Quarterly No. 59

January – March 2005

IGA
NEWS
Newsletter of the International Geothermal Association
IGA ACTIVITIES
Message from the President
John W. Lund, President
Since this issue of IGA News will be published in time for
the World Geothermal Congress 2005 in Antalya, Turkey –I would like to welcome all of you attending the Congress,
and I look forward to an excellent venue prepared by theOrganizing Committee and our host the Turkish
Geothermal Association. The Technical Committee
received 705 papers and approximately half will be presented in five concurrent sessions and the remaining during the two poster sessions. The proceedings from theCongress will be available on CD along with the material
from the three short courses. We anticipate that over 1600
delegates and accompanying persons will attend theCongress – so there will be many opportunities to meetwith fellow geothermalists from other countries andexchange information – to promote, develop and utilize
geothermal resources throughout the world.

IGA ACTIVITIES
Message from the President
The 16th Annual General Meeting
WGC2005 – Short Course #4
Mineral Extraction from Geothermal Brines

1
2
2
3

EUROPE
Germany
Lithuania
Poland/New Board of EGEC/An Update on the German
Geothermal Activities/Inauguration of First Geothermal
Plant in Lithuania/Geothermal Direct Uses in
Poland, 2004

3
4
4
6

THE AMERICAS
MexicoThe IGA Board of Directors met in Ankara, Turkey on
February 14th and 15th, with 17 members attending.
Several important issues were presented and discussed at
the meeting, including:USA• Presentations by both the Icelandic and Indonesian delegations in support of holding WGC2010 in their country.
• Presentation by the ad hoc committee Regarding
Selection of Host Country for WGC2010 – Jim Lawlessfrom New Zealand, chair.
• Considering a transition to publishing the IGA News inelectronic form, with limited hard copies available formembers who do not have Email.
• Presentation of the World Bank/GeoFund funding proposal for short course #4 at WGC2005 – “Developing
Geothermal Projects: Resource Assessment, Drilling,
Economic Feasibility Studies and Financing” – to beheld in Antalya from 22 to 24 April – Dr. Gordon
Bloomquist coordinator for the course.
• Presentation of the World Bank/GeoFund funding proposal for the “Mineral Extraction from Geothermal
Brines” workshop in Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka, Russia
from 12 to16 September 2005. A follow up workshop
will be held at the University of Arizona in Phoenix,
Arizona in either September or October of 2006. The
Geothermal Energy Society of Russia and the U.S.

AFRICA
Uganda/XII Annual Meeting of the Mexican 10
Geothermal Association/30th Stanford Geothermal Workshop 10/GRC 2005 Annual Meeting and GEA
Geothermal Energy Trade Show
11

/Geothermal Energy in Uganda

11

ASIA/PACIFIC RIM
Indonesia /The Bedegul Geothermal Field
Philippines /In Memoriam Nemesto
Noel Urmeneta
Philippines /A. Yee Named UPI President

12
13
14

OCEANIANew Zealand/NZGA Holds AGM

14

UPCOMING EVENTS
Geothermal meetings

15

Department of Energy are also supporting these two
programs, coordinated by Dr. Gordon Bloomquist.
• Proposal to form a Western Pacific Regional Branch of
IGA
January – March 2005

2
• Approval to have an IGA booth at WGC2005 where
membership applications, general geothermal information and the IGA News will be available.
• Participation of Dr. Beata Kepinska from Poland as the
IGA representative at the dedication of the Klaipeda
geothermal demonstration heating plant in Lithuania.
• Publication of the IGA Directory after WGC2005.

Motion 2 To bring Rule 11 into line with Bylaw 7. Amend
Rule 11 from the current wording: “The financial year
shall be from February 1st each year to the succeeding
January 31st.” to read “The financial year of the
Association shall be the calendar year, from the 1st ofJanuary to the 31st of December.”
The Secretariat

The IGA Secretariat, recently moved to Iceland and hosted by Samorka under the leadership of Dr. Valgardur
Stefansson, is settled in and performing well. The IGA
website is still hosted by CNR in Italy and administered by
Dr. Zbigniew Malolepszy of Poland.
At this point it appears, from the recommendation of thead hoc committee and a majority vote of the IGA Board of
Directors, that WGC2010 will be hosted by Indonesia on
the island of Bali. This selection is conditional upon signing of the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
between the Indonesian Geothermal Association (INAGA)
and IGA, and the commitment by various supporting
agencies to adequately fund the Congress. The Board of
Directors and the ad hoc committee will be working onthese issues over the next year.
The Annual General Meeting of the IGA will be held during lunch on Wednesday, April 27th at WGC2005, the location to be announced at the Congress. This is open to thegeneral membership of IGA, so please plan to attend andreceive an update on IGA activities and a report on the
success of the Congress.

Annual General Meeting
The 16th Annual General Meeting of the International
Geothermal Association will be held on Wedensday 27th
April 2005 in Antalya, Turkey. The AGM will take placefrom 12.30 to 13.00 (12.30 – 1.00 PM) in room D in the
Pyramid. The following matters will be considered at themeeting:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Minutes of the 15th AGM
Annual report of the Board of Directors
Audited financial statement
Changes to the IGA rules*
General business* It is necessary formally to approve two changes to theRules of the Association, to bring them into line withrecently adopted changes in the Bylaws.
Motion 1 To bring Rule 7(b) into line with Bylaw 12(c).
Amend Rule 7(b) from the current wording “The Board of
Directors shall call a general meeting forthwith upon therequisition of 20 or more members.” to read “The Boardof Directors shall call a General Meeting forthwith upon
the request of 50 or more Members or 5% of theMembership, whichever is greater.”No. 59World Geothermal Congress 2005
Short Course #4
Developing Geothermal Projects:
Resource
Assessment, Drilling, Economic Feasibility Studies andFinancing (250 USD)The International Geothermal Association in cooperation
with the Organizing Committee of World Geothermal
Congress 2005 and with financial support from the WorldBank is pleased to announce a fourth short course to beheld in conjunction with the World Geothermal Congress
2005. The short course will be held in Antalya, Turkey
beginning on the 22nd of April and running through midday the 24nd of April.
The course will cover aspects of resource assessment leading to and completing the drilling of a deep production test
well including: (1) preparing a proposal to drill a deep
production test well, selecting a drilling contractor, overseeing drilling and well completion, and evaluation of thewell to determine adequacy to meet intended objectives;(2) identifying the factors that affect economic viability,
gathering data, and completing feasibility studies to identify the most economically viable project; (3) financial
modeling, types and purposes as well as various outputs,
setting up models to best suit project specifications andwhat to do when the results don’t meet expectations; and(4) financing projects, including the identification andanalysis of those issues that are critical to obtaining
financing, including the basic institutional framework andreforms that have been necessary in many countries tofacilitate development, financing options, risk allocation
principles, and finally critical terms of key commercial
agreements and financial documents.
The cost includes attendance at the course, course materials, three nights’ accommodation in a first class hotel withbreakfast, two lunches, three-course dinner, and coffee
breaks.
Registration for the Course
Registration is being limited to 60 participants and a priority will be given to attendees from the World Bank
GeoFund eligible countries.
A Request to Register should be forwarded to the following address:

3
ISEV Consortium, WGC2005
Mete Cad. No: 16 D: 11 34437
Taksim Istanbul TURKEY
Tel: + 90 212 244 71 71
Fax: + 90 212 244 71 81
Email: admin-wgc@wgc2005.org
URL: www.wgc2005.org
For additional information on the course, contact Dr. R.
GordonBloomquist(CourseConvener)atbloomquistr@energy.wsu.edu. Fax : 1-360-956-2030

