脳科学研究戦略推進プログラム第 1 回公開シンポジウム
日英ブレイン・マシン・インターフェース国際ワークショップ［問い合わせ先］
文部科学省 「脳科学研究戦略推進プログラム」 事務局〒444-8585 愛知県岡崎市明大寺町西郷中 38
大学共同利用機関法人 自然科学研究機構 生理学研究所内
TEL：0564-55-7803・4
FAX：0564-55-7805

http://brainprogram.mext.go.jp/

主催─脳科学研究戦略推進プログラム公開シンポジウム運営委員会

予稿集

共催─文部科学省（12 〜 13日共通）、英国大使館（12日）

木，

金

Proceeding日英ブレイン・マシン・インターフェース国際ワークショップ（課題 A, B 公開シンポジウム）

霊長類脳での遺伝子改変研究の展開（課題 C 公開シンポジウム）

9:45 〜 10:00

Opening Remarks
Ichiro Kanazawa President of the Science Council of Japan
John Beddington UK Government Chief Scientific Adviser
Shigetada Nakanishi Program Director / Osaka Bioscience InstituteColin Ingram Newcastle University

司会：赤澤Session 1（Chair Mitsuo Kawato）
10:00 〜 10:30 Spinal cord interneuronal network and functional electrical stimulation of
the spinal cord with chronically implanted electrodes
脊髄介在ニューロンネットワークと慢性埋込電極を使った脊髄の機能的電気刺激
Tadashi Isa National Institute for Physiological Sciences

第1部
9:35 〜 10:05

10:30 〜 11:00

11:00 〜 11:15

Restoring motor function with Brain-Machine Interfaces
ブレイン・マシン・インターフェースを使った運動機能の回復
Stuart Baker Newcastle University
Andrew Jackson Newcastle University

11:45 〜 12:15

12:15 〜 12:45

12:45 〜 14:00

15:00 〜 15:30

15:30 〜 15:45

16:45 〜 17:45

8

開会の辞
伊佐 正

文部科学省脳科学研究戦略推進プログラム課題 C ・拠点長／自然科学研究機構生理学研究所

霊長類の大脳皮質の特徴
山森 哲雄 自然科学研究機構基礎生物学研究所

19

10:05 〜 10:35

ウイルスベクターを用いたサル脳への遺伝子導入：パーキンソン病の遺伝子治療研究高田 昌彦 財団法人東京都医学研究機構東京都神経科学総合研究所

20

10:35 〜 11:00

休憩

第2部
11:00 〜 11:30

ヒト疾患モデルマーモセット作出に向けた基礎研究
佐々木 えりか 財団法人実験動物中央研究所

21

11:30 〜 12:00

脳科学のためのコモンマーモセットを用いた MR 画像解析
岡野 栄之 慶應義塾大学医学部

22

12:00 〜 12:10

閉会の辞
中西 重忠

9

文部科学省脳科学研究戦略推進プログラム・プログラムディレクター／
財団法人大阪バイオサイエンス研究所

10

Towards totally implantable neural prostheses for inner ear rehabilitation
内耳機能回復のための完全埋込型神経装具に向けてTimothy Constandinou Imperial College London

11

Lunch

Gamma oscillations encode the structure of static visual environments:a mechanism for monitoring constancy of sensory input?
ガンマ振動が静的視覚環境構造を符号化する：感覚入力の恒常性の監視機構か？
Avgis Hadjipapas Aston University
Leading edge of cybernics and BMI / BCI
最先端のサイバニクスと BMI / BCI
Yoshiyuki Sankai University of Tsukuba

12

13

14

Break

Session 4（Chair Colin Ingram）
15:45 〜 16:15 Experience of neuroprostheses for motor function after spinal cord injury
脊髄損傷後の運動機能のための神経装具実施経験
Nick Donaldson University College London
16:15 〜 16:45

7

Towards a high-resolution retinal prosthesis for degenerative retinal diseases
網膜変性疾患のための高解像度人工網膜の開発に向けて
Keith Mathieson Glasgow University

Session 3（Chair Colin Ingram）
14:00 〜 14:30 Robot control by human brain with subdural electrodes
硬膜下電極を用いたヒト脳によるロボット・コントロール
Toshiki Yoshimine Osaka University
14:30 〜 15:00

9:30 〜 9:35

Break

Session 2（Chair Mitsuo Kawato）
11:15 〜 11:45 Visual prosthesis with suprachoroidal transretinal stimulation system
脈絡膜上−経網膜刺激方式による人工視覚
Takashi Fujikado Osaka University
Yasuo Tano Osaka University

智宏

文部科学省脳科学研究戦略推進プログラム・プログラムオフィサー／東京医科歯科大学

New aspects of BMIBMI の新たな展開
Mitsuo Kawato ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories
General discussion + Statement

