ⱥㄒᩍᮦ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᫎ⏬ࢫࢡࣜࣉࢺ (1): ᥋㢌㎡ un-࡟㛵ࡋ࡚
Movie Scripts for English Learning/Teaching Material (1): On the Prefix Un㣤⏣Ὀᘯ
IIDA Yasuhiro ࡣࡌࡵ࡟㸸ㄒᙡຊᙉ໬࡜ྰᐃࡢ᥋㎡ⱥㄒࢆ౑࠸ࡇ࡞ࡍ࡟ࡣࠊㄒᙡຊࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠶ࡿㄪ࡭࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊⱥㄒẕㄒヰ⪅ࡣᑵᏛ๓࡟ࡣ⣙ 1
୓ 3 ༓ㄒࠊᩍ㣴ࡢ࠶ࡿᡂேࡣ⣙ 12 ୓ࡢ༢ㄒࢆ⩦ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡽࡋ࠸ (Pinker 1999)ࠋࡇࡢሙྜࠊ௬࡟ 1୓ㄒࡢㄒᙡຊࡋ࠿᭷ࡉ࡞࠸᪥ᮏேࡀࠊ12 ୓ㄒࡢㄒᙡࢆᣢࡘⱥㄒẕㄒヰ⪅࡜ⱥㄒ࡛ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ
ࢆࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ㐜࠿ࢀ᪩࠿ࢀࠊᅔ㞴࡞ሙ㠃࡟ฟࡃࢃࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ⓑ࡛࠶ࡿࠋㄒᙡຊᙉ໬ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ᥋㎡ࡢ≉ᛶ࡟ὀ┠ࡍࡿⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ᥋㢌㎡ࡢ extraࡀࠕ㸦㡿ᇦࡸ⠊ᅖࡢ㸧እࡢࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡ࢆᣢࡘ࡜▱ࢀࡤࠊextraordinary ࡀࠕ୪እࢀࡓࠖࠊextralegal ࡀࠕἲࡢ㐺⏝እࡢࠖࠊextracurricular ࡀࠕṇㄢእࡢࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣグ᠈ࡋࡸࡍࡃ࡞ࡿࠋᣊ᮰ᙧ
ែ⣲࡛࠶ࡿ᥋㎡ࡣࠕㄒࠖ࡜␗࡞ࡾ༢⊂࡛౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡑࢀ⮬యࡀᅛ᭷ࡢព࿡ࡣ᭷ࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊྛ᥋㎡ࡢព࿡ࡸᶵ⬟࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡣㄒᙡຊᙉ໬ࡢᙺ࡟❧ࡘࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ᥋㎡࡟ࡣ」㞧࡞Ⅼࡶከ࠸ࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊࠕྰᐃࢆ⾲ࡍ᥋㢌㎡ࠖ࡜࿧࡭ࡿࡶࡢࢆ᭩ࡁฟࡋ࡚ࡳ
࡚ࡶࠊ(1) ࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ከࡃࡢ᥋㢌㎡ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ1(1) a.

in-: impossible, incomplete, illegal, irrelevant, etc.

b.

un-

: unfair, unhappy, unjust, unkind, unlike, untrue, etc.

c.

a-

: achromatic, amoral, apolitical, asexual, asocial, etc.

d.

dis-

: dishonest, disloyal, dissimilar, dissatisfied, etc.

e.

non- : nonalcoholic, nonalphabetical, nonfinite, nonverbal, etc.

ᙜ↛ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ᥋㎡࡟ࡣ஫࠸࡟␗࡞ࡿ≉ᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ࡝ࡢ᥋㎡ࢆ౑࠺࠿ࡣዲࡁ຾ᡭ࡟Ỵࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
uncover ࡜ discover ࡣ␗࡞ࡿືモ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓ un-ࡣ kind ࡟௜࠸࡚ unkind ࢆసࢀࡿࡀࠊsane ࡢሙྜࡣin-ࢆ௜ࡅ࡚ insane ࡟ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊḟࡢᫎ⏬ࢫࢡࣜࣉࢺࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ2(2) This is what happens when an unstoppable force meets an immovable object. You truly are incorruptible,
aren’t you? Huh? You won’t kill me out of some misplaced sense of self-righteousness.

<02:13:24>(The Dark Knight, 2008)
unstoppable ࡜ immovable ࡟ὀ┠ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊstop ࡜ move ࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ᥋ᑿ㎡-able ࢆྲྀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ᥋
㢌㎡ࡣ un-࡜ im-࡛␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊimmovable ࡜ incorruptible ࠿ࡽࡣ in-ࡀᇶయ࠿ࡽࡢ㡢ⓗᙳ㡪࡟ࡼࡾ␗ᙧែࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࡀࠊun-࡟ࡣ␗ᙧែࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ self-righteousness ࡢࡼ࠺࡞」ྜㄒࡢሙྜࠊsufficient ࡢྰᐃࡣ in-ࢆྲྀࡿ insufficient ࡟࡞ࡿࡀࠊ」ྜᙧᐜモ self-sufficient ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ unࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ un-self-sufficient ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᣦ᦬ࡀ࠶ࡿ (Selkirk 1982: 106)ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ୍ゝ࡛ࠕྰᐃࠖࡢ᥋㢌㎡࡜ゝࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࡣࠕ㡢ࠖࡸࠕ⥛ࡾࠖࡸࠕᇶయ࡜ࡢ┦ᛶࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞せ⣲ࡀ஫࠸࡟㛵㐃ࡋྜࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡓࡗࡓᩘ⛊࡛㏻ࡾ㐣ࡂࡿ (2) ࡢᫎ⏬ࢫࢡࣜࣉࢺෆ࡛ࡶࠊከ✀ከᵝ࡞ⱥㄒࡢゝㄒ⌧㇟ࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
1
2

