Government Response toLarge-scale Oil Spills
in Japan
26.Feb.2004

ＴｏｍｏｍｉＴＳＵＣＨＩＹＡCabinet Counselor
National Security ａｎｄ Crisis Management,
Cabinet Secretariat

CONTENTS
Ⅰ Crisis managementof Japanese Government
Ⅱ Government Response to Largescale Oil Spill Accidents
・ Lessons from the Accident of NAKHODKA
・ Government’s Improved Measures
・ Roles and Cooperation of the Authorities
Concerned

Ⅲ Conclusion

Ⅰ Crisis management ofJapanese Government

Recent disasters moved the Japanese
Government to strengthen its crisis
management.
Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 1995
Sarin Attack in Tokyo Subway in 1995
NAKHODKA Oil spill in 1997
…etc.

Volcano Eruption
Cabinet prefecture （prevention of disasters ）ＨＰ

Ship Grounding
Petroleum Association of Japan (PAJ) ＨＰ

2. Strengthening Crisis
Management System
1)DEPUTY CHIEF CABINET
SECRETARY FOR CRISISMANAGEMENT set up in 1998,
who coordinates withgovernment departments.
2)CRISIS MANAGEMENT CENTER
in the New Prime Minister’s
Office, to handle the initialstage response.
3)Manuals for various types ofemergency.

Organization ofCABINET SECRETARIAT
View of the new Prime Minister’s Office
operational from 2002

However・・・・
New types of emergency suchas cyber-terrorism, SARS,
9.11 suicidal terrorism etc.
required more comprehensive
and flexible response of thegovernment.

↑ Bombs terrorism
in Bali island（Police agency ＨＰ）

Training for
ＮＢＣ terrorism →（Police agency ＨＰ）

so・・・
Japanese government reviewed its
crisis management system and made it
applicable to all situations.

3. The New Cabinet Decision “Clarification on
Emergency Response” in November 2003

1) The new definition of an emergency
a situation causing or may be causing damage to life, propertyof the nation or the National land.
2) An uniformly applied decision procedure
Emergency Response Team → Concerned Ministers’ Conference→ Headquarters for Emergency Response
Large-scale oil spill accidents like NAKHODKA or DAIAMONDGRACE will handled by this framework.

NAKHODKA Accident
PAJ ＨＰDAIAMOND GRACE Accident
JAPAN COAST GUARD(ＪＣＧ)Ⅱ Responses to Large-scale Oil Spills

by Japanese Government
１．NAKHODKA Accident（１）
Summary of Accident

Presented by JCG

Accident occurence
position● Date and position
2.Jan.1997 / about 106km NNEfrom OKI island SHIMANE Prefecture.
● Vesselname ：NAKHODKAtype：oil tanker
tonnage ：13,157 tons
cargo ：Ｃ-heavy oil about 19,000ｋｌ
crews：32

a trace of bow

OKI island

Grounding position
7.jan.1997

● DamageOn the way from SHANG-HAI to Petro-pavlovsk, she was broken in her body.
The stern sank under the sea, and the bow drifted and grounded on the coast of
MIKUNI-town FUKUI prefecture on 7.Jan.1997. About 6,240kl C-heavy oil wasspilled from the broken tanks, and the spilled oil grounded on the coastline of 9Prefectures, more than 1000 Kms.
● Oil prevention and recovery① JCG, Japan Self-Defense Force (JSDF), Ministry of Transport, Maritime Disaster
Prevention Center (MDPC), fishery organizations etc. recovered the oil on the sea.
② MDPC, JSDF, municipal governments and volunteers recovered the grounded
oil on the coast.
The Bow of NAKHODKA
In MIKUNI-town（left）
PAJ ＨＰ

Recovery measure byvolunteers （right）
PAJ ＨＰ

Comparison of NAKHODKA and PRESTIGENAKHODKA Oil Spill

PRESTIGE Oil Spill
2,JAN.１９９７
13.Nov.２００２
DateJAPAN Sea
NW Off Spain
Position
ＮＡＫＨＯＤＫＡＰＲＥＳＴＩ
ＧＥ
NAME
１３，１５７ＧＴ
４２，８２０ＧＴ
Tonnage
Single hull tanker
Shingle hull tanker
TypeRussian
BahamaFlag
３２２７Crew
２５２６AgeC heavy oil 1９，０００ｋｌ Cargo
heavy oil ７７，０００t
About ６２４０ｋｌ
About ９０００t
Volume of spill
From Akita to Shimane Polluted Spanish west coast
Cutting of body by roughCutting of body by roughCauseweather
weather
Sinking body keeps in the deepsea in 2500 depth