15

16※プログラムは一部変更となる可能性がございます。

日英ブレイン・マシン・インターフェース国際ワークショップ（課題 A, B 公開シンポジウム）

Opening Remarks
Ichiro Kanazawa President of the Science Council of Japan
John Beddington UK Government Chief Scientific Adviser
Shigetada Nakanishi Program Director / Osaka Bioscience InstituteColin Ingram Newcastle University（Chair Mitsuo Kawato）
Session 1
Spinal cord interneuronal network and functional electrical stimulation of the spinal cordwith chronically implanted electrodes
脊髄介在ニューロンネットワークと慢性埋込電極を使った脊髄の機能的電気刺激
Tadashi Isa National Institute for Physiological Sciences
Restoring motor function with Brain-Machine Interfaces
ブレイン・マシン・インターフェースを使った運動機能の回復
Stuart Baker Newcastle University
Andrew Jackson Newcastle University
Session 2
Visual prosthesis with suprachoroidal transretinal stimulation system
脈絡膜上−経網膜刺激方式による人工視覚
Takashi Fujikado Osaka University
Yasuo Tano Osaka University（ChairMitsuo Kawato）

Towards a high-resolution retinal prosthesis for degenerative retinal diseases
網膜変性疾患のための高解像度人工網膜の開発に向けて
Keith Mathieson Glasgow University
Towards totally implantable neural prostheses for inner ear rehabilitation
内耳機能回復のための完全埋込型神経装具に向けてTimothy Constandinou Imperial College London
Session 3
Robot control by human brain with subdural electrodes
硬膜下電極を用いたヒト脳によるロボット・コントロール
Toshiki Yoshimine Osaka University（ChairColin Ingram）（ChairColin Ingram）

Gamma oscillations encode the structure of static visual environments:a mechanism for monitoring constancy of sensory input?
ガンマ振動が静的視覚環境構造を符号化する：感覚入力の恒常性の監視機構か？
Avgis Hadjipapas Aston University
Leading edge of cybernics and BMI / BCI
最先端のサイバニクスと BMI / BCI
Yoshiyuki Sankai University of Tsukuba
Session 4
Experience of neuroprostheses for motor function after spinal cord injury
脊髄損傷後の運動機能のための神経装具実施経験
Nick Donaldson University College London
New aspects of BMIBMI の新たな展開
Mitsuo Kawato ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories

Session

Opening Remarks● Ichiro Kanazawa
President of the Science Council of Japan / Medical Supervisor for the Royal Families,
Imperial Household Agency / Chairman of the Brain Science Committee launched in the
MEXT
Ichiro Kanazawa, M.D. was appointed as President of the Science Council of Japan on 2006, and as
Chairman of the Brain Science Committee launched in the MEXT on 2007. From 1991 to 2001, he
was a professor at Department of Neurology, University of Tokyo (Professor Emeritus, 2002 〜).
Since 2002, he has been Medica1 Supervisor for the Royal Families, and from 2003 to 2007 he served
as a President at National Centre for Neurology and Psychiatry (President Emeritus, 2007 〜).
His main area of research has been the internal medicine, clinical neurology, clinical neurogenetics,
molecular neurobiology, and neurochemical pharmacology.
He is particularly interested in neurological disorders such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson’s disease, Hereditary cerebellar degeneration, Involuntary movements and etc.

● John Beddington
UK Government Chief Scientific Adviser
Professor John Beddington was appointed as Government Chief Scientific Adviser (GCSA) on 1
January 2008. John's main research interests are the application of biological and economic analysis toproblems of Natural Resource Management including inter alia: fisheries, pest control, wildlife management and the control of disease. He was Professor of Applied Population Biology at Imperial until
his appointment as GCSA.
He has been adviser to a number of government departments, including the Foreign andCommonwealth Office (on Antarctic and South Atlantic matters), the Department for Environment,
Food and Rural Affairs (where he chaired the Science Advisory Council), the Department forInternational Development, the Ministry of Defence and the Cabinet Office.
He has acted as a senior adviser to several government and international bodies, including theAustralian, New Zealand and US Governments, the European Commission, the United Nations
Environment Programme and the Food and Agriculture Organisation. In 2001 he became a Fellow of
the Royal Society.

1

10:00 〜 10:30

Spinal cord interneuronal network andfunctional electrical stimulation of the spinal cordwith chronically implanted electrodes
脊髄介在ニューロンネットワークと慢性埋込電極を使った脊髄の機能的電気刺激
Tadashi Isa
Department of Developmental Physiology,
National Institute for Physiological Sciences

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) of the spinal cord is expected to work as an effective neuroprosthetis
to compensate the motor function of the patients with spinal cord injury at the higher cervical level or brainstroke, with which the difficulty of FES of skeletal muscles, such as muscle fatigue, could be overcome.
However, for this purpose, it is essential to understand the neuronal organization of the premotor interneuronal circuits of the spinal cord and primary effects of FES of the spinal cord circuits. In addition, development of flexible electrodes is also necessary to minimize the mechanical damage and induction of gliosis of
the spinal tissue during the long term implantation.
In this presentation, I will present the data of our recent experiments on non-human primate preparations inwhich we tested the spatio-temporal pattern of interactions between motor sites in the cervical spinal cord
and long-term stability of the stimulating electrodes.

