FINAL REPORTON IMPLEMENTATION OF
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN IN SANKHU CITY

Subarna Lal Shrestha
Nepal Evaluation Society
Kathmandu, Nepal
March 2015

Team Members of the Joint Project
From JFIR:
1. Prof. Ryokichi Hirono - Team Leader
2. Prof. Naonobu Minato
3. Dr. Dickella Gamaralalage Jagath Premakumara
4. Mr. Hiroyasu Harada
From NES:
1. Mr. Subarna Lal Shrestha - Team Leader
2. Mr. Raju Manandhar - Deputy Team Leader
3. Mr. Madan Gopal Malego
4. Dr. Er. Madhav Narayan Shrestha
5. Mr. Baburam Dumre
6. Mr. Santosh Kumar Shah
7. Mr. Madhav GhimireIABBREVIATIONSADBAsian Development BankAEPC
Alternative Energy Promotion Centre
CBS
Central Bureau of Statistics
CDM
Clean Development Mechanism
CSO
Community Service Organization
DDC
District Development Committee
DDWS
Department of Drinking Water and Sewerage
ECI
Environment Conservation Initiatives
FGD
Focus Group Discussion
FY
Fiscal YearGOs
Government Organisations
GON
Government of Nepal
Govt.
Government
GTZ
German Technical Cooperation
HHs
Households
JFGE
Japan Fund for Global Environment
JES
Japan Evaluation Society
J¥
Japanese Yen
KII
Key Informant Interview
KMC
Kathmandu Metropolitan City
INGO
International Non-Government Organization
JICA
Japan International Cooperation Agency
JFIR
Japan forum on International Relations
LGP
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
MSW
Municipal Solid Waste
MuAN
Municipal Association of Nepal
MOFALD
Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development
MOUD
Ministry of Urban Development
NEPSEMAC Nepal Pollution Control and Environment Centre
NES
Nepal Evaluation SocietyNGO
Non-government organization
NPC
National Planning Commission
NRs
Nepali Currency (Rupees)
PPP
Public Private Partnership
RRR
Reduce, reuse, recycle
SWM
Solid Waste Management
SSWMC
Sankharapur Solid Waste Management Committee
SWMRMC Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Center
TYP
Three-Year Plan
UNDP
United Nations Development Program
UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlement Programme
UNICEF
United Nations Children's Fund
VDC
Village Development Committee
WEPCO
Women Environment Preservation Committee
WHO
World Health Organization

IITable of Contents
1. Background .......................................................................................................................... 1
2. Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 4
2.1 Review of secondary information .................................................................................. 4
2.2 Focus Group Discussion ................................................................................................ 4
2.3 Key Informant Interview (KII) ....................................................................................... 4
2.4 Field observation ............................................................................................................ 4
2.5 Workshop ....................................................................................................................... 4
2.6 Consultation Meetings.................................................................................................... 5
3. Existing National Situation Analysis ................................................................................... 5
4. Solid Waste Management Plan of Sankhu .......................................................................... 8
4.1 Goal of the plan .............................................................................................................. 8
4.2. Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 94.3. Working Strategy .......................................................................................................... 9
5. Achievement of Targeted outcome and output of the Plan.................................................. 10
5.1 Outcome Target Achievement: .................................................................................... 10
5.2 Outputs Target Achievement: ...................................................................................... 10
5.3 Achievement in Implementation of the Action Plans: ................................................. 12
5.4 Targets Not Achieved: ................................................................................................. 20
6. Organization Development Efforts .................................................................................... 21
7. Lessons Learned................................................................................................................. 22
8. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 24
9. Way Forward ..................................................................................................................... 25
Annex 1 Progress on Action Plan of FY 2014/2015.............................................................. 26
Annex 2 List of FGD participants .......................................................................................... 29
Annex 3 List of Key Informants ............................................................................................ 30
Annex 4 List of Participants in the Workshop on Review Report ......................................... 31
Annex 5 List of Officials Visited by JFIR and NES Joint Team ........................................... 33
Annex 6 Bibliography ............................................................................................................ 34
Annex 7 Some Activity Photos .............................................................................................. 35

III

1. Background
Sankhu is a typical Newari town, with many fine old buildings and temples
representing ancient city in the northeast foot hill of Kathmandu valley. It is made ofeight localities namely Ghunla, Salkha, Chalakhu, Dugahiti, Suntole, Ippa tole, Illatole and Pukhulakshi. All locality of Sankhu except Suntole and Pukhulakshi locality
are in the former Bajrayogini Village Development Committee (VDC), and Suntol islocated in the former Suntole VDC and Pukhupakshi is located in the former
Pukhulakshi VDC. All the VDCs including neighboring VDCs Nanglebahar, Lapsifedi
and Indrayani are now in the recently declared Sankharapur Municipality. Thus,
Sankhu is now in Shankhrapur municipality, which is a traditional old dwelling of
Kathmandu district. The municipality is located at about 17 km. to 25 km. northeastof Kathmandu Metropolitan City at the heightof 4700 feet to 7500 feet. This place issituated in Bagmati, Central, Nepal, its
geographical coordinates are 27° 43' 0" North,
85° 27' 0" East and its original name (withdiacritics) is Sānkhu. It is said that the ancient
Sankhu city was designed by Mr. Jogdeva
Bajracharya. Sankhu is the main andimportant part of the municipality, wheresettlement is composed of mainly Newar
community and highly dense. Believed to have been established in 1299 BC, it is
the oldest urban center in the valley. Sankhu was once bustled as the terminal on
the old trade route to Tibet. The artistic temple of Bajra Jogini the town’s guardian
goddess is a major pilgrimage site.
Sankhu is also the site of the month long worship to the God Madhav Narayan. The
brata (holy fasting) is a tribute totheGodthroughfasting,
meditation and ritual bathing by
women and mens too. It begins
on the full moon of the Nepali
month of Poush and ends on thefull moon of the Nepali month of
Magh. Devotes spend wholemonth at the temple, sleeping,eating and meditating. It isbelieved mens & women who perform this puja will have their wish granted. Outside
the temple, the riverbank of the Sali Nadi is thought to be the site where Goddess
Parvati bathed during her month of meditations dedicated to Swasthani
The main river of Sankhu is 'Sali Nadi' which has highly religious value, and a big
festival is celebrated there in the month of Magh (January). The river is the main
source of irrigation in all the villages. There are also some ponds. The ponds like
Manichud pond, Mahadeva pond, Jogkunda pond, Pal pond are famous ponds of the1

VDCs. The population of Sankhu city is about 4000. Majority of the people are
Newar caste and other castes are Tamang, Chhetryi and others. According to
religion, majority are Hindus, and then after Buddhists and very little number inChristianity.
There are four gates having their own significance, one of them is the entry and exit
gate of goddess Bajrayogini from temple, next to bring bride to groom's house,
another to send daughter after marriage and last one to take dead body of humanout of Sankhu to burn or bury. These area within gates are considered as real
Sankhu by people according to cultural beliefs and historical scripts and books but
political division has extended its boundary
Agriculture is the main occupationofthepeople,andotheroccupations are trading, service
and wage as shown in land use
map of the city. Sankhu andsurrounding Tamang areas in thehill is popular in supplying
vegetables to Kathmandu. The
area is connected by road with
Kathmandu,
NagarkotandMelamchiof
Sindhupalchowk
district. Man made environment
problems and nature created environment problems like soil erosion, river pollution,
deforestation, landslide and environmental degradation are seen in the areas.
Environment is being degraded mostly due to the problem seen in waste
management.

