JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

JCM Proposed Methodology Form for REDD-plus
Cover sheet of the Proposed Methodology Form
Form for submitting the proposed methodology
Partner Country

Kingdom of Cambodia

Name of the methodology proponents

Conservation International andsubmitting this form

Mitsui & Co., Ltd.

Title of the proposed methodology and version
numberReducing deforestation and forest degradation
through forest conservation in Cambodia,
version 1.0

List of documents to be attached to this form

The attached draft JCM-PDD:(please check):

Additional information

Date of submission

04/04/2019

History of the proposed methodology
Version1.0

Date
04/04/2019

Contents revisedFirst edition1

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

A. Title of the methodology
Reducing deforestation and forest degradation through forest conservation in Cambodia,
version 1.0

B. Terms and definitions
Terms

Definitions

Cambodia’s official forest

Cambodia’s official forest reference level (FRL) is definedreference level (FRL)

as the most recent and available forest reference levelsubmitted to the UNFCCC secretariat by Cambodia andcompleted technical assessment by the UNFCCC’s
assessment team.

Cambodia’s official forest map

A land use and land cover map, endorsed as an official map,
named Forest Cover, by the Government of Cambodia. The
generation of additional landcover data are expected every 2
years, e.g., Forest Cover 2018 and Forest Cover 2020.

Transition probability

A probability that a forest class will be changed to anotherforest class, or be converted, to non-forest, based on thehistorical pace of transition. Transition probability is between
0 to 1.

Methodology guidelines

Joint Crediting Mechanism Guidelines for Developing
Proposed Methodology for Reducing Emissions from
Deforestation and Forest Degradation, and the Role ofConservation, Sustainable Management of Forests andEnhancement of Forest Carbon Stocks in Developing
Countries (REDD-plus)

C. Summary of the methodology
Items
Project activities

Summary
The project activities include forest conservation activities such as law
enforcement and/or livelihood development projects, including2

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0(emission reduction agricultural improvement, eco-tourism development, marketing of nontimber forest products and formation/strengthening of community groups
measures)that lead to the reduction of emissions from deforestation anddegradation.
Two options have been identified to establish the project reference level,
Establishment ofusing data from Cambodia’s official forest reference level (FRL):
project reference(1) applying the FRL transition probabilities from forest to nonforest classes only, to the project area, (e.g., transitions between
level
different forest classes are not included);(2) applying all the FRL transition probabilities among classes thatwould result in emissions to the project area.
Note that Option (1) accounts for emissions from only deforestation,
while Option (2) accounts for emissions from forest degradation in formof transitions from one forest class to another, in addition to those fromdeforestation.
Option 2 is similar to the method used in the Cambodia’s FRL
submission in 2017, except that the FRL includes removals as well; thismethodology targets only emissions.
Calculation
project
emissionsof Project net emissions are estimated based on the result of monitoring offorest to non-forest classes (Option 1) and monitoring of forest to nonnet forest or another forest class (Option 2) within the project area,multiplied by the emission factors (including both above and below
ground biomass) plus any displaced emissions within the displacement
belt and GHG emissions due to the project activities inside the activity
area.
Displaced emissions are calculated as increases of emissions in thedisplacement belt compared to the reference emissions, i.e. those thatwould have occurred in the absence of the project.

Monitoring
parameters
methods

Use of fuel and fertilizers, for the implementation of the project
activities, are included as GHG emissions sources, and will be monitored
and accounted as project emissions.
Cambodia’s official forest map is obtained from Cambodian government
and used for monitoring of emissions from forest to non-forest classesand (Option 1) and monitoring of emissions from forest to non-forest or
another forest class (Option 2) in the project area and displacement belt.

Quantities of fuel and fertilizers including N-fixing crops, used for the
implementation of the project activities, are recorded and reported. If the
GHG emissions, due to use of fuel or fertilizers, are estimated to be lessthan five percent of the project net emissions, actual quantities of fueland/or fertilizers do not need to be monitored, and conservatively
estimated planned quantities can be used for calculation of GHG
emissions.
Calculationof A default discount factor of 20%, as defined in the methodology
guidelines, is applied to project emissions reductions to account for the
project
emission risk of reversal.
reductions to becredited3

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

D. Eligibility criteria
This methodology is applicable to projects that satisfy all of the following criteria.
Criterion 1
Cambodia’s official forest reference (emission) level has been submitted to
UNFCCC, completed technical assessment by UNFCCC, and is available for the
project participant.
Criterion 2

Cambodia’s official forest map for the project start year or less than two years
old is available for the project participant.

Criterion 3

Project activities which lead to GHG emissions, except for the use of fuel or
fertilizer including N-fixing crops, are not implemented within the project area
and the project activity area.

Criterion 4

The project activities do not include expansion of paddy field.

E. Geographical Boundaries
Essential
Geographical boundary
Project area
Reference area

Requirements
No requirements in addition to those described in paragraphs 17
to 22 of the methodology guidelines ver01.0(JCM_KH_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0)
The land area of Cambodia is used to keep consistency with
FRL.

Optional boundaries
Geographical boundary
Activity area
Displacement belt

Required(Y/N/TBD)
Y
Y

Additional requirements
No requirements in addition to those described inparagraph 17 and 21 of the methodology
guidelines ver01.0.
Displacement belt is the forest which is locatedoutside of the project area, where deforestationand forest degradation could occur due to thedisplacement of project activities, such as smallscale logging, agricultural encroachment, andcollection of non-timber forest products. The
displacement belt is delineated on the basis of
information on the impact of project activities
which are obtained from local experts and othersources. If other REDD+ projects exist within thebelt, project areas of these projects are excluded
from the displacement belt. If Economic Land
Concessions (ELCs) exist within the belt, thoseareas are also excluded because deforestation isplanned inside these ELCs regardless the project
activities.

TBD: to be decided by the project participant4

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

F. Carbon pools and GHG sources
The net emission sources to be considered include all the following Carbon pools and GHG
sources.
Project reference level
Carbon pools and GHG sources

Carbonpools

Included

Explanation(Y/N)

Above ground biomass

Y

Below ground biomass

Y

Dead woodN

LitterN

Soil organic carbon

N

This pool is expected to contributesignificantly to emissions andemission reductions and is therefore
included.
This pool is expected to contributesignificantly to emissions andemission reductions and is therefore
included.
It is expected that this pool would
have decreased in the absence of the
project and, therefore, it isconservatively excluded.
It is expected that this pool would
have decreased in the absence of the
project and, therefore, it isconservatively excluded.
It is expected that this pool would
have decreased in the absence of the
project and, therefore, it isconservatively excluded.

GHG
sources
Project net emissions
Carbon pools and GHG sources

CarbonIncluded(Y/N)

Above ground biomass

Y

Below ground biomass

Y

Dead woodN

Litter

N

pools

5

Explanation
This pool is expected to contributesignificantly to emissions andemission reductions and is therefore
included.
This pool is expected to contributesignificantly to emissions andemission reductions and is therefore
included.
It is expected that this pool would
have decreased in the absence of the
project and, therefore, it isconservatively excluded.
It is expected that this pool would
have decreased in the absence of theJCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

GHG
sources

project and, therefore, it isconservatively excluded.
It is expected that this pool would
have decreased in the absence of theSoil organic carbon
Nproject, and therefore, it isconservatively excluded.
This GHG source is estimated if theCO2 emissions from combustion of fossil project activities which include
combustion of fossil fuels are
fuels
implemented.
N2O and CO2 emissions from fertilizer This GHG source is estimated if the
project activities which include
application
nitrogen application.