ྛ౛ࡣすᕝ (2013) ࡞࡝ࢆཧ⪃࡟ࠊᙧᐜモ࡟㝈ࡗ࡚ᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(1) ࡢ᥋㢌㎡࡟ de-ࢆຍ࠼ࡿศᯒࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࢻ࣐ࣛࡸ࢔ࢽ࣓ࡶྵࡵ࡚ࠕᫎ⏬ࠖ࡜࿧ࡧࠊᫎ⏬ࢫࢡࣜࣉࢺෆࡢኴᏐୗ⥺ࡣ➹⪅࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ⅼࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ᥋㢌㎡ un-࡟㛵ࡋ࡚᪥ᮏࡢⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡜࡞ࡿ≉ᛶࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࠊun-ࡢ⌮ゎࢆ῝ࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣᫎ⏬ࢫࢡࣜࣉࢺࡀ᭷⏝࡞ᩍᮦ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣࡲࡎࠊ
2 ⠇࡛᥋㢌㎡ un-ࡢᇶᮏⓗᛶ㉁ࢆ☜ㄆࡋࠊ3 ⠇࡛ࡣ un-ࡀ௜ࡃᙧᐜモ㸦ࠕun-ᙧᐜモࠖ࡜࿧ࡪ㸧ࠊ4 ⠇࡛ࡣ un-ࡀ௜ࡃືモ㸦ࠕun-ືモࠖ࡜࿧ࡪ㸧ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ㔜せⅬࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ࠺࠼࡛ 5 ⠇࡛ࡣࠊun-ࡢከ✀ከᵝ࡞ᶵ⬟ࢆṇࡋࡃ⌮ゎࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ࠊᫎ⏬ࡀຠᯝⓗ࡞ᩍᮦ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆከᩘࡢᐇ౛ࢆ
⏝࠸࡚ᥦ♧ࡍࡿࠋ6 ⠇ࡣࡲ࡜ࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㸬XQࡢᇶᮏ᝟ሗ
᥋㢌㎡ࡢ un-ࡢṔྐࡣྂࡃࠊྂⱥㄒ࡛ࡍ࡛࡟ᙧᐜモࠊ๪モࠊྡモࠊᙧᐜモ໬ࡋࡓ⌧ᅾ࣭㐣ཤศモ࡞࡝࡟௜ຍࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺㸦Marchand 1969ࠊ⡿಴ 2015㸧ࠋㄒ※ࡣࢤ࣐ࣝࣥㄒࡢ a-ࡸ an-࡜ࡉࢀࠊ୰ⱥ
ㄒࡲ࡛࡟ᩘࡣ⃭ῶࡋࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡶከࡃࡢࢤ࣐ࣝࣥㄒ⣔ࡢᇶయ (e.g., unclean) ࡸࠊᙧᐜモ໬ࡋࡓ⌧ᅾศモ࣭㐣ཤศモ (e.g., unfeeling, unarmed) ࡟௜ࡁࠊ୺࡞ᶵ⬟ࡣࠕྰᐃ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ
ㄒᙧᡂ࡟┠ࢆࡸࡿ࡜ࠊ」ᩘࡢᙧែ⣲࠿ࡽᡂࡿὴ⏕ㄒ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࡑࢀࡽࡀ୍ᗘ࡟⤖ྜࡍࡿ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ unhappiness ࡢሙྜࠊ(3a) ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⋢ࡡࡂࡢ⓶≧ࡢ㝵ᒙࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
(3) a.

b.
un

happy

N

ness

Lieber (2016: 42)
un-ࡢୗ఩⠊␪໬⣲ᛶࡣࠊun-: [

A
Af

A

un-

happy

A]A ࡸ un-: [

c.

*

Af

Af

-ness

un-

N
N
A

Af

happy

-ness

V]V ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊun-ࡣ୺࡟ᙧᐜモ࡜ືモ࡟௜

3ຍࡍࡿࠋ ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ஧ศᯞ௬ㄝ (Anoroff 1976, Selkirk 1982) ࡟ᚑ࠸ࠊὴ⏕ㄒ࡛ࡣ୍ᗘ࡟୍ࡘࡢ᥋㎡ࡔࡅࡀ௜ຍࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࢀࡤࠊunhappiness ࡛ࡣ (3b) ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡲࡎ᥋㎡ (Affix: Af) ࡢ un-ࡀ happy ࡟௜ࡁࠊḟ࡟᥋㎡-ness ࡀ௜ࡃ㐣⛬ࢆ⤒ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊun-ࡀྡモ happiness ࡟௜ຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᥥࡃ (3c)ࡢᵓ㐀ࡣ㐺ษ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ௨ୖࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࠊḟ⠇࠿ࡽ un-ࡀᙧᐜモ࡜ືモ࡟௜ࡃࢣ࣮ࢫࢆ㡰࡟ᴫほࡍࡿࠋ XQᙧᐜモࡢሙྜ(1) ࡢࣜࢫࢺ࡟࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊun-ࡣᙧᐜモ࡟௜ຍࡍࡿ࡜ࠕྰᐃࠖࡢព࿡ࢆ⾲ࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ࿘▱ࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ௨ୗ࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ un-ᙧᐜモ࡟ࡣ୍➽⦖࡛ࡣ࠸࠿࡞࠸≉ᛶࡶከ࠸ࠋ
 ⱥㄒྐⓗ࡞ほⅬࡲࡎࠊㄒ※࡜ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࡢࠊࠕ୙ࠖࡸࠕ↓ࠖࡸࠕᮍࠖࡸࠕ㠀ࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྰᐃ᥋
㎡ࡀ⮬⏤࡟ධࢀ᭰࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ⏕⏘ᛶࡀ㧗࠸࡜ࡉࢀࡿ un-࡜ in-࡟ࡶྛࠎࡢᇶయ࡜ࡢ┦ᛶ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊun-ࡣ unkind ࢆసࢀ࡚ࡶ*unsane ࡣసࢀࡎࠊ㏫࡟ in-ࡣ insane ࢆసࢀ࡚ࡶ
*inkind ࡣ↓⌮࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⌮⏤࡟ࡣㄒ※ࡀ㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊun-ࡣ࢔ࣥࢢ࣭ࣟࢧࢡࢯࣥ⣔࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵྠ
⣔⤫ࡢ kind ࡜ࡢ┦ᛶࡀࡼࡃࠊ୍᪉࡛ࠊࣛࢸࣥㄒ⣔࡛࠶ࡿ in-ࡣྠ⣔⤫ࡢ sane ࡜ࡢ┦ᛶࡀࡼ࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
4ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠕྠ୍ㄒ※⤖ྜࡢཎ๎ࠖ࡟ᚑ࠺⌧㇟ࡣࠊ」ྜㄒᙧᡂࡸ᥋㎡௜୚࡛ࡼࡃぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ᥋ᑿ㎡࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊunkind ࡟ࡣ࢔ࣥࢢ࣭ࣟࢧࢡࢯࣥ⣔ࡢ-ness ࡀ௜ࡁ unkindness ࢆసࡿࡀࠊ඲࡚ࣛࢸࣥㄒ⣔ࡢ
3 せ⣲࠿ࡽᡂࡿ insensible ࡟ࡣྠࡌࡃࣛࢸࣥㄒ⣔ࡢ-ity ࡀ௜࠸࡚ insensibility ࡀὴ⏕ࡉࢀࡿࠋ ᇶయࡢព࿡ⓗไ⣙࡜ᵓ㐀ⓗ㞄᥋᮲௳
3
4ࡓࡔࡋࠊᩘࡣᑡ࡞࠸ࡀ unemployment ࡸ untruth ࡞࡝ࡢ un-ࡀྡモ࡟௜ࡃ౛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
࡜ࡶ࡟ࣛࢸࣥㄒ⣔ࡢ nature ࡜-al ࡀ⤖ྜࡋࡓ natural ࡟ࠊ࢔ࣥࢢ࣭ࣟࢧࢡࢯࣥ⣔ࡢ un-ࡀ௜ࡃ౛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ

un-ࡀᙧᐜモ࡟௜ຍࡍࡿሙྜࠊᇶయࡢᙧᐜモ࡟ไ㝈ࡀ࡞࠸ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋLiber (2016: 40) ࡸ Katamba& Stonham (2006: 80) ࡀᣲࡆࡓ౛ࢆ (4) ࡛ぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
(4) a.

unwell, unhappy, unwise, unclean, unoptimistic, unintelligentb.

