TR-1058
遠隔地域でのICT ソリューション導入に向けた
ハンドブック
Handbook
to introduce ICT solutions
for the community in rural areas

第6版
2024 年 4 月 12 日制定

一般社団法人

情報通信技術委員会
THE TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY COMMITTEE本書は、一般社団法人情報通信技術委員会が著作権を保有しています。
内容の一部又は全部を一般社団法人情報通信技術委員会の許諾を得ることなく複製、転載、改変、転用及びネットワーク上での送信、配布を行うことを禁止します。

＜参考＞
１．国際勧告等との関連
本技術レポートに関する国際勧告はない。
２．改版の履歴
版数

制定日

改版内容

第 6.0 版

2024 年 4 月 12 日

ケーススタディの追加“Behavioural Analytic and Real-Time Tracking of Patients using
IoT and RFID in Malaysia”

第 5.0 版

2022 年 3 月 1 日

ケーススタディの追加“e-Healthcare for end epidemic of Tuberculosis in Myanmar”

第 4.0 版

2020 年 3 月 23 日

ケーススタディの追加 “Smart City Application”

第 3.0 版

2018 年 3 月 28 日

ケーススタディの追加 “e-Aquaculture (2) in Vietnam”

第 2.0 版

2016 年 2 月 16 日

ケーススダディの追加 “E-disaster risk management”

第 1.0 版

2015 年 3 月 10 日

制定

３．本技術レポートの作成について
TTC は 2007 年に普及推進委員会を設置し、アジア・太平洋電気通信共同体 (Asia-Pacific Telecommunity (APT)) の活動プログラムであるアジア・太平洋電気通信標準化機関 (APT Standardization Program (ASTAP)) に設置された標
準格差解消エキスパートグループ (EG BSG) での討議に参加するとともに、アジアのルーラルエリアにおける ICT
ニーズや有用性を把握するため、APT パイロットプロジェクトに参画し 3 カ国（インドネシア、マレーシア、フィリピン）・5 分野で ICT ソリューション実証実験を実施してきた。これらの討議・ケーススタディを積み重ねていく中で、ICT ソリューションをアジアのルーラルエリアに広く普及させるためには、他地域にも展開可能となるようルーラルエリア共通の要求条件や導入ガイドライン等を「ソリューション利用標準」として標準化し普及させる必要性があることを強く認識した。
本技術レポートは、これらの活動を通じて得られた知見をもとにして作成されたものである。
なお、2023 年 4 月に開催された ASTAP-35 に、本技術レポートをもとに "Handbook to Introduce ICT Solutions for theCommunity in Rural Areas” の改訂を提案した。この文書はレポートとして承認 (APT/ASTAP/REPT-13(Rev.5)) され、APT ホームページより参照可能である。
４．執筆者
本文書は BSG 専門委員会委員および実証実験プロジェクトを共に遂行した SHARE ミーティングメンバーが執筆した。
※SHARE ミーティング： “Success & Happiness by Activating Regional Economy” Meeting
BSG 専門委員会が主催する、ASEAN 各国（インドネシア、フィリピン、マレーシア、タイ、ベトナム）通信主管庁・大学関係者等との連絡会組織
各国にて農業・水産業・教育・医療・環境等に関する ICT ソリューション導入パイロットプロジェクト等を実施
５．工業所有権TTC の「工業所有権等の実施の権利に係る確認書」の提出状況は、TTC ホームページで公開されている。

６．標準策定部門
標準格差解消(BSG)専門委員会

HANDBOOKTO INTRODUCE ICT SOLUTIONSFOR THE COMMUNITYIN RURAL AREAS
Revision 5

CONTENTS
Page
1. Overview of the Handbook ........................................................................................ 1
1.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Generic Model of SHARE Pilot Projects ............................................................... 2
2. Case Study of Solutions ............................................................................................. 3
2.1 Aquaculture Solution in the Philippines ................................................................. 3
2.1.1 Background of the Project ............................................................................. 3
2.1.2 Objectives ...................................................................................................... 4
2.1.3 Project Site ..................................................................................................... 4
2.1.4 Partner Organization ...................................................................................... 5
2.1.5 System Configuration .................................................................................... 5
2.1.6 Benefits of Introduction ................................................................................. 7
2.1.7 Conclusion (Future Prospects) ....................................................................... 8
2.2 e-Education Solution in Malaysia ........................................................................... 9
2.2.1 Background of the Project ............................................................................. 9
2.2.2 Objectives ...................................................................................................... 9
2.2.3 Project Site ................................................................................................... 10
2.2.4 Partner Organization .................................................................................... 11
2.2.5 System Configuration .................................................................................. 11
2.2.6 Outline of the Solution................................................................................. 14
2.2.7 Benefits of Introduction ............................................................................... 15
2.2.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 16
2.3 e-Environment Solution in Indonesia ................................................................... 17
2.3.1 Background of the Project ........................................................................... 17
2.3.2 Objectives .................................................................................................... 17
2.3.3 Project Site ................................................................................................... 18
2.3.4 Partner Organization .................................................................................... 19
2.3.5 System Configuration .................................................................................. 19
2.3.6 Outline of the Solution................................................................................. 23
2.3.7 Benefits of Introduction ............................................................................... 26
2.3.8 Future Prospects ........................................................................................... 26
2.4 e-Healthcare Solution in Indonesia ....................................................................... 28
2.4.1 Background of the Project ........................................................................... 28
2.4.2 Objectives .................................................................................................... 28
2.4.3 Project Site ................................................................................................... 28
2.4.4 Partner Organization .................................................................................... 29
2.4.5 System Configuration and Installation Sites................................................ 29
2.4.6 Outline of the Solution................................................................................. 31
2.4.7 Benefits of Introduction ............................................................................... 33
2.4.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 33
2.5 e-Disaster Risk Management in Philippines ......................................................... 34
2.5.1 Background of the Project ........................................................................... 34
2.5.2 Objectives .................................................................................................... 34
2.5.3 Project Site ................................................................................................... 34
2.5.4 Partner Organization .................................................................................... 34
2.5.5 System Configuration .................................................................................. 35

2.5.6 Benefits of Introduction ............................................................................... 36
2.5.7 Conclusion (Future Prospects) ..................................................................... 37
2.6 Shrimp Water Quality Monitoring in Viet Nam ................................................... 38
2.6.1 Background of the Project ........................................................................... 38
2.6.2 Objectives .................................................................................................... 38
2.6.3 Project Site ................................................................................................... 38
2.6.4 Partner Organization .................................................................................... 38
2.6.5 System Configuration .................................................................................. 38
2.6.6 Benefits of Introduction ............................................................................... 43
2.6.7 Conclusion (Future Prospects) ..................................................................... 44
2.7 Smart City Application Case Study in Asia-Pacific Region ................................ 45
2.7.1 Background of the Project ........................................................................... 45
2.7.2 Objectives and Scope ................................................................................... 45
2.7.3 Project Site ................................................................................................... 45
2.7.4 Partner Organization .................................................................................... 46
2.7.5 Guidance of Implementation and Operation................................................ 46
2.7.5.1 Vision-embodied Type ............................................................................. 51
2.7.5.2 Solving-problem Type .............................................................................. 51
2.7.5.3 Integrated Type ......................................................................................... 51
2.7.6 Benefits of this Project................................................................................. 52
2.7.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 52
2.8 ICT utilization for end epidemic of Tuberculosis in Myanmar ............................ 54
2.8.1 Background of the Project ........................................................................... 54
2.8.2 Objective ...................................................................................................... 58
2.8.3 Project Site ................................................................................................... 58
2.8.4 Partner Organization .................................................................................... 59
2.8.5 System Configuration .................................................................................. 59
2.8.6 Benefits of Introduction ............................................................................... 69
2.8.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 70
2.9 Behavioural Analytic and Real-Time Tracking of Patients using IoT and RFID in
Malaysia ............................................................................................................... 71
2.9.1 Background of the Project ........................................................................... 71
2.9.2 Objectives and Scopes ................................................................................. 72
2.9.3 Project Site ................................................................................................... 73
2.9.4 Partner Organizations .................................................................................. 73
2.9.5 System Configuration .................................................................................. 74
2.9.6 Benefits of Introduction ............................................................................... 81
2.9.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 82
3. Summary of ICT Solutions (1 of 2) ....................................................................... 83
3. Summary of ICT Solutions (2 of 2) ....................................................................... 90

1. Overview of the Handbook
This handbook summarises a selected list of projects which were conducted through the provisionsof APT J2 and J3 programmes. The APT J2 programme is titled “HRD Programme for Exchange
of ICT Researchers/Engineers through Collaborative Research” and APT J3 programme is titled“ICT Development Programme for Supporting ICT Pilot Projects in Rural Areas”.
The goal of these projects is focused on strategies to demonstrate how rural needs can be addressedby deploying state-of-the-art ICT solutions. The proponents from every country proposed toaddress specific areas in their country for rural deployment. In these projects e-Aquaculture, eEducation, e-Environment and e-Healthcare were proposed in the Philippines, Malaysia,
Indonesia; with support and assistance from local project leaders, and through regularconsultations and collaborative meetings, the other team members and Japanese collaborators
shared in the development and deployment of each project work. There has been instances in which
innovations in one country flowed quickly to another team in another country. An important featureof these SHARE projects has been the development of a strong local build to the programmes. To
meet the goal, it necessitated careful site selection for each project to ensure long term reliability
and local co-ownership of the projects. To achieve the collaborative goal within a short period
designated for each project, every team leader thrived on already existing relationships with local
governments or relevant organizations. In this way the local people became co-innovators in the
SHARE project.
Each project was carried out in one country; however, every solution and constructed network
system is applicable and useful to other member countries as well. The sharing of information
about experiences with local communities in each country is invaluable; it has helped shape thestrategies to engage and to deploy solutions that aligned with the SHARE goals. In the handbook
four projects are presented as case studies of solutions. Each project begins with an introduction
to the local sites, analysis of problems, decision processes for the design of solutions, system
configurations and a conclusive description about the outcome of each project.

1.1 Introduction
The Telecommunication Technology Committee (TTC) Promotion Committee began its activities
in April 2007. Its philosophy was based on the slogan “Let’s SHARE -Success & Happiness by
Activating Regional Economy- together.” Through cooperation among five countries in Asia
(Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam), and with the support of the AsiaPacific Telecommunity (APT), TTC has been conducting ICT pilot projects in rural areas, withsolutions for social issues in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Environment, Health, Education andconstructing Telecommunications infrastructure.
In the 14th meeting in June 2008, a Case Study Team (CST) was established in 2008, under the
standardization gap, from the point of how to use the latest ICT for improving people’s lives andbringing more happiness in developing countries and how to implement latest technologies,
systems and services at affordable cost toward that goal. These goals were realized through thedevelopment of various case studies enabled by APT funding, which were implemented in eachcountry. The solutions created and deployed were extended to neighboring Asia countries uponcompletion.
In summary, SHARE members and CST were able to apply latest standardized technologies andsystems to various applications and services through the collaborative experience in designing anddeveloping innovative solution-based projects supported by APT’s J2 and J3 programmes.
SHARE members have selected the following five applications over ICT to be developed as thesolutions for social issues in rural areas.
- e-Agriculture and Aquaculture- 1 -TR-1058

- e-Education- e-Environment- e-Healthcare- e-Disaster Risk Management- Smart City Application
Details about each solution are presented in the following sections.

1.2 Generic Model of SHARE Pilot Projects
Figure 1-1. shows the generic model for pilot projects demonstrated in rural areas of South-East
Asia. The model centres on the building of sensor networks, to gather data which are measured byvarious sensors on a file server, and the processed data are sent to specialists in urban areas throughthe network. Specialists would then be able to analyse the data, and provide prompt feedback
through the network, to enable efficient resolutions to issues faced on location.

Figure1-1: SHARE solution model through Broadband Network__________- 2 -TR-1058

2. Case Study of Solutions
2.1 Aquaculture Solution in the Philippines-APT J2 in the Philippines: “A Broadband Farm to Market Ecosystem for Fisher Folk
Communities”-APT J3 in the Philippines: “Broadband Farm to Market Ecosystem for Fisher Folk
Communities”
The APT J3 project in the Philippines is the continuation of a previous study funded under the APT
J2 Programme, which was conducted in CY 2009 to explore the technologies and protocol asneeded with a view to designing the implementation (on a pilot scale) of an open access broadband
farm to market ecosystem. The Project “A Broadband Farm to Market Ecosystem for Fisher Folk
Communities” cover activities leading to the pilot deployment and development of a network of
sensors, field servers, ICT telecenters and knowledge management systems aimed at enabling afully functioning research, social, economic and education ecosystem centered around the tilapia
raising industry of a well-organized community of fisher folks in the Seven Lakes of San Pablo
City, Laguna, Philippines.

2.1.1 Background of the Project
Aquaculture production in the Philippines rapidly grew in the last fifty years (Figure 2-1-1). It is
important to note that Aquaculture production has increased twice of marine production (Fig. 2-12) and consequently requires strong support to expand further. At the project site, the seven lakesof San Pablo City Laguna, Philippines, has been diagnosed to have a lack of oxygen supply, leading
to sudden killing of many fish. The project aims to reduce fish kill that has been caused by oxygen
deficiency in the lake since 2010, by monitoring water quality. The solution was to monitor the
dissolved oxygen, conductivity, turbidity, and temperature of the water.

Figure 2-1-1: Aquaculture Production in the Philippine from 1950 to 2009

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Figure 2-1-2: Marine Production in the Philippine 2010

2.1.2 Objectives
The fish kill problem is one of the biggest problems for fishing communities in the Philippines.
Fish kills often happen when there is insufficient dissolved oxygen. Fully polluted water decreases
gas absorption in water. Another cause for fish kill is over-feeding, which leads to increased
biological demand for oxygen. At the project location, there also exists an issue about the multiple
management of the lake resources, which caused misalignment in strategies to upkeep the fishingindustry efficiently. The main aim of the project is to reduce fish kill that is caused by oxygen
deficiency in the lake. The project constructed a sensor network that measured and monitored thedissolved oxygen level, temperature and transparency of the water. Furthermore, it also builds aknowledge database that contributes to market growth and training the young fisher folks. In sum,the data can be viewed on a website in almost real time, enabling lake management best practice.

2.1.3 Project Site
Lake Palakpakin, located 14°06’771’’N and 121° 20’194’E in the city of San Pablo, Laguna is thesecond largest lake among the Seven Crater Lakes. It has a total surface area of 43 hectares and amaximum depth of 7.5 meters (MSC Technologies Inc., 1998b). It is bordered by the threebarangays of San Buenaventura, San Lorenzo and Dolores. The inlet of the lake brings water infrom Lake Calibato through the Prinsa River (Figure 2-1-3). Aside from rainfall, this river systemis the only source of water for the lake. Water from the lake goes out into a connecting river, andeventually drains into the Laguna Lake.

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Figure 2-1-3: Map of seven lakes area
Four sites were sampled, specifically;
Site 1 is at the inlet where water comes into the Palacpaquen from Lake Calibato;
Site 2 is at the pool beside the inlet, where there is relatively calm water;
Site 3 is on the periphery of the lake in between the inlet and outlet, andSite 4 is at the lake outlet under the bridge.

2.1.4 Partner Organization
・Ateneo De Manila University, Philippines
・Department of Transportation And Communication, Philippines･Congressional Committee On Science Technology And Education (COMSTE), Philippines･The Telecommunications Technology Committee (TTC), Japan･NTT-West, Japan･Kasetsaart University & NECTEC, Thailand･Tokyo University, Japan･National Agricultural Research Office (NARO), Japan･Agriculture Land Reform Office (ALRO), Thailand

2.1.5 System Configuration
This project designed, built and constructed a sensor network that measured and monitored thedissolved oxygen level, temperature and transparency of the water. Eventually, once internet
connection is established in the deployment site, the floating field server would be stationed
anywhere in the lake to monitor the different lake parameters. Figure 2-1-4 illustrates the network
diagram of the field servers at Palakpakin Lake as the pilot deployment site. As part of the lakemonitoring, an unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with camera were also deployed for map
stitching and surveying to make sure that the carrying capacity of the lake was maintained.

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Figure 2-1-4: System configuration in Palakpakin lake
The research team used each country’s field server, specifically from Thailand and Japan. The
Philippine’s mobile floating field server was able to capture data about Dissolved Oxygen,conductivity, water temperature under 0.5 and 2.5 m and using GPS location. The Japanese Field
Server was able to measure Dissolved Oxygen, pH, air temperature, humidity, and Built-in IP
camera. The Thai’s Field Server-Measures was able to measure Dissolved Oxygen, pH, andhumidity (Figure 2-1-5).

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Figure 2-1-5: Field Server each country
Furthermore, it also builds on a knowledge database that contributes to market growth and training
the young fisher fork. In the information system the field server data are all displayed and often
data (like pictures taken from the lake) can be added. Through the approach, the research team isable to demonstrate a lake management system.

Figure 2-1-6: An information and knowledge base was developed from field servers data

2.1.6 Benefits of Introduction
Figure 2-1-7 shows a fishpond worker removing dead milkfish locally known as Bangus after
thousands of them were found floating on Taal Lake in Batangas province, south of Manila,
Philippines, recorded on Sunday May 29th,2011. Losses from fishkill in northern Philippines aretremendous. Over 800 tons of fish die, and these losses from fish kill are estimated to be valued at
P150 million. Our project is expected to help to stabilise aquaculture production and income forfisher folk through the Philippines, once standardized sensor systems are developed with full
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telemetry web information.

