τ｀へ′ATER

EDUCATION AND INSTITUIIONAL DEVELOPMENT

CoPing with extrelllle weather
and waterrrelated disasters
θ Univ̀
Kαθγtt Tα たarα ,Disastι γPrι vι tttiθ η R̀s̀arch I■ stit,ι ι,約 θι

iり ,JαPα れ

xtreme weather events frequently take place in many
parts of the world, causing various kinds of water―

natural hazards bring severe disasters to all countrics

rdated disast(■ s such as MIld storlns,■ oods,high tides,
deb五 s flows,droughts,and、 Ⅳater― quality problems.This isa key issue for the sustainability and survlval of our society.
Interdisciplinary educational systems are necessa■ y at all levels

lation and econOlllic growth,is the lnOst dynalllic inin thc region、 vhcrc sOcial changc,in tcrms of popu―
the world l

Growth in this region has not, however, led toadvances in disastcr risk managemcnt The situationis getting、 vorsc bccause infrastructure development

hm elementary to higller education,as well as sodal educa〜tion including the general pubhc,industries and Policymakers.

cannot kcep up、 vith grOwth P01icics fOr poverty reduc―tion and alleviation arc insufncicnt and thc difference

meme.veather and water‐ related disasters

bctv″ een the rich and thc poor is incrcasing

The Asia― Paciflc region is one of thc lnOst disastcr― pronc arcas

vulncrablc populations are often thosc hit M′ orst by

h thc、vorld lt is advcrscly affected by natural hazards such as

hazards and disastcrs As thc world's cities exPand tooccupy greater portions of thc、 vOrld's flood plains,riversides and shorelines, the risk of flooding will

り C10nCS(typhoons),rainstOrms,f10ods,landslides,and tsunalllis
caused by carthquakes and volcanic eruptions under the sca Thcse

continue lo outpace both structural and non―structural¨Ｏヽ﹂ ∽∽〇 ︑ゝ︶砺﹂０２ ｃ⊃ ｏＰｏ︑ま ヽｃＯでう∽ＯＦこ⊆０﹂

lllitigation efforts

A natural hazard strikes、 vhen pcople lose theirmemory of the previous one''This quotation is fl・ om

Dr Torahiko Terada(1878‑1935),a former Profcssorof thc Univcrsity of Tokyo who influenced many
JapanCSC pcople as an cducator,physicist and philoso―

pher People tend to forgct bad mcmoricsifthcy do not
cxpcrience a silnilar evcnt for a long tilnc This igno―
rancc and lack of experience increases the vulncrabilityof socicty to disastcrs

ｏ¨ｏＦ
∽聖 一
三Ｘく ︑● ¨

Typical examples
ln 2012,Hurricane Sandy hit areas of the Caribbean
and thc cast coast ofthe united States Econonlic loss
onl this hurricanc in thc US was estilnated at morc
than USS50 billion and l■ orc than 170 people M′ crc
fl・

killed Another famous cxamplc is Hurricanc Katrina
hich killed at least l,833 people and forin 2005,、ハ′

which total prOpcrty damagc is said to have becn
USS81 billion

Hurricanes, cyclones and typhoons often cause
serious damagc duc to strOng wind,heavy rainfall andflooding in riverinc and coastal arcas lt is often said
ill be increased by clilnate change,that their po、 vcr Ⅵ′
which llleans that rnore serious damage、
in the future in lnany parts ofthc M′■
1l take placeャorldAflican countrles and other arld and senll― arld
regions suffcr flom water shortages,droughts,anddesertiflcation Thcsc arc also brought about by
cxtrcme weather conditions that continue for longcr
pcriods in wider areas

A commun ty water postin a slum communityin Ahmedabad,ind a;the community
setthe tap below ground levelto improve water pressure

[103]

｀へ
′ATER

EDUcATION AND INSTITuTloNAL DEVELOPMENT

MaFOr nat圏 鑢 薔臨壌2議『 sa鍛 議dttaste霧 :n ttte ttFeA聟 環 Ftt ce睡 眠ryゞYear

Locat:on

2002

Central Europe

2003

Central Europe

2004

Hazard type

Economlc Loss

Death tO‖

(M:‖ :On uss)

