Research Report

APRC-FY2021-RR-03

Trends in the Development of Advanced Research
Equipment and Shared Research Facilities
in ASEAN Countries
March 2022

Japan Science and Technology Agency

Established in April 2021, the Asia and Pacific Research Center (APRC) of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) aims
to contribute to building a foundation for innovation in Japan by expanding and deepening science and technology cooperation in
the Asia-Pacific region based on the three pillars of research, information dissemination, and networking.
This report is compiled as part of a research that surveyed and analyzed science and technology innovation policies, researchand development trends, and associated economic and social circumstances in the Asia-Pacific region. It is being made public on
the APRC website and portal site to enable wide use by policymakers, associated researchers, and people with a strong interestin collaborating with the Asia-Pacific region; please see the websites below for more details.

APRC website:
https://www.jst.go.jp/aprc/en/index.html
Research Report (Japanese website):https://spap.jst.go.jp/investigation/report.html

Research Report

Trends in the Development of Advanced Research Equipment and Shared
Research Facilities in ASEAN Countries

Executive Summary
Through surveys on advanced research equipment, comparisons were drawn between the equipmentused in public research institutions and public universities in 10 ASEAN countries, with Japan as
the benchmark. For microscopy equipment, equipment from Japanese manufacturers such as JEOL,
Olympus and Nikon were prevalent in ASEAN countries. For material analysis equipment, the presenceof Japanese-branded equipment from JASCO, Shimadzu, Horiba and other manufacturers were also
confirmed. However, unlike Japan, the share of Japanese manufacturers in both microscopy and material
analysis equipment in ASEAN countries is low, with US and European manufacturers having a stronger
presence. For biotechnology analysis equipment, there is a strong presence of Western-manufactured
biotechnology analysis equipment in Japan, with many of the same equipment models used in Japan being
utilized in ASEAN countries. While research equipment from Chinese manufacturers were also confirmed,
there appears to be a limited presence in terms of advanced research equipment.
Basic information on the science and technology policies of each country were organized, followed bypolicy information on advanced research equipment and shared research facilities. Twenty main sharedresearch facilities were then interviewed to ascertain their operational status. ASEAN countries havewide economic disparities and significant differences in the amount of research investment and efforts
to promote science and technology. Therefore, differences were also observed in the development ofadvanced research equipment and shared research facilities. It should be noted that the concept of shareduse is not new in ASEAN countries. Public research institutions and universities lease out equipment andprovide testing services as part of their social responsibility, as access to advanced research equipment
is limited in developing countries. In addition to this background, there is an emerging trend to actively
utilize shared research facilities. Considering new and unique developments, the features of sharedresearch facilities in ASEAN countries were organized in this survey into five categories. Some advanced
countries, such as Singapore, manage their operations efficiently through strict policy-based management
and use of systems, while others, such as Malaysia and Indonesia, have taken initiatives to turn large
sections of their public institutions into shared-use facilities. There are also countries where the economic
level is low, and the development of advanced research equipment appears to be immature.
Generally, there is a common consensus that the concept of a shared research facility is highly beneficial
in many ways. However, there are many difficulties in ensuring that facilities can operate efficiently
and effectively. One possible way to support establishment of science and technology cooperative
infrastructure in ASEAN countries is to provide a separate or a full-service package for shared researchfacilities in accordance with their needs. Considering the structure of issues in each country, providing
appropriate support from various angles, such as policy formulation, provision of equipment from Japanesemanufacturers, human resource development of engineers, and so forth, is expected to help build afoundation for science and technology cooperation in ASEAN countries, enhance the presence of Japan in
ASEAN countries, and promote science and technology exchanges between Japan and ASEAN countries.

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Foreword
Background and Objectives
The enhancement and strengthening of research infrastructure is essential for maintaining andimproving scientific and technological innovation. However, advanced research equipment is expensive,
and it is difficult for facilities to maintain a comprehensive range of equipment. In Japan, in addition
to individual procurement at each research institution and laboratory, joint use of research equipment
is being promoted from the perspective of visualizing resources and making efficient use of researchequipment at universities. When researchers are considering joint research, one of the key points that
determines whether joint research is possible is whether the partner country has an environment inwhich advanced research equipment can be used. Therefore, it is important to understand whether the
researchers in the partner country have access to equipment, including at shared research facilities. On
the other hand, in emerging countries, there are cases where research funds are scarce and there are
economic constraints on the procurement and maintenance of research equipment. Understanding thestate of development of advanced research equipment and shared research facilities in each country will
clarify the gap between the ideal environment for research equipment and the actual environment for its
use. Cooperation in the development of an environment to eliminate this gap may lead to an increase inJapan’s presence in that research field and may also lead to increased recognition and exports of Japanese
research equipment.
This survey seeks to confirm the status of the development of advanced research equipment andshared research facilities at universities and public institutions in the 10 ASEAN countries in the AsiaPacific region. These countries are experiencing remarkable growth, and are expected to promotefurther scientific and technological exchange with Japanese researchers. In addition, policies related
to the development of advanced research equipment and shared research facilities and the status of
the development of major research facilities in each country will be investigated, and their respective
characteristics and issues will be clarified. The survey will provide points of reference when developing
advanced research equipment and shared research facilities in Japan, and this project will also identify
areas in which Japan can collaborate to build a foundation for science and technology cooperation
infrastructure in each country.
Survey methodology
The basic information on advanced research equipment and on the science and technology policies
surveyed in each country, policy and funding surveys, and the state of the development of advanced
research equipment based on policies were mainly accomplished through desktop research, supplemented
by information obtained from interviews. For the survey of major shared research facilities, information
was compiled mainly from interviews with the shared research facilities that served as survey subjects.
A total of 20 major shared research facilities in ASEAN countries were interviewed. The selection
method was based on the following factors: the comparative size of facilities in countries in which shared
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Research Reportresearch facilities could be confirmed, the diversity of universities and public research institutions, and theelimination of bias in the region. Note that the development of shared research facilities in three countries– the Kingdom of Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), and the Republic of the Unionof Myanmar – is either extremely immature or unconfirmed, and it was not possible to select facilities inthese countries to be surveyed.
Thus, the results of the surveys of each country are presented in alphabetical order, with the sevencountries whose facilities were selected listed first, followed by the three countries without facilities to be
surveyed.
Reference information (exchange rate)
The following are the exchange rates for each country based on the Bank of Japan’s reported
ministerial ordinance rate (March 2022):
・1 American dollar (USD)≒

115 yen・1 Singapore dollar (SGD)≒

85.10 yen; this is the same for 1 Brunei dollar (BND)・1 Malaysian ringgit (MYR)≒

27.49 yen・100 Indonesian rupiah (IDR)≒

0.80 yen・1 Philippine peso (PHP)≒

2.24 yen・100 Thai baht (THB)≒

346.15 yen・100 Cambodian riel (KHR)≒

2.83 yen・100 Lao kip (LAK)≒

1.02 yen・1 Myanmar kyat (MMK)≒0.06 yen・100 Vietnamese dong (VND)≒

0.51 yen

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Contents
Executive Summary ………………………………………………………………………… i
Foreword ……………………………………………………………………………………… ii
1

Organization of basic information on advanced research equipment … 1
1.1

Advanced research equipment covered in this survey …………… 1

1.2

Overview of equipment surveyed and major manufacturers …… 2

1.3

Use of equipment surveyed in universities and research
institutions ……………………………………………………………………… 4

References/bibliography …………………………………………………………… 7
2

Country survey: Brunei Darussalam ……………………………………………… 8
2.1

Basic information on science and technology policies …………… 8

2.2

Policy/funding survey ……………………………………………………… 9

2.3

State of development based on policies, etc. ……………………… 10

2.4

Survey of major shared research facilities ………………………… 10

References/bibliography ………………………………………………………… 13
3Country survey: Republic of Indonesia ……………………………………… 14
3.1

Basic information on science and technology policies ………… 14

3.2

Policy/funding survey …………………………………………………… 15

3.3

State of development based on policies, etc. ……………………… 17

3.4

Survey of major shared research facilities ………………………… 18

References/bibliography ………………………………………………………… 29
4Country Survey: Malaysia ………………………………………………………… 30

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4.1

Basic information on science and technology policies ………… 30

4.2

Policy/funding survey …………………………………………………… 31

4.3

State of development based on policies, etc. ……………………… 32

4.4

Survey of major shared research facilities ………………………… 35

References/bibliography ………………………………………………………… 47
5Country survey: Republic of the Philippines ………………………………… 49
5.1

Basic information on science and technology policies ………… 49

5.2

Policy/funding survey …………………………………………………… 50

5.3

State of development based on policies, etc. ……………………… 51

5.4

Survey of major shared research facilities ………………………… 52

References/bibliography ………………………………………………………… 59
6

Country survey: Republic of Singapore ……………………………………… 61
6.1

Basic information on science and technology policies ………… 61

6.2

Policy/funding survey …………………………………………………… 64

6.3

State of development based on policies, etc. ……………………… 68

6.4

Survey of major shared research facilities ………………………… 70

References/bibliography ………………………………………………………… 84
7Country Survey: Kingdom of Thailand ………………………………………… 86
7.1

Basic information on science and technology policies ………… 86

7.2

Policy/funding survey …………………………………………………… 87

7.3

State of development based on policies, etc. ……………………… 87

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7.4

Survey of major shared research facilities ………………………… 88

References/bibliography ………………………………………………………… 96
8Country Survey: Socialist Republic of Vietnam …………………………… 98
8.1

Basic information on science and technology policies ………… 98

8.2

Policy/funding survey …………………………………………………… 99

8.3

State of development based on policies, etc. …………………… 100

8.4

Survey of major shared research facilities ……………………… 101

References/bibliography ……………………………………………………… 108
9Country Survey: Kingdom of Cambodia …………………………………… 109
9.1

Basic information on science and technology policies ……… 109

9.2

Policy/funding survey ………………………………………………… 110

9.3

State of development based on policies, etc. …………………… 110

References/bibliography ……………………………………………………… 110
10Country Survey: Lao People's Democratic Republic …………………… 112
10.1

Basic information on science and technology policies ……… 112

References/bibliography ……………………………………………………… 112
11

Country Survey: Republic of the Union of Myanmar …………………… 114
11.1

Basic information on science and technology policies ……… 114

References/bibliography ……………………………………………………… 115
12

Summary …………………………………………………………………………… 116

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12.1

Comparison of advanced research equipment andshared research facilities in ASEAN countries ………………… 116

12.2

Challenges and proposals for the development of advanced
research equipment and shared research facilities in ASEAN
countries …………………………………………………………………… 120

Persons and organizations who cooperated with the survey ……………… 123
List of authors and survey planners ……………………………………………… 125

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1 Organization of basic information on
advanced research equipment
1.1 Advanced research equipment covered in this survey
Before surveying advanced research equipment and shared research facilities in each country, the teamcarrying out the survey selected the advanced research equipment to be surveyed. In terms of the typeof equipment, the decision was made to focus on highly versatile research equipment that is used acrossdifferent fields, such as microscopy equipment and material analysis equipment; biotechnology analysis
equipment, which is used in medical and agricultural fields; and processing equipment, which is used forsemiconductors and in some precision machinery sectors.
The price of advanced research equipment varies according to the manufacturer, specifications, andavailable options; estimated costs have been presented in the table below with reference to contract prices
awarded by universities and public institutions in Japan for equipment.

Table 1-1: Equipment surveyed and approximate prices(Created by the authors)

The equipment selected, a summary of research fields, and their relationship to the equipment inquestion are shown in the table below. Microscopy equipment and material analysis equipment are used ina wide range of fields, while research equipment associated with processing is used in a limited number offields.

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Table 1-2: Equipment surveyed and relationship with academic fields(Created by the authors)

1.2 Overview of equipment surveyed and major manufacturers
The team organized the equipment surveyed in the form of an equipment overview and the mainequipment manufacturers. Nyusatsu no Mori (FiveDrive Inc.), a database for information concerningtender and award, was used when specifying the main manufacturers. The team used this database toconfirm the manufacturers of the equipment surveyed, which had been awarded a contract by nationaland other public universities and public research institutions, etc. in Japan; in the main, equipment thatwas procured through a contract award multiple times is summarized in the table below.
Note that there are differences between equipment used in universities and public research institutions
and by private companies, meaning it is important to be aware of the possibility that companies listed as
main manufacturers may not be the same as those with a top market share.

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Table 1-3: Overview of equipment surveyed and main manufacturers(in no particular order, excluding legal status and titles)(Created by the authors based on public information from manufacturers, etc.)

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1.3 Use of equipment surveyed in universities and research
institutions
The equipment surveyed was organized into equipment that has been installed and equipment withequivalent specifications, based on contract award information of national and other public universities andpublic institutions in Japan. In many cases, contract awards that have been publicized have not included
the manufacturer or model information, and in these cases the team searched for relevant equipment
hypothesized based on publicly available information from awarding institutions, and, if applicable,
presented the assumed details in the table below.
Table 1-4: Main equipment used in Japanese universities and research institutions, etc.
(in no particular order, and excluding legal status and titles)

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Trends in the Development of Advanced Research Equipment and Shared Research Facilities in ASEAN Countries(Created by the authors based on the database for information concerning tender and award won andpublic information from relevant institutions)

In addition, information about the equipment in the 20 shared research facilities surveyed in ASEAN
countries has been organized into the table below. Many institutions do not publish manufacturer andmodel names, so the information was compiled based on details confirmed from public information andinterviews. Thus, it is important to note the possibility that this does not cover all equipment. Moreover,
the team was not able to confirm whether any ASEAN shared research facilities possessed certain piecesof equipment, including processing equipment. However, the subjects upon which these outcomes are
based were limited to 20 facilities, so this does not preclude the presence of the equipment in question in
ASEAN countries.

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Table 1-5: Equipment used in ASEAN shared research facilities(in no particular order and excluding legal status and titles)(Created by the authors based on public information from relevant institutions and interview details)

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When the state of development of equipment in Japan and in ASEAN was compared, the team wasable to confirm the presence of microscopy equipment made by JEOL, Hitachi High-Tech Corporation(Hitachi), Olympus, Nikon, and others in ASEAN countries. However, while Japanese manufacturers
held an overwhelming share of this market in Japan, the team confirmed some pieces of equipment
made by the German firms ZEISS and Leica in ASEAN, as well as those from Japanese companies. The
share of American company Thermo Fisher Scientific was also higher than in the Japanese market.
The situation was similar for material analysis equipment: although the team confirmed the presence ofequipment made by Shimadzu and other Japanese companies in ASEAN, they also found many examplesof equipment from the American companies Bruker and Agilent Technologies. In addition, they also foundexamples of equipment from a Korean manufacturer in Indonesia, although the numbers were limited.
When it came to powder analysis equipment, thermal analysis equipment, and material testing equipment,
Japanese manufacturers had a high share in Japan, but procurement of their equipment in ASEAN
was limited; instead, numerous examples of equipment from American and European companies wereconfirmed. In terms of biotechnology analysis equipment, the share of American and European companies
was overwhelmingly high in both Japan and ASEAN, including equipment from the American companies
Thermo Fisher Scientific; Beckman Coulter; Becton, Dickinson and Company; and Illumina. Note that
it was not possible to confirm specific equipment names or manufacturer information for processing
equipment in the facilities surveyed on this occasion.

References/bibliography
・Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (N.D)「Nanotech Japan Yellow
Pages」, https://www.nanonet.go.jp/yp/index.html
・M inistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (N.D)「System, Field,
Division and Subdivision Table」, https://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/gijyutu/gijyutu4/toushin/attach/1337808.htm
・Japan Analytical Instruments Manufacturers' Association (2021)「Guide to Analytical Instruments
2021」、https://www.jaima.or.jp/jp/analytical/tebiki/
・Japan Scientific Instruments Association (N.D)「WEB Scientific Instruments Directory」, https://www.
soran.net/
・KENKYU.net (N.D)「Research Terms Dictionary」, http://www.kenq.net/dic/index.html
・The Intestinal Microbiology Society (N.D)「Glossary」, https://bifidus-fund.jp/keyword/index.shtml
・The University of Tokyo, Kikkawa Lab「Cryo-Electron Microscopy」, https://structure.m.u-tokyo.
ac.jp/cryoEM/cryoEM.html

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2 Country survey: Brunei Darussalam
2.1 Basic information on science and technology policies
Brunei Darussalam (Brunei) is a country with a small territory and a small population, but has thesecond-highest GDP per person among ASEAN countries after Singapore thanks to its status as an oilproducing country. It has wealth, high standards of living, and high levels of welfare, but when it comes toresearch, its human resources are leaving for other countries, hindering the improvement of its researchand development capabilities. The government is aware of this human resources issue, and has establishedthe development of human resources as a key area in its long-term development plan WAWASAN 2035,
which is to be accomplished by 2035.
The country’s long-term development plan vision is made up of the following three areas:
・Political stability to maintain social, cultural, and historical values;
・Diverse challenges to modernize the lifestyle of its citizens;・Creating value for the citizens and communities of the future.
The country has also set down three goals, as noted below:
・To realize education in accordance with international standards and foster skilled human resources;
・To improve the quality of life of its citizens;・To ensure a national income that falls within the top 10 countries in the world and build a dynamic
and sustainable economy.
To fulfill the above goals, Brunei has established 13 strategic fields: education, economy, security,
institutional development, local business development, infrastructure development, social security,environment, health, religion, land use, infrastructure and info-communication technology, and manpowerplanning. Since the government announced WAWASAN 2035 in 2007, it has also set five-year national
development plans.
Several of Brunei’s government departments are involved in its policies concerning science andtechnology, which are being implemented in a cross-departmental fashion. To ensure this is carried out
effectively, the government has set up the Majlis Tertinggi Wawasan Brunei 2035 council, which monitors
national development operations and projects. Until 2019, the implementation of areas related to scienceand technology and areas related to research development were split into two departments, with the
Ministry of Energy, Manpower and Industry (MEMI) managing science and technology and the Brunei
Research Council (BRC) of the Prime ​Minister's Office (PMO) controlling research and development. In
2019, MEMI became the Ministry of Energy, and the functions for managing science and technology
were transferred to the Ministry of Transport and Infocommunications (MTIC), together with theresearch and development functions that had belonged to the BRC. After this, MTIC managed bothscience and technology and research and development in a centralized manner, and decided to establish
the Council for Research and Advancement of Technology and Science (CREATES) under the MTIC
umbrella on April 10, 2021. CREATES has inherited the science and technology functions held by the
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council and the research and development functions held by the BRC; it determines the national scienceand technology innovation policy, drafts strategies, approves the budgets for science and technology andresearch and development, and provides support for the promotion of research and development and thecommercialization of science and technology to enable national development.
Brunei’s GERD (Gross Expenditure on R&D) as a percentage of GDP is approximately 0.3%, and funding
is concentrated in higher education institutions. By field, the main funding is in the agricultural sciences,
the natural sciences, and the medical sciences, as shown below.

Figure 2-1: Breakdown of national research and development funding (2018)(Created by the authors based on UNESCO data)

2.2 Policy/funding survey
The BRC serves as a funding organization, and offers the Applied Research Fund, Industrial ResearchFund, and the Commercialisation Support Programme in accordance with the phase of the research. The
Applied Research Fund and the Industrial Research Fund can be used for research equipment; overviewsof these two funds are given below.
・The Applied Research Fund
The Applied Research Fund is defined as being for the use of scientific knowledge for the developmentof new products and services with a high return on investment and high potential for commercialization.
The maximum grant for a single project is 300,000 BND, with a research period of two years. Eligible
recipients are higher education institutions in Brunei, research institutions based in Brunei, government
research institutions, and researchers who are members of NPOs associated with these institutions.
・The Industrial Research FundThe Industrial Research Fund is defined as being for research and development activities to improveor produce existing products, technology or services with the aim of commercialization in the world ofindustry. Applicants for this fund are responsible for half their research expenses, and the other half is
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paid for by the Brunei government. The grant period is two years, and the upper limit is 2 million BND
per project. Eligible organizations include private companies registered in Brunei and foreign companies,
higher education institutions and research institutions which established joint ventures or partnered with
Bruneian higher education institutions, government institutions, NPOs and private companies within the
country.
The team could not find any policies or programs with the goal of shared use.

2.3 State of development based on policies, etc.
As stated above, the team could not find any policies connected with shared use. However, Brunei’s
representative national university, Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD), contains the Centre for Advanced
Material and Energy Sciences (CAMES), which focuses on nano-engineering and renewable energy
research, and shared use does occur here. CAMES is an institution established in accordance with an
initiative to convert UBD from a university for education to a university for research, funded by the BRC.

2.4 Survey of major shared research facilities
The team carried out an interview at UBD’s CAMES, Brunei’s shared research facility, gaining an
overview of the facility and surveying its practices.

2.4.1 Centre for Advanced Material and Energy Sciences (CAMES), Universiti
Brunei Darussalam
Purpose of establishing facility
CAMES is a facility engaged in research on the fields of energy and advanced materials, with a focus
on the theme of sustainability. CAMES’priority areas include nanophotonics, catalysis, sensors, and solar
energy. It gathers researchers from across disciplines and provides a platform for the conceptualization ofideas and the development of solutions.
CAMES was established 12 years ago, as part of an initiative to convert UBD from a university foreducation to a university for research. Both the promotion of research activities and the importanceof joint research were raised during the process of considering this initiative, and so the Innovation &Enterprise Office, which promotes industry-academia collaboration, and CAMES were established. The
Innovation & Enterprise Office is responsible for administrative procedures, such as selecting collaborators
for joint research and the management thereof, whereas CAMES is in charge of technical work such as
managing, purchasing, and repairing research equipment, as well as research functions.
When CAMES was first established, no thought was given to the shared use of research equipment; theplan was to monetize it through patent income and joint research. Nonetheless, once it started operating,those involved became aware that there was a need for external researchers and private companies to
use the equipment, so it came to be involved in shared use.

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Assignment of personnel for facility operations
There are 15 people assigned to manage and maintain CAMES’equipment. Of these, 12 are people
on short-term assignment from vendors, etc., and the other three are staff responsible for managing andpurchasing equipment. The number of people does, however, change as time passes.
Fostering human resources associated with facility operations and the use of equipment
There is no system or program to foster human resources associated with equipment. This is alreadyoutsourced.
Current state of equipment
The main research equipment installed is listed in the table below.
Table 2-1: Typical research equipment (in no particular order)(Created by the authors based on materials received and CAMES’ public information)

Form and scope of sharing
External partners may use the equipment in the facility. However, the facility is not completely open;
instead, it is open to researchers and partners carrying out joint research in Brunei and in other countries,and equipment is shared with them. A“partner”is a researcher from a Bruneian research institution or
university, or a researcher from a foreign university. If they are engaged in joint research with CAMES,
Japanese researchers are also able to make use of the equipment, and there are past examples of this.
Developing rules for shared use
There are two forms of shared use: joint research and consulting services. When it comes to joint
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Enterprise Office concerning the details of the agreement. In the case of joint research, participants canuse CAMES’equipment. Those who wish to do so receive training for the Safety Rules and Regulation,and later undergo training in that research facility, learning how to use the equipment and the rules ofthe facility. For the latter training, the people responsible for the technology in the research facility act
as lecturers. If a researcher is involved in the shared use of facilities and/or equipment and publishes apaper, the paper must note the fact that the researcher used CAMES.
On the other hand, when it comes to consulting services, there is no need for an agreement withCAMES; only an application is required. CAMES provides testing services and advice for testing that is
appropriate for verifying hypotheses, in accordance with the content of external users’applications.
Amount of money given and income/expenditure
Budget amounts are not published, but around half of the money, excluding fixed costs such as personnel
expenses, is used for equipment purchases, and the other half is used for equipment management andmaintenance. The center does not have a huge income, so it is difficult to keep the facility’s income andexpenditure in the black.
Facility operation KPIThe Innovation & Enterprise Office has established KPI concerning the number of joint studies, theirincome, and university ranking. In CAMES, the production of high-impact research outcomes is a KPI. In
addition, it is desirable for there to be at least 25 publications in international academic journals each year;
the center achieves this and more.
Implementation of personnel exchanges
To encourage joint research on an international level, CAMES has implemented diverse exchange
activities through the UBD Research Mobility Scheme, sending young researchers to foreign research
institutions. Moreover, when it comes to initiatives concerning equipment, the center also provides
training for research activities (including research equipment), when researchers and students arrive fromother countries.
Research outcomes and representative projects, as seen from patents and papers
・International patents: 11
・Total published papers: 28; 5 of these listed in SCI.
The number of published papers from CAMES is at least 50% of the number of research papers
published by the university as a whole. Moreover, two large research projects are currently underway.
CAMES is also expecting joint research cooperation with Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation.
Examples of major papers are shown below. The reason there are few published papers when comparedto the KPI of 25+ papers in international academic journals is assumed to be because many submissions
to academic journals are not covered by the database for papers used here, the Research Information
Sharing Service (RISS).

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Table 2-2: Representative examples of papers(Created by the authors based on RISS. Information accurate as of March 20, 2022)

Issues associated with facility maintenance and operations
New pieces of research equipment are being introduced one after another, and equipment is aging.
Moreover, there is an awareness of the need to polish CAMES’own expertise and strengths; toaccomplish this, it is essential that advanced research equipment is always maintained.
Due to COVID-19, the number of joint studies with external research institutions and private companies
has dropped, and it is no longer possible to hold detailed exchanges face-to-face, so it takes more time andcosts more than normal to conclude joint research contracts.

