➨㻟㒊㻌 ➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ௨ᚋ䛾᪥㡑㛵ಀ䛾ᙧᡂ䛸ኚ໬㻌➨㻞❶㻌 እ஺㻌㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊䚸䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䚸㻌䛭䛧䛶㡑᪥እ஺㛵ಀ䛾ᵓ⠏㻌ᮤ㻌 ☒㻌 ♸㻌

Ϩ.ᡓ຾ᅜࡢᩋᡓᅜ㡿ᅵฎ⌮ࠊࡑࡢἲⓗ᰿ᣐ࡟ᑐࡍࡿၥ㢟ᥦ㉳ࠊࡑࡋ࡚㡿ᅵ⣮த஦௳࡛♧ࡉࢀࡿᅜ㝿ྖἲᶵ㛵ࡢἲ⌮ᅜ㝿ἲୖ䚸ᡓ᫬༨㡿ᅜ䛿⿕༨㡿ᅜ䛾㡿ᅵ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䛔䛛䛺䜛ᶒཎ䜒ᶒ㝈䜒ᣢ䛯䛺䛔䛯䜑䚸䛭䜜䜢᭱⤊ⓗ䛻ฎศ䛩䜛ᶒ㝈䛿䛺䛟䚸⿕༨㡿ᅜ㡿ᅵ䛾ᆅ఩䛿ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䛻䜘䛳䛶᭱⤊ⓗ䛻Ỵᐃ䛥䜜䜛䚹䜖䛘䛻ᡓ᫬༨㡿䛜☜❧䛧䛯䛸䛧䛶䜒䚸⿕༨㡿ᅜ䛾୺ᶒ䛜ἲⓗ䛻༨㡿ᅜ䛻ᙜ↛䛾䜘䛖䛻⛣㌿䛩䜛䛾䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸༨㡿ᙜᒁ䛿༨㡿ᆅ䛾⛛ᗎ⥔ᣢ䛸ᖹ࿴ᅇ᚟䛾䛯䜑ᚲせ䛺⾜Ⅽ䜢㐙⾜䛩䜛ᶒ㝈䛸ᡭẁ䜢ྲྀᚓ䛩䜛䛻㐣䛞䛺䛔䚹㻌䛧䛛䛧䚸ᡓ᫬༨㡿㌷䛾ᶒ㝈䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺ཎ๎ⓗ䛺⌮ゎ䛻䜒䛛䛛䜟䜙䛪䚸⌧ᐇ䛷䛾㐺⏝䛿␗䛺䜛䛒䜚᪉䜢♧䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛴䜎䜚䚸ᡓ຾ᅜ䛻䜘䜛ᩋᡓᅜ䛾㡿ᅵ䛾ฎศ⾜Ⅽ䛜஦ᐇୖ⾜䜟䜜䛶䛚䜚䚸䛭䛾⤖ᯝ䜒ᐇ㉁ⓗ䛻㐺ἲ䛺䜒䛾䛸䛧䛶ᐜㄆ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹➨୍ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ䛾ྠ┕ᅜ䠄Central Powers䠅䜔➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ䛾ᯡ㍈ᅜ䠄Axis Powers䠅䛾ᩋ໭௨ᚋ䚸୺せᡓ຾ᅜᐙ䛿ヱᙜᩋᡓᅜᐙ䛾㡿ᅵ䛻ᑐ䛧ඹྠ䛷ฎศᶒ䜢⾜౑䛧䛯䚹㻝㻥㻝㻥ᖺ䛸㻝㻥㻞㻜ᖺ䛻㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ጤဨ఍䠄Supreme Council of the Allied and AssociatedStates䠅䛻䜘䛳䛶᥇ᢥ䛥䜜䛯Ỵᐃ䛸䚸㻝㻥㻠㻟ᖺ䛸㻝㻥㻠㻡ᖺ䛾䝔䝦䝷䞁䚸䝲䝹䝍䚸䝫䝒䝎䝮䚸䛭䛧䛶௨ᚋ䛾እ┦఍㆟䛿䚸䛣䛖䛧䛯ฎศᶒ⾜౑䛾౛䛷䛒䜛䚹㻌䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺᪉ἲ䛾㡿ᅵฎศ䛾⤖ᯝ䛸䛧䛶㡿ᅵ䜢႙ኻ䛩䜛ᅜᐙ䛿䚸ヱᙜᆅᇦ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䛾㛵㐃つᐃ䛻䜘䛳䛶ᶒཎ䜢ᨺᲠ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛸䛺䜚䚸ᐇ㝿䛻䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺ሙྜ䛜㢖⦾䛻Ⓨ⏕䛧䛯䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸ヱᙜ㡿ᅵ䛾ᨺᲠᥐ⨨䛸䚸ᨺᲠ㡿ᅵ䜢᥋཰䛩䜛ᅜᐙ䛜ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䛾Ⓨຠ௨๓䛻୍⯡ⓗ䛻༨᭷䛧䛶䛔䜛䛛䛹䛖䛛䛻㛵ಀ䛺䛟䚸䛭䛾䜘䛖䛺ฎศ䛜㐺ἲ䛺䜒䛾䛸䜏䛺䛥䜜䛶䛝䛯័⾜䛿䚸ከ䛟䛾ἲⓗ䛺㆟ㄽ䛾వᆅ䜢ෆໟ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䜒䛱䜝䜣䛣䛖䛧䛯ฎศ䛺䛔䛧䛿ㆡΏᶒ㝈䛾Ꮡᅾ䛻䛴䛔䛶ᅜ㝿ἲᏛ⪅䛿ㄆᐃ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛜䚸䛭䛾䜘䛖䛺ᶒ㝈䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾‶㊊䛺ἲⓗ᰿ᣐ䛾ᥦ♧䜔ྠព䛿䚸㞴㛵䛻㐂╔䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹୍㒊䛿䚸ᅜ㝿♫఍䛜䛭䛾䜘䛖䛺ᶒ㝈䜢୺せᅜᐙ䛒䜛䛔䛿ᙉ኱ᅜ䛻ጤ௵䛧䛯䛸䛔䛖᥎ᐃ䛾䜒䛸䛻䚸ᨻ἞ⓗ⌧ᐇ䛜ἲⓗ䛺ᙧែ䛻ᙧ䜢ኚ䛘䛯䜒䛾䛸୺ᙇ䛩䜛㻝䚹㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻝㻌 ୺せᅜᐙ䛻䜘䜛ඹྠỴᐃ䛻䜘䜛ฎศ䠄Disposition by Joint Decision of the Principal Powers䠅䛻ゝཬ䛥䜜䛯
Brownlieᩍᤵ䛾ヱᙜ୺ᙇ䛾ཎᩥ䛿ḟ䛾㏻䜚䛷䛒䜛䚹(“After the defeat of the Central Powers in the First World
War, and the Axis Powers in the Second World War, the leading victor states assumed a power of disposition, tobe exercised jointly, over the territory of the defeated states. In the years 1919 and 1920 decisions were taken by
the Supreme Council of the Allied and Associated States; 1943 and 1945 by meetings of leaders at Tehran, Yalta,
and Potsdam, and subsequently by meetings of Foreign Ministers. States losing territory as a consequence of319㻌㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊䚸䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䚸䛭䛧䛶㡑᪥እ஺㛵ಀ䛾ᵓ⠏㻌ၥ㢟䛿䚸ᡓ຾ᅜ䛜ᩋᡓᅜ䛾㡿ᅵ䛾ฎศ⾜Ⅽ䜢䛩䜛䛻䛒䛯䜚䚸ヱᙜฎศ㡿ᅵ䜈䛾ᶒཎ䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䛔䜛㛵㐃ᙜ஦ᅜ㛫䛾Ṕྐⓗ䛺฼ᐖ㛵ಀ䜢䜎䛳䛯䛟⪃៖䛧䛺䛔័⾜䜢ぢ䛫䛶䛔䜛䛸䛔䛖䛸䛣䜝䛻䛒䜛䚹୍౛䛸䛧䛶䚸ⅉྎ௰⿢䠄Lighthouses Arbitration 䠄Fr. v. Greece䠅䠅஦௳䛻䛚䛔䛶ᖖタ௰⿢⿢ุᡤ䠄PCA䠅䛿䚸䝻䞁䝗䞁᮲⣙➨㻡᮲䛷㐃ྜᅜ䛻ฎศ䛜ጤ௵䛥䜜䛯䜶䞊䝀ᾏୖ䛻఩⨨䛩䜛඲䛶䛾䜸䝖䝬䞁ᓥᕋ䜢ฎศ䛩䜛ᶒ㝈䛾⾜౑䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸㐃ྜᅜ䛜௨๓䛻㡿ᅵ䜢๤ዣ䛥䜜䛯ᅜᐙ䛾Ṕྐⓗᶒ฼䜢⪃៖䛧䛯䛸䛔䛖ドᣐ䛜䛺䛔䛣䛸䜢䛭䛾Ỵᐃ䜢㏻䛨䛶♧䛧䛶䛔䜛㻞䚹㻌䛣䜜䛸ྠᵝ䛻䚸㡿ᅵ⣮த䛻㛵䛩䜛஦௳䛾ゎỴ䛷䚸ICJ䠄ᅜ㝿ྖἲ⿢ุᡤ䠖International Court ofJustice䠅䛜௦⾲䛩䜛ᅜ㝿ྖἲᶵ㛵䛿᪤Ꮡ䛾ఏ⤫ⓗ䛺䛂㡿ᅵྲྀᚓ䛻㛵䛩䜛ᅜ㝿ἲ䛾୍⯡ཎ๎䛃䛸䛿␗䛺䜛ἲ⌮䜢♧䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹≉䛻䚸᭱㏆䛾ุ౛䛺䛹䜢㏻䛨䛶ICJ䛜ᑟ䛝ฟ䛧䛯᭱䜒௦⾲ⓗ䛺ἲ⌮䛾୍䛴䛿䚸㡿᭷ᶒ⣮த䛾ゎỴ䛷䚸ᙜ᫬⣮தᆅᇦ䜢ᨭ㓄䛧䚸ᐇ㉁ⓗ䛺㡿ᅵฎศ䛾ᶒ㝈䜢⾜౑䛧䛶䛔䛯ᖇᅜ୺⩏ᅜᐙ䛾Ỵᐃ䜔䚸䛭䛾䜘䛖䛺Ỵᐃ䛜཯ᫎ䛥䜜䛯᮲⣙䛾ゎ㔘䛚䜘䜃㐺⏝䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸⤯ᑐⓗ䛺ドᣐ⬟ຊ䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䛔䜛䛸ホ౯䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸㆟ㄽ䛾వᆅ䛜኱䛝䛔Ṕྐⓗ䛺ྐᩱ䛾ド៰ຊ䜢ྰᐃ䛧⥆䛡䜛❧ሙ䜢ሀᣢ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛸䛔䛖஦ᐇ䛷䛒䜛㻟䚹㻌㡿ᅵ⣮த䛻㛵䛩䜛᭱㏆䛾ุ౛䜢㏻䛧䛶♧䛥䜜䜛䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺ᅜ㝿ྖἲᶵ㛵䛾㡿ᅵ⣮த䛸䚸䛔䜟䜖䜛䛂᳜Ẹᆅၥ㢟䠄Colonial Question䠅䛃䛻ᑐ䛩䜛⬺Ṕྐㄆ㆑ⓗ䚸ᶵ⬟୺⩏ⓗ䚸䛭䛧䛶౽ᐅ୺⩏ⓗ䛺ἲ⌮䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸⤖ᯝⓗ䛻䛭䛾ἲ⌮㐺⏝䛾ᘢᐖ䛻┤᥋ⓗ䛻ᙳ㡪䜢ཷ䛡䜛᳜Ẹᆅ⤒㦂䛛䜙⬺䛧䛯᪂⏕⊂❧ᅜᐙ䛿䚸ྖἲⓗᖇᅜ୺⩏䛾౵ዣ䛸䛔䛖ᚠ⎔䛻┤㠃䛩䜛䚹㻌䛣䛖䛧䛶ぢ䜛䛸䚸⣮தᙜ஦ᅜ䛾Ṕྐ䛾๓ẁ㝵䜢⪃៖䛧䛺䛡䜜䜀䛭䜜䜙䛾⌧ᅾ䛾ᶒ฼䛜㐺ษ䛻ホ౯䛷䛝䛺䛔䛸୺ᙇ䛧䚸඲య䛾Ṕྐⓗᩥ⬦䛻ᙜ↛䛾౯್䜢௜୚䛧䛺䛔䛣䛸䛻䜘䜚䚸ICJ䛿ἲⓗ䛻ㄝᚓຊ䛒䜛᪉ἲ䛷⣮த䜢ゎỴ䛩䜛䛯䜑䛾⠊ᅖ䜢୙ᚲせ䛻⊃䜑䜛⤖ᯝ䜢ᣍ䛔䛯䛸୺ᙇ䛧䛯䛂䜹䝍䞊䝹䛸䝞䞊䝺䞊䞁㛫䛾ᾏὒቃ⏺䛚䜘䜃㡿ᅵ⣮த䛻㛵䛩䜛஦௳䛃䛷䛾䜽䞊䜲䝬䞁䝇䠄Kooijmans䠅⿢ุᐁ䛾ಶูពぢ㻠䛸䚸᳜Ẹᆅ᫬௦䛾ᐖᝏⓗ㑇⏘䛾ㄆᐃ䛸ㄆ㆑䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾෌⪃䜢ồ䜑䛯䛂䜹䝯䝹䞊䞁䛸䝘䜲䝆䜵䝸䜰㛫䛾㡿ᅵ⣮த஦௳䛃䛾䝷䞁䝆䜵䞂䜯䠄Ranjeva䠅⿢ุᐁ䛾ಶูពぢ㻡㻌 㻢䛺䛹䛿䚸ᡓ຾ᅜ䛾ᩋᡓᅜ㡿ᅵฎ⌮䛾ἲⓗ᰿ᣐ䜈䛾㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌

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dispositions in this wise might, and often did, renounce title by the provisions of a peace treaty to the areas
concerned, but the dispositions were assumed to be valid irrespective of such renunciation and the recipients wereusually in possession prior to the coming into force of a peace treaty. The existence of this power of disposition orassignment is recognized by jurists, but they find it difficult to suggest, or to agree upon, a satisfactory legal basis
for it. Some translate political realities into legal forms by supposing that the community of states has delegatedsuch a power to the ‘principal’ or ‘great’ powers. …”) Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law(2003), pp.130-1㻌
See, Lighthouses Arbitration (Fr. v. Greece), 23 I.L.R. 659 (Perm. Ct. Arb. 1956)⤖ᯝⓗ䛻᪂⏕⊂❧ᅜᐙ䛜㛵㐃䛩䜛㡿ᅵ⣮த䛾ゎỴ䛾䛯䜑䚸䛣䜜䜙䛾ᆅᇦ䛚䜘䜃⣮தᅜᐙ䜢᳜Ẹᨭ㓄䛧䛶䛔䛯㐣ཤ䛾ᖇᅜ୺⩏ᅜᐙ䛾↓ᕪู䛺㡿ᅵᣑᙇ䛾䛯䜑䛾ᑓᶓ䜢↓ᢈุ䛻ཷ䛡ධ䜜䛶䛔䛯ICJ䜢䛿䛨䜑䛸䛩䜛ᅜ㝿ྖἲᶵ㛵䛾䛣䛖䛧䛯ἲ⌮䛿䚸ṧ㓞䛺᳜Ẹᆅ᫬௦䛾᚟ά䛸䛔䛖ᢈุ䜢࿧䜃㉳䛣䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹እᅜ䛷䜒ᅜ㝿ἲୖ䝶䞊䝻䝑䝟୰ᚰ୺⩏ⓗ䛺ᖇᅜ୺⩏䛾ඞ᭹ၥ㢟䛻⤯䛘䛪ၥ㢟ᥦ㉳䛜⾜䜟䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䛭䛾᭱䜒௦⾲ⓗ䛺ᩥ⊩䛸䛧䛶䚸
Antony Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law (2005)ཧ↷䚹ヱᙜุỴᩥ䛾ཎᩥ䛿ḟ䛾㏻䜚䚹“[Only] by taking into account the full spectrum of the Parties’ history, can theirpresent rights be properly evaluated. By not giving the full historical context its due, however, the Court has …
unnecessarily curtailed its scope for settling the dispute in a persuasive and legally convincing way.” Case
concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain), 2001
I.C.J. 40 (Mar. 16), Kooijmans, J., sep. op., para.4ヱᙜุỴᩥ䛾ཎᩥ䛿ḟ䛾㏻䜚䚹“The inequality and denial of rights inherent in colonial practice in relation to …
colonies is currently recognized as an elementary truth; there is a resultant duty to memorialize these injustices320㻌➨㻟㒊㻌 ➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ௨ᚋ䛾᪥㡑㛵ಀ䛾ᙧᡂ䛸ኚ໬㻌➨㻞❶㻌 እ஺㻌ၥ㢟ᥦ㉳䛜ᣢ䛴ᙜⅭᛶ䜢♧䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛭䛧䛶⬺᳜Ẹ୺⩏䛾ᵓᅗ䛷ゝཬ䛥䜜䛯䜒䛾䛷䛿䛒䜛䛜䚸䛂す㒊䝃䝝䝷勧告ពぢ䛃䛷䝕䜱䝷䞊䝗㻔Dillard㻕⿢ุᐁ䛜䚸䛂ேẸ䛜㡿ᅵ䛾㐠࿨䜢Ỵᐃ䛩䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜚䚸㡿ᅵ䛜ேẸ䛾㐠࿨䜢Ỵᐃ䛩䜛䛾䛷䛿䛺䛔䛃㻣䛸ㄝ◚䛧䛯䛾䜒ྠᵝ䛷䛒䜛䚹㻌᭱㏆䛾䛂䝬䝺䞊䝅䜰䛸䝅䞁䜺䝫䞊䝹㛫䛾䝨䝗䝷䞉䝤䝷䞁䜹䠋䝥䝷䜴䞉䝞䝒䞉䝥䝔䞊䚸䝭䝗䝹䞉䝻䝑䜽䚸䛭䛧䛶䝃䜴䝇䞉䝺䝑䝆䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾୺ᶒ⣮த஦௳䛃䛷䛿䚸ุỴ⮬య䜘䜚ಶูᐉゝ䛻䜘䛳䛶ᙉㄪ䛥䜜䛯Ṕྐᢈุⓗ䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䠄Historical Criticism Approach䠅䛾ゝཬ㻤䛾᪉䛜༳㇟ⓗ䛷䛒䜚䚸᳜ẸΎ⟬䛸䛔䛖࿨㢟䛾ᅜ㝿ἲⓗㄆ㆑䛻ᑐ䛧䛶㠀ᖖ䛻኱䛝䛺♧၀䜢୚䛘䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹㻌௚⪅ほᛕ䛻❧⬮䛧䛯䝶䞊䝻䝑䝟୰ᚰⓗ䛺ᐇド୺⩏䛾⌧௦ᅜ㝿ἲ䛾ㄆ㆑䛻ᑐᢠ䛧䛶䚸䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺Ṕྐᢈุⓗ䛺ㄆ㆑䛜䛹䛾⛬ᗘᶵ⬟䛩䜛䛛䛸䛔䛖ㄢ㢟䛿䚸ᡓ຾ᅜ䛾ᩋᡓᅜ㡿ᅵฎ⌮䛷䛾ᨻົⓗ䛺౽ᐅᛶ䛾⪃៖䛸℃⏝䛾⤖ᯝ䜒䛯䜙䛥䜜䛯䚸⌧ᅾ䛾㡿ᅵ⣮த஦౛䛾ゎỴἲ䛾ㅮ✲䛻┤⤖䛩䜛㔜せ䛺ၥ㢟䛷䛒䜛䚹㻌䛣䛖䛧䛯ᡓ຾ᅜ䛾ᩋᡓᅜ㡿ᅵฎ⌮䛻䛚䛡䜛ᨻົⓗ䛺౽ᐅᛶ䛾⪃៖䛚䜘䜃℃⏝䛿䚸➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ௨ᚋ䛾⡿ᅜ䜢䛿䛨䜑䛸䛩䜛㐃ྜᅜ䛜ᩋᡓᅜ᪥ᮏ䛾㡿ᅵ䜢ฎ⌮䛩䜛㐣⛬䛷ඞ᫂䛻෌₇䛥䜜䚸䛭䛾ᐇయⓗ䛺వἼ䛜⌧ᅾ䛻䜎䛷ཬ䜣䛷䛔䜛䛣䛸䜢⌮ゎ䛥䛫䜙䜜䜛䚹≉䛻䚸ᩋᡓᅜ᪥ᮏ䛾ᡓᚋ㡿ᅵฎ⌮㐣⛬䛷᫂䜛䜏䛻ฟ䛯᪥ᮏ䛾ᅛ᭷㡿ᅵ䛸᪥ᮏ䛜ᖇᅜ୺⩏ⓗ䛺㡿ᅵ⭾ᙇ㐣⛬䛷౵ዣ䛧䛯㡿ᅵ䛸䛾᫂☜䛺༊ศ䛸ฎ⌮䛸䛔䛖ㄢ㢟䛜୺せᡓ຾ᅜ㛫䛾฼ᐖ㛵ಀ䛸ᨻົⓗ䛺౽ᐅᛶ䛻䜘䛳䛶ᦆ䛺䜟䜜䛶䛔䛯䛸䛔䛖஦ᐇ䛿䚸ἲⓗ᰿ᣐ⮬య䛜ㄽ㆟䛾ᑐ㇟䛸䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛ᡓ຾ᅜ䛾ᩋᡓᅜ㡿ᅵฎ⌮䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ᶒ㝈ၥ㢟䜢䛥䜙䛻␲ၥど䛥䛫䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌
ḟ䛷䛿䚸㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊䠄Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers䚸௨ୗ䛂SCAP䛃䠅㻥䛾᪥ᮏ⤫἞㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌and at the same time to acknowledge an historical fact.” Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary
between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening), 2002 I.C.J. 303 (Oct. 10),
Ranjeva, J., sep. op., para.3㻢㻌 䝘䜲䝆䜵䝸䜰䛾䝆䝵䝇኱ᏛἲᏛ㒊䝎䜹䝇䞉䝅䞊䝆䜵䜲䞉䝎䜹䝇ᩍᤵ(Dakas CJ Dakas, Department of International
Law & Jurisprudence, Faculty of Law, University of Jos, Nigeria)䛿䚸䛂᳜Ẹ୺⩏䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ᑂၥ㻦㻌 䝞䜹䝅䚸᳜Ẹ୺⩏㈐௵䚸䛭䛧䛶ษᐇ䛺䝶䞊䝻䝑䝟୰ᚰ୺⩏ⓗ䛺ᅜ㝿ἲ䛾ᝏ⏝ᡴ◚(Interrogating Colonialism: Bakassi, Colonial
Responsibility and the Imperative of Exorcising the Ghost of Eurocentric International Law)”䛸䛔䛖ㄽᩥ䛷䚸㻞㻜㻜㻞ᖺ䜹䝯䝹䞊䞁䛸䝘䜲䝆䜵䝸䜰㛫䛾஦௳㻔id.㻕䛻䛴䛔䛶ᙉ䛟ᢈุ䛧䚸ྠุỴ䜢㏻䛨䛶䛛䛘䛳䛶ICJ䛜᳜Ẹ୺⩏⪅䛜᳜Ẹᆅ⤒Ⴀ䛾≛≅⪅䛯䛱䜢✜೺䛺ែᗘ䛷ㄆ㆑䛧䛶ฎ⌮䛧䛶䛔䛯グ᠈䜢ႏ㉳䛥䛫䛯䛸୺ᙇ䛧䛯䚹䜰䝹㻙䝝䝃䜴䝛䠄Al-Khasawneh䠅ุ஦䛜ྠ஦௳䛷䜘䛟ᣦ᦬䛧䛯䜘䛖䛻䚸ICJ䛾䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䛿䛂᫂ⓑ䛻௚⪅ほᛕ䛻ᇶ䛵䛔䛯䝶䞊䝻䝑䝟୰ᚰⓗ䛺ᅜ㝿ἲᴫᛕ䛻᰿ᣐ䛃䛧䛶䛔䜛䛸ᢈุ䛧䛯䚹ྠㄽᩥ䛿䛂⊂ᓥ䠖Ṕྐⓗㄆ㆑䛸ᅜ㝿ἲⓗṇ⩏(Dokdo:
Historical Appraisal and International Justice)䛃ோⲴ኱Ꮫᰯ䠉ᮾ໭ளṔྐ㈈ᅋඹྠ୺ദୡ⏺☒Ꮫᣍㄳᅜ㝿Ꮫ⾡኱఍䠄2008.11.17-19䠅䛷Ⓨ⾲䛥䜜䛯䚹㻣ヱᙜุỴᩥ䛾ཎᩥ䛿ḟ䛾㏻䜚䚹“It is for the people to determine the destiny of [a] territory and not [a] territory
the destiny of the people.” す㒊䝃䝝䝷䛻ᑐ䛩䜛່࿌ពぢ(Advisory Opinion on the Status of Western Sahara,
1975 I.C.J. 12 (Oct. 16)), Dillard, J., sep. op., p.122㻤䝬䝺䞊䝅䜰䛸䝅䞁䜺䝫䞊䝹㛫䛾䝨䝗䝷䞉䝤䝷䞁䜹㻛䝥䝷䜴䞉䝞䝒䞉䝥䝔䞊䚸䝭䝗䝹䞉䝻䝑䜽䚸䛭䛧䛶䝃䜴䝇䞉䝺䝑䝆䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾୺ᶒ⣮த஦௳(Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/
Singapore)) (http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/130/14492.pdf?PHPSESSID=0abb63720e4bc89f1bf9939f68900
71c); Declaration of Judge Ranjeva (http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/130/14493.pdf); Summary of the
Judgment of 23 May 2008 (http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/130/14506.pdf) 䛺䛹ཧ↷䚹(ゼၥ᪥䠖2009-08-20)
䝷䞁䝆䜵䞂䜯⿢ุᐁ䛿஦ᐇ㛵ಀ䛾ゎ㔘䛻䛚䛔䛶ᙼ䜙䛾⌧ᅾ䛾ᨻ἞ⓗ䚸ἲⓗྵព䜈䛾Ṕྐᢈุⓗ䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䜢⪃៖䛧䛺䛔≧ែ䛷ุỴ䛜ฟ䛯䛸ᢈุ䛧䛯䚹ཎᩥ䛿ḟ䛾㏻䜚䚹(“Judgment came to this conclusion through a
failure to take account of the historical criticism approach in interpreting the facts in their contemporary politicaland legal context.”) Summary of the Judgment of 23 May 2008, id., Annex to Summary 2008/1, p.1
㻥
SCAP䛾ᶵ⬟䚸ᵓ㐀䚸䛭䛧䛶ホ౯䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿୍⯡ⓗ䛻 Eiji Takemae, Inside GHQ: The Allied Occupation ofJapan and its Legacy (2002)ཧ↷䚹

321㻌

㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊䚸䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䚸䛭䛧䛶㡑᪥እ஺㛵ಀ䛾ᵓ⠏㻌䛸䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䠄San Francisco Peace Treaty with Japan of 1951䠅㻝㻜䛾⥾⤖㐣⛬䛷᫂䜙䛛䛻䛺䛳䛯ᮾ䜰䝆䜰㡿ᅵฎ⌮ၥ㢟䛾┦஫㐃㛵ᛶ䜢୰ᚰ䛻䚸⡿ᅜ䜢䛿䛨䜑䛸䛩䜛୺せᡓ຾ᅜ䛾ᩋᡓᅜ᪥ᮏ䛾㡿ᅵฎ⌮㐣⛬䛾ၥ㢟Ⅼ䜢ᣦ᦬䛧䚸᪥㡑እ஺㛵ಀ䛾ᙧᡂ䛻䛚䛡䜛䛭䛾⌧௦ⓗព࿡䜢═ᮃ䛩䜛䚹㻌

ϩ.㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊ࠊࢧࣥࣇࣛࣥࢩࢫࢥᖹ࿴᮲⣙ࠊࡑࡋ࡚㡿ᅵฎ⌮㐣⛬࡬ࡢၥ㢟ᥦ㉳➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ௨ᚋᡓ຾ᅜ䛸ᩋᡓᅜ䛷䛒䜛᪥ᮏ䛸䛾㛫䛻㻝㻥㻡㻝ᖺ㻥᭶㻤᪥⥾⤖䛥䜜䛯䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䛿䚸ᩋᡓ᪥ᮏ䛾ᅜᐙᛶ䜢Ỵᐃ䛩䜛ᇶᮏⓗ䛺ἲⓗ⿦⨨䜢ᥦ౪䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䜎䛯䚸ྠ᮲⣙䛿䚸ᩋᡓᅜ᪥ᮏ䛸᪥ᮏ䛾᳜Ẹᆅ䛛䜙⊂❧䛧䛯ᅜᐙ䛸䛾㛵ಀタᐃ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒䚸ᇶᮏⓗ䛺⌮ゎ䛾ᵓᅗ䜢ᥦ౪䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹ྠ᮲⣙⥾⤖䛾஺΅㐣⛬䛷᫂䜙䛛䛻䛺䛳䛯ᡓ຾ᅜ䛾ᩋᡓᅜฎ⌮䛻㛵䛩䜛୍⯡ⓗ䛺ᠱ᱌䚸䛩䛺䜟䛱䚸㡿ᅵ䚸ேᶒ䚸ㄳồᶒ䚸㛵㐃ᅜᐙ䛸䛾ᅜ஺ṇᖖ໬ၥ㢟䛺䛹䛿䚸ྠ᮲⣙䜢㏻䛨䛶ᡓᚋ᪥ᮏ䛾ᅜᐙᛶ䛜ᙧᡂ䚸ᒎ㛤䛥䜜䛶䛔䛟㐣⛬䛸䚸ᡓᚋ᪥㡑㛵ಀ䛾☜ᐃ䛻䛛䛺䜚䛾ᙳ㡪䜢୚䛘䜛䛣䛸䛸䛺䜛䚹㻌䛥䜎䛦䜎䛺ᠱ᱌䛾䛖䛱䚸SCAP䛸䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䜢୰ᚰ䛻ᩋᡓᅜ᪥ᮏ䛾㡿ᅵฎ⌮㐣⛬䜢᳨ウ䛩䜛䛸䚸➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ௨ᚋ⡿ᅜ䜢䛿䛨䜑䛸䛩䜛㐃ྜᅜ䛜ᩋᡓᅜ᪥ᮏ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶ྲྀ䛳䛯ᥐ⨨䛾ἲⓗṇᙜᛶ䛸䛸䜒䛻䚸䛭䛾⌧௦ⓗྵព䜢⌮ゎ䛷䛝䜛䚹㻌

㸯.㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊ࠊᩋᡓᅜ᪥ᮏࡢᡓத㈐௵ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔࡟ṧࡉࢀࡓ㑇⏘᪥ᮏே䛾኱㒊ศ䛾ሙྜ䛿䚸ᙼ䜙䛜䠷䜰䝆䜰䠹䛻ṧ䛧䛶䛝䛯䛛䜒䛧䜜䛺䛔៮ᝏ䛾㑇⏘䛻䛴䛔䛶䛺䜣䜙ᴫᛕ䛜䛺䛔䛸ゝ䛘䜛䚹୓୍⚾䛜௚䛾ⱥᅜᐁ൉䜙䛸ྠᵝ䛻䛭䛾䜘䛖䛺䛣䛸䛻䛴䛔䛶㏙䜉䜛䛺䜙䜀䚸䛚䛭䜙䛟ᡃ䚻䛜䛖䛭䜢䛴䛔䛶䛔䜛䛸⪃䛘䜛䛰䜝䛖㻝㻝䚹㻌㻌㻝㻥㻠㻟ᖺ⡿ᅜᅜົ┬ചୗ䛻ᮾ䜰䝆䜰ᢸᙜ㒊⨫㛫ᆅᇦጤဨ఍䠄The Inter-Divisional Area Committee on
the Far East䠅䛜⤖ᡂ䛥䜜䚸ᡓᚋᩋᡓ᪥ᮏ䛾ㅖ⯡஦㡯䜢㆟ㄽ䛩䜛㐣⛬䛷♧䛥䜜䛯⡿ᅜ䛾ᐋ࿴ⓗ䛺ᑐ᪥ᨻ⟇䛿䚸ᩋᡓ᪥ᮏ䛾㡿ᅵฎ⌮㐣⛬䛷䜒౛እ䛺䛟ඞ᫂䛻⾲ฟ䛥䜜䛯䚹䛣䛖䛧䛯⡿ᅜ䛾ᑐ᪥ᐋ࿴ᨻ⟇䛿䚸㐃ྜᅜෆ䛷䜒㢖⦾䛻ᢈุ䛾ᑐ㇟䛸䛺䛳䛯䚹㻌᪥ᮏᖇᅜ୺⩏䛾ᘢᐖ䛷ⱞ䛧䜣䛷䛝䛯᪥ᮏ䛾᳜Ẹᆅ䛛䜙⊂❧䛧䛯ᅜᐙ䛜䚸᪥ᮏ䛻ᑐ䛧䛹䜣䛺ឤ᝟䜢⛎
䜑䛶䛔䜛䛛䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾ᡂ⇍䛧䛯ⱞᝎ䛜Ḟ䛡䛶䛔䛯⡿ᅜ䛾ᨻ⟇䛿䚸Ṕྐⓗㄆ㆑䛾Ḟዴ䛸ᅜ㝿ἲⓗṇ⩏䛾୙ᅾ䜢≀ㄒ䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹᪥ᮏ䛜ᖇᅜ୺⩏䚸౵␎ᅜᐙ䛸䛧䛶䚸䜎䛯ᩋᡓᅜ䛸䛧䛶ᙜ↛⪏䛘ᚸ䜆䜉䛝ἲⓗ䚸㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻝㻜㻝㻝

