Fremantle Prison

Accessibility and Inclusion Plan 2023.

Acknowledgement of Country
The Department of Planning, Lands and Heritage acknowledges the
Whadjuk people, as the traditional custodians of Walyalup, the landon which Fremantle Prison is located. The Department pays respect
to Elders past and present, and all Western Australian Aboriginalcommunities.

Above: Tour guide and tour group stretching in the Crown Theatre. J Wyld.
Cover: Birds-eye view of Fremantle Prison gatehouse and main cell block.
This document may contain images and names of deceased Indigenous people.

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Executive Summary • FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023

Welcome
Fremantle Prison is pleased to present the 2023-2028
Accessibility and Inclusion Plan (AIP).
Fremantle Prison is a World Heritage-listed site over 160 years
old and welcomes over 200,000 visitors every year. The site is
managed by the Department of Planning, Lands and Heritage
for the State Government of Western Australia. It is importantthat the experiences and information shared with our visitors areaccessible to national and international visitors of all abilities.
Since the launch of the 2019-2029 Fremantle Prison Master Plan,
we are proud to have overseen:• Installation of a new lift to access the Commissariat (basement) located below
the Main Cell Block.
• Completion of many accessibility upgrades to the Main Cell Block ground floor,
including widening an existing tour route for those using mobility devices.
• Significant improvements to our website so visitors can be more informed whenplanning their visit to the Prison.
• Formation of the AIP Reference Group to ensure we have continuous feedback
from people with lived experience of disability.
In line with our commitment to the United Nations Global Sustainable Development
Goals, this plan sets out site specific objectives and actions to make the Prison as
welcoming as possible. Broadly, this includes:• Enhanced accessibility and wayfinding across the site in line with stakeholder
feedback, always with respect to heritage fabric.
• Increased training opportunities for staff to ensure the information we share canbe clearly understood by all.
• Improved feedback processes and enhanced employment and volunteering
opportunities for people with lived experience of disability.
We thank the many individuals and organisations who have shared their knowledge
and continue to guide us in delivering the actions of this Plan. We look forward toworking together to deliver better accessibility outcomes for all our visitors.

Anthony Kannis PSM
Director General, Department of Planning, Lands and Heritage

Above right: Anthony Kannis, Director General, Department of Planning, Lands and Heritage.
FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023 • Executive Summaryiii

About Us
Built in the 1850s, Fremantle Prison is one of the State’s premier cultural
tourism destinations, playing an important role in the history and identityof many Australians.
As an award-winning tourist site, the Prison is maintained on behalf of the Western
Australian Minister for Heritage, by the Department of Planning, Lands and Heritage.
The site is recognised by UNESCO as one of 11 Australian Convict Sites on theWorld Heritage List that tell the story of convict transportation and the impact
of colonisation on Aboriginal culture. In 2019 it was estimated by AEC Group
that Fremantle Prison made a direct contribution of $19.1 million to the regional
economy.
The 6.2 hectare site is home to more than 50 buildings constructed throughout thepast 160 years, none of which were designed to current accessibility standards.
The Prison staff have a dual role to conserve the heritage values of the site whilst
ensuring it’s accessible for all staff and visitors.
The Prison team of over 60 employees are made up of two branches: Heritage
Conservation and Commercial Operations. The Heritage Conservation team is
responsible for the maintenance and conservation of built fabric, preserving themuseum and archaeological Collections, and interpreting the site for visitors.
The Commercial Operations team coordinates our tour programs, marketing,promotions, functions and events and gift shop. Safety is the responsibility of
everyone who works on site, and we strive to ensure the place is as inclusive as
possible for our team as well as the public.

Our Values
 Collaboration
 Respect Integrity
 Accountability
 Innovationiv

Executive Summary • FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023

Abbreviations
ACS: Australian Convict Sites.
AIP: Accessibility and Inclusion Plan.
BMR: Building Material Reference.
Cont’d: Continued.
CRPD: United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
DDA: Disability Discrimination Act 1992.
DPLH: Department of Planning, Lands and Heritage.
HCT: Heritage Conservation Team (Fremantle Prison).
NDIS: National Disability Insurance Scheme Act 2013.
SDG: United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
TGSIs: Tactile ground surface indicators.
UAT: Unisex accessible toilet.
UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation.
VS: Visitor Services (Fremantle Prison).

Above: Fremantle Prison Gatehouse with administration builidings on left.
FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023 • Executive Summaryv

Above: View of 3 Division cell range within the Main Cell Block, Fremantle Prison.

Collaborators
This plan has greatly benefitted from the AIP reference group members who haveprovided their personal feedback on our service chain offering at Fremantle Prison.
Organisations such as E-Qual Disability Consultants, O’Brien Harrop Access,
VisAbility and (formerly) John Massey Group building surveyors have contributed
extensively to auditing and guiding the specific policies and actions within this Plan.
Our internal staff working groups for physical, information, social andeconomic access have provided their expertise and experience to ensure therecommendations of this Plan are achievable, measurable and prioritised.

Above: Fremantle Prison Accessibility and Inclusion Reference Group. March 2023.

FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023 • Executive Summaryvii

Other Formats
This plan is available upon request in alternative formats such as large print,
easy-read, electronic format (disk or emailed) or audio.
To obtain the plan in another format please contact Fremantle Prison as per thecontact details below, or email info@fremantleprison.com.au.

Feedback
Fremantle Prison welcomes feedback on the Plan or any other aspect of ourservices for people with disabilities, their carers or organisations who represent
people with disabilities.
Feedback can be sent in writing to:Fremantle Prison
1 The Terrace
FREMANTLE Western Australia 6160
Alternatively you can send feedback via our:Website: fremantleprison.com.au/contact/
Email: info@fremantleprison.com.au
Phone: (08) 9336 9200

Above: View of the Main Cell Block from the Parade Ground.

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Executive Summary • FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023

Contentsiii

Welcomeiv

About Usv

Abbreviations

vii Collaborators
11

What is Disability, Accessibility
and Inclusion?

13 The Framework
13
13
14
15

International
CommonwealthState
Fremantle Prison

17 What we have Achieved
17

AIP Consultation and site audit

22 History of Disability at Fremantle

Prison22 Introduction
25	Physical disability due toillness or punishment
29 Addiction
32 Recommendations
35 Comparative Analysis
37 Policies and Action Plan
55 Monitoring and Review
55
55
56

Responsibility
Feedback and Grievance process
Bibliography

58 Endnotes

FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023 • Contentsix

Above: Visitors with various disabilities touring the grounds of Fremantle Prison.

What is Disability, Accessibility
and Inclusion?
Disability is defined by the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (DDA) as‘any impairment, abnormality, or loss of function, of any part of the bodyor mind’, which includes:• Immunological (the presence of organisms causing disease in the body)• Intellectual• Learning disability• Neurological• Physical• Physical disfigurement• Psycho-social• Sensory.
Accessibility at the Prison is explored through four main categories:• Physical access: Including access to areas, spaces and buildings within the
Prison complex.
• Access to information and communication: Being printed, verbal, electronic andemergency services information.
• Social access: The ability to experience the cultural heritage values of the site
and actively participate in events.
• Economic access: Ensuring fees are based on equality of service (with no fees forcarers) or reduced/ free of charge fees if there is an inequal experience offered.
Inclusion means to respect everyone as they are, and that individuals have the right tofully take part in the life of society and specifically the services offered at the Prison.
We have identified the barriers currently in place across our service chain, and we’re
working collaboratively to find solutions to these issues.
The AIP has identified:• Areas where the site does not meet a reasonable ‘Duty of Care’ threshold.
• Specific, targeted areas where access and inclusion can be improved.
• Policies and actions to deliver a meaningful outcome for all.
Accessibility and Inclusion at Fremantle Prison has been approached from both alegal and human rights perspective, based on the social model of disability. The
Prison is conscious of its duty under existing legislation and will ensure our actions
keep the end user in mind at all stages of planning.
The social model sees ‘disability’ is the result of the interaction between people
living with impairments and an environment filled with physical, attitudinal,
communication and social barriers. It therefore carries the implication that thephysical, attitudinal, communication and social environment must change toenable people living with impairments to participate in society on an equal basiswith others.1
FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023 • What is Disability, Accessibility and Inclusion?

11

Above: Family touring main cell block. J Wyld.

The Framework
This AIP has been aligned to the policies and requirements in thefollowing levels of legislation:

International• The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in particular bypromoting equality and opportunity for all.

• The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities(CRPD), which promotes respect, non-discrimination, participation, equality andinclusion for people with disabilities.
• United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, ensuring
a universal standard for the well-being, dignity and inclusion of indigenous
peoples is acknowledged, and particularly for those with a disability.
• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and Web Content Accessibility Guidelines(WCAG) which outlines the accessibility standard of web content to meet theneeds of everyone.

Commonwealth• The Australian Human Rights Commission helps individuals and organisations
to understand their legal responsibilities under the DDA. The act is supported bya series of Disability Standards and Guidelines.
• The Fair Work Act 2009 describes the Prison’s obligations as an employer toensure that discrimination based on disability or temporary absence due toillness or injury, does not occur.
• The National Disability Insurance Scheme Act 2013 provides for the consistentdelivery of individualised services for people with disability. People withdisability can use their funding in a variety of ways to participate in thecommunity including to access local services, recreation or volunteering
opportunities.
• The Australian Disability Strategy 2021-2031 which drives initiatives to ensure
greater inclusion and participation of people with disability in all areas ofAustralian life including employment, housing, education, health and wellbeing.

FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023 • The Framework

13

State• The Equal Opportunity Commission, Western Australia, which is responsible
for the administration of the Equal Opportunity Act (WA) 1984 (EOA). The Act
seeks to promote equality of opportunity and avenues for redress in respect of
discrimination.
• Department of Communities, Western Australia, which is responsible for theadministration of the Disability Services Act (WA) 1993 (DSA). Among otherthings, the DSA requires State Government authorities to have a Disability
Access and Inclusion Plan, and to report on their access initiatives in theirannual report.
• State Disability Strategy 2020-2030 aims to create an inclusive community
which supports and empowers people with disability. The Plan sets thefoundation for building a more inclusive Western Australia, empowering
people with disability to participate meaningfully in all parts of society. It is ademonstration of our state’s commitment to promote equitable opportunities
and outcomes across all aspects of life. Four pillars of the State Disability
Strategy encompass the capability of people with disability to:• participate and contribute;• to live in inclusive communities;• be supported in living well; and,• their rights and equity.
As a site managed by a Public Authority, Fremantle Prison is required to meet therequirements outlined in the above framework, and progress State Government
policy.

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The Framework • FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023

Fremantle Prison
The AIP is a second-tier management document for Fremantle Prison and addresses
many Specific Policies and Actions outlined in the Fremantle Prison Heritage
Management Plan 2019 (HMP). The HMP is the overarching guiding document forthe site and is supported by the 2019-2029 Master Plan.
Where conflict exists between future use and conservation, conservationconsiderations outlined in the HMP will always take priority.

Above: Fremantle Prison Heritage Management Framework, 2023.
Note: dotted icons are still in development.

FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023 • The Framework

15

Above: Visitors with disabilities touring the grounds of Fremantle Prison.

What we have Achieved
AIP Consultation and site audit
This AIP is the first site specific action plan prepared for Fremantle
Prison and will be reviewed on a five yearly basis. Since starting thisjourney in 2019, an audit of the entire site for performance against thePremises Standards 2010 was conducted by (formerly) John Massey
Group Building Surveyors (refer Appendix I). This identified a range of
non-compliance issues across the site.
In 2022, we engaged E-Qual Disability Consultants to coordinate a group of people
with lived experience of disability to review the entire Service Chain at the Prisonand provide us with their feedback. Below is a diagram of the Fremantle Prison
Service Chain:

Feedback Process

Prior Information

Gift Shop

Car Park

Toilets and Amenities

Gatehouse

Exhibition Areas

Ticket Desk
Tours

Above: Diagram of the Service Chain developed for the Come-In! Guidelines by Interreg
Central Europe.

After this, we asked the wider community to tell us where accessibility and inclusion
could be improved. An online survey was uploaded to the Department of Planning,Lands and Heritage website, and was advertised in the West Australian newspaper
At the same time we reviewed prior visitor feedback and incident forms relating toaccessibility.

FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023 • What We've Achieved

17Fremantle Prison Accessibility and Inclusion Plan Survey 2022

Overview
Fremantle Prison is committed to welcoming all members of the community.
To help us achieve this we are developing an Accessibility and Inclusion Plan.
The purpose of this survey is to get your feedback about how we can
improve the accessibility and inclusiveness of our tours, events, buildings,
information, feedback and complaints processes, and employment andvolunteering opportunities, for people with disability. We will use yourfeedback to develop the Plan.
The survey is being conducted by an independent organisation, E-QUAL
Disability Consultants. If you can’t answer all of the questions please focus
on the ones that are important to you. All survey responses will remain
confidential. We respect your privacy and will not disclose or publish yourpersonal information.
If you would prefer this survey in an alternative format or to speak tosomeone please contact Leanda Syme from E-QUAL on 9389 9930 orleanda@e-qual.net
Above: Extract of community consultation online survey from the DPLH website. The survey
was also made available in alternative formats and responses could be discussed verballywith E-Qual Disability Consultants.

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What We've Achieved • FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023

Once we had collated all of this feedback, we asked staff based on their experienceand expertise to join one of four access groups (physical, information andcommunication, social and economic). The groups then provided comment on the
feedback obtained relevant to a particular type of access.
AIP Reference GroupWe then formed an AIP reference group who continue to provide us with guidance
and feedback as we undertake the policies and actions which have come from theconsultation process. The reference group have also helped to guide and ratify this AIP.
Website audit
During this time, we commissioned VisAbility to audit our website against the W3C
guidelines to highlight areas where improvement was required.
History of Disability
We have also had a historian prepare the ‘Disability Narrative’ of Fremantle Prison.
This research paper documents how the concept of disability has evolved at the
Prison from the mid-1800s to the closure of the Prison in 1991.

Above: Kaide Stratton, Telethon child 2018 visiting with his school group.

FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023 • What We've Achieved

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Case Studies
Beyond the preparation of the AIP, the following information provides a snapshotof some of the accessibility infrastructure we’ve installed during the consultation
process. Two such projects are: the Commissariat (2021-2022) and the Main Cell
Block (2022).
1.

Commissariat Project• Installation of a new lift and access bridge allowing universal access to thebasement rooms (Commissariat) of the Main Cell Block for the first time in thesite’s history.
• Installation of a new assisted hearing loop system.
• Raising ground levels and lowering door thresholds to reduce tripping hazards
and provide ease of access for those using mobility devices.

Above (clockwise top left): New lift
in Commissariat; (top right) statutory
signage showing the location of
the hearing loop system; and (right)
footpath around the Commissariat yards
entering the inside rooms now at thesame level, Fremantle Prison 2023.

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What We've Achieved • FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023

2.

Main Cell Block Project• Widening of the doorways within the Section 43 cell, allowing visitors using
mobility devices to remain with the main group whilst on tours.
• Removal of tripping hazards and lowering threshold heights upon entering theDivision Yards from the Main Cell Block.

Above: Widened doorway in Section 43 cell, Fremantle Prison 2023.

Above: Cement screed at the entrance to the Division Yard to remove a thresholdhazard, Fremantle Prison 2023.

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History of Disability at Fremantle
PrisonA shortened version of the Disability Narrative is provided below. Thisnarrative describes how concepts of access, segregation, stigmatism
and reform have evolved over time within the Prison. To read the fullversion, please refer to Appendix II.
Introduction
Research has so far revealed that during the time the Prison operated from 1854 to
1991, there was no written policy or instructions on how to manage prisoners withdisabilities. Likewise, there appears to be no legal obligation to provide access orservices for inmates or staff with disabilities.
Fremantle Prison was built between 1852 and 1859 to house transported convicts
using the convicts themselves for the arduous work of construction. By the timetransportation ceased in 1868, nearly 10,000 convicts had passed through its walls.
Within the prison system, ‘servile labour’ was intended to foster ‘industrious habits’.2
And yet prison life itself ‘disabled’ the prisoners in a physical sense; through solitaryconfinement, lack of substantial diet, and crippling corporal punishment. Thesesame punishments and practices also impacted prisoners’ mental health. Prison
Medical Officers were in a difficult position of conflicting responsibilities. On the
one hand, the Prison required inmates to suffer as punishment for their crimes.
Prison doctors, for example, were called on to determine the maximum physicalstress a prisoner could be subject to as part of prison labour programs, which wereintentionally punitive. However, physicians were also responsible for rehabilitatingand healing their patients, which would benefit from improved conditions andprisoner wellbeing.3
In the first years of Fremantle Prison, Doctor George Attfield arrived from Englandin 1854 to take up the position of colonial surgeon to the Convict Establishment.
Attfield’s approach was, in policy if not in practice, to exempt unwell or disabledconvicts from work and excuse the mentally or physically ill from solitaryconfinement and flogging. His recommendations were often, but not always,
followed. Through the 1860s, up to 75% of convicts were located away from
Fremantle at convict depots or work camps. The Prison was used for those not yet
trusted for remote work or as punishment for reoffenders.

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What We've Achieved • FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023

Temporary disability due to illness was a constant presence in prison life.
However, there was also an inclination to view prisoners’ accounts of their ailments
as attempts to avoid work duties or untruths due to an innate criminal disposition
to lie. In Fremantle during the convict period, convicts were debarred from getting
redress for wrongs, however grievous, by a rule which stated that any complaint
made to a visiting justice or other authority, ‘if either frivolous or groundless’, would
lead to severe punishment. The prisoner could be ‘assaulted, handcuffed, ironed,
starved, and confined in dark dungeons without redress’.4 The Prison’s Medical
Officer wielded considerable power over all matters to do with health.
It was in the interest of the prison officials to keep the convicts fit and well so thatthey could perform the tasks for which they had been sent to Western Australia andthus for ‘the smooth implementation of the ideology behind the establishment ofFremantle as a public works prison’.5 However, a lack of written guidelines or policy
meant that not all inmates who needed help for their condition were sent where
they could receive proper medical treatment. This was the most salient failing of thesystem.
Disability was considered a medical matter rather than a social policy concern until
the 1970s. The medical model conceived individuals with disabilities as abnormal.
Pity, care and charitable handouts were considered as appropriate responses.
This ‘deficit model’ assumed people with disabilities needed to change to be
included and, if they could not, they could legitimately be excluded. They weregenerally marginalised and ostracised from mainstream society. From the 1970s,
it was increasingly accepted that all persons had a human right to enjoy the same
opportunities for a full life regardless of their level of actual or perceived ability.
Limitations on opportunities were understood to result from social constructs andassumptions rather than the actual impairment of any individual. Thus, existing
environments, both physical and social, are seen to place barriers in the way offull participation by disabled individuals. The way forward, therefore, is throughrestructuring society to be inclusive of all abilities. The 1981 United Nations
International Year of Disabled Persons was an important turning point in attitudes,
policies and legislation relating to disability. It was followed by the Decade for
Disabled Persons (1982-1993) which consolidated many of the initiatives sparked
during 1981, including urging the development of legislation around the world toprotect the rights of persons with disabilities.6
Broad antidiscrimination provisions commenced in Western Australia with the
Equal Opportunities Act (1984). However, this legislation did not include disability
as grounds for unlawful discrimination until it was amended in 1988 to include‘impairment of body or brain’. Further protections against discrimination, including
proactive requirements to prevent against indirect discrimination, were enactedwith the Commonwealth Disability Discrimination Act (1992).7 This was followedin Western Australia by the Western Australian Disability Services Act (1993) which
required that all Western Australian Government departments develop Disability
Access and Inclusion Plans. However, by this time, Fremantle Prison had ceased
operations.

