JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Joint Crediting Mechanism Guidelines for Developing Proposed Methodology for
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, and the Role ofConservation, Sustainable Management of Forests and Enhancement of Forest Carbon
Stocks in Developing Countries (REDD-plus)
CONTENTS
1.

Scope and applicability...................................................................................................... 2

2.

Terms and definitions ........................................................................................................ 2

3.

Key concepts ..................................................................................................................... 2
3.1.

Project emission reductions or removals to be credited in a JCM project for REDD-plus.................................................................................................................................. 2

3.2.
4.

Eligibility criteria ....................................................................................................... 3

Concept for REDD-plus in the JCM .................................................................................. 4
4.1.

Forest Definition ........................................................................................................ 4

4.2.

Geographical Boundaries............................................................................................ 4

4.3.

Carbon pools and GHG sources .................................................................................. 4

4.4.

Estimation and accounting of net emission/removals .................................................. 5

4.5.

Project reference level ................................................................................................ 6

4.6.

Project net emissions/removals ................................................................................... 7

4.7.

Project emission reductions or removals to be credited ............................................... 7

5.

General Guidelines ............................................................................................................ 8

6.

Instructions for completing the Proposed Methodology Form ............................................ 97.

Instructions for completing the Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet ................................ 25

Annex I.

National definition of forest for REDD-plus under the JCM of People’s Democratic

Republic............................................................................................................................. 35

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1. Scope and applicability
1.

Joint Crediting Mechanism Guidelines for Developing Proposed Methodology for Reducing
Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, and the Role of Conservation,
Sustainable Management of Forests and Enhancement of Forest Carbon Stocks in
Developing Countries (REDD-plus) (hereinafter referred to as “these Guidelines”) areintended to assist methodology proponents in preparing proposed methodologies for REDDplus under the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM).

2.

These Guidelines are to be referred to by the Joint Committee in developing and assessing
proposed methodologies. These Guidelines are also to be referred to throughout the entire
project cycle of a JCM project for REDD-plus.

3.

These Guidelines describe standards which are requirements to be met, except guidanceindicated with terms “should” and “may” as defined in paragraph 7 below.

4.

Submission and subsequent assessment of a proposed methodology are conducted in linewith the procedure delineated in Joint Crediting Mechanism Project Cycle Procedure for
REDD-plus.

5.

These Guidelines aim to assist the development of methodologies to quantify emissions
reductions or removals from the five REDD-plus activities listed in the Cancun Agreements(UNFCCC, Decision 1/CP.16 paragraph 70), i.e. (a) reducing emissions from deforestation;(b) reducing emissions from forest degradation; (c) conservation of forest carbon stocks; (d)sustainable management of forests; and (e) enhancement of forest carbon stocks.

6.

These guidelines are applied to in developing proposed methodology for projects which are
to be implemented under the national REDD-plus strategy and with respect to the nationalor any relevant sub-national reference level and forest monitoring system established by the
Lao People’s Democratic Republic.

2. Terms and definitions
7.

The following terms apply in this Guidelines:(a) “Should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities, one course of action isrecommended as particularly suitable;(b) “May” is used to indicate what is permitted.

8.

Terms in these guidelines are defined in JCM Glossary of Terms available on the JCM
website.

3. Key concepts
3.1. Project emission reductions or removals to be credited in a JCM project for
REDD-plus
9.

In a JCM project for REDD-plus, the project emission reductions or removals to be credited2

JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

are defined as the sum of the annual emission reductions or removals resulting from project
activities adjusted using a discount factor for the risk of reversals during a monitoring period.
10. The annual emission reductions or removals are a conservative estimate of the difference
between the project reference level and project net emissions/removals in each year.
11. The project reference level is an estimate of the anticipated annual net emissions/removals
in the project area during the monitoring period without the project being implemented.
Guidelines for methodologies on setting out the procedures for establishing project reference
levels are provided in paragraphs 29 to 33 in these Guidelines.
12. The project net emissions/removals is the sum of actual net emissions/removals in the project
area, emissions from the project activities and emissions displaced to outside of the project
area by the project activities during the monitoring period. Guidelines for methodologies on
setting out the procedures to estimate the project net emissions/removals are provided inparagraphs 34 to 37 in these Guidelines.
13. Guidelines for methodologies to determine the discount factor for risk of reversals areprovided in paragraphs 38 to 41 in these Guidelines.

Figure: Relationship between the project reference level, annual project net emissions/removals,
annual emission reductions or removals, and the annual emission reductions or removals to becredited.

3.2. Eligibility criteria
14. Eligibility criteria in proposed methodologies contain the following:(a) Requirements for the project in order to be registered as a JCM project.
(b) Requirements for the project to be able to apply the approved methodology.
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4. Concept for REDD-plus in the JCM
4.1. Forest Definition
15. The definition of forest used for REDD-plus methodologies should follow the national
definition of forest designated by the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, as specified in
Annex I of these Guidelines. If there is a difference between the national definition of forest
and the definition used in a proposed methodology, the reason for selecting the forest
definition is explained.

4.2. Geographical Boundaries
16. The project area and the reference area for the project are identified. A displacement belt
and/or activity area are also identified, when necessary. The project area and the activity area
are delineated taking into account forest management units and other administrative
boundaries as well as local land management customs.
17. The project area is the area targeted for reducing emissions and/or enhancing removals.
18. The reference area is the area used to establish the project reference level. The reference area
is similar to the project area with respect to agents and drivers of deforestation and/or forest
degradation, landscape configuration and ecological condition, and socio-economic andcultural conditions.
19. The displacement belt is the area outside the project area where emissions displaced byproject activities will be monitored. Guidelines for accounting for displaced emissions areprovided in paragraph 35 below.
20. The activity area is the area where project activities are implemented to reduce emissions
and/or increase removals in the project area and to reduce the risk of the displacement ofemissions to other areas.
21. At the time of validation, at least 80 percent of the project area is under the control of the
project, and acquisition of the rights of use of the project area to the extent necessary for the
project is demonstrated by the project participants with documentary evidence. By the timeof the first verification event, the entire project area is under the control of the project, andacquisition of the entire rights of use of the project area to the extent necessary for the projectis demonstrated as such by the project participants with documentary evidence.

4.3. Carbon pools and GHG sources
22. The carbon stocks to be considered includes each of the following five carbon pools: above
ground biomass, below-ground biomass, dead wood, litter and soil organic carbon.
23. GHG sources to be considered are sources such as biomass burning, enteric fermentations of
livestock, rice cultivation, and nitrogen fertilization for CH4 and N2O and fuel consumed by
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JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

project activities for CO2.

