Center for
Cosmology andParticle Physics

21cm from Dark Radiation
Josh Ruderman (NYU)@BeyondBSM, 10/3/2018

Pospelov, Pradler, JTR, Urbano, 1803.07048 & to appearCosmic Microwave Background Spectrum
103dnêdx @cm-3D

102

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EDGES*

101(99% C.L.)

1

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10-1

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ARCADE2

10-2

FIRAS

10-3
10-4 -5
10

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

1

101

x = wêTCMB

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TCMB = 2.73 K

Bowman et. al. Nature 555, 67 (2018)*assuming a model of the gas temperature21cm from Dark Photons<latexit sha1_base64="4w7ET35Uz/Mnm5frOfN+eJ5RtZY=">AAACM3icbVDLSsNAFJ34rPVVdelmtAgupCQi6FLajRuhgq1CU8pkclsHZ5IwcyMtIWu/xqX6LeJO3PoFbpy2Wfg6MHA45947hxMkUhh03RdnZnZufmGxtFReXlldW69sbLZNnGoOLR7LWF8HzIAUEbRQoITrRANTgYSr4LYx9q/uQBsRR5c4SqCr2CASfcEZWqlX2fERhji5k2kI88wfMKVYL/O1oo3zep73KlW35k5A/xKvIFVSoNmrfPphzFMFEXLJjOl4boLdjGkUXEJe9lMDCeO3bAAdSyOmwHSzSYSc7lklpP1Y2xchnajfNzKmjBmpwE4qhjfmtzcW//M6KfZPupmIkhQh4tOP+qmkGNNxLzQUGjjKkSWMa2GzUn7DNONo2/s380F4JxJTxB9O85dtW97vbv6S9mHNc2vexVH1tF70ViLbZJfsE48ck1NyRpqkRTi5Jw/kiTw7j86r8+a8T0dnnGJni/yA8/EFIg+sxg==</latexit>

CMB<latexit sha1_base64="H1H1Ayw7efEZTzu/tjLZ5Xjk4Tc=">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</latexit>= 21 cmH<latexit sha1_base64="iuRuccpmEZfhikwV25l4LLseUWM=">AAACM3icbVBNS8NAFNz4WetX1aOX1SJ4kJKIoMeiF48VrApNKZvNa13cTcLuS2kJOftrPKq/RbyJV3+BF7dtDlo7sDDMvPd2mCCRwqDrvjlz8wuLS8ullfLq2vrGZmVr+8bEqebQ5LGM9V3ADEgRQRMFSrhLNDAVSLgNHi5G/m0ftBFxdI3DBNqK9SLRFZyhlTqVPR9hgOM7mYYwz/weU4p1Ml8rGgcmzzuVqltzx6D/iVeQKinQ6FS+/TDmqYIIuWTGtDw3wXbGNAouIS/7qYGE8QfWg5alEVNg2tk4Qk4PrBLSbqzti5CO1d8bGVPGDFVgJxXDezPtjcRZXivF7lk7E1GSIkR88lE3lRRjOuqFhkIDRzm0hHEtbFbK75lmHG17MzMfhX2RmCL+YJK/bNvyprv5T26Oa55b865OqvXzorcS2SX75JB45JTUySVpkCbh5JE8kRfy6jw7786H8zkZnXOKnR3yB87XD+JqrTg=</latexit>✏
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Soft Spectral Distortion from Dark Radiation
103dnêdx @cm-3D

102

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EDGES*

101(99% C.L.)

1

ÊÊÊ
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Ê

10-1

Ê

ARCADE2

10-2

FIRAS

10-3
10-4 -5
10

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

x = wêTCMB

1101

new photons fromdark radiation
Bowman et. al. Nature 555, 67 (2018)<latexit sha1_base64="Uus5tI9VlIe06NS13/ZPaBS5t8o=">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</latexit>

d !

102
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TCMB = 2.73 K*assuming a model of the gas temperature

ARCADE Excess
8

Fixsen et al.

the sky
103 temperature uncertainty in table 3.

102

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5.4. Galactic Emission Uncertainty
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dnêdx @cm-3DÊÊÊÊThe extragalactic EDGES
sky temperatureÊÊ is defined ÊÊÊÊas the110
residual remaining after subtracting a model of Galactic
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emission.
1 We define the absolute temperature of Galactic emission along 3 independent lines of sight using theÊmeanof the temperatures derived from the plane-parallel
10-1
spatial morphology of the Galaxy orARCADE2
the observed correla-2
tion10between radio and atomic line emission. The threeFIRAS forreference
lines
of
sight
provideconsistentestimates-3
the10
total Galactic emission, with scatter 5 mK at 3 GHz,
0.5 mK-4 at 8 GHz, and 0.4 mK at 10 GHz.

10

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

1

101

5.5. Instrument and Atmosphere Emission Uncertainty

x = wêT

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102

The emission from the reflector CMB
and the flight train
was modeled and measured and the two agree within themeasurement uncertainties. The careful measurement of
the beam from the mouth of the antenna allows a very
Fig. 4.— The thermodynamic temperature as a function ofcomplete model. The tipping tests demonstrate that thefrequency. The solid line is the best fit to the ARCADE 2 data withmodel is essentially correct. The major uncertainty in thea constant CMB temperature plus a synchrotron like component
is the ARCADE
excess21cm
absorption?
with an toassumed-2.62 index.
The vertical lines are ±1σ. The
model is the emissivityof the aluminum
foil on the connectedfoam.
dotted line is the FIRAS CMB temperature.
By calibrating against the measurement this uncertainty
is reduced.
must remain close to the horn temperature. Its eﬀects
The minimal contribution of the atmosphere at 37 km
are limited to changing the dielectric surface of the hornis from Danese & Partridge (1989) and LiebeARCADE2,(1981). We
0901.0555
near
its mouth, where the electric field is largely decouassume a 30% uncertainty in both of these sources.
pled from the walls. Finally, whatever minimal eﬀect nitrogen snow might have will cancel in the sky/calibrator
5.6. Instrument Drifts
comparison.

Plan
I. 21cm Primer
II. 21cm Photons from Dark Photons
III. ARCADE Excess from Dark Photons

I. 21cm Primer

now

21cm

21cm Line of Hydrogen• hyperfine splitting of hydrogen 1s:
triplet1s= 21 cm!21 = 5.9 µeV<latexit sha1_base64="Dc6KYj6YfwK7rIoRN5Q3C3ePbPw=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="5SSviKgj1L9EjiY1D/8McoSRER0=">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</latexit>

singlet<latexit sha1_base64="lifvEciJI/g2FVPh9m4wzkD2S5M=">AAACKXicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqgsXboJFcCElEUGXRTcuK9gHtKVMJrft0JkkzNyUlpCvcal+jDt162e4cdpmoW0PDBzOuXfu4XiR4Bod59PKra1vbG7ltws7u3v7B8XDo7oOY8WgxkIRqqZHNQgeQA05CmhGCqj0BDS84f3Ub4xAaR4GTziJoCNpP+A9zigaqVs8aSOMcfZPosBPk3afSknTbrHklJ0Z7GXiZqREMlS7xZ+2H7JYQoBMUK1brhNhJ6EKOROQFtqxhoiyIe1Dy9CAStCdZHY4tc+N4tu9UJkXoD1T/24kVGo9kZ6ZlBQHetGbiqu8Voy9207CgyhGCNj8UC8WNob2tA3b5woYiokhlClustpsQBVlaDpbmfnSH/FIZ/HH8/wF05a72M0yqV+VXafsPl6XKndZb3lySs7IBXHJDamQB1IlNcJISp7JK3mzXqx368P6mo/mrGznmPyD9f0LVm6o3g==</latexit>!21• redshift: !obs =1+z<latexit sha1_base64="nJPQ2X887j0NBQc5H24LvCzEDHM=">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</latexit>• hydrogen spin temperature: TS<latexit sha1_base64="5V+h87yxns8S4RGC9vhJit16lxk=">AAACKHicbVDLSgMxFM34rPU1KrhxEyyCCykzIuiy6MZlxb6gLSWTpm1oMjMkd0rLOD/jUv0Yd9Ktv+HGdDoLbXsgcDjn3tzD8ULBNTjO1Fpb39jc2s7t5Hf39g8O7aPjmg4iRVmVBiJQDY9oJrjPqsBBsEaoGJGeYHVv+DDz6yOmNA/8CkxC1pak7/MepwSM1LFPcQvYGNKP4rKIZBJXOs9Jxy44RScFXiZuRgooQ7lj/7S6AY0k84EKonXTdUJox0QBp4Il+VakWUjokPRZ01CfSKbbcXo2wRdG6eJeoMzzAafq342YSK0n0jOTksBAL3ozcZXXjKB31465H0bAfDo/1IsEhgDPysBdrhgFMTGEUMVNVkwHRBEKprKVma+6Ix7qLP54nj9v2nIXu1kmteui6xTdp5tC6T7rLYfO0Dm6RC66RSX0iMqoiih6Qa/oHX1Yb9an9WVN56NrVrZzgv7B+v4Fug+n/g==</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="RVM2Snb6NNRx2ZbiOMWDRP2bi+c=">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</latexit>nt!21 /TS= 3ensTemperatures and Absorption<latexit sha1_base64="4w7ET35Uz/Mnm5frOfN+eJ5RtZY=">AAACM3icbVDLSsNAFJ34rPVVdelmtAgupCQi6FLajRuhgq1CU8pkclsHZ5IwcyMtIWu/xqX6LeJO3PoFbpy2Wfg6MHA45947hxMkUhh03RdnZnZufmGxtFReXlldW69sbLZNnGoOLR7LWF8HzIAUEbRQoITrRANTgYSr4LYx9q/uQBsRR5c4SqCr2CASfcEZWqlX2fERhji5k2kI88wfMKVYL/O1oo3zep73KlW35k5A/xKvIFVSoNmrfPphzFMFEXLJjOl4boLdjGkUXEJe9lMDCeO3bAAdSyOmwHSzSYSc7lklpP1Y2xchnajfNzKmjBmpwE4qhjfmtzcW//M6KfZPupmIkhQh4tOP+qmkGNNxLzQUGjjKkSWMa2GzUn7DNONo2/s380F4JxJTxB9O85dtW97vbv6S9mHNc2vexVH1tF70ViLbZJfsE48ck1NyRpqkRTi5Jw/kiTw7j86r8+a8T0dnnGJni/yA8/EFIg+sxg==</latexit>

CMB

T

H

<latexit sha1_base64="TM6JGpgxYMVcqIA+dXjh24ZtKmo=">AAACK3icbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqitxEyyCCymJCLosunFZoS9oS5lMbtuhM0mYuSktofg1LtWPcaW49SvcOG2z0LYHBg7n3Dv3cLxIcI2O82Fl1tY3Nrey27md3b39g/zhUU2HsWJQZaEIVcOjGgQPoIocBTQiBVR6Aure4H7q14egNA+DCo4jaEvaC3iXM4pG6uRPWggjnP2TKPAnSaXT6lEp6aSTLzhFZwZ7mbgpKZAU5U7+p+WHLJYQIBNU66brRNhOqELOBExyrVhDRNmA9qBpaEAl6HYyOz2xz43i291QmRegPVP/biRUaj2WnpmUFPt60ZuKq7xmjN3bdsKDKEYI2PxQNxY2hva0D9vnChiKsSGUKW6y2qxPFWVoWluZ+dIf8kin8Ufz/DnTlrvYzTKpXRVdp+g+XhdKd2lvWXJKzsgFcckNKZEHUiZVwsgTeSav5M16sd6tT+trPpqx0p1j8g/W9y/gO6ml</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="3OT8Bz/VToIQkgCt5+w4rnMt5/k=">AAACJ3icbVDLSsNAFJ34rPUVFVdugkVwISURQZdFNy4r9AVtCJPJpB06k4SZm9IS+jEu1Y9xJ7r0O9w4TbPQtgcGDufcO/dw/IQzBbb9Zaytb2xubZd2yrt7+weH5tFxS8WpJLRJYh7Ljo8V5SyiTWDAaSeRFAuf07Y/fJj57RGVisVRAyYJdQXuRyxkBIOWPPO0B3QM+T9ZnadimjU8NfXMil21c1jLxClIBRWoe+ZPL4hJKmgEhGOluo6dgJthCYxwOi33UkUTTIa4T7uaRlhQ5Wb52al1oZXACmOpXwRWrv7dyLBQaiJ8PSkwDNSiNxNXed0Uwjs3Y1GSAo3I/FCYcgtia9aFFTBJCfCJJphIprNaZIAlJqAbW5n5KhixRBXxx/P8Zd2Ws9jNMmldVx276jzdVGr3RW8ldIbO0SVy0C2qoUdUR01EUIae0St6M16Md+PD+JyPrhnFzgn6B+P7F5I7p/Q=</latexit>