Figure 2-1-7: 800ton fish die in Taal Lake

2.1.7 Conclusion (Future Prospects)
A first cut network design has been completed. The sensor suite should include data on dissolved
oxygen, conductivity, turbidity and temperature. First cut sub-system prototypes, the purpose ofwhich would be to clarify design and implementation issues needed to be successfully deployedin such a system for the J3 Project Phase. After the project, AIC (Ateneo Innovation Center)
continued the development of a newly developed system which has expanded the sensor system
to include an aerator that pumps oxygen into the fish ponds, when they see the oxygen levels being
really low, turn on aerator system by simply texting the field server. All data appears on a website
updated every 30 minutes.
__________- 8 -TR-1058

2.2 e-Education Solution in Malaysia-APT J2 in Malaysia: “Bridging the digital divide in Remote rural areas: a universal
Playground for children”-APT J3 in Malaysia： “Technology enhanced solutions for Remote rural communities in
Malaysia to facilitate Development of Learning and Preservation of
local knowledge and create health awareness and practice forhealthy living"

2.2.1 Background of the Project
Bario is a remote rural location on the island of Borneo, close to the Malaysia-Indonesia border
between Sarawak, Malaysia and Kalimantan, Indonesia. There are twelve longhouses in Bario
which are homes to about 1,000 people. While there are many locations in Sarawak that can be
categorized as remote rural, Bario was selected because of its isolated geographical location.
Before the Universiti Malaysia Sarawak’s project commenced in 1999, Bario did not have 24-hourelectricity supply and water was available only through gravity-fed systems. There was also no
sophisticated telecommunication service available, and communication was largely conductedusing radio calls, as well as by passing messages to departing passengers、 and getting messages
from passengers arriving at the local airport.
In April 1999, UNIMAS started the e-Bario project with the general aim of bridging the digital
divide between urban and rural communities. In order to achieve this, baseline data describing thetechnological needs and readiness of the Bario’s community was obtained, and this was soon
followed by the introduction of ICT to the community. The technologies deployed were VSAT
(telecommunication system) which allowed the Internet connectivity to the Bario telecenter. Power
is supplied by photo-voltaic (solar system) with computers there. Facilitated by UNIMAS e-Bario
researchers, the people of Bario began connecting with the rest of the world using ICT, and thismarked the first phase of the project implementation.

2.2.2 Objectives
This project proposed to implement a multifaceted approach to provide efficient technologyenhanced solutions for remote rural communities in Sarawak, Malaysia. Specifically, theobjectives of the project are to establish a optical LAN infrastructure for two schools and a healthclinic in Bario; to develop e-Education solution which serves as digital learning repository tocomplement formal teaching and learning experiences of the school community in Bario,
Ba'kelalan, Long Lamai and Larapan Island; and to propose a sustainable health check system foruse by community members in these identified remote rural communities in Sabah and Sarawak.
The optical LAN infrastructure is an important linkage that will enable the other two solutions (i.e.
e-Education and e-Health) to be developed in these remote rural areas. The e-Education solution
aims to design and develop a digital learning repository in five areas of interest: health sciences,
ICT, communication, living skills, and indigenous knowledge and culture. The e-Health checksystem is to be introduced to children and young adults in the community, to raise awareness about
regular health checks which need to be performed periodically to detect and monitor common
illnesses.
Overall, the objectives of the project state that:- Implement a multifaceted approach to provide efficient technology-enhanced solutions forremote rural communities in Sarawak, Malaysia- Establish optical LAN infrastructure for schools and health clinic in Bario to enable
Develop an e-Education solution which serves as digital learning repository to complement formal- 9 -TR-1058

teaching and learning experiences of the school community in Bario, Ba'kelalan, and Long Lamai
in Sarawak and Larapan Island, Sabah
Develop an e-Health solution to provide a sustainable health check system for use by community
members in these identified remote rural communities in Sarawak and Sabah.
Document the impact of e-Education and e-Health solutions on educational experiences and healthawareness of the community members in these remote rural locations

2.2.3 Project Site
The project is mainly conducted at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) campus in Kota
Samarahan, and Bario, the Kelabit Highlands. Figure 2-2-1 is a map of Sarawak indicating thelocations of both venues

Bario

Kuching

Figure 2-2-1: Location of Bario and Kuching on the Borneo map
Bario is a remote rural location on the island of Borneo, close to the Malaysia-Indonesia border
between Sarawak, Malaysia and Kalimantan, Indonesia. The only practical way to get to Bario isa one-hour flight on a 19-seater Twin Otter airplane from Miri, Sarawak. At present, there are no
gravel roads leading into Bario, and a land journey requires a river journey and a 14-day-long trek
across forested mountains.
The majority of the people in Bario are Kelabits, one of the smallest ethnic groups in Sarawak.
They are generally farmers, growing the famous organic, fragrant Bario rice, and the sweethighland pineapples. While there are many locations in Sarawak that can be categorised as remoterural, Bario was selected because of its isolated geographical location.
The Bario children go to the Bario Primary School which provides education from Primary 1 toPrimary 6 or age 7-12. Bario Secondary School provides education from Form 1 to Form 3 (ages13-15) only. When students finish school in Bario, they have a choice to either go to two nearby
towns, Miri or Marudi, to continue their studies. Most students attending the primary andsecondary schools in Bario stay at the school dormitories because their own homes are miles awayfrom the location of the schools. Today, the schools have received a growing number of Penan- 10 -

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(who practice nomadic values and way of living) and Sabans (who migrated from another remoterural area for socio-economic needs), and both of these ethnic groups are of minority ethnic in
Sarawak, living within close proximity to the Bario Highlands.

2.2.4 Partner Organization- Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Malaysia- The Telecommunication Technology Committee (TTC), Japan- NPO Pangaea, Japan- Japan Advanced Institute of Science Technology (JAIST), Japan- Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT), Japan- Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Japan

2.2.5 System Configuration
2.2.5.1 Fibre Optic Network
Figure 2-2-2 shows the schematic view of optical fiber network in Bario. We installed optical fiberfrom telecenter (eBario) to primary and secondary school and from telecenter to New hospital andcurrent clinic.
One fiber count optical drop cable was used for aerial and one fiber count indoor optical fiber cablewith SC connector was used for indoor. The existing poles once built for an abandoned hydropower
supply plan were utilized to lay on optical fibers, Optical splitter is located at the pole between
primary and secondary school and the pole between new hospital and current clinic, respectively.
Total fiber length is about 2.5 km from eBario to secondary school, about 2.3 km from eBario toprimary school, about 500m from eBario to a new community clinic, and about 200m eBario tothe existing clinic, respectively.
Bario Optical Fiber Network Configuration

Figure 2-2-2: Optical LAN System

2.2.5.2 Optical Network System
Figure 2-2-3 shows the GE-PON network for APT J3 Malaysia Project at Bario. The GE-PON
network is constructed over the optical fibers laid by Commuture in October, 2011. As shown in- 11 -

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the figure, the GE-PON network consists of the following two PON lines:
Line A from TeleCenter to the Primary School and the Secondary School, and Line B from
TeleCenter to the Current Clinic and the New Hospital.
Both Line A and Line B are terminated at the local telecenter by the OLT (Optical Line Terminal).
The OLT relays packets over Line A or Line B to a server or a router via a L2 switch. The otherends of Line A and Line B are terminated by ONUs. An ONU has a LAN port to accommodate a
PC, an L2 switch, or a WiFi BTS.
Bario Network System Configuration

Figure 2-2-3: Bario Network System Configuration

2.2.5.3 WiFi Implementation
At the ONU termination in the two schools, the network connection was further extended to thecommon student activity areas via WiFi access point. The tablets required WiFi connection to the
network as that is the only means to connect. WiFi access point allowed multiple tablets to connect
to the GE-PON network concurrently. The WiFi access points deployed were compliant to theIEEE802.11n standard for supporting maximum data rate to take advantage of the higher
performance GE-PON system installed. The WiFi coverage was within 50 meters from the WiFi
access point.

2.2.5.4 Server Implementation
There was a total of four servers being deployed in the e-Bario telecentre for various applications
provision over the GE-PON network. The application servers are as follow.

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TR-1058a) e-Health Database Serverb) Viscuit Application serverc) Education Moodle Serverd) Backup Server for e-Health Database
Among the deployed servers, the e-Health Database server is a standard desktop computer comescomplete with a monitor display, keyboard and mouse. The server is running on Ubuntu platform.
The Viscuit Application server is a notebook computer that hosts all the proprietary Viscuitapplication services. Viscuit enables users who is not familiar with computers to create graphicalanimation by utilizing drawing tools. The advantage of using Viscuit is to teach users thefundamental concepts of basic programming.
The E-Education server runs on a Windows platform. The server hardware utilizes the green
computing concept or known as green server in that it is able to utilize energy, either from thetelecentre, or from its own dedicated solar panel and battery system. The green server is a highly
power optimized computer system built from Intel Atom processors and other power optimized
system components such as solid state drive etc. Its power supply system is designed for native
solar power input to take advantage of minimizing the power conversion loss throughout. The
power of Green Computing System is supplied through a customized portable solar charging
system with battery that can be installed almost instantly anywhere due to is small in size (battery
and controller box dimension is around 10" x 12" x 7" and solar panel size is around 4' x 2.5').
The backup server for e-Health solution is a replica of the e-Health database server where its
hardware is similar to that used by the E-Education server, which adopts the Green Computing
System.

2.2.5.5 Solar Power Implementation
A separate solar power system was designed and deployed as additional electrical power input for
the e-Bario telecentre. Figure 2-2-4 shows the solar panel, which is installed on the telecentre's
rooftop. The size of this solar power system is 1.3kW. The main purpose of the system is to provide
power specifically for the network equipment such as the GE-PON, switches, routers and servers
deployed for the project. This solar power system is separated from the main telecentre solar powersystem in order to prevent single point power outage in the telecentre that may cause power
blackouts to the critical network equipment. Hence, connectivity reliability can be further
improved.

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Figure 2-2-4: Solar panel installation on bario telecentre's rooftop

2.2.6 Outline of the Solution
2.2.6.1 e-Education system
There are several outputs identified for this aspect of the Digital Learning Repository (DLR).
These are the features available on the E-Education system:a) Creating an Android application which will be the primary input tool for the children tocapture data and contentb) Creating a customized access and interface to an open source Learning Management
system, which will be used to assemble and further develop the data and content capturedby the childrenc) Creating a user-friendly localized version of Viscuit, an open source application for children
which teaches them to learn about basic computer programming using drawing tools
To best understand the process of data collection and processing between users and stakeholders
in the project, an illustration of the scope of work for this project is presented in Figure 2-2-5.

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Figure 2-2-5: Process of Data collection

2.2.6.2 e-Health Check system
The e-Health check system for this project is designed to record basic health data (height, weightand blood pressure) of the local population. The system is developed by researchers in JAIST, andit was introduced to children and young adults in the community to raise awareness about regular
health checks which need to be performed periodically to detect and monitor common illnesses.
During the installation of the system, community members from a village called Ulong Padang in
Bario learned how to use all the health equipments packaged in the E-Health Check system. They
were also taught how to create a health check database, which records individual weight, heightand blood pressure measurements of people in the local community. Using the fiber optic network,
the data collected from users could be transmitted to the local health clinic, and the medical officers
could be alerted if there was any anomaly in the data. With a systematic database of information
available, dissemination of important health information and interventions can be deployed in amore strategic and sustainable manner.

2.2.7 Benefits of Introduction
2.2.7.1 e-Education
The project enabled the children of a remote rural community in Bario to utilise technology topreserve elements of their culture, language, traditional songs, local myths and living legends intoa digital form. The children are able to complement what they learn in school by adding on
knowledge from their own local values and culture. The fibre network connection connected thechildren from their schools to the local telecentre, which opened new ways for them to connect
with the rest of the world.
Their teachers at the schools also benefited from the availability of the mobile tools andapplications and internet connection as well, because they are now able to use digital resources tostrengthen the contents of their lessons. With the children’s activities using the mobile technology
tools, the teachers are also able to tap into the children’s digital products and integrate the contents- 15 -

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with topics they teach in the classroom.
Children and teachers in Bario are encouraged to use the mobile tools as much as possible, andthey are not confined to only activities designed for the programme, in order to maximise thepotential of mobile learning for learning and teaching.

2.2.7.2 e-Health
The introduction of E-Health Check system which includes patient monitoring system, intends topromote health awareness among the communities in Bario. Since the elderly make up the majorityof the local population, plus the lack of professional health personnel on a permanent basis in Bario,
health monitoring is a key concern for Bario residents.
The Health Check system was designed by researchers in Japan, and it was deployed earlier at
Tanah Datar province in West Sumatera, Indonesia. The same set was introduced in Bario, toenable the local community to conduct and manage their own health checks at their convenience.
The Bario community has one health clinic established at the heart of Bario, and medical officers
are flown in every two weeks to conduct physical checks on those in need.
With the introduction of the E-Health Check System, the community was excited to know about
their health status. They were pleased that they were able to conduct their own checks, and datafrom the checks were transmitted to the Health Check database located at the local clinic. It enableda systematic record of health checks, making it easier for medical officers to obtain records about
the health of people in Bario.

2.2.8 Conclusion
This pilot project was the first trial to introduce fiber optic network into rural areas in ASEAN
countries and indicated its effectiveness. The research team continues to learn and to seek solutions
using ICT to help extend the indigenous knowledge and culture of these communities to enable
them to prosper and improve their lives and well-being even when living in remote rural locations.
The focus remains on developing the ICT literacy skills and knowledge of children in remote rural
areas, because these children are the hopes of their unique communities to propel their social,economic, cultural and intellectual developments into the future.
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2.3 e-Environment Solution in Indonesia-APT J2 in Indonesia:“Exploration of ICT’s Potential in Peatland Environmental
Conservation to Address Climate Change”-APT J3 in Indonesia:“Promotion of e-environmental community with ICT solution inCentral Kalimantan, Indonesia”

2.3.1 Background of the ProjectIn the later half of 1990’s the development of peatland in Central Kalimantan, Indonesian
Government planned and executed Mega Rice Project (MRP) as a measure in tackling poverty
issue. However, it caused environmental destruction of peatland that entailed the social issue ofthe restoration and conservation of peatland.
Failure of the MRP was caused by unrealistic dimensions of channels, ignoring local knowledge
and culture, and it has consequently affected peatland to become very dry in dry season and very
susceptible to peat fire, which subsequently produced a large amount of CO2 every year. Thus,
deforestation and the degradation of peatland have been the main causes for Indonesia being oneof the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases. Air pollution by peat fire smoke has been
threatened human health of neighboring countries.
As the counter-measure to restore the peatland, University of Palangka Raya, through the Center
for International Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatland (CIMTROP), hasbeen working for the restoration of the peatland around the university premises for more than 15
years. One of its main activities is to construct the simplified dams on the canals to maintain thewater level of the peat land to avoid peat fire from occurring.
However, researchers must personally attain access to the dam sites for observation andinformation or data gathering, whilst the sites are rigorously challenging to gain access to, and theeffort is time consuming.
Thus, it is considered essential to establish a remote monitoring system using ICT technologies,
which will make the process of the operations quicker, more efficient, and a set of data series could
be recorded.

2.3.2 Objectives
To establish a remote monitoring system for dams and the peatland using ICT technologies,
CIMTROP, KOMINFO (Ministry of Communication and Information Technology), and TTC
performed APT J2 project APT J3 project.
The project aims:
1) To conduct a feasibility study towards the establishment of the ICT remote monitoring systemat rural area. The ICT remote monitoring system is to monitor a simplified dam and peatland
so that the researchers can see the visual image of the dam and get the information of thewater level remotely at the new data center where the research team of University of Palangka
Raya has the facilities for his activities.
2) To encourage young researchers to become familiar with the remote monitoring system andalso to enhance and improve their understanding, knowledge, and skills about ICT
technologies
3) To integrate soil sensors at a new monitoring point and to make a test of a new firefighting
agent that is expected to act as a preventive measure as well as a counter measure for peatfire.
- 17 -

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4) To establish a telecenter where the students and residents will be educated on knowledge about
ICT, for instance, the various uses of the Internet and the use of technology forenvironmental conservation.
5) To share the data collected from the system with joint researchers in the Asian countries.

2.3.3 Project Site

Figure 2-3-1: Location of the Project in Perspective to Larger Indonesian Map
The basic operation of this project is conducted at the site of University of Palangka Raya, in close
proximity to Palangka Raya city, the capital city of Central Kalimantan Province, as shown in
Figure 1. It takes around 1.5 hours by plane from Jakarta to Palangka Raya. Based on 2010
population census, the population of the municipality stood at 220,223.
As shown in Figure 2-3-2, the project site is located between the two big rivers; Kahayan Riverand Sabangau River, and canals that were made to drain the water to those rivers from the peatlands
that were designated to be developed into rice field as stated on Mega Rice Project objective.
Therefore, the peat became dry and consequently it became susceptible to fire.

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Figure 2-3-2: Map of Palangka Raya and Pulang Pisau Regencies

2.3.4 Partner Organization･University of Palangka Raya (UNPAR)・A center for international research collaboration for tropical peatland (CIMTROP).
・Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (KOMINFO)・The University of Kitakyushu, Japan･The Telecommunication Technology Committee (TTC), Japan・Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT), Japan・NEC Corporation, Japan

2.3.5 System Configuration
The ICT Network configuration is shown in Figure 2-3-3. In the 2010 APT-J2 project, one Data
Center and three monitoring points, A, B, and C have been constructed. The Data Center was
established specifically with a data server to compile the data sent from the towers. Four 25m
Towers were erected, one at the Data Center and three at the designated measuring point A, B and
C to establish radio link.

Figure 2-3-3. Network Configuration of Remote Monitoring System- 19 -

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Figure 2-3-4: Tower at Measuring Point A,B and C

Figure 2-3-5 Tower at Measuring Point D
The equipment was mounted on each tower which consists of a water level sensor in the water, a- 20 -

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field server, solar panels with battery, and WiFi equipment for radio system.
The field server is also equipped with WiFi interface and also consists of a thermometer, ahygrometer, a rain gauge, an anemometer, a CO2 sensor, a methane sensor.
In 2011APT-J3 project, Point D was newly provided, which lies on the extension of the straightline from Point A to C and is located in the natural forest near Taruna Canal. In order to evaluate
the effect of the fire-fighting foam, the soil sensors were installed at Point D.
A high speed data link, which is called PASOLINK system, was installed to connect the Data
Center and CIMTROP office, so that all the collected data at Data Center are transmitted to thedata server in CIMTROP office.
The list of the equipment and materials provided in this system is shown in Table 1.

