੩ㇺᄢቇ㒐ἴ⎇ⓥᚲᐕႎ ╙ภ$ᐔᚑ㧣ᐕ᦬
Annuals of Disas. Prev. Res. Inst., Kyoto Univ., No. 48 B, 2005

ਃቛፉ⿠Ḯ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߦࠃࠅ᳇⋧ߦㅊ޿಴ߐࠇߚ
⎣㉄࡮Ⴎ㉄ߦࠃࠆ㉄ᕈᴉ⌕ߩჇട

᫃㊁ℰ₺࡮ᬀ↰ᵗආ࡮⮋៺ᨋశ 㐳㊁⋵ⅣႺ଻ో⎇ⓥᚲⷐ ᣦਃቛፉἫጊߩྃἫߦ઻޿ჇടߒߚἫጊᕈ⎫㉄ߦࠃࠅ㧘ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ਛߩ⎣㉄
Ⴎ߿Ⴎ㉄Ⴎ߇᳇⋧ߦㅊ޿಴ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ㅊ޿಴ߐࠇߚ⎣㉄ࠟࠬ࡮Ⴎ㉄ࠟࠬߩᴉ⌕ㅦᐲߪ㧘⎣㉄Ⴎ࡮Ⴎ㉄ႮߩߘࠇߣᲧߴߡ㕖Ᏹߦᄢ߈޿ߩߢ㧘ྃἫߩᓇ㗀ߢ⎣㉄࡮Ⴎ㉄ߦࠃࠆ㉄ᕈᴉ⌕߇Ⴧടߒߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ੑᰴ⊛㧔ㅊട⊛㧕ߥ㉄ᕈൻലᨐࠍ㧘Ἣጊᕈ⎫㉄Ⴎ߇ߘߩ߹߹ᴉ⌕ߔࠆ⋥ធ⊛ߥ㉄ᕈൻߦኻߒߡ㧘‫ޟ‬㑆ធ⊛ⅣႺ㉄ᕈൻ‫ޠ‬ലᨐߣฬઃߌ㧘ߘࠇࠍࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ൻቇャㅍࡕ࠺࡞ߦࠃ
ࠅೋ߼ߡቯ㊂⊛ߦ⹏ଔߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᴾࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ਃቛፉἫጊྃἫ㧘㑆ធ⊛ⅣႺ㉄ᕈൻ㧘ࠟࠬ㧙ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ಽ㈩㧘ᴉ⌕ㅦᐲ㧘ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ャㅍᢙ୯ࡕ࠺࡞㧘࿾਄ᄢ᳇⾰᷹ⷰ࿖ో࿯߆ࠄߩੱὑ⿠Ḯ᡼಴㊂ 20.4 Tg yr-1 ߩ⚂ඨಽ,

1. ߪߓ߼ߦ

ᣣᧄో࿯߆ࠄߩੱὑ⿠Ḯ᡼಴㊂ 0.80 Tg yr-1 (Streets᧲੩ߩ180kmධᶏ਄ߦ૏⟎ߔࠆਃቛፉߩ㓶ጊ (એet al., 2003) ߩ⚂10୚ߦ඘ᢜߔࠆ‫ޕ‬᳇⽎ᐡߩ᷹ⷰ⚿ᨐᓟਃቛፉἫጊߣ⸥ߔ) ߪ2000ᐕ7᦬ߦྃἫࠍ㐿ᆎߒߦࠃࠆߣ, ྃᾍߪྃἫ㐿ᆎ⋥ᓟߪ 14,000m ߣኻᵹߡએ᧪, ᄢ㊂ߩੑ㉄ൻ⎫㤛ࠍߘߩྃἫᵴേߦࠃࠅ᡼

࿤⇇㕙ㄭߊ߹ߢ㆐ߒ, ੑ㉄ൻ⎫㤛ߩ᡼಴㊂ߪᦨᄢߢ಴ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ፉౝߩੑ㉄ൻ⎫㤛ỚᐲߪⅣႺၮḰ (1ᤨ

90 Gg d-1 ߣ, ࠕࠫࠕోၞߩੱὑ⿠Ḯ᡼಴㊂ 94 Gg

㑆୯ߩᣣᐔဋ୯߇40ppbએਅ߆ߟ1ᤨ㑆୯߇100 ppb

d-1ߣห⒟ᐲߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬એਅ) ࠍᄢ߈ߊ਄࿁ࠅ, 2000ᐕ9᦬એ᧪4ᐕඨߦᷰߞ

Satsumabayashi et al. (2004) ߪ, ਛㇱጊጪ࿾Ꮺߦ޽

ߡ, ోፉ᳃ㆱ㔍൘๔߇಴ߐࠇ, 2005ᐕ2᦬1ᣣߦ⸃㒰ࠆ ࿖ ⸳ ౎ ᣇ የ ᩮ ㉄ ᕈ 㔎 ᷹ ቯ ᚲ (137 { 48’E, 36 { 41’N,ߐࠇߚ߇, Ἣጊࠟࠬߪ੹ߥ߅᡼಴ߐࠇ⛯ߌߡ޿ߡࠟ

1850mMSL) ߦ߅޿ߡ, ਃቛፉྃἫ㐿ᆎߩ߅ࠃߘ2ᐕࠬ㜞Ớᐲ࿾ၞߪዬ૑⑌ᱛߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬᳇⽎ᐡ࿾㔡೨ߢ޽ࠆ1998ᐕ5᦬߆ࠄ⃻࿷ߦ⥋ࠆ߹ߢ, 1ᣣ1࿁3ᤨ

ἫጊㇱߪྃἫ㐿ᆎ2ࡩ᦬ᓟߩ2000ᐕ9᦬߆ࠄਃቛፉἫ

㑆㑆㓒ߩࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞⍴ᤨ㑆ࠨࡦࡊ࡝ࡦࠣࠍታᣉߒߡ

ጊߩྃᾍ㜞ᐲߣੑ㉄ൻ⎫㤛᡼಴㊂ࠍㅪ⛯ߒߡ᷹ⷰߒ

޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓥ᧪ߩࠨࡦࡊ࡝ࡦࠣᴺߢߪ, ࠗࠝࡦࠢࡠࡑ࠻

⛯ߌߡ߈ߚ (㘑ᣧࠄ, 2001)‫⚿ߩߘ ޕ‬ᨐߦࠃࠆߣ, ⷰࠣ࡜ࡈࠖ࡯ᴺߦࠃࠆ᳓ṁᕈࠗࠝࡦỚᐲߩಽᨆߦචಽ

᷹㐿ᆎ߆ࠄ1ᐕ㑆ߢੑ㉄ൻ⎫㤛᡼಴㊂ߪ 9 Tg ߢ޽

ߥ㊂ߩࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ࠍ᝝㓸ߔࠆὑߦ, 24ᤨ㑆߆ߘࠇએߞߚ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬, 1970ᐕ߆ࠄ1997ᐕ߹ߢߩ਎⇇ߩઁߩἫ

਄ߩⓍ▚᝝㓸ᤨ㑆ࠍ↪޿ߡ߈ߚ߇, ߘࠇߢߪើ⊒ᕈ

-1ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߢ޽ࠆ⎣㉄߿Ⴎ㉄ߥߤߪࡈࠖ࡞࠲࡯਄ߢ

(Andres and Kasgnoc, 1998) ߩ⚂70%ߦ⋧ᒰߒ, ߹ߚࠨࡦࡊ࡝ࡦࠣਛߦ⫳ᢔߒߡߒ߹߁‫ߢߎߘޕ‬1985ᐕߩੱὑ⿠Ḯ (ൻ⍹Άᢱ߿ࡃࠗࠝࡑࠬΆ὾) ߩSatsumabayashi et al. (2004) ߢߪ, ⍴ᤨ㑆ࠨࡦࡊ࡝ࡦጊ ߆ ࠄ ߩ ቯ Ᏹ ⊛ ߥ ੑ ㉄ ൻ ⎫ 㤛 ᡼ ಴ ㊂ 13 Tg yr-1(Benkovitz et al., 1996) ߩ⚂ࠣߦࠃࠅታᄢ᳇ߦ߅ߌࠆ⎣㉄߿Ⴎ㉄ߥߤߩࠟࠬ㧙ࠛ

6.9%ߦ⋧ᒰߔࠆ‫ࠕࠫࠕ᧲ߚ߹ޕ‬㗔ၞߢߪ, 2000ᐕߩਛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ಽ㈩ࠍࠃࠅᱜ⏕ߦ᷹ቯߒߚ‫⚿ߩߘޕ‬ᨐ, ਃో⃿᡼಴㊂ 130 Tg yr

Fig.1 Map of East Asia showing Happo Ridge, Miyakejima Island and other locations.
ቛፉἫጊྃἫߦ઻޿᡼಴ߐࠇࠆੑ㉄ൻ⎫㤛ࠟࠬߩ㉄

ߪ1એਅߢ޽ࠅ, ᤨߦߪ⽶ߩ୯ࠍ␜ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ൻߢੑᰴ↢ᚑߐࠇࠆ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߦࠃߞߡ, ⎣㉄ቯᏱ⊛ߦੑ㉄ൻ⎫㤛ࠍ᡼಴ߔࠆ਎⇇ฦ࿾ߩἫጊߦ

߿Ⴎ㉄ߥߤߩࠟࠬ㧙ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ಽ㈩߇ᄌൻߒ, ࠛࠕ㑐 ߔ ࠆ ⎇ ⓥ ߪ ᢙ ᄙ ߊ ὑ ߐ ࠇ ߡ ߈ ߚ (Stoiber et al.,ࡠ࠱࡞ਛߩ⎣㉄Ⴎ߿Ⴎ㉄Ⴎ߇᳇⋧ߦㅊ޿಴ߐࠇࠆߣ

1983; Allard, 1997; McGonigle et al., 2003 ߥߤ)‫ࠇߎޕ‬޿߁ nitrate deficit, chlorine deficit ߇↢ߓߡ޿ࠆ੐ࠍ

ࠄߩ᡼಴࠺࡯࠲ߪో⃿࡮㗔ၞᢙ୯⸘▚↪ߦᢛ஻ߐࠇ

⊒⷗ߒߚ‫࡞࠱ࡠࠕࠛޕ‬ਛߩ⎣㉄߿Ⴎ㉄ߥߤߩᴉ⌕ㅦߡ޿ࠆ ( Stoiber et al., 1987; Andres and Kasgnoc, 1998

ᐲߪ, ᳇૕ߩ⎣㉄ࠟࠬ߿Ⴎ㉄ࠟࠬߦᲧߴߡᢙࠝ࡯࠳ߥߤ )‫ྃޕ‬Ἣߦࠃࠆྃ಴‛ߢ޽ࠆἫጊἯ, ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞,࡯⒟ᐲዊߐ޿‫ޕ‬ᓥߞߡ, ਃቛፉἫጊߩྃἫߦࠃߞߡ

Ἣጊࠟࠬߥߤߪ, ዪᚲⷙᮨ (Kinoshita, 1996) ߆ࠄ㗔᳇⋧ߦㅊ޿಴ߐࠇߚ㕖Ἣጊᕈߩ⎣㉄߿Ⴎ㉄ߩ㉄ᕈᴉၞⷙᮨ (Huebert et al., 2001) ߹ߢߩᄢ᳇ⅣႺߦᓇ㗀

⌕㊂߇Ⴧടߔࠆߣ޿߁㑆ធ⊛ⅣႺ㉄ᕈൻ (Ἣጊᕈ⎫ࠍ෸߷ߔߣ⸒ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ਃቛፉἫጊߩྃἫ੐଀ߢ

㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߩᴉ⌕ߦࠃࠆ⋥ធ⊛ߥⅣႺ㉄ᕈൻߦኻ߽, ྃἫߦࠃࠅჇടߒߚੑ㉄ൻ⎫㤛ࠟࠬߣ, ߘࠇ߇ᔕߔࠆᒻߢߘ߁๭߱) ߇↢ߓߡ޿ࠆ੐߇ផ᷹ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬㉄ൻߐࠇߡ↢ߓߚ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߦࠃࠆᄢ᳇ⅣႺᄌ

߹ߚߎߩ᷹ⷰ߆ࠄ, ྃἫߩᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌߚ᳇႙ߦ߅

ൻߣ㉄ᕈᴉ⌕ߩჇടߥߤߦ㑐ߒߡ⎇ⓥ߇ὑߐࠇߡ߈

޿ߡߪ, HSO4-ࠗࠝࡦ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆߣ޿߁੐ታ߇⏕⹺ߐߚ (㣮ⷺࠄ, 2002; ᬀ↰ࠄ, 2003; ᫃㊁ࠄ, 2003; An etࠇߚ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬ᣂߒ޿੐ታߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ἣጊᕈ᳇႙ߢߪ, ࠕ

al., 2003; Fujita et al., 2003; Kajino et al., 2004;ࡦࡕ࠾ࠕߪᄢ㊂ߩ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߦࠃࠅࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞

Satsumabayashi et al., 2004 ߥߤ)‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬, ߎߩ㑆ធ⋧ߦ࿕ቯߐࠇߡ⎫㉄ࠕࡦࡕ࠾࠙ࡓߣߥࠅ, ᳇⋧ߦߪ

⊛ലᨐ߿HSO4- ࠗࠝࡦߩሽ࿷ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ, ઁߩἫጊ߶ߣࠎߤሽ࿷ߒߥ߆ߞߚ‫߇ࠕ࠾ࡕࡦࠕޕ‬ቢోߦࠛࠕ

ߩྃἫ੐଀ߦ㑐ߒߡ߽, ᧂߛ߆ߟߡߘߩലᨐࠍቯ㊂-ࡠ࠱࡞⋧ߦขࠅㄟ߹ࠇࠇ߫, HSO4 ࠗࠝࡦ߇Ⴧടߒߡ

⊛ߦ⹏ଔߒߚ⎇ⓥߪߥ޿‫⎇ᧄߢߎߘޕ‬ⓥߢߪ, Kajino

NH4HSO4ࠍᒻᚑߔࠆ‫㉄ߩ࡞࠱ࡠࠕࠛ߈ߣߩߘޕ‬ᕈᐲ

et al. (2004) ߩ 㗔 ၞ ࠛ ࠕ ࡠ ࠱ ࡞ ャ ㅍ ࡕ ࠺ ࡞ MSSP

(regional-scale Eulerian Model System for Soluble(Carmichael et al., 2002; Kajino et al., 2004), ᶏᵗ⿠ḮParticles) ࠍ↪޿ߡߎࠇࠄߩലᨐࠍቯ㊂⊛ߦ⹏ଔߒDMS (dimethyl sulfide)ߩ᡼಴ߪ⠨ᘦߒߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᢙ୯ߚ‫ޕ‬⸘▚ߪ᳇⽎ᐡߩ᷹ⷰ㐿ᆎ߆ࠄ1ᐕ㑆, 2000ᐕ9᦬߆ࠄ
2001ᐕ8᦬߹ߢⴕߞߚ‫ޕ‬

