原注および参考文献

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Future of Plastics,” World Economic Forum (accessed 4 March 2017:https;//www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-plastics-econo
my-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics)［2］ https://myplasticfreelife.com/

Chapter 3［1］ 近年、リサイクル可能な新型の熱硬化性プラスチックに関する研究も行われている。
J.M.Garcia et al. (2014) “Recyclable, Strong Thermosets and Organogels via
Paraformaldehyde Condensation with Diamines.”Science 344(6185): 732-735.
Qipeng Guo (2014) “Recycling the ‘Unrecyclable’: a New Class of Thermoset
Plastics.
TheConversation.com(http;//theconversation.com/recycling-the-unrecyclable-a-new-class-of-thermose
t-plastics-26594).
［2］ The New Plastic Economy: Rethinking the Future of Plastics, p.10
［3］ The New Plastic Economy: Rethinking the Future of Plastics, p.10
［4］ The New Plastic Economy: Rethinking the Future of Plastics, p.12
［5］ J.Zalasiewicz et al. (2016) “The Geological Cycle of Plastics and Their Use as aStratigraphic Indicator of the Anthropocene,” Anthropocene 13:4-17［6］ S.Goldenberg (2011) “Himalayas in Danger of Becoming a Giant Rubbish
Dump,” theguardian.com(URL:https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2011/sep/12/himalayas-w
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Debris,” Royal Society of Open Science rsos.140317(URL: http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/1/4/140317)［8］ 英ガーディアン紙のインタビュー記事 R.Mckie (2016) “Plastic Now Pollutes
Every Corner of Earth,”(https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/24/plastic-new-epoch-hum
an-damage)［9］ P.L.Corcoran., C.J.Moore and K.Jazvac (2013) “ An Anthropogenic Marker
Horizon in the Future Rock Record,” GSA Today 24(6):4-8［10］ モア船長自身の手記は『プラスチックスープの海』（チャールズ・モア、カッサン
ドラ・フィリップス著、NHK 出版刊）として刊行されており、その活動はプラ1

スチック汚染の研究に今も多大な影響を与えている。
［11］ M.Eriksen, et al. (2015) “Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than
5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea,” PLoS ONE
9(12):e111913［12］ E.Van Sebille, et al. (2015) “A Global Inventory of Small Floating Plastic
Debris,” Environmental Research Letters 10(12):124006［13］ J.R.Jambeck, et al. (2015) “Plastic Waste Inputs from Land into the Ocean,”

Science 347(6223):768-771［14］ The New Plastics Economy: Rethinking the Future of Plastics, p.14
［15］ UNEP and GRID-Arendal (2016) “Marine Litter Vital Graphics,” United
Nations Environment Programme and GRID-Arendal, p.41
(https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/9798/-Marine_litter_
Vital_graphics-2016MarineLitterVG.pdf.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=3)［16］ The New Plastics Economy: Rethinking the Future of Plastics, p.14
［17］ Ocean Conservancy and McKinsey Center for Business and Environment(2015) “Stemming the Tide: Land-Based Strategies for a Plastic-Free Ocean”
2 Ocean Conservancy and McKinsey & Company, p.11
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L.N.Vandenberg, et al. (2012) “Hormones and Endocrine-Disrupting
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［25］ J.R.Rochester (2013) “Bisphenol A and Human Health: A review of theliterature,” Reproductive Toxicology 42:132-155［26］ J.Peretz, L.Vrooman, W.A.Ricke, P.A.Hunt et al. (2014) “Bisphenol A and
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Perspectives January 2007-December 2011［28］ J.R.Rochester and A.L.Bolden (2015) “Bisphenol S and F: A Systematic
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Environmental Health Perspectives 123(7):643-650(https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.1408989)［29］ S.H.Swan et al. (2005) “Decrease in Anogenital Diostance among Male
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3

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Chapter 4［1］

S.Sundar and S.Chakravarty (2010) “ Antimony Toxicity, ” International

Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 7(12):4267-4277［2］

P.Westerhoff, P.Prapaipong, E.Shock and A.Hillaireau (2007) “Antimony
Leaching from Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Plastic Used for Bottles
Drinking Water,” Water Research 42(3):551-556［3］