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Table 2-3-1: Equipment and Materials ListNo.
Item
1. Field Server
1.01 Field Server
1.02 Thermometer1.03 Hygrometer1.04 Rain Gauge
1.05 Anemometer1.06 CO2 Sensor
1.07 Methane Sensor
1.08 Solar Panel
1.09 Battery
1.10 Battery Charging Controller
1.11 WiFi Equipment
1.12 Software to Display the Collected Data
1.13 Accessories

Quantity
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
1
1 lot

2. Hydrograph2.01 Water Level Sensor
2.02 Connecting Cable
2.03 RS232C-USB Conversion Cable & Software CD

441

3. Data Logger
3.01 Data Logger
3.02 Soil Moisture Sensor
3.03 USB Adapter Cable
3.04 ECH2O Software CD

2
2
2
2

4. Data Server
4.01 Laptop

2

5. 25 m Tower
5.01 25 m Tower
5.02 40 m Tower

41

6. Soil Sensors
6.01 Thermocouple Thermometer6.02 Exchanger
6.03 Transmitter
6.04 50 m cable
6.05 Soil Moisture Sensor
6.06 25 m cable6.07 5 m cable
6.08 Basic Logger
6.09 TDR Soil Moisture Sensor
6.10 Logger Net-software
6.11 Case
6.12 USB-RS232C Exchange Cable
6.13 Accessories
6.14 Nozzle for Fire Hose

3
3
3
2
3
4
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18

Computer for Data Analysis
Magnetic Stirrer
Ultracold Freezer
pH Electrode

1
1
1
1

7. PASOLINK Subsystem
7.01 Indoor Unit
7.02 Antenna High Performance Single Pole
7.03 ODU-IDU IF Cable
7.04 Rectifier Unit
7.05 Installation Materials

2
2
2
2
1

8. Data Server & Software for Telecenter
8.01 Desktop PC as Data Server
8.02 Desktop PC as Data Server for Telecenter
8.03 Desktop for Telecenter
8.04 Contents Development, Equipment, and Consultation

1
1
1
1

2.3.6 Outline of the Solutiona) Through the APT J2 project and J3 project, a remote monitoring system that gets data from allmeasuring points without having to access the actual site was developed. The following
components were completed in the J2 project.
- A new Data Center Building- Five units of painted towers (25 m) with fence at the Data Center, with four measurement
points at Point A, B, C, and D- Four data loggers for water level measurements at Point A, B, C, and D- The sensors for the measurement of temperature, humidity, wind speed, rainfall, methaneamount, and CO2 amount at Point A, B, C, and D- Video camera at Point A, B C, and D; wireless equipment at each towerb) The following components were monitored at each point and transmitted through WiFi radio
link to the data server installed at the Data Center.
- Water level of the canal (at Point A) and of the peatland (at Point B, C and D)- Rainfall, external temperature, humidity, wind speed, and CO2 and methane amounts- Soil temperature and water content (at Point D)
Table 2-3-2: Typical Data of Measured Components[temperature, humidity, wind speed, methane and rainfall]Time

28/12/2012 6:44
28/12/2012 7:43
28/12/2012 8:43
28/12/2012 9:15

CH1
CH2
CH3
CH4 CH5
CH6
CH7
Temp. Humidity Wind Speed CH4 CO2 Rainfall Water Level( °C ) ( RH% )( m/s )
( ppm ) ( ppm ) ( mm )( mm )
30.31
29.49
31.62
28.99

22.05
20.37
20.45
20.02

3.29
0
63.13
62.79

- 23 -

0.54
0.55
0.54
0.53

998.9
998.9
728.1
672.6

1215
1215
1215
1215

167.58176.97185.03179.46

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28/12/2012 10:15 31.74
28/12/2012 11:15 34.31
28/12/2012 12:15 30.91

19.65
20.75
18.86

62.65
0
0.85

0.52
0.48
0.47

512.4
514.5
610

1215
1215
1215

28/12/2012 13:15 27.58
28/12/2012 14:15 28.74
28/12/2012 15:15 30.33

19.7
19.92
19.38

1
0
63.52

0.55
0.55
0.54

804.5
927.7
660

1215
1215
1215

188.61203.95189.99173.36
175.73185.5

Note: #Rainfall data is cumulative. The same rainfall value means there was no rain.
#Water level data is the depth from underneath the canal to the water surface.

1676,6 ppm (13-09-12)
1602,6 ppm (09-07-12)
1610,5 ppm (12-12-12)

1676,6 (13 Sep’12)
1610,5 (12 Dec’-12)

1602,6 (9 Jul’12)

No data

432.9 (21 May’12)

1960.8 (16 Nov’12)

2191.6 (24 Mar’12)

2054.4. (14 Dec’12)2375.2 (23 Feb’13)

1734,1(9 Oct’12)
1692.1 (28 Apr’12
1122,1(9 Sep’11)

1381.4 (14 Apr’12)

837.8 (2 Nov’12)

Figure 2-3-6: CO2 Concentration and Water Level Fluctuation at Tower A

Figure 2-3-7: Soil Water Content and Temperature at Point D- 24 -

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Visual Image at Tower A

Visual Image at Tower B

Visual Image at Tower C

Visual Image at Tower D

Figure 2-3-8: Visual Image from the Tower at Each Measurement Pointc) A high speed data link, which is called the PASOLINK system, was established to connect theData Center to the CIMTROP office so that all the data collected at measurement points A, B,
C, and D may be monitored at the CIMTROP office in University Palangka Raya.
d) To test a new firefighting method, an experiment using soap-based firefighting foam wasconducted on the peatland. The soap-based fire-fighting foam was newly developed in Japanand is expected to prevent and extinguish peat fire. The effect of the fire-fighting foam ismonitored by the soil sensors installed at Measurement Point D.

Figure 2-3-9: Performance Evaluation Between Soap and Synthetic Firefighting Foame) A Telecenter was established in the building next to the CIMTROP office to provide e-- 25 -

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Education services to the residents who live near the peatland.

Participants from Senior High School

Residents from the Villages

Figure 2-3-10: e-Education Services for the Residents

2.3.7 Benefits of Introductiona) Using the ICT remote monitoring system, the researchers can see the visual image of thedam and get the data collected by various sensors for the measurement of water level,temperature, humidity, wind speed, rainfall, methane amount, CO2 amount, soil temperature,and soil moisture without having to go to the peat land site.
b) The monitored data from each measurement point will be useful in designing the dam andblocking the canal to restore the hydrological status of the damaged peatland.
c) The project team conducted a feasibility study towards the establishment of an ICT
remote monitoring system in a rural area. The team could also make young researchers andscholars of the University of Palangka Raya to be familiar to the remote monitoring
system. The system provides them opportunities to enhance their understanding,knowledge, and skills about ICT technologies and to implement ICT technologies forenvironmental monitoring.
d) At the Telecenter, e-Education services were provided to the residents who live near thepeatland. We have conducted classes for farmers, students in elementary school, students inhigh school, and college students. They were taught introduction to the internet and basic
knowledge on e-Education, and also to understand the environment and the importance of
peatland conservation.
e) Based on the experiment using soap-based firefighting foam, it was proven that the
firefighting foam shuts off oxygen and radiant heat so that the surface fire can be
extinguished, but the soil underground was still smoldering. Based on the analysis of thecollected data, we will continue to improve its efficiency and conduct more experiments using
firefighting foam in the peatland.

2.3.8 Future Prospectsa) Utilizing the results of the APT-J2/J3 project activities, it is expected that in the future, theIndonesian Government (Central and Local) through the University of Palangka Raya
would establish a wide-area remote monitoring system for the restoration of the peatland.
b) These activities could demonstrate the successful promotion of an e-Environment community
with ICT solutions that will be recognized as a best practice to be replicated and scaled-up- 26 -

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in rural areas in Indonesia and other APT members’ countries to bridge the digital divide inremote and rural communities.
c) In considering who will be responsible for the maintenance of the regionally and globally
important monitoring systems established, we should consider how we can work andcontribute together so that this facility will continue to work and collect data so that we do not
lose the investment.
__________- 27 -

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2.4 e-Healthcare Solution in Indonesia- APT J3 in Indonesia: “Promotion of e-local community with ICT solution in Indonesia”
ICT Development Programme for Supporting ICT Pilot Projects in
Rural Areas 2008 [J3]2.4.1 Background of the Project
The TTC Promotion Committee is engaged in providing system solutions to the challenges of themodern society, such as digital divide and economic disparity in rural areas of Southeast Asia,
through the SHARE concept.
This Project studied methods to improve healthcare services in Tanah Datar, West Sumatra,Indonesia, where 350, 000 people are living but with only one hospital and some small local clinics.
The number of doctors is about 50 and they work without any PCs or databases connected to the
network. All departments in the hospital and clinics operate independently from one another andall medical documentation processing was handled manually.
This Project established the “Health Checkup Service” that allows automatic collection of theheight, weight, and blood pressure data from measuring instruments and puts them into a database,as well as the “Healthcare Contents Distribution Services” that provides prevention of epidemic
diseases such as Pandemic Influenza, dengue fever, etc.

2.4.2 Objectives
The overall objective of this project is to demonstrate the successful promotion of e-local
community with ICT solutions that will be recognized as a best practice to be replicated and scaledup in rural areas in Indonesia and APT member countries to bridge the digital divide in remoterural communities.
The project aims:
1) To develop and implement a community-based wide area network by connecting a hospital, ahealthcare center, a telecenter, a university, high schools, and junior high schools with abroadband access system to utilize e-healthcare, e-education, and e-agriculture solutions byproviding the internet accessibility to rural communities.
2) To evaluate the effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability of this community-based broadband
telecenter and try to propose the best practice of the telecenter to be replicated and scaled up in
the other rural communities in Indonesia and other APT member countries.
3) To enhance and improve implementation and maintenance skills among prefectural government
staff to successfully establish and sustain ICT infrastructure and applications.

2.4.3 Project Site
Tanah Datar Regency, West Sumatra Province, the Republic of Indonesia has been chosen as the
project site for the “Promotion of e-local community with ICT solution in Indonesia”.
Tanah Datar, located at the heart of West Sumatra Province, is the smallest of the 19 regions in thisprovince. Fig 2-4-1 shows the geographical location of the Regency.
General information on Tanah Datar Regency:
a. Regency government office location: Batusangkar
b. Administrative units: 14 Sub-districts, 75 Villages, 395 Small Villagesc. Population: 343, 993
d. No. of households: 86, 424- 28 -

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e. Area: 1333.3 sq km
f. Average temperature： 20~25 degrees Celsius (Highlands)
g. Main industry: Agriculture (70% of the population)
h. Regency’s GDP: IDR 3.39 Trillion (2006)

Figure 2-4-1: Location of Project, Tanah Datar Regency, West Sumatra, Indonesia

2.4.4 Partner Organization･ Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (KOMINFO)･ The Telecommunication Technology Committee (TTC)･ Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd. (OF Networks Co., Ltd.)･ Fujikura Ltd.
･ Dinas Hub, KOMINFO (ICT Management Division) of local government in Tanah Datar
Regency・ Dinas Kesehatan (Health Agency) of local government in Tanah Datar Regency
・ PT Jaring Lawah Cyber (PT. JL Cyber)・ PT. Fujitsu Indonesia
・ International Office, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone East Corporation (NTT-EAST)・ The National Institute of Informatics (NII)

2.4.5 System Configuration and Installation Sites
The project provides a very basic health check-up system in remote rural areas for the trial of acentralized health data management system with simple health consultancy and disease- 29 -

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information services, which is also the public information service for the local community.
Wi-Fi system is adopted as an access network for this pilot project in Batusangkar, Tanah Datar,and optical LAN system is installed by using FTTH technology at Tanah Datar Prefectural Officeand Government Office Complex in Pagaruyung. System configuration and the sites of installation
are as shown in Fig 2-4-2.

Antenna Unit Installation

Antenna Tower at Data Center

Preparation of Tower Installation

Equipment Installation

Figure 2-4-2: System Configuration and the Sites of Installation- 30 -

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The system specification, network equipment, and construction period of the Wi-Fi system andoptical LAN are as shown in Table 2-4-1.
Table 2-4-1: System Specification, Network Equipment, and Construction Period of the
Wi-Fi System and Optical LAN
System specification
Network Equipment
Construction
PeriodWi-Fi
Maximum Distance:- Wireless Tower
40 days
System 4500 m- Lightning protection
Transport speed:- Wireless Radio Access Point
27 Mbps, Best Effort- 5.8 GHz Antenna- 2.4 GHz Access Point- 2.4 GHz Antenna
Optical Total Distance: 4.1 km Optical- Telephone Pole
1st Construction:LAN
1st construction: 1.3km Outside Plant - Single mode optical cable 14 days
2nd construction: 2.8km
for aerial installation
2nd Construction:
Transport speed:- 1:8 Optical Splitter
14 days
100 Mbps, Best Effort
Network
Equipment

Serversystem- 19” Rack system- GE-PON OLT- GE-PON ONU- Layer 2 Switch

1st Construction:
3 days
2nd Construction:
2 days- 19” Rack system- GENSET 5000 Watt for Data Center- UPS 3000VA for Data Center- Computer Server for Data Center- Router Management for Data Center- Switch for Data Center

One of the reasons that made it easier to successfully implement both Wi-Fi system and optical
LAN is that a single agency is responsible for issuing permissions or licenses for both Wi-Fi systemand optical LAN.

2.4.6 Outline of the Solution
2.4.6.1 Health Checkup Application
The measuring instruments for health checkup service consist of blood pressure meters, weightscales, and height scales. These pieces of equipment have the Bluetooth communication capability(Class 1, Version 1.2). Measured data are sent automatically to a local PC via Bluetooth and stored
in a local database of the PC and also copied to an integrated healthcare database at Data Center.
Bluetooth connectivity can lessen the burden to local workers of coping with new and additionaltasks for medical checkup and facilitate the familiarization process with the operating instructions.
The application was optimally customized and developed for data analyses and to assist the
progress of the local people.
The health checkup operation procedure is composed of the following 3 steps:
 Step1: Registration of patient Step2: Measurement
 Step3: Measured data entry- 31 -

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According to the evaluation results of this procedure, it typically takes 3 minutes to complete theprocedure for revisiting patients and 7 minutes for first visits.

2.4.6.2 Administrative Cloud Service
By utilizing the network infrastructure consisting of Wi-Fi network and optical LAN, Tanah Datar
Regency installed the Financial Information System (SIMDA) developed and provided by
KOMINFO as an administrative cloud service to improve the work efficiency of associatedworkers in every regency.
The objectives of “SIMDA” are to support the realization of good governance and a clean
government in the regional economic administration especially in financial implementations, andto realize professional, transparent, and responsible regional government facilities connected withthe optical LAN infrastructure established by the project. Associated workers have been able touse this networked “SIMDA” on an online basis.
The functions of ‘SIMDA’ include compiling financial reports as part of financial management
accountability using budget credit balance reports, cash flow reports, and notes to the financial
statement according to the government regulations on standard government accounting; andproducing other comprehensive financial reports such as statements of regional financial position,
financial performance and regional government accountability on regional financial management,
and the Internal Affairs Minister Regulation on regional government management guideline.

The Health Checkup Application Used on Clinics

The Administrative Cloud Service Program- 32 -

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2.4.7 Benefits of Introduction
Throughout the project, clinics, schools, and governmental agencies in Tanah Datar Regency are
networked and connected to each other over Wi-Fi system and optical LAN. As a result of theimplementation of the applications described in Section 2.4.6, improvement of administrative
services was observed and recognized among residents and local government agencies.
a) Establishment of fundamental computerization for local community with ICT solutionsb) Introduction of necessary infrastructure for expansion of health or medical servicesc) Improvement and upgrading of work efficiency at local government, and introduction for
expansion or upgrading of administrative services to be provided to local community

2.4.8 Conclusion
APT J3 project in Tanah Datar was successfully handed over and its report was completed andsubmitted to the APT Secretary.
In the Tanah Datar case, the local governor conducted this project as one of the most important
policies and formed a special team for the project. This team has been making great efforts tomaintain the infrastructure and applications working normally. Two years after the completion of
the APT-J3 project, the local government decided to expand the optical LAN and it was
implemented successfully with the project members’ support.
Throughout this project, Indonesia's 1st implementation of a municipality-based solution model,
Health Checkup and Administrative cloud service is achieved.
Regarding its future prospects, Tanah Datar Regency plans to keep working together incooperation with TTC in utilizing ICT development in the region.
__________- 33 -

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2.5 e-Disaster Risk Management in Philippines-APT J2 in Philippines: “Broadband wireless for disaster operations: resilient networks andreconfigurable information systems for rapidly deployable disaster
response” 2012 APT J2

2.5.1 Background of the ProjectIn 2013 alone, natural disasters in the Philippines included Typhoon Haiyan, known locally as
typhoon Yolanda, the deadliest Philippine typhoon on record, and a magnitude 7.2 earthquake thatcaused great destruction in Bohol province. In response, DOST-ICTO and the Ateneo de Manila
University spent a considerable time looking for various ways to address communication problems
resulting from damaged communication networks caused by natural disasters. In times ofcalamities, there is a need for immediate communication of information in order to minimize
damage and loss of human life, and to provide evacuation updates and other vital information to
those concerned.

