或問 WAKUMON 139
No.37,（2020）pp.139-149

The Study On the Translation of Geographical Terms of Chinese Monthly Magazine（《察世俗每月统记传》）
杨帅可/王思齐
Abstract: Chinese Monthly Magazine（《察世俗每月统记传》）is the beginning of modern Chinese
magazines. Although its content is mainly to spread Christian meaning and ethics, it still takes up a lotof space to introduce the latest knowledge of Western astronomy and geography. Based on an
investigation of translation of geographical terms in his column Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪
略》）, this paper finds that his author, William Milne(1785-1822), intends to abandon the previoustranslation system and establish his own geographical translation system. The Chinese language he usedshows the phonological characteristics of the northern Mandarin and the phonetic phenomenon of thesouthern dialect.

Introduction"Lin Zexu（林则徐）'s records of Si Zhou Zhi（
《四洲志》）, Wei Yuan（魏源）'s records of Hai
Guo Tu Zhi（《海国图志》）, Wang Wentai（汪文泰）'s Hong Mao Ying Ji Li Kao Lue（《红毛英吉利考略》）, and Xu Jiyu（徐继畬）'s Ying Huan Zhi Lue（《瀛寰志略》）have been published one after
another, marking the establishment of China's new world geographical outlook." 1In addition to the above
works, the magazines and translated books compiled by missionaries also played an important role in thedissemination and popularization of western geographical knowledge. Among them, organized by RobertMorrison (1782-1834), William Milne (1785-1822), the first Chinese magazine Chinese Monthly
Magazine(《察世俗每月统记传》)in modern times, was officially published in Malacca on August 5,
1815. Although its content is mainly to spread Christianity and ethics, it still takes up a lot of space tointroduce the latest knowledge of Western astronomy and geography. Its serial Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪略》）was published from April 1820 (six volumes) to April 1821 (seven volumes). In 1822, a
30 page booklet was published in Malacca2. Because of the nature of its contents and the place of
publication overseas, the knowledge of astronomy and geography in did not have a profound influence in
China at that time.
Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪略》）introduces in detail the latest geopolitical pattern and humangeography knowledge of the four continents of the world at that time. Its publication time is 20 years earlier

1谢方，《艾儒略及其<职方外纪>》，《中国历史博物馆馆刊》，1991 年，页 133。

2伟烈亚力《基督教在华传教士回忆录》，页 18。

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than that of records of four continents. After Giulio Aleni (1582-1649) and Ferdinand Verbiest (1623-1688),
Western missionaries once again displayed a large number of information, cultural landscapes and cultural
systems of the world's natural geography to Chinese people. It is of great value to the dissemination ofgeographical knowledge and the translation of geographical names into Chinese and western.

Ⅰ.Four Continents or Five Continents
It was Matteo Ricci who first introduced the achievements of European geographical discovery to
China. Matteo Ricci introduced the concept of "five continents", the latest and highest level geographicalknowledge at that time, into China. He wrote in Chinese the discovered continent of the earth:以地势分舆地为五大洲，曰欧逻巴，曰利未亚（非洲），曰亚细亚，曰南北亚墨利加（南北美洲），曰墨瓦蜡泥加（南极洲与大洋洲）。若欧逻巴者，南至地中海；北至卧兰的亚及冰海；东
至大乃河，墨何的湖大海；西至大西洋。若利未亚者，南至大浪山；北至地中海；东至西红海仙劳冷祖岛，西至河摺亚诺沧，即此列只以圣地之下微路与亚细亚相联，其余全为四海所围。若亚细亚者，南至苏门答蜡、吕宋等岛，北至新曾白蜡及北海；东至日本岛，大明海；西至大乃河，
墨河的湖大海，西红海，小西洋。若亚墨利加者，全为四海所围，南北以微地相联。若墨瓦蜡泥
加者，尽在南方，惟见南极出地而北极恒藏焉。其界未审何如，故未感订之。惟其北边与大小爪哇及墨瓦蜡泥峡为境也。3(It is divided into five continents by terrain, namely, Europa, Africa, Asia,
Merica (North and South America), and mowalanijia (Antarctica and Oceania). Europa, to theMediterranean Sea in the south, to Asia and the ice sea in gronlandiae in the north, to the lake and sea of
the Danai River and Moho in the East, and to the Atlantic Ocean in the West. For the Africa, they reach
Dalang mountain in the south, the Mediterranean in the north, Madagascar in the west, and the Atlantic in
the West. That is to say, they are only connected with Asia by the micro road under the holy land, and therest are surrounded by the whole world. If Asia, South to sumenta wax, Luzon and other islands, north to
Xinzeng white wax and North Sea; East to Japan island, Daming sea; West to Danai River, lake sea ofMohe River, West Red Sea, small western. All the Amricans were surrounded by the four seas, and thenorth and the South were connected in a tiny way. If mowa wax and mud were added, it would be in thesouth, but the South Pole would go out and the North Pole would remain. Its boundary has not been
examined, so it has not been determined. Only the north borders on Big and Small Java and Magellan
channel. )The "Wuzhou view" is still used in the work. Volume 1: Asia; Volume 2: Europa, pointing out that
this is "the second largest continent in the world" and "a total of more than 70 countries"4; Volume 3: Africa,3见京都大学附属图书馆藏《坤舆万国全图》。