Ts

Tk<latexit sha1_base64="WT0FNQhpbwzWrll1Sbl9ec8ujPw=">AAACJ3icbVDLSsNAFJ34rPVVFVdugkVwISURQZdFNy4r9AVtKZPJbTt0MgkzN6Ul5GNcqh/jTnTpd7hx2mahbQ8MHM65d+7heJHgGh3ny1pb39jc2s7t5Hf39g8OC0fHdR3GikGNhSJUTY9qEFxCDTkKaEYKaOAJaHjDh6nfGIHSPJRVnETQCWhf8h5nFI3ULZy2EcY4+yfxRAxpUu0O026h6JScGexl4makSDJUuoWfth+yOACJTFCtW64TYSehCjkTkObbsYaIsiHtQ8tQSQPQnWR2NrUvjOLbvVCZJ9GeqX83EhpoPQk8MxlQHOhFbyqu8lox9u46CZdRjCDZ/FAvFjaG9rQL2+cKGIqJIZQpbrLabEAVZWgaW5n5yh/xSGfxx/P8edOWu9jNMqlfl1yn5D7dFMv3WW85ckbOySVxyS0pk0dSITXCSEKeySt5s16sd+vD+pyPrlnZzgn5B+v7F5X/p/Y=</latexit>z ⇠ 1520<latexit sha1_base64="OVkPY5wY1m2DFjxC836dIsTnV6w=">AAACHHicbVDLSgMxFM3UV62vqks3wSK40DJTFF0W3bisYB/QGUomk2lDk0xIMsVa+hsu1Y9xJ24Fv8WNaTsLbXvgwuGce7mHE0pGtXHdbye3srq2vpHfLGxt7+zuFfcPGjpJFSZ1nLBEtUKkCaOC1A01jLSkIoiHjDTD/u3Ebw6I0jQRD2YoScBRV9CYYmSs5D9BX1MOvcvzitspltyyOwVcJF5GSiBDrVP88aMEp5wIgxnSuu250gQjpAzFjIwLfqqJRLiPuqRtqUCc6GA0zTyGJ1aJYJwoO8LAqfr3YoS41kMe2k2OTE/PexNxmddOTXwdjKiQqSECzx7FKYMmgZMCYEQVwYYNLUFYUZsV4h5SCBtb09LMZ9GASp3Ff5zlL9i2vPluFkmjUvbcsnd/UareZL3lwRE4BqfAA1egCu5ADdQBBhI8g1fw5rw4786H8zlbzTnZzSH4B+frFxT/ock=</latexit>• photon: T

temperatures:<latexit sha1_base64="WUtco0X83aZXSrg2M1ysAfd/ulY=">AAACV3icbVBdS+NAFJ1mXa3dr7o++jJYFlxWStIV9EUQRRBEqNCq0JQwmdzWoTNJmLkRuyG/aH+Nj+pP8UEnbR60emDg3HM/5nDCVAqDrntfcz4tfV5eqa82vnz99v1Hc+3nhUkyzaHPE5noq5AZkCKGPgqUcJVqYCqUcBlOjsr+5Q1oI5K4h9MUhoqNYzESnKGVguaxj3CLszu5hqjIe4E/Zkqxgu7TXpD7WtGjs8Oy6rR3//rb1FcMr7XKTwtqK7rl/fn3O2i23LY7A31PvIq0SIVu0Hzyo4RnCmLkkhkz8NwUhznTKLiEouFnBlLGJ2wMA0tjpsAM85nNgv6ySkRHibYvRjpTX2/kTBkzVaGdLL2axV4pftQbZDjaG+YiTjOEmM8/GmWSYkLL7GgkNHCUU0sY18J6pfyaacbRJvyh5+3oRqSmsn8799+waXmL2bwnF52257a9853WwWGVW51skE2yRTyySw7ICemSPuHkP7kjD+Sxdl97dpad+nzUqVU76+QNnLUX11S02w==</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="IFtYP26RO5ZtZSaC82iWC5nfRqQ=">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</latexit>

T , Tk , Ts<latexit sha1_base64="iuRuccpmEZfhikwV25l4LLseUWM=">AAACM3icbVBNS8NAFNz4WetX1aOX1SJ4kJKIoMeiF48VrApNKZvNa13cTcLuS2kJOftrPKq/RbyJV3+BF7dtDlo7sDDMvPd2mCCRwqDrvjlz8wuLS8ullfLq2vrGZmVr+8bEqebQ5LGM9V3ADEgRQRMFSrhLNDAVSLgNHi5G/m0ftBFxdI3DBNqK9SLRFZyhlTqVPR9hgOM7mYYwz/weU4p1Ml8rGgcmzzuVqltzx6D/iVeQKinQ6FS+/TDmqYIIuWTGtDw3wXbGNAouIS/7qYGE8QfWg5alEVNg2tk4Qk4PrBLSbqzti5CO1d8bGVPGDFVgJxXDezPtjcRZXivF7lk7E1GSIkR88lE3lRRjOuqFhkIDRzm0hHEtbFbK75lmHG17MzMfhX2RmCL+YJK/bNvyprv5T26Oa55b865OqvXzorcS2SX75JB45JTUySVpkCbh5JE8kRfy6jw7786H8zkZnXOKnR3yB87XD+JqrTg=</latexit>= TCMB = 2.73 K (1 + z)

• hydrogen kinetic: Tk• hydrogen spin:<latexit sha1_base64="wVwH6Yd9F/5vv4yWMOUnb9eTosw=">AAACKHicbVBNS0JBFJ1nX2Zfr4I2bYYkaBHyXgS1lNq0NPALVGTeeNXBeR/M3CfKyz/Tsvox7cJtf6NNo75FqQcGDufcO/dwvEgKjY4ztTIbm1vbO9nd3N7+weGRfXxS1WGsOFR4KENV95gGKQKooEAJ9UgB8z0JNW/wOPNrQ1BahEEZxxG0fNYLRFdwhkZq22dNhBHO/0k8GcMkKbcHE9q2807BmYOuEjcleZKi1LZ/mp2Qxz4EyCXTuuE6EbYSplBwCZNcM9YQMT5gPWgYGjAfdCuZ353QS6N0aDdU5gVI5+rfjYT5Wo99z0z6DPt62ZuJ67xGjN37ViKCKEYI+OJQN5YUQzorg3aEAo5ybAjjSpislPeZYhxNZWszX3eGItJp/NEif8605S53s0qqNwXXKbjPt/niQ9pblpyTC3JFXHJHiuSJlEiFcPJCXsk7+bDerE/ry5ouRjNWunNK/sH6/gX56agg</latexit>

absorption:<latexit sha1_base64="nmrsmm3bPKm1KjZU809ESPyxLEM=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="kfwDY4U/51Va410eSz9kUO2aheI=">AAACKHicbVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUcGNm2ARXEiZEUGXRTcuK/QFbRkymbQNTWaG5E5pGfszLtWPcSfd+htuTNtZaNsDgcM59+Yejh8LrsFxplZuY3Nreye/W9jbPzg8so9P6jpKFGU1GolINX2imeAhqwEHwZqxYkT6gjX8wePMbwyZ0jwKqzCOWUeSXsi7nBIwkmeftYGNYP5PWhGJnKRVT0+wZxedkjMHXiVuRoooQ8Wzf9pBRBPJQqCCaN1ynRg6KVHAqWCTQjvRLCZ0QHqsZWhIJNOddH53gi+NEuBupMwLAc/VvxspkVqPpW8mJYG+XvZm4jqvlUD3vpPyME6AhXRxqJsIDBGelYEDrhgFMTaEUMVNVkz7RBEKprK1ma+DIY91Fn+0yF8wbbnL3ayS+k3JdUru822x/JD1lkfn6AJdIRfdoTJ6QhVUQxS9oFf0jj6sN+vT+rKmi9Gcle2con+wvn8B9iOoHg==</latexit>✓

T21 (z) = 32 mK ⇥ 1

T (z)
Ts (z)

Ts

◆r

1+z
18

obs

Temperature Evolution
time
now

reionization

0

15

baryon-photon
decoupling

recombination

150

1100

20

z

dark ages<latexit sha1_base64="HmCjAr6xzzIJsdckQ3FkDlJ8O3c=">AAACEXicbVDLSsNAFL2pr1pfVZdugkVwISURQZdFNy5bsA9oQ5lMbtuhk0mYmRRr6Be4VD/Gnbj1C/wWN07bLLTtgYHDOfdyzxw/5kxpx/m2cmvrG5tb+e3Czu7e/kHx8KihokRSrNOIR7LlE4WcCaxrpjm2Yokk9Dk2/eHd1G+OUCoWiQc9jtELSV+wHqNEG6n21C2WnLIzg71M3IyUIEO1W/zpBBFNQhSacqJU23Vi7aVEakY5TgqdRGFM6JD0sW2oICEqL50FndhnRgnsXiTNE9qeqX83UhIqNQ59MxkSPVCL3lRc5bUT3bvxUibiRKOg80O9hNs6sqe/tgMmkWo+NoRQyUxWmw6IJFSbblZmvghGLFZZ/Md5/oJpy13sZpk0LsuuU3ZrV6XKbdZbHk7gFM7BhWuowD1UoQ4UEJ7hFd6sF+vd+rA+56M5K9s5hn+wvn4Bn/megQ==</latexit><latexit

EDGES

T / (1 + z)
Tk / (1 + z)2

T / (1 + z)

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Tk  Ts  T<latexit sha1_base64="wpMCFZszV6GnFngfOtzWeawlC5E=">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</latexit>

absorption!

e<latexit sha1_base64="2z4HdndHOFCmTBKfPpdu58HIwzE=">AAACE3icbVDLSgNBEOz1GeMr6tHLYBA8aNgVQY9BLx4jmgcka5id7U2GzD6YmQ2GkE/wqH6MN/HqB/gtXpwke9AkBQNFVTddU14iuNK2/W0tLa+srq3nNvKbW9s7u4W9/ZqKU8mwymIRy4ZHFQoeYVVzLbCRSKShJ7Du9W7Gfr2PUvE4etCDBN2QdiIecEa1ke7x8axdKNolewIyT5yMFCFDpV34afkxS0OMNBNUqaZjJ9odUqk5EzjKt1KFCWU92sGmoRENUbnDSdQROTaKT4JYmhdpMlH/bgxpqNQg9MxkSHVXzXpjcZHXTHVw5Q55lKQaIzY9FKSC6JiM/018LpFpMTCEMslNVsK6VFKmTTsLM5/6fZ6oLP7TNH/etOXMdjNPauclxy45dxfF8nXWWw4O4QhOwIFLKMMtVKAKDDrwDK/wZr1Y79aH9TkdXbKynQP4B+vrF7EKnws=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="2z4HdndHOFCmTBKfPpdu58HIwzE=">AAACE3icbVDLSgNBEOz1GeMr6tHLYBA8aNgVQY9BLx4jmgcka5id7U2GzD6YmQ2GkE/wqH6MN/HqB/gtXpwke9AkBQNFVTddU14iuNK2/W0tLa+srq3nNvKbW9s7u4W9/ZqKU8mwymIRy4ZHFQoeYVVzLbCRSKShJ7Du9W7Gfr2PUvE4etCDBN2QdiIecEa1ke7x8axdKNolewIyT5yMFCFDpV34afkxS0OMNBNUqaZjJ9odUqk5EzjKt1KFCWU92sGmoRENUbnDSdQROTaKT4JYmhdpMlH/bgxpqNQg9MxkSHVXzXpjcZHXTHVw5Q55lKQaIzY9FKSC6JiM/018LpFpMTCEMslNVsK6VFKmTTsLM5/6fZ6oLP7TNH/etOXMdjNPauclxy45dxfF8nXWWw4O4QhOwIFLKMMtVKAKDDrwDK/wZr1Y79aH9TkdXbKynQP4B+vrF7EKnws=</latexit>

