Maulina et al.

Asian Pac J Dent 2014; 14: 23-34

The association between self-report of orofacial pain symptoms
with age, gender, interference in activities, and socioeconomic
factors surveyed in Indonesian community health centers
Tantry Maulina, DDS, MKes, PhD,a,b Cut Novianty Rachmi, MD, MIPH,c Rahena
Akhter, DDS, PhD,a,d Terry Whittle, PhD,a R. Wendell Evans, DDS,e and Greg M.
Murray, DDS, PhDaab

Jaw Function and Orofacial Pain Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Oral
Surgery and Maxillofacial Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung,cIndonesia, Paediatric and Child Health Department, Westmead Children’s Hospital, University ofdeSydney, Faculty of Dentistry, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia, and Community ofOral Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Purpose: The aim of this study was to reveal the prevalence of orofacial pain in community health centers in
Bandung, West Java, Indonesia as well as associations with age, gender, interference in physical activity, andsocioeconomic status.
Materials and Methods: Seven hundred patients aged at least 18 years from 35 Community Health Centerscompleted a questionnaire consisting of 4 socio-demographic questions (age, gender, educational attainment, andresidential location) and 15 questions about their orofacial pain symptom history. The data were analyzed byusing Pearson’s chi-square tests; statistical significance accepted at p<0.05.
Results: Of the 700 participants, 391 (55.9%) experienced orofacial pain in the previous 6 months. Of the 391
participants, 358 (91.6%) experienced toothache, and 254 (65.0%) complained of interference in daily activities
due to orofacial pain. There were significant associations between jaw ache or jaw stiffness when waking up in
the morning with education (p=0.001) and residential area (p=0.021) as well as between night clenching or
grinding with age (p=0.007) and gender (p<0.001).
Conclusion: The data indicated a high prevalence of orofacial pain in this particular Indonesian population andcan be used as baseline information for improving the management of orofacial pain.
(Asian Pac J Dent 2014; 14: 23-34.)
Key Words: age, gender, orofacial pain, socioeconomic

Introduction
There is little information on the prevalence and impact of orofacial pain in Indonesia.

Orofacial pain canbe the presenting symptom in a broad spectrum of diseases including disease of the orofacial structures,
generalized musculoskeletal or rheumatic disease, peripheral or central nervous system disease, psychologicaldysfunction, or the pain may be referred from other sources.1,2Orofacial pain can have a significant impact on daily activities, social and recreational activities, and work
activities.3-5

The significant impact of orofacial pain on physical activities is reflected in the psychologicaldistress levels and quality of life of the sufferers.6,7For example, orofacial pain can interfere with basic

orofacial functions such as chewing, speaking, tooth brushing, and sleep disturbance, whilst secondary effects
may include detrimental dietary changes, social isolation and dental neglect with ensuing pathology,8 andpatients with chronic orofacial pain can exhibit significantly high levels of depression.9
A number of factors have been implicated as playing a key role in the prevalence of orofacial pain such asage, gender and socioeconomic factors.

In relation to age and gender, several studies have revealed acorrelation between age or gender and orofacial pain or pain in general.10-14

In these studies, it was revealed

that, compared to males, females are more likely to have symptoms of orofacial pain, and that some orofacial
pain symptoms are most likely to decrease with an increase of age.
Socioeconomic factors also appear to play a significant role in the prevalence of orofacial pain with studies

23

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Asian Pac J Dent 2014; 14: 23-34

demonstrating associations between orofacial pain prevalence and educational attainment15-21 as well as
residential location.21,22

For example, a Korean study of orofacial pain showed that lower educational

attainment (primary and middle school) related to higher percentage of reported face pain, toothache, oral sores
and burning mouth, and in this study, individuals reported joint pain most frequently.17

Another study in Brazil

found that toothache was more likely to be reported by those with lower educational attainment when classified
according to years of schooling (i.e. 0-4, 5-8, 9-11, and >12 years).18
Despite its detrimental health and societal impacts, the prevalence and impact of orofacial pain have notbeen investigated in Indonesia.

