The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Problems and researches on
eco-hydraulics and eco-sedimentation
Zhao-Yin Wang

Professor, Tsinghua University
Vice President of IAHR
Chairman, Advisory council of UNESCO International
Research and Training Center on Erosion and
Sedimentation
Chief editor, International Journal of Sediment Research

The main contents are in the following
paper:
Wang Zhao-Yin, Lee J. H.W. and Xu Mengzhen,
2013, eco-hydraulic and eco-sedimentation
studies in China, Journal of Hydraulic Research,
No.1. 2013searchAsian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Contents

1. Ecological problems and Indicate species
2. Eco-Hydraulics
Ecological impacts of damming and habitat modeling
Habitat connectivity and fragmentation
Hydraulic control of exotic species
3. Eco-Sedimentation
Hyporheic zone
River bed stability and sediment transportation
Ecological restoration
4. Conclusions

1. Ecological problems andIndicate species

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Eco-hydraulics and ecosedimentation• Eco-hydraulics is the relations between theaquatic organisms and hydraulic conditionsof stream flow.
• Eco-sedimentation is the relations between
the aquatic organisms and sedimenttransportation and fluvial process.
• Eco-hydraulics and eco-sedimentation are
growing points of interdisciplinary studies.

Problems and approaches• Dam construction, pollution, exotic species,
fragmentation of habitats, and river bed
incision have impaired or disturbed thestream ecology.
• Using indicator species the stream ecology
can be quantitatively studied and restoration
measures are proposed and assessed.

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Indicator Species
Indicator species are a group of species
whose characteristics are used as anindex of environmental conditions ofinterest.
Good indicator species should be in the top
or the middle on the food chain and havehigh stability and a narrow tolerance tostresses.
Most ecological assessment of rivers aredone with Benthic invertebrates and Fishas indicator species.

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Mayfly (collectors), Dragonfly (predator), Cadisfly (shredders)

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

咘务劋Sparus latus Houttuyn

ϗϱ剮
Coilia grayi⋘␌剐㉏໻ⴐ劰
Siniperca kneri

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Taxa Richness and Abundance
Richness S - The most important characteristic of biodiversity
is richness
S = total number of species, genus or families
inthe the sample
Abundance N – The total number of animal individuals perarea for all species from one sampling site
Bio-community index is defined as:
S

B

ni
n
ln( i )
Ni 1 N

 ln N ¦ni is the number of individual animal of i-th species

2. Eco-hydraulics

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

2.1 Ecological impacts of dammingand Habitat Modeling

Large dams cause cutoff of the natural flow, artificial fluctuation ofdischarge and cutoff of the migration path of fishes

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

47

36

46

35

45

34

44

33

43

32
stage at Yichang
Fish spawningstage at Jianli
Fish spawning

42
41
40
5-10

31

stage at JianLi (m)stage at Yihang (m)The white-flag dolphin in the Yangtze river has
disappeared since the impoundment of the Gezhouba dam

30
29

5-20

5-30

6-9

6-19

6-29

Stage variation at Yichang and Jianli under natural conditions andthe spawning time of chinese carps. The TGP dam has reduced the fluxof fry by 98% by changing the flood stage
Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

The Fengshuba dam causes daily fluctuation of discharge
and impact the ecosystem in the downstream reaches
16

120
S
ddnn

14

N

12

100
N (Ind. /10

80 m2)

8

60

6

40

2

d n (Ind./m )SF e n gs h ub a
R e s e rv oir

4
20

2

0

0
1

27

1 05
216
273
330
D is ta n c e to r ive r m outh (km )

355

385

2.5

10
Fengshuba
Reservoir

H
2.0

B

8

1.5

6

1.0

4

0.5

2

0.0

0

B

H

1

27

105
216
273
330
Distance to river mouth (km)

355

385

Richness S and abundance N, and the bio-community index, B, asfunctionsofNetwork
distance
AsianRiver Restoration(ARRN) to the river mouth
http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

There is no flow in the downstream reaches
when the power plant stop power
generationˈ which causes fish stranding

Suitability Indices
Suitability indices are the core for habitat
modeling.
Life cycle of the Chinese sturgeon in the
Yangtze River mainly comprises spawning,
hatching and growth of juvenile sturgeon.
Brood fish seek suitable spawning sites;
fertilized eggs adhere to stone and hatch
about 120-150 h.

