White Paper

An Introduction to:Form Factors
and Governing
Bodies© Swissbit AG 2024 – All rights reserved.

Table of Contents
14. SATA Interface

24. PCIe Express Interface

2. Flash Memory Controller 8. eUSB Modules

15. CF Cards

25. PCIe Cards

3. Controller to Host

16. 2.5” Inch Drives

26. Mini PCIe Card

17. mSATA

27. SATA Express

18. micro SSD

28. CF Express Card

1. Introduction

7. USB Interface

9. USB Flash Drives

4. Governing Bodies
10. e.MMC
5. SD Cards
6. microSD Cards

29. SD Express Card
11. ATA Interface

19. M.2 Specification

30. XFM Express

12. Compact Flash Cards

20. M.2 SATA

31. ES.1

13. PATA SSDs

21. M.2 PCB 2242 2280

32. U.2, U.3

22. M.2 BGAs 1620, 2024
23. M.2 PCIe

33. Conclusion

1.Introduction
Most form factors in today’s data storage landscapeare defined by governing bodies that set different
specifications to standardize them and enableinteroperability. These governing bodies address thephysical specifications of the form factors, as well as
the connectors.
There are also cases where form factors either
encompass multiple interface protocols or are theresult of a proprietary solution becoming a quasistandard.
In this paper, the current flash memory form factors
will be presented, and explained with some
additional details (size, connectors, interface,
performance, market, etc.). Because form factors
and interfaces often correlate, the paper is organizedaccording to the interfaces, as this is often the firstrequirement of the memory system imposed by thehost side.

2

2. Flash Memory Controller
The controller is the brains of any NAND flash storage
system. It ensures that data received from the host issent to the flash and can be retrieved later.
It translates and amends read/ write/ statuscommands of the mass storage protocol to different
commands of the flash components. It also translates
host Logical Block Addresses (LBAs) or sector
addresses that are managed by the file system tophysical locations or addresses on the flash. The
controller ensures compatibility at both ends andmanages all inherent flash deficiencies.
The flash controller is inherently associated with thememory system interface and form factor/ hostinterface. These characteristics drive the type of
application and domain in which the memory
system can be used, as requirements differ indifferent settings (industrial/ automotive/ consumer).

Flash controllers translate data
between a host system and flash
memory. To ensure interoperability,
the controller must have the rightinterface to connect with the hostsystem. Different flash controller
characteristics make systems more
tailored to specific applications.

Also, certain standards may or may not include
features such as health monitoring (e.g., SMART for
ATA-based protocols) or firmware update options,sanitization, or security. As they are associated withthe host interface, those features are inherently
associated with the form factors.
There is sometimes confusion between the card form
factor, the connector, the interface, and the host
protocol. Some terms like USB can define theinterface and the connector, while others, like SD,
define the card form factor, the interface and theconnector (although many versions exist).

The system host and the domain orapplication will generally be major
drivers to decide on the interface andthe form factor. It is important toweight the different options toevaluate what is the best scenario fora specific application.

3. Controller Interface to Host System
The host-side interface of the flash controller
manages the communication and data traffic
received from and sent to the host system. Details
depend on the chosen host interface protocol orstandard. For any given host interface, a set of form
factors will then be available to the system
integrator. The final decision for the form factors canbe dictated by the form factor of the systems being
replaced, by mechanical or thermal constraints
imposed by a particular domain or application, or byother factors such as cost, performance, robustness,availability, or mechanical preferences.
All protocols differ in several respects – not only
performance and compatibility, but also robustness
and signal transmission quality, driver strength, anderror correction for noise on the line.

Table 1: Interface and form factor overview

3

4. Governing Bodies

5. SD Card

The standards are generally developed bystandardization committees. For certain form factor
standards, there is cooperation between different
groups.

SD and microSD cards are widely used removablestorage devices commonly found in cameras,
smartphones, tablets, and other portable electronic
devices. They are designed as small, portable, andconvenient storage solutions and are used where
there is a need for small replaceable media withouthigh performance requirements.
SD cards use a push-push mechanism where they
can be inserted into and removed from a compatible
slot. The cards come in different capacities ranging
from a few megabytes (MB) to several terabytes (TB),
with SDHC (Secure Digital High Capacity) and SDXC
(Secure Digital Extended Capacity) being common
variations that support higher capacities.
SD cards can support different data transfer speeds,
denoted by classes or UHS (Ultra-High-Speed)
ratings, which indicate the minimum sustained
write speeds. They are used in various devices suchas digital cameras, video recorders, game consoles,
and some laptops.

