Quarterly No. 72

April - June 2008

IGA
NEWS
Newsletter of the International Geothermal Association
IGA ACTIVITIES
Message from the President
Ladsi Rybach, President
Dear IGA member, this is the third message from yourPresident.
First some real good news: global geothermal power generation capacity is now approaching 10 GWe, and should
exceed it by the end of next year, according to a compilation performed by IGA Vice President Ruggero Bertani ofthe electric capacity added since 2000. The full study ispart of this Newsletter.
The keynote paper for IPCC, mentioned in my message
in IGA News no. 71, can now be referenced: Fridleifsson,
I.B., R. Bertani, E. Huenges, J. W. Lund, A. Ragnarsson,and L. Rybach (2008). The possible role and contribution ofgeothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change. In: O.
Hohmeyer and T. Trittin (Eds.) IPCC Scoping Meeting on
Renewable Energy Sources, Proceedings, Luebeck, Germany,
20-25 January 2008, 59-80. It can be downloaded from the
IGA website.
In the last few weeks, the main activity of IGA ingeneral and of its Board of Directors in particular - alongwith the IGA Steering Committee for WGC 2010 - was the
preparation and implementation of the meetings in Nusa
Dua (Bali, Indonesia). These events were preceded by ahighly successful “Technical Seminar on Cost Reduction
through Improved Geothermal Well Targeting”, jointly
organized by INAGA, Indonesia, and IGA’s Western PacificRegional Branch WPRB on April 28, 2008. 76 participants
attended the Workshop, which also featured presentations
given by industrial experts working in the area. A detailed
report of WPRB Chairman Jim Lawless will appear soon inthis Newsletter.
On April 29, 2008, the joint meeting of the Organizing
Committee for WGC2010 (OC) of INAGA and IGA’s
Steering Committee (SC) took place, chaired by Herman
Daniel Ibrahim. IGA was represented by Gordon
Bloomquist (IGA SC Chairman), Roland Horne (WGC2010
Technical Program), Beata Kepinska (WGC2010 Short
Courses), Eduardo Iglesias (WGC2010 Publications),
Mahmut Parlaktuna (WGC2010 Fellowships), and IGA
Past President John Lund. The meetings discussed andapproved the Draft Master Plan (including budget), field
trip options, technical program, short courses, and social

IGA ACTIVITIES

Message from the President

1

Future IGA News goes all-electronic!

2

Letter to the Editor

5

EUROPE
Germany/ The New E.ON Energy ResearchCentre at RWTH Aachen University

Italy/ Geothermal Power Plants
commissioned in the third millennium 5

Romania/ New Board of Directors of the
Romanian Geothermal Association

3

10

AMERICA
Mexico/ Desalination using geothermal
water in the Baja California Peninsula 11

ASIA/PACIFIC RIM
Australia/ First geothermal exploration
tenement granted in Queensland

Philippines / Microgravity and Precise Leveling
Survey Results – Southern Negros
Geothermal Production Field

UPCOMING EVENTS
Geothermal meetings

13

14

15

IGA News, April - June 2007

2
program. The presentation of the Official Congress Organizer (Pacto Ltd.) about Conference logistics was followed by avisit to the WGC2010 venue, the Westin International Conference Center. This really outstanding facility became known
to a broader public when hosting the UN Climate Change Conference in December 2007. The Conference Center isabsolutely magnificent, both in terms of location in paradisiac Nusa Dua and its design and infrastructure. The safety
standards are outstanding. All IGA representatives were deeply impressed and look forward to being there again.
Parallel to the OC and SC meetings, several IGA Committees met on April 29, 2008. This is a new working style, inorder to discuss pending items as well as to formulate suggestions and motions to be approved by the Board of Directors.
Finally, 24 BoD members and many observers met on April 30, 2008 to deal with an extensive Agenda, including thereports of the IGA Officers and Committee Chairs. The detailed outcome will soon be made available through the
Minutes of the 45th IGA BoD Meeting, to be produced by our expeditious Executive Director Arni Ragnarsson. Let mejust summarize the main decisions:• Future IGA News will be produced and distributed electronically; printing will be terminated;• The IGA website will undergo major restructuring and reshaping;• A new IGA Membership Directory will be completed and placed –password protected– on the IGA website;• The IGA BoD discussed and approved the 2008 budget; efforts are underway to reduce expenditure and toincrease income;• The various deliverables to comply with the IGA / World Bank GeoFund contract are under preparation, in
progress, or near completion; all targets should be met by the end of 2008;• The Geothermal Association of Costa Rica (AGC) has been affiliated to IGA;
• The IGA BoD endorses the draft document “Geothermal reporting Guidelines for resources and reserves”
prepared by the Australian Geothermal Energy Group (AGEG).
• The next IGA Committee and BoD meeting will be held, along with the AGM 2008, in conjunction with the
SECOND AFRICAN RIFT GEOTHERMAL CONFERENCE (ARGeo C2), in Entebbe, Uganda on November
22/23, 2008;• The 2010 Spring meeting of BoD shall be held in conjunction with WGC2010 in Nusa Dua, Bali/Indonesia.
All the events in Nusa Dua took place at the fabulous Hotel Melia. The palm tree-rich gardens, the beach and the pools
were wonderful. Unfortunately, there was too little time to enjoy them. But various evening activities like buffet or served
dinners with entertainment provided by Balinese dancers, Gamelan orchestras, all at the most generous invitation by ourIndonesian friends and colleagues from INAGA, were a great compensation. Finally, an impressive field trip on May 1,
2008 –bringing the participants to cultural landmarks such as imposing temples as well as to the Bedugul geothermal
field under development (one discharging well)– completed the highly memorable IGA events. We would like to warmly
thank our Indonesian hosts and organizers for providing us with an unforgettable experience.
The bottom line: Nusa Dua is just the perfect place for WGC2010; you should definitely plan to attend!

Future IGA News goes all-electronic!
Eduardo Iglesias, IGA News Editor
At its 45th meeting (Bali, April 29, 2008) the IGA Board of Directors approved a motion to terminate the productionof printed copies of IGA News, as of issue No.73. Thereafter the newsletter will be produced only in electronic format.
The new format will give us greater scope to include color prints and pictures, and to upgrade its design. This decision
will also save the current printing and postage costs. It is expected these savings will contribute to financing theupcoming restructuring and reshaping of the IGA website.