G. Establishment of project reference level
G.1. Establishment of project reference level
Approach for estimating project In order to maximize consistency, the project reference
level is established by applying emission factors andreference leveltransition probabilities from the FRL.
Reference area and reference period are the same as the FRL, and therefore the reference area isthe total of Cambodia’s land area. The reference period is the same as the reference period
submitted in the FRL to the UNFCCC. In the FRL submitted in 2017; the reference period was2006 to 2014.
Calculation of transition probability is done by applying one of two options provided in thismethodology: (1) Option 1: using the FRL transition probabilities from forest to non-forest classes
only (i.e., transitions between different forest classes are not included); or (2) Option 2: using all
the FRL transition probabilities among classes that would result in GHG emissions. The option
selected should also be used for calculation of project net emissions in section H and for
determining data and parameters fixed ex ante in section J. The option is selected in coordination
with Government of Cambodia and project participants.
Yearly reference emission at the project reference level is calculated by applying the transition
probabilities to areas of forests at the previous year and multiplying by emission factors.
G.2. Calculation of project reference level
The project reference level at year y during the proposed crediting period is calculated as follows:
RLy = ∆CSref y * 44/12

Equation 1

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JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Where:
RLy

Project reference level at year y; tCO2

∆CSref y

Projected carbon stock change in the project area at year y; tC

44/12

Conversion factor of molecular weight of carbon to CO2∆CSref y is calculated by applying either Option 1 or Option 2 selected in coordination withgovernment of Cambodia and project participants.
Option 1: Use the FRL transition probabilities from forest to non-forest classes only
Carbon stock change in the project area at year y is calculated as follows:∆‫ܵܥ‬௥௘௙ ௬ = ∑௜(‫ܣ‬௜௬ ∗ ܲ௜ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬௜)Equation 2

Where:∆CSref y

Projected carbon stock change in the project area at year y; tC

Ai yArea of forest class i in the project area at year y; haiforest class in the project area; dimensionlessPi

Annual transition probability from forest class i to non-forest within the reference area;
0-1

EFi

Emission factor applicable for forest class i; tC ha-1

Area of land use category i is assumed to decrease every year due to deforestation, and therefore
calculated as follows:
Ai y+1 = Ai y * (1 - Pi)

Equation 3

Where:
Ai y+1

Area of forest class i at year y + 1; haAi yArea of land forest class i in the project area at year y; haPiAnnual transition probability from forest class i to non-forest within the reference area;
0-1

Please refer to section J for determination of EFi, Ai 0 (area at the initial year) and Pi.
Option 2: Use all the FRL transition probabilities among classes that would result in GHG
emissions.
To estimate the total emissions, the projected carbon stock change at year y in the project area is7

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

calculated as follows:ܿ‫ ݏ‬, if ܿ‫ݏ‬௜௝௬ > 0∆‫ܵܥ‬௥௘௙ ௬ = ∑௜∑௝ ܿ‫ݏ‬௜௝௬ ൜ ௜௝௬0, otherwise

Equation 4

Where:∆CSref y

Projected carbon stock change in the project area at year y; tC

csij yProjected carbon stock change in the project area from changes of land use category
i to j at year y; tC

The notation csij is an element of i-by-j cross-tabulation matrix MCSy which is a product ofelement-wise multiplication (Hadamard product) of i-by-j matrices of area changes and emission
factors.
MCS௬ = MCA௬ ∗ MEF

Equation 5

Where:
MCSy

i-by-j matrix in which each element is projected carbon stock change in the project
area from changes of land use category i to j in the project area at year y, csij y; tC

MCAyi-by-j matrix in which each element is projected area of land converted from land
use category i to j in the project area at year y, caij y; ha

MEF

i-by-j matrix in which each element is emission factor for area of land converted
from land use category i to j, EFij; tC ha-1

Equation 5 is expressed as below:csଵଵ୷ csଵଶ୷ … csଵ୨୷caଵଵ୷ caଵଶ୷csଶଵ୷ csଶଶ୷ … csଶ୨୷caଶଵ୷ caଶଶ୷൦ …
…
…
… ൪= ൦ …
…
cs୧ଵ୷ cs୧ଶ୷ … cs୧୨୷ca୧ଵ୷ ca୧ଶ୷… caଵ୨୷ EFଵଵ EFଵଶ… caଶ୨୷ ⎡EFଶଵ EFଶଶ⎢…
… ൪∙ ⎢ …
…
… ca୧୨୷ ⎣ EF୧ଵ EF୧ଶFor example, the cs11 y is calculated as bellow:… EFଵ୨
⎤… EFଶ୨⎥…
… ⎥… EF୧୨⎦cs11 y = ca11 y * EF11
Projected area of land conversion at year y is calculated as the product between areas of land
categories in the project area at year y and annual transition probability.
MCA୷ = MA୷ ∗ MP

Equation 6

Where:
MCAy

i-by-j matrix in which each element is the projected area of land converted from land use
category i to j at year y, caij y; haMAyi-by-j diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are areas of land use categories in the8

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

project area at year y, Ai y; haMPi-by-j matrix in which each element is the annual transition probability from land
use category i to j, pij; dimensionless, 0-1

Equation 6 is expressed as below:caଵଵ୷ caଵଶ୷
caଶଵ୷ caଶଶ୷൦ …
…
ca୧ଵ୷ ca୧ଶ୷… caଵ୨୷
Aଵ୷ 0⎡… caଶ୨୷
⎢ 0 Aଶ୷
…
… ൪= ⎢ …
…
… ca୧୨୷
00⎣… 0 pଵଵ pଵଶ⎤… 0 ⎥ pଶଵ pଶଶ൦…
… …⎥ …
… A୧୷⎦ p୧ଵ p୧ଶ

… pଵ୨
… pଶ୨
… …൪
… p୧୨

For example, selected elements are calculated as bellow:
ca11y = A1y * p11 + 0 * p21 +… + 0 * pi1
ca21y = 0* p11 + A2y * p21 +… + 0 * pi1
ca22y = 0 * p12 + A2y * p22 +… + 0 * pi2
caijy = 0 * p1j + 0 * p2j +… + Aiy * pij

Area of each land use category is decreased due to transition to other land categories and increased
due to transition from other land use categories. In year y+1, the area of a land use category is thesum of the area staying in the same land use category (e.g., ca11y) plus the area that transitioned
to that land category from other land use categories (e.g., ca21 y, ca31 y, and cai1 y). Area of land use
category j in year y+1, Aj y+1, is calculated as follows:‫ܣ‬௝௬ାଵ = ∑௜ܿܽ௜௝௬

Equation 7

Where:
Aj y+1

Area of land use category j in project area at year y+1; hacaij yArea of land converted from land use category i to j in the project area at year y; haPlease refer to section J for determination of EFij, Ai 0 and pij, i.e., MEF, MA0 and MP.
If the annual transition probability, MP, cannot be obtained, use of the i-by-j matrix, MPmulti, isalso allowed, in which each element is the average transition probability from land use category
i to j during multiple-year observation interval. If there are more than one observation interval in
the reference period, observation intervals must be the same years. It is 4-years in the FRL
submitted to UNFCCC in 2017.
Instead of Equation 6 and Equation 7, the below method is be applied.
9

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

MCAmulti y = MAyMPmulti

Equation 8

Where:MCAmulti yi-by-j matrix in which each element is the projected area of land converted fromland use category i to j during the years of observation period from year y, caij multi y;haMAyi-by-j diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are areas of land use categories inproject area at year y, Ai y; ha

MPmultii-by-j matrix in which each element is the transition probability in the multiple-year
observation interval from land use category i to j, pmulti ij; dimensionless, 0-1

For example, selected elements are calculated as bellow:
camulti 11y = A1y * pmulti 11+ 0 * pmulti 21 +… + 0 * pmulti i1
camulti 21y = 0* pmulti 11i + A2y * pmulti21 +… + 0 * pmulti i1
camulti 22y = 0 * pmulti 12 + A2y * pmulti 22 +… + 0 * pmulti i2
camulti ijy = 0 * pmulti 1j + 0 * pmulti 2j +… + Aiy * pmulti ij
For number of years of the observation interval, e.g., year 1 to year 4, if observation interval is 4
years, the same area of land use category i, Ai y, will be used. After that, area of land use categoryj, Aj y+Tmulti, is calculated as follows, and applied from year y+T multi, e.g., from year 5:‫ܣ‬௝௬ା்೘ ೠ೗೟೔ = ∑௜ܿܽ௠ ௨௟௧௜௜௝௬

Equation 9

Where:
Aj y+TmultiArea of land use category j in project area at year y+Tmulti; hacamulti ij yArea of land converted from land use category i to j in the project area during theyears of observation period from year y; ha

TmultiNumber of years in observation interval; countPlease refer section J for determination of and pmulti ij (MPmulti) and Tmulti.

