵ⤾ᰲᡐųᵹ᚜ОᵹᴥƗ⬘ᅗŞƐŤƆŰ

ŏŖƐᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠Ŵᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫŐƎృƃŨŤŭ➸Ũ྿❹ůᷭ⣆Ɖბ໒Ɨ≕ྤŜЕᡵ⤾≱ųᚧߓŭ྆ࠅƗūƇŉŉŐƇŜƑƃŠƘν15)ŭų➃➮ƗṶŜūŉƐЖ⎎➒ŜůőƎЕ٨։ŭŜūЕƃŤṺ‫׌‬ųᙩᅗ঵ŭŜŘųƍŋŰЕƔőઞųᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ŴЕ൦ܴŐƎ֔Ꭳū⎎๤ഃ᮳ŜūŉŔ⌉ࠡƗⴶᴛŞƐጼ⋠ŬŇƐЖŘƃŬᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫƗԞ྽ŭŜūᴛඣŜūŒŤŭ⠟⣆ŚųƍŋŰЕᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ŴЕ℆ᣒᴥОṺ‫׌‬ᴥ᯼୷ų௅ƑūŉƐŭŉōƍŋЖࢆŰ‫ו‬ŉ⻬ૃࢆŜūŒŤᡵ⤾≱৭⻧Ɖᡵ⤾≱✃ഐƗ֫ԃŐƎЕξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οŰŏŖƐ‫⛈ܡ‬ḁἦƗᏀƎᒋᩯŰ⵻᜼ŜЕᡵ⤾≱ųƍƏ⣿ŐůᰲᡐƗഃ᮳ŜƍŐŰŞƐŘŭŴЕᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫḁἦŰŭŨūႢ∵őŇŋŭŞƐƇųν8)ŬŇƐЖ➸ŉኄōƐŭЕ٨։ᴥОƐŭ≯ōƐЖ

ỆᴥߓᵙŽųႢ࿱។೾⌉ࠡϑᰲᡐ᯼୷⬭࿈⌉ࠡϒťȀŖŬůŔЕ๵ୋࣼࠦƉጫ῁។೾ůŮܻ݀ᴥߓᵙŽųȒȎȓȀᒍḁἦŰŏŖƐ᰻⠰ųፒ᮷Ⴂ࿱។೾⌉ࠡϑᰲᡐ᯼୷⯋ᅗ⌉ࠡϒų⋠ᅗƗᵹሃŞᒍḁἦŰŏŖƐᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁Еᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫЕેᎃᡵƇųŬŇƐЖᎣᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬ŴЕ1981 ຮЕᰲᢉ⤾≱⛈ጫůŮų᰻⠰ų‫؃‬ŉ޻ŖŰũŉūፒ᮷Ŝūŏጼ⋠ŭŜūųᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠Ɨ⅘ळᴥŰỊ೘ŞƐŘŭƗ

ŒŤŉЖጫ῁ŰŴŉŔũŐųQ>PőŇƐŭŚƑƐЖᵹᴥŭŜūЕ⛈ጫОᡵ⤾≱ϑઓ‫ת‬ϒО‫׀‬ᘤОጼ⋠≱ųŤŭōŵЕ⏣๐ųG,P࢝޻ 16)ƗའūŴƆƐŭ֫ԄࢷࠡųԄŰ⟝὚ŚƑŤЖ௒⹥ᴥůḁἦᅗᓨƗ೘‫׌‬⠞ųƍŋŰ⠾ᏀŬŒƍŋЖᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁ŴЕ⴪ᒆᴥůξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οŰŏŉūᴛ⛜Е┪ἕŜūŒūŉƐЖ

NX.,

XŬŇƐ 21 ԏ⃆૭ᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁ϑጫ῁Ȓȑ ԏ⃆૭ᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁ȈȒȐȐȓȉ 9)ŰŏŉūƇЕᡵ⤾≱

ᙩႊQ>PϒŰଣŪŒЕᡵ⤾≱৭⻧ų➮។ϑጫ῁᮷ጼ⋠ųŚƎůƐበ⫶őᎇ῁ų⯗❹ůᔴŭŚƑūŉƐЖ

࿗Q>PϒųŤƆŰЕᡵ⤾≱ଣᒍ᠘ųƍŋŰଣᒍᴥ℆ᣒṺ‫׌‬ų௅ࡗŰൖ࿈Ŝūߠ೾ŚƑŤᡵ⤾≱ଣᒍ᠘ůᎃ़࿻ƗቹṶŜŤጫ῁ϑଣᒍ⟝➼ጫ῁Q>PϒŐƎЕᡵ⤾≱௲⃊᠘ůŮų݆‫ת‬ᴥůጫ῁ϑᎇ῁Q>PϒЕŢŜū೘‫׌‬ŰŏŉūŴᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ųŚƎŰેଘŰŏŖƐᡵ⤾ᰲᡐᶃ⡓Е৩ফ+-ЕᡵṶŜŤξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ Q&Aοő೵ᅗŜŤЖᡵ⤾≱ጼ⤾≱ጼ⋠⢣໓ůŮų٨ߏ݆‫ת‬ᴥůጫ῁ϑ٨ߏ՚ᘤQ⋠ŴЕ1988 ຮų೘≕ሃ൦❹⻒ŐƎᏀḽŰ‫∌פ‬ŪŖƎ

>Pϒųयጫ῁Q>PŰፒ᮷ŬŒƐЖƑŤЖƃŤЕ℆ᣒു⣔‫׌‬ŰƍƐξᰲᡐ௚ઞ 5 Zຮ➼ŘƑƎųጫ῁Ɨበ⫶ŜūŉŔᛂⵇŰઞŭેᎃܻ݀ઓ‫ת‬őŇƐЖयጫ῁Q>PųŋŦЕᑯ⃼Q>Pųጫ.NXƗᱎοőᴛ⛜ŚƑЕμ٨։ᰲᡐų⯗➎νőང⡋ŚƑŤЖ
ᾨ 2 ᒆŐƎᆸἇ཯༜ϑᔹ⠿཯༜ϒŰůŨŤЖ῁ŬŇƐ٨ߏ՚ᘤƗԬŭŜūᇕŋųőેᎃܻ݀ઓ‫ת‬

ᾨ 3 ᒆŴЕ1994 ຮ~1999 ຮų 6 ຮⴾŬЕ1994 ຮŬЕᡵ⤾≱ŰᑯƇ⨛⪫ůጫ῁őેᎃᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫŬŇŰ✲⫪᫿⤯ֺ᠘őᅗ὚ŜЕ2000 ຮųᡵ⤾≱௲⃊᠘ųƐŭማōƎƑƐЖߠ೾Ű़ŖūЕᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁Ŵऩ᠘⯗➎ጫ῁Ɨበ⫶ŜȀŤᏦᒆŬŇƐЖ೘ᕋጼ⋠ŬŴ⿵ᾴ೘ᕋഓ໙Ị᱊ఐ྿ȓȎḁἦᎃ᠘ȀِőృƃƏЕᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ųഃ⧐ųᐆऀŰᒆྒő⿵ƃԬŰᎣᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬⠞ξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ο17)ϑ֫ŨŤЖԄЕξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οϒŰብ⩈ŚƑŤᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫⵇ⫭ų

ᾨ 4 ᒆŴЕ2000 ຮ~2006 ຮų 7 ຮⴾŬŇƐЖᡵ‫⛈ܡ‬ḁἦƗፒ᮷ŜЕŢųඣⴶᬡ᠊ƗᆳኅŞƐЖξᡵ⤾⤾≱௲⃊᠘(2000)ųߠ೾ƗృƆЕ⸐ೂ௲⃊᠘(2001)≱ጼ⋠οϑᾨ 1~26 ‫ݙ‬Ȁ 1983 ~2006 ຮϒųብ⩈ḁἦƉ⼕ফೲܷଣᒍ᠘(2003)ůŮयỺᡵ⤾≱ⵇ⫭᠘֪ų⡢፜ŏƍŸጼ⋠ഃ⧐ 452 ⅱųŋŦЕ⡢፜$-PŰፒ‫ۂ‬ő⫶ƆƎƑŤЖྠᒾųᡵ⤾≱‫ه‬⣛ଣᒍ᠘Ű֩Ɣμᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫνμЕᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁νЕ
μᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ

X$Пν
Е

Ũūᡵ⤾≱ଣᒍ᠘(2004)őߠ೾ŚƑЕᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁ŴμৱᴛνЕμᶃ⡓νЕőᏀṶŚƑūŉƐƇųų֜ŰЕ‫ݔ‬‫ه‬⣛ጫ῁ŐƎ๵ୋPПPŭፒळᴥůᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁Ű⨸ഖőᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫŰ⠎འŞƐŭ࿱ƔƑƐ⡢፜ƗᇑޯЕኄőઙƎƑŤЖ21 ԏ⃆ųᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁ŴЕ⎎὚ጟኊőᗳ⟂ŜŤЖଣᒍᴥ὚ୋŬŇƏЕŢųŤƆųᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ų⯗❹࿻ő‫ݜ‬⠟⣆ŚƑŤЖȔȎ➡ഷℊᓨȀȔȎȑȀ⡢፜ፎŭᏦᒆ࢝޻Ȁξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οŰብ⩈ŚƑŤܷ⡢፜ 452 ⅱųŋŦ֫ԃųᏦᒆ࢝޻ŰଣŪŉūЕᇑޯ⡢፜Ɨᾨ 1 ᒆ 7ⅱ(30.4%)Е
ᾨ 2 ᒆ 1 ⅱ(4.3%)Е
ᾨ 3 ᒆ 5 ⅱ(21.7%)Е
ᾨ 4 ᒆ 10 ⅱ(43.5%)Űፒ᮷Е޻ᓠŜŤЖȀᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫⵇ⫭⡢፜ 23 ⅱő➃ޯŚƑŤЖܷ‫ת‬ŰࣃȀƆƐࠅळŴ 5.1ҡŬŇŨŤЖᇑޯŜŤ⡢፜ŴЕᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫƉᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ųຮ⛜Ɨࣼ≯ŰŜū֫ԄųƍŋȔȎȒȀᏦᒆߏᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫⵇ⫭ḁἦų‫ݔ‬ഖŭПT
П.Ȁ

ŰᏦᒆƗ 4 ᒆŰ࢝޻ŜūЕፒ᮷ŜŤЖȀ ŘŘŬŴЕᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫⵇ⫭ḁἦų‫ݔ‬ഖŭޯ᮳П⫤ຓЕᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫųᏦᒆ࢝޻ŴЕ1960 ຮ֩Е1970

TП.Ɨ➡ഷŞƐЖȀຮ֩ųƍŋŰ 10 ຮƗӹ࢝޼ƏŭŞƐ 18),19)ЕᅝŉŴ(1)ᾨ 1 ᒆ 1983 ຮ~1986 ຮ(ᾨ 1 ‫~ݙ‬ᾨ 5 ‫)ݙ‬Ȁ ;ᡵ

1960 ຮ֩߰ࢭОྙࢭųƍŋŰ࢝޼Ɛୋळő௒ŉƍŋ⤾≱‫ه‬⣛ጫ῁Оઞឤᰲᡐു⣔‫׌‬Ⴂ➃ᑧŰ➃ईŖƎƑƐ 20)ЖᒍḁἦŬŴЕᎣᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘ⵇ⫭⡢፜Ŵ 7 ⅱƗᇑޯŜŤЖፎŭŜūŴ 2000 ຮ‫׌‬⠞ųᴛ⛈ߍຮő 1983 ຮŬŇƐŘŭŭЕ೘‫׌‬⠞ų֫ⶈųᾨ 4 ᒆŰᜑŉŬ௒ŐŨŤЖḁἦ‫ݔ‬ഖŴЕᡵ⤾ᙲ༜ų௅ࢆЕᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫŏƍŸᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬Űŏ≱⛈ጫŰŏŖƐᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ų྿❹࿻ЕඣⴶЕ᮳ᬡŰŖƐῼᵹųຮŭůŨŤ՚ᔇůŮƗ≯ჰŜū֫Ԅų 4ⵇŞƐḁἦŬŇŨŤЖ݆‫ת‬ᴥŰŴЕᡵ⤾ᰲᡐᒆŰ࢝޻ŜŤЖПų՚ᘤᘹ❹ŰଣŪŔഃ⧐‫ݔ‬ഖų⃷֕ŭ⡄⻧ŏƍŸX$

ᾨ 1 ᒆ ŴЕ1983 ຮ~1986 ຮų 4 ຮⴾŬЕ1960ඣᒂůŮų᮳ᬡ޻ᓠϑ᱃Ԟ 1983Е▭ࣧ 1983ЕⰋᒉຮ֩֫ⶈų➇ߠ⛈ጫŰƍƐᡵ⤾≱‫ه‬⣛ጫ῁ƗԞ྽ŭ1984Е⁚๐ 1987Еྙ▭ 1987ϒ21) 22)23)24)25) Еᡵ⤾ŜŤᏦᒆŬŇƐЖ1986 ຮŴઞឤᰲᡐു⣔‫׌‬ŐƎξ೘≱⛈ጫ⡢ϑŴƉŜЕ1985О1986ϒ26)27)ůŮŬŇŨŤЖᕋŰŏŖƐᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ŰũŉūοųႢ➃ᑧőޯŚƑЕ᮳ᬡ޻ᓠŬŴЕŉşƑƇᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫŰŏŖƐᡵ⤾೘ᕋŰŏŖƐᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ų྿❹࿻Ɨሃ኶ŜŤῼᵹų≱ጼ⋠ųŇƏᎃŰ➸ऀŜūŉŤЖⰋᒉŴЕᡵ⤾ᰲᡐຮŭůŨŤЖƃŤЕŘų 4 ຮⴾŴ೘‫׌‬⠞őജἇ཯༜X$ПŬŴ։ᆉԆ⦦ųŤƆⷨἕŜŤ⥊፩Ɨࢤ޻ŰųᏦᒆŬƇŇŨŤЖᾨ 2 ᒆ ŴЕ1987 ຮ~1993 ຮų 7 ຮⴾŬŇƐЖŘᡐ᰻ŬŒūŉůŉ᮳ᬡƗሃ኶ŜЕၬୈƗᑴ࠿Űᡐ᰻ŞƐᎃ῁Űũŉū➸ऀЕ⛈ጫő‫׳‬ᅗŞƐ⥊፩ŰⵇŞųᒆⴾŴЕGX-OПP⣔೾ᑧŰŏŖƐ:RXƐၬୈ⬒௒ࢆƗṶ৏ŜūŉŤЖ⁚๐Ŵᰲᢉ೘≕ų➎‫؃‬᰻ߠⶋŰƍƏે᮴᯼୷৭⻧Žų⠟⣆ő⿵ƃƏЕᩍŐƎᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫƗ≯ഷŜЕᡵ⤾≱ઓ‫ת‬Ɖ‫׀‬ᘤŰŏŖƐᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ų᮳ᬡŰũŉūŴࢤ޻ů⥊፩őྤƎࡗų՚؏⡋ᔹŰƍŨūጫ῁។೾⬒ứƗ޻ᓠЕᡵ⤾≱ƑůŐŨŤŭŜūЕቝ⪫Ɨ፽࿗ŜūŉŤЖⓦ≱Ŵɠઓ‫ת‬ų྆ࠅŭⶋ᱘Ɨ≯ഷŜŤƇųϑ⣴औЕ1995ϒ35)

։Ɨⶕŉūܷ঵őႪᷭЕ݄໗Е௚⵳ŭŉŋའᏦųᡵůŮŬŇŨŤЖᡵ⤾≱᠘ų➎ᩍŐƎŘƑŐƎųᡵ⤾⤾≱⛈ጫ‫ת᠄⎎⫶ܡ‬ųᇕའ≱ŬŇŨŤЖ≱ᎇ῁ųᎃ़ƗṶ৏ŞƐ⡢≯ϑԩනЕ1999ϒ36)ƇƄ

ԬůПTП.ŴЕμᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠νμЕᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫνЕμ೘ᕋνЕμᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ

X$ПνЕμᡵ⤾≱OП%ПνƎƑŤЖԬůПTП.ŴЕμᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠νЕμᡵ⤾ᰲᡐXůŮő➃ޯŚƑŤЖ$ПνЕμᡵ⤾≱⢣໓νůŮő➃ޯŚƑŤЖ(2)ᾨ 2 ᒆ 1987 ຮ~1993 ຮ(ᾨ 6 ‫~ݙ‬ᾨ 13 ‫)ݙ‬Ȁ ;᯼

(4) ᾨ 4 ᒆ 2000 ຮ~2006 ຮ(ᾨ 20 ‫~ݙ‬ᾨ 26 ‫; )ݙ‬୷⡄⻧Е௲⃊৭⻧Оᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ Q&Aᡵ⤾≱ଣᒍ᠘ߠ೾

ᇑޯ⡢፜ŴɠⅱųƄŬŇŨŤЖ‫ݔ‬ഖŴЕ␜ຮ≱✃ഐų➎ᩍŐƎᡵ⤾ᰲᡐᇑޯ⡢፜Ŵ 10 ⅱŬܷᇑޯ⡢፜ų 43.8%ƗࣃƆƇ

X$ПŰŏŖƐᡵ⤾≱ৱᴛŨŭƇ௒ŉᏦᒆŭůŨŤЖ݆‫ת‬ᴥŰŴЕᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁ഃ⧐ୈॠϑᡞ᱃Е1988ϒ28)ŬŇŨŤЖŘų֜Еⵇ‫ذ‬ųᎃ़ŭᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ųŇƏᎃϑ௚≅Е2005ϒ37)Еᡵ⟌⪾ŭŜūЕᡵ⤾≱᠘ų➡ᩍŐƎ௲⃊ŰⵇŞƐᡵ⤾⤾≱ઓ‫ת‬ŰⵇŞƐƔőઞƉ᜗๑ų՚؏ḁἦϑԩනЕ≱ጼ⋠ų⯗❹࿻ŭŢųⶋ᱘ϑ᷻๐Е1988ϒ29)Е‫׀‬ᘤ

2001О2003О2006ϒ38)39)40)Е⯛♲৩ফ-N;PŰŏ

ų὚ୋŐƎ⣿᱃৩՚՚ֵŰⵇŞƐᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫųൖ࿈ŖƐᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ

ų⬉ƑƗሃ኶ŜŤƇųϑቓ๐Е1991ϒ30)Еᰲᢉ೘≕⡄⻧ϑ༢⽷Е2002ϒ41)ůŮŬŇŨŤЖ␝ၬᶃ⡓ų݆ų➎ᩍŐƎᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ጟኊ‫ת‬ᴥů՚؏ḁἦŴŘų༢⽷⡢፜őߍƆūŬŇŨŤЖX$Пų‫ߠת‬ፒ‫ۂ‬ϑ൒᱃Е1993ϒ31)ůŮőƄƎƑŤЖԬůПTП.ŴЕμᡵ⤾ᰲᡐᶃ⡓νЕμᡵ⤾≱X$Пų␝ၬᶃ⡓+Eų᮳ᬡŭŘų֜ЕՄ๑О៰ↂેଘųᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ
X

X$Пų␝ၬ

ᶃ⡓ഃბƗźƃōūЕ‫ⶫه‬৭⻧ŏƍŸ⿵ㆹ≱ẫẀ৭$ПνЕμᡵ⤾≱ৱᴛνő➃ޯŚƑŤЖ⻧ų޻ᓠЕ৩ফ+-ų᮳ᬡŭ⡄⻧Е␝ၬᶃ⡓(3) ᾨ 3 ᒆ 1994 ຮ~1999 ຮȀ ;ऩ᠘⯗➎ጫ῁О೘+Eų‫ݜ‬ᗳ⟂ϑ๐औ֜Е⦉Ꮛ֜Е⣴ᒪ֜Е2005О2006ϒᕋᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ųܷ⹥ᴥⴶృЕ⿵ᾴ೘ᕋഓ໙Ị᱊ఐ྿42)43)44)45) Еᡵ⤾ᰲᡐᶃ⡓ᇕའ≱ő≯ōƐᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ِࢆПTП.ŰƍƐᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠‫ݔ‬ഖų‫ࢆ⃁ת‬ϑྪ⏆֜Еᇑޯ⡢፜Ŵ 5 ⅱŬŇŨŤЖ݆‫ת‬ᴥ‫ݔ‬ഖŴЕᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ

2006ϒ46) ůŮŬŇŨŤЖX$ПŰŏŖƐᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ų᮳ᬡŭ⡄⻧ųᗳ⟂ԬůПTП.ŴЕμᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠νμЕᡵ⤾≱ᶃ⡓νЕϑ༢⽷Е1995О1996ϒ32)33)Еᰲᢉ೘≕ų➎ᩍŐƎᡵμᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁νЕμᡵ⤾≱ઓ‫ת‬νЕμADRϑ✒ߎ௎⃡՘⤾≱⛈ጫŰŏŖƐᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ų2(-TПО‫ ޛ‬᮷ ᛂ ⵇ [alternative+Eፒ‫ۂ‬ų྿❹Űũŉūϑ൒᱃֜Е1994ϒ34)ЕAF2

facilities]ϒνЕμᡵ⤾ᰲᡐϑ⼕ফᣍࠦ᫿Е᝺⒚፩ϒ‫؃‬᰻ạ᜼ų℆ⅸƗᡵ⤾≱⬏О+EνůŮő➃ޯŚƑŤЖ

disputeresolution

X$ПνЕμ:П.5(⛜ ȑȎȀ Ꮶᒆߏųޯ᮳ПTП.Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ ϑϒϗޯ᮳⻢໒ᾨ ȑ ᒆȀ
ᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȗȉȀ
ᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȔȉȀ
೘ᕋȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȔȉȀ
ᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ X$ПȈȓȉȀ
ᡵ⤾≱OП%ПȀȀȈȓȉȀ
ᡵ⤾≱ৱᴛȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȒȉȀ
ᡵ⤾≱ઓ‫ת‬ȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȒȉȀ
ેଘȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȒȉȀ
‫ࢆ⃁ת‬ȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȒȉȀ
⿵ㆹ≱ȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȒȉȀ
‫׀‬ᘤȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȒȉȀ
ᰲᢉጼ⋠ȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȒȉȀ
ેᎃ⛈ጫȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȒȉȀ
ᡵ⤾≱ȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀȀȀᾨ Ȓ ᒆȀ
ᡵ⤾ᰲᡐᶃ⡓ȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
ᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ X$ПȀȈȑȉȀ
ᡵ⤾≱ৱᴛȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
␜≱ȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ

ᾨ ȓ ᒆȀ
ᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȔȉȀ
ᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ X$ПȀȀȈȒȉȀ
ᡵ⤾≱⢣໓ȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȒȉȀ
ᡵ⤾≱ৱᴛȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
ᡵ⤾≱Ⴂ⣆ȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
ᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
ᡵ⤾≱⬏ࡗȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
᠘ߠ໒ȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
ȡȦȒȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀጫ῁ȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
ᰲᢉ೘≕ȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
2(-TПȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀȀȀȀȀᾨ Ȕ ᒆȀ
ᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȕȉȀ
ᡵ⤾ᰲᡐᶃ⡓ȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȕȉȀ
ᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁ȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȓȉȀ
ᡵ⤾≱ઓ‫ת‬ȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȓȉȀ
ᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ X$ПȀȀȀȀȀȈȒȉȀ
:П.5(+EȀȀȈȒȉ

ȡȤȲȀȀ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ ȀȈȒȉȀ
ᡵ⤾≱᠘ȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
ᡵ⤾≱ଣᒍ᠘ȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
ᡵ⤾≱‫ه‬⣛ȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
ᡵ⤾≱⃾↼ȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
ᡵ⤾≱✃ഐȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
ᡵ⤾≱✃ഐጴᣒȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
ᡵ⤾≱ųᚧߓȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
ᡵ⤾≱ၬୈȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
⯛♲৩ফ⤬஼᠘ȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ

Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ

Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ

Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ

⯛♲৩ফ-N;PȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
⯛♲৩ফȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
⯛♲ົȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
➇ߠⅲঈȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
‫ⶫه‬ȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȀȈȑȉȀ
֕⣛П8ȈȑȉȀ⿵ㆹ≱ẫẀȈȑȉȀ
৩ফ+-ȈȑȉȀ
᜗๑⡋ᔹȈȑȉȀጫ῁ᴥጟኊȈȑȉȀ
‫ࢆ⃁ת‬ȈȑȉȀ
2(-TПȈȑȉȀ
+;FX5ПȈȑȉȀȕȎ≯ഷȀȕȎȑȀξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οŰƄƐᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫⵇ⫭ḁἦų᮳ᬡŭ⡄⻧Ȁ‫׌‬Մ๑ጟ⭷ŴЕ1996 ຮųܷઞ௚‫ۄⴶ׌‬Ɨ௲ᛂŰЕ݀ξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οŰŏŖƐᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫⵇ⫭ḁἦŴЕ
2000 ຮ֫ⶈ␜ຬ୾ࠦŜũũŇƐƇųųЕܷ‫ת‬ų 1षḁἦᡐࡗŽųឪ⬏ő⿵ƃƏЕેଘų⅓࿹⡄⻧ŭŜū௒ᴛŜūŉƐ௒⯗‫࡛ۉ‬О⎎๤ḍᰶ৭⻧ŰइƏ⃾ƘťЖ֫ྙЕેଘųᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ

X$ПŰᶰᵹŜŤ⡄⻧ůŮŰũŉū݀षḁἦƗඣⴶŜūŉƐЖࠅᒋᤜŭŉŋፎ೉ŴЕᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠őᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫƗԞᜑŰЕᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫŰŏŖƐᡵ⤾≱ৱᴛОጼ⋠ų┪྽ŭŜūᴛඣŜūŒŤŭŞƐ⠟⣆ųࠅŰŴᘬƆū൩ἕƗ೘ᕋጼ⋠Ŭųഃ⧐ŰũůŗƐƍŋů݆‫ת‬ᴥůቀůŉŭ≯ōƎƑƐЖᘤḁἦƉ2(-TПᙩƃşЕᏦ⃁ߌŰ‫ݔ‬ഖƗƄƐŭЕᾨ 1 ᒆŴЕᡵ⤾≱Űũŉūųḁἦőƃťࢤ޻ŬůŉŘŭő➃ޯŚƑŤЖ⛈ጫⵇ‫ذ‬ųⓦ≱ŴЕŉ⛈ጫų⅘⡢Ɖ՚ᘤᘹ❹ų⃷֕Еഃ⧐՚؏ୈॠůŮŰşƑŰŏŉūƇᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫϑŭŔŰᡵ⤾≱ⷨ⃊ŚƑŤЖᾨ 2Е3 ᒆŴЕ⣿᱃৩՚՚ֵƗŴŝƆųൖᲵᳰ᠘ᴥᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ųⶋ᱘Ɨሃ኶ŜЕ‫ࢆ⃁ת‬Śၟ⥧৩᠘✃ഐůŮ௲⃊ŰⵇŞƐᡵ⤾≱৭⻧Ɖ✲ফೲƑŤ᮷⡢ŰƇŭŪŔᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ų྿❹࿻ŭ೘ᕋᡵ⤾ܷ৭⻧Е௒⯗‫࡛ۉ‬৭⻧őℱᴛŜŤᏦᒆŬŇƐőЕ‫ݔ‬≱ጼ⋠ų‫ܞ‬ഃࢆųŤƆųጼ⋠᮳ୋŭᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫų⫭ഖŴЕᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ

ኬų྿❹࿻Űũŉū➸ऀŜūŉŤЖ

X$Пųᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠Оৱᴛ՚ᘤᡐ

X$ПϒࡗŰⵇŞƐ᮳ᬡŭ⡄⻧ųᗳ⟂Ɖ௒ᙲů➎ᩍŰƍƐጫŜŐŜůőƎЕŘƑŰ࿈ōƐƍŋůጼ⋠⻒ଘŐƎ῁⡢őƀŭƘŮŬЕŘųᏦᒆŰᴛᰲŜŤ⯗௚ůᡵ⤾ųḁἦŴƀŭƘŮƄƎƑůŐŨŤЖᎣᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠≱৭⻧ų՚؏ḁἦŴƀŭƘŮƄƎƑůŐŨŤЖᒍ⡋೘‫׌‬ųᵹᴥŴЕᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠Ɨ೘৭ᴥŰỊ೘ŞƐŘŭᔹŰƄƐⶋƏЕ֩⛜ᴥůᡵ⤾≱৭⻧ų՚؏ḁἦŴ⬒48)ŬŇƐőЕᑯ⃼ᴥŰŴጼ⋠᮳ୋŰŏŖƐഃ⧐ųᐆࣻų AF2 ạ᜼ŰⵇŞƐ 147)ųƄŬŇŨŤЖAF2

ऀŰũůŗƐŘŭŬŇƒŋЖᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫųᒆྒŰ࿈ạ᜼Ű⎒Ɛጫ῁។೾⬒ứƗᗳ⟬ŜЕᡵ⤾≱ઓ‫ת‬ųᓨōЕṺ‫תܷ׌‬ųᡵ⤾≱ࠡƗ⿵ƆūŉŔŤƆŰЕŘƑŤŜŤ྆ࠅŭⶋ᱘Űũŉū➸ऀЕᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫƉᡵ⤾ƃŬųᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ḁἦОഃ⧐ų┪ἕƗᰲŐŜūЕᡵ≱ጼ⋠ŰŏŖƐᡵ⤾≱৭⻧ųणᴥḁἦų⯗❹࿻ƗṶ⤾≱⛈ጫų՚ᘤ‫ݔ‬ഖƉጼ⋠᮳ୋųቀᘤḁἦƗBП৏ŜūŉƐЖषᙲŰЕᡵ⤾ᰲᡐᶃ⡓ų՚؏ḁἦƉᡵ-ŜũũԖ≱ų⫭ኬƗઙƏЕ‫ܞ‬ഃࢆŰũůŗƐƍŋ

⤾ᰲᡐůइƏ⃾Ƅųངࢆő྿❹ŬŇƐŭ≯ōƐЖƃŤЕᾨ

X$Пųᡐࡗ‫ݔ‬ഖƉᛂ⌉ŰⵇŞƐ޻ᓠƇЕ

ᾨ 3 ᒆƃŬƀŭƘŮƄƎƑůŐŨŤЖ

2 ᒆ֫ⶈųᆸἇ཯༜ϑᔹ⠿཯༜ϒŰůŨūŐƎ⛈ጫ

ᾨ 4 ᒆŰůƐŭЕྠᒾųԬŰ᮷࿗ᴥ⅘⡢ŐƎ‫ⶫه‬⊯঵ŰƍƐ⡢፜ŴᧉᣞŜūŉŤŤƆЕ⛈ጫⵇ‫≱ذ‬ŭ৩ফЕ֕⣛П8Е⯛♲-N;PůŮųƍŋŰഃḁἦ≱ŭ೘ᕋůŮőࢷࠡŜळŋბࡤų&ПEḁἦųⷁŰ‫׬‬ő⦜ŒūŮųƍŋŰൖ࿈ŞžŒŐƗᗳ⟂ŜŤበ⫶őᒂƃƑƐЖ‫ݔ‬ഖő୾ōũũŇƐ‫़ی‬őƄƎƑŤЖƃŤЕᡵ⤾ᰲȀᡐᶃ⡓ų᮳ᬡŭ+EŰⵇŞƐḁἦƇƄƎƑƐƍ
ŋŰůŨŤЖŚƎŰЕŢƑƃŬḁἦųୋŴЕ‫⫶ܡ‬ᴥȕȎȒȀПTП.ŰƄƐᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫⵇ⫭⡢፜ų‫ݔ‬ഖ޻ᓠȀů⎎᠄‫ת‬őƀŭƘŮŬŇŨŤőЕ2000 ຮ߰ྙƍƏՄ⛜ 1.ŰƄƐŭŏƏЕ4 ᒆŰ݀⫤ŜŤПTП.ŴЕ๑ŰŏŖƐેଘų⠏⃮ůḁἦƇ⫶ƆƎƑūŉƐЖ೘μᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ

X$Пνŭμᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠Оৱᴛνő➃

4 ᒆŰůƐŭЕ⡢፜ፎų୾ࠦŭŭƇŰᎀŤůПޯŚƑŤЖᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫⵇ⫭ḁἦŬŴЕᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫųԞ྽ᴥᘤ࡛ŭŜūᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ

X$ПųᡐࡗƗማōū

TП.őޯ᮳ŜЕᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁ų⨸ኄŰൖ࿈ŜŤℊᓨŏƏЕ՚ᘤ‫ݔ‬ഖŰⵇŜūŴৱᴛƗैƅᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ƗŭƄƐŘŭőŬŒƍŋЖμᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁νμЕᡵ⤾≱ઓ‫ת‬νЕ⯗➎ŜūŉƐŭŉōƍŋЖμᡵ⤾≱⃾↼νЕμ᜗๑⡋ᔹνЕμጫ῁ᴥጟኊνЕμADRνᏦᒆߏųԬůПTП.ƗƄƐŭЕ1,2 ᒆŰƄƎůŮų;TП.ŴЕᡵ⤾≱ų⎎὚ጟኊų݆‫ת‬ᴥůƑůŐŨŤμ᠘ߠ໒νЕμᡵ⤾≱⬏ࡗνЕ
μጫ῁νЕ
μ2

‫ݔ‬ഖƉЕ⫩ƉŐů✃ഐጴᣒŽųൖ࿈ůŮŘƑŐƎų

(-TПνůŮő 3 ᒆŰޯ᮳ŜūŉƐЖŘƑŴЕᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫų⡄⻧ƗṶ৏ŞƐƇųŭ≯ōƎƑƐЖX$ПƗԬŭŞƐ٨ߏ݆‫ת‬ᴥů՚ᘤ‫ݔ‬ഖƃŤЕμ⯛♲৩ফν
Еμ‫ⶫه‬νЕμ֕⣛П8νЕμ৩ųᗳ⟂ťŖŬůŔЕ᠘⻒ଘƉᎇ῁Q>PůŮų➡ᩍ

ফ+-νůŮᡵ⤾≱৭⻧ⵇ⫭ų݆‫ת‬ᴥůПTПŐƎᡵ⤾≱৭⻧Űቝ⪫ŞƐ྿❹࿻ő⿵ƃŨŤƇųŭ

.ųޯ᮳ŴЕᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ≯ōƎƑƐЖ

ἦő⫶ƆƎƑūŒūŉƐŘŭų⛜ƑŬŇƒŋЖᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ

X$ПŰŏŖƐ՚؏޻ᓠḁȀ⛜ ȒȎПTП.ŰŏŖƐᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫⵇ⫭⡢፜ų‫ݔ‬ഖ޻⻵Ȁ
➎ᩍȀ

ȑȎጼ⋠Ȁ

⺿ᵹȀ

Οᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ȀȒȎᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁ȀብȀ ⩈Ȁ Ȁ ПȀ TȀ ПȀ .Ȁ

Πᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫȀΡᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ X$Пᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠Ȁ

ᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫȀ

ᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ

೘ᕋȀ

ેᎃ⛈ጫȀ

ᰲᢉጼ⋠О೘≕ȀX$ПȀȓȎ՚؏޻ᓠȀȔȎᡵ⤾≱ᡐࡗȀ΢ᡵ⤾≱৭⻧Ȁ

Σᡵ⤾≱Ȁ

ȡȦȒȀ

ᡵ⤾≱Ȁ

ȡȤȲȀ

⯛♲৩ফȀ

ᡵ⤾≱OП%ПȀᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁Ȁ

ᡵ⤾≱ᶃ⡓Ȁ

⯛♲৩ফ-N;PȀ ᡵ⤾≱ઓ‫ת‬Ȁ‫ࢆ⃁ת‬Ȁጫ῁Ȁᡵ⤾≱✃ഐȀ

֕⣛П8Ȁᡵ⤾≱Ⴂ⣆Ȁ

:П.5(+EȀጫ῁ᴥጟኊȀ

ᡵ⤾≱ৱᴛȀ

‫ⶫه‬Ȁᡵ⤾≱⬏ࡗȀ

Ȁᡵ⤾≱‫ه‬⣛Ȁᡵ⤾≱✃ഐጴᣒȀ ⿵ㆹ≱ẫẀȀ

Ȁ

᠘ߠ໒Ȁ

ᡵ⤾≱ၬୈȀ

ᡵ⤾≱৭⻧Ȁ

ᡵ⤾≱ųᚧߓȀȀᡵ⤾≱᠘Ȁᡵ⤾≱⢣໓Ȁ

Ȁ

+;FX5ПȀȀᡵ⤾≱ଣᒍ᠘Ȁ

৩ফ+-ȀȀેଘȀȀ⯛♲৩ফ⤬஼᠘ȀȀȀ

2(-TПȀ

Ȁ

⯛♲ົȀ

Ȁ

Ȁ

⿵ㆹ≱Ȁ

Ȁ

➇ߠⅲঈȀ

Ȁ

Ȁ

␜≱Ȁ

Ȁ

Ȁ

Ȁ

Ȁ

᜗๑⡋ᔹȀ

ᜑŰЕ⡢፜ųПTП.Ɨ KJ ᠘ųᆉ᠘ŰƍƏ޻ᡵ⤾≱⃾↼ȀȀ ŘƑƃŬųᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫⵇ⫭ḁἦų՚⺿Űឌ⩂ŞƐ⻵ŞƐŭ⛜ 2 ŰṶŞŭŏƏЕ5 PП<Űፒ᮷ŬŒŭፎŴ൩ůŉőЕՄ๑ેଘŰŏŖƐᡵ⤾ᰲᡐŤЖPП<ŴЕμΟᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠νЕμΠᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫνЕПųഃბ⡋ᔹ޻ᓠůŮŰƄƎƑƐેᎃᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫųμΡᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ

ḁἦŴЕᎀŜŉ‫़ی‬ŭ≯ōƎƑƐЖX$ПνЕμ΢ᡵ⤾≱৭⻧νЕμΣᡵ⤾X$≱νų⺿ᵹसŭŜŤЖŚƎŰЕŘƑƎų⺿ᵹƗ௚ŒȀ ᒍ⡋ᔹℊᓨŰ➃ƐⶋƏЕᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫⵇ⫭ḁἦų‫ݔ‬ŔማōƐŭμΟᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠νŴጼ⋠ᴥ‫ݔ‬ഖƗṶŜūഖŴЕጫ῁ᙩႊЕጫ῁᮷࿗Еଣᒍ⟝➼ጫ῁Еᎇ῁ųŉƐЖμΠᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫνŭμΡᡵ⤾ᰲᡐयጫ῁Q>Pų‫ݔ‬ഖŰឌžūЕ٨ߏ՚ᘤQ>PŬŇ

X$ПνŴЕጫ῁ų‫ݔ‬ഖŬŇƐЖμ΢ᡵ⤾≱৭⻧νŴ՚؏޻ᓠŬЕƐેᎃᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫŰⵇŞƐ‫ݔ‬ഖő൩ůŐŨŤЖ⿵໒μΣᡵ⤾≱νŴᡵ⤾≱ᡐࡗŰⵇŞƐ‫ݔ‬ഖŭማōƎƑŰᴛ⬘ŜŤ᮳ૃųᡵ⤾ᰲᡐŰŏŉūЕᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫųƐЖȀ‫ܞ‬ഃࢆŴઞഓᴥ⡄⻧ŬƇŇƐЖŭŔŰЕᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁֫ԃƍƏЕᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫⵇ⫭ḁἦų‫ݔ‬ഖŰŴЕጼ⋠Еųഃ࠿࿻Ɨ⿵ƆƐŤƆŰŴЕᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫ 45 ຮųᝊጫ῁Е՚؏޻ᓠЕᡵ⤾≱ᡐࡗų 4 ũų➎ᩍő➃ޯŚणŰŏŉūЕᡵ⤾ᰲᡐų᮳ୋŰᑯƇ⪫ŉેᎃᡵ⤾≱ƑŤЖ⛈ጫőŮųƍŋůᴛඣƗŤŮƏЕᡵ⤾≱৭⻧ų➮។ЕȀᡵ⤾≱ų⎎὚ጟኊЕᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ųᴛඣůŮᡵ⤾≱ŰȕȎȓȀᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫⵇ⫭ḁἦŰ྿❹ůેᎃᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫų‫ݔ‬ഖȀŮųƍŋŰⵇƔƏཾ⺹ƗऀƁŜūŒŤųŐणᴥ℆ⅸųᗳ⟬Ƈ྿❹ŬŇƐЖŢųℊᓨƗ⧘ƃōƐŘŭŰƍ

ŨūЕŘƑŐƎųᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫųᎃ़࿻őᏀṶŚƑūྒŞƐνξࠈ὚ɡɟ३ຮ⟌࿗⠞՛ࢤຮųᝃŔƐųŬŴůŉťƒŋŐЖŢųŤƆЕᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫⵇƄοpp.39-43 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬⫭ḁἦŰŏŖƐેᎃᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫŰⵇŞƐ‫ݔ‬ഖų‫ܞ‬ഃ16) ⏣๐ࢶ᱊(2007)μጫ῁ŭഓ໙℆ᣒŭųⵇ‫ذ‬ƗŮŋማōƐžŒŐПഓ໙℆ᣒŐƎƄŤጫ῁őឺƆƎƑƐЖ⟶‫إ‬Ű़Ŗūνξഓ໙℆ᣒḁἦοNo.20 p8ࣼ≯፜᭜ȀᎣᒍഓጫ೘‫׌‬Ȁ ഓ໙℆ᣒ⭷‫׌‬1) ఆᒪ∤֩ೂО⣴ᒪ⥟᠄ⅱ(2000)ξᰲᢉᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠⡢-ᰲᡐųೲܷ‫ⷂه‬Ɨ≯ōƐ-οᏧᠴᑧᆂ2) ఆᒪ∤֩ೂО⣴ᒪ⥟᠄ⅱ(2002)ξ௒⯗‫࡛ۉ‬O
ŭ⯛ⱕῬ᮷ጼ⋠-Մ๑ŐƎųᴛً-οᏧᠴጼ⋠οᾨɠ‫ݙ‬ϡᾨɡɥ‫ ݙ‬Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬18) ‫ໍⵈݔ‬ઞឤᰲᡐඎ(2005)ξ4X.;(ᡵ⤾≱ 2005οpp.4-5ᑧᆂ3) ⣴ᒪ⥟᠄(2003)μેଘ᯼୷Ŝūų

3>ПLXŭ

৩່⛏νᎣᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬ξᡵ19) ⃮๐າӹ(2007)ξᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁೘οpp.93-122
ᅗ፜ଫ20) Ⰻᒉᣃ⸃(2004)ξᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁ ᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ⡢ο⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨɡɢ‫ݙ‬Еpp.57-66
4) ఆᒪ∤֩ೂО๐औၾೂ(2002)μ᯼୷‫ܷه‬৩ফϑ17) Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬ⅱ(1983~2006)ξᡵ⤾≱৩ফϒų⡄⻧νЕՄ๑PП+P೘ⶓ௚೘⃆❹ VISIO No.ɡɨ pp.47-56
5) ๐औၾೂ(2000)μ⯛ⱕῬ᮷ጼ⋠ų➎ᩍŐƎƄŤྙᒆ⿵ㆹ≱ų℆ᣒᰲᡐ;᪖ᒍᶗŰŏŖƐഃბ⡋ᔹŐƎПνЕᎣᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬ξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οЕᾨɡɟ‫ݙ‬Еpp.143-151

pp.38-68 ़೘Ṻ21) ᱃Ԟൗ∤ೂ(1983)μેᎃܻ݀ઓ‫ת‬ŰŏŖƐᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠νξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨ 1 ‫ ݙ‬pp.137-149
Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬22) ▭ࣧᕈೂ(1983)μᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ

X$ПŰŏŖƐᡵ ⤾ ≱ ጼ ⋠ νξ ᡵ ⤾ ≱ ጼ ⋠ ο ᾨ 1 ‫ݙ‬
pp.150-164 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬X$ПŰŏ23) Ⰻᒉᠴೂ(1984)μᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ųᎃ᠘ŭ⟶‫;إ‬ŖƐᶃ⡓‫ݔ‬ഖŭ,П$ⷨἕų⡄⻧νЕᎣᒍᡵξᡵ⤾≱ጼ݄໗ᶗᡵ⤾≱ৱᴛ՚ᘤų⠂ƄŐƎПν⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬ξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨɡɥ‫ݙ‬Е⋠οᾨ 2 ‫ ݙ‬pp.62-79 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬6) ๐औၾೂ֜ 3(2006)μᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ

pp.141-150

24) 13)pp.95-114

7) ൧ᒉ⃆ԷО௚△ࢦἊⅱ(2006)μેᎃ⎎᠄‫ת‬ᡵ25) ྙ▭⹜ೂ(1986)μᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ųඣᒂ;ⵇ⫭य⤾≱⛈ጫ⥊፩νξᎣᒍᡵ⤾≱৭⻧ଣṥ⥊፩ⷨ޻⯘ų⫭‫ذ‬Ɨ⨻ŰПνξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨ 5 ‫ݙ‬ᅗοϑᕎϒŞŉƑƘ⎨

pp.133-148 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬8) Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬ⅱ(2007)ξᎀȀ ᡵ⤾≱ጼ
⋠ Q&Aοpp.7-10 Ԟ⭷Ꭳᒍጼ⋠፜ࢆ‫׌‬9) ‫ໍⵈݔ‬ઞឤᰲᡐඎ(2003)ξɡɠԏ⃆ųᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁ųૃƏᎃŰũŉūοઞ὚࣊ߡඎ
10) य़Ȁ ԏ᩷(1976)μᎣᒍŰŏŖƐᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠⡢νξԞջ௚೘ጼ⼯⡢ओοᾨɠɦ๮ᾨɢन
pp.639-640
11) ⿵ᚿᏀೂ(1986)μ⛈ጫŭᡵ⤾≱νξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ųŞŞƆοp.58 ᑴ፥ⵈ12) ❷ᒪⶰ᱊(1995)μƔőઞųᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ᰲᅗᒆŰⵇŞƐḁἦϑᾨɠୈϒνξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨ
15 ‫ ݙ‬pp.53-64 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬13) ⁚๐գ⭩(1986)μŘƑŐƎųᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠Ɨ≯26) ŴƉŜŉŔ(1985)μᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ų᮷࿗ŭᎃ᠘
;ᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫų὚ୋŐƎПνξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨ

3 ‫ ݙ‬pp.57-72 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬27) ŴƉŜŉŔ(1986)μᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ųඣᒂ;݀ᰲų➎ᩍŬŭƎōƐПνξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨ 5 ‫ݙ‬

pp.160-161 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬28) ᡞ᱃Ꭳޯೂ(1988)μᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ

X$ПŰŏŖ

Ɛ␜≱Ɨൖ⤈ŭŜŤᡵ⤾≱ৱᴛųഃ⧐ƍƏПᡵ⤾ᰲᡐᶃ⡓঵ų➎ᩍŐƎПνξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨ 8 ‫ ݙ‬pp.171-182 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬29) ᷻๐᜽∤(1990)μᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ųଣᒍϑΎϒ;௲⃊ŰⵇŞƐᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠;νξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨ

10 ‫ ݙ‬pp.57-76 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬ōƐПᰲᢉ೘≕ų➎ᩍŐƎПνξᡵ⤾≱ጼ30) ቓ๐⤥௞(1991)μ‫׀‬ᘤŐƎƄŤᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠;⋠οᾨ 5 ‫ ݙ‬pp.95-114 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬‫׀‬ᘤŰឺƆƎƑƐً⻣ᒺֵųŤƆųᡵ⤾≱Еጼ⋠14) ❷ ᒪ ⶰ ᱊ (1999) ξ Ꭳ ᒍ ų ᡵ ⤾ ≱ ጼ ⋠ ο᱘Е⛈ጫЕ‫׀‬ᘤųɣ≱ࢷࠡŰൖŞƐቹ➸;νξᡵ

pp.82-88 ᑴ፥ⵈ15) ऀ๐Ꮥ‫(ׇ‬2003)μɡɠԏ⃆ųᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠Űᒆ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨ 11 ‫ ݙ‬p.29 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬31) ൒᱃ဳೂ(1993)μᰲᢉ೘≕ŭŜūųᡵ⤾≱ጼ44) ๐औၾೂ֜ɢ(2006)μᡵ⤾ᰲᡐ

X$ПŰŏ⋠;ᰲᢉ೘≕‫⃁ת‬ŰŏŖƐᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ų‫∌פ‬ŪŖƐᶃ⡓‫ݔ‬ഖŭ,П$ⷨἕų⡄⻧νξᡵ⤾≱ξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨ 13 ‫ ݙ‬pp.73-82 ᎣᒍŖПνጼ⋠οᾨ 26 ‫ ݙ‬pp.141-150 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬೘‫׌‬32) ༢⽷೏ೂ(1995)μᚨᡞ๵ᡵ⤾ᰲᡐX$Пų45) ⣴ᒪ⥟᠄֜ɢ(2006)μᡵ⤾ᰲᡐX$ПŰŏμᡵ⤾ᰲᡐӹᎣጼഈνų᮳ᬡŭ⡄⻧νξᡵ⤾ŖƐ৩ফ+-ų྆ࠅŭߓ᰻νξᡵ⤾≱ጼ≱ጼ⋠οᾨ 15 ‫ ݙ‬pp.203-218 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨ 26 ‫ ݙ‬pp.151-160 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘

⋠೘‫׌‬

‫׌‬

33) ༢⽷೏ೂ(1996)μᡵ⤾≱ৱᴛ⢣໓Žų᱊࿻ų46) ྪ⏆∤ᐒೂ֜ɡ(2006)μ᮳֩Ṻ‫׌‬ŰŏŖƐᡵࣼࠦᬡ᠊ŭᡵ⤾≱Ⴂ⣆νξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨ 16⤾≱ጼ⋠ų‫ݔ‬ഖŭᎃ᠘;ᡵ⤾≱ᶃ⡓ᇕའ≱ő‫ ݙ‬pp.173-182 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬⯗➎ŞƐПTП.⡋ᔹƗƇŭŰŜūПνξᡵ⤾34) ൒᱃ဳೂ֜ 1(1994)μᰲᢉ೘≕Ṻ‫׌‬ŰŏŖƐ≱ጼ⋠οᾨ 26 ‫ ݙ‬pp.23-32 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ųበ⫶;2(-TПО+Eų೘‫׌‬ḽ὚Ű़Ŗūνξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨ 14 ‫ ݙ‬pp.81-92

47) 35)ŭषŝ

Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬48) ֔դ‫ܢ‬Ꮜ(1983)μᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ų⡄⻧ŭඣᒂν35) ⣴औऴ‫(ܢ‬1995)μᡵ⤾≱⛈ጫŰൖŞƐᡵ⤾≱⬏ࡗųཾ⺹ࠡϑɠϒ;AF2 ‫؃‬᰻ạ᜼Ɨ՚؏ŭŜūνξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨ 15 ‫ ݙ‬pp.1-12 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬36) ԩනࢦ⥃ೂ(1999)μEC ሃ֪⑓ᕦ΁ᡵ⤾≱ų๡Ŝ᜼Ɔ⡗ឺᚧ΂ŐƎų≯ഷ;᠘ߠ໒ųጥ⹬ϕ‫ܞ‬ഃŭᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠;νξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨ 19‫ ݙ‬pp.81-92 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬37) ௚≅೸ӹ(2005)μ21 ԏ⃆ųᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁ŭᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠νξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨ 25 ‫ ݙ‬pp.1-8 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬38) ԩනࢦ⥃ೂ(2001)μᡵ⤾≱ઓ‫ת‬ŭ+;ОFX5Пų྆ࠅ;21 ųᎀŜŉᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨ 21 ‫ ݙ‬pp.41-50 Ꭳᒍᡵ;ν⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬39) ԩනࢦ⥃ೂ(2003)μᡵ⤾≱ጫ῁ųࡗ़ŭឤⴾઓ‫ת‬ųᡐࡗŰũŉūνξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨ 23‫ ݙ‬pp.105-114 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬40) ԩනࢦ⥃ೂ(2006)μ᜗๑ŰŏŖƐᡵ⤾≱⃾↼Žųጫ῁ᴥጟኊŭᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠νξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨ 26 ‫ ݙ‬pp.1-10 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬41) ༢⽷೏ೂ(2002)μ⯛♲৩ফ-N;Pų᮳ᬡŭ⡄⻧νξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨ 22 ‫ ݙ‬pp.37-46 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬42) ๐औၾೂ֜ɡ(2005)μᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠ų➎ᩍŐƎƄŤ‫ⶫه‬ŰⵇŞƐᡵ⤾≱ᶃ⡓ų᮳ᬡŭ⡄⻧;Մ๑ųᶃ⡓՚؏ƍƏПνξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨ 25‫ ݙ‬pp.41-50 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬43) ⦉ᏋṸೂ֜ɧ(2006)μᡵ⤾≱ᶃ⡓ἺऔŰƄƐ⿵ ㆹ ≱ μ ẫ Ẁ νξ ᡵ ⤾ ≱ ጼ ⋠ ο ᾨ 26 ‫ݙ‬
pp.131-140 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬ξᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠οᾨ 1 ‫ ݙ‬p.1 Ꭳᒍᡵ⤾≱ጼ⋠೘‫׌‬π೘⛋⡢፜ρᑴᛂᢌ⋓✲⫪+Eų⬏᰻ŰⵇŞƐ⡋ᔹ;Ṻ‫׌‬ᆭ⛋ų➎ᩍŐƎ;ԞᒪȀ ِ*О⬤▭ŴƐ௭**Оࠡᝀᶜ᮷ೂ***Research on the Management of a System for Producing
Organic Liquid Fertilizer in Term of Social Technology
Osamu NAKAMURA , Haruna ENDO and Mariko RIKITAKE
AbstractȀ In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey on the Social technology for a system for producing
organic liquid fertilizer targeting local governments, which have introduced the system for the purposeof establishing recycling-type agriculture. As a result, we found that not all local governments thathave introduced the system have an established use of liquid fertilizer.

One of the reasons is lack of theSocial technology. As such, we clarified the necessity of the Social technology for effectively operatefacilities to produce and use liquid fertilizer.
Key Words : social technology, system for producing organic liquid fertilizer, organic liquid fertilizer,
organic wasteɠϔŴŝƆŰȀ

ŉŤ؏ŴƔşŐŬŇƏЕᡯᠴᆸᖶŚƑūŉŤ՚؏ůȀ ᾱ≱ƎŴ߰ୈϑԞᒪ 2003ϒŰŏŉūЕ᯼୷ų➎ᩍŮƇ௒Ŕ➃ƎƑŤЖŰƍƐŜඍ‫ޛ‬᮷ᆭ⛋ų⟶‫إ‬ƗŏŘůŉЕᒍἇŬइƏŢŘŬЕᒍἇŬŴЕᑴᛂ᫿ᢌ⋓ࢆ✖∌Ɨ൦ܴŜū

2P

ŉƐܷઞų⎎᠄‫ת‬Ɨൖ⤈ŭŜūഃᎇŜŤXП-Пᡵ⤾⯙Ƈ൩ůŔЕůŏŐũᑴᛂ⋓፩ŭŜūྭ᯼ߓ⡋ᔹųℊᓨƗƇŭŰЕᑴᛂ᫿ᢌ⋓ࢆ✖∌ų⬏᰻ഃბ᰻ŬŒƐνŘŭƗᏀƎŐŰŜŤЖƃŤЕឱ᱃ƗŐŐƗᏀƎŐŰŜŤЖԃŗƐᑴᛂ᫿ᢌ⋓ࢆ✖∌őЕμ-ƇೲŔōƐ⪘ᒪ⭷ŰŏŉūŴЕᑴᛂ᫿ᢌ⋓ࢆ✖∌Ŵμ⬭᜽ᆭ⛋νŭŜū⟶‫إ‬ŚƑƐŭŜŤЖŭŘƒőЕᑴᛂ᫿ᢌ⋓ࢆ✖∌Ɨ✲⫪ŜūŉƐFПᜑŰЕᬾ⎎ų๘௞ŰƍŨūᢌ⋓✲⫪ᎇ⟝ų⬏᰻ŰŐŐƐ⡄⻧Ɨ➮។ŜЕેଘų⥊ᤣྭ᯼+EƗᙩŜŤẫ඿ᶗᗫ᱃ᱍϑ᮳ૃųԃᱍϒŰŏŖƐഃⷁПϑᕎϒᎫࢆᅗOПXϑ֫ྙЕACCϒŭų݀षųइ⃾ƄƗፒ᮷ŜЕ᮳ୋŰŏŖƐྭ᯼ųŤƆųᙲИḁἦŰŏŉūЕŘų✖∌Ɨ൦ܴŜūŉƐ⎎᠄‫ת‬Ɨ⡋ůᡐࡗƉᆭ⛋ų྿❹࿻ƗᏀƎŐŰŜŤЖᔹŜŤŭŘƒЕ✲⫪ŚƑŤᢌ⋓őŞžūፆ๶ŚƑūȀ ůŏЕᒍἇŬइƏᆢŋXП-ų,П$Ŵ 2003ຮųकŉƇųŬŇƐЖŰƇŐŐƔƎşЕᒍἇŬइƏȊ⴪෴௚೘௚೘ⶓᰲᰶỊ೘ḁἦỊȀƃŭƆƐŘŭŰŜŤųŴЕ᮳ୋŐƎųངŉ❹ᒂŰŇȊȊ⴪෴௚೘௚೘ⶓᰲᰶỊ೘ḁἦỊࢽவྙᒆ⡄ứȀƐЖȊȊȊᬃ೾⹡ਜߓᡐࡗ᠘։ેଘྭ᯼ḁἦᆃȀई⻒ຮᑳᎣȀ ȒȐȐȘ ຮ ȕ ᑳ ȑ ᎣȀई᮷ຮᑳᎣȀ ȒȐȐȘ ຮ ș ᑳ Ȓ ᎣȀ5CųᐆऀŰ‫ו‬ŉЕF$Xᴛ⮫ྙųᡵࢆᢌųߓ᰻Еᢌ⋓ࢆŰũŉūųⵇ྽őयેŬ⿵ƃŨūŒŤőЕF$X<NX-Ɨ൦ܴŜЕᡵࢆᢌƗᢌ⋓ŭŜūߓ᰻ŜŤŔŭƇЕᢌ⋓ő⪘ഓŰईŖܴƑūƇƎō
ůŉЖŢŋŜŤ⡄⻧➮។ųŤƆŰЕ‫⛈ܡ‬՚؏ŭŜūųᑴᛂ᫿ᢌ⋓ࢆ✖∌ų᮳ᬡЕ3

4

ɢϔ⡋ᔹᆉ᠘ȀɢϔɠȀ ḁἦൖ⤈ų⬼೾ᎃ᠘ᒍ⡋ᔹŬŴЕACC ŭų݀षḁἦŬЕܷઞŬᑴᛂ᫿ƗᷭƏŤŉЕ

ŭŉŋयેŐƎų❹ᒂŬŇƐЖᢌ⋓ࢆ✖∌Ɨ൦ܴŜūŉƐ 31 ⎎᠄‫ת‬
ϑ1999 ຮᏦᩍϒȀ ŘŋŜŤयેų❹ᒂŰ࿈ōƐŤƆЕᏦᒆƗ⫼ŜŤܷūƗൖ⤈ŰXП-⡋ᔹẙƗᴛ⫏ŜŤЖŘųŋᩍŴŇƐőЕᢌ⋓ߓ᰻ų⡄⻧Ɨፒ᮷ŜūЕຽŔयેŦ⪮᾿ųŇŨŤ 15 ⎎᠄‫ת‬ų,П$Ɨ޻ᓠŰߓ᰻ŜŬᡐ᰻ŬŒƐƍŋŰŞƐŤƆЕ፜ᑧࢆŰइƏ⃾ƅŘŤЖ޻ᓠųൖ⤈ŭůŨŤ⎎᠄‫ת‬ųᘹ❹Ŵ⛜ɠųŭŏ

ŭŰŜŤЖ

ƏŬŇƐЖ

ɡϔᑴᛂ᫿ᢌ⋓ࢆ✖∌ųᘹ❹ȀȀ⛜ ȑȀ ޻ᓠൖ⤈⎎᠄‫ת‬ųᘹ❹Ȁᑴᛂ᫿ᢌ⋓ࢆ✖∌ųईܴƑൖ⤈ŭůƐųŴЕᰲř་⟝ຮȀ Ё❷ᐰຮЂᆃૃƄƉŜඍŏƍŸᡙࢆᚉៃᠨЕᱤᰶ₯ඍŭŉŨŤᑴᛂ

ഋ෴ᶗ

ᓊ⢄ᶗ⭰

ⅎᱍ

ẫ඿ᶗ

ܺఐ⭰

ԃⶮᱍ

⃁໠ᖶ᫿ŬŇƐϑᰲ᫿⃁໠ᖶ᫿ŇƐŉŴ5

Cㅖ‫ܩ‬෥ᶗ

Ꭳ∌⭰

ׄⷨⶓᱍ

␼ଌᶗ

⛈ᎃ⭰

ŭŉŋॸợƇŇƐϒЖᒍ✖∌ŬŴ໠ᖶ᫿ŭŜūᆢƔƑ

៰ↂᶗ

෥ඉ⭰

ᓊ⼆ອᱍ

ഋ෴ᶗ

‫ܩ‬ᤒ⭰

❷⁚⏠ᒪ

ūŉƐᑴᛂ⃁໠ᖶ᫿Ɨఖឪ࿻ᡵࢆ‫ޛ‬᮷ŜЕᢌ⋓Ɨ✲

⴪෴ᶗ

ࢺ⿵ᒾ⭰

ࠦᡀ‫ק‬ᱍ

⴪෴ᶗ

஻ය⭰

⏷⪜ᱍ

⫪ŞƐЖ

⹜඿ᶗ

᱃ᎃ⭰

޲ࢺᱍ

ࢇᡯ⬗

ԃ๐⭰

ঈപᱍ

⴪෴ᶗ

஻ය⭰

᷻᱃ᱍ

᪖ᒍᶗ

ㅖᒍ⭰

ㅖࢇᱍ

᪖ᒍᶗ

ㅖᒍ⭰

⒘ㅖᱍ

ࢇᡯ⬗

ຓक़⭰

ຓक़ᱍ

ẫ඿ᶗ

ԃ⭰

ᗫ᱃ᱍ

ઙ 1 Űᑴᛂ᫿ᢌ⋓ࢆ✖∌ųᘹ❹ƗṶŞЖŘƑŴ
ACC ų✲⫪ŞƐ✖∌ųӹ⎽ᴥůᘹ❹ŬŇƐЖ⫤ຓųŜඍ‫ޛ‬᮷ŬŴఖឪ࿻ᡵࢆྙŰᡐ࿻ៃᠨ᠘Ɨ᰻ŉūጪᡖឱᤤƃŬ‫ޛ‬᮷ŞƐőЕᒍ✖∌ųୋळŴᢌ

Ȁ

։औ

⅘⹥ἕ

Ё։Ђ

˨˪ʯ

Ȁ

ʮʶʴʵ

ʴʩʳʭʱ

ʶʲʫʯ

ʮʶʴʶ

ʱʩʯʲʲ

ʲʶʫʰ

Ȁ
ࢇᡢᱍ

ʮʶʵʯ

ʯʱʩʭʲʳʲʲʫʵʮʶʵʰʮʭʩʳʶʮ

ʲʱʫʴ

Ȁ

ʮʶʵʱ

ʮʴʩʳʳʮ

ʮʱʫʵ

ʮʶʵʱ

ʮʩʱʴʯ

ʯʴʮʫʳ

Ȁ

ʮʶʵʱ

ʵʩʰʱʴ

ʯʱʫʱ

ʮʶʵʲ

ʶʩʯʭʱ

ʱʲʫʮ

Ȁ

ʮʶʵʲ

ʰʶʩʭʭʯ

ʳʲʫʮ

ʮʶʵʳ

ʱʩʲʯʶ

ʯʯʱʫʵ

Ȁ

ʮʶʵʶ

ʱʩʶʰʰ

ʮʳʫʲ

ʮʶʶʭ

ʲʩʰʶʭ

ʵʳʫʯ

Ȁ

ʮʶʶʯ

ʴʩʵʮʲ

ʴʴʫʱ

ʮʶʶʰ

ʲʩʭʮʲ

ʯʴʵʫʰ

ʮʶʶʱ

ʮʯʩʯʶʴ

ʲʮʫʴɢϔɡȀ ⡋ᔹᆉ᠘Ȁ⋓⤲ᱡᚉŰᴛ⮫‫⫶ر‬ųŤƆų⮫⃦߻ƗᆸܴŜūЕᑗ

XП-⡋ᔹŴ 2003 ຮ 9 ᑳŰഃᎇŜŤЖůŏЕឪ‫ޛ‬᮷ƗŞƐťŖЕŭŉŋ‱ࢻů֛⃾ƄŬŇƐЖŢųྙųळ‫׽‬ŰƍŨū๵ᱍᒪसő௅ᑣŚƑŤ⎎᠄‫ת‬

6QП$ПŽ

Ƈ௒ŔŇƐőЕᒍἇŬŴའᏦųसợųƃƃ⟌⪾ŞƐЖᆸܴŜЕ᷻Ɖ⯛ඤЕ80ПP⻵ųⁱ௚છ཯᫿Ɨ޻ⷿ

ᒍXП-ų⟝৭ŴЕ⪘ે⹥ἕƉ։औůŮ⡋ᔹŜŤྙЕ⡋ፒᚉŰỤ⫏ŞƐЖ⡋ፒᚉŬŴፎᎣ޻ųࣧ⎎᠄‫ת‬ųᘹ❹ŐƎЕᇕའ≱őᇅōƐ⡄⻧ůŮ௒යŰ፩ƗᣉळŜЕ
ᅗ޻Ɨ⡋ፒŜūૐӹࢆŚŠƐЖŘŘŬЕƔŤŨŤЖᒍἇŬŴЕ௒Ŕų⥧৭⺿ᵹųԞŐƎЕᢌᴛ⮫‫⫶ر‬ųŤƆų⮫⃦߻ƗᆸܴŜū⿵ᣬᴛ⮫Ɨ‫⫶ر‬⋓Ɨ⋓፩ŭŜūፆ๶ŜЕྭ᯼ߓ᰻ŞƐŤƆŰ྿❹ůŞƐЖ⺿ᵹƗ֫ԄųɦᩍŰℏŨū޻ᓠƗ⠂ƄŤЖࣧ፩ŬŇƐගඍЕៃᠨůŮ5(ᜑŰЕ⃮Őŉ↶ℽ࿻ųછ཯᫿Ɨ:

5ПOПXŬⶕࣻŞƐЖ޻ⷿŚƑŤછ཯᫿Ŵ:ΟȀ ‫ࠃװ‬ᢌ⋓ųᑴᩭŭ‫ࠃװ‬ᢌ⋓ų‫ޛ‬᮷ᎃ᠘5П<ΠȀ ᇕའ⡄

QŬ⌙ឱŜŤྙЕᩰ࣎‫޻ޛ‬ƃŤŴଯ⋓ࢆŞƐЖ޻ΡȀ ᢌ⋓ų‫إ‬ᕚⷿᢌŴᅗ᪞ᚉŰỤ⫏ŚƑЕఖឪᴛ⮫ŚŠƐőЕ⿵ᣬ΢Ȁ ⋓፩ᴜⲟųᑴᩭųŤƆⷳ⒚Ɖജᰲ◪࣏ůŮŴᝑ᥋ŞƐЖ✲⫪ŚƑŤΣȀ ᢌ⋓ߓ᰻ųŤƆų⃾↼ᢌ⋓Ŵᢌ⋓⤲ᱡᚉŰỤ⫏ŚƑЕ⪘↭ᒆƃŬ⤲ᱡŞƐЖȀΤȀ ⪘ᘤઓ‫ת‬ŭų⫭ኬųᑴᩭΥȀ ᢌ⋓ᐆऀųŤƆųৱᴛ՚ᘤųᑴᩭØ¤§Óі¼²íіö
⌙⎑Ø¤ö

ᆸܴ

Ø¤§ÓіÚï¼
ᩰ࣎ᨸ

5(

6QП$П

⌙Ḕ
✖∌
ીண⌙⎑✖∌

ⶕ᷽੗

⡋ፒᚉ

Ԟℰᚉ

Ȁ

ɣϔXП-ℊᓨŭ≯ഷȀɣϔɠȀ XП-⡋ᔹųℊᓨȀȀ ⡋ᔹℊᓨƗ⛜ Ȓ ŰṶŞЖȀᅗ᪞ᚉȀ ƃşЕᑴᛂ᫿ᢌ⋓ࢆ✖∌ųᒍᒾųᵹᴥŴᑴᛂ⃁໠

ࣧ፩⤲ᱡᚉ
ᢌ⋓⤲ᱡᚉ

ᖶ᫿ųྭ᯼ߓ᰻ťőЕ✲⫪ŚƑŤᢌ⋓ő⋓፩ᵹᴥŬፆ๶ŚƑ‫ࠃװ‬őᴛᰲŜūŉůŉ⎎᠄‫ת‬ŴƔşŐɥ⎎ፆ๶൚᰻⨨ઙ ȑ ᑴᛂ᫿ᢌ⋓ࢆ✖∌ųᘹ❹Ȁ᠄‫ת‬ųƄŬŇŨŤЖ‫޻ࠃװ‬ŴනᓣůŮЕഃⷁŰŴ⋓፩ƗŇƃƏ྿❹ŭŜůŉીેŰፆ๶ŚƑūŏƏЕᢌȀ⋓ő⋓፩ŭŜūߓ᰻ŚƑşŰ‫޻ޛ‬ŚƑūŉƐഃბőȀᏀƎŐŰůŨŤЖȀ⛜ ȒȀ XП-⡋ᔹųℊᓨȀȀΟ‫޻ࠃװ‬ǐ‫ޛ‬᮷Πᇕའ⡄Σᢌ⋓ߓ᰻ǐ Τ⪘ᘤઓ‫ת‬Ǌǐ
ǁǣǐ⃾↼
⫭ኬ

Ρᢌ⋓ǐ‫إ‬ᕚ

΢⋓፩ᴜⲟ

ⅎᱍ

ᱍᑴેЁܻળᾴЂǚፆ๶ѐҳ⪘ᘤⷨⓠቊឱᎇ⟝ǚᆸ⪘ᓣሔ⎢⡄ܴƻǭѐЁ֔Ǡǉᆸܴƹǁ
՚ǑǌƦЂ

ᩭ፩

ᣒ

;

;

;
ʥᎠǍᡰ⫙ƹǈƦǭǁǣʦԃⶮᱍᱍᑴᓣя࢝ᑴᓣǍፆ๶

ᩭ፩

;Ұ

;

;

;

ᩭ፩

;

;

ᑴ

;

