Are IDPs satisfied with the quality of public health andeducation services they receive?
A long-term perspective from urban areas in the post -socialist countries
Artjoms Ivlevs, University of the West of England
The livelihoods and well-being of IDPs depend on the provision of public services, the access and qualityof which tend to be better in urban areas. This study analyses IDPs’ direct experiences of using key
public services – health and education – in urban areas of post-socialist countries of Central and Eastern
Europe that experienced conflict in 1990s and 2000s. The findings suggest IDPs are more dissatisfied
with the quality of health services than people not affected by conflict, pointing to the long lasting
vulnerability and disadvantage of IDPs in the health domain. At the same time, no disadvantage isobserved for education, reflecting the willingness of the forcibly displaced to invest in education tocompensate for the loss of material possessions.

Cities as a refuge, cities as a home
The relationship between place and perceptions of integration among urban displaced
populations in Iraq
Roger Guiu, Nadia Siddiqui, Social InquiryHow does the socio-ecological context and urban morphology of the cities where IDPs reside influence
their feelings of integration? Incorporating a two-fold definition of integration (belonging and influence
in displacement), we use existing large-scale datasets covering locations across 4 governorates in Iraq
to test whether place factors (development, governance and security, social capital, and demography),in addition to household characteristics, determines the likelihood of IDPs feeling integrated. We findthat place factors matter, and that it is harder for IDPs to fit into more stable and better functioning
host environments. We argue for the importance not only in improving conditions for all in fragile urban
areas where IDPs reside, but in making more stable environments more inclusive as well.

Comparing Population Displacement Estimates from Mobile
Network Data and Other Sources
Working Paper: Evidence from the Highlands Earthquake in Papua New Guinea
Pamungkas Prahara, Annissa Zahara, Muhammad Rheza, Muhammad Rizal Khaefi,Dikara Alkarisya, Yulistina Riyadi, Rajius Idzalika, George Hodge, Pulse Lab Jakarta
Accurate and timely measurement of population displacement due to natural hazards and other driversof displacement has proven to be complicated. This research paper explores anonymous mobile
network data as a source of insights on displacement and compares the findings to the current goodpractice for displacement tracking, namely IOM’s displacement tracking matrix. We also compare theinsights against information on the targeting of humanitarian resources, finding that the targeting ofsurveys and the allocation of humanitarian assistance are respectably efficient. The findings offer new
perspectives on the quantification of displacement and underline the potential of mobile network data
to offer highly valuable information during what are often chaotic days and weeks following a naturaldisaster.

Comparing the Experiences of Internally Displaced Persons inUrban vs. Rural Areas: Findings from a Longitudinal Study inIraq, 2015-2017
Rochelle Davis, Salma Al-Shami, Grace Benton, Jake Moran, Caila McHugh,Nicole Ruggiero, Moez Hayat, IOM Iraq and Georgetown University
Millions of Iraqis were displaced by ISIS between 2014-2017. This longitudinal study tracks the needs,challenges, and self-engineered solutions of IDPs not living in camps. The vast majority of IDPs reportfeelings of safety where they now live. But in terms of livelihoods and standard of living, they have only
found temporary, rather than permanent solutions. Urban IDPs who worked in the agriculture sector
cannot rebuild their farming and animal husbandry businesses without considerable assistance to makethe land safe again. Supporting public and private agricultural initiatives, housing projects, and microloans programs will allow refugees to return and rebuild their homes or successfully integrate in their
new communities.

Demolition, forced evictions and wellbeing in thecity
Jaideep Gupte, Dolf te Lintelo, Sheela Patel, Vinod Kumar Rao, Allister McGregor,Rajith Lakshman, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex,
Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres, University of Sheffield
Forced evictions and home demolitions have been described as creating another sort of refugee crisisin the developing world. In India, we find that people who have experienced demolition have a lower
sense of achievement on the lifegoals they value; that this pattern is evident for both women and men;that a person’s outlook on life is lower than other members of the same household who have notexperienced demolition, even when they are of a similar age, have similar levels of education, have
similar occupation profiles, and live under the same roof. However, we also find that this impact
dissipates over time, and importantly, is mitigated when the process of relocation is facilitated throughlocal participatory action.

