或問 WAKUMON 29
No.29,（2016）pp.29-40ǻǼɲƑɍVɻʼǊĹǹ˅˅Ȁȵ­Ǜ


Ǒ ª
前言
ǻǼɲ5Joaquim Afonso Goncalves8   
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6ƿ  Kɧȅ˗ćȏ̅ȵʔʑțɟxƫď8ŕµˡȏ̅ç8AȺć St.Jose College ƫǹ˅ôƗB˅'ǌ̇ˤ«Ț\ʹĔZɟ8QǈʓæȵRʔǹĹȓȵ(ǹħưȀ)5Arte China  6'Ǌ˥˶ʓȵƑɍ Diálogos e frase em chinês e português5ǹ˅9ʔʑțʯúə̑68ǊO{ĩɼ¡ˢpFȵʺư'
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á Ûē8Ȭŗō&¤˽ǭ&ĭǣɳʓȵ(˅ʪʈ˳̑ȵɂɎ)
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Ħ8˷ȍ^ǻǼɲȵ(ǹħưȀ)AZ 8ɽJæʓ(˅ʪʈ˳̑)ȵɼĤĠȥ5Thomas Francis Wade    6X̓œƠň˥ǎZ 8Þʥ˃ZȵŨö¼Vė\'ÞƿlqȵʺưÝˋµƑɍȵ̆ə̑ȵ˶­8ɽǽǊɻĸƑɍȵ˅Ȁ˶­'ɻĸǻǼɲĹǹ˅˅Ȁȵ­Ǜ8ÞpɐĸµʢeĹǹ˅˅Ȁȵʵʽ8pÔlqȵǹ˅ʦ8ĲƿAPGÞŵʧȵɂɎ̛Ċ'ˣŕĩǐȯŋǊŭĔǊɂɎxƫďǹ˅˅ȀZɟȵIʓ8ˤ«Ț\xƫďZɟȵŨÌǎ 'ʢeĹǹ˅˅ȀȵɂɎģ^xƫď'ǻǼɲXƿQVA'ćǻǼɲV¹8ŋǊŭĔxƫď
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第 29 号（2016）

FǊǹ˅˅ȀȵZɟ '1)Martino Martini5ËÅĄ6“Grammatica Sinica(ǹ˅˅Ȁ)5ɍǎ8 

62)Framcisco Varo5CȈĄ6Are de la lengua Mandarina(İ˂ư)
Canton  3)T.S. Bayer “ Museum Sinicum(QĄǒɝ)  4)Premare5̣ʏȩ6“Notitia Linguae Sinicae”(ǹ˅Ǐʷ)
5  < 

at Malacca by Morrison65)Fourmont “Linguae Sinarrum Mandarinicae hieroglypficae Grammatica duplex(ǹ˅ư)” 6)Joshua Marshman “Clavis Sinica (Elements of Chinese Grammar)(QĄʪȀ)” 7)Robert Morrison ̣Ɇ˩A Grammar of the Chinese Language(ˬȫǹʪVȀ)” 8)Abel Remusat “Elmens de la Grammaire Chinoise(ǹưëʕ)” åƻȬˤƛ«ŭĔxƫďćlqȵ˅ȀZQiɬ\ǹ˅xɰȵʘħôĲħȵ­ɡȀ8XŃƿʘĲʺ'lqGƿǧuʢƵȵ˅ȀȨʺǗơ¡ǹ˅˅Ȁ8ɽƿń˾ǠƝǹ˅ȵĲ̉ž¦8ƜȓQĄeȵŸɻƵŞƎQĄxɰȵ˅ʪʦǗơ¡ǹ˅'˥ǟȵƵȀHˣnǗÉxƫď
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Ŵ'̌\æʭ&næʭ&Áʭ&ŦĶʭ&iʭ&Ʈʿ&˾ʿɘʿɡ5Part of speech6ȵǦŴpē8ˤļ¿ʿȵƻŶ5Tense6ô˅Ƕ5Mood6ȵ­ǛƵȀĺµǹ˅QǗ'ʚȒƹǌȵ˥bǦŴˤǽ

Ǌʟˀƌǹ˅ 8Þƿlqȵ˥Ɋłˁɯǹ˅ŐǗ\APŉƴȵ˅Ȁ­ǛȀ'ǻǼɲȵƑɍQȵǹ˅˅Ȁ­ǛŃƿAPŭĝȵĦ'