3 U.S.T. 3169; 136 U.N.T.S. 45
Harry N. Scheiber, “Taking Responsibility: Moral and Historical Perspectives on the Japanese War-Reparations
Issues”, 20 Berkeley J. Int'l L. 233 (2002), p.247. ᪥ᮏ㥔ᅾⱥᅜ㐃⤡஦ົᡤ(U.K. Liaison Mission in Japan)䛻
໅ົ䛧䛶䛔䛯George Clutton䛾1951ᖺ10᭶䝻䞁䝗䞁䜈䛾ሗ࿌㟁ᩥ䛻཰㘓䛥䜜䛯ෆᐜ(Clutton, Despatch No., 332,
Oct. 2,1951, FJ102.77/6, KU.K. Public Records Office, Kew)䛷䚸ཎᩥ䛿ḟ䛾㏻䜚䚹(“I can only say that the
majority of Japanese have no idea of the legacy of hatred they may have left behind them in South East Asia andthat if I, or any other British official, were to tell them of it, we should probably be thought to be lying …”)322㻌➨㻟㒊㻌 ➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ௨ᚋ䛾᪥㡑㛵ಀ䛾ᙧᡂ䛸ኚ໬㻌➨㻞❶㻌 እ஺㻌⢭⚄ⓗ䚸㐨ᚨⓗ㈇മ䜈䛾㓄៖䛿䚸᳜Ẹᆅ䛾ᘢᐖ䛾ⱞ③䛛䜙⬺䛧䛯ከ䛟䛾ヱᙜᆅᇦ䛾ᅜᐙ䛻䚸Ṕྐⓗㄆ㆑䛸ᅜ㝿ἲⓗṇ⩏䛾๤ዣឤ䛸႙ኻឤ䜢㔞⏘䛥䛫䜛䛣䛸䛸䛺䛳䛯䚹㻌䝶䞊䝻䝑䝟䛷ᡓᚋ♧䛥䜜䛯⨥ᝏ䛸⻅⾜䛾ㄆᐃ䛸䛭䛾㐣ㄗ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾㈐௵䛜䚸ᮾ䜰䝆䜰ᆅᇦ䛷෌₇䛥䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛿䚸ᡓᚋฎ⌮㐣⛬䛻䛚䛔䛶⡿ᅜ䜢䛿䛨䜑䛸䛩䜛ᡓ຾ᅜ䛷䛒䜛㐃ྜᅜ䛾ᙺ๭䛻㉳ᅉ䛩䜛䛸䛣䜝䛜኱䛝䛔䚹䛴䜎䜚䚸⡿ᅜ䛿᪥ᮏ䛜⮬䜙䛾ᡓத≢⨥䛸䛭䛾㈐௵ၥ㢟䜢ᅇ㑊䛩䜛䛾䛻୍ᐃ䛾ᙺ๭䜢ᯝ䛯䛩䛣䛸䛷䚸᪥ᮏ䛾Ṕྐⓗグ᠈႙ኻ䛾୍ຓ䛸䛺䛳䛯䛾䛷䛒䜛㻝㻞䚹ㄳồᶒ䛚䜘䜃㈺ൾၥ㢟䛻㛵䛧䛶䚸䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䛜ᩋᡓᅜ᪥ᮏ䛻ᑐ䛧ᴟᗘ䛻ᐶ኱䛷䠄extraordinarily generous䠅䚸㠀ᠬ⨩ⓗ䛺
䠄non-punitive䠅ᛶ᱁䜢ᣢ䛳䛯⫼ᬒ䛻䜒䚸⡿ᅜ䛾ᙺ๭䛜Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛㻝㻟䚹㻌⤖ᯝⓗ䛻䚸䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䛾⥾⤖๓䛻ᙧᡂ䛥䜜䛯㐃ྜᅜ䛸᪥ᮏ䛸䛾㛵ಀྐ䠄the history ofAllied-Japanese relations䠅䛜᫂☜䛻䛺䛳䛶䛿䛨䜑䛶䚸ᡓᚋᩋᡓ᪥ᮏ䛸᳜Ẹᆅ⊂❧ᅜᐙ䛸䛾㛵ಀタᐃ䛚䜘䜃┦஫㛫䛻Ꮡᅾ䛧䛶䛔䜛ᠱ᱌䛾ฎ⌮䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾ゎỴἲ䜢ᥦ౪䛷䛝䜛䚹㻌㻝㻥㻠㻡ᖺ㻤᭶㻝㻡᪥䛾᪥ᮏ䛾↓᮲௳㝆అᐉゝ䛻⥆䛝䚸㻝㻥㻠㻡ᖺ㻥᭶㻞᪥䛻᪥ᮏ䛜㝆అᩥ᭩䛻⨫ྡ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸㐃ྜᅜ䛿᪥ᮏ䛾㡿ᅵ䜢༨㡿䛩䜛䛣䛸䛻䛺䛳䛯䚹㐃ྜᅜ䛿᪥ᮏ༨㡿䜢ᐇ᪋䛩䜛䛯䜑ᴟᮾጤဨ఍䠄Far
Eastern Commission䠅䚸㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊䠄SCAP䠅䚸ᑐ᪥㐃ྜᅜ⌮஦఍䠄Allied Council for Japan䠅䛺䛹䛾ᶵ㛵䜢タ❧䛧䛯䚹୺せᡓ຾ᅜ䛷ᵓᡂ䛥䜜䛯ᴟᮾጤဨ఍䛷Ỵᐃ䛥䜜䛯஦㡯䜢⡿ᅜᨻᗓ䛜ලయ໬㻝㻠䛧䛶䚸
SCAP䛻カ௧䜢Ⓨ௧䛧䚸䛣䛖䛧䛯カ௧䜢ᇶ䛻SCAP䛿᪥ᮏᨻᗓ䛻ಶู䛾ᣦ௧䜢Ⓨ௧䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸༨㡿ᨻ⟇䛾ᒚ⾜䜢┘ど䞉┘╩䛧䛯䚹ᐇ㝿䛻SCAP䛿᪥ᮏ䛾Ṋ⿦ゎ㝖䛚䜘䜃ᡓᚋฎ⌮䛺䛹༨㡿䛾୺せ┠ⓗ䜢㐩ᡂ䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䚸䛂㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧ᐁᣦ௧㻔SCAPIN㻕䛃䛸࿧䜀䜜䜛ከᩘ䛾ᣦ௧䜢᪥ᮏᨻᗓ䛻┤᥋Ⓨ௧䛧䛯䚹䛣䛖䛧䛯SCAPIN䛿䚸➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ䛾ᡓᚋฎ⌮㐣⛬䛻䛚䛔䛶㡑ᅜ䛸᪥ᮏ䛾᳜Ẹ㛵ಀΎ⟬䛻㔜኱䛺ᙳ㡪䜢୚䛘䜛ෆᐜ䜢ྵ䜣䛷䛔䛯䚹≉䛻SCAP䛿௒᪥䜎䛷୺せᠱ᱌䛸䛧䛶୧ᅜ㛵ಀ䛻ᙳ㡪䜢୚䛘䛶䛔䜛ᅾ᪥㡑ᅜே䛾ฎ㐝ၥ㢟䜔䚸⊂ᓥ㛵㐃䛾ᠱ᱌䛸䛔䛳䛯ၥ㢟䜒ᢅ䛳䛯䚹SCAP䛜༨㡿ึᮇ䛻᪥ᮏ䛾⾜ᨻ༊ᇦ䛾㝈⏺䜢タᐃ䛧䛯SCAPIN➨㻢㻣㻣ྕ䛾ෆᐜ䛸ᛶ᱁䛿䚸୧ᅜ䛾㡿᭷ᶒㄽத䛻䛚䛔䛶ᚲ䛪Ⓩሙ䛩䜛㔜せ䛺
தⅬ䛷䛒䜛㻝㻡䚹㻌᪥ᮏ䜢༨㡿䛩䜛ᮇ㛫䚸᪥ᮏᨻᗓ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶Ⓨ௧䛥䜜䛶䛔䛯䛣䜜䜙䛾SCAPIN䛿䚸SCAP༢⊂䛷Ỵᐃ䛧䛯䛾䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸ᴟᮾጤဨ఍䛾ᵓᡂᅜ㛫䛾ྜព䛸䚸⡿ᅜᨻᗓෆ䛾ᅜົ┬䚸ᅜ㜵┬䚸䛚䜘䜃ᾏ㌷┬㛫䛾⥭ᐦ䛺༠ຊ䛻䜘䜚⾜䜟䜜䛶䛔䛯䛸䛔䛖஦ᐇ䛿䚸㠀ᖖ䛻኱䛝䛺ព࿡䛜䛒䜛㻝㻢䚹䛴䜎䜚䚸ᡓᚋ᪥ᮏ䛾඲䛶䛾ศ㔝䛷஦ᐇୖ䛾ᨻᗓ䛸䛧䛶ᶵ⬟䛧䛶䛔䛯SCAP䛾ᙺ๭䛛䜙䚸㻝㻥㻠㻡ᖺ䛛䜙㻝㻥㻡㻞ᖺ䜎䛷䛾༨㡿ᮇ㛫䠄occupation
period䠅䛾㑇⏘䜢Ⓨぢ䛷䛝䜛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛿䚸⤖ᯝ䛸䛧䛶୍䛴䛾ゎ⟅䜢ᥦ౪䛩䜛䚹༨㡿ᮇ㛫୰䛾⡿ᅜ䛾ᨻ⟇㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌
㻝㻞

㻝㻟
㻝㻠
㻝㻡

㻝㻢

Scheiber, id., p.238. ཎᩥ䛿ḟ䛾㏻䜚䚹(“The United States government thus has “played a role in Japan's
historical amnesia” by failing to confront the question of war guilt and responsibility for war crimes.”)Id., pp.237-238
Michael Schaller, The American Occupation of Japan (1985), pp.60-61
1946ᖺ1᭶29᪥௜㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊ᣦ㔪(SCAPIN) No.677, 䛩䛺䜟䛱䛂᪥ᮏ䛛䜙≉ᐃእ㒌ᆅᇦ䛾ᨻᗓ䛚䜘䜃⾜ᨻୖ䛾ศ㞳(Governmental and Administrative Separation of Certain Outlying Areas from Japan)”䛿ḟ䛾䜘䛖䛻つᐃ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹“The Imperial Japanese Government is directed to cease exercising, or attempting to exercise,governmental or administrative authority over any area outside of Japan, or over any government officials andemployees or any other persons within such areas.” (Art.1); “For the purpose of this directive, Japan is defined toinclude the four main islands of Japan ... and the approximately 1,000 smaller adjacent islands … and excluding… Liancourt Rocks …” (Art.3)
Takemae, supra, note 9, pp.201-212323㻌

㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊䚸䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䚸䛭䛧䛶㡑᪥እ஺㛵ಀ䛾ᵓ⠏㻌㐠⏝䛿䚸᪥ᮏ䚸᪥ᮏே䚸䛭䛧䛶᪥ᮏ䛾ᡓᚋᣦᑟ㝵ᒙ䜢䚸ᅜ㝿ୡㄽ䛾㐨ᚨⓗ䞉ᨻ἞ⓗᅽຊ䛛䜙㝸㞳䛩䜛䛾䛻ᡂຌ䛧䛯䚹㻌䛣 䛖 䛧 䛯 ᩥ ⬦ 䛛 䜙 ぢ 䜛 䛸 䚸 ᪥ ᮏ 䛾 ᡓ த ㈐ ௵ 䛻 䛴 䛔 䛶 䛾 ↓ ▱ 䛿 䚸 䝬 䝑 䜹 䞊 䝃 䞊 ᑗ ㌷ 䠄 General
MacArthur䠅䛜୺ᑟ䛧䛶䛔䛯⡿ᅜ༨㡿ᙜᒁ䛾ᨻ⟇䛻㉳ᅉ䛩䜛䛸䛣䜝䛜኱䛝䛔䚹㻝㻥㻠㻡ᖺ௨ᚋ᪥ᮏᨻᗓ䛸ᅜẸ䛾Ṕྐⓗグ᠈႙ኻ䛻㛵䛩䜛⡿ᅜ䛾ඹㅛ䛿䚸ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䜈䛾ච㝖᮲㡯䛾ᤄධ䛻⡿ᅜ䛜୍ᐃ䛾ᙺ๭䜢㐙⾜䛧䚸⡿ᅜ䛸௚䛾እᅜᕷẸ䛾᪥ᮏ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ಶேㄳồᶒ䛾ྍ⬟䛺ඛ౛䛻㛵䛩䜛᝟ሗ䛾㞃ⶸ䛻ไ㝈䛥䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹䛥䜙䛻䚸༨㡿ᮇ㛫୰䛾᪥⡿㛵ಀ䛾඲యᵓᅗ䜢ᙧᡂ䛧䛯㻝㻣䚹㻌༨㡿ᙜᒁ䛾ᡂᯝ䛜ఱ䛷䛒䜜䚸௚䛾ᅜᐙ䛿ᡓᚋ᪥ᮏ䜔᪥ᮏ䛾㐨ᚨⓗ㈐௵䛾㈇ᢸ䛻䛴䛔䛶䝬䝑䜹䞊䝃䞊ᑗ㌷䛜⪃䛘䛯䛾䛸ྠ䛨䜘䛖䛻䛿⪃䛘䛺䛛䛳䛯䛸䛔䛖஦ᐇ䜢䚸⡿ᅜ䛜᪥ᮏᨻᗓ䛻ఏ㐩䛩䜛䛾䛻䜂䛹䛟ኻᩋ䛧䛯䛸ホ౯䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛㻝㻤䚹㻌䛴䜎䜚䚸㐃ྜᅜ䛾⤒῭䛜ᡓத䛾⾪ᧁ䛛䜙䜘䛖䜔䛟ᅇ᚟䛧ጞ䜑䜛䛸䛝䚸᪥ᮏே䛿⡿ᅜ䛻䜘䛳䛶⮬䜙䛜䛹䜜䛰䛡཭ዲⓗ䛻ᚅ㐝䛥䜜䚸ᙼ䜙䛾⤒῭ᅇ᚟䛻䛹䜜䛰䛡㧗䛔ඃඛ㡰఩䛜୚䛘䜙䜜䛯䛾䛛䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸ᣢ⥆ⓗ䛺ⱞ③䛸ᛣ䜚䛜䛒䛳䛯䛣䛸䜢඲䛟⌮ゎ䛷䛝䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹ⱥᅜ䛾እ஺ᐁ䜺䝇䝁䜲䞁䠄Sir Alvary Gascoigne䠅䛿䚸᪥ᮏ䛜➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ䛾ᮇ㛫୰༨㡿ᆅᇦ䛷ᛮ䛖䜎䜎䛻䜅䜛䜎䛳䛯㔝⻅䛺⾜Ⅽ䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸ヱᙜᆅᇦ䛾ᅜẸ䛜ᣢ䛳䛶䛔䜛៮ᝏ䜢ඞ᭹䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䛿䚸䛒䜛⛬ᗘ䛾᫬㛫䛾⤒㐣䛜ᚲせ䛺䛣䛸䜢䚸᪥ᮏ䛾ྜྷ⏣ⱱ㤳┦䜒䜎䛳䛯䛟⌮ゎ䛫䛪䚸⌮ゎ䛧䜘䛖䛸䜒䛧䛶䛔䛺䛛䛳䛯䛸ሗ࿌䛧䛯㻝㻥䚹䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺㐃ྜᅜ䛾ㄆ㆑䛸ពぢ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ㄗゎ䛸↓▱䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸᪥ᮏ䛿㐣ཤ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾୍ᐃ䛾つᐃ䛸ᡓத≢⨥䜈䛾㈐௵㈿ㄢ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶᢬ᢠ䛧䛯䚹௚䛾ᅜᐙ䛸ᅜẸ䛜ឤ䛨䛶䛔䜛㐨ᚨⓗᛣ䜚䛻ᑐ䛩䜛᪥ᮏ䛾㕌ឤ䛿䚸䝬䝑䜹䞊䝃䞊䛾ᣦ௧䛸㠀ᠬ⨩ⓗ䛺䠄non-punitive䠅ᛶ᱁䛾᮲⣙䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾䝎䝺䝇䠄John Foster Dulles䠅䛾❧ሙሀᣢ䛻䜘䛳䛶ಖㆤ䛥䜜䛯䚹䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺⌧㇟䛿䚸᪥ᮏ䛜㐣ཤ䛾ᡓத⾜Ⅽ䛛䜙䛾つᐃ䛾ᣄ⤯䜢ṇᙜ໬䛩䜛⪃䛘᪉䜢ᇵ㣴䛧䛯䚹䛭䛾ୖ䚸෭ᡓ᫬௦䛻┤㠃䛧䚸ᗈ⩏䛾ᖹ࿴᮲⣙እ஺⥲ྜᑐ⟇䛾୍⎔䛸䛧䛶䚸ඹ⏘㝕Ⴀ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛⡿ᅜ䛸䛾ྠ┕᮲⣙䛾⥾⤖䛻᪥ᮏ䛾ྠព䛜୙ྍḞ䛰䛳䛯⡿ᅜ䛾ᚲせ䛻䜘䛳䛶䛥䜙䛻⿵ᙉ䛥䜜䛯㻞㻜䚹㻌

2.ࢧࣥࣇࣛࣥࢩࢫࢥᖹ࿴᮲⣙⥾⤖௨๓ࠊᩋᡓᅜ᪥ᮏࡢ㡿ᅵฎ⌮㐣⛬ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᅜ㝿ἲⓗホ౯➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ௨ᚋ䛾᪥㡑㛵ಀ䛾ᙧᡂ䛸ኚ໬䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸ᡓ຾ᅜ䛷䛒䜛㐃ྜᅜ䛸ᩋᡓᅜ䛷䛒䜛᪥ᮏ䛾㛫䛾㛵ಀᙧᡂ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾ᅜ㝿ἲⓗ䚸ᨻ἞እ஺ⓗ䛺ホ౯䛿㠀ᖖ䛻㔜せ䛷䛒䜛䚹㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊䛸䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䜢୰ᚰ䛻䚸ᩋᡓᅜ᪥ᮏ䛾㡿ᅵฎ⌮㐣⛬䜢ᴫᣓ䛩䜛䛸䚸௨ୗ䛾䜘䛖䛻䛺䜛䚹㻌⡿ᅜ䚸ⱥᅜ䛚䜘䜃୰ᅜ䛾ᅜᐙ㤳⬻䛜఍ㄯ䛧䛶䚸➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ௨ᚋ䛾ฎ⌮᪉㔪䜢ᐃ䜑䛯㻝㻥㻠㻟ᖺ㻝㻞᭶㻝᪥௜䛾䜹䜲䝻ᐉゝ䠄Cairo Declaration䠅䛿䚸䛂᪥ᮏᅜ䛿ᭀຊཬ䜃㈎ḧ䛻䜘䜚᪥ᮏᅜ䛜␎ྲྀ䛧䛯௚䛾୍ษ䛾ᆅᇦ䛛䜙㥑㏲䛥䜜䛺䛡䜜䜀䛺䜙䛺䛔䛃䛸᫂グ䛧䚸䛂ᮅ㩭䛾ேẸ㻔people of Korea㻕䛾ያ㞔≧ែ䛻␃ព㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌
㻝㻣
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Scheiber, supra, note 9, p.240
Id., p.247
Id. (Conversation between His Majesty's Ambassador and the Japanese Prime Minister: Sir. A. Gascoigne to Mr.
Bevin (Received 29 January 1951), printed copy in FJ 10198/4 (19521), United Kingdom Public Records Office,Kew, U.K.)
Id., pp.247-248324㻌

