ᐩᒣ኱Ꮫ◊✲᥎㐍ᶵᵓỈ⣲ྠ఩య⛉Ꮫ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮◊✲ሗ࿌㸸㸫㸪

ࣀ࣮ࢺ


㟁Ẽ᢬ᢠ

ᐃ࠿ࡽぢࡓ㓟⣲Ꮡᅾୗ࡛ࡢ 3G ࡢỈ⣲྾཰࣭ᨺฟᣲື

㉥୸ᝅኈ D ࠊྂ㔛ဏ㍤ Dࠊཎṇ᠇ Dࠊᯇᒣᨻኵ DDᐩᒣ኱Ꮫ ◊✲᥎㐍ᶵᵓ Ỉ⣲ྠ఩య⛉Ꮫ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮
ࠛ ᐩᒣᕷ஬⚟ 

+\GURJHQDEVRUSWLRQGHVRUSWLRQEHKDYLRUVRQ3GLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIR[\JHQHYDOXDWHGE\HOHFWULFDOUHVLVWDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWV
6DWRVKL$NDPDUXD 6DNL)XUXVDWRD0DVDQRUL+DUDD0DVDR0DWVX\DPDDD+\GURJHQ,VRWRSH5HVHDUFK&HQWHU2UJDQL]DWLRQIRU3URPRWLRQRI5HVHDUFK8QLYHUVLW\RI7R\DPD*RIXNX7R\DPD
DND#FWJXWR\DPDDFMS
5HFHLYHG)HEUXDU\DFFHSWHG$SULO  $EVWUDFW
7R XQGHUVWDQG WKH K\GURJHQ DEVRUSWLRQ DQG GHVRUSWLRQ EHKDYLRUV RI 3G XQGHU DLU ZH
SHUIRUPHGUHDOWLPHPHDVXUHPHQWVRIWKHHOHFWULFDOUHVLVWDQFHRI3GXQGHUJDVPL[WXUHZLWKYDULRXV R[\JHQ FRQWHQWV 7KH K\GURJHQ DEVRUSWLRQ UDWH ZDV LQGHSHQGHQW RI R[\JHQ
FRQFHQWUDWLRQ&RQYHUVHO\WKHK\GURJHQGHVRUSWLRQUDWHLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIR[\JHQZDVIDVWHU㉥୸ᝅኈ࣭ྂ㔛ဏ㍤࣭ཎṇ᠇࣭ᯇᒣᨻኵWKDQ WKDW ZLWKRXW R[\JHQ VXJJHVWLQJ WKDW WKH DGGLWLRQDO GHVRUSWLRQ SDWK LQFOXGLQJ ZDWHU
IRUPDWLRQUHDFWLRQDSSHDUVLQWKHK\GURJHQGHVRUSWLRQSURFHVVLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIR[\JHQ7KH
K\GURJHQFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQ3GDWHTXLOLEULXPGHFUHDVHGZLWKLQFUHDVLQJR[\JHQFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQ JDV SKDVH EHFDXVH WKH K\GURJHQ DGVRUSWLRQ VLWHV EHFRPH SDUWLDOO\ RFFXSLHG E\ R[\JHQ
DWRPV
,QWURGXFWLRQ 