ᱍឤ⡄Ёᰲᡐ᯼୷‫ذ‬Ђ₯ඍऄⷨҳᘤ≱ᢌ⋓✲⫪ҳῬ᮷ై⟋‫׌‬ᡯᠴᆸᖶऀǕᱍǐᖉળǍׄⷨⶓᱍṺፆ๶ƹǈƦǭѐፆ๶ ҳ։ᒩᡓ ⬧‫ ׌‬Ṻя
੄⟋௲⃊≱

Υৱᴛ՚ᘤ

ࢇᡢᱍ

ᱍ௎ǚǤፆ๶ƹ‫޻ࠃװ‬ǌ
᯼୷⡄
ƹ

ᩭ፩

ᣒ

;

;

;

ᓊ⼆ອᱍ

‫޻ࠃװ‬ǌƹЁᢌ⋓ƮԆ⦦ƹ
℆ᣒ⡄
ǈƦǭЂ

ᩭ፩ѐǁǂƹ⩤⫏֩ѕፆ๶֩Ǌƹǈʱ㉃ʯʭʭʭʪ
ʰʭʭʭ‫ݕ‬;;ᑴЁፆ๶ై⟋Ђ

;

ᩭ፩

ᣒ

;

;

;

ʭ‫ݕ‬ѐǁǂƹऄⷨᏦǍʲʭʭ‫ݕ‬ʬ㉃ᱤ
ᰶ⪘ഓǪǬÓ
°èіã®і‫؃‬
᰻፩Ǌƹǈ

ᣒ

ᑴ

ᑴ

;

ʲʭʭ‫ݕ‬ʬʮʵʭʭ㈺㈻

;

;

;

;

ᩭ፩

ᣒ

ᑴ

;

;

❷⁚⏠ᒪ ‫޻ࠃװ‬ǌƹऄⷨǠǉҳᰲᡐ᯼୷⡄ᢌ⋓✲⫪ፆ๶ҳ⪘ᓣ⡄‫ࠃװ‬ǍǆƦǈǑනᓣǦἪࠦᡀ‫ק‬ᱍ ƯતୋǚƬ⻯ƦǴƹ ǈፆ ᰶᘤ⡄ʥ⪘ጫ‫ذ‬ʦ๶ᎇ⟝Ῥ᮷ҳᰲᡐ᯼୷⡄⏷⪜ᱍᱍᑴᓣᾴǍፆ๶
ᢌ⋓ፆ๶ѕÓ°èіã⨨Ῥ᮷ҳ⪘ᓣ৩๘⡄޲ࢺᱍ‫޻ࠃװ‬ǌƹ

᯼୷⛓ᰲ⡄

ঈപᱍ

᫽ୋǚፆ๶

⪘ ᓣ ⡄ Ё ℆ ਜ ᙩ⫪ ൖ῁‫ذ‬Ђʰʭʭ‫ݕ‬ʬ㈼ʰ

ᩭ઎᾿

ᑴ

;

;

᷻᱃ᱍ

٨։ǐනᓣǦᱝǍፆ๶℆ᣒ⡄ʲʭʭ‫ݕ‬ʬʮʫʵ㉃

ᣒ

ᑴ

ᑴ

ߓ᰻‫⫶ر‬Äìº
‫׳‬ᅗ

ㅖࢇᱍ

ᱍᑴᓣЁᒦᾴЂǍፆ๶੄⟋⊯঵ѐ ߓ᰻፩ǐླऄҳ℆ᣒ⡄ʲʭʭ‫ݕ‬ʬʯ㉃

;

ᑴ

ᑴ

;

⒘ㅖᱍ

⼥፩‫׳‬᫿ǦᕇяÂ´Ñ¶яኤܴҳᰲᡐ᯼୷⡄ʲʭʭ‫ݕ‬ʬʮʫʵ㉃ѐፆ໙ᒉǐ⋠ᅗᱝǌǋឌ⩂ᴥऄⷨ⬏ኤѕፆ๶⤬஼ҳ⪘ ๶ై⟋ʮʯʭʭ‫ݕ‬Ǎ௚⯙ፆ๶ǉƯǭῒᆃǴᓣ⡄ʬʮʫʵ㉃ѐ
ƤǫƭƺǣቚƹǈƬƱѐ

᱆⡗Ԟ

;

;

;

ຓक़ᱍ

‫ࠃװ‬ǌƹ

ԃᱍගඍऄⷨҳᰲᡐ᯼୷⡄ᢌ⋓✲⫪ፆ๶ҳᰶᘤ⡄ʯʭʭ‫ݕ‬ʬ㈺㈻

ᣒ

ᑴ

;

;

ගඍऄⷨѕᢌ⋓✲⫪ҳᰲ
⵻⼆᰻ǐ‫ه‬ೲᓣЁᓓᓣЂǍᡐ᯼୷⡄ǠƦǈƦǭѐ
ፆ๶ѕ⤬஼ҳᰶᘤ⡄ʮʭʭ‫ݕ‬ʬʯʫʲ㉃

ᣒ

ᑴ

ᑴ

ᑴ

Ұ⛜ԞųμҥνŴμᩭŜνųႢ९ŬŇƐЖᒍ✖∌ų⬏ਜԬ‫ת‬ŴЕ⛈ጫųᇕའ⡄ŭŜūŴЕ℆ŜŐŜЕȡȣȣ ŴŜඍůŮŐƎᢌ⋓Ɨ✲⫪ŞƐᎇ⟝ᣒ⡄Ɖᰲᡐ᯼୷⡄Е⪘ᓣሔ⎢⡄ůŮЕ᯼୷ϑ໠ᖶ᫿ϒ⬏⨸C0JPŴ‫׳‬ᅗŜŤƇųųЕŢųྙųᢌ⋓ߓᇕའųୋळƇŇƑŵЕ⪘ᘤᇕའųୋळƇŇƐЖƃŤЕ᰻ŰⵇŞƐC0JPŴ‫׳‬ᅗŜůŐŨŤЖŘųŤƆЕ⛈ጫ⊯঵őຓ⾅ŞƐųŬŴůŔῬ᮷‫׌‬ṺƉ։ᒩᡓ⬧✲⫪ŚƑŤᢌ⋓ųߓ᰻ŴЕᎇ⟝Ɨ൦ܴŜŤ⎎᠄‫ת‬ų‫׌‬ṺŐƎ։ƗⷩŨūᎇ⟝Ű⮑∌ŜūŉƐ؏ƇŇŨŤЖȀ⠂⛈Ⲝ⠶ŰƋťŲƎƑƐŘŭŰůŨŤЖȀůŏЕȒȐȐȓ ຮŰ ȡȣȣ ŭԞᒪŴ݀षḁἦƗŏŘůŉЕ✲⫪ŜŤᢌ⋓Ɨ⋓፩ŭŜū⤬஼ŞƐୋळŴЕ⋓፩ᴜⲟƗŞƐŘŭő⋓፩इⅩ᠘Ŭ∵࡛ŪŖƎƑūŉƐ

ᢌ⋓ፆ๶ųC0JPƗ‫׳‬ᅗŜŤЖȀőЕȑȕ ⎎᠄‫ת‬ųŋŦЕȕ ⎎᠄‫ת‬Ŵᴜⲟ᱆⡗ƗŏŘůȀŨūŉůŐŨŤЖȀɣϔɢȀ ྭ᯼ųŤƆų⛈ጫ⃾↼ųԆ‫ۂ‬Ȁᢌ⋓ߓ᰻ųŤƆų⪘ഓ⃾↼ƗᑴŜūŉƐųŴ ȗ ⎎Ȁ ƇŋӹũЕXП-ŬᏀƎŐŰůŨŤŘŭŬᠫ᠄‫ת‬ŭࢭፎŰƇᤜŤůŐŨŤЖᢌ⋓ųߓ᰻Ɨ‫⫶ر‬ŞᵹŜŤŉᩍŴЕ⛈ጫ⃾↼ųŇƏᎃŬŇƐЖƐŤƆŰ⪘ᘤઓ‫ת‬ŭ⫭ኬƗઙŨūŉŤųŴЕƔşŐȀ ⛈ጫŰŏŖƐŜඍ‫ޛ‬᮷ųᇕའŴ᯼୷⭷⴫ŬŇƐЖȖ ⎎᠄‫ת‬ŬŇŨŤЖȀᢌ⋓ų‫إ‬ᕚŴᩭ፩ƃŤŴឌ⩂ᴥೲ‫إ‬Ű⟝೾ŚƑūӹᎃЕᢌ⋓ų⪘ેŬųߓ᰻ŰũŉūŴ⪘ᘤ⭷⴫ŰůƐЖŉƐЖŜŐŜЕᩭ፩Ŭ⮑๶ŚƑūŉƐⅎᱍ]ԃⶮᱍ]Ȁ ྙ⪾ŞƐẫ඿ᶗᗫ᱃ᱍϑळ‫׽‬Ŝūׄⷨⶓᱍ]ࠦᡀ‫ק‬ᱍŬᢌ⋓ų‫ࠃװ‬őᴛᰲŜūŉƐų

ŰЕŜඍųऄⷨƃŬŴ᯼୷Еᢌ⋓ų✲⫪Оፆ๶Ŵ⪘ŰൖŜЕ
⒘ㅖᱍ]ຓक़ᱍŬŴᑴ፩Ŭų⤬஼ŬƇ஼Ə޼ᘤŭ⛈ጫ⃾↼ųᬃ࿻Ű࿈ŝŤ྆ࠅ޻ᇕƗŏŘůŨū

ƑūŉŤЖŘŘŐƎЕᢌ⋓ų⟝೾‫إ‬ᕚőߓ᰻‫⫶ر‬ųŉŤŭŘƒŴЕᢌ⋓ųፆ๶ŴEПŬŇŨŤЖŤƆųࢤ޻ᒺֵŰŴůƎůŉŘŭőƔŐƐЖȀȀ ӹᎃЕŜඍऄⷨŐƎᢌ⋓ፆ๶ƃŬ᯼୷⭷⴫őᇕའ⪘ഓŰŭŨū⽻ᔖƄųůŉᢌ⋓ų⸑❹ƗᰲƅŤƆԃᱍϒųƍŋ

ŜūŉŤ⎎᠄‫ת‬ų௒ŔŴЕ⪘ឤŰᢌ⋓ߓ᰻ƗईŖܴŰŴЕᐆऀৱᴛ՚ᘤƇ྿❹ŭበᣯŚƑƐőЕइƏ⃾ƑūƇƎōůŉŭŉŋ⡄⻧ƗᇅōūŉŤЖƘŬŉƐųŴ᷻᱃ᱍŭᗫ᱃ᱍųƄŬŇŨŤЖȀȀ ᯼୷ጫ῁ŰⵇƔƐ⛈ጫ⊯঵ŬŴЕ⪘ഓŭųᎣຓᴥȀůũůőƏƇ⸀ŜŉЖƃŤЕᢌ⋓Ɨ⋓፩ᴜⲟŞƐŰɣϔɡȀ ྭ᯼ųŤƆųC0JPųԆૃȀƇЕᴜⲟ⤾᰻Ɨ᯼୷⛈ጫų՗ῢŭŜū⠟ƆūƇƎŋ

Ȁ XП-⡋ᔹųℊᓨŐƎЕᢌ⋓ųߓ᰻ᬡ᠊ŴЕųŴખ⸀ŬŇƐЖᒍ✖∌Ŵᢌ⋓✲⫪✖∌ŬŇƐЖŜඍůŮų໠ᖶ᫿⎎᠄‫ת‬ŰƍŨūŵƎũŒőŇƐŘŭőᏀƎŐŭůŨ
ŤЖȀƀŭƘŮų⎎᠄‫ת‬ŬŴЕᒍ✖∌ŬŜඍƉៃᠨŐƎƗЕᒍ✖∌ŰᆸܴŞƑŵᢌ⋓Ű௅ኄŞƐŘŭŴŬŒ
ƐЖᢌ⋓Ɨ✲⫪ŞƐŘŭŴŬŒŤőЕŢų✲⫪ŚƑŤᢌŜŐŜЕŢųᢌ⋓ƗЕેଘŬྭ᯼ߓ᰻ŞƐŤƆŰ

⋓ƗŮųƍŋŰેଘŬᡐ᰻ŜūŉŔųŐЕŭŉŋŘŴЕᢌ⋓Ɨ⋓፩ᴜⲟŜЕ⋓፩޻Ɨ޻ᓠŜЕ⬭޼ůፆŭŰⵇŜūŴय⎎᠄‫ת‬ų⠂⛈Ⲝ⠶ŰֺŚƑЕᆉቚƏ๶ᎃ᠘Ŭ⪘ેŰፆ๶ŞƐ྿❹őŇƐЖᢌ⋓Žų⪘ഓᬡბŬŇŨŤŘŭőЕय⎎᠄‫ת‬ŐƎų઎᾿ŐƎᏀƎų᮷➮ƗྤƐ྿❹ƇŇƐЖᢌ⋓Ɨፆ๶ŞƐŤƆųЕŘŋŜŤइƏ⃾ƄŴЕᒍŐŰůŨŤЖȀ⫤ຓЕ໠ᖶ᫿‫ޛ‬᮷ᎇ⟝ŰŴ⬏⨸Ῥ᮷ŰⵇŞƐC0ᒾЕ⛈ጫų⪘ᘤ⭷⴫ųᇕའŬŇƐžŒůųťőЕŉJPőೊૃŞƐЖ؏ōŵЕ໠ᖶ᫿ᩰ࣎ᨸƉԄឱ‫ޛ‬ŔũŐų⎎᠄‫ת‬ŰŏŉūŴЕ᯼୷⭷⴫őᇕའŜūŉ᮷ୋŬŴЕᛂ੗ųइƏᆢŉЕᩰ࣎ᨭƉ⌙ឱៃᠨųኤŤЖŢųℊᓨЕᢌ⋓ųߓ᰻Ŵᣞ൩ŜЕેଘ‫ݔ‬Ŭųྭޯᎃ᠘ůŮŰũŉūųC0JPőŇƏЕŢƑŰྠ᯼ŰŴ⎒ƎůŐŨŤЖŋŘŭŬЕřƄᩰ࣎ƉԄឱ‫ޛ‬᮷ő⬭޼ŰŬŒƐƍŋ
ŰůŨūŉƐЖƇŦƒƘЕᒍ✖∌ŬƇᎇ⟝ų⬏⨸Cɤϔᗫ᱃ᱍųᢌ⋓ྭ᯼ߓ᰻ų⠂ƄȀ

0JPŴೊૃŞƐЖŜŐŜЕᒍ✖∌Ŵ✖∌Űᆸܴ

XП-⡋ᔹŬᏀƎŐŰůŨŤ⡄⻧Žųൖ῁ƗŞƑŵ໠ᖶ᫿őᡵōūŜƃŋ‫ޛ‬᮷✖∌ŬŴůŔЕᢌᗳ⟂ŞƐŤƆЕẫ඿ᶗᗫ᱃ᱍŰŏŉū⫋⧀⡋ᔹƗŏ⋓μ✲⫪ν✖∌ŬŇƐЖᒍ✖∌Ŭ✲⫪ŚƑŤᢌ⋓ƗЕŘůŨŤЖ֫ԄŰЕ2002 ຮŐƎ 2007 ຮŰŐŖūᾱ⡂őŮųƍŋŰइƏᆢŉЕŮųƍŋŰ⪘ેŬߓ᰻Ş≱Ǝőᗫ᱃ᱍϑ2006 ຮ 1 ᑳųळ‫ྙ׽‬ŴμƐųŐЕŭŉŋᆉ᠘ƗṶŜŤC0JPőůŖƑŵЕŰसợƗ௅ᑣŜūŉƐϒŰūŏŘůŨŤᱍ⴪ŏƍŸԃᱍνᢌ⋓ųߓ᰻Ŵખ⸀ŬŇƏЕᒍ✖∌ųμᢌ⋓✲⫪νŭᇕའ≱ƎŽų7OX⡋ᔹųℊᓨƗ⃷֕ŞƐЖŉŋႢ∵Ŵ௤ƔƑƐЖȀȀɤϔɠȀ ᗫ᱃ᱍྭ᯼՚ᘤųᘹ❹ȀŞŞƆƐŘŭőŬŒŤЖᒍᎇ⟝൦ܴ֫߰ųᗫ᱃ᱍŴЕ⪫ⷉų๵ᱍᒪŭŜඍƗӹᇲऄⷨŜЕӹ⎽‫ޛ‬᮷ྙŰᡯᠴŽᆸᖶŜūŉŤЖȀɤϔɢȀ ᢌ⋓ų‫إ‬ᕚ⟝೾ŭፆ๶ᎃ᠘ȀŜŐŜЕᎠೊųŜඍ‫ޛ‬᮷ᎇ⟝ų≭ᒞࢆŰƍƏ་ūᑮᗫ᱃ᱍŬŴЕᢌ⋓Ŵ5JПE⨨ 1 ड޻ϑ2.5ʖϒōő྿❹ŭůŨŤųƗᛂŰЕેᰶેᡵО⥊ᤣྭ᯼Ɨ

ŰũŒ 100 ‫ݕ‬Ŭ⪘ഓŽ⤬஼ŚƑЕ⥴ܴ≱ų⪘ેŰŴᵹሃŞषᱍŴЕᎀŜŉ‫ޛ‬᮷ᎃ᠘Ɨᗳ⟂ŞƐŘŭŭŜ

ፆ๶őᩭ፩ŬŏŘůƔƑūŉƐЖའߍŴ 500 ‫ݕ‬ťŨŤЖŘųᏦЕᎠŰŜඍᢌ⋓ࢆ՚ᘤƗ⛈ŨūŉŤഋ෴ŤőЕેଘ⪘ᘤሔ⎢ŭŉŋ‫∌פ‬ŪŖŬ‫إ‬ᕚő༢ŒԄᶗⅎᱍųइƏ⃾ƄƗᷭƏЕྭ᯼૭⪘ᘤųഃ᮳Ű़ŖŗƎƑŤЖ⪘ഓŰŭŨūŴḍᕚų‫إ‬ᕚŬŇƐЖūᒍᎇ⟝Ɨ⬼ᇁЕ1994 ຮŰ൦ܴŜŤЖᢌ⋓ųፆ๶ᎃ᠘ƇЕ᮳ୋų⠂⛈Ⲝ⠶ųŋōŰḽ὚᮳ૃŬŴᗫ᱃ે࢝ŞžūųŜඍŭᡙࢆᚉៃᠨőᎇŚƑŤЖ᮳ૃŬŴЕषᙲųᑴᛂᢌ⋓✲⫪ᎇ⟝ƉF$⟝ŰᆸܴŚƑЕຮⴾ⃊ 1 Ԁ t ųᢌ⋓ő✲⫪ŚƑūŉXᴛ⮫ᎇ⟝ƗᑴŞƐ⎎᠄‫ת‬ŐƎ௒Ŕų➎ഷ≱ő⟚ƑЕƐЖᢌ⋓ŴឱỾОㅩƗԞ྽ŰЕQ$Ɖ⿵⒦ůŮų

᱃ᗪō߰ųឱ᱃Žųᢌ⋓ፆ๶Е᱃ᗪōྙųፆ๶Еᱝ⯘⒦ŰƇߓ᰻ŚƑūŏƏЕ⪘↭ᒆŰŴᠫ፜ő᝺ߚŞેŽųፆ๶ᎃ᠘ůŮЕᗫ᱃ᱍŬḽ὚ŚƑŤፆ๶ᆭ⛋ƐƀŮે‫ܜ‬ų⪘ഓŐƎጟሁŚƑūŉƐЖƗ೘ƘŬŉƐЖůŏЕμᢌᬡଯ⋓ߓ᰻≱ࢷ⣔‫׌‬νŬŴЕឆຮ⅘‫׌‬őŤťŜЕᒍᎇ⟝ƗԞ྽Űྭ᯼૭⪘ᘤő⨪⬗ŰԾƏⴶŐƑЕᢌ⋓ųߓ᰻ᆭ⛋Еᢌ⋓⪘ᰶ᫿ų⤬஼ůŮƗృƆŤųŴ 2002 ຮŐƎŬŇƐЖᎇ⟝൦ܴᏦŴᱍឤƉᱍ‫ݔ‬ų⪘ഓŽॸŸŐŖūƇ
μŜඍҧៃ᫿νŭŉŋृ೾ᴥů+ПCŰḁἦƗἕƄ⯗ŲūŉƐЖ

FПųŤƆŰȀ ƃŤЕᗫ᱃ᱍŬŴЕ⵻ᨳᛂ੗FППų(ᕎ)GO։Иų᮷➮ƗྤƐŘŭőŬŒůŐŨŤЖŢųŤƆЕ$ŭ݀षŬЕ໠ᡵᨨ੗ųᡵᨨ▚߻ŐƎOX⮮޻Ɨ௒✲⫪ŚƑŤᢌ⋓ųӹ⭷Ŵ⪘ᘤߓ᰻ŚƑşŰЕ‫ه‬ೲᓣŔैƅ⋓፩Ɨ✲⫪ŜЕᢌ⋓ŰᣉܴŜūፆ๶ŞƐŭŉŽųፆ๶ŭŉŋ཯Ŭμ‫޻ޛ‬νŚƑūŉŤЖŋ՚ᘤŰƇइƏ⃾ƘŬŉƐЖŜඍƉᰲřƄ᱄ᒾųᢌŘŋŜŤůŐЕᗫ᱃ᱍŬŴЕᢌ⋓ࢆ՚ᘤųᇅōƐ⋓ŴЕἹ⃦ᅗ޻ŰឌžūOX⮮őԆ⦦ŞƐŤƆЕᢌ⡄⻧ŰൖŜū᪤྽ŰइƏ⃾ƅ⊯঵ő⪘ጫᇕའųᰶᘤ⋓Ɨፆ๶ŜŤྙŬЕOX⮮⋓፩Ɨߏ⫞ፆ๶ŞƐ྿❹⡄ŰᆃඤŜЕᢌ⋓ࢆᎇ⟝ƗᇕའŞƐŘŭŭůŨŤЖőŇŨŤЖŜŐŜЕ໠ᖶŚƑūŉŤᡵᨨ▚߻ƗOXᱍ⴪ŴЕྭ᯼૭Ṻ‫׌‬Žų᪤ႢƗЕ⊯঵ų⮑∌ŭŉ⮮⋓፩Űࠦ๘Ŝūᢌ⋓ŰᣉܴŞƐŘŭŬЕᢌ⋓ų⋓ŋ཯ŬṶŜŤųŬŇƐЖ፩ŭŜūųফ⥧Ŵ़ԃŜЕ⪘ഓŐƎᜱ⪨ŚƑūŉƐЖȀȀɤϔɡȀ ᢌ⋓ࢆ՚ᘤų‫ߠת‬ȀɤϔɣȀ ᐆऀৱᴛ՚ᘤȀ ŜඍŏƍŸᡙࢆᚉៃᠨų઎ऄО⬏ኤŴ᯼୷⡄őЕȀ ᢌ⋓ࢆ՚ᘤőŴŝƃŨŤའߍЕᱍųᰶᘤ⡄ŰŴᢌᎇ⟝ų⬏⨸ЕũƃƏᢌ⋓ų✲⫪Ŵᰶᘤ⡄⥊ᤣྭ᯼‫ذ‬⋓ųߓ᰻ŰⵇŜūЕ௒Ŕų‫צ‬ឤŐƎ␝ၬőജŠƎƑőᇕའŜūŉƐЖūŉŤЖᢌ⋓Ŵ೵ܷŰᴛ⮫ŜūŉƐųŬ⎑ŉŴƀŭƃŤЕᢌ⋓ߓ᰻Ɨ‫⫶ر‬ŞƐŤƆŰμᢌᬡଯ⋓ߓ᰻ƘŮůŔЕ⛓ᰲᴥŰƇ৭⻧ŴůŉųťőЕμŜඍƗ⋓≱ࢷ⣔‫׌‬νƗ὚ŦԃŗŤЖŢųྙЕᢌ⋓Ɨߓ᰻ŞƐ፩Ű‫؃‬ŋųŴ⛓ᰲԃƍŔůŉνμᢌ⋓ƗዃŉŤŭŘƒ

⪘ഓŭࢷ⣔Ɨ⯗ŲůőƎߓ᰻⹥ἕƗ൩Ŝşũᇱ௚ŜЕőŔŚŉνŭŉŨŤЕᕗᇰųůŉ␝ၬő௒ŔജŠƎᢌ⋓ųߓ᰻ᎃ᠘Ƈḽ὚ŜūŉŨŤЖƑūŉŤЖᗫ᱃ᱍŬŴЕ⪘ጫƗᆃῬŞƐᰶᘤ⡄Űμ⥊ᤣྭ᯼Ȁ ŢŘŬᗫ᱃ᱍŬŴᾱ≱Ǝų.5ŬЕ൧೘ᕋ

‫ذ‬νƗ⟝ŖЕष‫ ذ‬2 सőᢌ⋓՚ᘤųԬůᇕའŭůŨŬμྭ᯼ቀᘤνƗഃᎇŜŤЖ൧೘ɤຮᰲų‫ܩ‬ὴŰᱍūŉƐЖᗫ᱃ᱍųᅗࠥųᑯ௚ų❹ઐŴЕŜඍƉᡙࢆųྭ᯼՚ᘤų⯗❹࿻Ɨ᮷➮ŜūƇƎŉЕŚƎŰμ⥊ᚉៃᠨų઎ऄŴ᯼୷⡄Е‫ݜ‬ᰲফŭŜūųᢌ⋓ųߓ᰻ᤣྭ᯼XBŴ⪘ጫᇕའųᰶᘤ⡄ŭᇕའƗƔŖŤŘŭŰŇƐЖPŬୈॠŜūƇƎŋᛂ‫׌‬Ɨ⟝ŖŤЖ@ПPŰŴ‫ه‬⣛Eνŭ⻧ŜūЕ൧೘ᰲŰᱍų@П⪘ጫᇕའ≱őᢌ⋓ųᇕའŰůƐŘŭŬЕᢌ⋓ųߓ≱ƗԞ྽Ű௒ŔųᱍឤőࣼࠦŜŤЖ᰻‫⫶ر‬Еᢌ⋓ŰƍƐેଘ⪘ᘤųሔ⎢Еྭ᯼૭Ṻ‫׌‬ŪŢųྙЕྭ᯼ቀᘤŭXB

EŴЕɤຮ֫ԃℰ

ŔƏŭŉŨŤЕŢųྙų՚ᘤඣⴶőठ⌉ŰůŨŤϑ⬤ℱŜūŉƐőЕ␝ၬų⸐⠍ŴᶰഃŰ൩ůŔůŨūŒ

▭ 2007ϒЖŤЖӹᎃŬЕ௚ŒŔ௅ƔŨŤᩍőŇƐЖྠᒾŬŇƑ⪘ᘤሔ⎢ų⭷∐ŰŏŉūЕ⪘ឤŭųᎣຓᴥůⵇ‫ذ‬ᙩőठ⌉ŬŇŨŤƋōŰЕᢌ⋓ߓ᰻Ɨ⪘ഓŭ݀ŰŵЕ⪘ેŰᢌ⋓Ɨፆ๶ŜūŉƐŭŒŰೂŮƇ⬘őᚨƗ⫤Ə⬒œƐⷁŴЕㆧƗũƃƘŬ

IŢŋů⻫ƗŜ

᮳ૃŬŴЕᗫ᱃ᱍŴ5ū⦦ᎧŰ⫤Ə⬒œūŉŤųťőЕྭ᯼ቀᘤƗŒŨŐ

Cߓ᰻ų܎⏠՚؏ŭŖŰೂŮƇ⬘ŭճᡖƗᣃƆŤℊᓨЕೂŮƇ⬘Ŵᢌ⋓Ŝū⟶‫إ‬ŚƑϑ⪘ᓣឱᰶᶌ 2006ϒЕ௒Ŕų⎎᠄‫ת‬ųፆ๶ųⷁŰŴЕμŏŝŚƘőƘŵŨūνŭ஺ƗŐŖƐᆉᒍŭůŨūŉƐЖᗫ᱃ᱍŬඣⴶŚƑūŒŤᙲИůƍŋŰůŨŤЖइƏ⃾ƄŴЕྭ᯼૭Ṻ‫׌‬ƗᙩŞƐŤƆųᆭ⛋ŭŜūЕ⿵Ŕ⟶‫إ‬ŚƑūŉƐЖůŏЕŘųྭ᯼ቀᘤŴЕৱᴛ՚ᘤŭŜūᱍų՗ῢőũŉūŉƐŤƆЕឆຮЕ൧೘ᕋŬഃᎇŚƑūŉƐЖɥϔɡȀ ᯼୷৭⻧ŰŏŖƐṺ‫׌‬ᆭ⛋ųႢ∵ȀƃŤЕᢌ⋓ŬᕛଢŚƑŤ⁚ŴЕμྭ᯼⁚Ȁ ᯼ϑŤƃŒϒνŭॹसŚƑЕ
;NX.ࢆŚƑū⤬஼ŚƑūŉƐЖŚūЕᾱ≱Ǝőᗫ᱃ᱍųྭ᯼՚ᘤŰᣃŔⵇƔƐŘ೘ᕋ℗⼕ŰƇἕᘬᴥŰ൦ܴŚƑūŏƏЕ2008 ຮ໒ŭŬᰲŝŤᑯ௚ųⷂഐŴЕ٨ߏ⡄⻧ŰŏŖƐμ൚⴫ƍƏԃᱍų൧೘ᕋŬŴ᯼Ɨ‫؃‬ŨŤ⫵ɤ઎ų⁚⼟℗࿻ųůŚνŇƐŉŴμỊ೘ḁἦŭųⵇ⫭ųᡚŚνŬ⼕őഃᎇŚƑūŉƐЖŇƐЖũƃƏЕᬃ೾ųỊ೘޻⯘ŰŏŖƐᎀ➇࿻Ɨ‫ו‬⨛⪫ů೘ᕋ℗⼕ŰឆᎣᡐ᰻ŚƑƐŘŭŬЕ‫ܩ‬ὴŴŨŤḁἦ⡢፜ŭŜūƃŭƆƐŘŭőЕખ⸀ŭŉŋŘ⥊ᤣྭ᯼ƗƍƏ⨛⪫ůƇųŭŜūŭƎōūŉƐЖŭŬŇƐЖŘŋŜŤᙲИů՚ᘤϑઙɡϒƗඣⴶŞƐŘŭŬЕ؏ōŵЕᢌ⋓ųፆ๶ᎃ᠘ŴЕ᮷⃁ųḁἦ⡄⻧ŭŞᗫ᱃ᱍŬŴᢌ⋓ųߓ᰻ő‫⫶ر‬ŚƑЕྭ᯼૭⪘ᘤőඣƐŰŴЕŇƃƏŰƇഖᏅŬЕ3ⴶŚƑūŒŤЖŐůŉЖϑŤťŜЕŘų3ᗫ᱃ᱍőŘųⴾŰἕƄԃŗūŒŤᙲИů3ŴЕྭ᯼૭Ṻ‫׌‬ųᙩ

4

4

4

ųQ>PŬŜ

őůŖƑŵЕ⪘ેŰ⬭޼Űᢌ⋓Ɨፆ๶ŞƐŘŭŴŬŒůŉųťőϒƗᵹሃŞ௒Ŕų᮳ୋŐƎ⿵ŔƃŤЕᢌ⋓ፆ๶ųŤƆų⛈ጫųŇƏŐŤŰũŉū⟶‫إ‬ŚƑЕឺƆƎƑūŉƐЖƇЕμ᯼୷⭷⴫Ҥ⪘ᘤ⭷⴫νŭŉŋሃ኶Ŭ⃼ƔƏЕ⿵໒ůṺ‫޻׌‬ᓠƗ྿❹ŭŞƐƍŋůƇųŬƇůŉЖŚƎŰЕᾱ≱Ǝőᗫ᱃ᱍŬቹᕦŜЕഃᎇŜŤྭ᯼

ᢌ⋓ࢆᎇ⟝

ᢌ⋓

ѕ⋓፩ᴜⲟ
ѕ⋓፩ᅗ޻޻ᓠ

ቀᘤƇ᯼୷ጼ⋠ųᆉ᠘ŭŜūŴЕŭƏŤūūᬃᝠů⪘ેѕᢌ⋓ߓ᰻⃾ळѕᢌ⋓ǍǪǭᕛଢᐰǐ‫׳‬ᅗѕፆ๶ᎃ᠘ǐḽ὚яᢌ⋓ᅗ޻ǐ‫ܞ‬ഃƇųŬƇůŉЖũƃƏЕྭ᯼ųŤƆų᮳ୋų⡄⻧Űḁἦ≱ŭŜūŅŅӟྭ᯼՚ᘤഃ⛈Ԭ‫ת‬Ǌƹǈǐᰶᘤ⡄ᣃŔⵇƔŨūƇЕḁἦ⡢፜ŭŉŋᘤ↪ƗἕƄԃŗƐŘŭŴખ⸀Е
ŭŉŋ⡄⻧őŤŦŴťŐŨŤųŬŇƐЖ๵ឤѕྭ᯼ºöà»©ãЁᱍឤൖ⤈Ђѕྭ᯼ቀᘤЁ൧೘ᰲൖ⤈Ђ⪘ᰶ᫿ѕྭ᯼⪘ᰶ᫿ǐÙìöÌḽ὚ѕેᰶેᡵǐഃᎇѕ೘ᕋ℗⼕ǚǐቹ‫؟‬ŘƑŴЕ᮳ૃųỊ೘ḁἦ≱ų⟶‫إ‬+EŰŏŉūŴЕ⎓ॹᴥů⡄⻧ŬƇŇƐЖȀઙɡȀ ᢌ⋓ųྭ᯼ŭྭ᯼ƗጟōƐᙲИůᡐࡗОᆭ⛋ȀŚƎŰЕྭ᯼ŰⵇƔƎşЕ֔ྙЕ᯼୷৭⻧ų݆‫ת‬ᴥ➮។ŰइƏ⃾ƇŋŭŞƑŵЕ௒Ŕųḁἦ≱ŴЕᾱ≱Ǝŭषŝƍŋůᬡ᠊Ű὚ŤśƐƗōůŉЕŘŭƇɥϔℊŸŰŐōūȀ
ɥϔɠȀ ྭ᯼ųŤƆųᙲИůᡐࡗОᆭ⛋Ȁ՗ႊŚƑƐЖ
ŇƎŤƆū➸ŋƃŬƇůŔЕ᯼୷৭⻧Ŭḁἦᘤ↪

ᒍἇŬ⃷֕ŜŤXП-Ŵ 2003 ຮŰഃᎇŜŤƗ‫׳‬ƐŰŴЕḁἦ≱ųḁἦ:ПP.ų➎ᩍОᆉ᠘कŉƇųŬŇƐЖŜŐŜЕŘŋŜŤ,П$ƉЕᾱ≱ŰଣŪŉūЕ
,П$Ɨፎ௒ŔⷨƆЕₓഞů޻ᓠƗŜЕƎųइƏ⃾ƄŰᠫᵹŜЕŢųᅗᓨƗឺƆūŉƐųŴЕ⡢፜ƗଠᾱŞƑŵƍŉЖ֔ƃŚŰྭ᯼Ɨ‫׳‬ƒŋŭŜūŉƐ௒Ŕų᮳ୋŬŇƐЖŜŐŜЕ᯼୷৭⻧ŰŏŉūŴЕƇŴƉ৭⻧ųμ޻ᒍἇŬŴЕŘŋŜŤ᮳ୋų❹ឺŰ࿈ōƐ཯ŬЕᓠνŬŴůŔЕμ➮។νőឺƆƎƑūŉƐЖŢųƍŋXП-ų‫޻ݜ‬ᓠŭᗫ᱃ᱍų⠂Ƅų‫إ⟶ݜ‬ƗŏŘůůŭŒŰЕᶃ௅ƔƎş⡢፜ଠᾱƗ܎‫ܡ‬ŜūЕ
μ޻ᓠν