Such information would be of value to scientists, health-policy makers, andclinicians as it would establish the burden and natural history of orofacial pain as well as providing valuable
information for future studies of risk factors, evaluation of management strategies, and public policy on
preventive measures.

Given the absence of data on the prevalence of orofacial pain in Indonesia, the aims of

the present study were to provide preliminary data on the prevalence of orofacial pain in community healthcenters in Indonesia as well as associations with age, gender, interference in physical activities, andsocioeconomic status.

Materials and Methods
Seven hundred participants aged 18 years and older (177 male, 523 female) who were patients at 35
Indonesian Community Health Centers, in Bandung, Indonesia, were recruited and agreed to participate in thisstudy during 2 consecutive years, with 350 participants in year 1, and 350 participants in year 2.

A sample size

calculation using a margin of error of 0.05, confidence level of 95%, response distribution of 50%, and a
population of 2,455,517 people, recommended a minimum sample of 385.

Ethical approval was gained fromthe Faculty of Medicine University of Padjadjaran Ethics Committee (ID Number: 210/ FKUP-RSHS/ KEPK/
Kep/ EC/ 2010) prior to the start of the study.
Table 1. Frequency of participants for each socio-demographic category
Categories and number of participants
Age
Gender*30-39 yo40-49 yo50-59 yo60-69 yo>=70 yo

221

185

143

82

47

22

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

75

146

32

153

28

115

19

63

13

34

10

12

Educational
attainment
Residentialarea

18-29 yoPrimary school

Junior high school

Senior high school

College/University

205

190

236

69

East BandungWest Bandung

140*Gender: Male; M 177, Female; F 523

140

Central BandungNorth Bandung

South Bandung

140

140

140

Participants were patients who were sitting in patient waiting rooms and were recruited based on theiravailability at the time and willingness to participate.
informed consent.

Prior to the interview, each participant signed an

Each participant was then interviewed based on a questionnaire that consisted of 19 multiple

choice questions about their socio-demographic status (4 questions) as well as history of orofacial pain
symptoms (15 questions) in the last 6 months (Appendix 1).

The socio-demographic questions recorded age,gender, residential location, and highest educational attainment that comprised of primary school level, junior24

Maulina et al.

Asian Pac J Dent 2014; 14: 23-34

high school level, senior high school level, and university/college level (Table 1).
The questions (Appendix 1) on symptoms of orofacial pain were about the types of orofacial pain
experienced which included toothache, ear pain, jaw pain, mastication pain, and burning pain.

Questions wereasked about the frequency and the intensity of the pain, the duration of the pain, and a description of the natureof the pain.

Effects of the pain on disability were gleaned by questions about the interference of the pain onsome daily activities, the interference level on daily activities, the interference level on recreational, social, andfamily activities, and the interference level on their ability to work.

Other questions about the pain included thepresence of joint pain or swelling in other parts of the body, the possibility and frequency of the subject seeking
any treatment related to the orofacial pain experienced, and whether there have been any othertemporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms experienced by the subject.

As the original version of thequestionnaire was in English, prior to the start of the survey, the questionnaire was translated by TM to Bahasa
Indonesia, which is the official languange of Indonesia.
English at the end of the survey.

The questionnaire was then back-translated by TM to

This translation was verified by an Indonesian medical doctor who is a

graduate from the University of Sydney’s Master of International Public Health program that has been involved
in several community research programs as well.

There is a difference of 8 words in the back-translated

version compared to the original version (Table 2).
Table 2. The word differences between the 1st original English version and the back translation
version of the questionnaire (Appendix 1)
Question number
1st English version
Back translation version
7. b-clasting

7. b stayed from

8. b-coccuredhappened9.

presently

at the moment

12. achewingmastication

14.

take part

participate

17.

physiciangeneral practitioner

19. dshortly

immediately

19. gunusualuncommon7. c stayed

The questions were read to the participants and one interviewer (TM) recorded their answers and completed
the questionnaire.

There were no significant differences between age and gender between the 1st and 2nd yearof data collection (independent t-tests p=0.179, Mann-Whitney tests p=0.664, respectively) thus the data fromboth years were combined.

