IndexAndijan (Andizhan) uprising, 4, 10–18, 20,46, 49, 73, 251
Andropov, Yuri, 224, 229–30, 232–34, 237,239–41, 244–46
Arabic, 33, 94, 138, 151, 258, 271, 277, 357
Arabs, 106, 253, 260, 275–77
Armenia, 107, 301–27
aul, 28, 33, 54, 166, 169n33, 175
authoritarianism, 283–85, 297
Azerbaijan, 51–52, 268n15, 272, 299
Azeris (Azerbaijanis), 239n56, 269, 272,342
Babakhanov, Ziyautdin, 256, 258bai, 155n6, 164, 169–70, 174, 176, 178,182–83
Bashkirs, 27, 40, 71, 77, 82, 114Baytŭrsïnov (Baitursunov), Akhmet, 55,
157n8, 160, 176, 178
Behbudiy, Mahmudkhoja, 19–21
Bökeykhan,Älikhan(Bukeikhanov,Alikhan), 52, 55–56, 156, 157n8, 163, 175,181
Bolsheviks, 51, 144–45, 147, 149, 150–52,‘Abd al-Rahim bin ‘Uthman al-Bulghari,
4–5‘Abd al-Rahman Aftabachi, 7, 45
Äbílkhayïr (Abulkhair), 39, 153
Adilev, Dinmukhamed, 176–78
Afghanistan, 4, 6, 44, 46, 49–50, 58, 105,107, 119, 148, 253, 256, 279, 333, 336
Ahl al-Hadith, 256–59, 262
Ahl al-Qur’an, 257–59, 262
Akmolinsk, 28, 31–32, 35, 43, 52n86. Seealso Tselinograd
Akramiya, 260, 262
Alash movement (Alash Orda), 157–60,162–64, 171, 175–78, 181–82
Alexander II, 65, 102, 105
Aliev, Rakhat, 291–92
Almaty (Alma-Ata), 20, 29, 177–78, 243,293, 353, 355–56, 364n34, 366–67. See also
Vernyial-Qaida, 279
Altai, 30, 34, 189, 209, 211, 245, 335–36
amir (emir), 5, 7, 30, 118–19, 140–41,143–45, 148, 255, 276n37371

Index322n20, 325n21
Cossacks, 23, 29–30, 40–41, 44, 55–56, 60,63
Crimean Tatars, 113, 210, 222–25, 227–34,236–42, 245–46
Dagestan, 110, 112, 120, 263, 268, 271,274–75, 279
Dār al-Harb, 4–5, 7
Dār al-Islām, 4–5, 7–8, 10, 18–20, 137
Dashnaktsutyun, 309–11, 324
Duisi, 264, 268–69, 272, 274–77
Dukchi Ishan, 10–18, 73
Dukhovskoi, Sergei, 36–37, 45, 48, 61Dulatov, Mírjaqïp (Mir-Yaqub), 39, 55,157n8, 176, 178
Dungans, 38, 42, 107elite, 24, 92, 148, 153, 155–57, 160, 171–72,181, 183–84, 206, 210, 212, 284–90,294–99, 316, 323
emigration, 6, 112, 116n36, 202, 224,235–37, 242–44, 246, 265–66. See also
immigration; migration
emir. See amir
ethnography, 104, 106–8, 112, 116, 150, 220,268n12
Fakhr al-Dīn, RiΩā’ al-Dīn, 75
February Revolution, 143. See also Russian
Revolution
Ferghana (Fergana), 6–8, 10–13, 15–16, 18,20, 35, 42n58, 45, 47–48, 50, 54, 68,103n14, 258–60
Fitrat, Abdurauf, 140–41, 144n18, 145–49,
151
Georgia (Georgian SSR), 224–25, 229, 233,239, 263–67, 269, 272, 274, 278–80, 285,299
Georgians, 119, 264, 266–70, 276–77
Germans, 24, 57, 59, 188, 196, 204, 210, 214,222–30, 231n31, 234–46, 362
Germany, 51, 57, 103, 109, 144–45, 226, 228,235–37, 239, 241–42, 244, 246, 338
Goloshchekin, Filipp, 161n16, 163, 166–69,
171–75, 178–80, 182
Gosnarkokontrol, 337–38, 342–43, 347

