Quarterly No. 57

July-September 2004

IGA
NEWS
Newsletter of the International Geothermal Association
IGA ACTIVITIESTransfer of the Secretariat
Guido Cappetti, IGA President
The IGA Secretariat is moving from Pisa, Italy, to Iceland where it will become fully operational by the beginning of October 2004.
Therefore, this is the last issue of the IGA News that thePisa Secretariat will edit and print. It is thus with warm andsincere gratitude that I thank Enel for hosting and operating the Secretariat for the last six years (1998-2004), forassuming the expense of delivering the newsletter and forsupporting our activities with in-kind services.
I would like to thank the Enel management on behalf of
the IGA Board of Directors and of the entire IGA community of members for the excellent service provided. At thesame time I am totally confident that the new Secretariat
will be equally generous and successful.
The MoU between the IGA and the new host organization was signed by Fridrik Sophusson, Chairman of the
BoD of Samorka, and myself during the International Geothermal Conference on Multiple Integrated Uses of Geothermal Resources on 15th September 2003. The new Secretariat will run for a five year term, until 31st August 2009.
My thanks go to Dr. Ruggero Bertani for his invaluable
contribution as Executive Director, and to Dr. Iris Perticone, who has worked by his side throughout the six years
of Enel hospitality. I worked with them as IGA Secretaryduring the first term (1998-2001), and as President during
the second (2001-2004); without their contribution I would
have been a lost man. Working for the IGA has been a continuous challenge, one that we have had to tackle on a dayto-day basis, but it has always been interesting and personally rewarding.

IGA ACTIVITIESTransfer of the Secretariat
Presentation of the new Executive Director
Election results
Message from the new IGA PresidentInternational Geothermal Days Poland 2004

1
2
2
4
5

EUROPE/Sixth Framework Programme/Coutry update/Boom of geothermal heat pumps/HGA: After Novation

Albania
Switzerland
Hungary

6
7
7
9THE AMERICAS
Mexico/New Mexican Geotherma Magazine 10

ASIA/PACIFIC RIM
China
Japan
RussiaPhilippines/Geothermal Industry data-base/New targets/Kamchatka plants/PGI Corporate News

10
10
12
12

/Habanero 2 Well is in progress/Promotion of Kalina Cycle

13
13

OCEANIA
Australia
New Zealand

FOR YOUR INFORMATION
Book Review
Upcoming Events

14
14

Last, but not least, I would also like to thank the entire
staff of the former Enel GreenPower in Pisa for their help
in many and varied practical and procedural matters.

IMPORTANT NOTICEThe new IGA Secretariat e-mail is:

iga@samorka.is
Figure 1. The IGA staff (Ruggero Bertani, Guido Cappetti
and Iris Perticone) is closing the IGA Secretariat in Pisa.

See the back cover page for all the new contact details.

2
Ruggero Bertani, IGA Executive Director
After six years as Executive Director of the IGA, themoment has now arrived for me to hand over the reins to avery good friend, Valgardur Stefansson. From Italy to Iceland, a long jump north, from the cradle of the geothermal
industry to literally the most emerging geothermal country
in the world. Iceland is in fact in continuous growth,
increasing its surface area by a some hundred of square
metres every year, thanks to the volcanic forces exerted
beneath the mid Atlantic. Sometime in the future, it will be
the biggest geothermal country in the world, but by then I
suppose the IGA Secretariat will have again moved toanother geothermal country.
I have greatly enjoyed my job as Executive Director: it
has been the most productive and satisfactory period of myworking life. IÕll never forget the interaction with authors
for IGA News and the satisfaction in seeing the printed
issue, the organization of the BoD meetings and the relaxing moment when the minutes have finally been mailed
out; many of my IGA-related tasks have been very proactive and really exciting.
Now itÕs time for me to move on to other challenging
experiences, both at Enel and on the IGA Board. But before
doing so, IÕd like to thank all the people who have helped
me over the years: Iris Perticone, Guido Cappetti, Ian
Thain, Raffaele Cataldi, Franco Luccioli, Marnell Dickson,
Adele Manzella, Enrico Barbier, Marcelo Lippmann,
George Frye, John Garnish, Ladsi Rybach, all the past andpresent BoD members, my contact persons in the Affiliated Organizations and many other friends and colleagues,
too numerous to mention here.
I wish Valgardur all the best; I am sure he will have amost fruitful and satisfactory period in the Secretariat.
I would like to bid the Secretariat a fond farewell.

Presentation of the new Executive Director
IGA Secretariat

During the time from 1st of September to 10th of October
2004, both the office in Pisa and the office in Reykjavik will
be in operation.
The Pisa office will handle the 36th BoD meeting on October
9 (last meeting of the old board) and the AGM, whereas the
Reykjavik office will handle the 37th BoD meeting on October
10 (the first meeting of the new board). After the AGM meeting we hope that the office in Reykjavik can take over. However, the Pisa office is responsible for the minutes of the 36th
BoD and the AGM-2004.
Valgardur Stefansson - Executive Director
International Geothermal Association Secretariat
c/o Samorka - Sudurlandsbraut 48, 108 Reykjavik, Icelande-mail: iga@samorka.is
tel.: +354-588-4437 - fax: +354-588-4431
web site: http:www.geothermal-energy.org

Election results
IGA Election Committee
The IGA BoD election process was completed onschedule. The ballot sheets were mailed between 1 and 20
April 2004 to all members of the IGA with voting rights. A
web-based election page was prepared, and individual
ID/passwords were disseminated through the membership.
The total number of eligible voters is 2665 IGA members.
Between 1 and 10 July the election committee, consisting of Ruggero Bertani, Iris Perticone and John Garnish,scrutinized the ballots that had been received at the IGA
Secretariat by the evening of 30 June 2004, and counted thevotes. A total of 18 late arrival ballots, mailed in June, weredelivered to Pisa during the first week of July. As in theprevious elections, we decided to accept these ballots. An
independent check was then performed by Franchi &Sbrana, the IGA Business consultant.
Ballot Statistics
The main statistics are reported in table I.
We received 224 paper ballots and 78 faxed/emailed
votes. The remaining 532 valid ballots were cast on the

Valgardur Stefansson received a Ph.D. (degree) innuclear physics from the University of Stockholm, Sweden, in 1973. He joined Orkustofnun in Iceland in 1973.
In the beginning he served as geophysicist in geothermal
prospecting, but from 1975 he started to build up thegeothermal logging and reservoir-engineering unit within
Orkustofnun. He was the head of the geothermal logging
unit 1975-1985 and served simultaneously as Deputy
Director of the Geothermal Division of Orkustofnun
1979-1985. During 1985-1990, Stefansson served as
Interregional Advisor on Geothermal Energy at the
Department of Technical Co-operation for Development
at the United Nations in New York. He returned to
Orkustofnun in 1990 where he has been the Head of the
Geothermal Reservoir Group (1990-1996), the Chief Project Manager from 1996 to 2003, and the Head of theEnergy Resources Division 2003-2004. Stefansson has
served as Geothermal Advisor in 21 countries outside Iceland. He has published more than 100 scientific papers ininternational journals.
Table I. Main election statistics.