Table 2: Governing Bodies Overview

Fig. 1: Swissbit SD Card4

6. microSD Card
microSD cards or uSD are smaller versions of SD cards
and are primarily designed for use in smaller devices
where space is limited, such as smartphones,
tablets, DIN rail housings and wearable devices.
Like SD cards, microSD cards also use a push-pushmechanism for insertion and removal and come invarious capacities and have similar speed ratings as
SD cards.
Both SD and microSD cards are widely supported bydifferent manufacturers and offer compatibility witha wide range of devices. They provide portable andflexible storage options, allowing users to easilytransfer and store data between devices or expand
the storage capacity of their electronic devices.
Table 3: SD Specifications and modes

Figure 2: microSD Card by Swissbit

Table 4: Physical characteristics of SD cards

information.

5

7. USB Interface

9. USB Flash Drive

The USB interface was introduced in the mid-1990s.
Over time, it has evolved to provide faster datatransfer rates, increased power delivery, andimproved versatility. The various USB generations
include:USB flash drives are a widely used form factor used
for connecting various devices to computers andother electronic devices. USB has become the standard interface for connecting peripherals, such as
keyboards, mice, printers, external hard drives,
smartphones, and many other devices.

•

•
•

•

USB 1: The original USB standard, introduced in
1996, offered data transfer rates of up to 12 Mbps
(megabits per second). It was commonly used
for low-speed devices like keyboards and mice.
USB 2.0: Introduced in 2000, this version
increased the data transfer rate to 480 Mbps.
USB 3.0/3.1/3.2: These versions, introduced in
2008, 2013, and 2017 respectively, broughtsignificant improvements in data transfer speed
USB 4: Introduced in 2019 is the latest generationof USB and offers even higher data transfer rates.
It supports speeds up to 40 Gbps andincorporates Thunderbolt 3 technology. USB 4 isbackward compatible with previous generations.

Figure 4: Swissbit USB Key Flash Drive

In addition to the familiar USB Type-A and Type-B
connectors, USB Type-C has gained popularity inrecent years. The USB Type-C connector is smaller
and reversible, meaning it can be plugged in either
way. It can support high-speed data transfer, power
delivery, and video output, making it a versatileconnector for various devices.
The connectors used for USB flash drives are mostly
as follows:

Table 5: USB Generations Overview

8. eUSB Modules
The embedded USB, or eUSB, form factor, may notupon first glance look like the traditional USB flash
drive consumers know and use- It does however
continue to be a very popular solution for industrial
applications as it is more rugged and durable.

Table 6: Connectors for USB Flash Memory

USB form factors offers numerous
advantages, including its widespread
adoption, compatibility acrossdevices, ease of use, and support forvarious data transfer rates and power
delivery. It has become an essential
technology for connecting andpowering a wide range of devices intoday’s digital ecosystem..
Figure 3: eUSB module based on Hyperstone controller

610. e.MMC

11. ATA Interface

e.MMC is both an interface and a form factor in
itself. It is an all-in-one solution as both the flash
memory and its controller are present in the same
package making it optimal for compact systems.

When ANSI adopted IDE, originally developed byIBM, it renamed it ATA for Advanced Technology
Attachment. The ubiquitous parallel cable could befound in most computers. A major issue appeared
when computers were integrated into smaller cases.
The ATA was later renamed as PATA (P-ATA) in order
to distinguish it from the new generation of theinterface SATA (Serial ATA).

e.MMC exists in 100, 153 and 169 ball packages and isbased on an 8-bit parallel interface. In mostindustrial applications, ruggedness is prioritizedover performance, hence e.MMC 4.5 is still widelyused. By contrast, consumer applications are often
driven by performances with e.MMC5.x as a key
enabler in smartphones.

Figure 5: Swissbit EM-30

Different generations of the ATA interface have beendeveloped. The most recent ones are summarized
below. Ultra DMA or UDMA also evolved in parallel, todefine the protocol between a host and a device.