● Shigetada Nakanishi
Program Director / Osaka Bioscience Institute
Professor Nakanishi is a neuroscientist who obtained his PhD from Kyoto University in the field ofbiochemistry. After 3-year postdoctoral fellow at National Cancer Institute, NIH, he was appointed as
Associate Professor of Kyoto University, Faculty of Medicine in 1974 and then as Professor of thesame University in 1981. He took up the Director of Osaka Bioscience Institute in 2005. His mainarea of research has been in molecular neuroscience, focusing on molecular mechanisms of glutamate
receptor functions and integrative synaptic mechanisms of the neural network. Professor Nakanishi isa foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a foreign associate
member of the National Academy of Sciences, USA and received the Bristol-Myers Squibb
Neuroscience Award and the Gruber Neuroscience Prize.

● Colin Ingram
New Castle University
Professor Colin Ingram is a neurobiologist who obtained his PhD from Cambridge University in thefield of neuroendocrinology. In 1986 he moved to Bristol where he held successive positions as a
Medical Research Council Training Fellow and Royal Society University Research Fellow, before
being appointed as Reader in Neurobiology. In 2000 he took up the Chair of Psychobiology at the
University of Newcastle and in 2004 was appointed the Director of the Institute of Neuroscience at
Newcastle. Professor Ingram was responsible for creating the Institute which brings together over 60
research leaders covering a wide range of basic and clinic neuroscience fields. His main area of
research has been in neuropharmacology, but through the Institute he also leads major research initiatives in neuroinformatics and neurotechnology. Professor Ingram is also Honorary Secretary of the
British Neuroscience Association, the UK’s principle society serving the neuroscience community.

6

Professor Tadashi Isa has an affiliation in the National Institute for Physiological
Sciences in Okazaki since 1996. He has been intensively working on the organization of spinal cord interneuronal systems in non-human primates (NHPs) and theirrole in functional recovery from the spinal cord injury (SCI) by collaboration with
Swedish colleagues since his postdoc time in the laboratory of Anders Lundberg in
Göteborg. He is also working on the role of cortical circuitries in functional recovery from the SCI. Kazuhiko Seki joined in Isa’s laboratory after he finished his potdoc in Eb Fetz lab in Seattle, USA and he introduced the technique of single neuron
recordings from spinal cord in awake behaving NHPs. Seki and Isa are collaboratingwith Andrew Jackson and Stuart Baker in Newcastle, for developing the chronicallyimplantable electrodes for functional electrical stimulation of the spinal cord.

7

Session1

10:30 〜 11:00

Session2

11:15 〜 11:45

Restoring motor function
with Brain-Machine Interfaces

Visual prosthesis with suprachoroidaltransretinal stimulation system

ブレイン・マシン・インターフェースを使った運動機能の回復

脈絡膜上−経網膜刺激方式による人工視覚

Stuart Baker

Takashi Fujikado

Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University

Department of Visual Science, Osaka University Medical School

Andrew Jackson

Yasuo Tano

Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University

Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Medical School

Implanted devices that relay electrical signals directly to and from the nervous system may form the basis of

For the last few decades, ophthalmologists, visual scientists and medical engineers have closely been col-future neural prostheses to restore function following spinal cord injury and other neurological conditions.

laborating in quest of realization of clinically applicable visual prosthesis which would benefit blind patients

However key technical and scientific challenges must be overcome before electronics can be successfullyof outer retinal disorders such as retinitis pigmentosa. We have been developing a unique visual prosthesis

integrated with the brain. In this talk we will discuss progress in several areas. First, advanced microfabrica-

with suprachoroidal transretinal stimulation (STS) system since 2001 when the consortium of the Japantion techniques are enabling a new generation of electrodes for chronic implantation into nervous tissue with

Artificial Vision Project was organized. Validity of the STS system has been assessed by various aspects

improved long-term performance. Second, low-power autonomous electronic implants implementing contin-

such as studies on efficacy, safety and stability in animal eyes, evaluation of spatial resolution by the sys-

uous bidirectional interfaces with the nervous system are providing new insights into plastic reorganisation

tem, development of animal models of retinal degeneration, neuroprotective effect by transcorneal electricalof neural circuits. Such plasticity is likely to be crucial for the successful operation of neural prostheses, andstimulation, acute human clinical trial and so forth. We have constructed prototype of a visual prosthesis

may have a beneficial role in rehabilitation following injury.

with STS system. Currently preclinical studies are being conducted in expectation to produce a commercially-available visual prosthesis with STS system in the near future.

Professor Stuart Baker
After undergraduate and postgraduate study at Cambridgeand London, Professor Baker established a laboratory for
multiple single electrode recording from sensorimotor cortex, brainstem and spinal motor centres. His researchinterests include the role of oscillatory activity in motor
control, the neural circuits mediating bimanual co-ordination, and the role of the reticulospinal pathway in therecovery from injury. He a Wellcome Trust Senior Fellow
and Chair of Movement Neurosciences in the Institute of
Neuroscience at Newcastle University.

Dr. Andrew Jackson
After receiving his PhD in neuroscience in 2002, Dr.
Andrew Jackson pursued post-doctoral research at the
University of Washington where he led an interdisciplinary collaboration developing implantable electronics(Neurochips) for neural recording and stimulation in unrestrained primates. In 2006 he moved to the Institute of
Neuroscience at Newcastle University where he has
established a laboratory researching neural coding andplasticity in the motor system, and continues to develop
new technologies for interfacing with the brain.