4.4. Estimation and accounting of net emission/removals1
24. The approach and procedures used for the national or any relevant sub-national reference
level or forest monitoring system developed by the Lao People’s Democratic Republic arerespected when developing the project reference level and estimating net emissions/removalsof the project. The guidelines in paragraphs 26 to 27 are followed when alternative or
additional approaches and procedures are used. The methodology proponents communicate
with the technical contact person for REDD-plus under the JCM to explain the proposed
approach and procedures to develop the project reference level and estimate project net
emissions/removals, consider any comments and other feedback they receive, and keep
records of the communications. The technical contact person for REDD-plus under the JCM
is provided on the JCM website.
25. The most recent IPCC guidelines, such as IPCC 2006 Guidelines for National GHG
Inventories or the IPCC 2003 Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change andForestry, are used when estimating net emissions/removals.
26. The monitoring of net emissions/removals from the carbon pools should be conducted using
a combination of remote sensing and ground-based survey. The best available technology,
including novel satellite observation technologies, may be employed to build effective
monitoring systems for net emissions/removals.
(a) Remote sensing: Forest/non-forest, land cover types and forest type should be classified
through remote sensing analysis using satellite imageries whose spatial resolution is 30
meters or higher. For the classification of land cover and forest types, classification toreflect the amount of carbon stock per hectare is encouraged and the classification shouldreflect each country’s forest designations. The accuracy of imagery analyses offorest/non-forest classification for each forest type is 80 percent or higher.
(b) Ground-based survey of emission factors: Emission factors, or carbon stocks per hectare,of each carbon pool in each class, should be obtained through on-the-groundmeasurements. If ground measurements are not used, a reasonable explanation isprovided, and the IPCC's Emission Factor Database (EFDB), national forest inventories
or other internationally recognized data may be used as alternative data sources for the1

The following guides may be referred to for the estimation of net emissions/removals:
REDD-plus Cookbook: How to measure and monitor forest carbon,” Forestry and Forest
Products Research Institute, 2012: www.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/redd-rdc/ja/reference/cookbook.html
A sourcebook of methods and procedures for monitoring and reporting anthropogenic
greenhouse gas emissions and removals associated with deforestation, gains and losses ofcarbon stocks in forests remaining forests, and forestation”, GOFC-GOLD, 2015:
http://www.gofcgold.wur.nl/redd/sourcebook/GOFC-GOLD_Sourcebook.pdf
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JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

emission factors, with an explanation of the rational for and validity of the data provided.
27. To establish the project reference level, carbon pools and GHG sources can be excluded if
their exclusion leads to conservative estimates of emission reductions or removals.
28. To estimate project net emissions/removals, net emissions/removals from all carbon pools
and GHG sources should be estimated. However, if the net emission/removals from any
carbon pool or any single GHG source due to project activities is estimated to amount to lessthan five percent of the total net emissions/removals according to measured values or datafrom the IPCC’s guidelines, Emission Factor Database (EFDB), national forest inventories
or other internationally recognized sources, a simple but conservative procedure may be used
to estimate the amount, and ex post monitoring is not necessary.

4.5. Project reference level
29. The project reference level is a projection of the sum of the annual net emissions/removals
in the project area in the absence of the project. Project reference levels should be establishedbased on the net emissions/removals from the reference area during the reference period.
30. The project reference level applies the approach and procedures used for the national or any
relevant sub-national reference level established by the Lao People’s Democratic Republic.
The guidelines in paragraphs 31 to 32 are followed when alternative or additional approaches
and procedures are used.
31. The reference period dates back at least 10 years from the start of the project. The
methodology proponents may designate a maximum date back period of the historical data
to be used for developing the reference levels that is appropriate for the methodology. The
data of net emissions/removals to establish the project reference level should be obtained forat least four point of times. This means that carbon stock data from at least five points in time
are required when using the stock-change method to estimate net emissions/removals.
32. Three approaches for establishing the project reference level are recognized:(a) Average of annual net emissions/removals during the reference period;(b) Single regression models of the historical trends of annual net emissions/removals;(c) Other sophisticated models, including multiple regression analysis of annual net
emissions/removals, taking into account possible changes in drivers of deforestation
and/or forest degradation, such as changes in demography, agricultural, forestry andother land use activities, and national and/or sub-national circumstances such as landdevelopment policies and programs.
33. If a national or relevant sub-national reference level is established or changed after the project
start date, the project reference level is reestablished in a consistent manner with the nationalor relevant sub-national reference level. However, the newly established project reference
level cannot be applied retroactively to evaluate net emission reductions or removals. If there6

JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

is no national or relevant sub-national reference level, the project reference level isreassessed by project participants within five years to ensure that it adequately reflects theactual circumstances of the project area, such as drivers of deforestation and/or forest
degradation, activities that lead to land-use changes, and changes of forest management
methods. If the result of reassessment shows that the project reference level no longer
adequately reflects actual circumstances, the project reference level is reestablished.

4.6. Project net emissions/removals
34. Project net emissions/removals include (a) the net emissions/removals in the project area, (b)emissions due to the project activities inside and outside the project area including safeguards
activities, and (c) displaced emissions in each year during the monitoring period.
35. Displaced emissions are emissions displaced from inside to outside the project area as a resultof the project activities. Any decrease in carbon stocks and increase of emissions outside theproject area that are reasonably attributable to the project activities are quantified andaccounted as displaced emissions. Any increase in carbon stocks and decrease of emissions
compared to the situation without the project outside the project area due to the project
activities are excluded from the accounting. The ways and means to identify and quantify
displaced emissions are explained in the proposed methodologies.
36. The approach and procedures used in any national or sub-national forest monitoring system
relevant to the project area established by the Lao People’s Democratic Republic are
considered when establishing the monitoring system for project net emissions/removals.
37. Monitoring is implemented at least just prior to verifications

4.7. Project emission reductions or removals to be credited
38. The methodology proponents demonstrate that the method to estimate annual emission
reductions or removals is conservative.
39. In order to effectively deal with the risk of reversals, the annual project emission reductions
or removals to be credited are calculated using a discount factor, considering internal risks(such as risks arising from inadequate project management, loss of financial viability,
increased opportunity costs, and reduction of project longevity), external risks (such as risks
caused by issues associated with land ownership and resource use rights, community
engagement, and political matters) and natural risks (such as risks associated with
unprecedented forest fires, pests and disease outbreaks, extreme weather patterns, andgeological events). The default value of the discount factor is 30 percent. The proposed
methodologies may use the default value and/or provide a procedure that the project
participants can apply to develop a project specific discount factor to deal with the risk ofreversals, with the justification for the procedure provided.
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40. The discount factor is reassessed at the time of verification. If the result of reassessmentshows that the discount factor no longer adequately reflects actual circumstances, thediscount factor is reestablished. However, a newly established discount factor cannot beapplied retroactively to calculate project emission reductions or removals to be credited
before the reassessment.
41. Annual project emission reductions or removals to be credited are calculated for each year
from the project reference level, the project net emissions/removals and the discount factor.
Their sum is the project emission reductions or removals to be credited during a monitoring
period.

