IGA NEWS1

I GA New s No. 83

New slet t er of t he I nt ernat ional Geot herm al Association
Quart erly No. 83

IGA ACTIVITIES
Message from the President
Roland N. Horne
Happy New Year for 2011, and Gong Xi Fa Cai ????????
for the Year of the Rabbit. 2011 brings some new changes
for IGA, and some continuing changes for geothermalenergy. For IGA, one of the most important events willbe the transfer of the IGA Secretariat from Reykjavik,
Iceland to Bochum, Germany. This transfer is taking place
in February. The full-time post of Executive Director, soably filled by Arni Ragnarsson in Iceland, will transfer toMarietta Sander, who will take up the job in mid-February.
Until recently, Ms. Sander has been the Project Manager of
the Geothermal Energy Project in the Federal Institute forGeosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) in Germany,
and also has had extensive international experience incollaborative projects in Vietnam, South Africa and Peru.
She is fluent in German, English, Spanish and French, andsome Vietnamese. Ms. Sander is a truly excellent fit as
IGA’s Executive Director, and I have a high degree ofconfidence that she will help lead IGA to new strength.
Please join me in welcoming her to this new post.
The move to Bochum also brings IGA a new host. In
Iceland, we have been supported generously by Samorka
and by the Icelandic geothermal community. In Germany,
our new host will be the Bochum University of Applied
Sciences, with generous support from His Excellency
Johannes Remmel, Minister for Climate, Environment,
Agriculture and Consumer Protection of the State ofNorthrhine-Westfalia, Prof. Dr. Martin Sternberg,
President, Bochum University of Applied Sciences, Dr.
Christina Reinhardt, Chancellor, Bochum University ofApplied Sciences, Prof. Dr. Rolf Bracke, Director,
International Geothermal Center – GZB, Prof. Dr. Horst
Rueter, President, GtV - Bundesverband Geothermie, andmembers of the Steering Committee Dr. Frank-Michael
Baumann and Leonhard Thien. We are grateful to ourGerman colleagues for their sustaining support, and welook forward to a fruitful collaboration during the IGA
Secretariat’s residence in Germany.
Considering the current and forward path of thedevelopment of geothermal energy, we have much to bepleased about. To relate a personal story, we have justconcluded the 36th Stanford Geothermal Workshop, heldat Stanford University from January 31 to February 2, 2011.
Typically, the Stanford Workshop has had 120-150

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Contents
IGA ACTIVITIES
Message from the President
DIREC 2010 and the REN Alliance Workshop
Geothermal energy at the recent COP-16 meeting

1
3
3

AMERICASEl Salvador /The first geothermal diploma
course in El Salvador
EUROPE/News from Europe

6
7

ASIA
China
/Industrial synergies between
geothermal energy and waste heat recovery
11
Philippines / Renewable Energy and Expo 2010
held in the Philippines
12
AFRICA
Kenya/Exploratrion drilling starts in
Menengai prospect, Kenya
Rwanda/Regional geothermal training
workshop on policy and development andharmonization, Kigali, Rwanda,
7-11 December 2010
UPCOMING EVENTS
Geothermal meetings

13

13

2

participants, from about 12 countries, with about 50-60
papers presented. However, this year we had 280
participants, from 23 countries, with 141 papers (126presented). This was a gigantic increase, and is a reflectionof the huge expansion of interest in geothermal energy
development. Significantly, of the 280 participants about
160 were from the USA and about 120 from othercountries – so the expansion of interest is not restricted to
the USA but is rather an international phenomenon.
Clearly, with almost double the usual attendance, we hadmany new people at Stanford this year, but of particular
encouragement to me was the number of them who wereyoung. A n industr y tha t c ontinue s to e ng e nde r
enthusiasm among young people is one that has thecapacity to grow. Young people bring new ideas, newenergy and a new future.
The expansion of activity extends well beyond
Stanford. The worldwide summaries reported at theJanuary - March 2011

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World Geothermal Congress 2010 for worldwide Direct
Use by Lund, Freeston, and Boyd, and for worldwide
Power Generation by Bertani revealed that around US$10
billion have been invested in geothermal projects over the
past five years, by 46 countries: 33% in Asia by 7 countries,
4% in Africa by 5 countries, 21% in Europe by24xcountries, 27% in the Americas by 8 countries, 15% in
Oceania by 2 countries. Of those countries reporting on
investment in geothermal, 28% was for direct-use projects
in 29 countries, 22% was for electric power projects in 8
countries, and the remaining 50% was for research anddevelopment and for field development. The leaders indirect-use project investments were China, Switzerland,
Korea, Ireland and Turkey. In electric power plantinvestment the leaders were New Zealand, Turkey, UnitedStates, Mexico and Kenya.
Personnel active in geother mal also expanded.
Approximately 45,600 person-years of professional effort
were allocated to geothermal development (the counting
was restricted to personnel with university degrees) in 43
countries during the period 2005-2009 for both direct-use
and electrical power (no distinction was made between thetwo). The average was 1,060 person-years/country, withcountries allocating more than 1,000 person-years being
Germany, Philippines, USA, Japan, Netherlands, New
Zealand and China. The following were the regional
allocations: 28% in Asia by 7 countries, 1% in Africa by 5
countries, 51% in Europe by 21 countries, 16% in theAmericas by 8 countries, 4% in Oceania by 2 countries.
Approximately 2089 wells were drilled in 37 countries
during the period 2005-2009 for both direct-use andelectric power. Shallow heat pump wells were noti n c l u d e d i n t h e s e f i g u r e s. T h e a ve r a g e w a s 5 6
wells/country, and the countries drilling more than 100
wells were: USA, China, Turkey, Iceland, Korea, India and
New Zealand. The following are the regional allocations:
40% in Asia by 6 countries, 2% in Africa by 4 countries,
20% in Europe by 16 countries, 29% in the Americas by 9
countries, 9% in Oceania by 2 countries. Of the total
number of wells drilled, 44% were for direct-use, 36%
were for electric power, 20% were for combined use, andless than 1% were for “other”.
(We should all be grateful to John Lund, Ruggero
Bertani, Toni Boyd and the late Derek Freeston for theirconsiderable effort in collating these data. The data
themselves were collected and submitted by each of thecountry member associations of IGA. If you areinterested in more details, you can download the full
papers from the IGA website.)
Of course all of you, our IGA members, are thecomponents of this expanding geothermal world. All ofus have new excitements and new challenges in front ofus!

