Quarterly No. 60

April – June 2005

IGA
NEWS
Newsletter of the International Geothermal Association
IGA ACTIVITIESIGA ACTIVITIESPresident’s Message
John W. Lund, President
The World Geothermal Congress 2005 (WGC2005) in
Antalya, Turkey was a tremendous success, thanks to theefforts of the Organizing Committee (headed by James
Koenig), the Turkish Organizing Committee, and theTurkish Geothermal Association (headed by Orhan Mertoglu). Over 1500 persons attended the conference fromover 80 countries. Three short courses were also held, twoin Izmir and one funded by the World Bank held in
Antalya. A detailed report on WGC2005 is presented byJames Koenig elsewhere in this News.
The IGA held their Annual General Meeting (AGM) on 27
April in Antalya, which was attended by approximately 50
members. Highlights of this meeting included a summaryof accomplishment since the last AGM by the President.
These were:Message from the President
WGC2005
Pre-Congress Short Courses
IGA Permanent Committees

EUROPE
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Poland/EGEC Business Seminar 2005
/The geothermal train steams ahead/The Kistelek Workshop/The Centenary of the
Geothermal-Electric Industry/Obituary Professor Julian
Sokolowski

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THE AMERICAS
Mexico• Negotiations with the World Bank/GeoFund for fundingof fellowships and other activities of IGA as detailed ina previous IGA News.
• The transition of having the IGA News published inelectronic form, with limited hard copies available formembers who do not have Email.

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/Upcoming MGA Annual Meeting

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ASIA/PACIFIC RIM
China/Reinjection in Xiaotangshan
Geothermal Field

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OCEANIANew Zealand /NZGA News

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UPCOMING EVENTS
Geothermal meetings

Photo 1, from left to right, front row: Keyan Zheng, John
Lund, Gestur Gislason, Meseret Teklemariam, PaulBrophy, Rosa Maria Barrigan, Marcel Rosca, Rosa Maria
Prol-Ledesma, Kiril Popovski, Joseph Ng’ang’a, Beata
Kepinska, Ruggero Bertani; 2nd row: Jim Lawless, Gordon
Bloomquist, Kevin Brown, Shigeto Yamada, Toshihiro
Uchida and Guido Cappetti.

15• Funding of short course #4 at WGC2005 – “Developing
Geothermal Projects: Resource Assessment, Drilling,
Economic Feasibility Studies and Financing” – that was
attended by approximately 75 persons and organized byGordon Bloomquist.
• Presentation of the World Bank/ GeoFund funding proposal for the “Mineral Extraction from Geothermal
Brines” workshop in Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka, Russia
from 12 to 16 September 2005. A follow-up workshop
will be held at the University of Arizona in 2006.
April – June 2005

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The final official event of WGC2005 was the signing of
the MOU between IGA and the Indonesian Geothermal
Association (API-INAGA) – the President signing for
IGA and Alimin Ginting signing for API-INAGA, as
President of the organization. The signing was officiallywitnessed by Orhan Mertoglu for IGA and Wimpy S.
Tjetjep, Head of Research Development Agency, Ministryof Energy and Mineral Resources of Indonesia. Also present was His Excellency, Dr. Purnomo Yusgiantoro,
Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources, Republic ofIndonesia, and the Honorable Alaaddin Yuksel, Governor,
Province of Antalya.

Photo 2, from left to right, front row: John Lund, Olafur
Flovenz, Valentina Svalova, Kiril Popovski, Burkhard
Sanner, Sakir Simsek; back row: Keyan Zheng, Toshihiro
Uchida, Valgardur Stefansson, Eduardo Iglesias, Paul
Bropy, John Garnish and Gordon Bloomquist.
Missing from the photograph, but present at WGC2005:
Orhan Mertoglu, Manuel Ogena, Franciska Karman andFrancois-David Vuataz.
This is also being coordinated by Gordon Bloomquist.
Information on this workshop can be found at:
http://geoheat.oit.edu/minerals/minerals.htm.
• Approval to have an IGA booth at WGC2005.
• Indonesia was tentatively selected as the host for
WGC2010 to be held in Bali. A Memorandum ofUnderstanding (MOU) was finalized for signing at
WGC2005, prepared by Jim Lawless and his IGA
ad hoc committee.
• The President and Roland Horne of the Stanford
Geothermal Program obtained US$70,000 from
USDOE for support of fellowships for WGC2005.
• The general information and membership brochures
were updated and made available at the IGA booth at
WGC2005.
• The Audit Committee (chaired by Antonio F. Yee) presented their report.
• The Treasurer (Kevin Brown) presented his report for
the year 2004. The ending balance for 2004 is
US$22,667.
• Two corrections to the Rules of the Association were
presented by John Garnish and passed.
The IGA had a booth at WGC2005 staffed by Board of
Director members and the Executive Director, to answer
questions and to hand out our new membership forms
and an eight-page general information brochure. If thesebrochures are needed by any member for distribution at
renewable energy conferences/workshop, please contact
the Secretariat in Iceland or the President. In addition,
copies of the CD with all the 700 papers and the shortcourse notes are also available from the Secretariat for anominal price.
No. 60

Finally, we tried to take a photograph of the IGA Board of
Directors, as 29 of the 32 members were present at IGA.
Unfortunately, not all members were available in one sitting, thus we have two photographs.

WGC2005 A Great Success
By James Koenig, Chairman Organizing Committee
WGC2005
A highly successful World Geothermal Congress was heldin Antalya, Turkey during the period 24-29 April 2005,
attended by approximately 1,350 persons. Delegates were
present from about 80 countries. The number of attendees
and the countries they represent are record high totals forany geothermal conference. Not surprisingly, the largest
delegation was from Turkey, with significant numbers also
from Russia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Iceland, New
Zealand, Japan, China, the United States and Germany inapproximate descending order.
Major financial sponsors of the WGC2005 included theGovernment of Turkey, the United Nations University andthe Iceland Geothermal School, the United States
Department of Energy, Ormat Industries, the World Bank,
Orme Jeotermal of Turkey, a group of Japanese entities
including Fuji Electrical Systems, and Geoproduction
Consultants of France.
Some 705 papers were submitted – also a record high –representing activities in 86 countries. Of these, 329
papers were scheduled as oral presentations, in 5 parallelsessions, while 376 papers were accepted as posters. 122of the posters were held in reserve, to be presented orally
if a scheduled paper was not given. About 50 such lastminute substitutions were required. All 705 papers havebeen published as a CD, available to all who attended the
WGC2005. (Additional copies of the CD may be available
from the IGA Secretariat.) The decision was taken at an
earlier date by the Organizing Committee of the
WGC2005 not to print hard copies of the proceedings
unless a significant demand materializes. However,
because the papers are posted on the WGC website, they
can be downloaded as desired by interested parties.
The tone of the Congress was set by keynote speaker