Ts,k ⇡ T<latexit sha1_base64="qD54yWPCTsIM7Oq6y++HLXuTkZ8=">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</latexit>

no absorption<latexit sha1_base64="lifvEciJI/g2FVPh9m4wzkD2S5M=">AAACKXicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqgsXboJFcCElEUGXRTcuK9gHtKVMJrft0JkkzNyUlpCvcal+jDt162e4cdpmoW0PDBzOuXfu4XiR4Bod59PKra1vbG7ltws7u3v7B8XDo7oOY8WgxkIRqqZHNQgeQA05CmhGCqj0BDS84f3Ub4xAaR4GTziJoCNpP+A9zigaqVs8aSOMcfZPosBPk3afSknTbrHklJ0Z7GXiZqREMlS7xZ+2H7JYQoBMUK1brhNhJ6EKOROQFtqxhoiyIe1Dy9CAStCdZHY4tc+N4tu9UJkXoD1T/24kVGo9kZ6ZlBQHetGbiqu8Voy9207CgyhGCNj8UC8WNob2tA3b5woYiokhlClustpsQBVlaDpbmfnSH/FIZ/HH8/wF05a72M0yqV+VXafsPl6XKndZb3lySs7IBXHJDamQB1IlNcJISp7JK3mzXqx368P6mo/mrGznmPyD9f0LVm6o3g==</latexit>

WouTuysen-Field Effect (WF Effect):
UV light from first stars couples:

Ts ! Tk<latexit sha1_base64="ag4RttS3kFmH4EXrixEiGKomdUI=">AAACW3icbVDLTgJBEBwWH4gv1HjyMpGYeDBk15jokehFb5jwSoCQ2aGBCbOPzPQiZLPf5Nd48KB+iBcH2AMClUxSqa6erpQbSqHRtj8zVnZre2c3t5ffPzg8Oi6cnNZ1ECkONR7IQDVdpkEKH2ooUEIzVMA8V0LDHT3N5o0xKC0Cv4rTEDoeG/iiLzhDI3ULL22ECc7/iSsy8pJ4Tah2dULbSgyGyJQK3uiSw5URzByjJOkWinbJnoOuEyclRZKi0i38tnsBjzzwkUumdcuxQ+zETKHgEpJ8O9IQMj5iA2gZ6jMPdCee303olVF6tB8o83ykc3V5I2ae1lPPNU6P4VCvzmbiplkrwv5DJxZ+GCH4fHGoH0mKAZ31R3tCAUc5NYRxJUxWyodMMY6m5Y2Zb3pjEeo0/mSRP2/acla7WSf125Jjl5zXu2L5Me0tRy7IJbkmDrknZfJMKqRGOHknH+Sb/GS+rKyVtw4WViuT7pyRf7DO/wAOPLup</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="lifvEciJI/g2FVPh9m4wzkD2S5M=">AAACKXicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqgsXboJFcCElEUGXRTcuK9gHtKVMJrft0JkkzNyUlpCvcal+jDt162e4cdpmoW0PDBzOuXfu4XiR4Bod59PKra1vbG7ltws7u3v7B8XDo7oOY8WgxkIRqqZHNQgeQA05CmhGCqj0BDS84f3Ub4xAaR4GTziJoCNpP+A9zigaqVs8aSOMcfZPosBPk3afSknTbrHklJ0Z7GXiZqREMlS7xZ+2H7JYQoBMUK1brhNhJ6EKOROQFtqxhoiyIe1Dy9CAStCdZHY4tc+N4tu9UJkXoD1T/24kVGo9kZ6ZlBQHetGbiqu8Voy9207CgyhGCNj8UC8WNob2tA3b5woYiokhlClustpsQBVlaDpbmfnSH/FIZ/HH8/wF05a72M0yqV+VXafsPl6XKndZb3lySs7IBXHJDamQB1IlNcJISp7JK3mzXqx368P6mo/mrGznmPyD9f0LVm6o3g==</latexit>Temperatures and Absorption
temperature evolution

21cm absorption

200

0.1

100
Tg

X-ray heating

T21 @KD

Ti @KD

50

0.0
Ts

20
Tk

10

2
10

15

20

-0.2

min. heating
no heating

-0.3

WF

5

-0.1

30

50

-0.4
10

12

14

z

18

20

22

24

z
without gas heating
minimal gas heatingwith X-ray heating
adiabatic cooling

WF
1
1
1
x
T
+
x̃
T
+
x
T
CMB
↵
c
c
k
Ts 1 =
xCMB + x̃↵ + xc
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16

dTk(1 + z)= 2Tkdz<latexit sha1_base64="KIMSeUSFyzdyLRfo8+wGcRCh0nE=">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</latexit>

minimal heating
X-ray heating

EComp + ELy↵ J/J0 + ECMB + EX
Tk
1 + fHe + xe

evolution equations from: Venumadhav, Dai, Kaurov, Zaldarriaga, 1804.02406

EDGES
Experiment to Detect the Global Epoch of Reionization Signature

ed Data Figure 2 | Low-band antennas. a, The low-1 antenna
30 m × 30 m mesh ground plane. The darker inner square is the
10 m × 10 m mesh. The control hut is 50 m from the antenna.
se view of the low-2 antenna. The two elevated metal panels form

the dipole-based antenna and are supported by fibreglass legs. The balun
consists of the two vertical brass tubes in the middle of the antenna. The
balun shield is the shoebox-sized metal shroud around the bottom of thebalun. The receiver is under the white metal platform and is not visible.

Bowman et. al. Nature 555, 67 (2018)

Temp

Temp

Temperature, T (K)
Temperature,
Temperature, TT (K)(K)

Temperature, T (K)

Temperature,
Temperature,TT(K)(K), T (K)re, T (K)

Temperature, T (K)ectlowriance
betweenmodel
parameters.
Additionalanaamplitude.
Thelowriance
betweenmodel
parameters
ordedbetween50
MHz
the Global Epoch of
–0.2
1,000
xisted
ates
that
stars
ered
and integrated
over EDGES
ruments,
whichexisted
began
50
60
70
80
9060 10050
50
70
illionhotonsby 180
millionof thereflection
coeffiion
profile.
Eachof
Experiment
to theDetectathe
Global Epoch of aReionization Signaturee
d
b
c
syld.
that
edge
that
Otherindicatesmeasurements
receiveranda zenith5,000
5,000
r.m.s. = 0.087 K
0
than
0.2
of
the
noise
waves
and
emperatureless thanpectraof the brightness
–0.2
3,000
plifiers
andadditional
3,000
measured
spectrum:spatially
averaged
over
0
–0.4
och
of
nts,
calibration,verificat the
Global Epochofrded
between
50
MHz
1,000
–0.6
1,000
–0.2
began
ds.
ruments,
which began
red
and integrated
over
50
60
70
80
90 100100 50
50
60
70
80
90
50
60
70 5
of
the
50
60
70
80
90
100
tof
shows
the
spectrum
onthe
profile.
of the bb Eachcoeffic Q (MHz)reflection
Frequency,cdeenitheresults
of
model
fits.
receiverandazenithd. Other measurements
r.m.s.
= 0.087 K of detection. a, Measur.
0.2
Figure1|
Summary
r.m.s. = 0.087 K
htnessheobservedskynoise,
0.2
0
the wavesbrightness
ofectrathe ofnoise
and dataset
after filtering for data quality and ra
ddecreases
over
from
about
0
residuals
patiallyand
averagedover The–0.2
lifiers
additional
spectrumis dominated by Galactic syn0(foregrounds
MHz
Hz
for
the high only):
Galactic b, c,–0.4
Residuals after fitting and removing on–0.2verificaded
between
50 MHzs,
calibration,–0.2
dGalactic
over emission and model–0.6(b) or90the foreground
and
21-cm
mo8
ed and integrated
over
s.
50
60
70
80
100 5060
70um
using a five-term, model50
oeffi50profile
60of the7021-cm
80absorption,
90
100
60
70
80
90
100
5
with
d
e
shows
the
spectrumofthereflection
coeffiFrequency,(MHz)uationments (1) in Methods) ratio
d of 37, amplitude
eof Q0.53
K, centre frequ
results
of
model
fits.
d.
Other
measurements
0
width
of
18.7
MHz.
e,
Sum
of
the
21-cm
mo
areand(r.m.s.) of 0.087
K.
es
Figure1|
Summaryofdetection.
a,Meas
Bowman555, 67 (2018)
0observed
sky noise,fe thenoise –0.2
waves
and et. al. NatureTemperature, T (K)

Temperature, T (K)
Temperature,1

Tem
TemperTemperature,
T(K)
Temperature, T (K)
Temperature, T (K)

50

b

60

70

c

80

90

r.m.s. = 0.087 K

0.2
0

–0.2

50

60

70

80

90

100

d

50

60

e

0

–0.2
–0.4
–0.6

50

60

70
80
90
Frequency, Q (MHz)

100

50

60

F

Figure 1 | Summary of detection. a, Measured spe
dataset after filtering for data quality and radio-freq
The spectrum is dominated by Galactic synchrotrob, c, Residuals after fitting and removing only the fomodel (b) or the foreground and 21-cm models (c)model profile of the 21-cm absorption, with a signa
ratio of 37, amplitude of 0.53 K, centre frequency ofwidth of 18.7 MHz. e, Sum of the 21-cm model (d)School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA. 2Haystack Observatory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Westfor
3
Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA. 4Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de la Santísima C
2850, Concepción, Chile.

T (K)re, T (K)

Temperature, T (K)

Temperature, T (K)

Temperature, T (K)
Temperature,TT(K)(K)
Temperature,
Temperature, T (K)Temp

eordedlow- between
riancemodelAdditionalparameters.
Additionalana
betweenmodel
parameters.
analysesof
the50betweenMHzin August2015,
were used to detect the absorption
profile. Each of the
1,000
twoexisted
low-band
instruments
consists–0.2
of a radio receiver and a zenithetect
the
Global
Epoch
of
tes
that
stars
ruments,
which
began
xistedpointing, single-polarization
dipole antenna. Spectra of the brightnessered and integrated
over
1,00050
60
70
EDGES
temperature of the radio-frequency sky noise, spatially averaged overnstruments,
which
began
50
60
70
80
90
100 50hotonsby180
on
profile.
Eachtheillionthe million
largeofbeams
of the instruments, were recorded between 50 MHzaof the reflection
coeffiathe
b
c
50
60
70
Experiment
to RawDetectGlobalSignature
and
100
MHz.
spectra were
calibrated,filtered Epochand integratedof
overReionizationade
rptionprofile.
Each
of
the
hundreds
ofhours.
Automatedmeasurementsofthereflection
coeffiandazenithyreceiveredge
indicatesthat
sld.thatb in the field. Other measurements 5,000cOther measurements
cients of the antennas were performed
5,000
r.m.s.
=
0.087
K
0.2
dio
receiverandazenith5,000
were performed in the laboratory, including of the noise waves and0amplifiers and additional
ectra
of
the
brightness
thanmperature
lessof the noise waves
and of the low-noise0.2
r.m.s. = 0.087 K
reflectionthan
coefficients
constants. Details of the instruments, calibration, verifica.patially
Spectra averagedof thecalibrationbrightness
–0.2
3,000
over
3,000
tion and model
fitting are describedin Methods.
0
plifiers
andadditional
3,000
measured
spectrum:
In Fig. 1 we summarize
the detection. It shows the spectrum
se,spatially
averaged
over
0
–0.4
observed
by
one
of
the
instruments
andthe results of model fits.
och
of
ded
between50
MHz
nts,
calibration,verificathe
GlobalEpochof
Galactic synchrotron emission dominates
the observed sky noise,
1,000
–0.2
cordedbetween
50
MHz
–0.6
1,000
yielding a power-law spectral profile that decreases from about
1,000
began
–0.2
ds.
ed
and
integrated
uments,which
5,000 Kbegan
at 50overMHz to about 1,000 K at 100 MHz for the high Galactic
50Galactic60
60
70
80
90
100
ltered and integrated
latitudes shown.over
Fitting and removing50
theemission
and
50
60
70
80
90
100
70
80
90
100
50
60
7050
50
60
70
80
90
100
of
the
tf theshowsthespectrumionosphericcontributions
from the spectrum
a five-term, 70
50 using 60
80
90
100 50reflection
coeffion
profile.
Each
of
the
b
c
Frequency, Q (MHz)ts of the reflection
coeffiphysically motivatedforegroundmodel(equation (1) in Methods)
b
d
e
c
d
e
results in a residualwith a root-mean-square(r.m.s.) of 0.087 K.
enitheeceiverresults
of
model
fits.
.ield.
Other
measurements
andazenithOther
measurements
r.m.s.
= 0.087 K of detection. a, Measur.
0.2 r.m.s. = 0.087 Figure1|
Summary
r.m.s.==0.025
0.087K K
K 0.2
r.m.s.
htness0heobservedskynoise,
f the
noise
waves
and
ectra
of
the
brightness
ngof thenoise
waves
and dataset0 after filtering for data quality and ra
–0.2
d
over
decreases
from
about
0
–0.2
residuals
ifiersandadditional
mplifiers
and additional
patially averaged
over The spectrum
is dominated by Galactic syn0–0.4(including
absorption):
MHz
–0.4
Hz
for
the
high
Galactics,
calibration,
Residuals after fitting and removing on
ents,
calibration,–0.2verificaded
between50verificaMHz b, c,–0.6
–0.6
–0.2
Galactic
emissionanddovermodel80(b) or90the foreground
and
21-cm
mo8
hods.
s.
ed
and
integrated
50 over60
70
100 50
60
70
um
using
50
60
70
80
90
100
50
60
70a five-term,
80
90
100 50
100
50
60
70
90
oeffi70
80
90
100
model
profile
of
the
21-cm
absorption,
with
60
70
80
90
100
It
shows
spectrumshowsthespectrumdtheefuationthereflection
coeffiFrequency,
QQ (MHz)
Frequency,
(MHz)
e
(1)
in
Methods)
ments
ratio
of
37,
amplitudeof
0.53
K, centre frequdheresults
of
model
fits.
results
of
model
fits.
.es
Other
measurements
0
width
of
18.7
MHz.
e,
Sum
of
the
21-cm
mo
Figure1|
Summaryofdetection.
a,
Meas
are
(r.m.s.)
of
0.087
K.
and
Figure1|
Summaryofdetection.
a,Mea
observedskynoise, et. al. Nature
Bowman555, 67 (2018)0e theobservedskynoise,
the noise –0.2
waves anddataset after filtering for data quality and r