2. ᢙ୯⸘▚ᚻᴺ
⸘▚᧦ઙߪోߡ Kajino et al. (2004) ߩㅢࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

3. Ἣጊᕈ⎫㉄ߦࠃࠆࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ⅣႺᄌൻࡔࠞ
࠾࠭ࡓ

Kajino et al. (2004) ߪ, ਃቛፉ⿠Ḯߩੑ㉄ൻ⎫㤛߅ࠃ߮⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߩャㅍߣ, ⎫㉄ߦࠃࠆࠕࡦࡕ࠾ࠕ
ߩࠟࠬ㧙ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ಽ㈩ߩᄌൻ, 㒠᳓ߩ㉄ᕈൻߥߤᧄ▵ߢߪ, ᧄ⺰ᢥߢᵈ⋡ߒߚਃቛፉἫጊྃἫߩࠛ
ࠕࡠ࠱࡞ⅣႺ߳ߩ᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᓇ㗀ߦߟ޿ߡ⺑᣿ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬

ࠍMSSPࡕ࠺࡞ߦࠃࠅ⸘▚ߒ, 㗔ၞ⊛࡮㐳ᦼ⊛ߦߘߩᓇ㗀ࠍ⸃ᨆߒߚ‫ޕ‬MSSPࡕ࠺࡞ߪਥߦ3ߟߩࠨࡉࡕ࠺
࡞߆ࠄᚑࠆ‫ޕ‬᳇⽎ࡕ࠺࡞, ൻቇャㅍࡕ࠺࡞, ᾲജቇᐔ3.1 ⎣㉄࡮Ⴎ㉄ߦࠃࠆ㑆ធ⊛ⅣႺ㉄ᕈൻࡊࡠ࠮ࠬⴧ ࡕ ࠺ ࡞ ߢ ޽ ࠆ ‫ ޕ‬᳇ ⽎ ࡕ ࠺ ࡞ ߦ ߪ , Penn State/

Table 1ߩ⎣㉄࡮Ⴎ㉄ߩࠟࠬ㧙ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ಽ㈩ߦ㑐National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)ߔࠆ౎ᣇየᩮߢߩ᷹ⷰ⚿ᨐߦࠃࠆߣ, ਃቛፉྃἫ೨

mesoscale model MM5 (Dudhia, 1993) ࠍ૶↪ߒ, ൻቇߢ޽ࠆ1999ᐕ9᦬ߢߪ, ᄢ㒽߆ࠄߩᳪᨴ᳇႙ߦ߅ߌ

ャㅍࡕ࠺࡞ߪ Regional Air Quality Model (RAQM; Anࠆ⎣㉄࡮Ⴎ㉄ߩࠟࠬ㧙ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ಽ㈩ߪࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞

et al., 2002) ࠍၮߦ㐿⊒ߒߚ‫ߩ࡞࠱ࡠࠕࠛߚ߹ޕ‬ᾲജ஥ߦነࠅ, ߘࠇߙࠇ☸ሶ⋧ߦ62%, 58%, ᳇⋧ߦ38%ቇᐔⴧࠍ⸘▚ߔࠆὑߦ, Simulating Compositions of

42%ߢ޽ࠅ, ᑼ(2)ߩࠃ߁ߥᐔⴧ߇ᚑࠅ┙ߞߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬

Atmospheric Particles at Equilibrium (SCAPE)ࡕ࠺࡞

ߎߩߣ߈ើ⊒ᕈႮၮᕈ‛⾰ߢ޽ࠆࠕࡦࡕ࠾ࠕߩࠟࠬ

(Kim et al., 1993a, 1993b; Kim and Seinfeld, 1995;㧙ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ಽ㈩߽߹ߚࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞஥ߦነࠅ, ☸ሶ{Meng et al., 1995) ࠍ↪޿ ߡ޿ࠆ‫ ޕ‬㗔ၞ ߪ15-60 N,⋧ߦ75%, ᳇⋧ߦ25%ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߪߢ▵ᧄޕ‬ൻቇᑼߦ߅

75-155 { E ߢ, ᳓ᐔ⸃௝ᐲߪ1ᐲ㑆㓒ߩ✲ᐲ⚻ᐲᐳᮡ,޿ߡႮၮߪోߡࠕࡦࡕ࠾࠙ࡓࠗࠝࡦߢ⴫⸥ߔࠆ߇,㋦⋥ߪ࿾⴫㕙߆ࠄኻᵹ࿤⇇㕙߹ߢߩ࿾ᒻḰ᜚ᐳᮡߢࠕ ࡦ ࡕ ࠾࠙ ࡓ ࠗ ࠝ ࡦ ߦ㒢 ࠄ ߕ, ో ߡ ߩ ᳓ ṁ ᕈ Ⴎ ၮ

23ጀ ߢ ޽ ࠆ ‫ ޕ‬1ᐲ 㑆 㓒 ߩ NCEP (National Center for(ߚߣ߃߫Na+, Ca2+ߥߤ) ߇ߎࠇߦ⋧ᒰߔࠆ (ߚߛߒEnvironmental Research) ቴ ⷰ ⸃ ᨆ ࠺ ࡯ ࠲ើ⊒ᕈߩႮၮߪࠕࡦࡕ࠾ࠕߩߺߢ޽ࠅ, ઁߩႮၮᕈ

(FinalAnalysis) ࠍೋᦼ࡮Ⴚ⇇᧦ઙߣߒߡMM5ߦࠃࠅ᳇⽎႐ࠍ ౣ ⃻ ߒ ߚ ‫ ޕ‬SO2, NOx, NH3, CO, NMVOC(non-methane volatile organic compounds), BC (black
carbon) ߩࠛࡒ࠶࡚ࠪࡦࠗࡦࡌࡦ࠻࡝㧙ߦߪStreets
et al. (2003) ࠍ૶↪ߒߚ‫⥄ޕ‬ὼ⿠Ḯࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߢ޽ࠆ

‛⾰ߪ⫳⊒ߒߥ޿‫ޕ)ޕ‬NH 4 NO3 ( p ) l NH 3 ( g )  HNO 3 ( g )NH 4 Cl ( p ) l NH 3 ( g )  HCl ( g )(2)ߎ ߎ ߢ ᜝ ᒐ ౝ ߩ p, g ߪ ߘ ࠇ ߙ ࠇ , ࠛ ࠕ ࡠ ࠱ ࡞࿯ფ☸ሶߩ⊒↢ߦߪWang et al. (2000)ߩࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞,(particulate), ᳇૕ (gaseous) ࠍ⴫ߔ‫ޕ‬߹ߚᶏႮ☸ሶߩ⊒↢ߦߪ੖ፉ೉ፉ (Fig. 1 ෳᾖ) ߦ

Table 1ߩ2000ᐕ9᦬, ਃቛፉߩྃἫ㐿ᆎ߆ࠄ2ࡩ᦬ᓟ߅ߌࠆ᷹ⷰ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄዉ಴ߒߚࠬࠠ࡯ࡓ (Kajino et al.,ߢߪ, ਃቛፉ߆ࠄߩ᳇႙ߦ߅޿ߡߪ, ⎣㉄࡮Ⴎ㉄ߩࠟ2004) ࠍ૶↪ߒߚ‫ޕ‬Ⴎ㉄ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ, ឃ಴࠺࡯࠲߇ᢛ

ࠬ㧙ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ಽ㈩ߪ, ߶߷᳇૕஥ߦነߞߡ߅ࠅ,஻ߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ὑ, ੱὑ⿠Ḯࠍ⠨ᘦߖߕ, ᶏႮ☸ሶ⎣㉄࡮Ⴎ㉄౒ߦ☸ሶ⋧ߦ4%, ᳇⋧ߦ96%ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬߆ࠄߩਇဋ⾰෻ᔕߩߺ߆ࠄએਅߩࠃ߁ߦ↢ߓࠆߣߒ৻ᣇࠕࡦࡕ࠾ࠕߦ㑐ߒߡߪ, SCAPEࡕ࠺࡞ߦࠃࠆ⸘

ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬▚⚿ᨐߢߪ100%☸ሶ⋧ߢ޽ࠅ, ᷹ⷰ⚿ᨐߢ߽☸ሶ⋧

2 NaCl  H 2 SO4 o Na 2 ( SO4 )  2 HCl (n)ߦ85%ߣᄙߊ߇ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߣߒߡሽ࿷ߒߡ޿ߚ‫ߟޕ‬(1)

NaCl  HNO3 o NaNO3  HCl (n)etc.

߹ࠅ, ᑼ(2) ߩൻቇᐔⴧߦ߅ߌࠆᏀ஥ߩ⎣㉄ࠕࡦࡕ࠾࠙ࡓ, Ⴎൻࠕࡦࡕ࠾࠙ࡓߥߤߩ☸ሶߦਃቛፉ⿠ḮਃቛፉἫጊ߆ࠄߩੑ㉄ൻ⎫㤛ߩ᡼಴ߦߪ᳇⽎ᐡ࿾ߩ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞߇એਅߩࠃ߁ߦ෻ᔕߒߡ, ࠛࠕࡠ㔡Ἣጊㇱߦࠃࠆ⋥ធ᷹ቯ࠺࡯࠲ (㘑ᣧࠄ, 2001) ࠍ૶࠱࡞ਛߦ޽ߞߚ⎣㉄ࠟࠬ߿Ⴎ㉄ࠟࠬ߇ើ⊒ߒߚ‫ޕ‬↪ߒߚ‫⸘ޕ‬᷹ߐࠇߚ↢࠺࡯࠲ߪ, 3ᰴࠬࡊ࡜ࠗࡦ㑐ᢙ

2 NH 4 NO3 ( p)  H 2 SO4 ( p ) oߦࠃࠅᐔṖൻߒߡࡕ࠺࡞ߦ౉ജߒߚ‫⎇ᧄޕ‬ⓥߢߪᄢ
᳇ⅣႺ߳ߩਃቛፉἫጊྃἫߩᓇ㗀ߦ⌕⋡ߔࠆὑ, ઁߩἫጊ߆ࠄߩ᡼಴߿, ᧲ࠕࠫࠕ㗔ၞߢߪੱὑ⿠Ḯ⎫㤛ߦᲧߴߡዊߐ޿ὑߦήⷞߢ߈ࠆߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ

( NH 4 ) 2 SO4 ( p)  2 HNO3 (n)2 NH 4 Cl ( p )  H 2 SO4 ( p) o
( NH 4 ) 2 SO4 ( p)  2 HCl (n)(3)

Table 1 Gas-aerosol partitioning before and after the onset of the eruption at Happo Ridge.

Table 2 Annual mean and bimonthly mean concentrations of components in gas, aerosol and precipitation before andafter the onset of the eruption (measured at Happo Ridge).

ᑼ(3)ߩ෻ᔕ߇޽ࠆ႐วߣή޿႐วߣߢߪ, ᳇⋧ਛߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ߢߩ⎣㉄Ớᐲ, Ⴎ㉄Ớᐲ߇ᄌࠊߞߡߊࠆ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ਃ

Table 2 ߪ౎ᣇየᩮߦ߅ߌࠆྃἫ೨ߣྃἫᓟߩᐕ

ቛፉἫጊߩྃἫߦࠃߞߡ, ⎣㉄ࠟࠬ࡮Ⴎ㉄ࠟࠬỚᐲᐔဋ (਄Ბ) ෸߮ੑࡩ᦬ᐔဋ (ਅᲑ) ߩࠟࠬ, ࠛࠕࡠߪჇടߒ, ৻ᣇߢ⎣㉄Ⴎ࡮Ⴎ㉄ႮߩỚᐲ߇ᷫዋߔࠆ‫ޕ‬࠱࡞, 㒠᳓ߩᚑಽỚᐲࠍ␜ߔ‫ྃޕ‬Ἣߩ೨ᓟߢ, 㒠᳓ਛࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ਛߩ⎣㉄Ⴎ߿Ⴎ㉄Ⴎߩᴉ⌕ㅦᐲߪ, ᳇૕ߩ⎣㉄ࠗࠝࡦ, Ⴎൻ‛ࠗࠝࡦỚᐲ߇ߘࠇߙࠇ, ᐕᐔߩ⎣㉄ࠟࠬ߿Ⴎ㉄ࠟࠬߦᲧߴߡ㕖Ᏹߦዊߐ޿‫ߣߚޕ‬ဋߢߪࠊߕ߆ߦ, 2ࡩ᦬ᐔဋߢߪࠃࠅ㗼⪺ߦ2୚⒟ᐲ

߃߫, ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߦขࠅㄟ߹ࠇߚ⎣㉄߿Ⴎ㉄ߩ㊀ജჇടߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬એ਄ߢㅀߴߚലᨐߦࠃࠆ߽ߩ

ᴉ㒠ߦࠃࠆᴉ⌕ㅦᐲߪ߅ࠃߘ 10-2 ߆ࠄ 10-4 (cm s-1)ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬Ⴧട㊂ߦߔࠆߣ, ᐕᐔဋߢ㒠᳓ਛߩߩࠝ࡯࠳࡯ߢ޽ࠆߩߦኻߒߡ, ⎣㉄ࠟࠬ߿Ⴎ㉄ࠟࠬ

⎫㉄ࠗࠝࡦ, ⎣㉄ࠗࠝࡦ, Ⴎൻ‛ࠗࠝࡦߪߘࠇߙࠇ,ߩ ੇ ᕈ ᴉ ⌕ ㅦ ᐲ ߪ ߅ ࠃ ߘ 4 cm s-1 ⒟ ᐲ ߢ ޽ ࠆ

0.55, 0.03, 0.08 mg l-1 Ⴧടߒߚ‫ޕ‬2ࡩ᦬ᐔဋߢߪߘࠇ

(Hauglustaine et al., 1994)‫ߚ߹ޕ‬, ࠟࠬߩṁ⸃ᐔⴧቯᢙ

ߙࠇ 1.45, 0.52, 0.08 mg l-1 Ⴧടߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߢ޽ࠆࡋࡦ࡝࡯ቯᢙ߽߹ߚ, ⎣㉄ࠟࠬ࡮Ⴎ㉄ࠟࠬߪߘࠇߙࠇ 2.1105, 727 mol l-1 atm-1 ߣ, ੑ㉄ൻ⎫㤛߿ੑ㉄ൻ⓸⚛ߥߤߩߘࠇ (1.23߿0.01 mol l-1 atm-1)

3.2 ᒝ㉄ᕈࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ਛߦ߅ߌࠆHSO4-ࠗࠝࡦߩሽ࿷ߣᲧߴߡ㕖Ᏹߦᄢ߈޿ (Seinfeld and Pandis, 1998)‫ޕ‬એἫጊྃἫߩᓇ㗀ࠍ⋥ធฃߌߚ᳇႙ߢߪ, ᄢ㊂ߩ⎫਄ߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ߆ࠄ, ⎣㉄߿Ⴎ㉄ߩᴉ⌕㊂߇Ⴧടߔࠆ

㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߦࠃࠅࠕࡦࡕ࠾ࠕߪోߡࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞⋧Fig. 2 Scatter diagram showing measured and simulated

Fig. 3 Variation in nitrogen oxides concentration at (a)monthly mean concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx =Tappi (October 2000 to March 2001) and (b) Yusuhara

NO + NO2). Data are plotted for 6 stations: Rishiri (ٌ,(January 2001 to June 2001) (daily average). Circles

45.08 { N, 141.34 { E, 40m MSL), Tappi (‫غ‬, 41.53 { N,denote EANET measurements, and solid lines denote the

{

{

{

140.54 E, 106m MSL), Happo (*, 36.58 N, 137.40 E,{

simulation results.

