Bull.

atn. Sci. M us., Tokyo, Ser. B, 28(4), pp. 113- 119, December 20, 2002

A Note on the Genus Pertusaria (Ascomycotina, Pertusariaceae)
Collected in the Cheju Island, Korea
Kwang Hee Moon 1, Heinai Shibuichi 2 and Hiroyuki Kashiwadani 3
1Natural Science Institute, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140- 742, Korea .
E-mail: khdtank@hotmail.com
2
Kakinuma 5, Kumagaya , Saitama Prefecture, Japan 360- 0803 .
E-mail: hsibuiti@beige.ocn.ne.jp
3
Department of Botany, National Science Museum, 4- 1- 1 Amakubo, Tsukuba , lbaraki.
305- 0005 , Japan. E-mail: hkashiwa@kahaku .go.jp

Abstract Eight species of the genus Pertusaria in the family Pertusariaceae are reported fromthe Cheju Island in Korea. Among them four species are newly recorded for the Korean lichen
flora. P. coreana Rlislinen is reduced to a synonym of P. astomoides Nyl. The presence of pseudocyphellae is reported in P. laeviganda and P. sublaevigand. An artificial key for all species of thegenus known to occur in Korea is provided.
Key words: Pertusaria , lichen, Korea , pseudocyphellae

The first report of the genus Pertusaria from
Korea was made by Rasanen ( 1940) who described P coreana Rasanen basing on a specimen
collected in Korea. Huneck et a! ( 1994) added
three species, P commutata Mi.ili.Arg., P multipuncta (Turner) Nyl. and P velata (Turner) Nyl.
Recently Moon (1999) added following 15
species to the lichen flora of Korea, P amara(Ach .) Nyl. , P composita Zahlbr., P glauca
Zahlbr. , P lactea (L.) Arnold, P laeviganda Nyl. ,P nakamurae (Rasanen) Dibben , P pertusa (L.)
Tuck. , P pseudamara K.H.Moon & Shibuichi , P
pustulata (Ach .) Duby, P quartans Nyl. , P radiata Oshio, P stenostoma Nyl. , P subfallens Vain.,
P submultipuncta Nyl. and P subobductans Nyl.
Consequently 19 species of Pertusaria are known
in Korea at present.
During the lichenological investigation in the
Cheju Island, Korea under the Collection Building and Natural History Studies in Asia and thePacific Rim Project supported by the National
Science Museum , Tokyo, Moon and Kashiwadani made an extensive collection of Pertusaria.
As a result of taxonomic studies on them, ninespecies of Pertusaria , including four species

newly found m Korea, will be reported in thispaper.
Material and Method
The present study is based on 50 specimens of
the genus Pertusaria collected by Moon andKashiwadani during their field survey for lichensin the Cheju Island in 2001. Details of collection
site of this survey are shown in Kashiwadani etal. (2002). Specimens reported in the present
paper are kept in the herbarium of the National
Science Museum, Tokyo (TNS). Chemical substances were studied by means of thin-layer chromatography (Culberson & Johnson 1982) and
HPLC. Sections of apothecia and thalli were cutby hand-razor and observed in GAW or lactophenol cotton-blue solutions.

Species
Pertusaria astomoides Nyl. , Lich. Jap. 51. 1890.
(Figs. lA & 18)
Type collection : Japan, Takashima, E. Almquist
s.n. , 1879, on rock (H-NYL 22968!). TLC:

114

K.H. Moon, H. Shibuichi and H. Kashiwadani

norstictic acid.
Pertusaria coreana Riisiinen, Bot. Mag. Tokyo,
32: 96. 1940. Type collection: Korea, Prov . Pyongannam-do, Kangdong-gun , Yongdae-ri, on rock,[holotype in H (not seen), isotype in TNS (A. Yasuda 638!)], syn. nov. TLC : norstictic acid.
Pertusaria astomoides is characterized by themoderately thick and areolate thallus with tubercles containing pycnidia and verrucae producing
2- 3 apothecia, the asci with two spores ( l40165 X 50- 55 J.lm in size), the common occurrenceof pycnidia with black ostioles, the bacillar pycnoconidia (6- 8 J.lm in length), the saxicolous
habit along the coast and by the presence of atranorin and norstictic acid .
Riisiinen ( 1940) described Pertusaria coreana
based on a specimen collected on rocks at Yongdae-ri (near by Pyongyang) in Korean Peninsula.
Even though the type specimen has no apothecia,
it has conspicuously areolate and moderately
thick thallus (Fig. I B) and pycnidia in tuberculate verrucae that produce bacillar pycnoconidia,
7- 8 J.l.m in length. In addition, it produces
norstictic acid as a chemical substance. Thus, it
is reduced as a synonym of P astomoides .
This species might be confused with Perfusaria subobductans Nyl. , from which it can be
distinguished by the areolate thallus, the verrucae
with 2- 3 apothecia, the common occurrence of
pycnidia with black ostioles and by the saxicolous and maritime habit.
This species has been recorded only fromsouthwestern Japan where it mainly grows on
seaside rocks (Oshio 1981 ). However, we foundit on sunny lava which is splashed with seawaterin the Cheju Islands.
The specimen reported from Shodo-shima Island in Japan under P mendax Miill.Arg. by
Kashiwadani et al. (2000) is now identified with
P astomoides.
Specimens examined. Prov. Cheju: En routefrom Sehwa to Shihung-ri , Hado-ri , Pukchejugun, Cheju Island, on rocks (lava) along thecoast, elevation 1- 2 m, June I, 2001 , H. Kashiwadani 43838 & 43848a (TNS); Andok Valley,
Andok-myon , Namcheju-gun, Cheju Island, on

rocks along stream, elevation about 85 m. May
27 , 2001, H. Kashiwadani 43608; Songsanlichubong, Sonsan-up, Namcheju-gun , Cheju Island, on rocks , elevation 80- 182 m, May 29,
2001 , H. Kashiwadani 43758.
Other specimen examined. Japan. Shikoku.
Prov. Awa: Mt. Hoshigajo, Shodo-gun, on exposed rocks, elevation 780- 700 m . December 15 ,1998, H. Kashiwadani 41541 (TNS) .

Pertusaria laeviganda Nyl. , Lich. Jap. 53 . 1890.
(Fig. IC & Fig. 2)
The diagnostic features for thi s species are,the subglobose verrucae with 6- 8 apothecia,
the presence of pseudocyphellae (Fig. 2A & 2B)
on the thallus and verrucae, the 8-spored asci
and the presence of stictic acid and 4,5dichlorolichexanthone. It should be noted that
this species forms pseudocyphellae on the thallus
as well as on verrucae, which have never been reported from Pertusaria. However, pseudocyphellae in this species are often very rare or almost
tucking as in the case of the holotype of P laeviganda (Japan, Mt. Fuji , Umagaeshi , E. Almquist,
1879, H-NYL 23230! ). Similar pseudocyphellae
are formed also in P sublaeviganda, though they
are not so conspicuous.
The occurrence of this species from Korea wasreported made by Moon ( 1999) and this is thesecond report for the species. It is common ontree barks such as Abies, Acer, Carpinus and
Que reus at elevations higher than 900 m in the
Cheju Island as in other areas of Korea (Moon
1999).
Specimens examined. Prov. Cheju: En routefrom Youngshil Rest Area to Witsae Oreum Shelter, Mt. Halla, Cheju Island, on bark of Abies koreana , elevation 1650- 1700 m, May 24, 200 I, H.
Kashiwadani 43472 ; En route from Witsae
Oreum Shelter to Eorimok, Mt. Halla, Cheju Island, on bark of Carpinus sp., elevation 1600IOOOm . May 24, 2001 , H. Kashiwadani 43537 ;Along trail of Songpanak route to the summit,
Mt. Halla, Namwon-up, Namcheju-gun , Cheju
Island, on bark of Carpinus sp ., elevation 750900 m. May 28 , 200 I, H. Kashiwadani 43660 &Per/usaria Collected in Cheju Island

115

Perelusaria. A, P aslonwides (H. Kashiwadani 43848a). B, P coreana (A. Ya suda 638-isotype). C. P
laeviganda (K.H. Moon 5987). D, P leucosora (H. Kashiwadani 43819). E, P mullipuncla (H. Kashiwadani
43738). F, P quar/ans (K.H. Moon 5943). G, P subfi:lilens (H. Kashiwadani 43485). H, P sublaeviganda (H.
Kashiwadani 43449). I, P subonduc/ans (K.H. Moon 5939). Bar = 2mm.

Fig. I .

11 6

K.H. Moon, H. Shibuichi and H. KashiwadaniFig. 2. A, Pseudocyphellae of P laeviganda (K.H. Moon 5996). B, Magnification of a part of a pseudocyphellae(K.H. Moon 5996).

K.H . Moon 5914; the same locality, on bark of
Quercus sp. , elevation about 900 m, May 28,
200 I, H. Kashiwadani 43682 & 43696; the same
locality, on bark of Carpinus sp. , elevation about
1260m. May 31 , 2001 , K.H. Moon 5817; Youngshil Rest Area, Sogwip'o-shi, Cheju Island, onbark of Quercus mongolica, elevation about 1260
m, May 31 , 2001 , K.H . Moon 5996.