References/bibliography
・Government of Brunei (2007)「WAWASAN BRUNEI 2035」, http://wawasanbrunei.gov.bn/sitepages/
Home.aspx
・The Brunei Economic Development Board (N.D.), http://www.bedb.com.bn/
・UNIVERSITI BRUNEI DARUSSALAM (N.D.), https://ubd.edu.bn/
・UNIVERSITI BRUNEI DARUSSALAM (N.D.)「Centre For Advanced Material and Energy Sciences」,
https://ubd.edu.bn/research-institutes/cames/
・Ministry of Health of Brunei (N.D.)「Department of Scientific Services」, https://www.moh.gov.bn/
SitePages/Jabatan%20Perkhidmatan%20Saintifik.aspx
・Ministry of Transport and Infocommunications of Brunei (N.D.), http://www.mtic.gov.bn/Theme/
Home.aspx
・Ministry of Transport and Infocommunications of Brunei (N.D.)「CREATES」, http://www.mtic.gov.
bn/creates/Home.aspx

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3 Country survey: Republic of Indonesia
3.1 Basic information on science and technology policies
The Republic of Indonesia (Indonesia) established its national long-term development plan (Rencana
Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional (RPJPN)), a foundational plan for economic development, in 2004.
This plan was written as a long-term development plan for the 20-year period from 2005 to 2025, andraised the establishment of a knowledge economy and science and technical capabilities as issues in thescience and technology field. In addition, to realize this long-term plan, the government has set mediumterm development plans (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional (RPJMN)) every five years.
The development of primary industries (such as resources) and the private sector was a key theme in the
RPJMN that finished in 2019. Moreover, the current RPJMN (from 2020 to 2024), which covers the final
phase of the long-term plan, includes the goal of further strengthening the domestic economy by raising
the quality of Indonesia’s human capital, and increasing its competitive power in the global market. Thechanging RPJMN are shown in the table below.
Table 3-1: Overview of national medium-term development plans (RPJMN)(Created by the authors based on RPJMN)

The Indonesian government set the goal of ensuring that R&D expenditure is 1% of its GDP; it iscurrently around 0.2%, and around 80% of this is expenditure by the government and public institutions,etc. Research and development funding from the private sector is still limited. Changes in R&D
expenditure and a breakdown thereof are shown in the figure below.

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Figure 3-1: Changes in national research and development expenditure and a breakdown of this(Created by the authors based on UNESCO data)

Multiple initiatives have been put into place in the research and development area, based on the 2020
to 2024 RPJMN, and, together with the implementation of law No.11/2019 (the Sisnas Iptek law), thegovernment is considering an effective form of research investment to consolidate science and technology
policy organizations and public research institutions, as well as to promote research and development.
On the organizational side of things, the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education(RISTEKDIKTI), which was responsible for measures concerning science and technology and higher
education, has been reorganized, and the management of everything from the establishment of science andtechnology policy to funding and the management of public research institutions has been integrated into
the newly established National Research and Innovation Agency (Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN)).
Consequently, public research institutions, including the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (Lembaga Ilmu
Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI)) and the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (Badan
Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi (BPPT)), have been integrated under the umbrella of BRIN.

3.2 Policy/funding survey
As stated above, research and development funding from the government is overwhelmingly larger
than funding from the private sector. Moreover, Indonesian universities play major roles as educational
institutions, while public research institutions, including national research labs, are responsible for a lotof advanced research. As a result, the development and maintenance of advanced research equipment
progressed mainly in public research institutions. On the other hand, due to differences in supervisory
authorities, public research institutions operated based on their own individual budgets and rules, andso their facilities and equipment maintenance were ineffective. The government was aware of this issue;
bringing these under the BRIN umbrella means that budgets are now allocated by BRIN, and there is an
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expectation that resources will be integrated and optimized, key research themes will be specified, joint
research will be promoted, rules for management and application will be unified, research facilities will
become more open, and a research ecosystem will be built. Be that as it may, BRIN is currently in the
middle of a transitional period for the integration of facilities, and it is likely that a certain period of time
will be needed for such a large reorganization.
The table below contains an overview of law No.11/2019 (the Sisnas Iptek law), which sparked thereorganization.
Table 3-2: Main points of law No.11/2019, concerning the national system for science and technology(the Sisnas Iptek law)

(Created by the authors based on the Sisnas Iptek law)

When it comes to advanced research equipment in universities, there are some cases of faculties withexpertise procuring advanced research equipment. There are also cases in which equipment is provided
through donations and other monies from the private sector. However, there is an awareness that thechief role of universities lies in education, and so many universities, including major Indonesian universities,
have only basic research equipment. Moreover, this research equipment is not associated with specificlaboratories; universities spearhead its acquisition for different faculties and departments, and so there aremany cases of shared use within universities. There are also cases of facilities being developed based on
capital from the private sector, although these are few in number. In 2021, the German firm Merck set upa joint laboratory (the FMIPA UI Collaboration Laboratory) with Universitas Indonesia, contributing fundsof 3 billion IDR for research equipment and fittings to advance innovation in environmental monitoring,chemical analysis, microbiology, molecular biology, and the areas of food, agriculture, and waste treatment.
As the budget for research and the development and maintenance of research equipment in universities islimited, universities that devote effort to research are interested in obtaining research funds and money todevelop and maintain equipment through collaborations with private companies, etc.
In terms of public funding organizations in Indonesia, the Indonesian Science Fund (Dana Ilmu
Pengetahuan Indonesia (DIPI)) was set up in 2016. The DIPI provides funding to researchers via grant
programs, but does not include the purchase of research equipment as a use for its funds. Thus, it isassumed that researchers will either use research equipment belonging to their affiliated institution, or
make use of equipment in shared research facilities.
In Indonesia, many public research institutions and university facilities are open not just to their own
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researchers but also to external researchers and private companies. Categories of shared research facility
in Indonesia and examples of major institutions in each category are shown in the table below.
Table 3-3: Shared research facility categories and examples of institutions (in no particular order)(Created by authors based on interview content)

Many of the public research institutions integrated into BRIN have offered the shared use of facilities
and analysis services to other researchers and private companies for some time as part of theirrole as public research institutions. However, any rules associated with shared use were establishedindependently, and there were also cases in which there were no rules, and shared use went ahead basedon past customs. After integration under the BRIN umbrella, the rules for shared use will be standardized,
and the equipment of each facility will be registered on BRIN’s shared use system, ELSA. Those whowish to make use of equipment can make an application or request testing services via ELSA. As this iscurrently in a transition period for integration, however, ELSA’s information coverage only extends tosome institutions—mainly those of LIPI.
On the other hand, universities are not compelled by policy, and in many cases their facilities are open toother researchers and people from private companies based on their own volition. One of their purposes indoing this is for the use of research equipment to lead to joint research and the acquisition of external funds.
Research equipment obtained by universities is used as a weapon to obtain external funds. Despite this,much of the equipment belonging to universities is basic; expensive advanced research equipment is limited.
The FY2022 budget for BRIN, with public research institutions under its umbrella, is around 6.1
trillion IDR; of this, 2.2 trillion IDR is assigned to research infrastructure. This includes the maintenanceof infrastructure such as facilities, the purchase of new equipment, and costs such as equipment
maintenance. It must be noted that as there are also at times other sources of funds for the development
and maintenance costs, etc. of research equipment, the 2.2 trillion IDR is not the total amount of money
available for research infrastructure investment.

3.3 State of development based on policies, etc.
BRIN is in the process of integrating four independent research institutions established as nondepartmental governmental institutions (Lembaga Pemerintahan Non Kementerian (LPNK))—LIPI, theNational Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional (BATAN)), the National
Institute of Aeronautics and Space of Indonesia (Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional (LAPAN)),and BPPT—and 44 other research institutions connected to government departments. The research
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institutions under its umbrella have research facilities across Indonesia. Many of the facilities previously
offered shared use functions, and will provide shared equipment use and testing services based on BRIN
rules after their integration with BRIN. It is assumed that the BRIN rules will be based on the LIPI rules,
but this is still a transition period, and the operating rules are not standardized.
The table below contains an overview of the major research institutions: the four former LPNK
institutions.
Table 3-4: Overview of four former LPNK institutions(Created by authors based on public information on each institution)

3.4 Survey of major shared research facilities
The team carried out interviews at the former LPNK LIPI, the Indonesian Center for Agricultural
Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development (Balai Besar Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian (BB Biogen)) which fell under the
Ministry of Agriculture, and the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia (UI), gaining an overview of
each facility and surveying the current state of affairs. As noted above, many of BRIN’s rules and systems
use LIPI as a base. Thus, the team confirmed how LIPI operated in the past, and what changes are being
made with its integration into BRIN. There are numerous research facilities under the LIPI umbrella, but
within LIPI the Biotechnology Centre (its name was changed to the Integrated Genomic Facility with the
BRIN integration) is noted to be a typical LIPI facility, and this was the facility interviewed. On the other
hand, BB Biogen is a research institution that received its budget from the Ministry of Agriculture andoperated based on its own policies. It is in the middle of its integration into BRIN, and the team confirmed
how it offered shared use functions in the past, and how this is changing with the BRIN integration. In thecase of UI, there is no policy support for shared research facilities, but the university as a whole is shifting
to become more open. The team confirmed the background to this and current initiatives.
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While the representatives of LIPI had felt changes from integration with BRIN, they recognized thatno major changes had taken place regarding research equipment and policy for shared use. On the other
hand, the representatives of BB Biogen took a positive stance, as they had been operating based on
ambiguous rules, including their budget, and now budgets are being set in an optimal manner and they
are operating based on clear rules. The integration of public research institutions is a massive project, andthose involved are aware that feasibility and the time needed until it is realized are issues.

3.4.1 Integrated Genomic Facility (former LIPI Biotechnology Centre)
Purpose of establishing facility
The Biotechnology Centre was a research facility set up under LIPI in 1986. LIPI has five departments(earth sciences, life sciences, engineering, social sciences and humanities, and scientific services); theBiotechnology Centre’s research area of biotechnology fell under the life sciences. The following are its
five biotechnology research themes:
・Molecular biological foods (pharmaceuticals, plant biotechnology supporting energy security)
・Bioprocess engineering
・The development of health biology products
・The development of pharmaceuticals based on biological resources from the seas and the land・Animal biotechnology (breeding, nutritional genome information science, animal health science, etc.)
With LIPI’s integration into BRIN, the Biotechnology Centre has become the Integrated Genomic
Facility (in the process of transitioning).
Assignment of personnel for facility operations
The Integrated Genomic Facility has around 170 researchers, who are all full-time staff. On the other
hand, technicians and assistants, etc. are employed as circumstances require based on the allocated budget.
Staff are recruited from the general public, and the main hires are new graduates from universities, etc.
Before the integration into BRIN, LIPI researchers were also responsible for its facilities. However, there
are now dedicated personnel in the Research and Innovation Infrastructure Department, which oversees
facilities within BRIN, and these personnel manage the facilities and equipment.
Fostering human resources associated with facility operations and the use of equipment
When it comes to learning how to use equipment, the equipment vendors provide training opportunities
when the equipment is supplied, etc. (especially in the case of high-value equipment). Moreover, aprerequisite for equipment use is that only researchers and technicians who fully understand how to usethat piece of equipment may do so.
Current state of equipment (major research equipment)
As this institution integrates into BRIN and becomes the Integrated Genomic Facility, it is in theprocess of purchasing some new equipment. Its main research equipment is listed below (in no particularorder):JST Asia and Pacific Research Center

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・Cryo-electron microscope (Thermo Fisher Scientific (US); in progress)
・Next generation sequencers (NGS) (Illumina (US); Miseq and Novaseq)
・HRMS (Luminex (US))
・IRMS
・EAM
・ICPMS・TOC
・FT-IR
・Cell Imaging Multimode Reader (Agilent (US); BioTek Cytation 5)
・HPLC
・Droplet Digital PCR・Fluorometer
・LC/MS
・GC/MS
There is an obligation for information concerning facilities and research equipment to be published on
ELSA, BRIN’s platform, and anyone can check this. However, the standard operating procedures andestablishment of fees are still under consideration, so the facility information on the platform is limited.
When procuring new equipment, the people responsible for research and innovation infrastructure in
BRIN ask researchers for ideas for equipment to procure. The researchers who want to obtain equipment
write the reason that the equipment is needed and propose the merits of obtaining it, and if these areacknowledged the equipment is purchased for shared use. When it is procured, researchers cannot specify
the manufacturer or model; they only write the necessary specifications. Based on this content, BRIN’srepresentatives make an open appeal to vendors, and first-phase and second-phase reviews are carriedout. They do refer to researchers’opinions when selecting a vendor. Moreover, in addition to superficial
pricing, they also consider factors such as maintenance costs and whether it is possible to use non-original
consumables, and finally BRIN’s Research and Innovation Infrastructure Department makes a decision.
Equipment maintenance is generally carried out by the vendor that supplies the equipment.
Form and scope of sharing
LIPI had a fully open policy before its integration with BRIN. As facilities that fall under the BRIN
umbrella all follow a policy of openness, the research equipment of the Integrated Genomic Facility is also
open access.
The scope of sharing is such that all researchers from research institutions, universities, and privatecompanies, both within and outside of Indonesia, can use its equipment. However, some expensive
equipment and equipment that is difficult to use is offered in the form of testing services.
The ratio of facility users is split fairly evenly between internal researchers and external users. The
main external users are university researchers, graduate students, private companies, and researchers
from foreign research institutions that are engaged in joint research.

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Developing rules for shared use
In the past, rules were determined by each institution (LIPI, BPPT, etc.) and facility, but from now on
BRIN will unify the set rules. This is an ambiguous area due to the current period of transition.
Under the policy of fair equipment use for all users, it is necessary for every user to book equipment
usage through ELSA, regardless of their affiliation (or lack thereof) with the facility. Users fromorganizations outside of BRIN must pay a usage fee set by BRIN for each piece of equipment when theyuse it. The usage fees have been set to cover equipment maintenance costs and operator personnel costs.
Meanwhile, BRIN researchers are assigned ELSA points each year, and pay to use equipment with those
ELSA points. Researchers can also gain extra ELSA points by publishing papers and undertaking joint
research.
Amount of money given and income/expenditure
The facility budget for the Integrated Genomic Facility is around 200 billion IDR over two years. The
team were not able to find a breakdown of facility costs, but they did find that in another facility, theBiosafety Laboratory, around 60% of the budget was used in connection with equipment.
Facility operation Key Performance Indicators (KPI)
From the perspective of shared research facilities, the usage rate of equipment is expected to exceed
the set ratio in the facility’s third year; in the fourth year, the expectation is that income from shared use
will cover equipment maintenance fees, with no funding assistance from the Ministry of Finance.
However, research outcomes are a major KPI for LIPI, and high target values have been set for eachfacility and researchers, including the number of papers mentioned below. LIPI research outcomes areunconnected to the shared use of equipment, and research outcomes achieved via shared use are notcounted as KPI.
Implementation of personnel exchanges
・Webinars introducing new research equipment
Webinars that invite experts to introduce new facility equipment are held periodically as one of BRIN’s
initiatives. These seminars are open to external researchers as well as BRIN members.
・Annual report (webinar)
Activity reports are given each year, and include reports on research outcomes and equipment
maintenance, etc. In the past, people associated with the facility and close researchers were invited; theevent has moved online as a result of COVID-19 so more people can participate, offering an opportunity tolearn about the facility.
・Assistance for joint research
One of the assistance programs provided by BRIN is conditional upon being engaged in joint researchwith a BRIN researcher. Applicants can be researchers from universities or research institutions as well
as from the private sector, and assistance is provided for up to seven years. Exchanges also occur throughthis program and others like it.

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Research outcomes as seen from patents and papers
The following are the facility’s research targets for 2021. The team were unable to confirm accurate
outcomes, but these targets were mostly met. In addition, as stated above, these targets have noconnection to shared use. Examples of papers are shown below.
・Papers in Indonesia: 150; international papers: 50
・Patents: 15; licensed patents: 2・Technology for practical application: 15
・Number of paper citations: 1,000
Table 3-5: Representative examples of papers from the Integrated Genomic Facility(former LIPI Biotechnology Centre)(Created by the authors based on Google Scholar. Information accurate as of March 31, 2022)

Issues associated with facility maintenance and operations
In Indonesia, all public research institutions are being integrated into BRIN, but as there is a huge
number of these, there are concerns about the appropriate management of facilities and equipment, andwhether full optimization is possible.
Moreover, integration into BRIN is currently underway, and there are many unclear areas with regard
to the process of integration; the assumption is that the integration of facilities and installations will taketime, as will the standardization and development of rules.
From the perspective of the shared use of equipment, there will be operational variation according
to the equipment; there will be equipment that is well used and equipment that is not used as much. A
situation might arise in which it is hard to book the well-used equipment. Consequently, adjustment isneeded for urgent projects to ensure that there is one piece of equipment for use in special cases. Thiskind of adjustment will require those involved to discuss the situation and obtain agreement before using
the equipment, rather than simply making a booking on the system.

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3.4.2 Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources
Research and Development (BB Biogen)Purpose of establishing facility
BB Biogen was established in 2004 as a research organization belonging to the Agency for Agricultural
Research and Development, under the umbrella of the Ministry of Agriculture. It has six research labs,
which are expected to produce technological innovation for agriculture using biotechnology.
・Seed Quality Testing Lab
・In-Vitro Conservation Lab
・Chemistry and Biochemistry Lab
・Microbiology Lab
・Cell and Tissue Biology Lab
・Molecular Biology Lab
BB Biogen is in the process of integrating with BRIN. Although there is no clear decision yet, the ideathat the research facility will be integrated into BRIN but departments with practical functions will beabsorbed by the Ministry of Agriculture is being considered.
There were no clear rules concerning shared use in BB Biogen, but if a request was received froma university or other organization, the facility would allow the shared use of equipment, and carry out
testing services on request. However, as BB Biogen is currently undergoing an integration process with
BRIN, discussions are underway concerning all equipment being open access in accordance with BRIN
policy, similar to other facilities under the BRIN umbrella.
Assignment of personnel for facility operations
As of 2020, there were a total of 149 people in the organization; they can be broken down into:
・Researchers: 67
・Technicians: 23
・Operators: 56
・Other: 3
Fostering human resources associated with facility operations and the use of equipment
When it comes to learning how to use equipment, the equipment vendors provide training opportunities
when the equipment is supplied, etc. However, there is no particular training other than this. If a
researcher, etc. is using an expensive piece of equipment such as an NGS, the facility will confirm they
have sufficient experience.
Current state of equipment (major research equipment)
The facility’s main equipment is listed below (in no particular order). All of the facility’s equipment is
to be made available on the ELSA platform in accordance with BRIN’s policy, but as this is a transitional
period the information available is limited.
・Next-generation sequencer (NGS) (Illumina (US); NextSeq 2000)
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・Real-time PCR・Centrifuge (Eppendorf (Germany); Centrifuge 5810)
・UV irradiation system (Biorad (US); Chemidoc EQ)・Spectrophotometer (Biorad (US); Smartspec Plus Biorad)
The budget for purchasing new research equipment has come from the Ministry of Finance. Proposals
arrive suddenly, rather than on an annual basis. When a proposal arrives, the facility creates an internal
list of desired equipment and submits this in order of precedence. What is purchased depends on thebudget. Equipment is generally used until it breaks, but if there are no spare parts and/or it cannot be
repaired, or it needs to be switched with another piece of technology based on research objectives, then it
will be replaced. For example, the PCR the facility possessed was not capable of high resolution, so it was
replaced with the real-time PCR recently.
Form and scope of sharing
Before integration with BRIN, the facility offered shared use of equipment on request from universities
and research institutions based on the idea of open access. However, as it didn't make any large-scaledeclarations of shared use, external users made up around 5% of users, with the majority being internal
users. Foreign researchers also made use of equipment, but were few in number, with researchers from
Korean research institutions engaged in joint research making use of facilities and equipment.
On the other hand, after integration into BRIN, all equipment information will be available on the ELSA
platform to comply with BRIN policy, and anyone will be able to use the system and book equipment.
Developing rules for shared use
There were no clear rules in the past. External users who hoped to use equipment would apply to BB
Biogen, indicating their wish to use its equipment. They would get internal approval based on this, andbe able to use it. When external users made use of equipment, there would always be someone present
to supervise. There was no price list, and in many cases equipment use was free. The facility would also
provide testing services on request. For example, a seed germination test would be carried out for 35,000
IDR per sample.
After integration with BRIN, the facility will follow BRIN’s policy and so applications will be processed
through the ELSA platform, with set prices for the use of equipment.
Amount of money given and income/expenditure
The budget is a grant from the Ministry of Finance. Amounts relating to facility operation are notdisclosed.
Facility operation KPIThere were no clear rules in the past, and shared use of equipment occurred in accordance withrequests, so there were no KPI. Once the facility has transitioned to operations under BRIN, it will bepossible to set some KPI, but at present no particular decisions have been made.

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Implementation of personnel exchanges
There are no initiatives to encourage shared use, but the facility does carry out initiatives for thecreation of opportunities for joint research and to improve capabilities. The following are examples of this:・BB Biogen Seminars
Every month, researchers present the details of their research, exchanging knowledge with researchers
from other research institutions and creating a foundation for joint research. This has moved online due tothe effects of COVID-19, more researchers can now participate from a wider area.
・Sending researchers to other countries
The facility sends researchers overseas to improve their capabilities and/or achieve post-doctoral
qualifications.
Research outcomes as seen from patents and papers
As a research institution, the facility’s KPI (2021) are as follows. As stated above, these have no relation
to shared use. KPI are generally met.
・Papers in Indonesia: 60
・International papers: 25
・Patents: 5
Representative research projects and the details thereof
Typical project themes are as follows. Examples of major papers are given in the table below.
・Crop breeding
・Fundamental science projects, such as genome analysis
・Genetic engineering
Table 3-6: Examples of representative papers from BB Biogen(Created by the authors based on Google Scholar. Information accurate as of March 31, 2022)

Issues associated with facility maintenance and operations
The budget is inadequate, and it is hard to say that enough research equipment is maintained. Moreover,there is also research equipment for which the facility is not providing the normal required maintenance.
The reason is unclear, but the value of equipment purchased by BB Biogen and reagents are expensive
when compared to research institutions overseas. Due to the price of reagent costs, there are cases inwhich it is cheaper for researchers to outsource testing rather than do it themselves. In addition, as noted
above, the rules and processes for equipment development and maintenance were not clear, and it was
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not straightforward to procure new equipment.
There is an expectation that the above issues will be solved once the facility is integrated into BRIN and
its policies are standardized. Equipment with value will be procured and maintained at this facility, andshared use of this will engender advantages not only for the facility itself but also for related institutions.