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Ten aquatic eco-factors are selected for the modeling :1) Water temperatures for adults and juveniles (V1,eC);
2) Water depth for adults (V2, m);3) Substrate for adults (V3);4) Water temperature for spawning (V4, eC);
5) Water depth for spawning (V5, m);
6) Substrate for spawning and hatching (V6);7) Water temperature during hatching (V7, eC);
8) Flow velocity during spawning (V8, m/s);
9) Suspended sediment concentration during spawning (V9,mg/l); and10)The amount of eggs-predating fishes in the studied year
in comparison to a standard year (V10).

1 .0

0 .8

0 .8

0 .6

0 .6

V2

0 .4

0 .4

0 .2

0 .2

0 .2
10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0

70

5

1.0

1.0
0.8

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0

50

100 150 200 250-1Velocity (spawning,hatching)/ cm.s

0.0

V7

V8

V9

0.6

25
0-

64

64
-2

>4
00
0

50

40
00

2

Substrate (spawning, hatching) / (mm)

2-

op
hy
te
s
m
ud
/c
lay

ac
r
m

Substrate (adult) / (mm)

06
2

V6
0
op
hy
te
s

0

50

W ater depth (spaw ning)/m

ac
r

40

0.2

m

30

0.2

>4
00
0

20

0.4

50
25
040
00

10

0.6

0.4

<0
.

0

0.8

0.6

64
-2

0.2

0.8

264

0.4

1

06
2

V3

V5

0.6

1

0.
06
22

0.8

10 15 20 25 30 35 40

T e m p e r a tu r e ( s p a w n in g ) / ć

W a te r d e p th (a d u lt) /m

0.
06
2-

5

T e m p e r a tu r e ( A d u lt, J u v e n ile )  ć

<0
.

0

ud
/c
lay

0 .4

m

V

1

0 .6

1 .0

4

0 .8

V

1 .0

0.4
0.2

0.5

1.0

Suspend sediment concentration-3/ kg.m1.5

05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Temperature (hatching)ć

Suitability Index curves for habitat of Chinese sturgeon
Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)• Habitat Suitability Index:•
HSI min(C Ad , C Sp , C Ha )•C Ad min(V1 , V2 , V3 )•• CSp represents the suitability for spawning•

C Sp

min(V4 , V5 , V6 )• C-Ha represents the suitability for hatching•
C Ha V10 x min(V6 , V7 , V8 , V9 )•• The habitat suitability ranges from unsuitable (0) to
optimal habitat suitability (1).

Restoration method• Simulation results indicated that theoperation of the TGP reservoir has
reduced the space and time elements of
the river with high habitat suitability index(HIS=1).
• The habitat suitability might partly berestored if the operation scheme were
adjusted to mimic the natural flow regiem.

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

2.2 Habitat Connectivity andFragmentation

shreddersscraperConnectivity
microbes
predators= flux of water, course
particulate
1
mattercollectors
trout
nutrients,
periphyton collectors
sediment and 2
shreddersmicrobes
smallmouthorganisms
3 bassfinevascalarpredators
particulate scraperhydrophytes
betweenmatter4
different parts
5of the rivercoursefine
particulate
and riparian 6 perch perlphyton
particulate mattermatter7
finewatersparticulatematter89phytoplankton

10 catfish
11
zooplankton
12
Relative Channel Width
Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

microbes

predators
collectors
http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Connection of the Tongting and Poyang lakes with the Yangtze River

200

300
Water

160

Sediment

250

9

200

6

3

Water (10 m )140

Sediment (10 t)

180

120
100

150

80
100

60
40

50

20
0
1956

0
1966

1976

1986

1996

2006

Year

Annual amount of water and sediment diverted
from the Yangtze River into Tongting Lake has been reducing
and so the connectivity of the lake with the river
Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Three Gorges project
Gezhouba
Project
Qingjiang R.

Han
jiang
R.

Yichang
Yangtze R.