Mineral Extraction from Geothermal Brines
Improving Economics and Reservoir
Sustainability
September 12-16, 2005
PETROPAVLOVSK - KAMCHATSKY, RUSSIA
Sponsored by the World Bank/Global Environmental
Facility, the Kamchatka Scientific Center (Far East
Division of the Russian Academy of Science),
and the U.S. Department of Energy

strategic plans for research and development. The last day
will feature field trips to Mutnovsky (12MW + 50 MW)
geothermal power plants and Pauzhetsky geothermal
power plant (11MW).
Conference Websites
The official conference websites are being hosted by
the Oregon Institute of Technology Geo-Heat Center andthe Russian Geothermal Association. To access the website for the English version, refer to: http://geoheat.
oit.edu/minerals/minerals.htm, for the Russian version,refer to: http://www.gesa.ru.
Information on the websites will be continually updated. See the websites relative to author instructions, conference and workshop and field trip registrations (there
will be no registration fee), hotel accommodations, information on visas, etc. Authors and other participants if
required will receive the necessary invitations from theRussian Geothermal Association in order to obtain visas.
Additional information can be obtained from R.
Gordon Bloomquist (email at bloomquistr@energy.
wsu.edu), from John Lund (email at lundj@oit.edu), from
Oleg Povarov (e-mail at: povarov@geotherm.ru), or Yuri
Trukhin (e-mail at: nigtc@kcs.iks.ru).

Organized by the International Geothermal
Association and the Russian Geothermal SocietyFirst Announcement and Call for Papers
Join us in Petropavlovsk - Kamchatsky, Russia for the
first International Conference and Roadmapping
Workshop on Mineral Extraction from Geothermal
Brines. Petropavlovsk is a city of about 300,000 on the
Kamchatka Peninsula of Eastern Siberia.
The International Geothermal Association (IGA) and
the Russian Geothermal Society (GES) invite you to thisimportant event, as well as to present your latest research
and/or technical work on the extraction of minerals fromgeothermal brines.
Note: The number of authors and other participants isbeing limited to 100.
This international conference and roadmapping workshop is organized by the IGA and the GES, and sponsoredby the World Bank/Global Environmental Facility, theKamchatka Scientific Center (Far East Division of theRussian Academy of Science), and the United States
Department of Energy. The next conference will be heldin the United States in the fall of 2006 at the University of
Arizona.
The two-day conference will feature distinguishedinternational experts and leaders in the field of geothermal development and mineral extraction. The conference
will be followed by a one-day roadmapping workshop
designed to identify and prioritize research and development needs related to the extraction of minerals fromgeothermal brines. The workshop will be facilitated by anexpert in mineral extraction as well as the development of

EUROPE
New Board of EGEC
By Burkhard Sanner
On October 20, 2004, the European Geothermal Energy
Council (EGEC) held its annual meeting in conjunction
with the technical day of the Swiss Geothermal
Association (SVG) in Basel, Switzerland. At this meetinga new board was elected. Christian Boissavy, who waspresident of EGEC since its foundation in 1998, did nottake another term. However, he accepted to serve on theboard as a member. EGEC has to thank Christian Boissavy
for his tremendous effort in order to plant EGEC firmly
into the renewable energy landscape in Brussels, which
meanwhile was achieved successfully.
The composition of the EGEC board for the next two years
is:
Burkhard Sanner, Germany
presidentPeter Seibt, Germany
vice president
Tevfik Kaya, Turkey
vice president
Christian Boissavy, France
treasurer
Miklos Antics, Romania
secretary
Jean-Louis Debeaumont, Belgium
memberHarald Gorhan, Switzerland
member
The board had a first meeting in Brussels on Nov. 18-19,
2004. For the year 2005, after 1999 (Ferrara), 2001
(Altheim) and 2003 (Szeged) another business seminar of
January – March 2005

4
EGEC will be organised, with emphasis on the EU-directive on renewable power and the implications from thesuccess of the related national legislation (EEG) in
Germany, and on the activities towards a EU-directive on
renewable heat.
A goal of the new president is to improve the communication between EGEC, its members, and the rest of the geothermal world. Over the past years, EGEC has had considerable success in bringing geothermal topics back into the
EU policy and framework programmes. However, this success and the need for EGEC to be working in the EU
arena, apparently was not visible and obvious to everybody. The new president, being also vice chairman of the
IGA European Branch Forum, has set another goal to
improve contacts and co-operation between EGEC and
IGA-EBF. A first meeting already took place on Nov. 9,
2004, between the EGEC president and the IGA-EBF
chairman, Kiril Popovski, in order to synchronise meetings and to establish co-operation and exchange of information.

Germany
An Update on the German Geothermal
Activities

The first pumping test produced water at 111°C, substantially higher than the expected 90°C. The start of operationof the district heating is scheduled for the heating season
2005/2006.
Offenbach/Pfalz
In this village near Landau (not to be confused with themuch larger Offenbach east of Frankfurt/Main), the first
drilling for a geothermal power plant project was launchedin March 2005 by HotRock Erdwärmekraftwerk
Offenbach/Pfalz. It expects to find 150°C water at a depthof 2800m, arising from the well-known geothermal anomaly in the Upper Rhine Graben. This should be sufficient
to connect ca. 5 MW of installed electric capacity to thegrid, equal to the electric power demand of about 20 000
households. The waste heat from the power plant will also
be used. The economics of the plant are acceptablebecause of the German renewable energy act (EEG),
securing a fixed feed-in tariff for the electric power.
Offenbach is located in the geologically “hottest” region inGermany, the Upper Rhine Graben, where a kind of geothermal gold rush can be experienced. A number of further
plants are in design or under construction, e.g. in
Bruchsal, Ettenheim, Karlsruhe, Kehl and Speyer.

Llithuania

by Werner Bussmann and Burkhard Sanner
Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle)
At the end of November 2004, on schedule, the drilling fora deep borehole heat exchanger reached the target depth of2500 m. The borehole now will be equipped with the necessary heat exchanger pipes, and will supply heat to the
new students’ service centre “SuperC” of the Aachen
Technical University (Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische
Hochschule RWTH).
Neuruppin
In Neuruppin, situated north of Berlin in the state of
Brandenburg, a hotel and spa centre will use geothermalenergy for heating and balneological purposes.
Construction work is scheduled to start in Spring 2005 andthe design of the thermal water circuit including the boreholes/wells, the heating system and the brine supply to the
spa will be completed meanwhile.
PullachThe work for the project of the city Pullach in the vicinityof Munich advances successfully. A district heating net
based on geothermal water is planned to supply heat tomunicipal facilities and to apartment buildings. The company created for that purpose, “Innovative Energie Pullach
GmbH”, will invest ca. € 14 million in the project. The
work for the first drilling started on 4 December 2004 and42 days later the target depth of ca. 3300m was achieved.
No. 59Inauguration of first geothermal plant in
Lithuania
Feliksas Zinevicius, Alfonsas Bickus, Vita Rasteniene,
Povilas Suveizdis Lithuanian Geothermal Association
Since it first regained its independence in 1990, Lithuania(population 3.5 million, territory 65 300 km2) has been intransition to a free market economy. During the last fourteen years great efforts have been made to lay foundations
for the market economy: privatization of companies, liberalization of trade conditions and the prices of almost all
products.
Lithuania inherited a powerful energy sector based on
foreign primary energy resources – crude oil, natural gas
and nuclear fuel – imported from Russia. Lithuania has notransmission lines from or to Western countries.
The territory of Lithuania is in the marginal area of thewestern part of the Precambrian East European platform.
The main tectonic elements in the Precambrian crystalline
basement are the Baltic Syncline and its slope, theMasurian-Belarusan Anticline, and the Latvian Saddle.
The western part of Lithuania is characterized by an average depth to the Moho of 40 km, with the depth increasing
to 44-47 km in the central part. It was also established thatthe specified large geoblocks in the structure have a number of deep faults (penetrating as deep as the mantle) witha significant subvertical displacement in the deep strata
though the amplitude is insignificant at surface. Increased