L.Sax (2009) “Polyethylene Terephthalate May Yield Endocrine Disruptors,”

Environmental Health Perspectives 118(4):445-448［4］M.Greifenstein, D.W.White, A.Stubner, J.Hout and A.J.Whelton (2013)“Impact of Temperature and Storage Duration on the Chemical and Odor
Quality of Military Packaged Water in Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottles,”Science of the Total Environment 456-457:376-383［5］

C.Z.Yang, S.I.Yaniger, V.C.Jordan, D.J.Klein and G.D.Bittner (2011) “Most
Plastic Products Release Estrogenic Chemicals: A Potential Health Problem
That Can Be Solved,”Environmental Health Perspectives 119(7):989-996,［6］

A.Guart, F.Bobo-Blay, F.Borrell and S.Lacorte (2011) “ Migration of
Plasticizers Phthalates, Bisphenol A and Alkylphenols from Plastic
Containers and Evaluation of Risk,” Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
28(5):676-685; J.E.Loyo-Rosales, G.CC.Rosales-Rivera, A.M.Lynch, C.P.Rice
and A.Torrents (2004) “Migration of Nonylphenol from Plastic Containers to
Water and a Milk Surrogate,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry［7］

52(7):2016-2020
G.R.McDonald et al. (2008) “Bioactive Contaminants Leach from Disposable
Laboratory Plasticware,” Science 322(5903):917［8］

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［16］ 磯部友彦、中田典秀、間藤ゆき枝、西山肇、熊田英峰、高田秀重 (2002) “プラスチック製食器等からのノニルフェノールの溶出”、「環境化学」、12, 621-625.
［17］ D.Bello et al. (2007) “Skin Exposure to Isocyanates: Reasons for Concern”

Environmental Health Perspectives 115(3):328-335［18］ H.Turan et al. (2011) “ Polyurethane Toilet Seat Contact Dermatitis, ”

Pediatric Dermatology 28(6):731-732; S.Hellig et al. (2011) “ PersistantAllergic Contact Dermatitis to Plastic Toilet Seats,”Pediatric Dermatology
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Toxicity of Three Denture Base Acrylic Resins, ” Journal of Dentistry(Tehran) 9(4):180-188［23］ J.H.Jorge, E.T.Giampaolo, A.L.Machado and C.D.Vergani (2003) “Cytotoxicity of Denture Base Acrylic Resins: A Literature Review,” Journal of

Prosthetic Dentistry 90(2):190-193［24］ Environmental Working Group (2007) “ EWG Assessment of EPA Draft
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［47］ Beth Terry, My Plastic Free Life, p.167［48］ A.Dean and J.Armstrong (2009) “Genetically Modified Foods,” Statement of
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8

Transfers Hazardous Chemicals to Fish and Induces Hepatic Stress ”

Scientific Reports 3(3263)を参考に著者が算出。
［54］ 環境省 HP http://www.env.go.jp/press/files/jp/108892.pdf［55］ ３R 推進団体連絡会 HP http://www.3r-suishin.jp/?p=547 プラスチック容器
包装のリサイクル率は、分母を「容器包装リサイクル協会の公表する『排出見込み量』」、分子を「自治体の回収量から異物などを取り除いて再商品化された量＋店頭回収などの自主回収量」として算出されている。
http://3r-suishin.jp/PDF/2015Report/Followup_Report2015_all.pdf［56］ ペットボトルのリサイクル率は産廃も含む国内全体の推計値。
http://www.petbottle-rec.gr.jp/data/calculate.html［57］ https://www.env.go.jp/council/former2013/03haiki/y0315-15/mat02.pdf［58］ https://www.pwmi.or.jp/pdf/panf2.pdf［59］ こうした動きの拡大を問題視して、より循環的なアプローチの推進を目指す国際的な団体 GAIA（Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives）に訳者は一時勤務したが、プラスチックの熱回収の拡大はますます大きな脅威として認識されている。熱回収が単なる焼却や埋め立てよりも望ましいのは言うまでもないが、安易に熱回収を広げることで、「燃やせば済む」という論理からリデュースの推進が妨げられるという側面も憂慮される。
［60］ https://www.pwmi.or.jp/pdf/panf1.pdf［61］ https://www.pwmi.or.jp/pdf/panf2.pdf［62］ （注なし）［63］ 詳細は以下の記事などにもわかりやすく説明されている。
https://forbesjapan.com/articles/detail/24796
https://sustainablejapan.jp/2018/08/28/plastic-recycle/34068
上述のとおり、環境省の資料でも、同じ数字をもとに、「リサイクル率」と「熱回収」を区別して扱っている。
https://www.env.go.jp/council/03recycle/y0312-03/y031203-s1r.pdf［64］
https://www.treehugger.com/energy-policy/no-sweden-does-not-recycle-99-per
cent-its-waste.html［65］https://www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/5715/1717/4180/Plastics_the_facts_2017_FINAL_for_website_one_page.pdf［66］
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-07/documents/2015_smm_ms
w_factsheet_07242018_fnl_508_002.pdf［67］ https://www.pwmi.or.jp/pdf/panf1.pdf［68］ C.A.Shaw et al. (2014) “Aluminum-Induced Entropy in Biological Systems:
Implications for Neurological Disease,”Journal of Toxicology 2014:491316;
C.A.Shaw and L.Tomljenovic (2013) “Aluminum in the Central Nervous
System (CNS): Toxicity in Humans and Animals, Vaccine Adjuvants, andAutoimmunity,” Immunologic Research 56(2-3):304-316
9

