Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 27−32, 2000

27

Radiochemistry in India : An Overview
S. B. Manohar,* B. S. Tomar, and V. K. Manchanda
Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
Received: October 13, 1999
Some of the important aspects of the radiochemical research carried out in India during the past 40 years are presented in this article. The major part of this work was carried out in the field of nuclear fission which has been
one of the most important discoveries of the 20th century and in which radiochemists have played the pivotal role.
Radiochemical work carried out on mass, charge, and kinetic energy distribution in fission of actinide nuclei byneutron and charged particles has been described. During the past one decade major part of the work carried out
is, using medium energy heavy ions in both nuclear fission and nuclear reactions. Recently work has been initiated on neutron activation analysis using single comparative (K0) method. Basic actinide chemistry programmedeals with the thermodynamics/kinetics of complexation of these metal ions with novel ligands as extractants viz.
cryptands, polyazapolycarboxylate crown ethers, pyrazolones, isoxazolones, sulphoxides, phosphine oxides, andamides. Particular attention has been paid during last two decades to investigate synergism and develop separation procedures for actinides employing solvent extraction, ion exchange, extraction chromatography, and supported liquid membranes. Focus has shifted in recent years to the evaluation of a) N, N dialkyl amides as alternate
extractants to TBP in PUREX/THOREX process and b) CMPO/diamides for actinide partitioning from high level
waste.

1. Introduction
A major expansion in the experimental programme of
Atomic Energy occurred with the establishment of Atomic
Energy Establishment at Trombay (AEET). Along with thesetting up of the India's first reactor APSARA, a prototype
radiochemistry laboratory was set up at the Trombay site. This
laboratory was to serve as a training ground for a team ofchemists, chemical engineers and metallurgists in the handlingof high radioactive substances.
This prototype laboratory having an active area of 375 m2.
and associated service area was fully commissioned and was
operational by 1958. In view of high technology involved in
the design and operation of a Class A radioactive laboratory,
Dr. H. Bhabha sought the support of United Kingdom Atomic
Energy Authority (UKAEA).
This laboratory at south site of Trombay complex had two
radioactive wings equipped with six fume hoods in each wing.
In addition, there were a large number of β, γ boxes and glove
boxes. There was a well equipped counting room with facilities for α and β counting and γ spectrometry with a 100 channel analyser. The experience gained during this period became
useful in planning the future facilities such as plutonium laboratory at Fuel Reprocessing Plant, the Radiological
Laboratories at Trombay, BARC, and similar laboratories at
IGCAR. Initially, radiochemistry research programme wasbased on the availability of APSARA reactor for nuclear andradiation chemistry studies and plutonium, protactinium, andactinium obtained from UKAEA for research in actinide chemistry.
Dr. M.V. Ramaniah who had taken over as Head,Radiochemistry Division in 1965 was the driving force for thecompletion and commissioning of radiological laboratories at
Trombay around 1969. The chemistry wing of the new complex has 14 laboratories of size 7 × 10m, three low active laboratories of size 6 × 10m, a modern counting room equippedwith state-of-the-art instruments, and an alpha tight hot cellwith master slave manipulators. Each laboratory room was*Corresponding author. E-mail: sbman@magnum.barc.ernet.in.
FAX: +91-22-5505151.