3
Vincent Perez, President of PNOC-EDC and former
Secretary of Energy of the Philippines, in his address at
the Opening Session: Full Steam Ahead. Recounting thestory of the amazing rise in output of geothermal electricity in the Philippines, Secretary Perez applauded the cooperation between private investors and public entities, andoffered the Philippines as a model for other nations. He
expressed the hope that the Philippines will soon pass theUnited States as the world’s leader in generation of geothermal electricity.
Other keynote speakers at the Opening Session included the Minister of Energy of Turkey, M. Hilmi Guler, andthe Turkish Minister of the Environment, Osman Pepe.
Both stressed the importance for their country – and forthe entire world – of reducing greenhouse gas emissions,and the significant role open to geothermal energy inachieving this goal. Although the generation of geothermal electricity has lagged, partially because of a lack oflegislation enabling private ownership of such facilities,
there has been a rapid growth in geothermal district heating. This has involved both municipal and private interests,
but here too there is a need for legislation to allow private
ownership of facilities. Such legislation is now before theTurkish Parliament in draft form, according to the
Chairman of the Parliamentary Committee on Energy.
The Icelandic Minister of Industry and Commerce,
Valgerdur Sverrisdottir, told the Opening Session that
Iceland is now almost completely served by geothermal
district heating systems. The generation of geothermal
electricity also is growing significantly, making Iceland
the most intensively geothermal nation in the world.
In addition to the technical programme and the invited
speakers, the WGC2005 featured 3 short courses and 3
field trips, given before and after the meetings. The topics
covered in the courses were: geothermal power plants,
integrated uses of geothermal resources, and preparationof a project for international financing. The latter was
funded through the GeoFund Programme of the World
Bank. The 3 field trips were fully subscribed, and late registrants had to be turned away. Before the Congress, one
trip ran from Istanbul to Antalya. This was repeated, from
Antalya to Istanbul, after the Congress. The third trip wasto the geological and archaeological wonderland of
Cappadocia.
There were approximately 45 organizations represented
at the technical exhibition hall. This included groups (inalphabetical order) from China, Germany, Iceland, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Russia,
Turkey and the United States.
Not everything at the WGC2005 was serious or technical. There was an opening cocktail reception for all registrants, held on the evening of 24 April on the grounds ofthe Glass Pyramid conference center, plus receptions held
for several hundred guests by the Russian Geothermal
Energy Association, and by Ormat Industries, respectively
on the evenings of 25 April and 28 April. Another highlight of the Congress was the Turkish Night event on 26

April, in which an exciting exhibition by Turkish dancers
was followed by a performance of the Antalya SymphonyOrchestra, conducted by our own Professor Ladislaus“Ladzi” Rybach! Still another important event was theCongress Dinner, on the following night. On behalf of theGerman Geothermal Association, Dr. Burkhard Sannerpresented its Patricius Medal to Orhan Mertoglu of Orme
Jeotermal in recognition of his work to bring the
WGC2005 to Turkey – and to make it a major successstory. Dr. John Lund, President of the IGA, followed thisby putting on a stunning performance with a belly dancer,
to the delight and photographic rapture of the assembled
diners.
The Closing Session, held in the afternoon of 29 April,
was both serious and joyful. It represented both an end anda beginning. The Turkish delegation, headed by Governorof Antalya Province Alaadin Yuksel and Orhan Mertoglu,
handed on to the Indonesian delegation, led by Minister ofEnergy Purnomo Yusgiantoro and head of the IndonesianGeothermal Association Alimin Ginteng, a symbol of theWorld Geothermal Congress. Indonesia will host the
WGC2010 on the Island of Bali. Appropriately, there wasa musical performance by Bali (not belly) dancers and agamelan orchestra, and addresses by Minister Purnomo
and Governor Yuksel. The Governor invited the geothermal community to return to Antalya to develop its geothermal potential. Minister Purnomo discussed the growing importance of geothermal energy to his nation. Oil
production has dropped in recent years, while domesticenergy consumption has grown markedly. Indonesia maysoon cease to be a major oil exporter. New, non-polluting
sources of energy are sought, including geothermalenergy.
There were awards presented to Dr. John Lund on
behalf of the IGA, and to Dr. James Koenig, Chairman of
the Congress, for their efforts to make the WGC2005 a
success. Although they were not mentioned by name atthis ceremony, honor must be given to the members of theOrganizing Committee, and its counterpart the Turkish
Organizing Committee, for their outstanding efforts. Without their hard work and dedication there would have beenno WGC2005. Their names are listed on the WGC2005
website and in the official programme of the Congress. It
would be a welcome gesture to send each of them a noteof thanks.
Not that everything went without error, of course. Someexhibitors had their display materials held in Customs
until the office of Governor Yuksel interceded on theirbehalf. Shuttle bus service had to be changed to accommodate persons staying at distant hotels – and some persons unfortunately found themselves at hotels up to 25 km
distant from the conference center. There were long lines
on Sunday and Monday at the registration desk and at thecounter for fellowship awards. (171 fellowships wereawarded by the WGC2005, the same number as given in2000 in Japan.) However, there were vastly more smiles
than frowns at the closing cocktail reception on the
April – June 2005

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evening of 29 April, held in the gardens of the Sheraton
Voyager hotel.
Throughout the Congress, our Turkish hosts acted withkindness and courtesy. Many of the registrants and theiraccompanying persons took the opportunity to visit the
famous archaeological sites in the vicinity of Antalya, or
to cruise the coast and swim in the waters of the Mediterranean Sea. The weather was ideal, with daytime temperatures reaching perhaps 25 degrees Celsius, and brightsunny skies. Hotel accommodations ranged from very
good to excellent, as was the food. There were no security
issues. Several registrants expressed their satisfaction with
the Congress.
Chairman Koenig attempted to capture the spirit of the
WGC2005 at the Closing Ceremony with a few lines ofdoggerel poetry:“From Earth’s rocky bosom comes natural steam,
Ecologically friendly, abundant and clean.
Larderel, the far-sighted,
Said towns could be lighted
And homes could be heated with plentiful steam.

Fig.1 Team of lecturers: Dr. Burkhard Sanner, Dr. PaulRoja, Dr. Subir Sanyal, Prof. Yimaz Savascin, Dr. Ron
DiPippo, Prof. Kiril Popovski, Prof. John W. Lund (fromleft to right)

A century later, our number is greater,
The roster of nations a strong, growing stream.
For you, homeward going,
The message is glowing:
The world needs geothermal, its future is green.”

PRE-CONGRESS SHORT COURSES(Doganbey - Izmir, April 22-23, 2005)
Prof. Kiril Popovski
In the frame of its educational activities, IGA organized
two pre-congress short courses prior to WGC 2005: one on
POWER GENERATION and one on INTEGRATEDUSES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY, in collaboration
with the Turkish Geothermal Association (TGA) and the
Dokuz Eylul University (DEU) in Izmir, Turkey. The
courses were held in the DEU Educational and Recreational Centre in Doganbey, about 55 km from Izmir.
Attendance at the courses was rather low (14 for PG and
22 for IU), but participants were drawn from 20 countries
from all the continents except Africa. Although there wereno fellowships available specifically for these courses, anumber of fellows used part of their fellowship award toattend one of the courses.
The team of experienced lecturers prepared in advance
an excellent textbook, which was delivered to the students(set of lectures can be found in the WGC2005 CD as well),No. 60

Fig.2 Course participants in front of the central buildingof the Educational and Recreational Centre of Dokuz
Eylul University, in Doganbey (Izmir)and delivered very interesting and interactive lectures,
resulting with full satisfaction both for lecturers and students. Technical trips to the Kizildere geothermal power
plant (for the course on PG) and to the Balçova district
heating system (for the course on IU) were also arranged.
In view of the interest expressed for participation in thecourses (more than 180), and their successful organization, the follow up for the next congress should be thatshort courses should be organized again. However, much
more attention should be paid to the organization of a good
fellowship program for the participants of developing
countries and Indonesia, if the intention is to have a sufficiently large number of participants, i.e. students.