［69］ 綿花には世界の全農薬使用量の１６％が使われ、この量はほかのどの作物よりも多い。使用される農薬には発癌性が判明しているものも多く、世界各地の綿農家の死因との関連が指摘されている。Environmental Justice Foundation &Pesticide Action Network-UK (2007) “The Deadly Chemicals in Cotton,”(https://ejfoundation.org/index.php?p=reports/the-deadly-chemicals-in-cotton)［70］ ウールの生産には大量の害虫駆除剤が使われる（ヒツジにつくシラミなどの寄生虫の駆除目的）。また、残忍な方法で毛を刈り取っているウールも多い。
［71］ 皮革工場の大半は発展途上国に位置し、有害な化学物質を大量に使用する。特に「なめし」の工程は毒性が強く、労働者たちの健康も危険に晒す。まだ、牛など動物の皮を使う点についても、「牛肉産業の副産物である皮を有効活用している」（＝本来捨てられるはずの部分を利用している）という考え方がある一方で、革製品の需要増加により、２０２５年までに３０％にあたる数の牛を屠殺しなければ間に合わなくなると言われる。K.Martinko (2016) “Why It’s Time to Say
Goodbye to Leather,” Treehugger.com(http://www.treehugger.com/culture/why-its-time-say-goodbye-leather.html)

Chapter 5［1］

K.Stastna (2014) “Bottle vs. Tap: 7 Things to Know About Drinking Water,”CBC News(https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/bottle-vs-tap-7-things-to-know-about-drinkin［2］

g-water-1.2774182)
T.Orci (2013) “Are Tea Bags Turning Us Into Plastic?” Theatlantic.com(https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/04/are-tea-bags-turning-us-［3］

into-plastic/274482)
R.Smithers (2010) “Most Uk Teabags Not Fully Biodegradable, Research
Reveals,” Theguardian.com(https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jul/02/teabags-biodegradeable) ; L.Miles (2014) “The Scandalous Plastic in Tea Bags – Who Knew?”(http://treadingmyownpath.com/2014/07/11/the-scandalous-plastic-in-tea-bags［4］-who-knew)
Nick Usborne, “The Plastic Taste in New Coffee Makers – Just a Bad tAste,or Toxic Too?”［5］(http://www.coffeedetective.com/plastic-taste-coffee-makers.html)
J.Hamblin (2015) “A Brewing Problem: What’s the Healthiest Way to Keep
Everyone Caffeinated?”(http://theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/03/the-abominable-k-cup-coffe［6］

e-pod-environment-problem/386501)
Lloyd Alter (2016) “Trouble Brewing for Coffee Pods as German City Bans
Them to Reduce Waste”(http://www.treehugger.com/sustainable-product-design/trouble-brewing-coffe
10