5. General Guidelines
42. Methodology proponents prepare the proposed methodology by filling in the Proposed
Methodology Form and the Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet, attached to these
Guidelines.
43. These Guidelines, the Proposed Methodology Form and the Proposed Methodology
Spreadsheet may be obtained electronically from the JCM website.
44. The Proposed Methodology Form and the Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet are completed
in English language.
45. Methodology proponents provide supporting documents to justify key logical andquantitative assumptions regarding the choice of eligibility criteria, default values andestablishment of reference emissions.
46. The Joint Committee develops the Proposed Methodology Form and the Proposed
Methodology Spreadsheet and may revise them if necessary.
47. The Proposed Methodology Form is not altered, that is, is completed without modifying its
format, font, headings. If sections of the Proposed Methodology Form are not applicable, it
is explicitly stated that the section is left blank on purpose.
48. The Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet enables calculation of project emission reductions
or removals to be credited automatically through inputting values by project participants.
The Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet consists of the following:(d) An Input Sheet containing all the parameters to be monitored ex post, project-specificparameters to be fixed ex ante by the project participants (e.g. historical data) as well as
the default factors which can be changed by the project participants. For each parameter,
the methodology proponents fill in all the required fields, except for those of the inputtedvalues;(e) A Calculation Process Sheet containing all the default values which cannot be changedby the project participant, calculation process to derive project reference level andproject net emissions/removals, and the resulting project emission reductions or8

JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

removals to be credited.
49. The proposed methodology:(a) Describes the procedures in a manner that is sufficiently explicit to enable themethodology to be used, be applied to projects unambiguously, and be reproduced by athird party;(b) Is possible for projects following the methodology to be subjected to JCM validation
and/or verification;(c) Includes all algorithms, formulae, and step-by-step procedures needed to apply themethodology and validate the project, i.e. calculating project reference level, project net
emissions/removals and project emission reductions or removals to be credited;(d) Provides instructions for making any logical or quantitative assumptions that are notprovided in the methodology and is made by the methodology user;(e) Avoids the intentional increase of credits caused by perverse incentives (e.g. when an
increase in output is triggered by incentive to increase credits).
50. The presentation of values in the Proposed Methodology Form and the Proposed
Methodology Spreadsheet should be in international standard format (e.g. 1,000 representing
one thousand and 1.0 representing one). The units used should be accompanied by theirequivalent S.I. units/norms (thousand/million) as part of the requirement to ensuretransparency and clarity.

6. Instructions for completing the Proposed Methodology Form
Instructions for completing the Proposed Methodology Form are provided below. A hypothetical
proposed methodology is inserted to enhance the clarity of these Guidelines. This methodology
is purely indicative and does not imply that the methodology is to be adopted.
Cover sheet of the Proposed Methodology Form
Form for submitting the proposed methodology for REDD-plus
Partner Country
Name of the methodology proponents
submitting this form

Country XYZCompany DEF

Title of the proposed methodology, and Reducing deforestation and forest degradation
version number

through forest fire prevention, forest management
and land use improvement in country XYZVersion 1.0

List of documents to be attached to this form

The attached draft JCM-PDD:(please check):

Additional information

Date of completion

1/10/2016
9JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

・ Provide an unambiguous title for the proposed methodology. The title should reflect thetypes of REDD-plus activities to which the methodology is applicable and include theapproach or activity(ies) for achieving emission reductions or removals.
・ Provide a list of any additional documents to be attached to this form.
・ Provide the date of submission in DD/MM/YYYY.
History of the proposed methodology
Version01.0

Date
1/10/2016

Contents revisedFirst edition

・ Provide the version number and date of submission in DD/MM/YYYY.
・ If a previously submitted methodology has been revised, provide the date of revision in
DD/MM/YYYY as well as a brief summary of the revision.

A. Title of the methodology
Reducing deforestation and forest degradation through forest fire prevention, forest
management and land use improvement in country XYZ Version 1.0
・ Provide an unambiguous title for the proposed methodology and the version number ofthe proposed methodology. The title should reflect the types of REDD-plus activities towhich the methodology is applicable and include the approach or activity(ies) for
achieving emission reductions or removals.

B. Terms and definitions
Terms

Definitions

・ Please provide definitions of key terms that are used in the proposed methodology.

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C. Summary of the methodology
Items

Summary

Project activities (emission

Conduct fire prevention measures; Develop and implement

reduction /removal

forest management plans; When there is risk of emissions

enhancement measures)

displacement, invest in land use improvement activities, suchas agricultural intensification, to reduce pressure on forests.

Establishment of project

The project reference level is established as below the averagereference levelof net emissions during the reference period through thefollowing steps:- identifying the reference area,- mapping changes in the land use type and estimating carbon
density in the reference area during the reference period,- calculating historical carbon stock change and GHG
emissions

Calculation of project net Project net emissions are calculated on the basis of theemissions/removals

monitored land-use change and emission factors over themonitoring period.
Net CO2 emissions and GHG emissions in the project area andactivity area are monitored and accounted.
Displaced emissions in the displacement belt are monitored
and estimated.

Monitoring parameters and Change of forested area and replacement land use –monitored
methods

by remote sensing.
Burned area – monitored by remote sensing.
Forest carbon stock change – monitored through forest
inventory
Use of fuel for project activities – monitored using project
records

Calculationofproject Calculating the project emission reduction in a conservativeemission

reductions

removals to be credited

or manner.
A default value of 30% is applied for the discount factor.

・ Summarize the key elements of the proposed methodology, including brief descriptions of:・ Project activities (i.e. emission reduction measures);・ Establishment of the project reference level;
・ Estimation of project net emissions/removals;
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・ Key monitoring parameters and methods;
・ Determination of the discount factor for risk of reversals.

D. Eligibility criteria

This methodology is applicable to projects that satisfy all of the following criteria.
Criterion 1

The main drivers of deforestation and forest degradation are conversion for
agriculture and forest fire.

Criterion 2

The project area does not include forest on peat soil. Peat is defined as organic
soil with at least 65% organic matter and a minimum thickness of 50 cm.

Criterion 3

Illegal logging to supply regional, national or international markets is not taking
place.

Criterion 4Agricultural intensification activities do not involve large numbers of livestockand the application of inorganic fertilizers.

Criterion 5

The historic pattern of deforestation is mosaic.

・ Eligibility criteria are requirements for the project in order for it to be able to apply theapproved methodology and registered as a JCM project for REDD-plus.
・ Eligibility criteria are those that can be examined objectively.
・ Eligibility criteria include:
・ Characteristics to identify the measures applied to the methodology;・ Conditions that are necessary in order to enable robust calculation of emission
reductions or removals by the methodology, e.g. the situation before theimplementation of the activity;
・ Eligibility criteria should be, to the extent possible, those that can be ascertained uponvalidation, i.e. eligibility criteria should avoid those which need to be monitored ex post.
For example, actual performance of a measure should not be included as eligibility
criteria, since it is not certain at validation whether the stated performance can beachieved. On the other hand, performance as defined by scientifically referenced figures
can be included as eligibility criteria since it can be readily checked upon validation.

