A Practical Approach to RT-qPCR — Publishing Data
That Conform to the MIQE Guidelines
Sean Taylor, Michael Wakem, Greg Dijkman, Marwan Alsarraj, and Marie Nguyen
Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA 94547

Amplification

Tech
Note
Bulletin 5859

Introduction
Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) has become a definitivetechnique for quantitating differences in gene expression levels
between samples. Over the past 10 years, the popularity of thismethod has grown exponentially, with the publication of wellover 25,000 papers from diverse fields of science, including
agricultural, environmental, industrial, and medical research,making reference to reverse transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR) data.

The ultimate goal of RDML and MIQE is to establish a clear
framework within which to conduct RT-qPCR experiments andto provide guidelines for reviewers and editors to use in theevaluation of the technical quality of submitted manuscripts
against an established yardstick. As a consequence, investigations
that use this widely applied methodology will produce datathat are more consistent, more comparable, and ultimately
more reliable.

Apart from the broad applicability of the technique, one of
the central factors that has stimulated this impressive growthis the increased demand from journal review panels for theuse of RT-qPCR to support phenotypic observations withquantitative, molecular data. Furthermore, gene expression
analysis is now being used to support protein expression datafrom proteomics-based assays. The biotechnology industry
has responded to the rapid adoption of this technique withthe concomitant development of reagents and instruments
to perform RT-qPCR experiments. However, since no strict
guidelines have been established, researchers have generally
designed their experiments based on information gathered fromdisparate sources, which has resulted in data of variable quality.

Given the highly dynamic nature of mRNA transcription andthe potential variables introduced in sample handling andin the downstream processing steps (Garson et al. 2009),
a standardized approach to each step of the RT-qPCR
workflow is critical for reliable and reproducible results. The
MIQE provides this approach with a checklist that contains
85 parameters to ensure quality results that will meet theacceptance criteria of any journal (Bustin et al. 2009).

A number of technical deficiencies can affect RT-qPCR
assay performance, including improper experimental design,
inadequate controls and replicates, lack of well-defined
experimental conditions and sample handling techniques,poor quality of the RNA sample, suboptimal choice of primers
for reverse transcription and qPCR reactions, lack of validationof reference genes, and inappropriate methods of data analysis.
In an effort to assist the scientific community in producing
consistent, high-quality data from qPCR experiments, theminimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR
experiments (MIQE) guidelines have been recently published(Bustin et al. 2009). This has been followed by the developmentof an XML-based real-time PCR data markup language(RDML) for the consistent reporting of real-time PCR data by
the RDML consortium (Lefever et al. 2009). This consortiumis active in the development of appropriate and standardized
terminology, guidelines on minimum information for biologicaland biomedical investigations, and a flexible and universal
data file structure with tools to create, process, and validate
RDML files. All relevant information about the RDML project isavailable at www.rdml.org.

In this paper we demonstrate how to apply the MIQE
guidelines (www.rdml.org/miqe) to establish a solid
experimental approach.

A Practical Approach to RT-qPCR — Publishing Data That Conform to the MIQE Guidelines

1. Experimental Design
Proper experimental design is the key to any gene expression
study. Since mRNA transcription can be sensitive to external
stimuli that are unrelated to the processes studied, it isimportant to work under tightly controlled and well-definedconditions. Taking the time to define experimental procedures,control groups, type and number of replicates, experimental
conditions, and sample handling methods within each groupis essential to minimize variability (Table 1). Each of theseparameters should be carefully recorded prior to conducting
gene expression experiments to ensure good biologicalreproducibility for published data.
Table 1. RT-qPCR experimental design and sample management.
This table summarizes the workflow of a typical RT-qPCR experiment fromexperimental design to defining control groups, replicates, and experimental
conditions to the detailed procedures for sample handling. This ultimately
ensures that the key steps in RT-qPCR data production lead to high-quality,
reproducible, publishable data.
Experiment Control		
DesignGroupsReplicates

Experiment
Conditions

SampleHandling

Disease or Time course Biologicaltreatment
study(different
groups(i.e., t = 0)
sample		
per well)			