156, 158, 161, 165, 175, 181
border, 42, 46, 50, 224, 264, 278, 331,
333–47, 349, 351–61, 367–68
Brezhnev, 221–25, 227, 232n33, 233, 245
British, 4, 44, 61, 105, 107, 144–46, 271n23.
See also Great Britain
Bukhara, 5, 7, 16, 31, 50, 54n90, 73, 102,115, 118–19, 140–41, 143–46, 148–49, 253,259, 271
Buryats, 40–41, 193, 211
Caliph, 12, 14, 27, 255, 366
Catherine II (Catherine the Great), 5n6, 24,27, 266–67
cattle, 190–92, 199, 208, 266n3, 278
cavalry, 42–47, 49–51, 55–56, 58, 119
Chechens, 187–88, 203–4, 210, 220, 224,231, 245, 264–67, 269–70, 275–79, 361
Chechnya, 263–65, 268, 270–72, 274–75,
278
China, 6, 8, 18, 29–30, 36, 45, 58, 271n25,291, 356–58, 360–61, 363, 365–68
Chinese, 29, 212, 271n23Chingis Khan, 45–46, 59
Christianization, 24–28, 31–33, 36–39, 43,59, 61–62, 72, 266–67. See also Society for
the Restoration of Orthodox Christianity in the Caucasus
Christians, 5–7, 9, 16, 28–30, 34–35, 37, 39,52, 95, 264, 266–70, 274, 309
citizenship, 62, 67, 69, 82–83, 85, 95–97,319, 366. See also grazhdanstvennost’
civilization, 8, 42, 43n62, 105, 137–38,
140–41, 144, 147, 151
colonial attitudes, 100, 102, 108, 118, 195,
212
colonialism, 62, 100, 137, 154, 157
colonization, 43, 103, 108–9, 115, 153, 156
Communist Party (CPSU; the Party), 149,152, 161–66, 168–75, 181–84, 187, 191,195, 206, 209, 226–29, 231–33, 235,237–42, 244, 254n10, 288, 310, 317–18,354, 357
constitution, 284, 301n, 302–4, 307–27
Constitutional Court, 309, 315–17, 319–20,

372

IndexKashghar (Kashgar), 6, 8n13, 11, 254
Kashgharis, 11n23, 12, 16
Kaufman, Konstantin von, 8, 30–31, 41–42,61, 104, 105n19
Kazakhs (Kirgiz), 23, 25–47, 49, 51–57,60–63, 65, 78, 107–8, 120, 143, 149–50,153–65, 167–69, 171–75, 178, 181, 193,240, 242–46, 294, 353, 359–60, 362–63,364n34
Kazakhstan (Kazakh ASSR), 153n1, 155–57, 159, 161–64, 166–76, 178–84, 189, 209,224, 235, 237–240, 242–44, 246, 257n18,283–99, 331, 334–39, 341–43, 345, 347–49,351–68
Kazan, 5n6, 30, 33, 38, 66, 68–70, 72–74,77–80, 85–87, 88n84, 93
Kazkraikom (Kazakh Krai Committee of
the Russian Communist Party), 161n16,162–64, 166–69, 171–75, 181, 183
Kenesarï (Kenesary Kasymov), 45, 155n5,157n9
KGB, 162n22, 224, 229–30, 232–35, 237, 239,241, 246Khodzhanov, Sultanbek, 167–69, 171, 175
Khrushchev, 210, 224–26, 244–45
kin state, 351, 358, 362–63, 368
Kirgiz (in the pre-1925 Russian usage). SeeKazakhs
Kirgizia. See Kyrgyzstan
Kists, 62, 264–70, 272–78
Kocharyan, Robert, 316–17, 323–24,325n21, 327
Kokand, 6, 8, 11n23, 40, 45, 157, 259
Kokovtsov, Vladimir, 49, 112
Kolpakovskii, Gerasim, 29, 31–33, 38–39,
43–44
Komsomol, 204, 294
Koran. See Qur’an
Kulibaev, Timur, 283n, 291–92
Kuropatkin, Aleksei, 49, 57
Kyrgyz, 13, 16, 23, 31, 35–36, 38–39, 41–43,45–46, 49, 51–53, 55, 58, 61, 143
Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizia), 13, 209, 213, 231,285, 299, 334, 336, 338, 360–61

