Inspirations
sp at o s to riverve restoration
esto at ofrom fish habitat studies
Towards Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

2011.12Jianhua LI
Tongji UniversityUni ersit
2013.09.10

10th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

1Background2

Distribution ppattern and threats offish biodiversity

3

types and characteristics analysis
on instreami t
h bit thabitat4

Inspiration and Conclusions汇报提纲1. Background

Back ground
S iSerious
W t pollution
Waterll ti

ClClass
I~III
I III

40%

Class Ⅳ

22%

Class V

10%

Below Class V 28%

Back ground
The Chinese EPA annual reports (MEP,(MEP2008) show that pollution loads in parts ofthe Yangtze have increased in recent years especially in the lower reaches & in smalles,r tributaries (Xue et al., 2008). Only 31% of wat
er samples,lmainlyi l fromf
theh upper Yangtz
Ye, are of first or second class quality, and much of the lower Yangtze is third class or poorer.

Back ground

Water Quality of the Yangtze River Waters(MEP, 2007)

Back ground
Current Comprehensive Treatment of Small & medium-sized rivers------- Pollution control and flood control is as the core

Unreasonable river treatment
Habitat degradation
 Water pollution
 Hydraulic engineering P.
 Excessive use of resources InsufficiencyyFocus on flood control andirrigation projectFocus on water pollution
control project

For habitat
protection

Lack for habitat researchDifferent scales and types
Habitat and fish relations

Freshwater fish in different countries
www.Fish base.org
O
Over
1000 speciesiE dEndangereddSSpeciesi LLoss

Sh d 长江鲥鱼（ Tenualosa reevesii Richardson）
Shadmigratory species for spawning。 The State first-grade prot
ected species.
鲥鱼属硬骨鱼纲 鲱鱼目 鲱科 鲥属 1988年被列入中国国家重点保护野生动物名录中第一
鲥鱼属硬骨鱼纲、鲱鱼目、鲱科、鲥属。1988年被列入中国国家重点保护野生动物名录中第级的保护物种。为溯河产卵洄游性鱼类，成鱼生活在近海，产卵场主要分布于长江支流。

Chi
Chinesesturgeon中华鲟t中华鲟（ Acipenser sinensis ）中华鲟俗称鲟鱼、鳇鱼，属鲟形目、鲟科、鲟属。1988年被列为国家一级保护动物。 每年7月～8月，成熟亲鱼从河口溯河上游到长江上游产卵繁殖，仔鱼随波逐流，繁 ，至长江下游和河口滩涂索饵肥育生长，幼鱼移至浅海区生长，直至达性成熟。

The four major chinese carps
四大家鱼青鱼 Mylopharyngodon piceus

草鱼 Ctenopharyngodon idellus鲢 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

鳙 Hypophthalmichthys nobilis

Populations of major Chinese carp species signif
icantly declined since 1997.

wide species

Th t toThreatst fishfi h biodiversity
bi diit iin China
ChiOverO
exploitation

WaterWt
pollution

HabitatH
bit tdegradation

Flowmodification

Species
invasion(Dudgeon et al. 2006)

Unreasonable river treatment founded in the research fieldSpecies diversity decreased东苕溪栖息地类型与鱼类多样性研究Hotspot to Silent‐spot…..a case at St. 168 in Tiaoxi Rover
Oct. 200915species, 216 individuals「Here is the HOTSPOT!」

Oct. 2010

6 species, 20 individuals「・・・・・・・・・・・・・・」

2. Distribution pattern and threats offish biodiversity in East Tiaoxi riverS d area
Study
Wuxi
SuzhouShanghai

Taihu Lake
Total length: 151.4 km
Drainage area: 2,265 km2

HuzhouJiaxingHangzhouTaihu Lake

East Tiaoxi RiverField survey

2009 20122009-2012

84 freshwater species in the East Tiaoxi River wererecorded, and there were 35species endemic to China.
I addition,Indditi
11 ti species
11nativei andd 3 exotic
ti species
i werealso newly recorded.

A: Coilia ectenes
B: Rhodeus fangi
C: R.
R sinensis
D: R. ocellatus;
E: Tanakia himantegus
F: Acheilognathus
gracilis
G: A. imberbis
H: A.
A macropterus
I: A. tonkinensis
J: A. barbatulus;

アナゴゴ 6G: Sarcocheilichthys parvus; H: Sarcocheilichthys kiangsiensis; I: Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis; J: Squalidus argentatus; K: Squalidus wolterstorffi; L: Abbottina rivularis;
M: Microphysogobio fukiensis; N: Microphysogobio kiatingensis;

A: HuigobioA
Hb chenhsiensis;h h
B Aphyocypris
B:A hchinensis;
hC Rhynchocypris
C:Rh h
oxycephhalus; D: Opsariichthys bidens; E: Zacco platypus; F: Cobitis sinensis; G: Cobiti
s dolichorhynchus; H: Newaella laterimaculata;

K: Leptobotia tchangi; L: Vanmanenia pingchowensis;
M: Vanmanenia stenosoma;; N: Liobagrus
gstyaniy

A: Odontobutis
AOdbpotamophila;
h l B:B Rhinogobius
Rhb guirinus;
C: Rhinogobius cliffordpopei; D: Rhinogobius multimaculatus;
E: Rhinogobius sp. 1; F:Rhinogobius sp. 2

The ordination of spatial variation displayed a gradualchange in fish community structure
upstream

downstream

The ordination of temporal variation showed little apparentchange associated with seasonsTurbidityvs fish community
vs.