January - March 2011

I GA New s No. 83

UPCOMING EVENTSEGU2011 Annual Meeting, Sessions “Deepgeothermal resources – development, operation andmanagement” and “Deep geothermal resources –reservoir assessment and exploration”, Vienna, Austria,
3-8 April 2011. Website: http://meetings. Copern
icus.Org/egu2011
International Workshop on Scaling and Mineral
Deposition in Geothermal Fields, 25-27 April 2011,
Manila, Philippines. Contact: ogena@energy.com.ph
World Renewable Energy Congress (WREC) 2011,8-13 May 2011, Linkoping, Sweden. Website:www.wrec2011.com
7th International Geothermal Conference, 11-12
May 011, Freiburg, Germany. Contact: agentur@ener
change.de10th IEA Heat Pump Conference, 16-19 May 2011,
Tokyo, Japan. Website: www.hpc2011.org
Geothermal Energy Utilization Associated with
Oil and Gas Development, 13-15 June 2010, Dallas,
TX, USA. Contact: blackwel@smu.edu
4 5 t h U S Ro c k M e c h a n i c s / G e o m e c h a n i c s
Symposium, 26-29 June 2011, San Francisco,California, USA.
Website: http://www.armasymposium.org
IUGG General Assembly 2011, 28 June – 7 July 2011,
Symposia “Heat Flow, Tectonics and Geothermal
Energy” and “Physics of the seismic process: fromlaboratory studies to field observations”, Melbourne,
Australia. Website: http://www.iug g2011.Com/program-iaspei.asp
Geothermal Investment Forum and Networking
Event, 14 September 2011, Toronto, Canada. Website:www.cangea.ca
GRC 35th Annual Meeting, 23-26 October 2011,
San Diego, CA, USA. Website: www.geothermal.org
Geothermal Power Forum and Networking Event,
9 November 2011, Calg ar y, Canada. Website:www.cangea.ca
Sustainable Earth Science Conference, 8-11
N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 1 , Va l e n c i a , S p a i n . We b s i t e :http://www.eage.org/events/index.php?eventid=551&Opendivs=s3
Kenya Geothermal Conference, 21-23 November
2011, Nairobi, Kanya. Website: www.gdc.co.kew w w.geot herm al- energy.org

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I GA New s No. 83

DIREC 2010 and the REN
Alliance Workshop
Marcel Rosca, University of Oradea
Formed in 2004 at the time of the Bonn International
Renewable Energy Conference, the REN Alliance is ap a r t n e r s h i p o f f ive i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s
representing the spectrum of renewable energy. The
partners of the Alliance comprise the International
Geothermal Association (IGA), International Hydropower
Association (IHA), International Solar Energy (ISES),World Bioenergy Association (WBA) and World Wind
Energy Association (WWEA).
The strategic plan for 2010-2012 aims at strengthening
the organizational structure of the REN Alliance andscaling up the range of activities in order to support a
rapid deployment of renewable energy worldwide. Fivework activities have been identified as key to thedevelopment of renewables and these form the core of
the strategic plan. One strategic activity (number 5) is“Optimizing renewable energy systems”, which explores
ways for renewable energy technologies to be more
efficient by interacting with each other.
The first REN Alliance Workshop on the Optimization
Project was organized in Delhi, India, on October 26th,
2010, just before the official opening of the Delhi
International Renewable Energ y Conference 2010
(DIREC 2010). All REN Alliance partner organizations
selected one or more experts to attend the Workshop andcontribute to the Optimization project. The IGA BoD
delegated Marcel Rosca for this task. The Workshop
participants presented the state-of-the-art of thetechnology used for each of the renewable energy sourcesand different technical and economic possibilities forrenewables working together. The Workshop ended witha discussion on the outline of the Scoping Paper on
Renewable Energy Optimization, which was finalized laterby e-mail communications.
The President of India, Pratibha Devisingh Patil,
inaugurated DIREC 2010 at the Ministry of New andRenewable Energy in New Delhi. The Conference washeld from 27th to 29th October, 2010, at the India Expo
Centre & Mart Greater Noida. Energy Ministers of morethan 50 countries and official delegates of almost 70
countries participated in the conference and deliberated on
the vital issues of renewables and energy security, climatechange and economic development. More than 13,000
delegates from about 70 countries participated in the main
conference, which had 250 speakers, and more than
20,000 persons visited the exhibition, which had about 600
e xhibitors. A full re por t c a n be dow nloa de d a t
http://www.direc2010.gov.in.
Geother mal was mentioned a few times in theconference as one of the renewable energy sources, butmainly related to heating and cooling. At the exhibition,w w w.geot herm al- energy.org

though, it was rather absent, most stands being on solar,
followed by wind, some bioenergy, and almost no hydro.
It appears that geothermal has never been considered apotential energ y source in India, but the Indian
Government is now starting to show interest in developing
the available resources.
None of the 11 Parallel Workshops and 29 Official
Side Events organized during the conference was directly
related to geothermal energy. The REN Alliance alsoorganized an Official Side Event on the 27th October,with the title “Renewables Working Together Worldwide:
Optimisation and Establishing a Global Renewable
Energy Investment Fund”, where the representatives ofthe partner organisations discussed options for the
implementation of such a fund, including why optimising
the synergies between renewables is key to up-scaling andmainstreaming renewables for solving global energy,
climate and development challenges.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY AT THE
RECENT COP-16 MEETING
Luis C.A. Gutiérrez-Negrín, Mexican
Geothermal Association
The United Nations Climate Change Conference COP16/CMP-6 was held in the Mexican beach resort ofCancun, Mexico, through November 28-December 10,

