Institutions, Ideas, and Identities
Dennis McNamara
Georgetown University
GIARI 4 August 2011

1McNamaraSociology and Global Society Studies of Socio-Economic Development – modernization,dependency theory
 Global Value Chains – adding value at each link of thesupply/demand chain.
 World Systems Theory – Center & Periphery in EconomicRelations
 International Society Theory (the English School) inInternational Relations
 Social Constructionism in International Relations
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Anthony Hurrell - New Regionalism 1) regional space ( space of place & a space of flows) 2) regional complex – increased social contacts andinteractions (i.e., regionalism from below andregionalization from above) 3) regional society – intensified communication andinteraction 4) regional community – “an active subject with adistinct identity, transcending national borders (identity& interest)
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Sociology of Regions
 Institutions = established, routinized patterns of social

practice governing human behavior
 Institution formation = structuration – the process ofpatterning behavior and ideas, the interaction between
agency and structure.
 Ideas = shared understandings of who we are and what
we are about, region versus nation, “community”
 Identities, roadmaps for navigating complex socialinteractions
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State and Society in East Asia
 Regionalization from below from the 1960s driven by tradeand investment, integrated by corporations in civil society
 Regionalism from above from the 1990s, state-directed,
often to secure markets rather than peace Integration by bilateral Preferential Trade Agreements, andthen ASEAN + “1’s.” rather than region-wide
 Diversity of Membership – no single cultural basis
 Diversity of Development – East versus SE Asia Diversity of Institutions - East Asian Summit, East AsianCommunity (16), & APEC
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Networks – Flows in Process Networks – Powell 1990, Neither Market nor Hierarchy;

Castells & Network Society, ICT Revolution & theInformation Network Society; Fruin & community ofpractice; Kumon – Japan as a Network Society What: independent groups, cooperating for mutualadvantage, creating a community of practice.

 Features: strong social ties, personal ties, often familyties; Strength: Flexibility, Weakness: Insulation

7McNamaraThree Networks
 Production: Global Value Chains, adding value at each step of

the segmented production process; hierarchy and power;
buyer-driven versus supplier-driven; Gereffi and Sturgeon
2005

 Consumer Networks – Asia’s New Middle Class – similarlevels of education, income, occupation; METI and JETROWhite Papers 2010; Asia Barometer, GSS.

 Knowledge Networks – APEC Academic Centers, NEAT

(EAC), Asian Development Bank, and ERIA

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National Innovation System
 NIS = integration of state industrial policy, science &technology, and industry in the innovation process 1) Government & Public Research Institutes – policy andbasic research 2) Business Sector R&D – development and marketing oftechnological innovations; 3) Universities – technology education & basic research.
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National Innovation System (2) Goal: production of new and economically usefulknowledge, or generate employment, or raise theeducation levels and knowledge competence equally
across society?

 Difficulty: integration of policy/S&T /industry within anational framework, or perhaps within a region

 My focus: role of state in mediation of industry andnational interests

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Comparing Innovation Systems
 National: Indicators: GERD (Gross Expenditure onR&D); GERD/GDP (CORDIS)

 Sectoral: Business expenditure on R&D (BERD),

Government expenditure on R&D (GOVERD) andHigher Education expenditure on R&D (HERD)

 Performance: Number of Resident Patents Granted;

Patent Grants/GERD.

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NIS Profile – C, J, K
 State role: China NIS centralized under state Korean NIS in transition from direct to indirect intervention
 Japan NIS under METI priority on Japan as Innovation Hubin Asia

 Measures: Expenditure on R&D - GERD versus BERD.

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NIS – Performance C, J, K
 High-technology exports, mainly electronics C & Kversus J

 Patent Intensity, and Patent Origins C versus J & K
 Patent Grants by Office – the U.S. factor. J & K versus

China

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Sociology of Regions
 Institutions = established, routinized patterns of social

practice governing human behavior
 Institution formation = structuration – the process ofpatterning behavior and ideas, the interaction between
agency and structure.
 Ideas = shared understandings of who we are and what
we are about, region versus nation, “community”
 Identities, roadmaps for navigating complex socialinteractions
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The New Regionalism
 regional space ( space of place & a space of flows) 2) regional complex – increased social contacts andinteractions (i.e., regionalism from below andregionalization from above) 3) regional society – intensified communication andinteraction 4) regional community – “an active subject with adistinct identity, transcending national borders (identity& interest)
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