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23

The Disability Discrimination Act (1992) allows exemptions to the provision of fully
accessible services where a premises was ‘so designed or constructed as to beinaccessible to a person with a disability’ and alterations to rectify this deficiency
would ‘impose unjustifiable hardship’ on the agency responsible for access.8
Fremantle Prison is clearly a physical space not designed for accessibility. The
threshold for ‘unjustifiable hardship’ is undefined in the legislation, which in any casedates from soon after the Prison closed.
For the purposes of this historical examination, and in the absence of almost any
extent data relating to prisoners with physical disability, the notion of ‘disability’ will
be broken into two segments. Firstly, physical disability due to illness or punishment
and secondly, addiction. This report will also consider legislative changes pertinent
to the subject of physical disability and penological reform. As the subject is ofsuch current significance and is of such substantial historical import and due tothe constraints of time and accessibility to historical documents, mental health andillness and juvenile prisoners is out of scope of this report.

Above: Visitor looking at reproduction of dietry scale.

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Physical disability due to illness or punishment
Illness, general health and diet
Analysis of convict deaths from 1850 to 1877 found 802 convict deaths, including
164 at Fremantle Prison. The leading cause of death was respiratory tuberculosis(29%). Other fatal ailments of significant number were non-tubercular respiratory
conditions (14%), digestive system diseases (9%) diarrhoea and dysentery (9%),
circulatory system conditions (8%) and fevers (7%). While rates of most of thesedeclined across the period, particularly after the Prison opened in 1855, deaths
from diarrhoea, dysentery and digestive diseases all increased between 1857 and
1877. This likely resulted from contaminated water or the proximity of privies tothe cookhouse at the Prison. Respiratory causes of death, including tuberculosis,
increased in the initial years at the Prison, probably due to overcrowding in theunfinished complex coupled with dietary changes that significantly reduced calorie
intake. However, with the exception of a spike in the mid-1860s, fatal respiratory
illness mostly declined through the 1860s and 1870s as sanitary conditions
improved and ward accommodation ceased. In the 1870s, liver disease emerged
as a factor in prisoner deaths, particularly reconvicted prisoners who had spent timeoutside the Prison, probably due to the prevalence of alcohol in the community andparticularly its use as a work incentive for labourers.9 Tuberculosis was considered‘the most significant killer of convicts in Western Australia’.10
Convicts received different rations depending on their status within the prison
system. In some periods there were more than 1000 calories per day difference
between the most meagre diets (reconvicted prisoners) and the most generous(workers in heavy labour). In 1898, following a series of serious complaints byprisoners, a Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Penal System of the Colony
was appointed by Premier John Forrest. Megahey writes that the Commission“took the unusual step of inviting any prisoner who so wished to give evidence”,
whether they wished to give evidence on personal grounds of complaint or to makesuggestions for the general welfare of all prisoners. 171 prisoners gave evidence.11
The Commission closely examined the diet of the prisoners, as evidence about foodcame from “almost every witness”.12
Non-fatal illness was common; dysentery and scurvy were a constant presence.
Eye diseases such as ophthalmia and nyctalopia were so common among convicts
that an ophthalmia ward was added to the Prison hospital.13 Ophthalmia was usedgenerically in the nineteenth century to refer to a wide range of conditions causing
eye inflammation. Dry winds and exposure to sun glare were believed to contribute,but an analysis of hospital records indicates eye complaints were most common in
winter, suggesting vitamin A deficiency may have been a more significant cause,
which is certainly attributed to diet and most likely due to the inadequacy of wintercrops.14 Exposure to the sun also caused skin ailments. In 1857, Doctor Attfield
wrote in the Medical Journal that he had ‘inspected the men on parade this morning,several of them affected with desquamation of the cuticle on the face evidently fromthe effects of the sun as it was limited to the parts exposed to its influence. There
were also many prisoners with eyes, nose or lips affected by the glare of sand’.15
Where they could, prison doctors tended to protect the more severe cases bykeeping them from outdoor labour, giving them work within the Prison instead.
FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023 • What We've Achieved

25Servile labour and Hard Labour
Convicts arriving in Western Australia had already served at least nine months inseparate confinement in England, mostly at Pentonville, the 1842 London prison
designed as the model for separate imprisonment. After serving the ‘separate’ term,
prisoners moved to a public works prison before being selected for transportation.16
The Comptroller-General of Convicts, E.Y.W. Henderson, acknowledged in 1861 thatconvicts frequently arrived in ‘a very deteriorated condition’, particularly those from
Ireland.
Private employers were able to secure more of the able-bodied convicts, leaving
the Convict Establishment to house and occupy those ‘unfitting instruments’ with‘physical or other incapacity for anything like constant or laborious work’, largely‘small boys and sickly or infirm men’. This included men with their ticket-ofleave who, unable to secure employment, remained as prisoners.17 As the labourof convicts was a major reason for the entire Convict Establishment, it might be
expected that overseers would prioritise maintaining a physically able workforce
and as such aim to uphold convict health. However, the parallel agenda of punishingconvicts for their crimes undermined this consideration, leading to coercive
labour systems and ‘deliberately gruelling’ work that reduced health outcomes for
prisoners.18
Convicts were often set to dangerous work, resulting in injuries. Quarrying, blasting
and timber-felling were particularly prone to accidents. The years prior to the
Prison opening had the highest rates of accidents and injuries for convicts. This
period included extensive use of convict labour in blasting and quarrying stone,
acknowledged at the time as particularly dangerous work. It was made moredangerous for men whose movement was inhibited by wearing leg irons. Cullity
writes that leg irons, apart from their use outside the Prison to prevent escapes,‘were worn by convicts undergoing punishment for 24 hours a day, sometimes formonths on end, causing great pain and discomfort for the prisoner’.19 Additionally,punishment weights were used, weighing 25 kilograms or about 7.5 kilograms,
these, writes Cullity, ‘would have been secured to a convict using a leather belt’.20
The use of shackles as punishment was a source of disagreement amongst the
management of the Establishment.21 Cullity cites Lieutenant Wray ‘“I am of theopinion that the punishment of irons is in no way beneficial on its effects on theprisoners”’.22 She continues that ‘The [negative] effect of leg irons on prisoners’
health and well-being was acknowledged by the supervisors and doctors alike’. She
cites, for example, the medical doctor’s description of one prisoner; ‘the skin overboth hipbones and in the groins is black and blue in consequence of the weight of
the irons bearing on the strap around his loins, it appears to me (medically) that hecannot carry 28lbs [12.7kg] irons and be employed at the pump without physicalinjury”.23 Cullity also writes that ‘the number of objections to the consequence ofusing heavy irons prompted the authorities to fit the convicts with ankle protectors,
used as a buffer between the men’s ankle and the leg-irons to minimise damage’.24

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Solitary confinement
Punishment such as solitary confinement also had a significant impact on prisoners’
physical health. Marshall writes that ‘the bread and water ration enforced in thecells may also have increased susceptibility to disease’.25 An 1858 Prison Medical
Journal supports this view, exemplified in just one of Doctor Attfield’s many
notations on this subject:
I this day inspected all the probation and hard labour prisoners on parade, theirappearance and general state of health was highly satisfactory. I then visited thesolitary cells, these prisoners (the solitary) are decidedly more pale and have avery dejected air and this, I think, depends more on the deprivation of light andair coupled with the great uncertainty about the duration of their sentence thanupon the scale of diet which is 4 oz of uncooked meat, 6 oz bread and 4 oz ofpotatoes less than for the probation prisoner.26
Marshall quotes convict James Roe as describing those emerging from theFremantle refractory block as ‘famine-stricken’.27
Governor Hampton’s period (1862-1867) oversaw extreme punishments
including separate confinement for longer than the legally permitted ninemonths and the use of dark cells. Doctor Attfield repeatedly drew attention to
the physical effects of solitary confinement on the prisoners.
In a petition written by the convicts themselves, the prisoners noted that underHampton’s Governorship, although ‘an act of parliament restricted imprisonment indark cells, on bread and water, to seven consecutive or twenty-eight alternate days,
during which time there is at least one hour per dium allowed for exercise, the usual
custom at Fremantle is twenty-eight consecutive days and has been carried as far
as 30, 40 and 50, without light, air or exercise’.28 Cullity writes that according toHenderson’s ‘General Rules for Prisoners’, Rule Seven identified that punishments
would be established by the Superintendent and might include being confined to a‘dark or light cell’ while being fed on bread and water (only or both) for a maximumof seven days. Separate confinement of up to 28 days could be ordered by theSuperintendent, and a longer sentence determined by the Magistrate.
Solitary confinement continued as long as the Prison was operating. Marshall writes
that ‘scholars have found that the mental and physiological impacts of solitaryconfinement on prisoners have remained relatively consistent over the last 200
years. It increases the likelihood of suicidal impulses and can induce a ‘panic state’in prisoners. Social segregation, sensory deprivation and physical restrictions canlead to “a feeling of abandonment, a back to the wall, dead-end desperation, an
intolerable emptiness, helplessness and psychological distress’’.29

FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023 • What We've Achieved27

Above: Fremantle Prison ramp artwork.