No. 57

3
website (64%). The 834 counted ballots represent 32 % of
the total number of IGA voters, covering 44 countries.
Country
Albania
Algeria
Argentina
Australia
Austria

Total
1
1
2
5
2

%voters
100%
100%
100%
56%
25%

BelgiumBrazil

4
1

80%
100%

Bulgaria
CanadaChile
China
Croatia
El Salvador
Ethiopia
France

1
10
1
12
1
1
1
6

50%
40%
33%
38%
50%
14%
33%
30%

Georgia
Germany
GreeceHungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Israel
Italy
Japan

1
18
4
43
52
1
57
1
40
76

4%
31%
33%
40%
43%
25%
12%
25%
43%
55%

Kenya
Korea Rep
Lithuania
MacedoniaMŽxicoNetherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Pakistan
Philippines
Poland

2
1
5
11
19
2
54
1
1
135
24

22%
100%
20%
34%
24%
15%
50%
33%
100%
55%
34%

Portugal
Romania
RussiaSlovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Switzerland
Tanzania

1
23
20
4
2
1
14
1

20%
51%
33%
11%
40%
100%
21%
50%

TurkeyUganda
UK
USA

58
1
3
109

65%
100%
33%
19%

Table II. Ballot distribution per country.

Affiliation
API-INAGA
CGEA
GAI
GCES
GGA
GRC
GtV
HGA

Total
57
7
41
12
1
153
13
31

%voters
12%
47%
40%
43%
4%
21%
30%
54%

IGAJ
LGA
MAGA
MGA
NGAP
NZGA
PGA
RGA
RUGA-GESSGA
SVG-SSG
TGA

56
5
11
12
131
53
24
23
20
3
17
52

52%
21%
35%
22%
55%
50%
35%
61%
34%
10%
23%
68%

UGI
TOTAL

31
753

48%
31%

Table III. Ballot distribution from Affiliated Organizations.
The geographical distribution of the counted ballots isreported in Table II, which also shows the percentage ofballots received from each country out of the total numberof voters for each country/continent (called Ò%votersÓ inthe table II):In Table III the distribution of votes received from theaffiliated organizations is shown, along with the percentageof the voters participating in each of them.
Election results
The 12,968 preferences were independently checked by
Franchi & Sbrana, and the results are reported in table IV.
All the elected BoD members have given their formal
acceptance of the positions by email.
Conclusions
The election schedule approved by the BoD and published in IGA News #55, stated that the Election Committee should proclaim the election results before July 15. This
deadline has been met. The geographical distribution of the
new BoD members is reported in tables V and VI.
The new BoD elected among its members the new Officers and EuroBranch Chair.
The composition of the directive committee of the elected Officers and EuroBranch Chair is listed below. They
received 29 votes in favor and two abstentions.
John Lund (USA)Orhan Mertoglu (Turkey)
Olafur Flovenz (Iceland)
Kevin Brown(New Zealand)
EuroBranch Forum Chairman: Kiril Popovski(Macedonia)
President:
VicePresident:
Secretary:
Treasurer:

July-September 2004

4
Rank
1
1
3
4
5
6
7
N/A ($)
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
16
18
18
20
21
21
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46

Name
Ruggero Bertani #John W. Lund #Kevin Brown * #Gordon R. Bloomquist #îlafur G. Fl—venz * #Orhan Mertoglu * #Manuel Ogena #Adele Manzella * ¡Sakir Simsek *Burkhard Sanner * #Hiroaki Niitsuma *Marcel Rosca * #Rosa Maria Prol-Ledesma * # ¡Beata Kepinska # ¡Riki Ibrahim * #Valentina Svalova * # ¡Eduardo Iglesias *Meseret Teklemariam * ¡John Garnish *Antonio Yee #Kiril Popovski * #Franciska H. K‡rm‡n * ¡Toshihiro Uchida #Sachio Ehara *Gestur Gislason #Jim Lawless #Shigeto Yamada &Joseph N. Ng'ang'a *Fran•ois-David Vuataz #Paul Brophy #Keyan Zheng #NON ELECTED
Alimin Ginting #Joel Renner #Abel H. Pesce *Colin Harvey @Feliksas Zinevicius #Ir. Suryadarma #S. K. Sharma &Tian Tingshan #Godfrey Bahaiti &Mory Ghomshei #Valiya M.Hamza &Yoonho Song &G‡bor Szita #Enrique Manuel Lima Lobato &Martin N. Mwangi &Ryszard H Kozlowski &
TOTAL

Votes
456
456
455
416
372
363
362
360
349
345
342
338
334
330
329
325
319
318
315
315
292
291
291
283
283
283
266
255
254
230
228

Country
Italy
USA
New Zealand
USA
IcelandTurkeyPhilippines
Italy
TurkeyGermanyJapan
Romania
MexicoPolandIndonesia
RussiaMexicoEthiopia
UK
Philippines
Macedonia
Hungary
Japan
Japan
Iceland
New Zealand
Japan
Kenya
Switzerland
USA
China

210
203
202
197
192
187
184
184
177
175
173
164
160
159
153
93
12,968Indonesia
USA
Argentina
New Zealand
Lithuania
Idonesia
India
China
UgandaCanadaBrazil
S. Korea
HungaryJapan
Kenya
PolandTable IV. Election results: the new BoD.
(*) Incumbent BoD member; (#) Nominated by Affiliated Organization; (@) Candidate by Petition; (&) Nominated by Nomination Committee; (°) Woman. ($) On 21 June we received a resignation email from Adele Manzella, when the election process had
already been launched and when many ballots had already beenreturned to the Secretariat. For this reason, it was decided not toannounce her informal resignation, and to proceed with the election process. The candidate with 228 votes (Keyan Zheng) will
therefore be elected.

The new Officers will start their term at the Annual
General Meeting, in Antalya on October 10th.
The Secretariat congratulates the new elected Officers.

No. 57

Continent
AfricaAmerica
Asia
EuropeOceania

Total
2
5
8
13
2

Table V. BoD members distribution per continent.
Country
China
Ethiopia
Germany
Hungary
IcelandIndonesia
Italy

Total
1
1
1
1
2
1
1

Japan
Kenya
Macedonia
MexicoNew ZealandPhilippines
PolandRomania
RussiaSwitzerland

4
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1

Turkey
UK
USA

2
1
3

Table VI. BoD members distribution per country.

Message from the new IGA President
John W. Lund, President (2004-2007)
First, I would like to congratulate all the new IGA
Board members who will be serving during the following
three years (2004-2007) and thank the members leaving theboard for their service. The members are listed elsewherein this IGA News. I would also like to thank the new board
members for supporting my nomination and election as
President - I will do my best to live up to confidence of theBoard and the expectations of the IGA membership in me.
Secondly, I would like to thank ENEL and the past president, Guido Cappetti for their support of the IGA Secretariat over the past years (1998-2004), and to Ruggero Bertanias Executive Director and Iris Perticone as the Administrative Assistant for their excellent work in running the day-today affairs of IGA, especially in soliciting articles and publishing the IGA News. I look forward to working with our
new hosts in Iceland housing the Secretariat, and with Valgardur Stefansson as the new Executive Secretary, who arewilling to take on this responsibility at no cost to IGA.
Looking forward, IGA has several goals to achieve during the coming years: 1) the World Geothermal Congress2005 in April in Antalya, Turkey; 2) placing the organiza-

5
IGA Membership Dues
IGA Membership dues for the year 2004 should have been
paid by 31st March. In order to keep your name on our mailinglist, we advise you to pay as soon as possible!
See the application form on the back cover of this issue forrenewal details.