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Permanent committees 2004-2007
Audit
Antonio F. Yee (Philippines) Chairman
Shigeto Yamada (Japan)
Alimin Ginting (Indonesia)
Josephine P. Talampas (Philippines)
Glenn U. Golla (Philippines)

Tingshan Tian (China)
Joaquín Torres-Rodríguez (México)
Francois-David Vuataz (Switzerland)
Kasumi Yasukawa (Japan)

By-laws
John Garnish (United Kingdom) Chairman
Ruggero Bertani (Italy)
Olafur Flovenz (Iceland)
Eduardo Iglesias (Mexico)
Joseph Ng’ang’a (Kenya)
Hiroaki Niitsuma (Japan)
Ian Thain (New Zealand)
Ken Williamson (U.S.A.)

Membership
Ruggero Bertani (Italy) Chairman
Rosa María Barragán (Mexico)
Paul Brophy (USA)Franciska H. Kármán (Hungary)
Beata Kepinska (Poland)
Manuel Ogena (Philippines)
Valentina Svalova (Russia)
Keyan Zheng (China)
Einar Gunnlaugsson (Iceland)Martin Mwangi (Kenya)
Jose Antonio Rodriguez Lageo (El Salvador)
Ian Thain (New Zealand)

Education
Marcel Rosca (Romania) Chairman
Ladislaus Rybach (Switzerland) co-Chairman
Gordon Bloomquist (U.S.A.)
Paul Brophy (U.S.A.)
Sachio Ehara (Japan)
Ingvar Fridleifsson (Iceand)Joseph N’gan’ga (Kenya)
Gyorgy Patzay (Hungary)
Burkhard Sanner (Germany)

Nominating
Sakir Simsek (Turkey) Chairman
Burkhard Sanner (Germany)
Kevin Brown (New Zealand)
Kiril Popovski (Macedonia)
Meseret Teklemariam (Ethiopia)
Ruggero Bertani (Italy)
Marcelo J. Lippmann (USA)
Nilgun Bakir (Turkey)
Valgardur Stefansson (Iceland)

Finance
R. Gordon Bloomquist (USA) Chairman
Beata Kepinska (Poland)
Eduardo Iglesias (Mexico)
Hiroaki Niitsuma (Japan)
John Lund (USA)Marcel Rosca (Romania)
Ruggero Bertani (Italy)
Roland Horne (USA)Jim Randle (New Zealand/ Costa Rica)
Ingvar Fridleifsson (Iceland)
Alexander Averchenkov (Russia)

Programme and Planning
Toshihiro Uchida (Japan) Chairman
Franciska H. Kármán (Hungary)
Jim V. Lawless (New Zealand)
Roland Horne (USA)
Adele Manzella (Italy)
Yoonho Song (South Korea)

Information
Eduardo Iglesias (México) Chairman
Werner Bussmann (Germany)
John Garnish (United Kingdom)
Alimin Ginting (Indonesia)
Gestur Gíslason (Iceland)
Luis Gutiérrez-Negrín (México)
Roland Horne (USA)Jim Lawless (New Zealand)Marcelo Lippmann (USA)Zbigniew Malolepszy (Poland)
Adele Manzella (Italy)
Rosa María Prol-Ledesma (México)
Sylvia Ramos (Philippines)

EUROPEEGEC Business Seminar 2005
Report by Burkhard Sanner
On April 6, 2005, participants from 12 countries gathered
in Berlin to attend the 4th Business Seminar of theEuropean Geothermal Energy Council (EGEC). This time
the topic was how to create a level playing field for geothermal energy in the heating sector, and to prepare arequest for a relevant directive from Brussels. The continuation and increased application of the directive on electricity from renewable sources of 2001 was also an issue.
The European Renewable Energy Council EREC had
prepared position papers on both directives:• a position paper of EREC and its member associations
April – June 2005

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on the evaluation of the directive on electricity fromrenewable sources (RES-E), and• a joint declaration of EREC, its members, and as supporters a large number of other associations and organisations (including IGA), containing the request for a
directive on heat and cold from renewable energy
sources (RES-H)
Both papers are published as very nice brochures andwere presented for the first time to the public in Berlin on
April 6, 2005. The official presentation with press conference took place the next day, April 7, in Brussels. EREC
policy advisor Oliver Schäfer had travelled to Berlin andspoke towards the end of the seminar about backgroundand content of the two brochures.
The first session of the EGEC Business Seminars wasdedicated to policy and politics. Karl Kellner, Head of
Unit with DG-TREN of the EU-Commission and responsible for short-term R&D on renewable energies,
explained the existing support mechanisms and directivesof the EU and spoke about the relevant future development. Two very vivid and dedicated speeches of two parliamentarians followed: Mechthild Rothe, who was caught
by unexpected, urgent business in Brussels, sent her assistant Tilman Schwencke to give her speech, and Hans-Josef
Fell from the German Parliament (Bundestag) delivered
his speech personally. Both manuscripts can be downloaded from the EGEC homepage.
The following session focused on the economic andlegal framework. Christian Schönwiesner-Bozkurt from
Rödl+Partner had a look at the economic situation of geothermal power generation in Germany in the wake of the
EEG-revision, and had a closer look at the current project
Unterhaching. Miklos Antics of Geoproduction Consultants investigated the economic possibilities of geothermalenergy in the new member states and accession countries.
Thomas Kohl from Geowatt AG in Switzerland gave an
overview of the legal framework in some European countries.
After lunch break, in two presentations each, the technical basics of power generation and heating concepts
No. 60were explained. Electric power was dealt with by Guido
Cappetti from the Italian power producer ENEL and byKonstantin Karytsas from CRES in Greece. The past
EGEC president Christian Boissavy and this reporter bothspoke on heat.
The last session was opened with some country statements; Austria, The Netherlands, Sweden and Poland werein focus. Then the presentation of the EGEC-brochures
followed (see above), and in the final discussion a broad
support by the persons present towards the request of
EREC and EGEC became obvious.
The EGEC brochures can be ordered via the GtV-secretariat (postage compensation required) or directly at
EREC, (European Renewable Energy Council), Renewable Energy House, 26, rue du Trône, B-1000 Brussels,
fax: +32 2 546 1934, or they can be downloaded as pdf
from the EREC website at (www.erec-renewables.org);
links to the download are also found on the Homepages of
GtV (www.geothermie.de) and EGEC (www.egec.org).