5
geothermal parameters are typical in the western part of
Lithuania, with a heat flow of about 100 mW/m2.
The first geothermal investigations in Lithuania began
in 1987-9. The geothermal potential was estimated forthree regional hydrogeothermal complexes: Cambrian(5.1x1018 J), Lower-Middle Devonian (5.0x1018 J) andMiddle-Upper Devonian 1.5x1018 J). Petrogeothermal
resources were estimated down to 7 km (7x1021 J).
In 1992-4 the Government of Denmark financed theBaltic Geothermal Energy Project (covering Lithuania andLatvia). The geothermal aquifer zones within the
Devonian and Cambrian strata were studied in detail.
Twelve urban areas (Klaipeda, Palanga, Siauliai, Silale,
Silute, Gargzdai, Radviliskis and Joniskis in Lithuania,
and Liepaja, Riga, Jurmala and Jelgava in Latvia) wereselected with a view to a ranking of preference with regard
to a geothermal pilot project. On the basis of this study andother investigations the Klaipeda Geothermal Demonstration Plant (KGDP) was engineered.
The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, theGovernment of Lithuania and the World Bank (IBRD)(with a loan of $US 5.9 million) have contributed to theestablishment of the financial package required for theconstruction of the plant. The EU PHARE programme
and the Global Environmental Facility Trust Fund also

granted money for the project. The total budget was$US 19.5 million.
KGDP has two production and two injection wells(KGDP-2P, KGDP-3P, KGDP-1I and KGDP-4I respectively). They are identical in construction, with depths of1128 m to 1228 m.
The geothermal water is extracted from the Devonian
aquifer with submersible pumps in the production wells,
passed through heat pumps and returned via injection
wells to the same aquifer. Low-temperature geothermalheat is extracted from the geothermal water (38°C) using
an absorption heat pump and is transferred to the Klaipeda
district heating network. The total installed capacity of
KGDP is 41 MWt: 18 MWt of geothermal and 23 MWtfrom boilers (the drive for the absorption heat pumps). In
June 2004 the State Commission confirmed a plant capacity of 35 MWt (geothermal 13.6 MWt).
The configuration of the absorption heat pump comprises an evaporator, an absorber, a condenser and a working fluid generator. The pump uses lithium bromide(LiBr) solution as the heat absorbent working fluid. The
absorption heat pumps (4 x 4.5 MWt capacity) are driven
by hot water (175oC, 10 bar) from three hot water boilers(16.2 MWt each).
In spite of technical problems, the Klaipeda Geothermal

January – March 2005

6

Figure 1: View of KGDP.
Demonstration Plant (Fig. 1) is a reliable heat suppliercapable of competing with traditional heat suppliers. The
total amount of heat produced by KGDP has grown from
103 000 MWh in 2001 to 215 000 MWh in 2003. (Fig. 2).
In addition, more than 200 systems of ground-source
heat pumps have been installed for heating in single family houses (total capacity - more than 3 MWt).
The 6th conference of the Lithuanian Geothermal
Association (LGA), convened to celebrate the inauguration of KGDP, was held in Klaipeda on 25-26/11/2004.
The conference began on 25 November in the Hotel
Klaipeda, which is the biggest and tallest in the old part ofthe city. A tour (bus trip) to KGDP was organized after the
opening of the conference.
During the official
Inauguration ceremony at KGDP the participants werewelcomed on behalf of the President of the International
Geothermal Association (IGA), Dr. John Lund. In his
absence, IGA Board member Beata Kepinska read out his
welcoming address.
The technical part of the conference continued on
26 November with 15 papers being presented by authors

from 7 countries: Denmark (Allan Mahler, DONG A/S),
Iceland (Gudni Axelsson, ISOR), Poland (Beata Kepinska,
LMA MEETI), Latvia (Indra Skapare, RTU), Belarus(Vladimir Zui, IGS), Slovenia (Peter Kralj, Gejzir
Consulting) and Lithuania. Over 20 papers are available
in the 133-page Proceedings distributed to 63 participantsof the conference. Special thanks are due to authors who
were unable to present their papers in person –Raffaele Cataldi (Italy), Kiril Popovski (Macedonia),
Guido Cappetti (Italy), Mikhail Khvorov andGeorgyj Zabarnyj (Ukraine).
Participants of the conference were given a city tour
which included the Castle at the mouth of the Dane river.
Built in 1252, the Castle gave birth to Klaipeda city so, on
1 August 2002, Klaipeda celebrated its 750th anniversary.
Klaipeda, situated on the shore of the Baltic Sea, is thethird largest city of Lithuania with more than 200 000
inhabitants. It covers 98.4 km2 and is an ice-free port, theonly seaport in Lithuania. The average annual temperature
is +8.4°C (January –0.6°C, July +19.4°C).
Cordial thanks are given to the Sponsors: Ministry of
Economy; DONG A/S, Denmark; AB “Geonafta”;
UAB “Genciu nafta”; AB “Klaipedos energija”;
UAB “Sildymo technologiju centras”; UAB “Alropa”;
AB “Montuotojas”; UAB “SOMIS”.

PolandGEOTHERMAL DIRECT USES IN
POLAND, 2004
Beata Kepinska, Polish Academy of Sciences
GENERALIn Poland, geothermal water has been used in several
localities mainly for heating, balneotherapy and bathing
and it is implemented on a semi-industrial scale for otherpurposes (the PAS MEERI Geothermal Laboratory’s cascaded system, Podhale region). At the end of 2004, thetotal installed geothermal capacity amounted to170.9 MWt while heat sales were about 838.4 TJ (Table1).
The main contributors to these figures were the Podhale
Table 1. Poland – summary of geothermal direct uses
(end of 2004)
Type of use

Figure 2: Heat production at KGDP.
No. 59Installed thermal
power, MWt

Energy use,
TJ/yr

Space heating and warm water supply*

82.8

306.5

Balneotherapy and bathing

6.8

26.9

Greenhouses, fish farming, drying

1.0

4.0

Other – extraction of CO2, salts

0.3

1.0

Ground-source heat pumps~ 80.0

~ 500

TOTAL

170.9

838.4

* including 23.56 MWt and 74.45 TJ/y from absorption heat pumps

7in Mszczonow (since 1999); in Uniejow (since 2001); in
Slomniki (since 2002).
As each of these plants is based on geothermal waters withdifferent characteristics and serves different numbers ofconsumers, they operate on the basis of different schemes
and vary considerably as far as thermal capacity and heatproduction are considered. Among them are plants withslight gas peaking (Podhale), integrated plants with considerable gas contribution (Pyrzyce, Mszczonow,
Uniejow) and plant integrating geothermal heat pumps
with gas and fuel oil boilers (Slomniki). Three plants are
based on well doublets with spent geothermal water being
injected back to the aquifers, while two of them use single
wells and and the cooled geothermal water is used for
drinking (Table 2).