2.5.2 Objectives
We envisage the design of a BBW (broadband wireless) network that is very resilient and rapidly
deployable for quick end to end information flow from affected areas right up to the war room.
The system has to be able to carry effective broadband content, to prepare communities, especiallypersons with disabilities (PWDs), during the critical pre-disaster planning and preparation periods,
and for effective response immediately upon the onset of disasters and over the long term recovery
effort. There is a critical need for systems designs that offer broadband access solutions to disasterrisk management, assessment, rescue, medical treatment, survivor
support system, resource allocation, and long term recovery.

2.5.3 Project Site
This project was planned and conducted in the laboratory in Ateneo de Manila University,
Philippines.

2.5.4 Partner Organization
・ ICT Office, Dept. of Science and Technology-DOST, Philippines
・ Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT), Philippines
・ Ateneo Innovation Center (AIC) and ECCE Department, Ateneo de Manila University,
Philippines
・ Advanced Science and Technology Institute (ASTI), DOST, Philippines
・ Vastnet Inc., Philippines
・ Ionics Inc., Philippines
・ Keio University, Japan・ Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd, Japan・ Mitsubishi Electric, Japan
Other partners that were gained over the course of the project include:- Daisy Consortium; Assistive Technology Development Office (ATDO), Japan- National Council for Disability Affairs (NCDA); National Library of the Philippines (NLP)- 34 -

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- RBI - Resources for the Blind; Physicians for Peace, Philippines

2.5.5 System Configuration
Figure 2-5-1 shows a future system architecture for a possible Phase II(*) implementation,highlighting the different components of an information network suitable for disaster risk
reduction and management. In this architecture, War rooms are the disaster information sources
and have the function of delivering such information to disaster sites and other sites. War room
can be constructed by IPTV headend equipment and/or ISDB-T narrow band broadcasting system(shortly, ISDB-T Narrowcast). The disaster related information to the disaster sites includes timely
critical information for evacuation and short searchable video of survivors. ISDB-T narrowcast
may broadcast several channels as survivors, rescue, relief, and so on.

Figure 2-5-1: Future Wireless System for Pre-Disaster Preparation andPost Disaster Rescue and Recovery
NOTE - Phase I means this project. Phase II is the successor of Phase I. There is not any
concrete plan as of February 2015.
Figure 2-5-2 details the sub-systems necessary for an end-to-end information delivery system thatincorporates in a hybrid manner many key wireless and broadband technology components thatcan prove critical for our application: one set communications, IPTV standards based content
delivery, WiFi and other wireless (such as TV white space), as well as headend technologies that
include realtime encoding, web streaming, rapidly deployable mobile media servers andtranscoders. Rapidly deployable components such as laptop based media servers (instead of rack
mounted technologies), mobile transcoders, and one segment receivers.
Figure 2-5-3 shows the terminal devices that received Wi-Fi and ISDB-T narrow bandbroadcasting in Figure 2-5-2.

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Figure 2-5-2: Proposed Experimental System for Test Deployment
at the Ateneo de Manila University Testbed Site

Figure 2-5-3: Mobile Terminals That Receive ISDB-T Narrow Broadcast and
IPTV streaming Over Wi-Fi in the Testbed Site.
For the system architecture, the following key components have been identified:(1) End to end standards based system software and hardware(2) Rapidly deployable and transportable components(3) Low power content appliances at the deployment site(4) Ability to provide necessary content even in low bandwidth environments(5) Inclusive content design and delivery, PWDs are a critical part of the community addressed

2.5.6 Benefits of Introduction
To meet these design goals, we have put together a series of proof of concept sub-systems thathave the necessary capabilities and concluded the project with the following accomplishments:
1. Standards based (ITU) IPTV platform head-end architecture- 36 -

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2. Near-cloud edge architecture
3. TV White space non-commercial-frequency wireless platforms
4. A hybrid approach that marries current technologies and standards based approaches in a
mission critical capable content streaming platform: iptv.ateneo.edu.
5. A successfully concluded consultation and needs analysis process culminating in aninternational conference.
The IPTV platform was architected to function either as a head end or as a rapidly deployable node,
utilizing ISDB-T standard and portable components. At the edge of the deployment, small form
factor low power (<10 Watt) near cloud capable network appliances with full-up computercapabilities deliver and gather information at full bandwidth while updating metadata via thenarrowband pipes often available in remote rural areas or in post disaster recovery sites. With thelead of the ICT Office of DOST, a test deployment using TV White Space frequencies, adeveloping standard, was implemented in post-earthquake areas in Bohol Island. While all thisdesign and development work was ongoing, we configured a publicly accessible streaming
capability via the iptv.ateneo.edu site to test new content and engage the DRRM community. In
parallel we started a consultation process with multiple stakeholders, such as post disaster camp
managers and the PWD community, which culminated in a UN ESCAP Sendai International
Conference which was participated in by the PWD Community with remote online participationin panel discussions by the Manila Group, convened by this APT Project Team.

2.5.7 Conclusion (Future Prospects)
APT J2 project in Philippines was successfully handed over and its report was completed andsubmitted to the APT Secretary.
In this Philippines case, an Academia, Ateneo de Manila University, and a governmentorganization, DOST, conducted this project as one of the most important topics regarding disaster
information delivery. The project installed a prototype system of RESILIENT NETWORKS AND
RECONFIGURABLE INFORMATION SYSTEMS based on an international standard based
IPTV system and ISDB-T narrow band broadcasting system.
Throughout this project, the team identified design goals and we have put together a series of proof
of concept sub-systems that have the necessary capabilities and concluded the project with theaccomplishments.
Regarding its future prospects, the project members plan to keep working together and to consider
utilizing ICT development in the region, such as e-learning for hospitals based on IPTV (patient
safety topics), and so on.
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2.6 Shrimp Water Quality Monitoring in Viet Nam-APT J2 in Viet Nam: “Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network Monitoring Water
Condition for Strengthening Aquaculture Industry in Viet Nam”
2014 APT J2

2.6.1 Background of the Project
Monitoring water condition by ICT technology is very important in aquaculture industry. Basically,
the methodology of monitoring system is similar. However, the implementation depends on therequirement of a specific application. Therefore, it may incur much effort in terms of hardware
and software developments for various applications. Currently, each existing system formonitoring water is designed for a specific application. There are no systems that can support vastof applications. It causes the following problems regarding water condition monitoring:1) It is difficult for the government to have overall view.
2) It is difficult for companies to manage business.
3) It is difficult for farmers to share knowledge.

2.6.2 Objectives
The aim of this project is to strengthen Viet Nam aquaculture industry by applying ICT technology
in monitoring aquaculture water and in sharing experimental knowledge. This project proposes a
system dealing two issues:
・ Real-time water monitoring system lets farmers know what happening in their farms.
・ Knowledge sharing system for increasing farmers’ technology capability

2.6.3 Project Site
The project was planned and conducted at Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Ho Chi
Minh City University of Technology. Additionally, the system was planned to deploy for testing inseveral areas in the south of Viet Nam.

2.6.4 Partner Organization
・ Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Viet Nam
・ Department of International Cooperation, Ministry of Information and Communications, Viet
Nam・ The Telecommunication Technology Committee (TTC), Japan・ Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation (NTT), Japan・ The University of Electro-Communication (UEC), Japan

2.6.5 System Configuration
Figure 2-6-1 shows the overall architecture of our proposed system that consists of three parts. The
first part of proposed system is monitoring devices. The system supports different monitoring
devices with different network capabilities. Each device class appropriates for a specificapplication requirement. They are classified into three classes, as below.
・ High speed monitoring class (HSMC): devices belong to this class have a high-computing
capacity and high-speed WiFi. HSMC devices are suitable for applications requiring high data
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rate such as audio, video monitoring. One application example is looking for operating of sea
lobster cave underwater. These devices require much energy, high cost, and complex in
deployment. They always require power line connection for long-time operating and often needa wired internet access which is not always available everywhere.
・ Mobile-over monitoring class (MMC): devices belong to this class use mobile network services
such as short message service (SMS), general packet radio service (GPRS), 3-G communication
infrastructure. In addition, MMC devices require less power and has lower data rate than HSMC
devices. Medium-size batteries provide enough energy for a device. In addition, mobile network
is pre-deployed almost everywhere in Viet Nam. Therefore, MMC devices are suitable forapplication require medium data rate such as monitoring water parameters. Drawbacks of MMC
devices are long latency and not reliable communication so that they cannot be used inapplications need fast reaction to changing of water condition.
・ Energy-harvesting monitoring class (EHMC): devices belong to this class use low-power, shortdistance, low data rate 6LowPAN to form a multi-nodes local wireless network. A local meshnetwork provides high data reliable and low latency. The power consumption is also very small
such that a small solar energy harvester is enough. These features make EHMC devices suitable
for monitoring application requiring real-time, high-reliable and fast response such as shrimp
farm monitoring. Drawback of EHMC devices is that they cannot provide data remotely. An
EHMC network often combines with one MMC device to allow remote data access.
The second part of the proposed system is the data center server. All monitoring data are collected
to a server for remote accessing and knowledge sharing. The server has a data management system
to organize data, manage user privacy and data access policy. Informative analysis is also provided.
An integrated framework allows users watch monitoring data each other, ask questions, give
advices, discuss issues, and find solution, etc. New farmers quickly catch modern technology,
growing process, and experiential knowledge. Farmers not only monitor their farm but also learn
to apply new technology into their work with supporting from the proposed system.
The third part of the proposed system is the user-friendly application on smart phone. There
are large number of Viet Namese still cannot use internet. They do not know how to use a personal
computer as well as open or interact with a website. Smart phone with touch interface is mucheasier to learn and more interested to them.

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Mobilenetwork

Internet

SERVER

EHMC
deviceMMC
deviceHSMC
deviceFarmers

Engineers/Companies

Government

Figure 2-6-1: Overall architecture of proposed system
The implementation results including hardware devices (EHMC, MMC, Web and Mobile
Application) of the proposed system are shown as snapshots in Figure 2-6-2, 2-6-3, 2-6-4, and 26-5.

MSP430F5437A
MCU

MB85RS2MT
2Mb
Ferroelectric RAM

CC2520RF transceiverCC2591
RF amplifier

Figure 2-6-2: Block diagram of the processing components inside an EHMC device- 40 -

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MKE06Z64VLD4MCU

CAT25256
256 Kb EEPROM

SIM900
GSM/GPRS
moduleFigure 2-6-3: Block diagram of the processing components inside a MMC device(a) User Login(b) Farm and Pond
Information(c) Latesting
Monitoring Data(d) Graphical Displayof Monitoring Data

Figure 2-6-4: Monitoring on Mobile Application (Android)- 41 -

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Figure 2-6-5: Web-based Application and Management- 42 -

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2.6.6 Benefits of Introduction
The proposed system has potential to reduce cost including electricity cost and food cost directly,
processing chemical indirectly which helps in increasing income for farmers. Basically, the costof growing shrimp is shown as Figure 2-6-6 where food is the most cost (consume 50% total cost),
while shrimp seed and processing chemical are the next costly (17% and 16% respectively). Next
costly is electricity which consumes 7% total cost.

Figure 2-6-6: Cost consuming for growing shrimp
With deployment evaluating result, farmers can reduce working time of rotators. Without thesystem, farmers often turn on all rotators almost 24 hours a day. Using information from the system,
farmers can turn off rotators when dissolved oxygen is in good condition. Hence, working time ofrotators is reduced approximately to 18 hours/day. Figure 2-6-7 shows electricity cost of one pond
during one season crop by million VND (22.000VND / 1 USD). The light color is amount of saving
cost when applying the system. The electricity billing can be reduced up to 14.6 million VND forone 6-rotator pond (from the peak 58.3 to 34.0) or 33% in best case. Consequently, our system
directly reduces total cost 2.31%.

Electric billing (6 rotators/pond/crop)

Billling (million VND)

60

50

40

30

20
14

16

18

20

22

24

Working time/day (hours)

Figure 2-6-7: Electric billing reduction for one pond using 6 rotators- 43 -

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In normal condition, shrimp eating mostly depends on environment temperature and dissolved
oxygen. Farmers often feed more than shrimp need. With feedback from our system, farmers adjust
fed food suitable so that all food are used which reduce most costly. In addition to direct affection,
indirect cost reduction processing chemical can be utilized from our system. Because farmers do
not overwhelm food, toxic contaminant such as NH3, H2S do not be generated. The growing
environment becomes fresh so that less processing chemical need. Shrimp also become stronger,
no more chemical need. In addition, shrimp quality is better which increasing income.

2.6.7 Conclusion (Future Prospects)
This project has proposed a uniform system that integrating different device types to monitor water
quality for all different requirements of aquaculture industry. All monitoring data are collected
remotely to a data center in real-time manner. Different user agents such as farmers, engineers,companies, government access monitoring data in different views depending on privilege policy.
An easy-to-use mobile application is developed for farmers to view monitoring data. The system
has been deployed and evaluated in different testing sites. It has worked as expected.
The result shows that electricity billing can be reduced up to 33%. Food and processing chemical
can be reduced as well. More research needs to evaluate how much food and chemical cost can be
reduced. The remaining issues are to improve dirty deployment environment and high maintenancecomplexity. They increase system reliability and reduce working time.
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2.7 Smart City Application Case Study in Asia-Pacific Region-APT :“Research about Policy Making regarding “Smart City” in AsiaPacific Region” 2017 APT

2.7.1 Background of the Project
Smart city becomes a popular topic in each country of the Asia Pacific region. Some countries arestarting their urban policy development whereas other countries are promoting their urban policy
development of the smart city application. Today, the smart city concept has become key inbridging academic researches, projects and commercial initiatives exploring the role that new ICT
services and products can play in increasing the quality of life (QoL) of citizens in urban life.
However, a lot of different operationalizations, approaches and definitions of smart city exist anda lack of overview in thinking about the concept of smart city carries on today.
The ICT policy development on smart city is not limited to focus on the urban areas. It should bealso applied to the rural areas. The urban policy development of smart city is closely related withthe policy making of each country, in which this point is different from other projects such as eagriculture, e-learning, e-commercial, and so on, Hence the collection of case studies regarding
smart city application according to the smart city policy making of each country can be gainful
and informative for an efficient and comprehensive guidance for designing and implementing thevision and policies of smart city application in the rural areas.
For this purpose, a survey framework was circulated to capture various APT governance in Asia
Pacific region that delivers the benefits based on guiding principles of the implementation andoperation for the smart city application. Besides that, a workshop was conducted to enrich theinformation gathering through sharing relevant knowledge and discussion of the ideal situation inrural areas among those who responded the survey framework about the policy making regarding
the smart city application. This project is to solve the following problems regarding the smart city
application:1) It is difficult for the intergovernmental organization specialized in the ICT field in AsiaPacific region to have an overview of the smart city policy making of each country; and
2) It is difficult for municipalities or governments to introduce, implement and operate thesmart city application in particular in the rural areas.

2.7.2 Objectives and Scope
The objective of this project is to guide the future municipalities or governments to introduce thesmart city application to the rural areas. Besides that, to foster the regional cooperation for urban
and rural developments of smart city application, the aim of this project collects the case studies
on the policy making regarding the smart city development from those pioneering countries andshare the latest information about the efficiency and effectiveness of the smart city implementationand operation in the urban areas. Thus, the concrete scopes of this project are as follows:• Introduction of smart city concept and its related international standardization activities;• Assessment of survey and workshop on the case studies of smart city application in Asia
Pacific region; and• Guidance of implementation and operation for the policy making regarding smart city
application.

2.7.3 Project Site
This project does not have a project site, whereas this project was planned to capture a survey- 45 -

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framework from various APT governance in Asia Pacific region. This project was also organizeda workshop in the TTC Conference Room, Shiba Koen Denki Building, Tokyo, Japan to review
the information gathering through sharing relevant knowledge and discussion of the ideal situationin rural areas among those who responded the survey framework about the policy making
regarding the smart city application.

2.7.4 Partner Organization
・ Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation (NTT), Japan・ NEC Corporation, Japan・ Oki Electric Industry Corporation Limited, Japan・ The Telecommunication Technology Committee (TTC), Japan・ Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Japan

2.7.5 Guidance of Implementation and Operation
This section describes an eclectic information for steering the guidance of implementation andoperation on the policy making regarding smart city in Asia Pacific region. Because theimplementation of smart city is mainly conducted in urban areas with the aim to improve the QoL
by using the state-of-the-art informatics and technologies to meet the urban communities’ needs,
a QoL gap in between rural and urban areas has widened. Therefore, this section is to facilitate
increased understanding on the policy making regarding smart city in order to ensure that the ruralcommunities would experience the same QoL benefits of the urban communities. In other words,
the objective of this section is to shed light on how the of implementation and operation of smart
city application via the operating model.
In the context of business management, project management has taken the top-down and/or
bottom-up approaches and adapted it towards projects planning. As top-down planning is stillprevalent in many organizations, the bottom-up planning method is also widely used. In the context
of smart city, the main different in between the top-down and bottom-up approaches is theparticipation of citizens and stakeholders. The top-down approach promotes a high degree of
coordination, whereas the bottom-up approach allows more opportunity for people to participate
directly. Figure 2-7-1 shows the difference between top-down and bottom-up approaches toencouraging the participation of citizens and stakeholders in smart city application.