(peOple)20,000+69

Heat wave■3,000+70,00o+Haiti,Dominique,etc

Flood,Hurricane Jeanne

9,000

3,025+

india,3angiadё sh,Nepal,etc

Flood

N/A

3,076

indonesib+■ 3 countries

Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunanli■4,000230,000

2005

USA

Hurricane Katrina■4,400

■,322

2007

Bangladesh

Cyclone Sidr

■,700

3.447

2008

Myanmar

CyciOne Nargis■0.00o■38,366

2008

USA+Caribbean countries

Hurricanes Gustav and lke

4,000

■70

2009

TaiwanTyphoon MorakOt,landslide

3,300

20■ 0

Earthquake,tsunami

00

525+

Heat wave■5,00055,000+

PakistanFlood

43.000■,78■ +

20■ 1

Japan

Earthquake,tsunami

20■ ■Thailand

Flood

20■ 0

Russla20■ 0

Source:Munich Re,771e EcOnomlst(■

235,000■5,840

4,000

8■ 3

4 January 20■ 2),W kipedia,etc

Higher auctuation examples in Europe

nttI芋

3,■

:繊螺勲ie善 顆:■

罵The snOw accumulated in the/Llps lnelted and caused■00d disastcrs〕

野滉J:ぽ [1:ciと 1:L;:」〕棚槻継:枷 鷺∬憚:∬ 冒鰍著:庸 I瑞織
需濯LT宙∬ 駐籠
1鳥 き
I器
tO ccntral Europe during 9̲12 August The Elbe andDanube r市 ers causcd much damage MaJor urban areas of Dresden=翌
ittittll靴 満:留 :ent轟 :『 職
露
r:l鳳
̀輩
verc inundated by looding,which、
滉現∬器:1,犠みi肝褥〔‰,Wttli
August Even in deve10ped European countries,such
kiledCli:[∬ lit31ボ

ila乱

Kingdon■and Prague,10catcd rcspectively a10ng the Elbe RIver and the Vltava■ver upstream,、vas said to becaused by an Outdated irrigatiOn systcnl upstream After this event
肛 廉 ■ 繹驚∬ 椒■ 雷 』 1群 1典■ 1:艇 乳

罵 筆

『

爵
Ⅷyf憮1乳 ∫ltillil職 ￡濯T糖 鵬職棚謝
C∬

#鮒 襲
排曇l
欝職i卜遮意槻ll現 背胤翼鷺l‖ 輿 1」 鵬乳撫燎r現 ∬山 mtt Ю∞宙
血・輌 肺
潔 11':鵬 EPtteれ。
」
lJ量 驚 ]::χ 脚観∬
札:[鯉 111』 Ъ
為燎欝
『
器珊子
も
駆を
脂i群 :孟 輩:糧sT:::轟 畦L]Ⅷ 評
酔鶴]鑑 翼1∬ 軍∬耀電:II懲 習Ⅷ#l上 ｀Ittγ
盛琳11%穆 讐¶言蹴7罵≧ 篭織電
Examples inJapan̲tragedy h aǹaged'sOdety

I』

[104]

VV AlLK LllUじ All∪ NAヽ り lNヽ 111∪ 11に'N Al̲υLVLLOPIVILN lelderly pcoplc Thcrc、 vere thrcc lnain reasons for these deaths indiffercnt parts of thc region First,floodwatcrs 3 nl deep damaged

The nrst two rcasons listcd abovc are natural condi̲
tions,whcrcas thc rcst arc rclatcd tO sOcial or human

hOuses dircctly and killed thrcc elderly people(75‑78 ycars old)who

cfforts tO reduce or managc risk Note,hO、 vever,

had insistcd on notlcaving in thcir hOmcs SecOnd,、 v■ th a 1 5 1n dcpththat in Myanmar,whcre educatiOn and awarenessinundation,い ハ′
o peoplc(a37‑ycar― old inan and a 42‑ycar― old wOman)of disaster risk reductiOn and management needs、crc killed whilc lnoving f10m thcir houscs tO the evacuation point
Third,many houses wcrc inundatcd but not destroycd by thc powcr

have bcen l■ linilnal, 100,ooO pcople、 vcre killcd andofthc f100d;thcrcfOre pcOplc rcmained on uppcr loors oftheir hOmes

in May 2008

220,000 recOrded as lnissing duc tO cyclone Nargis

and did notlosc thcirlivcs Four cldcrly people living alone,hoM′ cvcr,

These examples in Bangladesh and NIyanmardrowncd in■ oodwatcrs that rose just l m abovc■ 00r lcvcl Beingsuggest that basic risk management measures arc

76‑88 years― old,sick Or handicapped and without falllily members

ilnpOrtant,especially in dcvcloping countries Pcoplc

or caretakers tO assist them,they wcrc unable to lnove to the sccondin thc dcvclopcd、 vorld can learn f10m thOse in dcvcl―n。 。r of their buildings lt is thcrefOrc important that we considcr

oping countrics Advanccd f100d risk lnanagcment

thcsc people the rnOst vulnerable during such disasters Welfarc M′

not only includes sO̲callcdてOrkshould be includcd in disaster lnanagement in such agcd sOcietics