Growthconditions(media andtime orabsorbance)

Precise timeto harvest
cells ortissueTargetgenes
implicatedNormal vs.
disease(i.e., normal)

Technical
Days of(same sample embryonicper well)development

Potentialreference
genes

Untreated vs.
drug treated		
(i.e., untreated)		

—Amount permass of drug
or compound

Sampleextraction
methodPreservation
methodand time

Number of——
Sex,
data points 			
phenotypeto draw				statisticallysignificant
conclusions

Thaw andhomogenization
procedure———
Incubation
			
time
				

Total RNA
extraction
procedure

2. RNA Extraction
If samples must be collected over a period of time or in
too large a number to process immediately, they should be
stored in appropriate conditions (frozen at −80°C and/or in
RNA storage solution) until use. To minimize handling time
during the RNA extraction procedure, it is recommended thatsamples be processed in relatively small batches of 10 to
20. The RNA extraction procedure should include a DNase I
treatment step to remove any contaminating genomic DNA.
Many commercially available kits such as the Aurum™ Total
RNA Extraction Kits (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) can be usedfor virtually any sample type from plant to animal tissue andinclude an on-column DNase I treatment of the samples.
3. RNA Quality Control
Ensuring that only RNA of high purity (no contaminants) andhigh integrity (not degraded) is used is one of the most criticalpoints in the RT-qPCR experimental workflow. Impurities in© 2015 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.

the RNA sample may lead to inhibition of the RT and PCR
reaction, yielding biased data. Using partially degraded RNA
can lead to varying and incorrect quantification results (Fleige
and Pfaffl 2006, Gingrich et al. 2008). Since sample purity andintegrity are not related, both should be assessed to ascertainthat the RNA sample meets minimal acceptance criteria for thedownstream workflow.
Purity of the sample with respect to protein contamination
can be assessed spectrophotometrically by measuring theA 260/280 ratio in a pH neutral buffer. An A260/280 ratio of 1.8 to
2.0 indicates good quality RNA that is devoid of protein andphenol contamination (Figure 1B). However, no RNA integrity
information can be obtained from a spectrophotometricreading. RNA integrity can be assessed using several
methods. The traditional method is visual inspection after
electrophoresis on a formaldehyde agarose gel in thepresence of a fluorescent dye such as ethidium bromide.
Observation of two sharp bands for the large and the small
subunit ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) with the intensity of the larger
band being about twice that of the smaller band is indicative of
intact RNA. While this method is inexpensive, the interpretationof the data is mostly subjective and requires approximately
200 ng of total RNA, which may be difficult if the sample isonly available in limited quantities. This method can be refinedby quantifying the intensity of the rRNA bands using an imager
with densitometry scanning. While the values of the 28S/18S
ratio can vary between different tissues or cell types, a ratio
between 1 and 2 is indicative of an intact RNA sample.
A major improvement in RNA integrity analysis came with theintroduction of microfluidics-based electrophoresis systems(Imbeaud et al. 2005) such as the Experion™ AutomatedElectrophoresis System (Bio-Rad) that combines integrity
and concentration quantification of RNA in a single step fromnanogram or picogram quantities (Figures 1A and 1C). In addition
to generating a virtual gel, an electropherogram, and calculating
the 28S/18S ratio, the Experion System’s software automaticallycalculates and reports an RNA quality indicator (RQI) value(Figure 1C) that reflects the integrity of the RNA sample based on
several criteria (Denisov et al. 2008) of the electropherogram. The
RQI value ranging from 1 (degraded) to 10 (intact) provides anobjective assessment of the integrity of the RNA sample and it
can be used to screen out degraded samples.
By ensuring consistency in both purity and quality across all
RNA samples, variability between biological replicates can be
reduced (Figure 1D) (Imbeaud et al. 2005). When a batch of
RNA samples has successfully met the standards of quality
control, we recommend their immediate use in RT-qPCR
experiments, or their conversion into much more stable cDNA
by reverse transcription to preserve RNA integrity after thequality check.