Front page of flyer announcing the side event

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Mexico’s pavilion at the Cancunmesse
2010. The Conference of the Parties (COP) is thesupreme body of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), adopted on 9
May 1992 in New York and signed at the 1992 Earth
Summit in Rio de Janeiro by more than 150 countries andthe European Economic Community. The first session of
the COP (COP-1) was held in Berlin (1995), followed by
Geneva (1996), Kyoto (1997), Buenos Aires (1998), Bonn
(1999), The Hague/Bonn (2000, 2001), Marrakech (2001),
Delhi (2002), Milan (2003), Buenos Aires (2004), Montreal(2005), Nairobi (2006), Bali (2007), Poznan (2008),
Copenhagen (2009), and Cancun (2010). The ultimate
objective of the UNFCCC is the “stabilization ofgreenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a levelthat would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interferencewith the climate system”. Article 1 of the UNFCCC
defines climate change as “a change of climate which is
attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters
the composition of the global atmosphere and which is inaddition to natural climate variability observed overcomparable time periods”.
The sixth meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol(CMP-6) was held at the same time.
Delegates from 194 nations, and representatives ofvarious non-governmental groups, gathered in Cancun for
two weeks of discussion aimed at making progress on a
handful of issues rather than an overall agreement thatwould legally bind nations to reduce emissions. However,the conference started with calls for decisive action to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions worldwide as part of aneffort to curb global warming.
In his opening remarks, Mexican President Felipe
Calderón said the world may not be able to wait much
longer for decisive action. He said climate change isalready a reality for Mexico and the whole planet. He citedrecent deadly floods in Mexico, Guatemala and Pakistan,
as well as disasters in Russia and Africa, as evidence thatclimate change is already disrupting life for many of theworld’s people.
The threat is especially keen for small island nations –rising sea levels caused by global warming threaten theirvery existence. These nations wanted the world to commit
to keeping global temperature no higher than 1.5 °C above
pre-industrial levels – an ambitious goal given that world
leaders struggled to commit to a two-degree limit at the
COP-15.
Besides the official meetings, around 240 side-eventswere held by intergovernmental and non-governmentalorganizations (IGOs and NGOs, respectively) in analternate venue – the so called Cancunmesse. These sideevents were also convened and programmed by the
UNFCCC Secretariat, and one of them was organized by
the International Renewable Energy Alliance (REN
Alliance), which currently brings together the International
Geother mal Association (IGA), the International

GEOTHERMICS
International Journal of Geothermal Research and its Applications

Published under the auspices of the International Geothermal Association
Content of the latest issues: http:/www.elsevier.com/locate/geothermics

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I GA New s No. 83
Hydropower Association (IHA), the International Solar
Energy Society (ISOS), the World Bioenergy Association(WBA) and the World Wind Energy Association (WWEA).
The side-event hosted by the REN Alliance was titled“Towards Global Feed-in Tariff Funds”, and was officiallyregistered and scheduled to be held on Tuesday, December
7, from 20:15 to 21:45 hours in one of the rooms of the
Cancunmesse. The event was announced through flyers
and the REN Alliance networks, with the following
features:

TOWARDS GLOBAL FEED-IN TARIFF
FUNDS
LEADING PROPOSALS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
IMPLEMENTATIONREN Alliance – the partnership of the world’s
bioenergy, geothermal, hydro, solar and wind sector
organizations – is pleased to host Deutsche Bank,Greenpeace, and the UN Department of Economic andSocial Affairs who will present and discuss their leading
proposals for global feed-in tariff funds. These will betested against the realities of each renewable energy
technolog y with recommendations made for
implementation
ProgramWelcome & Introductions
Duration: 5 minModerator: REN Alliance representative (Lau Saili)
Introduction to Deutsche Bank’s “GET FiT” (Global
Energy Transfer Feed-in Tariffs programme)
Duration: 10 min
Guest Speaker: Mark Fulton, Global Head of Climate
Change Investment Research, Deutsche Bank.
Introduction to Greenpeace’s “FTSM” (Feed-In Tariff
Support Mechanism)
Duration: 5 min
Guest Speaker: Wendell Trio, Climate Policy Director,
Greenpeace.
Introduction to UN DESA’s “G-FIT-F” (Global Feed-In
Tariff Fund)
Duration: 5 min
Guest Speaker: Andrew Yager, Chief Officer: Water,
Energy and Strategies, UN DESA.
Role of Each Renewable Energy Technology in Global
Renewable Feed-In Tariff Funds
Duration: 25 min (5 min per technology)
Speakers:
Luis C.A. Gutiérrez-Negrín, Member: Board of Directors,
International Geothermal Association
Cameron Ironside, Programme Director, International
Hydropower Association
David Renné, President, International Solar Energy
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5
Kent Nyström, President, World Bioenergy Association
Tanay Sidki Uyar, Vice President, World Wind Energy
Association
Panel-Panel & Audience-Panel Discussion
Duration: 30 min
Moderator: REN Alliance representative (Lau Saili)
Summary & Conclusions
Duration: 5 minModerator: REN Alliance representative (Lau Saili)
The event ran as planned. Attendance fluctuated, witha peak of 40-50 persons. The presentation of the IGA
representative can be found in the proper section of the
IGA website, and basically was focused on why FiT
schemes are important (and desirable) for geothermal
development, in spite of having almost 11 GW ofgeothermal-electric installed capacity operating without
FiT in hydrothermal reservoirs around the world. To
achieve higher levels of geothermal deployment, financial
support, economic incentives and risk mitig ation
mechanisms are necessary because of: (a) the high upfront
investment cost of new projects due to the need to drill
wells, in addition to the construction and installation of
power plants; (b) the high risk in the initial stage in new
projects in hydrothermal systems (the success rate of thefirst exploration wells ranges 20-60%); and (c) the highrisk in the current technical performance of EGS projects.
Feed-in tariffs with defined geothermal pricing have beenvery successful in attracting commercial investment insome European countries such as Germany, Switzerland,
Belgium and Austria, among others, as past IGA President
Ladsi Rybach has pointed out.
In particular, the GET FiT program of the DeutscheBank, quickly presented in the side event by Mark Fulton,
is a concept specifically to support both renewable energy
scale-up and energy access in the developing world
through the creation of new international public-private
partnerships, with the public partner implementing astrong and transparent regulatory environment andfunding for the renewable premium while the private
sector deploys capital to fund the projects.
The FTSM mechanism, presented by the Climate
Policy Director of Greenpeace, has as its ultimate
objective the provision of bankable and long term stablesupport for the development of a local renewable energy
market. The tariffs would bridge the gap between
conventional power generation costs and those ofrenewable generation. It proposes, for countries withhigher levels of potential renewable capacity, the creationof a new sectoral no-lose mechanism generating emission
reduction credits for sale to Annex I countries, with theproceeds being used to offset part of the additional costof the feed-in tariff system. For other countries, there
would need to be a more directly funded approach topaying for the additional costs to consumers of the tariff.
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I GA New s No. 83

it being the only one devoted to feed-in tariffs among all
the 240 side events, as one of the attendees pointed out. It
was also a relevant forum to spread the word aboutgeothermal energy, since it was also the only side event
where geothermal was mentioned.
Prior to the side event, the IGA representative
participated in a brief TV interview taped and laterbroadcast by Climate-Change TV, the world’s web channel
dedicated entirely to discussions of global climate change
effects and run under the auspices of RTCC (Responding
to Climate Change). The interview was scheduled inadvance, under the title: “Geothermal energy and its
possible contribution to mitigation of climate change”, andthe theme: “Present status of geothermal energy in theworld and its potential to replace non-renewable sources togenerate heat and electricity, so contributing to mitigationof climate change”. The TV interview lasted around 10
minutes (12:00-12:10 hours, December 7), with a couple ofquestions and answers around the mentioned theme. It is
worth mentioning that this was the only TV interview in
the COP-16 devoted to geothermal energy, among morethan 100 interviews.
The COP 16 finished by adopting the Cancun Accord,
signed by all the delegations except Bolivia. It provides forthe creation of a Green Fund of $100 billion USD to bedelivered to the more vulnerable developing countries up
to 2020 in order to mitigate climate change. Although it
was not agreed where the funds will come from, and whichmust be the goals for GHG emission reductions, theagreement allows that crucial issues, such as continuationof the Kyoto Protocol, the mandatory actions, the rules

for channeling economic resources and the world warming
range below 2°C by 2015, can be discussed and negotiatedin the next COP 17 to be held in South Africa in 2011.