3.4.3 Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia (UI)
Purpose of establishing facility
UI is a completely self-governed national university representative of Indonesia, which also puts effort
into research with the aim of becoming an interdisciplinary research hub within Asia. As stated above,in Indonesia the role of universities lies largely in education rather than research, but UI has around 65
research facilities. The Faculty of Medicine is focusing its efforts on research in particular, which has
three major research institutions:・Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute: This consists of a nine-story two-tower building;
one tower serves as the research building, the other as the education building;・Cardiovascular Research Center: A facility that specializes in cardiovascular diseases;
・In the Depok City Science Techno Park: In addition to the Faculty of Medicine, other researchfacilities, including those of UI’s Faculty of Pharmacy, are located here.
The institutions listed above permit the use of facilities and equipment by external users, but this is notsupported by policy; as a national university with advanced research equipment, there is a strong sensethat UI provides research environments for researchers from other institutions to make effective use of
its equipment.
This report summarizes the content of interviews with a focus on initiatives for shared use in the
Cardiovascular Research Center, which falls under the jurisdiction of the head of the research andeducation section of UI’s Faculty of Medicine, who acted as an interviewee.
Assignment of personnel for facility operations
The staff of the Cardiovascular Research Center under the jurisdiction of the interviewee consist of thefollowing:・Cardiovascular physicians: 30
・Researchers studying for their doctorate: 15
・Foundational researchers in molecular biology: 5・Statisticians: 2
As the researchers act as technicians and handle research equipment themselves, there are notechnicians who are solely responsible for equipment management and operation.
Fostering human resources associated with facility operations and the use of equipment
Training associated with the use of research equipment is generally provided by the equipment
manufacturer, and there are no training programs or education programs run by the facility. However,researchers are required to obtain and renew GCP (Good Clinical Practice).
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Current state of equipment (major research equipment)
The main research equipment of the Cardiovascular Research Center is listed below (in no particularorder). Information concerning the equipment currently possessed by the Center is not publicly available
on its website, etc.
・Next generation sequencer (Illumina (US); NextSeq 550)
・Real-time PCR (Bio-Rad (US); CFX96)
・Real-time PCR (PCRmax (UK); Eco48 Real Time PCR)
・Cell imaging (Agilent Technologies (US); BioTek Cytation1)
・Multimode spectrophotometer (Agilent Technologies (US); BioTek Instrument- Synergy H1MF)
・FT-IR (Thermo Fisher Scientific (US); Nicolet iS50 FTIR + NIR spectrometer)
・Ultraviolet visible-near infrared spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific (US). NanoDrop On)
・GC/MS (YL Instrument (Korea); GCMS YL6900)
Form and scope of sharing
The Cardiovascular Research Center’s shared use policy is based on open access. However, it is notopen to everyone who want to make use of its facilities/equipment. People who wish to make use of these
apply to the Cardiovascular Research Center via email, stating the content of their research and theequipment they wish to use. The Center checks the content of the application, and decides whether topermit the use of its facilities. Many applications have been granted in cases in which the research field
is one upon which the Center is focused. There are no restrictions on researchers, so even researchersaffiliated with foreign institutions and researchers from the private sector are given permission (or not)based on the same application process. UI’s Faculty of Medicine is close to Kobe University’s Schoolof Medicine, and extends invitations to professors of Kobe University. There are cases of Japanese
researchers using equipment in this facility. All new applications are subject to appropriate review.
The research facilities in the science park are striving to systematically promote open shared use. Morespecifically, they have set up a portal site, similar to BRIN’s ELSA platform, and are building a systemthat will introduce shared equipment online as well as allow users to book equipment via the system.
Developing rules for shared use
There are basic rules for use, and external researchers, etc. who want to use the Center’s facilities
and equipment must pay a set fee. The fees differ depending on the user. Researchers and students who
are affiliated with UI can generally use facilities and equipment free of charge, and students from otheruniversities can use them at prices that are less than the standard cost.
If an external user is using equipment, they must do so under the guidance of a researcher who is amember of the Cardiovascular Research Center.
Amount of money given and income/expenditure
Income from the shared use of facilities and installations in the Cardiovascular Research Center is
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university must produce a proposal for the Ministry of Finance detailing the usage aims of the equipment
and the outputs it will produce. The research achievements of UI’s Faculty of Medicine have been
acknowledged, so the majority of equipment requested in the past has been provided.
Facility operation KPINo KPI are set with regard to the shared use of facilities or equipment at the Cardiovascular ResearchCenter.
Implementation of personnel exchanges
To ensure that the university’s facilities and equipment, including those of the Faculty of Medicine, areused more effectively, UI is promoting initiatives to ensure they are open to outside users, etc. Typicalexamples include announcing information concerning the equipment in the Science Techno Park on aportal site, and constructing a mechanism that allows external users to make bookings easily.
In terms of exchange from the perspective of research, the university is proactively driving joint
research in and outside of Indonesia. When it comes to foreign countries, it is engaged in joint researchwith many Japanese universities in particular. Moreover, it actively runs exchange programs forresearchers and students, including programs with Japan.
Research outcomes as seen from patents and papers
As noted above, when it comes to the shared use of facilities and equipment there is a strong sense that
UI is providing research environments for researchers from other institutions to make effective use of its
installations; there is no proof of research outcomes from shared use.
Representative research projects and the details thereof
The Center is considering producing catheters locally, as a unique initiative. Promoting national
production of medical equipment and medical consumables is important for the development of the
medical industry. Currently, most of the catheters used in UI are made by Terumo, in factories inVietnam, and are then imported to Indonesia. The Center is focusing on this issue via industry-academia
collaboration through companies and institutions in Indonesia and other countries.
Issues associated with facility maintenance and operations
Whether a researcher is able to engage in shared use in the Cardiovascular Research Center is judged
based on their application; the facility does not have the issue of equipment being over-used so thatinternal researchers cannot use it. Moreover, it has a secure budget for the purchase and maintenance of
research equipment, so there is no awareness of any major issues.

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References/bibliography
・Badan Riset Dan Inovasi Nasional (N.D.)「BRIN」, https://www.brin.go.id/
・Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional (N.D.)「BATAN」http://www.batan.go.id/index.php/id/
・Balai Besar Penelitian Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian (N.D.)「BB Biogen」, http://biogen.litbang.pertanian.go.id/
・Burhani, A., Mulyani, L. and Pamungkas, C., (2021)「The National Research and Innovation Agency(BRIN) . Singapore: ISEAS」, Yusof Ishak Institute, pp. 1-10
・Dana Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (N.D.)「DIPI」, https://dipi.id/
・Government of the Republic of Indonesia (2019)「Undang-undang (UU) Nomor 11 Tahun 2019 - Sistem
Nasional Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi」, https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/117023/uu-no11-tahun-2019
・Herlinawati Simanjuntak, M., (2022)「BRIN kelola anggaran Rp6,1 triliun terbanyak untuk fasilitas
riset」, https://www.antaranews.com/berita/2643361/brin-kelola-anggaran-rp61-triliun-terbanyakuntuk-fasilitas-riset
・MERCK (2021)「Merck Establishes Collaboration Laboratory with Universitas Indonesia to AdvanceLife Science Research」, https://www.merckgroup.com/id-id/company/press-release/press-releasecollaboration-lab-ui-merck.html
・Julistian, U., (2021)「Swasta Diharapkan Memanfaatkan Fasilitas Riset Milik BRIN」, https://www.
gatra.com/news-527598-teknologi-swasta-diharapkan-memanfaatkan-fasilitas-riset-milik-brin.html#
・Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia Pusat Riset Bioteknologi, (N.D.)「LIPI Pusat Riset Bioteknologi」,
https://biotek.lipi.go.id/
・National Battery Research Institute (2021)「ICBREV 2021 - Opening Remark & Plenary Session - Dr.
Laksana Tri Handoko, M.Sc.」, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AlmhS8D3nGI・Umali, T., (2019)「Indonesia to develop 3 Science Techno Parks this year」, https://opengovasia.com/
indonesia-to-develop-3-science-techno-parks-this-year/
・Ms. Yuko Tsuda, (2016)「Science and Technology Situation in Indonesia」, https://www.jst.go.jp/crds/
report/ID20161130.html

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4 Country Survey: Malaysia
4.1 Basic information on science and technology policies
Malaysia is a relatively developed country in ASEAN, with a GDP per capita of around 10,400 USD(2020). Policies and systems connected with science and technology in Malaysia fall under the jurisdictionof the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI). In 2021, MOSTI’s overall budget was
4.2% higher than the previous year, coming to 935 million MYR, with around 17% of this being used forresearch and development, experiments, and similar activities. Its GERD (Gross Expenditure on R&D) asa percentage of GDP is approximately 1% (2018); in 2010, the breakdown of research and development
spending saw the most allocated to the natural sciences (58%), but in 2018 the largest area wasengineering and technology (36%), revealing a shift in fields of investment.
Malaysia’s long-term policy concerning science and technology is based on the National Science,
Technology and Innovation Policy (Dasar Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi Negara (DSTIN)) 2021–2030. DSTIN
2021–2030’
s vision is“a sustainable, inclusive and scientific society towards a high-tech nation,”withthe mission of“driving inclusive & sustainable development through the development and application ofprogressive STIE [Science, Technology, Innovation and Economy].”To achieve its vision and mission, thegovernment has set the following six“thrusts”:
・Responsive STI governance;
・Technology development through R&D and C&I;
・Local technology-based industry;・Adaptive STI talent;
・Enculturation and application of STIE;・Global prominence.
To achieve the DSTIN 2021­–2030 vision, the government has also established the 10-10 Malaysian
Science, Technology, Innovation and Economy Framework (10-10 MySTIE). This framework raises
the idea of applying 10 science and technology drivers to 10 economic sectors, as shown below. The
government has also announced that they would determine a research roadmap based on this framework,
but this has not been made public as of this report.
Table 4-1: 10-10 MySTIE Framework s science and technology drivers and economic sectors(Created by the authors based on 10-10 MySTIE)

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4.2 Policy/funding survey
From the perspective of the maintenance and development, etc. of advanced research equipment,
the Malaysian Science and Technology Information Centre (MASTIC), which falls under MOSTI, offers
diverse funding programs. This report introduces the CREST R&D Grant and Research Acculturation
Collaboration Effort (RACE).
CREST R&D Grant
・Overview: A grant program to encourage research cooperation between universities and industry,
to enable technological development in the electrical and electronics industry. Research carried out
in universities through this cooperation is utilized for the development of industry. The government
covers up to half of the necessary costs.
・Funding organization: A board of directors made up of representatives from relevant academic
societies and government bodies.
・Eligibility: This grant was started for research in Penang, but is now expanding across the whole area.
RACE
・Overview: A grant program to improve the research capabilities of non-research universities thatpartner research universities. Raises the level of research at non-research universities and in so doing
encourages technological innovation.
・Funding organization: Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE).
・Eligibility: University research facilities, excluding those of research universities, and researchers.
The Malaysian Science and Technology Information Centre (MASTIC), which falls under the MOSTI
umbrella, is spearheading the country’s science and technology policy concerning shared use. MASTIC
manages research exchanges, equipment and facility management, and funding on a platform known as
KRSTE. My, which is made up of five modules. This platform forms a foundation for solutions to scienceand technology issues, and ensures the comprehensive management of (1) research organizations andresearch facilities in the country, (2) research personnel, (3) equipment owned by registered institutions, (4)research themes, and (5) information concerning commercialization. Checking this platform enables users
to confirm the equipment owned by each research institution and whether it is available for shared use.
The key information of each module is shown below.
(1) STI Organization
Collects information about research organizations and research facilities in the country that areregistered as facilities that allow shared use, and users can confirm information such as institution names,
facility names, addresses, contact details, and research fields.
(2) MyHRSTI
Accumulates information about researchers engaged in research and development in government
institutions, public and private research institutions, higher education institutions, and non-governmental
institutions in Malaysia, allowing users to check their names, affiliated organizations, positions, contact
details, research fields, achievements, papers, etc.
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Trends in the Development of Advanced Research Equipment and Shared Research Facilities in ASEAN Countries(3) National Scientific Facilities and Equipment (NSFE)
NSFE is a system to encourage the sharing of facilities and equipment among the research community.
NSFE gathers information on the equipment of registered research institutions, allowing researchers to
use this system to check which shared research facility possesses the equipment they need and apply to
use it. Moreover, the government and research institutions can avoid procuring duplicates of equipment
by checking the state of equipment at nearby facilities. The information registered on NSFE is:・Facilities: Facilities that carry out R&D activities, including research laboratories, monitoring centers,
and testing institutions
・Equipment: Equipment and installations worth at least 100,000 MYR used for research, analysis,
education, experiments, investigations, etc.
・Details: Costs associated with shared use of equipment, services provided, technological advisory
services, etc.
Public research institutions and public higher education institutions are required to register theirinformation on NSFE. However, MASTIC is encouraging private research institutions and similarorganizations to participate in KRSTE. My to ensure more effective and efficient use of facilities andequipment.
(4) R&D Project Bank
This has been accumulating information on science and technology innovation projects since the Eighth
Malaysia Plan. Moreover, information regarding ongoing research and development is updated regularly
by the organizations and researchers involved, and users can check research outcomes and progress.
(5) Technology Market (TECHMart)
A system that encourages the transfer of technology to the private sector, enabling private business
operators to search for installations and technology in which they are interested by accessing thedatabase.
The KRSTE. My platform was developed in 1994 as a database to manage science and technology
facilities and research equipment. Since its development, its functions have gradually increased, and it is
now a system that encompasses information on public institutions, researchers, facilities and equipment,
projects, and patents.

4.3 State of development based on policies, etc.
As noted above, Malaysia’s public research institutions and public higher education institutions aremanaged by a platform called KRSTE. My, and are registered as shared research facilities on NSFE.
In accordance with MASTIC’s policy, there are 85 facilities registered as shared research facilities on
NSFE, including public research institutions, public universities, technical colleges, and hospitals. A list ofregistered facilities is shown below.

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Table 4-2: List of shared research facilities in Malaysia registered on NSFE (in no particular order)

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Trends in the Development of Advanced Research Equipment and Shared Research Facilities in ASEAN Countries(Created by the authors based on public information on KRSTE. My)

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4.4 Survey of major shared research facilities
The team interviewed a total of four institutions: three public research facilities registered on NSFE,
and one national university, gaining an overview of each facility and surveying the current state of affairs.

4.4.1 National Applied R&D Centre (MIMOS)
Purpose of establishing facility
MIMOS is an institution that operates on a government budget; it has multiple facilities under its
umbrella, each with advanced research equipment, and these are also open to university researchers andresearchers from private companies. One of the aims of the Centre is to provide a good quality research
environment to researchers who are unable to access advanced research equipment or advanced precisionequipment.
Assignment of personnel for facility operations
According to KRSTE. My, the number of personnel associated with this facility and its equipment
operations in February 2022 was:・Engineers: 50
・Research officers: 12
Fostering human resources associated with facility operations and the use of equipment
There are no training programs or systems for equipment operation or equipment use.
Current state of equipment
The Centre’s major research equipment is shown in the table below. It is MIMOS’responsibility tomaintain the equipment it owns. However, some equipment was purchased jointly with companies orother research institutions. This equipment is under shared management.

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Table 4-3: Representative facilities and equipment for shared use (in no particular order)

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Trends in the Development of Advanced Research Equipment and Shared Research Facilities in ASEAN Countries(Created by the authors based on public information on KRSTE. My)

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Form and scope of sharing
The Centre has ensured the shared use of its facilities and equipment from its foundation. Morespecifically, it provides equipment sharing and testing services, including for external parties. There areno limits to the scope of its sharing; researchers in Malaysia can use its facilities, as can researchers who
are members of Japanese universities.
Developing rules for shared use
There are no particular rules and anyone can apply to use equipment, etc. via NSFE. However,users must adhere to the rules of common sense. These assume that users understand how to use theequipment in question. If a license is required to handle equipment, the user must hold that license.
Usage fees are only disclosed to those who wish to use equipment, etc., but use is offered at inexpensive
rates for public benefit purposes.
Amount of money given and income/expenditure
Funding for equipment maintenance and development and facility operation is mainly from thegovernment, but the details have not been made public. Moreover, as this is a public institution, there is
no real concept of income and expenditure.
Facility operation KPI
No specific KPI have been set for the Centre, including for shared use, but contribution to the five-yearlyscience policy program determined by the government is important. There is also an awareness that theCentre plays a key role in supporting the government as an R&D center, for example by developing newtechnologies and strengthening collaboration with stakeholders.
Implementation of personnel exchanges
The Centre does not hold events or carry out initiatives to encourage shared use, but those concernedwith fostering research personnel are as follows:
・MIMOS Strategic Training. Advancement and Recognition (M*STAR)
This was introduced in 2007, and makes it possible to convert work history into credits at MIMOS, andto obtain graduate or specialist qualifications and receive compensation through the patent indemnity
system. Moreover, based on their work history, participants can apply for financial support to engage inhigher education or for programs to prove their capabilities.
・CATS (Centre of Advance Technical Skills)
This facility provides web application program development courses for graduates of public polytechnics(technical colleges). Graduates can attend diverse software engineering courses provided by MIMOS,
which enable them to build up experience before they launch their careers.
・Internships
These programs aim for undergraduate, master’s, and doctoral students to gain practical experience in
the ICT field at MIMOS. Students participate in MIMOS’internal projects via their internship, and cangain practical and learning experiences.
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Research outcomes as seen from patents and papers
The Centre does not monitor research outcomes from shared use.
In terms of outcomes as a research institution, the Centre has 2313 international patents, and 236 total
published papers (including 2 in the Science Citation Index (SCI)).
Representative research projects and the details thereof
As the Centre is a research institution that covers many fields and themes, it is difficult to selectprojects that represent it as an organization. It is engaged in diverse projects in a wide range of fields,
including renewable energy, EV, palm oil, data analysis, and online solutions.
Issues associated with facility maintenance and operations
Much of MIMOS’research equipment is hardware, and so human hands are needed for many
processes—from procurement to installation, maintenance and management. Moreover, while it takes
a long time to plan the procurement of research equipment and for it to be installed and introduced,
technology is developing at a rapid pace, so the Centre must understand changing technologies and thechanging needs of users, and handle this appropriately.
Other
The KRSTE. My platform was constructed by MIMOS. The use rate of KRSTE. My is high in MIMOS,
and it gets many applications to use equipment via NSFE. Moreover, 5-10% of MIMOS’income is basedon applications for shared use via NSFE.

4.4.2 Standard and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM)
Purpose of establishing facility
The Standard and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) is a national research anddevelopment institution established in 1975. It has research facilities for each research field, and owns
multiple research labs in Malaysia. It aims to contribute to the realization of the policies set down by thenational government by supporting advanced research and small- and medium-sized companies.
Its R&D department is divided into nine themes: industrial biotechnology, environmental technology,
mechanical technology, bio/natural gas, energy management, nano technology, sensors, biomedical
research, and smart manufacturing.
Assignment of personnel for facility operations
According to KRSTE. My, SIRIM had the following personnel involved in research in February 2022.
・Technicians: 106
・Technical executives: 91
・Engineers: 24・Engineering coordinators: 3
・Measurers: 5
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・Researchers: 84
・Research analysts: 19
・Analysis consultants: 11
・Lecturers: 2
Fostering human resources associated with facility operations and the use of equipment
The management and operation of facilities and research equipment is chiefly carried out by
researchers.
Current state of equipment (major research equipment)
Research facilities and major research equipment are as follows (in no particular order):■ Industrial Biotechnology Research Centre
・HPLC
・Laser particle size/distribution analyzer (Beckman Coulter (US); LS100Q)■ Environmental Technology Research Centre
・GC/MS・ICP spectrometer・Ion chromatography
・Mercury analysis equipment
・Element analysis equipment (Elementar (Germany); Vario EL III)■ Advanced Materials Testing Laboratory
・XRD
Form and scope of sharing
SIRIM normally provides standardized support for companies and testing services. It also ensures its
facilities are open and available for shared use to make effective use of its assets, including researchequipment.
There are no limits to the scope of its sharing. On top of researchers from universities and publicresearch institutions, people associated with private companies can also make use of its equipment,
etc. Researchers who are members of Japanese universities and similar organizations may also use its
equipment, etc., and there are past examples of them doing just that.
Developing rules for shared use
When using facilities and equipment, researchers must submit an agreement concerning facility use.
The agreement consists of general information, such as the assignment of responsibility in the case of an
accident.

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Amount of money given and income/expenditure
When obtaining and maintaining research equipment, SIRIM uses its own income, such as that frompatents, receiving no grants from the government. Its income and expenditure information has not been
disclosed.
Facility operation KPIThere are over 30 KPI associated with facility operation, but none concerning the shared use of
equipment such as the operating ratio or user numbers. There is an awareness that staying in the blackand the commercialization of research are particularly important KPI.
Implementation of personnel exchanges
As increasing its income and staying in the black are key goals for SIRIM, it carries out a varietyof personnel exchanges at both regional and national levels. This includes those with universities andcompanies. In addition to events held by SIRIM, it also often co-sponsors events held by other institutions.
More specifically, it proactively introduces research outcomes to promote commercialization. In recent
years, these activities have been centered on webinars.
Research outcomes as seen from patents and papers
Facilities and equipment within this organization have been available for shared use for a long time, so
it is difficult to specify information about relevant patents and papers with a focus on shared use. SIRIM’s
outcomes as an organization are shown below. The top three papers by number of citations are also
shown in Table 3-4.
・International patents: 130
・Total published papers: 312; number listed in SCI: 0
Representative research projects and the details thereof
In recent years, biotechnology for industrial use has been a priority area. SIRIM is involved in numerous
projects for the development of new cosmetics products—for example, developing products using
rambutan skin.
Issues associated with facility maintenance and operations
As an organization, it is important for SIRIM to commercialize its research projects and improve its
profitability through successful commercialization; it is not aware of any major issues in terms of sharedresearch facilities and their operation. To achieve commercialization, there is a need to understand market
trends, and so SIRIM must obtain the research equipment needed according to trends in a timely manner.

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Table 4-4: Representative examples of papers(Created by the authors based on RISS. Information accurate as of March 9, 2022)

4.4.3 Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT)
Purpose of establishing facility
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) is Malaysia’s marine research institution, and was established
as a research lab under the government. It has been converted to a university, and is engaged in researchand education that focuses on fields related to the ocean. Most of the equipment in the university’s
facilities is available for shared use.
Assignment of personnel for facility operations
UMT has multiple facilities, and equipment in each facility is available for shared use. As staff arepresent in each facility, the team were not able to accurately grasp the total number of people involved.
People connected to facilities are managed in three categories—researchers, users, and managers—but
there are some cases in which researchers are categorized as users.
The Central Service Center is responsible for the overall management of shared research facilities. This
Center maintains and manages equipment in an appropriate manner, and encourages sharing, with theaim of providing access to advanced research equipment for researchers inside and outside of UMT while
keeping costs down. It also hopes to improve the quality of research both in UMT and outside it as aresult.
Fostering human resources associated with facility operations and the use of equipment
In the past, UMT had sufficient budget, and so it hired external specialists as staff to manage andoperate equipment. However, UMT no longer has that financial leeway, and so it outsources to specialist
organizations such as vendors, and internal staff operate equipment with vendor support.
As yet, there are no clear programs or systems to foster human resources associated with facility
operations and the use of equipment.
Current state of equipment (major research equipment)
The following is a list of the university’s research facilities and the major research equipment installed
there (in no particular order).
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Trends in the Development of Advanced Research Equipment and Shared Research Facilities in ASEAN Countries■F aculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics (Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Kelautan
dan Informatik)
・FT-IR・Benchtop X-Ray Diffractometer（XRD）
・Gas chromatography (GC)■ Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science (Fakulti Perikanan dan Sains Makanan)
・FT-IR Spectrometer
・ICP-OES (ICP spectrometer)・HPLC
・Texture Analyzer
・DSC■ Centre of Research Field Service (Pusat Perkhidmatan Penyelidikan dan Lapangan)
・GC/MS・HPLC・Ion chromatography
・Total organic carbon/total nitrogen automatic measuring equipment
・Specific surface area/pore size distribution measuring device
・TGA/DSC■ Institute of Marine Biotechnology
・FT-IR
・HPLC
・Real-time PCR・Bioanalysis equipment (PROKARYOTE)
・Bioanalysis equipment (EUKARYOTE)■ Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries
・Automatic particle sampling system
Form and scope of sharing
In terms of the form of sharing, the use of facilities and equipment has been open ever since UMT’s
establishment. Moreover, with regard to the scope of sharing, its facilities and equipment are open toall, regardless of whether the user is a corporation or individual, and regardless of their nationality.
Researchers who are members of Japanese institutions may also make use of UMT’s facilities andequipment. There are three sharing methods:
・Shared use of equipment (The cases of use have increased in the last five years. Labs have also been
established with the goal of joint research.)
・Provision of testing services
・Borrowing and leasing equipment

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Developing rules for shared use
UMT manages its facilities based on ISO17025 (an international standard for joint research anddevelopment) and its internal rules and standards.
UMT’s internal users are split into the following categories:
・Teaching & Learning (no usage fee): Use of equipment, etc. by UMT students as part of theireducation.
・R&D (usage fee): Use of equipment, etc. by university researchers for the purpose of research.
・T echnology Educator Consultants (usage fee): Staff known as TECs provide support for using
equipment and testing support in response to requests from students, researchers, etc.
The university confirms the content of the applications of external users, and evaluates whether they
are suitable to be users of its facilities and equipment. Permission to use facilities and equipment is issued
if the applicant passes the evaluation (the evaluation standards have not been published). Anyone engaged
in joint research with a UMT researcher is considered to be a UMT internal researcher. Usage fees vary
according to the research theme, equipment used, and affiliation; there are no clear standards.
Amount of money given and income/expenditure
Around one third of the facility budget is used for facility maintenance and to procure, maintain, andmanage research equipment.
Facility operation KPI
UMT’s key goals include expanding the services it provides to users while adhering to ISO17025, andmaking effective use of UMT assets to generate income.
Implementation of personnel exchanges
UMT does not hold seminars or events to promote the shared use of equipment. From the perspective ofresearch, joint research by individual researchers is being carried out, as is joint research with Malaysian
universities and international joint research with foreign universities. Notably, there has been an increasein joint research outside of universities since around 2020; in the last five years, the establishment oflaboratories and the number of cases of people engaging in shared use of research equipment with the aimof joint research have also increased. On the other hand, exchanges with private institutions are limited.
In the past, UMT received support from JICA to purchase a ship. Exchanges also take place throughstudy abroad programs with universities in Hokkaido and Kyushu, which are strong in marine research.
Research outcomes as seen from patents and papers
The university’s facilities and equipment have been available for shared use for a long time, so it isdifficult to specify information about relevant patents and papers with a focus on shared use. UMT’s
outcomes as a university are shown below. The top three papers by number of citations are also shown in
the table below.
・International patents: 55
・Total published papers: 5036; 31 of these listed in SCIJST Asia and Pacific Research Center

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Table 4-5: Representative examples of papers from UMT(Created by the authors based on RISS. Information accurate as of March 9, 2022)

Issues associated with facility maintenance and operations
The aging of facilities and equipment is an issue. Due to budget constraints, it is difficult for UMT tomaintain existing research equipment, let alone obtain new equipment. As they are facilities that areavailable for the shared use of research equipment, including for external researchers, these should bemaintained so the equipment can be used at any time.

4.4.4 Department of Chemistry Malaysia (KIMIA)
Purpose of establishing facility
The Department of Chemistry Malaysia (Jabatan KIMIA Malaysia (KIMIA)) is a technical agency that
falls under MOSTI. It was established to provide testing and analysis, quality control and research, andchemical training for public institutions and private companies. It now has offices in 14 states and federal
territories, including Kedah, Pulau Pinang, Melaka, and Johor, and mainly provides services in each area.
One of this organization’s aims is to provide research infrastructure to researchers who are unable toaccess advanced research equipment, etc., and it offers support for research in different regional facilities.
Assignment of personnel for facility operations
There is a total of around 1,200 staff members in the organization as a whole.
Fostering human resources associated with facility operations and the use of equipment
The training department provides on-demand education to foster human resources. This includes
content that covers equipment management and how to use it. The content of the training provided varies
depending on the degrees and experience of the participants.
Securing human resources who can handle equipment is an issue, and KIMIA is proactively developing
its training programs from the perspective of fostering human resources.
Current state of equipment (major research equipment)
The major research equipment in each facility is listed below.

