IGA NEWS
Newsletter of the International Geothermal Association
Quarterly No. 102

IGA ACTIVITIES
Message from the President
Dear IGA members, welcome to 2016.
2015 was a big year for geothermal and for the
renewable energy industry in general.
The conclusion of the COP21 meeting in Paris saw
agreement on the long-term goal of keeping global
temperature increases below 2°C, with a more ambitious
target of capping global warming at 1.5°C degrees. It is
worth noting that for two consecutive years, worldwide
carbon emission rate from fossil fuels has grown only
slightly despite relatively robust economic growth. Our
success in meeting global environmental goals depends
foremost on the rate of transition to renewable energy.
With this goal in mind the IGA actively promotes
geothermal energy in many renewable energyorganizations and initiatives.
The IGA presence at COP21 was through partnershipwith Renewable Energy (REN) Alliance. The REN
Alliance –a partnership of organizations representing
the solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower and bioenergy
sectors– demonstrated the realities of 100% renewables
at all scales. The IGA Executive Director, Marietta
Sander, presented case studies demonstrating how
geothermal energy can work with other renewable
technologies(http://www.geothermalenergy.org/publications_and_services/news/article/igaat-the-cop21-in-paris.html).
The IGA takes an active role in representing thegeothermal industry at the International Renewable
Energy Agency (IRENA). Recent collaboration with
IRENA has been a report ‘Capacity Building Study for
Andean Countries’; and a contribution to the workshop‘Financing Geothermal Development in the Andes’.
Workshop objectives were to identify the main barriers
which Andean countries face in financing geothermal
projects and to look at options on how development
risks can be minimized. More information is available at
http://www.irena.org/menu/index.aspx?mnu=Subcat&
PriMenuID=30&CatID=79&SubcatID=646.
The IGA is a partner of the Global Geothermal Alliance(GGA), which brings together public, private,intergovernmental and non-governmental parties toaddress investment, regulatory, infrastructure, technical,
and human resource challenges. The objective is towww.geothermal-energy.org

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CONTENTS
IGA ACTIVITIES
Message from the President... 1
Call for Voting on Further Amendment of Bylaws… 2
62nd BoD Meeting and International Seminar… 3
Announcement of the UNFC-2009 White Paper… 6
Call for Applications for IGA Funds… 6
IGA Participation in the SAIREC… 6
IGA at the COP 21 in Paris… 7
Geothermal Energy Science (GtES)… 7

AFRICA

African Union… 8
Ethiopia… 8
Kenya… 9

AMERICAS
Argentina… 10
Caribbean… 11
Chile… 11
Costa Rica… 12
Ecuador… 12
El Salvador… 13
Guatemala… 14
Latin America… 14
Mexico… 14
United States… 15

ASIA / PACIFIC RIM
China… 17
Indonesia… 18
Philippines… 19
Vietnam… 20

EUROPE
Belgium… 21
Croatia… 21
France… 22
Hungary… 22
Italy… 23
The Netherlands… 24
Portugal… 25
Switzerland… 25
Turkey… 26
UK-Iceland… 26

OTHER
Business & Finance… 27
Debate: A 100% Renewable Goal is Achievable… 28
Technology & Climate Change… 29
International: Global Geothermal Alliance…32
Science: High Heat Flow in Antarctic… 29
Science: Model for Super-Critical
Reservoirs…
30
January-March
2016
Science: Gold & Silver Resources in Taupo… 30
Competition Launched by EGP… 31
Upcoming Events… 6

IGA News No. 102
accelerate utilization of geothermal energy. The GGA
Concept note resulting from the September 2015
meeting in Nairobi, attended by the IGA Executive
Director, notes that the IGA is a ‘key technical partnerthat brings together a network of different national
geothermal associations and other entities to support its
scientific, technological and educational work in theareas of research, development and utilization ofgeothermal resources’.
The IGA is an active member of REN21, theRenewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century.
The IGA Executive Director is a member of the
REN21 Steering Committee, the central governing
entity of the organization. Other members of the
REN21 Steering Committee are from UNEP, the World
Bank, national government energy ministries, NGOs,
and academia. The IGA contributes to the REN21
annual Renewables Global Status Report, acomprehensive and widely referenced report on thestatus of renewables worldwide.
In April 2015, following a decision of the United
Nations Economic and Social Council, the IGA
officially regained United Nations Consultative status.
This allows the IGA, on behalf of the geothermal
industry, the opportunity to participate in events,
conferences, and activities of the United Nations.
A Working Group of the IGA Resources and Reserves
Committee, led by Professor Gioia Falcone, continued
to work to produce a draft set of Geothermal
Specifications (GS) for the United Nations’ UNFC-2009
resource classification framework. This work is on track2
to deliver on a key goal of the IGA Resources andReserves Committee to produce a set of ‘Geothermal
Specifications’ for classifying, comparing and reporting
estimates of geothermal potential, resources andreserves.
In addition to the above, the IGA had the very
successful World Geothermal Congress in Melbourne,
supported training events and supported national
geothermal associations in a variety of ways; and theBoard began IGA Strategy discussions with a view toensuring the IGA provides the best possible outcome
for our members.
In 2016 we will continue IGA activities that contributeto assisting countries and communities to develop theknowledge and tools for sustainable development, andworking towards a low-carbon future for our planet.
Best wishes for the coming year, from myself and the
IGA Board of Directors,

Juliet Newson
President, International Geothermal Association

Call for Voting on Further
Amendment of the IGA
BylawsAt the IGA’s BoD meeting held in Morelia, Mexico on

IGA Board member
and Chair of theInformation
Committee, Eng. Luis
Gutiérrez-Negrín,
opens theInternational Seminarorganized by the
Mexican Geothermal
Association‘Geothermal in
Mexico andWorldwide’. Seated(from left) Eng. Luis
Muñozcano, Dra.
Georgina IzquierdoMontalvo, Dra. Juliet
Newson, MC Magaly
Flores-Armenta, Dr.
José Manuel RomoJones.
www.geothermal-energy.org

January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102
October 2015, it was moved to the following motion to
include Article 21 in the Bylaws.
Motion 62-4
That the IGA BoD approves the inclusion of one
additional article to the current Bylaws, as follows:“Article 21 – Winding up

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mails to the Secretariat (iga@hs-bochum.de). The
deadline for the vote is Friday, February 26th, 2016.
The only option is to vote ‘yes’ or ‘no’.

62nd BoD Meeting andInternational Seminar inMorelia, Mexico

In the event of the winding up of the Association, any
surplus assets or funds shall be handed to theappropriate United Nations group associated with thepromotion of geothermal energy. Should no such groupexist at that time, then the surplus assets and funds shallbe handed to the Geothermal Institute of the Universityof Auckland, or its successor, for the general purposesof the Institute.”

Luis C.A. Gutiérrez-Negrín, Chair of
the Information Committe

The motion was moved by F. Peñarroyo, seconded by J.
Newson and 16 votes were cast in favor. Ten more
votes were collected by e-mail from BoD members notat the meeting. A total of 26 BoD (out of 29) voted infavor of the Bylaw change.

The seminar was convened by the Mexican Center for
Innovation in Geothermal Energy (CeMIE-Geo), theMexican Geothermal Association (AGM) and the Earth
Sciences Research Institute (INICIT) of the Universityof Michoacán (UMSNH). The objective was to present
the current status and perspectives of geothermal in the
countries with the most power plants in operation,
including Mexico. The objective aligns with one of themain objectives of the CeMIE-Geo, the formation ofhuman resources specialized in geothermal energy. It
also helps fulfill one of the CeMIE-Geo’s strategic
objectives—spreading knowledge of geothermal energy
to businesses and the general public.

The necessity of this additional article follows:- IGA is a non-profit company registered in the Register
for Incorporated Societies, Companies and Charitable
Trust Boards of New Zealand. Upcoming legal changes
to the constitutional law in New Zealand will requirethat each incorporated society must include an article intheir bylaws for the case of a winding up of theassociation.
- The current Rules of the IGA, which were officiallyfiled on 21st July 1988 before the New Zealand Register,
textually establishes in its Section 16: “16. Winding Up.
In the event of the association winding up, any surplus
assets or funds shall be handed to the appropriate
United Nations group associated with the promotion ofgeothermal energy. Should no such group exist at thattime, then the surplus assets and funds shall be handed
to the Geothermal Institute of the University of
Auckland for the general purposes of the Institute.”- IGA is also trying to get a non-profit status before theGermany fiscal office. Among other things, this requiresthat the bylaws include a specific statement regarding towhom the IGA’s assets would be transferred in case of aclosure of the association.
Thus regardless of the process in Germany, the IGA’s
Bylaws Committee and the BoD agreed it was necessary
to align the IGA bylaws with the official IGA Rules as
currently registered in New Zealand—by integrating a
specific article in the on what to do in the case of
closure of the association.
To complete the ratification process, IGA members areinvited to vote on the amended Bylaws by sending ewww.geothermal-energy.org

On October 16 through 20, 2015, the 62nd meeting of
the IGA’s Board of Directors was held in the city ofMorelia, Mexico. On October 15, an internationalseminar, called Geothermal Energy in the World andMexico, was held in the same venue.

Thus, the seminar was open to the public andspecifically targeted professionals, students, investors,
researchers and developers interested in geothermalenergy, taking advantage of the presence in Morelia of
the IGA BoD members to attend the 62nd meeting.
Seven BoD members and the IGA’s Executive Director
were invited to present lectures on the current status ofgeothermal development in their respective countries orabout a specific geothermal topic of general interest.
These international presentations were complemented
by conferences about topics of national interest
presented by Mexican officers and experts.
The international portion was composed of six
presentations on geothermal energy in the US, thePhilippines, New Zealand, Italy, Iceland and Kenya,plus a lecture on the Enhanced Geothermal Systems(EGS) in Europe and another on geothermal incentives
in Latin America. The presentations follow:- Main Geothermal Fields of the United States andCurrent Status of the United States Geothermal
Industry. By Paul Brophy, President of Geothermal
Resources Council (GRC).
- Philippines Geothermal Industry: Current Status andPerspectives. By Fernando Peñarroyo.

January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102

4Participants in the seminar. Photo by Toshi Uchida.
- New Zealand: Geothermal Update 2015. By Juliet
Newson, President of the IGA.
- Italy: Current Status and Perspectives on Geothermal
Development. By Paolo Romagnoli, Enel Green Power.
- Geothermal Energy in Iceland, Challenges andOpportunities. By Bjarni Pálsson, Landsvirkjun.
- Status and Strategies for Geothermal Resource
Development and Utilization in the East Africa Rift
System. By Meseret Zemedkun Teklemariam, Presidentof the East African Geothermal Branch of the IGA.
- Recent developments in EGS projects in Europe. By
Albert Genter, ES Geothérmie.
- Geothermal Support Initiatives & Market Trends in
Latin America. By Marietta Sander, Executive Directorof IGA.
The Mexican section of the seminar included
presentations by the geothermal division of the CFE(Comisión Federal de Electricidad), the Energy
Secretary (SENER), the CeMIE-Geo, the ElectricResearch Institute (IIE) and a private company. The
topics follow:- El futuro desarrollo geotérmico de la CFE comonueva empresa productiva (Future geothermal
development of CFE as a new productive enterprise).
By Magaly Flores Armenta, head of the GeothermalElectric Projects Division of CFE.
- Perspectivas de desarrollo de la geotermia en México
bajo la nueva regulación (Perspectives of geothermal
development in Mexico under the new regulations). By
Luis A. Muñozcano Álvarez, Deputy General Directorof Clean Energies, SENER.
- Desarrollo de recursos de temperatura media y baja enla nueva regulación geotérmica mexicana (Developmentof low- and mid-temperature geothermal resources
www.geothermal-energy.org

under the new regulations in Mexico). By Raúl Sánchez
Velasco, Director of Sustentabilidad Energética
Mexicana (SEM).
- The Mexican Center for Innovation in Geothermal
Energy (CeMIE-Geo). By José Manuel Romo Jones,
Technical Responsible of the CeMIE-Geo.
- Usos y beneficios de la energía geotérmica (Uses andbenefits of geothermal energy). By Alfonso García
Gutiérrez, IIE.
All of these presentations can be read and downloaded
from the websites of the Mexican Geothermal
Association (www.geotermia.org.mx) and CeMIE-Geo(www.cemiegeo.org.mx).
During the opening ceremony, the presidium wascomposed of Magaly Flores Armenta, Juliet Newson,
Georgina Izquierdo Montalvo (AGM’s president), José
Manuel Romo Jones and Luis A. Muñozcano Álvarez.
The latter declared officially open the seminar on behalfof Leonardo Beltrán Rodríguez, Under Secretary ofPlanning and Energy Transition of SENER. Luis C.A.
Gutiérrez-Negrín, organizer of the event, explained theseminar’s objectives and introduced the presidium
members.
The closing ceremony was headed by Magaly Flores
Armenta, Juliet Newson, Georgina Izquierdo Montalvo
and José Manuel Romo Jones, accompanied by Víctor
Hugo Garduño Monroy, director of INICIT andorganizer of the seminar. The latter officially closed theevent after noting the high attendance by students andyoung professionals.
Total participants, including speakers, were 150. Abouta third were students and researchers from Michoacán
University, many participating in several CeMIE-Geo
projects. Other attendees came from the CFE’s
Geothermal-Electrical Projects Division, whose national
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IGA News No. 102
headquarters is based in Morelia; the IIE; the national
university (UNAM); the Center for Scientific Researchand Superior Education of Ensenada (CICESE); thenational polytechnic institute (IPN); the Iceland
Consulate and representatives from private companies
like Andritz, Comesa, Coperlasa, ENAL, Energy
Forever, ENGIE, GEA, Geocónsul, Green Energy
Group, Grupo Dragón, Grupo Point Verde, Jacobs
Mexico, Jaslen, Mexxus-RG, Ormat, Permex, SEM,
Soon Smart Group and Turboden.
The BoD meeting started on October 16th. The first day
was devoted to discussions about IGA strategicplanning. The agenda included a review of the IGA
mission and objectives, a focused discussion of predefined broad themes by four groups of BoD members,
the presentations of discussion outcomes, theacceptance and amendment of draft motions and action
items among the entire BoD and finally discussions anddecisions on how to move forward.
On October 17th and 18th, the usual BoD meeting
agenda was followed, including the officers reports(President, Secretary, Treasurer and Executive Director),
reports by the chairs of the permanent, technical andad-hoc committees (Audit, Bylaws, Education,
Membership, Finance, Nominating, Information,
Programme and Planning, Resources and Reserves), andreports by the chairs of the regional branches(European, Asia-Western Pacific and East-Africa). The
agenda was composed of the specific points dealing
with the World Geothermal Congresses in 2015 and2020, the 100% Renewables international campaign, apresentation by Women in Geothermal (WinG) and thedecision on the place and date for the next meeting.
The following BoD members were present: Rolf Bracke,
Paul Brophy, Albert Genter, Lúdvik S. Georgsson, Luis