Germany
The geothermal train steams ahead
By Werner Bussmann and Burkhard Sanner
Geothermal development in Germany is gaining momentum. In the past, political support came mainly from thefederal level (federal government and federal parliament)
in Berlin but, more recently, several states (Länder) haveincreased their own efforts to make use of the geothermal
potential beneath their territory.
For Bavaria, a geothermal atlas of deep resources was
published in April 2005. For the shallow resources, another kind of atlas is in preparation. Further R&D efforts atthe state level are a geothermal study for the greater
Munich area, which will provide a geological and hydrogeological model as a basis for thermal models and reservoir prognosis in the Malmkarst (Upper Jurassic limestone), and a joint project with Austria, co-funded by the
EU and intended to investigate the consequences of thethermal water use in the border region of the Molassebasin.
Baden-Württemberg has presented a program for support of shallow geothermal applications, and the state parliament of Niedersachsen is currently discussing a proposal pointing in the same direction. Rheinland-Pfalz ispushing ahead with the use of deep resources for electric
power production. In Nordrhein-Westfalen the installationof a pilot plant for road de-icing and snow melting is being
considered, while Saarland is looking into possibilities forgeothermal use of the many abandoned coal mines in the
Saar region.
In early April the German Association for Renewable
Energy (BEE, an umbrella organization of which GtV is amember) and the Federal Ministry of Environment (BMU)7
launched a joint initiative to popularize Renewable Energy
Sources. The patron is Klaus Töpfer, head of the United
Nations Environmental Program (UNEP). Geothermalenergy is a part of that initiative, of course, and GtV is anactive partner (see: http://www.unendlich-viel-ener
gie.de/). Furthermore, the BMU published a comprehensive brochure on the use of geothermal energy in Germany, which is now among the most requested of the ministry’s publications.
Geothermal power production
Following the amendment of the Renewable Energy Act inAugust 2004 (EEG, for download in English at: http://
www.bmu.de/english/documents/doc/3242.php ), a run on
the exploration licences for geothermal power plants could
be observed. Focal areas are the region between Munich
and the Alpine foreland, and the Upper Rhine Graben.
Meanwhile a total of more than 100 licences have been
granted by the relevant mining authorities, with more than
20 in the city of Munich or its immediate neighborhood
alone.
Numerous new power generation projects have been
made public in the recent months, among them several
where the necessary experience of the initiators concerning the underground part is in doubt. The motivation for
those groups is the economic basis which the EEG provides. However, such plans are destined to fail, startingwith the fact that the authorities are not likely to grant
exploration licences to obscure companies (here theGerman mining law shows some advantages!).
Much better chances for realization can be attributed
to the plans of Montanes GmbH, Karlsruhe, to install ageothermal power plant with 5 MW capacity in Hagenau(Rheinland-Pfalz). It is known from oil wells of the 60s
and 70s that temperatures of up to 140 °C can be expected
at only about 2500 m depth. The company HotRock, also
located in Karlsruhe, plans a power plant south ofFrankfurt in Riedstadt (Hessen). Here also temperaturesof 140 °C are expected at ca. 2300 m depth. Seismic
exploration will be concluded in May 2005, and thedrilling is scheduled to start later this year. The waste heatfrom power production will supply heat to a district heating grid. Currently, HotRock is busy with the construction of a power plant in Offenbach/Pfalz (see IGA
NEWS 59).
Opposing activity can be felt currently in particularfrom the Association of German Power Plants (VDEW),
which is working to substitute the EEG with another system (tendering or bonus system). These systems haveexamples in other European countries, where experience
shows that they are drastically slowing down renewableenergy development. VDEW is obviously waiting for achange in the federal government after the elections inautumn 2006, and hoping for a conservative-liberal government that might turn back the current development.
However, this would result in substantial problems, as inrecent years about 130 000 jobs have been created in the

sectors of wind, solar, hydropower, biomass and geothermal, which will be jeopardized by a change in policy. In
addition, because some state governments led by conservatives are part of the positive geothermal development, a
total rollback, if planned at all, would meet substantial
opposition.
New geothermal district heating plants
The municipality of Unterschleissheim, a northern suburbof Munich, inaugurated the new geothermal district heating plant on April 11, 2005. Thermal water of 81 °C and a
production rate of 90 liters per second is supplied by a well1960 m deep. The water is reinjected after use through asecond well. Residential areas and public buildings aresupplied with heat through a district heating network witha peak demand of 31 MW. The project cost added up to
about 21.5 Mio Euro; the heating plant is owned by
Geothermie Unterschleißheim AG, a company 100 %owned by the municipality. The plant and the heating network is leased to STEAG Saar Energie, a company also
involved in the existing geothermal heating projects in
Erding and Simbach/Braunau.
The end of April 2005 saw the completion of the second
well of the doublet in Pullach (south of Munich). The well
(Pullach-Thermal 2) has a final depth of 3300 m, and is adeviated well with a total length of 4120 m. The thermal
water is intended for district heating use, and has a temperature of 110 °C (see IGA NEWS 59).
Shallow geothermal applications
The shallow geothermal sector becomes more interestingfrom an economic point of view. Increasing prices for fueloil and natural gas convince many house owners to change
to renewable energies. In this case ground source heatpumps (GSHP) with e.g. borehole heat exchangers canshow their advantages. They are a secure option for the
future, need little maintenance, permit economic operation, and provide good comfort. In 2004, for the first time
more than 10 000 new GSHP were installed in one year inGermany. This is almost a five-fold increase in one
decade, and the trend is stable. In commercial applications
and office buildings, where a cooling load usually also
exists, geothermal plants can be more economic than competing systems.
A typical example is the freight logistics center ofPanalpina Welttransport GmbH in Kornwestheim near
Stuttgart. Drilling commenced in May, and on an area of
22 500 m2 a storage- and loading-terminal with officebuilding will be constructed, providing 250 jobs. The
required heating load is about 600 kW. The storage hallwith 8 400 m2 floor area has to be kept at ca. 10 °C in wintertime, and the office area to be heated and cooled totals
4 500 m2. 60 borehole heat exchangers each 100 m deep
will be installed. The geothermal plant is planned by EWS
Erdwärme-System GmbH, Delbrück, and the Bremer
Systembau GmbH, Stuttgart, will build the whole projectas general contractor.
April – June 2005

8
Hungary
The Kistelek Workshop
Tamás Hámor, Franciska H. Kármán, Mihály Kurunczi
A report of the workshop on “Regulatory and Economic Tools Governing the Enhanced Exploitation of
Geothermal Energy in the European Union” organisedby the European Commission TAIEX Unit and the
Hungarian Geological Survey, Kistelek (Hungary),
6-8th April 2005
GeneralGeothermal energy is a promising component of therenewable energy mix in the European Union. As set by
Directive 2001/77/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market, the overall EU target is to double the shareof renewables to 12% of gross energy consumption by
year 2010 and in particular to achieve a 22.1% indicative
share of electricity produced from renewable energy
sources, with published reference values for each Member
State.
50 experts from 14 countries attended the workshop,
representing the European Parliament, the European Commission, and a wide spectrum of government agencies,
industrial enterprises, research institutes and professional
associations, e.g. European Geothermal Energy Council
and EuroGeoSurveys. The presentations addressed• an analytical evaluation of relevant Community
legislation and R&D programmes;• national figures on exploitation of geothermal energy
and development programmes;• national inventory and assessment methodologies ofgeothermal resources;• relevant regulatory authority and legislation framework;• economic instruments, including fiscal burdens,
waivers and financial support tools.
The three thematic working groups discussed• regulatory framework and environmental legislation;• economic barriers and supportive instruments;• assessment and national inventory methodologies.
Conclusions and Recommendations
As a result the “Kistelek declaration” was issued andsigned by Tamás Hámor (Hungarian Geological Survey)
Burkhard Sanner (EGEC), Patrice Christmann (EuroGeo
Surveys), Zsolt Becsey (European Parliament), Franciska
H. Kármán (IGA) and Ladislaus Rybach (IEA). The major
conclusions are as follows:
Geothermal energy is a specific natural resource
because:a) it is on the border-zone of managing mineral comNo. 60