9DULRXV K\GURJHQ VHQVLQJ V\VWHPV KDYH EHHQ GHYHORSHG IRU DSSOLFDWLRQ ZLWKLQ D IXWXUHK\GURJHQ HQHUJ\ V\VWHP >@ 3G PHWDO DQG DOOR\V DUH XWLOL]HG LQ VRPH K\GURJHQ VHQVLQJ
V\VWHPVDVDGHWHFWLQJPDWHULDOEHFDXVHWKHDGVRUSWLRQDQGDEVRUSWLRQRIK\GURJHQRQLQ3G
PHWDO DQG DOOR\V GHSHQGV RQ WKH JDV SKDVH K\GURJHQ SDUWLDO SUHVVXUH ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH 3G
PHWDODQGDOOR\VKDYHDQDGYDQWDJHWRDEVRUEK\GURJHQDWURRPWHPSHUDWXUHLQDWPRVSKHUH 
7KH H[LVWHQFH RI R[\JHQ LQ WKH JDV SKDVH LQIOXHQFHV WKH K\GURJHQ DEVRUSWLRQ DQGGHVRUSWLRQ SURSHUWLHV RI 3G >@ ,W LV LPSRUWDQW WR XQGHUVWDQG TXDQWLWDWLYHO\ K\GURJHQ
DEVRUSWLRQDQGGHVRUSWLRQEHKDYLRUIRU3GPHWDODQGDOOR\VLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIR[\JHQEHFDXVH
WKHNLQHWLFVRIK\GURJHQRQLQ3GPHWDODQGDOOR\VGLUHFWO\DIIHFWVWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHK\GURJHQVHQVLQJV\VWHPVXFKDVUHVSRQVHVSHHGDQGWKHGHWHFWLRQOLPLWV)RU3GPHWDOWKLVEHKDYLRUKDVEHHQLQYHVWLJDWHGE\PDQ\UHVHDUFKHUV>@+RZHYHUOLWWOHKDVEHHQUHSRUWHGUHJDUGLQJ WKH EHKDYLRU ZLWK 3G DOOR\V 0RUHRYHU WKH K\GURJHQ NLQHWLFV ZHUH LQYHVWLJDWHG
WKURXJKJDVSKDVHDQDO\VLVWHFKQLTXHPHDQLQJWKDWFKDQJHVLQWKHK\GURJHQFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQ
3GPHWDODQGDOOR\VZDVRQO\WUDFNHGLQGLUHFWO\>@$VDUHVXOWRIWKHVHLQGLUHFWSUREHVWKH
TXDQWLWDWLYH DQDO\VLV RI WKH K\GURJHQ DEVRUSWLRQ DQG GHVRUSWLRQ HVSHFLDOO\ WKH DPRXQW RI
K\GURJHQDEVRUEHGLQ3GPHWDODQGDOOR\VTXLFNO\EHFRPHVFRPSOH[7KHHOHFWULFDOUHVLVWDQFHLVRQHZD\WRHVWLPDWHGLUHFWO\WKHK\GURJHQFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQDK\GURJHQDEVRUELQJPHWDOLQUHDOWLPH>@,WLVZHOONQRZQWKDWWKHK\GURJHQFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQ
3G LV FRUUHODWHG ZLWK WKH HOHFWULFDO UHVLVWDQFH RI 3G >@ DQG WKLV FRUUHODWLRQ FDQ DOVR EH
DSSOLHGZLWKLQDJDVSKDVHK\GURJHQVHQVLQJV\VWHP>@ 㟁Ẽ᢬ᢠ ᐃ࠿ࡽぢࡓ㓟⣲Ꮡᅾୗ࡛ࡢ 3G ࡢỈ⣲྾཰࣭ᨺฟᣲື

,QRUGHUWRLQYHVWLJDWHGLUHFWO\WKHK\GURJHQDEVRUSWLRQGHVRUSWLRQEHKDYLRURI3GPHWDO
DQGDOOR\VLQUHDOWLPHDQHOHFWULFDOUHVLVWDQFHPHDVXULQJV\VWHPFRPELQHGZLWKDJDVSKDVHDQDO\VLV V\VWHP ZDV FRQVWUXFWHG :H PHDVXUHG WKH HOHFWULFDO UHVLVWDQFH RI 3G LQ UHDO WLPHXQGHUDIORZLQJJDVPL[WXUHRIK\GURJHQDQGR[\JHQQLWURJHQJDVHVDQGHYDOXDWHGWKHHIIHFWRIWKHR[\JHQSDUWLDOSUHVVXUHRQWKHK\GURJHQDEVRUSWLRQGHVRUSWLRQEHKDYLRURI3G ([SHULPHQWDO
2.1. Dependence of the electrical resistance on hydrogen concentration in Pd
7R REWDLQ D UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH K\GURJHQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ LQ 3G DQG WKH HOHFWULFDOUHVLVWDQFH WKH HOHFWULFDO UHVLVWDQFH XQGHU D K\GURJHQ JDV HQYLURQPHQW ZDV PHDVXUHG 7KHPHDVXULQJV\VWHPLVVKRZQVFKHPDWLFDOO\LQ)LJ3GVKHHW PPZLGWKPPOHQJWKDQG  PP WKLFNQHVV  ZDV SXUFKDVHG IURP .RMXQGR &KHPLFDO /DERUDWRU\ &R /WG 7KHVDPSOHFKDPEHUWRFRQWDLQWKH3GVKHHWZDVDWWDFKHGWRDFRQYHQWLRQDOSUHVVXUHFRPSRVLWLRQLVRWKHUP PHDVXUHPHQW V\VWHP 7KH DWRPLF UDWLR RI DEVRUEHG K\GURJHQ LQ WKH 3G VKHHW
GHQRWHG DV >+@>3G@  ZDV HVWLPDWHG E\ WKH YROXPHWULF PHWKRG (OHFWULFDO ZLUH OHDGV ZHUHDWWDFKHGWRHDFKHQGRIWKH3GVKHHWDQGWKHHOHFWULFDOUHVLVWDQFHZDVPHDVXUHGFRQWLQXRXVO\GXULQJ WKH K\GURJHQ DEVRUSWLRQSURFHVVXVLQJDQHOHFWULFDOUHVLVWDQFH
PHDVXULQJLQVWUXPHQW.HLWKOH\,RQJDXJH+703+HDWHU

