⬺Ⅳ⣲㒔ᕷ࣭ᘓ⠏᥎㐍≉ูㄪᰝጤဨ఍
➨2ᅇᣑ኱ጤဨ఍ ᾏእLCAࢶ࣮ࣝࡢ⤂௓Ḣᕞࡢືྥ࡜LCAࢶ࣮ࣝࡢά⏝ᰠᕝ㯞⾰20th August 2024Ԧय͹ಊ޴ͳLCAςʖϩ͹‫༽׈‬Agenda

1. ‫ݒ‬஛෼͹LCA Ͷ‫ͤؖ‬ΖԦय͹ಊ޴
2. Ψϧϱξ͹੏ౕͳࣰແ

3. ϫϱχϱ͹੏ౕͳࣰແ

Part 1ᘓ⠏≀ࡢLCA࡟㛵ࡍࡿḢᕞࡢືྥ‫ޫـ‬รಊཊ੏Ͷ‫ܐ‬Ζ੕ࡨ͹รયKey policy drivers for decarbonisation
LEVEL

2015

2019

2020

Paris Agreement

GlobalNationalCorporate

Indirect
Implication

2022

COP 26

COP 27

COP 28

New global
carbon commitments
to limit global
warming to 1.5°C

Call for action to
speed up progress
towards climatechange goals

COP26 keeps 1.5Υalive and finalises theParis Agreement.

Focus on Global
Climate Change tolimit global warming
to 1.5°C.

Europe2021

2023

20242030

EU Green Deal

EU Taxonomy

EU Climate Law

EPBD recast

EU initiative inresponse to the Paris
Agreement. Fit for 55
programme.

Technical criteria forsustainable
investments in realestate.

Zero Carbon sectorial
pathways and carbon
budgets put forward
by member states.

Changes to minimum
energy performanceof buildings.

Indirect
Implication

DirectImplication

DirectImplication

Indirect
Implication

Indirect
Implication

DirectImplication

Asset Managers, Investors, Developers, Private and Public Companies, Infrastructure Clients

Source: European Union, Arup࣍କՆ೵͵‫׈ࡃܨ‬ಊ͹ఈٝ
EU Taxonomy Regulation

6 objectives

From explicitly climate change…

CO2…to broader environmental and social sustainability+

Climate Change
Mitigation

Climate Change
Adaptation

Significant
contribution

Transition toCircular Economy

Water Resource
Management

Pollution Prevention
and Control

Biodiversity
and Ecosystems

Avoidance of Significant Harm (Do No Significant Harm)+

minimum social safeguards

Source: European Union, Arup‫ݒ‬஛෾໼͹ఈٝ
EU Taxonomy Regulation€Acquisition and ownership

Construction of new buildings

Renovation of existing buildings

EPC class A(Energy Performance Certificate)or within the top 15% of the market(build before 31.12.2020)

10 % < nZEB
(nearly Zero Energy Building)

30 % reduction of PED(Primary Energy Demand)

Life Cycle Assessment
and Global Warming Potential disclosure(GWP) + air-tightness + thermalintegrity disclosure‫ݒ‬஛෼͹Φϋϩάʖ੓೵ࢨྫրఈEPBD (Energy Performance of Building Directive) Article 7κϫΦϝρεϥϱԿϧ΢ϓγ΢έϩGWP͹ࢋఈʀ֋ࣖ

৿஛‫ݒ‬஛෼͹ΦϋϩάʖऩགྷΝՅ໏ࠅ͗ͨΗͩΗఈΌΖ৏‫ݸ‬஍ҐԾʤNearly zero-energy‫خ‬६ΓΕ΍10%Ґ৏ঘ͠͏஍ʥͶཊ͓Ζɽ࠸ਫ਼Ն೵ΦϋϩάʖɼஏҮྮஈ๬౵͖
Δ͹Φϋϩάʖ‫ͤͳڇڛ‬Ζɽ

EN15978Ͷॊͮͱϧ΢ϓγ΢έϩGWPΝࢋఈ͢ɼΦϋϩάʖ੓೵ৄ໎ॽʤEPCʥͶනࣖͤΖʤࢋఈ‫ؔغ‬ͺ50೧ʥɽࢋఈʀ֋ࣖ͹ଲেͳ͵Ζ‫ݒ‬஛෼ͺҐԾʁ‫و‬੏͹ଲেͳ͵Ζ‫ݒ‬஛෼ͺҐԾʁ•2028೧1݆ʛ