{

1850m MSL), Oki (-, 36.28 N, 133.18 E, 90m MSL),
Yusuhara (٤, 32.73{N, 132.98{E, 225m MSL) and Hedo
(, 26.78{N, 128.23{E, 50m MSL), as indicated in Fig.
1.
ߩᅷᒰᕈࠍ⹏ଔߔࠆ߇, ⎣㉄࡮Ⴎ㉄ߩࠟࠬ࡮ࠛࠕࡠ

ߦ࿕ቯߐࠇߡ, ᳇⋧ߦߪሽ࿷ߒߥߊߥࠆ‫ޕ‬

2 NH 3 ( g )  H 2 SO4 o ( NH 4 ) 2 SO4 ( p )(4)࠱࡞෺ᣇߩỚᐲ߿ᴉ⌕㊂, ․ߦੇᕈᴉ⌕㊂ߦ㑐ߔࠆࡕ࠾࠲࡝ࡦࠣ࠺࡯࠲ߪήߊ, ᷹ⷰ࠺࡯࠲߽౏㐿ߐࠇࠕࡦࡕ࠾ࠕࠟࠬ߇ᶖ⾌ߐࠇࠆߣ, ⎫㉄ࡒࠬ࠻ߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߪᢙዋߥ޿‫ޕ‬ᓥߞߡ, ⎣㉄↢ᚑࠨࠗࠢ࡞

(H2SO4) ߇Ⴧടߔࠆ‫ޕ‬หᤨߦ, HSO4ࠗࠝࡦ߽Ⴧടߒߡ,ߦᄢ߈ߊ㑐ਈߔࠆ, ⓸⚛㉄ൻ‛Ớᐲ߅ࠃ߮ࠝ࠱ࡦỚ

NH4HSO4 ߿ H-HSO4 ࠍᒻᚑ ߒ, ᒝ㉄ ᕈࠛ ࠕࡠ ࠱ ࡞ ߣᐲߦ㑐ߔࠆࡃ࡝࠺࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍⴕ߁‫ߚ߹ޕ‬, Ⴎ㉄Ớᐲߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ߩ੍ႎߦ㑐ߒߡߪ, ᶏႮ☸ሶ (Na+) ߦ㑐ߔࠆࡃ࡝࠺
࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍⴕ߁‫ࠬࠟޕ‬㧙ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ಽ㈩ߦᄢ߈ߥᓇ

( NH 4 ) 2 SO4  (1  a  b) H 2 SO4 o(5)2( NH 4 ) HSO4  a 2 H࡮SO4  bH࡮HSO4-

2-

ߎߎߢHSO4 ߣSO4 ߩಽ㈩߇⥝๧ᷓ޿‫ޕ‬Table 1 ߦ⷗
2-㗀ࠍ෸߷ߔ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⹏ଔߪ, Kajino
et al. (2004) ߢⴕߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢߎߎߢߪ⋭⇛ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
MSSPࡕ࠺࡞ߢ↪޿ߡ޿ࠆൻቇࠬࠠ࡯ࡓߢ޽ࠆ◲ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦ, pH߇ૐਅߔࠇ߫SO4 ߩഀว, ߟ߹ࠅ⇛ൻCB IVࠍ↪޿ߚ⎇ⓥߢߪ, 㒠᳓ਛߩ⎣㉄Ớᐲ߇[SO42-]/([SO42-]+[HSO4-])߽߹ߚᷫዋߔࠆ‫ޕ‬pH=0ߩ㕖᧲ࠕࠫࠕోၞߦ߅޿ߡ᦬ᐔဋߢࡈࠔࠢ࠲࡯2એౝߦ

2-

Ᏹߦ㉄ᕈᐲߩ㜞޿ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ਛߢߪSO4 ߩഀวߪࠊ
-෼߹ߞߡ޿ࠆ (An et al., 2002)‫ߛߚޕ‬, An et al. (2002)

ߕ߆22%⒟ᐲߢ޽ࠅ, 78%߇HSO4 ࠗࠝࡦߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬

ߩࡕ࠺࡞RAQM (Regional Air Quality Model) ߢߪ᳇৻ ᣇ, ྃ Ἣ ೨ ߢ ߪࠛ ࠕ ࡠ ࠱ ࡞ ㉄ᕈ ᐲ ߪ2.08ߢ ޽ ࠅ,⽎႐ߩ੍ႎߦߪ᳇⽎ࡕ࠺࡞ߪ૶↪ߖߕ, 㔕ᓸ‛ℂࡄ⎫㉄ߪ100%߇SO42- ࠗࠝࡦߣߒߡሽ࿷ߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬5.6

࡜ࡔ࡯࠲ߩᖱႎࠍ฽߹ߥ޿ో⃿ቴⷰ⸃ᨆ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ↪

▵ߦ߅޿ߡ, ౝㇱᷙว⁁ᘒߦ޽ࠆNH4-SO4-H2O♽ℂ

޿ߡ޿ࠆὑ, MSSPࡕ࠺࡞ߣߪ⇣ߥࠆࠪࡦࡊ࡞ߥḨᕈᗐࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߦ߅ߌࠆ⎫㉄ࠗࠝࡦಽ㈩ߦ㑐ߒߡ⼏⺰ᴉ⌕ࠬࠠ࡯ࡓࠍ↪޿ߡ޿ߚ੐ߦᵈᗧߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬4.1 ⓸⚛㉄ൻ‛Ớᐲ
4. MSSPࡕ࠺࡞ߩ⹏ଔ

Fig. 2ߪ᦬ᐔဋ⓸⚛㉄ൻ‛ (NOx = NO + NO2) Ớᐲߩ᷹ቯ୯ߣࡕ࠺࡞୯ߩᲧセᢔᏓ࿑ߢ޽ࠆ‫࠶ࡠࡊޕ‬ᧄ▵ߢߪ᷹ⷰ୯ߣࡕ࠺࡞୯ࠍᲧセߔࠆ੐ߢࡕ࠺࡞

࠻ߩශߪ࿖ౝߩEANET (Acid Deposition MonitoringFig. 4 Scatter diagram showing measured and simulated

Fig. 5 Variation in ozone concentration at (a) Happo andmonthly mean concentrations of ozone.

(b) Hedo (daily average)

Network in East Asia; ᧲ࠕࠫࠕ㉄ᕈ㔎ࡕ࠾࠲࡝ࡦࠣ

Fig. 5ߦߪ6ࡩ᦬㑆ߩ (a)౎ᣇየᩮ, (b)ㄝᚭጧߦ߅ߌ

ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ) ᷹ቯዪࠍ⴫ߒ, ߘࠇߙࠇ2000ᐕ9᦬߆ࠆᣣᐔဋ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬ታ✢ߪࡕ࠺࡞୯, ਣශߪ᷹

ࠄ2001ᐕ6᦬߹ߢߩ10ࡊࡠ࠶࠻޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ყセߦ↪޿ߚ᷹ቯ୯ߢ޽ࠆ‫ࡦ࠱ࠝޕ‬Ớᐲߪ౻ቄߦૐߊ, ᤐߦߥࠇ߫

ቯዪߪFig. 1ߩٟߢ⴫ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ߅ࠅ, ᣣᧄ೉ፉߩ

㜞ߊߥࠆ߇, ߘߩ᭽ሶ߇Fig. 5aߢ⷗ߡߣࠇࠆ‫࠳࡯ࠝޕ‬{ർ᧲߆ࠄධ⷏߹ߢߦᢔࠆࠃ߁ߦ, ೑ዥ (ٌ, 45.08 N,࡯ߣ௑ะߪ৻⥌ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߛߚޕ‬Fig. 5bߢߪ2000ᐕ12

141.34 { E, 40m MSL), ┥㘧 (‫غ‬, 41.53 { N, 140.54 { E,᦬ਅᣨ߆ࠄ2001ᐕ2᦬਄ᣨߦ߆ߌߡ, ୯ߦᄢ߈ߥ࠭

{{106m MSL), ౎ᣇየᩮ (*, 36.58 N, 137.40 E, 1850m{

࡟ߪή޿߽ߩߩ, ߿߿ㆊዊ⹏ଔ᳇๧ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬{MSL), 㓝ጘ (-, 36.28 N, 133.18 E, 90m MSL), ᫇ේ(٤, 32.73{N, 132.98{E, 225m MSL), ㄝᚭጧ (, 26.78{

N, 128.23{E, 50m MSL)ߩ6࿾ὐࠍㆬࠎߛ‫ޕ‬ᓥߞߡ6࿾

4.3 Na+ ỚᐲႮ㉄ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ, ࠛࡒ࠶࡚ࠪࡦࠗࡦࡌࡦ࠻࡝߇ᢛ

ὐ10ࡩ᦬ߩว⸘60ࡊࡠ࠶࠻޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ർᶏ㆏ߩർ┵ߦ஻ߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߩߢ, ᶏႮ☸ሶߩਇဋ⾰෻ᔕߦࠃࠆ

૏⟎ߔࠆ೑ዥߣ, ᴒ✽ᧄፉߩർ┵ߦ૏⟎ߔࠆㄝᚭጧ

⊒↢ߩߺ⠨ᘦߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᶏႮ☸ሶ⴫㕙߆ࠄߩႮ㉄ࠟߦ߅޿ߡ, ࡕ࠺࡞ߩㆊᄢ⹏ଔ߇޽ࠆ߇, ߘࠇએᄖߦ

ࠬߩ⊒↢ߪ, ᳇᷷, Ḩᐲߥߤߩ᳇⽎ࡄ࡜ࡔ࡯࠲, ⎫߅޿ߡߪ߅߅ࠃߘࡈࠔࠢ࠲࡯2એౝߦ෼߹ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㉄߿⎣㉄ߥߤߩỚᐲ, ߘߒߡᶏႮ☸ሶߩỚᐲߦଐሽ

Fig. 3 ߪᣣᐔဋ⓸⚛㉄ൻ‛Ớᐲߩᤨ♽೉࿑ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߔࠆ (ᑼ(1)) ‫㉄⎫ޕ‬෸߮⎣㉄ߦ㑐ߔࠆࡕ࠺࡞⹏ଔߪ

ታ✢ߪࡕ࠺࡞୯, ਣශߪ᷹ቯ୯ࠍ⴫ߔ‫ޕ‬Fig. 3a ߪ┥೨┨߅ࠃ߮೨▵߹ߢߦ޽ࠆߩߢ, ߎߎߢߪᶏႮ☸ሶ㘧ߦ߅ߌࠆ2000ᐕ10᦬߆ࠄ2001ᐕ3᦬߹ߢߩ6ࡩ᦬,ߩャㅍߦ㑐ߔࠆ⹏ଔࠍⴕ߁‫ޕ‬Fig. 6ߪ2001ᐕ3᦬߆ࠄ

Fig. 3b ߪ᫇ේߦ߅ߌࠆ2001ᐕ1᦬߆ࠄ2001ᐕ6᦬߹

2001ᐕ8᦬߹ߢߩ6ࡩ᦬㑆ߩ, ߘߩ߶ߣࠎߤ߇ᶏႮ⿠

ߢߩ6ࡩ᦬ߩ࠺࡯࠲ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬1ᐲ㑆㓒ߩࡕ࠺࡞୯ߣ,Ḯߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆNa+ Ớᐲߩ, ౎ᣇየᩮߦ߅ߌࠆᣣᐔ

ቯὐ᷹ⷰ⚿ᨐߩᲧセߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ, ᢙ୯᜛ᢔߩᓇ㗀߽ဋ୯ߩᤨ♽೉ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᢙ୯᜛ᢔߦࠃࠅ᷹ⷰ୯ߩࡇ࡯

޽ࠅ, ᷹ⷰ୯ߩࡇ࡯ࠢࠍࡕ࠺࡞ߢߪචಽߦౣ⃻ߢ߈ࠢߪචಽߦࡕ࠺࡞ߢౣ⃻ߢ߈ߡ޿ߥ޿߇, ⛘ኻ୯ߣߥ޿߇, ࠝ࡯࠳࡯෸߮௑ะߪࠃߊ৻⥌ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬௑ะߦ㑐ߒߡߪ⦟ߊ৻⥌ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬

4.2 ࠝ࠱ࡦỚᐲ

5. ⚿⺰ߣ⼏⺰⓸⚛㉄ൻ‛ߣห᭽ߦ, ⎣㉄↢ᚑࠨࠗࠢ࡞ߦ㊀ⷐߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߔ, ࠝ࠱ࡦߦ㑐ߔࠆᲧセࠍFig. 4෸߮Fig.