2

Land use map of Sankhu

32. Methodology
The methodology of reviewing the project implementation includes review of
secondary information, FGD, KII, field observation, workshop and meetings
mentioned below.
2.1 Review of secondary information
Published documents, reports, VDC profiles, SWM Plan of this project, Annual
Action Plans, progress reports and other materials on the solid waste managementof the city were collected and studied. Information collected from different sources
like DDC Kathmandu, Environment Division of Kathmandu Metropolitan City, former
VDC offices in Bajrayogini VDC, Pukhulachhi VDC and Suntol VDC, present
Sankharapur Municipality, Waste Collection Centers, NGOs working in solid waste
management and environment was reviewed and has been reflected in this report.
2.2 Focus Group Discussion
The Focus Group Discussions (FGD) was conducted separately with the females
and males of the households of Sankhu. There were 16 participants in the female
group and 7 participants in the male group discussions. The discussion was
conducted based on the checklist prepared. The list of participants of FGD is in
Annex 1.
2.3 Key Informant Interview (KII)The KII was taken with six persons, who are intellectuals and known persons of
Sankhu. The interview was done based on the checklist prepared. The name of key
informants is in Annex 2.
2.4 Field observation
On-site visit of different places including the holy Sali River, ponds, sewerage system,
household toilet and its disposal system, community septic tank, land site for bio-gas
plant construction etc. were done to know about the solid waste management
condition of the city.
2.5 Workshop
The Review and Interim Report on implementation of the SWM Plan in Sankhu waspresented and discussed in the workshop held in Sankhu on 21 March 2015, which
was participated by 45 persons including the people of Sankhu, SSWMC officials,
Prof. Ryokichi Hirono and Prof. Naonobu Minato from JFIR and officials of the NES
Team. The list of participants in the workshop is in Annex 4. Feedbacks from theworkshop are incorporated in this report.

4

2.6 Consultation Meetings
JFIR and NES Joint Team lead by Prof. Ryokichi Hirono called officials of different
GOs and international organizations for further support to take ahead solid waste
management works in Sankhu. List of the officials visited is in Annex 5.
3. Existing National Situation Analysis
Rapid and uncontrolled urbanization, lack of public awareness, and poor
management by municipalities have intensified environmental problems in towns in
Nepal, including unsanitary waste management and disposal. While solid waste
management (SWM) has become a major concern for municipalities and the country
as a whole, the status of SWM is not fully understood due to the lack of SWM
baseline data, which are also essential for effective planning. The household survey
conducted on May 2012 by ADB baseline study revealed an average per capita
household waste generation rate of 170 grams (g)/capita/day. The study also
uncovered that the household waste generation rates vary with the economic status
and climatic conditions. On average, households with monthly expenditures of
NRs40,000 ($417) and above generate more than twice as much waste as
households with monthly expenditures of less than NRs5,000 ($52). Households in
Terai municipalities generate nearly 80% more waste than those in mountain region
municipalities. For institutional establishments, the average daily waste generation
was 4.0 kilograms (kg) per school and 1.4 kg per office. Similarly, the average daily
waste generation of commercial establishments was 1.4 kg per shop and 5.7 kg per
hotel or restaurant. Based on the analysis and findings, it is estimated that wastefrom households in general contributes about 50%–75% of the total MSW generated.
Thus, the average MSW generation was found to be 317 g/capita/day. Using theseper capita waste generation rates and the population in 2011, the total MSW
generation of the 58 municipalities was estimated at about 1,435 tons/day and524,000 tons/year.
The analysis of household waste composition indicated that the highest waste
category was organic waste with 66%, followed by plastics with 12%, and paper andpaper products with 9%. The composition analysis of institutional wastes revealed
45% paper and paper
products,
22%
organic wastes, and
21% plastics. The
study
found
that
commercial
wastescomprised43%
organic wastes, 23%
paper
and
paper
products, and 22%
plastics. In aggregate,

5

MSW is composed of 56% organic waste, 16% plastics, and 16% paper and paper
products. This indicates great potential for producing compost from organic waste,
and reusing and recycling other materials, with only about 10% going to final
disposal if resource recovery is maximized.

The study uncovered that about 30% of surveyed households were practicing
segregation of waste at source and composting using traditional methods. Such
practices were found mainly in the rural areas of municipalities. Besides householdcomposting, community or municipal composting plants are found in somemunicipalities and more are being planned. An analysis of the information provided
by municipalities reveals that the present collection efficiency ranges between 70%
and 90% in major towns, and is below 50% in several smaller towns, giving an
average of 62%. In total, 37% of MSW in Nepal is disposed of in sanitary landfills,
although not necessarily in a sanitary manner. While the majority of themunicipalities have a separate section or unit responsible for SWM, 17 municipalities
do not have a designated section or unit. These municipalities are either notproviding any SWM services or have only a few sweepers who work under the ward
offices or another unit.. On average, municipalities spend about NRs2,840 ($30) per
ton of waste for collection, transport, and disposal. In terms of revenue collection,some municipalities collect a SWM service fee, a door-to-door collection service fee,a surcharge on property or business tax, and a service fee from major waste
generators.
The data on waste quantity and composition are generally comparable withneighboring countries in South Asia and countries with a similar level of economic
development. The relatively high ratio of recyclable materials, including plastics and6paper, indicates a large potential for reuse and resource recovery, in addition to thepotential for organic waste composting.
Different legislative provisions are in practice to manage solid waste management in
Nepal. The Solid Waste Management Act 1987 was revised and Solid Waste
Management Act 2011 is in force at present. The Act has emphasized on reduction,
reuse and recycling of solid waste and maintain clean and healthy environment
minimizing the adverse effects of the solid waste in public health and environment.
The Local Self Governance Act 1999 is an Act relating to the operation of local
bodies like DDC, VDC and municipalities, which has put responsibility of managing
the solid waste to the local bodies. Other main legislations are Environment
Protection Act 1997, Industrial Enterprise Act 1992 etc.
The Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development, Ministry of Environment and
NPC are the main central government organizations of Nepal, which are responsible
to frame policy and take actions to manage solid waste. Local bodies like DDC, VDC,
municipality, local NGOs, local clubs and groups are working to manage the solid
waste. Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilisation Center (SWMRMC) is acentral level autonomous and corporate organization established for managing solid
wastes and mobilization of resources thereto. Different stakeholders including MuAN,
community leaders, business entrepreneurs and their associations, local formal andinformal sectors have been involved in waste management activities. Internationalorganizations and INGOs like World Bank, ADB, WHO, GTZ and JICA are helping
Nepal's effort to improve solid waste management situation in the country.
Major priority issues in SWM as identified in various discussions and workshops are(i) Littering in haphazard places with negligence by people (attitude of throw &forget about it )(ii)
Weak execution of acts and regulation(iii)
Low recycling(iv)
Lack of treatment of waste(v)
Lack of awareness in people and local bodies leading to less priority insolid waste management aspects(vi)
Capacity constraint of local bodies in SWM leading to weakness in
implementing Acts and regulations(vii) Weak coordination between local government bodies, NGOs and private
sector(viii) Lack of adequate collection centers in public places.
(ix)
Lack of sufficient land fill sites(x)
Weak monitoring(xi)
Less orientation of managing waste for income generation with multiple
uses(xii) Lack of effective move to bring private sector with the vision of commercial
venture7

(xiii)(xiv)

Weak organizational resources, andLack of persuasion of recycling and composting at households level

The working policies regarding solid waste management under different components
in the Three Year (TYP) for the year 2011/012-2013/014 of the country are as
follows.