provided with a large number of fume hoods and glove boxes,
conditioned fresh air supply with 10−12 air changes/hr, wellmanaged liquid effluent system connecting all the laboratories
and state-of-the-art health and safety devices for continuous
monitoring of radioactivity. The alpha tight hot cell was commissioned for synthesis of transplutonium elements as well asburn up studies. The laboratory is equipped with a variety ofmodern instrumentation such as mass spectrometer, ESR spectrometer, modern spectrophotometer, thermal analyser, XRD
system, and α and γ spectrometer. The area of research anddevelopment were also broadened with the availability of variable energy cyclotron at Calcutta and medium energy heavy
ion accelerator Pelletron at TIFR, Mumbai. The area of
research activities which are actively being carried out are (1)Nuclear chemistry, (2) Actinide and process chemistry, (3)Studies on solid state chemistry and spectroscopy of actinide
and analytical spectroscopy, and (4) Training and services.
This paper highlights some of the important achievements inthe first two areas in brief.
2. Radiochemical Studies on Nuclear Fission1
Radiochemical studies on fission of actinides were initiatedwith the aim of understanding the systematics of low energy
fission, particularly distribution of mass, change, kinetic energy, and angular momentum covering a wide range of elements.
The results contributed to a better understanding of the nuclear
fission process, particularly the role played by both sphericaland deformed nuclear shells and the effect of nucleon pairing.
2.1. Mass Distribution. Early studies on mass distribution
were carried out on neutron induced fission of a number ofactinides ranging from 227Ac to 245Cm. Apart from the wellknown double humped mass yield curve observed in most of
the cases, a small peak corresponding to symmetric split wasobserved in the neutron induced fission of 227Ac (Ref. 2), 232Th(Ref. 3), and 232U (Ref. 4). Figure 1 shows a triple humped
mass distribution in neutron induced fission of 232U. The contribution of the symmetric peak was found to depend on the
proton and neutron number of the fissioning nucleus which
was attributed to the variation of the difference between theasymmetric (Ea) and symmetric (Es) barrier heights. Figure 2© 2000 The Japan Society of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences

Manohar

28 J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci., Vol. 1, No. 1, 2000
5

10.0

(a)

[Es -Ea] (MeV)

4

FISSION YIELD (%)

1.0

3

2

P = 96
P = 94
P = 92

1

P = 90
0
140

0.1

142

144

146

148

150

152

154

NUMBER OF NEUTRONS
5

(b)
4

[Es -Ea] (MeV)

0.01

EXPERIIMENTALCOMPLEMENTARY

92

104

116

128

140

N = 144
N = 146
N = 148
0
86

Figure 1. Mass distribution in reactor neutron induced fission 232U.
1000

236
233

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

NUMBER OF PROTONS

Figure 3. Variation of (Es-Ea) as a function of (a) neutron and (b) proton number of the fissioning nucleus.

U

U
234

230

100

242 Pu

U

Th
240

246

Pu

Cm

100
250

Cf

Cross section (mb)

PEAK TO VALLEY RATIO

N = 142152

FISSION PRODUCT MASS

Th

2

1

0.001
80

228

3

252

Cf

10

256

258
225

230

235

240

245

250

Fm

Fm

255

10

1
80

260

100

120

140

MASS NUMBER

MASS NUMBER

Figure 4. Mass yield curve for 112 MeV 19F induced fission of 232Th.

gives a plot of the peak to valley ratio as a function of the massof the fissioning nucleus in low energy fission. Figure 3 shows
a plot of (Es-Ea) as function of neutron and proton number ofthe mass of the fissioning nucleus. It can be seen that the maximum in (Es-Ea) corresponds to 236U where the maximum P/Vratio is observed. Recently, mass distribution studies were carried in heavy ion induced fission of 232Th using the medium
energy heavy ion accelerator (Pelletron) at Mumbai. Mass distribution studies of fission of 232Th by 11B (Ref. 5), 12C (Ref.
6), 16O (Ref. 7), and 19F (Ref. 8) were carried out by recoilcatcher and off line gamma ray spectrometry. The beam energy was around 5−7 MeV/amu. The studies showed significant
admixture of transfer induced fission in the fission product formation cross section. By suitable choice of charge distribution
parameters for fission products arising from complete fusion
fission (CFF) and transfer fission (TF) it was possible to delineate the respective mass yield curves. Figure 4 gives a typicalmass yield curve for 112 MeV 19F+232Th, clearly indicating
contribution of CFF and TF.8 Though similar curves for formation cross section were observed by Duh et al.9 the authors
fitted the experimental data into two Gaussian curves. It
would be interesting to analyse their data using the prescription
described above.
2.2. Charge Distribution. Studies on charge distribution
provide insight into the influence of nuclear shells and nucleon
pairing and dynamical aspects of the descent of the fissioning
nucleus from saddle to scission. The isobaric and isotopic
yield distributions are Gaussian in nature characterised by themost probable charge (Zp) or mass (Ap) and the corresponding
width parameters σz or σA as given by Wahl.10
Radiochemical method of determining charge distribution