4[意]艾儒略原著、谢方校释《职方外纪校释》，中华书局 1996 年，27 页。

The Study On the Translation of Geographical Terms of Chinese Monthly Magazine（楊・王）141"the third largest continent in the world", "its land is rich in wilderness and wild animals"5; Volume 4:
North and South America and Antarctica. In addition to Antarctica, the book first has a general introduction
to every continent, and then it is introduced equally by countries and regions. The book introduces themarine world on the earth.
Sketch of theWorld（《全地万国纪略》）is different from the previous narratives. It writes:
夫神天所造普天下万地，今贤分之为四分。有罗巴一分，亚西亚一分，亚非利亚一分，又亚默利加一分。 (All the earth under heaven is made by God. Today, the sages are divided into four parts.
6

One for Europa, one for Asia, one for Asia, one for Africa, and one for America. )The islands of Oceania, such as the Australia, New Zealand, the Palau islands, the social islands andthe Tahiti islands, are classified into Asia.
The chronicles of Si Zhou Zhi（《四洲志》）compiled by Lin Zexu（林则徐）only introduces morethan 30 countries on four continents, but does not mention the fifth continent. Although Wei Yuan（魏源）'s Hai Guo Tu Zhi（
《海国图志》）only mentions four continents in the general catalogue, its volume II,
the complete map of the front and back of the earth, states:
此墨瓦兰所寻得，得南极下地荒，杳无人物，与南默利加州之火地等为天下第五大州。 (This7

is what Magellan found。This is the fifth largest state in the world. )To sum up, Zhi Fang Wai Ji（《职方外纪》）and Hai Guo Tu Zhi（
《海国图志》）reflect the "fivecontinents" world view of Kun Yu Wan Guo Quan Tu（《坤舆万国全图》）. Only Sketch of theWorld（《全
地 万 国 纪 略 》） clearly describes the world view of the four continents, reflecting the different
understanding of human geography from other works.

II .Knowledge of Human Geography Introduced in Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪略》）
Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪略》）aims to spread the knowledge of human geography in theworld. Although the article does not belong to the name, its author can be clear that it is William
Milne(1785-1822) himself8 . From the beginning of April of Volume VI (1820) to the end of April ofVolume VII (1821), the series has 11 chapters in total, including two chapters of Volume VI on the countriesof Europa, three chapters of the countries of Asia, two chapters of the countries of Africa, one chapter ofVolume VII on the countries of American and two theories of the countries of South American. This seriesof articles was later compiled into a volume in the name of Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪略》）and5

同注 4，67 页。

6《察世俗每月统记传》第 6 卷，帙 15。

7

参见早稻田大学图书馆古典籍数据库藏《海国图志》卷三，18-19 页。

8邹振环，《西方传教士与晚清西史东渐》，上海古籍出版社，页 37。

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第 37 号（2020）

published in Malacca in 18229. The publication time and number of words of each chapter are shown in
the table below:
ColumnTitle