tion on a sound financial basis; 3) increasing the membership in IGA, 4) increasing the role of the IGA in promoting
the use of geothermal energy worldwide, and 5) securing alocation for WGC2010.
WGC2005 is the five-year milestone for the international
geothermal community, where experts from all over theworld come together to present their research, exchange
ideas, to learn and best of all, to network. The Organizing
Committee and the Turkish Geothermal Association has
spent many months and hundreds of hours on planning forthis exciting venue under the leadership of James Koenig. I
hope all of you are planning to attend the Congress and making it a rousing success, as it will be a forum to promote geothermal development throughout the world. In addition to theusual technical sessions, there will be field trips to geothermal sites throughout Turkey and several short courses. Please
visit the WGC2005 web site: www.wgc2005.org for details.
The important goal that needs to be seriously addressed,
is obtaining adequate and sustainable funding for the IGA tocarry out our mandate to further the development of geothermal resources. These funds will be solicited from various
national and international organizations. We obviously cannot fund specific geothermal development project, but can
indirectly support these efforts through: 1) supporting attendance at the International Summer School; 2) supporting
attendance at other short courses oriented to project development such as mineral recovery from geothermal brines; 3)
upgrade the IGA web site with technical papers and casestudies; 4) prepare monographs on policy, engineering, project development, project financing, etc. for potential developers, governmental officials, and even schools; and 5) provide limited technical assistance for proposal evaluation,
project development and project trouble-shooting.
A goal that has been on-going and made successful by
previous IGA Boards, is to increase the membership of theorganization by inviting new country affiliate organization
to join. This way, we can better represent the world-wide
geothermal community.
There are many ways to increase the role of IGA in promoting geothermal utilization worldwide, and one of themain ones is to see that geothermal is better recognized as
a viable source of renewable and ÒgreenÓ energy. This canbe done through education, outreach, information dissemination, etc. It can also be accomplished by encouraging andproviding technical assistance to those who would development geothermal resources. This is a responsibility ofthe entire IGA membership and should start at the local oraffiliate level. The Board of Directors will certainly assist
with these programs.

Finally, we need to secure a location for WGC2010.
Normally, this is announced at WGC2005 during the closing ceremony. At this date, no country and/or organization
has stepped forward. Any selection needs the administrative and financial support of the government, and both private and public organizations, as the conference is a major
undertaking both in time and financial commitments.
I look forward to working with the various committee
chairs to help implement these goals, and encourage members at large to volunteer for the various committees Ð thechairs are listed in this IGA News. I would like the various
Board committees to consist of at least half non-board
members.
The next few years will be exciting, with geothermal
taking the lead among renewables, and becoming morecompetitive with fossil fuel sources. Geothermal is presently being utilized in over 60 countries with power generation in 25. The installed capacity (MWe and MWt) could
easily be doubled in the next 10 years. IGA should be partof the team effort to make this happen. I look forward toworking with all you and achieving these ambitious goals.

International Geothermal Days Poland 2004
K. Popovski, Chairman of IGA EBF
International Summer School on Direct Application of
Geothermal Energy of IGA works this year in Zakopane(Poland), together with the Polish Geothermal Associationand the Global Environmental Facility of the World Bank,
where the International Geothermal Days POLAND 2004
are organized. They consists of the following events:
Ð International Geothermal Course on Low-Enthalpy
Geothermal Resources Ð Exploitation and Development(Zakopane, September 13-15, 2004);
Ð Technical Field Trip to the Podhale Region (September
14, 2004); andÐ International Workshop on Geothermal Energy
Resources in Central and Eastern European Countries:
State-of-the-Art and Possibilities for Development(Zakopane, September 15, 2004).
Lecturers of the course are renown experts of IGA, like
Prof. J. Lund, Prof. L. Rybach, Dr. E. Gunlaugsson, Dr. P.
Ungemach, Dr. B. Sanner, Prof. K. Popovski, Prof. G.

July-September 2004

6
Bloomquist, etc. Invited introductory speakers are renown
Polish experts like Dr. S. Ostaficzuk, Dr. B. Kepinska, Dr. W.
Bujakowski, etc., plus the experts from CEE countries like P.
Kralj (Slovenia), M. Rosca and M. Antics (Romania), Dr. F.
Karman (Hungary), Prof. J. Takacz (Slovakia), Dr. M.
Kovacic (Croatia), Prof. A. Frasheri (Albania), etc., Prof. E.
Boguslavsky and V. Svalova (Russia) and Mr. O. Mertoglu
from (Turkey). Field trip is planned and organized by Dr. B.
Kepinska, co-chairman of the executive committee of theInternational Days. ItÕs necessary to underline also the significant contribution of the WB, with the organization of a
special session for possibilities for financing geothermal
projects in CEE countries and identification of the best possibilities where WB can give the most useful support.
International Geothermal Days Poland 2004 shall beattended by about 40 participants from 15 mainly European
countries plus about the same number of Polish participants, plus several guest of honor from the Ministry of
Ecology of Poland, Ministry of Science and Education of
Macedonia, the town of Zakopane, the Mineral and Energy
Economy Institute of the Polish Academy of Science, IGA
and IGA EBF, etc.
Participants of the International Course shall get theCertificate of Attendance and all the lecturers and invited
speakers the Certificates for successfully fulfilled work.
Taking into account that this year is the 15th Anniversaryof the International Summer School on Direct Application of
Geothermal Energy, Certificates of Gratitude shall be supplied to 20 persons who maximally contributed to itÕs development with a continual support, free of charge service andeven with payment of own traveling costs to all the events of
ISS in different countries of Europe, Asian part of Turkey and
U.S.A. ItÕs necessary to underline some of them, like Dr. M.
Fanelli, Mrs. M. Dickson, Prof. K. Dimitrov, Prof. G. Martzopoulous and Prof. C. Nikita Martzopoulou who founded
the school together with Prof. K. Popovski, and Prof. J. Lund,
Prof. G. Bloomquist, and Dr. P. Ungemach who continuallylectured during all the years of development.

EUROPE
Within the Sixth Framework Programme
Patrick Ledru, BRGM, France
Within the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006)
for research, technological development and demonstration(RTD), non-nuclear energy research is mainly funded
under the ÒSustainable Energy SystemsÓ (SES) thematic
sub-priority. Information is available at
http://www.cordis.lu/sustdev/energy/home.html.
For research activities having an impact in the medium
and longer term, the focus is on research and development

No. 57

activities (including pre-normative and socio-economic
research and the validation of technical and economic feasibility in pilot plants and prototypes), research-related networking activities, training and dissemination activities.
The main risks to be addressed are scientific and technological rather than market and financial. Projects funded
under this part of the programme are managed by DG
Research.
A new call for proposal has been published on the 8th
September 2004 at
http://fp6.cordis.lu/fp6/call_details.cfm?CALL_ID=167
The dead line for this call is 8th December 2004. One
Coordination action and 2 STREP are considered to be able
to be funded for geothermal energy:
Geothermal
Co-ordination and structuring of research, technology
transfer and information dissemination in the field ofenhanced geothermal systems and other unconventional
geothermal resources. The objective is to co-ordinate ongoing research and to promote the development and uptake ofinnovative methods and technologies to expand the
exploitation of unconventional geothermal resources, inparticular enhanced geothermal systems. Proposals should
address the assessment of ongoing research, the identification of best practices, gaps in knowledge and barriers to
implementation, and propose strategies for implementation
as well as directions for future research. Instrument : this
topic is only open for CA proposals. To address the goalsof the topic, it is expected that one CA could be funded.
Opportunities for including research organisations from the
new Member States and Candidate Countries should befully explored.
Improved exploration methods for deep geothermal
resources. The objective is to develop innovative, costeffective and accurate exploration methods for deep geothermal resources in order to reduce the risk prior to
drilling. The research should cover the development ofintegrated geophysical techniques for the detection of fractured and/or fluid bearing prospective geothermal zones,
and include advanced processing, interpretation and modelling approaches. Instrument : this topic is only open for
STREP proposals. To address the goals of the topic, it isexpected that one STREP could be funded.
High-temperature downhole tools and instruments. The
objective is the development and testing of innovative, reliable tools and instruments for the characterisation andexploitation of high-temperature unconventional geothermal energy resources.
Instrument : this topic is only open for STREP proposals.
To address the goals of the topic, it is expected that one
STREP could be funded.

