Toward the Post 2012 International Framework on Climate Change(tentative translation)

Nippon Keidanren
April 17, 2007

Climate change is a problem that involves the entire earth, and to address it, it isessential to take effective, long-term measures in a sustainable manner and on a global
scale. To this end, it is vital that all of the major emitters of greenhouse gases takesteps to reduce emissions, and that we create an equitable international frameworkthat will facilitate these countries’ participation. Under the post 2012 framework, it isespecially important that we reward countries for their efforts in curbing and reducing
emissions and go all out to promote improved energy efficiency at the global scale.
With these points in mind, Nippon Keidanren recommends the following with regard toJapan’s contribution and the post 2012 international framework.

I. Japan must continue actively contributing to efforts to tackle climate change
1. The Japanese government, people, and business community, while applying
themselves to concrete, practical efforts to achieve the emissions reduction targets ofthe Kyoto Protocol, should also work proactively to put forth proposals for an effective
international framework for the future. We in the business community should ramp up
our voluntary efforts, including attainment of the goals of our pledge and review
programme to reduce CO2 emissions. We hope that the Japanese government will
create an environment that enables companies to promote innovation by encouraging
business and industry to initiate voluntary approaches, instead of taking regulatory
measures.
2. The business, government, and academic sectors should collaborate to promotewidespread use of environmentally friendly goods and services, as well as technologicalinnovation. To support the efforts of developing countries, Japanese industry should
actively cooperate to improve manufacturing processes and products based on theworld’s most advanced environmental and energy-saving technology. Japan should also
improve and enhance its Official Development Assistance (ODA) program so that it canbe flexibly adapted to each country’s needs and circumstances.
13. Making the best use of the knowledge and know-how of the business, government,
and academic sectors, we must develop a feasible long-term scenario for addressing
climate change and map out a direction for ideal social systems and technology
development in the years ahead. We in the business community are ready to cooperate
actively in these efforts.

II. It is essential to build an international framework within which every major
greenhouse gas emitting nation can take effective steps against climate change, eachaccording to its ability. It is necessary as well to create mechanisms that facilitate
participation by all the major greenhouse gas emitters, while allowing economic
growth and development to coexist with environmental preservation. To this end,
Japan should negotiate tenaciously to achieve the goals outlines below.
[Reference 1] Countries with virtual emissions reduction commitments under theKyoto Protocol account for only 30% of global emissions

Global世界のCO2排出量（2004年実績）
CO2 Emissions (actual emissions, 2004)＊：京都議定書に不参加の国
USA* 22.1%
22.1%
*米国
Others
32.3%
32.3%
その他

＊＊：京都議定書に参加しているが排出削減義務がない国＊＊＊：京都議定書に参加し、排出削減義務もあるが実質的に削減量がない国

世界合計WorldTotal
265.3億ｔ-CO2
26.53 billion t-CO2*ｵｰｽﾄﾗﾘｱ
1.3%
Australia* 1.3%
1.7%
イタリア
Italy 2.0%

China**18.1%
18.1%
**中国

**韓国 1.8%
1.8%
Korea**
カナダ 2.0%
Canada2.0%
Russia***6.0%
6.0%***ロシア
U.K.
2.2%
2.2%
英国
3.2%
ドイツ
Germany
3.2%

**インド
4.3%
India** 4.3%

日本
Japan4.8%
4.8%＊
Not party to the Kyoto Protocol＊＊ Party to the Kyoto Protocol but not subject to emissions reduction commitments＊＊＊ Party to the Kyoto Protocol subject to emissions reduction commitments without actual reduction
Source: Institute of Energy Economics, Japan,
Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan, 2007 edition2

[Reference 2] Emissions from countries with no emissions reduction commitments
under the Kyoto Protocol are projected to soar. Emissions from countries
with emissions commitments are expected to decline by 20%.
1 6 0 0 0

Non-Annex
１ 国
非
附 属 書I countries

1 4 0 0 0USAand Australia
米・ 豪Annex・ 豪 AUS)）
附属 I書countries
Ⅰ 国 (excluding（ 除 く 米 USA,百万炭Milliont-C
O素2トン

1 2 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0

66 11 %%

8 0 0 055 01 %%

6 0 0 04 0 0 02 0 0 044 11 %%
22 66 %%

33 3 %%
02 0 0 0 2 0 0 5

2 0 1 02 0 1 52 0 2 02 56 %%21 99 %%

22 44 %%

22 00 %%

2 0 2 5 2 0 3 0年Year

2 0 3 52 0 4 02 0 4 52 0 5 0Source: Research Institute for Innovative Technology for the Earth

1. An equitable framework
The post 2012 framework should lay emphasis on the potential of future technologicalinnovation and take full account of the fruits of past measures and efforts, such as
improvements in energy intensity.
[Reference 3] National emissions caps under the Kyoto Protocol did not take Japan’s
early efforts into account.
(2.6 timesJapan’s Level)
260 （日本の2.6倍）
離脱前
Targetbefore
削減義務
withdrawal-7%242 ▲7％

CO2 Emissions Intensity Level (per unit of GDP)
GDPあたりのCO2排出原単位水準

Japan’s Early Efforts
オイルショック以降の技術開発、省エネ投資効果（日本の早期努力分）

the effect of investment in new technology
and energy conservation since the oilcrisis(1.9 times Japan’s Level)
190 （日本の1.9倍）