Displacement Profiling in Urban Areas
Methodological approaches for collecting and analysing data on internal displacement
in cities
Melissa Weihmayer, Margharita Lundkvist-Houndoumadi, Laura Kivelä,
Joint IDP Profiling Service
While there is general agreement of displacement’s impact on urban environments, evidence on theexperience of internally displaced populations in cities remains sparse. However, certain evidencegathering techniques and processes are gradually filling this gap. This article presents three case studiesof displacement profiling in urban areas that tailored data collection and analysis to these contexts indifferent ways. The approaches taken enabled a robust evidence-base to inform responses to internal
displacement in those cities. The case studies from Mogadishu, Somalia (2015 - 2016); Erbil, Iraq (2015- 2016); and various cities in Syria (2018 - 2019), implemented by humanitarian, development andgovernment partners with support and technical advice from the interagency Joint IDP Profiling Service(JIPS), demonstrate continued learning for improved evidence.

How Urban are IDPs and What Does that Mean for Their
Economic Integration?
Cindy Huang, Jimmy Graham, Center for Global Development
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) face severe economic challenges. Because economic opportunities
cluster around urban areas, understanding where IDPs are located is crucial to understanding theirpotential for achieving self-reliance. By analyzing the existing known locations of IDPs in developing
countries and visualizing them in an interactive map, we show that millions of IDPs are located in urban
areas. Thus, stakeholders can and should pursue solutions to help IDPs achieve self-reliance, as greater
self-reliance should create benefits for IDPs and hosts alike. Our analysis also underscores the lack ofdata on IDP locations, implying that the urban rates we present are a minimum rather than an estimate.
Better data would allow policymakers to better target self-reliance programming and policies.

Learning from
Displacement

SurvivorsofDevelopment-InducedOperationalizing Vanuatu’s New Displacement Policy toward an Inclusive Capital City
Jennifer Day, Margaretha Wewerinke-Singh,
The University of Melbourne, Leiden University and the University of the South PacificThis paper documents some impacts of development-induced displacement inside the capital city ofVanuatu, South Pacific against the backdrop of a brand-new policy: Vanuatu’s National Policy on
Climate Change and Disaster-Induced Displacement. Vanuatu’s is the first such policy in the Pacific andcould be a model for peer countries. However, further work is necessary to make Vanuatu’s policy
inclusive for survivors of urban displacement, particularly for people living at the fringes of urban areas.
Using recent fieldwork, we illustrate the challenges for operationalizing the policy in Port Vila. We also
analyse the policy language, pointing out human rights that are left unaddressed by the policy. We
provide recommendations that GoV may consider as it operationalizes the policy.

Stuck in the MudUrban Displacement and Tenure Security in Kabul’s Informal Settlements
Mohammad Abdoh, Anna Hirsch-Holland,
Norwegian Refugee Council
This paper examines three of Kabul’s 55 informal settlements in order to explore the effects of local
power dynamics and individual interests on displacement and its disadvantaging effects. In one out of
the three settlements featured in the study, residents managed to purchase land with a written
document proving ownership. In the other two sites, purported landowners and bureaucrats seem toexploit weaknesses in policy and legal frameworks to perpetuate tenure insecurity for their own gain –such as earning substantial income from rent, speculatively protecting land for potential real estatedevelopment, or grabbing land from others who may hold a claim to it. The research finds a starkdifference between these sites: in the former, residents have been able to build permanent structures,
set up a school, and plan for the future; in the latter, they are prevented from upgrading their shelters,
not enrolling children in school, and live day-by-day in fear of eviction and homelessness.

The Urban Displaced:Fleeing Criminal Violence in Latin American Cities
Jerome Marston, Brown University
Criminal organizations and the violence they produce force individuals and families to flee within andfrom cities across Latin America. To increase understanding of this little-studied topic, this paper asks:
Who flees within and from Latin American cities? What triggers their flight? And, upon fleeing, where
do they go and what are their experiences? This paper describes broad trends in criminal violenceinduced urban displacement around Latin America while also presenting fine-grained insights fromMedellín, Colombia. Finally, concrete policy recommendations are offered for mitigating urban
displacement due to criminal violence. Half of the recommendations are from the author’s analyses ofsurvey data; half are qualitative accounts from displaced persons detailing what might have helped
them to stay in their homes.

Urbanization as a Result of Displacement
A Case Study of Bentiu, South Sudan
Dr. Tarnjeet K. Kang, Displacement Tracking Matrix Unit, IOM, South Sudan
This report explores urbanization in Bentiu and Rubkona towns in Unity State, South Sudan. Using ahost community perception survey and qualitative interviews conducted in August of 2018, this casestudy examines the impact that the introduction of a Protection of Civilians site has had on urbanization,
establishes the perception of the host community, and clarifies what constitutes urbanization in a South
Sudanese context. The findings revealed that insecurity in the area had interrupted development inboth towns, which had consequently hindered urbanization in the area. The state’s access to oilrevenues was seen as a viable funding source for future development and economic stability, however
respondents noted that this was contingent on security in both the locality and the country at large.