Sinking body in the deep sea
in 3600 depth spills oil

1. Lessons from the accident of NAKHODKA① Immediate Initiation of Government’sCrisis Management② Accurate Forecast of Oil Drifting③ Means to Respond Spills on Outer Ocean
under Severe Weather④ Preparation for Spills outside theTerritorial Sea⑤ Response when the Shipowner does not
Respond Enough⑥ Preparation for Environmental Damage⑦ Reinforcement of Vessel Structure⑧ International Cooperation⑨ Predetermined Roles of Agencies andPeriodic Drills

2．The Improved Measures since NAKHODKA
Accident① Strengthening of Government ’s Crisis Management
at Initial Stage● The part of accidents including oil spills was added
to the Basic Plan for Disaster Prevention andResponse, which formerly dealt with natural disaster.
June, 1997
● For oil spills, the procedure to set up HQs forPrecaution and Disaster Response was stipulated inthe above Basic Plan.
● Analysis and Evaluation Specialists Meeting wasestablished as an advisory body to Deputy Chief
Cabinet Secretary for Crisis Management.
October, 1998

Organizational Framework to Respond Oil Spills
Oil spill accidents happened
Mass MediaInformation

Government
Departments

Industry

Cabinet Information Integration Center
Cabinet Crisis Management Center
DEPUTY CHIEF CABINET SECRETARYFOR CRISIS MANAGEMENTPRIME MINISTERCHIEF CABINET SECRETARY
DEPUTY CHIEF CABINET SECRETARYASSISTANT CHIEF CABINET SECRETARYCOUNCILLOR, CABINET SECRETARIAT

Report and OrderEmergency Response Team gathered in PM’s Office

if necessary

・collect information, understand a situation, lead initial responses.
Concerned Ministers’ Conference

AdviceAnalysis and Evaluation Specialists Meeting

Concerned Agencies
Coordination Meeting

・consist of experts and concerned departments
・consist of concerned 15 departments

HQs for precaution
・Head : ＪＣＧ director ・members：related agencies, CABINET SECRETARIAT etc

HQs for Emergency Response
・Head：minister for MLIT ・members：related agencies, CABINET SECRETARIAT etc

② Strengthening of Oil Drift Prediction● JCG’s drifting prediction system wasversioned up, by including real time and onsite data on weather and the spreading effect.
● The Meteorological Agency (MA) deals withlong term Drifting Prediction using its
weather forecast models, when required.
● Ministry of Education and Science provide
satellite observation of oil spreading anddrifting making use of the experiences in theNAVODTKA.

＜Improvement of ＪＣＧ ＳDrifting Prediction＞

１．Unification of real time data on weather and sea conditions
２．On-line provision of drifting prediction
３．Map Presentation of prediction
Example : the result of Trajectory Prediction JCG

Presented byJCG

③ Reinforcing Organizations andEquipments

A large-size dredger
cum oil recovery ship
deployed at NAGOYA,NIIGATA, and KITAKYUSHU ports
MLIT ＨＰ

Oil Skimmer （Transrec 250）

deployed by PAJ,MDPCPAJ ＨＰ

Offshore type Oil Boomstocked at NIIGATA andHAKODATEPAJ ＨＰ

Lowly Side Collector（ＬＳＣ）at MIKUNI,FUSHIKI etc,
And Large-sized Vacuum Skimmer at ABASHIRI.

● JCG
Strengthening National Strike Team
3 teams 12 members

Presented by JCG● Enlarging the responsible area for Regional
Spilled Oil Prevention Groups,
consisting of JCG regional hqs, local
governments, shipowners, oil industries
fishing industries, sulvage companies etc.

③ Revision of ‘Law Relating to Prevention ofMarine Pollution and Maritime Disaster’● Added was an article that the Commandant of JCG
can demand concerned authorities such as local
governments to take oil prevention measures.
● Added was an article that the Commandant of JCG
can order MDPC to take measures against oil spills
from foreign vessels out of territorial waters.
demandprevention
measureConcerned agencies

JCG

indication

MDPC

The foreign vessels
out of territorial
waters⑤ Review of Regional
Oil Spill ContingencyPlans（1998）● Measures for EEZ wereadded to all 16 plans.
EEZ

JAPAN’S Exclusive Economic Zone（ＥＥＺ）

⑤ Arranging Social and Environmental
Information on Coastal Area
● Ministry of Environment (ME) has made‘Environmental Sensitivity Index MAP’ andpublished it on its ＨＰ.
● The Fisheries Agency (FA) has made ‘Oil Pollution
Fishery Influence Information Figure’. FA willversion up in the future. If an accident happens,the figure will be made public.)● JCG has made ‘The Information of Environmental
Protection at Coastal Area’ which is available
on the internet .