Figure 1. Poland, 2004: geothermal plants in operationor under construction, and spas using geothermal waters(division into geothermal provinces after Sokolowski,1993).
plant (41.2 MWt, and 187 TJ) and ground-source heatpumps, a technology that has recently begun to develop in
the country (about 80 MWt and 500 TJ in 2004).
Geothermal space heating plants
Five geothermal space heating plants are operational: in
the Podhale region (since 1992); in Pyrzyce (since 1996);

Podhale region. In that region, the biggest geothermal
heating project in the country has been underway since thebeginning of the 1990s. Its pilot stage was launched in
1992. Heat supply is based on geothermal, with gas peaking. The main aquifer (artesian) lies in the Triassic andEocene carbonates at depths of 1 to 3.5 km. Reservoir
temperatures reach 80-90°C. The maximum flowrates
vary from 50 to 150 l/s of 82-86°C water. The TDS arearound 0.1-2.5 g/l.
By autumn 2001, the heating network was based on one
doublet of wells and supplied heat to over 220 buildings
and cascaded system (about 21 TJ/y) (Kepinska et al.,2000). In late 2001 it was extended by two new wells(Table 3), other surface facilities (including, among others,
a 14 km main transmission pipeline, geothermal base load
plant and gas peak load plant, and distribution networks)

Table 2. Poland – main data on geothermal space heating plants, 2004
January – March 2005

8
Well

Banska IG-1

Banska PGP-1

Bialy Dunajec PAN-

Bialy Dunajec PGP-

1

2

Year of drillingYear of starting
Role in the system
Total depth
Reservoir depth
Lithology

1979-1981
1997
1989
1996-1997
1992
2001
1992
2001
Production
Production
Injection
Injection
5261 m3242 m2394 m2450 m2565-3345
2113-2394 m
2048-2450 m
Carbonate conglomerates, limestones, dolomites (Middle Eocene - Middle Triassic)

Production casing

Casing 6 5/8”,
perforated interval
2588-2683 m

Casing 6 7x75/8”,
perforated interval
2772-3032 m,
open hole 3032-3242 m

Maximum
production
Maximum
wellheadtemperature
Static wellheadpressure
TDS
Maximum
injection capacity

120 m3 / h

550 m3 / h

82ºC

87ºC

26 bar

27 bar

2.5 g/dm3

2.7 g/dm3

Casing 9 5/8”,
perforated interval
2117-22132 m,
open hole 2132-2394
mCasing 9 5/8”,
perforated interval
2040-2450 m

55-60 bar55-60 bar

200 m3 / h

400 m3 / h

Table 3. The Podhale region – main data on geothermal wells exploited for space heating
and linking a considerable fraction of the consumers in
Zakopane – the main city of the region (population 30 000,
over 3 million tourists per year). As a result, the heat use
has increased significantly: in 2003 and 2004 the installed
geothermal capacity was 41 MWt (not fully used yet) andheat sales amounted to 187 TJ in 2003 (the total including
peak gas was 247 TJ). By the end of 2003, over 400 individual consumers, 120 large-scale receivers and 25 local
coal-fired space heating plants that supplied over 100
blocks of flats were connected to geothermal network.
According to the initial project assumptions, geothermal was planned to supply the majority of buildings in theregion by 2005. In 2003, the project’s target capacity wasreviewed and defined as ca. 80 MWt, and heat production
as ca. 600 TJ/y (Dlugosz, 2003). In 2004, further activities were undertaken to determine the ultimate geothermal
capacity and heat sales that could be achieved under current economic and market circumstances. It appears thatthese figures may increase if proper sources of financing
are available. Along with the construction of a regional
heating network, R&D has been carried out on cascaded
uses (PAS MEERI Geothermal Laboratory). The systemcomprises wood drying, greenhouse, fish farming and foil
tunnels on a heated soil.
In the case of Zakopane town, thanks to the introductionof geothermal heating annual average concentrations ofparticulate matter PM10 and SO2 have dropped by about
50% in comparison to the period before this heating type
was put on-line. Moreover, during the heating season of
2001/2002 the SO2 concentration dropped by 67% as compared to the situation prior to geothermal heating. The
ecological effect is expected to increase along with theNo. 59growing geothermal heat sales as a result of connecting
new consumers.
Pyrzyce. The heating plant has been in operation since1996. The aquifer is situated within the Jurassic sandstones at the depths of 1.5-1.6 km. It is exploited by two
production and two injection wells. The maximum
flowrate is 100 l/s of 61°C water. The TDS are 120 g/l.
The plant’s maximum installed capacity is 48 MWt including 14.8 MWt geothermal and 20.4 MWt from heat pumps
and 12.8 MWt from gas boilers. The plant supplies district
heating and warm water to 12 000 users out of the town’s
total population of 13 000. The network water parameters
are 95°C/40°C (winter) and 60°C/45°C (summer).
In 2003 geothermal heat sales were 72 TJ/y, about 42 TJ
extracted directly by exchangers and 30 TJ from heatpumps (Table 3) while the total heat sales were 146 TJ/y.
Basically, the exploitation and technical parameters of theplant remain these same as during the past years.
However, both the thermal capacity and heating network
were oversized during project planning in the early 1990s.
The current maximum thermal demand is ca. 27 MWt.
Thermal demand decreased significantly after the plant
had been launched because of the closure of several factories (planned to be supplied with geothermal heat), thermal modernisation of buildings, bigger energy saving due
to installation of thermostatic valves and water-meters byindividual heat receivers and, last but not least, by higher
outside temperatures in recent years The relatively highcosts of produced heat and its price are the result of partial utilisation of installed capacity and the large share ofgas. Introducing geothermal energy for space heating pur-9poses resulted in reduction of CO2 emissions to
4 500 tonnes/y as compared to 85 000 tonnes/y before thegeothermal plant was launched.
Mszczonów. The heating plant was launched in 1999. A
maximum 12.5 l/s of 41°C water is produced from theCretaceous sandstones through a single well drilled in the
1970s and refurbished for geothermal production in
1996-7. The adaptation of an abandoned well (instead ofdrilling a new one) significantly reduced investment costs(Bujakowski, 2000). The plant, with a total installedcapacity of 10.2 MWt, uses geothermal water both forheating and drinking. The heating part of the plant operates as an integrated system: the district heating water isheated to the required temperature by the heat extracted
from geothermal water and gas boilers fitted with a
2.7 MWt absorption heat pump and a 0.6 MWt cooler.
When cooled, geothermal water is supplied to the water
works and then to consumers as a potable supply(TDS 0.5 g/l). In the heating season, ca. 30–35% of totalheat sales comes from geothermal water (27 TJ in 2003).
The plant replaced three traditional, low-efficiency heating plants based on coal dust- (ca. 4 500 tonnes/y). Other
emissions were reduced by 75–100% (Bujakowski, 2003).
Assuming identical work conditions and overheads, thecosts of producing 1 GJ of heat in the gas boiler plant andin the coal-based plant are similar (gas being slightly more
expensive) while in the case of Mszczonow geothermal
plant, the cost of producing of 1 GJ is 25% lower.
Recently, the Municipality of Mszczonow has initiatedactivities aimed at construction of geothermal swimming
and recreation facilities.
Uniejow. The integrated space heating plant was openedin 2001. The geothermal aquifer is situated within the
Cretaceous sandstones at the depth of 1.9-2km. The maximum production is 18.8 l/s of 68°C water, and the TDS
are 5 g/l. The water is exploited in one doublet system.
The installed capacity of the plant is 5.6 MWt, including
3.2 MWt from geothermal and 2.4 MWt from peak oil
boilers. In 2003 about 50% of heat consumers in the town
were supplied by this plant, while the number of connected clients amounted ca. 60%. The total heat sales in 2003
was ca. 20 TJ, with ca. 15 TJ from geothermal (Table 3).
Work to connect some new consumers is planned.
Because of valuable curative features, geothermal water
started to be used for recreation and balneotherapy andresearch of its healing features are in progress.
Slomniki. A small heating system was launched in late
2002. It works as integrated one: a 17°C water produced
from the Cretaceous sandstones and sandy limestones by ashallow (314 m) well – heat pumps – gas and fuel oil boilers. The total installed capacity amounts 2.3 MWt, including 0.3 MWt from geothermal water being a low source forheat pumps, while the rest comes from gas and fuel oil
boilers. The system supplies the school building and two
blocks of flats.
When the outside temperature is above -5∞C, heat supply
is based on geothermal heat pumps (0.25 TJ in 2003) and