1 MARCH 2018 | VOL© 2018 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

EDGES
Experiment to Detect the Global Epoch of Reionization Signature

0.2
0.0

T21 @KD-0.2(99% C.L.)

-0.4
-0.6

absorption: ~6σextra absorption: ~4σ

-0.8

EDGES

-1.0
-1.2
10

12

14

16

18
z

20

22

24

initial residuals & change in model [K]Foreground Variations
5-term polynomial+ flattened Gaussian
1.0

5-term polynomial+ flattened Gaussian, only 60-99 MHz

5

6-term polynomial+ sineresiduals foreground-only fit
change in foregroundfull model(new foreground + feature)

RMS = 0.14K

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.2

RMS = 0.041K (1.527K)

RMS = 0.046K

RMS = 0.018K (0.552K)

RMS = 0.026K

residuals full model [K]added feature [K]

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2

RMS = 0.025K
50

60

70
80
90
frequency [MHz]100 50

60

70
80
90
frequency [MHz]100 50

60

70
80
90
frequency [MHz]100

Figure 3. Fit and residuals using a polynomial foreground model with the full data set (leftcolumn), using only a restricted range of frequencies (middle column), and using the full data set
but with a sine wave instead of the flattened Gaussian profile (right column). The rms values in

Hills, Kulkarni, Meerburg, Puchwein, 1805.01421

EDGES
Experiment to Detect the Global Epoch of Reionization Signature

0.2
0.0

X-ray heatingSM

min. heating

T21 @KD-0.2-0.4(99% C.L.)

no heating-0.6

absorption: ~6σextra absorption: ~4σ

-0.8

EDGES

-1.0
-1.2
10

12

14

16

18
z

20

22

24

for SARAS 2, since such an antenna type may be described by a minimum number ofparameters. SARAS 2 antenna consists of two elements: a circular aluminium conducting disc on the ground and above that is a sphere that smoothly transforms into2
a truncated inverted cone as shown in Fig. 2. The receiver electronics is mounted beneaththemetallicallowing
disc, andverticaltocoaxial cable connected
the receiverhas ato run o↵ 12V
DCbatteries,
the theexperiment2.2.toSamplingsystembe portablecentral
and easy
to set up thatin remotelocations.
conductor
connects
to the vertex ofAthe
invertedcone andcon- is shown inbasic
block diagramof an
the outer
instrumente sub-Antarctic, roughly halfway between South Africa and Antarctica. The main
The signal
from ourantennaofpasses
a 3. The core area of the Owens Valley LWA, looking north fr
Figureductor2.1.
thatconnects
to the disc. The height ofFig.
the 1.sphericalradiatingelement
the throughZ
HIbiscus
st side of the island, and the PRI
M observing
siteAntenna
is about 4 km inland, between

eployment site

Junior’s kop

Global 21cm ExperimentsNexperiments

PRIZM: 50-130 MHz

SARAS2: 87.5-175 MHz

LEDA: 30-85 MHz

1806.09531

1710.01101

1709.09313

SCI-HI: 60-90 MHz

HYPERION: 30-120 MHz

CTP: 60-80 MHz

1501.01633

1611.06062

series of electronic stages, including amplifiers and filters
dipoles are aligned north-south and east-west.
Our antenna design started with the need to observe
to remove radio frequency interference (RFI) below 30
over an octave of frequency. Using FEKO, a finite eleEDGES
MHz andaliasing of signals above 200 MHz. To measure
BIGHORNS
ment
simulation,afour-squareantennascaledto70
MHz
the noise of the system, an electro-mechanical switch is00, -00– 100 MHz
50between– 100theMHz
was modified
by dividing
the squareplatesinto inclined
MarionIsland,South
Africaplacedantenna and the first amplifier. This
Owens Valley, California
hison
Radio
Obs.
trapezoidal facets. Additional panels were added to theWestern
Australia
switch, controlled by the sampling software,
allows col- SSERVI TeamA NASA-fundedsides of each petal, forming a strip line with fixed gap
lection of spectra from terminators of known temperature
between the petals. The exact size and angles of the(50⌦, 100⌦ and Short). These spectra are collected in 5
facets and the strip line gap were tuned to improve permin intervals and are used for calibration, as is shown informance. A 1:6 scale model was then built with theEqns. 2 and 3.
best design and was tested in an antenna range to deThe sampling system is composed of a GE PCIe digi100 MHz
termine the actual antenna bandwidth, impedance
andtizer board (ICS1650) for data acquisition and a PC withbeam shape.
software for power spectrum generation. The signal from
Critical parameters are the strip line gap and thethe antenna is sampled at 500 MSamples/sec with 12 bits
height above the ground plane. The first parameterof resolution, after which Fourier transform routines inchanges the impedance and the second parameter imtegrated into the sampling software are used to generate
pacts the beam
pattern.
Theantenna
is
fixed
and
pointspower spectra from 0-250 MHz. The system is placed
70 MHzto the zenith. Our final design has increased bandinside of a Faraday cage ⇠50 meters from the antenna
Obs.,
India
width compared to the four-square antenna, a flattened Gauribidanur
and all power/control
signals
sent to the antenna andimpedance
curve
and
a
55
beam
at
70
MHz
with
roughlyelectronics
as
well
as
power
to
the
internal PC busesFigure
are 4. LEDA outrigger antenna stand (ID 256) at Owens
d on Marion Island. The 70 MHz and 100 MHz antennas are visible in the foreground
Valleyfrequency
independent
The scalemodel
ree orange
shipping containers
the shape.
controlelectronics,
generatorand measurebatteries,
RF-filtered to minimize self-generated noise contamina- Radio Observatory, California, January 2015.
Fig. 2 house
SARAS
2 antennaes 4 km ments
behind Junior’skop. a check of the simulated antenna patterns
providetion. To minimize data collection interruptions, an exthat are used in the system calibration, as is shown internal supervisor circuit monitors the system to provide
Eqn.
1. Afrom
more
description
can
be
found
in
hly 4 kmsouthwest
the detailed
main base,andwebenchmarked
the
level
restart in caseHYPERION
of failure. The data sampling/processing
SARAS2(Jáuregui-Garcı́a
al in andpreparation)and thespectrum
antennah a Workman
T-601 discone etantennaa Rohde & Schwarz
duty cycleis ⇠10%,so 1bedayof observationwas
optimized
to be 33cm,
and the radiusof theto
43.5
cm, using yields about
30disc
– -10
MHz
87.5
–this
-75
Z MMHzshown
inantenna
Figthe1.base
We
call
new
designthe
HIbiscus
arativeisplotof RFI
at
and
the
PRI
observing
site;
these
2 hours of e↵ective integration time.
antenna. WIPL-D
GauribidanurObs.,simulations.
India
electromagnetic
The optimizationOwens
aimed atValley
keeping the reso2.3. Experimental Sites
3.3 Outrigger antennas
One major
noise contribution
the 40-130 MHzThefre- outrigger antennas (Fig. 4) are of the same design as
Owens
Valley,inCalifornia
quency band is terrestrial RFI. In particular, televithe LWA cross-dipole antennas, detailed in Ellingson et al.
sion stations and FM radio stations transmit within this(2013). Each dual-polarization antenna consists of four triband. Even at the U.S. National Radio Quiet Zonein’blades’ of length 1.4 m, which form two pairs of orGreen Bank, West Virginia, the FM signal exceedsangularthethogonal antennas (single-polarization). The blades are atsky signal by 10 dB over the entire FM band of 88-108
tached to a central pole of height 1.5 m, at the top of whichMHz.
a weatherproof box for the FE. The two antenna pairs are
In order to bring RFI down below the level of theisexoriented North-South and East-West. The blades are angled
pected 21 cm signal, it is necessary to operate the instrument at an extremely remote radio-quiet location. down
For to improve response at the horizon and beam symmethe data presented here, we travelled to Isla Guadalupe
try. A wire-grid 3⇥3-m ground screen isolates the antennas
in Mexico. Isla Guadalupe (Latitude 28 580 2400 N, Lonfrom the earth ground, whose characteristics may change
gitude 118 180 400 W) is 260 km o↵ the Baja California
Guadalupe Island, Mexico
Equinox
Farm, Virginiawith moisture
content.
peninsula in the Pacific Ocean. It is a Mexican biosphereThe outrigger antennas are physically isolated from thereserve and has minimal infrastructure. As the location
is a biosphere reserve, we were careful to ensure corethatantennas and other metallic objects. Each antenna has a
2018insular
Aspen
Winterconference:
CosmologicalSignalsfrom3⇥3
m groundscreen,andon
is protectedfrom grazing
cattlebyour experiment had limited impact on the fragile
Aspen
Conference
CosmologicalSignalsfromC

1311.0014

21cm Probes New Particle Physics
increasing 21cm absorption with new physics:<latexit sha1_base64="biRYsrywF/AoSojBpkGCwULaSQQ=">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</latexit>