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Table 4-6: Representative shared research equipment (in no particular order)(Created by the authors based on public information on KRSTE. My)

Form and scope of sharing
KIMIA’
s sharing takes the form of openness. As a nation, Malaysia is promoting the sharing of researchequipment. Users must pay a set fee when using equipment.
There are no limits to the scope of sharing; any researcher, including those from public institutions,private companies, domestic institutions and foreign institutions, can access equipment. There are no
particular qualifications or conditions for use.
Service requests are the main form of use by researchers, etc. from outside the organization. KIMIA
has relatively new and advanced research equipment, but rather than researchers wanting to use itthemselves for investigations, there is a greater need for the use of services that produce fast results.

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Developing rules for shared use
Government institutions and research institutions that sign an MOU (Memorandum of Understanding)can make use of shared research facilities without any limitations. Moreover, government institutions andpublic institutions can use equipment free of charge. Meanwhile, other institutions can use equipment after
sending an application letter and receiving permission from the institution in question. They must also pay
a usage fee based on the price set by the institution in question.
Amount of money given and income/expenditureThis is not public information and cannot be disclosed.
Facility operation KPIThere are no KPI associated with sharing, using, or maintaining research equipment, or any similar
activities.
Implementation of personnel exchanges
There are no particular personnel exchanges associated with shared use.
Research outcomes as seen from patents and papers
This is not an institution that is focused on research; its main objective is providing support according to
the needs of researchers and companies, so outcomes such as research papers are limited.
Issues associated with facility maintenance and operations
When it comes to research equipment, there is a need to replace aging equipment and procure new
equipment, but there is a lack of funding and a lack of personnel, as well as a lack of operational andmanagement know-how, all of which are issues.

References/bibliography
・K ementerian Sains, Teknologi & Inovasi (2020)「DASAR SAINS, TEKNOLOGI DAN INOVASINEGARA 2021-2030」, https://www.mosti.gov.my/en/dstin/・Kementerian Sains, Teknologi & Inovasi (2020)「BELANJAWAN 2021 KEMENTERIAN SAINS,TEKNOLOGI DAN INOVASI, 2020. 11.」・K e m e n t e r i a n S a i n s , T e k n o l o g i & I n o v a s i ( 2 0 0 9 ) 「 I N T E L L E C T U A L P R O P E R T Y
COMMERCIALISATION POLICY FOR RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT (R&D) PROJECTSFUNDED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA」, http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/wp-content/
uploads/2020/01/3.-Intellectual-Property-Commercialisation-Policy-for-RD-English.pdf
・Kementerian Sains, Teknologi & Inovasi (2021)「KOMPENDIUM PROJEK R&D MOSTI RmKe-11 (SIRI1)」, https://www.mosti.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/repository/penerbitan/2021/Kompendium%20
Projek%20R&D%20MOSTI,%20RMKe-11%20(Siri%201).pdf
・KEMENTERIAN SAINS, TEKNOLOGI DAN INOVASI/KENYATAAN MEDIA (2021)「MATLAMATJST Asia and Pacific Research Center

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MENJADIKAN MALAYSIA SEBUAH NEGARA~BERTEKNOLOGI TINGGI MENJELANG TAHUN
2030」, https://www.mosti.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/SIARAN-MEDIA-REAKSI-YBMMOSTI-MALAYSIA-NEGARA-BERTEKNOLOGI-TINGGI-MENJELANG-2030.pdf
・Academy of Sciences Malaysia 2020 (2020)「10-10 Malaysian Science, Technology, Innovation andEconomy (MySTIE) Framework ~ Trailblazing the Way for Prosperity, Societal Well-Being & Global
Competitiveness」, https://www.akademisains.gov.my/10-10-mystie/・K ementerian Sains, Teknologi & Inovasi (2005)「MALAYSIA'S S& T POLICY FOR THE 21st
CENTURY」
・Kementerian Sains, Teknologi & Inovasi (N.D.), https://www.mosti.gov.my/・Malaysian Science and Technology Information Centre (N.D.)「Portal MASTIC」, https://mastic.mosti.
gov.my/・Malaysian Science and Technology Information Centre (N.D.)「KRSTE. My」, https://KRSTE. My/
・MIMOS Berhad – National Applied R&D Centre (N.D.), http://www.mimos.my・SIRIM Berhad (N.D.), https://www.sirim.my/・UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU (N.D.), https://www.umt.edu.my/・JABATAN KIMIA MALAYSIA (N.D.), https://www.kimia.gov.my/

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5 Country survey: Republic of thePhilippines
5.1 Basic information on science and technology policies
According to UNESCO statistics data from 2015, GERD (Gross Expenditure on R&D) as a percentage of
GDP in the Philippines is small: around 0.2%. On the other hand, there is an awareness of the importanceof science and technological development, and at the start of the 2000s, the government established a longterm plan: the National Science and Technology Plan for 2001-2020 (NSTP 2020). NSTP 2020 noted that
there was a call for“S&T [science and technology] to be the foundation of future economic development”;
the plan also stated the importance of macroeconomic stability with equitable growth based on freeenterprise, agriculture, and fisheries modernization with social equity, comprehensive human development,
and good governance, as well as noting the research and development (R&D), technology transfer, humanresources development, S&T promotion, information dissemination and advocacy, and linkaging or
networking needed to achieve this. The goals of NSTP 2020 were:Developing human resources
・Increasing the number of scientists to 380 per million people;
・Providing various benefits to science and research personnel who return to the country from overseas.
Strengthening relevant infrastructure (R&D contributions, etc.)
・Providing support to enhance R&D capabilities in regional universities (Niche Centers in the Regions(NICER)) based on the Science for Change program;・Providing research funding in cooperation with the Commission on Higher Education (CHED).
Support for technological innovation
・Ensuring financial support to increase technological capabilities through a support program thatenhances the technical capabilities of small- and medium-sized companies (the Small Enterprises
Technology Upgrading Program (SETUP));・Focusing efforts on increasing the number of weather observatories and Doppler radars to innovate
technology to prevent natural disasters, and providing programs, etc. to prevent landslides.
NSTP 2020 has finished, and many of its set goals were reached, including a substantial increase in thenumber of scientists. However, it cannot yet be said that science and technology and research investment
levels are adequate, and so the government has established its next long-term plan, AmBisyon Natin 2040,
for further science and technology development. When it comes to the state’s integrated foundational
research agenda, this long-term plan has set healthcare; farming, fisheries, and natural resources; industry,
energy, and new technologies; reduced risk of disaster; and adaptation to climate change, etc. as themes
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in key sectors. Moreover, the following key agendas have been established to realize the AmBisyon Natin
2040 roadmap:
1. R&D for solutions to urgent issues.
2. R&D to improve productivity.
3. R&D to use and manage potential resources.
4. R&D to develop new technology for the national interest.
5. The reduction of climate change and disaster risks.
6. Technology transfer and commercialization using R&D outcomes.
7. Support for the production sector (the manufacturing industry).
8. More advanced facilities and the improvement of science and technology services (strengthening
regional infrastructure/facilities/R&D, etc. through funding support).
9. Developing human resources for science and technology.
10. Collaboration with regional areas (collaboration with regional science and technology universities,
improving the capabilities of regional science and technology universities).
11. Cooperation between industry, universities, and international institutions (co-laboratories).
In the Philippines, basic plans are established by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST),
which is responsible for implementing and overseeing science and technology policy. DOST executes 20–
30% of the government’s total budget for R&D. Departments other than DOST have their own, separate
research budgets, including the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), Department of Agriculture(DA), Department of Health, Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), and Departmentof Transportation and Communications (DOTC); they promote science and technology through theinstitutions under their respective umbrellas. Moreover, CHED has functions to draft policies and plansfor higher education, and ensures coordination with research and development projects carried out by
universities. Specialist schools and universities that carry out research in the Philippines collaborate withcommittees under the Science and Technology Coordinating Council (STCC) to undertake initiatives basedon key research fields in the Philippines. STCC also possesses functions to coordinate between government
departments and sectors associated with science and technology activities; its role is to develop programs
to solve special science and technology concerns by establishing state coordination councils for different
sectors as needed.

5.2 Policy/funding survey
DOST’s policies regarding advanced research equipment within the Philippines are shown in the tablebelow. There are several funding programs, but when it comes to funding for obtaining and maintaining
equipment, it should be noted that there are also programs associated with other government departments
in addition to the programs funded by DOST.

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Table 5-1: Policies and programs associated with advanced research equipment(Created by the authors based on the content of each program)Shared research facilities are broadly divided into those associated with DOST and those associated with
DTI. The facilities associated with DOST consist of public research institutions and national universities.
One designated condition for receiving a subsidy when establishing a new research center or facility withequipment in a university or similar institution is that said center or facility serves as a shared researchfacility. Regardless of policy support, in many cases equipment owned by public research institutions
and national universities is open to other universities and external researchers in accordance with theirwishes, and a lot of institutions have become open in a practical sense.
Meanwhile, shared research facilities associated with DTI aim to develop small- and medium-sizedcompanies and strengthen the country’s industrial foundation, and consist of facilities that are assumed
to create prototypes and carry out experiments to enable small- and medium-sized companies to develop
their products and services. These facilities are known as Fablabs/co-working spaces or Shared Service
Facility for MSMEs [micro, small and medium enterprises], and maintain the fundamental equipment
needed by small- and medium-sized companies. Consequently, there were differences in the specifications
and user affiliations of the equipment and facilities surveyed for this report. Since 2013, DTI has spentover 3 billion PHP to operate over 3,000 of these facilities.

5.3 State of development based on policies, etc.
The following six facilities are associated with DOST and have publicly declared themselves open to
shared use.
Table 5-2: List of shared research facilities in the Philippines (in no particular order)(Created by the authors)

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These shared research facilities consist of open facilities and research facilities. Below is an example of a
facility overview. The details of the facilities will be given in the next section.
Industrial Technology Development Institute – Material Science Facilities
These are shared research facilities maintained by a public research institution on the assumption they
will be subject to shared use; their goals include research and development in the surface engineeringand special materials fields, technology transfer, technological support for the world of industry, and theprovision of specialist knowledge. In addition to researchers who are members of the research institution,other researchers can also use the equipment and analysis services by paying a set fee.

5.4 Survey of major shared research facilities
The team carried out interviews at the Advanced Science and Technology Institute (ASTI) and the
University of the Philippines’Philippine Genome Center Visayas and Philippine Genome Center Mindanao,
which are public research facilities under DOST, gaining an overview of each facility and surveying theirpractices.

5.4.1 Advanced Science and Technology Institute (ASTI)
Purpose of establishing facility
ASTI is a research institution under DOST, established in 1987. DOST covers seven research fields, andASTI’s research is mainly focused on the fields of electronic materials and digital content.
Assignment of personnel for facility operations
ASTI’s staff consists of a total of around 200 personnel; approximately 15 staff members are responsiblefor its shared facilities.
Fostering human resources associated with facility operations and the use of equipment
The government recognizes the importance of developing human resources who can operate researchequipment in an appropriate way, and there are around 20 staff members who specialize in usage support
for research equipment and human resources development.
Current state of equipment (major research equipment)
ASTI’s major research equipment is listed below, in no particular order:■ EPDC Lab (PCB testing/manufacturing equipment)
・3D printer・3D scanner (LMI Technologies (Canada); HDI100 Series)
・3D scanning software (LMI Technologies (Canada))■ EPDC Lab (electromagnetic compatibility testing equipment)
・EMC testing equipment
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Trends in the Development of Advanced Research Equipment and Shared Research Facilities in ASEAN Countries■ EPDC Lab (parametric testing equipment)
・Handheld XRF
・Signal analyzer
・Vector signal generator
Form and scope of sharing
Since its foundation, one of ASTI’s goals has been to provide good-quality research opportunities andenvironments for universities and companies that face difficulties obtaining/maintaining advanced researchequipment.
With regard to the scope of sharing, ASTI’s facilities and equipment may be used for the research
objectives of private companies, as well as those of researchers in universities or research institutions.
Researchers who are members of foreign research institutions can also make use of them. In the past,
joint research with European research institutions was carried out using the equipment in these facilities.
More recently, there has been increased use by researchers who are members of private universities.
There have also been many cases of use by private operators with regard to electronics testing.
Developing rules for shared use
There are no clear rules, and no set usage fees. Users must contact a representative to apply to use
ASTI’
s facilities. In many cases, a researcher affiliated with a university or similar organization who
is using the facilities for academic or research purposes does so without charge. However, if special
conditions are required, or the user is a private operator, they pay an appropriate cost. Although there isa fee, the cost is low when compared to the price of outsourcing to a private operator.
Research on high performance computing is also a field of focus, and if there is a need for a researcher
to use facilities or equipment for this, a research environment is provided free of charge.
Amount of money given and income/expenditure
The funding to operate ASTI’s facilities is entirely obtained via grants from the government. The
budget is organized through discussion with the Department of Finance. ASTI’s budget in FY2022 isaround 8.7 million USD; of this, around half—4.5 million USD—is being spent in connection with facilities (forexample facility maintenance and equipment maintenance and development).
Facility operation KPIASTI has no KPI as a shared research facility. It is operated based on government budget grants, andso no incentives are provided through achievement. As a research institution, however, ASTI’s KPI
include proactive international cooperation and the formation of research partnerships, and the number of
research papers.
Implementation of personnel exchanges
There are no particular events or programs concerning shared use, but ASTI does exert itself withregard to international joint research, focusing on exchanges between researchers. Among these are many
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researchers who have obtained their bachelor’s, master’s, or graduate degrees in East Asia, Europe, or
elsewhere. With regard to Japan, there are a lot of scholars who visit Hokkaido University.
Research outcomes as seen from patents and papers
ASTI’s research outcomes as an institution are as follows. Although this is unrelated to shared use,
a list of representative examples of papers from this institution with high numbers of citations is also
included below.
・International patents: 4・Total papers published: 110
Table 5-3: Representative examples of papers from ASTI

(Created by the authors based on Google Scholar. Information accurate as of March 31, 2022)

Issues associated with facility maintenance and operations
ASTI does not have sufficient budget, and so there are concerns about ensuring the budget for
procuring new equipment and maintaining existing equipment. Thus, it cannot be said that the models,
specifications, and maintenance of the current research equipment in its facilities are adequate.
Another issue is researchers leaving (changing occupation). There is an awareness of the importanceof setting up enriched research environments, etc. not only to gain new researchers but to ensure thatcurrent researchers continue their research for a long period of time.

5.4.2 University of the Philippines – Philippine Genome Center Visayas (PGC
Visayas)Purpose of establishing facility
The University of the Philippines is a national research university with multiple campuses aroundthe country; of these, four campuses have research centers. These research centers consist of genomics
research centers, molecular biology centers, and regional research centers, among others. There are labsthat fall under the umbrella of each research center, including labs for materials science, nanotechnology,
biology, chemistry, and microbiology. The Philippine Genome Center Visayas (PGC Visayas) wasestablished as a facility in 2019, and offers equipment sharing and testing services not only to researchers
who are members of the University of the Philippines, but also to external researchers. The majority of
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users are researchers in the Visayas area, and the equipment, etc. is used by researchers from around 30
universities.
Assignment of personnel for facility operations
PGC Visayas consists of a total of 27 people. Around three quarters of these are researchers, andbesides their research, they are engaged in the general work of operating the Center, including managing
facilities and research equipment, training, and providing different types of service. The remaining quarterare administrative staff.
Fostering human resources associated with facility operations and the use of equipment
There is a training department within the Center, which provides training on the use of researchequipment. This training is split into introductory training and practical training, and provided inaccordance with the proficiency levels of the people who are going to use the research equipment.
Current state of equipment (examples of equipment for shared use)
PGC Visayas’major research equipment is listed below, in no particular order:
・Automatic sampling equipment for cells, etc. (Thermo Fisher Scientific (US); Kingfisher Duo Prime)
・Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies (US))
・Flow cytometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific (US); Attune NxT)・Real-time PCR (Bio-Rad (US); CFX96 Touch)Form and scope of sharing
PGC Visayas accepts funding for the benefit of the public from governmental funding institutions on thecondition that its facilities have shared usage functions. The concept of sharing equipment owned by auniversity is a general one, and so ensuring PGC Visayas has shared usage functions was not a hurdle.
There are no limits to the scope of sharing. The facilities and equipment are mainly used by national
public universities and governmental institutions within the country, but are available for all researchers,
including those from private universities, private research institutions, and foreign universities.
Developing rules for shared use
As stated above, all researchers can make use of the Center’s facilities. However, there are usage
fee categories—generally an MOU that sets out specific conditions of use is signed and documented
in advance to ensure that inexpensive usage fees (special fees) are applied to a university or research
institution. After this agreement is signed, the user submits their application, including the details of theirresearch and the equipment they expect to use. Based on this application, researchers are given training
in advance on how to use the equipment. Users of the facility are obligated to undergo this training.
The fees for shared use and testing services are inexpensive compared to other institutions. If an MOU
is signed, further discounts are applied.

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Amount of money given and income/expenditure
PGC Visayas is given around 100 million PHP, and around 7.5% of this is used to purchase, maintain,
manage, and operate facility research equipment.
PGC Visayas’income/expenditure is in the red. However, this Center was established in 2019 and so
is comparatively new, meaning that this is not currently considered to be a major issue. PGC Visayas
has most recently prioritized the construction of relationships with research partners. Nonetheless, it isimportant that its accounts move into the black in the medium and long term.
Facility operation KPIKPI related to the shared use of equipment include the number of MOUs signed with universities andother organizations making use of shared research facilities, and the number of clients the Center secures,such as private companies using testing services.
However, very little time has passed since the Center was established, and currently there are moredebates about the satisfaction of the researchers using the Center than about achieving KPI. PGC Visayas
is surveying the satisfaction levels of researchers using its facilities, working to understand users’
opinions and carrying out initiatives to make improvements.
Implementation of personnel exchanges
PGC Visayas has no direct initiatives, but DOST has a foreign exchange system; it invites foreign
researchers and provides affiliated researchers with experiences in institutions overseas.
Outside of the above program, joint research is being carried out with foreign universities at the levelof individual researchers—an example of the creation of a network between PGC Visayas and foreign
institutions.
Research outcomes as seen from patents and papers
As PGC Visayas was established in 2019, it has not yet achieved any major outcomes.
Representative research projects and the details thereof
As stated above, the Center has not realized any clear outcomes. It is working on research concerning
variations of COVID-19 together with the Philippines’Insurance Commission and national research
institutions, and the team anticipates that this will become representative research.
Issues associated with facility maintenance and operations
PGC Visayas’budget for purchasing and maintaining research equipment cannot be said to be adequate,
and its top issue is acquiring funding. Another issue is obtaining and training experienced technicians who
can handle newly added equipment.

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5.4.3 University of the Philippines – Philippine Genome Center Mindanao (PGC
Mindanao)
Purpose of establishing facility
The Philippine Genome Center Mindanao of the University of the Philippines (PGC Mindanao) is also
an omics research center, similar to PGC Visayas. In addition to engaging in research as a center, it wasestablished to provide a research environment for researchers and organizations in need of research
infrastructure. External researchers and others can use its facilities and equipment by signing an MOU
with PGC Mindanao.
Assignment of personnel for facility operations
PGC Mindanao has approximately 10 regular staff members; managers are assigned to each piece ofequipment and are responsible for overseeing the equipment in question. Research staff are hired fromoutside the Center as needed in accordance with the characteristics of its research projects. Research staff
are considered to be irregular members of staff.
Fostering human resources associated with facility operations and the use of equipment
Equipment training is provided for undergraduates so they can learn how to use the equipment.
Researchers who are engaged in joint research with PGC Mindanao and other facility users may
participate in these programs if they wish to.
Similar to PGC Visayas, equipment users must attend training in advance.
Current state of equipment (major research equipment)
PGC Mindanao’s major research equipment is listed below, in no particular order.
・Next-generation sequencer (NGS) (lllumina (US); NextSeq 1000)
・Next-generation sequencer (NGS) (lllumina (US); iSeq 100)
・DNA sequencer (Thermo Fisher Scientific (US); SeqStudio)
・Real-time PCR (Thermo Fisher Scientific (US); QuantStudio)
・Flow cytometer
Form and scope of sharing
PGC Mindanao was established as a facility, and one of its aims is to share its research infrastructurewith the area. There are no limits to the scope of sharing, but its equipment is mainly used by Filipino
universities, research centers, and government institutions (agricultural, biotechnology, etc.) It is open to
researchers who are members of private companies or foreign research institutions, but the effects of
COVID-19 have caused its use by foreign researchers to decline sharply.
If a researcher wants to use PGC Mindanao’s facilities and research equipment, their affiliatedinstitution must sign an MOU or a contract concerning research cooperation with PGC Mindanao.

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Developing rules for shared use
With regard to the application process to use PGC Mindanao’s facilities, after the MOU, etc. is signed,
the person who wants to use the facilities must send an application form to and obtain permission fromthe person in charge of PGC Mindanao (its director); the form includes their research goals, an overview,
and information on the research equipment, etc. required. Applications are generally sent by email, butthere are no particular restrictions, so it is possible to apply by speaking to the director face-to-face.
The signing of an MOU is the basic condition for the use of facilities and research equipment, but PGC
Mindanao does sometimes receive requests to use equipment to handle short-term research projects or
to create reports. In these cases, researchers can use the equipment without an MOU, but this is not the
norm.
When it comes to rules of use, there are safety regulations for the facility as a whole, which must be
observed. In addition, there are rules of use for each piece of equipment, and so researchers must attend
an explanation of these rules from the manager of the equipment and ensure they are followed.
Amount of money given and income/expenditureThis differs every year, but in the first half of this year PGC Mindanao received around 30 million PHP.
If there are no unusual fluctuations, it will receive the same amount in the second half of the year. Around
10% of the money received is used to purchase and maintain research equipment. Very little time has
passed since the Center was established, so its expenses are large compared to its income from external
use.
Facility operation KPIPGC Mindanao’s KPI have not been made public, but its major aims are as follows:
・To contribute to the nation’s focus fields for research and to undertake research projects;
・To foster and produce the researchers of the future;
・To work with many different researchers by sharing the Center’s infrastructure.
Implementation of personnel exchanges
There are no particular exchanges, but vendors regularly hold training for equipment, and staff are sent
to these sessions.
Research outcomes as seen from patents and papers
・International patents: 0; Total papers published: 3・The top three papers by number of citations are shown below.

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Table 5-4: Representative examples of papers from PGC Mindanao(Created by the authors based on RISS. Information accurate as of March 30, 2022)

Issues associated with facility maintenance and operations
There are issues with acquiring government funding that can be used to purchase equipment. Compared
to its sister facilities on the main island, PGC Mindanao has a poorer budget and equipment, so there is a
desire to enrich its facilities and equipment as joint infrastructure.