H. Calculation of project net emissions
Project net emissions at year y during the monitoring period are estimated based on results of10

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

monitoring, and calculated as follows:
PEy = ∆CSpj y * 44/12 + Efuel y + Efertilizer y + DEy

Equation 10

Where:
PEy

Project net emissions at year y; tCO2-eq∆CSpj yCarbon stock change in the project area at year y; tC

Efuel yCO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion at year y due to the project activities; tCO 2

Efertilizer y

GHG emissions from fertilizer application within the activity area as a part of the project
activities at year y; tCO2-eq

DEy

Displaced emissions at year y; tCO2

(1) Carbon stock change in the project area at year y, ∆CSpj y
The same option applied in the calculation of the project reference level must be used for the projectemissions.

Option 1: Use the FRL transition probabilities from forest to non-forest classes only
Carbon stock change in the project area at year y is calculated as follows:∆‫ܵܥ‬௣௝௬ = ∑௜‫ܣܥ‬௣௝௜௬ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬௜Equation 11

Where:∆CSpj yCarbon stock change in the project area at year y; tC

CApj i y

Area converted from forest class i to non-forest in the project area at year y; ha

EFi

Emission factor applicable for forest class i; tC ha-1

CApj i y will be determined using Cambodia’s official forest maps provided by the government;
calculated as the yearly average, if the monitoring interval is more than one year.
Accuracy assessment: to fully understand the uncertainty of Cambodia’s official forest map in
the project area, an accuracy assessment will be performed of the project area and displacement
belt using the most recent map and the same points used by the government of Cambodia, withadditional points included, if needed. The accuracy assessment of the project area and thedisplacement belt will determine the error-adjusted area estimates for each class. The accuracy
assessment will be performed at the start of the project and each subsequent monitoring period.
This process is based on the methods included in Olofsson et al. 2014 and is endorsed by the
FAO.

11

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

See section J for EFi.
Option 2: Use all the FRL transition probabilities among classes that would result in GHG
emissions
To estimate the total emissions, the carbon stock change in the project area at year y is calculated
as follows:ܿ‫ݏ‬, if ܿ‫ݏ‬௣௝௜௝௬ > 0∆‫ܵܥ‬௣௝௬ = ∑௜∑௝ ܿ‫ݏ‬௣௝௜௝௬ ൜ ௣௝௜௝௬
0, otherwise

Equation 12

Where:∆CSpj yCarbon stock change in project area at year y; tC

cspj ij yCarbon stock change in project area from changes of land use category i to j at year y;tC

The notation cspj ij is an element of i-by-j cross-tabulation matrix MCSpj y which is a product ofelement-wise multiplication (Hadamard product) of i-by-j matrices of area changes and emission
factors.

MCS௣௝௬ = MCA௣௝௬ ⋅ MEF

Equation 13

Where:
MCSpj yi-by-j matrix in which each element is carbon stock change in the project area fromchanges in land use category i to j at year y, cspj ij y; tC

MCApj yi-by-j matrix in which each element is the area of land converted from land use category
i to j in the project area at year y, capj ij y; ha

MEF

i-by-j matrix in which each element is emission factor for area of land converted fromland use category i to j, EFij; tC ha-1

capj ij y will be determined using Cambodia’s official forest maps provided by the government;
calculated as the yearly average, if the monitoring interval is more than one year.
To fully understand the uncertainty of Cambodia’s official forest map in the project area, an
accuracy assessment will be performed as described above.
See section J for EFij.
(2) Emissions due to the project activities

12JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Based on the requirements of the methodology guidelines ver01.0, emissions resulting from theimplementation of the project activities shall be accounted, including fossil fuel combustion andthe application of fertilizer (synthetic fertilizer, organic fertilizer, N-fixing crop, liming material
and urea fertilizer). If the GHG emissions, due to use of fuel or the application of fertilizers, areestimated to less than five percent of the total net emissions, quantities of fuel and fertilizers do
not need to be monitored, and planned quantities can be used for calculation of GHG emissions.
Emissions from fossil fuel combustion
CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion resulting from the implementation of project activities
are calculated as follows1:‫ܧ‬௙௨௘௟௬ = ∑௝ ‫ܧ‬௙௨௘௟௝௬

Equation 14

Where:
Efuel yCO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion at year y; tCO2

Efuel j y

CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion in vehicle/equipment type j at year y; tCO2

j

type of vehicle/equipment

For estimation of Efuel y , the following direct method or indirect method can be used, and thesecan be used interchangeably or simultaneously for different types of vehicle and equipment. E.g.,
project participant can calculate Efuel y by applying the direct method for motorbikes and the indirect method for trucks.
Direct method‫ܧ‬௙௨௘௟௝௬ = ∑௜(‫ܥܨ‬௙ ௝௬ ∗ ܰ‫ܸܥ‬௙ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬௙௨௘௟௙)Equation 15

Where:
Efuel j y

CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion in vehicle/equipment type j at year y; tCO2

FCi j yQuantity of fuel type f consumed in vehicle/equipment type j at year y; mass or volume

NCVf

Net calorific value of fuel f; GJ (mass or volume)-1

EFfuel f

CO2 emission factor of the fuel type f combusted; tCO2 GJ-1

ffuel types combusted

See section J for NCFf and EFfuel f.
1

A/R methodological tool “Estimation of GHG emissions related to fossil fuel combustion in
A/R CDM project activities” was referenced.
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JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Indirect method
For vehicles:‫ܧ‬௙௨௘௟௝௬ = ∑௙(ܸܰ௝௬ ∗ ܶ‫ܦ‬௝௬ ∗ ܵ‫ܥܧ‬௝௙ ∗ ܰ‫ܸܥ‬௙ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬௙௨௘௟௙)Equation 16

Where:
Efuel j y

CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion in vehicle type j at year y; tCO2

NVj y

Number of vehicle type j at year y; countTDj yTotal travel distance for vehicle type j at year y; km

SECvj fAverage specific energy consumption of vehicle type j for fuel type f; quantity of fuel
km-1

NCVf

Net calorific value of fuel f; GJ (mass or volume)-1

EFfuel f

CO2 emission factor of the fuel type f combusted; tCO2 GJ-1

For equipment:‫ܧ‬௙௨௘௟௝௬ = ∑௙(ܰ‫ܧ‬௝௬ ∗ ܷܶ௝௬ ∗ ܵ‫݁ܥܧ‬௝௜ ∗ ܰ‫ܸܥ‬௙ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬௙௨௘௟௙)Equation 17

Where:
Efuel j y

CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion in equipment type j at year y; tCO2

NEj y

Number of equipment type j at year y; countTUj yTotal use for equipment type j at year y; hours

SECej fAverage specific energy consumption of equipment type j for fuel f; quantity of fuelhour-1NCVf

Net caloric value of fuel f; GJ (mass or volume)-1

EFfuel f

CO2 emission factor of the fuel type f combusted; tCO2 GJ-1

For NCFf, EFfuel f, SECvj f and SECej I, see section J.

