Event report on Round-table“ZERO Malaria:
What We Can Do from Japan”“Rice Production and Malaria:
How to Evaluate ʻMosquitoʼ in Agricultural Project”

Malaria No More Japantable of contents

02 Executive Summary
02 Event Outline
04 First Session: Rice Production and Malaria in Asia and Africa
05 Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)
05

Opening remarks

08

Brief Presentation

11“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”33“Rice Development and Waterborne Diseases”

41

Discussion and Q&A

48 Second Session; Global Health Systems and Rice Production in Case of Malaria as an Indicator
49 Event Discussion (second session)
49

Opening remarks

52

Brief Presentation

54 「Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenousdevelopment of sustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)」
74“How to evaluate variable environmental and economic factors in community-based
malaria projects in Asia and Africa”

92

83“Community Participation in Rice Development and Its Process from a Health Perspective”

88

Discussion and Q&A

Appendix1 : Speakersʼ Proﬁle95 Appendix2 : Pre-study session “Rice Production and Malaria in Africa”
96 Appendix3 : Slides of pre-study session
100 Appendix4 : ZERO Malaria 2030 Campaign

Event report on Round-table “ZERO Malaria : What We Can Do from Japan” “Rice Production and Malaria : How to Evaluate ʻMosquitoʼ in Agricultural Project”

01

Executive Summary / Event Outline

Event report on Round-table “ZERO Malaria:
What We Can Do from Japan”“Rice Production and Malaria:
How to Evaluate ʻMosquitoʼ in Agricultural Project”
Executive Summary
The rice plants were swaying before theimplemented study sessions such as onbreeze. This is a traditional scenery in rural“malaria countermeasures in Africa”, “private

Asia. So that in Japan.

sector investments on malaria in Asia”, “climate

Historically in Japan, the status of a feudal lordcrisis and malaria”, integrating knowledge andwas determined by the amount of rice that

innovation on malaria. This time in twice, it will

could be harvested in his domain. In Japan andbe discussed how wetland rice production

Asian countries, rice cultivation has linked tosystem in Asia and Africa are changing

life, and it has been a part of their culture.

mosquito-borne infectious diseases including

On the other hand, in Africa, rice cultivation

malaria, and the living environment of local

was imported as a monoculture policy by JICA

residents, and about its transformation. It will

and other international organizations after

be shared our knowledge and experience as toWorld War II. In this region, rice production iswhether there are necessary measures andseen as food security and commodities rather

efforts that have already been implemented.

than agriculture rooted in daily life and can be

The evaluations of vector generation

positioned in an economic context.

mechanism in paddy ﬁeld are still divided, andWetland rice cultivation system was introduced

it seems difﬁcult to reach general conclusion at

in Africa, and economic development resulted

this stage. We expect the cogent discussions

in improvement of living, including sanitation

about the coexistence with malaria and riceand health management systems. It means that

production and the balance between these

we need to consider the health of residents

points.

and the impact of changes in the environment

Also, we discussed the comprehensive

caused by paddy rice production from theapproach to evaluate rice-growing

perspective of health agenda, at the same timecommunities and their quality of life from theas economic efﬁciency is being sought.

perspective of economic and social condition.

ZERO Malaria 2030 Campaign has

Event report on Round-table “ZERO Malaria : What We Can Do from Japan” “Rice Production and Malaria : How to Evaluate ʻMosquitoʼ in Agricultural Project”

02

Executive Summary / Event Outline

Event Outline
ZERO Malaria 2030 Campaign, has launched involunteers.

2017. The campaign members are from various

Executive Committee of ZERO Malaria 2030

malaria community members: from universities,

Campaign (secretariat: Malaria No More Japan)

from international organizations, from private

launched three round-table sessions “ZEROsectors, and from national diet members.

Malaria: What We Can Do from Japan”.

Since its establishment, ZERO Malaria 2030

Through discussion of several malaria-related

Campaign has organized events, lecture series,

themes, we aimed to establish a system for

distribution goods to the persons in Asia andcollaboration and coordination in terms ofAfrican countries through the Japanʼs youth

All-Japan efforts.

Organizer : Executive Committee of ZERO Malaria 2030 Campaign (secretariat: Malaria No More Japan),
RBM Partnership to End Malaria（*means the Committee members or the support organizations of this campaign）

Dates : 25 August 2020 & 10 September 2020, from 5:00pm to 7:00pm
Venue : Online conference system “Zoom”
Language : Japanese/English-We arranged simultaneous interpretation for the session
MC : Dr. Masahiro Takagi (Board Member of Malaria No More Japan/ Professor Emeritus, Nagasaki University)
Moderator : Prof. Koji Tanaka, Professor Emeritus, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University
Keynote Speakers : -Dr. Toshiyuki Wakatsuki (Professor Emeritus, Shimane University)-Mr. Kiyoshi Shiratori (Africa Rikai Project / Specially Appointed Professor of The Center for African Area Studies,
Kyoto University)-Dr. Jun Kobayashi (Professor, Department of Global Health, University of the Ryukyus) *only on Sept. 10th
-ZERO Malaria 2030 Campaign Executive Committee members, Malaria No More Japan Board
Members, and other persons concerned attended the meeting. Basically, these series of sessions
were organized as closed one, invitees only.

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03

First Session : Rice Production and Malaria in Asia and Africa

First Session :Rice Production and Malaria in Asia and Africa＜Event Outline＞
In Asia, paddy rice cultivation is widely diffusedin both region affect local people, local

and rice is essential as a staple food in dietaryenvironment and economy.

life, rice cultivation is widespread and rooted in

Especially, in the discussion emphasizes thedaily life. On the other hand, in Africa, where

inclusion of the perspective of the local

rice cultivation was introduced as an economic

residents, not just the comparison of regional

policy, rice is a commodity product, and it isagriculture. In particular, we explored changes

hard to say that it is rooted in a daily life. Whilein the residents' awareness of rice and changes

comparing the meaning of “rice” in agriculture

in local communities in Africa throughin Asia and Africa, we discussed from a

introducing wetland rice cultivation.

broader perspective how paddy rice cultivation

4 : 45 pm ZOOM open
5 : 00 pm Opening remarks by Dr. Takahiro Shinyo (Chairman, Malaria No More Japan)
5 : 10 pm Brief explanation about this study session from Malaria No More Japan
by Dr. Masahiro Takagi, Malaria No More Japan
5 : 15 pm Theme “Is Rice Production Culture? Economy? Can We Apply the Asian Empirical Knowledge into
Africa? ”, moderated by Prof. Koji Tanaka, Kyoto University
5 : 25 pm Keynote speech- Dr. Toshiyuki Wakatsuki, Shimane University“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy) based rice farmingin Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”
Dr. Wakatsuki introduced various rice production and paddy rice cultivation in some Sub-Sahara African countries.
- Mr. Kiyoshi Shiratori, Specially Appointed Professor of The Center for African Area Studies, Kyoto University “Ricedevelopment and waterborne diseases”
Mr. Shiratori had a presentation about his project in Tanzania in 80s, introducing its participatory rural approach to riceproduction and its close connection with waterborne diseases including malaria. And he raised issues such as thecomprehensive approach to the development of paddy rice production and the control measures of waterborne
diseases, and the efﬁcient and effective countermeasures to these issues.

6 : 10 pm Discussion and Q&A
We use chat system for checking the questions and comments from the ﬂoor.
Speakers and commentators use both Japanese and English.
6 : 50 pm Closing remarks
7 : 00 pm Close

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04Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)
Opening remarks

Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)

Opening remarks
Takahiro Shinyo (Chairman, Malaria No More Japan; Chairman, Executive Committee of ZERO Malaria 2030 Campaign)

Shinyo : Dear all, thank you for yourknowledge we can utilize with the backgroundparticipation. I am Shinyo, Chairman of Malaria

of malaria? This is what we would like to

No More Japan.

discuss today.

We, Malaria No More Japan has its

There is a very long history of paddy riceheadquarters in the US, and our organization

production and malaria. In Africa and also in

was established as a sister organization inother Asian countries, we saw the outbreak of2012. Through 8 years, Malaria No More Japanmalaria as they started the rice production, andhas contributed to the global health andamong some of the farmers, there is acombat against malaria, which suffers 3.2

mutation and there is a sickle cell and alsobillion people in the world.

thalassemia. There are some anti-malaria genes

We have implemented ZERO Malaria 2030

which are being acquired in some cases. Also,

Campaign to achieve “zero malaria” world byin food supply, we have been trying to increase

2030, and various committee members suchfood production. To that end, we need to haveas Hon. Keizo Takemi, the Member of House ofdifferent types of methods. For example,

Councilors, and Dr. Shigeru Omi, the President

paddy rice production is one of the methods toof the Japan Community Health Caredo that. In order to increase that, we need toOrganization, and other stakeholders.

have irrigation facilities. The more water weThis is the fourth meeting. At the ﬁrst meeting,have, we will have more habitants of malaria

we had an expert meeting on the malaria

and schistosomiasis, so we need to think aboutcountermeasures in Africa. The second one is

the trade-off with the countermeasuresrelated to the possibility of malaria

against malaria. This is really a headache for us.

countermeasure investment by the private

With regard to malaria, this is an old infectious

sector. The third time was climate change anddisease. Before humans became the host,mosquito-mediated infectious disease. This isbovine were the host. As the population

the fourth time. Our theme for today is riceincreased, we worked on deforestation in orderproduction and malaria. Also, next month, weto develop land. From that perspective, they

will again have a session on the same theme ofare now infectious to humans. However, foodrice production and malaria. Today, we will be

issues and infectious disease ‒ they arebasically focusing on Asia and Africa, and weintertwined with the development by humans.

would like to have a discussion among experts.

The aggression by humans to animal

With that background, what will be theinhabitants are occurring, so wildlife, viruses,

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05Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)
Opening remarks

and germs ‒ how are we going to isolate frombe moderating behind the stage. It is great tothere will be an area we need to consider. The

see you all.

coronavirus is no exception.

As the chariman explained earlier, this is the

Be it global warming or infectious disease ‒fourth round table. We will be paying particularthey are manmade phenomena. As people say,attention to Africa and we will explore thewe are now entering into “Anthropocene” typeissues and relations with rice production andof era. Food issues and infectious diseasemalaria. Similar to the COVID-19 problem, theissues are at any rate closely linked with therelationship between rice production andincrease of our population. We will have 9.3

mosquitoes, if we are to produce more food,billion, which is expected to be our population

we might struggle with the increase of

number. This is going to be a great issue for us,

mosquitoes, and therefore the conﬂicting

but this is not todayʼs theme.

interests of both sides. In the discussions

Today, we have experts and we would like them

today, in pursuing the higher production of

to discuss over paddy rice production and also

food, and regardless of what is the reason,

rice cultivation. Also, from Malaria No Morethere are some facts that exist in the world thatJapan, we have Dr. Masahiro Takagi, Professor

mosquitoes have actually decreased with theEmeritus of Nagasaki University, as theincreased food production and the malaria

moderator. We would like to have the insights

problem has alleviated in some parts of thefrom many of the experts. For this round tableworld, so inclusive of all these kinds ofand the next round table, we are receiving a

examples.

grant from RBM Partnership to End Malaria, so

We welcome two prominent experts to talkwe would like to express our gratitude to thatabout todayʼs topic. We thank both of theorganization.

experts for accepting our offer. The ﬁrst one

So much for my talk, and as long as timeis Dr. Wakatsuki, who has committed toallows, we would like to exchange opinions.

introduce paddy rice cultivation in Africa. And

Thank you very much for your attendance.

the second is Mr. Shiratori, who has
implemented rural development projects in

Takagi : Thank you very much, Dr. Shinyo. As

Africa, and saw the process to take root in thewas introduced by Dr. Shinyo, I am one of thecommunity. I expect to hear about actual andboard members of Malaria No More Japan,

weighty stories from these two speakers.

Takagi. Today, I will be in the backstage and I will

Prof. Tanaka will summarize and moderate thisEvent report on Round-table “ZERO Malaria : What We Can Do from Japan” “Rice Production and Malaria : How to Evaluate ʻMosquitoʼ in Agricultural Project”

06Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)
Opening remarks

session, and the contents will once again be

to malaria, we would like to hear from him later

raised in the second session scheduled for

as well. Following Mr. Shiratoriʼs discussion, I

September. We believe that the issues andthink there is a great extent of relevance fromchallenges summarized at the end of todayʼs

agricultural development and farming

session will be once again picked up in the

promotion that was made by Mr. Amameishi of

second round table in September.

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

At my hand, we have the attending experts

Mr. Amameishi is also joining these discussions

from a diverse range of disciplines. From

as well. After the lectures from the two

London, Dr. Jo Lines; and Kallista Chan; andprominent speakers invited for today, we would

also Dr. Saito are also attending todayʼs session

like to invite other experts to give some inputs

as well. From a different point of view, inclusive

to these discussions so that we can enrich theof the issue of mosquitoes, we will expect tocontent of todayʼs round table. We will lookhear some useful comments. Dr. Kobayashi has

forward to the discussions today as long as

been joining this meeting. Thank you verytime permits.

much for joining despite your busy schedule.

Now, Prof. Tanaka, I will pass the microphone to

He is an expert in malaria, so the type of topic

you, so if you could serve as an anchor andwhich we will pick up today, how that will

moderator. Thank you.

become useful in the discussions with regard

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07Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)
Brief Presentation

Brief Presentation by Koji Tanaka(Professor Emeritus, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University)

Tanaka : Just as Dr. Takagi mentioned, rice

understanding sociocultural and ecologicalproduction and malaria are the themes for

aspects of African rice cultures. In relation totodayʼs round table. If I look back at the history

these concerns of mine, I had an experience ofof rice production, be it Asia or Africa, both of

conducting research in Indonesia in the 1980s

them have very long histories, but in Africa,

on pioneering settlers who reclaimed wet-rice

Asian-rice introduction and its expansion tookﬁelds in forest areas. In the course ofplace rather recently in comparison to Asia,

conducting research, I met malaria patients

mostly shorter than a half century or a few

more frequently and could see more serious

decades ago. Asian farmers, whichever they

spread in frontier villages. Although theare East, Southeast, or South Asians, havefollowing slides do not show anything aboutdeveloped a variety of rice production systems

malaria, I would like to show them so that you

adapting to their given, diversed conditions

can imagine what the condition of pioneeringsuch as climate, topography and hydrology.

villages was. I hope you can see how the

Despite this difference between Asia andreclamation of wet-rice ﬁelds proceeded, andAfrica, we need to draw our attention to the

how the environment of frontier villages

so-called “Green Revolution” starting in the latechanged from these slides.

1960s in Asia and prevailing both in Asia andAfrica through 1970s on-ward. Through thisGreen Revolution, cultivated area andproduction of rice increased rapidly in Asia.
With the development of economies in Asia,
new, intensive rice-growing techniques wereintroduced and wet-rice ﬁelds were newly
reclaimed in various regions. Later, the same
situation took place in Africa, too. In todayʼsround table, keeping such background in mind,

This slide indicates the location where I

we are going to discuss on how theconducted researches; central part ofdevelopment of rice production has been

Sulawesi island in Indonesia. From the laterelated to malaria.

1970s to 1980s many migrants were sent to

I carried out a number of researches related to

new settlement sites provided by the central

rice cultivation in various countries in Asia fromgovernmentʼs transmigration project. They

the late 1970s to the 1990s, not just for

were transferred from overpopulated Java andincreasing rice production but forBali islands. Besides these ofﬁcially-arranged

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08Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)
Brief Presentation

migrants, there were spontaneous migrants,

after reclamation. As you can see from thewho moved with their initiatives and, in someright picture, natural forests was totallycases, illegally penetrated in the forest regions

converted to manmade environment, and theto reclaim new rice ﬁelds. The following slides

newly-reclaimed wet-rice ﬁeld shown in the leftshow how new settlements were opened byhand had drastically changed to ordinary

the latter.

wet-rice ﬁelds in appearance after ﬁve to six
years.

This slide indicates what the condition of
newly-reclaimed land. Given the circumstances,

This slide shows changes in living conditions in

the migrants penetrated into forest areas, be it

frontiers. At the very beginning, they lived in awetland or upland, and reclaimed rice ﬁelds.

simple cottage, but as the development wenton, they built a big house, even modern one
equipped with toilet inside the house. As thisshows, the expansion of wet-rice ﬁelds means
the expansion of living space of the migrants,
and this expansion automatically correspondswith the increase of the number of toilets,
ponds and tanks; they are all stagnant pools as
well. So, I think, you can easily imagine thatmalaria became more spread in frontierTemporarily, illegal logging was conducted. In

regions of human migration.

parallel with this operation, wet-rice ﬁelds were

As you can see from these slides, with thealso reclaimed and rice began to be planted

development of wet-rice ﬁelds, the original

immediately after reclamation. The left picture

ecosystem is signiﬁcantly transformed into a

indicates a new rice ﬁeld in the second year

human-controlled ecosystem, and of course

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09Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)
Brief Presentation

the hydrological conditions are also changed.

take a different way? Despite its shorter

Pioneer settlers extend the frontiers ofhistory of Asian rice growing, many types of

wet-rice-ﬁeld reclamation, unstable living space

rice-growing systems have been introduced towith poor water management is also

and established under a variety of individual

expanding. I suppose this is the reason why thegeographical conditions in Africa. In this roundfrontier regions appear to be more susceptible

table, we are going to focus on the links

to malaria and infectious diseases.

between rice growing and malaria, but I would

However, as rice cultivation is stabilized andlike to start the round table with learning theliving space is improved, the original frontier

history and current situation of rice growing

situation also disappears. Pioneer settlements

and its development in Africa from two

transforms themselves into an ordinary village,

speakers, who have been long engaged inin which various countermeasures against

technical and academic cooperation for themalaria are taken into action throughdevelopment of rice cultivation in Africa.

administrative services. In Asia where theAccording to Dr. Takagi, I am expected to play adrastic economic development took place androle as the moderator for this round table, but I

the expansion of rice ﬁelds is no morethink it would be my role now to start thesigniﬁcant, malaria has declined drastically, too.

session, and to ﬁnd the way for bridging

I assume that similar situation took place and istodayʼs achievement to the next meeting.

taking place in Africa. For instance, I heard thatmalaria infections expanded widely and

Takagi : Thank you very much, Prof. Tanaka.

seriously in areas where large scale irrigation

The time is running out, therefore we would like

scheme was implemented in Africa.

to invite Dr. Wakatsuki without further ado. We

But, on the other hand, I am not sure what iswould like to listen to the lecture by Dr.

and will be taking place in Africa; does it follow

Wakatsuki. Dr. Wakatsuki, please.

the same procedures as experienced in Asia or

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10Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah(SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy) based rice farmingin Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”
by Toshiyuki Wakatsuki (Shimane University)
Wakatsuki : Thank you very much for thethe Indonesian term of “Sawah”. The term of

introduction. There are two rounds of“SUIDEN”, and “Sawah” are the same concept

opportunity for me to talk. Today, my focus isand meaning, but “Paddy” is sometime theon rice cultivation in sub-Saharan Africa rather

same meaning of “SUIDEN” and “Sawah” butthan to discuss malaria.

often different meaning in SSA. This problem

Please proceed with the Power Points.

will be discussed in next time on 10th of

I will talk about the rice production progress in

September. Today I will use the term of “Sawah”

Africa as a whole. The ﬁrst occasion for today,

to describe “SUIDEN”, but I will only use theI will talk about the various rice farming

term of “Paddy” to describe “unhusked riceplatform and practices as well as statisticalgrain”, such as “paddy production” and “paddy

trends to know what the progress of rice

yield” .

production was in Africa during 1961-2018. In
relation with Malaria I would like to talk about in
September. Just intuitively, I am thinking that
“SUIDEN”（水田）Based Rice Farming, (i.e., ricepaddies in English), will be usable for
eradicating malaria ultimately. That is mydesired conclusion in making my arguments.
The English term of “paddy, paddies” are notappropriate to use in SSA, therefore I will use
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11Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”

Figure 1 shows the distribution of lowlands

select, 10-20% of the total wetland area, andthroughout Africa. Very interesting is the

carry out sustainable development, I think that

500mm rainfall line along the southern edge of

it will be okay as a countermeasure against thethe Sahara Desert, which is the so-called Sahelfood crisis of SSA expected in the near future..

belt. South of that area, there are lots ofwetlands, i.e., from the Senegal River, the inlanddelta of Mali, various wetlands of northern
Nigeria, Lake Chad, and Sud basin, which
eventually leads to the Nile river and Nile delta.
Interestingly, these wetlands distribute in theinland area of African continent at various
heights and even low rainfall areas. This isdifferent from Asia, which has major wetlands
along the coastal area with ample rainfall.

As shown in Fig. 2, when I was assigned to IITA,

Although the precipitation is low groundwaterInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture,levels are shallow to moderate depth (< 10-

Ibadan, Nigeria, as a JICA expert in 1986, I20m). These inland wetlands have somewhat

made many extensive rice soils and ricesimilar situation of the Nile Delta in desert

ecology survey trips using four-wheel drive

climate, where the rivers ﬂow from thevehicles. Since I specialized in soil science, mysouthern forest area, Guinea and Sudanﬁrst job was to take the soils and compare thesavanna even northern Sahel zones. Thus,

sawah rice soils in Asia.

although there is low precipitation, there is highThere is a red circle described as Bida site inavailability of water.

the middle of Fig. 2. Here we rented a rice farm

Another characteristic of the African continentof a farmer and developed an Asian styleis that West Africa is lowland Africa and East

sawah platform for 1ha mainly by manual labor.

Africa is highland Africa, with a plateau of

We used IRRI made turtle powertiller (about

about 1,000 m or more. This makes difference$1,000 per unit at that time) developed by IRRI

in the ecology of suitable rice cultivation, about

for some leveling and puddling for

80% of the potential of suitable rice cultivationtransplanting. This sawah platform gave us

is in West Africa and 20% is in East Africa.

paddy yields 5-6t/ha using many high yielding

SSA's traditional rice-growing areas arevarieties, while farmersʼ traditional rice ﬁelds

distributed along the Guinea Gulf coast, which

platform never gave the paddy yields higher

have widespread distribution of a Japanesethan 3 t/ha using the same standards“satoyama” like wetlands. Initially, I started withfertilization amount.

sawah based rice cultivation in such small

As a result, I thought it would be easy to realize

inland valleys. This area also has great potential

the Green Revolution if Suiden, sawah platform

for endogenous sawah system platform

is available, but it was not understood by thedevelopment. In addition to this, I have noticed

top research management at the CGIAR

the huge potential of the large wetlands in theCenter, an international organization such as

northern Sahel belt for the past 5 or 10 years.

IITA and Africa rice. Jobs that involve the sawah

Since the total area is very large, if we carefully

platform development were evaluated as not

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12Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”

research activities. Western research top

topographical classiﬁcation map on the left

managers could not understand the scientiﬁcside of Fig. 3, at which the A is the inland delta

essence of sawah based rice cultivation, thusof Mali, B is Chad basin, D is Sudd basin of

they did not understand the importance of theSouth Sudan, and C is the Congo basin. Thesesawah platform for rice cultivation at all.

huge lowlands are distributed inland at various

Another thing is that the farmers at the Bida

altitudes of 200-1,000m. As shown in thesites never did develop sawah platform andﬁgures on the right of Fig. 1 and Fig. 3, there ismanage the sawah based rice farming by

no sea in the Sahel belt, but it is a lowland plain

themselves. After that, I had been doing basic

compared to the Sahara Desert in the northrice soil research for the ﬁrst three years. But

and the Guinea Savannah belt in the south, andhow about an African farmer to develop sawahwhere river waters are ﬂowing and create many

platform endogenously? I've been wondering

huge fertile lowlands. If it rains, it will ﬂood.

what to do. Aside from the empirical research

However, there is a wide range of places wherelevel, the dissemination level that has an actual

there is no destructive ﬂooding like in Asia. The

impact was almost unsuccessful until we

rainfall in the Sahel zone on the right of Fig. 3 is

conﬁrmed Kebbi Rice Revolution in 2017-19. I

as small as 500 mm, but the groundwater inwould like to talk about that next time on 10th

the area that looks blue is shallow. Moreover,of September.

since this groundwater is ﬂooded every year atrainy season, the problem of salt damage may
be avoided considerably.