➨㻟㒊㻌 ➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ௨ᚋ䛾᪥㡑㛵ಀ䛾ᙧᡂ䛸ኚ໬㻌➨㻞❶㻌 እ஺㻌䛧䚸㐺ᙜ䛺᫬ᮇ䛻ᮅ㩭䜢⮬⏤ୟ⊂❧䛾䜒䛾䛻䛩䜛Ỵព䜢᭷䛩䜛䛃㻞㻝䛸᫂♧䛧䛯䚹㻌㻝㻥㻠㻡ᖺ㻣᭶㻞㻢᪥௜䝫䝒䝎䝮ᐉゝ䠄Potsdam Declaration䠅➨㻤㡯䛿䚸䛂䜹䜲䝻ᐉゝ䛾᮲㡯䛿ᒚ⾜䛥䜜䚸᪥ᮏ䛾୺ᶒ䛿ᮏᕞ䚸໭ᾏ㐨䚸஑ᕞ䚸ᅄᅜ䛺䜙䜃䛻ᡃ䜙䛜Ỵᐃ䛩䜛௜ᒓⓗㅖᑠᓥ䠄minor islands䠅䛻ᴟ㝈䛥䜜䜛䛃㻞㻞䛸つᐃ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌௨ᚋ㻝㻥㻠㻡ᖺ㻥᭶㻞᪥䚸᪥ᮏ䛾㝆అᩥ᭩䠄Instrument of Surrender䠅䛻䜘䜜䜀䚸䛂ᡃ䚻䠷᪥ᮏ䠹䛿㻝㻥㻠㻡ᖺ㻣᭶㻞㻢᪥䝫䝒䝎䝮䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸⡿ᅜ䚸୰ᅜ䚸ⱥᅜ䛾ᨻᗓ㤳⌜䛻䜘䛳䛶Ⓨ⾲䛥䜜䚸䛭䛾ᚋ䝋㐃䛻䜘䛳䛶ᨭᣢ䛥䜜䛯ᐉゝ䛻ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯᮲㡯䜢ཷㅙ䛩䜛䚹ᡃ䚻䛿䚸௨ᚋ᪥ᮏᨻᗓ䛸䛭䛾ᢎ⥅⪅䛜䝫䝒䝎䝮ᐉゝ䛾つᐃ䜢ㄔᐇ䛻㐙⾜䛩䜛䛣䛸䜢☜⣙䛩䜛䛃㻞㻟䛸䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌୍⯡ⓗ䛻ᅜ㝿ἲୖᐉゝ䠄declaration䠅䛸䛿䚸୍᪉ⓗ䛺ពᛮ⾲♧䛻㐣䛞䛪䚸ᅜ㝿᮲⣙䛸ゝ䛘䛺䛔䛾䛷䚸୍ぢ䛧䛶䠄prima facie䠅䜹䜲䝻ᐉゝ䜔䝫䝒䝎䝮ᐉゝ䜒ᅜ㝿ἲୖἲⓗᣊ᮰ຊ䛜䛺䛔䛸䛔䛖୺ᙇ䛜ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸᪥ᮏ䛿㻝㻥㻠㻡ᖺ㻥᭶㻞᪥௜㝆అᩥ᭩䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸䝫䝒䝎䝮ᐉゝ䛾ㅖつᐃ䛾ཷㅙ䛿䜒䛱䜝䜣䚸ಙ⩏ㄔᐇ䛺ᒚ⾜䜢ㄋ⣙䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸䝫䝒䝎䝮ᐉゝ䛿୍⯡ᅜ㝿ἲୖ༢䛺䜛ᐉゝⓗຠຊ䜢ᣢ䛴୍᪉ⓗ⾜Ⅽ
䠄unilateral act䠅䛻䛸䛹䜎䜙䛪䚸㐃ྜᅜഃ䛸᪥ᮏᅜ㛫䛻ྜព䛥䜜䛯ᅜ㝿ᩥ᭩䚸䛴䜎䜚ἲⓗᣊ᮰ຊ䛜Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛ᩥ᭩䛻㌿᥮䛧䛯䛸ホ౯䛩䜛䛾䛜ጇᙜ䛷䛒䜛䚹㻝㻥㻠㻡ᖺ㻥᭶㻞᪥௜㝆అᩥ᭩䛾ἲⓗᛶ᱁䛿䚸䜹䜲䝻ᐉゝ䛸䝫䝒䝎䝮ᐉゝ䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸㐃ྜᅜഃ䛾ᡓᚋฎ⌮䛻㛵䛩䜛ᥦ᱌䠄 offer䠅䜢ᩋᡓᅜ䛷䛒䜛᪥ᮏ䛜ཷㅙ
䠄acceptance䠅䛩䜛ពᛮ⾲♧䜢ᵓᡂ䛩䜛䜒䛾䛷䚸㝆అᩥ᭩⮬య䛜᫂☜䛻䛂᮲㡯䜢ཷㅙ䛩䜛䠄accept theprovisions䠅䛃䛸䛔䛖ᩥゝ䜢౑⏝䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌㻞㻜㻜㻢ᖺᅜ㝿ἲጤဨ఍㻔ILC㻕䛜సᡂ䛧䛯䛂ἲⓗ⩏ົ䜢๰ฟ䛧䛖䜛ᅜᐙ䛾୍᪉ⓗᐉゝ䛻㐺⏝䛥䜜䜛ᇶᮏཎ ๎ 䠄 Guiding Principles applicable to unilateral declarations of States capable of creating legal
obligations䠅䛃䛷䛿䚸୍᪉ⓗᐉゝ䛾ሙྜ䛷䜒䚸ἲⓗᣊ᮰ຊ䛜Ⓨ⏕䛧䚸ἲⓗᶒ฼䜔⩏ົ䛜๰タ䛥䜜䜛䛸᫂♧䛧䛶䛔䜛㻞㻠䚹≉䛻䚸ᅜ㝿ἲጤဨ఍䛾ᇶᮏཎ๎䛾➨㻟᮲䛿䚸୍᪉ⓗᐉゝ䛾ἲⓗຠຊ䜢Ỵᐃ䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䛿䚸ᙜヱᐉゝ䛾ෆᐜ䛚䜘䜃ᐉゝ䛜స䜙䜜䛯஦ᐇⓗ⫼ᬒ䛸䛭䛾ᐉゝ䜈䛾཯ᛂ䠄reaction䠅䛺䛹䜢⪃៖䛩䜉䛝䛷䛒䜛䛸つᐃ䛧䛶䛔䜛㻞㻡䚹㻌ᚑ䛳䛶䚸䜹䜲䝻ᐉゝ䛸䝫䝒䝎䝮ᐉゝ䛿୍ᅜ䛜⾜䛳䛯୍᪉ⓗᐉゝ䛷䛿䛺䛔䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛷䚸ᅜ㝿ἲጤဨ఍䛾ᇶᮏཎ๎䛾㐺⏝ᑐ㇟䛻䛺䜛䛾䛛䛸䛔䛖ㄽ㆟䛜⏕䛨䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜䛒䜛䛜䚸㐃ྜᅜ䛾ඹྠᐉゝ䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔䛳䛶䚸㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻞㻝ཎᩥ䛿ḟ䛾㏻䜚䚹“…Japan will also be expelled from all other territories which she has taken by violence andgreed. The aforesaid three great powers, mindful of the enslavement of the people of Korea, are determined thatin due course Korea shall become free and independent.” US Department of State [௨ୗ, ‘USDOS’], Foreign
Relations of the United States: The Conferences of Cairo and Teheran (1961), pp.448-9; USDOS, A Decade ofAmerican Foreign Policy: 1941-1949, Basic Documents (1950), p.20
㻞㻞㻌 ཎᩥ䛿ḟ䛾㏻䜚䚹“[t]he terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out and Japanese sovereignty shall belimited to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku, and such minor islands as we determine.” USDOS,
Dept. of State Publication, 2671 (Far Eastern Series, 17), p.53; USDOS, A Decade of American Foreign Policy,id., pp.28-40
㻞㻟
USDOS, Dept. of State Bulletin, Aug. 19, 1945, pp.257-259 (“[Japan] … accept[s] the provisions set forth in the[Potsdam Proclamation] …”)
㻞㻠
UN Doc A/CN.4/L.706 of 20 July 2006. 㻝㻥㻡㻣ᖺ䜶䝆䝥䝖䛾䝇䜶䝈㐠Ἑ䛾ἲⓗᆅ఩䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾ᐉゝ䚸㻝㻥㻣㻠ᖺ䝣䝷䞁䝇䛾᰾ᐇ㦂୰Ṇᐉゝ䚸㻝㻥㻤㻤ᖺ䝶䝹䝎䞁䛾すᓊ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ᶒ฼ᨺᲠᐉゝ䛺䛹䛿䚸ἲⓗ⩏ົ䜢๰タ䛩䜛୍᪉ⓗᐉゝ䛾ලయⓗ䛺౛䛸䛺䜛䚹㻞㻡
“3. To determine the legal effects of such declarations, it is necessary to take account of their content, of all thefactual circumstances in which they were made, and of the reactions to which they gave rise” Id.

325㻌㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊䚸䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䚸䛭䛧䛶㡑᪥እ஺㛵ಀ䛾ᵓ⠏㻌䛭䛾ἲⓗᛶ᱁䜢୍ᅜ䛾୍᪉ⓗᐉゝ䛸䛿ู䛻ྲྀ䜚ᢅ䛖⌮⏤䛜䛺䛔䚹㻌䜎䛪ෆᐜ䛻㛵䛧䛶䚸䝫䝒䝎䝮ᐉゝ➨㻤㡯䛿ᡓᚋ᪥ᮏ䛾㡿ᅵ䛾ฎ⌮䛸䛔䛖ฎศⓗᛶ᱁䜢ᣢ䛴᮲㡯䛷䚸䛣䛾᮲㡯䛷౑⏝䛥䜜䛯䛂shall䛃䛸䛔䛖⾲⌧䛿䚸᪥ᮏ䛾㝆అᩥ᭩䜢㏻䛨䛯ཷㅙ䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸༢䛻ᮍ᮶䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾ᨻ἞ⓗᐉゝ䛾ᛶ᱁䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䛔䜛䛸ゎ㔘䛩䜛䜘䜚䛿䚸ᅜ㝿᮲⣙ୖ䛾⏝ἲ䛸ྠᵝ䛻ἲⓗᶒ฼䛺䛔䛧⩏ົ䜢๰タ䛩䜛䜒䛾䛸ゎ㔘䛩䜉䛝䛷䛒䜛䚹䛴䜎䜚䚸᪥ᮏ䛾㝆అᩥ᭩䛻䜘䜛ཷㅙ䛜䛺䛛䛳䛯䛸䛧䛶䜒䚸䝫䝒䝎䝮ᐉゝ䛾ᢅ䛖ෆᐜ䛸䛿␗䛺䜚䚸ලయⓗ䛷䚸ฎศⓗ䛺ᛶ᱁䛸ෆᐜ䛻䜘䛳䛶᭱ᑠ㝈㐃ྜᅜ䜢ᣊ᮰䛩䜛ຠຊ䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹䜎䛯䚸ᙧᘧ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒බ㛤ᛶ䛾せồ䜢‶䛯䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌䛥䜙䛻᪥ᮏ䛿䚸㻝㻥㻠㻡ᖺ㻥᭶㻞᪥䛾㝆అᩥ᭩ㄪ༳䛷䚸ᙜヱᐉゝ䛾ಙ⩏ㄔᐇ䛺ᒚ⾜䜢⣙᮰䛧䛯䛾䛷䚸᫂ⓑ䛻㛵㐃ᩥゝ䛜㐃ྜᅜ䜢ᙜ↛ᣊ᮰䛩䜛䛸ゎ㔘䛩䜉䛝䛷䛒䜛䚹୍᪉䚸ᅜ㝿ἲጤဨ఍䛾ᇶᮏཎ๎䛾➨㻥㡯䛿䚸୍᪉ⓗᐉゝ䛜ᯝ䛯䛧䛶௚ᅜ䛻ᑐ䛧⩏ົ䜢Ⓨ⏕䛥䛫䜙䜜䜛䛛䛸䛔䛖ၥ㢟䜢ᢅ䛳䛶䛔䜛䛜䚸ἲⓗ⩏ົ䜢Ⓨ⏕䛥䛫䜛䛯䜑䛾せ௳䛸䛧䛶䚸䛭䛾䜘䛖䛺௚ᅜ䛾ᐉゝ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛᫂ⓑ䛺ཷㅙ䜢せ௳䛸䛧䛶䛔䜛䛸䛣䜝㻞㻢䚸᪥ᮏ䛿㻝㻥㻠㻡ᖺ㻥᭶㻞᪥䛾㝆అᩥ᭩ㄪ༳䛷䚸᫂♧ⓗ䛻䝫䝒䝎䝮ᐉゝ䛾ಙ⩏ㄔᐇ䛺ᒚ⾜䜢ᐉゝ䛧䛯䛾䛷䚸䜹䜲䝻ᐉゝ䛸䝫䝒䝎䝮ᐉゝ䛿᪥ᮏ䛻䛴䛔䛶䜒ἲⓗᣊ᮰ຊ䛜䛒䜛䛾䛿䜒䛱䜝䜣䚸ಙ⩏ㄔᐇ䛻ᒚ⾜䛩䜉䛝ἲⓗ⩏ົ䜢๰タ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹஧䛴䛾ᐉゝ䛾ᙜ஦ᅜ䛷䛒䜛୰ᅜ䛾ሙྜ䚸䜹䜲䝻ᐉゝ䛸䝫䝒䝎䝮ᐉゝ䜢ἲⓗᣊ᮰ຊ䛜䛒䜛ᩥ᭩䛸ゎ㔘䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛜୰ᅜᨻᗓ䛾බᘧⓗ䛺❧ሙ䛷䛒䜛㻞㻣䚹㻌䜎䛯䚸䜹䜲䝻ᐉゝ䛸䝫䝒䝎䝮ᐉゝ➨㻤㡯䛿䚸ᡓᚋ᪥ᮏ䛾㡿ᅵ䛾ฎ⌮䛻㛵䛩䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜚䚸᪥ᮏ䛾ᩋᡓ䜢๓ᥦ䛸䛩䜛஦ᐇⓗ⫼ᬒ䜢ᣢ䛴䚹୍⯡ⓗ䛻ᡓ຾ᅜ䛿ᩋᡓᅜ䛾㡿ᅵ䜢ྲྀ䜚ᢅ䛖ฎศⓗᶒ⬟䜢ಖ᭷䛩䜛䛾䛷䚸ᙜヱᐉゝ䛾㛵㐃ᩥゝ䛿㐃ྜᅜ䛾䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺ฎศⓗᶒ⬟䛾⾜౑䛷䛒䜛䛯䜑䚸ฎศ䛾⤖ᯝ䛿ᩋᡓᅜ䛷䛒䜛᪥ᮏ䜒ᣊ᮰䛩䜛䚹㻌ἲⓗᣊ᮰ຊ䛾䛒䜛䝫䝒䝎䝮ᐉゝ➨㻤㡯䛿䚸᪥ᮏ䛾୺ᶒ⠊ᅖ䜢ᮏᕞ䚸໭ᾏ㐨䚸஑ᕞ䚸ᅄᅜ䛸㐃ྜᅜഃ䛜Ỵᐃ䛩䜛௜ᒓⓗᓥᕋ䛻᫂䜙䛛䛻㝈ᐃ䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸䜹䜲䝻ᐉゝ䛾ᩥゝ䛾ᒚ⾜䜢せồ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䜹䜲䝻ᐉゝ䛿ᮅ㩭䛾⊂❧䜢ಖ㞀䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸᪥ᮏ䛿➨୍䛻䚸㻝㻥㻝㻠ᖺ➨୍ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓຨⓎ௨ᚋ䛻ᤸᥱ䚸䜎䛯䛿༨㡿䛧䛯ኴᖹὒෆ䛾඲䛶䛾ᓥ䚸➨஧䛻䚸᪥Ύᡓத௨ᚋ᪥ᮏ䛜୰ᅜ䛛䜙౵ዣ䛧䛯‶Ὢ䚸ྎ‴䚸⃏†ᓥ䛺䛹䛾ᆅᇦ䚸➨୕䛻䚸᪥ᮏ䛜ᭀຊ䛸㈎ḧ䛻䜘䛳䛶␎ྲྀ䛧䛯඲䛶䛾௚䛾ᆅᇦ䛛䜙㥑㏲䛥䜜䛽䜀䛺䜙䛺䛔䛸つᐃ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌᪥ᮏ䛜㥑㏲䛥䜜䜛䜉䛝ᆅᇦ䛾䛖䛱䚸➨୕䛾䛂ᭀຊ䛸㈎ḧ䛻䜘䛳䛶␎ྲྀ䛧䛯ᆅᇦ䛃䛾ሙྜ䛿䚸᪥ᮏ䛾ᖇᅜ୺⩏ⓗ౵ዣ㐣⛬䛷␎ዣ䛥䜜䛯䜒䛾䛸୺ᙇ䛥䜜䜛㡑ᅜ䛾㡿ᅵฎ⌮ၥ㢟䛸㛵㐃䛜䛒䜛䚹䛩䛺䜟䛱䚸ᡓ຾ᅜ䛷䛒䜛㐃ྜᅜ䛜ᩋᡓ᪥ᮏ䛾㡿ᅵ䜢ฎศ䛩䜛㐣⛬䛷䚸ၥ㢟䛾㡿ᅵ䛜᪥ᮏ䛜ᭀຊ䛸㈎ḧ䛻䜘䛳䛶␎ྲྀ䛧䛯ᮅ㩭䛻ᖐᒓ䛩䜛㡿ᅵ䛺䛾䛛䚸䛭䛖䛷䛿䛺䛟ᮏᕞ䚸໭ᾏ㐨䚸஑ᕞ䚸ᅄᅜ䛸㐃ྜᅜഃ䛜Ỵᐃ䛩䜛௜ᒓⓗᓥᕋ䛻ヱᙜ䛧䚸᪥ᮏ䛻ṧᏑ䛩䜉䛝㡿ᅵ䛺䛾䛛䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾ุ᩿䛿䚸ᡓᚋ㐃ྜᅜ䛾᪥ᮏ㡿ᅵ䛾ฎ⌮㐣⛬䛻ᑐ䛩䜛㐺ษᛶ䛸㐺ἲᛶ䜢ホ౯䛩䜛ᣦᶆ䛸䛺䜛䚹㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻞㻢㻞㻣

“9. No obligation may result for other States from the unilateral declaration of a State. However, the other State orStates concerned may incur obligations in relation to such a unilateral declaration to the extent that they clearly
accepted such a declaration” Id.
Wang Tieya, “International Law in China: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives”, Recueil des Cours(collected courses of the Hague Academy)(1990), pp.203-357

326㻌

➨㻟㒊㻌 ➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ௨ᚋ䛾᪥㡑㛵ಀ䛾ᙧᡂ䛸ኚ໬㻌➨㻞❶㻌 እ஺㻌

