Bio Data
Name :
Date of Birth :DR. ANIL BHARDWAJ
June 01, 1967

Education :B.Sc.
Physics
1985 Lucknow University
M.Sc.
Physics
1987 Lucknow University
UG Diploma
German language
1989 Banaras Hindu University
Ph. D.
Physics
1992 Inst. of Tech., Banaras Hindu University
Ph. D. Thesis Title : "Aurora and Airglow Processes on the Outer Planets and Comets".

Present Position :Address

Scientist SF
Space Physics Laboratory (SPL),
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)
Trivandrum 695022, Kerala
India
Tel: +91-471-2562330
Fax : +91-471-2706535
email: Anil_Bhardwaj@vssc.gov.in

Employment :April 1988–June 1990 :July 1990–July 1993 :Aug. 1993–Dec. 1997 :Jan. 1998–June 2002 :July 2002–present :Jan. 2004–Oct. 2005 :Research Fellow, Inst. of Tech., Banaras Hindu University.
CSIR Senior Research Fellow, IT, Banaras Hindu University.
Scientist-SD, Space Physics Laboratory, VSSC, Trivandrum.
Scientist-SE, Space Physics Laboratory, VSSC, Trivandrum.
Scientist-SF, Space Physics Laboratory, VSSC, Trivandrum.
NRC-National Academy of Science Senior Research Associate,
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, USA.

Refereed Publication
Chapter in Encyclopedia
Book Edited
Conference/Session OrganizedWorkshop Organized
Press Release on Research

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6 (5 by NASA; 1 by ESA)

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Research Area :Theoretical and observational studies of planetary atmospheres, ionospheres, and their couplingwith magnetosphere.
Current Research Interests :Aurora and airglow processes in planetary atmospheres, chemistry of planetary and cometary
ionospheres, Monte Carlo simulations of processes in atmosphere, ENA imaging of the Lunar
surface and Earth’s magnetosphere-ionosphere system, ground-based and space-based multiwavelength (X-ray, UV, radio) imaging and spectroscopy of emissions from planetary bodies,and comparative planetology.
The planetary bodies on which worked include, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Io, Europa,
Ganymede, Triton, Titan, Io plasma torus, Rings of Saturn, Mars, Earth, Moon, and Comets.