Speciees richneess

Relationship between
bet een fish community
comm nit
and environmental variables in themiddle
middle--- lower reaches

Flood plain

Densitty (indivvidual/500m)

Turbidity (NTU)

Turbidity (NTU)

ResultR
lt off multiple
lti l regressioni modeld l tot predict
di t watert tturbidity
bidit ini theth East
E t Tiaoxi
Ti i River,Ri
2China, in which the effective predictors were selected by the stepwise method (R = 0.70)
Predictors

CoefficientSEt valueInterception

2 122.120 25
0.25

8 46***
8.46***

Ship traffic (ship/hour)

0.058

0.010

5.702***-0.0100.004-2.405*-0.00033

0.00009-3.628**River width (m)Distance form the Taihu Lake ((km))
Mutual interaction between ship traffic
and river width

Probability levels: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Emerged plants
vs fish community
vs.

S
Speciesrichnesss

Multiple regression result showed that ship traffic was positively significantly
related to water turbidity, while the distance from the mouth was negatively rel-ated to turbidity.

DDensityy (individdual/50mm)

Coverage rate (%)

Coverage rate (%)

Sppecies rrichness

Submerged plants
vs fish community
vs.

Densitty (indivvidual/50m)

Coverage rate (%)

Floating plants
vs. fish community
ySpecies richnness

Coverage rate (%)

DDensity(individdual/50mm)

Coverage rate (%)

Coverage rate (%)

September 2010

May 2011

30160
14025

species richness

abundance
120

November 2009

May 2010

20

100

1580
60

1040
50
J l 2011
July202009/112010/05

May2011/05
2011

2011/070北苕溪鱼类群落结构与环境因子的CCA排序图
Six of 14 environmental variables
had significant rel
ationshiptihi with
ith ththefish communities

OverfishingMostt off theMth total
t t l lengths
l th off individuals
i di id l were lessl
ththan150mm, which showed a significant individual miniaturizationu
at o in tthee river.
ve .

3. types and characteristics
analysis on instream habitat

50

Total species

4030
20100NTR

MTR

STR

METR

LETR

Habitat research
Survey region北苕溪 流域面积：310.4km2
 河流长度：46.5km
 平均坡降:1/100

Habitat research
Revetment type: 人工护岸比例为71.45%Habitat classification
Still water H.
H
静水栖息地
Pool
水潭

Slow flow H.
H缓流栖息地

Rapids H.
H
急流栖息地

Waterfall瀑布潭Alluvial H.
H
冲积栖息地
Wash
河滩洼地

特征：
 大块岩石阻挡 大型树木倾倒 弯曲处水流冲击 流
流速：7.83 cm/s
 水深：33.92 cm
 底质：7.14 cm

Habitat classification
Still water H.
H
静水栖息地

Slow flow H.
H
缓流栖息地

Pool
水潭

Rapids H.
H
急流栖息地

Waterfall瀑布潭Alluvial H.
H
冲积栖息地
Wash
河滩洼地

特征：
 坡度陡
 阶梯—深潭格局

 流
流速：7.66 cm/s
 水深：36.45 cm
 底质：20.85 cm

Habitat classification
Still water H.
H
静水栖息地

Slow flow H.
H
缓流栖息地

Pool
水潭

特征：
 洪水泛滥，低洼处积水 深浅与洼地形状 流速：0流
 水深：32.08 cm
 底质：3.42 cm

Waterfall瀑布潭

Rapids H.
H
急流栖息地

Alluvial H.
H
冲积栖息地
Wash
河滩洼地

Habitat classification
Still water H.
H
静水栖息地
Shallow
浅流

Slow flow H.
H缓流栖息地

Rapids H.
H
急流栖息地

Slow flow岸边缓流Alluvial H.
H冲积栖息地
Backflow
回流

特征： 水流缓慢，小颗粒沉积 表面干扰少 底质颗粒易附着藻类 流速：12.79cm/s
 水深：27.75 cm
 底质：8.07 cm

Habitat classification
Still water H.
H
静水栖息地
Shallow
浅流

Slow flow H.
H缓流栖息地

Rapids H.
H急流栖息地Slow flow岸边缓流Alluvial H.
H冲积栖息地
Backflow
回流特征： 河床迁移形成 河道宽度越大，面积越大
河道宽度越大 面积越大

 流速：5.56 cm/s
 水深：15.57 cm
 底质：8.07 cm

Habitat classification
Still water H.
H
静水栖息地

Slow flow H.
H缓流栖息地

Shallow
浅流

Rapids H.
H
急流栖息地

Slow flow岸边缓流Alluvial H.
H冲积栖息地
Backflow
回流特征： 石块、树根、大型树枝等
 内部流速不均匀 受水流变化明显 流速：10.75 cm/s
 水深：26.26 cm
 底质：3.49 cm