1,000m²Ν௔͓Ζ৿஛‫ݒ‬஛෼•2028೧1݆ʛޮద‫༙ͤॶ͗ؖؽ‬Ζ৿஛‫ݒ‬஛෼

•2030೧1݆ʛસͱ͹৿஛‫ݒ‬஛෼

•2030೧1݆ʛસͱ͹৿஛‫ݒ‬஛෼

https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficient-buildings/energy-performance-buildings-directive_enԦय֦ࠅ͹LCAͶ‫ܐ‬Ζ‫و‬੏͹಍೘য়‫ڱ‬ࠅʀஏҮΨϧϱξϓϧϱηηΤΥʖυϱυϱϜʖέϓΡϱϧϱχ

ϫϱχϱࣰࢬʀๅࠄٝແ

2013೧

2022೧

2022೧

2023೧

2025೧

2021೧

ഋड़ྖ‫و‬੏

2018೧

2022೧

2027೧

2023೧

2025೧

-ଲে‫ݒ‬஛෼ࢋఈ൥ҕ

100m²Ґ৏͹ࣆແ े୒ɼࣆແॶɼ‫ گ‬100m²Ґ৏͹સͱ ࣰࢬٝແʁ
સͱ͹༽౏ॶɼे୒͹༽౏үࢬઅ(޽‫ۂ‬ɼ೸ྜྷਭࢊ‫ۂ‬ɼ‫ݒ༽ࣆ܋‬෼Ν ഋड़ྖ‫و‬੏ʁ
1,000m²Ґ৏͹સঈ͚)ͱ͹༽౏સͱ͹༽౏Ҳఈ‫و‬ໝҐ৏͹સͱ͹༽౏AʛD(B6,B7Νঈ͚)A1ʛA5,B3, B4, B6
C1ʛC4, DAʛDAʛD(B6,B7Νঈ͚)A1ʛA52027೧Ґ߳ʁ
A1ʛA5,B2,B4,B6, C1ʛC4

A1ʛA3,B4, B6,C3, C4, D

Part 2࢜ࣛࣥࢲࡢไᗘ࡜ᐇົ

https://kondorwessels.nl/en/portfolio/habitat-royale/‫ݒ‬஛෼͹‫ڧ؂‬੓೵Ͷ‫ͤؖ‬Ζགྷ‫ٽ‬BENG / MPG•

Bouwbesluit 2012͖ΔBesluit
bouwwerken leefomgevingͶ໌স͗րΌΔΗͪ๑ཱ͹஦Ͳ‫ڧ؂‬੓೵͗‫و‬ఈ͠ΗΖɽ

BENG
Bijna EnergieNeutrale
Gebouwen•Φϋϩάʖভඇ੓೵Ͷ‫ͤؖ‬ΖBENGͳ‫ݒ‬஛෼ࣙର͹‫ڧ؂‬ෝ՛Ͷ‫ͤؖ‬ΖMPGɼͨΗͩΗͶགྷ݇͗༫
͓ΔΗΖɽΦϋϩάʖভඇ੓೵Ͷ‫ͤؖ‬Ζགྷ݇ɽ༽౏ຘͶ༫͓ΔΗΖ3झ͹NearlyZEB‫خ‬६Νຮͪͤචགྷ͍͗Ζɽ
1. Ҳ࣏Φϋϩάʖऩགྷ [kWh/m²yr]
2. Կ੶Φϋϩάʖ࢘༽ྖ [kWh/m²yr]
3. ࠸ਫ਼Ն೵Φϋϩάʖർི [%]ː2021೧ͶEPCͶ଺͓ͱ಍೘͠Ηͪ

MPG
MilieuPrestatie Gebouwen‫ڧ؂‬ෝ՛Ͷ‫ͤؖ‬Ζགྷ݇ɽԻ࣪ްՎΪηഋड़ྖΝ‫؜‬΋11͹‫ڧ؂‬ෝ՛෼࣯͹૱ྖͲ඲ՃͤΖɽे୒ʙඉे୒ͨΗͩΗͶ‫خ‬६஍͗༫͓ΔΗΖɽ
ː2013೧͖Δࢋఈʀ֋ࣖɼ2018೧͖
Δഋड़ྖ‫و‬੏ʥ‫ڧ؂‬ෝ՛෼࣯ͳͨ͹॑ΊͰ͜
MPG Calculationഋड़ྖ‫و‬੏
MPG Calculation•2018೧1݆͖Δজ໚੷͍ͪΕɼ1೧͍ͪΕ€1.00͹৏‫ݸ‬஍͗಍೘͠Ηͪɽ•2021೧7݆Ͷे୒͹Ί€0.80Ͷ‫ک‬Կɽ•ஊ֌దͶ‫و‬੏Ν‫ک‬Կ͢ɼ2030೧ΉͲͶൔ‫ͤݰ‬Ζ͞ͳΝ໪ඬͳͤΖɽ•‫ؔغ༽ڛ‬ͺॵ‫غ‬஍͗༫͓ΔΗΖ͗ɼࣰସͶଊ͢ͱ௒੖ͤΖ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ζɽ
5HVLGHQWLDO%XLOGLQJV2IILFH%XLOGLQJV