All acquired data were analyzed by calculating frequencies of the prevalence oforofacial pain symptoms, the level of interference in daily activities, work activities, and social activities, theseverity of the pain, the prevalence of TMD-related symptoms, and the level of interference of orofacial pain
symptoms on several physical activities such as chewing, eating hard food, and night sleeping.

Pearson’s

chi-Square tested for significant associations between orofacial pain symptoms and/or TMD-related symptoms
with age, gender, educational attainment, residential area, level of interference on daily activities, work activities,
and social and recreational activities.
In addition, Pearson’s chi-square tested significant associations between pain intensity and/or pain
frequency in the last 6 months with level of interference on daily activities, work activities, social andrecreational activities, and the ability to perform physical activities.

The strength of the associations foundwere based on the Cramer’s V value for gender and residential area as these are nominal variables, and the25Maulina et al.

Asian Pac J Dent 2014; 14: 23-34

Gamma value for age and educational attainment, as these variables are ordinal variables.

Results
Table 1 summarizes data on age, gender, educational attainment, and residential area of the 700 participants.
Of the 700 participants, 391 (55.9%) experienced some form of orofacial pain within the past 6 months.

The 2

most common orofacial pain symptoms experienced were toothache (n=358, 51.1%; Table 3) and ear pain (74,
10.6%).
Table 3. The distribution of participants who experienced orofacial pain in the last six months
Symptoms

Positive

Percentage (+)

Toothache35851.10%

Ear pain74

10.60%

Burning sensation

37

5.30%

Shooting pain

34

4.90%

Jaw pain

29

4.10%

Pain on opening the mouth

14

2.00%

Temple pain

14

2.00%

Eye pain

12

1.70%

Pain on mastication

9

1.30%

Muscle tenderness

1

0.10%

Fig. 1

Number of participants who experienced multiple orofacial pain symptoms

Orofacial pain symptoms were also experienced as multiple symptoms with the most common pair of
symptoms being toothache and ear pain (72, 18.4%) (Fig. 1).

Of the 391 participants experiencing orofacial

pain experienced in the last 6 months, there were complaints that the pain interfered with daily physical activities(Fig. 2).

The most common activities were difficulty in chewing (293, 74%), eating hard food (254, 65%), andnightsleeping (243, 62.1%).

The frequencies of TMD-related symptoms are listed in Table 4, and the mostcommon were clicking or popping during jaw opening and closing or chewing (265, 37.9%), jaw pain during or
shortly after chewing (236, 33.7%), and discomfort during occlusion (202, 28.9%).
Orofacial pain duration and frequency are summarized in Table 5.

26

Of the 391 participants, more than half

Maulina et al.

Asian Pac J Dent 2014; 14: 23-34(215, 55%) experienced orofacial pain for less than 6 months whilst 105 (26.8%) experienced it for more than 2
years.

For pain frequency, 181 (46.3%) commented that the pain was “coming and going, lasting seconds tominutes”, whilst 107 (27.4%) participants answered that the pain was “coming and going, lasting more than anhour” (Table 5).

Fig. 2

Number of participants whom physical activities were interfered by orofacial pain.

Table 4. TMD-related symptoms experienced by participants in the last six months
Symptoms

Number of participants

Percentage

Clicking or popping during jaw-opening or closing or chewing

265

37.90%

Jaw pain during or shortly after eating

236

33.70%

The way the teeth come together is uncomfortable202

28.90%

Grating or grinding noise during jaw-opening and closing or chewing

183

26.10%

Jaw ache or jaw stiffness in the morning after waking

154

22%

Night clenching or grinding83

11.90%

Opening jaw is difficult enough to interfere with ability to eat

58

8.30%

Daytime clenching or grinding

22

3.10%

Table 5. Orofacial pain duration and frequency experienced by participants
Items

Pain duration

Pain frequency

Number of participants

Percentage

0-6 months

215

55%

6 months - 1 year62

15.90%

1-2 years

9

2.30%

More than 2 years

105

26.80%

Only occured once

49

12.50%

Coming and going, lasting seconds to minutes

181

46.30%

Coming and going, lasting hours or more

107

27.40%

Present all the time that you are awake

54

13.80%

Figure 3 summarizes the description of the orofacial pain experienced in the last 6 months.