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Figure 2-7-1: Top-down and bottom-up approaches to encouraging the participation of
citizens and stakeholders in smart city application
In this section, an operational model is defined as both an abstract and visual representation(model) of how a municipal or government implements, operates, and commercializes the vision,
policies, strategic initiatives, tactical decisions of the smart city application for better QoL of its
citizens. Regardless of the initial introduction of smart city application in either rural areas or urban
areas, in principle, the process of smart city application would go through the four-step operationalmodel as shown in Figure 2-7-2. The four steps are introduction, implementation, operation andcommercialization.
In the step of smart city introduction, the characteristics of smart city should be clarified well ofwhat is – and what is not – being considered in the implementation of smart city. One example ofsmart city characteristics is that smart city collects increasing amounts of open and inclusive data
about city life to support effective actions and decision making in real-time manner. Need is anexpression of something desired by humans whereas a requirement is a formalized statement ofsome functionalities. The need and the requirement contribute an output and an outcome,respectively. One example of smart city needs is that the urban or rural communities require abetter QoL.
To accomplish the smart city need, the requirements of smart city are the usability and accessibilityof technological needs, the openness of collected data, the role of government involvement, thewell-concluded policy making, and the sustainable of financial support. These requirements will
be explained in the following section. A plethora of requirements is required to be functioned alongwith the building the smart city application in both urban and rural areas. Upon the requirements,
the policies are made according to a vision, challenges and strategies of the smart city application.
In the step of implementation preparation, at least the following four considerations should betaken into account when the smart city planning is initialized. First, the vision highly requires tobe revised in conjunction with the analysis of smart city, in which the analysis includes thecharacteristics, needs, requirements, and policies of the smart city application. Second, formulationof business outline and the outline of operating organization are prepared and checked. Finally, a
consensus is obtained before the implementation of smart city application.
In the step of operation, there is the following considerations in operation if the implementation ofsmart city application is successful. The formulation of measures or indicators is essential for- 47 -

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evaluating the entire smart city application; therefore, they should be examined. Those indicators
can refer to the international standard specification, e.g., ITU-T Y.4901/L.1602 and ISO 37120.
Furthermore, the operating model is required to be specified for smoothing the coordination within
the entire organization. Additional initiatives for the purpose of sustainable smart city may beconsidered for a long-term basis.
In the step of commercialization, many issues can be popped out within and outside the operational
main organization body. Besides that, the tax duties should be clarified well of what is – and what
is not – being tax upon the service usages of smart city application. In addition, the personal data
have to be secured and well-manageable. The personal data can be distributed to many othersources for any use, or re-use purpose. In this case, the releasing of open data must be
systematically and properly managed via any newly technologies.

Figure 2-7-2: The four-step operational model of smart city application

Figure 2-7-3 illustrates how the role and responsibility for strategic, tactical and operational
management are assigned across the different levels within the municipal or the government.
Vision that is the need and desire to transform the city into a smart city with a better QoL is decided
by a mayor of a municipal or a government. Then, a set of policies, strategic initiatives, and tacticaldecisions that is used to accomplish the vision are designed, produced and reviewed by a policy
planner. The policy planner also determines the objectives of individual enforcement units torealize the strategic initiatives that have been made at the decision-making level. Next, a planning
executor formulates a set of measures or key performance indicators (KPIs), which are based on
the standard specification of smart city to execute all the initiatives and decisions. Lastly, apractitioner promotes the business affairs of smart city application when the smart city application
is operating.

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Figure 2-7-3: People involvement of municipalities or governments
Why a smart city is successful and what elements contribute to its success? In fact, all the smart
city implementations have a mixture of participants in governments, commercial industry and civilsociety, but the position and nature of participation varies, as do the roles of the participants. The
participant of citizen and relevant stakeholders is important to ensure the success of the smart city
application. Besides that, an operational approach that is significantly important to ensure thesmoothness and manageable of the smart city operation. In the context of this research report, theoperational approach consists of three different types, i.e., vision-embodied type, problem-solving
type and integrated type. The participation of these three types is different and depends on thebasic top-down and/or bottom-up approaches. Figure 4-7-4 shows the classification types ofoperational approach.

Figure 2-7-4: Classification of operational approach
The vision-embodied type that is a top-down approach promotes a high degree of coordination,
whereas the problem-solving type that is a bottom-up approach allows more opportunity for people
to participate directly. The integrated type is a combination of both vision-embodied type andproblem-solving type. The attempt of integrated type, in which citizens and relevant stakeholders
involved, ensures that all people who are affected by or interested in a certain issue have thepotential to influence processes and decisions on this issue, or at least have access to relevant
information. This might be organized by accessing to a central data hub (e.g., platform) as well as
by the construction of a knowledge management system which allows a cross-linking of
knowledge of sectorial developments.
Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of vision-embodied type, problem-solving type,- 49 -

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and integrated type are summarized in Table 2-7-1. In the integrated type, the participation fromcitizens and stakeholders play a role as a kind of feedback, which gives high feasibility of
milestones and initiatives in the smart city application. The integrated type also allows an easy tocommunicate with each other within the operational municipal or government, which is composedof relevant departments. As a result, the integrated type always guarantees an involvement of alllayers of citizens and municipalities; therefore, its applicability is higher than others. The only
disadvantage of the integrated type is that an additional cost and time spent for running the
feedback mechanism, which depend on the size of the participation. Table 2-7-2 illustrates theexamples of challenge and strategy for top-down and bottom-up approaches of the integrated type.

Disadvantages

Advantages

Table 2-7-1: Advantages and disadvantages of vision-embodied type, problem-solving type,and integrated type

Vision-embodied
Type

Problem-solving
Type• Provide early
insurmountable risks
and enormous
opportunities• Requirements andinitiatives are wellspecified at the earlystage

Integrated
Type• Feedback from citizens
and stakeholders gives
high feasibility of
milestones andinitiatives• Within the operational• Because those activities
municipal is composedcover the running cost
• Within the operationalof relevant departments,
in the business model, it
municipal is composed
it is easy to
can be expected toof relevant departments,
communicate with eachmake a profit
it is easy toothercommunicate with each
• Operation andother• Services can be
management are• Involvement of all
managed from one
controllable regardlesscentral to keepof the change of person
layers of citizens andoversight on many
governments is highdivergent aspects• Cost and time spent formeasuring, what is notmeasuring are too high• All requirements andinitiatives must be
known upfront• Concerned aboutsustainable policy
continuation when the
person in charge in themunicipal changes• Methodology createdand used for eachproblem-solving are
identical• Defining requirements
and initiatives can beexcessive before nextstep

• Additional cost andtime spent for runningthe feedback
mechanism• No independent
enterprise can well-fit
and accept the entrusted
contracts that based on
the purpose of the
project- 50 -

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Table 2-7-2: Advantages and disadvantages of vision-embodied type, problem-solving type,and integrated typeTop-down
Approach
Bottom-up
Approach

Integrated Type

Challenge

Strategy

Reduce administrative cost in the
feedback mechanism

Improvement of cost usage by
visualization

Contribution of participation topolicies, initiatives and tasks within
the municipalities

Implementation of smart city’s
policies, initiatives and tasks to all
the layers of citizen

Improvement of residents’ services

Regional revitalization based on
CSV (creation of common value)and providing regional redemption
structure

Improvement of residents’
consciousness

Enhancement of smart city
awareness through dissemination ofservice usage to residents

2.7.5.1 Vision-embodied TypeIn the vision-embodied type, the vision is clear at the initial stage of the smart city implementation.
It uses the top-down approach that introduces the policies, initiatives and objectives to beaddressed in order to realize the smart city application. In Table 2-7-3, the review outcomesconclude that the approaches in Papua New Guinea and Myanmar are belonging to the visionembodied type.

2.7.5.2 Solving-problem TypeIn the problem-solving type, a citizen problem assumed to be clear at the first place. For example,
the transportation services lead to heavy traffic in daily life of a city. To deal with this, the problemsolving type uses a bottom-up approach to addressing the manifested issue clear among the citizen.
In Table 2-7-3, the review outcomes summarize that the approaches in Iran and Viet Nam are fall
into the problem-solving type.

2.7.5.3 Integrated Type
Effective smart city operation needs to balance both top-down and bottom-up approaches. On
another occasion, collecting the information by sensors, cameras, and smart devices and taking
policy actions by the top-level leadership may require the top-down approach during emergencies.
On the other hand, improving the city transportation services with citizen participation may require
the bottom-up approach at any time. In Table 2-7-3, the review outcomes summarize that theapproaches in Malaysia and Thailand are classified as the integrated type of operational model.
Due to the feedback mechanism regardless of the top-down approach or the bottom-up approach,the feedback is cycling to address the vision of the smart city application. In the next following
sections of this research report, the analysis and review of the city-specific solutions excerpted
from the case studies of Malaysia and Thailand are used to describe the contribution of theimplementation and operation of a smart city.

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Examples

Review Outcomes

Table 2-7-3: The review outcomes and examples based on the questionnaire responses

Vision-embodied
Type

Problem-solving
Type

Integrated
Type• An administrative
vision is indicated• A top-down approachthat presents the issues
to be addressed in orderto realize the smart city
application• A bottom-up approachthat is addressing issues
to be solved in order todeal the problems
manifested in thespecified smart city
application• An administration
vision is indicated• A feedback mechanismof citizen participation
is established• Both top-down andbottom-up approaches
are cycling toaddressing problems ofsmart city application• New smart city
planning for a new
ecosystem area
• Examples:o New city at Paga
Hill, Port Moresby,
Papua New Guinea
o New vehicle
registration system, aRFID-based vehicle
registration andcontrol system inwhole country of
Myanmar• Developing a new• Managing and operating
infrastructure forvast complicated smart
supporting the smart
city initiatives in entire
city application
country• Examples:• Examples:o Bus rapid transito Low carbo lifestyle(BRT), a public bus
blueprint fortransportation in
Iskandar city’s
Tehran, Irancarbon intensity
o Traffic enforcement
emissions by 2025,
system, a vehicle
Malaysia
traffic violationo Smart city forsystem in Bac Giang
Phuket island’s
Province, Viet Nam
smart tourism by
2020, Thailand

2.7.6 Benefits of this Project
In summary, this project has introduced the characteristics, needs, requirements, and deploymentof the policy making regarding the smart city application by using the operational model, which issimple but powerful model that can address well the process of implementation and operation in
the smart city application. The operational approach also can help to deepen understanding of theimplementation and operation of the smart city application in terms of vision-embodied type,problem-solving type, and integrated type. Especially, through the study on the integrated type, we
could understand that governments’ role in the cases like Malaysia and Thailand. The governments
exclusively determine the smart city vision and initiatives internally, and they ask for feedback
from citizens and businesses. Lastly, it is concluded that adaptation of explicit and efficient
operational model and approach on the policy making regarding the smart city application withstakeholder consensus and active participation from citizens, businesses and governments is the
key to successful smart city implementation and operation.

2.7.7 Conclusion
The contributions of this project firstly has introduced smart city concept and its related
international standard activities. Second, this project has shown an assessment of survey and- 52 -

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workshop on the case studies of ongoing smart city application to the countries of Asia Pacificregion, which are starting/promoting the smart city policy making by sharing the information ofother pioneering countries in Asia Pacific region for guiding future directions of policy making on
smart city application. Third, this project has presented an efficient and comprehensive guidanceof the implementation and operation procedures on the policy making regarding the smart city
application.
This project has focused on the introduction of smart city concept and its related international andnational standardization activities. Since the urban policy development of smart city is assumed tobe commonly applied within each country in Asia Pacific region, useful and gainful information
based on the actual activities in the starting/promoting countries about the implementation andoperation know-how on the smart city application have been collected and analyzed in this project.
As a result, this project has achieved its primary objective in providing an efficient andcomprehensive guidance on the future smart city policy making of municipalities or governmentsin the rural areas of Asia Pacific region.
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2.8 ICT utilization for end epidemic of Tuberculosis in Myanmar-Pilot Project in Myanmar: Development of Tuberculosis Laboratory Data Management System
conducted by National Center for Global Health and Medicine(NCGM) and Fujitsu Limited, funded by NCGM (2015 to 2017),
Fujitsu Limited (2015 to 2018) and The Telecommunication
Technology Committee (2018)

2.8.1 Background of the Project
According to the world statistics, tuberculosis (TB) is the top single cause of death among
infectious diseases. Considering this situation, the United Nations General Assembly decided tohold first-ever high-level meeting on the fight against tuberculosis, under the theme “United to
end tuberculosis: an urgent global response to a global epidemic” on 26 September 2018. The
meeting aims at accelerating efforts in ending TB and reaching all affected people with prevention
and care. It was agreed to reconfirm the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals of theend epidemic of Tuberculosis in 2030.

Figure 2.8.1: Top 10 global causes of deaths, 2016
Myanmar is one of the TB high burden countries categorized by World Health Organization(WHO). In 1998, WHO published the initial list of 22 high burden countries including Myanmar
which defined based on the burden of TB in absolute terms. At this time TB was barely on the
global health agenda. The aim in creating the list was to highlight the scale of the global TB
epidemic, by focusing on a small number of countries responsible for 80% of the total number of
TB cases worldwide. The 22 high burden countries were defined as those countries with the highest
absolute burden of TB in respect of the estimated number of incident cases.

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Figure 2.8.2: The list of 30 high burden countries for TB, TB/HIV, and MDR-TB
It was decided that each list would contain 30 countries using a “20 + 10” approach. This meantthat the countries would be the top 20 in terms of absolute numbers of incident cases, plus the ten
countries with the most severe burden in relative terms that did not already appear in the top 20.
There would also be a threshold of a minimum number of 10,000 cases per year for TB and 1,000
per year for TB/HIV and MDR-TB. This would avoid any of the lists including countries with avery small number of cases.
It is a global strategy of measures to prevent transmission to other people by early detection andtreatment. When we find the 75% of TB infected peoples and treated 80% of them successfully,
the number of TB patient will be reducing. However, Stop TB Program set the new 90-90-90 target
to reach the end epidemic goal of SDGs. Reaching 90% of people with TB and putting them on
treatment, reaching 90% of the key populations, and achieving 90% treatment success.

Figure 2.8.3: The 90-90-90 Targets- 55 -

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This strategy requires the accurate data system that enable to capture the patient for whole courseof the treatment starting from diagnosis to the end of treatment. However, spread of multidrugresistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) made it difficult to take measures in the field. Before the MDR
era, the diagnosis and monitoring the treatment was simple. When the patients with TB symptoms
come to the TB clinic, the patient`s specimen was examined for the smear examination whichavailable at almost all the TB clinics and found to be positive, treatment for TB will be started.
The whole flow of TB diagnosis and treatment has been provided at one stop services.

Figure 2.8.4: TB diagnostic flow before MDR TB epidemic
However, epidemic of MDR-TB changes the flow of diagnosis and treatment of TB patient. All
the smear positive case should sent the specimens to higher level laboratory for screening the drug
susceptibility, especially for Rifampicin, key drug of 1st line regimen. New diagnostic tool of
GeneXpert made it available with in the day, but not all the TB clinic has it. And if the GeneXpert
result found Rifampicin resistant TB, the patient will be treated as MDR TB and further
examination of culture will be required for drug susceptibility and monitoring the treatment
effectiveness, that is only available at three reference laboratories in the country.

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Figure 2.8.5: MDR TB diagnostic flow
As a result, diagnosis and monitoring the treatment of tuberculosis became to require laboratory
examinations at multiple facilities, and transportation of samples and information among thefacilities has been recognized as a challenge.
Other needs of ICT utilization arising from current change of TB control program was accuracyof reporting to monitor the progress of disease control. TB program in Myanmar can receive theexternal funding support including the Global Fund after democratization. Those external donors
require the accurate and timely reporting for monitoring the progress. Particularly, to track the
progress in the era of end epidemic goals of SDGs, case-based monitoring and reporting is crucial,because each case should be monitored from diagnosis to end of treatment see the cascade.
Figure 2.8.6 shows the current flow of data using existing HMIS (Health Management Information
System).

Figure 2.8.6: Data flow using existing HMIS (Health Management Information System)- 57 -

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Individual data was transformed at health facility level into aggregated data for reporting. Those
reports were gathered at district level and report to provincial or national level, which is higher
level health facility.
Currently, many countries are tiring to introduce the electronic data system including DHIS2, thatis mostly used in developing countries for health statistical data system, recommended by WHO.
The system was designed to introduce at district level for data collection and entry, and expected
to improve the accuracy and timeliness of the reporting.
However, it will not improve the quality of data collected at the health facility, as it’s not masteredby the system users.
To meet the high requirement of reporting to external donors including Global Fund, many
countries are now trying to introduce the ICT to improve the quality of data at health facilities tocollect the individual data.

2.8.2 Objective
To improve the accuracy of data by securing the traceability of information using ICT

2.8.3 Project Site
We discussed with National TB Program and selected the 7 pilot sites in Yangon. One Referencelaboratory, two diagnostic centers, and 4 township TB clinics were selected.
Out of 4 TB clinics, two are equipped with GeneXpert, and remaining two are equipped with only
smear microscopy. All the township TB clinic are treating only drug susceptive TB cases. Locationof each sites are displayed on the map.
Characteristics of each sites are shown in the table.
Table 2.8.1： Characteristics of each site
Name

Category

Laboratory

Treatment

National TB Reference
Labo (NTRL)

Reference laboratory

Culture, DST, LPA,
GeneXpert, smear−

UTI TB center

Diagnostic center

GeneXpert, Smear

MDR TB

Latha TB center

Diagnostic center

GeneXpert, Smear−

HlaingTownship TB clinic

Smear, (GeneXpert)

DS TB

TamwayTownship TB clinic

Smear

DS TB

South Dagon

Township TB clinic

GeneXpert, Smear

DS TB

Kyimyindaing

Township TB clinic

Smear

DS TB

1) Server and data storage (when the network model is available)- 58 -

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2.8.4 Partner Organization
・ National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Myanmar
・ National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Japan・ Fujitsu Limited, Japan

2.8.5 System Configuration
2.8.5.1 Current Status
Yangon is the biggest city in the country with about 5.5 million population. National TB prevalence
survey in 2018 found the high incidence of TB in the city especially MDR TB.
The city is divided into four districts. The districts combined have a total of 33 townships.

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Each township has their TB clinics with smear microscopy, and some has GeneXpert for MDR TB
diagnosis. There are one of three reference laboratories where culture examination is available.
And two diagnostic centers with high-capacity GeneXpert (12 module).
Current flow registering the patients require a lot of paper works. The patients with TB symptoms
registered first on outpatient register and laboratory examination request form (TB-05) should be
filled in. Then registered in TB laboratory register for smear examination. When smear was foundto be positive, patient will be registered in TB register book (TB-03) and case record card (TB-01)
will be prepared to record the treatment course.