8

Dr. Yasuo Tano is the Professor and Chairman of the Department of Ophthalmology
at Osaka University Medical School. His research interests have been focused on
patho-physiology of vitreoretinal disorders. He has been a principal investigator ofJapan Artificial Vision Project since 2001. Clinically Dr. Tano was one of the first to
perform pars plana vitrectomy in Japan as a trailblazer. He is internationally known
as one of the leading surgeons in vitreoretinal surgery. He has invented many finevitreoretinal instruments, which had contributed advances in vitreoretinal surgery.
He also has keen interests on medical retina and has served as a principal investigator on several important clinical trials on retinal diseases. He has also dedicated histime to train aspiring surgeons thus paving the way for continuing excellence in thefield of surgical and medical retina into the next generation.

9

Session2

11:45 〜 12:15

Session2

12:15 〜 12:45

Towards a high-resolution retinal prosthesis
for degenerative retinal diseases

Towards totally implantable neural prostheses
for inner ear rehabilitation

網膜変性疾患のための高解像度人工網膜の開発に向けて

内耳機能回復のための完全埋込型神経装具に向けてKeith Mathieson

Timothy Constandinou

Retinal Prosthesis Group, Glasgow University

Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London

Degenerative photoreceptor diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa,

With ever decreasing electrode-nerve interface proximities, typical stimulus magnitudes for neural activation

are the most common forms of blindness in the developed world. There has been world-wide interest in

are decreasing and, therefore, the bottleneck in the power budget of implant devices is now the signal pro-developing a retinal prosthesis for these diseases by electrically activating the retinal output (ganglion) cells.

cessing. Commercial cochlear implant systems overcome this challenge by incorporating a two module

We have developed a system to detect the visual scene and translate the image into a train of electricalsolution encompassing an implanted stimulator and external auditory processing hardware. Recent

pulses that stimulates retinal tissue. The imaging device is a CMOS pixel sensor with over 500 pixels fabri-advances in ultra low power microelectronics, however, have now presented new opportunities for imple-

cated in a 0.35 micron CMOS process. Each pixel contains a photodiode and on-pixel circuitry that trans-

menting totally implantable solutions. Sensory artificial prostheses are ideal candidates to exploit such tech-lates the intensity of the incoming light into a certain frequency of output current pulses. The sensor includes

niques, building on the success of cochlear implants. Two such examples of recent advances will be pre-an on-chip neural network that replicates the biological process of lateral inhibition, by suppressing areas ofsented. Firstly, a 16-channel, fully-programmable, mixed-signal cochlear prosthesis, with total power con-like contrast. The outputs of the pixels are connected to a biocompatible microelectrode array which makes

sumption of 126 µW. Secondly, a new emerging neuroprosthetic device for the restoration of balance is thecontact with the retinal cells.

vestibular prosthesis. We will present the world’s first such integrated system, based on a hybrid
CMOS/MEMS implementation of a 5-channel prosthesis.

Dr. Keith Mathieson holds a personal research fellowship from the Royal Society of
Edinburgh and leads a research group in the Department of Physics and Astronomy
at the University of Glasgow aimed at developing a retinal prosthesis for the blind.
He has pioneered the development of high-density microelectrode arrays to study
the response of retinal tissue to electrical stimulation in collaboration with the
University of California Santa Cruz and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in
San Diego. Additionally, he leads a collaboration with the Rutherford Laboratories
aimed at producing a retinal stimulation sensor with an on-chip neural network to
replicate aspects of retinal processing. He holds grants from the Science andTechnology Facilities Council, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
and the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

10

Dr. Timothy Constandinou obtained a BEng in Electrical and Electronic Engineeringand PhD from the Circuits and Systems Group both at Imperial College London. He
is currently Research Officer in Bionics at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering at
Imperial and holds a position of research Fellow at the University of Cyprus. During
his research career he has contributed to several research projects including a
MEMS-based vestibular prosthesis, a cochlear prosthesis demonstrator platform,
neurostimulation microelectronics, biologically-inspired vision systems, various
smart imagers, integrated CMOS ISFET sensors, efficient cross-correlation hardware for cardiac monitoring and a number of miniature wearable biomedical devices.
His research interests are in ultra low power circuits and systems for biomedical
and biologically-inspired applications, including implantable neuroprosthetic devices,body-worn instrumentation, integrated smart sensors and vision systems. Dr
Constandinou is a member of the Sensory Systems and BioCAS TechnicalCommittees of the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society.

11Session3

14:00 〜 14:30

Robot control by human brain
with subdural electrodes
硬膜下電極を用いたヒト脳によるロボット・コントロール

Session3

14:30 〜 15:00

Gamma oscillations encode the structureof static visual environments: a mechanism
for monitoring constancy of sensory input?
ガンマ振動が静的視覚環境構造を符号化する：
感覚入力の恒常性の監視機構か？
Avgis Hadjipapas

Toshiki Yoshimine
Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Medical School

The Wellcome Trust Laboratory for MEG Studies,
The School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University

High quality neural signals are acquirable with a set of electrodes implanted beneath the skull, directly on the