Table 8: ATA Generations Overview

12. Compact Flash Cards
Compact Flash has been around since the mid-1990s
but has since been replaced in a number of consumer
products by smaller form factor options. However, it
is still a popular format in industrial settings, as thecard is simply robust.

Table 7: e.MMC Specifications Overview
Table 9: CF Generations Overview

Figure 6: Swissbit CompactFlash Card7

13. PATA SSDs

15. CFast Cards

PATA SSDs were once widely used in industrial storage
applications due to their robust nature compared to
HDDs. However, they have since been almost
completely replaced by SATA.

CFast has the same form factor as Compact Flash but
is based on the Serial ATA (SATA 2) interface instead of
PATA. The pin-out is different from a CF card, though,with a 7-pin data connector and a 17-pin power
connector.

14. SATA Interface

CFast and CF cards are not directly compatible, but
an adaptor can be used. As SATA can also emulate
PATA command protocol, it is possible to use a CFast
card in older CF systems. For CFast 1.0/1.1, themaximum transfer rate is the same as SATA 2.0, 300
MB/s, therefore it gives better performance than CF/
PATA, which is limited to a maximum transfer rate of
167 MB/s at best. CFast 2.0, introduced in 2014, uses
SATA 3.0 capable of reaching a maximum transfer
rate of 600 MB/s.

Serial ATA or SATA was meant to replace Parallel ATA
or PATA in computers. The main issue with PATA waslinked to the wide bus, which had to be routed.
Today, there are different generations of SATA.

Table 10: SATA Generations Overview

SATA drives are found in many different form factors.
The most common is the 2.5-inch SSD drive
It is also important to note the 1969 MB/S listed in
the above table is only achieveable with SATA express
and was not widley accepted or implemented after
the emergence of PCIe.

Figure 7 :Swissbit CFast Card

16. 2.5 Inch Drive
Popular formats for HDD were the 3.5-, 2.5- and1.8-inch drives. The size indication is the size of therotating disk in the HDD, and not the size of thecasing. SDD has widely adopted the 2.5-inch disk
drive format so that an HDD can be replaced easily
with a 2.5-inch SATA 3 AHCI SSD drive. This gives avery effective path to upgrade the memory of alaptop. These drives can also be used externally.

Figure 8: 2.5” Swissbit SATA SSD

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17.mSATA

18.micro SSD

mSATA is a smaller form factor than the SATA SSD. It
comes as a PCB board, in three different formats:• Half-Slim MO-297 (54 × 39 × 4 mm) (about half
the size of a credit card)• mSATA MO-300A (30 × 51 × 8 mm)• mSATA-mini MO-300A (30 × 26.8 × 4 mm)

The specification for Micro SSD (aka µSSD) was
developed by SATA-IO and uses a JEDEC standard
form factor.

It also looks like the mini-PCIe card, but they are notdirectly electrically compatible. The mSATA
bandwidth is the same as SATA 3 - 6 Gb/s.

It defines the electrical pin-out of a BGA for a SATA3
interface. As per eMMC or UFS, the package issoldered directly onto the motherboard, removing
the need for connectors.

The mSATA form factor is most used in lower-powerdevices like netbooks, but also in commercial
applications. Its specification also describes how to
map mSATA to mini-PCIe. The interface of mSATA is
the same as the regular Serial ATA – the cards simply
look different.

Figure 10: Example of MicroSSD

Figure 9: Swissbit mSATA Board

919. M.2 Specification

20. M.2 SATA

Initially developed by Intel and known as Next
Generation Form Factor (NGFF) the M.2 specification
was developed to provide a more versatile, compact,and high-performance storage solution that could
meet the demands of modern computing devices.

M.2 SATA is a form factor and interface specification
for solid-state drives (SSDs) that utilizes the M.2 slot
on motherboards. M.2 SATA SSDs are a popular choice
for storage in laptops, desktops, and other devices
due to their compact size, high performance, andenergy efficiency.

