第 9 章 文のつなぎ方 Connecting Sentences
The method which was described in Section 1 will be used here.

§9-1 関係代名詞⇒ The method described in Section 1 will be used here.

[1] 関係代名詞の限定用法と非限定用法
限定用法（カンマ無し）： その関係詞節が無いと，先行する名詞がどの物

The equation which describes this behavior is given in Appendix A.
⇒ The equation describing this behavior is given in Appendix A.

や人を指すのかわからなくなる場合．
非限定用法（カンマ有り）：先行詞に対して付加的な説明を加える場合．
An experiment which uses a magnetic analyzer is not very reliable.
Brown’s experiment, which uses a magnetic analyzer, is not very reliable.
関係詞節を取り除いても意味が変わらないか?
次の文を比べてみよう：[3] 関係代名詞“that”（限定用法のみ）【従来】 先行詞が最上級の形容詞を伴っていたり，all, every, any, no,the same, the only, the very, the last,

the first など限定の意味が強い修飾語を伴っている場合は, that が好まれる．(非限定 .... , that ....は誤用．)
ただし，先行詞が人を指すときは，その場合でも who でよい．
一般に，先行詞が人と物の両方を含む場合は that を用いる．

(a) We find the solution of eqs. (8-10) which remains finite as x → 0.

Table 1 summarizes all the previous specific-heat data that have been published(b) We find the solution of eqs. (8-10), which remains finite as x → 0.

on this compound.

文(a) は x → 0 のときも有限でない他の複数個の解があること（少なくともあり得ること）をほのめかしている．この関係詞節は我々が見つけるべき解がどんな解であるかを示している．他方，文(b)は，解はただ一つ（さもな【最近】[2]の限定（カンマ無し）“which”のかわりにすべて that を使う傾向。

ければ“the” は“a” で置き換えられる）で，さらにそれは有限であると述べている．したがって，文(b)は下のようにも書き換えられる．

Gravitational waves 発見の論文：Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 061102 (2016).

We find the solution of eqs. (8-10); this remains finite as x→0.

本文 8 ページの中に、（セミコロンの使い方は §9-3 参照のこと．）[2] の限定“which” は何回出てくるか？ 0 回 ! →[3]の that が 14 回

[2] 限定用法に用いる関係代名詞“which”[1] の非限定 “, which”は？

8回[5] の “前置詞＋which” は？

3回

to which, the rate at which,some of which

これは多くの場合不要である。
英語 native speaker の文には関係代名詞はあまり使われない。分詞を使う。
The I-V characteristics which were obtained by this method are shown in Fig. 3.

§9-3 のセミコロン (semicolons ; ): 10 回、コロン (colons : ): 19 回（内 7 回は図の番号の説明）⇒ The I-V characteristics obtained by this method are shown in Fig. 3.
37§9-2 連結詞

[4] 関係代名詞の先行詞
関係代名詞がどの名詞（先行詞）を指すか直ちにわかるようになっていること．

文を論理的につなぐための「連結詞」には，接続詞 (if, and, because など) や接続副詞 (however, furthermore など) がある．

(1) 関係代名詞を先行詞の直後に置くのが原則．
One then obtains periodic solutions to the dynamical equations, which agree with

[1] 連結詞の重要性

those found by Jones.
Jones は方程式を見つけたのか，あるいは解を見つけたのか？

次の文はファインマンのある教科書からの引用である．前後の文を論理的⇒ ...equations; these equations agree ...に，そして有機的につなぐための語句（太文字）が，頻繁に用いられている．

⇒ ...equations; these solutions agree ...

これらの語句が切れ味よい，説得力のある文章を作る上での決め手ともなる．

(2) 節全体を先行詞とする which の使い方は避ける．
Pauling assumed two kinds of constituent atoms to be set as nearest neighbors,More surprising is the Meissner effect.

If a solid (simply connected) piece ofsuperconducting material is placed in a magnetic field and then cooled below thewhich is supported by the fact that ...
⇒ Pauling assumed two kinds of constituent atoms to be set as nearest neighbors.

critical temperature, the magnetic field is pushed out of the superconductor.
Technically, some lines might be trapped in the object, because some parts reachHis assumption is supported by the fact that ...

the superconducting state before others. Furthermore, if the magnetic field is strong[5] 前置詞の目的語としての関係代名詞

enough, it might not be pushed at all.

In such a case, the material does not become

However, the extent to which Ca influences these properties is still a controversial

superconducting. Its resistance and specific heat are normal.

issue.

magnetic domains, iron cannot be cooled into superconductivity.

Because of its

R.P. Feynman: Statistical Mechanics: A Set of Lectures (Benjamin,(Exercise 9-1) カッコ内に最適な関係代名詞を（必要ならカンマや前置詞加えて）書け．
1. The phase diagrams, () these applications are based, are

2. It appears to be one of the few places in physics (If you cannot convince them, confuse them.

) there is a) can be stated very simply, but () noone has found a simple and easy explanation.
3. Composite objects, in circumstances () they can be considered

as a single object, behave like a Bose particle if they contain an even number ofFermi particles.

Truman’s law:

Bumper Sticker: If all else fails, lower your standards.

reviewed in one paper.
rule (Reading, Massachusetts, 1972) Chap. 10.

Cole’s law:

Thinly sliced cabbage.