*unill, *unsad, *unfoolish, *undirty, *unpessimistic, *unstupid(4a, b) ࡢᑐẚ࠿ࡽࡣࠊun-ࡣࠕྰᐃⓗ࡞ෆᐜࡢᙧᐜモ࡟ࡣ௜ຍ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡ⓗไ⣙ࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜
ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋ5 ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣࡇࡢไ⣙ࢆぬ࠼ࢀࡤ῭ࡴ࠿࡜ゝ࠺࡜ࠊヰࡣࡑ࠺⡆༢࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡇࡢไ⣙࡟㐪཯ࡍࡿ࡜ᛮ࠼ࡿ unhorrifiedࠊunspitefulࠊunenvious ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆㄝ᫂ࡍ
ࡿ࡟ࡣࠊࠕun-ࡣྰᐃⓗ࡞ෆᐜࡢᇶయ࡜ᵓ㐀ୖ㞄᥋ࡋ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠊ㞄᥋᮲௳ࢆࡉࡽ࡟タࡅࡿ࡜࠸࠺᪉ἲࡀ࠶ࡿ (Allen 1978)ࠋࡍࡿ࡜ࠊၥ㢟ࡢྛㄒࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ [un[[[horror]ify]ed]]ࠊ[un[[spite]ful]]ࠊ
[un[[envy]ous]] ࡜࠸࠺ᵓ㐀࡟࡞ࡿࡓࡵࠊun-ࡣ㸦ኴᏐୗ⥺㒊ࡢ㸧ྰᐃⓗ࡞ㄒ࡜ᵓ㐀ୖ㞄᥋ࡣࡏࡎࠊྛㄒ
ࡢᐜㄆᛶࢆᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿࠋ ྰᐃࡢᑐ㇟
ࠕྰᐃࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕ⮬య࡟ࡶὀពࡍ࡭ࡁⅬࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊunkind ࡣ kind ࢆྰᐃࡍࡿㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࠕぶษࡉࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᛶ㉁࡟ࡣ kind ࡛ࡶ unkind ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸୰㛫ẁ㝵ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊvery kind ࡸvery unkind ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ very ࡟ࡼࡿಟ㣭ࡸࠊ(5a) ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᩥࡶᐜㄆࡉࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ(5b) ࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟
un-Americanࠕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㸦ே㸧ⓗ࡛࡞࠸࡛ࠖࡶྠᵝࡢࡇ࡜ࡀゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ୍᪉࡛ࠊnon-ࢆ౑ࡗࡓ
non-American ࡢሙྜࡣࠊ*very non-American ࡜࠸࠺ಟ㣭㛵ಀࡸࠊ (5c) ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᩥࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
(5) a.
b.

John is neither kind nor unkind.
John is neither American nor un-American.
㸦❴ᮌ 1985: 33㸧

c. * John is neither American nor non-American.

ࡇࡢ஦ᐇࡣࠊ(1) ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ un-ࡸ non-ࢆ୍ᵝ࡟ࠕྰᐃࠖࡢ᥋㢌㎡ࡢࣜࢫࢺ࡟ධࢀࡿ༴㝤ᛶࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡼࡾヲ⣽࡞⣽ศ໬ࡢᚲせᛶࡀぢ࠼࡚ࡃࡿ (cf. Allen 1978, ❴ᮌ 1985)ࠋ
ຍ࠼࡚ࠊྰᐃ᥋㎡࡟ࡼࡿྰᐃ࡜ࠊnot ࡟ࡼࡿྰᐃ࡜ࡢ㐪࠸ࡶ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋஂ㔝࣭㧗ぢ (2007) ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ(6) ࡢ unhappy ࡣࠕ୙ᖾ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊnot happy ࡛ࡣࠕᖾࡏ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜㏙
࡭࡚࠸ࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࠊ୙ᖾ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡲ࡛ࡣゝཬࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠕぶษࡉࠖ࡜ྠࡌࡃࠕᖾࡏࡉࠖ࡟ࡣ⛬ᗘࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵ࡛ࠊ(6b) ࡢᩥ࡟▩┪ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀࡑࡢドᣐ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ⛬ᗘࡢᖜࡀ࡞ࡃ஧ᴟ໬ࡍ
ࡿ(un)available ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙧᐜモࡢሙྜࡣࠊ(6c) ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡢྰᐃ⾲⌧࡛ࡶྠࡌ᝟ሗࡀఏ㐩ࡉࢀࡿࠋ(6) a.

John is {unhappy / not happy}.

b.

John is not happy, but not unhappy.

c.

This room is {unavailable / not available} for the party.

㸦ஂ㔝࣭㧗ぢ 2007: 42㸧ࡇࢀࡀព࿡ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊᵓᡂ⣲ྰᐃ࡜ᩥྰᐃ࡟ࡣព࿡ࡢ㐪࠸ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣ un-ࡀ௜ຍࡍࡿᙧᐜモࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡲࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊunhappy ࡜ not happy ࡢ୧᪉ࢆ༢⣧࡟ࠕhappy ࡢྰᐃࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡢ༴㝤ᛶࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊㄒ࡜ᩥࡢྛࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕྰᐃࠖࡢᶵ⬟ࢆࡁࡕࢇ࡜⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠾ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀᏛ⩦⪅࡟ࡣồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ

5

Liber (2016: 40) ࡶᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊunselfish ࡸ unhostile ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ౛እࡶࢃࡎ࠿࡞ࡀࡽᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ

 XQศモࡢᙧᐜモⓗᛶ㉁
᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊun-ศモ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࡶࡢࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋun-ศモ࡜ࡣࠊ(7a) ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ un-ཷືᩥ (un-passive)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊbe ືモ࡟ᚋ⥆ࡍࡿ un-௜ࡁࡢศモࡢࡇ࡜ࢆゝ࠺ (Siegel 1973, Hust 1977)ࠋ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ཷືᩥ࡜
ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊun-ཷືᩥ࡟ࡣᑐᛂࡍࡿ⬟ືᩥࡀᏑᅾࡏࡎࠊ୍ぢ (7a) ࡢ⬟ືᩥ࡟ぢ࠼ࡑ࠺࡞ (7b) ࡣ㠀ᩥ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊ(8) ࡢศᕸࢆぢࢀࡤ un-ศモࡀᙧᐜモ࡜ྠࡌ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ
(7) a.

