African swine fever (ASF) is a hemorrhagic viral disease that has been introduced spread into
to European Union (EU) MSMember States, through via two distinct spread processes. The
first process involves : continuous wild boar‐mediated spread through wild boar populations
and meta‐populations, for which the speed of propagation is notably considerably slower thanthat for of some other infectious wild boar diseases in wild boar. The second process ;andinvolves human‐mediated translocations leading to the establishment of new ASF clusters
distant from areas of previous ASF occurrence via human-mediated translocations. Inaffected areas within the established ASF range, tThere has been continued sporadic
detection of cases in affected areas within the established ASF range despite very low wildboar densities of wild boars. The fFocal introduction of ASF into wild boars in the Czech
Republic was the only occasion incidence of controlled spread of in which ASF spread inwild boar was apparently controlled. Elsewhere, ASF continues s to expand into new areas inother regions. In most affected countries, there number of outbreaks have has been manycases high in wild boars and relatively few low outbreaks in domestic pigs. However, Iin
Romania, however, the opposite has been observed. This e observationed pattern in Romania
should be interpreted with caution until the potential for under‐detection of ASF in wild boar
populations can be excluded as a possibility. This will require systematic surveillance
activities in of wild boar populations. Under‐detection of ASF in wild boars could also occur
even in other regions, and this should be can be avoided through intense passive surveillanceof wild boars. The tTemporal patterns in the proportions of positive-tested samples that are
positive are consistent with reflect the different epidemiological situations status in thecountries. For example, in Lithuania, there is both spatial expansion of the ASF‐affected area
and an increase in the proportion of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐positive wild boars
animals among those wild boar found dead are noted. By In contrast, in Estonia, there is a areduction decrease in the proportion of PCR‐positive wild boars results in the last reporting
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Comment [A1]: The sentence has been modified
for providing some additional information about
ASF as it is the core topic on which the study isbased.
Comment [A2]: Repetition of words or phrases
that convey the same meaning hampers thereadability of a sentence. Here, “wild boarmediated” and “through wild boar populations”
convey the same meaning, and therefore, the former
has been deleted.
Comment [A3]: Hyphens are less commonlyused in American English to connect prefixes to themain word, unless their use is absolutely essential toavoid ambiguity.

period among thosewild boar found dead in the last reporting period has been noted, giventhat ASF given that infection has been present throughout the whole country for several
years.

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