involves measurements of fractional independent (FIY)/cumulative (FCY) yields of fission products of an isobaric chain or
isotopes of an element. Isobaric charge distribution studies
were carried out in the mass region 100−105 and 130−140 in
the neutron induced fission of 229Th, 239Pu, 241Pu, and 245Cm(Ref. 11−14) and in the spontaneous fission of 252Cf (Ref. 15).
The extensive data on FCY and FIY for a large number of fission products in spontaneous fission of 252Cf were analysed toobtain the values of Zp and σz for mass chains 105, 137, 139,
140, and 141. Most of the yields were found to fall on
Gaussian curve with σz=0.60±0.06. The lower value of σz inthe mass region of 130−135 were attributed to the effect ofspherical 82 neutron shell.
The deviation of Zp from ZUCD (∆Z) called as charge polarization gives information about the dynamics of the fission
process. Figure 5 shows a plot of ∆Z vs fragment mass for
spontaneous fission of 252Cf. The magnitude of charge polar0.0

-0.5

+0.5

CHARGE POLARIZATION ∆ZH

0.0

-1.0

-1.5
LIGHT 125
HEAVY 127

+1.0

- LIGHT- HEAAVY

120
132

115
137

110
142

105
147

CHARGE POLARIZATION ∆ZL

Figure 2. Variation of P/V with fissioning nucleus mass.

+1.5
102
150

FRAGMENT MASS (A)Figure 5. Charge polarization as function of AH/AL in 252Cf (SF).

Radioactivity in India

J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci., Vol. 1, No. 1, 2000 29

ization (∆Z) increases with increasing mass asymmetry indicating that fission follows the minimum potential energy pathwith charge equilibration evolving till the scission point stage.
Recently the charge distribution data in a number of fissioning
systems have been analysed 16 to arrive at the systematics. The
study showed the oscillating nature of σz and ∆Z with fragment
mass reflecting the influence of nucleon pairing and lower
value of σz for Zp = 50 (A=128−130) and Np = 82 (A = 132−
136) indicating the effect of fragments, nuclear shell structure.
In the case of heavy ion induced fission the fissioning nucleus is formed with large excitation energy resulting in washingout of single particle effects. Thus the charge distribution datain the heavy ion induced fission were found to follow
unchanged charge distribution (UCD) hypothesis. Reddy etal.17 measured the isotopic yield distribution of iodine in 96
MeV 16O induced fission of 238U and observed large σA valueof 2.07 amu which, of course, could also arise due to multiple
neutron emission form compound nucleus prior to fission.
Another important observation in heavy ion induced fission
has been the occurrence of non compound nucleus fission.
Transfer of a few nucleons from projectile to target nucleus
leads to a fissioning nucleus having higher N/Z than that of thecompound nucleus. Fission of the target like nucleus leads tomore neutron rich fission products than that produced in CFF.
This has been clearly shown by Gubbi et. al in 19F induced fission of 232Th (Ref. 8).
2.3. Kinetic Energy Distribution. Kinetic energy distribution of fission fragments provides information about the deformation of fission fragments as well as the excitation energy at
the scission point. Extensive work was carried out on measurement of recoil ranges of fission products in neutron
induced fission of 232Th, 232 U, 233 U, 237Np, 239Pu, 241 Pu, and245
Cm (Ref. 18, 19). The kinetic energy distributions wereobtained using range energy relation. One of the most striking
observation is that KE for symmetric division is lower thanthat of asymmetric division; this difference is termed as kinetic
energy deficit (KED). It was shown that this is due to shelleffects corresponding to Z = 50 and N=82 and the fragmentswith shell configuration have almost spherical shape resulting
in higher KE. The KED was found to decrease with increasein the mass of the fissioning nucleus. Figure 6 shows the cor-

Kinetic Energy Deficit, MeV

40
232
30

20

233

237

Th

Np

239

Pu

U

235

U

238

U

241

Pu

10

2

0

4

6

8

10

(132-

12

14

16

18

A+1
)
2

Figure 6. Correlation of KED with shell structure.