PCI-SIG originally defined the M.2 form factor, then
SATA-IO adopted M.2 in the SATA 3.2 specifications.
These specifications also defined SATA express.
M.2 is therefore more flexible than the previously
defined mSATA form factor. It supports not only SATA,
but also PCIe and USB 3 interfaces. As a result, it
extends the possible applications and can also befound supporting different host protocols, either
AHCI or NVMe.
As a result, it is difficult to define M.2 as easily as
most other card form factors. Many variants of M.2
cards exist. It can have up to 4× PCIe lanes, one SATA
3 and one USB 3 port. Both SATA and PCIe buses canbe used at the same time (if supported by both hostand device) There are also multiple connector andkey IDs for each.

M.2 SATA drives use the SATA III (6.0 Gbit/s) interface,which is the same interface used by traditional 2.5inch SATA hard drives and SATA SSDs. This interface
allows for easy integration into existing systems
without requiring specific hardware support.
M.2 SATA SSDs offer significantly faster data transfer
rates compared to traditional mechanical hard
drives. Although they are not as fast as M.2 NVMe
SSDs, which can reach much higher speeds, M.2 SATA
drives still provide a noticeable improvement insystem responsiveness and file transfer speeds. The
sequential read and write speeds of M.2 SATA SSDs
typically range between 500 and 600 megabytes per
second (MB/s).
M.2 SATA SSDs come in a small and thin form factor,
often referred to as Next Generation Form Factor(NGFF). The physical dimensions vary, but the mostcommon size is 22 millimeters in width and either
30, 42, 60, 80, or 110 millimeters in length. The
compact design makes M.2 SATA drives suitable forslim devices with limited space.

Table 11: Key IDs for M.2

1021. M.2 Module PCBS 2242, 2280

22. M.2 BGAs: 1620, 2024

PPCB 2242 and PCB 2280 refer to specific form factors
for M.2 SSDs. The numbers in 2242 and 2280 represent
the dimensions of the PCBs.

M.2 BGAs come in different dimensions and sizes.
The numbers in BGA 1620 and BGA 2024 represent
the size of the BGA packages. For example, BGA1620
is 16 mm x 20 mm.

Specifically, PCB 2242 refers to an M.2 SSD with awidth of 22mm and a length of 42mm. PCB 2280:
represents an M.2 SSD with a width of 22mm and alength of 80mm.
These form factors are important considerations
when choosing an M.2 SSD for a particular system.
The length and width determine the physical sizeand compatibility of the SSD with the M.2 slot on themotherboard or expansion card.
It is worth noting that there are various other M.2
form factors available, such as 2230, 2260, and 22110,
each with different lengths. The specific form factor
required depends on the capabilities andcompatibility of the motherboard or device in which
the M.2 SSD will be installed.

The specific BGA package type is important when it
comes to compatibility with the PCB and theintended use of the IC. The number of solder balls
determines the number of connections available fortransmitting data, power, and other signals between
the IC and the PCB. Different ICs may require different
BGA package sizes based on their pin count andfunctionality. BGA packages offer advantages such as
reducedPCB
footprint,
improved
thermalperformance, and enhanced electrical characteristics.
They are commonly used in various electronic
devices, including computers, mobile devices,gaming consoles, networking equipment, and otherhigh-performance systems.

Figure 12: PCIe NVMe M.2 1620 BGA SSD by Swissbit
Figure 11: M.2 PCB Form Factor Sizes

1123. M.2 PCIe

24. PCI Express Interface

M.2 PCIe SSDs are designed to leverage the highspeed capabilities of the PCIe (Peripheral Component
Interconnect Express) interface, offering even fasterdata transfer rates compared to M.2 SATA SSDs.

PCI express (PCIe) is a high-speed serial bus standard
used to connect various components within acomputer system. It is a widely adopted interconnect
technology that provides a fast and efficient datatransfer between the motherboard and peripheraldevices.

PCIe is a high-speed serial interface that provides
significantly faster data transfer rates compared to
SATA III. M.2 PCIe SSDs can take advantage of multiple
PCIe lanes (e.g., x2, x4, x8, or x16) to achieve higher
speeds. Subsequently, M.2 PCIe SSDs offer
significantly faster performance than both traditional
hard drives and M.2 SATA SSDs. The exact performance
depends on the specific drive model, but M.2 PCIe
SSDs can achieve sequential read and write speedsof several gigabytes per second (GB/s).
M.2 PCIe SSDs come in the same small and thin form
factor as M.2 SATA SSDs, often referred NGFF, however
they utilize the PCIe interface, specifically PCIe 4.0 or
newer versions.