3.ࢧࣥࣇࣛࣥࢩࢫࢥᖹ࿴᮲⣙⥾⤖ࠊᩋᡓᅜ᪥ᮏࡢ㡿ᅵฎ⌮㐣⛬ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᅜ㝿ἲⓗホ౯䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䛾⥾⤖䛾䛯䜑䛾ᩋᡓᅜ᪥ᮏ䛾㡿ᅵฎ⌮㐣⛬䛷♧䛥䜜䛯⡿ᅜ䛾ែᗘ䛿䚸᪥ᮏ䛾ᅛ᭷㡿ᅵ䛸᪥ᮏ䛜ᖇᅜ୺⩏ⓗ䛺㡿ᅵ⭾ᙇ㐣⛬䛷౵ዣ䛧䛯㡿ᅵ䛸䛾᫂☜䛺༊ศ䛸ฎ⌮䛸䛔䛖ㄢ㢟䛜୺せᡓ຾ᅜ㛫䛾฼ᐖ㛵ಀ䛸ᨻົⓗ䛺౽ᐅᛶ䛻䜘䛳䛶ẋᦆ䛥䜜䛯䛣䛸䜢♧䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺ẋᦆ䛿䚸ἲⓗ᰿ᣐ⮬య䛜ㄽ㆟䛸䛺䜛ᡓ຾ᅜ䛾ᩋᡓᅜ㡿ᅵฎ⌮䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ᶒ㝈ၥ㢟䜢䛥䜙䛻␲ၥど䛥䛫䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䛷䛾⊂ᓥ䛾ἲⓗᆅ఩䛻㛵䛧䛶䚸᮲⣙䛾ᐇ㉁ⓗ䛺ᩥ᱌సᡂ⪅䛷䛒䜛⡿ᅜᅜົ┬ෆ䛾ᩋᡓᅜ᪥ᮏ䛾㡿ᅵฎ⌮㐣⛬䛻䛴䛔䛶᫂䜙䛛䛻䛺䛳䛯௨ୗ䛾ෆ㒊ᩥ᭩㻞㻤䛿䚸ᡓᚋ᪥ᮏ䛾㡿ᅵฎ⌮䛾㐺ἲᛶホ౯䛻ᑐ䛧኱䛝䛺♧၀䜢୚䛘䜛䚹㻌䛩䛺䜟䛱䚸䛂ᮍ䛰ලయ໬䛥䜜䛶䛿䛔䛺䛔䛜䚸᪥ᮏே䛻ᑐ䛩䜛㐺ษ䛺ᚰ⌮ⓗ᥋㏆䜢ᙉㄪ䛧䛯䝝䞊䝞䞊䝗኱Ꮫ䝷䜲䝅䝱䝽䞊ᩍᤵ䛾ᥦ᱌䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾ཧ↷䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䛃㻞㻥㻧䛂ᚑ䛳䛶䚸㻝㻝᭶㻞᪥௜ⲡ᱌䛾ከ䛟䛾⏝ㄒ䛿䚸ᡃ䚻䛻䛔䛛䛺䜛䛛䛺䜚䛾฼┈䜢ᥦ౪䛩䜛䛣䛸䛺䛟䚸᏶඲䛺ᩋ໭䜢⤒㦂䛧䛯᪥ᮏ䛻䛒䜎䜚䛻䜒㐣㓞䛺䜒䛾䛷䛿䛺䛔䛾䛛䛻ᑐ䛩䜛㉁ၥ䛜䛒䜚ᚓ䜛䚹䈈䈈W㻚㻌 J㻚㻌 䝅䞊䝪䝹䝗䛃㻟㻜㻧㻌 䛂䛧䛛䛧䚸ྠ᮲㡯䛻ᑟධ䛥䜜䛯グ㏙᪉ἲ䛿䚸῝้䛺ᚰ⌮ⓗ䛺୙฼┈䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䛔䜛䛸ಙ䛨䜙䜜䜛䚹䛯䛸䛘௜ᒓ᭩䛻ከ䛟䛾㡿ᅵ䛜᫂♧䛥䜜䜛䛣䛸䛜ᚲせ䛻䛺䜛䛸䛧䛶䜒䚸୓୍ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜜䜀䚸᪥ᮏ䜢⥺䛷ྲྀ䜚ᅖ䜐᪉ἲ䜢ᅇ㑊䛷䛝䜛䚸䜒䛖୍䛴䛾グ㏙᪉ἲ䜢ᑟධ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜່࿌䛥䜜䜛䚹䈈䈈䛔䛛䛺䜛ሙྜ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒䚸䈈䈈ᆅᅗ䛾๐㝖䛿່࿌䛥䜜䜛䚹䈈䈈䚹➨㻠᮲䛛䜙㻝㻞᮲䜎䛷䠖㻝㻝᭶㻞᪥௜ⲡ᱌䛾➨㻠᮲䛛䜙㻝㻞᮲䜎䛷᮲⣙䛛䜙๐㝖䛩䜛䛣䛸䛸䚸᮲⣙䛻௜ᒓ䛩䜛ᩥ᭩䛻䚸᪥ᮏ䜢㝖䛟⥾⣙ᅜ㛫䛻௨๓䛾᪥ᮏ䛾⟶㎄ᶒୗ䛻䛒䛳䛯㡿ᅵ䛾ฎศ䛻䛴䛔䛶ྠព䛩䜛䛣䛸䜢ᡃ䚻䛿ᥦ᱌䛩䜛䛃㻟㻝㻧䛂➨㻞❶䛷᥇ᢥ䛥䜜䛯ᵓᡂ᪉ἲ䛿䚸➨㻟᮲䛷᪂䛯䛻⦰ᑠ䛥䜜䛯᪥ᮏ䜢ᵓᡂ䛩䜛㡿ᅵ䜢䚸௨ᚋ䛾᮲㡯䛷䛿᪥ᮏ䛜๭ㆡ䜒䛧䛟䛿ᨺᲠ䛩䜛඲䛶䛾䛭䛾௚௨๓᪥ᮏ䛾㡿ᅵ䜔㡿ᅵⓗㄳồᶒ䜢つᐃ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛸䛧䛯䚹ึᮇ䛾ⲡ᱌䛷䛿䚸᮲⣙⥾⤖௨ᚋ䚸᪥ᮏ䛿➨㻟᮲䛻グ㏙䛥䜜䛯㐃⥆⥺䛻䜘䛳䛶ᅖ䜎䜜䜛䛣䛸䛸䛺䜚䚸ྠ᮲⣙䛻ῧ௜䛥䜜䜛ᆅᅗ䛻⾲♧䛥䜜䛯䚹ྠ⥺䛿᪥ᮏ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛⾲㇟ⓗ䛺ᇉ᰿స䜚䛿ᚰ⌮ⓗ䛻ᮃ䜎䛧䛟䛺䛔䛸ಙ䛨䜛ᮾி㥔ᅾᨻ἞㢳ၥᐁ௦⾜䛾ᥦ᱌䛻䜘䜚๐㝖䛥䜜䛯䛃㻟㻞㻧䛂᪥ᮏ䛻௜ᒓ䛩䜛䚸䜎䛯䛿᪥ᮏ䛜௨๓༨㡿䛧䛯≉ᐃᓥᕋ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾䝜䞊䝖䈈䈈㻝㻚➉ᓥ䠄䝸䜰䞁䜽䞊䝹䝻䝑䜽䠅䚹䈈䈈㻝㻥㻜㻡ᖺ᪥ᮏᨻᗓ䛿බᘧ䛻ྠᓥᕋ䜢᪥ᮏ䛾㡿ᅵ䛸ㄳồ䛧䚸䛣䜜䛻ᑐ䛩䜛㡑ᅜ䛛䜙䛾ᢠ㆟䛜䛺䛛䛳䛯䛾䛿᫂䜙䛛䛷䛒䜚䚸ྠᓥᕋ䜢ᓥ᰿┴㞃ᒱᓥ䛾⟶㎄ᶒୗ䛻఩⨨䛩䜛䜒䛾䛸䛧䛯䚹᪥ᮏ䛾㝆అ௨ᚋ䛻䚸㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊䛿ྠᓥᕋ䜢᪥ᮏ䛾⟶㎄ᶒ䛛䜙㝖እ䛧䚸⌧ᅾ⡿㌷䛜ྠᓥᕋ䜢⤫ไ䛧䚸⇿ᧁ₇⩦ሙ䛸䛧䛶౑⏝䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䈈䈈㻝㻚䛣䛾ሗ࿌᭩䛿ᅜົ┬䛸㆟఍ᅗ᭩㤋䛷฼⏝ྍ⬟䛺᪥ᮏㄒ䛷᭩䛛䜜䛯ཧ⪃㈨ᩱ䛻䜋䜌ᇶ䛵䛔䛯䚹ᅜົ┬䛸᪥ᮏእົ㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻞㻤㻌 ᮏ✏䛷ゝཬ䛥䜜䜛⡿ᅜᅜົ┬ᩥ᭩䛿䚸⡿ᅜᅜ❧ᩥ᭩ಖ⟶ᡤ䛻ᡤⶶ୰䛾㈨ᩱ䛷䚸䛭䛾୺せ෗ᮏ䛿ᮤ☒♸䠄⦅䠅䛄ᑐ᪥ㅮ࿴᮲⣙㈨ᩱ㞟䛅ᮾ໭ளṔྐ㈈ᅋ䠄2006䠅䛻཰㘓䛥䜜䛯䚹ᮏ✏䛷䛿ᘬ⏝ᩥ᭩䛾ᩥ᭩␒ྕ䛾௦䜟䜚䛻཰㘓㈨ᩱ㞟䛾ヱᙜ㡫ᩘ䛷ᘬ⏝䛩䜛䚹㻌㻞㻥㻌 ᮤ☒♸䠄⦅䠅䛄ᑐ᪥ㅮ࿴᮲⣙㈨ᩱ㞟䛅ᮾ໭ளṔྐ㈈ᅋ䠄2006䠅p.226
㻟㻜Id., p.248
㻟㻝Id., p.251
㻟㻞Id., pp.284-285

327㻌

㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊䚸䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䚸䛭䛧䛶㡑᪥እ஺㛵ಀ䛾ᵓ⠏㻌┬䛷‽ഛ䛧䛯≉ᐃᓥᕋ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾◊✲䜒ཧ↷䛧䛯䚹䛃㻟㻟㻧䛂㻝㻥㻡㻜ᖺ㻤᭶㻥᪥䈈䈈≧ἣ䛜▷⦰ᆺ᮲⣙䜢ᇶᮏ䛻᪥ᮏ䛸䛾࿴ᖹ䜢ᡂ䛩䛯䜑㎿㏿䛻⾜ື䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ᮃ䜎䛧䛟䜒䛒䜛䛸ᛮ䛖䛸䛔䛖ㄽ⌮䛛䜙䚸䜶䝸䝇䞁䛸⚾䛿䛣䜜䜎䛷䛻ᅇぴ䛥䜜䛯㛗䛔ᙧᘧ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ྍ⬟䛺௦᱌䛸䛧䛶ῧ௜䛥䜜䛯䜒䛾䜢సᡂ䛧䛯䚹䈈䈈䛃㻟㻠㻔ⴭ⪅ୗ⥺ᙉㄪ㻕䛺䛹䛜≉グ䛻್䛩䜛䚹㻌ᅜෆእ䛷䛩䛷䛻㛵㐃◊✲䛜⤂௓䛥䜜䛯䜘䛖䛻㻟㻡䚸⊂ᓥ䛾㡿ᅵฎ⌮ၥ㢟䛿୍䛴䛾㔜せ䛺㆟㢟䛸䛧䛶ᢅ䜟䜜䛯䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸ᮅ㩭ᡓத䛾ຨⓎ䛸෭ᡓ᫬௦ᮾ䜰䝆䜰䛻䛚䛡䜛᪥ᮏ䛾ᙺ๭䛾㧗䜎䜚䛺䛹䛾ᙜ᫬䛾ᨻ἞ⓗ䛺୚௳䛻䜘䜚䚸⡿ᅜ䛿ᡓ຾ᅜ㛫䛾㎿㏿䛺஺΅䛚䜘䜃᪥ᮏ䛸䛾᮲⣙⥾⤖䜢ᨻ⟇䛾᭱ඃඛㄢ㢟䛸ㄆ㆑䛧䚸䛭䛾⤖ᯝ䚸㆟ㄽ䛾వᆅ䛜኱䛝䛺஦᱌䛿᮲⣙ᩥ⮬య䛷᫂♧䛧䛺䛔᪉ྥ䛷ᩥ᱌䜢సᡂ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛻䛺䛳䛯䚹⊂ᓥ䛻㛵䛩䜛஦㡯䜒䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺ᙜ᫬䛾⡿ᅜ䛾ᨻ⟇ⓗ䛺⪃៖ᑐ㇟䛛䜙⮬⏤䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸᭱⤊᮲⣙ᩥ䛷䛿⌧ᅾ䜟䜜䜟䜜䛜ぢ䜛䛾䛸ྠᵝ䛻䛂⊂ᓥ䛃䛚䜘䜃䛭䜜䛻ᑐᛂ䛩䜛䛔䛛䛺䜛⏝ㄒ䜒ゝཬ䛥䜜䛺䛟䛺䜛䚹㻌᪥㡑㛫䛷ㄽத䛸䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛⊂ᓥ䛾䜏䛺䜙䛪䚸᪥ᮏ䛜⌧ᅾ࿘㎶ᅜᐙ䛸⣮த≧ែ䛻䛒䜛䜽䝸䝹ㅖᓥ䠄໭᪉㡿ᅵ䠅㻟㻢䛸ᑤ㛶ㅖᓥ䠄㔮㨶ᓥ䠅㻟㻣䛾ሙྜ䜒ヱᙜ㡿ᅵ䛾㡿᭷ᶒᖐᒓ䛾Ỵᐃ䛸䛔䛖ၥ㢟䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸ヱᙜ㡿ᅵ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾฼ᐖ㛵ಀᅜᐙ䛾Ṕྐⓗᶒ฼䜈䛾⪃៖䜘䜚䛿䚸ᡓ຾ᅜ䛾ᨻົⓗ䛺౽ᐅᛶ䛜䜘䜚⪃៖䛥䜜䛯䛣䛸䛜䜟䛛䜛䚹䛴䜎䜚䚸᪥ᮏ䛜⌧ᅾ䝻䝅䜰䛸䜽䝸䝹ㅖᓥ䚸୰ᅜ䛚䜘䜃ྎ‴䛸䛿ᑤ㛶ㅖᓥ䜢䜑䛠䜛㡿ᅵ⣮த䛾ᙜ஦ᅜ䛰䛸䛔䛖஦ᐇ䛿䚸ᩋᡓᅜ᪥ᮏ䛾ᡓᚋ㡿ᅵฎ⌮㐣⛬䛷᪥ᮏ䛾ᅛ᭷㡿ᅵ䛸᪥ᮏ䛜ᖇᅜ୺⩏ⓗ䛺㡿ᅵ⭾ᙇ㐣⛬䛷౵ዣ䛧䛯㡿ᅵ䛸䛾᫂☜䛺༊ศ䛸ฎ⌮䛸䛔䛖ㄢ㢟䛜䜎䛳䛯䛟ゎỴ䛥䜜䛪ᗘእど䛥䜜䛯䛸䛔䛖஦ᐇ䜢♧䛩䚹㻌
䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䜢ᢎㄆ䛩䜛㐣⛬䛷䚸ᩋᡓ᪥ᮏ䛾ฎศ㡿ᅵ䛾䛖䛱䜽䝸䝹ㅖᓥ䛸ᑤ㛶ㅖᓥ䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸⡿ᅜ䛿ᡓ຾ᅜ䛾❧ሙ䛛䜙䚸᪥ᮏ䛜䜽䝸䝹ㅖᓥ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛䝋㐃䛾୺ᶒ䜢ㄆᐃ䛩䜛䛺䜙䜀䚸䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙➨㻞㻢᮲㻟㻤䛻䜘䛳䛶௜୚䛥䜜䛯ᶒ฼䜢᥼⏝䛧䛶䚸ྠ᮲⣙➨㻟᮲䛷つᐃ䛧䛯ᑤ㛶ㅖᓥ䛜ᆅ㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻟㻟

Id., p.327
Id., p.346
㻟㻡
Seokwoo Lee, “The Resolution of the Territorial Dispute between Korea and Japan over the Liancourt Rocks”, 3
Boundary and Territory Briefing 8 (2002); Seokwoo Lee, “The San Francisco Peace Treaty with Japan of 1951
and the Territorial Disputes in East Asia”, 11 Pacific Rim L. & Pol’y J. 63-146 (2002) ᮤ☒♸䛂ᮾ䜰䝆䜰䛾㡿ᅵ⣮த䛸ᅜ㝿ἲ䛃(2007)䛺䛹ཧ↷䚹㻟㻢㻌 ྠ⣮த䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿୍⯡ⓗ䛻Seokwoo Lee, “Towards a Framework for the Resolution of the Territorial Dispute
over the Kurile Islands”, 3 Boundary and Territory Briefing 6 (2001) 䛺䛹ཧ↷䚹㻟㻣㻌 ྠ⣮த䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿୍⯡ⓗ䛻Seokwoo Lee, “Territorial Disputes among Japan, China, and Taiwan concerning the
Senkaku Islands”, 3 Boundary and Territory Briefing 7 (2002) 䛺䛹ཧ↷䚹ᑤ㛶ㅖᓥ䛾㡿ᅵฎศ䛻㛵䛩䜛䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䛷䛾㛵㐃つᐃ䛿➨2᮲(b)䚸䛂ྎ‴䛸⃏†ᓥ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛඲䛶䛾ᶒ฼䚸ᶒཎ䛚䜘䜃ㄳồᶒ䜢ᨺᲠ䛩䜛(“Japan renounces all right, title and claim to Formosa and the Pescadores.”)ࠖ䛸➨3᮲䚸䛂᪥ᮏ䛿໭⦋29ᗘ௨༡䛾༡すㅖᓥ䠄⌰⌫䠅ㅖᓥ…䜢ྵ䜐㻕㻌…䛻ᑐ䛧䚸⡿ᅜ䛜၏୍䛾⾜ᨻᶒ㝈䜢ᣢ䛴䚸ᅜ㐃䛾ಙク⤫἞ไᗘୗ䛻఩⨨䛥䛫䜛⡿ᅜ䛾䛔䛛䛺䜛ᥦ᱌䛻䜒ྠព䛩䜛䚹…⡿ᅜ䛿ୖグᓥᕋ䛾㡿ᾏ䜢ྵ䜐䚸㡿ᅵ䛚䜘䜃ఫẸ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛⾜ᨻ䚸❧ἲ䛭䛧䛶ྖἲୖ䛾඲ᶒ䜢⾜౑䛩䜛ᶒ฼䜢ᣢ䛴(“Japan will concur in any proposal of the United States to theUnited Nations to place㻌under its trusteeship system, with the United States as the sole administering authority,
Nansei Shoto south of 29 deg. north latitude (including the Ryukyu Islands …) … . …[T]he United States will
have the right to exercise all and any powers of administration, legislation and jurisdiction over the territory andinhabitants of these islands, including their territorial waters”.)ࠖ䛷䛒䜛䚹䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙㻘㻌supra, note10㻟㻤26᮲䛾ཎᩥ䛿ḟ䛾㏻䜚䚹“Japan will be prepared to conclude with any State which signed or adhered to theUnited Nations Declaration of 1 January 1942, and which is at war with Japan, or with any State which previously
formed a part of the territory of a State named in Article 23, which is not a signatory of the present Treaty, abilateral Treaty of Peace on the same or substantially the same terms as are provided for in the present Treaty, but
㻟㻠