Corporal Punishment
A ‘return of corporal punishments’ was prepared in 1862 in response to theprisoners’ complaints about their treatment. The return records the frequency andextent of flogging as a punishment. One example shows Prisoner ‘2354 Thomas
Maughan given 36 lashes for attempting to abscond from the Convict Establishment
on 16 February, 1859; 100 lashes for Absconding from Public Works on 18 August,1859 and again 50 lashes on 10 October, 1864 for Absconding from North
Fremantle’.30
Certainly, flogging was unpopular among Fremantle’s local residents, which foundvoice in the local papers of the day. In 1897 one newspaper reported that a
prisoner had been awarded ‘thirty-six lashes and a month’s confinement in irons forescaping’ yet for the people in the vicinity when the flogging was being carried out,
described ‘the screams which emanated from inside the prison walls as the mostfearful and unearthly they ever heard during their lives’.31
Physical injury resulting from flogging could render a man useless for physicalwork. Cullity describes the ‘leather belt with broad arrows stamped on, [which]
may have been a kidney belt used to protect vital organs during the damaging
process of being flogged with the cat’o’nine tails’. She asks whether this protection
was to protect the ‘resource’ of the working convict or for more humanitarianconcerns.32 Similarly, Marshall suggests that ‘as convict labour was a prime
function of the Prison, it is possible economic rather than humane motivations led
away from flogging as a regular punishment’.33 Cullity writes that ‘the experienceof incarceration at Fremantle was shaped successively by the often competing
agendas of reform and punishment’.34 However, the Western Australian Commission
into the Penal System in 1899 recommended the abolition of flogging for all prison
offences.

28

What We've Achieved • FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023

Above: Convict Depot exhibition.

Addiction
In March, 1905, when William George, Superintendent of Fremantle Prison, wasasked to provide comment on the classification of prisoners and the possible‘contamination’ of the younger or more innocent female prisoners, he respondedwith dispassionate candour:I am afraid that there is no classification required among the female prisoners,
as it is quite an exception that any other than prostitutes and habitual drunkards,
who are also nearly all prostitutes, are received. 35
The female inebriate posed a particular dilemma for society. Degenerate theoriesof the late nineteenth century identified heavy drinking as ‘part vice, part disease’.36
However there was as yet still no inebriate’s home or institution to which to send
female inebriates. Thus, they were locked inside Fremantle Prison and branded
criminals.
By 1914, the Superintendent of Fremantle Prison, Hugh Hann had been working
for some time with the Preventative Detention Committee and the Prison Gate
Committee, pressing for the reform for female prisoners, and most especially forthe establishment of a Female Inebriates Home. Over the next few years, Prison
documents clearly show that the method of sentencing inebriates to prison had‘no tendency to reformation, either as a deterrent or otherwise’.37 The Comptroller
General, Frederic North and the Colonial Secretary, J. M. Drew, both active prisoner
reformers, agreed, believing that the establishment of a female inebriate home will
act as ‘both a deterrent and as a Reformative and Curative’ they strongly urged forsuch a scheme to be established. No such establishment was ever permanently
secured, ensuring that young girls and women remained in Fremantle Prison.

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29

Similarly, by 1898 the majority of male prisoners in Fremantle Prison where those
who had been charged with minor offences such as petty larceny, vagrancy and,most especially, drunkenness.38 Following the investigation of a Select Committee,
the committee reported that ‘Lunatics, imbeciles, drunkards, vagrants (meaning
thereby homeless wanderers and not necessarily criminal characters), diseased
persons, should all be treated in institutions especially adapted to them, not ingaol’.39
However, whilst many prisons and other authorities argued that the place for
prisoners whose only ‘crime’ was inebriation and the petty crimes that were often
associated with it, many years passed before a growing sense of justice wasconverted to law. In 1905, the Acting Superintendent of Fremantle Prison, Francis
Townsend, recognised this, calling for the establishment of a home for inebriates
which would, he thought, ‘materially reduce the number of inmates of this prison’and pointing out that ‘the victims of the drink habit are not only those convicted andsent here as drunks, but are largely to be found among the vagrants, the disorderly
and the petty thieves’.40
In December 1912, the Legislature of Western Australia passed the Inebriates Act,1912 in order to stem this problem. According to the Act, an inebriate was defined
as anyone who ‘habitually uses intoxicating liquor or intoxicating or narcotic drugs
to excess’.41 Yet it took over two years to establish the kind of ‘inebriates home’ forwhich the Act came into being. Whitby Falls hospital (previously known as Whitby
Falls Insane Asylum) was finally opened as an inebriate’s home in early 1915. As
the Act allowed for the detention and treatment of alcoholics in a ‘home’ for up
to 12 months, at Whitby Falls, it was intended for the inmates to remain for longenough to cure their addiction to alcohol. In 1920, Whitby Falls had closed andFremantle Prison continued to hold prisoners sent there for minor offences such as
drunkenness, idle and disorderly, and disorderly conduct.
In 1963 the Convicted Inebriates Rehabilitation Act was introduced.42 The mainfeature of this legislation was the establishment of an advisory board which was tobe given the task of overseeing, advising on and assisting in the clinical treatment
and the rehabilitation of, what were termed convicted inebriates. The Act allowed
the court, under certain conditions, to place inebriates in an institution specially
set aside for them. The Advisory Board, could amongst other things, recommend
variation of the sentence. The people dealt with under the Act were sent to Karnet,
the new establishment in the Serpentine district opened on 29 March, 1963 whichcatered for sixty patients.43

30

What We've Achieved • FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023

Megahey writes that ‘the social revolution of the 1960s and 1970s impacted on
Fremantle Prison in a number of ways, illicit drugs and alcoholic home-brews took
their place alongside tobacco as jail currency’.44 He continues, that during the1970s and 1980s ‘the use of drugs by inmates became widespread, including theuse of heroin and hash and cannabis, glue and paint thinner from the workshops.’
He writes that ‘by the mid 1980s the Prisons Department had enlisted the assistanceof the C.I.B. and the Customs Service in its effort to control the problem. In a
Memorandum to his deputy-Directors in August, 1985 Ian Hill, the Director of the
Department of Corrections, expressed his concern about the “small but steady risein the number of prisoners committed for Drug offences and the increase in prison
offences relating to drugs’.45
There were, of course attempts to address the balance the negative impact of prison
life. A memorandum in 1978 declared:
When a person is imprisoned he is deprived of his liberty and consequently thisDepartment has to assume certain legal and moral responsibilities for his welfare.
Therefore, the Department has actively encouraged to participate in recreational
activities, believing that recreation improves the inmates’ physical and mental
health, fosters the specific ability to play specialised roles in an appropriatemanner, provides socialising experiences by transmitting the presumed goals andvalues of society and also encourages character building activities.46
From the 1980s, efforts were focussed on keeping people out of gaol. Thomas andStewart observed that the problem of alcoholism was, and is, ‘a matter which needs
more imaginative treatment than crude imprisonment’.47 Certainly, the opening of
Karnet in Serpentine was intended as an ‘institution’ rather than a prison, with a view toreforming inmates. In 1971, another institution, Byford, was established for alcoholics.
A policy research paper in 1982, revealed that ‘the most dramatic decline over theperiod has been drunkenness, which twenty years ago, accounted for one-thirdof all commitments. The dramatic fall in commitments for drunkenness after 1974
seems to reflect what appears to have been a conscious though informal decisionon the part of many of the Judiciary to employ sanctions other than imprisonment’.48

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31

Recommendations
The History of Disability report has three recommendations. Two recommendations
are to pursue research in areas of mental health and juvenile prisoners. The third
recommendation relates to records access.
Regarding mental health, since the opening of Fremantle Prison, there has beenongoing dispute about how to manage people with mental illnesses within thecriminal justice system. Current research shows that ‘given to critical incidents
involving mentally disturbed people might lead the public to believe that a highproportion of people with mental illness commit crimes, but this is not the case.
Nevertheless, people with mental illness comprise a disproportionate number of thepeople who are arrested, who come before the courts and who are imprisoned’.49
The Criminal Law (Mental Impairment) Bill 2022 was introduced to significantly
improve the treatment and management of people with mental impairment inprisons. Initial research shows that this 2022 Bill reflects one hundred and seventy
years of debate within Western Australian’s prison system, by the various authorities
who safeguarded Fremantle Prison inmates.
By the 1860s the Prison Surgeon, Doctor Attfield, found he was treating so many
convict ‘lunatics’, that a dedicated Fremantle Asylum had become essential. Yet,prisoners with mental health issues continued to be sent direct to the Prison, to be
kept under observation until it was proved that they could be sent to the Asylum.
This was despite both the Colonial and Prison authorities view of the ‘unjustifiable
and illegal practice of sending to Gaol persons supposed to be of unsoundmind’.50 It was recognised that intrinsic elements of prison life, such as punitive
discipline, separate confinement, overcrowding, poor diet or harsh conditions, hada detrimental impact on mentally unstable prisoners. Yet into the twentieth and thentwenty-first century, the detainment and imprisonment of people with mental illness
continued.
Until the closing of Fremantle Prison in 1991, it was estimated that a significant
proportion, of the prison population suffered from emotional or mental disorders
requiring psychiatric care.51
It is an existing and urgent concern that prisoners’ rights to mental care are
increasingly recognised. Given its role as an interpretive institution and a World
Heritage Site, further research to examine how this important issue has been
managed, historically, in Fremantle Prison is highly recommended.
Regarding Juvenile Prisoners, through the nineteenth century, English prisonswere increasingly viewed as negative influences on young prisoners, who were indanger of being morally corrupted by adult inmates; separation of juveniles fromadult prisoners was necessary to prevent the former’s contamination by the older,
more experience or ‘hardened’, inmates. The general acceptance was that young
offenders could be served through appropriate moral guidance, rehabilitative careand disciplinary oversight. As a result of these views, juvenile detention institutions
were established, including industrial and reformatory schools. Yet in Western
Australia, these facilities, for various reasons, neglected to be established by
Colonial and later, State, authorities.

