U.S.-Japan-India Strategic Dialogue
December 4 –December 6, 2009
Tokyo, Japan
Recognizing the strategic potential for expanding cooperation on regional and global
challenges and the shared values among the United States, Japan and India, the Center for
Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII), andthe Japan Institute for International Affairs (JIIA) initiated the U.S.-Japan-India Strategic
Dialogue in June 2006.
Co-chaired by Yoshiyuki Kasai, Chairman of the Central Japan Railway Company, former
CII Chief Mentor Tarun Das, CSIS President John Hamre and former Deputy Secretary ofState Richard Armitage, and directed by Michael Green of CSIS, the Strategic Dialogue
convened for the sixth time in Tokyo from December 4 to December 6, 2009. As before, allthe sessions and other events were held on an off-the-record basis to help stimulate debate.
This was the first U.S.-Japan-India Strategic Dialogue held since the inauguration of theadministration of Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama, and just weeks before his first official
visit to India. Topics discussed included: the economic situation; the U.S.-Japan alliance;international security challenges; regional architecture; and climate change /energy.
Economic Situation
The participants expressed a consensus view that the world economy is improving but stillholds more uncertainties than certainties. The delegation took note of the sustainable natureof India’s growth which is driven primarily by consumption, but all agreed that prospects forfull recovery in Japan and in the U.S. are far from solid, with demand remaining weak andunemployment a challenge in both countries.
On the Japanese economy some expressed concerns that share prices, bond prices, and theunemployment rate would all respond negatively to the spiraling budget deficit.
On India, all three sides emphasized that infrastructure development is important to ensuring
stable growth for the next decade. While Japan remains under-represented in the Indianmarket, participants agreed that the “infrastructure decade” that lies ahead affords both Japanand the U.S. new investment opportunities in India. In this connection many noted the needfor more direct flights daily connecting Tokyo and Delhi/Mumbai.
The growing volume of Indian investments in the U.S. was highlighted and it was noted thata change in regulations might encourage a similar trend in Japan.

Participants agreed on the importance of an early and successful completion of the Doha
Development Round.
Security
The three delegations shared many common views of the evolving and uncertain security
situation. In order for the United States to effect security cooperation and contribute tostability in Asia, a meaningful forward presence of U.S. forces in Japan and carefulmanagement of the alliance is indispensible. The American and Japanese participants briefed
the Indian delegation on recent developments in the U.S.-Japan alliance, expressing concern
about the current state of relations. Participants expressed optimism about the longer-term
strength of the U.S.-Japan alliance and agreed to urge both governments to increase efforts toresolve current issues expeditiously.
The participants agreed that terrorism in Afghanistan and Pakistan is a threat to the entire
global community. They welcomed President Obama’s announcement on Afghanistan
strategy and agreed that all three nations have a strong interest in the success of the strategy
in order to avert further deterioration of the security situation in Afghanistan and larger
disorder across the region. Questions unanswered included what Japan would do on theground in Afghanistan in the aftermath of its much appraised maritime refueling mission in
the Indian Ocean.
It was noted that the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans joins the three nations’common strategic interests. Some went further and proposed that there should be acommunity of likeminded maritime democracies that would coordinate efforts for thestewardship and peaceful use of the maritime commons. In this context, participants agreed
on the utility of annualized exercises among the three nations’ navies and called for theestablishment of regular bilateral exercises between the Indian Navy and the Japanese
Maritime Self-Defense Forces.
Discussions also covered China, North Korea, Iran and Burma/Myanmar.
Regional Architecture
The participants discussed the future of Asian community building and agreed on the central
role that the U.S. and India must play in any future regional architecture in order to ensurethat it is open and inclusive.
Despite some difficulties in relations with China, all three sides emphasized the need tocollaborate with the PRC for peace and prosperity. The participants further agreed thatsetting high standards for rules-based cooperation in regional institutions would have apositive impact on China’s own development.

2Participants discussed the differences between Asian and European regional architecture andnoted that in Asia a looser, more network-driven and less geographically defined grouping
may be more appropriate, particularly to tie together the Indo-Pacific geographical context.
Climate Change/Energy
The participants welcomed the United States, Japan and India taking leadership roles inforging an effective international effort to preventing global warming and highlighted theimportance of technological innovation.
Nuclear power is an essential element for ensuring sustainable energy and combating climatechange. The delegation encouraged India’s development of the civil nuclear sector andrecommended a change in Japan’s policy direction in order to allow substantive civil nuclear
cooperation with India.
The participants also recognized the importance of addressing proliferation as world-wide
demand for nuclear power expands. It was agreed that all three nations should play aleadership role in ensuring a successful global nuclear summit scheduled to be held in
Washington in April 2010.
The participants reviewed the status of climate change negotiations and agreed that climatechange should be discussed in both multilateral and bilateral channels. The participantsemphasized that technology is critical to a solution and in that context noted that 65 to 80%
of R&D spending on green technologies today occurs in the private sector, necessitating athorough discussion on how to ensure strong intellectual property rights protection on a
global basis. They also stressed the importance of improving energy efficiency.
Next Steps
The participants agreed to establish a regular coordination and communication mechanism on
key issues that arise between sessions of the U.S.-Japan-India Strategic Dialogue in order tobe able to respond immediately to the rapidly changing global situation.

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