Letter to the Editor – IGA NewsJohn Garnish, former Programme Manager, European Commission
It was good to see an update on progress with the Soultz EGS project in News #71, but I must correct the statementthat the project was instigated by a French and German team. It resulted when the European teams (French, German
and British) that were working on their own Hot Dry Rock projects came together under the auspices of the European
IGA News No. 72

3Commission in 1986/7 to select a common test site for a European project. Three sites were considered – Bad Urach inGermany, Soultz in France and Cornwall in the UK – and Soultz was chosen as showing the most immediate promise.
The teams from all three countries were involved from the start, and the management team on site (the ‘core team’)consisted of a Frenchman, a German and a Brit.
The infrastructure (especially drilling) was funded mainly by the Commission and the early research work wasundertaken by national teams from the three countries, largely with funding from their own ministries. These teams
were joined soon afterwards by ENEL from Italy. Although the British government withdrew after a couple of years, theBritish research team continued to participate. Switzerland joined somewhat later, as did teams from Japan and the US. In
1996, Electricité de Strasbourg and Pfalzwerke (Germany) formed a European Economic Interest Group (EEIG) to takethe project forward to the pilot stage. The EEIG was later joined by EdF (EdS’s parent company), RWE (Germany) and
ENEL (Italy), with a brief involvement by Shell, but the present project is managed now by the two original partners.
It has been a long haul, with the project tracing its roots back to Fenton Hill in the early 1970s, but it has been asplendid example of international cooperation on a European (and wider) basis and it is encouraging to see it finallyapproaching fruition.

EUROPE
Germany

The New E.ON Energy Research Centre at RWTH Aachen University
Rolf Sweekhorst, E.ON Energy Research Centre
Within the scope of a public-private partnership, E.ON AG and RWTH Aachen University have realized a uniqueproject — the E.ON Energy Research Centre (E.ON ERC). The aim and organizational structure of this new energy
research centre, founded at RWTH Aachen University in 2006, are directed towards investigating innovative, interdisciplinary solutions for ensuring our future energy supply, whereby, in particular, larger systemic technical questions
can be examined. Since the beginning of the winter semester 2007/2008, five university institutes with completely
different focuses have been working together to answer questions regarding energy efficiency, the use of renewableenergy resources and climate protection. The core of E.ON ERC consists of two RWTH chairs (Power Generation andStorage Systems/Prof. Rik W. De Doncker and Applied Geophysics and Geothermal Energy/Prof. Christoph Clauser)
and three endowed professorships (Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behaviour/Prof. Reinhard Madlener, Energy
Efficient Buildings and Indoor Climate/Prof. Dirk Müller and Automation of Complex Power Systems/n.n.). E.ON
AG is financing this research centre with a total of 40 million Euros over a period of ten years. These research funds
do not represent third-party funds per se but rather are donations; i.e. the results of the research at E.ON ERC are
available for the benefit of the general public. Thus, important research projects can be realized for which, otherwise,
third-party funds might be difficult to raise.
Fully integrated into E.ON ERC with respect to research and teaching, the five professorships are formally distributed
among the faculties of electrical engineering, computer science, business and economics, mechanical engineering, andgeoresources and materials science. In addition, projects are initiated and coordinated within the scope of departmental
and interdisciplinary scientific research in which other institutes and research centres within and beyond RWTH Aachen
University are involved. Consequently, considerable additional research funds can be acquired from public endowments
and from other industrial companies. Other clients – including competitors of E.ON AG – are expressly invited to
become involved in research for securing our future energy supply via commissions and cooperations.

GEOTHERMICS
International Journal of Geothermal Research and its Applications
Published under the auspices of the International Geothermal Association
Content of the latest issues: http:/www.elsevier.com/locate/geothermics

IGA News, April - June 2008

4
First Professorship for Geothermal Energy in Germany
The E.ON ERC is distinguished by its interdisciplinary research, already proven by the fact that the five professorships of the centre belong to four different faculties. Numerous examples of this interdisciplinary approach are foundwithin and beyond the research centre. A case in point is the chair of Applied Geophysics and Geothermal Energy,
held by Prof. Christoph Clauser, who, in May 2007, was appointed with the first professorship for geothermal energy
in Germany.
Thus, Professors Clauser and De Doncker (Power Generation and Storage Systems) have together taken up theconcept of micro-boreholes (microdrilling) and integrated this in a currently running feasibility study. Regarding this,both institutes are cooperating closely on a system that will make exploratory drilling for reservoirs of geothermal energy
or for storage of CO2 considerably less expensive than up to now. Such exploration boreholes still use the same technology
typically applied for petroleum exploration. However, these boreholes, with their comparatively large diameters, arecomplicated and expensive. Both scientists foresee considerable potential for improving the technique and saving costsby reducing the borehole diameter to about one to one and a half inches (2.5 cm -3.8 cm). This idea is not fundamentallynew, however; such a technique using coiled tubing has been successfully practised at Los Alamos Laboratory for sometime. This uses drum-wound elastic steel pipe through which water is forced to drive the drill bit hydraulically in thedepths of the borehole. The unit from Los Alamos, which can fit on a car trailer, can reach exploratory depths down toabout 300 metres in relatively soft sedimentary rocks. The continued development of this microdrilling should not only
allow substantially greater depths to be drilled but it should also enable drilling through harder rock types. The feasibility
study will also consider other drive concepts for the drill bit as well as new concepts for simultaneously drilling andrecording geophysical logging data.
Currently, one of the most important projects at the E.ON ERC is the conception and realization of an efficient heating
and cooling of the new building of the research centre. The building, designed by the famous architect Zaha Hadid, hasalready attracted public interest in its preparatory stage of construction. However, its energy supply is challenging anddemands unusual solutions. Professors Müller (Energy Efficient Buildings and Indoor Climate) and Clauser are currently
engaged in developing an energy supply system which includes shallow borehole heat exchangers in accordance with themission statement of the research centre — i.e. to incorporate renewable energies, energy efficiency and energy saving— but which also completely meets the requirement of creating an absolutely comfortable living environment. Amongother techniques, a heat pump is connected to a field of borehole heat exchangers which is used additionally to cool officerooms in the summer. A refrigerating machine is planned for the laboratory and seminar areas; its reverse cooling canbe used to heat the building as well as to regenerate the borehole heat exchanger field.
An EU project for the geothermal generation of electricity in Turkey is also being prepared, and a close cooperation isplanned with the Marmara Research Centre (MAM) in Gebze near Istanbul and the power company ZORLU. Professor
Clauser will coordinate this project in its first phase, whereas the Turkish company will be responsible for carrying out
this project subsequently on an industrial scale. Besides the cooperation with Turkish, French and Italian colleagues
from research and industry, collaboration with the chair “Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behaviour” of the E.ON
ERC will play a central role here. Professor Madlener will study how such a project can be realized, so that the partially
opposing requirements of minimizing financial risk, ensuring environmental protection and fulfilling the expectationsof the investors and the public are met to the greatest extent possible. Besides the planning and coordination of the entire
process, Professor Clauser’s institute is especially responsible for exploring the geothermal potential and its long-term
behaviour with respect to safety and cost-effectiveness. Geophysical measurements in boreholes and on drill cores in thelaboratory will be combined with forward modelling, because the development of numerical simulation models is one of
the strengths of this institute. This cooperation — coordinated at the E.ON ERC and supported by the German Federal
Ministry for Education and Research for three years — thus delivers the theoretical foundations which will be realized
and tested in practice in the planned EU project. Several series of numerical simulations of geothermal reservoirs will
yield increasingly more exact predictions of the critical operating parameters and their uncertainties. Because suchmodel calculations can be continued during the subsequent operation of the geothermal power plant, well-founded
operation-relevant considerations can be made for such a unit at any time yielding, for example, an optimum trade-off
between the extremes of “maximum running time” and “maximum performance”.