5
C.A. Gutiérrez‐Negrín, Eduardo Iglesias, Juliet Newson,
Bjarni Pálsson, Fernando S. Penarroyo, Paul Quinlivan,
Arni Ragnarsson, Alexander Richter, Paolo Romagnoli,
Toshi Uchida, Bruno Della Vedova and Meseret
Teklemariam Zemedkun—16 in all, plus Horst Rüter asManaging Director of the IGA Service Company (IGA
SC), Andy Blair as WING representative and Marietta
Sander as IGA Executive Director. Apologies werereceived from D. Chandrasekharam, José Luis
Henríquez, Roland Horne (ex officio member), Herman
Darnel Ibrahim, Beata Kepinska, Zhonghe Pang, Abadi
Poernomo, Koichi Tagomori, Alison Thompson,
Shigeto Yamada and Sadiq Zarrouk.
Some motions and events at the meeting follow:- The inclusion of an additional article in the bylaws (seemore information in a separate note).
- Modification of the rules for Membership Association
nominations for the 2016 BoD election: Associations up
to 99 members: 1 candidate; Associations with 100-500
members: 2 candidates; and Associations with >500
members: 3 candidates.
- A transfer of up to US$ 200,000 into an interestbearing account/reserves to cover organizational costs
and fellowships of the 2020 World Geothermal
Congress.
- Requests that the European, East African and AsiaWestern Pacific regional branches modify the proper
articles of their bylaws in accordance with the IGA
bylaws.
- Presentation of a document on WGC 2015
feedback/lessons learnt with comments by BoD
members and recommendations for the next WGC
2020. The institutional and contract set-up for the WGC
2020 were presented by
the chair of the WGC
2020
Selection
Committee.
On the evening of
October 18th, the 26th
IGA’s Annual General
Meeting (AGM) was
held in the same room as
the Board meeting. The
President
welcomed
everybody and opened
the meeting at 16:45 pm,
with a total of 19 IGA
members present. The
agenda included theapproval of minutes
from the 24th AGM, thereports by the officers,
the reports by the

www.geothermal-energy.org

January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102
permanent, technical and ad hoc committees, and thereports by the IGA Regional Branches. The AGM wasformally adjourned 10 minutes later.
On October 19th, BoD members travelled to the nearby
Los Azufres geothermal field, the second oldest andlargest in Mexico, to pay a visit to the newest
geothermal power plant (Unit 17) with a 50 MW
capacity. It was commissioned in February 2015. The
members were met by technical personnel of theComisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE), thegovernmental company that owns and runs the steam
field and power plants that generate over 220 MW. The
field trip concluded the extensive agenda of the Board
in Mexico.

Announcement of the UNFC2009 White Paper
Graeme Beardsmore, Chairman of the
IGA Resources and Reserves
Committee
In September 2014, the IGA signed a Memorandum ofUnderstanding (MoU) with the United Nations
Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) todevelop and maintain a globally applicable harmonized
standard for reporting geothermal resources. Such astandard will facilitate greater consistency andtransparency in financial reporting and will enhance themanagement of geothermal resources. A copy of the
MoU can be found at: http://www.geothermalenergy.org/resources_and_reserves/working_groups/u
nfc_2009_working_group/documents/uneceiga_mou.html.
In response to the MoU, and after a global call for
expressions of interest, in January 2015 the IGA
appointed a 12-member voluntary Working Group
under the leadership of Professor Gioia Falcone to draft‘Geothermal Specifications’ aligned with the United
Nations Framework Classification for Fossil Energy andMineral Reserves and Resources 2009 (UNFC-2009).
The Working Group has made significant progress
toward that end, supported by the World Bank’s Energy
Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), theUS Department of Energy, the International Renewable
Energy Agency (IRENA) and the Geothermal
Resources Council (GRC). A second White Papersummarizing the Working Group’s progress, including
the text and tables so far drafted for the ‘Geothermal
Specifications’ and examples of their application, hasbeen uploaded to the IGA website. It can be accessed
here along with a copy of the first White Paper from
April 2015:
http://www.geothermalenergy.org/resources_and_reserves/working_groups/uwww.geothermal-energy.org

6
nfc_2009_working_group/documents/white_paper.ht
ml.
The Working Group has provided these White Papers
for transparency. It is pursuing a timetable to complete
the draft ‘Geothermal Specifications’ for submission to
the United Nations in February 2016. The United
Nations will manage the public comment and feedback
process in 2016, with the assistance of the IGA, toensure the global geothermal community is fully awareand engaged in the process.

Call for Applications for IGA
Funds for Educational EventsThe IGA Education Committee wishes to remind
members who are considering holding short training
courses on any aspect of geothermal energy that they
can apply to IGA for financial assistance to run the
proposed courses. Applications will be considered by
the IGA Board at the meeting scheduled for late April
2016. The funding is intended for courses offered after
April 2016.
Applications need to be submitted not later than by
Saturday, March 12th, 2016.
Possible support is 25% of the total estimated costs, up
to a maximum of US$5,000 for one application. Please
note that an application does not guarantee funding. For
information or application forms, send an e-mail to
Ludvik S. Georgsson, Chair of the Education
Committee, at: lsg@os.is.

IGA Participation in the
SAIRECMarietta Sander, IGA’s Executive Director, participatedon October 6th on a side session on geothermal energy
at the South African International Renewable Energy
Conference (SAIREC), held in Cape Town, South
Africa. In her keynote address, Sander said the direct
uses for geothermal energy in 82 countries include heatpumps, space heating, greenhouse heating, aquaculture
pond heating, agricultural drying, industrial uses, bathing
and swimming, cooling and snow melting among others.
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IGA News No. 102
Sander also pointed out that Kenya is among the top10
countries in the world with geothermal power capacities
and additions, adding that “the top five geothermal
power producers in the world are the US, Philippines,
Indonesia, Mexico and New Zealand”.
Sander said Africa and the Middle East were “hotspots”
for future geothermal investments. The region has
611MW installed power capacity, with 60 projects inprogress. Twenty of the projects are in the East African
Rift Valley System, extending from Kenya to Ethiopia.

7
viable, joint-renewable-energy case studies. The lessons
learnt included demonstrations of how renewables canwork together in regions and countries to mitigate
climate change.
The climate change conference in Paris (COP 21)
reaffirms these recent findings:- Renewables provide viable ways to decarbonize
economies.
- RE costs have decreased dramatically.

Kenya is among the top 15 countries in the developingworld with geothermal potential. Sander said thesecountries often encounter barriers as they seek tofurther develop geothermal energy projects. They
include credit risk barriers, currency instability,
institutional barriers and political uncertainties. As aresult, multinational institutions are often the only
sources available for financing geothermal projects inemerging markets.

- Strategic alliances, such as the Global Geothermal
Alliance, help mitigate climate changes.

The multinational institutions include the World Bank,Inter-American Development Bank Group, European
Bank for Reconstruction, African Development Bank,and Nordic Development Fund, plus the OPEC Fundfor International Development.

One solution was the formation of strategic
partnerships. To this end, IRENA launched the Global
Geothermal Alliance to address policy and investment
challenges and help create conditions for a rapid
expansion of geothermal resource use. The Allianceaims to overcome existing barriers. Working with theAlliance will help to overcome knowledge gaps andcreate practical people's networks across continents.

Sander said the projects were all about the“development of bankable projects that enable capacity
building and engage investors at an early stage”.

- Technical, financial and other barriers can beovercome – politics is the driving force in decarbonizing
economies and stopping climate change.
- Countries representing over 90% of the global
economy have submitted pledges (INDCs in COP
terminology) to reduce emissions.

The side session included keynote presentations by
Philippe Niyongabo, African Union Commission headof the Energy Division and the Project Manager for the
Geothermal Risk Mitigation Facility (GRMF), Markos
Melaku, an Independent Geothermal Consultant from
Ethiopia, and Safiatou Alzouma Nouhou of theInternational Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and
the Global Geothermal Alliance.
Source: http://www.iol.co.za/business/news/thinkgeothermal-for-power-1.1926320#.VihRt34rK00

IGA at the COP 21 in Paris
Marietta Sander, IGA Executive
Director
Geothermal energy was well represented at the COP 21
where stakeholders had the opportunity to kick off the
Global Geothermal Alliance (GGA). On December 1, ahigh-level event related to the GGA was held in the
Peru Pavilion at the Paris conference center in Le
Bourget. On December 6, Susan Petty, CEO of Alta
Rock, gave a speech to conference attendees on ReEnergizing the Future. On December 7 during Energy
Action Day, the GGA was officially launched, and theEnergy Day was celebrated. The IGA, together with theother REN Alliance partner associations, showcased
www.geothermal-energy.org

Geothermal Energy Science(GtES)
Horst Rüter, Editor of GtESThe IGA’s journal Geothermal Energy Science (GtES)
developed well in 2015. Until November the following
articles were published in the Volume 3, issue 1. Theirabstracts or full versions can be consulted and/or
downloaded free of charge.
Geothermal resources and reserves in Indonesia: an
updated revision. A. Fauzi (pp. 1-6). Read the Abstract
or the Full article.
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IGA News No. 102
Proposal of a consistent framework to integrate
geothermal potential classification with energy
extraction. G. Falcone (pp. 7-11). Read the Abstract or
the Full article.
Classification of geothermal resources by potential. L.
Rybach (pp. 13-17). Read the Abstract or the Fullarticle.
Overcoming challenges in the classification of deep
geothermal potential. K. Breede, K. Dzebisashvili, andG. Falcone (pp. 19-39). Read the Abstract or the Fullarticle.
Reservoir characterization of the Upper Jurassic
geothermal target formations (Molasse Basin,
Germany): role of thermofacies as exploration tool. S.
Homuth, A. E. Götz, and I. Sass (pp. 41-49). Read the
Abstract or the Full article.
Convective, intrusive geothermal plays: what about
tectonics? A. Santilano, A. Manzella, G. Gianelli, A.
Donato, G. Gola, I. Nardini, E. Trumpy, and S.
Botteghi (pp. 51-59). Read the Abstract or the Fullarticle.
Geochemical study on hot-spring water in West New
Britain Province, Papua New Guinea. M.M. Lahan, R.T.
Verave, and P.Y. Irarue (pp. 61-69). Read the
Abstract or the Full article.
There are about 20 more manuscripts in the review
process. If you want to submit a manuscript, visit:
http://editor.copernicus.org/index.php?_mdl=msreg_
md&_jrl=513&_lcm=ms_reg_form&_acm=open&salt=19031425771586821582

AFRICA
New AU Renewable Energy
Fund Plans 1500 MW
Geothermal by 2020
The African Union (AU), an alliance of 54 countries,
announced a plan to mobilize $20 billion to develop at
least 10 gigawatts of renewable energy on the continent
by the end of the decade. The African Renewable
Energy Initiative was announced at the United Nations
climate summit (COP 21) in Paris. It will be hosted by
the Abidjan, the Ivory Coast-based African
Development Bank, which will act as a trustee,according to Alex Rugamba, director of energy,
environment and climate change at the AfDB.
According to Akinwumi Adesina, president of theAfrican Development Bank, Africa has the potential “…
to deploy 11 terawatts of solar energy, 350 gigawatts ofhydro, 110 gigawatts of wind and 15 gigawatts ofgeothermal.” The initiative is likely to develop
geothermal projects in East Africa’s Rift Valley, wind in
www.geothermal-energy.org

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UPCOMING EVENTS
41st Annual Stanford Geothermal Workshop
22-24 February 2016, Stanford, California, USA
23rd Annual Congress of the Mexican
Geothermal Association (AGM)
10-11 March 2016, Morelia, Mich., Mexico
12th Exhibition and Conference on Energy
Efficiency and Renewables (EE&RE 2016)
5-7 April 2016, Sofia, Bulgaria
Power Plays: Geothermal Energy in Oil and
Gas Fields
25-26 April 2016, Southern Methodist
University, Dallas, TX, USA
3rd Iceland Geothermal Conference (IGC 2016)26-29 April 2016, Reykjavik, Iceland
European Geothermal Congress (EGEC 2016)19-24 September 2016, Strasbourg, France
40th GRC Annual Meeting & GEA Geothermal
Energy Expo
23-26 October 2016, Sacramento, CA, US
6th African Rift Geothermal Conference(ARGeo-C6)
31 Oct-6 Nov 2016, Asmara, Eritrea
Note: Please check the IGA website for more
events.
North Africa in areas such as in Egypt and hydropower
across the continent, Rugamba said. It doesn’t have an
established pipeline yet. France has pledged to give
more than €2 billion (US$2.1 billion) over the next four
years to the African Renewable Energy Initiative, andGermany says it is mobilizing €3 billion, also until 2020.
Source:http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-1201/african-union-introduces-20-billion-renewableenergy-plan

Ethiopia: JICA to Support
Geothermal Development in
the Country
Japan is ready to support the geothermal development
activities of Ethiopia, according to Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA). Speaking at the opening ofa geothermal development workshop in early November
in Addis Ababa, JICA Representative Mayumi Hayashi
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IGA News No. 102
said the government of Japan is ready to support
Ethiopia as it generates more geothermal energy. JICA
has finalized maps for 22 geothermal sites in Ethiopia,
the representative added. Hayashi stated that Japanesecompanies will come to Ethiopia to invest in the energy
sector.
Japanese Business Alliance for Smart Energy (JASE)
General Manager, Shuji Kimura, said on his part thecollaboration in the energy sector will continue.
Geological Survey of Ethiopia (GSE) Director-General,
Masresha Gebreselassie, pointed out that Ethiopia iseager to learn from Japan about the generation ofelectrical power from geothermal energy. Ethiopia will
start expansion activities to produce 70MW from Aluto
Langano, with an outlay of over 30 million USD. He
added that preparations for the geothermal master plan
are well underway. The master plan helps to identify
geothermal sites that produce more energy fromgeothermal. The government of Japan is providing newtechnologies, skills, knowledge and monies, as well as
appraisal studies to generate geothermal electricity.
Source: http://www.geeskaafrika.com/ethiopia-japanbusiness-investment-for-geothermal-activities/12084/

Kenya: Wellhead Plants,
Record Geothermal
Generation and New Areas toDevelop9
geothermal-wellhead power plants. Such plants are
currently adding 56MW to the national grid.
According to engineers at the Kenya Electricity
Generation Company (KenGen), geothermal wells areoften drilled and left open for years awaiting completionof the main power plant. But now, “We are taking
advantage of these single wells to generate power using
the steam, which would otherwise have gone to waste
while the main plant is being constructed,” said Johnson
Ndege, the Chief Engineer in charge of wellheads at
KenGen. The wellheads will act like a normal
geothermal power plant —but smaller. Once a main
plant is fully constructed, the wellhead units can beremoved and deployed at different stations, allowing
steam from the wells to be fed into the main plant. So
far, the company has mounted 11 wellhead units now
accounting for 56.1MW of Kenya’s total geothermalenergy production.
The sixth and seventh geothermal power plants areunder construction at the Olkaria site in the Rift Valley—scheduled for completion by 2018. Meanwhile four
more wellhead units are being affixed. Experts say they
will produce a total of 20MW more of electricity in thenext few months.
Source: http://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/wellheadgeothermal-plants-are-a-key-pillar-of-kenyas-renewablesuccess/Kenya Will Sell Power to Uganda - Kenya will start
exporting power to Uganda, following the recent
increase in production from geothermal
sources. This is a deal under the Northern
Corridor Infrastructure Power pool, underwhich the three heads of state of Kenya,
Rwanda and Uganda agree to begin by
explorting 30 MW. Under the East
African Power Pool project, countries are
expected to export surplus electricity,whenever available, to neighboring statesin need, given the fact that power
production in the region is normallyunstable due to its dependence onhydroelectric power generation, whose
performance is currently affected byclimate change.