if it is lower than this value, the system is switched into gas
and oil boilers. After cooling in heat pumps, water is sent
to the water works as a potable supply (TDS 0.4 g/l).
Several other public buildings and a residential housing
estate will be connected to the system (Bujakowski, 2003).
Geothermal heat pumps
The country is seeing a growth in the use of geothermalheat pumps. Absorption pumps have been working inthree geothermal plants: in Pyrzyce two pumps of
20.4 MWt total capacity produced about 42 TJ in 2003. In
the case of two other plants, geothermal heat production isentirely based on these devices: in Mszczonow, theinstalled capacity is 2.7 MWt and heat sales were 27 TJ in
2003, while in Slomniki the respective values were0.35 MWt and 0.25 TJ/. These pumps contribute to23.5 MWt and 69.25 TJ total.
Ground-source and groundwater heat pumps have also
been installed for individual consumers and office buildings. According to the available data (Rubik, 2004; Rubik,
personal communication) one can estimate at least 8 000
ground-source pumps within the country. Their total
installed capacity is at least 80 MWt and heat production
can be estimated at 500 TJ/yr. Interest in heat pumps has
increased in recent years especially after their purchaseand installation started to be supported by the national andregional environmental protection funds or by profitable
credits offered by the Bank of Environmental Protection.
The observed growth is also connected with the fact thatseveral domestic companies entered the market offering
heat pumps cheaper then those made by the foreign producers.
REFERENCES
Bujakowski, W. (2000). The first in Poland reconstruction of deep well
Mszczonow IG-1 to heating targets. Proceedings of the World
Geothermal Congress 2000, Japan. pp.3385-3390.
Bujakowski, W. (2003). Geothermal energy: a review of Polish experience. Proceedings of the International Conference ‘Cleaner energy systems through the use of renewable energy sources’. Krakow.
pp. 97-108.
Dlugosz, P. (2003). Podhale – S-Poland – Geothermal District Heating
System. Geothermics 32, pp. 527-533.
Kepinska, B., Bujakowski, W., Ney, R. (2000). Geothermal energy
country update report from Poland, 1995 –1999. Proceedings of theWorld Geothermal Congress 2000 Japan, pp. 253-259.
Rubik, M. (2004). Heat pumps in Poland - implementation and development. Magazyn Instalatora. No. 10 (74). October 2004 (inPolish).
Rubik M. (2004). Personal communication.
Sokolowski, J. (1993). Geothermal resources in Poland and possibility of their utilization in environmental protection. Exploration
Geology, Geosynoptics and Geothermal Energy. No. 5-6. pp.6780.
Sokolowski, J., D_ugosz, P., Bujakowski, W. (1992). The first in
Poland Experimental Geothermal Plant. Exploration Geology,
Geosynoptics and Geothermal Energy. No 6. pp. 9-18.
The Strategy for Renewable Energy Resources Development. The
Ministry of Environment. Poland (2000)

January – March 2005

10

THE AMERICAS
MexicoXII Annual Meeting of the Mexican
Geothermal Association
Luis C.A. Gutiérrez-Negrín, Mexican Geothermal
Association
On November 5, 2004, the twelfth ordinary annual meeting of the Mexican Geothermal Association (Asociación
Geotérmica Mexicana : AGM) was held in Juriquilla, Stateof Querétaro, Mexico. This meeting occurred within the
IV National Meeting of Earth Sciences (IV RNCT:
Reunión Nacional de Ciencias de la Tierra).
The IV RNCT was organized by the Mexican
Geological Society (SGM: Sociedad Geológica Mexicana)to celebrate its centennial and was supported by nine otherMexican associations related to Earth Sciences, including
the Asociación Geotérmica Mexicana. There were morethan 800 participants and 745 papers were presented,
arranged in four simposia, 14 regular sessions and 21 special sessions. Thirteen invited conferences were presented,
one of which was Electric generation from geothermal origin in Mexico, by Alejandro Abril, head of the geothermal
division of the Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE)and the new president of the AGM.
The Special Session 15 was devoted to geothermics,
under the theme One hundred years of geothermal energy,
and eleven papers were presented orally. These papers
were presented by members of the AGM, involving geochemical, geophysical and modelling studies on the
Mexican geothermal fields and zones of Cerro Prieto, Los
Azufres, Los Humeros, Las Tres Vírgenes, Maguarichic
and Bahía Concepción, and some exploratory studies andmethods.
The official meeting of the AGM then took place under
the leadership of the President of the AGM, Rosa María

Some participants of the AGM meeting.
No. 59Barragán. One item of the agenda was the election of the
new Directive Council of the AGM for the period 20052006. Election ballots had been previously distributed
among the membership, and the results of voting led to thefollowing council:
President: Alejandro Abril-Gaspar (CFE)
Vice-president: José Luis Quijano-León (CFE)Secretary: Rogelio Vázquez-González (CICESE: Centro
de Investigación Científica y Estudios Superiores deEnsenada)
Treasurer: Luis C.A. Gutiérrez-Negrín (CFE)
Pro-secretary: Alfonso García-Gutiérrez (IIE: Instituto deInvestigaciones Eléctricas)
Pro-treasurer: Octavio Lázaro-Mancilla (UABC:
Universidad Autónoma de Baja California)