Zhicheng

Wuhan

ShashiSongzikoun
Ya

Jianli.
eRztg

Shishoui
LishuChenglingji
YeyangMajor CityCounty Town

Tong ting
Lake
0

Levee
Flood-diversion
Area
Lake

50km

River

The connectivity between the Tongting lake and the Yangtze River has
been greatly reduced by the TGP reservoir
60
2002
2007

Elevation (m) 1

50

2006
2008

40
30
20
10
0
-10
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Distance (m)Measured bed cross sections of the middle Yangtze River
at 88 km downstream from the Three Gorges Dam (Thebed has been incised down by 10 m due to scour of clear
water released from the dam).

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Fragmentation of habitat• Riveruses result in the fragmentation andisolation of habitats.
• In the middle and lower Yangtze River,numerous riparian lakes with different sizes
lakes connected with the Yangtze River andformed a huge habitat in the past. Humans cut
the connection for flood defense and aquatic
farming, thus fragmented the habitat.
• The fragmentation of habitat has resulted indeterioration of ecology and extinction off somespecies.

Isolation of riparian lakes in the Yangtze River basin results infragmentation of habitat
Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Fankou lock separating the Liangzi lake and the Yangtze
river

Comparison
Ofbiodiversity

140
Numb
er of 120
specie100sRiver-linked lake
Seasonally river-linked lake
Isolated lake

80
60
40

betweenRiver-linked
lakes andisolatedlakes in the
Yangtze
River baisn

20
0Hygrophyte

Sum

100
90
Number80
ofspecies
70

River-linked lake
Isolated lake

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Oligochaeta

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

Emergent plants Floating-leaved Floating plants Submerged plants
plantsMollusca

Aquatic insect

Other faunal
speciesSum

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

䱨⾏䆩偠എഄ
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

Large plot

Small plot2

N˄ind./ m )Natural020Natural

35
30

S

40

60
T (day)80

100

Large plot

120

Small plot

25
20
15
10
5
0
0

20

40

60
T (day)80100৘䱨⾏ऎ⫳⠽ᆚᑺϢ⠽⾡Єᑺ䱣ᯊ䯈ⱘব࣪

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

120

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Location and shape of Zengjiang Bay 31species
and Xizhijiang Oxbow Lake 7 species

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Comparison of species in the Zengjiang bay
and neighboring channel bed• Zengjiang Bay – 31 families• Corbiculidae C.fluminea (113); Chironomidae (four species44); Elmidaeˈ Stenelmis (25); Ceratopogonidae Bezzia(25); Corixidae (21); Limnodrilus(23); Semisulcospira (20);Libellulidae (14); Ephemeridae (11); Bellamya B.Purificata(8); Macromiidae (6); Bellamya Sp1 (5); Branchiura (4);Coenagrionidae Pseudagrion (4); Gomphidae,
Trigomphus (3); Ampullariidae (2); Psephenidae (2);Hydrophilidae Hydrobius (2); Tabanidae (2); Lepidoptera(1); Acariformes (1); Gomphidae, Sinictinogomphus(1)˗Palaemonidae (1); Tricladida (1); Baetidae(1);Heptageniidae (1); Parafossarulus(1); Elmidae, Sp1.(1)• Zhengguo – 0 species
Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

2.3 Hydraulic control of exotic
species

Golden mussel were found in many rivers insouth China

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Golden mussel• Golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) is aninvasive filter species.
• Golden mussels have byssus threads,
which allow them to attach onto solid walls.
• Dense attachment of golden mussels inwater transfer tunnels and pipelines
results in bio-fouling.
• This causes damage to tunnel walls, andalong with dead mussels decay harms thewater quality

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Golden mussel invaded into a 100 km long water transfer
tunnel from the East River to Shenzhen and HongKong

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

Colonizationofgolden
musselonconcretewalls
inawatertransfertunnelhttp://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Removing the attached golden mussel from water transfer
tunnels by laborsㆅ⎉ຕ䴶䌏䋱ࠂ䰸Sample once per week from the river tofind golden mussel larvae

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Dlarvaofgoldenmussel
Larvapediveligerࠡᳳ໇乊ᑐ㰿
L=180­m

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)ৢᳳ໇乊ᑐ㰿
L=190­m

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Juvenile

Plantigrade

Attachment of golden mussel
foot

䎇ϱ

ByssusAsian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Tsinghua University Experimental
Station on the Xizhijiang River

Experimentalflumeforecologicalstudies

gatepipingshaftThepipeundergroundis50cmindiameter.