The geothermal power will be transmitted
through a new high-voltage line linking
the two nations. The grand 400 kV
Wellhead plants of GEG at Olkaria, Kenya (source: GEG/Lydur
regional, electricity power-exchange line
Skulason).
will run from Olkaria in Kenya throughUganda to Birembo in Rwanda. Uganda
Geothermal Wellhead Power Plants Alreadyand Kenya are already connected by older lines. The
Account for 56MW - Kenya is one of the firstlatest project will add to the new sections. Kenya has
countries in the world to make use of temporary,
become the world’s eighth largest supplier of

www.geothermal-energy.org

January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102
geothermal energy with a total installed capacity of
585MW.
Source:http://allafrica.com/stories/201511020473.html
New Areas to Be Developed in Baringo County The Geothermal Development Company (GDC) plansto generate more than 3,000 megawatts of electricity in
Baringo County. GDC has identified Silale, Paka,
Korossi/Chepchuk and areas around lakes Baringo and
Bogoria as potential areas for geothermal development.
Ms. Ruth Musembi, GDC’s Corporate Communications
Manager, said by 2030 the county will be able to supply
more than 20,000 MW of electricity to the national grid.
She said the company is in the process of drilling morethan 42 geothermal wells and the first phase of the
project will start at the Bogoria-Silale Geothermal Block,which is expected to generate more than 200 MW by2016. Out of the 5,000 MW of electricity thegovernment plans to generate by 2016 from various
agencies, 810MW will be developed by GDC in Baringo(200MW), Menengai (460MW) and Suswa (150MW),
respectively.
Source:http://allafrica.com/stories/201511140180.html
Geothermal Provided 49% to 51% of Power
Consumed in Kenya - Data from the Kenya’s Energy
Regulatory Commission (ERC) shows consumers used
402.1 gigawatts-hour (GWh) of geothermal power in
October 2015, the highest level ever, accounting for 49
per cent of total power consumed in the country,
although other sources state the share is 51%. The
amount is up from 377.5 GWh in August 2015 and 388
GWh in January 2015 –just a month after Kenya added
280MW of geothermal power to the national grid. “Thisis the highest level of geothermal power ever generated
and consumed,” said John Mutua, ERC senior manager
in charge of economic regulation. Mutua said theincrease in geothermal power produced by KenGen andoffered by Kenya Power to consumers is translating tolower bills.
Sources:
http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Geothermalpower-consumption-hits-record-level-in-October//539546/2960542/-/fm8vepz/-/index.html,
http://www.coastweek.com/3849-Kenya-geothermalgeneration-surges-to-402-million-KWh-a-month.htm
GDC Officer and IGA BoD Member to Be Charged
over Tender – By the middle of November 2015, theDirector of Public Prosecutions in Kenya approved
charges against the Managing Director of GDC andeight other officials over irregular procurement
processes. The GDC’s Managing Director, Silas Simiyu,
is also a member of the current IGA BoD and will becharged alongside the entire Tender Committee
www.geothermal-energy.org

10
members and the General Manager of Drilling Services
of GDC. All of them are accused of irregularly
procuring rig move services from a private company inthe last financial year, and they were suspended in earlyNovember 2015 following a recent finding by the
GDC’s Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission(EACC). Of course, Silas Simiyu and the other officers
remain non-guilty while the charges are not proved.
Source:http://allafrica.com/stories/201511150040.html

AMERICAS
Argentina: Possible
Reactivation of Geothermal
and Other Renewable Projects
The enactment of Argentina’s new renewable energy law
could reactivate old projects of the Genren Program
said Roberto Sarquis from the state-owned energy
company, Energía Argentina, SA (Enarsa). In 2010, thegovernment awarded power purchase contracts fornearly 1,000MW of renewable-energy projects under the
program, the bulk of which have not attracted financing.
In May 2009, the Federal Secretariat of Energy launched
the Genren Program, whose aim was to incorporate up
to 1,000MW to the MEM (Mercado Eléctrico Mayorista
or Wholesale Electric Market) by purchasing electricity
from renewable-energy generators previously selectedunder a public tender. The 1,000MW are composed asfollows:• Energy from Biofuels: 150MW• Urban solid waste: 120MW• Biomass energy: 100MW• Small hydroelectric energy plants: 60MW
• Geothermal energy: 30MW
• Solar energy: 20MW
• Biogas energy: 20MW
• Wind energy: 500MW
However the Genren energy auctions have led to theinstallation of only some wind, photovoltaic and minihydro plants, including the 80MW Rawson and 50MW
Loma Blanca wind farms.
Many of the projects may resume if they can findfinancing, for which the law will be very helpful,according to Sarquis. Among other measures, thegovernment will direct 50% of the savings from fuelimports resulting from renewable generation to a newfund supporting the renewables, which Sarquis believes
will stimulate old projects too.
Sources: http://renewables.seenews.com/news/newrenewables-law-in-argentina-may-reactivate-projectsreport-498723,
January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102
http://www.rmlex.com/media/201078_The%20Genre
n%20Program.pdf

Caribbean: Ormat to Acquire
Geothermal Power Plant on
the Island of Guadeloupe
Ormat Technologies, Inc. announced in early December
2015 it has signed a binding Memorandum ofUnderstanding (MOU) to acquire, gradually, 85% ofGeothermie Bouillante SA (GB) at a total company
enterprise value of up to around €52 million (about
US$56 million). GB owns and operates a 14.75MW
geothermal power plant and owns two exploration
licenses with a total additional potential capacity of up
to 30MW, all located in Guadeloupe Island, a French
territory in the Caribbean. The MOU was signed withthe owner of GB, Sageos holding (Sageos), a fully
owned subsidiary of the Bureau de Recherches
Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), the French geologicalsurvey. Upon closing, Ormat will hold about 80% of
GB, which will be increased to 85% within two years bycapital investment agreed upon in the MOU. On thebasis of the MOU, Ormat and Sageos will negotiate adefinitive Investment Agreement (IA) subject tocustomary employee and Board consultation processes
according to French law. Closing is expected by May
2016.
GB has two Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) with
Électricité de France SA (EDF), the French electricutility. A new 15-year PPA with EDF with improved
energy rates is expected to enter into force in January 1,
2016, replacing the current PPAs.
Ormat is confident it can optimize the use of theresource and existing facilities and increase its current
approximate production of 10MW to its designed
production of 14.75MW by mid-2017. Additionally,
Ormat plans modifications to the existing equipment aswell as to further developing the asset, with a potentialof reaching a total of 45MW in phased development by
2021.

11
As a major renewable plant in Guadeloupe Island, theBouillante geothermal plant is entitled to certain benefits
from the French Government set to promote renewableenergy, mainly through feed-in tariff and tax benefits.
The BRGM group’s decision to partner with Ormat as
the majority owner and industrial operator in GB is partof the French Government’s strategy to support thedevelopment of geothermal energy in Guadeloupe andglobally, as a contribution to energy transition and lower
CO2 emissions.
Source: http://www.ormat.com/news/latestitems/ormat-acquire-geothermal-power-plant-islandguadeloupe

Chile: Mariposa Geothermal
Project Drilling Postponed for
Economic Reasons
The Philippine company Energy Development Corp.
(EDC) has postponed its campaign of drilling theegeothermal wells at the Mariposa Geothermal Project inChile. “This,” said EDC, “was due to the challenging
project economics resulting from the recent fall in pricesof competing fossil fuels.”
The drilling campaign, intended to prove the availabilityof geothermal resources in the area, was originallyscheduled for mid-October in 2015 and has been
rescheduled for late 2016.
Earlier the company had said it would invest US$85
million to conduct exploratory activities within ageothermal prospect in Chile. EDC, however, noted it
continues to pursue development activities with greater
focus, including conducting further environmental andtechnical studies for the steam field, power plant andtransmission line interconnection.
“EDC continues to be committed in developing the
Mariposa Project and remains optimistic on the longterm prospects of the Chilean electricity market,” thecompany said in a statement.
To advance the development of Mariposa, EDC said it

Photo by BRGM, taken from: http://www.brgm.eu/brgm/brgm-group/geothermie-bouillantewww.geothermal-energy.org

January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102
would prioritize investing in technical studies for thefront-end engineering design (FEED) for the steam
field, power plant and for the transmission line
connection. It will also proceed with the Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) for the project. EDC is also
negotiating with the Inter-American Development Bank
(IDB) to secure funding support under the explorationrisk-mitigation program administered by the bank.
In the meantime, EDC and its partner, Alterra, willcontinue developing the project through engineering
work for the power plant and transmission interconnection and proceed with an environmental impact
assessment and other development activities. Under thejoint venture agreement, EDC is currently funding all
project activities up to a total of US$58.3 million.
The project, located in the Andes Mountains about 300
km south of Santiago, covers two geothermal
exploitation concessions, Pellado and Laguna del Maule.
Compañía de Energía Limitada (ENERCO) owns therights to the project. ENERCO is held by affiliates of
EDC, 70 percent, and Canada-based Alterra Power
Corp., 30 percent. In 2013 EDC signed a joint ventureagreement with Alterra Power Corp. for thedevelopment of the Mariposa geothermal concession
area in Chile.

12
http://www.alterrapower.ca/news/PressRelease/News-Releases/News-ReleasesDetails/2015/Alterra-Power-Announces-Reschedulingof-Mariposa-Drilling-to-2016/default.aspx,
http://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/italian-primeminister-to-set-first-stone-of-cerro-pabellon-project-onvisit-tochile/?utm_source=ThinkGeoEnergy+List&utm_camp
aign=8f284aafb3TGE_Newsletter_RSS1_12_2015&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_657e42f767-8f284aafb3-415210497,
http://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/34-months-drillingcampaign-planned-for-cerro-pabellonchile/?utm_source=ThinkGeoEnergy+List&utm_camp
aign=8f284aafb3TGE_Newsletter_RSS1_12_2015&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_657e42f767-8f284aafb3-415210497

Costa Rica: IDB’s Loan to Be
Used for Geothermal Projects

The Costa Rican Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad(ICE) wishes to ensure the geothermal future of Costa
Rica by accepting a loan credit from the Inter-American
Development Bank (IDB) of up to US$500 million
available between 2017 and 2025. The first tranche of
the credit, for US$200 million, will be used by
ICE to conclude the development of thegeothermal-electric projects of Borinquen I and
Las Pailas II in the province of Guanacaste, andto improve the connection of the transmission
line from Guanacaste to Central America. The
loan needs to be approved by the Legislative
Assembly, but in the meantime the regionalenergy specialist at the IDB, Carlos Echevarría,
said “... Guanacaste is the area of Costa Ricawith the best conditions and natural resources
for generating renewable energy.” According to
Echevarría, the country needs to safeguard its
renewable-energy future. This means that it
Drill site MP-02 at the Mariposa geothermal Project (Courtesy ofshould stop relying solely on hydroelectric
Alterra Power; taken from GRC’s Global Geothermal News).
power, which depends on rainfall and otherIn other news, Italy’s Prime Minister Matteo Renzi paid
climatic factors. If the country’s rivers do not havea state visit to Chile in late October, as the first step of a
sufficient flow and geothermal projects are not
Latin America tour that encompassed Peru, Colombia
developed, ICE would have to produce energy using
and Cuba. As part of his visit he inaugurated several
fossil fuels such as bunker fuel, “…an option that they
renewable energy projects promoted by the Italianwould prefer to avoid,” Echeverría said.
group Enel Green Power (EGP), and also set the first
Source: http://www.elfinancierocr.com/economia-ystone of the geothermal power plant project of Cerro
politica/ICE-asegurar-geotermico-prestamoPabellón. In this site, the drilling contractor Petreven
BID_0_857314263.html
has already signed a drilling contract with EGP for the
supply of drilling services for the project, with the aimof drilling about 20 wells over 34 months. The value of
Ecuador: Developmental
the contract is about US$40 million.
Sources: http://www.manilatimes.net/edc-suspendsdrilling-for-chile-geothermal-project/223843/,
www.geothermal-energy.org

Activities Started at the
Chachimbiro Geothermal Area

January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102
The Corporación Eléctrica del Ecuador (Celec) has
signed a contract to improve 9 km of road access to the
Chachimbiro geothermal exploratory field. The
Chachimbiro project is currently at the stage of prefeasibility studies in the Urcuqui canton, Imbaburaprovince. According to preliminary estimates,
Chachimbiro represents a potential of around 100MW.
Ecuador is in talks with the Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA) about technical cooperation
for the advanced stage of pre-feasibility studies,including the first deep geothermal drilling. In July,
Celec signed a framework cooperation agreement withthe company LaGeo from El Salvador.
Source: http://renewables.seenews.com/news/ecuadorcelec-contracts-imbavial-for-road-to-geothermalproject-505572

El Salvador: Using Geothermal
Residues to Empower Women
Women from rural communities in El Salvador are
increasing their incomes and tackling climate change
through a unique project that uses waste heat and steam
condensates from nearby geothermal plants. Women
living in communities near the geothermal plants use
waste heat from the geothermal steam to dehydrate fruit
for themselves and for commercial sale. They also growand sell plants watered with geothermal condensates.
Four women are permanently employed as rangers in a
wildlife protection park, which has been established in
the geothermal field. Through this project, women areable to run a productive business while earning asustainable income.

13
dehydrator has a capacity for 25 kg of fruit and thewomen produce 15 kg of dehydrated fruit per batch.
They invest about US$50 and have a profit of US$75
for each batch. The amount produced depends on the
demand. On average, they produce one batch permonth. Although the amount of sales is small, it ismaking a big difference because the minimum wage for
agricultural activities in El Salvador is around US$4 perday.
About 1.8 tons of CO2 are avoided per year due to fueldisplacement. The initiative is also reducing
deforestation due to the establishment of a wildlife
protection park and several reforestation projects in thegeothermal field. The four women employed as rangers
in the park were trained in environmental conservation,
animal health care, forest protection and English
language skills. The women are in charge of forestry
activities, feeding wild animals, maintaining the park,
assisting during veterinary operations, environmental
projects and the visitors’ center. They earn US$ 400 per
month, a salary significantly above minimum wage.