Important Scientific Contributions in Brief:
Dr. Bhardwaj has achieved the distinction of being a multi-spectral (X-ray, UV, radio)
observer, a planetary mission experimenter, and an excellent theoretical modeler. He has
made pioneering contributions in the field of planetary atmospheres and ionospheres andtheir coupling with magnetospheres, especially in the areas of planetary X-rays, planetary
airglow and auroral emissions, chemistry of cometary coma, Io and Io-Jupiter interactions,Monte Carlo simulations of charged particle degradation in planetary atmospheres, andalso energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging. He has also made crucial contributions towards
the growth of planetary science in his country.
Dr. Bhardwaj is an expert in the field of solar system X-rays, which is evident from (1) achapter in the ‘Encyclopedia of the Solar System’, (2) invited reviews and several refereed
publications in reputed journals, and (3) a number of invited lectures/talks at foreign
institutes and international conferences. Making observations with the sophisticated Chandra and
XMM-Newton X-ray observatories, Dr. Bhardwaj has made an invaluable contribution to thefield of planetary X-ray astronomy. His landmark accomplishments are:1) Discovery of X-rays from the Rings of Saturn, and a convincing explanation that they
are oxygen K-α emission from water-icy ring material.
2) Use of an unusual and innovative observation mode of Chandra to conduct the first andthe only observation so far of soft (<2 keV) X-rays from Earth’s aurora.
3) First detection of X-ray flare from the low-latitude disks of Jupiter and Saturn:demonstrating that these gas giant planets act as “diffuse mirrors” for incident solar X-rays. Also
made an extensive study of low-latitude X-rays from Jupiter, which has revealed very
interesting correlation between Jovian X-rays and its magnetic field.
4) Member of the team that discovered X-rays from (i) Jupiter’s satellites Io and Europa,and (ii) the Io plasma torus, and (iii) the first observation of the pulsating auroral X-ray
hot-spot on Jupiter, which has revolutionized our understanding about the Jovian auroral
X-ray phenomena.
5) Unambiguous detection of X-rays from Mars halo (exosphere) and demonstrating its
spectral similarity to cometary X-rays and extend to 8 Martian radii.
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Dr. Bhardwaj’s 1992 model predicted spectrum of bremsstrahlung auroral >2 keV X-rays on
Jupiter is confirmed by observations recently made by the XMM-Newton and Chandra X-ray
observatory.
Dr. Bhardwaj has developed a unique coupled chemistry-transport-emission model, which
involves over 600 chemical reactions, for studying the effects of auroral electrons in the innercoma of comets. In recent years this comprehensive model is successfully used to (i) explain
the chemistry of ions <40 amu in the coma of comet Halley, (ii) chemistry of metastable carbon
C(1D) and CI 1931 Å emission, and (iii) prediction on production of OI 6300 and 5577 Åemission, which has recently been confirmed by high-resolution spectroscopy observation ofcomet Ikeya-Zhang. His model calculations show the presence of double-peak structure in theion production rate on comets with high gas production rates, which has important consequences
for cometary coma physics.
A Monte Carlo model, the first of its kind, has been developed by Dr. Bhardwaj fordegradation of electrons and protons in an atmosphere of H2 and SO2 gas, with applications toouter planets’ airglow, Io’s atmosphere and Io-Jupiter interactions. This model has been
exceptionally successful in addressing the problems of “electroglow” and “optically thin H
Lyman alpha” on the outer planets.
Dr. Bhardwaj has also developed an empirical cross section model for electron impact crosssections for planetary gases. Group from JPL (USA) has made use of Bhardwaj’s cross section
model to represent their laboratory measured cross sections for several planetary gases, like SO2,
H2O, HD.
On the topic of Io and its interaction with Jupiter, Dr. Bhardwaj demonstrated a close coupling
between Io’s atmosphere and magnetospheric plasma of Jupiter observed by Galileo. He
provided the first explanation for the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observed neutral O
and S UV emissions on Io. He also made the first rigorous Monte Carlo calculation forphotoelectron excited emissions on Io and proved that photoelectrons alone cannot excite
emissions in Io’s atmosphere.
Venturing into the multi-spectral domain, Dr. Bhardwaj innovatively use Giant Metrewave
Radio Telescope (GMRT) to make first GMRT observation of synchrotron radio emissions from
Jupiter in 2003, which showed evidence of day-to-day variability at 610 MHz – a finding thathas dramatic consequences for dynamics of Jovian radiation belts. Moreover, using firstsimultaneous HST ultraviolet and Chandra X-ray observations he showed a clear spatial
and temporal association of the X-ray emission intensity with an auroral UV flare at Jupiter.
In the role of an experimenter, Dr. Bhardwaj is the Indian Principal Investigator of the joint
Indo-Swedish SARA experiment on Indian lunar mission Chandrayaan-1. This novel
experiment will perform the first ever ENA imaging on an atmosphere-less planetary bodyand provide the fundamental information on elemental composition and magnetic anomalies
on lunar surface. He is also the PI of the ENA instrument on the upcoming ISRO’s Small
Satellite program, and a team member of the Indian ASTROSAT mission. He is currently thecore team member for defining the Indian Mission to Mars, and other planetary bodies.

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HONOURS AND AWARDS:
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Awarded NRC Senior Research Associteship by US National Academy of Science in 2003.
Worked at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center during January 2004 to October 2005
{on a Sabbatical EOL from ISRO/DOS}.
Awarded fellowship grant by United Nations Office of Outer Space Affairs (UN-OOSA),
Vienna, Austria, 1996.
Elected President of Planetary Science Section of Asia Oceania Geosciences Society(AOGS) in 2005.
Best paper award, "Non-Stationary Plasma Processes on Comets and its Implications",
PLASMA-95 Symposium, Banaras Hindu University, October 1995.
Best paper award, "First GMRT Observation of Jupiter’s Synchrotron Radio Emission",
Golden Jubilee Symposium on Radio Science (INCURSI-2007), National PhysicalLaboratory, New Delhi, February 2007.