7This call results from the analysis of 75 Expressions ofInterest covering all Sustainable Energy Systems that were
submitted to the EU on the 19 March 2004. The list andcontent of each of these EoI are found at
http://fp6.cordis.lu/eoi/sustdev/energy/eoi_srch.cfm
Nine proposals refers directly to geothermal energy.
Integrated ProjectÐ Geothermal Hybrid Plants: increasing geothermal
power conversion efficiency of low enthalpy reservoirs
applying Hybrid technique (European Institute For
Energy Research, co-ordinator)
STREPÐ Environmental impacts of geothermal energy with Life
Cycle Analysis and environmental risk assessment(Technological Institute of Iceland, IceTec, Iceland coordinator)
Ð Unconventional Geothermal Resources (ISOR, Iceland
GeoSurvey co-ordinator)
Ð Characterization for Handling Impacts of CO2 Storage(Geosciences Azur Nice co-ordinator)
Ð Innovative concept of a new geothermal system inEuropean salt domes (PBG - Geophysical Exploration
Company co-ordinator)
Ð Integrated geophysical modelling for exploration ofgeothermal resources (GFZ Potsdam co-ordinator)
Ð Possibilities for geological sequestration of CO2 in the
SW part of the Pannonian Basin System (University ofZagreb, Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum
Engineering co-ordinator)

ALBANIACountry update
A. Frasheri, University of Tirana
In Albania there is a large number of low enthalpy geothermal resources. Thermal waters are located in threegeothermal zones:
Ð Kruja geothermal zone represents a zone in carbonate
reservoirs.
Ð Ardenica geothermal zone is located in the coastal areaof Albania, in sandstone reservoirs.
Ð Peshkopia geothermal zone is located in the northeastern part of Albania. Several springs are located within
the disjunctive tectonics of a gypsum diapir.
The geothermal setting of Albania offers three possibilities for the exploitation of geothermal energy:1) The use of the thermal groundwater for space heating
and cooling, by borehole heat exchangers.
2) Thermal sources of low enthalpy, both natural springs
and wells, are widely distributed throughout Albania.
They represent the basis for a successful application ofmodern technologies for:Ð SPA clinics for treatment of different diseases andhotels for eco-tourism.
Ð Heating and sanitary waters of the SPA and hotels,
greenhouses and aquaculture installations.
Ð Extraction of minerals.
3) The use of deep abandoned oil and gas wells for terrestrial heat flow measurements.
Further data may be found in
http://www.inima.al/~nfra/geothermal/

SWITZERLAND
Coordination Action
Ð Enhanced geothermal innovative network for Europe(BRGM co-ordinator)
Ð Geothermal production of electricity in Associated /Potential Candidate Countries by the Technology HotDry-Rock (HDR) (RKW Rationalisierungs- und Innovationszentrum der Deutschen Wirtschaft e. V. Ð BundesgeschŠftsstelle co-ordinator)
Comments
The comparison between the EoI and the call for proposal shows that, for geothermal energy, the priority is put
on Enhanced Geothermal Systems (co-odination action).
Compared to the previous call for tender (March 2003), themain difference concerns the introduction of a new concept, i.e. unconventional Geothermal Resources. Thus,
improved exploration methods and integrated geophysicalmodelling can be proposed for the exploration of deep
geothermal resources (STREP 1) in Enhanced Geothermal
Systems in as well as in high enthalpy systems, where newhigh-temperature downhole tools and instruments areneeded (STREP 2).
Further contacts for a Co-ordination Action onenhanced geothermal systems and other unconventional
geothermal resources: p.ledru@brgm.fr

Continuous boom of geothermal heat pumps
Ladislaus (Ladsi) Rybach, ETH,
Institute of Geophysics, Zürich
According to IGA News no. 56, page 5 the audience in
Larderello was told that Òheat pumps are installed in wellsof modest depth and in roadway/railway tunnelsÓ. This, ofcourse, is incorrect. In fact, the heat pumps are installedinside of buildings and outside of tunnels!
This clarification provides the opportunity to give moredetails below about geothermal heat pumps in Switzerland
and, especially, about their continuing advance.
The present status
The following main geothermal heat pump (GHP) systems are now applied to use the ubiquitous shallow geothermal resource:Ð Ground-coupled heat pumps with borehole heatexchangers and, to a limited extent (a few %), buried
horizontal pipes;
Ð Heat pumps using shallow groundwater as a heat source;Ð Geostructures like Òenergy pilesÓ (foundation piles
equipped with heat exchanger pipes)
According to a recent statistical survey (Signorelli et al.,2004), the GHPs represented by far the largest part, 500
MWt or 90 % of 500 MW, the total installed capacity fordirect use in 2003. Furthermore, the GHPs contributed 745

July-September 2004

8
GWh, which is 67 % of the total geothermal heat production
in 2003; the total energy produced from all geothermal
sources was 1Õ110 GWh. The categories besides GHP are:springs and wells used for balneology, warm tunnel waters
used for space heating. The total energy of 1.1 TWh isequivalent to a CO2 emission savings of about 300Õ000 tons.
Rates and trends in development
Since their introduction in the late 1970ties, the numberof installations of GHP systems in Switzerland increased
rapidly. Figures 2, and 3 are depicting the impressive
growth. The rapid spreading of GHPs called for particularquality controls. In 2002, the establishment of a special
quality label for the entire GHP system (heat source likeborehole heat exchanger, heat pump (HP), circulation
hydraulics, heating circuit) has been initiated.
Due to climatic conditions, the average load factor
amounts to approximately 20 % corresponding to a running
time of 1Õ800 hours/year. A low capacity factor is not necessarily disadvantageous as in well-isolated buildings theheat pump running times can be kept rather short thus
reducing electricity consumption.
Drilling activities
Over thousand boreholes are drilled each year to install
double U-tube borehole heat exchangers (BHE) into theground. Average BHE drilling depth is now around 150200 m, but depths > 300 m are becoming increasingly common. Average BHE cost (drilling, U-tube installation incl.
backfill) amounts now to around 40 € per meter. Figure 4
shows the growth rate. In 2003, over 550 km (!) of drillholes have been sunk for BHEÕs. Since 2003, the drillingsof multiple BHE arrangements (i.e. installations with morethan 10 BHEs, and more than 1000 m in drilled length) are
separately registered.
Market Development and Stimulation
In Switzerland, there exists practically no other resourcefor geothermal energy utilization than the ubiquitous heat
content within the uppermost part of the earth crust, directly below our feet. This can be taken as one major reason for

Figure 2. Development of installed capacities (in MWt) ofground-coupled (upper curve) and groundwater-based geothermal heat pumps (lower curve) in Switzerland 1982-2003.

No. 57

Figure 3. Development of heat production (in GWh) byground-coupled (upper curve) and groundwater-based(lower curve) geothermal heat pumps in Switzerland 19822003.