MPG-costs ≤ €0.80 /(m2*year)
Default life span : 75 years

MPG-costs ≤ €1.00 /(m2*year)
Default life span : 50 years‫ؔغ༽ڛ‬͹௒੖
Richtlijn specifieke gebouwlevensduurϕϫζΥέφ͹ࣰସͶԢͣͱ4ஊ֌͹๏๑Ͳ‫ؔغ༽ڛ‬͹௒੖͗Ն೵ʁ
ॵ‫غ‬஍ʙમ୔ࣞึਜ਼ʙ‫ࢋܯ‬ͶΓΖึਜ਼ʙ઒໵Պ͹൓இ

W/E rapport: Onderzoek ‘Richtlijn specifieke gebouwlevensduur’‫ؔغ༽ڛ‬͹௒੖
Richtlijn specifieke gebouwlevensduur‫ࢋܯ‬ςʖϩ
MPG calculation•ট೟͠Ηͪςʖϩ͹Ί࢘༽Ն೵ɽ

•‫ݒ‬஛༽ɼౖ໨༽Ͷ෾͜ΔΗΖ͗ɼଡ͚ͺ‫ݒ‬஛༽ɽ•ഋड़‫ݬ‬ୱҒυʖνϗʖηNMD͹‫ݬ‬ୱҒΝ༽͏ͱ‫ͤࢋܯ‬Ζචགྷ͍͗Ζɽhttps://milieudatabase.nl/en/‫ݬ‬ୱҒυʖνϗʖηNationaal Milieu Database•

Stichting Nationale Milieudatabase͗؇ཀྵͤΖυʖνϗʖηɽ•‫ݬ‬ୱҒ͹ౌ࿧ͶͺStichting NMDͶΓΖ‫͗ৄݗ‬චགྷɽ•༙ް‫ؔغ‬ͺ5೧ɽ•‫ݬ‬ୱҒ͹෾ྪCategory 1: ੣඾‫༙ݽ‬͹EPDʤ୊ࢀं‫͍ৄݗ‬Εʥ
Category 2: ‫ۂ‬ֆ஄ର౵͖Δ఑‫͠ڛ‬Ηͪ‫ڠ‬௪EPDʤ୊ࢀं‫͍ৄݗ‬Εʥ
Category 3: NMD͗఑‫ͤڛ‬ΖζΥϋϨρέυʖνʤ୊ࢀं‫͢͵ৄݗ‬ʥ
30%ׄଁ

https://milieudatabase.nl/en/MPGΝߡྂͪ͢અ‫ܯ‬
Habitat Royale‫ݒ‬෼৚ๅ•༽౏ʁे୒ʙঐ‫ࢬۂ‬અ•໚੷ʁ14,000m²ʤे୒ʥɼ750m²
ʤঐ‫ࢬۂ‬અʥ•‫ؔغ༽ڛ‬ʁ75೧ʤॵ‫غ‬஍ʥ‫ڧ؂‬੓೵
•MPGʁ€0.24•