The construction of proper land fill site will be encouraged in all municipalities
and urbanizing village development committees.



Solid waste collection, separation, transportation, compost plant and sanitary
land fill site development and operation related study of the urbanizing VDCs
and Municipalities will be carried out and necessary policy, norms,
guidelines/directives and working procedures will be prepared and program
will be implemented.

In the solid waste management, the concept of public private partnership will
be adopted and this practice will be started in big municipalities in theparticipation of private sector.

Private and community sector will be involved and given ownership in thewaste management and cleanliness of the rural and urban area.

To manage solid waste in the urbanizing VDCs, natural resources like rivers
and lands will be managed to safeguard them from pollution.



For the generation of energy through municipal waste for domestic use and for
operating the pilot project in some places, partnership will be promoted withlocal bodies and private sector.



The community and institutional bio-gas systems will be promoted andexpanded.



Awareness programs will be launched through different national and local
communication media, local NGOs and community organizations to make thepeople aware of environment related issues at local levels.

Under the public private partnership, the local bodies (Municipalities and urbanizing
Village Development Committees) have already started partnership with private
sector including NGOs in the area of awareness campaign, compost manure making,management of landfill site, energy development, etc.

4. Solid Waste Management Plan of Sankhu
4.1 Goal of the plan

8

The goal of this plan is to make Sankhu a cleaned city free from pollution througheffective management of solid waste.
4.2. Objectives
The objectives of this project are mentioned below.
I.
II.

III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.

To develop solid waste management system in Sankhu
To establish city level composting plants, explore and develop
strategies to link with clean development mechanism (CDM) togenerate revenues from solid waste
To establish short and long term sanitary landfill sites for solid waste
disposal
To encourage private sector in public private partnership (PPP) for the
management of waste
To raise public awareness and advocacy campaigns to follow waste
management practices including household level composting
To build capacity of local communities/clubs/NGOs, public sector
organizations and other stakeholders to manage waste in the city
To prevent disposal of waste in and around water bodies and temples
and rehabilitate existing ponds of Sankhu
To promote total sanitation (no open defecation) with best available
technologies such as eco-san, biogas, safety tank, etc.
To promote organic farming and discourage use of pesticide andchemical fertilizers

4.3. Working Strategy
The working strategies of the project are described shortly below.
a) The system of solid waste collection, separation, transportation, andcompost plant and land fill site will be carried out and implemented.
b) The concept of public private partnership will be adopted in managing
solid waste in the city.
c) Land and rivers will be managed to safeguard Sali River and othernatural resources of the city from pollution in managing the solid waste
management of the city.
d) The community bio-gas system will be promoted and implemented.
e) The construction of proper land fill sites will be encouraged.
f) Peoples' awareness programmes will be launched involving local
community, women, youths and students.

9g) Households will be encouraged to reduce and reuse solid wastes andpractice to convert solid wastes as their income source.

5. Achievement of Targeted outcome and output of the Plan
5.1 Outcome Target Achievement:
The target outcome of the plan is "Solid waste management in the Sankhu city isimproved and the city is cleaner." It has been understood from the discussion withthe focused groups and key informants that the level of solid waste management in
the city is improved and the city is clean in comparison to the three year back. But
the improvement is still needed and cleanliness is improving but not in complete
satisfactory, and thus, more efforts are necessary to improve the scenario and makethe city clean.
5.2 Outputs Target Achievement:
Following table shows achievements found against the outputs.
S.No. Output Target
1
Volume of waste is reduced
and the volume of reusing
solid waste is increased.

2

Disposal of solid waste is
managed and the waste is
not disposed in the Sali
River.

3

Bio-gas plant using solid
waste is constructed andoperated.

10

Achievement
The participants in the FGD, key
informants and others told that the
project intervention in the city helped
the local people to separate their solid
wastes as organic and non-organic,
reusing the organic wastes anddisposing only non-organic solid
wastes. So they expressed that thevolume of disposing household solid
wastes is reduced to some extent andthe habit of reusing solid waste by thehouseholds is increased.
It is known from the discussion,interview and observation that disposalof solid waste in the Sali River isreduced, but still wastes disposed in
the river side can be seen.
AEPC has completed the feasibility
study of bio-gas plant construction andoperation in Pukhulachhi of Sankhu,
but it is not yet implemented in theabsence of matching local financerequired. It is hoped that SSWMC will

4

5

6

7

be able to manage that with support
from the newly formed Sankharapur
municipality and DDC.
Sewerage system is
Sewerage system was not constructed
constructed and all liquid
and the traditional old system inwastes pass through theoperation. It is hoped that the newly
system to its final disposal.
formed Sankharapur municipality willtake up the problem and solve that withsupport from the relevant GOs.
Households in the city have SWMRMC has provided five compost
used Compost bins or Pit
bins with 2000 liter capacity and 12
composting is in use.
dust bins to SSWMC, Sankhu, which
are in use by household to dispose
non-organic solid wastes. Most of thehouseholds are using Pit Compostingin their garden land. Non-organic solid
wastes particularly plastic materilas arebeing collected by SSWMC and send
to NEPSEMAC I Kathmandu. The local
households dispose their non-organic
waste to Collectors(Kabadis), whocome in the city occasionally to collectsuch materials.
Training programmes on
The project conducted training ontechnical and managerial
Compost Bin and it's role in solid waste
aspects of solid waste
management, Vermi-Composting,management are conducted Zero-waste technology for the local
residents including women, youths andNGOs of Sankhu in 2013-2014. One
Solid Waste Management training was
conducted on November 2014
participated by thirty five local
residents. These training have beeneffective to aware the local people onsolid waste management, reduce thevolume of solid waste and reuse thesolid waste in the city.
Workshops and campaigns
Four workshops were conducted in
to raise public awareness on 2012-2013. Two workshops were
solid waste management
conducted, which was one inare conducted.
Kathmandu and another in Sankhu.
One workshop was conducted in
Sankhu on March 2013 to discuss on11

the plan document with the local
stakeholders and other workshop wasorganized in Kathmandu to share theplan document to the GOs, INGOs,
NGOs, and other stakeholders.
Trained eighteen local women to workas the Solid Waste Management
Promoters, formed three groups withfour promoters in each group, andassigned them to visit the local houses
and provide the households to raiseawareness and manage solid waste.
A workshop to raise awareness of thelocal people was conducted on
December 2013, which wasparticipated by fifty three local persons.
A workshop was conducted in Sankhu
on July 2014 for the local residents toraise their awareness to manage solid
waste and reduce solid waste
management cost. Sankharapur Solid
Waste management Committee in
Sankhu has done campaigns on thesolid waste management involving the
local women, youths and students time
to time.
All these workshops and campaigns
helped in sharing the plan and the
project and aware the local residents
about the solid waste management
need and skills.
5.3 Achievement in Implementation of the Action Plans:
5.3.1 In FY 2012-2013

Progress report on JES/NES Joint Study Project on Solid Waste
Management In Nepal up to March 24, 2013
No.