Figure 4. Development of drillings for borehole heatexchangers in Switzerland 1993-2003.
the rapid market penetration of GHP systems in this country. However, the following technical, environmental andeconomic aspects can be considered equally advantageous(Rybach and Kohl, 2003):
Technical incentives
Ð Appropriate climatic conditions of the Swiss Plateau,
where most of the population is living. Here, long heating periods with air temperatures around 0 ¡C and little
sunshine in the winter occur, with ground temperatures
around 10-12 ¡C already at shallow depths;
Ð Subject to a correct design, constant ground temperatures
will provide a favorable seasonal performance factor, anda long lifespan for a geothermal heat pump system;Ð To fit individual requirements, GHP systems are
installed in a decentralized manner. Therefore, costly
heat distribution systems are superfluous (as comparedwith district heating);
Ð Relatively free choice of BHE positions next to or evenbeneath of buildings, and little spatial demand for a heat
pump;

9
Ð At least for smaller units, there will be no need of a thermal recharge of the ground. Thermal regeneration of theground during interruptions of heat extraction will be
continuous and automatic.
Environmental incentives
Ð Contrary to oil, there exists no risk with transportation,
storage, and other operations;Ð No risk of groundwater contaminations (as with oil
tanks);
Ð The geothermal systems are operating emission-freethus contributing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
like CO2.
Economic incentives
Ð Installation cost of the environmentally favorable GHP
solution is comparable to or only slightly higher thanthat of a conventional (oil based) system;Ð Low operating costs (no oil or gas purchases, burnercontrols etc. like with fossil-fuelled heating systems);
Ð Local utilities are offering discounts for environmentally favorable installations with heat pumps,
Ð Avoidance of a possible CO2 tax, which might comeinto force in 2006.
A further reason for rapid spreading of GHP systems
stems from ÒEnergy ContractingÓ by public utilities. The latter implies that a utility company plans, installs, operates andmaintains a GHP system at own cost, and sells the heat (orcold) to the property owner at a contracted price (cents/kWh).
It can be expected that the advance of geothermal heatpumps in Switzerland will continue; with an average areawise density of one GHP installation every 2 square kilometres (!) the country occupies and sustains a prominent
rank worldwide.
Rybach, L., Kohl, T. (2003): The geothermal heat pump boom in
Switzerland and its background. In: Proc. International Geothermal
Congress 2003, Reykjavik/Iceland, 47-52
Signorelli, S., Andenmatten Berthoud, N., Kohl, T., Rybach, L. (2004):
Projekt Statistik geothermische Nutzung der Schweiz fŸr die Jahre
2002 und 2003. Report, Swiss Federal Office of Energy, Berne, 30 p.

HUNGARY
Hungarian Geothermal Association: After
Novation
Szita, Gábor, HGA President
The latest information about Hungary for the IGA News
readers was probably the report on the European Geothermal Conference approximately a year ago. By the time of
EGC 2003 where some 160 participants gathered from 28
countries, the Hungarian Geothermal Association had justovercome a deep crisis period.
Disaccordance within the Board of HGA started in 2002,
just after the new board had been elected in July. Things
went worse and worse the next year when three attempts on
holding the annual general meeting of HGA failed. The situation became even worse in April 2003 when the Hungariangeothermal community was divided into two parts because
another geothermal association was formed under the leadership of HGAÕs former vice president. Most of the Board
members of HGA also joined the new group.

At that time, late spring 2003, the Hungarian Geothermal Association had a practically inaccessible president
and an uncertain membership.
Five of the members, however, decided to save HGA
and called together an extraordinary meeting in May 2003.
That general assembly accepted a new constitution andvoted on a totally new Board for HGA. The withdrawn
president appealed to the law and some of the members initiated a reviewal taken by the Prosecutor. Legal procedures
lasted for almost a year when in May 2004 the General
Meeting of HGA could definitively close them.
When the new Board started its activity in June 2003 it
faced with the following main problems:
1. No roster of the HGA members was available.
2. Minutes of general and board meetings were missing.
3. Bank account was almost out of money.
4. Both HGA and geothermal energy (in general) had very
bad reputation in Hungary.
Due to serious efforts made by the new Board, HGA
had its updated roster with 55 members by the end of 2003.
During this period the Board was sitting five times andadopted 14 resolutions. So the Board managed to consolidate HGA both organically and financially.
By the beginning of 2004 time had come to start the professional activity. In January 2004 HGA published the firstnumber of its quaterly news bulletin called ÒGround Heat
NewsletterÓ. This journal, which has been issued, in themeantime, three times already contains useful information for
the geothermal energy users, such as reports on international/
national workshops, observations of regulation, lists ofupcoming geothermal events, news related to the HGA, retrospection to the past of harnessing geothermal energy, etc.
The Hungarian Geothermal Association, for the first timein its 9 year history, organised a workshop in order to discuss
the present situation and possibilities for the future and main
problems of geothermal in Hungary. The fact is that since thelegal regulation related to geothermal waters has beenchanged in January 2004. The energetic use of geothermal
waters gets into a disadvantageous position compared to theuse of these waters in spas and thermal baths. For instance
geothermal water utilised for energetic purpose has to be reinjected, while re-injection is forbidden if the water has been
already used in a bath. Re-injection into argillaceous sandstone, which is the main aquifer in Hungary has been forcedby the authorities for over 15 years. Unfortunately no general method for re-injection at low pressure in an economically feasible way has been found yet for any of those 10-15
pilot equipments that have been built and operated. It is evena bigger problem that a report, which was compiled by astate scientific institute in 2001 introduces 8 reference places
for successful re-injection to sandstone in Hungary, while
the situation in practice is completely the opposite.
HGA has recently sent remarks and reflections to theministries and authorities in order to respond to the Mining
Act, which also regulates the use of geothermal energy in
Hungary. HGA hopes to eliminate existing contradictions
within the act and the executive order.

July-September 2004

10
The Hungarian Geothermal Association intends to go
ahead with the analysis of legal environment for geothermal energy utilisation and would like to be a reputable
member of the international geothermal community.

THE AMERICASMEXICONew Mexican Geothermal Magazine
Luis C.A. Gutiérrez-Negrín, CFE, Gerencia de
Proyectos Geotermoeléctricos
The publication of the Mexican geothermal magazine
Geotermia has been resumed in digital format (*.pdf file).
The magazine has been issued since 1985 by the geothermal
division of CFE (the Comision Federal de Electricidad). The
July-December 2004 issue includes papers listed in the box.
Geotermia publishes papers in Spanish with abstracts in
English and viceversa. All IGA members are kindly invited to read Geotermia by visiting the GRC website(http://www.geothermal.org), which kindly is hosting themagazine, and also to submit technical collaborations for
future issues.

ASIA/PACIFIC RIM
CHINA
Geothermal Industry data-baseXiuhua Zhang, Ph.D, CREIA project leader
The UNDP/GEF Project and the World Wide Fund for
Nature (WWF) China are providing financing support to
the Chinese Renewable Energy Industry Association(CREIA) to establish a database (the IOF - Investment
Opportunity Facility), which aims to build up a platform
for international collaboration with China in the renewableenergy industry.
We are planning to provide information on enterprises,
consultants, industry associations and research institutes in
the renewable energy industry as well as the technologies
they have developed and products, projects, technicalexperts and industrial services they can offer.
CREIA was established under the support from the project of SETC and UNDP/GEF ÒCapacity Building for the
Rapid Commercialization of Renewable Energy in ChinaÓ
and serves as a window of international communicationand cooperation with China, as a bridge between government and industry, and as a network among its members.
CREIA works closely with domestic and internationalorganizations, on the research, commercial and financial
concerns of renewable energy development, to create
opportunities to promote technology transfer and further
development of the rich new and renewable energy
resources in China.
Norwegian Computing Center (Norsk Regnesentral,NR) is participating in the IOF project in cooperation with
CREIA.