VolumeCountries of Europa
Countries of Europa

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

Countries of Asia
Countries of Asia
Countries of Asia
Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪略》）

Countries of Africa
Countries of Africa
Countries of American
Countries of American
Countries of SouthAmericanCountries of SouthAmerican777Publication
Date

Word
Number1820.04
1820.051177
1497

1820.06
1820.08

1526
2148

1820.091517

1820.101758

1820.111716

1820.121821.01

1210
1195

1821.022305

1821.03

1688

Form 1：Chapter catalogue of Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪略》）
In terms of content, it mainly introduces the geographicaloverview of the four continents, the main empires, kingdoms,
principalities, capitals, important cities, islands, islands, etc, as
well as the languages and politics used by other countries, andthe history and culture of some countries. In terms of style, theplace names in the annals of the nations are framed with "□",
which is easy to express.
Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪略》）divides thecountries and regions of the world into four categories:
country, land, island and archipelago. "State" means Empire,
Kingdom and principality, such as the state of 士未士耳蘭国10（Switzerland），那耳歪国（Norway），意大利亞国（Italia），巴法耳以亞国（Bavaria）. "land" means colony,

Chinese Monthly Magazine（《察世俗每月统记传》）Seventh Volume

such as 只利地（Chile），比路地（Peru），巴大我尼亚地
（Patagonia）. "island" refers to one island, such as 巴耳巴多士岛（Barbados）,安氐瓜岛9

卓南生著，张国良译：《新教在马六甲的传教和<察世俗每月统记传>的诞生》（载《新闻研究资料》

1992，第 1 期，页 179。
10

国家等对应的英文名称原文并无，为笔者考证所得，为方便读者对应古今地名而附。后文同此。

The Study On the Translation of Geographical Terms of Chinese Monthly Magazine（楊・王）143（Antigua），茶米加岛（Jamaica）."Islands" means islands such as “甲百非耳得各岛（Cape
Verde），拉得倫各岛（ladrone），扭加利多尼亞各岛（New Calidonia）.
Countries and regions with multiple translations are listed together. For example:
四、厄得耳蘭士、即何蘭國。其京曰：百耳五士勒士。此國舊京：曰亞麥士得耳大麥。11（"Fourth,
the kingdom of Horan. Its capital is 百耳五士勒士. The old capital of this country is called 亞麥士得耳
大麥. ）There are two parts in Countries of Europa. On the first part, it introduces the geographical situationof Europa, the names of 28 countries and their capitals, and the governments of various countries. It begins
with:有羅巴之人數約有一百五十兆口即約一萬五千萬人也有羅巴各國之名與每國京都之名今列于左。12（There are about 150 million people in the population of Europa, , and the names of the countriesof Europa and capitals are on the left. ）At the end of this paper, the government of 28 countries is discussed.
至論有羅巴列國之朝政、大概算之、則有君主二十八位。在其二十八位中、有三位稱皇帝者。
有十一位稱王者……且不論是王是君、都自有發政之。13（As for the government of the countries ofEuropa, roughly speaking, there are twenty-eight monarchs. Of the 28, three were called emperors. Thereare eleven kings.……And whether it's a king or a king, he has his own way. ）The second is about the introduction of the languages and genealogy of the Europa countries, theEuropean education system.
There are three parts in "on the Asian countries": on the first part, it introduces the geographicalsituation of Asia, the sixteen inland countries and their capitals; on the second part, it introduces 31 island
countries of Asia; on the third part, it introduces 4 islands, the politics and languages of Asian countries.
Countries of Africa（《论亚非利加列国》）is divided into two parts: on the first part, it introduces
the geographical situation of Africa, the 26 countries and capitals of East, West, South and North Africa;on the second part, it introduces the seven countries in the mainland, the 17 islands, the dynasties andlanguages of the countries.
There are two chapters in Countries of American（《论亚默利加列国》）, one is about the process ofColumbus's new exploration, the other is about the eight countries and their capitals in North American.
There are two chapters in Countries of South American（《论南亚默利加之列国》）. On one hand,
it introduces the geographical situation of South American, 11 dry land countries, their capitals and 12