References/bibliography
・Science and Technology Cluster College of Science – National Institute of Molecular Biology andBiotechnology(CS-NIMBB) (2020)「External Service」
・Department of Science and Technology Philippine (N.D.)「Advanced Science and Technology Institute,
Electronics Product Development Center」, https://asti.dost.gov.ph/projects/epdc/
・Embassy of the Republic of Korea in the Republic of the Philippines (2019)「Philippine Department of
Science (DOST) Investment Attraction Expansion Campaign」, https://overseas.mofa.go.kr/ph-ko/brd/
m_3645/view.do?seq=1345485&srchFr=&amp;srchTo=&amp;srchWord=&amp;srchTp=&amp;multi_
itm_seq=0&amp;itm_seq_1=0&amp;itm_seq_2=0&amp;company_cd=&amp;company_nm=
・Department of Science and Technology Philippine (N.D.), https://s4cp.dost.gov.ph/resources/
・Department of Science and Technology Philippine (N.D.)「DOST LAUNCHES NEW R&D CENTERS
IN THE REGIONS」, https://www.dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/news/72-2021-news/2471-dostlaunches-new-r-d-centers-in-the-regions.html
・Department of Trade and Industry Philippine (N.D.),「Shared Service Facilities“Shared Success for
Filipino MSMEs」, https://www.dti.gov.ph/negosyo/shared-service-facilities/
・Department of Science and Technology Philippine (2017)「HARMONIZED NATIONAL RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT AGENDA 2017-2022」
・P hilippine council for Industry(N.D.) 「Energy, and Emerging Technology Research And
Development(DOST-PCIEERD)」, https://pcieerd.dost.gov.ph/supported-programs-projects/strategicthrusts-and-programs/238-support-for-research-development
・P hilippine council for Industry(N.D.) 「Energy, and Emerging Technology Research And
Development(DOST-PCIEERD)」, https://pcieerd.dost.gov.ph/library/road-maps#policy-coordinationand-monitoring-division-roadmap
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・Science For Change (2021),「Center For Mollusk Research and Development|NICER」, https://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=ieg9AUyd-PA
・Philippine Genome Center Visayas (2022)「EQUIPMENT USE WITHOUT CONSUMABLES」
・University of the Philippines (2019)「UP inaugurates Genomics facility」
・Philippine Genome Center Mindanao (N.D.), https://pgc.upmin.edu.ph/home/quotation-form/servicesand-equipment/・Industrial Technology Development Institute (N.D.), https://itdi.dost.gov.ph/index.php/facilities-andservices
・Science and Technology Cluster College of Science (N.D.)「National Institute of Molecular Biology andBiotechnology(CS-NIMBB) (2020), External Service」
・Department of Science and Technology, Advanced Science and Technology Institute (N.D.)「Electronics
Product Development Center」, https://asti.dost.gov.ph/projects/epdc/

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6. Country survey: Republic of Singapore
6.1 Basic information on science and technology policies
The Republic of Singapore (Singapore) has no resources, and science and technology have traditionallybeen acknowledged as the keys to national success and survival. The National Science and Technology
Board (NSTB) was established in 1991, and launched the first five-year National Technology Plan;in January 2002, NSTB was renamed the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR).
A*STAR’s mission is to develop Singapore’s science, technology and engineering capabilities to promoteeconomic growth in the country, and it is assigned some of the National Science and Technology Planbudget to achieve this. The Research, Innovation and Enterprise Council (RIEC) was set up in 2006, taking
over the function of drafting the strategic direction of national research and development. Moreover, theNational Research Foundation (NRF), also set up in that same year (2006), was established as a funding
institution that coordinates between relevant institutions and provides capital for strategic research anddevelopment initiatives, with the goal of realizing the national research strategy set by the RIEC.
The Research, Innovation and Enterprise Plans (RIE) created every five years serve as guidelines topromote a knowledge-intensive economy led by innovation, with the aims of building a strong base ofscientists, engineers, and technicians; promoting economic and corporate change; and creating economic
value chains. Currently, activities are being developed in accordance with RIE2025 (2021–2025).
Singapore’s science and technology investment has a limited budget; to make maximum use of this,the country emphasizes practicality as an output. Thus, priority areas are decided based on whether
they will lead to future promotion of industry, whether there is a possibility of creating high-addedvalue employment, and similar considerations. The government’s basic policy is to provide concentrated
research funding as an incentive, and, at the same time, ensure policy support to encourage investment
from foreign-funded companies and excellent human resources. As a result, their presence has been
established in areas such as the biomedical and electronics fields, and both industry promotion and job
creation have become a reality.
There are also cases in which needs and opportunities not anticipated in the national science andtechnology plans have suddenly become apparent as a result of the rapidly changing business environment
and evolution of technology. To deal with these opportunities, the government has incorporated a WhiteSpace funding framework in its investment plans, making it possible to respond rapidly when new priority
matters arise. Examples of this include the use of White Space funding for cybersecurity and investmentin the production of foodstuffs to improve the degree of self-reliance.
The priority issues of Singapore’s national science technology plans and changes in priority investment
fields are shown in the table below.

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Table 6-1: Changing national science and technology plans/Research, Innovation and Enterprise plans(Created by the authors based on national science and technology plans/ Research, Innovation and Enterprise plans)

In the most recent plan, RIE2025, there are no changes in policies for concentrated funding for strategic
fields that aim to create new growth opportunities in light of national needs and future issues. On theother hand, there are some researchers who have raised doubts concerning research and investment
policies that are too skewed toward utilitarianism; RIE2025 also includes points concerning handling awider range of research needs and strengthening basic research.
Based on RIE2025, the Singapore government’s R&D investment should be around 1% of its annual
gross domestic product (GDP) between 2021 and 2025. The aim is to realize 25 billion SGD of R&D
investment during the period covered by the plan by making the most of the outcomes of government
investment incentives. The amount Singapore spends on R&D increases each year; the breakdown isgenerally 60% private and 40% public. The amount of R&D investment from the government is increasing
as a proportion of total R&D spending.
On the other hand, looking at investment in assets, including research equipment, the team found that inabout 2010 the amount spent was over 10% of R&D investment, but since 2017 it has stayed in the rangeof around 7%. Although the amount of R&D investment is increasing, asset investment is not changing agreat deal, so the proportion of asset investment is decreasing as a percentage of the whole.
An overview of RIE2025 and its different statistics are shown in the figures below.

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Trends in the Development of Advanced Research Equipment and Shared Research Facilities in ASEAN Countries[Overview of RIE2025][Breakdown of the RIE2025 investment plan][Changes in Singapore’s research and development costs and facility investment]

Figure 6-1: Overview of RIE2025(Created by the authors based on RIE2025 and data from the Department of Statistics, Singapore)

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6.2 Policy/funding survey
There are three broad categories for obtaining and maintaining advanced research equipment:
equipment installations that make use of the independent budgets of universities and public research
institutions, equipment installations based on funding obtained by researchers, etc., and equipment
installations based on money received from the private sector.
The first of these, equipment installations that make use of the independent budgets of universities
and public research institutions, refers to the six autonomous universities in Singapore and research
institutions that fall under A*STAR; these each possess research facilities. Although the autonomous
universities fall under the Ministry of Education, they are responsible for their own independent
management, and obtain and maintain research equipment based on their own efforts in accordance with
university strategy, maintaining facilities through collaboration with other public institutions, private
institutions, and organizations. The research institutions under A*STAR obtain and maintain equipment
in a similar fashion. In some cases, facilities with advanced research equipment, especially those withversatile equipment, are open to external researchers and to private institutions, as well as to researchers
within the same organization. As this equipment is obtained from contributions arising from theorganization’s own efforts, they are not forced to make the equipment openly available by the government
or a funding institution, but each institution independently ensures that its facilities are open from theperspective of giving back to the local community and promoting collaboration with other institutions.
The second category is equipment installations based on funding obtained by researchers, etc. Somefunding institutions, including NRF, run large-scale grant programs. Researchers, etc. can make use of
these programs and utilize part of their costs for equipment. The basic approach to budget allocationmeans that it is divided between programs derived from the four areas set out in RIE2025. Each program
accepts public applications and allocates its grant money to promising research. Some grant programs do
not generally publicize information, so it is difficult to grasp the details of each program and their budgets
from public information. Examples of programs with elements covering advanced research equipment are
given in the table below. Policies and programs associated with shared facilities are explained in the next
section.

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Table 6-2: Examples of programs associated with advanced research equipment(Created by the authors based on RIE2025 and information from each program)

The third category is equipment installations based on money received from the private sector. NRF
runs The Corp Lab @ University programme, which establishes company laboratories within universities
and encourages public-private research and development partnerships between universities andcompanies. To date, this program has invited over 10 private companies to set up facilities and researchequipment in universities. Examples from The Corp Lab @ University programme are listed below.
Table 6-3: Examples from The Corp Lab @ University programme(in no particular order, excluding legal status and titles)(Created by the authors based on NRF program information)

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A*STAR, as a public research institution, also maintains its research facilities through collaboration withprivate companies. The IMCB-Nikon Imaging Centre (NIC) is a typical example of one of its facilities. NIC
is a light microscopy facility jointly established by Nikon’s Singaporean subsidiary and the Institute of
Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), which falls under A*STAR’s umbrella. The facility has the following
missions, and provides cutting-edge microscopes and imaging equipment to all researchers.
NIC’s missions
・Promote biological research by providing access to cutting-edge equipment;
・Provide training courses for the regional research community;
・Develop new techniques in response to feedback from users.
NIC’s major research equipment
・Confocal laser microscope (made by Nikon; A1R+si Confocal)
・Super-resolution microscope (made by Nikon; N-STORM/TIRF + Live Cell)・Upright microscope (made by Nikon; Ni-E: Upright Microscope)
In Singapore, although there are many facilities that are open access, shared research facilities equipped
based on clear policy support and programs are limited in number. There are numerous cases ofequipment installations that use the independent budgets of universities and public research institutions,as mentioned above, being made open access based on universities and public research institutions’own
volition.
There are three main categories of shared research facilities in Singapore. The first is facilities that are
equipped based on policies and programs. The second is facilities that universities and public research
institutions have equipped independently, and the third includes facilities led by the private sector andthose with joint labs (e.g. private sector-university labs) that are open access. This survey focused oninvestigating shared research facilities based on the policies of the first category.
The categories of shared research facilities in Singapore and examples of major institutions in eachcategory are as follows.
Table 6-4: Categories of shared research facilities and examples of institutions(in no particular order, excluding legal status and titles)(Created by the authors)

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When it comes to policies designed to promote shared use, NRF has NRI and SIS. NRI is a program
established in 2015, through which NRF gives money to facilities that need large-scale investment but are
struggling to procure funding through conventional funding programs on the condition that the facility
allows shared use, etc. NRI does not have a clear set budget on any roadmap. Consequently, funding from
NRI comes from the White Space budget.
Meanwhile, SIS is a program that was set up at around the same time as NRI, but rather than
supporting the maintenance, etc. of individual facilities, it aids the creation of platforms to promote theshared use of existing facilities and equipment. Generally, the details of the SIS program are not madepublic, so the content of this report was created based on press releases from institutions in receipt of
grants and interviews with relevant parties who have received SIS grants.
Policies with elements concerning shared use did exist before 2015 (when NRI was established), but theconditions for shared use were not robust. For example, the supercomputing facility that received grants
from 2010 to 2015 had elements of shared use. However, shared use was limited to recommendations,making it very different to NRI and SIS, which enforce the promotion of shared use with an obligation foropen access facilities.
The table below contains an overview of NRI and SIS.
Table 6-5: Overview of policies related to shared use(Created by the authors based on information on NRF programs and the content of interviews)

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6.3 tate of development based on policies, etc.
6.3.1 Shared research facilities that use NRI
Two facilities are publicly listed on the NRF website as facilities that use NRI: St. John’s Island National
Marine Laboratory (SJINML), which carries out marine research, and the National Supercomputing Centre(NSCC), which is equipped with supercomputers. Moreover, although the details have not been disclosed,
according to interviews with NRF, the Singapore Synchrotron Light Source (SSLS), which possesses a
synchrotron, and the SingAREN-Lightwave Internet Exchange (SLIX), which has a high-speed optical fiber
network, also use NRI.
SJINML is Singapore’s only marine research institution with access to the ocean, and was establishedin 2002 as a research facility for the Tropical Marine Science Institute of the National University ofSingapore (NUS); it was designated an NRI facility in 2016. More details about SJINML are introducedin the next section, so here the report provides information about NSCC. NSCC is Singapore’s firstpetascale computing facility with high performance computing (HPC) functions, and was set up in 2015. It
was designated an NRI facility in 2019. Its major equipment is its supercomputers, and it has none of theresearch equipment included in the aims of this survey.
An overview of NSCC is provided in the table below.

Table 6-6: Overview of the National Supercomputing Centre (NSCC)(Created by the authors based on public information on NRF and NSCC)

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6.3.2 Shared research facilities that use SIS
As noted above, information about SIS grant programs is not made public. Information about institutions
in receipt of SIS grants is also not disclosed. However, some research institutions have published press
releases stating they have been selected for an SIS grant. From press releases and similar media, theteam were able to confirm four platforms that have received SIS grants: SingaScope, the Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), the Singapore National Laboratory for MASS Spectrometry (SingMass) andthe Translational Pathology Consortium (TPC). All of these are research institutions under A*STAR.
Overviews of these four institutions are given below. Further details concerning SingaScope and SIgN
are given in the next section.
Table 6-7: Overview of SingaScope(Created by the authors based on public information on SingaScope and the content of interviews)

Table 6-8: Overview of SIgN

(Created by the authors based on public information on SIgN and the content of interviews)

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Table 6-9: Overview of SingMass(Created by the authors based on public information on SingMass)

Table 6-10: Overview of the Translational Pathology Consortium (TPC)(Created by the authors based on public information on TPC)

6.4 Survey of major shared research facilities
The team interviewed people associated with SJINML, which receives grants from NRI, andwith SingaScope and SIgN, which receive grants from SIS, gaining an overview of each facility andsurveying the current state of affairs. All of these facilities have high-level research equipment; they
have created structures and systems for shared use, and this equipment is used by large numbers of
external researchers, including those from universities and private companies. These organizations haveestablished KPI for operations, including the operating rate of equipment, the percentage of external
users, the diversity of users, and user satisfaction, and are obligated to create annual reports (that include
these KPI) for NRF, their funding institution. The achievement of their KPI affects whether their grantfunding continues and the amount they receive, so serious discussions take place as to how to achieve
KPI. In Singapore, there is an awareness of the issues and limits of shared research institutions, so this is
accepted as an effective function.

6.4.1 St. John s Island National Marine Laboratory (SJINML)
Purpose of establishing facility
SJINML was established as a facility for interdisciplinary marine research in 2002, as an institution
of NUS. SJINML’s focus is on research associated with sustainability and on conservation activities,
aiding Singapore in fulfilling its environmental responsibilities as a developed country. Singapore is a key
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maritime port, and an urbanized state, and as such faces numerous challenges, including the destructionof the marine ecosystem, climate change, and the issue of coastal protection. In 2016, SJINML wasdesignated an NRI to tackle these challenges in an interdisciplinary way, in collaboration with numerous
other institutions within the country. This facility is the only institution in Singapore with direct accessto the ocean. Thus, there is an expectation that it will strengthen Singapore’s position as a key leader
in marine research and support the nation’s marine environment and economy in the medium and longterm.
Generally, the costs for facilities such as research vessels and water tanks and advanced researchequipment, which are required for marine research, are large, but as this is not an area that lends itself tocommercialization or monetization, it is a field with little joint research with companies and few influxesof corporate funds. Thus, the government and funding institutions hope that making SJINML’s equipment
into a shared resource will enable more effective and efficient use of researchers’research funding. They
also anticipate synergistic outcomes such as increased research capabilities from joint, interdisciplinary
research through the use of shared facilities. The key research fields of this facility are:・Coastal ecological engineering
・Marine ecosystems and biodiversity
・Environmental impact and monitoring
・Marine technology and platforms
Assignment of personnel for facility operations
SJINML’s personnel structure is as follows.
・Managers: 3 (director of the facility and management staff)
・Full-time researchers: 11
・Lab managers: 5
・Operations and field support: 8
・Outreach and education staff: 2
The responsibilities of staff associated with the facility are:・Facility operations
・Strategic research on marine science ecosystems
・Participation in the international research community
・Guiding and fostering interdisciplinary researchers of the next generation
・Giving advice on marine research
Fostering human resources associated with facility operations and the use of equipment
The lab managers and staff responsible for operations and field support have the required specialist
knowledge for fieldwork and to use the research equipment; they are able to provide necessary support
when researchers are using equipment or are engaged in fieldwork.
Many of Singapore’s marine researchers are young—in their 30s or younger—and in some cases theylack practical experience and experience using equipment. In this context, this facility sees more cases in
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which researchers need support from staff than other organizations. As a result, facility operations arecarried out with particular consideration for safety. For example, all full-time research staff are obligatedto attend safety information sessions run twice a year by SJINML, and undergo continuous training.
In addition, all researchers who use SJINML are required to have valid safety training certificates when
they enter the facility, and must complete any necessary training before they start working. SJINML only
considers chemical substance safety training certificates from A*STAR, NUS, the Singapore Institute ofTechnology (SIT), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), and SingHealth to be valid. When researchersrequire training, the lab manager makes arrangements so they can participate in safety training coursesthat will enable them to access the equipment they need, and issues NUS certificates.
Current state of equipment (major research equipment)
SJINML’s major research equipment is listed below. Its other expensive equipment includes a research
vessel, water tanks, and a biohazard room.
■ Microscopy equipment
・Confocal laser microscope (ZEISS (Germany); LSM 900）
・Inverted microscope (ZEISS (Germany); Axio Observer 7)■ Material analysis equipment
・High performance liquid chromatography (Agilent Technologies (US); Agilent 1260)■ Biotechnology analysis equipment
・Cell sorter (BioRad (US); S3e cell sorter)
・Flow cytometry (Yokogawa Fluid Imaging Technologies; Flowcam 8400)
The majority of equipment purchases and operational costs are taken care of by NRF based on the NRI
scheme. When equipment and facilities are used, the user is charged; the user pays part of the operating
costs of the facility in question.
Form and scope of sharing
SJINML was acknowledged as a shared research facility as one of NUS’existing facilities. Since it wasrecognized as an NRI in 2016, SJINML has supported the research of over 250 scholars and students fromSingapore and from overseas, who are affiliated with 16 institutions and organizations.
SJINML’s facilities and installations are basically all open access, and can be used by any research
institution, including private companies. In accordance with NRI’s concept, fair access and use of its
facilities, including equipment use and technical support, is available to everyone. Researchers who aremembers of Japanese universities and similar organizations can also use them. SJINML’s typical users(excluding full-time researchers) are as follows:
・Ad-hoc researchers (80-90% of users)
These are researchers and students who are members of universities or research institutions. They visit
SJINML once or twice a month to carry out fieldwork or to use research equipment.
・Other (10-20% of users)
This covers guest research staff from foreign research institutions, business and industrial users, other
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stakeholders (people with a connection to the ocean, environmental activist groups, etc.) and members of
the public (citizen scientists, volunteers, etc.).
Developing rules for shared use
SJINML has published a Researcher Handbook, which includes all its rules, including facility usage fees.
Facility users must follow this handbook. Around five years have passed since SJINML became a sharedresearch facility, and a lot of time and effort has been put into developing common rules. In Singapore,
universities and public research institutions are acknowledged to have a high degree of autonomy, andeach institution sets its own rules for operating its facilities. As a result, how to determine SJINML’s
rules became an issue—should they be based on those of NUS, the host institution? And how should
they be modified? A great deal of thought also went into handling regulations. For example, there isa regulation stating that any pharmaceuticals used by researchers must be supplied by the institution
to which they belong, meaning that pharmaceuticals provided by SJINML cannot be used by anyone
other than researchers from NUS. This has caused many related parties to become involved in creating
operations that ensured the effective running of the facility while adhering to regulations. This was partly
due to the fact that SJINML was Singapore’s first fully fledged shared research facility, and the situation
was unprecedented.
SJINML expects facility users to publish research outcomes. It also recommends that credit is given
to SJINML when it comes to research outcomes. If a private company or similar organization is using
the facility and has no intention of publishing research outcomes, they are charged a different amount (ahigher fee) to the normal billing fee, in consideration of the fact that there will be minimum ripple effectfrom research outcomes. As there is an assumption that this facility will be available for shared use,
private companies and researchers may not monopolize it.
Amount of money given and income/expenditure
SJINML has received a total of 9.5 million SGD over three years. Its income and expenditure has notbeen made public.
Facility operation KPI
SJINML, which was established using NRI funding, receives grants from NRF through NUS, its hostinstitution. SJINML’s expenditure is evaluated and approved by a management committee that includes
the government and marine-related institutions. Its achievements are assessed based on the following KPI.
・Usage of facility and equipment (usage rate of equipment and facilities)
However, this is more than just the usage rate; the diversity of users (affiliated institutions, researchers,
students, etc.) is also important.
・Education and fostering human resources
Providing learning and research opportunities. Fostering research personnel in the marine sciences field
through this.
・Collaboration with local researchers
Organic collaboration with local researchers and research institutions
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The KPI of a facility that uses NRI are set by each facility, based on the idea that the direction forwhich each facility aims is different. Based on the direction for which SJINML aims, its KPI are reviewed
every 5 years, when they are discussed in a management committee in which stakeholders cometogether. SJINML’s KPI are monitored in a regularly held management committee. No KPI have been set
concerning research achievements. The research achievements and outcomes accomplished at SJINML
are published extensively on its website, but as it is difficult to track the number of papers and citation
records, and it is acknowledged that these are simply outcomes and SJINML’s strategic mission is todevelop Singapore’s marine research capabilities, the research outcomes themselves do not serve as KPI.
Implementation of personnel exchanges
SJINML is a major institution for marine research, and as such is responsible for fostering the next
generation of marine scientists. Its main initiatives are as follows.
・Giving the Young Marine Scientist Research Award
Students who are undergraduate/diploma/junior college level (17-25 years old) are given funding support
for exploratory marine science research through practical work overseas.
・Young Marine Scientist SymposiumServes as a platform for students to share their research outcomes and aspirations for the marine
environment.
・International Collaboration FellowshipThis post-doctoral international collaborative fellowship is for research associated with the ocean orsustainable cities to strengthen scientific talents.
・Regular seminars and training to educate the public and foster talent
Since 2017, SJINML has trained 51 polytechnic students.
For the future, SJINML is considering outreach to the region, in addition to Singapore, and building
partnerships with foreign research institutions. Creating a network with research institutions will
help promote exchange activities for students and researchers. It will also make it easy to collaborate
if cooperating parties are needed in the host country when carrying out marine surveys outside ofSingapore. SJINML is considering four stages of outreach to the region.
・Stage 1: Information exchange. Creating connections with other marine research institutes andfacilitating communication.
・Stage 2: Joint research. Carrying out joint research with other marine research institutes andincreasing research capabilities in the region. Such cross-national initiatives will enable effectivefunctionality from a funding perspective.
・Stage 3: Develop platforms. Make the most of the convenience of regional transport to promote marine
science education and create opportunities for learning, forming an environment that enables researchers
to come together for study and research.
・Stage 4: Government-government level cooperative relationships.

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Research outcomes as seen from patents and papers
Singapore’s Marine Science Research and Development Programme (MSRDP) has published 163 papers;
SJINML contributed to many of these. Representative examples of papers are listed below.
Table 6-11: Representative examples of papers(Created by the authors based on Google Scholar. Information accurate as of March 31, 2022)

Representative research projects and their content are also shown in the table below.
Table 6-12: Major projects(Created by the authors based on public information on SJINML)

Issues associated with facility maintenance and operations
SJINML has two major acknowledged issues:
・Developing rules
Although this is gradually being solved over time, as noted above, how to develop common rules among
multiple key institutions with different rules, and how to ensure effective operations while supporting
regulations is a big issue.
・Initiatives and integration with KPIOver the last 5 years, the time and efforts of staff have been used for many public education eventsand outreach, based on acknowledgement that these are important to SJINML’s role. On the other hand,because the KPI that evaluate these initiatives are not heavily weighted, the effort invested in them is notequal to their KPI outcome; this is a dilemma. SJINML is cognizant of the challenge involving both theimportance of regularly reviewing KPI and the necessity of operations that are not too closely bound to
KPI so as to ensure that the truly important things are achieved.

