THE JOURNAL OF
SOLID WASTE TECHNOLOGYAND MANAGEMENTAISWMAW
Publication

Publishing from 2009
Formerly The Journal of Resource Management and Technology (Volumes 02-23)
Formerly NCRR Bulletin (Volumes 1-11)

March 2023

Volume 49

Number 1iTHE JOURNAL OF
SOLID WASTE TECHNOLOGYAND MANAGEMENTAISWMAW
Publication

Journal doi: http://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/iswmaw
Issue doi: http://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/iswmaw/491

Publishing from 2009
Formerly The Journal of Resource Management and Technology (Volumes
02-23) Formerly NCRR Bulletin (Volumes 1-11)
March 2023

Volume 49

Number 1

ii

THE JOURNAL OF SOLID WASTE TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENTISSN: 1088-1697
Founder:Prof. Dr. Iraj Zandi
University of Pennsylvania
U.S.A.

ASSOCIATEEDITORS
Prof. Dr. Agamuthu Pariatamby
Professor, Sunway University, Malaysia
Dr. Atul Narayan Vaidya,
Director, CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur, India

Editor-in-Chief:
Prof. Dr. Sadhan Kumar Ghosh
Sustainable Development &Circular Economy, ResearchCentre, ISWMAW, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Prof. Dr. A. Oberlin,
Professor, DIT (Dar es Salaam Institute ofTechnology),
Tanzania

Prof. Dr. Debendra Chandra Baruah,
Dept of Energy, Tezpur University, India

Prof. Dr. Amr Abdelghany,
University of Cairo, Giza,
EgyptProf. Dr. Dhanada K. Mishra,
Technical Director, Product; RaSect AI
Hong Kong;

Prof. Dr. Ernesto de la Torre Chauvin,
Professor, Escuela Politécnica Nacional,
Quito, Ecuador

Dr. Francesco Di Maria,
Asso Professor, University of Perugia, Italy

Prof. Dr. Guray Salihoglu,
Professor, Uludag University,
TurkeyProf. Dr. Harish Hirani,
Mech Engg Dept., IIT Delhi; India
Prof. Dr. Mehmet SinanBİLGİLİ, Yıldız Technical University,
Istanbul, Turkey
Dr. Prasad Kaparaju,
Associate Professor, Griffith School of Engg.,
Griffith University, Australia
Dr. Premakumara J. Dickella Gamaralalage,
Director, IGES-CCET, Japan
Dr. Richard Blanchard,
Reader in Renewable Energy, Loughborough
University, UK
Prof. Dr. Regina Mambeli Barros,
The Federal University of Itajubá, Brazil
Dr. Tapas Das,Saint Martin’s University, USA
Prof. Dr. Robert W. Peters
Department of Civil, Construction, andEnvironmental Engineering, University of
Alabama at Birmingham, USA
Prof. Dr. Prasanta Kumar Dey
Professor, Operations Management
Aston Business School, Aston University,
Birmingham, UK

Editor:Prof. Dr. Ronald L. Mersky
Widener University
U.S.A

Dr. Rubén Rodríguez-Alegre,
LEITAT Technological Center,
Terrassa, Spain
Prof. Dr. S. W. Rhee,
Professor, Kyongyy University,
South Korea
Prof. Dr. Sasmita Samanta,
Vice Chancellor, KIIT (DU),
Bhubaneswar, India
Dr. S. V. Srinivas,
CSIR- Central Leather Research Institute,Chennai, India

Dr. H. N. Chanakya,
Ex-Chair, CST, IISc, Bangalore,
India
Dr. Isaac Fernandez,
CETIM Technological Center, A Coruña,
Spain
Dr. Kare H. Karstensen,
Chief Scientist, SINTEF, Oslo,
NorwayMr. M. Divis Rao,
Director, Divis Laboratory, India
Prof. Dr. Md. Rafizul Islam,
Professor, KUET, Khulna,
Bangladesh,
Prof. Dr. Michael M. Nelles,
Professor, Universität Rostock, Rostock,Germany
Prof. Dr. Machunda,
Professor, Nelson Mandela University,
Tanzania
Prof. Dr. Mst. Farzana Rahman Zuthi,
Professor, CUET, Chattagram, Bangladesh