IGA News No. 72

5

Italy

Geothermal Power Plants Commissioned in the Third Millennium
Ruggero Bertani, Enel – International Division – Renewable Energy Business
Introduction

Capacity
Capacity
GW GW

The growth in worldwide installed capacity from geotherInstalled Capacity Wordlwide
mal power plant is given in Figure 1. An increase of about
12
800 MWe in the three year term 2005-2007 has beenachieved, continuing the roughly linear trend of approxi10 Installed Capacity Wordlwide
mately 200/250 MWe per year. Installed geothermal
128electricity capacity is approaching the 10 GWe threshold,10
which could be reached before the next WGC2010 in6Indonesia.
84
The economics of electricity production are influenced
6by the drilling costs and resource development (typical
2
CAPEX quota for high-enthalpy resources is 30% for4reservoir and 70% plant); the productivity of electricity
02
per well is a function of reservoir fluid thermodynamic
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
characteristics (phase and temperature), and the higherYear0
the energy content of the reservoir fluid, the fewer is
1970
1980
1990
2010
Figure1: Installedcapacity from1975 up 2000
to end of 2007
the number of wells required and as a consequence theYear(pink) and to 2010 (red).
reservoir CAPEX quota is reduced.
Binary plant technology is playing a very important role in the modern geothermal electricity market for several
reasons. It can be an efficient way to recover the energy content of the reservoir fluid after its primary utilization instandard flash plant, achieving a better energy efficiency for the overall system. Whereas in dry steam reservoirs (suchas Larderello, Italy, or The Geysers, USA) the exploited energy of the fluid can be fully utilized, in all other situations
worldwide the majority of the thermal energy in the fluid is lost, being reinjected at high temperature and effectively
wasted. Binary plants on the reinjection stream could be a very effective way of producing cheap energy, because there
will be no additional mining costs associated with this extra production. Utilization of lower temperature resources canbe achieved only with binary plant, increasing the overall exploitable potential worldwide.

2010

Figure 2a: 1995, 2000 and forecast to 2010 of the installed capacity.

Figure 2b: 1995, 2000 and forecast to 2010 of the installed capacity.

Figure 2 presents data from all the countries currently generating geothermal electricity, with actual values for 1995
and 2000; a forecast for 2010, taking account of existing projects that are in an advanced stage of development, is alsopresented. Figure 3 shows a forecast of the year 2010 installed capacity as a world map (updated from EGC2007).
It is difficult to estimate the overall world-wide potential. With the present engineering solutions it is possible toforesee an increase from the extrapolated value of 11 GWe for year 2010 up to a maximum of 70 GWe. The gradual introIGA News, April - June 2008

6

Figure 3: Installed capacity worldwide in 2010

duction of new developments (permeability enhancements, drilling improvments, enhanced geothermal systems, lowtemperature production, supercritical fluid) may boost the growth rate with exponential increments after 10-20 years,
thus reaching the global world target of 140 GWe for the year 2050 (Figure 4).
It should be pointed out that some of these "new technologies" are already proven, like the binary plant ("lowtemperature electricity production"), and are currently spreading fast into the market, whereas EGS are just entering thefield demonstration phase to prove their viability.

Figure 4: Forecast of the geothermal reserves
exploitable by the year 2050

Figure 5. Installed Capacity and Electricity
production 1995-2005 and forecasts for
2010-2050.

Electricity production from geothermal sources is strongly related to the plant capacity factor. Since 1995, this has
increased continuously from the initial average value of 64% to the present one of 73%. Better technical solutions forthe power plants improve their performances; the most advanced approaches for the resource development (reinjection,
inhibitors against scaling/corrosion, better knowledge of the field parameters using advanced geophysical surveys) will
increase the average capacity factor linearly towards 90%, a factor already reached by many geothermal fields in operation. The forecasts for capacity, capacity factor and energy are presented in Figures 5 and 6.
It is expected that the next generation will see the implementation of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) andan intensive increase in low-to-medium temperature applications through binary cycles and cascade utilisations.
Geothermal may not be a major energy supplier, but its base-load capability is a very important factor for its success.
The utilisation of binary plants and the possibility of production from enhanced geothermal systems (to be considered
as possible future developments) can expand its availability on a worldwide basis.
IGA News No. 72

7Construction Activity in the Third Millennium
Geothermal electricity installed capacity is approaching
the 10,000 GW threshold, which could be reached before
the next WGC2010 in Indonesia. We thought that thegeothermal community would be interested in a compilationof all the new power plant that have been commissioned orordered in the third millennium, i.e. since WGC2000. Thissnapshot is a realistic view of the new capacity that will be
online within 2008/2009. Data are presented in table I. The
column captions are as follows:
COUNTRY=country name2008/2009: forecast of installed capacity by the end of the next
two years, on the basis of plant already ordered
FIELD: the geothermal field name
NEW PLANT COMMISSIONED: the incremental installedcapacity in MWe from new plant inaugurated, commissioned orordered since WGC2000
CATEGORY: the plant type, according to the standard classification of binary, single or double flash, and so on

Figure 6. Capacity factor of geothermal power plants inthe world 1995-2005 and forecasts for 2010-2050.