SPECIAL RECOGNITION:
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Invited to write a Chapter for Encyclopedia of the Solar System (published in 2007).
AGU Journal Highlights – Geophysical Research Letters (2005) paper by Bhardwaj et al.
“Solar Control on Jupiter’s Equatorial X-ray Emissions: 26-29 November 2003 XMMNewton Observation”, was selected by American Geophysical Union (AGU) as their
Journal Highlights.
Invited by the Editor of "Reviews of Geophysics" (the highest impact factor journal ingeosciences, and atmosphere, planetary and space sciences) to write a review article on'Auroras of the Outer Planets', in 1998.
Invited by the Editor to write a Review Article on “Planetary X-rays” for the journal
Planetary and Space Science, (in press) 2007.

SPECIAL MENTION:
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Figure 1 of Bhardwaj and Gladstone (2000) article made the Cover Page of August 2000,
vol. 38, No. 3, issue of the journal "Reviews of Geophysics".
Figure 5 from Branduardi-Raymont, Bhardwaj, et al. (2007) paper made the Cover Page ofthe journal Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 463, No.2 (2007).

DISTINCT ACHIEVEMENT:
Press Releases by NASA and ESA on Discoveries and Landmark Research Findings, which
formed the Breaking News at several science websites.
1. NASA Press Release, Feb. 27, 2002, “Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory”, on the
Nature paper by Gladstone et al. “A Pulsating Auroral X-Ray Hot Spot on Jupiter”. It also
made "ASTRONOMY PICTURE OF THE DAY" on March 1, 2002.
2. ESA Press Release, March 7, 2005, “Jupiter: A Cloudy Mirror for the Sun” on GeophysicalResearch Letters paper by Bhardwaj et al. “Solar Control on Jupiter’s Equatorial X-ray
Emissions”.
3. NASA Press Release, May 25, 2005, “NASA's Chandra Finds Saturn Reflects X-rays from
Sun” on Astrophysical Journal Letters paper by Bhardwaj et al. “Chandra Observation ofan X-ray Flare at Saturn”.
44. NASA Press Release, March 2, 2005, “Chandra Probes High-Voltage Auroras on Jupiter”,
on Journal of Geophysical Research paper by Elsner et al. “Simultaneous Chandra X-ray,
HST UV, and Ulysses Radio Observations of Jupiter’s Aurora”.
5. CXC-NASA Photo Press Release, June 27, 2005, “Saturn's Rings Sparkle with X-rays” on
Astrophysical Journal Letters paper by Bhardwaj et al. “Discovery of Oxygen Kα X-ray
Emission from Rings of Saturn”.
6. NASA Press Release, Dec. 28, 2005, “Chandra Looks Back At The Earth” on Journal of
Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics paper by Bhardwaj et al. “First Terrestrial Soft
X-ray Auroral Observation”.
Special News Report on the Research Work: (just a few mentioned here)
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“Telescope Captures Auroral Emissions of the Giant Planets”, Earth in Space, 13(2), 3 (2000).
“Jupiter as mirror for the Sun’s X-rays”, Science News (USA), vol.167, no.3, (March 2005).
"Jupiter mirrors flares on far side of Sun”, New Scientist (UK) (March, 2005).
“Jovian mirror could show hidden solar activity”, Space Now, March 8, 2005.
“Jupiter acts as giant mirror to Sun’s back-side activity”, Space.com, March 7, 2005.
“Jupiter a cloudy mirror for the Sun”. Space Daily, March 8, 2005
“Jovian X-ray vision”, Astrobiology Magazine, March 17, 2005.
“Jupiter Reflects the Sun's X-Rays”, Universe Today, March 8, 2005
“Saturn reflects X-rays from Sun”, NASA Marshall Star, Vol. 45, No.39 (2005).
“Natural Mirrors Reflect Sun’s Hidden Flares”, MSNBC News, May 25, 2005.
“Saturn reflects X-rays from Sun, discovers ISRO scientist”, IndiaDaily and HindustanTimes.com,
May 28, 2005.
“ISRO’s Anil Bhardwaj finds Saturn and Jupiter reflects Sun’s X-rays”, INDOlink, 31 May, 2005.
“X-Rays Sparkle in Saturn's Rings”, Universe Today, June 28, 2005.
“Chandra shows Saturn’s rings sparkling with X-rays”, SpaceFlight Now, July 5, 2005.
“Indian finds X-rays from the rings of Saturn”, HindustanTimes.com, August 26, 2005.
Chandra looks back at Earth, sees aurora dance in X-rays, SpaceFlight Now, Dec. 29, 2005.
Special Article on research work carried out by Dr. Anil Bhardwaj at NASA MSFC was publishedin NRC Research Associteship Newsletter Autumn 2005, p. 15 (2005).