1.6

131 I

W(0)
W(90)

105 Rh132 Te99

Mo

143 Ce

97

Zr

1.4
115g

Cd

112

3. Nuclear Reaction
The radiochemical studies on nuclear reaction were confined to heavy ion reactions. The main attraction of studying
the heavy ion reaction is to unfold the multiplicity of processes
involved and their evolution with the variation of entrance
channel parameters such as excitation energy, angular momentum, and entrance channel mass asymmetry. In our laboratory
extensive work has been carried out on incomplete fusion(ICF) reaction using the low Z heavy ion beams from pelletron
accelerator. Excitation functions and recoil range distributionsof evaporation residues produced in reaction of low Z (Z<10)projectiles on medium mass targets (A~100) were measured
with an aim to investigate the entrance channel mass asymmetry dependence and angular momenta involved in ICF reactions. Recoil catcher technique offers a great advantage in thateven a small cross section for ICF can be observed with a large
CF cross section of ICF products. Tomar et al.24, 25 studied the
ICF in 12C + 93Nb and 16O + 89Y forming the same compound
nucleus (105Ag) and observed that ICF probability is more in12
C + 93Nb system than that in 16O + 89Y system. Figure 8 is atypical RRD plot showing CF and ICF components. Similar
studies in 12 C + 89 Y and 12 C + 103 Ru (Ref. 26, 27) systems
showed that ICF is associated with peripheral collisions.
Recently work has been initiated on the study of ICF in heavy
mass region (A~170). Excitation function and recoil range
distribution of ER's were measured in 12C + 169Tm and 16O +165
Ho system by radiochemical technique.28,29 The data clearlyshows the occurrence of ICF in alpha emission channels as the
cross section for alpha emission products of complete fusion issmall compared to incomplete fusion cross section.

Pd

4. Neutron Activation Analysis

1.2

1.0
115
118

relation between KED and (132-A f /2) where Af is the mass ofthe fissioning nucleus. It means that as the mass of symmetricfission fragment approaches 132 the KED decreases and will
be zero at Af ≅ 264. This observation was later confirmed
experimentally in the fission of Fm isotopes by Hulet et al.20
2.4. Angular Distribution. Angular distribution of fission
fragments provides valuable information about the shape of thefissioning nucleus at the saddle point. Mass resolved angular
distribution studies can be carried out more accurately byradiochemical technique than physical method owing to theunique Z and A resolution of the former technique. Using thealpha particle beam from cyclotron at VECC mass resolved
angular distribution studies were carried out in alpha induced
fission of 232 Th (Ref. 21) and 233 U (Ref. 22). The results
showed that the angular anisotropy increases with increasing
mass asymmetry (Figure 7) indicating that angular anisotropy
and mass asymmetry are correlated, and hence mass division
might be decided near the saddle point.
Recently similar studies23 were carried out in fission of
232
Th by low Z heavy ions such as 10B, 12C, and 16O using thepelletron accelerator at Mumbai. The observed mass dependence of anisotropy of fission products in these systems is very
different from that of alpha induced fission. The angularanisotropy was found to be independent of mass asymmetry inthe case of 10B and 12C. However in the case of 16O the symmetric products showed higher anisotropy than asymmetricproducts which was attributed to the difference in the rotational energy for the symmetric and asymmetric modes.

120
113

125
108

130
103

135
98

140
93

145
88

FISSION PRODUCT MASS RATIO (AH/AL)

Figure 7. Plot of angular anisotropy against mass asymmetry in alphainduced fission of 233U.

Apart from the radiochemical studies on nuclear fission andnuclear reactions, work is also being carried out in the field ofradioanalytical chemistry. In this, neutron activation analysis
is being widely used for multielemental analysis in samples ofvaried origin viz, biological, environmental, geological samples etc. In our laboratory the single comparator (K0) method,

Manohar

30 J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci., Vol. 1, No. 1, 2000

1200

300

(b) 100 Pd(e) 96 Tc

200

400

CROSS SECTION (mb/mg·cm-2)

CROSS SECTION (mb/mg·cm-2)

800

0
200

(c) 99 Rh

100

100

0
300

(f) 95 Tc
200

100

0

0

600

30

(d) 97 Ru(g) 94 Tc

400

20

200

10

0

0
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

DEPTH IN ALUMINIUM (mg/cm2)

DEPTH IN ALUMINIUM (mg/cm )2

Figure 8. Recoil range distribution of CF and ICF products in 77.5 MeV 12C + 93Nb (Ref. 25).