WGC2000: Installed capacity reported in the WGC2000
official world update report
UNITS: the number of units
MANUFACTURER: the Turbine Manufacturer, consideredas the major qualifying element of the geothermal plant

DIFFERENCES: the difference in MWe between the WGC2000 data plus the new plants, and the forecast for 2008/2009; this value
is related to changes in the capacity for different reasons, for instance decommissioning of old plants, increasing their capacity (rerating ) or decreasing it (de-rating), as explained in the NOTE.

TABLE I: New Plant Data
COUNTRY
AUSTRIACOSTA RICAEl SALVADORFRANCEGERMANYGUATEMALAICELAND

INDONESIA

New plant
Differences
commissioned Manufacturer
Category
Units
Note
.
MW
MW
0
1
Total
1.1 TABLE I: New Plant Data0
Altheim
0.9
Turboden
Binary1
Bad Blumau
0.3
Ormat
Binary1
New plant
143
163
Total
18
2 Differences
WGC2000 2008/2009
COUNTRY
FIELD
commissioned
Manufacturer
Category
Units
Note
18
Ormat
Binary1
MW Miravalles
MW V
MW
MW
Decommissioning
2x5 BP
161
204
Total
53
-10
0
1
0units from Berlin
AUSTRIA
Total
1,1
Berlin III
44
Nuovo Pignone Single Flash1
Altheim
0,9Turboden
Binary1
Berlin Binary
9.2
Enex
Binary
1
4
16
Total
12
Bad Blumau
0,3
Ormat
Binary1 1
143 Soultz-sous163
2
COSTA RICA
Total
18
1.5
Turboden
Binary1
ForetsMiravalles
V
18
Ormat
Binary1
Bouillante II
10
AlstomSingle Flash
1
0
8
Total
8.4
0
Decommissioning
El
Glewe
0.2
GMK
Binary1
161 Neustadt
204-10
2x5 BP units fromTotal
53
SALVADOR
Landau3.8
Ormat
Binary1
BerlinBruchsal
1.0
Siemens
Binary Kalina
1
BerlinIII
44
Nuovo
PignoneSingleFlash
1
Unterhaching
3.4
Siemens
Binary Kalina
1
33
57
Total
Berlin 24
Binary9,2Enex
Binary1 0
Amatitlan Binary24
Ormat
Binary1
416
1
FRANCE
Total
12
Decommissioning 3 BP
170
569
Total
406
-7
units from Svartsengi
Nesjavellir III-IV
60
Mitsubishi
Single Flash2
Hellisheidi LP
33
Toshiba
Single Flash1
Hellisheidi
180
Mitsubishi
Single Flash4
Svartsengi VI
33
Fuji
Single Flash1
Reykjanes I , II100
FujiSingle Flash2
110 MW at Wayang Windu,
20 MW at Lahendong, 90
MW at Darajat already
590
1172
Total
320
263
existing in 2000, but not
operative; 10 MW fromrerating Salak units

WGC2000 2008/2009
MW
MW

FIELD

IGA News, April - June 2008

8

COUNTRY

WGC2000 2008/2009
MW
MW

FIELD
Sibayak
Lahendong II
Kamojang IV
Wayang Windu
Darajat

ITALY

785

547

535

KENYA

45

169

MEXICO

755

958

NEW
ZEALANDNICARAGUAPAPUA-NEW
GUINEAPHILIPPINES

437

70

0

1909

635

87

56

1970

PORTUGAL

16

25

ROMANIA

00

RUSSIA

2380

IGA News No. 72

Category

Units

Single Flash
Single Flash
Single Flash
Single Flash
Single Flash

2
1
1
1
1

214

811

JAPAN

New plant
commissioned Manufacturer
MW
10
20
Fuji
63
Fuji
117
Fuji
110
Mitsubishi-189

Dry Steam1

Dry Steam1

Dry Steam1

Dry SteamDry SteamDry Steam

1
1
1

60

Ansaldo Existing Asset
Nuovo Pignone
Ansaldo Existing Asset
Nuovo Pignone
Nuovo Pignone
Nuovo Pignone
Ansaldo Existing Asset

Dry Steam1

40

Nuovo Pignone

Dry Steam

2

20
3.9
2.0
1.9
124
70
50
2.0
2.0

Nuovo Pignone

Dry Steam

1

Ormat
Fuji

BinarySingle Flash1
1

Mitsubishi
Ormat
Elliot
Ormat

Single Flash
BinarySingle Flash
Binary231
1Castelnuovo

14

Gabbro20

Larderello III

20

Lago
Molinetto
Monterotondo

10
20
10

Serrazzano
San Martino
I - II
Radicondoli
Total
Hatchobaru
Suginoi Hotel
Total
Olkaria II
Olkaria III
OserianOserian Binary
Total

215

Cerro Prieto
Los Azufres
Las Tres Virgines
Los Humeros

100
100
10
5.0

Total

199

Differences
Note
MW

Not to be considered as
new capacity

Not to be considered as
new capacity-16

Single Flash
Single Flash
Single Flash
Back Pressure

Derating Onikobe plant

0-12Mitsubishi
AlstomAlstomMitsubishi

Decommissioning ofold plants: Bagnore,
Bellavista, Castelnuovo,Cornia, Gabbro, La
Leccia, Lago, Molinetto,
Monterotondo,
Radicondoli, Serrazzano
Not to be considered as
new capacity

4
4
2
1

Decommissioning 1 BP
units from Los Azufres;derating units at Los
Humeros18

Mokai II

39

Ormat

Mokai III

20

Ormat

NgawhaKawerau
GDL
Wairakei Binary
Total

20
90
10
20
18

Ormat
Fuji
Ormat
Ormat

San Jacinto

10

Momotombo
Binary

7.5

Total

56

Lihir I - II

56

Total

68

Northern Negros
Tongonan Binary
Total
Pico Vermelho
Total
OradeaTotal
Mutnovskaya(Kamchatka)
Mendeleevskaya(Kunashir, Kuril
Islands)
Okeanskaya(Iturup, Kuril
Islands)

49
19
12
12
0.2
0.2
57.2

Ormat
Combined
Cycle
Ormat
Combined
Cycle
BinaryDouble Flash
BinaryBinaryAlstom refurbishing of Back Pressure
existing asset
Ormat