Figure 2.8.7: Paper based systems
At the same time, laboratory order form for further screening of drug susceptibility should be used.
During the treatment course, laboratory examination to monitor the treatment effectiveness should
be conducted at least three times. In each of those steps, medical staffs need to be fill in thepatient`s name, date of birth, sex, address, and ID number in each form.

2.8.5.2 Approach
We develop the TB laboratory data system to improve the management at TB clinic and accuracyof reporting, and pilot in the TB clinics and laboratories in Yangon.
(1) Requirements of the system;

・ User friendly interface; mimicking the same layout of the paper form using a touch panel foreasy data entry
・ QR code for traceability of specimen and Pt`s information between health facilities
・ Compatibility with DHIS 2 (Tracker)
・ Networking by Mobile data communication (in the future)
The concept of the system is as below;- 60 -

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Figure 2.8.8: Concept of the system
Considering the poor network infrastructure, the system uses the QR code to transfer the
information to among the facilities. It also expected to reduce the workload of handwriting.
Expected workflow after installation of the new system is as below;- 61 -

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Figure 2.8.9: Laboratory data management system(2) Design of the system;

The system consists of two (2) databases; one is for Laboratory use and the other is for Clinic use
considering the traceability of information. The colors are changed for Clinic and Laboratory foreasy understanding.

Figure 2.8.10: System Design
When making the design of system, we put emphasis on how users can intuitively understand how
to use the system.
The menus are located in the three (3) parts from upper to lower for both Clinic and Laboratory.
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The upper part is for data registration, modification and reference. The middle part, colored indarker color, is for QR code related operation and the lower part is used for reporting of statisticalinformation for analysis.
There is a gray button “Data Synchronization” between middle part and lower part, which is not
yet used in this phase.
As for the middle part for QR code related operation, not only the buttons which are used forscanning QR code in each cases, but also the buttons used in case that staffs receive the paperbased form without QR code, that is, “Manual Data Entry”, which is same operation as pressing
the plus button (+) under the upper part (1) “Registration”, but direct operation is enabled to reduce
the waiting time for staffs to open the registration list. In this way, we focus on the system
workflow so that the staffs the system can be used both current paper-based operation and system
based operation, which is paper with QR code.
The data captured by the system is currently only the information captured by the paper-based
operation, however the data can be added for further analysis for Ministry of Health and Sports(MOHS) or other health organization such as WHO.

Figure 2.8.11: Sample - Screen image
The following is the screen for requesting the examination order from the Clinic. The form isexactly same as the official form except QR code.
Currently there is no security considered for QR code, as all the information contained in the QR
code, is shown in the paper and seen by anybody, so system design is decided like this and the
security for QR code will be considered in the next phase.

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Figure 2.8.12: Examination order from the Clinic
The QR code can be scanned by clicking the menu with QR code symbol in the initial page;

Figure 2.8.13: Scan request sheet
Once the result of laboratory examination is found out to be positive, such patient is diagnosed as
TB patient by Clinic and when the doctor clicks the “TB patient”, the TB ID is automaticallyprovided by the system, which can be editable in case of the clinic would like to change the TB ID
based on the paper document.

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Figure 2.8.14: Diagnosis record
There is a function for TB treatment such as drug administration;

Figure 2.8.15: Drug Administration record
The reporting function is available and it’s exactly same as official form used by National leveltechnically supported by WHO.

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Figure 2.8.16: Reporting function(3) Introduction of the system and on-site assessment

At the time of introduction of the system, we provided on-site training to the staffs working in theclinics and laboratories. Regular on-site visit to monitor and encourage usage of the system has
been provided for quarterly basis. At the on-site visit, we also conducted assessment for further
improvement of the system.
On-site assessment includes two components; interview on the staffs for usability of the systemand observation of the process, and accuracy of the data by comparing with paper based manual
count report. The results of the assessments will be described in next section.
(4) Results of the assessment

One of the hindering factors for utilization of the ICT is workload. Therefore, we evaluate theworkload of the TB patients in each site. NTRL is busy laboratory receiving lots of order from thewide catchment area as national reference. Most of the specimens are coming from MDR TB
centers for culture and drug susceptibility testing. Two diagnostic centers, UTI and Latha, are alsobusy, because those centers have high-capacity GeneXpert for MDR-TB screenings and received
many specimens and patients from surrounding TB clinics. Other 4 township TB clinics are almost
same in the number of patients coming to daily clinics.

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In our conclusion, clinic side can update the data system by themselves in addition to daily
patient`s management. However, busy laboratories are facing the difficulty to update the system
in addition to the daily laboratory works. So, if the patient’s background information can betransferred to the system by QR code, it seems to be feasible even for the laboratory. Therefore,
expansion of the QR code system can be the solution.
Findings in the assessment at three (3) -month after the system introduction and nine (9) - monthafter the system introduction were shown in the tables.
Table 2.8.1: The assessment result at three (3)-month after the system introduction (Jul. 2017)
Items
Assessment result
Introduction ・It takes about 1 month to familiar with the system (All sites)
・The manual was useful (All sites)
Equipment
・Printer trouble- paper jam, toner (2 sites)
・Printer is not function due to low voltage of electronic supply (3 sites)
Data entry
・Two sites hire the data entry staffs and others are done by medical staffs
themselves.
・Touch panel is easy to handle (All sites)
・QR code can reduce the data entry work load (All sites)
・Typo was found in the entered data (3 sites)
Challenge
・Workflow becomes complicated after introducing the system with QR code
(All sites)
・Trouble of printers and barcode reader (4 sites)
・Consumption of papers and toners are high (All sites)
・Human resource for data entry (All sites)
・System interface is slightly different from paper form (1 site)
Expectation • Efficacy of data management will be improved when the system with the QR
code has been expanded (All sites)- 67 -

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Table 2.8.2: The assessment result at nine (9) -month after the system introduction (Jan. 2018)
Items
Operation

Assessment result
・Parallel operation with paper based and electronic data system in all the sites.
・Developed data system is effective for patients registration, data entry, andsearching. (All sites)
Data entry
・Only two sites can update the data timely manner and others are doing
altogether at the end of the day.
・QR code is effective for data transfer (All sites)
・Only half of the sites feel that touch panel is effective for data entry.
Challenge
・Double entries of the patients were found but staffs were not aware of it
・Data entry to the system was additional workload (Half of the sites)
・Reporting function of the system was not utilized (All sites)
Expectation ・Efficacy of data management will be improved when the system with
the QR code has been expanded (All sites)
・Additional function for usability
・Sustainable supply of the consumables (papers and toners)
Other assessment at on-site visit was comparison of reporting. We compare the number of reported
cases in the quotably report (TB-07) by manual count of TB register and system developed report.
Table 2.8.3: Concordance rate between paper based manual count report and systemproduced report (2nd Quarter 2018)
New case
Pap

Sys

Re-treatment
Previously Unknown
Relapsetreatedhistory
Pap Sys Pap Sys Pap Sys

Total
Pap

Concordance
rate

Sys

Pulmonary TB
144 138 49
44
1
1
0
0
194 183
94.3%
BacteriologicalPulmonary TB
Clinical131 140 15
17
0
0
0
1
146 158
92.4%
diagnosis
Extrapulmonary
TB
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
−
Bacteriological
Extrapulmonary
TB
42
40
0
1
1
0
0
0
43
41
95.3%
Clinicaldiagnosis
Total TB case317 319 64
62
2
1
0
1
383 383
100%
Pap: # of cases reported in paper based manual count report, Sys: # System produced report
The assessment found that total number of cases registered in the period is completely matched.
But categories of the patients are slightly different. In depth study of this mismatch revealed thatsome are data entry miss for the system and some are counting error by manual count.
Therefore, we cannot conclude here that ICT introduction can improve the data accuracy, but it
can reduce the workload of producing the report by manual count. As you can see in the table, they
have to report the number of patients by the categories, not only listed here but also age group,
collaborated NGO referral, and laboratory examination results. Some facility said that it takes few
days to produce the quarterly report, while system can produce it with in few second.
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2.8.6 Benefits of Introduction
The other observation is strong and weak points of data transfer using the QR code, comparing to
the networking. We found three major strong points of QR code data transfer; (1) Interoperability,(2) Traceability, and (3) Enabling gradual expansion.

Since there are several data systems are already introduced, interoperability is important. For
instance, NGO use their own system for patient management, QR code can connect different
system each other, unless they use the same structure QR code.

Traceability is also important strongpoint of using QR code. In the case of network model,
information and specimens are reached separately. However, examination request form with QR
code and specimen are moving together. So, we can trace the specimen by scanning the QR code
to check the patient’s information.

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In addition, communication using QR code is enabling the gradual expansion. It can be operated
parallelly with the paper-based registration. And documents are remaining after using.
On the other hand, there are several weak points too. For instance, consumption of lot of papers
and toners, QR code can be missing before reaching health facilities.
Although infrastructure of telecommunication in Myanmar has been improved rapidly, we thoughtthat communication using QR code for laboratory data system has benefits.

2.8.7 Conclusion
Township TB Clinic are able to update the data system without hiring data clerks. However, TB
laboratory faced difficulty in updating the data for orders from private practitioners which require
the manual data entry. The Reference Laboratory and Diagnostic centers need the data clerks fororders without QR codes.
Expansion of the system may reduce the workload at Reference Laboratory and Diagnostic centers.
Before ICT system introduction, there were the differences between the clinics such as theunderstanding of reporting items in the national format (DHIS2), or the workflow of recording
data for patient or examination result, and also the fuzzy information in the paper document whichcannot be entered in the system. We can conclude that the ICT system introduction unified suchdifferences in the data definition or workflow and eliminated the fuzzy input data by discussing
with clinics and laboratories for the system specification.
As the data entry mistakes will be reduced when the staffs get accustomed to the system, the longer
the ICT system is to be utilized, the more data accuracy is improved.
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2.9 Behavioural Analytic and Real-Time Tracking of Patients using IoT and
RFID in Malaysia- APT International Collaborative Research 2020:“Behavioural Analytics and Real-time Tracking of Patients Using IoT and RFID”

2.9.1 Background of the Project
Malaysia is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious country in Southeast Asia and one of the wealthiest
and most developed countries, outranked in GNP only by Singapore and oil-rich Brunei. The
Federation of Malaya became an independent country on 31 August 1957. On 16 September 1963,
the federation was enlarged by the accession of Singapore, Sabah (formerly British North Borneo)
and Sarawak. The name "Malaysia" was adopted from that date. Singapore left the federation on
9 August 1965.
Malaysia has a population of about 33 million people (in 2021). Malaysia&apos;s population is a
mix of three major ethnic groups, each with its own heritage, culture and tradition. 60% of the
population are Bumiputera, a term that describes the traditional inhabitants of the country andincludes Malays, Orang Asli and other indigenous peoples. Minorities are Chinese, about 20%,and Indians (6%). Malaysia has more than 130 living languages; the official language is Bahasa
Malaysia (Melayu).
The largest city and national capital is Kuala Lumpur. Spoken languages are Malay (official),
English, Tamil, and Chinese (Cantonese). Malaysia&apos;s official religion is Islam; about 60 %of the population are Muslim, 20% are Buddhist.
This project was conducted in the state of Sarawak, located in East Malaysia. Sarawak, the largest
state in Malaysia, is home to 27 ethnic groups. With 45 different dialects, each group has their own
unique stories, beliefs, traditions and cultures.
Emergency and Trauma Department (ETD) overcrowding is an international health system issue
affecting not just developing countries but also developed countries such as the United States,
United Kingdom, Australia and Canada (Grant et al. 2020). Overcrowding occurs when the
demand for emergency services exceeds the ability of physicians and nurses to provide quality
care within a reasonable time (Hesselink et al., 2019). Overcrowding is bad as it can result in
prolonged patient waiting times and ETD lengths of stay (Grant et al. 2020), and its unintended
consequences including delays in emergency care delivery, increased risk for jeopardizing patient
safety, including increased adverse clinical outcomes, patient dissatisfaction with the services
provided and higher risk of patients leaving without being seen rates which in turn leads to the riskof potentially avoidable and costly hospital readmission.
According to a systematic review by Morley et al. (2018), although population growth is one of
the contributing factors, population growth itself inadequately explains this predicament. Rather,by using the input-throughput-output conceptual framework of ED overcrowding by Asplin et al.
(2003), Morley et al. (2018) found that the issue of overcrowding is multi-factorial due to a myriadof input causes (such as increased volume and complexity of cases presented to the ETD),
throughput causes (such as increased flow time processes, i.e., the time required to assess andmanage patients in the ETD) and output causes such as limitations of hospital bed capacity
resulting in bottlenecks of the movement of patients out from the ETD.
Similarly, in a 10-year trend review by Lowthian et al. (2012), the authors found that the increasein the number of presentations was beyond the expected demographic growth. Hence, Lowthianet al. (2012) found that increasing efficiency alone is unlikely to meet this demand. In this regard,a fundamental restructuring of models of emergency care, including implementing initiatives toprovide medical and nursing support for residential care and piloting more community-based- 71 -

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chronic care programs.
The current patient influx and attendance situation in the ETD has exceeded the capabilities ofmanual patient registry and tracking, especially for busier departments. Some hospitals haveleveraged the application of technology such as radio frequency identification devices (RFID) to
improve efficiency, especially the flow process from input to throughput to output (Martínez Pérez
et al. 2012; Arunachalam et al. 2017; Thapa et al. 2018). Such web and device-assisted systems
provide healthcare providers and administrators with real-time and accurate data on patient acuity
to more efficiently facilitate the management of patients’ dispositions and bed states. A dashboard
summarizing data collected from patient tracking allows department personnel and managers to
identify and rectify bottlenecks within the existing system quickly.
References: Arunachalam S, Sir M, Marisamy G, Sadosty A, Nestler D, Hellmich T, et al. Optimizing
Emergency Department Workflow Using Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID)
Data Analytics 2017. V001T12A2 p.
 Asplin BR, Magid DJ, Rhodes KV, Solberg LI, Lurie N, Camargo CA. A conceptual modelof emergency department crowding. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2003;42(2):173-80.
 Grant KL, Bayley CJ, Premji Z, Lang E, Innes G. Throughput interventions to reduce
emergency department crowding: A systematic review. CJEM. 2020;22(6):864-74.
 Hesselink, G., Sir, Ö. & Schoon, Y. Effectiveness of interventions to alleviate emergency
department crowding by older adults: a systematic review. BMC Emerg Med 19, 69 (2019)
 Lowthian JA, Curtis AJ, Jolley DJ, Stoelwinder JU, McNeil JJ, Cameron PA. Demand at the
emergency department front door: 10-year trends in presentations. Medical Journal ofAustralia. 2012;196(2):128-32.
 Martínez Pérez M, Cabrero-Canosa M, Vizoso Hermida J, Carrajo García L, Llamas Gómez
D, Vázquez González G, et al. Application of RFID technology in patient tracking andmedication traceability in emergency care. J Med Syst. 2012;36(6):3983-93.
 Morley C, Unwin M, Peterson GM, Stankovich J, Kinsman L. Emergency department
crowding: A systematic review of causes, consequences and solutions. PloS one.
2018;13(8):e0203316-e.
 Thapa RR, Bhuiyan M, Krishna A, Prasad PWC, editors. Application of RFID Technology
to Reduce Overcrowding in Hospital Emergency Departments. Advances in Information
Systems Development; 2018

2.9.2 Objectives and Scopes
The project's main objective is to implement a seamless collection of patient movement
information within the Emergency and Trauma Department of Sarawak General Hospital so thatthe collected information can be used for further decision-making and strategy formulation to easethe overcrowding issue at the department. The following are the sub-objectives to support theaccomplishment of the main objective:
1. To design and implement an RFID-based tracking system to track patient movement fromadmission until discharge.
2. To provide an immediate indication to Nurse stations on overdue patients through real-timemonitoring
3. To enable Patient monitoring and Movement Analysis for a better understanding ofresources used and allocation via the in-house web-based application and database system
The project aims to establish a cost-effective patient tracking system that can be used at urban andrural hospitals without dependency on an always-on Internet connection. For this project, the target
group of patients will be at the emergency department, notably the Yellow Zone patients with- 72 -

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critical needs that suffer the long queuing.

2.9.3 Project Site
The project site for this pilot project is the Emergency and Trauma Department (ETD) of Sarawak
General Hospital (SGH), located at Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Figure 2.9.1: Kuching is the capital city of Sarawak, a state in Eastern part of Malaysia.

Figure 2.9.2: The research team at the Emergency and Trauma Department, SGH,
during their first site visit

2.9.4 Partner Organizations
1. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Malaysia
2. University Technology Sarawak (UTS), Malaysia
3. Sarawak General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
4. The Telecommunication Technology Committee (TTC), Japan- 73 -

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2.9.5 System Configuration
The pilot project on real-time patient tracking is designed based on several critical considerations:
1. The overall implementation cost has to be relatively low to allow massive deployment andrural hospital adoption.
2. The implemented patient tracking system has to be stable and reliable, which requires
minimal technical personnel support
3. The operation of the patient tracking system shall be simple so that minimal additional
workload is introduced upon adoption

2.9.5.1 The Overall RFID Configurations
In reference to the overall project considerations, the RFID technology chosen for this project has
the following characteristics:
1. Passive tags are used to enable a lower cost of adoption. It is crucial for the operations of an
emergency department which serves hundreds of visiting patients daily.
2. UHF tags are chosen to enable long-distance seamless multiple-fast detections when apatient moves from one medical station to another.
3. The RFID transponders are to be wrist wearable to comply with the current patient tagging
practices in the Sarawak General Hospital.