11《察世俗每月统记传》第 6 卷，帙 15。

12《察世俗每月统记传》第 6 卷，帙 15。

13《察世俗每月统记传》第 6 卷，帙 17。

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islands; on the other hand, it introduces 17 islands, the government and language of the countries.
The history and culture of some countries in the Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪略》）, such as:
十三、其尼亞國。未聞其京之名。此國地好大、又出金、及象牙等物。英、荷蘭、佛郎西等國皆在乎此地有貿易之行。其尼亞分為前後二國、其省又多但未聞其實也。14（13、 The state of Chinia.
I don't know the name of its capital. The land of this country is so large that it produces gold and ivory.
Britain, Holland, Frances and other countries all care about the trade trip here. It is divided into two parts:
the former and the latter, and many provinces, but we're not sure.）
Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪略》）is published from 1820 to 1821, the chronicle of the nations
reflects the world geographical pattern roughly between 1807 and 1815.
二十八三得多馬士島。其周圍不過四十餘里，而為英國所治也。 （三得多馬士島.It's only
15

more than 40 miles around, and it's governed by Britain.）
The island of St. Thomas, that today is translated into 圣托马斯岛（Saint Thomas）discovered by
Columbus in 1493, it was first colonized by the Netherlands in 1657 and occupied by the Danes in 1666.
In 1807 ∼ 1815, it belonged to England for a short time, but soon returned to Denmark.

There are also some mistakes in t Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪略》）. Such as:
加拿大地。其地今分為上加拿大，與下加拿大。其上之京曰，貴百。其下之京曰，若耳革。”

16（Canada. It is divided into Upper Canada and Lower Canada. The capital of Upper Canada is 貴百. The

capital of Lower Canada is 若耳革. "）贵百, which is translated into 魁北克（Quebec）. It shall be the capital of Lower Canada. 若耳革,
which is translated into 译约克（York）17. It shall be the capital of Upper Canada.

III.The Translation Features of Geographical Terms in Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪略》）
There are 347 place names in it. Among them, there are 4 "continents", 125 "countries", 51"islands", 24 " archipelagoes", 16 "lands", 116 "capitals", 11 "cities" or "regions"18. Among them, there
are 39 regions that have several names in total, such as“波耳土加勒/西洋国”“士扁/大呂宋”“法蘭士/佛郎機”“厄得耳蘭士/何蘭”“氐畢/西藏”“西亞麥/暹羅”, etc.
269 Chinese characters are used in translation，see the table below for high frequency words：

14《察世俗每月统记传》第 6 卷，帙 56。

15《察世俗每月统记传》第 7 卷，帙 15。

16《察世俗每月统记传》第 7 卷，帙 1。

17

于 1834 年改称多伦多。

18

土耳其、俄罗斯亚洲与欧洲重复出现。部分国家与首都名称相同。如“尼百勒士”“得耳以波利”“丟尼士”“摩耳阿戈”等。

The Study On the Translation of Geographical Terms of Chinese Monthly Magazine（楊・王）ChineseCharacter

Frequency

ChineseCharacter

Frequency

ChineseCharacter

Frequency

ChineseCharacter

145

Frequency

耳

110

⼤

34

以、麦

25

阿

18

亚

88

马

32

多

23

⾰、比

15

⼠

73

百

30

三、勒

22

撒、⼽

13

利

42

尼

29

罗

21

38

拉

26

西、波

20

加、得、
巴

我、兰、
布
地

12
11

Form 2：High Frequency Character Table of Geographical Translation of Sketch of the World（
《全地万
国纪略》
）