Bulletin 5859

A Practical Approach to RT-qPCR — Publishing Data That Conform to the MIQE Guidelines

4. Reverse Transcription
Given the prevalence of RNase in the environment, werecommend performing the reverse transcription of total RNA
samples to cDNA immediately following the quality control
assessment. This will avoid the risk of RNA sample degradationfrom multiple freeze/thaws before conversion to cDNA. For the
RT step, the key is to ensure consistent and complete coverageof the transcribed genome in the extracted RNA sample. Somegenes are very long, but the associated RT products for thesesequences cannot be as large, especially if the RT primers
anneal only at the ends of each mRNA. By annealing primers at
the end of the mRNA plus at random points within each mRNA
sequence, a good sampling of the population of each gene is
obtained. This method, which is more representative than justannealing at the ends or at random sites within each transcript,
provides better coverage of the transcribed genome.

A
L

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

6,000 –
4,000 –
Size, bases

3,000 –
2,000 –
1,500 –
1,000 –
500 –
200 –
50 –

B
Sample
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

A 260/280*

A 260/230*

1.90
1.93
2.06
2.03
2.02
1.99
2.00
1.89

2.44
2.40
2.37
2.37
2.31
2.18
2.32
2.23

Control — no heat3 min @ 90°C
5 min @ 90°C
10 min @ 90°C
15 min @ 90°C
1 hr @ 90°C
2 hr @ 90°C
4 hr @ 90°C

* Generally accepted ratios (A 260/280 and A 260/230) for good quality RNA are >1.8.
C

D
PCR baseline-subtracted
curve fit, RFU

10,000

1,000

100

10
0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

40

44

CyclesFig. 1. Analysis of RNA purity and integrity. This figure shows an example
of RNA purity and integrity analysis using spectrophotometry and the Experion
Automated Electrophoresis System. Mouse liver total RNA samples were
subjected to degradation by heating at 90°C for different periods of time andanalyzed for both purity and integrity. Green boxes highlight the fact that the total
RNA sample appears by absorbance readings alone (≥1.8) to be of sufficientquality, whereas RQI measurement on the Experion System clearly showsdegraded sample with low RQI values. A, virtual gel image generated by theExperion Software showing various degradation levels of the RNA samples and a
progressively decreasing intensity of the 18S rRNA band. B, the A260/A280
ratio measured for all samples on the NanoDrop Spectrophotometer is between
1.8 and 2.0 indicating that the samples are devoid of protein contamination.
C, summary of RNA integrity analysis using the Experion Software. The
28S/18S rRNA ratio and the RQI indicate a decreasing integrity of the heat-treated
RNA samples. A color classification allows for easy identification of the samples
that are not adequate for qPCR. D, example of qPCR analysis of GAPDH
expression performed on degraded samples (Gingrich et al. 2008). The profiles show
increasing quantification cycle (Cq) with the degraded samples. No degradation (—);
1 hr degradation (—); 3 hr degradation (—); 5 hr degradation (—); 8 hr degradation (—).
RFU, relative fluorescence units.
© 2015 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.

A reverse transcription buffer should contain a mix of primersthat are random in sequence, allowing for a better sampling of
the mRNA; RNase H, the enzyme that specifically degrades
RNA in DNA/RNA duplexes; a specific and sensitive reverse
transcriptase with broad dynamic range for RNA amounts
from 1 µg to 1 pg and; a simple and fast protocol. The iScript™
cDNA Synthesis Kits (Bio-Rad) meet all of these criteria and are
well suited for reverse transcription of any total RNA sample.
We recommend that the same amount of total RNA be used
and that reaction time be maintained for reverse transcription
for all experimental samples to minimize variability between
biological replicates. Reverse transcribed RNA can be stored
frozen at −20°C or −80°C until use and diluted before use in thedownstream qPCR reaction.
5. Primer and Amplicon Design
Both primer design and careful choice of target sequence are
essential to ensure specific and efficient amplification of the
products. Target sequences should be unique, 75–150 bp
long with a GC content between 50 and 60%, and should
not contain secondary structures. It is recommended thatprimers should have a GC content of 50–60% and a melting
temperature (Tm) of 55–65°C. Long G or C stretches in theprimer should be avoided, but it is recommended to have
G or C at the end of the primers.
A number of programs are available to help design primer
pairs and pick target sequences. We recommend designing
oligonucleotides using Primer-Blast (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
tools/primer-blast/index.cgi?LINK_LOC=BlastHomeAd), a
program developed by NCBI that uses the algorithm Primer3(Rozen and Skaletsky 2000). Primer sequences are compared(blasted) to the user-selected databases to ensure they are
unique and specific for the gene of interest. The program MFOLD(http://unafold.rna.albany.edu/?q=mfold/dna-folding-form)
can then be used to analyze the amplicon for potential secondary
structures that may prevent efficient amplification (Zuker 2003)(Figure 2). Ideally, two sets of oligonucleotides should then beordered and tested for their performance in a qPCR reaction.