AMERICASEl Salvador
The first geothermal diploma
course in El Salvador
Francisco E. Montalvo, LaGeo
The first geothermal diploma course at the University
of El Salvador was carried out with the support of the
Italian Cooperation involving the participation of lecturers
from the Institute for Geosciences and Earth Resources of
the National Research Council of Italy (IGG-CNR),
University of El Salvador (UES) - San Salvador, LaGeo –Santa Tecla, CONACYT (Scientific and TechnicalResearch Centre) of El Salvador and the University ofPaler mo (UNIPA) Italy. Central America is rich ingeothermal resources; therefore it is necessary to giveimportance to the training of new specialists in geothermal
resources in the region. The current energy crisis and theavailability of resources in the area focuses the need toinitiate and strengthen participation by young professionals
and technicians in academic-scientific and technical skills,
making the diploma course sustainable in the immediate
future.

Figure 1. Participants of the Geothermal Diploma Course at the University of El Salvador.

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I GA New s No. 83
The objective was to create a knowledge base throughregional processes of training of future researchers andtechnicians from the Central American countries. In thissense, the establishment of a training programme ingeother mal activities could technically support theGovernment in the execution and implementation ofnational energy policies and strategies, starting a screeningof the Central American region to discover moregeothermal potential. An expected consequence of thisobjective is that the diploma course will be helpful inpromoting and improving academic and research
institutions as far as the energy field of investigation isconcerned. Finally these efforts will contribute toknowledge of the geothermal energy potential from asocio-cultural point of view. The establishment of a
Faculty of Geosciences and Earth Resources, as provided
by the University of El Salvador (UES) would ensure afuture of hig h-le ve l tra ining of re se a rche rs a ndpractitioners in the field, with the UES becoming a
regional point of reference. The diploma course lasted 8
months, with one month of field practice. It began in Apriland ended in December 2010 with a Geothermal Congress,
where all the students presented the results of theirpractical work, related to different disciplines like
Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geology, Power Plants andEnvironmental aspects of geothermal projects.
Thirty nine students and professionals (Figure 1) withdifferent academic college backgrounds, among them
Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical and Civil Engineers,
Chemists and Mathematicians, were trained in theG e o t h e r m a l D i p l o m a C o u r s e a t t h e Fa c u l t y o fEngineering and Architecture of the University of El
Salvador. All the students, among them 3 from Nicaragua,
were granted a fellowship under the auspicious of the
Italian Cooperation. The diploma course also included abrief training course in the IGG-CNR of Pisa, for the 3
selected students with the best academic record.

EUROPE
NEWS from EUROPE
Philippe Dumas, EGEC
10.02.2011
Sometimes Europe has to look at other continents forbest practice example about RES
T he Indonesian g over nment will soon issue aministerial decree ordering state electricity company PT
PLN to buy power produced by geothermal power plants
across the nation to reduce the company’s energ yprocurement costs amid surging global oil prices. The
decree will pave the way for the resumption of several
geothermal projects that have been delayed for a long timeby disagreement over their proposed electricity prices.

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07.02.2011
2nd European Geothermal PhD Day, Reykjavik,
Iceland
The second European Geothermal PhD day took place
1-2 March, 2011, in Reykjavik, Iceland. Organized by
Icelandic students, the aim of the event was to provide aplatform for students to broaden their geothermal horizonand establish a fir m network of future geother mal
specialists.
04.01.2011
Geothermal: an innovative solutions for snow-melting
During this winter, several airports closed, trains were
delayed and roads were blocked due to the snow.
Geothermal is an innovative solutions for snow-melting
and de-icing of transport infrastructures.
Find more information in our EGEC brochure.
16.12.2010
EGEC 2010 statistics on deep geothermal
EGEC publishes today its first statistical report on deep
geothermal installations in Europe: both geothermal power
plants and district heating systems. Report on electricity geothermal DH
8.12.2010
Geothermal will be key for an optimal energy mix
More than 200 company representatives from 20
countries attended the Geopower Europe 2010
Conference today in Paris. As one of the sources with very
high potential and zero emissions, geothermal energy
nevertheless received poor attention in the National
Renewable Energy Action Plans of the EU-27 Member
States and in the last two EC Communications on ‘Energy
Strategy 2020’ and ‘Energy infrastructure priorities’.
During this EGEC conference, a main finding was thatgeothermal energy can and will be a major contributor to a
2050 energy scenario with the less costly energy mix.
EGEC Press Release 8 December 2010
A bright future shines on the deep geothermal market
in Europe:
Austria
Drilling of the largest geothermal project in Austria.
A geothermal DH project is currently being developed
for the municipality of Ried. The total investment for thedevelopment and the distribution of the district heating, inthe first expansion phase, will amount to about € 30
million. The goal is to firstly produce around 55 GWh peryear and later in full expansion around 90 GWh of heat..
Denmark
A new company to develop g eother mal DH in
Denmark
The Danish District Heating Association (DDHA) has
now set up a company specifically to develop geothermalenergy as a source of heat supply for district heating.
District heating in Denmark supplies 62 % of all