Traditional agricultural practices have low production
rates in rural areas of El Salvador. As a result, female
farmers’ incomes are very low. Employment
opportunities in the communities next to thegeothermal fields are scarce. In addition, the traditional
agricultural practices in El Salvador’s rural areas arecarbon intensive. Wood and other fossil fuels are
typically burnt to dehydrate fruit and pump water, which
releases greenhouse gas emissions and causes climatechange. Deforestation is also an issue in the region as
wood is cut down for fuel.
LaGeo is an electricity generation company with two
geothermal fields and power plants: Berlín andAhuachapán, which produce 27% of El Salvador’s
electricity using renewable geothermal energy. LaGeo
created an action plan to empower women living next to
the geothermal fields.
Women from rural communities in the Berlin
Municipality are involved in various projects using
geothermal energy and its derivatives. Using waste-heatfrom the geothermal plants to dehydrate fruit displaces
fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. The
www.geothermal-energy.org

The protected forest has an area of 111,824 m2. Water
services for the wildlife protection park are provided bysurplus steam condensates.
The Harvesting Geothermal Energy initiative,
sponsored by the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change, has the potential to be
replicated in LaGeo’s new geothermal projects in El
Salvador and in other Latin American countries withsimilar socioeconomic conditions. LaGeo expects toJanuary-March 2016

IGA News No. 102
enter into an agreement with the Ministry ofEnvironment and Natural Resources to ensure the longterm sustainability of the initiative.
Source:http://unfccc.int/secretariat/momentum_for_change/i
tems/9259.php

Guatemala: Authorization to
Build 50MW Geothermal Plant
Final approval has been given to Geotermia Oriental de
Guatemala, SA (Geoguat), to install and operate ageothermal power plant for 50 years in the county of
Asunción Mita in southeastern Guatemala. The
geothermal project is known as Cerro Blanco will havean installed capacity of 50MW and be built on an area of
13 square kilometers, as indicated in the ministerial
decree published in the Official Gazette of Guatemala.
The contract between the Ministry of Energy and Minesand the company Geoguat was signed in late December
2015. It is indicated that once the contract is signed, thecompany must submit a deposit, on behalf of theministry, valued at US$375,000 or its equivalent innational currency.

14
Guatemala_Authorizes_50_MW_Geothermal_Plant?u=
aab8b4488d77652c0c67fedfccf1ed2a&s=n&e=3&mid=[MESSAGEID], http://goldcorpguatemala.com/entremares/geotermia/

Latin America: The future ofGeothermal in Latin America(and Elsewhere)
Marcelo Lippmann, IGA’s Information
Committee
Exploration for commercial-size geothermal resources
continues to be a risky and expensive endeavor, which
has become a barrier to the development of this clean
and renewable type of energy.
According to a recent note*, there is a need for the
public sector to be involved in some sort of risk
reduction as many geothermal projects have failed that
had been financed entirely with private monies. Thus,and because of the growing interest in renewable energy
and environmental sustainability, Germany and aconsortium of development banks have formed a $75
million risk fund with financing commitments of $1
billion for geothermal development—with a special
focus on Latin America.
To the same end, the Inter-American Development
Bank recently has provided financing of $85 million to
Mexico to manage different risk reduction options andincentivize private investment. The World Bank isleading the formation of a risk fund in Nicaragua as
well, contributing $15 million of seed money topromote exploration.
An earlier comment ends by saying: “The question is if,
with the low price of oil today, geothermal can still be
attractive, and whether there are going to be enough risk
mitigation alternatives to attract the still large quantities
of private capital required.” Time will tell…

Cerro Blanco is a gold and silver mining project located153 km east of Guatemala City in the Department of
Jutiapa and the municipality of Asunción Mita. It wasdeveloped by the mining company Entre Mares deGuatemala, SA, a subsidiary of Goldcorp, Inc. Duringexploratory drilling, the company found hot water anddecided to conduct more exploratory surveys to define
the geothermal potential. Its subsidiary Geoguat found ashallow (~1000 m deep) geothermal reservoir that is
expected to be tapped with 14 production wells to feed
10 power units of binary cycle (ORC) of 5MW each.
The project includes the construction of a 22 km longtransmission line.
Sources:
http://www.centralamericadata.com/en/article/main/
www.geothermal-energy.org*http://www.thedialogue.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/10/LEA151009.pdf

México: Geothermal Program,Auctions and New Contract
AwardedFirst Call for a Geothermal Program Funded by EU– In mid-November, the Mexican Energy Ministry(SENER) and the European Commission of Energy
unveiled the call under a Geothermal Program thatguarantees funding up to EUR 20 million (US$22
million). The program and funding will be available forthe next three years and is primarily committed to thepromotion of renewable energy and deployment ofclean technologies. The initiative for cooperation
January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102
between Mexico and the European Commission
provides a platform for creating an international
consortium to carry out research, technologicaldevelopment and innovation of advanced technologies
in geothermal. The first call within this framework was
initiated at a meeting of the head of SENER with theEuropean Commissioner for Research, Science andInnovation. At the meeting, the Mexican officer stressed
this new form of international cooperation with theEuropean Union (EU) has the potential of transforming
research in this field and providing a network ofinternational collaboration for experts, institutions,companies and national scientific associations aligned toharness the potential of Mexico in this area.
Source:http://sener.gob.mx/portal/Default_blt.aspx?id=3323
First Post-reform Electricity Auction – Mexico’s
National Energy Control Center (CENACE) has
announced the first electricity auction, following thenational energy sector reform, will begin in January
2016. At this auction, clean energy certificates (CEL:
Certificados de Energías Limpias) will be auctioned,
plus energy and capacity. After the process of questions
and answers, the last day to register bids will be on
January 20, 2016, and the process must be resolved on
March 31, 2016. This is the first national auction within
the framework of energy reform through which an
electricity market will be created. The auctions will be
carried out annually and will be convened in April.
At this first auction, 4 to 6 million 20-year renewableenergy certificates (CELs) will be auctioned, as well as
15-year contracts for energy and power, according to agovernment announcement. For this auction, the only
buyer will be the state electric utility CFE, responsible
for covering at least 5% of its customers’ electricity
demand with clean energy in 2018. Other buyers will
participate in future auctions. The Mexican Wind
Energy Association (AMDEE) estimates that half of the
CELs will correspond to wind projects.
Mexican law has set a goal of 35% for clean electricity in
2024 but does not provide specific goals for eachrenewable technology. The complete set of goals
included in the almost passed Energetic Transition Law
is as follows: 25% of clean energy in 2018, 30% in 2021,
35% in 2024, 40% in 2036, and 60% in 2050. According
to that law, the term clean technologies include all
renewable sources and also nuclear and efficient cogeneration technologies. Currently, only 20.4% of theelectricity generation in Mexico is produced by clean
technologies, out of which 17% are renewables (hydro,
wind, geothermal and solar) and 3.4% are nuclear andbio-energy.
Source: http://www.pvmagazine.com/news/details/beitrag/mexico-to-holdwww.geothermal-energy.org

15
its-first-post-reform-electricityauction_100022077/#ixzz3sdNK4M4r
New 25MW Plant to Be Built in Los Azufres - The
Mexican Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE) hasawarded the 25MW Los Azufres III, Phase II project to
the Spanish company TSK Electrónica y Electricidad,
SA. The power plant will have an average annual
generation of 186.15 gigawatt-hours per year. The
project includes engineering, civil engineering, assemblyand supply of main equipment and materials for thecomprehensive construction of a geothermal power
plant in Los Azufres, in the state of Michoacán. The
estimated execution time is 30 months. The total cost of
the EPC contract is US$51.29 million, equivalent to
US$2.05 million per MW. It is expected the LCOE will
be around 0.75 Mexican pesos per kWh (around
US$5.17 cents per kWh). The awarded company TSKElectrónica y Electricidad will use Fuji turbines.

Source:http://www.aztecanoticias.com.mx/notas/finanzas/238
356/cfe-adjudica-central-geotermica-los-azufres

US: Direct Uses andContributions of Geothermal
Energy
Dispute for Possible Affectation by Shallow
Injection in New Mexico - The Oil Conservation
Commission (OCC) of New Mexico, USA, has
temporarily resolved a dispute over use of a geothermal
water resource in the Animas Valley of southern New
Mexico.
AmeriCulture Inc., a desert fishery that raises tilapia
fingerlings, and a local water conservation board
protested a plan by Cyrq Energy Inc. to drill new
shallow injection wells for its geothermal power plant.
The OCC has accepted the Cyrq’s plan, with conditions
that seem to have appeased all parties.
The tilapia fish farm and US$43 million Lightning Dockbinary cycle power plant are very close to each other inJanuary-March 2016

IGA News No. 102
the Animas Valley. Both draw water in the area: thefishery from a shallow water source and the power plantfrom a 250-plus-degree, deep geothermal source.
The two businesses have been coexisting somewhat
uncomfortably since the Lightning Dock plant began
producing power in 2014 under a deal to supply the
Public Service Co. of New Mexico with 10MW ofelectricity. So far the plant has been able to produce
only 4MW through its “closed loop” scheme. Under its
initial operating permits, Lightning Dock was to reinject the hot water —known to contain potentially
dangerous levels of fluoride— from where it came,without allowing it to mix with groundwater used fordomestic wells, crop irrigation and for livestock.
By the 2015 summer, Cyrq requested Oil Conservation
Division permits to construct new wells to re-inject thegeothermal water at shallower intervals. They apparently
couldn’t inject hundreds of thousands of liters of water
deep enough or fast enough to ramp up the energy
production to 10MW.
The local Soil and Water Conservation Commission
joined AmeriCulture’s protest out of concern over how
groundwater quality might be affected by the proposed
shallow injection wells. Finally, the OCC approved thethree new injection wells under the condition that
Lightning Dock places the casing of the wells at least
150 feet below the shallow water resource. The
commission’s final order on the matter was expected
later.

16
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy(EERE) announced it will spend up to US$4 million for
critical materials recovery from geothermal fluids.
Critical materials like rare-earth elements and lithium
play vital roles in many clean-energy technologies,
including solar panels, wind turbines, electric vehicles,
and energy-saving lighting. The DOE is pursuing a
range of research and development efforts to secure anddiversify the supply of critical materials; identify
substitute materials; and develop better ways to recycle
the materials. One exciting area of this research is
examining how to recover critical materials from fluids
and brines produced from geothermal exploitation andother energy or mining projects.
The funding opportunity is titled “Mineral Recovery
Phase II: Geothermal Concepts and Approaches to
Validate Extraction Technologies.” The funds will go
for about three research projects to assess theoccurrence of rare earth and other valuable materials
dissolved in geothermal or other high-temperature fluids
and validate methods for extracting them. By extracting
and purifying these critical materials, it is possible
improve the economic and production benefits ofgeothermal energy projects, making them more costeffective at a wider range of locations.
The work aims to find breakthrough approaches for
identifying the resource potential and validating
methods to recover dissolved materials contained ingeothermal fluids. The DOE also seeks to expand thenation’s library of information about the occurrence of
these materials in geothermal and elevated temperature
fluids, which may encourage further development ofAmerica’s geothermal resources.
Source: http://energy.gov/eere/articles/eereannounces-4-million-critical-materials-recoverygeothermal-fluids

Source: http://www.abqjournal.com/660290/newsaround-the-region/geothermal-water-dispute-settledfor-now.html

Geothermal Power in the Country is 3,910 MW –The Energy Infrastructure Update report released by the
US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)
said renewable energy accounted for 60.2% of the 7,276
MW of new generation capacity placed in service in the
US during the first nine months of 2015. Wind power
accounted for 26 new units with 2,966 MW or 40.8% of
all new capacity in January-September 2009. Solar
followed with 1,137 MW (142 units), biomass with
205MW (16 units), geothermal steam with 45MW (1unit) and hydropower with 27MW (18 units). The report
said renewable energy sources now account for 17.4%of the total-installed operating generating capacity in the
US –hydro 8.59%, wind 5.91%, biomass 1.43%, solar
1.13% and geothermal steam 0.34% (total installedcapacity is 3.91GW).

EERE Announced Funds for Critical Materials
Recovery from Geothermal Fluids - The US DOE’s

During 2014 according to the 2014 Renewable Energy
Data Book, the US renewable electricity grew to 15.5%

View of the Lightning Dock geothermal power plantin southern New Mexico. Photo by Cyrq Energy Inc.,
taken from Albuquerque Journal.

www.geothermal-energy.org

January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102of the total installed capacity and 13.5% of the total
electrical generation. The report, published annually by
the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) on
behalf of the DOE’s EERE, indicates that in 2014hydropower produced nearly half of the total,
renewable-electricity generation, wind produced 33%,
biomass produced 12%, solar photovoltaics (PV) andconcentrating solar power (CSP) produced 6%, andgeothermal produced 3% (16,628 GWh). At the end of
2014, geothermal energy in the US provided 3,789 MWof capacity (see table below).
It was noted that total carbon pollution in the US
energy sector has dropped below the levels set in 1996,
according to data included in the Natural Resources
Defense Council’s (NRDC) third annual energy reportpublished in early October 2015. The group reports thatcarbon dioxide pollution has dropped by a full 10% in
the period between 2005 and 2014 and that oil
consumption has fallen to levels equal to those in 1973
when the US population was about one-third its current
size. The US burned less coal in 2014 than it did in 1990
and annual consumption is down 21% since coalburning reached a peak in 2005. The NRDC also praises
the Clean Power Plan recently issued by the Obama
Administration, saying it ensures that by 2030 theUnited States will reduce its carbon dioxide emissions toa level one-third below the 2005 emissions.