E. Geographical Boundaries
Essential
Geographical boundary

Requirements

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Project area

No additional requirements. (The project area does not have to
be a single area of forest)

Reference area

The reference area includes the project area for thedetermination of the initial project reference level, but excludes
the project area when the reference level is reassessed.

Optional boundaries
Geographical boundary

Required(Y/N/TBD)

Activity area

Y

Additional requirements
Activity area is non-forest area outside the projectarea.

Displacement belt

Y

Determined through mobility analysis ofdeforestation/degradation agents.

TBD: to be decided by the project proponent
・ Describe any requirements additional to those described in paragraphs 16 to 21 of theseguidelines for the establishment of the geographical boundaries.
・ Identify whether an activity area and/or displacement belt are required in themethodology, or whether the project participants are left to decide (to be decided – TBD)
whether the project design includes these areas.

F. Carbon pools and GHG sources
The net emission sources to be considered include all the following Carbon pools and GHG
sources.
Project reference level
Carbon pools and GHG

Includedsources(Y/N)

Above groundbiomass

Carbonpools

Below groundbiomass

Explanation
This methodology applies to projects whereY

carbon stock change in this pool may besignificant.
This methodology applies to projects whereY

carbon stock change in this pool may besignificant.
This methodology applies to projects where

Dead woodY

carbon stock change in this pool may besignificant.

LitterN

This methodology applies to projects where13

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carbon stock change in this pool is not
significant; Can be conservatively excluded.
Soilorganic

carbonThis methodology applies to projects whereN

carbon stock change in this pool is not
significant; Can be conservatively excluded.
This methodology applies to projects where

CH4 in biomass burning

significant.

GHG
sources

GHG emission from this source may beThis methodology applies to projects where

N2O in biomass burning

GHG emission from this source may besignificant.

N/A

N/A
Project net emissions/removals

Carbon pools and GHG

Includedsources(Y/N)

Above groundbiomass
Below groundbiomass
Carbonpools

Explanation
This methodology applies to projects whereY

carbon stock change in this pool may besignificant.
This methodology applies to projects whereY

carbon stock change in this pool may besignificant.
This methodology applies to projects where

Dead woodY

carbon stock change in this pool may besignificant.
This methodology applies to projects where

LitterN

carbon stock change in this pool is not
significant; Can be conservatively excluded.

Soilcarbonorganic

This methodology applies to projects whereN

carbon stock change in this pool is not
significant; Can be conservatively excluded.
This methodology applies to projects where

CH4 in biomass burning

GHG emission from this source may be

GHGsignificant.

sourcesThis methodology applies to projects where
N2O in biomass burning

GHG emission from this source may besignificant.

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This methodology applies to projects where

CO2 in combustion of fossil

GHG emission from this source may be

fuels

significant.

・ Identify which of the five carbon pools are included in the establishment of the projectreference level and the estimation of project net emissions/removals.
・ Identify GHG sources that are reasonably attributable to the methodology.

G. Establishment and calculation of project reference level
G.1. Establishment of project reference level
Approach for estimating project The project reference level is established by areference level

conservative estimation of the average historical net CO2
emissions and GHG emissions.

The project reference level is established as follows:
1) Identifying the reference area and setting the reference period
The reference area is mapped and described and the reference period is set. The reference area
is similar to the project area regarding the drivers of deforestation and/or forest degradation,
landscape configuration, socio-economic and cultural conditions, and is more than ten times
larger than the total size of the project area,. The reference period dates back at least 10 years
from the start of the project.
2) Estimating past forested area in the reference area
Forest in the project area and the reference area is classified into types (or strata) reflecting thenational land use classification system and differences in carbon density. The area of each land
use type is mapped using remote sensing data with a minimum resolution of 30 meters. The
classified maps of forest/non-forest and forest types have a minimum accuracy of 80%.
3) Estimating forest carbon density of each land use type
Default values, such as those in IPCC guidelines, are applied for carbon density of each land
use type. When more than one default value exists, a default value is selected to provide aconservative estimate of net project emissions.
4) Calculating average carbon stock change during the reference period
The average carbon stock change during the reference period is calculated conservatively using
Equation 2 and Equation 3 in G.2. below.
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5) Calculating other GHG emissions in the reference scenario
CH4 and N2O emissions from biomass burning during the monitoring period are projected using
Equation 4 in G.2. below.
6) Establishing project reference level in a conservative manner
The project reference level is calculated using Equation 1 in G.2. below.

G.2. Calculation of project reference level
The project reference level at year y during the proposed monitoring period is calculated asfollows:
RLy = ΔCSref y * 44/12 + Lfire_ref y
RLy(Equation 1)

Project reference level at year y [tCO2e]

ΔCSref y Projected carbon stock change in project area at year y [tC]
44/12

Conversion factor of molecular weight of carbon to CO2

Lfire_ref y Projected amount of CH4 and N2O emissions from forest fires
in project area at year y [tCO2e]
The projected carbon stock change of the project area at year y (ΔCSref y) is conservatively
established from the historical change of land use types in the initial forested area (forested
area at the beginning of reference period) in the project area during the reference period andcarbon density of each land use type. At least five points of carbon stock data during thereference period are collected to obtain at least four data of the carbon stock changes. ΔCSref yis conservatively established as the average of the carbon stock changes after the period withthe largest decrease in carbon stock change per year is excluded from the calculation.
Carbon stock change at year y in the project area is projected using the following equation.
ΔCSref y = Σ (Cyri - Cyri+1) / Σ (yri+1 - yri) * APJ / ARE(Equation 2)

ΔCSref y

Projected carbon stock change in project area at year y [tC]

Cyr

Carbon stock in initial forested area in reference area at year
yr during

the reference period [tC]yri

Years during the reference period

ARE

Initial forested area [ha]APJ

Project area [ha]Number “a” is excluded from i when (Ca – Ca+1) / (yra+1 – yra) = max ((Cyri - Cyri+1) / (yri+1 16

JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0yri)) to establish the project reference level conservatively below the level of net CO2
emissions without project.
Cyr = Σ Ci,j,yr = Σ (Ai,yr * EFi,j)
Cyr(Equation 3)

Carbon stock in initial forested area at year yr during thereference period [tC]

Ci,j,yr

Carbon stock in carbon pool j in stratum i at year yr [tC]Ai,yr

Total area of stratum i in initial forested area at year yr [ha]EFi,jThe Emission Factors of carbon pool j of stratum i [tC ha-1]iA stratum of land use typesj

A specific carbon pool

Data for “EFi,j” can be sourced from 2006 IPCC guidelines.
CH4 and N2O emissions from forest fires in the project area are projected using the following
equation.
Lfire_ref,y = Σyr Lfire_ref,yr / nyr * APJ / ARE(Equation 4)
Lfire_ref,y Projected amount of CH4 and N2O emissions from fires inproject area at year y [tCO2e]
Lfire_ref,yr Historical amount of CH4 and N2O emissions from fires ininitial forested area at year yr during the reference period[tCO2e]nyr

Number of monitored years during the reference period

ARE

Initial forested area [ha]APJ

Project area [ha]Lfire_ref,y = ABi,yr * MBi * Cf * Gef * 10-3 * GWP(Equation 5)

Lfire_ref,yr Amount of CH4 and N2O emissions from fires in initial
forested area at year yr during the reference period [tCO2e]ABi,yrArea burnt in stratum i in initial forested area at year yr [ha]MBi

Mass of fuel available in initial forested area for combustion in
stratum i [t ha-1]

Cf

Combustion factor for forest fire

Gef

Emission factor for forest fire [g kg-dm burnt -1]

GWP

Global Warming Potential (25 for CH4 and 298 for N2O)

Data of “MBi”, “Cf” and “Gef” can be sourced from 2006 IPCC guidelines.