Description

Progress

Responsibility

Remarks

1.0 Opening of the project1.1 Initial workshop in
Kathmandu

A half-a-day
NES/JESworkshop wasorganized on 9
July at the KFA

12

Dr. D.G.J.
Premakumara,
Researcher,
Kitakyushu

1.2 Initial workshop in Saankhu
City

Business
School jointly
by NES/JES tobrief the project
and to sharetheexperiences ofsolid waste
management in
Nepal and Asia
A workshop
NES/JESwas organizedin Saankhu city
on 12 July tobrief the project
and also tounderstand thepresent
situation on
solid waste
management

Urban Center,
IGES visited the
project from
July 6-12, 2013and participatedin theworkshop.

Dr. D.G.J.
Premakumara,
Researcher,
Kitakyushu
Urban Center,
IGES visited the
project from
July 6-12, 2013and participatedin theworkshop.

2.0 Establishment of Solid Waste Management Plan Review Committee of Saankhu City
2.1 Identify relevant members
A committee
NES
and formation of thewascommittee (including different establishedstakeholders)(including
members from
NES, DDC,
VDC,
sanitationcommittee,
representatives
fromhouseholds)
and isfunctional.
2.2 Conduct 4 review meetings Completed
in Kathmandu and Saankhu
City as scheduled
3.0 Review and analysis of the current solid waste management plan of Government of Nepal
3.1 Review national policies and Completed
NES
Acts related solid waste
management ( Solid Waste
Management Act 2011)
3.2 Prepare an issue paper
Completed and NES
submitted theIssue paper to JES had to
JES onprovideDecembernecessary
2012.
technical
assistance
3.3 Document the best practices Completed and NES
on community-based solid
submitted thewaste management and 3R document topractices in Kathmandu
JES on March
2013

13

3.4 Preparation of case study
report with key lessons
learned for replication

Completed and NES
covered in theBest Practice JES had to
document as provide
mentioned in necessary
3.3.
technical
assistance

4.0 Conduct a sample study to understand the actual situation of solid waste management in
Saankhu City.
4.1 Carryout a sample survey/
Completed and NES
site visit and identify thesubmitted theexisting challenges,
final survey
JES had topossibilities and local
report on
provide someresources at Saankhu City for January 2013. guidelines forestablishing solid waste
this survey
management system
4.2 Draft a new waste
First Interim
NES
management plan for
Draft of the
Saankhu City
Waste
In collaboration
Management and technicalPlan submitted assistanceto JES on 21st from JES
January 2013 (based on theirexperiences inJapan andother AsianCountries)
4.3 Organize 4 exchange visits
Organized one NES
for VDC members, CSO
exchange visit
members and any other NGO for VDC
or private groups between
members,
Saankhu City, its neighboring CSO
villages and Kathmandu
members,
NGOs andother privategroups of
Saankhu city in
Environment
Conservation
Initiative,
Ratopul,Kathmandu.
5.0 Conduct a workshop with the stakeholders in Saankhu City
5.1 Discuss the draft waste
management plan with thestakeholders

5.2 Getting common agreement
to the proposed action plan

A workshop
NES
was organizedin Saankhu on
March 2013and presented
the survey
report and FirstInterim Draft
Plan.
CompletedNES
In consultation
with otherpartners

145.3 Conduct orientation for
implementation

CompletedNES
In consultation
with otherpartners

6.0 Documentation and information dissemination
6.1 Preparation of interim andfinal reports

CompletedNES
In collaboration
with JES
NES

6.2 Organize a grand workshop Completed
in Kathmandu for sharing the
project outputs

In collaboration
with JES,
inviting both
policy makers
andpractitioners

5.3.2 In FY 2013-2014
JFIR/NES Joint Study Project on Solid Waste Management In Nepal
Action Plan for the FY 2013 ( April 2013 to March 2014)
No.

Description

Time

Responsibility Progress

Remarks

1.0 Establishment of Solid Waste Management Committee (SWMC) of Sankhu City
1.1 Identify relevant members andformation of the committee(including different
stakeholders)

July

NES

Formed

1.2 Conduct 4 review meetings in
Sankhu City as scheduled

July,
Sept,
Dec,
Feb
JulyMarch

SWMC

Completed

SWMC

in process

1.3 Implement Solid Waste
Management Plan of Sankhu
with support of different funding
agencies

The committee
will be composedof different
stakeholders
from all three
VDCs of Sankhu.
JFIR and NES
will join themeetings.

JFIR and NES
will facilitate infinding funding
agencies andimplement it.
2.0 Conduct an Awareness Raising Workshop on solid waste management in Sankhu
2.1 Conduct a workshop in Sankhu July
NES
Conducted
for local residents to raise theirawareness to manage solid
waste
3.0 Conduct Solid Waste Management training for the local residents in Sankhu City
3.1 Conduct training on Compost
Oct/Nov NES
Bin and its role in solid waste
management for the local
residents including women,
youths and NGOs of Sankhu
3.2 Conduct training on VermiOct/Nov NES
composting and its role in solid
waste management for the local
residents including women,
youths and NGOs of Sankhu
3.3 Conduct training on Zero Waste Oct/Nov NES
Technology and its role in solid

15

Conducted

This training will
be organized by
NES jointly with
SWMC.

Conducted

This training will
be organized by
NES jointly with
SWMC.

Conducted

This training will
be organized bywaste management for the local
residents including women,
youths and NGOs of Sankhu

NES jointly withSWMC.

4.0 Form a group of trainers and mobilizers to promote solid waste management in Sankhu
4.1 Form three group of Solid
Waste Management Promoters(four persons from three VDC)
to raise awareness andpromote solid waste
management in Sankhu
4.2 Trainers and Social Mobilizers
provide necessary consultation
to households to raiseawareness and manage solid
waste in Sankhu

Sept/Oct SWMC

FormedThe formation
will be done by
SWMC inconsultation with
NES

Oct,
Nov,
Dec,
Jan

in operation

NES will monitor
the activity andfacilitate.

SWMC

5.0 Organize exchange visits
5.1 Organize exchange visits for
Sep/Jan NES
VDC members, CSO members
and NGO or private groups
between Sankhu City, its
neighboring villages andKathmandu

Two exchange
visit organized

6.0 Review implementation of Solid Waste Management Plan of Sankhu
6.1 Review implementation of Solid Jan
waste management plan of
Sankhu6.2 Prepare a review paper
Jan

NES

Reviewed

NES

prepared asinterim report

6.3 Conduct a workshop in Sankhu Feb
to appraise the implementation
progress and take feedback
6.4 Conduct a workshop in
March
Kathmandu to appraise theimplementation progress, takefeedback and recommend
changes necessary.