Emissions from fertilizer application
GHG emissions from fertilizer application are calculated as follow:
Efertilizer y = Edirect-N y + Eindirect-N y + Eliming y + Eurea y

Equation 18

Where:
Efertilizer y

GHG emissions from fertilizer application within the project area and the activity areafor implementation of the project activities at year y; tCO2-eq

Edirect-N y

Direct N2O emission as a result of nitrogen application within the project area and the14

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

activity area for implementation of the project activities at year y; tCO2-eq
Eindirect-N y

Indirect N2O emissions as a result of nitrogen application within the project area and theactivity area for implementation of the project activities at year y; tCO2-eq

Eliming y

CO2 emissions as a result of adding liming materials within the project area and theactivity area during implementation of the project activities at year y; tCO2

Eurea

CO2 emissions as a result of urea fertilization application within the project area and theactivity area during implementation of the project activities at year y; tCO2

Direct N2O emissions as a result of nitrogen application for the implementation of the project
activities are calculated as follow2:‫ܧ‬ௗ௜௥௘௖௧ିே ௬ = ∑௖[൫‫ܨ‬ௌே ௖ ௬ + ‫ܨ‬ைே ௖௬ + ‫ܨ‬஼ோ ௖ ௬ ൯ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬ௗ௜௥௘௖௧ିே ௖] ∗ 44⁄28 ∗ ‫ܲ ܹܩ‬ே ଶை

Equation 19

Where:
Edirect-N y

Direct N2O emissions as a result of nitrogen application within the project area and theactivity area during implementation of the project activities at year y; tCO2-eq

FSN c yMass of nitrogen in synthetic fertilizer applied during implementation of the project
activities in cropland type c in the activity area at year y; tN

FON c yMass of nitrogen in organic fertilizer made from materials sourced from outside of the
project area and the activity area, applied during implementation of the project activitiesin cropland type c in the activity area at year y; tN

FCR c yMass of nitrogen in crop residues (above-ground and below-ground) in N-fixing crops,
introduced during implementation of the project activities in cropland area c in theactivity area and returned to soils, at year y; tN

EFdirect-N c

Emission factor for N2O emissions from nitrogen inputs in cropland type c; t N2O tNinput-1

44/28

Ratio of molecular weight of N2O and N; dimensionless

GWPN2O

Global Warming Potential for N2O; tCO2/t N2Oc

Types of croplands: upland cropland and flooded cropland such as rice paddy

See section J for EFdirect-N c and GWPN2O.
‫ܨ‬ௌே ௖ ௬ = ∑௡(‫ ܯ‬ௌி ௖ ௡ ௬ ∗ ܰ‫ܥ‬ௌி ௡ )2Equation 20‫ܨ‬ைே ௖ ௬ = ∑௡(‫ ܯ‬ைி ௖ ௡ ௬ ∗ ܰ‫ܥ‬ைி ௡ )Equation 21

This is based on A/R Methodology tool “Estimation of direct nitrous oxide emission from
nitrogen fertilization” and 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
15

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Where:
FSN c yMass of nitrogen in synthetic fertilizer applied during implementation of the project
activities in cropland type c at year y, tN

FON c yMass of nitrogen in organic fertilizer made from materials sourced from outside of the
project area and the activity area and applied during implementation of the project
activities in cropland type c in the activity area at year y, tN

MSN c n y

Mass of synthetic fertilizer type n applied during implementation of the project activitiesin cropland type c in the activity area at year y, t

MON c n y

Mass of organic fertilizer type n made from materials sourced from outside of the project
area and the activity area and applied during implementation of the project activities incropland type c in the activity area at year y, t

NCSN nNitrogen content of synthetic fertilizer type n applied; tN (t fertilizer) -1

NCON nNitrogen content of organic fertilizer type n applied; tN (t fertilizer) -1

Data from producers of synthetic fertilizer and published data are used for NCSN n NCON n,
respectively. Note that organic fertilizer which is made from organic materials sourced frominside the project area and the activity area are NOT accounted because the emissions from thoseorganic materials occur in the areas regardless the implementation of the project activities.
‫ܨ‬஼ோ ௖ ௬ = ∑்ൣ‫ܱܴܲܥ‬௖் ௬ ∗ ‫ܽ݁ݎܣ‬௖் ௬ ∗ ‫ܿܽݎܨ‬ோ௘௡௘௪ ௖் ∗ (ܴ஺ீ ் ∗ ܰ஺ீ ் + ܴ஻ீ ் ∗ ܰ஻ீ ் )൧Equation 22

Where:
FCR c yMass of nitrogen in crop residues (above-ground and below-ground) in N-fixing crops,
introduced during implementation of the project activities in cropland area c in theactivity area and returned to soils, at year y; tN

Cropc T y

Harvested annual dry matter yield for N-fixing crop T, introduced during
implementation of the project activities in cropland area c in the activity area at year y;t d.m. (ha) -1

Area c T y

Total annual area harvested of N-fixing crop T, introduced during implementation of the
project activities in cropland area c in the activity area at year y; ha

FracRenew T

Fraction of total area under N-fixing crop T that is renewed annually; dimensionless

RAG T

Ratio of above-ground residues dry matter to harvested yield for N-fixing crop T; t d.m.
(t d.m.)-1

NAG T

N content of above-ground residues for N-fixing crop T; t N (t d.m.)-1

RBG T

Ratio of below-ground residues to harvest yield for crop T; t d.m. (t d.m.)-1

16

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

NBG T

N content of below-ground residues for crop T; t N (t d.m.)-1

See Section J for RAG T, NAG T, RBG T and NBG T. Where cropland is renewed on average every X
years, Fracrenew = 1/X. For annual crops Fracrenew = 1.
Indirect N2O emissions as a result of nitrogen application during implementation of the project
activities are calculated as follow:‫ܧ‬௜௡ௗ௜௥௘௖௧ିே ,௬ = ൣ൫‫ܨ‬ௌே ௬ ∗ ‫ܿܽݎܨ‬ௌே + ‫ܨ‬ைே ௬ ∗ ‫ܿܽݎܨ‬ைே ൯ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬௜௡ௗ௜௥௘௖௧ିே + ൫‫ܨ‬ௌே ௬ +‫ܨ‬ைே ௬ + ‫ܨ‬஼ோ ௬ ൯ ∗ ‫ܿܽݎܨ‬௟௘௔௖௛ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬௟௘௔௖௛ିே ൧∗ 44ൗ28 ∗ ‫ܲ ܹܩ‬ே ଶை
Equation 23
Where:

Eindirect-N y

Indirect N2O emissions as a result of nitrogen application within the project area and theactivity area for implementation of the project activities at year y; tCO2-eq

FSN y

Mass of nitrogen in synthetic fertilizer applied during implementation of the project
activities at year y; tN

FON yMass of nitrogen in organic fertilizer made from materials sourced from outside theproject area and the activity area and applied during implementation of the project
activities in the activity area at year y; tN

FCR c yMass of nitrogen in crop residues (above-ground and below-ground) in N-fixing crops,
introduced during implementation of the project activities in cropland area c in theactivity area and returned to soils, at year y; tN

FracSN

Fraction that volatilized as NH3 and NOX for synthetic fertilizers; 0-1

FracON

Fraction that volatilized as NH3 and NOX for organic fertilizers; 0-1

EFindirect-N

Emission factor for N2O emissions from atmospheric deposition of N on soils and water
surfaces; t N2O (t NH3 and NOX volatilized)-1

Fracleach

Fraction of N that area lost through leaching and runoff; 0-1

EFleach-N

Emission factor for N2O emissions from N leaching and runoff; t N2O (t N leaching andrunoff)-1

44/28

Ratio of molecular weight of N2O and N; dimensionless

GWPN2O

Global Warming Potential for N2O; tCO2 (t N2O) -1

See Section J for FracSN, FracON, Fracleach, EFindirect-N, EFleach-N and GWPN2O.
‫ܨ‬ௌே ௬ = ∑௖ ‫ܨ‬ௌே ௖ ௬

Equation 24‫ܨ‬ைே ௬ = ∑௖ ‫ܨ‬ைே ௖௬‫ܨ‬஼ோ ௬ = ∑௖ ‫ܨ‬஼ோ ௖ ௬

Equation 25
Equation 26
17

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Where:FSN y

Mass of nitrogen in synthetic fertilizer applied during implementation of the project
activities at year y; tN