PCIe offers several advantages over its predecessor,
the parallel-based PCI (Peripheral Component
Interconnect) bus. It utilizes a point-to-point serial
connection, allowing for higher data transfer rates
and increased scalability. PCIe supports multiple
lanes, each capable of carrying data in both
directions simultaneously. This enables multiple
devices to communicate with the host system
concurrently.
The most common use of PCIe is for connecting
expansion cards, such as graphics cards, network
adapters, sound cards, and storage controllers, tothe motherboard. It also serves as the interface forinternal storage devices like NVMe SSDs.
.

Figure 13: M.2 PCIe Card

Typically, M.2 PCIe further uses the NVMe (NonVolatile Memory Express) protocol, which is
specifically designed to optimize the performancefor PCIe-based SSDs. NVMe allows for improvedcommand handling, reduced latency, and increased
parallelism, enabling the SSD to fully leverage thehigh bandwidth of the PCIe interface.

Table 12 PCIe Generations Overview

25. PCIe Cards
PCIe cards are defined by their number of lanes.
There are four different card formats ×1, ×4, ×8 or
×16. All the cards are composed of a first set of 11pins, then a key notch, and finally the remaining
number of pins according to the number of channels.

Table 13 PCIe Card Specifications

1226. Mini PCIe Card

28. CF Express Card

The PCI Express Mini Card was developed by PCI-SIG
to replace the Mini PCI form factor. The Mini PCIe
card supports both 1× PCIe and USB 2 interfaces. A
Mini PCIe card can be used in the PCIe slot using apassive adaptor.

CFexpress, also known as CompactFlash Express, is ahigh-performance memory card format that was
introduced in 2016. It is designed as a successor to
the CompactFlash (CF) and XQD card formats, offeringsignificantly faster data transfer speeds andimproved storage capabilities.

The form factor for mSATA and Mini PCIe is similar,
and both cards can fit in the mini PCIe slot. However,they use different host interfaces, respectively SATA
and PCIe, and the host connected to the PCIe slot
must support the corresponding interface.

CFexpress utilizes the PCIe (Peripheral Component
Interconnect Express) interface to achieve highspeed data transfer rates. It leverages the NVMe
(Non-Volatile Memory Express) protocol, which is
optimized for solid-state storage, to deliver fast andefficient performance.
The data transfer speeds of CFexpress cards can varydepending on the specific implementation and PCIe
generation. CFexpress Type B cards using PCIe 3.0 canachieve read and write speeds of up to 1,700-1,800
MB/s. CFexpress Type B cards utilizing the newer PCIe
4.0 interface can offer even faster speeds, reaching
up to 3,500-4,000 MB/s.

Figure 14: Mini PCIe card and half size mini PCIe card dimensions

27. SATA Express (SATAe)
SATA Express is a computer bus interface that supports both Serial ATA and PCI Express storage devices.
Initially standardized in the SATA 3.2 specification,
the governing body SATA-IO introduced the specification to significantly increase the bandwidth.

CFexpress has gained popularity in professional
photography and videography due to its high-speed
performance, making it suitable for capturing highresolution images and video footage. It is also usedin other applications that require fast and reliable
storage, such as industrial cameras, professional
audio recorders, and high-end computing devices.
.

A connector was defined for backward compatibility
that could support both SATA 3 x2 and PCIe x2 interfaces.
SATA express supports three different device interfaces:• SATA 3 interface• PCIe using AHCI
• PCIe using NVMe

Figure 15. Industrial CFexpress card by Swissbit

1329. SD Express Card

30. XFM Express

SD express refers to a next-generation SD memory
card standard that combines the popular SD card
form factor with the high-speed PCIe and NVMe
interfaces. SD express cards leverage the PCIe andNVMe protocols to achieve faster speeds and lower
latency compared to traditional SD cards, which
typically use slower interfaces like SD, SDHC, or SDXC.

XFM express is a new form factor for PCIe/NVMe
devices. Featuring a powerful combination of small
size, speed, and serviceability, XFM express
technology was developed to enhance nextgeneration mobile and embedded applications.