January - March 2011

8households in the country and covers a little more thanhalf the national demand for space heat and hot tap waterin all buildings. Already a number of g eother mal
installations feed energy into district heating and a numberof projects are under development, while some 32 otherpotential locations have been identified. The state-owned
energy company DONGenergy earlier this year returned
all its concessions for geothermal energy to the Danish
state, as the company will focus on other business areas.
The company has been a partner in most of the current
projects. DDHA sees a need to ensure that existingknowledge is retained and kept available to the Danish
district heating sector. The association therefore set up the
new company in Januar y 2011. T he manag er forinternational affairs in DDHA says: “It’s exciting for us tobe able to promote what is clearly seen as one important
future source of energy for building comfort. We alreadyhave an extensive horizontal distribution system, and now
we acquire the competence to assist district heatingcompanies in extracting this renewable and dependable
energy.” DDHA is a non-profit association organizing themore than 400 district heating utilities, mostly municipal orcooperative, that deliver around 99 % of all district heatingin Denmark.
FranceFrench aid for geothermal EGS project - Roquetteauthorised
On 12 January, the European Commission authorised
France to grant aid of € 25.3 million for the constructionof a heat boiler using geothermal energy in Alsace. The
aid will be granted to a joint venture between Roquette
Frères, Electricité de Strasbourg and Caisse des Dépôts etConsignations. The project also involves the constructionof a 24 MWt geothermal boiler and the construction of a
15-kilometer pipeline to bring the heat from theunderground geothermal source to the Beinheim site. The
use of geothermal energy, a renewable energy source, will
result in a reduction of CO2 emissions by 39,000 tonnes a
year compared to the same volume of heat produced fromnatural gas.
GreeceTender for geother mal potential of unexploredmining areas
The Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate
Change has announced an International Open Tender forthe leasing of the right to explore the geothermal potentialof four unexplored mining areas in Greece: central andsouthern Chios Island, Evros River Delta, Nestos River
Delta and Samothraki Island. The candidates’ bids must be
submitted before 16 February 2011. more
Hungary
Italian companies invest in geothermal in Hungary
According to the Italian Chamber of Commerce in
Hungary, ENI and Edison are contemplating geothermalenergy projects in Hungary. The Italian government is
supporting these companies that would invest in green

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I GA New s No. 83
energy production and have the necessary expertise that
could be deployed in Hungarian projects.
PannErgy has just completed the acquisition of ageothermal energy company: Berekfördo Energia. The
company, which has 320 kWe of generating plant and
450xkWt of installed heat supply, has the ability togenerate HUF 55 – 65 million a year. A second piece ofgood news for Pannergy is the positive decision of theEuropean Investment Bank to approve a credit facility (€110 million) for the company to carry out geothermal
projects.
Ireland
SLR Consulting will analyse deep geothermal resourcesin the Republic of Ireland with support from theSustainable Energy Authority Ireland (SEAI). The projectis designed to advance the exploitation of geothermalenergy to generate renewable electricity. SLR will carry out
a Play Fairway Analysis which will assess the geothermal
exploration risk by analysing the various attributes of thesubsurface of Ireland to a depth of 5000 m. The contract
has been funded by SEAI under its Renewable Energy
Research, Development & Demonstration Programme, theNational Development Plan (of Ireland) and the European
Union.
Italy
The Italian Ministry for Economic Development isfunding a project coordinated by NCR-IGG in Pisa. This2-year project (€ 8 million) aims at evaluating thegeothermal potential of southern Italy, and to propose 8plants (possibly 3 for power generation and 5 for directuses).
Portugal
SOGEO - Open public tender - contract for theprovision of workover and drilling services forgeothermal wells
In the scope of the new investment projects on the useof geothermal resources, SOGEO intends to contract out
all of the drilling services necessary for the workover ofthe geothermal wells CL2 and CL4 and for the drilling of
the directional geothermal well CL8 in the Ribeira Grande
Geothermal Field; there is the possibility of drilling
additional geothermal wells, up to a maximum of threewith an expected maximum depth of 1,500 m, at theoption of the awarding entity. The closing date was 7
March 2011.
more
SerbiaMannvit Awarded Contract for Renewable Energy
Consulting in Serbia
Mannvit, as a member of a consortium led by the
Spanish consulting firm Eptisa, has recently been awarded
a new contract in the Republic of Serbia. The European
Union has allocated € 1.5 million for a project entitled“Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources and Energy
Efficiency” that aims to contribute to sustainablew w w.geot herm al- energy.org

I GA New s No. 83
development in Serbia. This consulting project is being
conducted for the Serbian Ministry of Mining and Energy,
to explore renewable energ y sources, specificallygeothermal energy and combined heat and power (CHP)
potential. Mannvit will, for the next 18 months, act asproject coordinator in the mapping of geothermal energy
resources in Serbia with the consortium partners, select thethree most favorable areas in cooperation with the ministry
and conduct pre-feasibility studies for geother mal
utilization at the three sites. Mannvit will also contribute to
the study of the CHP market in Serbia.
Slovakia
Changes in the Promotion of Renewable Energy
In December 2010, the Slovak Parliament adopted an
Amendment to the Renewable Energy Sources (RES)
Promotion Act. The RES Promotion Act revises the rulesthat support electricity produced from renewable energy
sources, and introduces new rules that support the highefficiency cogeneration of electricity. A RES electricity
producer is entitled to an additional payment on a feed-in
tariff for 15 years after the initial operation, reconstruction,or modernisation of a facility. The feed-in tariff used forthe calculation of the additional payment will be the samefor the entire period during which the electricity producer
is entitled to the additional payment. The producers may
enjoy the 2011 feed-in tariffs for geothermal energy:€x195.84/MWh.
Switzerland
AXPO enters the geothermal market
The Swiss energy company Axpo, a new member of
EGEC, has established a competence center for
geothermal energy in Glattbrugg. The first project inwhich the company will be involved is participation in apromising and drill ready project in Taufkirchen in
Bavaria/ Germany. Axpo plans to operate its own longterm geothermal power plants at suitable locations in
Switzerland. “Geothermal Energy has a strong technicalpotential in Switzerland with a long ter m energ ygeneration of up to 17 TWh per year”, declared CEO
Heinz Karrer of Axpo Holding AG.
TurkeyNew financing for geothermal projects in Turkey
Turkish legislation guaranteeing prices and incentives
for energy from renewable resources may pave the way for
new geothermal power investments as the country seeks tomeet rising electricity demand. Lawmakers ratified the law
on 2 January 2011. The law sets guaranteed prices of 7.3
U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour for wind and hydroelectricenergy from licensed plants, 13.3 cents for solar andbiomass and 10.5 cents for geothermal. Additional
incentives for using local equipment may add 0.4 cents to
2.4 cents to the price for five years.
Moreover, the European Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment (EBRD) has launched a new financing
facility to support Turkey’s investments in renewableenergy and energy efficiency projects to increase energy