17

JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Carbon pools and GHG sources can be excluded, if their exclusion leads to conservative
estimates of the emission reductions.
・ Provide a qualitative explanation of the procedure to establish the project reference levelreferring to paragraphs 29 to 33 of these Guidelines.
・ Provide the equations to establish the project reference level.
・ Provide a description of how the approach and procedures used in any national or subnational reference level relevant to the project area are considered.
・ Elaborate the method to calculate the project reference level. Be specific and complete,
so that the procedure can be carried out in an unambiguous way, replicated, and subjected
to assessment and verification:
・ Use consistent variables, equation formats, subscripts, etc.;
・ Number all equations in the Proposed Methodology Form;・ Define all variables, with units indicated;・ Justify the conservativeness of the calculation method, e.g. discounting the result of
calculation and applying conservative parameters.
・ Elaborate all parameters, coefficients, and variables used in the calculation of the projectreference level:
・ For those values that are provided in the methodology:
・ Clearly indicate the precise references from which these values are taken (e.g.
official statistics, IPCC Guidelines, commercial and scientific literature).
・ Justify the conservativeness of the values provided.
・ For those values that are to be provided by the project participants, clearly indicate
how the values are to be selected and justified, for example, by explaining:・ What types of sources are suitable (official statistics, expert judgment,
proprietary data, IPCC Guidelines, commercial and scientific literature, etc.);
・ The vintage of data that is suitable;
・ What spatial level of data is suitable (local, regional, national, international);
・ How conservativeness of the values is to be ensured.
・ For all data to be used by the project participants, specify the procedures to be followed
if the site-specific historical data are unavailable. For instance, the methodology could
point to a preferred data source, and indicate a priority order for use of additional data
and/or fall back data sources to preferred sources (e.g. private, international statistics,etc.).
・ Note any parameters, coefficients, variables, etc. that are used to calculate the projectreference level and that should be obtained by project proponent.
・ Explain any parts of the calculation method that are not self-evident. Provide references
as necessary. Explain implicit and explicit key assumptions in a transparent manner.
・ For methodologies requiring sampling, clearly indicate the sampling method and the18

JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

statistical treatment of the sampled data.

H. Calculation of project net emissions/removals
Project net emissions at year y during the monitoring period are calculated on the basis ofmonitored carbon stock change, emissions from other GHG sources and displacement during
the monitoring period as follows:
PEy = ΔCSPJ,y* 44/12 + Lfire_PJ,y + Eenergy,PJ,y + DEy
PEy(Equation 6)

Project net emissions at year y [tCO2e]

ΔCSPJ,y Carbon stock change in the project area at year y [tC]
Lfire_PJ,y Amount of non-CO2 emissions from fires in the project area
during year y [tCO2e]
Eenergy,PJ,y Amount of CO2 emissions from energy use during year y[tCO2]DEy

Displacement of emissions at year y [tCO2e]

44/12

Conversion factor of molecular weight of carbon to CO2(a) Carbon stock change in the project area at year y is estimated using the following
equation.
ΔCSPJ,y = Σ (Cymi – Cymi+1) / Σ (ymi+1-ymi)(Equation 7)

ΔCSPJ,y Carbon stock change in the project area at year y [tC]Cym

Carbon stock at year ym during the monitoring period [tC]

ym1, ym2… Year during the monitoring period
Cym = Σi,j Ci,j,ym = Σi,j (Ai,ym * EFi,j)(Equation 8)

Cym

Carbon stock at year ym during the monitoring period [tC]

Ci,j,ym

Carbon stock in carbon pool j of stratum i at year ym [tC]

Ai,ym

Total area of stratum i at year ym [ha]EFi,jThe emission factor of carbon pool j of stratum i [tC ha-1]iStratum of land use typesj

A category of carbon pool

Data for “Ai,ym” are generated by direct monitoring using remotely sensed imagery.
Data for “EFi,j” are collected by direct monitoring using forest sampling. The
number of sample plots is determined to provide estimates in the net change in
19

JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

carbon stocks to within 10 per cent of the true value of the mean at the 95 per centconfidence level.
For non-CO2 emissions (CH4 and N2O) from forest fires in the project area during year y, theequation below is used.
Lfire_PJ,y = Σyr Lfire_PJ,y / ny

(Equation 9)

Lfire_PJ,y Amount of CH4 and N2O emissions from fires in the project
area during year y [tCO2e]
Lfire_PJ,y Amount of CH4 and N2O emissions from fires in the project
area at year y during the monitoring period [tCO2e]ny

Number of monitored years during the monitoring period

Lfire_PJ,y = ABi,ym * MBi * Cf * Gef * 10-3 * GWP(Equation 10)

Lfire_PJ,y Amount of CH4 and N2O emissions from fires in the project
area at year y during the monitoring period [tCO2e]ABi,ymArea burnt in stratum i in the project area at monitoring year
ym [ha]MBi

Mass of fuel available for combustion in stratum i [t ha-1]

Cf

Combustion factor for forest fire

Gef

Emission factor for forest fire [g kg-dm burnt -1]

GWP

Global Warming Potential (25 for CH4 and 298 for N2O)

Data for “ABi,ym” is generated by direct monitoring using remotely sensed imagery.
Data for “MBi”, “Cf” and “Gef” can be sourced from 2006 IPCC guidelines.
(b) For CO2 emissions from combustion of fossil fuels for project activities such as fromtransport and machinery use at year y, the equation below is used.
Eenergy,PJ,y = LCy * CC * ODU * 44/12(Equation 11)

Eenergy,PJ,y Amount of CO2 emissions from energy use during year y[tCO2]
LCy

Consumption of fuel at monitoring year y [TJ]CC

Carbon content of fuel [kt-C TJ-1]

ODU

Oxidized during use factor

44/12

Conversion factor of molecular weight of carbon to CO2

Data of “LCy” is collected by direct monitoring.
Data of “CC” and “ODU” is sourced from 2006 IPCC guidelines.
Net emissions from any carbon pools and GHG sources whose amount is less than 5% of total
20

JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

emissions can be estimated using simple measures, such as by using reference data, rather thandirect monitoring.
(c) Displacement of net emission is monitored in displacement belt outside the project area.
The displacement belt is determined through mobility analysis of deforestation and degradation
agents.
The displacement of net emissions are to be calculated as follows:
DEy = DECO2,ym + DEfire,ym
DEy(Equation 12)

Displacement of net emissions during year y [tCO2e]

DECO2,ym Displacement of CO2 emissions during monitoring year ym[tCO2]
DEfire,ym Displacement of CH4 and N2O emissions during year monitoringym due to forest fires [tCO2e]
DECO2,ym =(ΔCSDB,ym – ΔCSDB_ref,y)*44/12
DECO2,ym(Equation 13)

Displacement of CO2 emissions during monitoring year ym[tCO2]ΔCSDB,ym

Carbon stock change in displacement belt at monitoring
year ym [tC]

ΔCSDB_ref,yProjected carbon stock change in displacement belt area atyear y [tC]
44/12

Conversion factor of molecular weight of carbon to CO2

Carbon stock change at year y in the displacement belt is projected using the following
equation.
ΔCSDB_ref,y = Σ (Cyri - Cyri+1) / Σ (yri+1 - yri) * ADB / ARE
ΔCSDB_ref,y(Equation 14)

Projected carbon stock change in displacement belt area atyear y [tC]
Cyr

Carbon stock in initial forested area in reference area atyear yr during the reference period [tC]yri

Years during the reference period

ADB

Displacement belt [ha]ARE

Initial forested area in reference area [ha]Number “a” is excluded from i when (Ca – Ca+1) / (yra+1 – yra) = max ((Cyri - Cyri+1) / (yri+1 yri)).

21

JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Displacement of CH4 and N2O emissions during year y due to forest fires is calculated asfollows:
DEfire,ym = Lfire_DB,ym – Lfire_DB_ref,yDEfire,y(Equation 15)

Displacement of CH4 and N2O emissions due to forest fires
during monitoring year ym [tCO2e]

Lfire_DB,ym

CH4 and N2O emissions due to forest fires in displacement belt
at monitoring year ym [tCO2e]

Lfire_DB_ref,yProjected amount of emissions from CH4 and N2O during year

y due to forest fires in displacement belt [tCO2e]CH4 and N2O emissions from forest fires in the displacement belt are projected as follows:
Lfire_DB_ref,y = Σyr Lfire_ref,y / nyr * ADB / ARE
Lfire_DB_ref,y(Equation 16)

Projected amount of emissions from CH4 and N2O during

year y due to forest fires in displacement belt [tCO2e]
Lfire_ref,yr

Historical amount of CH4 and N2O emissions from fires ininitial forested area in reference area at year yr during thereference period [tCO2e]

nyr

Number of monitored years during the reference period

ADB

Displacement belt [ha]ARE

Initial forested area in reference area [ha]Lfire_ref,y = ABi,yr * MBi * Cf * Gef * 10-3 * GWP(Equation 17)

Lfire_ref,yr Amount of CH4 and N2O emissions from fires in initial
forested area in reference area at year yr during the reference
period [tCO2e]ABi,yrArea burnt in stratum i in initial forested area in reference area
at year yr [ha]MBi

Mass of fuel available in initial forested area in reference area
for combustion in stratum i [t ha-1]

Cf

Combustion factor for forest fire

Gef

Emission factor for forest fire [g kg-dm burnt -1]

GWP

Global Warming Potential (25 for CH4 and 298 for N2O)

Data for “ABi,yr” is generated by direct monitoring using remotely sensed imagery.
Data for “MBi”, “Cf” and “Gef” can be sourced from 2006 IPCC guidelines.
Equation 17 is same as Equation 5,
・ Provide a qualitative explanation of the procedure to calculate the project net
22

JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

emissions/removals referring to paragraph 34 to 37 of these Guidelines.
・ Provide the equations to calculate the project net emissions/removals.
・ Provide a description of how the approach and procedures used in any national or subnational forest monitoring system to the project area are considered.
・ Where applicable, the method to calculate project net emissions/removals should adhere
to the instructions provided in the section on project reference level.
・ Explain the method to estimate the displaced emissions, including the method to determine
the displacement belt, if necessary.

I. Calculation of project emissions reductions or removals to be credited
Project emission reductions at year y are calculated as the difference between the projectreference level and the project net emissions.
Annual emission reductions are calculated using the equation below.
ERy = RLy – PEy(Equation 13)

ERy

Project emission reductions at year y [tCO2e]

RLy

Project reference level at year y [tCO2e]

PEy

Project net emissions at year y [tCO2e]

Annual project emission reductions to be credited are calculated using Equation 14, which
includes discounting for the risk of reversals.
A default value of 30% is applied for the discount factor.
ERcredt,y = ERy * (1 – DF)(Equation 14)

ERcredt,y Project emission reductions to be credited at year y [tCO2e]
ERy

Project emission reductions at year y [tCO2e]DF

Discount factor, default as 0.3

Project emission reductions to be credited during a monitoring period p are calculated asfollows:
ERcredt,p =Σ ERcredt,y(Equation 13)
ERcredt,p Project emission reductions to be credited during a monitoring
period p [tCO2e]
ERcredt,y Project emission reductions to be credited at year y during
monitoring period p [tCO2e]23

JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

・ Provide a description of how estimation of the emission reductions or removals isconservative.
・ Elaborate the calculation method used to estimate, measure or calculate annual projectemission reductions or removals to be credited. In most cases, this will be simple equation
with two terms: project reference level and project net emissions/removals.
・ When the 30% default value is not used for the discount factor, elaborate the procedure
to identify the risk of reversals and set the discount factor.

J. Data and parameters fixed ex ante
The source of each data and parameter fixed ex ante is listed as below.
Parameter

Description of data

SourceNational forest inventory or

The Emission Factors of carbon pool j ofEFi,jstratum i

2006 IPCC Guidelines Vol.4(Table 2.2, 2.3) or otherinternationally recognizeddata

Average Mass of fuel available for combustionMBiof stratum i per hectare

2006 IPCC Guidelines

Combustion factor. Shown in value together 2006 IPCC Guidelines Vol.4

Cfwith MBi.

(Table 2.6)

Gef

Emission factor for forest fire2006 IPCC Guidelines

GWP

Global Warming Potential

2006 IPCC Guidelines

CC

Carbon content of oil

2006 IPCC Guidelines

ODU

Oxidized during use factor

2006 IPCC Guidelines

・ Identify sources of default values, where default values are applied to the proposed
methodology.

24

JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

7. Instructions for completing the Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet
Instructions for completing the Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet are provided below. The Input Sheet of the Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet is completed. A
hypothetical Input Sheet of the Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet is inserted to enhance the clarity of these Guidelines. This is purely indicative and does not imply that
the Input Sheet of the Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet is adopted.
Proposed methodology spread sheet (input sheet) [Attachment to Proposed Methodology Form]
Table 1: Parameters to be monitored ex post
(a)
(b)
(c)
Monitoring
Parameters
Description of data
point No.