This is too much details soil fertility data. In thetable, the “T.Asia” shows the average fertility intropical Asia, and there is Thailand below it. IVS
means the soils of inland valley swamp, which
are somewhat like Japanese “satoyama”,
distributed mainly in equatorial forest andGuinea savanna zones. Then there areﬂoodplains and inland deltas where the Saheland Sudan savanna zones which have less rainy
but more fertile. If generalized, the West
African soil fertility is close to that of Thailand.
As I said earlier, Africa is different from Asia in

Figure 4 shows the changes in the irrigatedthat Asia has large lowlands, Deltas, along thearea of each region in the world over the past

coast. However, in Africa, as shown in the

50 years. We can see that irrigation

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13Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”

development has hardly progressed in thewetlands of Africa are 240 million ha, thus

eastern, central, western and southern parts of

50million ha for future development is about

SSA. As we saw earlier, the total area of lowland

20% of total wetlands. About 80% of thearea is about 240 million ha (Table 2), but rain

natural wetlands remain. Currently it is 2 million

and so-called available water are only about

ha, so it is less than 1%. This pristine wetland is

40% of Asia (Oki et al 2009). Roughly speaking,poorly managed by humans. I think it is asince Asia now has an annual irrigated sawah

future task to determine to what extent it willbased rice cultivation area of about 128 million

be the target of human development.

ha, SSA should have a potential of about 51
million ha, i.e., 0.4x128 million. The light redcolored part of the bar graph below of the SSA
in the Figure 4 shows the potential area for
irrigated sawah ﬁeld, and the dark red bar
graph shows the estimated potential for uplandirrigation. Brieﬂy, the irrigation potential isalmost comparable to the total of South Asia
(India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh). However total
area of SSAʼs irrigated sawah platform is

The left side of Fig. 5 compares the changes incurrently 2million ha only.

paddy yield over the past 50 years in Asia,
SSA, West Africa, and East Africa. In Asia,
yields have increased from just under 2 tons
60 years ago to about 5 tons now. In SSA, theyield has been increasing in the last 10 years,
from about 1 ton to about 2 tons now. SSA are
now in the same state as when the Green
Revolution began in Asia.
The right side of Fig. 5 shows the trend of
paddy production. Sixty years ago, SSA had a

Table 2 shows the area of each lowland type in

production volume of 3.5 million tons, 1.6% of

SSA, with 17 million ha of Coastal swamps, 100

that in Asia, but the production volume has

million ha of Inland basins (deltas) in the Sahelincreased rapidly, and as of 2018, thebelt. There are 30 million ha of ﬂoodplains andproduction volume is 4% of Asia, which is 28.2

108 million ha of Inland valleys. For the potential

million tons. In 1960s, West Africa used toof irrigated sawah platform for each type, thecontribute about 40% of the total paddy

range of numerical values were estimated fromproduction in SSA, 1.57 million tons, but now inthe past various action research and2018 it has increased rapidly to 65%, 18.5

development trials and the developed area of

million tons, and it is predicted that it will reacheach region. It has an overall estimatedabout 80% in near future.

potential of 26 to 73 million ha, which mean isTable 3 shows how much paddy production

50million ha, for irrigated sawah platform ﬁeld

has increased over the past 60 years bydevelopment. However, as I said earlier, thecountry. Nigeria was ﬁfth in SSA 60 years ago,

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14Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”

but in 2018 it is by far the number one.

reliability of the data. The data in the table uses

Madagascar and UR Tanzania are the main

FAOSTAT (Statistics Database of the Food andrice-growing countries in Eastern Africa. In

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations),

Madagascar, Asian style rice cultivation has

but there are some differences from the data

been practiced for a long time, but surprisingly,

in USDA (United States Department of

the production volume has not increased

Agriculture). In Nigeria, FAOSTAT in 2019enough to match the population increase in theshowed that paddy production in 2017

last 50 years. Tanzania is growing rapidly. 24

exceeded 10 million tons, but in Table 4, it has

times in the last 50 years. Nigeria is 32 times.

been revised to the 6 million tons level. On the

Others up to about 15th place are all Westother hand, USDA shows 8 million tons. It is

African countries. Almost every country has

necessary to pay attention to the reliability ofincreased production more than 10 times.

data. Nevertheless, on the possible errors, I

However, Sierra Leone and Liberia, which arethink that majority of SSA countries have beendyed red had domestic crises such as civil war.

expanding paddy production including no

However, most African countries are rapidly

tradition of paddy production such as Ethiopia.

increasing their paddy production.

As shown in Fig. 6, one of the factors behind
the rapid increase in paddy production can beseen from the trends in the international
market prices per ton of rice, beans and corn,
and wheat over the past 50 years. On average,
rice prices have been about three times asmuch as wheat and corn. If farmers make 1 tonof rice, farmers will get 3 times more income.
However, the necessary running cost is notmuch different. In addition to this, once theTable 4 shows the increase in paddy

sawah platform ﬁelds have been developed,

production by country over the last 10 years.

the amount of fertilizer can be rather small

JICA's CARD (Coalition for African Ricethan maize and wheat production. In addition,

Development) started 10 years ago, andsustainable yield is much higher (Sawah

production has increased in most countries

Hypothesis 2). There are many beneﬁts of rice.

over the past 10 years, especially in Nigeria.

Rice has special values in terms of cooking,

However, you need to be careful about thenutritional value, preservation, transportation,

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15Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”

and cashability, etc., which is true not only inecology (high solar radiation, fertile soil, inﬂow

Asia but also worldwide. It's a little higher thanriver water). Egypt is now the world's highest

the price of soybeans. However, soybeans doyield, as shown in Figure 7 (Appendix). Most

not yield as much as rice, so in that sense, rice

SSAs have such a high potential. Someis a special valuable crop. As I will explain on

countries, such as South Sudan, have no10th of September, sawah platform-based

experience in rice cultivation, rice production is

paddy cultivation has special additional values

not high, and productivity is very low. However,to realize SDGs goals in the areas of

it is worth about 10 Nile Deltas.

sustainable environmental protection including
malaria infection.

Figure 7 shows productivity growth, i.e., yieldchange, in the top eight SSA countries over thelast 50 years. It has been growing rapidly in all
countries except for DR Congo, Guinea, andSierra Leone, since around 2005. As you cansee from the data of DR Congo and Guinea,
this FAO data is not the actual measurement
data. You can see that the data is unreliable

Figure 8a shows the changes in annual grain

and is written on the ofﬁce desk. Be careful

production and consumption per capita inwith such data. The data inserted at the top of

Nigeria, a typical SSA country, which is “theFigure 7 is the USDA average for 2015-19,

Black is beautiful” country, over the past 60

which is quite different from the FAO average

years. SSA countries eat a wide variety offor 2014-18. Especially in Madagascar, FAO

grains and foods. The black line shows thedata shows 4.3t / ha, but USDA shows 2.6t /trends of the population of the whole country,

ha. There is not much difference in production,

the white is the rice production based on

but Nigeria has 7.3 million tons, FAO has 6.6

paddy, the red is the import volume of rice

million tons, and FAO data released in 2019

(also displayed on a paddy basis, theshows that it was more than 10 million tons.

conversion rate of milled rice and paddy is

Another important point is to compare with the

0.625 x paddy = milled rice). All data aretrends of paddy yield in Egypt shown in Fig. 7

calculated in per capita. This will tell you if the(Supplement). As shown in Figure 1 earlier, thecountry is dealing with population growth.

Sahel region of SSA has an Egyptian-style

Wheat on top of rice, then corn, cassava, yam,

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16Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”

sorghum and millet on top. With Nigeria as theexact amount may differ by each country

representative of SSA, basically traditional

depending on the population composition.

sorghum and millet have been decreased, andSince the trends of Fig. 8a and Fig. 8b arerice production and consumption havealmost equivalent, the grain equivalent factors

increased rapidly. In 2018, rice will be theof 1/5 and 1/8 are scientiﬁcally acceptable. We

number one food in Nigeria, including imports.

can improve the more practical grain equivalent

Although corn is increasing, rice consumption

factors of On the contrary, it can be seen thatis the No. 1 food in terms of paddy base. It isthe calorie consumption of each food can belikely to increase more and more in the future.

used to calculate the scientiﬁcally more

The grain equivalent of the line indicated by thereasonable amount of grains such as potatoes,

purple horizontal arrow in Figure 8a is 200 kg /yams, plantains and cassavas

person. This ﬁgure shows the total amount ofgrains including the grain equivalent amountvarious foods such as cassava, yam, potatoes
and plantains (which have high water content)on the same basis. The per capita grain
production and imports of each SSA country
and the breakdown are shown by the same
standard. For Japanese people, one KOKU（１石）of milled rice, 150 kg (which is 240 kg of
paddy equivalent, the conversion rate of paddy
and milled rice is calculated as 0.625) is enoughfor one person's food. Thus, if you produce
about 200 kg of total grain, you will not starve.
Taking into account the water content andpost-harvest losses and etc, one-ﬁfth of the
FAO data for potatoes and yams, andone-eighth for plantains and cassava areplotted as conversion factors for the amountof grains such as paddy, corn, and wheat. ThisIn Figure 9, the green areas show the

makes it possible to make a uniﬁed comparison

distribution of irrigable lowlands of Nigeria. Theof the importance of various foods in different

iso-precipitation line of 500mm, which is

SSA countries.

showing the Sahel belt, is extending near the

Figure 8b is a calorie-based calculation using

border with Niger. Further north of the Sahel

FAO published data to check the validity of thezone is Sahara Desert. There are many vastgrain equivalent factors of 1/5 and 1/8 inwetlands between 1,000 mm and 500 mm ofFigure 8a. The 1,200 kcal / person / day line inannual rainfall, including Lake Chad basin. Up tothis ﬁgure corresponds to the grain equivalent

now, we have been promoting the sawah (eco-)

200 kg / person / year line in Fig. 8a. The

technology, and it is only in Kebbi state,amount of food production (basal metabolic

northwestern Nigeria shown in Fig. 9, that therate) required for per capita survival. Althoughendogenous sawah platform development by

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17Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”

the innumerable farmers has reached the scalethat divide the sawah platforms into numerousof about 100,000 ha. This scale exceeds SSA's

squares developed in 2016-19.

largest irrigation scheme, Ofﬁce du Niger in
Mali. It shows the magnitude of the intrinsic(endogenous) power of countless farmers. Thisis brieﬂy explained in Figure 10-14 below. I will
explain about the extension procedures of the
Kebbi Rice Revolution in 10th of September.

Figure 10 shows a ﬂoodplain near Sangel andSuru in Kebbi. The width of the ﬂoodplain
around here is about 9km. The area of theﬂoodplain in this Google image is about

Figure 12 shows the sawah ﬁeld developed by

6,000ha. The total area of ﬂoodplains andfarmers, a power tiller, and small mobile pumpinland deltas throughout the Kebbi state is

irrigation taken in February 2019 near the A

500,000 ha. The part seen in black is the part

area in Figure 10. In the middle of the four

where sawah based rice cultivation in the dry

persons are Dr. Segun, the deputy director ofseason is in progress. Sawah ﬁelds have been

the National Center for Agriculturaldeveloped endogenously by local farmers in

Mechanization (NCAM) in Nigeria and thethe last 10 years. 20-30% of the ﬂoodplain arealeader in promoting Sawah Technology inhas been developed as sawah platform and is

Nigeria. NCAM is an organization under thestill underway.

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

Figure 11 is an enlarged view of the ﬂoodplainof Nigeria. The upper left photo shows one

area marked as “Village” with a red circle in the

power tiller and dry season ﬂood plain. In thecenter of Figure 10. A 300m marker line in thedry season, there is basically no water on thecenter crosses the center of the village. The

surface of the ﬂoodplain if no irrigation.

upper half of the photo shows the dry season

You can see the small pump in the center of(taken on January 25, 2019), and the lower half

the upper right photo. Groundwater isis the rainy season. However, even if it ﬂoods,

shallower than 5m, so 2 units can irrigate 1ha.

the rice ﬁelds will not be washed away by the

Irrigation will be intermittent about twice a

torrent of the ﬂood, and the village remains

week. If you have two small portable pumps forprotected. Immediately north of the village, you$500, you can irrigate 3ha. The additionalcan see the countless footpaths in rice ﬁelds

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18Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”$150-200 per ha. The yield of dry season

The ﬂoodplain in this area is almost entirely

crops is extremely high. This pump irrigation

covered with sawah platform. Argungu is a rice

cost can be covered by increasing the paddy

and ﬁshing center in Kebbi state. The upperproduction by 1 ton. Although it has not

one shows the Google image of the ﬂoodplain

reached the Egyptian paddy yield level yet, theof the just north of the Argung town. The lower

traditional yield of 2t / ha so far will be 6-7t /right is the photo taken near AR2 site on 33

ha, which is about three times higher.

years ago. Details site description remains in
the 1990 doctoral dissertation by Dr. Oyediran(currently a professor at LAUTECH University).
African rice had been cultivated widely on theAR2 site in non-sawah ﬁelds. The lower left isalmost the same AR2 site when the NCAM
sawah team (the blue shirt on the left in therice ﬁeld is Dr. Segun, the white shirt in thecenter is Wakatsuki) conducted training anddemonstration of Sawah Technology using a
new Indonesian made with Kubota Co. Ltd.ʼsengine. Farmers have been developing sawahﬁelds by themselves since 2011, so you can see
the bindings of the sawah ﬁelds. We
demonstrated that new sawah ﬁelds could
develop efﬁciently without using heavymachinery.

Figure 13 is almost the same site as Figure 12.
It is a ﬂoodplain during the rainy season in
September 2019. Rice is cultivating. Althoughpump irrigation costs are lower, but drainage is
difﬁcult, water and weed management are
difﬁcult, thus yields are lower than in the rainyseason. Therefore, farmers have recently
shifted more to the dry season cultivation. In

Figure 15 shows the paddy ﬁeld of Edozhigi

the ﬂoodplain, the ﬂuctuation of water is large

irrigation scheme on the Kaduna river ﬂood

between the rainy season and the dry season.

plain near Bida, central Nigeria. In the photo

In the mainstream ﬂoodplains of the Niger

above, rice is cultivated on the ridges likeRiver, such endogenous sawah platform

upland crops. In most government irrigation

development is difﬁcult where the destructive

schemes in Nigeria, only irrigation canals andpower of ﬂooding water during the rainyroads are created, and farmland is maintained

season is large.

by farmers without any major reclamation.

Figure 14 shows the ﬂoodplain near Argungu.

Therefore, often rice is cultivated in this way,

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19Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”

sometimes just like upland rice without any

plots prepared by farmers. It is a small bundedbindings and leveling, or micro rudimentaryplots that is about 3 to 5 meters on a side.

sawah plots as shown in the photo below. This
small plot sawah ﬁelds can be developed andmanaged if available agricultural tool is African
hoe only (a boy is carrying it on the photo
below). When farmers cannot use plowing bycows, they can only cultivate rice ﬁelds like thisunder irrigation. This is almost the same as thesmall sawah plot ﬁelds in the Yayoi period inJapan.

Figure 16 shows a portable pump irrigated

The photo in Fig. 18 shows a power tiller with amicro quasi-sawah ﬁeld. This kind of platforms

length of about 3 m and many small sawah

have been common before 2010 in Kebbi andplots with a side of 3-5 m. It is our partner

Sokoto state. The photo shows just before

NCAM Sawah team that uses power tiller to do

starting sawah technology demonstration andthe standard sawah plot preparation.

training by NCAM sawah team in 2011. The
African Development Bank and Fadama III and
ADP (Agricultural Development Project) havebeen promoting such irrigated rice cultivationin this area for the past 30 years. The photo on
the right below shows a portable pump and its
hose. In the photo on the left below, you can
see the PVC pipe for pumping groundwater.
Insert a suction hose into this pipe and pump it
up with a portable pump to irrigate rice, onion,

Figure 19 shows the archaeological excavationand other vegetables.

of a small sawah plot ﬁeld 2,500 years ago in

Figure 17 shows the largest (15,000 ha)

Nara, Japan. It shows the early stages of sawah

irrigation system in Kano State that is currently

system evolution, much like the micro/small

in operation in Nigeria. There are dams,

sawah plot system at the current Nigerian

irrigation drainage channels and roads, but theirrigation project site shown in Figure 15-17.

irrigated farmlands are all small micro sawah
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20Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”

water level of Lake Chad does not rise, andwater does not come, so it cannot be pumped.
Fig. 22 is two photographs of rice cultivationand onion cultivation area near the irrigation
target area in Fig. 20. This is a picture of when I
and Dr. Segun (NCAM) went to this area in May
2011, just before Boko Haram became serious.
The entire area can be irrigable with a small
portable pump. It ﬂoods 1 to 2 m during the
Figure 20 shows a large-scale (50,000 ha)

rainy season. Even in the dry season, theirrigation project site in the south of lake Chad,groundwater is shallower than 5m. It is part ofirrigation with a headrace of 30 km or more,wetlands leading to Lake Chad.

which is shown in blue color, and large pumps.
It was developed under the technical guidanceof Pakistan engineers at a cost of about 100
billion yen in the 1970s when there was oilmoney in Nigeria. The irrigation system did notwork from the beginning and is now a disasterarea by Boko Haram.

The upper left of Figure 23 is Niger, the upper
right is Chad, the south is Cameroon, and thewest is Nigeria. The irrigated land in the BokoHaram area shown in Figure 20-22 is shown. If
the Boko Haram problem is resolved, the area
will be capable of small portable pump irrigatedrice cultivation and vegetable cultivation like the
Figure 21 shows a large pumping station that

Kebbi state on a scale of 1 million hectares. On

pumps water from a headrace to target areas.

the right side of Chad, you can see that many

It is a photograph taken at the position marked

rows of sand dunes are connected from Lake

“Pumping station” in the center of Fig. 20. The

Chad. Some are connected from the Nigerian

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21Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”

side. These many dune lines are said towater with a head difference of 30m isrepresent the process of shrinking the Great

pumped up to main irrigation canal by a huge

Lake Chad, which has continued for the past

pump. Large power is needed continuously.

tens of thousands to millions of years.

Maintenance costs are remarkably high. The

Figure 24 shows the reclaimed land between

Nigerian government has no control. The pumpthe dunes of Lake Chad (upper right and lower

function stopped in about 10 years. The debt

left) and the dunes (lower right) taken from anof this ODA loan has been cancelled.

IOM (International Organization for Migration)
arranged Cessna plane. In 2015-17, we teamed
up with the NCAM Sawah team including Bida
and Kebbi farmers to bring in 16 sets ofIndonesian power tillers in one container from
Java, Indonesia. We conducted training on
sawah technology for refugee settlement
projects of the IOM. This is an on-the-job
training for refugees to develop their own
irrigated sawah system platform ﬁelds. Ten
Nigerian sawah farmers trained by NCAM
played an active role as the core unit of the
training.

Figure 27 shows a private Olam Co. Ltd.ʼsirrigation project on the Benue River ﬂoodplain
in operation as of 2020. The high quality sawah
platform has been developed in total
Figure 25 is a plan of the Lower Anambra

5,000-6,000ha. There is also farm airport.

Irrigation Project site in Nigeria. This is an ODA

There is a huge rice mill. This is an irrigationloan project of about 20 billion yen carried out

project carried out by a large-capitalizedby Nippon Koei, Taisei Corporation, and Itochu

private company.

Co. Ltd. A project in 1980s when Nigeria had oil

Figure 28 shows a large rice mill and many

money. The project had developed 4,000ha ofheavy machineries.

irrigated sawah platform for mechanized rice

Figure 29 shows a huge sawah plots with acultivation ﬁelds. JICAʼs technical cooperation

size of 10-20ha. Direct seeding is done by

was also implemented in the early 1990s.

plane. Pesticide spraying is also done by an

The Anambra River is ﬂowing at the top of

airplane. However, in direct sowing cultivation,

Figure 26, and the white square is the pumping

weed management is exceedingly difﬁcult, so

station. At where, huge amount of irrigation

we hire many farmers to weed by hand.

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22Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”rice farmers.

As mentioned above, almost all types of ricecultivation can be found in Nigeria. The
following is an overview of SSA's representative
rice-growing countries. First, Figure 32 shows
the changes in food production over the past
60 years in Madagascar, the second largest
rice-growing country in SSA, Rice cultivation in
Madagascar is rice eater and similar to Asia.
Figure 30 shows the pumping station. Water is

However, per capita production is nottaken from the Benue River. The Benue River

increasing. In recent years crops production

originates from the Cameroonian forest area.

has been below the 200kg / person line, and it

Figure 31 shows the waterways and sawahseems that there is no measures to increaseplots ﬁelds under construction. Since this area

per capita food conditions.

is located downstream of the Benue River, theAs shown in Figure 33, the level of the sawah

destructive power of ﬂooding is great.

platform in Madagascar is almost the same as

Therefore, Olam has difﬁculty developing andin Indonesia. The top is Google Earth and themaintaining the system. Olam has also a ricebottom is a photo. This photo was given by amiller, and the company also train rice farmers

JICA trainee in 2009.

to secure paddy for milling. In Nigeria, it seems

Figure 34 shows various shapes of sawah plotsthat such private companies are forming a

in the wetlands around the capital ofvalue chain for rice cultivation, with Thai-style

Antananarivo. In addition to elongatedrice millers at the top, by entrusting them torectangular sawah plots suitable for cattle

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23Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”

cultivation, the contour bunding sawah plots

exceeded the line of 200 kg / person / year.

can be seen. Some interesting shape of sawah

This means that the food situation has

plots are geometric French type, which I think,

improved.

such sawah plots shape probably by theinﬂuence of France engineer, ignoring the
agricultural work efﬁciency.

As shown in Figures 36 and 37, Tanzania has
widespread endogenous sawah platform
development due to the inﬂuence ofMadagascar, Zanzibar, or other Asians. Figure
36 shows sawah platform developed in alluvial
lowlands and inland lowlands along Lake
Victoria. The Sukuma people, who are herders
who have mastered sawah based ricecultivation, are developing sawah system ﬁelds
endogenously. I think it far exceeds the area ofsawah system developed by ODA andgovernment. The Sukuma people can cultivate
cattle and use tractors, so they are playing acentral role in developing sawah based rice
farming in Tanzania.

Figure 35 shows the trends of crops
production and imported crops per capita overthe past 60 years in Tanzania, which is the No.
3 rice producer in SSA now. Tanzania's number

Figure 37 is the upper reaches of the lowlands

one staple food is maize, but rice production isalong a relatively large river ﬂood plains thatgrowing rapidly. The rate of increase over theappears purple in Figure 36. It is an elongatedlast 60 years far exceeds that of maize. In

rectangular sawah plots ﬁeld developed on the

recent years, total food production has ﬁnallylower slopes of mountains and plateaus. These

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24Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”

sawah plots even on relatively sloping areas
can be cultivated by pulling plows with cows.

The core area of the Maliʼs inland delta, about 8
million hectares, is shown slightly to the left of
Figures 36 and 37 are around Lake Victoria inthe center of Fig. 40. The small, elongated part

northern Tanzania, and Figure 38 shows riceon the left side of the ﬁgure is the Niono

ﬁelds in the Morogoro area in southern

irrigation project site, which has about 100,000

Tanzania. The upper part of Figure 38 has noha. Development began in the French colonial

sawah platform, but upland rice cultivation, but

era of the 1930s. It is the largest irrigation

the lower part can clearly see how bunded andscheme in SSA.

maybe levelled rice ﬁelds, i.e., sawah platform,
are being developed. These appear to beendogenous developments by the Sukuma
people.

Figure 39 shows the trends of grain production
per capita in Mali. According to FAO data in
Figure 39, rice production is growing rapidly in
Mali. Since 2011, it has been 550 kg / person /year, far exceeding the 200 kg / person / year
line. Thus, this is probably Fake data. When

A weir (dam) is built on the Niger River nearfood production per capita exceeds twice theMarkala at the lower left of Fig. 41. This raises

required amount (200 kg / person / year), it

the water level of the Niger River by 3-10

becomes a food exporter. However, it isfewmeters (weir water level unconﬁrmed)

unbelievable statistical data considering thedraws water from the left side of the weir andserious social unrest in Mali in recent years.

extends the irrigation canal to the north. Water

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25Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”

intake is about 10% of the available water oflarge-scale project, it can be said that the time

the Niger River. About 100,000 hectares of rice

required for a farmer and a governmentand sugar cane are currently growing.

engineer related to master irrigated sawah

Figure 42 shows the center of the Niono

based rice cultivation is very long.

project site. You can see the orderly sawah
platform ﬁeld. These are bindings system ofsawah plots ﬁelds, irrigation drainage channels
and roads.