5.1 ਃቛፉ⿠Ḯ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߩቄ▵ᄌൻ

5ߦߡ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬Fig. 4ߪFig. 2ߣหߓߛ߇, ࠝ࠱ࡦỚᐲߦߘࠇߙࠇߩ㑆ធ⊛㉄ᕈൻലᨐߦߟ޿ߡㅀߴࠆ೨ߦ,㑐ߔࠆ᷹ቯ୯ߣࡕ࠺࡞୯ߩᲧセᢔᏓ࿑ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߎߎޕ‬⎣㉄࡮Ⴎ㉄ߩࠟࠬ㧙ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ಽ㈩ࠍᄌൻߐߖߚ,ߢߪ2001ᐕ1᦬᫇ේߢߩ୯ࠍ㒰޿ߡ, ోߡߩ࿾ὐ, ోਃቛፉ⿠Ḯ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߩቄ▵ᄌൻߦߟ޿ߡ߹ߣ

ߡߩ᦬ߦ߅޿ߡࡈࠔࠢ࠲࡯2એౝߦ෼߹ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬߼ࠆ‫ߪߢ▵ᧄޕ‬, ྃἫᓟߩቄ▵ᄌൻࠍ⷗ࠆߚ߼ߦ,Fig. 6 Variation in sodium ion concentration at Happo Ridge (daily average).

Fig. 7 Monthly mean sulfate concentrations (Pg m-3) originating from the Miyakejima Volcano in the lower tropospherein October 2000, January 2001, April and July. [1] Northeast Japan (NEJ), 139-142{E, 37-40{N, [2] west Japan (WJ),
132-135{E, 33-36{N, and [3] northwest Pacific Ocean (NWP), 142-145{E, 32-35{N.
2000ᐕ10᦬ (ྃἫ㐿ᆎᓟ3ࡩ᦬), 2001ᐕ1᦬, 2001ᐕ4ဋ୯ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬2000ᐕ10᦬ߢߪྃἫᵴേߪଐὼᵴ⊒ߢ᦬, 2001ᐕ7᦬ߦ⌕⋡ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬Fig. 7ߪߘࠇߙࠇߩ᦬ߩႺ

޽ࠅ, ᣣᧄઃㄭߩⅣႺࠍᐢၞߦࠊߚߞߡ㉄ᕈൻߒߚ‫ޕ‬⇇ጀߦ߅ߌࠆਃቛፉ⿠Ḯ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞Ớᐲߩ᦬ᐔ౻ߦߥࠇ߫ (2001ᐕ1᦬) ᣣᧄ೉ፉ਄ߢߪർ⷏ቄ▵㘑

Fig. 8 (Left) Increase in nitric acid gas concentration (Pg m-3) and (right) decrease in particulate nitrate concentration in
the lower troposphere (monthly average). (Upper) October 2000, (lower) April 2001.
߇ථ⿧ߒ, Ἣጊᕈ⎫㉄ߪᄥᐔᵗ਄, ධ᧲ᣇะ߳⒖ᵹ

5.2 ⎣㉄ߩࠟࠬ㧙ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ಽ㈩ߩᄌൻ

ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᤐߦߥࠇ߫ (2001ᐕ4᦬) ᣣᧄ೉ፉ߳ߩ㜞᳇ߘࠇߙࠇߩ㑆ធ⊛ലᨐߦࠃࠆ㉄ᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߦߟ࿶࡮ૐ᳇࿶ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩㅢㆊߦࠃࠅ, ᣣᧄ೉ፉ਄ߢἫ

޿ߡㅀߴࠆ೨ߦ, ਃቛፉ⿠Ḯ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߩᓇ㗀ጊᕈ⎫㉄Ớᐲ߇Ⴧടߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᄐߦߥࠇ߫ (2001ᐕ7᦬),ߢ, ᄢ᳇ਛߩ⎣㉄࡮Ⴎ㉄ߩࠟࠬ㧙ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ಽ㈩߇

੝ᾲᏪᕈ㜞᳇࿶ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ (ዊ═ේ᳇࿅) ߇ᄥᐔᵗ਄ታ㓙ߤߩߊࠄ޿ᄌൻߒߚߩ߆ߦߟ޿ߡㅀߴࠆ‫ޕ‬Fig. 8ߢථ⿧ߒ, Ἣጊᕈߩ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߪർᣇ෸߮⷏ᣇ

ߪ2000ᐕ10᦬ (࿑਄Ბ) ߣ2001ᐕ4᦬ (࿑ਅᲑ) ߦ߅ߦャㅍߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ਃቛፉἫጊྃἫߦࠃࠆੑ㉄ൻ⎫㤛ߩߌࠆႺ⇇ጀౝߩ᦬ᐔဋ⎣㉄ࠟࠬỚᐲ, ⎣㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱᡼಴㊂ߪᤨ㑆ߣߣ߽ߦᷫዋߒߚߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕ, ᄐ࡞ỚᐲߩಽᏓߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᏀߪਃቛፉἫጊߩྃἫߦࠃߞ

ߦἫጊᕈ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞Ớᐲߪౣ߮ᄢ߈ߊߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬ߡჇടߒߚ⎣㉄ࠟࠬỚᐲ, ฝߪਃቛፉἫጊߩྃἫߦ
ࠃߞߡᷫዋߒߚ⎣㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞Ớᐲߢ޽ࠆ (න૏ߪPg m-3)‫ྃޕ‬Ἣߦࠃߞߡ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞߇Ⴧടߒߚ

Fig. 9 Increase in monthly mean dry deposition of nitrate (mg m-2 d-1).
㗔ၞߦ߅޿ߡ, ⎣㉄ࠟࠬ߇Ⴧടߒ, ⎣㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞

ߩή޿႐วߣᲧߴߡỚᐲ (ᴉ⌕㊂) ߪ100/(100-R)୚

߇ᷫዋߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩ࡞࠱ࡠࠕࠛ㉄⎣ߣࠬࠟ㉄⎣ޕ‬Ớᐲߦߥߞߚ੐ߦߥࠆߩߢ, ਃቛፉἫጊߩྃἫߦࠃࠅ⎣ᄌൻߩಽᏓ߇৻⥌ߒߥ޿ߩߪ, ᴉ⌕ㅦᐲߩ㆑޿ߦࠃ

㉄ࠟࠬߪᣣᧄ೉ፉઃㄭߢ1.1-1.25୚⒟ᐲჇടߒߚߣ

ࠆ‫ࠬࠟ㉄⎣ޕ‬ỚᐲߦኻߔࠆਃቛፉἫጊྃἫߩነਈ₸⸒߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ⴎ㉄ߦ㑐ߔࠆ࿑߿ઁߩ᦬ߦ㑐ߔࠆ࿑ߪߎߎ

ߪ, ࿑␜ߒߡߥ޿߇, ᣣᧄ೉ፉઃㄭߢߪ߅ࠃߘ

ߢߪ⋭⇛ߔࠆ߇, Ⴎ㉄ࠟࠬߦ㑐ߒߡ߽߿ߪࠅห᭽ߦ

10-20%⒟ᐲߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߡ޿߅ߦ▵ᧄޕ‬ነਈ₸Rߣߪ,Ⴚ⇇ጀߦ߅޿ߡ᳇૕Ớᐲ߇Ⴧടߒ, ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ỚᐲྃἫߦࠃࠆỚᐲ㧔ᴉ⌕ ㊂㧕ᄌൻ㊂u 100ྃἫ߇޽ߞߚ႐วߩỚ ᐲ㧔ᴉ⌕㊂㧕߇ᷫዋߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬(6)ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߢߎߎޕ‬, ྃἫߦࠃࠆỚᐲ (ᴉ⌕㊂) ᄌ

5.3 ⎣㉄ߩᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߩቄ▵ᄌൻ

ൻ㊂ߣߪ, ྃἫࠍ⠨ᘦߒߚ⸘▚⚿ᨐ߆ࠄྃἫࠍ⠨ᘦ

 Fig. 9 ߪFig. 7ߣหߓᦼ㑆ߦ߅ߌࠆ᦬ᐔဋߩ⎣㉄ߩߒߥ߆ߞߚ⸘▚⚿ᨐࠍᏅߒᒁ޿ߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ྃޕ‬Ἣੇᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ (mg m-2d-1) ߢ޽ࠆ‫ੇߩ㉄⎣ޕ‬ᕈᴉ⌕

Fig. 10 Increase in monthly mean wet deposition of nitrate (mg m-2 d-1).
㊂ߪ, 2001ᐕ1᦬ࠍ㒰ߊઁߩ᦬ߢᣣᧄ೉ፉᧄᎺߩ᧲ർ

ߪྃἫߩή޿႐วߣᲧߴߡ߅ࠃߘ5୚એ਄ߢ޽ߞߚ

࿾ᣇࠍ㒰ߊ߶߷ోၞߢ0.2߆ࠄ0.6 mg m-2d-1 ⒟ᐲჇടߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ߒߚ‫ޕ‬2001ᐕ1᦬ߪ౻ቄߦථ⿧ߔࠆർ⷏ቄ▵㘑ߩᓇ㗀

2000ᐕ10᦬, 2001ᐕ4᦬, 2001ᐕ7᦬ߦ߅޿ߡߪ, ᴉߢἫጊᕈ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞߇ᄥᐔᵗߦᄙߊᵹߐࠇߚߎ

⌕㊂Ⴧടߪห⒟ᐲߢ޽ߞߚߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕ, ነਈ₸ߣߦࠃࠅ, Ἣጊᕈ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞Ớᐲߩࡇ࡯ࠢߣ߶

ߪᣣᧄ೉ፉߢ25-30%⒟ᐲߢ޽ߞߚ2000ᐕ10᦬, 2001߷หߓ႐ᚲߢࡇ࡯ࠢࠍ␜ߒ, ᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߪ 0.8 mg

ᐕ4᦬ߦᲧߴߡ2001ᐕ7᦬ߢߪߖ޿ߗ޿10%એਅ⒟ᐲ

m-2d-1 ࠍ⿥߃ߚ‫ޕ‬ߒ߆ߥ޿‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬, ᄐቄߪ᳇᷷߇㜞ߊੱὑ⿠Ḯߩ⎫⎣㉄ߩੇᕈᴉ⌕㊂ߦኻߔࠆਃቛፉἫጊྃἫߩነਈ

㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞Ớᐲ߽㜞޿ߚ߼ߦ, ߘ߽ߘ߽⎣㉄ߩࠟ₸߽߹ߚ2001ᐕ1᦬ߦᦨ߽ᄢ߈ߊ, ᄥᐔᵗᶏ਄ߢߪࠬ㧙ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ಽ㈩ߪࠟࠬ஥ߦነߞߡ޿ߚߩߢ, Ἣ80%ࠍ⿥߃ߚ‫ޕ‬ᓥߞߡ, ߎߩ㗔ၞߢ⎣㉄ߩੇᕈᴉ⌕㊂ጊᕈ⎫㉄ߦࠃߞߡᒁ߈⿠ߎߐࠇߚ nitrate deficit ߦFig. 11 Increase in monthly mean dry deposition of chloride (mg m-2 d-1).
ࠃࠆ⎣㉄ࠟࠬߩჇട₸߇޽߹ࠅ㜞ߊߥ߆ߞߚὑߣ⠨᦬ߩ਻Ꮊ࿾ᣇߢ0.5߆ࠄ1 mg m-2d-1 ⒟ᐲ, ᧄᎺߢߪ߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬Fig. 10 ߪFig. 7ߣหߓᦼ㑆ߦ߅ߌࠆ᦬ᐔ

1.5߆ࠄ4 mg m-2d-1 ⒟ᐲߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬2001ᐕ1᦬ߩർ⷏

-2 -1

ဋߩ⎣㉄ߩḨᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ (mg m d ) ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ḩᕈᄥᐔᵗߦ߅ߌࠆჇട㊂ߩࡇ࡯ࠢߪ߅ࠃߘ5 mg m-2d-1

ᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߩಽᏓߪੇᕈᴉ⌕ߩߘࠇߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ, ࿾ߢ޽ߞߚ߇, ᧲ർᣣᧄߦ߅޿ߡ߽1 mg m-2d-1 ⒟ᐲߩ

਄ઃㄭߩỚᐲߩߺߥࠄߕ㒠᳓㊂߿ᄢ᳇ਛߩ㔕᳓㊂ߦჇട߇⷗ࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬2001ᐕ4᦬ߦߪᧄᎺධᶏ਄ߦ߅޿ߡ,߽ଐሽߔࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬2000ᐕ10᦬ߦ޽߹ࠅੇᕈᴉ⌕㊂

0.5߆ࠄ2 mg m-2d-1 ⒟ᐲჇടߒ, 2001ᐕ7᦬ߦߪਃ㒽ߩჇട߇⷗ࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚ਻Ꮊߣߘߩධߩᶏၞ, 2001ᴒߦߡḨᕈᴉ⌕㊂߇Ⴧടߒ, 2.5߆ࠄ4 mg m-2d-1 ⒟ᐲ

ᐕ1᦬ߦ߅ߌࠆ᧲ർ࿾ᣇߦ߅޿ߡ, Ḩᕈᴉ⌕㊂߇Ⴧߩࡇ࡯ࠢࠍ␜ߒߚ‫ߩ㉄⎣ޕ‬Ḩᕈᴉ⌕㊂ߩჇടߪੇᕈ

ടߒߚ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ2001ᐕ4᦬, 7᦬ߦߪᣣᧄ೉ፉ਄ߢੇᕈᴉ

ᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߦᲧߴߡో૕⊛ߦ⚂10୚⒟ᐲᄢ߈߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬⌕㊂ߩჇട߇⷗ࠄࠇߚ߽ߩߩ, Ḩᕈᴉ⌕ߩჇടߪ⷗

⎣㉄ߩḨᕈᴉ⌕㊂ߦኻߔࠆਃቛፉἫጊྃἫߩነਈ₸ࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚ‫ߩ㉄⎣ޕ‬Ḩᕈᴉ⌕ߩჇട㊂ߪ2000ᐕ10