No. 57

You can already register your organization on CREIAÕs
website although itÕs final construction is not completed:
http://creia.net/cms_eng/_code/english/Member/register.php
You are welcome to contact Dr. Zhang for any questions
or further information you require. You will be informed
about the project progress and website to look at the information you provide. We appreciate your assistance if you
could spread this information to the organizations that you
know.
Norsk Regnesentral/Norwegian Computing Center
E-mail: Xiuhua.Zhang@nr.no
Tel: +47 22852606 (direct)

JAPAN
New targets for “Geothermal Development
Promotion Surveys” in Japan
Kasumi Yasukawa, GSJ/AIST and Kenji
Haruguchi, NEDOThe New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) started ÒGeothermal Development Promotion SurveysÓ for three new target areas in
FY2004. Surveys were initiated in July 2004, at Minase,
Akita prefecture, Ten-ei, Fukushima prefecture andObama, Nagasaki prefecture, respectively (see Figure 5).
These areas were carefully selected based on feasibility of
power plant development from economical and social
aspects, in addition to suggested potentials of theresources. A new concept of Òlocal energy for local areaÓ isintroduced to the project.
NEDO has been conducting ÒGeothermal Development
Promotion SurveysÓ program since 1980 for geothermal
prospects where investigation by private section is hampered by survey risks. The program consists of surveys A,

11
B and C varying the content of the survey plans according
to present knowledge about the field. Through the program,temperatures higher than 100 oC have been identified atforty-nine areas out of fifty-four prospects and existence ofa geothermal reservoir was identified at twenty-four areas
by FY2003, resulting in the development of five power stations with total capacity of 157 MW (Uenotai, Yamagawa,Yanaizu-Nishiyama, Ohgiri and Hachijojima). In addition,
four areas have proved to be capable of sustaining power
plants with capacity of 110 MW in total.
Currently NEDO is intensively carrying out survey C,
which is closely connected to the exploitation, aiming at afurther reduction of risks and lead-time to construct power
Figure 7. Wind Valley, Ten-ei.

Figure 8. Spa resort area in Obama.

Figure 5. Locations of the new prospects for “Geothermal
Development Promotion Surveys”.

Figure 6. “Daifunto”, the steam manifestation valley at
Minaseplants. Geothermal reservoir evaluation by long-term production tests from large boreholes is included in this program. Recent surveys for Appi is concluded in March
2004 and for Kirishimaeboshi-dake will be done by March2005.
The three areas selected for survey C this year are considered to have potentials suitable for binary power plants
smaller than 10 MW. Although the capacity is rather small,each area has particular characteristics that may promotefurther utilization of geothermal energy in the area; In
Minase (see Figure 6), rich in data about geothermal potential including borehole survey data, existence of hot geothermal fluid has been already veryfied. In Ten-ei (see Figure 7), known as a wind valley with a wind power plant
owned by the town, they are planning to develop a live
museum of renewable energy utilization, combining geothermal energy, wind and small hydro. In Obama (see Figure 8), located at the foot of Unzen volcano, hot fluid intemperature range 140 to 240 oC has been already identified and further investigation is longed for. At all thesethree areas, the municipalities are actively supporting the
project. After the surveys, the results will be evaluated by
the end of FY2005 (March 2006).

July-September 2004

12
RUSSIA
Kamchatka geothermal plants
ITAR-TASS
Harnessing alternative sources of energy, in the firstplace geothermal sources, is a high priority in developing
and expanding Russian energy complex. For the Kamchatka Peninsula, whose power industry is entirely dependent
on costly fuel supplies from the mainland, geothermal
power is of special importance, the top manager of thenational power utility UES of Russia, Anatoly Chubais told
journalists upon arrival. He will be participating in an international seminar devoted to various uses of geothermal
power.
Russia has three geothermal power plants Ð all in Kamchatka: the Pauzhetskaya power plant, built in 1967,
Verkhne-Mutnovskaya power plant, and Mutnovskaya
power plant, rated as one of the worldÕs best in terms ofautomation of production processes.
Their overall capacity exceeds 70 megawatts. The
power plants produce a quarter of KamchatkaÕs electricalneeds.
The UES of Russia is considering the possibility of creating a whole family of Mutnovsky geothermal power
plants to eventually build up the capacity of this complex
to 300 megawatts.
Analysts estimate KamchatkaÕs geothermal resources at
5,000 megawatts Ð an amount capable of settling theregionÕs energy supply problem for 100 years to come.
Russian geothermal resources exceed 10-12 times thosecontained in fossil fuels. In the long term 70-80 percent of
the countryÕs territory can be effectively using the energyof the earthÕs interior to bring thermal power both to individual facilities and large communities.
Major geothermal resources are available in the
Chukchi Peninsula, the Kuril Islands, Primorye and West
Siberia.
Geothermal resources have been explored in 80 countries and 58 of them already use these resources on thecommercial basis.
Russian share in the amount of electric power generated at geothermal power plants is ten percent.

PHILIPPINESPGI Corporate News
Sylvia Ramos, PNOC
Makeup well drilling resumes in Mak-Ban
Drilling activities in Mak-Ban field resumed last
March 11 with the spudding of production make-up wellBulalo-110. This continues the Make-up Well Drilling
Program that started in 2002. Five new make-up wells
and a re-drill are planned for this year. Also, casing
repairs of Bulalo-108 and 109 have been added to the2004 Work Program. As before, Desco/Century
Resource’s Rig 26 is being utilized in this drilling campaign. Manpower is sourced mostly from the local com-

No. 57munity at Mak-Ban by Desco.
This drilling campaign was designed to meet the steam
requirements of the power plants of the National Power
Corporation (NPC) after rehabilitation. Currently, NPC’s
Units 1-4 (Plants A and B) in Mak-Ban are undergoing
repairs. Upon completion of the rehabilitation, Units 1-4
will be rated at 63 MWe thus bringing the total baseload
capacity of the Mak-Ban Power Plant to 402 MWe. This
total includes Units 5 and 6 (Plant C) with 55 MWe each;
Units 9-10 (Plant E) with 20 MWe each; and Units 7 and 8(Plant D) with 20 MWe each on standby.
To date, Bulalo-110 was completed to 9,514’ (~2,900m) and is scheduled for testing later in July. Bulalo-111 wascompleted to 10,200’ (~3,100 m) and was tested to produce
250,000 lbs/hr (113 tph) of steam at commercial flowingpressure. Rig 26 is currently drilling Bul-112 and is now atabout 4,300’ (1,311 m) as of this writing.
Update on the Tiwi and Mak-Ban Power Plant
Rehabilitation Project
Tiwi. Phase 1 of the Tiwi Power Plant Rehabilitation
Project was completed in middle February this year. This
includes replacement of the turbine rotors and auxiliary
equipment, and reliability testing at Plants A and C (orUnits 1, 2, 5 and 6).
Phase 2 of the Tiwi Power Plant Rehabilitation is scheduled next year and will involve the repair of Units 1 and 2’s
MGES, Unit 2’s switchgear and Units 5 and 6’s cooling
tower. Overall, the Power Plant Rehabilitation Project is
expected to be completed at the end of 2005. This willbring the total rated capacity of Tiwi to 232 MW distributed as follows: Units 1 and 2 with 59 MWe each, Units 5
and 6 with 57 MWe each, while Unit 3 will have a standby
capacity of 55 MW.
Mak-Ban. Similar to Tiwi, Phase 1 of the Power Plant
Rehabilitation Project at Mak-Ban was recently completed
last June. Phase 1 at Mak-Ban consisted of repairing
power plant auxiliary equipment and replacement of thewater discharge lines at Units 1-4 (Plants A and B). The
rated capacity of Units 1-4 was restored back to 55 MWeafter Phase 1.
New rotors for Units 1, 2 and 4 are being manufactured in Japan; Unit 3’s rotor is being repaired. Phase 2of the Project shall comprise mainly the installation of
the new and repaired rotors and is scheduled to commence in February 2005. The target completion of thePower Plant Rehabilitation Project at Mak-Ban is September 2005.
After completion of the power plant repairs, Units 14 will have an improved capacity of 63 MWe each.
Together with the 110 MWe from Units 5 and 6 (Plant C)
and 40 MWe from Units 9 and 10 (Plant E), Mak-Ban
will have a baseload capacity of 402 MWe from the conventional power plants. Units 7 and 8 (Plant D) will supply a standby capacity of 40 MWe. Additionally, thethree binary power plants constitute another 15.73 MWeof capacity.