ŨŤЖ

Ű⃼ృŞƐųŬŴЕ᯼୷ḁἦųᒍ⥧Ɨ➃௤ŋųŬŴྭ᯼ߓ᰻ų➎ᩍőᜐఛŜūŉŤŤƆŰЕᑴᛂ᫿ᢌůŉťƒŋŐЖ⋓ࢆ✖∌⬏᰻ųŤƆųC0JPő‫׳‬ƎƑşЕ௒ŔഃⷁЕŘŘŬŭƏŇŗŤᗫ᱃ᱍŰŴ௒Ŕųḁἦ≱ų⎎᠄‫ת‬ŬŴᢌ⋓Ɨࢤ޻Űߓ᰻ŬŒůŉŭŉŋ⡄⻧ő⟚ƑūŉƐőЕ᮳ୋų݆‫ת‬ᴥů0ПŰŘŤōƍ

ƗᇅōūŉƐЖŢųůŐŬᗫ᱃ᱍŴᬾ⎎ų๘௞Ɨ⯗ŋŭŜŤḁἦ≱ŴƔşŐŜŐŉůŉЖŲЕᢌ⋓ࢆ✖∌Ɨ⨻ŰŜŤྭ᯼+EƗᙩ
Ű⎒ŨŤЖ

ŞƐ

ŘŋŜŤ৭⻧Ɨ➮។ŞƐŤƆųЕӹũų޼ƏऔŭŜūŭƏŇŗŤŉųőμṺ‫׌‬ᆭ⛋νŭŉŋᘹ࿗ŬŇƐЖᎇŰƍƐ࠿ᓨŰⵇŞƐḁἦϓẫ඿ጼ⋠௚೘⃆❹Ȁ ᾨ 56μṺ‫׌‬ᆭ⛋νųቹᕦ≱ŬŇƐ଩դŴŘųᘹ࿗Ɨ֫

नᾨ 5 ޻‫ݙ‬ϓpp147-154 (2007)ԄųƍŋŰ೾∵ŜūŉƐЖ⬤▭ŴƐ௭ϖᑴᛂ࿻ӹ⎽໠ᖶ᫿Ɨൖ⤈ŭŜŤྭ᯼ጫ῁ųᅗ὚❹ֵŰⵇŞƐḁἦϓ⴪෴௚೘ِவ⡢፜ϑ2007ϒȀ Ṻ‫׌‬ᆭ⛋ŭŴЕṺ‫׌‬৭⻧Ɨ➮។ŜЕṺ‫׌‬Ɨ‫ݕ‬ᥓŰԞᒪِ]൧ᓣ൞Ն]Ԃᡢᶜ჎]᷻෴࡟∵]᱃Ԟ೻ᡥϖ⬭ᒩ⬭ᆃ⬏ਜŞƐŤƆųᆭ⛋ŬŇƐЖŘŘŬᆭ⛋ŭŴЕຽŉų᯼୷ᆭ⛋Ȁ ගඍ‫ޛ‬᮷―᯼୷ų➎ᩍŐƎųගඍ‫ޛ‬᮷ᆭႢ९Ŭųᆭ⛋ŬŇƏЕṺ‫׌‬ᆭ⛋+EťŖŬůŔЕ⛋ų⟶‫―إ‬ϓ⴪෴௚೘⅘ळ᯼୷ḁἦϓᾨ 6 ๮ᾨ 1 नϓ᠘ߠ໒Ɖ℆ᣒߠ໒ЕṺ‫➇׌‬

pp.81-88 (2003)ůŮܷūųṺ‫ߠ׌‬໒+EƗࡽैŜūŉƐЖԞᒪِ]‫߶▭ק‬ण]᱃Ԟ೻ᡥϖྭ᯼૭Ṻ‫཯׌‬ᅗŰ़ŖŤᑴᛂȀ Ṻ‫׌‬৭⻧ų➮។ųŤƆŰЕᡐ᰻ŬŒƐᷭƗ⅘ࡗ঵

ᢌ⋓ųឱ᱃ߓ᰻ųठ⌉࿻ϓ⅘ळ᯼୷ḁἦϓᾨɦ๮Ȁ ᾨɠŞƐЖŘƑőṺ‫׌‬ᆭ⛋ųᬃ⴪ųӹũŬŇƐЖनϓpp.13-24 (2005)Ị೘ᆭ⛋ųƄŬ৭⻧Ɨ➮។ŬŒƐŴşőůŉЖ৭⻧➮។ŰŴЕ᠘೘Ɖ℆ᣒ೘ЕṺ‫׌‬೘Ɖ྽᮷೘ųᷭ⣆Ɨᡐ᰻ŞƐŘŭőԆठᜐŬŇƐЖ፜⃁ųᷭŭ᮷⃁ųᷭƗℝळŞƐ޻ⷿ♲ळŰƍŨūᎀŜŉ೘৭Ɨࠈ⫪ŞƐŘŭŴ⸀ŜŉőЕ৭⻧➮។ƗƆśŜū፜᮷ࢷۛŞƐŘŭŴഖᏅŬŇƐЖԞᒪِϖᰲ᫿⃁໠ᖶ᫿ųྭ᯼ߓ᰻ų⠂Ƅϓ X-R9П೘‫׌‬⠞ōƘŭƒŹŉϓᾨ 56 नϓpp.13-16 (2005)଩դễԷϖ৭⻧➮។ųŤƆųμṺ‫׌‬ᆭ⛋νҥ޻⯘Ɨ⦡ōŤᷭųࢷۛҥϓԞ௡ܻ⡢Ṻ(2004)଩դễԷⅱϖೲܷೲ྽ųŤƆųṺ‫׌‬ᆭ⛋ϓᓊջ௚೘ޯ᫬‫׌‬(2006)Ȁ Ƈŋӹũųᬃ⴪ŴЕ৭⻧Ɨّ᷒ŞƐЕũƃƏЕ⿵ᆃŐƎຽŔܷ‫ת‬Ɨ➃ᣤŞŭŉŋ➎໓ŰŇƐЖṺ‫׌‬৭⻧Ɨ➮។ŞƐŤƆŰŴЕŢų✼ⷳ࿻Űൖ‫ޛ‬ŞƐᆭ⛋ő྿❹ŬŇƐЖϑ଩դ 2004 Ȁ pp.Η-Θϒᢌ⋓ߓ᰻≱ࢷ⣔‫׌‬;-

http://www.ekihi.org/
⪘ᓣឱᰶᶌ

;

-

http://www.maff.go.jp/nouson/nouson/biomass03/f_ŘŋŜŤṺ‫׌‬ᆭ⛋ŴЕᬃ⟡ŰℊŸũŔƍŋů‫⫶ܡ‬ᴥᆭ⛋ŬŴůŉŤƆЕ௒Ŕų᮷⃁ųḁἦ≱ŴᵹƗ़ŖūŘůŐŨŤЖषᏦŰЕ፜⃁ųṺ‫׌‬೘≱ŐƎƇЕ൚⴫࿻ő‫ץ‬ŉƋōŰᠫᵹŚƑƐŘŭŴůŐŨŤЖṺ‫׌‬ᆭ⛋ŬइƏᆢŋൖ⤈Ɖᆉ᠘ŴЕᎠೊųỊ೘ḁἦŐƎŴЕŒƔƆū〷ࠡųůŉƇųŬŜŐůŐŨŤЖӹᎃЕྭ᯼ų᮷࿗Еྭ᯼ų᮷⡢Еྭ᯼ųጫ῁Еྭ᯼ųŤƆųᙲИů๘೘ᴥᆭ⛋őŇŨŤŰƇŐŐƔƎ
şЕṺ‫׌‬ᆭ⛋őᜐఛŜŤ᮳ୋŬŴЕྭ᯼Ŵ཯ŰůƐŘŭŴůŐŨŤЖμ޻ᓠνƉμᘤ↪ŪŔƏνŰ‫ڙ‬ŨŤ᯼୷ḁἦų┪ἕőЕ᯼୷৭⻧ųμ➮។νŰŴũůőŨūŉůŐŨ
ŤųŬŇƐЖ
ŜŐŜЕŘųṺ‫׌‬ᆭ⛋ᘹ࿗Ɨ᰻ŉƑŵЕᢌ⋓ፆ๶34

ƉЕᢌ⋓ፆ๶ųŤƆų⛈ጫᛂᙩųŇƏᎃųቹᕦůŮŴЕƃŚŰμ৭⻧➮។ųᆉ᠘νŭŜūЕḁἦԃųμᴛ➃νŭŜūቹᕦŬŒƐठ⌉࿻őŇƐЖŘųŘŭŬЕ␜ŉḁἦ≱ő᯼୷μ৭⻧➮។νųŤƆųḁἦŰइƏ⃾ƅŘŭőठ⌉ŰůƐųŬŴůŉť
ƒŋŐЖ

ࣼ≯፜᭜
ỉ឵܎ೂОԞᒪِО᱃Ԟ೻ᡥО᱅፥⃚ೂО൧ᓣ᠘ೂОक⥃ோ௭ϖŜඍᢌ⋓ྭ᯼ ŰଣŪŔྭ᯼ቀᘤ<RNEųഃ

suisin/h18syogaiyou.pdf

π೘⛋⡢፜ρ⽮๐ᶗਜ‫צ‬೮-(⅘ळᡐ᰻➼ᱎų῁೾ᬡ᠊ų➮Ꮐᣤ⭎⤷ण*О൧නⷦ⥊**О‫ݔ‬᱃࡟Ն***Оऴ᱃ँཱི****Local Municipality Management of‘Public Housing Stock Synthesis Practical Use Plan’ in Kagawa Prefecture
Takashi WATANABE, Yusuke KOYAMA, Katsuya UCHIDA and Tomohiko YOSHIDA
Abstract
This research identifies the present situation of Local Municipality Management of the 'Public Housing Stock
Synthesis Practical Use Plan' in Kagawa Prefecture. The main findings are as follows. (1) The 'Public Housing Stock
Synthesis Practical Use Plan' is presently under review. Originallyϓ the plan included housing units that should havebeen decommissioned under the Public Housing Act but were not because of an inconsistent process of selection. (2)Three standards were used for selecting units for decommissioning ( 1) life of housingϓ 2) the capacity to withstandseismic activityϓ 3) comprehensive evaluation). 82.0% of decommissioned housing units were selected through acomprehensive evaluation. (3) All household living in decommissioned housing couldn’t have the right to move tovacant accommodation. All households living in decommissioned housing except those that have been identified using
the comprehensive evaluation could have the right to move to vacant accommodation. Based on these findingsϓ wepropose a list of considerations for reviewing the 'Public Housing Stock Synthesis Practical Use Plan'.
Key Words : reorganization of Public Housings, Public Housing Stock Synthesis Practical Use Plan,
Decommissioned Housing UnitsȑϔŴŝƆŰȀȀ ܷઞອૐƗԃ઎Ɛ9П.Ŭ։औᣞ൩ő⫶ƄЕἪȀ ܻਜ‫צ‬೮ŴЕ‫ץ‬ᆃྤ≱Ű‫ץ‬໢ůഓ⥆Ŭ⏠ఖů᯼୷Œഓ᭼ϑ13.9ҡϒőܷઞອૐϑ12.2ҡϒƗԃ઎Ɛϑ2003ƗᑴŞƐ‫צ‬೮Ɨቹ‫؟‬ŞƐůŮЕඓ‫צ‬᯼୷ų़ԃŰ௚ຮ‫צ‬೮ીેℝ➼⡋ᔹϒ⽮๐ᶗŬŴЕܻਜ‫צ‬೮ų‫ݜ‬ⅱ

1)Œů྆ࠅƗᓨŤŜūŒŤ(‫צ‬᱃ϓ2001) Жő௚Œů⡄⻧ŭůŨūŉƐЖഃⷁŰ⽮๐ᶗŬŴЕອȀ ŜŐŜ⪫ຮЕ։औᣞ൩Е൩ೂ⿵ㆹࢆЕ⤨ጫ⸀ůŮ

ᅗ 18 ຮ(2006)ຮ 3 ᑳŰቹṶŚƑŤμ⽮๐ᶗਜ‫צ‬೮Ɨ⋨ᐇŰܻਜ‫צ‬೮ųፒ‫ۂ‬ųᎃ़ő௅ƔƏũũŇƐЖ-(⅘ळᡐ᰻➼ᱎνϑ֫ⶈЕᶗਜ‫צ‬೮-(⅘ळƇŨŭƇ⏠Ŕሃ኶ŚƑƐƇųŭŜūŴЕμ⯙ų‫⦦ܞ‬Őᡐ᰻➼ᱎŭợŞЖ) Űŏŉū 6454 ᅻŇƐᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ųƎ⥧ų‫⦦ܞ‬νЕμ‫℗؟‬ᅻፎųᇱ௚ŐƎ↚൧νőሊŗƎŋŦЕ2178 ᅻƗ᰻⫞໠᜼ŭŞƐᎃ⯣ƗޯŜŤЖŜŐƑƐЖŜŢųྙЕ208 ᅻƗ᰻⫞໠᜼ŞƐŭᎃ⯣ő௅ƔŨŤ(1)ЖŘųƍŋůᎃ⯣ų௅ᑣőůŚƑŤųŴЕᎃ⯣῁Ȋ⴪෴௚೘᯼୷Ị೘⭷Ȁ೾ųᡖƑƉᎃ⯣ų‫ݔ‬ഖŰ৭⻧őŇŨŤŐƎŭ≯ōƎȊȊᾼᠥ௚೘ᰲॹ᯼୷Ị೘ᾴጟኊഈȀƑƐЖܻਜ‫צ‬೮ų‫ݜ‬ⅱŴృƃŨūƃťⴾƇůŔЕŢȊȊȊ௚⵳ȀȊȊȊȊ὚ॹ⽉௚೘ጫ῁Ị೘⭷Ȁई⻒ຮᑳᎣȀ ȒȐȐȘ ຮ ȕ ᑳ ȑ ᎣȀई᮷ຮᑳᎣȀ ȒȐȐȘ ຮ ș ᑳ Ȓ ᎣȀų➼ᱎ῁೾ųഃბƉ৭⻧ᩍőᏀƎŐŰŚƑūŉůŉЖŜŤőŨūЕ⽮๐ᶗŰŏŉū௚➇ᚤů᰻⫞໠᜼ƗብŗŤ➼ᱎő௅ᑣŚƑƐŰ⎒ŨŤ℆ⅸƗ➮ᏀŞƐŘŭŴЕ֔ྙЕषᙲų➼ᱎő῁೾ŚƑƐŭŒŰṶ৏ƗԇōƐŭ≯ōƎƑƐᩍŰŏŉūЕ⯗❹ůḁἦ⡄⻧ŭŉℊᓨƗźƃōЕ᰻⫞໠᜼‫צ‬ᅻųߎ೾ųᡖƑЕߎ೾ŚōƐЖƑŤ‫צ‬ᅻųᬃླƗᏀƎŐŰŞƐŭŭƇŰ(4 Ὧ)Е⨸ඓȀ ܻਜ‫צ‬೮-(⅘ळᡐ᰻➼ᱎŰⵇ⫭ŞƐḁἦŭƗ‫ۼװ‬ůŔŚƑƐԏຊ(֫ⶈЕ❹⨸ඓԏຊŭợŞЖ)ŜūŴЕܷઞųેᎃ⎎᠄‫ת‬ŽųXП-ƗƇŭŰőܻਜ‫צ‬೮ųἪŒ‫צ‬ᅻŰŮƑŔƎŉ⨸ඓŬŒƐŐƗ

῁೾ᬡ᠊ऀŸᆉ᠘Űũŉū⻵૭ࢆƗ⛈ŨŤƇų((Ԟᗳ⟂ŜŤ (5 Ὧ) ЖŢŜūᑯྙŰЕŘƑƎųℊᓨƗƇනО⦉෴Оᗖ‫ه‬ϓ2004)2)Е(ԞනОᗖ‫ه‬ϓ2005)3))ЕŇŭŰЕ֔ྙųܻਜ‫צ‬೮ų‫ݜ‬ⅱ➼ᱎŰൖŜūṶ৏ŞƐƐᬃ೾ų๵Ɨൖ⤈ŭŜŤ‫צ‬೮Еඓ‫≱צ‬ŰⵇƔƐ޻ᓠᩍƗᗳ⟂ŜŤ(6 Ὧ)Ж

4)ƗƇŭŰᆉ᠘ƗቹᕦŜŤƇų((‫ק‬ИᒉƎϓ2002) )Е
PFI ՚ᘤƗ൦ܴŞƐᎃ῁Ɨᗳ⟂ŜŤƇų((ᗖ‫ه‬ϓ
5)

Ȓϔᎃ᠘Ȁ

2002) )ůŮőŇƐЖŜŐŜЕŘƑƎųḁἦŴЕԬŰᶗਜ‫צ‬೮-(⅘ळᡐ᰻➼ᱎų῁೾ᬡ᠊ųᆳኅ➼ᱎųᙩႊ᝵ⶸŰᶰᵹŜŤƇųŬŇƏЕᙩႊŚƑŤŰŴЕై঵‫׌‬ų⣔՚ⲟϑ⽮๐ᶗ‫צ‬೮⡄Е2005)6)ϒЕᶗ➼ᱎ῁೾ųᡖƑЕ➼ᱎőᑴŞƐ৭⻧Е৭⻧őᴛᰲŜ⣔‫׌‬ų⣔՚ⲟЕԬ❹ᎀ⊡(ઋઞᎀ⊡ЕᒄᎣᎀ⊡)ųብŤ❹ઐŰũŉūŴࢤ޻Űᗳ⟂ŚƑūŉůŉЖ⩈⟌՚ऀŸᶗ๵ᱍᇕའ≱Žų7OX(2)ŰƍŨŤЖȀ ŢŘŬᒍḁἦŬŴЕƃşᶗਜ‫צ‬೮-(⅘ळᡐŘƑƎŐƎⵇ⫭ၬୈƗᇑޯŜЕᇑޯŜŤၬୈƗԬ‫ת‬Е᰻➼ᱎő῁೾ŚƑŤ߰ྙųᡖƑƗԬ‫ߏת‬ŰƃŭƆЕᏦ⃁ߌߏŰፒ᮷ŜŤЖůŏЕൖ⤈ŭŞƐᏦᒆŴЕ➼῁೾ŚƑŤ➼ᱎŰൖŞƐयԬ‫ת‬ųൖ࿈ŐƎ➼ᱎƗ௅ᱎŰⵇŞƐ⣔⡢ő⦜ŘƏృƆŤ 2005 ຮ 4 ᑳŐƎᎃ⯣ᑣŚŠŤ৭⻧ᩍƗᏀƎŐŰŜŤ(3 Ὧ)ЖᜑŰЕ߰Ὧųų௅ᑣŰũŉū➸ऀŚƑŤ 2007 ຮ 6 ᑳƃŬŭŜŤЖ(1)¼ËÆ²ǐ‫֞∌פ‬Ƴ(4)¼ËÆ²Ǵᡐ᰻ƻǭᆉ᠘(a)ܻਜ‫צ‬೮ǚǐÎі½Ё‫℗؟‬ǌǋЂǍ࿈ƪǭǐǑᶗƭ๵ᱍƭϘ(b)⥆⤻‫צ‬೮ܷ‫ת‬ǍƬƳǭᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ǐ‫∌פ‬ǑϘેଘǍǪǅǈܻਜ‫צ‬೮ǐ‫פ‬∌֞ƳƮᱸǌǭǐǉǑǌƦƭЄ(c)¶âèÎÉ¦ЃẫẀᎇ⟝ǐ޻๶ƭǫፒ‫ۂ‬ǐᎃ़࿻Ǵ೾ǣǭ྿❹ƮƤǭЄ(d)๵ᱍǐá¼ÂіÚìöǐ⟌⪾ǴᆳኅƻǭƵǊƮ⯗❹Є(e)ÎіËѕØíіÂіᾴǐⶸඪǍǑൖ࿈ƻǭǐƭЄ

(f)ᶗǐ⴪ᒆÖ»êöǦ३⪜᯼୷ʥેଘ
ǐ⿵ㆹࢆЃẫẀᎇ⟝ǐ޻๶ǌǋʦǐǌƭǉ‫֞∌פ‬Ƴǭ྿❹ƮƤǭЄ(g)≸᰻ຮፎǑ70ຮǪǬ50ຮǐᎃƮ℆ᣒᴥǉƤǭЄ(h)ഓ⥆ऄܴǉℽሁ‫ܷه‬Ǎƭƭǭ⤾᰻ǑǋǮƱǫƦǠƭǌƪǭǐƭЄ(i)๻ᒂᴥǌᾶᑧƯǴṶƷǌƦǊ§äі»ƮၟƦ(j)⭷‫׌‬ǐäöÓіǍ⭼๵➼ᱎⵇ⫭⭷ඎƮܴǅǈƦǌƦЄ(a)߭ᣞ‫✠ٶ‬Ǵ⬼೾ƻǭᆉ᠘ƮⅾഞǉƤǭӹᎃЃ‫޻ޛ‬ƻǭᆉ᠘Ʈ൩ǌƦ(b)⏠⥧ǌ¼ËÆ²Ǎൖƻǭ➼ᱎǦᎇ῁ǐ݆‫۝ת‬ƮᏀṶƷǮǈƦǌƦЄ(c)ೊℱƻǭ‫צ‬ᅻǐᡐ᰻ǐᎃ़࿻ǴᏀḽǍṶƻǛƯǉƤǭЄ(ˡ)ἪഓǊƻǭǪǬǤ֜՚ᘤǍ⨸ኄƻǭᎃƮ࠿᭼Ʈ⏠ƦЄ(ˢ)֜ǐ՚ᘤǍ⨸ኄƻǭୋळЃǋǮƱǫƦഃ᮳ठ⌉ǌǐƭЄ(f)་ǈᑮƪǍǊǤǌƨഓ⥆⿵⾷Ǎःൖƻǭඓ‫≱צ‬ǚǐൖ࿈ǑϘ(g)ẫẀᎇ⟝ǚǐᡐ᰻ǊǊǤǍઓેǐܴඓ᭼Ǵ⿵ǣǭ๘௞Ǥᗳ⟂ƻǭ྿❹ƮƤǭЄ(5)᰻⫞໠᜼

(2)⿵ㆹ≱ǚǐൖ࿈(a)⿵ㆹ≱ǐൖ࿈Ǎ೾∵ǑƤǭǐƭЄ(b)⯗໒ǐ⨛ⷂ≱ǍǑൖ࿈ǉƯǭƭЄ(c)⿵ㆹ≱Ǎൖ࿈ƹǁ‫צ‬ᅻǐ྿❹ᅻፎǑϘ᰻Ⴂƹǁ‫צ‬ᅻǑ⿵ㆹ≱ǐ❹ឺǍൖ࿈ƹǈƦǭǐƭЄ‫צ‬ᅻǐῬ᮷Ǒ⡂ƮƬƵǌƨǐƭЄ(d)ᬾඓ⿵ㆹ≱ǐ୾ࠦǴ⧘ǠƪЃ³îіÚÞіãѕ¶ï²É¦ÙÒ©»ö³Ǌƹǈፒ‫ۂ‬ƻǭ྿❹ǑǌƦǐƭЄʥΕʦ໠᜼ǐᏗ⹡(a)ܻᴥ‫צ‬೮Ǌƹǈ྿❹ǌƦǤǐǑЃᶗƮ⤯ֺǴǤǅǈ໠᜼ƻǭƵǊЄ(b)߭ᣞǑЃ⸑❹ᾴǴ≯ჰƽƼ‫℗؟‬ƹǈƯǁǊ➮⯒ƷǮƭǏǌƦЄ߭ᣞƻǭǁǣǍǑЃᕗᇰǴ‫ו‬ǅǁ⠾ᏀƮ྿❹(c)྿❹ǌ℆⤾Ʈḽ‫ه‬ƷǮǭǊǋǮǂƳ
ǐ࠿ᓨƮƤǭǐƭЄ࠿ᓨƮᏀḽǍṶƽǌƦǌǫǒЃ℆⤾ǐḽ‫ه‬Ǵ‫צ‬ᅻ໠᜼ǐᕗᇰǊƻǭǐǑ⸀ƹƦЄ(d)ᅻፎǐ௒ƷǊ๵ᱍƮईƳܴǮǌƦᬡ᠊Ǵ≯ჰƻǭǊЃǤǅǊ໠᜼ƻǛƯǉǑЄᶗƮℽሁῬ᮷ǉƯǭᅻፎǍƻǭǁǣǍǑЃ‫׬‬ᅻ໠᜼ƻǮǒ⏠ƦǐƭЄ(e)໠᜼ǍǑેଘႢ़ǴःᏌƷƽǭ྿❹
ʥΖʦ⨸ඓƻǭԏຊǚǐൖ࿈(3)¼ËÆ²ᡐ᰻Ǵߎ೾ƻǭᆉ᠘ЁaЂ‫ܴץ‬ඓ᭼ǐǤǐƭǫ᰻⫞໠᜼ƷǮǭǐƭЄ(b)᮳ૃǐሃ᚜ǑЃඓ‫≱צ‬ѕેଘÎі
½Ǵ➼ᣯǉƯǭƭϘ(c)֔ǐᬡ᠊ǐǡःᏌƷǮǁ࿈ࡡ٪᭼ǉᡐ᰻ǐᎃ़Ǵ។ǣǈ⏠ƦǐƭЄ(d)⅘ळ⟶‫إ‬ǐ⯗ǡ֞ƳǑǋǐǪƨǌ
ᕗᇰǉǌƷǮǁǐƭЄ(e)⟶‫⺿إ‬ᵹǍഓ⥆ླऄ᭼ǴࠦƪǭƵǊǑЃ๵ᱍƭǫഓ⥆ླऄ᭼ƮၟƦ‫צ‬ᅻǴ๵ǍƬƹǆƳǈƦǭǊማƪǫǮƭǏǌƦЄ(f)DAºіËǐǡǉǑЃᝡƻǤǐǊᝡƷǌƦǤǐǊǐ࢝޼ǬƮߎ፽ƹǇǫƦЄ݆‫ת‬ᴥǌ§äі»ƮǡƪǌƦǌƭǉǐ
ߎ፽ǑయའǊƦƪǭǐƭϘ(a)᰻⫞໠᜼ǍǪǬ⨸ඓƻǭԏຊǚǐൖ࿈Ǒ⡂Ʈ⛈ƨǐƭϘ(c)ܷᅻ໠᜼ǐईƳܴǮ‫ܡ‬ǑϘ(e)ܷᅻ໠᜼ઓેƮᬃ೾ǐୋᆃǍ‫ૃڙ‬ƹǈƦǭЄ໠᜼ྙЃඓ‫≱צ‬ǑǋƵǍ⨸ඓƻǭǐƭЄǢƹǯЃἪƯഓ᭼Ʈ⿵Ʀƿǐ֜ǐઓેǴ໠᜼ƻǛƯǉǑϘ(b)᰻⫞໠᜼ǍǪǬ⨸ඓƻǭԏຊǚǐൖ࿈Ǒ๵ᱍƮ⛈ƨǐƭЄ(d)௚➇ᚤઓેǴἪƳ⨸ඓƻǭԏຊǴईƳܴǮǭƵǊƮ≯ƪǫǮǭǐǉǑϘ(f)⏠ఖǌ‫צ‬೮ǍỤǮǭǌǋǊƦǅǁä
íÆËǌƱƹǈ⨸ඓƷƽǭƵǊǑ⸀ƹƦЄ(6)๵ᱍǚǐỤῬ(g)ܻᴥ‫צ‬೮Ǌƹǈ྿❹ǉ๵ᱍਜ‫צ‬೮ǊǐⵇǱǬǐǌƭǉ⣔⡢ƻǛƯ‫צ‬೮Ǒߏǐሃ᚜ƭǫ⟶‫إ‬ƻǛƯǉƤǭЄʥΕʦỤῬǐᏗ⹡(a)๵ᱍǚǐỤῬǑ⸀ƹƦ(c)๵ᱍǍỤῬƻǭ‫צ‬ᅻፎǐᵹ᚜Ǒ⟝೾ǉƯǌƦƭЄ

‫؏ޚ‬
ᾨ1઎

ᾨ2઎

ᾨ3઎

ᾨ4઎

(d)⿵ㆹࢆЃẫẀᎇ⟝ЃǠǃǇƱǬǐⵇ‫ذ‬ǌǋຜຽƦ➡ᩍƭǫỤῬǐ྿❹Ǵ⠾ᏀƹǌƦǊЃ๵ᱍǑỤῬǍ࿈ƺǌƦ(b)๵ᱍǴߤᧉƻǭ‫ݔ‬ഖǑ๵ᱍǊǐƹƵǬǴᴛᰲƷƽǭЄᶗƮ௅ǌǤǐǴᇐƹǆƳǈƦǭǊǌǫǌƦǪƨǍƻǛƯЄ(e)๵ᱍǚǐỤῬǍǑЃ๵ᱍƮ⃓ྤƻǭ़߰Ưǌ᮷᱄Ʈ྿❹ǉƤǭЁ؏ЅǪǬ‫צ‬ឤǐ⪫ƦୋᆃǉῬ᮷ƷǮǭᾴЂ

ʥΖʦỤῬᏦऀǕỤῬྙǐൖ࿈(a)ᶗǐᆭ⛋ࠡǴ๵ᱍᒪਜ‫צ‬೮Ǎᡐƭƻ྿❹ƮƤǭЄ(b)ܴǮᑮƪǐⷁǐᶗǊ๵ᱍǊǐഓ⥆ᕚ๡Ǎൖ࿈ƻǭ྿❹ƮƤǭ(c)൩ፎǐܴඓ≱ƮᝡǅǁᏦǍ᠘ᴥǍ⫎ࣻƷƽǭᆉ᠘Ǵ≯ƪǭ྿❹ƮƤǭЄ(d)ሃ೾Ῥ᮷≱ߠ໒ǑЃ൞ᒾǐ๵ᱍǚǐῬ᮷ǐỤ⛈Ǎ≯ჰǍܴǮǈ൦ܴƷǮǭǤǐƭЄ

ઙ 1ϔై঵‫׌‬Ŭųై঵ųᴛ➸‫ݔ‬ഖȀ ᰻⫞໠᜼‫צ‬ᅻųߎ೾ųᡖƑЕ᰻⫞໠᜼ő՗೾ŚƑŖЕ(2)⿵ㆹ≱Žųൖ࿈Е(3)-(ųᡐ᰻Ɨߎ೾ŞŤ‫צ‬ᅻųᬃླЕ❹⨸ඓԏຊųܻਜ‫צ‬೮ųἪŒ‫צ‬ᅻŽƐᆉ᠘Е(4)-(Ɨᡐ᰻ŞƐᆉ᠘Е(5)᰻⫞໠᜼Еų⨸ඓठ⌉࿻ŰũŉūŴЕ⽮๐ᶗЕ๵ᱍŰŏŉūऄ(6)๵ᱍŽųỤῬŭŉŋ⺿ᵹŰƃŭƆƎƑŤЖᴛ➸ų7)ⷨŜŤ⥊፩(ϑ⽮๐ᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ᗳ⟂ై঵‫׌‬ϓ2005) Еϑ⽮8)๐ᶗ‫צ‬೮⡄ϓ2005b)

9)Еϑ⽮๐ᶗ‫צ‬೮⡄ϓ2006a)Е⠏⃮ŴЕԄ⟌ųŭŏƏŬŇƐЖȈȑȉ-(ų‫֞∌פ‬ŖȀϑ⽮๐ᶗ‫ צ‬೮⡄ϓ2006b)10) Е ϑ⽮๐ᶗ ‫צ‬೮⡄ϓ
11)2006c) ϒЕ7OXЕ᮳ે⧘ᔹŐƎᏀƎŐŰŜŤЖܻਜ‫צ‬೮ųԬ❹ů⬏ਜԬ‫(ת‬a)ЕṺ‫׌‬ၬࡤОેଘᬃ࿻Ɨźƃōū‫֞∌פ‬ŖƐ྿❹(b-f)Е℆ᣒ࿻(≸᰻ຮፎ(g)Еഓ⥆ऄܴŭℽሁ‫⤾ܷه‬᰻ŭų5NX(h))ůŮȓϔᶗਜ‫צ‬೮-(⅘ळᡐ᰻➼ᱎų῁೾ųᡖƑȀŬŇƐЖȀ ᒍ➼ᱎő῁೾ŚƑƐƃŬŰŴЕԬŰ 4 ũųԬ‫(ת‬ᶗЕȈȒȉ⿵ㆹ≱Žųൖ࿈Ȁԃ⟌᰻⠰ų೾∵(a)Е⯗໒ųⷂഐ≱Žųൖ࿈(b)Е྿ᶗ⣔‫׌‬Е๵ᱍЕઞીճ⫤ᶌ)őⵇƔŨūŉŤЖŢŘŬᒍḁἦŬŴЕԃ⟌ų 4 ũųԬ‫ת‬ų⛈ࡗŰᶰ❹ᅻፎ(c)Еᬾඓ⿵ㆹ≱ų୾ࠦŰൖŞƐᎀŤůඓ‫཯צ‬ᵹŜЕ῁೾߰ྙųᡖƑƗƃŭƆŤЖᒍḁἦŬŴЕषბፒ‫ۂ‬ų྿❹(d)ůŮŬŇƐЖ➼ᱎų῁೾߰ྙųᡖƑƗЕ3 ũųᏦᒆϑ᾿᱆ቹᕦᒆЕȈȓȉ-(ųᡐ᰻Ɨߎ೾ŞƐᆉ᠘Ȁሃ᚜(a-cЕe)Еߎ೾ଣᤤ(dЕf)ųయའ࿻Ɖ‫צ‬ᅻųᬃ➼ᱎቹᕦᒆЕ➼ᱎ‫ݜ‬ᗳ⟂ᒆϒŰ࢝޻ŜŤЖȓϔȑϔ᾿᱆ቹᕦᒆȀླŰ࿈ŝū⟶‫إ‬ᎃ᠘Ɨ௅ōƐ྿❹(g)ůŮŬŇƐЖȀ 1ϔŴŝƆŰŏŉū⪾žŤƍŋŰЕ⽮๐ᶗųܻਜ‫צ‬ȈȔȉ-(Ɨᡐ᰻ŞƐᆉ᠘Ȁ೮ŰŴЕ։औᣞ൩О⿵ㆹࢆő⫶⛈ŜЕ⤨ጫő࣋ᛂᴥᡐ᰻ŞƐᆉ᠘ų൩ůŚ(a)Еℽሁ‫צܷه‬ᅻŰൖŞƐᬡ᠊ŰŇƐůŐŬЕ13.9%ųἪŒഓőೊૃŜūŉŤЖ݆‫ת‬ᴥů➼ᱎОᎇ῁ų྿❹(bЕc)Е֜՚ᘤų⨸ኄŰŢŋŜŤᬡ᠊ƗईŖūЕ⤨ጫų‫ࢆܷڣ‬Ű़ŖŤῬ᮷ൖŞƐ࠿᭼Оഃ᮳࿻(dЕe)ůŮŬŇƐЖᅻፎų⬭᜽ࢆ(߭ᣞ)Ɖ⿵ㆹ≱ОចೂԏຊᾴųឤⴾųȈȕȉ᰻⫞໠᜼Ȁ‫צ‬೮๵ୋŰŏŉūŴፒ‫ۂ‬ખ⸀ůඓ‫צ‬᯼୷ųࠈޯůŮЕष⺿ᵹŴЕ(Ε)໠᜼ųᏗ⹡ŭ(Ζ)⨸ඓŞƐԏຊŽųܻਜ‫צ‬೮ųᎀŤůᡐ᰻ųᎃ़࿻ŰⵇŞƐ➼ᱎų῁೾ൖ࿈Ű޻ŐƑŤЖ(Ε)໠᜼ųᏗ⹡ŴЕ໠᜼ųԬ‫(ת‬a)Е