ߪ, ᣣᧄ೉ፉߢ߅ࠃߘ50%⒟ᐲߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬2001ᐕ1

Fig. 12 Increase in monthly mean wet deposition of chloride (mg m-2 d-1).
᦬ߩ᧲ർ࿾ᣇߢߪ70%ࠍ⿥߃, 2001ᐕ7᦬ߢߪ㜞‫ޘ‬⌕ߩჇട㊂ߪ⎣㉄ߩߘࠇߦᲧߴߡ10ಽߩ1⒟ᐲዊߐ

10%⒟ᐲߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬౻ߦ㑆ធ⊛ലᨐߦࠃࠆᴉ⌕Ⴧട߆ߞߚ‫߇↢⊒ߚ߹ޕ‬ᶏႮ☸ሶ⿠Ḯߩߺߣ઒ቯߒߡ޿

₸߇㜞ߊ, ᄐߦૐ޿ߩߪ, ߽ߣ߽ߣ⎣㉄ߩࠟࠬ㧙ࠛࠆߚ߼, ੱ㑆ᵴേ߇ਥߥᚑ࿃ߢ޽ࠆ⎣㉄ߩᴉ⌕Ⴧടࠕࡠ࠱࡞ಽ㈩߇᳇᷷ߩૐ޿౻ߦߪࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞஥ߦ޽

㊂ߣߪಽᏓ߇ዋߒ⇣ߥࠆ‫ޕ‬2000ᐕ10᦬ߦߪᣣᧄᶏߢ

ࠅ, ᳇᷷ߩ㜞޿ᄐߦߪࠟࠬ஥ߦ޽ߞߚߚ߼, ೨ㅀߒ

0.1 mg m-2d-1 ࠍ⿥߃ࠆ⒟ᐲߩࡇ࡯ࠢࠍ␜ߒ, ᄥᐔᵗߚࠃ߁ߦ nitrate deficit ߦࠃࠆ⎣㉄ࠟࠬߩჇട₸߇஥ߢߪ⎣㉄ߦᲧߴߡᐢၞߦᷰߞߡಽᏓߒߡ޿ࠆ

౻ߦ㜞ߊ, ᄐߦૐ߆ߞߚὑߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬(0.02 mg m-2d-1 ⒟ᐲ) ‫ᦼోޕ‬㑆ࠍㅢߓߡ⎣㉄ߦᲧߴߡႮ㉄ߩੇᕈᴉ⌕㊂ߩಽᏓ߇ᐢ޿ߩߪ, ⎣㉄ߩࡋࡦ࡝

5.4 Ⴎ㉄ߩᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߩቄ▵ᄌൻ࡯ቯᢙ߇Ⴎ㉄ߩߘࠇߦᲧߴߡ⚂30୚ᄢ߈޿ߚ߼, ⎣Fig. 11 ߪFig. 7ߣหߓᦼ㑆ߦ߅ߌࠆ᦬ᐔဋߩႮ㉄㉄ߩᶏᵗ߳ߩੇᕈᴉ⌕߇Ⴎ㉄ࠃࠅ߽ㅦߊㅴⴕߔࠆ߆

ߩੇᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ (mg m-2d-1) ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ⴎ㉄ߩੇᕈᴉࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬2001ᐕ4᦬ߦߪ, ਃቛፉ⿠Ḯߩ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠTable 3 Increase in monthly and areal mean dry and wet deposition of sulfate, nitrate and chloride in areas 1 to 3
(Fig. 7).

࠱࡞ߪᣣᧄ೉ፉߩߪࠆ߆ධᣇ߳ߣャㅍߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ᄢⷙߢ࿐ߞߚએਅߩ㗔ၞ1߆ࠄ3ߦߟ޿ߡ, ߘࠇߙࠇߩቄ

ᮨᳪᨴḮ߆ࠄ㆙޿, ૐ✲ᐲർᄥᐔᵗߢߪ⎣㉄Ớᐲ߽▵ࠍઍ⴫ߔࠆ᦬ߦ߅ߌࠆ, ⎫㉄, ⎣㉄, Ⴎ㉄ߩੇᕈૐ޿‫ߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬, ߎߩᶏၞߢߪਃቛፉ⿠Ḯߩ⎫㉄෸߮Ḩᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ࠍTable 3ߦ߹ߣ߼ߚ‫ࠇߙࠇߘޕ‬ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߦࠃߞߡႮ㉄ࠟࠬ߇ᄙߊើ⊒ߒߡᴉ⌕ߒߩ୯ࠍ⋥ធᲧセߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦ, න૏ߪ Pequiv. m-2

ߚ‫ޕ‬ᄥᐔᵗᶏ਄ߦ߅ߌࠆᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߪ߅ࠃߘ0.01߆

d-1 ߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬㗔ၞ1߆ࠄ3ߪએਅߩㅢࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

ࠄ0.04 mg m-2d-1 ⒟ᐲߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬2001ᐕ12᦬ߩർ⷏ᄥ
ᐔᵗߦ߅޿ߡߪ, 0.06 mg m-2d-1 ⒟ᐲჇടߒߚ‫ ޕ‬2001
ᐕ7᦬ߦߪᣣᧄߩ᧲ᣇᶏ਄ߦ߅ߌࠆᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂߇ᄢ
-2 -1

߈ߊ, 0.08߆ࠄ0.12 mg m d⒟ᐲߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬,⎣㉄ߩ႐วߣห᭽, Ⴎ㉄ߩੇᕈᴉ⌕㊂ߦኻߔࠆਃቛ

[1] NEJ,᧲ർᣣᧄ(139-142{E, 37-40{Nߢ࿐߹ࠇߚ

㗔ၞ, એਅห)‫ޕ‬[2] WJ, ⷏ᣣᧄ (132-135{E, 33-36{N)‫ޕ‬[3] NWP, ർ⷏ᄥᐔᵗ (142-145{E, 32-35{N)‫ޕ‬ፉἫጊྃἫߩነਈ₸ߪ, 2001ᐕ7᦬ (2ഀ⒟ᐲ) ߪઁߩ᦬ (5ഀએ਄)ߦᲧߴߡૐ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬Ⴎ㉄ߩᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߪ, ⎫㉄߿⎣㉄ߩߘࠇߦᲧߴߡ

Fig. 12 ߪFig. 7ߣหߓᦼ㑆ߦ߅ߌࠆ᦬ᐔဋߩႮ㉄

10ಽߩ1⒟ᐲߛ߇, ⎣㉄ߩᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߪ⎫㉄ߩߘࠇߩḨᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ (mg m-2d-1) ࠍ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬Ⴎ㉄ߩḨᕈᴉߣࠝ࡯࠳࡯ߦߒߡห⒟ᐲߢ޽ࠆ‫ੱޕ‬ὑ⿠ḮߩႮ㉄ߩ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߪ, ઁߩᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߦᲧߴߡዊߐ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬᡼಴ࠍ⠨ᘦߒߡ޿ߥ޿੐߇ේ࿃ߢ߽޽ࠆ߇, ታ㓙ߩ⎣㉄ߦ㑐ߒߡߪੇᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߦኻߒߡḨᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧ᷹ⷰ୯ߢ⷗ߡ߽, Ⴎ㉄ߩᴉ⌕㊂ߪ⎫㉄߿⎣㉄ߩߘࠇ

ട㊂ߩᣇ߇߅ࠃߘ10୚ᄢ߈߆ߞߚ߇, Ⴎ㉄ߩ႐วߪߣᲧߴߡߘࠇ߶ߤᄢ߈ߊߪߥ޿ (Table 2) ‫ޕ‬Ḩᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߩᣇ߇ࠊߕ߆ߦዊߐ޿‫ߩ㉄⎣ޕ‬Ḩᕈੇᕈᴉ⌕ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ, ߶ߣࠎߤߩ㗔ၞ, ቄ▵ߦ߅ᴉ⌕ߩ႐วߣห᭽, 㒠᳓ߩᄙ޿㗔ၞߢႮ㉄ߩḨᕈᴉ޿ߡ⎣㉄ߩੇᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂߇⎫㉄ߩߘࠇߣห⒟ᐲ߆

⌕߽Ⴧടߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬2001ᐕ4᦬ߦߪ߶ߣࠎߤჇടߪ⷗

ߘࠇࠍ਄࿁ࠆ‫ޕ‬౻ቄߪථ⿧ߔࠆർ⷏ቄ▵㘑ߦࠃࠅᣣࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚ߇, 2000ᐕ10᦬ߩᧄᎺਛᄩㇱߣ਻Ꮊ࿾ᧄ೉ፉߢߩ㉄ᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߪᄢ߈ߊߥ߆ߞߚ߇, ർᣇߣߘߩධᶏၞ, 2001ᐕ1᦬ߦߪർ⷏ᄥᐔᵗߣ᧲ർᣣ⷏ᄥᐔᵗߦ߅޿ߡߪઁߩቄ▵ࠃࠅߪࠆ߆ߦᄢ߈޿ᴉ

ᧄ , 2001 ᐕ 7 ᦬ ߦ ߪ ਃ 㒽 ᴒ ߦ ߡ , 0.01 ߆ ࠄ 0.04 mg⌕㊂Ⴧട߇⷗ࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬Ⴎ㉄ߩᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߪ౻ቄർ⷏

m-2d-1 ⒟ᐲჇടߒߚ‫ޕ‬Ⴎ㉄ߩḨᕈᴉ⌕㊂ߦኻߔࠆਃ

ᄥᐔᵗߦ߅޿ߡᦨᄢߢ 1.41 P equiv. m-2 d-1 ࠍ␜ߒቛፉἫጊྃἫߩነਈ₸ߪ, ઁߩㆊ⒟ߣห᭽ߦ2001ᐕߚ‫߽ߡ޿߅ߦ㉄⎣࡮㉄⎫ޕ‬౻ቄർ⷏ᄥᐔᵗߢᦨᄢߢ7᦬ (ߚ߆ߛ߆30%⒟ᐲ) ߪઁߩ᦬ (80߆ࠄ90%⒟ᐲ)޽ࠅ, ߘࠇߙࠇ8.14, 11.5 P equiv. m-2d-1 ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߎޕ‬ߣᲧߴߡૐ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ߩߣ߈, ⎣㉄ߩੇᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߪ⎫㉄ߩߘࠇߩ1.4
୚ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄ೉ፉߦ߅޿ߡߪ, ౻ቄࠍ㒰޿ߡ⎫

5.5 ⋥ធ⊛ⅣႺ㉄ᕈൻߣ㑆ធ⊛ⅣႺ㉄ᕈൻ
ਃቛፉἫጊߩྃἫߦࠃߞߡჇടߒߚ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߦᒁ߈⿠ߎߐࠇߚ㉄ᕈᴉ⌕ߩჇടߦኻߔࠆ⋥ធലᨐߣ㑆ធലᨐߩነਈࠍᲧセߔࠆߚ߼ߦ, Fig. 7ߢታ✢㉄߅ࠃ߮⎣㉄ߩੇᕈᴉ⌕㊂ߪ1.0-3.0 P equiv. m-2 d-1⒟ᐲჇടߒ, ⎣㉄ߩჇട㊂ߩᣇ߇⎫㉄ߩჇട㊂ߦᲧߴߡ, 1.5୚⒟ᐲᄢ߈߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬Ḩᕈᴉ⌕ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ, ⎫㉄ߩᴉ⌕㊂Ⴧട߇৻⇟ᄢ߈޿‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬, ౻ቄർ⷏ᄥᐔᵗ߿౻ቄ᧲ർᣣᧄ (Fig.

equiv. m-2 d-1, 8,9᦬ߩ2ࡩ᦬ᐔဋߢߪ, 346.7, 96.2, 25.2

9ߣFig. 10, Fig. 11ߣFig. 12ࠍ⷗ࠇ߫ಽ߆ࠆㅢࠅ, ౻P equiv. m-2 d-1 ߣߥࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬୯ࠍTable 3ߩࡕ࠺࡞୯

ቄ᧲ർᣣᧄߢߪ㑆ធ⊛ലᨐߦࠃࠆੇᕈᴉ⌕ჇടߪήߣᲧセߒߡߺࠆߣ, ⎫㉄࡮⎣㉄ߦ㑐ߒߡߪห⒟ᐲߩ

޿߇, Ḩᕈᴉ⌕ߪჇടߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߤߥ )ޕ‬, ႐ᚲߣቄ▵ࠝ࡯࠳࡯ߢߪ޽ࠆ߽ߩߩ, Ⴎ㉄ߦ㑐ߒߡࡕ࠺࡞ߪ᣿

ߦࠃߞߡ⎣㉄ߩᴉ⌕㊂߇⎫㉄ߩߘࠇࠍ਄࿁ࠆߎߣ߽

ࠄ߆ߦㆊዊ⹏ଔߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ⴎ㉄ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ, ੱὑ⿠޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ⴎ㉄ߩᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߪ, ⎫㉄࡮⎣㉄ߩߘࠇߦᲧ

Ḯߩឃ಴ࠍ߽⠨ᘦߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ߇,ߴࠆߣ, 100୚⒟ᐲዊߐ޿‫ߩ㉄⎫ޕ‬Ḩᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߪ,ࡕ࠺࡞ߩਛߢߩਇ⏕ቯᕈ߽޽ࠅ, ߘࠇߛߌ߇ේ࿃߆

2000ᐕ10᦬ߩ᧲ർᣣᧄ, ർ⷏ᄥᐔᵗߢᄢ߈ߊ, ߘࠇߤ߁߆ߪಽ߆ࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬Ⴎ㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߩỚᐲ߿㉄ᕈ

-2 -1

ߙࠇ48.2, 63.6 P equiv. m dߢ޽ߞߚ‫߈ߣߩߘޕ‬, ⎣ᴉ⌕ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ଀߿࠺࡯࠲ߪ, ⎫㉄߿⎣㉄ߩߘࠇ