一、手稿中的语法部分ǻǼɲƑɍȵȮĦȚŋȭʔʑțĄĵąZ̡5Bibloteca nacional De Portugal6ćɴEŝ'Ƒ
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第 29 号（2016）

pē8ċǎEHȦnǹ˅ȵʿɡAʊ'Ȧnǹ˅ļ 6ȵʿɡɌRƵ{ʿ'ƍqȁƂµl˥˻ȁȵ˷ƿǹ˅Qȵʘʿ'ʚȒlƢµ\iʿ8˧Ɵʿɘʿɡ8ÞƿlŖǽǊˋµæʿ8ŦĶʿɘƐˌǹ˅QȵĲʿ˶­'Gˢć¿ʿȵÚQ8lȁ˼­Ǜ\ǹ˅¿ʿô˧ʿȵƻŶô˅Ƕ'
2.动词和连词的时态与语气
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第 29 号（2016）

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手稿

《汉字文法》

Imperfeito ǍĮƌƻĔõµ\ƍʣȊǯ'ǺʉV̍ƍĽȊȿ'

Perfeito ȦćĮƌŞƍķ\l'˯ƍŋŻ̟'

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37

江沙維手稿之考証（朱）三、江沙维汉语语法分析的特征
1. 江沙维之前的汉语语法书ɖɼć¹ʪQŋɭƛ«8ćǻǼɲV¹ŋǊŭĔxƫďʓZˋÔǹ˅˅Ȁ̜̆'˴UH˥bxƫďȻǳ8ǻǼɲĹǹ˅ȵ˅Ȁ­ǛǊfUȝūð<gŃɖɼƐʅȼµȵǎZɟHǻǼɲȵƑɍƧAFǳ˝'
6Francisco Varo5CȈĄ&   6
Arte de la lengua Mandarinaİ˂ư&  
CȈĄȵ(İ˂ư)ƿɗ˶ǫŞ«Țȵǹ˅˅ȀZ'lƔǹ˅ȵʿɡ­R;æʭ&næ

ʭ&Áʭ&­ʭ&¹ɶʭ&ºʭ&̂ƕʭ&Ɵɣʭ'ÞƿćǫưQŖǽǊǊ­ʿȵʷ˨ôÚ 'ÁʭÓǊƻŶ8˅ǶV­;ǍĮƌƻ5Imperfect Preterite6&Įƌƻ5Preterite Perfect6&˯ÑĮƌƻ5Pluperfect Preterite6&ļǗǍĮƌƻ5Future Imperfect6&ļǗĮƌƻ5Future Perfect6&óo˅Ƕ5Imperative6&Gıʭ5Infinitive6&ʟ¿ʿ5Passive Verb6ɘ'ǻǼɲȵǹ˅ȵ˅Ȁ­Ǜ¨WHCȈĄȻå8ć­Ǜǹ˅ƻǊ˅ȀôÚȀV­8ȫʢƵȵ˅ȀȨʺôŸɲĜȫćǹ˅E8ɯǹ˅ɏE\ȃʠ'
6Joseph Henry Marie de Prémare5̣ʏȩ&   6
Notitia Linguae Sinicae5(ǹ˅Ǐʷ)&  6̣ʏȩ̢ļǹ˅­Ræʭ&næʭ&Áʭ&¹ɶôºʭ8Ń˥Pʿɡ\AbɛÊȵʨ˺8ȒçÓȫ\¨PPǢǗʨˆǹ˅˅Ȁ'Ğ;!de usu aliquot litterarum5¨PǹħȵȫȀ6
ȵǞ̜FǊ*ů+&*Ǘ&Ñ+&*Ƿ+ɘ8"de particulis diminutivis5AȐ6ȵǞ̜FǊ*Ý+&*Ǫ+&*z+&*b+ɘ'ćʨ˺æʿƻ8lƢµ\­ʿ'ʞɅƓǐƎɼɾLȵæʿç̈̕Ǌ­ʿȵ'ǳĞˈZȵ8·Ěȵ8ƒ˿ȵɘɘ'ĂR˥bæʿȵɗAPħƿ¿ʿ8ƐpÞpʵıR­ʿ'ɗAPħR¿ʿ8ŖƦ˸ɗ]Pħ8ôȵć´đRHǡȵʷáAǟ8Xƿ­ʿȵǞʷ 'HCȈĄȵ(İ˂ư)Aǟ8OǎZ˷ǽǊƔŦĶʿRʿɡ­«Ǘ8Gˢlq˷ćæʿQˋµ\ŦĶʿ'ʢǕɷǄǻƛ«8ȭ^×µŎʆ˅ȀȨʺȵŨö8ţƻŦĶʿGƿAPȡɒȵʿɡ8ɽƿÃêćæʿQȵ '
6Robert Morrison5̣Ɇ˩&   67ʢǕɷǄǻ8「Prémare（1666-1736）の Notitia Linguae Sinicae, 1720」『或問』No.14 2007 p.43