USA
The 30th Stanford Workshop
By Roland Horne, Stanford University
The Stanford Geothermal Workshop took place for the 30thtime, on January 31 to February 2, 2005, on the Stanford
University campus. First held in 1975, the Stanford
Geothermal Workshop is a scientific and technical meeting attended typically by 100-150 geothermal scientists
and engineers from the US and from across the globe. As
an international meeting, the Stanford Geothermal
Workshop has become one of the primary forums for presentation and discussion of new ideas associated withgeothermal energy development. The workshop format,
less formal than a conference, promotes interaction among
participants, and encourages attendees to offer their ideas
under development as well those already completed. In
three days of meetings, approximately 70 papers were presented, involving 120 participants from 12 countries overall. Participants at the conference banquet were treated toa dramatic performance of Taiko drums, from Stanford
Taiko, the student musical performance group.
The 30th Workshop celebrated the persistence of the scientific endeavor in developing and improving this important renewable energy source. The current energy futureof the western US, like that in much of the world, holds
strong hope for green energy sources. In this environment,interest in the benign use of geothermal energy has beenrenewed. With only a tiny fraction of the greenhouse emissions of conventional fuels, and minimal environmental
impact, the geothermal energy field is expanding.
Geothermal developments already represent the largest
implementation of renewable energy worldwide, andexceed the production of energy from wind and solar.
The Stanford Geothermal Program was founded in1974 by Profs. Paul Kruger, Lou London and Hank
Ramey, as an interdisciplinary research program between
the Departments of Civil Engineering, Mechanical11Technologies Program, the GRC 2005 Annual Meeting
will feature a 3-day Technical Program and poster session,
a companion Geothermal Energy Association (GEA)
Trade Show, workshops, field trips, and a number of
optional events. Complete GRC Annual Meeting details
are posted on the GRC website at: www.geothermal.org.
Or contact the GRC directly at P.O. Box 1350, Davis, CA
95617-1350. Phone: (530) 758-2360. Fax: (530) 7582839. E-mail: grc@geothermal.org. Exhibitors should
contact the GEA, 209 Pennsylvania Ave. SE, Washington,
DC 20003. Phone: (202) 454-5261. Fax: (202) 454-5265.
E-mail: Daniela@geo-energy.org. Website: www.geoenergy.org.
Engineering and Petroleum Engineering. Over the 30
years since its inception, more than 120 geothermal engineers have graduated from the program with MS or PhD
degrees, and this cadre of engineers has formed an important backbone of the geothermal industry worldwide.
Graduates of the Stanford Geothermal Program have taken
positions in the US, Mexico, Costa Rica, Turkey, Kenya,
Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, and New Zealand, and many
have been involved as consultants or expatriates in several
other geothermal countries.
The program has maintained its level of research andstudent participation throughout its 30 year life. Profs.
Kruger and London have since retired, and Profs. Rameyis deceased. The program is headed currently by Prof.
Roland Horne and Senior Research Engineer Kewen Li in
the Dept. of Petroleum Engineering, and has five graduate
research students pursuing either the MS or PhD degrees.
A number of undergraduate students have worked in thegeothermal laboratories also, in undergraduate research
projects.
The principal research focus of the program has followed a number of different paths over its 30 year life,
however the common thread has been improving the efficiency of geothermal energy utilization by better understanding of how fluid and energy are transported throughpermeable rocks. The production of fluid from the ground,and the reinjection of spent water and dissolved materials,
remains a significant source of uncertainty in geothermalenergy development. The geological complexity of volcanic rocks makes it difficult to predict in advance how thegeothermal reservoir is likely to perform. This uncertainty causes delays in development, raises the project costs,
and makes financing more difficult. Improving the forecast of reservoir behavior will render geothermal energy amore viable and a more efficient resource.

AFRICA
UgandaGeothermal Energy in Uganda
Godfrey Bahati, Department of Geological Survey and
Mines, Entebbe, Uganda.
INTRODUCTION
Uganda is one of the countries located in the westernbranch of the East African Rift System and based on surface manifestations has great potential for geothermalenergy development. For more than a decade, theGovernment of Uganda (GoU) has supported a geothermal
exploration programme to provide electricity or direct heatto rural areas for domestic power, agriculture and industrial processing. The three main areas under investigation are
Katwe, Buranga and Kibiro (Figure 1). A summary of thecurrent results is presented in this paper.

GRC 2005 Annual Meeting and
GEA Geothermal Energy Trade Show
The Geothermal Resources Council (GRC) will convene
its 2005 Annual Meeting at the Reno Hilton in Reno,
Nevada, on September 25-28, 2005. With co-sponsorshipby the U.S. Department of Energy Geothermal

Figure 1: Three main geothermal areas of Uganda.
January – March 2005

12
RESULTSThe results so far obtained can be described under four
disciplines; geology, geochemistry, hydrology and geophysics.
Geology
Geological settings and geotectonic studies have shown
Uganda as very promising for geothermal development.
The Katwe prospect is characterized by explosion craters
and ejected pyroclastics and tuffs with abundant granite
and gneissic rocks from the basement. The deposit is grayish, generally coarse-grained and calcareous. Also present
are occurrences of lava in Lake Kitagata and Kyemengo
craters which is evidence for a powerful heat source.
Kibiro and Buranga lie in a tectonically active belt andrecent aero-magnetic surveys have mapped magmatic
intrusions in the vicinity of the two prospects which are
believed to be the source of heat for the two areas.
Geochemistry
The Kibiro hot spring water is characterized by a neutral
pH and low total dissolved solids (TDS) of about 4-5g/l
suitable for most types of utilization. The Buranga waters
have salinity of about 14-17 g/l and pH of 7-8 while theKatwe waters have higher salinity of 19-27 g/l and a pH ofabout 8. Deep reservoir temperatures based on solute geothermometry and mixing models are 140-200˚C, 120130˚C, and 200˚C for Katwe, Buranga and Kibiro respectively. The fluids are suitable for electricity generation anddirect heat application in agriculture and industry. The
possibility of mineral recovery from the Katwe andBuranga brines has yet to be investigated.
Hydrology
Katwe and Buranga are possibly recharged from higher
elevations most likely in the nearby Rwenzori Mountains
while the source for Kibiro is possibly from a higher elevation represented by the Mukihani-Waisembe ridge, 20
km southeast of Kibiro. Isotope geothermometry predicts
temperatures of 130–140°C, 200°C and 110–135°C for
Katwe, Buranga and Kibiro respectively. The highest temperatures at Buranga might reflect an older system whichhas probably cooled over time to 120–130°C. The Kibiro
results probably reflect low temperatures due to mixing
with cooler groundwater while the Katwe results probably
reflect a true subsurface temperature since they are not in
conflict with solute geothermometry temperatures.
Reservoir rock types in Katwe are most likely basalt(leucites and melilites) and ultramafic xenolith; but
granitic gneisses in Buranga and Kibiro. The major sourceof salinity in the three areas is rock dissolution, but somemagmatic input is suggested.
Geophysics
The GoU with support from the African Development
Bank and the Government of Iceland have carried out preliminary geophysical surveys in Katwe and Kibiro in 2003
No. 59and early 2004 respectively. The results of the geophysicalsurveys indicated the existence of geothermal systems in
the two areas which is supported by the low resistivity andhigh gravity anomalies. In both areas, the areal extent of
the low resistivity proved larger than expected, an indication that the anomaly is somewhat larger and extends
beyond the surveyed area. The GoU is soliciting further
support from the World Bank and Government of Iceland
to complete the geophysical surveys in Katwe and Kibiro.
The German Geological Survey (BGR) is supporting geophysical surveys in Buranga. The results of the surveys
will update the geothermal models of the three areas topre-feasibility status.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Chemical and isotopic geothermometry has revealed
high subsurface temperatures in all the three areas suitable for electricity generation and direct heat application.
2. Preliminary results from geological and geophysical surveys in Katwe and Kibiro indicate a large extent of thegeothermal anomalies whose boundaries have yet to bedelineated by additional geophysical mapping.
3. The pre-feasibility studies in the three areas will soon becompleted. The results will be a basis for the design of thefeasibility study that will involve drilling of exploration
wells and installation of the first geothermal power plants
in Uganda.