13

OCEANIA
AUSTRALIA
Habanero 2 Well is in progress
Geodynamics Press Release
In the Cooper Basin, Australia, Geodynamics has begun
its second geothermal production well, Habanero 2. The
Habanero wells are located inside a demonstration projectto extract heat from the hot granite buried over 4.4 km
underground at the companyÕs Cooper Basin Hot Fractured
Rock geothermal project (see Figure 9). The two drillings
are spaced 500 meters apart, and the Habanero 1 is dedicated to injection. This location was optimised throughextensive analysis of seismic and hydraulic data, and also
consulting international experts. Century Drilling is
responsible of Habanero 2 drilling operations.
According to the Managing Director of Geodynamics,
Bertus de Graaf, the 985 km2 geothermal exploration
licenses hold heat equivalent to 50 billion barrels of oil,which is almost 20 times AustraliaÕs remaining oil reserves.
Geodynamics aims at affecting the balance of power generation in Australia, in the belief that this geothermal
resource will be cost competitive against coal and gas. The
electricity to be produced at the Cooper Basin would be atlower cost than hydro, wind, biomass or solar alternatives,and on a continuous basis, thus leaving further off otherintermittent renewable resources. Hot Fractured Rock geothermal electricity is qualified for the Renewable Energy
Certificates, which are the Federal Government incentives
for renewable energy. This is likely to double the electricity venues for Geodynamics in comparison with fossil fuelpower stations.
Habanero 2 is designed to a depth of 15,000 ft (4,572 m),
to be drilled in 95 days. The company expects to reach thedepth in mid October. Woodside and Origin Energy provided well design software and planning expertise. The budget
foresees AUD$ 8.7 million (US$ 6.3 million), and additional costs of $500,000 for specialized under-balanced drilling
equipment. ShareholdersÕ support was granted during two
recent share placements, and these available funds will cover
the expenses up to the end of drilling operations.
Habanero 2 is expected to face the high temperaturesand pressures that were found in the granites during drillingof Habanero 1.
Geodynamics is pioneering Hot Fractured Rock program,and is going to prepare a circulation test, which is scheduled
for a three to four month trial at the end of 2004. Water will
be pumped through the first well to the underground heatexchanger, with the superheated water then returned to thesurface under pressure through the second well.
The buried granites proved to be at 250¡C at 4,400 m,
and the horizontal nature of the underground heat exchanger, according to de Graaf, will allow heat mining on aregional scale. The stimulated area is more than nine times
larger than expected. The overpressures met during thedrilling of Habanero 1 will reduce the risk of water losses.

Figure 9. Low gravity region and Habanero 1 well location, the temperature contours in °C are derived from borehole data.

NEW ZEALAND
Promotion of Kalina Cycle in New Zealand
Geodynamics Press Release
Geodynamics has signed a Heads of Agreement with
Siemens NZ Ltd. for a joint promotion of Kalina Cycle
technology in New Zealand in conventional geothermal
applications.
New Zealand has been one of the pioneering countries
for geothermal electricity generation since the end of 50Õs.
Total conventional geothermal capacity there now isapproximately 370 MW which represents about 7% of New
ZealandÕs electricity.
The growth rate of New ZealandÕs power demand isaround 2% per year, and the decline of natural gas
reserves draws generation utilities interest to the development of additional thermal and geothermal generation
capacity.
The Kalina cycle is suitable for low enthalpy geothermal fields.
The agreement foresees:Ð Joint promotion of Kalina cycle for geothermal generation in New Zealand.
Ð Provision of turbines and power plant equipment bySiemens along with warranties and performance guarantees for equipment and process.
Ð Provision of Kalina process design and licences by
GPS.
Under the agreement Geodynamics will work onlywith Siemens for geothermal applications in New
Zealand and the theoretical property of Kalina remains
with GPS. Siemens NZ will provide additional resources
to promote Kalina. Geodynamics and Siemens NZ are
already participating in one 16MW Kalina Cycle bid in
New Zealand.

July-September 2004

14

BOOK REVIEW
Geothermal Energy: Utilization and Technology
Edited by Mary H. (Marnell) Dickson and Mario Fanelli
CNR- Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, Pisa
2003, 205 pp., 27 x 21 cm, tables and figures
ISBN 92-3-103915-6
UNESCO has actively promoted geothermal energy for over 30
years now, since the first UNESCO-sponsored geothermal training
course in 1970, and the first UNESCO geothermal book in 1973. The
progress achieved since then in the scientific and technological sectors
and in terms of environmental awareness is immense, especially in thelast ten years. For example, we are now able to construct more detailed
and accurate models of geothermal systems; developments in exploration methodology and data interpretation have allowed us to cut backon the time and funds needed to investigate geothermal prospects; weare on the brink of creating artificial geothermal systems; we haveincreased the efficiency of geothermal power plants and direct-use
plants, and have found innovative solutions to old problems; we haveadopted heat pumps, which exploit the heat content of low-temperature
resources, on a far greater scale and at a far faster rate than we could ever
have imagined possible. In June 1992 in Rio, in December 1997 in
Kyoto, and again in August 2002 in Johannesburg, at the World Summit
on Sustainable Development, great emphasis was paid to greenhousegas emissions, and there were strong recommendations to reduce ourconsumption of fossil fuels, and to make better use of the renewablesources of energy, one of which is, of course, geothermal energy.
It is within this context that UNESCO is publishing Geothermal
Energy- Utilisation and Technology, as part of its new Renewable Energy Science and Engineering Series.
The book describes the various methods and technologies used to
exploit the earthÕs heat, after the latter has been extracted from theearthÕs crust. It does not deal with the study of geothermal systems, themethods applied in geothermal research or the technologies used to
extract geothermal resources, which would require an entire volume forthese topics to be dealt with in any detail.
The reader of Geothermal Energy- Utilisation and Technology will,
ideally, have a scientific-technological background and the technicalreader will hopefully use it as a handbook. Other readers may find it ahelpful guide to how geothermal resources can be utilised to our advantage and to the benefit of our environment. Finally, it should also prove
an informative textbook for geothermal training courses.
The book is developed over nine chapters, the first of which provides an exhaustive overview of geothermal energy and the scientificand technological state-of-the-art, as well as acting as a framework andreference point for the chapters that follow. Chapter 2 covers the generation of electricity, while Chapters 3 to 7 deal with the various non-electric uses of geothermal energy (district heating, space cooling, greenhouse heating, aquaculture, and industrial applications). Chapter 8 discusses the environmental impact of geothermal energy, and, finally,
Chapter 9 provides a complete review of the economic, financial andlegal aspects of geothermal projects. The reader will find many stimulating case histories and practical examples throughout these chapters.
Geothermal Energy- Utilisation and Technology will, we hope,serve in both the geothermal workplace and study room; the more it isused, the more we feel we will have contributed to sustainable development worldwide.
Authors:
Chapter 1: Geothermal Background - Mary H. Dickson and Mario
Fanelli (Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, Pisa).
Chapter 2: Electricity Generation - Roger B. Hudson (PB Power, Auckland).
Chapter 3: Space and District Heating Ð Einar Tjšrvi Eliasson (Reykjavik), Halld—r çrmannsson and Sverrir Th—rhallsson (êSOR, Reykjavik), Maria J. Gunnarsd—ttir (Icelandic Association of District
Heating Companies, Reykjavik), Oddur B. Bjšrnsson (Fjarhitun
Consulting Engineering Company, Reykjavik), and Thorbjšrn
Karlsson (University of Iceland, Reykjavik).