The door was unpainted.

b. * Someone unpainted the door.
(8) The book remains to be {read / *red / *unread}.
ࡇࢀࡽࡢ஦ᐇࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࡢཷືᩥ࡟ྰᐃࡢ un-ࢆ௜୚ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀ un-ཷືᩥ࡜࡞ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋun-௜ࡁࡢᙧᐜモࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉Ṧ࡞ᩥࡶ⏕ࡴࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
 XQᙧᐜモࡢࡲ࡜ࡵ
 3.1 ⠇࠿ࡽ 3.4 ⠇࡛☜ㄆࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊun-ᙧᐜモࢆṇࡋࡃ౑࠺ࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊㄒ※ⓗ᝟ሗࠊᇶయࡢព࿡ⓗ᝟ሗࠊᵓ㐀ⓗ᝟ሗࠊྰᐃࡢᴫᛕࠊ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ」ᩘࡢ㔜せ஦㡯ࢆṇ☜࡟⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠾ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ
ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊun-ࢆ༢࡟ࠕྰᐃࠖࢆ⾲ࡍ᥋㢌㎡࡜ᢕᥱࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣࠊⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ࠸ࡘ࠿࡝ࡇ࠿࡛ᑐᛂࡋ
ࡁࢀ࡞࠸ⱥㄒࡢᐇ౛࡟㐼㐝ࡋࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊㄗࡗࡓⱥㄒࢆ౑࠺ࠊ୙ᚲせ࡞ΰ஘ࢆࡍࡿࠊⱥㄒ࡟ᑐࡍࡿⱞ
ᡭព㆑ࢆᣢࡘࠊ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᮃࡲࡋࡃ࡞࠸஦ែࢆᣍࡃྍ⬟ᛶࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ
㸬XQືモࡢሙྜ
3 ⠇ࡢ un-ᙧᐜモ࡟⥆ࡁࠊ4 ⠇࡛ࡣ un-ࡀືモ࡟௜ຍࡍࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋࡇࡇ࡛㔜せ࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊᙧᐜモ࡟௜ࡃ un-ࡣࠕྰᐃࠖࡢព࿡ࢆᣢࡘ୍᪉࡛ࠊືモ࡟௜ࡃሙྜࡣྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞ࠕྰᐃࠖࡢᴫᛕ
ࡣᣢࡓ࡞࠸Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊfreezeࠕ෾ࡽࡏࡿࠖࡀ unfreeze ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠕ෾ࡽࡏ࡞࠸࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠕゎ෾ࡍࡿࠖ࡟࡞ࡾࠊtieࠕ⤖ࡪࠖࡀ untie ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠕ⤖ࡤ࡞࠸࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠕ࡯࡝ࡃࠖ࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡇ
ࡢሙྜࡢ un-ࡣࠊືモࡀ⾲ࡍ⾜Ⅽ⮬యࢆࠕྰᐃࠖࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ୍ᗘ࠾ࡇ࡞ࢃࢀࡓ⾜Ⅽࡢ⤖ᯝࢆࠕඖ࡟ᡠࡍࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ un-ࡢព࿡ࡢ஧㠃ᛶࡣࠊㄒࡢከ⩏ᛶࢆ⏕ࡴࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊunlockable ࡟ࡣࠕ᪋㘄࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ࠕ㛤㘄࡛ࡁࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ 2 ࡘࡢព࿡ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊㄒᵓ㐀ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ (9a) ࡜ (9b) ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ(9) a.

A

b.

Af
un-

A

A

V

Af

V

Af

Af

V

lock

-able

un-

lock

-able

(9a) ࡛ࡣࠊືモ lock ࡜-able ࡀ⤖ྜࡋ࡚ࠕ᪋㘄࡛ࡁࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᙧᐜモࡀ࡛ࡁࠊࡑࡇ࡟ un-ࡀ௜ࡃࡢ࡛ࠕྰ
ᐃࠖࡢព࿡ࡀຍࢃࡗࡓࠕ᪋㘄࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ (9b) ࡛ࡣࠊun-ࡣࡲࡎືモ lock ࡜⤖ྜࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࠕ᪋㘄ࡍࡿࠖࢆඖ࡟ᡠࡍࠕ㛤㘄ࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ືモࢆసࡾࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࠕྍ⬟ࠖࡢ-able ࡀ௜ࡃࡢ࡛ࠕ㛤㘄࡛ࡁࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣྠࡌᙧែࡢᙧᐜモࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ
ࡑࡇ࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀ␗࡞ࢀࡤࠊ␗࡞ࡿព࿡ࡢὴ⏕ㄒࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࠕඖ࡟ᡠࡍࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ un-ືモࡢ≉ᛶࢆࡍ࡭࡚⥙⨶࡛ࡁࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ௚࡟
ࡶὀពࡍ࡭ࡁⅬࡣከ࠸ࠋࡑࡢⅬࢆḟ⠇࠿ࡽ࠾ࡉ࠼࡚࠸ࡇ࠺ࠋ

 ᇶయࡢព࿡ⓗไ⣙un-ࡀືモ࡟௜ຍࡍࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡶࠊᇶయ࡟ᑐࡍࡿព࿡ⓗไ⣙ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋḟࡢືモࢆẚ࡭࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
(10) a.
b.

untie, unwind, unhinge, unknot*undanced, *unyawn, *unexplode, *unpush(Lieber 2016:40)(10a, b) ࡢᩥἲᛶࡢ㐪࠸ࡀ♧ࡍࡢࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ un-ࡣࠕ⤖ᯝࠖࢆྵពࡍࡿືモ࡟௜ࡃ᥋㎡࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ
ࡼ࠺࡞ྵពࡀ࡞࠸⾜Ⅽືモ࡟ࡣ௜ຍ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ⤖ᯝࡢ୰࡛ࡶ୍᫬ⓗ࡞⤖ᯝࢆ⾲ࡍືモ࡟㝈ࡽࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊỌஂⓗ࡞⤖ᯝࢆྵពࡍࡿ explode ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ືモ࡟௜ࡃࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ
 ⠊␪㑅ᢥ࡜ព࿡㑅ᢥun-ࡢ௜ຍࡀᩥ඲యࡢᵝᏊࢆኚ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋḟࡢᩥࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
(11) a.
b.

He tied his horse to the tree.
He untied his horse from the tree.

௚ືモ࡛࠶ࡿ tie ࡶ untie ࡶࠊ┠ⓗㄒ఩⨨࡟ࡣᑐ㇟ (Theme) ࡢ NP ࡜ PP ࢆྲྀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ(11a, b) ࡛ࡣun-ࡢ᭷↓ࡀ PP ෆࡢ๓⨨モࢆ to ࡜ from ࡛ኚ࠼࡚࠾ࡾࠊtie ࡢ㡯ᵓ㐀ࡣ [Agent, Theme, Goal] ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ
untie ࡛ࡣ [Agent, Theme, Source] ࡟ኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀព࿡ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊtie ࡢ⠊␪㑅ᢥࡢ᝟ሗࡣ untie࡟ཷࡅ⥅ࡀࢀࡿࡀࠊព࿡㑅ᢥࡣ⥅ᢎࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ྠᵝࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ (12) ࡛ࡶほᐹ࡛ࡁࠊwrap ࡶ unwrap ࡶ⠊␪㑅ᢥࡣ NP ࡜ PP ࡛ඹ㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊព࿡
㑅ᢥ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ๓⪅ࡣᑐ㇟࡜╔Ⅼࠊᚋ⪅ࡣᑐ㇟࡜㉳Ⅼ࡛ࠊ␗࡞ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
(12) a.
b.