Of the 391

participants, 356 (91.1%) described the pain as “pain in one or more of the teeth”, and 118 (30.2%) endorsed“pain in the jaw joint, in front of the ear or inside the ear (other than infection in the ear)”.

27

For the severity ofMaulina et al.

Asian Pac J Dent 2014; 14: 23-34

the pain experienced during the last 6 months, 159 (40.7%) participants answered that the pain was severe, 124(31.7%) answered that the pain was moderate, whilst 108 (27.6%) participants anwered that the pain was mild.
For the severity of their pain when the pain was at its worst, of the 391 patients, 160 (40.9%) participants
answered that the pain was severe, 127 (32.5%) participants answered that the pain was moderate, whilst 104(14.9%) participants answered that it was mild pain.

Significant associations between TMD-related symptoms

experienced in the past 6 months with age and/or gender are summarized in Table 6.

Fig. 3Fig. 4

Fig. 3 Chart showing frequencies of the description of the orofacial pain symptoms experienced by the participants. The
descriptions endorsed were “pain in the jaw joint, in front of the ear or inside the ear (other than infection in the ear)” (Jaw pain),“a dull, aching pain across the face or cheek that has occurred more than once” (Dull pain), “a prolonged, unexplained pricking or
burning sensation in the tongue or any other part of the mouth that has occurred more than once” (Tongue pain), “a burst ofelectric shock-like pain in the face” (Electric pain), and “pain in one or more of the teeth” (Toothache).
Fig. 4 Number of participants with orofacial pain symptoms who experienced interference of daily activities, social andrecreational activities, and work activities. For daily activities, social and recreational activities, and work activities, n=253, 250,
250, respectively because 1 participant scored “do not know”.

Table 6. Correlations between TMD-related symptoms and gender and age
Dependent variable

p-value*

Direction of associationsn

Independent variable

Clicking or popping during jaw-opening or
closing or chewing

0.72

Positive

700

Gender

0.31

Negative

700

Age

Grating or grinding noise during jaw-opening
and closing or chewing

0.65

Positive

700

Gender

0.1

Negative

700

Age

Jaw ache or jaw stiffness in the morning after
waking0.82

Positive

700

Gender

0.04*

Negative

700

Age

0.95

Positive

700

Gender

0.04*

Negative700

Age0.000*

Positive

700

Gender0.007*

Negative

700

Age

0.78

Positive

700

Gender

0.5

Negative

700

Age

Jaw pain during or shortly after eatingNight clenching or grinding
Daytime clenching or grinding
The way the teeth come together is
uncomfortable

0.7

Positive

700

Gender

0.012*

Negative

700

Age

Opening jaw is difficult enough to interferewith ability to eat

0.67

Positive

700

Gender

0.092
Negative
700
Age
Negative direction of association means there is an inverse relation between the occurrence of the symptom and age. *p<0.05

For gender, females were significantly more likely to have pain just in front of the ear(s) compared to males(p=0.029) and to clench or grind at night (p<0.001).

For age, the youngest group was more likely to feel that28

Maulina et al.

Asian Pac J Dent 2014; 14: 23-34

the way the teeth come together is uncomfortable, to have jaw pain during or shortly after eating, to have jaw
ache or jaw stiffness in the morning after waking, and to exhibit night clenching or grinding.
Table 7. Significant correlations found between orofacial pain symptoms and TMD-related symptoms
with residential area
Symptomp-value* Location more likely to have symptom
Jaw ache or jaw stiffness in the morning after waking

0.021*

West Bandung

Pain in the jaw joint

0.000*

East Bandung

Pain in or around the eyes

0.03*

East Bandung

Prolonged burning sensation in the tongue or other parts of the mouth

0.000*

West Bandung

Clicking or popping during jaw-opening or closing or chewing

0.031*

East Bandung

Grating or grinding noise during jaw-opening and closing or chewing

0.031*

East Bandung

Jaw pain during or shortly after eating

0.038*

West Bandung

Opening jaw is difficult enough to interfere with ability to eat

0.004*

West Bandung*p<0.05

Pearson’s chi-square tested associations between the ability to perform physical activity, and pain intensity
for the last six months as well as pain intensity when it was at its worst.