Binary

4
1
1
1
1
1

0
Not to be considered as
new capacity2
1
0

GeneralElectric

Single Flash

2
-7

Fuji
Ormat

Double Flash
Binary1
1

Ormat

Binary1

Turboden

Binary150

Kaluga Turbine
Works

Single Flash2

3.6

Kaluga Turbine Back Pressure
Works

2

3.6

Kaluga Turbine
Back Pressure
Works

2

-3
0
0

Slight changes in rated
capacity of some plants

9

COUNTRY
TURKEY

WGC2000 2008/2009
MW
MW

FIELD

New plant
commissioned Manufacturer
MW

Total

69

Kizildere Binary
Canakkale
Germencik
Aydin

5.0
7.5
47
9.5

Total

350.6

AlaskaChena

0.4

California

Bottle Rock-The
Geyser18

California

Ormesa GEM &I & II upgrade
Heber 1
Gould
Heber South East
Mesa 10 MW
North Brawley
50 MW
Puna
Raft River
Steamboat HillsBinary
Desert PeakBinary
Stillwater
Saltwells
Burdette
Brady
GalenaBlundell
TOTAL

43
10
14

USA

20

2546

84

2987

California
California
California
California
Hawai
Idaho
NevadaNevadaNevadaNevadaNevadaNevadaNevada
Utah
TOTAL

8254

10587

Ormat
Ormat
Mitsubishi
Ormat

UTC Power
Fuji refurbishing ofexisting asset

Category

BinaryBinaryDouble Flash
BinaryUnits

Differences
Note
MW
-5

Updated capacity at
Kizildere90

The discrepancy ismainly due to several
changes in rating of theplants.

11
1
1

Binary1

Dry Steam

1

Ormat

Binary

1

Ormat
Ormat

BinaryBinary

1
1

10

Ormat

Binary

1

50

Ormat

Binary

1

8.0
29

Ormat
Ormat

BinaryBinary

1
2

6.0

Ormat

Binary

1

22

Ormat

Binary

1

48
19
27
5.2
30
11
2228

Mafi Trench
Mafi Trench
Ormat
Ormat
Ormat
Ormat

BinaryBinaryBinaryBinaryBinaryBinary

4
2
1
1
1
1
108

Comments
Since WGC2000 approximately 2.2 GWe of new geothermal power plant have been realized or have been ordered. The
manufacturers in Table II are currently operating in the market.
We see that the market is dominated by the first three major manufacturers (Mitsubishi, Ormat and Fuji), who areresponsible for approximately 75% of the installed capacity and 60% of the units. The “Other” is to account for the
refurbishing and replacement of existing assets from one site to another, which cannot be considered as new plant but
should be included among the new installed capacity.
TABLE II : List of Manufacturers
TABLE II : List of Manufacturers
Manufacturer

Manufacturer
Mitsubishi
Ormat

Fuji
Mitsubishi
Nuovo Pignone
Ormat
AlstomFuji
Mafi TrenchNuovo Pignone
Kaluga Turbine Works
AlstomGeneral Electric
Mafi
TrenchToshiba
KalugaHarbin Turbine Works
Enex
GeneralElectric
Siemens
Toshiba
TurbodenHarbinElliotEnex
UTC Power
Siemens
GMK
Turboden
Other
TOTAL
ElliotUTC Power
GMK
Other
TOTAL

MW

MW
572
534

474
572
164
534
120
474
67
164
57
120
56
6733
5710
569
334
103
2
90.4
40.2
3122
22228
0.4
0.2
122
2228

Units

Units
15
37

159
378
97
6
8
6
72
61
62
21
12
23
1
11
21
36
1108
1
1
6
108

IGA News, April - June 2008

Ormat
534
37
Fuji
474
9
Nuovo Pignone
164
8
Alstom120
7
10
Mafi Trench
67
6Kaluga Turbine Works
57
6
The distribution
to geothermal development is shown in figure 7. The very strong
GeneralElectric of the country-contribution
56
2
involvementof Japanese manufacturers
is1 noticeable, despite geothermal development in that country being stalled
Toshiba33
because
of
a
lack
of
supporting
measures
Harbin10
2 for the new deep field investigation phases, in contrast to the recent past
when
NEDO
or
other
publicbodiesactivelyEnex
9
1 supported applied research on geothermal energy, and despite the lack of
incentives
forrenewableenergysources.
Siemens
42
In terms of applied technology, data are presented in figures 8 and 9 for the capacity and number of units respectively.
Turboden33
Considering Binary, Binary Kalina and Ormat Combined Cycle units in a single category, they account for 30% of the
Elliot2
1capacity and 50% of the units, whereas Single Flash, Double Flash and Back Pressure reach 60% of the capacity and 40%
UTC
Power
0.4
1
of the units.
GMK
0.2 this paper
1 is not a commercial advertisement, even if we are explicitly naming
It should be mentioned that
Other
122
6
manufacturers. Data have been collected through the standard IGA channels, and have been presented here only for
TOTAL The IGA2228
108 any sponsorship or payment from the companies quoted here.
general information.
has not received

Figure 8 : Percentage of installed capacity for each category

Figure 9 : Percentage of the number of units for each category

References

Bertani R., 2005a: World Geothermal Generation 2001-2005: State of the Art, Proceedings World Geothermal Congress, Antalya,
Turkey, April 24-29, 2005.
Bertani R., 2005b: World Geothermal power generation in the period 2001-2005, Geothermics 34, 2005, 65-690.
Bertani R., 2006: World Geothermal Power Generation 2001-2005, GRC Bulletin May-June 2006, 89-111.
Bertani R., 2007: World Geothermal Power Generation in 2007, Proceedings European geothermal Conference 2007, Unterhaching,
Germany, 30 May-1 June 2007

Romania

New Board of Directors of the Romanian Geothermal Association
Honoured by the presence of Prof. Cornel Antal (specialized in Geothermics at the United Nations University inReykjavik in 1995, and present Rector of the University of Oradea) the Annual General Meeting 2008 of the Romanian
Geothermal Association (RGA) was held at Oradea on 3 April 2008.
After summarizing the activity carried out in the period of his chairmanship (which began in 1991 with theaffiliation of RGA to IGA), President Eng. Ioan Cohut thanked all members of the Board who had collaborated with
him in conducting the RGA business over the past 17 years, and announced his intention to retire from his position of
responsibility. He then proposed that a new Board should be elected.
On behalf of the whole RGA membership, a number of participants expressed their deep appreciation to Mr. Cohut
for the notable effort made to promote geothermal development in Romania and to gain the international recognition of
the RGA in Europe and worldwide.
The new Board was then elected, as follows:• President, Eng. George Calbureanu (graduated in Petroleum and Gas Engineering at the University ofPloiesti in 1983, C.E.O.of the DAFORA Group Medias);• Vice President, Prof. Marcel Rosca, Dean of the Energy Engineering Faculty, University of Oradea;• Treasurer, Ec. Alin Iacobescu, General Manager, TRANSGEX S.A.;
IGA News No. 72

11• Secretary, Eng. Codruta Bendea, lecturer at the University of Oradea;• Members at large:- Dr. Serban Veliciu (Geological Institute of Romania);   
- Eng. Magdalena Stoia (A.N.R.M. Bucharest);- Eng. Dan Gherdan (City Hall, Oradea).