［7］

e-pods-german-city-bans-them-reduce-waste.html)
http://www.killthekcup.org［8］

C.A.Shaw et al. (2014) “Aluminum-Induced Entropy in Biological Systems:
Implications for Neurological Disease,” Journal of Toxicology 2014: 491316;
C.A.Shaw and L.Tomljenovic (2013) “Aluminum in the Central Nervous
System (CNS): Toxicity in Humans and Animals, Vaccine Adjuvants, and［9］Autoimmunity,” Immunologic Research 56(203):304-316
N.O. Ak, D.O.Cliver and C.W.Kaspar (1994) “Cutting Boards of Plastic andWood Contaminated Experimentally with Bacteria,” Journal of Food
Protection 57(1):16-22(http://www.treenshop.com/Treenshop/ArticlesPages/SafetyOfCuttingBoards_

Article/CliverArticle.pdf)［10］ たとえば Mother Earth News
(http://www.motherearthnews.com/real-food/canning/home-canning)［11］ G.Gourmelon (2015) “Plastic Straws: A Life Cycle,” Worldwatch Institute
Blog (http://blogs.worldwatch.org/plastic-straws-a-life-cycle)［12］
https://www.treehugger.com/organic-beauty/recipe-homemade-deodorant-reall
y-works.html［13］ http://www.safecosmetics.org/get-the-facts/chemicals-of-concern/［14］ K.Mok (2014) “7 Powerful Reasons Why You Should Switch to Reusable
Menstrual Products,”
http://www.treehugger.com/health/reasons-why-you-should-switch-to-reusable-menstrual-products.html［15］ アメリカ食品医薬品局がタンポンに微量のダイオキシンを確認したことも報告されている。U.S.Food and Drug Administration (2015) “Tampons and Asbestos,Dioxin and Toxic Shock Syndrome,” as cited in S.Dudley (2016) “Tampon
Safety” (http://center4research.org/i-saw-it-on-the-internet/tampon-safety)［16］ A.Scranton (2013) “Chem Fatale: Potential Health Effects of Femine Care
Products,” Women’s Voices for the Earth(http://www.womensvoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Chem-Fatale-Repo
rt.pdf)［17］ Trish Walraven, “Crest Toothpaste Embeds Plastic in Our Gums,” 4 March
2014, Dental Buzz – A Jolt of Current: Trends, Innovations and Quirks of
Dentistry(http://www.dentalbuzz.com/2014/03/04/crest-imbeds-plastic-in-our-gums)［18］ http://www.5gyres.org/microbeads［19］ J.Nalbone (2015) “Unseen Threat: How Microbeads Harm New York Water,
Wildlife, Health And Environment,” New York: Office of New York State
Attorney General Eric T.Schneiderman, p.7(http://ag.ny.gov/pdfs/Microbeads_Report_5_14_14.pdf)［20］ C.Rochman et al. (2015) “Scientific Evidence Supports a Ban on Microbeads,”
11

Environmental Science & Technology, 49:10759-10761［21］ Y.Mato (2001) “Plastic Resin Pellets as a Transport Medium for Toxic Chemicals in the Marine Environment,” Environmental Science & Technology,
35(2):318-324［22］ P.Sundt, P-E. Schulze and F.Syversen (2014) “Sources of MicroplasticPollution to the Marine Environment,” Norwegian Environment Agency(Miljødirektoratet), p.16
(http://www.miljodirektoratet.no/Documents/publikasjoner/M321/M321.pdf)［23］ https://www.beatthemicrobead.org/product-lists/［24］
https://www.treehugger.com/organic-beauty/diy-beauty-recipes-use-only-2-ing
redients.html［25］ D.F.Maron (2013) “Flame Retardants Linked to Lower IQs, Hyperactivity inChildren,” Scientific American, 6 May 2013(https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/flame-retardants-linked-lower-iqhyperactivitiy-children/)［26］ （注なし）［27］ Anna Maria Clement and Brian Clement, Killer Clothes: How Seemingly