Pertusaria 1eucosora Nyl., Flora 60: 223 . 1877.
(Fig. ID)
This species is easily distinguished from saxicolous species of Pertusaria by the sterile andareolate thallus with granular to postulate soredia
and by the production of fumarprotocetraric andprotocetraric acids as chemical substances.
Although Pertusaria leucosora has been
known to occur widely from Honshu to Kyushu
in Japan (Kashiwadani et al 1996, 2000; Kashiwadani & Inoue 1993; Oshio 1968), it has neverbeen reported before from Korea . In the Cheju
Island, it was found at one locality where it
grows on rock (lava) in exposed condition at elevation about I 100 m.
Specimen examined. Prov. Cheju: 1100 m alt.
Rest area along Rd . 99, Sogwip ' o-shi , Cheju Island . On rock (lava); elevation about 1100 m.

May 31,2001 , H. Kashiwadani 43819 .

Pertusaria multipuncta (Turner) Nyl. , Lich.
Scand. 179. 1861.
(Fig . I E)
The diagnostic characters for Pertusaria multipuncta are the greenish gray to yellowi sh green
thallus that is usually thin, smooth and poorly
areolate, the marginally lacerate small apothecia(0.3- 0.6 mm in diameter) with open and palediscs, the !-spared asci and the production of
fatty acids and hypothamnolic( ± ) acid .
Although this is one of the most common
species of Pertusaria in Japan, it has been reported only from two localities in the Korean Peninsula, Mt, Sorak (Moon 1999) and Mt. Okryu(Huneck et al. 1994). In the Cheju Island, it iscommonly found on barks from lowland up to
900m high.
Specimens examined. Prov. Cheju: Supsum
Island, Serguipo-shi, on bark of Castanopsis
sieboldii, elevation 3- 130m, May 23 , 2001 , H.
Kashiwadani 43462; Mt. Dansan , Sagye-ri ,Andok-myon , Namcheju-gun, Cheju Island, onbark of Carpinus sp., elevation about 50 m. May
27 , 200 I, H. Kashiwadani 43659; Along trail ofSongpanak route to the summit, Mt. Halla, Namwon-up, Namcheju-gun , Cheju Island, on bark ofPertusaria Collected in Cheju Island
Carpinus sp., elevation about 900 m, May 28,
200 I, H. Kashiwadani 43678; the same locality,
on bark, elevation 750- 900 m, K.H. Moon 5888;
Kwanumsa, Odung-dong, Cheju-shi, Cheju Island, on bark of Castanea crenata; elevation
about 580m, May 29, 2001, H. Kashiwadani
43738 & K.H. Moon 5923; Youngshil Rest Area,
Sogwip'o-shi, Cheju Island, on bark of Carpinus
sp. , elevation about 1260m. May 31 , 2001 , K.H.
Moon 6040.
Pertusaria quartans Nyl. , Lich. Jap. 54. 1890.
(Fig . I F)
Pertusaria quartan is peculiar in having muscicolous habit among species of Pertusaria. The
hemiglobose apothecia with 4-spored spores andproduction of stictic acid and 4-5-dichlorolichexanthones are the diagnostic feature for thisspecies.
This species has been reported only from Mt.
Sorak (Moon 1999) in Korea and this is the second locality for the species. It grows over themosses on barks in the Cheju Island as in thecases in Japan (Oshio 1968; Kashiwadani et al.
1996).
Specimens examined. Prov. Cheju: En routefrom Witsae Oreum Shelter to the summit of Mt.
Halla, Cheju Island, on bark, elevation 17001750 m, May 24, 200 I, H. Kashiwadani 43523 ;Along trail of Songpanak route to the summit,
Mt. Halla, Namwon-up, Namcheju-gun, Cheju
Island, on bark with mosses, elevation 750-900
m, May 28 , 2001 , K.H. Moon 5896; Kwanumsa,
Odung-dong, Cheju-shi, Cheju Island, on bark ofCastan ea crenata, elevation about 580 m, May
29, 2001 , K.H. Moon 5943.
Pertusaria subfallens Vain., Bot. Mag., Tokyo,
35: 55. 1921.
(Fig. !G)As in the case of Japanese material , the Korean specimens contain fumarprotocetraric , protocetraric and succinprotocetraric(::!:::) acids. The
occurrence of this species in Korea was reported
by Moon ( 1999). In the Cheju Island, it mainly
grows on barks of Abies at elevation above I 00
m.