Bulletin 5859

A Practical Approach to RT-qPCR — Publishing Data That Conform to the MIQE Guidelines

temperature is to use a thermal cycler equipped with atemperature gradient feature. All Bio-Rad thermal cyclers andreal-time PCR instruments are available with a thermal gradient
block option. A range of temperatures around the calculated
Tm of the primers should be tested (Figure 3A).
It is important to check the specificity of the reaction by
analyzing the PCR product. A melt curve analysis, performedat the end of the PCR cycles, will confirm specificity ofprimer annealing. The melt curve should display a single
sharp peak (Figure 3B). In addition, at least one sample perprimer pair should be run on an appropriate gel (agarose gelor polyacrylamide gel to resolve smaller DNA fragments) to
confirm that the amplicon is of the expected size (Figure 4).
Alternatively, an automated electrophoresis system such as
the Experion Automated Electrophoresis System (using theExperion DNA 1K Analysis Kit, Bio-Rad) can be used to rapidly
and precisely confirm the size of the amplicon.
Since most qPCR experiments involve the study of multiple
genes in a single protocol it is important to design primers
with similar annealing temperatures and to run the reactions
at a temperature that is adequate for all the primer pairs to bestudied during the same run. A duplicate, no template control(NTC) reaction should be included in every run for each primer
pair to test buffers and solutions for DNA contamination and toassess for primer-dimers.
Establishment of a Standard Curve to Evaluate PCR Efficiency

Fig. 2. Effect of annealing temperature on amplicon secondary structure.
Analysis of the amplicon sequence using MFOLD predicts a high secondary
structure at 60°C (top) and low secondary structure at 65°C (bottom).

6. qPCR Validation
A validated qPCR assay is one that has been assessed
for the optimal range of primer annealing temperatures,reaction efficiency, and specificity using a standard set ofsamples (Bustin et al. 2009). This will ensure that the reaction
conditions, buffers, and primers have been optimized andthat the cDNA samples are not contaminated with inhibitors
of Taq polymerase. Bio-Rad has created a practical web
resource (bio-rad.com/genomics/pcrsupport) for qPCR
design and validation. The major points in assay validation aresummarized below.
Determination of Annealing Temperature, Melt Curve Analysis,
Gel Analysis of Amplicon, and No Template Control

A critical step in a PCR reaction is the annealing of the primers
to their target sequences. It has to be performed at the righttemperature for the primers to anneal efficiently to their targets,
while preventing nonspecific annealing and primer-dimer
formation. The fastest way to determine optimal annealing© 2015 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.

The efficiency of a PCR reaction is a measure of the rate
at which the polymerase converts the reagents (dNTPs,
oligonucleotides, and template cDNA) to amplicon. The
maximum increase of amplicon per cycle is twofold,representing a reaction that is 100% efficient. It is important
to measure reaction efficiency because it is indicative ofproblems with the qPCR reaction that can cause artifactual
results. Low reaction efficiencies (<90%) may be caused bycontaminating Taq inhibitors, high or suboptimal annealing
temperature, old or inactive Taq, poorly designed primers, oramplicons with secondary structures. High reaction efficiency(>110%) is generally the result of primer-dimers or nonspecificamplicons. The most common causes of both high and low
reaction efficiencies are poorly calibrated pipets or poor
pipetting technique.
A standard curve is generally used to determine the reaction
efficiency for any qPCR reaction. The template for this typicallyis a sample of cDNA or spiked plasmid cDNA in a sample
extract. We recommend initially producing a tenfold dilution
series over eight points starting from the most concentrated
cDNA sample, to ensure the standard curve covers all
potential template concentrations that may be encounteredduring the study (i.e., broad dynamic range). For each dilution,a standard qPCR protocol should be performed in triplicate
for all the primer pairs to be used in the experiment and CT
values determined. CFX Manager™ Software versions 1.6 andBulletin 5859