Sawah plots also appear to be well maintained,as shown in Figure 44. Therefore, the yield hasreached to 5.5t/ha in1997-98 season as shownin Table5.
The two pictures below Figure 43 were taken in
January 1989. At that time, the rice ﬁelds andwaterways were poorly managed, and the
paddy yield was about 2t / ha. The two
pictures above Figure 43 were taken in August
1998. The sawah plots have been improved.
The two farmers in the photo are cutting theweeds on the bunds to manage the leaks.
Farmers seemed to be quite proﬁcient insawah based rice cultivation.

As shown in Figures 45 and 46, most of Mali's
Table 5 shows the improvement of rice

wetlands are such natural wetlands without

cultivation skills from 1973 to 1998. Yields

human water control. Only a few percent of theincreased from 2t / ha to 5t / ha mainly in

8 million hectares are maintained as irrigated1990-95. The project started in 1932, so it took

sawah ﬁelds that can manage water, abouta very long time to reach this point. In such a

100,000 ha.

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26Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”

Figure 45 was taken by Mr. S. Takeda (Reporter“satoyama” lowland, near Kissidougou in centralof Kahoku Shinpou, Sendai) in 1996, and Figure

Guinea. Kissidougou is near the trilateral border

46 is a photograph of African rice cultivation

between Sierra Leone and Liberia, it was theareas and ﬁsh such as catﬁsh in the wetlands

center of Ebola infection in 2015. In Guinea, it isalong the Niger River in 1989

common to grow rice without making sawahtype platform even in ﬂoodplains and inland
lowland valleys of upper end streams of the
Niger River. Guinea has also tidal irrigation
areas in the mangrove zone near Conakry, butthere are few rice ﬁelds where artiﬁcial water
management is possible.

Figure 47 shows Guinea's food production
statistics. Guineans are rice eating people
similar to Asians. However, the rice farming
system is very different. The production dataat the bottom of the red colored imports has
straight. In addition, although a large amount ofrice has been imported, the total grain
production per capita has exceeded 400 kg /ha / year in recent years, which is comparable
to that of food exporting countries. It is FAO
data, but I think it is unreliable.

Figure 50 shows food production statistics for
Côte d'Ivoire. The amount of self-sufﬁcient riceproduced exceeds 50 kg per person, but inrecent years the self-sufﬁciency rate has beenless than 50%. As the population has
Figure 48 shows upland rice cultivation inquadrupled in the last 60 years, production has

shifting cultivation on the Guinea Plateau, whichmore than quadrupled, but consumption has

has been destroying forests. A grain calledskyrocketed. As shown in red for the amountfonio, which is often cultivated in degraded soil,of the imported rice, domestic production does

was also cultivated.

not meet the demand.

Figure 49 shows a typical Inland Valley in WestAs shown in Figure 51, Taiwan team has made

Africa which is somewhat like Japanesea signiﬁcant contribution to the promotion of

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27Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”

Asian style irrigated sawah platform-based riceﬁelds downstream of the dam. The photo

cultivation in Côte d'Ivoire in 1962-73. Aboutbelow is the Mbe valley with the experimental

180 engineers were dispatched to more thanﬁelds of Africa Rice Center, which is located

20 areas nationwide. They stayed at thedownstream of the same dam. These Sawah

development site for 2-3 years in a team of

platforms were originally built based on Taiwan

about 10 people, developed more than 100

teamsʼ activities in 1962-73.

small dams and irrigated sawah platform ﬁelds
on a total scale of 10,000 ha, trained more than
3,000 farmers by on-the-job style (Table 6).
Taiwan team made signiﬁcant contribution toestablish the ability to develop endogenous
irrigated sawah platform development of Côte
d'Ivoire. Due to this Taiwanese heritage, there
are now well-maintained rice ﬁelds nationwide
in many inland valleys as shown in Figure 52
below. The sawah ﬁelds in Figure 52 are theInland Valley that connects to the Mbe Valley,
where the experimental ﬁelds of the African
Rice Cultivation Center are located.

Figure 54 shows one of the Food forWork-type paddy ﬁeld development sites jointly
implemented by the International Cooperation
Division of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry
and Fisheries (MAFF) of Japan with WFP(World Food Program) from 1999 to 2004.
This was somewhat the ﬁrst stage of the
SMART-IV (Sawah, Market Access and RiceTechnology in Inland Valley) program
conducted by Africa Rice in 2000-19, which
was also implement by the International
Cooperation Division of MAFF. It was created
and implemented based on the concept of our
Figure 53 shows the rice ﬁelds and a dam lake.

Sawah program. Dr. Nagumo was the

The photo on the upper left shows water

coordinator who is currently a staff member of

hyacinth and dead trees on the dam lake. The

JIRCAS (The Japan International Research

upper right is the irrigated sawah platform

Center for Agricultural Sciences). According to

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28Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”

Dr. Nagumo, the engineers of the counterpart

the United Nations with the mainland China.

Côte d'Ivoire were well trained by the Taiwanese

Subsequent agreements with China, which has

team, so the training of the farmers was

acquired diplomatic rights, have prevented thesmooth. The Food for Work method is a type

SSA countries in question from assessingof participatory development that lies between

Taiwan's activities. For this reason, Taiwan's

development that depends on external

activities are buried in the history of the SSA

engineers, which is ODA style, and endogenous

countries. Taiwan did not work in Nigeria, but indevelopment that farmers carry out on their

East Africa such as Rwanda and Malawi, Taiwan

own.

dispatched a total of about 1,000 to 1,200
people a year in ten years, mainly for thepromotion of sawah based rice cultivation.
Sawah ﬁelds and dams developed at that timeremain throughout the 24 countries in Table 6.
You can check it on Google earth now

Figure 56 shows food production and importdata of Sierra Leone. They are rice-eating
people. Many rices have been imported
especially during the civil war in 1991-2001.
Figure 55 and Table 6 show the whole picture

During the civil war population curve is dentedof sawah based rice cultivation promotion

and population decreased. Such anomalies in

activities in all over the SSA by the Taiwan teamthe population curve have a high mortality ratefrom 1961 to 2000. The Acreage of reclaimed

per capita, comparable to Japan's record of 3

land in Senegal in Table 6 is an error of

million human casualties during World War II.

2,400ha instead of 100.48ha, which Wakatsuki

Figures 57 and 58 are typical rice farming

examined the original source and conﬁrmed

landscapes in Sierra Leone. No sawah plots canthis error. Taiwan team developed 29,000 ha ofbe seen. It is a slash-and-burn rice ﬁeld from

irrigated sawah platform in 24 countries andthe mountains top to the lowlands on the

trained 60,000 SSA farmers, extension ofﬁcers“satoyama” like topography. Here, Makeni,

and engineers. This activity seems to have

Sierra Leone and Bida, Nigeria were the ﬁrst

formed the basis for sawah based ricesites to start rice farming research at IITA incultivation that is progressing throughout the1986.

current SSA. Taiwan fought for hegemony at
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29Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”rice cultivation these non sawah ﬁelds iscompleted, mounds are made and peanuts,
cassava, etc. are cultivated. The Google image
above shows these numerous mounds.

Figure 60 shows wetlands along the Gulf ofGuinea, north of Freetown. It is a tidal irrigatedrice farm in the mangrove belt. In 1986-88,
there was Rokupr Mangrove Rice Researchstation of WARDA, West Africa RiceFig. 58 shows the inland valley lowland. This is a

Development Association, at the time, and it

part of the topo-sequences connected fromwas closed around 2000.

Fig. 57, but it is non-sawah rice cultivation.
Since there is no bunded sawah plots, clay is
washed away by soil erosion, making the very
sandy poor soils.

Figure 61 shows tidal irrigation system.
Freshwater showing blue color ﬂows downfrom the upper land side, and seawater shownin red color ﬂows under the river water fromThe next slide does not have the ﬁgure

the direction of seaside, which push up thenumbers, but it is Figure 59. Photo No. 14-16

freshwater on the surface. Incorporate thisshow the land use in the rainy and dry seasons

fresh water into the rice farm. As shown in Fig.

of Rogbom village, where the IITAʼs on-farm

1, there are very few coastal lowlands in SSA,

research site in 1986-88. The lower left is aand the total area of such mangrove rice area

micro quasi-sawah ﬁelds with a side of about

cultivated in 1988 was Guinea Bissau

3m. The photo on the right below is taken

90,000ha, Guinea 64,000ha, Sierra Leone

during the dry season, February 1988. After

35,000ha, Gambia 10,000ha, Senegal

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30Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”

10,000ha, and 5,000ha. Total estimatedbelow show the irrigated cultivation of rice andmangrove forest is 1million ha (WARDA 1988)

onions on the ﬂood plain using ﬂoating
pumping. These are photos taken in 1986.

Figure 62 shows changes in food production
statistics in Senegal. Sixty years ago, millet was

In the lower part, those were supported by theimportant, but now people are now rice eater.

Japanese technical assistance. On the top,

However more than 60% of rice consumed arebasically they were funded by a world bank orimported. This level of importation should be a

the French government.

national bankruptcy, so I think there is still aproblem with FAO statistics. In the last 60
years, the population has quadrupled and the
per capita domestic rice production, whichshown in white, has doubled (especially since2005), so the country has increased
production by eight times. Senegal has very
productive rice farming, but unfortunately,
although Senegal has some mangrove tidal
irrigation area (Casamance region, south

As shown in Fig. 65, most of the rice-growing

Senegal), the only major rice-growing lowlands

areas have well-maintained high quality sawah

are the limited ﬂoodplain along the and limited

platform. Unfortunately, most of the country is

water resource of Senegal River.

dry and the amount of water available for
irrigation and the lowland area are small for an
SSA country.
This is the end of the overview of SSA's rice
farming system. There is a great variety ofsawah platforms, and the area of wetlands
where irrigated sawah platform can be
developed is very large. Currently, rice iscultivated in 2 million hectares of irrigatedsawah platform. If the potential area of 50

Figure 63 shows distant view of the green

million ha is fully developed in irrigated sawah

ﬂoodplain and the Senegal River ﬂowing

ﬁelds in the next 50 years, it will be about 20%

through the desert area. The two picturesof the total wetland area of SSA of 240 million

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31Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Overview on the progress of rice production and Sawah (SUIDEN 水田 , Paddy)
based rice farming in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in 1961-2018”

ha. If the paddy yield is 5 tons / ha, the paddy

Takagi : Thank you very much for yourproduction will be 250 million tons, if divided bypresentation, Dr. Wakatsuki. When I was

200kg of minimum requirement of paddy forworking, I was specialized in river water,

one person per year, SSA can produce paddy

therefore your presentation was quite

for 1.25 billion people (equivalent to theinsightful. Water management is something

population of India). If Egyptian style high yieldthat I am greatly interested in. I hope that you

rice cultivation of 10t / ha is possible, it iswill be able to discuss more in the next round.

possible with 10% use of total wetlands area in

Mr. Shiratori, thank you very much for joining.

SSA.

Without further ado, could your start yourThis is the end of my overview this timelecture, please?

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32Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Rice Development and Waterborne Diseases”“Rice Development and Waterborne Diseases”
by Kiyoshi Shiratori (Specially Appointed Professor of The Center
for African Area Studies, Kyoto University)
Good evening, good afternoon, and goodnor irrigation development. However, I havemorning to you all. My name is Shiratori.

worked in project management, therefore I
have some idea of who involves in development
projects and how such projects will work. I will
be mostly focusing on my experience inTanzania on rice and waterborne diseases.

First of all, I would like to introduce myself. I am
serving as the managing director of the NGO
called the Africa Rikai Project. I was dispatchedto Kenya from 1979-82 as a volunteer and I
was stationed in Tanzania for eight years from

The projects I involved in Kenya, Tanzania, and1994-2002 as a JICA expert. In Ethiopia, I

Ethiopia were related to rice. As was mentioned

worked for 10 years from 2004-15 in the

by Dr. Wakatsuki as well, there are diverse rice

Farmer Research Group projects, which is

ecosystems among different rice growing

about the promoting participatory researchcountries. Even within the same country, there

approach among Ethiopian agricultural

are different ecosystems and socio-economic

researchers. I reside in Japan from 2015,

situations among different areas. I would like tohowever I still work with the Project forgive you the overall picture about the rice

Functional Enhancement of the National Rice

cultivation in three countries.

Research and Training Center. I spent about six

The ﬁrst example lies in the lower Tana area inmonths every year in Ethiopia.

Kenya. I was an extension personnel running

I am neither an expert of infectious diseases

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33Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Rice Development and Waterborne Diseases”

the largest river in Kenya. A large part of theservices available once the pump is

Lower Tana area is covered by wetlands, andmalfunctioned, which affected rice production

therefore mosquitoes are quite prevalentvery much in the area. The large-scale

through the year. Because it is so common,

irrigation with gravity developed in the 1990s,

malaria was something considered as thewas destroyed by the El Nino in 1997, which

common cold by the local people. Yet, I waschanged the river course drastically resulting

free of malaria all through the years, therefore I

malfunctioning the scheme. The scheme

was called a miracle in Lower Tana. However,constructed ﬂood prevention banks so once

right before my departure to Japan, I was

the irrigation system stopped working, access

infected with malaria and I was transported to

to water for rice cultivation might havea big hospital 120 km away from my station. I

worsened and the farmers became more

remember I was thinking in the bed with highvulnerable.

fever that I was probably going to ﬁnish my life.

The second case is the Lower Moshi in
Lower Tana is in the lower part of the Tana

Tanzania. Compared to the lower Tana ofRiver. There is rice production using tidal

Kenya, the altitude is higher, however theirrigation near the mouth of the river. In themalaria is prevalent, and I was diagnosed withupper part of the area, there are small-scalemalaria several time during my stay. The

irrigation schemes developed in the 1970s. In

malaria diagnosis needed cautions as any highthe 1990s, large-scale irrigation was developed.

fever tended to be diagnoses as malaria. The

Along the river side and the delta area, rice

house helpers and the security guards I hired

grown following ﬂood recession. During theat home, initially got sick leave quite often but

rainy season, villages are cut-off from roads.

the frequency of sick leaves decreased

The rice cultivation in the small-scale irrigation,

because the monthly income they earnengine pumps are used to lift-up water from

improved their health status and therefore they

the river, however the water level in the river

got malaria less frequently.

changes quite extensively, pump operations

The Lower Moshi is a Japanese government

were often disrupted. Also, there is no repairingsupported irrigation scheme. You can see a

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34Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Rice Development and Waterborne Diseases”

very beautiful canal and paddy ﬁelds andBlue Nile river, is 1,800 meters high. The Fogera

baobab trees there.

plains is on the east bank of the lake. The area

The Lower Moshi is on the foot of the Mountsometimes struggles with cold damage with

Kilimanjaro. The altitude is about 800meters.

hail. The area is considered as the higher limit

People of the Mount Kilimanjaro traditionallyfor rice production. There is no malaria in thisreside at 1,000-2,500 meters high having aarea.

highly integrated farming system, combining

The soil of heavy clay soil in the Fogera plain

coffee, banana, and dairy farms. The Lower

makes deep cracks, therefore no crop

Moshi area at the foot of the Mount Kilimanjaro

production is possible but cattle grazing during

was less productive and very low population

the dry season. The surface running water

density. The people come down from theremain on the ground at the depth of 50 orMount Kilimanjaro during the rainy season tomore centimeters and no crop was grownpractice seasonal farming. Due to modern

during the rainy season. People of theirrigation development, people settled, andhighlands say “Do not wed your daughter to

afﬂuent villages have appeared in the area. The

somebody from the Fogera plains.” as farmers

annual precipitation is about 800 mm, whichin the area so poor. After North Korea

varies year to year. Irrigated agriculture

introduced rice in the 1980s, the rice

sourcing springs and small rivers has

production rapidly expanded in the area by

established a very stable rice ecosystem.

farmer to farmer dissemination without any

However, irrigation area expanded after thegovernment intervention The rice demand is

success of the Lower Moshi Irrigation Scheme,

growing mainly in the urban areas, which

land distribution and water sharing became

encourages farmers to grow more rice. In

issues.

addition to the rice production in the plain, thesurrounding slopy areas are also planted withrice these days. The highland people now want
their daughters to marry somebody from theFogera plain.
I have shown different rice growing areas inthree countries. There are different rice
ecosystems and livelihood of the people.

The third case is the Fogera plains in Ethiopia.

The Lower Moshi in Tanzania is the irrigation

The National Rice Research and Training

development project technically and ﬁnanciallyCenter is located at the edge of the Fogera

supported by the Japanese government. Thereplain. The Lake Tana, which is the source of thewere several projects implemented in sequence

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35Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Rice Development and Waterborne Diseases”

and there is a on-going project now. The

positive changes during the period between

projects in the late 1980s to the early 1990s

1986, start of irrigated rice production, andincluded activities related to waterborne

1991. It resulted that changes on transport,

infectious diseases. I would like to introduce themeal, education, house, crime, available labor,

experience from the project.

health, and off-farm income were positive.
However, with regard to the health, about 20%of the farmers responded that there weresome negative impacts.

Lower Moshi is situated in the outskirt of theMoshi, which is the capital town of theKilimanjaro Region. It is an irrigation project
where Japan has been engaged since the1970s. A master plan for the comprehensive
rural development in Kilimanjaro was developedin the 1970s. As a part of the master plan,
irrigation facilities and agricultural development
center, and a large-scale milling plant wereconstructed and agricultural machines such as
tractors were provided. In parallel, technical

The Tanzanian Food and Nutrition Centre

cooperation projects were implemented for

conducted a survey on schistosomiasis

developing technologies, farmer training, andinfections in two villages located inside theestablishing and strengthening farmersʼ

Lower Moshi irrigation area during the sameorganizing. The technical cooperation for theperiod comparing 1986 and 1990. Mabogini

Lower Moshi Irrigation Project continued until

near the source of irrigation water had thethe 1990s. After 1994, based upon the Lower

higher infection rates compared to that ofMoshi experience, Tanzanian government

Chekereni in both 1986 and 1990. However,decided to extend the experiences of Lower

the rate of change was larger in Chekereni,

Moshi to other parts of the country to promotewhich was located at the end of the irrigationand improve irrigated rice production. Just to

system. During the same period, the rice yieldsummarize all these projects, the Japanesein Lower Moshi reached six tons per hector

assistance in Kilimanjaro was quite generous

which was three times to as much as theand sustained ones.

national average of two tons. The high yield

The JICA project implemented in the 1980s

level has been maintained to date.

conducted a survey on socioeconomic impact

The productivity improvement brought farmersof the irrigation projects. Their survey asked

better income. Riceʼs relatively high pricefarmers in Lower Moshi if the impact of thecompared to other cereals helped farmers toirrigation development brought negative orsell the produce. The increase income enabled

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36Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Rice Development and Waterborne Diseases”

the farmers to take counter measures against

scheme, farmer-initiated irrigated areas inwaterborne diseases such as taking laboratory

yellow areas. The rice production in the region

tests when they got high fever, taking medicine,signiﬁcantly grew. Nairobi was a large market

and installing window screens to prevent

situated relatively close to Kilimanjaro Region

mosquitoes. The rice farmers and otheralso encouraged farmers to produce rice.

stakeholders from JICA and Tanzanian

Mabogini was adjacent to the water source. It

government shared an opinion that such

had wetlands and they were able to cultivate

positive impact was much larger than the risk

rice throughout the year two to three times. Onof waterborne diseases brought in by irrigation

the other hand, Chekereni was a settlement

development.

established after independence and they weresituated at the downstream of the irrigation
scheme, so they were able to produce rice 1 to
1.5 times in a year, so the economic gain was
not as great as Mabogini.

When we look at the impact on health byvillage, the results are quite different. Majorityof farmers of upstream village of Mabogin,evaluated that there was a positive impact on
health as well while more number of farmers in

It is not known what the trigger the JICA

downstream village of Chekereni evaluated thatproject to tackle action. Activities related tothere was a negative impact on health overwaterborne diseases were carried out by thethose evaluated positive. Unfortunately, we do

JICA project in the latter half of the 1980s to

not have further analysis on the issue from thethe 1990s. The Kilimanjaro Agricultural

survey. The survey report states that there

Development Project (KADP) tried somewere farmers explaining increase ofmeasures to suppress the hatching ofmosquitoes as the reason for the negativemosquito larvae. They tried a paddling method

impact on health.

and immediate transplanting.

The map shows irrigation schemes in the

Insecticide-soaked mosquito nets were also

southeast area of Moshi City. The green area

demonstrated. There was a good networkwith ﬁgure 7 is the Lower Moshi Irrigation

among the JICA project, and hospitals andscheme. After the construction of the irrigationlaboratories in the area. Active exchange ofEvent report on Round-table “ZERO Malaria : What We Can Do from Japan” “Rice Production and Malaria : How to Evaluate ʻMosquitoʼ in Agricultural Project”

37Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Rice Development and Waterborne Diseases”

information on waterborne diseases took placerisk of malaria infection than areas far from

From 1994 to around 2000, the Kilimanjaro

irrigated area. The same research further

Agriculture Training Center (KATC) project

mentions that there is over estimation of

conducted survey on waterborne disease bymalaria due to the tendency of suspected highinviting health experts on schistosomiasis hostfever cases being diagnosed as malaria We do

distribution, schistosomiasis infection among

not know such suggestions can be applied inprimary school children and childrenʼsmany countries and irrigated areas. As

behavioral patterns. Some measures todiversiﬁed rice ecosystems exist, the necessary

eradicate vectors from the irrigation area

measures for waterborne disease would be

together with rice farmers. The results of these

also diverse as well.

activities were converted into training materials
and used in KATCʼs training program forfarmers and extension workers.

We are still not sure if there are effective and
efﬁcient countermeasures against waterborne
infectious disease which can be taken in rice
I would like to raise a couple of points fordevelopment process. I felt that revisiting thediscussion. It is not well summarized, but I justissue of rice development and waterborne

want to highlight the salient points.

disease is important while I was going thoughStarting from rice development and its

information regarding to what JICA projects inrelationship with malaria, we need to have a

Tanzania did and remembering my own

comprehensive study on environment,

experiences in Tanzania. It is not only aboutagronomic practice, and socio-economics

improvement of irrigation facilities andaspects. Such investigation needs to beagronomic practices. Simply having discussions

carried out with farmers. Within a ricewith farmers on the issue may be worth to ﬁnd

community, there are various groups of people

better solutions.

and not every group beneﬁt from rice

In Lower Moshi, the waterborne diseaseproduction at the same level. In Ethiopia, we

activities by the JICA project was not originallyobserve inﬂux of migrant workers into riceplanned in the log frame, but since JICA

production areas. Impact of rice production on

operated for a long time, which enabled thehealth and livelihood may not be the same

project to recognize the importance of the

between farmers who reside the area andissue. Established relationship with healthmigrant workers. Compared with sugar caneinstitutions in the area for a long period of time

irrigated area and savannah, irrigated rice area

may inﬂuenced the project. Of course, we did

said to be least risk of malaria infection

not ﬁnd any decisive measure and theaccording to a research. The research also

substance of the waterborne diseasestates that within the irrigation areas has lower

incorporated as a part of the training program

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38Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Rice Development and Waterborne Diseases”

at KATC does not go beyond the level of the

Because of economic gain, we may be allowed

general preventive measures. However, putting

to tolerate the risk for waterborne disease. Or

farmers a part of activities in Lower Moshi lead

we may promote taking measures againstthem to better understanding of thewaterborne diseases in rice development morewaterborne diseases. Findings of relationshipaggressively for not only to minimize the risk

between health of children and school

but eradicating waterborne diseases. Suchattendance as well as their performance inpossibility may be considered.

subject made signiﬁcant impact on farmers tounderstand the seriousness of waterborne
diseases.
Activities conducted by KADP and KATC incollaborating with medical and research
institutes were rather temporary ones. Suchintersectoral collaboration is easy to implement
while donor projects are implemented, but

Following being asked to make theonce donors left such collaboration may not bepresentation at this round table today, I

continued. Who would coordinate and which

inquired a number of incumbent experts who

institute would bear the responsibility? When it

are involved in the rice projects in Africa if theycomes to this point, it is not that easy. Rice

have had experience in prominent cases ofyield (and income) versus risk of waterborne

waterborne diseases in rice development areas.

diseases may be a zero-sum relation and not

Based on their responses, waterborne diseases

possible to remove all the problem. KADP tried

have very low proﬁle in the on-going rice

to suppress the hatching of the larvae by

projects. The waterborne subject in KATC

keeping water in paddy ﬁeld within one week.

trainings program may remove the subject due

This contradict to measure for betterto budget cut. In Ethiopia, the government has

productivity and proﬁtability by retaining

an intension to expand irrigated rice production

precious water as long as possible. How are wein the eastern part, which may cause increasing

going to strike the balance between productive

waterborne diseases. I thought I need to raiseand economic gain and lower number ofthe issue among Ethiopian counterparts.

malaria vector? Those should be determined

Lastly, in 1997, in the JICA project, aby the farmers and what we can do is toschistosomiasis expert mentioned something

provide information regarding the relationshiplike the following, which I would like tobetween rice production and risks ofintroduce. “It was an excellent happening thatwaterborne diseases.