Our recent studies show that information about the structure of the static visual world can be decoded fromsurface of the brain (subdural electrodes). By decoding those signals, we may conjecture the content of

the spectral patterns of gamma oscillations in the human MEG. Crucially, stimulus decoding is still possible

some brain activity. We recently succeeded to discriminate several types of hand movement by decoding

when only utilizing the sustained part of the oscillations. We introduce single-trial measures of stimulus-

the signals obtained from a specific area of the brain (primary motor cortex). The instantaneous decoding

specificity (using SVM-methodology) and observe a parametric dependence of the degree of specificity inenabled real-time activation of a robotic arm.

epochs that immediately precede stimulus-change and subsequent behavioural and evoked responses. The

Although implantation of the electrodes is partially invasive, the quality of signals obtained is far superior toresults are robust but somewhat counterintuitive: if the spectral pattern in the preceding epoch is typical for

those obtained over the scalp. The clinical risk is relatively low. A multidisciplinary cooperative project isthe subsequent stimulus class, then behavioural responses are accelerated and evoked transients facilitat-

launched to develop clinically applicable system of this type of brain-machine interface (BMI) to help people

ed; analogously, if the pattern is typical for a class of stimuli different to the subsequent stimulus, the con-suffering from severe motor disabilities.

verse occurs. These results are consistent with a mechanism embodied in the gamma network state, whichmonitors sensory constancy and provides a reference frame for sensory changes.

Dr. Toshiki Yoshimine is a professor and chairman of Department of Neurosurgery,
Osaka University Medical School. He is specialized in the surgical treatment of brain
tumor and epilepsy. He is one of the pioneers who developed a computerized navigation system for brain surgery. For the last few decades, he studies topographic
human brain function with intracranial electrodes and with magnetoencephalograpy(MEG).
His recent work focuses on the development of motor brain-machine interface(BMI) which controls the external devices by decoding the neural signals obtained
from intracranial electrodes.
He is a president of the Asian Conference of Epilepsy Surgery, a director of Japan
Neurosurgical Society and a member of Nominating Committee of the World
Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS).

12

Dr. Avgis Hadjipapas has an MD from the University of Kiel, Germany, an MS in
Cognitive Science/Electroencephalography from the Central and Eastern European
Center in Cognitive Science, Sofia, Bulgaria, and PhD in Neuroscience from theWellcome Trust Laboratory for MEG studies, Aston University, UK. He has held an
appointment as a Research Fellow at Aston University since 2005. His researchinterests are in the field of functional neuroimaging in humans, mostly focused in
the time series analysis of magneto- and electroenecephalographic (MEG/EEG) signals, the modelling of the underlying network generators of these macroscopic brain
signals and their identification from the dynamics of the measured time series bothin health and disease. He has developed expertise in non-invasive characterizationof local dynamics underlying basic functions in visual cortex and the assessment offunctional/dysfunctional long-range signal coupling in the brain.

13

Session3

15:00 〜 15:30

Leading edge of cybernics and BMI / BCI
最先端のサイバニクスと BMI / BCI

Session4

15:45 〜 16:15

Experience of neuroprostheses
for motor function after spinal cord injury
脊髄損傷後の運動機能のための神経装具実施経験

Yoshiyuki Sankai
Nick Donaldson

Leader of Global COE “CYBERNICS”,
Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba

Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London

Cybernics is a new domain of interdisciplinary academic field of human-assistive technology to enhance,

Recently in Europe, funding of research into neuroprosthetics has been available with expectations that suc-strengthen, and support human's cognitive and physical functions, which challenges to integrate and har-cessful technological development will lead to new industrial products and higher quality of life for disabledmonize humans and robots (RT: robotics technology) with the basis of information technology (IT) in a func-

people. Perhaps the rise of the cochlear implant has been the outstanding example of such development. An

tional, organic, and social manner. We aim to develop the frontier science Cybernics, which is centered on

old idea is that people who have been disabled by spinal cord injury might have leg function restored using

cybernetics, mechatronics, and informatics, and it challenges to integrate neuroscience, robotics, systems

nerve stimulators. Yet despite considerable research effort in the last 40 years, very few patients are actuallyengineering, information technology, “kansei” engineering, ergonomics, physiology, social science, law,given stimulation devices during their rehabilitation. Professor Donaldson will explore some of the reasons

ethics, management. The goal of the Program represents a Grand Challenge that makes breakthroughs infor this poor outcome, based on his experience. Understanding these difficulties may help those who wish to

the innovative creation and fusion of forefront researches based on information science. In this talk, I willdevelop other types of neuroprosthesis including those with Brain-Computer Interfaces.

deliver the outline Cybernics approach based on our experienced and introduce the work performed in
Cybernics. And, I may present BMI / BCI what we have done related in this fields.

Yoshiyuki Sankai received a PhD in engineering from University of Tsukuba inJapan in 1987. He was Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, Professor at theInstitute of Systems & Engineering at the University of Tsukuba, and a Visiting
Professor of Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas in the United States.
Currently, he is professor of the Graduate School of Systems & Information
Engineering at the University of Tsukuba, and president and CEO of CYBERDYNE
Inc. In 2007, he was appointed as leader of Global COE (Centre of Excellence) program for Cybernics by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Scienceand Technology of Japan),Among the awards he won are: World Technology Award (2005), Good Design Gold
Award (2006), Japan Innovator Award (2006), Best Paper Award (International
Journal of Advanced Robotics) (2006), Award from American Society for Artificial
Organs, Award from International Society for Artificial Organs, Award from the
Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan (2007), Award from National
Institute of Science and Technology Policy (2007).