There were significant correlations

between pain intensity during the last six months and chewing ability (p<0.001, positive correlation), drinking(p=0.002, negative correlation), eating hard foods (p<0.001, positive correlation), eating soft foods (p=0.014,
positive correlation), cleaning teeth (p=0.006, negative correlation), talking (p<0.001, positive correlation), andnight sleeping (p<0.001, positive correlation).

There were also significant correlations between pain intensity

when it was at its worst and chewing ability (p<0.001, positive correlation), drinking (p=0.001, negative
correlation), eating hard foods (p<0.001, positive correlation), eating soft foods (0.016, positive correlation),cleaning teeth (p=0.009, positive correlation), talking (p<0.001, positive correlation), and night sleeping(p<0.001, positive correlation).
There was a significant association between education and jaw ache or jaw stiffness in the morning after
waking (p=0.001, n=700).

There were no significant associations found between educational attainment andthe other orofacial pain symptoms listed in Q19.

A Pearson’s chi-square test revealed that there weresignificant associations found between residential area and orofacial pain symptoms as well as TMD-related
symptoms and these are summarized in Table 7.
Figure 4 shows the frequencies of interference in daily activities, social and recreational activities, and work
activities.

Of the 391 participants experiencing orofacial pain within the last six months, 254 (65.0%)

complained of interference in daily activities due to orofacial pain, 251 (64.19%) complained of interference inbeing involved in social and recreational activities, and 251 (64.19%) complained of interference in work
activities.
The interference level of daily activities were significantly associated with pain frequency (p<0.001) andpain intensity during the last six months (p<0.001) as well as pain intensity when pain was at its worst (p<0.001).
The interference level of social and recreational activities as well as work activities were significantly associatedwith pain frequency (p<0.001) and pain intensity during the last six months (p<0.001) as well as pain intensity
when pain was at its worst (p<0.001).

Discussion
The main findings of the present study were that 55.9% of patients in Indonesian Community Health29

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Asian Pac J Dent 2014; 14: 23-34

Centers experienced orofacial pain in the previous 6 months.

Of those reporting pain, most experienced

toothache, difficulty in chewing, and/or difficulty in eating hard food.

Because of the orofacial pain,

participants complained of interference in daily activities, interference in being involved in social andrecreational activities, and of interference in work activities.

There were significant associations between the

self-reported symptoms of jaw ache or jaw stiffness when waking up in the morning and the participant’s age,education, and residential area.

Significant associations were also found between self-reported symptoms ofnight tooth clenching or grinding and age and gender.
Previous studies of the epidemiology of orofacial pain have shown variability from country to country.

A

national study in the United States found that 12.2% of adults had experienced toothache in the preceding 6
months,23 whilst a national study in Brazil showed that toothache prevalences in the past six months was 35.7%(age 15-19 years old), 34.8% (age 35-44 years old), and 22% in 65-74 years old elderly.18

Another study in

24

Sydney, Australia, reported a 29.5% prevalence of chronic orofacial pain, whilst a national study by Kohlmannin Germany (of 12 months duration) reported a 16% prevalence of orofacial pain, whereas an international study
reported that orofacial pain occurred in 10% of adults.25

Based on these previous studies, the results of thecurrent study suggest that there is a higher percentage of orofacial pain (55.9%) experienced by Indonesian
people.
As with other health issues, orofacial pain can be related to socioeconomic status where educational
attainment is one of the indicators.16

In the current study, there was a significant association found between

education and jaw stiffness (p<0.001).

This finding is in agreement with a study by Kuhnen and colleagues26

that suggested, the lower the age, and the lower the family income and years of schooling, the higher theprevalence of orofacial pain.