㉄ߩḨᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߪ߅ࠃߘඨಽ߆ߘࠇએਅߢ޽ߞ

ߣᲧߴߡ࿶ୟ⊛ߦᢙዋߥ޿‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬ᄢ᳇ਛ߿㒠᳓ਛߚ߇, 2001ᐕ1᦬ߢߪ, ᧲ർᣣᧄ, ർ⷏ᄥᐔᵗߦ߅޿ߩỚᐲ߇ߘࠇ߶ߤ㜞ߊߥ޿੐ (ߟ߹ࠅⅣႺ㉄ᕈൻߦߡ⎣㉄ߩḨᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂߇ઁߩᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߦᲧߴߡ෸߷ߔᓇ㗀ߪ⎫㉄߿⎣㉄ߩᣇ߇㊀ᄢ) , ߘࠇ᡿ߦⷰ

-2 -1

ᦨ߽ᄢ߈ߊߥࠅ, ߘࠇߙࠇ16.8, 57.9 P equiv. m d᷹⚿ᨐߦ߅ߌࠆ⺋Ꮕ߇ᄢ߈޿੐ߥߤ߽ේ࿃ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߢ޽ࠅ, ⎫㉄ߩḨᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߩߘࠇߙࠇ1.5୚, 2.3

ᓥߞߡ, ౨㗡ߢㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦឃ಴ࠗࡦࡌࡦ࠻࡝߽ᢛ

୚ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬஻ߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬, ౎ᣇየᩮߢߩ᷹ⷰߩ⚿ᨐੇᕈᴉ⌕ߦኻߒߡḨᕈᴉ⌕ߪ, 㒠᳓㊂ߩᄙ޿ቄ▵ߦࠃࠆߣ, 㑆ធ⊛ⅣႺ㉄ᕈൻߦኻߔࠆႮ㉄ߩḨᕈᴉ߿႐ᚲߦࠃߞߡ, ⛘ኻ୯ߩᄢ߈ߐߦ㆑޿߇಴ࠆ‫ޕ‬㒠⌕Ⴧട㊂ߪήⷞߢ߈ߥ޿น⢻ᕈ߽޽ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬, ߘ

᳓ߩᄙ޿2000ᐕ10᦬ߩ᧲ർᣣᧄ, ർ⷏ᄥᐔᵗߢߪḨߩჇടࠍ㑆ធലᨐߣߺࠆ߆, ᐕᄌൻߣߺࠆ߆, ߘࠇᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂߇ੇᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ࠍᄢ߈ߊ਄࿁ࠆ߇,߽߹ߚ໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆ‫߫߃ߣߚޕ‬, nitrate deficit, chlorideߚߣ߃߫2001ᐕ4᦬ߩ᧲ർᣣᧄ, 2001ᐕ7᦬ߩ⷏ᣣᧄ

deficitߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕ, Table 2ߦ߅ߌࠆႮ㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞

ߥߤߢߪ, ੇᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂߇Ḩᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ࠍ਄࿁ߪ⎣㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞߽ߘ߁ߛ߇, ྃἫ೨ߣྃἫᓟߢỚࠆߎߣ߽޽ࠆ‫⋥ߘࠃ߅߅ޕ‬ធ⊛ⅣႺ㉄ᕈൻലᨐ (⎫ᐲ߇߶ߣࠎߤᄌࠊߞߡ޿ߥ޿߫߆ࠅ߆, Ⴧടߔࠄߒ

㉄ߩᴉ⌕) ߦ㑐ߒߡߪḨᕈᴉ⌕߳ߩᓇ㗀ߩᣇ߇ੇᕈ

ߡ޿ࠆ‫⎇ᧄޕ‬ⓥߢߪ, ឃ಴࠺࡯࠲߇ਇᢛ஻ࠍℂ↱ߦ,ᴉ⌕߳ߩᓇ㗀ࠃࠅᄢ߈޿߇, 㑆ធ⊛ⅣႺ㉄ᕈൻലᨐੱὑ⿠ḮߩႮ㉄ࠍ⠨ᘦߒߥ߆ߞߚ߇, ᧄ᧪ߪߘࠇߦ

(⎣㉄࡮Ⴎ㉄ߩᴉ⌕) ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ, ੇᕈᴉ⌕߳ߩᓇ㗀㑐ߒߡ߽૗ࠄ߆ߩᒻߢ⹏ଔߐࠇࠆߴ߈ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬߽ήⷞߢ߈ߥ޿‫ੇߩ㉄⎣ޕ‬ᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߪ, ߣ߈ߦߪ⎫㉄ߩḨᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߦ߽Ყ⢋ߔࠆ‫ోޕ‬૕⊛ߥ௑

5.6 ᒝ㉄ᕈࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߦ߅ߌࠆᾲജቇᐔⴧ

ะߣߒߡߪ, Ḩᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߪੇᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ࠃࠅ

Table 2 ߪ౎ᣇየᩮߦ߅ߌࠆ᷹ⷰ࠺࡯࠲ࠍᓟᣇᵹ

߽ᄢ߈޿߇, ⷏ᣣᧄߦ߅޿ߡߪ, Ḩᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߣ,〔✢⸃ᨆߦࠃࠅྃἫ೨1999ᐕ9᦬ߩᄢ㒽ᕈᳪᨴ᳇႙

ੇᕈᴉ⌕㊂Ⴧട㊂ߪ, ߶߷ห⒟ᐲߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬

ߣྃἫᓟ2000ᐕ9᦬ߩਃቛፉߩἫጊᕈ᳇႙ߦಽ㘃ߒ⋥ធലᨐߣ㑆ធലᨐࠍᲧセߔࠆߣ, ᄢᛶߩ႐วߦ

ߚ, ෺ᣇߩⓨ᳇႙ߦ߅ߌࠆ⎫㉄Ớᐲ, ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞㉄߅޿ߡ⋥ធലᨐߩᣇ߇㑆ធലᨐࠍ਄࿁ࠆ߇, ౻ቄർᕈᐲ, ήᯏើ⊒ᕈᚑಽߩࠟࠬ㧙ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ಽ㈩, ෸⷏ᄥᐔᵗߦ߅޿ߡߪ, 㑆ធലᨐ߇⋥ធലᨐߩ2.1୚ߣ

߮⎫㉄ࠗࠝࡦ㧙⎫㉄᳓⚛ࠗࠝࡦࡃ࡜ࡦࠬࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿

ߥߞߡ߅ࠅ, ୯߽71.0 P equiv. m-2 d-1 ߣ㕖Ᏹߦᄢ߈ࠆ‫࡞࠱ࡠࠕࠛ㉄⎫ޕ‬Ớᐲߪᄢ㒽ᕈ᳇႙ߢ 10.4 Pg m-3

޿‫ߚ߹ޕ‬, ౻ቄ᧲ർᣣᧄ, ᄐቄ⷏ᣣᧄ, ᤐቄർ⷏ᄥᐔߦኻ ߒ ߡ, ਃቛፉ ᳇ ႙ߢ 17.4 Pg m-3 ߢ ޽ ߞ ߚ ‫ޕ‬ᵗߦ߅޿ߡ߽, 㑆ធലᨐ߇⋥ធലᨐࠍ਄࿁ࠆ‫߆ߒޕ‬

SCAPEࡕ࠺࡞ߦࠃࠅ, ࠕࡦࡕ࠾ࠕ, ⎣㉄, Ⴎ㉄ߥߤߒ, ߘࠇએᄖߩቄ▵߿႐ᚲߦ߅޿ߡ߽, 㑆ធലᨐߩߩήᯏើ⊒ᕈ‛⾰ߩࠟࠬ㧙ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ಽ㈩ࠍ⸘▚ߒ,ᓇ㗀ߪ⋥ធലᨐߦᲧߴߡዊߐ޿ߣߪ޿߃, ᦨዊߢ߽߹ߚታ㓙ߦ᷹ⷰߒߚ࠺࡯࠲ߣᲧセߒߚ‫ࠆࠃߦࠇߘޕ‬⋥ធലᨐߩ0.07୚ (౻ቄ⷏ᣣᧄ) ߣ, ᳿ߒߡήⷞߔࠆߣ, ᄢ㒽ᕈ᳇႙ߢߪ, ߅ࠃߘ7ഀ߆ࠄ8ഀߩࠕࡦࡕ࠾

ߎߣߪߢ߈ߥ޿㊂ߢ޽ࠆ‫౎ޕ‬ᣇየᩮߢߩ᷹ⷰ୯ߢ޽

ࠕ߇ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞⋧ߦሽ࿷ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߦኻߒߡ, ਃቛࠆTable 2ߦࠃࠆߣ, ᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߦߔࠆߣ, ᐕᐔဋߢፉ᳇႙ߢߪ, ㆊ೾ߥ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߦࠃࠅ߶ߣࠎߤ

㒠᳓ਛߩ⎫㉄ࠗࠝࡦ, ⎣㉄ࠗࠝࡦ, Ⴎൻ‛ࠗࠝࡦߪߩࠕࡦࡕ࠾ࠕ߇ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞⋧ߦขࠅㄟ߹ࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ߘࠇߙࠇ, 0.55, 0.03, 0.08 mg l-1 ߩჇടߒߚ‫ޕ‬2ࡩ᦬ᐔ

ㅒߦ, ⎣㉄߿Ⴎ㉄ߥߤߪᄢ㒽ᕈ᳇႙ߢ6ഀ߆ࠄ7ഀ߇

-1ߩჇടߒߡ޿

ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞⋧ߦሽ࿷ߒߡ޿ߚߩߦኻߒߡ, ਃቛፉ᳇ࠆ‫ޕ‬2000ᐕᐲߩ౎ᣇየᩮߦ߅ߌࠆᐕ㑆㒠᳓㊂ߪ߅ࠃ႙ߢߪㆊ೾ߥ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߦࠃࠅႮ㉄߿⎣㉄ߪ᳇

ߘ3000mm⒟ᐲ, 8᦬9᦬ߢ߅ࠃߘ700mm⒟ᐲߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬⋧ߦㅊ޿಴ߐࠇߡ (Nitrate deficit, Chloride deficit),ဋߢߪߘࠇߙࠇ 1.45, 0.52, 0.08 mg lߘߩ୯ࠍ↪޿ߡන૏ࠍࡕ࡞Ớᐲ߆ࠄࡑࠗࠢࡠᒰ㊂ࡈ߶߷ోߡ, ⎣㉄ࠟࠬ߅ࠃ߮Ⴎ㉄ࠟࠬߣߒߡሽ࿷ߒߚ‫ޕ‬࡜࠶ࠢࠬߦᄌ឵ߔࠆߣ, ᐕᐔဋߢߪ94.2, 3.97, 18.0 P

SCAPEࡕ࠺࡞ߪታ㓙ߦߪ᷹ቯߢ߈ߥ޿߇, ầ⸃Ḩᐲ

Fig. 13 Concentrations of aerosol compositions and theFig. 14 Relationships of the pH value of aerosols and thepH value of aerosols as highly concentrated aqueous

SO42- fraction under various relative humidity in thesolutions in ideal, internal mixed, NH4-SO4-H2O system.

NH4-SO4-H2O system. Other conditions are set in the[SO4] varies 0.05-5 Pmol. m-3 but other conditions aresame manner as Fig. 13 (20{C, [NH3]=2 Pmol m-3, [SO4]fixed (20{C, 95%, [NH3]=2 Pmol m-3).

varies 0.05-5 Pmol m-3).

ࠍ⿥߃ߚࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ࠍ㜞Ớᐲṁᶧߣߒߡᛒ߁੐ߦࠃ

(SO4߇0.05Pmolߢ߽pHߪ3.4) ‫ޕ‬ࠅࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߩ㉄ᕈᐲࠍ⸘▚ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߣࠆࠃߦࠇߘޕ‬ߣߎࠈߢ, ⎫㉄ࠗࠝࡦ߇Ⴧടߔࠆߦߟࠇ,ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߩ㉄ᕈᐲߪ, ᄢ㒽ᕈᳪᨴ᳇႙ߢߪᐔဋߢ

(NH4)2SO4Ớᐲ߇Ⴧടߔࠆ‫⎫ߣࡦࠝࠗࡓ࠙࠾ࡕࡦࠕޕ‬2.08ߢ޽ߞߚߩߦኻߒߡ, ਃቛፉ߆ࠄߩ᳇႙ߢߪᐔ

㉄ࠗࠝࡦ߇ᒰ㊂ߦߥߞߚߣ߈, pHߪ߅ࠃߘ2⒟ᐲߢ

ဋߢ0.00ߢ޽ࠅ, ࡑࠗ࠽ࠬࠍ␜ߔ੐߽޽ߞߚ‫ࠃߩߎޕ‬޽ࠅ, ߘߎ߆ࠄߪ (NH4)2SO4 Ớᐲ߇ᷫዋߔࠆߣ౒ߦ,߁ߦ, ᭂ┵ߦ㉄ᕈൻߒߚࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߦ߅޿ߡߪ, ⎫NH4HSO4 ỚᐲߣH2SO4 (⎫㉄ࡒࠬ࠻) Ớᐲ߇߅ࠃߘ

-㉄᳓⚛ࠗࠝࡦ (HSO4 ) ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᄢ㒽ᕈ᳇႙ߦ߅

4:1ߩഀวߢჇടߔࠆ‫ࡦࠝࠗ㉄⎫ߦࠄߐޕ‬ᒰ㊂Ớᐲ߇޿ߡߪ, ⎫㉄᳓⚛ࠗࠝࡦߪሽ࿷ߒߥ߆ߞߚ߇, ਃቛࠕࡦࡕ࠾࠙ࡓࠗࠝࡦᒰ㊂Ớᐲߦኻߒߡ2.5୚ㄭߊߦፉ߆ࠄߩ᳇႙ߢߪSO4ࠗࠝࡦߩ߁ߜ⚂8ഀᒙ߇⎫㉄᳓

ߥࠇ߫, (NH4)2SO4 Ớᐲߪ࠯ࡠߦߥࠅ, ోߡߩࠕࡦࡕ

⚛ࠗࠝࡦߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬

࠾ࠕߪNH4HSO4 ߣߒߡሽ࿷ߔࠆߩߢ, NH4HSO4 Ớᐲ໧㗴ࠍන⚐ߦߔࠆὑߦ, Fig. 13 ߦ, NH4-SO4-H2O♽

ߩ਄᣹߽஗ᱛߒ, ߘࠇ߆ࠄవߪH-HSO4߇Ⴧടߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߦ߅ߌࠆᾲജቇᐔⴧߩ⸘▚⚿ᨐࠍ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬

H-HSO4 ߩჇട₸ߪH2SO4 ߩߘࠇࠃࠅ߽4୚⒟ᐲᄢ߈

ߎߎߢߪ᳇᷷ߪ20 { C, ⋧ኻḨᐲߪ95%, ᄢ᳇ਛߩࠕ

ߊ, ᒰ㊂Ớᐲߢ⎫㉄ࠗࠝࡦ߇ࠕࡦࡕ࠾࠙ࡓࠗࠝࡦߩ

ࡦࡕ࠾ࠕ (᳇⋧㧗ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞⋧) ߪ 2 Pmol m-3 ߢ৻

5୚ߦߥࠆߣ߈ߦߪ, NH4HSO4 ߣH-HSO4 ߣH2SO4 ߪ,ቯߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᮮゲߪᄢ᳇ਛߩ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞Ớᐲ,

2:2:1ߩഀวߢሽ࿷ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬H-HSO4 ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆᤨߦߪ,❑ゲߪฦࠗࠝࡦࡍࠕỚᐲ෸߮ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߩpH (න૏ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߩpHߪ߶߷࠯ࡠߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Table 1 ߆ࠄಽߪ㆑߁߇୯ߪหߓ) ࠍ⴫ߔ‫ߪࡦࠝࠗ㉄⎫ޕ‬2ଔߥߩߢ,߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦ, ਃቛፉ⿠ḮߩἫጊᕈ᳇႙ߪ߹ߐߦߎߩ

1 Pmol m-3ߩߣߎࠈߢ, 2 Pequiv. m-3ߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ, ࠕࡦࡕ࠾ࠕߣᄢ᳇ਛߢᒰ㊂ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠃ߁ߥ⁁ᘒߦ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
Fig. 14ߦߪ, หߓߊNH4-SO4-H2O♽ߩࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞

NH4-SO4-H2O♽ߦ߅޿ߡߪ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞Ớᐲ߇ߦ߅ߌࠆࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞㉄ᕈᐲߣ, ⎫㉄ࠗࠝࡦ㧙⎫㉄᳓࠯ࡠߢ޽ࠇ߫, ầ⸃ߖߕߦ㉄ᕈᐲߪ⸘▚ߢ߈ߥ޿‫ޕ‬⚛ࠗࠝࡦߩࡃ࡜ࡦࠬߩ㑐ଥࠍ␜ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᄥ޿ታ✢ߪ⋧߹ߚᄢ᳇ਛߢ⎫㉄ߦኻߒߡࠕࡦࡕ࠾ࠕ߇ㆊ೾ߢ޽ߞ

ኻḨᐲ95%, ਃⷺઃ߈, ྾ⷺઃ߈, ਣઃ߈ߩታ✢ߪߘߡ߽, ⎫㉄ߣ⚿วߒߡࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞⋧ߦሽ࿷ߢ߈ࠆࠕ

ࠇߙࠇ, ⋧ኻḨᐲ85%, 80%, 70%ߩ႐วߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩઁޕ‬ࡦࡕ࠾࠙ࡓࠗࠝࡦߪᦨᄢߢ⎫㉄ߣᒰ㊂ߒ߆ሽ࿷ߢ߈

᧦ઙߪFig. 13ߣหߓߢ޽ࠆ (᳇᷷20 { C, ᄢ᳇ਛߢߩ

ߥ޿‫ߚ߹ޕ‬, ࠕࡦࡕ࠾ࠕ߇ㆊ೾ߦሽ࿷ߔࠆ႐วߢ߽,ࠕࡦࡕ࠾ࠕỚᐲ 2 Pmol m-3, ᄢ᳇ਛߢߩ⎫㉄Ớᐲ⎫㉄ߩ㜞޿ๆḨᕈߩὑߦ, 㜞Ớᐲṁᶧౝߦ SO42- ߿

0.05-5 Pmol m-3) ‫㉄⎫ޕ‬᳓⚛ࠗࠝࡦỚᐲߩഀวߪ, pH

HSO4- ߥߤ߇௖߆ߢ߽ሽ࿷ߔࠆὑ (߹ߚ᳓ಽ㊂߽㕖߇3ࠃࠅዊߐߊߥࠇ߫ᓢ‫ߦޘ‬Ⴧߒ, pH߇1߆ࠄ2ߩ㑆Ᏹߦዋߥ޿ߩߢ) , ㉄ᕈᐲߣߒߡߪᒝ޿㉄ᕈࠍ␜ߔߢᕆ਄᣹ߒߡ, pH߇0ߩ޽ߚࠅߢᦨᄢߣߥࠆ‫⋧ޕ‬ኻḨᐲ߇ૐߌࠇ߫, ᳓ಽߩขࠅㄟߺ㊂߽ዋߥ޿ߩߢ, ߘ⎣㉄ߩੇᕈᴉ⌕㊂ߪ2001ᐕ1᦬ࠍ㒰ߊઁߩ᦬ߢᣣ

ߩಽpHߪૐߊߥࠅ, ⋧ኻḨᐲ߇90%એਅߢߪpH୯ߪ

ᧄ೉ፉᧄᎺߩ᧲ർ࿾ᣇࠍ㒰ߊ߶߷ోၞߢჇടߒߚ‫ޕ‬࠯ࡠએਅߦ߽ߥࠆ‫ޕ‬

2001ᐕ1᦬ߪർ⷏ቄ▵㘑ߦࠃࠅャㅍߐࠇߚἫጊᕈ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߦࠃࠅ, ർ⷏ᄥᐔᵗߢ਄᣹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬Ḩᕈ

6. ⚿⺰

ᴉ⌕ߪੇᕈᴉ⌕ߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ࿾਄ઃㄭߩỚᐲߩߺߥࠄ
ߕ㒠᳓㊂߿ᄢ᳇ਛߩ㔕᳓㊂ߦ߽ଐሽߔࠆ‫⚿ߩߘޕ‬ᨐ,Satsumabayashi et al. (2004) ߪਛㇱጊጪ࿾Ꮺߦ޽ࠆ

ੇᕈᴉ⌕߇⷗ࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚ2000ᐕ10᦬ߩ਻Ꮊ࿾ᣇߣ

౎ᣇየᩮߦߡࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߩ⍴ᤨ㑆ࠨࡦࡊ࡝ࡦࠣࠍታ

ߘߩධᶏၞ, 2001ᐕ1᦬ߩ᧲ർ࿾ᣇߦ߅޿ߡ⎣㉄ߩḨᣉߒߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬ᓥ᧪ߩࠨࡦࡊ࡝ࡦࠣᴺߢߪ, ᚑಽಽᨆᕈᴉ⌕㊂߇Ⴧടߒߚ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ, 2001ᐕ4᦬, 7᦬ߦߪᣣᧄ

ߦᔅⷐߥ㊂ߩࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ࠍ᝝㓸ߔࠆὑߦ, 24ᤨ㑆߆೉ፉ਄ߢੇᕈᴉ⌕㊂ߩჇട߇⷗ࠄࠇߚ߽ߩߩ, Ḩᕈߘࠇએ਄ߩⓍ▚ᤨ㑆ࠍ↪޿ߡ߈ߚ߇, ߘࠇߢߪࠨࡦ

ᴉ⌕ߩჇടߪ⷗ࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ࡊ࡝ࡦࠣਛߢࡈࠖ࡞࠲࡯਄ߩើ⊒ᕈ‛⾰ߢ޽ࠆ⎣㉄

Ⴎ㉄ߩੇᕈᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߪ⎣㉄ߩߘࠇߦᲧߴߡ10ಽ

߿Ⴎ㉄ߥߤߪ⫳ᢔߒߡߒ߹߁‫ޕ‬Ⓧ▚ᤨ㑆ࠍ3ᤨ㑆ߣߔ

ߩ1⒟ᐲዊߐ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬Ⴎ㉄ߩᴉ⌕㊂ಽᏓߪ⎣㉄ߩᴉ⌕ࠆߎߣߢ, ታᄢ᳇ਛߦ߅ߌࠆ⎣㉄߿Ⴎ㉄ߥߤߩࠟࠬ

㊂ಽᏓߣߪ, ᭽⋧߇⇣ߥࠅ (⊒↢Ḯ߇㆑߁‫ੱߪ㉄⎣ޕ‬㧙ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ಽ㈩ࠍᱜ⏕ߦ᷹ቯߒߚ‫⚿ߩߘޕ‬ᨐ, ਃὑ⿠Ḯ, Ⴎ㉄ߪᶏႮ⿠Ḯ‫)ޕ‬, ᐢၞߦ෸ࠎߢ޿ߚ (Ⴎ㉄ቛፉἫጊྃἫߦ઻޿᡼಴ߐࠇࠆੑ㉄ൻ⎫㤛ࠟࠬߩ㉄ߩᴉ⌕ㅦᐲ߇⎣㉄ߦᲧߴߡㆃ޿ߚ߼‫ޕ)ޕ‬Ⴎ㉄ߩḨᕈൻߢੑᰴ↢ᚑߐࠇࠆ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߦࠃߞߡ, ⎣㉄ᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߪઁߩᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߦᲧߴߡዊߐ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬߿Ⴎ㉄ߥߤߩࠟࠬ㧙ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ಽ㈩߇ᄌൻߒ, ࠛࠕਃቛፉἫጊߩྃἫߦࠃࠆ⋥ធ⊛ⅣႺ㉄ᕈൻߣ㑆ធࡠ࠱࡞ਛߩ⎣㉄Ⴎ߿Ⴎ㉄Ⴎ߇᳇⋧ߦㅊ޿಴ߐࠇࠆߣ

⊛ⅣႺ㉄ᕈൻࠍቯ㊂⊛ߦᲧセߔࠆὑߦ, ྃἫߩᓇ㗀޿߁ nitrate deficit, chloride deficit߇↢ߓߡ޿ࠆ੐ࠍ

߇޽ߞߚᣣᧄ೉ፉઃㄭߩ3ߟߩ㗔ၞ (᧲ർᣣᧄ, ⷏ᣣ⊒⷗ߒߚ‫࡞࠱ࡠࠕࠛޕ‬ਛߩ⎣㉄߿Ⴎ㉄ߥߤߩᴉ⌕ㅦᧄ, ർ⷏ᄥᐔᵗ) ߦ߅ߌࠆ, ⎫㉄, ⎣㉄, Ⴎ㉄ߩੇᕈᐲߪ, ᳇૕ߩ⎣㉄ࠟࠬ߿Ⴎ㉄ࠟࠬߩߘࠇߦᲧߴߡᢙ

෸߮Ḩᕈߩ㗔ၞᐔဋ, ᦬ᐔဋᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ (P equiv.

ࠝ࡯࠳࡯ᄢ߈޿‫ޕ‬ᓥߞߡ, ਃቛፉἫጊߩྃἫߦࠃߞ

m-2 d-1) ࠍᲧセߒߚ‫ޕ‬Ⴎ㉄ߩᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂ߪ, ⎫㉄߿⎣ߡ᳇⋧ߦㅊ޿಴ߐࠇߚ⎣㉄߿Ⴎ㉄ߩ㉄ᕈᴉ⌕㊂߇Ⴧ

㉄ߩߘࠇߦᲧߴߡ10ಽߩ1⒟ᐲߛ߇, ⎣㉄ߩᴉ⌕Ⴧടߔࠆߣ޿߁㑆ធ⊛ⅣႺ㉄ᕈൻ (Ἣጊᕈ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ

ട㊂ߪ⎫㉄ߩߘࠇߣห⒟ᐲߢ޽ߞߚ‫ੇޕ‬ᕈᴉ⌕ߦ㑐࠱࡞ߩᴉ⌕ߦࠃࠆ⋥ធ⊛ߥⅣႺ㉄ᕈൻߦኻᔕߔࠆᒻ

ߒߡߪ, ߶ߣࠎߤߩ㗔ၞ, ቄ▵ߦ߅޿ߡ⎣㉄ߩੇᕈߢߘ߁๭߱) ߇↢ߓߡ޿ࠆ੐߇ផ᷹ߐࠇߚ‫ߢߎߘޕ‬ᴉ⌕Ⴧട㊂߇⎫㉄ߩߘࠇߣห⒟ᐲ߆ߘࠇࠍ਄࿁ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪ, Kajino et al. (2004) ߩ㗔ၞࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ャḨᕈᴉ⌕ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ, ⎫㉄ߩᴉ⌕㊂Ⴧട߇৻⇟ᄢ߈

ㅍࡕ࠺࡞MSSP (regional-scale Eulerian Model System߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬㑆ធലᨐߪో૕⊛ߦ⋥ធലᨐߦᲧߴߡዊߐ

for Soluble Particles) ࠍ↪޿ߡߎߩലᨐࠍೋ߼ߡቯ㊂޿߇, ⋥ធലᨐࠍᄢ߈ߊ਄࿁ࠆ႐ว߽޽ࠅ, ߘߒߡ⊛ߦ⹏ଔߒߚ‫ޕ‬ዊߐ޿႐วߢ߽ήⷞߔࠆߎߣߪߢ߈ߥ޿⒟ᐲߩ㊂ߢਃቛፉ⿠Ḯߩ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߩャㅍߪ, ቄ▵ߦࠃ޽ߞߚ (0.07-2.1୚)‫ߡߞࠃޕ‬, ਃቛፉἫጊߩྃἫߪ,ߞߡᄢ߈ߊᄌൻߒߚ‫ޕ‬2000ᐕ10᦬㧔⑺㧕ߢߪྃἫᵴ

ߐࠄߦߎߩ㑆ធലᨐࠍㅢߒߡᭂ᧲ࠕࠫࠕၞߩⅣႺࠍ

േߪଐὼᵴ⊒ߢ޽ࠅ, ᣣᧄઃㄭߩⅣႺࠍᐢၞߦᷰߞ

ᄢ߈ߊ㉄ᕈൻߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ߡ㉄ᕈൻߒߚ‫ޕ‬2001ᐕ1᦬㧔౻) ߦߪᣣᧄ೉ፉ਄ߢߪ