Environmental Sensitivity Index MAP (by ＭＥ)
The map shows the environmental
Sensitivity Index (geographicalfeatures, distribution of life etc) toevaluate the effect on the ecosystemof oil grounding.

ＭＥＨＰ

139ﾟ50'140ﾟ0'

Oil Pollution Fishery Influence
Information Figure （by FA）

45444643
35ﾟ40'

35ﾟ40'

42
7848

47
3940

949 41

The map shows the fishery information(fisheries, aquaculture etc) to protect fisheryresources from oil spills.

1035ﾟ35'35ﾟ35'

139ﾟ50'140ﾟ0'

35ﾟ30'The map was delivered to the concerned
departments only and will be opened if an accident
happens.

501351121135ﾟ25'

35ﾟ25'

171456

Oil pollution fishery influence
information figure （TOKYO bay） →Presented by FA

35ﾟ30'

5452
53

1516139ﾟ50'

55

18 57

140ﾟ0'

1958

35ﾟ20'

35ﾟ20'

The Information of Environmental Protection at Coastal Area（by JCG）

The map indicates ofgeographic, natural, social
and anti-disaster informationnecessary for response to oilspills.

JCG has plan to develop
Environmental Sensitivity
Index and by March,2007
Include it to the system.

Presented by JCG

⑥ Regulation on Tanker
Body Structure
Ministry of Transport
proposed strengthening ofregulation on tanker
and facilitated the use ofDouble hulls. It also
tightened PSC.

Structure of double hull tanker
Maritime Research InstituteＨＰ

ＰＳＣ for foreign vessel
MLIT CHUGOKU branch ＨＰ

⑦ International
Cooperation● Participation in ＮＯＷＰＡＰ
that was proposed byＵＮＥＰ.

International Meetings
JCG ＨＰ● Holding expert meetings
on marine pollution with
KOREA, RUSSIA, and USA.
● Joint oil spill prevention
exercises with KOREA andRUSSIA.

Joint trainingJCG ＨＰ

⑧ Defining the Roles of Agencies andPeriodic Drills● Roles of agencies were clearly defined in Disaster
Prevention and Response Plan or National Oil
Spill Contingency Plan.
● Communication exercise and Simulation withconcerned departments were donein Nov.2000 and Dec.2003.
● A drill involving local governments, field
responders and private parties is planned for 2004.
Exercise with concerned departments

（collection of information）
・collection of accidents and damage information using airplanes,vessels, satellites etc. ＝ Cabinet office（prevention of disasters ）、National Police Agency(NPA)、Defense Agency(DA), FireDefenses Agency(FDA)、JCG、MA、MLIT、MEXT etc(protection of residentｓ）
・PR, refuge and guide of resident ＝ NPA、FDA etc（prevention and recovery）
・prevention and recovery on sea and land ＝JCG、DA、MLIT、FA、FDA etc
・provision of equipments and materials ＝JCG、DA、Resources andEnergy Agency(REA), MLIT、FDA etc
・transport and support of equipments and materials = NPA、FDA、DA、MLIT、JCG
・disposal of recovered oil ＝ ME（evaluation of environment）
・Evaluation of effects on wildlife and fisheries ＝ ME、FA、JCG
・Research for residents ’ health＝ the Ministry of Health,Welfare and Labor(MHWL)（another）
・Keeping communication means ＝ The Ministry of Management andCoordination(MOMC)・Cooperation with foreign government ＝The Ministry of Foreign
Affairs(MOFA)
・Safety for schoolers ＝ MEXTⅢ Conclusions
The large- scale oil spill accidents are national
emergency that government should mobilize
its all resources.
? The crisis management system of Japanese
government was strengthened since
NAKHODKA accident in many aspects? The cooperation between national and local
agencies and private parties is essential torespond large-scale oil spills.
? Periodic drills or training should be done tocheck the system and recognize the roles ofparties.
?