328㻌

➨㻟㒊㻌 ➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ௨ᚋ䛾᪥㡑㛵ಀ䛾ᙧᡂ䛸ኚ໬㻌➨㻞❶㻌 እ஺㻌⌮ⓗ䛻ᖐᒓ䛩䜛⌰⌫ㅖᓥ䜢ྵ䜐໭⦋㻞㻥ᗘ௨༡䛾༡すㅖᓥ䜈䛾୺ᶒ䜢୺ᙇ䛩䜛䚸䛸᪥ᮏ䛻ᅽຊ䜢䛛䛡䛯㻟㻥䚹㻌䜽䝸䝹ㅖᓥ䜈䛾䝋㐃䛾୺ᶒ䜢᪥ᮏ䛜ㄆᐃ䛩䜛䛣䛸䜈䛾⡿ᅜ䛾㆙ᡄ䛿䚸ᙜ᫬䛥䜎䛦䜎䛺䝏䝱䞁䝛䝹䜢㏻
䛨䛶᪥ᮏ䛻ఏ䛘䜙䜜䛯䚹ᮾ䜰䝆䜰ᆅᇦ䛷䛾㡿ᅵ⌧≧䛾⥔ᣢ䜢┠ᣦ䛩⡿ᅜ䛾䛣䛖䛧䛯❧ሙ䛿䚸䜽䝸䝹ㅖᓥ䜈䛾᪥ᮏ䛾୺ᶒ䛻ྠㄪ䛩䜛⡿ᅜ䛾ᥐ⨨䛜䚸⌰⌫ㅖᓥ䜢ྵ䜐ヱᙜᆅᇦ䛷䛾⡿ᅜ䛾ᅜᐙ฼┈䛸䛹䛾䜘䛖䛻స⏝䚸཯స⏝䛩䜛䛛䛻཯ᫎ䛥䜜䛯䚹ᮾ䜰䝆䜰䛻䛚䛔䛶᪥ᮏ䛾໭ഃ䛾ᅜቃᆅᖏ䛻ቃ䜢᥋䛧䛶䛔䜛䝋㐃䛾ᩛᑐⓗ䛺Ꮡᅾ䛿䚸᪥ᮏ䛸䝋㐃䛾㛵ಀ䛻䛚䛔䛶⤯䛘㛫䛺䛔୙Ᏻせᅉ䛻䛺䜛䛸䛾ุ᩿䜒཯ᫎ䛥䜜䛯㻠㻜䚹㻌⤖ᯝⓗ䛻ᮾ䜰䝆䜰䛷䛾⡿ᅜእ஺ᨻ⟇ᇳ⾜䛾᭱ୖ䛾᮲௳䛿䚸≉䛻䚸ᙜ᫬෭ᡓ䛾᫬௦ⓗ⫼ᬒ䜢຺᱌䛩䜛䛸䚸᪥ᮏ䛜䜽䝸䝹ㅖᓥ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛䝋㐃䛾୺ᶒ䜢ㄆᐃ䛧䜘䛖䛸䛩䜛ヨ䜏䛾ᢚไ䛻䜘䛳䛶ᙧᡂ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䛯䚹ゝ䛔᥮䛘䜛䛸䚸⡿ᅜ䛻䛸䛳䛶䛿᪥ᮏ䛾㡿ᅵ䛛䜙䜘䜚ከ䛟䛾฼┈䜢ா᭷䛩䜛ᨻ἞ⓗ᮲௳䛾ᙧᡂ䛜᭱኱䛾㛵ᚰ䛰䛳䛯䚹㻌

Ϫ.㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊ࠊࢧࣥࣇࣛࣥࢩࢫࢥᖹ࿴᮲⣙ࠊࡑࡋ࡚᪥㡑እ஺㛵ಀࡢᵓ⠏㻝㻥㻣㻡ᖺ䛂᪥ᮏ䛾౯್ほ䛻ኚ໬䛜䛒䛳䛯䛾䛛䛃䛸䛔䛖䛒䜛䝆䝱䞊䝘䝸䝇䝖䛾㉁ၥ䛻䚸ኳⓚ䛿䜔䜔ᖹ᫆䛺ゝⴥ䛷⟅䛘䛯䚹䛂ᡓத䛜⤊䜟䜚䚸ᅜẸ䛿ከᵝ䛺ពぢ䜢⾲᫂䛧䛶䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䛧䛛䛧ᗈ䛔ほⅬ䛛䜙ぢ䜛䛸䚸ᡓ๓䛸ᡓᚋ䛻ኚ䜟䛳䛯䜒䛾䛜䛒䜛䛸䛿⪃䛘䜎䛫䜣䛃䚹䛭䛧䛶ኳⓚ䛿㻝㻥㻤㻥ᖺ䚸⏕ᾭ䜢⤊䛘䜛᫬䜎䛷ኳⓚ䛸䛧䛶ྩ⮫䛧䛯䚹䛣䛖䛧䛯஦ᐇ⮬య䛜ᡓ๓䛸ᡓᚋ䛻ኚ䜟䛳䛯䜒䛾䛜䛺䛔䛸䛔䛖ኳⓚ䛾ゝⴥ䜢ド᫂䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛰㻠㻝䚹㻌㻌ᅜ㝿ἲୖ䚸SCAP䛿ᡓ᫬༨㡿ᙜᒁ䛸䛧䛶䚸༨㡿᫬䛛䜙ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䛾⥾⤖๓䜎䛷䚸༨㡿ᆅ䛾බඹ⛛ᗎ䜢⥔ᣢ䛧䚸ᖹ࿴䜢ᅇ᚟䛩䜛ᬻᐃⓗ䛷ไ㝈ⓗ䛺ᙺ๭䛾䜏䜢㐙⾜䛩䜛ἲⓗᐇయ䛰䛳䛯䚹༨㡿ᮇ㛫୰䝋㐃ඹ⏘୺⩏ໃຊ䛾ᣑ኱䛸᪥ᮏ༨㡿ᨻ⟇䛾᪋⾜䛻䜘䜛⡿ᅜ䛾⤒῭ⓗ㈇ᢸ䛺䛹䛻䜘䜚䚸⡿ᅜ䛚䜘䜃SCAP䛾༨㡿ᨻ⟇䛜ኚ໬䛩䜛䛣䛸䛸䛺䜚䚸䛣䜜䛻ᑐ䛧᪥ᮏ䛿✚ᴟⓗ䛻ᑐฎ䛧䚸䛂஦ᐇୖ䛾ᖹ࿴≧ែ䛃䛷ᖹ࿴᮲⣙⥾㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌
this obligation on the part of Japan will expire three years after the first coming into force of the present Treaty.
Should Japan make a peace settlement or war claims settlement with any State granting that State greater
advantages than those provided by the present Treaty, those same advantages shall be extended to the parties tothe present Treaty.” 䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䚸id.
㻟㻥㻌 ᙜ᫬⡿ᅜୖ㝔䛿䛣䛾䛣䛸䛻㛵䛧䛶ḟ䛾ᐉゝ䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹“As part of such advice and consent the Senate states that
nothing the treaty contains is deemed to diminish or prejudice, in favor of the Soviet Union, the right, title, andinterest of Japan, or the Allied Powers as defined in said treaty, in and to South Sakhalin and its adjacent islands,
the Kurile Islands, the Habomai Islands, the island of Shikotan, or any other territory, rights, or interests,
possessed by Japan on December 7, 1941, or to confer any right, title, or benefit therein or thereto on the Soviet
Union㻌and also that nothing in the said treaty, or the advice and consent of the Senate to the ratification thereof,
implies recognition on the part of the United States of the provisions in favor of the Soviet Union contained in theso-called ‘Yalta agreement’ regarding Japan of February 11, 1945.” USDOS, “Office Memorandum: Kurile
Islands”, 1956/8/3, [USNARA/661.941/8-356]
㻠㻜
USDOS, “Memorandum from William J. Sebald (Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs) to
Robert D. Murphy (Deputy Under㻌Secretary of State for Political Affairs): Japan-USSR Relations”, 1955/4/20,[USNARA/Doc. No.: 661.94/4-2055]
㻠㻝John W. Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (1999)