ASIA/PACIFIC RIM
Indonesia
The Bedugul Geothermal Field, Bali
(Indonesia)
M. P. Hochstein (Geology Dept., Univ. of Auckland, NZ),
R. Mulyadi and E.J. Joenos (Bali Energy, Denpasar,Indonesia)
The 2.45 km deep well, BEL-03, in the Bedugul
Geothermal Field (Bali) has been successfully discharged
since May 2004. The well (9 5/8 inch diameter) dischargesc. 40 t/h fluids at 14 bar separation pressure with a ‘flowing enthalpy’ of c. 2600 kJ/kg. The fluids are produced
from a 2-phase zone within a liquid-dominated reservoir
lying below 2 km depth (bottom-hole temperature is c. 300
deg C). A second well of similar design and depth (BEL02) has been stimulated, also using liquid nitrogen, and it
produces fluids with variable flow and a somewhat lower
enthalpy since October 2004. Both wells have beenbrought to discharge more than 6 yr after their completionin early 1998. A third, nearly 2.7 km deep well (BEL-01)
was drilled near a small volcanic cone and encountered >310 deg C at the bottom; however, the well is not productive. The location of the three deep wells, with their well

13
8°S
115°E
0

20

40 km
SINGARADJA

N

300
600
1200

B2
300

6 00

B3

G. BATUKAU

D. BRATAN
G. BATUR
B4
G. AGUNG

B5

600

600

0

5

10 km

180

0

1200

300

Legend (exploration until 1980)

60 0
TCH-04SG
BEL-03

Elevation contour (m)Volcanic peak (G = Gunung)

D.
BRATANDENPASAR

Caldera (ring) fault

BEL-02
TCH-02
TCH-03
TCH-05
BEL-01
TCH-01

Caldera lake (D = Danau)
Thermal spring

TCH-06

Legend (exploration by drilling 1997/8)
TCH-06

Slim hole (vertical);down to 1.6 km (max)

BEL-02

Deep exploration hole (deviated);
down to 2.7 km (max)B3

T-gradient hole (down to 200m)

SG

Steaming ground (see inset)
Low (interm.) resistivity ground
Area shown in inset

Fig.1. Map of Bali showing the location of the geothermal
prospect in the Bratan Caldera and preliminary exploration results (until 1980); inset A shows the location ofslim holes and large diameter exploration holes in the
Bedugul Field drilled in 1997/98.
heads at elevations between 1470 to 1570 m, is shown in
the inset on Fig.1.
The recent tests mark the end of a 30 year long periodof ‘on and off’ geothermal exploration of the Bratan
Caldera prospect, as it was called in 1974, taking its namefrom a nearby quasi-ephemeral caldera lake (Danau
Bratan) , when the prospect was first investigated as partof a New Zealand bilateral aid project. Exploration was
continued after 1976 by Pertamina, the Indonesian State
Oil company. Until 1981, low resistivity rocks had been
located by DC-resistivity surveys beneath the central partof the caldera (Soetantri and Prijanto, 1982). It wasinferred that the associated thermal reservoir feeds twoconcealed outflows with bicarbonate waters that discharge
at elevations between 650 and 300 m from numerous thermal springs over the southern and the western flanks(Fig.1). Temperature-gradient holes, down to 200 m deep,
were drilled inside and outside the caldera (Fig.1).
Extrapolated data from holes B2 and B3 located inside thecaldera indicated that temperatures > 100 deg C would
occur at depths > 0.5 km in the central part of the caldera
and that any high temperature reservoir lies at muchgreater depth. This setting explains the lack of surface
manifestations except for a small patch of steaming
ground (SG in Fig.1) near an old temple (Candi
Terataibang) at c. 1400 m elevation which is active only
during the dry season. The first exploration model was
described by Mulyadi and Hochstein (1981).
Further deep resistivity surveys (MT studies) were conducted in 1987; however, exploration drilling was stalled
until 1994 when the project attracted investment by amajor US developer. In November 1994, Bali Energy, ajoint venture between California Energy and a local company signed a Joint Operation Contract with Pertamina
and an Energy Sales Contract with the State Electricity
Co. PLN to develop a 4 x 55 MW electrical power plant (acontract signed in the absence of any discovery well). The
project was re-named after the Bedugul tourist resort, c. 2
km south of Danau Bratan, and became known as the
Bedugul project. The project was re-started with additional geophysical surveys (TDEM-MT surveys) leading in
1997 to the drilling of ‘slim holes’ (TCH-1 to TCH-6, see
inset on Fig.1) to delineate the temperature- and geological structure of the prospect. The holes had a diameter of
2 and 3/8 inch and were fully cored; they were drilled
down to between 1.3 and 1.6 km depth (except for TCH-2
which is only 0.7 km deep). The slim holes confirmed theearlier model that high temperatures only occur at great
depths inside the caldera. Low temperatures (< 50 deg C),
for example, were still encountered down to 1.0 km depth
in TCH-04, drilled c. 1 km north of the small steaming
ground area (see inset in Fig.1). Below 1 km depth, temperatures increase in this hole almost linearly to c. 240 deg
C at 1.6 km depth. The three large diameter exploration
wells were sited using the results of the slim holes and of
a TDEM-MT survey; they were drilled in late 1997 andearly 1998, immediately after completion of the slim holeprogram. Well BEL-01 was sited near slim hole TCH-03
and was deviated to the SW to intercept at the bottom
some fractures beneath a small young volcano.
As a result of the 1997-1998 financial crisis, theIndonesian Government suspended seven geothermal projects with foreign investments; the list included the Bedugul
project. California Energy stopped all operations in Bali anddid not test any of the completed three deep wells (BEL-01,
02, 03) which were pressurized and sealed to allow for later
testing. The Indonesian government invited investors tocontinue with the Bedugul Project whose assets were takenover in 2002 by the re-constituted ‘Bali Energy’ company(mainly Indonesian owned). ‘Bali Energy’, as the present
developer of the field, started with testing of the deep wells
in 2004. In a strict sense, well BEL-03 is the ‘discovery
well’ of the Bedugul Field. The well is also the discovery
well of one of the deepest high temperature geothermal
reservoirs ever explored successfully.
References
Mulyadi, R., and Hochstein, M.P. (1981). Exploration of the Bratan
Caldera geothermal prospect (Central Bali). Proceedings NZ
Geothermal Workshop 1981, Univ. of Auckland, pp. 189-193.
Soetantri, B. and Prijanto (1982). Assessment of the reservoir potentialof Bali Geothermal Field, Indonesia. Transactions (3rd) CircumPacific Energy and Mineral Resources Conference, pp.459-464.

Philippines
IN MEMORIAM

Nemesto Noel A. Urmeneta
By Jim Stimac
Our dear friend and colleague, Noel
Urmeneta, passed away on December
January – March 2005

14
15, 2004 at 1:20 p.m. He left behind his parents and his
sisters Adette and Jet. Noel obtained his Bachelors degreein Physics from the University of the Philippines, and his
Masters in Petroleum Engineering from Stanford. He
worked as a Reservoir Engineer for both PNOC-EDC andUnocal Philippines, Inc. during his career and was knownby everyone in the Philippine geothermal community. He
was a “founding father” of the National Geothermal
Association of the Philippines through his participation in
the Ad Hoc Committee that guided the organization’s
inception in 2002. He was a cherished friend to many,and ebullient spirit and his warmth will be missed by all.
A website in his honor can be found at
http://www.noelurmeneta.com/