w w w.geot herm al- energy.org

9savings and decrease carbon emissions. In the new Midsize Sustainable Energy Financing Facility (MidSEFF), the
EBRD will offer a total of € 400 million in loans toTurkish banks for lending to private sector companies toundertake mid-size renewable energy, waste-to-energy andindustrial energy efficiency investments.
Enel Green Power (EGP), Italy’s biggest renewableenergy company, has agreed a deal to develop geothermalenergy in Turkey as the group moves to expand. EGP has
reached an agreement with the Uzun group (Turkish
Meteor consortium) to set up a company that will hold 142
exploration licences covering areas in the Aegean andMarmara regions to explore for geothermal resources in
the west of Turkey. Enel could build a 100 MWegeothermal power plant with a € 350 million investment.
Installed geothermal capacity in Turkey stands at 86 MWeand Ankara intends to develop an additional 600 MWe
through 2015. Turkey’s regulatory framework provides for
10-year incentives that vary according to the energy
resource used, with a further five-year incentive if theequipment used is made in Turkey.
EBRD will hire consultants to assess the geothermalmarket in Turkey:
The European Bank for Reconstr uction andDevelopment is considering a wide range of renewableenergy proposals in Turkey, some of which are in thegeothermal sector, and as such requires a consultant toprovide an assessment of the geothermal market in Turkey.
The current EBRD objective is to enable the Bank toeffectively assess geothermal project risks and makeinformed decisions on the financing of these projects.
Turkey orders Pratt’s power units:
Pratt & Whitney Power Systems has received orders
from Turkey for three more of its special low-heatelectricity conversion systems. Pratt said the orders launch
it into the Turkish renewable energy market. Turkey’s
Jeoden Electricity production plant in Denizli, near Izmir,
Turkey, is scheduled to be operational in April using three
PureCycle modules to generate up to 780 kWe of net
energy from a naturally occurring geothermal formation.
The project will be installed, owned and operated by
Jeoden Geothermal, a joint venture between NRG Enerji
and MDO Group.
United Kingdom
Three winners get hot £1.1m prize in Geothermal UK
competition
Three geothermal projects run by Keele University,
Newcastle and Durham University and Cofely District
Energy in Southampton have won a total of £1.1 million
in funding from the Government’s Deep Geothermal
Challenge Fund’s second round.
This second round has concentrated on heat-only
projects. The Government continues to see a strong future
for all types of deep geothermal energ y. The Deep
Geothermal Challenge fund was set up to help companies
carry out exploratory work needed to find viable sites for

January - March 2011

10
this technology. The funding has been allocated as follows:* £500,000 to Keele University, to drill a 1200m borehole
to provide g eother mal heat for their proposedsustainable campus;* £400,000 to a Newcastle/Durham University project tofund the drilling, hydraulic testing and geophysicallogging of a 2km deep borehole at ‘Science Central’, alarge development in central Newcastle. The team plansto drill through old mining tunnels to search forgeothermal energy under the city centre. Researchers
from Newcastle University who are leading the project
hope it could initially provide up to 5MWt of thermalenergy, with potentially more heat and electricity fromfuture boreholes. Drilling is expected to begin next
week, pending a number of official permissions.
* £200,000 to Cofely District Energy Limited, to part-fund
the refit of the Southampton deep geothermal well.
The first round concentrated on deep geothermal
power, and the two successful Cornwall-based projects
continue to move ahead. Cornwall Council granted EGS
Energy planning permission for its geothermal plant. Workon drilling is expected to start in the second half of nextyear, with electricity to be produced towards the end of
2013. The plant, which will be situated on the north sideof the Eden Project site, is due to produce up to 4MWefor use by the attraction. The surplus, which will supply
approximately 5,000 homes, will go to the National Grid.
In addition, heat produced by the plant will be used to

January - March 2011

I GA New s No. 83
provide warmth for the Eden Project Biomes.
Ry a n L aw, m a n a g i n g d i r e c t o r o f G e o t h e r m a lEngineering, said the firm has been holding extensive
meetings with an unnamed potential investor from the oiland gas sector for its proposed £40m geothermal plant in
Redruth, Cornwall. The company is planning to make aformal funding announcement in the coming months andthen expects to start drilling the first well by October thisyear. The 4.5km-deep well is expected to access rocks thatreach temperatures of up 200°C and is intended to befollowed by two further wells. Geothermal Engineering has
already raised the £10.5 million needed to complete thefirst well and test the viability of the site through a mix ofprivate sector backers and a £1.5 million grant awarded by
the Department of Energy and Climate Change in 2009.
The company will still need to raise a further £30 million
to complete the project if it is to achieve its goal ofbringing the plant online in 2013.
Europe’s largest geothermal heat pump is up andrunning in London
The London shopping centre ‘One New Change’
officially began use of the largest geothermal heat pump in
Europe at the end of January 2011. Sustainability has been
central in the design of One New Change, which has
reduced its carbon footprint by at least 10% through theuse of geothermal energy on site. This equates to a savingof around 900 tonnes of C0 2 emissions annually. Thew w w.geot herm al- energy.org

I GA New s No. 83
development has maximised its energy efficiency throughthe use of large-scale geothermal heating technology. Thissystem means One New Change can be heated and cooledwith extreme ease simply by using geothermal energy.
Land Securities has installed a ground source energy
system which is the largest commercial application of thetechnology in Europe: drilling to a depth of 150 metres
and installation of pipework which spans 60km in length.
According to the owner of the shopping centre the system
will save around £300,000 on heating bills each year.

ASIA
China
Industrial Synergies Between
Geothermal Energy and Waste
Heat Recovery
Cully Cavness, Thomas J. Watson Fellow
The g eother mal industr y’s future faces numerous
challenges and obstacles, many of which have grownfamiliar to seasoned geothermal professionals. Financing,resource assessment, drilling, reservoir management,
supply chain management, and plant operations havebecome the standard list of hurdles for institutions
throughout the geothermal value chain. This article offersa broadly applicable strategy for addressing these and otherproblems: leverage overlaps and synergies in technicallyrelated but otherwise disconnected industries.
Geothermal professionals understand the industry’s
multidisciplinary demands. Financing, drilling, and power
cycle engineering all present totally unique challenges, yet
successful geothermal developers must coordinate thesedisparate disciplines along with many others. Luckily, thegeothermal industry is not alone, and other industries
share overlapping challenges. As a result, the geothermal
industr y can tap into many related, but currently
underutilized sources of technology, best practices, skills,
and expertise. Research outside the geothermal industry
may reveal new tricks and tips for the geothermal projectsof tomorrow.
This article will explore one specific example of suchoverlap: Industrial Waste Heat Recovery. Subsequent
articles and essays will investigate the manifold otherexamples of potential collaboration for the geothermalenergy industry.
Industrial Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) is the processof recycling hot gas or liquid waste streams from industrial
point sources like cement mills, steel mills, or refineries.
Arrangements of heat exchangers, steam turbines, andgenerators can harness industrial waste heat streams inmuch the same way as geothermal brine, thus creatingw w w.geot herm al- energy.org