JICA dispatched an expert across his

In many cases, rice is introduced to areas

specialized ﬁeld. The necessity of having healthwhere waterborne diseases have been existed.

professionals in agricultural projects has been

The village of Mabogini, even before therecommended by the WHO for over 20 years. I

introduction of the irrigation scheme, they had

have also made this point at various

a high infection rate of schistosomiasis.

opportunities while exchanging opinions with

Therefore, the rice introduction might notagricultural professionals, therefore it was notcause higher risk of waterborne disease.

surprising to me being assigned as a health

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39Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)“Rice Development and Waterborne Diseases”

expert in an agricultural project, but it was apleasant surprise that JICA actually
implemented it. I will be watching JICA and their
future movements.” This was almost 20-plus
years ago.
That concludes my presentation. Thank youvery much.

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40Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)
Discussion and Q&A

Discussion and Q&A

Takagi : Thank you very much, Mr. Shiratori.

the same time, taking these great diversities

While I was listening to his presentation, with Dr.

into account, it is also assumed that malaria

Wakatsuki and Mr. Shiratori, it seems that all

infection status must be greatly diversiﬁed asthese lectures are interrelated. The nextwell.

discussion will be to probably explore whether

Dr. Wakatsukiʼs presentation did not step into

there is a desirable and ideal way of farmthe infectious situation of malaria in eachmanagement in the future. I thought that could

African country, Mr. Shiratori, however,be a potential discussion in the future.

introduced three cases of JICAʼs technical

We have slightly over 20 minutes forcooperation projects, of which the case of

discussion. I would like to invite Prof. Tanaka to

Lower Moshi of Tanzania was presented in an

take some inputs from before so that you

extensive way. In fact, prior to the technicalcould enrich the discussion of the overview.

cooperation in Tanzania, Japan had started a

How is that Prof. Tanaka?

pioneering project to extend the so-called“Japan-style” intensive rice growing techniques

Tanaka : Dr. Wakatsuki and Mr. Shiratori, thankin Kenya. That was the starting point ofyou very much for your presentations. They

Japanese cooperation to extend rice-growing

commonly mentioned that the large-scaletechniques to African countries including

introduction of Asian-rice cultivation began in

Tanzania. As rice cultivation was quite a strong

the 1970s in Africa and its introduction andﬁeld of technical cooperation, the Japanese

expansion progressively continues to date.

government extended cooperation to various

Looking back at the development of rice

countries in Africa, and East Asian countries

cultivation in Africa, there have been two

advancing in rice cultivation, such as China,

dimensions in it, just like in Asia; area expansion

Korea and Taiwan, also joined in this frontlines.

and intensiﬁcation of rice-growing techniques

After that, the International Rice Researchin the areas already being established as

Institute (IRRI), located in the Philippines, also

wet-rice ﬁelds. In particular, in Dr. Wakatsukiʼsplayed an important role in extending andpresentation, these two aspects, area

establishing wet-rice cultivation in wider scale.

expansion and technical improvement, were

As such history describes, Japan played

clearly shown with country-wide statistical data

prominent roles in the development of intensive

such as cultivated area, yield and production.

rice cultivation in Africa. Respecting such

Another aspect was also commonly pointed

history of Japanese cooperation, Dr. Wakatsuki

out by the two speakers; just to summarize in a

has tried to introduce and establish small-scale

succinct way, there are great diversities in ricewet-rice cultivation to create a different

cultivation and in its ecological andapproach for small-scale farmers based on thesocio-cultural backgrounds in Africa as well. At

Japanese farmersʼ experiences.

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41Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)
Discussion and Q&A

As both Dr. Wakatsuki and Mr. Shiratori

relationship between rice cultivation andmentioned earlier, large-scale irrigation

malaria.

schemes have been involved in large-scale

I am not sure how the discussion will develop intechnical cooperation projects for rice

the second meeting, but before that it is also

development in Africa, sometimes private

important to collect some question from thecompanies or corporations being involved inparticipants. There may be some questions

the large-scale irrigation schemes as

related directly to rice cultivation, too. I hopementioned by Dr. Wakatsuki. In Asia, on thethat participants for todayʼs session will raiseother hand, small-scale farmers have long been

any questions.

engaged in rice cultivation. They are all experts
equipped with traditional knowledge andTakagi : Thank you very much, Prof. Tanaka. As

technologies for growing rice. Therefore, none

was mentioned by Mr. Shiratori, how shouldof large, private enterprises endeavor into the

JICA formulate the projects? Dr. Amameishi islarge-scale development of rice cultivation inhere with us today. Being a staff of the JICA

Asia. Such difference seems to be a possibleorganization, what is your take in this particularpoint of future discussion. In this regard, as Mr.

issue? If you have any answer, could you

Shiratori explained, it would be importantelaborate?

challenge to organize research activities tounderstand what the actual situation ofAmameishi : Yes. This is Amameishi of JICA.

waterborne diseases was and what

Thank you very much for raising the question.

countermeasures to prevent them were taken

Dr. Wakatsuki and Mr. Shiratori, thank you veryin such locations as large-scale irrigationmuch for your presentations. Mr. Shiratori, youschemes were implemented. Mr. Shiratori also

have been quite active in the JICA organization

introduced a JICAʼs technical cooperation

for a long period of time. One of the projects

project which incorporated ﬁeld research towith remarkable outcomes is the Lower Moshi

detect the projectʼs inﬂuence on the

project in Tanzania that you shared with us.

occurrence of waterborne disease including

I was thinking while listening to your lecture ofmalaria. As Mr. Shiratori emphasized, I also

the rice situation in Africa. Recently thethink, such initiative of incorporating healthdemand on rice is growing exponentially. I do

surveys in the rice development project is a

not think the growth in demand will stop. It willvery signiﬁcant and valuable challenge. Whatcontinue to increase going forward in Africa.

happened post-project onto the healthAs the presenters for todayʼs session

conditions or the waterborne disease status? I

mentioned earlier, the price for rice is still

think such review would be also important andexpensive compared to maize. It is three times

signiﬁcant in order to reach the reality ofas high as maize for example, and yet the

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42Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)
Discussion and Q&A

demand is growing. There is no end to theas the land rice or other farming products to

growing demand in rice. On the other hand, thedry the land or maybe control the fertilizers,pressure on the supply side on rice is now

and then perhaps the mosquito production

intensiﬁed. There will be more growth in supply,

could be reduced as well. These are thehowever Africa is relying on imports for rice.

possible discussions so far, and yet it is not

They may rely more on imports, but on thevery simple. We are promoting the paddy rice,other hand, there will be more domestic

but in the process of rice cultivation, what

production of rice and therefore since 2008 at

would be the preventive measures to increase

JICA, working together with other international

the offset of malaria. It is not straightforward

organizations, we started a doubling project ofsuch as in controlling parasites and so forth.

rice supply. In the ﬁrst decade, there was a

Therefore, the malaria still remains at the

doubling of production, and we are aiming at

negative side of the prevalence of paddy rice.

further doubling production. We are greatly

As Mr. Shiratori mentioned earlier, when we

expecting a lot from the irrigated rice. Irrigateddevelop the rice ﬁelds, we need to share therice ﬁelds are very important and hydro rice isdiscussion. There are some risks for highimportant.

malaria. What could be the preventive

The economics of the paddy rice and themeasures? We could involve the local farmers

waterborne disease ‒ the relevance is veryin the discussion. Also, in the case where there

difﬁcult. As was mentioned earlier, comparedis the reduction in income because of theto maize, the income impact is quite large. The

preventive measures of malaria, then there is

economic impact coming from paddy rice issome compensation made by the local

signiﬁcant. In rice cultivation processes, thegovernments, and there are countermeasures

prevention process of malaria is not reallyagainst malaria. A multidisciplinary approach isstraightforward and simple. When we did aneeded. That seems to be very important. So,

study session in May, Dr. Saito of the Africa

listening to the two experts, I was thinking that

Rice Center mentioned that their intermittent

this is a very complicated problem, but that

paddy rice. Controlling the water level

was my impression so far.

effectively and swiftly seems to be quite
effective in preventing malaria, however, think

Takagi : Thank you very much. We are runningof the African situation where the irrigationout of time, but the discussion that we arelevel is not quite high. The very meticulous

targeting is coming down to malaria in the end,

water level control may be very difﬁcult in mostso among the experts we have, we have Dr.

of the African area.

Kobayashi from the University of the Ryukyus

Also, if they are producing twice the rice per

and also Dr. Minakawa from Nagasaki

year, then that could change the second round

University who is an expert of vectors. Even

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43Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)
Discussion and Q&A

though the time is limited, I hope you will speak

possible. The situation may be different

for two to three minutes each after listening todepending on the region, but what I wasother expertsʼ presentations. I would like tosurprised about was that in many cases, thehear a word from both doctors. Dr. Kazuki Saito

villages are not centralized. In somefrom the Africa Rice Center, he made a

communities, there is a distance from eachpresentation in the last meeting. I think he may

house. So, compared with other communities

be able to speak from a different angle today

or regions, it may be rather difﬁcult. In such aafter listening to the presentations today.

case, of course we need to have bottom-up

Please share your comment. We only have two

activities, but through a top-down approach,to three minutes for each speaker, but I hope

we need to cover both agricultural

you will comment. Dr. Kobayashi ﬁrst, please.

development and health development. I think
we need to cover that. That is all.

Kobayashi : Please allow me to speak ﬁrst.
Vectors will be covered by Dr. Minakawa, so I

Takagi : Thank you very much, Dr. Kobayashi.

will speak from the perspective of regional

Dr. Minakawa, do you have anything to share

health and the health system, agricultural

with us?

development, and health development.
If you look at areas of data in parallel,

Minakawa : Looking from the last meeting, as

agricultural development takes place ﬁrst, andfar as I understand the situation, through ricea regional health center is normally establishedproduction, malaria decreased. We saw more

after it is established. In that case, malaria, asreports in the past, but nowadays I think thisMr. Shiratori mentioned, one of the ways to

was the research report, but we are hearing

look at it is as just the common ﬂu, but not justless of such cases. That is because in the past,malaria, we need to think about otherwith the improvement of the economic

feverinducing kinds of infectious diseases.

situation, bed nets, medicine, and test kits were

When there are other infectious diseases, what

now usable. There were positive aspects, butshould we do? In such a case, medical

these days, bed nets are already penetrated,

institutions are necessary. Maybe malaria may

and medicine is also penetrated. Test kits andnot be so severe, but it is important to have themalaria countermeasures are already taking

adequate diagnosis.

place. Because we have less beneﬁts, rice

In the case of Asia, the diagnosis can be done

production-induced economic gains are rather

at the village level. That was the reason behind

difﬁcult to see.

the success. For example, it can be done

Now with malaria, compared with the 1970s,

simply in villages through volunteers in the case1980s, and 1990s, we have a signiﬁcantof Asia, but in West Africa, I think it is relatively

decrease, even in Africa, but from around 2016,

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44Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)
Discussion and Q&A

we saw a ﬂat situation. We do not see any

comment?

further decrease from there, even in thenumber of cases and the number of deaths.

Saito : Thank you very much. Prof. Tanaka, it

Now we have tools available, but there arehas been a long time since the last time I got in

limitations to the tools. In order to eliminate, wetouch with you. Dr. Wakatsuki, thank you veryneed to increase gear one or two phases.

much for the presentation. It is very nice to see

Looking from a different perspective, throughyou, Mr. Shiratori. My name is Saito.

rice production, it is nice to have the economic

I am working for rice cultivation, and mainly

gain as a result of that, but with the increase of

think about how to reduce mosquito throughrice production, we should prevent the increaseagronomic interventions in ﬁeld level. But,of malaria. I think this is going to be important.

listening to Mr. Shiratoriʼs presentation, I realize

If we have new tools or new policies, we maythat solutions for trade-off between paddy

see the decrease. Therefore, with ricedevelopment and risk for malaria could be

production, it is nice to have economic gains,

explored through discussion with stakeholders.

but we need to ensure not to induce theI also thank Dr. Minakawa for his brief

increase of malaria.

introduction on what we presented in the last

In order to do that, it does not have to be rice

meeting. I agree to his comment on

production, we can apply in other areas as well,importance of monitoring of rice production

but we need to have monitoring, including of

the mosquito situation.

mosquitoes, patients, and malaria conditions invillages and communities where rice

Takagi : Thank you very much. I only have three

production takes place. Monitoring should be

more minutes to be honest. Prof. Tanaka, canconducted. I am digressing a little bit, but inyou once again join. We invited several experts

order to have weight loss for obese people,

to share some opinions. It seems that we havethey always need to measure by scale, so

expanded the perspectives that we need to

psychologically they will become cautious anddiscuss going forward and we now have tothey will lose weight. So, this is good for losing

discuss what would be the next step. If you

weight. It is already proven. The same applies

could just give us a summarizing comment for

to malaria. If you are going to start ricea few minutes time, would it be okay?

production, monitoring should take place forboth mosquitoes and patients. We should try

Tanaka : I am not sure I can make a thoroughnot to increase from the status quo. That is allcomment or concluding remarks but listening

for my comment.

to the presentations of the three speakers
today, I would like to share my impression. First,

Takagi : Thank you very much. Dr. Saito, any

I would like to say that I totally agree with Dr.

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45

Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)
Discussion and Q&A

Kobayashiʼs view. In his talk, he emphasized thatlower malaria onset. However, it is also true thatprojects for agricultural development havemalaria still survives, and its infection continues

precedence over the health development

to date in Africa despite obtaining economic

projects. Back in the 1970s and 1980s, I havegains from rice cultivation. There might bealso observed the same thing in rural Asia.

another tool required to completely eradicate

Presuming economic beneﬁt is usually anmalaria.

instinct of humankind. Once the rice cultivation

Then, what we need now is a thoroughis introduced into frontiers, many players

monitoring. When we do monitoring, what typeeconomically will try to join the play ﬁelds,of monitoring would be required? When we

including those who will try to develop their

are to implement a thorough monitoring, we

own wet-rice ﬁelds. With the increase ofmust take great diversities in rice cultivation

population in the frontiers, the number of

into account, because it is assumed that themalaria patients also increases. Healthconditions susceptible to malaria are also

initiatives usually come after that.

diverse as well. Then we will have to have a lot

What was the reason behind this, or whyof case studies. When you try to do amalaria becomes prominent after new

monitoring, you need to adjust your monitoring

introduction of rice cultivation? I suppose thatin a diverse way and you need an accumulation

rather than having water in wet-rice ﬁelds,of experience in case studies of which

increase of stagnant water created in themonitoring would be applicable for particular

human living space more signiﬁcantly affects

conditions of a malaria-prevalent area.

the occurrence of malaria.

Then, it is also important, as Dr. Saito

Anyhow, the health service usually lags behind.

mentioned, to look for any applicable

Then, the next question will be whether the

rice-growing techniques available to mitigate

health service is provided well automaticallythe onset of malaria? For example, techniques

after economic prosperity was obtainedof intermittent irrigation is expected to bethrough the introduction of rice cultivation. In

effective countermeasures, but it is not easily

this connection, coincidentally, Dr. Wakatsuki

introduced under the unstable hydrologicalmentioned at the outset of his presentation; heconditions. It is also not well examined that

initially said, “I wanted to say that ricewater-saving cultivation really results in lowering

production promotion will result in themalaria cases. In Japan, even in the mainland

eradication of malaria” . Would that be reallyislands in Japan for example, we had a lot oftrue? That relates to Dr. Minakawaʼs commentmalaria cases in the past, as well aslater. There is apparent economic development,

schistosomiasis, but we succeeded inand of course naturally you might think health

eradicating the infections. As we had suchservice will be enhanced, then you will see

experience, maybe, referring to some

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46Event Discussion (ﬁrst session)
Discussion and Q&A

experiences like this could be useful for the

Takagi : Thank you to both speakers, Dr.

cases in Africa as well.

Wakatsuki and Mr. Shiratori. Thank you very

Today, we paid a particular attention to ricemuch. Prof. Tanaka, thank you very much forcultivation. Listening presentations andgiving us the wrap-up comment. Those peoplecomments, however, I came to know that it is

who have participated for two hours, thank you

also important to pay attention not only tovery much. Also, I would like to thank those

direct relationship between rice cultivation andpeople who commented. We would like tomalaria but also to the way of living and therework what we discussed today and on

condition of living of people who are engaged

September 10, we would like to provide

in rice cultivation. In the next round of session,

information for you. Thank you very much for

we would like to pay more attention to theyour attendance today.

countermeasures against malaria. Thank youvery much.

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47Second Session : Global Health Systems and Rice Production in Case of Malaria as an Indicator

Second Session :Global Health Systems and Rice Production
in Case of Malaria as an Indicator＜Event Outline＞
Some research indicates the potential increase

would like to discuss the economicof malaria at the paddy rice ﬁeld area . In

development and income-generating project

Africa, wetland rice cultivation was introduced

and itsʼ coexistence with amelioration of healthfor economic development. On the other hand,situation, by comparing the malaria cases in

however, it might be obstacle to the better

Asia and Africa.

livelihood in rural areas. In the session, we

4 : 45 pm ZOOM open
5 : 00 pm opening remarks by Dr. Takahiro Shinyo (Chairman, Malaria No More Japan)
5 : 10 pm Brief explanation about this study session from Malaria No More Japan(Dr. Masahiro Takagi, Malaria No More Japan)

5 : 15 pm Theme “Raising public health and awareness of paddy rice cultivation”,
moderated by Prof. Koji Tanaka, Kyoto University
5 : 25 pm Keynote speech- “Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenous development ofsustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)” by Dr. Toshiyuki Wakatsuki,
Shimane University- “How to evaluate variable environmental and economic factors in community-based malaria
projects in Asia and Africa” by Dr. Jun Kobayashi, University of the Ryukyus
6 : 10 pm Discussion and Q&A
Problem presentation Mr. Kiyoshi Shiratori, mainly about the participatory rural development
approach in the process of paddy rice cultivation.
- We use chat system for checking the questions and comments from the ﬂoor. Speakers andcommentators use both Japanese and English.
- Our talking points are below ;1. The coexistence with infectious diseases. How to put the priority on prevention.
2. Aid agency and workers tend not to connect the rural development and universal healthcoverage. How to develop the comprehensive approach to Japanese aid mechanism
3. Utilizing the data and statistics.
6 : 50 pm Closing remarks and proposition to setup the working group
7 : 00 pm Close

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48

Event Discussion (second session)
Opening Remarks

Event Discussion (second session)

Opening remarks
Takahiro Shinyo (Chairman, Malaria No More Japan; Chairman, Executive Committee of ZERO Malaria 2030 Campaign)

Shinyo : My name is Takahiro Shinyo and I am

Shiratori, Special Professor of Kyoto University

the Chairman of Malaria No More Japan. It is

to talk about rice growing and cultivation in

great to talk to you once again.

Africa, and the topic in regard to malaria. We

The COVID-19 pandemic continues. Having

were told how modern rice farming, also known

said that though, in Japan, there is a reduction

as the "Green Revolution," has led to thein the number of new infections, however

development of paddy ﬁelds and rice

today, the report says that the new cases iscultivation for food production not only in Asia,

270 in Tokyo, therefore if we are rather not

but also in Africa, which has led to a stablecareful enough, we will have another peak aslifestyle and a change in the environment. Ricewell. Recently, Japan was hit by Typhoon No. 10

enjoys higher prices compared to soybeans,

and also No. 9. They have hit the western partfor example. In Nigeria, rice is becoming the topof Japan, Kyushu and Okinawa. Dr. Takagi,core food in the local markets as well.

Professor Emeritus of Nagasaki University, lives

There were references about some relations

in Nagasaki, therefore his place was hit by thewith rice cultivation and malaria. There is atyphoons, however because preparations weregreat need for a comprehensive examination ofquite well enough, the damages were relatively

the cases. That topic needs to be examinedsmall. In this way, of course we are struggling

together with the rice farmers. The problem is

not only with COVID-19, but also withthat there are some beneﬁts in terms ofearthquake, typhoon, and ﬂoods, as well as the

economy from the cultivation of rice, but there

extreme heat that are also hitting Japan,

are some increases in the case of malaria. How

therefore we are suffering triple disasters andto strike a good balance between the two is thethey can simultaneously potentially hit Japan.

key. Rice cultivation and malaria are in a

Probably Japan is the most susceptible fortrade-off relationship. If rice cultivation issuch kind of disasters, so be it infectious

prioritized, then malaria cases will increase, anddiseases or be it disasters, whatever happens,

vice versa as well. Having said that though, asJapan has to be well-prepared to be able to

we have discussed during the previous

overcome any impact that we may suffer from.

meeting, it does not always have to be a

On the 25th of August, we were able to invite

trade-off relationship. Waterborne infection

Dr. Takagi, Mr. Tanaka, Professor Emeritus ofcases can sometimes be reduced if you

Kyoto University, Dr. Wakatsuki, Professor

implement the rice cultivation in a

Emeritus of Shimane University and Mr.

well-coordinated way.

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49Event Discussion (second session)
Opening Remarks

For that to happen, participation from publicschistosomiasis had also been observed inhealth ofﬁcials is going to be very important.

Japan. We overcame such issues and we would

The Japan International Cooperation Agency

like to try to contribute to the improvement of(JICA) has been promoting such efforts, andthe situations in Asia and Africa. From thethat was highly evaluated in the previous

health care point of view, Dr. Kobayashi is goingmeeting. Back in the 1960s and 1970s,

to make contributions.

relatively speaking, agriculture development

We are hoping to have a very stimulating

was the priority. That was a biased priority,

discussion in regard to the relationship of rice

however in recent years, be it rice cultivation,

production and malaria. I look forward to thethe public health system has to be

discussion today.

well-developed altogether. That is one of thegreat contributions that Japan has been

Takagi : Thank you very much, Chairman. Frommaking so far. So when we visit the relationshipnow, as Dr. Shinyo introduced to us, we wouldof the rice cultivation and the malaria

like to have the lectures by the two speakers,

infections, it is not always that we have very

and Mr. Shiratori will be speaking as thewell-thought-out data and tracking of data andcommentator for the discussion. He will talkso forth, therefore we need to further

about agricultural technology and healthcooperate with statisticians and data analysts

issues, and he will cover how those two can begoing forward.

linked with each other, after the two keynote

In the round table today, we would like experts

speakers. As for Dr. Kobayashi, as Dr. Shinyo

to deeply discuss rice cultivation and malaria

explained, he has received the Zero Malaria

from the perspective of health and health careaward of our association. Dr. Wakatsuki,

services. The moderator continues to be Prof.

continuing from the ﬁrst-round table, will be

Tanaka, and MC by Dr. Takagi. The keynote

covering the beneﬁts of the sawah model andspeakers are going to be Dr. Wakatsuki of

he will also cover the negative aspects as well.

Shimane University, and we are also very

He will be continuing on his lecture from thedelighted to invite Dr. Kobayashi of theﬁrst-round table.

