第 5 章 形容詞・副詞・比較表現（Adjectives, Adverbs, and Comparison ）2. able to
W: ** These values are able to be fitted to the experimental curve.**
R:
These values can be fitted to the experimental curve.

§5-1 形容詞 (Adjectives, adj.)
用法 1：補語（叙述用法）
This compound is metallic. (s + v + c)
用法 2：名詞を修飾（限定用法）
This is a metallic compound. (adj. + n.)
It melts at a temperature similar to that of aluminum. (n. + adj.句)“are able to be” は奇異に聞こえるので，”can be”を用いるべきである．
“A is capable of n. (or ...ing).”という用法もある．
3. applicable to
W: ** Equation 1 can be applicable to this device. ** （素子）
R:
Equation 1 can be applied to this device.
R:
Equation 1 is applicable to this device.
“can”と”able”はともに可能なことを意味するから，間違いの例では類語の反復になっている．

用法に注意を要する形容詞
1. similar / same / identical
W: ** We used a similar apparatus as used in our previous experiment.**
R:
We used an apparatus similar to that of Smith and Jones.
R:
We used the same apparatus as (that) in our previous experiment.
R:
For this particular quantity, the classical mechanics and the quantum
mechanics give the identical result.
“similar to”（類似の）と“the same as”（同一の）は意味が異なる．前者は類似しているが同一ではない場合，後者は同じものである場合に用いる．
W: same as, a same as → R: the same as“the identical to”は「全く同一の」という意味を特別に強調したいときにのみ用いる。

4. negligible
W: ** The effect of this distortion can be negligible. **R:
The effect of this distortion can be neglected.
R:
The effect of this distortion is negligible.
ひとつ前の例と同様．
5. dependent on
W: ** The current is independent on the voltage. **R:The current is independent of the voltage.
R:
The current depends on the voltage.
R:
The current is dependent on the voltage.
“dependent on”と”independent of”を混同しないように．
“independent from” は誤用

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6. 複合語の形容詞的用法（名詞を修飾）⇒ ハイフン (hyphen) でまとめる．
(§3-4 でも述べた。)
R:
We used a 5-g sample for the neutron spectroscopy. (gram)
R:
Finally, 6 g of the sample was purified. (grams)
R:
R:

Such behavior is characteristic of a two-dimensional system.
The spin dynamics of this system is two dimensional.

In Millikan’s oil-drop experiment, the electric charge carried by each oil drop
was found to be a multiple of a unit.
A black body in thermal equilibrium (that is, at a constant temperature) emits
electromagnetic radiation called black-body radiation.

§5-2 副詞 (Adverb, adv.)
v., adj., adv., 文全体などを修飾．（cf. n.を修飾するのは adj.）(1) 副詞の位置
簡単な原則はない．
文全体を修飾する場合は文頭が普通．
形容詞，副詞，句，節を修飾する場合，その直前におくのが普通．
動詞を修飾する場合は，自動詞なら動詞の直後，他動詞なら動詞の直前（または目的語の後）におくのが普通．
動詞と目的語の間に副詞を入れないこと．

“The method of least squares” （最小二乗法）は “the least-squares method” とも言い，“-squares”はあくまで複数形にする．

R:

signal-to-noise ratio: 信号雑音比、S/N 比mean free path: 平均自由行程 （mean は”free path”を修飾）

W: ** ”This article covers completely the topics. **R:
This article completely covers the topics.

The temperature rise occurred unexpectedly.

助動詞がある場合は，（最初の）助動詞の直後．
この場合は原則がはっきりしている．
We will qualitatively discuss the behavior.
These problems should first be considered separately.
The signal corresponding to the E3 structure has always been observed.
Murphy’s Law:
If anything can go wrong, it will.
Murphy’s law of thermodynamics:
Things get worse under pressure.
Murphy’s constant:
Matter will be damaged in direct proportion to its value.
23(2) 用法に注意を要する副詞
1. almost
W: ** Almost the dislocations were annihilated.**R:
Almost all the dislocations were annihilated.
量や数を示すときには”almost all”を用い，程度を表すときには”almost”だけで十分である．
R:
Almost all the oxygen was absorbed.
R:
Almost all the researchers in this field agree with this conclusion.
R:
R:

At that point, the crystal almost reached the required temperature.
When we closed the valve, the reaction had almost been completed.