modities, groundwater reserves and other energy
sources by being bound to geological formations andto thermal waters;b) it is a fossil heat of radioactive decay and other geological processes, therefore it is a conditionallyrenewable flow-type resource;c) the property rights over geothermal energy are
owned by the State but in some countries landowners
can exploit shallow subsurface resources for theirown use;d) the utilisation of geothermal energy is still in its
infancy on the European scale.
The relevant national legislation is spread throughout
the mining, energy, environmental, water management andgeological acts, sometimes in a contradictory fashion, andthe licensing authority framework for geothermal facilities
is rather complex in most countries. ⇒ A Community
level communication should encourage Member States
to adopt a coherent legislation system and to designate arational framework of competent authorities in order toease application for geothermal energy use.
The definition of geothermal energy is lacking in theacquis communautaire and the national practice is diverse– some authorities consider it as a type of energy carriedby thermal waters exclusively – which hampers the distribution of most up-to-date technologies using shallow
reserves via heat-pumps or deeper closed-circuit heatexchanger fluids. ⇒ A broad legal definition of geothermal energy is needed in a relevant piece of Community
legislation, e.g. the heating-cooling legislation in preparation.
As in the case of other state-owned territorial commodities, low-resolution static inventories of geothermal
resources are available or being prepared by water
research institutes or geological services. These inventories are not adequate to meet the requirements of either
the investing enterprises or the licensing environmental
protection and water management authorities. In somecountries, there is not even a legal requirement for thecompetent agency hosting the geoinformation and/or theinventory to be given access to the data. ⇒ The development of national dynamic inventories of geothermalenergy resources and reserves, able to register annualchanges and allow country-scale modelling, is highly
recommended. To make such inventories comparable ona pan-European level a common basic methodology
should be elaborated, preferably via the assistance ofCommunity level professional associations, e.g. EuroGeo
Surveys.
The environmental impacts of geothermal installations
are limited; it is a green energy source. In terms of environmental sustainability, the maintenance of stable,
close-to-original temperature and pressure status of an9exploited groundwater reservoir is of prime importance, as
is protection of surface waters against pollution by untreated outflow of saline or used thermal waters. However,the national emission limit values and provisions forreinjection show a certain diversity. ⇒ The new Groundwater Directive and its implementing measures should
provide more detailed prescriptions on surface discharge
and re-injection criteria for used geothermal waters.
This environmental action, together with the need forharmonised inventories, technology development andraising of public awareness should preferably be accompanied by a more definite availability of EU funds for theabove objectives.
There is a wide variety of economic instruments in thestudied countries which either support or inhibit theenhanced use of geothermal energy in Europe. There arecountries where the fiscal burdens (e.g. mining royalty,
sewage penalty, groundwater use fee, environmental tax)
are multiple, which breaches general taxation law. The
arsenal of supporting instruments is colourful too, including tax exemptions, guaranteed take-over prices, green
certificates, direct subsidies, to mention a few. The
German example shows clearly how much these supportive tools can contribute to the high growth rate of renewables in a country with moderate natural setting.
Moreover, there is a relatively low rate of return on investment in geothermal energy and the economic risk is higher as compared to other energy sources. These economics
do not ensure the security of interested stakeholders andlead to a serious distortion of equal and open competitionon the European level. It is foreseen that Community institutions and Member States will face a growing number ofrelated legal disputes at the European Court of Justice inthe near future. ⇒ There is an immediate need to highlight the economic discrepancies at the Community level
and to urge Member States to harmonise financial solutions in reaching their indicative targets and in improving the energy mix in order to be less dependent on
outside sources.
As a general conclusion and recommendation, all participating experts agreed that under the realm of the
IPPC Directive a best available technology reference
document on geothermal energy describing the state-ofart of geothermal energy exploitation, the up-to-datetechnologies and their environmental aspects, and theeconomic instruments could serve as strong, quasi-legal
document to which all stakeholders could refer in their
future activities in the direction of the enhanced, sustainable use of geothermal energy.

Italy
The Centenary of the Geothermal-ElectricIndustry:
Historical Review of the Initial Steps and Celebration
ProgramRaffaele Cataldi, Vice-President of the Italian
Geothermal Union
Initial steps of the geothermal-electric industry
Soon after being appointed General Director of theLarderello Comp. in early 1903, Prince Piero Ginori Conti(son in law of Count Florestano de Larderel) launched a
program of studies and lab tests aimed at assessing thetechnical feasibility of using geothermal fluids to produce
both electric energy and a variety of boric compounds.
Implemented at fast pace, the program concluded that themost convenient thermodynamic cycle for this purpose
was the “indirect cycle”.
As a consequence of this conclusion, the following
activities were started by P. Ginori Conti:• Late 1903: Based on experience from 1875 onward,
new experiments were conducted with advanced steamdriven pumps to produce mechanical energy for wellstimulation and for pumping boric brines to chemical processing plants;• Early 1904: a carriage-mounted laboratory wasorganized to collect fluid and solid samples, and to carryout field analyses (Figure below, left);• July 4th, 1904: first experiment of geothermal-electric generation. A piston engine fed by pure steam produced in a small heat exchanger supplied with steam froma well near Larderello was used for this purpose. The
engine was coupled to a 10 kW dynamo, by which fivesmall light bulbs were lit (Figure below, center);• 1905: installation of the first prototype geothermalgroup. It was a Cail reciprocating piston engine driven bypure steam obtained with heat exchangers fed by natural
steam produced from a well near Larderello, and coupledwith a 20 kW dynamo. The Ginori Conti-De Larderelmain palace and other residential buildings at Larderello
were lit by this group for about ten years;• 1908: installation of a second prototype geothermalgroup, different from the previous one. It was a Neville
piston engine, still driven by pure steam and coupled withThe Kistelek declaration will be delivered to responsible personnel of European Union institutions and bodies.
More information is available on http://www.mgsz.hu/
english/index.html

April – June 2005

10
a 20 kW dynamo, which enabled electrification of somechemical plants in the Larderello area.
Information on the behaviour of the production wells,
gathered through several years’ safe operation of the two
experimental groups above, provided the electro-mechanical firm Franco Tosi with the basic elements to design in1912 the following plant.
• 1913: installation of the first geothermal power stationin the world: an “indirect cycle” 250 kWe turbo-alternatorthat could be operated with a running pressure of up to
3 atm abs at well head (Figure page 9, right). It enabledelectrification of all chemical plants and most villages in
the area;• 1914-1916: construction of the world’s first electricline fed by geothermal energy. It was a 25 km-long line
supplied by the Larderello power station, by which thetowns of Pomarance, Saline di Volterra and Volterra were
electrified;• 1916: installation of two “indirect cycle” geothermal
turbo-alternators of 3.5 MWe each.
These activities and their results form together a milestone
in the history of science and technology in the geothermal
sector.
The centenary of the geothermal-electric industry andits celebration program
The experiment of the five bulbs lit by the earth’s heat, anddemonstration of the technical feasibility to produce electric energy by hot natural fluids, have a relevance that goesbeyond the simple technological innovation in the use ofgeothermal resources. And indeed, the photo recalling theexperiment of the five bulbs is so familiar a picture for all
specialists in the sector that it can be considered the symbol itself of electric generation by means of geothermalenergy. The centenary of the geothermal-electric industry
is thus an event that from the cultural and professionalview point represents the legacy of whole geothermal
community.
Format and scope of the program
When starting to discuss the celebration program in question, most interested parties agreed that it was useless toconsider a “one shot” event (e.g. unveiling a plaque on awall, or emitting a special stamp, or similar) to acknowledge the outstanding merits of Piero Ginori Conti.
Therefore, it was suggested to consider the centenary as anopportunity to take, i.e. as an occasion to debate present
problems and future development of geothermal energy in
Italy in the frame of the logical continuity with achievements obtained in past centuries in several geothermalareas in Italy, with particular reference to Larderello.
No. 60Thus, it was recommended that the celebration program
should be wide in scope, with a number of linked manifestations capable of raising interest in as many as possible parties involved in energy matters, including institutions and politicians, energy decision-makers, industries
and companies operating in the geothermal sector, as well
as scientific, cultural and environmental organizations.
Moreover, it was considered opportune to rejuvenate thepride for their cultural traditions in people residing inimportant geothermal areas, aimed also at creating
improved conditions for the social acceptance of geothermal energy in their territory.
In short, the Italian geothermal community decided thatthe program recalling the first centenary of the geothermal-electric industry should be organized as a cultural
event at large; not so much the celebration of an ending
century, but the base to start a new geothermal century.
As a result of the above, the following multi-faceted program was devised for implementation in the 3-year period
2003-2005.
Manifestations already held
* Opening ceremony with a conference on “History ofgeothermal energy in Italy, from Prehistory to Roman
Times”, organized by UGI (Pomarance, 11 Oct. 2003).
Over 250 persons attended.
This was the first of four initiatives to be organized by
UGI, including three conferences and the publication of a
volume on “History of Geothermal Energy in Italy”. They
will take place in four different towns of Tuscany with significant geothermal traditions, and will deal with the influence that the presence of natural manifestations and the
exploitation of geothermal resources had in time on socioeconomic development and on cultural formation ofpeople in Italian geothermal areas.
* International conference on “Geothermal Energy and
the Territory: After Johannesburg, the contribution of
Geothermal Energy to Sustainable Development”, organized by the Government of the Tuscan Region (Pomarance,
29-30 January 2004). It was a very important event,attended by Government representatives from 30 countries, UNEP, WB, energy decision-makers and industry
managers from Italy and abroad, national and regional
institutions, environmentalists, geothermal experts, and apublic of 200 persons. One thousand copies of the proceedings have been printed and distributed at no cost. A
brochure on “Geothermal energy in Italy: a 5000-years
long history” was also prepared by the Tuscan Region incollaboration with UGI, and distributed at the conference.
* International workshop on “One Hundred Years ofGeothermal Energy in the World”, organized by IGA(Larderello, 8 May 2004). Over 300 persons attended.
* Photo exhibition on “Larderello: a Century of Geothermal Energy” organized by the Photographic Group of