A Practical Approach to RT-qPCR — Publishing Data That Conform to the MIQE Guidelines

earlier provide CT values for threshold cycle; however, MIQE
guidelines recommend the more generic quantification cycle(Cq) term. Since these terms are used interchangeably andrefer to the same value, Cq will be used here. The standard
curve is constructed by plotting the log of the starting quantityof the template against the Cq values obtained. The equationof the linear regression line, along with Pearson correlation
coefficient (r) or the coefficient of determination (r2), can thenbe used to evaluate whether the qPCR assay is optimized.

A. Amplification
7,000

65.0°C
64.3°C

6,000

63.0°C

5,000
RFU

60.6°C
4,000

57.7°C

3,000

55.4°C

2,000

53.8°C
53.0°C

1,000
0
0

10

20

30
Cycles40

50

60

B. Melt Peak–d(RFU)/dT

1,000
800
600
400
200
0
60

70
80
Temperature, °C

90Fig. 3. Validation of qPCR primers. A, qPCR is performed at a range of
annealing temperatures using a thermal gradient block. Amplification profiles
indicate that the most efficient amplification occurs at the four lowest annealing
temperatures between 53 and 57.7°C where the curves are at the lowest Cq.
B, a single peak on the melt curve analysis indicates a single PCR product.
RFU, relative fluorescence units.
ACTB

ODC

AZI

2 kb –

Ideally, the dilution series will produce amplification curves
with tight technical replicates that are evenly spaced(Figure 5A). If perfect doubling occurs with each amplification
cycle, the spacing of the fluorescence curves will be
determined by the equation 2n = dilution factor, where n is
the number of cycles between curves at the fluorescencethreshold (in other words, the difference between the Cq
values of the curves). For example, with a tenfold serial dilutionof DNA, 2n = 10. Therefore, n = 3.32, and the Cq values should
be separated by 3.32 cycles. Evenly spaced amplification
curves (Figure 5A) will produce a linear standard curve(Figure 5B) with the goal of 90–110% reaction efficiency.
The r or r2 value of a standard curve represents how well theexperimental data fit the regression line, that is, how linear thedata are. Linearity, in turn, gives a measure of the variability
across assay replicates and whether the amplification efficiency
is the same for different starting template copy numbers. A
significant difference in observed Cq values between replicateswill lower the r or r2 value. An r with an absolute value >0.990 oran r2 value >0.980 is desirable for RT-qPCR reactions. Deletionof points at both ends of the standard curve may be required
to obtain an acceptable slope (efficiency) and r2 value. This will
ultimately define the dynamic range of cDNA concentration foreach primer pair with respect to sample dilution.
qPCR Reagents, Instrument, and Analysis Program

200 bp –100 bp –50 bp –

There are a wide variety of commercial qPCR reagent
kits available. We recommend SsoAdvanced™ Universal
Supermixes from Bio-Rad, which are ready-to-use reagents
employing Bio-Rad’s patented* Sso7d fusion polymerase
and advanced buffer formulation. These uniquely formulated
supermixes can be used for a wide range of real-time PCRapplications and with all real-time PCR systems.
A large number of qPCR detection instruments arecommercially available and the following guidelines can be
employed for selecting an appropriate instrument:

Fig. 4. Gel analysis of PCR products. Gel electrophoresis analysis of theamplicon confirms the presence of a single fragment of the expected size.
ODC, ornithine decarboxylase; AZI, antizyme inhibitor.