which uses gold as a standard, has been standardised. The K0
method is advantageous in case of samples for which the standards are not available. However, unlike in the case of morecommon relative method, in this method the analysis results
depend upon K0 factors, absolute detection efficiency, and neutron spectrum characteristics.30 The K0 method has been used
to determine, the concentration of macro, micro, and traceelement constituents in a variety of matrices e.g. sediments,
ferromanganese encrustation, nodule dolomites, dolerites andserpentines, soil and plant materials etc.31, 32 Recently derivative neutron activation analysis (DNAA) has been standardisedfor determination of phosphorous in biological samples. A
setup for prompt gamma neutron activation analysis PGNAA
is being standardised at Dhruva reactor. This technique would
be useful in determination of low Z (H, Li, B, C, N, Si, P, S)
and other elements (Cd, Gd, Hg, Pb) in biological and environmental sample.
5. Research in Actinide Chemistry
The areas of research in chemistry of actinides can be classified as (a) basic understanding of complexation behaviour and(b) the applied aspect which is related to the separation
processes relevant to reprocessing and waste management.
Basic studies involve (i) thermodynamics and kinetics of complexation of actinides/lanthanides with macrocyclic ligands,(ii) investigation of two phase equilibria of actinides withchelating agents, neutral donors, as well as their synergistic
mixtures, and (iii) physico-chemical studies of solid complexes. The separation studies employed a variety of novel extractants and analytical techniques like solvent extraction, ion
exchange, extraction chromatography, liquid membranes, andpolyethylene glycol based aqueous bi-phasic systems. Process
separation studies are aimed at recovery of Pu from spent fuelsusing dialkyl amides as alternate extractants to TBP, separationof 2 3 3 U from irradiated 2 3 2 Th using branched chain
amides/phosphates, partitioning of minor actinides from highlevel waste using reagents such as CMPO, DMDBTDMA,
TRPO, and recovery of valuables such as Pd and Pm. Someof the highlights are given below.

5.1. Basic Actinide Chemistry. Crown ethers form only
outersphere complexes with actinide ions like U(VI), Th(IV),
Pu(IV), and Am(III) while metal ion inclusion was observedwith Sr(II) and Cs(I).33-35 Complex stability was enhanced significantly on substituting O with N in crown ethers and macrobicyclic ligands (cryptands) forms kinetically inert complex
species. Presence of ionisable groups help to form inner
sphere complex species.36 Pu(IV) forms relatively stable complexes with diacetate derivative of 15 membered diaza crownether (K21DA) but Am(III) and Cm(III) form relatively
stronger complexes with diacetate derivative of 18 membereddiaza crown ether (K22DA). Dissociation kinetics of Y(III)complexes of these ligands was investigated. It was observedthat K21DA forms relatively labile complex with acid independent as well as acid dependent path ways for complex dissociation. On the other hand K22DA forms inert complexes
which undergo dissociation only through attack of H+ ions.
TTA is a well known analytical reagent for the separation ofactinide ions in different oxidation states. Due to relatively
lower pKa values of 1-phenyl, 3-methyl, 4-benzoyl, 5-pyrazolone (PMBP) and 3-phenyl, 4-benzoyl, 5-isoxazolone (PBI),
these extractants have larger values of two phase extraction
constants with actinides as compared to TTA (Table 1) andthus are quite versatile.37,38
Similar values of extraction constants of Pu(IV)-PMBP and
Pu(IV)-PBI system suggest that steric factors play importantrole for isoxazolone complexes. This was confirmed subseTABLE 1: Extraction Constants (Log kex) of Actinides with
Beta Diketone

Beta diketone

TTA

PMBP

PBI

pKa

6.24

1.12

U(VI)
Am(III)
Th(IV)
Np(IV)
Pu(IV)