NES

Conducted

NES

Not completed

JFIR will provide
necessary
technical
assistanceIn collaboration
with JFIR
In collaboration
with JFIR

JFIR will provide
necessary
technical
assistance

7.0 Documentation and information dissemination
7.1 Preparation of interim report

Oct

NES

Prepared

7.2 Preparation of final report

March

NES

Prepared16

5.3 In FY 2014/2015
JFIR/NES Joint Study Project on Solid Waste Management In Nepal
Revised Action Plan for the FY 2014/2015 ( April 2014 to March 2015)
No. Description

Time

Responsibility Supporting agency

Progress up to
Jan 2015

1.0 Operationalisation of Sankharapur Solid Waste Management Committee (SSWMC) of
Sankhu City
1.1 Acquire land for
Apr-Sep, SSWMC
Local community,
SSWMC hascollection and
2014
VDCs
taken initiative tosegregation of solid
acquire land andwastes of Sankhu
discussion withcity
newly formed city
office is inprogress.
1.2 Manage tricycle,
Apr-Sep, SSWMC
DDC, VDC, SWMRMC, SWMRMC has
plastic buckets and 2014
INGOs,
provided 5other materials andNGOscompost bins andequipments
12 wastenecessary forcollection buckets
collecting
to SSWMC. NES
household solid
has provided one
wastescompost bin to
SSWMC. Effort ismade to acquiretri-cycle andequipments fromGOs and NGOs,
but still not
successful.
JFIR/NES teamapproached
UNDP, UNICEF,
JICA Nepal, UNHabitat, MOLD,
MOHUD,SWMRMC forsupport to
SSWMC inmanaging suchmaterials andequipments.
1.3 Appoint necessary Apr-Sep, SSWMC
Local community,
This has not
manpower for
2014
VDCs
been done.
collecting,segregating anddisposing soldwastes
1.4 Establish and
Apr-Sep, SSWMC
Local community,
SSWMC has
operate collection, 2014
VDCs
identified lands
segregation andfor the collection
disposal center
centers, but notstarted as land
for the work is not
yet available.
1.5 Collect household Apr-Sep, SSWMC
Local community,
Partially done
solid wastes,
2014
VDCs
segregate and17dispose solid
wastes
1.6 Manage dumping
sites for disposing
not reusable solid
wastes
1.7 Manage
networking to sellreusable solid
wastesApr-Sep,
2014

SSWMC

VDCs, DC, KMC

Apr-Sep,
2014

SSWMC

NGOs involved in solid Trying towaste management
establish networkwith NEPSEMAC
and other solidwastemanagement
NGOs.
Meeting
conducted

1.8 Conduct minimum Apr’14SSWMC
six meetings of the Mar’15
SSWMC within twomonths after eachmeeting.
1.9 Trainers and Social August,
SSWMC
Mobilizers provide October,necessary
December
consultation to2014
households to raiseawareness andmanage solid
waste in Sankhu
1.10 Prepare andJuly 2014 SSWMC
display hoarding
boards/Radio
communication for
Public Notice
1.11 Survey design and May-July AEPC,establishment of
2014
SSWMC
Biogas plant at ornear Slaughter
House andformation of a subcommittee for the
management

Develop andOctober
1.12 conduct Training
2014
Programs for
operation andmaintenance of theCollection centre,
Biogas plant andCompost Plant

AEPC,
SSWMC

JFIR,NES

Social Mobilizers
providedconsultation andraised awareness

VDC, SMRMC

Not yet done
due to funding
problem.

VDC,DDC

Survey design
conducted by
AEPCC
Consultant.. As
informed by
AEPC, Draft
report including
land planning,
pipe layout
planning,
piping andinstrumentation
diagram,environmental
and social
management
framework is
prepared.
Not yet done

VDC,DDC,SWMRMC

2.0 Environment Protection Program18

Not yet done.

2.1 Construction and Nov-Dec.
operation of2014
community toilet
2.2 Conduct public
Augustrallies campaign
Sept.
and street drama 2014
with participation of
the local women,
youths andstudents focusing
on managing
household waste
by each household
and make the city
clean preserving
environment.

SSWMC, Local DDC
community,
Local VDC
SSWMC, Local DDC
community,
Local VDC

No progress due
to funding
problem.
Conducted onetime

3.0 Conduct an Awareness Raising Workshop on solid waste managementin Sankhu
3.1 Conduct a
July 2014 NES
SSWMC
Completedworkshop in
Sankhu for local
residents to raise
their awareness tomanage solid
waste and reduce
solid waste
management cost
4.0 Conduct Solid Waste Management training for the local residents in Sankhu City
4.1 Conduct one
Oct/Nov NES
training on solid
2014
waste
management for
the local residents
including women,
youths and NGOsof Sankhu

SSWMC

Completed

5 Mobilize 12 Promoters to raise awareness and to promote solid waste management in Sankhu
5.1 Trainers and Social August, SSWMC
Mobilizers provide October,necessaryDec,consultation to2014
households to raiseawareness andmanage solid
waste in Sankhu

JFIR

Social Mobilizers
providedconsultation andraised awareness

SSWMC

Completed

6.0 Organize exchange visits
6.1 Organize 1
October NES
exchange visit for 2014
VDC members,
CSO members andNGO or privategroups between
Sankhu City, its
neighboring19

villages andKathmandu
7.0 Review implementation of Solid Waste Management Plan of Sankhu
7.1 Review
Jan
implementation of 2015
Solid waste
management planof Sankhu
7.2 Prepare a review Jan
paper
2015
7.3 Conduct a
Marchworkshop in
2015
Sankhu to appraise
the implementation
progress and takefeedback

NES

Completed

NES/JFIR

Completed

NES/JFIR

Completed

8.0 Documentation and information dissemination
8.1 Preparation ofFeb.
interim report2014
8.2 Preparation of final March
report2015

NES/JFIR

SSWMC

Prepared

NES/JFIR

SSWMC

Prepared

5.4 Targets Not Achieved:
The following activities are not yet completed:
FY 2013-2014
a. Implement Solid Waste Management Plan of Sankhu with support of different
funding agencies was targeted in the FY 2012-2013. It's responsibility was given
to the SSWMC, and JFIR and NES had to facilitate in finding funding agencies
and implement it. However, the target could not be completed in the year andcould not be completed even after the year despite some efforts.
b. A workshop was targeted in Kathmandu on March 2014 to appraise theimplementation progress, take feedback and recommend changes necessary.
The workshop could not be conducted due to resource problems.
FY 2014-2015
a. Acquire land for collection and segregation of solid wastes of Sankhu city
within September 2014 is the responsibility assigned to the SSWMC, which is
not yet completed. It is understood that SSWMC has taken initiative to acquireland and discussion with newly formed Sankharapur Municipality office.
i. .

b. SWMRMC has provided 5 compost
bins and 12 waste collection buckets
to SSWMC. NES has also provided
one compost bin to SSWMC. SSWMC
hasrequestedtri-cycles
andnecessary
waste
collecting
equipments from GOs and NGOs.