2. enough十分強い：strong enough (enough strong という誤用が日本人に多い)
When the spins of a pair of nucleons are opposite, the attractive nuclear force is
not strong enough to bind them together.
3. respectively
W: ** A=1, B=2, C=3, respectively.**R:
A=1, B=2 and C=3.
R:
A, B and C are 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
(A,B,C が長い語句の場合は、視線を大きく左右に移動しなくてはならないので､1,2,3 との対応がわかりづらく△。)4. firstly
W: ** Firstly, ... second, ... last, ....**
R:
Firstly, ... secondly, ... lastly, ....
R:
First, ... second, ... last, ....（最初に，．．．次に，．．．最後に，．．．）“last”, “lastly” のかわりに “finally”を用いてもよい．
“At first (n.)” は時間的な順序にのみ用いる．しかも後に最初とは異なる展開があることを暗示して用いる．思考や記述の順番を示す ”First” （「まず第一に」）の代わりに用いるのは誤用である．例えば，
At first, this theory was not widely accepted.というと「この理論は初めのうちは広くは受け入れられなかったが，今は違う．」というニュアンスがある．
5. hereafter** We will abbreviate this to “HTSC” hereafter.**R:
From now on, we will abbreviate this to “HTSC”.
R:
We will abbreviate this to “HTSC” here.
文法的には間違いではないが，“hereafter”は”the hereafter”が「死後」を意味するので，何となく気味の悪い感じがする．

(3) 接続副詞
however, hence, thus, therefore, furthermore, accordingly, otherwise など
あくまで副詞である．二つの文をひとつに結合するのには使えない．
接続詞 (because, although, if など) と混同しないように．
“However”の品詞誤用を特によく見かける．
W: **The results are interesting, however, their interpretation is rathermisleading.**R:
The results are interesting. However, their interpretation is rathermisleading.
R:
Although the results are interesting, their interpretation is rather misleading.
（補足）物理の英語では用いることがないが、接続詞“however”の存在が副詞用法の誤用を生んでいるのかもしれない。
You can act however you wish.
君の好きなように振舞ってよい。

24§5-3 比較に関する表現(Comparison)

Sample B was 10 mm shorter in length than sample A.
Iron has a greater specific gravity than aluminum. (aluminium)
Hydrogen is by far the lightest gas.
Boron nitride is as hard as diamond.
Nickel does not have so high a melting point as tungsten.
用法に注意を要する比較表現
1. compared with (compared to)
W: ** X is much larger compared with Y. **R:
X is much larger than Y.
R:
X is very large compared with Y.
“...er”と”compared with” はともに比較を示すので，類語反復しないこと．
2. different from
W: ** X is much different from Y. **R:
X is considerably / very different from Y.
R:
X differs greatly from Y.
W: ** The electrode system was different between theirs and ours. **R:
Their electrode system was different from ours.
3. an order of magnitude ひと桁
R:
The transition temperature predicted by the mean field theory is two ordersof magnitude smaller than the observation.
R:.... is smaller than the observation by two orders of magnitude.
4. by a factor of N N 倍（後の「前置詞句」のところでも触れる．）
R:
We have recently improved the sensitivity by a factor of twenty.
R:
The contribution from higher-order processes is smaller by at least a factorof five.

5. unique ただひとつのR:
The differential equation, with the initial condition, has a unique solution.
“ただひとつの”という絶対的な意味があるので，比較級をつくったり，very, rather などの程度を表す副詞で修飾したりはできない．
“common”も同様で，“more common”, “more unique”とはできない．
(Exercise 5-1) 下線部に注意して全文を英訳せよ．
1. スピン-軌道(orbit)相互作用の効果は無視できる．
2. 金属中の電子の振舞を定性的に議論しよう (We will …)．
3. 与えられた体積中の光子の数は温度の 3 乗に比例する (proportional to)．
4. 中性子の質量は電子の質量より 3 桁大きい.
5. 弱い相互作用と電磁相互作用の間には深い関係があるのではないかと長きにわたって (副詞 long) 考えられてきた．
6. アインシュタインは宇宙を 4 次元の時空連続体 (space-time continuum) として記述した．
7. この新しい検出技術によって信号雑音比は 5 倍以上改善した。
8. ニュートリノと反ニュートリノは電気的に中性で、ほとんど質量のない粒子であるが、レプトン数はそれぞれ+1 と-1 である．
Fanagle’s rule:
Experiments should be reproducible; they should all fail in thesame way.
Fanagle’s rule:
Teamwork is essential. It allows you to blame someone else.
Futility factor:
No experiment is ever a complete failure; it can always serve
as a negative example.

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