(d)
Estimated
Values

(e)
Units

(f)
Monitoring
option(1)

Ai,yArea of stratum (= land use type) i at year
ym during monitoring period.

→Table 1-a.

ha

Option C

(2)

ABi,y

Area burnt in stratum (= land use type) i
at year ym during monitoring period.

→Table 1-a.

ha

Option C

(3)

EF1,1

200

tC ha-1

Option C

(4)

EF1,2

14

tC ha-1

Option C

(5)

LCym

Project fuel consumption during year ym
during monitoring period.

TJ

Option B(6)

DECO2,ym

Displacement of net CO2 emissions
during year ym during monitoring period.

Ha

Option C(7)

DEfire,ym

HaOption C

Emission factor (carbon stock per
hectare) in above ground biomass inprimary forest
Emission factor (carbon stock per
hectare) of dead wood, all types of forest→Table 1-b.

Displacement of CH4 and N2O emissions
during year ym during monitoring period.

(g)Source of dataUSGS
GLOVIS, Landsat
imagery
USGS
GLOVIS, Landsat
imagery

Once every
three years

Analyzing multispectral opticalsatellite imagery

Once every
three years

Forest sampling

Forest sampling

Once every
three years

Forest sampling

Forest sampling

Once every
three years

Analyzing multispectral opticalsatellite imagery

Once a year

Analyzing multispectral opticalsatellite imagery

Once every
three years

Analyzing multispectral opticalsatellite imagery

Once every
three years

USGS
GLOVIS, Landsat
imagery
USGS
GLOVIS, Landsat
imagery
USGS
GLOVIS, Landsat
imagery

Year during the(1) Forest area (ha): Ai,y(2) Burnt area (ha): ABi,ymonitoring

Primary forest

Secondary forest

CroplandPrimary forest

Secondary forest

Croplandperiod

A1,y

A2,y

A3,y

AB1,y

AB2,y

AB3,y

ym2
ym3
ym4

25

(i)
Monitoring
frequency

Analyzing multispectral opticalsatellite imagery

Table 1-a. Area of stratum i and area burnt in stratum i at year ym during monitoring period

ym1

(h)
Measurement methods andprocedures

(j)
Other
comments
Min. spatial
resolution of
30 m
Min. spatial
resolution of
30 m

Min. spatial
resolution of
30 m
Min. spatial
resolution of
30 m

JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0
ym5…
Table 1-b. Project fuel consumptionYear(3) Project fuel consumption (TJ):LCy

ymf1
ymf2
ymf3
ymf4
ymf5
….
Table 2: Project-specific parameters to be fixed ex ante
(a)

(b)

Parameters

Description of data

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Units

Source of data

Other comments

Estimated
value
ARE

Size of reference areaha

The reference area is decided by project proponents

APJ

Size of project areaha

The project area is decided by project proponents

ADB

Size of displacement belt

ha

Ai,yr

Size of stratum (= land use type) i at year yr during the reference period.

ABi,yrSize burnt in stratum (= land use type) i at year yr during the reference
period.

Table 2-a. Area of stratum i and area burnt in stratum i at year y during reference period(1) Forest area (ha): Ai,yr
Year during thePrimary forest
Secondary forest
Croplandreference period
A1,y
A2,y
A4,y

The project area is decided by project proponents throughmobility analysis of deforestation and degradation agents→Table 2-a.

haSatellite imagery

Min. spatial resolution of 30 m

→Table 2-a.

haSatellite imagery

Min. spatial resolution of 30 m

(2) Burnt area (ha): ABi,yr
Primary forest

Secondary forest

Cropland

AB1,y

AB2,y

AB4,y

yr1
yr2
yr3
yr4
yr5
…

[Monitoring option]
Option A

Based on public data which is measured by entities other than the project participants (Data used: publicly recognized data such as statistical data and specifications)26

JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0
Option B

Based on the amount of transaction which is measured directly using measuring equipment (Data used: commercial evidence such as invoices)

Option C

Based on the actual measurement using measuring equipment (Data used: measured values)27

JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

The Calculation Process Sheet of the Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet is completed. A
hypothetical Calculation Process Sheet of the Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet is provided
below to enhance the clarity of these Guidelines. This is purely indicative and does not imply that
the Calculation Process Sheet is adopted.
JCM Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet (Calculation Process Sheet)

1. Calculations for project emission reductions or

Param
Pool / Sources

Value

Units

removals to be credited

eter

Project emission reductions or removals to be credited
tCO2e

ERp

ha

ARE

ha

APJ

ha

ADB

during the period p
2. Basic data of the project
Carbon stock andSize of reference area
biomass burning
Carbon stock andSize of project area
biomass burning
Carbon stock andSize of displacement belt
biomass burning
Monitoring start date

Y1

Monitoring end date
3. Selected default values
Emission factor (carbon stock per hectare) in above

Above

ground biomass in primary forest

biomass

Emission factor (carbon stock per hectare) in above

Above

ground biomass in secondary forest

biomass

Emission factor (carbon stock per hectare) in above

Above

ground biomass in croplandbiomass

ground200

tC ha-1

EF1,1

100

tC ha-1

EF2,1

30

tC ha-1

EF4,1

%

RAtoB

tC ha-1EFi,3groundgroundBelow-ground
Ratio to below-ground biomass of all types of forest

37.0
biomass

Emission factor (carbon stock per hectare) of dead wood,
Dead wood

14

all types of forest
Mass of fuel available for combustion * Combustion

119.6 *

factor in primary forest

0.36

28

MB1
t ha-1

Biomass burning

Cf*JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Mass of fuel available for combustion * CombustionMB2

42.2 **

t ha-1

Biomass burning
factor in secondary forest

Cf

0.55

Mass of fuel available for combustion * Combustion
Biomass burning

5.5 * 0.80

t ha-1

factor in cropland

MB4

*

Cf

Emission factor for forest fires (CH4)

Biomass burning

Emission factor for forest fires (N2O)

g kg-dmGef-burnt-1

CH4

g kg-dmGef-burnt-1

N2O

6.8

Biomass burning

0.2

Global Warming Potential (CH4)

Biomass burning

25

-

GWP

Global Warming Potential (N2O)

Biomass burning

298

-

GWP

18.7

kt-C TJ-1

CC

1.0

-

ODU

tCO2e

RLpj yCombustion
fossil

fuels

of
from

Carbon content of oil (Gasoline)transport

andmachinery use
Combustion
fossil

fuels

of
from

Oxidized during use factor
transport

andmachinery use
4. Calculations for project reference level
Project reference level at year yYear during reference period
yr1
yr2
yr3
yr4
yr5