14

Professor Nick Donaldson studied Engineering and Electrical Sciences at
Cambridge University. From 1977 to 1992 he worked for the Medical ResearchCouncil, Neurological Prostheses Unit, under the direction of Professor G.S.
Brindley. In that period, his main field of research was the technology and use of
implanted device for the restoration of useful leg function to paraplegics. Since 1992,
he has been Head of the Implanted Devices Group at University College London
where he holds a chair position. He has been Principal Investigator for many projects related to implanted devices and functional electrical stimulation. His researchinterests now includes the development of implanted devices that use natural nerve
signals as inputs; stimulators of nerve roots; the use of electrical stimulation forrecreational exercise of paralysed legs; and methods to encourage functional neurological recovery after injury.

15Session4

16:15 〜 16:45

New aspects of BMI

霊長類脳での遺伝子改変研究の展開（課題 C 公開シンポジウム）

BMI の新たな展開
司会：赤澤

智宏

文部科学省脳科学研究戦略推進プログラム・プログラムオフィサー／東京医科歯科大学

Mitsuo Kawato
ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories,
Research Supervisor of ICORP Computational Brain Project, JST

Brain-computer interfaces (BCI), brain-machine interfaces (BMI), and brain-network interfaces (BNI) are revo-

開会の辞
伊佐 正

文部科学省脳科学研究戦略推進プログラム課題 C ・拠点長／自然科学研究機構生理学研究所

第1部
霊長類の大脳皮質の特徴
山森 哲雄 自然科学研究機構基礎生物学研究所
ウイルスベクターを用いたサル脳への遺伝子導入：パーキンソン病の遺伝子治療研究高田 昌彦 財団法人東京都医学研究機構東京都神経科学総合研究所

lutionary new man-machine interfaces that directly connect brains and computers, robots and/or internets
bypassing sensory and motor organs. These interfaces are expected as one of the most promising and influential application fields of the system neuroscience, and also expected to provide an entirely new experimental paradigm that guarantees cause-and-effect analyses for the system neuroscience, unlike usualexperimental efforts demonstrating mere temporal correlations between hypothetical variables and neural orbrain activities. For further developments of BCI, BMI and BNI, many conceptual, technical and computa-

第2部
ヒト疾患モデルマーモセット作出に向けた基礎研究
佐々木 えりか 財団法人実験動物中央研究所
脳科学のためのコモンマーモセットを用いた MR 画像解析
岡野 栄之 慶應義塾大学医学部

tional problems should be resolved. Examples are neuroethics, high spatiotemporal resolution non-invasive
brain measurement technology (Kawato), artificial neural circuits that are embedded in the biological nervous
system (Fetz), electrocorticogram-based low-invasive BMI (Kato), BMI based neuro-rehabilitation (Isa), rigorous proof of computational theories based on BNI (Kawato). This symposium highlights recent advances inthese emerging problems in BCI, BMI and BNI by lectures of 5 leading scientists in this field.

Mitsuo Kawato received a B.S. degree in physics from Tokyo University in 1976 andM.E. and Ph.D. degrees in biophysical engineering from Osaka University in 1978
and 1981, respectively. From 1981 to 1988, he was a faculty member and lecturer at
Osaka University. From 1988, he was a senior researcher and then a supervisor in
the ATR Auditory and Visual Perception Research Laboratories. Since 2003, he has
been Director of ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories. In 2004, hebecame an ATR Fellow. From 1996 to 2001, he served as director of the Kawato
Dynamic Brain Project, ERATO, JST. From 2004 to 2009, he served as research
Supervisor of the Computational Brain Project, ICORP, JST. In 2008, he was jointly
appointed as a Research supervisor of PRESTO, JST. He is now concurrently working as a visiting professor at Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Nara Institute of
Science and Technology, Osaka University, the National Institute for Physiological
Sciences, Toyama Prefectural University, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,and National Institute of Informatics.

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閉会の辞
中西 重忠

文部科学省脳科学研究戦略推進プログラム・プログラムディレクター／
財団法人大阪バイオサイエンス研究所

第

司会・挨拶

1

部

9:35 〜 10:05

霊長類の大脳皮質の特徴●中西 重忠（なかにし しげただ）
文部科学省脳科学研究戦略推進プログラム プログラムディレクター
財団法人大阪バイオサイエンス研究所 所長
1966 年京都大学医学部卒業、71 年京都大学大学院医科研究科修了（生理系専攻）。71 〜
74 年米国国立衛生研究所（NIH）、癌研究所（NCI）、分子生物学教室客員研究員、74 年 京都大学医学部医化学教室助教授（医学博士）、81 年京都大学医学部免疫研究施設第二部門教授、95 年京都大学大学院医学研究科教授、99 年京都大学大学院生命科学研究科教授（兼務）、2000 年京都大学大学院医学研究科科長・医学部長、05 年京都大学名誉教授を経て、同年より現職。
専門は生化学、分子生物学、神経科学。グルタミン酸受容体の分子メカニズム、神経ネットワークのシナプス伝達機構の研究を進める。
95 年ブリストルマイヤーズスクイブ神経科学賞、95 年米国芸術・科学アカデミー外国人
名誉会員、97 年恩賜賞・日本学士院賞、200 年全米科学アカデミー外国人会員、06 年文化功労者、07 年米国グルーバー賞など受賞多数。