wrap a scarf (*from) around one’s neckunwrap a scarf *(from) around one’s neck

(Ito 1991: 61)ࡇࡢሙྜࠊࠕun-ࡀ௜ࡃືモࡣ୍ᵝ࡟ from ྃࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࠖ࡜つᐃࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜ࠊ*unlock/*unlearn NP fromNP ࡢࡼ࠺࡞౛ࡀチࡉࢀ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡟ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞つᐃࡣ㐣๫࡞୍⯡໬࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊun-ືモ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ un-ࡢ᭷↓ࡀᩥ඲య࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍྍ⬟ࢆᖖ࡟ព㆑ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ XQືモࡢࡲ࡜ࡵ
ᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࠊᙧᐜモ࡟௜ࡃ un-ࡣࠕྰᐃࠖࡢព࿡࡟࡞ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊືモ࡟௜ࡃሙྜࡣࠕඖ࡟ᡠࡍࠖ࡜࠸
࠺ព࿡࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࠋ6 ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᇶయ࡜࡞ࡿືモ࡟ព࿡ⓗไ⣙ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡸࠊព࿡㑅ᢥࡀኚ໬ࡍࡿ஦ᐇࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊun-ࡢ௜ຍࡣ༢࡟ࠕඖ࡟ᡠࡍࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡ࢆຍ࠼ࡿࡔࡅࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡶ♧ࡋࡓࠋ㸬ᫎ⏬ࢫࢡࣜࣉࢺࡢⱥㄒᩍᮦ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㨩ຊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࡇࡇࡲ࡛ un-ᙧᐜモ࡜ un-ືモࡢᛶ㉁ࢆᴫほࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ(1) ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠕྰᐃࠖࡢ᥋㎡ࣜࢫ
6

ᙧᐜモ࡜ືモ࡟௜ຍࡍࡿ un-ࢆ⤫୍ⓗ࡟ᢅ࠺ศᯒࡀ⏤ᮏ (2005) ࡛ᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ᥋㢌㎡௜ຍࡣㄒᙡᴫᛕᵓ㐀(LCS) ࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿつ๎࡜ࡉࢀࠊୗ఩⠊␪໬⣲ᛶࡢ᝟ሗࡀཷࡅ⥅ࡀࢀࡿ࠿ኚ᭦ࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡣࠊᇶయࡢ LCS ࡢኚ᭦࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᑟ
ࡁฟࡉࢀࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊun-ࡣᙧᐜモ࡜ືモࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟௜ࡃሙྜࡶࠕྰᐃࠖࡢព࿡࡜ࡉࢀࠊືモ࡟௜ຍࡍࡿሙྜࡣ (ib) ࡢ LCS ࡟࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊNOT ࡀ Place 㛵ᩘ඲య࡟࠿࠿ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
(i) a. I fasten the rope to the pole.
[I] CAUSE [BECOME [[the pole] BE [AT [the pole]]]]b. I unfasten the rope from the pole.
[I] CAUSE [BECOME [[the pole] BE [NOT-AT [the pole]]]]ࢺ࡟ un-ࢆࡲ࡜ࡵ࡚ධࢀࡿࡔࡅࡢ༴㝤ᛶࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࠊun-ࡢ౑⏝࡟ࡣㄒᵓ㐀ࠊୗ఩⠊␪໬⣲ᛶࠊព࿡ⓗ≉ᛶ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࠊ」ᩘࡢ஦᝟ࢆᶓ᩿ⓗ࡟⪃៖ࡍࡿ㔜せᛶࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ⮬ศࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚ࠊᑡࡋࡎࡘ un-ࡢ▱㆑ࢆᗈࡵࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊㄒࢆ
ᙧᡂࡍࡿࠕ㒊ရࠖ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸᥋㎡ࡢ⌮ゎࢆ῝ࡵࡿసᴗࡣࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟ᆅ࿡࡛ᆅ㐨࡞సᴗ࡜࡞ࡿࠋᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࠊⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡢࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ⥔ᣢࡣࡶ࡜ࡼࡾࠊከ✀ከᵝ࡞ un-ࡢᐇ౛ࢆࡶ࡜࡟ⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸
࠺Ⅼ࡛ࠊᫎ⏬ࢫࢡࣜࣉࢺࡀඃࢀࡓᩍᮦ࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࠊun-ືモࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋ
 ඾ᆺⓗ࡞ XQືモࡢᐇ౛ᥦ♧ࠕඖ࡟ᡠࡍࠖࡢព࿡ࢆ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿ un-ືモࡣᫎ⏬ෆ࡟ࡶከᩘⓏሙࡋࠊ඾ᆺ౛ࡢᐇ౛ᥦ♧࡟ࡣ஦Ḟ࠿࡞࠸ࠋࠕ࡯࡝ࡃࠊࡣࡎࡍࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ྡモ㌿᥮ㄒࡢ౛࡟ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
(13) a.

<00:52:00> (Murder on the Orient Express, 2017)

Sure enough, it was unbolted.

<00:36:47> (The Looming Tower, S(eason)1, Ep(isode)3, 2018)b.

Unbuckle your belt.

c.

Unchain her, you witch!

d.

Twice I walked in on officers in stages of undress.

e.

Unstrap him.

<01:43:09> (Oz: The Great and Powerful, 2013)<00:17:10> (Game of Thrones, S2, Ep4, 2012)<00:36:44> (Mercury Rising, 1998)≉࡟ࡇࡢࠕඖ࡟ᡠࡍࠖࡢព࿡ࡣࠊ(14) ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྠࡌືモࡀࠕun-࠶ࡾᆺࠖ࡜ࠕun-࡞ࡋᆺ࡛ࠖ୪ิࡍ
ࡿ౛ࢆ♧ࡏࡤᏛ⩦⪅ࡶ⌮ゎࡋࡸࡍࡃ࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ(14a) ࡛ࡣ learn ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆࠕඖ࡟ᡠࡍࠖ࡞ࡢ࡛ࠕグ᠈࠿ࡽᾘࡍࠖࠊ(14b) ࡛ࡣ make ࡋࡓࡶࡢࢆࠕඖ࡟ᡠࡍࠖ࡞ࡢ࡛ࠕ◚ቯࡍࡿࠖ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
(14) a.

You must unlearn what you have learned. <01:09:22>(Star Wars: Episode V㸫The Empire Strikes Back, 1980)b.

The Ring was made in the fire of Mount Doom. Only there can it be unmade. <01:41:39>(The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, 2001)

ࡉࡽ࡟ (15) ࡢ఍ヰ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ≀⌮ⓗ࡞ࠕ⦡ࡾ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞࠸ tie ࡜ untie ࡢ౛ࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇ
ࡇ࡛ࡢ tie ࡸ untie ࡣࠊつ๎࡞࡝ࡢไ⣙㸦㸻⦡ࡾ㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡸࠊࡑࢀࢆゎࡃࡇ࡜ࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
(15) Carter: Somebody killed my sister. She’s 20 feet away. I need to see her body.

Dr. Mauer : I’m afraid my hands are tied.
Carter: Tied by who?

Dr. Mauer : The White House.
Carter: Right. I’ll be back to untie your hands. Soon.