32

What We've Achieved • FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023

The confining of children in adult prisons continues to this day and is an issue ofsignificant importance and continued debate in the State of Western Australia.
Initial research shows that Fremantle Prison’s attempts to address this issue
began almost with the opening of the Prison and continued until its closing. Bothfemale and male children have been exposed to the worst of the human condition;
their experience and the way modes and methods which placed them there, theirtreatment once there and the debate over the social injustice of having youthful
offenders within the Fremantle Prison system is an area which justifies much further
and deeper inquiry. Given its role as an interpretive institution and a World Heritage
Site, further research to examine how this important issue has been managed,
historically, in Fremantle Prison is highly recommended.
Regarding access to records, proper historical enquiry cannot be conducted without
access to a thorough historical archive.
The undertaking of research into this inquiry (Accessibility and Inclusion Plan –Physical Disability) has been hampered by the restrictive practices of access to thehistorical records in the keeping of the Department of Justice. Whilst no longer apart of the Department of Corrections, the interpretation of Fremantle Prison relies
so heavily on access to that department’s records, some better relationship between
the two agencies would be of inestimable benefit. The protection of the rights andprivacy of past inmates and staff of Fremantle Prison is both logical and essential.
Yet perhaps a new policy and set of criteria that would allow researchers under
the charge of Fremantle Prison’s Heritage Conservation team, to have supervised
access to the Department of Justice’s records, could be developed.
Further discussion on this subject is highly recommended so that more thorough,comprehensive research can be undertaken, for the betterment of the public.

Above: Tour group viewing the visible storage collection at Fremantle Prison.

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33

Above: Tour group and guide inside Main Cell Block.

Comparative Analysis
An extensive search of comparative historic sites from around the world
was undertaken to benchmark options for improving accessibility andinclusion at the Prison.
There are several guiding principles recommended in the ‘Come-In! Guidelines’
produced by Interreg Central Europe. These principals form the basis of thecomparative analysis, and include:• Disabled people have a right to be included in all activities on site
• Engage in dialogue with people with disabilities to find out what they need andwish, and how to deliver it• Adopt the ‘Social model’ when discussing disability issues• Identify and dismantle access barriers• Adopt universal design principals• Provide sustainable and supported recommendations
Some of the sites and organisations which were analysed include, but are not limited
to, the following:• Alcatraz East, Tennessee, USA• Boola Bardip• British Museum• City of Mandurah• Curtin University• Crown Resorts• Rijksmuseum• Edinburgh Castle• FringeWorld• Smithsonian National Museum of
Natural History• Sydney Opera House• The National Trust UK• The National Trust of Western
Australia• Museum of London• Museum Victoria• Metropolitan Museum of Art• The Museum of Modern Art• Reading Museum• Acropolis Monuments, Greece• University of Notre Dame.

From benchmarking our site and studying best-practice at other cultural centres, anumber of policies and actions have been prepared to assist the Prison. These arelisted in the Policies and Actions section of this AIP. To read the full Comparative
Analysis report, please refer to Appendix III.
As a result of this comparative analysis study, a Materials Palette for accessible
infrastructure has been prepared in collaboration with our consultant team andthe AIP Reference Group. The aim of this document is to ensure accessible
infrastructure is easily identifiable, consistent and functional for the end user.
Additionally, this fabric is obviously different to that of the surrounding heritagebuildings in keeping with best practice heritage conservation principles. To read thefull Materials Palette, please refer to Appendix IV.

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Above: Concert being held in the Prison’s Parade Ground.

Policies andAction Plan
As a publicly accessible site, wewelcome everyone to the Prison.
Our goal is to provide barrier-freeaccess and make the buildings andexperiences on site accessible to all.
The Policies and Actions of this plan
focus on improvements in the Fremantle
Prison Service Chain and provides
recommendation for developing a
specific language guideline and training
opportunities for staff.
The components of the Fremantle Prison
Service Chain have been cross checkedagainst the four pillars of accessibility(physical, information and communication,social and economic access). The wider
community, staff and the AIP referencegroup have provided their thoughts onwhat is required in these four areas. The
feedback has then been prioritised into
high, medium and long-term actions.
To access the full consultation feedback
report, please refer to Appendix V, and toread more on specific prioritised physicalaccess actions, please refer to the Access
Management Strategy – Prioritised Task
List, Appendix VI.

Policies and Action Plan

37

Table showing High Priority Policies (to be actioned within 2 years).
ActionPolicy 1: Accessible
infrastructure suchas ramps, steps,
nosings, balustrades,
handrails, surface
indicators, etc. shouldpresent consistently
around the site to beeasily identifiable.

Architect
Action 1: Prepare a Materials Palette
required.
for accessible infrastructure to beinstalled around the Prison to ensure
consistency, quality and functionality ofdesign.

Policy 2: Provide
visitors with clear
information prior to,
and during, their visit
so they can plan theirtrip accordingly.

Action 2: Provide maps locating
accessible toilets and routes.

VS required.

Action 3: Include closed captions invideo productions.

Interpretation
required.

Action 4: Review the accessibility of
our website and ensure compliancewith Web Content Accessibility
Guidelines Level AA.

VS required.

Action 5: Ensure all publications
are available in large print and otherformats on request.

HCT required.

Action 6: Provide ‘Getting to the
Prison’, quiet time, lighting levels,
temperature, and parking information
on website.

VS required.

Action 7: Provide a link to Transperth
outage information.

VS required.

Action 8: Update procurement
guidelines to ensure accessible
products and services are includedin evaluation criteria. Consider use
of Australian Disability Enterprise
Procurement Guidelines.

HCT required.

Action 9: Provide disability awarenesstraining for staff and volunteers.

HCT and VS
required.

Action 10: Provide support andflexibility to staff and volunteers withdisability.

HCT and VS
required.

Policy 3: Ensure ouraccessibility policies
are made clear to
everyone.

38

Resources
Required

PolicyPolicies and Action Plan • FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023

Policy

ActionResources
Required

Policy 4: People withdisability have a rightto be included in all
our experiences.

Action 11: Use technology andsensory experiences to explore the site
and Collection objects.

Interpretation
Curatorial
required.

Action 12: Make access and inclusionpart of tours and events planning.

VS required.

Action 13: Include additional tours
such as Auslan, people living withdementia, experiencing objects withother senses, and sensory friendly
evening tours.

VS required.

Action 14: Provide a mechanism forpeople to identify to Prison staff if they
have a disability prior to arrival.

VS required.

Action 15: Produce sensory maps.

Interpretation
required.

Action 16: Allow guide, assistance andcompanion animals on site as long as
identification is provided. Be specificwith what types of identification are
accepted.

VS required.

Action 17: Ensure the nearest toilet
facility information is provided online.

VS required.

Action 18: Strengthen connections
with people with disability andorganisations that support people withdisability.

HCT and VS
required.

Action 19: Ensure all consultation
processes are accessible.

HCT and VS
required.

Action 20: Develop connections withorganisations that support people withdisability in employment.

HCT and VS
required.

Action 21: Have a dedicated email
address and phone number to accessspecific enquiries and complaints.

VS required.

Action 22: Provide a low stimulus
room for visitors to use, with
comfortable seating and low lighting.

HCT and VS
required.

Policy 5: Continue toengage with the AIP
reference group andthe wider community
to deliver the AIP
actions.

FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023 • Policies and Action Plan

39

Resources
Required

PolicyActionPolicy 6: Adopt
the ‘social model’
when discussing
accessibility matters.

Action 23: Include the requirement
for consultants and contractors torecognise the AIP in site induction ortender information.

HCT required.

Action 24: Review the feedback
process and ensure ease of use andthe ability for complaints to be made ina variety of ways. Continue to identify
means of improvement.

VS required.

Action 25: Participate and celebrate
International Day of Persons with
Disability (03/12).

VS required.

Action 26: Ensure meeting processes
are accessible, including venues andinformation.

HCT and VS
required.

Policy 7: Continue toidentify and dismantle
access barriers.

Action 27: Provide information on
VS required.
currently inaccessible content/ physicalareas on the website.

Policy 8: Adopt
universal designprincipals with respect
to the heritage fabricof the site.