FON yMass of nitrogen in organic fertilizer made from materials sourced from outside theproject area and the activity area and applied during implementation of the project
activities in the activity area at year y; tN

FCR c yMass of nitrogen in crop residues (above-ground and below-ground) in N-fixing crops,
introduced during implementation of the project activities in the activity area andreturned to soils, at year y; tN

FSN c yMass of nitrogen in synthetic fertilizer applied during implementation of the project
activities in cropland type c at year y; tN

FON c yMass of nitrogen in organic fertilizer made from materials sourced from outside theproject area and the activity area and applied during implementation of the project
activities in cropland type c in the activity area at year y; tN

FCR c yMass of nitrogen in crop residues (above-ground and below-ground) in N-fixing crops,
introduced during implementation of the project activities in cropland area c in theactivity area and returned to soils, at year y; tN

Use FSN c y, FON c y and FCR c y calculated in Equations 20, 21 and 22.
CO2 emissions as a result of adding liming materials during implementation of the project
activities are calculated as follow:‫ܧ‬௟௜௠ ௜௡௚ ௬ = ൫‫ ܯ‬௟௜௠ ௘௦௧௢௡௘ ௬ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬௟௜௠ ௘௦௧௢௡௘ + ‫ ܯ‬ௗ௢௟௢௠ ௜௧௘ ௬ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬ௗ௢௟௢௠ ௜௧௘൯ ∗ 44ൗ12 Equation 27
Where:
Eliming y

CO2 emissions as a result of adding liming materials within the project area and theactivity area during implementation of the project activities at year y; tCO2

Mlimestone

Mass of calcic limestone (CaCO3) applied during implementation of the project activities
in the activity area at year y; t

EFlimestone

Emission factor for limestone; t C (t limestone)-1

Mdolomite

Mass of dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) applied during implementation of the project activities
in the activity area at year y; t

EFdolomite

Emission factor for dolomite; t C (t dolomite) -1

44/12

Ratio of molecular weight of CO2 and C; dimensionless18

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

See Section J for EFlimestone and EFdolomite.
CO2 emissions as a result of urea fertilization application during implementation of the project
activities are calculated as follow:‫ܧ‬௨௥௘௔ ௬ = ‫ ܯ‬௨௥௘௔ ௬ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬௨௥௘௔ ∗ 44ൗ12Equation 28

Where:
Eurea yCO2 emissions as a result of application of urea within the project area and the activity
area during implementation of the project activities at year y; tCO2

Murea yMass of urea fertilizer applied during implementation of the project activities in theactivity area at year y; t

EFureaEmission factor for urea; t C/t urea

44/12

Ratio of molecular weight of CO2 and C; dimensionlessSee Section J for EFurea.
(3) Displaced emissions
In this methodology, displacement is assessed through monitoring of the displacement belt. The
displacement belt captures the displacement of baseline activities due to the project activities, orinterventions, in the project area.
Although a detailed analysis of the local drivers of deforestation and degradation is not
anticipated, the local context will be captured through local expert input.

Displaced emissions

is calculated as increases of emissions compared to reference level emissions within thedisplacement belt.
Displaced emissions are calculated as follows:‫ ܲܦ‬− ‫ܴܦ‬௬ , if ‫ܲܦ‬௬ − ‫ܴܦ‬௬ > 0‫ܧܦ‬௬ = ൜ ௬0, otherwise

Equation 29

Where:DEy

Displaced emissions to the displacement belt at year y; tCO2

DRy

Reference level emissions in the displacement belt at year y; tCO2

DPy

Project emissions in the displacement belt at year y; tCO2

DRy and DPy are calculated as follows:

DRy = ∆CSd y * 44/12

Equation 30
19

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Where:
DRy

Reference level emissions in the displacement belt at year y; tCO2

∆CSd yProjected carbon stock change in the displacement belt at year y; tC

44/12

Conversion factor of molecular weight of carbon to CO2

DPy = ∆CSd pj y * 44/12

Equation 31

Where:
DPy

Project emissions in the displacement belt at year y; tCO2

∆CSd pj y

Actual carbon stock change in the displacement belt at year y; tC

44/12

Conversion factor of molecular weight of carbon to CO2

Projected and actual carbon stock changes in the displacement belt area, i.e., ∆CSd y and ∆CSd pj y,
are calculated by applying the option used in Section G.2 Calculation of project reference level.
Option 1: Use the FRL transition probabilities from forest to non-forest classes only
Projected carbon stock change in the displacement belt at year y is calculated as follows:∆‫ܵܥ‬ௗ ௬ = ∑௜‫ܣ‬ௗ ௜௬ ∗ ܲௗ ௜ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬௜Equation 32

Where:∆CSd yProjected carbon stock change in the displacement belt at year y; tC

Ad i yArea of forest class i in the displacement belt at year y; ha

Pd iAnnual transition probability from forest class i to non-forest within the displacement
belt; 0-1

EFi

Emission factor applicable for forest class i; tC ha-1

Area of forest class i is assumed to decrease every year due to deforestation, and therefore
calculated as follows:
Ad i y+1 = Ad i y * (1 - Pd i)

Equation 33

Where:
Ad i yArea of forest category i in displacement belt at year y; ha

Pd iAnnual transition probability from forest class i to non-forest within the displacement
belt; 0-1

Please refer section J for Ad 0 y and Pd i.

20

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Actual carbon stock change in the displacement belt at year y is calculated as follows:∆CSd pj y = ∑CAd pj i y * EFi

Equation 34

Where:∆CSd pj y

Carbon stock change in the displacement belt at year y; tC

CAd pj i yArea converted from forest class i to non-forest in the displacement belt at year y; ha

EFi

Emission factor applicable for land use category i; tC ha-1

CAd pj i y will be determined using Cambodia’s official forest maps provided by the government;
calculated as yearly average, if the monitoring interval is more than one year.
To fully understand the uncertainty of Cambodia’s official forest map in the project area, an
accuracy assessment will be performed as described in Section H calculation of project net
emission, sub-section (1) carbon stock change in the project area.
See section J for EFi.
Option 2: Use all transition probabilities resulting in emissions in the FRL
Projected carbon stock change in the displacement belt at year y is calculated as follows:To estimate the total emissions, the projected carbon stock change at year y in the displacement
belt is calculated as follows:ܿ‫ݏ‬, if ܿ‫ݏ‬ௗ ௜௝௬ > 0∆‫ܵܥ‬ௗ ௬ = ∑௜∑௝ ܿ‫ݏ‬ௗ ௜௝௬ ൜ ௗ ௜௝௬0, otherwise

Equation 35

Where:∆CSd yProjected carbon stock change in the displacement belt at year y; tC

csd ij y

Projected carbon stock change in the displacement belt from changes of land use
category i to j at year y; tC

The notation csd ij is an element of i-by-j cross-tabulation matrix MCSd y which is a product of elementwise multiplication (Hadamard product) of i-by-j matrices of area changes and emission factors.