Another study supported the findings of the current study by showing that lesseducation was a significant risk factor for toothache.21

The result of another study also suggested that persons

with lower educational attainment showed a higher percentage of face pain, toothache, oral sores, and burning
mouth.17
Several significant correlations were also found between residential area and orofacial pain, and this finding
is consistent with some earlier investigations.21,22,27

A significant correlation between residential area andchronic musculoskeletal pain has also been demonstrated.28

In a population-based cross-sectional study of2504 responders, people who lived in the most deprived areas (extreme poverty level) have increased likelihood(odds ratio=1.50) to report orofacial pain.22

Another study of the severity of musculoskeletal pain and its

relations to socioeconomic inequality in two populations in Oslo, Norway, revealed that non-inflammatory
musculoskeletal pain was more severe and physical disabilities were greater in a population living in a lessaffluent compared with a more affluent residential area.28
Despite the significant correlations found for the symptoms of orofacial pain and TMD symptoms
experienced in the last 6 months with residential area, there were also some symptoms investigated in the present
study that were not significantly related to residential area.
studies

21,29,30

These results are consistent with previous

where the area of living was not significantly related to the symptoms of orofacial pain.

The fact

that there were several orofacial pain symptoms without significant associations with demographic factors orsocioeconomics indicators might be due to the fact that Community Health Centers provide dental treatment
services at a very low cost in every suburb and therefore available to most of the population.
Another significant finding was the association between age and gender with orofacial pain and30

Maulina et al.

Asian Pac J Dent 2014; 14: 23-34

TMD-related symptoms experienced in the last 6 months.
31

demonstrated by Macfarlane et al. and Gonçalves et al.

These significant associations have also been

32

Another essential findings of the study was the level with which orofacial pain symptoms experienced in
the last 6 months interferes with daily activities, work activities, as well as social and recreational activities.
These findings are in line with previous studies which illustrated that pain is the most frequent cause of healthcare utilization, the most common cause of productivity loss, and is significantly associated with a poor qualityof life.20
Some of the findings of the present study are consistent with the findings of previous studies17,21,26 such as
the interference in daily activities, as well as the correlation between the symptoms of orofacial pain witheducational attainment.

Despite the similarities found between the present study and previous studies, theprevalence of orofacial pain tended to be much higher.

The variation in orofacial pain prevalence foundbetween countries likely reflects the differences in healthcare systems and facilities between countries, as well as
education in regards to dental awareness and knowledge.

Therefore, it is important to note that the

management of orofacial pain should include related aspects, including socioeconomic systems.
The present study was not a randomised population survey and therefore, the generalisation of the results tothe whole population is limited.

Performing a physical examination during the interview would also haveincreased the accuracy for TMD-related symptoms response.
The data suggest a higher prevalence of some types of orofacial pain experienced in the last 6 months in asample of patients attending Community Health Centers in Bandung, Indonesia, than in other countries and that
educational attainment, age, and gender might be related to the prevalence of some types of orofacial pain.

Thehigher prevalence of orofacial pain found in the current study may reflect at least in part the fact that the study
population comprised of general patients who were attending community health center clinics for medical
treatment.

Further research in this area with a more stratified population is needed.

Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank the staff of Bandung District Health Department, Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia for
their kind assistance during field research permission process.
Conflict of Interest and Sources of Funding Statement
All authors hereby stated that there is no conflict of interest in this study. The current study is funded by Australian
Agency for International Development (AusAID) through the Australian Leadership Awards (ALA) and Allison Sudrajat
Awards (ASA) schemes.

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Quintessence Book; 2008. p. 13-8.
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population: an epidemiological study. J Orofac Pain. 2010; 24: 270-8.