Theflumeis30mlongand2mwide
Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Attachment experiment in river˖ Attachment materials were
put in mousetrap cages

Attachmentofgoldenmusselonthesolidmaterials
after5monthsfavorbambooandatextile

䪕ϱㄐ

⫋⠛

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)⦏⠛Ꮧᴵ

http://www.a-rr.net/

90%ofthelarvaeattachedonthebambooandtextile
framesbeforethewaterflowsintothetunnel
PipeswithporeThe 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

platescreateturbulenceSettlingtank

Geotextile rafts

Bamboorafts

High frequency turbulence killed the residual
golden mussel larvae before flowing into the tunnel

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

3. Eco-Sedimentation

3.1 Hyporheic zone
1. “Hyporheic zone” is defined as a layer ofsubstrate on the riverbed in which benthic
animals normally live, grow, feed, andreproduce.
2.Many problems about hyporheic zone need
to be studied: thickness of the zone andcontrol factors, species composition ofdifferent depths of the zone, and relations
between the benthic animals in different
layers of the zone.
Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Sample Tools• Modified Surber net - used at S1• Multilevel colonization samplers - usedat S2-4• Pipe corer - used at S5-8
Pipe corer

Modified surbernet

Multilevel colonization samplers

Colonization experiment
Each layer 10cm, 6-8 layersˈcolonization
time 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 8 weeks

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)([SHULPHQWVLWH

69

taxa richness as a function of bed depth

S1, D50=80 mm• At S1: Taxa richness decreases from 27 to 0
from bed surface to bed depth of 65 cm inhyporheic zone.
Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)¾Odonata prefers the top hyporheic zone
Calopterygidae

Macromiidae

Platycnemididae Gomphidae¾Dytiscidae, Haliplidae, Atyidae, live only in shallow layersof hyporheic zone
Dytiscidae

Haliplidae
Atyidae

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)¾Gastropoda prefers the moderate depthof the hyporheic zone

Lymnaeidae

Stenothyra glabra¾Corydalidae, Naucoridae, and Corbiculidae,
inhabit in deep layers of hyporheic zone.
Naucoridae

Corydalidae

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

Corbiculidae

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Thickness of hyporheic zone

D50 =0.05mm

3.2 Habitat stability and diversity

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Habitat Stability is the mostimportant for stream ecology• Analyzing 300 samples fromabout 60 rivers concluded that
• Stability of aquatic habitat is themost important for stream ecology

The Baihe River is stable and has high biodiversity

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Streams with stable bed have the best
aquatic ecology㼔㖙Ⳃ•

Plecoptera
⷇㴛⾥Perlidaeⷁሒ⷇㴛⾥Nemouridae

㳝㴷Ⳃ•Ephemeridae
᠕㳝⾥
Heptageniidae

ᇣ㳝⾥
Ephemerellidae

ᇣ㳝⾥

ᇣ㳝⾥

Ephemerellidae

Ephemerellidae

ᇣ㻇㳝⾥
Leptophlebiidae

ಯ㡖㳝⾥
Baetidae↯㖙Ⳃ•Trichoptera㒍⷇㳒⾥Hydropsychidae䭓㾦⷇㳒⾥
Leptoceridae•ॳ⷇㳒⾥Rhyacophilidae

ⷁ⷇㳒⾥Brachycentridae

ᇣ⷇㳒⾥Hydroptilidae

䵬㖙ⳂPlecoptera

•

㝍䎇㒆

᠕⊹⬆⾥

⑾⊹⬆⾥

Psephenidae

Elmidae∈啳⬆⾥Hydrophilidae

啭㱅⾥

⊹⬆⾥

Dytiscidae

Dryopidae

㿓㶎⾥Hydrobiidae

Gastropoda

ᨛ㱞⾥

•

ঠ㖙Ⳃ

Antochaሲ㢅㖙໻㱞ሲ

Chironomidae

Hexotoma

Diptera

•

ッ䎇Ⳃ

䩽㱒⾥
Gammaridae

Amphipoda
Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Incised streams have less species䵬㖙Ⳃ•