ABSTRACTED/INDEXED IN: CAS database (Chemical Abstracts), Engineering Abstracts (Compendex), Environmental Abstracts, Environmental
Periodicals Bibliography, Pollution Abstracts, All-Russian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information (VINITI, REFERATIVNYIZHURNAL), SCOPUS, Google scholar, EBSCO, SCImago, GreenFILE
The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management, is published by International Society of Waste Management, Air and Water (ISWMAW)
in collaboration with Widener University, School of Engineering. The responsibility for contents rests solely upon the authors. This journal isavailable by subscription and may be purchased at the rates posted at ingentaconnect.com/content/jswt/jswt and at www.iswmaw.com. Editorial andsubscription address is: Sustainable Development & Circular Economy Research Centre, ISWMAW, 29/6, Jadunath Ukil Road, Kolkata - 700041,
India. Email: journalswtm@gmail.com. Web site: www.iswmaw.com and www.solid-waste.org. Copyright © 2023 by ISWMAW. Printed in India.

iii

THE JOURNAL OFAISWMAW
SOLID WASTE TECHNOLOGY Publication
AND MANAGEMENTISSN: 1088-1697

Publishing from 2009
Formerly The Journal of Resource Management and Technology (Volumes
02-23) Formerly NCRR Bulletin (Volumes 1-11)
March 2023

Volume 49

Number 1

1-13

IMPORTANCE OF SOLID WASTE ASSESSMENTQUANTIFICATION: NEW JERSEY COUNTIES CASE STUDY
Serpil Guran, Stacey Demers, Josh DeGayner, David Specca, Victoria
Phillips, Coryanne Mansell, Christine Symington

14-31

REMEDIATION PROCESS IN LANDFILL IN ARCTIC REGION - A
CASE OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY
Sadhan Kumar Ghosh, Tatiana S. Smirnova, Vladimir A. Maryev,
Dineshkumar M

32-39

DECOLORIZATION OF ACID DYE USING LOW-COST ORGANICADSORBENTS
Sowmyalakshmi. K. B, Munilakshmi. N

40-49

INFLUENCING FACTORS ON WASTE SORTING BEHAVIOUR AT
SORAN UNIVERSITY IN KURDISTAN, IRAQ
Khadijeh Mirza, Shireen Mansour Awad Al-majmaie

50-61

INFORMAL
E-WASTERECYCLING
AND
RELATEDCHALLENGES: EVIDENCE FROM AN EXPLORATORY SURVEY
IN JOS, PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA
Isaac Tebogo Rampedi, Kangyang Josiah Miner, Ayodeji Peter Ifegbesan

62-72

PERFORMANCE OF DUAL-FUEL (DF) ENGINE POWERED WITH
THE PRODUCER GAS DERIVED FROM SUGAR CANE BAGASSE
AND DIESEL INJECTION
Hemanth Kumar K.J., B. SadashiveGowda, JyothilakshmiR, N. R.
Banapurmath
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION (AD) BASED WASTE MANAGEMENT INNEPAL: TECHNOLOGIES AND IMPLEMENTATION MODALITIES
Mukesh Ghimire, JongRoul Woo, Sudeshana Pandey

73-90

AND

iv

Editorial:

Focus on carbon emission and extraction of natural resources Reduction
In many countries the initiative of enhancing the efficacy of the waste management system has been
observed recently which may be reflected during the data mining and its analysis at the end of thisdecade. Trend of adaptation of new legislation, new technologies and using social media as a platform
for generating mass awareness have been witnessed in many countries in recent past. These initiatives
are taken in tandem with the implementation of strategies and targets based on 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse
and Recycle) and Circular Economy addressing the Sustainable Development Goals. The waste
management projects must address the entire lifecycle of waste—from generation to final disposal via
collection, transportation, and treatment processes leading to a robust business model. A few aspects,
namely, infrastructure, legal structures and institutions, financial sustainability, citizen engagement,social inclusion, climate change and the environment, health and safety, knowledge creation,
employment generation, recirculation of resources and economic development have to be consideredin any waste management Project.
Significant paradigm shift from epcd2 (extract-produce-consume-dispose-deplete) concept to theregenerative circular economy concepts took place to achieve zero defects by resource conservation
through changed concept of design of production processes and materials selection for higher life
cycle, conservation of all kinds of resources, material and/or energy recovery all through theprocesses, and at the end of the life cycle for a specific intended use of the product will be still fit tobe utilised as the input materials to a new production process in the value chain with a close loop
materials cycles. This improves resource efficiency, resource productivity, benefit businesses and thesociety, creates employment opportunities and provides environmental sustainability. Research needs
to be more focused on the innovation to adopt technologies, materials, management systems that will
absorb more circularity of resource utilisation with a significant reduction of carbon emission,
significant reduction of extraction of natural resources and environmental sustainability.

Prof. Dr. Sadhan Kumar Ghosh
Editor-in-Chief,
Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management (JSWTM)v

Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management

http://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/iswmaw/491/2023.1

IMPORTANCE OF SOLID WASTE ASSESSMENT
AND QUANTIFICATION:
NEW JERSEY COUNTIES CASE STUDY
Serpil Guran1,*, Stacey Demers2, Josh DeGayner2, David Specca1,
Victoria Phillips3, Coryanne Mansell3, Christine Symington4
1The EcoComplex, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey; USA
2SCS Engineers, USA
3Center for Eco Technology, USA
4Sustainable Princeton, USA

Received on: December 26, 2022
Accepted on: February 20, 2023

ABSTRACTThe State of New Jersey (The State) established yearly waste reduction andrecycling goals that target recycling 50% of the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Type 10 (ID# 10) waste and 60% of the entire waste stream. In order to assist
the State with meeting the waste reduction and recycling goals, the project
team performed a yearlong waste stream composition study, including physicalinspection and assessment of the individual constituents, to create reliable, upto-date ID #10 MSW data by a percentage of total MSW weight. Identifying thesource of the waste stream as rural (population density less than 500
people/sq. mile), suburban (population density between 500 to 1999 people/sq.
mile), urban (population density is 2000 or more people /sq. mile) is critical forunderstanding the waste generation trends of these residential areas. Study
revealed that food waste, plastic waste and compostable paper are the highest
weight percentage components of residential and commercial ID#10 MSW.
The study is a comprehensive analysis which can serve as an efficientdecision-making tool.
Keywords: Solid waste, solid waste disposal, food waste, recycling.
* Corresponding author: Serpil Guran, email: sg795@njaes.rutgers.edu, The EcoComplex, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey; USA

IMPORTANCE OF SOLID WASTE ASSESSMENT AND QUANTIFICATION: NEW JERSEY COUNTIES CASE STUDY

Vol. 49

Issue 1

1 - 13

Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management

http://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/iswmaw/491/2023.14

REMEDIATION PROCESS IN LANDFILL IN ARCTICREGION - A CASE OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY
Sadhan Kumar Ghosh1,*, Tatiana S. Smirnova2,3, Vladimir A. Maryev4,
Dineshkumar M5
1Sustainable Department & Circular Economy Research Centre, ISWMAW, Kolkata,
2Federal State Autonomous Body Research Institute “Environmental Industrial Policy Centre”,

Moscow region, Russian Federation
3Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (National Research University), Moscow region,

Russian Federation
4Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow region, Russian Federation
5Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, India