1. Sample volumes with a range of 10 to 50 µl in standard
96-well format, 0.2 ml, low-profile thermal cycler plates,
strips, or tubes from any manufacturer.
2. Gradient-enabled thermal block with fast ramping.
3. No requirement for proprietary reagents, consumables,or fluorophores.
* U.S. patents 6,627,424; 7,541,170; and 7,560,260.

© 2015 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.

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A Practical Approach to RT-qPCR — Publishing Data That Conform to the MIQE Guidelines

The CFX96 Touch™ and CFX384 Touch™ Real-Time PCR
Detection Systems from Bio-Rad meet all of these criteria.

A. Amplification
4

10

RFU

All qPCR instruments are packaged with data analysis
software and we recommend that a good software package
include the following features:
103

1. Flexibility to enter plate setup information such that wellidentifiers can be loaded and edited before, during, orafter a run.
2. Ability to group wells from multiple experiments on one plate.

102
0

10

20
Cycles30

40

B. Standard Curve
E = 102%r 2 = 0.999
Slope = –3.275

Cq

25
20
15
10
2

3

4

5
log starting quantity

6

7

8

C. Melt Peak

1,000

–d(RFU)/dT

800
600
400
200
0
60

70
80
Temperature, °C

90Fig. 5. Standard curve. A, qPCR is performed on serial dilutions of thetemplate and Cq is determined for each dilution. Three replicates are used foreach concentration of template. Note that the Cq values for the replicates arevery tight and nearly overlay perfectly indicating low technical variability.
B, measured Cq values are plotted against the log of the copy number (orrelative concentration) of the template to establish a standard curve that
permits the calculation of the efficiency from the slope and r2 value. Ideally
the three replicates per dilution should give very tightly grouped amplification
curves with efficiency close to 100% (90–110%), r2 values above 0.98,
and single, sharp melt curve peak per gene. C, melt curve analysis of theamplicons shows a single peak. Cq, quantification cycle; RFU, relative
fluorescence units.

© 2015 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.

3. Built-in gene expression analysis that can normalize data tomultiple reference genes (Vandesompele et al. 2002) andindividual reaction efficiencies (Pfaffl 2001).
4. The ability to combine multiple plates of experimental data
into a large gene study.
The CFX Manager Software from Bio-Rad meets all of thesecriteria and comes packaged with the CFX96 Touch and
CFX384 Touch Real-Time PCR Detection Systems.
7. Choice of Reference Genes
In RT-qPCR experiments, reference genes are used ascontrols to normalize the data by correcting for differences inquantities of cDNA used as a template (Gutierrez et al. 2008,
Huggett et al. 2005, Vandesompele et al. 2002). A perfectreference gene is therefore one that does not exhibit changes
in expression between samples from various experimental
conditions or time points. Several genes such as GADPH,
ACTB, or rRNA are often used as reference genes. However, anumber of studies have indicated that the expression of thesegenes may vary considerably between tissues or between
treatments, which may make them unsuitable for use as
reference genes. Reference genes must therefore be carefully
selected based on experimental data and we recommend thefollowing protocol:
1. Extract the total RNA from at least one or two samples fromeach experimental condition or time point and confirm theirpurity and quality (see sections 2 and 3).
2. Normalize the sample concentration and perform reverse
transcription PCR (see section 4) from the same volume ofeach sample.
3. Perform the qPCR experiment using the same volume ofeach cDNA sample as a template.
4. Use the geNorm method (Hellemans et al. 2007) to
calculate the target stability between the different
conditions (available at https://genorm.cmgg.be or
automatically calculated with CFX Manager Software).