governor-general, 8, 18, 26, 30–32, 36,40n52, 41–43, 45–49, 52, 56–57, 61–63,
102n12, 104–5, 154, 251
governor-generalship, 27, 32n29, 34, 106,
251
grazhdanstvennost’, 43–44, 50, 58, 62, 82.
See also citizenshipGreat Britain, 6, 49, 58, 105, 118, 145, 338.
See also British
Great Patriotic War. See World War II
hadīth, 6, 8, 16, 254–55, 257–58, 259n21, 262.
See also Ahl al-Hadith
Hanafi law school (Hanafi madhhab), 7, 17,249, 254, 257, 260
heroin, 332–34, 336–39, 344, 346, 347n32
Holy Synod, 28, 31, 37n43, 76
hujra, 258–59, 262‘Ibrat, Ishaqkhan Tura ibn Junaydallah
Khwaja, 8–9
Il’minskii, Nikolai, 30–31, 82, 95
immigration, 11, 13, 29–30, 86, 233, 253,264, 356, 362, 363n31. See also emigration; migration
Imperial Russian Technical Society, 109–10, 112
Ingush, 187–88, 203–4, 210, 245, 264–67,269–72
inorodtsy, 30, 41–42, 44, 46–47, 51, 53n86,54–56, 58–59, 101, 141īshān, 10n21, 11–16, 256–57, 271n23. See
also Dukchi IshanIslam, 4–10, 13–19, 26–28, 30–31, 33, 36–37,39, 49, 72–75, 78, 81, 85, 88–93, 95, 97,101n6, 137–42, 144, 148, 182, 249–61,263–64, 266–76, 279–80, 361, 366–67
Issyk-Kul, 31, 38
Jadid, 8n15, 19, 65–66, 67n5, 70, 72–73,87–89, 92–93, 138–52, 253
Jadidism, 3, 138–41, 252
Japanese-Americans, 201, 204
jigits, 40, 45, 48
jihād, 4, 7, 274, 279
Kalmyks, 29–31, 41,107, 187–190, 192–220,245

373

Index
58–59, 61–62, 115, 120, 143, 182, 192, 208
North Caucasus, 4, 49, 51, 53, 62, 224n10,
231, 245, 263–69, 271–72, 273n30, 276,336
Novosibirsk, 189, 193, 199, 203, 209, 336
Nurmakov, Nygmet, 167, 169, 174–75
October Revolution, 8n13, 33n31, 158, 169,202, 269. See also Russian Revolution
OGPU, 162, 172, 175–81, 183
Omarov, Eldes, 175
Omsk, 33–34, 37, 47, 189, 200, 209, 336
Orenburg, 26–27, 33, 35, 53, 66–69, 71–72,77n42, 78, 79n49, 82–85, 88, 90–93, 96,154, 167, 336, 346, 348
Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Assembly, 5,28, 33n31, 36, 68
Orientalism, 61–62, 100
Orthodox Church. See Russian Orthodoxy
Ossetians, 62, 264, 269
Ottoman Empire, 8n13, 53, 140, 144, 146,149, 253parliament, 293, 295, 302–27
Prokudin-Gorskii, Sergei, 102, 108–16, 118,120–21
Prophet, 6, 12, 14, 27, 255, 257
qādī, 6–9, 14, 19–21, 75
Qadiriya, 270–73
Qazaq, 52, 54–57, 158
Qur’an, 5–6, 16, 33, 75, 92, 145, 255, 257–58,260, 262, 272n28, 274, 365. See also Ahl
al-Qur’an
Republican Cultural Center of Uighurs of
Kazakhstan (RCCUK), 365
revolt of 1916, 18, 38, 56–58, 60, 143
Russian Orthodoxy (Orthodox Church),
24–30, 32, 36–39, 53n86, 66, 72n30, 75, 95,
101n6, 251, 267–69
Russian Revolution (1917 Revolution), 59,138, 141–42, 145–46, 149, 242, 271n26.
See also February Revolution; October
Revolution
Russification, 24, 30, 43, 52, 58–59, 74, 77,93, 95–96, 221
Rysqulov (Ryskulov), Turar, 149–50, 169