40

Action 28: Design and implement a‘planning your visit’ website page ineasy-read format with explanatory
graphics.

VS required.

Action 29: Provide specific information
tailored to disability i.e. informationfor visitors who are Deaf or Hard of
Hearing, or information for visitors who
are Blind or Vision Impaired.

VS required.

Action 30: Pursue funding options anddesign of a Changing Places Facility.

HCT required.

Action 31: Provide information on thenearest available Changing Places
Facility where one isn’t provided at the
Prison.

VS required.

Action 32: Inform visitors of seating
information prior to arrival and offer
seating options such as lightweightfolding stools/ wheelchairs free ofcharge.

VS required.

Policies and Action Plan • FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023

Policy

ActionPolicy 9: Ensure
the policies andactions of this AIP
are sustainable andsupportable.

Action 33: Continue to monitor for
funding opportunities to deliver theactions of the AIP.

Resources
Required
HCT required.

Action 34: Incorporate access upgrade Architect
works into building works projects.
required.
Action 35: Promote the AIP to highlight HCT and VS
our commitment.
required.
Action 36: Prepare an indicative costestimate according to low, medium
and high priority works.

Architectrequired.

Policy 10: Provide
accessible footpaths
and roadways.

Action 37: Consolidate the hardstandaround garden beds and tour routes
within the Parade Ground.

Architect andContractor
required.

Policy 11: Make
staircases safer.

Action 38: Install handrails, TGSIs andnosings to all publicly accessible stairs
and tour pathways.

Architect andContractor
required.

Policy 12: Remove
thresholds andtripping hazards.

Action 39: Replace any ramp at adoorway that has a level change of
190mm or less, with one that has a
gradient no steeper than 1:10.

Architect andContractor
required.

Action 40: Replace any ramp at adoorway that has a level change of
190mm or greater, with one that has a
gradient no steeper than 1:14.

Architect andContractor
required.

Action 41: Install handrails and kerb
rails to both sides of all pedestrian
ramps.

Architect andContractor
required.

Action 42: If mats are required, ensure
they’re secured, and have a bevelededge.

Maintenancerequired.

Action 43: Do not use mats totransition between lips or gaps on the
ground.

Maintenancerequired.

FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023 • Policies and Action Plan

41

Policy

ActionResources
Required

Policy 12 cont’d:Remove thresholds
and tripping hazards.

Action 45: If doorways along main
tour routes are less than 850mm wide,consider the following options:

Architect andContractor
required.

• Install an off-set or parliament
hinge.
• Remove the door leaf.
• Remove the door leaf and frame.
• If access cannot be achieved
through a doorway for heritage
reasons, consider an alternate
route to the same destination.
Action 44: Install a timber rod (orsimilar) into deep sliding door/gate
runners to fill the gap and provide a
traversable surface without any gaps.
Where the door is to be opened/closed, a member of staff should place
the trim into the gap once the door has
been opened.

Maintenanceand VS required.

Action 45: Install a heel-safe cover on
all publicly accessible ramps, paths
and grates.

Architect andContractor
required.

Action 46: Identify where grates
and service/pit lids create a gap or avertical lip more than 3mm.

Architect andContractor
required.

Barricade or divert the tour aroundthese areas and investigate solutions
to address the hazard.
Policy 13: Capture
visitor feedback andcontinue to improveexperiences.

Action 47: Locate benches and council Maintenancebins away from signage.
required.
Action 48: Use different types oftorches for tours as appropriate (i.e.,
hand-held, red light and/ or headtorch).

VS required.

Action 49: Use clear mask covers
when masks must be worn.

VS andMaintenancerequired.

Action 50: Re-write the Declaration
VS required.
Form to consider people may not know
how they will experience the tour.

42

Policies and Action Plan • FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023

Resources
Required

PolicyActionPolicy 13 cont’d:
Capture visitor
feedback andcontinue to improveexperiences.

Action 51: Include tagging for screen
readers on Declaration forms, with theflexibility for alternative signatures.

VS required.

Action 52: Encourage visitors to give
feedback via the website, on paper or
via TripAdvisor.

VS required.

Action 53: Ensure all interpretation andwayfinding information is provided in
multiple formats.

Interpretation
required.

Action 54: Clarify what can and can’t
be touched on site.

HCT and VS
required.

Action 55: Ensure iPads are mounted
at accessible heights, and accessibility
features are enabled.

VS andInterpretation
required.

Action 56: Request advice from Better VS andHearing Australia and purchase hearing Interpretation
devices e.g., loops or microphones.
required.
Action 57: Locate an example safety
harness for people interested in
Tunnels Tour to see/ touch at the frontgate.

VS required.

Action 58: Ensure everyone is present
before continuing with a tour.

VS required.

Action 59: Make it clear what
concession cards are accepted.

VS required.

Action 60: Include AUSLAN
interpreters on the concession list.

VS required.

Action 61: Provide both visual andverbal hazard information to visitors.

VS andInterpretation
required.

Action 62: Include a standard question VS required.
for ticket-sellers: “Do you have any
comfort or access requirements to help
you get the best experience on yourtour?”
Action 63: On windy days or whennear construction works, use anappropriate microphone.

VS required.

FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023 • Policies and Action Plan

43

Resources
Required

PolicyActionPolicy 13 cont’d:
Capture visitor
feedback andcontinue to improveexperiences.

Action 64: Collaborate with the D/deaf
community on designing an Auslaninterpreted tour.

Interpretation
and VS required.

Action 65: Participate in Disability
Pride Week with disability specifictours made available.

VS required.

Policy 14: Make audio Action 66: Include captioning withguides accessible.
AUSLAN and have a larger device.

Interpretation
required.

Action 67: Provide an audio guidemenu where the numbers and theircorresponding stories are narrated.

Interpretation
required.

Action 68: Provide a map of parking
facilities.

VS required.

Action 69: Include a site-specificAcknowledgement of Country.

Interpretation
and VS required.

Action 70: Include photos and plans to
describe the site for visitors.

VS required.

Action 71: Complete therecommendations outlined in the 2022
VisAbility audit. (Refer Appendix VI).

VS required.

Policy 15: Ensure
the Prison website
is accessible andinclusive.

Action 72: Provide clear information on Interpretation
use and availability of audio guides.
and VS required.

44

Action 73: Prepare an Accessibility
and Reasonable Adjustment webpage.

VS required.

Action 74: Provide a link to theweather forecast.

VS required.

Action 75: Provide trigger warnings
on the website and before tours
start (including about loud or suddennoises).

VS required.

Action 76: Encourage visitors to
ask if they require modifications or
accommodations.

VS required.

Action 77: Provide information aboutwheelchairs for loan at the Prison, andintroduce a booking system.

VS required.

Policies and Action Plan • FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023

Resources
Required

PolicyActionPolicy 15 cont’d:Ensure the Prison
website is accessible
and inclusive.

Action 78: Remove information thatmakes assumptions about people andinclude enough information for people
to make an informed decision.

VS required.

Action 79: Provide a number to calland an email address concerning
accessibility at the Prison.

VS required.

Action 80: Provide regular updates onwhat works may interrupt access toareas of the Prison.

VS required.

Action 81: Provide social stories aboutbookings, tours and exhibitions.

VS required.

Action 82: Provide a 3D example of a
VS andcell and make this information available Interpretation
on an iPad if visitors can’t access area required.
on tour.
Action 83: Provide an example
Declaration Form online.

VS required.

Action 84: Advise visitors to be sunVS required.
smart and bring water, hats, sunscreen,
etc.
Action 85: Notify visitors of shade
resting spots along the tour routes.

VS required.

Action 86: Provide online booking
capability for all tours and ensure
access for visitors using screen
readers.

VS required.

Action 87: Advise costs for ACROD
parking tickets and parking time limits
on the website.

FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023 • Policies and Action Plan

45

Action

Policy 16: Ensure
wayfinding isaccessible andinclusive.

Action 88: Where parts of a tour routeare not accessible, provide directionalsignage for the return journey oralternative accessible route to ameeting point in order to resume thetour.

Architectrequired.

Action 89: Provide directional signage
from banks of male and female (only)
toilets to the closest unisex accessible
toilet.

Architectrequired.

Action 90: Install Braille, raised tactile
text and symbol signage to all toilets
and explore further options for beacon
technology.

Architectrequired.

Action 91: Install automatic doors fortoilets.

Architectrequired.

Action 92: Install hooks on the insideof all toilet doors.

Architectrequired.

Action 93: Investigate relocating thetoilets to a new purpose-built facility.

Architectrequired.

Action 94: Provide wayfinding to thetoilets at the entrance.

Architect andInterpretation
required.

Action 95: Re-locate and design the
ACROD parking bays closer to theentrance.

Maintenancerequired.

Action 96: Advise visitors of additional
parking areas around Fremantle.

VS required.

Action 97: Explore how people withinvisible mobility impairments andother people with disability who may
not receive the mobility concession
could be included.

VS required.

Action 98: Show tour routes on arrival
experience maps and note stairs etc.
that might impact accessibility.

VS required.

Action 99: Provide more shading
opportunities within the car-park andover seating areas.

Architectrequired.

Policy 17: Ensure
toilet facilities areaccessible.

Policy 18: Provide asafe and accessible
arrival experience.

46

Resources
Required

PolicyPolicies and Action Plan • FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023

Resources
Required

PolicyActionPolicy 19: Create
accessible
exhibitions.