Sources: http://renews.biz/100228/re-dominates-newus-capacity, http://247wallst.com/energyeconomy/2015/10/09/renewables-account-for-10-ofus-energy-supply/#ixzz3pFzADxf1
2015 Ends with Positive Progress for Geothermal
Energy: GEA –Geothermal Energy Association
released a positive balance sheet for 2015, not only in
the US but internationally. It said important policy
progress was made nationally, “particularly in the final
weeks of 2015. Congress extended the production tax
credit (PTC) to provide incentives for geothermal power
www.geothermal-energy.org

17
plants that start construction by January 1, 2017. This issure to encourage new U.S. projects next year andCongress is expected to discuss further extensions next
year… Congress also increased funding to support
critical research programs of the Department ofEnergy's Geothermal Technologies Office.” It stressedthat 150 companies member of the GEA “worked in
the US and globally in 2015 to increase the use ofgeothermal energy through their work on many of the
15 new geothermal power plants and the 50 projects
under construction.” The GEA also highlights the“Environmental Protection Agency filed its Clean
Power Plan in late 2015, and states have begun planningtheir individual responses to meet its goals.”
Source: http://www.geo-energy.org/

ASIA/PACIFIC RIM
China: Geothermal to Be Partof an Energy Revolution in theCountry
The Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committeeof the Communist Party of China, which ended on
October 29, 2015, adopted the 13th Five-year Plan
(2016-2020) on National Economic and Social
Development. In this plan thenext five-year period is describedas decisive for building a“moderately prosperous society”
by 2020.
China aims to double its 2010
GDP and the 2010 per capita
income of both urban and rural
residents by 2020. The document
analyzes the decisive stage andsets guidelines and targets for the
next five years. It highlights
innovation, coordination, green
development, opening up andsharing. Ensuring a moderately
prosperous society by 2020
requires medium-high economic
growth, higher living standards and a better quality
environment, the document says.
China will continue to encourage mass entrepreneurship
through major scientific and technological projects, andby building a number of national laboratories, hoping
they will lead to new technologies. The government
plans better allocation of its resources, including labor,
capital, land, technology and management.
There will be more official moves to upgrade theeconomy into a global manufacturing power, cultivate
strategic industries and modernize the agricultural andJanuary-March 2016

IGA News No. 102

18

services sectors. The government will intervene less inprice formation, deregulating pricing products andservices in competitive sectors.
Regarding the energy sector, geothermal energy is
explicitly mentioned as part of an “energy revolution”
that will include clean and safe energy sources replacing
fossil fuels. The document also calls for a system tocontrol consumption of energy, water and construction
land. Energy-intense industries, such as power, steel,chemical and building materials will be subject to carbon
emission-control regulations.
The document vows to lift more people out of poverty,
saying that alleviating poverty in rural areas is the mostdifficult aspect of building a well-off society. It also
promises a “healthy China” by reforming the healthsystem, and promotes the balanced development of its
population through the two-child policy. It calls forretaining family planning as a basic state policy, allowing
all couples to have two children, while improving public
services for reproductive health, maternal and childhealth, nurseries and kindergartens.
Source: http://www.ecns.cn/2015/11-03/186947.shtml

Indonesia: Review ofGeothermal Status and New
Favorable Policies
The Geothermal Market after the US’ EIA – The
following excerpts are from Today in Energy, published by the
US Energy Information Administration (EIA) in October
2015. Indonesia ranked third in the world in both
geothermal electricity production and geothermal
generating capacity in 2014, behind only the UnitedStates and the Philippines. The country is located at theconvergence of several tectonic plates in Southeast Asia,
giving it significant geothermal potential, although mostof its potential reserves remain unexplored.
Indonesia’s Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
estimates that the country holds a potential 29 gigawatts(GW) of geothermal capacity
reserves, only 5% of which iscurrently being used. Indonesia’s
current geothermal capacity of 1.3
GW consists of plants clusteredaround Java, Bali, North Sumatra,
and North Sulawesi. Geothermal
currently makes up less than 3% ofIndonesia’s
totalelectricalgeneration capacity, but Indonesia
plans to increase geothermal
capacity by 2025 as part of a plan toincrease electrification in the
country.
Indonesia

still

has

a

electrification rate compared to countries with similar
income levels. In 2014, about 84% of Indonesia’s
population had access to electricity, and the latest energy
policy aims to achieve nearly complete electrification of
the country by 2020. In recent years, electrical capacity
additions have not kept pace with electricity demand
growth, leading to power shortages in grid-connectedareas. Inadequate infrastructure as a result of insufficientinvestment and regulatory hurdles contributes to lower
electrification rates, primarily in eastern Indonesia.
Fossil fuels power most electrical generation inIndonesia (88%), while renewables, primarily in theforms of hydropower and geothermal resources,
account for the remainder. Plans to increase renewableenergy use to at least 23% of the energy portfolio by
2025 depend heavily on further developing the country’s
geothermal and hydropower resources.
Indonesia has included several geothermal power plants
in its fast-track program, which is meant to accelerate
the development of more than 27 GW of total power
capacity in the next several years. Indonesia has focusedon geothermal in particular, signing an agreement withNew Zealand in 2012 for joint development ofgeothermal energy projects.
About 5 GW of new geothermal capacity is slated tocome online in Indonesia by 2022, including the330MW Sarulla power plant, potentially the world’s
largest geothermal power plant. Successful completionof these geothermal projects could result in Indonesia
becoming the world leader in both geothermal electric
capacity and generation.
One impediment to unlocking the country’s vast
geothermal resources has been the definition ofgeothermal development as a mining activity, which has
restricted new projects in conservation areas. Indonesia
passed a law in 2014 that eliminated this limitation on
geothermal development while streamlining thepermitting process and alleviating land acquisition
issues. The law also attempted to raise private sector

lowwww.geothermal-energy.org

January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102

19

investment in geothermal projects by matching the pricemore closely with development costs.
Source:http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=2339
2
New Policy to Speed up the Development ofGeothermal Projects - The government is preparing alegal instrument that will allow PT Pertamina
Geothermal Energy (PGE), a subsidiary of the oil andgas company Pertamina, to develop geothermal-fueled
power plants without a tender. The policy aims to speed
up the development of geothermal power plants.
The Energy and Mineral Resources Ministry’s director
general for new and renewable energy and energy
conservation, Rida Mulyana, confirmed the plan, saying
the regulation was expected to be completed before theend of the year. “We have met Pertamina to discussgiving a direct assignment for geothermal working areas
to state-owned enterprises. We will give it to Pertamina,
but operations will be carried out by PGE as thecompany’s subsidiary,” Rida said.
Under current practice, the new and renewable energy
and energy conservation directorate general regularly
holds bids for concessions on a number of geothermal
working areas in the country. In July 2015, for example,
the directorate general opened tenders for fivegeothermal working areas with a total estimatedpotential of 730MW. The areas are in Kepahiang in
Bengkulu, Marana in Central Sulawesi, Way Ratai in
Lampung, Mount Lawu on the border between Central
and East Java, and Lake Ranau on the border between
Lampung and South Sumatra.
Kamojang geothermal complex,
Indonesia (Pertamina Geothermal).

West

Java,

He added that as long as Pertamina, through PGE,
considers itself capable of working on a given
geothermal working area, the government will give thedirect assignment to the company, avoiding a protracted
tender.
According to Yunus, there are currently 27 geothermal
working areas available, with five tendered this year.
Eight working areas will be available for bids next year.
“Once we have issued the regulation as a legal
instrument, we won’t have to put all of the working
areas out to tender. Instead we can assign a state-owned
firm,” he said.
Source:http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/10/05/go
vt-speed-geothermal-power-projects.html
Proposal for eliminate the property tax - In parallelnews, the Energy and Mineral Resources Ministry has
sent a proposal to Indonesia’s Ministry of Financeasking it to abolish the property tax (PBB) for
geothermal exploration areas. It expects this move could
promote investment into geothermal development.
“Geothermal investment is high cost and high risk,”said the Energy Ministry’s geothermal director.
Exploration has been considered a taxable activity, eventhough there is no guarantee that investors will findgeothermal potential.
The government has already made geothermal
investment easier by removing the value-added tax andimport duties for imported goods used in geothermal
activities. The changes will help reach the high target of
4,600MW of geothermal power generation over the next
five years.
The Indonesian Geothermal Association approved ofthe proposal to remove the PBB. Abadi Purnomo, theassociation’s chairman, said the proposal would help
alleviate the burdens for investors interested indeveloping national geothermal energy.”
Source:http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2015/11/04/05671577
1/Finance-Ministry-Asked-to-Scrap-GeothermalExploration-Tax

The directorate general’s chief of geothermal power,
Yunus Saifulhak, said the direct appointment of PGE to
carry out the projects was expected to boost geothermal
use in Indonesia. “This is a breakthrough to accelerate
geothermal projects. To date, geothermal development
is left to stagnate in tenders. When the regulation ispassed, we will have several options, from open bids toappointing Pertamina,” Yunus said.
www.geothermal-energy.org

Philippines: Governmental
Subsidies, Italian Turbines fora New Project
Governmental Subsidies for a 40MW Geothermal
Project – The State-run National Power Corp. (NPC)
will give renewable energy company Emerging Power
Inc. (EPI) a subsidy for providing geothermal power tothe province of Mindoro. The undisclosed amount will
come from the Universal Charge for Missionary
Electrification (UCME) fund, a provision under theJanuary-March 2016

IGA News No. 102
Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) designed
to ensure the delivery of reliable electricity tomarginalized areas and those not connected to the main
grid.
EPI received the subsidy on recently starting
construction of its geothermal power plant in Mindoro.
It has signed a power supply agreement with twoelectrical cooperatives in the province, Oriental
Mindoro Electric Cooperative (ORMECO) andOccidental Mindoro Electric Cooperative (OMECO).
The subsidy will allow EPI to deliver its 40MW
geothermal power plant in Naujan, Oriental Mindoro.
EPI’s 40MW geothermal project is expected to cut thecost of power generation in the island by half, as it
would no longer be dependent on rising world oil
prices. EPI claims that at 92% plant utilization levels,
the UCME subsidy allotted for Mindoro would decreasesignificantly. The first 10MW of the project is expected
to be on line by April 2017.
The majority of EPI is owned by Nickel Asia
Corporation (NAC), one of the country’s biggest mining
firms listed at the Philippine Stock Exchange. EPI is
also putting up a 100MW geothermal power plant inBiliran, among other renewable projects in Philippines.

20
Source:http://www.turboden.eu/en/public/press/20151214_T
urboden_Asian_Market_ENG.PDF

Vietnam: Cooperation
Agreement between
Vietnamese and Icelandic
Companies
In conjunction with the state visit of the President of
Iceland to Vietnam, Icelandic law firm BBA and Baker& McKenzie (Vietnam) have signed a Cooperation
Agreement. The agreement entails work on acomparative study on the geothermal regulatory
framework in Iceland and Vietnam for the purposes ofreforming the regulatory framework in Vietnam. During
the events of the visit, Iceland’s Ministry of Foreign
Affairs and the Ministry of Industry and Trade in
Vietnam signed a Memorandum of Understanding on
cooperation in geothermal development.

Source: http://www.manilatimes.net/epi-obtainssubsidy-for-mindoro-power-project/226461/
Turboden Plants to Be Installed in Oriental
Mindoro - The Italian firm Turboden, which is
associated with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI),
announced in December that, along with the Spanish
Company TSK, it has been awarded the turnkey
construction of the 50MW geothermal power plant inOriental Mindoro, Philippines, where four ORC
turbogenerators will be installed before the end of 2017.
The turbogenerators will be installed at two different
well pads where geothermal resources are separated into
steam and brine. Turboden has optimized the machines
by tailoring them to the geothermal resources, to theambient conditions and to the environment.
The firm also announced the successful operation of an
innovative 6MW (gross) geothermal power plant inJapan, built in cooperation with MHI for the largest
geothermal power generation developer in Japan. This
seems to be Kyushu Electric and the power plant isapparently the Sugawara Binary Cycle Power Station,
inaugurated in August 2015 in the town of Kokonoe,
Oita Prefecture (see IGA News No. 101, p. 17). This is
the first Turboden plant in Japan and it is fed by a twophase geothermal resource measuring around 140°C.
After separation, the steam phase condenses in theevaporator and the preheater receives only a liquid
phase. For the project, Turboden supplied its highly
efficient ORC turbine and process engineering andundertook plant commissioning and start-up.
www.geothermal-energy.org

Signing ceremony with representatives of BBA and
Baker & McKenzie (source: BBA).
Vietnam is preparing to begin harnessing its geothermal
reservoirs. The country chose to re-work its regulatory
framework by drawing on the experiences of Icelandic
authorities very experienced in using geothermal-energy
resources for district heating and electricity production.
As part of the cooperation activities, the law firms willseek funding to implement the reforms.
BBA Legal is an Icelandic law firm and specializing inmergers and acquisitions, capital markets, banking andcorporate finance, bankruptcy law, PFI projects andgeneral corporate and commercial law. The company
has been involved on several contracts related togeothermal energy in Iceland and other countries.
Source: http://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/icelandic-andvietnamese-law-firms-to-cooperate-on-geothermalregulatory-reform-and-funding/January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102

21

EUROPE

Vito’s geothermal development manager. “If it’s about
120°, we can convert the heat to electricity.”

Belgium: Starts Drilling of a
Deep Geothermal Well in
Flanders

If the results of the pilot project are positive, a second
drilling project will be launched in January 2016. By next
October, the energy will be used to heat theheadquarters of Vito itself. “By 2017, the headquarters
should be completely heated in a sustainable way,” says
De Meyer. “Part of our electricity consumption willthen be covered to geothermal energy.”

A gigantic rig is drilling to depths of about 4 kilometersbeneath Flanders’ soil. The drilling in Mol, Antwerp
province, is the first phase of a pioneering large-scale
deep geothermal energy project in Flanders.

View of the drilling rig. Photo by Flanders Today.

The Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito)
has been preparing the region’s first large-scale deep
geothermal energy project for about five years. The
researchers first mapped in detail the deep subsurface ofthe Mol region to a depth of more than 4km, using
seismic data obtained from ground impact systems
known as thumper trucks. Vito’s prognosis is that hot
water will be found at a depth of about 3.5km andtemperatures of over 120° Celsius.
The Kempen region, in the north of Antwerp and
Limburg, is the most attractive area in Flanders fordrilling because the hardest layers of rock are much
deeper than elsewhere.
To learn if its estimates are correct, Vito has launched apilot project at its Balmatt site in Mol. About 20
engineers from the Flemish Smet Group and Germany’s
THV Balmatt Drilling are working to reach the deep
waters under the sedimentary layers. The 60m drilling
rig at the Balmatt site is among the most energy-efficientin Europe and doesn’t create noise pollution.
By December 2015, the Vito researchers should havethe information they need on the flow rate and watertemperature. “If the water is at least 90° Celsius, we canuse it for heating purposes,” says Geert De Meyer,
www.geothermal-energy.org

The next step is to provide energy to about 16,000
households in Mol and the nearby town of Dessel in a
few years. “By 2050, we want to supply energy to thewhole of the Kempen in Antwerp and Limburg, an areaof about 1,600 km2,” says De Meyer. To reach this goal,
there should be about 100 geothermal power plants set
up in the Kempen by the middle of the century. Eachpower plant uses five wells, called production wells if
hot water is pumped up from them and injection wells ifthey are used to dispose of cooled water.
The investment for the Balmatt project, resulting in an
operating deep geothermal energy plant, would amountto €22 million. The exploratory drilling project, costing€7 million, is funded by Vito and the government of
Flanders, which contributed €2 million. The
construction of about 100 power plants is expected torequire an investment of about €6 billion.
Source: http://www.flanderstoday.eu/innovation/vitodrills-deep-under-flemish-soil-tap-geothermal-energy

Croatia: First Power Plant toOperate in 2016
Turboden announced it has been awarded the Velika
Ciglena geothermal project, to be developed in Croatia,
to Turkish developer MB Holding. The firm will build
Croatia’s first geothermal power plant, a 16.5MW ORC
solution based on a single axial multi-stage ORC turbine
designed by Turboden. The project is located in themunicipality of Bjelovar, in western Croatia.
After winning a bid in January 2015, MB Holding holds
the permit to construct the country’s first geothermal
plant. The company, founded in 1968, operates the firstprivate geothermal energy plant in operation in Turkey
since 2006. Currently MB Holding’s portfolio consistsof three other geothermal power plants.
The plant will be completed and fully functional by theend of 2016, generating electrical power from a
medium-enthalpy geothermal source. Turboden will be
responsible for the Engineering, Procurement andConstruction of the power plant.
Source:http://www.turboden.eu/en/public/press/20151103_T
urboden_MB%20Holding_ENG.PDF
January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102

France: New Geothermal
Heating Projects
A new geothermal heating project was inaugurated in
Arceuil and Gentilly in the greater Paris region in
France. Early planning began about 10 years ago and
ArGéo, the geothermal heating network of Arcueil andGentilly, is the first project of its kind created fromscratch in 30 years in the Ile-de-France. Operation of
the project started in mid-October 2015, and it now
heats around 7,500 housing units, including municipal
buildings and buildings of group homes in the two
towns.
The plant is fuelled by hot water derived from wells at a
depth of 1,600 meters and a network of 15 km of piping
and about 120 delivery points. The new system fuelsaround 60% of the energy demand, avoiding emissionsof 14,600 tons of CO2 per year, equivalent to the annual
emissions of 8,000 vehicles. The water derived from thewells has a temperature of 62°C. The liquid then passes
through the exchangers that take the heat. The liquid isdischarged once it is cooled by a second well. The total
project cost was more than €32 million (US$36 million),of which 23% was supported by the Environmental andEnergy Management Agency (ADEME) and theregional government.