Most of the translated words use common Chinese characters, among which only“瞣”and “挼”
aren’t common Chinese characters.
In addition to the place names that have appeared in the ancient books, William Milne (1785-1822)
translated the place names in the way of "using its sound", that is, to transfer the pronunciation of thesource language into the native language by means of sound transfer19. For example: 戶得孫士拜,today's translation of 哈德森湾（Hudson Bay）; 根士但顛阿百勒, today's translation of 君士坦丁堡（Constantinople）; 亞拉比亞, today's translation of 阿拉伯（Arabia）; 希印都士但, today's
translation of 印度（Hindustan）etc. In addition, most of the translated names appearing in Zhi Fang
Wai Ji（《职方外纪》）and Kun Yu Tu Shuo（《坤舆万国图说》）have not been used in Sketch of theWorld（《全地万国纪略》）.
波尔杜瓦尔→波耳土加勒

以西把尼亞→士扁 把理斯→巴耳以士谙厄利亚→應蘭得 西齐里亚→西色利

印弟亚→希印都士但Most of the translated names come from English, and a few from Spanish, Latin, Italian, Dutch,
Romanian, Portuguese and other languages. For example: 個寧士百耳革, from Königsberg of German,
now translated into 加里宁格勒; 百利士布耳革, from Pressburg of German, now translated into 布拉迪斯拉发(formerly known as 普莱斯堡); 得耳安西勒反以亞, from ransilvania of Romanian, now
translated into 特兰西瓦尼亚;波羅尼亞, from Polonia of Spanish, now translated into 波兰;巴大非,Bataafse of Dutch now translated into 雅加达.
The author investigates the correspondence between letters and correspondence between letters andChinese characters. Many corresponding rules can be found in 235 translations. For the previous 10 highfrequency Chinese characters, see the table below for high frequency words：

19

参见沈国威：《近代新词语中日词汇交流研究》，中华书局，2010 年，31 页。

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ChineseCorresponding

charactersletter

第 37 号（2020）

Examplesr

波耳⼟加勒（Portugal）、百耳五⼠勒⼠（Brussels）

er亞麥⼠得耳⼤麥（Amsterdam）、厄得耳蘭⼠（Netherlands）

亚a

⾰利⼠氐亞尼亞（Christinania）、布路西亞（Prussia）

⼠s扭希百耳以氐⼠（New Hebrides）、丟尼⼠（Tunis）

ri

⾰利⼠氐亞尼亞（Christinania）、加弗拉利亞（Kaffraria）

li

未⼠得法利亞（Westphalia）、腓利比因（Philippine）

ly

西⾊利（Sicily）、波利尼西亞（Polynesia）

ca

加勒古⼤（Calcutta）、扭加利多尼亞（New Calidonia）

ka

加布勒（Kabul）、加得滿都（Katmandu）

cca

默加（Mecca）、滿刺加（Malacca）

ga

波耳⼟加勒（Portugal）、馬⼤加⼠⾰耳（Madagascar）

d

馬得利得（Madrid）、應蘭得（England）

耳

利

加

得

巴
⼤
馬
百

t

亞麥⼠得耳⼤麥（Amsterdam）、比得耳⼠布耳⾰（Petersburg）

pa

有羅巴(Europa)、巴老⼠（Palaos）

ba

巴利（Bali）、巴耳加（Barca）

da

⼤耳夫耳（Darfur）、加拿⼤（Canada）

ta

意⼤利亞（Italia）、⼤希氐（Tahiti）

ma顛馬耳華（Denmark）、羅馬（Roma）b

百耳林（Berlin）、百耳亞西勒（Brazil）

p

尼百勒⼠（Naples）、帥百路⼠（Cyprus）
Form 3:Examples of Transliteration

William Milne (1785-1822) was born in Scotland in 1785 and speaks English with a Scottish
accent. Translation shows that there are some phonetic phenomena in the Chinese used by William Milne(1785-1822), such as the retroflex final, which was only found in the northern Mandarin at the end of
Qing Dynasty, such as“耳”to r、er. There is also a common phonetic phenomenon in southerndialects, most of which are translated into the back lingual consonant with jianxizi（见系字）, such as
其 to gui,古 to cu、gui,戈 to co、go,革 to ca、g、k、ch,见 to ca、ka、cca、ga. In the the middle
ancient times, there were a pair of velar nasal sound and a pair of zero initials, such as 我 to go，“三多明我”对 St.Domingo, but 五 to u,“百耳五士勒士”对 Brussels. At the same time, missionary
literature such as Robert Morrison (1782-1834)'s A Dictionary of the Chinese Language（《五车韵府》）
also shows similar phenomena. Although Robert Morrison (1782-1834) found the difference between the
Northern Mandarin and the Southern Mandarin, and pointed out that the Northern Mandarin was popular