߹ߚ, ߎߩ㑆ធ⊛㉄ᕈൻലᨐߪ, ἫጊྃἫ੐଀ߦ

ർ⷏ቄ▵㘑߇ථ⿧ߒ, Ἣጊᕈ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߪᄥᐔ㒢ࠄߕ, ৻⥸ߩੱὑ⿠ḮߩSOx ߩᄢ㊂ឃ಴ߦࠃߞߡᵗ਄ߦャㅍߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬2001ᐕ4᦬㧔ᤐ) ߦߥࠇ߫ᣣᧄ೉

߽↢ߓߡ޿ࠆ‫੹ߚ߹ޕ‬ᓟჇടߔࠆߣ⸒ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆਛ

ፉࠍ㜞᳇࿶, ૐ᳇࿶ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߇ㅢㆊߒ, ᣣᧄ೉ፉ਄

࿖߆ࠄߩSOx ߩឃ಴ߦ⷗┙ߡߡ, ᧄ੐଀ࠍ᧲ࠕࠫࠕ

ߢἫጊᕈ⎫㉄ỚᐲߪჇടߒߚ‫ ޕ‬2001ᐕ7᦬㧔ᄐ㧕ߦ㗔ၞߩ዁᧪੍᷹ࠪ࠽࡝ࠝߩ৻⒳ߣᝒ߃ࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈

ߪ, ੝ᾲᏪᕈ㜞᳇࿶ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ (ዊ═ේ᳇࿅) ߇ᄥᐔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓥߞߡSOxߦࠃࠆⅣႺ㉄ᕈൻࠍ⼏⺰ߔࠆߣ߈, ߘᵗ਄ߢථ⿧ߒ, Ἣጊᕈ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߪർᣇ෸߮⷏

ߩ⋥ធ⊛ߥ㉄ᕈൻߩߺߥࠄߕ, ߘࠇߣห⒟ᐲߩᓇ㗀ᣇߦャㅍߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ਃቛፉἫጊྃἫߦࠃࠆੑ㉄ൻ⎫㤛ࠍ߽ߚࠄߔߎߩ㑆ធലᨐߦߟ޿ߡ߽⠨ᘦߒߥߊߡߪ

ߩ᡼಴㊂ߪᤨ㑆ߣߣ߽ߦᷫዋߒߚߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕ,ߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬ᄐߦߪἫጊᕈ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞Ớᐲߪౣ߮ᄢ߈ߊߥߞ

ᧄ⺰ᢥߢߪ, ߎߩ㑆ធ⊛ⅣႺ㉄ᕈൻലᨐߦߟ޿ߡ

ߚ‫ྃޕ‬Ἣߩᓇ㗀ߦࠃࠅႺ⇇ጀߦ߅޿ߡ⎣㉄߅ࠃ߮Ⴎਥߦ⼏⺰ߒߡ߈ߚ߇, ᒝ㉄ᕈࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ਛߩ

㉄ߩࠟࠬỚᐲߪჇടߒ, ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞Ớᐲߪᷫዋߒߚ‫ޕ‬

HSO4-SO42- ಽ㈩߽⥝๧ᷓ޿‫ޕ‬ᄢ㒽߆ࠄߩᳪᨴ᳇႙ߦ

ྃἫߩᓇ㗀ߢᣣᧄઃㄭߩ⎣㉄ࠟࠬỚᐲߪ᦬ᐔဋߢ߅

߅ߌࠆࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞㉄ᕈᐲߪ2.08ߢ⎫㉄ߪ100%, SO42-

ࠃߘ1.1߆ࠄ1.25୚⒟ᐲჇടߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߣߒߡሽ࿷ߒߡ޿ߚ߇, ਃቛፉ߆ࠄߩᳪᨴ᳇႙ߦ߅

޿ߡߪࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞pHߪ0.00ߢ޽ࠅ, SO42- ߩഀวߪࠊ
-Benkovitz, C.M., Scholtz, M.T., Pacyna, J., Tarrason, L.,

ߕ߆22%ߢ޽ࠅ, 78%߇HSO4 ࠗࠝࡦߣߒߡሽ࿷ߒߡ

Dignon, J., Voldner, E.C., Spiro, P.A., Logen, J.A. and޿ߚ‫ޕ‬Graedel, T.E. (1996): Global gridded inventories ofanthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen. J.

⻢ ㄉGeophys. Res., 101(D22), pp. 29,239-29,253.
Carmichael, G.R., Calori, G., Hayami, H,. Uno, I., Cho,᳇⽎ᐡ࿾㔡Ἣጊㇱߩ⩲㊁ᥓਯ᭽ߦߪਃቛፉߩ⾆㊀

S.Y., Engardt, M., Kim, S.P., Ichikawa, Y., Ikeda, Y.,ߥ᷹ⷰ࠺࡯࠲ࠍឭଏߒߡ㗂߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬᣿ᤊᄢቇߩ᧻

Woo, J.H., Ueda, H. and Amann, M. (2002): The↰๺⑲ഥᢎ᝼ߦߪ᧲ࠕࠫࠕ㉄ᕈ㔎ࡕ࠾࠲࡝ࡦࠣࡀ࠶

MICS-Asia study: model intercomparison of long-range

࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ(EANET)ߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ㗂߈߹ߒߚ‫ࡦࠧ࡞ࠕޕ‬transport and sulfur deposition in East Asia. Atmos.

࠿࿖┙⎇ⓥᚲߩDavid Streetsඳ჻ߦߪ㧘2000ᐕߩࠛࡒ

Environ., 36, pp. 175-199.

࠶࡚ࠪࡦࠗࡦࡌࡦ࠻࡝ߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ㗂߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬એ਄Dudhia, J. (1993): A nonhydrostatic version of the Pennߩᣇ‫ߦޘ‬ෘߊᓮ␞↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬State / NCAR mesoscale model: Validation tests andsimulation of an Atlantic cyclone and cold front. Mon.

ෳ⠨ᢥ₂

Wea. Rev., 121, pp. 1493-1513.
Fujita, S., Sakurai, T. and Matsuda, K. (2003): Wet andᬀ↰ ᵗආ, ⮋៺ᨋ శ, ᫃㊁ ℰ₺ (2003): Effects ofdry deposition of sulfur associated with the eruption of

Miyakejima Volcanic Effluents on Airborne Particles

Miyakejima volcano, Japan. J. Geophys. Res., 108(15),and Precipitation in Central Japan, ੩ㇺᄢቇ㒐ἴ⎇ⓥ

pp. 4444, Doi:10.1029/2002JD003064.

ᚲᐕႎ, ╙46ภB, pp. 487-502.

Hauglustaine, D. A., Granier, C., Brasseur, G.P. and᫃ ㊁ ℰ ₺ , ᬀ ↰ ᵗ ආ , An Junling, ⮋ ៺ ᨋ శ

Megie, G. (1994): The importance of atmospheric(2003): ኻᵹ࿤᳓ṁᕈࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞ߩ᜼േ㧙ᢙ୯ࡕ࠺chemistry in the calculation of radiative forcing on the࡞ߣਃቛፉྃἫߩ੐଀⸃ᨆ㧙, ੩ㇺᄢቇ㒐ἴ⎇ⓥ

climate system. J. Geophys. Res., 99, pp. 1173-1186.

ᚲᐕႎ, ╙46ภB, pp. 503-515.

Huebert, B. J., Phillips, C.A., Zhuang, L., Kjellstrom, E.,㣮㊁ ቁ↵, ᴡ᧛ ኪ, ⮋៺ᨋ శ, ⷏ᴛ ብ, ᧛㊁ ஜRodhe, H,. Feichter, J. and Land, C. (2001): Long-termᄥ㇢ (2002): 㐳㊁⋵ർㇱߢ᷹ⷰߐࠇߚਃቛፉߩἫ

measurements of free-tropospheric sulfate at Maunaጊࠟࠬߦࠃࠅ↢ᚑߒߚ㜞Ớᐲ⎫㉄ࠛࠕࡠ࠱࡞, ᄢ

Loa: Comparison with global model simulations. J.

᳇ⅣႺቇળ⹹[ㅦႎ], 37, pp. 75-80.

Geophys. Res., 106, pp. 5479-5492.

㘑ᣧ ᐽᐔ, ᐔᨋ 㗅৻, ᫪ ඳ৻, የบ ᱜା, ਛၳKajino, M., Ueda, H., Satsumabayashi, H. and An, J.

ᐽᒄ, ㊁਄ ஜᴦ, ਛ↰ ▵਽, ◉ේ ብᔒ, ቝㇺ ᶈ

(2004): Impacts of the eruption of Miyakejima Volcanoਃ (2001): ਃቛፉἫጊ2000ᐕྃἫߦ߅ߌࠆἫጊࠟ

on air quality over far east Asia. J. Geophys. Res., 109,ࠬ㧙ἫጊἯߩઃ⌕ࠟࠬᚑಽ෸߮SO2᡼಴㊂߆ࠄផ᷹D21204, Doi:10.1029/2004JD004762.

ߐࠇࠆ⣕ࠟࠬⅣႺ㧙, ࿾ቇ㔀⹹, 110(2), pp. 271-279.

Kajino, M., Ueda, H., Satsumabayashi, H. and Han, Z.

Allard, P. (1997): Endogenous magma degassing and(2005): Increase in nitrate and chloride deposition instorage at Mount Etna. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24(17) pp.

East Asia due to increased sulfate associated with the2219-2222.

eruption of the Miyakejima Volcano. J. Geophys. Res.,An, J., Ueda, H., Wang, Z., Matsuda, K., Kajino, M. andin review.

Cheng, X. (2002): Simulations of monthly mean nitrate

Kim, Y.P., Seinfeld, J.H., and Saxena, P. (1993a):concentrations in precipitation over East Asia. Atmos.

Atmospheric

Environ., 36, pp. 4159-4171.

Thermodynamic model. Aerosol Sci. Tech., 19, pp.

gas-aerosol

equilibrium:

I.

An, J., Ueda, H., Matsuda, K., Hasome, H., Iwata, M.

157-181.

(2003): Simulated impacts of SO2 emissions from theKim, Y.P., Seinfeld, J.H. and Saxena, P. (1993b):

Miake volcano on concentration and deposition ofAtmpspheric gas-aerosol equilibrium: II. Analysis ofsulfur oxides in September and October of 2000. Atmos.

commonEnviron., 37, pp. 3039-3046.

calculation methods. Aerosol Sci. Tech., 19, pp.

Andres, R.J. and Kasgnoc, A.D. (1998): A time-averaged

182-198.

inventory of subaerial volcanic sulfur emissions. J.

Kim, Y.P. and Seinfeld, J.H. (1995): AtmosphericGeophys. Res., 103(D19), pp. 25,251-25,261.

gas-aerosol equilibrium: III. Thermodynamics of crustal

approximations

andactivitycoefficientelements Ca2+, K+ and Mg2+. Aerosol Sci. Tech., 22, pp.

Chemistry and Physics, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.

93-110.

Stoiber, R.E., Malinconico, L.L. Jr., and Williams, S.N.

Kinoshita, K. (1996): Observation of flow and dispersion(1983):

of volcanic clouds from Mt. Sakurajima. Atmos.

volcanoes, in Forecasting Volcanic Events, editied byEnviron., 30, pp. 2831-2837.

Tazieff, H. and Sabroux, J.C., pp. 425-444, Elsevier

Use

of

the

correlation

spectrometerat

McGonigle, A.J.S., Oppenheimer, C., Hayes, A.R., Galle,

Sci., New York.

B., Edmonds, M., Caltabiano, T,. Salerno, G., Burton,

Stoiber, R.E., Williams, S.N. and Huebert, B. (1987):

M. and Mather, T.A. (2003): Sulphur dioxide fluxes

Annual contribution of sulfur dioxide to the atmospherefrom Mount Etna, Vulcano, and Stromboli measured

by volcanoes. J. Volcano. Geotherm. Res., 33, pp. 1-8.

with an automated scanning ultraviolet spectrometer,

Streets, D.G., Bond, T.C., Carmichael, G.R., Fernandes,

Geophys.

S., Fu, Q., He, D,. Klimont, Z., Nelson, S.M., Tsai,Res.

Lett.,

108(B9),

pp.

2445,

Doi:10.1029/2002JB002261.

N.Y., Wang, M.Q., Woo, J.H. and Yarber, K.F. (2003):

Meng, Z., Seifeld, J.H., Saxena, P. and Kim, Y.P. (1995):

An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions

Atmosphericin Asia in the year 2000. J. Geophys. Res., 108(21), pp.

gas-aerosol

equilibrium

IV.

Thermodynamics of carbonates. Aerosol Science and8809, Doi:10.1029/2002JD003093.

Technology, 23, pp. 131-154.

Wang, Z., Ueda, H. and Huang, M. (2000): A deflation

Satsumabayashi, H., Kawamura, M. Katsuno, T., Futaki,

module for use in modeling long-range transport ofK., Murano, K., Kajino, M. and Ueda, H. (2004):

yellow sand over east Asia. J. Geophys. Res., 105, pp.

Effects of Miyake volcanic effluents on airborne

26,947-26,960.

particles and precipitation in central Japan. J. Geophys.
Res., 109, D19202, Doi:10.1029/2003JD004204.
Seinfeld, J. H., and Pandis, S.N. (1998): Atmospheric

Increase in nitrate and chloride deposition in East Asia due to increased sulfate
associated with the eruption of the Miyakejima Volcano
Mizuo KAJINO, Hiromasa UEDA, Hikaru SATSUMABAYASHI** Nagano Environmental Conservation Research Institute
Synopsis
The eruption of Miyakejima Volcano has resulted in the emission of large amounts of sulfur dioxide. The
volumes of sulfur dioxide emitted were vast. Short-time aerosol sampling, conducted at the Happo Ridge,
has revealed that the abundant volcanic sulfate resulted in the expulsion of non-volcanic nitrate and chloride
in aerosols into the gas phase. As the deposition velocities of gaseous nitrate and chloride are much higher
than those in aerosols, the deposition of them should be accelerated. This additional deposition is referred toas "indirect acidification" in this study, corresponding to "direct acidification" by the deposition of volcanic
sulfate. This indirect acidification is estimated quantitatively using a regional-scale Eulerian aerosol
transport model.
Keywords : Volcanic eruption; gas-aerosol partitioning; indirect acidification; aerosol chemical transportmodel; ground-based air quality observation