Geological Storage of CO2by Paul FreundInternational Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Geological Storage of CO2z Introduction¾ Options for storing CO2¾ Requirements for storagez Monitored injections of CO2¾ Commercial projects¾ Research projects
z Discussion¾ Progress towards meeting requirements

International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Options for storing CO2z Main opportunities¾ Disused gas fields¾ Deep saline aquifers
z Early opportunities¾ Depleted oil fields♦ EOR could help offset the costz Other storage options¾ Coal, Basalt, Carbonation

International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Requirements for storage of CO2z Geological formation should have:¾ Sufficiently high permeability¾ Adequate capacity¾ Insignificant internal flow
¾ Trapping mechanisms♦ To contain CO2 for a very long time

International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Requirements for storage of CO2z Verifiable quantity of stored CO2¾ Measured amount injected¾ And either♦ Measured amount of CO2 in store¾ Or♦ Modelled behaviour of CO2 in reservoir♦ Detect any leakage

z Report avoided emissions and leakage¾ e.g. under IPCC guidelines
International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Requirements for storage of CO2z Regulatory framework¾ Legal basis♦ Onshore – use existing laws
♦ Offshore – under development¾ Responsibility for long-term stewardship♦ yet to be definedInternational Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Requirements for storage of CO2z Commercial¾ There must be a means of paying for it♦ Trading of emission rights♦ Carbon tax

z Public acceptance¾ Likely to want evidence of secure storageInternational Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Commercial Projects
SNOVHITWEYBURNMILLERORC
SLEIPNERPEMBINAGORGONIN SALAH

International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Not included: CO2-EOR without monitoringAnnual Injections of CO2Tonnes/y10,000,000

1,000,000

100,000

10,0001996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Commercial Projects
z Most inject into sandstone formations¾ Sleipner, ORC, Snovhit, Gorgon, Millerz Other projects involve different formations:¾ Weyburn - carbonate¾ In Salah - carboniferous

International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Commercial Projects
z Formations contain¾ Brine - Sleipner, Snovhit, Gorgon¾ Oil/Gas - Weyburn, In Salah, Miller

International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Commercial Projects
z Injecting at a range of depths¾ Sleipner - 1000m¾ Weyburn - 1450m¾ In Salah - 1850m¾ Gorgon - 2000m¾ Snovhit - 2500m¾ ORC - 3800m¾ Miller - c.4000m

International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Sleipner projectInternational Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Photo: Statoil

Sleipner CO2 Injection
Sleipner
ASleipner TGas fromSleipner Vest
CO2 Injection Well
UtsiraFormation

Production andInjection Wells

International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Courtesy of Statoil

CO2Sleipnerz International monitoring programme¾ Established 1997z Includes:¾ Core study¾ Repeated 3D seismic¾ Micro-seismic; time-lapse gravity¾ Geo-chemistryz But no observation wellInternational Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Sleipner: Seismic Analysis

3-year history match courtesy of Sintef PetroleumSleipnerz What have we learnt?

¾ Seismic detection of CO2 bubble¾ Minimum volume detectable <4000m3¾ 80-85% hydro-dynamically trapped¾ No significant geo-chemical reactions¾ Verification of CO2 stored by seismic:♦ Depends on assumptions about formation♦ Can account for ~85% of injected CO2International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Research Projects
TEAPOTDOME

MOUNTAINEERNAGAOKAKETZIN

FRIO

WEST
PEARL
QUEEN
OTWAY

International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Not included: recently announced US regional partnership projects

Quantity of CO2 injectedTonnes of CO2

10,000,000
1,000,000
100,000
10,0001,000100
2002

2003

2004

2005

International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

2006

2007

2008

Research Projects
z All of these projects inject into sandstone

formationsz Most contain brine¾ Nagaoka, Frio, Ketzin, Otway
z But some have residual oil¾ West Pearl Queen, Teapot DomeInternational Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Research Projects
z Most are at moderate depth¾ West Pearl Queen - 1400m¾ Nagaoka - 1100m¾ Frio - 1500m¾ Otway - c.2000m¾ Teapot Dome - 1700m
z Although¾ Ketzin - 700m

International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

West Pearl Queenz Monitoring included:¾ Core study¾ Observation well
¾ 2 seismic surveys¾ Tracers, Micro-seismicz CO2 not reach observation well (411m)
z Free CO2 then vented from formationz Problem in verifying remaining CO2International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Nagaokaz Monitoring included:¾ Core study¾ 3 observation wells¾ Cross-well seismic tomography¾ Micro-seismicz Breakthrough of CO2 (40m)after 8 mo.

z Detailed image of 3200t CO2z No discernible effect of earthquake

International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Ketzinz Measurements planned include¾ Seismic, including cross well
¾ Continuous fibre-optic sensor downhole¾ 2 observation wells

International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Summary of requirementsz Formations suitable for CO2 storagez Verifiable amount of CO2 storedz National emissions reportz Regulatory and legal frameworkz Commercial justificationz Public acceptanceInternational Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Progress towards requirementsz Formations suitable for CO2 storage¾ Concept demonstrated¾ Growing recognition in technical and policycommunities
z Verifiable amount of CO2 stored¾ Not fully demonstrated yet

International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Uncertainties in verificationz Measurement of CO2 in store¾ Can measure injected CO2♦ EOR: some CO2 separated and re-injected¾ Stored CO2 partitioned between:♦ Supercritical phase♦ Dissolved phase– In water– In oil♦ Mineralised

z Places limits on verification
International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Uncertainties in verificationz Leakage should be low¾ How low is low enough?
¾ To avoid significant reduction in climate benefit,leakage <0.01%/yearz How easily can this be detected?

International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Detecting CO2 leakagez Needs sensitive techniques:¾ Isotopic analysis¾ Tracers in CO2z Or monitor sub-surface¾ Standard practice for natural gas storagez No reports of CO2 leakage¾ Relatively little work done to detect it

International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Progress towards requirementsz National reporting of emissions¾ Sleipner included in Norwegian reportz Regulatory and legal framework¾ Discussions started in Europe
z Commercial justification¾ European Emissions Trading Scheme¾ Cost of monitoring will be smallInternational Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Progress towards requirementsz Public acceptance¾ Little information for general public

International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Conclusion - future projects
z Onshore projects¾ More observation wells than offshore projects¾ Better data on physical and chemical state ofCO2¾ Better seismic resolution
z Offshore projects¾ Access to supplies of CO2¾ More acceptable location for injection

International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06

Conclusion – twin track approachz Research projects onshore will develop

monitoring and modellingz Large-scale injections to prove:¾ Injectivity and leakage assumptions¾ Monitoring and verification techniques¾ May be offshorez International cooperation will be valuable

International Workshop on CO２ Geological Storage , Japan ‘06