Received on: November 18, 2022
Accepted on: February 20, 2023

ABSTRACTThe Arctic region is a vast and inhospitable environment that presents
significant challenges for waste management. Spanning 27 million Sq.km andshared by eight nations, the region has limited infrastructure and only 11% ofwaste has been treated properly. The high cost of waste removal in the Arctic,
due to logistical and technological constraints, makes the challenge of safe
waste management even greater insisting on the need for elaborate researchin extracting such resources. Concerning those, this study was conducted tofill this gap by investigating the feasibility of extracting secondary resourcesfrom two specific sites: an MSW landfill in Dudinka, Russia and an industrial
waste deposition site located in the permafrost zone in the Krasnoyarsk region.
The research will evaluate the environmental and ecosystem impacts of theselandfills and examine various technical and economic approaches forreclaiming resources from them. The findings of this study will provide valuable
insights into the viability of extracting secondary resources from waste in the
Arctic and inform future waste management strategies in the region. By
applying the principles of the circular economy, that identifies that the best
approach for addressing the waste management problem in Dudinka is thecreation of an eco-industrial park for deep processing and manufacturing ofproducts from secondary resources reducing the environmental impact ofwaste disposal and promote sustainable resource utilization in the permafrost
regions.
Keywords: Arctic waste management, circular economy, resource recovery,
landfill remediation, logistics, environmental impact.

* Corresponding author: Sadhan Kumar Ghosh, email: sadhankghosh9@gmail.com, ISWMAW, Kolkata, India

REMEDIATION PROCESS IN LANDFILL IN ARCTIC REGION - A CASE OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY

Vol 49Issue 114 - 31

Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management

http://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/iswmaw/491/2023.32

DECOLORIZATION OF ACID DYE USING LOWCOST ORGANIC ADSORBENTS
Sowmyalakshmi. K. B, Munilakshmi. N*
Department of Civil Engineering, S.V.U.C. E, S.V. University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India

Received on: October 15, 2022
Accepted on: February 25, 2023
ABSTRACT
Dyes are extensively used in industries. Dye color in water courses reduces
photosynthetic activity which further affects the aquatic life. It also causes skincancer and allergies to human beings. It’s imperative to remove dye color froman aqueous dye solution. The objective of the present study is to find theefficiency of low-cost organic adsorbents in the decolorization of Color Index
Acid blue 45 dye from an aqueous solution. The organic adsorbents used in
the present study are Gigantea Leaves (GL), Curcuma Longa Leaves (CLL),
Moringa Oleifera (MO) and Citrus Sinensis (CS). The study consists of nonagitated flow experiments at optimum pH with varying dosages and contact
time. The results showed that excellent color removal of dye can be achieved
with adsorbents at optimum pH of 4 with Gigantea Leaves of 85%, good color
removal of 78% and 76% with Curcuma Longa Leaves and Moringa Oleifera,and, moderate color removal of 53% with Citrus Sinensis. The isothermal
equilibrium sorption data was well fitted into the Freundlich Isotherm. Kinetic
studies states that chemisorption is the rate limiting step. Gigantea leaves,
Curcuma Longa and Moringa Oleifera show great promise in decolorizing
aqueous solution of C.I. Acid Blue 45.
Keywords: Adsorption, Acid blue 45, Curcuma Longa Leaves, Citrus Sinensis,
Gigantea Leaves, Moringa Oleifera.
* Corresponding author: Munilakshmi. N, email: nml.svuce@gmail.com, Department of Civil Engineering, S.V.U.C. E, S.V. University, Tirupati, AP, India

DECOLORIZATION OF ACID DYE USING LOW-COST ORGANIC ADSORBENTS

Vol 49Issue 132 - 39

Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management

http://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/iswmaw/491/2023.40

INFLUENCING FACTORS ON WASTE SORTING
BEHAVIOUR AT SORAN UNIVERSITY IN
KURDISTAN, IRAQ
Khadijeh Mirza1, *, Shireen Mansour Awad Al-majmaie2
1Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Soran University, Soran, Iraq
2Petroleum Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Soran University, Soran, Iraq