11
continuous electricity production without consuming
additional fossil fuel.
Predictably, both geothermal and WHR face many of
the same engineering challenges like boosting power cycle
efficiency, avoiding scaling, preventing corrosion,accommodating heat input variability, condenser/coolingsystem optimization, and more. One very importantobstacle for both industries is the challenge of effectively
harnessing low-temperature heat resources. The problem
arises from condensation-exacerbated corrosion andCarnot efficiency limitations in low-temperature power
cycle systems.
Low temperature resources represent enor mous
opportunities for both geothermal and WHR industries.
The western United States, for example, abounds with lowtemperature geothermal resources that are just outside thewindow of viable economics. Similarly, the amount ofwasted industrial heat in America and internationally isstunning, and a significant portion is contained inuntapped low-temperature waste with marginal recovery
economics. Thus, improvements in low-temperature
resource exploitation by either the geothermal or WHR
industry can expand the economic possibilities of bothindustries.
Take, for example, recent improvements to the Rankine
Cycle – a standard technology in both geothermal and
WHR. Alexander Kalina, a Russian émigré to the UnitedStates, invented, patented, and commercialized Kalina
Cycle technology in the 1980’s. The technology deploys anammonia-based working fluid blend that increases heatacquisition efficiency and extends the viable temperature
range of Rankine power cycles. Kalina technolog yenhances the efficiency of Rankine cycles by allowing a
non-isothermal heat exchange process during working
fluid expansion and condensation. Essentially, Kalina’s
invention improves a Rankine cycle’s efficiency at lower
temperatures, and can be used to economically harness
resources as cool as 100°C.
The technology found early deployment in the Waste
Heat Recovery industry. However, an Australian funded,
London-based firm called Global Geothermal (GGL) and
its Chinese licensee, Shanghai Shenghe New Energy
Resources Science and Technology (SSNERST), seek todeploy the technology for low-temperature geothermal
applications.
SSNERST, which historically specialized in waste heatrecovery, now collaborates with GGL to research, develop,
and perfect the Kalina Cycle. The firms also jointly build
plants for demonstration and operation – a successful lowtemperature geothermal demonstration in Taiwan being
the most recent example of that effort. This sharing ofresources, best practices, expertise, personnel, andtechnology represents a promising opportunity for bothwaste heat and geothermal industries, and could unlock
enor mous resources of low-temperature waste andgeothermal energy.

January - March 2011

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I GA New s No. 83
Cully Cavness’ subsequent essays and ar ticles in theInternational Geothermal Association Quarterly will address theabove topics and others. Cully Cavness is a Thomas J. Watson
Fellow researching industrial synergies for the geothermal energy
industry in Iceland, China, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Chile, andthe United States. He is a geologist and native of Denver, Colorado,USA. He currently resides in Shanghai, China.

Philippines
Renewable Energy and Expo
2010 held in the Philippines
Low temperature power cycle engineering is only oneof many potential synergies that the geothermal energy
industry may find with other industries and technologies.
The industry may find additional opportunities in thetechnical overlaps between Unconventional Natural Gas“fraccing” and EGS reservoir creation and stimulation.
Semiconductor-based technologies used to prevent scaling
and corrosion in naval applications may find receptive
markets in geothermal power plants battling corrosivehydrothermal brines. Further, Coal Bed Methane (CBM)
wells in Raton Basin, Colorado, offer a new perspective on
potential collaborations between the oil and gas industry
and the geothermal industry.

January - March 2011by Sylvia Ramos, NGAPThe Renewable Energy Conference and Expo 2010
was held for the first time in the Philippines on December
2-3, 2010 at the Dusit Thani Manila Hotel, Makati City.
With the theme “From Policy to Action: Generating
Impacts in 2010 & Beyond,” the conference assessed theimpact of the RE sector since the passage of theRenewable Energy Law last December 2008 in terms ofadvancing growth of this sector, in promoting energy
security and in mitigating the impacts of climate change. It
also looked into ways of sustaining the momentum in theimplementation of the RE Law and harnessing meaningfulinter-sectoral partnerships. This event has evolved fromthe Annual Geothermal Conference, hosted by Energy
Development Corporation for the past 30 years, in due

w w w.geot herm al- energy.org

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I GA New s No. 83
recognition of the critical role of geothermal and otherforms of renewable energy in paving a successful path forthe country’s sustainable energy development.
The conference was honored by the presence ofPhilippine President Benigno Aquino III and Energy
Secretary Jose Rene Almendras. President Aquino, in his
keynote address, highlighted the balance between energy
development and responsible stewardship of theenvironment for the benefit of future generations. On theother hand, Secretary Almendras, in his opening statement,emphasized the key role of RE development in achieving
energy security. He also mentioned that the government
has already generated investment commitments of over
80 billion Philippine pesos (USD 1.8 billion).
The conference was attended by more than 400
participants representing various RE sectors, government,
NGO’s, and other key stakeholders. It was convened by
the RE Coalition in coordination with the Philippine
Department of Energy and the National Geothermal
Association of the Philippines. Various RE companies
including FirstGen, Energy Development Corporation,
Chevron Geothermal Phil. Holdings, Inc., Aboitiz Power,
and First Metro Investment Corp provided full corporate
support.

AFRICA
Kenya
Exploration drilling starts in
Menengai prospect, Kenya
Peter Omenda and Ruth Musembi, GDC,
Kenya
Kenya has two geothermal fields which have been
explored by drilling, namely Olkaria with 209 MWe
installed and Eburru which has not been developed yet.
Menengai is the newest geothermal area in Kenya to becommitted for exploratory drilling. Results from detailed
surface studies conducted between 2005 and 2009 which
included geological investigations together with sampling
and analyses of fumaroles, shallow ground temperature
distribution and geophysical measurements mapped a large
geother mal field with high potential. Geophysicalmeasurements that included MT and TEM defined asuitable area of more than 110 km2 with estimated power
potential of over 1,650 MWe. Gas geothermometry
indicates reservoir temperatures of more than 270°C.
In that regard, the Geothermal Development Company(GDC), which is a Government of Kenya owned
corporation formed in 2008 to fast track development ofgeothermal resources in the country, has embarked on a
massive exploration drilling program at Menengai. GDC
recently acquired two new high capacity drilling rigs whichw w w.geot herm al- energy.org

have been commissioned and started drilling at Menengai
in February 2011. Both rigs will drill simultaneously andthe first two wells will be completed to about 3,000 m by
April 2011.
In anticipation of a resource discovery after drilling of
the four exploration wells, GDC advertised in December
2010 for expression of interest (EOI) for interested
investors to develop up to 400 MWe during phase one ofthe development of the project. In that arrangement,
GDC will undertake appraisal and production drilling; andalso develop the steam gathering system. GDC will thenenter into steam sales ag reement with successful
developers. Appraisal and production drilling will be fast
tracked by the deployment of an additional four rigs at
Menengai to ensure that the 400MW power plants arecommissioned by 2014. In order to provide power to thenational grid at the earliest opportunity, GDC willencourage interested investors to install wellhead
generating units using steam from the discovery andappraisal wells prior to the development of the large plants.