AMERICA
MexicoDesalination using geothermal water in the Baja California Peninsula
Rosa M. Prol-Ledesma, Gerardo Hiriart, Carles Canet, UNAM
The idea of using geothermal resources in desalination has been around since the 70s (Awerbuch et al., 1976; Laird
and Tleimat, 1976); however, the increasing need for fresh water and the high cost of oil have recently promoted theuse of renewable sources for desalination of seawater and brackish water (Rodríguez-Gironés et al., 1996; Belessiotis
and Delyannis, 2000). The lack of water is more intense in remote desert areas, which frequently do not have accessto electricity from the national grids. The Baja California Peninsula is relatively disconnected from the rest of Mexicoand the supply of fuel to this region is quite expensive; however, it has renewable sources of energy, including solar,
wind and geothermal, that can be used for desalination purposes (Hiriart, 2006). Tourist development has led to arise in population and consequently a great increase in energy and water demand. This necessity has resulted in theevaluation of several new geothermal areas.
The geothermal potential of Baja California is well known and there are several
works reporting geothermal springs or wells in the Peninsula of California (Vidal
et al., 1978; Quijano, 1985: Casarrubias-Unzueta, and Leal-Hernandez, 1993;
Casarrubias-Unzueta and Romero-Rios, 1997; Portugal et. al., 2000; Barragán
et. al., 2001). However, the conventional studies searching for geothermal
systems overlooked many low-enthalpy geothermal areas (Torres et al., 2005)
that could be considered for production of electricity to desalinate seawater(up to 5 MWe) or, in some cases, for direct use of the thermal seawater fordesalination, for example Bahía Concepción (Prol-Ledesma et al., 2004) and Los
Cabos (López-Sánchez et al., 2006). In addition to the previously reported areas,
the Desalination IMPULSA project (Sea water desalination using renewableenergies) of the Mexican Autonomous National University has provided dataon new geothermal areas that may be developed to provide fresh water to ruralcommunities as well as to larger tourist areas (Fig. 1).
Priority for development has been assigned to the areas Ensenada (Punta
Banda) in North Baja California and Bahía Concepción and Los Cabos in South
Baja California (numbers 1, 2 and 3 in Fig. 1) because of a greater need forenergy and water due to rapidly growing population in those areas. In addition,
studies to unveil the geothermal resources in the Wagner Basin (Upper Gulf ofCalifornia, number 4 in Fig. 1) promote the sustainable exploitation of submarine
Figure 1. Geothermal areas reportedhydrothermal systems for energy production with the use of new environmentallyin the Baja California Peninsula.
friendly technology (Hiriart, 2006).
The Baja California Peninsula has a geological setting that is favourable to the presence of geothermal systems. It is amajor producer of geothermal energy in Mexico with two geothermal plants producing 730 MWe: Cerro Prieto and Las
Tres Vírgenes (Quijano and Gutiérrez-Negrín, 2005). The regional tectonics in Baja California are strongly related to thegeodynamic development of the Gulf of California: extension with a lateral component. The result of this geodynamical
context is the formation of young oceanic basins connected by transform faults. This active tectonic regime favours
the occurrence of higher than average heat flow values (Fig.2) and has produced the conditions for the occurrence ofnumerous geothermal areas in the coastal regions of the Baja California Peninsula (Barragán et al., 2001; Prol-Ledesma etal., 2004; López-Sánchez et al., 2006). The presence of normal faulting is common on both coasts of the Peninsula. These
IGA News, April - June 2008

12
faults permit the water to penetrate deep in the crust where it is heated by the higher than average geothermal gradientin this area (Bancora-Alsina and Prol-Ledesma, 2006).
Reservoir temperatures have been estimated using chemical geothermometers; however, water from the coastalhydrothermal systems shows the effects of mixing with seawater, and most geothermometers cannot be applied underthose conditions. Nevertheless, the composition of the thermal water before mixing can be estimated with a linear
mixing model for the submarine vents, and the reservoir temperature can be calculated from the composition of thethermal end member (Prol-Ledesma et al., 2004). In the case of coastal and continental thermal springs, the silica
geothermometer can be applied; the estimated temperature is considered as minimum reservoir temperature becauseof the mixing processes that take place before discharge. The average value for all 47 geothermal areas in the Peninsula,where their chemistry allows the application of the silica geothermometer,is 131°C (Bancora-Alsina and Prol-Ledesma, 2006). This value is within
the range where electricity production is feasible. In some coastal andsubmarine manifestations (Punta Banda, Bahía Concepción and Los Cabos),the calculated reservoir temperature is higher than 200°C (Vidal et al., 1978;
Prol-Ledesma, 2004; López-Sánchez et al., 2006). A conservative estimationof energy production from 1 to 5 MWe in each area would be enough fordesalination of water for human and agricultural consumption.
Several models have been developed that include the use of geothermalenergy or geothermally heated water in desalination plants in the Baja
California Peninsula (Hiriart, 2007). Three options have been considered
for the production of electricity using the low-enthalpy resources: one isa conventional binary cycle plant, and two options contemplate variations
to increase the output of electricity (Hiriart et al., in preparation). The
second proposal to generate electricity includes the installation of plate heatexchangers, which enhance heat transfer and occupy a smaller volume. The
fluid to be used in this plant is pure water that will go through a pressure
decrease to generate vapour. The turbine will have a small diameter (10 to
20 cm) and run at high velocity (20,000 rpm). The third proposal will be
designed for submarine hydrothermal vents and is based on a water-tightbinary plant that will exploit the large horizontal temperature gradients nearFig. 2. Heat flow map of Baja California
the vents as a cooling sink for the working fluid (Hiriart, 2007). Development
Peninsula and Gulf of Californiaof these plants is planned for the next three years.
References