Examples in Asian cOuntries
Scvcrc looding evcnts wcrc causcd by cyclones in Bangladcsh

high― tcch'measures but

also(low― tcch',econOnlical and achicvable lneasurcs

Social capital and sOcial techn010gy are also esscn̲
tial fOr the implcmentation of any kind Of 100d risk

managcment rneasuresin 2007 and in Myanmar in 2008 Silnilar events occurrcd inln 2011,the flooding in thc chao Phraya River basin

Bangladesh in 1991,killing 138,866 people and causing cconolllic
loss Of usS7 6 billion Ho、 vcvcr,Cyclone Sidr in 2007 killcd 3,363
pcople and caused cconOnlic 10ss OfUSS3 1 billion Thc rcasons for(157,925 km2)continued for sevcral mOnths fl・
OmJulyto Dcccmber duc to four typhoons lt adversely affectcd

the 10、 ver numbcr of deaths and ccOnollnic loss were:

nearly 13 5 1nilllon people, mOrc than 4 111inion
houses,and agricultural land Of 1 8 1nilliOn ha in 65
prcfecturcs The death tOll was 749 in 44 prcfectures

・ the 1991 cyclone passed thrOugh a lnore densely populatcd
arca than Sidr in 2007

This 10ng― lasting flood alsO adversely affected eight0 thc 1991 cyclone occurrcd during the rainy scason,、 vhilc Sidr
OCcurred during thc dry scason

・ disaster prevention cducation and information dissclllinationindustrial parks in and arOund BangkOk According to
thC Japan Extcrnal Trade Organization,804 factories

systcms havc improvcd,raising awarcncss of and the need for(449 JapanCSe enterprises)in seven indllstrial parks、/cre damaged The influence、 ハ′
as so scrious that many

prcparcdncss for cyclonc disasters

companics stoppcd thcir activities Econolllic loss、

vaS
cstirnated at usS2 2 billion in total Thc impOrtancc

・ invcstlncnt in cyclone shcltcrs has increased
0 1nctcoro10gical forecasting and early、 varning systcms haveOf thc busincss continuity plan was highlighted inbcen illlproved
O ovcrall cducational levels havc incrcased,for cxample the llteracy
ratc in Bangladesh has incrcascd fl・ oll1 20 per ccnt t0 50 pcr centthis evcnt,bccause lnany kinds Of supply chain、 vcre
stopped in many industrics,、 ハ′
ith scrious ilnpacts on
thc international ccon01ny
トコ Σ ぁ ０¨ＯＥ 一Pumping cars drain

yatar To、vn,ll lyagi,Japan aierthe earthquake and tsunana inヽν/ater at(1)｀ ハ

during the Chao Phraya flood in November 2011[105]

4arch 20■ ■and(r)Bangkadlindustr al Park,3angkOk,Tha‖

and｀VATEREDUCAT10N AND INSTITUTIoNAL DEVELOPMENTヽ
Vater cooperation and disastcr五 sk reductiOnercd Many cooperatiOn activitics for、 vatcr― rcl■ 1=1
disastcr risk rcductiOn are implemcnted thrOtこ h｀lan)=kinds of c00peratiOn activities have becn implemcnted

in tcrms of watcr Japanesc Ofncial developmcnt assistance hasinternational prOgrallllnes such as uN Water and i蜘 ば

bccn cOntributing tO devc10ping countries by constructing water

Unitcd Nations EducatiOnal,Scientinc and cultur証

resources systcms,I100d cOntr01 facilitics and other infrastructures,

Organization lnternatiOnal Hydr010gical PrOgramェ

such as dams,channels,water suppけof which the eighth phase(2014‑2021)will dcal、・ ‐■and irrigation systems in c00p―

cration with thc Japan lntcrnatiOnal C00pcratiOn Agcncy oICA)==

watcr sccuriり issuCS 3

These structural measurcs havc prevented or n■ itigatcd、 vatcr̲rclatcd
disastcrs and thcir risk

Acaden■ lc cOntrlbutions

ln additiOn to these,another type of cOntributiOn includes emer―

lnterdisciphnary approachcs at univcrsity(gradt̲

gency managcment After thc Great Earthquake and Tsunanli

ate school)levcl includc thc Global coE Progra̲

disastcrs in cast Japan,including IM′

ate,lvliyagi and Fukushillla

fOr sustainabili、 lsuⅣ 市abiliり Sciencc for a Rcsilie■ lprcfcctures,thcre was land subsidcncc in a number Of10w̲lying