11
Pisa (Pisa, 27 May-7 June 2004). More than 1000 persons
visited the exhibition.
* Geothermal festival. Organized by Enel and held at
Larderello on July 4th 2004 (the exact day of the centenaryof the first geothermal-electric light), it represented thehigh point of the celebration program, with the following
events: inauguration of the new geothermal museum,
opening of the restored palace of the De Larderel-Ginori
Conti family, repetition of the experiment made on July
4th 1904 by P. Ginori Conti, projection of a new geothermal movie, visits to plants and to the remote-control
center, aerial view of the Larderello area on a Montgolfiere, distribution of technical material, band concert, asport competition consisting of a geothermal game forteen-agers, and pyrotechnic fires in the night. The festival
was attended by several thousand Italian and foreign people.
• Historical review of the geothermal-electric industry,
presented by UGI at the International Geothermal Days
Poland 2004, organized by the Polish Geothermal
Association and the IGA European Branch (Zakopane, 13
Sept. 2004).
• Special geothermal session to celebrate the centenary
at the XXI Congress of Merceology, organized by the
Italian Society of Merceology (Foggia, 23 Sept. 2004).
• Second conference on “History of geothermal energy
in Italy: from the end of the Roman Empire throughMiddle Ages” (Massa Marittima, 6 Nov. 2004). Organized
by UGI, it was attended by 300 persons. The first-day cancellation of stamps on a special envelope with Italian andEnglish text was made on this occasion. Interested geothermalists and philatelists can address their request to
Dr. Umberto Rossi, UGI Secretary: e-mail rossi.umberto@ enel.it.
Planned mainfestations• Third conference on “History of Geothermal Energy in
Italy: from Renaissance to Modern Times”. It will takeplace in early summer 2005 in a town near Larderello in
the Siena Province.
• Closing ceremony. It will be organized by UGI in collaboration with other parties and held at Pisa or Florencein December 2005. The detailed program of this event will
be defined soon; but during the ceremony the presentationis already envisaged, and a complimentary copy will begiven to the participants, of a special volume on “Historyof geothermal energy in Italy” that UGI and IMSS
(Insitute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence)are preparing as a contribution to the celebration programof the centenary.
SponsorsMore than thirty institutions, organizations, industries,
companies and cultural associations have taken part so far
in the celebration program, and others are expected to takepart. Some of them have also supported UGI to cover partof the expenses incurred and underway.
Regardless of their support to UGI, the following are to
be quoted among the main sponsors: the Government of
the Tuscan Region, the Governments of the Pisa andGrosseto Provinces, UNEP (United Nations Environmental Program), IGA, the Institute of Geoscience andGeoresources (IGG) of the National Research Council of
Italy, the Institute and Museum of the History of Science,the descendants of the De Larderel and Ginori Conti
families, Enel, General Electric Oil & Gas / Nuovo
Pignone, and Ormat.
Thanks are due to all of them.

Results as of today
The manifestations held so far to recall the centenary of
the geothermal-electric industry have given the following
significant results:• Participation of people. Altogether, at least 5000
people attended the events;• Dissemination of information on geothermal energy.
Media, and scientific and cultural journals have widelyreported on the above events, taking the opportunity to
speak about geothermal energy and to stress the need toaccelerate its use;
• Development Plan of Direct Uses in Tuscany. Basedon suggestions made at the International conference on“Geothermal Energy and the Territory” (see previous para.
on manifestations already held), the Tuscan Region has
started a study to bring up to date the resource assessment,
and to evaluate the market conditions of the low-to-moderate temperature geothermal resources in Tuscany. The
study will represent the technical document of reference
for the Government of the Tuscan Region to set up thedevelopment plan in question;• Project on the Social Acceptance of Geothermal
Energy. As a follow-up of ideas discussed at the international conference mentioned above, the University of Pisa
is studying the technical-economic feasibility of a project
dealing with social constraints hampering the development of geothermal resources in Italy and abroad. Should
the feasibility be proven, the project would be implemented by the “Interdepartmental Center on Studies for
Peace” of the University of Pisa;• International Center of Excellence on Geothermal
Energy. An initiative has been announced by the Tuscan
Region to promote the creation of the center in question in
Tuscany, with the support of the Italian Government(already promised) and of some important internationalorganizations. The feasibility study of this initiative isunderway.
April – June 2005