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6.4.2 SingaScope
Purpose of establishing facility
SingaScope is a microscopy infrastructure network in the biomedical science field, established in
April 2019. A*STAR serves as its host institution, and it manages seven microscopy platforms (facilities
equipped with microscopes) in Singapore: the NUSCam at Life Sciences Institute, NUS-MBI Singapore
Microscopy and Bioimage Analysis, NUS Centre for Bioimaging Science, AIEML at Life Sciences Institute,
NTU Optical Bio-Imaging Centre, A*STAR Microscopy Platform at Research Support Centre, andAdvanced Bioimaging. SingaScope’s foundational goals are:・Facilitating access to microscopy equipment for all Singapore researchers.
・Increasing the usage rate of equipment by increasing the number of microscope users and reducing
duplicated equipment.
・Encouraging information exchanges within the microscope-using research community.
・Providing training for users concerning how to use microscopes and other related courses.
・Enhancing research capabilities and participating in global initiatives such as Global Bioimaging and
the Network of European BioImage Analysts (NEUBIAS).
SingaScope’s reasons for obtaining an NRI SIS grant are thought to be as follows:・It is a cross-cutting initiative in which multiple organizations with biomedical research objectives(currently 7 facilities) participate;・The merits of the initiative are obvious, including increased funding efficiency and increased researcher
access to equipment;
・It is an actual and accomplished initiative that is based on existing facilities and equipment.
Assignment of personnel for facility operations
SingaScope is an infrastructure network that manages each platform, so it doesn’t have assets, offices,or operational functions of its own. Each platform under SingaScope has its own staff, but SingaScope itself
does not have any full-time staff, and portal site development and operations are outsourced to external
operators.
Fostering human resources associated with facility operations and the use of equipment
SingaScope provides training concerning knowledge of microscopy equipment and how to use it, as wellas courses that ensure researchers use facilities and equipment safely.
The latter refers to courses that must be taken by users who hope to utilize microscopy equipment
through a platform. The usage rules are set by each platform, so the course content differs for each,meaning that even if a user has completed similar training at another institution in the past, if they havenot undergone training at the facility they are now using, they must be retrained.
Current state of equipment (major research equipment)
SingaScope does not have any clear rules, but the price range for the main research equipment
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registered as shared equipment is 150,000 to 1.3 million SGD.
When SIS grant proposals are made, the purpose of use of the money is included. The assumption isthat around half of the grant is used for equipment. Prior consultation between platforms takes place as towhat new equipment to acquire, and SingaScope holds discussions to ensure that duplication of equipment
is minimized and equipment is used effectively after considering the needs of each platform.
Equipment registered and shared on SingaScope is the core equipment of each platform; equipmentthat requires advanced expertise and special equipment used for limited purposes are not handled bySingaScope. Equipment for shared use on each platform is listed in the table below.
Table 6-13: Equipment for shared use on each SingaScope platform(in no particular order, excluding legal status and titles)(Created by the authors based on public information on SingaScope)

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Form and scope of sharing
The platforms that participate in SingaScope are fundamentally open access. Each platform agrees
that all researchers from research institutions can use their facilities and installations, including private
research institutions in Singapore.
Platforms are currently open to users within Singapore, but SingaScope is a member of the Global
Bioimaging network, and it is conceivable that it will become open to foreign users in the future.
Developing rules for shared use
SingaScope has common rules, and there are also rules for each platform. Areas that can be coordinateddeveloped as common rules, but in some cases the university or organizational policy is prioritized, and so
platform rules also developed. SingaScope does not interfere with the rules and policies of the platforms
under its umbrella, and users are made aware of the gist of any changes to rules and policies.
・Booking system
The same system is used by everyone, regardless of whether they have an internal or external
relationship with a platform. All users must book equipment using the same booking system, and all users
have equal access to equipment.
・Equipment usage fee
Depending on the type of user (public institution or private institution, etc.), the same equipment may
have different set prices. Prices are based on discussions between platforms, and similar usage prices
are set for similar equipment, but the final decision on pricing is left to each platform. The amount billed
comes to the platform in question.
・Usage rules and training
As noted above, the details of usage rules are similar across facilities, but policies are determined byeach platform and users must follow the rule book for each facility. Thus, in different facilities users must
undertake training in accordance with that facility’s rules.
・Research credit
There is no obligation to give any credit for research outcomes regarding the use of research equipmentin partner platforms accessed through SingaScope, but it is recommended. A trial scheme for educating
people about credit for research outcomes and tracking credit is being run on SingaScope’s system.
Amount of money given and income/expenditureOver the five years of the grant period, from 2019 to 2024, SingaScope’s grant money will total 10
million SGD. The purpose of the grant money is, based on the content of the grant application form, topurchase equipment (around 50%) and operation costs (around 50%). The grant money is distributed toeach platform in roughly equal amounts.
Facility operation KPISingaScope and the platforms under its umbrella are appraised based on the following KPI. SingaScope’s
grant is a grant for infrastructure development, to make equipment use more efficient, so researchachievements are not set as KPI. However, SingaScope itself is experimenting with tracking achievements.
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・Usage rate (operation rate of equipment)
Monitoring the usage rate, the usage records across platforms, and the records of external users who
are not members of any platforms are all important KPI. SingaScope is a single system that covers bothinternal and external use of the platforms under its umbrella, so it is easy to monitor the usage rate andthe membership affiliations of users.
・Cost recovery rate
This refers to how much of the grant is recovered during the grant period through open access and theeffective use of equipment.
・User satisfaction
SingaScope users are surveyed each year, and their satisfaction levels are measured. This confirms
whether they were able to use equipment without any issues, whether they gained specialist knowledge
concerning equipment use, and whether they obtained desirable results through this use.
Institutions in receipt of SIS grants are obligated to submit an annual report that includes designated
KPI outcomes to NRF each year.
Implementation of personnel exchanges
SingaScope is the only microscopy infrastructure network in Singapore, and it aims to contribute to
the local community (in Singapore) and to construct a network and ensure knowledge exchange between
scientists on a global scale.
From the perspective of local contribution, SingaScope provides training courses so that participants
can gain knowledge of microscopy, including courses on the use of microscopy equipment and image
analysis courses, so that local researchers can increase their capabilities. These are currently being held
for researchers inside Singapore, but it is possible that they will expand to include researchers fromneighboring countries in the future. SingaScope also holds events and networking sessions to encourageknowledge exchange in local microscopy communities.
From the perspective of international exchange, SingaScope is a member of the Global Bioimaging
network (imaging infrastructure), and held an international conference in this capacity in 2019. In addition,
as it is a member of this global network, its staff visit facilities equipped with microscopes in othercountries, learn about techniques and operations, and run initiatives to give back the knowledge they havegained to the community.
Research outcomes as seen from patents and papers
In SingaScope, research outcomes do not serve as KPI, and there is no rigid monitoring of users’
research outcomes. However, when a researcher publishes a paper, they are asked to credit SingaScope.
In addition, when a researcher accesses SingaScope’s systems, an alert is displayed asking whether they
have recently published any papers, and if they have they are encouraged to enter the information of that
paper. This is an attempt to understand the relationship between SingaScope and research outcomes.

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Representative research projects and the details thereofSingaScope’s main aim is always to make equipment use more efficient, so there is no awareness of any
large projects launched due to the creation of SingaScope, nor of it driving any research.
Issues associated with facility maintenance and operations
・Effects of COVID-19
SingaScope was launched in September 2019, and was immediately subject to the movement restrictions
imposed due to COVID-19, meaning that it was not used as assumed by its KPI. However, as the
movement restrictions were gradually eased, improvements in usage rates, etc. were confirmed.
・Complications when accessing non-affiliated platforms
When accessing platforms to which a user is not affiliated, there are additional procedures and additionaltime is needed; for example, users must clear security to enter institutions and undergo training for eachfacility.
・Difficulties developing common rules in relation to safety and health, etc.
There are policies for each platform, and these can be subject to change, so SingaScope cannot declarecommon rules (connected with no. 2).
・Difficulties regarding independence associated with expensive facilities and equipment costs
Expensive research equipment such as microscopy equipment also costs large amounts of money toprocure, operate (specialist personnel) and maintain, so it is difficult to cover costs, even when receiving
some usage costs from users, making it difficult for facilities to have economic independence. Thus, basedon the awareness that they cannot operate without support from the country and affiliated institutions,they must consider optimal operations.
Other
The concept of shared use is applied to expensive research equipment with a certain versatility.
Singapore is a small country with a particular environment, and is thinking that the concept of shareduse can also be used effectively even over some distance and across national boundaries; SingaScope isconsidering open access for researchers from neighboring countries as a realistic option. However, there
are difficulties moving dangerous or delicate items.
SingaScope’s concept was created with reference to research infrastructure networks in Australia.

6.4.3 Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN)
Purpose of establishing facility
The immune system plays a key role as the main cause of illnesses and deaths due to infectious
diseases, cancer, diabetes, and autoimmune disorders, so SIgN was established within A*STAR in 2006 asa research institution for the immune system that supports research and clinical studies across Singapore.
In addition to research, SIgN’s goals are:・Fostering human resources to strengthen Singapore’s research and development ecosystem byproviding training;
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・Connecting and fostering science and business through joint research in Singapore and overseas;・Supporting multinational corporations and local biotechnology companies through SIgN’s research andinstallation capabilities;
・Holding events and seminars to encourage knowledge exchange in the community.
The Immunomonitoring Service Platform (ISP), which falls under SIgN, seeks to strengthen flow
cytometry, multiplex analysis of proteins (MAP), and bioinformatic functions, and received an NRF SIS
grant to foster human resources with expertise in cutting-edge technology in 2019.
Assignment of personnel for facility operations
SIgN has 191 researchers, including 15 principal investigators (PI). On the management side, it has 14
members of staff.
Fostering human resources associated with facility operations and the use of equipment
One of SIgN’s important roles is training researchers, etc. in how to use advanced research equipment.
Researchers who hope to use research equipment are provided with training by SIgN operators.
Current state of equipment (major research equipment)
The main advanced research equipment available for shared use in ISP is listed below.
■ Flow cytometry
・Becton, Dickinson and Company (US); FACSymphony・Cytek Biosciences (US); Cytek Aurora■ MAP
・Agilent Technologies (US); Extracellular Flux Analyzer Seahorse XFe96
・Mabtech (Sweden); IRIS reader
Moreover, when it comes to equipment needed for advanced techniques, SIgN provides testing services
with its own operators using the equipment. The main services are as follows:■ Flow cytometry
・Full service, including guidance for research design, sample preparation, dyeing, data acquisition,sorting, and analysis■ MAP
・Simultaneous measurement of multiple analytes using Luminex (US) equipment■ Computational immunology
・Analysis using a next generation sequencer (NGS)■ Mass cytometry
・Analysis of high dimension data obtained from single cell flow and mass cytometry measurements
using Cytofkit■ Immunogenomics
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ISP’s research equipment purchases, maintenance, and updates are covered by the NRF SIS grant and
A*STAR funding. Moreover, all research equipment maintenance is outsourced to the vendors from which
the equipment was purchased.
Form and scope of sharing
ISP was established as a national shared platform through an SIS grant, and some of its equipment
can be used by Singaporean and foreign users from all research institutions, including private companies,
based on open access. However, foreign users must have a user agreement in order to make use of theequipment.
Currently, around half of shared equipment bookings are made by internal users, and half by external
users. Regardless of their affiliation, all users book the equipment through the same system, allowing allusers equal use of equipment.
However, as noted above, only some of ISP’s equipment is available for shared use; the other equipment
is expensive or requires advanced techniques to use it, and so it is provided via a testing service rather
than via shared use.
The aims of users of SIgN’s services are varied. Multinational companies ask for testing in anticipationof high-quality analysis based on SIgN’s experience and expert knowledge. On the other hand, startup companies, including start-ups in the biological sciences, etc., often do not have their own facilities or
equipment, and thus make use of SIgN’s equipment and services.
Developing rules for shared use
Users who hope to book and use shared flow cytometry equipment or MAP equipment must first attend
a training course run by SIgN operators and receive certification from this. During the training process,users are made aware of the rules and policies for facility and equipment use.
Usage costs for research equipment and services are set based on the cost-plus method (combining
equipment purchase costs, maintenance costs, personnel costs, etc.). Costs do not differ greatly between
internal and external users, but the method for calculating personnel costs is different, so prices arecheaper for internal users. However, SIgN does not aim to make a profit through these services, so eventhe costs for external users are cheap compared to similar private services.
Amount of money given and income/expenditure
The SIS grant period covers the five years from 2019 to 2024, with a total grant amount of 5 million
SGD. The purpose of the grant is the purchase of research equipment and fostering human resources withexpertise in the operation of research equipment.

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Facility operation KPI
ISP’s core functions are becoming stronger thanks to the SIS grant, and with this it is required to fulfill
KPI.
SIgN is obligated to submit an annual report, including its KPI, to NRF. The main KPI are listed below.
The KPI concerning the number of papers is not connected to the joint users of equipment. It measures
output from people associated with SIgN, created through the introduction of advanced equipment.
■ Number of papers
・The number of research papers created in a year
■ Collaboration with industry
・Company involvement in SIgN’s ecosystem
・The establishment and spin-off of new companies and businesses
・Marketing activities to publicize SIgN. More specifically, running symposiums and roadshows・Patents and licenses. More specifically, the number of patents and licenses created in a year
Implementation of personnel exchanges
SIgN runs the following initiatives for external researchers, etc.
・The construction of a personnel pipeline
To foster excellent research personnel, SIgN offers programs such as student programs, PhD programs,
and internships; it provides young scientists with learning opportunities under the guidance of principal
investigators.
・Promoting the commercialization of research outcomes
SIgN runs programs that collaborate with industry and use science and technology in accordance withindustrial needs. For example, the T-UP Programme sends SIgN scientists to start-up companies; thescientists support the improvement of industrial processes and the development of products while gaining
experience in the world of industry. SIgN’s achievements to date are as follows:・Active industry collaborations with pharmaceutical companies/biotechnology companies (researchcooperation agreements and service contracts): 24
・Joint studies with clinicians and clinician scientists from Singapore and overseas: 40
・Joint labs with private organizations and companies: 3・Spin-off companies created by SIgN research staff: 3 (2016-2018)
・Initiatives to increase SIgN’s recognition・B uilding relationships with potential partners and research institutions by introducing SIgN’s
capabilities;
・Proactively participating in exhibitions, seminars, and symposiums;
・Publishing a newsletter introducing new initiatives, equipment, and services provided by SIgN.

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Research outcomes as seen from patents and papers
SIgN does not monitor output from shared use of research equipment.
Overall, since 2007, researchers affiliated with SIgN have published 1,646 peer-reviewed papers; 50% of
these have an impact factor of 5 or more, and 20% have an impact factor of 10 or more. The table below
lists representative papers.
Table 6-14: Representative examples of papers(Created by the authors based on Google Scholar. Information accurate as of March 31, 2022)

Issues associated with facility maintenance and operations
SIgN’s shared research facilities and testing services are used by plenty of external users as well asinternal users, and the facility is not aware of any major issues regarding operations. From the perspectiveof facility operation, SIgN acknowledges the importance of obtaining and retaining human resources who
can operate highly specialized advanced research equipment, and of training and fostering these.

References/bibliography・National Research Foundation (2021)「National Research Infrastructure」, https://www.nrf.gov.sg/
programmes/national-research-infrastructure・National Research Foundation (2020)「RIE2025 Handbook 」, https://www.nrf.gov.sg/docs/defaultsource/default-document-library/rie_booklet_fa2021_pages.pdf
・Department of Statistics Singapore (2021)「Research and Development」, https://www.singstat.gov.
sg/publications/reference/ebook/economy/research-and-development
・St John's Island National Marine Laboratory (N.D.)「St. John’s Island National Marine Laboratory」,
https://sjinml.nus.edu.sg/
・St John's Island National Marine Laboratory (2021)「Researcher Handbook」, https://drive.google.com/
file/d/1rRKcYWhFK0dVRO0mnxghK0aVJaAZTdwY/view
・M arine Science Research & Development Programme (2021) 「Advancing Marine Science inSingapore」, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1S7PVlVYZpI18FGKFIu3I3neQgJxwA8SH/edit
・SingaScope (N.D.)「SingaScope」, https://www.singascope.sg/
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・A*STAR (N.D.)「Singapore Immunology Network」, https://www.a-star.edu.sg/sign
・A*STAR (2019)「A*STAR’s SIgN receives Shared Infrastructure Support (SIS) grant to enhance its
Immunomonitoring (IM) Platform capabilities to accelerate research in Singapore」, https://www.
a-star.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider26/news/scientific-alert_singapore---astar-s-sign-receives-sharedinfrastructure-support-grant-to-enhance-its-immunomonitoring-platform-capabilities.pdf
・Singmass (N.D.)「Singmass」, https://singmass.sg/
・A*STAR (N.D.)「National Shared Platforms」, https://www.rsc.a-star.edu.sg/technologyplatforms/
scientific-side-menu/scientific-information/national-shared-platform

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7 Country Survey: Kingdom of Thailand
7.1 Basic information on science and technology policies
The Kingdom of Thailand (Thailand) has developed as a typical industrialized nation amongst theASEAN countries. However, while it is developing economically, freeing itself from an economic structure
skewed towards outsourced manufacturing in factories and plants has become an issue. The government
has raised the“smartification”of industry, enterprise, human resources, and infrastructure as a key
theme, and aims to realize smartification that combines science and industry as a long-term goal forscience, technology, and innovation.
Thailand is increasing investment in research and development each year as it works towards changing
its industrial structure, and its GERD (Gross Expenditure on R&D) as a percentage of GDP went from
0.2% in 2004 to over 1.1% in 2019. Since 2020, a decline in GERD has been predicted as a consequence of
COVID-19, but the government aims for GERD as a percentage of GDP to reach 2% in 2027.
In 2014, the Thai government established the National Reform Council, and selected higher education,science, research, and innovation as one of its reform agendas. In accordance with this, the Ministry ofHigher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (MHESI) was formed as the successor to the Ministryof Science and Technology (MOST), and the Science, Technology and Innovation Act was passed in May
2019. MHESI is the main organization currently responsible for determining and managing Thailand’s
science and technology policy.
Moreover, Thailand has a long-term plan for science and technology, Thailand 4.0, which includes
economic development models and a roadmap for the approximately 20 years between 2014 and 2032.
There is an awareness that adding value and promoting innovation are major issues, and so the key focus
is on applying ICT technology to the economy and society as a whole to foster smart industry and startups, and on promoting the creation of human capital and infrastructure.
Moreover, Thailand creates medium-term plans every five years; the 12th National Economic and Social
Development Plan (2017–2021) noted areas such as creating future industries, building infrastructure,developing economic zones, constructing energy businesses, and expanding educational platforms, basedon ten strategies. Strategy no. 8 included research, technology, and innovation, and set the following goals:
・Increasing R&D investment as a percentage of GDP to 1.5%;
・Ensuring that the ratio of private sector R&D investment to public sector R&D investment is 70
private: 30 public (in 2019, it was around 80% private);
・Ensuring that the research and development investment ratio for key industries, basic research andinfrastructure/human resources/standardization is 55:25:20;
・Increasing the number of research and development personnel to 25 per 10,000.

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7.2 Policy/funding survey
This survey was not able to identify any specific policies or programs to encourage the procurement/
maintenance of advanced research equipment or the shared use of equipment. However, Thailand does
have the National Science Technology and Innovation Master Plan 2012–2021 (STI Plan), which was
mainly determined by the National Science Technology and Innovation Policy Office (STI), an independent
institution under MOST. This plan includes the construction of a fully national innovation system thataims to harmonize science, technology, and innovation policies among public institutions, and to strengthen
collaboration between the private sector, institutions in the world of academia, and others.
In addition, Strategy no. 5 of the STI Basic Plan references the development of infrastructure forscience, technology, and innovation, and describes the strengthening of infrastructure, the provision of onestop services, and the promotion of the effective use of infrastructure. Moreover, the Thai government has
selected representative organizations to promote STI, and the institutions chosen are expected to actively
promote joint research and the shared use of equipment. Some of the interview subjects for this survey
also commented that their selection as an STI organization led to the opening of their facilities and thestart of shared use.

7.3 State of development based on policies, etc.
The following are facilities in which the team could confirm actual shared use, based on the STI Basic
Plan mentioned in the previous section.
Table 7-1: List of shared research facilities in Thailand (in no particular order)(Created by the authors)

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7.4 Survey of major shared research facilities
From among the shared research facilities in Thailand, the team interviewed people from Khon Kaen
University (KKU), the Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), and the
National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), gaining an overview of each shared research facility andsurveying the current state of affairs.

7.4.1 Khon Kaen University (KKU)
Purpose of establishing facility
KKU is a multidisciplinary national university established in 1964 with the goals of research andeducation. The Research Instrument Center of this university was set up as a shared research facility
that supports highly specialized research. Equipment for eight faculties—Medicine, Science, Engineering,
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Agriculture, Associated Medical Sciences, Dentistry, and Technology—ismanaged by the Research Instrument Center.
Assignment of personnel for facility operations
Around 30 people are assigned to the Research Instrument Center. The breakdown of staff is as follows:・Management staff: 14 (chair, Vice Chairman, director, Secretary, etc.)
・Equipment instructors and equipment scientists: 13 (responsible for each piece of equipment)
Fostering human resources associated with facility operations and the use of equipment
There are no programs to train operators for research equipment or fixed programs to train researchersin how to use equipment.
Current state of equipment
An overview of representative equipment for shared use and usage prices are listed in the table below.

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Table 7-2: Overview of representative equipment for shared use and usage prices (in no particular order)(Created by the authors based on public information on KKU)

Form and scope of sharing
KKU’s sharing is open access. In the past, the University did not consider shared use. However, theResearch Instrument Center was established approximately 10 years ago, as a result of KKU’s selection
for the Thai government’s conceptual framework of the National Science, Technology and Innovation
Policy and Plan in 2011. An awareness of the idea of sharing facilities and equipment and the merits
thereof has spread during the process of operating this facility. Since last year, it has been managed as aplatform that anyone can use.
The scope of sharing allows all researchers, including members of universities and companies inThailand and in other countries, open access. People who want to use the facilities can check equipment
usage schedules online and send a usage application. Information concerning facility users, including
external researchers, is managed by the University’s human resources department. Since 2016, theuse of its research equipment has consisted of the following. Most use is internal, with use by external
researchers and private companies making up around 20% of the total use.

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・By category: Internal (865 cases, 81%); external researchers (188 cases, 18%), private companies (11cases, 1%)・By affiliation: Master’s students (304 cases, 29%); doctoral students (272 cases, 26%); undergraduates (189cases; 18%), researchers (118 cases; 11%), etc.
Developing rules for shared use
KKU’s main rules are as follows:・It is possible to book any equipment for up to seven consecutive days.
・When using equipment, researchers must enter their actual start and finish times (to understandaccurate usage times for equipment).
・If a researcher is not using equipment on the day they have booked it, they must cancel the booking.
(If a researcher does not use the equipment on the day it is booked and does not cancel the booking,they may be ineligible to use equipment for a 14-day period).
・If a researcher breaks two or more regulations, they may be banned from using any equipment.
・Researchers must consult their supervisor before booking to use equipment.
・Researchers must print out their booking information and bring it with them when using equipment.
・Usage fees may differ from those listed on the website, so researchers should check this with arepresentative in advance.
Amount of money given and income/expenditure
A breakdown of KKU’s R&D budget shows that 25% of its funds are obtained from the government,
25% from the University, and the remaining 50% from joint research and funding institutions. Around 10%of the research budget covers purchasing research equipment and management fees for equipment. Those
responsible consider 10% to be inadequate, and believe that 20% is needed.
Facility operation KPIKKU has set the following KPI, and monitors their outcomes. However, only usage fees from sharedresearch facilities are directly related to shared use.
・Usage fees from shared use;
・Procurement of external funds;
・Number of projects implemented;
・Number of papers
Implementation of personnel exchanges
KKU does not run any initiatives to encourage shared use. When it comes to exchanges in a broader
sense, KKU is promoting stronger relationships with universities with which it has an MOU. Morespecifically, exchanges take place between Hokkaido University and the University of Tsukuba in Japan,
the University of Cambridge in the UK, as well as universities in countries such as Australia, Myanmar,
Cambodia, and Vietnam.

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Research outcomes as seen from patents and papers
KKU does not monitor research outcomes derived from shared use.
Representative research projects and the details thereof
As a university, KKU’s strength lies in agriculture, foodstuffs, and pharmaceuticals (medicine); its topcited paper is about rice. The fields of agriculture and foodstuffs are focus areas for the country, not just
KKU.
Issues associated with facility maintenance and operations
Advanced research equipment is expensive, and it is not easy to purchase or update the latest
equipment from a budgetary perspective.

7.4.2 Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR)
Purpose of establishing facility
TISTR is a research institution under the umbrella of MHESI. It was founded based on the following
four aims:
・To contribute to the country through research and development in science, technology and innovation;
・To transfer the benefits of technology and innovation to industry and local communities;
・To raise industrial standards and competitiveness through analysis, testing, and quality certification
systems;
・To develop an effective organizational management system based on good governance.
Assignment of personnel for facility operations
TISTR employs around 1,200 people; of these, around 70% are personnel involved in science andtechnology and/or R&D. It has 11 departments, each of which manages facilities and equipment. Obtaining
and maintaining equipment is also carried out by the different departments, but in many cases equipment
maintenance is left to external vendors.
Fostering human resources associated with facility operations and the use of equipment
TISTR provides personnel education programs to ensure that participants learn how to use researchequipment. Moreover, in addition to holding study sessions to which research equipment manufacturers
are invited, TISTR informs people within the institution of educational programs run by manufacturers
and encourages them to participate.
Current state of equipment (major research equipment)
TISTR’
s major research equipment is listed in the table below:

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Table 7-3: Representative equipment for shared use (in no particular order)(Created by the authors based on public information on TISTR)

Form and scope of sharing
Sharing takes the form of open access, and facilities and equipment can also be used by people outside
TISTR. The goal of this open access is to contribute to the development of Thailand’s science andtechnology, and the qualitative improvement of its research. As this institute has been open for some time,
the team could not determine when this began and the trigger for it. Anyone can make use of TISTR’s
facilities and equipment, regardless of whether they are Thai or foreign, or from a public or private
institution.
Developing rules for shared use
For foreign researchers, the process of applying for shared use first involves contacting the Department
of International Relations through their website, and then receiving permission for research use from theGovernor. The researcher will be guided by one of the 11 departments depending on the content of theresearch; they discuss the content of their research, including its aims and the tests required, with theirassigned department, and are then permitted to use facilities, equipment, etc.
There are basic usage regulations that cross departments and a common manual for equipment use, but
detailed rules are left to each department, and differ accordingly.
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Amount of money given and income/expenditure
Maintenance and management of equipment is paid for from the regular budget. On the other hand,the budget for infrastructure, including purchasing equipment, is organized separately and received fromthe national government. TISTR’s annual budget, including money for infrastructure, is approximately 1billion THB, and around half of this is used for equipment.
Facility operation KPITISTR has no KPI concerning the use or sharing of equipment. As an organization, its main KPI are:
・How many projects are being carried out;
・How well research outcomes are leading to commercialization;
・Whether the budget is being managed appropriately, and whether there is any waste, etc.
Implementation of personnel exchanges
TISTR does not run any personnel exchanges or events connected with shared use. However, when it
comes to research, it does carry out exchanges with universities, research institutions, and companies inThailand and in other countries, and is also engaged in joint research with Japan.
Research outcomes as seen from patents and papers
As a research institute, TISTR’s output consists of the following:・International patents: 1
・Total papers published (academic journals, direct and indirect): 40
Issues associated with facility maintenance and operations
There are no issues with research equipment, but TISTR does have problems with human resources. It
wants to hire excellent human resources with expert knowledge, but things are not going according to its
hiring plan.

7.4.3 National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC)
Purpose of establishing facility
Established in 2003, NANOTEC is a public research institution that falls under the umbrella of theThailand National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA); it aims to carry out researchon nanotechnology, offer research support, transfer technology to the world of industry, and disseminate it
to society.
Assignment of personnel for facility operations
NANOTEC has 260 members of staff; the Nano Characterization Research Team are the department
responsible for obtaining/maintaining and managing installations and equipment. Of this team, around 20
members serve as equipment maintenance staff, and two as administrative staff.

