Mapping Affinities: Democratizing Data
Visualization
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Rodighiero, Dario. 2021. Mapping Affinities: Democratizing Data Visualization. English edition.
Geneva: Métis Presses. https://www.metispresses.ch/en/mapping-affinities

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Mapping Affinities

MAPPING AFFINITIESDemocratizing Data Visualization
Dario Rodighiero

MētisPresses

ACCESS TO THE DIGITAL VERSION
Log in to the MētisPress website and access the book’s
page. Click on the “Version numérique” button and you
will be redirected to the digital book online.
In addition to the printed edition, the enriched digital
version gives you access to slideshows, external links
and maps.
Throughout this book, you will encounter the hexagonal
glyphs ⬡ and ⬢, which indicate additional content in
the digital version.

© MētisPresses 2021
www.metispresses.ch

Any reproduction, even partial, is forbidden
All rights reserved for all countries
ISBN: 978-2-94-0563-99-9

CONTENTS

11

Preface

13

Introduction

15

Metrics of Science

23

Visualizing Affinities

43

The Case Study of ENAC School

47

Participatory Design

67

Technical and Moral Constraints

75

Visual Principles

103

Introducing the Reader

111

Validation of the Visual Method

121

Interaction in Public Spaces

131

Conclusions

141

Laboratory Acronyms

145

References

155

Acknowledgements

159

Credits

I disegni non sono decorazioni,
sono parole.
— ENZO MARI, 2020

We never look at just one thing ;we are always looking at therelation between things andourselves.
— JOHN BERGER, 1972

PREFACE

A case study lies at the heart of Mapping Affinities by Dario Rodighiero : that of a highly
refined project that sought to map the researchunderway within EPFL, the Federal Instituteof Technology in Lausanne, in Switzerland.
Yet the case study in question is much
more than a mere case study. It raises profound questions regarding research, organizational structures, social dynamics, knowledge networks, the pathways followed byresearcher careers, and university governance. In doing so, it opens up a broad set ofperspectives pointed to in the book’s subtitle : Democratizing Data Visualization. Whenit comes to data, Rodighiero demonstrates
that the word “democracy” implies a multifaceted approach to mapping and visualization : an approach built upon scrutinizing
data sets with a critical and creative eye ;understanding visualization as a complex,
interactive form of storytelling ; and attending to the differing audiences and modes ofengagement that a given data visualization
strives to accommodate. The result is a compelling research account of community mapping less as a product than as a process whose
successes and failures have to be examined
as a function of their ability to engage thecommunity in question and even audiences
beyond the confines of that community.
The legacy scientometric and bibliometric systems that have come into common
usage within universities over the courseof the past few decades (in the companyof Science Citation Indices, h-indices,and Impact Factor calculations) are reasonably good at describing a thin sliceof the research pie : the published record,
patterns of citation and authorship, theallocation of grants, and the composition of research teams. Like trusty bloodhounds, they follow the traces of that paper(and, later, pixel) trail that, in their 1979
seminal study, Latour and Woolgar identified as the fulcrum of laboratory life.
Mapping Affinities addresses the larger,
more complex rest of the pie. Scientometrics
and bibliometrics tell us little as regards
the shape or texture of a research community, its network of connections to otherintramural or extramural research groups,
or the balance between the roles played
by individual researchers and the units towhich they belong. Moreover, because of
their narrow concern with publications,they tend to be retrospective in nature andto neglect unpublished and informal modesof research interaction. How might researchor collaborations be described not “afterthat fact” but as emergent or potential formations (i. e. with an eye towards predictive
and / or recommended outcomes) ? And how
might one excavate beneath the surfaces ofauthorial order and citation networks into
the stratified layers of knowledge forms
and the communities that animate them ?
This is where Dario Rodighiero’s focus on
networks based upon affinity (rather thaninfluence, impact, or formal collaboration)transports the book’s reader towards a richer
understanding of how a research community can be described, represented, andtransformed into an object of experiencethat is performed by that very community.
The ultimate moral of the story that
unfolds in Mapping Affinities involves the
preponderant role performed by design,
which is to say designers, in the successful mapping and visualization of complex
communities like universities. Designers
are challenged on multiple fronts. They
need to further nourish and enhance conventional institutional data sets in orderto render them sufficiently rich and complex. They then need to shape these data
into experiences that are meaningful tomultiple audiences : from a university’s
leadership to its researchers and students

12

MappingAffinities

to the surrounding community. And in orderto achieve these goals, they must deliver
these experiences in multiple modalities,
from the online to the on-site, spatialized,
and embodied. Data democratization is
ultimately achieved by design, not thanks
only to the transparency with which data
is devised, analyzed, and disseminated.