20

SSWMC has consulted with newly formed Municipal office for supports ofcompost bins, tri cycle and equipments
c. Establish and operate collection, segregation and disposal center by SSWMC
is not yet complete. It is understood that SSWMC has identified lands for thecollection centers, but not forwarded the process.
d. Appoint necessary manpower for collecting, segregating and disposing soldwastes is another target given to the SSWMC, which is not yet done due toabsence of collection centre.
e. Collect household solid wastes, segregate and dispose solid wastes to be
conducted by the SSWMC are not yet fully functional. Once the SSWMC
collected household non-organic solid wastes, but is not carried oncontinuously.
f. Manage dumping sites for disposing not reusable solid wastes is not done.
g. Manage networking to sell reusable solid wastes is the operational
responsibility to the SSWMC. It is understood that some efforts were done toestablish network with NEPSEMAC and other solid waste management NGOs,
but it is not yet complete.
h. Prepare and display hoarding boards/Radio communication for Public Noticeby the SSWMC is not complete although some activities were seen in the Sali
River one month long festival during January-February.
i. AEPC has completed survey design of Biogas plant at Pukhulachhi, but it'sconstruction, formation of a sub-committee for the management, develop andconduct training programs for operation and maintenance of the Collection
centre, Biogas plant and Compost Plant are not started. The work seems
delayed due to lack of counterpart finance required from the local level.
j. No progress is seen in the construction and operation of community toilet.
6. Organization Development Efforts
Absence of an organization to work on SWM in Sankhu was seen as a problem increating awareness, provide technical and managerial knowledge and skills for SWM
and manage solid wastes to increase the living standard of the local people making
the city clean and healthy.
So JFIR/NES project on SWM in its Action Plan of 2013-2014 targeted to establish asolid waste management committee in Sankhu, and supported and facilitated toestablish SSWMC in Sankhu on September 2013 as a NGO registered in District
Administration Office, Kathmandu. The committee has eleven members in its Board
represented from Bajrayogini, Suntol and Pkulachhi of Sankhu , and is located in
Pkhulacchi, Sankhu. The Committee held its AGM some months ago, and elected
new board members. Some dsions of the committee are (a) to organize interaction
with the local VDCs, Police Office, business communities, school representatives
and households on the solid waste management in Sankhu, (b) conduct awarenessraising rallies, (c) cleaning campaign in the city, (d) networking with NEPSEMAC to21

send plastic wastes collected from the households, (f) selection of land for collection
center, bio-gas construction and dumping site, and (g) inspection and monitoring of
the work of SWM promoters. Since its establishment, JFIR/NES project has
facilitated and supported the committee to work on solid waste management in
Sankhu by developing their skill and knowledge and skill on SWM, and has
implemented its activities through the committee. The committee has not been able
to take up the SWM fully and effectively due to manpower and resource constraints.
It is encouraging to note that women composition in the SSWMC Board and womenparticipation in the workshop, training and other programs on the SWM are more.
SSWMC initialized collectively effort
combiningclubs,
NGOs
andcommunity mobilizations for cleaningandawareness
campaign.
Effectiveness is seen espally inurban area. Most (more than 95%) of
the households in Sankhu Town are
farmer and have their own land.
They require fertilizer for their crops
but it is expensive and not available,on time. So, they make also biofertilizer from household waste in traditional way. However, it meets only smaller partof their total requirement. Sankhu city catchment land is well known for commercial
cultivating of potato and some other vegetable. The farmers grow paddy in the main
season (summer), and potato and green vegetables in winter. They use chemicalfertilizer, as the supplement.
7. Lessons Learned
Lesson learned from the project are listed below.
(a). Encouraging participation: It is encouraging that the local people mainly females
have shown keen interest in the solid waste management work. They haveparticipated in workshop, training and familiarization visit program actively. So, it
seems that the solid management work will be taken efficiently and effectively.
(b)
External
support:Different
organizations in Kathmandu including
SWMRMC, AEPC, municipality, ECI,NEPSEMAC and WEPCO supported theprogram activities like training andfamiliarization visits to the people from
Sankhu with whole heart and almost
voluntarily. They have shown interest to
provide technical and other support to the22work. The newly established Sankharapur Municipality has started collecting
household solid waste once a week using a van. It can be hoped that, in future, suchsupport will help in effectively managing the solid waste management in Sankhu.
(c) Resource constraints: The project is running with acute resource constraint. The
budget is much reduced in comparison to FY 2012/2013 and FY2013/2014, whereas
activities are not reduced. NES portion of the total budget J¥ 2,100,00 in FY
2013/2014 was J¥ 710,000, which reduced to J¥ 544,00 for NES in FY 2014/2015.
Inadequate finance and non-availability of fund at time made it hard for NES to carryon project activities as targeted in time. The hardship was felt in conducting
workshop, training and in organizing familiarization visit of the people from Sankhu todifferent SWM NGOs.
(d)Time limitation: The JFIR/NES Action Plan and NES budget for FY 2014/2015
was finalized only in July 2013, three months after the beginning of the new FY.
Therefore, the time and attention for the implementation of the one year Action Plan
was limited.
(e) Volume of solid waste: The volume of solid wastes to be disposed is reduced incomparison to the last three year. The solid wastes are separated in the households
into organic and non-organic. The organic solid wastes are collected in thecontainer for making manure and the non-organic wastes are given away to themunicipality. Thus, the reuse of organic wastes a manure is increased, and the useof plastics is reduced in the city. The local households are promoting organic
farming and discouraging use of pesticide and chemical fertilizers.
(f)
Waste in Sali River: The participants in the FGD agreed that the disposal ofsolid waste has been drastically reduced in the river due to the awareness createdby the project program. The solid waste disposal in the river has been prohibited,and if someone caught disposing, will be fined. Observation at the river immediately
after the one month long festival showed some wastes disposed in some river side,
but the volume is greatly reduced in comparison to the project start year.
(g) Awareness level: The level ofawareness of the local people to manage
solid wastes is increased. The FGD
participants and the Key Informants are of
the
view
that
training,
workshop,familiarization visits and other programs of
the JFIR/NES project are very good to raiseawareness of the people on solid waste
management. They opined that continuity ofsuch programs isnecessary to further
improve the awareness level.

23

(h) Capacity development: The local
people have expressed that trainings
conducted by the project helped them toenhance their skill, knowledge and capacity
to manage the solid waste. They requested
for further training program on reuse of thewaste materials, particularly reuse of theplastic wastes.
(i)Collection Centre: The SSWMC has
not yet acquired a land for collecting the solid
waste, segregate as reusable and not reusable, and dispose the not-usable wastes.
so collection centre is not yet established in the city. It is highly necessary that landis acquired and collection centre is established and make it operational.
(j)
Tricycles, vehicles and equipments: The SSWMC has not been able tomanage tricycles, vehicles and equipments for collection, segregation and disposalof the solid waste in the city. At present, the committee is not in position to purchasethat and external support is necessary.
(k) Open Defecation Free: Almost all houses in the city have their own toilet, andthe city has been almost free of open defecation.
(l)Household toilet: Household toilets are poorly managed and its safety tanks
also get mixed in sewerage canal (of waste water). There are some common
reserve safety tanks for toilet disposal but due to their low capacity, they do notseem to be the permanent solution. They are also not well insulated from rainwaterand get over flown frequently. From the reserve tanks, they are drained to open field
in some interval, which ultimately gets in to Sali Nadi (River of religious importance).
The Sali River finally gets mixed to the Bagmati River, the main river of Kathmandu.
The pollution created in Sankhu town has to be born also by downstream areas of
Bhaktapur, Madhaypur and Kathmandu municipality and areas, further down(m) Membership of Sankharapur Solid Waste management Committee: The
Committee established in September 2013 at the project facilitation has 11 board
members and 10 other members totaling 21. The committee should be morefunctional, pro-active and effective increasing more members of the city.
8. Conclusion
JES/NES started the solid waste management work in Sankhu from FY 2012/2013,
which was based on situation analysis and studies and survey. The present
JFIR/NES joint project is to facilitate implementation of the plan by the local SSWMC.
The committee has gradually started to work ahead and implement the plan with thesupport of JFIR/NES, SWMRMC and other agencies. The committee is recently
established, and it may take certain time to be fully functional. Therefore, it is24necessary to support the committee in implementation of the plan, and the role of thenational and international agencies in this regard will be highly expected. The newly
formed Sankharapur Municipality should take proper measures to manage solid andliquid wastes in the city and support the SSWMC as its partner organization.