MCSௗ ௬ = MCAௗ ௬ ⋅ MEF

Equation 36

Where:
21

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

MCSd yi-by-j matrix in which each element is projected carbon stock change in the displacement
belt from changes of land use category i to j at year y, csd ij y; tC

MCAd yi-by-j matrix in which each element is projected area of land converted from land use
category i to j in the displacement belt at year y, cad ij y; ha

MEF

i-by-j matrix in which each element is the emission factor for area of land converted
from land use category i to j, EFij; tC ha-1

Projected area of land conversion at year y is calculated as the product between areas of land
categories in the displacement belt at year y and annual transition probability.
MCAୢ ୷ = MAୢ ୷MPௗ

Equation 37

Where:MCAd yi-by-j matrix in which each element is the projected area of land converted from land use
category i to j in the displacement belt at year y, cad ij y; haMAd yi-by-j diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are areas of land use categories in thedisplacement belt at year y, Ad i y; ha

MPdi-by-j matrix in which each element is the annual transition probability from land use
category i to j in the displacement belt, pd ij; dimensionless, 0-1

Similar to Equation 7, area of land use category j at year y+1, Ad j y+1, is calculated as follows:‫ܣ‬ௗ ௝௬ାଵ = ∑௜ܿܽௗ ௜௝௬

Equation 38

Where:
Ad j y+1

Area of land use category j in the displacement belt at year y+1; hacad ij y

Area of land converted from land use category i to j the displacement belt at year y; haPlease refer section J for determination of EFij, Ad i 0 and pd ij, i.e., MEF, MAd 0 and MPd.
If the annual transition probability, MPd, cannot be obtained, use of the i-by-j matrix, MPmulti d, isallowed in which each element is average transition probability from land use category i to jduring a multiple-year observation interval. If there are more than one observation interval in thereference period, observation intervals must be the same years. It is 4-year in FRL submitted to
UNFCCC in 2017.
Instead of Equation 37 and Equation 38, the below method is be applied.

22

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

MCAୢ ୫ ୳୪୲୧୷ = ‫ܣ ܯ‬ௗ ௬ ‫ܲ ܯ‬௠ ௨௟௧௜ௗ

Equation 39

Where:MCAd multi y i-by-j matrix in which each element is projected area of land converted from land use
category i to j in the displacement belt from changes of land use category i to j during
the years of observation period from year y, csd multi ij y; tC
MAd yi-by-j diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are areas of land use categories in thedisplacement belt at year y, Ad i y; ha

MPmulti di-by-j matrix in which each element is the transition probability in a multiple-year
observation interval from land use category i to j in the displacement belt, pmulti d ij;
dimensionless, 0-1

For the number of years of the observation interval, e.g., year 1 to year 4, if observation interval
is 4 years, the same area of land use category i, Ad i y, will be used. Area of land use category j atyear 1+Tmulti, Ad j y+Tmulti, is calculated as follows, and applied from year 1+T multi.
‫ܣ‬ௗ ௜௬ା்೘ ೠ೗೟೔ = ∑௜ܿܽௗ ௜௝௬

Equation 40

Where:
Ai y+TmultiArea of land use category i in the displacement belt at year y+Tmulti; hacad multi ij yArea of land converted from land use category i to j the displacement belt during theyears of observation period from year y; ha

TmultiNumber of years in observation interval; countPlease refer section J for determination of and pmulti d ij (MPmulti d) and Tmulti.
Actual carbon stock change in the displacement belt at year y is calculated as follows:To estimate the total emissions, the carbon stock change in the displacement belt at year y iscalculated as follows:ܿ‫ݏ‬, if ܿ‫ݏ‬ௗ ௣௝௜௝௬ > 0∆‫ܵܥ‬ௗ ௣௝௬ = ∑௜∑௝ ܿ‫ݏ‬ௗ ௣௝௜௝௬ ൜ ௗ ௣௝௜௝௬
0, otherwise

Equation 41

Where:∆CSd pj y

Carbon stock change in the displacement belt at year y; tC

csd pj ij yCarbon stock change in the displacement belt from changes of land use category i to j atyear y; tC

23

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

The notation csd pj ij is an element of the i-by-j cross-tabulation matrix MCSd pj y which is a product ofelement-wise multiplication (Hadamard product) of i-by-j matrices of area changes and emission
factors.

MCSௗ ௣௝௬ = MCAௗ ௣௝௬ ⋅ MEF

Equation 42

Where:MCSd pj yi-by-j matrix in which each element is carbon stock change in the displacement belt fromchanges of land use category i to j at year y, csd pj ij y; tC

MCAd pj yi-by-j matrix in which each element is area of land converted from land use category i to
j in the displacement belt at year y, cad pj ij y; ha

MEF

i-by-j matrix in which each element is emission factor for area of land converted fromland use category i to j, EFij; tC ha-1

cad pj ij y will be determined by using Cambodia’s official forest maps provided by the government,
will be calculated as yearly average, if the monitoring interval is more than one year.
To fully understand the uncertainty of Cambodia’s official forest map in the project area, an
accuracy assessment will be performed as described in Section H calculation of project net
emission, sub-section (1) carbon stock change in the project area.
See section J for EFij.

I. Calculation of project emission reductions to be credited
Project emission reductions at year y are calculated as the difference between the project reference
level and the project net emissions.
ERy = RLy – PEy

Equation 43

Where:
ERy

Project emissions reductions at year y; tCO2-eq

RLy

Project reference level at year y; tCO2

PEy

Project net emissions at year y; tCO2-eq

ERcredt y = ERy * (1-DF)

Equation 44

24

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Where:
ERcredit y,

Project emissions reductions available to be credited at year y; tCO2-eq

ERy

Project emissions reductions at year y; tCO2-eq

DF

Discount factor, default as 0.2

A discount factor is applied as a measure for risk of reversals.
Project emissions reductions available to be credited for a monitoring period are calculated asfollows:‫ܴܧ‬௖௥௘ௗ௜௧௣ = ∑௜‫ܴܧ‬௖௥௘ௗ௜௧௬

Equation 45

Where:
ERcredit p

Project emissions reductions available to be credited for a monitoring period p;
tCO2-eq

ERcredit y, Project emissions reductions available to be credited at year y; tCO2-eq

J. Data and parameters fixed ex ante
The lists of the source of each data and parameter fixed ex ante and the source of each of default
values selected in this methodology are available at the end of this section.
The same option applied in the Calculation of project reference level must be used.
(1) Emission factors for land conversions
Emission factors are calculated by applying carbon stock data used in FRL, or other official reportby Cambodian government.
Table 1 shows carbon stock data used in the FRL submitted in 2017. As new official data becomes
available, emission factors can be updated in coordination with government of Cambodia.
Table 1 Above ground and below ground biomass data used in the FRL submitted in 2017
Forest/Non-

Land category

Abbreviation

ForestForestAbove-

Below-

ground,ground,tCha-1tCha-1

Total biomass, tCha-1

Evergreen forest

E

76.61

14.69

91.30

Semi-evergreenSE114.21

20.9

135.11

P

47

9.54

56.54

forestPine forest

25

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Non-forest

Deciduous forest

D

39.95

8.26

48.21

BambooB000Mangrove

M

70.5

13.65

84.15

Rear Mangrove

MR

77.55

14.85

92.40

Flooded forest

FF

32.9

6.96

39.86

Forest regrowth

FR

35.25

7.4

42.65

Tree plantation

TP

47

9.54

56.54

Pine plantation

PP

47

9.54

56.54

Non-forest

NF

0

0

0

Although Cambodia defined tree plantation (TP) and pine plantation (PP) as forest, emissions andremovals in areas converted from the other forest categories to these two categories were excluded
from the FRL submitted in 2017 in consideration of safeguards, while those in areas converted
from TP and PP to the other land use categories are included. The project participant uses thelatest FRL, and apply zero as EF for the conversion categories which are excluded from
calculation in the FRL.
Option 1: Use the FRL transition probabilities from forest to non-forest classes only

EFi is an emission factor for area of land converted from land use category i, which is forest, tonon-forest.
‫ܨܧ‬௜ = ∑݇ ‫݇݅ܥ‬

Equation 46

Where:
EFi

Emission factor applicable for forest class i; tC ha-1

Cik

Carbon stock in carbon pool k in forest class i per unit area; tCha-1

k

Carbon pools included in establishment of FRL; dimensionless

Above ground and below ground are the carbon pools included in the establishment of the FRL
submitted in 2017. Table 2 shows the calculated EFi based on the FRL submitted in 2017.