Awerbuch, L., Lindemuth, T. E., May, S. C., Rogers, A. N., 1976. Geothermal energy recovery process. Desalination, 19, 325-336.
Báncora-Alsina, C., Prol-Ledesma, R.M., 2006. Mapa del flujo de calor en la Península y Golfo de California. Reunión Anual dela Unión Geofísica Mexicana. Puerto Vallarta, México.
Barragán R, R.M., Birkle, P., Portugal M, E., Arellano G, V.M., Alvarez R, J., 2001. Geochemical survey of medium temperaturegeothermal resources from the Baja California Peninsula and Sonora, Mexico: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,
110, 101-119.
Belessiotis, V., Delyannis, E., 2000. The history of renewable energies for water desalination. Desalination, 128, 147-159.
Casarrubias-Unzueta, Z., Leal-Hernandez, R., 1993. Reporte de la interpretación geológica regional del proyecto geotérmico,
Bahia Concepcion B.C.S., Comisión Federal de Electricidad. Gerencia de Proyectos Geotermoeléctricos. Departamento de
Exploración.
Casarrubias-Unzueta, Z., Romero-Rios, F., 1997. Propuesta para la localización de pozos de gradiente en El Centavito, Agua
Caliente y Santispac, B. C. S., Comisión Federal de Electricidad. Gerencia de Proyectos Geotermoeléctricos. Departamento de
Exploración.
Hiriart, G., 2006. Marine Energies in Mexico. IEA-OES Newsletter. Iss. 7, p 1
Laird, A. D. K., Tleimat, B. W., 1976. Desalinating geothermal brines. Desalination, 19, 309-316.
López-Sánchez, A., Báncora-Alsina, C. Prol-Ledesma, R.M., Hiriart, G., 2006. A new geothermal resource in Los Cabos, Baja
California Sur, Mexico. Proceedings 28th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop. (S3- 6pp).
Portugal, E., Birkle, P., Barragan R, R.M., Arellano G, V.M., Tello, E., Tello, M., 2000. Hydrochemical-isotopic and hydrogeological conceptual model of the Las Tres Virgenes geothermal field, Baja California Sur, Mexico: Journal of Volcanology andGeothermal Research, 101, 223-244.
Prol-Ledesma, R.M., Canet C., Torres-Vera, M.A., Forrest, M.J., Armienta, M.A., 2004. Vents fluid chemistry in Bahia Concepcion
coastal submarine hydrothermal system, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 137,
311-328.
Quijano, J.L., 1985. Evaluación geoquímica de las zonas termales del Estado de Baja California Sur, Comisión Federal deElectricidad. Gerencia de Proyectos Geotermoeléctricos. Departamento de Exploración.

IGA News No. 72

13
Quijano, J.L., Gutiérrez-Negrín, L.C.A., 2005. Update of Geothermics in Mexico. Proceedings World Geothermal Congress
2005.
Rodríguez-Gironés, M., Rodríguez, M., Pérez, J., Veza, J., 1996. A systematic approach to desalination powered by solar, wind andgeothermal energy sources. In: Proceedings of the Mediterranean Conference on Renewable Energy Sources for Water Production.
European Commission, EURORED Network, CRES, EDS, Santorini, Greece, pp. 20-25.
Torres, R.J., Martínez-Estrella, J.I., Iglesias, E.R., 2005. Database of Mexican Medium- to Low-Temperature Geothermal Resources.
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005.
Vidal, V.M.V., Vidal, F.V., Isaacs, J.D., Young, D.R., 1978. Coastal Submarine Hydrothermal Activity off Northern Baja California:
J Geophys Res, Vol. 83(B4): 1757-1774.

ASIA/PACIFIC RIM
Australia

First geothermal exploration tenement granted in Queensland
Graeme Beardsmore, Hot Dry Rocks Pty Ltd.
The first geothermal exploration permit was awarded in the State of Queensland on 2nd May 2008, more than a year
after applications were first sought and submitted in that State. The successful company is Sydney-based Granite
Power Ltd, while two other companies (KUTh Energy Ltd and Clean Energy Australasia Pty Ltd) are also reportedly
close to having their applications approved. These constitute the first exploration permits issued under Queensland’s
Geothermal Exploration Act 2004.
The main reason for the delay in issuing geothermal exploration permits in Queensland has been the application ofAustralia’s federal native title legislation to the extraction of geothermal energy in Queensland. While the native title
legislation is Federal, the interpretation of whether it applies to the extraction of geothermal energy (in effect a court
decision on whether geothermal energy extraction constitutes “mining”) has been left up to the individual states. In
most cases, State courts have found that native title rights do not apply to geothermal energy, but in Queensland thedecision went the other way. This decision resulted in necessary but protected negotiations between the companies andthe traditional owners of the exploration permits. Granite Power is the first company to complete those negotiations andhave its application approved.
The issue of native title in Queensland highlights the role that different legislative regimes have had on the distributionof geothermal exploration activity in Australia to this point. From the point of view of number of active companies andexpenditure commitment, South Australia has attracted the lion’s share (>90%) of attention to this point. This is partly
a function of the geology of South Australia, large parts of which are underlain by hot, radioactive granite bodies.
However, similar granite bodies extend beneath Queensland and Northern Territory, and maybe Western Australia,
New South Wales, Victoria and even Tasmania—effectively the entire country. Another factor that distinguishes South
Australia, though, is that geothermal energy exploration and production in that state is regulated under the Petroleum
Act (2000), with simple procedures for “over the counter” applications and a Regulator keen to facilitate the uptake ofgeothermal energy. Put simply, it is relatively cheap and simple for companies to explore there.
Tasmania and New South Wales (NSW) also allow “over the counter” applications, which have resulted in a large
portion of Tasmania being “pegged”, but only a small portion of NSW. The main difference between Tasmania and NSW
is the cost of application, which is relatively high in NSW. This, and the perception of lower prospectivity in NSW, has
stifled interest in that State.
The State of Victoria took the same path as Queensland by releasing set parcels of land in a gazettal round1†. All ofVictoria was divided into Geothermal Exploration Permits (GEPs). A competitive gazettal round late in 2006 resulted ina total of 12 GEPs being awarded to five different companies. A second gazettal round was announced in late April 2008
for the GEPs not taken up in the first round. The current gazettal round is due to close in late July 2008.
In January this year, the State of Western Australia released 495 lots of land, each about 320 km2 in area, forgeothermal exploration following amendments to the Petroleum Act (1967) in December 2007. The competitive gazettalround closed in April and the successful tenderers may be announced by the time this article goes to print.
1†‘Gazettal’ refers to a legal notice published in the Australian Government Gazette.