12
PolandIN MEMORIAM

Professor Julian Sokolowski
23.01.1932 - 26.11.2004
By Stanislaw Ostaficzuk and Beata Kepinska
On 26 November 2004 died
Professor Julian Sokolowski, amember of the Polish Geothermal Association, its president from 1993 to 2001 and thenan honorary member. In theyears 1995 to 1998 Professor
Sokolowski was a Board member of the International Geothermal Association.
Professor Julian Sokolowski
was a petroleum geologist, specializing in subsurface geology, who was aware of thesocial implications of the processes taking place in nature.
He was a graduate of the AGH-University of Science andTechnology in Krakow, Poland, where he was granted the
MSc degree in geology in 1955, then PhD in 1964. In 1967
he became an associate professor, and in 1980 obtained
the title of a full professor of natural science.
Professor Sokolowski’s work concentrated on structuralgeology, petroleum and geothermal geology. He specialized in prospecting and management of liquid resources:oil, natural gas and geothermal waters. He had a great andoriginal impact in these disciplines.
Professor Sokolowski was a precursor of geosynopsis –a geological research tool enabling a complex analysis of
all elements of animate and inanimate nature, social andgeographic conditionings and topography with the objective of proposing optimum solutions for prospecting andexploitation of resources in a studied area. This discipline
turned out to be visionary; unlike universal GIS methods,
based solely on planes, new computational technologies
also offered the possibility to use solids for analyzing geological space. Being an initiator, co-author, designer andhead of Poland’s first Experimental Geothermal Plant in
Banska – Bialy Dunajec in Podhale, he contributed greatly to geology and environmental protection. Established in
1992/1993, the Plant laid the basis for the ongoing projectof a regional heating network – one of the biggest andmost advanced in Europe.
Professor Sokolowski started his scientific and professional career in the years 1955 to 1966 when he worked asa geologist and head of departments in the petroleum
industry. In the period 1966 to 1986 he worked in the
Polish Geological Institute in Warsaw and Krakow, heading, among others, research programs devoted to regional
surveys of geological conditions, and estimation of liquid
resources. In 1962 to 1992 he was a member of the Committee for Geological Projects Evaluation – first, at theNo. 60Central Geological Office, then at the Ministry ofEnvironmental Protection, Natural Resources andForestry. In the years 1970 to 1988 he also presided over
the Committee Evaluating Syllabuses and Handbooks forProfessional Schools at the Ministry.
In the years 1986 to 2002 Professor Sokolowski worked
in the Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of
the Polish Academy of Sciences (MEERI PAS). Within the
PAS structures, he established and headed the Departmentof Geosynopsis and Geothermal Energy. Accompanied bya team of co-workers, he was the first to assess theresources of geothermal energy in Poland with a view totheir practical implementation. He worked out the methodology of geothermal energy exploitation, and designed andconstructed the Experimental Geothermal Plant in the
Podhale region. He also authored concepts of geothermal
plants all over Poland, e.g. in Szczecin, Zyrardow,
Skierniewice and Warsaw. Professor Sokolowski initiatedand worked out research standards for the regional andlocal evaluation of resources and applicability of geothermal energy. This created a basis for him and his co-workers to carry out numerous studies for various counties anddistricts across Poland.
In the years 1986 to 2002 he was the editor-in-chief andthen a member of the Editorial Board of a bimonthly“Exploration Technology – Geosynopsis and Geothermal
Energy”. Thanks to him, a number of recognized authors
from Poland and abroad participated in the edition of themagazine.
Professor Julian Sokolowski was an active propagatorof the versatile use of ecological, clean heat from geothermal waters in Poland. He made efforts to create institutional and legal frameworks for geothermal development
both on local and on central level.
Professor Sokolowski supervised five PhD theses. He
wrote over 150 scientific papers, books and atlases published in Poland and abroad. Among the most importantones are: Geological conditions in the Goplo anticline(1957), Role of halokinesis in the development of
Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments of Mogilno structureand Mogilno-Lodz synclinorium (1966), Geological andstructural characteristic of regional units in Poland inview of bitumen prospecting (1968), Geological and structural characteristic of the Fore-Sudetic area (1967),
Geothermal energy – a chance for the Podhale region(1984), Polish atlas of petroleum geosynopsis (1987),
Conditions of geothermal waters’ occurrence in Poland
and program of their utilization in the Podhale region(1988), Regional and formation geology of Poland (1990),
Geosynopsis atlas of Poland (1992), Geothermal
provinces and basins in Poland (1995).
Professor Julian Sokolowski was granted numerous
awards, in that National Group Award of second rank,
Award of Department III of Polish Academy of Sciences,Golden Medal of Merit for Polish Geology, Bachelor
Cross of Order of Restitution of Poland.
We will remember Professor Julian Sokolowski as a

13
man of great knowledge and experience, merited for the
Polish science. His impact on the concept and geothermalenergy development in Poland is invaluable.

THE AMERICAS
MexicoUpcoming MGA Annual Meeting

before October 31. Text must be submitted without
special format as MSWord file, figures and graphs asgraphic files in *.jpg or *.gif attached files. If the paper
is written in English, a Spanish abstract has to be
included and vice versa. Papers will be peer-reviewed.
• Complete papers will be edited and published in a CD
to be distributed during the meeting, but some (or all) of
them will be published in the magazine Geotermia.
Please refer to the more recent number of this magazine(http://www.geothermal.org) to see the Author
Instructions.
Abstracts, papers or requests for more information can bedirected to:2005 Meeting of the Mexican geothermal Association
By Luis Gutiérrez-Negrín
The Mexican Geothermal
Association(AGM:
Asociación Geotérmica
Mexicana) is preparing its
2005 Annual Meeting andhas published the firstCall for Papers. The meeting will be held in thefacilities of the Los
Azufres geothermal field,
one of the four Mexican fields in operation, with an
installed capacity of 188 MW. Los Azufres is located in
the central part of Mexico, in the State of Michoacán, surrounded by a spectacular pine-forest at 2800 meters above
the sea level. There are 39 production wells and 5 injection wells, all of them operated by the Comisión Federal
de Electricidad (CFE), the governmental facility in chargeof generation and distribution of electricity, which also
operates the power plants and is sponsoring the AGM
meeting.
The AGM meeting is scheduled on November 27-28,
2005. It is expected to present around 15 technical papers,
and then celebrate the formal assembly stated in the official AGM Bylaws. The Directive Board is calling for
papers, with the following considerations:

José Luis Quijano-León:luis.quijano@cfe.gob.mx, orLuis C.A. Gutiérrez-Negrín:luis.gutierrez03@cfe.gob.mx.

Photo 1: View of the Unit 14, 25
MWe.

• Papers have to be related to geothermics.
• Abstracts, in Spanish or English, must be sent before
September 30 as MSWord attachments to the email
addresses given below. Maximum length for abstracts is
one double-spaced page.

Photo 2: Cabins for lodging in Los
Azufres.

• Selected papers will be notified on October 14. Oralpresentations will be limited to 25 minutes, including
questions, and can be in Spanish or English. Somepapers can be selected for poster presentation.
• Complete papers must be sent to the emails below
April – June 2005

14

ASIA/PACIFIC RIM
China
Reinjection in Xiaotangshan
Geothermal Field,
Tingshan Tian, China Institute of Geo-Environment
Monitoring
Geothermal reinjection is one of the important measures
for sustainable development of geothermal resources. In
the Urban, Xiaotangshan and Liangxiang etc. geothermal
fields in Beijing, thermal water levels were found to befalling as a result of exploitation that started in the 1970s.
Since the implementation of a management policy for
geothermal resources in Beijing in the mid-1980s, eachwell has been planned with a permitted extraction rate.
The total exploitation of a geothermal field has been controlled to maintain stable exploitation. As a result, the thermal water drawdown has trended toward stability; it drops
about 1.5 meters per year.
Medium-to-low temperature geothermal direct use
lends itself to decentralized development in China. Several
dozen developers have invested in one or two wells eachon their own land, but within a geothermal field. They
operate their own geothermal business. This increased the
problem of implementing geothermal reinjection. In orderto promote a sustainable development of geothermal
resources, the Beijing Administration of Geothermal
Resources gives favourable terms to the user who carriesout reinjection. Initially, geothermal extraction needs to
pay the resources compensatory fee, but reinjection quantity can offset the user’s extraction quantity. It is equivalent
to waiving the payment for a corresponding extraction.
This policy has promoted the implementation of geothermal reinjection, and it has encouraged neighbouring users
to combine to carry out reinjection – one well for extraction and the other for reinjection.
Collecting the return water from the radiators after
geothermal space heating to use for reinjection is encouraged in the Xiaotangshan Geothermal Field. Such reinjection was carried out in one pair of wells from the winter of2002 to the spring of 2003. This then increased to threepairs of wells for the winter of 2003 to the spring of 2004.
During the period, a total 248 000 m3 of returned water
was reinjected. This corresponds to about 7.6% of annual
exploitation. During the past heating season, from the winter of 2004 to the spring of 2005, reinjection was carriedout in 6 pairs of wells in Xiaotangshan Geothermal Field.
The quantity reinjected reached 103 000-208 000 m3 forsingle well. The total reinjected quantity has reached
982 000 m3. It corresponds to about 35.0% of the annual
exploitation of the field.
Geothermal reinjection has resulted in a real benefit.
The water level decline has slowed. During 2003, thewater level dropped 1.46 m in the field. During 2004 theNo. 60decline decreased to 1.28 m. It should decrease further in2005. In addition, reinjection monitoring has revealed new
information about two aspects:
1. Water level and temperature monitoring in reinjection
wells showed the water level rising and temperature
falling when reinjection started; but the water level
dropping about 20 m and the temperature rising 1012ºC rapidly in the first 2-3 hours after reinjection
stopped.
2. The thermal water quality changed in the reinjection
well. When pumping after reinjection stopped, the compositions of Na+ and SO4= increased in the reinjection
well. This represents an increase of typical hot watercomponents.
The above monitoring discovery confirms the mechanismof reinjection: low temperature water sinks into the deeper reservoir, then typical hot water from the deeper partrises up to the top level of the reinjection well.