BENG1ʁ43.12 kWh/m2yr•

BENG2ʁ-20.91 kWh/m2yr•

BENG3ʁ177.7%
https://kondorwessels.nl/en/portfolio/habitat-royale/

MPGΝߡྂͪ͢અ‫ܯ‬
Habitat Royale
Urban Mining Concrete͹͹ࡀ༽•࢘༽ࡃΊαϱέϨʖφΝາਭ࿪ιϟϱφɼਭ࿪ιϟϱφɼ૊ࠐࡒɼࡋࠐࡒͶ෾཯͢ɼ‫ࡒݬ‬ྋͳ͢ͱ࠸ཤ༽ͪ͢αϱέϨʖφɽ•յफͪ͢ࠐࡒɼາਭ࿪ιϟϱφΝ50%࢘༽ͤΖ͞ͳͲɼഋड़ྖΝ70%ࡡ‫ݰ‬ɽ໨࣯‫ࡒܧ‬ྋ͹ࡀ༽•ߑଆϓϪʖϞΝॄ੔ࡒͳ͢ɼTNOʤΨϧϱξԢ༽Ռָ‫ߑؽڂݜ‬ʥ͹൅ߨͤΖϪϛʖφͶ‫͘Ͱخ‬໨࣯ࡒྋ͹୺ો‫ݽ‬ఈྖΝMPGͶൕӫɽ•ؔ࢕઀ปͶ࠸ཤ༽Ն೵͵໨࣯‫ܧ‬ϏϋϩεητϞΝࡀ༽ɽ‫ݒ‬஛ࣁࡒ͹࠸ཤ༽
•

Re-usability‫ܘ‬༁ΝϜτϨΠϩϏηϛʖφͶౌ࿧͢ɼ‫ࡒݒ‬͹࠸ཤ༽Νฯৄɽ
https://newhorizon.nl/material-balance/urban-mining-concrete/

Part 3ࣟࣥࢻࣥࡢไᗘ࡜ᐇົ

౐ࢤ‫ܯ‬ժͶ͕͜ΖWLCA͹ٝແԿThe London Plan•΢ϱήϧϱχ͹Ϩʖζϥϱʤ࠹৏Ғ͹ஏ๏࣑ࣙରୱҒʥ͹1ͯͲ͍ΖήϪʖνʖʀϫϱχϱʤ୉ϫϱχϱʥͲన༽͠ΗΖ౐ࢤ‫ܯ‬ժɽ•ࠕ‫ޛ‬20ʛ25೧͹൅ఴͶ޴͜ͱౖஏཤ༽ʀ֋൅Ͷͯ͏ͱકྲྀద͵๏ਓΝࣖͤɽ•ި௪ɼ‫ڧ؂‬ɼ‫ࡃܨ‬੔ௗɼे୒‫ڇڛ‬ɼชԿɼ݊߃Ͷ‫ͤؖ‬Ζ͠Ή͡Ή͵ߴ໪΃͹న߻͗‫ٽ‬ΌΔΗΖɽ2021೧͹րఙͶ͕͏ͱ
WLCA͹ࣰࢬΝٝແԿ౐ࢤ‫ܯ‬ժͶ͕͜ΖWLCA͹ٝແԿThe London Plan•

Chapter 9 Sustainable Infrastructure
Policy SI 2 Minimising greenhousegas emissionͲWLCAΝٝແԿɽ•

Policy SI 7 Reducing waste andsupporting the circular economyͳ͹࿊ಊ͗‫ٽ‬ΌΔΗΖɽ•ଲেͳ͵Ζ୉‫و‬ໝ͵֋൅ʁA) 150‫ރ‬Ґ৏͹े୒Ν‫؜‬΋B) City of London: 100,000m²Ґ৏Central London: 20,000m²Ґ৏ͨ͹ଠ: 15,000m²Ґ৏C) City of London: 150mҐ৏τϞθઔླྀҮ: 25mҐ৏ͨ͹ଠ: 30mҐ৏౐ࢤ‫ܯ‬ժͶ͕͜ΖWLCA͹ٝແԿThe London Planన߻ٝແ•ࣰࢬʀ఑ड़ٝແ͹Ίɽ•‫خ‬६஍΃͹న߻ٝແͺ͵͏ɽͪͫ͢ɼ‫خ‬६஍Νຮͪ͠͵͏৖߻ͺઈ໎͗‫ٽ‬ΌΔΗΖɽࣰࢬʀ఑ड़͹ν΢ϝϱή
•Pre-application: અ‫ܯ‬ஊ֌ʤ೜қʥ•Planning application submission:֮೟ਅ੧࣎•

01

Preparation
and Briefing

02

03

04

Concept
SpatialDesign Coordination

05

Technical Manufacturing
DesignandConstruction

Planning application
submission

Post construction

••
•
•
•

•

ϕϫζΥέφ͹֕གྷΠιηϟϱφ͹݃Վ‫خ‬६஍ͳ͹ർֳ‫ع‬ଚ‫ݒ‬෼͹࠸ཤ༽Ͷ‫ͤؖ‬Ζ‫ݗ‬౾͹‫ى‬࿧‫غ‬ଶ͠ΗΖCO2ࡡ‫ྖݰ‬

Post construction: ॣ޽‫ޛ‬͵ʹ••

06

07

HandoverUseࣰସͶ‫͚Ͱخ‬Πιηϟϱφ͹ߍ৿ʤ‫ݒ‬஛ࣁࡒ৚ๅɼ༎ૻྖɼ‫ݳ‬৖͹Φϋϩάʖ࢘༽ྖ͵ʹʥ֮೟ਅ੧࣎͹݃Վͳ͹ർֳͳߡࡱࠕ‫ޛ‬͹ϕϫζΥέφͶͯ͵͝ΖLessons Learnt͵ʹ౐ࢤ‫ܯ‬ժͶ͕͜ΖWLCA͹ٝແԿThe London Plan