9. Way Forward
The SSWMC with support and collaboration of the Sankharapur municipality will
have the following tasks as way forward to it.
1.
2.

Acquire land for bio-gas installation and solid waste collection center.
Acquire enough dustbins, tricycle and other equipments necessary for thesolid waste management with the local support and external support, andmake full use of the equipments.
3. Acquire necessary manpower to collect, segregate and dispose the waste.
4. Initiate to segregate solid wastes at household level and a few blocks ofhouseholds.
5. Train manpower to manage the solid waste.
6. Initiate to use the local households as volunteers to work for collecting,segregating and disposing the wastes.
7. Manage landfill site for dumping non-reusable solid waste.
8. Develop networking with other agencies like NEPSEMAC, ECI, WEPCO
and others working in solid waste management and environment
preservation as soon as possible.
9. Increase participation and involvement of the local residents and the local
GOs and NGOs in implementation of the SWM management and function insustainable way.
10. Get support of the MOLD, DDC, VDCs and other GOs, UNDP, UNICEF,
UN-Habitat, JICA and other INGOs and NGOs in its work for infrastructuredevelopment and equipments.
11. Establish collection centers.
12. Conduct awareness raising programs with the participation of the local
residents, and effective use of the local promoters increasing their number
as well.
13. Conduct capacity developing training including reuse of plastic wastes andworkshops on the solid waste management with the support of the local
VDCs, NGOs, INGOs, GOs and foreign support.
14. Enhance the local support increasing its members as well.
15. Initiate revenue generation works from the solid wastes collection charging
collection fee as being done elsewhere in Kathmandu.

25

Annex 1 Progress on Action Plan of FY 2014/2015
JFIR/NES Joint Study Project on Solid Waste Management In Nepal
Revised Action Plan for the FY 2014/2015 ( April 2014 to March 2015)
No.

Description

Time

Respo Supporting
Progress up to Dec Review-Jan 2015
nsibilit agency
2014y
1.0 Operationalisation of Sankharapur Solid Waste Management Committee (SSWMC) of Sankhu
City
1.1 Acquire land for collection and
Apr-Sep, SSWMC Local community, No report
SSWMC has taken initiative to acquire land andsegregation of solid wastes of Sankhu 2014
VDCs
discussion with newly formed city office is incity
progress.
1.2 Manage tricycle, plastic buckets and Apr-Sep, SSWMC DDC, VDC,
No report
SWMRMC has provided 5compost bins and 12
other materials and equipments
2014
SWMRMC, INGOs,
waste collection buckets to SSWMC. NES has
necessary for collecting household
NGOsprovided one compost bin to SSWMC. Effort issolid wastes
made to acquire tri-cycle and equipments fromGOs and NGOs, but still not successful.
1.3 Appoint necessary manpower for
Apr-Sep, SSWMC Local community, No report
This has not been done.
collecting, segregating and disposing 2014
VDCs
sold wastes
1.4 Establish and operate collection,
Apr-Sep, SSWMC Local community, No report
SSWMC has identified lands for the collection
segregation and disposal center
2014
VDCs
centers, but not completely commenced.
1.5 Collect household solid wastes,
Apr-Sep, SSWMC Local community, Collection done
Partially done
segregate and dispose solid wastes
2014
VDCs
1.6 Manage dumping sites for disposing
Apr-Sep, SSWMC VDCs, DC, KMC
No report
Not yet done.
not reusable solid wastes
2014
1.7 Manage networking to sell reusable
Apr-Sep, SSWMC NGOs involved in Networking with
Trying to establish network with NEPSEMAC
solid wastes
2014
solid waste
NEPSEMAC
and other solid waste management NGOs.
management
1.8 Conduct minimum six meetings of the Apr’14SSWMC
Meeting conducted Targeted activities completed.
SSWMC within two months after each Mar’15
meeting.
1.9 Trainers and Social Mobilizers provide August,
SSWMC JFIR,NES
Social Mobilizers
Consultation and awareness raising activities
necessary consultation to households October,provided
are done as targeted.
to raise awareness and manage solid December
consultation andwaste in Sankhu
2014
raised awareness1.10 Prepare and display hoarding
July 2014 SSWMC VDC, SMRMC
No progress
Not yet done26

boards/Radio communication for
Public Notice
1.11 Survey design and establishment of
Biogas plant at or near Slaughter
House and formation of a subcommittee for the management

May-July AEPC, VDC,DDC
2014
SSWMC

Survey design
conducted by
APEC

Activity is completed.

October2014

Not yet done

Not yet done

No progress

Not yet done

2.2 Conduct public rallies campaign and
No report
street drama with participation of thelocal women, youths and students
focusing on managing household
waste by each household and makethe city clean preserving environment.
3.0 Conduct an Awareness Raising Workshop on solid waste management in
Sankhu3.1 Conduct a workshop in Sankhu forJuly 2014 NES
SSWMC
Completedlocal residents to raise theirawareness to manage solid waste andreduce solid waste management cost
4.0 Conduct Solid Waste Management training for the local residents in Sankhu City

Not yet done

4.1 Conduct one training on solid waste Oct/Nov NES
SSWMC
Completedmanagement for the local residents
2014
including women, youths and NGOs of
Sankhu5 Mobilize 12 Promoters to raise awareness and to promote solid waste management in Sankhu

Completed

Develop and conduct Training
1.12 Programs for operation andmaintenance of the Collection centre,
Biogas plant and Compost Plant

AEPC, VDC,DDC,SWM
SSWMC RMC

2.0 Environment Protection Program
2.1 2.5 Construction and operation ofcommunity toilet

Nov-Dec. SSWMC DDC
2014, Localcommunity, Local
VDC
AugustSSWMC DDC
Sept.
, Local2014
community, Local
VDC

27

Completed5.1 Trainers and Social Mobilizers provide August, SSWMC
necessary consultation to households October,to raise awareness and manage solid Dec,
waste in Sankhu
2014
6.0 Organize exchange visits

JFIR

Social Mobilizers
providedconsultation andraised awarenessConsultation and awareness raising activities
are done as targeted

6.1 Organize 1 exchange visit for VDC
October NES
SSWMC
members, CSO members and NGO 2014or private groups between Sankhu
City, its neighboring villages andKathmandu
7.0 Review implementation of Solid Waste Management Plan of Sankhu

Completed

Completed

7.1 Review implementation of Solid waste Jan 2015 NES
management plan of Sankhu
7.2 Prepare a review paper
Jan 2015 NES/JFIR

Completed

Completed

Prepared

Prepared

7.3 Conduct a workshop in Sankhu to
March
NES/JFIR
appraise the implementation progress 2015
and take feedback
8.0 Documentation and information dissemination