Table 2 Emission factors, EFi, for Option 1 based on the FRL submitted in 2017
EFi, tCha-1

Land category, iAbbreviation

Evergreen forest

E

91.30

Semi-evergreen forestSE

135.11

Pine forest

P

56.54
26

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Deciduous forest

D

48.21

BambooB

0MangroveM

84.15

Rear Mangrove

MR

92.40

Flooded forest

FF

39.86

Forest regrowth

FR

42.65

Tree plantation

TP

56.54

Pine plantation

PP

56.54

Non-forest

NF

0

Option 2: Use all the FRL transition probabilities among classes that would result in emissions
EFij is an emission factor for area of land converted from land use category i to j.
‫ܨܧ‬௜௝ = ∑௞ ‫ܥ‬௜௞ − ∑௞ ‫ܥ‬௝௞Equation 47

Where:
EFij

Emission factor applicable for land converted from land use category i to j; tC ha-1

Cik

Carbon stock in carbon pool k in land use category i per unit area; tCha-1

k

Carbon pools included in establishment of FRL; dimensionless

Table 3 Emission factors, EFij, for Option 2 based on the FRL submitted in 2017

i

E
Se
P
D
B
M
Mr
Ff
Fr
Tp
Pp
NF

j
E
0.00
43.81
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.10
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

Se
NA
0.00
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

P
34.76
78.57
0.00
NA
NA
27.61
35.86
NA
NA
0.00
0.00
NA

D
43.09
86.90
8.33
0.00
NA
35.94
44.19
NA
NA
8.33
8.33
NA

B
91.30
135.11
56.54
48.21
0.00
84.15
92.40
39.86
42.65
56.54
56.54
0.00

M
7.15
50.96
NA
NA
NA
0.00
8.25
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

Mr
NA
42.71
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.00
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

Ff
51.44
95.25
16.68
8.35
NA
44.29
52.54
0.00
2.79
16.68
16.68
NA

Fr
48.65
92.46
13.89
5.56
NA
41.50
49.75
NA
0.00
13.89
13.89
NA

Tp
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.00
0.00
NA

Pp
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.00
0.00
NA

NF
91.30
135.11
56.54
48.21
0.00
84.15
92.40
39.86
42.65
56.54
56.54
0.00

Note that when a land use category with a higher carbon stock is converted to a lower carbon
stock, e.g., conversion from evergreen forest to non-forest, the EFij is positive. Removals are notincluded in this methodology, and therefore emission factors for conversions from a land use
category with lower carbon stock to higher carbon stock are not available in Table 3. As previously
described, emissions and removals in areas converted from the other forest categories to tree
plantation (Tp) or pine plantation (Pp) were excluded in the establishment of the FRL submitted27

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

in 2017, and therefore EFs of those transitions as well as transitions resulting in removals are also
not available in Table 3.
(2) Area of land use category iThis method applies to both options, Option 1 and 2, and to the following parameters:
Ai 0Area of forest class i or land use category i in the project area at the project start; ha

Ad i 0Area of forest class i or land use category i in the displacement belt at the project start; ha

The most recent version of Cambodia’s official forest map (≤ 2 years) provided by Cambodian
government used to determine the area of land use category i in the project area and in thedisplacement belt at the project start date. Once Ai 0 and Ad i 0 are determined in the project design
document, these areas, determined at the project start date, will not be updated.
To fully understand the uncertainty of Cambodia’s official forest map in the project area, an
accuracy assessment will be performed as described in Section H calculation of project net
emission, sub-section (1) carbon stock change in the project area.
(3) Annual transition probability in the reference area
Option 1: Use the FRL transition probabilities from forest to non-forest classes only
Annual deforestation rate for each forest type existing inside the project area, Pi, is calculated byapplying area, Aref i, and area change, CAref i, reported in the FRL, and is used in Equation 2. Table
4 shows Pi calculated based on the FRL submitted in 2017.
Pi = CAref i / (Aref i * Tref)

Equation 48

Where:Pi

Annual deforestation rate applicable to forest type i in the reference area; dimensionlessCAref iArea converted into non-forest from land use category i during the reference period, e.g.,
2006-2014 in the FRL submitted in 2017, in reference area; haAref iArea of land use category i in the reference area at the first year, e.g., 2006 in the FRL
submitted in 2017, of the reference period; ha

TrefNumber of years, e.g., eight in the FRL submitted in 2017, in the reference period; countTable 4 Pi calculated based on the data used in the FRL submitted in 2017
Forest/Non-Forest

Land category

28

AbbreviationPiJCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

ForestEvergreen forest

E

0.0249Semi-evergreen forest

SE

0.0309Pine forest

P

0.0000

Deciduous forest

D

0.0345

BambooB

0.0141MangroveM

0.0100

Rear MangroveMR

0.0417

Flooded forest

FF

0.0506

Forest regrowthFR

0.0972

Tree plantation

TP

0.1169Pine plantation

PP

0.000

Option 2: Use all the FRL transition probabilities among classes that would result in GHG
emissions
Annual transition probability from land use category i to j is obtained in the form of a transition
probability matrix, MP, using the forest area change matrix reported in FRL. It is important tonote that the annual transition probability cannot be obtained by simply dividing transition
probability in multiple years by number of the years, because transition probability in multiple
years, c years, is c-th power of annual transition probability. It is recommended to use a method
provided in a peer reviewed scientific paper for calculation of the annual transition probability,
such as Takada et al. 20103. Calculated MP is used in Equation 6.
Obtain an area-based i-by-j transition matrix for each of time interval from the FRL. In the FRL
submitted in 2017, Forest Area Change Matrices between 2006 and 2010 and between 2010 and2014 area are available in Annex I Emission/Removal Calculation Tables. Annual transition
probabilities derived using the matrices in the FRL submitted in 2017 are available in Table 6
below.
Transition probability in an observation interval t is calculated as follows:
probij t = CAref ij t/Aref i t

Equation 49

Where:
probij t

Transition probability of land converted from land category i to j during an observation
time interval t; dimensionless 0-1

3

Takada T, Miyamoto A and Hasegawa SF (2010) Derivation of a yearly transition probability
matrix for land-use dynamics and its applications. Landscape Ecol 25:561-572
29

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

CAref ij t

Area converted from land category i to j during an observation time interval t within thereference area; haAref i t

Area of land category i at the first year of an observation time interval t within referencearea; haThe notion probij t is an element of i-by-j cross-tabulation matrix MPmulti t, and MPmulti t is the Tmultith power of annual transition matrix MPt.
MP௠ ௨௟௧௜௧ = ‫ܲ ܯ‬௧்೘ ೠ೗೟೔Equation 50

Where:
MPmulti ti-by-j matrix in which each element is the transition probability from land use category
i to j during an observation time interval t, probij t; dimensionless, 0-1

MPti-by-j matrix in which each element is the annual transition probability from land use
category i to j during an observation time interval t, pij t; dimensionless, 0-1

Tmultinumber of years of observation interval; countTable 5 shows the transition probability matrix, MPmulti 2006-2010, in which each element probij 20062010 is the transition probability from i to j in 4 years between 2006 and 2010 in the cross-tabulation

based on the FRL submitted in 2017. Note that the diagonal elements represent the probabilitiesof land being in the same category.