山森 哲雄
自然科学研究機構基礎生物学研究所

私を含め、多くの人は、自分自身を含めた「ヒト」の認知・情動行動の科学的理解や脳精神疾患の原因と治療に関心を持っていると思うが、そうした興味と関心に科学的に答える為には、モデル動物の選択がその成功の可否を決定する一つの重要な要因である。例えば、神経活動の伝導機構の研究に於いては、ヤリイカの巨大神経が、神経伝達物質の受容体に遺伝子の同定と機能解明には、アフリカツメガエルの卵母細胞が用いられて、神経活動の素過程の解明に重要な役割を果たしてきた。そこで、本講演では、高次脳機能に重要な役●赤澤 智宏（あかざわ ちひろ）

割を果たす霊長類大脳新皮質における遺伝子発現の最近の研究の幾つかについて紹介し、哺乳類のモデル動

文部科学省脳科学研究戦略推進プログラム プログラムオフィサー
文部科学省再生医療実現化プロジェクト プログラムオフィサー
東京医科歯科大学大学院保健衛生学研究科 准教授（分子生命情報解析学分野）物の代表であり、脳科学に於いても，最も良く用いられるマウスと霊長類の遺伝子発現の異同を示したい。
その上で、霊長類を用いた脳研究の重要性と可能性について論じてみたい。

1988 年東京医科歯科大学医学部卒業。1994 年東京医科歯科大学大学院博士課程修了。同年ソーク生物学研究所ポストドクトラルフェロー、1996 年国立精神・神経センター神経研究所室長を経て、2007 年より現職。
専門は神経科学。特に損傷神経の再生メカニズム。
現在は細胞内タンパク質制御に関心を持つ。

●伊佐 正（いさ ただし）
自然科学研究機構生理学研究所認知行動発達機構研究部門

教授

1985 年東京大学医学部医学科卒業。1989 年同大学大学院医学系研究科単位取得済み退学。
医学博士。同年同大学医学部附属脳研究施設助手、1988 〜 1990 年スウェーデン王国イェテボリ大学客員研究員、1993 年群馬大学医学部講師、1995 年同助教授を経て、1996 年より岡崎国立共同研究機構生理学研究所教授。2004 年より改組にて現職。
専門は神経生理学。特に手と眼球の運動を制御する神経回路。
現在は特に中枢神経系損傷後の機能代償機構に関心を持つ。
日本神経科学学会庶務理事。

●やまもり

てつお

自然科学研究機構基礎生物学研究所神経生物学領域脳生物学研究部門 教授
1974 年京都大学理学部卒業。1981 年京都大学大学院博士課程修了（理学博士）。
同年コロラド大学研究員、1986 年カリフォルニア工科大学研究員、1991 年理化学研究所フロンティア研究員を経て、1994 年より現職。
専門は分子脳科学。現在は霊長類の大脳皮質領野の形成と機能に関心をもつ。
著書に、『神経回路の機能発現のメカニズム』（共編者、共立出版、2004 年）、『ヒトの進化』（シリーズ進化学 5 巻、共著者、岩波書店、2006 年）、『神経の分化、回路形成、機能発現』（共編者、共立出版、2008 年）等がある。

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1

部

10:05 〜 10:35

ウイルスベクターを用いたサル脳への遺伝子導入：
パーキンソン病の遺伝子治療研究

第

2

部

11:00 〜 11:30

ヒト疾患モデルマーモセット作出に向けた
基礎研究

高田 昌彦

佐々木 えりか

財団法人東京都医学研究機構東京都神経科学総合研究所

財団法人実験動物中央研究所

近年、ウイルスベクターを用いた遺伝子導入技術により、高次脳機能を解明しようとする研究や、神経変マウスでは様々な発生工学的手法が確立し、現在までにトランスジェニック動物、標的遺伝子のノックアウ性疾患に対する遺伝子治療法を開発しようとする研究が注目を集めている。このような研究を展開していく

ト／ノックイン動物など多くの遺伝子改変動物が作出され、ヒト疾患のモデル動物として、疾患の発症メカ

上で、ヒトに近縁のサルを使用することが必要不可欠であることは言うまでもない。本講演では、私の研究

ニズムの解明、治療法の開発などに貢献している。しかしながら、マウスとヒトの間には生理的・機能的・グループが現在進めている、アデノウイルス、アデノ随伴ウイルス、レンチウイルス由来の組換え体ウイル

形態的な違いが多くあり、げっ歯類を用いた動物実験だけでは、新規治療法の開発においてその治療効果・

スベクターを用いた遺伝子導入により、パーキンソン病に対する新たな遺伝子治療法の開発を目指した基礎安全性を予測するには不十分であり、よりヒトに近いヒト疾患実験動物が必要である。特に精神・神経病の的研究の成果を紹介したい。本研究で試みた遺伝子治療戦略は、パーキンソン病の責任細胞である黒質ドー研究分野においては、よりヒトに近い動物種による疾患モデルの作出が望まれている。