— JEFFREY SCHNAPP
Founder and faculty director of metaLAB(at)Harvard; Carl A.
Pescosolido Professor of Romance Languages and Literatures and of Comparative Literature; Faculty co-directorof Berkman Center for Internet and Society; Affiliate of
the Department of Architecture at the GSD

INTRODUCTION

Today, organizations are more than evercomplex systems. They are so large, ramified, and intertwined that their organic
structure seems like a tangle of activities.
Day by day organization members contribute to keeping these structures alive with
their actions, behaviors, and thoughts.
Organizations rely on these daily practices.
Sociology aims to untangle the networkof daily practices through the analysisof the digital traces that members leave on
the cloud by using desktop computers,
smartphones, Wi-Fi networks, identity
cards, and online services. The challenge
is to recompose structures and behaviors using the data that its members left
behind, in various forms and places.
Understanding from daily activities how
an organization fluctuates deeply interests
the management. The way in which employees work is fundamental to making decisions and planning the future. In particular,
managers are interested in having a global
perspective to optimize the performanceof their employees as much as possible.
The concept of performance deals withthe challenge of obtaining the very best fromthe organization, and management often

uses indicators to measure their employees’
performance. Today, however, two interesting things happen : one is that indicators
are moving from tabular to graphical form,
the other being that the same indicators
are at the disposal of everybody as a formof transparency and self-examination.
Nowadays, performance not only interests corporations but also universities.
In academia, scholars are often assessed
through their publications using the h-index
or the impact factor. Directors use such metrics to recruit scholars and, in turn, thesame scholars try to improve these metrics
to be positively evaluated. This bidirectional use clearly shows that academia
adheres to performance-based logic.
Current academic policies do not usually take into account a dimension thatplays a critical role in scholarly dynamics, the affinity between scholars.
This book focuses on the concept ofaffinity and the ways to visually represent it. Affinities are diversified and takemany forms : from common interests tocommittee memberships, from teachingactivities to publication co-authoring.
Affinities are also multiple as scholars

share different kinds of them at the sametime, reinforcing their overall ties.
Affinities can be classified as actual andpotential. A certain number of potential affinities indicates a predictable tie between
scholars ; these affinities might be representative for common interests, interdisciplinarity, intellectual culture, professional career,or scientific journals, conferences, and committees. Potential affinities become actualones when a collaboration takes place ; itmay be the case of co-authoring a paper orsupervising the same doctoral candidate.
As a consequence, affinities offer two different dimensions : one is solid and composedof ongoing collaborations, the other is projected towards the possible opportunities
to explore the academic environment.
The metric of affinities is crucial for academic organizations. Translating affinities
into a visual representation draws a space
where actual and potential dimensions
can be combined. Contrary to the othermetrics that reinforce the ranking between
individuals, the logic of affinities is a tool
to explore the present for future planning.
The attempt is to represent the academic
dynamics to foster new synergies. With
respect to the logic of governance, planningthese synergies is in the interest of bothmanagers and employees to enable topdown as well as bottom-up initiatives.

14

MappingAffinities

The metric of affinities has to be, therefore,
at the disposal of the whole collective to visually lead individuals in personal choices.
This book is the result of five years working at the École Polytechnique Fédérale deLausanne (EPFL), during which the problemof mapping affinities was addressed througha design approach. This problem was tackled by visual means, which represent the
only solution to manage the enormous massof data that humans are increasingly producing. The innovation of this work does
not stay in the problem itself but rather inthe reconciliation of humanities and technology through a new European Bauhaus.

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