Waseda University Global COE Program : Global Institute for Asian Regional Integration (GIARI)
The 1st International Symposium - Asian Cooperation, Integration, and Human Resources
Parallel Discussion 2 - International Symposium on Asian Higher Education
Formulating International Higher Education Framework for Regional Cooperation and Integration in Asia
10:30-12:30 Session I - "Trends in International Higher Education and Regionalism”

Waseda University 17-18 January 2008

European and Asian experiences©

Prof. César de Prado Yepes - Salamanca, Spain

Leading exporters of education
services (consumption abroad)
19992004% change

1,680,268

2,452,929

46.0USA490,933

572,50916.6

UK

232,540

300,056

29.0

Germany

178,195

260,314

46.1

France130,952

237,587

81.4

Australia

117,485

166,954

42.1

Japan

56,552

117,903

108.5

China

44,711(2005) 140,000

213.0World total

Great growth in Europe and, especially, East Asia2

3
East Asia & World Regions

BESIDES GLOBALISATION
MOST OF THE WORLD PROMOTESREGIONALISMS INHIGHER EDUCATION

continental regionalisms

sub-continental regionalisms+3EAS

Geographical Region

Regional process with activities in higher education
WRAFRICA

African Union
Southern Africa Development Cooperation

ARAB/ISLAMIC WORLDOrganisation of the Islamic Conference
Gulf Cooperation Council

AMERICAS

Organisation of American States
North American Free Trade Agreement

Latin America
Comunidad Americana de Naciones

MercosurEUROPECouncil of Europe‘Bologna Process’ (EHEA)
European Union (European Economic Area)

EAST ASIA

Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASEAN+3+3 Northeast Asian countries (China, S. Korea and Japan)

SOUTH ASIA

Southern Asia Association Regional Cooperation

SOVIET EURASIA

Commonwealth of Independent States

6

European Higher
Education Cooperation

POLITICAL EUROPE(S) - 2008

EuropeanEconomicArea+ Candidatecountries

ADVANCING THROUGH HIGHER EDUCATION7

European Higher Education Cooperation• 1949- Council of Europe vision includes common education
1997 Qualification Recognition convention done with UNESCO• 1949- College of Europe, Bruges (Masters courses)• 1957 Treaty of Rome: Allowed vocational education• 1968 Opening of university systems• 1975- European University Institute, Florence (doctoral andpostdoctoral research) - intergovernmental• 1984 European Court of Justice ruling on education complimentary measure to promote mobility of workers• Allowed since 1987 European Commission’s Erasmus
programmes: Mobility of students; also faculty and content• Since 1998: European Higher Education Area (EHEA, BolognaProcess)– Goals by 2010: Full mobility of students, faculty and content– Currently: 46 participating countries (almost all of Council ofEurope) & many institutional actors• 2008- European Institute of Innovation and Technology tocatalyse knowledge & innovation communities (made ofuniversities, research centers, firms...)89Erasmus Programmes
•
•
•

•
•
•
•
•

Open to European Economic Area & Candidate
Countries & Swizterland (32 countries)
2200 higher education institutions participate
In 1987-2007 about 1.5 million students havestudied abroad 1-2 semesters.
Goal: 3 million students by 2013
Tens of thousands of professors also went abroad
Promotion of all kinds networks
Europass: Single framework for transparency ofdiplomas, certificates and competences.
Support for policy dialogue and cooperation
Increasingly embedded in Lifelong Learning
Schemes

EU’s External Cooperation
Programmes in Higher Education•

2004-: Erasmus Mundus for 1-2 years Masters
programmes has fully global dimension
Since 1990s: Various exchanges with developed countries(USA, Canada, Japan...)Also cooperation and aid with developing countries/regions:••–––––Since 1990: The Trans-European mobility scheme for university
studies (TEMPUS) with Western Balkans, Eastern Europe andCentral Asia, North Africa and the Middle East. Complemented since2007 by Erasmus Mundus External Cooperation Window
1994- ALFA promotes networking with Latin America
2002-6: Alßan Programme provided scholarships to Latin American
Students
2002-6: Asia-Link promoted networking with Asian developing
institutions. To be succeeded.
2006-: Edu-link with African, Caribbean and Pacific countries

1011

Timeline of ‘Bologna’ ministerials
YearCity

Number ofministers

Highlights

1998

Paris4

Basic principles adopted

1999

Bologna29

Magna Carta to launch the process

2001

Prague30

Added lifelong learning; opening policy
process to students & universities

2003

Berlin40

Quickening of process; focusing onquality; added doctoral studies

2005

Bergen45

Reinforcing exhisting commitments

2007

London46

Promotion of quality assurance (Europeanregister of agencies)

2009

Leuven46+?