OCEANIANew ZealandNews from NZGA
By Jim Lawless
The New Zealand Geothermal Association is pleased tohear of the announcement by Contact of further geothermal drilling at Te Mihi. This is a further step in theongoing development of the geothermal resources available in New Zealand, and should help Contact generate
more electricity from its existing stations at Wairakei andPoihipi.
There has been increasing interest in generation fromgeothermal power in New Zealand, as its cost is competitive with other forms of generation. While its capital costis relatively high, its operating costs are relatively low (saycompared to gas or coal fired generation). Geothermal
generation typically supplies about 7% of all electricity
generation nationally, and this is normally baseload generation. Geothermal energy is reliable and not dependent on
the weather. There are many fields in New Zealand thatare currently untapped or underdeveloped, and that could
be readily developed. Geothermal energy is expected tomake an even greater contribution to supplying New
Zealand’s increasing demand for electricity. Conservative
estimates that take account of likely consent restrictions
have indicated that more than 600MW of new geothermal
power stations could be installed.
The New Zealand Geothermal Association is an independent, non-profit industry association with a wide
membership covering developers, regulators, researchers,
consultants, Maori interests, manufacturers, etc. It provides information on geothermal phenomena and utilisation for industry, government and educational organisations. The NZGA supports appropriate sustainable devel-

15
opment of geothermal resources, and works with industry
and government to achieve this.
For more information, contact Brian White (Executive
Officer of the NZGA) phone 0274 771 009, email
brian.white@eastharb.co.nz

UPCOMING EVENTSGreen Power – Central and Eastern Europe, 7-9 September
2005, Prague, Czech Republic. Website: http:// www.green
powerconferences.com/events/greenPowerCEE.htm
International Conference “Mineral Extraction from Geothermal Brines”, Petropavlosk-Kamchatsky, Russia, September 12-16, 2005. Websites: English version http://geoheat.oit.edu/minerals/minerals.htm, Russian version http://
www.gesa.ru. Contacts: R. Gordon Bloomquist (bloom
quistr@energy.wsu.edu), John Lund (lundj@oit.edu), Oleg
Povarov (povarov@ geotherm.ru), or Yuri Trukhin (nigtc@
kcs.iks.ru).
Symposium of the Geothermal Council of China Energy
Society. Beijing, China, 14-18 September 2005. Contact:
Keyan Zheng, e-mail kzheng@public3.bta.net.cn
International Geothermal Conference “Renewable Energy:
Problems and Prospects”. Makhachkala, Republic ofDaghestan, 19 – 22 September 2005. Contact: Alibek Alkhasov (danterm@xtreem.ru), website: http://www.geoterm.
iwt.ru/info-e.htm
GRC Annual Meeting. Reno, NV, USA, 25 – 28 September
2005. website: www.geothermal.org.
27th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop, early November
2005. Exact dates and venue will be defined shortly. Contact
Stuart Simmons. E-mail sf.simmons@ auckland.ac.nz.
Mexican Geothermal Association Annual Meeting. Los
Azufres, Mich., México, November 27-28, 2005. Contact:
José Luis Quijano-León (luis.quijano@cfe.gob. mx) or Luis
C.A. Gutiérrez-Negrín (luis.gutierrez03@ cfe.gob.mx).
Stanford Geothermal Workshop. Stanford, California, USA,
January 2006. Contact: Laura Garner (lgarner@pangea.stanford.edu).
27th Annual PNOC-EDC Geothermal Conference. Manila,
Philippines, March 2006. Contact: Arnel Mejorada, email:geothermalcon@energy.com.phInternational Heat Transfer Conference IHTC-13, 13-18
August 2006, Sydney, Australia. Contact Graham de Vahl
Davis. Tel: +61 2 9327 5706; fax: +61 2 9327 5710; e-mail:ihtc-13@unsw.edu.au. Website: http://ihtc-13.mech.unsw.
edu.au/World Renewable Energy Congress IX & Exhibition, 19-25
August 2006, Florence, Italy. Contact Prof Ali Saigh,
WREN. Tel: +44 1273 625 643; fax: +44 1273 625 768; email: asayigh@netcomuk.co.uk. Website: http://www.wren
uk.co.uk/menu.html
International Conference and Exhibition “Renewable
Energy 2006”. Makuhari Mese, Chiba, Japan, 9-13 October
2006. Website: www.re2006.org.

IGA News
IGA News is published quarterly by the International
Geothermal Association. The function of IGA News is
to disseminate timely information about geothermal
activities throughout the world. To this end, a group of
correspondents has agreed to supply news for eachissue. The core of this group consist of the IGA
Information Committee:
Eduardo Iglesias, Mexico (Chairman)
Nilgun Bakir, Turkey
Werner Bussmann, Germany
John Garnish, United Kingdom
Alimin Ginting, Indonesia
Gestur Gíslason, Iceland
Luis Gutiérrez-Negrín, Mexico
Roland Horne, USA
Beata Kepinska, Poland
Jim Lawless, New ZealandMarcelo Lippmann, USA
Zbigniew Malolepszy, Poland
Adele Manzella, Italy
Rosa María Prol-Ledesma, Mexico
Sylvia Ramos, Philippines
Tingshan Tian, China
Joaquin Torres-Rodriguez, Mexico
Francois-David Vuataz, Switzerland
Kasumi Yasukawa, JapanThe members of this group submit geothermal news
from their parts of the world, or relevant to their areasof specialization. If you have some news, a report, or anarticle for IGA News, you can send it to any of theabove individuals, or directly to the IGA Secretariat,
whatever is most convenient. Please help us to become
essential reading for anyone seeking the latest information on geothermal worldwide.
While the editorial team make every effort to ensure
accuracy, the opinions expressed in contributed articles
remain those of the authors and are not necessarily
those of the IGA.
Send IGA News contributions to:
IGA Secretariat, c/o Samorka
Sudurlandsbraut 48, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland
fax: +354-588-4431
e-mail: iga@samorka.is
Contributions to the next issue of IGA News must be
received by 10 August 2005.
This issue of IGA News was edited by Eduardo
Iglesias. John Garnish proofread the articles. Valgardur
Stefansson at the IGA Secretariat produced it. Layout
and printing by Gutenberg, www.gutenberg.is
April – June 2005

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