1990年時点の日本とJapan’s emissions
intensitylevel in 1990
同等の排出原単位水準を100として=100

Reduction

削減義務
Target▲8％-8%
175（1990年時点）(in 1990) 100100

Difference
日本とのwith 差JapanDifference
日本とのwith Japan差Reduction
削減義務
Target▲6％-6%

94Japan日本EUEUUSA
米国

Source: Institute of Energy Economics, Japan,
Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan, 2007 edition

3

[Reference 4] Because Japan took the lead in energy conservation efforts, theadditional costs of achieving the targets of the Kyoto Protocol are 1.6–1.9
times higher for Japan than for other countries, which can adopt cheaper
measures.

CO2排出of
削減の限CO
界コスト
Marginal
cost
reducing
2 em
issions（US$/C-ｔ）

400
331
300x
1.6
1.6倍

x 1.9
1.9倍

201

200x 1.61.6倍

211

178

1000

カナダ、オーストラリ
Canada, 1Australia,New Zealandア、ニュージーランド

2USA
米国

3OECDcountries
ヨーロッパのin Europe
OECD諸国4Japan日本

Source: Third Assessment Reportof the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

2. Integration of energy policy and environmental policy
It is necessary to pursue policies that emphasize improved energy efficiency and astable energy supply, prime concerns to most of the major greenhouse gas–emittingnations.
[Reference 5] Japan emits less CO2 than other countries to generate the same GDP

2004
Percentage ofworld GDP
Percentage ofworld CO2emissions
CO2 emissions
required to yieldsame GDP(Japan = 1)

JapanEU(25 countries)

USA

China

Russia

India

13.7%

24.7%

30.0%

4.8%

0.9%

1.6%

4.8%

15.0%

22.1%

18.1%

6.0%

4.3%

1

1.7

2.1

10.8

19.2

7.4

Source: Institute of Energy Economics, Japan,
Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan, 2007 edition[Reference 6] To attain Japan’s energy conservation target for 2030 (30% improvement
in energy intensity over FY 2003), the EU would have to improve energy
efficiency by 60% and the US by 65%.
4

Energy Intensity by Country (primary energy supply/GDP)【各国のエネルギー原単位（一次エネルギー供給量／GDP）比較】(1 million TOE/GDP 1 billion USD, 2004)（百万toe/2004年GDP10億米ドル）
0.250

USA
米国
With 65% improvement in energy
米国は､約65％改善で
intensity,USA would equal Japan
日本と同等

EU
0.200

EU’s
2020 Target
2020年の0.150

米国よりEfficiency,
50% better
50％効率
than USAが高い

EU25よりEfficiency,45% better
45％効率
than EU25
が高い

EU目標(20%improvement)（20％改善）With
60% improvement in energy
EU25は約60％改善でintensity, EU25 would equal Japan

日本と同等

日本
Japan

0.100

日本

If Japanachieves 30% improvement in
日本が約30％改善した場合
energy intensity.....
（「新・国家エネルギー戦略」の省エネ目標）

0.050

Japan(Target under the New National Energy Strategy)
0.000

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

Year
Source: Institute of Energy Economics, Japan,
Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan, 2007 edition

3. Preservation of multiplicity to meet the circumstances of each country
Given the diversity of national economies, industrial structures, and energy situations,the framework must allow for a variety of measures to address climate change, so thateach country can pursue the strategies that work best for it.
4. Technology-specific and sectoral approaches
The key to curbing and reducing carbon dioxide emissions on a global level istechnology. We must enhance and strengthen partnerships between industry,
government and academia, as well as international cooperation, with an eye to theongoing dissemination of existing technologies and the development of innovativetechnologies.
Sectoral approaches like the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development andClimate (APP) are effective mechanisms for efficiently sharing and disseminating
industry’s knowledge and information.
It is important to steadily promote bottom-up strategies to ensure that effective
measures are put into concrete practice. It is possible to pursue such efforts in amanner compatible with the processes under the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change.

5[Reference 7] Combined CO2 emissions of the APP6 countries is more than 50% of theworld total

World CO2 Emissions (2004)

世界のCO2排出量（2004年）
Japan
日本

Australia
豪州
USA
米国

India
South Korea
インド
韓国
Other
その他

China
中国

51.5%
Source: International Energy Agency,
CO2 Emissions From Fuel Combustion, 2006

[Reference 8] There is great potential for reducing emissions through dissemination ofJapan’s outstanding energy-saving and environmental technologies.
Industry

Electric power

Iron and SteelGlobal emissions reduction

If all countries achieved
Japan’s efficiency inthermoelectric power
generation
If all countries achieved
Japan’s usage rate fortechnologies like exhaust
heat recovery andcontinuous casting

1,700 million t-CO2/year

300 million t-CO2/year

5. Enhanced support for developing countries
We must support measures against climate change in the developing countries,
including the application of environmental and energy conservation technologies thathave been shown to be effective, training of human resources, and system building. We
must actively promote concrete projects in developing countries in cooperation with
their governments and related institutions.
＊＊＊＊＊6