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Bologna Process detailed goals
1)

Easily readable and comparable degrees: through an explanatory
European degree supplement
2) Three main cycles: undergraduate of 3-4 years, master of 1-2 years, anddoctoral degrees. Similar to US-global systems.
3) A system of credits based on students’ work (such as the European Credit
Transfer System), not on teachers’ work. DIFFICULT
4) Promotion of mobility of students and teachers (through programmes,and through the removal of barriers)
5) Promotion of co-operation in quality assurance, including curriculardevelopment. DIFFICULT
6) Promotion of the European dimension, including inter-institutional cooperation
7) Promotion of lifelong learning. DIFFICULT8) Opening the policy process to higher education institutions and students
9) Further promoting the attractiveness of the EHEA.
10) Doctoral studies and the synergy between the EHEA and a European
Research Area, a more recent and similar process at the post-doctorallevel.

13

Bologna Process globally embedded
EUROPEAN HIGHER EDUCATION IN A GLOBAL SETTING; A
STRATEGY FOR THE EXTERNAL DIMENSION OF THE
BOLOGNA PROCESS
Plans to work with Dynamic Stakeholders that Share European values• Human Rights, Democracy, Rule of Law• Cultural and Religious Dialogue and Tolerance• Institutional Autonomy and Academic freedom

POLICY AREAS:
1. Improving Information on the EHEA
2. Promoting European Higher Education to enhance its world-wide
attractiveness and competitiveness3. Strengthening Cooperation based on Partnership
4. Intensifying Policy Dialogue (with existing, well-functioning fora)
5. Furthering Recognition of Qualifications

14

East Asian HigherEducation Cooperation

East Asia’s regional cooperation efforts
in Higher education• 1956-: Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning• 1980s-: UNESCO Asia Pacific Regional Bureau for Education...
• 1965 Southeast Asian Ministers of Education (SEAMEO)– 1985-: Regional Institute for Higher Education Development(RIHED)• 1975, 1989-: ASEAN committee on education• 1993-: APEC related – University Mobility in Asia and the Pacific• 1995-: ASEAN University Network AUN• 1999-2002: East Asian Vision and Study Groups• 2003 ASEAN+3 Group on facilitation and promotion of exchange ofpeople and human resource development• 2005- Network of East Asian Studies (NEAS)• 2003, 2006- Northeast Asia Tripartite Cooperation• 2006- 1st SEAMEO+ASEAN Education Ministers Meeting• 2008 1st ASEM Ministerial on Education and Qualifications

16

ASEAN of 10 (1967-2020)

INSTITUTIONS - ACTORS• Summits, Chairmanships, Secretariat• Think-tanks Foundation• Business Forums,• People Assemblies, Political parties, …

VISION 2020
GOALS (3 Communities)
1. Political & Security
2. Economic
3. Socio-cultural: education,...

ACTION PLANS
1998 Hanoi
2004-10 Vientiane

PRINCIPLES:- Non-interference!
- Functional Progress
External Projection:- Institutionalised Legality
Dialogue Partners, Regional Dialogues, (Charter, Singapore Nov. 2007)
Multilateral Presence, etc.

Human rights; Monitoring Compliance; ASEAN-X in

ASEAN - higher education• ASAIHL: Includes external partners• SEAMEO-RIHED: Relatively successful in promotingexchanges• ASEAN University Network: Still weak
– 2006 Trial for an ASEAN Studies Programme– 2000-5, 2008-: ASEAN Student Exchange Programme(ASEP). Very limited numbers and funding.
– 2000: Teacher exchange. Very limited numbers.
– Some online exchanges.
– Minimum research collaboration.
– Restructuring as a think-tank for higher education?

• 2006-: Collaboration between SEAMEO and ASEAN
to create common policy framework

18

ASEAN+3 (1997-)

Tripartite Cooperation

ASEAN-10

towards an East Asia Community! (2001 - ?)