Innocent Clothing Choices Endanger Your Health… And How to Protect
Yourself!, West Palm Beach: Hippocrates Publications, 2011; G.Luonga (2015)“Toxins Remain in Your Clothes,” ScienceDaily(www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/151023084508.htm)［28］ ゴアテックスの製造元は、「環境への影響に懸念のあるフッ素化合物」を 2023 年までに、一般消費者向けのすべての製品から除去することを公約している。ただし、その代わりとなるものが本当に安全な素材となるのかどうかが重要な点だ。
（https://www.gore-tex.jp/technology/responsibility/pfc-goal）（日本語）［29］ （注なし）［30］ https://www.patagonia.jp/worn-wear.html［31］ Beth Terry, My Plastic Free Life: Gardening Without Plastic, Parts 1-3(https://myplasticfreelife.com/2011/05/gardening-without-plastic-part-1);
Lindsay Miles, Treading My Own Path: Zero Waste (+ Plastic Free) Gardening(http://treadingmyownpath.com/2016/06/09/zero-waste-plastic-free-gardening)［32］ U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, “Advancing Sustainable Materials
Management: 2014 Tables and Figures”(https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/2014_smm_tab
lesfigures_508.pdf)［33］ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8vNxjwt2AqY&feature=youtu.be

12Chapter 6［1］

インドの Verterra、
中国の Bambu、ドイツの Leaf Republic、ベルギーの DoEat、
アメリカの Natural Value など。

［2］https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4Cc5zmy0eY［3］

http://www.oceanconservancy.org/our-work/international-coastal-cleanup［4］
https://oceanconservancy.org/trash-free-seas/international-coastal-cleanup/cle
answell/
その他、同様の主なプログラムに、Litterati（www.litterati.org）、Marine Debris
Tracker（www.marinedebris.engr.uga.edu）、ヨーロッパに特化した Marine
LitterWatch（www.eea.europa.eu/themes/coast_sea/marine-litterwatch）、オー
ストラリアに特化した Tangaroa Blue Australian Marine Debris Initiative（www.tangaroablue.org/amdi/amdi-program.html）など。

エピローグ
［1］

C.Wilcox, E.Van Sebille and B.D.Hardesty (2015) “Threat of Plastic Pollution
to Seabirds is Global, Pervasive and Increasing,” Proceedings of the National［2］

Academy of Sciences 112(38):11899-11904
B.Worm (2015) “Silent Spring in the Ocean,” Proceedings of the National

Academy of Sciences 112(38):11752-11753［3］

M.Manikkam, R.Tracey, C.Guerrero-Basagna and M.K.Skinner (2013)“Plastics Derived Endocrine Disruptors (BPA, DEHP and DBP) Induce
Epigenetic Transgenerational Inheritance of Obesity, Reproductive Disease
and Sperm Epimutations,” PLoS ONE 8(1):e55387［4］https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/our-work/activities/new-plastics-ec
onomy

日本語版解説
［１］ Levine, H., Mindlis, I., Swan, S.H., Martino-Andrade, A., J?rgensen, N.,
Mendiola, J., Weksler-Derri, D., and Pinotti, R., 2017. Temporal trends insperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Human
Reproduction Update 23, 646-659.10.1093/humupd/dmx022［２］ Liao, C., Liu, F., Alomirah, H., Loi, V.D., Mohd, M.A., Moon, H.-B., Nakata, H.,
and Kannan, K., 2012. Bisphenol S in Urine from the United States and Seven
13

Asian Countries: Occurrence and Human Exposures. Environmental science& Technology 46, 6860-6866.10.1021/es301334j［３］ Teuten, E.L., Saquing, J.M., Knappe, D.R.U., Barlaz, M.A., Jonsson, S., Bjorn,A., Rowland, S.J., Thompson, R.C., Galloway, T.S., Yamashita, R., Ochi, D.,
Watanuki, Y., Moore, C., Pham, H.V., Tana, T.S., Prudente, M.,
Boonyatumanond, R., Zakaria, M.P., Akkhavong, K., Ogata, Y., Hirai, H.,
Iwasa, S., Mizukawa, K., Hagino, Y., Imamura, A., Saha, M., and Takada, H.,
2009. Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment andto wildlife. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological
Sciences 364, 2027-2045.10.1098/rstb.2008.0284［４］ 高田秀重、大垣多恵 (2018) “インターナショナルペレットウォッチの市民科学としての役割”、「水資源・環境研究」 31, 4-10.

＊URL はすべて 2017 年 12 月原書刊行時のものです。
（注なし）は欠番です。

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