53
6WDQGDUGYROXPH
3G VKHHW,QVWUXPHQWV ,QF W\SH   7KH
IRXUSUREHGFPHWKRGZDVDSSOLHGWRPHDVXUHHOHFWULFDOUHVLVWDQFH &DSDFLWDQFHPDQRPHWHU

,*

Fig.

1

Schematic

5HVLVWDQFHPHDVXULQJLQVWUXPHQW

view

of

the

electricalresistance measurement system under purehydrogen gas.

7KH GHSHQGHQFH RI WKH HOHFWULFDO UHVLVWDQFH RQ >+@>3G@ LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ  $W ORZ>+@>3G@WKHUHVLVWDQFHVWHHSO\LQFUHDVHG$VORSHRIWKHUHVLVWDQFHZDVFKDQJHGDW>+@>3G@  DIWHU ZKLFK WKH UHVLVWDQFH LQFUHDVHG OLQHDUO\ ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ YDOXH RI >+@>3G@㉥୸ᝅኈ࣭ྂ㔛ဏ㍤࣭ཎṇ᠇࣭ᯇᒣᨻኵ

GDWD

E\

RWKHUUHVHDUFKHUV LV DOVR VKRZQ LQ )LJ  >@$OWKRXJK WKH UHVLVWDQFH PHDVXUHG LQ WKLVVWXG\ ZDV VOLJKWO\ ODUJHU WKDQ WKRVHPHDVXUHG E\ RWKHU UHVHDUFKHUV DW KLJKHU>+@>3G@ YDOXHV WKH UHVLVWDQFH DW >+@>3G@)ODQDJDQDQG/HZLV>@%DUDQRZVNL>@6PLWKDQG2WWHUVRQ>@2XUZRUNDW57

REWDLQHGUHODWLYHUHVLVWLYLW\ R/R 3UHYLRXVO\  ZDV LQ JRRG DJUHHPHQW ZLWK RWKHU






GDWDVHWV 7KLV UHVXOWV PHDQV WKDW WKH







 
>+@>3G@







Fig. 2 Dependence of relative electrical>+@>3G@ YDOXH FDQ EH HVWLPDWHG GLUHFWO\resistance on hydrogen concentration.

IURP WKH HOHFWULFDO UHVLVWDQFH RI WKH 3G

VKHHW LQ UHDO WLPH DW >+@>3G@   ,Q JHQHUDO WKH K\GURJHQ VHQVLQJ V\VWHP UHTXLUHV WKHPHDVXUHPHQW RI K\GURJHQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ OHVV WKDQ YRO ,Q PHDVXUHPHQWV WDNHQ XQGHU DIORZLQJ PL[WXUH RI K\GURJHQ QLWURJHQ DQG R[\JHQ JDVHV WKHUHIRUH WKH K\GURJHQ
FRQFHQWUDWLRQLQWKHJDVSKDVHZDVIL[HGWRYROZKLFKLVHTXDOWRN3DRISDUWLDOSUHVVXUH
7KH 3GK\GURJHQ V\VWHP XQGHU  N3D RI K\GURJHQ SDUWLDO SUHVVXUH DW  . VKRZV D
K\GURJHQGLVVROYHGSKDVH ĮSKDVH ZLWKLQDUHJLRQDWDERXW>+@>3G@7KLVIXOILOOVWKH
UHTXLUHGFRQGLWLRQWRHVWLPDWH>+@>3G@IURPHOHFWULFDOUHVLVWDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWVLQWKLVVWXG\ 
2.2. Measurement system


7KH V\VWHP XVHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ LV

VFKHPDWLFDOO\ GHSLFWHG LQ )LJ  7KHV\VWHP FRQVLVWHG RI PL[LQJ JDVUHJXODWRUV VDPSOH FKDPEHU HOHFWULFDOUHVLVWDQFH PHDVXUHPHQW LQVWUXPHQW
DQG TXDGUXSROH PDVV VSHFWURPHWHU
406  $ PL[WXUH RI QLWURJHQ DQG



406
703

+HDWHU53

0DVVIORZFRQWUROOHU
1
2
+

2XWOHW
3G VKHHW

5HVLVWDQFHPHDVXULQJLQVWUXPHQW

Fig. 3 A schematic view of the electricalresistance measurement system, usable in realtime under flowing gas mixtures.