19

ASEAN+1+1+1 +.. (1997-)
JAPAN- Promoting the idea of an East Asian Community(2001 Koizumi)- Old ODA. Now Funding Action Plans (2003, 2006)- Leading Institutions like the ADB

ASEAN-10+ India

SOUTH KOREA- 2004 Joint Declaration on CooperationPartnership- 2004 Treaty of Amity & Cooperation inSoutheast Asia

CHINA
- 2003: Treaty of Amity & Cooperation inSoutheast Asia
- 2005-9: Strategic Partnership Relationship for
Peace & Prosperity- 2006-13: Free Trade Zone

ASEAN+3 Higher Education Cooperation
1999-2002: East Asia Vision and Study Groups• Agreed on a Network of East Asian Studies:
discussions begun in 2005
• Not agreed on an Education FundJapan’s 2003 Group on facilitation and promotion of exchangeof people and human resource development - Suggestedpromoting:• lifelong learning programs• credit transfer systems• scholarships and exchange programs for students, faculty, staff• research and development cooperation• ‘centers of excellence’ including e-learning• curricular development as bases for common regional
qualification standards among interested centers/institutions
IMPORTANT SIMILARITIES WITH EUROPE’S PROGRAMMES21Japan, P.R.China, South Korea
Tripartite Cooperation (2003-)
Summits reviving;
OK lower levels

External Links:
Embedded in Interregional Processes, etc.

LONG-TERM VISION
2003 Bali Joint Declaration
FUNCTIONAL GOALS
1. Political & Security
2. Economic
3. Socio-cultural (education...)2004 ACTION STRATEGYPRINCIPLES:- UN Charter & similar- Non-interference- Functional Progress- Transparent, Open, Non-Exclusive,
Non-Discriminatory

Tripartite Cooperation inHigher Education• 2003: Bali Declaration– Promotion of student exchanges– Recognition of academic records, degrees andcredits– Encourage language teaching and culturalexchange• 2006, Seoul: Inaugural Korea-China-Japan
Educational Director-General Meeting• 2007, April: 2nd Meeting discussed launching
Education Ministers Meeting2223

East Asia Summit (2005-)

+3
ASEAN

Education declared to be a priority issue
Japan-East Asia Network of Exchange forStudents and Youths (JENESYS) Programme

EASLinking with SAARC’s efforts inHigher Education?
••

•
•
•

Human Resorce Development
Centre in Islamabad
2003, 2004, 2007: Committee ofHeads of University Grants
Commission/Equivalent Bodies.
1999, 2005 Consortium on Openand Distance Learning
1987 Chair, Fellowship andScholarship: Being revised for
effectiveness2005 India proposed establishinga South Asian University (Centerof Excellence)

24

ASEAN, East Asia & World InterregionalismsEast Asia & World Regions

Map of the World: Pacific View

ADVANCING THROUGH HIGHER EDUCATION2526Europe & (East) Asia

Comparing Europe & East Asia in Higher EducationIssue

EuropeEast Asia

Main policy frameworks• Erasmus programmes• Bologna Process• Both processes advancing
through ministerials• East Asia Vision/Study Group reports• ASEAN+3 group on facilitation andpromotion of exchange of people andhuman resource development”• SEAMEO+ASEAN Ministerials• Northeast Asian ministerials developing

ContentAiming at structural
homogenisation in a globalcontext

Very weak efforts in creating East Asianidentities

Student Exchange

Aiming at 3 million Erasmus by2013

Autonomously growing in Northeast Asia.
Very incipient exchanges in ASEAN.

Faculty exchange

Tens of thousands

Very limited

Academic associations

ManyVery limited

Research connections

Yes

Very limited

Overall external linkages

Important

CrucialOVERALL ASSESMENTADVANCED REGIONALISM

INCIPIENT REGIONALISM

28(ASEM)
BETTER LINKING EUROPE
AND EAST ASIA’S HIGHEREDUCATION REGIONAL
PROCESSES

29

12 Years of ASEM (1996-2008)
SummitYearPlace11996

Bangkok

Setting three Pillar structure(Political, Economic, Cultural+Intellectual)

2

1998

LondonFinancial collaboration (Trust Fund)

3

2000

Seoul

Political collaboration (Korean peninsula)

4

2002

Copenhagen

General stocktaking. Some rationalising ofworking methods.

5

2004

Hanoi

Enlargement to match regional
developments

62006

Helsinki

Review after 10 years; Enlargement;
Virtual Secretariat

2008
mayBerlinFirst ASEM Ministerial on Education &Qualification

2008
oct.

Beijing7Highlights

Europe & East Asia can also help
advance Global Higher Education• Help develop countries:– Reforms for Life-Long Learning around the world• Connect regions through interregionalism:– Europe & other regions +– East Asia & other regions• Catalyse global organisations:– WTO GATS Education: very low commitments.
– World Bank: very low impact; micro-regions;
testing world regions.
– UNESCO: restructuring in regions.

Thank you!
César de Prado Yepes
Salamanca, Spain

cdpy@usal.es
www.usal.es/asia