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Fostering human resources associated with facility operations and the use of equipment
The Nano Characterization Research Team fosters human resources (tool keepers) who manage andoperate equipment. In addition to equipment management, tool keepers also take on the role of instructors
for external users, etc. Tool keepers have set levels, and their equipment and the scope of their
responsibilities are decided in accordance with these levels.
Current state of equipment (major research equipment)
Below is a list of the main research equipment of one of NANOTEC’s facilities, the National Advanced
Nano-characterization Center (NANC); this facility provides shared use of equipment and testing services.
Table 7-4: Representative equipment for shared use (in no particular order)(Created by the authors based on public information on NANOTEC)

Form and scope of sharing
NANOTEC is a research facility situated within Thailand Science Park, an open hub whose facilities
and equipment can be used by tenant companies, external researchers, private companies, and more. The
scope of sharing is wide, and includes universities, private companies, and research institutions in Thailand
and other countries; its equipment can also be used by Japanese researchers.

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Developing rules for shared use
External researchers have three options for facility use. The first is joint research; the institution withwhich the researcher is affiliated signs an MOU with NANOTEC and a joint research project is set up.
External research members engaged in joint research can book and use equipment through their joint
project members.
The second option is rental use of facilities and equipment. People who hope to use equipment can log
in from the NANOTEC website and apply to book the equipment they wish to use. If the equipment
coordinator approves the details of their application and it is their first time using such equipment,
arrangements will be made for them to receive training on how to use the equipment from a tool keeper
or an expert in equipment use (a super-user). Having participated in the training and obtained permission
to use the equipment in question, the person can make a formal booking online.
The third option is to use the testing services provided by NANOTEC. Applicants can make paid
requests for the tests they want carried out.
Amount of money given and income/expenditure
NANOTEC’s budget is made up of funding from money received from the government, funding fromresearch projects, equipment usage fees, and income from licensing. The 2020 budget was 528.29 million
THB, and around 15% of this was used for equipment purchase and maintenance.
Facility operation KPINANOTEC has no KPI for the use of facilities and equipment. NANOTEC’s KPI are divided into two
categories: research output and technology transfer. Research output refers to the international publicationof papers, the creation of prototypes, the number of patents, different sorts of commendations andrewards, etc. Meanwhile, technology transfer involves the number of R&D contracts based on requests
from companies, the number of joint studies with companies, the number of licenses, and the current
status of intellectual property use.
Implementation of personnel exchanges
NANOTEC does not run any particular exchanges or events on the topic of facilities or researchequipment.
Research outcomes as seen from patents and papers
・International patents: 929; Total papers published: 1,126 (of these, 9 papers are listed on SCI)・The top three papers by number of citations are shown in the table below:

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Table 7-5: Representative examples of papers from NANOTEC(Created by the authors based on RISS. Information accurate as of March 31, 2022)

Issues associated with facility maintenance and operations
When purchasing equipment, NANOTEC must submit a proposal and obtain permission. As this issubject to a strict review, the proposal must demonstrate the necessity of and basis for the equipment,
and if this is not convincing, permission is not granted. In 2022, new equipment purchases went ahead (e.g.
Raman spectroscopy equipment), so there is no awareness of any issues concerning the current status andoperation of equipment.
The majority of NANOTEC’s budget is based on government grants, but the effects of COVID-19 havemeant that external income such as equipment usage fees has fallen. However, NANOTEC has recently
begun joint research with companies, and income based on opportunities for external cooperation has
started to increase.

References/bibliography・National Science Technology and Innovation Policy Office (N.D.), http://www.sti.or.th/sti/・Office of the Permanent Secretary for Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (2020)「Joint
public-private research and development projects in commercial」
・Office of the Permanent Secretary for Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (2017)「National Education Plan 2560 - 2579」
・Royal Thai Embassy, Washington D.C. (N.D.)「Thailand 4.0」, https://thaiembdc.org/thailand-4-0-2/・National Research Council of Thailand (N.D.), https://www.nrct.go.th/・Office of National Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation Policy Council (N.D.), https://www.nxpo.or.th/th/en/
・Budget allocation mission of the Office of the Science Promotion Board research and innovation (2020)「Submitting a request for a budget for science-research and innovation-fiscal year 2022」
・Science, Technology and Innovation Information Center, Office of National Higher Education, Science,
Research and Innovation Policy Council (N.D.)「Research and development investment in Thailand」,
http://stiic.sti.or.th/stat/ind-rd/rd-t001/
・The Bangkok Biz News (2021)「NHSO reveals investment results in R&D Thailand 2020-2022 hasdecreased, pointing out the results of COVID」
・Thailand Board of Investment (2015)「Policies for Investment Promotion」, https://www.boi.go.th/
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index.php?page=policies_for_investment_promotion
・Eastern Economic Corridor (N.D.)「About the fund」, https://www.eeco.or.th/th/about-the-fund・PwC (2022)「Worldwide Tax Summaries」, https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/thailand/corporate/taxcredits-and-incentives
・KPMG (2021)「Thailand: Tax incentives to encourage personnel development, foreign investments」,
https://home.kpmg/us/en/home/insights/2021/06/tnf-thailand-tax-incentives-to-encourage-personneldevelopment-foreign-investments.html
・Puey Ungphakorn Institute for Economic Research (2016)「Tax Incentive」https://www.pier.or.th/
abridged/2016/06/tax-incentives/
・CRDC-FC (N.D.)「Thailand’s Innovation and Technology Assistance Program (ITAP)」, http://www.
crdc-fc.com/en/privilege/itap/

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8 Country Survey: Socialist Republic ofVietnam
8.1 Basic information on science and technology policies
The Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Vietnam) is engaged in attracting foreign companies’plants andfactories by leveraging its people’s high awareness of education and low personnel expenses as its
strength, and is continuing sustainable economic development by maintaining a high economic growthrate. On the other hand, Vietnam is seeking ways to free itself from its current economic system—
centered on foreign investment, the manufacturing industry, and state-run companies—and to create newindustry related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution and a private-sector-led economy.
Vietnam’s GERD (Gross Expenditure on R&D) as a percentage of its GDP came to less than 0.2% before
2011, but this has gradually increased, and has been recorded as 0.53% as of 2017. Moreover, while theproportion of government spending is high among many ASEAN countries, in Vietnam, the proportion ofprivate investment was around 25% in 2011, and reached over 70% in 2017. When looking at investment
by industry, the proportion given to the manufacturing and technology fields is also approximately 70%. (Allbased on UNESCO data.)
Diverse stakeholders contribute to the planning and promotion of Vietnam’s science and technology
policies. The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) leads the way when determining the country’s
science and technology development strategy and policy, but the Ministry of Planning and Investment(MPI) is also involved when it comes to national strategy. After policies are decided, MOST spearheads
the planning, but it is MPI that confirms the plans made. With regard to implementation, relevant projects
go ahead after the budget is obtained from the Minister of Finance (MOF). In addition, ministries otherthan MOST, including the Ministry of Education and Training (MOET), the Ministry of Industry andTrade (MOIT), and the Ministry of Information and Communications (MIC), decide science and technology
policies in connection with their own areas.
Under MOST, the National Foundation for Science and Technology (NAFOSTED), the State Agency forTechnology Innovation (SATI), and the National Technology Innovation Foundation (NATIF) contribute to
the promotion of science and technology in universities, etc. Overviews of each of these are given below.
・NAFOSTED
A funding and fellowship program for basic research; offers assistance for people to participate ininternational conferences, etc.
・SATI
Responsible for policy research and planning, including science and technology plans, and supports
MOST. Also responsible for technology management systems, evaluating technology levels, and supporting
industrial technologies, etc.
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・NATIF
Provides research funds and favorable loan guarantees, etc. for organizations and companies engaged inresearch and development.
Until 2020, science and technology policies and their implementation were carried out based on
Vietnam’s Socio-Economic Development Strategy for the period of 2011–2020 and its Strategy for Scienceand Technology Development for the 2011–2020 period. These strategies emphasized areas in research on
new materials, Earth sciences, marine sciences, environmental energy, telecommunications, space sciences,
biotechnology, and others. The key fields to date are listed in the table below.
Table 8-1: Key industries and development policies for science and technology(Created by the authors based on Vietnam’s Socio-Economic Development Strategy)

The country has also determined its next long-term plan: Vietnam 2035. This sets out the following
visions. Based on these, its key themes include proactively introducing advanced technology from othercountries, selecting key fields, and concentrated investment.
・Leading and modernizing the economy through a competitive private sector
・Enhancing national technology and innovation capabilities
・Reviewing urban policies, creating more dynamic cities, and investing in urbanization
・Considering sustainability vis-à-vis the changing climate and environment
・Developing a harmonious middle class society and promoting equality
・Establishing a modern nation ruled by law and a democratic society

8.2 Policy/funding survey
Expensive and advanced research equipment in Vietnam’s state and national universities is mainly
obtained and maintained by grants from the government. NAFOSTED, under the umbrella of MOST, runs
the Applied Research Program & Emergent Breakthrough Program, which can be used for expensive
equipment; the details are given in the table below.
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The team were not able to find any policies or programs that enforce the shared use of facilities andequipment. However, shared use is practiced in public universities and public high-tech park facilities.
The former of these support research by offering facility use and testing services to other universities
and private companies that do not have sufficient access to research environments as one of their
missions as universities. The latter engage in shared use from the perspectives of joint research and joint
development, etc.
Table 8-2: NAFOSTED s Applied Research Program & Emergent Breakthrough Program(Created by the authors based on NAFOSTED program information)

8.3 State of development based on policies, etc.
The team was able to confirm that the following nine facilities have functions for shared use.
Table 8-3: List of Vietnam s shared research facilities (in no particular order)(Created by the authors)

An example of an overview of a shared research facility at a high-tech park is given below. University
facilities are introduced in the next section.

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Sai Gon High-Tech Park
Sai Gon High-Tech Park has five R&D centers, for nanotechnology, biotechnology, automated precisionequipment, semiconductors, and IT technologies, and carries out joint research with public institutions andprivate companies, both Vietnamese and foreign, as well as its own independent research. It also lets out
facility space and provides training programs for equipment use. Although this facility does have certain
conditions for use, it is open to other researchers, and functions as a shared research facility.

8.4 Survey of major shared research facilities
8.4.1 Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT)
Purpose of establishing facility
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) is the largest and oldest engineering research
university in the south of Vietnam. In addition to its focus on education and research, the University
supports research by providing facility sharing and testing services for other universities and privatecompanies that do not have sufficient facilities or research equipment. It does not have independentfacilities for shared use; rather, it shares the equipment in its existing facilities.
Assignment of personnel for facility operations
As stated above, HCMUT does not have facilities for shared use; each research department manages
its own facilities and research equipment, and there are operators for each facility. Those responsible foreach research department are also responsible for its facilities.
Fostering human resources associated with facility operations and the use of equipment
Although the necessity of programs to foster human resources for facility operations and the use of
research equipment is understood, such programs do not currently exist. If someone from outside theUniversity hopes to use research equipment, HCMUT sets up lectures and training sessions on equipment
operation. After attending these, external users are able to use the research equipment.
Current state of equipment
HCMUT’
s major research equipment is listed below (in no particular order).
■ Refinery and Petrochemicals Technology Research Center (RPTC)
・Crystallization device
・Microwave reactor
・Continuous steam explosion device
・Liquid gas absorption device
・Supercritical Separator
・Bioreactor
・Liquid phase reactor
・Gas distillation equipment
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・High pressure reaction equipment
・Supercritical CO2 device■ Asian Center for Water Research (CARE; water-themed lab)
・Electrical Resistivity Tomography (IRIS Instruments (France); SYSCAL PRO 96)
・Time Domain Electromagnetics (AEMR company (Netherlands); TEMFAST 48)
・Frequency electromagnetic profiling (IRIS Instruments (France); PROMIS)
Form and scope of sharing
In terms of the form of sharing, HCMUT’s existing facilities are open access, but there are no clear
rules or mechanisms for shared use; currently, any external requests are handled case-by-case.
The scope of sharing is such that if there is a request to use a facility or piece of equipment, regardlessof whether it is from a public institution, university, or private company, it will be considered.
Developing rules for shared use
There are no clear rules; hopeful users send in an application, and an agreement (contract) is signed
between the relevant parties. On top of this, the applicant must attend lectures or training on operating
equipment before using it. This includes an understanding of laboratory usage rules, usage simulations,and simple tests.
Amount of money given and income/expenditure
The budget for facility operation consists entirely of grants from the government. There are no details
regarding facilities and equipment in the budget. As the required money differs based on the research
department or project, the necessary amount is assigned from the total budget so these can operate.
Facility operation KPIAs there are no independent facilities or clear mechanisms for shared use, there are no KPI for shareduse.
As a university, HCMUT’s most important KPI is raising its position in the QS World University
Rankings. There is a particular focus on increasing its rank in the South-east Asian rankings. The
University is aware of the importance of joint research, particularly joint research with foreign
researchers, to increase its university ranking. Upping its university ranking will enhance the presenceof the University, offering more research opportunities and enabling HCMUT to gather more excellent
students, leading to a larger budget.
Implementation of personnel exchanges
The University does not run any particular initiatives to encourage shared use, but it proactively holds
conferences to introduce research details so as to strengthen its international joint research.

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Research outcomes as seen from patents and papers
There are no particular outcomes for papers or patents with regard to the shared use of researchequipment. Currently, there are no mechanisms to track outcomes with regard to shared use.
Representative research projects and the details thereofThis has no connection to shared use, but representative examples of HCMUT’s international projects
include a project on sustainable agriculture carried out between 2009 and 2013 with JICA and JST, as well
as a project on agriculture with the University of Sydney, supported by the Australian government.
Issues associated with facility maintenance and operations
The costs of maintaining research facilities and equipment are high, and the current budget is notenough. As a university, HCMUT must set budget details for research facilities and equipment after
calculating the budget needed.
Moreover, foreign public institutions and universities have systems for inexpensively sharing advanced
facilities and research equipment, but in Vietnam, there is an awareness that standards are inferior (forexample, universities’research infrastructure is old), and that there isn’t a lot of research equipment thatwill appeal to users. In addition, there aren’t any established mechanisms or systems for sharing.
People are cognizant of the importance of first developing infrastructure such as research facilities andresearch equipment to enable more advanced research. They also believe that they should use systems,
etc. to establish mechanisms for sharing equipment. In Vietnam, although shared use takes place, themechanisms behind it are immature.

8.4.2 Vietnam National University of Hanoi (VNU)
Purpose of establishing facility
Vietnam National University of Hanoi (VNU) is a state university that represents Vietnam. Its mission
is to innovate the country’s advanced science and technology, and it fulfills the role of a pioneer ofVietnam’s higher education system. Although VNU’s facilities are open to outsiders, most external use isbased on joint research projects.
Assignment of personnel for facility operations
The main research equipment available for shared use is situated in different laboratories. The
equipment is managed by technicians sent to each laboratory and by a department that ensures the crosscutting management of University facilities and equipment.
Any research equipment that cost 5,000 USD or more is assigned two technicians each. The technicians
provide training sessions for equipment users, and are responsible for handling things when the equipment
is in use as well as for simple equipment management.
The department that ensures the cross-cutting management of facilities and equipment consists of four
engineers and two members of staff. If an equipment fault or failure occurs and the technicians assigned
to each laboratory cannot handle it, the department is responsible for contacting the equipment vendor or
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a specialist repair firm.
Fostering human resources associated with facility operations and the use of equipment
When the technicians who manage research equipment are newly hired, they undergo training for, on
average, two to three months. This training is mostly online. Moreover, the technicians of each laboratory
also provide training for people who hope to use the equipment, as mentioned above.
Current state of equipment (major research equipment)
VNU’s main research equipment is listed below (in no particular order).
・SEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific (US); FEI NovA NanoSEM)
・Raman microscope（Horiba; LabRAM HR）
・FT-IR・XRD (Bruker (US); D8 ADVANCE)
・GC/MS (Agilent Technologies (US); HP 6890GC-HP5973 MSD)
・LC/MS (Shimadzu; LCMS-QP8000)
・LC/MS (Shimadzu; LCMS-2010)
・Real-time PCR (Biometra (Germany); Analytik Jena TAdvanced 96 SG)Form and scope of sharing
Each research laboratory has been open since its establishment, and has functions for shared use. The
scope of sharing is wide, and includes possible use by research institutions, educational institutions, andprivate companies in Vietnam and in other countries. Equipment, etc. is used by research institutions andeducational institutions in Vietnam and in other countries, but is mostly used by private companies inVietnam, such as Vingroup. There are no actual records of use by a foreign private company.
The main assumption is that external equipment use will consist of use by institutions and companies
carrying out joint research with VNU, but it is also possible to pay set usage fees to rent equipment (bythe hour). However, educational use is the main priority, with research goals, including joint research, as
the second priority; rental use is a lower priority.
Developing rules for shared use
The process of applying to use equipment or facilities differs depending on whether it is for joint
research goals or rental use.
If it is for joint research goals, there is an assumption that an MOU has been signed. The content of
the agreement differs somewhat depending on whether it is signed with a private company or a public
institution. After the MOU is signed, anyone hoping to use facilities can phone the representative of therelevant laboratory and make a usage application.
On the other hand, if it is for rental use, the usage application goes to the department responsible for
the University’s financial affairs. Based on the content of the application, a status check will be carriedout, and if the checker judges that there are no issues, the applicant can use the facilities or equipment.

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Amount of money given and income/expenditure
There are two budget categories when it comes to obtaining equipment: the first is money assigned
from the University budget, and the other is procurement using research project budgets. The money
allocated for equipment operation is not public information, but money roughly equivalent to equipment
depreciation costs is allocated by the University, and the equipment is operated based on this cost.
Facility operation KPIThe University’s KPI for equipment use concerns the number of users of each piece of equipment;
when it comes to said equipment, students, graduate students, and researchers record and report how
many times they use it. They give detailed reports on their usage of newly procured research equipmentin particular, so that the University can gain an understanding of its actual use.
Implementation of personnel exchanges
There are no particular initiatives to encourage shared use.
Research outcomes as seen from patents and papers
As a university, VNU’s outcomes are shown below. However, these do not grasp research outcomesfrom the perspective of shared use.
International patents: 1
Total papers published: 1,286; Number of these listed on SCI: 38
Issues associated with facility maintenance and operations
Since FY2015, VNU has continued funding activities to procure necessary equipment, and is graduallydeveloping its research equipment based on the money received.
On the other hand, the number of equipment users (undergraduate students, graduate students, external
users, etc.) is a KPI, so it is important for more people to make use of the equipment. The University isalways considering how to increase the usage rate of its equipment.

8.4.3 Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST)
Purpose of establishing facility
Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST) is a national university established in 1956 withthe aim of contributing to the improvement of Vietnam’s science and technology standards and thedevelopment of its higher education. It has 10 research institutes and centers under its umbrella, and eachof these engages in joint research and offers the shared use of equipment. Its facility and equipment use is
wide open, and use by private companies in Vietnam is particularly common.
Assignment of personnel for facility operations
As this is left to the discretion of each research institute and center, the details differ for each, but
fundamentally there are people who are responsible for and manage each piece of research equipment.
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The number of pieces of equipment managed by a single person varies.
In addition to those assigned to each research institute and center to be responsible for equipment
management, there is also a department that manages University facilities and installations; four engineers
are responsible for handling failures and external communications.
Fostering human resources associated with facility operations and the use of equipment
HUST has no fixed programs to foster equipment management personnel. It also has no programs toteach or train facility users in how to use equipment.
Current state of equipment (major research equipment)
HUST’s major research equipment is listed below (in no particular order).
・TEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific (US); FEI Tecnai G2 F20)・SEM (JEOL; JSM7600F)
・SEM (different to above)
・XPS
・Micro-Raman spectroscopy equipment
・XRD
・HPLC (Agilent Technologies (US); 1100 Series)
・RF sputtering equipment
Form and scope of sharing
All research equipment in HUST is available for shared use. Its research institutes and centers havebeen open since they were established.
Users of the facilities and equipment of research institutes and centers are broadly divided into internal
associates and external associates. Usage by external associates is further divided into use as part of joint
research and rental use based on the payment of usage fees. Around 40% of users are internal users, andaround 60% of users are external users. Among the external users, approximately 20% use the facilities
and equipment as part of joint research, and around 80% as rental use.
The scope of sharing is wide, with research institutions, educational institutions, and private companies
in Vietnam and in other countries being able to make use of facilities and equipment. Domestic companies
use equipment, etc. the most frequently. On the other hand, foreign private companies barely use it at all.
Developing rules for shared use
Use is dependent on the signing of an MOU with HUST. After the MOU is signed, the applicant
contacts the relevant research institute or center to coordinate which equipment they will use and theusage schedule. There is no set way of communicating with the research institute or center, nor is there a
set application form.
Manuals have been created covering how to handle each piece of equipment, and users must be familiar
with the manual when using the equipment. People who want to use equipment take a test on theequipment in question, and if they pass they are issued with a qualification to use that equipment. As the
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test also includes practical skills, it takes place on-site rather than online.
Internal associates and external associates both have to pay usage fees when using equipment. However,the fee is different for internal and external users. Discounts apply to internal users. Moreover, internal
users’research outcomes and achievements in publishing papers can lead to further discounted usage
fees.
Amount of money given and income/expenditure
There are two budget categories when it comes to obtaining equipment: the first is money assigned
from the University budget, and the other is procurement using research project budgets. Sometimes,
the University budget receives money from the government, and on other occasions it receives moneyfrom organizations such as the World Bank. To purchase new equipment with the University budget,
researchers must submit a proposal to the University and obtain approval.
The necessary costs for equipment operation and management are taken from the rental fees ofequipment users. Around 30% of the equipment usage fees paid by users are given to the research
institute or center, and this quota is used for equipment operation and management.
Facility operation KPI
HUST has no KPI concerning shared use and the use of research equipment.
Implementation of personnel exchanges
There are two relevant policies to encourage joint research and shared use. The first is building
relationships with exchange destinations by sending affiliated researchers on foreign exchanges. The otheris accepting researchers who are members of private companies and collaboration with private companies.
The former refers to regular foreign exchange systems; the latter can take diverse forms, including
E-learning, surveys, training, equipment sponsors, and financial support regarding the 52 companies withpartnerships with HUST.
Research outcomes as seen from patents and papers
As a university, HUST’s outcomes consist of the following. However, these do not grasp researchoutcomes from the perspective of shared use.
International patents: 20 (published by the University)
Total papers published: 1,232; Number of these listed on SCI: 30
Issues associated with facility maintenance and operations
Shared use has been carried out for some time, and there is currently no awareness of any particularissues or challenges.

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References/bibliography
・SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM (2018)「VIET NAM VN125」・Ministry of Science and Technology of Vietnam (2012)「The Strategy for Science and Technology
Development for the 2011-2020 period」
・Swiss National Science Foundation (N.D.)「Vietnamese-Swiss Joint Research Programme」, https://www.snf.ch/en/AiAl5v5Ip9gRatly/funding/programmes/bilateral-programmes-vietnamese・T h e N a t i o n a l F o u n d a t i o n f o r S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y o f V i e t n a m ( N . D . ) 「 A P P L I E D
RESEARCH PROGRAM AND EMERGENT BREAKTHROUGH PROGRAM」,
https://nafosted.gov.vn/en/funding-programs/applied-research/・Hanoi University of Science and Technology (2020)「HUST and Swinburne University of Technology
signed MOU for further cooperation」, https://en.hust.edu.vn/display-coorperation/-/asset_publisher/
sum9Zls6uqmE/content/hust-and-swinburne-signed-mou・Le Hieu Hoc, Nguyen Duc Trong (2019)「University–Industry Linkages in Promoting Technology
Transfer: A Study of Vietnamese Technical and Engineering Universities」, https://journals.sagepub.
com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0971721818821796
・National Foundation for Science & Technology Development (2018)「Operational Information Funding
and Support Programs」
・Koushan Das (2019)「Vietnam’s New Incentives for Science and Technology Firms」, Vietnam
Briefing, https://www.vietnam-briefing.com/news/vietnam-new-incentives-for-science-and-technologyfirms.html/
・Nguyen Thi Phuong (2018)「Public Funding for R&D in Frontier Technology in Vietnam」, https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Session%202_Ms.%20Nguyen%20Thi%20Phuong_%20Vietnam.pdf
・M ohit Sagar, OPEN GOV(2019)「Vietnam Government to incentivise businesses in Science andTechnology」, OpenGov Asia, https://opengovasia.com/vietnam-government-to-incentivise-businessesin-science-and-technology/
・Hanoi University of Science and Technology (N.D.)「RESEARCH INSTITUTES AND CENTERS」,
https://en.hust.edu.vn/research-institutes-and-centers
・Hanoi University of Science and Technology (N.D.)「FACILITIES」, https://en.hust.edu.vn/facilities1
・Vietnam National University (N.D.)「INTRODUCTION TO VNU DOMESTIC COOPERATION」,
https://vnu.edu.vn/eng/?C2542
・University of Technology – Viet Nam National University (N.D.), https://www.hcmut.edu.vn/en
・Danang International Institute of Technology (N.D.)「Team-Projects ECARE」, https://dniit-i3s.cnrs.
fr/en/node/25#ecare

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9 Country Survey: Kingdom of Cambodia
9.1 Basic information on science and technology policies
The Kingdom of Cambodia (Cambodia) has one of the lowest GDPs per capita among the ASEAN
countries, and relatively high importance is placed on agriculture and the tourism industry. The
Cambodian government’s spending on R&D—its GERD (Gross Expenditure on R&D) as a percentage of
GDP— is 0.1% (2015). By field, the humanities, medical sciences, and agriculture are the key recipientsof R&D spending. In Cambodia, due to its history, there are few researchers, and the development of its
facilities and equipment is limited as a result of its economic capacity. It has few systems and policies
to support research and development when compared to other ASEAN countries. The main role of its
universities is strongly believed to be education, so research and development in universities is also
limited.
In the past, Cambodia had no clear governmental organizations or related institutions responsible forthe promotion of science and technology. However, in December 2019, the prime minister approved
the National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 2020–2030, and the Ministry of Industry andHandicrafts was renamed the Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation (MISTI) in
March 2020. Under MISTI, the General Department of Science, Technology and Innovation (GDSTI)
created a report on the science, technology, and innovation ecosystem of Cambodia with the cooperationof the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). There is an
expectation that MISTI and the National Council of Science, Technology and Innovation (NCSTI) will takethe lead on future science, technology, and innovation (STI) policies based on this report.
As Cambodia’s research policies have only just started, the team could not find any current specificpolicies or funding programs concerning the development of advanced research equipment. The directionof the country’s science and technology promotion and its main initiatives are given in the table below.
Table 9-1: The direction of Cambodia s science and technology promotion and main initiatives(Created by the authors)

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9.2 Policy/funding survey
As stated above, Cambodia’s research policies have only just started, and the team could not findany current specific policies or funding programs concerning the development of advanced researchequipment. On the other hand, there is a program for shared use: the Capacity Building Research andDevelopment Fund (CBRD). This program aims to support the construction of foundational infrastructure
for education, training, research and development, and innovation, as well as innovation centers,laboratories, and testing facilities, with a focus on the fields of telecommunications and ICT. Those eligible
for funding are:・Telecommunication operators who fall under Article 17 of the Law on Telecommunications;・Public institutions responsible for education, training, research and development, and innovation in thefields of telecommunications and ICT;・Qualified persons who meet the goals specified in Article 13 of the Law on Telecommunications.
Although the above policy encourages shared use, its main target research field is telecommunications,and its intentions differ from the shared research facilities equipped with high-level advanced researchequipment that are the targets of this survey.