Received on: January 03, 2023
Accepted on: March 20, 2023
ABSTRACTIn this work, the effect of age, gender, monthly income, and education level on
the waste sorting behavior (WSB) of 163 employees and students at the Soran
University of Kurdistan in Iraq was investigated. Also, respondents' opinions
were collected regarding government policies for waste sorting (WS) andincreasing people's awareness. The results showed that WSB improves withage. Also, women categorize garbage more than men. No significant
correlation was observed between monthly income and education level with
WSB. Although 77% of the respondents are willing to participate in WS
activities, only 28% of them sort their waste. They consider the main reason
for not separating waste to be the lack of special facilities for WS and recycling
in most areas of Kurdistan, and few people consider WS tiring and timeconsuming. 75% of the respondents believe that the government's efforts toincrease the environmental awareness of citizens are insufficient. This result
is consistent with the fact that WS is an unconventional behaviour in Kurdistan.
Keywords: Waste sorting behaviour, Waste management, Soran university,
Influencing factors, Environmental awareness.
* Corresponding author: Khadijeh Mirza, email: khadijeh.mirza@cheme.soran.edu.iq, Chemical Engineering Department, Soran University, Soran, Iraq

INFLUENCING FACTORS ON WASTE SORTING BEHAVIOUR AT SORAN UNIVERSITY IN KURDISTAN, IRAQ

Vol 49Issue 140 - 49

Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management

http://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/iswmaw/491/2023.50

INFORMAL E-WASTE RECYCLING AND RELATEDCHALLENGES: EVIDENCE FROM AN
EXPLORATORY SURVEY IN JOS, PLATEAU STATE,NIGERIA
Isaac Tebogo Rampedi1,*, Kangyang Josiah Miner2, Ayodeji Peter Ifegbesan2
1, 2Department of Geography, Environmental Management & Energy Studies, South Africa
2Department of Arts and Social Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria

Received on: November 15, 2022
Accepted on: February 20, 2023
ABSTRACTThe informal electronic waste recycling sector is a major contributor to
livelihoods for a large population of unemployed people in developing
countries. However, informal e-waste collectors operate under precarious
environments which expose them to health risks which may have lasting
impacts on their wellbeing. This survey has analysed e-waste collection, levelsof awareness and operational challenges amongst informal e-waste workers
in Jos (Nigeria). The study made use of questionnaire-administered interviews
and 103 respondents participated in the survey. Most respondents werepredominantly men, and majority had high school and tertiary education.
Reclaimed e-wastes included electric irons (59.6%) and cables (57.7%); DVDs(49%); as well as TV and radio sets (42.3%). Furthermore, respondents
travelled longer distances to access various collection points and buyback
centres where their recovered waste items are sold for income-generating
purposes. However, respondents also mentioned several illnesses which afflict
them, of which body pains (37%) and headaches (46%) were the mostfrequent. The survey found no statistically significant relationships between
respondents in terms of their willingness to recycle e-wastes, participate in
improved recycling activities, and the challenges experienced in their daily
activities. To overcome some the operational challenges in the informal ewaste activities, a few recommendations have been mentioned.
Keywords: e-waste reclaiming, pollution, distances traversed, awarenesslevels, statistical relationships.
* Corresponding author: Isaac Tebogo Rampedi, email: isaacr@uj.ac.za, Department of Geography, Env. Management & Energy Studies, South Africa

INFORMAL E-WASTE RECYCLING AND RELATED CHALLENGES: EVIDENCE FROM AN EXPLORATORY SURVEY IN JOS, PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA Vol 49

Issue 150 - 61

Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management

http://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/iswmaw/491/2023.62

PERFORMANCE OF DUAL-FUEL (DF) ENGINEPOWERED WITH THE PRODUCER GAS DERIVED
FROM SUGAR CANE BAGASSE AND DIESELINJECTION
Hemanth Kumar K. J.1,*, B. Sadashive Gowda2, Jyothilakshmi R3,
N. R. Banapurmath4
1,2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering, Mysuru, India
3Department of Mechanical Engineering, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India
4Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLE Technological University, BVB Campus, Hubballi,