<00:02:22> (Salvation, S2, Ep4, 2018) ᇶయ࡜࡞ࡿືモࡢ≉Ṧ⏝ἲ࠿ࡽࡢᏛࡧ
ᇶయ࡜࡞ࡿືモࡢ⏝ἲࡀ≉Ṧ࡛࠶ࡿሙྜࠊun-ືモࡢព࿡ࡢᢕᥱ࡟ⱞᡓࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡎ handࡢሙྜࠊከࡃࡢⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣྡモࡢࠕᡭࠖࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣືモࡢࠕᡭΏࡍࠖࢆᛮ࠸ᾋ࠿࡭ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿
ࡋࠊ(16) ࡢ unhand ࡣࡸࡸྂࡵ࠿ࡋ࠸⾲⌧࡛ࠕ㸦ࡘ࠿ࢇࡔ㸧ᡭࢆ㞳ࡍࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
(16) No! Get off me! No! No! No! Unhand me! No!

<01:17:29> (Hercules, 2014)ࡇࡢࢭࣜࣇࡣࢠࣜࢩࣕ⚄ヰࡢⱥ㞝ࢆᥥ࠸ࡓ≀ㄒ࡛Ⓩሙࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊྂࡵ࠿ࡋ࠸⾲⌧ࡶẚ㍑ⓗ⮬↛࡟⪺ࡇ࠼ࡿ⎔ቃࡀᩚࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊⓎヰ⪅ࡣࡘ࠿ࡲࢀࡓ⭎ࢆ᣺ࡾ࡯࡝ࡇ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⌧௦ⱥㄒࡢືモ hand
ࡸ un-ࡢࠕඖ࡟ᡠࡍࠖࡢព࿡ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ⌮ゎࡋ࡟ࡃ࠸⏝ἲࡶࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓどぬⓗᡭຓࡅࡀక࠺ᫎീࢆ⏝࠸ࢀࡤຠᯝⓗ࡟Ꮫࡪࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ 2 ⠇࡛ゐࢀࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊun-ࡣྂⱥㄒ᫬௦࠿ࡽほᐹࡉࢀࡓ᥋㢌㎡
࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊྂ࠸᫬௦ࢆ⯙ྎ࡜ࡋࡓᫎ⏬ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊⱥㄒྐ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᏛࡧ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋḟ࡟ name ࡢ౛ࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ(17) ࡢ఍ヰ࡛ࡣࠊㄡ࠿ࡢ࿨ࢆዣ࠺⣙᮰ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ Jaqen ࡀࠊ⣙᮰ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡓࡵ࡟ Arya ࡟ࡑࡢ┦ᡭࢆ㑅ࡤࡏࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
(17) Jaqen : Help was not promised, lovely girl. Only death. There must be the others. Give a name, any name.
Arya : And you’ll kill them? Anybody?
Jaqen : By the Seven New Gods and the Old Gods beyond counting, I swear it.
Arya : All right. Jaqen H’ghar.
Jaqen : A girl gives a man his own name?
Arya : That’s right.
Jaqen : Gods are not mocked. This is no joking thing.
Arya : I’m not joking. A man can go kill himself.
Jaqen : Un-name me.
Arya : No.
Jaqen : Please?
Arya : I’ll un-name you.
Jaqen : Thank you.

<00:26:15> (Game of Thrones, S2, Ep8, 2012)ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊᇶయࡢ name ࡀࠕᣦྡࡍࡿࠖࡢព࿡࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࢆ᧔ᅇࡍࡿព࿡࡛ un-name ࡀ౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋᑡࡋགྷ௓࡞ࡢࡣࠊun-name ࡟࠶ࡓࡿ㐺ᙜ࡞᪥ᮏㄒࡀ࡞࠸Ⅼ࡛ࠊᫎ⏬ࡢᏐᖥ࡛ࡶࠕྲྀ
ࡾᾘࡍࠖ࡜࠸࠺ỗ⏝ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ືモࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࠿ࡽࠊᇶయࡢືモࡢ≉Ṧ࡞⏝ἲ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡀᚓࡽࢀࠊᑐヂࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡛᪥ᮏㄒຊࡶᇵ࠼ࡿࡢࡀ un-ືモࡢ≉ᚩࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ7ࡇࡇ࡛ᙉㄪࡋࡓ࠸ࡢࡣࠊ≉␗࡞ືモ࡛࠶ࡿ unhand ࡸ un-name ࡉ࠼ࡶࠊᫎ⏬ࢆ⏝࠸ࢀࡤⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚⌮ゎࡋࡸࡍࡃ࡛ࡁࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡋ࠿࡟ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡣⱥㄒࡢ୰࡛࿘㎶ⓗ࡞ㄒ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ
ࡑࢀ࡛࠸࡚ࠊun-ࡢᶵ⬟⮬యࡣ≉ẁኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡓ࡜࠼≉␗࡞ᐇ౛࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶຠᯝⓗ࡟Ꮫ⩦⪅࡟ᥦ♧ࡍࢀࡤࠊun-ࡢᮏ㉁ⓗᶵ⬟ࡢ⌮ゎࡸࠊࡦ࠸࡚ࡣⱥㄒࡢ῝࠸Ꮫࡧ࡬࡜ࡘ࡞ࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟ヂࡋ࡟ࡃ࠸౛࠿ࡽࡢᏛࡧ
unhand ࡸ un-name ࡛ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒヂ࡟ᡭࢆ↝ࡃ౛ࡣࡴࡋࢁࠊከゅⓗ࡞Ꮫࡧࢆ୚࠼ࡃࢀ
ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚Ꮫ⩦⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒヂࡢࢡ࢖ࢬ➼࡛ά⏝ࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ௚࡟ࡶࠊྡモࡢࠕᆅ⌫ࠖࡢព࿡ࡀ㑧㨱ࡋࡑ࠺࡞ (18) ࡢ unearthࠕ᥀ࡾ㉳ࡇࡍ࡛ࠖࡣࠊun-ࡣྡモ࡟௜࠿࡞࠸ᛶ㉁࠿
ࡽືモ earth ࡢ⏝ἲࢆ♧ࡍࡢࡶ࠸࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࡋࠊ(19) ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ invent ࢆࠕⓎ᫂ࡍࡿࠖ࡜ぬ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
ከ࠸᪥ᮏࡢⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅࡟ࠊࡑࢀࢆࠕඖ࡟ᡠࡍࠖࡇ࡜ࡀఱࢆព࿡ࡍࡿ࠿ࢆ⪃࠼ࡉࡿࡇ࡜ࡶࠊᰂ㌾࡞Ⓨ᝿ຊࠊᩥ⬦࠿ࡽࡢ≧ἣᢕᥱຊࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⾲⌧ຊࢆ㘫࠼ࡿ࠺࠼࡛ຠᯝⓗ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ87

୺せ࡞ⱥ࿴㎡඾ࢆぢ࡚ࡶືモ un-name ࡢグ㏙ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᙧᐜモ໬ࡉࢀࡓ unnamedࠕྡࡢ᫂࠿ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖࡢࡳࡀ㍕ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋ(i) ࡢ unnamed ࡣࡇࡢᙧᐜモ໬ࡉࢀࡓ⏝ἲ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࠊព࿡ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿⅬ࠿ࡽࡶࠊ(17) ࡛☜ㄆࡋࡓືモࡢ
un-name ࢆ༢࡟ཷ㌟ᙧ࡟ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋ
(i) Who’s your father? I know you don’t know his name, only that he was a general in Pharaoh’s army, unnamed by your mother.
<00:23:56> (Exodus: Gods and Kings, 2014)8(19) ࡛ࡣኚ␗✀ࡢ㸦୕㔜⼺᪕ࡢ㸧㑇ఏᏊࡀヰ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊun-invent ࡣࠕ἞⒪ࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺Ꮠᖥ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

<00:52:33> (The Mummy, 2017)(18) In my lifetime, I have unearthed many ancient mysteries.