őឺƆƎƑūŉŤϔ໠᜼ųᕗᇰ(bЕc)Е໠᜼ųᅻፎ(d)ůŮЕ(Ζ)⨸ඓŞƐᎀŤů➼ᱎų῁೾Ű‫ܡ‬὚ŦЕ2005 ຮ 4 ᑳŐƎ 8 ᑳԏຊŽųൖ࿈ŴЕൖ࿈ŞƐԬ‫(ת‬aЕb)ЕईŖܴƑ‫(ܡ‬c-e)Е

ŰЕμ⽮๐ᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ᗳ⟂ై঵‫׌‬νő 4 ઎ŰƔŤŨūⴶ⨸ඓԏຊŽų⠾Ꮐ(f)ůŮŬŇƐЖŐƑŤЖై঵‫׌‬Ŵ 10 सų೘⣆℆⾱≱ై঵ŐƎᙩᅗŚȈȖȉ๵ᱍŽųỤῬȀष⺿ᵹŴЕ(Ε)ỤῬųᏗ⹡ŭ(Ζ)ỤῬᏦऀŸỤῬྙƑЕŢųŋŦጼ঵ై঵ő 5 सЕŢų֜ై঵ő 5 सŬ
(3)ŇƐ Жषై঵‫׌‬ŬŴЕᶗਜ‫צ‬೮-(⅘ळᡐ᰻ųൖ࿈Ű޻ŐƑŤЖ(Ε)ỤῬųᏗ⹡ŴЕỤῬų⸀Ŝ➼ᱎų῁೾Ű⥊ŞƐ᾿᱆‫׳‬ᅗŰ़ŖūЕᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ųŚ(a)ЕỤῬ‫ܡ‬ų๵ᱍŽų⠾Ꮐ(b-e)ůŮЕ(Ζ)ỤῬᏦ྆ࠅЕᡐ᰻ųᎃ़࿻Еፒ‫ऀۂ‬ŸῬ᮷ųŇƏᎃŰũŉऀŸỤῬྙųൖ࿈ŴЕᶗŭ๵ᱍųᆭ⛋⹥Ŭų⫭ኬ(a)Е

ū⣔⡢ŚƑŤЖઙ 1 ŴЕԬ❹ůᴛ➸ƗƃŭƆŤƇų

ᶗŭ๵ᱍųഓ⥆ᕚ๡Žųൖ࿈(b)Еሃ೾Ῥ᮷≱ߠ໒(d)(4)ŬŇƐ Жᴛ➸‫ݔ‬ഖŴЕ௚ŒŔ(1)-(ų‫֞∌פ‬ůŮŬŇƐЖ

⛜ 1ϔై঵‫׌‬ųᴛ➸ŭ᾿᱆ų⟌⪾ŭųⵇ‫ذ‬᾿᱆‫ݔ‬ഖǐ⺿ᵹ᾿᱆‫ݔ‬ǐⵇ⫭Ԭ❹⟌⪾¼ËÆ²ǐ‫֞∌פ‬Ƴ๵ᱍਜ‫צ‬೮ǐ✠೵ЃẫẀ޻⯘ᾴǐܷᶗѕຽଘᴥ¾іØÉ¦ÐÆËǐԞᕖЃឤⴾ⥆⤻Ѓ๵ᱍਜ‫צ‬೮ǐ὚ેǚǐ⮑ჰЃѧ⽮๐ᶗᎀԏ⃆ଣᒍᙩႊѨǊǐፒळ⿵ㆹ≱ǚǐൖ࿈

⿵ㆹ≱ǚǐ⮑ჰЃ⿵ㆹ≱ൖ࿈᭼25%ǐ⬘ᅗЃឤⴾǐṺ‫׌‬ẫẀ᠘։ᾴǍǪǭ¶ï
²É¦ÙÒ©¼ѕ³îіÚÞіãѕÊ¦¸іÖ¼¾öÂіፒ‫ۂ‬¼ËÆ²ᡐ᰻Ǵߎ೾ƻǭᆉ᠘ ܴඓ≱ѕેଘÎі½ǚǐ⮑ჰ¼ËÆ²Ǵᡐ᰻ƻǭᆉ᠘⏠⥧¼ËÆ²ǐⷨ⃊ࢆǍǪǭ➇ᚤǐ⬭᜽ࢆѕℽሁῬ᮷ǐ࠿᭼ࢆЃ๵ᱍǚǐỤῬЃ֜ǐܻᴥ᰻⫞ǚǐᡐ᰻Ѓឤⴾǚǐ⣖ᣤѕ՚ᘤǉǐᡐ᰻᰻⫞໠᜼

໠᜼ᅻፎ(2178ᅻ(16ઓે193ᗍ))Ѓᅻፎǐᕗᇰʥᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ᆃૃ๵ᱍᒪǐឤⴾ⥆⤻‫צ‬೮ǐईƳܴǮᅻፎǐԃⶋʦЃ໠᜼Ꮶᒆʥ10ຮ֫‫ݔ‬ʦЃ໠᜼ǐ᮷᱄ʥ≭ᒞࢆЃ≸⸘࿻ѕඓ‫צ‬࿻ǐ‫ץ‬ԄǍǪǭÎі½ǐ‫ץ‬ԄʦЃ໠᜼ǐ࠿ᓨʥឤⴾ‫צ‬೮๵ୋǐᡐ࿻ࢆʦЃ⨸ඓ≱ǚǐൖ࿈ʥ⨸ඓ≱ǐ➼ᱎᴥ⫎ࣻЃⵇ‫ذ‬՚ᘤ≱Ǌǐࢷ⣔ʦ๵ᱍǚǐỤῬ

ỤῬǐ᮷᱄Ё๵ᱍਜǉǐ⏠⥧ǌ¼ËÆ²ǐḽ‫ه‬Ѓ‫צ‬೮ᎇ῁ܷ⎽ǐ࠿᭼ࢆЃ‫צ‬೮¸іÖ¼ǐ़ԃࢆЃ§Îºæî¶¼Ëǐ߭ᣞЂЃỤῬᏦᒆ(10ຮ֫‫ݔ‬ʦЃỤῬᏦǐൖ࿈ʥፒ‫ۂ‬ѕℽሁῬ᮷ǍⵇǱǭᶗǐº¼ÉãѕÑ©Ò©ǐቹ‫؟‬Ѓⵇ‫ذ‬՚ᘤ≱Ǌǐࢷ⣔ʦŘƑƎై঵‫׌‬ųᴛ➸ƗźƃōūЕᶗŴ 2005 ຮ 9ᑳŰμ⽮๐ᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ᗳ⟂ై঵‫᾿׌‬᱆νƗܻ⛜ŜŤЖ᾿᱆ŬŴЕष᾿᱆ƗޯŞŰ⎒ŨŤ⋨ᐇŭ‫צ‬೮ų᮳ᬡő⠾ᏀŚƑŤųŦŰЕᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ų֔ྙųŇƏᎃő⪾žƎƑūŉƐЖ⛜ 1ŰЕై঵‫׌‬ųᴛ➸ŭ᾿᱆‫ݔ‬ųⵇ⫭Ԭ❹⟌⪾ŭųⵇ‫ذ‬ƗṶŜŤЖ᾿᱆ų⟌⪾ų௒ŔŴ݆‫ת‬࿻ŰԻŜŉЖŢųůŐŬ᰻⫞໠᜼ŰⵇƔƐ⟌⪾ŴЕ-(ųᡐŚƑŤ(2006 ຮ 3 ᑳ)Ж

᰻Ɨߎ೾ŞƐᆉ᠘ŰƍƐ⟶‫إ‬ƗƇŭŰŜŤ໠᜼ᅻፎȓϔȓϔ➼ᱎ‫ݜ‬ᗳ⟂ᒆȀ

(2178 ᅻ(16 ઓે 193 ᗍ))ŭ೵Օ՗೾Ꮶᒆ(10 ຮ֫‫)ݔ‬Ȁ ŘŋŜŤ➼ᱎŰൖŜūЕᶗ⣔‫׌‬ŐƎ⥧৭(μឤⴾ‫צ‬ůŮЕ݆‫ת‬ᴥůƇųőƄƎƑŤЖŜŐŜЕ⨸ඓ≱Ž೮ųഓ⥆ᕚ๡Žųൖ࿈ν(2006 ຮ 6 ᑳ)(9)Е
μ߭ᣞŬŴųൖ࿈ůŮഃ᮳ᎃ᠘ŰⵇƔƐ⟌⪾ŴЕ⨸ඓ≱Žų➼ůŔ‫ܞ‬ഃЖܴඓ≱Žųጥਂ❹ᒂŽųൖ࿈ν(2006 ຮ 7ᱎᴥ⫎ࣻОⵇ‫ذ‬՚ᘤ≱ŭųࢷ⣔Ű➸ऀŞƐŰŭŮƃ

ᑳ)(10))ƉႢ➃ᑧ(2006 ຮ 10 ᑳ)(11)őޯŚƑŤЖઞીճƏЕ݆‫ת‬࿻ŰԻŜŉЖ⫤ᶌŴЕ᮳⛈ųܻਜ‫צ‬೮᠘Ɨ⬹ೱŞƐ὚ୋŐƎЕ(1)ȓϔȒϔ➼ᱎቹᕦᒆȀ᰻⫞໠᜼ŭůƐ‫צ‬೮ų௒ŔŴЕܻਜ‫צ‬೮᠘ᾨ 44 ᒺųȀ ԃ⟌ų᾿᱆Ɨ݆‫ࢆת‬ŞƐŤƆŰЕᶗŬŴЕሃ೾Ῥ໠᜼ᆬ⠟ų❹ֵ(12)ƗᤜŤŜūŉůŉЕ(2)ᶗų⤨ጫ⸀᮷≱ߠ໒ų൦ܴ(2005 ຮ 10 ᑳ)ůŮųᎃ῁ƗᆍŦޯŴઞų✠࠯՚ᘤŬųℽሁƗࣧߪŭŞƐܻਜ‫צ‬೮ų໠ŜŤЖŘŋŜŤᶗųൖ࿈ŰൖŜūЕᶗ⣔‫׌‬ŬŴЕμܷ᜼᮷᱄ŰŴůƎůŉŭų➃➮ƗṶŜЕ➼ᱎų‫ݜ‬ᗳ⟂ᅻ໠᜼ŭůƐઓેŰඓ‫צ‬ŞƐ‫צ‬ឤŽųཾ⺹ŴϘνƗឺƆūŉƐ(2006 ຮ 10 ᑳ)ЖŢƑŰⵇ⫭ŜūЕ2006(5)(2005 ຮ 10 ᑳ) Еμ໠᜼ŰൖŞƐᶗų⤯ֺŴϘν(2005ຮ 7 ᑳŰЕᶗ๵⴪‫׌‬Ŵᶗᷭ՚Ű❹ᒂᑧƗቹޯŜŤЖ

ຮ 12 ᑳ)(6)ŭŉŨŤ⥧৭őޯŚƑŤЖŘƑƎų⥧৭❹ᒂᑧŬŴЕ(1)൞ᒾų⸑❹՗ᣯƗ≯ჰŰܴƑƐůŮŰൖŜūЕᶗŴЕ֔ྙųܻਜ‫צ‬೮Ŵ‫צ‬ឤŰ⨛⪫ů๵ᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ų߭ᣞᎃ⯣ƗᏀḽŰŞƐŘŭЕ(2)⫎ࣻ≱ųᱍőԬ‫ת‬ᴥů྆ࠅƗᇕŋƇųŭŜūЕ⫎ࣻ≱Ŵ⪫ⷉ⫎ࣻྙų‫צ‬೮Ɨ‫ⷂه‬ŞƐŘŭůŮő‫ݜ‬ᗳ⟂ŞžŒᩍ

ųೊℱŞƐᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ŭŭƇŰЕ๵ਜОឤⴾ‫צ‬೮Ű⠪ŭŜū➱ƑƎƑūŉƐЖઞીճ⫤ᶌЕᶗ⣔‫׌‬Е๵ᱍ൦ŞƐŭ࿈ōūŉƐЖŘŋŜŤࡗŒŰൖŞƐ๵ᱍųųሃ኶ƗईŖūų⡋ፒŴ⸀⎻ŜЕŢųℊᓨЕᶗŴЕः࿈ŭŜūЕ؏ōŵЕ⿵ᓓ๵ŬŴЕᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ų๵Ž᰻⫞໠᜼ᅻፎų↚൧ůŮ➼ᱎƗ௅ᑣŞƐŘŭŭůŨ

ųỤῬЕ໠᜼ᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ŐƎų๵ਜ‫צ‬೮Žų⨸ඓŴ⠟ŤЖƆőŤŉŭų➃➮ő๵⴪ŰƍŨūṶŚƑŤ(2005 ຮȀ ᾿᱆ቹᕦᒆųμ⽮๐ᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ᗳ⟂ై঵‫׌‬νų⣔⡢12 ᑳ)(7)ЖƃŤЕӹ⭷ųઓેŬŴ‫צ‬ឤŰƍŨūᎃ⯣ዌƗƇŭŰ‫׳‬ᅗŚƑŤμ⽮๐ᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ᗳ⟂ై঵‫᾿׌‬᱆ν(8)઎ƗឺƆū∐सőⷨƆƎƑŤ ЖŘŋŉŨŤ๵ᱍЕƉ➼ᱎቹᕦᒆŰŏŖƐ๵ᱍŭų⡋ፒƗźƃō῁೾Ś‫צ‬ឤŭųൖ὚Ɨ⡋ፒŞƐŤƆŰЕᶗŴ๵ᱍŰൖŜūƑŤμᶗਜ‫צ‬೮-(⅘ळᡐ᰻➼ᱎνŴЕઞીճ

XП-Ɨ⛈ŋ(2006 ຮ 1 ᑳ)Е๵ᱍळषŬᶗેଘ⫤ᶌЕᶗ⣔‫׌‬Е๵ᱍŰƍƏ‫ݜ‬ᗳ⟂őឺƆƎƑЕ௅ᑣ‫צ‬೮ࢷ⣔‫׌‬Ɨ⟝ᶗਜ‫צ‬೮¼ËÆ²

ŖƐ(2006 ຮ 2ᑳ)ŘŭŬЕ⡋ፒƗઙŨŤЖŢų
ℊᓨЕ᰻⫞໠᜼
ų‫צ‬ᗍų‫צ‬ឤųNoYesᘹǏ10ຮ֫‫ݔ‬Ǎ≸᰻ຮፎǴ⦡⬒ƻǭ

⨸ඓ‫ܡ‬Ŵᶗਜ‫צ‬No≸⸘⟶‫إ‬ìö²ƮAƭϘೊℱઓેŬŴ
Q>П$П⟝∌
ůŮųᛂ⌉ų‫ܞ‬ഃƗઙƐůŮő

NoYes໠᜼ǐℊ⡢ǉ⏠ƦƭϘNoDAºіËǍǪǭ⟶‫إ‬೮ƗଣᒍŭŞƐЕYes་⟝ǑᘹǏ20ຮ֫‫ݔ‬ǉƤǭƭѣ⅘ळ⡋ፒѤ
⻀‫פ‬ԃ‫פ‬⻀‫פ‬Ԅ‫פ‬໠᜼YesƑƎᎃ῁ŭ߭ᣞ
ų➼ 2 ઎ 10 ຮŰƔŤŨūųഃᎇ
ůŮőᵦƏ⪞ƃƑŤμᶗਜ‫צ‬೮
-(⅘ळᡐ
᰻➼ᱎνőቹṶѕ≸⸘ጥِǍ‫ו‬Ʀඓ‫צ‬࿻Ǎԇƪǭཾ⺹ѕ໠᜼ྙǐીે‫޻ޛ‬ǐખ⸀࿻Yes។ƆƎƑŤЖŘƗ߰ྙᒆ 5 ຮⴾѕેଘÓìö¼ѕ‫ݕ‬ᥓǌઓે⬏ਜǐℽሁೊℱ๵ᱍǚǐỤῬᾴǐठ⌉࿻ƮƤǭƭϘNoѕᘹǏ10ຮ֫‫ݔ‬Ǎ໠᜼๵ᱍǚǐỤῬᾴ

ѕᶗਜ‫צ‬೮Ǌƹǈೊℱ

ѕ‫צ‬೮ǐǠǠ๵ᱍѕឤⴾǚǐ⣖ᣤѕ་᫿Ǵ֜᰻⫞Ǎ⨸᰻(⣖ᣤैǢЄ)ѕÙðÆ²ܷ‫ת‬ǉ་᫿Ǵⶕ࣎ƹЃ᰻ેǴ⹥ᴥǍᡐ᰻(⣖ᣤैǢЄ)ޯ݇ϖ⽮๐ᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ᗳ⟂ై঵‫(׌‬2005)ų P17 Űብ⩈ŚƑŤઙƗƇŭŰ‫׳‬ᅗઙ 2ϔᡐ᰻ᆉ᠘Ɨߎ೾ŞƐᡖƑŞƐŘŭŭůŨŤЖŢųᏦųԬ❹ů‫ݜ‬ᗳ⟂՚⺿ŭŴЕᶗਜ‫צ‬೮Ɨ᰻⫞໠᜼ŭŞƐᕗᇰŭ᰻⫞໠᜼ŰƍƐ⨸ඓ≱ų⨸ඓ‫ܻ(ܡ‬ਜ‫צ‬೮)ųḽ‫ه‬ŬŇƐЖŢŘŬᜑὯŐƎŴЕԃ⟌՚⺿ų‫ݜ‬ᗳ⟂ųᎃ⯣Ɨ≯ഷŞƐŤƆЕ᰻⫞໠᜼‫צ‬ᅻųߎ೾ųഃბŭ❹⨸ඓԏຊųܻਜ‫צ‬೮Žų⨸ඓठ⌉࿻Űũŉūᗳ⟂ŞƐЖȔϔ᰻⫞໠᜼‫צ‬ᅻųߎ೾ųഃბȀȔϔȑϔᡐ᰻ᆉ᠘Ɨߎ೾ŞƐᡖƑȀ
ઙ 2 ŴЕᡐ᰻ᆉ᠘ųߎ೾ųᡖƑƗṶŜŤƇųŬŇƐЖᡐ᰻ᆉ᠘ŭŜūŴЕμᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ŭ
ŜūೊℱνŭμᘹŲ 10 ຮ֫‫ݔ‬Ű໠᜼(᰻⫞໠᜼)νЕμ๵ᱍŽųỤῬᾴνų 3 ũőŇƐЖƃşЕᘹŲ 20 ຮ֫‫ݔ‬Ű་ūƎƑŤƇųŴЕᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ŭŜūೊ
ℱƗᗳ⟂ŞƐЖŢŜū\(1)ᘹ
Ų 10 ຮ֫‫ݔ‬Ű≸᰻ຮፎƗ⦡ōƐЕ(2)≸⸘࿻Ű৭⻧őŇƐƇųŰũŉūŴЕԃ⟌֫௎ų➡ᩍŐƎų⟶‫إ‬ő྿❹ůƇųƗųţŒЕ᰻⫞໠᜼ŭůƐЖŢ Ƒ ֫ ௎ ų ‫ צ‬ᅻ Ŵ Е DA
(Decision Analysis)П-ŰƍƐ⟶‫إ‬ŰƇŭŪŒ⻀‫פ‬Ɨ֞ŖƐЖDA П-ŴЕμેଘų0ПνЕμ-(ų⥧νЕμ⵻ᨨО⵻ᨳԃų࿻⌉νЕμඓ‫צ‬࿻νЕμ὚ેᬃ࿻νЕμƃŦŪŔƏų
➡ᩍνЕμ‫޻ޛ‬ᾴųठ⌉࿻νЕμᎇ
῁ų࠿ᓨО‫ܡ‬൦࿻ᾴνų 8 ũų➎ᩍƗ 72 ųሃ᚜ŐƎ⟶‫إ‬ŬŒƐƍŋᙩᅗŚƑūŉƐ
(⛜ 2)ЖŜŐŜЕഃⷁŰ‫؃‬ŨŤሃ᚜Ŵ 62 ŬŇƐЖŘƑƎųሃ᚜ųƀŭƘŮőЕܻਜ‫צ‬೮ŢųƇųƗ⟶‫إ‬ŞƐƇųŬŇƐ३⪜᯼୷ŰൖŞƐജԇƗ⟶‫إ‬ŜŤሃ᚜ŴЕ
μƃŦŪŔƏų➡

⛜ 2ϔ72 ሃ᚜ųӹ➕
No.

⟶‫إ‬ǐ➡ᩍ

⺿ᵹ

ഓ⥆ླऄ᭼
1
࿈ࡡ٪᭼
2
ᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ǐܴඓ᭼
3๵ᱍਜ‫צ‬೮ǐܴඓ᭼
4ᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ǐܴᑮǬǐ⻢໒
5
6
7
ᴜⲟܴඓ≱ǐᬡ᠊
89ેଘǐἪഓ᭼
10ેଘǐ։औ୾ᣞ᭼
1112 ેଘǐÎі½ ܻਜ‫צ‬೮ፒ‫ۂ‬᭼๵ᱍਜ‫צ‬೮Ǌǐឌ᭼
13ឤⴾǐ⥆⤻‫צ‬೮ፒ‫ۂ‬᭼1415⿵ㆹ≱ǐඓ‫צ‬ೲ೾1617ⷂഐ≱ẫẀ᰻⫞
18
DV✃ഐ≱
19
Þіãï¼
20
൧ƷǌೂǋǤǐƦǭԏຊ
21
௎ઞ։
22
ØíіÂіЃÎіË
23
24
25¼ËÆ²ǐ࿻⌉26
27
28
29¼ËÆ²ǐ⥧
௚➇ᚤِ↽ǐණᝊ
30
31
32
ጥِ⸀Ꮕ໒
33
34
ِ↽⤾ǐഃ↪
35
36
37
⵻ᨨ࿻
38
⵻ᨨѕ⵻ᨳԃ
39 ǐᛂ⌉
40
⵻ᨳ࿻
41
42
43
44
ඓ‫צ‬࿻
45
46
47
48
ߓ‫ح‬࿻
49
50 ὚ેᬃ࿻
51ඓ‫צ‬᯼୷
5253
54
ેଘ¶âèÎÉ¦ǚǐജԇѕཾ⺹
55३⪜᯼୷ǚǐཾ⺹56
57 ǠǃǇƱǬǐ➡ᩍ⭼๵➼ᱎǊǐፒळ58
59
๵⛏ેǐ⵻ᨳ࿻
60

61

൧⺿ᵹ

⸑❹

Ῥ᮷

⤨ጫ

ӟ

ẫẀ

⵻ᨳ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

⿵ㆹ≱

ӟ

ӟ

ⷂഐ≱

ӟ

ӟ

ចೂഓ໙
DV

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ
ӟ
ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

⿵ㆹ≱ឌ᭼

ӟ

ӟ

ẫẀᎇ⟝Ǌǐⵇ⫭ӟӟૃ೮¸іÖ¼ᎇ⟝Ǌǐⵇ⫭

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

≭ᒞ໒

ӟ

≸⸘࿻

ӟ

ӟ

Óí¥Øíі

ӟӟ«ïÜіÂі

ӟӟឱ३Ǭ⟝‫ۂ‬

ӟ

ӟ

௎஘

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

⵻ឱ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

‫⭷ݔ‬

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ
ӟ

Ê»Âîጪ⫏ൖ࿈

ӟ

ӟ

⵻ឱ࿻

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

⵻ᨳ⟝‫ۂ‬ӟ་ ଣᤤ᠘ǐ⬭ळ࿻ӟӟ‱≸ƭЃ≸ᨨƭ

ӟ

ӟ

ᡵ⵻ឱߓ

ӟ

ӟ

ᡵᨨѕጴ࠯ᡐࡗ

ӟӟᨳഐᏦᾴǍƬƳǭ֭‫צ‬ඓӟ⭃⸀ୋᆃǊƹǈǐ‫ځإ‬ӟᡀᠥǐ࣋ⶫ࿻

ӟ‫צ‬ᅻǐຽƷЁඓ‫צ‬ឱᤤЂӟ‫צ‬ᅻǐຽƷЁ⠪൦ឱᤤЂӟ݀षᎇ⟝ǐ‫ܞ‬ഃ໒ӟ

⾅⨨¼Ýі¼ǐḽ‫ه‬

ӟ

ጼ⋠

ӟ

Ụࡗ

ӟ

࢞ᳰ

ӟ

⤺᫿

ӟ

Ἢેǐḽ‫ه‬ӟ⭼๵ଣᵯǐፒ‫ۂ‬ӟ⾰⺱ǦܻഐᾴǍǪǭཾ⺹

ӟ

ӟ
ӟ
ӟ

ӟ
ӟ

ӟ

ӟ

։ᴥᙩᅗ
ÒіÌ⹥

ӟ

᰻⫞ેଘ
་ ଣᤤ᠘ⷨઓ➇೾

ӟ

⭼๵ᎇ⟝ᾴ
ӟ

ፕેǐ⨸᰻࿻
ЁǪǬᒂǠƹƦીેߓ᰻ƮƤǭƭЂ᰻ેǑᶗᑴƭϘ62ፕે‫ݔ‬ǐઞᑴ⤨ᰶᾴǐፒ᮷ᬡ᠊63݆‫ת‬ᴥǌ⥴ܴǐ๻ᒂƮƤǭƭ64 ‫޻ޛ‬ᾴǐठ⌉࿻஼࣎ǐठ⌉࿻
⿵‫ځ‬ǉ஼࣎ǉƯǭƭ
65
ठ⌉࿻
66
๵ᱍǚǐỤῬ
๵ᱍճ֞⯛ǐ⤧ᇕ67
։औൖ῁ǚǐജԇ68ඓ‫צ‬ԏຊǚǐൖ࿈ǐᔗ⨵࿻69ᎇ῁ǐ70 ࠿ᓨѕ‫ܡ‬൦࿻ᾴ ᶌ«Ðǚǐ⮑ჰᐇ➡ǚǐ⮑ჰѕജԇ
71‫⫶ܡ‬ᴥǌइ⃾ǡƮƤǭƭ
72

ӟ
ӟ

ӟ

ӟ
ӟ
ӟ
ӟ
ӟ
ӟ
ӟ
ӟ
ӟ

ޯ݇ϖ⽮๐ᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ᗳ⟂ై঵‫(׌‬2005)ų pp.22-28 ƗƇŭŰ‫׳‬ᅗ✠⟫ϖ⅂ቓŖŴЕ⟶‫إ‬ŰůŝƃůŉЕᆳኅőખ⸀Е⠎འ-(őůŉůŮų᮷᱄ŐƎ቙᰻ŚƑůŐŨŤሃ᚜ƗሃŜūŉƐЖ⟶‫⺿إ‬ᵹ
࿈ࡡ٪᭼
ܴඓ᭼
൧➼

ŽųỤῬᾴνőŏŘůƔƑƐ‫צ‬ᅻ⯗ǡ֞ƳΟྤᩍǐῢޯྤᩍ ⸑❹ ⸑❹ྤᩍ ẫẀ ẫẀྤᩍ ⵻ᨳ ⵻ᨳྤᩍ Ῥ᮷ Ῥ᮷ྤᩍ ⤨ጫ ⤨ጫྤᩍ(S) (W1) (S×W1) (W2) ЁS×W2) (W3) ЁS×W3) (W4) ЁS×W4) ЁW5) ЁS×W5)

3
8
5
8
ҥ ҥ

24
1
40
1
64 ҥ

3
1
5
1
8 ҥ

3
5
5
7
8 ҥ

15
1
35
7
8 ҥ

3
35
38

Ŵ។ƃŨūŉůŉЖȀ ᰻⫞໠᜼՗೾‫צ‬ᅻųŋŦ 82.0ҡ
(1750 ᅻ)ő DA П-ŰƍƐƇų
ŬŇƏЕᝡƏ 12.0%(256 ᅻ)ő≭ᒞࢆЕ6.0%(130 ᅻ)ő≸⸘࿻ŭůŨūΠྤᩍǐ‫➼ⷨݜ‬ѕ⟶ᩍǐῢޯ

72 ѱ1

+

8 ѱ1 +72 ѱ1⯗ǡ֞Ƴ(Aᕦ(1:1:1)=152

ŉƐЖůŏЕ≸⸘࿻ŰƍƐ᰻⫞໠⟶ᩍ᜼Ŵൖ⤈ő 4 ᗍųƄŬŇƐŘŭŭ
ୋᆃőⷨԞŜūŉƐŘŭůŮŐƎЕઙ 3ϔ⟶ᩍῢޯųᡖƑ(2 ũų⟶‫⺿إ‬ᵹųୋळ)ᜑῼų޻ᓠŬŴࠅႪŞƐЖᩍνŰƄƎƑƐųƄŬЕŢųፎŴ൩ůŉሃ᚜ŴЕ10
μῬ᮷νЕ
μ⤨ጫν
ų 5 ũų➎ᩍŐƎ⯗Ƅ֞ŖŚƑƐЖȔϔȒϔ⬼೾ŚƑŤ᰻⫞໠᜼՗೾‫צ‬ᅻųᬃླȀȔϔȒϔȑϔ་⟝ຮᜑȀ⯗Ƅ֞ŖŚƑŤྤᩍŴЕμ⸑❹νŭμẫẀνЕμ⵻ᨳνЕȀ ℽሁ‫צܷه‬ᅻŴЕܷū 1967 ຮ֫ⶈŰैƃƑūŉƐЖμῬ᮷νŭμ⤨ጫνŰƃŭƆƎƑЕŚƎŰ⯗Ƅ֞ŖŢųӹᎃŬЕ᰻⫞໠᜼՗೾‫צ‬ᅻŴЕ་⟝ᅻፎő࿹୾ŚƑƐЖ⮑޻ŴЕŮų⺿ᵹƗ⟶‫إ‬ŞƐŐŰƍŨū 3

ŜŤ 1970 ຮ֩ƗԞ྽Ű޻๶ŜūŉƐ(ઙ 4)Ж1977~81⫤Ə⟝೾ŚƑŤŞůƔŦЕμ⸑❹νŭμẫẀνЕμ⵻ຮŴЕƇŨŭƇ‫ץ‬ŉ≸᰻ຮፎ(‱ອᙩ⫪ų 30 ຮ)ŞƎᨳνЕμῬ᮷νŭμ⤨ጫνƗषᾴŰ⟶‫إ‬ŞƐ A ᕦƇᤜŤŜūŏƎşЕܻਜ‫צ‬೮᠘ų໠᜼ଣᤤŐƎ௎Ƒ

(1.0:1.0:1.0)Е
μ⸑❹νŭμẫẀνƗ⿵Ŕ⟶‫إ‬Ŝμ⤨ጫνŤ᰻⫞໠᜼ŭŉōƐЖԃ⟌ᒆⴾŰ་⟝ŚƑŤ‫צ‬ᅻŴЕƗ‫ץ‬Ŕ⟶‫إ‬ŞƐ B ᕦ(1.5:1.0:0.5)Е
μ⸑❹νŭμẫẀνܷū DA П-ų⟶‫إ‬ŐƎ⬼೾ŚƑūŉƐЖᩍᤜᩍŬྤᩍő֞ŖƎƑЕ
μ⸑❹νЕ
μẫẀν
Е
μ⵻ᨳνЕ

Ɨ‫ץ‬Ŕ⟶‫إ‬Ŝμ⤨ጫνƗ⿵Ŕ⟶‫إ‬ŞƐ C ᕦ(0.5:1.0:1.5)ŬŇƐ֔઎ŴЕܷūų⺿ᵹőૐᾴŰ⟶‫إ‬ŚƑƐƍŋŰЕA ᕦő⬼ŵƑŤЖ
ઙ 3 ŴЕ⟶ᩍῢޯųᡖƑƗ 2 ũų⟶‫⺿إ‬ᵹᅻፎ500‫≸ץ‬ЃԞ≸Ѓ⿵≸ǐ≸᰻ຮⶋ ×1/2=35 ЁຮЂ400(࿈ࡡ٪᭼ŭܴඓ᭼)Ɨ᰻ŉū⠾ᏀŜŤƇųŬŇƐƃş⟶‫⺿إ‬ᵹřŭŰᩍő֞ŖƎƑƐ⟶‫⺿إ‬ᵹŰŴЕ
μ⸑❹ν
Е
μẫẀνЕ
μ⵻ᨳνЕ
μῬ᮷νЕμ⤨ጫνų➡ᩍŐƎ⯗Ƅ֞ŖőԇōƎƑūŉƐय➡ᩍų⯗Ƅ֞ŖŴЕ⟶‫⺿إ‬300‱ອǐ≸᰻ຮⶋ =30 ЁຮЂ

200
100

ᵹųᩍŭԾŝƐԾŝƎƑŤᩍŴЕ➡ᩍřŭ
2004

2000

1995

1990

1985

1980

1975

1970

1965

1960

❹νŭμẫẀνЕμ⵻ᨳνЕμῬ᮷νŭμ⤨ጫν

1955

0
1950

Űळ➼ƗῢޯŞƐῢޯŚƑŤळ➼ŴЕμ⸑་⟝ຮ໒Ű‫➼ⷨݜ‬ŚƑƐ‫➼ⷨݜ‬ŚƑŤྤᩍŰൖŜ≸᰻ຮፎūЕŚƎŰ‫ܡ‬ƀŮų⯗Ƅ֞ŖőԾŝƎƑЕ

ˁʾºіË

ೊℱ

ઙ 4ϔ་⟝ຮᜑŭ⬼೾ᕗᇰŭųⵇ‫ذ‬ŢƑƗळ➼ŞƐŘŭŬЕൖ⤈‫צ‬ᅻų⟶ᩍőῢޯŚƑƐŘŋŜŤᡖƑŐƎῢޯŚƑŤ⟶ᩍƗƇŭŰЕ‫צ‬ᅻŰ⻀‫פ‬ő֞ŔЖ⻀‫פ‬ő⿵ŉ(⟶ᩍȔϔȒϔȒϔᙩ⫪(14)ő⿵ŉ)‫צ‬ᅻƀŮೊℱőᗳ⟂ŚƑЕ⻀‫פ‬ő‫ץ‬ŉ(⟶ᩍȀ ᰻⫞໠᜼՗೾‫צ‬ᅻŰŴЕℽሁ‫צܷه‬ᅻŭឌžƐŭő‫ץ‬ŉ)‫צ‬ᅻƀŮ໠᜼ųठ⌉࿻ő⿵ŔůƐЖŜŐŜЕ;R(⫪(‱ອЕ‱՛)ő௒ŔैƃƑūŉƐƇųųЕ

ೊℱЕ໠᜼ŰƍŨū৭⻧őᴛᰲŞƐठ⌉࿻ő⿵ŉ‫צ‬Ţų 9 ࠅ༾(88.0ҡϒŴЕⰛᾶXOП-⫪(Ԟ≸)

(13)

Ж

ŬŇƐ(ઙ 5)Ж᰻⫞໠᜼՗೾‫צ‬ᅻŰũŉū໠᜼ᕗᇰߏ

ůŏЕŘƑƎྤᩍŏƍŸ⯗Ƅ֞ŖŴЕᶗົ‫ݔ‬ųⵇ‫ذ‬Űयᙩ⫪őࣃƆƐឌ᭼ƗឌžƐŭЕ≭ᒞࢆŰƍƐ໠य⡄ųࢷ⣔ŰƍŨū⛈ƔƑŤЖೊℱųᗳ⟂ൖ⤈ŭů᜼՗೾‫צ‬ᅻų⃊ 8 ࠅő;R(⫪ŬŇƐЖŢųӹᎃᅻŴЕ⻀‫פ‬ŰⵇƔƎş⟶‫إ‬ő௅ƔƐŘŭőŇƐ

ŨŤ‫צ‬ᅻųŋŦЕ๵ᱍОឤⴾŽų⣖ᣤЕ֜᰻⫞ŽųŬ DA П-ŰƍƐ໠᜼՗೾‫צ‬ᅻŰࣃƆƐ;R(⨸᰻ųᎃő⬭޼ŭߎ፽ŚƑŤ‫צ‬ᅻŴμ๵ᱍŽųỤῬ⫪ųࠅळŴ 3%ŬŇƏЕƀŭƘŮőⰛᾶXOП

ᾴνŭůƐőЕ᮳Ꮶᩍ(2007 ຮ 5 ᑳ᮳ૃ)ŬŴμ๵ᱍ-⫪ŰࣃƆƎƑūŉƐЖӕ᰻⫞໠᜼Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ ӕೊℱ(a)᰻⫞໠᜼՗೾‫צ‬ᗍő὚ેŞƐઓેų޻๶3%12%⅘ ፎ =2136ᅻ
Ⱋᾶ¶ö²íіË⫪

ÙðÆ²⫪

°

97%

88%

!