22of the hot water needs, reducing the need for fossil fuels
and eliminating 2,000 tons of CO2 per year.
Sources: http://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/newgeothermal-heating-project-starts-operation-in-parisfrance/, http://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/a-new-ecodistrict-in-paris-to-be-entirely-heated-bygeothermal/?utm_source=ThinkGeoEnergy+List&utm_campaign=4b40b95680TGE_Newsletter_RSS1_12_2015&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_657e42f767-4b40b95680-415210497

Hungary: Feed-in-Tariffs and
New Heating Center
Geothermal Heat Feed-in-Tariffs for PannErgy
Subsidiaries - The Minister for National Development
announced –in the Hungarian Official Gazette, Magyar
Közlöny— the detailed official heat tariffs for the
district heat supply season of 2015-2016 applicable toPannErgy’s subsidiaries, in effect from 1 October 2015.
The officially fixed district heat feed in tariffs applicableto PannErgy's subsidiaries are changed from theprevious heating period in accordance with thefollowing table:
PanErgy Subsidiary
Szentlőrinci Geothermal Ltd.
Miskolci Geothermal Ltd.
KUALA Ltd.
Arrabona Geothermal Ltd

Tariff in US$/GJ
13.11
8.79
8.79
9.51

Source: http://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/pannergygeothermal-heat-feed-in-tariffs-for-2015-2016hungary/?utm_source=ThinkGeoEnergy+List&utm_ca
mpaign=d96d96f9e5TGE_Newsletter_RSS1_12_2015&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_657e42f767-d96d96f9e5-415210497

Lorraine Devouton, responsible of exploitation
department in the area of heat recovering (photo by
Anne-Laure Abraham, Le Parisien).
In other news, it was learned a new urban area will bebuilt in Issy-les-Moulineaux, a municipality in thesouthwestern suburb of Paris, France. All the buildings,
shops, two schools, and a media library will be built incompliance with the highest environmental standards.
Green buildings, waste collection, electric cards in selfservice, everything will be designed to reduce the carbon
footprint of the buildings. To heat the 1,500 homes in
the new neighborhood, the city and its Dalkia operator
are optimizing the geothermal heating system. They areplanning to use a water table, found 750 m deep at aconstant temperature of 28°C, for supplying about 80%
www.geothermal-energy.org

Inauguration of the Bőny Heat Distribution Center- PannErgy announced it has inaugurated a power
supply center in Bőny, on the outskirts of Győr innortheastern Hungary. It was built as part of a HUF
10.2 billion (US$34.7 million) investment project inGyőr. Thermal energy from the power supply center
will supply 60% of the heating required by the vehiclemanufacturer, Audi Hungariaʼs plant in Győr, as well as
provide heating for 24,000 households in the city. As
part of the project, PannErgy drilled two extraction
wells (BONY-PE-01 at 2470 m depth, output 150 liters
per second at 105°C, and BONY-PE-02 at 2450 m
depth, output of 128 l/s at 100°C), two reinjection wells(PER-PE-01 at 2396 m, and PER-PE-02 at 2324 m), a
power supply center and a 17-kilometer-long pipeline
network, said Dénes Gyimothy, acting CEO of
PannErgy, at the inauguration event. The estimated heat
capacity of the center is 52MWth.
January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102
Source: http://pannergy.com/wpcontent/uploads/2015/11/et_PE_gygp_atado_201511
24_final-ENG.pdf

Italy: Drilling the World’s
Hottest Geothermal Well
Researchers and technologists from all over Europe are
joining forces to pursue a common cause –to make surethat the world’s potentially most energy-rich geothermal
well becomes a reality. A deep well will be drilled in
Larderello in Tuscany, Italy, and €15.6 million ofresearch funding has been earmarked for the project.
Global green energy producer Enel Green Power isheading the project called DESCRAMBLE (Drilling in
dEep, Super-CRitical AMBients of continentaL
Europe). The goal is to extract the maximum possibleenergy from the well. The extreme heat in the rocks
deep beneath northern Italy means that both pressuresand temperatures will be right at the limit of what eveninnovative technologies can currently cope with.
However, such conditions also mean that the energy
output from such a well can be as much as ten times
greater than for standard geothermal wells, and will help
to ensure that the new well will be very profitable if the
project succeeds.
Nobody has previously managed to control a well undersuch extreme temperature and pressure conditions.
Specially developed equipment will be needed. “One of
the major uncertainties is the presence of what we callsupercritical fluids,” explains physicist Roar Nybø at
SINTEF Petroleum Research. At depths of two to threekilometers in the earth’s interior, ambient physicalconditions change dramatically. Temperature increases
and so does the pressure. Something very special
happens when temperatures reach 374°C and thepressure is 218 times the air pressure at the surface. We
encounter what we call supercritical water.

23
The drilling operation requires highly advanced
technical preparation. For this reason, the major
breakthrough must first be modeled in a speciallydesigned simulator. This has already been developed by
SINTEF for drilling operations for oil and gas in amachine similar to an aircraft flight simulator. The
simulator will be given all available data on the planned
well and its location.
The supercritical water must be controlled. To predictas accurately as possible how this fluid will behave bothat depth in the well and on its journey to the surface, theentire process has to be modeled in a flow simulator.
The flow simulator 'LedaFlow' makes it possible toanalyze more detailed and complex flow scenarios
involving so-called multiphase transport, where oil, gas
and water all flow along the same pipeline.
While work on the modeling and simulation of theadvanced drilling operation continues, yet anotherresearch team will be coming to grips with completely
different problems. A specialized probe will be
developed and lowered into the well to log and measure
how a well behaves if it is capable of withstanding
temperatures of up to 450°C and very high pressures.
To do this, the team is developing custom-designed,high-temperature electronics enclosed in a kind ofthermos flask—also called a Dewar flask. The container
must be well insulated to protect the measuring

It isn’t a liquid, and nor is it steam. It occurs in aphysical form incorporating both phases, and this meansthat it takes on entirely new properties. Supercriticalwater behaves like a powerful acid, and will attack
anything –including electronics and drilling equipment.
But supercritical water has its advantages too. It cantransport from depths up to ten times more energy thannormal water and steam achieve in a standard
geothermal well. It also flows more easily through rockfractures and pores. If researchers can succeed incontrolling the forces involved without the technology
breaking down, we may be on the verge of a deep earth
technological breakthrough.
If all this wasn’t enough, supercritical water can alsotransport valuable minerals to the surface in solution.
This could provide potential incidental revenues.
www.geothermal-energy.org

January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102

24

instrument recording conditions in the well over periodsof several hours in ambient temperatures of 450°C—
250°C in the interior of the container. The countries areworking with manufacturers to produce batteries safe
for use at these temperatures.
The project was launched in Pisa in mid-May anddrilling is planned to start in fall 2016. If everything goesas planned, the completed well will provide ten times
the output of a standard, shallow-geothermal well.
Facts about the DESCRAMBLE project: The aim of
the project is to achieve a ten-fold increase in output
compared with traditional, shallow geothermal wells.
Participating countries: Italy, Germany and Norway.
The Norwegian research partners are SINTEF ICT
located in Oslo, and SINTEF Petroleum Research inTrondheim and Bergen. Coordinator: Italy’s Enel GreenPower, represented by Ruggero Bertani. Duration: 36
months following the project kick-off in May. Total
budget: €17.6 million, funded via the EU program,
Horizon 2020.
Source:http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/15102
3094414.htm

Italy: Inauguration of the
CEGLab in Larderello
Dario Bonciani, CEGLa info@ceglab.it
On 14 November 2015, a new center of advanced
expertise in geothermal energy was inaugurated in
Larderello (Pisa), the centenarian geothermal energy
world cradle.

In the heart of the Tuscan geothermal area, a new onfield research laboratory, aimed at contributing to thedissemination of innovation and to the technology
transfer concerning the exploitation of heat of the Earth(with a special focus to its direct uses), was inaugurated
by the Tuscany Region Councillor for Environment andSoil Protection.
The CEGLab has been equipped by CoSviG(Consortium for the development of geothermal areas),with the support of the Tuscany Region, and it ismanaged in collaboration with EnerGea, a company
consisting of CoSviG, University of Pisa, CNR(National Research Company) and the School of
Advanced Studies Sant’Anna of Pisa. Thanks to thecollaboration with these partners, the CEGLab canafford to offer services at a very high quality level in
different sectors for the study of resources, ofgeothermal fields, in geology/hydrogeology field, and of
related plant engineering.
As well as qualifying geothermal resources and fluids
through an ultra-high precision isotopic water analyzer
and other multi-parametric field devices, the CEGLabcan perform studies aimed at testing new materials andexperimenting innovative engineering solutions, in orderto optimize the use of the geothermal resources and toenhance the direct uses of geothermal heat, for civil andproductive uses. The laboratory has indeed a newconception autoclave simulating geothermal plant
operating conditions, in static and dynamic fluxing
conditions, with controlled pressure and temperatureand changing CO2 pressure.
The CEGLab addresses both to public bodies involvedin geothermal projects, geothermal and district heatingcompanies, engineering and geology research bodies andit is a facility to support the training and updating of
new technician generations in the geothermal field.

The Netherlands: The Use of
Geothermal Heat Has
Increased in the Last Five
Years

Autoclave in
the CEGLab.
Photoprovided by
Dario
Bonciani
www.geothermal-energy.org

The use of geothermal heat and energy in the
Netherlands is always increasing. Although the share ofthese new energy sources is still very modest, theproduction of geothermal heat has more than doubled
between 2009 and 2014, according to Statistics
Netherlands (CBS).
Last year, these relatively new energy sources accounted
for more than 4% of the total renewable energy
consumption. In turn, renewable energy accounts forless than 6% of the total energy consumption in the
Netherlands. Thus the share of geothermal heat andenergy is still very modest.
January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102
In the Netherlands, geothermal heat has been used since
the end of 2008 to pump up hot groundwater fromdeeper layers of the earth. Today this technology isapplied in 10 locations. Over the past half-decade,generation of heat from geothermal energy has soaredby 80%. Nearly 30% of the geothermal heat is used forheating homes.
The generation of geothermal energy uses hot or cold
air which is stored in the upper layer of the soil,
depending on the season. The technology, well known
as Geothermal (Ground Source) Heat Pumps, wasalready used in the Netherlands before geothermal heat
was sought. It is commonly applied in large, new officebuildings and is cost-effective because in this type of
non-residential buildings there is often a demand forboth heat and cold air.
The horticultural sector also uses extensive geothermal
systems to heat greenhouses.
The government has introduced the Guarantee Scheme
for Geothermal Heat to encourage the use ofgeothermal energy and reduce the risks for people using
the technology. The scheme partly covers the risks ofunsuccessful drilling attempts.
Since 2012, geothermal heat projects also qualify for
subsidy schemes. On 1st March 2015, a total amount of€1.1 billion in subsidies was granted to 36 projects,
although it is as yet uncertain whether all the projects
will in fact be undertaken.
Source: http://www.cbs.nl/enGB/menu/themas/industrieenergie/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2015/usegeothermal-heat-doubled-in-the-past-5-years.htm

Portugal: New 4MW Plant to
Be Built in the Azores
Exergy has signed a contract with EDA Renováveis tobuild a 4MW geothermal binary plant in the Azores,
Portugal. The plant will be sited on Terceira Island in anarea called Chambre-Pico Alto. The plant is planned to
be fully operational by the
beginning of 2017.

25
headquarters in Lisbon, Portugal.
The resources, at high enthalpy and vapor and liquid
phases, are exploited after the phases are separated. The
use of the binary technology is preferable over the
traditional flash power plants because this better fits theenvironmental constraints and it has more ability toadapt to variations in resource flow rates and pressures.
The plant will exploit the resource by means of an
efficient cycle design that uses the heat available in thegeothermal brine and in the steam flows within the heatexchangers. No extra water will be used, thanks to thedirect air cooling of the working fluid. The highest
possible conversion efficiency will be reached thanks to
the Radial Outflow Turbine specifically designed for
EDA Renováveis by Exergy’s engineers.
Source: http://futurenergyweb.es/exergy-signscontract-with-eda-renovaveis-for-4-mw-geothermalplant-in-portugal/?lang=en

Switzerland: Geneva is
Exploring for Geothermal
Sources
The canton of Geneva’s utility company launched an
ambitious exploration program to seek potential sourcesof geothermal energy in 33 municipalities. The programis part of the 20-million-franc (US$20.1) GEothermie2020 project launched last year by the Services
Industriels de Genève (SIG) to find naturally occurringsources of hot water beneath the earth’s surface. Heatcan be extracted from this water to power electrical
power generators or to provide heating.
SIG said that initial tests last year in an eight-kilometerzone between the municipalities of Chancy and Bernex
concluded that hot water is available in the Lake Geneva
basin in limestone rock at levels more shallow than once
thought —as little as 500 meters deep.
The exploration involves beaming sound waves into theearth to detect, in a manner similar to sonar imaging,where the areas of hot water are most readily accessed.