India

Received on: December 10, 2022
Accepted on: March 10, 2023
ABSTRACT
Renewable and sustainable fuel usage in diesel engines ensures energy
security and overseas exchange savings besides conveying both socioeconomic and environmental concerns. This research presents experimental
work that has been done on single-cylinder, 4-stroke, diesel engine of direct
injection run in DF mode using PG derived from sugar cane bagasse
renewable and sustainable fuels. A 45° gas venture is designed and developed
to provide a stoichiometric mixture of gas and air entry into the intake manifoldof the DF engine during suction stroke. A compressed mixture of air and gas
is ignited by injecting diesel into the engine cylinder at 205 bar pressure and atdifferent timings of injection. The effect of timing of injection on the DF engine
performance is studied by varying it from 23 to 31obtdc in steps of 4obtdc.
Experimental investigation showed that 27oBTC resulted in improved BTE with
reduced emissions of hydrocarbon, smoke, and CO while NOx, peak pressure
increased. It is noticed that the operation of producer gas lowers the power derating by 20% and the DF engine could run up to 80% load with increased nitricoxide (NOx) emissions. The developed DF engine worked satisfactorily withacceptable performance and emission norms and assisted in partiallysubstituting the fossil diesel fuel with a substitution of 60-70% by the PG
operation.
Keywords: Sugar cane bagasse biomass, producer gas, combustion chambershape, nozzle geometry, dual-fuel engine.
* Corresponding author: Hemanth Kumar K.J., Department of Mechanical Engineering,Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering, Mysuru, Karnataka, India

PERFORMANCE OF DUAL-FUEL (DF) ENGINE POWERED WITH THE PRODUCER GAS DERIVED FROM SUGAR CANE BAGASSE AND DIESEL INJECTION

Vol 49Issue 162 - 72

Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management

http://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/iswmaw/491/2023.73

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION (AD) BASED WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN NEPAL: TECHNOLOGIES AND
IMPLEMENTATION MODALITIES
Mukesh Ghimire1, 2,*, Jong Roul Woo2, Sudeshana Pandey2
1Alternative Energy Promotion Center, Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation, Government of Nepal,

Kathmandu, Nepal
2Graduate School of Energy and Environment (KU-KIST Green School), Korea University, Seoul, South Korea

Received on: December 26, 2022
Accepted on: March 20, 2023
ABSTRACT
Developing countries are still facing severe challenges for providing access toclean energy, managing waste and struggling to meet Sustainable
Development Goals (SDG) targets. Anaerobic Digestion (AD) based waste
management technologies have great potential for addressing thesechallenges. Public Private Partnerships (PPP) are the key government’s policy
and strategic directions for promoting biogas as a multi-beneficiary’s productand services in Nepal. Nepal’s biogas promotion PPP model and technologies
in domestic biogas sector have been replicated in many African and Asian
countries. AD based Gobar Gas Company (GGC 2047 model) andContinuously Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) based technologies have beenpromoted for domestic and large applications respectively in wider scale.
Comprehensive review and analysis using technological and implementation
progress results through government interventions revealed that with thepotential of 1.1 million of domestic biogas 433,173 systems have been
installed. Quantification of outcomes of AD based technologies revealed thatin addition to the energy access to more than 1.8 million people, thesesignificantly contributed for production of gas amounting 456,282 m3 andsubstituted equivalent 15,578 nos. of LPG cylinders and 2229.91 tons offertilizer daily. Under Carbon Development Mechanism (CDM), Total 21.20
million USD have been earned as carbon revenue from this sector, which has
played significant role for earning revenue from carbon financing. Similarly,
Developing Carbon Program for Large Scale Biogas through ITMO
(Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes: a new carbon mechanism) isunder way. Overall, biogas sector is contributing for country’s energy security
and circular economy through replacement of fossil fuels and chemicalfertilizers along with the waste management.
Keywords: Anaerobic Digestion, Waste Management, PPP, Nepal Biogas,
Carbon Revenue.
* Corresponding author: Mukesh Ghimire, Alternative Energy Promotion Center, Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation, Government of Nepal,
Kathmandu, Nepal, email: mukeshghimire.ku@gmail.com

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION (AD) BASED WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NEPAL: TECHNOLOGIES AND IMPLEMENTATION MODALITIESVol 49Issue 1 73 - 90