1. This article made the cover page of Earth in Space, vol.13, No.2, October 2000.

Editor and Referee Responsibilities:
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Editor-in-Chief, Advances in Geosciences, Volume 3 - Planetary Science, World Scientific
Publication, Singapore, 2006.
Guest Editor of Journal, Planetary and Space Science, Special Issue on “AOGS05: Highlights in
Planetary Science”, 2007, in press.
Editor-in-Chief, Advances in Geosciences, Volume 7 - Planetary Science, World Scientific
Publication, Singapore, 2007, in press.
Referee, International Journals - JGR, Icarus, ApJ, ASR, Planetary & Space Sci., GRL, RG, A&A.
Referee, Indian J. Radio Space Physics.

RESEARCH AND PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE :RESEARCH PROGRAMS:
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Experiments:
PI of the joint Indo-Swedish SARA experiment on the first Indian Lunar Mission Chandrayaan-1.
Team Member of soft x-ray telescope of ASTROSAT.
PI of the ENA experiment on the Small Satellite program of ISRO.

Observations:Radio Observation of Jupiter with GMRTPI on radio observation of Jupiter using GMRT – Feb. 2003.
Co-PI on the GMRT radio observation of Jupiter – May-June 2007.
X-ray Observation with Chandra, and XMM-Newton Space Observatories
Co-I on Chandra HRC-I Jupiter observation program during Cassini flyby (Dec. 2000).
Co-I on Chandra HRC-I observation program for Jupiter – 2001.
Co-I on Chandra ACIS Jupiter observation program – Feb. 2003.
Co-I on Chandra ACIS Saturn observation – Jan. 2004.
Co-I on Chandra Earth aurora observation – Dec. 2003-April 2004.
Co-I on XMM-Newton Saturn observation program – 2005.
Co-I on joint Chandra-XMM-Newton observation of Jupiter during New Horizon flyby of Jupiter –February-March 2007.
Ultraviolet Observation of Jupiter with Hubble Space Telescope
Co-I on HST-STIS (Jointly with Chandra ACIS) Jupiter observation program – Feb. 2003.

RESEARCH SUPERVISION :Ph.D.'s produced - 1
Marykutty Michael, 2001. Ph.D. topic “Model for electron degradation and production ofemission in the atmosphere of Io”.
Ph.D.'s currently supervising - 1
M. Tech. Thesis Supervision - 2
K. Rajmohan, 1994. Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, Cochin University of Science andTechnology. M. Tech dissertation "Electron Excitation of Triton's Atmosphere".
K.B. Smart, 2003. Dept of Physical Oceanography, Cochin University of Science andTechnology. M. Tech dissertation "Sputtering of Europa by Jovian Magnetospheric Plasma".
M. Sc. Thesis Supervision – 5
Recognized Research Guide of the Mahatma Gandhi University, and Kerala University.
TEACHING: (outside own laboratory)
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Lectures on "Planetary Atmospheres and Ionospheres", PLANEX Workshop on Meteorites,
Asteroids and Planets, Mt. Abu, December 15-18, 2001.
Nine lectures on "Atmospheres of Planets and Satellites", delivered to PG students of the 3rd
United Nations-CSSTEAP Post Graduate Course in Space Physics and Atmospheric Sciences,
PRL, Ahmedabad, August 26-30, 2002.
Lectures on the topics “Planetary Atmospheres” and “Exploration of the Solar System”, delivered
to teachers from universities and colleges as a part of UGC-Refresher course in Physics at
Academic Staff College, Univ. of Kerala, during January-February 2002, and November 2002.

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Lecture on “Planetary atmospheric emissions”, PLANEX Workshop on Planetary Atmospheres,
Ionospheres, and Magnetospheres, SPL, VSSC, Trivandrum, February 17-22, 2003.
Lecture on “Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn”, PLANEX Workshop on Remote Sensing of Planetary
Bodies, PRL, Ahmedabad, October 22, 2003.
Ten Lectures on "Atmospheres of other Planets and Satellites" delivered to students of the 5th
United Nations-CSSTEAP Post Graduate Course in Space Physics and Atmospheric Sciences,
PRL, Ahmedabad, September 12-15, 2006.
Two Lectures on “Planetary Physics”, delivered to teachers from universities and colleges as a partof UGC-Refresher course in Physics at Academic Staff College, Univ. of Kerala, Sept. 19,
2006.
Four Lectures on “Structure of Outer Planetary Atmospheres” at Winter School on Modeling ofPlanetary Atmospheres, PRL, Ahmedabad, Dec. 18-20, 2006.
Lectures on “Outer Planets and Satellites”, PLANEX workshop, PRL, Ahmedabad, Jan. 8-9, 2007.