The contract calls for a turnkey
solution for the construction of thePico Alto geothermal power plant,
using geothermal resources available
from the existing wells in the mostefficient way possible. The design
and manufacture of the ORC plant
and the engineering, procurement
and construction phases will be
carried out by Exergy together withCME,
awell-establishedinternational EPC company withwww.geothermal-energy.org

January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102

26

The work, which SIG stated will have no harmful
impact on residents, will continue through November
and will then resume next year with more targeted
exploration.
SIG said the potential for geothermal energy is high inthe country. The canton of Geneva estimates it could,
over time, cover two-thirds of its heating needs throughgeothermal energy.
Geothermal energy is already used to heat more than
50,000 buildings in Switzerland, including individual
homes, apartment buildings, offices and hotels. But
attempts to develop larger geothermal projects bydrilling boreholes into the ground have failed in thecities of Basel and Saint Gallen.
A planned power plant in Basel was scrapped in 2009
after earlier drilling triggered earth tremors. Saint Gallen
also abandoned a geothermal project last year becauseof concerns about seismic risks.
Source: http://www.thelocal.ch/20151026/genevautility-launches-hunt-for-geothermal-sources

Turkey: New Binary Cycle
Power Plant to Be Installed
Exergy announced the sale of a 24MW geothermal plant
to Bestepeler Enerji Üretim Ticaret A.s., Project
Company of Karizma Enerji. This company, withseveral geothermal licenses in Turkey, is part of Çevik
Group, which deals with several businesses that include
mining, marble production, energy, tourism andconstruction. The binary plant designed by Exergy will
exploit a medium enthalpy geothermal fluid. It ischaracterized by two pressure levels, each equipped witha high-capacity Radial Outflow Turbine. The power
plant is planned to be operational by the end of 2016.
The plant will be built in the Exergy’s facilities in Izmir,announced Celal Tugcu, managing director of Exergy
Turkey A.S.
Source:http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/201
5/11/exergy-sells27-mw-geothermal-plant-tobestepeler-enerji-in-

turkey.html?cmpid=EnlWeeklyPowerNovember132015&eid=291021978&bid=1233535

UK-Iceland: Plan to Power UK
by Harnessing Iceland’s
Geothermal Resources
British Prime Minister David Cameron is poised tolaunch an ambitious project that could see Britain
harnessing the power of Iceland’s volcanoes within thenext 10 years, according to The Independent. The plan
would involve the construction of 750 miles (1200 km)
of undersea cable, allowing the UK to exploit Iceland’s
renewable geothermal energy.
British officials said a
new“UK-Iceland
Energy Task Force”
has been set up to
examine the feasibilityof the scheme and willreport back in six
months.
The
announcement camein late October after
Prime
MinisterCameronheld
meetings with his
Icelandic counterpart,
Sigmundur
David
Gunnlaugsson, before the Northern Future Forumsummit in Reykjavik.
Landvirkjun, the National Power Company of Iceland,
provides the following information on the IceLink
project:- The interconnector will be over 1000 km long, capableof transmitting 800-1,200MW of high voltage direct
current (HVDC), connecting Iceland to GB, andoffering bi-directional flows.
- IceLink will deliver a volume of more than 5 terawatthour of flexible renewable electricity per annum.
- It is expected that the total cost to the UK consumer
will be competitive with other domestic low-carbon

GEOTHERMICS
International Journal of Geothermal Research and its
Applications
Published under the auspices of the International
Geothermal Association
Content of the latest issues:
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/geothermics
www.geothermal-energy.org

January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102
alternatives.
- IceLink will deliver reliable and flexible energy into the
GB system at times of thin supply margins.
- IceLink will allow energy to flow to Iceland at times oflow hydro generation potential, e.g. due to unusually low
precipitation levels.
In further news, it was reported that the financier
behind the scheme expects the details of the financial
support deal to be in place by next May. The power
cable is expected to take at least seven to ten years tobuild, once construction starts, and the cost of thewhole project is estimated at £5 billion (US$7.7 billion).
Sources:
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/homenews/david-cameron-to-announce-plan-to-power-ukby-harnessing-icelands-volcanoes-a6712961.html,
Global Geothermal News, 30 Oct 2015.

OTHER
Business:
ToshibaTeaming up
with Ormat
Technologies
By mid-October, theJapanese Toshiba Corporation and the US-based
company Ormat Technologies signed a Strategic
Collaboration Agreement (SCA) to develop strategic
opportunities for collaboration in the areas ofgeothermal power-generation systems and related
equipment. Toshiba will collaborate with Ormat to build
plants around the world from the ground up, bringing
down project times and growing its involvement inpreviously thin markets. Ormat will handle all stages ofgeothermal plant construction, from taping geothermal
resources to building facilities and producing and selling
plant technology. The company operates a number ofgeothermal power plants around the world.
Ormat has produced roughly 12% of the world's
installed geothermal power capacity, making it the
fourth largest player in the market, Toshiba says. Ormat
boasts strong sales of binary geothermal plants, which
are able to draw power from relatively low-temperature
fluid of around 100°C. Toshiba itself holds a 26%
market share, making it the world’s geothermal leader.
The company focuses mainly on flash systems that use
high-temperature steam to spin generator turbines.
Toshiba’s business has so far been centered on the
production and sale of turbines, generators and otherplant components. Teaming with Ormat will enable
www.geothermal-energy.org

27
Toshiba to provide its customers with drilling,
geothermal resource evaluation and other initial services.
By covering the beginning of the process along withplant construction and the production of equipment,
Toshiba will be able to complete projects that would
ordinarily take five years or more in half that time. The
two companies aim to collaborate on projects in Latin
America, Africa and other markets where Toshiba lacks
a strong presence.
Under the terms of the agreement, the parties expect tooffer potential customers a more competitive solution
for comprehensive supplies and services related togeothermal developments, from resource assessment,
field development, power plant engineering,procurement and construction (EPC) to power plant
operation. Toshiba and Ormat’s partnership will also let
the companies respond to diverse demand bycombining complementary technologies. Toshiba will
use the partnership to raise its sales of plants combining
binary and flash systems for more efficient power
production. Such combined plants are gaining attention
worldwide.
The first project expected to be implemented under thiscollaboration is the Menengai geothermal project in
Kenya to be constructed and operated by the Ormat Symbion Power LLC - Civicon Ltd Consortium,
majority owned by Ormat. The parties have alreadyinitiated negotiations on the supply agreement and theplant design is at an advanced stage.
Annual sales by Toshiba’s geothermal power business
are thought to be around 20 billion yen to 30 billion yen(US$165 million to US$248 million), though thecompany does not release official figures. Toshiba aims
to grow that number by 15% or more per year, using
the Ormat partnership to roughly double sales by 2020.
Ultimately, Toshiba is looking to raise its own share of
the geothermal market to around 50%.
Sources:
http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Trends/Toshibateaming-up-with-US-player,
http://investor.ormat.com/file.aspx?IID=4087066&FI
D=31452798

Financing: Goldman Sachs
Lifted its Financing andInvestment Goal in Clean
Energies
US investment bank The Goldman Sachs Group Inc.
said in early November it has lifted its clean energy
financing and investments goal for 2025 to US$ 150
billion (€136bn). The new target was set in an update of
the investment banking, securities and investment
management firm’s Environmental Policy Framework.
January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102

28

It expands a US$40 billion, clean-energy target
announced in 2012.

pollution from those fossil fuels. “These numbers arewhat get people’s attention,” Jacobson says.

As part of its efforts to contribute to a sustainable
future, Goldman Sachs also aims to make US$2 billion
in green operational investments by 2020 and source
100% renewable power for its global electricity needs.
The updated framework also includes a plan to support
the deployment of clean energy solutions tounderserved markets to facilitate more equitable andaffordable access through the launch of a Clean Energy
Access Initiative. The bank will further focus on
initiatives to facilitate capital for water, climate risk
solutions and other environmental opportunities, and todevelop innovative applications for green bonds.

Jacobson and Delucchi, a research scientist at the
University of California at Davis, presented their ‘100
percent renewables’ construct to the public for the firsttime in a 2009 feature article in Scientific American. It
explained how the world could derive all of its power,
including transportation, from 1.7 billion rooftop solar
systems, 40,000 photovoltaic power plants, 3.8 million
wind turbines, 900 hydroelectric plants, 490,000 tidal
turbines, and so on. “The whole idea originated with the
Scientific American article,” Jacobson says. “Now there are
five or six nonprofit organizations that use ‘100%’ intheir name. Walmart, Google and Starbucks have said
they want to go to 100% renewable energy. So have anumber of cities. The goal of our plans for U.S. states
and the 139 countries is to have places set their own‘100%’ goals.”

Since 2006, Goldman Sachs has invested and financed
US$65 billion in clean energy globally.
Source:http://renewables.seenews.com/news/goldman-sachssets-2025-clean-energy-goal-at-usd-150bn-499941#

Debate: A 100% Renewable
Goal is Achievable
By 2050, 139 countries will generate all the energy
needed for homes, businesses, industry, transportation,
agriculture—everything—from wind, solar and water
power technologies, according to the work of Mark
Jacobson and Mark Delucchi. Their national blueprints,
released on middle November 2015, list the exact
numbers of wind turbines, solar farms, hydroelectric
dams and such that each of the countries would need to
deploy to achieve this 100% renewable goal.
Jacobson, who talked in the past COP 21 climate
meeting in Paris, is a civil and environmental
engineering professor at Stanford University anddirector of the school’s Atmosphere and Energy
Program. He points out that although international
agreements to reduce carbon dioxide emissions areworthwhile, they would not even be needed if countries
switched wholesale to renewable energy, ending the
combustion of coal, natural gas and oil that creates thevast majority of those emissions, and without any
nuclear power. “The people there are just not aware ofwhat’s possible,” says Jacobson.
Jacobson thinks the 139 national plans will get traction
not only because they offer a path to lower emissions,but because, in total, they would create 24 million
construction jobs and 26.5 million operational jobs, allspanning 35 years, offsetting 28.4 million jobs lost in thefossil fuel industries. That would leave a net gain of
about 22 million jobs. Going 100% renewable would
also prevent 3.3 to 4.6 million premature deaths a year
through 2050 that would have happened because of air
www.geothermal-energy.org

According to Jacobson and Deluchi, the energy demandacross the 139 nations by 2050 would be met with abroad set of wind, water and solar technologies: 19.4%
onshore wind farms, 12.9% offshore wind farms, 42.2%
utility-scale photovoltaic arrays, 5.6% rooftop solar
panels, 6.0% commercial rooftop solar panels, 7.7%
concentrated solar power arrays, 4.8% hydroelectricity,and 1.47% geothermal, wave and tidal power. Jacobson,
Delucchi and more than a dozen colleagues fromaround the world have posted the details, country bycountry, in a self-published paper they have released
online.
The big problem with most renewables is theirintermittence, but Jacobson has an answer. By using asmart mix of technologies that complement one anotherduring different parts of the day and different weather
conditions, energy storage can be kept to a minimum.
He, Delucchi and two colleagues explain how this canwork across the U.S. in a paper in the Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences published on
November 23. The blueprints for all 50 US states areavailable at The Solutions Project website:
http://thesolutionsproject.org/.
January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102
The engineering detail in all these papers and plans is
staggering. The document released for the 139 countries
provides an itemized mix of technologies and costs forevery nation, as well as how much land and rooftop area
would be required. Since 2009 the two researchers,
working with many others, have honed the numbers
again and again. Now what is needed most, Jacobson
says, is exposure. “We have talked to hundreds of expert
and politicians. Now we need to reach hundreds ofmillions of people,” in hopes that they will see thepossibilities and begin to call for them.
Source:http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/139countries-could-get-all-of-their-power-from-renewablesources1/

Technology: New Process
Uses High Voltage for Deep
Geothermal Drilling

29
Shaun Lovejoy (McGill University, Montreal, Canada),using a scientific (i.e., statistical) approach shows thatthe only viable explanation of global warming is that islargely caused by human activities, rejecting the deniers’
hypothesis that it is simply a giant, natural fluctuation. A
short summary of the study can be found at:https://eos.org/opinions/climate-closure

Climate Change: Records ofHigh Temperatures and El
Niño Impacts in 2015
The strongest El Niño ever recorded - The current
extreme El Niño is now the strongest ever recorded,smashing the previous record from 1997-8. Alreadywreaking havoc on weather around the world, the new
figures mean those effects will probably get worse.
Climate change could be to blame and is known to be
making the extreme impacts of El Niño on weather
more likely.

Drilling activities can account for up to 90% of theinvestment costs in geothermal projects. Existing
commercial drilling methods, however, advance slowly
through crystalline, hard rocks and the drill bits wear
out quickly. Scientists at Dresden University ofTechnology in Germany are developing an alternative
drilling procedure using a high-voltage impulse thatfragments the rock. This method causes little wear tothe drill bits and can enable up to 30% lower drilling
costs. Every technical improvement and cost reductionin the drilling process brings new geological heat
reservoirs within economic reach.
When drilling with the electric impulse process (EIP),
two electrodes are positioned below ground on the rocklayer. Through them, 400-kV impulses are shot into therock. In the impulse’s breakdown channel, the pressure
and temperature within the rock increase and the rockbreaks up. The resulting drill cuttings are removed by anon-conductive drilling fluid. The EIP drill bit has beensuccessfully tested on a test stand under wellbore-like
conditions. The aim of the ongoing follow-up project isto develop a complete drilling system and to test it in areal borehole.
More information about the BINE Projektinfo can befound in the brochure “Electric impulses fragment hardrock”, accessible at:
http://www.bine.info/fileadmin/content/Presse/Proje
ktinfos_2015/PM_13_2015/ProjektInfo_1315_engl_int
ernet.pdf

Climate Change: Are humanactivities the main cause of
global warming?
www.geothermal-energy.org