-2.44
-7.81
2.25
5.75
7.32

4.10
Log kex
0.48
-2.70
6.89
−
13.23

1.41
2.32
8.26
11.41
12.85

Radioactivity in India

J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci., Vol. 1, No. 1, 2000 31

quently by synergistic extraction studies on Np(IV) andPu(IV). Several solvent extraction procedures have beendeveloped in our laboratory employing novel extractants: e.g.,a) Determination of Pu(IV) in feed solution of PUREX processusing PMBP; b) Recovery of Pu from oxalate supernatant
using CMPO + TBP; c) Recovery of Pu from Davies-Graywaste using PMBP; and d) Separation of actinides from acidic
nuclear waste solutions.
Transport of actinides across supported liquid membrane
has been investigated using a variety of carriers.39
5.2. Process Chemistry Work Related to N, N-Dialkyl
Amides. Though TBP has been employed universally forreprocessing the irradiated nuclear fuels in the well known
PUREX process, there are a few limitations for its use withhigh burn up fuels containing high Pu content and high radiation field. N, N-dialkyl aliphatic amides hold promise as alternate extractants to TBP in view of their complete incinerability
and benign nature of their degradation products. Work carriedout in our laboratory has revealed that amides extract Pu(IV)more efficiently than TBP (Table 2).40
It was also observed that D.F. values for U and Pu from Zr
are favourable for amides as compared to TBP. Mixer settler
studies suggest the possibility of quantitative stripping of uranium in less number of stages as compared to TBP.
In view of their poor Th(IV) extraction, branched trialkyl
phosphates and dialkyl amides were found to be promising forthe separation of 233U from irradiated Th as alternative to TBP
in THOREX process. Table 3 shows that S.F. values are
improved by an order of magnitude for branched amides like
DIB2EHA, DOEHA, D2EHIBA, and DOIBA. Extraction profiles of U(VI), Th(IV), Pa(V), and fission products wereobtained as a function of acidity as well as Th concentration
using D2EHIBA.41
TABLE 2: Comparison of Distribution Ratios of Pu (IV) with
N, N-Dialkyl Amides and TBP(IM); Acidity = 3.5M HNO3
DPu

Extractant

Tracer
41.2
38.2
32.6
19.2

DHHA
DHOA
DHDA
TBP

50% U saturation
9.2
7.3
5.8
1.8

5g/ L Pu
19.4
18.6
14.9
8.9

TABLE 3: Separation of 233U from Irradiated Th R - C(O) - N(R1) 2
AmidesD2EHIBADIB2EHADOIBA
DOEHA
D2EHBA
TBP

R(CH3)2CH
CH3 (CH3)2CH (C2H5)(CH3)2CH
CH3 (CH3)2CH(C2H5)
C3 H7
--

R'
C4H9 CH (C2H5) CH2(CH3)2 CH C H2
C8H17
C8H17
C4H9 CH (C2H5) CH2--

S.F.
(DU/DTh)*
370
351
411
356
139
10

*at 4 M HNO3

5.3. Actinide Partitioning Studies. High level waste(HLW) generated during PUREX process contains radionuclides with varying half lives from fraction of year to millionsof years. Large amount of fission product like 137Cs and 90Srwith half lives ~30 years are also present in the waste solution.
To reduce the risk and cost of the treatment and final disposalof HLW, radiochemists are working on the strategy of partitioning of long lived minor actinides like 237Np, 241Am, 243Am,
and 245Cm which constitute only a small fraction of the total
mass of HLW. If separated efficiently, these radionuclides canbe either separately deposited in deep repositories or transmuted to short lived and less radiotoxic nuclides. Possibility of theisolation of some radionuclides as valuable byproducts make“Actinide Partitioning” a further attractive proposal for HLW
treatment. Application of universal fuel reprocessing extractant like TBP for actinide partitioning is not possible without
producing waste stream with high salt content.
Systematic work programme to evaluate the extraction
behaviour of minor actinides using specifically designed ligands like CMPO (in TRUEX process) and DMDBTDMA (inDIAMEX process) was undertaken in our laboratory . 42-44
In this context, CMPO was synthesised indigenously.
Distribution studies of actinides from synthetic HLW (including sulphate bearing waste) of PHWR/FBR origin as well as
actual HAW/HLW of research reactor origin were completed.
Mixer settler studies and extraction chromatographic studies
were performed with prior separation of U using 30% TBP.
Radiolytic degradation and recycling studies also were carriedout. Five penta alkyl malonamides were synthesised and evaluated for third phase formation behaviour and extraction efficiency of Am. DMDBTDMA was found to be the mostpromising diamide. Batch studies on actinides/fission productswith DMDBTDMA in the presence of simulated PHWR HLW as well as extraction chromatographic studies were
performed. Distribution studies of Am employing another versatile extractant viz. TRPO were initiated after prior separationof U.
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