(19) Jamie : So, you’re saying that some traveling carny grifter from the 1980s inadvertently invented thetriple helix.
Mitch : Yeah, that is exactly what I’m saying, and if we are gonna un-invent it, we’ve gotta finddescendants from every one of those animals that he zapped. <00:04:43> (Zoo, S2, Ep7, 2016)஧㔜ྰᐃࡢᩥ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࡢࡶࠊⱥㄒຊᙉ໬ࡢࡼ࠸⦎⩦࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ (19) ࡛ࡣࠊᜍࢁࡋ࠸ࢰࣥࣅࢆぢࡓ Nick ࡜ Jenny ࡀࠊ඲㏿ຊ࡛㏨ࡆ࡞ࡀࡽ఍ヰࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
(20) Nick: You saw it, right?
<00:52:33> (The Mummy, 2017)

Jenny : I can’t unsee it!

Jenny ࡢࢭࣜࣇࡣ୍ぢ⡆༢ࡑ࠺࡟ぢ࠼࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒヂ࡟ࡣⱞᡓࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠕ㸦ぢ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡀ㸧ぢ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡ࡢ unsee ࢆ can’t ࡀྰᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࠕぢ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡣ
࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࡞ࡾࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕぢࡓ࡟Ỵࡲࡗ࡚ࡿ࡛ࡋࡻ㸟ࠖ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
ࢥࣟࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࢆቑࡸࡏࡿ౛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ(21a) ࡛ࡣ make arrangements ࡜࠸࠺⾲⌧ࢆᇶ࡟ࡋࡓ unmake ࡀⓏሙࡋࠊ(21b) ࡛ࡣ make a mistake ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡑࡢኻᩋࢆࠕゞṇࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ undoࡀ᥇⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ␗࡞ࡿ un-ືモ࡟ࡼࡿ⾲⌧᪉ἲࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶ᭷┈࡞᝟ሗ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
(21) a.

Whatever arrangements you made, unmake them.

<00:26:26> (Game of Thrones, S1, Ep7, 2011)

b. You made a mistake. But it’s not one that can’t be undone.

<00:34:47> (Salvation, S2, Ep9, 2018) ┠ⓗㄒࡢ᝟ሗࡀ㔜せ࡟࡞ࡿ XQGR ࠿ࡽࡢᏛࡧ
ࡇࢀࡲ࡛☜ㄆࡋࡓ untie ࡸ unfreeze ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ un-ືモࡣࠊᇶయࡢືモࡀලయⓗ࡞⾜Ⅽࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ
᪥ᮏㄒヂࡢ㞴᫆ᗘࡣู࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⾜Ⅽࢆࠕඖ࡟ᡠࡍࠖࡢ࠿ࡣ᝿ീࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࡶࡢࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋ undo ࡣ≧ἣࡀ␗࡞ࡿࠋືモ do ࡟ࡣࠕࡍࡿࠖࡢព࿡ࡋ࠿࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࡶࠊundo ࡟ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞
⾜Ⅽࢆࠕඖ࡟ᡠࡍࠖࡢ࠿ࡢ᝟ሗࡀ࡞ࡃࠊ࠸ࢃࡤព࿡ࡀ↓Ⰽ㏱᫂࡞ືモ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊලయⓗ࡞ព࿡ࡣᚋ⥆ࡍࡿ┠ⓗㄒࡀỴᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋࡇࡢⅬࡣḟࡢ౛࠿ࡽࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
(22) a.

Undo the chain, quickly.

<00:56:57> (Zoo, S1, Ep11, 2015)b.

Miss, undo his seatbelt.

<01:00:05> (Non-Stop, 2014)c.

You can’t undo the past. All you can do is face what’s ahead.

<01:41:22> (Geostorm, 2017)d.

She starts unbuttoning your shirt, while I undo your trousers. <00:35:58> (The Strain, S3, Ep8, 2016)e.

If the truth comes out that the president’s senior advisor shot Clair Rayburn and then the secretary ofdefense helped cover it up, it will undo this administration.