Habitat classification
Still water H.
H
静水栖息地

Slow flow H.
H缓流栖息地
Riffle浅滩Rapids H.
H
急流栖息地Alluvial H.
H
冲积栖息地

Shoal
险滩

特征：
 水流冲击大颗粒石块 上游与水潭相连 无藻类附着于底质
 流速：21.20 cm/s
 水深：18.56 cm
 底质：12.63 cm

Habitat classification
Still water H.
H
静水栖息地

Slow flow H.
H缓流栖息地
Riffle浅滩Rapids H.
H
急流栖息地

Alluvial H.
H
冲积栖息地

Shoal
险滩

特征：
 上游陡坡地段
 水流紊乱 底质以圆石、巨石为主 流速：116.15 cm/s
 水深：22.15 cm
 底质：24.70 cm

Habitat classification
Still water H.
H
静水栖息地

Slow flow H.
H缓流栖息地
Washland河漫滩

Rapids H.
H
急流栖息地

Alluvial H.
H
冲积栖息地

Shoal
沙洲

特征：
 洪水冲积而成 底质以小颗粒砂石为主 水生植被生长良好Habitat classification
Still water H.
H
静水栖息地

Slow flow H.
H缓流栖息地
Washland河漫滩

Rapids H.
H急流栖息地Alluvial H.
H
冲积栖息地

Shoal
沙洲

特征：
 弯曲河段沙土沉积 洪水冲击石块形成河中沙洲
 部分水生植被生长良好

clustering analysis
Ⅰ组为静水栖息地
组为静水栖息地Ⅱ组为缓流栖息地
Ⅲ组为急流栖息地组间差异较明显clustering analysis
Ⅰ组为缓流栖息地Ⅱ组为急流栖息地为主组间差异较明显clustering analysis
Ⅰ组为S7缓流栖息地
Ⅱ组为S6急流栖息地
Ⅲ组为S6缓流栖息地
组间差异较明显MDS ordination analysis

Ⅰ组为静水栖息地Ⅱ组为缓流栖息地
Ⅲ组为急流栖息地

Ⅱ组

Ⅲ组

Ⅰ组

组内相似度：
急流>缓流>静水

MDS ordination analysis

Ⅰ组为缓流栖息地Ⅱ组为急流栖息地为主Ⅱ组组内相似度：急流>缓流
Ⅰ组

MDS ordination analysis
Ⅰ组为S7缓流栖息地
Ⅱ组为S6急流栖息地Ⅲ组为S6缓流栖息地
Ⅱ组

组内相似度
组内相似度：急流>缓流

Ⅲ组

Ⅰ组

The length-frequency distribution calculatedusingi FiSAT software
ftshowed
hd theth lloach
h pop-ulation structure could be classified into four
age groups suggesting that the life span of
the loach should be 3
3- 4 yearsyears.

Total llength

Fish ddensity

Velocity (cm/s)

Pebble size (cm)The density of this kissing loach was signi
ficantly and positively correlated with water velocity, while the body size was signific
antly
tl andd positively
iti l correlatedl t d with
ith riverib
ed pebble size.

4. Conclusion

Conclusion
 River engineering could be the main threat to fish diversity in theupper stream, as well as water pollution and overfishing.
 The habitat instream of North Tiaoxi River can be divided into 4categories, 10 types, the environmental elements of each habitat
are significantly different.
different The otherness of fish Community diversity is obvious between
different

habitattypes.

Different

hydrologicalconditionsofrapid-flow habitats, slow-flow habitats and still-water habitats
affect the distribution of fish communities. Fish species diversity
is high in floodplain habitat,habitat and fish population is given
priority to young fish.

Conclusion
Serious water pollution in small & medium‐scale rivers in plainarea causes a huge
hstress to fish
fi h andd otherh aquatic
i life’s
lif ’ existence.
iB
Butsome of the rivers is still in its natural or semi‐natural state, if we only
consideridth single
thei l moded off watertquality
lit improvementit whenhimplementing water environment comprehensive treatment, thephysical integrity and biological integrity of river habitat will bedestroyed, then only to achieve the effect of shibeigongban（事倍功半）.
半）
Most of the upper‐middle reaches of small and medium‐sized
rivers belong to a type of mountain‐rivers,
mountain‐rivers water quality status andphysical habitat are still in good condition. To reserve aquatic
biodiversity, we should make comprehensive protection plan as soon
as possible, avoid damage to the physical habitat caused byunreasonable treatment, and especially to give priority to protect the“Hot Spots” which have good fish biodiversity.

Total species
prichness
50

Endemic species
pto China
5250

3433
2827

17155STRMTRNTRMETRLETR(NTR: North Tiaoxi River; MTR: Middle Tiaoxi River; STR: South Tiaoxi
River; METR: Middle reach of East Tiaoxi River; LETR: Lower reach ofEast Tiaoxi River)

A kAcknowledgementl dgt
The Major
j Projectjin National Water Pollution Control and Managgement Technology (No. 08ZX07101-006-07)

Sino-Japanese Cooperation Program

Mitsubishi Corporation

Global COE program