SUPPLEMENTARYINFORMATION BEYOND THE
BUILDING LIFE CYCLE

B5C1

B6

Operational energyuse

B7

Operational water use

C2

C3C4

DDisposal

B4Transport

B3

Waste processing

B2

De-construction
Demolition

B1

Refurbishment

A3

Benefits and loads beyond
the system boundary

END OF LIFE
stage

Replacement

A2

USE
stage

Repair

A1

CONSTRUCTIONPROCESS
stage
A4
A5Use‫༽ڛ‬೧਼ͺ60೧Ν૟ఈɽ

PRODUCTstage

Raw materialsupply•Module C͕Γ;DͺCircular
Economy Statementͳ͹੖߻͗චགྷɽMaintenance•

BUILDING ASSESSMENT INFORMATIONBUILDING LIFE CYCLE INFORMATION

Transport

Module DͺพͶๅࠄͤΖɽ

Construction
installation process•

Manufacturing

Module A͖ΔCΉͲસͱ͹ஊ֌Ν‫؜‬΋ɽTransport•

Reuse
Recovery
Recycling
potential

EN15978࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁసᡂ

ഋड़ྖ‫خ‬६஍
The London Plan•ࣆແॶɼे୒ɼ‫گ‬үࢬઅɼঐ‫ࢬۂ‬
અɼ4झ͹༽౏Ͷͯ͏ͱɼ‫خߨݳ‬
६஍ͳ2030೧‫خ‬६஍ʤ40%ࡡ‫ݰ‬ʥ͗ࣖ͠ΗΖɽ•‫خ‬६஍ͺ‫ۂة‬ɼ஄ର౵͖Δ఑‫͠ڛ‬Ηࣰͪ੹஍͖Δઅఈɽ•న߻ٝແͺ͵͏͗ɼ‫خ‬६஍Ν৏յΖ৖߻Ͷͺɼ఑ड़࣎Ͷཀྵ༟͹ઈ໎͗‫ٽ‬ΌΔΗΖɽΨϓΡη೧‫خ‬६஍‫خ‬६஍ΠρϕϓϫϱφΩʖϚϱΦϱϚυΡχΩʖϚϱʤ୺ો‫ݽ‬ఈ‫؜‬΋ʥ

<950<600<450<370<1400<970‘London Plan Guidance, Whole Life-Cycle Carbon Assessments’‫ࢋܯ‬ςʖϩ
The London Plan•

One Click LCAΝͺͣΌͳͤΖ൜༽ςʖϩ͹࢘༽͗೟ΌΔΗΖɽ•EN 15978Ͷన߻ͤΗͻଠ͹ςʖϩ͹࢘༽΍Ն೵ɽ

‘London Plan Guidance, Whole Life-Cycle Carbon Assessments’ഋड़‫ݬ‬ୱҒ
The London Plan•

࢘༽ͤΖ‫ݒ‬஛ࣁࡒ͹EPDΝ༽͏Ζɽ

•

EPD͗͵͏ʙ෈໎͹ஊ֌ͺ֦झΪ΢χϧ΢ϱͶॊ͑ɽ‘London Plan Guidance, Whole Life-Cycle Carbon Assessments’֦झΪ΢χϧ΢ϱͶΓΖึ‫ک‬The London Plan
‫ݒ‬஛

ߑଆ

ᘓ⠏

RICS
Whole life carbon
assessment for the built
environmentᵓ㐀IStructE
How to calculate embodiedcarbon

અඍタഛCIBSE
Embodied carbon in building
services: a calculationmethodology

֐ૹእ⿦

CWCT
How to calculate theembodied carbon of facades:A methodology

WLCΝߡྂͪ͢અ‫ܯ‬80 Charlotte Street‫ݒ‬෼৚ๅ•༽౏ʁΨϓΡηɼঐ‫ۂ‬ɼे୒•໚੷ʁ29,822m²ʤΨϓΡηʥɼ1,300m²ʤঐ‫ۂ‬ʥɼ4,180m²ʤे୒ʥ•‫ؔغ༽ڛ‬ʁ60೧ʤॵ‫غ‬஍ʥ•Upfront Carbon: 506 kgCO2e/m²•