8ÒȓÇàˍŽ(プレマール中国語文注解》（『或問』No.9 2005 p.113-152）'

9ʢǕɷǄǻ8åE8

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第 29 号（2016）

A grammar of the Chinese Language,ˬȫȎʪVȀ- ˃Zȵ˅Ȁ˶­ÃƘ\ȫæʭ&ŦĶʭ&næʭ&Áʭ&ºʭ&¹ɶʭ&Ɵɣʭ&ƅýʭɘʿɡ'ćʨˆÁʭƻ8Óȫhave5Ǌ6Ú8ʨˆ\˅ǶôƻŶ'Ğ8̊˨˅Ƕ5Indicative
Mood6&óo˅Ƕ5Imperative Mood6&Þʅ˅Ƕ5Potential Mood6&rı˅Ƕ5Subjunctive Mood6
F̈ǊãɊƻŶ'ȧćƻ5Present tense6&ļǗǍĮƌƻ5Imperfect tense6&ĮƌƻPerfect tense&ˢÑĮƌƻ5Pluperfect tense6&ļǗƻ5The future6&ȧć­ʭ5Present Participle6ɘ'HCȈĄ8̣ʏȩGå8̣Ɇ˩ƔŦĶʿRAPÊȡȵʿɡǗʨˆ\'ŖJĹ­ʿǊ\Ab}ȵĦ'
2.江沙维之前汉语语法书对他的影响
Ɲ Joseph Abraham Levi ȵɂɎƐˆ8ǻǼɲć(ȃǹäħť)Diccionario portuguez-china noestilo vulgar mandarime classico geral AZQ8ȺʪGʸĈˆAbxƫďȵZɟŨö\ʈŊ'In his introduction to the dictionary, father Goncalves acknowledges the assistance of native
Chinese speakers as well as the invaluable guidance of secondary sources, such as books andmanuscripts, not only Chinese language, history, and culture but also on a variety of subjects,
including natural history, written by other Europeans living and working in the Orient, as in the caseof Robert Morrison ǻǼɲḤɆ˩¨WåAƻǌņ|ćȏ̅8ƍqG̎ƁˎǻǼɲĔĔŁŁwÒɻ̣Ɇ˩«Țȵħ8˅ȀZ8įƫZɘZɟ'GˢƍqˤǽǊ}˔ƱʅĕʼƼǻǼɲĹǹ˅ȵ˅Ȁ­ǛȺƟḤɆ˩Ǌ'ɖɼʵR8CȈĄ8̣Ɇ˩8ǻǼɲ˷ǗʈȻy˅ʪʃǃȵǨȄ8lqȵ˅ȀʦÔȫȵ˅ȀȨʺǰ˪ŢAƿG̎Ȩʨȵ'Gˢlqȵ˅Ȁ­ǛXƿãǊȝʎȵ'

3.江沙维汉语语法书的特征HCĄȈ8̣ʏȩ8̣Ɇ˩Gå8lȝ´Ƣµ\¿æʿô­ʿ'ʚȒCĄȈ8̣ʏȩXXƢµ\­ʿ8ĞEƐ˨8lqŖǽǊƢ

}ȵÚôʺ˨'̣Ɇ˩Ǌ\Ab}ȵÚ8ÞƿlȵÚʣǳǻǼɲŁůĔ'
̣Ɇ˩;
Ýć Infinitive Mood QƢµ the present participleȦć­ʿô compound present5ĒäȦć­10

Joseph Abraham Levi Padre Joaquim Afonso Goncalves (1781-1834) and the Arte China(1829), 201410Ȭŗō8*ˣnʢeȵǹ˅˅ȀɂɎ+(˅ʪƟʩʺ̑)5˵þŧ8ȌǺǘSɳ68Eȉƫʂ«Țɇ

2004

p.266

江沙維手稿之考証（朱）39ʿ6
!lƷǊʫĔ¸­bʋ³e' He having a great quantity, shared a little to other persons.
"lƷǇǊ˯ėǎǥtƂʁƉ'


He having had a large fortune, indulged his passion without restraint.