Table 5 Cross-tabulation matrix of 4-year, 2006-2010, transition probability based on the FRL
submitted in 2017
2010
2006
E
Se
P
D
B
M
Mr
Ff
Fr
Tp
Pp
NF

E

Se

P

D

B

M

Mr

Ff

Fr

Tp

Pp

NF

0.960
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.004
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000

0.000
0.952
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.003
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000
1.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.971
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.992
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.968
0.003
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.962
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.790
0.000
0.000

0.001
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.001
0.881
0.004

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.184

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.039
0.045
0.000
0.029
0.008
0.025
0.030
0.209
0.116
0.811

0.002

0.001

0.000

0.003

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.007

0.007

0.001

0.000

0.979

Obtain the annual transition probability matrix, MPt, in which each element pij t is the annualtransition probability during an observation time interval t, by using MPmulti t and a method
provided in a peer reviewed scientific paper for calculation of annual transition probability such

30

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

as Takada et al. 2010. The obtained MPt should be validated by applying Equation 46.
Calculate average annual transition probability as follows:‫݌‬௜௝ =

∑௧‫݌‬௜௝௧
൘ܰ௜௡௧Equation 51

Where:
pij

Average annual transition probability of land converted from land category i to j; 0-1

pij t

Annual transition probability of land converted from land category i to j during anobservation time interval t; 0-1

Nint

Number of observation intervals reported in FRL; countTable 6 shows the annual transition probability matrix, MP, in which each element pij is annualtransition probability from i to j based on observations during intervals of 2006-2010 and 20102014 presented in the FRL submitted in 2017.
Table 6 Annual transition probability matrix based on observations during intervals of 2006-2010
and 2010-2014 presented in the FRL submitted in 2017
y+1
y
E
Se
P
D
B
M
Mr
Ff
Fr
Tp

E
0.971
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.004
0.000

Se
0.000
0.963
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.000

P
0.000
0.000
1.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

Pp
NF

0.000
0.001

0.000
0.001

0.000
0.000

D
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.960
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.003

B
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.985
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

M
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.988
0.003
0.000
0.000
0.000

Mr
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.944
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000

Ff
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.940
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.002

Fr
0.002
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.005
0.001
0.875
0.003

Tp
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.002
0.780

Pp
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

NF
0.027
0.035
0.000
0.040
0.015
0.010
0.048
0.060
0.117
0.219

0.000
0.002

0.000
0.000

1.000
0.000

0.000
0.990

(4) Annual transition probability in the displacement belt
The same method as (3), Annual transition probability in the reference area, is applied for the
displacement belt instead of the reference area.
(5) Parameters for calculating emissions due to the project activities
Fossil fuel combustion
Default net caloric value and net calorific based emission factors are available in the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines, and those of selected fuels types are listed in the table for “the source of each data31

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

and parameter fixed ex ante”.
Reference figures such as manufacturer specifications can be used for SECvj f and SECej i. If no
specific energy consumption data are available, fuel consumption and distance and/or hours arerecorded before the initial verification to calculate SECvj f and SECej i. Those figures can be used
for the entire project period.
Fertilizer application
Data and parameter fixed ex ante and default values for calculating N2O and CO2 emissions areshown in the tables for “the source of each data and parameter fixed ex ante” and “the source ofeach of default values selected in this methodology” below.
The source of each data and parameter fixed ex ante is listed as below.
Parameter
Ai 0

Description of data

Area of forest class i in the project area at the initial Cambodia's official forest
year; haPi

Sourcemap

Option (1) Annual transition probability from forest Cambodia’s official forestclass i to non-forest within the reference area; reference level (FRL)
dimensionlesspij

Option (2) Annual transition probability from land use Cambodia’s official forest
category i to j within the reference area; dimensionless reference level (FRL)

EFi
EFij

Option (1) Emission factor applicable for forest class

Cambodia’s official forest

i; tC ha-1

reference level (FRL)

Option (2) Emission factor for area of land converted Cambodia’s official forestfrom land use category i to j; tC ha-1; tC ha-1

Ad i 0Area of forest class i in the displacement belt at the Cambodia's official forest
initial year; ha

Pd ireference level (FRL)
map

Option (1) Annual transition probability from forest Cambodia’s official forestclass i to non-forest within the displacement belt; reference level (FRL)
dimensionless

pd ij

Option (2) Annual transition probability from land use Cambodia’s official forest
category i to j within the displacement belt; reference level (FRL)
dimensionless

NCSN nNitrogen content of synthetic fertilizer type n applied; Data from producers oftN (t fertilizer)-1

NCON nsynthetic fertilize

Nitrogen content of organic fertilizer type n applied; Published data32

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

tN (t fertilizer)-1
Net calorific value of fuel f; GJ (mass or volume)-1
NCVf‒

Gas/Diesel oil: 43.0 TJ Gg-1 (*)

Table 1.2 of Ch. 1 Vol. 2‒Motor Gasoline: 44.3 TJ Gg-1

of 2006 IPCC Guidelines‒

Crude Oil: 42.3 TJ Gg-1

CO2 emission factor of the fuel type f combusted; t
CO2 GJ-1
EFfuel f‒

Gas/Diesel Oil: 74,100 kg CO2 TJ-1 (**)‒

Motor Gasoline: 69,300 kg CO2 TJ-1‒

Crude Oil: 73,300 kg TJ-1

Table 3.2.1 of Ch. 3 andTable 2.5 of Ch.2, Vol. 2 of
2006

IPCC

Guidelines

Tables 2.5 and 3.2.1

N content of above-ground residues for N-fixing crop
T; dimensionless
NAG T

‒

Table 11.2 of Ch. 11 Vol. 4

Bean: 0.008

For other crops, see Table 11.2 of 2006 IPCC

of 2006 IPCC Guidelines

Guidelines
N content of below-ground residues for crop T;
dimensionless
NBG T

‒

Table 11.2 of Ch. 11 Vol. 4

Bean: 0.008

For other crops, see Table 11.2 of 2006 IPCC

of 2006 IPCC Guidelines

Guidelines
Where
FracRenew T

Fraction of total area under N-fixing crop T that isrenewed annually; dimensionless

croplandisrenewed on average every
X years, Fracrenew = 1/X.
Forannualcrops

Fracrenew = 1
The source of each of default values selected in this methodology is listed as below.
Parameter

Description of data
Emission factor for N2O emissions from N inputs in cropland

EFdirect-N c

type c; tN2O (tN-input)-1‒

Cropland in general: 0.01 tN2O (tN-input)-1‒

Rice paddy (flooded rice field): 0.003 tN2O (tN-input)-1

Emission factor for N2O emissions from atmosphericEFindirect-N

deposition of N on soils and water surfaces; t N2O (t NH3 andNOX volatilized)-1‒

0.010 t N2O (t NH3 and NOX volatilized)-1

33

SourceTable 11.1 of Ch.
11 Vol. 4 of 2006
IPCC Guidelines
Table 11.3 of Ch.
11 Vol. 4 of 2006
IPCC Guidelines

JCM_KH_F_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Emission factor for N2O emissions from N leaching and Table 11.3 of Ch.
EFleach-N
EFlimestone

runoff; t N2O (t leaching and runoff)-1

11 Vol. 4 of 2006‒

0.0075 t N2O (t N leaching and runoff)-1

IPCC Guidelines

Emission factor for limestone; t C (t limestone)-1

Section 11.3.1 of‒

Ch. 11 Vol. 4 of

0.12 t C (t limestone)-1

2006

IPCC

Guidelines
EFdolomite

Emission factor for dolomite; t C (t dolomite)-1

Section 11.3.1 of‒

Ch. 11 Vol. 4 of

0.13 t C (dolomite)-1

2006

IPCC

Guidelines
EFureaEmission factor for urea; t C (t urea)-1

Section 11.4.1 of‒

Ch. 11 Vol. 4 of

0.20 t C (t urea)-1

2006

IPCC

Guidelines
GWPN2O

Global Warming Potential for N2O; tCO2 (tN2O)-1

Table

‒

Ch.8 of Working

GWP100 for N2O: 265 tCO2 (tN2O)-1

8.A.1

in

Group

I

contribution to the
IPCC

Fifth

Assessment
ReportFracSN

FracON

Fraction that volatilized as NH3 and NOX for synthetic Table 11.3 of Ch.
fertilizers

11 Vol. 4 of 2006‒

IPCC Guidelines

0.10

Fraction that volatilized as NH3 and NOX for organic fertilizers Table 11.3 of Ch.
‒

11 Vol. 4 of 2006

0.20

IPCC Guidelines
Fracleach

Fraction of N that area lost through leaching and runoff

Table 11.3 of Ch.

‒

11 Vol. 4 of 2006

0.30

IPCC Guidelines

34