Antonio Yee named President and General
Manager of Unocal Philippines, Inc.
Ed Sevilla, Unocal Philippines
Unocal Philippines, Inc. (UPI) has announced that
Antonio F. Yee has been appointed president and generalmanager, effective Jan. 1, 2005. Yee, 47, is a Filipino
national who joined UPI in 1979 as a warehouseman andthereafter held a series of positions with increasing
responsibilities at Unocal geothermal facilities inIndonesia and the United States. In 1992, he was assigned
to lead the Salak start-up team in Indonesia. He returned
to UPI in 1995 as Manager of Engineering andConstruction Processes. In 1996, he became the
Operations Manager at the Mak-Ban field. In 1997, he
was assigned to the Geysers in Northern California as its
Asset Manager.
Tony returned to UPI as Mak-Ban Asset Manager in
1999, leading Mak-Ban to record generating performances, and was named Senior Vice President and General
Manager in August, 2002.
This advancement affirms Unocal’s commitment toadvancing national employees in its global operations.
Currently, 10 of 13 UPI senior managers and 98 percent of
its 416-employee workforce are Filipino nationals and areamong the most capable members of the energy industry
worldwide.
Yee has a Bachelor of Science degree in MechanicalEngineering from the University of Santo Tomas in
Manila. He completed the Executive Development
Program at the Kellogg School of Management,
Northwestern University in the United States.
UPI is currently managing a US $26 million capitalproject to enhance the steam field capabilities in both Tiwi
and Mak-Ban geothermal facilities. The projects include
upgrades to facilities and new drilling to ensure the sustained and long-term commercial production of this clean,reliable, and affordable energy source.
No. 59OCEANIANew Zealand
NZGA holds AGM, Elects new Board, Holds
Successful Seminar
Jim Lawless, Past President NZGAIn December the New Zealand Geothermal Association held its
annual general meeting Many of the existing Board stepped
down after serving two terms, and a new Board and officers
were appointed. The new Board comprises:
Colin Harvey (President), Mike Mongillo (Vice-President),
Alison Jäppinen (Secretary and Chair of the Information and
Education Committee), Bruce Carswell (Treasurer), Judith
Magyari, John Bottomley, Alistair Maxwell, Greg Raasch (Chairof Nomination Committee), John Burnell, Kevin Brown, Pat
Brown, Mike Glucina, Murray Stanley and Jim Lawless (Past
President and Chair of Regional Branch Formation Committee).
At the AGM Members voted to endorse and ratify a paid
Executive Officer position which will enable the Association tooperate at a professional level unable to be achieved in the pastby voluntary labour alone. Brian White was selected for the
position. Successful fundraising will be crucial to make theposition viable and already many in the Industry have contributed generously in support.
A highlight was the Members voting Honorary Life
Membership on Trevor Hunt, Derek Freeston and Manfred
Hochstein for their substantial contributions to geothermal in
New Zealand.
The AGM was held in conjunction with this year’s
Geothermal Workshop, the 26th. A departure from past custom
saw the workshop held in Taupo rather than Auckland. It was
combined with the New Zealand Geological Society andGeophysical Society annual conferences to constitute the“GEO3 Conference”. A particularly pleasing aspect from thegeothermal point of view was that the other Societies made apoint of running special sessions on the Taupo Volcanic Zone,
the heart of New Zealand’s geothermal power. We are a longway from a full understanding of this unique part of the Earth’s
crust but recent research presented at the conference has moved
us well down that path.
The NZGA also held a on-day seminar with an industry focus
at which policy issues in relation to geothermal were discussed.
It was well attended including representatives from local andcental Government. The Associate Minister of Energy gave akeynote address Among many other interesting presentations
two that were a change of focus from the more technical discussions were on the Maori (indigenous) perspective on geothermal
development, and one by a journalist on public perceptions ofgeothermal in New Zealand. The day wrapped up with some indepth discussion on the way forward.
Geothermal exploration and development is more vigorous in
New Zealand than it has been for some time. We look forward
to exciting things happening in geothermal in New Zealand overthe next year.

15
UPCOMING EVENTS
26th Annual PNOC-EDC Geothermal Conference.
Manila, Philippines, 9-10 March 2005. Contact:
Arnel Mejorada, email:geothermalcon@energy.com.ph
The Cairo 9th International Conference on Energy
and Environment. Cairo and Sharm El-Sheik,
Egypt, 13-19 March 2005. Contact: Abdel Latif ElSharkawy, email: president@sat-eng.com . Website:
http://ee9.sat-eng.com
TAIEX Workshop “Regulatory and Economic Tools
Governing the Enhanced Exploitation of
Geothermal Energy in the European Union”.
Kistelek, Hungary, 6-8 April 2005. Contact: Tamás
Hámor hamort@mgsz.hu. Website : http://taiex.beWorld Geothermal Congress and Exhibition
WGC2005. Antalya, Turkey, 24 – 29 April 2005.
Website: www.wgc2005.org
International Conference “Mineral Extraction from
Geothermal Brines”, Petropavlosk-Kamchatsky,
Russia, September 12-16, 2005. Websites: English version http://geoheat.oit.edu/minerals/minerals.htm,
Russian version http://www.gesa.ru. Contacts: R.
Gordon Bloomquist (bloomquistr@energy.wsu.edu),
John Lund (lundj@oit.edu), Oleg Povarovor
Yuri
Trukhin(povarov@geotherm.ru),(nigtc@kcs.iks.ru).
Symposium of the Geothermal Council of China
Energy Society. Beijing, China, 14-18 September
2005. Contact: Keyan Zheng, e-mail kzheng@public3.bta.net.cn
International Geothermal Conference “Renewable
Energy: Problems and Prospects”. Makhachkala,Republic of Daghestan, 19 – 22 September 2005.
Contact: Alibek Alkhasov, email:danterm@xtreem.ru website:
http://www.geoterm.iwt.ru/info-e.htm
GRC Annual Meeting. Reno, NV, USA, 25 – 28
September 2005. website: www.geothermal.org.
International Conference and Exhibition “Renewable
Energy 2006”. Makuhari Mese, Chiba, Japan, 9-13
October 2006. Website: www.re2006.org.

This issue of IGA News was edited by Eduardo
Iglesias. John Garnish proofread the articles. Valgardur
Stefansson at the IGA Secretariat produced it. Layout
and printing by Gutenberg, www.gutenberg.is

IGA News
IGA News is published quarterly by the International
Geothermal Association. The function of IGA News is
to disseminate timely information about geothermal
activities throughout the world. To this end, a group of
correspondents has agreed to supply news for eachissue. The core of this group consist of the IGA
Information Committee:
Eduardo Iglesias, Mexico (Chairman)
Nilgun Bakir, Turkey
Werner Bussmann, Germany
John Garnish, United Kingdom
Alimin Ginting, Indonesia
Gestur Gíslason, Iceland
Luis Gutiérrez-Negrín, Mexico
Roland Horne, USA
Beata Kepinska, Poland
Jim Lawless, New ZealandMarcelo Lippmann, USA
Zbigniew Malolepszy, Poland
Adele Manzella, Italy
Rosa María Prol-Ledesma, Mexico
Sylvia Ramos, Philippines
Tingshan Tian, China
Joaquin Torres-Rodriguez, Mexico
Francois-David Vuataz, Switzerland
Kasumi Yasukawa, Japan
Note: The Information Committee is seeking newmembers from regions of the world not represented by
the above membership. If you would like to join us andare ready to collaborate as indicated below, please contact Eduardo Iglesias at iglesias@iie.org.mx
The members of this group submit geothermal news
from their parts of the world, or relevant to their areasof specialization. If you have some news, a report, or anarticle for IGA News, you can send it to any of theabove individuals, or directly to the IGA Secretariat,
whatever is most convenient. Please help us to become
essential reading for anyone seeking the latest information on geothermal worldwide.
Send IGA News contributions to:
IGA Secretariat, c/o Samorka
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