The Study On the Translation of Geographical Terms of Chinese Monthly Magazine（楊・王）147

all over the country at that time, the phonological system of A Dictionary of the Chinese Language（《五车韵府》）showed that it used a kind of impure Mandarin with mixed characteristics of many dialects,
which was more inclined to the Southern Mandarin. William Milne (1785-1822) and Robert Morrison(1782-1834) worked together. They have the same understanding and attitude towards Mandarin
pronunciation. In addition, translation shows the same word corresponds to the non aspirated sound andaspirated sound at the same time, such as“得”to d、t，“大”to da、ta etc. because the aspirated
sound does not differ from the aspirated sound in English. This phenomenon also existed in the same
period of missionaries, such as Robert Morrison (1782-1834)'s A Dictionary of the Chinese Language（《五车韵府》）.
IV.The relationship between Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪略》）, Zhi Fang Wai Ji（《职方外纪》）and Kun Yu Tu Shuo（《坤舆万国图说》）about the records of the outside world
Compare their translations in Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪略》）,Zhi Fang Wai Ji（《职方外纪》）and Kun Yu Tu Shuo（《坤舆万国图说》）, there are 45 common translated place names, thecorresponding translated names are as follows:
Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪

Zhi Fang Wai Ji（《职方外

Kun Yu Tu Shuo（《坤舆万国图

略》）

纪》
）

说》
）

有羅巴

歐羅巴

歐羅巴

亞西亞

亞細亞

亞細亞

亞非利亞

利未亞/亚非利加

利未亚/亚非利加

南亞默利加

南亞默利加

南亞默利加

北亞默利加

北亞默利加

北亞默利加

波耳⼟加勒/西洋

波尔杜瓦尔

波尔杜瓦

⼠扁/⼤呂宋

以西把尼亞

以西把尼亚

法蘭⼠/佛郎機

拂郎察

拂郎察

巴耳以⼠

把理斯

把理斯

應蘭得/英吉利

谙厄利亞

谙厄利亞

⼠未點/瑞

雪际亞

雪际亞

顛馬耳華/黃旗國

⼤泥亞

⼤泥亞

那耳歪

诺⽽勿惹亞

诺⽽勿惹亞

波蘭得/波羅尼亞

波羅尼亞

波羅尼亞

阿⼠得耳以亞/者耳馬尼

亚勒马尼亞

热尔玛尼亞

⼟耳其/度爾格

度爾格

度爾格

西⾊利

西齐里亞

西齐里亞

意⼤利亞

意⼤里亞

意⼤里亞

羅馬

罗玛

罗玛

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尼百勒⼠

纳波里

纳波里

彼耳西亞

拜爾西亞

百⼉西亞

亞拉比亞/回回國回回/亚剌比亚回回

希印都⼠但/五印度

印弟亞/天竺/五印度

印第亞

巴拉麻/瓜哇

爪哇

爪哇

韃靼

韃⽽靼

韃⽽靼

滿刺加

滿刺加

滿刺加

中國

中國/⼤知纳

中國

小呂宋

呂宋

呂宋

美洛居

馬路古

⽊路各

巴布亞/扭其尼亞

新为匿亞

新为匿亞

牙瓦/咖喇吧爪哇爪哇

蘇門塔剌/亞齊

蘇門答剌

蘇門答剌

錫蘭/姓下拉

则意兰

则意兰

以⾄比多

⼊多

厄日多

摩耳阿⼽

马逻可

马逻可

腓⼠

弗沙

弗撒

公我

⼯鄂

⼯鄂

馬⼤加⼠⾰耳

圣老楞偌岛

圣老楞偌岛

⾰耳烟攔得

格落兰得

格落兰得

麥西⼽/新呂宋

墨是哥

墨是哥

比路

孛露

白露

只利

智加

智加

百耳亞西勒

伯西尔/苏⽊国

伯西尔/苏⽊国

茶米加

牙卖加

牙卖加

古巴

古巴

古巴

Form 3:The common translated place names of Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪略》）,Zhi Fang
Wai Ji（《职方外纪》）,Kun Yu Tu Shuo（《坤舆万国图说》）
As can be seen from the form, the translated names of Kun Yu Tu Shuo（《坤舆万国图说》）arebasically the same as those of Zhi Fang Wai Ji（《职方外纪》）, which is consistent with translation of
Kun Yu Wan Guo Quan Tu（《坤舆万国全图》）. However, the translation of Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪略》）is quite different from the two. Among them, only thess translated names are the same:
南亞默利加、北亞默利加、波羅尼亞、度爾格、回回、爪哇、中國、滿刺加、古巴.
The below words used are slightly different (the first Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪略》）,the second
Zhi Fang Wai Ji（《职方外纪》）or Kun Yu Tu Shuo（《坤舆万国图说》）):
有羅巴/歐羅巴 亞非利亞/亚非利加 佛郎機/拂郎察The Study On the Translation of Geographical Terms of Chinese Monthly Magazine（楊・王）149

羅馬/罗玛 彼耳西亞/拜爾西亞（百儿西亞） 蘇門塔剌/蘇門答剌Among them, 佛郎機 is a misnomer for Portugal of Huihui（回回）20, and it is possible for theauthor to misuse it as the translation of "France" in Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪略》.
Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪略》）basically abandoned the existing translations andtranslated some of the remaining translations at the same time, such as Poland translated into 波蘭得,not 波罗尼亚, Turkey translated into 土耳其,not 度爾格, Arabia translated into 亞拉比亞, not 回
回,Java translated into 牙瓦,not 爪哇. This shows that William Milne (1785-1822)seems to be willing toabandon the geographical translation system of his predecessors and hope to create his own system.

V. Conclusion
Through investigation, Sketch of the World（《全地万国纪略》）introduces 347 countries or regions,and the number of translated names is far more than the previous atlas and missionary geography works.
William Milne (1785-1822) tries to get rid of the shackles of the previous geographical translation systemand establish his own system. Its translation method is transliteration, and common Chinese characters areused. Through the analysis of the translated words, we can find that the Chinese they use shows thephonological characteristics of the northern Mandarin, and there are also phonetic phenomena of theSouthern dialect.

Reference：谢方 1991 《艾儒略及其<职方外纪>》，《中国历史博物馆馆刊》第 00 期。
(新)王慷鼎 1987 《新加坡华文报刊史论集》，新加坡新社。
[意]艾儒略原著、谢方校释 1996 《职方外纪校释》，中华书局。
邹振环 2000 《西方传教士与晚清西史东渐》，上海古籍出版社。
卓南生著 1992 张国良译：《新教在马六甲的传教和<察世俗每月统记传>的诞生》（载《新闻研究
资料》第 1 期。
胡浩宇 2006 《<察世俗每月统记传>刊载的科学知识述评》，《自然辩证法通讯》第 5 期。
卞浩宇 2016 《伦敦会传教士米怜在马六甲传教活动研究（1815-1822）》，基督宗教研究。

20

见京都大学附属图书馆藏《坤舆万国全图》
。

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或問太郎、『西学東漸の研究』，大阪：しずみ書房，2000 年 10-20 頁

Bennett, Adrian A. John Fryer: The Introduction of Western Science andTechnology into Nineteenth-century China. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press 1967.

（論文）
或問花子、「東学西漸の研究」，『或問』第 1 号，2000 年 2-15 頁

Fryer, John. “Scientific Terminology: Present Discrepancies and Means ofSecuring Uniformity.” Records of the General Conference of the ProtestantMissionaries of China Held at Shanghai, May 7-20, 1890, pp. 531-549.

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内田慶市（u_keiichi@mac.com）
沈 国威（shkky@kansai-u.ac.jp）