University of the Ryukyus. As for Dr. Kobayashi,

In the previous round table, the participants,

he won the Zero Malaria Award that Malaria No

including myself, agreed in paddies, there are

More Japan is awarding. In Okinawa and sovarious modes and varieties. When they areforth, we had prevalence of malaria, andincorporated into local lives, it will result in

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50Event Discussion (second session)
Opening Remarks

advanced rice culture with local adaptation.
Today, by undestanding this perspective, wewould like to slightly shift the points ofargument to health and, if possible, to malaria
and other infectious diseases from that
context. We would like to touch the malaria
issue and the rice productionin in a win-win
manner, and understand what stages we arenow.

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51Event Discussion (second session)
Brief Presentation

Brief Presentation by Koji Tanaka(Professor Emeritus, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University)

Tanaka : Thank you very much for theshared with us very detailed data to show that

introductory remarks, Dr. Takagi. I heard thatpoint. On the other hand, Mr. Shiratori

we have 23 participants in total from various

presented on how Japan has contributed tobackgrounds at this moment, to whom I would

the development of rice cultivation in Africa. In

like to extend my sincere welcome. I am Koji

fact, as Japan has a long history of technical

Tanaka and will be serving as moderator forcooperation in the ﬁeld of rice cultivation in

todayʼs round-table meeting. Then, let me

Africa, he touched upon the relationship of rice

introduce myself brieﬂy. I have studied on thecultivation and malaria and raised some related

development of rice cultivation in Asia fromissues.

historical, cultural, and technological aspects.

After two keynote speeches, Mr. Amameishi

However, my experience in Africa is very

from JICA; Dr. Kobayashi from the University oflimited. I have just been to Madagascar, Kenya

the Ryukyus, todayʼs keynote speaker, too; Dr.

and Sudan for short time, and never been to

Minakawa from Nagasaki University; and Dr.

West African countries, which will be the core

Kazuki Saito from the Africa Rice Center raisedarea for todayʼs discussion. Anyhow, although I

some remarks and comments. As the twohave already retired from university, I would likekeynote speakers focused on issues justto play my role in this meeting based on myrelated to rice cultivation, they added

experience in Asia.

constructive comments related to malaria or

I think my ﬁrst role as the moderator is towaterborne diseases in relation to ricesummarize the ﬁrst session of this meeting for

cultivation.

new participants and to share the objectives of

Including these comments, the session was

the second session today. As Dr. Shinyo and Dr.

closed by proposing the following two points as

Takagi have already touched upon it brieﬂy, I

an achievement: one is the need for monitoring

would like to start this session with just a brief

and the other is the need for collaboration. Insummary.

the course of expansion of rice cultivation, how

We had two keynote speakers, Mr. Shiratori

did the prevalence of malaria increase andand Dr. Wakatsuki in the ﬁrst session, and they

prevail, what was the relationship between ricetalked about a brief history of the development

cultivation and malaria? Then, it was proposedand expansion of rice cultivation in Africa. Bothto organize more robust monitoring toemphasized a great diversity in rice cultivation

approach and solve these questions. Anotherin Africa as a reﬂection of a variety of

proposal was the need for actual collaboration

geographical settings and socio-ecologicalbetween the experts in agricultural sectors andenvironments. In particular, Dr. Wakatsuki

those in health and medical sectors.

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52Event Discussion (second session)
Brief Presentation

Particularly, the need for involving the experts

to that in Asia. Because of such rapidof waterborne diseases in this kind ofdevelopment, I suppose there must be morecooperation was emphasized and proposed. I

difﬁcult situations in anticipating thethink that these two proposals raised in the

countermeasures against waterborne

ﬁrst session will be the major topics for todayʼs

infectious diseases, as well as malaria control.

discussion.

Also, in such diversiﬁed environments, we may

Following the achievement of the ﬁrst session,need to look for sort of tailor-made or

we asked Dr. Wakatsuki and Dr. Kobayashi towell-ﬁtted location-speciﬁc countermeasures.

provide keynote speech today. Particularly, toAnyhow, time is limited, then, letʼs start theDr. Wakatsuki we asked to enhance thesecond session. As I have mentioned, in this

discussions by introducing the relationshipsession, Dr. Wakatsuki and Dr. Kobayashi will

between the expansion of rice cultivation andgive keynote speeches, and Mr. Shiratori will

malaria infection prevalence in Africa. And, as

follow them. After their presentations, theDr. Takagi mentioned earlier, we asked Dr.

discussion will be open to the participants.

Kobayashi to talk about rice cultivation from

Based upon the two consecutive sessions thatthe viewpoint of his expertise, malaria, and its

we had so far and will have, I hope we will be

prevalence. After their keynote speeches, Mr.

able to develop the discussions toward the

Shiratori who was the keynote speaker at thepossible actions for us to be taken, if timeﬁrst session is expected to respond to them. I

allows. Then, let me ask Dr. Takagi to open theparticularly expect that he will be talking about

next session, please.

the importance of involving farmers in theprocess of technical cooperation for

Takagi : Dr. Wakatsuki, this is the advanced

developing rice cultivation in Africa, including

version from the previous lecture. We hopesome issues relevant to establishingthat you would like to shift the perspective inparticipatory approaches.

relation to the lives of people. I would like to

As already mentioned, diversiﬁed rice

hand it over to you. Dr. Wakatsuki, the ﬂoor iscultivation systems were established in Africa

yours.

within a much shorter period of time compared

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53Event Discussion (second session)“Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenous development ofsustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)”“Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission throughendogenous development of sustainable sawah based rice farmingin Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)”
Toshiyuki Wakatsuki (Professor Emeritus, Shimane University)
Wakatsuki : Thank you very much.

observing available Google earth images will

This time, I would like to talk more speciﬁcallygive you an idea of what kinds of sawah

about how we did Sawah (paddy ﬁeld)

platforms (“paddy” ﬁelds) are being developed

development in Africa. The bottom line is thatin SSA. Sawah is called paddy in English, but

the past 50-100 years of development of

the word paddy is very confusing in Africa, andsawah based rice farming and the experienceI think that paddy paradox probably partly

of green revolution and malaria control in Asia

comes from this. I think it's better to deﬁne

could be applied to the progress of sawah“paddy” ﬁelds with the Indonesian word sawah.

based rice farming and the green revolution in

Because the English paddy originated in

SSA. If proper quality of sawah system

Indonesian “padi”, which means rice plant andplatforms can be developed, it will be usefulor rice grain before threshing or in the kusk

not only for sustainable food production but(see Table 1)

also for environmental conservation good for
health and hygiene such as malaria control in
SSA too. In order to promote sawah based ricecultivation in SSA, I tried to ﬁnd out thepossible method or approach of “farmer-led
sawah system development and ricecultivation”, i.e., Sawah technology
First is the deﬁnition. Figure 1 shows Sawah

Figure 2 shows the distinction between(SUIDEN) in West Sumatra, Indonesia. This

irrigation, drainage and sawah(paddy) ﬁelds. In

photo was taken near the center of the Google

Asia, irrigated sawah(paddy) ﬁelds areearth image below. With a little getting used to,developed in irrigated rice ﬁelds, but in SSA,

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54Event Discussion (second session)“Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenous development ofsustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)”

sawah(paddy) ﬁelds are often not developed insudden ﬂooding, and surface runoff. Sawah

irrigated rice ﬁelds. Basically, the irrigation

plots are, in a sense, the same as living cell. The

system is a government or community-based

evolutionary level of a sawah platform can beplatform. On the other hand, historically, sawah

deﬁned by the easiness of artiﬁcially controlling(paddy) ﬁelds are basically created, managed,

the inﬂow and outﬂow of water in a sawah

and improved by the farmers themselves. In

system platform.

Africa, there is no clear concept and deﬁned
concept of sawah(paddy), so there are many
confusions. Therefore, in order for farmers totake the initiative and promote thedevelopment of endogenous sawah based ricecultivation, I think it is desirable to take abottom-up approach based on sawah platform
development rather than emphasizing only

As for a technical term, we have no choice but

top-down irrigation development.

to communicate in English at the moment, butsince English is not based on rice culture, we
are using the term “paddy” which hasmeanings both rice plant and the environment.
Especially in Africa it is a mess. I think “paddy
paradox” is partly the product of thisconfusion. Even if you use English erroneous
term “paddy”, the most of Asia countries havetheir own technical term equivalent to sawah inIndonesia and SUIDEN in Japanese, so there isno confusion. This is an obstacle to propersawah platform development and sawah based
rice cultivation as well as technology
transformation in Africa. Since the word
“paddy” originated from Malay-Indonesian is

A sawah plot is very simple. As all of you know,

already using in English, I suggest to use thesawah plots surrounded by bund (AZE inword “sawah” originated from Malay

Japanese), and the soil surface of the inside ofIndonesian, which means the artiﬁciallya sawah plot is leveled. Basically, if the level

improved rice growing environment as shown

difference of the sawah plot is within 10 cm,

in Figure 1, 2 and 3.

appropriate aged seedlings can betransplanted properly on the entire surface ofthe sawah plot. One plot of sawah is completely
surrounded by bunds (AZE). There is water
entrance (in) and exit (out). Other water ingressand egress can be evaporation, leaking frombund, underground inﬁltration, rainfall, seepage,
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55Event Discussion (second session)“Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenous development ofsustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)”

As explained in Table 2, rice cultivation has

cultivation environment, such as sawah

evolved while co-evolving "domestication andtechnology.

breeding technology for rice plants” and"creation and improvement technology for rice
growing environment called irrigated sawahﬁeld(platform)". Breeding by biotechnology andsawah platform development byecotechnology are the two wheels of a car.
According to a recent Genetic study, the Asianrice Oryza Sativa was domesticated in the Pearl

Figure 4 compares Biotechnology andRiver basin in southern China about 10,000

Eco-technology. The improvement on theyears ago, and the African rice Oryza

sawah platform research has virtually stopped

Glaberrima was cultivated in the Niger riverin the last 50 years due to the focus on

basin thousands of years ago. On the otherbreeding in Japan because of the acreage

hand, recent archaeological research has

reduction policy (GEN-TAN) on rice inrevealed that the prototype of the sawah

1970-2018.

system platform, which is surrounded by

Biotechnology (breeding) is improving variety,bunds(Aze) and can control water, was invented

eco-technology is improving rice growing

in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River

environment, which core target is improving

5,000 to 7,000 years ago.

the water management platform, i.e., sawah.

The transfer of both cultivated species and the

The purpose of eco-technology is how to

improvement technology as well as the

improve the level of sustainable water control

irrigated sawah system platform and thethrough the control of the in and out of water.

improvement technology have co-evolved and

The basic device is the sawah platform.

spread around the world. It is estimated that

Agricultural land is the foundation of thesawah based rice farming spread to Japancountry. We need both biotechnology and

3,000 years ago, to Madagascar 1,000 years

eco-technology.

ago to Africa, to Tanzania 200 years ago, andto West Africa 100 years ago. Along with thetechnology of cultivated species, a technology
for sawah system platform was also
tarnsferred sooner or later.
It is very clear that both the good variety andgood environment are equally important. Since
the impact of high yielding varieties in the

The various rice-growing platforms found in

Asian Green Revolution has been

Africa introduced last time on 25th of August

overestimated, it seems that Africa has been

are summarized as shown in Figures 5 (1) andfocused too much on breeding research. For(2). We have classiﬁed the evolution levels of

example, there is a variety technology called

various rice cultivation platform based from the

NERICA, but the problem is that we didn't thinkperspective of the water management level ofmuch about improving technology on therice farmland. The upper right of Fig. 5 (1) is

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56Event Discussion (second session)“Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenous development ofsustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)”

the shifting rice cultivation in the Guinea

the Gulf of Guinea. Both look like large sawah

Highlands. The evolution stage/level is 0

plots, but they are not leveled, and smaller plots

because most rice ﬁelds are not ﬂooded.

are created or ridged in the large plots for

However, depending on the undulations of thecultivation. Although irrigation is carried out by

terrain, it will be ﬂooded partly and periodicallythe ebb and ﬂow of the tide, it is a system that(evolution stage 1). The upper left is a small

practically difﬁcult manage water on farmland.

inland valley rice farm in Sierra Leone. Since it

Therefore, in this state, so-called modern

is a lowland, when there is water, it is ﬂooded.

agricultural technology cannot be applied, andHowever, since there is no artiﬁcial water

the Green Revolution cannot be achieved (acontrol, the evolution level is 1. The lower left

mixture of sawah platform evolution levels 1-3).

photo is a small (micro) quasi sawah ﬁeld in
Bida, central Nigeria (assumed evolutionary
stage 3). There is a ridge in the plot where thechild stands with a mulberry on his shoulder.
Rice is cultivated in ridges in that plot (let's callit evolutionary stage 2). Both are irrigating overrice ﬁelds. As for the water sources, natural
springs are common, but weirs are also

The upper left of Fig. 5 (2) is the water buffalo

created for irrigation cannals. The photo on theplowing in a sawah plot at West Sumatra,

lower right is a small sawah plots developed

Indonesia (sawah evolution stage 4). When

about 2,500 years ago, which were found bycows and horses become available, rice can bearchiological excavation in Nara, Japan. The sizetransplanted after puddling and leveling sawahof both small sawah plots is about 5x5m =plots surrounded by bunds. After 1950,

25m2, the two of which are almost the same

powertillers can be available for bigger andsize. Farmland management depends on what

straight shaped sawah platforms (paddy ﬁeld

kind of agricultural tools the farmers have. Withevolution stage 5, the photo of lower left was

the African hoe on the shoulder of the boy intake at the Sawah project site at Bimso No1,

the lower left photo, only such small lot sawah

Ghana on 2001) and after 2000 tractor

ﬁelds or ridge cultivation can be done.

cultivation attached with laser levelers iscommon in Japan(evolution stage 6, the photos
was taken at Shiga prefecture, Japan on 2012).
In evolution stages 4 and 5, the leveling degreeof a single sawah ﬁeld is

5 cm, and seedlings

with a plant height of about 15 cm can betransplanted in all area in a sawah plot. In
evolution stage 6, the leveling degree reaches
The upper and lower photographs on the left

2.5 cm with a laser leveler, and young seedlings

side of Fig. 5 (1 Supplement) are ridged ricewith a plant height of less than 15 cm can becultivation in the Edozhigi irrigated scheme,transplanted. Direct sowing is also possible.

Bida, Nigeria. On the right is the tidal irrigatedSuch agricultural machinery, farmland

rice ﬁelds of Guinea Bisau and Shera Leone on

platforms stage and farmland management

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57Event Discussion (second session)“Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenous development ofsustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)”

systems will co-evolve. It was difﬁcult for

1970-2018. Since the GEN-TAN policy was

African peasants to reach these four stages.

abolished in 2018, I thought about what the

There are various reasons. Infectious diseases

future sawah platform of water management

such as tsuetsue ﬂies are also the cause, but I

system would be like. The left side of Fig. 6 is athink that the slave trade and colonial rule aresystem called FOEAS which can control boththe main causes.

groundwater level and surface water. It was

I think so-called “paddy paradox problem” mayrecently installed at the Takatsuki Research

relate that various rice cultivation platforms are

Farm of Kyoto University. It is a platform formixed up description as “paddy” andfreely carrying out both upland crops andinvestigated in SSA. Although it is described as

wetland rice cultivation in the same ﬁeld.

rice ﬁeld in the photo, as you can see, this is

On the right side of Figure 6 is a ﬂoodplain

not a standard sawah system ﬁeld. It's just asawah system platform endogenously

wetland where rice is planted. There are many

developed by Kebbi farmers under therice ﬁelds which have the similar environment

guidance of the Sawah team led by Dr. Segun

as shown in the picture. Similar environmentof NCAM (Agricultural Mechanization Center)can be found even in a part of various sawahand the Kebbi State Agricultural Authority. This

platform ﬁelds. You can also see the similar

ﬂoodplain has groundwater shallower thanenvironment in the picture at the lowlands of

5-10m even in the dry season. As you can see

Sierra Leone and the slash-and-burn rice ﬁelds

in the photo of the poertiller in the upper rightin Guinea, which I showed you earlier. Even if itof the ﬁgure, there is no water on the groundis not a rice ﬁelds, there are many micro

surface in the dry season, but it can be easily

wetlands like the photo on poor management

irrigated with a portable pump (horizontal

roads and drains as well as many similar

photo). Canal system is not necessary. With thisbushes in villages and towns. If we mixed up all

system, there is always groundwater, so

these as “paddy” and investigate, “paddy

farmers control water by turning on or off theparadox” will occur. In short, we have to deﬁnepump. Therefore, water management is very

the environment scientiﬁcally to know whateasy and intermittent irrigation is possible atkind of water management system caused or

any time in dry season. In this ﬂoodplain,control the mosquitoes.

vegetable cultivation such as onions andtomatoes and rice cultivation have been
rotated for more than 30 years. I think the levelof water management is close to the stage 7,
although it is due to the blessings of nature,
which are exquisite hydrological conditions. As
shown in Figure 1 of the August 25 report,
there are many large wetlands are distributing

Figures 6 and 6 (Supplement) are for thealong the Sahel belt from Senegal to Sudan,

possible future sawah system platform

which total area is more than 10 times bigger(evolution stage 7). In Japan, the evolution ofthan Nile delta of Egypt. These wetlands havethe sawah platform has stopped under thesimilar hydrology, soil and climate (highGEN-TAN (rice acreage reduction) policy ininsolation) of the Nile Delta.

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58Event Discussion (second session)“Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenous development ofsustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)”

regarding the Green Revolution in Africa. The
Sawah Hypthesis 1 and sawah platform will becompared the British enclosure theory andenclosed farmland platform. The British
enclosure formed the basis of the British
Agricultural Revolution in the 15th and 19th
centuries. The British Agricultural Revolution is
Figure 6 (Supplement) shows that an Israeli

said to have laid the foundation for thecompany recently launched a drip irrigated rice

scientiﬁc, industrial, and capitalist

cultivation system. This system can also use

developments.

sunlight for electricity. The arid regions ofAfrica have high potential for solar power
generation. The Kebbi system in Figure 6 also
allows for a combination of solar power andfuel engin pump as well as generator. If
electricity is available, farmers can use asubmersible pump, so groundwater can bepumped deeper than 10-100m. However, theFigure 7 illustrates what happened before thecost is more than three times that of a suction

enclosure farmland, which was the beginningpump.

of the British Agricultural Revolution. It seems

Drip irrigated rice cultivation has recently beenthat the farmland before the enclosure was like

attempted in Nigeria. It may become

the farmlands of Sierra Leone, Guinea, andwidespread if the cost is reduced signiﬁcantly

Nigeria, which are shown in Figures 15-17, 49,

in future technological development.

and 58 in my report on 25th of August. The

The above is an overview of the evolution level

divisions of farmland were not clear, and theof farmland platforms from the perspective ofownership and usage rights were not clear, andhow easy it is to manage water. Naturally,various people were using the farmlands

different water management systems should

separately in various places and in various

have different malaria infection control

ways.

measures. Therefore, I think it is necessary toproperly observe the ecology and water
management system of the rice farmland
platform and conduct a survey based on it.

Figure 8 is a photo of British farmland after
being enclosed. Similar to the sawah system
platform, the enclosure divides, classiﬁes, andcontributes to reclaim the farmlands.
Next, I will talk about on Sawah Hypothesis 1

Compartmentalization of farmlands has some

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59Event Discussion (second session)“Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenous development ofsustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)”

disadvantages such as dividing andLeone, there is no platform for ﬁnding

distinguishing between rich and poor, but it

problems and solving the problems found.

increases agricultural productivity andimproves farmland management efﬁciency.
Classiﬁcation of farmlands based on the
difference in ecological environment is theprerequisites to scientiﬁc agricultural
technology development.
Figure 10 is a photo of Norfolk, the birthplaceof the British Agricultural Revolution, when I
surveyed it last summer. You can see thefarmland surrounded by banks and hedges,
which retains the remnants of the former
enclosure farmlands. The two pictures above
The top of Figure 9 shows Google images ofare the ﬁelds of the former Norfolk Statethe current farmlands of Norfolk in England,

Agricultural Experiment Station. Currently, it is

the middle is the Niigata Plain, Japan, and thea test ﬁelds of Morley Foundationʼs Farm.

bottom is a near Rogbom village area in Sierra

There is about 10-20ha in one section. Norfolk

Leone. My parents' house is a rice and dairy

is the UK's No. 1 agricultural state. The biggest

farm in the Niigata Plain. Rogbom Village is one

problem with farmland in the UK is poorof the ﬁrst sites where I was dispatched to IITA

drainage, which causes water to come out to(International Institute of Tropical Agriculture)

the surface and become ﬂooded. This is

as a JICA expert to start research on sawah

because water ﬂows on the surface of thebased rice cultivation. As you can see brieﬂy,

farmland and the topsoil is washed away by soil

there is a clear delineation on the grounderosion. Since it is a ﬁeld crop, the roots

except near Rogbom village area. If farmlands

become oxygen deﬁcient. Thus, the main

are not classiﬁed, parceled, and organized, we

purpose of the farmland platform

can't even ﬁnd out what's wrong in farms. Of

improvement in the UK is to eliminate thesecourse, various water management

two harms.

technologies cannot be applied, and various
science and technology cannot be used.
Drainage has been a major issue on farmlandin the United Kingdom. Before World War II, theNiigata Plain was somewhat similar condition asshown in Figures 45 and 46 (wetlands in Mali)
in my report on August. Rice was cultivatedwhile soaking up to the neck and riding a boat.

As shown in Figure 11, the UK has been

The drainage was a major problem along withenthusiastically spending a great deal of time

irrigation in the Niigata Plain. On the otherand efforts on farmlands improvement. This

hand, in the village of Rogbom area in Sierra

was not possible on the farmlands without land

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60Event Discussion (second session)“Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenous development ofsustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)”

divisions fenced by banks, stone walls, orinland valley of Biemso village 50km fromhedges and whose ownership was unclear. For

Kumasi town in Ghana. The location of Google

the ﬁrst enclosure movement, 400 years fromearth on this site is 6.882N 1.838W. The rice1450 to 1850. With the birth of the enclosed

farm on the left is a traditional lowland riceand fenced farmland platform, a four crops

cultivation, which has been turned into arotation system has become possible, and thestandard sawah system platform to allow

land has been improved. Over the next 100

irrigation and drainage control. This work was

years to date, UK farmers installed underdrain

carried out mainly by farmers. This gave thedrainage pipes about 1 m depth every 10 m tofarmer group the skills to develop, restore andcreate a system that prevents water frommanage irrigated sawah system on their own.

coming out to the surface. Today, the number

With this platform, it has become possible for aof farmlands that use groundwater irrigation isfarmers and researchers to do what is good or

increasing.

bad for various varieties. Scientiﬁc data cannot
be obtained by investigating in a messy
ecological environment as shown in the photoon the left.
The African Development Bank and theMinistry of Food and Agriculture in charge ofODA tried to create an irrigated rice ﬁeld with abulldozer using civil engineer contractors who

Figure 12 is showing the difference of farmland

do not have irrigated sawah development

platform before and after the enclosure. In thetechnology but failed (2010-16). This destroyed

ﬁgure on the left, which shows the situation

the lowland ecosystem. Now a group of

before the enclosure, all the farmland is mixed

farmers with Sawah Technology is repairing theand messed up. The reason why each farmland

sawah platform again. This process can be

is drawn in elongated plots is that horseobserved in Google earth images (2001-20) at

cultivation was the basis at that time. In thethe location information 6.882N 1.838W.

ﬁgure on the right, the farmland is expanded,
divided, and organized in an orderly manner.
Classiﬁcation is the start of science andtechnology development. It is also possible toselect and improve varieties suitable for theenvironment of each plot. All modern
agricultural technologies, such as thedevelopment of new crop rotation methods,
fertilizer technology, and agricultural machinery,
are premised on a classiﬁed and organized
farmland platform.
Figure 13 are the photographs of the riceplatforms of before (left side ) and after(rightside) the sawah technology application at small
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61Event Discussion (second session)“Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenous development ofsustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)”

Figure 14 shows an example of expanding thewatershed. The hypothesis explains that byecosystem to which the sawah technology isachieving high intensive sustainability of

applied from the original target of small inland

lowland sawah based rice cultivation, it will be avalleys, as shown in the Figure 13, to thepossible basic strategy for forest conservation

ﬂoodplains (and inland deltas) of large rivers.

and restoration by reducing the development

The upper left is the ﬂoodplain in December

pressure by unsustainable upland farming

1987 near Argungu in Kebbi, Nigeria. At thatsystems in SSA.

time, African rice was cultivated without any
water control measures. The photographed
point of the left side below is almost the sameplace as the photo in 1987, and above is thesite where Kinki University and the NCAM
(Agricultural Mechanization Center) teamconducted training on Sawah Technology(endogenous development of sawah platform
and sawah based rice cultivation by farmersʼ
own efforts) in 2011. The photo taken on theright in 2015 shows the improved sawahtechnology training using the Indonesian KHS
Quick type cultivator attached of the Kubota
engine. This site is almost the same site in 2011
in left.