The SD express standard supports different versions,such as SD 7.0, SD 8.0, and so on, each introducing
new features and improved performance. These
cards can offer faster read and write speeds, making
them suitable for applications that require quick
data access, such as high-resolution photography,
4K or 8K video recording, and high-speed datatransfers.
SD express cards are backward compatible withexisting SD card slots but may require a compatible
host device with PCIe and NVMe support to achieve
their full performance potential. It is important tonote that while SD Express cards use PCIe and NVMe
interfaces internally, the physical form factor
remains the same as traditional SD cards, ensuring
compatibility with a wide range of devices that
support SD cards.

The XFM express XT2 from KIOXIA is the first productto meet the specification of the new JEDEC standard.

31. E1.S
E1.S is one of the form factors defined by the EDSFF
working group, a group comprised of major industry
players such as Intel, Samsung, Seagate, and Western
Digital. The EDSFF working group also defines otherform factors, such as E1.L, E3.S, and E3.L, each withdifferent physical dimensions and capabilities.
EDSFF stands for “Enterprise and Datacenter Storage
Form Factor,” and it is a standard for solid-statedrives (SSDs) used in enterprise and data center
environments.
E1.S refers to a specific size and shape for SSDs. The“E” stands for EDSFF, and the “1.S” indicates the firstsize category within the standard. The E1.S form
factor is designed to provide a balance between
storage capacity and physical space efficiency.
EDSFF E1.S SSDs are typically used in servers andstorage systems, offering high-performance storage
solutions with high capacity. These SSDs are hotswappable, meaning they can be inserted or
removed from a running system without shutting it
down, enabling easier maintenance and upgradesin data center environments.

Figure 16: SD Express Cards.

1432. U2, U3

33. Conclusion

Developed by the SFF (Small Form Factor) Committee,
the U.2 form factor, also known as SFF-8639, is a
specification for solid-state drives (SSDs) and harddisk drives (HDDs) used in enterprise and data center
environments. The U.2 form factor is designed forhigh-performance storage devices that use the Serial
Attached SCSI (SAS) or Non-Volatile Memory Express(NVMe) interface. It utilizes a 2.5-inch drive enclosureand a standardized connector, making it compatible
with existing drive bays and backplanes designed
for 2.5-inch drives.

Flash memory systems are available in manydifferent form factors. Each form factor has specificmechanical characteristics and a logical hostinterface. The choice of form factor is driven bythese, and generally driven by the system level. The
host must accommodate the interface, and thesystem level design must be designed for the form
factor. Also, to be considered alongside the NAND
flash memory types are other characteristics, suchas, performance, endurance, reliability, End-of-Life,
temperature, cost, and flash type.

The U.2 connector has a total of 68 pins, which
include both power and data connections. It
supports multiple data lanes for high-speed datatransfer, enabling faster performance compared to
traditional 3.5-inch or 2.5-inch drive form factors.

A lot of those characteristics are driven by the NAND
flash memory controller. It is a major contributing
factor, and it needs to be chosen wisely according to
the system requirements. For example, industrial
requirements are very different from commercial
applications. Many alternatives for storage systems
and their controllers exist in terms of interface
options, form factors and quality levels. If thestorage system is vital for your application and holds
sensitive data, or if failure would result in costly
down-time, you need to choose your controller
carefully – know your requirements.

One of the advantages of the U.2 form factor is its
versatility. It allows for the use of both SAS and NVMe
protocols, providing flexibility in storage systemdesigns. This makes it suitable for a wide range ofapplications, including servers, storage arrays, andhigh-performance computing environments. O
U.3 is the newer connector specification developedby the Small Form Factor (SFF) Committee designed
to provide a versatile and high-performanceinterface for connecting storage devices to computer
systems. Compared to U.2, U.3 connectors aredesigned to provide even more versatility andcompatibility. They also have a 68-pin form factor
and use a 2.5-inch drive bay, like U.2 connectors.
However, the key difference is that U.3 connectors
support multiple interface options, including SAS(Serial Attached SCSI), SATA, and PCIe. This allows foreven greater flexibility in connecting various types ofstorage devices.

.

In summary, while both U.2 and U.3 connectors
provide high-performance and versatile options forconnecting storage devices, U.3 offers broader
compatibility by supporting multiple interface
options (SAS, SATA, and PCIe) in a similar 2.5-inch
form factor. U.2, on the other hand, primarily
supports SATA and PCIe interfaces in the same form
factor.

15

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