!

ਂ⫤൒๵

3%

19%
81%

!

!(

!<

!

!
ŚűŒ๵

⿵ᓓ๵

䎓

䎔䎓䏎䏐

!

!

!

䎓䎐䎖䎙 䎖䎚䎐䎔䎖䎗 䎔䎖䎘䎐䎕䎘䎙 䎕䎘䎚䎐䎋ᚭ䎌97%
⅘ ፎ =256ᅻ

ÙðÆ²⫪

!

!<
➡⺱൒๵

!<
2 !<

!

!

!(!!(!(
!

䎧䎬䎧࿾඙
!( ሽ⛯
! ৻ㇱᑄᱛ੍ቯ
<! ోᚭᑄᱛ੍ቯ

!

ӕ≭ᒞࢆȀ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ ӕDA П-

1 !<

!

!(
ԩՏ๵

!

!<
!

!<

௒໒ᡀᱍ

Ⱋᾶ¶ö²íіË⫪

!( (!
!(

૏ޯ๵

!(

!

⅘ ፎ =4160ᅻ
ÙðÆ²⫪

!
೰௒ᡀᱍ

Ⱋᾶ¶ö²íіË⫪

⅘ ፎ =1750ᅻ
ÙðÆ²⫪

Ⱋᾶ¶ö²íіË⫪(b)ઓે‫ݔ‬Ŭų᰻⫞໠᜼՗೾‫צ‬ᗍų޻๶ӕ⫭ᇕ૭(ઞ޻൒ઓે((a)ų 1 Ű὚ે))Ȑઙ 5ϔᙩ⫪ŭ⬼೾ᕗᇰŭųⵇ‫ذ‬ȑȐȐɍȔϔȒϔȓϔܴඓ᭼ȀܻળȀ ℽሁ‫צܷه‬ᅻųອૐܴඓ᭼Ŵ 87.0%ŰൖŜūЕ᰻ܻળ⫞໠᜼՗೾‫צ‬ᅻųອૐܴඓ᭼Ŵ 81.5%ŭ௚ŒŔ௅ƔƎůŉЖƃŤЕ᰻⫞໠᜼՗೾‫צ‬ᅻų໠᜼ᕗᇰⴾŬܴ೾‫צ‬ᅻŬŇŨūƇℽሁ‫צܷه‬ᅻŭ௅ƔƎű⸑❹ųೊⷨ‫׌‬ୋ໠᜼՗೾‫צ‬ᗍඓ᭼ƗឌžūƇЕDA П-Ŵ 81.4ҡЕ≭ᒞࢆŴ
85.6ҡŭ௚ŒŔ௅ƔƎůŉЖŘƑƎŴЕ᰻⫞໠᜼՗ܻળܻળℽሁ‫צܷه‬ᗍӕ޻ፆ૭(⽮๐ઓે((a)ų 2 Ű὚ે))ૃƗṶŞƇųŭ≯ōƎƑƐЖȐȔϔȒϔȔϔ‫צ‬ᗍų὚ેᬃ࿻Ȁ

ȑȐȐɍ

ⷨ‫׌‬ᆃ
ຽୋ

⬼೾ŚƑŤ‫צ‬ᅻő὚ેŞƐઓેŴЕܷᅻ໠᜼ųઓឱેő DID ‫ݔ‬ŰЕӹ⭷໠᜼ųઓેő DID ௎Ž௒Ŕ޻⧊๶ŜūŉƐ(ઙ 6 ų(a))ЖŘƑŴЕӹ⭷໠᜼ųઓેŰ໠᜼՗೾‫צ‬ᗍŴ་⟝ຮᜑųᎀŜŉ‫צ‬ᗍő௒ŔैƃƑūŉƐŘŭЕℽሁ‫צܷه‬ᗍᡙࢆᚉ໠᜼ųཾ⺹ƗⅲঈŞƐŤƆ໠᜼ᅻፎő↚൧ŚƑŤŤઙ 6ϔ᰻⫞໠᜼՗೾‫צ‬ᗍų὚ેᬃ࿻Ɔŭ≯ōƎƑƐЖŘųŋŦӹ⭷໠᜼ųઓે‫ݔ‬ŰŏŖƐ᰻⫞໠᜼՗೾‫צ‬ᗍų὚ેŴЕ2 ũų$

<ЕŞů
100%

ፆ૭ų᰻⫞໠᜼՗೾‫צ‬ᗍŴЕℽሁ‫צܷه‬ᗍųⴾŰ

80%޻๶ŜŐũ➇ᚤő⸋⃮ŬŇƐŤƆЕ໠᜼ྙų֜՚ᘤŽų⨸ኄЕ஼࣎ůŮő⛈ŉ⸀ŉŘŭőበഷŚƑ
Ɛ(15)Ж‫⦦ܞ‬᭼ƔŦЕ⫭ᇕ૭ŭ޻ፆ૭Ű޻ŐƑŤ(ઙ 6 ų(b))Ж޻60%‫ ⦦ ܞ‬᭼ Ȉै ๵ ᱍ ਜ ȉ

85.9%

40%
20%
0%
1400

62.8%

72.9%

38.4%
2.4%

‫ ⦦ ܞ‬᭼ Ȉᶗ ਜ ų Ƅ ȉ

31.1%

40.4%
0.5%

1200

Ȁ ᶗܷ‫ת‬ų໠᜼՗೾‫צ‬ᗍŰܴඓŜūŉƐ‫צ‬ᅻő
1740 ᅻŰൖŜūЕℽሁ‫צܷه‬ᗍųἪŒ‫צ‬ᅻŴ 561
ᅻŬŇƐЖŘƑŴЕ⨸ඓő྿❹ŭŚƑƐ‫צ‬ᅻųŋ
Ŧ 32.2%ŜŐᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ŰƍŨū‫⦦ܞ‬ŬŒůŉŤƆЕᎀŤŰ 1179 ᅻ޻ų‫צ‬ᅻƗḽ‫ه‬ŞƐ྿❹ƗṶ৏ŜūŉƐЖ-(ᡐ᰻➼ᱎųᎃ⯣ŰŜŤőŉЕष໠᜼՗೾‫צ‬ᗍųܴඓ‫צ‬ᅻℽሁ‫צܷه‬ᗍųἪŒ‫צ‬ᅻἪŒ‫צ‬ᅻϑैϔ๵ᱍਜϒ

1000
ᅻፎ

ȕϔ❹⨸ඓԏຊųܻਜ‫צ‬೮Žų⨸ඓठ⌉࿻Ȁȕϔȑϔ⨸ඓठ⌉ůԏຊፎųበ➼Ȁ

800

1238

600
400
200

1063

475

166

4

121

0
⿵ᓓ๵

ԩՏ๵

188
1

76

➡⺱൒๵

148

46 93

೰௒ᡀᱍ

✠⟫ϖ‫⦦ܞ‬᭼(%)ŴЕ໠᜼՗೾ųܴඓ‫צ‬ᅻ/ἪŒ‫צ‬ᅻѱ100 ŐƎῢޯŜŤЖ

ઙ 7ϔ⨸ඓठ⌉ůԏຊፎųበ➼ӹ๵ᱍ‫ݔ‬Ŭ⨸ඓŞƐŭų߰ቹųƇŭЕ‫⦦ܞ‬᭼Ɨ๵ᱍ೾ŚƑŤ᮳ૃų‫צ‬ᅻፎ(1761 ᅻ)Ɨ᰻⫞໠᜼ŭŞƐ߰ⴾŬឌžƐŭЕᶗܷ‫ת‬ų‫⦦ܞ‬᭼ŭƀƁ௅ƔƎůŉ๵ቹųƇŭЕ⟶ᩍų⻀‫פ‬Űྠŉ⬼ŸᵿŜŤƇųŬŇƐЖᱍ(⿵ᓓ๵(38.4%)Е೰௒ᡀᱍ(31.1%))őŇƐӹᎃŬЕष⛜ŐƎ᰻⫞໠᜼‫צ‬ᅻፎő⯗Ƅ֞ŖŰƍŨū௅ƔƎℽሁ‫צܷه‬ᗍ‫ݔ‬ųἪŒ‫צ‬ᅻő൩ůŉŤƆЕᘬƆū‫ץ‬ůŉО௅ƔƐઓેőŇƐŘŭő⠿ƄŭƑƐЖ௅ƔƐŉ‫⦦ܞ‬᭼ų๵ᱍ(ԩՏ๵(2.4%)Е➡⺱൒๵(0.5%))őŇ

ઓેųůŐŰŴЕ֜ųᕦŬŴ᰻⫞໠᜼‫צ‬ᅻőᴛᰲŞƏЕ⻬ⓦůેଘ๡őƄūŭƑŤ(ઙ 7)Ж

Ɛઓે(ઞ޻൒(᮳ᬡϖ0ҳC ᕦϖ63))Ɖܷ໠ŐƎܷᅻȀ ⨸ඓ‫ܡ‬Ű๵ᱍਜ‫צ‬೮ƗŔƔōƐŭЕᶗܷ‫ת‬ų‫⦦ܞ‬

ೊℱŰ௅ƔƐઓે(ᓓ෥(᮳ᬡϖ150ҳC ᕦϖ0))őŇŨ

᭼Ŵ 52.5%ŭůƏᶗਜųƄųୋळŭឌžū௚ŒŔԃŤЖŘƑƎŴЕߎ೾ଣᤤų⬏᰻ᜑᾨŬӹઓેŇŤƏ

ᎹŜŤ

(16)

ų໠᜼‫צ‬ᅻፎő௚ŒŔ௅ƔƐŘŭƗṶŜūŉƐЖЖƃŤЕ‫ܡ‬ƀŮŭषᙲų֭೾ųƇŭŬЕ‫ܞ‬⦦᭼Ɨ๵ᱍⴾŬឌžƐŭЕ‫ء‬ᩯŭŜū‫⦦ܞץ‬᭼ų๵ᱍ(➡⺱൒๵(40.4%))őೊૃŞƐƇųųЕŢƑ֫⛜ 3ϔ⯗Ƅ֞Ŗų⬙ŉŰƍƐ᰻⫞໠᜼ᅻፎų௅ࢆ௎ų๵ᱍų‫⦦ܞ‬᭼Ŵ௚ŒŔԃᎹŜ(⿵ᓓ๵(38.4%

ઓેसҳ85.9%)ЕԩՏ๵(2.4%ҳ72.9%)Е೰௒ᡀᱍ(31.1%

ȕϔȒϔߎ೾ଣᤤų➃ᵿŜŰƍƐ⨸ඓठ⌉ԏຊų
௅ࢆȀ

໠᜼

ೊℱ

208
18
0

196
90
36

208
18
0

75
0
150

93
0
150

348
81
0
74
0

75
63
0

182
234

366
18
150

ᗪᓓ

182
234

366
81
0

❷ᏑᎣ

476

408

308

578

606

278

ᓓ෥
ຓṏ

ƐЖ➃ᵿŞžŒଣᤤŭŜūŴЕ֜ųߎ೾ଣᤤŭឌ

ೊℱ

196
90
36

⽮๐

೾ଣᤤƗ➃ᵿŜЕ᰻⫞໠᜼‫צ‬ᅻƗᣞƎŞ྿❹őŇ

໠᜼

208
18
0

ઞ޻൒

ųἪŒഓ‫צ‬ᅻፎųԆૐ⛙ƗᏗ᜽ŞƐŤƆŰŴЕߎ

ೊℱ

196
90
36

ԩՏଌᓊ

߰ῼŬṶŜŤ⨸ඓठ⌉ԏຊፎŭℽሁ‫צܷه‬ᗍ‫ݔ‬⼟නž⬼೾‫צ‬ᅻő௒Ŕ➃ᵿŞ‫ેװ‬ő௚Œŉ DA П-ᒉ௝ğĕĳńļĢ

őሊŗƎƑƐЖ➃ᵿŞžŒԬ❹՚⺿ŭŜūŴЕઙᒉ௝๐❷ŞƐО໠᜼ŜůŉƇųŭų࢝޼Əᎃ((3)ų(f))Еᾨ

໠᜼

೰௒ᡀ
඙෥

ҳ62.8%))Еેଘ๡ő൧ŚŔůŨŤЖ

1 ųై঵‫׌‬Ŭųై঵ųᴛ➸‫ݔ‬ഖŐƎЕᾨӹŰ໠᜼Aᕦ(᮳ᬡ)Ё1.0:1.0:1.0Ђ BᕦЁ1.5:1.0:0.5Ђ Cᕦ(0.5:1.0:1.5)

൧➼

54
208

60

1761

74
0
0
0

147

1302

182
234

54
208

207

1758

0
0

0

1307

54
208

20

1764

74
0

0
0

187

1299

✠⟫ϖȀ Ȁ Ȁ ŴЕ⯗Ƅ֞Ŗų⬙ŉŰƍŨū໠᜼ᅻፎő௅ƔŨŤઓેƗ՛ŰྤᩍŰൖŞƐ⯗Ƅ֞Ŗ((3)ų(d))ő≯ōƎƑƐЖሃŞЖᾨӹᩍŰⵇŜūŴ\᰻⫞໠᜼ᅻፎųᕗᇰŭŜū\ᾨ
4 ઎⽮๐ᶗᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ᗳ⟂ై঵‫׌‬Ꮶųࣼ≯⥊፩Ű\᰻Ȗϔℊ⡢Ȁ⫞໠᜼őƇŤƎŞ℆⤾߭ᣞ࠿ᓨőṶŚƑūŉƐЖ℆Ȁ ᒍḁἦųԬ❹ůᅗᓨŴЕ֫Ԅų 3 ᩍŬŇƐЖ⤾߭ᣞ࠿ᓨŭŴЕ་᫿ųೊℱŰ྿❹ů⤾᰻(ℽሁῬ᮷(1)ᶗਜ‫צ‬೮-(⅘ळᡐ᰻➼ᱎŴЕ᾿᱆ቹᕦᒆų℆⤾Е≸᰻ຮፎƃŬųⴾų≸⸘ጥِ⤾Е་ūᑮō℆ై঵‫׌‬ų⣔⡢ƗƇŭŰ‫׳‬ᅗŚƑŤ᾿᱆Ɖ➼ᱎቹᕦ⤾ᾴ)ŐƎЕೊℱᏦŰᴛᰲŞƐഓ⥆ऄܴƗ༢ŉŤƇųᒆŰŏŖƐ๵ᱍŭų⡋ፒƗ⧘ƃō῁೾ŚƑŤЖŜŬŇƐЖԃ⟌ųῢޯᎃ᠘ƗƆŕƏЕై঵ŐƎ৭⻧(≸ŐŜЕઞીճ⫤ᶌОᶗ⣔‫׌‬О๵ᱍŐƎ‫ݜ‬ᗳ⟂őឺ⸘ጥِŜŤԃŬ་ūᑮōƇ྿❹ŭŞƐῢޯų߰ቹᒺƆƎƑЕ௅ᑣŚƑƐŘŭŭůŨŤЖ‫ݜ‬ᗳ⟂őឺƆֵőƔŐƏŰŔŉůŮ)őሃ኶ŚƑŤЖŘƑŰൖŜūЕƎƑŤԬ❹ů৭⻧ŭŴЕ1)᰻⫞໠᜼ŭŞƐᕗᇰŭై঵⴪Ŵై঵ųᲓ∵őŇƐƇųŴ᾿᱆Ű⩈ŠƎƑů2)᰻⫞໠᜼ŰƍƐ⨸ඓ≱ų⨸ඓ‫ܻ(ܡ‬ਜ‫צ‬೮)ųḽ

ŉŭų➃➮ƗṶŜЕ⽮๐ᶗŴ᾿᱆ŰᵦƏ⪞ƃůŔŭ‫ه‬ŬŇƐЖƇጟⷂŴůŉŭųߎ፽ƗṶŜŤЖŢųℊᓨЕष⥊፩

(2)‫צ‬ᅻƗ᰻⫞໠᜼ŭŞƐᕗᇰŴЕԬŰ 3 ũ (μ≸᰻Ŵ\μ⽮๐ᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ᗳ⟂ై঵‫᾿׌‬᱆νŰŴብ⩈ŚƑůຮፎνЕμ≸⸘⟶‫إ‬νЕμDA П-ŰƍƐ⅘ळ⟶‫إ‬ν)ŉŘŭŭůŨŤЖŘƑƎŴЕ1)໠᜼ŞƐО໠᜼ŜůŬŇƐЖ᰻⫞໠᜼‫צ‬ᅻų⃊ 8 ࠅŴЕDA П-ŰŉƇųŭ࢝޼ƏᎃЕŞůƔŦЕ᰻⫞໠᜼ᅻፎų⟝೾

ƍƐ⅘ळ⟶‫إ‬ƗᕗᇰŭŜūŉŤЖŘƑƎŰŴЕ≸ᕗᇰő℆⤾߭ᣞŰŇŨŤŘŭЕ2)℆⤾߭ᣞŐƎ⟝೾᰻ຮፎƗ℆⬒ŜūŏƎşЕⰛᾶXOП-⫪ŬᕗᇰƗळ᮷ᴥŰ⠾ᏀŞƐŘŭő⸀ŜŉŘŭƗ⛜ŞƇŇƏЕℽሁ‫ܷه‬ŚƑƐ‫צ‬ᅻŭܴඓ᭼ő௚ŒŔ௅ƔųŭŉōƐ

Ǝůŉ‫צ‬ᅻőैƃƑūŉŤЖᾨ՛ᩍŰⵇ⫭ŜūЕ⛜ 3 ŴЕ4ϔ1ϔ1 ᡐ᰻ᆉ᠘Ɨ(3)᰻⫞໠᜼ŰƍƏ⨸ඓƗ‫ۼװ‬ůŔŚƑƐԏຊ(❹⨸ߎ೾ŞƐᡖƑŬṶŜŤ A~C ᕦų 3 ũųᱸůƐ⯗Ƅ֞ඓԏຊ)ųܻਜ‫צ‬೮Žų⨸ඓŴЕᶗਜťŖŬůŔ๵ŖŬ⟶ᩍƗῢޯŜŤ‫צ‬ᅻŰũŉūЕDA П-Ŭ⬼ᱍਜųἪŒ‫צ‬ᅻƗैƆūƇܷԏຊų⨸ඓŴԆठ⌉ůŘŭőበ೾ŚƑŤЖƃŤЕ⨸ඓŬŒƐԏຊፎŰőഃᎇŚƑƐŘŭőᒂƃŜŉŴ⻬ⓦůેଘ๡őƄƎƑŤЖŢŘŬЕ❹⨸ඓԏຊ

(3)✒⯙ŰƍƐŭŘƒő௚Œŉ᰻⫞໠᜼‫צ‬ᅻų⬼೾ŭℽሁ‫ܷه‬ŚƑƐ‫צ‬ᅻ‫ݔ‬ųἪŒ‫צ‬ᅻፎųԆૐ⛙ƗųᡖƑƗळ᮷ᴥŰ⬏᰻ŞƐŤƆŰŴЕ(1)ŬṶŜŤ

Ꮧ᜽ŞƐŤƆŰЕ᰻⫞໠᜼ųߎ೾ଣᤤų➃ᵿŜƗ⟶‫إ‬ᆉ᠘ųጥਂƗ⫤ŝūℊᓨųळ᮷࿻ő⫋ឺŚƑ⛈ŨŤЖŢųℊᓨЕ1)໠᜼ŞƐО໠᜼Ŝůŉ‫צ‬ᅻƐŭŭƇŰЕ⟶‫إ‬ᆉ᠘ųᙩƗ࢝޼ƐᕗᇰƗळ᮷ᴥŰ⠾ᏀŞƐŘŭő⸀ŜŉЕųᆉℱŒųळ᮷࿻Ƈᇕ‫ه‬ŚƑƐŘŭő⯗❹ŬŇƐ2)DA П-ųྤᩍŰൖŞƐ⯗Ƅ֞ŖŰƍŨūӹ؏ōŵЕDA П-ƗጥਂŞƐŭŒŴЕDA П-ઓેŇŤƏų໠᜼ᅻፎő௚ŒŔ௅ࢆŞƐůŮЕߎųጥਂ᝵ⶸŐƎ๵ᱍЕઓે‫צ‬ឤůŮ᰻⫞໠᜼Űⵇ೾ଣᤤų⬏᰻ŴЕ➼ᱎŰⵇƔƐԬ‫ת‬ų✒⯙ŰƍƐ‫ذ‬ŞƐԬ‫ת‬őⵇƔƏЕDA П-ų‫׳‬ᅗųႢઙƗŭŘƒő௚ŒŉŘŭőṶŚƑŤЖࢷ⣔ŜЕԬ‫ⴾת‬Ŭ‫׳‬ᅗųႢઙƗ݀ᑴŞƐŘŭůŮ

֫ԃųᒍḁἦųᅗᓨő֔ྙųܻਜ‫צ‬೮ų‫ݜ‬ⅱ➼ᱎő≯ōƎƑƐЖŐƎ។೾Ű⎒ƐƃŬŰൖŜūṶ৏ŞƐᩍŴЕԄ⟌ų 3 ᩍŰƃŭƆƎƑƐ֔ྙų⡄⻧ŭŜūŴЕ‫צ‬ᅻų໠᜼Ɨ‫ו‬ŋܻਜ‫צ‬೮(1)DA П-ŰƍƐ⅘ळ⟶‫إ‬ŴЕ1)ሃ᚜ፎő 62 ŭȀ-(ų‫ݜ‬ⅱųഃბŰũŉūЕᶗਜ‫צ‬೮Ű᜼ƃƎ௒ŉŘŭЕ2)⟶ᩍῢޯųᡖƑőЕԆᏀ᷏ůᆉ⻀ŐşᙲИů՚؏ųഃბƗᏀƎŐŰŜЕᒍḁἦŬྤƎƑƎ൦ŐƑŤ⯗Ƅ֞ŖŰƍŨū 2 ઎ųԾῢő⛈ƔƑŤᷭ➃ųయའ࿻Ɨᗳ⟬ŞƐŘŭő≯ōƎƑƐƐůŮ✼ⷳŬŇƐŘŭŐƎЕᝡŞОᝡŚůŉƇų

ŢƑŭŭƇŰЕ⢄௎ઞŰŏŖƐ‫⫶ܡ‬ᴥŭŚƑƐ➼FПőᱎ՚؏ųഃბƗᏀƎŐŰŜЕ‫ݜ‬ⅱൖ⤈ų⬼೾ᎃ᠘Ɖ➃ōŪƎŉ(ઙ 1 ų 3 ų(f)ųůŐŬųሃ኶)ЖŢųळႢ཯ᅗų⬒ứųឌ⩂О⟶‫إ‬ŰƍŨūЕᅘőઞųܻŤƆЕ᰻⫞໠᜼‫צ‬ᅻų⬼೾ųᡖƑőळ᮷ᴥŐृŐЕਜ‫צ‬೮‫ݜ‬ⅱ➼ᱎų৭⻧ᩍƗ➮។ŞƐᎃ῁Ɨᗳ⟂ŞƐߎ፽ŜŪƎŔůŨūŉƐЖ௒Ŕųߓഐⵇ‫≱ذ‬Ű᮷Řŭő≯ōƎƑƐЖŭų࢝޼Əőߎ፽ŜŪƎŔЕ݆‫ת‬ᴥů➮ŜūƇƎŋ⟶‫إ‬ᆉ᠘Ɨᙩ ŞƐŤƆŰŴЕᾨӹŰ⟶‫إ‬ሃ᚜ųፎƗ᪉ⷳŰůƎůŉứ໒ŰᆴōƐŘŭőሊŗƎƑƐ݆‫ת‬ᴥŰЕŇƐ⟶‫➡إ‬ᩍŰൖŜū✼ፎųሃ᚜ő⬼೾ŚƑŤୋळŰŴЕሃ᚜ⴾŬᶃⵇⵇ‫ذ‬Ɨ޻ᓠŜЕ⿵ŉᶃⵇⵇ‫ذ‬őƄƎƑŤୋळŴ᫫ӹᎃųሃ᚜ųƄƗ᰻ŉƐᾴŭŉŨŤ๘௞őഃᎇŚƑƐŘŭőᒂƃƑƐᾨ՛ŰŴЕ⟶ᩍῢ೾ųᡖƑƗƍƏࢻ⃚ŐũయའůƇųŰŞƐŘŭőሊŗƎƑƐయའ࿻Ɨ⿵ŔŞƐŤƆŰŴЕ؏ōŵЕ⯗Ƅ֞Ŗų⮑ᩍŰ AHP ᠘(ⶸඪ޻ᓠ᠘)(ᒉԄϓ1996)13)ᾴŭŉŨŤƔŐƏƉŞŔ೾⟶ų⿵ŉᎠೊųႢ࿱។೾ᆉ᠘
Ɨ൦ܴŞƐŘŭůŮő≯ōƎƑƐ(2)❹⨸ඓԏຊų⨸ඓ‫ܡ‬ŭŜūŴЕᶗਜО๵ᱍਜ‫צ‬೮ų֜ŰЕឤⴾ⥆⤻ő≯ōƎƑƐЖŘƑŰⵇ⫭ŜūЕ൧නОऴ᱃(2007)14)ŴЕ⽮๐ᶗ⿵ᓓ๵ųឤⴾ⥆⤻ų๵ୋƗ޻ᓠŜЕ‫צ‬ᅻ⹥ἕŭഓ⥆Űũŉū໠᜼ઓેųឱᤤŰᶃའŞƐ‫צ‬೮ŴЕ᮳ૃų๵ୋŰೊૃŜůŉŘŭƗᏀƎŐŰŜЕឤⴾ⥆⤻Žų⨸ඓŴખ⸀ůŘŭƗሃ኶ŜūŉƐ1)ઞឤųඓ‫צ‬ឱᤤƗ‫ⷂه‬ŞƐŭŉŋܻਜ‫צ‬೮⟝∌ų᮷࿗(ᒍⴾϓ2004)15)Е
2)ᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ų໠᜼О๵ᱍਜ‫צ‬೮ųᡐ᰻ŰൖŞƐ๵ᱍųངŉःᴛЕ3)ܻਜ‫צ‬೮Ɨ֩ᑮŞƐឤⴾ⥆⤻ųᜐఛŐƎЕ໠᜼ᅻፎŴЕᶗਜ‫צ‬೮‫ݔ‬Ŭų⨸ඓ‫ܡ‬ő➃⪞ƆƐᅻፎŰ᜼ƆƐžŒŬŇƐ໠᜼ୋᆃƗ⬼೾ŞƐŭŒŴЕ᯼୷Ụ⛈Ű‫ו‬ŋ-QƗⅲঈŞƐŤƆŰЕषӹ๵ᱍ‫ݔ‬Ŭų⨸ඓőठ⌉ŭůƐ⡋ፒӕ⢥⪈ᒍḁἦƗ⫶ƆƐŰŇŤƏЕ⥊፩ऄⷨО7OXᾴŰřࢷࠡŉŤťŉŤ⽮๐ᶗીᒉ⭷‫צ‬೮⡄ųᎃИŰᣃᰭų⢥ႢƗ⛜ŞƐЖůŏЕᒍ⡢፜ų⡋ᔹОଠᾱųӹ⭷ŰŴЕ⴪෴௚೘⿵໒ࢆበ⫶℆⤾ƗƇŦŉŤЖӕ✠⟫(1)2007 ຮ 6 ᑳ 22 Ꭳų೾؏ᶗ⣔‫׌‬ųӹ⎽⥧৭ŰŏŖƐᶗᷭ՚ų᾿༒ŰƍƐ(2)7OXŴЕ2006 ຮ 12 ᑳŰԬŰ⽮๐ᶗીᒉȀ⭷‫צ‬೮⡄Ɨൖ⤈Ű⛈ŨŤ(3)ጼ঵ై঵ŭŴ௚೘Е᷵௚Е⿵൚ᾴų⿵ᾴጼ⋠ᛂȀⵇųጼ঵ŬŇƐై঵ųŘŭŬŇƏЕŢų֜ై঵ŭŴŢųેଘŬᙲИůᡐࡗƗ⛈ŨūŉƐ(℆ᣒઓ‫ת‬Е
་

՚࡛ᆃЕ་

வ‫׌‬Е‫➼׌‬՚࡛ᆃůŮై঵ųŘŭŬŇƐ(ᖯࣧƎϓ2005)12)
(4)ઙ 1 ų‫׳‬ᅗŰŇŤŨūŴЕై঵‫׌‬ų⣔՚ⲟŐƎై঵ųԬགő⛜ŚƑūŉƐŭ≯ōƎƑƐ⭷޻ƗԄ⟌ųƍŋŰࢻ⃚ů፜ὯŰƃŭƆŤЖŢųℊᓨЕ48 ų፜ὯŰƃŭƆƎƑŤӕై঵‫׌‬ų⣔՚ⲟų⟌⪾ϖȀμϡ≸᰻ຮፎŴЕ70 ຮŭůŨūŉƐő℆ᣒᴥů➡ᩍ
ŐƎŴ 50 ຮứ໒Őůŭ࿱ƔƑЕŢƑƗᵹೲŰŜūŴŮŋŐŭ≯ōƃŞϡνӕᒍḁἦŬųइƏᆢŉᎃϖȀ
μ≸᰻ຮፎŴ 70 ຮƍƏ 50 ຮųᎃő℆ᣒᴥŬŇƐνȀ ƃŭƆƎƑŤ፜ὯŴЕⓦ≱ƎŰƍƐ⟂⣔ųƇŭ KJ(16)በ೾Ű᰻ŉŤ๵ᱍਜ‫צ‬೮ųἪŒ‫צ‬ᅻፎŴ་ūᑮōᾴŰƍƐᡵ௤Ɨ≯ჰŜūŉůŉŢųŤƆЕഃ᠘ŰƍƐPП9XƗŏŘůŨŤЖ(5)2005 ຮ 9 ᑳ೾؏ᶗ⣔‫(׌‬10 ᑳ 3 Ꭳⴶ‫)ۄ‬ųӹ⎽⥧৭ⷁų‫⦦ܞ‬᭼ŴƍƏ‫ץ‬ŔůƐŘŭőበഷŚƑƐŬų⽮๐␀፜អ(⎎ឤ‫)ܮ‬ųᴛ➸(6)2005 ຮ 11 ᑳ೾؏ᶗ⣔‫(׌‬12 ᑳ 14 Ꭳⴶ‫)ۄ‬ųӹ⎽⥧৭Ŭųᖯ᜽᠄អ(Ṻឤ⫭ळ)ųᴛ➸(7)ԩՏ๵ƇЕ๵ਜ‫צ‬೮ųἪŒő൩ůŉԃŰ≭ᒞࢆő⫶ƅ๵ਜ‫צ‬೮ų་ūᑮōőŬŒş 261 ԏຊŰ‫צ‬ƄᑮōճᣓƗŜūŉƐŢųƍŋůᬡ᠊ųƇŭŬų
❹⨸ඓԏຊų๵ਜ‫צ‬೮ų⨸ඓŰःᴛőངŉŭŚƑūŉƐ(ઋઞᎀ⊡(2006 ຮ 2 ᑳ 26 Ꭳ֞Ŗ))
(8)ԩՏ๵ų⼟නઓેŬŴЕ2005 ຮ 10 ᑳŐƎ 2006
ຮ 2 ᑳŰŐŖū⃊ 8 ࢦ։ų∐सőⷨƆƎƑŤ(ઋઞᎀ⊡(2006 ຮ 2 ᑳ 26 Ꭳ֞Ŗ))
(9)2006 ຮ 6 ᑳ೾؏ᶗ⣔‫(׌‬6 ᑳ 23 Ꭳⴶ‫)ۄ‬ųӹ⎽⥧৭Ŭų▭ᒍ৆௞អ(Ṻឤ⫭ळ)ųᴛ➸(10)2006 ຮ 6 ᑳ೾؏ᶗ⣔‫(׌‬7 ᑳ 7 Ꭳⴶ‫)ۄ‬ųӹ⎽⥧৭Ŭųᴞ๐ഖೂអ(݀ᰶ‫)ܮ‬ųᴛ➸(11)2006 ຮ 10 ᑳ 18 ᎣЕ݀ᰶ‫⽮ܮ‬๐ᶗై঵‫׌‬Ŵ➼ᱎųዌ઎ƗឺƆƐŤƆŰ 1)➼ᱎųዌ઎Е2)ጥਂųበ⫶Е3)ᬃߏᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ųӹ⎽ᶗਜ‫צ‬೮Žų⨸ኄЕ4)ᎀ➇‫צ‬೮ų་⟝Ɨ⿚ೂŭŜŤႢ➃ᑧƗቹޯŜūŉƐ(12)᰻⫞໠᜼ŬŒƐܻਜ‫צ‬೮ŴЕܻਜ‫צ‬೮᠘ᾨ 44 ᒺ
ᾨ 3 ⺿ŰŏŉūЕԄ⟌ų❹ֵŰ⠎འŞƐƇųŭ➇೾ŚƑūŉƐȀ 1)ᨳഐŢų֜ᬃߏů՚᱄ŰƍƏЕ༢ŒℱŉūῬ᮷ŞƐŘŭőԆ⬭འŬŇƐŭ⠟ƆƎƑЕŐũઞીճ⫤௚⎇ųᆬ⠟őྤƎƑƐ
Ȁ 2)≸᰻ຮፎŰũŉūЕઞીճ⫤௚⎇ő೾ƆŤᒆⴾ(≸᰻ຮⶋų 2 ޻ų 1)Ɨ℆⬒ŜūŉƐȀ 3)ܻਜ‫צ‬೮་ᑮ՚ᘤŰƍƏⶕ࣎ŞžŒƇųŭŚƑЕŐũઞીճ⫤௚⎇ųᆬ⠟őྤƎƑƐ(13)A ઓેų᰻⫞໠᜼‫צ‬ᗍųӹ⭷ŴЕ‫צ‬ᗍųӹઓ࿻Ɨḽ‫ه‬ŞƐŤƆŰЕೊℱŞƐŘŭŰůŨŤ(14)ᒍḁἦŬ᰻ŉūŉƐ་ᙩ⫪ŰⵇƔƐᱭợų೾∵ŴЕ⛜ 4 ųŭŏƏŬŇƐ⛜ 4ϔ་ᙩ⫪ŰⵇƔƐᱭợų೾∵