T21 / 1

T
Ts

DM

DM

H

H

cool baryons

3⇥10 5

0.1%
0.05%
0.02%
0.01%

21cm from Millicharged Dark Matter
0.005%

10 5

3⇥10

6

8

0.1
0.3
1
3
10
30
100
uncertainties
onthemodelingofthevariouscomponents
10m [MeV]
2
SLAC
of
the
Galactic
magnetic
field
is left for future investigam
heat from ann.
-26 c0@spin 1ê2 DMD
=1
`
tion.
10-4
HB
s ion
3⇥10 4In Fig. 4 we hT
plot
the500measured
EDGES signal on top
SENSEI2mKm
BBN
21 i =
-30 c
10-5
=10
of the existing Planck
constraints
in the Q m plane, assum`s ion2015 constraints
ing only 1% ofSN1987A
DM is coolingin the form of MCP. As evident
10-6
42
10 comparison` ignalfromto Fig. 3, the parameter space slightly
m
SLAC
s
s
-7
-34 c
WD
10
=10
`
opens, the main
reasons ion
Stellar(RG)being that BBN and CMB conXENON
straints are weakenSN
BBN in the absence of a hidden photon.
10-8
Weakercosmological constraints still applies, in partic2
m
5
-9
-38 c
3⇥10
10
ular we include the BBN bound from Ref. f[7].
We also=10`= 0.4%
s ion
0.2%
show the region where DM annihilation
heats up the gas,
0.1%
10-10
0.05%
consequently the0.02%
spin temperature
would rise and thus
25mthe10EDGES
signal can not be accounted for in that rek
-42 c
10-11
s
Freeze-in
i
0
1
d
` n=
0.01%
s io
the
gion. This e↵ect was first pointed out in [76] and was
m
-12
o
r
f
10
carefully computed in the case of MCP in [75]. Note
ed
t
a
u
c
that this bound is only relevant for fermionic MCP whereeva
RG
W c =0.01 WCDM
10-13
P
C
6
M
3⇥10
the thermal-averaged
annihilation cross section is veloc-14
0.1
0.3
10bound30com- 100
10 -3
ity independent. One might1wonder3why the
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
m [MeV]
puted in [75] seems independent
on the millicharge q in
m c @MeVD
the region of interest. This exactly the regime in which
FIG.
The viable
parameter space
for themillicharged
DM to
the5.heatingfrom annihilation
equatescooling from
FIG. Barkana,
4. ConstraintsOutmezguine,on the charge, Q, of aRedigolo,
millicharged par- explain
scattering
describedPoulin,
inEDGESEq. (5-6).
Since
bothThetheseallowed
cross rethe
anomalous
21cm
signal.
Kovetz,Gluscevic,
Boddy,
2
ticle as a function of the DM mass. The red line indicates gionsectiondepends
onaboveq thebybound
is approximately
indeis bound
from
SLAC
constraints [15](gray),
Volansky,
1803.03091
Barkana,
Kamionkowski,
1807.11482
the minimal
cross sectionneeded to explain the EDGES meapendenton by
q. stellar cooling [13] (purple), from below by
fromthe leftsurement, assuming the millicharged particle constitutes only
The constraints from XENON10 and SENSEI were
1% of the DM density. The dashed-gray lines show con- SN1987A cooling [14] (blue), and from the right by the rere-scaledtotocool
account
for theenoughsmallertoDM
fraction
the baryons
yield
a 21cmandbrighttours of constant ˆ . Constraints from cooling of the super- quirementa preliminary
estimate withof thetheterrestrial
temperaturefirstconsistent
EDGESe↵ect
99% onupper
nova (SN) 1987A [6] (purple), direct detection limits from ness
Q-3

21cm Probes New Particle Physics
increasing 21cm absorption with new physics:

heat photons<latexit sha1_base64="biRYsrywF/AoSojBpkGCwULaSQQ=">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</latexit>

T21 / 1TTs(easy!)☺

T > TCMB<latexit sha1_base64="oV1sRKXYN2wNyU/xVpsY6+SWmVI=">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</latexit>( = 21 cm)<latexit sha1_base64="heG9facDAITQ4YG6ItS732Z+NNY=">AAACPXicbVDLSsNAFJ34rPVVdelmsAiKIkkRdCMU3bisYKvQlDKZ3OrgTBJmbkpLyEf4NS7Vz/AD3IlbF26ctln4OjBwOOfeO4cTJFIYdN0XZ2p6ZnZuvrRQXlxaXlmtrK23TJxqDk0ey1hfB8yAFBE0UaCE60QDU4GEq+DubORf9UEbEUeXOEygo9hNJHqCM7RSt7LnIwxwfCfTEObZji/tdshOap6/T33F8FarjKt8N+9Wqu6BOwb9S7yCVEmBRrfy6YcxTxVEyCUzpu25CXYyplFwCXnZTw0kjN+xG2hbGjEFppONw+R02yoh7cXavgjpWP2+kTFlzFAFdnIU0vz2RuJ/XjvF3nEnE1GSIkR88lEvlRRjOmqIhkIDRzm0hHEtbFbKb5lmHG2P/2beD/siMUX8wSR/2bbl/e7mL2nVDjzLLw6r9dOitxLZJFtkh3jkiNTJOWmQJuHknjyQJ/LsPDqvzpvzPhmdcoqdDfIDzscXW3SwSg==</latexit>

DM

DM

H

H

cool baryons(hard)☹

When to Add 21cm Photons
0

15 20

~2000
injection window
rapid absorptionz<latexit sha1_base64="HmCjAr6xzzIJsdckQ3FkDlJ8O3c=">AAACEXicbVDLSsNAFL2pr1pfVZdugkVwISURQZdFNy5bsA9oQ5lMbtuhk0mYmRRr6Be4VD/Gnbj1C/wWN07bLLTtgYHDOfdyzxw/5kxpx/m2cmvrG5tb+e3Czu7e/kHx8KihokRSrNOIR7LlE4WcCaxrpjm2Yokk9Dk2/eHd1G+OUCoWiQc9jtELSV+wHqNEG6n21C2WnLIzg71M3IyUIEO1W/zpBBFNQhSacqJU23Vi7aVEakY5TgqdRGFM6JD0sW2oICEqL50FndhnRgnsXiTNE9qeqX83UhIqNQ59MxkSPVCL3lRc5bUT3bvxUibiRKOg80O9hNs6sqe/tgMmkWo+NoRQyUxWmw6IJFSbblZmvghGLFZZ/Md5/oJpy13sZpk0LsuuU3ZrV6XKbdZbHk7gFM7BhWuowD1UoQ4UEJ7hFd6sF+vd+rA+56M5K9s5hn+wvn4Bn/megQ==</latexit><latexit

EDGES

survival probability
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e

<latexit sha1_base64="2z4HdndHOFCmTBKfPpdu58HIwzE=">AAACE3icbVDLSgNBEOz1GeMr6tHLYBA8aNgVQY9BLx4jmgcka5id7U2GzD6YmQ2GkE/wqH6MN/HqB/gtXpwke9AkBQNFVTddU14iuNK2/W0tLa+srq3nNvKbW9s7u4W9/ZqKU8mwymIRy4ZHFQoeYVVzLbCRSKShJ7Du9W7Gfr2PUvE4etCDBN2QdiIecEa1ke7x8axdKNolewIyT5yMFCFDpV34afkxS0OMNBNUqaZjJ9odUqk5EzjKt1KFCWU92sGmoRENUbnDSdQROTaKT4JYmhdpMlH/bgxpqNQg9MxkSHVXzXpjcZHXTHVw5Q55lKQaIzY9FKSC6JiM/018LpFpMTCEMslNVsK6VFKmTTsLM5/6fZ6oLP7TNH/etOXMdjNPauclxy45dxfF8nXWWw4O4QhOwIFLKMMtVKAKDDrwDK/wZr1Y79aH9TkdXbKynQP4B+vrF7EKnws=</latexit>

Ps<latexit sha1_base64="OcsyRPSJ2JyKk0pRHtu7IDAMuxQ=">AAACFnicbVDLSgMxFM34rPVVdekmWAQXUmZE0GXRjcsK9gHtUO5kMm1skhmSTLEM/QeX6se4E7du/RY3pu0stO2BwOGce7knJ0g408Z1v52V1bX1jc3CVnF7Z3dvv3Rw2NBxqgitk5jHqhWAppxJWjfMcNpKFAURcNoMBrcTvzmkSrNYPphRQn0BPckiRsBYqdHpgRDQLZXdijsFXiReTsooR61b+umEMUkFlYZw0LrtuYnxM1CGEU7HxU6qaQJkAD3atlSCoNrPpmnH+NQqIY5iZZ80eKr+3chAaD0SgZ0UYPp63puIy7x2aqJrP2MySQ2VZHYoSjk2MZ58HYdMUWL4yBIgitmsmPRBATG2oKWZz8MhS3Qe/2mWv2jb8ua7WSSNi4rnVrz7y3L1Ju+tgI7RCTpDHrpCVXSHaqiOCHpEz+gVvTkvzrvz4XzORlecfOcI/YPz9QuMHaCY</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="2z4HdndHOFCmTBKfPpdu58HIwzE=">AAACE3icbVDLSgNBEOz1GeMr6tHLYBA8aNgVQY9BLx4jmgcka5id7U2GzD6YmQ2GkE/wqH6MN/HqB/gtXpwke9AkBQNFVTddU14iuNK2/W0tLa+srq3nNvKbW9s7u4W9/ZqKU8mwymIRy4ZHFQoeYVVzLbCRSKShJ7Du9W7Gfr2PUvE4etCDBN2QdiIecEa1ke7x8axdKNolewIyT5yMFCFDpV34afkxS0OMNBNUqaZjJ9odUqk5EzjKt1KFCWU92sGmoRENUbnDSdQROTaKT4JYmhdpMlH/bgxpqNQg9MxkSHVXzXpjcZHXTHVw5Q55lKQaIzY9FKSC6JiM/018LpFpMTCEMslNVsK6VFKmTTsLM5/6fZ6oLP7TNH/etOXMdjNPauclxy45dxfF8nXWWw4O4QhOwIFLKMMtVKAKDDrwDK/wZr1Y79aH9TkdXbKynQP4B+vrF7EKnws=</latexit>

10-2= 21 cm<latexit sha1_base64="H1H1Ayw7efEZTzu/tjLZ5Xjk4Tc=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="SVzG5W/iTvTYPQTO2cz0fh1pB+g=">AAACE3icbVDLSgMxFL3js9ZX1aWbYBEEpcyIoMuiG5cV7QPasWQymTY0kwlJplhKP8Gl+jHuxK0f4Le4MW1noW0PBA7n3Ms9OYHkTBvX/XaWlldW19ZzG/nNre2d3cLefk0nqSK0ShKeqEaANeVM0KphhtOGVBTHAaf1oHcz9ut9qjRLxIMZSOrHuCNYxAg2VrqXj6ftQtEtuROgeeJlpAgZKu3CTytMSBpTYQjHWjc9Vxp/iJVhhNNRvpVqKjHp4Q5tWipwTLU/nEQdoWOrhChKlH3CoIn6d2OIY60HcWAnY2y6etYbi4u8ZmqiK3/IhEwNFWR6KEo5Mgka/xuFTFFi+MASTBSzWRHpYoWJse0szHwW9pnUWfynaf68bcub7Wae1M5Lnlvy7i6K5eustxwcwhGcgAeXUIZbqEAVCHTgGV7hzXlx3p0P53M6uuRkOwfwD87XL8A1nxQ=</latexit>p+<latexit sha1_base64="SVzG5W/iTvTYPQTO2cz0fh1pB+g=">AAACE3icbVDLSgMxFL3js9ZX1aWbYBEEpcyIoMuiG5cV7QPasWQymTY0kwlJplhKP8Gl+jHuxK0f4Le4MW1noW0PBA7n3Ms9OYHkTBvX/XaWlldW19ZzG/nNre2d3cLefk0nqSK0ShKeqEaANeVM0KphhtOGVBTHAaf1oHcz9ut9qjRLxIMZSOrHuCNYxAg2VrqXj6ftQtEtuROgeeJlpAgZKu3CTytMSBpTYQjHWjc9Vxp/iJVhhNNRvpVqKjHp4Q5tWipwTLU/nEQdoWOrhChKlH3CoIn6d2OIY60HcWAnY2y6etYbi4u8ZmqiK3/IhEwNFWR6KEo5Mgka/xuFTFFi+MASTBSzWRHpYoWJse0szHwW9pnUWfynaf68bcub7Wae1M5Lnlvy7i6K5eustxwcwhGcgAeXUIZbqEAVCHTgGV7hzXlx3p0P53M6uuRkOwfwD87XL8A1nxQ=</latexit>p+

at z = 15<latexit sha1_base64="FLSekXsWweGSUDpg9c2bFG7giFI=">AAACLHicbVDLSgNBEJyNrxhfUW96GQyCBw27ouhFCHrxGME8IAlhdrZjhsw+mOmVxCXg13hUP8aLiFd/wouTZA9qUjBQVHVPF+VGUmi07XcrMze/sLiUXc6trK6tb+Q3t6o6jBWHCg9lqOou0yBFABUUKKEeKWC+K6Hm9q5Gfu0elBZhcIuDCFo+uwtER3CGRmrnd5oIfRz/kyjwhskDvaDO6dGxPWznC3bRHoNOEyclBZKi3M5/N72Qxz4EyCXTuuHYEbYSplBwCcNcM9YQMd5jd9AwNGA+6FYyvj2k+0bxaCdU5gVIx+rvjYT5Wg9810z6DLv6vzcSZ3mNGDvnrUQEUYwQ8MmhTiwphnRUCPWEAo5yYAjjSpislHeZYhxNbTMzH3r3ItJp/P4kf8605fzvZppUj4uOXXRuTgqly7S3LNkle+SAOOSMlMg1KZMK4eSRPJEX8mo9W2/Wh/U5Gc1Y6c42+QPr6wcc96iJ</latexit>