9.3 State of development based on policies, etc.
Cambodia has established three shared research facilities in the organizations below based on the policy
noted in the previous section. All of these are shared research facilities in the field of ICT, and do not havethe advanced research equipment that is the focus of this survey.
・Institute of Technology Cambodia
・National University of Management
・A Network Laboratory Room and An Innovation Center (an annex within the National University ofManagement)

References/bibliography
・OpenDevelopment Cambodia (2015)「Science and technology」, https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/
topics/science-and-technology/・R oyal Government of Cambodia (2020)「Sub-Decree on Management of the Capacity Building
Research and Development Program in the Telecommunications and Information and Communications
Technology Sectors」
・Khmer TIMES (2018),「ICT funds collect $13.5 million」, https://www.khmertimeskh.com/554676/ictfunds-collect-13-5-million/
・The Phnom Phen Post (2018)「Smart, ministries offer scholarships」, https://www.phnompenhpost.
com/national/smart-ministries-offer-scholarships
・K ingdom of Cambodia Nation Religion King (2021)「2020 Annual Report~Entrepreneurship
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Development Fund」
・Project Management Unit of Directorate General Technical Vocational Education and Training for the
Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training and the Asian Development Bank (2020)「Environment
and Social Safeguards Monitoring Report - Cambodia: Skills for Competitiveness Project」, https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/50394/50394-002-esmr-en_1.pdf
・Research and Innovation Center (N.D.)「Strategies of RIC」, https://ric.itc.edu.kh/profiles/strategiesof-ric
・National Institute of Posts, Telecommunications and ICT (N.D.), https://niptict.edu.kh/innovationcenter/
・Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology & Innovation of Cambodia (2021)「CAMBODIA’S Science,
Technology & Innovation Roadmap」, https://www.misti.gov.kh/public/file/202108261629990117.pdf

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10 Country Survey: Lao People's
Democratic Republic10.1 Basic information on science and technology policies
The Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos) has a GDP of around 2,500 USD per capita (2000), which is
low among the ASEAN countries, and a high national poverty rate of approximately 18% (2018). Its budget
for education is small and it lacks basic educational facilities; science and technology statistics have notyet been developed, and there is no recent data concerning the development of research investment evenamong the statistics of international institutions.
In March 2021, the Laos government dissolved its Ministry of Science and Technology and transferred
its functions to five ministries: the Ministry of Industry and Commerce; the Ministry of Education andSports; the Ministry of Post, Telecom and Communications; the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; andthe Ministry of Energy and Mines. Consequently, it is now unclear which organization sets and controls
science and technology policy.
Laos does have national research centers. The National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, forexample, falls under the umbrella of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; the government provides
research funding, and the Institute engages in research in accordance with themes of national importance.
As one key national theme is the reduction of poverty, improving Laos’food self-sufficiency rate is amajor theme of the research carried out at the Institute. High-level research that requires advanced
research equipment is limited in terms of research themes and budgetary constraints. Moreover, while
Laos does have national universities (including the National University of Laos) and private higher
educational institutions, their main role is that of education, and the development and use of high-levelresearch equipment using advanced research equipment is limited.
In Laos, there are currently no policies to encourage the development of advanced research equipment
or shared use, and the team were not able to find any facilities that allow the shared use of advanced
research equipment.

References/bibliography
・Gert-Jan Stads and Khamphay Manivong (2006) "LAOS”, ASTI Country Brief, No. 32, https://www.
asti.cgiar.org/pdf/Laos_CB32.pdf
・Lee, Jeong Hyop; Maliphol, Sira; Kang, Haewon (2014)「STI Strategies for Poverty Reduction: the Caseof Lao PDR」, https://www.stepi.re.kr/common/report/Download.do?reIdx=812&cateCont=A0201&st
reFileNm=A0201_812&downCont=0・Phayboune Thanabouasy (2021)「Government of Laos Dissolves Ministry of Science and Technology」,
The Laotian Times, https://laotiantimes.com/2021/03/01/government-of-laos-dissolves-ministry-ofJST Asia and Pacific Research Center

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science-and-technology/
・Asian Development Bank (2021)「ADB, National University of Laos Sign Agreement to Expand Accessto Knowledge」, https://www.adb.org/news/adb-national-university-laos-sign-agreement-expand-accessknowledge・Cefiawiki (N.D.)「National University of Laos-vision and strategy in the context of current higher
education development in Lao PDR, partnership and cooperation with Republic of Korea」, http://
cefia.aks.ac.kr:84/index.php?title=National_University_of_Laos-vision_and_strategy_in_the_context_of_
current_higher_education_development_in_Lao_PDR,_partnership_and_cooperation_with_Republic_of_
Korea
・National University of Laos (N.D.), https://nuol.edu.la/index.php/en/
・K yoto University (2019)「Cooperation with Laos (Interdepartmental Agreement with National
University of Laos)」, https://www.oc.kyoto-u.ac.jp/overseas-centers/asean/events/eventsresearch/20190711_4429/

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11 Country Survey: Republic of the Unionof Myanmar
11.1 Basic information on science and technology policies
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar (Myanmar) has achieved rapid economic growth since its
economic reforms. However, its GDP per capita is still around 1,400 USD (2020), which is the lowest levelwithin ASEAN. There has been political instability in recent years, and this, as well as the effects of
COVID-19 and other factors, have caused economic growth to stagnate.
According to data from 2017, Myanmar’s government spending on R&D—it's GERD (Gross Expenditure
on R&D) as a percentage of GDP—is less than 0.05%, meaning that contributions to research anddevelopment are extremely low. Its science and technology policies are decided and controlled by the
Ministry of Science and Technology, and the key science and technology fields connected to its national
economic development plan are listed below.
・Agriculture, forestry, livestock (especially biotechnology)
・Resources and related materials
・Preserving water quality and developing water and sewage services
・Telecommunications
・Construction and transport
・Renewable energy
・Medicine and pharmaceutical development
However, in light of the current economic and social situation, the government’s priority items are areas
directly connected to social issues, such as the reduction of poverty and the development of agricultural
infrastructure, rather than high-level research. In FY2017, it was announced that the country’s firstgovernment-led funding program for research and development in the medical/healthcare field was to beorganized, and that it would receive 740,000 USD from the government. This program was expected to be
used for research on education, food safety, and pharmaceutical production, but no outcomes have been
made public, and the team couldn’t confirm its current operating status.
Myanmar currently has no policies to encourage the development of its advanced research equipment
or shared use, and the team could not find any facilities that offer the shared use of advanced researchequipment.

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References/bibliography
・International Development Research Centre (2020)「DOING RESEARCH IN MYANMAR」, https://www.gdn.int/sites/default/files/Myanmar%20Country%20Report.pdf
・TEACIRCLEOXFORD (2020)「Doing Research in Myanmar: Bridging the Research Gap to Improve
Development Policies」, https://teacircleoxford.com/policy-briefs-research-reports/doing-research-inmyanmar-bridging-the-research-gap-to-improve-development-policies/
・SEA-EU-NET (N.D.)「Myanmar」, https://sea-eu.archiv.zsi.at/facts/sea/myanmar.html
・OECD (2018)「SME Policy Index: ASEAN 2018」, https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/
Report-ASEAN-SME-Policy-Index-2018.pdf
・Dr. Thazin Han (2019)「Human Capacity-building: STI and entrepreneurship promoting policies andpractices 9th – 17th December 2019 Guilin, China」
・Japan International Cooperation Agency (2018)「Remote Sensing / GIS Research Centre has been
inaugurated at Yangon Technological University」, https://www.jica.go.jp/myanmar/english/office/topics/press181030.html
・Remote Sensing & GIS Research Center YTU (2018)「Activities of Remote Sensing and GIS ResearchCenter in Yangon Technological University」, http://themimu.info/sites/themimu.info/files/mimusymposium-presentations/day2/04_Sao_Hone_Pha_YTU__Remote_Sensing_and_GIS_Research_Center_Activities.pdf
・Niigata University (2019)「Conclusion of MOU with National Health Laboratory in Myanmar」, https://www.niigata-u.ac.jp/en/news/1127/
・Uppsala Universitet (N.D.)「Research groups in Physics, Myanmar」, https://www.isp.uu.se/what-wedo/physics/research-groups/myamar/

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12 Summary
12.1 Comparison of advanced research equipment and sharedresearch facilities in ASEAN countries
From a geographical perspective, there is a tendency to group the ASEAN countries together, however,as seen in the table below, there is significant economic disparity between these nations, as well as majordifferences in their research investment and initiatives to promote science and technology. There werealso visible differences between the advanced research equipment and shared research facilities surveyed
for this report.
The concept of shared use is not necessarily a new idea among the ASEAN countries; since accessto high-level research equipment is limited, especially in emerging countries, equipment rentals and theprovision of testing services are commonly provided as part of the social responsibilities of public research
institutions and public universities.
Table 12-1: GDP per capita and investment in research in each country(Created by the authors based on data from the IMF and UNESCO)The table below indicates the form and scope of sharing among the 20 institutions interviewed as part ofthis survey. As it shows, many of the shared research facilities surveyed offer open access for equipment
use and testing services for national and international researchers. The team also found many institutions
with few obstacles to shared use, including no established conditions for use.

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Table 12-2: Form and scope of sharing of the 20 facilities surveyed(Created by the authors based on the outcomes of interviews)

However, a comparison of policies supporting the development of shared research facilities, thespecifications of advanced research equipment in those facilities, mechanisms for shared use, and systems
to operate them revealed major differences between countries. The team organized their characteristics
based on the survey outcomes by classifying the countries into five groups according to the state ofdevelopment of advanced research equipment, whether they set policies, and their mechanisms ofoperation.
・Advanced: Higher GDP per capita and R&D investment than in Japan, with policies and operationalarrangements (including systems) in place for the efficient use of advanced research equipment.
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・Independently developed: GDP per capita and R&D investment are below Japan's, but policies andoperational mechanisms are in place to ensure efficient use of advanced research equipment within alimited research budget.
・I n transitional period: Although advanced research equipment is available for shared use, thesupporting policies and mechanisms for operation are still in the process of being developed.
・Under consideration: Advanced research equipment is available for shared use, but supporting policies
are inadequately developed, and operation is haphazard and not efficiently and effectively managed.
・Premature: The availability of advanced research equipment is limited, as is shared use; there are nopolicies or mechanisms for this.
An overview of these classifications is shown in the table below.
Table 12-3: Classifications based on the state of research investment, installation of advanced research equipment,
and policies in each country(Created by the authors based on the outcomes of interviews)

Advanced (Singapore)
Both Singapore’s GDP per capita and its research investment are higher than Japan’s, and there
is a lot of advanced research equipment in the country. Moreover, this advanced research equipment,
especially versatile equipment, is proactively made available for shared use regardless of policy support.
Funding institutions also have policies to promote shared use, and when facilities and equipment are being
developed based on these policies, KPI are set and strictly monitored. Depending on the outcomes of these
KPI, grants may cease or be reduced, so facility operators are also aware of KPI and carry out activities
for improvement on a day-to-day basis while checking the relevant figures. When promoting shared use,the country aims to ensure effective operations by setting rules and making effective use of booking andmanagement systems.
Independently developed (Malaysia and Indonesia)
Although these two countries are lacking in research investment and equipment when compared toSingapore and Japan, some facilities have high-specification research equipment made in the US, Europe,
or Japan. To make effective use of its research equipment, Malaysia mandates that research facilities
in public research institutions and public universities are designated as shared research facilities. In
Indonesia, all public institutions are being integrated into BRIN, with the aim of ensuring that all public
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institutions under BRIN’s umbrella are available for shared use and operate based on one set of rules
and one system. As many research facilities become available for shared use, the governments of thesecountries are developing common platforms—KRSTE. My (Malaysia) and ELSA (Indonesia)—to ensure
their efficient operation. All of the equipment in each facility is managed via these systems, and efforts
are being made to ensure that facility bookings can be completed on these systems too. As management
data is accumulated on one system, it is possible to obtain equipment in a way that takes the developmentof each locality and the operational status of equipment into account when acquiring new researchequipment.
In transitional period (Thailand)
The country’s representative research institutions and universities have high-specification equipment
made in the US, Europe, or Japan. There are measures in place for shared use, and shared use does
actually take place, but the country’s policies are not noted in any specific programs. As a result, no KPI
have been established even at shared research facilities. Moreover, although there are basic rules when
operating and using shared research facilities, as well as systems for operation, it is assumed that in the
future further policy development and mechanism creation will be needed.
Under consideration (Vietnam, the Philippines, and Brunei)
Although there is advanced research equipment in research institutions and universities in Vietnam and
the Philippines, there is not enough, or the equipment is old. In some cases, public research institutions
and public universities offer shared use as part of their responsibilities, but no supporting policies or
specific programs exist. Consequently, if an institution receives a request to use equipment from anotheruniversity or a private operator, it will be considered internally on a case-by-case basis, along with any
fees. There are no KPI for operating shared research facilities, and no clear operational rules or systems
for efficient management.
Brunei’s economic standards are high among the ASEAN countries, but its population is small andtherefore the numbers of researchers and research facilities are also small. There is only one facility withshared use functions, and this facility and its equipment are mainly open to joint research partners. Dueto this situation, it cannot be said that Brunei’s policies for shared use and its mechanisms for operating
shared research facilities are adequate.
Actual use of shared research facilities takes place in each of these countries, and it is thought thatpolicies and mechanisms will be developed in the future.
Premature (Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar)
These countries have low economic levels and their research and development investment is limited.
There is little development in terms of advanced research equipment, and plans to promote scienceand technology are immature or, in some cases, nonexistent. The development of advanced researchequipment in these countries is limited, and it is thought that time will be needed to equip facilities; theteam believes that establishing these as shared research facilities when they are founded will be helpful.

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12.2 Challenges and proposals for the development of advanced
research equipment and shared research facilities in ASEAN
countries
In the previous section, this report confirmed the presence or absence of shared research facilities ineach country, and that there are various states of development. This section presents hints gained fromsurveying these various shared research facilities in different ASEAN countries.
Hints for Japan
There are unique initiatives among the ASEAN countries that Japan can learn from. For example, inSingapore, not only is there an evaluation when applying for a grant, KPI are set and are strictly monitored
after the grant is provided, and penalties or rewards are applied in accordance with the outcomes. Although
this strict control places a burden on the controller and controlee, the expectation is that this initiative would
be effective in ensuring the efficient and effective operation of shared research facilities.
Moreover, in Singapore’s shared research facilities, the cost of the development of systems to bookfacilities and manage their use, as well as the development of mechanisms, is included as an item of
expenditure from the grant application stage, in order to realize efficient operations. Grants cover morethan personnel expenses and the costs of purchasing equipment; there is a focus on overall optimization,with grants also including the cost of system development, leading to the more effective operation of sharedresearch facilities, more convenience for users, and making their actual usage status more apparent.
In Malaysia and Indonesia, policies mandate that public research institutions and universities aredesignated as shared research facilities, creating an environment that gives national and international
researchers access to facilities and equipment. Moreover, these countries are developing common, crossfacility platforms online, through which anyone can easily check the equipment and services provided ateach facility, and building mechanisms that enable online booking. On top of this, they are leveraging thedata accumulated by these platforms so that government officials can consider which research equipment
should be installed in which area based on the state of research equipment and its use. It isn’t easy toensure that all research institutions allow shared use, or to manage all research equipment using one
system, but from the perspective of efficiently and effectively operating shared research facilities, theimpact when this is realized will be huge.
Areas to which Japan can collaborate to help build a foundation for science and technology cooperation
This survey has led to an understanding of the state of development of advanced research equipmentin the ASEAN countries, the reality of shared research facilities, and unique initiatives connected to theiroperation. Meanwhile, it has also shed light on the challenges associated with obtaining/maintaining andoperating advanced research equipment. By supporting problem-solving in each country, it is conceivablethat Japan could collaborate to building a foundation for science and technology cooperation in eachcountry. As stated above, the state of development of advanced research equipment and the maturity ofshared research facilities is different in different countries, so problem-solving approaches will also differ.

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Trends in the Development of Advanced Research Equipment and Shared Research Facilities in ASEAN Countries■ Issues associated with the development of advanced research equipment, and responses
Advanced research equipment is expensive, and so to many developing countries, there is a large
financial burden involved in installing equipment in multiple facilities and continuously updating that
equipment. Moreover, maintenance and management costs, such as consumables for equipment operation,
He gas for cooling, and electricity costs, as well as the necessary burden of regular maintenance, aresignificant. Among the institutions surveyed, some are not going ahead with equipment installation due tolack of budget, and comments were also made concerning machinery that cannot used because a budget
for repairs cannot be secured, equipment that continues to be used without regular maintenance, and theuse of cheap imitation consumables.
There is a tendency for researchers to continue to use the equipment they are used to using when it
comes to higher-level research equipment. Consequently, supporting the installation of equipment fromJapanese manufacturers in shared research facilities and grasping the gateway to the use of researchequipment could contribute to helping Japan build a foundation for science and technology cooperation;
it could also contribute to expanding opportunities for joint research between Japan and the country
in question, increase the user base for Japanese-made advanced research equipment, and expand thebusinesses of Japanese manufacturers in the future. Thus, supporting the installation of equipment forshared use and the provision of consumables to shared research facilities in each country is worthy of
consideration.
■ Issues associated with equipment management and human resources development, and responses
Matters concerning advanced research equipment do not end with its purchase; operational knowhow to ensure it is used appropriately is needed, including training for external users, and equipment
management, including regular maintenance to ensure it can be used for a long period of time, is vital.
The survey confirmed comments noting the existence of equipment that cannot be used because facilities
are unable to provide sufficient maintenance. For equipment vendors, installing the equipment, as well
as fostering human resources who can manage and operate it in each facility, is important to building afoundation for science and technology cooperation. Thus, in addition to the abovementioned support for
installing equipment, supporting the development of human resources who can manage this equipment isalso an area to which Japan could conceivably collaborate.
■ Issues associated with policy development, and responses
When it comes to policy, there are countries like Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia, which have clear
measures and policies to maintain shared research facilities. On the other hand, there are countries
like Vietnam and the Philippines, which continue sharing based on past customs and do not have any
clear policy support. Shared research facility maintenance should be effective and efficient to enable theeffective use of advanced research equipment, and supporting policies are vital to maintaining thesefacilities. It is possible that Japan could aid target countries in determining policies by telling them what it
has understood through its previous policy development and advising them on which policies the countries
should develop based on their own situation.

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Trends in the Development of Advanced Research Equipment and Shared Research Facilities in ASEAN Countries■ Issues associated with mechanisms and systems, and responses
Together with policy development, forming individual rules for operations as well as systems (online
booking systems and common platforms, etc.) contributes to more efficient operations. There are numerous
external users in shared research facilities, so the development of clear rules that guide everyone is
key. Moreover, system development supports the reduction of analogue duties associated with bookingsand management, as well as the determination of plans for future equipment development based on anunderstanding of the circumstances of equipment operation and accumulated data.
Providing rules developed in Japan, sharing issues that became apparent when the rules were enacted,
and providing the structure and specifications of systems could help support mechanism and systemdevelopment in each country.
■ Areas to which Japan can collaborate and approaches to collaboration
When supporting problem-solving in different countries, approaches to individual problems and fullpackage approaches can be considered in response to the issues of each country. The issues of eachcountry and suggested approaches are listed in the table below.
In Laos, Cambodia, and Myanmar, where shared research facilities are not developed, providing
everything from the concept of shared research facilities to equipment and mechanisms for its operationin one package could be considered an effective way of supporting improved research capabilities. On theother hand, in the case of Malaysia and Indonesia, which have policies and mechanisms, as well as issues
in procuring and managing equipment, providing support for individual issues could be effective.
It is assumed that ensuring appropriate support after gaining an understanding of the structure of eachcountry’s issues will lead to improved research capabilities in each country and to the greater presence ofJapanese research in ASEAN countries.
Table 12-4: Areas to which Japan can collaborate to help build a foundation for science and technology
cooperation with each country(Created by the authors based on the outcomes of interviews)

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Persons and organizations who cooperated
with the survey
Brunei
Lim Chee Ming

Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD)

Indonesia
Robertus Heru TriharjantoBadan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN)

Ratih Asmana Ningrum

Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN)

Sofia Yunai Sani

Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI)

Anugerah Yuka Asmara

Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI)

Aqwin Polosoro 	Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan
Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian (BB Biogen)Bambang Budi Siswanto

Universitas Indonesia (UI)

Malaysia
Ts. Ir. Nordin Ramli

MIMOS Berhad

Mohd Fadzil Bin Mohd Akhir

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT)

Hasnul Akmal Haron

SIRIM Berhad

Raja Subramaniam

Jabatan Kimia Malaysia (KIMIA)The Philippines
Bayani Benjamin R. Lara

Advanced Science and Technology Institute (ASTI)

Victor Marco Emmanuel Ferriols

University of the Philippines Visayas

Jo-Hannah Llames

University of the Philippines Mindanao

Singapore
Jasbir SinghNational Research Foundation (NRF)

Ren Min Oh

National Research Foundation (NRF)

Serena Teo

St John’s Island National Marine Laboratory (SJINML)

Graham WrightSingaScope

Fariyal Ahmed

Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN)

JST Asia and Pacific Research Center

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ThailandWilawan Ungsunantawiwat

Khon Kaen University (KKU)

Boonritr Saovapruk	Thailand Institute for Scientific and Technological Research(TISTR)
Wannee Chinsirikul

National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC)

VietnamPham Tan Thi

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT)

Vu Thi Thom

Vietnam National University of Hanoi (VNU)

TS. Nguyễn Đức Trung KiênHanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST)JST Asia and Pacific Research Center

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List of authors and survey planners[List of authors]
Toshiro Takekoshi(Principal, Nomura Research Institute Singapore)

Dongwan Nam(Principal, Nomura Research Institute Seoul)

Sanghyun Han(Senior Consultant, Nomura Research Institute Seoul)

HO Jian Qing

(Business Analyst, Nomura Research Institute Singapore)

Daisuke Hosoi(Manager, Nomura Research Institute Singapore)

Poernomo Jacqueline Acacia(Business Analyst, Nomura Research Institute Singapore)

This report compiles the outcomes of the“Survey of the State of Development of Advanced Research
Equipment and Shared Research Facilities in ASEAN Countries,”which was entrusted to Nomura
Research Institute Singapore Pte. Ltd. in FY2021 by the Asia and Pacific Research Center, Japan Scienceand Technology Agency. We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to thepeople at the interviewing institutions, Ms. Emi Kaneko, Director of the JST Singapore Office, and themany others who cooperated with us when carrying out this work.

[Survey planners]
Yoshihide Kobayashi(Chief, Asia and Pacific Research Center, Japan Science and Technology Agency)
Mikiko Azuma(Manager, Asia and Pacific Research Center, Japan Science and Technology Agency)

JST Asia and Pacific Research Center

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Trends in the Development of Advanced Research
Equipment and Shared Research Facilities in ASEANCountries
Published January 2023
ISBN 978-4-88890-824-5

For any inquiries related to this report, please contact:
Asia and Pacific Research Center (APRC), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)Science Plaza, 5-3 Yonbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8666
Tel: 03-5214-7556 E-mail: aprc@jst.go.jp
https://www.jst.go.jp/aprc/
Copyright © Japan Science and Technology Agency
This report is protected by copyright law and international treaties. No part of this publication may be copied or
reproduced in any form or by any means without permission of JST, except to the extent permitted by applicable law.
Any quotations must be appropriately acknowledged. If you wish to copy, reproduce, display or otherwise use thispublication, please contact APRC. This report should be cited as “Trends in the Development of Advanced Research
Equipment and Shared Research Facilities in ASEAN Countries,” JST/APRC Research Report.