Plecoptera

⑾⊹⬆⾥
⊐ẁ⾥

ElmidaeHaliplidae

㳝㴷Ⳃ•Ephemeridae

ಯ㡖㳝⾥Baetidae

Ѡሒ㳝⾥

ᇣ㳝⾥

Siphlonuridae

Ephemerellidae

ᇣ⷇㳒⾥

ⷁ⷇㳒⾥

Hydroptilidae

Brachycentridae㒍⷇㳒⾥Hydropsychidae• ↯㖙ⳂTrichoptera
∈㴛⾥

㱟⾥

• ঠ㖙Ⳃ
DipteraEphydridae

Simuliidae㢅㖙໻㱞ሲ
Hextoma∈㱏⾥
Stratiomyiidae

Aggradating streams have even less species• 㴏㳧Ⳃ
Odonataㆁ㳧⾥Gomphidae•

໻㳧⾥Cordulegasteridae

㳝㴷Ⳃ

⊇㢅㳝⾥
㒚㳝⾥

Ephemeridae

Potamanthidae

Caenidae㳝㴷⾥Ephemeridae• ঠ㖙Ⳃ
Diptera•䵬㖙Ⳃ㷧⾥
Ceratopogonidae
ᨛ㱞⾥
Chironomidae∈啳⬆⾥Hydrophilidae

Plecoptera
Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

1000

120

750

100

⎸⿃䞣

80

500

60

250

40

⫳⠽䞣

20

Abundance002

Sedimentation⫳⠽䞣 (ind./m/ (Ͼ/m 2))
Abundance3⎸⿃䞣 / m (m3)
Sedimentation

140

-250
6-13

6-28

7-4

7-24

8-6

8-25

9-11

Time (Month-Date)᮹ᳳ

Abundance of macroinvertebrates per area as a functionof sediment deposition volume

Streams with intensive sediment transportation
have the worst ecology

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

25%-75%

᳔ᇣ-᳔໻
Min-Max

Richness

⠽ 
⾡
Є

ᑺ

Abundance (ind./m2)



4000
Ёؐ
MedianЁؐMedian25%-75%



3000

᳔ᇣ-᳔໻
Min-Maxᆚ 
2000
ᑺ





1000
0


〇ᅮ
Stable։㱔ϟߛ Silting⎸⿃ᢀछ Intensiveᔎ⚜䍄≭ ST
Incised⊇ᑞⓨবᴵӊ

〇ᅮ
Stable։㱔ϟߛ Silting⎸⿃ᢀछ Intensiveᔎ⚜䍄≭ ST
Incised⊇ᑞⓨবᴵӊ

(a)(b)(a) Relation of species richness of macro-invertebrates andstatus of the fluvial process of rivers; and (b) Relation ofabundance of macroinvertebrates per area with status of thefluvial proces
Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Habitat Diversity
Habitat has a carrying capacity to support wildlife
populations, which depends on the habitat diversity.Habitat
diversity, HD, is given byHD

N h N v ¦D ii

Nh water depth diversity; Nv velocity diversity andSigma alpha is the substrate diversity

Values of velocity, depth and substrate diversity
Velocity
diversity

High+mid+low
velocities

High+mid
Velocities

High+low
velocities

Mid+low
velocities

HighvelocityMidvelocity

Lowvelocity

Nv

3

2

2

2

1

1

1

Depth
diversity

Deep+mid+
Shallow waters

Deep+midwaters

Deep+shallo
w waters

Mid+shallowwaters

Deep
water

Midwater

Shallow
water

Nh

3

2

2

2

1

1

1

Substrate

Cobbles (D˚200
mm)

Aquatic
grass

Gravel(2-200 mm)

Fluid mud(D<0.02mm)

Silt (0.02~0.2 mm)

Sand(0.
2~2 mm)Unstable
bed

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

D

D

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

16
12
B 8
East River

4

Upper Yangtze River
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

HD

Relation between habitat diversity, HD, and biocommunity index, B for the East and Yangtze rivers

3.3 Ecological restoration

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

6WDELOL]HGEDQNVZLWKVWRQHVSURYLGHVWDEOHKDELWDWVIRUIORUDDQGIDXQDOFRPPXQLWLHVStabilization of landslide dams created high habitat
diversity and increased the biodiversity

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Large boulders in stream create high resistance and highhabitat stability, which make the stream high bio-diversity

Removal of the boulders resulted in channel
incision, habitat loss, high sediment

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Replacing the substrate with cobbles andgravel increased biodiversity

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Field experiments by replacing the substrate withgravel and stones

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Artificial Covers and fish attractors- Reforested banks provide covers and multiple
habitats for different fish species.
- Artificial cover device made of wood plates andbundles of logs have been used for creation ofmultiple habitats.
- Fish attractors made from the branches of trees
were reported to be more successful in attracting
fish.
- Artificial fish reefs (sunk ships) in the Yellow
sea and Bohai sea have increased fish harvest.