सợ
‱ອ
‱՛
⿵≸

ᙩ⫪ǐ‫ݔ‬ഖອ඙་ǐ‱Ꮕ≸ᨨᙩ⫪ǐ‫צ‬೮՛ⶸ་ǐ‱Ꮕ≸ᨨᙩ⫪ǐ‫צ‬೮⿵ඪ(5ⶸ་֫ԃ)ǐ≸ᨨᙩ⫪ǐ‫צ‬೮Ԟඪ(3-5ⶸ་)ǐ≸ᨨᙩ⫪ǐ‫צ‬೮‫ץ‬ඪ(1-2ⶸ་)ǐ≸ᨨᙩ⫪ǐ‫צ‬೮

Ԟ≸
‫≸ץ‬

1)‫צ‬᱃Ꮎ՛(2001)μܻਜ‫צ‬೮ጫ῁ų⟶‫إ‬ŭඣᒂνξ‫צ‬೮οȀ ᾨ 50 ๮ᾨ 10 नϓppϔ7-152)ԞනँᡥО⦉෴ᡥᏧОᗖ‫✙ه‬Է(2004)μܻਜ‫צ‬೮ų‫ݜ‬ᰲ՚ᘤŰⵇŞƐḁἦ-⎎᠄‫ת‬⡋ᔹųឌ⩂О≯ഷ-νξᎣᒍ་ ೘‫׌‬Ԟઞጟ⭷ḁἦୈॠⷨοϓ27ϓppϔ
41-46ϔ
3)ԞනँᡥОᗖ‫ه‬ᠴԷ(2005)μܻਜ‫צ‬೮-(⅘ळᡐ᰻➼ᱎŰⵇŞƐḁἦνξຽ෥๘ᘤ௚೘⃆❹ḁἦ
ⅱοϓ39ϓppϔ299-308
4)‫ק‬Иᒉ‫ش‬ൗО⯘И⭷✙∤О⿵⻂⥃ƍŜōОԞળᶜ։(2002)μܻਜ‫צ‬೮-(⅘ळᡐ᰻➼ᱎŰⵇŞƐଣṥᴥḁἦ-೰⭷๵ਜ‫צ‬೮Ɨ՚؏ŭŜū(Ţų
1-4)-νξᎣᒍ་ ೘‫׌‬Ԟઞጟ⭷ḁἦୈॠⷨοϓ25ϓ
ppϔ921-936
5)ᗖ‫ه‬ᠴԷ(2003)μܻਜ‫צ‬೮ų‫ݜ‬ᰲŰⵇŞƐ➼ᱎḁἦ-PFI ՚ᘤųठ⌉࿻Оᑴ࠿࿻О৭⻧ᩍŰũŉū-νξ⭼๵‫צ‬೮೘οϓ43ϓppϔ192-195
6)⽮๐ᶗ‫צ‬೮⡄(2005a)μᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ᗳ⟂ై঵‫׌‬⣔՚ⲟϑᾨ 1 ઎ϡᾨ 4 ઎ϒν7)⽮๐ᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ᗳ⟂ై঵‫(׌‬2005)μᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ų֔ྙųŇƏᎃŰũŉū᾿᱆ϖ⥊፩ⅱν8)⽮๐ᶗ‫צ‬೮⡄(2005b)μᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ᾴᎇ⟝ųᘹ❹ᑧν9)⽮๐ᶗ‫צ‬೮⡄(2006a) μ⽮๐ᶗਜ‫צ‬೮-(⅘ळᡐ᰻➼ᱎϑອᅗ 18 ຮ໒ϡອᅗ 22 ຮ໒ϒᒍ፜О⥊
፩ⅱν10)⽮๐ᶗ‫צ‬೮⡄(2006b) μᶗਜ‫צ‬೮ų‫ݜ‬ⅱፒ‫ۂ‬Ű‫ذ‬Ɛൖ⤈ઓેųᬡ᠊ν11)⽮๐ᶗ‫צ‬೮⡄(2006c) μᶗਜ‫צ‬೮XП-ⷨ➼ℊᓨųᘹ❹ν
12)ᖯࣧ፜᱊Оऴᝀ৆ًОᎀଌ㇊ᅗОޯऔ⪫வ(2005)
μՄ๑ેᎃŰŏŖƐ๵ᱍᒪ⭼๵➼ᱎു⣔‫׌‬ų೘⣆℆⾱≱ై঵ųᙩᅗŰⵇŞƐḁἦνξ⭼๵➼ᱎ⡢፜ⷨοϓ40ϓppϔ493-498ϔ13)ᒉԄᕂ╙(1996) μƔŐƏƉŞŉႢ࿱។೾⡢ܴ⴫ଣṥŐƎ:᮷⡢ƃŬ-ν⪫֩Ị೘Ṻϔ14)൧නⷦ⥊Оऴ᱃ँཱི (2007) μ⨸ඓųठ⌉࿻ŐƎƄŤ໠᜼О߭ᣞŰ‫ו‬ŋܻਜ‫צ‬೮ų‫ݜ‬ⅱŰⵇŞƐḁἦ-⽮๐ᶗਜ‫צ‬೮Ɨ՚؏ŭŜū-ν ξ⭼๵➼ᱎ⡢፜

≸᰻ຮⶋ
30ຮ
45ຮ
70ຮ
70ຮ
70ຮ

(15)ᶗŬŴЕ⾅⨨ୋŭŜūųᡐ᰻Ɨᗳ⟂ŜūŉƐ(ᶗᇕའ≱Žų7OXƍƏ)

ӕࣼ≯፜᭜ⷨοϓ42-3ϓppϔ211-216ϔ
15)ᒍⴾ∵։(2004) μᅩྙ‫צ‬೮ጫ῁ųᗳ⟬νًනṺϔ









πḁἦ3П-ρԞ෥ᕂᜑ⭩ŭ‫ه‬᱃ԇ⯗⭩ųμԆೲνҥμ⪫֩ų⦡‫ܤ‬ν‫≯ݜ‬ϑŢųɣϒҥ
⒓ࣧȀ ᦗң

Rethinking of΁the Attempt to Overcome the Modern΂
Jun SUGAWARA
AbstractȀ A main member of the review Cogito Nakajima Eijiro is regarded as the bridge between Yasuda Yojuro and Kamei
Katsuichiro. Nakajima’s essay “The Spirit of Realism” asserts that the move from Shestov’s anxiety to impression
should inspire creative powers. While he tries to construct theories about material languages based on the assertion,
Yasuda conceives a plan of the history of Japanese ideas in the name of the spirit of anxieties.
Key Words : realism, anxiety, impressionɠϔԞ෥ᕂᜑ⭩ŽųᠫᵹҥՏդŭ‫ه‬᱃ƗᓽᚿŞƐ὚ୋȀᒍ፜ࢆų‫׏‬ℝƗ⋀⨛ŬႮŝइŨūŉƐŭ⎎⤧ŜūŉȀ ߰઎ŴЕ߰И઎Ű➱ƑŤᰲ᱃⴪ៈųईഖŭŴᱸůᷭᴥીணŰ൩ůŐƎű⬙ঈႮƗႮŝℱŖŤųŬŇƐЖ

Ɛ07O+(ů0П&ŢƑƋō‫ه‬᱃ŰŏŖƐ0П&ईഖőᏕঈᒆŰ⠟ƆƐųŬЕࢇᡯ⬗ŰޯᰲŜŤՏդų௚᜽ጼ⼯Ԭ∵ᴥůईഖŴՏդŐƎᵿቝƎƑƐŘŭЕŢŜūŢųईഖų݇૭ᴥůŇƏᎃőᎣůŚƑŤųŬŴůŔЕᎥߠ௚⵳⿵ᕋ֫ᒾųँ։ŬŇᒍᡦᑫԬ∵ᡓų⡢ആŬŇƐՏդ࡟ӹ⭩ŰŇƐŘŭƗ

ƐԞ෥ᕂᜑ⭩Ɨ℆᱄ŜŤƇųťŭ➸ŋŘŭőŬŒƐЖ⡢ŝūŒŤЖŘŋŜŤᩍƗ⧘ƃōƑŵЕᑯߍų઎ŬŜŐƇԞ෥ų0П&μ⪫֩ų⦡‫ܤ‬νƗ≯ഷŞƐⷁŰ⯗❹ťŭሃ኶ŜŤԂŐƎų⨸़ų᜽འࢆƗ⦡ōŤᆃŰ➃ሮōŤŭŉŋᩍᒉᣏŭ‫ه‬᱃ԇ⯗⭩ųŋŦЕƉŴƏᎣᒍᡦᑫᡓŰඤŞŬЕՏդŰƍƐ0П&Ɛ‫ه‬᱃ŴՏդƗ֕Ŝū0П&ŜŤ0П&ईഖƗ⛈ŉЕŢųԃ⡢ŴЕ07OEƗ݀ᰶԬ∵᮷➮ŐƎӹⅣƗᱎŜЕŢŋ᮷➮Ɨ‫ه‬᱃Ŵኄ⿚ఋ⋪Ŝū⎎޻ůƏŰŬμ⦡‫ܤ‬νų⠰ƗຽƆŤ⴪ៈƗ⧘ƃōūμ⪫֩ų⦡ኴइŜŤųŬŇƐЖŘųƍŋŰ➃ōƑŵԞ෥ᕂᜑ⭩‫ܤ‬νų⡢ⶔƗགŨŤŭℊ⡢ŬŒƐƍŋŰ࿱ƔƑƐЖȀŴՏդŭ‫ه‬᱃ƗᓽᚿŞƐ⯗❹ů྆ࠅƗᓨŤŜŤŭ⟶Ȁ ŖƑŮƇЕƉŴƏ߰઎⡢ŝŤƍŋŰЕ‫ه‬᱃ŭՏդ‫إ‬ŬŒƐЖȀųⴾŰŴຶ൩ᒆų‫⾱ת‬Ű᱄ᒾŞƐ፜ࢆ‫⾱ת‬ų។೾ᴥȀ ŢƑŬŴԞ෥ŴྉƍƏŴƐŐŰᷭस໒ųŇƐɡ։ů๡ᱸőŇƏЕŘųŘŭŴ។Ŝūᶖ⬒ŚƑūŴůƎ

ųԞⴾᴥů὚ୋŰ὚ũ‫ޚ‬ໝů࿱ႊഓŐŭ➸ōŵЕܷůŉЖጥƆū⇑Ə⪮ŠŵЕ‫ه‬᱃Ŵ௚ঈᒄ༈ųᴛẖેŔŢŋŬŴůŉЖԞ෥Ŵ␜ŔŜūᅩᝑŞƐƃŬųⴾŭ➃ƎƑƐ௭⏠ᶗᕲդ๵ŰᰲƃƑŤŘŭƗ᮷᱄ŰᎣŰЕԃ⪾ų0П&⡢ƗԄፕŒŰŜŤ➸⠰ų৚᫿⡢ࢆŭŉŋK0Пů⣔⡢ųᙩƗᵹሃŜЕŢųౙࡤȊ⴪෴௚೘᯼୷Ị೘⭷Ȁő‫ه‬᱃ųμᎣᒍԬ∵ᴥνůᆦ⟶ŭŴߏų᮳֩ᴥůႢई⻒ຮᑳᎣȀ ȒȐȐȘ ຮ ȕ ᑳ ȑ ᎣȀ∵ƗƇũƇųŭŜū⟶‫إ‬ŚƑūŉƐŐƎŬŇƐЖŢई᮷ຮᑳᎣȀ ȒȐȐȘ ຮ ș ᑳ Ȓ ᎣȀƑƋō֔઎ŴԞ෥ųᬾᬃųOOE⡢Ɨ⡢ŝЕŢƑő‫ه‬᱃ԇ⯗⭩Žųཾ⺹ųƄůƎşЕຜຽŉ➎⯘ŐŘųƍŋŰᓓԄŭԞ෥ų℆ᝊƗ➃ƑŵЕɡ։őŉƎማōƎƑƐŘŭƗ≯ഷŜūƋŒŤŉЖȀ

şƑƇ.

Ȁ

ŭő޻ŐƐЖŘƑŰࠦōū‫ه‬᱃ųࢵ⡢ų+ПCő=ɡϔⷳ⠞ξ-οųɢ։⃾ҥᓓԄЕԞ෥Е‫ه‬᱃ȀP%ПOXŬŇƐŘŭƗ≯ჰŞƑŵɉɉЕྉƎɢ։ŴȀ ‫ܡ‬şŴӹ⎽ᴥŰŴᩭसŰᾴŜŉԞ෥ᕂᜑ⭩Ɨᒍ⫭ຽŉႢ९Ŭų.

⩈ųůŐŬइƏԃŗƐ՚ၬŰũŉūЕƉƉ⠏ŜŔ≯őՕ➮ŬŒƐЖŘų՚ഃŴЕ‫ه‬᱃ŭՏդƗឌ⩂ŜūഷŞƐŘŭŭŜƍŋЖŘų⫭⩈Ŭ‫ه‬᱃ԇ⯗⭩Ɨ⡢ŝ≯ōƐⷁŰ។Ŝūᶖ⬒ŬŒůŉ❹ઐŬŇƐЖ߰઎⡢ƐųŴЕ⫭⩈ųᾨӹ઎Űŏŉūᾃ‫ݔ‬ఖőμ⪫֩ų⦡ŝŤƍŋŰЕՏդų❷ᠴ፜␁ŰൖŞƐ⎢९Ŵ0П&‫ܤ‬νŰ຋ඤŞƐɢũųPП<ųŋŦųᎣᒍᡦᑫᡓ

)➡࿗⡢∤೘Űངŉⵇ྽ƗᇅŉūŉŤŘ

)RCXᡓų࿱ႊર‫ݔ‬ŰŇƐŘŭ

ŏƍŸП+ŭŉŨŤЕӹ⎽ᴥŰŴ.

)RCXų֩⛜≱ŭŜū‫ه‬᱃ųसƗሊŗūŉƐŐƎŬŇƏЕᡓŭŴƉƉⅿ⬤ŉ⻒ଘŰⶋ೾ŚƑūŉƐųŰൖŜЕ߰઎Ű‫ه‬᱃ŭൖ᪇ŞƐŐŤŦŬՏդ࡟ӹ⭩ƗइƏԃᓓԄŭԞ෥ŭ‫ه‬᱃ųԬŤƐⵇ྽ŴX-ЕŗŤųƇЕྉő‫ه‬᱃ŭषŝŔᎣᒍᡦᑫᡓŰඤŞƐŐЕŽP%ПOXŭŉŨŤᏦ֩ᴥŰŴ.

ƎŬŇŨŤЖŖƑŮƇЕՏդŴŭƇŐŔ‫ه‬᱃ŰŐœᡓųᏦᒆŰŇƐųťŐƎЕᎣᒍᡦᑫᡓőℊᅗŚƑūŨū➸ōŵЕ‫ه‬᱃ų࿱ႊųࣧᩍŴᎣᒍᡦᑫᡓƍƏƇЕŐƎ‫ه‬᱃ő0П&ŢƑŰ‫⛈ܡ‬ŜūᎥߠ௚⵳⿵ᕋųष։‫׌‬ᴥⷳ⠞ŭŜūŢƑŴŇŔƃŬƇƉŴƏᎣᒍᡦᑫᡓŰࣼࠦŜŤԞ෥޿⛈ŚƑŤξ-οųŋŦŰŇƏЕŢųξ-οƗ℆᱄ŜūųƇųŬŇŨūЕՏդŐƎųᵿቝᴥůཾųࠈ⟝FX5ПųůŐŰԞ෥ᕂᜑ⭩ő⫭ůŨūŉƐ

⺹őůŐŨŤŘŭőበᣯŬŒƐųŬŇƐЖȀųŬŇƐЖŢƑƋō‫ه‬᱃ų࿱ႊ཯ᅗųůŐŬԞ෥ųȀ ŘŋŜŤ՚ၬŴᎣᒍᡦᑫᡓų࿻ᕚŪŖŰƇŏƍƘ

ᓨŤŜŤ྆ࠅŴЕՏդŰ⩂žūឌ⩂ŰůƎůŉƀŮ

ŬŉƐЖ֔ƃŬŒŦƘŭŜŤ⠾ᏀƗŜūŉůŐŨŤ

௚Œŉŭ➸ŨūᙩƔůŉЖȀőЕᎣᒍᡦᑫᡓŭŴξ-οℊᅗŐƎɢຮ℆ŨŤȀ ŘŘŬ൩ŜťŖⷳ⠞ξ-οŰ὚ŦܴŨū⪾žȑșȓȕຮŰࠈ޿ŚƑŤⷳ⠞ξᎣᒍᡦᑫᡓοŰࣼࠦŜŤūŏŘŋЖ‫ه‬᱃Űũŉūųᑯߍųᒍᕚᴥů⟶‫׏‬ŬŇ։ИųPП<ƗሃŜūŉƐЖŘŘŬᠫႢŜŤŉųƐऴ➃⏠ԂξἪ0GᑧXҥ‫ه‬᱃⎡⯗⭩ųᰲᢉŴЕξᎣᒍᡦᑫᡓοųℊᅗųᵿ߰Űξ-οŭՏդҥοŰƍƑŵЕ⿵ᕋᏦ֩ų‫ه‬᱃Ŵ೘‫ݔ‬ų᷵ᜪ‫׌‬ųƗԞ྽ŭŜŤPП<őळᡖŜūŉƐŘŭŬŇƐЖ⬏ਜŰႢ᜘ᴥŬЕŘƑƗច⋪ŭŜūᑳ޿ųᛂⵇ⠞ξᩃ

Řų℆ⅸƗ➃ƑŵЕ‫ه‬᱃ŰŭŨūՏդŴᓓԄŭԞ෥ᨨοƗ޿⛈ŜЕŢųⅱⷨŞƐⴾŰ‫ه‬᱃Ŵɢ։ųᷭ๤Ű⩂žƑŵᏀƎŐŰξ-οųμ௎ᙲνŬŇƏЕƗྤŤŭŚƑūŉƐЖŢųɢ։ŭŴ᱃Ԟ‫ܤ‬๤ЕᓓԄŢųႢ⣆ŴྙຮŰůŨūŐƎƇ௅ƔƎůŐŨŤŭ࿱ᝀⷦЕԞ෥ᕂᜑ⭩ŬŇƏЕྉƎőŉşƑƇȑșȓȒຮųƔƑƐЖ߰઎Ű➱ƑŤЕՏդų࿱ႊ‫़ی‬ŰൖŞƐ‫ه‬ⷳ⠞ξ-οųℊᅗŰƇⵇƔŨūŉƐŘŭŰᠫႢ᱃ų⬙ঈႮŴŘŋŜŤξᎣᒍᡦᑫᡓοųℊᅗų՚ၬŜŤŉɉЖȀ

Ű⦜ઐŞƐƇųŬŇƏЕƃŤᚿ๐፜ԂųᑴसůμጥȀ ŘƑƎɢ։ų‫ه‬᱃ųँ։ųŋŦЕ࿱ႊᴥŰ⯗❹ůƆūŉŋƃŬƇůŉŭ࿱ŋőЕỆŤŦŰŭŨūЕᎣųŴᓓԄŭԞ෥ųɡ։ŬŇƐЖŘųŘŭŴɡ։ų℆

ᒍRCXᡓŭŴ‫ه‬᱃ԇ⯗⭩֫௎ųƇųŬŴůŐŨŤЖᝊƗṶŠŵഖᏅŰഷᷭŬŒƐЖᓓԄᝀⷦŴ‫ه‬᱃ŭषՏդ࡟ӹ⭩Е␀⥃ᛐůŮŴЕỆŤŦ൩ຮųᵹŰŴЕŝȑșȑȐຮŰ௭⏠ᶗŰᰲƃƑЕ௚⵳⿵ᕋƗࢵᘤྙŰջŇƐŇŉƃŉů፜೘ᴥHП/O-ŰŞœůŐŨ

⭼௚೘৆೘ỊŰ⫶೘Е OX৆೘Ɨ൚ጧŜŤЖŤŜЕᡚ⯘Ꮷ֫ԄŰŉŤŨūŴЕ᝜Ů৭⻧ŰƇŚƑξ-οŰ

OXųξ␁⛋৆೘οų⭕⟣Ɨ⫭ůŐŨŤŭ࿱ŋνɉɉɉŭŉŋ઎ႊƇЕξᎣᒍᡦᑫᡓοų⩈ŞƐőЕứůŔŜūℊᕖŰ‫ٯ‬ƑЕȒșᝉų␜ŚŬᲳ՚ၬƗ⧘ƃōŤᴛ➸ťŭ᮷➮ŬŒƐЖŘųƍŋŰƄ

ᝑŜŤЖŢųᎧŞœƐᝑƗၪƅ፜ὯƗЕᓓԄųຆŬƑŵЕ‫ه‬᱃ų࿱ႊ཯ᅗŰŏŉūᓓԄᝀⷦŭԞ෥ᕂᜑŇƐ᱃⪜‫ܜ‬őξ-οŰജŠūŉƐЖԞ෥ᕂᜑ⭩⭩őᓨŤŜŤ྆ࠅŴᶃའ௚ŒŐŨŤŘŭőḽ⠟ŬŒƇᓓԄŭ‫ם‬Ť℆ᝊƗŤŮŨūŉƐЖԞ෥Ŵɡ։ŭषƐťƒŋЖŚƎŰ⿵ᚿ∵೏őṶ৏ŜŤ‫ه‬᱃ų.

ŝȑșȑȐຮŰ௚⵳ໍŰᰲƃƑЕᓓԄŭषᙲŰջ௚৆೘⠰ࠡų⤪༾ŚƗ࿗⻚Ű∌ŖŵЕ‫ه‬᱃ųᆦ⟶ŴᓓԄŭỊŰ⫶೘ЕX-∤೘Ɨ൚ጧŜŤЖឆᎣᎀ⊡ų፜␁Ԟ෥ŐƎųߤᧉƗईŖŤƇųŬŇƏЕƅŜƒྉƎɢᏦ⟶ƗᇕའŞƐůŮŜŤྙŬ᮳ૃų௜᮷௚೘Űඅ⊯։ƗՏդŭŴӹⅣƗᱎŜŤξ-οųɢ։⃾ŭŜŜŤőⴾƇůŔ࿈झЕ:O9XŰūᅩᝑŜŤЖ௚ū‫∌פ‬ŪŖƐųő἗འťŭ࿱ƔƑƐЖȀ⵳⿵ᕋᏦ֩ų᷵ᜪųँŬŇƏЕ,P-ḁἦ≱ŭŜȀ ŚƎŰᒍ⫭⩈ų+ПCŬŇƐμ⪫֩ų⦡‫ܤ‬νųࡗūस⿵ŉ⯘᱃ࣾ௞ŰƍƏⓦ‫ⷨ׳‬őⅱƃƑūŉƐЖȀ़Ɨ≯ഷŞƐⷁŰ࿗⻚Ű∌ŔžŒŴЕξ-οųɢ

OX)RCXŰⵇ྽ƗሁũƍŋŰůŨūƇЕ)։⃾ųŋŦŬᓓԄŭԞ෥őջ௚৆೘ỊŰૃ⁆Ŝūŉ

ξK%I։ŴᣤŨūŜƃŉଁऀ։Ŵ᥀ƑŤοŭνЖŘŤŭŉŋ՚ഃŬŇƐЖ‫ه‬᱃ԇ⯗⭩Ŵᓊ௚∤೘ỊƗࢵƑŴPПPų➸ⓤŬŇƐőЕ‫׳‬ഓųႮცŭŴᘤŜŤ℆ᝊƋōŰЕྉŴջ⭼೘ᡓŭŴᩭⵇ‫ذ‬Ű⡢ŝ‫ޚ‬ŢŐŐƐƇųŬŇƒŋЖŘŘŰ™ᒂƗ➃Ɛ։Ŵ➃ƎƑƐŘŭő௒ŉőЕ‫ه‬᱃ŴᓓԄŭԞ෥Ɨ֕ŜūջƐő⏠ŉЕťő࿄ƑūůƎűŘŭŴЕ‫׳‬ഓŴ។Ŝū⭼೘ᡓųࡗŒƗŉŦᎧŔH(&ŜℱŖūŉŤŭ≯⎎᝺ŜůŉŘŭŬŇƐЖŘŘŰ™ᒂų௎➡Ɨफ़ŜūōƐžŒŬŇƐЖŜŐƇŢųůŐŬƇᓓԄőջ⭼೘ŉƐųŴЕ‫׳‬ഓő⎎๤ųᰲᡐŜⵥŨūŒŤƇųőЕᡓųԬᡖŐƎ௎ƑƐƇųųμ⪫֩ų⦡‫ܤ‬νƗ≯ഷŞᓨŜū᮳ഃŬŇŨŤŐ࿱ႊŬŇŨŤŐŭŉŋԆೲŬƐԃŬŴ௎ŠůŉԂᒉᣏŰỆᢧŜūŉƐ՚ၬƗ≯ōŇƐЖԆೲŴ™ᒂŬŴůŉЖ™ᒂƍƏƇངŉQO‫׽‬ŠƐŭЕӹᏦᒆų‫ه‬᱃ŴԂᒉŭषŝ࿱ႊર‫ݔ‬ŰŇ+ƗƇŨūŉƐųőԆೲŬŇƐЖŐŐƐԆೲŴЕ‫׬‬ƐŭŞƎ≯ōƎƑƐųŬŇƐЖŘųŘŭŴᾃ‫ݔ‬ఖőƍƏƇ‫׳‬ഓő࿱ႊƗಕŋŘŭŰ᱄ᒾŜūŉƐЖ‫׳‬ഓང⡋ŜūŉŤ໓⡓‫׌‬μ⪫֩ų⦡‫ܤ‬νŰɡ։őޯຈŜő࿱ႊƗ࿪ƑƐųŴЕ࿱ႊƉ᮷⡢ŭŉŋƇųő᮳ഃůŐŨŤ࿱ႊᴥ⋨ᐇƗ≯ഷŞƐԃŬ⯗❹ů➎ᩍŬŇƗ➃௤ƔŠƐŐƎŬŇƐЖΆΆ‫׳‬ഓŴᇑ⤈ᴥԏ᱘ƍƐЖŢƑƋō֔઎Ŵ‫ه‬᱃ų0П&᮷➮ƗԞ෥Ɨ℆Ə௎ŰೲୌőůŉŘŭƗ⋪ጼᴥŰᷭŨūŉƐЖ࿱ႊ᱄ŜŤŐŤŦŬ≯ഷŞƐŘŭŭŜЕ‫ه‬᱃ŭᓓԄŭųƗًŝƐųŴາẫŬŇƐЖ࿱ႊƗًŝůŉŬᰲŒƐⵇ‫ذ‬Ŵߏųᛂ‫׌‬ŰԂᒉŭ‫ه‬᱃ųⵇ‫ذ‬Ɨ≯ഷŞƐⷁŰŘŭŰ⩂žƑŵ⬩ŐŰາẫŬŇƐЖŜŐŜŐŐƐԆⶋ೾ᴥŰ➸ऀŜūŉŒŤŉŭ࿱ŋЖȀೲŭԆາ֫௎Ű‫׳‬ഓŰŭŨū⎢९ƇůŖƑŵЕᰲŒȀƐ⬗ƇůŉЖ೿Ƈ0ɢϔԆೲŐƎႮࡗŽҥԞ෥ųOOE⡢ȀȀȀ ŢŘŬԞ෥ᕂᜑ⭩ų0П&⡢ťőЕྉų⣔⡢őŘŘŬԞ෥ŴЕ⎎Ǝųᆦ⟶ƗμԆೲνŭŉŋ⠰Ɨᆉ߰઎➱ƑŤ⨸़⡢Ɨ⧘ƃōŤƇųŬŇƐŘŭƗƃş

ቓŐƏŰృƆƐŘŭƗഇ➸ŜūŉƐЖŘų⠰Ŵ྿şḽ⠟ŜūŉŒŤŉЖྫྷ≕ŰůƐőЕμᰲᡐŰũŉūν

ŜƇ0П&ϑȑșȓȓຮϒŰŏŉūԞ෥ŴЕ⨸़≱őμᰲᡐų⸀Śν➸ōůŉőЕ
ξၠࠓų৆೘οų⭕⟣ƗŒŨŐŖŰృƃƉμᰲᡐųԆఛႢνƗ➸ŉ὚ūƐųŴЕμᰲᡐų௎Ű

ŨŤἪ߰ų

‫׬‬Ő፜೘ųᶜഃŭŐ೻ጼᴥৱṶůŮųᶜഃνƗႊ೾-:ᴥԆೲνŭॹसŜŤŘŭƗ࿗⻚Ű∌ŖŵЕԞ෥ŜūŉƐŐƎŬŇƏЕᰲᡐų᮳ഃő➃ōūŉůŉŐųᆦ⟶ųࣧᩍőƎťŭ⪾žƐЖŢŜūᰲᡐų᮳ഃő➃ōūŔƐŭμ௚ŬŇƐŘŭőበᣯŚƑƐЖŚƎŰ➸ōŵЕԞ෥őŘ޼ů⎎๤ᴛ➃νőŬŒūЕᰲᡐų⹥ᴞŚő޻ŐŨūŘŬμԆೲνŭμ™ᒂνƗ࢝ߏŜūŉƐŘŭŰᠫႢŔƐŭԬགŞƐЖŘųƍŋůԞ෥ųԬགŴЕ፜⌐ƗŜŤŉЖྉŰŭŨū™ᒂŴԆೲŰ⩂žƑŵ༾ŉμQᩭ➎Ŝū≯ōƑŵӹ⎽ᴥů։ᰲ⟇ųƍŋŰƇ⠿ƆƐO+νŜŐຊŸūŉůŉųŬŇƏЕ™ᒂƍƏƇᕗųťőЕଠᾱའᏦŰԏⴾŬॏŒ⑘ƑŤ⨸़ųฒųᬡᤣᴥůԆೲŐƎ⣔⡢ŞžŒťŭԬགŜūŉƐЖŘŋ᠊Ɨ࿗⻚Ű∌ŖŵЕ⨸़≱őऔИŰ➸ŋᰲᡐųμᣃŜŤ™ᒂų➃ᎃŴЕԞ෥őμᰲᡐŰũŉūνŬ⡢ŝߥνŚƉμᶜߺνŚų➡࿗࿻ƗቊŜЕ௒Ŕų։ИųŤЕ⨸़≱őऔŰŞƐᰲᡐųԃ⪜ťŖųμᣃߥνŚᰲᡐųഃႮŐƎᆦ⟶ƗⴶృŞƐ។Ⴂ⛜ᏀƗԞ෥ŴŘƉμᶜߺνŚƗᆦߎŞƐბ໒Ű⫤ŝƐƇųőŇƐЖȀų൧⡢ŬඣⴶŜŤŭ≯ōƎƑƐЖȀȀ ťŭŞƑŵЕԞ෥ŰŭŨūᒂƃŜŉᆦ⟶ųŇƏᎃȀ ŢƑŬŴЕԞ෥ų➸ŋᰲᡐųഃႮŐƎඣⴶŚƑƐŴŉŐůƐƇųŐЖŢŘŬԞ෥ŴЕμႮࡗνŭŉŋᑳᆦ⟶ŭŴŉŐůƐƇųŐЕƃŤŢƑŴ0П&ԗƄů⠰Ű‫ܢ‬Ɨའūū⣔⡢ƗඣⴶŞƐЖȀŭŮ& őŢŋŬŇŨŤƍŋŰɉɖЖȀƗ᮷➮ŞƐųŰ྿❹ԆठᜐťŭƃŬŴ
-:О;ПEƗԂᒉᣏőμ
-:Ɨ℆᱄ŜŤ0П&᮷➮ųƍŋŰⵇ‫ذ‬ŞƐųŐЖԞ෥ŴŘų৭⻧ƗЕμᰲᡐŰȀũŉūνŭषຮŰᑧŐƑŤμQOEų৭⻧νϑȑșȓȓ

⅘ūų௎ᴥů࿱ႊƉ᮷⡢Ɨ⫎ŖƐ‫׳‬ഓᴥₓẏŴЕྠຮϒųůŐŬ≯ഷŞƐЖŢų‫⻚ݡ‬ŬԞ෥ŴЕᏀƎŐŨūԏŰ‫׬‬ƎųḽഃůƇųƗᷭƎůŉЖḽഃ࿻ŭŴŰ֜Ⴂőůŉ᮷⡢Ű⮘ŋ՚ŬŇƐЖᩯŜ‫׳‬ഓŴŐŐƐ-:ųξၠࠓų৆೘οƗ࿗⻚Ű∌ŒũũЕԆೲŰũŉūų≯ഷƗᣃƆūƋŔЖȀŘŭƗఖƃűЕ‫׳‬ഓŴԏų᮷⡢։ųఛŔܷūų‫޻װ‬ȀƗ޼ƏረūƐ՚őޯᒾůŉЖ‫׳‬ഓŰ‫⛈ܡ‬ŞƐ࿱ႊƉμỆųᰲᡐųℊᓨŴᴧᩭŬŇƐЖӹũų⡋ೂЕछӹᘹ࿗őŇƐůƎŵЕ‫׳‬ഓᴥ⠟⣆ŭŉŋƇųƇḽഃ࿻ũų⏣ЖŢųℊᓨŴK%I։ų⃋ᡯᣤ⬒Ɨ᮳ƔŢŋŭŞƐᱎഓų℡ųƍŋůƇųŬŇƐЖᱎഓŴℊඎЕƗƇũŭŉōƐЖ‫׽‬ŜůőƎԆೲů‫׳‬ഓųႢ⣆ŰൖϔϔϔϔŜūŴ‫׬‬ƇųƇ྿ᩯůųŬŴůŔŜū‫ڮ‬ᩯŬŇƐЖᱎ⹥ƗŤťᶜ⦉Űଢ଼ƏᦝŜЕŘƑƗ⠾ᏀŜū➸ŋЕ‫׳‬ഓŴŐŐƐ‫ڮ‬ᩯƗᘴŜƅųŬŇƐЖμ➃Ɛνŭŉŋ

‫׳‬᰻Ŵ‫׳‬ഓŰŭŨūŴЕμ⠟⣆ŞƐν‫׳‬᰻ŬƇůŖƑ

ᒉᣏų➸ŋμ⹡ᎣຓᴥůOO+νŰ⪫ŉŘŭƗŵЕμႮ➒ŞƐν‫׳‬᰻ŬƇůŉЖ࿱ႊƉᘹ࿗Ű‫⛈ܡ‬Ś֞ŖࠦōūŏŔЖȀȀƑůŉԆೲů‫׳‬ഓႢ⣆ŰŭŨūŴЕμ⠟⣆νŭŴᑯƇ᝺ƗŚō࿱Ɣůŉ‫׳‬ഓᴥₓẏų߰ŰŴЕ⹜Őůೲୌɣϔμའㅴᑫⶁ∛νҥ‫ه‬᱃ԇ⯗⭩ŰŏŖƐμԆೲνųईഖȀŰƇ‫ם‬ŤμႮ➒νŭŉŋ‫׳‬᰻ŴŇƏྤůŉЖ‫׳‬ഓŰȀ ŢƑŬŴЕŘŋŜŤԞ෥ᕂᜑ⭩ų0П&