EPC: B©Paul Carstairs‫ڧ؂‬੓೵

WLCΝߡྂͪ͢અ‫ܯ‬80 Charlotte Street‫ع‬ଚ‫ݒ‬෼͹࠸ཤ༽•ߑଆɼ֐ปΝ‫؜‬΋‫ع‬ଚ‫ݒ‬෼Ν༁30%࠸ཤ༽ɽ•֌߶Ν‫ع‬ଚ‫ݒ‬෼ͳಋͣ3,300mmͶઅఈͯͯ͢ɼ
ళ߶2,700mmΝ֮ฯɽ•

6mx9mήϨρχΝࡀ༽͢ɼηϧϔ޲Ν150mmͶઅఈɽ

•40%Νϓϧ΢ΠρεϣͲ஖‫ͪ͢׷‬αϱέϨʖφΝࡀ༽ɽ•Ϩγ΢έϩࡒɼஏࢊࡒΝ੷‫ۅ‬దͶࡀ༽ɽ

Operational Carbon͹ࡡ‫ݰ‬•ϫϱχϱॵ͹ΨʖϩుԿɽ•

80m²͹PVΝԲ৏Ͷઅ஖ɽ

©Paul Carstairsߑଆʀࡒྋ͹޽෋WLCΝߡྂͪ͢અ‫ܯ‬
Circular Economy Statements࡜࡜ࡢ㐃ື

‘London Plan Guidance, Circular Economy Statements’ ࡼࡾ㌿㍕

WLCΝߡྂͪ͢અ‫ܯ‬WLCࢆࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓィ⏬ࡢᚲせᛶ•‫ܯ‬ժʀઅ‫ܯ‬͹૥͏ஊ֌Ͳ͹қࢧ݀ఈ͗ɼΓΕ୉͘͏WLC͹ࡡ‫ݰ‬Ͷͯ͵͗Ζɽ

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WLCA͹චགྷ͵ϕϫζΥέφͲͺɼઅ‫͖غॵܯ‬ΔLCAαϱγϩνϱφ
͗ࢂժ͢ɼWLCࡡ‫ݰ‬Ͷ޴ͪ͜఑Ҍʀঁ‫ݶ‬Νߨ͑ɽពᛮỴᐃࡢࢱ࢖࣑ࣥࢢ࡜Embodied carbon๐ῶࡢྍ⬟ᛶ
‘Net-zero buildings –Halving construction emission today?’, wbcsdࡼࡾ㌿㍕WLCΝߡྂͪ͢અ‫ܯ‬ヲ⣽᳨ウ࡜ࢶ࣮ࣝ•൜༽͹LCAςʖϩͺ‫ݒ‬෼સରΝ೼ѴͤΖ͹Ͷͺన͢ͱ͏Ζ͗ɼ֦෨͹‫ݗ‬౾Ͷͺన͠͵͏৖߻͍͗Ζɽ•ߑଆɼ֐ૹɼઅඍ͵ʹɼͨΗͩΗ͹‫ݗ‬౾Ͷ߻ͮͪςʖϩΝ‫ͤ༽׈‬Ζɽ•‫ݗ‬౾ॵ‫غ‬ͺζΥϋϨρέυʖνʤICE Databaseʥ΍‫༽׈‬ɽ&WLCΝߡྂͪ͢અ‫ܯ‬ヲ⣽᳨ウ࡜ࢶ࣮ࣝ

॑གྷ੓ΝଁͤWLC͹ࢻ఼ᘓ⠏ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡬ࡢᙳ㡪॑གྷ੓ΝଁͤWLC͹ࢻ఼ཝ᱁໬ࡢഴྥ•ΤΥηφϝϱηνʖͺ2040೧ϋρφκϫΝ໪ࢨ͢nretrofit first” cityΝ‫͝ܟ‬Ζɽ•‫ع‬ଚ‫ݒ‬෼͹‫༽׈‬Ν୊Ҳમ୔ͳ͢ɼ
WLC͹‫خ‬६஍΃͹న߻Ν‫ٽ‬ΌΖɽ

City of Westminster

https://www.westminster.gov.uk/news/new-policy-make-westminster-retrofit-first-cityࡼࡾ㌿㍕