2.9.5.2 The Challenges in RFID Transponder Selection
In order to strike a balance between tag costing and tag detection effectiveness, several RFID tags
have been evaluated. The challenge of this is that not all UHF tags are skin friendly as many ofthem will stop responding when getting in close proximity to human skin; hence the wristband
type of RFID tags require a design specific to work on human skin and too small the physical sizeof the tag will also reduce its overall detection effectiveness. Although the UHF tags operating at
900MHz enabled long-distance detection, smaller objects can also easily obstruct the wirelesssignal. The final adopted candidate for the RFID tag is a custom-made wristband-type UHF RFID
transponder, as shown below.

Figure 2.9.3: RFID tags

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2.9.5.3 The RFID Reader Module, Antenna and the IoT Data Collection
Terminal
Data collection terminals are to be deployed at either the entrance or exit of each medical station;
hence there are two configurations for the data collection terminal; one to be mounted on top of
the door to seamlessly detect patients as they pass by and another to be mounted near the Nurse
station with a flexible cable to allow Nurses to scan the patents in an open area.

Figure 2.9.4: The Door Reader at Entrance

Figure 2.9.5: The Desk Reader at one of the Nurse Stations- 75 -

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Figure 2.9.6: The Data Collection Terminal:
integration of Raspberry Pi (IoT) and RFID reader module

Figure 2.9.7: The high gain (10dBi) UHF antenna for Door-type Data Collection Terminal

2.9.5.4 The Patient Tracking System Overview
The Patient Tracking System comprises five modules linked by a network system through Wired
LAN and Wireless LAN. The modules are
1. Patient Tag Registration Station
2. RFID Reader and Data Collection Terminals
3. Data Collection Database System
4. Mobile Live Monitoring Dashboard App
5. Centralized Monitoring Dashboard and Data Analysis System
The Patient Tracking System's conceptual system design and block diagram are shown below. The
Patient Tag Registration Station is a terminal to register patients into the tracking system by issuinga unique RFID wristband to them. Upon registration at the E&T Department’s counter, the patient
will start wearing the wristband. As they move from one medical station to another, the RFID tag
will be detected by the respective RFID Reader and Terminal at each installed checkpoint, where
the time stamp will be recorded in the Data Collection Database System via the Network System
wired or wireless. Every tag detection will be a new entry in the Database System where they canbe queried at a later stage for real-time tracking by the Mobile Monitoring Dashboard system on atablet or further analysis at the Centralized Monitoring Dashboard Web System.

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Figure 2.9.8 System Design and Block Diagram

Figure 2.9.9: Technical Perspective of the System Layout

2.9.5.5 The Patient Tracking System Deployment Layout
Owing to the dynamic nature of the emergency department, the layout and floor plan could change
according to needs. The current emergency department layout for the project deployment is below.
The Red dots indicate the locations of the deployed Door Readers, whereas the Green dots indicate
the locations of the deployed Desk Readers. There are a total of seven Door Readers and eight
Desk Readers being deployed across the emergency department. If the layout changes in the future,
the Readers can be easily reallocated to the new check-point locations because all Reader and Data
Collection Terminals are wirelessly connected to the Patient Tracking System. The entire E&T
Department are fully covered by WiFi network coverage through the 4 WiFi Access Points
deployed across the department.

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Figure 2.9.10: Location Map of the Emergency & Trauma Department, SGH

2.9.5.6 Live Dashboard Monitoring on Tablet
Live Dashboard monitoring has been implemented on a tablet for Nurse Stations where nurses on
duty can track any unattended and overdue patients within the department. The waited duration ata particular medical station will be shown according to the longest waiting time to attract nurses'
attention to check on the patients. The Live Dashboard Monitoring draw real-time information
directly from the patient tracking database and update automatically. Nurses can interact with thesystem to update a patient's latest status if the patient has been discharged or left the department.

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Figure 2.9.11: View of the Live Dashboard

2.9.5.7 The Centralized Dashboard Monitoring and Data Analysis System
A medical website dashboard is being developed to monitor the activities and details of the patientsin the hospital, which is intended for the admin to easily view information and details about thepatients in the hospital. Several UI pages in development are intended to help display thisinformation quickly, some of which are the home page, records page, and advanced search page.

Figure 2.9.12: User Interface for Dashboard Monitoring
The front-page home displays general information about the various waiting times in the hospital,
as well as how many patients there are. The information is displayed in charts and numbers—anexample of the UI of the front-page Home as seen below.

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Figure 2.9.13: Display of User Interface for entire Dashboard
The Advanced Search page will display patient details more in-depth and technical. The admin
will be able to pick and timeframe using a date picker to search for records within that date anddisplay all patients that have been to a station. Besides that, filters such as Tag and Stations can beused to filter through the options for display—an example of a display of a daily summary ispresented below.

Figure 2.9.14: Daily Summary in Infographics shown on Dashboard Display
The Records page will be for storing the daily records of all the patients recorded in the hospital.
The admin will be able to view today’s patient records, ordered by the RFID tags on the patients.
Details such as patient name, number, zone and current station, and RFID tags are displayed in thetable below.

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Figure 2.9.15: User View of Patient Records
From the Records page, the admin can navigate to the Patient Details page by clicking on any
patient record to view further information about the patient’s locations inside the hospital. All of
the stations the patient has visited will be kept track inside this page, as well as how long they arein that station. The user interface for this page is as seen below.

Figure 2.9.16: User View of Patient Tracking

2.9.6 Benefits of Introduction
The pilot project has successfully demonstrated the use of IoT and RFID to enable a cost-effective
patient tracking system that can be implemented independently for a medical department. This
setup and configuration will ensure the privacy of patient information and store this private
information within the department to meet the data confidentiality as required by the ministry ofhealth. The tracking system hardware platform lays a foundation for future tracking applications
such as precious equipment tracking, document tracking and retrieval. The use of consumer-grade
equipment, adoption of open source software and the Command-line interface (CLI) based
backend operation enabled a more robust networked platform for ICT services.
The collected data on the local database system allows further analysis of different organizational- 81 -

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objectives, resource optimization, better scheduling, task-driven analysis, and prediction of future
allocation and needs.

2.9.7 Conclusion
The pilot project on real-time patient tracking using IoT and RFID has demonstrated a costeffective way of tracking patients within a congested hospital department where the movement
data of registered patients can be captured and recorded into a local database system within thedepartment. The different RFID reader and data collection terminal designs for tracking patientsat different locations have enabled a broader application of RFID-based tracking. The wirelessly
connected IoT nature of the data collection terminals enables greater flexibility in tracking reader
implementation, which could quickly adapt itself to the change of environment. The number ofreader and data collection terminals can be easily scalable solely based on the actual needs. The
standalone and independent design of the patient tracking system would allow the system to be
implemented even in a remote rural hospital with limited and slow Internet connectivity. By
seamlessly collecting patient movement data, the dashboard system can be easily adjusted to meetdifferent analysis requirements for different analysis objectives, such as coming out with a better
resource optimization plan or staff duty scheduling.

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3. Summary of ICT Solutions (1 of 2)
CATEGORY
1. Overview ofthe solution

SUB
CATEGORY

e-Aquaculture (1) PHL

e-Aquaculture (2) VNM

e-Education

e-Environment

e-Aquaculture systems is aremote environment
monitoring system using
M2M sensor network at thefish pond in order to suspend
the fish kill due to lack ofoxygen.

The aim of this project is tostrengthen Viet Nam
aquaculture industry by
applying ICT technology inmonitoring aquaculture waterand in sharing experimental
knowledge. This project
proposes a system dealing two
issues:e-Education provides a wide
variety of functions according
to the target area situation andrequirement.

e-Environment is a remoteenvironment monitoring
system using M2M sensor
network in the peatland.

1) Introduction of ICT
technologies into schools:

1) It is also effective for dam
designs and area
maintenance, prediction offire occurrence, andprotection of the peatland.

e-Healthcare (1) MYS

e-Healthcare (2) MMR

e-Healthcare system provides
healthcare –related
information, services, andproducts to patients using theInternet and other relevant
networks. The following arecases of e-Healthcare services
in rural area.

e-Healthcare system, the TB
Laboratory data system,
provides improved
management at TB clinic andaccuracy of reporting.
1) User friendly interface;mimicking the same layoutof the paper form using atouch panel for easy dataentry

 Introducing internet accessenvironment, school
1) Health checkup service
 M2M network was built
internal network (LAN),
1) Real-time water monitoringwith sensors measuring
PCs and other networked
2) By designing and It allows the automatic
systemwater temperature, pH,display and operation
constructing the monitoringcollection of height, weight, 2) QR code for traceability ofdissolved oxygen (DO), Real-time water monitoring
devices, electronicsystem, the local young ICT
and blood pressure from thespecimen and Pt`sturbidity and conductivity
system lets farmers know
whiteboards and educationengineers have thescales and puts them into a
information between healtharound the lakeshore.
what happening in theirrelated application systems
opportunity to enhance their
database.
facilities
farms.
etc.
technical
skillson
ICT2) Improved the lack of2) Healthcare Contents
3) Compatibility with DHIS 2
technologies.
oxygen in the water
2) Knowledge sharing system 2) e-Education materials
Distribution Services(Tracker)3) Using the ICT system, the It provides opportunity to raise 4) Networking by Mobile data A water circulation system Knowledge sharing system Multimedia educatione-Education service cancould be provided tois useful for increasingmaterials which areawareness against epidemics
communication (in theprovide the local residents a such as Pandemic Influenza,
improve the lack of the
farmers’ technology
delivered via video and still
future)venue
tounderstandtheoxygen in the water.
capability.
image database, interactive
dengue fever, etc. by using theimportance of peatland
tools
and
digitalplaygrounde-learning system application
3) Distribute informationconservation andconcept.
contents.
systemintroduction to internet3) e-Learning system
operations.
 Information distributed tofish folk through a portal
 Self-study systems provided
site created by an expert.
through servers andcommunication networks,
 Distributed information
which allows students toincludes water parameter,
study by themselves,disaster information, market
remotely and at any time if
price and cooking
necessary, using einformation etc.
Education materials.
1) M2M sensor network

4) Remote communication
 Realizing remotecommunication
environment amongchildren and students, orwith teachers, throughnetworks and display
devices.

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CATEGORY
2. Analysis of
the situationand status

SUB
CATEGORYa) Purpose andEnvironment

e-Aquaculture (1) PHL

e-Aquaculture (2) VNM

e-Education

e-Environment

e-Healthcare (1) MYS

e-Healthcare (2) MMR

A series of surveys are
conducted to analyze
contextual conditions, which
will be instrumental indeciding requirements for eAquaculture system

A series of surveys are
conducted to analyze
contextual conditions, which
will be instrumental indeciding requirements forwater quality monitoring
systemA series of surveys are
conducted to analyze
contextual conditions, which
will be instrumental indeciding requirements for eEducation systems.

A series of surveys are
conducted to analyze
contextual conditions, which
will be instrumental indeciding requirements for eEnvironment system

A series of surveys are
conducted to analyze
contextual conditions, which
will be instrumental indeciding requirements for eHealthcare system.

A series of surveys are
conducted to analyze
contextual conditions, which
will be instrumental indeciding requirements for TB
Laboratory data system.

- Existence of Internet
environment or ICT
penetration level in thetarget area

- Construction area

- Presence of local Internet- Presence of local Internet
access services, and Internet
access services, and Internet
penetration rate
penetration rate

- main reason of fish kill

- Main reasons of shrimp kill

- which kind of sensor isneeded- What ICT and aquaculture(water temperature, pH, DO
technology that farmers
etc.)
know
- location of monitoring
Survey existing ICT systemsuch as communication
networks and PC equipment- Which kinds of sensors areneeded(water temperature, pH,
DO, salinity, turbidity,
conductivity, H2S, NH3,
NO2, etc.)- Locations of monitoring- Which kinds of sensor
networks communication
networks are needed- Which kinds of power
supplies are needed- Analysis of rate of childlabor- Analysis of school
attendance rate (necessary
to determine readiness for
self-study, and the current
rate of truancy due to childday- time labor or local
economic situation, etc.)- The number of teachers per
capita (necessary to
determine readiness for selfstudy, from the perspectiveof teachers)- Scope of geographical area
where one school should
cover (necessary to
determine readiness forremote/distance learning)- Number of children or
students in the area(necessary to determine
communication
environment amongchildren across a distance)- Water level in the canal /peatland- CO2 / methane
concentration- Rainfall- Temperature and humidity- Wind speed- Local environment setup
Survey existing ICT systemsuch as communication
networks and PC equipment- Demographic compositionby age, literacy rate etc.

- Analysis of TB diagnostic
flow after MDR-TB
epidemic- Ratio of medical institutions(hospitals and clinics) per
household and area
coverage per medical
institution (hospitals andclinics) (to determine theneed for remote healthcare
services)- Analysis of TB Laboratory
examination form
- Availability of HealthManagement Information
System (HMIS) andanalysis of data flow of
HMIS- Availability of regular- Availability of National
health checkup services andreporting system (DHIS2)
checkup consultation rate
or other similar system- Availability of health- Analysis of monthly or
insurance schemes
quarterly statistical report- Availability of medical
office automationform- Identification of mostcommon diseases, andrecords on presence ofendemic diseases- Social surroundings like
existence of zoological or
botanical gardens(providing alternate
education materials forchildren without such study
environments)- 84 -

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CATEGORY

SUB
CATEGORYb) Measures andeffecte-Aquaculture (1) PHL

e-Aquaculture (2) VNM

Based on the above survey,
decide what kind of sensor
system is suitable andnecessary.

Based on the above survey,
decide what kind ofmonitoring system is suitable
and necessary.

- Number of fish kill using
the system.

- Real-time and easy-to-use
water monitoring systemlets farmers know what
happening in their farms- Improving the income offish folk.

- Experiments andinformation sharing- Improving the income of
shrimp owner based on thecollected and analyzed data.
c) Business Model Survey relevant conditions
including the following items
to generate and assess abusiness model for eAquaculture services.

Survey relevant conditions
including the following items
to generate and assess abusiness model for water
quality monitoring services.

- Considering the purpose of
deployment, necessary
system and benefits to be
expected should beclarified.

- Considering the purpose of
deployment, necessary
system and benefits to be
expected should beclarified.

e-Education

e-Environment

e-Healthcare (1) MYS

e-Healthcare (2) MMR

Based on baseline data,
Based on the above survey,
Based on baseline
decisions are made to
decide what kind of systems is environmental survey,
determine the type of esuitable and necessary.
decisions are made to
Education solution which best In case of its application to the determine the type of
fit the contextual needs andpeatlande-Healthcare systems orchallenges identified. .
services needed.
- Effective for prediction of
Relevant reference indices are
In addition, selection offire and its protection
determined to indicate thespecific targets to perform aquantitative effect or impact of - Use of the canal dam design quantitative review of thefor recovering water supply results of the implementation.
the project goal.
Also set up some reference
indexes and consider thequantitative effect.

Based on baseline
environmental survey,
decisions are made to
determine the type of
TB Laboratory data systems issuitable.
In addition, selection of
specific targets to perform aquantitative review of theresults of the implementation.

Survey relevant conditions
including the following items
to generate and assess abusiness model for eEducation services.

Survey relevant conditions
including the following items
to generate and assess abusiness model for TB
Laboratory data monitoring
service.

Survey relevant conditions
including the following items
to generate and assess abusiness model for eEnvironment services.

Survey relevant conditions
including the following items
to generate and assess abusiness model for eHealthcare service.

- At this stage, it is necessary - Reduction of manpower- Economic readiness of theto determine the economic
cost by saving time inlocal residents (whether
situation of local
measuring environmental
service fees could be- Availability of central
government or schools, i.e.
datacollected from local
government budget orwhether they are able toresidents
willbesufficient- Benefits of getting usefulforeign financial aids
keep up with the cost of
to cover costs for system- How much fish harvest was - How much income ofdata on a timely basis (ex.
(whether financial support
systemintroduction
andrun
implementation,
operation,
improved using the system
farmers was improved using
the data for dam design, fire
could be obtained from theit as local government or
and maintenance, etc. As
and solution.
the system and solution.
prediction, and rapid firecentral government or otherschool services sustainably.
such,
it
is
to
be
determinedfighting for environment
governments)- Economic- Reduction of manpower- Reduction of power andif private commercial
If
itisdeterminedthatconservation).
readiness of local
costs by saving the time inlabor costs by saving timebusinessesranbymedicaldifficulty is predicted inmunicipalities (whether themeasuring environmental
in measuring water quality- Benefits of enhancing theinstitutions are feasible
sustaining
andmanagingthesystem deployment,
data
parameterstechnical skills of local
operators
tosustaintheeproject, it is necessary tooperation, and maintenanceyoung ICT engineers and to
Healthcare services in the- Benefits to enhance- Benefits of sharing
identify potential financial
costs can be covered byprovide e-Education
future).
technical skills of local
experiments andsupport from the central
municipalities.
service to the local residents
young ICT engineers and to
information to improve thegovernment, grants, or other- Economic readiness of local
provide e-Education
shrimp harvest as well as- Costs of systemcountries.
municipalities and medical
service to the local residents
ICT and aquaculture
deployment, operation, andinstitutions (whether theknowledgeofthefarmers
maintenancesystem deployment,- Costs of system
operation, and maintenancedeployment, operation, and - Costs of system- Economic strength of local
costs can be covered bymaintenancedeployment, operation, andgovernments in the region
municipalities if fees
maintenance- Financial support: who will
- Financial support of thecollected from the local
operate and maintain the- Financial support: who will
central government or otherresidents are insufficient;
system.
operate and maintain the
countries
whether municipalities are
system.
capable of the continuous
management of the system).