パミン細胞にその変性・脱落を抑制するような機能分子であると考えられるカルビンディン（カルシウム結

霊長類の実験動物は数種類あるが、中でもコモンマーモセットは、繁殖力が高いこと、小型で扱い易いこと、合蛋白）やパーキン蛋白（ユビキチンリガーゼ）の遺伝子導入を行い、パーキンソン病の発症を防御すること

性成熟が早いことなどから、遺伝子改変による疾患モデル動物作出に最も適していると考えられる。マーモである。

セットを用いた遺伝子改変動物を作製するためには、その基礎となる採卵、体外受精、胚培養、遺伝子改変法などの様々な発生工学研究が重要となる。マーモセットでこれらの発生工学的技術を確立する場合、特に倫理的・経済的な観点から、生体より試料を採取できること、なるべく非侵襲的であることが望まれ、また小型であるため、独自の手法の工夫が必要となっている。
我々が現在までに取り組んできた遺伝子改変マーモセット作出に向けたマーモセットの発生工学研究の取り組みについて紹介する。

●ささき

えりか

財団法人実験動物中央研究所マーモセット研究部応用発生生物研究室 室長
1989 年筑波大学卒業。1995 年同大学大学院博士課程修了（農学博士）。同年新技術事業団特別研究員、1996 年ゲルフ大学（カナダ）博士研究員、2001 年 1 月
●たかだ

まさひこ

東京大学医科学研究所リサーチアソシエイト、2002 年九州大学生体防御医学研

財団法人東京都医学研究機構東京都神経科学総合研究所 副参事研究員

究所リサーチアソシエイト（勤務先は東京大学医科学研究所）、2003 年先端医療1982 年広島大学歯学部歯学科卒業。同年京都大学大学院博士課程入学。1984 年

振興財団主任研究員、（財）実験動物中央研究所バイオメディカル研究部霊長類

トロント大学医学部研究員、1989 年テネシー大学医学部助教授、1991 年京都大研究室研究員、2004 年慶應義塾大学医学部助手（兼任）を経て、2007 年より現学医学部助手講師、同大学助手、同大学講師を経て、1998 年 4 月より現職。

職。同年 5 月より慶應義塾大学ヒト代謝システム生物学研究センター特別研究

専門はシステム神経科学。特に大脳皮質−大脳基底核連関。現在は霊長類脳へ

准教授（兼任）。

の遺伝子導入に関心をもつ。

専門は繁殖学および発生工学。現在は有用動物および希少動物の発生工学技術

1994 年日本解剖学会奨励賞受賞。

を用いた個体復元に関心をもつ。

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第

2

部

11:30 〜 12:00

脳科学のためのコモンマーモセットを用いた
MR 画像解析岡野 栄之
慶應義塾大学医学部

我々は、霊長類コモンマーモセットを用いた中枢神経系の MR 画像解析を行っている。すでに我々は、マーモセット MR 脳アトラスを 2008 年に発刊したが、今回は diffusion tensor tractography（DTT）と q-space
imaging（QSI）に注目し、マーモセットの脊髄損傷に対するこれらの撮像法の有用性を検討してきた。
DTT によりサル脊髄半切損傷における軸策の切断部の明瞭な描出、さらには圧挫損傷においても損傷部をよけて白質の辺縁を走行する軸索の描出に成功し、これら描出された神経線維数と運動機能の回復に相関があることを明らかにした。本結果より、DTT は脊髄損傷の程度や損傷を免れた軸索の変化を表しており、ヒト
脊髄損傷に対しても DTT が有力な評価方法になりうる可能性が示唆された。QSI 法は、水分子の拡散変異分
布から制限構造のサイズを µm 単位で推定することが可能であり、この情報を可視化した displacement map
は顕微鏡的 MRI といえる。マーモセット脊髄損傷モデルの測定により、QSI は灰白質の破壊や空洞形成、脱髄を鋭敏に捉えていた。われわれ独自の Myelin enhanced map は、髄鞘染色を正確に反映していた。これらの結果から、従来組織学的に評価せざるをえなかった脊髄の組織変化を非侵襲的に知ることが可能となった。

●おかの

ひでゆき

慶應義塾大学医学部生理学教室 教授 医学博士
1983 年慶應義塾大学医学部卒業。
慶應義塾大学医学部生理学教室助手、大阪大学蛋白質研究所助手、米国ジョン
ズホプキンス大学医学部研究員、東京大学医科学研究所助手、筑波大学基礎医学系教授、大阪大学医学部神経解剖学教授を経て、2001 年より現職。2007 年
10 月より慶應義塾大学大学院医学研究科委員長。
専門は神経発生の分子生物学的研究・神経幹細胞の基礎生物学と中枢神経系の再生医学。（最近ではコモンマーモセットの発生工学とイメージング技術に興味を持つ）
1988 年三四会賞、1995 年加藤淑裕賞、1998 年北里賞、2001 年塚原仲晃賞、2004 年東京テクノフォーラム 21 ・ゴールドメダル賞、日本医師会医学賞、イタリア Catania 大学 Distinguished Scientists Award、2006 年「幹細胞システムに基づく中枢神経系の発生・再生研究」文部科学大臣表彰（科学技術賞）、2007 年
STEM CELLS Lead Reviewer Award 受賞。2008 年 井上学術賞（井上科学振興財団）。

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