ƷǊH­ʿ having8ÍǇǊH­ʿ having had ȻĹŚ8Ɣǹ˅ĒÚQʞɅȨȭ8ƎˢÑȵȞŶɹˀƌʐ˅ȵ­ʿŦŞ'
6ǻǼɲ;
!Gerundios¿æʿćȏ̀ǽǊɠ˒'lć˴ʡɘȾ'ɓȾ&˛Ⱦ&ĉȾ&˷Gůʈć'ƍȔ̝â'ȑƒmʣɤ¬Ħ'̌\ļǹ˅QʞɅʞɅĨćôƚɱôƚɱȵ¿ʿŢR¿æʿpē8ˤļʞɅȫ˪ôȹȵ¿ʿXŢR¿æʿ'
"Participio5­ʭ6ʛǸ˙ȵeGĞʛƺ˙ȵ'˯ȉȵe˷ĉʍ'
ḤɆ˩Gå8ǻǼɲƔǊŦĶʿŹǡȵ8ȫǗ̠æʿȵ¿ʿŢR­ʿ'˥AȐḤʏȩȻy'
#Passivo Participio­ʿʟ¿Ŷ6ʟʙȵe˷Ʃ\'ǗȵNʢƍGˑ'ĞEƐ˨8HlȵxƫďȻǳ8ǻǼɲć­Ǜǹ˅˅Ȁƻ8ȫ­ʿ8¿æʿȵ˶­ǀůȝ´ĈĔ'ƑɍQǊ  ǖÚ8(ǹħưȀ)QǊ  ǖ'结语ǎưgĹǻǼɲƑɍȵǹ˅˅Ȁ˶­\APɛÊȵiɬ'HlȵxƫďAǟ8Xʹl×\ Port Royal ȵ(ǂKøȨ˅Ȁ)ȵŨö8Ȼ˅ʪȵǂˮŹ8ƐpʅĕǴGȟˏĈȫʢƵ˅ȀȨʺǗĜȫǹ˅'ˬˢpE­Ǜ8ƍqÞpɀ˰ǻǼɲȵƑɍô(ǹħưȀ)Hlxƫďȵ˅Ȁ
ZȻǳ8GgƧ̑ȵǹ˅ÚĔ8ȫȵʢƵ˅ȀȨʺǀůǅR˄ɪ'ǳĞȦnǹ˅˅ȀQǽǊ

40

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第 29 号（2016）¿æʿ8­ʿV­8ɽǻǼɲćţƻȫ¿æʿ8­ʿȵǦŴǗʨ˺ǹ˅QʞɅƚɱ8ȞŶpÔ̠æʿȵ¿ʿ'˥ɊĜȫȵƵȀ8ƶȱRţƻĩYǹ˅ȵǨȄeƢ

\APɛÊƽƊȵĩYƵȀ

ôǔƱ'
vƐñɀ8QĄeǈƹ¡ȵǹ˅˅ȀZƿ̣ŜŲȵ(̣ǵưˬ)8̣ŜŲȵ˅ȀZƿćǹ˅ăǊȵĲʿHʘʿǦŴQ8ş\ʢƵȵ˅ȀȨʺȵ'ZQȵÚƿpưʪưRS'ɽćǬV¹8xƫďR\ĩYǹ˅ɽ¡Fȵǹ˅˅ȀZQ̌\ưʪưpē8ˤI̅ɒɕ­Ǜ\ǹ˅Ù˅ȵ˅Ȁ8ǻǼɲȵƑɍô(ǹħưȀ)ŃƿAPŭĝȵʼ'
xƫďɳ˞ȵǹ˅˅ȀZ8ĹȦnǹ˅ş˦ʢƵ˅Ȁ­ǛȀɎɔ˖\ĔėȵŨöȫ<ȝ´ƿȦnǹ˅ȵ˅ȀǨÄȦˎHxƫďȵ˅ʪưÄȅ¿ȵɿŹɘɘɂɎˉ̜8ˤǊŬhçȵɂɎƌǜ'şȫ・ÒɻưȢ;à¢*  KɧEÈàȅ˗ćȏ̅ȵʔɟǹĩĵ9ǻǼɲɈȘ+(Ą̉ǹĩ)   ŕǉ 

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W. South Cobin, Joseph. A. Levi Franciso Varo’s Grammar of the Mandarin Launguage (1703), John
Benjamins Publishing Company, 1999
Robert Morrison A grammar of the Chinese Language ,ˬȫȎʪVȀ-,Serempore,1815
J.M. Callery‘Notices of J. A. Goncalves’ Chinese repository 1815, p.68-81