㟁Ẽ᢬ᢠ ᐃ࠿ࡽぢࡓ㓟⣲Ꮡᅾୗ࡛ࡢ 3G ࡢỈ⣲྾཰࣭ᨺฟᣲື

R[\JHQ JDVHV ZDV IORZHG DV D FDUULHU JDV DW WKH UDWH RI  FPPLQ 7KH IORZ UDWH DQG WKHYROXPH UDWLR EHWZHHQ 1 DQG 2 IRU WKH FDUULHU JDV ZHUH FRQWUROOHG XVLQJ PDVV IORZFRQWUROOHUV )XMLNLQ&R/WG)&67/ +\GURJHQJDVZDVDGGHGWRWKHFDUULHUJDVDQG
WKH K\GURJHQ JDV FRQFHQWUDWLRQ ZDV DGMXVWHG WR YRO ZKLOH WKH IORZ VSHHG RI WKH WRWDO
PL[WXUH ZDV NHSW DW  FPPLQ 7KH PL[WXUH ZDV IORZHG LQWR WKH VDPSOH FKDPEHUFRQVWUXFWHGRIKHDWUHVLVWDQWJODVV7KH3GVKHHWLQWKHFKDPEHUZDVWKHVDPHDVWKDWXVHGLQ
WKHHOHFWULFDOUHVLVWDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWVVKRZQLQ)LJ7KHHOHFWULFDOUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHVKHHWZDVPHDVXUHGFRQWLQXRXVO\GXULQJWKHJDVPL[WXUHIORZ7KHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHFKDPEHUZDVNHSW DW  . XVLQJ D ULEERQ KHDWHU FRYHULQJ WKH RXWVLGH RI WKH FKDPEHU 7KH PL[WXUH ZDVH[KDXVWHG WR DWPRVSKHUH WKURXJK DQ RXWOHW LQGLFDWLQJ WKDWWKHSUHVVXUH LQ WKH FKDPEHU ZDVNHSWDWDWPRVSKHULFSUHVVXUH$SDUWRIWKHH[KDXVWPL[WXUHZDVLQWURGXFHGLQWRTXDGUXSROHPDVVVSHFWURPHWHU $1(/9$04$0 DQGPHDVXUHGFRQWLQXRXVO\WKHDPRXQWRIPDVVQXPEHUm/e LQWKHPL[WXUHZKLFKFRUUHVSRQGVWRWKHPDVVRIDK\GURJHQPROHFXOH

5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ )LJ D VKRZVWKHHOHFWULFDOUHVLVWDQFHRIWKH3GVKHHWXQGHUDIORZLQJPL[WXUHDWURRP

WHPSHUDWXUH 7KH HOHFWULFDO UHVLVWDQFH LV DOUHDG\ FRQYHUWHG WR >+@>3G@ $IWHU YRO RI
K\GURJHQ ZDV DGGHG DW t   LQ SXUH 1 DV WKH FDUULHU JDV WKH >+@>3G@ EHJDQ WR LQFUHDVH
OLQHDUO\DWV7KHGHOD\WLPHLVGXHWRWKHVXEVWLWXWLRQWLPHRIWKHJDVLQWKHFKDPEHU7KH
>+@>3G@UHDFKHGDFRQVWDQWYDOXHRIDWDERXWVLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKH>+@>3G@FDPHWRDQ HTXLOLEULXPZLWKK\GURJHQLQWKHJDVSKDVH7KHDGGLWLRQRIK\GURJHQLQWKHFDUULHUJDVZDVVWRSSHGDWV7KH>+@>3G@GHFUHDVHGJUDGXDOO\DQGUHWXUQHGWRDSSUR[LPDWHO\]HUR
DW  V LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW K\GURJHQ GHVRUSWLRQ IURP WKH 3G VKHHW ZDV QHDUO\ FRPSOHWHG DW V )LJ  E  VKRZV WKH 406 FXUUHQW DW m/e   LQ WKH H[KDXVW JDV DW YDULRXV R[\JHQ
FRQFHQWUDWLRQV,QSXUH1 R[\JHQ WKH406FXUUHQWZDVDOVRVLPLODULQEHKDYLRUWRWKH㉥୸ᝅኈ࣭ྂ㔛ဏ㍤࣭ཎṇ᠇࣭ᯇᒣᨻኵ