Action 100: Ensure video content
avoids flashing lights.

Curatorial andInterpretation
required.

Action 101: All exhibition cases to beat accessible heights.

Curatorial andInterpretation
required.

Action 102: Ensure exhibition designcaters for accessibility.

Curatorial andInterpretation
required.

Action 103: Create a process for staff
and visitors to provide feedback on
exhibitions.

Curatorial andInterpretation
required.

Action 104: Identify more tactile
and sensory opportunities, suchas touching the BMR collection,
smell-scapes in cells and kitchens,soundscapes, etc.

Curatorial andInterpretation
required.

Action 105: Ensure lighting levels areadjustable and suitable.

Curatorial andInterpretation
required.

Policy 20: Promote
accessible events at
the Prison.

Action 106: Ensure concert promoters
are aware of the Prison’s accessibility
standards.

VS required.

Policy 21: Provide
accessible andinclusive hospitality.

Action 107: Create an online menu and Tenant and VS
ensure it complies with accessibility
required.
standards.

Policy 22: Continue
to offer accessible
training opportunities
to support staff andvisitors.

Action 108: Coordinate regular anddeveloping training sessions for staff
on the following topics, as outlined in
the table below.

HCT and VS
required.

FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023 • Policies and Action Plan

47

Table showing recommendations for staff awareness training.
Topic

Content

Understanding
disability.

Diversity of people withdisability.
Invisible disabilities.
Avoiding assumptions
and labels.
Social model ofdisability.

Potential training
provider or solution

Targetgroup

People with disability
involved in providing
the training.

All staff.

Reference Group.
Training providers e.g:
• Inclusion
Solutions• Inclusive World• Evolve• E-QUAL Disability
Consultants.

Effective
communication
with people withdisability.

Appropriate language.
Communicating
effectively with people
considering:• Neurodiversity• D/deaf and Hardof Hearing e.g.
working withinterpreters, using
microphones• Intellectual/
cognitive
impairment.

48

People with disability
involved in providing
the training.
AIP Reference Group.
Training providers e.g:
• Inclusive World• E-QUAL Disability
Consultants• AccessPlus(Auslan, working
with interpreters).

Policies and Action Plan • FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023

All staff.

Potential training
provider or solution

Targetgroup

Adapting tours to rangeof visitors e.g. audio
description, sensory
opportunities.

People with disability
involved in providing
the training.

Tour
guides andTicketing
Officers.

Assistive technologies.

Training providers e.g:

TopicContent

Inclusivecustomer
service.

Mobility aides.
Offering assistancewithout offending.
Assisting people withsafety equipment e.g.
harness etc for Tunnels
Tour.
Sighted guiding.

Reference Group.
• Inclusion
Solutions• Inclusive World• E-QUAL Disability
Consultants• AccessPlus(deafness
awareness).

Deaf awareness.
Traumainformed care.

Potential triggers at thesite.

Evolve.

Tour guides.

Overview of AIP.

Legislation and goodpractice including
Come-In! guidelines
and universal designprinciples.

AIP authors.

All staff.

AIP purpose, context,
methodology,
implementation plan.
Disability
confident
recruiting.

Recruiting andmanaging workforce.

Training providers e.g.
Australian Network on
Disability.

Managers.

Emergency
response andevacuation.

Training for emergency
situations with people
with lived experience ofdisability.

Reference Group.

Managers.

FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023 • Policies and Action Plan

49

Table showing Medium Priority Policies (to be actioned between
2-5 years).

50

Resources
Required

PolicyActionPolicy 23: Comply
with the Public
Sector employment
requirements.

Action 109: Ensure all reasonableadjustments are made to encourage
people with disability to work andvolunteer on site.

HCT and
VS required.

Policy 13 cont’d:
Capture visitor
feedback andcontinue to improveexperiences.

Action 110: Create a virtual reality tourof the tunnels.

Interpretation
and VS required.

Action 111: Re-make the Tunnel Toursafety video so that the instructions
and images are clear and include
captions and voice over. Test withpeople with different access andinclusion needs.

Interpretation
and VS required.

Action 112: Introduce a small grouptour option for visitors unable to do
tours with lots of people.

VS required.

Action 113: Provide a “top-side”
tunnel tour for those unable to accessthe tunnels.

Interpretation
and VS required.

Action 114: Create an embossed siteplan for visitors to touch.

Interpretation
required.

Action 115: Increase the range ofmobility devices that visitors can loan
whilst on site such as wheelchairs,cushions, walkers, etc.

VS required.

Action 116: Discuss concession feeswith Treasury.

Directorrequired.

Policies and Action Plan • FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023

Resources
Required

PolicyActionPolicy 15 cont’d:Ensure the Prison
website is accessible
and inclusive.

Action 117: Audit colour/luminancecontrast not just on the website but inall areas with public information.

Architect andVS required.

Action 118: Celebrate the staff on thewebsite e.g, have the staff present avideo.

VS required.

Action 119: Create social story videos
from tour guides.

VS required.

Action 120: Create video teasers fortours.

Interpretation
VS required.

Action 121: Install a mock-up displayof the equipment and boat so people
can make an informed decision before
the tour. Make it into a fun addition to
the Fremantle Prison tourist attraction
and a great photo opportunity.

Interpretation
and VSrequired.

Action 122: Adopt the principals ofgood signage design for all wayfinding,informative, directional and interpretive
signs.

Architect
Interpretation
required.

Policy 16 cont’d:Ensure wayfindingis accessible andinclusive.

Action 123: Make ticket desk locations VS required.
clearly identifiable and accessible, withclear wayfinding to alternative locations
as required.
Policy 18 cont’d:
Provide a safe andaccessible arrival
experience.

Action 124: Install a signpost near
the entrance to show where various
buildings are.

Architect andInterpretation
required.

Policy 19 cont’d:Create accessible
exhibitions.

Action 125: Continue to install signage
for people who are blind in alternative
formats.

Architect
Interpretation
required.

Action 126: Ensure the number, title,
price, and the location of where theartwork was created, closer to theartwork.

Curatorial
required.

Action 127: Prepare an accessibility
guideline for exhibitions.

Curatorial
required.

Action 128: Prepare an accessibility
guideline for events hosted at the
Prison.

VS required.

Policy 20 cont’d:Promote accessible
events at the Prison.

FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023 • Policies and Action Plan

51

Action

Policy 21 cont’d:
Provide accessible
and inclusive
hospitality.

Action 129: Create a menu with agreater range of dietary options andmake this clear online and in printed
formats.

Tenant VS
required.

Action 130: Review ramp incline andmatting at the entrance to café.

Architectrequired.

Action 131: Provide access to the
outdoor seating area for those using
mobility devices.

Architectrequired.

Action 132: Ensure ramps and stairs
are well-lit for Torchlight Tours.

Architect andContractor
required.

Action 133: Ensure signage is well-lit
for Torchlight Tours.

Architect andContractor
required.

Action 134: Scope the requirements
for a language guideline, including
a review of available supporting
information from International,
Commonwealth State bodies, staff
training and the AIP Reference Group.

HCT and VS
required.

Policy 23: Accessible
ramps and stairs
must be visible day
and night.

Policy 24: Prepare alanguage guideline
specific to Fremantle
Prison.

52

Resources
Required

PolicyPolicies and Action Plan • FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023

Table showing Low Priority Policies (to be actioned between 5-10 years).
Resources
Required

PolicyActionPolicy 13 cont’d:
Capture visitor
feedback andcontinue to improveexperiences.

Action 135: Investigate the option ofself guided experiences.

Policy 17 cont’d:Ensure toilet facilities
are accessible.

Action 136: Construct a unisex
Architectaccessible toilet (UAT) to service
required.
locations where male and female toilets
are currently provided, and locations
where demand for toilets is evident.

Policy 18 cont’d:
Provide a safe andaccessible arrival
experience.

Action 137: Promote discussions withTransperth to provide a free CAT bus
service to the Prisonn.

VS required.

Policy 19 cont’d:Create accessible
exhibitions.

Action 138: Create 3D walk-throughsof exhibitions.

Curatorial andInterpretation
required.

Policy 25: Provide
access to upper andlower levels in the
Prison.

Action 139: Complete a feasibility
study for installing a platform lift in the
Tunnels area, Main Cell Block and New
Division.

Architectrequired.

Interpretation
and VSrequired.

FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023 • Policies and Action Plan

53

Above: Vision impaired visitor touring the Fremantle Prison grounds.

Monitoring and Review
The AIP’s success will be assessed in its next iteration against both
qualitative and quantitative measures, including:• Policies and actions that have been successfully implemented over the life of
the AIP. The outcomes to be achieved for each policy or action, as applicable,
will be identified to allow for progress to be measured.
• Progress of the AIP will be measured as part of the wider departments annual
reporting requirements to comply with State legislation.
• Regularly engaging with the Reference and Working Groups, and otherstakeholders to achieve good outcomes in line with the AIP’s Policies andActions.
The AIP will be registered with the Australian Human Rights Commission, theDepartment of Communities and the Equal Opportunity Commission so that the planis available for other organisations to build upon, and so that the managers of thesite are accountable for implementing the recommendations noted therein.

Responsibility
The AIP will be monitored and implemented by the Heritage Conservation Manager,
Fremantle Prison, working with relevant staff alongside external organisations andkey stakeholders.
The Director, Fremantle Prison will ensure that progress is reviewed and reported,and that significant milestones and targets are catered for as part of the ongoing sitebudget.