Socicty Adaptable tO Extremc Weather ConditiO恥(GCOE― ARS),implemented by the Disastcr Prcventlc■

arcas、ァ
here water inundation in rcsidential districts,as、 vcll as
in agricultural lands,vvas a serious prOblcm The pumping cars,、―hich、/crc prcpared by thc Ministry of Land,Inflastructurc,
Transport and TOurisn■ ofJapan(lvlLIT),playcd a signiflcant rOlc

Rcsearch lnstitutc(DPRI)at Kyoto Univcrsity,Japan・This progralnlnc focuses On hO、 v human bcings a■ ihuman sOciety cOuld adapt tO g10bal̲scale changこ iin thc drainagc ofinundatcd watcr The pumping cars wcrc also
disPatched tO the Chao Phraya River in Order tO drain■including clilnate change that incur extreme、 veather

Oodwa―and changcs in the Earth's、 vatcr cyclc,pOpulatiO■
incrcasc,urbanization,land use changc,rural deve10「 ¨
ment,dcsertincation and s0 0n lt cspecially emphasL●

ter in Bangkok and surrOunding areas This was a notable watcr
cooperatiOn activity madc by MLIT and」 ICA Other water coopcr―
ation cxamples can be scen in activitics by the」 apan water Forum
F).、

Jヽ

ヽ

scientiflc explanation and thc prcdictiOn Ofwcathcr andhich carries out、 vater supply and sanitation activities′

at the grass― roots level through assistancc to non―hydr010gical disastcrs as、 vcll as sOcial adaptatiOn t[

govcrnmental

thcse evcnts

organizations and c01labOratiOn、 vith 10cal partncrs in develop―

ln Asia,as statcd above,10cated in a hunlid climate
and tcctOnic zonc,overpopulatiOn and land devc10p―
ment are cscalating Africa has arid and sellli― arid
regions as well as tropical rainforcsts Thc envirOn̲

ing countries ThcJwF Fund a、 vards grants of up tO ussl,000 to
approxilnatcly 15 grass― roOts organizations in devc10ping coun―tl■ cs cvelγ
yCar,to support thcir activities and proJccts tO improveaccess to watcr and sanitatiOn 2

mcntal cOnditions in thcse arcas arc lllorC SeVcre than

1t is alsO impOrtant tO bear in lnind that risk cOnllnunication
measures arc useful in raising public awarcness and prcparedncss

clscwhcre in the、 vOrld in tcrms Of sOcial and naturalaspccts,and thus cspccially sensitive and vulnerable tofOr cOping with f100ds and d■ Oughts as、 √ell as waterborne disas―

extrcmc、 vcathcr The pcOplc's living and cconOnly inters including cpidellli010gical infectiOus discases such as lnalaria,

thcse arcas providc implicatiOns fOr thc survivabiliぃ、―
hich are triggered by environmcntal or climatic drivers Literacy,
colnmunication skills and gendcr issucs must bc seriously consid―

お 一のこ ＞て コ ０ち ゝК ＾Ｏ Ｅ Ｅ Ｅ ¨ ９ α ∽ ∽ 〇 ＾ ０この Ｏ で に ヽの ６ ¨ ｏ Ｅ 一

ing adaptation stratcgies tO cOpc vvith mOrc difncult
conditions expected in thc future GCOEヱ ヽRS pursucs
sustainability science for survivability of humankind
and fosters world― lcading expcrts by deve10ping practi̲

cal rescarch in these arcas in the world

Another sinlilar prOgramme is ̀Intcr― Graduate
Sch001 PrOgralll for Sustainablc Devclopment andSurvival Socictics'(Global Survivability Studics(GSS)

Programme),which was launched in 201l tO fOrm astrong interdisciplinary graduatc sch001 cducational
systcm This programme dcals with fOur ma10r arcas:
O catastrophic natural hazards and disastcrs

e man‑lnade accldents and disasters
・ regional cnvirOnmcnt change and dcgradatiOn
O foOd security
Thcse challenges Of acadelllic research and education,

lcd by DPRI,are intendcd tO involvc c00pCration On
water― rclated disaster risk reductiOn、 vith lnany over―seas or intcrnational institutions and organizations,as well as、 vith 10cal collllnunitics around thc、 vOrld
Wc belicvc that this transdisciplinary approach can bestrongly connccted tO pOlicy Or rcal― 、
vorld issucs andこ=‐ oo lea water frOm surface sources in the coastai Satkhira district of
ミこ―〔 ・b´ ■here Water bodles are most y sa ine

contribute tO disaster risk rcductiOn for sustainablc
deve10pment Of Our Earth system

Iヽ

=3・

[1061

‐

Of humans On Earth,whilc at thc samc timc requiユ