329㻌

㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊䚸䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䚸䛭䛧䛶㡑᪥እ஺㛵ಀ䛾ᵓ⠏㻌⤖๓䛻୺ᶒ䛾ไ㝈䜢䛷䛝䜛㝈䜚⦆࿴䛧䜘䛖䛸ດຊ䛧䛯䚹⡿ᅜ䛾༨㡿ᨻ⟇ኚ໬䛸᪥ᮏ䛾✚ᴟⓗດຊ䛿䚸ᐇ㝿ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䛻䜒཯ᫎ䛥䜜䚸௚䛾ᅜᐙ䛾ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䛸ẚ㍑䛧䛶᪥ᮏ䛻✜೺䛺ᖹ࿴᮲⣙⥾⤖䛸䛔䛖⤖ᐇ䜢ぢ䛯䚹㻌ᡓ຾ᅜ䛾ᩋᡓᅜ㡿ᅵฎ⌮䛻䛚䛡䜛ᨻົⓗ䛺౽ᐅᛶ䛾⪃៖䛚䜘䜃℃⏝䛿䚸㡿ᅵ⣮த䛾ゎỴ䛻㛵䛩䜛᭱㏆䛾ุ౛䜢㏻䛨䛶♧䛥䜜䜛ᅜ㝿ྖἲ⿢ุᡤ㻔ICJ㻕䜢䛿䛨䜑䛸䛩䜛ᅜ㝿ྖἲᶵ㛵䛾䚸㡿ᅵ⣮த䛸䛔䜟䜖䜛䛂᳜Ẹᆅၥ㢟㻔Colonial Question㻕䛃䛻ᑐ䛩䜛⬺Ṕྐㄆ㆑ⓗ䚸ᶵ⬟୺⩏ⓗ䚸䛭䛧䛶౽ᐅ୺⩏ⓗ䛺ἲ⌮䛾㐺⏝䛸䛸䜒䛻䚸䛭䛾ᘢᐖ䜢㔞⏘䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛴䜎䜚䚸⤖ᯝⓗ䛻䛭䛾ἲ⌮㐺⏝䛾ᘢᐖ䛻┤᥋ⓗ䛻ᙳ㡪䛥䜜䜛᳜Ẹᆅ⤒㦂䛛䜙⬺䛧䛯᪂⏕⊂❧ᅜᐙ䛾ሙྜ䚸ྖἲⓗᖇᅜ୺⩏䛾౵ዣ䛸䛔䛖ᚠ⎔ⓗ≧ἣ䛻┤㠃䛩䜛䛣䛸䛸䛺䜛䚹㻌
≉䛻䚸ᩋᡓᅜ᪥ᮏ䛾ᡓᚋ㡿ᅵฎ⌮㐣⛬䛷᫂䜙䛛䛻䛺䛳䛯䚸᪥ᮏ䛾ᅛ᭷㡿ᅵ䛸᪥ᮏ䛜ᖇᅜ୺⩏ⓗ䛺㡿ᅵ⭾ᙇ㐣⛬䛷౵ዣ䛧䛯㡿ᅵ䛸䛾᫂☜䛺༊ศ䛸ฎ⌮䛸䛔䛖ㄢ㢟䛜䚸୺せᡓ຾ᅜ㛫䛾฼ᐖ㛵ಀ䛸ᨻົⓗ䛺౽ᐅᛶ䛻䜘䛳䛶ẋᦆ䛥䜜䛯䛸䛔䛖஦ᐇ䛿䚸ἲⓗ᰿ᣐ⮬య䛜㆟ㄽ䛸䛺䜛ᡓ຾ᅜ䛾ᩋᡓᅜ㡿ᅵฎ⌮䛾ᶒ㝈ၥ㢟䜢䛥䜙䛻␲ၥど䛥䛫䜛䛣䛸䛻䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌㐣ཤ䛾⨥ᝏ䛾ྰㄆ䛜୙ಙ䜢䛿䜙䜏䚸ᅜ㝿ⓗ࿴ゎ䜢ᅔ㞴䛻䛩䜛䛸䛔䛖஦ᐇ䜢䚸᪥㡑䛾㛵ಀ䛸䝣䝷䞁䝇䛸䝗䜲䝒䛸䛾㛵ಀ䜢ẚ㍑䛧䛶ㄝ᫂䛧䚸ᚑ䛳䛶㐣ཤ䛾⨥ᝏ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾ᅜᐙ䝺䝧䝹䛾ㄆᐃ䛜ಙ㢗䛸࿴ゎ䛾ᵓ⠏䛻ᮏ㉁ⓗ䛷䛒䜛䛸୺ᙇ䛩䜛◊✲䛿䚸䛩䛷䛻䛛䛺䜚䛾ᩘᏑᅾ䛧䛶䛔䜛㻠㻞䚹䜎䛯䚸䛣䛾䛣䛸䛻㛵䛧䛶䚸ᮍ᮶ᚿྥⓗ䛺❧ሙ䜢ሀᣢ䛧䛴䛴㐣ཤ䛾⨥ᝏ䜢ㄆ䜑䜛䛣䛸䛜䜘䜚䜘䛔䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䛾᪉ྥ䛰䛸䛔䛖ᥦゝ䜒ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛㻠㻟䚹㻌
䝶䞊䝻䝑䝟䛷ᡓᚋ♧䛥䜜䛯⨥ᝏ䛸⻅⾜䛾ㄆᐃ䛸䛭䛾㐣ㄗ䛾㈐௵䛜䚸ᮾ䜰䝆䜰ᆅᇦ䛷䛿෌₇䛥䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䛸䛔䛖䛾䛿䚸ᡓᚋฎ⌮䛾㐣⛬䛷⡿ᅜ䜢䛿䛨䜑䛸䛩䜛ᡓ຾ᅜ䛷䛒䜛㐃ྜᅜ䛾ᙺ๭䛻㉳ᅉ䛩䜛䛸䛣䜝䛜኱䛝䛔䚹䛩䛺䜟䛱䚸⡿ᅜ䛿᪥ᮏ䛜⮬䜙䛾ᡓத≢⨥䛸䛭䛾㈐௵ၥ㢟䛾ᅇ㑊䛻୍ᐃ䛾ᙺ๭䜢ᯝ䛯䛩䛣䛸䛷䚸᪥ᮏ䛾Ṕྐⓗグ᠈႙ኻ䛾୍ຓ䛸䛺䛳䛯䛾䛷䛒䜛㻠㻠䚹ㄳồᶒ䛚䜘䜃㈺ൾၥ㢟䛻㛵䛧䛶䚸䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䛜ᩋᡓᅜ᪥ᮏ䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸ᴟᗘ䛻ᐶ኱䛷䠄extraordinarily generous䠅㠀ᠬ⨩ⓗ䛺䠄non-punitive䠅ᛶ᱁䜢ᣢ䛴䛣䛸䛻䛺䛳䛯⫼ᬒ䛻䜒⡿ᅜ䛾ᙺ๭䛿Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䚹㻌㻝㻥㻜㻡ᖺ䛾䛔䜟䜖䜛᱇䌦䝍䝣䝖༠ᐃ 㻠㻡 ⥾⤖䛾㐣⛬䛷䚸⡿ᅜ䛾ᡓத㛗ᐁ䠄US Secretary of War䠅䝍䝣䝖
䠄William Howard Taft䠅䛿䚸᪥ᮏ䛾᱇ኴ㑻㤳┦䛸⡿ᅜ䛾䝣䜱䝸䝢䞁ᨭ㓄䜈䛾᪥ᮏ䛾ྠព䛾ᑐ౯䛸䛧䛶᪥ᮏ䛾㡑ᅜᨭ㓄䛻ྠព䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸⡿ᅜ኱⤫㡿䛿ୖ㝔䛾ྠព䛺䛟䛣䛖䛧䛯⣙᮰⩏ົ䜢බᘧⓗ䛻ᒚ⾜䛷䛝䛺䛔䛜䚸⡿ᅜᅜẸ䛿䛣䛖䛧䛯᪥⡿㛫䛾ྲྀᘬ䜢⡿ᅜ䛾᮲⣙ୖ䛾⩏ົᒚ⾜䛾䝺䝧䝹䛷ཷ䛡Ṇ䜑䜛䜒䛾䛸☜ಙ䛩䜛䛸ゝཬ䛧䛯䚹㻞᪥ᚋ䚸⡿ᅜ䛾䝉䜸䝗䜰䞉䝹䞊䝈䞂䜵䝹䝖䠄Theodore Roosevelt䠅኱⤫㡿䛿䚸䝍䝣䝖䛾⌮㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻠㻞㻌 ᭱㏆䛾◊✲䛷௦⾲ⓗ䛺䜒䛾䛸䛧䛶䛿䚸Jennifer Lind, Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics (2008)䜢ᣲ䛢䜙䜜䜛䚹㻠㻟
Jennifer Lind, “The Perils of Apology: What Japan Shouldn’t Learn From Germany”, 88 Foreign Affairs 3 (2009),
p.146
㻠㻠㻌 䝗䜲䝒䛜ᚭᗏ䛧䛶ᡓத䜈䛾㈐௵䜢㈇䜟䛺䛡䜜䜀䛺䜙䛺䛛䛳䛯୍᪉䛷䚸᪥ᮏ䛜ᡓத䛾㈐௵䛛䜙⮬⏤䛷䛒䛳䛯ᡤ௨䜢䚸ᙜ᫬᪥ᮏ䜢ᨭ㓄䛧䛶䛔䛯䝬䝑䜹䞊䝃䞊㌷ᨻ䛾ᑐ᪥ᨻ⟇䛻ồ䜑䛯䛒䜛◊✲䛿䚸⡿ᅜ䛜ኳⓚ䜢฼⏝䛩䜛䛯䜑ᙼ䛾ᡓத㈐௵䜢ྰᐃ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛻䜘䜚䛭䜜௨ୗ䛾᪥ᮏே䛾⨥ព㆑䛜㕌䛟䛺䛳䛯䛸ศᯒ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹Dower, supra,note 41ཧ↷䚹㻠㻡Katsura-Taft Agreement of 1905䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾஦㡯䛿୍⯡ⓗ䛻Council on Foreign Relations, 3 Encyclopedia ofU.S. Foreign Relations (1997), p.24ཧ↷䚹330㻌➨㻟㒊㻌 ➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ௨ᚋ䛾᪥㡑㛵ಀ䛾ᙧᡂ䛸ኚ໬㻌➨㻞❶㻌 እ஺㻌ゎ䛜඲䛶䛾Ⅼ䛷㠀ᖖ䛻ṇ☜䛰䛳䛯䛸ゝཬ䛧䛯㟁ᩥ䜢㏦䜚䚸䛂᪥ᮏ䛾ྠព䛺䛟㡑ᅜ䛿௚䛾እᅜ䛸᮲⣙䜢⥾⤖䛷䛝䛺䛔䛸䛩䜛᪥ᮏ㌷㝲䛾㡑ᅜ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛᐀୺ᶒ䠄suzerainty䠅䛾タᐃ䛿䚸⌧ᅾ䛾㼇᪥㟢ᡓத㼉䛾ྜ⌮ⓗ䛺⤖ᯝ䛷䛒䜚䚸ᮾ䜰䝆䜰䛻䛚䛡䜛ᜏஂⓗ䛺ᖹ࿴䛻┤᥋ⓗ䛻㈉⊩䛩䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛃㻠㻢䛸ᙉㄪ䛧䛯䚹㻌⡿ᅜ䛾ᡓத㛗ᐁ䝍䝣䝖䛿䚸㻝㻥㻜㻢ᖺᮾி䛾᪥ᮏၟᕤ఍㆟ᡤ㻔Japanese Chamber of Commerce㻕䛷䛾₇ㄝ䛷䚸䛂ᡃ䚻䛿௒䚸ἲ䛸⛛ᗎ䛾ᨻᗓ䜢⥔ᣢ䛷䛝䛺䛔Ẹ᪘䛾ၥ㢟䛻䚸䜘䜚ᙉ䛔ᅜᐙ䛜௓ධ䛧䚸ヱᙜẸ᪘䛜䜘䜚䜘䛔ᨻᗓ䛸䛺䜚䚸ୡ⏺䛾Ⓨᒎ䛾䛯䜑䛾ᅜᐙⓗ⩏ົ䛸ᙺ๭䜢㐙⾜䛷䛝䜛䜘䛖䚸ᨭ᥼䛩䜉䛝᫬௦䛻⏕䛝䛶䛔䜛㻠㻣䚹䛃䛸ゝ䛔ษ䛳䛯䛣䛸䛜䛒䜛䚹㻌⡿ᅜ䛜ᖇᅜ୺⩏᫬௦䛻⮬䜙䛾㡿ᅵ䜢ᣑᙇ䛩䜛㐣⛬䛷᫂䜙䛛䛻䛺䛳䛯ᅜᐙ฼┈䛾ᐇ⌧䛻㛵䛩䜛ᅜᐙᐇ⾜㻠㻤䛜䚸➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ௨ᚋᡓ຾ᅜ䛾❧ሙ䛷㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊䚸䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䛾ᵓᅗ䜢⤒䛺䛜䜙㐺⏝䛧䛯ᨻົⓗ䛺౽ᐅᛶ䛾⪃៖䛚䜘䜃℃⏝䛿䚸⌧௦ᮾ䜰䝆䜰䚸≉䛻䚸᪥㡑እ஺㛵ಀ䛻䛚䛔䛶୙Ᏻᐃ䜢䛿䜙䜎䛫䜛⤖ᯝ䜢ṧ䛧䛯䚹㻌ᖇᅜ୺⩏ᅜᐙ䛜㡿ᅵ䜢ᣑᙇ䛩䜛㐣⛬䛷ᛮ䛔䛾䜎䜎䛻⾜䛳䛯⾜Ⅽ䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸஦ᚋ⮬䜙䛾⾜Ⅽ䜢㜵ᚚ䛩䜛㐣⛬䛷୺䛻᥼⏝䛥䜜䜛᫬㝿ἲ㻔intertemporal law㻕䛾ཎ๎㻠㻥䛜ᮾ䜰䝆䜰䛾⌧ᐇ䛷䛿ไ㝈ⓗ䛻㐺⏝䛥㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻠㻢㻌 ཎᩥ䛿ḟ䛾㏻䜚䚹“The establishment of a suzerainty over Korea by Japanese troops to the extent of requiring that
Korea enter into no foreign treaties without the consent of Japan was the logical result of the present war andwould directly contribute to permanent peace in the East.” Harold Hak-Won Sunoo, Korea: A Political History inModern Times (1970), pp.196-197
㻠㻣㻌 ཎᩥ䛿ḟ䛾㏻䜚䚹“We are living in an age where the intervention of a stronger nation in the affairs of a people
unable to maintain a government of law and order to assist the latter to better government becomes a national duty
and works for the progress of the world.” ཎᩥ㈨ᩱ䛿Jon Van Dykeᩍᤵ䛻䜘䛳䛶ᥦ౪䛥䜜䛯䚹㻠㻤㻌 䛣䜜䛻㛵䛧䛶䚸⡿ᅜ䛾䝝䝽䜲ేྜ㐣⛬䛷෌⌧䛥䜜䛯⡿ᅜ䛸᪥ᮏ䛸䛾ㄪᩚ䛿䚸㡿ᅵᣑᙇ䛷ᅜᐙ฼┈䛾᭱኱ᐇ⌧䜢ᅗ䛳䛯ᙜ᫬䛾ᖇᅜ୺⩏ᅜᐙ䛾័⾜䛻ᑐ䛩䜛୍䛴䛾᩿㠃䜢♧䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹᪥ᮏ䛿1897ᖺ䝝䝽䜲䛷䛾⌧≧⥔ᣢ䛾ᣢ⥆䛿ኴᖹὒ䛻฼ᐖ䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䛔䜛ᅜᐙ䛾ၿ㞄ⓗ䛺㛵ಀ䛻㠀ᖖ䛻ᚲ㡲䛾஦᱌䛷䛒䜛䛸ᙉㄪ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸⡿ᅜ䛜䝝䝽䜲䜢ేྜ䛩䜛㐣⛬䛷ཎ๎ⓗ䛻཯ᑐ䛾❧ሙ䜢⾲᫂䛧䛯䚹䛭䛾ᘏ㛗⥺ୖ䛷᪥ᮏ䛿䝝䝽䜲䛻ᒃఫ䛧䛯䜚ാ䛔䛶䛔䜛᪥ᮏே䛾ᶒ฼䛜⬣䛛䛥䜜䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖஦ᐇ䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸ᠱᛕ䜢⾲䛧䛯䚹John Bassett Moore, 1 A Digestof International Law (1906), p.504; Sylvester K. Stevens, American Expansion in Hawaii 1842-1898 (1945,
reissued 1968), p.287. ⡿ᅜ䛿䝝䝽䜲䛻ᒃఫ䛧䛶䛔䜛᪥ᮏே䛜ᕪู䛺䛟බᖹ䛻ฎ㐝䛥䜜䜛䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䜢᪥ᮏ䛻⣙᮰䛧䛯䛜䚸䛣䛖䛧䛯⣙᮰䛿⤖ᒁᏲ䜙䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹Moore, id., pp.505-509. 1897総12᭶䚸᪥ᮏ䛿ᢠ㆟䜢୰᩿䛧䚸᪥ᮏேዎ⣙ປാ⪅䛻㛵䛩䜛⣮த䛾ゎỴ䛻ᑐ䛧䚸⡿㈌㻣㻡㻘㻜㻜㻜䝗䝹䛻ྜព䛧䛯䚹Stevens, id., p.288. ⡿ᅜ䛾䝝䝽䜲ేྜ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾ᙜ᫬䛾䜹䝘䝎㆟఍䛾཯ᑐ䛿䚸ヱᙜ஦᱌䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾᪥ᮏ䛾䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䚸䛚䜘䜃⌮ゎ䛸䛿ከ䛟䛾㐪䛔䛜䛒䜛䜒䛾䛰䛳䛯䚹ᙜ᫬N.F. Davin㆟ဨ䛿䛂䛒䜛ᅜᐙ䛾୍㒊ศ䜢ᙉไⓗ䛻ేྜ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿䚸ᙉ኱ᅜ䛾⾜Ⅽ䜢⤫ไ䛩䜛⩏ົ䛻㛵䛩䜛㏆௦ⓗᛮ᝿䛻཯䛩䜛䜒䛾䛰䛃䛸ᢈุ䛧䚸Alexander McNeill㆟ဨ䛿䛂୓୍ཎఫẸ䜙䛜䛭䛾ኚ໬䛻཯ᑐ䛩䜛䛾䛜஦ᐇ䛺䜙䚸⡿ᅜ䛻䜘䜛䛔䛛䛺䜛௓ධ䜒⡿ᅜ⮬㌟䛾ཎ๎䛻཯䛩䜛䜒䛾䛰䛃䛸㏙䜉䛯䚹Jennifer
M.L. Chock, “One Hundred Years of Illegitimacy: International Legal Analysis of the Illegal Overthrow of the
Hawaiian Monarchy, Hawai`i’s Annexation, and Possible Reparations”, 17 University of Hawaii Law Review 463(1995), p.492 (quoting from “Canadians Don't Like It: They Think Annexation Would Mean Trouble for U.S.”,
N.Y. Times. Feb. 16, 1893, at 1)㻠㻥㻌 ᫬㝿ἲ䛾ཎ๎䛸䛿≉ᐃ䛾᫬ᮇ䛾≉ᐃ䛾⣮த䛻䛹䛾䜘䛖䛺ἲཎ๎䜢㐺⏝䛩䜉䛝䛛䛾ၥ㢟䛻㛵䛩䜛䜒䛾䛷䚸⣮தᙜ஦⪅㛫䛾≉ᐃ䛾⣮த஦᱌䛻䛴䛔䛶ᙜ஦⪅䜙䛜ᥦ㉳䛧䛯୺ᙇ䛿⣮த䛜Ⓨ⏕䛧䛯ᙜ᫬䛻Ꮡᅾ䛧䛶䛔䛯ᅜ㝿ἲ䛸ἲཎ๎䛻ᚑ䛳䛶ホ౯䛥䜜䛺䛡䜜䜀䛺䜙䛺䛔䛸䛔䛖ཎ๎䜢ゝ䛖䚹䝟䝹䝬䝇ᓥ௰⿢⿢ุ䛷䛾᫬㝿ἲ䛾ཎ๎䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ᴫᛕᐃ⩏䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸䝟䝹䝬䝇ᓥ௰⿢⿢ุ(Islands of Palmas Arbitration (U.S. v. Neth.), 2 R.I.A.A. 829(1928)), p.845 (“[as] regards the question which of different legal systems prevailing at successive periods is to be
applied in a particular case (the so-called intertemporal law), a distinction must be made between the creation ofrights and the existence of rights. The same principle which subjects the act creative of a right to the law in force
at the time the right arises, demands that the existence of the right, in other words its continued manifestation,
shall follow the conditions required by the evolution of law.”)ཧ↷䚹᫬㝿ἲ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ᢈุⓗ䛺ぢゎ䛸䛧䛶䛿
Joshua Castellino & Steve Allen, Title to Territory㻌in International Law: A Temporal Analysis (2003), p.3 䛺䛹ཧ↷(“a mere political handmaiden to the politics of power of the imperial states who set out on a worldwide
conquest of territory” “to prevent blind acceptance of past manipulations of a legal system that was created by,331㻌㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊䚸䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䚸䛭䛧䛶㡑᪥እ஺㛵ಀ䛾ᵓ⠏㻌䜜䜛䜉䛝᰿ᣐ䛜䛣䛣䛻䛒䜛䚹஦ᐇୖ㐣ཤ䛾すḢᖇᅜ୺⩏ᅜᐙ䛾ᨻ⟇䛿䚸⌧ᅾἲⓗᏳᐃᛶ䛸䛔䛖ἲ⌮ᛕ䛚䜘䜃᫬㝿ἲ䛸䛔䛖ἲᢏ⾡䛻䜘䛳䛶䛭䛾䜎䜎ㄆᐃ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛≧ἣ䛷䛒䜚䚸䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺䛒䜚᪉䛿᭱㏆䛾ICJุỴ䛷䜒ዴᐇ䛻⾲䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹ᯝ䛯䛧䛶ἲⓗᏳᐃᛶ䛸䛔䛖ἲ⌮ᛕ䛿⌧ᅾ䛾୙ṇ⩏䛺≧ἣ䛸ලయⓗጇᙜᛶ䛻⤯ᑐ䛻ඃඛ䛩䜛䜒䛾䛺䛾䛛䛸䛔䛖␲ၥ䜢ᢞ䛢䛛䛡䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䚹᫬㝿ἲ䛾ἲⓗຠ⏝ᛶᙉ໬䚸ᶵ⬟䠋౽ᐅ୺⩏ⓗ䛺uti possidetisཎ๎㻡㻜䛾ᬑ㐢ⓗ㐺⏝ྍ⬟ᛶቑຍ䛺䛹䚸ἲⓗᏳᐃᛶ䛸䛔䛖ἲ䛾⌮ᛕ䛻ᛅᐇ䛺⌧௦䛾ᅜ㝿ἲ䛜ᖇᅜ୺⩏᫬௦䛾ᅜ㝿ἲ䜢ᘬ䛝⥅䛔䛷䛔䜛⌧ᐇ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊䛚䜘䜃䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙యไ䛻ᇶ䛵䛔䛶ᙧᡂ䛥䜜䛯⌧௦᪥㡑እ஺㛵ಀ䛾ᵓ⠏䛿䚸ኚ䜟䜙䛺䛔⡿ᅜ䛾㡿ᅵⓗ฼┈㏣ồ䛜ᮾ䜰䝆䜰ᆅᇦ䛻ᐇ⌧䛥䜜䛯Ṕྐⓗ⫼ᬒ䛸䛸䜒䛻䚸䛭䛾ጇᙜᛶ䛜෌᳨ウ䛥䜜䛽䜀䛺䜙䛺䛔䚹㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻡㻜dominated by and imposed by imperial states upon the rest of the world”)
䛣䜜䛻㛵䛧䛶䚸uti possidetisཎ๎䛾ᴫᛕ䚸ᙧᡂ㐣⛬䚸䛭䛧䛶㐺⏝ၥ㢟䛻䛴䛔䛶䜒◊✲䛾ᚲせ䛜䛒䜛䚹uti
possidetisཎ๎䛿䝇䝨䜲䞁⤫἞ᆅᇦ䛰䛳䛯༡⡿ᆅᇦ䛾ሙྜ䚸䝇䝨䜲䞁᳜Ẹᆅᆅᇦ䛾ᅜᐙ䛜⊂❧䜢㐩ᡂ䛧䛯䛸䛝᳜Ẹᆅ᫬௦䛾ෆ㒊⾜ᨻ༊⏬䛜᪂⏕⊂❧ᅜᐙ㛫䛾ᅜቃ⥺䛸䛧䛶☜ᐃ䛥䜜䜛䛸䛔䛖ཎ๎䛷䚸䛣䛾ᚋ䜰䝆䜰䚸䜰䝣䝸䜹ᆅᇦ䚸䛚䜘䜃᭱㏆䛾ᪧ䝴䞊䝂஦ែ䛷䜒㐺⏝䛥䜜䛯䚹uti possidetisཎ๎䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾䛥䜙䛻ヲ⣽䛺ෆᐜ䛿୍⯡ⓗ䛻Suzanne N. Lalonde, Determining Boundaries in a Conflicted World: The Role of Uti Possidetis (2002); Steven
R. Ratner, “Drawing a Better Line: Uti Possidetis and the Borders of New States”, 90 Am. J. Int'l L. 590 (1996);
Surya Sharma, Territorial Acquisition, Disputes and International Law (1997), pp.119-29 䛺䛹䜢ཧ↷䚹