ŭŨūŴμ➃ƐŘŭŴξႮࡗŞƐοŘŭŬŇƐνЖŢϔϔϔŘŰ‫ڮ‬ᩯŭŐԆḽഃŭŐợŚƑƐƇųő➃ōƐųŬ‫ه‬᱃ԇ⯗⭩ŰŮŋऀƘŬŉƐŐƗ➃ūƋŘŋЖ‫ه‬᱃ŇƐЖŭŘƒőŐŐƐႮࡗŭŉŋ‫׳‬᰻őЕ‫׳‬ഓƗ᮳ŤőЕྉőᑯߍŰᎣᒍ፜ࢆƗᒍᕚᴥŰ⡢ŝŤ⟶⡢μའഃŰᵿ⹥ŚŠƐųŬŇƐЖႮࡗŭŴ។ŜūႮ‫ۋ‬ůųㅴᑫⶁ∛νϑȑșȓȓຮϒŰŏŉūЕᏀƎŐŰԞ෥ųཾ⺹ŬŴůŉЖႮࡗƗ✃ŉŐŔŞųőႮ‫ۋ‬ŬŇƐЖႮࡗƗईŖŤԆೲ⡢ƗඣⴶŜūŉƐŘŭŰᠫႢŜŤŉЖȀ⬤ŉƇųŬŇƐЖƃŤŐŐƐԆೲࡗነŜЕ™ᒂƉ⎎⎎⨛Ŵ0П&᮷➮őŰũŉū⠏ŜŔ⡢ŝƐŘŭŴůŐŨ

‫ه‬᱃ųμའㅴᑫⶁ∛νƗइƏԃŗƐ߰ŰЕŘų⟶ɖŭŴ᮳ഃŰቝŜū᜽ᵿůბ໒ůųŬŇƐ ЖȀȀ⡢ųԬ⻧ŰůŨŤའㅴᑫⶁ∛Űũŉū␜ຬų⠾ᏀƗŘŘŬԞ෥őμႮࡗνŭൖឌŜūŉƐμႮ‫ۋ‬νőЕᎇŜūŏŘŋЖའㅴᑫⶁ∛ŭŴ௭⏠ᶗųའㅴ൒ŰकႮࡗƗμ✃ŉŐŔνŜμ᮳ഃŰᵿ⹥νŚŠůŉბ໒ŔŐƎ‫׏‬ƔŨūŉƐᑫⶁ∛ŬŇƏЕ‫׏‬⠾ŰƍƑŵ▭ŭŜūŉƐŘŭŰᠫႢŞžŒŬŇƐЖྉŰŭŨū᮳ࣧអų⛁Ɨ༢ŔԞ൞౓őⅱƘťŭŚƑūŉƐЖŘųഃŰᵿ⹥Ŝůŉბ໒ŴЕμᰲᡐų⸀Śνҧμ™ᒂνҧ‫׏‬⠾ƗƇŭŰŜūᆻऔً௞őᑧŉŤ൧⠾őξᝑ≱ųμႮ‫ۋ‬νųⅣŬማōƎƑūŉƐЖŘŋŜŤ᮷➮ų‫ܜ‬ᑧοťőЕξᝑ≱ųᑧοőᴛ⛜ŚƑŤųŴμའㅴᑫⶁƗŤŮƑŵμᰲᡐŰũŉūνŰŏŖƐ⨸़≱ᆦߎŰ∛νƍƏྙųȑșȓșຮůųŬЕμའㅴᑫⶁ∛νŴঈ⪝৆⛈ŒᶰŔųťŐƎЕԞ෥ų0П&᮷➮ŴՏդ࡟ӹ⭩őξक൒๔ṸοŰŏŉūའㅴᑫⶁ∛Ɨμ೼⌉պᘴν⭩ŭŴӹⅣƗᱎŜЕƅŜƒՏդŰ‫⛈ܡ‬ŞƐԏ֩ŬŇų➎ᩍŐƎቸŉūŉƐŘŭŽųःᴛŐƎᑧŐƑŤŭƐ᠀ԃྸ௝⭩Е൧ᓣễⷦŰ⪫ŉŭ➃ƐŘŭőŬŒƐЖȀበᣯŚƑƐɖɉЖȀȀ ƃŤЕႮࡗŰŏŉūμ‫ڮ‬ᩯŭŐԆḽഃŭŐợŚƑȀ ŘŋŜŤ՚ၬƗ⋨ᐇŰŜū‫ه‬᱃ŴЕའㅴᑫⶁ∛ųƐƇųőν➃ōƐŭŉŋሃ኶ŴЕ߰઎इƏԃŗŤμᰲᅗ὚ຮ֩ő௭⏠Ꮶ֩ŭŞƐ⫤⠾Űᱸ⣔Ɨড়ōЕⳅ٦ᡐŰũŉūνŬԞ෥ᕂᜑ⭩ő⪾žŤμ࿱ŉőŖůŉ
ϔϔ⎎޻ų᮳ޯŭŉŋμ‫ڮ‬ᩯννŭŉŋ➸ŉᎃƗႊ⦜ŚŠᏦ֩ŭŞƐ⎎⠾ƗඣⴶŞƐЖŘųԬགťŖƗ➃ƐŭƐЖྫྷ≕ŞƑŵЕμᰲᡐŰũŉūνŰŏŉūԞ෥ŴЕ⛋णᴥůƇųŬŇŨūЕԞ෥ᕂᜑ⭩ų0П&ŜŵŜŵ৆೘őႊ೾ŜūŉƐμԆ௅ů⎎ᅘνŭŉŋŮᶬԞŰůŉŐųƍŋŰ࿱ōƐЖŖƑŮƇЕⳅ٦Ꮶ≯ōᎃƗ፵ŖЕμ⎎޻ųԞŰ࿱ŉƇŐŖůŉ⎎޻ő‫צ‬֩ųᬃླƗ⡢⪾ŞƐ߰ŰЕᜑųƍŋů⟌⪾őŇƐŘƘŬŉƐνŭԬགŜЕŢŋŜŤμ࿱ŉőŖůŉ֜։ϔϔő⎎޻ųԞŐƎ⻫ƗޯŞν℆⾱Ɨμᰲᡐų⹥ᴞνŚŭŰᠫႢŜůŖƑŵůƎůŉЖȀťŭ⠰ŨūŉƐЖŘųƍŋŰμᰲᡐŰũŉūνŭμQӹ‫⛋␁ת‬ųŇƎƔŞQПPŭŴ‫׬‬ŬŇƒŋŐЖŢ

OEųₓẏνƗ‫׽‬Šū≯ഷŞƑŵЕԞ෥ų➸ŋƑŴᏦ֩ųₓẏŭŐЕᏦ֩ųᰲᡐŭŐЕᏦ֩ų⸅ઘᆦ⟶ų FПőŇƐứ໒཯Ɨ‫ו‬ŨūᡪŐŸԃőŨឪŭŐЕᏦ֩ų྽ၬŭŐЕᅝŉŴᏦ֩ų␝ၞၠࠓᾴИūŔƐťƒŋЖũƃƏྉŰŭŨūᆦ⟶ŴμԆ௅ů⎎ų➸⪈ŬũƎŲƎƑƐЖ࿱ŋŰӹũų޼Иŭ྽ŋũᅘνų➎ᩍŐƎŬŴůŔЕԆೲŰ⧘ƄŭŮƃŨū࿱‫׬‬ƇųŐŬůŔūŴůƎůŉЖఛ‫׬‬Ű֔Ꭳų։ⴾŭŉőŖůŉμ௚޼ů⎎๤ᴛ➃νƗŞƐႮࡗŐƎޯᴛᰲᡐų௎ᶃƗቸŉūƇЕŢŘŬ፜೘ŭŜūṶŚƑŤ

ŞžŒŬŇƏЕŢųƍŋůႮࡗőᰲᡐŰŏŉū᠁ŒƇųŴܷᩯ֔ᎣŐƎ⬤ŉƇųŬŇƐŐƇŜƑůŉЖŇőƐŘŭƗ᮷᱄Űᰲᡐų⹥ᴞŚƗԬགŞƐŭŉŋ

ŢŜūỆŴŐŐƐ྽Ű⺹ŉū޼ИŤƐƇųŢųƇų

ųŬŇƐЖȀ
ŘųƍŋůμႮࡗνŰũůőƐμԆೲνų᮷➮ŴЕŰᏦ֩ų፜೘ųṶŜŤⵇ྽őŇƐŭ≯ōƐЖΆΆỆӹ⎽ŰƔƑƔƑőμԆೲνų⠰ųƇŭŬ᮷➮ŜūŉŭॸƘťЖԞ෥ᕂᜑ⭩ऽŴᑯ⪫ųƐƇųŭŴŐůƏߏ᫿ųƍŋŰ࿱ƔƑƐЖƅŜƒՏࡗνŭॸƘŬŉƐЖŘųμႮࡗνŴμႮ‫ۋ‬νŰൖ὚դųƍŋŰμ™ᒂνŭषӹ➎ŞƐμԆೲνųᎃőӹŞƐЖ⃦ᒕůक݇ₓẏŽų⭈‫ܜ‬ŬŇƐɖɉɉЖȀ⎽ᴥůμԆೲνų᮷➮ŬŴůŐƒŋŐŭः৭ŜŤŔȀůƐőЕŘŘŬŴइƏፅōşԞ෥ųԆೲų᮷➮őԂᒍᕚᴥůᎣᒍ∤⛋णŰũŉūųऊ⪾ƗᒆྒŞƐ⠿≱‫ه‬᱃őμའㅴᑫⶁ∛νƗᑧŉŤᵹᴥŴ⃚⁥ŰᎣᒍ∤⡢ůȀŴŐŐƐƇųų‫׳‬ഓᴥ὚ୋƗμOOEųႢ⣆ν(ŬŢƑƗμႮ

ŐƎŞƑŵЕἱఛŭŜū᮳ƑƐŘŋŜŤ፜␁ᆦ⟶ᴥŰŉŤƐQOE⡢Ŵ‫ه‬᱃ԇ⯗⭩ų➸ŋμԆೲųů⟌⪾Űޯ‫׌‬ŋŭ⹥⼕ƎŋŐƇŜƑůŉőЕⷳ⠞ξₓẏνŰ௒௚ůཾ⺹ƗԇōūŉƐЖŢųྙμᅷ‫ݯ‬⠅

-οŰŏŖƐ‫ه‬᱃ųճँⵇ‫ذ‬Ɨ࿗⻚Ű∌ŖŵЕŘ։ųྪӹ։≱νЕμᎣᒍųᚿνЕμྙゼ≅ⶓνŽŭℱŔ

ŘŬųԞ෥ᕂᜑ⭩Žų➸ऀŴԞ෥ų⡢≯ЕŭƏƔŖ‫ه‬᱃ųμᎣᒍԬ∵ᴥνᆦ⟶ųࣧᩍŭůƐ⡢≯őԞ෥‫ܡ‬Ű⡢ŝŤμQOEų৭⻧νƗ>ПŰŜūŘų⣔⡢ŐƎṶ৏ƗྤūŉƐŭŉŋ՚ഃŴЕ‫ه‬᱃ų➸ƑŐƎų⣔⡢ƗඣⴶŞƐŘŭƗ՗ॠŜūŉƐŭ⠿ƄŋμᎣᒍԬ∵νų᱄ᒾƗቚƐԃŬ௚Œů7X-Űů

➮ŔŘŭőŬŒƐЖȀƐŭ࿱ōƐőЕԞ෥⎎⨛ųᆦ⟶ŴŢųྙŮŋඣⴶŜȀ ŘųƍŋŰ‫ه‬᱃ŴԞ෥ų⣔⡢Ɨ⧘ƃōŤԃŬЕⳅŤųťƒŋŐЖȀ٦Ꮶ֩ųᬃླƗμԆೲųₓẏνŭŜū➇೾ŞƐЖȀȀ ‫ܡ‬şḽ⠟ŜůŖƑŵůƎůŉųŴЕ‫ه‬᱃ŭ⬙ŉԞȀ෥őₓẏणᴥ≯ഷŰܷŔ⎢९ƗᇅŐůŐŨŤŘŭŬ

ŚŜŇŤŨūⳅ٦ŭŉŋᏦ֩őŮƘůₓẏणᴥᏦ֩ŇƐЖ➸ŉᎃƗኄōƑŵ‫ه‬᱃őμԆೲνŰᇨᠨŜŤųƇųŬŇŨŤŐƗЕŢųጫ᠄ᴥ࿻ᕚŐƎ⠏⪾ŞƐųŰൖŜЕԞ෥ŴμԆೲνƗἱŒᆿŖŤμႮࡗνƗŘŭƗỆŴ֔ų྿❹ŭŜůŉЖ؏ōŵ፜೘णų՚ഃŮŋቸŔŐų≯ഷƗƆŕƎŜūŉƐЖ݆‫ת‬ᴥŰ➸ōƗᇾŨūƇЕᎃԁ⟌Еࢤܼ௔Ꭳ⟌ůŮųޯ᮳őƄƎŵԞ෥Ŵμࠈ‫׳‬ҥ⎎ᩯԬ∵ŭᡦ᥾Ԭ∵ҥνϑȑșȓȒƑƐЖ‫ܜه‬Еອ᠄ЕອഓЕᤣອůŮų⨫⟌᫿ų᮳ŞຮϒųůŐŬ0П&

GNO+őЕӹũų྽ŋũ྽ၬŰᩍ⅄ŚƑЕࡍஸŰໆƗ⯗ŲळƔŠŤԃŬЕᩭໆƗŔŕƏᆿŖŤྙų‫׳‬ճōƎƑŤၠপŭၠࠓЕŏŸŤťŜŉ௚⛇Ɨቸ‫ݨ‬ŞഓŰŏŉū‫׳‬ഓų⎎ᅘŭ‫׳‬ഓŰƍŨūቸŐƑƐ⎎ᩯƐᩭຓ⪧⫩ųₓẏŴƃşܺᴟຮ֔ᎣųỆƎų྽Ɨŋųൖ὚ő᜼ኃŚƑŤŘŭƗ⡢ŝЕℱŔμࣧ⠰ų཯≴ŤŬŴ᜼ƃůŉЖŢƑƗࢻŰ֙ጼᩭຓ➡ųཾ⺹ŭŐЕԃ೘ŭRCXų৭⻧νϑȑșȓȓຮϒŰŏŉūЕ‫׳‬ഓᴥԬᅝŉŴŢųᵁᶃ➃➮ŭŜūⶕŒࣻƐųŴԆठ⌉ŬŇ‫ת‬ŬŴůŔ➸⠰Ű೾‫פ‬ŜŤᆦ⟶ųⴶᇣƗ⠂ƄūŉƐЖƐЖ┱ŜŐŐƐƇųőŘųᏦ֩ŰŇƎƔƑŤŭŉŋ

Řųୋळųμ➸⠰νŰŴᎣᒍ⠰Ɖ.

ŘŭŴŏŏŉőŤŔࣷᩯŤƐ՚ഃŬŇƐЖƃŚŜŔߠ໒ࢆŚƑŤμઞ⠰νŬŴůŔЕ᮳ഃƗ⊽‫ࢆת‬ŜŤⳅ٦ŘŢӹũųԆೲųₓẏų֩⛜ŞƐᏦ֩ŬŇŨŤЖƇųŭŉŋႢ९ळŉő⪞ƆƎƑūŉƐŘŭŰᠫႢŜŜŐŜŢƑƗŤťₓẏųԃŐƎᶪƆūЕŘųᏦ֩ųŤŉЖȀ␁⛋ųԏ᱘ƗᵿŦŰԆೲų␁⛋ųᏦ֩ŭųžƐŘŭ

ȀŴޯᒾůŉЖŭŘƒőƃŘŭŰŢŘŬŴԆೲų␁⛋QOEŰᕗśŞRCXŴŇŔƃŬƇ⎎྘ᴥůƇőṶŚƑūŉƐЖƅŜƒⳅ٦Ꮶ֩ų‫׳‬ফőŐŐƐƇ

ųŭŜū≯ōƎƑŤЖ‫׳‬ഓŰŭŨūᶜഃŭŴ᮳ഃŢųŭŜūỆƎųⵇ྽ųԃŰԃŨūŒŤŭŘƒŰЕའųƇųŬůŔŜūЕ᮳ഃƗŢųƃƃ⊽‫ת‬ŰŜŤƇų

⹥ųůŰƍƏḽഃůӹũų՚ഃő≯ōƎƑƐųŬŇ

őŢƑŬŇŨŤЖ࣍ŦRCXŭŴ⬒ࣻų⎎๤ƗଠᇧƐɖɉɉɉЖȀŰ޼ⷿŜūЕ⎎๤Ɨᆸŗ‫׀‬ūƐƇųŬŇƏЕᣃŒᰲȀῒᆃųᵿ߰ŰŚƏŗůŔμ֔ᎣƔőઞŬ⪾žƎƑūų࿱≯ųƇőŒŐƎᎀŜŉ⎎๤ų⊽‫ת‬ƗũŒũŖƐ
ϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔ
ƇųŬŇŨŤЖྠŨū➸⠰Ɨ⬼ᇁŞƐŘŭŴ⎎๤ųϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔ
ᎀŜŉ⊽‫ת‬Ɨ཯ŪŔƐŘŭŬůŖƑŵůƎűɉɘЖȀȀŉƐԆೲų፜೘ų৭⻧νŰ➱ƑūŉƐŘŭƇ‫׽‬ŠūŚƎŰ᮳ഃų⊽‫ࢆת‬őЕ௚⋧ŰƇμ➸⠰ų৚᫿ࢆν≯ōƑŵЕ‫ه‬᱃ŴՏդ࡟ӹ⭩Ɨ⦜ᩍŭŞƐԆೲų፜ŭ➸ŉኄōƎƑƐЖȀ೘ų৭⻧Žųⵇ྽ƗᇅŒũũƇЕᵿቝᴥŰŴՏդŽųᎣᒍ∤⛋णᴥů⣔⡢Ɨ⩈ŠūŉƐŘŭőՕ➮ŬŒȀϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔ
ྠᒾų፜೘⡢ųጼōŤŘŭŴ➸⠰⬼ᇁŭŴឌ⩂ᴥ⎎ϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔϔ
๤ųᵹᴥŰ⪫ŉ➸⠰Ɨ⬼ŻŭŉŋŘŭŬŇŨŤЖμឌƐЖŘųƍŋŰ≯ōƑŵЕ‫ه‬᱃ŴŜŵŜŵ➸ƔƑƐ⩂ᴥνŭŴ‫׬‬ƗႢ९ŞƐųŐЖμᵹᴥŰ⪫ŉνŭŴ‫׬‬ƍŋůμᎣᒍԬ∵ᴥνůᆦ⟶ഓŬŴůŔЕՏդƀŮƗ⡓Ɛ՚ŐЖŐŐƐ፜೘⡢Ŵ 9П2XŰųƄའŴጼ⼯Ԭ∵Ű‫ٯی‬ŜůŉƇųųЕ.

ŤƐ፜೘⡢ŬůŐƒŋŐЖ‫׳‬ഓŴᦋ᳿ŬŇƐЕμ։ųŘųῒᆃŴྙຮų‫ه‬᱃őᇃ⸹ŞƐᎣᒍₓẏणԃų⠎ࢽůᷭ⣆Ɨᇃ⸹ŜūŉƐƍŋŰ➃ōƐųťőЕŘųų➸ऀƗ⭃ŖūЕԞ෥ŰƍƐμԆೲνų⣔⡢Ű⎎Ǝ)፜␁Ɨޯᴛ

ᴥůԆೲŭOXᴥůᩭ

)⠰ųƍŋů

ᩍŭŜŤ⡢≱ŭ➃Ɛųő⬭འůųŬŇƐЖȀ?XŬᑧŐůŉν൩ŜƇԆ⃚ůμᵹᴥŰ⪫ŉν➸⠰ȀŴ‫ژ‬௚ů‫׳‬ഓųಕŋŭŘƒŬŇƐЖ⬼ᇁŞƐŭŉŋ

ɤϔԞ෥ų➸⠰⡢ҥ‫ه‬᱃ŭųൖ὚ᩍҥȀŘŭŴ➸⠰Ɨ৚᫿ࢆŞƐŭŉŋ՚ŬůŖƑŵůƎűЖȀ ֫ԃṶŜŤƍŋŰЕԞ෥ųቹড়ŞƐԆೲŐƎႮࡗ➸⠰Ŵ‫׳‬ഓŰŭŨūຓŰ৚᫿ᴥŰůƎŜƆƎƑŲŵ

ůƎűƇųŬŇƐЖ‫׳‬ഓő௒Ŕų➸⠰ųԞŐƎ⬼ŸŘųᴛ➸ƗƄƐŐœƏЕůƐƀŮԞ෥ŴᎣᒍᡦᑫᡓ

ťŞŭŉŋųŴЕࢻŰឌ⩂ᴥᵹᴥŰ⪫ŉŭŉŋႢ९ŰࣼᱎŜūŴŉƐƇųųЕŢųࡗᛂŴⷳ⠞ξ-οťŖŬůŞųŬŴůŔŜūЕषӹųࢻ⠰ŰŜūƇŢ

ų༇⴪ŐƎųƇųŬŇŨūЕ‫ه‬᱃ųƍŋŰμᎣᒍԬųℊळŰƍŨūܷᩯᎀŜŉ⊽‫ת‬ŭŞƐŭŉŋႢ९Ű∵ᴥνůᆦ⟶Ű⑟ᇕŞƐឪŴůŐŨŤŘŭőበഷŬƍŨūůŞųŬŇƐ ЖȀȀŒƐЖȀŘŋŜŤ৚᫿ᴥů➸⠰➡ŐƎЕ‫ه‬᱃ųᆦ⟶őसሃŜųP/ŬᆦߎŚƑƐЖȀū‫ه‬᱃ųँ։Űũŉūų⟬➸ƗŜūŉƐŘŭŰԆുȀų࿗ƗႮŝƐŐƇŜƑůŉőЕᥘ๐՚ֵŰൖŞƐᆺ‫ه‬᱃ԇ⯗⭩អő➸⠰ƗᄻᲓŜЕ➸⠰ƗŐŔƃŬų‫׳‬⣔⬏ࡗųůŐŬԶ⯘ŭŭƇŰᡐࡗŜŤԞդ᜽ӹőЕഓųŤƆƎŉŰƃŬ➮ᡵŜŤŉŭ≯ōƎƑƐƍŋŬ

ӹ໒ťŖξ-οŰജἇŜŤ՚ഃƗ≯ჰŞƑŵxiiiЕŇƐőЕŢƑŴӹ࿈Ŵ᜽Ŝŉ‫׳‬ഓų⬗ŭŉŉྤƐЖԶ⯘őᙩႊŞƐṺ‫׌‬᮷⡢ŭЕԞ෥ő௕ႊŜŤ፜␁᮷ťő⡓ƎƑŤ➸⠰Ɨ➮ᡵŜЕ‫׳‬ഓőᑧŔƃŬųŤƆ

⡢őႢ௎ŭ⪫ŉŭŘƒŰŇŨŤŭበഷŚƑƐŘŭƗ

ƎŉŢųƇųŰ⛜᮳ŭŜūų➸⠰ŴůŉųŬŴůŐ

֞ŖࠦōūŏŘŋxivЖɘȀ ՚ၬŰ⫤ᐓŜūŉƐ⠿≱ŬŇƑŵЕྙŰžອ⫭ᾴПŭŜūᡐ⨐ŞƐԶ⯘őƍƏŰƍŨ

ƒŋŐЖŤƆƎŉƗᑧŔŭŉŋ՚Ŵ‫ܡ‬ŰƇųžŤఛŔӹũųᎀŜŉRCXųቹড়ŬŇŨūЕ‫ه‬᱃អŰൖŜūỆŴ⥘ႢƗṶŜŤŉЖťőμŤƆƎŉƗᑧŔνŘŭŴμŐŔŘŭƗŤƆƎŋνŘŭŭŴߏŬŇƐЖμᑧŔŘŭƗŤƆƎŋνŘŭŴ➸⠰ų⬼ᇁŬŇƏЕμŤƆƎŉƗᑧŔνŘŭŴ⬼ᇁő⃼ƔŨū➸⠰ő৚᫿ࢆŚƑŤŘŭŬŇƎŲŵůƎűЖ߰≱Ŵ℆⬒ŬŇƏЕྙ≱ŴᅗᓨŬŇƐɘɉЖȀȀŘŋŜŤ⪅⪍ůᆦߎŰൖŜ‫ه‬᱃ŴྉᬾᬃųμDJνᘹ࿗ƗྙƒᶉŰŜū࿈⮧ŞƐőЕŢų⋨ᐇŰŴ‫ه‬᱃őԂᒉᣏŐƎईŖŤངŉཾ⺹őŇƐЖԂᒉŰŴᏕঈᒆԏ֩ų֩⛜ᴥů0П&᮷➮ųᇰƏᆃŭůƐ

-:ŰũŉūƇᬾᬃų➮⯒ƗᎇŜūŉƐ՚ၬƇŇƐųŬЕŘŋŜŤԂᒉŭ‫ه‬᱃ųⵇ‫ذ‬ŰũŉūŴ
ᜑ઎Ŭ⠏ŜŔᆢŉЕᆦ⟶ŰⵇŞƐ‫ه‬᱃ŭԞ෥ųᣬ໒๡Ɨḽ⠟ŞƐŘŭŰŭŮƆūŏŘŋЖȀȀ ‫ه‬᱃ŭԞ෥ųྱనůⵇ‫ذ‬ŰũŉūŴЕ३ઘų։ⴾŰƇឪŪŉūŉƐƇųőŉŤƍŋŬŇƐЖũŉᑯ⪫ƃŬೊॹŜūŉŤᆦ⟶ഓųԶ⯘ऄŴЕԞ෥ᕂᜑ⭩Űũŉūᜑųƍŋů઎ႊƗŜūŉƐЖȀȀƁŔőᒍƗ⠿ƘŬŉŤƎЕNᅻƗŤŤŔųőŉ
ƐųŬЕⴶŖūƄƐŭЕԞ෥ऽŬŞЖΆΆŢųᏦЕƁŔőμᎣᒍᡦᑫᡓŴōƎŔ⡋ೂőŉŉƍŋťůνŭŉŨŤƎЕྉŴЕμťŉŤŉ᮳ഃጫ᠄ųሐᆻƗ‫⾱ת‬ŜЕጫ᠄Ű™ᒂŜŤ࿱ႊųᣃŉ

R0Пőᡦᑫᡓ

ų⬏ࡗŰůƐųťŐƎЕŢųᡦᑫᡓő᮳ഃጫ᠄ųԞŬᏦƗྤ⻫ŰঠŒƀŘƏЕƔőԏųᏑƗŤŤōƐŭ
ŉŋųŴŮŋŉŋŘŭŐŲōЕᡦᑫᡓų⎎๤ਕ௤ŝƈůŉŐνŭŉŉƃŜŤЖťŐƎྉŴŢųԬࠡŰůŨūŉůŉƘŝƈůŉŬŞŐɘɉɉЖȀऴ➃⏠ԂξἪ0GᑧXҥ‫ه‬᱃⎡⯗⭩ųᰲᢉҥοᢳճṺЕ1997 ຮЕ71ϡ80 ⺻Ж
ii ‫ه‬᱃ųࢵ⡢Ŵ᮳ೊŜůŉŐЕŇƐŉŴܻⴶŚƑūŉůŉЖŤťŜЕࢵ⡢⌙ἇŭ⪫ŉᏦᒆŰᑧŐƑŤμᣏƎŐů⠅։ν
ϑ1934 ຮЕྙŰξ␣ⷦŭ⠅։οŰᆃऄϒő՚ഃԃ=P%ПOX⡢ůųŬЕའᏦų‫ه‬᱃ų=P%ПOX᮷➮ųᆉ༢ŒŰůƐЖiii μᎣᒍᡦᑫᡓᆦߎ໅⠾νξᚿ๐፜Ԃⓦ‫ⷨ׳‬οᾨɠ๮ЕᾼኺᑧᆂЕ1985 ຮЕ19 ⺻Ж
iv μQOEųₓẏνξԞ෥ᕂᜑ⭩ⓦ‫⬼׳‬ομԞ෥ᕂᜑ⭩ⓦ‫⬼׳‬ν޿⛈‫׌‬Е1993 ຮЕ110 ⺻Жϑ᮳֭֩स⬧ŉŰᵿŜЕᎀ೉ŰጥƆŤЖ֫ԄƇषᙲŬŇƐЖϒv ष⡢፜Е110ϡ111 ⺻Жvi ᣤ⪜ঈ⹙Ŵঈ⪝ŰൖŞƐ‫ه‬᱃ųःᴛŴμའㅴᑫⶁ∛νųŭŒŰŴŝƃŨŤƇųŬŴůŔЕߍᒆų൧⠾∰ŰƇ➃ƎƑƐŭሃ኶ŜūŉƐЖξ‫ه‬᱃⎡⯗⭩ḁἦοſƏŐƘṺЕ2004 ຮЕ253ϡ312 ⺻Ж
vii ξ‫ه‬᱃⎡⯗⭩ܷⷨοᾨɤ๮Е⢣⡓ṺЕ1986 ຮЕ
105ϡ106 ⺻Ж
viii षᑧЕ107ϡ108 ⺻Ж
ix μ➸⠰ų཯≴ԃ೘ŭRCXų৭⻧νξԞ෥ᕂᜑ⭩ⓦ‫⬼׳‬οЕ92 ⺻Ж
x ष⡢፜Е96 ⺻Ж
xi षԃЖ
xii Զ⯘ऄμξԏ᱘፜ࢆοŬų℆⾱ν፜೘ᴥ὚ୋⅱξ፜೘ОᏕঈࢤຮ֩Ɨ⊡Ŕοࡇ⑓ᑧᆂЕ1976 ຮЕ267 ⺻Ж
xiii ԞդŴξ-οŰജŠŤ⡢≯ųůŐŬЕᏀƎŐŰԞ෥ųOOE⡢ƗႢ⣆ŜũũЕOOEųɢũų௲ᛂŰũŉū≯ഷŜūŉƐϑμOOEų৭⻧ŰജŠūνξ-οᾨ 26 नЕ1934 ຮϒЖ
xiv Զ⯘ŴԞդų֩⛜‫׳‬ŬŇƐμై঵‫׌‬ų⡢᮷νų➮⠾ųůŐŬμỆ⎎⨛ŴЕŤŭōŵɲϔɸϔP-Pξ༒⟬᠘ᴥ᮷࿻ᆦߎοϑ1960ϒNXО- QП1ξ⛈ࡗųṺ‫׌‬೘οϑ1965ϒŇƐŉŴɳϔPJƉ
iɲϔ4П5Cų⢄ⓦƗⷨઓᴥ℆⾱ų⡢᮷ࢆŭŜū⠿ƄᵿŜůőƎЕԞդų⡢᮷ŭ♲ळŚŠƐŘŭőŬ
ŒƐŭ࿱ŨūŉƐνϑμ➮⻧νξԞդ᜽ӹܷⷨοᾨɠ๮Е∤⛋ޯ᫬ṺЕ1981 ຮЕ464 ⺻ϒŭᑧŉūŉƐőЕŘųƍŋŰ:NX:P-೘ᡓŰũůőƐᶰႊŴԞ෥ųࢵᘤ⡢፜ŬṶŚƑƐЕԆೲƗಈ֕ŰŜŤ␁⛋ųࠈ‫׳‬ŭպईų↼ƏůŞDJ0ПLXᴥᬡ᠊Ű⫤ŝƐƍŋŰ࿱ƔƑƐϑμX-ŰᎆŖƐ␁⛋ų৭⻧νξԞ෥ᕂᜑ⭩ⓦ‫⬼׳‬οЕ222ϡ223 ⺻ϒЖ







    !"#$%&'()*+

, -./0123456#(789:;<=>*?1@AB7><C(3;<6DE#$F& 01)*GHI)+,*JHI)+KLMNOPQLRSOTUNLOVSOWPQXWMYU
SX*OPZPXP[UMOU
TSNXU
W\,3E;<6]^_H#$&01:]^;<'3`Ia<C()*b_Hcdbef

kmjnojpojqjrsj

ghijklj

eft#3u*4vwCxyz(C(:{<6/b_H2)*:|;<}~

(_HI*w}u

<_<4)A7C(3;<601(#$&F01)*3u*F;<6

:<01)*(/

/$%

T

#3u*$%(C(7O¡#
23u*$F(C(7/$F

O
#
23;<6

¢£#
$&

01(¢£¤)*¢£¥¦`56¢£¥¦#$§&¢£¥¦)*¤¥¦¥¦`¥¦3@¨*¤¥¦¥¦cd¥¦`?

13©>=ª«D(¥¦¬­@<6®(¯°#$±&

b_H®(¯°)*¢£¥¦`²³´¬­(²³µ7¶;<6²³´)*b_H:·4FD3u*

¸(¹º»7¼@w½@­@46

Fbef®(¯°)*¢£¥¦`;<6

¾¿Ia@43ÀÁÂw=®)*¿Ã7ÄÅuÆ®´:ÇÈ;<6
Æ®eÉ#

$Ê&

01:Æ®Ia<´)*

<ÎÏ

¹Ë¦*

(Ì7Í;(¹Ë¦cd'w­¹Ë¦(ÐÑ7¾¢£¥¦`©>=´3;<6Æ®ÒÓ#$Ô&®)*3u*Õ:]Ö<¼I:¢£¥¦:×Øu@w½@­@46@*®¯Ù7CÚ/¾¿23;<6
¡
# $%

Û




# $F

¡

Û
¡








  !"#$%&'()$*+,-./,0,&

1

234!5!'$67!



8$%-9:4;<=>,&?@A

BCD*$C?

RSTU?@A!@A

EFGHFIJKL$MNOPQVWXYKZ[!@AXYK\]4!^?$M&


_`





Ta!bc!de$))+

@A?f

1

ghijkl#m!no$pFpqTa

@A
!

@A?f

no

H@

A
_E
r


_E

^?st@AuCkv$wx

BC!wxy|

BC!wxz_${>

}

BC$~!${>7!!)&m$%&{


!


I)0*


!


I)0*


!


I)0*


!


I)0*


!

r
I)0*uC,e$M&



$%












!"

#$

%&

'

        
# $ % & ' ( ")*!"+ ,  ! "! -"./0  ! "! -"1
234 567 8 9 2 3 4)# : ; & ' ( )*!+ ,  ! )! 1./0  ! ! ")-        

9:;<=>? :@A=BC<:=DA=E>? FE;GC
AF=>H>F>IC;=C
BA<FC
EJ







BKL
M
NN=KM
N

O:=EA=EF






 








 
  
 







!

"


#
"$"




%&'$ ()"*%*$ ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸



b







º »

º ¼

½

£








&#'()* ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸ !"#$%

!
!+ * , -
!

.
/
$


0




1




-







 &



1



  $  




2 



3

+$ $*%*,&*¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¹+,-./0123 456789 +,:8

;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKL MN#OP" "  .


-

 *







 


* 




 


 
!
 *

 - 






%
%** &-3#% )"*#,&* ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸ Q ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸ 

RSTUVWXYZ[\]4 ^_TUV`abcdeTUV`afFgJK
hij#kPlm ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸ 

 


 
 ,
   2



$


.
/

0




1
+,:8nop@qrs3 Ytuv "  



" 





$

*%*,&*3+$ ,


#
%#
"*%¸¸¸ wcxyz{|}
OP Q#LMN#~ ¸¸¸¸¸ h @3

.


,


!




,
  4
2


3







2






& 2
5

"#)##

 %


62 




¸¸ 

"



*"**'( %$(*,*%
&-3#
+*
"



($3#+*¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸ 


O¡¢£¤I%¥¦¤§¨©ª§«¬­®ª¯°±²³´ 7

 *
!

$


 
 ,8=>H>F>IC;=C
BA<FC
EJ=>H>F>ICP9>Q>=FAQEADRA< STTU  @>O;?EJ :@ A=BC<:=DA=E>? FE;GCAFµ¶ · ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸   & *** ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸





¹

b

1

¾

Á Â¿bÀ