madrasa, 5, 8n13, 65, 68, 71, 73–75, 77, 81,84n72, 86, 88, 90n91, 91, 94, 96, 148,251n3, 254, 258n19, 262
ma∆alla, 67, 69–71, 73, 81, 85–86, 91, 94–95,254
maktab, 13, 65–81, 83–97, 138, 148, 258n19
Mecca, 12, 260, 262, 277
Meskhetian Turks, 222–29, 233–34, 236,239, 245–46
migration, 4, 20, 23, 30, 54n90, 103, 165,
220, 231, 234–35, 237, 244, 265–66, 342,352, 356, 360, 362, 363n31. See also
emigration; immigration
militia, 25, 41–42, 44–46, 48–50, 58, 62, 208,212
mosque, 9, 13, 27, 121, 145, 250, 251n3, 254,258, 268–69, 272–73, 277, 365
motherland, 52, 55, 111–12, 114–15, 188,193, 195, 205, 216–17“Mubarek Republic,” 238, 240
mufti, 19, 28n16, 33, 36, 39, 55, 79, 81, 90,
256
mullah, 4, 9, 27–28, 33, 38, 70–73, 86, 269,273, 275n33, 277
Munavvar Qori Abdurashidxon o‘g‘li(Munavvar-Qari Abdurrashidkhanov),
139, 253
murīd, 11–13, 15–16, 18, 20, 268, 271n23,275n33
murshid, 10, 12, 268n15, 271n23
Mustambaev, Idris, 173–74
Mynbaev, Zhalau, 167–68, 171–73, 175
Naqshbandiya, 11–13, 16, 257n18, 270–73,275n33
nationalism, 56–57, 60, 114, 115n34,117,149–51, 157n9, 162–63, 167, 170–71,178–80, 182, 230, 359, 367
Nazarbaev, Nursultan, 291, 364–65
Nazarbaeva, Dariga, 291, 365n37
Nicholas II, 48, 52, 111
1905 Revolution, 65, 70, 86, 92, 95
1917 Revolution. See Russian Revolution
NKVD, 168, 189–90, 199–200, 217
nomads, 13, 16, 28–29, 39, 41, 43–47, 51,374

Index104, 153n1, 173
Ta’ib, Muhammad Yunus Khwaja, 5–12,14, 16–20
Tajikistan, 148, 336, 360
Tajiks, 12, 16, 34–35, 42, 51, 107, 120, 151,342
Tamerlane (Timur), 45–46, 59, 105
tarīqa (tariqat), 13, 15–16, 270–73, 275n33
Tashkent, 6, 16, 19, 31, 33, 36–37, 49, 104–5,107, 141–42, 145, 148, 193, 254, 256–58,260, 353–54, 360
Tatars (Volga Tatars), 4–5, 17, 24, 27–28,30–33, 36–40, 53, 59–60, 62–63, 66, 71, 74,77, 78, 81–83, 85–89, 93, 162, 257n18. See
also Crimean Tatars
Taube, Maksim, 32–34, 38
Ter-Petrosyan, Levon, 304, 305n9, 310–11,315–17, 320, 327
theater, 139, 150, 176, 219, 354–56, 365
Timur. See Tamerlane
Tipy narodnostei Srednei Azii, 104, 106–7,
120
Tobol’sk, 26, 28, 32–35
Tomsk, 29, 33–36, 69, 86–87, 199, 209
Torghay, 28, 35, 53n86, 68n10, 73
Transcaspia, 20, 35, 50, 54n90, 57, 103n14
Tsagan Sar, 217–18
Tselinograd, 237, 240–46. See also Akmolinsk
Turkestan (city), 153n1, 353, 354n6,355n11, 367n42
Turkestan (region), 3, 5–7, 11, 14, 16–21, 23,28–31, 33–34, 36–37, 39–49, 52–54, 57, 62,65, 102–6, 110, 112, 119–20, 139–44,146–47, 149–50, 157, 162, 168, 251, 254,258
Turkestanskii al’bom, 104–6, 119–20
Turkmen, 35, 40, 45, 48, 50–51, 55, 57–58,60, 150
Turkmenistan, 50, 171, 336
Ufa, 53, 66–89, 91n97, 92–93, 96
Uighurs (Uyghurs), 23, 35, 352–53, 355–58,361–68
Ukraine, 112–14, 188, 204, 229, 232, 285,