332㻌

➨㻟㒊㻌 ➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ௨ᚋ䛾᪥㡑㛵ಀ䛾ᙧᡂ䛸ኚ໬㻌➨㻞❶㻌 እ஺㻌ᢈホᩥ䠄኱す㻌 ⿱䠅㻌㻌ᮏㄽᩥ䛿䚸ᡓᚋ᪥ᮏ䛾䛂Ṕྐⓗグ᠈႙ኻ䛃䜢䚸䜰䝯䝸䜹䛻䜘䜛᪥ᮏ༨㡿⤫἞䜔ᡓᚋ䛾ᯟ⤌䜏䜢つᐃ䛧䛯䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ㅮ࿴᮲⣙䛜ᙜ᫬䛾ᅜ㝿ᨻ἞᝟ໃ䜢຺᱌䛧䛯䛂㠀ᠬ⨩ⓗ䛃䛷䛒䛳䛯䛣䛸䛻ཎᅉ䜢ồ䜑䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䜰䝯䝸䜹䛜᪥ᮏ䛾ᖇᅜ୺⩏ⓗ⭾ᙇ䛻䜘䛳䛶䜰䝆䜰ㅖᅜ䛾ே䚻䛜ᣢ䛳䛯᪥ᮏ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ྰᐃⓗឤ᝟䜢⌮ゎ䛧䛺䛔ᑐ᪥ᨻ⟇䜢䛸䛳䛯䛜䛯䜑䛻䚸᪥ᮏ䛿䛭䛾ྰᐃⓗឤ᝟䜢⌮ゎ䛫䛪䚸ᡓத≢⨥䛻ᑐ䛧䝶䞊䝻䝑䝟䛷䛾䛭䜜䛸䛿ᑐ↷ⓗ䛻ྰᐃⓗ䛺ᑐᛂ䛻⤊ጞ䛧䛯䛸ᮏㄽᩥ䛿୺ᙇ䛩䜛䚹䛣䛾䛯䜑䛻䚸ᮏㄽᩥ䛿㡿ᅵ⣮த䛻㛵䛩䜛䚸㏻ㄝⓗ䛺䛂⬺Ṕྐㄆ㆑ⓗ䚸ᶵ⬟୺⩏ⓗ䚸౽ᐅ୺⩏ⓗ䛺ἲ⌮䛃䛻䚸䛂Ṕྐᢈุⓗ䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䛃䜢ᑐᓖ䛥䛫䚸ᚋ⪅䛾ほⅬ䛛䜙ୖグ୺ᙇ䛾❧ド䜢ヨ䜏䜛ᵓᅗ䛸䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹䛣䛾ၥ㢟ᥦ㉳䛿᪂㩭䛷⯆࿡῝䛟䚸ὀ┠䛻್䛧䚸௒ᚋᵝ䚻䛺ゅᗘ䛛䜙᳨ド䜢ヨ䜏䜛౯್䛜䛒䜛䚹㻌䛣䛾䛣䛸䜢๓ᥦ䛻䛧䛴䛴䚸ホ⪅䛿ᮏㄽᩥ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛䛔䛟䛴䛛䛾␲ၥ䜢௨ୗ䚸㏙䜉䜛䚹䛺䛚䚸ホ⪅䛿ᅜ㝿ἲ䛿䜒䛱䜝䜣䚸ἲᚊᏛ䜢ᑓᨷ䛧䛶䛿䛔䛺䛔䛾䛷䚸ᅜ㝿ἲⓗ䛻ᮏㄽᩥ䛜䛔䛛䛺䜛౯್䜢᭷䛧䛶䛔䜛䛛䛿ุ᩿䛷䛝䛺䛔䚹䛣䛾ᢈホ䛷ᣲ䛢䜛䛾䛿䚸䛭䛾๓ᥦ䛸䛺䜛ᨻ἞ⓗ䞉♫఍ⓗ⌧㇟䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ᮏㄽᩥ䛾⌮ゎ䛸䛺䜛䛣䛸䜢䛚チ䛧䛔䛯䛰䛝䛯䛔䚹㻌➨୍䛻䚸ᮏㄽᩥ䛿㠀ᖖ䛻୙ぶษ䛷䛒䜛䚹ᮏㄽᩥ䛷᰿ᖿ䜢䛺䛩䜘䛖䛺⏝ㄒ䜔㆟ㄽ䛾⫼ᬒ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾ㄝ᫂䛜୙㊊䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹౛䛘䜀䚸ᮏㄽᩥ䛾㘽ᴫᛕ䛷䛒䜛䛂Ṕྐⓗグ᠈႙ኻ䛃䛸䛿ලయⓗ䛻ఱ䜢ᣦ䛩䛾䛛ㄝ᫂䛜䛺䛔䚹䜎䛯䚸䊡㻙㻞䛻䛴䛔䛶ᮏㄽᩥ䛿䝫䝒䝎䝮ᐉゝཷㅙ䛾ἲⓗᛶ᱁䜢⦷䚻ㄽ䛨䛶䛔䜛䛜䚸䛺䛬䛣䛾Ⅼ䜢䛣䜜䜋䛹䛾ᯛᩘ䜢䛥䛔䛶ㄽ䛨䜛ᚲせ䛜䛒䜛䛾䛛䚸䛒䜛䛔䛿䛔䛛䛺䜛ㄽத䛜䛒䜚䚸䛭䜜䛜䛺䛬㔜せ䛺䛾䛛䚸䛭䛾⫼ᬒ䛜඲䛟ㄝ᫂䛥䜜䛶䛔䛺䛔䚹➨஧䛻䚸ᮏㄽᩥ䛿ㄽᩥ䜢⌮ゎ䛩䜛ୖ䛷㔜せ䛺ุ᩿䛾ㄽᣐ䜢♧䛧䛶䛔䛺䛔䚹౛䛘䜀䚸㻟㻞㻟㡫䛷㐃ྜᅜ䛸᪥ᮏ䛸䛾㛵ಀྐ䛜㔜せ䛷䛒䜛䛸ᣦ᦬䛩䜛䜒䛾䛾䚸䛔䛛䛺䜛ഃ㠃䛜㔜せ䛺䛾䛛䚸䛒䜛䛔䛿㔜せ䛰䛸䛩䜛䛾䛿ලయⓗ䛻䛹䛾஦ᐇ䛺䛾䛛䜢♧䛥䛺䛔䚹䛣䛾࿨㢟䛾䛒䛸䛻㏙䜉䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䛝䜟䜑䛶ᇶᮏⓗ䛺ᴫ␎ྐ䛷䛿➹⪅䛜ఱ䜢䛥䛧䛶䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺୺ᙇ䜢䛩䜛䛾䛛䛚䜘䛭⌮ゎ䛷䛝䛺䛔䚹䜎䛯䚸౛䛘䜀䚸㻟㻞㻟㻙㻟㻞㻠㡫䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸⡿ᅜ䛾ᨻ⟇㐠⏝䛜᪥ᮏ䜢ᅜ㝿ⓗᅽຊ䛛䜙஋㞳䛥䛫䛯䛸୺ᙇ䛩䜛䛜䚸䛭䛾᰿ᣐ䛿䛒䛜䛳䛶䛔䛺䛔䚹ᑡ䛺䛟䛸䜒䛭䛾䜘䛖䛻ุ᩿ྍ⬟䛺ླྀ㏙䛿ホ⪅䛻䛿ぢ䛴䛡䜙䜜䛺䛔䚹䛣䛾䜘䛖䛻᰿ᣐ䛾♧䛥䜜䛺䛔୺ᙇ䛿䚸䛦䛳䛸ぢ䛯䛰䛡䛷䜒㻟㻞㻟㻙㻟㻞㻠㡫䚸㻟㻞㻤㡫䛻ぢཷ䛡䜙䜜䜛䚹䛺䛚䚸㻟㻟㻝㡫䛻♧䛥䜜䛯䚸➨୍ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ௨๓䛾䜰䝯䝸䜹䛾ᑐእᨻ⟇ᣦ㔪䛜᪥ᮏ༨㡿䛻ᙳ㡪䛧䛯䛸䛾グ㏙䛿ᖖ㆑ⓗ䛻ወ␗䛷䛒䜛䛾䛷䚸䜰䝯䝸䜹䛜䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺ᣦ㔪䜢㻟㻜ᖺ௨ୖ䜒䛭䛾ᚋᣢ䛱⥆䛡䛯䛺䜙䛭䜜⮬య䛜ㄽド䛥䜜䛽䜀䛺䜙䛺䛔䚹➨୕䛻䚸ᮏㄽᩥ䛜㻟㻞㻣㻙㻟㻞㻤㡫䛻ᥖ㍕䛥䜜䛯㛗ᩥ䛾ᘬ⏝䛜䚸ఱ䜢ព࿡䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛛᫂♧䛥䜜䛶䛔䛺䛔䚹➨ᅄ䛻䚸௬䛻䚸Ṕྐⓗグ᠈႙ኻ䛸䜰䝯䝸䜹䛾ᑐ᪥ᨻ⟇䛾ᛶ᱁䛜ᮏㄽᩥ䛾䛔䛖䜘䛖䛺஦ᐇ䛷䛒䛳䛯䛸䛧䛶䜒䚸䛭䛾㛫䛻ᅉᯝ㛵ಀ䛜䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖䛯䜑䛾⌮ㄽ䛾ᥦ♧䛜ᮏㄽᩥ䛷䛿䛺䛔䚹Ṕྐⓗグ᠈႙ኻ䛜௚䛾せᅉ䛸䛿㛵ಀ䛜䛺䛔䛸୺ᙇ䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䛿䚸ᨻ἞Ꮫⓗ䞉♫఍Ꮫⓗ䛺䛔䛧䛿ᅜ㝿㛵ಀㄽⓗ⌮ㄽ䛜ᚲせ䛷䛒䜛䛜䚸䛭䛖䛧䛯ㄝ᫂䛿䛺䛔䚹㻌ᮏㄽᩥ䛾㔜せ䛺ᣦ᦬䛻䜒䛛䛛䜟䜙䛪䚸௨ୖ䛾䜘䛖䛺ᣦ᦬䛜ྍ⬟䛻䛺䜛䛾䛿䚸ᅜ㝿ἲⓗ䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䜢䛸䜛ᮏㄽᩥ䛜䚸䛭䛾๓ᥦ䛸䛩䜉䛝䚸ᨻ἞Ꮫⓗ䚸ᅜ㝿㛵ಀㄽⓗ䛺䛔䛧䛿እ஺ྐⓗ⵳✚䜢㋃䜎䛘䛶䛔䛺䛔䛛䚸䛒䜛䛔䛿䛭䛖䛧䛯⵳✚䛜䛭䜒䛭䜒୙༑ศ䛰䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䚹ᚋ⪅䛷䛒䜛䛸䛧䛯䜙䚸ᮏㄽᩥ䜢ዎᶵ䛻䛧䛶௚䛾ศ㔝䛷䛾άⓎ䛺◊✲䛜䛺䛥䜜䜛䛣䛸䜢ᮇᚅ䛧䛯䛔䚹㻌333㻌㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊䚸䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䚸䛭䛧䛶㡑᪥እ஺㛵ಀ䛾ᵓ⠏㻌ᢈホᩥ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛䝁䝯䞁䝖䠄ᮤ☒♸䠅㻌㻌➹⪅䛾ㄽᩥ䛂㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊䚸䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䚸䛭䛧䛶㡑᪥እ஺㛵ಀ䛾ᵓ⠏䛃䛿䚸⡿ᅜ䛜ᖇᅜ୺⩏᫬௦䛻⮬ᅜ䛾㡿ᅵ䜢ᣑᙇ䛩䜛㐣⛬䛷㟢࿊䛧䛯ᅜ┈䛾ᐇ⌧䛻㛵䛩䜛ᅜᐙᐇ⾜䛜䚸➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ௨㝆ᡓ຾ᅜ䛾❧ሙ䛛䜙䚸㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊䚸䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䛾ᵓᅗ䜢⤒䜛䛣䛸䛷㐺⏝䛧䛯ᨻົⓗ䛺౽ᐅᛶ䛾⪃៖䛸℃⏝䛿䚸⌧௦ᮾ䜰䝆䜰䚸≉䛻᪥㡑እ஺㛵ಀ䛾୙Ᏻᐃ䜢䛿䜙䜎䛫䛯䛣䛸䜢═䜑䛶䛔䜛䚹ᢈホᩥ䜒ᮏ✏䛾୺ᙇ䛧䜘䛖䛸䛩䜛ពᅗ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䛂䜰䝯䝸䜹䛻䜘䜛᪥ᮏ༨㡿⤫἞䜔ᡓᚋ䛾ᯟ⤌䜏䜢つᐃ䛧䛯䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ㅮ࿴᮲⣙䛜ᙜ᫬䛾ᅜ㝿ᨻ἞᝟ໃ䜢຺᱌䛧䛯䛂㠀ᠬ⨩ⓗ䛃䛷䛒䛳䛯䛣䛸䛻ᡓᚋ᪥ᮏ䛾䛂Ṕྐⓗグ᠈႙ኻ䛃䛾ཎᅉ䜢ồ䜑䜛ㄽᩥ䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸ㄆ㆑䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸ㄽᩥ䛾ᮏ㉁ⓗ䛺┠ⓗ䜢⌮ゎ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛻ឤㅰ䛩䜛䚹㻌ᢈホᩥ䛷ᣦ᦬䛧䛯䛔䛟䛴䛛䛾஦㡯䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸௨ୗ䛾䜘䛖䛺ពぢ䜢♧䛩䛣䛸䛷䚸ᢈホᩥ䜈䛾➹⪅ಶே䛾඲⯡ⓗ䛺ᡤឤ䜢ヱᙜ㒊ศ䛻᫂䜙䛛䛻䛧䜘䛖䛸ᛮ䛖䚹㻌䜎䛪䚸ᢈホᩥ䛿ᮏ✏䛾᰾䛸䛺䜛ᴫᛕ䛷䛒䜛䛂Ṕྐⓗグ᠈႙ኻ䛃䛸䛿ලయⓗ䛻ఱ䜢ᣦ䛩䛾䛛ㄝ᫂䛜䛺䛟䚸䛺䛬䝫䝒䝎䝮ᐉゝཷㅙ䛾ἲⓗᛶ᱁䛜ᙉㄪ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛾䛛䛻䛴䛔䛶ၥ㢟ᥦ㉳䜢䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䝫䝒䝎䝮ᐉゝཷㅙ䛾ἲⓗᛶ᱁䛜㠀ᖖ䛻ᙉㄪ䛥䜜䛦䜛䜢ᚓ䛺䛔⌮⏤䛿䚸䜎䛥䛻ᡓᚋ᪥ᮏ䛾䛂Ṕྐⓗグ᠈႙ኻ䛃䛾἞⒵䛻䛭䛾୺䛯䜛┠ⓗ䛜䛒䜛䛯䜑䛷䛒䜛䚹ㄽᩥ䛷᫂䜙䛛䛻䛧䛯䜘䛖䛻䚸ᡓ຾ᅜ䛸ᩋᡓᅜ䛸䛾㛵ಀ䛻㛵䛩䜛ᅜ㝿ἲ䛾୍⯡ⓗ䛺ㄆ㆑䛿䚸⡿ᅜ䛺䛹୺せᡓ຾ᅜᐙ䛻䜘䛳䛶Ỵᐃ䛥䜜䛯➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ௨ᚋ䛾ฎ⌮᪉㔪䛻㛵䛩䜛୍㐃䛾ᅜ㝿ᐉゝ䛾ἲⓗ⨹᮰ຊ䛻䛴䛔䛶⫯ᐃⓗ䛻ホ౯䛫䛦䜛䜢ᚓ䛪䚸≉䛻䝫䝒䝎䝮ᐉゝ䛿ᅜ㝿᮲⣙ୖ䛾⏝ἲ䛸ྠᵝ䛻ἲⓗᶒ฼䛺䛔䛧⩏ົ䜢๰タ䛩䜛䜒䛾䛸ゎ㔘䛩䜉䛝䛷䛒䜛䚹᪥ᮏ䛿㻝㻥㻠㻡ᖺ㻥᭶㻞᪥㝆అᩥ᭩䛻ㄪ༳䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸᫂♧ⓗ䛻䝫䝒䝎䝮ᐉゝ䛾ಙ⩏ㄔᐇ䛺ᒚ⾜䜢ᐉゝ䛧䛯䛸䛔䛖஦ᐇ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾グ᠈䛿䚸ᩋᡓᅜᐙ᪥ᮏ䛜ἲⓗ䛻┠ᣦ䛩䜉䛝䛸䛣䜝䜢ㅍ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺Ṕྐⓗ䛺஦ᐇ䜢᪥ᮏ䛜ᅜᐙⓗ䛻䚸䛒䜛䛔䛿ᅜẸⓗ䛻䛝䛱䜣䛸┤ど䛧䛶䛔䜛䛛䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾␲ၥ䛜䛒䜛䚹㻌ᢈホᩥ䛿䚸䜎䛯䚸ㄽᩥ䛾⌮ゎ䛻㔜せ䛺ุ᩿䛾ㄽᣐ䜢ᥦ♧䛧䛶䛔䛺䛔䛸ᣦ᦬䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹ㄽᩥ䛜୺ᙇ䛧䜘䛖䛸䛩䜛䛣䛸䛾ᐇドⓗ䛺᰿ᣐ䜢ᥦ♧䛷䛝䛶䛔䛺䛔䛣䛸䜈䛾ၥ㢟ᥦ㉳䛿䚸୍ぢ䛧䛯䛸䛣䜝䠄prima facie䠅⌮ゎ䛷䛝䜛㠃䛜䛒䜛䛜䚸➹⪅䛜ㄽᩥ䛷୺ᙇ䛧䛯䛾䛿䚸㐃ྜᅜ᭱㧗ྖ௧㒊䛾᪥ᮏ⤫἞䛸䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䛾⥾⤖㐣⛬䛷᫂䜙䛛䛻䛺䛳䛯ᮾ䜰䝆䜰㡿ᅵฎ⌮ၥ㢟䛾┦஫㛵㐃ᛶ䜢୰ᚰ䛻䚸⡿ᅜ䜢䛿䛨䜑䛸䛩䜛୺せᡓ຾ᅜ䛾ᩋᡓᅜ᪥ᮏ䛾㡿ᅵฎ⌮㐣⛬䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾ㄆ㆑䛾㧗䜎䜚䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䜢ᙉㄪ䛧䛯䛔䚹㻌ᢈホᩥ䛿䚸⡿ᅜᅜົ┬ෆ䛷ᩋᡓᅜ᪥ᮏ䛾㡿ᅵฎ⌮㐣⛬䛷㟢࿊䛥䜜䛯䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙㛵㐃ෆ㒊ᩥ᭩䛾ព࿡䛩䜛䛸䛣䜝䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾ၥ㢟ᥦ㉳䜢䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹ㄽᩥ䛷᫂䜙䛛䛻䛧䛯ᡓᚋ᪥ᮏ䛾㡿ᅵฎ⌮䛾㐺ἲᛶホ౯䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸䛭䛾♧၀䛩䜛䛸䛣䜝䜢⌮ゎ䛷䛝䛺䛡䜜䜀䚸䛥䜙䛻䛿䝃䞁䝣䝷䞁䝅䝇䝁ᖹ࿴᮲⣙䛾⥾⤖䛾䛯䜑䛾ᩋᡓᅜ᪥ᮏ䛾㡿ᅵฎ⌮㐣⛬䛷♧䛧䛯⡿ᅜ䛾ែᗘ䜢㏻䛨᪥ᮏ䛾ᅛ᭷㡿ᅵ䛸᪥ᮏ䛜ᖇᅜ୺⩏ⓗ䛺㡿ᅵ⭾ᙇ㐣⛬䛷౵ዣ䛧䛯㡿ᅵ䛸䛾᫂☜䛺༊ศ䛸ฎ⌮䛸䛔䛖ㄢ㢟䛜୺せᡓ຾ᅜ㛫䛾฼ᐖ㛵ಀ䛸ᨻົⓗ䛺౽ᐅᛶ䛻䜘䛳䛶ẋᦆ䛥䜜䛯䛣䛸䜢ṇ☜䛻⌮ゎ䛷䛝䛺䛔䛺䜙䚸➹⪅䛸䛧䛶䛿㠀ᖖ䛻㑇᠍䛰䛸⪃䛘䛦䜛䜢ᚓ䛺䛔䚹㻌᭱ᚋ䛻䚸ᢈホᩥ䛷ᮏ✏䛜䛂Ṕྐⓗグ᠈႙ኻ䛜௚䛾せᅉ䛸䛿㛵ಀ䛜䛺䛔䛸୺ᙇ䛃䛧䛯䛸䛔䛖ᣦ᦬䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䛭䛾䜘䛖䛺୺ᙇ䜢➹⪅䛜䛧䛯䛾䛷䛿䛺䛔䛾䛷䚸ᢈホ⪅䛾ㄗゎ䛜䛒䜛䛸ุ᩿䛥䜜䚸ᨻ἞Ꮫⓗ䞉♫఍Ꮫ

334㻌➨㻟㒊㻌 ➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ௨ᚋ䛾᪥㡑㛵ಀ䛾ᙧᡂ䛸ኚ໬㻌➨㻞❶㻌 እ஺㻌ⓗ䛺䛔䛧䛿ᅜ㝿㛵ಀㄽⓗ⌮ㄽ䛜ᚲせ䛷䛒䜛䛜䚸䛭䛖䛧䛯ㄝ᫂䛿䛺䛔䛸䛔䛖୺ᙇ䜒䚸➹⪅䛾୺せᑓ㛛ศ㔝䜢ᗘእど䛧䛯୙ぶษ䛺ㄽホ䛰䛸⪃䛘䜛䚹䛯䛰䚸ᢈホ⪅䛜୺ᙇ䛩䜛䜘䛖䛻䚸ᅜ㝿ἲⓗ䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䜢ྲྀ䛳䛯ᮏ✏䛜䛭䛾๓ᥦ䛻䛺䜛ᨻ἞Ꮫ䚸ᅜ㝿㛵ಀᏛ䚸䛒䜛䛔䛿እ஺ྐⓗ⵳✚䛸䛾㐃ᦠ䛻䛚䛔䛶ၥ㢟䛜䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛷䛒䜜䜀䚸䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺᪥ᮏ䛾ᡓᚋṔྐⓗグ᠈႙ኻ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾ㄆ㆑䛸ඹឤ䛾ሙ䛾ᙧᡂ䜢᰿ᖿ䛻䚸௚䛾㛵㐃ศ㔝䛷䛾άⓎ䛺◊✲䛜⾜䜟䜜䜛䛣䛸䜢ᮇᚅ䛩䜛䛸䛔䛖䛸䛣䜝䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸඲㠃ⓗ䛻ྠព䛩䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹㻌

335㻌