RwandaRegional Geothermal Training
Workshop on Policy
Development andHarmonization, Kigali, Rwanda,
7-11 December 2010
Philippe Niyongabo and Meseret
Teklemariam, Department ofInfrastructure and Energy, Africa Union
Commission
The Department of Infrastructure and Energy of theAfrican Union Commission (AUC) successfully conducted
a “Five-day” Regional Geothermal Training Workshop(RGTW) on Policy Development and Harmonization incollaboration with the Government of Rwanda, in Kigali,from 7-11 December 2010. The workshop focused on the
twelve Eastern Africa Countries: Burundi, Comoros,
Djibouti, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea,
Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda andZambia.
AUC organized this workshop in the context of
implementation of the “Road Map” and “Action Plan”
developed as an outcome of the Regional Geothermal

January - March 2011

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I GA New s No. 83

Distribution of Certificate Awards
Stakeholders’ Workshop (RGSW) organized by the AUC
in Nairobi in March 2010. The RGSW was organized incollaboration with the government of Kenya and theGerman Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural
Resources (BGR).
The overall objective of this Regional Geothermal
training workshop (RGTW) was to address an important
challenge and a barrier to development of geothermal
resources in the East Africa Region (EAR), namely: an
inadequate policy, institutional and regulatory framework
to attract private investments in the region. The workshop
also aimed at developing an appropriate, clear andcoherent legal and institutional framework to attract
private investors to the geothermal sector.
RGTW’s specific objectives included: (i) to delineate
the needs and expectations of the private sector; (ii) tocreate awareness about, and transfer knowledge of, thesubject; (iii) to present a progress report on the Regional
Geothermal program for the Eastern African Countries,and (iv) to acquire inputs and guidance from
representatives of Eastern African countries to further
implement the adopted road map/action plan (March
2010).

Among the 120 participants were experts from 10
Eastern Africa Countries (except Burundi and Eritrea); theA fri c a n U n i o n C o m m i ssi o n (AU C ), Mi n i str y o f
Infrastructure (MININFRA) of Rwanda, institutions withgeothermal support programmes (Federal Institute forGeosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Icelandic
International Development Agency (ICEIDA), UnitedStates Agency for International Development (USAID)),i nve st m e n t a n d d e ve l o p m e n t p a r t n e r s ( G e r m a n
Development Bank (KfW) World Bank (WB), African
Development Bank (AfDB), French Development Agency(AfD), European Union (EU), International FinanceCorporation (IFC)) and the private sector (Reykjavik
Geothermal).
The RGTW covered various activities, in particular a
Certificate Award distribution and a One-day Field
Excursion to the Gisenyi geothermal prospect in Rwanda.
As a RGTW major outcome, the participants affirmed
the need for a Regional Geothermal Programme anddeveloped a “Recommendation on the Way Forward” foraccelerated geothermal energy resource development in
the Eastern African countries. Specific outputs of theworkshop were: (i) the needs and expectations of theParticipants of the field trip

January - March 2011w w w.geot herm al- energy.org

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I GA New s No. 83

IGA News

Workshop participantsprivate sector were delineated; (ii) awareness was createdand knowledge transferred on the subject; (iii) about 40
representatives from ten Eastern African countries weretrained and awarded cer tificates for their active
participation and successful completion of the training;(iv) a compendium of presentations and training materials
was prepared; and (v) a “Recommendation on the Way
Forward” was developed.
Further, some of the issues in the recommendation
adopted by RGTW were (i) Governments of the Eastern
African countries should take the lead in theimplementation process; and (ii) the African Union
Commission should assist in defining the framework andpolicy guidelines, as well as assuring coherence in the
programmes
The Way Forward: (i) Propose a Policy Guideline toGovernments to maintain coherence between the policies
and legislations of the different countries; (ii) Identify
focal points and establish a Regional Working Group to
develop a detailed action plan; (iii) Encourage active
participation and involvement of Regional Economic
Communities and Regional Power Pools; and (iv) Ensure
continuous implementation of the action plan developed
during March 2010.

w w w.geot herm al- energy.org

IGA News is published quarterly by the International
Geothermal Association. The function of IGA News is todisseminate timely information about geothermal activitiest h r o u g h o u t t h e wo r l d . To t h i s e n d , a g r o u p o fcorrespondents has agreed to supply news for each issue.
The core of this group consists of the IGA Information
Committee:
Eduardo Iglesias, Mexico (Chairman)
Nilgun Bakir, Turkey
Graeme Beardsmore, Australia
Paul Brophy, USA
Cully Cavness, USA
Surya Darma, Indonesia
Philippe Dumas, France
John Garnish, United Kingdom
Alimin Ginting, Indonesia
Gestur Gíslason, Iceland
Luis C. A. Gutiérrez-Negrín, Mexico
Colin Harvey, New ZealandPaul Hirtz, USA
Roland N. Horne, USA
Zbigniew Malolepszy, Poland
Francisco Montalvo, El Salvador
Jim Lawless, New ZealandÁrni Ragnarsson, Iceland
Sylvia Ramos, Philippines
Horst Rüter, Germany
Benedikt Steingrímsson, Iceland
Koichi Tagomori, Japan
Richard B. Tantoco
Kasumi Yasukawa, Japan
Keyan Zeng, China
The members of this group submit geothermal news fromtheir parts of the world, or relevant to their areas of
specialization. If you have some news, a report, or anarticle for IGA News, you can send it to any of the above
individuals, or directly to the IGA Secretariat, whatever ismost convenient. Please help us to become essential
reading for anyone seeking the latest information on
geothermal worldwide.
While the editorial team make every effort to ensure
accuracy, the opinions expressed in contributed articles
remain those of the authors and are not necessarily thoseof the IGA.
Send IGA News contributions to:International Geother mal Association (IGA), c/o
Bochum University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule
Bochum), Lennershofstr. 140, D-44801 Bochum,
Germany
Tel.: +49 (0)234-3210265
Fax.: +49 (0)234-3214890
E-mail: IGA@hs-bochum.de
This issue of IGA News was edited by Eduardo Iglesias.
John Garnish proofread the articles. Produced by Gestur
Gíslason for the IGA Secretariat. Design layout by
François Vuataz.

January - March 2011

16

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