Pubic Outreach:
Delivered several lectures in the area of Planetary and Space Sciences to students and college
teachers as part of Space Week program of VSSC, and has given invited lectures at collages in
Trivandrum to students of B.Sc. and M. Sc.
Regular lecturer at the UGC Refresher course in Physics at the Academic Staff College,
University of Kerala, and has delivered lectures on Planetary Physics, Planetary Atmospheres,and Exploration of the Solar System.

Conference/Workshop Organized:
National
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Co-Convener, 22nd Meeting of Astronomical Society of India, Feb. 13-15, Trivandrum, 2003.
Organizer, PLANEX workshop on "Planetary Atmospheres, Ionospheres, and Magnetospheres", Feb
17-22, SPL, VSSC, Trivandrum, 2003.
Co-Convener, PS-3, XIV National Space Science Symposium-2006, Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam, 9-12 February 2006.

International
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Convener, Session SP18 on “Planetary Upper Atmospheres and Ionospheres and their coupling with
Magnetospheres”, AOGS First Annual Meeting, Singapore, July 5-9, 2004.
Convener, Session P02: “X-rays From The Solar System And Beyond”, AGU 2005 Spring Meeting,23-27 May 2005, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
Convener, Session PS04 on “Planets, Comets, and Satellites: Surface, Atmosphere, Ionosphere
System and coupling with Magnetosphere”, AOGS 2nd Annual Meeting, Singapore, June 20-24,
2005.
Co-Convener, Session on “Comparative Magnetospheres”, AOGS 2nd Annual Meeting, Singapore,
June 20-24, 2005.
Convener, Session PS03-ST12 on “Comparative Planetary Atmospheres, Ionospheres andMagnetospheres”, AOGS 3rd Annual Meeting, Singapore, July 10-14, 2006.
Co-Convener, session PS05-ST18, “Future Space Missions and Instrumentation for Planetary andSpace Sciences”, AOGS 3rd Annual Meeting, Singapore, July 10-14, 2006.
Convener, Session PS04-ST07 on “Comparative Planetary Atmospheres, Ionospheres andMagnetospheres”, AOGS 4th Annual Meeting, Bangkok, Thailand, July 30-Agust 4, 2007.
Co-Convener, Session PS12 on “Moon: Science and Exploration”, AOGS 4th Annual Meeting,
Bangkok, Thailand, July 30-Agust 4, 2007.

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Invited Lectures/Colloquium at Institutes: (Abroad - Recent)
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"Auroral Radiation of Jupiter", Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden, May 30,
2002.
"Space Program of India", Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden, May 31, 2002.
"The Indian Space Program", Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège,
Liège, Belgium, June 10, 2002.
"X-Rays from Solar System Bodies", Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxford, UK,
October 7, 2002.
"Solar System X-rays", University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA, October 10, 2002.
"Indian Space Program", Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA, October 23, 2002.
“Remote Sensing of Solar System Bodies in Soft X-Rays”, NSSTC Space Science Colloquium,NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, USA, September 24, 2004.
“X-rays from the Jupiter and Saturn Systems”, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA,
December 9, 2004.
“Low Energy Neutral Atom (LENA) Imaging of the Moon Environment”, California Institute ofTechnology, Pasadena, CA, USA, December 10, 2004.
“X-Rays from the Solar System Bodies”, Joint CSP-IAR Colloquium, Boston University, Boston,
MA, USA, February 15, 2005.
“Chandrayaan-1 Mission and the SARA Experiment”, Mullard Space Science Laboratory,
University College London, UK, August 5, 2005.
“X-rays from Saturnian System”, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London,
UK, August 5, 2005.

Invited Lectures/Colloquium at Institutes: (in India)
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"Comet Solar Wind Interactions", Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, Oct. 1996.
"Auroral Emissions of Jupiter", Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, Dec. 2001.
"Multi-spectral Aurora on Jupiter", National Center for Radio Astronomy, Pune, Dec. 2001.
"Multi-wavelength Observations of Jupiter", Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, May 2002.