>+@>3G@WKH406FXUUHQWLQFUHDVHGVPRRWKO\ DIWHU DGGLWLRQ RI K\GURJHQ

2
2
2
2DVDWXUDWHGYDOXH$IWHUWKHDGGLWLRQRIK\GURJHQ ZDV VWRSSHG WKH 406>+@>3G@

LQWR WKH FDUULHU JDV DQG UHDFKHG DFXUUHQW GHFUHDVHG JUDGXDOO\ DQG,W VKRXOG EH QRWHG WKDW WKH WLPH IRUWKH K\GURJHQ GHVRUSWLRQ HVWLPDWHG
E\ 406 ZDV IDVWHU WKDQ WKDWHVWLPDWHGE\WKHHOHFWULFDOUHVLVWDQFH
7KH GLVFUHSDQF\ LV SUREDEO\ GXH WR
WKHGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHGHWHFWLRQOLPLW
IRU HDFK PHDVXUHPHQW QDPHO\ WKHHOHFWULFDO UHVLVWDQFH PHDVXUHPHQWFRXOG GHWHFW VPDOOHU FKDQJH LQ

406FXUUHQWDWm/e IS$UHWXUQHGWRDQLQLWLDOYDOXHDWV




E



 
WLPHtVHF







 
WLPHtVHF





2
2
2
2







Fig. 4 Time dependence on (a) hydrogenconcentration in Pd and (b) QMS current at m/e= 2 under various oxygen concentrations.

K\GURJHQWKDQWKH406DQDO\VLV 
7KH VDWXUDWHG YDOXH RI >+@>3G@ GHFUHDVHG ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ R[\JHQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ LQ WKHFDUULHUJDVDVVKRZQLQ)LJ D 7KHK\GURJHQFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQWKHFDUULHUJDVZDVNHSWWREH
DFRQVWDQWYROIRUDOOH[SHULPHQWV:KHQWKHR[\JHQFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQWKHFDUULHUJDVZDVYROWKHVDWXUDWHGYDOXHUHGXFHGE\DIDFWRURIDERXWLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKDWLQR[\JHQ
7KHVDWXUDWHGYDOXHRI>+@>3G@GHFUHDVHGZLWKLQFUHDVLQJR[\JHQFRQFHQWUDWLRQEHFDXVH
RIDGVRUSWLRQRIR[\JHQDWRPVRQWKH3GVXUIDFH7KHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIK\GURJHQDWRPVRQWKH
3GVXUIDFHGHSHQGHGRQWKHUDWLREHWZHHQK\GURJHQDQGR[\JHQSDUWLDOSUHVVXUHVLQWKHJDV
PL[WXUH %HFDXVH WKH R[\JHQ DWRPV RFFXS\ WKH DGVRUSWLRQ VLWHV RI K\GURJHQ WKH㟁Ẽ᢬ᢠ ᐃ࠿ࡽぢࡓ㓟⣲Ꮡᅾୗ࡛ࡢ 3G ࡢỈ⣲྾཰࣭ᨺฟᣲື