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CATEGORY

SUB
CATEGORY

e-Aquaculture (1) PHL

e-Aquaculture (2) VNM

e-Education

e-Environment

e-Healthcare (1) MYS

e-Healthcare (2) MMR- Availability of central
government or foreign
financial aids (whether
financial support could beobtained from the central
government or othergovernments if both service
fees and municipalities
cannot cover the costs).
d) Cost estimation

Survey electricity in the environment (existence or possibility of a power supply, quality of electricity)
Survey existing communication network environment (existence and reliability of wired or wireless broadband access)Survey and compare thedamage of fish kill and theinvestment for system
implementation, operation,and maintenance.

Survey and compare thedamage of shrimp kill and theinvestment for system
implementation, operation,and maintenance.

Survey conditions andestimate the cost of
introduction, operation, andmaintenance of e-Education
systems.

Survey conditions andSurvey relevant conditions
estimate the cost ofincluding the following items
introduction, operation, andto estimate costs associatedmaintenance of e-Environment with e- Healthcare systemsystemimplementation, operation,and maintenance.
- Presence (or supply- Required type of systems
and services to bepotential) of the power- General description of
introduced, and necessary
supply and power quality
required system (service
facilities such as servers and - Necessary ICT system
details), facilities (centerbuildings for them;building, telecom facilities,(center building,communication network
terminal equipment,
communication equipment /equipment, terminal
instruction materials, etc.)
terminal equipment)
devices, education- Coverage of area size,- Coverage area andmaterials, and so on.
population density andconstruction difficulty of- Coverage of area size,
distribution
ICT equipment maintenancepopulation density andsystem- Readiness of local
distribution
community members to- Readiness of available
sustain the e-Healthcareteachers or education expert
system after deployment
resources in the target area
- Challenges to establish

Collection of the following
data.

Collection of the following
data.

Collection of the following
data1) Collection of the following
data- Water temperature- Water temperature

- pH

- pH

- Academic performance ofstudents in local schools- Climatic conditions, carbon - Height
dioxide / methane (CH4)- Weight
concentration- Body fat percentage- Rainfall, temperature,- Temperaturehumidity and wind speed- Dissolved oxygen (DO)- Dissolved oxygen (DO)- Turbidity and conductivity
around the lakeshore.

- Turbidity and conductivityof shrimp farms.

- Rate of basic literacy andarithmetic knowledge- Knowledge about local
culture- 86 -- General description ofrequired system (service
details), facilities (terminal
equipment, instruction
materials, etc.)- Coverage of area size,
population density anddistribution- Readiness of members tosustain the TB Laboratory
data system after
deployment- Challenges to establish
maintenance system for ICT
maintenance system for ICT
and TB Laboratory dataand e-Healthcare systems
systems- Challenges to establish
maintenance system for ICT
and e-Education systems
3. Target data,
Collection
and Analysis

Survey relevant conditions
including the following items
to estimate costs associatedwith TB Laboratory datasystem implementation,
operation, and maintenance.

- Local environment

Collection of the following
data- Blood pressureCollection of the following
data- Population of the area
- Patient data such as PatientID, name, address, gender,
age, weight, etc.
- Result of TB laboratory
examination for Smear,

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CATEGORY

SUB
CATEGORY

e-Aquaculture (1) PHL

e-Aquaculture (2) VNM- Water circulation- Water circulation- Ecology of fish and waterpollution- Ecology of shrimp andwater pollution

e-Education- Ability in creative thinking
skillse-Environment

e-Healthcare (1) MYS

appearance- Pulse rate, and so forth.
(in case of the application topeatland)- General student satisfaction
rate about learning within- Canal construction area
the target context- Water level in the canal andpeatlande-Healthcare (2) MMR
GeneXpert, DST/LPA,
Culture- TB Patient type, referral
information, etc.
- Drug administration- Treatment outcome- Fire generation andfrequency
2) Storage technology for theabove data and appropriate
analysis skills
4. Appropriatetechnologya) Communication Between fisherman household
Technologies(Telecenter) and fishingcommunity center oruniversity (knowledge center).
Needed broadband capacity

GPRS, 3-G communication
infrastructure
low data rate 6LowPAN,
Contiki MAC protocol
high-speed WiFi

Select the communication
technologies by considering
the cost of introduction andusage of each technologies,
taking into account theenvironmental conditions,existing facilities, andpossibility of shared usage
with other appropriate
services, etc. At this juncture,
relevant system s are decided
to meet the required
performance in a costsensitive way, not necessarily
with regard to leading edge
technology.
< Area and long distance >Communication tool
(Wi-Fi and millimeter wave
technology)<Regional/wider geographic
area>- Optical fiber/metal
cable/microwave + wirelessLAN- Communication tool
(Wired/wireless LAN,
Mobile network, etc.)- Satellite communication- Mobile phone (datacommunication) services<Situational customer-based
premise>- Wired/wireless LAN- Broadcasting system- Optical fiber and PON*1
system, metal, microwave
and WiFi*1 PON: Passive Optical
Network- Satellite communication- Mobile phone data
communication service< School connection
requirements >- Wired LAN or WiFi
- Cable system for broadcastb) Sensor network 1) Sensor and measuring
Technologies
equipment(Dissolve oxygen, air &1) Sensor and measuring
equipment(Dissolve oxygen, water

N/A

1) Sensors and measuring
1) Measuring equipment toequipment
provide health checkup(Water level, CO2 / methane
service- 87 -

N/A

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CATEGORY

SUB
CATEGORY

e-Aquaculture (1) PHL

e-Aquaculture (2) VNM

water temperature, pH,
humidity, and imagery, etc.)

temperature, pH, oxygen,salinity, turbidity,
conductivity, and imagery,etc.)2) Radio wave (such as WiFi)
technology
3) Power equipment (solar
panel and battery)e-Education

e-Environment

e-Healthcare (1) MYS

concentration, rainfall,temperature, humidity, windspeed, etc.)(height scale/ weight andbody fat scale/thermometer/ bloodpressure gauge/ pulse
counter)2) Radio wave (such as WiFi)
technology

2) A low-power wirelesscommunication protocol(Contiki MAC protocol) for
strict power constraint; andhigh speed WiFi technology

3) Power equipment (solar
panel and battery)

2) Short range wirelesscommunication technology(Bluetooth) for the datacollection of health checkup
service.

1) Server technology forstorage of collected data

1) Data server and storage
machine3) Power equipment (solar
panel, super capacitor andbattery)c) Center Facility

1) Server technology forstorage of collected data

1) Server technology forstorage of collected andanalyzed data
2) Internet server capability torespond to remote area2) Web server capability torespond to remote area

1) Data server and storage
machinese-Healthcare (2) MMR

2) Broadcast server or headend

1) Server and data storage(when the network model isavailable)
2) Internet server capability to 2) Multimedia electric learning
respond to remote areamaterials database3) e-Learning systems(application systems andcontents)

3) e-Learning systems(application systems andcontents)

4) Relevant multimedia
educational materials
including pictures, video,
sounds, text, etc., interactive
tools and digital playgroundspace, etc.
d) Terminal
devices

Personal computers and smart Personal computers, and smart 1) Personal or shareddevice including GPS
devices.
computers (desktop, laptop
function.
or tablets, smart phones,
etc.)
2) School devices (displays,
sound systems, electronic
whiteboards, etc.)

5. Human
resource

Personal computers (desk top
type)1) Personal or shared
1) Dedicated or sharedcomputers (desktop, laptop
computers (desktop, laptop
or tablet, smart phones, etc.)
or tablet, smartphones)
2) Facilities of medical
2) QR code scannerinstitutes and administrative 3) Printers to output the order
institutes (visual displays,
sheet with QR code
audio equipment)

Personnel who operate ICT system (Refer to the category 4 - Appropriate technology)
Personnel who maintain ICT system (Refer to the category 4 - Appropriate technology)- 88 -

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CATEGORY

SUB
CATEGORY

e-Aquaculture (1) PHL

e-Aquaculture (2) VNM

e-Education

e-Environment

e-Healthcare (1) MYS

e-Healthcare (2) MMR
In order to realize sustainable
implementation of TB
Laboratory data systems, thefollowing human resource
should be ensured andcultivated.

In order to realize sustainable
implementation of eAquaculture system, thefollowing human resource
should be ensured andcultivated.

In order to realize sustainable In order to realize sustainable
implementation of shrimp
implementation of efarm water monitoring system, Education systems, thethe following human resource following human resource
should be ensured andshould be ensured andcultivated.
cultivated.

In order to realize sustainable
implementation of eEnvironmental system, thefollowing human resource
should be ensured andcultivated.

In order to realize sustainable
implementation of eHealthcare systems, thefollowing human resource
should be ensured andcultivated.

- Experts for design andconstruction of M2Mmonitoring system- Experts for design andconstruction of shrimp
monitoring system

1) Experts for design andconstruction of M2Mmonitoring system

1) Medical doctor or
1) Medical doctor or
professional health services
professional health services
resources
resources

2) Maintenance personnel of
e-Environment system;
experts for data analysis

2) Maintenance personnel for
managing medical facility
and services (remote
medical checkup services)- Maintenance personnel of e- - Maintenance personnel of
Aquaculture system; experts
the system; experts for datafor data analysis
analysis1) Teachers or education
expert resources
2) Maintenance personnel for
e-Education systems- Teachers or education- Experts for ICT,
experts for ICT training andaquaculture andenvironment education ofenvironment training
local ICT engineers andresidents

3) Teachers or education
experts for ICT training andenvironment education of
local ICT engineers andresidents- 89 -

2) Health staffs who entry thedata3) Maintenance personnel of
TB Laboratory data system,
experts for data analysis

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3. Summary of ICT Solutions (2 of 2)
CATEGORY
1. Overview ofthe solution

SUB
CATEGORY

e-Disaster Risk Management

Smart City Application

Patient Tracking
using IoT and RFID

e-Disaster risk management
system provides a resilient
broadband wireless networkthat is rapidly deployable forquick end-to-end information
flow from affected areas to thewar room.

The aim of this project is toThis project aims to address
guide future municipalities or the issue of overcrowded
governments to introduce
patients in the Hospital
smart city applications to rural Emergency Department. The
areas. This project proposes a project proposes to use IoT
comprehensive guidance ofand RFID to carry out realimplementation and operation time patient tracking. A
on the policy-making
standalone networked system
1) Resilient network
regarding smart cities in theconsisting of two versions of A resilient network consists Asia Pacific region to solve
RFID Reader and Dataof the different components the following issues:
Collection Terminal, an RFIDof an information network,
1) Smart city application in the wristband, a Real-timesuch as broadband andMonitoring Dashboard on a
Asia-Pacific region
wireless network.
tablet, a database system and aItisdifficultfortheweb-based dashboard and2) Disaster informationintergovernmental
application for data analysis;
 Disaster information
organization specialized in has been implemented. The
includes pre-disasterthe ICT field in the Asiaimplementation of the projectplanning, preparation
Pacific region to have an
has demonstrated the use of
periods, disaster situation
overview of the smart city IoT and RFID to achieve costand recovery information.
policy-making of each
effective patient tracking thatcountry;
andcould also be adopted for3) Head-end system
implementation at a rural
2) Smart city application in IPTV head-end for
hospital with limited ICT
rural areas
broadband and ISDB-T
infrastructure and resources.
system for wireless is It is difficult forincluded in the system.
municipalities orgovernments to introduce,
implement and operate thesmart city application,
particularly in rural areas.

- 90 -

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2. Analysis of
the situationand status

SUB
CATEGORYa) Purpose andEnvironment

e-Disaster Risk Management

Smart City Application

Patient Tracking
using IoT and RFID

A series of surveys are
conducted to analyze
contextual conditions, which
will be instrumental indeciding requirements for eDisaster risk management
system.

A survey framework is
conducted to circulate andcapture various APT
governance in Asia Pacificregion that delivers thebenefits based on guiding
principles of theimplementation and operation
for the smart city application.
Besides that, a workshop is
conducted to enrich theinformation gathering throughsharing relevant knowledge
and discussion of the ideal
situation in rural areas among
those who responded thesurvey framework about thepolicy making regarding thesmart city application.

The real-time patient tracking
system collects patient
movement data as a patientmoves from one medical
station to another, where thetime stamps captured can beused to indicate the amount oftime the patients spent waiting
or in queue. The targeted
environment is the Emergency
Department of the hospitalwhere the number of patientsis unpredictable andovercrowded situations willundoubtedly be lifethreatening to some patientswith asymptomatic severe
illness that requires immediate
attention.

- Existence of broadband
access for IPTV services- Existence of digital
broadcasting for wirelessservices- Frequency of natural
disaster in the target area
(country)- Availability of mobile
terminal devices such as
smartphone to receive
ISDB-T.
- Availability of IPTV
terminal devices such as
STB and TV with IPTV
functionsb) Measures andeffectBased on baseline
environmental survey,
decisions are made to
determine the type of eDisaster risk management
system or services needed.
In addition, selection of
specific targets to perform aquantitative review of theresults of the implementation.

c) Business Model Survey relevant conditions,,
including the following items,
to generate and assess abusiness model for e- Disasterrisk management service.
- Availability of ISDB-T,
including head-end systemand terminals to deliver

The survey framework scope The average queuing time atof the schematic themes that is each medical station can bebased on the ISO 37120
used to measure congestion
standard and its KPIs is used. severity at a particular medical
In particular, five main
station to identify potential
schematic themes, i.e., energy, bottlenecks within theenvironment, education,
emergency department. Withtransportation, and health are the support of a sufficient
focused.
amount of patient movement
data, the bottleneck could berectified. Hence otherstrategies can be formulated toaddress it.
Survey relevant conditions,,
including the following items,
to generate and assess abusiness model for smart city
applications.
Benefits to enhanceknowledge of municipals or
governments to provide smart

With real-time tracking fully
enabled for all visiting
patients, immediate responseto the sudden spike ofovercrowding in the
Emergency Department can beaddressed quickly when amedical resource can be- 91 -

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CATEGORY

SUB
CATEGORY

Patient Tracking
using IoT and RFID

e-Disaster Risk Management

Smart City Application

emergency information
when disasters happen

city applications not only inrural areas but also in urban
areas
Benefits of sharing
information on thecomprehensive guideline of
implementation and operation
regarding smart city
application in the Asia-Pacificregionreallocated or optimized toreduce congestion at an
acceptable level. The tracking
information can be a goodjustification to higher
management for immediate
additional resource allocation.
This shall improve andmaintain the overall quality ofservice at the Emergency
Department.

N/A

The size of the targeted
department or area will need
to be fully covered by thewireless network (i.e., WiFi),
as all RFID readers and datacollection terminals rely on
this network to submit records
to the centralized databaseserver.

Survey existing
N/A
communication network
environment (existence andreliability of wired or wirelessbroadband access)

The tracking resolution isdetermined by the number of
medical stations within thedepartment and how detailed
the stakeholders want it to be.
The higher the tracking
resolution, the more readersand data collection terminals
are required, which increases
the overall cost of
implementation.

Survey relevant conditions,
N/A
including the following items,
to estimate costs associatedwith e-Disaster risk
management system
implementation, operation,and maintenance

The number of patients to be
tracked will determine how
many wristband RFID tags are
required daily. Subject to thetracking objectives, if only
specific groups of patients areto be tracked, then the
expenditure on the single-use
wristband tags can becontrolled. Otherwise, thenumber of wristband tags
required will be equivalent to
the total number of visitors to
the emergency department,
and this can be massive,- Availability of IPTV
services (broadband, headend and terminals) todeliver emergency
information when disasters
happend) Cost estimation Survey electricity in theenvironment (existence or
possibility of a power supply,
quality of electricity)- War room specification thatdelivers emergency
information and collects
personal and disaster area
information.
- Coverage of area size,
population density and- 92 -

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CATEGORY

SUB
CATEGORY

e-Disaster Risk Management

Smart City Application

distribution.

especially or a general public
hospital.

- Readiness to regulate asmall broadcasting system
to broadcast disaster
information to specificareas.
3. Target data,
Collection
and Analysis

Collection of the following
data- Disaster area (potentially
dangerous area)- Disaster type- Disaster date, time
- Route to Evacuation- Number of dead people,
their names and otherpersonal information

4. Appropriatetechnologya)Communication
Technologies

ISDB-T, WiFi and IPTV

Collection of the following
data

The data collected by the
tracking system are mainly the- Primary contact information unique tag ID and its date/timestamp every time a reader- Name of smart cities
detects it. Other than the RFID
tag ID and associated- Population
date/time stamps, only the- Main source
name and hospital registration
ID are stored in the database- Current schematic themes
system. As an initiative tofor building smart cities
reduce potential data leaks of- Standardization activities or patients, the patient tracking
projects
system will only record basic
information.
- Information on smart city
application case studies
N/A

IEEE802.11n WiFi for IoTbased data collection terminals
communication with the
database system.

b) Sensor Network N/ATechnologies

N/A

UHF RFID readers andcorresponding wristband tagsc) Center Facility

N/A

Local MySQL Database
SystemLocal Web hosting server

N/A

IoT microcontroller terminal
device, i.e., Raspberry Pi
running opensource Linux,
i.e., Ubuntu

N/A

Computer network personnel
to establish the required
network system within thetargeted environment.

1) Data survey and storage
machine2) ISDB-T and IPTV head-end
system to deliver
informationd) Terminal
devices

5. Human
resource

Patient Tracking
using IoT and RFIDISDB-T terminal
WiFi terminal
IPTV terminal- 93 -

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CATEGORY

SUB
CATEGORY

e-Disaster Risk Management

Smart City Application

Patient Tracking
using IoT and RFID

N/A

Communication engineers thathave good knowledge of
wireless signal propagation
and radiation to deploy the
RFID readers.

In order to realize theN/Asustainable implementation of
e-Disaster risk management
systems, the following humanresource should be ensured
and cultivated.

Computer system personnel
configure the data collection
terminal to link to the databasesystem.

1) Maintenance personnel for
IPTV and ISDB-T
equipment to deliver
disaster information
2) Maintenance personnel for
creating effective disaster
information for thegovernment and persons in
disaster areas- 94 -

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