Figure 15 explains the sawah hypothesis 2

In this ﬂoodplain, irrigated micro/small sawahfrom three mechanisms. In addition, it willbased rice cultivation (evolutionary stage 3)

explain the importance of integrated

and vegetable cultivation have been carried out

management of forests, upland ﬁelds, andfor decades as shown in the upper right photo.

lowland sawah ﬁelds in the catchment area.

This platform was due to the Fadama project

The ﬁrst is the macro mechanism of natural

supported by the World Bank. As a result ofgeological and geographic fertilization

the adoption of Sawah Technology since 2011,

associated with the water cycle. Fertile topsoil

it has become possible for farmers to develop

is formed in the forest. Fertile soil in forests

standard sawah platform (evolutional stage 4

and ﬁelds is eroded and accumulates inand 5) by their own efforts. Google earth

lowlands. Rainwater also becomes mineral-richlocation is 12.756N 4.512E. You can observe

river water in this process and ﬂows down tothe progress of sawah platform development

the lowlands. The sawah system platform

and improvement from 2007 to 2020 as welldeveloped in the lowlands will be a platform foras the progress of rainy and dry season riceeffective use of this eroded topsoil and mineralcultivation.

water.

Sawah Hypothesis 2 states that lowland sawah

The second is that it becomes a science andbased rice cultivation has sustainable

technology platform which enables the

productivity more than 10 times higher thanmanagement and enhancement of plantthat of the upland farming systems in a same

nutrient dynamics associated with redox

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62Event Discussion (second session)“Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenous development ofsustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)”

reactions in sawah soils underbeen obtained for sawah hypothesis 2. It

water-manageable sawah ﬁelds. The natural

remains at an empirical and intuitive level, as

supply of fertilizer components such as

shown in Table 3 below. Future research

nitrogen, phosphorus and potash are muchprogress is expected.

higher than in forests and upland crops ﬁelds.
Regarding climate change, it is effective forcarbon sequestration and control of nitrous
oxide gas emission. Sawah ﬁelds are negativein terms of methane generation. Once thesawah platform has a high level of water
management at the evolution stage 6 or 7, it
will be possible to develop climate change

Table 3 shows the judgmental empirical data of

countermeasure rice farming technology. It

the sawah hypothesis 2. The table assumes

also enables research and develop the malariathat the average lowland area is about 5% thatmosquito control technology.

can be developed the irrigated sawah platform

The third is that the sawah platform has a damin a watershed. The area of the Africanfunction and a groundwater recharge function

continent excluding the desert is about 2 billion

and will be a water cycle management

ha, and if the area that can be developed as

platform. This is especially important for SSA,

irrigated sawah is 50 million ha, it is 2.5%. It is

which have great groundwater utilization

more than 10% in the equatorial forest zone

potential.

and less than 5% in the savant zone.
Floodplains and inland deltas in the Sahel belt
are also less than 5%.
In upland rice cultivation, the yield of paddy isless than 1t / ha without fertilization, and about
1-3t / ha even with fertilization. However, if asawah ﬁeld platform that can manage water iscreated, the yield can be more than 2t / ha (FigThe upper left photo of Figure 16 shows a

31 and 32) even without fertilization, and 3-6t /traditional lowland non sawah rice plantation

ha with fertilization, which is more than double

and the cocoa farms as well as forests above it

the yield. Furthermore, sawah based ricein a small inland valley watershed near Kumasi

farming do not need to be fallow because thein Ghana. The photo on the lower right shows

three mechanisms described in Fig. 15 work.

an example of a sawah ﬁeld developed justOn the other hand, for upland rice, if it isbelow the cacao garden, where trees and ricecultivated for 2 years, it has to take about 8

collaborate to create intensive and sustainable

years of fallow to restore the soil fertility. The

land use. The sawah system will be a platform

yield difference between upland rice andfor integrated management of uplands andlowland sawah rice is more than doubled, andlowlands. This is the work I did during the JICA

the area required for fallow is about ﬁve times

research project conducted in 1997-2001. Solarger. Therefore, sustainable productivity offar, little scientiﬁc and quantitative data has

sawah based rice farming should be more than

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63Event Discussion (second session)“Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenous development ofsustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)”

10 times higher than upland rice. The above issawah technology which can contributes to thea summary of empirical data in Japan, Asianempowerment of millions and tens of millions

countries, and SSA. It goes without saying thatof SSA peasants may be the key.

each catchment area has a different value. The
scientiﬁc proof of the sawah hypothesis 2 will
require the accumulation of vast amounts ofresearch data in the future.

Figure 17 is a photo of the starting point of
Sawah Technology. Find the right topography
and the right season and make right bunding
layout based on the right sawah platform
Below, we will explain some practices of thedesign. Researchers and engineers from the

Sawah Technology on the premise that

SRI (Soil Research Institute) of the Sawah Teamirrigated sawah platform will be an intensive

in Ghana are discussing with farmers groupand highly sustainable rice cultivation platform(they are the main developers) for thein SSA (Sawah hypotheses 1 and 2). The pointdevelopment while conducting on-the-jobof Sawah Technology is the technology thattraining.

SSA's farmers develop irrigated sawah
platform by their own power and do sawahbased rice cultivation. The development ofirrigated sawah platform so far has been
carried out by foreign engineers contracted
under ODA agent such as JICA. This is an
extrinsic irrigated sawah system development.
It was common to learn about rice cultivation

Figure 18 shows how a power-tiller is operating

on an irrigated sawah platform developed byattached plow, puddler or leveler, which are

ODA or governments. Sawah Technology is aeffective to make bunds, dig canals, andtechnology that SSA's peasants do on theirpuddling. It takes a lot of effort to make bunds,

own. Design a sawah system on their own andlevel rice ﬁelds, dig canals, and to make big

develop it quickly with a machine of thebunds for ﬂood control. Since one power-tiller

appropriate scale, such as a power-tiller,of 10Hp can work equivalent to about 40 to 50

without relying on heavy machinery. Train it

manpower, development works can accelerate.

on-the-job so that it can be transferred by

African peasants are very strong, but when the

farmers. Rather than relying on foreigners, weappropriate machinery powers are added,

emphasize the intrinsic/endogenous

everyone gets better. In fact, Africa has many

development will be able to accelerate thelow-lying terrains, so heavy machinery is not

irrigated sawah system platform development

always necessary. In addition, waterways,

in SSA. The point is that the technology likeditches, holes, etc. are everywhere, whether in

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64Event Discussion (second session)“Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenous development ofsustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)”

ﬂoodplains or small inland valleys. Thus, heavy

cultivator (Indonesia local price $2,000,

machinery cannot be used in many places atshipping fee $1,000). When JIRCAS (Japanthe beginning.

International Research Center for Agricultural
Scinces) conducted an action research ofsawah technology application in Kumasi, Ghana
in 2009-12, powertiller with similar
performance became expensive at $9,000 per
set through ODA-related companies. The
tube-well digging training was carried out by
dispatching a Nigerian sawah farmer. Even by

Figure 1 is the mistake in Figure 19, which ishand digging, we can dig up to a depth of 10 m

showing leveling and soil movement operation

and a depth of 20 m with an Indian well digger

using power tiller attached leveler. Properof $2,000 per set within 2-3 days.

modiﬁcation and liquefaction allow for
sufﬁcient leveling without a bulldozer and canaldigging without backhoe (see also Figure 18).

Figure 21 shows various practices of canaldigging, transplanting, puddling, and riceobservation during the heading period at the
Figure 20 shows an example of Sawah

Tissi and Haraze sites, the power of female

Technology practices in the central part of the

refugees stood out.

African continent, where access is the mostMay 2015-April 2017, 18 sawah team menbers

difﬁcult. It was carried out as a refugee

were dispatced to Chad sites. The menbers aresettlement project (leader: Yoko Fujimura) ofcomposing 7 lead farmers proﬁcient in Sawah

the International Organization for Migration

Technology in Nigeria, 9 NCAM staff, and Mr.

(IOM) Chad Branch. It was conducted at Tissi

Wakatsuki and Mr. Chikara Yamamoto ex-JOCVon the border between Sudan Darfur and(Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers). We

Central Africa in Chad, Haraze on the borderstayed in the ﬁeld for a total of 1-8 months andwith Central Africa, and Bagasola on the borderconducted on-the-job training for refugees. We

with Nigeria where Lake Chad is located. We

developed 2-3 ha of irrigated sawah system indisassembled 16 sets of Indonesianeach of the above three sites, trained to up to

power-tillers, put them in one container withpaddy harvest. After the training and

10% spare parts, and shipped them to thesedemonstration, we expected refugees torefugee camps. The powertillers were

continue and expand on their own. Nigerian

assembled in the village as a training for thesawah teams are ready to do the similar

farmers' repair skill. It can be procured

demonstration training even in Sudd Wetlands

anywhere in Africa for less than $3,000 per

in South Sudan if IOM South Sudan requests

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65Event Discussion (second session)“Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenous development ofsustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)”(personal communication from Y. Fujimura of

low-interest loan system for farmers.

IOM)<Video playback>Activities in such a harsh environment haverevealed the power of individual Sawah
Technology-proﬁcient farmers dispatched from
Nigeria in their diverse disciplines. They canwork without suffering from the same living
environment as refugees. Power tiller assembly
and repair, sawah system layout and bunds
construction, canal cutting, well digging, pump

Figure 22 shows the ﬂoodplains of the main

management and sawah plots leveling, seedlingrivers of Kebbi state, i.e., the Rima (Sokoto), theraising, transplanting, water management, riceZamfara, and the Niger river. Activities togrowth management, fertilization, weed control,

implement Sawah Technology were conductedpest control were all trainable by on-the-job. I

mainly in 2010-12 at the six major rice-growing

recognized that each farmer is literalareas from Argungu to Bagudo in Kebbi state,

HYAKU-SHOU (in Japanese which means one

which are indicated by red circles. Thesehundred family business can practice). Each ofactivities were conducted based on the MOU

them could cover various ﬁelds of sawahwith the World Bank and NCAM/Kinki

technology, such as agricultural machinery,

universityʼs KAKENHI (JSPSʼs specially

agricultural civil engineering, irrigation andpromoted project in 2007-11). The

drainage, crops management, soil fertilizer,

dissemination targets were the ofﬁcers of

post-harvest, and rural development.

Fadama III, lowland development program in
Kebbi, and rice farmer's association. 18
demonstration plots of sawah platform weredeveloped through the on-the-job training on
the ﬁrst year as shown in the Table 3.
The total area of the ﬂood plains where rice
can cultivate is about 500,000 ha in the whole
Kebbi state. The areas painted in red in theThis is 3 minutes YouTube, which is produced

ﬂoodplains are shown that these areas wereby public relations of the Buhari administration

5-6 ﬂoods during the rainy season from July toof the Nigerian APC party. This party got the

October during the past 15 years from 2001 to

administration for the ﬁrst time in 16 years in

2015. Therefore, there is a risk of ﬂood

2015. Our Sawah Technology training anddamage during the rainy season at those reddissemination activities in Kebbi were mainlycolored area. However, ﬂood damage can be

conducted around 2011-14 during the

avoided in the dry season crops

Jonathan administration of PDP party. In April(November-June), which have expanded rapidly

2015, the Governor of Kebbi was also replaced.

since 2013. Moreover, it is possible to make a

The Anchor Borrowers' Program, which wassecond crop in dry season.

started by the Buhari administration in the

In addition to the Kebbi state, similar Sawah

video to promote rice cultivation, which is atechnology training and demonstrations

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66Event Discussion (second session)“Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenous development ofsustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)”

operated intensively in 2010-12 under the MOU

the yellow squares in Fig. 23. If you enter thewith the World Bank were conducted in Lagos,

location information (11.949N, 4.150E) of the

Benue, Ebony, Delta, and Capital Special Statecenter of this Fig. 23 into Google earth, you(FCT), too. It was also conducted in Niger state.

can observe that the sawah system

However, except for small numbers of villages

development by the farmers' self-help efforts

in the Bida area of Niger state, no signiﬁcanthas been expanded rapidly from 2010 to 2020.

endogenous developments like Kebbi have

The Su2a-Su2k farmlands within the range ofbeen seen so far.

about 70ha in the Fig. 23 shows individual
farmland with an area of 1-5ha. Sawah ﬁeld
development has expanded rapidly due to theself-help efforts of farmers. These weredeveloped by individual farmers from 2010-19.
You can also check the comparison with thesurrounding area and the changes in land use
over the past 10 years. You can see also how

Figure 23 shows the ﬂoodplain near Suru town

sawah based rice cultivation developed,

where the 3 minutes YouTube reports riceincluding the rainy season and dry season

farming. The brown areas are uplands, and thecultivations.

white, gray, and black-green areas are

Figure 25A shows the 2010 ﬂoodplain of

ﬂoodplains. There is 6,000ha ﬂood plain in the

Suru2. There were few paddy ﬁelds. Figure 25B

range of this photo. The black and green areas

is a Google image of the same location inindicate that rice is being planted on the

February 2016. In February 2016, dry season,

irrigated sawah ﬁelds in the dry season. Google

about 40% of sawah plots were planted withphotos were taken at the end of January, so

rice. Some sawah plots have not been planted

the dry season crop area will further expand

yet. These are all farmer's self-developed

from February to March. The yellow squares

sawah ﬁelds. It spreads almost all over theare the areas where the NCAM team

ﬂood plain around here.

conducted a ﬁeld survey in February-March
2020. The survey was also conducted during
the rainy season in September 2019, but thesurvey was abandoned due to the ﬂood waterthat spreads throughout the ﬂoodplain, as
shown in Figure 13 of the report on August 25.

Figure 24 is an enlarged view of Suru2, one of
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67Event Discussion (second session)“Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenous development ofsustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)”

Figure 26 photos show the portable pump

May is the end of the dry season and theirrigated micro/small sawah plot platform (theamount of solar radiation is high. The varieties

evolutionary stage of 3) that the World Bank

are mixed, but the yield is very high. The result

and the Fadama III project have promoted overof this implementation of Sawah Technology is

the past 30 years before the introduction ofdescribed as "The yield so far increased from

Sawah Technology. The location is the

1.5-2.5t / ha to 6.5-7.2t / ha by Sawah (Eco-)ﬂoodplain of the Zamfara River near the town

Technology." on page 10 of the following Worldof Jega shown in Figure 22

Bank report. Document of the World bank,page 10(http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/
956751479735474649/text/FADAMA-III-ICR-P
096572-Nov-2-2016-11162016.txt)
This is the location where the data for Birnin
Kebbi in 1 of the Table 3 below was taken.
Table 3 summarizes the implementation of

Figure 27 shows a model paddy ﬁeld (evolution

Sawah Technology in Kebbi state in 2010-14. Instage 5) developed for Sawah Technology

2011, Kinki University's KAKENHI (JSPS

On-the-job training. The evolution of paddy

research fund) provided two Chinese

ﬁelds in the Zamfara river ﬂoodplain can also

power-tillers and made 18ha demonstration

be observed in the 2003-19 time-series images

plots while conducting on-the-job training.

near Google earth's location information

Within one year, 9 ha was developed/reclaimed

12.199N 4.373E.

(evolutional level 5 sawah platform) with one
unit per tiller, and an average paddy yield of 7.1
t / ha was obtained. This is the result of 1. In
2012-14, the lead farmers bought 22 power
tillers at his own expense as shown in the Table
3-2. By 2013, 131ha of sawah based rice wascultivated. The dry season crop in 2014
expanded to 199ha. The average yield was 6.3t

Figure 29 photos were taken during a joint/ ha. This is the result of 2 of the Table 3. After

survey by the Fadama III (Lowland

that, the state government bought 1,000

Development Project phase 3) authorities incultivators and sold them to farmers at a low

Kebbi and the NCAM Sawah Team in May 2011

price (about $3,000) in 2014-15. After that, theto conﬁrm the results of the Sawah Technology

government changed. The situation after that

demonstration and training. The location is a

was unknown, but Google Earth became

government irrigation project site in theobservable in 2017-18, sawah platform spread

ﬂoodplain just north of the state capital, Birnin

endogenously on a scale of 100,000 ha

Kebbi (location information is 12.478N 4.202E).

throughout the ﬂood plains of Kebbi state, andBefore the introduction of Sawah Technology, it

1.8 million tons of paddy production per year in

was a rudimentary small sawah platform in

2016-17, which was reported by USDA, IFPRI,

evolution stage 3.

University of Michigan, and FMARD(Federal

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68Event Discussion (second session)“Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenous development ofsustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)”

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,

however, the planted area was 250,000 to

Nigeria) as shown in the next Figure 29 was

500,000 ha, and in 2016, 1.8 million tons ofissued. Quantitative measurement of the area

paddy was produced, which is unbelievable

expansion of sawah platform developed in

rapid increase. In northern states in Nigeria, dry

2010-20 is being carried out using the JSPSʼ sseason cropping began in earnest in 2013. It

Kaken-Hi, "Academic Survey on Rice Revolution

was launched in earnest with the policy

in Kebbi state through the farmers

support of Dr. Akinwumi Adesina (currently theʻendogenous sawah platform development,

President of the African Development Bank),

2018-21".

former agricultural economist at Africa Riceand then Minister of FMARD (until 2015).
Figure 30 summarizes the characteristics of
the water cycle in Africa by Rockstrom. In SSA,
15-30% of rain is used for biological production
and 30-50% evaporates directly. These blue
waters are circulating directly or indirectly inbiological production. These green waters are
not subject to water resource development.
The outﬂow from rivers is as low as 10-25%,
and the proportion of groundwater is as highas 10-30%. These blue waters are target ofdevelopment to control to improve water
circulation. In Asia, river runoff is greater thangroundwater inﬂow, so river water irrigation isused more often. The use of groundwater in
Asia poses a high risk of salt damage. In Japan,
about 60% of the surface is washed away, andﬂoods are more of a problem. In the case of
Africa, there is a lot of unused water that goes
underground. It turns out that how to use
groundwater is important. I did not know the

Figure 29 (1 in Figure 1 is a mistake of 29) was

importance of the ground water use until we

investigated jointly by USAID (US Department

did the implementation of sawah technology inof Agriculture), University of Michigan, IFPRI

Kebbi and Chad. How to use the underground(International Food Policy Research Institute),

water is unexpectedly paradoxical, and untiland FMARD (Federal Ministry of Agriculture

recently I did not know what to do with it either.

and Rural Development). I am not sure about

Perhaps Africa Rice is not aware of this either.

the credibility of the data. The green line is the

The potential is very high.

estimated rice cultivation area at the 50,000ha

Based on the characteristics of the water cycle

level and the red line is the annual paddy

in SSA, the Western-style strategy, typically of

production of 100,000 tons and the averageRockstrom has a central strategy of surface

yield of 2 t / ha level until 2012. In 2014,

runoff management and soil erosion

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69Event Discussion (second session)“Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenous development ofsustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)”

prevention. They are trying to promote no-till

high, and environmental and lowland

farming, terraces, and check dam development

destruction occurs frequently. Does ODA

in Upland.

dependence destroy independence and hinder

I think this upland strategy only is not enoughself-help efforts? The E strategy is thein SSA. SSA and Asian integrated lowland

development of irrigated sawah platform bysawah platform strategy should promote moreprivate companies. Wouldn't countless farmers

in future for intensive sustainability of lowland

be eliminated (Land Grab)? The S strategy isrice cultivation (Sawah hypothesis 2).

emphasizing the innovation by endogenous
sawah platform development and appropriate
mechanized cultivation by Sawah (Eco-)
Technology. Isn't it desirable to have technologythat empowers the numerous farmers in orderto break through the time and area barriers ofsawah platform development, which is thepremise of the rice revolution? Then, isn't it

Figure 31 is a comparative summary of theeasy to scale up by transferring agriculturalvarious strategic technological developments

technology, and isn't it possible to develop

currently underway to realize the Green

endogenously?

Revolution of rice cultivation in SSA. Strategy A

The development of endogenous sawah

is a biotechnology-oriented strategy that

platform was rarely seen in West Africa.

assumes undeveloped farmland such as

However, in the state of Kebbi, within 10 years

upland rice NERICA. Strategy B is an attemptsince 2010, more than 100,000 ha of sawah

to direct application of the three Asian Green

platform has been developed, and more than 1

Revolution technologies of irrigation,

million tons of paddy has been produced

high-yielding varieties, and fertilizers/

annually. This exceeds the paddy production of

agrochemicals to SSA. However, theOfﬁce du Niger in Mali, which has realized

background to Asia's success was the history

sawah platform development for 100,000 haof endogenous sawah platform development

over 100 years at a cost of more than 100

which was carried out by farmers for morebillion yen. In the case of Kebbi, I think it wasthan centuries. Isn't these modern science andrealized with an investment number of billions

technology effective in SSA (Sawah hypothesisof yen.

1)? Strategy C is an ultra-high yield cultivation
technology that uses SRI (System RiceIntensiﬁcation) farming methods and hybrid
seeds, assuming a more sophisticated sawah
system ﬁeld platform. Strategy D is thedevelopment of irrigated sawah platform
implemented by the governments of Africancountries through ODA. Irrigated sawah

In Table 4, we were ﬁnally able to dock theplatform development, maintenance,

malaria infection death and rice cultivation

maintenance, and restoration costs at SSA are

data. According to Charter and Mendis, which

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70Event Discussion (second session)“Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenous development ofsustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)”

data are shown in the Table 4 below, in Asia,

for Asian countries. Data are shown since thethe malaria deaths were eradicated in mostindependence of the top 30 rice-growing

countries between 1970-90, the core period ofcountries of SSA. You can see somethe Green Revolution, On the other hand, SSA

characteristics and correlated trends between

has a very high malaria infection mortality rate

rice cultivation and malaria death rates for 30

even in 1997. Only Myanmar, Cambodia,

years from 1990. Although it has not been

Bangladesh, Indonesia and India have hadstatistically analyzed yet, the general trends cansome malaria deaths even in 2016. However,be summarized as follows.

the death rates are gradually decreasing since

1. There are differences depending on the2000.

ecological environment.