117

Prov. Cheju: En route from Youngshil Rest
Area to Witsae Oreum Shelter, Mt. Halla, Cheju
Island, on bark of Abies koreana; elevation
1650- 1700m, May 24, 2001, H. Kashiwadani
43473 & K.H. Moon 5764; the same locality, onbark of Betula sp., elevation 1650- 1700 m, May
24, 200 I, H. Kashiwadani 43485; !I 00 m a it.
Rest area along Rd. 99, Sogwip'o-shi, Cheju Island, on twigs of Maackia amurensis subsp.
buergeri, elevation about I! 00 m, May 31, 200 I,
H. Kashiwadani 43766; En route from Eorimok
to Mt. Eosungsang-ak, Cheju-shi, Mt. Halla,
Cheju Island, on twigs of Maackia amurensis
subsp. buergeri, elevation 900- 1000 m, June 2,
200 I , H. Kashiwadani 43792 & 43800; En routefrom Witsae Oreum Shelter to the summit of Mt.
Halla, Cheju Island, on bark of Abies koreana , elevation 1700- 1750 m, May 24, 200 I, K.H. Moon
5773 .

Pertusaria sublaeviganda Vain., Bot. Mag.,(Fig . !H)Tokyo 35:58. 1921.
The characteristic features for this species are
the more or less thick thallus with uneven surface
with inconspicuous pseudocyphellae, the hemiglobose verrucae with 5- 6 apothecia, the 8spored asci , the ostioles without dark pigments(K-) and the production of confluentic acid andxanthones . The specimens collected in the present area coincide very well with the Japanesematerial.
This species has been reported only fromJapan and the distribution range is extended to
Korea. In the Cheju Island, it was found at only
one locality where it grows on bark of Carpinus.
It is interesting that the Korean specimen wascollected at low altitude ( 130 m high) contrary to
the fact that this species is known from montane
to suba lpine areas in Japan (Oshio 1968).
Specimen examined. Prov. Cheju: Supsum Island, Serguipo-shi , on bark of Carpinus sp. , elevation 130 m, May 23, 200 I, H. Kashiwadani
43449; En route from Youngshil Rest Area to
Witsae Oreum Shelter, Mt. Halla, Cheju Island,on rock , elevation 1650- 1700 m, May 24, 200 I,
H. Kashiwadani 43474.

118

K.H. Moon, H. Shibuichi and H. Kashiwadani

Pertusaria subobductans Nyl. , Lich. Jap. 52.
1890.
(Fig. 11)This species was once reported from Mt.
Sorak by Moon ( 1999). This is the second reportfrom Korea. In the present area, it is rather common on barks or twigs of deciduous broad-leaved
trees such as Carpinus and Castanea .
Specimens examined. Prov. Cheju: En routefrom Witsae Oreum Shelter to Eorimok, Mt.
Halla, Cheju Island. On bark of Carpinus sp.; el evation 1600- !000m. May 24, 2001 , H. Kashiwadani 43550; Mt. Sanbangsan, Andok-myon,
Namcheju-gun, Cheju Island, on twigs of tree, elevation 70- 380m, May 26, 2001 , H . Kashiwadani 43578; Kwanumsa, Odung-dong, Chejushi, Cheju Island, on bark of Castanea crenata,elevation about 580m, May 29, 2001, K.H .
Moon 5939 .
Key to the Species of Pertusaria in Korea
!.
!.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
6.
7.
7.
8.
8.
9.
9.

Apothecia disciform, ascospores with a single wall . . .... . ... . ... . .. .. ... . .... 2
Apothecia verruciform , ascospores with adouble wall ... . ... . .... . ... . ... .. . 10
Generaly fertile, ascospores I or 2 per
ascus . .. ... .. ... . .... . .... . .... ... 3
Generaly sterile .................... . 8
Ascospores 1 per ascus . .. . . . ... .. ... . 4
Ascospores 2 per ascus . .. ... P composita
Picrolichenic acid present . . . . . . . P amara
Picrolichenic acid absent. .. . . .. ..... .. 5
Thallus P+ orange red, depsidone (protocetraric acid or norstictic acid) present . .... 6
Thallus P-, depsidones absent (fatty acids
or lecanoric acid present) .... . ........ 7
Protocetraric acid present .... P subfallens
Norstictic acid present .. P submultipuncta
Fatty acids present . .. . . ... P multipuncta
Lecanoric acid present .... . ... . . P velata
Thallus P+ orange red, protocetraric acidpresent . . . . .. . .... . . ... . .. P leucosora
Thallus P- , protocetraric acid absent .... 9
Thallus C+ red, lecanoric acid present. . . .
.... . ... .... . .. ... .. .... . . . . P lactea
Thallus C- , picrolichenic acid present. ...