Appendices
QUESTIONNAIRE
Your gender is :a. Maleb. Female
2. What age group do you belong to:a. 18-29 yo b. 30-39 yo c. 40-49 yo d. 50-59 yo e. 60-69 yo f. More than 70 yo
3. Where do you live:
a. West Bandung b. East Bandung c. North Bandung d. South Bandung e. Central Bandung
4. Highest educational attainment:a. Primary School b. Junior Highc. Senior Highd. University
5. Have you had the following symptoms during the past 6 months?
O Toothache
O Pain in the jaw joint/s
O Pain in area just in front of the ear/s
O Pain in or around the eyes
O Pain when opening the mouth wide
O Shooting pains in the face or cheeks
O Pain in the jaw joint when chewing foodO Pain in and around the temples
O Tenderness of muscles at the side of the faceO A prolonged burning sensation in the tongue or other parts of the mouth
IF NO, GO TO QUESTION 19
6. How long have you had this pain?
a. 0-6 monthsb. 6 months - 1 yearc. 1-2 years
d. More than 2 years
7. Which one of these four options best describes your pain:
1.

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8.

9.

10.

11.

12.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
13.

14.

15.

Asian Pac J Dent 2014; 14: 23-34

a. present all the time you are awake
b. coming and going, lasting seconds to minutes
c. coming and going, lasting more than an hourd. occurring once only
I am going to read out several ways to describe pain. Could you tell me with a yes or no, if they describe what yourpain feels like.
a. pain in the jaw joint, in front of the ear or inside the ear (other than infection in the ear)b. a dull, aching pain across your face or cheek that has occurred more than oncec. a prolonged, unexplained pricking or burning sensation in your tongue or any other part of your mouth that has
occurred more than onced. a burst of electric shock-like pain in your facee. pain in one or more of your teeth
How intense is your pain right now?
o No pain presently
o Mild paino Moderate paino Severe pain
How intense has your pain been in the past six months?
o Mild paino Moderate paino Severe pain
How intense was your pain when your pain was at its worst?
o Mild paino Moderate paino Severe pain
From these list of activities, can you tell me with a “yes” or “no” if your pain prevents or limits you from doing anyof these?
Chewing
Drinking
Exercising
Eating hard foods
Eating soft foods
Smiling/laughing
Swallowing
Cleaning teeth or face
Yawning
Kissing
Talking
Having a good night’s sleep
In the past six months, has your pain interfered with your daily activities?
o Yes
o No
If yes, is it:o A little bito Quite a bito A moderate amounto An extreme amounto Do not know
In the past six months, how much has your pain interfered with your ability to take part in recreational, social andfamily activities?
o Yes
o No
If yes, is it:o A little bito Quite a bito A moderate amounto An extreme amounto Do not know
In the past six months, how much has your pain interfered with your ability to work (including housework)?
o Yes
o No
If yes, is it:o A little bito Quite a bito A moderate amounto An extreme amounto Do not know

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Asian Pac J Dent 2014; 14: 23-34

16.

Do you have or have you had in the past any swollen or painful joints in parts of your body other than your jaw?
IF YES, is this a persistent problem that you have had for at least 6 months?
17. Have you ever been to a physician, a dentist or other health professional for facial ache, pain or discomfort?
IF YES, was this more than 6 months ago?
18. On average how many health care visits have you ever made for your face pain?
19. In the last 6 months can you tell me with a yes or no if
a. your jaw clicks or pops when you open or close your mouth or when chewing?
b. if your jaw make a grating or grinding noise when it opens and closes or when you chew?
c. if your jaw aches or feels stiff when you wake up in the morning?
d. if your jaw hurts when you chew or shortly after eating?
e. if you have been told, or do you know that you grind your teeth or clench your jaw while sleeping at nights?
f. if during the day you grind your teeth or clench your jaw?
g. if the way your teeth come together feels uncomfortable or unusual?
h. if opening your jaw is difficult enough to interfere with your ability to eat?
Questionnaire. Although the questions are shown here in English, they were asked in Bahasa Indonesia (the official languageof Indonesia).

Correspondence to:Dr. Tantry Maulina
Oral Surgery and Maxillofacial Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran
Jl. Sekeloa Selatan no. 1, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
Fax: +62-22-2533043 Email: tantry.maulina@fkg.unpad.ac.id
Accepted October 26, 2014.
Copyright ©2014 by the Asian Pacific Journal of Dentistry.
Online ISSN 2185-3487, Print ISSN 2185-3479

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