Completed

Completed

8.1 Preparation of interim report

NES/JFIR SSWMC

Prepared

Prepared

NES/JFIR SSWMC

Prepared

Prepared

8.2 Preparation of final report

Feb.
2014
March
2015

28

Annex 2 List of FGD participantsGroup: Female
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Name
Ms. Sharmila Shrestha
Ms. Laxmi Shrestha
Ms. Ram Devi Shrestha
Ms. Chanda Shrestha
Ms. Ram Devi Gorkhali
Ms. Ramita Ranjitkar
Ms Rita Singh
Ms. Nirjana Shrestha
Ms. Rita Kapali
Ms. Parbati Ranjitkar
Ms. Laxmidevi Shrestha
Ms. Bina Shrestha
Ms. Purna Shova Bajracharya
Ms. Maiya Shrestha
Ms. Kamala Shrestha
Ms. Ganesh maya ShresthaGroup: Male
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Date: 7 February 2015

Date: 7 February 2015

Name
Mr. Prem Krishna Shrestha
Mr. Sanjeev Manadhar
Mr. Prakash Malla
Mr. Ganesh Shrestha
Mr. Satya narayan Shrestha
Mr. Renu Lal Singh
Mr. Ananda Bahadur Shrestha

29

Venue: Bajrayogini, Sankhu
Address
Chalankhu
Pukhulachhi
Pukhulachhi
Pukhulachhi
Chalankhu
Chalankhu
Chalankhu
Chalankhu
Pukhulachhi
Pukhulachhi
Chalankhu
Chalankhu
Pukhulachhi
Pukhulachhi
Pukhulachhi
Pukhulachhi
Venue: Pukhulachhi, Sankhu
Address
Sankharapur
Sankharapur
Sankharapur
Sankharapur-8
Sankharapur-8
Sankharapur-11
Sankharapur-11

Annex 3 List of Key Informants
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Name
Mr. Lakash Shrestha, Campus Chief
Ms. Jamuna Dangol, Chairperson,
Mr.Rajendra Fuyal, Executive Officer
Mr. Ganesh Shrestha
Mr. Renu Lal Singh
Mr. Ananda Bahadur Shrestha

30

Address
Sakwo Campus
Bajrayogini Women Group
Sankharapur Municipality
Sankharapur-8
Sankharapur-11
Sankharapur-11

Annex 4 List of Participants in the Workshop on Review Report
S. No.

Name

Address

1.

Anusha Shrestha

Sankhu, Kathmandu

2.

Suvarna Laxmi Shrestha

Salkha Tole, Sankhu

3.

Ram Devi Shrestha

Pukhulachhi, Sankhu

4.

Ashim Shrestha

Pukhulachhi, Sankhu

5.

Sharmila Shrestha

Ipa Tole, Sankhu, Kathmandu

6.

Ganesh Maya Shrestha

Ipa Tole, Sankhu, Kathmandu

7.

Bina Shrestha

Ipa Tole, Sankhu, Kathmandu

8.

Maiya Keshari Napit

Ipa Tole, Sankhu, Kathmandu

9.

Kamala Shrestha

Ipa Tole, Pukhulachhi, Sankhu

10.

Bijaya Shrestha

Pukhulachhi, Sankhu

11.

Indra Maya Shrestha

Chalakhu, Sankhu

12.

Jamuna Dangol

Bajrayogini, Chalakhu

13.

Sharmila Shrestha

Bajrayogini, Salkha

14.

Bina Shrestha

Sankharapur -11

15.

Samita Shrestha

Sankharapur -11

16.

Ramita Ranjit

Sankharapur -11

17.

Niru Singh (Dangol)

Sankharapur -11

18.

Shankar Man Shrestha

Suntole19.

Jagadish Man Shrestha

Dhulla Tole, Sankhu

20.

Prakash Malla

Suntole, Sankhu

21.

Prem Krishna Shrestha

Suntole, Sankhu

22.

Ganesh Shrestha

Suntole - 3

23.

Rama Shrestha

Suntole - 8

24.

Purna Keshari Shrestha

Suntole - 8

25.

Subarna Laxmi Shrestha

Salkha26.

Ambika Shrestha

Suntole - 8

27.

Sharmila Shrestha

Suntole - 828.

Mina Shrestha

Suntole - 8

29.

Parbati Ranjitkar

Pukhulachhi - 930.

Rameshwori Shrestha

Suntole - 8

31.

Timila Shrestha

Suntole - 8

32.

Gita Shrestha

Pukhulachhi - 10

33.

Rita Kapali

Pukhulachhi - 10

31

S. No.

Name

Address

34.

Naonobu Minato

Shinyuku, Tokyo, Japan

35.

Riyokichi Hirono

Sekei University, JFGE

36.

Devi Prasad Acharya

Jawalakhel, Lalitpur

37.

Laxmi Prasad Ghimire

Jawalakhel, Lalitpur

38.

Paban Lal Shrestha

Lawanya Sandesh Shaptahik

39.

Ananda BahadurShrestha

Shankhapur - 1040.

Subarna Lal Shrestha

NES

41.

Madhav N. Shrestha

NES

42.

Madhab Raj Ghimire

NES

43.

Raju Manandhar

NES

44.

Santosh K. Shah

NES

45.

Baburam Dumre

NES

32

Annex 5 List of Officials Visited by JFIR and NES Joint Team
S.No. Name
1
Mr. Gopi Khanal

Designation
Joint Secretary2
3

Mr. Mahendra Subba
Ms. Sumitra Amatya

Joint Secretary
Executive Director

4Dr. Hemanta Duwadi

Executive Director

5

Mr. Devi Prashad
Acharya
Mr. Shimizu Tsutomu

Chairperson

67

Mr. Padma Sundar
Joshi

8

Mr. Hozumi

9

Mr. Vijaya SinghCountry
Representative
Habitat
Programme
Manager
Chief
Representative
Assistant Country
Director

33

OfficeMinistry of Federal Affairs andLocal Development
Ministry of Urban Development
Solid Waste Management andResource Mobilisation Centre
Nepal Chamber of Commerceand Industry
NEPSEMAC
JICA Nepal
UN-Habitat, Pulchowk, Lalitpur

UNICEF
UNDP

Annex 6 Bibliography
1. Solid Waste Management Plan of Sankhu, prepared by JES/NES
2. Three Years Interim Plan (2011/012-2013/2014), National Planning
Commission, Nepal
3. Status and Issues of Waste Generation and Management with focus to
System Operation in Kathmandu Valley- A paper submitted by NES to
JES
4. Household Survey Report on Solid Waste Management in Sankhu
City- A report prepared and presented by NES and submitted to JES
5. Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act, 2011, GON,
Nepal
6. Local Self-Governance Act, 1999., GON, Nepal
7. Solid Waste Management in Nepal, 2013, ADB
8. Environmental Protection Act and Environmental Protection Rules,
1997, GON, Nepal
9. Industrial Enterprise Act, 1992, GON, Nepal
10. ' The Study On The Solid Waste Management For The Kathmandu
Valley' Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. and Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd ,September, 2005, JICA/ Ministry of Local Development.
11. Annual Action Plan to Implement SWM Plan in Sankhu
12. Progress Reports on Implementation of Action Plans of Sankhu
13. District Profiles of Bajrayogini VDC, Suntol VDC and Pukhulachhi VDCPrepared by the concerned VDC offices

34

Annex 7 Some Activity Photos

35

36

37

ss

38