No. 57

Chapter 4: Space Cooling Ð Kevin D. Rafferty (Geo-Heat Center, Klamath Falls).
Chapter 5: Greenhouse Heating Ð Kiril Popovski (St. Kliment Ohridski
University, Bitola).
Chapter 6: Aquaculture Ð John W. Lund and Kevin D. Raffferty (GeoHeat Center, Klamath Falls).
Chapter 7: Industrial Applications Ð Paul J. Lienau (Klamath Falls, Oregon).
Chapter 8: Environmental Impacts and Mitigation- Kevin Brown (Geothermal Institute, University of Auckland) and Jenny WebsterBrown (Environmental Science, University of Auckland).
Chapter 9: Economics and Financing Ð R. Gordon Bloomquist (Washington State University Energy Program, Olympia) and George
Knapp (Squire, Sanders & Dempsey L.L.P., Washington D.C.).
Where to buy the book:
UNESCO Publishing, Promotion and Sales Division
7 Place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France
Fax: + 33 01 45 68 57 37. E-mail: publishing.promotion@unesco.org
Website: www.unesco.org/publishingusing Search button on the left, type Geothermal Energy
Cost:
Euro 24.80, plus Euro 4.57 postage
Unesco reference number (last part of its ISBN) is 103915-6.
Where to buy in the USA:
Bernan Associates
4611-F Assembly Drive, Lanham, MD 20706-4391
tel.: +1 800-274-4447, fax: (+1-301) 459 00 56
fax toll free: +1 800 865 3450
E-mail: query@bernan.com; order@bernan.com;
Internet:www.bernan.com
Renouf Publishing Co. Ltd.
812 Proctor Avenue, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-2205
Toll-Free USA Tel: (888) 551-7470, Fax: (888) 568-8546
E-mail: order.dept@renoufbooks.com
Internet:http://www.renoufbooks.com
United Nations Bookstore, General Assembly Building
United Nations - Room GA-32, New York, NY 10017
tel.: (+1-212) 963 76 80, fax: (1-212) 963 49 10
E-mail: bookshop@un.org

UPCOMING EVENTSInternational Workshop on New and Classical Applications of Heat
Flow Studies, 4-7 October 2004, Aachen, Germany.
website: www.rwth-aachen.de/geop/Tagung_AC/invitation.htm
1st International Conference on Renewable Energy, 6-8 October 2004,
New Delhi, India. Contact: G.N. Mathur, Secretary, Central Board of Irrigation and Power, Malcha Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110 021,
India. Tel/fax: 91-11-2611 6347
e-mail: cbip@vsnl.com
Industrial Applications of Renewable Resources, 11-14 October 2004,
The Fairmont Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, USA. AOCS. Tel: +1 217 359
2344, fax: +1 217 351 8091
e-mail: meeting@aocs.org
website: www.aocs.org/meetings/ia
6th Asian Geothermal Symposium - Mutual Challenges in High- and LowTemperature Geothermal Resource Fields, 26-27 October 2004, Daejeon, Korea. Contact: Dr. Takeshi Uemoto, Clean Energy Division, MRC,
1-297 Kitabukuro-cho, Omiya-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 330-0835, Japan.
e-mail: tuemoto@mmc.co.jp
website: staff.aist.go.jp/hiro-muraoka/AsianSympo6E.html
Unconventional & Renewable Energy Sources Trade Fair, 3-6 November 2004, Moscow, Russia. Contact: Jefferson Reszetylo (USA). Tel.: 203
357 1400.
e-mail: jreszetylo@iegexpo.com
website: www.iegexpo.com/rus_unconventionsl.html

15
30th Stanford Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, 31 January-2 February 2005, Stanford University campus, Stanford, USA. Contact: Laura Garner, Dept. of Petroleum Engineering, Stanford University,
CA, USA. Tel: +1 650 725 2716; fax: +1 650 725 2099
e-mail: lgarner@pangea.stanford.edu
website: ekofisk.stanford.edu/geoth/workshop2005.htm
Power-Gen Renewable Energy, 1-3 March 2005, Las Vegas Hilton, Las
Vegas, NV.
website: www.power-gengreen.com
26th Annual PNOC-EDC Geothermal Conference, 9-10 March 2005,
Manila, Philippines. Contact: Arnel Mejorada, Geoscientific dept, PNOCEDC, Merritt Road, Fort Bonifacio, Taguig, Philippines. Tel: +63 2 893
6001; fax: +63 2 840 1580 or 840 1575
e-mail: geothermalcon@energy.com.ph
The Cairo 9th International Conference on Energy & Environment(EE9): Technological Advances for a Sustainable Clean Environment,
13-19 March 2005, Cairo and Sharm El-Sheikh, Sinai Peninsula. Contact
persons: Abdel Latif El-Sharkawy, National Research Center, Dokki,
Cairo, Egypt, Tel: +20 7617590 Ð 7614150, Fax: +20 3370597 and Ralph
H. Kummler, Interim Dean, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, Tel: +1 313 577 3775, fax: +1 313 577 5300
e-mail: President@sat-eng.com and rkummler@eng.wayne.edu
World Geothermal Congress WGC2005, Antalya, Turkey, 24-29 April
2005. Accepted draft papers are due by May 2004.
website: www.wgc2005.org
GRC 2005 Annual Meeting, 25-28 September 2005, Reno Hilton, Reno,
NV.
website: www.geothermal.org

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IGA NEWSIGA News is published quarterly by the International Geothermal Association. The function of IGA News is to disseminate
timely information about geothermal activities throughout theworld. To this end, a group of correspondents has agreed tosupply news for each issue. The core of this group consists of
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Adele Manzella, Italy (Chairman)
Enrico Barbier, Italy
Rosa Maria Barrag‡n, Mexico
Gordon Bloomquist, USA
Kevin Brown, New ZealandWerner Bussmann, Germany
Ingvar Fridleifsson, Iceland
Roland Horne, USA
Riki Ibrahim, Indonesia
Franciska Karman, Hungary
Alfredo Lahsen, Chile
Pete Ledingham, UK
Marcelo Lippmann, USA
Alfredo Mainieri, Costa Rica
Teklemariam Meseret, Ethiopia
Marilyn Nemzer, USA
Sylvia Ramos, Philippines
Kasumi Yasukawa, Japan
Kenneth Williamson, USA

The members of this group submit geothermal news from theirparts of the world, or relevant to their areas of specialization. If
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This issue of IGA News has been produced and edited by the IGA Secretariat: Ruggero Bertani and Iris
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Editorial coordination by Adele Manzella.
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No. 57

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