Δ CSref
Carbon stock change at year yrtCyCarbon stock at Yr1

tC

Primary forest

Carbon stockhaA1,yr1

Secondary forest

Carbon stockhaA2,yr129

JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Cropland

Carbon stock

Carbon stock at Yr2ha

A3,yr1tC

Primary forest

Carbon stockhaA1,yr2

Secondary forest

Carbon stockhaA2,yr2

Cropland

Carbon stockhaA3,yr2

Primary forest

Carbon stockhaA1,yr3

Secondary forest

Carbon stockhaA2,yr3

Cropland

Carbon stockhaA3,yr3tCO2e

Lfire_ref y

Carbon stock at year Yr3…
Non-CO2 emissions from forest fires at year yr
Non-CO2 emission at year Yr1

tCO2e

Area of burnt primary forest at yr1

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt secondary forest at yr1

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt cropland at yr1

Biomass burningha

Non-CO2 emission at year Yr2

tCO2e

Area of burnt primary forest at yr2

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt secondary forest at yr2

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt cropland at yr2

Biomass burningha

Non-CO2 emission at year Yr3

tCO2e

Area of burnt primary forest at yr3

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt secondary forest at yr3

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt cropland at yr3

Biomass burningha

5. Calculations of the project net emissions/removals

30

JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Project net emissions/removals during year y

tCO2e

PEy

Year during first monitoring period
ym1
ym2
ym3

Δ
Carbon stock changes at year ymtC
CSPJ,yCarbon stock at year ym1

tC

Area of primary forest at year ym1

Carbon stockha

Area of secondary forest at year ym1

Carbon stock

0haArea of cropland at year ym1

Carbon stock0ha

Carbon stock at year ym2

tC

Area of primary forest at year ym2

Carbon stockha

Area of secondary forest at year ym2

Carbon stockha

Area of cropland at year ym2

Carbon stockha

Carbon stock at year ym3

tC

Area of primary forest at year ym3

Carbon stockha

Area of secondary forest at year ym3

Carbon stockha

Area of cropland at year ym3

Carbon stockha

Non-CO2 emissions from forest fires at year ym

tCO2e

Non-CO2 emission at year Yr1

tCO2e

Area of burnt primary forest at year y1

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt secondary forest at year y1

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt cropland at year y1

Biomass burning

Non-CO2 emission at year Yr2

0

ha

tCO2e

31

Lfire_PJ y

JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Area of burnt primary forest at year y2

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt secondary forest at year y2

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt cropland at year y2

Biomass burningha

Non-CO2 emission at year Yr3

tCO2e

Area of burnt primary forest at year y3

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt secondary forest at year y3

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt cropland at year y3

Biomass burningha

Eenergy,PCO2 emissions from transport and machinery usetC
during year yJ,yConsumption of oil during year y
Combustion
fossilfuels

LCy

kt-C TJ-1

CC

-

ODU

tCO2e

DEy

of
from

Carbon content of oil (Gasoline)transport

TJ

andmachinery use
Combustion
fossil

fuels

of
from

Oxidized during use factor
transport

andmachinery use
Displacement of emissions during the period y
Displacement of CO2 emissions during monitoring

DECO2,yCarbon stock

tCO2

year ymm

Displacement of CH4 and N2O emissions during

DEfire,yBiomass burning

tCO2e

year monitoring ym due to forest firesm

5. Calculation of discount factor
Discount factor

30

32

%

JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0[List of Default Values]
Emission Factors of carbon pool j of stratum i
Carbon stock in above ground biomass of stratum i
Primary forest

200

tC ha-1

EF1,1Secondary forest

100

tC ha-1

EF2,1

Cropland30

tC ha-1

EF4,1

%

RAtoB

Ratio to below-ground biomass, all types of forest.

37.0

Emission factor of carbon stock in dead wood, all types

14

tC ha-1
EFi,3

of forest

Average mass of fuel available for combustion per hectare
Primary forest

119.6 * 0.36

t ha-1MB1 * Cf

Secondary forest

42.2 * 0.55

t ha-1MB2 * Cf

Cropland (rice residues)

5.5 * 0.80

t ha-1MB4 * Cf

Emission factor for forest fire
CH4

6.8

g kg-dm burnt-1

Gef-CH4

N2 O

0.2

g kg-dm burnt-1

Gef-N2O

CH4

25

-

GWP

N2 O

298

-

GWP

Carbon content of oil (Gasoline)

18.7

Kt-C TJ-1

CC

Oxidized during use factor

1.0

-

ODU

Discount factor

30

%

DF

Global Warming Potential

・ The Input Sheet of the Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet consists of a table ofparameters to be monitored ex post, and parameters to be fixed ex ante, which, combined,should provide a complete listing of the data that needs to be collected for the applicationof the methodology. The tables may include data that is collected from other sources (e.g.
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JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

official statistics, expert judgment, proprietary data, IPCC Guidelines, commercial andscientific literature, etc.), measured, or sampled. Parameters that are calculated withequations provided in the methodology should not be included in this section.
For the “Parameters to be monitored ex post”(table 1), the following items are filled:
Parameter: the variable used in equations in the proposed methodology;
Description of data: a clear and unambiguous description of the parameter;
Estimated value: this field is for the project participants to fill in to calculate emission
reductions or removals, and may be left blank in the proposed methodology.
Unit: The International System Unit (SI units – refer to<http://www.bipm.fr/enus/3_SI/si.html>)
・ Monitoring option: please select option(s) from below. If appropriate, please provide theorder of priority and the conditions when the options are chosen.
Option A: Based on public data which is measured by entities other than the
project participants (Data used: publicly recognized data such as statistical dataand specifications)
Option B: Based on the amount of transaction which is measured directly using
measuring equipments (Data used: commercial evidence such as invoices)・ Option C: Based on the actual measurement using measuring equipments (Data used:measured values)
・ Source of data: A description which data sources should be used to determine thisparameter. Clearly indicate how the values are to be selected and justified, for example,
by explaining:・ What types of sources are suitable (official statistics, expert judgment, proprietarydata, IPCC, commercial and scientific literature, etc.);
・ What spatial level of data is suitable (local, regional, national, international).
・ Measurement methods and procedures: For option B and C, a description of themeasurement procedures or reference to appropriate standards. Provide also QA/QC
procedures.
・ Monitoring frequency: A description of the frequency of monitoring (e.g. continuously,
annually, etc).
・ Other Comments: Other input not covered by the items above.
・ Where applicable, the table “Parameters to be fixed ex ante”(table 2), should also adhere
to the instruction provided above. Data that is determined only once and remains fixedshould be considered under “J. Data and parameters fixed ex ante”.

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JCM_LA_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Annex I.
National definition of forest for REDD-plus under the JCM of Lao
People’s Democratic Republic
1.

The forest definition of Lao People’s Democratic Republic is: area>= 0.5 ha, crowndensity>= 20% of trees with DBH>=10cm (no threshold for height)2.

2

Forest Cover Assessment report 2010, MAF; and confirmed through a minutes of meeting
signed by DDG DOF (dated 24/10/2014).
35