Professional Responsibilities:
International
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President, Planetary Science Section of Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS).
Proposal Evaluator, NASA Planetary Sciences Program.
Team Leader, International Heliophysical Year - Coordinated Investigation Program “Universalityof Auroral Structure”.
Member, Scientific Program Committee, 4th AOGS Meeting, Bangkok, July 31-Aug. 4, 2007.
Member, American Geophysical Union.
Member, Division of Planetary Sciences of American Astronomical Society.
Member, Comparative Aeronomy in the Solar System Group.
Associate of COSPAR.

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Member, Space Generation Task Group “Space Sciences and Interplanetary Missions” of ISRO Vision 2000-2025.
Member, ADCOS Science Panel 3, Planetary Exploration Program of ISRO.

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Member, PLANEX Research Program, a National Planetary Exploration Program of ISRO.
Core Team Member, SENSE small satellite program of ISRO.
Member, Key Project Working group of ASTROSAT.
Core Team Member, Mars Mission proposal of ISRO.
Life Member, Kerala Academy of Sciences.
Life Member, Astronomical Society of India.

Professional Services and Activities:
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Secretary, Planetary Sciences, Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (2004-2005).
Member Evaluation Committee, Outstanding student paper awards, AGU Fall 2004 Meeting, San
Francisco, USA, 2004.
Contributor, International Astronomical Union Report 2002-2005 on Commission 15: PhysicalStudies of Comets and Minor Planets.
Member, LOC "Workshop on CAWSES India", October 2003, SPL, VSSC, Trivandrum.
Executive Member, Indian Space Scientist Association, 2001-2002.
Member, LOC "Workshop on Equatorial Aeronomy", Sept. 1996, SPL, VSSC, Trivandrum.
Member, LOC "National Space Science Symposium" Dec. 1994, VSSC, Trivandrum.
Member, LOC symposium "Advances in Planetary Physics", December 1987, Department ofApplied Physics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University.
Member, Experts Panel of Kerala Academy of Sciences for selection of students for “Red RoverGoes to Mars” competition organized by Planetary Society of USA.
Generated Posters on (1) "The Sun" and (2) "Solar System" for VSSC Space Museum.
Participation in Technical Hindi Workshops organized by VSSC and ISRO.
Joint Secretary, Indian Space Scientist Association, 1995-2000.
Vice-President, Lucknow University Physics Association, 1986-1987.

Laboratory Responsibilities:
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Member, VSSC Selection Committee for Junior Research Fellows.
Member, Academic Committee of Space Physics Laboratory.
Coordinator, preparation of Poster Panels of the SPL for Space Museum of VSSC.
Coordinating/projecting new building requirements of SPL.

Focal Person, Website of SPL.

Collaborative Research Programs :Very vigorous collaborative research programs with several scientists from different institutions
in USA, Europe and Asia. Areas of collaborative research span a wide range of topics, which are
mentioned below along with collaborating institutions in bracket.
(1) Planetary X-ray Astronomy (NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; Southwest ResearchInstitute, USA; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, UK; University of Kansas; Max-PlanckInstitut fur Extratressestrische Physik, Germany; XMM-Newton SOC, Spain; University ofBergen, Norway; Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics; Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology; Applied Physics Laboratory-Johns Hopkins University; Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center).

9(2)ENA Imaging and instrumentation (Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Sweden;
ISAS/JAXA, Japan; University of Bern, Switzerland; ISRO Satellite Centre).
(3)
Cometary emissions and modeling (Physical Research Laboratory; Banaras Hindu
University; INAF Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica (IASF), Italy; Padua
Observatory, Italy).
(4) Io-Jupiter Interactions (Observatoire de Paris, France; Southwest Research Institute, USA;
LPAP, University of Liege, Belgium).
(5) Electron Impact cross sections and Applications (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA).
(6) Comparative Planetary Aeronomy and Future Missions (Physical Research Laboratory,
University College London, UK; University of Calgary, Canada; Boston University, USA;
JAXA/ISAS, Japan; INAF Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Italy).
(7) Radio Emissions of Jupiter (National Center for Radio Astronomy; Raman ResearchInstitute; Tohoku University, Nagoya University, Japan).

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