The ﬁrst column of the table 4 shows annual(1) (a) East African countries such as

national paddy production in million tons, theMadagascar, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Rwandaﬁrst data in parentheses is paddy yield (t / ha),and Zambia with highland cool climate, (b)and then the annual consumption of

Senegal, Mauritania, Chad, Sudan and otherhome-produced rice per capita. The

countries with cool and dryness, and, (C) In

red-colored ﬁgures show the number ofGuinea-Bissau and Gambia, where themalaria deaths per 100,000 people. The

mangrove zone is prioritized, all of (a)-(c)numbers from 1 to 6 in the rightmost three

countries the deaths from Malaria infection arecolumns indicate the estimated sawah platform

relatively small.

evolution level for each country, of which(2) The malaria infection death rate is relatively

red-colored number shows the estimatedhigh in countries with large water masses. Mali,

evolutional stage of national average of sawah

Ghana, Malawi, Uganda, Burundi, Chad, andplatform. The national evolutionary stage ofSouth Sudan are the examples.

sawah platform seems to be proportional to

2. Is there any sign that SSA has entered thethe paddy yield by country. The relatively low

process of eradicating malaria death due to themalaria death rate despite the low yield in

progress of sawah based rice cultivation as

Thailand may be due to the policy that given

seen in Asia? This seems possible byhigh priority to exports and the higher quality

comparing the trends countries in 2000-18

of rice over yield. Overall, I think malaria deaths

that have begun to increase the productivity

are roughly proportional to rice productivity(yields) through the progress of sawah based

and the status of national sawah platform level,

rice cultivations and those that have not.

which is the core of the national land

(1) The major rice-growing countries (15 kg or

management.

more consumption / year / person) with low
productivity (2 t / ha or less) are Guinea, Sierra
Leone, Liberia, Guinea-Bissau, Gambia, etc.
These countries have no improvement inmalaria infection death.
(2) The major rice-growing countries (15 kg or
more / year / person) whose productivity is
originally high or have improved in recent years

Table 5 shows SSAʼs similar data of the Table 4

are Nigeria, Madagascar, Tanzania, Mali, Ivory

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71Event Discussion (second session)“Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenous development ofsustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)”

Coast, Senegal, Ghana, Benin, Mauritania, etc.

the yield 2t/ha in 1800. This is the so-called

These countries have tended to improve in

British Agricultural Revolution. After that, fromrecent years.

prewar to the present, 2t has risen to about(3) Non-major rice-growing countries (15 kg /10t/ha now. During this time, UK farmers

year / person) with low productivity (2 t / ha orproceeded with farmland improvement forless) are DR Congo, Burkina Fasso, Chad,drainage improvement and from harrow

Cameroon, Mozambique, Togo, Malawi, Burundi

cultivation to tractor cultivation. It goes without

and Zambia. The improvement trend of malaria

saying that breeding and crop production

infection death is unclear

technology have improved in parallel. Japan(4) Non-major rice-growing countries (15 kg or

stopped developing sawah platform

less / year / person) whose productivity was

improvement in the 1970s. Until now, there wasoriginally high or improved in recent years are

a 50-year blank, during which time Japanʼs

Uganda, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, Niger, andpaddy yield was overtaken by British wheat

Sudan. The improvement trend of malaria

yield. Historically, for the past 1,000 years as

infection death is unclear

shown in the Figure 31, Japanese paddy yield

Figure 31 compares agricultural productivity

was twice that of British wheat yield (Sawah

between the United Kingdom and Japan as wellhypothesis 2).

as major rice countries of Asia and Africa. The
data was provided to reinforce the hypothesisthat agricultural productivity would be parallelto the land development rate, and therefore
would correspond to the decrease of malaria
deaths. Basically, productivity in Asia isincreasing by catching up with Japan and
China, and SSA countries such as Madagascar
and Ghana are catching up with Asian
countries, which means that they aredeveloping in a so-called ﬂying ﬂock of geesestyle.

Finally, the central hypothesis for eradicating
malaria infection was summarized as Central
Doguma. Agricultural revolution will be possible
if water controllable farmland platform hasdeveloped appropriately cover the nation which
Figure 32 is a magniﬁed view of the trend

can be managed by farmers, which will lead toresolution of Figure 31. Britain has a very

the science and technology as well asinteresting trend. Britain had the lowest wheat

economic development, and the platformproductivity less than 0.5t/ha in the 1450

development for eradicating malaria. It seems

plague period. It took 400 years until to markthat the current SSA cannot eradicate malaria

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72Event Discussion (second session)“Possible pathways to reducing malaria transmission through endogenous development ofsustainable sawah based rice farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)”

mainly due to the lack of proper agriculturalland platform, national land water management
infrastructure and thus human management
platform.
The starting point is the quality farmland
platform. But at the same time, we also needreliable data. There are quite a few suspicious
data even from international organizations suchas WHO and FAO. For example, in FAOSTAT
data of Mali (Figure 35, reported August 25),
rice production and yield have been very highin recent years. However, a closer look reveals
that per capita grain production in Mali has
been over 400 kg in recent years. Total grain
equivalent amount of 200 kg / year / person
indicates sufﬁcient food production. Mali hasachieved 400 kg / year / person in 2017 is at alevel which grain can export to foreigncountries. Or is this data a manifestation of
Land-grab seizure by foreign companies?
Takagi : Dr. Wakatsuki, thank you very much.
May I ask Dr. Kobayashi to speak now?

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73Event Discussion (second session)“How to evaluate variable environmental and economic factors
in community-based malaria projects in Asia and Africa”“How to evaluate variable environmental and economic factors
in community-based malaria projects in Asia and Africa”
Jun Kobayashi(Professor, Department of Global Health, University of the Ryukyus)

Kobayashi : Thank you very much for givingme the opportunity to speak among theeminent speakers. This is re-thinking. We havethe outbreak of malaria everywhere, but I
would like to focus on malaria control in ruralvillages.
In the ﬁrst half, I will talk about the agricultural
sector and the health sector, and how the two

Against malaria, inter-sectoral cooperation is

sectors can collaborate with each other. Often,

already achieved. I was also involved in this

we talk about cooperation. People do haveprocess. One of them includes the cooperation

conferences to cover harmonization, but I wantwith the education sector. The second one isto go one step further to integration because it

the public security sector, such as the public

is not meaningful unless we go that far. Fromsafety sector. More recently, we do have the

my experience, I would like to explain how thatcooperation with the defense sector. Those arewill become possible. Agriculture is an area

already ongoing. You might think this iswhere I am not so knowledgeable about, so I

something taken for granted, but it iswould like to talk about how to ponder overtime-consuming to achieve the cooperation.

that going forward.

First, I would like to talk about education. ThisIn the second half ‒ universal health coverage

was mainly advocated by Japan. Japan is

was advocated by Japan. This is related to theputting so much emphasis on education,

Japanese health care system. In the context ofstarting from the period of Edo-era. Within

Africa, especially in rural areas, how are we

education, health education is included. This isgoing to apply that perspective?

already incorporated from the pre-war period.

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74Event Discussion (second session)“How to evaluate variable environmental and economic factors
in community-based malaria projects in Asia and Africa”

At the beginning, it was just to provide

sector on how much damage malaria cantreatment at school, but it is something natural

create. This seems something taken forto have health education in Japan. However,granted, but as we discussed in the previous

this was not something common in other parts

session, if we look at the number of cases andof the world, so we tried to be more speciﬁc.

the number of fatalities of malaria, they arevery high in the world, but this is basicallyasymptomatic if you just look at the generalpublic. According to the awareness in the rural
areas and according to the awareness of the
refugees, they just consider it as the common
cold, so we need to make sure to deliver thefacts.

How malaria education would provide a
stimulus to the community and not only toschool was something we demonstrated. Thisis malaria education in school. This would notprovide a stimulus to the community.

This is an example in Asia. The malaria infectionis spreading from the children to adults. Where
are they now occurring? That became
contentious. This is in a forest in Asia and it isillegal logging. This is continuing in Asia. They
By using the extracurricular activities of theare trying to expand rubber farms. These are

students, the students will become themigrant farmers. We are seeing more cases

messengers to stimulate the community. We

among adults. We have been trying to provide

advocated that. Evidence was produced, andan explanation to educate policy makers. More

as facts, this was submitted and recommended

recently, we are seeing evidence that armies

to policy makers.

are becoming the carriers for asymptomatic
malaria. It has been expressed as aneasy-to-understand facts.

As a result, what we are seeing includes the
movement of people. In immigrants andrefugees, we see malaria as the issue. We need

Now comes the title for today, the agricultural

to make sure to educate the public security

sector and the health sector. I think this is one

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75Event Discussion (second session)“How to evaluate variable environmental and economic factors
in community-based malaria projects in Asia and Africa”

of the agendas for today. How would the

key message? I am more of an adventurer andagricultural sector and the health sector relate

I really like to go to remote areas. How are weto malaria? In the past decade, there was muchgoing to convey those experiences? This isattention paid to One Health. At the beginning,

what we call the experience-based planning,

this was seen from the perspective of zoonosis.

but when we ask whether the policy makers

The agricultural sector is becoming more

have such experiences, they do not have suchserious. This is related to antimicrobial

experiences. We often say that as

resistance (AMR). This is the top agenda inevidence-based planning. However, just writing

health. AMR is not only for the use of humans,scientiﬁc papers does not mean that thebut contamination to the environment and tomessage will be conveyed. With scientiﬁcanimals. The health sector is not sufﬁcient topapers, how are we going to convey the

manage it on its own. They need to havemessage the facts? Conveying the useful facts

cooperation from the other sectors, but at theto policy makers can lead to a dramatic

beginning, there was barely any progress. To

improvement.

be speciﬁc, related to human health, it wassigniﬁcant, but to livestock and to theenvironment, people were not so conscious.
With AMR, unless they are healthy people, it is
not possible to have advanced treatment,
including surgeries and operations. If you lookat the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries (MAFF) website, you can see the

How are we going to show the facts? This iscountermeasures of AMR. It is mainly led by

one of the experiences that I have.

the agricultural sector.

This is the very basics of public health. No
Given this background, how are we going tomatter which country you go to, we ﬁrst checkadvocate about malaria? It seems like we havewhat kind of health system the country has

a participant from the cabinet ofﬁce today asestablished. Where is the core hospital? Where

well, so I was wondering if I could use thisis the secondary hospital? Where are thepicture. Chief Cabinet Secretary Suga often

leading and terminal hospitals? That is what itsays, “Show me the fact!” In a speciﬁc case ofmeans.

coalﬁred power plants, the Chief Cabinet

It has been said before that this is a famous

Secretary understood the decrease of that andtextbook that anyone involved in Global Healththere were looking at the facts. To be more

would be familiar with. This is like the bible,

speciﬁc, that was taken up. What exactly is thewritten by David Werner, Where There Is No

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76Event Discussion (second session)“How to evaluate variable environmental and economic factors
in community-based malaria projects in Asia and Africa”

Doctor. What should we do if there are no

system was destroyed.

doctors in some communities?

Why did that occur? In areas where I thought
there were no doctors, there were minority
ethnic groups. Once we began to understandtheir words ‒ back then, I mastered the Laolanguage, and I was able to have directcommunication. For them, they have doctors.
The doctors we are considering have adoctorʼs license after passing the national
This strategy was made in the 1990s. These

examination, but there are traditional healers inwere the countermeasures against malaria. If

the local communities. In their own words, they

there is no doctor, there should be a primary

are actual doctors. Between the border of Laos

health care package. To be more speciﬁc, whenand Vietnam, in the minority ethnic group,

there is no doctor, within villages, there should

there are some specialists in gynecology,

be volunteers who are developed as healthpediatrics, and elderly people. They have theirvolunteers. They will conduct health-related

own mountain, and they have herbal medicine

activities. For example, they will have healthin the mountain. They do this as their business.

education be provided and maternity care.

They are not just praying. Some would have a

They will provide education, vaccinations, water,

dramatic recovery. We thought that there washygiene establishment, and malaria

no medicine where there were no doctors, butcountermeasures. Not just bed nets, but thewhen there is an illness, then there is medicine

initial treatment was provided. This was verybrought in. Even for Western medicine, there

popular, and there was the drug-revolving fund.

are people who would carry the medicine justThis is a system like Toyamaʼs placement

like in Toyama. They are using such medicine or

medicine in Japan. Inside the villages, theydrugs.

place a medicine chest which is low in terms ofAt that time, there were problems of somethe price compared to the market. Antimalarial

pseudo-drugs. The counterfeit drugs were

drugs are placed inside. Even without a doctor,

taken by those people who carried theinitial treatment can be provided by the healthmedicine. What does that mean? Those people

volunteers. Even initial treatment for malaria iswere according to the expertsʼ papers that weto be provided. In the 1990s, I was involved inread, but as a fact, this was not communicatedthat process. This was a ﬁve-year project.

to policy makers. From our perspective, what

When I was there, it was ﬁne, but since then, I

percentage of residents use the folk sector?

looked at the ﬁve-year follow-up and thisHow much access do they have to traditional

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77Event Discussion (second session)“How to evaluate variable environmental and economic factors
in community-based malaria projects in Asia and Africa”

healers? We tried to look at the epidemiologicalvolunteers functioning well? We need to thinkpercentage and we published a paper. We tried

about that. I think this is an area where we haveto prepare one sheet of paper to allow for easy

not been able to get the facts out

understanding by the policy makers. In theunexpectedly.

case of Southeast Asia, this is something taken
for granted, and they should be involved in theactual treatment so that they avoid using
counterfeit drugs. That was going quite
successfully.

I just summarize the ﬁrst half, what kind offacts do we need to demonstrate as
researchers, especially in the ﬁeld? Especiallythe researchers who love the ﬁeld, they just go
to very deep parts of the villages, but we needNow, what we need to consider is about Africa.

to have translations so that evidence can be

On the left-hand side, this is where I visited inprovided. We need to make sure the facts are

the ﬁeld. This is a village in Niger. This is theunderstood by the policy makers. PowerPoints

Niger River. The villages in West Africa are in

would not sufﬁce because policy makers do

one location. Health volunteer strategies are

not look at the PowerPoint slides. We just needpromoted quite successfully, as they are soto get the facts out in one sheet of paper soclosely located with each other. Niger is athat policy makers can understand.

Muslim country. The kitchens are connected,
and females are gathered. Because they are
Muslims, they do not go out to public so often.
It is easily imagined that this is a large network,and the countermeasures are quite wellpenetrated.
On the other hand, this is Kenya. I joined theﬁeld survey in Kenya as well thanks to Nagasaki

How are we going to deliver the facts? As I am

University. This is just a copied photo, since I do

beginning to run out of time, I will be very brief.

not have good photos. In East Africa, why is

Although the fatality is lower than malaria,

there a higher infection rate of malaria? I think

there is also the soilborne parasite control

there are various factors. That is because

program that I would like to talk about. I washouses are scattered. There are the functions

involved in the Hashimoto Initiative, a programof the villages, but even if volunteers are

advocated by the Prime Minister, Mr.

developed, there is so much distance between

Hashimoto. When this was spread around thehouses, just like in the case of Hokkaido. To go

world, how we demonstrated the facts wasto the neighbor, there is much distance. In suchdifferent from the health sector and theplaces, is it possible to have the healtheducation sector. It went well and successfully

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78Event Discussion (second session)“How to evaluate variable environmental and economic factors
in community-based malaria projects in Asia and Africa”

for the ﬁrst time. This deworming program

because they are not visible.

began in school. This went successfully in

When we dewormed them, Japanese NGOs

Japan. We tried to spread this to the world.

actively used this to their advantage. What
comes out of deworming is visible. This is goodfor health education and this is easy forschool-teachers to do. They did understand.

In fact, on the health side, we actually started
the research from the 1950s. Rather thantreating every resident, it is better to treat
people at the school age because there are

The next step would be to convey the evidence,worm infections in children, and they arefacts to the policy makers for the effectivenessspreading. If we have the selective treatment toof the deworming program. With those facts,

such children, it will have the same level ofthe World Bank picked up this program and all

effect as treating all the residents. “Why donʼtthe education ministers across the world

we do this at the schools?” was proposed.

started to implement this program. The red
here, Kenya is shown. If you invest $100, howmany pupils will continue to attend the school?
What would be the improvement of thenumber of school days? Of course, a lot ofchildren go to elementary school, however the
dropout rate is high. For how many days they
continue to go to school and how well theattendance rate will improve are regarded as
the beneﬁts. There are programs providing
scholarships, but then the return on investment
is quite small. However, if we do the deworming
program, then the return on investment is quite
high, so the World Bank decided to invest in
this program. So how to present the facts is

For schools, to be infected by the parasites,

especially important. COVID-19 is clearly thewhat are the conditions that the children are

threat to all populations across the world. Thatsuffering? They are not visible. Not like malaria,

is easy to communicate by health experts, toand not like COVID-19, people do not die one

dispatch such information, but when aafter another, so what is to be presented at theless-lethargic health issue is concerned, thenschool? The students are suffering from fever

involving people in education is especiallyand diarrhea. Those are caused by bacteria.

important.

We do not know how they attracted them

What do we have to show? As Dr. Wakatsuki

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79Event Discussion (second session)“How to evaluate variable environmental and economic factors
in community-based malaria projects in Asia and Africa”

mentioned earlier, in addition to malaria cases

drugs are often white tablets. Therefore, it isand mortality rates, it is necessary to show theeasy for African people to accept. So, we needrelationship between labor productivity andto have a deeper understanding about themalaria. However, since the environment is an

ecology of people.

issue, it is important to consider whether
agricultural productivity alone is sufﬁcient.

Also, healers. That is one ecology.

Also, the deforestation versus the lifestyle. We
Next, we need to think deeply about theneed to consider about that.

ecology. The humanʼs ecology versus themosquitoʼs ecology ‒ both must be considered.

Also, insect bed nets.
For the ecology of human beings, there aremany incidents in Africa, and it is not the simple
distribution of drugs or medication. There aresome medicines that residents would prefer totake. For example, the malaria cocktail that the
Cambodian people favor and that is effective
for all kinds of malaria. However, white tablets

The use of bed nets is extremely effective, butwould be more acceptable for people in Africa.

now we need to revisit it. In Africa, in the old

Usually, people in our world would prefer thedays, the vector was always Anopheles

capsules with color, however the white tablets

gambiae, however other vectors are emerging.

are popular in Africa because the anti-fever

Particularly, Anopheles arabiensis is important.

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80Event Discussion (second session)“How to evaluate variable environmental and economic factors
in community-based malaria projects in Asia and Africa”

Because of the changes in variety, the sites ofso forth. Then, we talked about theinfection are changing from indoors toreconstruction of the health insurance. We

outdoors. Once that happens, bed nets alone

recognized the need for universal healthwould not be effective enough, so we need tocoverage. Now, we talk about the health careseriously monitor how the situation changes.

for the elderly. We have a history ofovercoming such issues step by step over 100
years, but in Africa, only in a matter of 20
years, everything is happening at once. It is notjust communicable diseases, but also, they areseeing some aging of the population in Africa.

Now, I would like to cover the last topic.
Universal health coverage has been proposed
globally.

This is the core concept for universal healthcoverage. It is not just the health insurance
issue, but at any rate, you need to think about
how to ensure the health insurance. To think
about the insurance, it is not a single way to
I will skip this slide because of the lack time.

look at this issue. We have the distinction in
Japan of self-assistance, mutual assistance,
joint assistance, and public assistance. This is
as we have published a paper in English that weannounced this concept to the world. This is
not something common across the world. Of
course, self-assistance and mutual assistanceare practices everywhere, but the Japanese

The proposition of universal health coverage

health insurance is not run by the government,

was based on the history of the public health

it is built upon mutual help. That was mutual

system in Japan. The whole world is paying

assistance and changed into joint assistanceattention. Western countries have a longer

When you were in the farmland during Edo

history. Where the top-down infectious disease

period, who would support your life in the casecontrol worked quite well, it empowered theof an illness and so forth? It was not thecommunity to try to implement the system andshogun (tycoon) or the feudal lords, but it was

it was passed to maternal and children health.

the farmers who helped to support each other.

After that, a similar public health system was

In fact, one of the Edo shoguns, Tsunayoshi,

now to be implemented in, for example,

was the ﬁrst person to implement social

lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetes andsecurity. He loved dogs so much and helped

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81Event Discussion (second session)“How to evaluate variable environmental and economic factors
in community-based malaria projects in Asia and Africa”

support dogs, but also others such asThat is a drastic idea to implement in Africa. It

handicapped people and so forth. Many people

is not simple, but in the case of the support ofhelped each other under such a situation.

farmers, can we implement insurance in the
agricultural cooperatives or associations? Thatneeds to be seriously explored in Africa. There
are many issues such as government insurance
and social security. Mostly, people working in
the government, as well as the big companies,
are supported quite well. For the rest of the
population, how are we going to support?
Would that be the public sector to support?
Maybe the Japanese historical development of
insurance starting from farmers. Would that be
the model? We have the national healthinsurance and so forth. Would those be
desirable ways? That needs to be explored
going forward. That is all from myself. Thank

The industrial revolution took place in Japanyou.

and communities were built not only in the ruralvillages, but also in the urban cities.

Takagi : Thank you very much, Dr. Kobayashi.

Associations of labor workers were formulated.

Your talk focusing on the improvement on

That is the very basis of the social security

public health issues, and Dr. Wakatsuki's, which

system in Japan. Joint assistance has been built

introduced the farmer-led rice production,in this way.

sound they are two completely different topics.
But if there is thread to connect the two and ifthey can be weaved together, maybe we will beable to have a new good idea.
I would like to ask Mr. Shiratori, as
commentator, to speak about the farmersʼ
perspectives and linking to the healthperspective as well.

The social security system, for example, in the
Scandinavian countries, has high levels ofservice and beneﬁts, and high burden. They
believe that the government supports all
through the years until the end, and a 40% or
higher tax rate is applied. In Japan, if you arepaying over a 40% tax rate, then you aremaking too much money. I would never be able
to earn that much. Insurance is provided bymutual support.
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82Event Discussion (second session)“Community Participation in Rice Development and Its Process from a Health Perspective”“Community Participation in Rice Development and Its Processfrom a Health Perspective”
Kiyoshi Shiratori (Africa Rikai Project / Specially Appointed Professor of
The Center for African Area Studies, Kyoto University)
Shiratori : My name is Kiyoshi Shiratori. I wasin the management of agricultural

given the title “Community participate

development, I will try to discuss riceon in rice development and its process fromproduction and malaria prevention from aa health perspective”, for which I will try topractical project management point of view.

cover.

I will also reﬂect my experiences in Tanzania,
where issues related to waterborne diseases
was a part of the project activity and in
Ethiopia with the participatory agriculturalresearch promotion.

I have been involved in development
cooperation for a long time. In Africa, I haveworked in Tana River, Kenya as a volunteer. I
was also in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, the Ministry ofAgriculture and Food, Ghana, and theIt has been said that the rice production in

Agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia as an

Africa brought economic gain which

expert. The projects I was involved in Kenya

contributes to the improvement of malaria

and Tanzania were related to rice development.

prevention and treatment measures taken by

The work in Ghana was based on irrigation

farmers. Therefore, the rice production did not

development. My current project in Ethiopia isincrease the risk of malaria infections. This is

to support rice research. All of them have beencalled the “paddy paradox”. Compared to thoserice related activities. As my area of expertise isexperiences in the 1980s and the 1990s, theEvent report on Round-table “ZERO Malaria : What We Can Do from Japan” “Rice Production and Malaria : How to Evaluate ʻMosquitoʼ in Agricultural Project”

83Event Discussion (second session)“Community Participation in Rice Development and Its Process from a Health Perspective”

status of malaria in Africa has dramaticallymalaria.

changed after 2000, and there are opinions

We had some initiatives to have malaria vector

that the economic impact on malaria

control through production management

prevention may not be that high anymore. This

practices. Just like Dr. Wakatsuki said, we hadmeans that, until the 1990s, the malaria

chemical control, ﬁsh-rice farming system,

infection rate was relatively high in general,

duck-rice farming system, and Azolla tounder which the impact of the economic gain

suppress hatching mosquito larvae. In parallelon malaria prevention and treatment waswith rice production development, it issigniﬁcantly effective. However, the malaria

important to establish the health system for

infection rate has declined drastically in general

the community. Such measures to reduce

therefore rice production, which deﬁnitely

malaria risks need to be considered for its

brings an increased number of mosquitoes

priority from a technology and an institutional

resulting in higher malaria risks.

perspective. To rice-producing farmers, it isIf that is true, it may be problematic in Africa

important that new technology, approaches

where the rice production area is expected toand/or systems improve water, land and labor

expand. In Africa, rice consumption is rapidly

productivity, and proﬁtability, based on which

increasing but local production is not catching

farmers make decisions. Furthermore, if we doup to the demand and rice import is increasing.

this intervention under aid projects, its

Among such countries, there is a tendency tocost-effectiveness needs to be considered

promote irrigation development to increase

seriously.

local rice production for strengthening foodsecurity and preventing the outﬂow of foreign
currency. In Ethiopia, irrigation development isbeing pushed and such newly developed areas
may be at higher risk of malaria. However, as
we discussed in the last round table, we needto consider the variations on technology levels,
environment and rice ecosystems among

Has the Japanese aid in rice development everdifferent countries and areas.

considered malaria risks? JICA has a guideline
on environmental and social consideration.
They stipulate human health and safety as oneof the impacts to be assessed. I looked
through JICAʼs project evaluation annual
reports since 2007. I found two projects in
Uganda referring to malaria risks at theirpreliminary survey. Another project in Niger,

The economic beneﬁt of rice production iswhich was not an agricultural project, in its

quite important to the national economy as well

document mentioned integration of malaria

as farmersʼ household economy. So even if

control with the agricultural sector

there are higher risks, promoting ricedevelopment under the National Marilia Control

production is needed, and yet controlling

Strategy. Both documents are preliminary

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84Event Discussion (second session)“Community Participation in Rice Development and Its Process from a Health Perspective”

survey reports, and no information could bemalaria risk needs to be re-examined. Thereobtained whether any malaria control measures

seems to be a need to accumulate evidence

were taken during the implementation of theand examine it according to localities and levels

projects. Based on the information obtainedof irrigation technology and makefrom some people who are currently involved inrecommendations on how to handle malaria

rice development projects in Africa, ongoing

and what to do about it in rice development.

rice development projects do not include any

Consultative Group on International Agriculturalmalaria related activities.