SADUM (Spiritual Directorate of Muslimsof Central Asia and Kazakhstan), 256,259
Sadvokasov, Smagul, 168–71, 173, 175
Samarkand, 5, 19–20, 35, 44, 54, 102–4, 115,
119–21, 259
Sarts, 34–35, 42, 45, 55, 60, 107–8, 121
Saudi Arabia, 274n32, 276n37, 277
school, 8, 13, 20, 30, 39, 62n111, 65–97,114–15, 138–40, 148–51, 193, 196, 198,204–7, 213–16, 257–59, 267, 268n12, 270,273, 277, 354–56, 365
Semipalatinsk, 26, 28, 31, 35, 37, 43, 52n86,176
semipresidentialism, 301–4, 308–9, 313,315–16, 319, 321, 327
Semirech’e, 20, 23, 29–31, 35–37, 39, 42–44,52, 54n90, 149, 356
Shami-Damulla, 253–56, 259, 262
Shamil, 264, 266, 268, 272
Sharī‘a, 7–8, 14–16, 19–20, 71, 73, 75, 92,264, 273–74
shaykh (sheikh), 10–11, 15, 19, 271, 272n28,275n33, 277
Shiroklag, 192–93, 198
Shymkent, 353–54, 355n11, 359n22, 360n24,362, 364
Siberia, 5n6, 26–27, 32, 37n43, 54–55, 60, 69,86–87, 153n1, 167, 188, 192–97, 200–4,206–11, 213, 215–17, 219, 224, 245,
257n18, 335–36, 342
sliianie, 44, 82
Society for the Restoration of Orthodox
Christianity in the Caucasus, 267,268n12. See also Christianization
Stalin, Iosif, 162, 164, 166, 184, 187, 189,206, 210, 216–18, 220, 223n7, 224
State Duma, 19, 51–57, 60, 66, 70, 76, 79–80,84, 89–90, 94n107, 156–58
Steppe Commission, 26–28, 31, 36, 38, 41
Stolypin, Petr, 72, 112, 165
Sufi, 9–10, 13–14, 20, 249, 251, 254, 265,268n15, 270–76. See also tarīqa
Syr Darya, 20, 31, 35–36, 48, 54, 103n14,375

Index299, 302, 336
ulama, 5, 8, 14–17, 19, 90, 137, 141–42, 148,250–52, 255–56, 257n18, 259, 271
ulus, 187–89, 195, 220
United States (US, USA), 105n19, 210, 263,278–79, 332, 334, 344–45Urals, 5, 37n43, 62, 65–66, 68, 75, 83, 95–96,111–12, 114–15, 192, 336
Uyghurs. See Uighurs
Uzbekistan, 17, 171, 233, 238, 241, 246, 336,353–55, 358–63, 367–68
Uzbeks, 12, 16, 34–35, 51, 62, 107, 121,150–51, 254, 258, 342, 352–55, 358–60,362, 364, 367–68
Vainakhs, 264–66, 269–70, 272n28, 275
Venice Commission, 318–19, 325–26
Vernyi, 29, 31. See also Almaty
Volga, 5, 24, 28, 36, 37n43, 62, 65–66, 68, 75,95, 111–14, 218, 224, 227–29, 234, 236–37,240, 244, 336
Wahhabi, 15, 259, 262, 263, 265, 274–77
Wälikhanov, Shoqan (Valikhanov, Chokan), 27, 40n52, 61, 156
waqf, 20, 28, 77n42, 91, 148, 251, 253
Waqt, 53, 71, 74, 75n39, 80n56, 83–84, 88,91–93
World War I, 51, 58, 63, 96, 112, 137
World War II (Great Patriotic War), 108,112, 116n36, 193, 201, 209, 224, 227, 242
Xinjiang, 6–7, 11, 29, 271n23, 356–57, 363,365–66, 368
zakāt, 75, 87n83
zemstvo, 53, 55, 62n111, 65–97, 158
Zul, 217–18

376