10-3 1
10

20

102

103

104

z
Chluba, 1506.06582

What if dark matter decays to photons?
ex)<latexit sha1_base64="i3neAWYrGls9PfziGgA5a63hXXI=">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</latexit>

1
a F F̃
f<latexit sha1_base64="lifvEciJI/g2FVPh9m4wzkD2S5M=">AAACKXicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqgsXboJFcCElEUGXRTcuK9gHtKVMJrft0JkkzNyUlpCvcal+jDt162e4cdpmoW0PDBzOuXfu4XiR4Bod59PKra1vbG7ltws7u3v7B8XDo7oOY8WgxkIRqqZHNQgeQA05CmhGCqj0BDS84f3Ub4xAaR4GTziJoCNpP+A9zigaqVs8aSOMcfZPosBPk3afSknTbrHklJ0Z7GXiZqREMlS7xZ+2H7JYQoBMUK1brhNhJ6EKOROQFtqxhoiyIe1Dy9CAStCdZHY4tc+N4tu9UJkXoD1T/24kVGo9kZ6ZlBQHetGbiqu8Voy9207CgyhGCNj8UC8WNob2tA3b5woYiokhlClustpsQBVlaDpbmfnSH/FIZ/HH8/wF05a72M0yqV+VXafsPl6XKndZb3lySs7IBXHJDamQB1IlNcJISp7JK3mzXqx368P6mo/mrGznmPyD9f0LVm6o3g==</latexit>a<latexit sha1_base64="/K3WqTnSHNRKt6yTcHWy6wtLfc0=">AAACEXicbVDLSgNBEOz1GeMr6tHLYBA8SNgVQY9BLx4TMA9IljA725sMmX0wMxsMS77Ao/ox3sSrX+C3eHGS7EGTFAwUVd10TXmJ4Erb9re1tr6xubVd2Cnu7u0fHJaOjpsqTiXDBotFLNseVSh4hA3NtcB2IpGGnsCWN7yf+q0RSsXj6FGPE3RD2o94wBnVRqrTXqlsV+wZyDJxclKGHLVe6afrxywNMdJMUKU6jp1oN6NScyZwUuymChPKhrSPHUMjGqJys1nQCTk3ik+CWJoXaTJT/25kNFRqHHpmMqR6oBa9qbjK66Q6uHUzHiWpxojNDwWpIDom018Tn0tkWowNoUxyk5WwAZWUadPNysyX/ognKo//NM9fNG05i90sk+ZVxbErTv26XL3LeyvAKZzBBThwA1V4gBo0gAHCM7zCm/VivVsf1ud8dM3Kd07gH6yvX3YUnmg=</latexit><latexit<latexit sha1_base64="lifvEciJI/g2FVPh9m4wzkD2S5M=">AAACKXicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqgsXboJFcCElEUGXRTcuK9gHtKVMJrft0JkkzNyUlpCvcal+jDt162e4cdpmoW0PDBzOuXfu4XiR4Bod59PKra1vbG7ltws7u3v7B8XDo7oOY8WgxkIRqqZHNQgeQA05CmhGCqj0BDS84f3Ub4xAaR4GTziJoCNpP+A9zigaqVs8aSOMcfZPosBPk3afSknTbrHklJ0Z7GXiZqREMlS7xZ+2H7JYQoBMUK1brhNhJ6EKOROQFtqxhoiyIe1Dy9CAStCdZHY4tc+N4tu9UJkXoD1T/24kVGo9kZ6ZlBQHetGbiqu8Voy9207CgyhGCNj8UC8WNob2tA3b5woYiokhlClustpsQBVlaDpbmfnSH/FIZ/HH8/wF05a72M0yqV+VXafsPl6XKndZb3lySs7IBXHJDamQB1IlNcJISp7JK3mzXqx368P6mo/mrGznmPyD9f0LVm6o3g==</latexit>

10<latexit sha1_base64="OLyPTbz4bg4Ans0G0f5/nKFN228=">AAACa3icbVBLTsMwFHTDr5RfoTtgYVEhsYAq4SNYsECwYVkkWkBNqRz3tVjYSWS/IKooZ+McHIAlcAA2uG0WQHmSrdHMG3s0QSyFQdd9LThT0zOzc8X50sLi0vJKeXWtaaJEc2jwSEb6NmAGpAihgQIl3MYamAok3ASPF0P95gm0EVF4jYMY2or1Q9ETnKGlOuU7H+EZR++kgUwgSz33Pt07yqi/S33F8EGrFJpZRk+p6jB7/zDUZaJyw8GEoVOuujV3NHQSeDmoknzqnfKX3414oiBELpkxLc+NsZ0yjYJLyEp+YiBm/JH1oWVhyBSYdjpKktFty3RpL9L2hEhH7E9HypQxAxXYzWFG81cbkv9prQR7J+1UhHGCEPLxR71EUozosE/aFRo4yoEFjGths1L+wDTjaFv/N/Nu90nEJo//PM5fsm15f7uZBM39mufWvKvD6tl53luRbJAtskM8ckzOyCWpkwbh5IW8kQ/yWXh3Ks66szledQq5p0J+jbP9DVLMvmc=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="qMbdO5BACsHvLRiLUl+mpGLdeYE=">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</latexit>

5eV < ma < 10

> 21 cm

3eV

21cm photons absorbed

Fraser et. al., 1803.03245

What if dark matter decays to photons?
1
a F F̃
ex)f
4 61. Axions and other similar particles<latexit sha1_base64="lifvEciJI/g2FVPh9m4wzkD2S5M=">AAACKXicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqgsXboJFcCElEUGXRTcuK9gHtKVMJrft0JkkzNyUlpCvcal+jDt162e4cdpmoW0PDBzOuXfu4XiR4Bod59PKra1vbG7ltws7u3v7B8XDo7oOY8WgxkIRqqZHNQgeQA05CmhGCqj0BDS84f3Ub4xAaR4GTziJoCNpP+A9zigaqVs8aSOMcfZPosBPk3afSknTbrHklJ0Z7GXiZqREMlS7xZ+2H7JYQoBMUK1brhNhJ6EKOROQFtqxhoiyIe1Dy9CAStCdZHY4tc+N4tu9UJkXoD1T/24kVGo9kZ6ZlBQHetGbiqu8Voy9207CgyhGCNj8UC8WNob2tA3b5woYiokhlClustpsQBVlaDpbmfnSH/FIZ/HH8/wF05a72M0yqV+VXafsPl6XKndZb3lySs7IBXHJDamQB1IlNcJISp7JK3mzXqx368P6mo/mrGznmPyD9f0LVm6o3g==</latexit>a<latexit sha1_base64="/K3WqTnSHNRKt6yTcHWy6wtLfc0=">AAACEXicbVDLSgNBEOz1GeMr6tHLYBA8SNgVQY9BLx4TMA9IljA725sMmX0wMxsMS77Ao/ox3sSrX+C3eHGS7EGTFAwUVd10TXmJ4Erb9re1tr6xubVd2Cnu7u0fHJaOjpsqTiXDBotFLNseVSh4hA3NtcB2IpGGnsCWN7yf+q0RSsXj6FGPE3RD2o94wBnVRqrTXqlsV+wZyDJxclKGHLVe6afrxywNMdJMUKU6jp1oN6NScyZwUuymChPKhrSPHUMjGqJys1nQCTk3ik+CWJoXaTJT/25kNFRqHHpmMqR6oBa9qbjK66Q6uHUzHiWpxojNDwWpIDom018Tn0tkWowNoUxyk5WwAZWUadPNysyX/ognKo//NM9fNG05i90sk+ZVxbErTv26XL3LeyvAKZzBBThwA1V4gBo0gAHCM7zCm/VivVsf1ud8dM3Kd07gH6yvX3YUnmg=</latexit><latexit<latexit sha1_base64="i3neAWYrGls9PfziGgA5a63hXXI=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="lifvEciJI/g2FVPh9m4wzkD2S5M=">AAACKXicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqgsXboJFcCElEUGXRTcuK9gHtKVMJrft0JkkzNyUlpCvcal+jDt162e4cdpmoW0PDBzOuXfu4XiR4Bod59PKra1vbG7ltws7u3v7B8XDo7oOY8WgxkIRqqZHNQgeQA05CmhGCqj0BDS84f3Ub4xAaR4GTziJoCNpP+A9zigaqVs8aSOMcfZPosBPk3afSknTbrHklJ0Z7GXiZqREMlS7xZ+2H7JYQoBMUK1brhNhJ6EKOROQFtqxhoiyIe1Dy9CAStCdZHY4tc+N4tu9UJkXoD1T/24kVGo9kZ6ZlBQHetGbiqu8Voy9207CgyhGCNj8UC8WNob2tA3b5woYiokhlClustpsQBVlaDpbmfnSH/FIZ/HH8/wF05a72M0yqV+VXafsPl6XKndZb3lySs7IBXHJDamQB1IlNcJISp7JK3mzXqx368P6mo/mrGznmPyD9f0LVm6o3g==</latexit>

Telescopes

LSW(OSQAR)VMB(PVLAS)

10-8<latexit sha1_base64="muUfm9DFEQSf2ibZZgKvWQa+bxU=">AAACL3icbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqEsRBotQoZZEBF0WXeiygn1AE8tkOmmHTh7MTIolZOXXuFQ/RtyIW7/BjZM0C217YOBwzr3cM8cJGRXSMD60wtLyyupacb20sbm1vaPv7rVEEHFMmjhgAe84SBBGfdKUVDLSCTlBnsNI2xldp357TLiggX8vJyGxPTTwqUsxkkrq6YfuQ3xqJlYVworlITnkXnxDWkmmnvT0slEzMsB5YuakDHI0evqP1Q9w5BFfYoaE6JpGKO0YcUkxI0nJigQJER6hAekq6iOPCDvOvpHAY6X0oRtw9XwJM/XvRow8ISaeoybTpGLWS8VFXjeS7qUdUz+MJPHx9JAbMSgDmHYC+5QTLNlEEYQ5VVkhHiKOsFTNLcxc7Y9pKPL4j9P8JdWWOdvNPGmd1UyjZt6dl+tXeW9FcACOQAWY4ALUwS1ogCbA4Ak8g1fwpr1o79qn9jUdLWj5zj74B+37F0pxqRY=</latexit>

f

1

(GeV

1

)

-1

Axion Coupling |GAγγ | (GeV )10-6

Helioscopes (CAST)

10-10

f > 1010 GeV

Sun<latexit sha1_base64="6HdeB+DSgW7ENkaU1hLZhuHc5e0=">AAACLXicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqMtuBovgopREBF1J0YUuK9gHtLFMJpN26GQSZibFErLwa1yqH+NCELd+hBsnbRba9sDA4Zx7uWeOGzEqlWV9GIWV1bX1jeJmaWt7Z3fP3D9oyTAWmDRxyELRcZEkjHLSVFQx0okEQYHLSNsdXWd+e0yEpCG/V5OIOAEacOpTjJSW+mbZh5fQth4S20phrwp7AVJDESQ3pJX2zYpVs6aAi8TOSQXkaPTNn54X4jggXGGGpOzaVqScBAlFMSNpqRdLEiE8QgPS1ZSjgEgnmX4ihcda8aAfCv24glP170aCAikngasns4xy3svEZV43Vv6Fk1AexYpwPDvkxwyqEGaNQI8KghWbaIKwoDorxEMkEFa6t6WZq96YRjKP/zjLX9Jt2fPdLJLWac22avbdWaV+lfdWBGVwBE6ADc5BHdyCBmgCDJ7AM3gFb8aL8W58Gl+z0YKR7xyCfzC+fwH0Xqff</latexit>

Horizontal Branch StarsHESS
SN 1987A

Fermi

10-12

Haloscopes(ADMX and others)

10-14

VZ

KS

S
DF

10

Z

21cm

-16
-10

10

10

-8

-6

-4

10
10
Axion Mass mA (eV)

PDG
10

-2

10

0

ma [eV]<latexit sha1_base64="7xUaWWCJbuqSoALVL0agWLr2Pjc=">AAACJnicbZBLS8NAFIUnPmt9xcfOzWARXJSSiKDLohuXFewDkhAmk0k7dCYJM5NiDf0vLtUf407Enf/DjZM2C217YOBw7r3MxwlSRqWyrC9jZXVtfWOzslXd3tnd2zcPDjsyyQQmbZywRPQCJAmjMWkrqhjppYIgHjDSDYa3xbw7IkLSJH5Q45R4HPVjGlGMlI5885j7CLp16LgcqYHgOelMPN+sWQ1rKrho7NLUQKmWb/64YYIzTmKFGZLSsa1UeTkSimJGJlU3kyRFeIj6xNE2RpxIL5/ST+CZTkIYJUK/WMFp+vciR1zKMQ/0ZsEo52dFuGzmZCq69nIap5kiMZ59FGUMqgQWVcCQCoIVG2uDsKCaFeIBEggrXdhS5no4oqks8R9n/FXdlj3fzaLpXDRsq2HfX9aaN2VvFXACTsE5sMEVaII70AJtgMETeAav4M14Md6ND+NztrpilDdH4J+M71+Bq6Y7</latexit>

Figure 61.1: Exclusion plot for axion-like particles as described in the text.