FRQFHQWUDWLRQRIK\GURJHQDWRPRQWKH3GVXUIDFHGHFUHDVHZLWKWKHR[\JHQSDUWLDOSUHVVXUH
,Q WKH VDWXUDWHG >+@>3G@ UHJLRQ WKH K\GURJHQ DWRPV LQ WKH 3G EXON DUH HTXLOLEUDWHG ZLWKWKRVHRQWKH3GVXUIDFH$VWKHUHVXOWWKHVDWXUDWHGYDOXHRI>+@>3G@GHSHQGHGRQWKHR[\JHQ
FRQFHQWUDWLRQLQWKHJDVSKDVH
7KH K\GURJHQ GHVRUSWLRQ UDWH IURP 3G LQFUHDVHG ZLWKLQFUHDVLQJ R[\JHQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ
7KLVLQGLFDWHGWKDWDQDGGLWLRQDOSDWKZD\IRUK\GURJHQGHVRUSWLRQWRWKHJDVSKDVHDSSHDUVLQ
WKH SUHVHQFH RI R[\JHQ ZDWHU PROHFXOHV DUH IRUPHG RQ WKH 3G VXUIDFH ,Q WKH GHVRUSWLRQSURFHVV K\GURJHQ DWRPV LQ WKH 3G EXON GLIIXVH WR WKH 3G VXUIDFH DQG EHFRPH DGVRUEHGK\GURJHQRQWKHVXUIDFH7KHDGVRUEHGK\GURJHQHDVLO\UHDFWHGZLWKDGVRUEHGR[\JHQDWRP
WRIRUP+2DQGWKHDGVRUEHG+2OHDYHVWKHVXUIDFHWRWKHJDVSKDVH7KHIRUPDWLRQRI+2
RQWKH3GVXUIDFHLVLQIHUUHGE\WKH406DQDO\VLV7KHVDWXUDWHGYDOXHRIWKH406FXUUHQWUHGXFHG ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ R[\JHQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ PHDQLQJ WKDW D FRQVLGHUDEOH DPRXQW RI
K\GURJHQ ZDV FRQVXPHG WR IRUP +2 ,I +2 IRUPDWLRQ UHDFWLRQ UDWH ZDV FRPSDUDEOH WR
K\GURJHQ DWRP UHFRPELQDWLRQ RQ WKH 3G VXUIDFH DW DPELHQW WHPSHUDWXUH WKH K\GURJHQ
GHVRUSWLRQ UDWH IURP WKH 3G EXON FRXOG EH DFFHOHUDWHG E\ WKH ZDWHU IRUPDWLRQ UHDFWLRQ ,Q
FRQWUDVW+2IRUPDWLRQGLGQRWDIIHFWWKHVSHHGRIK\GURJHQDEVRUSWLRQ7KLVFDQOLNHO\EH
DWWULEXWHGWRWKHVXUIDFHFRYHUDJHRIDGVRUEHGK\GURJHQEHLQJODUJHUWKDQWKDWRIWKHDGVRUEHG
R[\JHQXQGHUDIORZLQJJDVPL[WXUHRIK\GURJHQDQGR[\JHQQLWURJHQJDVHV &RQFOXVLRQV 

7KH K\GURJHQ DEVRUSWLRQ DQG GHVRUSWLRQ EHKDYLRU LQ WKH SUHVHQFH RI R[\JHQ ZDVLQYHVWLJDWHGWKURXJKHOHFWULFDOUHVLVWDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWVRID3GVKHHWLQUHDOWLPH7KHWLPH
GHSHQGHQFH RI WKH K\GURJHQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ LQ WKH 3G VKHHW ZDV FOHDUO\ REVHUYHG XVLQJ WKHGHYHORSHGV\VWHP8QGHUWKHH[LVWHQFHRIR[\JHQWKHK\GURJHQFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQWKH3GVKHHW
DW HTXLOLEULXP GHFUHDVHG ZLWK R[\JHQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ DQG WKH K\GURJHQ GHVRUSWLRQ UDWH ZDV㉥୸ᝅኈ࣭ྂ㔛ဏ㍤࣭ཎṇ᠇࣭ᯇᒣᨻኵDFFHOHUDWHGE\WKHZDWHUIRUPDWLRQUHDFWLRQ $FNQRZOHGJHPHQW 
7KLVVWXG\ZDVSDUWLDOO\VXSSRUWHGE\-636.$.(1+,   

5HIHUHQFHV >@7+EHUW/%RRQ%UHWW*%ODFNDQG8%DQDFKSensors and Actuators%  
>@ < )XNDL . 7DQDND DQG + 8FKLGD Hydrogen and Metals 8FKLGD 5RNDNXKR 7RN\R LQ-DSDQHVH >@ 0 -RKDQVVRQ , /XQGVWURP DQG /* (NHGDKO Journal of Applied Physics   
>@/3LFFROR$3LHGQRLUDQG-&%HUWROLQLSurface Science  
>@ ' :DQJ -' &OHZOH\ 7HG % )ODQDJDQ 5 %DODVXEUDPDQLDP DQG ./ 6KDQDKDQ
Journal of Alloys and Compounds  
>@*5HLVIHOGDQG06WURQJLQChemical Physics Letters  
>@5&+XJKHVDQG:.6FKXEHWJournal of Applied Physics  
>@ ) 'L 3DVFDVLR ' *R]]L % 3DQHOOD DQG & 7ULRQIHWWL Intermetallics   
>@ 7HG % )ODQDJDQ DQG ) $ /HZLV Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie Neue Folge  
>@ % %DUDQRZVNL ) $ /HZLV : ' 0F)DOO 6 )LOLSHN DQG 7 & :LWKHUVSRRQ
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London$386  
>@5-6PLWKDQG'$2WWHUVRQJournal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids  