Reforested banks provide covers and multiple
habitats for different fish species.
Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Artificial cover device made of wood plates and bundles oflogs have been used for creation of multiple habitats

Riparian trees and wood logs provide shade and shelter
for aquatic wildlife and attract many fish
Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)
http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)- Artificial fish reefs (sunk ships) in the Yellow
sea and Bohai sea have increased fish harvest.

Artificial step-pools for stabilization of
habitat and ecological improvement• The Diaoga River in south China was anincised stream with occasionally debris flows.
The ecology was poor.
• Artificial step-pools, mimicking natural steppools, were used for incision control, debris
flow control, and stabilization of habitat.
• The stream bed was stabilized and the taxa
richness and abundance of benthic
invertebrates were greatly enhanced after the
step-pools.
Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

The Diaoga River
was an incised
mountain stream
with intensive bed
load motion. The
stream ecology waspoor

Intensive bed load motion limited the benthic communities

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Debris flows occurred occasionally

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Macro-benthic invertebrate
sampling in the Diaoga Ravine

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Make the stones overlapping and interlocking like tiles

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Create habitats for aquatic biocommunity

Variation of longitudinal profile of experimental
reach
1845
July-1June-18

elevation(m)

1843
1841
1839
1837

E x pe
rime

1835
1833
0

50

reac
h

100

150

200

distance downstream (m)1845elevation (m)ntalAugust-9
June-18

1843
1841
1839
1837
1835
1833
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

distance downstream (m)Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Main species before the artificial step-pools
Gammaridae
Heptageniidae

Lymnaeidae

Ceratopsyche sp.

Newly appeared species
Gaenis sp

With
StepPools

Simuliidae

Empididae,Tabanus
Perlidae
Limnephilidae

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

variation of taxa richness and diversity before and after
artificial step-pool system
Numb
er
Taxa
densitSamplirichneyng datess(ind/m2)

Dominant species(number density of the individual
invertebrate per m2)

Naturalchanne 13-Jun
l

17

61.5

Hydropsychidae (17); Baetidae (9);Haliplidae, Haliplus sp (7)28-Jun39

881.5

Baetidae (492); Simuliidae (150); Tipulidae,
Antocha (65)612.8

Baetidae, Baetis (330); Baetidae, Baetiellasp. (70); Chironomidae sp1 (57);
Chironomidae sp2 (48)With
artificial
steppools 11-Sep

28

The stream is now
green and thelandscape is greatly
improved

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

4. Conclusions• Stream eco-system is closely related to the waterflow and sediment transportation, because the main
ecological conditions for almost all species in thestream are dependent on the flow discharge andsediment transportation.
• The habitat suitability index was obviously reduced
after the impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam.
Optimization of the operation scheme of the dam
may mitigate the impact.
• Dense attachment of golden mussels in watertransfer tunnels and pipelines results in bio-fouling.
Bamboo and a textile were used and attracted mostof the larvae to attach before the water flows into thetunnel. Moreover, the residual larvae were killed byhigh intensity and high frequency turbulence.

Conclusions• Biodiversity is proportional to habitat diversity. The
taxa richness and abundance are high in stablestreams, lower in incised and silting streams, but thelowest in streams with intensive sedimenttransportation.
• The benthic macro-invertebrates live in a bed layerof a thickness of 5-60 cm depending on thecomposition of the bed materials. Different species
prefer different bed depth.
• Impaired stream ecology can be restored byincreasing the habitat connectivity, stabilizing thestream bed and banks, creating cover and fish
attractors, managing substrate, and constructing
step-pools for creation of multiple and stable
habitats.
Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/

The 9th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration(2012/11/24)

Thank you
Questions are welcome

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)

http://www.a-rr.net/