Graph showing the sea surface temperatures in thecentral Pacific. In November 18 2015 ocurred thehighest ever seen due to El Niño. Graph by NOAA,
taken from The New Scientist.
The 1997-8 El Niño killed 20,000 people and caused
almost US$97 billion of damage as floods, droughts,
fires, cyclones and mudslides ravaged the world. Now
the current El Niño has surpassed the 1997-8 El Niño
on a key measure, according to the latest figures releasedby the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency(NOAA). This key measure of its intensity is thewarmth of water in the central Pacific. In 1997, at its
peak on 26 November, it was 2.8°C above average.
According to the latest measurements, it reached 2.8 °C
on 4 November 2015, and went on to hit 3.1°C on 18
November –the highest temperatures ever seen in thisregion.
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IGA News No. 102
El Niño occurs when warm water that has piled up
around Australia and Indonesia spills out east across the
Pacific Ocean towards the Americas, taking the rainwith it. The temperatures in the central Pacific have thebiggest impact on the global atmospheric circulation,and therefore the biggest impacts on global weather.
El Niño has been implicated in a host of extreme
weather events across the globe. Combined with global
warming, it’s partly responsible for 2015 being thehottest year on record. In India, more than 2000 people
died in a heat wave where temperatures topped 40°C,
caused by a delayed monsoon –an effect of El Niño.
Now the region is experiencing unusually heavy rains as
the monsoon has finally arrived –also an expected
impact of El Niño. Heavy rainfall has sparked floodingin Africa and South America, with countries receiving amonth’s rain in a day. Dry conditions brought forest
fires in the US and tropical storms, including October’s
Hurricane Patricia, the strongest ever to make landfall.
El Niño is also probably making record-breaking illegal
fires in Indonesia worse by reducing rainfall in thatcountry. And in some Pacific Islands, water levels have
dropped so much that coral reefs are exposed, in aphenomenon known as Taimasa, Samoan for “smellyreef”. Across the globe, the El Niño has also begun amass coral bleaching.
And once the El Niño is over, it might not be time forcelebration, since it’s likely to be followed by a strong La
Niña, which will bring roughly the opposite effects tothe world’s weather. La Niña’s also expected to be about
twice as common as a result of climate change thiscentury.
Source:https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn28595massive-el-nino-sweeping-globe-is-now-the-biggest-30
ever-recorded/?cmpid=NLC%7CNSNS%7C20151012GLOBAL&utm_medium=NLC&utm_source=NSNS
October 2015 ‘Warmest on Record’ – Data released in
November 2015 from the US climate agency, theNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA), indicates October 2015 was the warmest
month in 136 years, i.e. since records began, continuinga record-breaking trend this year and adding a layer ofurgency to a new UN deal. It was the sixth consecutive
month a monthly global temperature record has beenbroken and the “greatest departure from average for any
month in the 1,630 months of record keeping” NOAA
reported.
The month recorded temperatures 0.74°C above the20th century average of 14°C when both land and sea
measurements were taken into account. “The record
high October temperature was driven by warmth acrossthe globe over both the land and ocean surfaces and was
fairly evenly distributed between the Northern andSouthern Hemispheres,” according to a NOAA annual
review. October global, sea-surface temperatures
reached 0.62°C above the global average.
Source:http://www.climatechangenews.com/2014/11/20/octo
ber-2014-warmest-on-record-noaa/
2015, the Warmest Year in History - 2015 is poised tobe the warmest in recorded history, according to theWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO). Man-madeclimate change and a strengthening El Niño are set toensure world surface temperatures reach 1°C above preindustrial levels in 2015. “2015 is likely to be the hottest
year on record, with ocean surface temperatures at thehighest level since measurements began,” said Michel
Jarraud, head of the Geneva-based agency ina statement. “This is all bad news for theplanet.”Temperatures have breached a “symbolic
threshold,” the WMO warned. Levels ofgreenhouse gases caused by burning fossil
fuels passed a barrier of 400 parts per million
for the first time this year, it said. A
strengthening El Niño led scientists todetermine 2015 will make history. “Theoverall warming impact of this El Niño is
expected to continue into 2016,” Jarraud
added. Estimates based on data from January
to October show average temperatures thisyear to be 0.73°C above the 1961-1990
average of 14°C, and about 1°C above thepre-industrial period of 1880-1899. Warmer
temperatures have fueled extreme weather
around the globe, according to the agency.
Source:www.geothermal-energy.org

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IGA News No. 102
http://www.climatechangenews.com/2015/11/25/worl
d-headed-for-hottest-year-on-record-wmo/

Climate Change: Main
Outcomes of COP 21
On 12th December 2015, the twenty-first session of theConference of the Parties (COP 21), assembled in Paris
from November 30 to December 11, adopted the Paris
Agreement under the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change, requested theSecretary-General of the United Nations to be the
Depositary of the Agreement and to have it open for
signature in New York, US, from 22 April 2016 to 21
April 2017. The Secretary-General was invited toconvene a high-level signature ceremony for the
Agreement on 22 April 2016. The document stating the
adoption of the agreement is composed of 140 clauses
in 19 pages, with the Paris Agreement attached as an
Annex of 29 Articles and 31 additional pages.
Thus 13 frantic days were ended of discussions andintense negotiations among the delegates from nearly
200 countries in the official forum and in another set ofparallel activities developed in the several forums
comprising side events. A deal to attempt to limit therise in global temperatures to less than 2°C was finallyagreed upon, the first to commit all countries to cut
carbon emissions. The agreement is partly legallybinding and partly voluntary. Earlier, key blocs,
including the G77 group of developing countries, andnations such as China and India said they supported the
proposals.
The Paris Agreement acknowledges the need topromote universal access to sustainable energy indeveloping countries, in particular Africa, through theenhanced deployment of renewable energy. Measures in
the agreement include:- To peak greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible
and achieve a balance between sources and sinks ofgreenhouse gases in the second half of this century.
- To keep global temperature increase “well below” 2°C
and to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5°C.
- To review progress every five years.
- To allot US$100 billion a year in climate finance fordeveloping countries by 2020, with a commitment tofurther finance in the future.
More than 100 countries vulnerable to the impacts ofglobal warming were pushing for a 1.5°C limit at UN
negotiations. That is necessary to prevent low-lying
islands being swallowed by rising seas and African
farmers facing frequent drought and food shortages. But
this required a total phase-out of fossil-fuel use
www.geothermal-energy.org

31
worldwide by 2025-30, scientists have warned, followed
by large-scale use of negative emissions technology.
However, Germany and France backed the 1.5°C global
warming limit. At a press conference on the sidelines of
the COP 21 summit, Jochen Flasbarth said that theofficial German position was 1.5°C and it “must be
mentioned” in a UN treaty. France president Francois
Hollande also asserted that global warming should be
limited to 1.5°C “if possible” in his speech to world
leaders.
The deal has been deemed without parallel in terms ofclimate change or of the environment, since it sets out aclear, long-term temperature limit for the planet and aclear way of getting there. It includes money for poor
countries to adapt and a strong review mechanism toincrease ambition over time, which seems to be critical
if the deal is to achieve the aim of keeping warming well
below 2°C. “More than anything, the deal signifies a
new way for the world to achieve progress –without it
costing the earth. A long term perspective on the way
we do sustainability is at the heart of this deal. If it
delivers that, it truly will be world changing”,
summarized Matt McGrath for the BBC.

Christiana Figueres, Ban Ki Mon and the French
President Francois Holland during the closing of the
COP (Photo by Reuters, taken fromhttp://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment35084374).
Sources:
http://www.climatechangenews.com/2015/12/07/scientists-1-5c-warming-limit-means-fossil-fuel-phase-outby-2030/,
http://www.climatechangenews.com/2015/12/03/ger
many-and-france-back-1-5c-global-warming-limit/,
http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment35084374
As part of the COP 21 aftermaths, the EU’s Climate
Action and Energy Commissioner, Miguel Arias Cañete,said the historic accord was the “first-ever truly global
climate deal”. He said also that the European Union will
stick to its goal to cut emissions by at least 40% by 2030
January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102
for the moment, and any decision to change that will
not be taken till after 2020. That goal is linked to theEU’s long-term target to cut emissions by at least 80%
on 1990 levels by 2050.
In addition, a group of 114 companies announced they
will cut their carbon footprint in line with science-based
advice. The group, called the Science Based Targets
Initiative, is a joint effort of the World Resources
Institute, WWF, the Carbon Disclosure Project and theUnited Nations. The group of 114 companies setting
science-based targets includes Acciona, China SteelCorporation, Eneco, Enel, Gas Natural Fenosa,
Iberdrola, National Grid, NRG Energy and SSE, as well
as non-energy sector companies such as Coca-Cola,
Commerzbank, Danone, GlaxoSmithKline, HewlettPackard, IKEA, Kellogg, Proctor & Gamble, Sony,
Unilever and Walmart.
From that group, 10 member companies including Enel,
NRG Energy, Proctor & Gamble and Sony have alreadyset targets to cut their emissions from operations by 799
million mt of CO2 equivalent by 2030, equivalent to1.86 billion barrels of oil not burned.
Sources: http://www.platts.com/latest-news/electricpower/brussels/eu-to-stick-to-40-co2-cuts-by-2030after-paris-26310200?utm_campaign=epgl201512snapshotcop21&utm_medium=email&utm_source=eloqua,
http://www.platts.com/latest-news/electricpower/paris/paris-2015-114-companies-commit-toscience-based-26303865?utm_campaign=epgl201512snapshotcop21&utm_medium=email&utm_source=eloqua
On the other hand, the International Renewable Energy
Agency (IRENA) Director-General Adnan Z. Amin
issued a statement after the adoption of the Paris
Agreement. In this statement, Amin said that “IRENA
welcomes the Paris Agreement as a watershed for the
global energy transition. Renewable energy has maderemarkable progress in the last decade. Combined withenergy efficiency, it provides an immediate, viable andaffordable solution to the challenge of climate change.
But to meet the ambition set forth in the Agreement,
accelerating the deployment of renewable energy acrossall sectors must start now. In January 2016, we will
welcome global energy leaders at the 6th Session of the
IRENA Assembly to move the Paris Agreement to thenext phase, setting the global renewable energy agenda
and establishing a blueprint for action to meet climate
goals and set the world on a path to a sustainable energy
future.”Source:http://www.irena.org/News/Description.aspx?NType=A&mnu=cat&PriMenuID=16&CatID=84&News_ID=439#sthash.wKKaPWNU.dpuf
www.geothermal-energy.org

32

International: GGE Officially
Launched in the COP 21
Thirty-six countries gave the official start to an initiative
to promote geothermal energy in developing economies
as a cleaner alternative to oil, gas and coal. The Global
Geothermal Alliance (GGE), launched on the sidelinesof the UN climate talks in Le Bourget, aims at a sixfold
increase in geothermal electricity production and a
tripling of geothermal-derived heating by 2030.
The alliance said its members will seek to overcome“political uncertainty” about geothermal and strengthen
the industry’s skills base. Members include countries onthermal “hotspots” in Africa, Southeast Asia and Latin
America, ranging from Kenya and Tanzania to Malaysia,
the Philippines and Guatemala.
Obstacles to geothermal development are the high costof drilling and risks entailed in the exploration phase.
“Geothermal energy development particularly indeveloping countries faces important challenges,” thealliance said. “Due to risks related to geological drilling
during the exploration phase, along with the associatedcosts, financing the early stage of the process is limited
to investors that understand and accept the possible
associated risks.”
The GGE launched the following Joint Communiqué
On the occasion of the 21st Meeting of the Conferenceof the Parties of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change, we, Members andPartners of the Global Geothermal Alliance:- Note that geothermal energy is a proven clean
energy technology that provides stable andaffordable electricity and offers flexibility anddirect use of geothermal heat in domestic,
commercial and industrial sectors, yet the modest
pace of its deployment hinders reaping thepotentially game changing benefits of geothermal
technologies.
- Note that despite the vast global geothermalenergy potential, with identified resources innearly 90 countries, only 24 of those countries areproducing geothermal electricity, corresponding
to around six percent of the estimated global
geothermal power potential.
- Acknowledge that policy uncertainty, a shortageof skilled professionals, environmental concerns,
licensing delays, and timely development ofdedicated
long-distancetransmission
infrastructure, as well as a lack of awareness andlimitedinformation
about
geothermal
technologies, are preventing wider adoption ofgeothermal energy.
January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102- Further acknowledge that the main obstacle
remains the high upfront costs of drilling andrisks associated with the uncertainties from the
exploration phase.
- Recognise that a global platform that facilitatesenhanced dialogue, cooperation and coordination
among the key stakeholders can spearheadcollaborative action that is essential to overcome
hurdles for accelerated geothermal development.
Therefore, we join forces in the Global Geothermal
Alliance as a platform for enhanced dialogue andknowledge-sharing within the constituency as well as for
coordinated action to increase the share of installed
geothermal electricity and heat generation worldwide.
We will focus our efforts towards realising geothermalenergy potential to achieve a five-fold growth in the
global installed capacity for geothermal power
generation and two-fold growth for geothermal heatingby 2030.
We call on all stakeholders to support our efforts torealise this global geothermal potential.

Members in the Global Geothermal Alliance:

Burundi, Comoros, El Salvador, France, Guatemala,Iceland, Indonesia, Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico,
Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Papua
New Guinea, Philippines, Poland, Saint Vincent &Grenadines, Solomon Islands, Switzerland, Tanzania,
Tonga, Turkey, Uganda, United States of America,
Vanuatu, Zimbabwe.

Partners in the Global Geothermal Alliance: African
Development Bank, African Union Commission, AGH
University of Science and Technology (Poland), Eastern
Africa Power Pool, Energy Institute Hrvoje Pozar(Croatia), Energy Institute of Hungary, European
Geothermal Energy Council, Iceland GeoSurvey ISOR,
International Geothermal Association, International
Renewable Energy Agency, NEA of Iceland, New
Partnership for Africa’s Development, Nordic
Development Fund, Serbian Geological Society,
Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Southern Africa
Power Pool, United Nations Environment Programme,
United Nations University – Geothermal Training
Programme, US Geothermal Energy Association, WorldBank – Energy Sector Management Assistance Program.
Sources:
http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2015/12/36countries-launch-world-alliance-for-geothermal-energy/,
https://cop20.files.wordpress.com/2015/07/irena_cop
21_gga_2015_web1.pdf,
http://www.irena.org/EventDocs/GGA%20Joint%20
Communique_COP21.pdf

www.geothermal-energy.org

33

IGA News
IGA News is published quarterly by the International
Geothermal Association. The function of IGA Newsis to disseminate timely information aboutgeothermal activities throughout the world. To thisend, a group of correspondents has agreed to supply
news for each issue. The core of this group consistsof the IGA Information Committee:
Luis C.A. Gutiérrez-Negrín, Mexico (Chairman)
Rolf Bracke, Germany
Paul Brophy, USA
Varun Chandrasekharam, India
Surya Darma, Indonesia
Lúdvík S. Georgsson, Iceland
José Luis Henríquez, El Salvador
Susan F. Hodgson, USA
Eduardo Iglesias, Mexico
Marcelo J. Lippmann, USA
Alfredo Mañón-Mercado, Mexico
Fernando (Ronnie) Peñarroyo, Philippines
Paul Quinlivan, New ZealandAlexander Richter, Iceland
Horst Rueter, Germany
Benedikt Steingrímsson, Iceland
Koichi Tagomori, Japan
Shigeto Yamada, JapanThe members of this group submit geothermal news
from their parts of the world, or relevant to theirareas of specialization. If you have some news, areport, or an article for IGA News, you can send it
to any of the above individuals, or directly to the
IGA Secretariat. Please help us to become essential
reading for anyone seeking the latest information on
geothermal worldwide.
While the editorial team makes every effort to ensure
accuracy, the opinions expressed in contributed
articles remain those of the authors and are notnecessarily those of the IGA. The editorial team does
not assume any liability for external content takenfrom public sources and websites, or endorse theproducts or services mentioned.
Send IGA News contributions to the editor(l.g.negrin@gmail.com) and/or:International Geothermal Association (IGA)
c/o Bochum University of Applied Sciences
Lennershofstr. 140, 44801 Bochum, Germany
Tel.: +49 (0)234 32 10712, Fax: +49 (0)234 3214809
E-mail: iga@hs-bochum.de
This issue of IGA News was edited by Luis C.A.
Gutiérrez-Negrín. Susan F. Hodgson proofread thearticles. Distributed by Marietta Sander for the IGA
Secretariat. Design layout by François Vuataz.
January-March 2016

IGA News No. 102

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January-March 2016