Fraser et. al., 1803.03245

structure, for example when two NG bosons are attached to one fermion line as in axion
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Oscillationsd<latexit sha1_base64="lifvEciJI/g2FVPh9m4wzkD2S5M=">AAACKXicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqgsXboJFcCElEUGXRTcuK9gHtKVMJrft0JkkzNyUlpCvcal+jDt162e4cdpmoW0PDBzOuXfu4XiR4Bod59PKra1vbG7ltws7u3v7B8XDo7oOY8WgxkIRqqZHNQgeQA05CmhGCqj0BDS84f3Ub4xAaR4GTziJoCNpP+A9zigaqVs8aSOMcfZPosBPk3afSknTbrHklJ0Z7GXiZqREMlS7xZ+2H7JYQoBMUK1brhNhJ6EKOROQFtqxhoiyIe1Dy9CAStCdZHY4tc+N4tu9UJkXoD1T/24kVGo9kZ6ZlBQHetGbiqu8Voy9207CgyhGCNj8UC8WNob2tA3b5woYiokhlClustpsQBVlaDpbmfnSH/FIZ/HH8/wF05a72M0yqV+VXafsPl6XKndZb3lySs7IBXHJDamQB1IlNcJISp7JK3mzXqx368P6mo/mrGznmPyD9f0LVm6o3g==</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="+5esqlg4iyydKC/cdYwWAIHidZ0=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="vcVEp0YEZHjyJcNbz2oKNjL87yM=">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</latexit>

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Mirizzi, Redondo, Sigl, 0901.0014

104

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<latexit sha1_base64="dQ1iYcscT4Jf+9yde8NAOtysa9Q=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="laji3ygxTWbCtJlYabUlJpuMhqU=">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</latexit>

m d = 5 ⇥ 10 12 eVÊ<latexit sha1_base64="GRAb6ePF955NI2dG4QMHRVo4Ars=">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</latexit>✏ = 4 ⇥ 10 7

ARCADE2

10-2<latexit sha1_base64="JT2xB/XaZoJDN/UspmAWudFy2ow=">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</latexit>

FIRAS

10-3
10-4 -510ma = 10 3 eV
⌧a = 1.4 ⇥ 1012 y

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

x = wêTCMB

1

101

102
*assuming a model for gas heatingtemperature evolution

21cm absorption
0.2

Tg

Ts

2

10

Tk
101
10

Standard Model

0.0

103

T21 @KD

Ti @KD

21cm Absorption with Extra Soft Photons

15

20

-0.2

<latexit sha1_base64="pfPsht/KevH1KRbuV0ymzdbJTxA=">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</latexit>

d !

-0.4
-0.6
-0.8

30

-1.0
10

50

z
<latexit sha1_base64="BmQd8RBplfLDuXbfcbjTw1R7Ct0=">AAACLXicbVDLSgMxFM34rPU16rKbYBFcSJkRQZdFNy4r2Ae0pdzJpG1okhmSTLUMXfg1LtWPcSGIWz/CjWk7C217IHA4517uyQlizrTxvA9nZXVtfWMzt5Xf3tnd23cPDms6ShShVRLxSDUC0JQzSauGGU4bsaIgAk7rweBm4teHVGkWyXszimlbQE+yLiNgrNRxC60eCAGdELcU6/UNKBU94Ex0i17JmwIvEj8jRZSh0nF/WmFEEkGlIRy0bvpebNopKMMIp+N8K9E0BjKAHm1aKkFQ3U6nnxjjE6uEuBsp+6TBU/XvRgpC65EI7KQA09fz3kRc5jUT071qp0zGiaGSzA51E45NhCeN4JApSgwfWQJEMZsVkz4oIMb2tjTzWThksc7iP87y521b/nw3i6R2XvK9kn93USxfZ73lUAEdo1Pko0tURreogqqIoCf0jF7Rm/PivDufztdsdMXJdo7QPzjfvwwZqaI=</latexit>

EDGES

12

14

16

18

20

z

d !

Standard Model

X-ray heating and Lyman-α from large halos:

5

Tvir > 2 ⇥ 10 K<latexit sha1_base64="6TUhAq91+N0Wt01WXM8BZFPz1+Y=">AAACOHicbVDLSsNAFJ34rPVVdelmsCgupCRF0ZUU3QhuKvQFTQyTyaQdOpOEmUmxhPoFfo1L9UfcuRO3bt04bbPQtgcGDufcyz1zvJhRqUzz3VhYXFpeWc2t5dc3Nre2Czu7DRklApM6jlgkWh6ShNGQ1BVVjLRiQRD3GGl6veuR3+wTIWkU1tQgJg5HnZAGFCOlJbdwVHNTW3DYp2IIL2EZ2opyIqFl3p892hypruDp7dAtFM2SOQacJVZGiiBD1S382H6EE05ChRmSsm2ZsXJSJBTFjAzzdiJJjHAPdUhb0xDpo046/s8QHmrFh0Ek9AsVHKt/N1LEpRxwT0+OEsppbyTO89qJCi6clIZxokiIJ4eChEEVwVE50KeCYMUGmiAsqM4KcRcJhJWucG7mE79PY5nFf5jkz+u2rOluZkmjXLLMknV3WqxcZb3lwD44AMfAAuegAm5AFdQBBk/gGbyCN+PF+DA+ja/J6IKR7eyBfzC+fwENiK0J</latexit>(Mh & 109 M )<latexit sha1_base64="uWJ+4wBDGwMwF6Ssqnmnh9A28/g=">AAACLHicbVDLSgMxFM3UV62vqjvdBItQQcqMCOqu6MZNoYJ9QFuHTCZtQzOTIblTLKXg17hUP8aNiFt/wo1pOwtteyBwOPdc7snxIsE12PaHlVpaXlldS69nNja3tneyu3tVLWNFWYVKIVXdI5oJHrIKcBCsHilGAk+wmte7Gc9rfaY0l+E9DCLWCkgn5G1OCRjJzR7kS24XNztgLAF27IcrXHKb0pdw4mZzdsGeAM8TJyE5lKDsZn+avqRxwEKggmjdcOwIWkOigFPBRplmrFlEaI90WMPQkARMt4aTP4zwsVF83JbKvBDwRP27MSSB1oPAM86AQFfPzsbiolkjhvZla8jDKAYW0umhdiwwSDwuBPtcMQpiYAihipusmHaJIhRMbQszn/p9Hukk/uM0f8a05cx2M0+qZwXH8LvzXPE66S2NDtERyiMHXaAiukVlVEEUPaFn9IrerBfr3fq0vqbWlJXs7KN/sL5/AXn3p58=</latexit>

22

24

vary Lyman-αvary Χ-ray heating

0.2

0.2

0.0

0.0

-0.2

-0.2

T21 @KD

T21 @KD

Varying Reionization Astrophysics

-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
10

14

16

18

-0.6

no X-rayheating

-0.8

EDGES

12

-0.4

20

22

24

-1.0
10

EDGES

12

14

z

18

z

4

Tvir > 2 ⇥ 10 K<latexit sha1_base64="hhXFKZMJ4f0Ddgkn2Ude7vSwl+s=">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</latexit>

Tvir > 2 ⇥ 105 K<latexit sha1_base64="YWx5Loe8OVp7S+M7o5J2t2L2FOs=">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</latexit>16(Mh & 4 ⇥ 107 M )<latexit sha1_base64="i4tIOYvSBC4Gm6Q3SkkEo+ie/KY=">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</latexit>(Mh & 109 M )<latexit sha1_base64="n0oHV96DulequlTRfwG9j1gkctA=">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</latexit>

20

22

24

21cm at High Redshifts
21cm absorption

106

102

105

101

104
3

10

»T21» @KD

Ti @KD

temperature evolution

Ts

102
101 Tg
1 1
10

Tk<latexit sha1_base64="BmQd8RBplfLDuXbfcbjTw1R7Ct0=">AAACLXicbVDLSgMxFM34rPU16rKbYBFcSJkRQZdFNy4r2Ae0pdzJpG1okhmSTLUMXfg1LtWPcSGIWz/CjWk7C217IHA4517uyQlizrTxvA9nZXVtfWMzt5Xf3tnd23cPDms6ShShVRLxSDUC0JQzSauGGU4bsaIgAk7rweBm4teHVGkWyXszimlbQE+yLiNgrNRxC60eCAGdELcU6/UNKBU94Ex0i17JmwIvEj8jRZSh0nF/WmFEEkGlIRy0bvpebNopKMMIp+N8K9E0BjKAHm1aKkFQ3U6nnxjjE6uEuBsp+6TBU/XvRgpC65EI7KQA09fz3kRc5jUT071qp0zGiaGSzA51E45NhCeN4JApSgwfWQJEMZsVkz4oIMb2tjTzWThksc7iP87y521b/nw3i6R2XvK9kn93USxfZ73lUAEdo1Pko0tURreogqqIoCf0jF7Rm/PivDufztdsdMXJdo7QPzjfvwwZqaI=</latexit>

m d = 5 ⇥ 10 12 eV

10-3 110103z<latexit sha1_base64="BmQd8RBplfLDuXbfcbjTw1R7Ct0=">AAACLXicbVDLSgMxFM34rPU16rKbYBFcSJkRQZdFNy4r2Ae0pdzJpG1okhmSTLUMXfg1LtWPcSGIWz/CjWk7C217IHA4517uyQlizrTxvA9nZXVtfWMzt5Xf3tnd23cPDms6ShShVRLxSDUC0JQzSauGGU4bsaIgAk7rweBm4teHVGkWyXszimlbQE+yLiNgrNRxC60eCAGdELcU6/UNKBU94Ex0i17JmwIvEj8jRZSh0nF/WmFEEkGlIRy0bvpebNopKMMIp+N8K9E0BjKAHm1aKkFQ3U6nnxjjE6uEuBsp+6TBU/XvRgpC65EI7KQA09fz3kRc5jUT071qp0zGiaGSzA51E45NhCeN4JApSgwfWQJEMZsVkz4oIMb2tjTzWThksc7iP87y521b/nw3i6R2XvK9kn93USxfZ73lUAEdo1Pko0tURreogqqIoCf0jF7Rm/PivDufztdsdMXJdo7QPzjfvwwZqaI=</latexit>

EDGES

10-1
10-2

d !

<latexit sha1_base64="5N2Dh+jpiv+atYhwYZNpEuD7NX0=">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</latexit>

102

1

d !