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A Practical Approach to RT-qPCR — Publishing Data That Conform to the MIQE Guidelines

A good reference gene should have an M value below 0.5 or 1
in homogeneous and heterogeneous sample sets, respectively(Vandesompele et al. 2002). geNorm also helps in the selectionof the optimal number of reference genes. Typically, between
three and five good reference genes are required to achieve themost accurate normalization (Vandesompele et al. 2002).
8. Experimental Reproducibility
There are two sources of variability in a gene expression
experiment that may affect the results:
1. Biological variability which is due to inherent differencesin gene expression levels between individual organisms,
tissues, or cell culture samples.
2. Technical variability in the experimental process itself, which
is typically associated with pipetting, poorly calibrated
pipets, and sample quality and quantity.
To mitigate the effect of biological and technical variability, it
is generally accepted that at least three biological and two
technical replicates per biological replicate be performed foreach experiment (Figure 6). If the experiment compares gene
expression levels between control and treated samples, thethree biological replicates should be samples that were treatedin separate and independent experiments.
Biological Replicates

Experiment

A

B

C

Control

A

B

C

Conclusions
RT-qPCR is the method of choice for gene expression analysis
because of its high sensitivity from samples of very low RNA
concentrations. However, in order to ensure accurate andreproducible quantitative data, strict standard operatingprocedures should be followed. All experimental details andcontrols should be accurately reported when publishing gene
expression experiments. This will allow proper assessmentof the data by the scientific community, and enable informed
comparison of expression data between laboratories andbetween experiments.
In summary, the key steps for most RT-qPCR experiments
include:1. Experimental design with appropriate number of biologicalreplicates and proper control samples.
2. Sample procurement which requires adherence to strict
experimental protocols for acquisition, processing, andstorage to ensure reproducibility and minimize standard
deviations between replicates.
3. Quality control of RNA for purity and integrity.
4. Reverse transcription to convert the total RNA to cDNA.
5. qPCR experiments with proper primer design, choice of target
sequence and reference genes, and technical replicates.
The MIQE guidelines were written to provide all the parametersthat should be met to publish acceptable results from qPCR
experiments. Here we have shown how the most important
items in the MIQE checklist can be addressed in practice toensure high-quality results.

Technical Replicates
1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

Gene of Interest

A

A

A

B

B

B

C

C

C

Reference Gene

A

A

A

B

B

B

C

C

C

Gene of Interest

A

A

A

B

B

B

C

C

C

Reference Gene

A

A

A

B

B

B

C

C

C

Gene of Interest
Reference Gene
Fig. 6. Experimental replicates. All experiments should be designed witha combination of biological and technical replicates. This illustrates a simple
experiment with triplicate biological samples from control (n) and treatment/
experimental (n) conditions. For each biological sample, three technicalreplicates are recommended for the gene of interest as well as for the referencegene(s). This results in a total of at least 36 samples plus the duplicate NTC (n)for a total of >40 wells.

© 2015 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.

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A Practical Approach to RT-qPCR — Publishing Data That Conform to the MIQE Guidelines

References

NanoDrop is a trademark of Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.

Bustin SA et al. (2009). The MIQE guidelines: Minimum information for
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The use of SsoAdvanced Universal Supermixes is covered by one or more of
the following U.S. patents and corresponding patent claims outside the U.S.:
5,804,375; 5,994,056; and 6,171,785. The purchase of this product includes alimited, nontransferable immunity from suit under the foregoing patent claims
for using only this amount of product for the purchaser’s own internal research.
No right under any other patent claim and no right to perform commercial
services of any kind, including without limitation reporting the results ofpurchaser’s activities for a fee or other commercial consideration, is conveyed
expressly, by implication, or by estoppel. This product is for research use only.
Diagnostic uses under Roche patents require a separate license from Roche.
Further information on purchasing licenses may be obtained from the Directorof Licensing, Applied Biosystems, 850 Lincoln Centre Drive, Foster City,
California 94404, USA.

Denisov V et al. (2008). Development and validation of RQI: An RNA quality
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Bio-Rad’s thermal cyclers and real-time thermal cyclers are covered by one
or more of the following U.S. patents or their foreign counterparts owned by
Eppendorf AG: U.S. Patent Numbers 6,767,512 and 7,074,367.
LabChip and the LabChip logo are trademarks of Caliper Life
Sciences, Inc. Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. is licensed by Caliper Life
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Information in this tech note was current as of the date of writing (2009) and notnecessarily the date this version (Ver E, 2015) was published.

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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Dr. Jo Vandesompele for his insightful comments and helpful
contributions to this paper.

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