Research (CGIAR) has had a research program

An exceptional case is the project incalled “Nutrition and Agriculture for Health

Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Waterborne disease(NA4H)” since 2012. The shift of thepreventive measures, which was not the part ofrelationship between malaria and the irrigatedinitial plan, were taken up in the project

rice today from the past, mentioned earlier, isactivities, which were surveys and training

the result of research conducted as part of thismaterials development. For malaria control inprogram. It is desirable that the importance ofthe project area, the irrigation rotation, in

malaria control in rice development come toresponse to water shortage, must have worked

light by continuing the CGIAR research keeping

on the mosquito prevention. For

productivity, proﬁtability, andschistosomiasis, surveys of vector distribution

cost-effectiveness.

with farmers group and infection tests ofThis kind of cross-sector research is rather

elementary school pupils were carried out anddifﬁcult by research institutes under ministries

awareness of farmers was raised. Eventually,of agriculture in African countries because of

the activities had had a signiﬁcant impact oncompartmentalized structures and priorities. It

the childrenʼs behavior patterns and treatment

may be feasible at the university level.

of the disease. As a part of the training for

Therefore, CGIAR should take the lead byextension workers and rice farmers, a subject

involving researchers from local researchof “irrigated rice production and health” wasinstitutes. There is a way of including the healthincluded and continues to this day. It is notissue in rice development under the CARD

clear how the project in Tanzania started the(Coalition for African Rice Development) byactivity on waterborne disease. One story

taking health as one of the important factors

explains that a Japanese TV program covered

to improve productivity and proﬁtability. By

the issue of schistosomiasis spreading in thethat way, it should not be so difﬁcult to include

project area.

activities preventing health getting worse frommalaria and hopefully be improved inagricultural projects.
Collaboration of the agriculture sector andhealth sector is desirable and placing aplatform to facilitate information exchange andcollaboration between the sectors and/or
involving health experts in the rice production

In any case, it seems certain that the

projects may be needed. But such an

relationship between rice development andarrangement can be challenging considering

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85Event Discussion (second session)“Community Participation in Rice Development and Its Process from a Health Perspective”

the fact that, even in the agricultural sector

In many cases, agriculture in Africa isalone, there is a gap between research and theconsidered complex, diverse, and risk prone.

extension. Setting up a platform does not bring

Even in the case that modern water control is

its autonomous function.

achieved through irrigation systems; a complex,

In the Japanese livelihood improvement

diverse, and risk-prone agriculture continues toprogram, demarcation was the issue between

remain as an aspect of Africa. Especially, small

agricultural extension ofﬁces and health carefarmers that own livestock and grow a variety

centers. In successful cases of collaboration, itof crops and maintain their households at

was not because of functioning a multi sector

complex, diverse, and high-risk situations. Their

platform, but because of the personal qualities

decisions as management strategies they

and ability of extension workers and healthdevelop are made far more beyond what we

advisors to promote collaboration with othercan imagine in most cases. When we are to

institutions which was actually an important

support their farm management under suchfactor. Similarly, in agricultural projects, we

unusualness, proceeding technology

need to have experts who have broader

development together with the farmers

perspectives.

through a participatory approach can be

It is important that private sector involvement

helpful.

be considered as effective in establishing a

In our experience of participatory agricultural

health system in parallel with rice development.

research in Ethiopia, we synergize farmersʼ

The public services in African countries are

localized knowledge and researchersʼ scientiﬁcoften not functioning well due to a lack ofknowledge, and we were able to incorporate

budget. Boosting private clinics andfactors unknown to us. By participating in such

pharmacies may lead to the sustainability ofactivities, farmers were empowered in problem

health care services.

solving capacities and raised farmersʼ
ownership against further challenges.
The example of Lower Moshi in Tanzania,
farmers realized the relationship between
childrenʼs behavior in water and school
attendance and the grades throughparticipating surveys on schistosomiasis, which
led them to take proactive prevention andtreatment measures. The introduced
technology is not always used in a complete
form in Africa. In restricted environments, thebest approach needs to be selected ordeveloped. In such a process, participatory
research is useful. From that perspective,
against the challenges we have for malaria

Lastly, I would like to talk about the usefulness

control and rice development, I think aof participatory approach for the development

participatory approach is well worth

and adaptation of new irrigation technologies.

considering.

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86Event Discussion (second session)“Community Participation in Rice Development and Its Process from a Health Perspective”

Thank you very much.

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87Event Discussion (second session)
Discussion

Discussion

Takagi : Thank you very much, Mr. Shiratori.

signiﬁcance of water control in rice cultivation

We were able to hear the three presentations

by using this word. However, in contrast to thethat we asked them to prepare. We were able

long experience in Asian rice farmers, Africanto have all the speeches today. The topics werefarmers had to learn water management

quite broad and diverse, and yet, in fact, thetechnologies in quite shorter time. That istarget of topics was common across the threesomething related to Dr. Kobayashiʼs report on

speeches, they sounded to have a common

infectious disease control, as well as the healthstrategy. We need to ask the local people andand hygiene system development. Japan took

farmers who are actually living in the ﬁeld, andabout hundred years to prepare such a health

how we can get them understand and work

system, but it was too short for African

together to create our ideal situation because

farmers to materialize it. This is also the reality

real operators in paddies are never us but local

mentioned by Dr. Kobayashi. Dr. Wakatsukiʼs

farmers. No matter how hard we try, we cannot

presentation also indicated the importance of

do it. That is something that I thought. We

establishing sawah system through thestarted to see some of the strategies desirable

participation of farmers by following the Asianto have. In that situation, could you elaborate

development model. He deﬁned this uniqueon that, Prof. Tanaka?

approach as the Sawah Hypothesis. According
to him, to establish the sawah in Africa, that is

Tanaka : By the way, more than 20 participants

the establishment of wet-rice ﬁelds equipped

are joining this session. However, we only havewith well water-management system, will beover 10 minutes until the scheduled time ofprobably the best way to control malaria. I

closing. Should we spare some time forthink, this was the main message of his

soliciting comments?

presentation.
On the other hand, Dr. Kobayashiʼs comment

Takagi : Well, my idea is that we would like towas something that we need to explore at

fully utilize the chat system and maybe we canMalaria No More Japan for the future. I think

respond later.

we receive very concrete advice, which is how
to present the facts. In response to the results

Tanaka : Then, very simply I would like to relateof the ﬁrst session, Dr. Wakatsuki showed thethe three speeches to each other and try tocountry-wide statistical data today on thecome up with a sort of conclusion.

increase of rice production and the mortality

In Dr. Wakatsukiʼs speech, he emphasized thecases of malaria. However, as rice cultivation in

importance of establishing the so-called sawah

Africa is diversely developed and highly

system in Africa. As the word “sawah” means

localized despite short time period for the

wet-rice ﬁelds in Asia, he pointed out thedevelopment, we need to collect more

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88Event Discussion (second session)
Discussion

microscopic, location-speciﬁc data forexperiences so far and to formulate them ascommunities, and we need to show andgood practices. Also, we need to present themdemonstrate the facts. The ﬁeld scientists,

in a way that the audience would fully

whichever agronomists, or infectious disease

understand the importance of these facts.

specialists, are highly expected to play their

Combining the discussions from threeroles in collecting and monitoring such data

speakers, I think we could get positiveand presenting these facts to the communities.

suggestion as an achievement of todayʼs

I think, Dr. Kobayashiʼs impressive message insecond session that Malaria No More Japanhis presentation was that he pointed out theneeds to take more practical actions going

importance of choosing the most appropriate

forward in Africa. I am not sure whether we will

object or organization to which we are going torely on the governmentʼs funds or the private

present such facts. We will have to present thesectorʼs funds, they seem to emphasize that it

facts in a way that we can convince thewould be very necessary for MNMJ to organize

persons or organizations concerned to follow

and implement more practice-oriented orthem up. I think we have learnt from Dr.

selective action programs. Of course, theKobayashiʼs speech that we should be very

programs should be planned through thestrategic in such efforts.

interdisciplinary collaboration, at least, including

Following two keynote speeches, I think Mr.

experts from the ﬁelds of agriculture, malaria

Shiratori seemed to propose the action to put

disease, and social behavioral sciences. As aDr. Wakatsukiʼs and Dr. Kobayashiʼsconclusion, I also would like to suggest that

propositions together. As there must be

MNMJ is going to establish a strategic action

increasing expansion of rice cultivation in Africa

to materialize such practical programs.

in the future, we will have to reexamine theIt was extremely hard to connect all these three

reality of so-called “paddy paradox”. The

speeches, but that is my version of a

relationship between the expansion of riceﬁve-minute summary. Thank you. We would like

cultivation and the prevalence of malaria

to entertain comments from the participants.

infection needs to be reinvestigated. I think, thisis the most important message of Mr.

Takagi : In the remaining time, if you would like

Shiratoriʼs comment. Of course, in the process

to comment, please feel free to raise aof implementing the reinvestigation we need tocomment. Although the time is limited, we

solicit the participation from the local farmers.

would like to entertain questions. Any

The Sawah Hypothesis is one of such models

comments?

that Dr. Wakatsuki has been implementing
from the past as well. As Dr. Kobayashi advised

Secretariat : Dr. Takagi, in the chat, we haveearlier, we need to resummarize thecomments from Professor Jo Lines. Is it

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89Event Discussion (second session)
Discussion

possible that we ask comments to Dr. Jo Lines?

This is a neverending research agenda we willcontinue to have.

Lines : We are interested in all of this, but now I
would like to comment on just one point: theTakagi : Thank you very much for yourfarmer participation. On our side, we are usedcomment. We only have two more minutes.

to health discussions with people about health

Would anyone like to express their opinion

problems and mosquitoes in general. People

verbally? If you have any, please raise yourunderstand malaria is transmitted byhand.

mosquitoes. I want to know what farmers say
about mosquitoes when it is a discussion about

Tanaka : Responding the chat, I would like tofarming, not about health!

introduce my experience in Asia. The question
was what farmers say about mosquitoes when

Takagi : Dr. Kobayashi, would you please

they talk about farming activities. They never

respond.

talk about mosquitoes in Asia. This is myanswer. They barely talk about it. With malaria,

Kobayashi : Should I respond?

of course fever happens, and when farmers
cannot go out in the ﬁeld, they are justTakagi : Yes, would you please respond? I think

suffering from malaria and they are struggling.

it is better that you respond.

Once they recover, they just go right back tofarming activities. When they talk about

Kobayashi : Yes, I think this is an importantfarming activities, farmers would not thinkcomment. This is what people on human

about mosquitoes. They never think about

ecology always make discussion. There aremosquitoes because there are other water

areas where they know more than we do. On

sources in the neighborhood of their own

the other hand, Malaria is related to mango,

house, rather than in the farming ﬁeld.

because mango season is the rainy season and

Therefore, they get mosquito bites when theypeople feel that they get infected with malaria

are at areas closer to home. Therefore, Asian

when they eat mangoes. Understanding of the

farmers when they talk about farming, they

residents in the community, not only of malaria,

never talk about mosquitoes at all.

but we need to look at all the health behaviors
related to malaria. Also, malaria-carrying

Takagi : I agree with you. As Dr. Wakatsuki

mosquitoes. Many of the children may bementioned earlier about mosquitoes, I tried toaware of that. There are people who say that

insert my comments as well. Just roughly

malaria is infected by drinking water and food. I

speaking, the malaria-transmitting mosquitoes

think this is an especially important comment.

in Asia are not of rice paddy breeders. Usually,

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90Event Discussion (second session)
Discussion

they are from temporary water sources or also
there are some water streams. The situation iscompletely different from Africa. In the case of
Africa, there is Anopheles gambiae, wheresome will breed in temporary water sources,
but some are in the sawah as well. There areplenty of mosquitoes in Africa in the doublinggame. There are many sources of mosquitoes
in Africa, therefore the countermeasures must
be diversiﬁed as well. It is sort of like moving
pieces of a puzzle. From that point of view, inSoutheast Asia, it is easier to work with and yet
there are some difﬁcult problems.
Time is running out. I tried to mention earlier
that it is quite a shame that we need toconclude this topic at this juncture. We need toof course reﬁne the theme. We will selectmembers, get together and try to reﬁne this
topic. I wish to have another opportunity if
timing allows. I would like to continue with these
efforts and discussions going forward. Earlier,
we talked about the concept of strategies ofwhat to do, but in order to make that into
practice, we need more energy and better anddeeper discussions to explore this topic more,
so I hope to have your support andcooperation for future discussions as well. It isvery unfortunate that it already past two
minutes after 7:00 p.m., so at this juncture,
unfortunately we need to close this session
today. Thank you very much.

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91Appendix1 : Speakersʼ ProﬁleAppendix1 : Speakersʼ ProﬁleDr. Takahiro Shinyo(Chairman of the Board, Malaria No More Japan; Dean and Professor,
Integrated Center for UN and Foreign Affairs Studies, Kwansei Gakuin
University, Trustee of Kwansei Gakuin)
Dr. Shinyo graduated from Osaka University with a bachelorʼs degree in law in 1972 andjoined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Government of Japan. In 2002, he became
Consul-General of Japan in Dusseldorf. In 2005, he headed the Global Issues Departmentof the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 2006, he became the Ambassador Extraordinary
and Plenipotentiary at the Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations. In 2008 hebecame the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Japan in the Federal
Republic of Germany. He obtained his doctoral degree in law in 1996. In March 2012, Dr.
Shinyo retired from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He became the Vice President ofKwansei Gakuin University (KGU) and the Head of the Organization for Worldwide
Collaboration. He was awarded the Grand Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of
Germany and Ordre National de la Légion d'honneur, Chevalier of the French Republic. In
April 2017, Dr. Shinyo became the Dean of the Integrated Center for UN and Foreign
Affairs Studies of KGU.

Mr. Kiyoshi Shiratori(Managing Director of the Africa Rikai Project [NPO]; Research
Professor [part-time], Center for African Area Studies and Visiting
Professor, Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto
University [part-time])
Mr. Shiratori obtained a BSc and a MSc in development studies from East Anglia
University. After working in Kenya as a member of the Japan Overseas Cooperation
Volunteer, he then went on to working with Japan International Cooperation Center,
Foundation for Advanced Studies of International Development and Kaihatsu
Management Consulting Co. Inc. He worked as a development worker in several
agricultural projects in Tanzania, Ghana, and Ethiopia. He is specialized in rural andagricultural development, participatory agricultural research, and institutional
development.

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92Appendix1 : Speakersʼ ProﬁleDr. Jun Kobayashi(Professor, Department of Global Health, University of the Ryukyus)
Prof. Dr. Kobayashi has more than 20 yearsʼ experience in global health and is the authorof more than 100 publications in international scientiﬁc journals.
He has made contribution in strengthening the capacity of infectious disease control andschool health in low and middle income countries under the Japanese Ofﬁcial
Development Assistance (ODA) program with a point of views both of a practitioner anda researcher. He received 3rd merit of labor from the Lao government in 1999 formaking contribution in malaria control. From 2000, he had joined the core member ofHashimoto Initiative, mentioning the importance of deworming and other infectious
disease program in school. He made numerous contributions in the human resource
development for policy management in Asia and African countries. He has been a chairof Japan consortium for global school health research (JC-GSHR), a think-tank and the
focal point of Japan for global promotion of school health, since its inception in 2008.
He is currently Dean, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus,
which is 2nd oldest school of health sciences in Japan. He is also the program leader of
Okinawa Global Health Program in this school, which was newly founded in October 2015
to promote human resource development contributing in the public health issue in theregion.
For his research in school health based disease control, which helped decreasing malaria
incidence in Southeast Asia, he received “the Zero Malaria Award” from Malaria No More
Japan in 2016 and “Aikawa Masamichi Award” from Japanese Society of Tropical
Medicine in 2017. His contribution in the practice of global health, such as promoting theschool health in developing countries and assisting to Myanmar migrant, was grantedwith the encourage award from Ooyama foundation in 2013.

Dr. Masahiro Takagi(Board Member of Malaria No More Japan, Professor Emeritus,
Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Nagasaki University)
Masahiro Takagi, PhD; Professor Emeritus, Nagasaki Univ.; Board Member, Malaria No
More Japan; Executive Adviser, West Japan Building Service inc.; 1967, Bachelor, 1969
masterʼs degree, Kyoto Univ., 1980 PhD, Mie Univ.; 1973-1985 Assist. Prof., Mie Univ.,
1985-1988 Senior Investigator, National Inst. of Infectious Diseases; 1988-1997 Assoc.
Prof., 1997-2010 Professor, 2007-2009 Vice Dean, Inst. of Tropical Med., Nagasaki Univ.;
2006-2008 Advisor to the President, 2008-2010 Vice President, Nagasaki Univ.;
2008-2010 Director, Center for International Collaborative Research, Nagasaki University;
1980-1981 WHO Scientist (Entomology) in Fiji; 1982-1983, 1985-1986 JICA Expert inIndonesia; 1995-2001, 2005-2008 Board Member, 1998-2001 Editor in Chief 2008-2010
President of The Japan Society of Medical Entomology and Zoology; 1997-2002,
2006-2011Board Member, 2000-2002 Editor in Chief of Japanese Society of Tropical
Medicine; 1996 Award from The Japan Society of Medical Entomology and Zoology,“Ecological study on the abundance of vector mosquitoes in relation to environmental
factors”

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93Appendix1 : Speakersʼ ProﬁleProf. Koji Tanaka(Professor Emeritus, Kyoto University)
Mr. Tanaka graduated from the Graduate School of Agriculture of Kyoto University withmaster degree in 1972. He started his academic careers as a research associate at theFaculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University in 1973, and moved to the Center for Southeast
Asian Studies (CSEAS), Kyoto University in 1979. Since then, he has conducted various
studies on Southeast Asia in the ﬁelds of agriculture and natural resource management
as an associate professor and professor. He was appointed as the Director of the CSEAS
in 2002 and took the directorship of the CSEAS and the Center for Integrated Area
Studies until his ofﬁcial retirement in 2010. After retirement, he served Kyoto University
as a special assignment professor until 2015 as well as the Director of the Hakubi Center
for Advanced Studies and the Director of the University Research Administration Ofﬁce.
After leaving Kyoto University, he was sent to Myanmar until November 2017 as the chief
advisor to coordinate the JICA technical cooperation program granted to Yezin
Agricultural University to support the reformation of its education and research
management systems.

Dr. Toshiyuki Wakatsuki(Professor Emeritus, Department of Environmental Management,
Faculty of Agriculture, Shimane University)
Toshiyuki Wakatsuki (Professor Emeritus of Shimane University), Professor of Shimane
University and Kinki University. 1977 Doctor of Agriculture, Kyoto University (Soil
Science), 1980-81 Visiting Researcher, Wageningen University (Volcanic Ash Soil in
Kenya), 1982-85 JSPS KAKENHI member, ” Volcanic ash soils and agroecology in Kenya,
Tanzania, and Indonesia”, 1986-89 JICA Expert (Rice Cultivation), 1992-98 KAKENHI
Coordinator and Leader, "Restoration of Inland Valley Ecosystems in West Africa",
1997-01 Leader of JICA/CRI Joint Study Project on "Integrated Watershed Managementof Inland Valleys in Ghana and West Africa", 2002-17, KAKENHI- A, S, and Special
Promoted Research, etc. Leader of "Research and Development of Sawah Technology
and Implementation in SSA", 2002-19 JICA African Rice Cultivation Trainee Lecturer,
2018-21, KAKENHI "Academic Survey on Rice Revolution in Kebbi, Nigeria by
Endogenous Sawah Platform Development”

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94Appendix2 : pre-study session “Rice Production and Malaria in Africa”

Appendix2 : pre-study session “Rice Production and Malaria in Africa”

Some research shows the data of the increase

economic empowerment. We organize thiscase of malaria in the process of agricultural

study session to share the data and situation

development, especially rice production. Riceby using statics and past research data.

production project, which was implemented for

Through this closed discussion, we aim toincome-generating scheme, might cause thefocus on the issues on the agricultural

negative impact on the local residentsʼ

development and global health.

Organizer : Malaria No More Japan
Date : 15 May 2020, from 1:00pm to 3:00pm
Venue : Set-up ZOOM online conference system
Language : Japanese /English *simultaneous interpreter will be introduced.
MC : Dr. Masahiro Takagi (Board Member, Malaria No More Japan; Professor Emeritus, Nagasaki University)
Keynote Speakers : Dr. Jo Lines (Professor of Malaria Control and Vector Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine)Dr. Kazuki Saito（Africa Rice Center; Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS))
Commentators : Dr. Shigeyuki Kano (Board Member, Malaria No More Japan; Director, Department of Tropical Medicine andMalaria, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM))

Dr. Masahiro Hashizume (Professor, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The
University of Tokyo)

Dr. Mika Saito (Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus)
Dr. Noboru Minakawa (Professor, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University)
Kenichi Shishido (Vice President, JICA)
Takao Toda (Vice President, JICA)

1 : 00 pm open
1 : 01 pm brief explanation about this study session from Malaria No More Japan
1 : 05 pm Keynote Speech “malaria and its negative impact” by Dr. Jo Lines (Professor of Malaria Control
and Vector Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medi-cine)1 : 25 pm keynote speech “rice production and malaria in Africa” by Dr. Kazuki Saito（Africa Rice Center;
Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS))

1 : 45 pm comments and discussion
2 : 40 pm close

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95Appendix3 : Slides of pre-study session

Appendix3 : Slides of pre-study session

Dr. Jo Lines（Professor of Malaria Control and Vector Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine）
Dr. Kazuki Saito（Africa Rice Cen-ter;Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS))
Kallista Chan（Research Assistant of Vector Biology and control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine）
The following is the joint report material.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

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96Appendix3 : Slides of pre-study session

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14

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18

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97Appendix3 : Slides of pre-study session

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24

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98Appendix3 : Slides of pre-study session

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99Appendix4 : ZERO Malaria 2030 Campaign

Appendix4 : ZERO Malaria 2030 Campaign

Malaria No More Japan (MNMJ) has launched “ZERO Malaria 2030”
Campaign on the “World Malaria Day” on April 25, 2017. It is a platform
for industry-government-academia-civilian collaboration, working for “aworld without malaria” from Japan through events and information
dissemination. Since 2019, it has held a roundtable to discuss various
themes regarding how the industry-government-academia-civilian
collaboration for malaria should be.

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100Appendix4 : ZERO Malaria 2030 Campaign

Executive Committee Members of ZERO Malaria 2030 Campaign (as of June 2020)【Chairman】-Dr. Takahiro Shinyo, Chairman of Malaria No More Japan【Members】-Mr. Masatomi Akana (Senior Vice President and Chief Government Relations Ofﬁcer, , Eisai Co., Ltd.)-Mr. Masataka Uo (Founder and CEO, Japan Fundraising Association)-Mr. Akio Okawara (President and Chief Executive Ofﬁcer, Japan Center for International Exchange(JCIE); Director, Friends of the Global Fund, Japan)-Dr. Shigeru Omi (President, Japan Community Health Care Organization (JCHO))-Dr. Kiyoshi Kita (Dean of the School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University)-Mr. Yasumasa Kimura (Director, UNICEF Tokyo Ofﬁce)-Mr. Tetsuo Kondo (Director, UNDP Representation Ofﬁce in Japan)-Ms. Catherine K. Ohura (CEO & Executive Director, Global Health Innovative Technology Fund (GHIT))-Hon. Prof. Keizo Takemi (Member of House of Councillors, WHO Goodwill Ambassador for UHC)
-Japan Civil Society Network on SDGs (SDGs Japan)【Observer】-Dr. Hiroyuki Noda (Councilor, Coordination Ofﬁce of Measures on Emerging Infectious Diseases,
Cab-inet Secretariat)【Supporting Companies】-DENTSU INC.
-Earth Cooperation-TechMatrix Corporation-Sysmex Corporation (Supported reception party on October 10, 2017.)

http://zero2030.org/marala/index.html
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101