Standard Model

Standard Model

102

103

z
d !
m d = 5 ⇥ 10 12 eV<latexit sha1_base64="tz2nOuPCshodTlkIwVeGr06pAg8=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="KCWZOfeIUApnFNM7CxiR9tgbkYw=">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</latexit>

prediction: large excess with an edge

Dark Photon Parameter Space
��-�
����-������!
→ �� d��-�ma = 10<latexit sha1_base64="dQ1iYcscT4Jf+9yde8NAOtysa9Q=">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</latexit>

choose ⌧asuch that n d ! = nCMB
at 21cm<latexit sha1_base64="gC5+DQ8lAEHSsDTChiwZEowbsG4=">AAACLHicbVDLSsNAFJ34tr6q7nQTLIILKYkIuiy6calgVWhDuJnetkMnkzBzU1pCwa9xqX6MGxG3/oQbp20Wvg4MHM65d+7hRKkUhjzv1ZmZnZtfWFxaLq2srq1vlDe3bkySaY51nshE30VgUAqFdRIk8S7VCHEk8TbqnY/92z5qIxJ1TcMUgxg6SrQFB7JSWN5pEg5o8k+eaFAdHOVNgiyEUViueFVvAvcv8QtSYQUuw/Jns5XwLEZFXIIxDd9LKchBk+ASR6VmZjAF3oMONixVEKMJ8sntkbtvlZbbTrR9ityJ+n0jh9iYYRzZyRioa357Y/E/r5FR+zTIhUozQsWnh9qZdClxx4W4LaGRkxxaAlwLm9XlXdDAydb2b+bDVl+kpog/mOYv2bb83938JTdHVd+r+lfHldpZ0dsS22V77ID57ITV2AW7ZHXG2T17YE/s2Xl0Xpw35306OuMUO9vsB5yPLwsYqkQ=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="MvLOyID2ZTYiIaAphsYsLhKI8Is=">AAACdXicbVDRahNBFJ2s1sa01VQfRRiaVnwo6a4U6osQ2hdfhAqmLWTDcnf2Jhk6M7vM3K0Ny36gn+BX+Kjii5Nkhdr0wsDhnDP3Hk5aKOkoDL+3gkePN55stp92trZ3nj3v7r64cHlpBQ5FrnJ7lYJDJQ0OSZLCq8Ii6FThZXp9ttAvb9A6mZsvNC9wrGFq5EQKIE8lXWGSKia8peWqKlUl1lU8Ba0hyWoeWzmdEVibf+V3bBazf6665h/WpMVSq/nZp1Mv86TbC/vhcvg6iBrQY82cJ90/cZaLUqMhocC5URQWNK7AkhQK605cOixAXMMURx4a0OjG1fJ+zQ88k/FJbv0zxJfs3R8VaOfmOvVODTRz97UF+ZA2KmnyflxJU5SERqwOTUrFKeeLZnkmLQpScw9AWOmzcjEDC4J8/w9mPsxuZOGa+Ler/B3fVnS/m3Vw8a4fhf3o83FvcNr01mav2B57yyJ2wgbsIztnQybYN/aD/WK/Wz+D18F+8GZlDVrNn5fsvwmO/gJQ18WY</latexit>

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Another Option: ALP to Photon<latexit sha1_base64="TS6eya5nZ9BholHLEaVVEvGqGIg=">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</latexit>aresonant conversions:1
ga aF F̃4m (z) = ma<latexit sha1_base64="Ee25/1G6dnqTg5zH0mQrafjjSdg=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="JuvgURhDyN3lT1N7sRlufgodY1U=">AAACJnicbVDLSsNAFJ34rPUVHzs3wSK4kJKIoMuiG5cV7APaUCaTm3bo5MHMTWkN/ReX6se4E3Hnf7gxSbPQtgcGDufcO/dwnEhwhab5pa2srq1vbJa2yts7u3v7+sFhU4WxZNBgoQhl26EKBA+ggRwFtCMJ1HcEtJzhXea3RiAVD4NHnERg+7QfcI8ziqnU04+7CGPM/0kcEcM0odNyT6+YVTOHsUisglRIgXpP/+m6IYt9CJAJqlTHMiO0EyqRMwHTcjdWEFE2pH3opDSgPig7ya9OjbNUcQ0vlOkL0MjVvxsJ9ZWa+E466VMcqHkvE5d5nRi9GzvhQRQjBGx2yIuFgaGRVWG4XAJDMUkJZZKnWQ02oJIyTAtbmvnCHfFIFfHHs/xZW9Z8N4ukeVm1zKr1cFWp3Ra9lcgJOSXnxCLXpEbuSZ00CCNP5Jm8kjftRXvXPrTP2eiKVuwckX/Qvn8BPGanOQ==</latexit><latexit<latexit sha1_base64="YLSk2xmsH88DgNt6tp4nsJ/N86k=">AAACKnicbVDLSsNAFJ34rPUVdSO4CRbBhZREBF0W3bisYB/QljKZ3LZDZ5Iwc1NaQv0al+rHuCtu/Qs3JmkW2vbAwOGce+cejhsKrtG2Z8ba+sbm1nZhp7i7t39waB4d13UQKQY1FohANV2qQXAfashRQDNUQKUroOEOH1K/MQKleeA/4ySEjqR9n/c4o5hIXfO0jTDG7J9YgTeN230qJZ0Wu2bJLtsZrGXi5KREclS75k/bC1gkwUcmqNYtxw6xE1OFnAmYFtuRhpCyIe1DK6E+laA7cXZ5al0kimf1ApU8H61M/bsRU6n1RLrJpKQ40IteKq7yWhH27jox98MIwWfzQ71IWBhYaR2WxxUwFJOEUKZ4ktViA6oow6S0lZmvvBEPdR5/PM+ftuUsdrNM6tdlxy47Tzelyn3eW4GckXNySRxySyrkkVRJjTDyQl7JO/kw3oxPY2Z8zUfXjHznhPyD8f0LllKo8g==</latexit>

ga B0 =10-12GeV-1 nG, E0 =0.3 eV

10-5

~
B
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B0 ⇠ nG

10 9 eV

Pa

10-6
10-7
10-8

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10-9

102

103

104

z

Moroi, Nakayama,Tang,probability
1804.10378
Figure 1: The conversion
Pa→γ as a function of the redshift at he reson
We have used ga B0 = 10−12 GeV−1 nG and E0 = 0.3 µeV for illustration.

III. ARCADE Excess from Dark Photons✏
sha1_base64="dzYtA+HwjFBDQA/yPz3EXtgSuuk=">AAACLHicbVDLSsNAFJ34rPVVdaebYBFcSElE0GXRjcsK9gFtKJPJbTt0MgkzN6UlFPwal+rHuBFx60+4cdpmoW0PDBzOuXfu4fix4Bod58NaWV1b39jMbeW3d3b39gsHhzUdJYpBlUUiUg2fahBcQhU5CmjECmjoC6j7/buJXx+A0jySjziKwQtpV/IOZxSN1C4ctxCGOP0nrYgkHKctiDUXkRy3C0Wn5ExhLxI3I0WSodIu/LSCiCUhSGSCat10nRi9lCrkTMA430o0xJT1aReahkoagvbS6e2xfWaUwO5EyjyJ9lT9u5HSUOtR6JvJkGJPz3sTcZnXTLBz46VcxgmCZLNDnUTYGNmTQuyAK2AoRoZQprjJarMeVZShqW1p5otgwGOdxR/O8udNW+58N4ukdllynZL7cFUs32a95cgJOSXnxCXXpEzuSYVUCSNP5Jm8kjfrxXq3Pq2v2eiKle0ckX+wvn8BKMyqVg==</latexit><latexit<latexit<latexit sha1_base64="lifvEciJI/g2FVPh9m4wzkD2S5M=">AAACKXicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqgsXboJFcCElEUGXRTcuK9gHtKVMJrft0JkkzNyUlpCvcal+jDt162e4cdpmoW0PDBzOuXfu4XiR4Bod59PKra1vbG7ltws7u3v7B8XDo7oOY8WgxkIRqqZHNQgeQA05CmhGCqj0BDS84f3Ub4xAaR4GTziJoCNpP+A9zigaqVs8aSOMcfZPosBPk3afSknTbrHklJ0Z7GXiZqREMlS7xZ+2H7JYQoBMUK1brhNhJ6EKOROQFtqxhoiyIe1Dy9CAStCdZHY4tc+N4tu9UJkXoD1T/24kVGo9kZ6ZlBQHetGbiqu8Voy9207CgyhGCNj8UC8WNob2tA3b5woYiokhlClustpsQBVlaDpbmfnSH/FIZ/HH8/wF05a72M0yqV+VXafsPl6XKndZb3lySs7IBXHJDamQB1IlNcJISp7JK3mzXqx368P6mo/mrGznmPyD9f0LVm6o3g==</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="R6hqzviitfjmC9EyoXngEOTElPE=">AAACLHicbVDLSsNAFJ34rPVVdaebYBFcSElE0GXRjcsK9gFtKZPJbTt0JgkzN6UlFPwal+rHuBFx60+4cZpmoW0PDBzOuXfu4XiR4Bod58NaWV1b39jMbeW3d3b39gsHhzUdxopBlYUiVA2PahA8gCpyFNCIFFDpCah7g7upXx+C0jwMHnEcQVvSXsC7nFE0Uqdw3EIYYfpP4okYJkmrR6WkHX/SKRSdkpPCXiRuRookQ6VT+Gn5IYslBMgE1brpOhG2E6qQMwGTfCvWEFE2oD1oGhpQCbqdpLcn9plRfLsbKvMCtFP170ZCpdZj6ZlJSbGv572puMxrxti9aSc8iGKEgM0OdWNhY2hPC7F9roChGBtCmeImq836VFGGpralmS/8IY90Fn80y583bbnz3SyS2mXJdUruw1WxfJv1liMn5JScE5dckzK5JxVSJYw8kWfySt6sF+vd+rS+ZqMrVrZzRP7B+v4F4lqqLA==</latexit>dRadio Excess
8

Fixsen et al.

the sky3temperature uncertainty in table 3.
10
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5.4. Galactic Emission Uncertainty
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dnêdx @cm-3D

10
The extragalactic
sky temperature is defined as the110
residual remaining after subtracting a model of Galactic
emission.
of Galac1 We define the absolute temperature
ARCADE2
tic emission along 3 independent linesof sight using the
6.3-1 the temperatures derived from the plane-parallel
mean
10of
spatial morphology of the Galaxy or the observed correla-2
tion10
betweenradio and atomic line emission. The three
FIRAS
reference
lines
of
sight
provideconsistentestimatesfor-3
the 10
total Galactic emission, with scatter 5 mK at 3 GHz,
0.5 mK
8 GHz, and 0.4 mK at 10 GHz.
10-4 at-51
10
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1
101
102
5.5. Instrument and Atmosphere Emission Uncertainty
x = wêTCMB
The emission from the reflector and the flight train
was modeled and measured and the two agree within themeasurement uncertainties. The careful measurement of
the beam from the mouth of the antenna allows a very
Fig. 4.— The thermodynamic temperature as a function ofcomplete model. The tipping tests demonstrate that thefrequency. The solid line is the best fit to the ARCADE 2 data withmodel is essentially correct. The major uncertainty in thea constant CMB temperature plus a synchrotron like component
an assumed -2.62 index. The vertical lines are ±1σ. The
model is the emissivity of the aluminum foilon the foam. 2,with0901.0555• ARCADE
dotted line is the FIRAS CMB temperature.
By calibrating against the measurement this uncertainty
is reduced.
must remain close to the horn temperature. Its eﬀects
The minimal contribution of the atmosphere at 37 km
are limited to changing the dielectric surface of the horn
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Radio Excess
The Extra-Galactic Sky Temperature at 3-90 GHz

9103use surveys at 22 MHZ (Roger et al. 1999), 45 MHzÊ(Maeda et al. 1999),
408 MHz (Haslam et al. 1981), andÊ
21420 MHz (Reich & Reich 1986) to estimate
ÊÊÊÊÊ
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10
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10
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reference lines of sight (north or south Galactic
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the uncertainty in the background temperature. Uncertainties in the gain and oﬀset for each survey contributeadditional sources of uncertainty, which are combined inquadrature. Table 4 summarizes the extragalactic temperature derived from the ARCADE 2 data and lowerfrequency radio surveys. The largest uncertainty in the
low frequency data is the gain uncertainty, but the uncertainty in table 4 also includes the oﬀset uncertainty
and the uncertainty in the Galaxy subtraction added inquadrature.

Fig. 5.— The excess antenna temperature as a function of frequency. The line is the best fit line with a -2.62 index. Diamonds
are low frequency points from the literature. Squares are ARCADE 2 data. The 30 GHz data point is included in the fit but
since its excess temperature comes out negative it does not appear
on the plot. The 90 GHz error bar just appears at the lower rightcorner of the plot.

• ARCADE 2, 0901.0555

2.729±0.004 K, TR = 1.19±0.14 K and β = −2.62±0.04
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