<00:03:03> (Salvation, S2, Ep4, 2018)(22a-e) ࡛ࡣࠊࠕ㙐ࡸࢩ࣮ࢺ࣋ࣝࢺࢆእࡍࠖࠊࠕ㐣ཤࢆኚ࠼ࡿࠖࠊࠕࢬ࣎ࣥࢆ⬺ࡀࡍࠖࠊࠕᨻᶒࢆ㌿そࡉࡏࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ヂࡀ⮬↛࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊព࿡ࡀ↓Ⰽ㏱࡛᫂࠶ࡿ undo ࡢព࿡ࡣࠊ┠ⓗㄒ࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚
ኚᗁ⮬ᅾ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ␗࡞ࡿ┠ⓗㄒࢆᣢࡘ undo ࡢᐇ౛ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊࡑࡢព࿡ゎ㔘ࡸ᭱ࡶ⮬↛࡞᪥ᮏㄒヂࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ⦎⩦ࢆㄢࡏࡤࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡶⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡢㄒᏛຊ඲⯡ࡢᙉ໬ࡀᮇᚅ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
 ᪂ࡋ࠸⾲⌧࠿ࡽࡢᏛࡧ
ᫎ⏬ࡢ᪂సࡀබ㛤ࡉࢀࡿ࣮࣌ࢫࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟㏿ࡃࠊᫎ⏬ࢫࢡࣜࣉࢺ࡟ࡣ᪂ㄒࡸὶ⾜ㄒ࡞࡝ࠊࡑࡢ᫬௦≉᭷ࡢⱥㄒ⾲⌧ࢆࡍࡄ࡟ྲྀࡾධࢀࡽࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺฼Ⅼࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ௻⏬࠿ࡽฟ∧ࡲ࡛࡟┦ᙜࡢ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿⱥ
ㄒᏛ⩦᭩࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞༶ᗙࡢ᪂ㄒ࣭ὶ⾜ㄒ࡬ࡢᑐᛂࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋࡇࡢⅬࢆලయⓗ࡟ぢࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡲ
ࡎ๪モ unhappily ࡜ᙧᐜモ unfriendly ࡢㄒᵓ㐀ࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
๪モࡢ unhappily ࡣ [[un[happy]]ly] ࡜࠸࠺ㄒᵓ㐀ࢆᣢࡕࠊࡲࡎ un-࡜ happy ࡀ⤖ྜࡋࠊḟ࡟-ly ࡀ௜ຍࡍࡿㄒᙧᡂࡢ㐣⛬ࢆ⤒ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊᙧᐜモࡢ unfriendly ࡢㄒᵓ㐀ࡣ [un[[friend]ly]] ࡜࡞ࡾࠊࡲࡎྡ
モ fiend ࡀ-ly ࡜⤖ྜࡋ࡚ᙧᐜモ friendly ࢆసࡾࠊḟ࠸࡛ un-ࡀ௜ຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋ㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣࠊun-ࡣྡモ࡟ࡣ௜ຍࡋ࡞࠸ᛶ㉁࠿ࡽࠊᚑ᮶ unfriend ࡀඛ࡟ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ᭱㏆ࠊunfriend ࡜࠸࠺᪂ㄒࡀㄌ⏕ࡋヰ㢟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ࢜ࢵࢡࢫࣇ࢛࣮ࢻ኱Ꮫฟ∧ᒁࡀⓎ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ Word of the Year ࡛ࠊ2009 ᖺࡢ⡿ᅜࡢ኱㈹࡟ࡶ㑅ࡤࢀࡓㄒ࡛ࠊࠕ㸦SNS ➼࡛Ⓩ㘓῭ࡳࡢேࢆ㸧཭ேⓏ㘓࠿ࡽ๐㝖ࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡ࡢືモ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࡇࡇ࡛ࡢ friend ࡣࠕ㸦SNS ୖ࡛㸧཭ே
Ⓩ㘓ࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ືモ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡉ࡟ SNS ♫఍ࢆᫎࡋฟࡋࡓ᪂ㄒ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ9ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ືモ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ friend ࡢⓏሙࡣࠊun-ࡀ friend ࡟௜ຍࡍࡿᵓ㐀ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ10 ࡇࢀࡣࠊࠕࡇ࡜ࡤࠖࡀ᫬௦ࡢὶࢀ࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚ᰂ㌾࡟ኚ໬ࡋ⥆ࡅࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜
ࢆ♧ࡍዲ౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ2009 ᖺࡢ unfriend ࡢ኱ὶ⾜ᚋࠊࡇࡢヰ㢟࡟ಇᩄ࡟཯ᛂࡋࡓᫎ⏬⏺࡛ࡣࠗ࢔ࣥࣇࣞࣥࢹࢵࢻ࠘(Unfriended, 2014) ࡜ࠊࡑࡢ⥆⦅ࡢࠗ࢔ࣥࣇࣞࣥࢹࢵࢻ ࢲ࣮ࢡ࢙࢘ࣈ࠘(Unfriended:
Dark Web, 2018) ࡜࠸࠺ࢱ࢖ࢺࣝࡢࠊࣃࢯࢥࣥࡢ⏬㠃ୖࡢࡳ࡛ᒎ㛤ࡍࡿ࣮࣍ࣛᫎ⏬ࡀබ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧ᐇ♫఍࡜ゝㄒࡢ⥭ᐦ࡞㛵ಀᛶࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅὶ⾜࡟ᩄឤ࡞ⱝ࠸ⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅࡟ࡣࠊⱥㄒࡢᏛࡧࢆ㉸࠼ࡓゝㄒᩥ໬ࡸゝㄒ♫఍࡟㛵ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡁࡗ࠿ࡅࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
㸬࠾ࢃࡾ࡟
ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ᥋㢌㎡ un-࡟╔┠ࡋࠊࡲࡎࡣⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡜࡞ࡿⅬࢆⱥㄒᏛⓗどⅬ࡛ᥦ♧ࡋࡓࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊun-ᙧᐜモࡢሙྜࡶ un-ືモࡢሙྜࡶࠊ༢࡟ࠕྰᐃࠖࡸࠕඖ࡟ᡠࡍࠖࡢព࿡ࢆᣢࡘ࡜࠸࠺
ࡇ࡜ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊㄒ※ⓗ᝟ሗࠊᇶయࡢព࿡ⓗ᝟ሗࠊㄒᵓ㐀ࠊ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᵝࠎ࡞ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡢ▱㆑ࡀ㔜せ࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ࠺࠼࡛ࠊun-ࡢ⌮ゎࢆ῝ࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ⯆࿡῝࠸ᐇ౛ࡢᐆᗜ࡛࠶ࡿᫎ⏬ࢫࢡࣜࣉࢺࡀຠᯝⓗ࡞ⱥㄒᩍᮦ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋᫎ⏬ࢫࢡࣜࣉࢺ࡟ࡣ୍⯡ࡢⱥㄒᩍᮦ࡟ࡣ࡞࠸฼ⅬࡀከࡃᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࡶࠊICT ࢆά⏝ࡋࡓᤵᴗࡀ᥎ዡࡉࢀࡿ௒ᚋࡢ᪥ᮏࡢⱥㄒᩍ⫱࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᫎ⏬ࡀ㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡇ࡜ࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
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(i) I could nick this artery in your leg. Once it’s nicked, there’ no one around here who knows how to un-nick it. <00:04:47>(Games of Thrones, S2, Ep2, 2012)10
OED ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ືモ friend ࡢึฟࡢ౛ࡣ 1225 ᖺࡢࡼ࠺ࡔࡀࠊព࿡ࡣࠕ཭㐩ࢆᚓࡿࠖࡸࠕ࿡᪉ࡍࡿࠖ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ㸦㧗ᶫ 2020㸧

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ஂ㔝ᬿ࣭㧗ぢ೺୍. (2007).ࠗㅦゎࡁࡢⱥᩥἲ 㸫ྰᐃ㸫࠘. ᮾி: ࡃࢁࡋ࠾ฟ∧.
㧘ᶫⱥග. (2020).ࠗⱥㄒྐࢆᏛࡧ ⱥㄒࢆᏛࡪ࠘ᮾி: 㛤ᣅ♫.
❴ᮌᓫᗣ. (1985).ࠗㄒᙧᡂ࠘. ᮾி: ኱ಟ㤋᭩ᗑ.
❴ᮌᓫᗣ. (2009).ࠗ༢ㄒࡢᵓ㐀ࡢ⛎ᐦ࠘. ᮾி: 㛤ᣅ♫.
すᕝ┒㞝. (2013).ࠗⱥㄒ᥋㎡ࡢ㨩ຊ࠘. ᮾி: 㛤ᣅ♫.
⏤ᮏ㝧Ꮚ. (2005).ࠗ」ྜືモ࣭ὴ⏕ືモࡢព࿡࡜⤫ㄒ 㸫ࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣝᙧែㄽ࠿ࡽぢࡓ᪥ⱥㄒࡢືモᙧᡂ㸫࠘. ᮾி: ࡦࡘࡌ᭩ᡣ.
⡿಴⥣. (2015).ࠗṔྐⓗ࡟ࡳࡓⱥㄒࡢㄒᙧᡂ࠘. ᮾி: 㛤ᣅ♫.
ᫎ⏬
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