IGA News, April - June 2008

14
Of the seven Australian states, only the Northern Territory remains without geothermal exploration legislation. A
broad scale geothermal resource assessment of that state released in November 2007, however, is reportedly intended topave the way for imminent legislation.
Geothermal exploration activity shows no sign of declining in Australia, and with the upcoming release of more
exploration areas in Queensland, Western Australia, Victoria and Northern Territory, the total work commitments andarea of land under licence looks set to expand significantly.

Philippines

Microgravity and Precise Leveling Survey Results – Southern Negros Geothermal
Production Field, Philippines
Geosciences Department, PNOC Energy Development Corp.
The Southern Negros Geothermal Production Field (SNGPF), located in the southeastern tip of Negros Island in
the central part of the Philippines, started commercial operations in 1983 and to date generates about 200 MWe ofelectrical power. The current production field of Palinpinon occupies the northwestern sector of the project while
Dauin, a prospect area, lies about 6 km to the south. These two areas are situated on opposite flanks of the dormant
Cuernos de Negros andesitic-dacitic volcanic complex.
Repeat microgravity and precise leveling surveys were conducted in SNGPF between March and August 2007. Initialprocessing and analysis of the first repeat
measurements in 2007 and comparison withthe 1997 baseline data showed a generaldecrease in gravity in SNGPF. The largest
magnitude of 216 microgals was recorded~3 km east-southeast of the postulated upflow
near Lagunao Dome.
The precise leveling survey performed
in tandem with microgravity measurements
revealed a decrease of elevations centered
within the production field. A maximum of
92 mm ground subsidence was detected in
the Puhagan sector. The negative changes
in both gravity and elevation during the
10-year period are consistent with massive
fluid extraction in SNGPF. The extension of
the negative gravity contours farther to thesouth-southeast towards Dauin suggests a
possible hydrologic connection between thegeothermal systems of Dauin and Palinpinon.
This interpretation will be validated by wells
that will be drilled in Dauin.
Gravity change (µgals) from 1997-2007
Elevation change (mm) from 1997-2007

IGA News No. 72

15

UPCOMING EVENTSIGA News

XVII International Conference on Computational
Methods in Water Resources, Special session on
Mass and Heat Transport in Geothermal Systems,
San Francisco, California, 6-10 July 2008. Website:
http://esd.lbl.gov/CMWR08/special sessions/index.html

IGA News is published quarterly by the International
Geothermal Association. The function of IGA News is
to disseminate timely information about geothermal
activities throughout the world. To this end, a groupof correspondents has agreed to supply news for eachissue. The core of this group consists of the IGA
Information Committee:

ENERGEX 2008, 6–10 July 2008, Vienna, Austria. Website:www.energex2008.com
World Renewable Energy Congress X and Exhibition
2008, 19–25 July 2008, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. Website:www.wrenuk.co.uk/wrecx.html
33rd International Geological Congress, Oslo, Norway, 6-14
August 2008. www.33igc.org
Australian
Geothermal
EnergyConference,
19-22 August 2008, Melbourne, Australia. Contact:
ausgeothermal@impactenviro.com.au
GRC 2008 Annual Meeting/2008 Geothermal Energy
Trade Show, 5–8 October 2008, Reno,NV, USA. Website:
http://www.geothermal.org
World Energy Engineering Congress (WEEC), 8–10 October
2008, Washington, DC, USA.Website: www.energycongress.com
ETH Energie Tage Hessen, 7–9 November 2008. Wetzlar,
Germany. Website: http://www.energietage.com/
International Geothermal Sustainability Modelling
Workshop, 10 November 2008, Taupo, New Zealand. Contact:
Gudni.Axelsson@isor.is and C.Bromley@gns.cri.nz
New Zealand Geothermal Workshop and Celebrationof 50th Anniversary of the Wairakei Power Station. 10-16
November 2008. Contact: wairakei.50th@contact-energy.co.nz

Benedict Steingrímsson, Iceland (Chairman)
Graeme Beardsmore, Australia
John Garnish, United Kingdom
Alimin Ginting, Indonesia
Gestur Gíslason, Iceland
Luis Gutierrez-Negrin, Mexico
Roland Horne, USA
Paul Hirtz, USA
Eduardo Iglesias, Mexico
Beata Kepinska, Poland
Jim Lawless, New ZealandPeter Ledingham, UK
Zbigniew Malolepszy, Poland
Francisco E. Montalvo Lopez, El Salvador
Martin N. Mwangi, Kenya
Mahmut Parlaktuna, Turkey
Sylvia Ramos, Philippines
Colin Randall, Australia
Joaquin Torres-Rodriguez, Mexico
Toshihiro Uchida, Japan
François-David Vuataz, Switzerland
Kasumi Yasukawa, JapanThe members of this group submit geothermal news
from their parts of the world, or relevant to theirareas of specialization. If you have some news, areport, or an article for IGA News, you can send it toany of the above individuals, or directly to the IGA
Secretariat, whatever is most convenient. Please help
us to become essential reading for anyone seeking thelatest information on geothermal worldwide.

2nd African Geothermal Conference (ARGeoC2),
25–29 November 2008, Entebbe, Uganda. Contact:argeoC2@minerals.go.ug

While the editorial team make every effort to ensure
accuracy, the opinions expressed in contributed articles
remain those of the authors and are not necessarily
those of the IGA.

8th
Asian
Geothermal
Symposium,
city,
Vietnam,
December
9-12,
2008,
http://unit.aist.go.jp/georesenv/event/asia8.html

Send IGA News contributions to:
IGA Secretariat, c/o Samorka
Sudurlandsbraut 48, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland
fax: +354-588-4431
e-mail: iga@samorka.is

Hanoi
contact:

34th Stanford Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir
Engineering, 9–11 February 2009, Stanford, CA, USA. Website:
http://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/research/geoth/conference/
workshop.html

This issue of IGA News was edited by Eduardo Iglesias.
John Garnish proofread the articles. Produced by Gestur
Gíslason for the IGA Secretariat. Layout and printing byGutenberg, www.gutenberg.is
IGA News, April - June 2008

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