Feedback and Grievance process
Feedback from visitors, staff and disability organisations will be sought throughout
the life of the AIP, as the views of people with lived experience of disability will
fundamentally help determine its success. Contact details for this process are as per
page vi of this report.

FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023 • Policies and Action Plan

55

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Access and Inclusion Plan 2019-2024, National Trust WA.
Access for all: Improving accessibility for consumers with disability (2016), Australian
Human Rights Commission, https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/disability-rights/
publications/access-all-improving-accessibility-consumers-disability
Accessibility in Public Events and Concerts Checklist, Equal Access Disability
Consultants.
Come-In! Guidelines 2019, Interreg Central Europe.
Come-In! Handbook for Museum Operators 2017, Interreg Central Europe.
Disability Discrimination Act Action Plans: A Guide for Business, Australian Human
Rights Commission, https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/disability-rights/disabilitydiscrimination-act-action-plans-guide-business
Disability Access, Equal Opportunity Commission, https://eoc.sa.gov.au/aboutequal-opportunity/disability-access
Disability Access and Inclusion Plan 2016-2021, Equal Opportunity Commission,
https://www.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-07/Disability%20Access%20
and%20Inclusion%20Plan%202016-2021.pdf
Disability Access and Inclusion Plan 2018, Department of Planning, Lands andHeritage.
Diversity and Inclusion Policy, Department of Planning, Lands and Heritage.
People with Disability Action Plan to Improve WA Public Sector Employment
Outcomes 2020-2025, Public Sector Commission.
Potter and Ponder: Sensory Experiences and Croome, National Trust UK.
Preparing for your visit to the Rijksmuseum, Rijksmuseum.
State Government Access Guidelines for Information, Services and Facilities,
Disabilities Services Commission, http://www.disability.wa.gov.au/Global/
Publications/Understanding%20disability/Built%20environment/State%20
Government%20Access%20Guidelines.pdf
The British Museum Sensory Map 2019, The British Museum.
The Global Goals for Sustainable Development, United Nations, https://www.
globalgoals.org/
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, United Nations.
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), W3C, https://www.w3.org/WAI/
standards-guidelines/wcag/#intro
Willing To Work, Booklet 4: what you can do about employment discrimination,
Australian Human Rights Commission.

56

Policies and Action Plan • FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023

Above: Inside Main Cell Block, Fremantle Prison.

Endnotes

58

1‘Social Model of Disability’, People with Disability Australia. Sourced fromSocial model of disability – People with Disability Australia (pwda.org.au),
Accessed on 1 February 2021.

2

Marshall, Louis Ph.D Convict Era Surviving the Colony: The impact of theWestern Australian Convict System on Prisoner Health, 1850-1877 Ph.D Thesis,
UWA, August 2018, p.314

3Charleroy, Margaret, ‘Management of Health and Disease, 1850-1950’,
Exploring the history of prisoner health (website), post from https://
histprisonhealth.com/2016/02/01/correctional-care-management-of-healthand-disease-in-english-and-irish-prisons-1850-1950/,
accessed 26 October 2021

4

Copy of Petition from the Convicts of Western Australia, Fremantle,
December 1866 (Prison File No. 24 (a)), p.482

5

Fremantle Prison library archive: Item no 310.2006 Fremantle Prison
Conservation and Future Use: ‘Hospital’

6

Rees et al, Australian anti-discrimination law, 2008, pp.249-251, 255

7

Rees et al, Australian anti-discrimination law, 2008, pp.17-19, 252-253

8

Rees et al, Australian anti-discrimination law, 2008, p.417

9

Marshall, Surviving the Colony, pp.142-153

10

Marshall, Louis ‘The Ticketer’s Plight’ in The Carceral Colony, Studies inWestern Australian History eds J. Gregory and L. Marshall Vol 34, 2020 p.111

11

Megahey PhD A community apart: A History of Fremantle Prison. p.104

12

J. E. Thomas and Alex Stewart Imprisonment in Western Australia: Evolution,
Theory and Practice UWA Press, 1978 pp.56-57

13

Marshall, Surviving the Colony, pp.45-47, 108

14

Marshall, Surviving the Colony, pp.162-163

15

Fremantle Prison records AU WA S701 Cons 4200 1 Medical Journal M 19
1857-1859. SRO, Perth16

Thomas and Stewart, Imprisonment in WA, 1978, pp.25-26

17

Marshall, Surviving the Colony, pp.53-54, quoting 1852 letters of Governor
Fitzgerald

18

Marshall, Surviving the Colony, pp.220-221

19

Cullity, Olimpia ‘Reform and Punishment: Fremantle Prison, 1850 to 1890’
in Studies in Western Australian History No. 31, 2016 p.76

Endnotes • FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023

20

Cullity, Olimpia ‘Reform and Punishment: Fremantle Prison, 1850 to 1890’
in Studies in Western Australian History No. 31, 2016 p.77

21

Cullity, Olimpia ‘Reform and Punishment: Fremantle Prison, 1850 to 1890’
in Studies in Western Australian History No. 31, 2016 p.76

22

Cullity, Olimpia ‘Reform and Punishment: Fremantle Prison, 1850 to 1890’
in Studies in Western Australian History No. 31, 2016 p.76

23

Cullity, Olimpia ‘Reform and Punishment: Fremantle Prison, 1850 to 1890’
in Studies in Western Australian History No. 31, 2016 pp.76-77

24

Cullity, Olimpia ‘Reform and Punishment: Fremantle Prison, 1850 to 1890’
in Studies in Western Australian History No. 31, 2016 pp.76-77

25

Marshall, Surviving the Colony, pp.132-133

26

Fremantle Prison records AU WA S701 Cons 4200 1 Medical Journal M 19
1857-1859 . SRO, Perth27

Marshall, Surviving the Colony, pp.132-133

28

Copy of Petition from the Convicts of Western Australia, Fremantle, December
1866 (Prison File No. 24 (a)), p.482

29

Marshall, Surviving the Colony, p13230

Fremantle Prison Library archive. PAR/5/1 Box AA Item 2013.15.4 ‘Convict
Establishment W.A Superintendent’s Office 13 October, 1862 Return of all
Corporal Punishments ordered by the visiting Magistrate at the above from
1 January, 1857 to present date’. Fremantle Prison.

31

Inquirer and Commercial News 23 July, 1897 p.9

32

Cullity, Olimpia ‘Reform and Punishment: Fremantle Prison, 1850 to 1890’
in Studies in Western Australian History No. 31, 2016 p.77

33

Marshall, Surviving the Colony, pp.66-68

34

Cullity, Olimpia ‘Reform and Punishment: Fremantle Prison, 1850 to 1890’
in Studies in Western Australian History No. 31, 2016 p.64

35

8 March, 1905 from W. George, Superintendent, Fremantle Prison to theComptroller General Colonial Secretary’s Department records AU WA S675
Cons 752 Item 1905/0623 Fremantle Gaol – Scheme for classification of female
prisoners SRO, Perth36

Leigh Straw, ‘Outcast Women’ in Studies in Western Australian History No. 31,
2016 p.86

37

2 November 1914 from F. D. North to the Colonial Secretary Colonial
Secretary’s Department records AU WA S675 Cons 752 Item 1905/0623
Fremantle Gaol – Scheme for classification of female prisoners SRO, Perth

FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023 • Endnotes

59

60

38

Megahey puts the figure of prisoners in Fremantle Gaol in 1898 for minor
offences at 89.7%. See Megahey, N. A community apart: A History ofFremantle Prison: 1898-1991 Ph.D Thesis, Murdoch University, 2000 pp.72-73

39‘Report of the Commission appointed to inquire into the Penal System of theColony. Perth, 1899 p.16

40

Cited in Megahey, N. A community apart: A History of Fremantle Prison:
1898-1991 Ph.D Thesis, Murdoch University, 2000 p.73

41

Inebriates Act, 1912 p.1 https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.
nsf/law_a6746.html

42

12 Eliz. II No 63 (1963) An Act to make better provision for the Rehabilitation ofConvicted Inebriates and for incidental and other purposes.

43

J. E. Thomas and Alex Stewart Imprisonment in Western Australia: Evolution,
Theory and Practice UWA Press, 1978 p.156

44

Megahey, N. A community apart: A History of Fremantle Prison: 1898-1991
Ph.D Thesis, Murdoch University, 2000 p.121

45

Megahey, N. A community apart: A History of Fremantle Prison: 1898-1991
Ph.D Thesis, Murdoch University, 2000 p.126

46

Item 1999.114.1 Prison Establishments and Facilities Planning and Research
Section - Western Australian Department of Corrections January, 1978 p.16.
Female Prison Archive.

47

J. E. Thomas and Alex Stewart Imprisonment in Western Australia: Evolution,
Theory and Practice UWA Press, 1978 p.156

48

PAR/5/4 Box 13 Policy research paper, 1981 DOCSTATS’. Department ofCorrections, Perth, Western Australian DocStats Number 3 – March, 1982
Oddstats 12

49

Australian Parliament House website: https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Former_Committees/mentalhealth/report/c13

50

Megahey, N. A community apart: A History of Fremantle Prison: 1898-1991 Ph.
D Thesis, Murdoch University, 2000 p.75

51

Item 1999.114.1 Prison Establishments and Facilities Planning and Research
Section - Western Australian Department of Corrections January, 1978 p.4

Endnotes • FREMANTLE PRISON | ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSION PLAN 2023

Above: Visitors behind Wray Gates of Fremantle Prison.