Cole’s Axiom: (axiom: an established rule or principle 公理)
The sum of the intelligence on the planet is constant;the population is growing.
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[2] よく使う連結詞
原因・理由や条件・仮定とその結果を結ぶもの（接続詞）

because, since, if, provided (that)（副詞）

therefore,

thus,

hence,consequently,accordingly,naturally, obviously, clearly

2. And, But： 文頭には用いないこと．
文を “and”, “but”, “so” で始めないようにしなさい．
“And”の代わりに “moreover” あるいは “further” を使い，“But” の代わりに “however” あるいは “nevertheless” を使いなさい．
“So” の代わりに “therefore” あるいは “hence” を使いなさい．(A.J. Leggett)（副詞句他） as a result, as a consequence, in this way, as long as

3. then：文頭で「それゆえ」,「だから」の意味に用いるのは誤り．
“Then” は時間的順番を表すのに用いる．あるいは条件節を受けて用いる．

同列の内容を結ぶもの“Then” で文を始めることには注意してください．これを “therefore”の意味で使うことは正しくありません．従って例えばつぎのようには書けません．

（接続詞）

and, or（副詞）furthermore, moreover, besides, also
first, second, third（副詞句他） in addition, in particular, as mentioned earlier
not only ... but also ..., at the same time, for example

W:** “ f(z) is clearly analytic in the upper half-plane. Then we can replace ....” **一方つぎのような文は書いてもよろしい．
“ Let us suppose the series converges. Then we can replace ....”
この場合の “then” は “therefore”を意味しません．その意味は“ When (or If) we have supposed the series to converge, then we can ....”ということです．(A.J. Leggett)

反対の内容を結ぶもの（接続詞）

but, while, whereas, though, although, even though

4. First(ly), .... Second(ly), ... Third(ly), ...

（副詞）

however, nevertheless, otherwise, conversely§5-2 (p. 21) でも述べたが “At first” を間違って使う日本人が多い。

（副詞句他） on the contrary, in contrast, on the other hand,in spite of,despite（“despite of ... “ は誤用！）“At first”: 時間的順序．しかも後に最初と異なる展開があることを暗示する．
（最初は．．．であったが､後で．．．．となった。）
At first, most of the scientific community believed that his discovery was real.
“First”: 思考や記述の順番．
｢まず第一に(First,)｣>｢次に(Next,)｣>｢最後に（Last,）｣

注意を要する語句：
1. because, since“because” は理由をはっきり述べ，因果関係を明らかにする．
“since” は少し軽い感じ．特に読者も知っているような理由を述べるときに適当．
理由を表す接続詞の “as”, “so”, “for” は用いない方がよい．

5. however （接続副詞）§5-2 でも既に取りあげた．
however, hence, thus, therefore, furthermore, accordingly, otherwise などはあくまで副詞である．二つの文を一つに結合するのには使えない．
接続詞 (because, although, if など) と用法を混同しないように．
W: ** ”The results are interesting, however, their interpretation is rather39

R:R:

R:misleading .”**The results are interesting. However, their interpretation is rathermisleading.
The results are interesting; however, their interpretation is rathermisleading.
セミコロンの用法はすぐ下で解説する．
Although the results are interesting, their interpretation is rather misleading.

§9-3 セミコロンとコロン
セミコロンを使おう！
1. セミコロン (semicolon ; ) は，ピリオドとカンマの中間程度の区切り．
二つの文が密接に関係していて別々の文にはしたくないが，一つの文にすると長すぎたり焦点がぼけたりする場合に用いる．
The conference hall was too far to reach on foot; most of us went by bus.
接続副詞と組み合わせて使うのも有効：（接続詞としての “however” は意味が異なる：You can act however you wish.）A; however B. またはA. However B.

セミコロンのあとは小文字で続ける．

6. on the other hand は同じ対象物に関する異なる事象説明に使う。 同じ人
物の右手を説明した後、それと異なる左手を説明するような場合に使う。
W: ** The solution ψ1 is unstable. On the other hand, the solution ψ2 is stable.
R:

2. コロン (colon : ) は，説明・列挙に用いる．

“In contrast,”を使うべき

There were two problems in the measurements: the first one was the degradation

This finding can be interpreted as implying the non-physical nature of theof the sample crystal at high temperatures and the second one was the distortion

solution ϕ1. On the other hand, it could simply be interpreted asof the output signal at high frequencies.
コロンの続きは大文字・小文字いずれでもよい．

demonstrating the limitations of our method. （Glenn Paquette より引用）

The actual behavior of a metal is very complicated: The metal electrons interact
with the lattice, with the lattice vibrations, and with one another.

(Exercise 9-2) カッコ内に最適な語句を下の語句群から選んで書きいれよ。

コロンのあとには完結した文章がこなくてもよい．

If an atom is exposed to radiation of a frequency much higher than the resonancefrequency of (1effect and photo-ionization. (2), for some purposes one is interested in

the coherent scattering, (3) the atom remains in its ground state,(4“the following” や ”as follows” の後には必ずコロン．

) its K electrons, the dominant processes are Compton(Exercise 9-3) Fill in the parentheses with appropriate colons and semicolons.

) the cross section for this is rather small.

語句群： however,although,in which,

even,

1.

Despite its remarkable success, the quark model presents us with a great puzzle() it has so far proved impossible to break up any hadron into its constituent

quarks.
2.

There were two problems in the measurements () we managed to solve bothof them.
3.

The uncertainty principle is expressed in the following form (4.

The results are interesting () Δx Δp ≥ ℏ.

) however, the interpretation is rather misleading.
40

5.

This brings up an interesting question () Why is it that particles with half-integral spin are Fermi particles whose amplitudes add with the minus sign?
6. The answer is a result of two effects () first, the exclusion principle ()and second, the fact that the nuclear forces are somewhat sensitive to the directionof spin.

Law of selective gravity:
An object will fall so as to do the most damage.
Jenning’s corollary:
The chance of bread falling with buttered side down
is directly proportional to the cost of the carpet.
The Murphy philosophy:
Smile ... tomorrow will be worse.
明日に備えて今日は笑顔で行きましょう．

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