I 0.
10.
11 .
11.

12.
12.
13.
13.
14.
14.
15.
15.
16.
16.
17.
17.
18.
18.

19.

19.

. .. ... . .... . . . ... . ... . . P pseudamara
Ascospores 8 per ascus . .... . ....... . 11
Ascospores 2 or 4 per ascus ... . .... .. 13
Verruca larger (up to 3.5 mm in diameter) ,ascospores 110- 130 ,urn in length .. .. .. 12
Verruca smaller (less than 1.5 mm in diameter), not constricted at the base, ascospores
smaller (less than lOO ,urn in length) ..... .
. . ... . . ... . . ... . ...... .. P stenostoma
Stictic acid present . ... .. .. P laeviganda
Conftentic acid present .. . P sublaeviganda
Ascospores 4 per ascus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Ascospores 1- 2 per ascus . . ....... . .. 17
Thallus UV + brick red, xanthones present... . . . ... .. .. . ............. . .. . .. 15
Thallus UV- , xanthones absent .. .... .. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P nakamurae
Inner wall of ascospore smooth .. .. .. ... .
. ... . ..... . .... . . . ... . .... P quartans
Inner wall of ascospore rough . .... . .. . 16
Verrucae constricted at base, spores 130180 ,urn in length .... ... .. . .. . . P glauca
Verrucae not constricted at base, spores
small, 100- 130 ,urn in length . .. . P radiata
Thallus UV +, xanthone and stictic acidpresent ... ....... . ....... . .... . .. . 18
Thallus UV- , xanthone absent, norstictic
acid present ... . . . . . .. .... . . . .. ... . 19
4,5-dichlorolichexathone present, mner
wall of ascospores smooth . . . . .. P pertusa
2-chloro-6-0-methylnorlichexanthone present, inner wall of ascospores rough ..... .
. .... ..... .. ........ .. ... P pustulata
Plant saxicolous, spores broadly ellipsoid,
pycnidia common; norstictic acid present . .
.. ...... . ... . . . ......... P astomoides
Plant mainly corticolous, spores oblong-ellipsoid, pycnidia usually absent; norstictic
and perlatoric acids present . .... . ... . .. .
.. . ............ . .. . . . . P subobductans

References
C ulberson , C. F. and A. Johnson, 1982 . Substituti on ofmethl tert.-buthyl ether for diethyl ether in the standardi zed thin-layer chromatographic method for lichen

Pertusaria Collected in Cheju Island

products. J Chromat., 238: 483-487 .
Huneck, S., H. T. Lumbsch & I. Yoshimura, 1994. Contribution to the lichen flora of the Diamond mountains(Korea). J Ha11ori Bot. Lab. , 75: 365- 360.
Kashiwadani, H. & M. Inoue, 1993. The Lichens ofKushiro Marsh, Hokkaido, Japan. Mem. Natn. Sci.
Mus. Tokyo , (26): 53- 66.
Kashiwadani , H ., M. Inoue & K. H. Moon, 2000. Lichensof Shodo-shima Island, Shikoku, Japan. Mem. Natn.
Sci. Mus. , To!.yo, (32): 99- 113.
Kashiwadan i, H. , K. H. Moon & M. Inoue, 1996. Lichensof Mt. Nish i-Azuma, Tohoku, Japan. Mem. Natn. Sci.
M us., To!.yo, (29): 71 - 92.
Kashiwadani, H., K. H. Moon, M. lnoue, G. Thor and

11 9

Yun-Shik Kim , 2002. Lichens of the Cheju Island, Republic of Korea. I. The Macro lichens. Mem. Natn. Sci.
Mus. , To!.yo, 00: 00- 00.
Moon, K. H. , 1999. Lichens of Mt. Sorak in Korea. J
Hattori Bot. Lab. , 86: 187- 220.
Oshio, M. , 1968. Taxonomical stud ies on the fam ily Pertusariaceae of Japan. J Sci. Hirosh ima Un iv., Se1: B,
Div. 2, 12:8 1- 163 .
Oshio, M. , 198 1. A taxonomic revision of Pertusaria
mendax (Lic hens) and its allies. Hikobia Suppl., I:
24 7-256. 198 1.
Rasanen, V, 1940. Lichenes ab A. Yasuda et aliis 111
Japonia collecti (1). J Jpn. Bot., 16: 82- 98.